bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crescimento e distribuição de raízes de soja em diferentes densidades de plantas
Authors:   Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Balbinot Junior Alvadi Antonio , Debiasi Henrique , Franchini Julio Cezar , Prieto João Pedro Carlos , Moraes Moacir Tuzzin de , Werner Flávia , Ferreira André Sampaio
Published: May 2018

A cultura da soja apresenta alta plasticidade fenotípica da parte aérea, alterando a sua morfologia em função da densidade de plantas. No entanto, os seus efeitos no crescimento e na distribuição de raízes no perfil do solo ainda não estão elucidados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de três densidades de plantas de soja sobre variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento de raízes, em diferentes camadas de solo e posições (linha e entrelinhas). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na safra 2014/2015 em Londrina, PR, um com a cultivar BRS 359 RR e outro com a cultivar BMX Potência RR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições e parcelas subsubdivididas. Nas parcelas principais, foram alocadas três densidades de semeadura (150, 300 e 450 mil sementes ha-1); nas subparcelas, cinco camadas de solo (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e 40-50 cm); e nas subsubparcelas, três posições (linha, entrelinha à esquerda e entrelinha à direita). O aumento da densidade de plantas provoca a formação de raízes mais finas, com tendência de haver maior ocupação das entrelinhas e das camadas subsuperficiais do solo, mas a magnitude dessa resposta é dependente da cultivar
Rendimento de cebola em função da dose e do modo de aplicação de fósforo
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Weingartner Sibeli , Gatiboni Luciano Colpo , Dall'Orsoletta Daniel João , Kurtz Claudinei , Mussi Muriá ,   Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina
Published: May 2018

A cebola apresenta elevada resposta à aplicação de adubos fosfatados, sendo praticadas aplicações a lanço de doses de fósforo (P) maiores que as preconizadas pelas recomendações oficiais. Devido a seu sistema radicular restrito, é possível que a localização da adubação fosfatada permita o uso mais eficiente do nutriente, reduzindo a dose de P necessária para a cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da cebola a doses de P aplicadas a lanço ou na linha de cultivo em um Cambissolo Húmico. Foram testadas cinco doses de P (0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 kg P2O5 ha-1) e dois modos de aplicação (a lanço e na linha de plantio), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5x2. Foi usada a cultivar EPAGRI 352 Bola Precoce, plantada no dia 22/07/2014 e colhida em 15/11/2014. Houve resposta linear da cebola à aplicação de P, com incremento na produtividade de 16,7 kg e 0,08 mm de diâmetro do bulbo para cada quilograma de P2O5 aplicado. Não foi observada resposta da cultura ao modo de aplicação do P na linha de plantio ou a lanço, indicando que para essa cultura a localização do fertilizante não aumenta a eficiência da fertilização fosfatada.
Germinação e crescimento inicial de mudas de espécies não convencionais de fisális em diferentes substratos e ambientes
Authors:   Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cecco Rafael Machado de ,   Universidade Federal de Lavras, Klosowski Elcio Silvério , Silva Daniel Fernandes da , Villa Fabíola
Published: May 2018

A utilização de substratos e ambientes é importante fator a ser analisado na determinação da qualidade de germinação e crescimento de mudas de espécies de fisális. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar a germinação e o crescimento inicial de duas espécies não convencionais de fisális, submetidas a diferentes ambientes e substratos. Conduziu-se dois experimentos simultâneos no período de março a maio/2014, na Unioeste, PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x3 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 3 ambientes: ambiente protegido com cobertura plástica de 150 µm; telado com 50% de sombreamento e pleno sol), contendo 3 repetições e 50 sementes por parcela experimental. O delineamento do segundo experimento foi blocos casualizados, fatorial 2x4 (2 espécies de fisális: Physalis minima, Physalis ixocarpa x 4 substratos: vermiculita expandida de textura média + Latossolo; Húmus Fértil® + Latossolo; areia lavada de textura fina + Latossolo e Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, na proporção 1:1 v:v), contendo 3 repetições e 32 sementes por parcela experimental. Monitorou-se os experimentos por 22 dias, para obtenção do índice de velocidade de emergência. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura avaliou-se a altura das plântulas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, biomassa fresca e seca das plântulas. Estufa agrícola e telado propiciam índice de velocidade de emergência de sementes de Physalis ixocarpa e Physalis mínima, sem distinção entre esses ambientes. Mudas de P. ixocarpa devem ser produzidas em estufa, utilizando-se como mistura de substrato, Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita expandida de textura média, ou Latossolo + vermiculita. Mudas de P. minima devem ser produzidas em mistura de Húmus Fértil® + vermiculita, sob estufa ou telado
Indução de tolerância à murcha bacteriana em híbridos de tomates por aplicação de giberelina
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Rodrigues Fabrício , Nunes Ana Carolina Pacheco , Carvalho Daniel Diego Costa , Ribeiro Mylla Crysthyan ,   Instituto Federal Goiano,   Universidade Federal de Goiás
Published: May 2018

