bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological safety of neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water upon mutagenicity, genotoxicity and subchronic oral toxicity
Authors: Saitoh Yasukazu , Harata Yoshikazu , Mizuhashi Fukutaro , Nakajima Madoka , Miwa Nobuhiko
Published: March 2010

Hydrogen-dissolved water has been suggested to be effective for alleviating the oxidative stress. In the present study, neutral-pH hydrogen-enriched electrolyzed water (NHE-water; dissolved hydrogen: 0.90—1.14 parts per million [ppm]; oxido-reduced potential: —150 ∼ —80 mV), which was prepared with a water-electrolysis apparatus equipped with a non-diaphragm cell and a highly compressed activated-carbon block, was evaluated for the mutagenic and genotoxic potentials, at concentrations up to 100% dose/plate, and for the subchronic toxicity. NHE-water did not induce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA98 and TA1537, and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA, in either the absence or presence of rat liver S9 for exogenous metabolic activation. Similarly, NHE-water did not induce chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (CHL/IU), in short-term (6-hour) tests, with or without rat liver S9, or in a continuous treatment (24-hour) test. To evaluate the subchronic toxicity, Crj:CD(SD) specific pathogen free (SPF)-rats were administered with NHE-water at a dose of 20 mL/kg/day for 28 days via intragastric infusion. NHE-water-related toxic changes were not seen in terms of any items such as clinical symptoms, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy, each organ weight and histopathology. Thus, the no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for NHE-water was estimated to be greater than 20 mL/kg/day under the conditions examined, demonstrating the consistency with the expected safety for a human with a body weight of 60 kg to drink the NHE-water up to at least 1.2 L/day.
The birth of the neuromolecular gaze
Authors: Abi-Rached Joelle M. , Rose Nikolas
Published: March 2010

The aim of this article is (1) to investigate the ‘neurosciences’ as an object of study for historical and genealogical approaches and (2) to characterize what we identify as a particular ‘style of thought’ that consolidated with the birth of this new thought community and that we term the ‘neuromolecular gaze’. This article argues that while there is a long history of research on the brain, the neurosciences formed in the 1960s, in a socio-historical context characterized by political change, faith in scientific and technological progress, and the rise of a molecular gaze in the life sciences. They flourished in part because these epistemological and technological developments were accompanied by multiple projects of institution-building. An array of stakeholders was mobilized around the belief that breakthroughs in understanding the brain were not only crucial, they were possible by means of collaborative efforts, cross-disciplinary approaches and the use of a predominantly reductionist neuromolecular method. The first part of the article considers some of the different approaches that have been adopted to writing the history of the brain sciences. After a brief outline of our own approach, the second part of the article uses this in a preliminary exploration of the birth of the neurosciences in three contexts. We conclude by arguing that the 1960s constitute an important ‘break’ in the long path of the history of the brain sciences that needs further analysis. We believe this epistemological shift we term the ‘neuromolecular gaze’ will shape the future intellectual development and social role of the neurosciences.
‘Screen and intervene’: governing risky brains
Authors: Rose Nikolas
Published: March 2010

This article argues that a new diagram is emerging in the criminal justice system as it encounters developments in the neurosciences. This does not take the form that concerns many ‘neuroethicists’ — it does not entail a challenge to doctrines of free will and the notion of the autonomous legal subject — but is developing around the themes of susceptibility, risk, pre-emption and precaution. I term this diagram ‘screen and intervene’ and in this article I attempt to trace out this new configuration and consider some of the consequences.
Taking care of one’s brain: how manipulating the brain changes people’s selves
Authors: Brenninkmeijer Jonna
Published: March 2010

The increasing attention to the brain in science and the media, and people’s continuing quest for a better life, have resulted in a successful self-help industry for brain enhancement. Apart from brain books, foods and games, there are several devices on the market that people can use to stimulate their brains and become happier, healthier or more successful. People can, for example, switch their brain state into relaxation or concentration with a light-and-sound machine, they can train their brainwaves to cure their Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or solve their sleeping problems with a neurofeedback device, or they can influence the firing of their neurons with electric or magnetic stimulation to overcome their depression and anxieties. Working on your self with a brain device can be seen as a contemporary form of Michel Foucault’s ‘technologies of the self’. Foucault described how since antiquity people had used techniques such as reading manuscripts, listening to teachers, or saying prayers to ‘act on their selves’ and control their own thoughts and behaviours. Different techniques, Foucault stated, are based on different precepts and constitute different selves. I follow Foucault by stating that using a brain device for self-improvement indeed constitutes a new self. Drawing on interviews with users of brain devices and observations of the practices in brain clinics, I analyse how a new self takes shape in the use of brain devices; not a monistic (neuroscientific) self, but a ‘layered’ self of all kinds of entities that exchange and control each other continuously.
Lactational hexavalent chromium exposure-induced oxidative stress in rat uterus is associated with delayed puberty and impaired gonadotropin levels
Authors: Samuel Jawahar B , Stanley Jone A , Roopha Dailiah P , Vengatesh Ganapathy , Anbalagan Jaganathan , Banu Sakhila K , Aruldhas Michael M
Published: March 2010

