bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal heart pathology on postmortem 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Sandaite Inga , Dymarkowski Steven , De Catte Luc , Moerman Philippe , Gewillig Marc , Fedele Luigi , Deprest Jan , Claus Filip
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging (pmMRI) is increasingly used in perinatology, typically as an alternative or complement to conventional necropsy for central nervous system anomalies. Overall, it provides reliable information on structural malformations but was shown to be of limited use in examining the fetal heart.

Objective

We aimed to assess the fetal heart on 3‐T pmMRI in a consecutive series of fetuses with structural congenital heart defects (CHD) and to determine diagnostic evaluation limits in case of CHD.

Methods

A single‐center database was retrospectively reviewed. Only fetuses having CHD of functional significance were included. Fetal cardiac anatomy was assessed on T2‐weighted 3D multiplanar reconstructed images acquired using isovolumetric voxel size (0.3–0.8 mm3), which allows to visualize cardiac structures in situ in multiple fetal body planes. Cardiac pathology was classified into complex and isolated CHD. On the basis of clinically relevant findings, pmMRI was considered either diagnostic or not diagnostic.

Results

A total of 24 fetuses were included in this study. The median gestational age was 22 weeks and 2 days (range 12w5d–34w6d). The median delay between delivery of the fetus and MR was 6 h and 30 min (range 1 h and 30 min–19 h). PmMRI was diagnostic for 12 out of 13 (92.3%) complex CHD and for 6 out of 11 (54.5%) isolated CHD. In case of valvular malformation, a tentative diagnosis was reached in 7/11 cases (64%) on the basis of indirect features.

Conclusions

Postmortem MRI is a valid diagnostic tool for CHD in fetuses beyond 16 weeks up to term. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative proteome analysis of age‐related changes in mouse gastrocnemius muscle using mTRAQ
Authors: Hwang Chae Young , Kim Kyutae , Choi Jeong Yi , Bahn Young Jae , Lee Seung‐Min , Kim Yoon Ki , Lee Cheolju , Kwon Ki‐Sun
Published: November 2013

Aging is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscular function that often leads to progressive disability and loss of independence. Although muscle aging is well documented, the molecular mechanisms of this condition still remain unclear. To gain greater insight into the changes associated with aging of skeletal muscle, we performed quantitative proteomic analyses on young (6 months) and aged (27 months) mouse gastrocnemius muscles using mTRAQ stable isotope mass tags. We identified and quantified a total of 4585 peptides corresponding to 236 proteins (protein probability >0.9). Among them, 33 proteins were more than 1.5‐fold upregulated and 20 proteins were more than 1.5‐fold downregulated in aged muscle compared with young muscle. An ontological analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins belonged to distinct functional groups, including ion homeostasis, energy metabolism, protein turnover, and Ca2+ signaling. Identified proteins included aralar1, β‐enolase, fatty acid‐binding protein 3, 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (Hadh), F‐box protein 22, F‐box, and leucine‐rich repeat protein 18, voltage‐dependent L‐type calcium channel subunit beta‐1, ryanodine receptor (RyR), and calsequestrin. Ectopic expression of calsequestrin in C2C12 myoblast resulted in decreased activity of nuclear factor of activated T‐cells and increased levels of atrogin‐1 and MuRF1 E3 ligase, suggesting that these differentially expressed proteins are involved in muscle aging.
Protein interactome analysis of 12 mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase in rice using a yeast two‐hybrid system
Authors: Singh Raksha , Lee Jae‐Eun , Dangol Sarmina , Choi Jihyun , Yoo Ran Hee , Moon Jae Sun , Shim Jae‐Kyung , Rakwal Randeep , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Jwa Nam‐Soo
Published: November 2013

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is composed at least of MAP3K (for MAPK kinase kinase), MAP2K, and MAPK family modules. These components together play a central role in mediating extracellular signals to the cell and vice versa by interacting with their partner proteins. However, the MAP3K‐interacting proteins remain poorly investigated in plants. Here, we utilized a yeast two‐hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation in the model crop rice (Oryza sativa) to map MAP3K‐interacting proteins. We identified 12 novel nonredundant interacting protein pairs (IPPs) representing 11 nonredundant interactors using 12 rice MAP3Ks (available as full‐length cDNA in the rice KOME (http://cdna01.dna.affrc.go.jp/cDNA/) at the time of experimental design and execution) as bait and a rice seedling cDNA library as prey. Of the 12 MAP3Ks, only six had interacting protein partners. The established MAP3K interactome consisted of two kinases, three proteases, two forkhead‐associated domain‐containing proteins, two expressed proteins, one E3 ligase, one regulatory protein, and one retrotransposon protein. Notably, no MAP3K showed physical interaction with either MAP2K or MAPK. Seven IPPs (58.3%) were confirmed in vivo by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Subcellular localization of 14 interactors, together involved in nine IPPs (75%) further provide prerequisite for biological significance of the IPPs. Furthermore, GO of identified interactors predicted their involvement in diverse physiological responses, which were supported by a literature survey. These findings increase our knowledge of the MAP3K‐interacting proteins, help in proposing a model of MAPK modules, provide a valuable resource for developing a complete map of the rice MAPK interactome, and allow discussion for translating the interactome knowledge to rice crop improvement against environmental factors.
Efficient Cu(I) acetate‐catalyzed cycloaddition of multifunctional alkynes and azides: From solution to bulk polymerization
Authors: Sandmann Benedict , Happ Bobby , Hager Martin D. , Vitz Jürgen , Rettler Erik , Burtscher Peter , Moszner Norbert , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: November 2013

