bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nelson Waldron, Master Stage Machinist of the Nineteenth-Century Theatre
Authors: Sokalski Joseph A.
Published: May 2018

Always on the margin of the nineteenth-century theatre is the stagehand. Nameless to history, they follow orders of influential producers like Lester Wallack; they follow theatre dreams of artists like Steele MacKaye. Yet researching this last artist, one stagehand name repeatedly appears. Doing so he takes on a personality and a history. The man was Nelson Waldron (1839–1917). At times he was noted as stage machinist, later on a master machinist, then a recipient of a theatrical benefit night – something reserved for actors who had achieved peer recognition. This peer of the New York theatre community during the last quarter of the nineteenth century begins to take shape. He was savvy enough to hold the patent for the Madison Square Theatre’s double stage in the heady days of feuding between the Mallory Brothers and Steele MacKaye. In the days that first brought Buffalo Bill’s rodeo inside to become an actual horse drama, there was Nelson Waldron again, building visual sensations that filled the Madison Square Gardens, literally. Waldron’s life in the theatre was evidently full and rewarding. His was a life not chronicled, but certainly one deserving. The paper brings forward an initial accounting of Nelson Waldron’s theatre.
Is presumed consent an ethically acceptable way of obtaining organs for transplant?
Authors: Prabhu Pradeep Kumar
Published: May 2018

The near-universal acceptance of cadaveric organ donation has been based on the provision of explicit consent by the donor while alive, either in the form of a formal opt-in or informal discussion of wishes with next of kin. Despite the success of transplantation programmes based on explicit consent, the ongoing imbalance between demand and supply of organs for transplantation has prompted calls for more widespread introduction of laws validating presumed consent with facility for opt-out as a means of increasing organ availability. The Department of Health (UK) has recently concluded a consultation on the introduction of such a law for England. This article explores the debate on presumed consent from an ethical point of view and summarises the key arguments on both sides of the ethical divide.
Proximal row carpectomy, scaphoidectomy with midcarpal arthrodesis or midcarpal tenodesis: when and how to use
Authors: Luchetti Riccardo
Published: May 2018

I report my personal experience over three decades in the treatment of carpal collapse due to scapholunate collapse and scaphoid nonunion. I have used the proximal carpal row resection performed through palmar approach, the scaphoidectomy and double-column midcarpal arthrodesis, and scaphoidectomy with midcarpal tenodesis. Diagnostic arthroscopy is essential for staging and surgical decision making regarding the type of treatment. The details of the surgical techniques, tips, results and possible complications are described for each method. The advantage of the proximal row carpectomy by palmar approach is the early permitted rehabilitation with better recovery of wrist motility in comparison with the traditional technique. The advantage of the double-column midcarpal arthrodesis lies in its ease of execution. The midcarpal tenodesis is an excellent intervention from the conceptual point of view even if over time there is a progressive carpal collapse even in absence of symptoms.
Polypore Communities and Their Substrate Characteristics in Atlantic Forest Fragments in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Komonen Atte , Kokkonen Miia , Araujo Lucimar S. , Halme Panu , Lopes-Andrade Cristiano
Published: May 2018

Anthropogenic environmental changes have resulted in biodiversity crisis. Although tropical rainforests are one of the global biodiversity hotspots, their biodiversity is still poorly known. Especially fungi are poorly represented in national Red Lists and conservation plans, despite their important role in ecosystem functioning. We studied wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores) in four areas within two Atlantic rainforest fragments in Southeast Brazil. Our aim was to investigate fungal substrate characteristics and community composition. Deadwood amount ranged from 27 to 82 m3/ha among the four study areas and altogether we recorded 53 polypore species. More species were observed in intermediate and late decay stages than in early decay stages, but other deadwood variables did not explain the occurrence of polypores. Similarity in polypore community composition within and among the areas was low. Dissimilarity originated mostly from species turnover from a transect and area to another, and no nestedness in species occurrence pattern was detected. Hence, the observed dissimilarity in community composition was probably a result of heterogeneity in forest composition and structure, instead of environmental gradients or substrate limitations. These results corroborate previous polypore studies from the Atlantic forest in that tropical polypores are specialists toward particular decay stages. To develop ecologically effective conservation program for tropical polypores, more studies are needed on their distribution and abundance globally.
Rejecting Unwanted Romantic Advances Is More Difficult Than Suitors Realize
Authors: Bohns Vanessa K. , DeVincent Lauren A.
Published: May 2018

In two preregistered studies, we find that initiators of unrequited romantic advances fail to appreciate the difficult position their targets occupy, both in terms of how uncomfortable it is for targets to reject an advance and how targets’ behavior is affected, professionally and otherwise, because of this discomfort. We find the same pattern of results in a survey of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduate students ( N = 942) who recalled actual instances of unwanted or unrequited romantic pursuit (Study 1) and in an experiment in which participants ( N = 385) were randomly assigned to the roles of “target” or “suitor” when reading a vignette involving an unwanted romantic advance made by a coworker (Study 2). Notably, women in our Study 1 sample of STEM graduate students were more than twice as likely to report having been in the position of target as men; thus, our findings have potential implications for the retention of women in STEM.
A pilot study of interpretive cognitive bias modification for OCD
Authors: Black Melissa J. , Grisham Jessica R.
Published: May 2018

