bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recusatio from Both Directions
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: January 2022

Tony Harrison has been widely regarded as an interventionist poet and playwright in the sense that his work holds up a critical lens to modernity, brutally revealing the injustices and oppressions perpetrated by rulers, imperialists, and warmongers. The use of Greek and Roman material as means of exposing and challenging dominant political and cultural practices has been a central aspect of his project. This key feature of Harrison’s work also draws attention to the ironies in Harrison’s own situation. It was the privileged education he received, including being one of the last generation of writers to be schooled in the languages and histories of antiquity, plus his subsequent assimilation into the intelligentsia of creative practitioners, which put him in a position to become such an effective gadfly and to adapt a whole range of literary and theatrical forms and traditions for the purposes of political and social consciousness-raising. This chapter uses Harrison’s recusatio of modern politics and culture as a launching pad for examination of the reverse side of the coin. In using Greek and Roman texts, mythological narratives and figures, and poetic and theatrical forms and conventions in radical contexts, Harrison is involved in creative code-switching, that is, he recasts ideas and narratives in linguistic registers, idioms, and situations that enable modern readers and spectators to become part of the windows he opens on both ancient and modern.
Insights from the Tony Harrison Archive
Authors: Hodkinson Owen
Published: January 2022

The Tony Harrison archive in Special Collections at the Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, is a vast and rich resource whose surface scholarship has only scratched. Classical Reception Studies scholars can view in action some processes of Harrison’s reception of ancient texts, in translations and new works of reception alike. The chapter describes the collection and explores its significance for Reception Studies before focusing on a dominant aspect of the notebooks for Harrison’s Oresteia: the theme of ‘sex wars’. This is one of several lenses through which the poet–translator interrogates the Aeschylean text, and which he amplifies throughout his processes of reception and translation. The chapter concludes with two contrasting observations from the archives of The Labourers of Herakles: first an example of the esoterica that Harrison, the classicist, earlier incorporated in his preparatory research (but not the finished play), which might have made Labourers even more exclusive for a non-classicist audience; then one of Harrison not privileging classical, ‘Western’ culture over other traditions, but using Greek and Roman classical myths as an intervention to critique the receiving culture for its complicity in contemporary destructions of Islamic culture. The archive affords insights into all aspects of the reception processes involved (translation, adaptation, hybridization of material from classical and non-classical sources, and others), not only by containing multiple, successive drafts but also by preserving Harrison’s multiple dialogues with the same ancient text as reader, annotator, scholar, and researcher.
Introduction
Authors: Kornberger Martin
Published: January 2022

The introduction sets out the motivation for the book and explains the main themes that will be discussed. It uses concrete examples from previous crises to illustrate the significance of distributed and collective action. The introduction also explains the philosophical approach of the book.
Grassroot Explanations
Authors: Kornberger Martin
Published: January 2022

This chapter engages with grassroot explanations of collective action. Much of it is devoted to theories of social movements and their intellectual fabric. The chapter critically discusses the relation between movements and collective action.
Enter the Diplomat
Authors: Kornberger Martin
Published: January 2022

This chapter asks the question: What is the task of leadership in distributed and collective action? Using the figure of thought of the diplomat, the chapter suggests that leading means exercising soft power, mediating between actors that do not share identities or interests. The auxiliary concepts of translation and tact explore diplomacy as leadership and decision-making in the context of distributed agency.
Unleashed
Authors: Obeng-Odoom Franklin
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides the background and context for the whole book, while it also offers the questions, methodology, and methods based on which the book makes its key arguments and how they are demonstrated in the rest of the book. Migration is the new normal in the world. Almost one in every eight people in the world today is a migrant. Of this population, constituted by people born in areas other than those where they are now located, only about 27% are international migrants. Despite this prevalence of internal migration, it is international migration that gains most attention and traction. International migration has not simply increased in the twenty-first century; it has soared, and the numbers of migrants are expected to increase further, which makes the migration question ever more pressing. In this chapter, the arguments in the book—based on novel methodologies and methods—are stated, with a commentary on how they develop in the rest of the book.
The ‘Analysis’ of Aristotle’s Analytics
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

‘Analytica’ is one of the few titles in Aristotle’s works that the author himself used. It is not clear what kind of analysis Aristotle had in mind, but it is usually thought that the title refers to the section at the end of Prior Analytics I (chapters 32–46) where he discusses ways of putting ordinary language arguments into the form of syllogistic moods. However, that section consists mainly in the discussion of recalcitrant examples and is not very successful. It may be more plausible to think that the title refers to the analysis of propositions into terms and their quantitative relations that replaced the classification of propositions according to the ‘predicables’ in the Topics.
Aristotle’s Ethics as Political Science
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

