bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recommended isolated-line profile for representing high-resolution spectroscopic transitions (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Tennyson Jonathan , Bernath Peter F. , Campargue Alain , Császár Attila G. , Daumont Ludovic , Gamache Robert R. , Hodges Joseph T. , Lisak Daniel , Naumenko Olga V. , Rothman Laurence S. , Tran Ha , Zobov Nikolai F. , Buldyreva Jeanna , Boone Chris D. , De Vizia Maria Domenica , Gianfrani Livio , Hartmann Jean-Michel , McPheat Robert , Weidmann Damien , Murray Jonathan , Ngo Ngoc Hoa , Polyansky Oleg L.
Published: November 2014

The report of an IUPAC Task Group, formed in 2011 on “Intensities and line shapes in high-resolution spectra of water isotopologues from experiment and theory” (Project No. 2011-022-2-100), on line profiles of isolated high-resolution rotational-vibrational transitions perturbed by neutral gas-phase molecules is presented. The well-documented inadequacies of the Voigt profile (VP), used almost universally by databases and radiative-transfer codes, to represent pressure effects and Doppler broadening in isolated vibrational-rotational and pure rotational transitions of the water molecule have resulted in the development of a variety of alternative line-profile models. These models capture more of the physics of the influence of pressure on line shapes but, in general, at the price of greater complexity. The Task Group recommends that the partially Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision profile (pCqSD-HCP) should be adopted as the appropriate model for high-resolution spectroscopy. For simplicity this should be called the Hartmann–Tran profile (HTP). The HTP is sophisticated enough to capture the various collisional contributions to the isolated line shape, can be computed in a straightforward and rapid manner, and reduces to simpler profiles, including the Voigt profile, under certain simplifying assumptions.
Erythrocyte folate levels in occupational zinc-exposed workers
Authors: Girgin Gözde , Sipahi Hande , Palabiyik Saziye S. , Kilicarslan Bilge , Sarac Elif S. , Baydar Terken
Published: November 2014

Physiologically, zinc is an essential element that has many important functions such as maintenance of immunity, cell integrity, signalling, cellular respiration, and neuromodulation. Besides zinc, folate also plays a crucial role in basic cellular reactions. Exposure to some xenobiotics may lead to folate deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc fume on erythrocyte folate levels. For this purpose, erythrocyte folate levels and serum zinc concentrations were evaluated in 63 galvanization workers, who were exposed to zinc fume during the galvanization procedure, and 23 office personnel as a control group. Erythrocyte folate levels were found to be decreased, while blood zinc levels were increased in workers compared to the controls (both, p<0.05). Additionally, a significant but rather weak negative correlation was observed between blood folate and zinc concentrations in all participants (R
s=–0.335; p<0.05). It was estimated that zinc exposure leads to a decrease in erythrocyte folate levels. Moreover, it may be speculated that galvanization procedure can cause an elevation in the serum zinc concentration of workers and chronic occupational zinc exposure may trigger changes in erythrocyte folate status, which reflects tissue folate stores.
Neue Methoden zur Bestimmung der Eindringtiefe und Wirksamkeit von Verfestigern / New methods for determination of penetration depth and effectiveness of consolidation materials
Authors: Dimmig A. , Erfurt W.
Published: November 2014

The known methods for determining penetration depth of consolidation materials are shortly described. Two new methods are presented. Employing these methods it is possible to measure strength profiles non-destructively on cores or core slices. Ultrasonic velocity as well as natural frequency oftheflexural and torsional vibration may be employed for calculating elastic moduli. Both are reproducible methods for the determination of effectiveness and penetration depth of consolidation materials. Experiments were performed using sandstone and brick. The results are the more precise, the more homogeneous the materials.
Untersuchung von Feuchtetransport mittels numerischer Modellierung und Neutronentransmissionsanalyse / Study of Moisture Transport by Numerical Modeling and Neutron Transmission Analysis
Authors: Pleinert H. , Sadouki H. , Wittmann F.H.
Published: November 2014

Moisture transport in porous building materials is described by a transport model that expresses the action of the several transport mechanisms of liquid water and water vapor in the porous system by a single material specific transfer coefficient. This parameter has to be determined by experimental measurement of moisture distributions inside samples exposed to known initial and boundary conditions. Neutron radiography is employed as experimental method because of its high sensitivity and good spatial resolution. The moisture distribution is determined from the raw data obtained in the measurement by a calculation procedure based on a signal transfer model of the neutron transmission. This approach is illustrated by two examples: the drying of a plain brick sample and the drying of a composite sample consisting of two brick elements separated by a layer of mortar.
Zusammenhang zwischen Gewichtsverlust, Festigkeitsabfall und Einlagerungsdauer beim lösenden Ammoniumnitratangriff auf hochfesten Beton / The relation between loss of weight and strength of high strength concrete during the storage in NH4NO3-solution
Authors: Schneider U. , Scherpke G. , Chen S. -W.
Published: November 2014