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a transition element utilized in many fields of modern industries. CrVI is a reproductive metal toxicant that can traverse the placental barrier and cause a wide range of fetal effects. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the CrVI-induced utero-toxicity. In the present study, lactating rats received drinking water containing CrVI (50 mg/L and 200 mg/L) from postnatal days (PND) 1-21. During PND 1-21, the pups received CrVI via the mother’s milk. Pups from both control and treatment groups were continued on regular diet and water from PND-21 onwards and euthanized on PND-45 and -65. Specific activities antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were estimated. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and serum gonadotropins viz. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were also assayed. Specific activities of SOD, CAT, GPX, GR and GST and serum testosterone and progesterone were significantly decreased, while H2O2 , LPO and serum FSH was increased in 50—parts per million (ppm) and 200 ppm—treated rats in an age-dependent manner. These results suggest that lactational CrVI exposure induces oxidative stress in rat uterus by decreasing antioxidant enzymes, which were associated with delayed puberty and altered steroids and gonadotrophin levels.
Poisoning severity score, Glasgow coma scale, corrected QT interval in acute organophosphate poisoning
Authors: Akdur Okhan , Durukan Polat , Ozkan Seda , Avsarogullari Levent , Vardar Alper , Kavalci Cemil , Ikizceli Ibrahim
Published: March 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of the poisoning severity score (PSS), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and corrected QT (QTc) interval in predicting outcomes in acute organophosphates (OP) poisoning. Over a period of 2 years, 62 patients with OP poisoning were admitted to emergency department (ED) of Erciyes University Medical School Hospital. The age, sex, cause of contact, compound involved, time elapsed between exposure and admission to the ED, duration of hospital stay, and cardiac manifestations at the time of presentation were recorded. GCS and poisoning severity score (PSS) was calculated for each patient. Electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis included the rate, rhythm, ST-T abnormalities, conduction defects, and measurement of PR and QT intervals. Sixty-two patients with OP poisoning presented to our ED from January 2007 to December 2008 from which 54 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 34.1 ± 14.8 years. Of the cases, 53.7% were female. Twenty-six patients had a prolonged QTc interval. Mean PSS of men and women was 1.8 ± 1.0. No statistically significant correlation was found between the PSS and QTc intervals of the cases. A significant correlation was determined between the GCS and PSS of grade 3 and grade 4 cases. GCS is a parameter that helps clinician to identify advanced grade OP poisoning patients in the initial assessment in the ED. However, ECG findings, such as prolonged QTc interval, are not effective in determination of short-term prognosis and show no relationship with PSS.
Five Minds for the Entrepreneurial Future
Authors: Duening Thomas N.
Published: March 2010

This article proposes a new perspective on entrepreneurship curriculum design, one that is founded upon the emerging research into the cognitive skills that successful entrepreneurs possess and deploy. Specifically, this article utilises Gardner’s ‘minds’ approach as a theoretical framework specific to the challenge of developing curriculum for teaching entrepreneurship. Following Gardner, each entrepreneurial mind developed in this article is a meta-category representation of a host of cognitive sub-skills that have been identified through research to be unique to successful entrepreneurs. The five minds for the entrepreneurial future are: (1) The Opportunity Recognising Mind, (2) The Designing Mind, (3) The Risk Managing Mind, (4) The Resilient Mind and (5) The Effectuating Mind. Taken as a whole, these five minds provide an intellectual foundation for entrepreneurship education and curriculum development. The articulation of the aggregated cognitive sub-skills in terms of entrepreneurial minds provides curriculum designers with a handy taxonomy, not unlike those used by general education curriculum designers. In addition, each of the entrepreneurial minds is based on a rich and growing literature that focuses on the cognitive skills that successful entrepreneurs possess.
Innovations, Entrepreneurship and Development
Authors: Bal Gurpreet , Judge Paramjit S.
Published: March 2010

This article explicates entrepreneurship as a means to empower the underprivileged sections, particularly the scheduled castes, in our society. The cases of the scheduled castes from Jalandhar and Amritsar (cities of Punjab) reveal that they have experienced social, economic and political mobility through entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial activities are, however, unevenly distributed among the rural and urban scheduled castes. It is mainly the two scheduled caste groups, namely, the Ad-dharmi and the Megh, in both the cities, who have ventured into entrepreneurship, largely by diversifying their traditional caste occupations. The Ad-dharmis have modified their skills in handling and processing the rawhides and have started leather-based industries, factories and workshops. The Meghs, who have been engaged as workers in the manufacturing of surgical instruments before migrating to these cities from Sialkot after the partition of India (1947), have excelled in sports goods and surgical instruments industries. The overall empowerment of scheduled castes is possible through entrepreneurship. The policy makers may encourage entrepreneurship as a means to achieve equality for them.
Towards a Social Ecological Framework for Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Trivedi Chitvan
Published: March 2010