Aristotle sees his Ethics as a part of political science—the part that sets out an account of the best human life, and so the goal at which a good ruler would aim for all of his citizens. This chapter argues that the practical reasoning of virtuous agents will be guided by the rules of what Aristotle calls (in EN V 1) justice in the sense of obedience to law, and also describes as complete virtue in relation to others. Those rules should be found in the laws of a well-ordered community, and hence readers of the Ethics will be expected to read the Politics as well.
Scepticism as a Kind of Philosophy
Authors: Striker Gisela
Published: January 2022

An examination of Sextus Empiricus’ claim that Pyrrhonist Scepticism is a kind of philosophy different from both positive and negative dogmatism. What Sextus describes in the first book of Outlines of Scepticism as the Pyrrhonist way of life is not a different kind of philosophy, but a way of using reasoning and argument not only to undermine philosophy itself, but even any kind of judgement based on reasons. The label ‘investigators’ does seem to apply to the Academic Sceptics, but theirs is not a different kind of philosophy; it is simply an undogmatic version that abandons claims to certainty.
Art
Authors: Pasqualetti Martin J.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 argues that energy in all its forms and phases finds expression in the wide spectrum of media, traditional to electronic, because energy is woven into everything we do. It aims to increase the appreciation of how artistic expression reflects the vital roles of energy in human lives. It evaluates the changing forms of artistic expression over the past 150 years while recording the human costs of energy provision. The chapter traces artistic representations of shifting energy dependencies over time as it illustrates the emotional insinuations of each form of artistic expression of energy. It artistically conveys the role of energy in our lives by contrasting them with depictions of the lives of residents in a country with low per-capita energy use. Looking at energy through an artistic lens illustrates how consistently energy has run in and out of our lives since the Industrial Revolution and before.
Climate
Authors: Pasqualetti Martin J.
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 considers climate change as an existential threat. It summarizes the impacts of climate change on people now living as it evaluates arguments for and against its human-caused origins. It differentiates between the likely environmental and human costs of global climate change, and it identifies the multiple sources of greenhouse gases by sector and type. It compares the varying potency of different greenhouse gases by volume and by global warming potential. At the same time, it recognizes the imbalances created in natural systems and the adjustments that will be necessary to reestablish preexisting balances. It considers various measures required to reduce global greenhouse gases. Carbon footprints are identified, as are the personal adjustments that can be implemented to shrink them.
Drawing Lines
Authors: Jarman Francis
Published: January 2022

This chapter maps out the territory that is covered in the book, and in particular the difficult balance that needs to be found between (potentially irresponsible) freedom and (potentially oppressive) control. After a survey, of censorship in the past, with examples taken from different epochs and cultures, the chapter considers what options are open to writers or intellectuals who find themselves stifled by repression, but then raises the question of whether artistic freedom must necessarily be an absolute. It analyses the so-called “five defences” of art advanced by Anthony Julius (2002), before trying to bring the two extreme positions (freedom on the one hand, control on the other) closer together by approaching “artistic freedom” from a slightly different standpoint.
Freedom of Suppression
Authors: Werner Christoph
Published: January 2022

This chapter retells what it was like to live under repression in communist East Germany. This account would be very funny if it weren’t also bitterly sad. The chapter talks about how during his teaching career the author received a visit by the police. He was also spied on by informants working for the secret police, and was told what could and couldn’t be read. He was also bullied by school inspectors, and “betrayed” by pupils. The chapter describes the intimate relationship between the Communist Party and the media. The repression that the people of East Germany suffered was remorseless, yet it was also stupid and inflexible, so that when the crisis of the regime finally came, its leaders initiated their own downfall.
Free Expression, Censorship, and Information Literacy on the Internet
Authors: Griesbaum Joachim
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses what is probably the trickiest problem of freedom and control in the modern world: that of the internet. If the current anarchic freedom on the internet is not to become a trap, great improvements in information literacy will need to be made. With a focus on search engines and on the social media, the chapter discusses questions of control and freedom of internet services, arguing that there is probably not always a clear-cut choice between freedom, free expression and regulation, including censorship, on the internet. In addition to the political, economic and technical aspects of the internet, user behaviour is also a subject of discussion. This is of particular interest, as one can often observe inappropriate or dysfunctional, and sometimes even outright evil, usage patterns within these services.
A Failed Dream
Authors: Dasgupta Sanjukta
Published: January 2022

