bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Extract from Fungus Trichoderma reesei strain JCM 2267, Aspergillus flavus strain MC- 10-L, Penicillium sp, and Aspergillus fumigatus Associated with Marine Sponge Stylissa flabelliformis
Authors: Setyowati Erna Prawita , Purwantiningsih Purwantiningsih , Yulianny Erawan Fidya Maulina , Rahmanti Suci , Rifka Hanum Ni’mah , Moeksa Devi Natasya Cendikia
Published: November 2021

This study was to investigate the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract yielded from fermented fungi Trichoderma reesei strain: JCM 2267, Aspergillus flavus strain MC-10-L, Penicillium sp, and Aspergillus fumigatus associated with Stylissa flabelliformis sponge, and also to investigate the significant component in ethyl acetate extract of it. Antimicrobial experimentation was performed to various microbes with liquid microdilution method. The assessment of antimicrobials was undertaken by observing the value of MIC50. Cytotoxic testing was performed using MTT assay method. The cytotoxic activity evaluation was conducted by finding the value of IC50. The compound analysis in the ethyl acetate extract was used GC-MS. The result showed that in the antimicrobial experimentation, there was a variation in the percentage of inhibition where the smallest MIC50 values were found in Aspergillus fumigatus fungi ethyl acetate extract against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 at 1.3g/mL. The result of the cytotoxic test against tumor cell line T47D, the lowest IC50 was found in Penicillium sp fungi with 111g/mL value. Aspergillus flavus strain MC-10-L fungi, Penicillium sp, and Aspergillus fumigatus obtained from sponge isolation Stylissa flabelliformis have antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity with various range. All fungi extracts are not toxic against normal cells (Vero cells). The class of compounds in ethyl acetate fungi extract Trichoderma reesei strain JCM 2267 are mostly cyclohexane.
Formulation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin Solid Dispersions using Entada scandens seed starch as Superdisintegrant
Authors: Doppalapudi Sandeep , Suryadevara Vidyadhara , Yallam Sailaja , Battula Sowjanya Lakshmi , Nayudu Vanya
Published: November 2021

The present work mainly focuses on solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs using superdisintegrants. One of such poorly soluble drugs is Atorvastatin, which belongs to the category of statins. Atorvastatin belongs to BCS class – II, which is poorly water soluble and highly permeable. Natural sources are now-a-days playing a key role in pharmaceutical research. They have several pharmaceutical applications. Starches obtained from plants are pharmaceutically useful as binders, diluents, disintegrants and lubricants. Various physical parameters were evaluated. Solid dispersions were prepared using solvent evaporation technique. Where as in solid dispersions, formulations F2 and F5 showed better dissolution rate compared with other formulations. Fourier Transform Infra red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies for optimized formulations revealed that there were no major interactions between the drug and excipients. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the crystalline and amorphous nature of formulations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the surface characteristics. Thus from the present study, it was concluded that Entada scandens seed starch posses superdisintegrant property.
Neuroprotective Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Indigofera aspalathoides against Scopalamine induced Alzheimer's Disease in Experimental Rats
Authors: C. Rajaram , Kumar S. Nelson , Tabassum S. S. Sheeba , R. Manohar , C. Sumanjali
Published: November 2021

The plant Indigofera aspalathoides is a traditional medicine with tremendous therapeutic potential which finds it use in treatment of various ailments such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. There are no reports that related to the use of this plant in treating patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hence present study was aimed to scientifically evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Indigofera aspalathoides against scopalamine induced Alzheimer’s disease in experimental rats using behavioral tests like elevated plus maze, Y-maze, and rota-rod tests. In addition to this, biochemical evaluation for acetylcholinesterase activity and histopathological evaluation of brain were done. The results suggests that methanolic extract Indigofera aspalathoides (200mg/kg B.wt and 400mg/kg B.wt) used in this study shows significant improvement of various behavioral parameters like locomotion, anxiety, memory, motor integrity and coordination etc when compared to control group. MEIA inhibited brain AChE enzyme, thereby elevating Ach concentration in brain homogenate and ultimately improved memory of rats. Further, more or less normal histological structure of the hippocampus and all amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that are formed under the influence of scopolamine disappeared in the rats pretreated with MEIA (200mg/kg B.wt and 400mg/kg B.wt). It can be concluded that our results strongly support the anti-Alzheimer’s potential of the methanolic extract of the plant I.aspalathoides and its use in traditional medicine.
Development and Validation of Head-space Gas Chromatographic Method in Tandem with Flame ionized detection for the determination of Residual solvents in Simeprevir API Synthesis
Authors: Yadav C. Hazarathaiah , Babu A. Malli
Published: November 2021

