bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Forest Gaps and Litter on Growth of Castanopsis fargesii and Castanopsis carlesii in the Pinus massoniana Pure Forest of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Authors: Feng Da Lan , Huang Xiao Hui , Geng Yang Hui , Zhu Heng Xing
Published: November 2014

Taking Castanopsisfargesii and Castanopsiscarlesii as test objects, which were both important dominant specises of evergreen broadleaved forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, we made gaps (57m2) in Pinusmassoniana forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and studied the effect of adding and removing litter under two forest conditions (gaps and under-canopy) on the seed germination and seedling growth of Castanopsisfargesii and Castanopsiscarlesii, moreover, analyzed the death causes of seeds. The results showed as follows. 1) In the forest gap, Castanopsiscarlesii seeds covered with litter and that without litter both had significantly higher germination rate than that under forest canopy. Castanopsisfargesii seeds covered with litter in the gap showed higher germination rate as well, but the seeds covered without litter showed lower rate compared with that under forest canopy. 2) In the forest gap, Castanopsisfargesii and Castanopsiscarlesii seedlings (including adding litter treatment and removing litter treatment) both demonstrated lower survival rate and plant height than that in the forest. 3) In the forest gap, the germination rate of Castanopsisfargesii and Castanopsiscarlesii seeds that covered without litter were respectively 60.22% and 45.06% higher than that of the seeds covered with litter, and so were the plant height, which were respectively 33.76% and 19.51% higher than that of the seeds covered with litter. Under forest canopy, the germination rate of Castanopsisfargesii and Castanopsiscarlesii seeds covered without litter were respectively 82.11% and 53.70% higher than that of the seeds covered with litter, however, the plant height of Castanopsisfargesii and CastanopsisCarlesii covered with litter were respectively 28.79% and 59.78% higher than that of seeds covered without litter. Under this two forest conditions, the main reason that caused the death of Castanopsisfargesii and CastanopsisCarlesii seeds after adding or removing litter was the decay of the seeds. Accordingly, making forest gaps and adding appropriate amounts of litter to cover on Castanopsisfargesii and CastanopsisCarlesii seeds were beneficial to the germination of these seeds, but litter would affected the survival and growth of the seedlings. Therefore, after seeds germinated, the litter over the seeds should be removed timely to improve the survival and growth of seedlings and promote the artificial regeneration of Castanopsisfargesii and CastanopsisCarlesii.
Fabrication of Barium Titanate/Hydroxyapatite with Aligned Pore Channels by Freeze Gelcasting
Authors: Zhang Yan , Bao Yin Xiang , Zhou Ke Chao , Zhang Dou
Published: November 2014

A novel and environmental-friendly route combining the conventional freeze casting and gel casting was proposed for the fabrication of aligned pore structures. The viscosity of the suspension increased with the increase of the addition of the Hydantion concentration. In comparison with the conventional freeze casting, the utilisation of a water-soluble Hydantion epoxy resin in the freeze casting promoted the gelation process and led to a higher compressive strength of the green body. After sintering, the freeze gelcast samples exhibited more than twice higher compressive strength and 11.5% higher porosity at the same time than those of conventional freeze cast sample. The improvements were attributed to the combination of gelation of Hydantion epoxy resin and the aligned ice growth, which led to the coexistence of aligned cylindrical and lamellar pore structures.
Fracture Analysis of the Weld Alloy Plate of Flat Valve
Authors: Xue Ji Jun , Zhao He , Zhao Bin
Published: November 2014