This article: (1) reviews the literature on ‘social entrepreneurship’, with particular attention to its definition and distinguishing features; (2) develops a conceptual framework and typology of social entrepreneurial ventures based on social ecological principles; and (3) analyses the framework through a number of examples and cases. This typology has both theoretical and practical implications. It enables the classification of social entrepreneurial ventures and provides an understanding of their organisation and functioning. It can also guide emerging social entrepreneurial ventures in strategic decision making to achieve growth and financial sustainability and assist them in setting realistic criteria for evaluating their short and long-term performance.
Trauma Resilience Scale: Validation of Protective Factors Associated With Adaptation Following Violence
Authors: Madsen Machelle D. , Abell Neil
Published: March 2010

Objectives: The Trauma Resilience Scale (TRS), assessing protective factors associated with positive adaptation following violence, was tested in three waves of data collection. Empirical and theoretical literature shaped subscale and item formation emphasizing resilience following physical abuse, sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and/or a serious threat or injury to life. Methods: Content validation experts helped refine items. The three-factor model, including problem solving, relationships, and optimism, was tested (n = 270). A four-factor model adding spirituality was also tested (n = 307). Results: Both models demonstrated strong reliability, validity, and factor analyses results. However, the four-factor model was best supported by the data. Conclusions: Both global scales and individual factor subscales are supported for clinical and research administrations.
The Executive Toolbox: Building Legislative Support in a Multiparty Presidential Regime
Authors: Raile Eric D. , Pereira Carlos , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2010

How do presidents win legislative support under conditions of extreme multipartism? Comparative presidential research has offered two parallel answers, one relying on distributive politics and the other claiming that legislative success is a function of coalition formation. The authors merge these insights in an integrated approach to executive-legislative relations while also considering dynamism and particular bargaining contexts. The authors find that the two presidential “tools”—pork and coalition goods—function as imperfect substitutes. Coalition goods establish an exchange baseline, while pork covers the ongoing costs of operation. Pork expenditures also depend upon a president’s bargaining leverage and the distribution of legislative seats.
Does What Happens in Los Mochis Stay in Los Mochis? Explaining Postmigration Political Behavior
Authors: Wals Sergio C.
Published: March 2010

This article seeks to understand how immigrants’ premigration political socialization experiences shape their views of the new polity, the extent to which this imported socialization affects their degree of postmigration political engagement, and how long the content of immigrants’ political suitcases remains consequential during their civic lives in America. The author offers tests utilizing unique survey data of Mexican immigrants residing in the United States. Results reveal that attachment to a Mexican political party heightens the prospects for political engagement in the American context, and trust in the Mexican government corresponds with trust in the U.S. government.
Strategic Vote Choice in One-round and Two-round Elections
Authors: Blais André , Labbé-St-Vincent Simon , Jean-François Laslier , Sauger Nicolas , Van der Straeten Karine
Published: March 2010

The authors test a model of strategic vote choice in which the decision to support or not to support a candidate depends on the benefit associated with the election of a given candidate and the candidate’s perceived viability. They test the model with data collected in a series of experiments in which the participants voted in eight successive elections, four in one round and four in two rounds. Results show that the same model applies to both voting systems, although the impact of perceived viability is slightly weaker in two-round elections. The authors conclude that strategic considerations are almost as important in two-round as in one-round elections.
The Reflecting Team: A Training Method for Family Counselors
Authors: Chang Jeff
Published: March 2010

The reflecting team (RT) is an innovative method used in the training and supervision of family counselors. In this article, I trace the history, development, and current uses of RTs and review current findings on RTs. In my opinion, many users of RTs have diverged from their original theoretical principles and have adopted RTs mainly as a technique. Although some aspects of the RT technique (spatial separation and the generation of multiple perspectives) are novel, the potency of RTs is derived from the strength of the working alliance. Finally, I make specific recommendations on how to use RTs in the education and supervision of family counselors.
OASIS-C: New Process Measures Promote Best Practices
Authors: Niewenhous Susan S.
Published: March 2010

The inclusion of “process measures” in the OASIS-C data set is a deviation from what home care providers have viewed as the “norm.” To some, these new questions seem out of place. This article seeks to clarify the reasons for the inclusion of process measures and some of the concerns surrounding interpretation of these new data items.
Free the Data!: E-Governance for Megaregions
Authors: Curtin Gregory G.
Published: March 2010

