bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deliberate self-injury. A consumer-therapist co-run group. A choice or a necessity?
Authors: Kokaliari Efrosini D. , Lanzano Kristen
Published: October 2011

Aims— This aim of this paper is to discuss a consumer -therapist co-run pilot group on self-injury held at an American college. Deliberate self-injury has come to be a common phenomenon in schools and colleges. However the treatment and understanding of self-injury still remains a challenge. Most people who self-injure remain hidden in society and do not seek therapy, due to the shame-filled stereotypes and misconceptions that surround self-injury. Group therapy has been discussed as ineffective by many in the mental health field while individual treatment has been controversial for decades.Method— The paper will discuss how this group treatment was informed by consumer empowerment philosophy and how consumer and therapist facilitators worked together to turn it into a healing experience.Results— This group was indeed challenging but confirmed that consumer- run programs are able to function as a catalyst to facilitate healing. It confirmed that breaking away from traditional models that allocate all power and hope for change to professionals might not only be an important step but, in cases such as treatment of self-injury, a necessity.

Declaration of Interest: none.
Epidemiology and social psychiatry: a personal view
Authors: Bebbington Paul
Published: October 2011

Riassunto

Obiettivo - Esporre le considerazioni dell'autore sul ruolo dell'epidemiologia e illustrare tale ruolo in riferimento ai disturbi affettivi. Metodo - Rassegna di una ricerca condotta in due aree; influenza del sesso e dell'età sul tasso dei disturbi affettivi. Risultati - L'utilizzo di categorie sociodemografiche per definire i gruppi ad alto rischio suggerisce che i disturbi affettivi possono essere strettamente correlati alia soddisfazione di ruolo e che l'età può avere un effetto patoplastico sulla forma del disturbo che sovrasta tutti gli altri aspetti, ad eccezione delle influenze sociali piu forti. Conclusioni. - L'epidemiologia è uno strumento essenziale per lo psichiatra sociale, ma il suo aspetto più incisivo è quello di chiarire la natura delle domande da fare e di suggerire nuove linee di ricerca.
Implications of comorbidity: lessons from epidemiological studies
Authors: Wittchen Hans-Ulrich
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo- Lo studio affronta problemi concettuali, metodologici e clinici della comorbidità, alia luce dei piu recenti studi epidemiologici. Inoltre viene valutata la causa potenziale e il ruolo patogenetico dei disturbi temporaneamente primari per la comparsa dei disturbi secondari.Risultati- I risultati disponibili fino ad oggi suggeriscono che la comorbidità (a) non è un artefatto delle strategic di valutazione, del campionamento o del disegno, (b) è specifica nei differenti disturbi, (c) e particolarmente frequente nei disturbi affettivi e d'ansia, (d) influisce sistematicamente sull'andamento delle condizioni di comorbidita è (f) potrebbe essere correlata con modelli di evoluzione dei sintomi.Conclusioni- È inoltre evidente che forme specifiche di disturbi di ansia primaria comportano il rischio di sviluppare disturbi depressivi. secondari, aumentano la probability di non remissione cosi come il numero di successivi episodi depressivi.
WHO study of psychological problems in general health care. Baseline findings and implications for primary care
Authors: Gater Richard
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo - Indagare la forma, la frequenza, la gestione e l'esito dei disturbi psichici comuni in pazienti della medicina generale. Disegno - Campionamento a due-stadi di coloro che si rivolgono ai servizi di medicina generale seguito da una valutazione longitudinale a 3 e 12 mesi dello stato mentale, della disabilità e del trattamento, eseguiti utilizzando gli stessi metodi in 15 Centri nel mondo, sotto il coordinamento dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanita. Principali misure utilizzate - General Health Questionnaire, la versione per la medicina generale della Composite International Diagnostic Interview utilizzata per ricavare diagnosi secondo i criteri dell'ICD-10, la Groningen Social Disability Schedule, ed una valutazione da parte del medico di medicina generale dell'attuale stato fisico e mentale insieme ad un riassunto della loro gestione del caso. Risultati - Sono stati sottoposti a screening 25.916 pazienti e sono stati sottoposti a dettagliate interviste 5.438 pazienti. I disturbi psichici tra i pazienti degli ambulatori di medicina generale sono risultati frequenti (in media il 24% di pazienti visti consecutivamente, range 7.3%-52.5%). La disabilità è risultata più elevata nei pazienti con disturbi psichici: quanto più gravi erano i disturbi psichici, tanto pià grave era la disabilità. Il problema principale lamentato dai pazienti era spesso un sintomo somatico, mentre solo una minoranza di essi lamentava un chiaro sintomo psichico. Il riconoscimento dei disturbi da parte dei medici è risultato essere molto diverso tra i diversi Centri e in tutti i Centri metà dei casi ICD-10 non è stata identificata dai medici. I medici operand nell'area di Verona hanno messo in evidenza una particolare distorsione nei riguardi dei disturbi psichici. Un trattamento e stato prescritto a quasi tutti i pazienti che secondo i medici presentavano disturbi psichici, per cui i trattamenti sono risultati simili, indipendentemente dalla diagnosi. Conclusioni - La frequenza dei disturbi psichici nel setting della medicina generale e la disabilità ad essi associata sottolineano la loro importanza per la salute pubblica. Questi sono pazienti che si rivolgono agli ambulatori di medicina generale; la maggior parte di essi continua ad essere trattata in tale setting senza ricorrere ai servizi psichiatrici specialistici. È pertanto importante potenziare il training per il riconoscimento, la diagnosi ed il trattamento dei disturbi psichici comuni sia nelle Facolta di medicina che nei corsi di formazione dei medici di medicina generale.
Psychotherapies in Lombard public mental health services: psichiatrists' and psicologists' point of view
Authors: Lomazzi Luisa , Fava Emilio , Landra Silvia , D'Angelo Palma , Lammoglia Monica , Pazzi Eura , Calini Paolo , Arduini Laura , Barattini Daniele , Carta Italo
Published: October 2011

