bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of vortex evolution around a cylindrical oscillating water column device: An experimental study
Authors: He Ben , Lin Yuan , Li Wei , Wei Maoxing , He Fang
Published: December 2023

The utilization of oscillating water column (OWC) converters with existing hydraulic/coastal structures has emerged as a crucial approach for the development of economically viable and environmentally sustainable green power generation devices. Integrating OWC converters into offshore wind turbine (OWT) monopiles is a promising solution in wind power industrialization. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the flow characteristics of an OWT-OWC system under regular wave conditions, focusing on the evolution of vortex structures. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is employed to measure the flow field surrounding the OWC converter under different wave heights and wave period conditions. Based on the measured velocity field data, the evolution of vortices is examined using the Q-criterion. The results indicate that the wave period significantly affects the flow patterns. Specifically, an increase in wave period enhances the three-dimensional nature of the flow field. The vortices outside the OWC chamber are observed to connect and form a three-dimensional vortex ring, hindering efficient wave energy conversion. Conversely, the variation in wave height exhibits limited impact on the flow field evolution. However, as the wave height increases, the vortex strength and asymmetry experience a significant rise, making it difficult to form a stable three-dimensional vortex ring. Moreover, based on optimal geometric design considerations, it is recommended to increase the lateral angle and height of the sidewall openings to prevent vortex ring formation and minimize obstructions, while ensuring the structural safety of the OWT.
A geospatial integrated multi-criteria approach for assessment of solar and wind energy potentials with economic and environmental analysis
Authors: Saraswat S. K. , Digalwar Abhijeet K.
Published: December 2023

India has made an international commitment to generate about 50% of its total energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2030. Here, to meet such a commitment, this study developed high-resolution (1 × 1 km2) geospatial solar and wind geographical potential maps with an aim to calculate the theoretical and technical potentials with economic and environmental sustainability. These geographical potential maps are developed by taking into account 13 evaluation and restriction factors pertaining to technical, economic, and socio-environmental categories. The investigation identifies that Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Gujarat have a plurality of extremely favorable land areas for solar and wind energy sources. Furthermore, the results imply that appropriate planning for the installation of renewable projects at the identified optimum locations can fulfill India's commitments with regard to an optimal energy mix scenario, with energy available twice the available potential for consumption in 2030. Furthermore, with the least average levelized cost of energy of 38.8 $/MWh (2.83₹/kWh) and 42.3 $/MWh (3.09₹/kWh), solar and wind energy sources are potentially more appealing and affordable than conventional energy sources. The findings of this study will also significantly advance India's attempts to accept and develop renewable energy sources, helping to realize the government's objective for sustainable electricity production.
Large eddy simulation of effects of oxidizer inlet temperatures on the transition routes before and after thermoacoustic instability in a subcritical hydrogen peroxide/kerosene liquid rocket engine
Authors: Liu Yuanzhe , Liu Peijin , Wang Zhuopu , Ao Wen , Guan Yu
Published: December 2023

This paper presents the first numerical evidence of the intermittency routes that exist before and after the occurrence of thermoacoustic instability in a subcritical single-element liquid rocket engine burning liquid kerosene and decomposed hydrogen peroxide with increasing oxidizer inlet temperatures (T). Three-dimensional compressible large eddy simulation algorithms, combined with Euler–Lagrangian frameworks, are employed to model the spray turbulent combustion process in a high-pressure rocket combustor where a one-equation eddy viscosity sub-grid turbulence model and a PaSR sub-grid combustion model are used based on OpenFOAM. After verifying the numerical framework and achieving grid independence, we focus on (i) dynamical transition routes before and after the thermoacoustic regime, (ii) frequency-locking phenomena between acoustic perturbations, vortex dynamics, and combustion heat release, and (iii) the underlying physical mechanisms associated with different dynamical states. The results show that as we increase the oxidizer inlet temperature (700 K ≤ T ≤ 900 K), the system dynamics undergo a transition from a state of combustion noise to a period-1 limit cycle via intermittency. Furthermore, by further increasing the oxidizer inlet temperature (950 K ≤ T ≤ 1450 K), a second bifurcation occurs, causing a transition from a limit cycle state back to a combustion noise state also via intermittency. These bifurcation phenomena are attributed to frequency-locking interactions among pressure fluctuations, combustion heat release, and vortex dynamics. Evidence from combustion flow subsystems including mixture fraction, burning modes, and flame-induced vorticity sources provides additional insights into the complex instability mechanism.
Accelerated kinetic model for global macro stability studies of high-beta fusion reactors
Authors: Groenewald R. E. , Veksler A. , Ceccherini F. , Necas A. , Nicks B. S. , Barnes D. C. , Tajima T. , Dettrick S. A.
Published: December 2023

