bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward an Operational Water Cycle Prediction System for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River
Authors: Durnford D. , Fortin V. , Smith G. C. , Archambault B. , Deacu D. , Dupont F. , Dyck S. , Martinez Y. , Klyszejko E. , MacKay M. , Liu L. , Pellerin P. , Pietroniro A. , Roy F. , Vu V. , Winter B. , Yu W. , Spence C. , Bruxer J. , Dickhout J.
Published: October 2017

In this time of a changing climate, it is important to know whether lake levels will rise, potentially causing flooding, or river flows will dry up during abnormally dry weather. The Great Lakes region is the largest freshwater lake system in the world. Moreover, agriculture, industry, commerce, and shipping are active in this densely populated region. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) recently implemented the Water Cycle Prediction System (WCPS) over the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River watershed (WCPS-GLS version 1.0) following a decade of research and development. WCPS, a network of linked models, simulates the complete water cycle, following water as it moves from the atmosphere to the surface, through the river network and into lakes, and back to the atmosphere. Information concerning the water cycle is passed between the models. WCPS is the first short-to-medium-range prediction system of the complete water cycle to be run on an operational basis anywhere. It currently produces two forecasts per day for the next three days. WCPS generally provides reliable results throughout the length of the forecast. The transmission of errors between the component models is reduced by data assimilation. Interactions between the environmental compartments are active. This ongoing intercommunication is valuable for extreme events such as rapid ice freeze-up and flooding or drought caused by abnormal amounts of precipitation. Products include precipitation; evaporation; lake water levels, temperatures, and currents; ice cover; and river flows. These products are of interest to a wide variety of governmental, commercial, and industrial groups, as well as the public.
Synoptic Analysis of Extreme Hourly Precipitation in Taiwan during 2003–12
Authors: Wu Mengwen , Wu Chun-Chieh , Yen Tzu-Hsiung , Luo Yali
Published: October 2017

This study investigates the statistical characteristics of extreme hourly precipitation over Taiwan during 2003–12 that exceeds the 5-, 10-, and 20-yr return values and 100 mm h−1. All the extreme precipitation records are classified into four types according to the synoptic situations under which they occur: tropical cyclones (TCs), fronts, weak-synoptic forcing, and vortex/shear line types. The TC type accounts for over three-quarters of the total records, while the front type and weak-synoptic forcing type are comparable (9%–13%). Extreme hourly precipitation is mostly caused by mei-yu fronts during May–mid-June and by TCs during July–October. The TC type tends to have a long duration time (>12 h) with a symmetrical evolution of hourly rainfall intensity, while the front type and weak-synoptic forcing type mainly occur over a short period (<6 h) with a slightly asymmetrical evolution pattern. The TC type is further divided into seven subtypes according to the location of the TC center relative to the island. When the TC center is over the island or near the coastline (distance <100 km), the spatial distribution of subtypes I–IV is largely determined by the interaction between the TC circulation and topography when a TC center is over the northwest, south, east, or northeast portion of Taiwan, respectively. When the TC center is far away (distance >100 km) from the island, the strength of the environmental southwesterly or northeasterly winds and the impingement of TC circulation on the east side of the Central Mountain Range are also key factors determining the spatial distribution of subtypes V–VII.
Positive and Negative Themes Found in Superhero Films
Authors: Bauer Matthew , Georgeson Andrew , McNamara Caitlin , Wakefield Bryan H. , King Tonya S. , Olympia Robert P.
Published: October 2017

Superhero films have become incredibly popular. The objective of this study was to determine the positive and negative themes found in a select number of superhero films. A total of 30 superhero films were analyzed. The average numbers of positive and negative themes were 19.4 and 29.5 mean events per hour for all included films, respectively. The most common positive themes were “assisting others/protecting the public,” “positive relationships with family/friends,” and “teamwork/collaboration.” The most common negative themes were “acts of violence/fighting,” “use of guns/knives/lethal weapons,” and “bullying/intimidation/torture.” Based on the superhero films included in our study, the number of negative themes, especially acts of violence, outweighs positive themes. Although an exposure to positive themes found in superhero films may be beneficial to the development of children, pediatric health care providers should counsel children and their families in an attempt to limit their exposure to violence.
Corticosteroid Treatment for Prolonged Fever in Hepatosplenic Cat-Scratch Disease: A Case Study
Authors: Phan Amanda , Castagnini Luis A.
Published: October 2017

Hepatosplenic cat-scratch disease (CSD) may cause prolonged fever. We present the case of a 4-year-old boy with confirmed hepatosplenic CSD with fever lasting 3 months despite use of multiple different antimicrobial agents. The patient became afebrile soon after corticosteroid therapy was started. Our case indicates corticosteroids may be useful in patients with hepatosplenic CSD and prolonged fever.
Integrating body–mind–spirit services used by women experiencing intimate partner violence: A case study in Taiwan
Authors: Liao Min-Yu
Published: October 2017