Objective The purpose of this study is the systematic analysis of operators' points of view about psychotherapies concretely performed in the Public Psychiatric Public Services and inside the global operating mode of the assistance. Setting – The study has involved 26 CPS selected randomly in Lombardia. The sample has been built with 73 psychiatrists and 42 psychologists. Main outcome measures – All the therapeutists involved in this research have been submitted to a question-form querying socio-anagraphic data, professional training, orientations, operating modes in their CPS, rules and objectives of their psycotherapies, observations and evaluations about psychoterapic treatments and their effects. Results and conclusions: Psychiatrists and psycologists working in CPS, mostly the younger ones (less than 45 years old), followed a personal training in over the 70% of the cases. The prevalent orientation is the psycoanalityc one in both the categories. The most part of therapeutists deems that there has been an evolution in their way of conceiving psychiatry inside the public service. The lines at these evolutions have been mentioned explicitly in the article. Psychiatrists and psycologists, even with some concrete differences, seems to have mostly homogeneous points of view: psychiatrists have a more flexible vision of which practices can be considered as a psychotherapy, whereas psycologists are more rigorously linked to theoric reference models and to rules learnt during their training. They are both slightly favourable to the use of psychotherapies in their services, even if, as a matter of fact, they are used by just a few patients. No contrast between psycotherapy and psycopharmacology has been detected from operators' answers. These practices seem to be both considered useful and integrable.
Anatomical MRI findings in mood and anxiety disorders
Authors: Brambilla Paolo , Barale Francesco , Caverzasi Edgardo , Soares Jair Constante
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo– Gli studi con Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (RMN) hanno permesso la valutazione in vivo dell'anatomia cerebrale di vari disturbi psichiatrici e l'approfondimento degli ipotetici circuiti cerebrali disfunzionali coinvolti nella patofisiologia di queste malattie. In questo articolo abbiamo revisionato la letteratura comprendente gli studi con RMN condotti nei disturbi dell'umore e d'ansia. Metodi – Tutti gli studi in Inglese con RMN condotti in pazienti con disturbo dell'umore o d'ansia pubblicati tra il 1966 ed il gennaio 2002 sono stati identificati attraverso una ricerca Medline, completata dall'analisi manuale delle referenze bibliografiche.Risultati– Differenti aree anatomiche cerebrali sembrano essere coinvolte nei diversi sottotipi di disturbo dell'umore. Infatti, l'ippocampo ed i gangli della base sembrano essere anormali nei disturbo unipolare, mentre l'amigdala ed il cervelletto in quello bipolare. Questo suggerisce che le due malattie abbiano un substrata biologico distinto. Per quanto riguarda i disturbi d'ansia, le regioni orbito-frontali ed i gangli della base sembrano avere un'anatomia anormale nei disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo, i lobi temporali nei disturbo da attacchi di panico e l'ippocampo nei disturbo post-traumatico da stress.Conclusioni– I dati della letteratura riassunti in questo articolo suggeriscono che specifiche aree cerebrali siano coinvolte nella patofisiologia dei disturbi dell'umore e d'ansia. Tuttavia, gli studi a tutt'oggi a disposizione sono stati condotti su campioni relativamente piccoli di soggetti, spesso sottoposti a medicamenti psicotropi, e sono in gran parte studi trasversali. Per tale motivo gli studi con RMN in futuro dovranno avere un disegno di tipo longitudinale ed arruolare campioni più ampi di soggetti, possibilmente senza trattamento psicofarmacologico, al primo episodio di malattia o ad alto rischio di sviluppare un disturbo dell'umore o d'ansia. Inoltre, l'associazione di questo tipo di ricerche con studi di tipo genetico potranno essere estremamente utili per separare anomalie anatomiche cerebrali di stato da quelle di tratto e per ulteriormente caratterizzare la patofisiologia di questi disturbi.
Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural treatment in Social Phobia: a description of the results obtained in a public mental health service
Authors: Leveni Daniela , Piacentini Daniele , Campana Arturo