“Click” chemistry is an effective and commonly used technique in polymer chemistry for the synthesis and modification of polymers. In this study, the bulk polymerization of multifunctional alkynes and azides was achieved by the copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne–azide 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. The influence of different catalyst systems on the polymerization kinetics of the “click”reaction were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. Surprisingly, Cu(I) acetate showed the most efficient catalytic behavior among the applied Cu(I) salts. The polymerization kinetics in solution were investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. According to the 1H NMR investigation the copper(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition follows a second‐order kinetics with external catalysis. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the resulting polymers were investigated by depth sensing indentation. Thereby the polymerizations of the alkyne tripropargylamine with the azides 1,3‐bis(azidomethyl)benzene and 1,4‐bis(azidomethyl)benzene resulted in mechanical hard materials. Furthermore, the combination of the alkynes tripropargylamine and di(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl) isophorone dicarbamate and polymerization with 1,2‐bis(2‐azidoethoxy)ethane resulted in high indentation moduli. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 239–247
Preparation of amphiphilic copolymers for covalent loading of paclitaxel for drug delivery system
Authors: Chen Wulian , Zhang Jin Z. , Hu Jianhua , Guo Qisang , Yang Dong
Published: November 2013

A novel drug‐polymer conjugate was prepared by the copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction between an azide‐functional diblock copolymer and an alkyne‐functional paclitaxel (PTX). The well‐defined azide‐functional diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐b‐P(OEGEEMA‐co‐AzPMA), was synthesized via the atom transfer radical polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate (OEGEEMA) and 3‐azidopropyl methacrylate (AzPMA), using PEG‐Br as macroinitiator and CuBr/PMDETA as a catalytic system. The alkyne‐functional PTX was covalently linked to the copolymer via a click reaction, and the loading content of PTX could be easily tuned by varying the feeding ratio. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results indicated that the drug loaded copolymers could self‐assemble into micelles in aqueous solution. Moreover, the drug release behavior of PEG‐b‐P(OEGEEMA‐co‐AzPMA‐PTX) was pH dependent, and the cumulative release amount of PTX were 50.0% at pH 5.5, which is about two times higher than that at pH 7.4. The in vitro cytotoxicity experimental results showed that the diblock copolymer was biocompatible, with no obvious cytotoxicity, whereas the PTX‐polymer conjugate could efficiently deliver PTX into HeLa and SKOV‐3 cells, leading to excellent antitumor activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 366–374
Internet‐based interventions for cancer‐related distress: exploring the experiences of those whose needs are not met
Authors: Gorlick Amanda , Bantum Erin O'Carroll , Owen Jason E.
Published: November 2013

Objective

Low levels of engagement in Internet‐based interventions are common. Understanding users' experiences with these interventions is a key to improving efficacy. Although qualitative methods are well‐suited for this purpose, few qualitative studies have been conducted in this area. In the present study, we assessed experiences with an Internet‐based intervention among cancer survivors who made minimal use of the intervention.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 25 cancer survivors who were minimally engaged (i.e., spent around 1 h total on website) with the online intervention, health‐space.net. The intervention was a 12‐week, facilitated support group with social and informational components. Interviews were analyzed using an interpretive descriptive design.

Results

Three broad categories, consisting of 18 specific themes, were identified from the interviews, which included connecting with similar others, individual expectations, and problems with the site (Κ = 0.88). The ‘similar others’ category reflected the significance of interacting with relatable survivors (i.e., same cancer type), the ‘individual expectations’ category reflected the significance of participants' expectations about using online interventions (i.e., personally relevant information), and the ‘problems with the site’ category reflected the significance of study procedures (i.e., website structure).

Conclusions

The data indicate that minimally engaged participants have high variability regarding their needs and preferences for Internet‐based interventions. Using qualitative methodologies to identify and incorporate these needs into the next generation of interventions has the potential to increase engagement and outcomes. The current study provides a foundation for future research to characterize survivors' needs and offer suggestions for better meeting these needs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the mean and the homogeneous barrier height of Cu Schottky contacts on heteroepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Splith Daniel , Müller Stefan , Schmidt Florian , von Wenckstern Holger , van Rensburg Johan Janse , Meyer Walter E. , Grundmann Marius
Published: November 2013

We have investigated the electrical properties of Cu Schottky contacts (SCs) on ()‐oriented β‐Ga2O3 thin films, which have been grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The I–V characteristics of two different sample structures exhibit rectification ratios at ±2 V up to 7 orders of magnitude. The dominant current transport mechanism is thermionic emission. By fitting the I–V characteristics, we obtained the ideality factor n and the effective barrier height at temperatures between 50 and 320 K. Considering a Gaussian barrier height distribution, we determined a mean barrier height of 1.32 eV. The contacts are stable at high temperatures up to at least 550 K. At this temperature a homogeneous barrier height of 1.32 eV is found, consistent with the determined mean barrier height. The ideality factor for this temperature is 1.03 and barrier inhomogeneities do not influence current transport, making the contact close to ideal.