This chapter contains a poem by Sanjukta Dasguta. The poem ironically references a famous poem in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore to warn of the bitter crisis into which the country might now be plunging. Where Tagore has fearlessness, truth and freedom, Dasgupta has fear, untruth and oppression.
Two Poems
Authors: Kashyap Aruni
Published: January 2022

This chapter contains a poem by assamese poet Aruni Kashyap. Kashyap’s work is a reminder of the many who are exposed to violence and injustice, and whose voices are seldom heard.
The Spark in Their Words
Authors: Hariharan Githa
Published: January 2022

This chapter draws a connection between two inspirational Lingayats. The first is the poet and reformer Basava, almost 900 years ago, who criticised the static and exploitative temple culture of his time, who offered the challenge that all men were equal, and women equal to men, and whose opposition to caste oppression was practical as well as theoretical; sadly, his legacy has been appropriated by conservative elements supportive of the new right wing in India. The second is the academic, writer and Basava-expert M. M. Kalburgi, an outspoken critic of contemporary religious, cultural and political practice who was gunned down in 2015 at his own front-door by thugs who sped away on a motorcycle. The words of both men, she writes, “are sparks that will not die”.
A Petition to the Minister
Authors: David Hilda , Jarman Francis
Published: January 2022

This chapter contains the text of a petition, sent to the Minister for Information and Broadcasting in June 2017, and signed by 160 Indian filmmakers, actors, sound recordists, authors, journalists, curators, academics and others actively involved in the Indian film industry, to protest at the denial of screening permission for a number of films.
Five Plays and This City
Authors: Ramanathan Ramu
Published: January 2022

This chapter includes the text of a lecture by the playwright Ramu Ramathan in which it shows how Mumbai, the city that he both loves and hates, is woven into his plays. In this lecture, he considers the interaction of creative practitioners and performers, their audiences and their environment, and the authorities. He tells us why it is that playwrights write, why he loves the theatre, and why he loves the theatre in Mumbai (“Mumbai is a living museum of words”). He gives us kaleidoscopic insights into the history of the city, and especially into the story of theatre in Mumbai. The five plays that he introduces or discusses are Sky View – Plot Number Two, Jazz, 3 Sakina Manzil, Cotton 56 Polyester 84 and Shakespeare and She.
Rules for Participation
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: January 2022

Interactivity is secured for object-based works when artists sanction rules for participation, allowing audience members to engage with or co-construct the display. Rules for participation can take many forms: they may involve invitations or requirements to engage in activities ranging from free play to very specific behaviors. Artworks involving rules for participation create unique experiences, since these rules engage our embodied agency and press us to decide whether and how we will comply with requirements or take up invitations. The advent of rules for participation affects even works that do not involve such rules: it creates an ethos where audiences may feel empowered to participate even when it is not permitted. Uninvited participation can be playful or destructive, and artists like Kara Walker use it to explore societal dynamics of power and oppression.
What Are Artworks Made Of?
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: January 2022

Much of the creative activity of contemporary artists consists in sanctioning rules, which determine the nature of displays and contribute to the work’s meanings. We should conclude that rules are in fact partly (in some cases wholly) constitutive of the work. Many artworks are hybrids of rules and material objects, and ontologically are historical individuals that are susceptible of having occurrences, namely displays of the work. Both the rules and the material components of the work can change; if this change occurs through the right processes it does not threaten the work’s identity or persistence. Rules are ontologically dependent on concrete entities, such as documents and memories, which record their existence and nature. The discussion is illustrated through an extended example of conservator Sanneke Stigter’s work with the artist Jan Dibbets to secure his rule-based 1969 work All shadows… for a museum collection decades after its inception.
Rules? Really?
Authors: Irvin Sherri
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarizes the affirmative case for thinking that contemporary artworks are partly constituted of custom rules that help to determine their meanings. It responds to several skeptical worries: that artworks made from rules will be of poor quality, that rules are relevant for institutions but not for audiences, that given the frequency of rule violation the rules may not exist at all, and that the involvement of others in articulating and reconstructing the rules undermines the artist’s status as creator of the work. Finally, it discusses the relevance of custom rules even to artworks that do not deploy them.
Hermes Trismegistus
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Some interpret pictograms as a transition from pictures to writing. This understates the difference between analog and digital coding of absences. Archaeologists say writing arose from a clerical need to describe the contents of sealed containers. This need includes empty containers. Larger inventories would use a metaphorical container. When one considers the universe as a container, one is in a position to ask, “Why is there something rather than nothing?” The antiquity and sophistication of Egyptian civilization encourages many to infer they had philosophers who asked such philosophical questions. But there were none. Historians fill the hole with a nonexistent philosopher. The most resilient plug is Hermes Trismegistus. Hermes has survived several debunkings and is popular in current New Age philosophy.
Buddha
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Buddha claims membership among the nonexistent philosophers. For he denies that any composite objects exist. There are only atoms that are dreamed up as parts of larger entities such as constellations. You are a nightmare in a realm of runaway make-believe. Once you recognize your self as an illusion, worries about your future nonexistence wane. Your nonexistence is already here! Buddha sees the denial of self as ethically illuminating because it breaks down barriers between people. All suffering is equally bad. The waning of woe takes precedence over the scholarly pursuit of truth.
Maimonides
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Theists, under the influence of Plato’s Myth of the Sun, regarded God as most knowable. The Jewish philosopher Maimonides turns this theology upside down. God is the least knowable. The only truths about God are negative. The most appropriate response is learned silence.
Schopenhauer
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: January 2022