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo – L'efficacia sperimentale della terapia cognitivo–comportamentale nel trattamento della Fobia Sociale, e provata da numerosi studi, tuttavia tali evidenze non risultano avere una ricaduta significativa nella pratica clinica. Abbiamo pertanto voluto verificare l'applicability di tale terapia nel contesto di un normale servizio pubblico di salute mentale e valutarne i risultati per compararli a quelli descritti dagli studi sperimentali. Disegno e setting – Abbiamo introdotto nel nostro centro una terapia cognitivo comportamentale intensiva e trattato i casi di Fobia Sociale che si sono presentati successivamente. In totale sono stati trattati 11 soggetti rispondenti ai criteri diagnostici del DSM–IV e sono stati valutati gli esiti sia al tennine della terapia sia a 6 mesi dal suo tennine. Principali misure di valutazione – Sono stati utilizzati strumenti obiettivi di valutazione: SF/36 per la valutazione della percezione da parte del soggetto del proprio stato di salute generale e mentale, la CGI per la valutazione clinica del terapeuta e PGI per la valutazione di quella del paziente, Liebowitz scale per la valutazione obiettiva dei correlati sintomatologici. Risultati – Nonostante il numero relativamente ridotto di soggetti che componevano il campione e la cronicita del disturbo presentato, sono stati ottenuti miglioramenti statisticamente significativi. Conclusioni – I risultati ottenuti confermano sostanzialmente quelli indicati dagli studi di efficacia e soprattutto l'applicability del metodo proposto anche nel contesto del Servizio Pubblico. Tenuto conto della elevata diffusione epidemiologica del disturbo, dell'elevato carico di malattia che determina nella popolazione generale e del costo relativamente modesto che il trattamento proposto comporta sarebbe auspicabile che esso venisse utilizzato routinariamente nella pratica clinica dei servizi pubblici.
Which psychotherapy in the Departments of Mental Health? From evaluation issues a few ideas to discuss
Authors: Chiappelli Marco
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo – Sulla base della letteratura scientifica sulla valutazione delle psicoterapie, proporre spunti di discussione in merito alle terapie psicologiche nei servizi psichiatrici pubblici. Metodo – Analisi di studi di revisone e editoriali su processi ed esiti delle terapie psicologiche e della letteratura sulla diffusione di tali pratiche nei Dipartimenti di Salute Mentale. Risultati – L'articolo identifica alcune possibili ipotesi organizzative per migliorare l'offerta di terapie psicologiche nei DSM. Conclusioni – La praticabilità di tali soluzioni richiede da un lato una maggiore attenzione per le terapie psicologiche sostenute da evidenze empiriche all'interno dei percorsi formativi dei professionisti e dall'altro che le diverse istituzioni sanitarie siano in grado di differenziarsi nella propria offerta dei trattamenti.
The prevalence of dementia in a population-based study carried out in Granarolo, Ravenna
Authors: De Ronchi Diana , Bucchi Elisa , Pederzini Monica , Scaini Sara , Petio Carmine , Ferrari Giuseppe , Dalmonte Edoardo
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo – Valutare la prevalenza della demenza e dei diversi tipi di demenza tra i soggetti con più di 60 anni d'eta residenti a Granarolo (RA) alia data del 31.12.1991. Disegno – Studio di popolazione, articolato in due fasi. Nella prima fase l'intera popolazione anziana e stata studiata mediante test di screening, nella seconda i soggetti positivi ai test sono stati sottoposti ad indagini più specifiche. Principali misure utilizzate – Nella prima fase sono stati utilizzati il Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) e la Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Nella seconda fase erano previste una visita medica, una valutazione neurologica, la somministrazione di test neuropsicologici e la diagnosi di demenza in accordo con i criteri del DSM-III-R. Risultati – Dei 557 partecipanti allo studio, 56 risultarono dementi. Per 29 persone fu formulata la diagnosi di Malattia di Alzheimer (AD) e per 14 pazienti la diagnosi di demenza di tipo vascolare (VaD). Il tasso di prevalenza della demenza era 11.1%, 9.1% per gli uomini (95% CI=5.29−12.89) e 12.7% per le donne (95% CI=8.84−16.6). La prevalenza della demenza nel suo insieme, cosi come dell'ad, aumentava in modo esponenziale ogni cinque anni in entrambi i sessi fino ai 90 anni di eta. Le donne evidenziavano una più elevata prevalenza della demenza in generale e di AD rispetto agli uomini e tale dato era più evidente nelle eta più avanzate. Conclusioni – I nostri dati concordano con quelli emersi in altri studi europei ed evidenziano come la prevalenza della demenza aumenti con l'elevarsi dell'eta. Se pensiamo che in Italia i grandi anziani (coloro con più di 80 anni) sono la parte di popolazione che aumenta più rapidamente rispetto alle altre fasce di eta, possiamo attenderci che la demenza diventera sempre più un problema di salute pubblica di grandissima rilevanza, essendo la più frequente patologia della popolazione molto anziana e causa primaria di disabilità e mortalità.
Doctors' responses to patients' concerns; an exploration of communication sequences in gynaecology
Authors: Dulmen Sandra Van , Nübling Matthias , Langewitz Wolf
Published: October 2011

