bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXIOBASE energy accounts: Improving precision in an open‐sourced procedure applicable to any MRIO database
Authors: Rasul Kajwan , Schmidt Sarah , Hertwich Edgar G. , Wood Richard
Published: October 2024

As environmentally extended input–output tables are increasingly used for footprint and supply chain analysis, there has been a growing demand for precise, reliable, and intertemporally consistent environmental accounts. Energy accounts are particularly relevant. As well as providing insights into embodied energy, in the case of the multi‐regional input–output (MRIO) database EXIOBASE, they are the basis of the air emissions from fuel combustion. In this study we review previous methods and provide a more integrated and robust implementation for the EXIOBASE energy accounts that ensures higher levels of consistency between economic and physical data. Our results show that the new procedure significantly improves the precision of the energy use coefficients and multipliers, while reducing the number of outliers. The procedure is made publicly available for full transparency and made open source such that users and developers may raise issues and suggest improvements to the procedure. Furthermore, the procedure is standardized so it can be applied to any MRIO model with only minor adjustments to the input data.
Examining changes in household carbon footprints across generations in the UK using decomposition analysis
Authors: Owen Anne , Büchs Milena
Published: October 2024

To meet climate targets, consumption‐based household emissions need to fall rapidly. An important but still poorly understood question is whether generational change could contribute to decreases in emissions. It is sometimes assumed that younger generations such as Millennials and Generation Z are more concerned about climate change and have greener lifestyles than previous generations of the Silent Generation, Baby boomers, and Generation X, but carbon footprinting analysis typically focuses on age groups rather than comparing generations over time. This paper provides a first assessment of the change in consumption‐based carbon footprints of the Silent, Baby boomer, Generation X, and Millennial generations within the United Kingdom between 2001 and 2020 and a comparison of the footprints of different generational groups. The analysis is based on environmentally extended input–output analysis, using the Living Costs and Food Survey and emission data from the UK multi‐regional input–output database. We find some evidence for the hypothesis that younger generations have smaller footprints than older generations as Generation X and Millennial households have smaller carbon footprints compared to the generation before them at a similar life stage. We find that factors such as decarbonization, household occupancy, total expenditure, and changing consumption patterns contribute to the UK's changing carbon consumption emissions between 2001 and 2020, and the importance of these factors varies for different generational groups. However, future research that uses a longer time series is required to assess generational differences in carbon footprints over the whole lifespan of several generations.
Emerging Insights From a Research‐Practice Partnership Approach to Educational Neuroscience
Authors: Toomarian Elizabeth Y. , Gosavi Radhika S. , Hasak Lindsey R. , Bunderson Madison , McCandliss Bruce D.
Published: October 2024

Advances in the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) have been limited by a fundamental separation between university‐based neuroscience laboratories and school communities, constraining the field's ability to collaboratively devise research studies germane to child development. This commentary explores the assertion that the persistent obstacles in MBE work may stem from how we structure these partnerships. We examine this premise through a detailed case study of a research‐practice partnership that has successfully implemented a range of innovative programmatic elements, including the establishment of specially trained liaisons, situating a neuroscience lab within a school, and actively involving practitioners and students in research. An analysis of the values that iteratively emerged from this approach may encourage other MBE stakeholders to consider affordances of this model when embarking upon future partnership endeavors.
Candidemia Following Severe COVID‐19 in Hospitalised and Critical Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Srisurapanont Karan , Lerttiendamrong Bhoowit , Meejun Tanaporn , Thanakitcharu Jaedvara , Manothummetha Kasama , Thongkam Achitpol , Chuleerarux Nipat , Sanguankeo Anawin , Li Lucy X. , Leksuwankun Surachai , Langsiri Nattapong , Torvorapanit Pattama , Worasilchai Navaporn , Plongla Rongpong , Moonla Chatphatai , Nematollahi Saman , Kates Olivia S. , Permpalung Nitipong
Published: October 2024

Rationale

The epidemiology and clinical impact of COVID‐19‐associated candidemia (CAC) remained uncertain, leaving gaps in understanding its prevalence, risk factors and outcomes.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted by searching PubMed, Embase and Scopus for reports of CAC prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes up to June 18, 2024. The generalised linear mixed model was employed to determine the prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk factors and clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without CAC using the inverse variance method.

Results

From 81 studies encompassing 29 countries and involving 351,268 patients, the global prevalence of CAC was 4.33% (95% Cl, 3.16%–5.90%) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In ICUs, the pooled prevalence of CAC in high‐income countries was significantly higher than that of lower‐middle‐income countries (5.99% [95% Cl, 4.24%–8.40%] vs. 2.23% [95% Cl, 1.06%–4.61%], p = 0.02). Resistant Candida species, including C. auris, C. glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) and C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzveii), constituted 2% of ICU cases. The mortality rate for CAC was 68.40% (95% Cl, 61.86%–74.28%) among ICU patients. Several risk factors were associated with CAC, including antibiotic use, central venous catheter placement, dialysis, mechanical ventilation, tocilizumab, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and total parenteral nutrition. Notably, the pooled odds ratio of tocilizumab was 2.59 (95% CI, 1.44–4.65).

