bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of plan-based generalization in sensorimotor adaptation
Authors: McDougle Samuel D. , Bond Krista M. , Taylor Jordan A.
Published: April 2017

Generalization is a fundamental aspect of behavior, allowing for the transfer of knowledge from one context to another. The details of this transfer are thought to reveal how the brain represents what it learns. Generalization has been a central focus in studies of sensorimotor adaptation, and its pattern has been well characterized: Learning of new dynamic and kinematic transformations in one region of space tapers off in a Gaussian-like fashion to neighboring untrained regions, echoing tuned population codes in the brain. In contrast to common allusions to generalization in cognitive science, generalization in visually guided reaching is usually framed as a passive consequence of neural tuning functions rather than a cognitive feature of learning. While previous research has presumed that maximum generalization occurs at the instructed task goal or the actual movement direction, recent work suggests that maximum generalization may occur at the location of an explicitly accessible movement plan. Here we provide further support for plan-based generalization, formalize this theory in an updated model of adaptation, and test several unexpected implications of the model. First, we employ a generalization paradigm to parameterize the generalization function and ascertain its maximum point. We then apply the derived generalization function to our model and successfully simulate and fit the time course of implicit adaptation across three behavioral experiments. We find that dynamics predicted by plan-based generalization are borne out in the data, are contrary to what traditional models predict, and lead to surprising implications for the behavioral, computational, and neural characteristics of sensorimotor adaptation.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pattern of generalization is thought to reveal how the motor system represents learned actions. Recent work has made the intriguing suggestion that maximum generalization in sensorimotor adaptation tasks occurs at the location of the learned movement plan. Here we support this interpretation, develop a novel model of motor adaptation that incorporates plan-based generalization, and use the model to successfully predict surprising dynamics in the time course of adaptation across several conditions.
The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension
Authors: Schütten Monica T. J. , Houben Alfons J. H. M. , de Leeuw Peter W. , Stehouwer Coen D. A.
Published: April 2017

Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
Increased Intracranial Pressure in the Setting ofEnterovirusand Other Viral Meningitides
Authors: Beal Jules C.
Published: April 2017

Increased intracranial pressure due to viral meningitis has not been widely discussed in the literature, although associations withVaricellaand rarelyEnterovirushave been described. Patients with increased intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid analysis suggestive of a viral process are sometimes classified as having atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). However, a diagnosis of IIH requires normal cerebrospinal fluid, and therefore in these cases an infection with secondary intracranial hypertension may be a more likely diagnosis. Here seven patients are presented with elevated intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid suggestive of viral or aseptic meningitis. Of these, 1 hadEnterovirusand the remainder were diagnosed with nonspecific viral meningitis. These data suggest that viral meningitis may be associated with elevated intracranial pressure more often than is commonly recognized.Enterovirushas previously been associated with increased intracranial pressure only in rare case reports.
MIMO Antenna Polynomial Weighted Average Design Method of Downward-Looking Array SAR
Authors: Liu Hui , Xu Qing , Jin Guowang , Zhang Hongmin
Published: April 2017

MIMO antenna polynomial weighted average design method of downward-looking array SAR was proposed from the angle of surveying and mapping in this paper, in order to solve the ill-posed problem that an equivalent virtual array can be implemented by a variety of physical transmitter-receiver arrays for bistatic MIMO linear array. For wave band, resolution, elevation precision, and working height concerned by the applications of surveying and mapping, the length of equivalent virtual array and actual physical array meeting the needs of large scale topographical mapping was solved. Then array numbers and position vectors of MIMO downward-looking array SAR of real aerial mapping platform were optimized. According to this design, some simulation experiments and comparisons were processed. The results proved the rationality and effectiveness of this array configuration by comparing the differences of 3D imaging results and the original simulation scene, counting mean and standard deviation of elevation reconstruction error eliminating the influence of shadow areas, and counting the probability of elevation reconstruction error within half a resolution of the whole scene and individual building area.
The Level of Oxidative Neutrophil Response When Determining Endotoxin Activity Assay: A New Biomarker for Defining the Indications and Effectiveness of Intensive Care in Patients with Sepsis
Authors: Yaroustovsky Michael , Rogalskaya Ekaterina , Plyushch Marina , Klimovich Ludmila , Samsonova Nataliya , Abramyan Marina
Published: April 2017

Background. To analyse the clinical informativity of the neutrophil oxidative response level (“Response”) during an Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) as a new biomarker defining the indications and effectiveness of intensive care in cardiac surgical patients with septic complications.Methods. Blood samples were taken from 198 adult patients who were admitted to the ICU after cardiac surgery (SIRS: 34, MODS: 36, and sepsis: 128). The composite of laboratory studies included CRP, PCT, EAA with “Response” level, and presepsin.Results. 83% of patients had a “normal” neutrophil response, 12% of patients had a low neutrophil response, and 5% of patients had a critically low neutrophil response. Patients with critically low responses had the lowest values of the EAA and the highest concentrations of PSP and D-dimer (p<0.05).Conclusions. EAA results should be interpreted with the level of neutrophil response. “Response” > 0.5 has a negative predictive value; the EAA < 0.6 at “Response” < 0.5 may indicate a high level of endotoxaemia.
In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Ephedra gerardiana (Root and Stem) Crude Extract and Fractions
Authors: Khan Aman , Jan Gul , Khan Afsar , Gul Jan Farzana , Bahadur Ali , Danish Muhammad
Published: April 2017

