bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of pre‐operative anaemia in surgical patients: a retrospective, observational, multicentre study in Germany
Authors: Judd L. , Hof L. , Beladdale L. , Friederich P. , Thoma J. , Wittmann M. , Zacharowski K. , Meybohm P. , Choorapoikayil S. ,   the prevalence of pre‐operative anaemia in surgical patients (PANDORA) study collaborators
Published: September 2022

Anaemia is a risk factor for several adverse postoperative outcomes. Detailed data about the prevalence of anaemia are not available over a long time‐period in Germany. In this retrospective, observational, multicentre study, patients undergoing surgery in March in 2007, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2019 were studied. The primary objective was the prevalence of anaemia at hospital admission. The secondary objectives were the association between anaemia and the number of units of red blood cells transfused, length of hospital stay and in‐hospital mortality. A total of 23,836 patients were included from eight centres. The prevalence of pre‐operative anaemia in patients aged ≥ 18 years decreased slightly from 37% in 2007 to 32.5% in 2019 (p = 0.01) and increased in patients aged ≤ 18 years from 18.8% in 2007 to 26.4% in 2019 (p > 0.001). The total amount of blood administered per 1000 patients decreased from 671.2 units in 2007 to 289.0 units in 2019. Transfusion rates in anaemic patients declined from 33.8% in 2007 to 19.1% in 2019 (p < 0.001) and in non‐anaemic patients from 8.4% in 2007 to 3.4% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Overall, the mortality rate remained constant over the years: 2.9% in 2007, 2.1% in 2012, 2.5% in 2015, 1.9% in 2017 and 2.5% in 2019. In the presence of anaemia, mortality was significantly increased compared with patients without anaemia (OR 5.27 (95%CI 4.13–6.77); p < 0.001). Red blood cell transfusion was associated with an increased risk of mortality (OR 14.98 (95%CI 11.83–19.03); p < 0.001). Using multivariable linear regression analysis with fixed effects, we found that pre‐operative anaemia (OR 2.08 (95%CI 1.42–3.05); p < 0.001) and red blood cell transfusion (OR 4.29 (95%CI 3.09–5.94); p < 0.001) were predictors of mortality but not length of stay (0.99 (95%CI 0.98–1.00) days; p = 0.12) and analysed years (2007 vs. 2019: OR 1.49 (95%CI 0.86–2.69); p = 0.07). Pre‐operative anaemia affects more than 30% of surgical patients in Germany and multidisciplinary action is urgently required to reduce adverse outcomes.
HIV‐associated infective native aortic aneurysms
Authors: Jönsson Adam , Ljungquist Oskar , Sörelius Karl
Published: September 2022

HIV‐associated infective native aortic aneurysms (INAA) constitute a subcategory of the disease INAA. This is a very rare group of patients. The aim of this systematic literature review was to compile a description of patient characteristics with HIV‐associated INAA. A systematic literature review was performed using the search terms HIV and aortic aneurysm in Ovid MEDLINE and Embase databases, on articles published between 1981 and 2022. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement, articles were scrutinized according to a predefined protocol including age, sex, comorbidities, microbiological pathogens, CD4‐count, HIV/AIDS state, aortic segment involved, treatment and outcome. Thirty‐three studies, all case reports with a total of 39 patients, were included. The median age was 48 years (range 27–79), most were male n = 35 (90%), and the median follow‐up was n = 6 months (range 0–63). Cardiovascular comorbidity was present in n = 1 (3%), median CD4‐count was 216 (range 6–1236), and n = 12 (31%) had AIDS. The most common microbiological pathogens were Treponema pallidum, n = 12 (31%), Salmonella spp. n = 10 (26%), Mycobacterium species n = 5 (12%) and Staphylococcal spp. n = 5 (13%). The HIV‐associated INAAs were localized in the abdominal aorta n = 32 (82%), in the thoracic aorta n = 5 (13%) and in the thoraco‐abdominal aorta n = 2 (5%). Open surgery was performed in n = 23 (59%) patients, endovascular aortic repair n = 6 (15%), and n = 7 (18%) did not receive surgery. Infection‐related complications were reported in n = 2 (7%) patients, both with postoperative development of fatal sepsis. Patients with HIV‐associated INAAs were younger, had lower rate of cardiovascular comorbidity, demonstrated low CD4 counts as a measure of immunosuppression, and demonstrated diverse microbiological pathogens compared with other INAAs. Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium spp. were common pathogens, which are very rare microbiological pathogens in other INAAs.
Toxicity signals associated with secukinumab: A pharmacovigilance study based on the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database
Authors: Zheng Yi , Guo Xiaojing , Chen Chenxin , Chi Lijie , Guo Zhijian , Liang Jizhou , Wei Lianhui , Chen Xiao , Ye Xiaofei , He Jia
Published: September 2022

Aims

Secukinumab, the first interleukin 17A inhibitor, is widely used to treat immune diseases, including plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Recently, many studies have reported adverse events associated with secukinumab, including gastrointestinal disorders, infections and infestations, and hypersensitive and nervous system disorders.

Objective

Here, we aimed to explore the clinical characteristics, outcomes and time to onset of the four main toxicities of secukinumab using post‐marketing data.