This article addresses women who have experienced intimate partner violence and have suffered multiple health effects. For this case study, quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted to identify the types of physical, mental and spiritual services that abused women can use and to illustrate the experiences of a woman who used these services in Taiwan. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire, and the interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The case study revealed that women can benefit from using an integrated body–mind–spirit approach. However, women who lack an integrated approach can lose the potential to empower themselves.
The effect of voids on the quasi-static tensile properties of carbon fiber/polymer-laminated composites
Authors: Liu Haolong , Cui Haitao , Wen Weidong , Su Xuming , Kang Hongtae , Engler-Pinto Carlos
Published: October 2017

Static longitudinal/transverse tensile tests for unidirectional carbon fiber/polymer (T300/924) laminates and laminates with lay-ups [Formula: see text] at various void levels were conducted, and degradations in stiffness/strength were observed with the presence of voids. The void levels were controlled by compression pressure during the compression molding process. The characterization of voids was achieved by digital microscopy image analysis; the density distributions of equivalent diameters and aspect ratios were analyzed with respect to compression pressure.

For the purpose of quantifying the effect of voids on the static mechanical properties of composites, a stiffness prediction method based on the Mori-Tanaka method and void geometric statistical data have been used with the implementation of a finite element model of the representative volume element for unidirectional composites; the prediction results show good correlation with experimental data. Finally, a modified continuum damage model for laminated composites with the presence of voids was proposed, the model is capable of capturing the effect of voids; and gradual damage analysis for carbon fiber/polymer composite laminates at different void levels was conducted to evaluate the effect of voids on their tensile properties.
The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer and post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorders in the Scottish cardiac transplant population and the provision of specialist dermatological follow-up
Authors: McPherson Iain , Kirk Alan
Published: October 2017

Background

Immunosuppression helps prevent acute rejection post-cardiac transplant but has been linked to malignancy development. This may be due to a reduction in T-lymphocyte function, a direct oncogenic effect or the increased impact of environmental carcinogens. There has been shown to be significant increases in non-melanoma skin cancers and post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorders, particularly in those treated with OKT3.

Aim

To investigate the survival and incidence of malignancy in the Scottish cardiac transplant population and whether rates of non-melanoma skin cancers justify the provision of specialist dermatological follow-up.

Methods and results

Retrospective case note analysis of patients transplanted (363) or followed up (2) in Scotland from 1992 to 2016. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis generated a survival curve. Patients had a 1-year survival of 82% and a median survival of 10.9 years. There were 60 (95% CI 47.5, 75.2) NMSCs and 8 (3.7, 12.4) post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorders diagnosed in the cohort (3110 person years follow-up). Fisher’s exact test was employed to analyse the association between induction therapy (via OKT3 or rabbit antithymocyte globulin) and post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorder development. Patients treated with OKT3 had a 6.7 times greater risk ( P = 0.014) and a shorter experience of patients treated with rabbit antithymocyte globulin has so far shown no significantly altered risk ( P = 1.00) of developing a post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorder.

Conclusion

Incidences of non-melanoma skin cancers and post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorders were increased in the Scottish cardiac transplant population and there was a significant association between post-transplant lympho-proliferative disorder development and OKT3 therapy but not rabbit antithymocyte globulin therapy. These findings in Scottish patients reflect what is published in wider literature and support the provision of a dedicated post-transplant dermatology clinic.
Heinous Crime or Unfortunate Incident: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Zhao Jun , Rogalin Christabel L.
Published: October 2017

This study replicates and extends earlier investigations of emotional displays of an offender influencing jurors’ sentencing judgments through identity inference. Prior studies of this phenomenon used only male perpetrators. However, culturally shared beliefs about emotion are strongly gendered. Thus, we investigate how the perpetrator’s gender moderates the relationship between emotional displays and sentencing. Results replicate results of previous studies—this time, for both men and women. Furthermore, the effect of a perpetrator’s emotional display of distress on observers’ judgment of criminal identity is stronger for male than female perpetrators. We introduce the concept of the emotion-display premium to account for the greater benefits males receive for their display of particular emotions and discuss the implications of these results for social psychology and the sociology of emotions.
Bronchial artery embolization: first-line option for managing massive hemoptysis
Authors: Miyano Yutaka , Kanzaki Masato , Onuki Takamasa
Published: October 2017

Background

Today, treatment for hemoptysis is not limited to surgery, and among the various options, bronchial artery embolization is regarded as an effective approach.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 179 of 389 patients with massive hemoptysis were treated with bronchial artery embolization, without taking into account the underlying pathological lesions responsible (bronchiectasis in 41, aspergilloma in 29, lung cancer in 25, old tuberculosis in 23, pyothorax in 19, others in 23).