The utilization of medicinal plants to treat infectious disease is a common practice in developing countries worldwide. The present study was aimed at evaluating the crude extracts of Ephedra gerardiana (root and stem) with different chemicals for antioxidant and antimicrobial (fungal and bacterial) potential. The results revealed that the ethyl acetate fractions of E. gerardiana (root and stem) have significant free radical scavenging potential with values 2.96 ± 0.39 and 2.73 ± 0.84 while n‐butanol and aqueous fractions showed IC502.69 ± 0.26 and 3.44 ± 0.69 µg/ml in stem. Furthermore, crude extract and fractions also revealed promising antibacterial activities against all tested microbial strains while aqueous fraction showed no activities against Bacillus subtilis, Kleibsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interestingly, all crude extracts and fractions were nonactive against fungal strain, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, as compare to control. In summary, the Ephedra gerardiana (root and stem) extract and fraction possess antioxidant activities, which might be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stresses, suggested to be a strong pharmaceutical agent.
Multitasking Scheduling Problems with Deterioration Effect
Authors: Zhu Zhanguo , Li Jinlin , Chu Chengbin
Published: April 2017

Multitasking scheduling problems with a deterioration effect incurred by coexisting behavioral phenomena in human‐related scheduling systems including deteriorating task processing times and deteriorating rate‐modifying activity (DRMA) of human operators are addressed. Under the assumption of this problem, the processing of a selected task suffers from the joint effect of available but unfinished waiting tasks, the position‐dependent deterioration of task processing time, and the DRMA of human operators. Traditionally, these issues have been considered separately; herein, we address their integration. We propose optimal algorithms to solve the problems to minimize makespan and the total absolute differences in completion time, respectively. Based on the analysis, some special cases and extensions are also discussed.
Direction-Dependent Effects of Combined Static and ELF Magnetic Fields on Cell Proliferation and Superoxide Radical Production
Authors: Naarala Jonne , Kesari Kavindra Kumar , McClure Ian , Chavarriaga Cristina , Juutilainen Jukka , Martino Carlos F.
Published: April 2017

Proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was stimulated by a nearly vertical 60 or 120 μT static magnetic field (MF) in comparison to cells that were shielded against MFs. When the static field was combined with an extremely low frequency (ELF) MF (18 Hz, 30 μT), proliferation was suppressed by a horizontal but not by a vertical ELF field. As these results suggested that the effects of an ELF MF depend on its direction in relation to the static MF, independent experiments were carried out to confirm such dependence using 50 Hz MFs and a different experimental model. Cytosolic superoxide level in rat glioma C6 cells exposed in the presence of a nearly vertical 33 μT static MF was increased by a horizontal 50 Hz, 30 μT MF, but not affected by a vertical 50 Hz MF. The results suggest that a weak ELF MF may interact with the static geomagnetic field in producing biological effects, but the effect depends on the relative directions of the static and ELF MFs.
Effect of Active and Passive Smoking on Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer and Ganglion Cell Complex
Authors: El-Shazly Amany Abd El-Fattah , Farweez Yousra Ahmed Thabet , Elewa Lamia Salah , Elzankalony Yasser Abdelmageuid , Farweez Botheina Ahmed Thabet
Published: April 2017

Aim.To evaluate the possible structural and functional changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell complex (GCC) of chronic smokers and compare them with those of passive healthy smokers using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and pattern electroretinogram (PERG).Materials and Methods. We include 80 active chronic smokers and 80 age- and sex-matched healthy passive smokers. After a full ophthalmological examination, SD-OCT and PERG were tested for all participants. Urinary levels of cotinine and creatinine with subsequent calculation of the cotinine creatinine ratio (CCR).Results. Inferior and superior quadrants of RNFL were thinner in group I, but nasal and temporal quadrants did not show significant difference between the groups. There were no significant differences of GCC values between the two groups. There was no significant difference of PERG-P50 amplitude and latency; however, PERG-N95 showed significant difference between the two groups. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the number of cigarettes/day, urinary cotinine, and PERG-N95 amplitude are the most important determinants for both superior and inferior RNFL thicknesses.Conclusion. RNFL thickness decreases in chronic, healthy, heavy cigarette smokers, and this thinning is related to the number of cigarettes/day, urinary cotinine, and PERG-N95 latency and amplitude.
Ficus hispida Bark Extract Prevents Nociception, Inflammation, and CNS Stimulation in Experimental Animal Model
Authors: Howlader Md. Sariful Islam , Siraj Md. Afjalus , Dey Shubhra Kanti , Hira Arpona , Ahmed Arif , Hossain Md. Hemayet
Published: April 2017