Previous research suggests that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) lack confidence in their memories and experience intolerance of uncertainty regarding the completion of tasks, which fuels compulsive rituals. The current pilot study aimed to test a novel interpretive cognitive bias modification (CBM-I) training to attenuate maladaptive thinking styles related to memory distrust, intolerance of uncertainty, and perfectionism. A two-condition (CBM-I training: positive, control) repeated measures design was used to examine the effect of repeated CBM-I training. Participants diagnosed with OCD completed measures of interpretive biases, self-reported symptoms, and behavioral responses. Participants in both conditions interpreted novel ambiguous scenarios more adaptively and endorsed more adaptive OC-relevant beliefs following training. Findings were mixed for behavioral assessments of checking, uncertainty, and perfectionism. Although the small sample size and heterogeneity of the sample limits the conclusions that can be drawn, results highlight opportunities to improve experimental paradigms with better control conditions and idiographic stimuli.
Adverse events of smoking cessation treatments (nicotine replacement therapy and non-nicotine prescription medication) and electronic cigarettes in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, 2004−2016
Authors: Motooka Yumi , Matsui Toshinobu , Slaton Rachel M , Umetsu Ryogo , Fukuda Akiho , Naganuma Misa , Hasegawa Shiori , Sasaoka Sayaka , Hatahira Haruna , Iguchi Kazuhiro , Nakamura Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

Several smoking cessation treatments (nicotine replacement therapy and non-nicotine prescription medication) and electronic cigarettes are widely used. We evaluated the adverse events related to smoking cessation treatments and electronic cigarettes in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database.

Methods:

We analyzed reports of adverse events associated with smoking cessation treatment and electronic cigarettes terms dated between January 2004 and December 2016. We used the reporting odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals to detect a signal for each adverse event.

Results:

In total, 8,867,135 reports in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database were analyzed. The numbers of adverse events for nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal, buccal, oral, and respiratory administration) were 1673, 1016, 425, and 56, respectively. Nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal, buccal, and oral) demonstrated adverse events of nausea, nicotine dependence, and dizziness. For nicotine (transdermal) exposure, the top 5 adverse events reported were nausea (149 cases, reporting odds ratio: 2.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.92–2.69)), dizziness (132 cases, reporting odds ratio: 3.04 (95% confidence interval: 2.54–3.63)), application site erythema (108 cases, reporting odds ratio: 32.52 (95% confidence interval: 26.74–39.55)), headache (98 cases, reporting odds ratio: 1.84 (95% confidence interval: 1.50–2.25)), and dyspnea (94 cases, reporting odds ratio: 1.93 (95% confidence interval: 1.57–2.38)). Many cases of improper use of nicotine replacement therapies were reported. Nausea, depression, abnormal dreams, insomnia, and other adverse events were reported for varenicline. Insomnia, rash, anxiety, and dizziness were reported for bupropion. We observed electronic cigarettes–related adverse events such as dizziness, dyspnea, nausea, heart rate increased, and tremor.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that an association exists between nicotine-related adverse events and nicotine replacement therapy. Healthcare professionals should closely monitor smokers trying to quit nicotine use for the misuse of nicotine replacement therapy. These findings may be informative to healthcare professionals in order to improve the management of smoking cessation treatment.
Clinical correlates and outcomes in a group of Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus hospitalized due to severe infections
Authors: Jordán-González Patricia , Shum Lee Ming , González-Sepúlveda Lorena , Vilá Luis M
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients hospitalized due to infections vary among different ethnic populations. Thus, we determined the outcomes and associated factors in a group of Hispanics from Puerto Rico with systemic lupus erythematosus admitted due to severe infections.

Methods:

Records of systemic lupus erythematosus patients admitted to the Adult University Hospital, San Juan, Puerto Rico, from January 2006 to December 2014 were examined. Demographic parameters, lupus manifestations, comorbidities, pharmacologic treatments, inpatient complications, length of stay, readmissions, and mortality were determined. Patients with and without infections were compared using bivariate and multivariate analyses.

Results:

A total of 204 admissions corresponding to 129 systemic lupus erythematosus patients were studied. The mean (standard deviation) age was 34.7 (11.6) years; 90% were women. The main causes for admission were lupus flare (45.1%), infection (44.0%), and initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (6.4%). The most common infections were complicated urinary tract infections (47.0%) and soft tissue infections (42.0%). In the multivariate analysis, patients admitted with infections were more likely to have diabetes mellitus (odds ratio: 4.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.23–14.41), exposure to aspirin prior to hospitalization (odds ratio: 4.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.03–15.80), and higher mortality (odds ratio: 6.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–35.68) than those without infection.

