bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zooplankton provide early warnings of a regime shift in a whole lake manipulation
Authors: Pace Michael L. , Carpenter Stephen R. , Johnson Robert A. , Kurtzweil Jason T.
Published: February 2013

Regime shifts are massive changes among alternate ecosystem states. Predicting regime shifts is difficult, but statistical indicators such as increasing variance or autocorrelation may provide early warnings of their impending onset. We conducted a 4 yr lake manipulation to test for early warnings prior to a food‐web transition by adding largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to a lake dominated by small fishes, and thereby drive a trophic cascade that altered zooplankton biomass, community composition, and body size. Declining catches of small fishes were associated with shifts to larger bodied species of Daphnia. We measured zooplankton biomass daily in a reference and manipulated lake and calculated variance and autocorrelation of the zooplankton time series using 28 d rolling windows. We asked whether the variance in the manipulated lake (relative to the reference lake) increased and whether autocorrelation approached unity (a value suggested by theory) prior to the food‐web regime shift. The variance and autocorrelation of zooplankton biomass were similar between the two lakes in the first 2 yr of the manipulation. During the third year, variance was much higher and autocorrelation approached unity for sustained periods in the manipulated but not in the reference lake. Variance and autocorrelation were similar between the two lakes during the fourth year as the food‐web transition moved to completion. The joint response of variance and autocorrelation in year 3 provided an early warning of the food‐web transition consistent with theoretical expectation.
Validation of six years of TES tropospheric ozone retrievals with ozonesonde measurements: implications for spatial patterns and temporal stability in the TES bias
Authors: Verstraeten W. W. , Boersma K. F. , Zörner J. , Allaart M. A. F. , Bowman K. W. , Worden J. R.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. In this analysis, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) V004 nadir ozone profiles are validated with more than 4400 coinciding ozonesonde measurements taken across the world from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) during the period 2005–2010. The TES observation operator was applied to the sonde data to ensure a consistent comparison between TES and ozonesonde data, i.e. without the influence of the a priori O3 profile needed to regulate the retrieval. Generally, TES V004 ozone retrievals are biased high by 2–7 ppbv in the troposphere, consistent with validation results from earlier studies. Because of two degrees of freedom for signal in the troposphere, we can distinguish between upper and lower troposphere mean biases, respectively ranging from −0.4 to +13.3 ppbv for the upper troposphere and +3.9 to +6.0 ppbv for the lower troposphere. Focusing on the 464 hPa retrieval level, broadly representative for free tropospheric ozone, we find differences in the TES biases for the Tropics (+3 ppbv), sub-tropics (+5 ppbv), and northern (+7 ppbv) and southern mid-latitudes (+4 ppbv). The relatively long-term record (6 yr) of TES-ozonesonde comparisons, allowed us to quantify temporal variations in TES biases in free tropospheric ozone, at 464 hPa. We find that there are no discernable biases in each of these latitudinal bands; temporal variations in the bias are typically within the uncertainty of the difference between TES and ozone-sondes. Establishing these bias patterns is important in order to make meaningful use of TES O3 data in applications such as model evaluation, trend analysis, or data assimilation.
Phosphorus status of soils from contrasting forested ecosystems in southwestern Siberia: effects of microbiological and physicochemical properties
Authors: Achat D. L. , Bakker M. R. , Augusto L. , Derrien D. , Gallegos N. , Lashchinskiy N. , Milin S. , Nikitich P. , Raudina T. , Rusalimova O. , Zeller B. , Barsukov P.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The Siberian forest is a tremendous repository of terrestrial organic carbon (C), which may increase owing to climate change, potential increases in ecosystem productivity and hence C sequestration. Phosphorus (P) availability could limit the C sequestration potential, but tree roots may mine the soil deep to increase access to mineral P. Improved understanding and quantification of the processes controlling P availability in surface and deep soil layers of Siberian forest ecosystems are thus required. The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate P status of surface and deep soil horizons from different forest plots in southwestern Siberia and (2) assess the effects of physicochemical soil properties, microbiological activity and decomposition processes on soil P fractions and availability. Results revealed high concentrations of total P (879–1042 mg kg−1 in the surface mineral soils) and plant-available phosphate ions. In addition, plant-available phosphate ions accumulated in the subsoil, suggesting that deeper root systems may mine sufficient available P for the trees and the potentially enhanced growth and C sequestration, may not be P-limited. Because the proportions of total organic P were large in the surface soil layers (47–56% of total P), we concluded that decomposition processes may play a significant role in P availability. However, microbiological activity and decomposition processes varied between the study plots and higher microbiological activity resulted in smaller organic P fractions and consequently larger available inorganic P fractions. In the studied Siberian soils, P availability was also controlled by the physicochemical soil properties, namely Al and Fe oxides and soil pH.
Sandy Soil Improvement Using Organic Materials and Mineral Fertilizer on the Yield and Quality of Jute Plant (Corchorus Olitorius)
Authors: B.A Senjobi , S.J Akinsete , O.T Ande , O.A Ademoye
Published: February 2013