Residual solvent testing is an integral part of reference material certification. A gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/headspace method has been developed and validated to detect and quantitate commonly used residual solvents in our production processes: Methanol, Tetrahydrofuran, Toluene, Dichloromethane and Dichloroethane in Simeprevir API. A simple and selective HS-GC method is described for the determination & quantification of Residual Solvents in Simeprevir API. Chromatographic separation was achieved on USP G43 equivalent capillary column Thermo Scientific™ Trace GOLD™ TG-624 SilMS, 30m × 0.32mm × 1.8µm column (P/N 26059-3390) using nitrogen as carrier gas by using different temperature gradient of FID Detectors. Linearity was observed in the range 40-120% of standard concentrations for Methanol, Tetrahydrofuran, Toluene, Dichloromethane and Dichloroethane (r2>0.999) for the amount of solvent estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement. The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered diluent and API. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 10 for Methanol, Tetrahydrofuran, Toluene, Dichloromethane and Dichloroethane. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical active ingredients for estimation of Residual Solvents of Methanol, Tetrahydrofuran, Toluene, Dichloromethane and Dichloroethane in Simeprevir. Baseline separation of all five solvents and Simeprevir API is achieved within 20.5 minutes of analysis time. Method validation comprised the following parameters: limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), linearity and range, accuracy, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), system suitability, specificity, and robustness. Linearity and LOQ (ppm) are listed for each solvent in manuscript. The present method was proven to be robust and accurate for quantitative analysis of residual solvent in neat materials.
Effects of Piper betle Leaf Extract on Biofilm and Rhamnolipid Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ratridewi Irene , Dzulkarnain Shod A. , Wijaya Andreas B. , Huwae John T. R. , Putra Daniel S. M. , Barlianto Wisnu , Santoso Sanarto , Santosaningsih Dewi
Published: November 2021

High mortality rate and antimicrobial resistance are still becoming world-wide problems, due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s (P. aeruginosa) virulence and its ability to form biofilm. Biofilm’s formation is affected by the presence of rhamnolipid, whose production is regulated by quorum sensing systems. Piper betle (P. betle) possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of P. betle leaf’s extract against biofilm formation and rhamnolipid production of P. aeruginosa. Active compounds of P. betle were identified using plate chromatography. Agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of methanolic leaf extract of P. betle. A biofilm-producing P. aeruginosa isolate in the polystyrene plate adherence test was selected for confirmation of biofilm production by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), after P. betle administration. Rhamnolipid detection and evaluation were performed by interpreting halo formed around the well. After administration of various concentrations of P. betle leaf extract on the microplate well, it was concluded that the MBIC of P. betle leaf extract on P. aeruginosa was 0.4%. Methanolic extract of P. betle leaf extract at concentration of 0.4% showed that P. aeruginosa could not form biofilm at all, although the bacteria could still aggregate and form a matrix. After linear regression analysis, beta-coefficient was obtained at -0.931 for P. betle leaf extract. It can be concluded that P. betle leaf extract was effective in inhibiting the growth of biofilm and formation of rhamnolipid by P. aeruginosa. The increase in concentration of P. betle leaf extract was inversely proportional to the diameter of the halo rhamnolipid formed. The higher the level of P. betel leaf extract, the smaller the diameter of the halo rhamnolipid formed.
Hypocholesterolemic Operating Parameters of Novel Probiotics In vitro
Authors: El-Waseif Amr A. , Gaber Hussein S. , Ewais Emad A.
Published: November 2021

The Hypocholesterolemic is an effective and friendly process for the removal of cholesterol and an important aspect of human health. Removal of cholesterol by probiotic bacteria was investigated in this study. The potential probiotic bacterium was preliminarily identified as Lactobacillus casei. In addition, the various operating parameters like cholesterol concentration, incubation time, bile salts concentration, probiotic dose and initial pH was studied. The optimum parameters for most probiotics studied are cholesterol concentration is 100 μg /ml, incubation time is 48 h, bile salts concentration is 0.5%, probiotic dose is 200μl and initial pH is 6. The maximum percentage removal of cholesterol using Lactobacillus casei is 93.6. The probiotics bacteria are favorable for Hypocholesterolemic.
Floating Microsphere of Curcumin as Targeted Gastro-retentive Drug Delivery System
Authors: Sachan Anupam K , Singh Saurabh , Kumari Kiran , Devi Pratibha
Published: November 2021

Microspheres carrier system made from natural or synthetic polymers used in sustained release drug delivery system. The present study involves formulation and evaluation of floating microspheres of Curcumin for improving the drug bioavailability by prolongation gastric residence time. Curcumin, natural hypoglycemic agent is a lipophilic drug, absorbed poorly from the stomach, quickly eliminated and having short half-life so suitable to formulate floating drug delivery system for sustained release. Floating microspheres of curcumin were formulated by solvent evaporation technique using ethanol and dichloromethane (1:1) as organic solvent and incorporating various synthetic polymers as coating polymer, sustain release polymers and floating agent. The final formulation were evaluated various parameters such as compatibility studies, micrometric properties, In-vitro drug release and % buoyancy. FTIR studies showed that there were no interaction between drug and excipients. The surface morphology studies by SEM confirmed their spherical and smooth surface. The mean particles size were found to be 416-618µm, practical yield of microspheres was in the range of 60.21±0.052% - 80.87±0.043%, drug entrapment efficiency 47.4±0.065% - 77.9±0.036% and % buoyancy 62,24±0.161% - 88.63±0.413%. Result show that entraptmency increased as polymer (Eudragit RS100) conc. Increased. The drug release after 12 hrs. was 72.13% - 87.13% and it decrease as a polymer (HPMC, EC) concentration was decrease.
Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Cassia auriculata
against Ethylene Glycol Induced Urolithiasis in Experimental Rats
Authors: C. Sumanjali , M. Shashidhar , M. Sravani , Babu K. Reddy , B. Tejeswarudu , Kalyani C. Deepthi
Published: November 2021