Background. Ficus hispida is traditionally used in the ailment of pain, inflammation, and neurological disorders. The present study set out to evaluate the in vivo antinociceptive, anti‐inflammatory, and sedative activity of the ethanol extract of Ficus hispida bark (EFHB). Methods. The antinociceptive activity of EFHB was evaluated by using acetic acid induced writhing, formalin, hot plate, and tail immersion methods in Swiss albino mice. Its anti‐inflammatory activity was assessed by using carrageenan and histamine induced rat paw oedema test in Wister rats. The central stimulating activity was studied by using pentobarbital induced hypnosis, hole cross, and open field tests in Swiss albino mice. Results. EFHB demonstrated antinociceptive activity both centrally and peripherally. It showed 62.24% of writhing inhibition. It significantly inhibited licking responses in early (59.29%) and late phase (71.61%). It increased the reaction time to the thermal stimulus in both hot plate and tail immersion. It inhibited the inflammation to the extent of 59.49%. A substantial increase in duration of sleep up to 60.80 min and decrease of locomotion up to 21.70 at 400 mg/kg were also observed. Conclusion. We found significant dose dependent antinociceptive, anti‐inflammatory, and sedative properties of EFHB in experimental animal models.
A Small‐Sample Adaptive Hybrid Model for Annual Electricity Consumption Forecasting
Authors: Meng Ming , Fu Yanan , Shi Huifeng , Wang Xinfang
Published: April 2017

Annual electricity consumption forecasting is one of the important foundations of power system planning. Considering that the long‐term electricity consumption curves of developing countries usually present approximately exponential growth trends and linear and accelerated growth rate trends may also appear in certain periods, this paper first proposes a small‐sample adaptive hybrid model (AHM) to extrapolate the above curves. The iterative trend extrapolation equation of the proposed model can simulate the linear, exponential, and steep trends adaptively at the same time. To estimate the equation parameters using small samples, the partial least squares (PLS) and iteration starting point optimization algorithms are suggested. To evaluate forecasting performance, the artificial neural network (ANN), grey model (GM), and AHM are used to forecast electricity consumption in China from 1991 to 2014, and then the results of these models are compared. Analysis of the forecasting results shows that the AHM can overcome stochastic changes and respond quickly to changes in the main electricity consumption trend because of its specialized equation structure. Overall error analysis indicators also show that AHM often obtains more precise forecasting results than the other two models.
Suppression of Lymphocyte Functions by Plasma Exosomes Correlates with Disease Activity in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Ludwig Sonja , Floros Theofanis , Theodoraki Marie-Nicole , Hong Chang-Sook , Jackson Edwin K. , Lang Stephan , Whiteside Theresa L.
Published: April 2017

Purpose: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) often induce profound immunosuppression, which contributes to disease progression and interferes with immune-based therapies. Body fluids of patients with HNC are enriched in exosomes potentially engaged in negative regulation of antitumor immune responses. The presence and content of exosomes derived from plasma of patients with HNC are evaluated for the ability to induce immune dysfunction and influence disease activity.

Experimental Design: Exosomes were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography from plasma of 38 patients with HNC and 14 healthy donors. Morphology, size, numbers, and protein and molecular contents of the recovered exosomes were determined. Coculture assays were performed to measure exosome-mediated effects on functions of normal human lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells. The results were correlated with disease stage and activity.

Results: The presence, quantity, and molecular content of isolated, plasma-derived exosomes discriminated patients with HNC with active disease (AD) from those with no evident disease (NED) after oncologic therapies. Exosomes of patients with AD were significantly more effective than exosomes of patients with NED in inducing apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, suppression of CD4+ T-cell proliferation, and upregulation of regulatory T-cell (Treg) suppressor functions (all at P < 0.05). Exosomes of patients with AD also downregulated NKG2D expression levels in NK cells.

Conclusions: Exosomes in plasma of patients with HNC carry immunosuppressive molecules and interfere with functions of immune cells. Exosome-induced immune suppression correlates with disease activity in HNC, suggesting that plasma exosomes could be useful as biomarkers of HNC progression. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4843–54. ©2017 AACR.
A Gene Signature for Selecting Benefit from Hypoxia Modification of Radiotherapy for High-Risk Bladder Cancer Patients
Authors: Yang Lingjian , Taylor Janet , Eustace Amanda , Irlam Joely J. , Denley Helen , Hoskin Peter J. , Alsner Jan , Buffa Francesca M. , Harris Adrian L. , Choudhury Ananya , West Catharine M.L.
Published: April 2017

Purpose: Hypoxia modification improves overall survival in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients who undergo radiotherapy. There is evidence that hypoxic tumors benefit most from hypoxia modification. The study aimed to identify or derive a hypoxia gene signature that predicts benefit from hypoxia-modifying treatment in bladder cancer.