A murcha-bacteriana (Ralstonia solanacearum) é um sério problema para a produção de solanáceas em diversas regiões brasileiras, principalmente, sob ambientes protegidos. A giberelina (GA3) é um hormônio que tem sua eficiência comprovada para o aumento de diversas características em plantas de tomate, porém não há estudo a respeito do potencial desse hormônio para a indução de tolerância à doença. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da aplicação de giberelina para aumentar a tolerância em híbridos de tomate à murcha bacteriana. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8x5 (híbridos e épocas de aplicação), com três repetições. Foram estudadas as variáveis de altura de planta, número de flores, diâmetro transversal dos frutos, massa fresca da parte aérea, número de frutos e peso dos frutos após 120 dias do plantio. Verificou-se que existe diferença significativa para todas as variáveis estudadas e, também, para as fontes de variação. A giberelina é capaz de induzir aumento da tolerância em plantas de tomate à murcha-bacteriana, entretanto a época de aplicação depende do híbrido e da variável desejada para se obter o melhor desempenho. A aplicação feita no 24° dia, após o plantio, foi a que mais apresentou ganhos elevados nos diferentes híbridos e variáveis, seguido do 32° dia.
Teor crítico de enxofre no solo para o estabelecimento de clones de erva-mate no Sul do Brasil
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Schmitt Djalma Eugênio , Vendrusculo Rodrigo Balen , Gatiboni Luciano Colpo , Santin Delmar , Wendling Ivar ,   Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária,   Cambona Consultoria e Tecnologia Agroendustrial, Dall'Orsoletta Daniel João , Coldebella Flávia Denise
Published: May 2018

O cultivo da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) apresenta grande importância econômica na região Sul do Brasil. Contudo, a necessidade de fertilização no estabelecimento de plantios de erva-mate ainda é pouco conhecida. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a adubação sulfatada no crescimento inicial de dois clones de erva-mate em um Cambissolo Húmico. O experimento foi implantado em Itaiópolis – SC, testando quatro doses de enxofre (S) (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 kg de S-SO4 ha-1)em dois clones femininos de erva-mate (F1 e F2). Avaliou-se a massa verde e a exportação de nutrientes pelas folhas, galhos finos (≤ 7mm), galhos grossos (> 7mm) e erva-mate comercial (folhas + galhos finos) e massa total. O S-SO4 foi avaliado na camada de 0-20 cm do solo 24 meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos e plantio das mudas. A produtividade de galho fino e a massa total foram influenciadas pela dose de S, independentemente do clone, indicando a exigência do nutriente para aumentar o rendimento de massa verde. Ainda, o clone F2 apresentou maior produção de galho grosso em função da dose de S. Assim, sugere-se o teor mínimo de 10 mg dm-3 S-SO4 no solo para um adequado estabelecimento de clones de erva-mate.
Tratamento de sementes com niacina ou tiamina promove o desenvolvimento e a produtividade do feijoeiro
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Goiás, Vendruscolo Eduardo Pradi , Rodrigues Aliny Heloísa Alcântara , Martins Angélica Pires Batista , Campos Luiz Fernandes Cardoso , Seleguini Alexsander ,   Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro
Published: May 2018

A cultura do feijoeiro é de grande importância socioeconômica em todas as regiões brasileiras. Seu cultivo, entretanto, ainda está relacionado a técnicas rudimentares que prejudicam a produtividade. O emprego de vitaminas contribui para a melhora do desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, incrementando as condições fisiológicas das plantas. Assim, o estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de niacina ou tiamina sobre as características de desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo do feijoeiro a partir do tratamento de sementes, conduzido em vasos. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos e, em ambos, os tratamentos foram definidos pela aplicação de Niacina ou Tiamina em cinco diferentes dosagens (0,00; 5,00; 10,00; 15,00 e 20,00 mg kg-1), juntamente com fungicida. Foram avaliadas variáveis ligadas à emergência das plântulas, ao desenvolvimento vegetativo e à produtividade de grãos. Verificou-se que, para o feijoeiro (cv. BRS Estilo), o pré-tratamento de sementes com niacina diminuiu o tempo de emergência das plântulas (20,31%) e estimulou o desenvolvimento dos trifólios (16,21%). A aplicação da tiamina, por sua vez, aumentou a emergência das plântulas na primeira contagem (287,52%), estimulou a taxa de emergência (36,72%) e o índice de velocidade de emergência (65,76%), diminuiu o tempo médio de emergência (19,03) e proporcionou incremento do número de vagens por planta (116,28%), de grãos por planta (122,28%) e da produtividade de grãos (127,50%), quando comparados ao tratamento controle.
A qualidade de sementes de buva pode ser reduzida devido à resistência a glyphosate?
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Costa Flávia Regina da , Stinghen Jussara Cristina , Bortoli Janice Regina Gmach ,   Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Coelho Cileide Maria Medeiros , Carvalho Leonardo Bianco de ,   Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"
Published: May 2018

The resistance to glyphosate may provide a penalty on plant growth and physiology. We investigate if the resistance to glyphosate reduces the seed quality of Conyza bonariensis by performing seed viability and vigor tests under a completely randomized design with four replicates of 50 seeds for both glyphosate-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes. Low seed viability (<50%) was found in both S and R biotypes. No difference occurred between either S and R biotypes on seed germination and embryo viability. The percentage of seed germination of the S biotype was higher than the R biotype in the cold test (~58%), accelerated aging test (~84%), and high-temperature stress test (~45%). This is the first time one found evidences that resistance to glyphosate may be responsible for a penalty on seed quality of C. bonariensis.
Microclima em sistema silvipastoril agroecológico com bambu em diferentes distâncias de projeção de sombra: um estudo de caso no Sul do Brasil
Authors:   Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Hermes Cátia , Vieira Frederico Márcio Corrêa , Germano Aline Delfino ,   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Rankrape Fabiana , Militão Erica Rui , Wagner Júnior Américo , Vismara Edgar Souza
Published: May 2018