Schopenhauer inverts Leibniz’s optimism. Instead of the actual world being the best of all possible worlds, it is the worst of all possible worlds. Instead of evil being the absence of good, good is the absence of evil. Instead of the world being perfectly planned, no one is in charge. A stupid Will to Life pits all against all. Religion and eventually metaphysics arise to rationalize our suffering. None of this succeeds. However, the ancient philosophers of India correctly diagnose desire as the source of suffering. Hindu sages and Buddha identify a few paths toward the mitigation. Schopenhauer finds some refuge in aesthetic detachment and lowered expectations. Even these intelligent adjustments fail to make life worth living. Each of us would be better off had we never existed.
Conducting
Authors: Morrison Steven J. , Silvey Brian A.
Published: January 2022

Conductors communicate musical information visually through gesture, facial expression, and eye contact. The extent to which a conductor demonstrates these nonverbal skills influences how performers respond and how listeners perceive musical performances. Expressive conductors are not only preferred over conductors who appear unexpressive, but the performances of their ensembles are perceived as more expressive. Auditory and visual information associated with a conducted performance appears to be integrated into a coherent and complex musical experience. Expert conducting skills are characterized by high levels of variability among movements and gestures, both within individual conductors and across different conductors. There is no direct relationship between specific visual information and specific performance outcomes, and findings suggest no link between conductors’ overall expressivity and the quality of ensemble performances. Conductors play an important role in organizing, shaping, and synchronizing the performances they conduct, but are not alone in these responsibilities; both temporal and expressive information are communicated throughout the ensemble. Although the task of conducting falls to a single individual, conducting is a multifaceted and interactive endeavor that encompasses multiple relationships. In this chapter, we explore the intersections between the conductor and the ensemble, and that between the audience and the conductor/ensemble entity.
Performance Practices for Baroque and Classical Repertoire
Authors: Fabian Dorottya
Published: January 2022

The chapter provides a summary of key issues pertaining to performing music from the Baroque and Classical periods. It describes the prevalent aesthetics of the period that expected the performer to be a skilled orator and perform in a rhetorical, detailed style as if delivering a clearly structured, affective speech. It then details differences between period and modern instruments and how these impact on playing techniques, such as fingering, bowing, and tonguing, as well as articulation, projection of rhythm and meter, dynamics, ornamentation, and rubato. Consideration is given to how these performance techniques create a nuanced and closely detailed style of playing, in service of eighteenth-century aesthetics. This leads to a brief overview of how the performance of eighteenth-century music has evolved from the early nineteenth century to current times. The discussions are underpinned by the fundamental questions of why such knowledge is useful to contemporary musicians and how it may assist the creative reimagination of familiar pieces. These are further explored in the closing section on practical implications with examples from Bach, Haydn, and Mozart to illustrate the process of questioning normative performing traditions and understanding eighteenth-century scores according to their historical conventions.
Performance Practices for Romantic and Modern Repertoire
Authors: Da Costa Neal Peres
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines performance practices in the long nineteenth century roughly spanning 1800–1950, the Romantic and Modern eras. It is structured in three parts. The first explores important concepts about performance traditions and performance practices in the era including: the meaning of music notation and notational divergences; artistic agency; concepts of “correct” and “beautiful” performance; modernist aesthetics; instructive editions; text-literal performance; and the importance of early sound recordings. The second part introduces key performance practices pertinent to singing and/or instrumental performance, drawing on a rich tapestry of written and recorded evidence. This includes legato, slurs, articulation, dynamics, accents, vibrato, portamento, bowing, asynchrony, arpeggiation, rhythmic alteration and nuance, tempo modification, ornaments and ornamentation, vocal, instrumental and ensemble practices, vocal and instrumental sounds, pitch, temperament, and performing spaces. The third part provides case studies demonstrating the author’s utilization of this information, expanding the palette of expressive means available in performance, and producing novel interpretations of canonical repertoire. The section references various commercial recordings that allow the reader to hear how the applied expressive practices sound in terms of frequency and quality (timing, dynamics, lightness, heaviness, flexibility of rhythm and tempo).
Synesthesia and Music Performance
Authors: Glasser Solange
Published: January 2022