Sandy soils are generally in need of improvement of their nutrient status. An open field pot experiment was conducted at the Gateway Fertilizer Plant, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria to evaluate the effect of various organic amendments (poultry manure, cow dung), organo-mineral and inorganic fertilizer on physico-chemical properties of sandy soil and the performance of Corchorus grown on it.Four levels of poultry manure (PM), cow dung (CD), Gateway fertilizer (GF) and organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF), at the rate of 0, 10, 20, and 30 tonnes/ha and NPK at 0, 120, 200 and 250 kg were applied. Pre-treated Corchorus seeds were planted and different agronomic data collected at pre-determined days after planting.Results obtained indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) between the treatments and yield components. PM gave the best significant value for the leaf height, leaf length and stem girth. Soil chemical properties (pH, nitrogen, acidity, phosphorus, and organic carbon content) were greatly influenced by the organic amendments as follows: PM at 10 tonnes/ha, CD at 20 tonnes/ha, GF at 20 tonnes/ha, OMF at 30 tonnes/ha and NPK at 200kg/ha.From the result of the experiment, PM at 10 tonnes/ha showed the overall best performance for Corchorus, and the trend for all amendments was: PM 10 tonnes/ha > CD 20 tonnes/ha > GF 20 tonnes/ha > OMF 20 tonnes/ha > NPK 250 kg/ha on the sandy soil. The use of organic materials in improving sandy soil to promote optimum crop growth and yield of Corchorus is recommended. PM at 10 tonnes/ha, CD and GF at 20 tonnes/ha should be recommended as source of improving sandy soil if optimum production of Corchorus is desired.
Treatment of Acetabular Defects during Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty - Preliminary Clinical and Radiological Outcome Using Bone Substitute Materials
Authors: Haenle Maximilian , Schlüter Sybille , Ellenrieder Martin , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Bader Rainer
Published: February 2013

Acetabular defects are a particular challenge during THR revision. Defects may be filled with autologous bone grafts, allografts or synthetic bone substitute materials. In this preliminary, retrospective study, 22 patients were treated with an oval shaped revision cup and a combination of synthetic bone substitute materials, namely hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate. The postoperative outcome was evaluated regarding the functional clinical outcome and quality of life using the Harris hip score, the WOMAC and the SF-36. Signs of loosening and changes of the implant position were evaluated from plain radiographs. Follow up examinations were performed after an average duration of 20.5 months (7-33 months). Postoperatively, we found a significant increase of the Harris hip score, and an increase in both the SF-36 and the WOMAC scores (without statistical significance). No radiographic signs of loosening were evident at the time of follow up.

The use of synthetic bone substitute materials offers a possible alternative to the use of autologous and allogenic bone grafts in acetabular revision surgery. Further randomised controlled long-term studies are needed to verify the promising short-term results and to determine potential side effects, such as possible third body wear.
Influence of the Dynamic Shielding on the Collisional Entanglement Fidelity in Strongly Coupled Semiclassical Plasmas
Authors: Ki Dae-Han , Jung Young-Dae
Published: February 2013

The influence of the dynamic plasma shielding on the collisional entanglement fidelity is investigated in strongly coupled semiclassical plasmas. The partial wave analysis with the effective dynamic screening length is employed to obtain the dynamic entanglement fidelity as a function of collision energy, de Broglie wavelength, Debye length, and thermal energy. The results show that the collisional entanglement fidelity increases with increasing plasma temperature as well as de Broglie wavelength and, however, decreases with an increase of the Debye length. It is also found that the dynamic screening effect suppresses the collisional entanglement fidelity in strongly coupled semiclassical plasmas. In addition, it is found that the entanglement fidelity decreases with increasing de Broglie wavelength and, however, increases with increasing thermal energy. It is also found that the thermal effect on the entanglement fidelity would be more significant in the domain of low-collision energies.
Molten Salts and Isotope Separation
Authors: Lantelme Frédéric
Published: February 2013

The work on molten salts and isotope separation performed over the years at Université Pierre et Marie Curie and at Collège de France is critically reviewed. This research, closely related to A. Klemm’s pioneering contributions, leads among other things to the discovery of the effect now called the ‘Chemla effect’, after the late Professor Marius Chemla. These studies of ionic motions in melts, and liquids in general, have greatly benefitted from recent advances in molecular simulations. Some recent results of such simulations - molecular dynamics (MD) and Brownian dynamics (BD) - as well as of related theoretical work are discussed.
The Engineering Process in Construction & Design
Authors: Stoner Melissa A. , Stuby Kristin T. , Szczepanski Susan
Published: February 2013

By implementing high-impact activities, such as designing a school and a skate park, mathematical thinking can be linked to the engineering design process.
The inaugural address
Authors: Dause Emily
Published: February 2013

Each month, a new problem, along with suggested instructional notes, is made available to elementary school teachers, who use the problem in their classrooms and report solutions, strategies, reflections, and misconceptions to the journal audience. The February problem, about the January 2013 presidential inaugural speech, includes a two-page student activity sheet.
Get Your Bearings
Authors: Kurz Terri L.
Published: February 2013

Math by the Month is a regular department of the journal that features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes at least four activities each for grade bands K–2, 3–4, and 5–6. The problems this month integrate skateboard facts and questions into the mathematical investigations.
So, Here's the Story
Authors: Columba Lynn
Published: February 2013

It is a “read”-letter day when storybooks, thinking strategies, and physical materials can use a splash of whimsy and fun to introduce multiplication facts to third graders.
L’interrogation du Coran et la valeur heuristique de la traduction
Authors: Dib Naïma
Published: February 2013