In order to optimize the well control equipments of nitrogen drilling, the wellhead equipments have been inspected and analyzed systematically, and the failure analysis has been performed for the fracture at the through hole of two valve plates of flat valve at the side outlet of the multi-function four-way valve in this paper. The fracture reason of the valve plates is explored from macroscopic morphology analysis, chemical composition analysis, mechanical property test, SEM analysis and macroscopic analysis respectively. SEM scanning shows that more precipitates have been separated out nickel-based solid solution in Ni60 welded alloy layer. The spectrum analysis shows that these precipitate phases are rich chromium evolution phases. The valve plate cracks are originated in the welded alloy layer. The final fracture of valve plate is a cleavage fracture and the mechanism is brittle fracture.
Study on Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Nano-Cr(OH)3 Powder
Authors: Pan Feng , Li Zai Yuan , Li Chun Ji
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This paper studies on the thermal decomposition analysis kinetics of nanometer powders. The DTA-TG-DTG curves obtain by SDT 2960 Simultaneous DSC-TGA analysis apparatus. Under the condition of N2atmosphere operation and rise temperature velocity was 10°C·min-1. The mechanism function dα/dt=κ(1-α)nis used to calculate the kinetics factors. Reaction progressionnwas obtained by calculation of the kissinger peak shape factor method. The results showed that the apparent activation energy of nano-Ni(OH)2was 254.027 KJ·mol-1, the pre-exponential factor was 3.062×1036, the reaction progression was obtained as 1.560, the kinetic equation is dα/dt=3.062×1036exp(-30554.166/T)(1-α)1.560
Experimental Study on Ultrasonic Vibration Drilling of Stainless Steel 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb Micro-Deep-Hole
Authors: Liu Zhan Feng , Guo Tao
Published: November 2014

Through the analysis of the basic principles of vibration drilling, using the ultrasonic vibration drilling device to carry out the stainless steel 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb micro-deep-hole drilling test, and comparison between the common drilling and the ultrasonic vibration drilling in the exit burr, chip morphology, and surface roughness. The result fully reflects the superiority of the ultrasonic vibration drilling, and it has a dramatic effect of technology than the common drilling. A new method was afforded for stainless steel 0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb micro-deep-hole drilling.
Evaluation of the Tool Wear the Screw Drill during the Drilling of Stainless Steels DIN 1.4301
Authors: Jurko Jozef , Panda Anton
Published: November 2014

This paper presents the conclusions of the cutting tool wear during the drilling of steel DIN 1.4301. Based on the cutting tests, cutting speeds of 40 to 100 m/min, feed rate of 0.05 to 0.5 mm and screw drill carbide monolite. The results of the article are conclusions for working theory and practice for drilling of steel DIN 1.4301.
The Fatigue Property Research of Steel Q345 Butt Welded Joint
Authors: Ouyang Wei Ping , Chen Liang Sheng , Xu Xiu Dong
Published: November 2014

The fatigue property of the butt welded joint has significant influence to hoisting equipment’s design, manufacture and using safety for its extensive application. This paper conducted a study on the fatigue properties of a series of the most commonly used thickness steel Q345 butt welded joints. Through fatigue tests and fracture analysis, the fatigue pattern and fracture law of the joints were revealed. Combining with the finite element modeling, the all field stress distribution situation was obtained. This has profound reference significance to hoisting machinery research.
Carbon Dioxide Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Oil Well Cement Paste Matrix in Deep Wells
Authors: Zhang Jing Fu , Yang Jin Long , Liu Kai , Wang Bo , Hou Rui Xue
Published: November 2014

Carbon dioxide CO2could corrode the oil well cement paste matrix under agreeable moisture and pressure condition in deep oil wells, which could decrease the compressive strength and damage the annular seal reliability of cement paste matrix. The problem of oil well cement paste matrix corrosion by CO2was researched in the paper for obtain the feasible corrosion prevention technical measures. The microstructure and compressive strength of corroded cement paste matrix were examined by scanning electron microscopeSEMand strength test instrument etc. under different corrosion conditions. The mechanism and effect law of corrosion on oil well cement paste matrix by CO2were analyzed. And the suitable method to protect CO2corrosion in deep oil wells was explored. The results show that the corrosion mechanism of cement paste matrix by CO2was that the wetting phase CO2could generate chemical reaction with original hydration products produced from cement hydration, which CaCO3were developed and the original composition and microstructure of cement paste matrix were destroyed. The compressive strength of corrosion cement paste matrix always was lower than that of un-corrosion cement paste matrix. The compressive strength of corrosion cement paste matrix decreased with increase of curing temperature and differential pressure. The corroded degree of cement paste matrix was intimately related with the compositions of cement slurry. Developing and design anti-corrosive cement slurry should base on effectively improving the compact degree and original strength of cement paste matrix. The compounding additive R designed in the paper could effectively improve the anti-corrosive ability of cement slurry.
Gas Sensing Performances of Sb-Doped SnO2 Nanograins Fabricated by Co-Precipitation in Alcoholic or Aqueous Solvent
Authors: Zhu Lian Feng , Huang Jue , Zhang Chang Yue , Gai Guo Sheng , Yao You Wei
Published: November 2014

