bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Study on Biodiversity in Ten Years of National High School Exam
Authors: Garcia Paulo Sérgio , Franzolin Fernanda , Bizzo Nelio
Published: April 2022

Background: Biodiversity is essential for its instrumental, scientific, and political values, and its knowledge is vital to promote its preservation. Objectives: This study identified and analysed the presence of knowledge related to biodiversity in Biology and/or multidisciplinary items in the National High School Examination (ENEM) over ten years between 2009 and 2018. Design: Longitudinal study, based on qualitative methodology. Setting and participants: Education and science experts participated in the analyses. Data collection and analysis: Data were collected on the INEP website. Analyses performed by researchers and an expert panel. Results: We found a clear prevalence of the category “Ecology and Environmental Sciences” in the items, which is in agreement with the literature. However, we also found a disproportionate distribution of questions concerning the categories of the reference matrix of the discipline of Biology. Furthermore, there is significant variability in the theme in different years. We discussed the consequences for curriculum and conservation. Conclusions: There is an imbalance that reveals a dominant trend, acting as a structuring element of the questions, that silences other major areas of Biology and can influence the curriculum and practices of secondary school teachers. The high variability of the occurrence of the biodiversity theme in Biology tests suggests a non-harmonic relationship, which may be associated with the statistical demands of the IRT modelling, between the selection of questions and the reference matrix of the Biology categories, with possible consequences for the curriculum.
Numerical simulation of the thermo-stress-strain state of elements under 3D printing
Authors:   S.P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics NAS Ukraine, Senchenkov I. K. , Jurzhenko M. V. ,   E.O. Paton Institute of Welding of NAS of Ukraine, Chervinko O. P. ,   Kyiv National University of Building and Architecture, Dolia O. V. ,   Kyiv National University of Building and Architecture
Published: April 2022

The paper is devoted to the assessment of the thermo-stress-strain state of elements of structures obtained by 3D printing using FDM (Fusing Deposition Modeling) technology. Three stages of solving this problem are considered: (1) - mathematical formulation of the problem, that includes universal balance relations, constitutive equations of mechanical behavior of the material and is based on the model of growing bodies; (2) the technique of finite-element solution with increasing mesh due to the addition of new elements; (3) - study of a specific problem of growing plate-like element by polymer PLA (polylactide) with temperature-dependent physical properties. Options of deposed layers of different thickness are considered. The residual stress-strain state of the body has a two-scale structure, which reflects the change of state characteristics in the scale of body size, as well as the thickness of the layers. As the thickness of the layers increases, the average values of the residual stresses decrease, but the amplitude of the stress fluctuations along the thickness of the layer slightly increase.
The Relationship Between Dialectical Thinking and Emotion Understanding in Senior Preschool Children
Authors: Veraksa N.E. , Airapetyan Z.V. , Gavrilova M.N. , Tarasova K.S.
Published: April 2022

This study aims to clarify the methodological status of the category “activity Theoretical foundations of the relationship between child’s cognitive and emotional development were formulated in the works of Russian and international authors. We consider a child's dialectical thinking genesis as one of the cognitive development lines. This research aimed to study the relationship between dialectical thinking and emotion understanding in older preschool children. It was assumed that there is a significant relationship between emotion understanding and the success of children in completing three particular dialectical tasks, such as overcoming contradictions, understanding the simplest developmental processes and making a creative product. This study included 148 children, aged 5—6. We evaluated the level of non-verbal intelligence, dialectical thinking and emotion understanding using the following techniques: “Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices”, “Drawing an unusual tree”, “Cycles”, “What can be both at the same time?” and the Russian version of the “Test of Emotion Comprehension”. Correlational analysis of the resulting data revealed significant relationships between non-verbal intelligence, indicators of dialectical thinking and the overall level of emotion understanding. When controlling non-verbal intelligence, linear hierarchical regression analysis was used to demonstrate a significant contribution of dialectical thinking to the dispersion of values according to the general level of emotion understanding. The research results are of practical importance and make it possible to use transforming (understanding the simplest developmental processes and making a creative product) and overcoming contradictions as developmental tasks when working with children aged 5—6.
Comparative Analysis of Mathematics Teaching Programs in Primary School from the Standpoint of the Cultural-Historical Activity Approach
Authors: Sidneva A.N.
Published: April 2022