Results

Bronchial artery embolization failed in 12 cases. In the 167 successful cases, surgery was required in 16 and bronchial occlusion was performed in 4; 3 patients died due to recurrent massive hemoptysis. After bronchial artery embolization, thoracic surgery for reasons other than hemostasis was carried out in 15 patients. Bronchial artery embolization was performed in 31 patients with hemoptysis who had a history of chest surgery. Four patients underwent bronchial occlusion, and immediate hemostasis was achieved in all of them.

Conclusions

For treatment of hemoptysis, bronchial artery embolization is a safe and minimally invasive technique that can be performed repeatedly, and provides not only short-term but also prolonged effectiveness; thus it can be used as a first-line treatment irrespective of the underlying pathological lesion. Bronchial occlusion may be useful for emergency hemostasis, but it warrants careful follow-up with consideration of additional elective treatment such as bronchial artery embolization.
Psychological Determinants of Linguistic Purism: National Identification, Conservatism, and Attitudes to Loanwords
Authors: Hansen Karolina , Wypych Michał , Bańko Mirosław , Bilewicz Michał
Published: October 2017

Aversion to loanwords may express itself in various ways: deliberate and motivated by ideology of linguistic purism or more implicit and motivated by the strength of one’s national identification and ethnolinguistic vitality. A study of Polish philology students assessed their tendency to choose loanwords versus synonymous native words. The results supported a two-path model of linguistic purism. Social identity (strength of identification) directly predicted avoidance of loanwords, whereas ideological concerns (conservative political views) predicted it indirectly, through purist ideology.
Threat Appraisals and Coping Responses to Stressors: Links to Chinese Children’s Behavioral Problems and Social Competence
Authors: Chung Sara , Zhou Qing , Eisenberg Nancy , Wolchik Sharlene
Published: October 2017

Given the increasing societal concerns about youth’s mental health problems in the context of rapid sociocultural changes in urban China, studying the links of appraisals and coping to Chinese children’s adjustment can inform cultural adaptations of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for this population. In a school-based sample of 591 Chinese preadolescent children (53.6% girls, [Formula: see text] age = 11.6 years, in fifth and sixth grades) in Beijing, we tested the concurrent relations between (a) children’s self-reported threat appraisals of stressors and use of coping strategies (active, avoidant, distraction, and support seeking), and (b) three domains of adjustment (externalizing and internalizing problems, and social competence) rated by parents, teachers, and children. Structural equation modeling revealed that controlling for stressors and family demographics, threat appraisals and avoidant coping were positively associated with internalizing problems. Active coping was negatively associated with externalizing problems and positively associated with social competence, and support seeking coping was negatively associated with internalizing problems. Gender did not moderate threat/coping-adjustment associations.
Distributed mapping with privacy and communication constraints: Lightweight algorithms and object-based models
Authors: Choudhary Siddharth , Carlone Luca , Nieto Carlos , Rogers John , Christensen Henrik I , Dellaert Frank
Published: October 2017

We consider the following problem: a team of robots is deployed in an unknown environment and it has to collaboratively build a map of the area without a reliable infrastructure for communication. The backbone for modern mapping techniques is pose graph optimization, which estimates the trajectory of the robots, from which the map can be easily built. The first contribution of this paper is a set of distributed algorithms for pose graph optimization: rather than sending all sensor data to a remote sensor fusion server, the robots exchange very partial and noisy information to reach an agreement on the pose graph configuration. Our approach can be considered as a distributed implementation of a two-stage approach that already exists, where we use the Successive Over-Relaxation and the Jacobi Over-Relaxation as workhorses to split the computation among the robots. We also provide conditions under which the proposed distributed protocols converge to the solution of the centralized two-stage approach. As a second contribution, we extend the proposed distributed algorithms to work with the object-based map models. The use of object-based models avoids the exchange of raw sensor measurements (e.g. point clouds or RGB-D data) further reducing the communication burden. Our third contribution is an extensive experimental evaluation of the proposed techniques, including tests in realistic Gazebo simulations and field experiments in a military test facility. Abundant experimental evidence suggests that one of the proposed algorithms (the Distributed Gauss–Seidel method) has excellent performance. The Distributed Gauss–Seidel method requires minimal information exchange, has an anytime flavor, scales well to large teams (we demonstrate mapping with a team of 50 robots), is robust to noise, and is easy to implement. Our field tests show that the combined use of our distributed algorithms and object-based models reduces the communication requirements by several orders of magnitude and enables distributed mapping with large teams of robots in real-world problems. The source code is available for download at https://cognitiverobotics.github.io/distributed-mapper/
Motivational orientations of college band students: A cross-cultural examination of a collective 2 x 2 achievement goal model
Authors: Tan Leonard , Miksza Peter
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the cross-cultural validity of a collective achievement goal model using a sample of non-music-major college band students from the US and Singapore. The study was situated within a theoretical framework that posited individual and collective achievement goal orientations of mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance. These constructs were also examined in relation to three adaptive learning outcomes: flow, grit, and commitment to band. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that whether considering the US, the Singapore, or the entire sample, the collective 2 × 2 achievement goal framework yielded a superior fit to the data when compared with four competing dichotomous and trichotomous models. Model invariance testing found that although the collective 2 × 2 achievement goal model appears to fit fairly well to the data from both groups of participants, cross-cultural model invariance can only be claimed conditionally. Hierarchical regression indicated that independent of any variation already explained by achievement goal sub-scales from the individual perspective, scales from the collective perspective explained a small but significant increase in variance for flow.
Rendering rural modernity: Spectacle and power in a Chinese ethnic tourism village
Authors: Chio Jenny
Published: October 2017