Schematic band diagram of a Cu/β‐Ga2O3 Schottky contact at a temperature of 550 K. The inset shows a photographic image of the sample.
Structural, optical, electrical and low temperature thermoelectric properties of degenerate polycrystalline Cu7Se4 thin films
Authors: Urmila K. S. , Asokan T. Namitha , Philip R. R. , Ganesan V. , Okram G. S. , Pradeep B.
Published: November 2013

Polycrystalline copper selenide thin films of composition Cu7Se4 with thickness of the order of 350 nm are deposited on glass substrates at a temperature of 498 ± 5 K and pressure of 10−5 mbar using reactive evaporation with high purity copper (99.999%) and selenium (99.99%) as the elemental starting materials. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows the formation of Cu7Se4 thin films. Structural parameters such as lattice constant, particle size, dislocation density, number of crystallites per unit area and strain in the film are evaluated. The surface morphology and composition of the film are studied using 2D and 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM) and energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX), respectively. Hall effect measurement is done at room temperature to determine the conductivity type, carrier concentration, carrier mobility and Hall coefficient of the film. The carrier concentration of the film at room temperature is found to be nearly 1021 cm−3 suggesting that the prepared films are degenerate semiconductors. The films possess a direct allowed transition with an optical band gap of 2.25 eV. High reflectance and low transmittance of the film in the near‐infrared region – a behaviour, which is typical of degenerate semiconductors is related to its high electrical conductivity (∼103 Ω−1 cm−1). Temperature variation of thermoelectric power (TEP) and electrical conductivity also suggests degenerate semiconductor like behaviour of the film. The observed positive Seebeck coefficient indicates p‐type conduction mechanism. The data from the analyses of Hall measurements and TEP have been combined to evaluate important material parameters such as mean free path, relaxation time, Fermi energy and effective mass. Certain possible applications of the prepared film in various fields are also discussed.
Series of Two‐Dimensional Hofmann‐DMF‐Type Compounds M(DMF)2M′(CN)4 (M = Cd, Fe; M′ = Ni, Pd, Pt): Syntheses, Structures, and Thermal Stabilities
Authors: Zhang Min , Li Bin‐Bin , Sun Jing , Kong Xiao‐Ping , Gu Pan‐Pan , Chen Ying‐Ying , Yuan Ai‐Hua
Published: November 2013

Five two‐dimensional Hofmann‐DMF‐type compounds M(DMF)2M′(CN)4 [M = Cd, M′ = Ni (1), Pd (2), Pt (3); M = Fe, M′ = Ni (4), Pt (5)] were synthesized by solution diffusion method. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that compounds 1–5 are isomorphous and crystallize in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure consists of corrugated cyanide‐bridged polymeric networks, in which the DMF‐ligated octahedral M and square‐planar M′ atoms occupy special positions of the 2/m site symmetry. In addition, the non‐hydrogen atoms of DMF molecules locate on a crystallographic mirror plane and coordinate to the axial sites of M atoms from both sides of the sheets. Thermal stabilities of such system are associated with the metal ions involved in structures and the host framework begins to collapse with the loss of coordinated DMF molecules.
Synthesis, Properties, and Structures of Chromium(VI) and Chromium(V) Complexes with Heterocyclic Nitrogen Ligands
Authors: Levason William , Reid Gillian , Zhang Wenjian
Published: November 2013

The reaction of CrO2Cl2 with 2, 2′‐bipyridyl or 1, 10‐phenanthroline (diimine) in CCl4 or anhydrous CH3CO2H solution, produces orange‐brown diamagnetic [CrO2Cl2(diimine)]. The X‐ray structure of [CrO2Cl2(2, 2′‐bipy)] shows a six‐coordinate central chromium(VI) atom with cis‐dioxo groups trans to the diimine. In contrast, the diimines react with CrO3 in CH3CO2H / conc. aqueous HCl to form bright red paramagnetic CrV complexes, [CrOCl3(diimine)]. The X‐ray structure of [CrOCl3(2, 2′‐bipy)] shows a six‐coordinate central chromium atom with mer‐chlorines and the diimine trans to O/Cl. The addition of [2, 2‐bipyH2]Cl2 to a solution of CrO3 in CH3CO2H saturated with HCl gas, produces the CrV anion [2, 2′‐bipyH2][CrOCl4]Cl, which loses HCl on heating in vacuo to form [CrOCl3(2, 2′‐bipy)]. IR, UV/Vis, and 1H NMR spectra (CrVI only) are reported for the new complexes. Attempts to extend these routes to oxygen donor ligands, including ethers and phosphine oxides, were unsuccessful. The diimine complexes are the first structurally autheticated adducts of chromium(VI) and (V) oxide‐chlorides with neutral ligands.
Profile of Bioactive Compounds in Avocado Pulp Oil: Influence of the Drying Processes and Extraction Methods
Authors: dos Santos Marco A. Z. , Alicieo Tatiana V. R. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Ramis‐Ramos Guillermo , Mendonça Carla R. B.
Published: November 2013