In the Russian Federation, 11 mathematics training programs were recommended for implementation in the 2020—2021 elementary school curriculum. The large number of programs raises the question of how they differ, a question which is relevant for both school administrators and primary school teachers, and parents. This article applies the criteria developed in the mainstream of the Cultural-Historical Activity approach to learning, to analyze the most significant differences in the mathematics programs from a psychological point of view. We have analyzed the methodological materials in mathematics and textbooks in the following programs for grades one through five: “School of Russia”, “The system of D.B. Elkonin — V.V. Davydov” (the programs of both E.I. Alexandrova, and V.V. Davydov and V.F. Gorbov), “Learning to learn”, and “Perspective”. Our study showed that the most significant differences between the programs concerned the type of concepts proposed for assimilation; the type of actions by which these concepts were to be assimilated and practiced; and how the means of these actions were provided. The selected criteria corresponded most closely to the program of E.I. Alexandrova, which was created within the framework of the educational complex “The system of D.B. Elkonin — V.V. Davydov”.
Generations Attitudes from the Point of View of a Modern Primary School Age Child
Authors: Glozman Z.M. , Naumova A.A. , Naumova V.A.
Published: April 2022

The work is aimed at studying the current attitude towards the ageing person by the generation of “digital childhood” in comparison with the expectations of representatives of the late-age generation. We assumed that, against the background of modern transformations of intergenerational traditions, we can expect descendants to recognize the preservation of the standard of ancestral behavior. 284 residents of Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky were surveyed: 40 respondents from 57 to 80 years old and 122 child-parent dyads (children from 8,2 to 9.6 years old, parents from 27 to 61 years old). At the first stage, data were obtained from parents using the author's questionnaire allowing them to present their opinion about the real state of the relationship between children and their grandparents and the importance of (non-)participation of grandparents in the upbringing of their grandchildren. At the second stage, the analysis of the interviews in the focus groups of schoolchildren and a gerontological sample concretized attitudes towards a person of senior age and allowed independent experts to identify relevant categories (based on content analysis). At the third stage, options for reflecting the (non-)consent of the older generation with children's judgments were investigated. The results were evaluated on the Likert scale. It is shown that, despite the significant choice of children's attitude as condescending compassion, in the range of consent of the expected attitude, children's variants of continuity of preserving the experience of obligatory and valuable behavior of the grandparents are presented. The data obtained emphasize the problem of recognizing the uniqueness of the experience of each generational group as a source of generational solidarity and the basis of cultural adaptation to age.
Personality Inner Position as the Basis for Civic Identity Development
Authors: Mukhina V.S. , Melkov S.V.
Published: April 2022

In this paper methodologically approaches to the problem of the formation of civic identity are presented. The authors refer to the concept of “Phenomenology of Personal Development and Being” (V.S. Mukhina). A person’s inner position as an essential basis for the formation of the civic identity should include the following: 1. The value attitude towards the reality of objective and spiritual world as a result of historically established activities of mankind. 2. The subject-subject attitude to natural reality, requiring citizens to value Russia's unique natural diversity. 3. The reality of image-sign consciousness in general with particular importance of the reality of civic consciousness and civic identity. 4. The reality of social and normative space, first of all, value attitude to civil rights and duties of everyone, to laws of Russia, to results of science and cultural traditions of numerous nations of the country. 5. The reality of individual’s inner space certainly presupposes an active civic position, coupled with the value attitude towards oneself as a citizen, ready to take responsibility for one's own development and being as an integral personality, committed to one’s country as a stronghold of the State.
Oral microbiome
Authors: Kopetsky Igor S. , Pobozhieva Ludmila V. , Kopetskaya Alena I. , Shevelyuk Julia V.
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the oral microbiome in dental caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases based on available data in the modern literature. This article is based on the analysis of materials from international and Russian studies in the PubMed, CyberLeninka, and MedLine databases over the past 15 years. An imbalance in the oral microbiome can develop dental caries and periodontal diseases. Normally, the oral microbiome contains Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Spirochetes. With dental caries, S. mutans, Atopobium, Propionibacterium, and Lactobacillus are determined. The presence of Veillonella, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema, and Prevotella in the oral microbiome is associated with periodontal disease. The oral microbiome database comprises comprehensive data that describe bacterial species and the 16S rRNA that define the set of oral microbes. The microbiome is influenced by local and general factors.
Morphofunctional characteristics of the mucous membrane of the masticatory apparatus in experimental carcinogenesis
Authors: Rizaev Jasur A. , Khazratov Alisher I. , Iordanishvili Andrey K.
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are often accompanied by changes in the oral cavity. This is largely due to the morphological and functional unity of the oral mucosa and the entire digestive tract. Therefore, the role of a dentist is important in early oncological alertness for detecting malignant neoplasms at an early stage of their development.
AIM: Present the results of a morphological study of the mucous membrane of the mouth of an animal during experimental carcinogenesis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 168 sexually mature outbred white male rats kept under standard vivarium conditions. The animals were divided into the following groups: control 84 individuals and experimental 84 animals with simulated colon adenocarcinomatosis. Every 30 days of the experiment, 12 animals were withdrawn from the control and experimental groups. Carcinogenesis was modeled by the introduction of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride, previously diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution. Using a histological study, the mucous membrane of the mouth was studied in animals of both examined groups.
RESULTS: The dynamics of morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the animals mouth was revealed against the background of the development of adenocarcinomatosis of the large intestine; the development of destructive-degenerative and sclerotic changes in the mucous membrane of the mouth of animals with simulated adenocarcinomatosis of the large intestine, the severity of which increased in accordance with the period of development of the neoplasm, was established.
CONCLUSION: The revealed changes in the large intestine and the mucous membrane of the animals mouth, caused by a simulated chemical carcinogen, indicate a high risk of developing a malignant tumor with spread to all parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Experimental justification for the application of different methods for oral mucosal wound closure
Authors: Tarasenko Svetlana V. , Blagushina Natalia A. , Ershova Anna M. , Balgaeva Suriyana U.
Published: April 2022