Aims– Like other medical doctors, gynaecologists have difficulty attending to psychosocial issues and concerns. Communication training has proven to be effective in teaching them to spend more time on discussing these factors. However, whether or not they do this in response to patients' utterances remains unclear. The question is how gynaecologists respond to patients' concerns, whether or not they do this adequately and what the effects of a communication training are on the use of these communication sequences.Methods– Nineteen gynaecologists participated in a study which examined the effects of a three-day residential communication training. Before and after the training the gynaecologists videotaped series of consecutive outpatient visits. The communication during these visits was rated using the Roter Interaction Analysis System. Gynaecologists' responses to patients' concerns were examined at lag one, i.e. immediately following the patient's concern.Results– The most prevalent responses made by the gynaecologists were showing agreement and understanding and giving medical information. Affective responses were observed less. At postmeasurement, the gynaecologists responded neither more adequately nor inadequately to patients' concerns.Conclusions– The gynaecologists did not respond in a very affective way to patients' concerns. However, the patients did not express many concerns. Future studies should focus on more prevalent communication behaviours and incorporate more lags.

Declaration of Interest: none.
A theory-based approach to analysing conversation sequences
Authors: Langewitz Wolf , Nübling Matthias , Weber Heidemarie
Published: October 2011

Aims – To assess the quality of communication generally two procedures are used: one defines categories of utterances and counts their frequency, the other uses global observer ratings. We investigated whether a sequence analysis of utterances yields results which more precisely reflect the process of a conversation. Methods – We re-examined data from a randomised controlled intervention study in which residents' interviews with simulated patients were analysed with the Maastricht History and Advice Checklist (MAAS-R) and the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS). Using the U-file of the RIAS we studied the effect of different types of physician questions (open, closed questions, facilitators, other physician actions) on the length of uninterrupted patients' speech and content of utterances. We investigated also whether reciprocity indices improve after a communication skills training, and whether they correlate with global scores form MAAS-R. Results – Patients respond to a closed question with a mean of 1.78 (± 1.49) utterances as compared to 2.75 (± 2.72) utterances after an open question. The likelihood of a concern was more than lOfold higher after an open question compared to closed questions. Reciprocal sequences make up less than 2 percent of the conversation, Still, they correlate with global items form MAAS-R. The 'empathy index' improves after the training.

Declararation of Interest: preparation of the manuscript was supported by a grant from OncoSuisse.
I servizi postmanicomiali nella psichiatria sociale italiana. Il circolo pratica/ricerca
Authors: Salvia Domenico De
Published: October 2011

Riassunto

Fino al 1978 erano praticamente assenti in Italia studi di valutazione dei servizi psichiatrici. Ciò per vari motivi:a) l'esiguo sviluppo che aveva avuto nel nostro paese, nel secondo dopoguerra, l'approccio di psichiatria sociale secondo il modello inglese e scandinavo,b) il sopravvento preso, negli anni '60 e '70 sulle ricerche valutative da un approccio socio-politico ai problemi della organizzazione dei servizi. Una eccezione importante è costituita dalla ricerca di Augusto Tamburini e collaboratori (1918), basata su valutazioni e dati statistici e che oggi cadrebbe sotto l'ampio dominio della valutazione e della pianificazione dei servizi. Dopo una breve revisione della piu significativa produzione scientifica italiana nel campo della psichiatria sociale e dopo aver illustrato le caratteristiche principali della nuova fase, assistenziale e scientifica, apertasi in Italia dopo la riforma del 1978, 1'A. presenta gli obiettivi della ricerca multicentrica i cui risultati sono pubblicati nei primi due fascicoli di EPS.

Parole chiave

valutazione dei servizi, psichiatria sociale, riforma psichiatrica in Italia.

Until 1978 evaluative studies of psychiatric services in Italy were missing. The reasons were:a) the approach to social psychiatry according to the English-Scandinavian model was underrepresented in Italy and the tradition of epidemiological research in psychiatry was poor,b) the predominance, in the sixties and seventies, of the sociopolitical approach to the problems of service organization. An important exception was the study by Augusto Tamburini and his colleagues (1918), based on statistics and assessment which we would call today service evaluation and service planning. The A. of the present paper briefly reviews the most important Italian studies in the field of social psychiatry, describes the main characteristics of Italian psychiatry after the 1978 reform and outlines the aims of the multicenter case-register study published in the first two issues of EPS.
Can deinstitutionalised care be provided for those at risk of violent offending?
Authors: Henderson Claire , Bindman Jonathan , Thornicroft Graham
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo — Lo scopo di questo lavoro e spiegare l'attuale situazione della deistituzionalizzazione e dello sviluppo della community care in Gran Bretagna. Disegno — Rassegna di articoli e rapporti sulla distituzionalizzazione. Setting — Articoli inclusi in rassegne che si riferiscono o all'intera Gran Bretagna, all'Inghilterra e al Galles o alia specifica area di Londra. Principali misure utilizzate — La rassegna e stata realizzata avendo come obiettivo il problema della misura in cui la community care pud o dovrebbe assumere le funzioni dell'ospedale psichiatrico, con particolare riferimento ai pazienti a rischio di comportamento violento. Queste funzioni comprendono sia quelle manifeste o esplicite, sia quelle latenti, o non esplicitate, ma implicite (Bachrach, 1976). Risultati — L'esempio di pazienti a rischio di comportamento violento mette in luce la continua rilevanza di entrambi questi gruppi di funzioni, che si suppone esercitino una forte influenza sui processi di chiusura degli ospedali psichiatrici e sullo sviluppo della community care. Questa influenza si manifesta nella ritardata chiusura degli ospedali psichiatrici, nella trans-istituzionalizzazione (il passaggio di alcuni pazienti dagli ospedali ad altre istituzioni) e l'istituzionalizzazione di aspetti della community care. Conclusioni — Sia le funzioni manifeste che quelle latenti degli ospedali psichiatrici devono essere riconosciute da coloro che sono coinvolti nella pianificazione della community care; qualora si ritenga desiderabile che la community care non assuma certe funzioni, e necessario prevederne le conseguenze, cosicche esse siano gestite in altro modo.
A personality disorders prevalence study among inpatients with mood disorders, psychoactive substance use disorders and anxiety disorders
Authors: Marinangeli Maria Grazia , Butti Giancarlo , Scinto Antonella , Cicco Loredana Di , Kalyvoka Artemis , Petruzzi Concetta , Rossi Alessandro
Published: October 2011