Conclusions

The prevalence of CAC is substantial in the ICU setting, particularly in high‐income countries. Several risk factors associated with CAC were identified, including several that are modifiable, offering the opportunity to mitigate the risk of CAC.
Trends in planted native tree biomass established in a tropical Andes city water basins
Authors: Mendoza‐Páez Juan S. , Giraldo Jorge A. , Mazo‐Lopera Mauricio A. , Giraldo‐Salazar Juan M. , Osorio‐Vélez Luis F.
Published: October 2024

Studying tree growth processes helps us evaluate the success of restoration efforts in recovering ecosystem processes such as carbon accumulation. Here, we study aboveground biomass dynamics in four common‐endemic tree species from the tropical Andes (Quercus humboldtii, Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Citharexylum subflavescens, and Croton magdalenensis), established in the main water supply basins of Medellín, Colombia. We use measurements from 19 permanent plots from five censuses between 2010 and 2023 to develop biomass equations as a function of t for each species (B = f[t]) by combining tree growth models of diameter (D) as a function of time (t) and pre‐existing allometric equations of biomass (B) developed in the same site as a function of D and wood density (ρ). We found that, because of initially higher growth rates characteristic of species belonging to the fast‐growing end of the fast‐slow growth economic spectrum, C. magdalenensis and C. subflavescens were the species with higher biomass accumulation at 13 years (142 and 132 kg, respectively). However, the potential of the slow‐growing species (Q. humboldtii and R. rospigliosii) for carbon sequestration initiatives in the long term was highlighted. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the region examining the dynamics of aboveground biomass in Andean restoration programs. It combines growth models and allometric equations, which can be useful for measuring the success of the implementation of ecological restoration programs and evaluating the need to apply adaptive management strategies.
What matters more for happiness than income in China: Intentional activities, social attitudes, or social comparison?
Authors: Huang Xianbi
Published: October 2024

The article integrates interdisciplinary insights in an analytical framework and aims to examine what factors matter more for happiness than income in China from a sociological perspective. The study emphasizes the importance of social contexts and adopts a mixed‐methods approach. Quantitative analysis of the 2015 Chinese General Social Survey data shows that intentional activities, social attitudes, and social comparison are significantly associated with Chinese people's happiness after economic circumstances and sociodemographic characteristics have been taken into account as control variables. In addition, qualitative analysis of in‐depth interviews helps to contextualize the quantitative findings and to enrich the understanding of why these factors rather than income would play a more significant role in making people happy in China. This study demonstrates the value of investigating happiness across disciplinary boundaries and makes an empirical contribution to examining subjective well‐being in contemporary society.
Early prediction of fabric quality using machine learning to reduce rework in manufacturing processes
Authors: Aydın Sema , Altun Koray
Published: October 2024

The increasing competition and rapid technological advancements in today's business world have raised customer expectations. People now expect quick delivery, low prices, and high-quality products. As a result, companies must adapt to this competitive environment to survive. Rework, which is a significant cost in production, increases expenses, reduces production efficiency, and can lead to customer attrition. Research shows various efforts across different sectors to reduce rework, although there is still a gap in the textile sector's fabric dyeing units. Common problems in these units include non-retentive colors, customer dissatisfaction with shades, and repeated dyeing due to environmental factors or dye vat issues. This study uses logistic regression and artificial neural networks models from machine learning to predict which fabrics will need rework, using data from a textile company in Bursa. The analysis indicates that artificial neural networks models perform better.
Situating homeostasis in organisms: maintaining organization through time
Authors: Bechtel William , Bich Leonardo
Published: October 2024

Since it was inspired by Bernard and developed and named by Cannon, the concept of homeostasis has been invoked by many as the central theoretical framework for physiology. It has also been the target of numerous criticisms that have elicited the introduction of a plethora of alternative concepts. We argue that many of the criticisms actually target the more restrictive account of homeostasis advanced by the cyberneticists. What was crucial to Bernard and Cannon was a focus on the maintenance of the organism as the goal of physiological regulation. We analyse how Bernard's and Cannon's broad conception of what was required to maintain the organism was narrowed to negative feedback, characterized in terms of setpoints, by the cyberneticists and demonstrate how many of the alternative concepts challenge the role of setpoints – treating them as variable in light of circumstances or in anticipation of future circumstances, or as dispensable altogether. To support our analysis, we draw on the experimental and theoretical work on thermoregulation, a phenomenon that has been considered as a paradigmatic example of homeostasis and has been a common focus of those advancing alternative concepts. To integrate the insights advanced by the original proponents of homeostasis and the theorists proposing replacement notions we advance a framework in which regulation is viewed from the perspective of maintaining the organism.