The current study analyzed Russian and foreign scientific evidence on oral mucosal regeneration published over the period between 2000 and 2020. The Central Scientific Medical Library, electronic Medical library (elibrary.ru), and the scientific database PubMed were searched for relevant experimental studies focusing on methods used to stimulate healing of excisional wounds in the palate. The aim of the review was to identify the most effective method of oral mucosal wound closure. The findings showed that the successful introduction of new methods for oral mucosal wound closure with reliable treatment outcomes was dependent on accurate experimental, laboratory, and histological substantiation of their effectiveness.
New heading of the journal: Pages of memory
Authors: Iordanishvili Andrey K.
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Relevance. In the development of Russian dentistry, one can clearly trace the emergence and gradual formation of two independent directions that merged together only after the October Socialist Revolution. The first of them is connected with the organization and treatment of maxillofacial wounded, the second with the organization and treatment of dental diseases. It is impossible to imagine the development of these areas without specialists who have made a unique contribution to the development of domestic and world dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. The Russian Journal of Dentistry opens a new section Pages of Memory, which will be dedicated to prominent scientists, clinicians, organizers of dental care, as well as prominent public figures of healthcare. This section begins with materials about the life, professional activity and contribution to military and practical dentistry of academician, Colonel-General of the medical service Fyodor Ivanovich Komarov.
Problems of solid radioactive waste management on the example of the radioactive isotope 14C
Authors: Perelygin Vladimir V. , Kotenko Peter  K. , Podboronova Alexandra  G. , Zharikov Mikhail , Sklyarova Lyudmila V.
Published: April 2022

The management of irradiated graphite waste continues to attract the attention of specialists from a number of related industries, in connection with the technical and economic component, along with the fact that solid radioactive waste entering the environment in the process of disposal acquires biogenic character. The environmental safety of solid radioactive waste management is associated with the possibility of biologically significant 14C to enter the human body.
Resulting from the development of the nuclear industry, 14C has become one of the causes of global and local pollution. The consequences of thermonuclear explosions, operation of nuclear power plants, as well as nuclear fuel cycle enterprises, isotope production for the production of drugs labeled with 14C, research institutions are considered as sources of 14C.
The world output of accumulated reactor graphite is estimated at 250,000 tons. In the Russian Federation, the total volume is approximately 60,000 tons of graphite. The share of accumulated irradiated graphite in Russia comprises 24% of the total volume of accumulated graphite.
Having studied and analyzed the statistical data of scientific research, using the methods of generalized data processing, systematization and comparative analysis, we have taken the liberty to make a general conclusion about modern approaches and the relevance of solving the problem of SRW management on the example of the 14C radioactive isotope.
The formation of the SPSUVM Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Authors: Lunegov Alexander M.
Published: April 2022

The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Saint Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine is rightly considered to be the center of veterinary pharmacology in Russia. Over the hundred years of its existence, it has made a huge contribution to the training of highly qualified specialists in the field of veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. During the existence of the department, the scientific school of its former leaders V. D. Sokolov and N. L. Andreeva has been formed and is actively developing. Years of work of the department staff in the scientific and pedagogical field have resulted in the introduction of textbooks on pharmacology, clinical pharmacology and veterinary pharmacy into the educational process of the country. Since 2005, the department has been using alternative forms of teaching students using adapted computer programs to study neurotropic drugs in more depth and detail, many of which, due to special reasons, are sharply regulated. The university was included in the list of the first universities in Russia that introduced such a progressive teaching method and was awarded at the international level.
The message briefly describes the 100-year activity of the department. It tells about its leaders and about the progress made to date in the training of modern highly qualified specialists in the veterinary pharmacology and toxicology.
The Future of Public Relations, Advertising and Journalism: How Artificial Intelligence May Transform the Communication Profession and Why Society Should Care?
Authors: TÜRKSOY Nilüfer
Published: April 2022

