bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modèles saturés et modèles engendrés par des indiscernables
Authors: Mariou Benoît
Published: May 2006

In the early eighties, answering a question of A. Macintyre, J. H. Schmerl ([13]) proved that every countable recursively saturated structure, equipped with a functionβencoding the finite functions, is theβ-closure of an infinite indiscernible sequence. This result implies that every countably saturated structure, in a countable but not necessarily recursive language, is an Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski model, by which we mean that the structureexpands, in a countable language, to the Skolem hull of an infinite indiscernible sequence (in the new language).

More recently, D. Lascar ([5]) showed that the saturated model of cardinality ℵ1of anω-stable theory is also an Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski model.

These results naturally raise the following problem: which (countable) complete theories have an uncountably saturated Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski model. We study a generalization of this question. Namely, we call ACI-model a structure which can be expanded, in a countable languageL′, to the algebraic closure (inL′) of an infinite indiscernible sequence (inL′). And we try to characterize theλ-saturated structures which are ACI-models.

The main results are the following. First it is enough to restrict ourselves to ℵ1-saturated structures:if T has anℵ1-saturated ACI-model then, for every infinite λ, T has a λ-saturated ACI-model. We obtain a complete answer in the case of stable theories:if T is stable then the three following properties are equivalent: (a)T is ω-stable, (b)T has an ℵ1-saturated ACI-model, (c)every saturated model of T is an Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski model. The unstable case is more complicated, however we show thatif T has an ℵ1-saturated ACI-model then T doesn't have the independence property.
A new correctness criterion for the proof nets of non-commutative multiplicative linear logics
Authors: Nagayama Misao , Okada Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2006

This paper presents a new correctness criterion for marked Danos-Reginer graphs (D-R graphs, for short) of Multiplicative Cyclic Linear Logic MCLL and Abrusci's non-commutative Linear Logic MNLL.

As a corollary we obtain an affirmative answer to the open question whether a known quadratic-time algorithm for the correctness checking of proof nets for MCLL and MNLL can be improved to linear-time.
Expansions of dense linear orders with the intermediate value property
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: May 2006

Let ℜ be an expansion of a dense linear order (R, <) without endpoints having theintermediate value property, that is, for alla, b∈R, every continuous (parametrically) definable functionf: [a, b] →Rtakes on all values inRbetweenf(a) andf(b). Every expansion of the real line (ℝ, <), as well as every o-minimal expansion of (R, <), has the intermediate value property. Conversely, some nice properties, often associated with expansions of (ℝ, <) or with o-minimal structures, hold for sets and functions definable in ℜ. For example, images of closed bounded definable sets under continuous definable maps are closed and bounded (Proposition 1.10).

Of particular interest is the case that ℜ expands an ordered group, that is, ℜ defines a binary operation * such that (R, <, *) is an ordered group. Then (R, *) is abelian and divisible (Proposition 2.2). Continuous nontrivial definable endo-morphisms of (R, *) are surjective and strictly monotone, and monotone nontrivial definable endomorphisms of (R, *) are strictly monotone, continuous and surjective (Proposition 2.4). There is a generalization of the familiar result that every proper noncyclic subgroup of (ℝ, +) is dense and codense in ℝ: IfGis a proper nontrivial subgroup of (R, *) definable in ℜ, then eitherGis dense and codense inR, orGcontains an elementusuch that (R, <, *,e, u, G) is elementarily equivalent to (ℚ, <, +, 0, 1, ℤ), whereedenotes the identity element of (R, *) (Theorem 2.3).

Here is an outline of this paper. First, we deal with some basic topological results. We then assume that ℜ expands an ordered group and establish the results mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Some examples are then given, followed by a brief discussion of analytic results and possible limitations. In an appendix, an explicit axiomatization (used in the proof of Theorem 2.3) is given for the complete theory of the structure (ℚ, <, +, 0, 1, ℤ).
Quasi-Modal Equivalence of Canonical Structures
Authors: Goldblatt Robert
Published: May 2006

A first-order sentence isquasi-modalif its class of models is closed under the modal validity preserving constructions of disjoint unions, inner substructures and bounded epimorphic images.

It is shown that all members of the proper class of canonical structures of a modal logicΛhave the same quasi-modal first-order theoryΨΛ. The models of this theory determine a modal logicΛewhich is the largest sublogic ofΛto be determined by an elementary class. The canonical structures ofΛealso haveΨΛas their quasi-modal theory.