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Multifidelity Aeromechanical Design Framework for High Flow Speed Multistage Axial Compressors
Authors: Nigro Rémy , Baert Lieven , Nyssen Florence , de Cazenove Jean , Dominique Joachim , Lepot Ingrid , Veglio Monica , Princivalle Rémy
Published: October 2024

The development of novel engine architectures is vital in achieving the aviation sector’s net-zero carbon emission target by 2050. With today’s digital decade providing support for an accelerated technology maturation, the challenge for turbomachinery design remains to significantly push the limits of current performance within an ambitious development lead time. In this context, it is essential to adopt a design framework where the predictive models or simulations employed target a sufficiently reliable performance assessment. These models must be tailored to the dynamics of an evolving industrial design process and therefore continuously balance required design flexibility, robust evaluation, appropriate fidelity (i.e., the level of detail and accuracy they provide), and resulting evaluation time. This article discusses a framework for designing axial compressors and its application to the aeromechanical optimization of a high-speed compressor rotor. The design environment integrates geometry parametrization, a modular evaluation with different levels of fidelity for the aerodynamic and structural models, and surrogate-based optimization (SBO) capabilities. It is shown how the combination of a modular sequencing of the different models and the acceleration enabled by high-performance computing (HPC) and machine learning allows for a more advanced preliminary design. A significant gain in isentropic efficiency is attained while satisfying all structural constraints. At the same time, it is demonstrated that the framework is compatible with the characteristics of the preliminary design phase: both in its ability to adapt to cycle and design changes as well as regarding the turnaround time of the optimization itself.
Using 2 Versions of the Test of Gross Motor Development to Classify and Screen Young Children’s Motor Skills: A Comparison Study
Authors: Palmer Kara K. , McKheen Alec , Palmer Stephanie A. , Wood Aaron P. , Stodden David F. , Robinson Leah E.
Published: October 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine comparability between 2 editions of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-second and TGMD-third edition) on (1) how children’s motor skills were categorized as average or below average, and (2) how children are screened for being at-risk for motor delay or with delayed motor skills. Methods: Participants were 226 children (Mage = 53.4 mo, 125 boys). All children completed full TGMD-2 and TGMD-3. Children were classified as average or above (>25th percentile) or below average (≤25th percentile) and, when applicable, as developmental delay (≤5th percentile) or at-risk for developmental delay (6–25th percentile). We compared children’s classifications across TGMD editions using percent agreement and chi-squared tests. Results: The TGMD-2 and TGMD-3 had moderate agreement when categorizing children as below average (72.2% for total skills, 76.0% for locomotor skills, and 73% for ball skills). The TGMD-3 was significantly more likely to categorize children’s motor skill performance as average or above (all P < .01). Conclusion: TGMD-2 and TGMD-3 similarly screen children who demonstrate below average skills (≤25th percentile), but not for specific skill level classifications, including above average, at-risk for delays, and delayed.
The Benefits of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Preadolescent Children’s Learning in a Virtual Classroom
Authors: Raine Lauren B. , Hopman-Droste Rachel J. , Padilla Abigail N. , Kramer Arthur F. , Hillman Charles H.
Published: October 2024

Purpose: Today’s children are increasingly inactive, with >50% not meeting the recommended 60 minutes of daily physical activity (PA). Recent reports suggest scores in reading and mathematics have also declined. Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that can be used to simulate real-world scenarios, like classroom learning. This study investigated whether a single dose of walking benefits learning in a VR classroom (measured via quiz performance). Method: Forty-seven children (15 females, 9.64 [0.12] y) completed 2, randomized and counterbalanced 20-minute interventions on separate days: acute PA (walking) and seated rest (control), followed by a stationary educational lesson in a distracting VR classroom. Children then completed a quiz on the lesson. Results: Children had higher quiz performance following PA (z-score = 0.16 [0.13]) compared with following rest (z-score = −0.18 (0.14); F1,45 = 6.17, P = .017), indicating that PA enhanced learning. Children with average intelligence quotient had quiz performance that was higher after PA (z-score = 0.04 [0.20]) compared with after rest (z-score = −0.60 [0.19]), t(22) = 3.34, P = .003. Higher intelligence quotient children did not demonstrate differences in quiz performance after PA compared with after rest. Conclusions: Learning in a VR classroom may be improved following acute PA, particularly for children with average intelligence quotient. These findings support public health guidelines promoting PA across the day.
The pro-apoptotic function of the
C. elegans
BCL-2 homolog CED-9 requires interaction with the APAF-1 homolog CED-4
Authors: Tucker Nolan , Reddien Peter , Hersh Bradley , Lee Dongyeop , Liu Mona H. X. , Horvitz H. Robert
Published: October 2024

In
Caenorhabditis elegans
, apoptosis is inhibited by the BCL-2 homolog CED-9. Although canonically anti-apoptotic, CED-9 has a poorly understood pro-apoptotic function. CED-9 is thought to inhibit apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting the pro-apoptotic
C. elegans
APAF-1 homolog CED-4. We show that CED-9 or CED-4 mutations located in their CED-9–CED-4 binding regions reduce apoptosis without affecting the CED-9 anti-apoptotic function. These mutant CED-9 and CED-4 proteins are defective in a CED-9–CED-4 interaction in vitro and in vivo, revealing that the known CED-9–CED-4 interaction is required for the pro-apoptotic but not for the anti-apoptotic function of CED-9. The pro-apoptotic CED-9–CED-4 interaction occurs at mitochondria. In mammals, BCL-2 family members can activate APAF-1 via cytochrome c release from mitochondria. The conserved role of mitochondria in CED-9/BCL-2–dependent CED-4/APAF-1 activation is notable and suggests that understanding how CED-9 promotes apoptosis in
C. elegans
could inform the understanding of mammalian apoptosis and how disruptions of apoptosis promote certain human disorders.
LINE1 modulate human T cell function by regulating protein synthesis during the life span
Authors: Burattin Filippo V. , Vadalà Rebecca , Panepuccia Michele , Ranzani Valeria , Crosti Mariacristina , Colombo Federico A. , Ruberti Cristina , Erba Elisa , Prati Daniele , Nittoli Teresa , Montini Giovanni , Ronchi Andrea , Pugni Lorenza , Mosca Fabio , Ricciardi Sara , Abrignani Sergio , Pietrasanta Carlo , Marasca Federica , Bodega Beatrice
Published: October 2024