This study aims to examine the latest academic research conducted in the last decade on the future benefits, challenges, and impact of Artificial Intelligence and its adoption in the communication profession. The study is grounded in the perceptions of reviews from relevant academic articles and emphasizes the technological innovations related to Artificial Intelligence applications within the public relations, advertising, and journalism professions. The followings are some of the key questions asked in the current study: 1) How is the implementation of Artificial Intelligence going to impact the jobs of the communication profession? 2) Can robots replace public relations, advertising, and journalism professionals? and 3) What kind of opportunities and challenges will AI-powered systems bring to these three professions? The findings suggest that Artificial Intelligence would benefit the communication profession and those who adopt Artificial Intelligence technologies would certainly gain a competitive advantage. It appears that the future of the communication profession would be a blend of both Artificial Intelligence technologies and human insight. Also, it is emphasized that it would be a rather narrow view to see that Artificial Intelligence would create robots to replace humans while performing various tasks or would outperform human intelligence in most of its dimensions.
ADIÇÃO DE POLÍMERO SUPERABSORVENTE DE POLIACRILONITRILA NA MISTURA CIMENTÍCIA COM VARIAÇÃO DE QUANTIDADE DE ÁGUA
Authors: De Oliveira Maria Rosária , Gonçalves Erika Peterson
Published: April 2022

The superabsorbent polymer is an innovative material with the ability to absorb water and gradually desorb it, and when added to the cementitious mixture, the process of water release occurs slower than usual, since the superabsorbent polymer retains liquid, preventing water evaporation. With the new technologies, the scientific search for the development of new materials in civil construction has been increasing the studies on the application of superabsorbent polymers in the cement mass to improve its properties. In this context, the use of superabsorbent polymers has been analyzed as an internal curing agent of the composite, improving the retraction of the cement mass and increasing mechanical strength, which can be scientifically proven in laboratory tests, such as water reservoir for assistance in mortar hydration. These results contribute to reduce some problems that may occur during mortar's service life, namely cracking and spalling.
Telemedicina Durante a Pandemia da Covid-19 - um Programa de Educação Médica
Authors: Freitas Maeve , Graciano Miriam Monteiro de Castro , Pereira Marluce Rodrigues , Moura Rodrigo Ferreira de
Published: April 2022

A pandemia da Covid-19 tem sido responsável por um grande impacto na educação médica, levando à suspensão de encontros presenciais e reformulações nos currículos. Novas metodologias, como a telemedicina, têm-se destacado como ferramentas de ensino que proporcionam atividades práticas e seguras. Diante desse contexto, um grupo de uma universidade federal deu início a um programa de enfrentamento à Covid-19, desenvolvendo uma plataforma para atendimentos, realizados por alunos do curso de medicina, a pacientes com síndrome gripal. Esse programa visou ao ensino médico em competências de telessaúde e cuidados aos pacientes com síndrome gripal. Para certificar que tais competências foram adquiridas, o presente estudo fez uma avaliação de eficácia do programa do ponto de vista educacional, seguindo a metodologia de Kirkpatrick. Dos cinquenta e seis alunos que participaram do programa, cinquenta (89%) responderam ao questionário. Os resultados mostraram pontuações médias altas em relação ao grau de satisfação dos alunos com o programa e ao grau de confiança e comprometimento em utilizar a telemedicina no futuro, assim como resultados significativamente maiores de pós-teste sobre a aquisição de conhecimento e habilidades em telemedicina e cuidados de pacientes com Covid-19. Além disto, o programa propiciou mudanças no contexto de saúde local, realizando atendimentos reais a pacientes com síndrome gripal. O programa proporcionou uma experiência educacional robusta e eficaz aos estudantes, indicando o impacto de programas educativos em contextos de saúde específicos, como em epidemias de doenças de alta transmissibilidade, e a importância da aquisição de competências necessárias na área de telemedicina e doenças emergentes.

Palavras-chave: Monitoramento remoto. Telessaúde. Serviços de e-saúde. Saúde digital. Serviços de telessaúde.
Discovery of Immunomodulators from Plant Kingdom Targeting IL-6 for the Effective Management Therapy of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Krishna Swaroop Akey , Nagarjuna Palathoti , Naresh P. , Shyam Sundar P. , Jubie S. , Natarajan Jawahar , Vasanth P.
Published: April 2022

The present study was conducted because of the recent scenario of this pandemic coronavirus outbreak worldwide. Currently, this disease cannot be treated through specific vaccines and therapeutic medicines. While many vaccines are being investigated, it would take some time for these to be accessible to the masses. Eventual evidence indicates that many COVID-19 patients may die from an irregular release of cytokines called as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) due to the excessive reaction of their immune systems. In worsening patients with COVID-19, CRS played a significant role, from pneumonia via ARDS to cumulative systemic inflammation and eventually to a failing of the multi-system organ. In COVID-19 individuals, a large number of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1, IL-2, IL-10, TNF- ?, and IFN- ?, participate in the ‘cytokine storm,’ but IL-6, whose higher serum levels are associated with respiratory failure, ARDS, and adverse clinical outcomes, tends to be a critical factor. In China, the COVID-19 mortality indicator has been tested by a multi-centre retrospective analysis in 150 COVID-19 patients. The study analysed that 82 cases are resolved from COVID-19 and 68 cases are dead due to enhancement of IL-6 levels in the serum. In this research, the secondary plant metabolites from Indian traditional medicine are identified through a computational technique and the selected seedling metabolite is sealed to block the IL-6 receptor.
A Review on Herbal Remedies for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Prashant Mehta Sarthak , Balaraman Ramachandran
Published: April 2022