The field reversed configuration (FRC), such as studied in the C-2W experiment at TAE Technologies, is an attractive candidate for realizing a nuclear fusion reactor. In an FRC, kinetic ion effects play the majority role in macroscopic stability, which allows global stability studies to make use of fluid-kinetic hybrid (also referred to as Ohm's law) models wherein ions are treated kinetically while electrons are treated as a fluid. The development and validation of such a hybrid particle-in-cell algorithm in the Exascale Computing Project code WarpX are reported here. Implementation of this model in the WarpX framework benefits from the numerical efficiency of WarpX as well as its scalability on large HPC systems and portability to different architectures. Performance benchmarks of the new algorithm for large, 3-dimensional, full device simulations from the Perlmutter supercomputer are presented. Results of a series of FRC simulations are discussed in which the impact of two-fluid effects on the tilt-mode growth rate was studied. It was observed that, in agreement with previous Hall-MHD studies, two-fluid effects have a stabilizing impact on the tilt mode.
Self-powered photodetectors based on Ruddlesden–Popper 2D hybrid perovskites with carbazole derivatives
Authors: Alphenaar Anna Niamh , Zhang Xiaoyu , Xu Yuanze , Ramakrishnan Shripathi , Zhang Yugang , Yu Qiuming
Published: December 2023

Recently, carbazole-based organic cations have garnered interest for their potential application in two-dimensional (2D) layered hybrid perovskite solar cells because of their strong hole extraction and transport as well as humidity resistance. However, the potential incorporation of carbazole-based Ruddlesden–Popper 2D hybrid perovskites in photodetectors has been largely unexplored. In this study, we synthesized ammonium 1-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethanaminium iodide (CzEAI) and fabricated (CzEA)2PbI4 2D perovskite thin films via varying solvent conditions to control film morphology. We constructed photodiode-type photodetectors with the active layer of (CzEA)2PbI4 2D perovskites and demonstrated a specific detectivity of 6.95 × 1010 Jones at 485 nm illumination without external bias. These results demonstrate the potential of carbazole-based 2D perovskites in a wide range of optoelectronic applications.
Vortex-induced vibration characteristics of three cylinders with isosceles-triangle arrangements at low Reynolds number
Authors: Zhang Jiaxiang , Wang Fujun , Zhang Jinya , Chen Dongyang , Liu Zongku
Published: December 2023

The geometric factors of multi-cylinders are one of the factors affecting the efficient energy capture of vortex-induced vibration aquatic clean energy. Based on the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation method and overset mesh technology, an efficient dynamic model of VIV (vortex-induced vibration) of two-dimensional elastic-supported cylinders was established. The influence of different vertex angles on the VIV characteristics in the isosceles-triangle arrangement was investigated. The results show that the upstream cylinder is less affected by the vertex-angle, and the peak value moves to the left in the α-A*y curve of the downstream cylinders. As α increases, the upstream cylinder moves in an 8 shape and moves in the negative direction of the flow direction, while the downstream cylinders move in an O shape and gradually become narrow. The vortex shedding mode of downstream cylinders is mostly the P + S mode, and its amplitude is related to the position of the upstream cylinder's wake vortex effect. The lift and drag coefficients of the downstream cylinders are affected by α, while the dominant frequency of vibration is independent of the change in α and is greatly affected by Re. With the increase in Re, the positive correlation between the lift coefficient and transverse displacement gradually weakens.
Measurement of stimulated Raman side-scattering predominance in directly driven experiment
Authors: Glize K. , Zhao X. , Zhang Y. H. , Lian C. W. , Tan S. , Wu F. Y. , Xiao C. Z. , Yan R. , Zhang Z. , Yuan X. H. , Zhang J.
Published: December 2023

Due to its particular geometry, stimulated Raman side-scattering (SRSS) drives scattered light emission in non-usually diagnosed directions, leading to scarce and complex experimental observations. Direct-irradiation campaigns at the SG-II Upgrade facility have measured the scattered light driven by SRSS over a wide range of angles. Typical interaction conditions were as follows: an overlapped laser intensity of 1.2×1015 W cm−2 propagated into a plasma with a density scale length Lnc/4≈250 μm and an electron temperature Te≈2.2 keV. It indicated an emission at large polar angles over a broad azimuthal range, sensitive to the plasma profile, resulting in a loss of about 5% of the total laser energy. Direct comparison with back-scattering measurement, both in the full-aperture back-scattered direction and sampled at smaller polar angles in the same azimuthal plane, has evidenced SRSS as the dominant Raman scattering process. The predominance of SRSS was confirmed by two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, and its angular spread has been corroborated by ray-tracing simulations. The main implication is that a complete characterization of the SRS instability and an accurate measurement of the energy losses require the collection of the scattered light in a broad range of directions. Otherwise, spatially limited measurement could lead to an underestimation of the energetic importance of stimulated Raman scattering.
Flexible tape-drive target system for secondary high-intensity laser-driven sources
Authors: Zeraouli G. , Mariscal D. A. , Hollinger R. , Anaraki S. Zahedpour , Folsom E. N. , Grace E. , Rusby D. , Hill M. P. , Williams G. J. , Scott G. G. , Sullivan B. , Wang S. , King J. , Swanson K. K. , Simpson R. A. , Djordjevic B. Z. , Andrews S. , Costa R. , Cauble B. , Albert F. , Rocca J. J. , Ma T.
Published: December 2023