The molecular mechanisms responsible for the heightened reactivity of quiescent T cells in human early life remain largely elusive. Our previous research identified that quiescent adult naïve CD4
+
T cells express LINE1 (long interspersed nuclear elements 1) spliced in previously unknown isoforms, and their down-regulation marks the transition to activation. Here, we unveil that neonatal naïve T cell quiescence is characterized by enhanced energy production and protein synthesis. This phenotype is associated with the absence of LINE1 expression attributed to tonic T cell receptor/mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1)–mediated LINE1 splicing suppression. The absence of LINE1 expression primes these cells for rapid execution of the activation program by directly regulating protein synthesis. LINE1 expression progressively increases in childhood and adults, peaking in elderly individuals, and, by decreasing protein synthesis, contributes to immune senescence in aging. Our study proposes LINE1 as a critical player of human T cell function across the human life span.
Filament structures unveil the dynamic organization of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Authors: Zhou Fayang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhu Yuyao , Zhou Qiang , Shi Yigong , Hu Qi
Published: October 2024

Human acetyl–coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylases (ACCs) catalyze the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, which is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. The molecular mechanism underlying the dynamic organization of ACCs is largely unknown. Here, we determined the cryo–electron microscopy (EM) structure of human ACC1 in its inactive state, which forms a unique filament structure and is in complex with acetyl-CoA. We also determined the cryo-EM structure of human ACC1 activated by dephosphorylation and citrate treatment, at a resolution of 2.55 Å. Notably, the covalently linked biotin binds to a site that is distant from the acetyl-CoA binding site when acetyl-CoA is absent, suggesting a potential coordination between biotin binding and acetyl-CoA binding. These findings provide insights into the structural dynamics and regulatory mechanisms of human ACCs.
Dynamic sparse x-ray nanotomography reveals ionomer hydration mechanism in polymer electrolyte fuel-cell catalyst
Authors: Gao Zirui , Appel Christian , Holler Mirko , Jeschonek Katharina , Brunnengräber Kai , Etzold Bastian J. M. , Kronenberg Michal , Stampanoni Marco , Ihli Johannes , Guizar-Sicairos Manuel
Published: October 2024

Tomographic imaging of time-evolving samples is a challenging yet important task for various research fields. At the nanoscale, current approaches face limitations of measurement speed or resolution due to lengthy acquisitions. We developed a dynamic nanotomography technique based on sparse dynamic imaging and 4D tomography modeling. We demonstrated the technique, using ptychographic x-ray computed tomography as its imaging modality, on resolving the in situ hydration process of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) catalyst. The technique provides a 40-time increase in temporal resolution compared to conventional approaches, yielding 28 nm half-period spatial and 12 min temporal resolution. The results allow a quantitative characterization of the water intake process inside PEFC catalysts with nanoscale resolution, which is crucial for understanding their electrochemical mechanisms and optimizing their performance. Our technique enables high-speed operando nanotomography studies and paves the way for wider application of dynamic tomography at the nanoscale.
Head anatomy and phylogenomics show the Carboniferous giant
Arthropleura
belonged to a millipede-centipede group
Authors: Lhéritier Mickaël , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Garwood Russell J. , Buisson Adrien , Gerbe Alexis , Koch Nicolás Mongiardino , Vannier Jean , Escarguel Gilles , Adrien Jérome , Fernandez Vincent , Bergeret-Medina Aude , Perrier Vincent
Published: October 2024

The Carboniferous myriapod
Arthropleura
is the largest arthropod of all time, but its fossils are usually incomplete, limiting the understanding of its anatomy, ecology, and relationships. Micro–computed tomography applied to exceptionally preserved specimens from the Carboniferous Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstätte (France) reveals unprecedented details of its functional anatomy, such as the head and mouthparts.
Arthropleura
shares features with both millipedes and centipedes. Total-evidence phylogeny combining morphological and transcriptomic data resolves
Arthropleura
alone as a stem group millipede, but the inclusion of the highly incomplete Siluro-Devonian
Eoarthropleura
draws it deeper into the myriapod stem.
Arthropleura
suggests transitional morphology between clades united primarily by molecular information and underscores the value of total-evidence phylogenetics to understanding evolutionary history.
Ultrathin crystalline silicon–based omnidirectional strain gauges for implantable/wearable characterization of soft tissue biomechanics
Authors: Hu Bofan , Xu Dian , Shao Yuting , Nie Zhongyi , Liu Pengchuan , Li Jinbao , Zhou Lianjie , Wang Pei , Huang Ningge , Liu Junhan , Lu Yifei , Wu Zhongyuan , Wang Bo , Mei Yongfeng , Han Mengdi , Li Rui , Song Enming
Published: October 2024