Methods

Our study utilized data from the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from 2015 to 2021, using disproportionality analysis. Toxicities were defined based on the standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities queries. Two disproportionality methods were used to detect potential signals: information component (IC) and reporting odds ratio (ROR). The signals were defined as ROR025 > 1 and IC025 > 0.

Results

A total of 73 945 398 records were included in this study, of which 300 665 records were related to secukinumab. Diarrhoea (N = 3538), nasopharyngitis (N = 3458), pruritus (N = 4277) and rash (N = 3270) were the most common adverse events. Inflammatory bowel disease (IC025/ROR025 = 3.25/9.69), genital candidiasis (IC025/ROR025 = 3.46/11.54), dermatitis psoriasiform (IC025/ROR025 = 1.94/4.04) and anosmia (IC025/ROR025 = 1.62/3.17) had the highest IC025 values of all toxicities. The time to onset of the four toxicities was mainly concentrated in the first month. Some patients simultaneously presented with two or more toxicities.

Conclusion

This pharmacovigilance study systematically explored the four main toxicities of secukinumab and provided new safety signals based on past safety information. Some high‐risk signals need to be given attention.
The use of large patient databases to improve disease understanding and care
Authors: Paul Carle
Published: September 2022

Linked Article:  Bataille et al. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:676–683.
Fingolimod ameliorates schizophrenia‐like cognitive impairments induced by phencyclidine in male rats
Authors: Yu Xueli , Qi Xueyu , Wei Long , Zhao Liansheng , Deng Wei , Guo Wanjun , Wang Qiang , Ma Xiaohong , Hu Xun , Ni Peiyan , Li Tao
Published: September 2022

Background and Purpose

Improvement of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia remains an unmet need owing to the lack of new therapies and drugs. Recent studies have reported that fingolimod, an immunomodulatory drug for treating multiple sclerosis, demonstrates anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several neurological disease models. This suggests its usefulness for ameliorating cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Herein, we assessed the efficacy profile and mechanism of fingolimod in a rat model of phencyclidine (PCP)‐induced schizophrenia.

Experimental Approach

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with PCP for 14 days. The therapeutic effect of fingolimod on cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze and fear conditioning tests. Hippocampal neurogenesis and the expression of astrocytes and microglia were evaluated using immunostaining. Cytokine expression was quantified using multiplexed flow cytometry. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression and phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase were determined using western blot analysis.

Key Results

Fingolimod attenuated cognitive deficits and restored hippocampal neurogenesis in a dose‐dependent manner in PCP‐treated rats. Fingolimod treatment exerted anti‐inflammatory effects by inhibiting microglial activation and IL‐6 and IL‐1β pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression. The underlying mechanism involves the upregulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor protein expression and activation of the ERK signalling pathway.

Conclusion and Implications

This is the first preclinical assessment of the effects of fingolimod on cognitive function in a model for schizophrenia. Our results suggest the immune system plays an crucial role in cognitive alterations in schizophrenia and highlight the potential of immunomodulatory strategies to improve cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Circadian orchestration of host and gut microbiota in infection
Authors: Xia Yaoyao , Ding Xuezhi , Wang Shengyi , Ren Wenkai
Published: September 2022

Circadian rhythms are present in almost every organism and regulate multiple aspects of biological and physiological processes (e.g. metabolism, immune responses, and microbial exposure). There exists a bidirectional circadian interaction between the host and its gut microbiota, and potential circadian orchestration of both host and gut microbiota in response to invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize what is known about these intestinal microbial oscillations and the relationships between host circadian clocks and various infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses), and discuss how host circadian clocks prime the immune system to fight pathogen infections as well as the direct effects of circadian clocks on viral activity (e.g. SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and replication). Finally, we consider strategies employed to realign normal circadian rhythmicity for host health, such as chronotherapy, dietary intervention, good sleep hygiene, and gut microbiota‐targeted therapy. We propose that targeting circadian rhythmicity may provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of infectious diseases.
AIM2 upregulation promotes metastatic progression and PD‐L1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zheng Jing‐Quan , Lin Che‐Hsuan , Lee Hsun‐Hua , Chang Wei‐Ming , Li Li‐Jie , Su Chia‐Yi , Lee Kang‐Yun , Chiu Hui‐Wen , Lin Yuan‐Feng
Published: September 2022