Abstract: Synesthesia is a rare neurological condition that occurs more frequently in populations of artistic professionals, with many well-known examples in music. For musicians with synesthesia, their musical journey and development are shaped by the way they connect music and sounds with color, shape, taste, or any other perceptual modality. This chapter therefore attempts to provide information on the impact of synesthesia on music performance by describing musicians’ lived experiences and highlighting the multiplicity of experiences and behavioral outcomes of this group of artists. Six key features are reviewed: preference for specific musical styles, choice of repertoire or music listening, compositional choices, choice of instrument or instrumentation, musical interpretation, and instrumental technique. By studying the impact of synesthesia on various aspects of music performance and describing the lived-world experiences of a unique section of the musical population, the chapter provides both synesthete and non-synesthete musicians with insights into this condition and the range of perceptual responses to music that musicians experience, and what synesthesia may reveal about musical development more generally.
Practice
Authors: Miksza Peter
Published: January 2022

Engaging in extended periods of isolated practice is a rite of passage for nearly all musicians seeking performance expertise. Although there is variation across individuals, it is understood that acquiring and refining music performance skills requires devoting an enormous amount of time and energy to practice. Advances in performance science have shown that the efficient acquisition of music performance expertise requires a disciplined learning approach that involves a focused application of strategies that maximize human learning potentials. Musicians cannot afford to be ill-informed when it comes to practice. Meandering and wandering through learning via trial and error can lead to plateaus in achievement as well as emotional and/or motivational burnout. Haphazard approaches to practice can result in the internalization of improper techniques, poor habits, and performance errors. Having to work to overcome such challenges can consume tremendous amounts of energy and force learners to spend time on remediating their technique or relearning skills rather than advancing in ability. The purposes of this chapter are to describe theoretical frameworks that are particularly useful for characterizing how practice and human learning potential are intertwined and to present several strategies and techniques that researchers have identified as effective methods for skill acquisition.
Film and Meaning
Authors: Oatley Keith
Published: January 2022

Most films are narrative stories about intentions and the vicissitudes they meet. Two themes of this chapter concern the emotions of people who read or watch these stories, and the psychological principle of projection. Empirically, it has been found that engagement with fictional stories, especially when they are artistic, enables people to increase their emotion-based empathy and their understanding of others. Two kinds of story occur frequently in films: stories of love and of angry conflict. Films have their own language, some elements of which must be learned. In plays and films one projects aspects of what one knows onto circumstances on stage or screen. One play and seven films are discussed to explore themes of emotion and projection, and how these relate to happiness and societal well-being.
The Contribution of the Arts to Flourishing and Health
Authors: Gordon-Nesbitt Rebecca , Howarth Alan
Published: January 2022

Between 2015 and 2017 in the United Kingdom, the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Arts, Health and Wellbeing explored the health and well-being impact of participating in creative activity and attending cultural events. This yielded a substantial report, Creative Health: The Arts for Health and Wellbeing, which was launched in the UK Parliament in July 2017. Acknowledging a reciprocal relationship between health and well-being, Creative Health makes the case that engagement with the arts aids human flourishing and relieves pressure on health services. This chapter revisits some of the evidence referenced in Creative Health to consider more closely the relationship between arts engagement, flourishing, and health. It takes as its starting point a conceptual model of the role of the arts in flourishing, proposed by the editors of this volume, which prompts consideration of immersion, embeddedness, socialization, and reflectiveness. This enables the relationship between arts engagement, flourishing, and health to be better elucidated.
Holocaust and Humanity: Depicting Realities While Creating Pathways for Future Upstanders, Strengths Use, and Flourishing
Authors: Jacobs Edward , Berenbaum Michael , Niemiec Ryan M.
Published: January 2022