Objective- The aim of this study was to asses type and prevalence of Personality Disorders (PDs) and their patterns of comorbidity with Axis I disorders in a sample of psychiatric inpatients.Setting- The sample consisted of 300 subjects admitted to a psychiatric unit on a voluntary bases for an index episode. The study was conducted over a period of 12 months, from 1.11.1997 to 31.10.1998.Main outcome measures- The Italian version of SCID-II-PQ (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders, with Personality Questionnaire-PQ- a self report questionnaire).Results- More than half the patients had at least one personality disorder. The mean of disorders per patient was 2.83±1.93 (±SD). The most prevalent Axis II disorders were Borderline PD (30.7%), Obsessive-compulsive PD (30.7%) and Avoidant PD (25.3%). Women were significantly more likely than men to meet criteria for Dependent PD and Avoidant PD. Man showed significantly more frequently than women Antisocial PD. Significant associations (p<0.05) were found for comorbidity of Mood Disorders and Avoidant PD, and for Psicoactive Use Disorders and Antisocial PD.Conclusions- Our study confirms the high prevalence of PDs in psychiatric inpatients and showes some interesting associations between Axis I and Axis II disorders. These results can't be generalized to outpatients because our clinical sample involved mainly severely ill inpatients, but they raise questions about the exact nature of PDs and of the relationship with Axis I disorders. Further research involving outpatients and general population is needed to examine factors that could affect development and course of Personality Disorders.
Psycho-social problem disclosure during primary care consultation
Authors: Del Piccolo Lidia
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo – Valutare come i pazienti trattano tematiche psicosociali durante la consultazione in medicina generale e se vi è un'influenza degli aspettà di personalità (dipendenza emotiva e tendenza a controllare o delegare la salute) su tale comportamento. Disegno — “Caso-controllo”. Tra i casi rientravano coloro che avevano punteggio maggiore o uguale a tre nel General Health Questionnaire (GHQ—12). L'appaiamento caso—controllo è stato fatto sulla base del medico curante, del giudizio di presenza/assenza di disagio emotivo espresso dal medico, dal sesso, dall'età e dalla presenza di malattia cronica. Setting — Sei ambulatori di Medicina Generale. Principali misure utilizzate — Scheda del medico con i dati clinici del paziente, Scheda del paziente con dati socio—demografici, Questionario sui problemi sociali, GHQ—12, Questionario sugli eventi di vita. Successivamente i pazienti sono stati ricontattati ed hanno compilato la Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), l'Interpersonal Dependency Inventory e il Social Support Questionnaire. Risultati – La probabilità di trattare tematiche psicosociali aumenta quando il medico attribuisce disagio psichico. I pazienti correttamente identificati senza disagio emotivo hanno trattato meno frequentemente temi psico-sociali, pur accennandoli, il contrario si è verificato per i pazienti riconosciuti con disagio. I pazienti con alto punteggio al GHQ-12 e non identificati dal medico (falsi negativi), più degli altri non hanno neppure fatto cenno ad aspetti psicosociali. La presentazione di problemi psicosociali non è risultata influenzata dalle misure di personalità. Conclusioni – L'assenza di accenni a temi psicosociali e la mancanza di un approccio centrato sul paziente hanno contribuito al non riconoscimento del disagio emotivo nei pazienti «falsi negativi». Un atteggiamento attivo da parte del medico nell'introdurre tematiche psicosociali può avere un notevole effetto sul riconoscimento del disagio psichico in tali pazienti.
Variability of clinical and managerial decisions in mental health services of Region Lombardia: the vignette method
Authors: Biffi Giuseppe , Cuttitta Giuseppe , Bezzi Roberto , Magnani Germana , Piacentini Daniele , Ramonda Maurizio , Ferrigno Luigina , Morosini Pierluigi
Published: October 2011

This paper concerns one of the four research projects developed during a training course in clinical epidemiology managed by the Lombardy training centers IREF. Objectives — To compare the recommandations for treatment concerning 9 vignettes derived from the Australian Quality Assurance Project. Setting — Six Mental Health Services of Regione Lombardia. Design and Participants — For each vignette, all psychiatrists working in the 6 Mental Health Services were asked to fill in a questionnaire about treatment location, psychopharmacology, psychotheraphy, priority between psychotherapy and psychopharmacology and degree of difficulty in answering. Results — 44 out of 52 target psychiatrists took part to the study. Remarkable variability for treatment location and psychotherapies; moderate variation for psychodrugs prescriptions and a good agreement for diagnoses were observed. In drugs prescription an eccess of association was observed. The most prevalent model of psychotherapy was the psychodynamic, followed by the cognitivebehavioural and the family-systemic. There was a tendency toward a flexible approach, as suggested by recommendations of different psychotherapeutic models according to the nature of the disorder. No case were judged very difficult; only in 3 cases a judgement of «somewhat difficult» was expressed by more than 20% (but less than 30%) of the psychiatrists. Conclusions — Studies of this type are very easy to carry out and give useful information for continuous training programs and Continuous Quality Improvement projects.
A SIMPLE GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION INVOLVING ULTRARADICALS
Authors: ROBERTSON J. , SNYDER C.
Published: October 2011