Cancer metastasis leading to the dysfunction of invaded organs is the main cause of the reduced survival rates in lung cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanism for lung cancer metastasis remains unclear. Recently, the increased activity of inflammasome appeared to correlate with the metastatic progression and immunosuppressive ability of various cancer types. Our results showed that the mRNA levels of absence in melanoma 2 (AIM2), one of the inflammasome members, are extensively upregulated in primary tumors compared with normal tissues derived from the TCGA lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) database. Moreover, Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated that a higher mRNA level of AIM2 refers to a poor prognosis in LUAD patients. Particularly, AIM2 upregulation is closely correlated with smoking history and the absence of EGFR/KRAS/ALK mutations in LUAD. We further showed that the endogenous mRNA levels of AIM2 are causally associated with the metastatic potentials of the tested LUAD cell lines. AIM2 knockdown suppressed but overexpression promoted the migration ability and lung colony–forming ability of tested LUAD cells. In addition, we found that AIM2 upregulation is closely associated with an increased level of immune checkpoint gene set, as well as programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) transcript, in TCGA LUAD samples. AIM2 knockdown predominantly repressed but overexpression enhanced PD‐L1 expression via altering the activity of PD‐L1 transcriptional regulators NF‐κB/STAT1 in LUAD cells. Our results not only provide a possible mechanism underlying the AIM2‐promoted metastatic progression and immune evasion of LUAD but also offer a new strategy for combating metastatic/immunosuppressive LUAD via targeting AIM2 activity.
Hypoxia‐induced CXC chemokine ligand 14 expression drives protumorigenic effects through activation of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor signaling in glioblastoma
Authors: Wei Sung‐Tai , Chiang Jung‐Ying , Wang Hwai‐Lee , Lei Fu‐Ju , Huang Yen‐Chih , Wang Chi‐Chung , Cho Der‐Yang , Hsieh Chia‐Hung
Published: September 2022

Hypoxic tumor microenvironment (HTM) promotes a more aggressive and malignant state in glioblastoma. However, little is known about the role and mechanism of CXC chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) in HTM‐mediated glioblastoma progression. In this study, we report that CXCL14 expression correlated with poor outcomes, tumor grade, and hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) expression in patients with glioblastoma. CXCL14 was upregulated in tumor cells within the hypoxic areas of glioblastoma. Hypoxia induced HIF‐dependent expression of CXCL14, which promoted glioblastoma tumorigenicity and invasiveness in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, CXCL14 gain‐of‐function in glioblastoma cells activated insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) signal transduction to regulate the growth, invasiveness, and neurosphere formation of glioblastoma. Finally, systemic delivery of CXCL14 siRNA nanoparticles (NPs) with polysorbate 80 coating significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo and extended the survival time in patient‐derived glioblastoma xenografts. Together, these findings suggest that HIF‐dependent CXCL14 expression contributes to HTM‐promoted glioblastoma tumorigenicity and invasiveness through activation of the IGF‐1R signaling pathway. CXCL14 siRNA NPs as an oligonucleotide drug can inhibit glioblastoma progression and constitute a translational path for the clinical treatment of glioblastoma patients.
The ATEAM study: Advances in technology to enhance PrEP adherence monitoring (ATEAM) among young men who have sex with men
Authors: Brothers Jennifer , Hosek Sybil , Keckler Kody , Anderson Peter L. , Xiong Di , Liu Honghu , Huhn Gregory
Published: September 2022

Young age has consistently correlated with lower adherence to pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Digital medicine, a dynamic healthcare platform of wearable physiological sensors and mobile communication technology that can respond to medication nonadherence rapidly, has the potential in promoting PrEP adherence. We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of Proteus Discover, a digital monitoring adherence system, to measure PrEP adherence and provide real‐time feedback among cisgender YMSM and transgender women. One hundred HIV‐negative young men and transgender women ages 16–24 years were enrolled in a 24‐week randomized controlled crossover study to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) coencapsulated with Proteus Discover versus TDF/FTC standard‐of‐care. Participants in the 12‐week Proteus Discover arm received weekly SMS text messages to promote pill taking based on Proteus Discover adherence data. Dried blood spots (DBS) were collected at 4‐week intervals for tenofovir diphosphate (TFV‐DP) in red blood cells as the referent and questionnaires were completed to assess acceptability, usability, and patterns of use. Linear mixed models analyzed the relationship between 30‐day adherence measured by DBS and Proteus Discover. PrEP adherence was high overall. Adherence, as measured by DBS, was correlated with adherence as measured by Proteus Discover (p value = 0.03). Most participants reported that Proteus Discover helped them take their PrEP daily and that the system was easy to use. However, a majority (53.5%–60.5%) disagreed with the statement that wearing the patch was not an issue. There was an incremental increase in TFV‐DP in DBS with adherence by Proteus Discover. More research is warranted to explore optimizing PrEP adherence for youth through real‐time monitoring.
Online SMART Recovery mutual support groups: Characteristics and experience of adults seeking treatment for methamphetamine compared to those seeking treatment for other addictive behaviours
Authors: Beck Alison K. , Larance Briony , Manning Victoria , Hides Leanne , Baker Amanda L. , Deane Frank P. , Shakeshaft Anthony , Raftery Dayle , Kelly Peter J.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

The COVID‐19 pandemic prompted the transition of Australian Self‐Management and Recovery Training (SMART) Recovery mutual support groups to virtual delivery. This study examined the self‐reported experience of online SMART Recovery groups for people seeking support for methamphetamine use (alone or in combination with other behaviours) compared to those who did not endorse methamphetamine use as a reason for seeking support.

Methods

An online survey invitation was embedded in the post‐group exit page. Items assessed participant demographic characteristics, experience, engagement and perceived contribution of the online group to recovery. Unique responses (n = 1414) were analysed using chi‐square.