For residents of Upper Jidao, a Miao village in Guizhou Province, China, the past decade and a half of tourism development in the region can be boiled down to one single suggestion: make a spectacle of yourselves. The spectacle of the rural and the ethnic in tourism – the finely dressed performers, the renovated village architecture – is usually considered the necessary means to the desired end result of boosting local economies. In this essay, I examine how architectural renderings constitute a world-making practice of and in rural ethnic China and how they illuminate underlying ideologies about sociocultural difference. By analyzing these drawings alongside ethnographic observations from long-term fieldwork in the village, this essay sheds light on the embedded relations of power and agentive potential enabled by this kind of spectacular development.
The prevalence, course and clinical correlates of migraine in Parkinson’s disease: A multicentre case-controlled study
Authors: Suzuki Keisuke , Okuma Yasuyuki , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Miyamoto Masayuki , Sakakibara Ryuji , Shimo Yasushi , Hattori Nobutaka , Kuwabara Satoshi , Yamamoto Toshimasa , Kaji Yoshiaki , Hirano Shigeki , Suzuki Shiho , Haruyama Yasuo , Kobashi Gen , Hirata Koichi
Published: October 2017

Background

Previous studies have reported a lower migraine prevalence in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and improvements in migraine headaches after PD onset, but the clinical association of migraines with PD is unclear.

Methods

We analysed headache and migraine prevalence and clinical correlates in 436 PD patients (mean age, 69.3 ± 7.8 years) and 401 age- and sex-matched controls (mean age, 69.2 ± 8.6 years) in a case-controlled, multicentre study. Migraines were diagnosed by a questionnaire developed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition. We evaluated changes in headache intensity, frequency and severity over several years around the onset of PD among PD patients with headaches or migraines, and over the past several years among control subjects with headaches or migraines.

Results

PD patients had lower lifetime (9.6% vs. 18.0%) and 1-year (6.7% vs. 11.0%) migraine prevalences than controls. However, lifetime (38.5% vs. 38.9%) and 1-year (26.1% vs. 26.2%) headache prevalence did not differ between PD patients and controls. After adjusting for gender, timing of the evaluation of headache changes, and recall period, PD patients with headaches or migraines exhibited a pronounced reduction in the intensity, frequency and overall severity of their headaches and migraines after the onset of PD compared with controls with headaches or migraines. PD patients with migraines exhibited a higher rate of depression and higher Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and PD sleep scale-2 scores than those without headaches.

Conclusion

While overall headache and migraine severity reduced after PD onset, the presence of migraines was associated with sleep disturbances and depression in PD patients.
An estimation framework for building information modeling (BIM)-based demolition waste by type
Authors: Kim Young-Chan , Hong Won-Hwa , Park Jae-Woo , Cha Gi-Wook
Published: October 2017

Most existing studies on demolition waste (DW) quantification do not have an official standard to estimate the amount and type of DW. Therefore, there are limitations in the existing literature for estimating DW with a consistent classification system. Building information modeling (BIM) is a technology that can generate and manage all the information required during the life cycle of a building, from design to demolition. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of research regarding its application to the demolition stage of a building. For an effective waste management plan, the estimation of the type and volume of DW should begin from the building design stage. However, the lack of tools hinders an early estimation. This study proposes a BIM-based framework that estimates DW in the early design stages, to achieve an effective and streamlined planning, processing, and management. Specifically, the input of construction materials in the Korean construction classification system and those in the BIM library were matched. Based on this matching integration, the estimates of DW by type were calculated by applying the weight/unit volume factors and the rates of DW volume change. To verify the framework, its operation was demonstrated by means of an actual BIM modeling and by comparing its results with those available in the literature. This study is expected to contribute not only to the estimation of DW at the building level, but also to the automated estimation of DW at the district level.
Whiteness and racism: Examining the racial order in Ireland
Authors: Joseph Ebun
Published: October 2017