In addition there is a largest sublogicΛeofΛthat is determined by its canonical structures, and again the canonical structures ofΛehaveΨΛare their quasi-modal theory. Thus. Finally, we show that all finite structures validatingΛare models ofΨΛ, and that ifΛis determined by its finite structures, thenΨΛis equal to the quasi-modal theory of these structures.
Fusion of 2-elements in groups of finite Morley rank
Authors: Corredor Luis-Jaime
Published: May 2006

The Alperin-Goldschmidt Fusion Theorem [1, 5], when combined with pushing up [7], was a useful tool in the classification of the finite simple groups. Similar theorems are needed in the study of simple groups of finite Morley rank, in the even type case (that is, when the Sylow 2-subgroups are of bounded exponent, as in algebraic groups over fields of characteristic 2). In that context a body of results relating to fusion of 2-elements and the structure of 2-local subgroups is needed: pushing up, and the classification of groups with strongly or weakly embedded subgroups, or have strongly closed abelian subgroups (c.f, [2]). Two theorems of Alperin-Goldschmidt type are proved here. Both are needed in applications.

The following is an exact analog of the Alperin-Goldschmidt Fusion Theorem for groups of finite Morley rank, in the case of 2-elements:

Theorem 1.1.Let G be a group of finite Morley rank, and P a Sylow2-subgroup of G.If A, B⊆P are conjugate in G, then there are subgroups Hi≤Pand elementsxi∈N(Hi)for1 ≤i≤n,and an elementy∈N(P),such that for all i:

1.Hiis a tame intersection of two Sylow2-subgroups;

2.CP(Hi) ≤Hi;

3.N(Hi)/Hiis2-isolated

and

(a)

(b).
Infinite chains and antichains in computable partial Orderings
Authors: Herrmann E.
Published: May 2006

We show that every infinite computable partial ordering has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. Our main result is that this cannot be improved: We construct an infinite computable partial ordering that has neither an infinite chain nor an infinite antichain.
More on Cichoń's diagram and infinite games
Authors: Kada Masaru
Published: May 2006

Some cardinal invariants from Cichoń's diagram can be characterized using the notion of cut-and-choose games on cardinals. In this paper we give another way to characterize those cardinals in terms of infinite games. We also show that some properties for forcing, such as the Sacks Property, the Laver Property and ωω-boundingness, are characterized by cut-and-choose games on complete Boolean algebras.
A boundedness lemma for iterations
Authors: Hjorth Greg
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this paper is to present a kind of boundedness lemma for direct limits of coarse structural mice, and to indicate some applications to descriptive set theory. For instance, this allows us to show that under large cardinal or determinacy assumptions there is no prewellorder ≤ of length such that for some formula ψ and parameter z

if and only if

It is a peculiar experience to write up a result in this area. Following the work of Martin, Steel, Woodin, and other inner model theory experts, there is an enormous overhang of theorems and ideas, and it only takes one wandering pebble to restart the avalanche. For this reason I have chosen to center the exposition around the one pebble at 1.7 which I believe to be new. The applications discussed in section 2 involve routine modifications of known methods.

A detailed introduction to many of the techniques related to using the Martin-Steel inner model theory and Woodin's free extender algebra is given in the course of [1]. Certainly a familiarity with the Martin-Steel papers, [5] and [6], is a prerequisite, as is some knowledge of the free extender algebra. Probably anyone interested in this paper will already know the necessary descriptive set theory, most of which can be found in [4]. Discussion of earlier results in this direction can be found in [3] or [2].
On elementary embeddings from an inner model to the universe
Authors: Vickers J. , Welch P. D.
Published: May 2006

We consider the following question of Kunen:

Does Con(ZFC + ∃M a transitive inner model and a non-trivial elementary embedding j: M → V)

imply Con(ZFC + ∃ a measurable cardinal)?

We use core model theory to investigate consequences of the existence of such a j: M → V. We prove, amongst other things, the existence of such an embedding implies that the core model K is a model of “there exists a proper class of almost Ramsey cardinals”. Conversely, if On is Ramsey, then such a j. M are definable.

We construe this as a negative answer to the question above. We consider further the consequences of strengthening the closure assumption on j to having various classes of fixed points.
Can partial indexings be totalized?
Authors: Spreen Dieter
Published: May 2006

In examples like the total recursive functions or the computable real numbers the canonical indexings are only partial maps. It is even impossible in these cases to find an equivalent total numbering. We consider effectively given topologicalT0-spaces and study the problem in which cases the canonical numberings of such spaces can be totalized,i.e., have an equivalent total indexing. Moreover, we show under very natural assumptions that such spaces can effectively and effectively homeomorphically be embedded into a totally indexed algebraic partial order that is closed under the operation of taking least upper bounds of enumerable directed subsets.
Forcing many positive polarized partition relations between a cardinal and its powerset
Authors: Shelah Saharon , Stanley Lee J.
Published: May 2006