Monitoring soft-tissue biomechanics is of interest in biomedical research and clinical treatment of diseases. An important focus is biointegrated strain gauges that track time-dependent mechanics of targeted tissues with deforming surfaces over multidirections. Existing methods provide limited gauge factors, tailored for sensing within specific directions under quasi-static conditions. We present development and applicability of implantable/wearable strain gauges that integrate multiple ultrathin monocrystalline silicon–based sensors aligned with different directions, in stretchable formats for dynamically monitoring direction angle–sensitive strain. We experimentally and computationally establish operational principles, with theoretical systems that enable determination of intensities and direction of applied strains at an omnidirectional scale. Wearable evaluations range from cardiac pulse to intraocular pressure monitoring of eyeballs. The device can evaluate cardiac disorders of myocardial infarction and hypoxia of living rats and locate the pathological orientation associated with infarction, in designs with possibilities as biodegradable implants for stable operation. These findings create clinical significance of the devices for monitoring complex dynamic biomechanics.
Epigenetic regulation of p63 blocks squamous-to-neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in esophageal development and malignancy
Authors: Zhang Yongchun , Karagiannis Dimitris , Liu Helu , Lin Mi , Fang Yinshan , Jiang Ming , Chen Xiao , Suresh Supriya , Huang Haidi , She Junjun , Shi Feiyu , Liu Jiangying , Luo Dan , Angel J. Carlos , Lin Guangtan , Yang Patrick , El-Rifai Wael , Zaika Alexander , Oro Anthony E. , Liu Kuancan , Rustgi Anil K. , Wang Timothy C. , Lu Chao , Que Jianwen
Published: October 2024

While cell fate determination and maintenance are important in establishing and preserving tissue identity and function during development, aberrant cell fate transition leads to cancer cell heterogeneity and resistance to treatment. Here, we report an unexpected role for the transcription factor p63 (Trp63/TP63) in the fate choice of the squamous versus neuroendocrine lineage in esophageal development and malignancy. Deletion of
p63
results in extensive neuroendocrine differentiation in the developing mouse esophagus and esophageal progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells. In human esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (eNEC) cells, p63 is transcriptionally silenced by EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Up-regulation of the major p63 isoform ΔNp63α, through either ectopic expression or EZH2 inhibition, promotes squamous transdifferentiation of eNEC cells. Together, these findings uncover p63 as a rheostat in coordinating the transition between squamous and neuroendocrine cell fates during esophageal development and tumor progression.
The evolving three-dimensional landscape of human adaptation
Authors: Zeller Elke , Timmermann Axel
Published: October 2024

Over the past 3 million years, humans have expanded their ecological niche and adapted to more diverse environments. The temporal evolution and underlying drivers behind this niche expansion remain largely unknown. By combining archeological findings with landscape topographic data and model simulations of the climate and biomes, we show that human sites clustered in areas with increased terrain roughness, corresponding to higher levels of biodiversity. We find a gradual increase in human habitat preferences toward rough terrains until about 1.1 million years ago (Ma), followed by a 300 thousand-year-long contraction of the ecological niche. This period coincided with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition and previously hypothesized ancestral population bottlenecks. Our statistical analysis further reveals that from 0.8 Ma onward, the human niche expanded again, with human species (e.g.,
H. heidelbergensis
,
H. neanderthalensis
, and
H. sapiens
) adapting to rougher terrain, colder and drier conditions, and toward regions of higher ecological diversity.
Sleep-sensitive dopamine receptor expression in male mice underlies attention deficits after a critical period of early adversity
Authors: Makino Yuichi , Hodgson Nathaniel W. , Doenier Emma , Serbin Anna Victoria , Osada Koya , Artoni Pietro , Dickey Matthew , Sullivan Breanna , Potter-Dickey Amelia , Komanchuk Jelena , Sekhon Bikram , Letourneau Nicole , Ryan Neal D. , Trauth Jeanette , Cameron Judy L. , Hensch Takao K.
Published: October 2024

Early life stress (ELS) yields cognitive impairments of unknown molecular and physiological origin. We found that fragmented maternal care of mice during a neonatal critical period from postnatal days P2–9 elevated dopamine receptor D2R and suppressed D4R expression, specifically within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in only the male offspring. This was associated with poor performance on a two-choice visual attention task, which was acutely rescued in adulthood by local or systemic pharmacological rebalancing of D2R/D4R activity. Furthermore, ELS male mice demonstrated heightened hypothalamic orexin and persistently disrupted sleep. Given that acute sleep deprivation in normally reared male mice mimicked the ACC dopamine receptor subtype modulation and disrupted attention of ELS mice, sleep loss likely underlies cognitive deficits in ELS mice. Likewise, sleep impairment mediated the attention deficits associated with early adversity in human children, as demonstrated by path analysis on data collected with multiple questionnaires for a large child cohort. A deeper understanding of the sex-specific cognitive consequences of ELS thus has the potential to reveal therapeutic strategies for overcoming them.
A proinflammatory stem cell niche drives myelofibrosis through a targetable galectin-1 axis
Authors: Li Rong , Colombo Michela , Wang Guanlin , Rodriguez-Romera Antonio , Benlabiod Camelia , Jooss Natalie J. , O’Sullivan Jennifer , Brierley Charlotte K. , Clark Sally-Ann , Pérez Sáez Juan M. , Fernández Pedro Aragón , Schoof Erwin M. , Porse Bo , Meng Yiran , Khan Abdullah O. , Wen Sean , Dong Pengwei , Zhou Wenjiang , Sousos Nikolaos , Murphy Lauren , Clarke Matthew , Olijnik Aude-Anais , Wong Zoë C. , Karali Christina Simoglou , Sirinukunwattana Korsuk , Ryou Hosuk , Norfo Ruggiero , Cheng Qian , Carrelha Joana , Ren Zemin , Thongjuea Supat , Rathinam Vijay A. , Krishnan Anandi , Royston Daniel , Rabinovich Gabriel A. , Mead Adam J. , Psaila Bethan
Published: October 2024