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of an agro-ecological silvopastoral system, composed of bamboo and tree species, to promote microclimatic alterations at different projection distances from the canopy of trees. A total of 16 paddocks in an agro-ecological silvopastoral system were evaluated. The paddocks were divided into four separate groups (silvopastoral treatments): a) Bambusa vulgaris L. and planted trees, b) only bamboo, c) only trees, and d) open grassland system. The following microclimate parameters were studied: air temperature, relative humidity, grass temperature and wind speed. All parameters were measured at a height of 20 cm above the soil. The measurements were recorded by different time intervals, in order to examine the effect of three factors: time of day, silvopasture treatment and distance to the row of trees. The results show that there was an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in wind speed close to the tree line. The agro-ecological silvopastoral system acts therefore as a windbreaker and retains humidity close to the trees. Thus, it can be concluded that regardless of the presence of bamboo, due to the limited canopy area at young stage of B. vulgaris, the agro-ecological silvopastoral system promoted microclimatic alterations to the environment, indicating the potential of this integrated system to reduce the heat load for livestock and plants.
Effect of Side Chain Length on Segregation of Squalane between Smectic Layers Formed by Rod-Like Polysilanes
Authors: Tanaka Takuya , Kato Itsuki , Okoshi Kento
Published: May 2018

The segregation of spherical molecules (squalane) between the smectic layers of rod-like polymers (polysilanes) with narrow molecular weight distributions were investigated by synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering (SR-SAXS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations, and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the effect of the polymer side chain length on the segregation. It has been theoretically predicted that the smectic phase of the rod-like particles will be stabilized by inserting the spherical particles into the interstitial region between the smectic layers when the diameter of the spherical particles is smaller than that of the rod-like particles whose length is sufficiently long. We found that the segregation of squalane was unaffected by the molecular weight (Mw) of the polysilane in the range of 9,200-44,100 g/mol, and the diameter of the polysilane showed the optimal size of 5.64 nm for the segregation of squalane whose diameter is 6.57 nm although the origin of these inconsistencies between theory and experiment is currently not clear.
As Condições de Conservação das Reservas Museológicas: Estudo Internacional e Nacional
Authors: Gomes Maria Fernando , Vieira Eduarda , Casanovas (†) Luis Elias , Calvo Ana
Published: May 2018

Face aos novos paradigmas de visibilidade e acesso às coleções museológicas em reserva torna-se premente saber quais são de fato as condições de conservação em reserva. O presente trabalho pretende dar a conhecer a realidade de algumas instituições interna-cionais e nacionais com espaços de reserva visíveis e / ou visitáveis, ou com o sistema de armazenamento visível, que se disponibilizaram a colaborar neste projeto de investigação, o qual teve como instrumento de recolha de informação um questionário.
Small tropical islands with dense human population: differences in water quality of near-shore waters are associated with distinct bacterial communities
Authors: Kegler Hauke F. , Hassenrück Christiane , Kegler Pia , Jennerjahn Tim C. , Lukman Muhammad , Jompa Jamaluddin , Gärdes Astrid
Published: May 2018

Water quality deterioration caused by an enrichment in inorganic and organic matter due to anthropogenic inputs is one of the major local threats to coral reefs in Indonesia. However, even though bacteria are important mediators in coral reef ecosystems, little is known about the response of individual taxa and whole bacterial communities to these anthropogenic inputs. The present study is the first to investigate how bacterial community composition responds to small-scale changes in water quality in several coral reef habitats of the Spermonde Archipelago including the water column, particles, and back-reef sediments, on a densely populated and an uninhabited island. The main aims were to elucidate if (a) water quality indicators and organic matter concentrations differ between the uninhabited and the densely populated island of the archipelago, and (b) if there are differences in bacterial community composition in back-reef sediments and in the water column, which are associated with differences in water quality. Several key water quality parameters, such as inorganic nitrate and phosphate, chlorophylla, and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) were significantly higher at the inhabited than at the uninhabited island. Bacterial communities in sediments and particle-attached communities were significantly different between the two islands with bacterial taxa commonly associated with nutrient and organic matter-rich conditions occurring in higher proportions at the inhabited island. Within the individual reef habitats, variations in bacterial community composition between the islands were associated with differences in water quality. We also observed that copiotrophic, opportunistic bacterial taxa were enriched at the inhabited island with its higher chlorophylla, dissolved organic carbon and TEP concentrations. Given the increasing strain on tropical coastal ecosystems, this study suggests that effluents from densely populated islands lacking sewage treatment can alter bacterial communities that may be important for coral reef ecosystem function.
Bioreactors for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Paez‐Mayorga Jesus , Hernández‐Vargas Gustavo , Ruiz‐Esparza Guillermo U. , Iqbal Hafiz M. N. , Wang Xichi , Zhang Yu Shrike , Parra‐Saldivar Roberto , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: May 2018

The advances in biotechnology, biomechanics, and biomaterials can be used to develop organ models that aim to accurately emulate their natural counterparts. Heart disease, one of the leading causes of death in modern society, has attracted particular attention in the field of tissue engineering. To avoid incorrect prognosis of patients suffering from heart disease, or from adverse consequences of classical therapeutic approaches, as well as to address the shortage of heart donors, new solutions are urgently needed. Biotechnological advances in cardiac tissue engineering from a bioreactor perspective, in which recapitulation of functional, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of the cardiac tissue can be used to recreate its natural microenvironment, are reviewed. Detailed examples of functional and preclinical applications of engineered cardiac constructs and the state‐of‐the‐art systems from a bioreactor perspective are provided. Finally, the current trends and future directions of the field for its translation to clinical settings are discussed.
Reverse‐Offset Printed Ultrathin Ag Mesh for Robust Conformal Transparent Electrodes for High‐Performance Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Jiang Zhi , Fukuda Kenjiro , Xu Xiaomin , Park Sungjun , Inoue Daishi , Jin Hanbit , Saito Masahiko , Osaka Itaru , Takimiya Kazuo , Someya Takao
Published: May 2018