A critical success factor for any regional or megaregion governance initiative will be the collection and synthesis of good-quality data from numerous sources on a wide range of issues. The rise of new information technologies related to the Web makes collecting and using data from disparate sources a reality. A threshold requirement will be the efforts by all governments and public sector actors to make any and all data readily accessible and reusable.
Leadership and Strategy: A Comparison of the Outcomes and Institutional Designs of the Alameda Corridor and Alameda Corridor East Projects
Authors: Callahan Richard F. , Pisano Mark , Linder Alison
Published: March 2010

This research examines and compares the development of two large-scale projects in Southern California, the Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority (ACTA) and the Alameda Corridor East (ACE), sharing a number of features for useful paired comparison. Both have similar political institutions at the regional and local levels, serve the same ports and the same private sector railroad parties, and have a similar regional purpose. This paper uses a specific model of strategy to consider a set of outcomes designated by the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) as a framework that can be applied across different projects and regions. The TBL framework tests the strategy model for explanatory power, for the criteria needed for large scale projects to move forward. This model makes explicit the strategic components of each project that advance a triple bottom line as three distinct outcomes: Increased freight velocity (efficiency), improved air quality and reduced traffic congestion (environment), community protection and safety (equity).
Playing the game of sovereign states: Charles Manning’s constructivism avant-la-lettre
Authors: Aalberts Tanja E.
Published: March 2010

This article analyses C.A.W. Manning’s The Nature of International Society ( NIS) by exploring the constructivist insights avant-la-lettre displayed in this not so prominent opus on international society. The article’s objective is twofold. First, to re-establish Manning’s argument, which has been distorted by its successors. That is to say, whereas often identified as a source of inspiration by subsequent generations of English School academics, the British mainstream at the same time appears to have missed out on Manning’s more metatheoretical, socio-linguistic insights. By exploring his message about the link between knowledge, language, meaning and reality, this article secondly addresses the added value of Manning’s work in terms of his analysis of the metaphor of sovereignty games. It is argued that, particularly in the analysis of the constitutive role of language, NIS provides useful insights for the reconvention project of the English School.
Physical Activity in Middle-aged and Young-old Adults
Authors: Ayotte Brian J. , Margrett Jennifer A. , Hicks-Patrick Julie
Published: March 2010

This study tests the associations of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, perceived barriers, self-regulatory behaviors and social support with physical activity. Data from 116 married community-dwelling middle-aged and young-old couples ( M = 58.86 years, SD = 7.16, range = 50 to 75) were collected via mail-in survey. The model indicated that self-efficacy was directly and indirectly related to physical activity through outcome expectancies, perceived barriers and self-regulatory behaviors. The results clarify the associations among the social cognitive constructs and physical activity, and suggest that interventions targeting multiple social cognitive constructs could increase the activity levels of middle-aged and young-old adults.
A Randomized Evaluation of Loss and Gain Frames in an Invitation to Screening for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Park Paul , Simmons Rebecca K. , Prevost A. Toby , Griffin Simon J.
Published: March 2010

A randomized controlled trial in two general practices in Cambridgeshire compared the effect of loss and gain framed messages in an invitation to screening for type 2 diabetes on uptake and subsequent anxiety and self-rated health. High risk individuals aged 40—69 years were randomized to receive loss ( n = 57) or gain ( n = 59) framed screening invitations. A postal questionnaire was sent to all participants, including non-attenders, after six weeks. There were no significant differences in attendance, mean state anxiety, self-rated health or illness representation between the loss and gain frame arms. Framing of information in diabetes screening invitations does not influence uptake.
Religiousness and Blood Donation
Authors: Gillum R. Frank , Masters Kevin S.
Published: March 2010

Religions instruct individuals to engage in prosocial behaviors. Previous studies are lacking on a positive relation between religiousness and blood donation. We tested this hypothesis using a national survey of 7611 women and 4282 men aged 18—44 years. In women, positive associations of childhood religious affiliation, current affiliation and attendance with blood donation were seen on bivariate analysis but were no longer significant when socio-demographic variables were controlled for. Religiousness was not associated with history of blood donation in men, with the exception of higher donation rates in Catholic men aged 35—44.
Common Factors Predicting Long-term Changes in Multiple Health Behaviors
Authors: Blissmer Bryan , Prochaska James O. , Velicer Wayne F. , Redding Colleen A. , Rossi Joseph S. , Greene Geoffrey W. , Paiva Andrea , Robbins Mark
Published: March 2010