The objective was to investigate the anti-urolithiatic effect of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculate on ethylene glycol (EG) induced urolithiasis in experimental rats. The animals were divided into five groups of six animals each. Except the normal group all the other groups received ethylene glycol 0.75% and Ammonium chloride 1% v/v in water induce orally for 28 days. Normal groups received plain water orally. The standard group received cystone 750mg/kg b.w orally. Test groups received EECA 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg b.w orally. On the 28th day, blood and urine samples were collected and used for estimation of biochemical parameters such as calcium, phosphates, oxalates, creatinine, uric acid, SOD, and CAT followed by histopathological studies. Treatment with EECA was found to exert dose dependent anti urolithiatic action. Increased urine volume in EECA treated groups as compared to diseased group was indicative of diuretic property. Elevated calcium, phosphate and oxalate levels in diseased group animals were found to be decreased in animals treated with EECA. Increased levels of serum calcium, creatinine and uric acid were considerably brought down towards normal values in proportion to EECA doses administered. Antioxidant parameters like SOD and CAT were decreased along with significant increase in MDA levels which is the main product of lipid peroxidation in EG treated rats. However the rats treated with EECA showed significant improvement in these parameters. Hence it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata possess anti-urolithiatic activity.
Gingival Medicinal Signaling Cells Conditioned Medium effect on the Osteoclast and Osteoblast number in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Calvaria Bone Resorption in Wistar Rats’ (Rattus novergicus)
Authors: Ramadhani Nastiti Faradilla , Nugraha Alexander P. , Ihsan Igo S. , Agung Yoni A. , Rantam Fedik A. , Ernawati Diah S. , Ridwan Rini D. , Narmada Ida B. , Ansori Arif N. M. , Hayaza Suhaila , N.E.B.T.A. Noor Tengku
Published: November 2021

The gingival medicinal signaling cells conditioned medium (GMSCs-CM) is a biocompatible material which possessed beneficial cytokine, anti-microbial peptide, growth factor that can be collected after culture. GMSCs- CM may inhibit bone resorption in order to improve the patient’s quality of life. In this study, the potential effect of GMSCs-CM on the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced calvaria bone resorption in wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) has been analyzed. Twenty-eight male and healthy wistar rats (R. novergicus) at the age of 1-2 months old with 250-300 grams body weight were divided into 4 groups, namely PBS group: 100μg PBS day 1-7; LPS group: 100μg LPS day 1-7; LPS and GMSCs group: 100μg LPS + 100μg GMSCS-CM day 1 1-7, GMSCs group: 100μg M-GMSCs day 1-7. Escherichia Coli LPS was used to induce the bone resorption on the calvaria with subcutaneous injection. GMSCs-CM was collected after passage 4-5 then injected subcutaneously on the calvaria. All samples were examined on the. 8th day through cervical dislocation. The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in calvaria was then observed under 400x magnification. One Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD were conducted to analyze differences between groups (p<0.01). The number of osteoclasts in calvaria decreased significantly in the LPS + GMSCs-CM group compared to LPS group (p<0.01). The number of osteoblasts in calvaria increased significantly in the LPS + GMSCs-CM group compared to LPS group (p<0.01). GMSCs-CM can reduce the amount of osteoclast significantly and increases the production of osteoblast in LPS-induced calvaria bone resorption in wistar rats (R. novergicus).
Evaluation of Anti-Psychotic potential of Phytocompound rich Fractions of Methanolic extract of Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle Gourd) fruits in Murine Models of Schizophrenia
Authors: Prajapati Rakesh P. , Kalariya Manisha V. , Parmar Sachin K.
Published: November 2021

Context: Psychosis is a mental disorder, which is characterized as the reducing association with certainty and conviction. Around 1-2% of the world's population suffers from psychosis. The people affected by psychosis have hallucinations, delusions, forgetfulness, abolition, and anhedonia. Currently existing most of the anti- psychotic medications express the adverse drug reactions. Thus for the management of psychosis, satisfactory and adequate remedies are not available. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley (LS) (Cucurbitaceae) fruits, popularly known as “bottle gourd” (English) and “Lauki” (Hindi), exhibit numerous intrinsic therapeutic properties and actions. However limited scientific investigations have been performed to determine the neuroprotective potential of LS fruits. With this background, the present study was intended to investigate LS fruits for the assessment of anti-psychotic activity. Aims and Objectives: The rationale of this study was to evaluate the anti-psychotic activity of the phytocompound rich fractions of the methanolic extract of LS i.e., chloroform fraction of the methanolic extract (CFME), and acetone fraction of the methanolic extract (AFME) by using experimental models of cataleptic and stereotypic behavior in Swiss Albino mice. Materials and Methods: Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and apomorphine-induced stereotypy were the experimental screening tests performed for the assessment of anti-psychotic activity of the phytocompound rich fractions of methanolic extract of LS fruits at the doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg, p.o. in mice. Results: CFME and AFME, 100-400 mg/kg, significantly reduced cataleptic score and stereotypic behavior in mice, in dose-dependent manner. At doses of 200 and 400mg/ kg, AFME (P<0.001) exhibited more significant effect than CFME. In addition CFME and AFME did not generate motor dysfunction in mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening on CFME revealed the presence of saponins, phytosterols, and terpenoids, while phytochemical investigations on AFME indicated the presence of saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins. This was the first scientific report, which indicates that the LS fruits exhibit anti-psychotic action, confirming the folklore claims. Future investigations and studies should emphasize separation, characterization, and identification of the bioactive phytoconstituents and also on evaluating the precise mechanism involved in the anti-psychotic activity of both the fractions.
UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation of Lignocaine Hydrochloride in Bulk and Semisolid Dosage Form
Authors: Ingle Suyash , Tegeli Varsha , Birajdar Avinash , Matole Vinod , Adlinge Sagar , Nangare Gajanand
Published: November 2021