Conclusion:

In this population of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, 44% of hospitalizations were due to severe infections. Patients with infections were more likely to have diabetes mellitus and higher mortality. Preventive and control measures of infection could be crucial to improve survival in these patients.
Access to Land and the Delivery of Affordable Housing in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) in Abuja, 1991 to 2013
Authors: Lawal Abdullahi Oladimeji , Adekunle Issa Abdulmumeen
Published: May 2018

Access to land remains a major factor in all productive activities in every society. Hence, this study examines the extent to which access to land influences the ability of the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) in the delivery of affordable housing to the middle and low-income earners in Nigeria with a specific focus on the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. The study adopted survey approach with questionnaire and unstructured interview as major instruments of data collection. The study selected a sample size of 150 out of staff population of 430 which represents 34.9% of the study population. In analyzing the data, the study employed simple percentage, and arithmetic mean with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The hypothesis of the study was tested with Pearson’s chi-square method. The findings of the study revealed that there is no significant difference among the staff of FHA in their perception of difficulty in access to land as a major challenge to the delivery of affordable housing in Abuja. Consequently, the study recommends that the Federal Government should take measure(s) that could enhance the FHA’s access to land with a view to reducing the cost of its houses for the citizenry. The amendment to the Land Use Act (1978) to simplify the process of securing land titles and eliminate the existing dual ownership of land titles in the country is long overdue.
Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood, Criteria for Adulthood, and Identity Development in Greek Studying Youth: A Person-Centered Approach
Authors: Galanaki Evangelia , Sideridis Georgios
Published: May 2018

Little research has been conducted on emerging adulthood in Greece, although sociodemographic specificities and constraints due to financial crisis are expected to reinforce prolonged transition to adulthood in this Southern European country. Using a person-centered approach, the current study aimed to examine dimensions of emerging adulthood, criteria for adulthood, and identity development among studying youth in association with personal and structural variables (i.e., gender, age, living arrangement, work experience, steady romantic relationship status, and financial adversity). Participants were 814 university students ( Mage = 19.9 years). Latent profile analysis yielded five profiles: anxious explorers in-between (29.90%), immature explorers (29.58%), emerging adults (18.30%), adult committers (12.58%), and blocked in transition (9.64%). Significant between-profile differentiation was found regarding all variables except from age and work experience. The results support the existence of emerging adulthood in Greece and indicate diverse paths to adulthood within the rather homogeneous population of studying youth in this country.
How small states acquire status: A social network analysis
Authors: Baxter Phil , Jordan Jenna , Rubin Lawrence
Published: May 2018

A number of recent studies have recognized the importance of status in international politics. While this developing scholarship has largely focused on great and middle powers, the pursuit of status by small states remains underexplored. For example, many studies claim that small states such as Qatar ‘punch above their weight’ in international politics in pursuit of status. How do small states without significant military power acquire status? How can we assess change in status over time? This paper argues that small states can acquire status by increasing their involvement in international politics and one way states can do this is through mediation efforts. Acting as a mediator for international conflict can enhance a small state’s status relative to its peers by demonstrating its relevance and importance in the regional and international system. This public act of mediation produces commonly held beliefs that the mediator state is an influential player in the international system, thus conferring it more status. Social network analysis reveals that as a state increases its international engagement through mediation activities, it can occupy a more central position in important networks, and a higher ranking within its peer group, indicating an increase in status. This increase in status can be translated to greater influence in international politics.
The Radiographic Quality of Distal Radius Fracture Reduction Using Sedation Versus Hematoma Block
Authors: Koren Lior , Ginesin Eyal , Elias Shahem , Wollstein Ronit , Israelit Shlomo
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are treated in the emergency department (ED) with a closed reduction in order to decrease neurovascular and soft tissue injury and as a first definitive step in conservative treatment. The type of anesthesia used may affect the ability to reduce the fracture and remains controversial.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of radiographic reduction achieved in the ED of DRF reduced using sedation anesthesia to those reduced with hematoma block anesthesia.

Methods:

A retrospective case–control study of 240 DRF reductions, 30 treated with sedation and 210 with a hematoma block, was performed. Complications and time spent in the ED were documented. Pre- and postreduction radiographs were reviewed for volar tilt, radial angulation, radial height, and ulnar variance.

Results:

Both groups were similar in gender, background illnesses, concomitant injuries, surgeon experience, and fracture radiographic classification. Postreduction values of volar tilt were better in the sedation group ( P = .03). Volar tilt and ulnar variance improved more in the sedation group ( P = .001). The sedation group spent more time in the ED ( P = .001).

Discussion:

Sedation seemed to be more efficient than hematoma block in supporting closed reduction of distal radius fractures in the ED. However, this method requires specialized personnel and more time spent in the ED.