Results

After alcohol, methamphetamine use was the second most common behaviour to prompt online SMART Recovery group attendance (n = 205, 14.5%). People attending for methamphetamine use were more likely to endorse multiple addictive behaviours (n = 137, 66.8% vs. n = 371, 30.7%, p < 0.001). Irrespective of whether people attended for methamphetamine use or not, participant ratings of experience, engagement and perceived contribution to recovery were positive and largely comparable. People attending for methamphetamine use were significantly less likely to set a 7‐day plan (72.7% vs. 81.9%; χ2 = 9.47, p = 0.002).

Discussion and Conclusions

Findings support the acceptability of online SMART Recovery groups for people experiencing addictive behaviours, including methamphetamine use. To maximise the benefits of these groups, further evidence on how best to support people to develop a change plan within a time‐limited, online group setting is needed. Online mutual support groups may help to reach and support people who might not otherwise engage in treatment and support, including people who use methamphetamine.
Preterm postnatal complications and risk of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Tso Winnie Wan‐Yee , Ho Frederick Ka Wing , Coghill David , Lee Tatia Mei‐Chun , Wang Yuliang , Lee So‐Lun , Wong Mabel Siu‐Chun , Yam Jason Cheuk Sing , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Ip Patrick
Published: September 2022

Aim

To investigate the association between the risk of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and preterm birth and determine how postnatal complications in children born preterm is associated with the risk of ADHD.

Method

This population‐based cohort study used data from the Hong Kong electronic medical records. We followed 359 614 children (48% female; 6–17 years old, mean 11 years 7 months, SD 3 years 2 months) born in public hospitals in Hong Kong from 1st January 2004 to 31st December 2014 and collected medical records and demographic details for mothers and children until 11th November 2020.

Results

The risk of ADHD was 4.0% in children born at term and 5.1% in children born preterm. The odds ratio for ADHD was 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.64–2.64) for children born extremely preterm, 1.64 (95% CI 1.46–1.85) for children born very preterm, and 1.15 (95% CI 1.08–1.23) for children born late preterm. Among preterm postnatal complications, only early respiratory disease, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and intraventricular haemorrhage were significant predictors of ADHD after controlling for preterm birth, other risk factors, and sociodemographic variables. The excess risk of ADHD among children born very preterm or late preterm could be partly explained by respiratory disease. ROP partially mediated the risk of ADHD in children born very preterm.

Interpretation

Children born preterm in all subcategories, from extremely preterm to late preterm, have increased risk of ADHD. Early respiratory infection partially mediates the risk of ADHD in children born preterm.
Rationale and design of the phase 3a development programme (ONWARDS 1–6 trials) investigating once‐weekly insulin icodec in diabetes
Authors: Philis‐Tsimikas Athena , Bajaj Harpreet S. , Begtrup Kamilla , Cailleteau Roman , Gowda Amoolya , Lingvay Ildiko , Mathieu Chantal , Russell‐Jones David , Rosenstock Julio
Published: September 2022

Aim

To describe the phase 3a ONWARDS clinical development programme investigating insulin icodec (icodec), a once‐weekly basal insulin, including the design and rationale for each of the ONWARDS 1–6 trials.

Materials and Methods

Six randomized controlled trials have been initiated in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (insulin‐naive: ONWARDS 1, 3 and 5; previously insulin‐treated: ONWARDS 2 and 4) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) (ONWARDS 6). Each trial will investigate icodec use in a unique clinical scenario, with consideration of long‐term safety and varied comparator treatments (insulin glargine U100 or U300 or insulin degludec). ONWARDS 5 will incorporate real‐world elements and a digital dose titration solution to guide icodec dosing. The primary objective for each of the trials is to compare the change in HbA1c from baseline to week 26 or week 52 between icodec and comparator arms. Secondary objectives include investigating other glycaemic control and safety parameters, such as fasting glucose, time in glycaemic range and hypoglycaemia. Patient‐reported outcomes will assess treatment satisfaction.

Conclusions

The ONWARDS 1–6 trials will evaluate the efficacy and safety of once‐weekly icodec compared with currently available daily basal insulin analogues in T2D and T1D. These trials will generate comprehensive evidence of icodec use in diverse populations across the spectrum of diabetes progression and treatment experience.
Presence and clinical significance of acellular mucin pools in resected rectal cancer with pathological complete response after pre‐operative chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Chen M , Lin H , Zhang J , Pang X , Fan X , Luo S , Liu Z , Hu H , Lai S , Hou Y , Kang L , Huang L
Published: September 2022

For patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), a pathological complete response (pCR) after pre‐operative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) does not necessarily indicate a cure. Acellular mucin pools are often seen in patients with pCR. However, the clinical significance of acellular mucin pools in this group of patients remains unknown. This was a retrospective analysis of 225 LARC patients who achieved pCR following CRT and total mesorectal resection from 2011 to 2018. The outcomes of 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS), 5‐year overall survival (OS) and 5‐year distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) were compared in patients with versus without acellular mucin pools. Among 225 pCR patients, acellular mucin pools could be identified in 56 (24.9%) patients, and recurrence occurred in 30 (13.3%) patients at 5 years. Distant recurrence was seen in 13 (23.2%) patients with acellular mucin pools and in 17 (10.1%) patients without acellular mucin pools. Patients with acellular mucin pools versus those without had poorer DFS (76.8 versus 89.9%, P = 0.010) and OS (87.5 versus 97.0%, P = 0.004) at 5 years. The presence of acellular mucin pools was the independent parameter that remained significant for DFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.904; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.342–11.356; P = 0.047] and OS (HR = 3.850; 95% CI = 1.214–12.213; P = 0.022) on multivariate analysis. A total of 17 patients demonstrated acellular mucin pools in primary tumour and lymph nodes. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that pCR patients with acellular mucin pools in primary tumour and lymph nodes were more likely to develop distant metastasis compared to pCR patients with acellular mucin pools only in primary tumour (47.1 versus 12.8%, P = 0.005). In summary, acellular mucin pools in LARC patients with pCR after CRT might represent a sign of invasive tumour biology and significantly shorten the prognosis of patients, especially in patients with acellular mucin pools in lymph nodes.
Innate immune sensing of nucleic acid in endodontic infection
Authors: Ji Xiao , Zhang Lan , Yang Fan , Huang Ding‐ming
Published: September 2022

Innate immunity is the first line of defence and fights against microorganisms. Nucleic acids are important pathogen‐associated molecular patterns to be recognized in innate immunity. There are three types of nucleic acid sensors, including endosomal sensors (NA‐sensing TLRs), cytosolic DNA sensors (cGAS and AIM2) and cytosolic RNA sensors (RLG‐I, MDA5 and LGP2). Recent studies have shown that nucleic acid sensors are expressed differently in a variety of dental pulp cells and mediate inflammation through complex pathways. Nucleic acid sensing may play a vital role in the development of endodontic infection. This review aims to summarize and analyse the possible roles of various nucleic acid sensors in endodontic infection. It may help better understand the pathogenesis of these diseases and find new strategies for prevention and treatment.
Assessment of spin in abstracts of Endodontic Systematic Reviews with meta‐analyses published between 2010 and 2022. Are we in need of more transparent interpretation of findings?
Authors: Giannakoulas Dimitrios G. , Koletsi Despina , Tzanetakis Giorgos N.
Published: September 2022

Aim

Spin refers to reporting, interpretation and extrapolation‐related distortion or manipulation of the findings of a study. The aim of this report was to identify the prevalence and extent of spin in the abstracts of systematic reviews (SRs) including meta‐analyses in the scientific field of endodontics.

Methodology

A sensitive and inclusive search strategy in PubMed was developed to identify eligible SRs with meta‐analyses in endodontics, supplemented by an electronic search within 3 major specialty journals, from January 1, 2010, to April 16, 2022. Inclusion and extent of spin were recorded, per domain and following issues related to misleading reporting, interpretation and inappropriate extrapolation of meta‐analyses' findings. Association of spin with publication characteristics such as year, journal type, number of authors, continent of authorship, funding, primary study design and significance of the outcome was explored.

Results

A total of 186 SRs with meta‐analyses were retrieved, and inclusion of spin was detected in 125 abstracts (67.2%), for one or more domains. Most abstracts were affected by more than one type of spin (91/125; 72.8%). There was evidence that abstracts of meta‐analyses of non‐significant findings had 60% lower odds for inclusion of spin (odds ratio, OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.83; p = .04), after adjusting for year, journal type and number of authors.

Conclusions

Misleading reporting and misinterpretation of findings in abstracts of meta‐analyses are evident in endodontic research. Efforts should be reinforced to increase awareness within the scientific and academic community to improve adherence to transparent reporting and interpretation.
It's ok to think in a bad way: How state optimism and pessimism influence risk‐taking
Authors: Ho Cony M. , Wyer Robert S.
Published: September 2022

Government and public policy makers are facing an important issue on how to balance between economics and consumers' well‐being. Thus, the current research proposes an important factor to help understand more on consumers risk‐taking in investment. Trait optimists typically expect bright outcomes, whereas trait pessimists usually expect gloomy ones. However, the present research qualifies these generalizations. This current research proposes that optimism and pessimism can also be temporarily changed and cause different impact comparing to trait optimism and pessimism. Four studies showed that state optimists and pessimists differ in their expectations of success in a situation in which outcomes are purely a matter of chance or skills. Specifically, state optimists invest more in risky options when they believe that the investments are chance‐based, whereas state pessimists invest more when they believe the investments are skill‐based. These effects were due to their beliefs that the outcome is due to chance or skills. Additionally, we found that the effect will be moderated by individuals' locus of control.
The effects of the pandemic on gig economy couriers in Argentina and Chile: Precarity, algorithmic control and mobilization
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ CROCCO Francisca , ATZENI Maurizio
Published: September 2022

This article analyses the effects of the pandemic on the work process at two digital delivery platforms operating in Argentina and Chile: Rappi and PedidosYa. Using semi‐structured interviews and an analysis of the press and websites, it looks at how the platforms have shifted the costs of the crisis to workers by leveraging the independent contractor status and tightening control. In response, the couriers have mounted various types of resistance, ranging from renting out or loaning accounts to organizing international strikes.
Scoping review: Alternatives to self‐harm recommended on mental health self‐help websites
Authors: Fenton Clare , Kingsley Ellen
Published: September 2022