A fairly quotable special, but still representative, case of our main result is that for 2 ≤ n < ω, there is a natural number m(n) such that, the following holds. Assume GCH: If λ < μ are regular, there is a cofinality preserving forcing extension in which 2λ = μ and, for all σ < λ ≤ κ < η such that η(+m(n)−+) ≤ μ,

This generalizes results of [3], Section 1. and the forcing is a “many cardinals” version of the forcing there.
Women's Associations and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States
Authors: Skocpol Theda , Abend-Wein Marjorie , Howard Christopher , Lehmann Susan Goodrich
Published: May 2006

Mothers' pensions were the first explicit welfare benefits established outside of poor relief in the United States. Contrary to established wisdom in political science, their enabling statutes spread very quickly across most states in the 1910s, with smaller, nonindustrial states often in the vanguard. Previous research concerning the predictors of state-level policy innovations has focused on a small subset of possible explanatory variables, typically economic or electoral conditions. We operationalize and test hypotheses about the influence of economic conditions, culture and ideology, electoral politics, governmental institutions and prior public policies, and the role of business, labor, and women's voluntary groups on the priority of state enactments. Our findings indicate that widespread federations of women's voluntary groups exerted a powerful influence on mothers' pension enactments even before most American women had the right to vote. We demonstrate the value to empirical political science of theories and variables referring to gender and women's politics.
Establishing The Micro Foundations of a Macro Theory: Information, Movers, and the Competitive Local Market for Public Goods
Authors: Teske Paul , Schneider Mark , Mintrom Michael , Best Samuel
Published: May 2006

The Tiebout model of competition in the local market for public goods is an important and controversial theory. The current debate revolves around the apparent disparity between macro empirical studies that show greater efficiency in the supply of public goods in polycentric regions compared to consolidated ones and micro evidence of widespread citizen-consumer ignorance, which has been used to argue that individual actions cannot plausibly lead to efficiency-enhancing competition between local governments. We argue that competitive markets can be driven by a subset of informed consumers who shop around between alternate suppliers and produce pressure for competitive outcomes from which all consumers benefit. Using data from a survey of over five hundred households, we analyze the role of these marginal citizen-consumers and incorporate the costs of information gathering and the strategic interests of local governments into the competitive market model.
Electoral Competition in the American States
Authors: Holbrook Thomas M. , Van Dunk Emily
Published: May 2006

Electoral competition is a concept that has played a central role in much of the state politics literature. One commonly used indicator of competition in the states is the Ranney index. We offer an alternative indicator of competition, one based on district-level outcomes of state legislative elections. After evaluating both indicators in terms of validity and reliability, the analysis suggests that the district-level indicator is both empirically and intuitively superior as a measure of electoral competition. The implications of this finding are discussed.
British Policy and the Balance of Power
Authors: Howard Esme
Published: May 2006

Among other curious legends about the Balance of Power which were assiduously circulated by German propagandist writers during the war and even before, and have since been repeated in that part of the Socialist press which takes its inspiration from Moscow, I have noticed a tendency which has spread even to reasonable Liberal papers—with a strong pacifist colour—to ascribe the origin and the birth of this doctrine to the machiavellian policy of British statesmen. Many times have I read denunciations of England on the ground that she invented this doctrine, to which are set down the innumerable wars from which Europe has suffered since the sixteenth century.

Now the fact of course is that it is not an English doctrine at all, although it became for quite obvious reasons, which were inevitable, a corner-stone of English policy, unconsciously during the sixteenth, subconsciously during the seventeenth, and consciously during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, because for England it represented the only plan of preserving her own independence, political and economic. It matters little when the doctrine was actually first formulated—I had doubts about that and, therefore, I confess without shame, having no pretensions to learning, I betook myself to the Encyclopaedia Britannica and there found that it was first given definite shape as a doctrine by Grotius and afterwards became a current part of the equipment of every European statesman.
A Theory of Voting Equilibria
Authors: Myerson Roger B. , Weber Robert J.
Published: May 2006

A voting equilibrium arises when the voters in an electorate, acting in accordance with both their preferences for the candidates and their perceptions of the relative chances of various pairs of candidates being in contention for victory, generate an election result that justifies their perceptions. Voting equilibria always exist, and the set of equilibria can vary substantially with the choice of voting system. We compare equilibria under the plurality rule, approval voting, and the Borda system. We consider a candidate-positioning game and find that the plurality rule imposes little restriction on the position of the winning candidate in three-candidate races, while approval voting leads to a winner positioned at the median of the voter distribution. We contrast campaign activities intended to influence voter preferences with activities meant to influence only perceptions of candidate viability.
Guns, Butter, and Anarchy
Authors: Powell Robert
Published: May 2006