Gas sensitivity of Sb-doped SnO2 nanograins co-precipitated respectively from ethanol and de-ionized water has been compared. Gas sensing stability of the Sb-SnO2 from ethanol (SnO2-E) was significantly superior to that of Sb-SnO2 from de-ionized water (SnO2-W): working temperature of sensor using SnO2-E was as high as 400 °C, whereas, 250 °C, for sensor using SnO2-W. Furthermore, resistance (R) of SnO2-E was less affected by annealing temperature: the ratio of air resistance annealed at 800 °C (R800) to 400 °C (R400) for SnO2-E and SnO2-W was 8 (4 kΩ/0.5 kΩ) and 1.4×105, 100 MΩ/0.7 kΩ) respectively.
Effect of Al2O3-Water Nanofluid on the Heat Performance of Gravity-Assisted Heat Pipe
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhao Shu Lei , Lin Qiang
Published: November 2014

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of nanofluid on the heat transfer performance of heat pipe and to examine the difference of the thermal conductivity between pure water heat pipes and nanofluid heat pipes. In our experiments, Al2O3-water nanofluid and pure water were used as working fluids respectively in gravity-assisted heat pipes. Effects of filling ratio and heating temperature on the thermal performance of heat pipe were investigated. The thermal resistance of heat pipe was analyzed. Our results showed that nanofluid can significantly increase the heat transfer coefficient and enhance the thermal performance of heat pipe.
Effect of Corrosion Inhibitor on the Compressive Strength of Polymer-Modified Cement Mortars
Authors: Jeong Jae Eun , Yang Keun Hyeok , Yun In Gu
Published: November 2014

This study examined initial flow and compressive strength development of polymer-modified cement mortar according to the addition of corrosion inhibitor. Test results showed that with the increase of the amount of corrosion inhibitor, the initial flow of mortars increased whereas compressive strength decreased. The strength development of mortar specimens could be reasonably predicted using the modified ACI 209 equations.
Effect of Unit Binder Content on Mechanical Properties of Foamed Concrete
Authors: Lee Kyung Ho , Yang Keun Hyeok
Published: November 2014

The present study tested six concrete mixes to develop a high-performance foamed concrete without using high-pressure steam curing processes, as an alternative to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks. Dry density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of foamed concrete were measured according to the variation of unit binder content. Test result showed that dry denstiy, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of foamed concrete incresed with the increase in the unit binder content. The compressive strength of tested foamed concrete was commonly higher than that of conventional foamed concrete with the same dry density.
Full-Field Strain Behavior of Friction Stir-Welded Titanium Alloy by Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Ramulu Mamidala , Greenwell Trent , Labossiere Paul
Published: November 2014

Experimental investigation is conducted to examine, evaluate, and characterize the fundamental elastic-plastic stress/strain response of friction stir-welded butt joints in thin-sheet, fine grain Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy under normal tensile loading using traditional global stress-strain tensile testing and the full-field displacement measurement techniques of Digital Image Correlation (DIC). It was found that overall strength of friction stir-welded Ti-6Al-4V is comparable to the accepted values for mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4Valloy. Overall strain performance of friction stir-welded Ti-6Al-4V is roughly half that of the accepted values for pure mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4V. In addition, friction stir-welded Ti-6Al-4V demonstrates a consistent pattern of strain localization between the onset of yielding and ultimate failure.
With River Sand and Soil Matrix Ophiopogon japonicus Artificial Wetland Research on Treatment of Wastewater Containing Lead
Authors: Cao You Ming , Xie Yun Cheng , Guo Yan Hong , Jiang Hong
Published: November 2014