Among the neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type where the individual suffers from dementia. It usually affects citizens aged 65 and above. Its high prevalence and debilitating effects call for the need of effective therapeutic interventions to deal with this grave disease. The inefficiency of currently available therapeutic options pushes our attention towards finding effective alternative therapeutic options to either successfully prevent or treat AD. Herbal remedies are a potential gold mine that offer hope against this crippling disease. The aim of this review is to throw a light on the potential of a few potential and promising herbal which can provide an alternative therapeutic intervention for the prevention and management of AD amongst a plethora of herbal drugs.
CONCERNING SOME DETERMINANTS GOVERNING THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF SPECIAL PART OF THE CRIMINAL LAW (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE RSFSR CC OF 1922)
Authors:   Academician S.P. Korolev Samara National Research University, Golenko D. V.
Published: April 2022

The construction of the Special Part of the Criminal Law is a topical issue for any state. The important task is to identify determinants influencing the structure and content of this component. The retrospective analysis of changes in the legislation allows identifying factors affecting the Special part of the criminal law, as well as the legislator’s response model in the context of changes in these factors. It makes it possible to use the existing experience to construct the Special part of the current Russian criminal code. The paper considers two types of determinants: socio-economic and political. For example, the author analyzes the Special part of the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922. During the development and adoption of this law, significant transformations took place in the political and socio-economic life of Russian society: the system of government, the economic type, and social groups were changed. The paper presents the study of the influence of these processes on the structure and content of the Special Part of the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922. The author focuses on the representation arrangement and content of legislative material, compares the statements of the Special part of the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922 with the formerly existing and subsequent criminal legislation. The author concludes that the Special part of the criminal law socially and politically depends on the situation, in which this law is created. The influence of socio-economic and political factors on criminal law is inevitable. In some cases, the state tries to hastily regulate the changing social relations using criminal law means that is not always criminologically relevant and reasonable. It is necessary to carefully and reasonably consider changes in criminal legislation.
A PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE MODEL FOR OCCUPATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Authors:   Togliatti State University, Eremeev M. E. ,   AO AvtoVAZ
Published: April 2022

Nowadays, the decision making based on the preliminary risk assessment became a frequent practice almost in all spheres of human activity. As a result of late changes in the legislation relating to labour safety, occupational risks assessment became an employer obligation. To organize this process, the additional training of specialists is necessary. The formation of a system for training such specialists is a topical issue both for employers and educational institutions. At the initial stage of formation of the professional competence model of a specialist for occupational risk assessment, the author selected from the occupational standard of a labour protection specialist the job functions related to the occupational risk management. The paper considers a competence model of a specialist in the sphere of industrial safety and health developed by the experts of British Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH). To identify professional competences necessary for occupational risks assessment, the author suggests carrying out test assessment of occupational risks and forming a professional competence model using the technique of analysis and observation over actions necessary for risk assessment. To obtain more objective results, the author proposes carrying out such assessment within a group of three people – a labour protection specialist, a department manager, and an employee representative. The Lost Time Accident Frequency Rate and the Work Accident Severity Rate are accepted as the performance criteria of occupational risk assessment. The author suggests using the developed professional competence model in the future when training technosphere safety specialists.
SIMULATION OF THE SURFACE DEFECTS INFLUENCE ON THE ALUMINUM ALLOY BEHAVIOUR UNDER THE CYCLIC LOAD CONDITIONS
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Almazova L. A. , Sedova O. S. ,   Saint Petersburg State University
Published: April 2022

Aluminum and its alloys, such as the Al–Si–Mg alloy, are widely used in various industrial and engineering fields due to their mechanical properties. In this case, the defects occurring during the casting process adversely affect the behavior of this alloy under cyclic load conditions. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the surface defect influence on the material's fatigue strength is currently of great importance. The paper presents a numerical investigation based on the finite element method intended to evaluate the effect of the interaction of the complex-shaped defects on the stress of the Al–Si–Mg aluminum alloy. The developed complex-defect model consists of a hemispherical main (base) defect and a secondary defect at the bottom of the main one. The authors use the Chaboche model to describe the material’s behavior under the cyclic load conditions. The paper contains the computational solution constructed with the ANSYS Workbench platform. The authors supposed that it is possible to approximate the considered complex defect form by an equivalent simplified defect. The study shows that the maximum von Mises stress values for the complex-shaped defects are achieved at the joint of the secondary defect with the main one. In the case of an equivalent defect, the maximum values are observed at the defect's bottom and on the periphery. The authors comparatively estimated the uncertainty obtained using an equivalent defect and the cases of three complex-shaped defects and three hemispherical defects without additional (secondary) damage. This estimation shows that in the case of a complex-shaped defect, the equivalent defect model has an error of 14.5 %, which is 6.5 % greater than in the case of the hemispherical defects without secondary damages at the bottom.
Prevalence of Viruses in Acute Asthma Exacerbations in Childhood in a Hospital in West Part of Turkey
Authors: Boluk Selime Ozen , Taskirdi Ilke , Akcal Omer , Kaya Mehmet Sirin , Haci Idil Akay , Soyoz Ozgen , Celik Figen Celebi , Karkiner Canan Sule , Ayhan Fahri Yuce , Gulez Nesrin , Genel Ferah , Can Demet
Published: April 2022