A state in the international system implicit in realism must allocate its limited resources between satisfying its intrinsically valued ends and the means of military power. I formalize this guns-versus-butter problem in a simple infinite-horizon model in which two states must continually decide how to allocate their resources and whether to attack the other state. The analysis establishes sufficient conditions to ensure the existence of an equilibrium in which neither state attacks; shows that there is a strictly Pareto-dominant pair of peaceful equilibrium payoffs; characterizes the unique, peaceful Markov perfect equilibrium that yields them; and describes the comparative statics of the equilibrium allocations. More broadly, the analysis also suggests that the notion of anarchy has little if any substantive significance distinctively related to international politics and that the problem of absolute and relative gains is superfluous.
Citizen Activity: Who Participates? What Do They Say?
Authors: Verba Sidney , Schlozman Kay Lehman , Brady Henry , Nie Norman H.
Published: May 2006

We use responses to a large-scale national survey designed to oversample political activists to investigate the extent to which participant publics are representative of the public as a whole. Building upon the finding that while voters differ from nonvoters in their demographic attributes, their attitudes as measured by responses to survey questions are not distinctive, we consider a variety of political acts beyond voting that citizens can use to multiply their political input and to communicate more precise messages to policymakers. In addition, we consider not only respondents' demographic characteristics and policy attitudes but also their circumstances of economic deprivation and dependence upon government programs. Although activists are representative of the public at large in terms of their attitudes, they differ substantially in their demographic attributes, economic needs, and the government benefits they receive. Furthermore, in terms of the issues that animate participation, groups differentiated along these lines bring very different policy concerns to their activity.
Rawls's “Political” Philosophy and American Democracy
Authors: Klosko George
Published: May 2006

John Rawls has recently argued that political philosophy can significantly contribute to making democratic societies stable. He seeks moral principles that can ground what he calls anoverlapping consensusand argues that his well-known principles of justice can serve in this capacity. I criticize both Rawls's general claims about the role of political philosophy and his particular defense of the principles of justice. Both arguments commit Rawls to specific empirical claims about existing liberal societies that are highly questionable. In particular, the Kantian moral views that Rawls believes to be central to liberal culture are controverted by extensive empirical research on the actual beliefs of liberal citizens. Despite the problems with Rawls's arguments, I suggest that a rather different overlapping consensus appears to contribute to stable democracies. This centers on support of the political system rather than more substantive moral principles.
Divided Government in the American States: A Byproduct of Legislative Professionalism?
Authors: Fiorina Morris P.
Published: May 2006

Since World War II, divided government has become increasingly common in the American states. A significant component of the increase is the deterioration of Republican fortunes in state legislatures: after the 1990 and 1992 elections, for example, only five state legislatures were controlled by the Republicans. I shall examine the hypothesis that the professionalization of state legislatures makes legislative service more attractive to Democratic candidates and less attractive to Republican candidates, because full-time legislative service is incompatible with another career, and Democrats, on average, have less lucrative career opportunities than Republicans. Statistical analysis of post-World War II legislative elections outside the South is consistent with the argument: other things being equal, every ten-thousand-dollar increase in real biennial legislative compensation is associated with approximately a 1% increase in Democratic legislators.
Racial Threat and Partisan Identification
Authors: Giles Micheal W. , Hertz Kaenan
Published: May 2006

Over the past three decades, as the Democratic party in the South has come to depend more heavily on black voters for its success, it has experienced a decline among white adherents.Power theoryviews relationships between groups as a function of their competitive positions in political, economic, and social arenas. In contexts where the threat posed by a minority group is high, the dominant group's response is predicted to be more hostile than in contexts where that threat is low. A pooled time series analysis of voter registration data for Louisiana parishes for 1975–90 provides support for the operation of the threat mechanism. Higher black concentrations are associated with declines in the percentage of white registered voters who are Democrats and an increase in the percentage who are Republicans. Consistent with the expectations of power theory, this relationship is conditioned by the social status of the parish.
Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment
Authors: Lutz Donald S.
Published: May 2006

Constitutional design proceeds under the assumption that institutions have predictable consequences, but modern political science has not pursued the empirical verification of these predicted consequences with much vigor. I shall attempt to link the theoretical premises underlying one important aspect of constitutional design, the amendment process, with the empirical patterns revealed by a systematic, comparative study of constitutions. An examination of all amendments in the 50 American states since 1776 reveals patterns that are then confirmed using data from 32 national constitutions. The interaction of the two key variables affecting amendment rate can be described by an equation that generates predicted amendment rates close to those found in the cross-national empirical analysis. A constitution's length measured in number of words, the difficulty of an amendment process, and the rate of amendment turn out to have interlocking consequences that illuminate principles of constitutional design.
Collective Identity Formation and the International State
Authors: Wendt Alexander
Published: May 2006