This article analyses labour market differentials among migrants looking at the intersections of race and nationality, as well as migrants’ perception of the racial hierarchy in Ireland. Drawing on three sources of evidence including 32 semi-structured interviews with Spanish, Polish and Nigerian migrants, the Irish 2011 census, and the database of an employability programme for migrants accessing employment and training supports from 2009 to 2011 (N = 639), it unveils the racial order in Ireland and how this disadvantages Nigerian (and by extension Black African) migrants. The three sources of data are examined within a critical race theory and racial stratification framework. The article provides a comprehensive landscape of the racial dichotomy – that is, White-over-Black ascendancy – in Ireland. The centring of race in the study illuminates the Irish organisation of racial inequality; it bypasses traditional ways of presenting data on labour market differentials as these often conceal the experiences of workers at the bottom of the social strata. It reveals the implications of racial hierarchies for workers along the labour supply chain and the whiteness of the top tiers of the Irish labour market.
Protective and Risk Factors Associated With Youth Attitudes Toward Violence in Canada
Authors: Ramsay Dana , Steeves Megan , Feng Cindy , Farag Marwa
Published: October 2017

Adolescents and young adults are the main perpetrators and victims of violence in almost all parts of the world. Theories of human behavior predict that the intention to behave violently is formed in part by the individual’s attitude toward violent behavior. The purpose of this study was thus to investigate factors which both promote and protect against violent youth attitudes in Toronto, Canada’s largest urban center. Multinomial logit models were fit separately for males and females in Grades 7 to 9 using cross-sectional data from the 2006 International Youth Survey. Odds ratios were estimated for the associations between levels of attitude toward violence and select factors in each of the biological, familial, peer-related, school and community domains. A graded effect of school attachment on violent attitude was observed for both sexes; male and female students who do not like school at all are 9.89 (3.15-31.0) and 6.49 (2.19-19.2) times as likely as those who like school a lot to have the “most” versus “least” violent attitude, respectively. For every one-unit increase in (negative) perception of neighborhood score, male and female students are 1.15 (1.07-1.23) and 1.20 (1.12-1.28) times as likely to have the “most” versus “least” violent attitude. The number of victimization events was associated with attitude toward violence in males but not females, while the reverse was true for academic performance and exposure to prejudice. Our findings highlight the important relationships between connections to social environments and youth attitudes toward violence, and identify modifiable factors which may be amenable to intervention. Sex-specific differences in the predictors of violent youth attitudes warrant additional investigation and have implications for policy design.
Modeling of heat transfer for a wet multi-plate clutch based on empirical data
Authors: Kim SC , Shim SB
Published: October 2017

A heat transfer model of a wet multi-plate clutch based on empirical data is presented in this paper. Lumped system analysis was used to simplify the complex heat transfer system of the wet clutch. The model has included the effects of various design parameters of the wet clutch, such as rotating speed, flow rate and inlet temperature of the lubricant, clutch sizes, and groove types, by using the correlations of the heat convection coefficient. The correlations were obtained from 96 experiments that were designed to study the effects of the design parameters. The coefficients of the correlations were determined by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to minimize errors between the simulated and the experimental results. The simulated results were compared with the experimental results to demonstrate the validity of the model and the correlations by using the percentage error, the root-mean-square error, and the correlation coefficient. The validation parameters were in good agreement with the experimental results.
Possible El Niño–Southern Oscillation-related lacustrine facies developed in southern Lake Poyang during the late Holocene: Evidence from spore-pollen records
Authors: Gu Yansheng , Liu Hongye , Guan Shuo , Qin Yangmin , Zheng Min , Yu Jianxin
Published: October 2017

In order to explore the impacts of past climate changes on the origin and evolution of Lake Poyang, the biggest freshwater lake in China, eight periods of palaeoenvironmental changes were constructed to depict the history of climate change over the past 3500 years based on the palynological records and carbon isotopic excursions. The climate regime was associated with the presence of a deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forest/a mixed needle broad-leaved forest and strong/weak solar variability. Palaeohydrology change reconstructed by the percentage of aquatics and stable carbon isotopes demonstrated that the wet episode was associated with the developed lacustrine facies and enhanced El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activities. The presence of the united open lake (Lake Poyang) during 2000–1200 cal. a BP was linked to a long wet period caused by the strong ENSO activities. At the decadal-centennial timescales, climate changes together with the ENSO activities might have played a great role on the regional hydrological condition and sedimentary evolution in southern Lake Poyang. The correlations of the palaeotemperature and palaeohydrology with the multi-proxy data from the Northern Hemisphere all suggest that palaeotemperature change with the monsoon intensity is linked to the solar variations, but palaeohydrology change has a striking consistency with the ENSO activities. The distinct hydrothermal diversification (warm-wet, warm-dry, cold-wet, cold-dry) revealed by the palaeotemperature and palaeohydrology changes will provide important clues about the origin and evolution of Lake Poyang in the Holocene and a better understanding of the interactions between solar radiation, ENSO activity and lake deposition in the middle Yangtze River Valley.
Destroying iPhones: Feral science and the antithetical citizen
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: October 2017