Using plants Ophiopogon japonicus, with river sand and soil matrix to construct artificial wetland system, analyzes the effect of the purification of wastewater containing lead, and to study the influences of different flow on the purification efficiency. Experimental results show that the Ophiopogon japonicus artificial wetland to lead the lead in wastewater purification effect is good, with 2 L/d of wastewater flow trendy, Ophiopogon japonicus removal rate as high as 95.8%, of artificial wetland to lead bubbled into 16 L/d for wastewater discharge, removal rate can reach 85.3%.
Seasonal and Interannual Variation of Soil Respiration on the Sanjiang Plain Wentlands in Northeast China
Authors: Wang Jian Bo , Fu Xiao Ling , Zhong Hai Xiu , Wang Ji Feng , Ni Hong Wei
Published: November 2014

Response of soil respiration in temperate wetlands in northeast China was studied from June 2009 to September 2011. Li-Cor 6400 infrared gas analyzer connected with a chamber was used to quantify the soil respiration. Results showed that soil respiration displayed a distinct seasonal pattern, with higher values observed in midsummer and lower values in spring and autumn. Furthermore, soil respiration exhibited a significant inter-annual variation. In addition, soil respiration presented significant positive exponential relationships with soil temperature. Whereas, significant exponential decay relationships between soil respiration rate and soil water content was found. In this ecosystem, soil temperature, soil water content and plant phenology together control soil respiration.
River Ecosystem Health Assessment and Implications for Post-Project Environmental Appraisal in China
Authors: Chen Ang , Sui Xin , Wang Dong Sheng , Liao Wen Gen , Wu Sai Nan , Tao Jie
Published: November 2014

This paper mainly summarized the theoretical, methodology and practical development of river ecosystem health assessment. And analyzed the priorities and major issues we are facing. Combined with post-project environmental appraisal (PPEA) which is now increasingly be used. At last recommendations for PPEA in dam and reservoir projects was proposed.
Impact of Different Sorting Media on the Waste Plastics Separation
Authors: Li Xiao , Guo Yu Wen , Ruan Jiu Li , Qiao Qi , Zhang Jian Qiang
Published: November 2014

This research established a density separation system by using sorting media such as calcium chloride solution (CaCl2), sodium chloride solution (NaCl) and ethyl alcohol solution (C2H5OH) to study the density separation experiment involving nine different waste plastics. The results showed that PVC(or POM or PET), PC, PA6, PS(or ABS), HDPE and PP could be progressively separated from their mixtures by CaCl2(1.3005g/mL), NaCl (1.1604g/mL), NaCl (1.0861g/mL), tap water (0.9969g/mL) and C2H5OH(0.9039g/mL) with a 100% of sorting rate, respectively.
XPS Analysis Pyrolytic Char of Cellulose with Different Crystallinity Based on Ionic Liquid Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Biao , Wang Peng , Chen Zhen Guo , Gong Xun , Xu Ming Hou
Published: November 2014

Ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose and cellulose was regenerated from the solution by two different methods. Original cellulose (OC) and regenerated cellulose have different crystallinity. The morphological characteristic of different crystallinity cellulose was analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cellulose pyrolysis experiment was performed on a horizontal tube furnace reactor and a wire mesh reactor. The pyrolytic char was prepared at 300°C with 50% char yield. Surface structure of original char and water washed char prepared from above two reactors was analyzed by the XPS. The results reveal the impact of secondary reaction between the volatile and char and crystallinity on the char structure during cellulose pyrolysis.
Influence of Passenger Load on Diesel Bus Emissions
Authors: Yu Qian , Li Tie Zhu , Ren Yan Ming , Zhu Na , Qian Fang
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of passenger load on diesel bus emissions based on the real-world on-road emission data collected by the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). It is also analyzed whether passenger load affect the accuracy of emission models based on VSP. The results indicate that the influence of passenger load on emission rates of CO2, CO, NOX and HC is various with different speed and acceleration ranges. As for the distance-based emission factors of CO2, CO, NOX and HC, per-passenger emission factors decrease with the rise of passenger load. In addition, it is found that the influence of passenger load can be omitted properly in the emission models of low and middle speed bins. But that can lead to an error reaching up to 49% if the influence of passenger load is neglected in the models of high speed bins.
Experimental Study on Biomass Char Combustion in O2/CO2 Atmosphere
Authors: Lian Jing Hong , Wang Zi Fang , Ji Wei , Yang Guang , Liu Lian Sheng , Wu Jin Xiang , Wang En Yu , Gou Xiang
Published: November 2014

