bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical flow aligns actin filaments to form a furrow
Authors: Reymann Anne-Cecile , Staniscia Fabio , Erzberger Anna , Salbreux Guillaume , Grill Stephan W
Published: October 2016

Cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells is often accompanied by actomyosin cortical flow. Over 30 years ago, Borisy and White proposed that cortical flow converging upon the cell equator compresses the actomyosin network to mechanically align actin filaments. However, actin filaments also align via search-and-capture, and to what extent compression by flow or active alignment drive furrow formation remains unclear. Here, we quantify the dynamical organization of actin filaments at the onset of ring assembly in the C. elegans zygote, and provide a framework for determining emergent actomyosin material parameters by the use of active nematic gel theory. We characterize flow-alignment coupling, and verify at a quantitative level that compression by flow drives ring formation. Finally, we find that active alignment enhances but is not required for ring formation. Our work characterizes the physical mechanisms of actomyosin ring formation and highlights the role of flow as a central organizer of actomyosin network architecture.
BLOS2 negatively regulates Notch signaling during neural and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell development
Authors: Zhou Wenwen , He Qiuping , Zhang Chunxia , He Xin , Cui Zongbin , Liu Feng , Li Wei
Published: October 2016

Notch signaling plays a crucial role in controling the proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells during embryogenesis or organogenesis, but its regulation is incompletely understood. BLOS2, encoded by the Bloc1s2 gene, is a shared subunit of two lysosomal trafficking complexes, biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) and BLOC-1-related complex (BORC). Bloc1s2−/− mice were embryonic lethal and exhibited defects in cortical development and hematopoiesis. Loss of BLOS2 resulted in elevated Notch signaling, which consequently increased the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and inhibited neuronal differentiation in cortices. Likewise, ablation of bloc1s2 in zebrafish or mice led to increased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell production in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. BLOS2 physically interacted with Notch1 in endo-lysosomal trafficking of Notch1. Our findings suggest that BLOS2 is a novel negative player in regulating Notch signaling through lysosomal trafficking to control multiple stem and progenitor cell homeostasis in vertebrates.
Estudo de deficiências visuais para a reintegração cromática
Authors: Bailão Ana , Nascimento Sérgio , Calvo Ana , Bruquetas Rocio
Published: October 2016

A perceção visual do profissional de conservação e restauro é fundamental na prática dareintegração cromática. Nesta etapa o conservador‑restauradortem de conseguir distinguirdiferentes matizes em torno da lacuna e, inclusive, na totalidade da obra. Todavia, estascapacidades fisiológicas raramente são consideradas quando se inicia a formação no sector, emuitos são os alunos e profissionais de conservação e restauro que desconhecem o seu nívelde discriminação de cor. O objetivo deste artigo é, através da comparação com um tricromatanormal, dar a conhecer as capacidades e limitações de um aluno com deuteranomalia noprocesso de reintegração cromática.
Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a interpretação de espectros de microfluorescência de raios x dispersiva de energia (EDXRF): análise de um conjunto de pigmentos de referência e estudo da sua composição elementar
Authors: Saraiva Sandra , Cruz António João , Calvo Ana
Published: October 2016

Um dos principais métodos de análise usados na identificação de pigmentos é a espectrometriade fluorescência de raios X dispersiva de energia (EDXRF). A sua relevância suscitou o interessepelo desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de interpretação de espectros de EDXRF quepermita minimizar os principais problemas resultantes da sua aplicação no estudo de obrasde arte no âmbito da Conservação. Como primeira abordagem nesse sentido apresenta‑seum conjunto de espectros de 74 pigmentos, que assim fica já disponível para referência,de que fazem parte muitos que mostram significativas diferenças entre o que se esperavae o que efectivamente surge nesses espectros. Além de se discutirem os principais casosnessa situação, é ainda chamada a atenção para outros que, numa situação de análise realde uma obra, provavelmente originariam interpretações incorretas.
Francisco Correia e a sua produção pictórica na Misericórdia do Porto. Caracterização técnica e material das bandeiras da Paixão de Cristo
Authors: Santos Sofia , Afonso José Ferrão , Calvo Ana , Frade José Carlos , Candeias António
Published: October 2016

É nos documentos da Misericórdia do Porto que o nome do pintor Francisco Correia surge commais frequência, nomeadamente associado à realização das doze bandeiras processionaisda Paixão de Cristo, efectuadas em regime de parceria com três pintores locais: DomingosLourenço Pardo, Inácio Ferraz de Figueiroa e Diogo Oliveira. Apesar de serem conhecidas maisobras de Francisco Correia, afigura‑sedifícil a tarefa de determinar quais as bandeiras dasua autoria. Com o objectivo de aprofundar o conhecimento do seu trabalho e de esclareceralgumas questões, particularmente a de tentar perceber se existe alguma especificidadeem termos técnicos e materiais que possam apontar para o trabalho do pintor, procurou‑seanalisar os materiais e técnicas empregues com recurso a métodos de exame e análise.
Estudo técnico da tela Efeitos de luz num armazém de Abel Salazar: um trabalho representativo da sua produção pictórica final
Authors: Brito Ana , Calvo Ana , Cruz António João
Published: October 2016