The influence of different procedures of pulp drying and oil extraction methods on the concentrations of α‐tocopherol, squalene and several phytosterols in avocado oil was evaluated. Pulp portions of Fortune variety avocados were dried either by lyophilization or under circulating air at 40 or 70 °C. For lyophilization and for each air drying temperature, the oil was obtained either by cold pressing or with Soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether. The dehydrated pulp (73 % of the pulp weight) yielded 25–33 % oil by cold pressing, and 45–57 % oil by Soxhlet extraction. Infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography with FID and mass spectrometry detection were used to analyze the oils. α‐Tocopherol, squalene, cycloartenol acetate, β‐sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol were present in all the oil samples. In comparison to lyophilization, hot air drying resulted in smaller concentrations of α‐tocopherol, squalene and β‐sitosterol, and larger relative concentrations of campesterol and cycloartenol acetate. On the other hand, extraction by cold pressing produced a smaller amount of oil, with greater concentrations of α‐tocopherol and squalene, and lower contents of campesterol and cycloartenol acetate, than Soxhlet extraction. Thus, the oil yield was maximal with lyophilization and Soxhlet extraction, but lyophilization and cold pressing produced oils which had greater concentrations of antioxidants and other bioactive compounds.
The Dawes Review 1: Kinematic Studies of Star-Forming Galaxies Across Cosmic Time
Authors: Glazebrook Karl
Published: November 2013

The last seven years have seen an explosion in the number of Integral Field galaxy surveys, obtaining resolved 2D spectroscopy, especially at high-redshift. These have taken advantage of the mature capabilities of 8–10 m class telescopes and the development of associated technology such as AO. Surveys have leveraged both high spectroscopic resolution enabling internal velocity measurements and high spatial resolution from AO techniques and sites with excellent natural seeing. For the first time, we have been able to glimpse the kinematic state of matter in young, assembling star-forming galaxies and learn detailed astrophysical information about the physical processes and compare their kinematic scaling relations with those in the local Universe. Observers have measured disc galaxy rotation, merger signatures, and turbulence-enhanced velocity dispersions of gas-rich discs. Theorists have interpreted kinematic signatures of galaxies in a variety of ways (rotation, merging, outflows, and feedback) and attempted to discuss evolution vs. theoretical models and relate it to the evolution in galaxy morphology. A key point that has emerged from this activity is that substantial fractions of high-redshift galaxies have regular kinematic morphologies despite irregular photometric morphologies and this is likely due to the presence of a large number of highly gas-rich discs. There has not yet been a review of this burgeoning topic. In this first Dawes review, I will discuss the extensive kinematic surveys that have been done and the physical models that have arisen for young galaxies at high-redshift.
Forecasts of the 2012 US Presidential Election based on Candidates’ Perceived Competence in Handling the Most Important Issue
Authors: Graefe Andreas , Armstrong J. Scott
Published: November 2013

The Big-Issue Model predicts election outcomes based on voters’ perceptions of candidates’ ability to handle the most important issue. It provided accurate forecasts of the 2012 US presidential election. The results demonstrate the model's usefulness if one issue clearly dominates the campaign, such as the state of the economy in the 2012 election. It is also particularly valuable if economic fundamentals disagree, a situation in which forecasts from traditional political economy models suggest high uncertainty. The model provides immediate feedback to political candidates and parties on the success of their campaign and can advise them on which issues to assign the highest priority.
Which characteristics of nursing home residents influence differences in malnutrition prevalence? An international comparison of The Netherlands, Germany and Austria
Authors: van Nie-Visser Noémi C. , Meijers Judith , Schols Jos , Lohrmann Christa , Bartholomeyczik Sabine , Spreeuwenberg Marieke , Halfens Ruud
Published: November 2013

Prevalence rates of malnutrition vary considerably internationally, partly due to differences in measurement methodology and instruments. In the present study, the same measurement methodology and instruments were used in The Netherlands, Germany and Austria. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether resident characteristics influence possible differences in malnutrition prevalence between countries. The study followed a cross-sectional, multi-centre design that measured malnutrition in nursing home residents from The Netherlands, Germany and Austria. Resident data were gathered using a standardised questionnaire. Malnutrition was operationalised using BMI, unintentional weight loss and nutritional intake. Data were analysed using an association model. The prevalence rates of malnutrition in The Netherlands, Germany and Austria were 18·3, 20·1 and 22·5 %, respectively. The multivariate generalised estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression analysis showed that sex, age, care dependency, the mean number of diseases and some specific diseases were influencing factors for whether the resident was malnourished or not. The OR of malnutrition in the three countries declined after including the influencing factors resulting from the multivariate GEE analysis. The present study reveals that differences in the prevalence rates of malnutrition in nursing homes in The Netherlands, Germany and Austria are influenced by different resident characteristics. Since other country-related factors could also play an important role in influencing differences in the prevalence rates of malnutrition between the countries (structural and process factors of malnutrition care policy). We recommend the investigation of these factors in future studies.
‘I'm only allowed to sell milk and eggs’: Gender aspects of urban livestock keeping in Eldoret, Kenya
Authors: Simiyu Robert Romborah , Foeken Dick
Published: November 2013