We present the development of a flexible tape-drive target system to generate and control secondary high-intensity laser-plasma sources. Its adjustable design permits the generation of relativistic MeV particles and x rays at high-intensity (i.e., ≥1 × 1018 W cm−2) laser facilities, at high repetition rates (>1 Hz). The compact and robust structure shows good mechanical stability and a high target placement accuracy (<4 μm RMS). Its compact and flexible design allows for mounting in both the horizontal and vertical planes, which makes it practical for use in cluttered laser-plasma experimental setups. The design permits ∼170° of access on the laser-driver side and 120° of diagnostic access at the rear. A range of adapted apertures have been designed and tested to be easily implemented to the targetry system. The design and performance testing of the tape-drive system in the context of two experiments performed at the COMET laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and at the Advanced Lasers and Extreme Photonics (ALEPH) facility at Colorado State University are discussed. Experimental data showing that the designed prototype is also able to both generate and focus high-intensity laser-driven protons at high repetition rates are also presented.
Effect of graphene grating coating on near-field radiative heat transfer
Authors: Luo Minggang , Jeyar Youssef , Guizal Brahim , Zhao Junming , Antezza Mauro
Published: December 2023

In this work, we analyze the near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) between finite-thickness planar fused silica slabs coated with graphene gratings. We go beyond the effective medium approximation by using an exact Fourier modal method equipped with specific local basis functions, and this is needed for realistic experimental analysis. In general, coating a substrate with a full graphene sheet has been shown to decrease the NFRHT at short separations (typically for d < 100 nm) compared to the bare substrates, where the effective medium approximation consistently overestimates the radiative heat flux, with relative errors exceeding 50%. We show that by patterning the graphene sheet into a grating, the topology of the plasmonic graphene mode changes from circular to hyperbolic, allowing to open more channels for the energy transfer between the substrates. We show that at short separations, the NFRHT between slabs coated with graphene gratings is higher than that between full-graphene-sheet coated slabs and also than that between uncoated ones. We also exhibit a significant dependence of the radiative heat transfer on the chemical potential, which can be applied to modulate in situ the scattering properties of the graphene grating without any geometric alterations. Additionally, we compare the exact calculation with an approximate additive one and confirm that this approximation performs quite well for low chemical potentials. This work has the potential to unveil new avenues for harnessing non-additive heat transfer effects in graphene-based nanodevices.
Field-free spin–orbit torque-induced switching of perpendicular magnetization at room temperature in WTe2/ferromagnet heterostructures
Authors: Wei Lujun , Yin Xiaomiao , Liu Pai , Zhang Pengchao , Niu Wei , Liu Ping , Yang Jiajv , Peng Jincheng , Huang Fei , Liu Ruobai , Chen Jiarui , Chen lina , Zhou Shuang , Li Feng , Niu Xianghong , Du Jun , Pu Yong
Published: December 2023

Spin–orbit torque provides an efficient way to achieve switching of perpendicular magnetization, which is essential for designing energy-efficient spintronic devices. An in-plane antidamping torque combined with an out-of-plane antidamping torque can often deterministically switch perpendicular magnetization without an external magnetic field. Encouragingly, field-free perpendicular magnetization switching of a two-dimensional (2D) material WTe2/ferromagnet bilayer has been reported recently, but the working temperature (< 200 K) is quite below room temperature. Here, we demonstrate field-free perpendicular magnetization switching in the Pt/Co/Pt/WTe2 multilayer films at room temperature, which is mainly attributed to the out-of-plane antidamping torque originating from the WTe2 layer. In addition, current-induced perpendicular magnetization switching at zero magnetic field is also accomplished in the [Co/Pt]2/WTe2 multilayer film with a very large perpendicular magnetic anisotropic field (∼13 600 Oe), which is very useful for practical applications. This work offers a potential way to develop spintronic devices based on 2D materials at room temperature.
Silver reversible electrodeposition device under −40 °C condition
Authors: Liu Yitong , Zhu Xuehao , Yuan Meng , Jiang Xin , tang Xin , Xu Anqing , Wang Yuhan , Yuan Long , Duan Yu
Published: December 2023

Silver reversible electrodeposition devices (SREDs) find wide applications in intelligent windows, automobiles, intelligent displays, and other fields. They can achieve a mirror state close to 100% reflectance and generate plasmon phenomena of different colors by controlling the driving voltage. However, the switchability of these devices is compromised below 0 °C due to the molecular properties of the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), making it impossible to work in severe cold areas. This work has discovered a solvent called N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), which possesses weak intermolecular forces, low dipolarity, and high solubility. By developing a SRED using NMP as the solvent, we have achieved a lower opening voltage at room temperature compared to the DMSO system. This is advantageous for the preparation of large-area devices. Additionally, the NMP system device retains its switching ability even under extreme conditions of −40 °C, freezing only when temperatures reach −43 °C, which is currently the lowest reported SRED operating temperature. This breakthrough brings us closer to the practicality of SRED.
CD163+ macrophages monitor enhanced permeability at the blood–dorsal root ganglion barrier
Authors: Lund Harald , Hunt Matthew A. , Kurtović Zerina , Sandor Katalin , Kägy Paul B. , Fereydouni Noah , Julien Anais , Göritz Christian , Vazquez-Liebanas Elisa , Andaloussi Mäe Maarja , Jurczak Alexandra , Han Jinming , Zhu Keying , Harris Robert A. , Lampa Jon , Graversen Jonas Heilskov , Etzerodt Anders , Haglund Lisbet , Yaksh Tony L. , Svensson Camilla I.
Published: December 2023