O presente artigo aborda o estudo de alguns processos criativos de Abel Salazar (1889 –1946), baseado em fontes documentais, e reforçado por reconstruções técnicas pictóricasdo autor. Aborda o estudo técnico e material da pintura de grande formato sobre tela Efeitosde luz num armazém, nomeadamente as características do suporte, preparação, desenho epintura. Para este estudo recorreu‑sea diferentes métodos de exame e análise, nomeadamentefotografia de luz do espetro visível, UV e IV à pintura; observação por microscopiaótica (MO) e análise com microscopia eletrónica de varrimento com espectrometria deraios‑Xpor dispersão de energia a (SEM‑EDS)micro‑espectroscopiade infravermelho comtransformada de Fourier (μ‑FTIR)de amostras recolhidas da obra. São apresentados osresultados analíticos que permitiram complementar a identificação de procedimentos técnicose determinar os materiais constituintes da pintura.
Confluencias y Divergencias de los materiales de forración entre Portugal y España
Authors: Calvo Ana , Maltieira Rita , Barbosa Carlota
Published: October 2016

Los materiales de la pintura fueron comunes en Portugal y España, como en el resto deEuropa, durante muchos siglos, y a través de ellos se puede deducir que el origen de lagacha como adhesivo de entelado deriva del uso de esa materia para la preparación de loslienzos. Del mismo modo, las técnicas y materiales de las intervenciones de restauraciónfueron paralelas en la península, como el uso de colas y pastas de harina como adhesivosde entelado. Hasta que cerca de mediados del siglo XX se introduce y difunde la utilizaciónde cera-resina en Portugal, que duró relativamente poco tiempo. Mientras tanto, en Españase continuó empleando la gacha.
Gilt-Teller: uma Nova Ferramenta Multimédia Ao Serviço Da Divulgação Da Ciência Da Conservação
Authors: Sandu Irina
Published: October 2016

O presente trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta multimédia inovadora desenvolvida no âmbito do projeto de investigação financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT): “GILT-Teller, um estudo interdisciplinar multiescala das técnicas e dos materiais de douramento em Portugal, 1500-1800”.

A ferramenta desenvolvida com a contribuição da companhia Take the Wind Lda. (Coim-bra) é baseada numa plataforma online (www.gilt-teller.pt) e contém vários componentes entre quais se destaca a base de dados constituída por vários casos de estudo do território nacional abrangendo diferentes estilos de talha dourada no período 1500 e 1800. Além dessa base de dados a plataforma online inclui também outras três componentes inovadoras, nomeadamente um glossário bilingue sobre materiais e técnicas de douramento (http://www.gilt-teller.pt/index.php/glossary/index); um filme sobre as reconstruções históricas de provetas douradas realizadas em laboratório com base em receitas portuguesas (http://www.gilt-teller.pt/index.php/site/historicalReconstructions) e 11 casos de estudo de objectos com decoração dourada do património cultural europeu (http://www.gilt-teller.pt/index. php/site/additionalMaterials).

Pela primeira vez na história do património religioso português, esta ferramenta reúne o conhecimento de três áreas científicas diferentes: História da Arte (com uma componente de Historia da Arte Técnica) Conservação e Restauro de Talha Dourada e Ciências da Con-servação e do Património Cultural.
Deus está nos detalhes. Ouro, prata e policromia
Authors: Dias Tiago , Portela Michèle , Oliveira Maria José , Murta Elsa , Dias Cristina , Serrão Vítor
Published: October 2016

A policromia visível de uma escultura em madeira representando S. João Evangelista, do Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisboa (Portugal) apresenta várias técnicas que se com-plementam na criação de um sumptuoso estofado. Este caso de estudo permitiu o exame de processos de douramento, prateamento e policromia, sendo as observações da sua execução reportadas e documentadas com os resultados de uma abordagem multi-analítica. O exame incluiu fotomicrografia digital e observação de cortes transversais de amostras de policromia, recorrendo a identificação material a vários métodos analíticos, incluindo microscopia eletrónica de varrimento associada a espectroscopia raios-X por dispersão de energia (SEM-EDS) e difração de raios-X (XRD).
Factors Affecting Early Mortality and Morbidity in Congenital Duodenal Obstruction: Summary of a 20-Year Experience
Authors: Aydogdu Bahattin , Tireli Gulay , Demirali Oyhan , Guvenc Unal , Besik Cemile , Kavuncuoglu Sultan , Goya Cemil , Okur Mehmet Hanifi , Sander Serdar
Published: October 2016

The duodenum is the most frequently obstructed region of the gastrointestinal tract, an important cause of mortality and morbidity in neonatal period. The objective of the present study was to summarize the causes of early mortality and morbidity in infants with congenital duodenal obstruction (CDO). Data on a total of 94 patients with CDO diagnosed in our clinic, and treated surgically between January 1993 and December 2012, were studied retrospectively. Patients were divided into 3 groups in terms of diagnosis: annular pancreas (n = 45), duodenal atresia (n = 31), and duodenal web (n = 18). The groups were compared in terms of sex, birth weight, age at the time of operation, and morbidity and mortality rates. Of the patients, 54 were male and 40 female, and the mean birth weight was 2278 g (range, 1180–3400 g). The average age at the time of the operation was 6.96 days (range, 1–38 days). The time to full oral intake postoperatively was 10.32 days (range, 4–38 days). Additional anomalies were found in 61 cases (64.8%). Early morbidity was most commonly associated with an anastomosis problem. Early mortality occurred in 6 cases (6.4%), and the most common causes were sepsis and cardiac anomalies. Elimination of sepsis, cardiac anomalies, and anastomosis problems is critical to ensure continued reductions in infant mortality and morbidity caused by CDO.
Assessing vulnerability of New Zealand lakes to loss of conservation value from invasive fish impacts
Authors: Collier Kevin J. , Leathwick John R. , Rowe David K.
Published: October 2016