This paper deals with the gender aspects of urban livestock keeping in Eldoret, Kenya. It shows that men and women play different but complementary roles in livestock keeping. Men show greater preference for and are more involved – in terms of decision-making and responsibility taking – with large livestock and where income is the primary motive for livestock keeping, and perform tasks of an outdoor nature and/or which require considerable technical knowledge. On the other hand, women prefer and exercise greater control over small livestock, make the most decisions about consumption use of livestock products, and perform home-based routine tasks. However, there are instances where men and women cross gender boundaries, for instance where labour of the opposite gender is absent in the household, or as a strategy to control benefits accruing to the livestock. In terms of livelihood outcomes, women's role in livestock keeping is geared more towards improving household nutritional and food security status, while men's role is motivated more by personal benefits.
Urban and rural voting patterns in Senegal: the spatial aspects of incumbency, c. 1978–2012
Authors: Koter Dominika
Published: November 2013

One of the most striking voting patterns in many African elections is the marked difference between urban and rural voters in their willingness to support the incumbent. In many countries, incumbents receive their worst electoral scores in the cities, whereas the countryside votes overwhelmingly for them. This pattern is puzzling because there is no evidence that rural areas benefit more from government policies. On the contrary, most governments in Africa exhibit a pro-urban policy bias. Why then do rural voters support incumbents at higher rates? Using evidence from original interviews with politicians in Senegal, coupled with media coverage from several elections, I contend that incumbents enjoy higher success in rural vis-à-vis urban areas because rural voters are more susceptible to clientelism. Tight social structure, cohesion and the prominent role of local patrons facilitate the acquisition of entire blocs of rural voters for the incumbent. These findings are independent of ethnic, religious or party identity.
Power-sharing in Africa's war zones: how important is the local level?
Authors: Simons Claudia , Zanker Franzisca , Mehler Andreas , Tull Denis M.
Published: November 2013

Research on power-sharing in Africa remains silent on the effects of national peace agreements on the sub-national level. Conversely, most armed conflicts originate and are fought in (or over) specific areas. A plausible hypothesis would be that for power-sharing to have the desired pacifying effect throughout the national territory, it needs to be extended to the local level. Based on fieldwork in six former hotspots in Liberia, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) we find that there is hardly any local content, including local power-sharing, in national agreements. However, contrary to our hypothesis, neither local content (inclusion of actors or interest) nor local-power-sharing (either introducing a local power balance or monopoly) are indispensable to effectively bring about local peace, at least in the short-term. On the contrary, it might even endanger the peace process. The importance of the sub-national level is overestimated in some cases and romanticised in others. However, the history of spatial-political links, centralised policies, and the establishment of local balances or monopolies of power ultimately play an important role.
Validation and reproducibility of dietary assessment methods in adolescents: a systematic literature review
Authors: Tabacchi Garden , Amodio Emanuele , Di Pasquale Maria , Bianco Antonino , Jemni Monèm , Mammina Caterina
Published: November 2013

Objective

The aim of the present work was to determine what dietary assessment method can provide a valid and accurate estimate of nutrient intake by comparison with the gold standard.

Design

A MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane and related references literature review was conducted on dietary assessment methods for adolescents reporting the validity and/or reproducibility values. A study quality assessment on the retrieved FFQ was carried out according to two different scoring systems, judging respectively the quality of FFQ nutrition information and of FFQ validation and calibration.

Setting

The present review considered adolescents attending high schools and recruited in hospitals or at home.

Subjects

The target of the review was the healthy adolescent population in the age range 13–17 years.

Results

Thirty-two eligible papers were included and analysed separately as ‘original articles’ (n20) and ‘reviews’ (n12). The majority (n17) assessed the validation and reproducibility of FFQ. Almost all studies found the questionnaires to be valid and reproducible (r> 0·4), except for some food groups and nutrients. Different design and validation issues were highlighted, such as portion-size estimation, number of food items and statistics used.

Conclusions

The present review offers new insights in relation to the characteristics of assessment methods for dietary intake in adolescents. Further meta-analysis is required although the current review provides important indications on the development of a new FFQ, addressing the need for a valid, reproducible, user-friendly, cost-effective method of accurately assessing nutrient intakes in adolescents.
Help seeking among vision-impaired adults referred to their GP for depressive symptoms: patient characteristics and outcomes associated with referral uptake
Authors: Holloway Edith E. , Sturrock Bonnie A. , Lamoureux Ecosse L. , Keeffe Jill E. , Rees Gwyneth
Published: November 2013