Acute asthma exacerbations (AAE) are episodes characterized by potentially life-threatening and rapidly deteriorating asthma symptoms. Viral respiratory infections are one of the major triggers in the pathophysiology of childhood asthma exacerbations. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of viral agents among pediatric AAE patients.
One hundred and three AAE patients, aged 5 or older, hospitalized between from February 2017 through February 2020 at Pediatric Immunology and Allergic Diseases Unit were included in this study. Fifty patients (48.5%) were female, and the mean age of the patients was 108.2 months. Viruses were detected in 58 (%56.3) of the patients, in 5 of whom more than one virus type was detected. The most commonly detected virus was human rhinovirus (n=43, 67.1%).
Other types included respiratory syncytial virus (n=8; 12.5%), influenza (n=6; 9.3%), human metapneumovirus (n=4; 6.2%), adenovirus (n=1; 1.5%), enterovirus (n=1; 1.5%), and parainfluenza (n=1; 1.5%). Viral agents were detected in 29 out of the 47 patients with allergic asthma, with human rhinoviruses comprising the majority (18 patients). The mean length of hospital stay was 7.89 days.
Human rhinovirus is the most common virus that triggers AAE, with similar distributions in allergic and non-allergic asthma. We found no correlation between virus type and the length of hospital stay.
Study Effect of Azithromycin and Doxycycline in Mucus Producing and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways of Allergic Asthma
Authors: Wang Zhen , Xin Lihong , Zhang Wen
Published: April 2022

Asthma is a respiratory disease; involving millions of people worldwide. The main cause of asthma is allergy and immune response dysregulation. The effects of azithromycin and doxycycline as asthma-controlling drugs were evaluated in this study.
Mice asthma model was produced and asthmatic mice were treated with azithromycin (75 mg/kg, orally) and doxycycline (20 mg/kg, orally). Eosinophils and neutrophils count, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were measured. Histological study and evaluation of the gene’s expression of Muc5ac, Muc5b, IL-33, COX2, MYD88, and TRAF6 were performed.
Azithromycin and doxycycline did not affect eosinophil and neutrophil percentage, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, total IgE levels, peribronchial and perivascular inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and gene expression of MYD88, TRAF6, and COX2. Treatment with azithromycin significantly decreased IL-13 level, mucus secretion, and gene expression of IL-33, Muc5ac, and Muc5b; compared to the non-treated asthma group.
Azithromycin administration controls mucus secretion and inflammation. Azithromycin therapy and not doxycycline might be an effective adjuvant option in asthma by reducing mucus in the airway.
Immunomodulatory Effect of SINA 1.2 Therapy Protocol in Asthmatic Mice Model: A Combination of Oxymel and Sauna
Authors: Faryabi Roghayeh , Vaghasloo Mahdi Alizadeh , Athari Seyyed Shamsadin , Boskabady Mohammad Hossein , Zangii Bagher Minaii , Kaveh Shahpar , Kabiri Mahdi
Published: April 2022

Alternative medicine has become popular in asthmatic patients. We evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of the SINA 1.2 therapy protocol derived from Persian medicine in an asthmatic mice model.
Forty-two male BALB/c mice were divided into six groups: one control (sham) and five sensitized groups (by parenteral injection of 20 μg ovalbumin in 100 μL normal saline plus 50 μL alum on days 1 and 14). Sensitized groups were as: untreated, budesonide (1 mg nebulized budesonide: 200 μg/puff every 5 min for 25 min), dry sauna (30 min, 37°C), oral oxymel (gavaged: 0.2 mL of the syrup plus 0.8 mL of water), and SINA protocol No.1.2 (oxymel followed by sauna) groups. Treatments were given for 10 days from day 23 to 33 then sacrificed.
Significant gene expression reduction of interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5, and MUC5AC and increase of interferon(IFN)-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio and decreased perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and subsequent mucus hypersecretion in SINA group were seen compared to the untreated group. SINA lowered IL-5 and MUC5AC gene expression levels similar to the budesonide and acted better than budesonide in increasing IFN-γ gene expression up to normal level. Compared with the asthma group, sauna alone only affected MUC5AC and IFN-γ gene expressions, and oxymel alone, only reduced IL-4 gene expression, perivascular and peribronchial inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion.
It seems that SINA therapy alleviates asthma via immune modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improvement of pathological changes in ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice, supporting the notion of innate healing power mentioned in Persian medicine literature.
The Effects of Combined Therapeutic Protocol on Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms and Molecular Determinants
Authors: Shen Yuanfeng , Mehrabi Nasab Entezar , Hassanpour Fatemeh , Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
Published: April 2022