Myeloproliferative neoplasms are stem cell–driven cancers associated with a large burden of morbidity and mortality. Most patients present with early-stage disease, but a substantial proportion progress to myelofibrosis or secondary leukemia, advanced cancers with a poor prognosis and high symptom burden. Currently, it remains difficult to predict progression, and therapies that reliably prevent or reverse fibrosis are lacking. A major bottleneck to the discovery of disease-modifying therapies has been an incomplete understanding of the interplay between perturbed cellular and molecular states. Several cell types have individually been implicated, but a comprehensive analysis of myelofibrotic bone marrow is lacking. We therefore mapped the cross-talk between bone marrow cell types in myelofibrotic bone marrow. We found that inflammation and fibrosis are orchestrated by a “quartet” of immune and stromal cell lineages, with basophils and mast cells creating a TNF signaling hub, communicating with megakaryocytes, mesenchymal stromal cells, and proinflammatory fibroblasts. We identified the β-galactoside–binding protein galectin-1 as a biomarker of progression to myelofibrosis and poor survival in multiple patient cohorts and as a promising therapeutic target, with reduced myeloproliferation and fibrosis in vitro and in vivo and improved survival after galectin-1 inhibition. In human bone marrow organoids, TNF increased galectin-1 expression, suggesting a feedback loop wherein the proinflammatory myeloproliferative neoplasm clone creates a self-reinforcing niche, fueling progression to advanced disease. This study provides a resource for studying hematopoietic cell–niche interactions, with relevance for cancer-associated inflammation and disorders of tissue fibrosis.
Complete genome sequences of sucrose non-fermenting non-O1/non-O139
Vibrio cholerae
isolated from human soft tissue infection
Authors: Hwang Haejin , Salo Geraldine , Orth Melanie , Podemski Nicole , Erickson Ray , Jawahir Selina , Cebelinski Elizabeth , Bekele Net , Draxler Brooke , Webb Paul , Verbrugge Emily , Klein Julia R. , Schleiss Mark R. , Hilt Evann E. , Decuir Marijke , Haan Jisun
Published: October 2024

This paper describes the hybrid genome assembly of sucrose non-fermenting non-O1/non-O139
Vibrio cholerae
isolated from human soft tissue infection. The hybrid assembled genome comprises two circular chromosomes with lengths of 3,001,999 bp and 1,264,051 bp, respectively, with a G + C content of 47.38%.
Draft genomes of 10
Vibrio cholerae
isolates collected in Sudan in 2019
Authors: Adam Muatsim Ahmed Mohammed , Sims Sam , Awad Amina Ahmed , Meredith Luke , Mohamed Ahmed Basmat Abd Elhafeez , Ahmed Rayan Adel Abdelrahman , Saeed Hageer Alnazeer Ibrahim , Alkhidir Mohamed Abdalhafiz , Abdelgadir Muna Idris Ahmed , Mohamed Hanan Ali , Badi Lubna Ahmed , Vazquez Yaiza Gutierrez , Afrough Babak , Inamdar Leena , Kritz Angelika , Barakat Amal , Abualas Elamin , Bedri Shahinaz Ahmed
Published: October 2024

This report presents the first genomes from positive cases of cholera in Sudan. Genomic analysis of 10
Vibrio cholerae
isolates, profiled as serogroup O1, reveals evidence of antimicrobial resistance genes and a 139-kb IncC plasmid with 99.74% identity to the multidrug-resistant plasmid pCNRVC190243 previously reported in Yemen and Lebanon.
Complete genome sequence of a high-risk
Escherichia coli
ST10 isolated from avian feces in Pakistan
Authors: Lee Jung Hun , Tareen Abdul Rauf , Kim Nam-Hoon , Jeong Chanyeong , Kang Byeonghyeon , Lee Gwangje , Kim Dae-Wi , Zahra Rabaab , Lee Sang Hee
Published: October 2024

We present the complete genome sequence of
Escherichia coli
strain PEC1009 isolated from avian feces in Pakistan. The strain belongs to sequence type (ST) 10, a high-risk clone. The strain possesses two plasmids, and various plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance genes and chromosome-borne virulence factor genes were identified in its genome.
Introduction to Nonlocal Field Theory Including Gravity
Authors: Krasnikov N. V.
Published: October 2024