Predictions of invasion risk for seven non‐indigenous fish species, ecological impact scores for individual species, and lake conservation rankings were linked to develop Invasion Risk Impact (IRI) and Lake Vulnerability (LV) indices that help identify New Zealand lakes most at risk of loss of conservation value from potential multi‐species invasions.

Species‐specificIRIscores (the product of predicted invasion risk and species impact) highlighted Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), as the species most likely to spread and cause ecological harm in lakes. For 3431 lakes >1 ha throughout New Zealand, totalIRItended to be highest for lowland riverine and dune lakes most of which are already colonized by multiple invasive fish species.

TheLVindex indicated that lakes most at risk of loss of conservation value from invasive fish impacts were predominantly (i) in the northern half of the North Island where several uncommon lake types occur, and (ii) along the west coast of the South Island where conservation value is often greater, largely because of low catchment modification.

TheIRIandLVindices can be used to assist with setting priorities for surveillance monitoring, advocacy, and response planning targeted at preventing the establishment of invasive fish in moderate‐to‐high value lakes most susceptible to ecological impacts. Both indices can be adapted to accommodate alternative impact and conservation scoring systems, providing a flexible tool for local‐ and national‐scale assessments of lake vulnerability to fish invasion impacts.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for intermediate flooding and sinking simulation of a damaged floater in time domain
Authors: Kim Ju-Sung , Roh Myung-Il , Ham Seung-Ho
Published: October 2016

When a floater such as a ship or an offshore structure is damaged in the sea, it is necessary to determine whether the floater will sink in water or not. If the floater will sink, the time to sink should be estimated to make an emergency plan. In addition, causes of the flooding should be investigated carefully. For this purpose, a method for performing intermediate flooding and sinking simulation of the damaged floater in time domain is proposed in this study. Overall process of the proposed method consists of several steps. In the first step, data of the damaged floater such as hull form and compartments are prepared. In the second step, physical characteristics of the floater such as the increased weight considering incoming water, the center of gravity, the changed buoyancy, and the center of buoyancy are calculated at every time step. In the third step, the quasi-static equilibrium position of the floater is calculated. The second and third steps are repeated until the floater reaches to sink or to be in equilibrium. As a result, the final condition of the floater can be determined. To check the feasibility of the proposed method, it is applied to a simple box problem. Finally, it is applied to intermediate flooding simulation of a barge-type damaged floater. Two cases having damaged holes of different locations are selected. As a result, it was confirmed that the floater can be in equilibrium or sink according to the damaged position. The time to be in equilibrium or the time to sink was estimated.

Highlights Flooding and sinking procedures of a damaged floater is defined. A method for intermediate flooding and sinking simulation of the damaged floater in time domain is proposed. Theoretical background for the simulation is established. We perform the intermediate flooding and sinking simulation. The time to be equilibrium or the time to sink is estimated from the simulation.
Axial creeping flow in the gap between a rigid cylinder and a concentric elastic tube
Authors: Elbaz S. B. , Gat A. D.
Published: October 2016

We examine transient axial creeping flow in the annular gap between a rigid cylinder and a concentric elastic tube. The gap is initially filled with a thin fluid layer. We employ an elastic shell model and the lubrication approximation to obtain governing equations for the elastohydrodynamic interaction. At long axial length scales viscous forces are balanced by elastic tension, while at shorter length scales the viscous–elastic balance is achieved by means of an interplay between elastic bending, tension and shear stresses. Based on a viscous gravity current analogy in the tensile–viscous regime, we devise propagation laws for displacement flows which are induced by a variety of boundary conditions and examine different limits of the prewetting thickness. Next we focus on the moving elastohydrodynamic contact line at the edge of a penetrating film. A uniform matched asymptotic solution connecting the interior tension-based region with a boundary layer region near the propagation front is presented. Finally, a constructive example is shown in which isolated moving deformation patterns are created and superimposed to form a travelling wave displacement field. The presented interaction between viscosity and elasticity may be applied to fields such as soft robotics and micro-scale or larger swimmers by allowing for the time-dependent control of an axisymmetric compliant boundary.
Turbulent mixing and entrainment in a stratified horizontal plane shear layer: joint velocity–temperature analysis of experimental data
Authors: Carlier Johan , Sodjavi Kodjovi
Published: October 2016