In this report the behaviour of cementitious materials especially high performance concrete under the attack of ammoniumnitrate solutions is described. From the experimental data concerning the loss of weight and strength of concrete specimens under the chemical attack simple formulas were derived. The formulas enable the estimation of the effect of an chemical attack by solution on cementitious materials. Further within the range of data the duration of experimental programs can be determined in advance.
Analyse des Stuckgipses der Abtei Villers / Analysis of Stucco from the Abbey of Villers
Authors: Chandra S. , Gemert D. Van
Published: November 2014

Interior plaster from the Abbot's Palace of the Abbey of Villers-la-Ville, Brabant Wallon province, Belgium has been investigated. It is done by using chemical analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive electron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the rendering was made with lime rich mortar and animal hairs. The sand used was very fine and the hairs were very short. The solid constituents and the hairs were uniformly dispersed, which could have been obtained by the addition of some other natural polymer, containing protein.
Änderungen der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Marmor durch Pilzbewuchs / Changes of the physical properties of marble as a result of fungal growth
Authors: Dornieden T. , Gorbushina Α. A. , Krumbein W. E.
Published: November 2014

Influences of the environment attack marble and ultimately destroy it. Especially the black yeast-like fungi which are often found on marbles especially in Mediterranean monuments strongly attack the marble. Colonization of the surface and interspaces inside the rock on experimental rock slabs lead to additional heat absorption and transfer. This imposes a higher dilatation of the marble causing losses of particles and ultimately the désintégration of the rock structure. For the first time the mechanical destruction of rock material by micro-organism is experimentally shown.
Probabilistische Zustandsanalyse von tragendem Mauerwerk / A Probabilistic Evaluation Method for Structural Masonry
Authors: Schueremans L. , Gemert D. Van , Dyck J. Van
Published: November 2014

A probabilistic method to evaluate the reliability of structural masonry elements is presented. Local probability of failure, different failure modes and corresponding limit state functions, probability distributions of basic variables and model uncertainty are discussed. A graphical probability mapping is presented as an easilyaccessible, visual evaluation instrument in the restoration decision process. The proposed methodology is illustrated on tested shear panels, reported in literature.
Instandsetzung von Schallquellen und Schall schützenden Teilen im Bau / Overhaul of Sound Sources and Noise Protecting Parts in Buildings
Authors: Mantel J.
Published: November 2014

Keywords

In the context of sound propagation in buildings, we must differentiate between building parts which produce noise actively (water conducting parts, facilities with electrical motors and other equipment) and building parts which do not cause any noise but have a sound protecting function, such as e.g. ceilings or walls. We recognise that certain building parts do not change their sound protection function for long decades, while other parts are getting sound proof leaky due to amortisation (e.g. carpets, water spouts, window gaskets) or due to slow deformation in buildings (plaster dwellings, window and door surrounds). Moreover, various building parts are insufficiently dimensioned concerning their noise protection or have been carried out in a wrong way. This inevitably leads to an overhaul as mentioned above.
Das Sägeschnittverfahren als Horizontalabdichtung gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit - Sanierungsbeispiel Schulhaus Heinrich Bosshard / Horizontal Saw Cut Method for Preventing Rising Damp in Masonry - School Building Heinrich Bosshard, a Restoration Example
Authors: Rechsteiner A. , Wolfseher R.
Published: November 2014

One of the most common reasons to restore an old (historical) building is the damage of the masonry and the external rendering due to moisture. For the analysis of the damage mechanism and the restoration of the building, experience and specific knowledge are needed. The first step to realize a successful restoration is the determination of the actual condition of a building by appropriate analysis and the deduction of the damage of the damage mechanisms. If rising damp is a causing mechanism, different restoration concepts can be considered. The choice of the final concept is mainly influenced by the cost, aspects of preservation of monuments and the future usage of the building. For the restoration of the School Building Heinrich Bosshard at Zurich-Schwammendingen, the rising damp was stopped by making a horizontal saw cut into the rubble masonry.
Berechnung der Feuchte im geneigten Dach - Ansatz des 'wahren' sd-Wertes von Unterspannbahnen / Determination of Moisture Content in Pitched Roofs - Application of the 'Real' sd-value of Understating Sheets
Authors: Leimer H.-P.
Published: November 2014

Lately, diffusion open underslating sheets (USS) have been inserted to pitched roofs increasingly. These sheets allow moisture to escape from the construction while they remain waterproof The conventional procedures to determine the water vapour diffusion resistance of the USS result in high deviations of the test results depending on the test methods and the boundary conditions. For this reason, an ordinary, non-ventilated roof-system with insulated rafters was tested in consideration of the different sd-values. The characteristic sd-values of underslating sheets based on experiments according to DIN 52165 were assumed to be constant and dependent on the humidity. The calculations prove that a serious danger to the roof-systems (almost by a factor of 10) is possible considering the chosen sd- value of an USS. Thereupon recommendations for an experimental laboratory method of the 'real' sd-value were made in order to be able to judge the roof-system in a realistic way.
Bestimmung des Transportkoeffizienten für die Weiterverteilung aus einfachen Trocknungsversuchen und rechnerischer Anpassung / Approximate Determination of the Transport Coefficients for Moisture Redistribution from a simple Drying Experiment and Numerical Adaptation.
Authors: Holm A. , Krus M.
Published: November 2014