Conclusion:

We suggest using this method when the patient is planned to continue with conservative treatment.
Immediate Nerve Transfer for Treatment of Peroneal Nerve Palsy Secondary to an Intraneural Ganglion: Case Report and Review
Authors: Ratanshi Imran , Clark Tod A. , Giuffre Jennifer L.
Published: May 2018

Intraneural ganglion cysts, which occur within the common peroneal nerve, are a rare cause of foot drop. The current standard of treatment for intraneural ganglion cysts involving the common peroneal nerve involves (1) cyst decompression and (2) ligation of the articular nerve branch to prevent recurrence. Nerve transfers are a time-dependent strategy for recovering ankle dorsiflexion in cases of high peroneal nerve palsy; however, this modality has not been performed for intraneural ganglion cysts involving the common peroneal nerve. We present a case of common peroneal nerve palsy secondary to an intraneural ganglion cyst occurring in a 74-year-old female. The patient presented with a 5-month history of pain in the right common peroneal nerve distribution and foot drop. The patient underwent simultaneous cyst decompression, articular nerve branch ligation, and nerve transfer of the motor branch to flexor hallucis longus to a motor branch of anterior tibialis muscle. At final follow-up, the patient demonstrated complete (M4+) return of ankle dorsiflexion, no pain, no evidence of recurrence and was able to bear weight without the need for orthotic support. Given the minimal donor site morbidity and recovery of ankle dorsiflexion, this report underscores the importance of considering early nerve transfers in cases of high peroneal neuropathy due to an intraneural ganglion cyst.
Antibiotic Irrigation of Pocket for Implant-Based Breast Augmentation to Prevent Capsular Contracture: A Systematic Review
Authors: Samargandi Osama A. , Joukhadar Nadim , Al Youha Sarah , Thoma Achilleas , Williams Jason
Published: May 2018

Background:

In vitro and in vivo studies have described a number of different antibiotic solutions for irrigation of the pocket in implant-based breast augmentation in an attempt to prevent the formation of capsular contracture (CC). Our objective was to evaluate the evidence that antibiotic irrigation reduced the rate of CC.

Methods:

A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL was conducted from inception to January 2016. We included studies which examined the use of intraoperative antibiotic irrigation in women undergoing primary breast augmentation. Our primary outcome was the rate of CC. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality using validated tools.

Results:

Seven studies were included in the final analysis: 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 6 non-randomized studies. The mean follow-up ranged from 14 to 72 months. The rate of CC was less than 2% in 8 studies, between 3% and 6% in 4 studies, and 13.9% in 1 study. Included studies demonstrated significant clinical and methodological heterogeneity. The solitary low-quality RCT concluded that antibiotic irrigation was superior to saline irrigation. Three non-randomized studies demonstrated no significant difference in the rate of CC with the use of antibiotics. One non-randomized controlled study showed that the use of mixture of antibiotic and povidone-iodine significantly lowered the rate of CC.

Conclusions:

The available evidence on the use of antibiotic irrigation to prevent CC is weak and it is based on studies with high risk of bias. Methodologically robust studies are necessary to answer the question whether antibiotic breast pocket irrigation prevents CC.
‘Who governs’ Berlin’s metropolitan region? The strategic-relational construction of metropolitan scale in Berlin–Brandenburg’s economic development policies
Authors: Gualini Enrico , Fricke Carola
Published: May 2018

‘Who governs’ Berlin’s metropolitan region—and how? The article addresses this question by inquiring into the way metropolitan space is being constituted in current economic development policies for Berlin–Brandenburg. It follows the hypothesis that no single-unitary understanding of metropolitan space exists in Berlin as expression of an explicit metropolitan project, but rather a heteronomy of policy practices which express diverse and possibly competing ‘implicit’ metropolitan issues and agendas. Accordingly, rescaling in the Berlin metropolitan region is not occurring in a comprehensive political–institutional form, as an ‘explicit project’. The more significant, however, is that rescaling is occurring—as an ‘implicit project’—through policy and governance practices which constitute a variety of understandings of metropolitan space. Metropolitan space appears therefore as an emerging construct defined by strategic-relational interplays between public and private actors and by the selective involvement of their interests and resources in the domain of specific spatial-economic development policies. Analyzing the construction of metropolitan space within specific policy arenas therefore offers a significant perspective on ‘who governs’ metropolitan development and on how this is possibly tied to the emergence of hegemonic understandings of scalar references for metropolitan policies.
Determinants of Household’s Choice of Fuel for Cooking in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Giri Maheshwar , Goswami Binoy
Published: May 2018

Using the Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data, this article identifies the determinants of household’s choice of energy for the purpose of cooking and verifies the energy ladder hypothesis (ELH). A multinomial logit model (MNL) is applied to fulfil this objective. It has been found that cleaner energy is more likely to be used in households where the head of the family has a higher level of education and a higher level of income, whereas larger households and households with higher proportion of dependent members, older person or female as head of the family and rural households are less likely to use cleaner energy. Households located in a place far from markets also do not choose cleaner energy. Further, the likelihood of using cleaner energy in the mountain and Terai regions is less than that in the hilly region. This article applies an ordered logit to the same set of data and confirms the robustness of the results. Suitable policy measures have been suggested to enable a transition towards cleaner sources of energy instead of inferior sources in Nepal.
Geologic characterization of a lower Cambrian marine shale: Implications for shale gas potential in northwestern Hunan, South China
Authors: Xiao Zhenghui , Liu Jisong , Tan Jingqiang , Yang Rongfeng , Hilton Jason , Zhou Ping , Wang Zhaohui , Cao Yunjiang
Published: May 2018