In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), macrophages reside close to sensory neurons and have largely been explored in the context of pain, nerve injury, and repair. However, we discovered that most DRG macrophages interact with and monitor the vasculature by sampling macromolecules from the blood. Characterization of the DRG vasculature revealed a specialized endothelial bed that transformed in molecular, structural, and permeability properties along the arteriovenous axis and was covered by macrophage-interacting pericytes and fibroblasts. Macrophage phagocytosis spatially aligned with peak endothelial permeability, a process regulated by enhanced caveolar transcytosis in endothelial cells. Profiling the DRG immune landscape revealed two subsets of perivascular macrophages with distinct transcriptome, turnover, and function. CD163+ macrophages self-maintained locally, specifically participated in vasculature monitoring, displayed distinct responses during peripheral inflammation, and were conserved in mouse and man. Our work provides a molecular explanation for the permeability of the blood–DRG barrier and identifies an unappreciated role of macrophages as integral components of the DRG-neurovascular unit.
Real eigenvalues determined by recursion of eigenstates
Authors: Liu 刘 Tong 通 , Wang 王 Youguo 友国
Published: December 2023

Quantum physics is primarily concerned with real eigenvalues, stemming from the unitarity of time evolutions. With the introduction of

P
T

symmetry, a widely accepted consensus is that, even if the Hamiltonian of the system is not Hermitian, the eigenvalues can still be purely real under specific symmetry. Hence, great enthusiasm has been devoted to exploring the eigenvalue problem of non-Hermitian systems. In this work, from a distinct perspective, we demonstrate that real eigenvalues can also emerge under the appropriate recursive condition of eigenstates. Consequently, our findings provide another path to extract the real energy spectrum of non-Hermitian systems, which guarantees the conservation of probability and stimulates future experimental observations.
Parameter estimation in n-dimensional massless scalar field
Authors: Yang 杨 Ying 颖 , Jing 荆 Jiliang 继良
Published: December 2023

Quantum Fisher information (QFI) associated with local metrology has been used to parameter estimation in open quantum systems. In this work, we calculated the QFI for a moving Unruh–DeWitt detector coupled with massless scalar fields in n-dimensional spacetime, and analyzed the behavior of QFI with various parameters, such as the dimension of spacetime, evolution time, and Unruh temperature. We discovered that the QFI of state parameter decreases monotonically from 1 to 0 over time. Additionally, we noted that the QFI for small evolution times is several orders of magnitude higher than the QFI for long evolution times. We also found that the value of QFI decreases at first and then stabilizes as the Unruh temperature increases. It was observed that the QFI depends on initial state parameter θ, and Fθ
is the maximum for θ = 0 or θ = π, Fϕ
is the maximum for θ = π/2. We also obtain that the maximum value of QFI for state parameters varies for different spacetime dimensions with the same evolution time.
Impact of errors in the magnetic field measurement on the precision determination of neutrino oscillation parameters at the proposed ICAL detector at INO
Authors: Khindri Honey , Indumathi D. , Mohan Lakshmi S.
Published: December 2023

The magnetised iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector proposed at
the India-based Neutrino Observatory will be a 51 kton detector made
of 151 layers of 56 mm thick soft iron with 40 mm air gap in
between where the RPCs, the active detectors, will be placed. The
main goal of ICAL is to make precision measurements of the neutrino
oscillation parameters, especially of the neutrino mass ordering,
using the atmospheric neutrinos as source. The charged current
interactions of the atmospheric muon neutrinos and anti-neutrinos in
the detector produce charged muons. The magnetic field, with a
maximum value of ∼ 1.5 T in the central region of ICAL, is a
critical component since it will be used to distinguish the charges
and determine the momentum and direction of these muons. It is
difficult to measure the magnetic field inside the iron. The
existing methods can only estimate the internal field and hence will
be prone to error. This paper presents the first simulations study
of the effect of errors in the measurement of the magnetic field in
ICAL on its physics potential, especially the neutrino mass ordering
and precision measurement of oscillation parameters in the 2–3
sector. The study is a GEANT4-based analysis, using measurements of
the magnetic field at the prototype ICAL detector. We find that
there is only a small effect on the determination of the mass
ordering. While local fluctuations in the magnetic field measurement
are well-tolerated, calibration errors must remain well within 5%
to retain good precision determination of the parameters
sin2
θ
23 and Δm
2
32.
Shutdown of Atlantic overturning circulation could cause persistent increase of primary production in the Pacific
Authors: Liebermann Ralf , Hofmann Matthias , Feulner Georg
Published: December 2023