Experiments of biomass char combustion in 10%O2/90%CO2, 21%O2/79%CO2, 10%O2/90%N2 and 21%O2/79%N2 atmospheres were performed in the fixed-bed reactor system at the temperature of 800°C-1200°C. The results show that at the same temperature, NO emission is higher in O2/N2 atmosphere than that in O2/CO2 atmosphere. The higher the O2 concentration is, the higher the NO yield is. As the temperature rises, the NO yield rises at first and then decreases at the same O2 concentration and atmosphere.
Experimental Study on Parabolic Trough Solar Heating System
Authors: Yang Bin , Wang Wei , Wang Lin
Published: November 2014

Firstly, this paper introduces a solar heating system-the parabolic trough solar heating system .which uses the parabolic trough solar collector as the heat source. Secondly, experiments were given about the heating system, including the water temperature in the tank, the ambient temperature and the indoor temperature. Finally, we concluded the instantaneous efficiency and the loss coefficient of the system-the instantaneous efficiency of the system can reach 45% and the loss coefficient is ranged from 1.5 W/(m2•°C) to1.65W/(m2•°C).And in the condition of without auxiliary heat source and the ambient temperature is-5°C~3°C, the indoor temperature can reach 16 °C ~ 20 °C.
Power Flow Calculation for Distribution System Including PV Type Distributed Generation
Authors: Han Fei , Zhou Ning , Ma Jian Wei , Yu Xian Ling
Published: November 2014

After distribution network with PV type distributed generation, it emerged PV nodes. Advanced forward and backward substitution method is proposed based on ant colony optimization method to improve power flow solution, which is a method based on ant colony optimization calculation algorithm of reactive power correction, improved the model of PV type distributed generation in the power flow calculation.Use PSSSINCAL power system simulation software to set up the model of distribution System including PV type distributed generation. Through the results of simulation calculation show that the algorithm can cope with power flow solution for distribution system including PV type distributed generation effectively, and the convergence property is very good.
Influence of Jet Angle on Diffusion Flames in Centrifugal Field
Authors: Wang En Yu , Qin Jing , Xiang Xing , Wu Jin Xiang
Published: November 2014

Diffusion combustion of propane and air in a rotational combustor was simulated by three-dimensional numerical model based on FLUENT. Influence of centrifugal field on the flame shapes and temperatures were discussed under various jet angles changing in the plane perpendicular to the rotational axis. The flame is compressed when the value of jet angle θ is less 90°, otherwise, the flame is stretched when |θ|>90°. When θ<90°, the deflection of flame becomes larger with an increase of θ. As contrasted to positive θ cases, the zones of high temperature in combustion chamber corresponding to negative are larger, and the maximal flame temperatures are likewise larger. The negative jet angle is useful to flame stability. External fluid is an important factor influence the distribution of temperature in combustion chamber.
Energy-Saving Analysis and Heat Transfer Performance of Wastewater Source Heat Pump
Authors: Gu Ya Xiu , Wang Tian , Liu Wei , Ma Feng Feng
Published: November 2014