We have investigated the geologic features of the lower Cambrian-aged Niutitang Shale in the northwestern Hunan province of South China. Our results indicate that the Niutitang Shale has abundant and highly mature algal kerogen with total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging from 0.6% to 18.2%. The equivalent vitrinite reflectance (equal-Ro) value is between 2.5% and 4.3%. Mineral constituents are dominated by quartz and clay. The average quartz content (62.8%) is much higher than that of clay minerals (26.1%), and this suggests a high brittleness index. Organic-matter pores, interparticle pores, intraparticle pores, interlaminated fractures, and structural fractures are all well developed. The porosity ranges from 0.6% to 8.8%, with an average of 4.8%, whereas the permeability varies from 0.0018 to [Formula: see text] (microdarcy) (averaging [Formula: see text]). The porosity of TOC- and clay-rich shale samples is generally higher than that of quartz-rich shale samples. The gas adsorption capacity of the Niutitang Shale varies from 2.26 to [Formula: see text], with a mean value of [Formula: see text]. The TOC content appears to significantly influence gas adsorption capacity. In general, TOC-rich samples exhibit a much higher adsorption capacity than TOC-poor samples.
Porosity evolution mechanisms of marine shales at over-maturity stage: Insight from comparable analysis between Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian inside and at the margin of the Sichuan Basin, South China
Authors: Li Xin , Jiang Zhenxue , Song Yan , Zhai Gangyi , Bao Shujing , Li Zhuo , Tang Xianglu , Wang Pengfei , Li Tingwei , Wang Guozhen , Zhou Wen , Qiu Hengyuan , Miao Yanan
Published: May 2018

To figure out porosity evolution mechanisms of marine shales inside and at the margin of the Sichuan Basin, South China, we measured samples selected from Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales and Lower Silurian Longmaxi shales by a combination of X-ray diffraction, geochemistry measurement, focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy imaging, and [Formula: see text] adsorption. It was suggested that shales of the upper Qiongzhusi Formation (a marine shallow continental-shelf setting) and the Longmaxi Formation (a marine abyssal continental-shelf setting) possessed larger pore volumes and larger pore surface areas than those of the lower Qiongzhusi Formation (a marine abyssal continental-shelf setting). Pores, in terms of pores of mineral frameworks, pores associated with clay minerals, dissolved pores, and organic matter (OM)-hosted pores, were all observed in the upper Qiongzhusi Formation and Longmaxi Formation, whereas none of the four types of pores developed well in the bottom of the Qiongzhusi Formation. Moreover, migrated OM is superior to depositional OM in the contribution of the pore space, in terms of pore productivity and pore protection. Good sealing abilities of the upper Qiongzhusi Formation and Longmaxi Formation allow more migrated OM and gaseous hydrocarbon retention than the lower Qiongzhusi Formation with an unconformity beneath acting as a channel of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon migration, which bring about better pore properties. Finally, through the above analysis, the pore evolution mode has been established to gain insights for mechanisms of destruction, formation, and preservation of pores ranging from original sedimentary to metamorphic stage ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]). Mechanisms of pore destruction contain mechanical compaction, chemical cementation, and OM carbonation. Mechanisms of pore generation comprise thermal pyrolysis of OM, transformation of clay minerals, and dissolution of soluble minerals. Mechanisms of pore preservation include mechanical stability of rigid grains, chemical stability of hydrophobic OM, and gas supporting through overpressure.
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Versus Observation in Radically Treated Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized Phase III NVALT-11/DLCRG-02 Study
Authors: De Ruysscher Dirk , Dingemans Anne-Marie C. , Praag John , Belderbos Jose , Tissing-Tan Caroline , Herder Judith , Haitjema Tjeerd , Ubbels Fred , Lagerwaard Frank , El Sharouni Sherif Y. , Stigt Jos A. , Smit Egbert , van Tinteren Harm , van der Noort Vincent , Groen Harry J.M.
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) reduces the incidence of symptomatic brain metastases in patients with stage III non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with curative intention.

Patients and Methods

Patients with stage III NSCLC—staged with a contrast-enhanced brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging—were randomly assigned to either observation or PCI after concurrent/sequential chemoradiotherapy with or without surgery. The primary end point—development of symptomatic brain metastases at 24 months—was defined as one or a combination of key symptoms that suggest brain metastases—signs of increased intracranial pressure, headache, nausea and vomiting, cognitive or affective disturbances, seizures, and focal neurologic symptoms—and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography demonstrating the existence of brain metastasis. Adverse effects, survival, quality of life, quality-adjusted survival, and health care costs were secondary end points.