This study was designed to assess if there are consistent treatment, stage, severity, effort and demographic effects which predict long-term changes across the multiple behaviors of smoking, diet and sun exposure. A secondary data analysis integrated data from four studies on smoking cessation ( N = 3927), three studies on diet ( N = 4824) and four studies on sun exposure ( N = 6465). Across all three behaviors, behavior change at 24 months was related to treatment, stage of change, problem severity and effort effects measured at baseline. There were no consistent demographic effects. Across multiple behaviors, long-term behavior changes are consistently related to four effects that are dynamic and open to change. Behavior changes were not consistently related to static demographic variables. Future intervention research can target the four effects to determine if breakthroughs can be produced in changing single and multiple behaviors.
Illness Cognitions as a Pathway Between Religiousness and Subjective Health in Chronic Cardiac Patients
Authors: Karademas Evangelos C.
Published: March 2010

The aim of this study was to examine the role of illness cognitions as a possible pathway between religiousness and subjective health in chronic illness. A sample of 135 chronic cardiac patients completed questionnaires about intrinsic religiousness, frequency of church service attendance, basic illness cognitions (i.e., helplessness, illness acceptance, perceived benefits), and physical and emotional well-being. According to the results, religiousness was significantly associated with subjective health. However, this relationship was indirect, with helplessness and illness acceptance serving as mediators between intrinsic religiousness and health. This finding is significant for understanding the complex relation of religiousness to chronic patients’ well-being.
Inmates with HIV, Stigma, and Disclosure Decision-making
Authors: Derlega Valerian J. , Winstead Barbara A. , Gamble Kimberly A. , Kelkar Kalika , Khuanghlawn Priscilla
Published: March 2010

Seventeen male, former inmates with HIV were interviewed about their experiences with HIV in a jail or prison in the southeastern region of the United States. Participants reported that stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes about HIV/AIDS were widely held by other inmates, and that concerns about HIV/AIDS stigma affected their decisions about HIV disclosure. The results suggest the need to better educate inmates and institutional staff about HIV/AIDS stigma and to increase privacy protection for inmates with HIV, especially in the context of providing medical care and dispensing medications.
Health Aspirations in the Context of Age and Self-rated Health
Authors: Martos Tamás , Konkolÿ Thege Barna , Kopp Mária S.
Published: March 2010

The present research examined the respondents’ preferences for approach and avoidance health aspirations (i.e. health related life goals) in relation to their age and self-rated health (SRH) in a representative Hungarian sample ( N = 4841). Higher age predicted stronger preference for both orientations of health aspirations while SRH attenuated this relationship for approach and amplified it for avoidance health aspiration. Bad SRH predicted elevated preference for approach health aspirations in younger age while it predicted greater preference for avoidance aspirations in older age. Results and implications are discussed with reference to aging and health.
The Psychosocial Burden of HPV
Authors: Daley Ellen M. , Perrin Karen M. (Kay) , McDermott Robert J. , Vamos Cheryl A. , Rayko Holly L. , Packing-Ebuen Jennifer Lee , Webb Candace , McFarlane Mary
Published: March 2010

Despite an increased awareness and ‘normalization’ of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) following the release of the HPV vaccine, the psychosocial impact of an HPV infection, the most common sexually transmissible infection (STI), must not be overshadowed. This study employed in-depth interviews ( N = 52) and quantitative surveys ( N = 154) to assess the knowledge, emotional impact and behavioral consequences of an HPV-related diagnosis in women who had received abnormal Pap test results. Findings revealed confusion over test results and themes related to stigma, fear, self-blame, powerlessness and anger emerged. The promotion of the HPV vaccine should not obfuscate the psychosocial burden associated with an HPV diagnosis.
Children Having Spinal Surgery to Correct Scoliosis
Authors: Bull Julie , Grogan Sarah
Published: March 2010

In order to assist parents to cope with the stress of their child undergoing major spinal surgery, health professionals need an understanding of what the key stressors are. In this study, 13 interviews and questionnaires from parents in the UK and USA were carried out and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Five themes emerged: ‘Information’; ‘Parenting role’; ‘Confidence in professionals’; ‘Pain’; and ‘Effect on life’. Findings suggested that parents need appropriate information and support from health professionals throughout their experience to help minimize uncertainty and distress and that pain management is a major source of stress to parents.
Parents’ and children’s perceptions of active video games: a focus group study
Authors: Dixon Robyn , Maddison Ralph , Ni Mhurchu Cliona , Jull Andrew , Meagher-Lundberg Patricia , Widdowson Deborah
Published: March 2010

Energy expenditure studies have shown that playing Active Video Games (AVGs) is positively associated with increases in heart rate and oxygen consumption. It is proposed that playing AVGs may be a useful means of addressing inactivity and obesity in children. This study explored children’s and parents’ perceptions of AVGs and the likely facilitators and barriers to sustained use of AVGs. Data were gathered using focus group interviews: seven with children, four with adults. Both children and parents reported that AVGs offered a way to increase activity and improve fitness. Barriers to sustained engagement, according to parents, were the cost of AVGs and lack of space in the home to play the games. According to children, the likelihood of long-term engagement with AVGs depended on game content and child age, with AVGs being seen as more appropriate for younger children than teenagers. It would appear that there is potential for AVGs to reduce inactivity in young people. However, barriers to widespread, sustainable adoption would need to be addressed if this potential is to be realized.
Willing and able: How internal motivation and failure help to overcome prejudice
Authors: Fehr Jennifer , Sassenberg Kai
Published: March 2010

Internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced reduces automatic and controlled prejudice. The present studies examined the impact of internal motivation to behave nonprejudiced on reactions to one s failure to behave nonprejudiced. In Study 1 higher levels of internal motivation led to more negative self-directed affect when failing to behave nonprejudiced, but not when failing in other domains. In Study 2 higher levels of internal motivation led to less prejudice after failure to behave nonprejudiced, but not in a non-failure condition. These findings suggest that failure to behave nonprejudiced plays a key role for highly internally motivated individuals in learning to regulate prejudice successfully.
Something to gain or something to lose? Affirmative action and regulatory focus emotions
Authors: Ellemers Naomi , Scheepers Daan , Popa Alina Mariana
Published: March 2010

Previous research on willingness to support affirmative action has examined groups that are historically advantaged or disadvantaged. We argue and show that support for affirmative action depends on whether people are induced to think of the in-group as having something to gain or as something to lose from affirmative action, and the self-regulatory focus this elicits. We hypothesized that group members should be more inclined to adopt a focus on promotion when in-group benefits of affirmative action are emphasized, while a focus on prevention should emerge when addressing potential in-group losses due to affirmative action. Data in support of this hypothesis were obtained in an experimental study asking university students ( N = 83) to report emotions indicating a focus on promotion or prevention. Results further indicate that emphasizing in-group benefits (vs. non-benefits) enhances support for affirmative action, and that these effects are mediated by the regulatory focus adopted. Importantly, only promotion-oriented emotions predict support when the in-group is seen to benefit from affirmative action, whereas prevention emotions only predict support when the in-group is portrayed as standing to lose from affirmative action. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The society-supporting self: System justification and cultural worldview defense as different forms of self-regulation
Authors: Rutjens Bastiaan T. , Loseman Annemarie
Published: March 2010

Justifying social systems and defending cultural worldviews may seem to resemble the same human need to protect what is known and predictable. The current paper would like to argue that these society-supporting tendencies concern two different forms of self-regulation: the need for control and the need for meaning. Results show higher levels of system justification when participants were lacking control than when they had to think about death or about a control topic. Simultaneously, participants showed stronger worldview defense reactions when they thought about their own death, compared to those experiencing low control. This suggests that system justification may be used to compensate a loss of personal control, while cultural worldviews protect the person from existential anxiety.
Ego depletion reduces proselfs' concern with the well-being of others
Authors: Balliet Daniel , Joireman Jeff
Published: March 2010

Previous research suggests that people predisposed toward a more cooperative orientation are stronger at self-control and, accordingly, are better able to ward off the adverse impact of ego depletion on self-regulation (Seeley & Gardner, 2003). Building on this research, we tested the hypothesis that ego depletion would lead to a reduction in concern with the well-being of others among proselfs, but not among prosocials. Study 1 supported the basic proposition that prosocials are higher than proselfs in trait self-control. In Study 2, participants originally classified as prosocials versus proselfs based on mathematical games engaged in an ego depletion task or a control task and later completed a similar measure of prosocial versus proself values. Supporting the primary hypothesis, ego depletion reduced proselfs concern with the well-being of others at time 2, but had no impact among prosocials. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
On Export Composition and Growth
Authors: Dunusinghe Priyanga
Published: March 2010

Exports affect economic growth through several channels. It is argued that not only the volume of exports but what you export also matters to growth. This article investigates the effect of exports and export composition on the economic growth process in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka’s exporting sector has performed remarkably, in particular, in the post-liberalization period. During the same period, her former commodity-dependant exporting sector has been transformed into one that largely exports low technology manufactures. Our regression analysis showed that the expansion of the exporting sector has positively and significantly affected gross domestic product (GDP) growth due to higher productivity level in the sector. However, the full benefits of a vibrant exporting sector have not materialized in Sri Lankan context since the externality spillovers of the exporting sector are negligible. Further, it showed that export diversification has played an important role in enhancing the growth prospect since it is the manufacturing exporting sector that has higher productivity level than the other sectors.
Revisited Export-Led Growth Hypothesis
Authors: Dash Ranjan Kumar
Published: March 2010