Adults with vision impairment commonly experience depression; however, depression often remains undetected and therefore untreated in this group. Using a prospective longitudinal design, the aim of this study was to determine the rate of uptake for a referral to a general practitioner (GP), in vision-impaired adults, who were screened for depression in low vision rehabilitation and eye-care settings. Fifty-seven vision-impaired adults (aged ≥18 years) were recruited from low vision rehabilitation centres across Australia and the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, between June 2010 and May 2012. Participants screened positive for depressive symptoms and were referred to their GP for follow up. Telephone assessments took place at baseline, 3 and 6 months to determine uptake of a GP referral and changes in depressive symptoms over 6 months. Forty-six per cent of participants followed through with the GP referral. A desire for emotional support and stigma towards seeking support from a psychologist were significantly associated with uptake (both P < 0.05). GPs were more likely to recommend anti-depressant medication compared with a psychologist consultation (69% v. 54%) and patients themselves were more likely to take anti-depressant medication (94% v. 14% who saw a psychologist). Depressive symptoms decreased significantly over 6 months for those who followed through with a GP referral (baseline M = 10.04, s.d. = 5.76 v. 6-months M = 6.20, s.d. = 3.38; z = –2.26, P = 0.02) but not for those who did not use the GP referral (z = –1.92, P = 0.55). This method of referral to a GP following depression screening may provide an effective pathway to detect and manage depression in vision-impaired adults.
A reduced set of moves on one-vertex ribbon graphs coming from links
Authors: Abernathy Susan , Armond Cody , Cohen Moshe , Dasbach Oliver , Manuel Hannah , Penn Chris , Russell Heather , Stoltzfus Neal
Published: November 2013

Every link in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

can be represented by a one-vertex ribbon graph. We prove a Markov type theorem on this subset of link diagrams.
Current understanding of the process of tooth formation: transfer from the laboratory to the clinic
Authors: Thesleff I
Published: November 2013

Teeth are typical examples of organs in which genes determine the progress of development from initiation to the final shape, size and structure, whereas environmental factors play a minor role. Advances in gene technology over the last three decades have led to powerful novel methods to explore the mechanisms of embryonic development. Today we know a few hundred genes that regulate tooth development, and mutations in dozens of these genes have been shown to cause aberrations in tooth development in mice and/or humans. The functions of an increasing number of genes in tooth development have been discovered using genetically modified mouse models. We are now beginning to understand the ‘programme’ underlying the process of tooth formation. Key components of the programme are signals mediating communication between cells and complex gene regulatory networks in which the signal pathways are integrated. Understanding the mechanisms of tooth development at the level of genes, cells and molecules will lay the basis for new ways to prevent and treat dental defects and diseases. Over the last decade knowledge about dental stem cells has accumulated rapidly and novel stem cell technologies have been developed. Combining stem cell research with knowledge on the mechanisms of tooth development may open up novel possibilities for clinical tooth regeneration.
Ocular perfusion pressure in glaucoma
Authors: Costa Vital P. , Harris Alon , Anderson Douglas , Stodtmeister Richard , Cremasco Fernanda , Kergoat Helene , Lovasik John , Stalmans Ingborg , Zeitz Oliver , Lanzl Ines , Gugleta Konstantin , Schmetterer Leopold
Published: November 2013

This review article discusses the relationship between ocular perfusion pressure and glaucoma, including its definition, factors that influence its calculation and epidemiological studies investigating the influence of ocular perfusion pressure on the prevalence, incidence and progression of glaucoma. We also list the possible mechanisms behind this association, and discuss whether it is secondary to changes in intraocular pressure, blood pressure or both. Finally, we describe the circadian variation of ocular perfusion pressure and the effects of systemic and topical medications on it. We believe that the balance between IOP and BP, influenced by the autoregulatory capacity of the eye, is part of what determines whether an individual will develop optic nerve damage. However, prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to better define the role of ocular perfusion pressure in the development and progression of glaucoma.
Randomised clinical trial: individualised vs. weight‐based dosing of azathioprine in Crohn's disease
Authors: Dassopoulos T. , Dubinsky M. C. , Bentsen J. L. , Martin C. F. , Galanko J. A. , Seidman E. G. , Sandler R. S. , Hanauer S. B.
Published: November 2013

Background

Azathioprine (AZA), a pro‐drug metabolised to the active metabolites 6‐tioguanine nucleotides (6TGN), is a steroid‐sparing therapy for Crohn's disease (CD).

Aim

To investigate whether AZA therapy is optimised by individualised dosing based on thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity and 6TGN concentrations.

Methods

This multicentre, double‐blind, randomised controlled trial compared the efficacy and safety of weight‐based vs. individualised AZA dosing in inducing and maintaining remission in adults and children with steroid‐treated CD. The primary outcome was clinical remission (CR) at 16 weeks. In the weight‐based arm, subjects received 2.5 mg/kg/day. In the individualised dosing arm, the initial AZA dose was 1.0 mg/kg/day (if intermediate TPMT) or 2.5 mg/kg/day (if normal TPMT). Starting at week 5, the dose was adjusted to target 6TGN concentrations of 250–400 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells (RBC), or to a maximal dose of 4 mg/kg/day.

Results

After randomising 50 subjects, the trial was stopped prematurely due to insufficient enrolment. In intention‐to‐treat analysis, CR rates at week 16 were 40% in the individualised arm vs. 16% in the weight‐based arm (P = 0.11). In per‐protocol (PP) analysis, week 16 CR rates were 60% in the individualised arm and 25% in the weight‐based arm (P = 0.12). At week 16, median 6TGN concentrations in PP remitters and nonremitters were 216 and 149 pmol/8 × 108 RBC respectively (P = 0.07).