La mise en tutelle de la femme, telle qu’elle est instituée dans la quasi-totalité des pays musulmans, est-elle énoncée formellement dans le Coran? Telle est la question que cet article se propose de creuser. Il explore successivement original, commentaire coranique et traductions, en commente les aspects problématiques avant de suggérer des pistes de lecture. Partant de l’hypothèse selon laquelle on ne traduit jamais intégralement le texte sacré mais que l’on retient une interprétation parmi les multiples interprétations possibles, nous croyons que les traductions, en tant que lectures idiosyncrasiques, peuvent représenter un outil heuristique intéressant; en effet, nous pensons que si la divergence des traductions, que l’on peut lier à la particularité des objectifs de lecture de chacun des traducteurs, de leurs hypothèses sur le sens et de la manière de se projeter dans l’univers discursif, peut servir à déployer le sens de l’original, leur convergence peut, quant à elle, fournir des indices sur les sociétés, plus précisément sur la conception qu’elles ont de la femme et de sa place à la fois dans le discours coranique et dans l’organisation sociale.
Empirical Studies in Translation: Methodological and Epistemological Questions1
Authors: Neunzig Wilhelm
Published: February 2013

When a qualitative leap forward is taken in any scientific discipline, the change is usually accompanied by an increased interest in research. This occurred in Translation Studies in the 1950s and in the 1990s. This paper outlines some of the most important epistemological and methodological questions faced by researchers who want to apply the so called “scientific method” to empirical research in translation. We will discuss the main steps in the research process: designing an experiment, selecting subjects or the object of study, defining experimental and control groups, controlling independent variables, choosing instruments that will measure what we want to measure and which will give us reliable data to analyse. The whole procedure should be intelligible and transparent, the objectives relevant and the results clear.
The Significance of Hypotheses
Authors: Chesterman Andrew
Published: February 2013

The paper examines the idea that all research methodology is based on hypotheses of different kinds, both interpretive and empirical. Interpretive hypotheses (that something is usefully interpreted as something) can be tested pragmatically, but are not falsifiable; they underlie all empirical research. As an example of empirical hypotheses we focus first on the descriptive type, and in particular the literal translation hypothesis. This states that translators tend to proceed from more literal to less literal versions as they process a given text chunk. This hypothesis serves to illustrate the main criteria according to which any hypothesis can be claimed to be significant. These criteria are: explicitness, multiple testability, theoretical implications, applicability, surprise value, and explanatory power. Several other fairly well-known hypotheses in Translation Studies are also referred to.
Prévalence de l’achat et de l’usage de tabac illicite chez les fumeurs québécois, 2005-2010
Authors: Lasnier Benoit , Cantinotti Michael , Leclerc Bernard-Simon
Published: February 2013

La lutte contre le commerce illicite du tabac représente un défi de taille dans le contrôle du tabagisme. Au Québec, comme ailleurs au pays, la vente de produits du tabac de contrebande a pour effet de restreindre l’efficacité de la taxation comme moyen pour réduire la consommation de tabac et limiter l’accessibilité au tabac chez les jeunes. Par ailleurs, les importantes pertes fiscales générées par le marché illégal des produits du tabac représentent autant de ressources financières qui ne peuvent être investies par les gouvernements dans les services de santé. L’élaboration de politiques publiques visant à contrecarrer la contrebande du tabac requiert la quantification précise et fiable de ce phénomène. Cet examen systématique visait à estimer la prévalence au Québec de l’achat et de la consommation de tabac illicite de 2005 à 2010 chez les fumeurs âgés de 15 ans et plus. Une recension et une analyse des données pertinentes ont été effectuées au moyen d’un outil objectif d’évaluation critique. Vingt-sept études ont été recensées et examinées, dont 18 témoignent d’une qualité acceptable relativement à la validité des méthodes ainsi qu’à l’interprétation et à l’applicabilité des résultats. L’analyse des données disponibles indique qu’il n’est pas possible de conclure à une variation annuelle statistiquement significative de la prévalence de l’achat et de la consommation de tabac illicite chez les fumeurs actuels québécois âgés de 15 ans et plus au cours des années 2005 à 2010, et que sa valeur oscillait entre 6 % et 28 %. Des suggestions sont proposées pour améliorer la qualité méthodologique de ce type d’études portant sur l’estimation de la prévalence de l’achat et de la consommation de tabac illicite.
Optimization problem with normally distributed uncertain parameters
Authors: Ostrovsky Gennady M. , Ziyatdinov Nadir N. , Lapteva Tatiana V.
Published: February 2013

The issue of chemical process optimization when at the operation stage the design specification should be met with some probability and the control variables can be changed has been considered. A common approach for solving the broad class of optimization problems with normally distributed uncertain parameters were developed. This class includes the one‐stage and two‐stage optimization problems with chance constraints. This approach is based on approximate transformation of chance constraints into deterministic ones. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2471–2484, 2013
Modelica BuildingSystems − eine Modellbibliothek zur Simulation komplexer energietechnischer Gebäudesysteme
Authors: Nytsch‐Geusen Christoph , Huber Jörg , Ljubijankic Manuel , Rädler Jörg
Published: February 2013

Am Lehrstuhl für Versorgungsplanung und Versorgungstechnik der UdK Berlin wird die Modelica‐Modellbibliothek “BuildingSystems“ zur objektorientierten Modellierung und Simulation komplexer energietechnischer Gebäudesysteme entwickelt. Die Modelle der Bibliothek decken ein breites Spektrum aus den Bereichen Raum und Gebäude, solare Energietechnik (Solarthermie, Photovoltaik) sowie Heizungs‐ und Klimatechnik ab und werden um weitere Spezialmodelle zum Erzeugen geeigneter Klima‐ und Nutzer‐Randbedingungen ergänzt. Ein besonderes Merkmal der Bibliothek besteht darin, dass eine Reihe der Modelle in unterschiedlicher räumlicher oder physikalischer Detaillierungstiefe vorliegen. So lässt sich mit der Modellbibliothek ein Nahwärmenetz mit einer Reihe stark vereinfachter Gebäudeverbraucher‐Modelle, aber auch ein detailliertes hydraulisches Netz einer Heizungsanlage zusammen mit einem detaillierten Mehrzonen‐Gebäudemodell abbilden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die grundlegenden Eigenschaften der Modelica‐Bibliothek “BuildingSystems“ beschrieben und an Hand mehrerer Anwendungsbeispiele demonstriert.