We give a new type of geometric construction that allows for the construction of families of quintic irrationalities, and is quite rich in algebraic properties. This construction may be considered as our first attempt at characterizing points constructible with compass and twice-notched ruler, a problem that seems to have been known in some form for more than two millennia.
U.S. interagency report on the Arctic
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

A new report from the U.S. Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee pinpoints where and how different federal agencies are collecting environmental data as part of the implementation of the Study of Environmental Arctic Change. The study aims to understand the rapidly changing Arctic, improve predictive capability, and identify appropriate adaptive responses to change.
New University of Maryland research center
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

A 14 May grand opening ceremony welcomed the first tenant to the University of Maryland's new research park, which will house several key weather and climate facilities. The first tenant, the Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), is a joint center between several University of Maryland departments and the Earth Sciences Directorate at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
Candidates for Office 2010–2012
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Carol A. Finn. AGU member since 1980. Research geophysicist, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS); affiliate of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado.
Candidate Biographies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Carol A. Finn. Major research interests include geological interpretation of potential field data, volcano hazards, and tectonics. B.A., geology, 1978, Wellesley College; M.S., geophysics, 1982, and Ph.D., geophysics, 1988, University of Colorado. USGS employee since 1978. Visiting (Gledden) fellow, University of Western Australia, 2002; visiting fellow, Japan Geological Survey, 1990–1992; member, Department of Geological Sciences Advisory Board, University of Colorado (2002–2006); member, advisory board for the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets, University of Kansas (2005 to present).
A New Paradigm for Ice Core Drilling
Authors: Albert Mary , Bentley Charles , Twickler Mark
Published: October 2011

The search for answers to questions about the changing climate has created an urgent need to discover past climate signatures archived in glaciers and ice sheets, and to understand current ice sheet behavior. Recognizing that U.S. scientific productivity in this area depends upon a mechanism for ensuring continuity and international cooperation in ice coring and drilling efforts, along with the availability of appropriate drills, drilling expertise, and innovations in drilling technology, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) has established the Ice Drilling Program Office (IDPO) and its partner, the Ice Drilling Design and Operations group (IDDO), together known as IDPO/IDDO (Figure 1).
Tsunami preparedness progress
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

Since the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, the United States has made progress in several areas related to detecting and forecasting tsunamis, including the expansion of a sensor network and improvements to hazard and evacuation maps. However, many U.S. coastal communities “still face challenges in responding to a tsunami that arrives in less than an hour after the triggering event,” according to a U.S. National Research Council report released on 16 September.
Improving science education
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

Over the course of the next decade, 100,000 science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) teachers should be recruited in the United States, and 1000 new STEM‐focused schools should be created, according to a 16 September report, “Prepare and inspire: K‐12 education in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for America's future.”
The new transactions: The President's Page
Authors: Landsberg Helmut E.
Published: October 2011

A regular companion appears now in a new format: AGU Transactions. It is our oldest publication. At one time it had only the purpose of recording faithfully the proceedings at AGU's annual meetings. It has long since outgrown this historical role. As a quarterly it served to print abstracts of papers to be presented at meetings. It also acquired a broad spectrum of miscellaneous departments: General articles, book reviews, bibliographies, reports on business meetings of the sections and the council, and news about members. All these are important for the internal life of a scientific society. But it had become clear for some time that quarterly issues too rarely offered an opportunity of communicating with the membership in order to be effective.
New manganese deposit
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The discovery of a multi‐million dollar deposit of manganese on the floor of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, was announced by Professor J. Robert Moore, a University of Wisconsin oceanographer. Pellets composed of manganese (2–17%), iron, and other elements were found in July by Professor Moore and a crew of graduate students during routine bottom sampling. Moore estimates that there are between 180 and 200 square miles in which concentrations of the deposit are sufficiently high to make mining practical, when techniques are perfected to guard against further pollution and ecological imbalance in the bay. It is also significant that the manganese is in pellet form, which makes the cost of recovery and processing economically feasible.
Mineral exploration by radio
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new low‐cost method of mapping the earth's subsurface features by detecting variations in VLF radio signals has been developed by Barringer Research. ‘Radiophase’ will work in conjunction with airborne magnetometers and scintillation counters. Signals broadcast on VLF frequency bands of 15–30 kilohertz can penetrate from 50 to 1000 feet, depending on the earth's surface resistivity, to detect faults, shear zones, graphitic horizons, mineralized bands, and sulphide bodies. Contoured maps represent variations in horizontal field magnetic intensity expressed as a ratio against the vertical electric field intensity.
Geophysical “corridor” maps
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A ‘corridor’ approximately 280 miles wide stretching from Virginia to California has been included in a Transcontinental Geophysical survey to expand knowledge of the structure of the earth beneath the U.S. The survey has resulted in a series of 20 special maps, including magnetic, gravity, and geologic maps, seismic profiles, bathmetric maps, and a map showing the ages of underlying rocks. Further information may be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey Distribution Section, 1200 South Eads Street, Arlington, Virginia 22202, or from Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225.
Fellowships and Grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences. A Visiting Fellowship program provides funds to enable scientists working in the fields of solid‐earth geophysics, oceanography, radio propagation, upper and lower atmospheric physics, and solar‐terrestrial relationships to spend a year with CIRES. Further information on this program may be obtained from the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302.
Pacific Northwest region
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Discussions regarding both necessary and desirable changes in statutes and by‐laws started in 1966, and final agreement by members of the executive committee was reached at the 14th Annual Meeting in 1967. The proposed changes were put to a vote of the regional membership in early 1968 and were approved overwhelmingly.