Conclusions

Despite trends favouring individualised over weight‐based AZA dosing, there were no statistically significant differences in efficacy, likely due to low statistical power and inability to achieve the target 6TGN concentrations in the individualised arm. [Clinicaltrials.Gov Identifier Nct00113503].
AT‐101 downregulates BCL2 and MCL1 and potentiates the cytotoxic effects of lenalidomide and dexamethasone in preclinical models of multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Paulus Aneel , Chitta Kasyapa , Akhtar Sharoon , Personett David , Miller Kena C. , Thompson Kevin J. , Carr Jennifer , Kumar Shaji , Roy Vivek , Ansell Stephen M. , Mikhael Joseph R. , Dispenzieri Angela , Reeder Craig B. , Rivera Candido E. , Foran James , Chanan‐Khan Asher
Published: November 2013

Multiple myeloma, the second most common haematological malignancy in the U.S., is currently incurable. Disruption of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by BCL2 and MCL1 upregulation is observed in >80% of myeloma cases and is associated with an aggressive clinical course. Remarkably, there is no approved drug with the ability to target BCL2 or MCL1. Thus, we investigated the anti‐tumour effects of a pan‐BCL2 inhibitor, AT‐101, which has high binding specificity for BCL2 and MCL1 in preclinical models of plasma cell cancers (Multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia). Gene expression and immunoblot analysis of six plasma cell cancer models showed upregulation of BCL2 family members. AT‐101 was able to downregulate BCL2 and MCL1 in all plasma cell cancer models and induced apoptotic cell death in a caspase‐dependent manner by altering mitochondrial membrane permeability. This cytotoxic effect and BCL2 downregulation were further potentiated when AT‐101 was combined with lenalidomide/dexamethasone (LDA). NanoString nCounter mRNA quantification and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis revealed differential changes in the CCNA2, FRZB, FYN, IRF1, PTPN11 genes in LDA‐treated cells. In summary, we describe for the first time the cellular and molecular events associated with the use of AT‐101 in combination with lenalidomide/dexamethasone in preclinical models of plasma cell malignancy.
Functional evaluation of the role of C-type lectin domain family 16A at the chromosome 16p13 locus
Authors: Zouk H , D'Hennezel E , Du X , Ounissi-Benkalha H , Piccirillo C A , Polychronakos C
Published: November 2013

The type 1 diabetes-associated 16p13 locus contains the CLEC16A gene. Its preferential immune cell expression suggests involvement in autoimmunity. Given its elevated expression in dendritic and B cells – known professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – we hypothesize that C-type lectin domain family 16 member A (CLEC16A) may be involved in T cell co-stimulation and consequent activation and proliferation. We also sought to identify CLEC16A's subcellular localization. The effect of the CLEC16A knock-down (KD) on B cell co-stimulation and activation of T cells was tested in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) by co-culture with CD4+ T cells. T cell activation and proliferation were determined by flow-cytometric analysis of CD69 and CD25 expression and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution, respectively. CLEC16A subcellular localization in K562 cells was examined by immunofluorescence. We show that the CLEC16A KD did not affect the tested indices of lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) APC capacity. Additionally, the percentage of activated T cells following LCL co-culture was not affected significantly by the CLEC16A KD. T cells co-cultured with KD or control LCLs also exhibited similar cell division profiles. CLEC16A co-localized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker, suggesting that it may be an ER protein. In conclusion, CLEC16A may not be involved in T cell co-stimulation. Additional studies on CLEC16A, accounting for its ER localization, are needed to uncover its biological role.
Agreement between Histomorphometry and Microcomputed Tomography to Assess Bone Microarchitecture of Dental Implant Sites
Authors: Dias Danilo Rocha , Leles Cláudio Rodrigues , Batista Aline Carvalho , Lindh Christina , Ribeiro‐Rotta Rejane Faria
Published: November 2013

Background:

Histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography (microCT) have been used in implant studies but need better understanding before being used as equivalent methods.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the agreement between 2D (histomorphometry) and 3D (microCT) reference methods for assessing jawbone microarchitecture in vivo.

Material and Methods

Forty‐four bone specimens from 32 patients were obtained during implant placement and examined by microCT, followed by hematoxylin–eosin staining and histomorphometric analysis. The morphometric parameters included bone volume density (BV/TV), bone surface fraction (BS/TV), bone surface density, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Bland–Altman plots were used for pairwise agreement analysis between the equivalent 3D and 2D parameters, and complemented with Mountain plots. The association between the two methods was tested using Pearson's correlation followed by Passing–Bablok regression.

Results

Systematic bias was observed in all Bland–Altman and Mountain plots, including constant bias for BV/TV and Tb.Sp, and proportional bias for all other parameters. Significant correlation was found for BV/TV (r = 0.80; p < .001) and BS/TV (r = 0.44; p = .003), and the Passing–Bablok regression showed constant bias for BV/TV and proportional bias for BS/TV.