Results

Between 2009 and 2015, 175 patients were randomly assigned: 87 received PCI and 88 underwent observation only. Median follow-up was 48.5 months (95% CI, 39 to 54 months). Six (7.0%) of 86 patients in the PCI group and 24 (27.2%) of 88 patients in the control group had symptomatic brain metastases ( P = .001). PCI significantly increased the time to develop symptomatic brain metastases (hazard ratio, 0.23; [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.56]; P = .0012). Median time to develop brain metastases was not reached in either arm. Overall survival was not significantly different between both arms. Grade 1 and 2 memory impairment (26 of 86 v seven of 88 patients) and cognitive disturbance (16 of 86 v three of 88 patients) were significantly increased in the PCI arm. Quality of life was only decreased 3 months post-PCI and was similar to the observation arm thereafter.

Conclusion

PCI significantly decreased the proportion of patients who developed symptomatic brain metastases with an increase of low-grade toxicity.
Should We Treat Data as Labor? Moving Beyond “Free”
Authors: Arrieta-Ibarra Imanol , Goff Leonard , Jiménez-Hernández Diego , Lanier Jaron , Weyl E. Glen
Published: May 2018

In the digital economy, user data is typically treated as capital created by corporations observing willing individuals. This neglects users' roles in creating data, reducing incentives for users, distributing the gains from the data economy unequally, and stoking fears of automation. Instead, treating data (at least partially) as labor could help resolve these issues and restore a functioning market for user contributions, but may run against the near-term interests of dominant data monopsonists who have benefited from data being treated as “free.” Countervailing power, in the form of competition, a data labor movement, and/or thoughtful regulation could help restore balance.
A Method to Link Advances in Artificial Intelligence to Occupational Abilities
Authors: Felten Edward W. , Raj Manav , Seamans Robert
Published: May 2018

Prior episodes of automation have led to economic growth and also to many changes in the workplace. We expect the same from artificial intelligence (AI). The link between AI and labor is complex, however. To assist researcher and policymakers, we provide a method that links advances in AI to occupational abilities, and then aggregates from these abilities to the occupation level. We demonstrate the method by estimating which occupational descriptions have changed the most due to advances in AI between 2010 and 2015, and check our estimates using the Bureau of Labor Statistics scheduled update to occupational descriptions in 2016.
Disability Saliency and Discrimination in Hiring
Authors: Armour Phillip , Button Patrick , Hollands Simon
Published: May 2018

Theory suggests that disability discrimination protections may adversely affect the hiring of individuals with disabilities by making them more expensive. Using SIPP data, we explore how the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which expanded disability discrimination protections, affected the relative hiring rate of individuals with disabilities. We employ new categorizations of disability type: salient physical conditions, non-salient physical conditions, mental retardation and developmental disability, and other mental conditions. We find that the ADAAA had no effect other than increasing hiring for those with non-salient physical conditions. These results suggest that condition saliency may mediate the effects of discrimination protections on hiring.
The Effect of the Disability Insurance Application Decision on the Employment of Denied Applicants
Authors: Khan Mashfiqur R.
Published: May 2018

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) affects the labor supply of applicants through its work discouragement and through human capital deterioration regardless of the ultimate acceptance or denial of the claim. In this paper, I provide an estimate of the causal effect of SSDI application on denied applicants using non-applicants as a comparison group. Exploiting instrumental variable approach, I find that the SSDI causes a 36 percentage point reduction in employment of the denied applicants of ages 50 to 58 in the short run. The loss of potential employment of the denied SSDI applicants is a welfare loss to the society.
The Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth
Authors: Alvaredo Facundo , Chancel Lucas , Piketty Thomas , Saez Emmanuel , Zucman Gabriel
Published: May 2018

We present new evidence on global inequality and growth since 1980 using the World and Wealth Income Database. We plot the curve of cumulated growth from 1980 to 2016 by percentile of the global distribution of income per adult. This curve has an elephant shape due to high growth rates at the median (fast growth in China and India), modest growth rates above the median, and explosive growth rates at the top. We project the evolution of global inequality between now and 2050 combining projected macro growth rates and within country inequality evolution based on past trends.
Unequal Rewards to Firms: Stock Market Responses to the Trump Election and the 2017 Corporate Tax Reform
Authors: Wagner Alexander F. , Zeckhauser Richard J. , Ziegler Alexandre
Published: May 2018

Massive dollars shuttled back and forth among firms on the twisted path to and passage of the 2017 tax reform. Prices of individual stocks responded to the difference between initial and revised expectations. From the bill's initiation in the House to final passage, high-tax firms gained significantly, given the dramatic cut from 35 percent to 21 percent in the corporate tax rate. Internationally-oriented firms suffered notably, since investors assessed that the surprisingly high repatriation tax outweighed the benefits from territorial taxation. Daily price movements show that the aggregate market responded positively to lower expected taxes.
The Price of Labor: Evaluating the Impact of Eliminating User Fees on Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes
Authors: Fitzpatrick Anne
Published: May 2018