Objective: A new, simple, sensitive, precise and reproducible UV spectroscopic method was developed for the estimation of Lignocaine Hydrochloride in bulk and Semisolid Formulation. Methods: The UV spectrum of Lignocaine Hydrochloride in RO water showed λ max at 228.8nm. Beer’s law is valid in the concentration range of 20-100µg/ml. This method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness. Results: The method has demonstrated excellent linearity over the range of 20-100µg/ml with regression equation y = 0.0097x + 0.023 and regression correlation coefficient r2= 0.9992. Moreover, the method was found to be highly sensitive with LOD (3.55μg/ml) and LOQ (10.75μg/ml). Conclusion: Depending on results the given method can be successfully applied for assay of Lignocaine Hydrochloride in Semisolid formulation.
Steroid Compounds Isolation from Carthamus tinctorius Linn as Antimalarial
Authors: Hamsidi Rini , Wahyuni Wahyuni , Fristiohady Adryan , Hajrul Malaka Muhammad , Sahidin Idin , Ekasari Wiwied , Aty Widyawaruyanti , Fuad Hafid Ahmad
Published: November 2021

Carthamus tinctorius Linn, also known as safflower, is a plant with the potential of being used in the production of antimalarial drugs. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the steroid compounds in the safflower and determine its antimalarial activity in vitro. The isolation process was conducted through extraction and chromatography methods. Then, the characterization of the isolated compounds was conducted through spectroscopic techniques which include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), NMR 1-D (1H and 13C-NMR), and NMR 2-D (HMQC, HMBC, and H-H COZY) as well as comparing data with the existing literatures. In addition, the tests conducted were with variations of isolate concentrations (10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 μg/mL) against 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Based on the FT-IR spectroscopic data, the steroid compounds isolated from safflowers might be stigmasterols. In addition, the isolates had -OH functional group in the region of 3431 cm-1, C-O in the region of 1053 cm-1, and Csp3-H in regions of 2960, 2934, and 2865 cm-1. The NMR 1-D data showed presence of 29 carbon atoms, while the protons were 48 in number. Furthermore, the IC50 value of the compound was 34.03 μg/mL with a percentage inhibition of 43.92% against the growth of P. falciparum. Therefore, it was classified as inactive agent in inhibiting the growth of malaria parasites, however, it could be used as a marker compound in C. tinctorius Linn extract.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Multiple Unit Pellet System of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride
Authors: Basani Gavaskar , Rao Yamsani Madhusudan , Sura Ramya Sri
Published: November 2021

The aim of current work was to grow extended release multiple unit pellets of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride, is an alpha-blocker, used for the healing of the symptoms of a prostate gland condition called BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) by extrusion- spheronization (E/S) and solution/suspension layering (S/S) method. In the Extrusion-Spheronization, A ratio of 75:25, 67:33, 64:36 Tamsulosin Hydrochloride and Microcrystalline cellulose were mixed for making drug pellets and extended release (ER) coating was performed in fluidized bed processor (FBP) by solution/suspension layering with Ethyl cellulose (aqueous. dispersion, 4 cps and 7 cps) and Hypromellose (5cps) with different ratios % weight buildups accordingly. In the Solution/suspension layering (S/S) method, Tamsulosin Hydrochloride drug pellets were prepared by layering onto MCC spheres in FBP. These drug pellets were further coated for extended release with HPMC, 5cps and EC, 7cps. In drug coating stage, drug and different binder (Hypromellose, 5 cps) concentrations 8, 10, 12, 14 mg/unit were coated onto the cores for optimization of binder concentration. The weight of MCC spheres were optimized for further formulations. For all the drug coated pellets, ER coating was given with EC, 7cps and HPMC, 5 cps at a coating level of 8% weight by weight. In the extrusion- spheronization (E/S) Optimization of Drug pellets: Among the trials TD3 (Tamsulosin HCl and MCC) showed good mechanical strength with better yield due to increased MCC concentration. Optimization of Extended Release Coating: Optimized TD3 drug pellets were coated with ER coating using water insoluble polymer (Aq.EC 25% dispersion/ EC, 4cps/ EC, 7cps) and water soluble polymer (HPMC, 5cps). Among these polymers, extended release coating was optimized (TD3E14) with the combination of EC, 7cps and HPMC, 5cps at 8% weight build up. In the Solution/Suspension layering: Optimization of binder concentration in drug coating stage: HPMC, 5cps with 12 mg/unit for TF7 was optimized based on %yield. Optimization of MCC spheres in drug coating stage in formulation of ER pellets with different weight drug pellets: The weight of MCC spheres (160, 170, 180, 190 mg/unit) used in the drug coating stage with binder HPMC, 5cps (12 mg/unit). These drug pellets were given with ER coating at 8% weight buildup by using EC, 7cps and HPMC, 5cps. Among these trials, TF7E7 was optimized. Based on the investigations of the present study, conclusions was. formulating low dose, high soluble, BCS class I drug- Tamsulosin Hydrochloride ER formulation by extrusion-spheronization showed flexibility for batch processing and cost effectiveness while solution/suspension layering was process feasible but time consuming due to high drug loading.
Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Studies of Notonia grandiflora Wall
Authors: Paul Meera , R. Sanilkumar , M.C Sabu
Published: November 2021