The Modelica library BuildingSystems for object‐oriented modelling and simulation of complex energetic building systems. The Modelica library “BuildingSystems” for object‐oriented modelling and simulation of complex energetic building systems is being developed by the chair of building services technology at UdK Berlin. The models of the library cover a broad spectrum of the domains such as room and building, solar energy technologies (solar thermal energy, photovoltaics), HVAC and are completed with specialized models for the generation of boundary conditions of the user behavior and climate data. A special feature is the fact that several models are present in different levels of detail in space and in the physical meaning. For example, a model of a district heating net‐work combined with a set of strong simplified building models or a detailed hydraulic net of a heating system combined with a detailed multi‐zone building model can be reflected by the model library. The paper describes the most important features of the Modelica library “BuildingSystems” and demonstrates them by the use of several applications.
Die Eisenbahnbrücke bei Hämerten in Sachsen‐Anhalt
Authors: Braun Michael
Published: February 2013

Beim Bau der Eisenbahnstrecke von Berlin nach Hannover musste 1870/71 bei der anhaltinischen Ortschaft Hämerten die Elbe mit einer Brücke gequert werden. Die Bahnstrecke, die dann originellerweise den Beinamen “Lehrter Bahn” nach dem Vorort Lehrte bei Hannover erhielt, sollte später einmal eine sehr bekannte im gesamten Reich werden, sogar die “bedeutendste europäische Ost‐West‐Linie im Personen‐ und Güterverkehr”. Schon Schulkinder in Berlin kannten den Lehrter Bahnhof, noch heute besitzt der Name einen guten Ruf. Aber wer eigentlich kennt Hämerten?

The Railway bridge near Hämerten

During construction of the railway track between Berlin and Hannover an Elbe‐river crossing near Hämerten was needed in 1870/71. This railway track, also called “Lehrter Bahn”, became later famous in the whole Reich. Almost kids knew the “Lehrter Bahnhof”. But who only knows Hämerten at all?
Zur Verformungsprognose von Monopile‐Gründungen infolge zyklischer Belastung mit veränderlicher Amplitude
Authors: Triantafyllidis Theodoros
Published: February 2013

Die Gründungen von Offshore‐Wind‐Energie‐Anlagen (OWEA) sollen nach dem gesicherten aktuellen Stand des Wissens dimensioniert werden, der allerdings noch nicht als Stand der Technik bezeichnet werden kann. Eine Art der Gründung solcher OWEA ist die sog. Monopile‐Gründung, die Pfahldurchmesser von bis zu 7 m aufweist. Die Belastung dieser Gründungsstrukturen resultiert aus Wind und Wellen und ist hauptsächlich in horizontaler Richtung. Es liegen zwischenzeitlich Ergebnisse von Modellversuchen vor, die das Verhalten solcher Monopile‐Strukturen sowie einige physikalische Phänomene wiedergeben und Modelle, die das hochzyklische Verhalten von Monopiles beschreiben. Parallel hierzu wurden in den neuen EA‐Pfähle [1] Methoden vorgeschlagen, die zur Dimensionierung oder Beurteilung des Verformungsverhaltens solcher Strukturen benutzt werden sollten. Im Rahmen von Genehmigungsverfahren [2] wird auf die in [1] angegebenen Verfahren zurückgegriffen. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich kritisch mit der in [1] empfohlenen Vorgehensweise für die Monopiles auseinander. Der Beitrag erläutert weiterhin, dass die Gleichungen der EA‐Pfähle [1] entgegen der dort aufgestellten Behauptung den Ansatz der Dehnungssuperposition nach Stewart [3] für drei oder mehr Zyklenpakete nicht zutreffend umsetzen und daher einer Revision bedürfen. Anhand eines einfachen Beispiels ist bereits auch in [4] gezeigt worden, dass die vereinzelt in der Literatur verwendete “Strain Hardening”‐Methode ungeeignet ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag legt insbesondere das Gewicht auf die zyklische Belastung mit veränderlicher Amplitude.

On the deformation prediction of monopile foundations due to cyclic loading of varying amplitude

The foundations of the offshore wind turbines should be designed according to the latest scientific knowledge. Monopiles showing 6‐7 m in diameter represent one kind of such foundation structure. The main loading acting on those foundations is horizontal resulting from the wind and wave action. Meanwhile sufficient numbers of model tests have been carried out, theoretical models are available describing the physical phenomena governing the monopole behavior under high cycle loading are available as well. In parallel the existing recommendations [1, 2] describe methods for the design and prediction of the performance of those foundation structures. The paper attempts in a critical review of the in [1] proposed formulas and methods to describe their drawback especially in the case of more than two cyclic amplitudes. It is shown that the deformation superposition has to be revised in order to fulfill the superposition principles as given by Stewart [3]. Using a simple example as already published in [4] it is shown that the strain hardening method used in the literature is unsuitable to solve the problem under consideration. In the paper particular attention is paid to the prediction models for the monopile structure under cyclic loading with varying amplitude.
Pöppelmannbrücke Grimma – Wiederaufbau einer denkmalgeschützten Gewölbebrücke
Authors: Wingeß Olaf , Bernhardt Frank
Published: February 2013