Since 2001, several sub-Saharan African countries have eliminated user fees for childbirth. Although intended to improve maternal and infant health outcomes, service quality also fell as facilities became overburdened. In this paper I combine DHS surveys on births from countries eliminating user fees. I identify the effect of user fee elimination using (i) a maternal fixed effect and (ii) an event study within a small geographic area. I find that user fees increase the likelihood of delivery at public sector facilities by 2-7 percentage points. I also find that user fee elimination reduces maternal mortality but may increase neonatal mortality.
Short-Term Impacts of a Pay-it-Forward Livestock Transfer and Training Program in Nepal
Authors: Janzen Sarah A. , Magnan Nicholas P. , Sharma Sudhindra , Thompson William M.
Published: May 2018

This study evaluates the short-term impacts of a livestock transfer and training program in Nepal using an RCT with three treatments to capture differential effects of program components. We also evaluate a unique “pay it forward” program rule where recipients are encouraged to share newly acquired knowledge and accumulated wealth to other households in need. After 1.5 years, financial inclusion increases by 0.3 standard deviations and empowerment increases by 0.2 standard deviations among direct beneficiaries. “Pay it forward” impacts are of approximately the same magnitude as direct beneficiaries in the treatments that include encouragement to “pay it forward.”
Cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome components: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo City, Venezuela
Authors: Bermudez Valmore , Olivar Luis Carlos , Torres Wheeler , Navarro Carla , Gonzalez Robys , Espinoza Cristobal , Morocho Alicia , Mindiola Andres , Chacin Maricarmen , Arias Victor , Añez Roberto , Salazar Juan , Riaño-Garzon Manuel , Diaz-Camargo Edgar , Bautista Maria Judith , Rojas Joselyn
Published: May 2018

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that cigarette smoking can cause the onset of metabolic syndrome prior to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking habit and metabolic syndrome components in an adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela.

Methods: The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. In this sub-study, 2212 adults from both genders were selected. On the basis of their medical background, they were classified as smokers, non-smokers and former smokers. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Harmonizing 2009 criteria, using population-specific abdominal circumference cut-off points. The association between risk factors was evaluated using a logistic regression model.

Results: In the studied population, 14.8% were smokers, 15.4% were former smokers. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of metabolic syndrome (smokers: OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11–2.14; p=0.010) and its components were related to cigarette smoking, with the exception of hyperglycemia. High blood pressure was inversely associated with current smoking status (smokers: OR, 0.70 (0.51–0.95); p=0.025).

Conclusion: Cigarette smoking represents a related factor with metabolic syndrome, being associated with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, increased abdominal circumference and elevated triacylglyceride levels. Former smokers did not present a greater risk for developing this metabolic disease when compared to non-smokers. The effect of avoiding this habit should be evaluated in future studies in our population.
Transformation of Social and Labor Relations in Entrepreneurship
Authors: Вашаломидзе Е. , Vashalomidze E. , Анохин С. , Anokhin S.
Published: May 2018

The article shows some problems of social and labour relations in entrepreneurship on the example of the payment of entrepreneurial labor in connection with the lack of the necessary methodological support of calculations of the complexity of this work. At that time according to article 132 “Remuneration of labor” of the Labor code of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001 No. 197-FZ (in edition as of October 1, 2016) the salary of each worker depends on his qualification, complexity of the performed work, quantity and quality of the spent work and the maximum size is not limited. At the same time, any discrimination in setting and changing the conditions of remuneration is prohibited. This requirement of labour law should be respected with regard to the wages of employees of enterprises and organizations in any sphere and sector of the economy, including the economy of entrepreneurship, in view of employees engaged in entrepreneurial work. At the same time, entrepreneurial work has its own unique specificity, but in practice these specific wage conditions are not taken into account. Involuntarily, there is discrimination of entrepreneurial labor in the field of wages due to the lack of necessary methodological recommendations to address this problem. First of all, there is a lack of methodological approaches to determine the complexity of entrepreneurial labor, taking into account such important fundamental signs of its complexity as uncertainty, risks and competition.
TRIÂNGULOS: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA UTILIZANDO A TEORIA DE VAN HIELE
Authors: Fonseca Jussara Aparecida da , Leivas José Carlos Pinto
Published: May 2018