Less than half of all young people with mental health difficulties will seek professional treatment. Due to the private nature of self‐harm it is estimated that only 1:28 young males and 1:18 young females who self‐harm ever present to hospital. Self‐help supports improved coping strategies and life changes without reliance on a clinical intervention which could be used to reduce self‐harming behaviours. The study objective is to review self‐help alternatives to self‐harm on mental health websites that can be accessed by young people. Google, Bing, and Yahoo search engines were used to search for appropriate websites. Eighty‐two unique websites on mental health were identified, of which 55 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 1177 self‐help suggestions were found for those struggling with self‐harm urges. The average number of suggestions per site was 42 (Range 3–252). The main techniques suggested were: seeking social contact/help, physical activity, displacement/mimicking techniques, relaxing/comforting techniques, sensory techniques, fun/diverting techniques, aggressive techniques, creative/reflective techniques. This review found not all strategies were suitable for young people and that the large number of possible strategies could be challenging for a young person to navigate. However, mental health self‐help websites were generally of high quality and gave a range of potentially helpful strategies. The categories created from this review could be used as a guide to consider with the young person when making an individualized self‐help plan to manage self‐harm urges. Further research is required to assess if and how these techniques could be used individually or in combination to reduce self‐harm.
Monitoring and modifying recruitment and retention strategies for an ongoing randomised clinical trial with venous leg ulcer patients: Overcoming barriers to participation
Authors: McDaniel Jodi Christine , Rausch Jamie Ann , McGowan Dina Rose
Published: September 2022

Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are open skin lesions of the lower legs arising in areas affected by venous hypertension that are associated with substantial morbidity. Clinical trials testing innovative approaches to improve healing outcomes are critically needed because standard therapies are often ineffective. However, patients with VLUs frequently have multiple physical, emotional and socioeconomic challenges that can negatively impact their decision to enrol in a clinical trial. To benefit clinical researchers and ultimately the community of patients with chronic wounds, this paper describes the monitoring and modification of recruitment strategies in an ongoing clinical trial testing effects of omega‐3 fatty acid oral supplementation on VLU healing in ageing adults (n = 208). Multiple modifications over time in this study have targeted participation barriers identified through data monitoring and include expanding inclusion criteria, adding recruitment sites, enhancing communication methods, and meeting patients' transportation needs. Recruitment activities from January 2019 to June 2022 have resulted in 57 participants (mean age: 63.7 years). Overall, the recruitment rate is 42.5% of patients contacted during face‐to‐face visits. Overcoming barriers to participation is key to helping patients with VLUs interested in research enrol in clinical trials aiming to improve healing outcomes in this vulnerable population.
A novel mutation in human EMD gene and mitochondrial dysfunction in emerin knockdown cardiomyocytes
Authors: Du Zunhui , Zhu Tinfang , Lin Menglu , Bao Yangyang , Qiao Jing , Lv Gang , Xie Yinyin , Li Qihen , Quan Jinwei , Xu Cathy , Xie Yuan , Wang Lingjie , Yang Wenjie , Wang Shengyue , Wu Liqun , Yin Tong , Xie Yucai
Published: September 2022

Emerin is an inner nuclear envelope protein encoded by the EMD gene, mutations in which cause Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy type 1 (EDMD1). Cardiac involvement has become a major threat to patients with EDMD1; however, the cardiovascular phenotype spectrums of emerinopathy and the mechanisms by which emerin regulates cardiac pathophysiology remain unclear. Here, we identified a novel nonsense mutation (c.C57G, p.Y19X) in the EMD gene in a Han Chinese family through high‐throughput sequencing. Two family members were found to have EDMD1 with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia. Mechanistically, we first discovered that knockdown of emerin in HL‐1 or H9C2 cardiomyocytes lead to impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity with downregulation of electron transport chain complex I and IV and upregulation of complex III and V. Moreover, loss of emerin in HL‐1 cells resulted in collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential, altered mitochondrial networks and downregulated multiple factors in RNA and protein level, such as PGC1α, DRP1, MFF, MFN2, which are involved in regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and fusion. Our findings suggest that targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics might be an effective strategy against cardiac disorders caused by EMD mutations.
Novel prospects for scarless wound healing: The roles of myofibroblasts and adipocytes
Authors: Teng Ying‐Ying , Zou Ming‐Li , Zhou Xiao‐Jin , Wu Jun‐Jie , Liu Si‐Yu , Yuan Zheng‐Dong , Jia Yuan , Zhang Kai‐Wen , Li Xia , Ye Jun‐Xing , Yuan Feng‐Lai
Published: September 2022

Disturbances or defects in the process of wound repair can disrupt the delicate balance of cells and molecules necessary for complete wound healing, thus leading to chronic wounds or fibrotic scars. Myofibroblasts are one of the most important cells involved in fibrotic scars, and reprogramming provides a potential avenue to increase myofibroblast clearance. Although myofibroblasts have long been recognized as terminally differentiated cells, recent studies have shown that myofibroblasts have the capacity to be reprogrammed into adipocytes. This review intends to summarize the potential of reprogramming myofibroblasts into adipocytes. We will discuss myofibroblast lineage tracing, as well as the known mechanisms underlying adipocyte regeneration from myofibroblasts. In addition, we investigated different changes in myofibroblast gene expression, transcriptional regulators, signalling pathways and epigenetic regulators during skin wound healing. In the future, myofibroblast reprogramming in wound healing will be better understood and appreciated, which may provide new ideas for the treatment of scarless wound healing.
Editorial Perspective: Reducing mental health disparities among underserved youth: using technology to equip parents as agents of change
Authors: Cobb Cory L.
Published: September 2022