Im August des Jahres 2002 zerstörte ein Extremhochwasser die historische Altstadt von Grimma sowie die fast 300‐jährige denkmalgeschützte Gewölbebrücke – die Pöppelmannsche Steinbrücke – über die Vereinigte Mulde und richtete Schäden in Höhe von ca. 255 Mio. € an. Das mit 200‐jähriger Wiederkehrwahrscheinlichkeit eingestufte Ereignis unterspülte mit einer Abflussmenge von bis zu 2 570 m3/s mehrere Brückenpfeiler der 7‐feldrigen Gewölbereihe. Dies führte in der Folge zum Teileinsturz des Bauwerkes.

Verschiedene Variantenuntersuchungen und die Anpassung an mögliche Hochwasserszenarien standen im Fokus des Wiederaufbaus der Gewölbebrücke. Ziel der Variantenuntersuchung und des Entwurfs für einen teilweisen Ersatzneubau war es, zwischen dem historischen Vorbild der Pöppelmannbrücke und den Anforderungen des Hochwasserschutzes einen genehmigungsfähigen Kompromiss zu finden. Dies gelang durch die Konstruktion eines stählernen Sprengwerkbogens mit orthotropher Fahrbahnplatte, der zwischen den in Ufernähe verbleibenden Bögen 1, 2 sowie 6 und 7 die ehemaligen Bogenfelder 3 bis 5 mit einer lichten Weite von 65 m überspannt. Insgesamt konnte ein sehr harmonisches Erscheinungsbild unter Berücksichtigung eines optimalen Hochwasserabflusses erreicht werden. Zehn Jahre nach der Zerstörung der Brücke erfolgte im August 2012 ihre Wiederinbetriebnahme.
Fußgängerbrücken
Authors: Keil Andreas
Published: February 2013

Fußgängerbrücken müssen in erster Linie funktional sein. Aber darüber hinaus sollten sie auch auf die Besonderheit eines Orts eingehen, auf seine Wegeführung, seine Topografie und seinen Kontext. Durch ihre Präsenz im öffentlichen Raum bieten sie die Möglichkeit, nicht nur voneinander getrennte Bereiche zu verbinden, sondern einem Ort auch eine eigene Identität zu geben. In den letzten Jahrzehnten etablierten sich Fußgängerbrücken mit aufsehenerregenden Konstruktionen als eigenes Genre im Brückenbau. Errichtet an den unterschiedlichsten Orten, in Städten, Parks und in der Landschaft, über Straßen, Gleise, Flüsse oder Schluchten hinweg, überraschen sie mit besonderen Konstruktionen, interessanten Wegeverläufen, hoher Aufenthaltsqualität und oft auch durch ihre skulpturale Erscheinung. Im Folgenden soll ein kurzer Überblick über diese Entwicklung mit den wesentlichen Entwurfsparametern, verschiedener Konstruktionstypen mit aktuellen Beispielen gegeben werden.

Pedestrian Bridges

Pedestrian Bridges are preliminary functional, but they should also respond to the special features of their sites, route trajectories, topography and contexts. Their presence in public spaces offers an opportunity not only to connect separate areas with each other, but also to confer a unique identity on the immediate environment. Within the last decades several new pedestrian bridges established the new genre of pedestrian bridges with spectacular structures.

Built at different places, in cities, parks and in the countryside, on roads, railways, rivers and ravines, they surprise you with special designs, high amenity value and often also by their shape. This article gives a brief overview of this development, including the main design parameters of various types of construction and current examples.
Teilerneuerung der Talbrücke Einsiedelstein
Authors: Mauer Steffen , Rockenfelder Roger
Published: February 2013

Im Zuge des sechsstreifigen Ausbaus der Autobahn A1 musste die bestehende Talbrücke Einsiedelstein teilerneuert werden. Es handelt sich dabei um eine im Jahr 1938 errichtete Gewölbebrücke. Als Grundlage für die Planung notwendiger Instandsetzungs‐ und Umbaumaßnahmen wurden Finite‐Elemente‐Berechnungen unter Berücksichtigung des nichtlinearen Materialverhaltens des Füllbetons und des Gewölbemauerwerks für die Lasten des DIN‐Fachberichts durchgeführt. Die angewendeten Berechnungsmethoden ermöglichen eine realitätsnahe Modellierung des Tragverhaltens von historischen Mauerwerkskonstruktionen in den Grenzzuständen der Tragfähigkeit und der Gebrauchstauglichkeit. Die Ergebnisse der Berechnung dienten als Entscheidungsgrundlage für die Wahl einer nachhaltigen Maßnahme für die Teilerneuerung der Gewölbebrücke.