To reach a broad application of computation methods for the calculation of the moisture balance in building components, simplified methods for the determination of the necessary hygric material properties are required. Such an approximate method has already been developed for the determination of the transport coefficients for liquid capillary absorption. The drying process mostly shows significantly smaller liquid transport coefficients. A new method is presented to determine approximately these coefficients from results of a simple drying experiment. A comparison of calculated results using this approximation and exactly determined coefficients shows only moderate and acceptable deviations from reality.
Untersuchungen von Salztransportprozessen und deren Visualisierung mit Hilfe der Röntgenanalytik / Examination of salt transport processes and their visualisation using X-ray analysis
Authors: Franke L. , Pinsler F.
Published: November 2014

With the help of X-ray for visualisation of salt transport in porous building materials it is now for the first time possible to check both, the description of salt transport processes as well as the mathematical transport models used. The tests were carried out with sandstone, however the results are transferable to other building materials having a comparable pore system.
Zur Bestimmung der löslichen Bestandteile aus präkambrischen Grauwacken bei ihrer Verwendung als Zuschlag im Beton / Determination of soluble constituents from precambrian greywacke used as concrete aggregate
Authors: Hünger K.-J. , Wollgarn H. , Pillep G. , Frey R.
Published: November 2014

Precambrian greywacke used as concrete aggregate can lead to damage of concrete structures under certain conditions (high humidity, certain concrete composition, high alkali content). The chemical analysis of the soluble constituents of a concrete damaged in such a way always shows that the composition of the hardened cementious material of the concrete is unusual. It is possible to determine the part of the oxydic constituents which are soluble from the greywacke in the concrete by using of a specific analytical method. This method is based on two analytical steps e. g. the first step is the total analysis of the concrete and the second step is the analysis of the concrete after sorting out the greywacke grains. By this the material which is available for mineral forming reactions can be determined. The investigations of the soluble constituents determined by this method show that opal containing sandstone releases SiO2 (silica) only, greywacke aggregates release SiO2 too but also Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and K2O in larger amounts. The accuracy of this method is demonstrated by analysing a normal concrete containing gravel aggregates.
Instandsetzung von einschaligen Dächern mit feuchter Wärmedämmung / Restoration of single-leaf roofs with humid heat insulation
Authors: Arndt H.
Published: November 2014

The heat insulation layer in old single-leaf roofs often is humid because of the roof This increased humidity is to be considered in the context of restoration measures of the roof and if the yearly moisture fluctuation has to be estimated. Knowledge based on practical experience over decades confirms that effective drying can be achieved by appropriate restoration. Quantitative prediction of the time-dependence of the drying process, however, is not possible up to now. For this reason, the success of restoration of humid old roof systems remains uncertain. In this contribution, test results and a method to calculate moisture processes will be presented. In order to describe the drying process an approach based on diffusion is supplemented by specific border conditions of roofs. Statistical climatic data and temperature as well as vapour pressure, both depending on the chosen structure, range among these parameters. By means of this calculation method, time-dependent drying can be checked and a successful restoration procedure can be suggested. Most important values entering the planning of a restoration measure will be discussed.
Chemische Stabilität von Natriummonofluorphosphat in der Porenlösung des Betons / Chemical stability of sodium monofluorophosphate in the pore solution of concrete
Authors: Gerdes A. , Wittmann F. H.
Published: November 2014

For non-destructive rehabilitation in case of corroding reinforcement the application of sodium monofluorophosphate has been proposed. In practice an aqueous solution of sodium monofluorophosphate is sprayed on the concrete surface.

By capillary suction the inhibitor is supposed to he transported into zones surrounding the corroding reinforcement in order to inhibit further corrosion. Hut the results presented here show that monofluorophosphate decomposes in the alkaline concrete pore solution forming slightly soluble calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride. Calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride are not known to work as corrosion inhibitors. The penetration depth in concrete depends on the properties of the microstructure and the rate of decomposition of sodium inonofluorophosphate. These mechanisms strongly limit the possible concentration near the reinforcement bars and, as a consequence, it is very unlikely to reach the level necessary to maintain the inhibition of corrosion in reinforced concrete.
Ermittlung eines optimierten Paraffins zur Sanierung feuchtegeschädigter Bausubstanz / Identification of an Appropriate Paraffin for the Retrofitting of Moisture Damaged Buildings
Authors: Dreyer J. , Hecht C.
Published: November 2014