Este artigo apresenta a análise e a discussão de uma investigação desenvolvida com alunos do segundo semestre do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática de um Instituto Federal do sul do Brasil. Foi abordado o tema triângulos (reconhecimento, definição e classificação), tendo como objetivo examinar de que forma alunos ingressantes nesse curso identificam, definem e classificam triângulos. As atividades foram elaboradas e propostas com base no modelo de Van Hiele, especificamente se embasaram nos seus dois primeiros níveis: reconhecimento (ou visualização) e análise. Para a aplicação, seguiram-se fases de desenvolvimento: questionamento ou informação, orientação direta, explicitação, orientação livre e integração. Ao final do trabalho, concluiu-se que a maioria dos sujeitos participantes está em processo de transição do nível 1 para o nível 2, indicando a necessidade de mudanças no processo de ensino de Geometria na Educação Básica, de modo a possibilitar um efetivo desenvolvimento do pensamento geométrico, uma vez que se espera estarem nesse nível na referida etapa da escolaridade.
A FESTA COMO POSSIBILIDADE DE DISPUTA DE TERRITÓRIO
Authors: Sanfilippo Lucio Bernard
Published: May 2018

O presente artigo pretende apontar caminhos para a discussão da festa e suas potências.  Percorre os caminhos de transbordamento das ideias da pesquisa de mestrado para o doutorado do autor, discutindo as possibilidades das festas, não só como espaços e tempos de confraternização e celebração, mas de disputa da cidade.  Aponta também as tessituras de redes educativas e processos culturais envolvidas na produção das festas, bem como assume o corpo como território de produção de conhecimentos, força e liberdade.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO MOTOR DE CRIANÇAS E JOVENS COM TRANSTORNOS DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA
Authors: Da Cruz Matheus Ramos , Praxedes Jomilto
Published: May 2018

O estudo objetivou identificar as estratégias utilizadas com uso da educação física e suas possíveis contribuições para o aprimoramento motor de crianças e jovens com TEA. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica com artigos e dissertações completos publicados entre o período de 2000 a 2016 nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Pepsic, Lilacs e Latindex. Os artigos indicaram a utilização de jogos, práticas esportivas, atividades aquáticas, gincanas, exercícios de fortalecimento muscular, de equilíbrio e psicomotricidade, práticas motoras com trampolins e atividades ao ar livre. As intervenções demonstraram diminuição de  estereotipias, aumento do repertório motor, desenvolvimento da coordenação motora, do equilíbrio, da agilidade e do controle postural, e melhorias em aspectos sociais e comunicativos. Conclui-se que a educação física pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento motor de crianças e jovens com TEA por meio de um programa de exercícios especificamente elaborado. [R1]Seria bom colocar o significado da sigla que aparece pela primeira vez no texto, pois nem todos os leitores dominam a área.
CRÉDITOS
Authors: E-Mosaicos Revista
Published: May 2018

Revista e-Mosaicos
‘Knowing where I am’: self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetes
Authors: Meetoo Danny , Wong Louise , Fatani Tughreed
Published: May 2018

Although the prevalence of all types of chronic conditions is increasing, diabetes is one of the few long-term metabolic disorders that individuals can successfully manage, monitor and control on a day-to-day basis. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is considered an essential component of diabetes self-care management. When used appropriately, SMBG can help to identify factors associated with hyper- and hypoglycaemia, facilitate learning, and empower people with diabetes to make changes to improve their glycaemic control. SMBG can be a useful tool for healthcare providers, who can teach individuals to monitor glucose at specific times to assess the effectiveness of medications and guide medication management. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether, as is the case with type 1 diabetes, all people with type 2 diabetes should also be given the opportunity to learn about the value of, and skills required to, monitor blood glucose as appropriate to their specific needs.
Nurses' perspectives on pharmacology: why, what and at which point of the curricula should education be delivered?
Authors: Khan Ehsan U , Hood Pauline A
Published: May 2018

Aims and objectives:

the study aimed to capture the views of nursing students and qualified nurses about pharmacology education and at which point the subject should be taught.

Background:

drug errors are common in clinical practice. However, the presence of pharmacology education in nursing curricula varies, with few higher education institutes focusing on the topic in pre-registration years.

Design:

a cross-sectional survey was carried out with 46 pre-registration, 18 post-qualification and 15 post-qualification nurse prescribing course students.

Results:

most agreed that pharmacology education was crucial for practice. Post-qualification participants ranked the topics of ethics and law as applied to pharmacology higher than pre-registration students. Qualified nurses ranked the topic of pharmacokinetics statistically higher than pre-registration students. Equal numbers of qualified participants favoured having pharmacology education as part of pre- and post-qualification programmes, either as a discrete module or incorporated in core modules. Pre-registration participants thought pharmacology education should be integrated throughout the programme. Most participants thought it should be taught face to face in the classroom.

Conclusion:

pharmacology education is valued by all nurses. Respondents mostly favoured a gradual integration of the subject in a programme of study, face to face.
Approaches to leadership and managing change in the NHS
Authors: Lumbers Melanie
Published: May 2018

The NHS is continually changing as research evidence leads to new practices and technology transforms the workplace. Resistance to some changes may occur because of staff fears about adapting to and coping with new methods. This is where change models and leadership are important. This article discusses changes taking place in the NHS, and some theoretical models of change. Leadership styles are also discussed, including those most useful for the nurse to use when leading a team and implementing change.