Experimental Design: Published hypoxia signatures were tested and a new one derived by analyzing bladder cancer transcriptomic data from public databases. Tumor samples were available from the BCON phase III randomized trial of radiotherapy alone or with carbogen and nicotinamide (CON). Gene expression data were generated for 151 tumors using Affymetrix Human 1.0 Exon ST arrays and used for independent validation.

Results: A 24-gene signature was derived, which was prognostic in four of six independent surgical cohorts (n = 679; meta HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.73–3.12; P < 0.0001). The signature was also prognostic in BCON patients receiving radiotherapy alone (n = 75; HR for local relapse-free survival, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.26–4.47; P = 0.0076). The signature predicted benefit from CON (n = 76; HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26–0.86; P = 0.015). Prognostic significance (P = 0.017) and predictive significance (P = 0.058) remained after adjusting for clinicopathologic variables. A test for interaction between hypoxia status and treatment arms was significant (P = 0.0094).

Conclusions: A 24-gene hypoxia signature has strong and independent prognostic and predictive value for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. The signature can aid identification of patients likely to benefit from the addition of carbogen and nicotinamide to radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4761–8. ©2017 AACR.
The Inhibitory Effect of Eplerenone on Cell Proliferation in the Contralateral Kidneys of Rats with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
Authors: Wang Cong-hui , Wang Zheng , Liang Li-juan , Wang Xiang-ting , Ma Xue-lian , Liu Bei-bei , He Jia-qi , Shimosawa Tatsuo , Xu Qing-you
Published: April 2017

Background: The unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model not only induces renal interstitial fibrosis in the obstructed kidney but also induces injury in the contralateral kidney. We hypothesized that activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) may induce fibrosis in the early stage of UUO. Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 200 ± 10 g were used in this study and randomly divided into 3 groups: a UUO group, a UUO and eplerenone group, and a sham group. The contralateral kidney and plasma were harvested for further study 10 days after surgery. Results: The level of plasma aldosterone (869.95 ± 55.851 pg/mL) was significantly higher in the UUO group than that in the sham group (478.581 ± 36.186 pg/mL vs. UUO, p < 0.05). The infiltrated inflammatory cells (F4/80) and deposited collagens were increased significantly in the contralateral kidneys in the UUO group compared to those in the sham group, which were decreased by eplerenone. However, proliferating cell nuclear antigen was increased 2.47 times in the UUO group compared to the sham group in the contralateral kidney (p < 0.01), and those changes are attenuated by eplerenone. The expression of SGK-1 protein and mRNA was upregulated in the contralateral kidney in the UUO group, which is suppressed by eplerenone treatment. NF-κB pathway effecters were also changed markedly in the contralateral kidney in the UUO group and partly reversed by eplerenone. Conclusion: Aldosterone induces inflammatory cell proliferation via the MR/SGK-1 and NF-κB pathways and eventually leads to fibrosis in the contralateral kidney.
ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with Radiolabelled Somatostatin Analogues
Authors: Hicks Rodney J. , Kwekkeboom Dik J. , Krenning Eric , Bodei Lisa , Grozinsky-Glasberg Simona , Arnold Rudolf , Borbath Ivan , Cwikla Jaroslaw , Toumpanakis Christos , Kaltsas Greg , Davies Philippa , Hörsch Dieter , Tiensuu Janson Eva , Ramage John ,   all other Antibes Consensus Conference participants
Published: April 2017

The purpose of these guidelines is to assist physicians caring for patients with neuroendocrine neoplasia in considering eligibility criteria for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) and in defining the minimum requirements for PRRT. It is not these guidelines' aim to give recommendations on the use of specific radiolabelled somatostatin analogues for PRRT as different analogues are being used, and their availability is governed by varying international regulations. However, a recent randomized controlled trial, NETTER-1, has provided evidence that may establish 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate (LutaThera®) as the first widely approved agent. It also makes recommendations on what minimal patient, tumour, and treatment outcome characteristics should be reported for PRRT to facilitate robust comparisons between studies.
Health Literacy and Awareness of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Reading Stephanie R. , Go Alan S. , Fang Margaret C. , Singer Daniel E. , Liu In‐Lu Amy , Black Mary Helen , Udaltsova Natalia , Reynolds Kristi ,   the Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation–Cardiovascular Research Network (ATRIA‐CVRN) Investigators
Published: April 2017

Background

Atrial fibrillation (
AF
) is the most common clinically significant arrhythmia in adults and a major risk factor for ischemic stroke. Nonetheless, previous research suggests that many individuals diagnosed with
AF
lack awareness about their diagnosis and inadequate health literacy may be an important contributing factor to this finding.

Methods and Results

We examined the association between health literacy and awareness of an
AF
diagnosis in a large, ethnically diverse cohort of Kaiser Permanente Northern and Southern California adults diagnosed with
AF
between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2009. Using self‐reported questionnaire data completed between May 1, 2010 and September 30, 2010, awareness of an
AF
diagnosis was evaluated using the question “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have a heart rhythm problem called atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter?” and health literacy was assessed using a validated 3‐item instrument examining problems because of reading, understanding, and filling out medical forms. Of the 12 517 patients diagnosed with
AF
, 14.5% were not aware of their
AF
diagnosis and 20.4% had inadequate health literacy. Patients with inadequate health literacy were less likely to be aware of their
AF
diagnosis compared with patients with adequate health literacy (prevalence ratio=0.96; 95%
CI
[0.94, 0.98]), adjusting for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and clinical characteristics.