The filling of the pores with paraffin is a known and effective method to establish a subsequent moisture barrier in walls. Paraffin is compatible with the building material and the environment. Is the material warm enough before, or while, the treatment takes place, the liquid paraffin fills the pores completely. The distribution of the paraffin in the building material will be controlled with the temperature around the penetration area. Experiments with different building materials take place in order to find the connection between the receptivity of different paraffins at different temperatures. The aim is, to find a appropriate paraffin for building up horizontal moisture barriers inside walls cross section.The absorption coefficient will be shown for different Paraffin's at different temperatures for brick and lime - sandstone. By the using a special paraffin it is possible to building up moisture barriers with higher effectiveness and security.
Kombinierte experimentelle und numerische Studie zur schwindinduzierten Rissbildung zementgebundener Werkstoffe / Combined Experimental and Numerical Study to assess Shrinkage Cracking of Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Martinola G. , Sadouki H.
Published: November 2014

In this contribution, a combined experimental and numerical study to assess the cracking resistance of cement-based materials subjected to desiccation is outlined. Experimentally, the tendency to hygral cracking is determined by means of mortar ring specimens exposed to drying atmosphere. A numerical model based on the nonlinear theory of diffusion and nonlinear fracture mechanics is developed. The relevant hygral and mechanical parameters and laws needed for the model have been determined by means of adequate experiments analyzed by inverse analyses. The hygro-mechanical behaviour of two different types of mortar is studied. Numerical results have been compared to experimental findings. Furthermore, a parametric study has been carried out with the aim to characterize the relevant material parameters influencing shrinkage cracking. It can be concluded that a combination of experimental and numerical methods can play a decisive role in optimizing mortars or concretes with respect to predefined and required material properties. In this way, the durability of concrete structures can be significantly enhanced.
The Tower of Beiern Exterior Conservation Project / Das Konservierungsprojekt für die Gebäudehülle des Turmes von Beiern
Authors: Charola Α. Ε. , Henriques F. Μ. Α. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , Aires- Barros L.
Published: November 2014

The Tower of Beiern is one of the most important monuments of Portugal. The exterior conservation of this structure was carried out in two phases: the first one serving to document the condition of the monument and assess the conservation needed and the second one to complete the actual work. The project was carried out through a three team approach: management, technical support and conservation. The fluid interaction of the three teams was the basis for the successful completion of the project. The minimum intervention principle guided the decisions that had to be taken regarding particular problems.
Stone Deterioration on the Tower of Belem / Zerstörung des Natursteins am Turm vom Beiern
Authors: Aires-Barros L. , Basto M.J. , Graça R.C. , Dionisio A. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , Henriques F.M.A. , Charola A.E.
Published: November 2014

The Tower of Belem was constructed using the local Lioz limestone. The stone, in its "typical" variety is very compact and durable. However, different levels in the quarry produce varieties of poorer quality which can vary substantially from it. The presence of iron oxides gives rise to coloured varieties of this stone. The stone may contain many large fossils and also clay-bearing stylolites. The presence of clays in the stone makes it more susceptible to deterioration and, according to their distribution, results in different deterioration patterns. This paper describes the various deterioration patterns found on this structure and their origin. Even the most severe deterioration observed, powdering and flaking, affects mainly the immediate surface, while the stone underneath maintains its compactness.
Cleaning of the Tower of Belem / Reinigen des Turmes von Belem
Authors: Aires-Barros L. , Basto M.J. , Graça R.C. , Dionisio A. , Henriques F.M.A. , Rodrigues J. Delgado , Charola A.E.
Published: November 2014

The cleaning of the exterior masonry of the Tower of Beiern proceeded according to schedule. It was carried out by application of water nebulization, light brushing and final rinsing by nebulized water. Areas that had more resistant stains, received extra brushing while wet and for harder crusts, such as found under corbels or recessed areas, microabrasion was used in conjunction with careful scalpel scraping where necessary. Grey areas resulting from endolithic biocolonization became evident as the cleaning progressed and given the scheduling constraints for the completion of the project, these areas received a lime-wash to give this monument visual homogeneity.
Die Erhaltung von Bauwerken der Bundesfernstraßen in Deutschland / Maintenance of structures belonging to the national road network in Germany
Authors: Standfuß F.
Published: November 2014

First it is shown that maintenance of structures belonging to the national road network in Germany is neglected in an alarming way. It is obivous that the state of the road surface, of bridges and other structures is deteriorating in the old Länder in particular. In spite of that, politicians have not yet recognized the importance of this fact for the economy of an industrialized country. There exists a lack of medium range financial planing and provision of means. The elaboration of a management system for existing structures has only been started in 1997.
Untersuchungen zu den Schäden und zum Konservierungskonzept der Yungang-Grotten / Studies to the Detereoration and Conception of Restauration of the Yungang Grottoes
Authors: Strübel G. , Dai S.
Published: November 2014

The detereoration and current situation of the Yungang Grottoes near Datong, P.R. China, which are among the most important Chinese historical cultural sites, is due to complicated processes caused by natural and anthropogen factors. Based on results of scientific research carried out in the frame work of the German-Chinese cooperation project some suggestions for the restauration are formulated.
Osmose - Theorie der Bildung von Blasen unter Beschichtungen / Osmosis - Theory of blister-formation under Coatings
Authors: Littmann K.
Published: November 2014