Mechanically durable transparent electrodes are needed in flexible optoelectronic devices to realize their long‐term stable functioning, for applications in various fields such as energy, healthcare, and soft robotics. Several promising transparent electrodes based on nanomaterials have been previously reported to replace the conventional and fragile indium‐tin oxide (ITO); however, obtaining feasible printed transparent electrodes for ultraflexible devices with a multistack structure is still a great challenge. Here, a printed ultrathin (uniform thickness of 100 nm) Ag mesh transparent electrode is demonstrated, simultaneously achieving high conductance, high transparency, and good mechanical properties. It shows a 17 Ω sq−1 sheet resistance (Rsh) with 93.2% transmittance, which surpasses the performance of sputtered ITO electrodes and other ultrathin Ag mesh transparent electrodes. The conductance is stable after 500 cycles of 100% stretch/release deformation, with an insignificant increase (10.6%) in Rsh by adopting a buckling structure. Furthermore, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) using our Ag mesh transparent electrodes achieve a power conversion efficiency of 8.3%, which is comparable to the performance of ITO‐based OPVs.
Organocatalytic Oxidative Cyclization of Amidoximes for the Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazolines
Authors: Soni Vineet Kumar , Kim Jun , Cho Eun Jin
Published: May 2018

Organocatalytic synthesis of bi‐ and tricyclic fused 1,2,4‐oxadiazolines is reported. The reaction proceeds through oxidative cyclization of the corresponding amidoxime using 2,4,6‐tris(4‐fluorophenyl)pyrylium tetrafluoroborate (T(p‐F)PPT) as the organocatalyst, and molecular oxygen as the green oxidant. During the transformation, T(p‐F)PPT acts as both the electrophilic catalyst and photocatalyst, and the reaction is promoted by irradiation with visible light. The method introduced herein offers a straightforward route to the preparation of 1,2,4‐oxadiazolines with different functionalities, and is highly atom economical.

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Cell Configurations and Electrode Materials for Nonaqueous Sodium‐Ion Capacitors: The Current State of the Field
Authors: Glushenkov Alexey M. , Ellis Amanda V.
Published: May 2018

Nonaqueous sodium‐ion capacitors are a new type of hybrid energy storage cells that combine the advantages of sodium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors. Unlike their commercialized lithium‐ion analogues, sodium‐ion capacitors use sodium ions in the cell operation. A classic configuration of a sodium‐ion capacitor includes a battery‐type anode with a capacitive cathode within the same cell, thus optimizing both the energy and power densities of the device. This is commonly achieved by using hard carbon anodes and activated carbon cathodes, although other suitable anode materials can be used. Meanwhile, the energy storage community has moved beyond this classic concept, with a number of cell configurations deviating from the classic sodium‐ion capacitor design having been described. These include the use of titanate and TiO2 anodes with sloping charge profiles, the use of other nonstandard battery‐type anodes, an “upside‐down” sodium‐ion capacitor design, and the application of new materials (e.g., MXenes) as alternatives to the traditional capacitive electrodes. This review summarizes the reported cell configurations and electrode materials described by various researchers, and provides an analysis of the current state of the field of nonaqueous sodium‐ion capacitors.
A Review of Metal‐ and Metal‐Oxide‐Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Liu Guanyu , Tran‐Phu Thanh , Chen Hongjun , Tricoli Antonio
Published: May 2018

Capping and, eventually, reducing the atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as CO2 is an urgent priority, and a focus of multidisciplinary efforts. Among other techniques, advanced technologies for CO2 capture and conversion are highly desirable to limit CO2 emissions. Electrochemical reduction of CO2, using off‐peak renewable electricity, to value‐added chemicals and fuels has attracted extensive research interest. A main effort is directed toward the development of efficient, selective, and robust electrocatalysts to promote CO2 reduction, due to its sluggish reaction kinetics. Here, recent investigations and achievements in the design of metal‐ and metal‐oxide‐based heterogeneous catalysts are reviewed in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, and mechanism. A classification of heterogeneous CO2 catalysts is presented based on the main products of electrochemical reduction of CO2, including HCOOH, CO, C2H4, CH3OH, and C3H8O. The key catalysts' properties favoring the production of specific chemical products from the CO2 reduction reaction are critically discussed. The challenges for achieving superior CO2 reduction electrocatalysts are discussed providing future research directions for their design and development.
Atomically Thin 2D Multinary Nanosheets for Energy‐Related Photo, Electrocatalysis
Authors: Xiong Jun , Di Jun , Li Huaming
Published: May 2018

The severe energy crisis and environmental issues have led to an increase in research on the development of sustainable energy. Atomically thin 2D multinary nanosheets with tunable components show advantages for producing sustainable energy via photo, electrocatalysis processes. Here, recent progress of atomically thin 2D multinary nanosheets from the design, synthesis, tuning, and sustainable energy production via photo, electrocatalysis processes is summarized. The regulating strategies such as alloying, doping, vacancy engineering, pores construction, surface modification, and heterojunction are summarized, focusing on how to optimize the catalytic performance of atomically thin 2D multinary nanosheets. In addition, advancements in versatile energy‐related photo, electrocatalytic applications in the areas of oxygen evolution, oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation are discussed. Finally, existing challenges and future research directions in this promising field are presented.
Evolution on the backbone: Apocynaceae phylogenomics and new perspectives on growth forms, flowers, and fruits
Authors: Fishbein Mark , Livshultz Tatyana , Straub Shannon C. K. , Simões André O. , Boutte Julien , McDonnell Angela , Foote Abbey
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

We provide the largest phylogenetic analyses to date of Apocynaceae in terms of taxa and molecular data as a framework for analyzing the evolution of vegetative and reproductive traits.