Pharmacognostic evaluation is the first and foremost step to determine the identity and to assess the quality and purity of the crude drug. Notonia grandiflora is a perennial succulent plant, widely used in traditional medicinal system without standardisation. Notonia grandiflora has reported to possess various pharmacological activities such as analgesic and antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, and antipyretic. In the present study, pharmacognostic studies of root, stem, and leaf of Notonia grandiflora is carried out in order to standardize the plant. For standardization of plant material morphological and anatomical characterization was carried out. Physico-chemical parameters viz. ash content, extractive values, heavy metal content was carried out. Transverse section of Notonia grandiflora root shows periderm, cortex xylem parenchyma showing tracheids and phloem. Stem shows epidermis covered externally by cuticle, cortex, vascular bundles and pith. Calcium oxalate crystals, leaf and branch traces were also present in the cortical region of the stem. Leaf lamina showed palisade cells and spongy parenchyma in mesophyll region and anisocytic type of stomata. Powder characters and physico-chemical parameters such as moisture content, extractive values, ash content and heavy metal analysis were performed. The results of current study could be served as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of this medicinal plant and will be helpful in characterization of the crude drug.
The effect of the boiling process on the Oxalic acid content of some vegetables in the Syrian local market
Authors: Mohamad Alaa Alshikh , Al- Zehouri Joumaa
Published: November 2021

Oxalic acid HOOC-COOH (OA) is the first in the homologous series of dicarboxylic acids. It is one of the most common acids present in vegetable world1, it is one of the abundant organic compound acts as an anti-nutrient present in most vegetables in various quantities. It is found as salts of insoluble complexes with divalent cations, minerals and trace elements. Oxalates react with calcium to precipitate calcium oxalate and accumulation of oxalates in the body prevents the absorption and utilization of calcium; which in turn causes calcium imbalance, rickets and osteomalacia. In the present study oxalate content of various vegetables commonly available in local market of Syria were determined and effect of boiling on oxalate content of selected vegetable were investigated. Most of the samples analyzed were contained more than 100mg/100g on dry weigh basis. The higher value of total oxalate content was found in Parsley (1466.82 mg/100g); spinach and Cabbage contain (478.7, 191.08 mg/100g). Boiling has shown reduction in total oxalate content and least reduction was obtained in Parsely leaves (28.33%) and highest reduction was obtained from Spinach (40.00%)
Piper longum (Linn.) restores ovarian function in Letrozole induced PCOS in Rats: Comparison with Metformin and Clomiphene citrate
Authors: Pokale Swati B. , Jadhav Ghanshayam
Published: November 2021

This study evaluates the prospective use of an herbal plant Piper longum in letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome using a rat model. The study used female wistar rats, which were divided into 9 groups, each containing 6 animals. Group I (Control) daily received 1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC)as a vehicle control. Letrozole (1mg/kg) was administered by oral route for period of 21days for induction of PCOS in group (II-IX). During experimental period, vaginal smear of all females were collected daily for the estrous cycle determination. During 28 days of letrozole administration, changes in estrous cycle of females were observed and studied. This study showed that PCOS was induced. After Letrozole treatment, 6 animals from group III-IX treated orally with, standard drugs Metformin (300mg/kg/oral route), Clomiphene citrate (100mg/kg/oral route), plant drug Piper longum L. at a concentration of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg, drug interaction groups: Metformin + Piper longum L, 800mg/kg and Clomiphene citrate +Piper lonum L., 800mg/kg body weight and studied for consecutive estrous cycles. Vaginal smear were examined, it showed that hydro alcoholic extract of fruits of Piper longum Linn. group has potential effect on PCOS bringing estrous cycle to normalcy. Also, after Letrozole treatment ovary and reproductive weights of normal rats increased which is normalizes with plant drug treatment. Further studies of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits Piper longum Linn. need to be carried out to check other related parameters of PCOS.
أثر الإعسار في العبادات
Authors: سليمان النور د. محمد
Published: November 2021

Insolvency is the person's inability to meet his financial obligations and credit;  it has many important effects on worships, many of these effects are a matter of difference between the jurists. This research aims at studying these effects and disagreements in a jurisprudent comparative study, with referring to the sources and books of the various jurisprudence scholars to verify, illustrating the sayings of jurists and their evidence and its deliberations, and give preference of each disagreement. Among the most important results, that this research finds is that criterion of insolvency varies from one worship to another and so the effects of insolvency likewise; the most important of these effects is the prevention of it initially and its drop after recognition, and transferring from specific worship to its replacement if found; noticing that insolvency has no impact on some whorships.
الإخصاب الطبي المساعد والاستنساخ من منظور فقهي
Authors: التجاني أحمد هارون د.أمونه
Published: November 2021

The study aimed at deducting some roles of Sharia, that have no direct texts from the Holy Quran and Sunna , and showing the Sharian role in the renewed problems so that the Islamic nation would not separate. The importance of this research comes from its modernness and the advanced researches done in this concern.