Buoyancy effects on the turbulent mixing and entrainment processes were analysed in the case of a stratified plane shear layer between two horizontal air flows in conditions leading to relatively low values of the flux Richardson number ($|Ri_{f}|_{max}\simeq 0.02$). Velocity and temperature measurements were made with a single$\times$-wire probe thermo-anemometry technique, using multi-overheat sequences to deliver simultaneous velocity–temperature data at high frequency. The spatial resolution was found to be fine enough, in relation to the dissipative scale and the thermal diffusive scale, to avoid false mixing enhancement in the analysis of the physical mechanisms through velocity–temperature coupling in statistical turbulence quantities. Probability density functions (PDFs) and joint probability density functions (JPDFs) were used to distinguish between the different mechanisms involved in turbulent mixing, namely entrainment, engulfing, nibbling and mixing, and point to the contribution of entrainment in the mixing process. When comparing an unstably stratified configuration to its stably stratified equivalent, no significant difference could be seen in the PDF and JPDF quantities, but a conditional analysis based on temperature thresholding enabled a separation between mixed fluid and two distinct sets of events associated with unmixed fluid entrained from the hot and cold sides of the mixing layer into the mixing layer. This separation allowed a direct calculation of the entrainment velocities on both sides of the mixing layer. A significant increase of the total entrainment could be seen in the case of unstably stratified configuration. The entrainment ratios were compared to their prediction by the Dimotakis model and both a rather good relevance of the model and some need for improvement were found from the comparison. It was hypothesised that the improvement should come from better taking into account the distinct contributions of nibbling and engulfing inside the process of entrainment and mixing.
A translation of the Linnaean dissertationThe Invisible World
Authors: ANTONOVICS JANIS , KRITZINGER JACOBUS
Published: October 2016

This study presents the first translation from Latin to English of the Linnaean dissertationMundus invisibilisorThe Invisible World, submitted by Johannes Roos in 1769. The dissertation highlights Linnaeus's conviction that infectious diseases could be transmitted by living organisms, too small to be seen. Biographies of Linnaeus often fail to mention that Linnaeus was correct in ascribing the cause of diseases such as measles, smallpox and syphilis to living organisms. The dissertation itself reviews the work of many microscopists, especially on zoophytes and insects, marvelling at the many unexpected discoveries. It then discusses and quotes at length the observations of Münchhausen suggesting that spores from fungi causing plant diseases germinate to produce animalcules, an observation that Linnaeus claimed to have confirmed. The dissertation then draws parallels between these findings and the contagiousness of many human diseases, and urges further studies of this ‘invisible world’ since, as Roos avers, microscopic organisms may cause more destruction than occurs in all wars.
The most brutal of human skulls: measuring and knowing the first Neanderthal
Authors: MADISON PAIGE
Published: October 2016

A fossilized skeleton discovered in 1856 presented naturalists with a unique challenge. The strange, human-looking bones of the first recognized Neanderthal confronted naturalists with a new type of object for which they had no readily available interpretive framework. This paper explores the techniques and approaches used to understand these bones in the years immediately following the discovery, in particular 1856–1864. Historians have previously suggested that interpretations and debates about Neanderthals hinged primarily on social, political and cultural ideologies. In this paper, I will argue that much of the scientific controversy surrounding the first recognized Neanderthal centred on questions of methodology and practice, and will demonstrate this through an exploration of the tools and approaches naturalists utilized in their examinations of the fossils. This will contribute to a growing historical recognition of the complex exchange between disciplines including geology, archaeology and comparative anatomy in the early study of fossil hominins, and provide a future framework for histories of Neanderthal debates in the twentieth century.
Spain's magic mountain: narrating prehistory at Atapuerca
Authors: HOCHADEL OLIVER
Published: October 2016

The Sierra de Atapuerca in northern Spain is ranked among the most important excavation sites in human origins research worldwide. The project boasts not only spectacular hominid fossils, among them the ‘oldest European’, but also a fully fledged ‘popularization industry’. This article interprets this multimedia industry as a generator of different narratives about the researchers as well as about the prehistoric hominids of Atapuerca. It focuses on the popular works of the three co-directors of the project. Juan Luis Arsuaga, José María Bermúdez de Castro and Eudald Carbonell make deliberate use of a variety of narrative devices, resonant cultural references and strategies of scientific self-commodification. All three, in different ways, use the history of science and of their own research project to mark their place in the field of human origins research, drawing on mythical elements to tell the story of the rise of a humble Spanish team overcoming all odds to achieve universal acclaim. Furthermore, the co-directors make skilful use of palaeofiction – that of Björn Kurtén and Jean Auel, as well as writing their own – in order to tell gripping stories about compassion and solidarity in human prehistory. This mixture of nationalist and universalist narratives invites the Spanish audience to identify not just with ‘their ancestors’ but also with the scientists, as objects and subjects of research become conflated through popularization.
Linkage between fish functional groups and coral reef benthic habitat composition in the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Osuka Kennedy , Kochzius Marc , Vanreusel Ann , Obura David , Samoilys Melita
Published: October 2016