Methods

We produced maximum‐likelihood phylogenies of Apocynaceae using 21 plastid loci sampled from 1045 species (nearly 25% of the family) and complete plastomes from 73 species. We reconstructed ancestral states and used model comparisons in a likelihood framework to analyze character evolution across Apocynaceae.

Key Results

We obtained a well‐supported phylogeny of Apocynaceae, resolving poorly understood tribal and subtribal relationships (e.g., among Amsonieae and Hunterieae, within Asclepiadeae), rejecting monophyly of Melodineae and Odontadenieae, and placing previously unsampled and enigmatic taxa (e.g., Pycnobotrya). We provide new insights into the evolution of Apocynaceae, including frequent shifts between herbaceousness and woodiness, reversibility of twining, integrated evolution of the corolla and gynostegium, and ancestral baccate fruits.

Conclusions

Increased sampling and selection of best‐fitting models of evolution provide more resolved and robust estimates of phylogeny and character evolution than obtained in previous studies. Evolutionary inferences are sensitive to choice of phylogenetic frameworks and models.
Effects of osteoarthritis on age‐at‐death estimates from the human pelvis
Authors: Calce Stephanie E. , Kurki Helen K. , Weston Darlene A. , Gould Lisa
Published: May 2018

Objectives

This study examined the degree of error in age‐at‐death estimates when osteoarthritis (OA) is present in three separate pelvic joint areas: (1) the pubic symphysis, (2) the auricular surface, and (3) the acetabulum from a modern known‐age European cemetery sample of adults.

Materials and methods

Age‐at‐death ranged from 17 to 79 years (x̄=50.9 years;n = 252). OA in the pelvic joints was evaluated using standard ranked categorical scoring. Composite OA scores were derived through principal component analysis. Blind age assessments and all analyses were performed separately by region. Error between adult age groups (young, middle, old) and between OA severity groups (low, middle, high) was evaluated using one‐way ANOVAs with post‐hoc testing, ordinary least squares regression, and transition analysis with a cumulative probit model. Ages‐at‐transition were compared with Nphases2.

Results

Three significant results emerge. First, OA severity has an effect on the accuracy of age estimates from os coxa joints in this sample. Second, this influence is most significant for different age cohorts in each joint region, demonstrating that varied rates of arthritic trait progression occur between the auricular surface, pubic symphyses, and acetabulum. Third, those with OA appear to be aging faster, a consistent trend among the os coxa regions.

Conclusions

These results have significant consequences for understanding the rate of bone remodeling in relation to disease, aging, and the evaluation of skeletal age indicators.
Age‐related changes in the gut microbiota influence systemic inflammation and stroke outcome
Authors: Spychala Monica S. , Venna Venugopal Reddy , Jandzinski Michal , Doran Sarah J. , Durgan David J. , Ganesh Bhanu Priya , Ajami Nadim J. , Putluri Nagireddy , Graf Joerg , Bryan Robert M. , McCullough Louise D.
Published: May 2018

Objective

Chronic systemic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of many age‐related diseases. Although not well understood, alterations in the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, may be responsible for age‐related inflammation.

Methods

Using stroke as a disease model, we tested the hypothesis that a youthful microbiota, when established in aged mice, produces positive outcomes following ischemic stroke. Conversely, an aged microbiota, when established in young mice, produces negative outcomes after stroke. Young and aged male mice had either a young or an aged microbiota established by fecal transplant gavage (FTG). Mice were subjected to ischemic stroke (middle cerebral artery occlusion; MCAO) or sham surgery. During the subsequent weeks, mice underwent behavioral testing and fecal samples were collected for 16S ribosomal RNA analysis of bacterial content.

Results

We found that the microbiota is altered after experimental stroke in young mice and resembles the biome of uninjured aged mice. In aged mice, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F:B), two main bacterial phyla in gut microbiota, increased ∼9‐fold (p < 0.001) compared to young. This increased F:B ratio in aged mice is indicative of dysbiosis. Altering the microbiota in young by fecal gavage to resemble that of aged mice (∼6‐fold increase in F:B ratio, p < 0.001) increased mortality following MCAO, decreased performance in behavioral testing, and increased cytokine levels. Conversely, altering the microbiota in aged to resemble that of young (∼9‐fold decrease in F:B ratio, p < 0.001) increased survival and improved recovery following MCAO.