This exploratory article considers the implications of a particular genre – YouTube videos of iPhone destruction – for the Citizen Science and Public Understanding of Science/Public Engagement with Science and Technology. Situating this genre within a broader TV tradition of ‘destructive testing’ programmes, there is a description of the forms of destruction visited upon the iPhone, and an analysis of the features shared by the videos (e.g. mode of address, enactments of the experiment). Drawing on the notion of the ‘idiotic’, there is a discussion of the genre that aims to treat its evident lack of scientific and citizenly ‘seriousness’ productively. In the process of this discussion, the notions of ‘feral science’ and ‘antithetical citizenship’ are proposed, and some of their ramifications for Citizen Science and Public Understanding of Science/Public Engagement with Science and Technology presented.
Lay Americans’ views of why scientists disagree with each other
Authors: Johnson Branden B. , Dieckmann Nathan F.
Published: October 2017

A survey experiment assessed response to five explanations of scientific disputes: problem complexity, self-interest, values, competence, and process choices (e.g. theories and methods). A US lay sample ( n = 453) did not distinguish interests from values, nor competence from process, as explanations of disputes. Process/competence was rated most likely and interests/values least; all, on average, were deemed likely to explain scientific disputes. Latent class analysis revealed distinct subgroups varying in their explanation preferences, with a more complex latent class structure for participants who had heard of scientific disputes in the past. Scientific positivism and judgments of science’s credibility were the strongest predictors of latent class membership, controlling for scientific reasoning, political ideology, confidence in choice, scenario, education, gender, age, and ethnicity. The lack of distinction observed overall between different explanations, as well as within classes, raises challenges for further research on explanations of scientific disputes people find credible and why.
Demographic Decline in a Rural Periphery
Authors: Machline Elise , Schwartz Moshe
Published: October 2017

As early as the industrial revolution, rural depopulation occurred in all Western countries due to the attraction of cities and declining agricultural employment. In Israel, that decline accelerated after the mid-1980s of the last century. However, the proportion of rural households in Israel has declined less than in France, which this study uses for comparison. The small size of Israel has allowed young families to inhabit the countryside while working in nearby cities.

Such rural urbanization has not happened in Israel’s periphery, such as the Eshkol region (western Negev), where bad public transportation makes it harder to commute to Beer Sheva or Tel Aviv. Nowadays, low birth rate, ageing population and progressive depopulation characterize the Eshkol region. This study looks at the authorities’ coping with the ‘rural exodus’ comparing it to that of French authorities in the Limousin peripheral region.
Edith Stein: Her empathic theology of the human person
Authors: McClellan Eric
Published: October 2017

Because of her untimely death Edith Stein does not directly articulate a coherent theology of the human person. Nevertheless, can a coherent theology of the human person be discerned in her work? This article argues yes. Given this answer, what coheres this theology gleaned from her diverse work? It is argued that the answer is Stein’s phenomenological philosophy of empathy. To explain these conclusions Stein’s philosophy of empathy is first considered followed by reflections on biblical and contemporary exemplars of empathy who interested Stein. It is contended that Stein’s theory of empathy elucidates her exegesis of the kenotic mystical path of St John of the Cross. The hallmark of mystical union is the experience of divine bliss. Mystical bliss is ephemeral and not an end in itself but a transformation leaving the mystic with an enduring sense of joy. According to Stein empathic union with the triune God hypostatically frees the mystic to vicariously experience the suffering of Christ and through Christ the suffering of all humanity. In the manner of Christ, the fulfilled mystic voluntarily undertakes a selfless life dedicated to the expiatory suffering of other persons irrespective of who they are and what they have done. Such a life is both personally and cosmically salvic.
The Synoptic Problem: Where to from here?
Authors: Monaghan Christopher John
Published: October 2017

The study of the Synoptic Problem continues with a wide range of hypotheses proposed to explain the relationship of Mark, Matthew and Luke to the early Jesus tradition, and to each other. This article reviews recent developments in synoptic studies highlighting the recognition of the ongoing role of the oral tradition, the ways in which scribal compositional practices in the first century have been used to test the major hypotheses, and the methodological constraints that accompany research in this area.
Reform: Spirituality and the person of Jesus: Christian holiness and deification (theosis)
Authors: Moloney Francis J.
Published: October 2017

A return to the theme of the divine potential of humankind has been a feature of recent theological reflection. Found consistently in the Greek Patristic tradition, in Augustine and in Thomas, it faded from the scene as the result of a series of historical circumstances in Western Christianity, challenged by Martin Luther and the Reform. The subsequent return to the sources ( ressourcement) that marked the thought and practice of the Reformers and the post-Reformation period in the Catholic tradition has led to its recovery. A New Testament portrait of Jesus of Nazareth provides solid grounds for a Christian anthropology pointing to the divine potential of humankind.
Pain Management After Outpatient Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Gupta Akash , Kumar Kanupriya , Roberts Matthew M. , Sanders Austin E. , Jones Mackenzie T. , Levine David S. , O’Malley Martin J. , Drakos Mark C. , Elliott Andrew J. , Deland Jonathan T. , Ellis Scott J.
Published: October 2017