The partial renewal of the viaduct Einsiedelstein

In the course of the six‐lane extension of the A1 motorway, the existing viaduct Einsiedelstein had to be partially renovated. It is an vault bridge built in 1938. As a basis for the planning of necessary measures of redevelopments finite element calculations were carried out taking into account the non‐linear material behavior of the backfill concrete and masonry vaults for the loads of DIN technical report. The applied calculation methods allow a realistic modeling of the load‐bearing behavior of historic masonry structures in the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. The calculation results were used for choosing a sustainable measure for the partial replacement of the vault bridge.
Peak antibody production is associated with increased oxidative metabolism in an industrially relevant fed‐batch CHO cell culture
Authors: Templeton Neil , Dean Jason , Reddy Pranhitha , Young Jamey D.
Published: February 2013

Cell metabolism can vary considerably over the course of a typical fed‐batch antibody production process. However, the intracellular pathway alterations associated with various phases of growth and antibody production have yet to be fully elucidated using industrially relevant production hosts. Therefore, we performed 13C labeling experiments and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) to characterize CHO cell metabolism during four separate phases of a fed‐batch culture designed to closely represent industrial process conditions. First, we found that peak specific growth rate was associated with high lactate production and minimal TCA cycling. Conversely, we found that lactate metabolism switched from net production to net consumption as the culture transitioned from peak growth to peak antibody production. During the peak antibody production phase, energy was primarily generated through oxidative phosphorylation, which was also associated with elevated oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) activity. Interestingly, as TCA cycling and antibody production reached their peaks, specific growth rate continued to diminish as the culture entered stationary phase. However, TCA cycling and oxPPP activity remained high even as viable cell density began to decline. Overall, we found that a highly oxidative state of metabolism corresponded with peak antibody production, whereas peak cell growth was characterized by a highly glycolytic metabolic state. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2013–2024. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Mär vom Wasser mit Gedächtnis
Authors: Rademacher Paul
Published: February 2013

Obwohl es immer wieder aufsehenerregende Fälle gibt, ist Betrug in der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung wohl eher selten, auch wenn es vermutlich eine beträchtliche Dunkelziffer geben dürfte. Früher oder später werden eklatante Beispiele unethischen Verhaltens oder Verstöße gegen gute wissenschaftliche Praxis von den im System wirksamen Kontrollen aufgedeckt. Zur Verhütung derartiger Fälle ist im Wissenschaftsbetrieb die Beachtung der strengen Leitlinien guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis erforderlich. Ein Ethikunterricht für alle Studierenden und eine Verpflichtung von Wissenschaftlern zur Beachtung ethischer Grundsätze erscheint als eine unerlässliche Voraussetzung.
Kokain
Authors: Steinke Katrin , Jose Elena , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Berger Stefan
Published: February 2013

Kokain wurde aus getrockneten Teeblättern isoliert und durch HPLC chromatographisch gereinigt. Die UV‐, CD‐, IR‐ NMR‐ und MS‐Spektren sind vollständig im zusätzlichen Material (www.chiuz.de) wiedergegeben. Die NMR‐ sowie die Massenspektren werden eingehend interpretiert und mit theoretischen Berechnungen der 13C chemischen Verschiebungen verglichen. Das Projekt stellt eine Fortsetzung des Buches “Classics in Spectroscopy” von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009) dar.
In Chemie besser als bei PISA
Authors: Tausch Michael W. , Bohrmann‐Linde Claudia
Published: February 2013

Die hervorragenden Ergebnisse der deutschen Teilnehmer bei einem internationalen Chemiewettbewerb bestätigen, dass sich die Förderung von naturwissenschaftlichem Unterricht nach dem Muster der mittlerweile über 165 MINT‐EC Schulen in Deutschland lohnt.
Dopamin verbessert Gedächtnisbildung
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: February 2013

Um Geschehenes noch nach sechs Stunden erinnern zu können, muss der Hippocampus durch Dopamin aktiviert werden. Dieses Ergebnis aus Tierstudien könnte helfen, Menschen auch bei schwacher Dopamin‐Ausschüttung Erlebtes dauerhaft speichern zu lassen. Neurowissenschaftler aus Magdeburg bestätigten nun mit einer Studiengruppe den Einfluss von Dopamin auf die Gedächtnisbildung.
Geographically multifarious phenotypic divergence during speciation
Authors: Gompert Zachariah , Lucas Lauren K. , Nice Chris C. , Fordyce James A. , Alex Buerkle C. , Forister Matthew L.
Published: February 2013

Speciation is an important evolutionary process that occurs when barriers to gene flow evolve between previously panmictic populations. Although individual barriers to gene flow have been studied extensively, we know relatively little regarding the number of barriers that isolate species or whether these barriers are polymorphic within species. Herein, we use a series of field and lab experiments to quantify phenotypic divergence and identify possible barriers to gene flow between the butterfly speciesLycaeides idasandLycaeides melissa. We found evidence thatL. idasandL. melissahave diverged along multiple phenotypic axes. Specifically, we identified major phenotypic differences in female oviposition preference and diapause initiation, and more moderate divergence in mate preference. Multiple phenotypic differences might operate as barriers to gene flow, as shown by correlations between genetic distance and phenotypic divergence and patterns of phenotypic variation in admixedLycaeidespopulations. Although some of these traits differed primarily between species (e.g., diapause initiation), several traits also varied among conspecific populations (e.g., male mate preference and oviposition preference).
B‐Mercaptocarboranes: A New Synthetic Route
Authors: Kabytaev Kuanysh Z. , Everett Thomas A. , Safronov Alexander V. , Sevryugina Yulia V. , Jalisatgi Satish S. , Hawthorne M. Frederick
Published: February 2013

A novel route for synthesis of B‐mercaptocarboranes is described. The reaction proceeds through Pd‐catalyzed iodine exchange with the sulfur nucleophile TIPS–SH in mono‐ and diiodinated ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐carboranes. Self‐assembled monolayers of selected B‐mercaptocarboranes on a gold surface were analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and their water contact angles were assessed.
Homo‐ and Heterogeneous α‐Pinene Photooxidation Using a Protoporphyrin‐Derived Amide
Authors: Trytek Mariusz , Lipke Agnieszka , Majdan Marek , Pisarek Sabina , Gryko Dorota
Published: February 2013