The neorealist-neoliberal debate about the possibilities for collective action in international relations has been based on a shared commitment to Mancur Olson's rationalist definition of the problem as one of getting exogenously given egoists to cooperate. Treating this assumption as a de facto hypothesis about world politics, I articulate the rival claim that interaction at the systemic level changes state identities and interests. The causes of state egoism do not justify always treating it as given. Insights from critical international relations and integration theories suggest how collective identity among states could emerge endogenously at the systemic level. Such a process would generate cooperation that neither neorealists nor neoliberals expect and help transform systemic anarchy into an “international state”—a transnational structure of political authority that might undermine territorial democracy. I show how broadening systemic theory beyond rationalist concerns can help it to explain structural change in world politics.
Bayesian Inference for Comparative Research
Authors: Western Bruce , Jackman Simon
Published: May 2006

Regression analysis in comparative research suffers from two distinct problems of statistical inference. First, because the data constitute all the available observations from a population, conventional inference based on the long-run behavior of a repeatable data mechanism is not appropriate. Second, the small and collinear data sets of comparative research yield imprecise estimates of the effects of explanatory variables. We describe a Bayesian approach to statistical inference that provides a unified solution to these two problems. This approach is illustrated in a comparative analysis of unionization.
On the Idea of the Moral Economy
Authors: Booth William James
Published: May 2006

The moral economic school, which has flourished among anthropologists, economic historians, and classicists, has received only limited attention from political scientists. This is perplexing, since at its core is to be found an intersection of debates over rational choice theory, the character of modern and premarket societies, and the normative standing of the market—in other words, over issues of formidable importance to our discipline. I seek to correct that neglect by mapping out and critically analyzing the moral economists' conception of modernity, their critique of the economic approach to human behavior and institutions, and their attempt to formulate an Aristotelian theory of the economy. These projects, though flawed, together are more than rich enough to provide fertile ground for political scientists and philosophers. I conclude with a discussion of the moral economists' effort to develop a normative theory of the economy together with a related critique of the market.
The Electoral Connection in the Chinese Countryside
Authors: Manion Melanie
Published: May 2006

A 1987 law established popularly elected village committees in the Chinese countryside. This article analyzes a unique set of survey data to describe and explain the connection between village leaders and those who choose them, in terms of orientation to the role of the state in the economy. It compares positions of village leaders with positions of respondents sampled from their selectorates of township-level leaders and electorates of ordinary villagers. Results of multivariate regression analyses indicate that: (1) village leaders are responsive to both old and newly emerging constituencies, as reflected in significant congruence between village leaders and their selectorates above and electorates below; (2) congruence between village leaders and their electorates is not exclusively the result of shared local environment, informal influence, or socialization but is significantly associated with the electoral process; and (3) the causal mechanism underlying the electoral connection in the Chinese countryside is the familiar one of voter choice.
Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance
Authors: Nelson Thomas E. , Clawson Rosalee A. , Oxley Zoe M.
Published: May 2006

Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy. Two experiments examined the effect of news frames on tolerance for the Ku Klux Klan. The first presented research participants with one of two local news stories about a Klan rally that varied by frame: One framed the rally as a free speech issue, and the other framed it as a disruption of public order. Participants who viewed the free speech story expressed more tolerance for the Klan than participants who watched the public order story. Additional data indicate that frames affect tolerance by altering the perceived importance of public order values. The relative accessibility of free speech and public order concepts did not respond to framing. A second experiment used a simulated electronic news service to present different frames and replicated these findings.
Christianity and Republicanism: From St. Cyprian to Rousseau
Authors: Black Antony
Published: May 2006

Contrary to a prevailing wisdom, the Christian ethos was at least as sympathetic to republicanism as it was to monarchy, especially to the primacy of the public welfare but also to corporate decision making. This can be seen in the early church, especially in the writings of St. Cyprian, in the medieval civic-communal movement, in conciliar constitutionalism, and in political Calvinism. Significant aspects of Rousseau's thought may be seen as a restatement of a Christian political dynamic.
Mass Opposition to the Soviet Putsch of August 1991: Collective Action, Rational Choice, and Democratic Values in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Gibson James L.
Published: May 2006

The attempted coup in August 1991 provides an acid test of whether a democratic political culture is emerging in the former Soviet Union. This paper considers the hypothesis that active resistance to the coup was partly a function of attachments to democracy. Relying heavily on earlier models of collective action, and based on a 1992 survey of mass opinion in all the republics, this hypothesis is tested within a broader theory of rational choice and expectancy theory. Generally, it seems that reactions to the coup were not based on strictly rational calculations and that basic commitments to the collective good of democracy motivated resistance. My general conclusion is that a mass culture has emerged in Russia that nurtures democracy. The 1991 coup demonstrates that for many people in the former Soviet states there is little alternative to democratic politics.
The “Veepstakes”: Strategic Choice in Presidential Running Mate Selection
Authors: Sigelman Lee , Wahlbeck Paul J.
Published: May 2006