Current medications to treat allergic rhinitis (AR) include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and anti-leukotrienes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of combination therapy; using these drugs, and evaluates the AR-related markers and parameters in an animal model.
After inducing BALB/c mice AR models, the animals were treated with either pranlukast, loratadine, fluticasone, loratadine + fluticasone, loratadine + pranlukast, fluticasone + pranlukast, or loratadine + fluticasone + pranlukast. Clinical symptoms, Immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific and total IgE, leukotriene (LT)B4, LTC4, histamine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) serum levels, and interleukin 4 levels in the nasal lavage fluid were determined. The expressions of HRH1, CysLT1R, NLR3, Caspase-1, and MUC5a were studied.
Allergic symptoms (nasal rubbing and sneezing), serum Igs (IgG1, total and OVA-specific IgE), eicosanoids (LTB4 and LTC4), histamine, TSLP, and IL-4 as well as gene expressions of MUC5a, Caspase-1, NLR3, HRH1, and CysLT1R were reduced in the animals receiving each of the therapeutic regimens; however, more pronounced effects were seen in the group treated with the triple combined protocol (loratadine + fluticasone + pranlukast).
The combination of the loratadine, fluticasone, and pranlukast can effectively control the symptoms of AR probably via modulating several related mechanisms at the early and late phases of allergic responses.
Decrease of Tumor-infiltrating Regulatory T Cells using Pentoxifylline: An Ex Vivo Analysis in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Mouse Model
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad Hossein , Shokrollahi Barough Mahdieh , Ghanavatinejad Alireza , Momeni-Varposhti Zahra , Khorrami Samaneh , Sadeghi Behnam , Falak Reza
Published: April 2022

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of BC with the highest percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Hence, TIL therapy is considered a promising approach to target TNBC. Depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in TILs can improve the antitumor function of TIL therapy. Pentoxifylline (PTXF) is a xanthine derivative that can modulate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and probably affect the Treg proportion in TILs. We aimed to evaluate the ex vivo effect of PTXF on the proportion of Treg cells in the TILs derived from a mouse model of TNBC.
The 4T1 cells were inoculated subcutaneously to BALB/c mice to induce TNBC. TILs were isolated from tumor tissue by enzymatic digestion and cultured alone or with 4T1 cells for 24, 48, and 72 h in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2 and different concentrations of PTXF. The toxicity of PTXF and its effects on Tregs proportion as well as cytokine production was evaluated using MTT assay, flow cytometry, and ELISA, respectively.
PTXF had no significant impact on the viability of TILs. Both 500 and 1000 mg/mL of PTXF decreased the proportion of Tregs in a dose-dependent manner. The level of interferon-g and tumor growth factor-b in TILs supernatant were increased and decreased, respectively.
Our data suggest that ex vivo treatment of TILs with pentoxifylline could decrease the proportion of Tregs in the conventional IL-2-mediated TIL expansion and change the cytokine balance of TILs in favor of antitumor immune response.
The Effects of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway Inhibitors on the Expression of Immune Checkpoint Ligands in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line
Authors: Taghiloo Saeid , Norozi Saeid , Asgarian-Omran Hossein
Published: April 2022

Up-regulation of immune checkpoint ligands is considered as one of the most important immune escape mechanisms in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Herein, we investigate a relationship between the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and the regulation of immune checkpoint ligands in AML cells.
The HL-60 cell line was treated with idelalisib as PI3K inhibitor, MK-2206 as Akt inhibitor, and everolimus as mTOR inhibitor either in a single or combined format. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The relative expression of PD-L1, galectin-9, and CD155 was determined by real-time PCR.
Our findings demonstrated decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of HL-60 cells after treatment with idelalisib, MK-2206, and everolimus. As expected, the combined treatment showed a more inhibiting effect than the single treatment. Interestingly, our results elucidated that the expression of PD-L1 and Gal-9 but not MK-2206 decreased after treatment with idelalisib and everolimus. Regarding CD155, the expression of this molecule was downregulated after treatment with everolimus, but not idelalisib and MK-2206. However, combined treatment of HL-60 cells with two or three inhibitors decreased the expression levels of PD-L1, Gal-9, and CD155 checkpoint ligands.
We showed that PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors not only serve as cytotoxic drugs but also regulate the expression of immune checkpoint ligands and interfere with the immune evasion mechanisms of AML leukemic cells. Combinational treatment approaches to block these pathways might be a promising and novel therapeutic strategy for AML patients via interfering in immune escape mechanisms.
Lipopolysaccharide Responsive Beige-like Anchor Protein Deficiency in a Patient with Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome-like Disease Phenotype: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Fetyan Saja , Sakrani Nida Fatima , Yassin Fawwaz , Abdallah Mohammad Fahad , Elzein Naser , Azizi Gholamreza , ElGhazali Gehad
Published: April 2022