Benthic habitat composition is a key factor that structures assemblages of coral reef fishes. However, natural and anthropogenic induced disturbances impact this relationship. This study investigates the link between benthic habitat composition and fish functional groups in four countries in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). Benthic composition of 32 sites was quantified visually from percentage cover of hard and soft corals, rubble, turf, fleshy and crustose coralline algae. At each site, abundance of 12 coral-associated fish functional groups in 50 × 5 m transects was determined. Cluster analysis characterized reefs based on benthic cover and revealed five habitat types (A, B, C, D and E) typified by decreasing cover of hard corals, increasing cover of turf and/or fleshy algae and differences in benthic diversity. Habitat type A was present in all four countries. Other habitats types showed geographic affiliations: notably Comoros sites clustered in either habitats B or E, northern Madagascar had B, C and D type habitats, whereas sites in central Tanzania and northern Mozambique had habitats D and E. Fish functional groups showed significant linkages with some habitat types. The abundances of corallivores, invertivores, detritivores and grazers were higher in habitat B, whereas planktivores and small excavators showed lower abundances in the same habitat. These linkages between benthic habitat types and fish functional groups are important in informing priority reefs that require conservation and management planning.
The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review
Authors: GIORDANI FEDERICA , MORRISON LIAM J. , ROWAN TIM G. , DE KONING HARRY P. , BARRETT MICHAEL P.
Published: October 2016

Pathogenic animal trypanosomes affecting livestock have represented a major constraint to agricultural development in Africa for centuries, and their negative economic impact is increasing in South America and Asia. Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis represent the main means of control. However, research into new trypanocides has remained inadequate for decades, leading to a situation where the few compounds available are losing efficacy due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current options available for the treatment and prophylaxis of the animal trypanosomiases, with a special focus on the problem of resistance. The key issues surrounding the main economically important animal trypanosome species and the diseases they cause are also presented. As new investment becomes available to develop improved tools to control the animal trypanosomiases, we stress that efforts should be directed towards a better understanding of the biology of the relevant parasite species and strains, to identify new drug targets and interrogate resistance mechanisms.
Processing the Spanish imperfect subjunctive: Depth of processing under different instructional conditions
Authors: ADRADA-RAFAEL SERGIO
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to examine 88 intermediate learners of second language Spanish’ depth of processing under different types of instruction when being exposed to a complex grammar form, the imperfect subjunctive, on a reading task. Depth of processing was measured by employing think-aloud protocols. Due to the absence of reactivity, six silent and think-aloud conditions were merged into three experimental ones differing in explicitness. The study followed a pre-, post-, and delayed test design with 2 weeks between tests, which consisted of interpretation, controlled-production, and comprehension tests. Overall, results showed that participants in the more explicit condition produced more instances of processing, and that deeper processing correlated with a more accurate production of the target form and with a higher comprehension of the reading passage.
A survey of paediatricians on the use of electrocardiogram for pre-participation sports screening
Authors: Patel Angira , Webster Gregory , Ward Kendra , Lantos John
Published: October 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to determine general paediatrician knowledge, practices, and attitudes towards electrocardiogram (ECG) screening in school athletes during pre-participation screening exam (PPSE).

Methods

Paediatricians affiliated with a tertiary children’s hospital completed a survey about ECGs for PPSE.

Results

In total, 205/498 (41%) responded; 92% of the paediatricians did not include an ECG as part of PPSE; 56% were aware of a case in which a student athlete in their own community had died of sudden unexplained death; 4% had an athlete in their practice die. Only 16% of paediatricians perform all 12 American Heart Association recommended elements of the PPSE. If any of these screening elements are abnormal, 69% obtain an ECG, 36% an echocardiogram, and 30% restrict patients from sports activity; 73% of them refer the patient to a cardiologist.

Conclusion

Most of the general paediatricians surveyed did not currently perform ECGs for PPSE. In addition, there was a low rate of adherence to performing the 12 screening elements recommended by the American Heart Association. They have trouble obtaining timely, accurate ECG interpretations, worry about potential unnecessary exercise restrictions, and cost-effectiveness. The practical hurdles to ECG implementation emphasise the need for a fresh look at PPSE, and not just ECG screening. Improvements in ECG performance/interpretation would be necessary for ECGs to be a useful part of PPSE.
The International Registration of Non-traditional Trademarks: Compliance with the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention
Authors: ZHAN QIAN
Published: October 2016

Contemporary international trademark law is subject to a dynamic process. As communication and marketing strategies steadily evolve, enterprises seek to develop non-traditional signs as trademarks in international trade. Since non-traditional trademarks have received broad protection among WTO Members, the international registration of non-traditional trademarks has raised certain questions. This article focuses on issues of the registration of non-traditional trademarks from an international perspective. With a brief introduction to the new category of trademarks, Section 2 discusses whether non-traditional signs can constitute trademarks by analyzing the trademark definition that is stipulated in Article 15.1 of the TRIPS Agreement and introduces the current status of the legal protection afforded to non-traditional trademarks under the domestic trademark legislations in WTO Member states. Section 3 presents an in-depth analysis of Article 6quinquies of the Paris Convention and aims to address the significance of Article 6quinquies with regard to the international registration of non-traditional trademarks by comparing the essential difference between the two modes of international registration of trademarks. The conclusion provides strategical suggestions and practical guidance for both trademark applicants and competent authorities of WTO Members.
RIDICULE, CENSORSHIP, AND THE REGULATION OF PUBLIC SPEECH: THE CASE OF SHAFTESBURY
Authors: CARROLL ROSS
Published: October 2016