Background:

The number of opioids prescribed and used has increased precipitously over the past 2 decades for a number of reasons and has led to increases in long-term dependency, opioid-related deaths, and diversion. Most studies examining the role of prescribing habits have investigated nonoperative providers, although there is some literature describing perioperative opioid prescription and use. There are no studies looking at the number of pills consumed after outpatient foot and ankle surgeries, nor are there guidelines for how many pills providers should prescribe. The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of narcotic pills taken by opioid-naïve patients undergoing outpatient foot and ankle surgeries with regional anesthesia.

Methods:

Eighty-four patients underwent outpatient foot and ankle surgeries under spinal blockade and long-acting popliteal blocks. Patients were given 40 or 60 narcotic pills, a 3-day supply of ibuprofen, deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, and antiemetics. Patients received surveys at postoperative day (POD) 3, 7, 14, and 56 documenting if they were still taking narcotics, the quantity of pills consumed, whether refills were obtained, their pain level, and their reason for stopping opioids.

Results:

Patients consumed a mean of 22.5 pills, with a 95% confidence interval from 18 to 27 pills. Numerical Rating Scale pain scores started at 4 on POD 3 and decreased to 1.8 by POD 56. The percentage of patients still taking narcotics decreased from 55% on POD 3 to 2.8% by POD 56. Five new prescriptions were given during the study, with 3 being due to side effects from the original medication.

Conclusions:

Patients receiving regional anesthesia for outpatient foot and ankle surgeries reported progressively lower pain scores with low narcotic use up to 56 days postoperatively. We suggest that providers consider prescribing 30 pills as the benchmark for this patient population.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, prospective comparative study.
Are Measures of Character and Personality Distinct? Evidence From Observed-Score and True-Score Analyses
Authors: McGrath Robert E. , Hall-Simmonds Ashley , Goldberg Lewis R.
Published: October 2017

Two studies were conducted to investigate redundancy between the character strengths found in the VIA model of character and familiar personality facets. Study 1 used a community sample ( N = 606) that completed a measure of character strengths, four personality inventories, and 17 criterion measures. The second study used Mechanical Turk workers ( N = 498) who completed measures of the HEXACO and VIA models and 111 criterion variables. Analyses were conducted using both observed scores and true score estimates, evaluating both predictive and conceptual overlap. Eight of 24 VIA scales proved to be largely redundant with one HEXACO personality facet, but only one VIA scale (Appreciation of Beauty) was largely redundant with Five Factor facets. All strength scales except Spirituality overlapped substantially with at least one personality facet. The results suggest the VIA Classification variables are strongly related to commonly measured personality facets, but the two models are not redundant.
Adaptive model-free constrained control of postcapture flexible spacecraft: a Euler–Lagrange approach
Authors: Wei Caisheng , Luo Jianjun , Dai Honghua , Yuan Jianping
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates an adaptive model-free constrained prescribed performance control approach for flexible spacecraft with an unknown captured object subject to unknown inertial properties, elastic vibration, actuator saturation, and external disturbance. First, the attitude kinematics and dynamics of the postcapture flexible spacecraft are transformed into a Euler–Lagrange form, based on which a model-free constrained attitude prescribed performance controller comprising a nominal control term and an adaptive compensation control term is developed. Then, by employing norm equalities of the Euler–Lagrange systems, a model-free adaptive scheme is designed to improve the robustness with respect to uncertainty, actuator saturation, and external disturbance just only using the state information. Compared with the existing works, the primary advantage is that the resultant controller and adaptive scheme are computationally very simple without any requirement of unknown inertial information. But the transient and steady-state performance is a priori guaranteed without resorting to repeated regulations of the controller parameters. Finally, the application to attitude stabilization and tracking of postcapture flexible spacecraft along with active vibration suppression is employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Testing the Discriminant and Convergent Validity of the World Health Organization Six-Item Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener Using the Stockholm Public Health Cohort
Authors: Lundin Andreas , Kosidou Kyriaki , Dalman Christina
Published: October 2017

Objective: The World Health Organization (WHO) Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is intended to measure population prevalence of ADHD. The short version ASRS-6 has yet not been validated in a population setting. Our aim was to examine the validity of the ASRS-6 in a general population. Method: We used the Stockholm Public Health Cohort 2014. The convergent validity was assessed using item response theory (IRT). The discriminant validity was assessed by examining the correlation between the ASRS and known correlates. Results: The ASRS-6 was unidimensional albeit with hyperactivity and impulsivity items fitting less good. IRT analysis showed that the item difficulty ranged between easy to hard and that the four items on inattention had good or very good discriminatory ability. Correlates were all in the expected direction. Conclusion: The ASRS-6 has adequate validity in the general population but reflects the duality of ADHD having both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity as sufficient and non-necessary criteria.
Theory-Based Analysis of Interest in an HIV Vaccine for Reasons Indicative of Risk Compensation Among African American Women
Authors: Painter Julia E. , Temple Brandie S. , Woods Laura A. , Cwiak Carrie , Haddad Lisa B. , Mulligan Mark J. , DiClemente Ralph J.
Published: October 2017