LPS-responsive beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency caused by a mutation in the LRBA gene. Affected individuals present with a variety of clinical symptoms including hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and autoimmune cytopenias. Except for hypogammaglobulinemia, the remaining features resemble autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). Here, we report the case of a 14-year-old boy with the ALPS phenotype, eventually diagnosed with LRBA deficiency. He presented with lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly, along with autoimmune cytopenia. Due to recurrent infections and worsening gastrointestinal symptoms, whole-exome sequencing was conducted and revealed a novel homozygous pathogenic variant in the LRBA gene (c.534del; p.9Asp179IIef*16). The patient recently suffered from clinical deterioration due to SARS-COV-2 which appears to have triggered an acute worsening of his existing Cytomegalovirus colitis leading to an eventual demise. A literature search for reported LRBA deficient patients with ALPS-like phenotype revealed 11 patients. The most common clinical presentations in LRBA patients with ALPS-like phenotype included autoimmunity (100%), splenomegaly (91%), lymphadenopathy (36.4%), and respiratory tract infections (63.6%). LRBA deficiency is unique in the fact that it encompasses immune deficiency, autoimmunity, and lymphoproliferation. In children with multiple symptoms related to these domains, a genetic diagnosis is necessary to ensure tailored and precise medical therapy.
The Unspecific Primers of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) Signaling Mediators
Authors: Moulazadeh Alireza , Farjadfar Akbar , Ghanbariasad Ali
Published: April 2022

The article's abstract is not available.
The Impact of High Ambient Temperature on Human Sperm Parameters: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hoang-Thi Ai-Phuong , Dang-Thi Anh-Thu , Phan-Van Sang , Nguyen-Ba Thong , Truong-Thi Phuong-Lan , Le-Minh Tam , Nguyen-Vu Quoc-Huy , Nguyen-Thanh Tung
Published: April 2022

Background: Global warming, lifestyle, or working in a high temperature environment leads to have increased health risk factors. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of high ambient temperature on male reproductive function.
Methods: Scientific articles were screened in the database including MEDLINE, EMBASE, National center for biotechnology information (NCBI) or Web of Science with relating keywords. Impact data of high ambient temperature on semen parameters were extracted and analyzed by STATA software according to the Random Effects Model. The high ambient temperature exposure group and Non-exposure group were compared using the standard mean difference (SMD). Publications were evaluated for publication bias by Egger test.
Results: Nine articles were finally selected from databases examining the effect of high ambient temperature on male reproductive health of 356 men from Iran, Italy, Thailand, China, Egypt. High ambient temperature showed a significant decrease in the seminal parameters, semen volume during each ejaculation (SMD = -0.74; 95% CI -1.11, -0.36), sperm concentration (SMD = -1.07; 95% CI -1.42, -0.72), total sperm count (SMD = -1.52; 95% CI -2.96, -0.08), sperm motility (SMD = -1.93; 95% CI -2.83, -1.04), sperm progressive motility (SMD = -1.65; 95% CI -2.39, -0.91) and normal morphology (SMD = -2.41; 95% CI -3.30, -1.52).
Conclusion: High ambient temperature negatively affects sperm quality, including decreased semen volume, sperm count, sperm concentration, motility and normal morphology. This might lead to protective strategies to avoid the adverse effects of high ambient temperature on male fertility.
The Application and Prospect of Mobile Health (mHealth) in Health Service for Older People Living Alone in Community: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kong Dehui , Fu Jingjing , Hong Yan , Liu Siqi , Luo Yu
Published: April 2022

As a result of improvements in life expectancy and reductions in fertility rate, the increasing world population ageing brings huge challenges for both developed and developing countries. Such factors as fewer children, migration of children and widowhood further increase the number of older people living alone. Older adults prefer age in place, which means care in the home. As the main place older people live in, care in community absolutely needs more attention. Optimizing health services for the elderly living in community is of positive significance to health promotion and happiness enhancement. But the traditional health service for the elderly has drawbacks of poor timeliness and high labor cost. The rapid development of modern science and technology make it possible to apply mHealth in health service for the elderly. At present, mHealth is relatively mature in the communities of developed countries. This article presents the application of mHealth in many developed countries, as references for developing countries.