Interpretation

Aged biome increased the levels of systemic proinflammatory cytokines. We conclude that the gut microbiota can be modified to positively impact outcomes from age‐related diseases. Ann Neurol 2018;83:23–36
Metal‐ and Base‐Free Room‐Temperature Amination of Organoboronic Acids with N‐Alkyl Hydroxylamines
Authors: Sun Hong‐Bao , Gong Liang , Tian Yu‐Biao , Wu Jin‐Gui , Zhang Xia , Liu Jie , Fu Zhengyan , Niu Dawen
Published: May 2018

We have found that readily available N‐alkyl hydroxylamines are effective reagents for the amination of organoboronic acids in the presence of trichloroacetonitrile. This amination reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature and in the absence of added metal or base, it tolerates a remarkable range of functional groups, and it can be used in the late‐stage assembly of two complex units.
Acylstannane: Spaltbare und hochreaktive Photoinitiatoren für radikalische Photopolymerisationen bei Wellenlängen über 500 nm mit exzellentem Photobleaching
Authors: Mitterbauer Moritz , Knaack Patrick , Naumov Sergej , Markovic Marica , Ovsianikov Alexandr , Moszner Norbert , Liska Robert
Published: May 2018

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neuer Acylstannan‐basierter Photoinitiator (PI) präsentiert. Im Vergleich mit Acylgerman‐Initiatoren zeigt Tetrakis(2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl)stannan (1) herausragende Eigenschaften. Vor allem zeigt dieser Initiator Absorption bis 550 nm, was höhere Eindringtiefen in gefüllten Systemen ermöglicht. Zusätzlich zeigt Acylstannan 1 extrem hohe Aktivität bei der Initiierung von (Meth)acrylaten sowie sehr schnelles Photobleaching. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Zinnorganylen zeigt 1 außerdem überraschend niedrige Zytotoxizität.
Designing Efficient and Ultralong Pure Organic Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Materials by Structural Isomerism
Authors: Xiong Yu , Zhao Zheng , Zhao Weijun , Ma Huili , Peng Qian , He Zikai , Zhang Xuepeng , Chen Yuncong , He Xuewen , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2018

Pure organic materials with ultralong room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) are attractive alternatives to inorganic phosphors. However, they generally show inefficient intersystem crossing (ISC) owing to weak spin–orbit coupling (SOC). A design principle based on the realization of small energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet states (ΔEST) and pure ππ* configuration of the lowest triplet state (T1) via structural isomerism was used to obtain efficient and ultralong RTP materials. The meta isomer of carbazole‐substituted methyl benzoate exhibits an ultralong lifetime of 795.0 ms with a quantum yield of 2.1 %. Study of the structure–property relationship shows that the varied steric and conjugation effects imposed by ester substituent at different positions are responsible for the small ΔEST and pure ππ* configuration of T1.
Investigation of Large Polychloride Anions: [Cl11]−, [Cl12]2−, and [Cl13]−
Authors: Sonnenberg Karsten , Pröhm Patrick , Schwarze Nico , Müller Carsten , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian
Published: May 2018

For decades the chemistry of polyhalides was dominated by polyiodides and more recently also by an increasing number of polybromides. However, apart from a few structures containing trichloride anions and a single report on an octachloride dianion, [Cl8]2−, polychlorine compounds such as polychloride anions are unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis and investigation of large polychloride monoanions such as [Cl11]− found in [AsPh4][Cl11], [PPh4][Cl11], and [PNP][Cl11]⋅Cl2, and [Cl13]− obtained in [PNP][Cl13]. The polychloride dianion [Cl12]2− has been obtained in [NMe3Ph]2[Cl12]. The novel compounds have been thoroughly characterized by NMR spectroscopy, single‐crystal Raman spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The assignment of their spectra is supported by molecular and periodic solid‐state quantum‐chemical calculations.
Development of 15 nuclear microsatellite markers in Deuterocohnia (Pitcairnioideae; Bromeliaceae) using 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Zenk Fides Lea , Firmer Cynthia , Wöhrmann Tina , Silva Luciana Vicente da , Weising Kurt , Huettel Bruno , Paggi Gecele Matos
Published: May 2018

Premise of the Study

Microsatellite markers were developed in Deuterocohnia longipetala (Bromeliaceae) to investigate species and subspecies boundaries within the genus and the genetic diversity of natural populations.

Methods and Results

We used 454 pyrosequencing to isolate 835 microsatellite loci in D. longipetala. Of 64 loci selected for primer design, 15 were polymorphic among 23 individuals of D. longipetala and 76 individuals of the heterologous subspecies D. meziana subsp. meziana and D. meziana subsp. carmineo‐viridiflora. Twelve and 13 of these loci were also polymorphic in one population each of D. brevispicata and D. seramisiana, respectively. Numbers of alleles per locus varied from two to 14 in D. longipetala, two to 12 in D. meziana, one to nine in D. brevispicata, and one to 10 in D. seramisiana. STRUCTURE analyses clearly separated the taxa from each other.

Conclusions

The 15 new microsatellite markers are promising tools for studying population genetics in Deuterocohnia species.
Brief Report: Whole‐Exome Sequencing to Identify Rare Variants and Gene Networks That Increase Susceptibility to Scleroderma in African Americans
Authors: Gourh Pravitt , Remmers Elaine F. , Boyden Steven E. , Alexander Theresa , Morgan Nadia D. , Shah Ami A. , Mayes Maureen D. , Doumatey Ayo , Bentley Amy R. , Shriner Daniel , Domsic Robyn T. , Medsger Thomas A. , Steen Virginia D. , Ramos Paula S. , Silver Richard M. , Korman Benjamin , Varga John , Schiopu Elena , Khanna Dinesh , Hsu Vivien , Gordon Jessica K. , Saketkoo Lesley Ann , Gladue Heather , Kron Brynn , Criswell Lindsey A. , Derk Chris T. , Bridges S. Louis , Shanmugam Victoria K. , Kolstad Kathleen D. , Chung Lorinda , Jan Reem , Bernstein Elana J. , Goldberg Avram , Trojanowski Marcin , Kafaja Suzanne , Maksimowicz‐McKinnon Kathleen M. , Mullikin James C. , Adeyemo Adebowale , Rotimi Charles , Boin Francesco , Kastner Daniel L. , Wigley Fredrick M.
Published: May 2018

Objective

Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) studies in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients of European American (EA) ancestry have identified variants in the ATP8B4 gene and enrichment of variants in genes in the extracellular matrix (ECM)–related pathway that increase SSc susceptibility. This study was undertaken to evaluate the association of the ATP8B4 gene and the ECM‐related pathway with SSc in a cohort of African American (AA) patients.