A potential shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is commonly recognized to have a significant impact on the Northern hemispheric climate, notably in Northern Europe. The collapse of the northbound heat transport by the AMOC is supposed to cool down surface air temperatures at the Scandinavian coast by up to 6 K accompanied by a concomitant nutrient starvation of phytoplankton in Subarctic and Arctic regions. However, besides local and regional impacts, tipping the AMOC into a weaker state by anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and associated freshwater forcing could also have surprising remote effects. In order to investigate possible long-term impacts of an AMOC shutdown on ocean biogeochemistry, we employ an Earth system model of intermediate complexity using idealized scenarios of century-scale atmospheric 2×CO2 and 4×CO2 pulses combined with North Atlantic freshwater forcing. The results show a continued increase in primary production, in particular in the Eastern equatorial Pacific, due to a decrease in iron limitation following the AMOC shutdown. Tracer simulations indicate that bioavailable dissolved iron brought by Aeolian dust into the subtropical gyres of the Atlantic Ocean is transported to the Southern Ocean and from there enters the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. Thereby, the additionally introduced iron fertilizes the phosphate-rich high-nutrient, low chlorophyll waters, giving a lasting boost to phytoplankton growth, especially in the Eastern equatorial Pacific.
Synergistic impacts of wintertime regional snow anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere on the summer rainfall pattern in China
Authors: Yao Haoxin , Zhao Liang , Shen Xinyong , Ding Yihui , Wang Jingsong , Xiao Ziniu
Published: December 2023

Changes in winter snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) could have a profound impact on mid-latitude weather. Previous studies have focused on the role of regional, e.g. Eurasian or Tibetan, snow cover in summer precipitation anomaly, without considering the synergistic impacts of hemispheric wintertime snow. In this study, we find that the dominant pattern of the NH winter overall snow cover anomaly with a synergistic impact, has a stronger cross-seasonal association with the China’s summer rainfall pattern than regional snow cover anomaly. We summarize three synergistic impact paths of regional snow cover. One is extratropical path, that is the westerlies are affected by less snow in Europe through the snow-soil moisture-atmospheric feedback, and the influence is strengthened by less snow in Mongolia through enhanced temperature anomalies. The second is subtropical path, that is the meridional thermal difference anomaly caused by more snow anomaly on the Tibetan Plateau is strengthened by less Mongolian snow and then impacts the behavior of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet. Third, concurrently, more North American snow enhances the above two synergistic influence paths via the Circumglobal Teleconnection pattern. These three paths can be simultaneously reflected in the associated circulations of the first mode of NH snow cover. Their synergistic impacts eventually influence the meridional East Asia-Pacific pattern circulation anomalies in summer, leading to increased precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin. The cross-seasonal influences of synergistic effects of multiple regional snow anomalies can be identified by CMIP6 multi-model ensembles, particularly the impact of European snow cover.
Efficiency of Some Clays and Organic Materials on the Reduction of Aflatoxin B1 Produced from Isolates of the Fungus Aspergillus flavus Contaminating Corn Grains
Authors: Obaid R S , Al-Warshan S H S , Abed I A
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of certain types of clay minerals, activated charcoal made from common reed and date palm kernel, in reducing the levels of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) produced byAspergillus flavusthat contaminated corn grains in a liquid medium, Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES). The results showed the presence of nine species of fungal genera that contaminated corn grains, with the Aspergillus spp being the most predominant, accounting for 42%, followed by the Penicillium spp with 27%, and the Fusarium spp with a 21%. The genera Rhizopus spp, Mucor spp, and Cladosporium spp had a prevalence of 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively. The results of the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) test, which was used to isolateA. flavusfungi from corn grains and detect the presence of AFB1, showed variations in their ability to produce AFB1. Seventy-five percent of the diagnosedA. flavusisolates showed the ability to produce AFB1. The results indicated that all types of minerals used in the study were effective in reducing the levels of AFB1 in liquid media. Top of Form Similarly, activated charcoal from common reed showed a high potential for AFB1 reduction, where the highest reduction percentage was 93.90% for the activated charcoal from fermented reed at a concentration of 30 mgml−1.
Morphologically and Molecularly Identification of the Fungus that Causes White Mold Disease on Eggplant and Cucumber
Authors: Al-Juboory H H , Al-Kubaisei A K
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to isolate the causal agent of white mold on eggplant caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and it was examined microscopically and molecularly. The pathogenicity of 16 isolates of the pathogenic fungus was evaluated from soil and plant residues, eggplant and cucumber plants (ScE1– ScE8) and (ScC1 – ScC8), respectively, from fields in different areas of Baghdad governorate of Baghdad (Abi Ghraib/Zidan, Al-Yusufiyah, Mada’in/Tuwaitha and Jadiriyah / University of Baghdad). The results of testing the pathogenicity of isolates of the pathogenic fungus showed that all isolates had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of seed germination compared to the control treatment in which the germination rate was 100%. The isolate ScE2 isolated from eggplant plants significantly outperformed the rest of the isolates, followed by isolates ScE1, ScC2, ScE3, ScE4, ScE2 and ScE5, followed by the rest of the isolates with a significant effect, the percentage of germination for the rest of the isolates ranged between 20-30%. The identificationof the two most pathogenic isolates was confirmed by PCR technology on eggplant and cucumber based on the ITS1 and ITS4 gene. The two isolates were deposited in (NCBI) under accession numbers MZ424307 and MZ424308.
Morphological and Molecular Identification of the Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, and Evaluation of Kaolin and Magnesium Oxide Nano-particles Efficacy to Control in Vitro
Authors: Abdul-Karim E K , Aljarah N S
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted during season of 2018-2019 in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad.The aim of examining and diagnosing the pathogenic fungus Neoscytalidium dimidiatum from apple, mulberry and castor plants. The results of the electrophoresis of DNA extracted from the pathogen on agarose gel showed the presence of one band with a molecular weight of 550bp, The nucleotide sequences of the fungus have been deposited in Genebank under accession number MW011739.1, MW011738.1, MW011740.1 respectively.The results showed that the magnesium oxide nanoparticles and the score pesticide achieved a high antagonistic capacity reaching 100%,while the effect of kaolin in its three concentrations as the concentration of 0.5% did not achieve any inhibition in the growth of the fungal hyphae,while the average percentage of inhibition reached 37.08% at the concentration of 2% and 35.69 at the concentration of 1%.
Efficiency of Isolates of the Fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus to Control Disease Root- Knot Nematode,Meloidogyne javanica on Eggplant
Authors: Saleh H M , Ayyash L M , Shafeeq F A
Published: December 2023