6,7‐Bis[3‐(Nϵ‐tert‐butyloxycarbonyllysine methyl ester)]‐1,3,5,8‐tetramethyl‐2,4‐divinylporphyrin (3) was synthesized and successfully immobilized in a silica matrix by a sol–gel method. Protoporphyrin (PP)‐derived amide 3 showed much higher photostability than its parent PP‐IX. Its UV/Vis absorption, excitation, and fluorescence spectra as well as its ability to generate 1O2 were measured both in solution and in the matrix. Subsequently, free and immobilized porphyrins 3 were used as sensitizers in the photooxidation of α‐pinene, and their photocatalytic properties were compared.
A Tandem Strategy for the Synthesis of 1H‐Benzo[g]indazoles and Naphtho[2,1‐d]isoxazoles from o‐Alkynylarene Chalcones
Authors: Akbar Sikkandarkani , Srinivasan Kannupal
Published: February 2013

o‐Alkynylarene chalcones when treated with hydrazines and hydroxylamine in the presence of iodine gave 1H‐benzo[g]indazoles and naphtho[2,1‐d]isoxazoles, respectively. The transformations involve tandem oxidative cyclocondensation/electrophilic hydroarylation. The methodology was applied to quinoline‐based chalcones, which also afforded the corresponding quinoline‐fused benzindazole and benzisoxazole.
Thirra Tunnel, Albania – with a straight concept to success / Thirra Tunnel Albanien – mit einem klaren Konzept zum Erfolg
Authors: Schubert Peter
Published: February 2013

The 5.65 km long Thirra motorway tunnel experienced major problems during the summer of 2009 in a central 1,000 m long section through a fault zone with 500 m overburden. The tunnel showed large convergence, settlement and invert heave. In early November 2009, a 60 m long section of the south tube collapsed. A team of tunnel consultants including Dr. Sauer and iC were engaged to analyze the situation and make suggestions for a modified design. This resulted in a completely new concept for re‐profiling, re‐mining the collapse and inner lining. The basic principles followed were optimization of the shape to near‐circular, very short ring closure and stiff lining. This concept was implemented by the contracting JV at record speed and worked perfectly. The displacements of the primary lining were very small and the loads within limits.

Der Thirra Autobahntunnel befand sich im Sommer 2009 im zentralen Teil mit 500 m Überlagerung in einem sehr kritischen Zustand. Über eine Länge von ca. 1.000 m waren in einer Störungszone große Konvergenzen, Setzungen und Sohlhebungen aufgetreten. Anfang November 2009 verbrach ein 60 m langer Abschnitt der Südröhre. Ein Beraterteam von Dr. Sauer und iC wurde engagiert, analysierte die Ereignisse und entwickelte ein Konzept zur Nachprofilierung, Aufarbeitung des Verbruchs und für die Innenschale des betroffenen Abschnitts. Das Konzept beruhte auf Querschnittsoptimierung, extrem kurzem Ringschluss und steifer Schale. Dieses Konzept wurde von der ausführenden ARGE in Rekordbauzeit umgesetzt und bereitete keinerlei Probleme. Die Verschiebungen in der Schale waren sehr gering, die Beanspruchungen im zulässigen Rahmen.
Youth Psychotherapy Change Trajectories and Early Warning System Accuracy in a Managed Care Setting
Authors: Nelson Philip L. , Warren Jared S. , Gleave Robert L. , Burlingame Gary M.
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To examine change trajectories in routine outpatient mental health services for children and adolescents in a managed care setting, and to use these trajectories to test the accuracy of two variations of an early warning system designed to identify cases at risk for deterioration.

Method

Multilevel modeling procedures were used to examine longitudinal Youth Outcome Questionnaire (YOQ) data for 16,091 youth aged 4‐17 years (39% female, mean age 10.5) referred for treatment in a managed care system.

Results

Clients with more frequent YOQ administrations had slightly lower baselines and faster rates of change. Both the traditional and simplified versions of the early warning system demonstrated good accuracy in identifying clients who deteriorated, with a sensitivity of .63, specificity of .83, and hit rate of .81.

Conclusions

Results provide further evidence that patient‐focused early warning systems can accurately identify most youth who are at risk for negative outcomes in routine mental health services.
Emotional Cascades and Self‐Injury: Investigating Instability of Rumination and Negative Emotion
Authors: Selby Edward A. , Franklin Joe , Carson‐Wong Amanda , Rizvi Shireen L.
Published: February 2013

Objective

Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is a public health concern and risk factor for suicide. The Emotional Cascade Model (ECM) proposes that NSSI partially functions as a distraction from cascades of negative affect and rumination. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of trait rumination, and momentary instability of rumination and negative emotion, in NSSI.

Method

Experience sampling methods were used to monitor thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in 47 individuals reporting dysregulated behaviors including NSSI. Instability indices were generated for rumination and negative emotion using the momentary assessments.

Results

Twenty‐five episodes of NSSI were reported during monitoring. Trait rumination prospectively predicted NSSI episodes, and the instability indices interacted to predict NSSI.