Methods

SSc patients of AA ancestry were enrolled from 23 academic centers across the US under the Genome Research in African American Scleroderma Patients consortium. Unrelated AA individuals without serologic evidence of autoimmunity who were enrolled in the Howard University Family Study were used as unaffected controls. Functional variants in genes reported in the 2 WES studies in EA patients with SSc were selected for gene association testing using the optimized sequence kernel association test (SKAT‐O) and pathway analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis in 379 patients and 411 controls.

Results

Principal components analysis demonstrated that the patients and controls had similar ancestral backgrounds, with roughly equal proportions of mean European admixture. Using SKAT‐O, we examined the association of individual genes that were previously reported in EA patients and none remained significant, including ATP8B4 (P = 0.98). However, we confirmed the previously reported association of the ECM‐related pathway with enrichment of variants within the COL13A1, COL18A1, COL22A1, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL5A2, PROK1, and SERPINE1 genes (corrected P = 1.95 × 10−4).

Conclusion

In the largest genetic study in AA patients with SSc to date, our findings corroborate the role of functional variants that aggregate in a fibrotic pathway and increase SSc susceptibility.
Ultrasound‐guided proximal suprascapular nerve block: A cadaveric study
Authors: Laumonerie Pierre , Ferré Fabrice , Cances Jérémy , Tibbo Meagan E , Roumiguié Mathieu , Mansat Pierre , Minville Vincent
Published: May 2018

Difficulty in identifying the susprascapular nerve (SSN) limits the success of US‐guided regional anesthetic injections. A proximal SSN block could be an effective and reliable approach. The primary objective was to validate the feasibility of the US‐guided proximal SSN block. The secondary objective was to quantify the spread of the colored local anesthetic to the phrenic nerve (PN). Fourteen brachial plexuses from seven cadavers were included. Characterization of the proximal SSN was performed using US to determine the diameter and depth of the origin of the SSN (orSSN). Ten mL of methylene blue‐infused ropivacaine 0.2% were then injected to the proximal portion of the SSN. After dissection, the distances between the tip of the needle and the orSSN and the PN were anatomically determined. The PN was also judged to be colored or not by the methylene blue. The mean diameter and depth of the orSSN were 0.2 cm (range, 0.1‐0.3 cm) and 1.5 cm (range, 0.6‐2 cm) respectively. The orSSN was successfully targeted in 14 of 14 specimens with US; the tip of the needle was a mean of 1.6 cm (range, 0.2‐2.5 cm) and 5.1 cm (range, 4‐6.5 cm) from the orSSN and PN respectively. The orSSN and PN were marked in 14 and 3 cases respectively. US‐guided proximal SSN block is effective and reliable. The origin of the SSN is an easily identifiable landmark. This regional anesthesia could also reduce the risk of phrenic nerve palsy following interscalene brachial plexus block. Clin. Anat. 31:824–829, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pemphigoid gestationis
Authors: Papapanagiotou Ioannis K. , Tsagouri Sotiria , Liakou Chrysa G. , Besharat Alexandros , Vogiatzis Nikistratos , Ntzeros Konstantinos , Petrakis Evangelos , Koutroumanis Pelopidas , Thomakos Nikolaos , Loutradis Dimitrios
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

Pemphigoid gestationis is a rare autoimmune skin disorder emerging exclusively during pregnancy. Topical and oral glucocorticoids as well as oral antihistamines are the standard medications administered during pregnancy, aiming to relieve pruritus and to suppress extensive blister formation. Obstetricians should be able to recognize and treat this rare clinical condition accordingly.
Electrochemical and Morphological Characterization of Zn−Al−Cu Layered Double Hydroxides as a Negative Electrode in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bani Hashemi A. , Kasiri G. , Glenneberg J. , Langer F. , Kun R. , La Mantia F.
Published: May 2018

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) have shown to improve the zinc electrodeposition efficiency at the negative electrode of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. In this work, a copper‐doped Zn−Al−CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been synthesized by co‐precipitation method under constant pH, and investigated as suitable solid‐state additive in zinc‐based negative electrodes. X‐ray diffraction patterns in combination with scanning electron microscope images show that the as‐synthesized LDHs are well crystalline and hexagonal platelet‐like. LDH was mixed with zinc powder in different ratios and the electrochemical performances of the mixtures were characterized by galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL) at different current rates. The results show that an appropriate combination of zinc and LDH can be used to reach electrodeposition efficiency equal to 98 %. Thereafter, the performance of this electrode in a full cell is studied. In such configuration, the electrode shows that the electrodeposition efficiency remains high even at high current rates, which is an important characteristic for grid‐scale energy storage.
Cu2S@ N, S Dual‐Doped Carbon Matrix Hybrid as Superior Anode Materials for Lithium/Sodium ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Qianwu , Ren Manman , Xu Hong , Liu Weiliang , Hei Jinpei , Su Liwei , Wang Lianzhou
Published: May 2018