The major changes were: (1) Change in period of elections in order to conform to the change at National Headquarters. (2) Change in number of members of the executive committee to permit at least one representative for each section and more than one for the larger sections. (3) Recommended changes in statutes and by‐laws can now be made by an affirmative vote of the executive committee and be submitted to the Council of the AGU for approval.
Inauguration of John Herbert Hollomon
Authors: Meyerhoff Howard A.
Published: October 2011

The inauguration of John Herbert Hollomon, as the eighth president of the University of Oklahoma since its founding in 1890, was a day‐long series of events. It started in the early morning of October 18 with the official Inaugural Ceremony, which was preceded by the registration and robing of delegates and the customary Academic Procession. The open‐air site of the ceremony was the South Oval of the university campus. Like so many campuses of state universities, Oklahoma is expanding rapidly from a peaceful and pleasant old campus on the north, to a heterogeneous modernistic medley on the south. With perhaps unintentional symbolism, the inauguration took place between the new and the old.
Earthquake data cards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

ESSA's Environmental Data Service has announced the availability of keypunched cards that contain large quantities of earthquake data in a format suitable for advanced analysis and research techniques. The data were used in the Coast and Geodetic Survey's preliminary earthquake hypocenter publications. The cards are usually available about eight weeks after the end of the recording month and can be purchased for $5 per month of data.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

While I agree with McCormac's aims (January ‘Forum’), which are to improve publications and meetings, and make them more significant and interesting, I don't think he has found the panacea nor has he pointed in the right direction in many cases. It is well and good to suggest eliminating mediocre talks and papers. But who shall we set up as judges of mediocrity and quality? Specifically, should one change the present system of editors and referees? We know the goals; we need mechanisms.
Room for improvement
Authors: Zurflueh E. G.
Published: October 2011

First, I would like to congratulate the Editor and staff on the new format of the Transactions. I consider it to be a notable improvement over the previous conservative format.

Along this line, I would like to see some further improvements, and it would be especially gratifying to see them implemented by fast action. The following comments, it is hoped, will contribute to such implementation. These comments are based on McCormac's suggestions in January's ‘Forum’ with which I am in wholehearted agreement. I would like to briefly summarize the essential points of his expose before presenting a few additional ideas.
Development of the 5‐year program on earthquake prediction research in Japan
Authors: Rikitake T.
Published: October 2011

A 5‐year program on earthquake prediction research has been supported by the government since 1965. The approved budget for the past four years is summarized in Table 1. The total sum of money for the proposed program is 3,440,000,000 yen; about 30 per cent of the proposed plan has been approved by the government.

During the four years, there have been established eight observatories for continuous observation of crustal movement, ten observatories for microearthquake observation, eight sets of proton precession magnetomers, four field patrols for mobile observation of ultramicroearthquakes and one field party for levelling and magnetic and geodimeter surveys. A data processing center equipped with an IBM 360‐40 computer was set up at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo.
U.S. Geological Survey research on the tectonics of the San Andreas Fault System, California: Introduction
Authors: Pakiser L. C.
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey's National Center for Earthquake Research (NCER) was established in Menlo Park, California, by the Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall in October 1965 for the purpose of organizing a broad, interdisciplinary program of earthquake research. The goal of NCER is to reduce earthquake hazards through improved knowledge of the fundamental nature and causes of earthquakes that may eventually lead to earthquake prediction. In general, the program of NCER follows the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Panel on Earthquake Prediction of the Office of Science and Technology and the Ad Hoc Interagency Working Group for Earthquake Research of the Federal Council for Science and Technology. Although the NCER program is national in scope, initial emphasis has been placed on the San Andreas fault system, California. Research on the tectonics of the San Andreas fault system includes geologic studies, seismological studies, and strain studies. These and related studies in experimental geology and engineering geology are coordinated by the NCER Executive Committee.
Tectonics of the San Andreas Fault System geologic studies
Authors: Wallace Robert E.
Published: October 2011

Earthquake probability. A long‐term rate of right‐lateral slip on the San Andreas fault of between 1 and 2 cm/yr over at least the past 25 million years and possibly 60 million years has been further confirmed and defined by recent analyses of offset sedimentary basins [Vedder, 1966; Addicott, 1968; Dibblee, 1966; Cummings, 1968; and Wentworth, 1968]. The data suggest possible variations between these limits in different geologic periods, but data are not yet adequate to define the changes precisely.