Prevalence rates for youth psychopathology have steadily increased over the last two decades. Youth from underserved families (e.g. racial/ethnic minority, rural, poor, gender, and sexual minority) are disparately impacted as they face myriad risk factors that adversely affect their mental health. Parents play an integral role in their mental health of underserved youth as they are responsible for making sure that their children get the help that they need. Yet, parents in underserved families often cannot access mental health treatment due to persistent barriers they face such as stigma, discrimination, and high treatment costs, to name a few. Consequently, parents from these families are less likely to receive the psychological training necessary to intervene in their youths' mental health. Although traditional parent management training programs have made progress toward equipping parents with important mental health services, these programs often require considerable investment of time and resources (e.g. money, childcare, in‐person attendance) that make them inaccessible to disadvantaged families. Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) offer to provide parents in underserved families with the psychological training they need to effectively intervene in their youth's mental health while overcoming barriers to care. However, few to no culturally sensitive and evidence‐based DMHIs exist to address the mental health needs of underserved families. This editorial perspective highlights the need to develop and implement parent‐focused DMHIs for underserved families so that parents will have the mental health resources they need to act as agents of change.
Isothermal compression of an eclogite from the Western Gneiss Region (Norway)
Authors: Simon Martin , Pitra Pavel , Yamato Philippe , Poujol Marc
Published: September 2022

In the Western Gneiss Region in Norway, mafic eclogites form lenses within granitoid orthogneiss and contain the best record of the pressure and temperature evolution of this ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terrane. Their exhumation from the UHP conditions has been extensively studied, but their prograde evolution has been rarely quantified although it represents a key constraint for the tectonic history of this area. This study focused on a well‐preserved phengite‐bearing eclogite sample from the Nordfjord region. The sample was investigated using phase‐equilibrium modelling, trace‐element analyses of garnet, trace‐ and major‐element thermobarometry and quartz‐in‐garnet barometry by Raman spectroscopy. Inclusions in garnet core point to crystallization conditions in the amphibolite facies at 510–600°C and 11–16 kbar, whereas chemical zoning in garnet suggests growth during isothermal compression up to the peak pressure of 28 kbar at 600°C, followed by near‐isobaric heating to 660–680°C. Near‐isothermal decompression to 10–14 kbar is recorded in fine‐grained clinopyroxene–amphibole–plagioclase symplectites. The absence of a temperature increase during compression seems incompatible with the classic view of crystallization along a geothermal gradient in a subduction zone and may question the tectonic significance of eclogite facies metamorphism. Two end‐member tectonic scenarios are proposed to explain such an isothermal compression: Either (1) the mafic rocks were originally at depth within the lower crust and were consecutively buried along the isothermal portion of the subducting slab or (2) the mafic rocks recorded up to 14 kbar of tectonic overpressure at constant depth and temperature during the collisional stage of the orogeny.
Designing chromatic optical retarder stacks for segmented next‐generation easySTED phase plates
Authors: Engelhardt Johann , Ellerhoff Beatrice , Gürth Clara‐Marie , Sahl Steffen J. , Hell Stefan W.
Published: September 2022

Fluorescence nanoscopy methods based on the RESOLFT principle, such as beam‐scanning STED nanoscopy, require the co‐alignment of optical beams for molecular state (on/off) switching and fluorescence excitation. The complexity and stability of the beam alignment can be drastically simplified and improved by using a single‐mode fibre as the sole light source for all required laser beams. This in turn then requires a chromatic optical element for shaping the off‐switching beam into a focal‐plane donut while simultaneously leaving the focal intensity distributions at other wavelengths shaped as regular focal spots. Here we describe novel designs of such so‐called ‘easySTED phase plates’ and provide a rationale how to find the desired spectral signature for combinations of multiple wavelengths.
When do Co‐located Firms Selling Identical Products Thrive?*
Authors: Bernhardt Dan , Constantinou Evangelos , Shadmehr Mehdi
Published: September 2022

When consumers only see prices once they visit stores, and some consumers have time to comparison shop, co‐location commits stores to compete and lower prices, which draws consumers away from isolated stores. Profits of co‐located firms are a single‐peaked function of the number of shoppers—co‐located firms thrive when there are some shoppers, but not too many. When consumers know in advance whether they have time to shop, effects are enhanced: co‐located stores may draw enough shoppers to drive the expected price paid by a non‐shopper below that paid when consumers do not know if they will have time to shop.
Sensory evaluation in the personal care space: A review
Authors: Deubler Grace , Zhang Congcong , Talavera Martin J. , Swaney‐Stueve Marianne
Published: September 2022

Personal care encompasses a diverse set of product categories including primarily skincare, makeup, and haircare, among others. With such varied use occasions and application styles, researchers require less traditional sensory and consumer research methods for product evaluation including a combination of interviews, focus groups, descriptive analysis, consumer research, and instrumental testing. More novel methods, such as emotion and online review research, provide sensory scientists with new avenues for describing, categorizing, and optimizing personal care products as well. Moreover, a trend of synthesizing results from multiple sources to produce more comprehensive learnings has been found to be highly valuable to researchers. This review discusses current sensory and consumer evaluation methods relevant to the personal care space and considers future opportunities for development and innovation.