We give minireview of nonlocal field theory (infinite derivative field theory). We start with the discussion of the main peculiarities of nonlocal field theory on the example of $$d = 4$$ scalar $${{\phi }^{4}}$$-model. The nonlocal $${{\phi }^{4}}$$-model is ultraviolet finite, unitary, and macrocausal. One of the problems of nonlocal field theory is that the formfactor is an arbitrary entire function that makes the predictions extremely weak. We propose some additional principle that allows to fix the formfactor. Also we review the main results obtained in nonlocal quantum gravity, namely the nonlocal generalization of Einstein gravity leads to the superrenormalizable theory.
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) consensus recommendations for opioid-minimising pharmacological neonatal pain management
Authors: Pilkington Mercedes , Pentz Brandon , Short Kristin , Marchand Tyara , Aziz Saffa , Lam Jennifer Y , Spencer Adam , Brockel Megan A , Else Scott , McLuckie Duncan , Franklin Andrew , de Beer David , Raval Mehul V , Scott Michael , Brindle Mary E
Published: October 2024

Objective

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) guidelines have been successfully applied to children and neonates. There is a need to provide evidence-based consensus recommendations to manage neonatal pain perioperatively to ensure adequate analgesia while minimising harmful side effects.

Methods

Following a stakeholder needs assessment, an international guideline development committee (GDC) was established. A modified Delphi consensus iteratively defined the scope of patient and procedure inclusion, topic selection and recommendation content regarding the pharmacologic management of neonatal pain. Critical appraisal tools assessed the relevance and quality of full-text studies. Each recommendation underwent a formal Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment of the quality of evidence and expert consensus was used to determine the strength of recommendations.

Results

The GDC included paediatric anaesthesiologists, surgeons, and ERAS methodology experts. The population was defined as neonates at >32 weeks gestational age within 30 days of life undergoing surgery or painful procedures associated with surgery. Topic selection targeted pharmacologic opioid-minimising strategies. A total of 4249 abstracts were screened for non-opioid analgesia and 738 abstracts for the use of locoregional analgesia. Full-text review of 18 and 9 articles, respectively, resulted in two final recommendations with a moderate quality of evidence to use regular acetaminophen and to consider the use of locoregional analgesia. There was inadequate evidence to guide the use of other non-opioid adjuncts in this population.

Conclusions

Evidence-based, ERAS-driven consensus recommendations were developed to minimise opioid usage in neonates. Further research is required in this population to optimize multimodal strategies for pain control.
Factors affecting implementation of a National Clinical Programme for self-harm in hospital emergency departments: a qualitative study
Authors: O'Connell Selena , Cully Grace , McHugh Sheena , Maxwell Margaret , Jeffers Anne , Kavalidou Katerina , Lovejoy Sally , Jennings Rhona , Russell Vincent , Arensman Ella , Griffin Eve
Published: October 2024

Background

A substantial number of people experiencing self-harm or suicidal ideation present to hospital emergency departments (EDs). In 2014, a National Clinical Programme was introduced in EDs in Ireland to standardise care provision. Internationally, there has been limited research on the factors affecting the implementation of care for people who present with mental health crises in EDs.

Methods

This qualitative study examined factors influencing the implementation of the National Clinical Programme for Self-harm and Suicide-related Ideation in 15 hospitals in Ireland from early (2015–2017) through to later implementation (2019–2022). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with staff involved in programme delivery, with the topic guide and thematic analysis informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Results

A total of 30 participants completed interviews: nurse specialists (n=16), consultant psychiatrists (n=6), nursing managers (n=2), emergency medicine staff (n=2) and members of the national programme team (n=4). Enablers of implementation included the introduction of national, standardised guidance for EDs; implementation strategies led by the national programme team; and training and support for nurse specialists. The following inner-setting factors were perceived as barriers to implementation in some hospitals: limited access to a designated assessment room, delayed access to clinical input and poor collaboration with ED staff. Overall, these barriers dissipated over time, owing to implementation strategies at national and local levels. The varied availability of aftercare impacted providers’ ability to deliver the programme and the adaptability of programme delivery had a mixed impact across hospitals.

Conclusions

The perceived value of the programme and national leadership helped to advance implementation. Strategies related to ongoing training and education, developing stakeholder interrelationships and evaluation and monitoring have helped address implementation barriers and promote continued sustainment of the programme. Continued efforts are needed to support nurse specialists delivering the programme and foster partnerships with community providers to improve the transition to aftercare.
National and regional trends in the prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in South Korean military draftees
Authors: Kim Hong Jin , Kim J-H , Ha K-Y , Suk S-I , Chang D-G
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Recent epidemiological and aetiological data on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) among military draftees are scarce in nationwide and population-based databases. This retrospective, nationwide and population-based study aims to assess national and regional trends in the prevalence of AIS among military draftees in South Korea from 2013 to 2022.

Methods

A total of 3 166 669 Korean males were screened at regional Military Manpower Administration (MMA) offices between 2013 and 2022. Based on routine chest radiographs, individuals with Cobb’s angle of ≥10° were screened and diagnosed with AIS using whole spine radiographs after excluding surgically treated AIS patients. Data from the MMA were retrospectively collected and the annual prevalence of the total and neglected AIS cases, along with 95% CIs, was assessed. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of AIS and several aetiological factors.