Conclusions

Lower health literacy is independently associated with less awareness of
AF
diagnosis. Strategies designed to increase patient awareness of
AF
and its complications are warranted among individuals with limited health literacy.
The application of growth curve modeling for the analysis of diachronic corpora
Authors: Nini Andrea , Corradini Carlo , Guo Diansheng , Grieve Jack
Published: April 2017

This paper introduces growth curve modeling for the analysis of language change in corpus linguistics. In addition to describing growth curve modeling, which is a regression-based method for studying the dynamics of a set of variables measured over time, we demonstrate the technique through an analysis of the relative frequencies of words that are increasing or decreasing over time in a multi-billion word diachronic corpus of Twitter. This analysis finds that increasing words tend to follow a trajectory similar to the s-curve of language change, whereas decreasing words tend to follow a decelerated trajectory, thereby showing how growth curve modeling can be used to uncover and describe underlying patterns of language change in diachronic corpora.
Generic key and catalogue of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) of Mexico
Authors: GUZMÁN-LARRALDE ADRIANA J. , HUBER JOHN T. , MARTÍNEZ HUMBERTO QUIROZ
Published: April 2017

The Mexican genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are keyed in English and Spanish, and a catalogue of species occurring in Mexico is presented. Thirty-six genera, including 79 named species in 20 of the genera, are reported. These are mentioned in about 100 publications either as original species descriptions or as publications that specifically mention species and/or specimens from Mexico. In the catalogue, species distributions by state are given based on literature records, and collection data are compiled from about 3630 specimens examined in eight collections in Canada, Mexico and USA. Host are listed for specimens reared mainly in Mexico. A few extralimital host records are also given.
An updated concept and revised composition for Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 (Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae) clarifies a previously obscured pattern of host-specificity among species
Authors: MARTIN STORM B. , CUTMORE SCOTT C. , WARD SELINA , CRIBB THOMAS H.
Published: April 2017

The present concept of the trematode genus Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 encompasses considerable morphological variability and includes species reported from a broad range of fishes. These include herbivores and planktivores, despite the life-cycle of the type-species, Hamacreadium mutabile Linton, 1910, being known to use fishes as intermediate hosts. Reports of H. mutabile are numerous, spanning the west Atlantic, east Pacific and Indo-west Pacific, whereas other nominal species are infrequently reported and several inadequately described. Following a comprehensive review, a strict revised morphological definition is proposed for the genus. Several nominal species are excluded, but, conversely, finer distinctions are recognised among the species concluded to genuinely belong in the genus. Justified records for species retained in the genus are overwhelmingly from fishes of the families Lutjanidae Gill (snappers) and Lethrinidae Bonaparte (emperors), revealing a previously concealed pattern of host-specificity. For H. mutabile, it is argued that only records from western Atlantic lutjanid fishes should be considered genuine; those from plausible Indo-Pacific fishes most likely represent different species. In addition to H. mutabile, eight species are recognised: Hamacreadium cribbi Bray & Justine, 2016, Hamacreadium hainanense Shen, 1990, Hamacreadium interruptum Nagaty, 1941, Hamacreadium lethrini Yamaguti, 1934, Hamacreadium longivesiculum (Yamaguti, 1952) n. comb., Hamacreadium lutiani (Shen, 1990) n. comb., Hamacreadium morgani Baz,1946 and Hamacreadium phyllorchis (Bilqees, 1976) Cribb, 2005. A key to species of Hamacreadium and comprehensive lists of all host-locality records are included.
Predicting Ice Shape Evolution in a Bulk Microphysics Model
Authors: Jensen Anders A. , Harrington Jerry Y. , Morrison Hugh , Milbrandt Jason A.
Published: April 2017

A novel bulk microphysics scheme that predicts the evolution of ice properties, including aspect ratio (shape), mass, number, size, and density is described, tested, and demonstrated. The scheme is named the Ice-Spheroids Habit Model with Aspect-Ratio Evolution (ISHMAEL). Ice is modeled as spheroids and is nucleated as one of two species depending on nucleation temperature. Microphysical process rates determine how shape and other ice properties evolve. A third aggregate species is also employed, diversifying ice properties in the model. Tests of ice shape evolution during vapor growth and riming are verified against wind tunnel data, revealing that the model captures habit-dependent riming and its effect on fall speed. Lagrangian parcel studies demonstrate that the bulk model captures ice property evolution during riming and melting compared with a bin model. Finally, the capabilities of ISHMAEL are shown in a 2D kinematic framework with a simple updraft. A direct result of predicting ice shape evolution is that various states of ice from unrimed to lightly rimed to densely rimed can be modeled without converting ice mass between predefined ice categories (e.g., snow and graupel). This leads to a different spatial precipitation distribution compared with the traditional method of separating snow and graupel and converting between the two categories, because ice in ISHMAEL sorts in physical space based on the amount of rime, which controls the thickness and therefore fall speed. Predicting these various states of rimed ice leads to a reduction in vapor growth rate and an increase in riming rate in a simple updraft compared with the traditional approach.
The Role of Shallow Convection over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Yunying , Zhang Minghua
Published: April 2017