     There are some questions about cloning and whether it is creation. The researcher depended on previous studies and used the inductive and deductive method and she concluded with some results and recommendations.
Effect of the Superstructure Construction Method on the Cost and Duration of Bridge Projects in Sudan
Authors: Hassan Onsa Eltayeb , Mohamed Ahmed Hashim
Published: November 2021

Sudan, being a wide country consisting of sixteen states, in which thousands of kilometers of waterways and valleys are extended, bridges had become desperately needed for proper communication and development. There were many types of bridges in Sudan made of concrete, steel, and composite sections showing various types of suspended, steel truss, arch, and cable-stayed bridges which were constructed by different methods.

    This paper summarizes the data of main bridges in Sudan; it shows the construction duration, cost, and type of the superstructure and presents a comparison between bridges’ superstructure construction methods in terms of cost in US$ per m2 of the bridge plan area and production rate in m2/week. The paper also recommends the most favorable bridge construction methods that are expected to contribute better into saving cost and construction time.
كفايات معلم مرحلة الأساس
Authors: محمد محجوب إدريس د. وداد
Published: November 2021

The problem of this study is: How far and to what extent do teachers of the first circle in the Basic level schools, River Nile State, possess the requirements of the essential competencies that enable them to teach the pupils in this circle. The aim of the study is to identify these basic essential competencies that are crucial for the preparation of the first circle teachers in the River Nile State Basic level Schools. To accomplish these aims, the researcher has adopted the analytic, descriptive research method. She has used a questionnaire as the main data-gathering instrument. A random sample of subjects has been selected from the graduates of Shendi and Nile Valley Universities faculties of Education – Basic School level of the academic years (2000-2003). The number of the sample from Shendi is (200), which is (33%) of the total population (600), while the sample from the Nile Valley University is (200) which is equal to (31%) of the total (610). Also, a questionnaire for the teachers from the two colleges was used (73). The most significant findings are 1. Adequate and well-professional teaching in the First Circle requires instructional and managerial competencies of high quality. 2. The instructional competencies which teachers of the first circle have (that include planning, execution, and evaluation) are only acquired through experience. 3. The teacher's preparation colleges provide courses and programs that are mainly theoretical in nature they offer less application or practice and no teaching aids in many courses.
دور التشريعات في كفاءة الأداء الاستراتيجي
Authors: سعد جيب الله بخيت د. عادل
Published: November 2021

This research aims at figuring out the shortage in the execution of the tenth National Strategic plan and learning whether is that a result of weakness in the qualified leaders or a result of lack of effectiveness of legislations in executing the strategic plan. The researcher has used the historical and descriptive methodology, he has attained some important results and recommendations, one of the results is that the study finds a contradiction ineffectiveness in applying the tenth national strategic plan, it advised the decision-makers to enact rules encouraging adequate budget according to specific projects and phases of time.
أثر تقويم الأصول غير الملموسة على منح الائتمان المصرفى
Authors: نجم البشاري د. مصطفي , حسن عكاشة فضل د.عبد الجبار
Published: November 2021

This study aims to identify the concept and nature of intangible assets, its importants, variety and the relationship with credit decision-makers that supporting to reach the best methods of standard and clarifying intangible assets.

   The study tested the following hypothesis:  evaluation of well-known place effect on granting credit in the Sudanese banking sector, evaluation of Intellectual Property effect on granting credit in the Sudanese banking sector, evaluation of human resource effect on granting credit in the Sudanese banking sector

   In this study, the deductive, historical, inductive, and descriptive and analysis methods have been used. The study found out some results which are:  the weakness of banks to analyze intangible assets to appear in the statements. The study recommended full disclosure of each item of intangible assets in the financial statements
Steroid histochemical study of the adrenal gland of adult Sudanese chicken (Gallus domesticus) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
Authors: D. El Tingari Dr. Muddthur , Ismail Abdelgader Elbajory Salwa
Published: November 2021

In Sudan (Khartoum state), the material was collected during the winter and summer seasons. The aim of the work to show the steroid histochemical of the adrenal gland of adult Sudanese chicken (Gallus domesticus) and duck (Anas platyrhynchos) . The adrenal glands were two small organs, irregularly oval and pale yellow in the colour (Ghosh et.al.2001 and Sarker et.al.2014). The histochemical localization of steroid enzymes was studied in the adrenal gland of adult chicken and duck. Δ5-3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were demonstrated solely in the cortex.
Procurement and delivery of food at holiday provision clubs
Authors: Mann Emily , Widdison Clara , Sattar Zeibeda , Defeyter Margaret Anne
Published: November 2021