The formation of blisters is a well-known phenomenon in coating of concrete and other mineral substrates. Especially, when dealing with wet or humid substrate, osmosis may occur. A semipermeable membrane is formed between a concrete coating and the concrete surface, followed by water transport, which results in fluid-filled blisters. In this report, the conditions necessary to promote osmosis are explained in detail. The type of concrete, the condition of its surface, the presence of osmosis-promoters and the type of coating are important factors which influencethe formation of blister. Evaluation of the literature and test results lead to a set of recommendations on how to avoid the formation of osmosis-caused blisters.
Identifizierung der Zementart in hydratisierten Betonen und Mörteln / Identification of the Type of Cement in Hardened Concretes and Mortars
Authors: Splittgerber F. , Müller A.
Published: November 2014

Subject of this paper is the development of a method for the identification of the type of cement present in a hardened concrete or mortar. The method is based on the dehydration of the cement paste and the identification of the phases present after the dehydration. Considering clinker phases and real cements, the following possibilities for the identification of cements were worked out:

• differentiation between Portland cements and cements containing additions by the identification of the mineral phases which are typical for the type of the addition

• differentiation between ordinary and sulphate resistant Portland cements by the identification of the Ye'elimite phase after a dehydration at a temperature of 1100° C

• determination of the characteristic compressive strength of Portland cements by the evaluation of the Alite-content.

For an identification at least two dehydration temperatures have to be considered. The first temperature range is at about 1100 to 1200°C. It is important for the identification of the aluminates and ferrites. Temperatures from about 1400 to 1450°C are needed for the dehydration of the silicates. Because of the appearence of melting phases at temperatures above 1200°C, the Alite-content will be determined indirectly by the determination of the Belite-content and the content of free lime after a dehydration at 1100°C. At this temperature the free lime is considered to represent the difference in calcium oxide between the Alite and the Belite.
Korrosion rostfreier Stähle in chloridhaltigem und karbonatisiertem Beton / Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless Steels in Chloride Contaminated and Carbonated Concrete
Authors: Bertolini L. , Gastaldi M. , Pastore Τ. , Pedeferri M.P.
Published: November 2014

The paper deals with the corrosion resistance of different stainless steels in chloride contaminated and carbonated concrete. Stainless steel reinforcement has a higher corrosion resistance as compared to the normal carbon steel reinforcement; stainless steels can, however, be subject to localized corrosion if the chloride content in the concrete exceeds a certain critical value. This critical value depends on the pH value of the concrete (i.e. carbonated or alkaline concrete), the temperature, the corrosion potential (function of environmental conditions), and the composition and microstructure of the stainless steel. Furthermore, in the rehabilitation of corroding reinforced concrete structures, stainless steel is often used in structures reinforced with normal carbon steel and galvanic coupling can occur. The results of measurements of free corrosion potential, corrosion rate and macrocouple current in reinforced concrete specimens are reported as a function of chloride concentration and humidity. The consequence of coupling with carbon steel reinforcement is also considered.
Non-isothermal Moisture Transport calculations with DIM 3.1 / Nicht-isotherme Berechnungen des Feuchtigkeitstransportes mit Hilfe des Porgrammes DIM 3.1
Authors: Grunewald J. , Plagge R.
Published: November 2014

The application of a general thermodynamical mass and energy transport model to the coupled heat and moisture transfer in porous materials results in a balance equation system and the related constitutive equations of the considered quantities. The constitutive equations describe moisture transport in a phase-separated manner leading into phase-divided hygric transport coefficients (liquid water permeability, water vapour diffusivity). A conceptual model is presented in the paper in order to circumvent the difficulties resulting from non-isothermal overlaying moisture transport processes. Since phase-divided hygric transport coefficients are not directly measurable, but moisture transport coefficients in distinct hygric ranges, moisture conductivities and a phase dividing function are introduced. The moisture conductivities include liquid water and water vapour transport. For a known phase dividing function, the phase-divided hygric transport coefficients of the balance equation system can be calculated from the measurable moisture conductivities. The influence of a variation of the introduced phase-dividing function on non-isothermal moisture transport processes is investigated by means of computer simulations.
lonentransport und Beständigkeit zementgebundener Werkstoffe im Kontakt mit Wasser / Ion transport and durability of cement-based materials in contact with water
Authors: Wittmann F.H. , Sadouki H. , Gerdes A.
Published: November 2014

Cement-based materials undergo a complex interaction whenever they are exposed to water or aqueous solutions. Differences of ion concentrations are the driving force for ion migration into or out of the material. In this contribution hydrolysis is dealt with as an example for the interaction of cement-based materials with water. It is shown that among other processes Ca2+-ions diffuse out of the porous structure of the material. As soon as the total amount of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved locally CSH-phases are attacked. The second part deals with Na+ and K+ ion diffusion out of water saturated concrete. It is shown that a two-step model describes this process adequately. The effective diffusion coefficient of ion transport is a sensitive indicator of the durability of cement-based materials.
Einfluss der elektrochemischen Doppelschicht auf die Sorption und den Transport von Chlorionen im Zementstein / Influence of the electrochemical double layer on sorption and transport of chlorides in hardened cement paste
Authors: Wowra O. , Setzer M.J.
Published: November 2014