The Third Earl of Shaftesbury has been celebrated for his commitment to free public discourse regulated only by standards of politeness, a commitment exemplified by his defence of the freedom to ridicule. This article complicates this picture by tracing Shaftesbury's response to the early eighteenth-century crisis of public speech precipitated by the demise of pre-publication censorship and growing uncertainty about intellectual property in the print trade. Shaftesbury, the article shows, was a determined opponent of pre-publication censorship through licensing, but he was also aware of the dangers posed to religious liberty by, in particular, clerical attacks on toleration, and sought ways to curb them that included corrective action by the state. When the Whigs opted to impeach the High Church cleric Henry Sacheverell, whose supporters had capitalized on an unregulated print market to disseminate his sermons ridiculing Whig principles, Shaftesbury expressed satisfaction with this use of state power to silence him. But he did not stop there. The article reads Shaftesbury's 1710Soliloquy, or Advice to an Authoragainst the backdrop of the Sacheverell controversy, and shows how the earl used it to undercut Sacheverell's claim that clerical speech enjoyed special status.
Precision in harsh environments
Authors: French Paddy , Krijnen Gijs , Roozeboom Fred
Published: October 2016

Microsystems are increasingly being applied in harsh and/or inaccessible environments, but many markets expect the same level of functionality for long periods of time. Harsh environments cover areas that can be subjected to high temperature, (bio)-chemical and mechanical disturbances, electromagnetic noise, radiation, or high vacuum. In the field of actuators, the devices must maintain stringent accuracy specifications for displacement, force, and response times, among others. These new requirements present additional challenges in the compensation for or elimination of cross-sensitivities. Many state-of-the-art precision devices lose their precision and reliability when exposed to harsh environments. It is also important that advanced sensor and actuator systems maintain maximum autonomy such that the devices can operate independently with low maintenance. The next-generation microsystems will be deployed in remote and/or inaccessible and harsh environments that present many challenges to sensor design, materials, device functionality, and packaging. All of these aspects of integrated sensors and actuator microsystems require a multidisciplinary approach to overcome these challenges. The main areas of importance are in the fields of materials science, micro/nano-fabrication technology, device design, circuitry and systems, (first-level) packaging, and measurement strategy. This study examines the challenges presented by harsh environments and investigates the required approaches. Examples of successful devices are also given.
Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans
Authors: Trammell Samuel A. J. , Schmidt Mark S. , Weidemann Benjamin J. , Redpath Philip , Jaksch Frank , Dellinger Ryan W. , Li Zhonggang , Abel E. Dale , Migaud Marie E. , Brenner Charles
Published: October 2016

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is in wide use as an NAD+ precursor vitamin. Here we determine the time and dose-dependent effects of NR on blood NAD+ metabolism in humans. We report that human blood NAD+ can rise as much as 2.7-fold with a single oral dose of NR in a pilot study of one individual, and that oral NR elevates mouse hepatic NAD+ with distinct and superior pharmacokinetics to those of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. We further show that single doses of 100, 300 and 1,000 mg of NR produce dose-dependent increases in the blood NAD+ metabolome in the first clinical trial of NR pharmacokinetics in humans. We also report that nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), which was not thought to be en route for the conversion of NR to NAD+, is formed from NR and discover that the rise in NAAD is a highly sensitive biomarker of effective NAD+ repletion.
Tissue-specific and convergent metabolic transformation of cancer correlates with metastatic potential and patient survival
Authors: Gaude Edoardo , Frezza Christian
Published: October 2016

Cancer cells undergo a multifaceted rewiring of cellular metabolism to support their biosynthetic needs. Although the major determinants of this metabolic transformation have been elucidated, their broad biological implications and clinical relevance are unclear. Here we systematically analyse the expression of metabolic genes across 20 different cancer types and investigate their impact on clinical outcome. We find that cancers undergo a tissue-specific metabolic rewiring, which converges towards a common metabolic landscape. Of note, downregulation of mitochondrial genes is associated with the worst clinical outcome across all cancer types and correlates with the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition gene signature, a feature of invasive and metastatic cancers. Consistently, suppression of mitochondrial genes is identified as a key metabolic signature of metastatic melanoma and renal cancer, and metastatic cell lines. This comprehensive analysis reveals unexpected facets of cancer metabolism, with important implications for cancer patients’ stratification, prognosis and therapy.
Identification of a common mesenchymal stromal progenitor for the adult haematopoietic niche
Authors: Hu Xingbin , Garcia Mayra , Weng Lihong , Jung Xiaoman , Murakami Jodi L. , Kumar Bijender , Warden Charles D. , Todorov Ivan , Chen Ching-Cheng
Published: October 2016

Microenvironment cues received by haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are important in regulating the choice between self-renewal and differentiation. On the basis of the differential expression of cell-surface markers, here we identify a mesenchymal stromal progenitor hierarchy, where CD45−Ter119−CD31−CD166−CD146−Sca1+(Sca1+) progenitors give rise to CD45−Ter119−CD31−CD166−CD146+(CD146+) intermediate and CD45−Ter119−CD31−CD166+CD146−(CD166+) mature osteo-progenitors. All three progenitors preserve HSC long-term multi-lineage reconstitution capability in vitro; however, their in vivo fates are different. Post-transplantation, CD146+ and CD166+ progenitors form bone only. While Sca1+ progenitors produce CD146+, CD166+ progenitors, osteocytes and CXCL12-producing stromal cells. Only Sca1+ progenitors are capable of homing back to the marrow post-intravenous infusion. Ablation of Sca1+ progenitors results in a decrease of all three progenitor populations as well as haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Moreover, suppressing production of KIT-ligand in Sca1+ progenitors inhibits their ability to support HSCs. Our results indicate that Sca1+ progenitors, through the generation of both osteogenic and stromal cells, provide a supportive environment for hematopoiesis.
Flare differentially rotates sunspot on Sun’s surface
Authors: Liu Chang , Xu Yan , Cao Wenda , Deng Na , Lee Jeongwoo , Hudson Hugh S. , Gary Dale E. , Wang Jiasheng , Jing Ju , Wang Haimin
Published: October 2016