The Holocaust has become recognized as a defining event of the twentieth century, with vast implications for the understanding of humanity and the inner workings of government and technology, religion, and culture. The event offers significant insight into the capacity of “ordinary” individuals and groups in the commission of radical evil. It also offers insight into humanity, the insistency of altruistic good, resilience, and the expression of character strengths, especially by way of individuals who behaved not as bystanders but as “upstanders,” taking action despite danger, expressing their courage and moral conviction against perpetrators and their collaborators by helping the victims, and choosing to act in a humane manner. This chapter offers an exemplary case of the creation of a first-ever Holocaust and Humanity Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, and documents the task, challenges, and unique design of the entire exhibition.
How to Encourage People to Engage with the Arts and Humanities: Suggestions from Self-Efficacy Theory and Research
Authors: Maddux James E. , Kleiman Evan M.
Published: January 2022

Engaging with the arts and humanities (in all their myriad forms) can add a richness to life that can enhance the quality of life and subjective well-being. Too many people, however, often avoid such engagement because they do not believe that they have sufficient knowledge and experience to enjoy and appreciate some of the finer things in life, such as classical music art, literature, theatre, and dance. Self-efficacy theory and research can offer some practical suggestions for how to encourage people to experiment with the arts and humanities, not only as observers and consumers, but also as students and producers of their own work.
Love and Other Positive Emotions in Contemporary Visual and Social Practice Art
Authors: Schneider Claire , Fredrickson Barbara L.
Published: January 2022

This chapter integrates theory and evidence on the science of positive emotions with recent examples of contemporary visual and social practice art that touch on resonant themes. Focus begins with an emphasis on the individual experience of positive emotions and extends to co-experienced positive emotions, at both relational and communal levels. The artists considered—Janine Antoni, Louise Bourgeois, Nick Cave, C.S.1 Curatorial Projects, Harrell Fletcher, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Sarah Gotowka, Jim Hodges, Emily Jacir, Julia Jamrozik, Miranda July, Coryn Kempster, Felice Koenig, Antonio Vega Macotela, and Kateřina Šedá—as well as the theorists Nicholas Bourraid and Luce Irigaray are all advocating for a more emotional and connected world after decades of highlighting difference. The chapter concludes with specific suggestions for more richly integrating scientific and artistic approaches to understanding and evoking positive human experiences.
The Medical Humanities: Embracing the Interdisciplinary Art of Medicine and Healthcare
Authors: Reiff-Pasarew Faye
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the historical origins, modern development, and current state of the Medical Humanities. It explains how the Medical Humanities create meaning and connection for providers, and the effect on patient experience and provider wellness. Other uses of the Medical Humanities will be presented, such as in medical and allied health professions education and training, as well as directly with patients. The chapter will review the state of the literature with particular attention to the quality level of the data. It concludes with a discussion of present debates and future directions for the field.
Investigating the Contributions of the Public Humanities to Human Development
Authors: Kidd David
Published: January 2022

The public humanities provide opportunities for members of the general public to engage with the humanities in a wide range of contexts. This chapter outlines recent advances in empirical investigations of the value of humanistic engagement in public programs, with a focus on illustrating theoretical models of humanistic development using studies of specific programs. Research on museum experiences and adult humanities education programs is reviewed in order to explore the psychological processes activated in the humanities and the forms of human development they cultivate. The chapter concludes with reflection on ways in which future research can benefit from unique features of the public humanities while contributing to both psychological theory and public debates about the value of the humanities.
Emotion Development in Autism
Authors: Conner Caitlin M. , Wieckowski Andrea T. , Day Taylor N. , Mazefsky Carla A.
Published: January 2022

From the earliest descriptions, children with autism have been described as presenting with differences in emotional expression and regulation. However, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnostic criteria do not include these emotional differences. More recently, research has begun to investigate the emotional impairments observed in individuals with ASD across the life span, including how it contributes to a range of poor outcomes. Atypical emotion development can be used to differentiate those at risk for ASD from typically developing children. Research has also identified differences in emotional awareness, expression, recognition, and regulation among children and adults with ASD. Priority areas for future research, such as longitudinal studies of emotion dysregulation beginning in early childhood; development of interventions targeting emotion awareness, recognition, and expression; and study and treatment of emotion dysregulation among adults, will be discussed.
The Social, Cognitive, and Affective Power of Humor in Infancy
Authors: Mireault Gina
Published: January 2022