Licensure of an HIV vaccine could reduce or eliminate HIV among vulnerable populations. However, vaccine effectiveness could be undermined by risk compensation (RC), defined by an increase in risky behavior due to a belief that the vaccine will confer protection. Interest in an HIV vaccine for reasons indicative of RC may serve as an indicator of actual RC in a postlicensure era. This study assessed factors associated with interest in an HIV vaccine for reasons indicative of RC among African American women aged 18 to 55 years, recruited from a hospital-based family planning clinic in Atlanta, Georgia ( N = 321). Data were collected using audio-computer–assisted surveys. Survey items were guided by risk homeostasis theory and social cognitive theory. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess determinants of interest in an HIV vaccine for reasons indicative of RC. Thirty-eight percent of the sample expressed interest in an HIV vaccine for at least one reason indicative of RC. In the final model, interest in an HIV vaccine for reasons indicative of RC was positively associated with higher impulsivity, perceived benefits of sexual risk behaviors, and perceived benefits of HIV vaccination; it was negatively associated with having at least some college education, positive future orientation, and self-efficacy for sex refusal. Results suggest that demographic, personality, and theory-based psychosocial factors are salient to wanting an HIV vaccine for reasons indicative of RC, and underscore the need for risk-reduction counseling alongside vaccination during the eventual rollout of an HIV vaccine.
Refinements to Effect Sizes for Tests of Categorical Moderation and Differential Prediction
Authors: Dahlke Jeffrey A. , Sackett Paul R.
Published: October 2017

We provide a follow-up treatment of Nye and Sackett’s (2017) recently proposed dMod standardized effect-size measures for categorical-moderation analyses. We offer several refinements to Nye and Sackett’s effect-size equations that increase the precision of dMod estimates by accounting for asymmetries in predictor distributions, facilitate the interpretation of moderated effects by separately quantifying positive and negative differences in prediction, and permit the computation of nonparametric effect sizes. To aid in the implementation of our refinements to dMod, we provide software written in the R programming language that computes Nye and Sackett’s effect sizes with all of our refinements and that includes options for easily computing bootstrapped standard errors and bootstrapped confidence intervals.
Prophylactic Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Controversial Issue
Authors: Friedrisch João Ricardo , Friedrisch Bruno Kras
Published: October 2017

In our world today, iron deficiency (ID) is the most frequent nutritional deficiency and it is being considered as an epidemic public health crisis. Women of reproductive age and infants are at particular risk of ID, especially in underdeveloped countries. During pregnancy, iron deficiency anemia is a specific risk factor associated with negative maternal and perinatal outcomes. Many countries have iron supplementation (IS) programs—as recommended by the World Health Organization—during pregnancy; however, IS clinical benefits and risks are unclear. This review aims to discuss the threats and benefits of routine IS on maternal and infant outcomes.
The cortisol awakening response after sleep deprivation: Is the cortisol awakening response a “response” to awakening or a circadian process?
Authors: Vargas Ivan , Lopez-Duran Nestor
Published: October 2017

This study tested whether the cortisol awakening response is dependent on the transition from sleep to awakening, or alternatively, a circadian-driven process that is independent of awakening. A total of 40 participants were randomly assigned to either a total sleep deprivation or a sleep condition. Salivary cortisol was also assessed. Participants in the sleep condition demonstrated a traditional cortisol awakening response, whereas participants in the total sleep deprivation condition showed no increases in morning cortisol. These results are consistent with the notion that if circadian-driven processes are related to the cortisol awakening response, they may only be activated when awakening occurs or is anticipated.
The possibilities and challenges in providing pediatric spiritual care
Authors: Alvarenga Willyane de Andrade , de Carvalho Emilia Campos , Caldeira Sílvia , Vieira Margarida , Nascimento Lucila Castanheira
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this article was to present discussions on how pediatric nurses can perform spiritual care to children and adolescents and discuss the challenges of integrating such care in health-care settings. Based on the literature, the article presents an overview of spiritual care in pediatric settings highlighting the assessment of spirituality, expected outcomes, and the corresponding nursing interventions. Spiritual care provided to children and adolescents should take into account all aspects of the developmental stage, life experiences, and familiar and sociocultural contexts. Different approaches can be used to perform spiritual care. However, lack of knowledge and time are highlighted as the main challenges in integrating spiritual care into the clinical practice. Spiritual care is crucial to the well-being of children and adolescents in times of illness and hospitalization when the goal is to provide holistic care.