Sunspots are concentrations of magnetic field visible on the solar surface (photosphere). It was considered implausible that solar flares, as resulted from magnetic reconnection in the tenuous corona, would cause a direct perturbation of the dense photosphere involving bulk motion. Here we report the sudden flare-induced rotation of a sunspot using the unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution of the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope, supplemented by magnetic data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory. It is clearly observed that the rotation is non-uniform over the sunspot: as the flare ribbon sweeps across, its different portions accelerate (up to ∼50° h−1) at different times corresponding to peaks of flare hard X-ray emission. The rotation may be driven by the surface Lorentz-force change due to the back reaction of coronal magnetic restructuring and is accompanied by a downward Poynting flux. These results have direct consequences for our understanding of energy and momentum transportation in the flare-related phenomena.
High-harmonic generation by field enhanced femtosecond pulses in metal-sapphire nanostructure
Authors: Han Seunghwoi , Kim Hyunwoong , Kim Yong Woo , Kim Young-Jin , Kim Seungchul , Park In-Yong , Kim Seung-Woo
Published: October 2016

Plasmonic high-harmonic generation (HHG) drew attention as a means of producing coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation by taking advantage of field enhancement occurring in metallic nanostructures. Here a metal-sapphire nanostructure is devised to provide a solid tip as the HHG emitter, replacing commonly used gaseous atoms. The fabricated solid tip is made of monocrystalline sapphire surrounded by a gold thin-film layer, and intended to produce EUV harmonics by the inter- and intra-band oscillations of electrons driven by the incident laser. The metal-sapphire nanostructure enhances the incident laser field by means of surface plasmon polaritons, triggering HHG directly from moderate femtosecond pulses of ∼0.1 TW cm−2 intensities. The measured EUV spectra exhibit odd-order harmonics up to ∼60 nm wavelengths without the plasma atomic lines typically seen when using gaseous atoms as the HHG emitter. This experimental outcome confirms that the plasmonic HHG approach is a promising way to realize coherent EUV sources for nano-scale near-field applications in spectroscopy, microscopy, lithography and atto-second physics.
Erratum: Crowdsourced assessment of common genetic contribution to predicting anti-TNF treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sieberts Solveig K. , Zhu Fan , García-García Javier , Stahl Eli , Pratap Abhishek , Pandey Gaurav , Pappas Dimitrios , Aguilar Daniel , Anton Bernat , Bonet Jaume , Eksi Ridvan , Fornés Oriol , Guney Emre , Li Hongdong , Marín Manuel Alejandro , Panwar Bharat , Planas-Iglesias Joan , Poglayen Daniel , Cui Jing , Falcao Andre O. , Suver Christine , Hoff Bruce , Balagurusamy Venkat S. K. , Dillenberger Donna , Neto Elias Chaibub , Norman Thea , Aittokallio Tero , Ammad-ud-din Muhammad , Azencott Chloe-Agathe , Bellón Víctor , Boeva Valentina , Bunte Kerstin , Chheda Himanshu , Cheng Lu , Corander Jukka , Dumontier Michel , Goldenberg Anna , Gopalacharyulu Peddinti , Hajiloo Mohsen , Hidru Daniel , Jaiswal Alok , Kaski Samuel , Khalfaoui Beyrem , Khan Suleiman Ali , Kramer Eric R. , Marttinen Pekka , Mezlini Aziz M. , Molparia Bhuvan , Pirinen Matti , Saarela Janna , Samwald Matthias , Stoven Véronique , Tang Hao , Tang Jing , Torkamani Ali , Vert Jean-Phillipe , Wang Bo , Wang Tao , Wennerberg Krister , Wineinger Nathan E. , Xiao Guanghua , Xie Yang , Yeung Rae , Zhan Xiaowei , Zhao Cheng ,   Members of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Challenge Consortium, Calaza Manuel , Elmarakeby Haitham , Heath Lenwood S. , Long Quan , Moore Jonathan D. , Opiyo Stephen Obol , Savage Richard S. , Zhu Jun , Greenberg Jeff , Kremer Joel , Michaud Kaleb , Barton Anne , Coenen Marieke , Mariette Xavier , Miceli Corinne , Shadick Nancy , Weinblatt Michael , de Vries Niek , Tak Paul P. , Gerlag Danielle , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Kurreeman Fina , Allaart Cornelia F. , Bridges S. Louis , Criswell Lindsey , Moreland Larry , Klareskog Lars , Saevarsdottir Saedis , Padyukov Leonid , Gregersen Peter K. , Friend Stephen , Plenge Robert , Stolovitzky Gustavo , Oliva Baldo , Guan Yuanfang , Mangravite Lara M.
Published: October 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 12460 (2016); Published: 23 August 2016; Updated: 10 October 2016. The HTML version of this Article incorrectly duplicated the authors S. Louis Bridges, Lindsey Criswell, Larry Moreland, Lars Klareskog, Saedis Saevarsdottir, Leonid Padyukov, Peter K. Gregersen, Stephen Friend, Robert Plenge, Gustavo Stolovitzky, Baldo Oliva, Yuanfang Guan and Lara M.
Data from a pre-publication independent replication initiative examining ten moral judgement effects
Authors: Tierney Warren , Schweinsberg Martin , Jordan Jennifer , Kennedy Deanna M. , Qureshi Israr , Sommer S. Amy , Thornley Nico , Madan Nikhil , Vianello Michelangelo , Awtrey Eli , Zhu Luke Lei , Diermeier Daniel , Heinze Justin E. , Srinivasan Malavika , Tannenbaum David , Bivolaru Eliza , Dana Jason , Davis-Stober Clintin P. , du Plessis Christilene , Gronau Quentin F. , Hafenbrack Andrew C. , Liao Eko Yi , Ly Alexander , Marsman Maarten , Murase Toshio , Schaerer Michael , Tworek Christina M. , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Wong Lynn , Anderson Tabitha , Bauman Christopher W. , Bedwell Wendy L. , Brescoll Victoria , Canavan Andrew , Chandler Jesse J. , Cheries Erik , Cheryan Sapna , Cheung Felix , Cimpian Andrei , Clark Mark A. , Cordon Diana , Cushman Fiery , Ditto Peter H. , Amell Alice , Frick Sarah E. , Gamez-Djokic Monica , Grady Rebecca Hofstein , Graham Jesse , Gu Jun , Hahn Adam , Hanson Brittany E. , Hartwich Nicole J. , Hein Kristie , Inbar Yoel , Jiang Lily , Kellogg Tehlyr , Legate Nicole , Luoma Timo P. , Maibeucher Heidi , Meindl Peter , Miles Jennifer , Mislin Alexandra , Molden Daniel C. , Motyl Matt , Newman George , Ngo Hoai Huong , Packham Harvey , Ramsay P. Scott , Ray Jennifer L. , Sackett Aaron M. , Sellier Anne-Laure , Sokolova Tatiana , Sowden Walter , Storage Daniel , Sun Xiaomin , Van Bavel Jay J. , Washburn Anthony N. , Wei Cong , Wetter Erik , Wilson Carlos T. , Darroux Sophie-Charlotte , Uhlmann Eric Luis
Published: October 2016