Results

The prevalence rate of AIS in the male adolescent population gradually increased from 2013 (0.44%, 95% CI 0.42% to 0.46%) to 2022 (1.33%, 95% CI 1.28% to 1.37%). The AIS rate increased overall in both capital/metropolitan areas and provinces but showed a fluctuating pattern in the capital/metropolitan area. The prevalence rate of neglected AIS showed a very slight increased trend during the same period (mean 0.05%, 95% CI 0.04% to 0.06%) and exhibited a similar pattern in both capital/metropolitan areas and provinces. Using correlation analysis with aetiological factors, the prevalence rate of AIS correlated with overweight or obesity rate (r=0.90, p<0.001) and growth hormone use (r=0.83, p<0.001).

Conclusions

The prevalence of AIS in the male population has increased, with a similar trend observed between capital/metropolitan areas and provinces in South Korea. Our correlation results support both the multifactorial cascade concepts for altered body composition effects and biomechanical progression based on the Hueter-Volkmann effect as the pathomechanisms of AIS.
Effectiveness of surfing on psychological health in military members: a systematic review
Authors: González-Devesa Daniel , Vilanova-Pereira María , Araújo-Solou B , Ayán-Pérez C
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Surfing, a leisure activity known for its positive physical and mental health effects, has emerged as a potential therapeutic intervention. This study aims to systematically review the available evidence on the effects of surfing on mental health in active military personnel and veterans.

Methods

Studies were searched across four electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus and Scopus) until May 2024. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies and the Quality Assessment Tool for Before–After Studies with No Control Group scales.

Results

A total of seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Depression and anxiety symptoms (n=7), positive affect (n=5) and pain (n=3) were the main outcomes analysed. Overall, the studies reviewed generally reported beneficial effects of surfing on depression, anxiety and positive affect. However, none of the four studies that examined pain as an outcome observed any positive effects of surfing.

Conclusion

There is evidence indicating that surfing may positively influence the management of anxiety, depression and overall positive affect among military personnel. Nonetheless, it cannot be definitively concluded that surfing provides superior benefits compared with other forms of exercise.
Finding and keeping a mentor: a year of reflection
Authors: Cottrell-Cumber Sarah
Published: October 2024

I had the privilege to learn from Dr Sharon Henry, the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) vice president, over the past year as the AAST Associate Membership Mentoring Scholarship recipient. This essay serves as a reflection on my year and was presented at the 2024 AAST Annual Meeting. Mentorship breaks down into two stages: finding a mentor and keeping a mentor. Finding a mentor can occur through a formal mentorship process or relationships formed organically. It takes a connection between two people and time for a relationship to form. Keeping a mentor takes effort and intentionality. Mentorship doesn’t end when the scholarship does. It is fluid, without direction, without a timeline, and it will evolve. It will take effort and intention to keep a mentor, but the reward is so great for all that effort put in. Often, what we receive out of mentorship cannot be quantified but the impact is profound.
Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) migratory behaviour and seasonal home range overlap are functions of geographic space in a fragmented riverscape
Authors: Gutowsky Lee F.G. , Stuart Marshall , Caskenette Amanda L. , Jarvis Lauren , Watkinson Doug A. , Kovachik Colin , Leroux Douglas R. , Kludt Nicholas B. , Pegg Mark A. , Enders Eva C.
Published: October 2024

In temperate rivers, where environmental conditions vary seasonally, many fishes migrate among summer, spawning, and winter habitats. Dams disrupt these migrations, limiting access to habitat and potentially affecting populations. Bigmouth Buffalo ( Ictiobus cyprinellus) is a species of fish with at-risk populations in central Canada. The impact of dams on the extent of Bigmouth Buffalo migration and the overlap between summer and winter home ranges is unknown. Here, we assessed the migratory history of 80 Bigmouth Buffalo tagged with acoustic transmitters in the Red River (USA and Canada), a large binational waterway regulated by semi-passable dams. We sought to understand when and why Bigmouth Buffalo migrate, and how river use varies seasonally. Following more than 6 years of data collection, we found that the degree and probability of overlap between winter and summer home ranges varied by river section between barriers. Importantly, overlap was lowest in the longest continuous river section where well-defined migratory behaviours were observed. The results of this study reveal previously unknown details about Bigmouth Buffalo migration, demonstrate the consequences of river fragmentation on geographic space use, and highlight the importance of river connectivity to fish migration.
Morris–Thorne-type wormholes with global monopole charge and the energy conditions
Authors: Goswami Jaydeep , Rahman Hafizur , Sikdar Rimi , Parvin Rina , Ahmed Faizuddin
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we investigate Morris–Thorne-type wormholes with global monopole charge using various shape function forms known in the literature. We solve the Einstein field equations incorporating an anisotropic energy–momentum tensor and obtain different physical quantities associated with the matter-content. A crucial aspect of this study is the non-exotic matter distribution, examined through the evaluation of energy conditions, and exploring how different shape functions impact these conditions. Additionally, the anisotropy parameter is calculated to quantify the extent of attractive or repulsive behavior. Our study demonstrates that for different types of shape function forms, the energy conditions are influenced by the global monopole parameter. Our findings provide valuable insights for further theoretical explorations of these fascinating hypothetical structures in the realm of general relativity and beyond.