Within 6 weeks after birth, the endogenous smile comes under infants’ voluntary control, serving as strong social currency between infants and others within their environment. Shortly after, by just 4 months, infants laugh. But why? And what, if anything, does laughter tell us about infants’ understanding of the world? For example, by 5 months, infants appear to perceive the difference between absurd and ordinary events, and seemingly interpret absurd events as comical all by themselves, without relying on cues from others. By 6 months, infants give the impression of employing fake laughter that can goad others into play; and by 8 months, they appear capable of simple acts of deception that underlie teasing. This chapter investigates what early humor creation and perception reveal about infants’ knowledge of the social and physical world, and explores the social, emotional, and cognitive power of humor in infancy.
Parenting, Emotional Self-Regulation, and Psychosocial Adjustment Across Early Childhood and Adolescence in Chinese and Chinese-Immigrant Sociocultural Contexts
Authors: Liew Jeffrey , Zhou Qing
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces a heuristic model and synthesizes extant research on cultural, parental, and child influences on emotion regulation or emotional self-regulation processes and adjustment outcomes in Chinese and Chinese-immigrant families. Consistent with a bioecological framework, where culture is part of the macrosystem, philosophical foundations and core cultural values that are relevant to Chinese parenting and parental socialization of children’s emotion and emotional self-regulation processes are discussed. In addition, major changes that have been observed in Chinese societies and cultures across the 20th and 21st centuries are discussed in relation to parenting and emotional self-regulation processes. In light of such cultural values and dynamics, transactional or bidirectional influences between parent and child factors on children’s emotional self-regulation processes and psychosocial adjustment, along with promising future research directions, are highlighted and discussed.
Developing Emotional Intelligence in Social and Emotional Learning
Authors: Maxwell Bruce , Peplak Joanna
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a critical overview of the evidence on the impact of social and emotional learning (SEL) programs on emotional intelligence (EI). The social and emotional learning movement and research on emotional intelligence are intimately linked. However, exuberance for social and emotional learning in educational circles has contributed to a situation in which program implementation and evaluation has gotten ahead of the impact of social and emotional learning on emotional intelligence as a measureable psychological construct, and frequently ignores relevant theoretical issues. Mapping out this terrain, the chapter shows that despite the extensive research on the impact of SEL on key indicators of academic success and youth well-being, compelling evidence that SEL affects the development of EI remains scant.
The Prosocial Functions of Guilt in Early Childhood
Authors: Vaish Amrisha
Published: January 2022

Humans are immensely social and cooperative beings: We rely heavily on our cooperative relationships to survive and succeed as individuals and as a species. When such relationships break down, therefore, it is vital that they are repaired. This chapter argues that the prosocial emotion of guilt helps us meet this requirement, and that a nascent guilt does so from remarkably early in development. By 3 years of age (and to some degree, even 2 years of age), when children cause someone harm, they show an increased motivation to repair that harm, and to do so themselves. This nascent guilt allows even the youngest members of our species to participate in and maintain their valuable cooperative relationships. However, future work will need to clarify the nature of early guilt and to more clearly differentiate it from related but distinct psychological processes.
The Development of Moral Judgments, Emotions, and Sentiments
Authors: Turiel Elliot
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses interconnections between moral judgments and emotions. The development of morality, which begins in early childhood, involves a construction of reasoning about welfare, justice, and rights. A critique is provided of propositions that emotions are primary in moral functioning. In that context, common uses of intuition and guilt are critiqued, with a reframing of guilt as reflection and regret. Positive emotions of sympathy, empathy, and affection as evaluative appraisals are interconnected with the development of moral judgments. It is also proposed that emotions are not separate from processes of moral thinking and moral decision-making. Additionally, the idea of general sentiments, as somewhat distinct from emotions, is considered as part of the process of moral development. Three key sentiments are identified: the value of life, respect for persons, and human dignity.
Neuroscientific Approaches to the Study of Self and Social Emotion Regulation During Development
Authors: Méndez Leal Adriana S. , Silvers Jennifer A.
Published: January 2022

Emotion regulation is a critical skill that promotes physical and mental health across the life span. This chapter describes the neural networks that underlie emotion regulation, and explores how these networks develop during childhood and adolescence. We consider two forms of emotion regulation: self-regulation and social regulation. While developmental theories suggest that parents socially regulate their children’s emotions so as to scaffold burgeoning self-regulation abilities, little neuroscience work has considered the development of self-regulation and social regulation together. This chapter addresses this gap in the literature by describing what is known about the neurodevelopment of self-regulation and social regulation of emotions separately, and by discussing how they might inform one another. Given that little developmental neuroimaging research has examined social regulation, we draw inferences from adjacent research areas including social regulation of stress physiology. Finally, we provide suggestions for future developmental neuroscience work on self and social emotion regulation.
COVID-19 as a policy window: policy entrepreneurs responding to violence against women
Authors: Mintrom Michael , True Jacqui
Published: January 2022