We examine the presidential nominees' choice of running mate in each election since 1940, when Franklin Roosevelt established a precedent by naming his own. To analyze the 22 choices made from the pool of 127 serious possibilities, we employ a discrete choice model. We find that the presidential nominee's choice is explained primarily by the size of the prospective vice president's state, by whether the running mate finalist was a rival for the nomination, and by the balance in age for the ticket.
The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz's Balancing Proposition
Authors: Vasquez John A.
Published: May 2006

Several analysts argue that, despite anomalies, the realist paradigm is dominant because it is more fertile than its rivals. While the ability of the realist paradigm to reformulate its theories in light of criticism accounts for its persistence, it is argued that the proliferation of emendations exposes a degenerating tendency in the paradigm's research program. This article applies Lakatos's criterion that a series of related theories must produce problemshifts that are progressive rather than degenerating to appraise the adequacy of realist-based theories on the balancing of power advanced by neotraditionalists. This research program is seen as degenerating because of (1) the protean character of its theoretical development, (2) an unwillingness to specify what constitutes the true theory, which if falsified would lead to a rejection of the paradigm, (3) a continual adoption of auxiliary propositions to explain away flaws, and (4) a dearth of strong research findings.
Progressive Research on Degenerate Alliances
Authors: Christensen Thomas J. , Snyder Jack
Published: May 2006

Our article (1990) on alliance dynamics in multipolarity, which John Vasquez criticizes, differs from some neorealist approaches by incorporating variables from the theory of the security dilemma, including perceptual factors. Nonetheless, our argument meets Imre Lakatos's criteria for a progressive problem shift insofar as it explains more than the original theory, does so parsimoniously, has been successfully applied to new domains, and does not introduce new assumptions that contradict the core of the original theory.
Alliances, Preferential Trading Arrangements, and International Trade
Authors: Mansfield Edward D. , Bronson Rachel
Published: May 2006

We analyze the effects of alliances and preferential trading arrangements on bilateral trade flows. Both factors are likely to promote trade among members, but we argue that the interaction between them is central to explaining patterns of commerce. The combination of an alliance, which creates political incentives for participants to engage in trade, and a commercial institution, which liberalizes trade among members, is expected to provide a considerable impetus to commerce among parties to both. The results of our quantitative analyses support these arguments. Both alliances and preferential trading arrangements strongly affected trade from 1960 to 1990, and allies that included a major power conducted considerably more trade than their nonmajor-power counterparts. Moreover, the interaction between alliances and preferential trading arrangements is fundamental to explaining patterns of bilateral commerce: Parties to a common preferential trading arrangement and a common alliance engage in markedly greater trade than do members of either type of institution but not both.
Private Property versus Markets: Democratic and Communitarian Critiques of Capitalism
Authors: Katz Claudio J.
Published: May 2006

This essay assesses communitarian and democratic critiques of capitalist economies. Distinguishing them are sharply contrasting evaluations of markets and private property. Communitarian critics of capitalism trace its moral failure to the marketplace. Drawing on Aristotle's normative economics, this school maintains that production for gain corrodes society's moral fabric. I defend the democratic approach. Democratic critics accept the modern claim that markets are both efficient and liberating. Capitalist ownership relations are another matter, indicted because they constitute a form of private power over people's lives. I reconstruct the ethical core of the democratic school and contend that it offers a better understanding of the most objectionable aspects of capitalist economies while avoiding the dangers inherent in the communitarian approach.
Sur la structuration du tableau des connectifs interpropositionnels binaires
Authors: Blanché Robert
Published: May 2006

La théorie de la quaternalité, telle que Piaget et Gottschalk l'ont appliquée aux connectifs binaires du calcul bivalent, appelle quelques précisions et compléments.

Les seize connectifs ne comportent que deux quaternes complets: celui des jonctions et celui des implications. Leurs similitudes formelles ne doivent pas dissimuler une différence dans leur mode de construction. Elle apparaît sur leurs diagrammes (inspirés du “carré logique” traditionnel) par la place de la cellule initiale et par celles des signes barrés du trait vertical de la négation:

En effet, la dualité qui se combine avec celle de la négation contradictoire (DN, flèche diagonale) est, pour les jonctions, la dualité “morganienne” (DM, flèche verticale) et pour les implications, la dualité des réciproques (DR, flèche horizontale). Car dans les jonctions, liaisons symétriques, il n'y a point de vraies réciproques; inversement, les implications ne comportent pas (pourvu, bien sûr, qu'on ne les traduise pas en termes de jonctions) de dualité morganienne. Le quatrième terme, obtenu par la combinaison des deux relations génératrices, sera donc, pour les jonctions, une contreduale (DM× DN) et, pour les implications, une contreréciproque (DR× DN).
Decidability and essential undecidability
Authors: Putnam Hilary
Published: May 2006

There are a number of open problems involving the concepts of decidability and essential undecidability. This paper will present solutions to some of these problems. Specifically:

(1) Can a decidable theory have an essentially undecidable, axiomatizable extension (with the same constants)?