The efficiency of five isolates of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson were evaluated as biocontrol agents against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood on eggplant under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that all the isolates tested were capable of reducing gall number and the galling index on the root system, especially isolates2 (21.4, 1.3) respectively. Four inoculum densities (0, 2, 4, and 8 g/plant) of P. lilacinus isolate2 grown on wheat seeds were used. Results indicated that an inoculum density of 8 g/plant, resulted in efficient biological control M. javanica, significantly reduced the number of eggs and root galling index on the root system (5742, 1.7) respectively compared with other treatments.
Morphology and Molecular Diagnosis of Fall Armyworm in Iraq
Authors: Mohamed O S , Al-Jamil S K
Published: December 2023

The frist record of fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda by using Molecular Biological of larvae Collected from different corn fields on Nineveh Governorate (Al-hamdaniya, Makhmor, Mosul, and Namrood District at year 2022. And on differrnt parts of Corn plant (stem, flowers and Corn Cobs). The Result show that is the Frist Record of this lnsect Compard with china Race and South-Corea Race at the Percentage 100% and 99.81% respectively as the Global Gene Bank.
Study on the Effect of Bee Strain and Insemination Method on the Hygienic Behavior of Bee Colonies Tested Using the Pricking Method
Authors: Al-Obaydi W H , Shaher K W
Published: December 2023

The process of artificial and natural insemination was carried out on the queen bees of the local and Carniolan strains in order to study their hygienic behavior and the Pricking method for the strains, as well as the cross-insemination results between them. The study results showed that the local honey bee strain T1 outperformed the other studied strains in its hygienic behavior, as the detection rate of the dead brood by Pricking was (44.16, 93.16, and 100) % respectively, after (1, 6, and 24) hours of conducting the study. The same strain also outperformed all other strains in removing the dead brood with a percentage ranging from (0.16, 22.66, and 100) % respectively, after (1, 6, and 24) hours of conducting the study. Moreover, the artificial insemination method generally outperformed the natural insemination method in the hygienic behavior of the bee colonies, as the detection rate of the brood in the artificially inseminated bee strains A2 was (40.91, 91.00, 97.33, and 100) % respectively, after (1, 6, 24, and 36) hours of conducting the study. A2 also outperformed the A1 insemination method in terms of the percentage of removing the dead brood by Pricking, with a percentage ranging from (0.00, 17.08, 96.91, and 100) % respectively, after (1, 6, 24, and 36) hours of conducting the study.
The Role of the Relative Humidity on the Development of Downy Mildew Infection of Cucumber in the Greenhouse in Baghdad
Authors: Khudhair A A , Aljarah N S
Published: December 2023

This study conducted at the Dujail, north of Baghdad, aims to control the downy mildew disease of cucumber based on the ventilation of greenhouses by making three ventilation holes in the plastic cover, in comparison to cultivation into a regular greenhouse (without ventilation holes). Three approved cucumber hybrid were included in this study; Mustaqbal, Jamilah, and Faris. The infection percentage and disease severity rates were calculated since the onset of the disease on March 21st, 2022 until May 18th, 2022. The results showed that the average temperatures (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity were 5-25 ºC and 97% inside the regular greenhouse were suitable for the Pseudoperonospora cubensis natural infection. The highest percentage of infection and disease severity were 30.81 and 23.33%, respectively, reported into the regular greenhouse (without ventilation), compared with the infection percentage and disease severity in the ventilated greenhouses, which were 1.28 and 6.99%, respectively. The percentages of infection of Mustaqbal, Faris and Jamila in the regular greenhouse (without ventilation) were 31.69, 31.40 and 29.35%, respectively, compared to 1.47, 1.17 and 1.21% noticed in the greenhouses with three ventilation holes for the same cucumber varieties, respectively. This study found that three ventilation holes in plastic cover of the greenhouse reduced the percentage infection and disease severity in cucumber plants, by 95.8 and 70% respectively.
Effect of Some Bio-agents and Naphthalene Acetic Acid to Inhabit Fusarium Nygamai Isolated from Hibiscus Sabdarriffa
Authors: Al-Mayahi H S M , Hassan A K
Published: December 2023