Policy windows emerge through alignment among specific policy problems, political forces, and proposed policy responses. During policy windows, it becomes possible for change to occur, driven by the agenda-setting of policy entrepreneurs. We consider how the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) created a significant policy window. As we do so, we seek to advance theorization of the conditions under which policy change occurs and when it sticks. We ground this discussion in exploration of a salient policy matter: responding to violence against women (VAW). Shortly after the World Health Organization declared the spread of COVID-19 a global pandemic, in April 2020, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuke, Executive Director of United Nations (UN) Women—the entity of the UN dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women—coined VAW the “shadow pandemic” and launched a global public awareness campaign. We review the advocacy work that led in 2020 to broader recognition of VAW as a significant policy problem. That advocacy has driven policy changes at local and national levels that are intended to have long-term, trajectory-altering impacts on reducing violence. We conclude by drawing insights to guide theory-driven empirical analysis of other policy windows.
A new semi-empirical model for cosmic ray muon flux estimation
Authors: Bae Junghyun , Chatzidakis Stylianos
Published: January 2022

Cosmic ray muons have emerged as a non-conventional high-energy radiation probe to monitor dense and large objects. Muons are the most abundant cosmic radiation on Earth; however, their flux at sea level is approximately 104 min−1m−2, much less than that of induced radiation. In addition, cosmic ray muon flux depends on not only various natural conditions, e.g., zenith angle, altitude, or solar activity, but also the geometric characteristics of detectors. Since the low muon flux typically results in long measurement times, an accurate estimation of measurable muon counts is important to improve the efficiency of muon applications. Here we propose a simple and versatile semi-empirical model to improve the accuracy in muon flux estimation at all zenith angles by incorporating the geometric parameters of detectors, and we name this the ‘effective solid angle model.’ To demonstrate the functionality of our model, it is compared with (i) the cosine-squared model, (ii) the PARMA model, (iii) Monte Carlo simulations, and (iv) experimental measurements. Our results show that the muon count rate estimation capability is significantly improved, resulting in increasing a mean C/E level from 0.7 to 0.95. In addition, by selecting an appropriate intensity correlation, the model can be easily extended to estimate muon flux at various altitudes and also underground.
Update on cardiogenic shock
Authors: Miller Stephen L. , Foster Malcolm T.
Published: January 2022

The American Heart Association scientific statement on cardiogenic shock and the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative have provided the impetus to advance knowledge and development of national guidelines for cardiogenic shock. We evaluate the current state of knowledge surrounding cardiogenic shock and limitations to the development of national guidelines.
Healthcare disparities in trauma: why they exist and what we can do
Authors: Bradley A. Steven , Adeleke Ibukun O. , Estime Stephen R.
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review

This review will explore the underlying causes of healthcare disparities among trauma patients and offer considerations for reducing inequities to improve trauma care.

Recent findings

Newly recognized racial disparities exist with respect to triaging trauma patients and in acute pain management. Social Determinants of Health offers a model to understand disparity in trauma care.

Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare drive outcome disparity among trauma patients. These disparities include reduced healthcare services, inadequate pain management, reduced postdischarge care, and increased mortality. Increasing workforce diversity may mitigate implicit bias and improve cultural competency. Social determinants of health impact the disparities in trauma care and offer a framework to address care through creative solutions.
The impact of coronavirus 2019 on trauma
Authors: Emigh Brent , Clark Damon H. , Schellenberg Morgan
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review

The relationship between trauma and the ongoing global coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still largely unclear. This comprehensive review of recent studies examining overall trauma volumes, mechanisms of injury, and outcomes after trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed to better understand the impact of the pandemic on trauma patients.

Recent findings

In the early stages of the pandemic, the overall volumes of patients seen in many major trauma centers had decreased; however, these rates largely returned to historical baselines after the cessation of stay-at-home orders. An increasing proportion of trauma patients were injured by penetrating mechanisms during the pandemic. Being a victim of interpersonal violence was an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection. In two studies utilizing propensity score-matched analysis among trauma patients, COVID-19 infection was associated with a five- to sixfold increase in mortality risk as compared to uninfected patients.

Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic include increased financial stressors, job loss, mental illness, and illegal drug use, all of which are known risk factors for trauma. This is particularly true among vulnerable patient populations such as racial minority groups and low socioeconomic status patients. To lessen the impact of COVID-19 on trauma patients, increased awareness of the problem and heightened emphasis on injury prevention must be made.