Over the years, there has been extensive research on the relationship between a country’s export and economic growth with ambiguous and mixed results. The mixed results are due to bi-variate approach used in the analysis and periodisation (combining both import substitution and export promotion periods).This article corrects these two problems and uses co-integration and error-correction models to analyze the causal relationship between export growth and economic growth in India for post-liberalization period (1992[Q1]–2007[Q4]). The results indicate that there exists a long-term relationship between output and exports, and it is unidirectional, running from exports to output growth. Hence, in the case of India, further liberalization of trade policies are recommended in promoting and sustaining economic growth.
Bank, Market and Economic Growth
Authors: Ray Hirak , Ray Malay Kanti , Biswas Joydeep
Published: March 2010

Does financial system of South Asian countries perform a passive role in economic growth? Can we specify any particular channel that can boost economic development more efficiently? Does the intra and interrelationship among the major segments of financial system point to any change in the structure in near future? These are the major issues that we have examined in detail in the present article. Our findings suggest that though finance is an important determinant of growth, it is also influenced by the economic development in the South Asian countries. Structure of financial system and channel that influences economic growth varies. Banking sector and equity market perform a complementary role in the growth process. Although all countries under the study are less developed, we observed that their reliance on capital market cannot be considered as exception. There is also a faint indication of gradual domestic integration of financial system of the sample countries.
Measuring theoretically complex constructs: the case of acquisition performance
Authors: Cording Margaret , Christmann Petra , Weigelt Carmen
Published: March 2010

Researchers face numerous challenges when measuring complex theoretical constructs. This article focuses on the tension between the benefits of measurement precision and the benefits of generalizability in the context of the acquisition performance construct. Achieving precision tends to lead to measurement proliferation, while achieving generalizability calls for measurement convergence. The authors perform qualitative and quantitative analyses to determine how the literature has dealt with this tension.They conclude that acquisition performance is a theoretically complex construct comprised of relatively unrelated dimensions and that there is often a misalignment between theory and measurement — resulting in missed opportunities to capture the benefits of precision or the benefits of generalizability. Based on their analyses, the authors’ develop a framework to help future acquisition researchers manage the tension between precision and generalizability. The approach is recommended for use by researchers studying other theoretically complex constructs.
Acute glucose dysmetabolism in the early phase of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the age response
Authors: Lazzeri Chiara , Valente Serafina , Chiostri Marco , Picariello Claudio , Gensini Gian Franco
Published: March 2010

In elderly patients with AMI, hyperglycaemia is associated with increased mortality. Recently it has been observed that insulin resistance, as assessed by the HOMA index, proved an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. The interaction between age and glucose metabolism response in the acute phase of patients with STEMI without previously known diabetes has not yet been explored. We aimed to assess this relationship in 346 consecutive patients with STEMI admitted to our ICCU after primary PCI.

When compared with the other age subgroups, the very oldest patients (aged > 79 years) showed the lowest LVEF (p=0.011), the highest incidence of 2- and 3-vessel coronary artery disease (p=0.002), and, finally, the highest mortality (p=0.037). Advancing age was associated with increased values of fibrinogen (p=0.022) and ESR (p=0.001), as well as of NT-pro-BNP (p<0.001). The very oldest patients (aged > 79 years) exhibited the highest values of glycaemia and peak glycaemia, while the incidence of insulin resistance (as inferred by HOMA index) remained unchanged across the age subgroups. This glycaemic pattern was confirmed after exclusion of patients with HbA1c > 6.5%, that is patients with a poor glycaemic control in the previous 2—3 months.

In the acute phase of STEMI acute glucose metabolism is affected by age, since older patients showed the highest glucose levels and the poorest glycaemic control during ICCU stay despite the lack of differences in insulin resistance incidence.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Examine the Efficacy and Safety of a New Super-Oxidized Solution for the Management of Wide Postsurgical Lesions of the Diabetic Foot
Authors: Piaggesi A. , Goretti C. , Mazzurco S. , Tascini C. , Leonildi A. , Rizzo L. , Tedeschi A. , Gemignani G. , Menichetti F. , Del Prato S.
Published: March 2010