Practical Application

This review synthesizes the available literature on sensory evaluation in the personal care space. It aims to summarize and present the main methods used in these product categories and identify the gaps in knowledge. This work provides a foundation for future personal care research to build on.
Melatonin promotes the proliferation of primordial germ cell‐like cells derived from porcine skin‐derived stem cells: A mechanistic analysis
Authors: Liu Wen‐Xiang , Tan Shao‐Jing , Wang Yu‐Feng , Zhang Fa‐Li , Feng Yu‐Qing , Ge Wei , Dyce Paul W. , Reiter Russel J. , Shen Wei , Cheng Shun‐Feng
Published: September 2022

In vitro differentiation of stem cells into functional gametes remains of great interest in the biomedical field. Skin‐derived stem cells (SDSCs) are an adult stem cells that provides a wide range of clinical applications without inherent ethical restrictions. In this paper, porcine SDSCs were successfully differentiated into primordial germ cell‐like cells (PGCLCs) in conditioned media. The PGCLCs were characterized in terms of cell morphology, marker gene expression, and epigenetic properties. Furthermore, we also found that 25 μM melatonin (MLT) significantly increased the proliferation of the SDSC‐derived PGCLCs while acting through the MLT receptor type 1 (MT1). RNA‐seq results found the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was more active when PGCLCs were cultured with MLT. Moreover, the effect of MLT was attenuated by the use of S26131 (MT1 antagonist), crenolanib (platelet‐derived growth factor receptor inhibitor), U0126 (mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor), or CCG‐1423 (serum response factor transcription inhibitor), suggesting that MLT promotes the proliferation processes through the MAPK pathway. Taken together, this study highlights the role of MLT in promoting PGCLCs proliferation. Importantly, this study provides a suitable in vitro model for use in translational studies and could help to answer numerous remaining questions related to germ cell physiology.
Influence and implications of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in obstructive sleep apnea: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Loh Huai Heng , Lim Quan Hziung , Chai Chee Shee , Goh Siew Li , Lim Lee‐Ling , Yee Anne , Sukor Norlela
Published: September 2022

Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic, sleep‐related breathing disorder, which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system regulates salt and water homeostasis, blood pressure, and cardiovascular remodelling. Elevated aldosterone levels are associated with excess morbidity and mortality. We aimed to analyse the influence and implications of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system derangement in individuals with and without obstructive sleep apnea. We pooled data from 20 relevant studies involving 2828 participants (1554 with obstructive sleep apnea, 1274 without obstructive sleep apnea). The study outcomes were the levels of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system hormones, blood pressure and heart rate. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea had higher levels of plasma renin activity (pooled wmd+ 0.25 [95% confidence interval 0.04–0.46], p = 0.0219), plasma aldosterone (pooled wmd+ 30.79 [95% confidence interval 1.05–60.53], p = 0.0424), angiotensin II (pooled wmd+ 5.19 [95% confidence interval 3.11–7.27], p < 0.001), systolic (pooled wmd+ 5.87 [95% confidence interval 1.42–10.32], p = 0.0098) and diastolic (pooled wmd+ 3.40 [95% confidence interval 0.86–5.94], p = 0.0086) blood pressure, and heart rate (pooled wmd+ 3.83 [95% confidence interval 1.57–6.01], p = 0.0009) compared with those without obstructive sleep apnea. The elevation remained significant (except for renin levels) when studies involving patients with resistant hypertension were removed. Sub‐group analysis demonstrated that levels of angiotensin II were significantly higher only among the Asian population with obstructive sleep apnea compared with those without obstructive sleep apnea. Body mass index accounted for less than 10% of the between‐study variance in elevation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system parameters. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea have higher levels of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system hormones, blood pressure and heart rate compared with those without obstructive sleep apnea, which remains significant even among patients without resistant hypertension.
Trust in Religious Leaders and Voluntary Compliance: Lessons from Social Distancing during COVID‐19 in Central Asia
Authors: Jones Pauline , Menon Anil
Published: September 2022

What is the relationship between trust in religious leaders and compliance with policies that are costly to the individual? Religious leaders often have the moral authority to affect individuals’ willingness to adopt prosocial behaviors. Yet, that influence can be either positive or negative because religious leaders face mixed incentives to encourage compliance and their leadership is often decentralized. We argue that greater trust in religious leaders will increase compliance in countries with a dominant religion and centralized religious authority because religious leaders will offer a coherent message that aligns with state directives. We test our hypotheses using data from surveys fielded in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We find a positive and significant relationship between trust and voluntary compliance only in Kazakhstan, where religious leaders reduced the costs of compliance by enabling adherents to practice their faith while social distancing. We thus identify an alternative mechanism whereby trust promotes compliance.