Besides the formation of Friedel salt the transport and binding of chlorides in concrete is mainly defined by the electrochemical double layer at the interface between cement matrix and pore solution. Due to the alkaline pore solution the surface of hardened cement paste is negatively charged which may change to positive values by the potential regulating calcium ions. Inverting of the surface charge leads to an attraction of anions and therefore, to an adsorption of chloride ions in the diffuse part of the electrochemical double layer. Influence from outside like sulphates and carbon dioxide may lead to a decomposition of Friedel salt. Apart from these effect temperature, pH-value and certain environmental conditions affects the electrochemical double layer as well. The chloride equilibrium is mainly controlled by adsorbed ions in the electrochemical double layer. The model presented here is relevant for the assessment of ion transport processes in mineral building materials. Continuing investigations may lead to optimize transport models and a better evaluation of the critical chloride threshold value in reinforced concrete.
Evaluation of the durability and compatibility of traditional repair lime-based mortars on three limestones / Bestimmung der Beständigkeit und der Verträglichkeit traditioneller Repararturmörtel mit Kalk als Bindemittel auf drei unterschiedlichen Kalksteinen
Authors: Bromblet Ph.
Published: November 2014

Tests were carried out on lime-based mortars for the reparation of three types of limestone extensively used in French monuments (Tuffeau, Saint Maximin and Courville limestones). The stones differ through their physical properties, both mechanical and petrophysical. The study aimed to characterize the properties of air lime and natural hydraulic lime-based mortars and to compare them to the stones. The durability was assessed by accelerated ageing, pull-off tests and description of the fracture pattern on repaired samples. The results show that such mortars are not equivalent but both are soft, porous and capillary materials with low adhesive force. Compatibility and durability of the repair measures on the three stones are discussed on the basis of our data and according to some requirements taken from the literature
Kathodischer Schutz von Stahlbetontragwerken und vergleichende Untersuchungen mehrerer Anodensysteme als Fallstudie / Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Structures and a Case Study of a Multiple Anode Trial
Authors: Broomfield J.P.
Published: November 2014

This paper provides a brief overview of the application of cathodic protection to reinforced concrete. It then describes a trial on a motorway bridge substructure with particular problems of accessibility for rehabilitation. Eight different anode systems and their performance over the first 12 months are reviewed.
Anwendung der diskreten Ebonex Anoden für den kathodischen Schutz der Bewehrung an Beton: Das Verhalten des Ebofix Mörtels / Ebonex® Discrete Anodes in the Cathodic Protection of Rebar in Concrete: Performance of Ebofix Grouts
Authors: Hayfield P.C.S. , Hill A.
Published: November 2014

In a development programme so far stretching over five years, it has been found that a titanium oxide type electrically conductive ceramic (sold under the trade name "Ebonex") has maintained good stability as a discrete anode in the cathodic protection of rebars in concrete at current densities up to 900 mA/m2. After a number of years operation at the full rated current density, it has been shown that the recommended cementitious grout material (supplied by Atraverda under the trade name Ebofix) is resistive to acid attack, and is instrumental in improving current distribution around each anode. It is likely however that this dense material can only be used in association with a dedicated gas venting system such as that built into each EbonexR anode.
Monitoring of jute/hemp fiber hybrid laminates by nondestructive testing techniques
Authors: Sfarra Stefano , Ibarra-Castanedo Clemente , Santulli Carlo , Paoletti Domenica , Maldague Xavier
Published: November 2014

Damage following static indentation of jute/hemp (50 wt.% total fiber content) hybrid laminates was detected by a number of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques, in particular, near (NIR) and short-wave (SWIR) infrared reflectography and transmittography, infrared thermography (IRT), digital speckle photography (DSP), and holographic interferometry (HI), to discover and evaluate real defects in a laminate with a complex structure. A comparative study between thermographic data acquired in the mid- (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectrum bands, by pulsed (PT) and square pulse (SPT) thermography, is reported and analyzed. A thermal simulation by COMSOL®Multiphysics (COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA, USA) to validate the heating provided is also added. The robust SOBI (SOBI-RO) algorithm, available into the ICALAB Toolbox (BSI RIKEN ABSP Lab, Hirosawa, Japan) and operating in the MATLAB® (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) environment, was applied on SPT data with results comparable to the ones acquired by several thermographic techniques. Finally, segmentation operators were applied both to the NIR/SWIR transmittography images and to a characteristic principal component thermography (PCT) image (EOFs) to visualize damage in the area surrounding indentation.
Synthesis of magnetic photocatalyst and sensitization properties of polypyrrole
Authors: Yang Xiaofeng , Zhang Lei , Chen Zhiping , Jing Hongxia , Chen Yuzhe , Li Qiaoling
Published: November 2014