This randomized trial was done to test the effectiveness and safety of using a novel antiseptic solution (Dermacyn® Wound Care [DWC], Oculus Innovative Sciences, Petaluma, CA) in the management of the postoperative lesions on the infected diabetic foot. 40 patients with postsurgical lesions wider than 5 cm2 left open to heal by secondary intention were randomized into 2 groups. Group A was locally treated with DWC, whereas group B received povidone iodine as local medication, both in adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement if needed. Ischemia, renal failure, bilateral lesions, or immunodepression were considered as exclusion criteria. Patients were followed up weekly for 6 months. The primary endpoint was healing rate at 6 months, while secondary endpoints were healing time, time to achieve negative cultures, duration of antibiotic therapy, number of reinterventions, and adverse events. Healing rates at 6 months were significantly shorter in group A (90%) than in group B (55%; P < .01). The time taken for cultures to become negative and duration of antibiotic therapy were also significantly (P < .05) shorter in group A than in group B, whereas the number of reinterventions was significantly higher in group B (P < .05). No difference was noted in the adverse events except that for reinfections, which were more frequent in group B than in group A (P < .01). DWC is as safe as and more effective than standard local antiseptics in the management of wide postsurgical lesions in the infected diabetic foot.
In-Hospital Complications and Mortality Following Major Lower Extremity Amputations in a Series of Predominantly Diabetic Patients
Authors: Aragón-Sánchez Javier , Hernández-Herrero Maria J. , Lázaro-Martínez Jose L. , Quintana-Marrero Yurena , Maynar-Moliner Manuel , Rabellino Martín , Cabrera-Galván Juan J.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of major lower extremity amputations (MLEAs) in a series, including diabetic patients, with the aim to study whether diabetes mellitus is a risk factor of in-hospital mortality and perioperative complications. A retrospective analysis of 283 MLEAs (221 of these patients were diabetic and 62 were nondiabetic) performed between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2008, at the General Surgery Department and Diabetic Foot Unit of La Paloma Hospital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) was done. The significant risk factors of mortality were >" xbd="324" xhg="301" ybd="1481" yhg="1446"/>75 years of age (odds ratio [OR] = 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-11.7), postoperative cardiac complications (OR = 12.3, 95% CI = 3.7-40.2) and postoperative respiratory complications (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.0-13.3). No statistically significant risk factors were found related to the presence of systemic and wound-related complications. In diabetic patients, the significant risk factors of mortality were postoperative cardiological complications (OR = 13.6, 95% CI = 3.1-59.6), postoperative respiratory complications (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.0-35.5), and first episode of amputation (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.4-24.3). There were no statistically significant differences in the outcome of major amputations between diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Hospital stay was significantly longer in diabetic patients ( P < .01) though when the patients with diabetic foot infections were excluded, this difference was not found.
Treatment of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: A Surgical Critique
Authors: Aragón-Sánchez Javier
Published: March 2010

Osteomyelitis is one of the most frequent infections of the diabetic foot accounting for 10-15% of mild infections and almost 50% of severe infections. The definitive diagnosis of foot osteomyelitis requires obtaining bone samples for microbiological and histopathological studies. The treatment of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients continues to be debated. Until recently, most experts considered that the standard treatment for diabetic foot osteomyelitis should be the surgical removal of infected bone. Recent data suggest that antibiotic treatment can achieve an apparent remission of osteomyelitis though it is difficult to identify patients for this approach. One of the main arguments used to justify the solely antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis is the alteration of foot biomechanics produced as a consequence of surgery. Conservative surgery combined with antibiotics is an attractive option in treating diabetic foot osteomyelitis because it may reduce the changes in the biomechanics of the foot and minimize the duration of antibiotic therapy. It is currently accepted that the combination of antibiotics with surgical removal of the infected bone may cure the majority of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Recent literature emphasizes the role of antibiotics in the management of foot infections while little effort is dedicated to reviewing the surgical treatment of this challenging diabetic complication, apart from amputation. More research, including studies of adjunctive therapies in cases of bone infection in the feet of diabetic patients is required.
Diabetic Foot Infections: A Need for Innovative Assessments
Authors: Fisher Timothy K. , Wolcott Randall , Wolk Donna M. , Bharara Manish , Kimbriel Heather R. , Armstrong David G.
Published: March 2010

Foot wounds are the most common diabetes-related cause of hospitalization and frequently result in amputation. Although generally diagnosed clinically based on signs and symptoms of inflammation, empirical antibiotic treatment should be based on tissue cultures until resolution of infection. Advances in molecular detection over the past decade, including rapid chromogenic agar and real-time polymerase chain reaction, have improved diagnostic capabilities. However, chronic wounds may host biofilm bacteria not adequately detected by current microbiological testing. Enhanced DNA testing is required to identify these pathogens as well as evolving and previously underdiagnosed bacteria. Two options, nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization and rDNA sequencing, are on the horizon for clinical use. Wound biofilms also necessitate more complex clinical management including debridement, augmenting host defenses, suppression of biofilms, and wound closure. Adopting these advances in diagnosis and treatment may help with overall prognosis and reduce health care costs.
Principal Considerations: Super Parent or Super Pain?
Authors: Marshall Joanne M. , Hamrick Florence A. , Goodman Phyllis
Published: March 2010

This case highlights teacher and family conflict about how best to meet the needs of a 9th-grade student with a disability. The student’s teachers view his highly involved mother as interfering with their work. The student’s mother views her involvement as advocating for her child. Aspiring administrators are invited to consider how best to resolve these competing tensions, especially given their status as a new principal in the school and the long history of educational inequity toward students with disabilities and students of color. Key questions are asked about social justice and social capital as well as ISLCC standards of establishing vision, culture, and community. A brief review of relevant literature introduces discussion questions on these topics.