Conclusions

Consistent with the ECM, the interaction between rumination instability and negative affect instability during monitoring significantly predicted NSSI, with the strongest effects occurring for sadness and rumination about past. These findings may enhance conceptualization and treatment of patients with NSSI.
Introduction to the Special Issue on College Student Mental Health
Authors: Castillo Linda G. , Schwartz Seth J.
Published: February 2013

Objective

This article provides an introduction to the special issue on college student mental health. It gives an overview of the establishment of the Multi‐Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC) collaborative by a group of national experts on culture and identity. Information about the procedures used to collect a nationally represented sample of college students are provided.

Method

Data were collected from 30 university sites across the United States. The sample comprised 10,573 undergraduate college students, of which 73% were women, 63% White, 9% African American/Black, 14% Latino/Hispanic, 13% Asian American, and 1% Other.

Results

The special issue comprises a compilation of 8 studies that used the dataset specifically created to examine the issues of emerging adults, culture, and identity.

Conclusions

Student mental health problems are a growing concern on college campuses. Studies covered in this special issue have implications for policy development regarding college alcohol use and traumatic victimization, include attention to underrepresented minority and immigrant groups on college campuses, and focus on positive as well as pathological aspects of the college experience.
Enhancement in yeast separation and recycling in continuous bio‐ethanol fermentation process in Blenke cascade
Authors: Ntihuga Jean Népomuscène , Senn Thomas , Gschwind Peter , Kohlus Reinhard
Published: February 2013

Background

Continuous ethanol fermentation productivity strongly depends on yeast concentration. Therefore apparatuses, which can handle high cell concentrations, separation and recycling of adapted yeasts are of high interest.

In our work, an enhanced sedimentation rate (ESR) settler for a Blenke cascade system, avoiding large electrical power consumption, was designed. To improve the sedimentation rate, the ESR settler was connected in series with a small conventional gravitational settler. Yeast recycling was executed in two modes, direct and activation modes. Yeast cell samples taken from both cascade and settler were counted and tested for cell viability using methylene blue staining technique and a haemocytometer. The samples were cultured on agar plate with yeast extract peptone dextrose broth and analyzed by HPLC to determine ethanol, residual sugars content and by‐products (of yeast and bacterial origin).

Results

The results showed that, using ESR settler in series with a small conventional gravitational settler, more than 85% of the yeast cells were sedimented and were recycled by the direct or activation mode. The ethanol productivities were Qp = 19.45 ± 0.13 and Qp = 20.31 ± 0.11 g L−1 h−1 for direct and activation recycle mode, respectively. Continuous fermentation, yeast recycling and sedimentation were contamination‐free processes.

Conclusion

With an ESR settler, more adapted yeast can be recycled into the continuous process. High ethanol productivity can be achieved by an activation recycling mode. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
DNA based vaccines offer improved vaccination supply for the developing world
Authors: González‐Valdez José , Aguilar‐Yáñez José Manuel , Benavides Jorge , Rito‐Palomares Marco
Published: February 2013

Vaccination is a major line of defense against infectious diseases. However, with many current vaccines production methods can be both time‐consuming and expensive. These characteristics, together with the low number of vaccine manufacturers and the occurrence of region‐specific diseases, prevent the ready availability of vaccines worldwide. These shortcomings particularly affect developing countries and present real vaccine supply concerns in the event of a global pandemic. DNA‐based vaccines are now emerging as a potential alternative that could provide broader access to vaccination around the world. Although this technology is still in its initial research and development stages, production, processing and distribution of these kinds of vaccines could be greatly simplified since DNA is in essence a simple‐to‐handle molecule. With the proper methodologies and protocols, health care efforts around the world could enormously benefit from this technology ensuring better life‐quality standards in less developed regions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Field characterization of three‐dimensional lee‐side airflow patterns under offshore winds at a beach‐dune system
Authors: Delgado‐Fernandez Irene , Jackson Derek W. T. , Cooper J. Andrew G. , Baas Andreas C. W. , Beyers J. H. Meiring , Lynch Kevin
Published: February 2013

Characterization of three‐dimensional (3D) airflow remains elusive within a variety of environments and is particularly challenging over complex dune topography. Previous work examining airflow over and in the lee of dunes has been restricted to two‐dimensional studies and has concentrated on dune shapes containing angle of repose lee sides only. However, the presence of vegetation in coastal dunes creates topographic differences and irregular shapes that interfere with flow separation at the crest and significantly modify lee‐side airflow patterns and potential transport. This paper presents the first 3D field characterization of airflow patterns at the lee side of a subaerial dune. Flow information was obtained using an array of 3D ultrasonic anemometers deployed over a beach surface during seven offshore wind events. Data were used to measure cross‐shore and alongshore lee‐side airflow patterns using the three dimensions of the wind vector. Distances to re‐attachment were similar to previous studies, but the range of transverse incident wind directions resulting in flow separation (0+/−35°) was almost twice that previously reported (0+/−20°). Airflow reversal took place with winds as slow as 1 m s−1. Transverse offshore winds generated areas of opposing wind directions both within the reversed zone and beyond re‐attachment, contrary to consistent deflection in only one direction found in transverse desert dunes. Patterns of flow convergence‐divergence have been reported in fluvial studies. However, while convergence was associated with weak reversal in fluvial settings, it appeared to be related to strong flow reversal here and could be produced by pressure differentials at the dune crest.
Magnetic resonance microscopy of prostate tissue: How basic science can inform clinical imaging development
Authors: Bourne Roger
Published: February 2013

This commentary outlines how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) microscopy studies of prostate tissue samples and whole organs have shed light on a number of clinical imaging mysteries and may enable more effective development of new clinical imaging methods.