We present the data from a crowdsourced project seeking to replicate findings in independent laboratories before (rather than after) they are published. In this Pre-Publication Independent Replication (PPIR) initiative, 25 research groups attempted to replicate 10 moral judgment effects from a single laboratory’s research pipeline of unpublished findings. The 10 effects were investigated using online/lab surveys containing psychological manipulations (vignettes) followed by questionnaires. Results revealed a mix of reliable, unreliable, and culturally moderated findings. Unlike any previous replication project, this dataset includes the data from not only the replications but also from the original studies, creating a unique corpus that researchers can use to better understand reproducibility and irreproducibility in science.
Exact low-temperature series expansion for the partition function of the zero-field Ising model on the infinite square lattice
Authors: Siudem Grzegorz , Fronczak Agata , Fronczak Piotr
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we provide the exact expression for the coefficients in the low-temperature series expansion of the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising model on the infinite square lattice. This is equivalent to exact determination of the number of spin configurations at a given energy. With these coefficients, we show that the ferromagnetic–to–paramagnetic phase transition in the square lattice Ising model can be explained through equivalence between the model and the perfect gas of energy clusters model, in which the passage through the critical point is related to the complete change in the thermodynamic preferences on the size of clusters. The combinatorial approach reported in this article is very general and can be easily applied to other lattice models.
Stabilization of endogenous Nrf2 by minocycline protects against Nlrp3-inflammasome induced diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Shahzad Khurrum , Bock Fabian , Al-Dabet Moh’d Mohanad , Gadi Ihsan , Nazir Sumra , Wang Hongjie , Kohli Shrey , Ranjan Satish , Mertens Peter R. , Nawroth Peter P. , Isermann Berend
Published: October 2016

While a plethora of studies support a therapeutic benefit of Nrf2 activation and ROS inhibition in diabetic nephropathy (dNP), the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone failed in clinical studies in type 2 diabetic patients due to cardiovascular side effects. Hence, alternative approaches to target Nrf2 are required. Intriguingly, the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, which has been in clinical use for decades, has been shown to convey anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic patients and nephroprotection in rodent models of dNP. However, the mechanism underlying the nephroprotection remains unknown. Here we show that minocycline protects against dNP in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, while caspase -3,-6,-7,-8 and -10 inhibition is insufficient, indicating a function of minocycline independent of apoptosis inhibition. Minocycline stabilizes endogenous Nrf2 in kidneys of db/db mice, thus dampening ROS-induced inflammasome activation in the kidney. Indeed, minocycline exerts antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo, reducing glomerular markers of oxidative stress. Minocycline reduces ubiquitination of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and increases its protein levels. Accordingly, minocycline mediated Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibition and amelioration of dNP are abolished in diabetic Nrf2−/− mice. Taken together, we uncover a new function of minocycline, which stabilizes the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, thus protecting from dNP.