Cumulus (Cu) from shallow convection is one of the dominant cloud types over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the summer according to CloudSat–CALIPSO observations. Its thermodynamic effects on the atmospheric environment and impacts on the large-scale atmospheric circulation are studied in this paper using the Community Atmospheric Model, version 5.3 (CAM5.3). It is found that the model can reasonably simulate the unique distribution of diabatic heating and Cu over the TP. Shallow convection provides the dominant diabatic heating and drying to the lower and middle atmosphere over the TP. A sensitivity experiment indicates that without Cu over the TP, large-scale condensation and stratiform clouds would increase dramatically, which induces enhanced low-level wind and moisture convergence toward the TP, resulting in significantly enhanced monsoon circulation with remote impact on the areas far beyond the TP. Cu therefore acts as a safety valve to modulate the atmospheric environment that prevents the formation of superclusters of stratiform clouds and precipitation over the TP.
A Moist Static Energy Budget–Based Analysis of the Sahel Rainfall Response to Uniform Oceanic Warming
Authors: Hill Spencer A. , Ming Yi , Held Isaac M. , Zhao Ming
Published: April 2017

Climate models generate a wide range of precipitation responses to global warming in the African Sahel, but all that use the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AM2.1 model as their atmospheric component dry the region sharply. This study compares the Sahel’s wet season response to uniform 2-K SST warming in AM2.1 using either its default convective parameterization, relaxed Arakawa–Schubert (RAS), or an alternate, the University of Washington (UW) parameterization, using the moist static energy (MSE) budget to diagnose the relevant mechanisms.

UW generates a drier, cooler control Sahel climate than does RAS and a modest rainfall increase with SST warming rather than a sharp decrease. Horizontal advection of dry, low-MSE air from the Sahara Desert—a leading-order term in the control MSE budget with either parameterization—is enhanced with oceanic warming, driven by enhanced meridional MSE and moisture gradients spanning the Sahel. With RAS, this occurs throughout the free troposphere and is balanced by anomalous MSE import through anomalous subsidence, which must be especially large in the midtroposphere where the moist static stability is small. With UW, the strengthening of the meridional MSE gradient is mostly confined to the lower troposphere, due in part to comparatively shallow prevailing convection. This necessitates less subsidence, enabling convective and total precipitation to increase with UW, although both large-scale precipitation and precipitation minus evaporation decrease. This broad set of hydrological and energetic responses persists in simulations with SSTs varied over a wide range.
ACC Meanders, Energy Transfer, and Mixed Barotropic–Baroclinic Instability
Authors: Youngs Madeleine K. , Thompson Andrew F. , Lazar Ayah , Richards Kelvin J.
Published: April 2017

Along-stream variations in the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) impact heat and tracer transport, regulate interbasin exchange, and influence closure of the overturning circulation. Topography is primarily responsible for generating deviations from zonal-mean properties, mainly through standing meanders associated with regions of high eddy kinetic energy. Here, an idealized channel model is used to explore the spatial distribution of energy exchange and its relationship to eddy geometry, as characterized by both eddy momentum and eddy buoyancy fluxes. Variations in energy exchange properties occur not only between standing meander and quasi-zonal jet regions, but throughout the meander itself. Both barotropic and baroclinic stability properties, as well as the magnitude of energy exchange terms, undergo abrupt changes along the path of the ACC. These transitions are captured by diagnosing eddy fluxes of energy and by adopting the eddy geometry framework. The latter, typically applied to barotropic stability properties, is applied here in the depth–along-stream plane to include information about both barotropic and baroclinic stability properties of the flow. These simulations reveal that eddy momentum fluxes, and thus barotropic instability, play a leading role in the energy budget within a standing meander. This result suggests that baroclinic instability alone cannot capture the dynamics of ACC standing meanders, a challenge for models where eddy fluxes are parameterized.
Acoustic Waveform Inversion for Ocean Turbulence
Authors: Minakov Alexander , Keers Henk , Kolyukhin Dmitriy , Tengesdal Hans Christian
Published: April 2017