There is a large potential in the heat loss from the urban wastewater. In all kinds of low-grade heat sources, urban wastewater is gradually widely used because of its advantages such as huge quantities, small variation of temperature, warm in winter and cool in summer, etc. By integrating a heat pump to utilize this heat, the wastewater source heat pump (WWSHP), which is a new water reuse and treatment strategy to tackle the water problems of China and to realize the sustainable development, recovers the heat of wastewater. The WWSHP air conditioning system as residential application can reduce the need of energy systems based on fossil fuel for cooling, heating, and hot water's supply purposes. The system's working principle, classification and the wastewater's characteristic parameters were discussed in this paper. And the scheme of using WWSHP system for central air-conditioning compared with other refrigerating and heating equipments was analyzed in detail. The investigation into COP (Coefficient of Performance) and PER (Primary Energy Ratio) was shown in this paper. Among the four kinds of common air conditioning units, when the loads are same respectively, the WWSHP has the most significant energy-saving effect. Furthermore, mechanism of heat transfer enhancement for falling-film evaporation and condensation surface of tubes packed with wire-mesh is also studied in detail. Theoretical simulation will be carried out for the heat transfer process and the flow of falling-film outside horizontal tubes. Improvement of controlling parameters influenced the evaporation and condensation performance, and then led to an increase in the refrigerating quantity and the COP. Consequently, this WWSHP system has its theoretical significance and promising engineering application potentials for the residential refrigerating and air-conditioning system using low-temperature waste heat source.
Experimental Study on Effect of CO2 Heat Pump Evaporator on Frosting Condition
Authors: Zhu Si Qian , Lv Jing , Lu Hui Xia , Shi Dong Dong , Xu Feng
Published: November 2014

The theoretical analysis of frost formation had been made. The wind speed, temperature and relative humidity etc. had different effects respectively. A single heating was studied through the experiment. In different outdoor conditions, experimental data showed evaporator frost at the environment temperature of 10 °C, environment relative humidity was 70%. Comparing the experimental data, it is concluded that temperature of evaporator’s outlet is increasing with the outlet temperature. The refrigerant evaporation temperature and COP under different conditions has been tested. The relation of evaporation pressure and environmental temperature under different evaporation temperature had been concluded. According to the experiment, a defrost measure of this experiment equipment had been proposed.
Heat Imbalance Analysis of a Hybrid Ground-Source Heat Pump System
Authors: Wang En Yu , Lu You , Kong Xiang Fei , Qi Cheng Ying
Published: November 2014

Operating data in the last two years of a hybrid ground-source heat pump system (HGSHPS) were analyzed, and were contrasted to TRNSYS simulation results. Heat extraction from the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) of ground-source heat pump system (GSHPS) was too much larger than the heat injection, but heat extraction from the borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) of solar assisted GSHPS (SAGSHPS) was too less than the heat storage, in 2012. Serious problem of heat imbalance of BHE occurred, and the GSHPS almost could not work in the late heating season of 2012. An adjusted operating strategy was utilized in 2013. The ground temperature imbalance for GSHPS and heat excess for SAGSHPS were resolved. It is important to monitor the operation of HGSHPS to resolve the heat imbalance problem.
Experimental Research on Energy-Saving Application of Permanent Magnet Speed Regulation Technology
Authors: Zhu Jin Hui
Published: November 2014

Permanent magnet speed regulation is an energy-saving technology that uses magnetism coupling to realize the torque transmission of non-mechanical connection and changes the gap of the permanent magnetic coupler to adjust the speed of the load. Experimental research on the air-cooled permanent magnet speed regulation according to the actual operation parameters of 500 kw oxidation fan has been conducted in this paper. Analyses of the problems about the rupture of the load ring at the end of the load on the permanent magnetic speed regulation, large motor vibration, noise and so on appeared during the process of the test have been made and improved measures are proposed.
Numerical Simulation of Indoor Thermal Environment of a Double-Skin Facade Office with Different Shutter Angles
Authors: Zhan Xin , Yang Hua , Jin Feng Yun
Published: November 2014

Airflow and heat transfer simulation was conducted for a double-skin façade (DSF) system equipped with shading devices in the cavity, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with RNG turbulence model and PISO algorithm, for five conditions of slat angles (θ=0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°). The present study indicates that the presence of shading devices influences the temperatures, the ventilation rate and the air distribution in the DSF system. Besides, the different angles will make different influences.
Static Finite Element Analysis on Cast Shell of a 100 kW Single Screw Expander
Authors: Liu Qi , Guo Hang , Wang Wei , Wu Yu Ting , Ye Fang , Ma Chong Fang
Published: November 2014