Conclusion

Because of the poor agreement between measures obtained by histomorphometry and microCT, these methods should not be used interchangeably for jawbones.
Metabolic cost of locomotion during treadmill walking with blood flow restriction
Authors: Mendonca Goncalo V. , Vaz João R. , Teixeira Micael S. , Grácio Telma , Pezarat‐Correia Pedro
Published: November 2013

We explored whether interval walking with blood flow restriction (BFR) increases net metabolic cost of locomotion in healthy young men at their optimal walking speed. We also determined whether decreased walking economy resulting from BFR might be accompanied by an increase in ventilation relative to VO2 and VCO2. Finally, we examined possible relationships between the changes in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and those obtained in minute ventilation (VE) during walking with BFR. Eighteen healthy men (age: 22·5 ± 3·4 years) performed graded treadmill exercise to assess VO2max. In a randomized fashion, participants also performed five bouts of 3‐min treadmill exercise with and without BFR at their optimal walking speed. Walking with BFR elicited an overall increase in net VO2 (10·4%) compared with that seen in the non‐BFR condition (P<0·05). The participants also demonstrated greater VE and VE/VO2 values while walking with BFR (P<0·05). Conversely, VE/VCO2 was similar between conditions at each walking bout. We found no significant correlation between the changes in VE and RPE induced by walking with BFR (r = 0·38, P>0·05). Our results indicate that (i) BFR decreases net walking economy in healthy young men, even at their optimal walking speed; (ii) heightened ventilatory drive may explain a small proportion of BFR effects on walking economy; and (iii) the ventilatory responses to BFR walking may be largely independent of changes in perceived exertion and are likely matched to the flux of CO2 between muscles and respiratory centres.
Conventional treatment after myocardial infarction in routine clinical practice results in regression of left common carotid intima‐media thickness
Authors: Jogestrand Tomas , Agewall Stefan , Gustafsson Thomas , Henareh Loghman
Published: November 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of standard medical treatment on the progression of atherosclerosis after a myocardial infarction, in an ordinary clinical setting, by measuring the right and left common carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT). The first investigation took place 3–12 months after the index event; the second took place 3·3–8·2 years after the first. In both investigations, the right and left carotid arteries of 102 patients were examined with an ultrasound duplex scanner. Common carotid IMT and calculated cross‐sectional intima‐media area (cIMa) were measured on both sides. More than 90% of the patients were treated with aspirin, beta‐blockers and statins. In the first investigation, IMT and cIMa were significantly greater on the left side compared to the right (IMT: 0·83 ± 0·22 and 0·74 ± 0·18 mm, P<0·001; cIMa: 18·2 ± 5·2 and 16·3 ± 5·1 mm2, P<0·001). In the second investigation, IMT on the left side was significantly reduced compared to the first investigation (0·79 ± 0·22 and 0·83 ± 0·22 mm, P<0·05) with a corresponding tendency towards a decrease in cIMa on the same side. In our study, conventional medical treatment after a myocardial infarction in ordinary clinical routines resulted in regression of the common carotid IMT on the left side. The significant side difference in IMT emphasizes the importance of where and how the carotid IMT is measured in studies using this surrogate end point.
Heart rate recovery: autonomic determinants, methods of assessment and association with mortality and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Peçanha Tiago , Silva‐Júnior Natan Daniel , Forjaz Cláudia Lúcia de Moraes
Published: November 2013

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality worldwide. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction seems to be related to the genesis of several CVDs and is also linked to the increased risk of mortality in CVD patients. The quantification of heart rate decrement after exercise – known as heart rate recovery (HRR) – is a simple tool for assessing cardiac autonomic activity in healthy and CVD patients. Furthermore, since The Cleveland Clinic studies, HRR has also been used as a powerful index for predicting mortality. For these reasons, in recent years, the scientific community has been interested in proposing methods and protocols to investigate HRR and understand its underlying mechanisms. The aim of this review is to discuss current knowledge about HRR, including its potential primary and secondary physiological determinants, as well as its role in predicting mortality. Published data show that HRR can be modelled by an exponential curve, with a fast and a slow decay component. HRR may be influenced by population and exercise characteristics. The fast component mainly seems to be dictated by the cardiac parasympathetic reactivation, probably promoted by the deactivation of central command and mechanoreflex inputs immediately after exercise cessation. On the other hand, the slow phase of HRR may be determined by cardiac sympathetic withdrawal, possibly via the deactivation of metaboreflex and thermoregulatory mechanisms. All these pathways seem to be impaired in CVD, helping to explain the slower HRR in such patients and the increased rate of mortality in individuals who present a slower HRR.
Development of fine motor skills in preterm infants
Authors: Bos Arend F , Van Braeckel Koenraad N J A , Hitzert Marrit M , Tanis Jozien C , Roze Elise
Published: November 2013

Fine motor skills are related to functioning in daily life and at school. We reviewed the status of knowledge, in preterm children, on the development of fine motor skills, the relation with gross motor skills, and risk factors for impaired fine motor skills.

We searched the past 15 years in PubMed, using [‘motor skills’ or ‘fine motor function’ and ‘preterm infant’] as the search string. Impaired gross and fine motor skills are among the most frequently occurring problems encountered by preterm children who do not develop cerebral palsy.

The prevalence is around 40% for mild to moderate impairment and 20% for moderate impairment. Fine motor skill scores on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children are about 0.62 of a standard deviation lower compared with term children. Risk factors for fine motor impairments include moderately preterm birth (odds ratio [OR] 2.0) and, among very preterm children (<32wk gestation), intra‐uterine growth restriction (ORs 2–3), inflammatory conditions (late‐onset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis, ORs 3–5), and dexamethasone therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 2.7).

A better understanding of factors that play a role in the development of and recovery from brain injury could guide future intervention attempts aimed at improving fine motor skills of preterm children.