The seismic oceanography method is based on extracting and stacking the low-frequency acoustic energy scattered by the ocean heterogeneity. However, a good understanding on how this acoustic wavefield is affected by physical processes in the ocean is still lacking. In this work an acoustic waveform modeling and inversion method is developed and applied to both synthetic and real data. In the synthetic example, the temperature field is simulated as a homogeneous Gaussian isotropic random field with the Kolmogorov–Obukhov spectrum superimposed on a background stratified ocean structure. The presented full waveform inversion method is based on the ray-Born approximation. The synthetic seismograms computed using the ray-Born scattering method closely match the seismograms produced with a more computationally expensive finite-difference method. The efficient solution to the inverse problem is provided by the multiscale nonlinear inversion approach that is specifically stable with respect to noise. Full waveform inversion tests are performed using both the stationary and time-dependent sound speed models. These tests show that the method provides a reliable reconstruction of both the spatial sound speed variation and the theoretical spectrum due to fully developed turbulence. Finally, the inversion approach is applied to real seismic reflection data to determine the heterogeneous sound speed structure at the west Barents Sea continental margin in the northeast Atlantic. The obtained model illustrates in more detail the processes of diapycnal mixing near the continental slope.
The Predictors and Forecast Skill of Northern Hemisphere Teleconnection Patterns for Lead Times of 3–4 Weeks
Authors: Black Jiaxin , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Baxter Stephen , Feldstein Steven B. , Harnos Daniel S. , L’Heureux Michelle L.
Published: April 2017

The Pacific–North American pattern (PNA), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO) are three dominant teleconnection patterns known to strongly affect December–February surface weather in the Northern Hemisphere. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) method is adopted in this study to generate wintertime two-week statistical forecasts of these three teleconnection pattern indices for lead times of up to five weeks over the 1980–2013 period. The PLSR approach generates forecasts for the teleconnection pattern indices by maximizing the variance explained by predictor indices determined as linear combinations of predictor fields, which include gridded outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), 300-hPa geopotential height (Z300), and 50-hPa geopotential height (Z50). Overall, the PLSR models yield statistically significant skill at all lead times up to five weeks. In particular, cross-validated correlations between the combined weeks 3–4 PLSR forecasts and verification for the PNA, NAO, and AO indices are 0.34, 0.28, and 0.41, respectively. The PLSR approach also allows the authors to isolate a small number of predictor patterns that help shed light on the sources of prediction skill for each teleconnection pattern. As expected, the results reveal the importance of tropical convection (OLR) for forecast skill in weeks 3–4, but the initial atmospheric flow (Z300) accounts for a substantial fraction of the skill as well. Overall, the results of this study provide promise for improving subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) forecasts and the physical understanding of predictability on these time scales.
High-Resolution Hail Observations: Implications for NWS Warning Operations
Authors: Blair Scott F. , Laflin Jennifer M. , Cavanaugh Dennis E. , Sanders Kristopher J. , Currens Scott R. , Pullin Justin I. , Cooper Dylan T. , Deroche Derek R. , Leighton Jared W. , Fritchie Robert V. , Mezeul II Mike J. , Goudeau Barrett T. , Kreller Stephen J. , Bosco John J. , Kelly Charley M. , Mallinson Holly M.
Published: April 2017

A field research campaign, the Hail Spatial and Temporal Observing Network Effort (HailSTONE), was designed to obtain physical high-resolution hail measurements at the ground associated with convective storms to help address several operational challenges that remain unsatisfied through public storm reports. Field phases occurred over a 5-yr period, yielding hail measurements from 73 severe thunderstorms [hail diameter ≥ 1.00 in. (2.54 cm)]. These data provide unprecedented insight into the hailfall character of each storm and afford a baseline to explore the representativeness of the climatological hail database and hail forecasts in NWS warning products. Based upon the full analysis of HailSTONE observations, hail sizes recorded in Storm Data as well as hail size forecasts in NWS warnings frequently underestimated the maximum diameter hailfall occurring at the surface. NWS hail forecasts were generally conservative in size and at least partially calibrated to incoming hail reports. Storm mode played a notable role in determining the potential range of maximum hail size during the life span of each storm. Supercells overwhelmingly produced the largest hail diameters, with smaller maximum hail sizes observed as convection became progressively less organized. Warning forecasters may employ a storm-mode hail size forecast philosophy, in conjunction with other radar-based hail detection techniques, to better anticipate and forecast hail sizes during convective warning episodes.
Hagar and Ishmael in light of Abraham and Isaac: Reading Gen. 21:8–21 and Gen. 22:1–19 as a Dialogue
Authors: Chung Il-Seung
Published: April 2017

Hagar and Ishmael in the biblical narrative are often ignored by biblical interpreters because they are usually understood as minor characters within the story. However, reading Gen. 21:8–21 and Gen. 22:1–19 in light of each other shows that Hagar and Ishmael are heroic characters, not secondary figures. As the book of Genesis carefully selects the words to draw out the parallels between Gen. 21:8–21 and Gen. 22:1–9, narrative linkage between these accounts encourages readers to understand the two accounts together rather than as separate unrelated accounts. The narrative linkage between Gen. 21:8–21 and Gen. 22:1–19 clearly indicates that Hagar and Abraham are narratively bound together as parents who have to see the life-threatening trial of their sons. The book of Genesis portrays Hagar and Ishmael’s suffering in the wilderness as equally significant as Abraham and Isaac’s suffering on the mount of Moriah.
Enhancing model composability and reusability for entity-level combat simulation: A conceptual modeling approach
Authors: Seo Kyung-Min , Hong Wooyoung , Kim Tag Gon
Published: April 2017