(2) Are all the complete extensions of an undecidable theory ever decidable?

We shall show that the answer to both questions is in the affirmative. In answering question (1), the decidable theory for which an essentially undecidable axiomatizable extension will be constructed is the theory of the successor function and a single one-place predicate. It will also be shown that the decidability of this theory is a “best possible” result in the following direction: the theory of either of the common diadic arithmetic functions and a one-place predicate; i.e., of addition and a one-place predicate, or of multiplication and a one-place predicate, is undecidable.

Before establishing the main result, it is convenient to give a simple proof that a decidable theory can have an axiomatizable (simply) undecidable extension. This is, of course, an immediate consequence of the main result; but the proof is simple and illustrates the methods that we are going to use in this paper.
On closure under direct product
Authors: Chang C. C. , Morel Anne C.
Published: May 2006

In 1951, Horn obtained a sufficient condition for an arithmetical class to be closed under direct product. A natural question which arose was whether Horn's condition is also necessary. We obtain a negative answer to that question.

We shall discuss relational systems of the form

where A and R are non-empty sets; each element of R is an ordered triple 〈a, b, c〉, with a, b, c ∈ A.1 If the triple 〈a, b, c〉 belongs to the relation R, we write R(a, b, c); if 〈a, b, c〉 ∉ R, we write (a, b, c). If x0, x1 and x2 are variables, then R(x0, x1, x2) and x0 = x1 are predicates. The expressions (x0, x1, x2) and x0 ≠ x1 will be referred to as negations of predicates.

We speak of α1, …, αn as terms of the disjunction α1 ∨ … ∨ αn and as factors of the conjunction α1 ∧ … ∧ αn. A sentence (open, closed or neither) of the form

where each Qi (if there be any) is either the universal or the existential quantifier and each αi, l is either a predicate or a negation of a predicate, is said to be in prenex disjunctive normal form.
On McKinsey's syntactical characterizations of systems of modal logic
Authors: Drake F. R.
Published: May 2006

In [1] McKinsey gives a method of defining possibility in terms of “substitutions”, or transformations of one sentence into another. Roughly, the motivation is that a sentence be possible if a sentence of “like form”, i.e. a transformation of it, is true.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the two systems given in [1], shown by McKinsey to be at least as strong as Lewis' systems S4 and S5, do exactly characterize S4 and S5, and that the system given by omitting rule A4 from the first system exactly characterizes von Wright's system M.1
The number of modalities in T supplemented by the axiom CL2pL3p
Authors: Sugihara Takeo
Published: May 2006

It is shown in Sobociński [1] that the number of irreducible modalities in T is infinite. The infinity of modalities in T collapses if the axiom CLpL2p is added to T, since T plus CLpL2p is equivalent to S4 and the number of irreducible modalities in S4 is finite as proved in Parry [2]. But the addition of the axiom CL2pL3p does not collapse the infinity of modalities in T. The aim of the present paper is to prove this theorem and its corollaries.
The problem of simplifying logical expressions
Authors: Dunham B. , Fridshal R.
Published: May 2006

By quite elementary means, one can find “large” examples difficult, if not (for practical purposes) impossible, to be managed by that host of methods, after Quine, for minimizing expressions in alternational normal form. Because the workability rather than existence of an algorithm for minimizing logical formulae is generally critical, it may be pertinent to outline briefly the derivation of these “large” examples. Some more general insight may also be gained about simplification techniques.
Early history of the Association for Symbolic Logic
Authors: Ducasse C. J. , Curry Haskell B.
Published: May 2006

The initial event, in the series which led to the establishing of the Journal of Symbolic Logic and of the Association for Symbolic Logic, was a conversation early in 1934 between C. J. Ducasse and C. A. Baylis at Brown University in room 112, Rhode Island Hall. Ducasse, in the Graduate School at Harvard in 1911, had had work in Symbolic logic with Josiah Royce, and had become much impressed with the potential importance of the subject. Baylis, years before at the University of Washington, had been the outstanding student in the logic course Ducasse was conducting there, and eventually joined Ducasse on the staff of the Philosophy Department at Brown.
Full classes and ordinals
Authors: Stein Sherman K.
Published: May 2006

Full classes, which play such a crucial role in various definitions of the ordinals, seem not to have been studied on their own right. We shall discuss here some properties of full classes and provide new criteria for distinguishing the ordinals among the full classes.
The “East” Becomes the “South”? The “Autumn of the People” and the Future of Eastern Europe
Authors: Przeworski Adam
Published: May 2006

The “Autumn of the People” of 1989 was a dismal failure of the predictive power of political science. Any retrospective explanation of the fall of communism must not only account for the historical developments but must also identify those theoretical assumptions that prevented us from anticipating these developments. If we are so wise now, why were we not equally sage before?