These long‐term rates are approximately the same as those determined by geodesy and other means. For example, Brown and Wallace [1968] found that an average rate of about 2 cm/yr from historic offsets of man‐made structures along the segment of the fault between Paicines and Cholame.
Long‐term behavior of some major faults in southern California
Authors: Jahns Richard H.
Published: October 2011

Background. Several contrasting patterns of long‐term behavior can be recognized among the numerous major faults in southern California that are known to be currently active on the basis of geologic, geodetic, and seismologic data. Past large‐scale displacements represent cumulative slip along some of the faults during long spans of geologic time, and along others during one or more distinctly shorter spans. Moreover, both rates and senses of movement appear to have changed with time along many of the faults. Such contrasting histories, thus far most effectively traced over the last 25 million years of Cenozoic time, may provide some useful clues concerning future movements that can be expected along these major breaks in the earth's crust.
Fault creep in central California
Authors: Tocher Don
Published: October 2011

Since its initial recognition twelve years ago, fault creep has been found to be occurring at a number of localities in California. Evidence for fault creep has now been observed along the Hayward‐Calaveras fault from Richmond to Hollister and along the San Andreas fault system from San Juan Bautista to Cholame. On the San Andreas fault the active fault slippage is occurring where there has not been large offset in a major earthquake in historic time. San Juan Bautista is at the southern end of fault breakage in the earthquake of 1906, and Cholame, with some historical uncertainty, is at the northern end of fault breakage in the earthquake of 1857. The situation is different on the Hayward fault, where the fault slippage is found both within and beyond the ends of the segment that faulted in the earthquake of 1868.
Geological provinces in north central Japan in relation to Matsushiro earthquakes
Authors: Nakamura Kazuaki
Published: October 2011

Epicentral area of Matsushiro earthquakes. The epicentral area of Matsushiro earthquake swarm that commenced in August, 1965, was circular in its initial stage but gradually spread out selectively in northeast and southwest directions, along with rise and fall of seismicity. The maximum area attained was an ellipse with a major and minor axes 34 km and 18 km, respectively, [Hagiwara et al., 1968]. In the center of the epicentral area, surface fault appeared that trends parallel to the minor axis of the area [Nakamura et al., 1967]. The gradual spreading seemed to fill up a certain geologic province known as ‘mid‐belt of uplift’ among geologists.
Source region of the Matsushiro earthquakes
Authors: Kasahara Keichi
Published: October 2011

Teleseismic and near‐field data of the Matsushiro earthquakes were studied collectively in order to clarify the focal mechanisms of the swarm activity. The author first applied the Aki and Brune techniques to the Love waves recorded at Gifu, 180 km southwest of Matsushiro, and discovered that the seismic moment of major swarm shocks is about 0.7 ˜ 3.5×1022 dyne cm for the magnitude range of 4.6 ˜ 5.1. Stress drop for these shocks is then estimated at 0.6 ˜ 7.0 bars, properly assuming several other source parameters.

Comparision of the retriangulation data with theoretical fault models proved that horizontal ground movements in the epicentral area are attributed fairly well to a buried strike‐slip fault, as formerly suggested by geologists on the basis of surface evidence. Geometrical dimensions of the buried faults were thus estimated at 3 km (deep) ×7 km (long), with surface cover of 0.5 km (thick).
Studies of Matsushiro earthquakes: 1. Variations of parameter m in the Ishimoto‐Iida relation
Authors: Nishida Ryohei , Mino Kazuo
Published: October 2011

In general, the Ishimoto‐Iida relation between the maximum trace amplitude a and the number of earthquakes n(a)

n(a) = k a−m

holds good for earthquakes observed at an observation where k and m are constant [Ishimoto and Iida, 1939].

On the other hand, Suzuki [1953, 1955] says that the parameter m in this relation is connected with b in the Gutenberg‐Richter relation log N = a−bM where a and b are constant [Gutenberg and Richter, 1942, 1956]. Suzuki derived a relation of b = m − 1 from the theoretical basis, under an assumption that the decay factor of seismic waves was constant regardless of earthquake magnitude.
Studies of Matsushiro earthquakes: 2. Attenuation of seismic S waves in short hypocentral distances
Authors: Umeda Yasuhiro
Published: October 2011

Introduction.The earthquakes that occurred within a confined area around Matsushiro gave us a chance to study the attenuation of seismic waves in short hypocentral distances.

During the observation periods (January–August 1966 and November 1966–March 1967), four and five observation stations were temporarily arrayed along two lines that were respectively oriented toward the southeast and southwest directions from Matsushiro, so as to correspond to nodal lines observed from the quadrant‐type pattern of initial P motions (see Figure 7). At each station the staff members of Abuyama Seismological Observatory installed a horizontal seismograph with a natural period of 0.6 sec and the direction of the pendulum motion perpendicular to the array lines. Magnifications of the seismographs with smoked paper recording systems were adjusted from 50 to 130, according to the distances from Matsushiro, in order to eliminate going off disturbances from background noises on recordings. The representative magnification curve is shown in Figure 8.