This paper presents a conceptual model design for entity-level combat simulation to enhance model composability and reusability. For conceptual modeling, we first describe the following three problem situations: (1) joint design of logical/physical modeling; (2) flexible model modification during scenario extension; and (3) cooperative modeling with different domain experts. To this end, we propose a two-dimensional model partition method for a combat entity, which partitions the combat entity depending on the functional aspect horizontally and the abstract level vertically. Thus, the proposed method guarantees transparent simplification of the combat entity and facilitates flexible model composition when simulating in the integration and the interoperation environments. Based on the proposed conceptual modeling, empirical measurements demonstrate the enhancement of model composability and reusability during scenario extension for anti-submarine warfare from static decoy to mobile decoy and from pattern-running torpedo to wire-guided torpedo simulations.
Punishment in the frame: Rethinking the history and sociology of art
Authors: Carrabine Eamonn
Published: April 2017

Images of punishment have featured prominently in Western art and this article explores what might be learnt from studying such pictures of suffering. It seeks to develop an approach to the visual that avoids both the essentialism of art history and the reductionism of sociology by offering a rethinking of the relationships between the two. It begins by setting out the current state of the sociology of art, before discussing ‘new’ art histories that are inspired by social analysis. It then concentrates on how images of punishment have featured in Western art. This substantive material provides a rich resource to understand the force of representation and offers an opportunity to develop an aesthetic sociology that avoids some of the problems identified in the article. The approach developed in the second part is one that seeks to elaborate an aesthetic sociology that combines a historical sensitivity to images with the analytical concerns of social science. It strives to extend the art historian Michael Baxandall’s writings toward more sociological interpretations of visual analysis.
The problem of the human in theological anthropology: Reading Jürgen Moltmann’s christology with intellectuals of the Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Williams Reggie L.
Published: April 2017

Jürgen Moltmann’s christology takes embodied life as the point of departure for knowledge of Christ. For Moltmann, christology is not primarily about the history of creeds, christology is christopraxis. That emphasis helps to prevent the problems of abstract theological doctrines that avoid the concrete and enable theological justification of politically oppressive ideology. Dietrich Bonhoeffer also argued for a social understanding of christology, which takes priority over creeds as guide for Christian life. Both of these German thinkers represent a theological engagement with the forces that Harlem Renaissance intellectuals name and address in their work to recalibrate humanity from false, harmful abstractions, towards real embodied life.
Somatic symptoms are sensitive in predicting interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome
Authors: Chen I-Chun , Lee MingHuei , Wu Shang-Liang , Lin Hsuan-Hung , Chang Kun-Min , Lin HsiuYing
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Somatic symptoms are somatic complaints accompanied by disproportionate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to such symptoms. The study investigated five International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnoses hallmarked by somatic symptoms. The study hypothesized an increased risk of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in patients with somatic symptoms.

Methods

The raw data were obtained from a nationwide health insurance reimbursement database over a 12-year period from 2002 to 2013. The study followed a somatic symptoms cohort ( n = 34,393) and non-somatic symptoms cohort ( n = 637,999) for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Both cohorts were stratified into three subgroups based on propensity scores calculated by sex, age, and 17 comorbidities of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome.

Results

The incidence density of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome between the somatic symptoms cohort and non-somatic symptoms cohort was significantly different in the three subgroups (relative ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.14 [1.01, 4.53], 1.52 [1.47, 1.57], and 1.59 [1.28, 1.98], respectively). The adjusted hazard ratio for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome was significantly greater in the female-dominant and older age subgroups—subgroup 2 and subgroup 3 (adjusted hazard ratios, 1.47 [1.07, 2.01] and 1.72 [1.38, 2.16], respectively).

Conclusion

The longitudinal investigation identified a subsequent risk of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome in patients with somatic symptoms. Somatic symptoms might be linked to biological pathways that might increase the risk of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, much like more traditional psychosocial factors.
Of bonding and bridging: Ethnic social capital and contingent employment among immigrant women in Korea
Authors: Kim Harris Hyun-soo
Published: April 2017

This paper examines the relationship between ethnic social capital and contingent employment or temporary work among immigrant women in Korea. It focuses on two types of social capital: bonding and bridging. The former is conceptualized in terms of co-ethnic ties, whereas the latter is measured as interethnic connections (ties with native-born population). Using multilevel analysis, the current research examines the extent to which such networks, measured at individual and community levels, are associated with the probability of contingent employment for a nationally representative sample of foreign-born wives in South Korea. At the individual level, the size of interethnic networks is found to be significantly related to lower odds of contingent employment. Bonding social capital, on the other hand, is not a significant factor. A cross-level interaction effect is also observed: the relationship between bridging social capital and temporary work status is weaker in a regional community characterized by a higher degree of ethnicity-based discrimination.