A laboratory experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete design (RCD) during the season of 2022- 2023 to study the effect of Trichoderma harzainum, Bacillus subtilis and Naphthalene acetic acid. The results showed that the biological agent T. harizanium achieved an antagonistic ability against F. nygamia amounted 1.25 according to the Bell scale, the concentration 300 mg/l of NAA led to inhibiting of F. nygamia 100%, compared to the control treatment 0%, in comparison, the concentrations 300mg/L of NAA did not cause any inhibitory effect on T. harizanum 0%, the Uniform fungicide at concentrations (100-900) mg/L caused inhibition of F. nygamia, which reached 24.82, 57.78, 89.26 and 100% respectively compared to the control treatment 0%.
Coating Corn Seeds with Silver Using DC Magnetron Plasma to Protect Them from Biological Effects
Authors: Falih A S , Yaseen W I , Al-Warshan S H S
Published: December 2023

The silver was sputtered as layers on corn seeds using a direct current plasma planar magnetron sputtering. Three samples of corn seeds coated with silver resulted from varying the sputtering times 1,2, and 3 min. AFM and XRD technique were used to study the surface morphology of Ag thin films and structure properties. Cultivation of corn grains treated with the three levels of sputtering individually 1, 2 and 3 minutes did not affect the germination percentage. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer’s findings showed that the amounts of silver in plant of the control treatment (without sputtering) did not differ significantly from the spraying treatment for the three levels, where it was 0.350 ppm and for sputtering treatment at levels 1,2,3 minutes and the gum Arabic treatment were 0.363, 0.368, 0.385, 0.382 ppm respectively.
Effect of Foliar Apllication of Glutathione on Viability and Vigor Seeds of Sorghum Effected by Heat Stress
Authors: Al-Issawi A M , Al-Fahad A C
Published: December 2023

Two experiments were carried out, field and laboratory experiments. The experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, University of Anbar - located in Anbar Governorate, the city of Ramadi, during the spring period of 2022. The experiment was carried by spraying the plants with four concentrations of glutathione (0 distilled water, 50, 100 and 150 mg L−1 glutathione). The experiment was applied as one-way according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates, with the aim to improve the quality of seeds and reflect their quality in laboratory tests of the seed viability and seed vigor under the influence of temperature. The laboratory experiment was carried out in the germination laboratory of the Department of Seed Examination and Certification / Ministry of Agriculture - Baghdad Governorate, in order to study the effect of glutathione spraying on the viability and seed vigor as affected by heat stress of sorghum crop. The results showed that the concentration of 50 mg L−1 outperformed in number of days to flowering, with the least number of days of (84.33 days), compared to other concentrations treatment. The concentration of 100 mg L−1 was superior in the leaf area with the highest rate of 595.8 cm2, while the concentration of 150 mg L−1 outperformed in number of seeds plant−1, and total grain yield achieving the highest mean of 2691 seeds plant−1 and 5.87 tons ha−1 respectively.
Sowing Dates and Melatonin Application Impact on Soybean Growth and Yield in Western Region of Iraq
Authors: Kareem R T , Alkhamisi F T F
Published: December 2023

Global warming led to many environmental changes, temperature and photo period are noticeably altered within regions, hence, sowing crops in same recommended dates might affect their growth and production due to those environmental changes. The idea here in this study was to investigate the influence of changing sowing date on soybean growth and production. Plants subjected to extreme early and late dates (five dates started from 10th of Aprile with 15-day interval) and melatonin foliar application (0 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM and 300 µM). Obtained results showed great response of soybean, some traits appeared superior in particular dates while others showed the opposite. Plants sown very late in 9th Jun and those sown as recommended in 10th May both gave the highest value of plant height with no significant difference, while the lowest plant hight was reported for plants sown early 10th of Aprile. Plant leaf area appeared high for the plants sown in 9th of Jun. On the other hand, early sown plants had lowest value of plant leaf area. Recommended date gave highest number of branches, while very late date had the minimum. Pods number per plant presented high value at recommended date with no significant differences with plants sown late in May and Jun. plants sown in 10th Aprile and 25th Aprile gave highest total seed yield. Melatonin played interesting role improving all studied traits and mainly increased the yield and minimized the reduction in yield for plants sown early and late.
Interaction Effect of Rice Biochar and Phosphorous Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Yield Component of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L)
Authors: Mahmood B J , Mustafa B S , Pirdwad K M , Fahad M S , Yousf W I , Ali M B
Published: December 2023