As I learned recently, most terminal cancer patients die of pneumonia. Social science is not very good at sorting out underlying causes and precipitating conditions: witness the 50 years of controversies over the fall of Weimar. And the response to the question “why communism collapsed?” is not the same as to “why did it collapse in the autumn of 1989?” It is easier to explain why communism had to fall than why it did.

The theory of “totalitarianism” could not answer either question: it could not diagnose the cancer and hence the vulnerability to pneumonia.
The Ups and Downs of Elections, or Look Before You Swing
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: May 2006

Why not use swing as a measure of electoral change in the United States? ask David Butler and Stephen D. Van Beek in PS (1990). This article shows why one should look before one swings, for the conditions of meaningful use are so limiting that swing is unsuited for the great majority of countries, including many elections in the United States and Britain. Instead of swing, it is better to employ a more precise and more robust measure of the ups and downs of parties.

Definition

Swing is the average of the change in the share of the vote won by two parties contesting an election. If party A gains 5 percent of the vote between election x and election y, and party B loses 5 percent, then there is a swing of 5 percentage points from B to A. By definition, swing is a measure of movement between two, and only two parties. In an attempt to control for the effect of other parties, the two-party measure of swing treats the votes for parties A and B as equal to 100 percent of the total vote, whatever the share of the vote taken by one or more “third” parties.
Rotation in Office: Rapid but Restricted to the House
Authors: Struble Robert , Jahre Z. W.
Published: May 2006

Are the movements transforming Europe about to cross the Atlantic and pass the baton of reform from the old world to the new? If so, then the transfer may be in the form of constitutional amending rather than revolutionary upheaval.

After the two U.S. House elections of 1986 and 1988, with their 98% reelection rates for incumbent members, resentment has intensified against the skillfully crafted techniques whereby incumbents secure homesteads for themselves in Congress. Indeed a Gallup poll conducted in January 1990 found 70% of Americans supportive of restricting congressional tenure. And in Oklahoma, Colorado and California—the three states where a systematic constitutional application of term limits appeared on the ballot—rotation in the legislative branch won handily.

Yet the election results in 1990 (96% reelection) showed the same electoral dominance by incumbent House representatives that has prevailed since World War II. For the last few elections at least, public support for rotation in office has run high, while hardly a blip has appeared in the trend toward incumbents at the ballot box.
Lyndon Johnson: Campaign Innovator?
Authors: Altschuler Bruce E.
Published: May 2006

Because most of the discussion of the second volume of Robert Caro's (1990) biography of Lyndon Johnson has focused either on his charge that Johnson's victory over Coke Stevenson in the 1948 Texas Senate election was gained through fraud or on the accuracy of the extremely negative picture of Johnson as compared to the heroic portrait of Stevenson, other important issues have been overlooked. In his introduction, Caro writes that he has devoted so much attention to the 1948 campaign because it “was the new politics against the old. Johnson was the new politics: electronic politics, technological politics, media politics.” These new techniques included “scientific polling, techniques of organization and of media manipulation,” whose effectiveness was demonstrated “so convincingly that thereafter all politicians who could afford them adopted them” (xxxii–xxxiii).

Even though the image of Lyndon Johnson as a pioneer in the development of campaign technology is at odds with what has previously been written about him, most reviewers largely accepted Caro's assertion at face value.
Advertising on Cable Television in the Presidential Primaries: Something to Look For in '92
Authors: Hoefler James M.
Published: May 2006

The cost of running presidential primary campaigns has increased dramatically since the primary replaced the party convention as the preferred method of presidential candidate selection. Much of this well documented rise in campaign spending has been attributed to the increased use of televised political advertising. Today, political parties have been supplanted by the media as the most prominent link between the voter and the election process. It is not party identification or the “get out the vote” apparatus, but slick, high tech, 30-second spot advertisements that have helped to make or break presidential campaigns for party nominations in recent years.

Today, candidates are apt to spend two-thirds or more of their primary campaign budgets on paid political advertising, and the 1992 presidential primary season promises more of the same. In addition, the '92 primaries may offer an interesting twist in campaign strategy. In the past, media battles for the nomination have been waged over the broadcast airwaves. In the future, primary watchers would be well advised to pay close attention to the role played by cable television.