While school food initiatives across England sup­port children’s nutritional intake during school term time, there is no universal state provision dur­ing the school holidays to reduce the risk of chil­dren experiencing food insecurity. In the absence of a national program of holiday provision, com­munity organizations in disadvantaged com­muni­ties have established holiday clubs offering free food and activities to children. This paper exam­ines how these holiday clubs source food and the challenges of procuring food and delivering healthy meals that adhere to UK School Food Standards. Results indicate that holiday clubs adopt a variety of procurement strategies including rely­ing upon donated food. While club leaders have sought opportunities to source food cost-effectively, the findings suggest significant chal­lenges for these clubs to achieve their aim of delivering healthy meals. Findings point to needs for sustainable funding and the developing healthy food procure­ment policies and processes that align with a wider food strategy.
The Uncanny in “A Dream of Armageddon”by H.G. Wells
Authors: YAZICİ Yılmaz
Published: November 2021

Freud studies the different ways of provoking fear that are repressed in the subconscious and only come to the surface when they are encountered later. He refers to this as the "uncanny," which comes from the German word unheimlich. The operation of the uncanny first manifests itself in the strange or the ambiguous, but the uncanny also has to do with the familiar. The uncanny is a form of anxiety because of its relationship with death and repression. This study will focus on the emergence of the uncanny in “A Dream of Armageddon” by H.G. Wells.
Sakarya Savaşı Öncesinde Türk Ordusunun Yeniden Yapılandırılma Süreci
Authors: TOSUN Ulvi Ufuk
Published: November 2021

Mustafa Kemal Paşa ve silah arkadaşlarının yürüttüğü Millî Mücadele, çok önemli bir tarihî evreyi teşkil etmektedir. Amasya Genelgesi, Erzurum Kongresi, Sivas Kongresi, Son Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisinin Toplanması, Misak-ı Millî’nin Kabulü ve Birinci Türkiye Millet Meclisinin Açılışı; bu sürecin önemli gelişmeleri olarak kayda geçmiştir.
Tüm bu gelişmeler, Millî Mücadele’nin bir sistematik kazanmasında büyük katkılar sağlamıştır. Kararlı şekilde yürütülen bu mücadeleyi, pratiğe taşıyan, başka bir ifadeyle hedefe ulaştıran yegâne unsur ise savaş meydanları olmuştur. Millî Mücadele literatüründe Muharebeler Dönemi diye tanımlanan bu süreç, kuşkusuz İstiklâl Savaşı’nın en kritik evresini teşkil etmiştir. I. ve II. İnönü savaşlarının kazanılması, Türk ordusunun moral-motivasyonunu yükselterek ülkenin işgalden kurtarılacağı kararlılığına ilham kaynağı olmuştu. Bu moral ve motivasyon; Kütahya, Eskişehir Savaşlarının kaybedilmesiyle yerini büyük bir karamsarlığa bırakmıştı. Alınan mağlubiyet, bazı şehirlerin kaybedilmesi, hatta Millî Mücadele’nin yönetildiği Ankara’nın dahi işgal tehlikesiyle karşılaşması ve tüm bu olumsuzlukların yanında ordunun önemli ölçüde dağılması, söz konusu endişe ve karamsarlıkları daha ileri boyutlara taşımıştı. Türk tarafında, böyle bir psikoloji hâkimdi. Buna karşılık Yunan tarafında, artık Anadolu’nun tamamen ele geçirilmesi için sona yaklaşıldığı düşünülmekteydi. Sakarya Savaşı’nı kazanıp bu düşünceyi sonuçlandırmak heyecanına kapılmışlardı. Bu savaş, Türk tarafı için bir ölüm kalım meselesiydi. Eğer Yunan ordusu durdurulamazsa ülke bütünüyle işgale uğrayabilirdi. Bunu çok iyi idrak eden Mustafa Kemal Paşa ve silah arkadaşları, söz konusu savaşa büyük önem atfedip o doğrultuda hazırlıklar yapmaya girişmişlerdi.
Bu çalışma; Kütahya, Eskişehir Savaşları sonucunda büyük oranda çözülen Türk ordusunun Sakarya Savaşı için nasıl yeniden derlenip, toparlanarak hazır hâle getirildiğinin anlaşılmasına katkı sunmayı amaçlamıştır.
Anadolu’da Galat İstilalarına Bir Örnek: Kyzikos’tan Herakles-Galat Kabartmalı Stel
Authors: HAS Ahmet Cuneydi
Published: November 2021

Hellenlerin Kelt olarak adlandırdıkları Anadolu’da ise Galatlar diye bilinen Hint Avrupa kökenli halk MÖ 4. yüzyıldan itibaren savaşçı ve istilacı kimlikleriyle tanınmaktadırlar. Kuzeyden kitlesel göç hareketleri sonucunda sırasıyla Makedonya, Yunanistan ve Anadolu’ya kadar ulaşmışlardır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak Galatların uyguladıkları saldırgan politikalarının Anadolu’da ne gibi siyasi ve idari değişikliklere yol açtığına değinilmiştir. Daha sonra bu saldırılara maruz kalan Mysia Bölgesi kentlerinden Kyzikos’un savunma zaferinin arkeolojik ve epigrafik belgeleri aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu değerlendirme de İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri’nde sergilenen ve bu zaferin simgesi olarak nitelendirilen adak steline de ayrıntılı biçimde başvurulmuştur.
Participatory characterization of the performance of corn landraces and commercial varieties with family farmers
Authors: Marini Fillipe , Costa Jefferson Santos Alves da , Silva Maria José Ramos da , Paula Aline Carneiro de , Moura Ivane de Pontes
Published: November 2021