In order to solve the difficulty of separation and recycling of TiO2 and its lower utilization of solar radiation, a new type of TiO2 photocatalyst, which was sensitized by polypyrrole (PPy) and carried by self-made modified Fe3O4, named PPy-TiO2/M-Fe3O4, was fabricated successfully by combining suspension dispersion and in situ polymerization. The structure of photocatalyst and Fe3O4 was characterized using X-ray diffraction, the Fourier transmission infrared spectrometer, and scanning electron microscopy. Light response property was tested by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated with methyl orange as the degradation substance under different light radiation. Magnetic recovery property was investigated by using vibrating sample magnetometer and gravimetric analysis methods. The results showed that due to sensitization of PPy, the light response scope of PPy-TiO2/M-Fe3O4 was broadened to 451 nm and the degradation rate of methyl orange had been increased by 32.5% under the same conditions. Meanwhile, the recovery rate of PPy-TiO2/M-Fe3O4 remained above 97.9% after five cycles.
Microgels and Nanoparticles: Where Micro and Nano Go Hand in Hand
Authors: Juarez Beatriz H. , Liz-Marzán Luis M.
Published: November 2014

The integration of different types of materials in a single hybrid
system allows the combination of multiple functionalities, which can
even be used in conjunction with each other. This strategy has been
exploited in nanoscale systems for the creation of so-called smart
nanomaterials. Within this category, the combination of inorganic
nanoparticles with stimuli-responsive microgels is of very high
interest because of the wide variety of potential applications. We
present here a short overview of this type of materials in which the
nano- and micro-scales get nicely integrated, with a great potential
to expand the range of technological applications. We focus mainly on
the integration of metal nanoparticles, either by themselves or in
combination with semiconductor and magnetic nanoparticles. Various
examples of the synergic properties that can be obtained are
described, as well as the possibility to extract useful information
when optical tweezers are used to manipulate single particles. We
expect that this review will stimulate additional research in this
field.
Synthesis of β-Phase NaYF4:Yb,Er Upconversion
Nanocrystals and Nanorods by Hot-Injection of Small Particles of the α-Phase
Authors: Nordmann Jörg , Voß Benjamin , Komban Rajesh , Kömpe Karsten , Naduviledathu Raj Athira , Rinkel Thorben , Dühnen Simon , Haase Markus
Published: November 2014

β-NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanocrystals are
synthesized by a hot-injection method employing purified α-NaYF4:Yb,Er particles with a size of approximately 2–3 nm
as single-source precursor. The method allows to prepare either spherical
nanoparticles with different sizes or nanorods by simply controlling the
addition rate of the solution of α-phase particles and performing
the synthesis either in the absence or in the presence of seed particles.
The luminescence properties of the different particles are compared also
including core-shell particles.
Metabolic and endocrine response to exercise: sympathoadrenal integration with skeletal muscle
Authors: Ball Derek
Published: November 2014

Skeletal muscle has the capacity to increase energy turnover by ∼1000 times its resting rate when contracting at the maximum force/power output. Since ATP is not stored in any appreciable quantity, the muscle requires a coordinated metabolic response to maintain an adequate supply of ATP to sustain contractile activity. The integration of intracellular metabolic pathways is dependent upon the cross-bridge cycling rate of myosin and actin, substrate availability and the accumulation of metabolic byproducts, all of which can influence the maintenance of contractile activity or result in the onset of fatigue. In addition, the mobilisation of extracellular substrates is dependent upon the integration of both the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems to coordinate an increase in both carbohydrate and fat availability. The current review examines the evidence for skeletal muscle to generate power over short and long durations and discusses the metabolic response to sustain these processes. The review also considers the endocrine response from the perspective of the sympathoadrenal system to integrate extracellular substrate availability with the increased energy demands made by contracting skeletal muscle. Finally, the review briefly discusses the evidence that muscle acts in an endocrine manner during exercise and what role this might play in mobilising extracellular substrates to augment the effects of the sympathoadrenal system.
Immunization for Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in High-Risk Children
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, Brady Michael T. , Byington Carrie L. , Davies H. Dele , Edwards Kathryn M. , Jackson Mary Anne , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Murray Dennis L. , Orenstein Walter A. , Rathore Mobeen , Sawyer Mark H. , Schutze Gordon E. , Willoughby Rodney E. , Zaoutis Theoklis E.
Published: November 2014

This Policy Statement was retired July 2018.