Cu2S is considered as a promising electrode material for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries owing to its flat charge‐discharge plateau as well as the abundant reserves. However, serious capacity fading and formation of polysulfides during electrochemical process restrict its practical application. In this work, a new type of Cu2S@N, S dual‐doped carbon matrix (Cu2S@NSCm) hybrid is synthesized through a simple in‐situ polymerization process and subsequent carbonization process. Due to the N, S dual‐doped carbon matrix, which can buffer the volume change, restrain the dissolution of polysulfide and enhance the electron conductivity during electrochemical process, the hybrid demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance. The Cu2S@NSCm hybrid exhibits a reversible capacity of 560.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 after 550 cycles when used in lithium‐ion batteries, which is among the best performance for Cu2S based anode materials. Moreover, a capacity of 182.3 mAh g−1 is obtained after 50 cycles when used as an anode material in sodium ion batteries, which is much better than the pure Cu2S.
Ultrafine Sn Nanoparticles Anchored on Nitrogen‐ and Phosphorus‐Doped Hollow Carbon Frameworks for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Oh Jiseop , Lee Jeongyeon , Jeon Youngmoo , Kim Jong Min , Seong Kwang‐dong , Hwang Taejin , Park Seungman , Piao Yuanzhe
Published: May 2018

Nanosized Sn‐based materials as anodes in lithium‐ion batteries suffer from capacity fading because of aggregation and severe volume change (∼300 %) during the charge/discharge process. We developed ultrafine Sn nanoparticles anchored on a graphene‐hollow carbon framework as anode material. Graphene‐hollow carbon framework (G‐HCF) anchors ultrafine Sn nanoparticles on its surface to prevent aggregation. The hollow structure can provide a buffer space to accommodate the volume expansion of the Sn particles and prevents electrode pulverization during the charge/discharge process. Furthermore, the interconnected hollow carbon structure enables rapid lithium‐ion and electron transport to give the enhanced rate performance. Also, the G‐HCF was doped with nitrogen and phosphorus to stabilize its electrochemical performance. Consequently, the as‐prepared G‐HCF‐Sn composite exhibited a highly stable cycling performance, even at a current density of 1.0 A/g (specific capacity of 1048 mA h/g after 1000 cycles).
Biomimetic Synthesis of Drug Metabolites in Batch and Continuous‐Flow Reactors
Authors: Fődi Tamás , Ignácz Gergő , Decsi Balázs , Béni Zoltán , Túrós György I. , Kupai József , Weiser Diána Balogh , Greiner István , Huszthy Péter , Balogh György T.
Published: May 2018

A medium‐throughput screening (MTS) of biomimetic drug metabolite synthesis is developed by using an iron porphyrin catalyst. The microplate method, in combination with HPLC‐MS analysis, was shown to be a useful tool for process development and parameter optimization in the production of targeted metabolites and/or oxidation products of forty‐three different drug substances. In the case of the biomimetic oxidation of amiodarone, the high quantity and purity of the isolated products enabled detailed HRMS and NMR spectroscopic studies. In addition to identification of known metabolites, several new oxidation products of the drug that was studied were characterized. Fast degradation and poor recovery of the catalyst under batch conditions was overcome by immobilization of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin iron(III) chloride (FeTSPP) on the surface of 3‐aminopropyl‐functionalized silica by electrostatic interaction. The supported catalyst was successfully applied in a packed‐bed reactor under continuous‐flow reaction conditions for the large‐scale synthesis of amiodarone metabolites.
Thecloso‐Dodecaborate Dianion Fused with Oxazoles Provides 3D Diboraheterocycles with Selective Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Sun Yuji , Zhang Jianglin , Zhang Yuanbin , Liu Jiyong , van der Veen Stijn , Duttwyler Simon
Published: May 2018

The synthesis and application of icosahedral boron cluster compounds has been studied extensively since their discovery several decades ago; however, two aspects of their chemistry have received little attention: The possibility to form inorganic/organic fused boraheterocycles and their potential to act as antimicrobial agents. This work comprises the preparation of a class of 3D diborabenzoxazole analogues with thecloso‐dodecaborate in place of the benzene moiety. The presented synthetic procedures provide access to a wide range of diboraheterocycles under mild conditions. These 3D heterocycles exhibit strong and selective antimicrobial activity againstNeisseria gonorrhoeae, a widespread bacterial pathogen that has shown increasing incidences of multidrug resistance and for which the development of new antimicrobial compounds is urgently needed.
Pressure‐Induced Dissolution and Reentrant Formation of Condensed, Liquid–Liquid Phase‐Separated Elastomeric α‐Elastin
Authors: Cinar Hasan , Cinar Süleyman , Chan Hue Sun , Winter Roland
Published: May 2018

We investigated the combined effects of temperature and pressure on liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) phenomena of α‐elastin up to the multi‐kbar regime. FT‐IR spectroscopy, CD, UV/Vis absorption, phase‐contrast light and fluorescence microscopy techniques were employed to reveal structural changes and mesoscopic phase states of the system. A novel pressure‐induced reentrant LLPS was observed in the intermediate temperature range. A molecular‐level picture, in particular on the role of hydrophobic interactions, hydration, and void volume in controlling LLPS phenomena is presented. The potential role of the LLPS phenomena in the development of early cellular compartmentalization is discussed, which might have started in the deep sea, where pressures up to the kbar level are encountered.