The objective of this study was to compare the performance of landraces and commercial varieties to identify which variety is the most suitable for family farmers. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replicates and 10 varieties. Qualitative and quantitative parameters were evaluated in the useful plot. The qualitative analyses were performed in the field with the participation of farmers, who scored the evaluated parameters as 1 - poor, 2 - average, 3 - good, or 4 - excellent. Quantitative analyses were performed without the participation of farmers. The data obtained (qualitative and quantitative) were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p<0.05). The Pontinha and Adelaide varieties had the best quality variables in the farmers’ view. In the quantitative analysis, the landrace varieties showed similar results to the commercial varieties, but the highest yields were obtained with Pontinha and Adelaide. The results of the qualitative and quantitative assessments reaffirm the importance of farmers’ knowledge of corn cultivation in the studied municipality.
Processos excludente em uma sociedade em construção
Authors: Gondim Isadora Oliveira , Oliveira Amanda Menezes , Bezerra Ana Paula de Lima , Silva Karla Rona da , Souza Fernanda Gonçalves de
Published: November 2021

A inclusão de pessoas com deficiência (PCD) é um desafio relevante e ainda estamos caminhando para o ideal.Por esse motivo, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar criticamente em qual medida a inclusão é efetiva no contexto e na sociedade atual, considerando a assimetria na prática vivenciada pelos PCD. Em relação à metodologia, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de literatura nas bases de dados indexadas LILACS, BDENF, Coleciona SUS e na Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de São Paulo, tendo como base a questão norteadora “Quais informações foram publicadas em periódicos indexados, de Janeiro 2015 a Julho de 2020, que permitem analisar criticamente, em que medida a inclusão ainda é excludente?".As observações foram feitas considerando diferentes cenários, sendo assim a inclusão ainda é um aspecto em construção, porém encontram-se na sociedade fatores que impedem a consolidação, sendo alguns enraizados, com repetição de atitudes prejudiciais, de forma marcante. Além disso, é notada a visão diversificada das minorias, dependendo do contexto e aspectos sociais, tornando necessárias abordagens diferentes para mudar essa mentalidade e buscando promover a liberdade da PCD, sempre com autonomia.
Contributions on Computational Intelligence in the Medical Sector
Authors: Wang Helen Tucci
Published: November 2021

Patients' treatments are becoming more personalized as healthcare becomes more commodified. Meeting this need requires not just a large allocation of capital, but also a comprehensive application of information, resulting in efforts like electronic health record standards. The quantity of medical data accessible for analytics and data extraction will grow rapidly as these become more mainstream. This is accompanied by an increase in new methods for non-invasive assessment and collection of medically important data in different forms, such as signals and pictures. Despite problems with standardization and availability, the enormous quantity of data that results is a significant tool for the machine learning industry. Biomedical CI technologies are already flourishing because of getting into this data stream. The legislative session "Computer science and information Intelligence in Biology and medicine" at ESANN addresses some of the field's most pressing issues. This paper introduces the session by highlighting a few of the submissions and pointing out possibilities and difficulties for CI in biomedicine.
The Scope and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Medical Sector
Authors: Kumar Madhuri , Alen John
Published: November 2021

The terminology Artificial Intelligence (AI) describes the application computing systems and technology to effectively simulate smart actions and smart thinking compared to the human mind. The concept of AI was introduced as the engineering and science of making smart machines that can operate without the engagement of humans using Machine Learning (ML). This research provides a wider scope of the concept of AI in the medical field, handling the various concepts and terms associated with the concept, including the present and future implementation of the concept. The major research materials applied are Google and PubMed searches, which were conducted using the “Artificial Intelligence” as the basic keyword. More references were retrieved by cross-referencing major publications. The advancements in AI technology in recent times and the present application of medicine have been analyzed critically. This paper ends with an assumption that AI focuses on implementing changes in the medical practices in previously unidentified ways. However, many of the application are still in the initial stages and require exploration and development. In addition, clinical experts have to comprehend and adapt with development for effective delivery of medical services.
Range Imaging and Video Generation using Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Stephanie Anderson
Published: November 2021

Latency, high temporal pixel density, and dynamic range are just a few of the benefits of event camera systems over conventional camera systems. Methods and algorithms cannot be applied directly because the output data of event camera systems are segments of synchronization events and experiences rather than precise pixel intensities. As a result, generating intensity photographs from occurrences for other functions is difficult. We use occurrence camera-based contingent deep convolutional connections to establish images and videos from a variable component of the occasion stream of data in this journal article. The system is designed to replicate visuals based on spatio-temporal intensity variations using bundles of spatial coordinates of occurrences as input data. The ability of event camera systems to produce High Dynamic Range (HDR) pictures even in exceptional lighting circumstances, as well as non-blurry pictures in rapid motion, is demonstrated. Furthermore, because event cameras have a transient response of about 1 s, the ability to generate very increased frame rate video content has been evidenced, conceivably up to 1 million arrays per second. The implementation of the proposed algorithms are compared to density images recorded onto a similar gridline in the image of events based on the application of accessible primary data obtained and synthesized datasets generated by the occurrence camera simulation model.