This research was conducted during the growing season 2022 - 2023 at Grdarsha field, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, Erbil with GPS reading of (36.10116 ◦N, longitude 44.00925◦ E and elevation of 415.8) meters above sea level The factorial experiment was done to study the influence of five levels of rice biochar (B0, B0.5, B1, B1.5 and B2) which equivalent to (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) t ha-1, two levels of phosphorus (P0 and P1) which equivalent to (0 and 240) kg TSP ha-1 and their interactions on growth and yield of faba bean using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated to the significant effect of both factors and their interactions on the studied growth traits and yield. The highest yield values (20.00, 18.59 and 23.67) t ha-1 were recorded from B1.5, P1 and B2P1 or from application of 15 t ha-1 rice biochar, 240 kg TSP ha-1 and their combination respectively. While the lowest values of them (13.3015.13 and 11.60) t ha-1 were obtained from control treatments (B0, P0 and B0P0) respectively. The significant correlation coefficient was recorded between yield and each of chlorophyll content, pod length and number of seeds per pod with the correlation coefficient values of (r =0.91**, r =0.98** and r = 0.90 **) respectively.
Pedological Stratigraphy and the Effect of Groundwater Level on the Variation of Pedological Characteristics in Soils of some Agricultural Districts Surrounding Fallujah of Anbar Governorate
Authors: Ahmed Z F , Al-Rifai M K
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in some provinces surrounding the Fallujah city of Anbar province, used soil texture to reveal the state of Pedostratigraphy between the soil pedons and the districts in all four directions. The study aims to demonstrate the effect of the Minder River and distance from the central and old branches of the river on the sedimentation processes and the uniformity of the soil separate, as well as revealing the reality and effect of the fluctuation of the groundwater level and its impact from the geotechnical in the future on these lands. The results showed the success of the soil texture class in establishing the state of stratigraphic correlation between the soil horizons of the provinces and study in all directions. The result shows the state of uniformity and non- uniformity between the soil separate from their horizontal and vertical distribution, in addition to the presence of significant differences between the provinces in terms of their particular distribution. The results also showed the effect of the depth of groundwater on the adequate soil depth, which was not affected by agriculture in all the study area
Effect of Foliar Seaweed and Different Irrigation Levels on Water Consumption, Growth and Yield of Wheat
Authors: Jafaar A A , Mohammed R J , Hassan D F , Thamer T Y
Published: December 2023

This experiment was carried out using the RCBD randomized complete block design in the Yusufiya district in Baghdad governorate during the agricultural season 2020/2021. The experiment included three spraying levels of seaweed extract of 2,4,8 ml L−1 and three levels of depletion of available water 25,50,75%, with three replicates for each treatment. Some plant tests and some water calculations were conducted, as the results indicated that there were significant differences between spray levels of marine algae extract in plant height, number of branches, leaf surface area, grain yield and biological yield. The spray level of 8 ml L−1 exceeded the levels of 2 and 4 ml L−1. It was also found that treatment 25% was significantly superior according to the different levels of depletion of the available water, as the treatment and for all the studied traits, and there was a significant superiority for the water consumption according to the level of spraying and the level of depletion, and the values ranged from 548.5 to the depletion treatment 25% and at a seaweed extract level of 8 ml L−1 to 404.5 for 75% depletion treatment and at a seaweed extract level of 2 ml L−1, As for the productivity of crop and field water, its values ranged from 1.16 and 1.54 kg m3, respectively, for 50% depletion treatment of the available water and spray level of 8 ml L−1 to 0.87 and 1.13 kg m 3 respectively, for 75% depletion treatment of available water and spray level of 2 ml L−1.
Effect of Mycorrhizae, Azotobacter and Vermicompost Tea on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (NPK) Concentrations in Soil and Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Al-Rawi Z H D , Alkobaisy J S
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out inside a greenhouse (sandy loam soil) at the College of Agriculture / University of Anbar to investigate the effect of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizaee, Azotobacterchroococcum and Vermicompost tea on the concentration of NPK macronutrients in soil and cucumber plants. A factorial experiment consisting of two factors was designed for this purpose: the first factor is a combination of mycorrhizae (M) with 35 g plant−1, azotobacter (A) bacteria 16 ml plant−1 with a microbial density of 2.2 x 109 cfu ml−1 and phosphate Rock (R) with 40 g plant−1, added with half of the mineral fertilizer recommendation each individually with its interactions, the second factor is the addition of three concentrations (0, 5, 10%) of vermicompost tea sprayed on the plant. The experiment was designed with a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. Cucumber seeds were planted on 15/9/2022 and service operations were conducted for the crop and the experiment continued until 15/12/2022. The result showed highest percentage of phosphorus in the leaves (PIL) (0.40%), the highest potassium in the leaves (KL) (1.95%), followed by the treatment of adding mycorrhizae with phosphate Rock and half the mineral recommendation (MR) with vermicompost tea at a concentration of 10%, then the treatment of adding mycorrhizae with azotobacter bacteria with half the mineral recommendation (AR) with 10% of vermicompost tea, then the treatment of mycorrhizae with phosphate Rock plus half the fertilizer recommendation (MR) with 10% of vermicompost tea, then the treatment of mycorrhizae with azotobacter plus half of the fertilizer recommendation (MA) with 10% of vermicombe tea.