Routine use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7 and PCV13), beginning in 2000, has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) attributable to serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccines. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend the expanded use of PCV13 in children 6 through 18 years of age with certain conditions that place them at elevated risk of IPD. This statement provides recommendations for the use of PCV13 in children 6 through 18 years. A single dose of PCV13 should be administered to certain children in this age group who are at elevated risk of IPD. Recommendations for the use of PCV13 in healthy children and for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) remain unchanged.
Introducción
Authors: Chiquito Ana Beatriz , Quesada Pacheco Miguel Ángel
Published: November 2014

Resumen

El libro Actitudes lingüísticas de los hispanohablantes hacia el idioma español y sus variantes es resultado del Proyecto LIAS (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America). La investigación y el libro fueron financiados por El Consejo Noruego de Investigación (RCN) y auspiciados por el Departamento de Lenguas Extranjeras (Institutt for framandspråk) de la Universidad de Bergen, Noruega. En el libro se presentan los análisis de las entrevistas sobre actitudes cognitivas, afectivas y conductuales realizadas a 8000 personas procedentes de todas las capitales de Hispanoamérica y España. La investigación de campo se desarrolló entre 2009 y 2012, bajo un cuestionario común de entrevistas, de modo que diera pie a comparaciones entre los diversos países; el presente libro presenta los resultados más relevantes. Uno de ellos es haber constatado que, a pesar de las variaciones dialectales y sociolectales, los entrevistados sienten que hablan el mismo idioma -llámese español o castellano- lo cual habla en favor de una conciencia de unidad lingüística y cultural. Por otro lado, se demuestra la existencia de una creciente autoestima lingüística en la mayor parte de los países hispanohablantes, en los cuales se prefiere la propia variante nacional en los medios de comunicación del país y en la educación. Al mismo tiempo se expresa respeto por la existencia de otras variantes de la lengua española como símbolos de identidad nacional en sus respectivos países.

Abstact

This book, Actitudes lingüísticas de los hispanohablantes hacia el idioma español y sus variantes, is an outcome of the LIAS research project (Linguistic Identity and Attitudes in Spanish-speaking Latin America). The project and the book were funded by The Research Council of Norway (RCN) and coordinated by researchers at the Department of Foreign Languages at the University of Bergen, Norway. The book presents the analyses of 8000 interviews about cognitive, affective and behavioral attitudes with respondents living in the capitals of Spanish-speaking Latin America and Spain. The field work took place between 2009 and 2012, using a common questionnaire for the interviews, in order to make comparisons of the findings across the various countries. One of the findings is the observation that in spite of dialectal and sociolectal variations, the respondents feel that they speak the same language – whether it is called Spanish or Castilian. This corroborates the observation that they are aware of a shared a linguistic and cultural unity. We also observe an increasing linguistic self-esteem in most Spanish speaking countries, where respondents tend to prefer that their own national variety be used in the media and in educational institutions. At the same time they express respect for other varieties of the Spanish language as symbols of national identity in their respective countries.
Behaviour of steel reinforced concrete beams considering overall fire stages
Authors: Zheng Yong-Qian , Zhang Zheng
Published: November 2014

Finite-element models (FEMs) for analysing the temperature field and mechanical performance of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) beams considering overall fire stages were established. This work also developed secondary programs for extracting the results of temperature and user subroutines for considering the influence of moisture at elevated temperature, steel creep at high temperature and the transformation of field variables. The results calculated using the FEMs were verified with related theoretical and experimental results. Based on the FEMs, the mechanical characteristics and parametric influences of SRC beams during the overall fire stage were analysed. Finally, practical calculation methods for the critical load level and the residual load-bearing capacity coefficient after fire were derived. The results show that, when the outer temperature drops, the temperature of the internal region keeps rising and the drop in temperature lags to some extent. The beam deflection increases further but gradually recovers after reaching the maximum deflection. For higher load levels, the time for deflection to reach the maximum and enter the recovery stage is later, and the extent of recovery is reduced. The critical load level and the residual load-bearing capacity coefficient after fire increase with a decrease in heating time or an increase in sectional dimension, section steel ratio or sectional depth-to-width ratio. The residual load-bearing capacity coefficient decreases with an increase in initial load level.
Attenuation relationship for inelastic earthquake spectra in Iran
Authors: Amiri Gholamreza Ghodrati , Amiri Mohamad Shamekhi , Namiarnian Pejman , Emadzadeh Ahmad
Published: November 2014

One of the most important components of a seismic risk analysis procedure is a suitable earthquake attenuation relationship of the area under study. Attenuation relationships express the ground motion parameters and spectral ordinates as a function of the effective parameters. The purpose of this study is to present attenuation relationships describing constant-ductility inelastic spectral ordinates and structural behaviour factors in the Iranian plateau. The plateau is divided into two seismic zones, Alborz – central Iran and Zagros, each of which is subdivided according to the ground type. A total of 954 horizontal ground motions recorded in 490 earthquakes were used. These events had surface wave magnitudes ranging from 4·0 to 7·7 with hypocentre distances greater than 10 km and often less than 200 km. Inelastic spectra for ductility ranging from 2 to 8, within the range of 0·05–4 s, are calculated. A gene expression programming algorithm instead of the conventional constant regression model is used to obtain the attenuation relationship for the inelastic spectra. It is proved that the proposed algorithm can develop the model precisely as a continuous function. The results show a consistency with an acceptable proportionality coefficient among the observed and anticipated results.