In the process of shell design of a 100kW single screw expander, the fundamental research on the screw chamber walls thickness is still lacking. Thin wall may cause deformation and the damage possibility of the inlet passage. Thick wall will increase the weight of the expander and led to assembly problem and transportation inconvenience. In this paper, static finite element analysis on cast shell of the 100 kW single screw expander was carried out. By calculating stress distribution and deformation of the expander shell under 1.5 times of the design pressure, the authors find the thickness of gate rotor chamber walls and inlet passage walls as 15 mm is acceptable, but the thickness of screw chamber walls should be at least 35 mm.
Study on the New Combined Technology of Tungsten Dressing and Metallurgy and its Economic Feasibility Analysis
Authors: Zhu Hai Ling , Deng Hai Bo , Chen Chen
Published: November 2014

Based on the existing problems in the tungsten beneficiation of Shizhuyuan polymetallic ore, we present a new combined technology of “iron removal by magnetic separation—desliming by flotation—scheelite and wolframite bulk flotation—high alkali autoclave leaching of tungsten rough concentrate” to increase the comprehensive utilization of tungsten resource. The results show that the tungsten flotation operation obtains the better indexes than the original process at the same point, and the WO3 recovery increases to 73% when the WO3 grade of rough concentrate is 30%. In hydrometallurgical operation, the leaching rate of WO3 is above 94%, decomposing tungsten mineralsa effectively and realizing the recycle of sodium hydroxide in the high alkali tungsten solution. The economic feasibility analysis point out this technology is recommended to be adopted when the WO3 grade of bulk concentrate is 30%, and the economic benefit of the new technology will reach the break-even point when the price of metallurgical products WO3 reaches 95,000 RMB/t.
The Fushun Oil Shale Semi-Coke’s Combustion Features and Thermal Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Li Yan Chang , Yang Yu Meng
Published: November 2014

This study analyses the Fushun oil shale semi-coke samples prepared in 450°C, 550°C and 650°C by using STA449 TGA. The experiment studied their ignition points, concluded that with the ascent of the char-making-temperature the semi-coke’s ignition point is getting higher. The test used Coats-Redfern way to study the semi-coke’s activation energy. The result shows the semi-coke’s thermal dynamic model needs two different reaction orders in different temperature. In low temperature the reaction order is n=1; in high temperature it is n=3. When the temperature is low (n=1), the activation energy doesn’t influenced by the heating rate. In high temperature condition the activation energy is getting bigger with the ascent of the heating rate.
Study on Silicon Scale-Forming in ASP Flooding System
Authors: Jiang Sheng Dong , Liu Yi Kun , Fan Meng , Chen Ru Ya , Lu Yan
Published: November 2014

Aiming at the production wells’ problem of stuck pump, blocking, pipeline corrosion and scaling in ASP flooding test area in Daqing oilfield Xingbei block, based on the actual situation the study system was defined, on the basis of laboratory experiment to simulate silica scale forming, and the forming process was observed, the silicon scale-forming regular after the formation of alkali corrosion was studied. The results showed that in the complex condition of ASP flooding system, silica scale forming was affected by variety of factors, the process was that monosilicic acid gets together to poly silicic acid, and then condensation polymerization and dehydration generate gel. In the process of polymerization, the silicic acid can polymerize alone or adhere to another pellet molecule, polymerization and dehydration generate to mixed scale.
The Detailed Calculation Model of the Friction between Sucker Rod and the Liquid in the Sucker Rod Pump Lifting System of Heavy Oil
Authors: Ma Zhen , Peng Song Liang , Qu Zhen Zhe , Li Jun
Published: November 2014

Sucker rod pump lifting technology development is currently the most widely used, the most mature, the most complete supporting facilities. In the sucker rod pump lifting system of heavy oil, the larger of sucker rod and the friction liquid is one of the important factors that affect the lifting system. The friction between sucker rod and the liquid is needed to be accurately calculated in the scientific design of rod string matching. In this paper, friction between sucker rod and the liquid is the research object. The practical problems for the properties of the heavy oil which is changed with the temperature abnormally higher than the conventional crude oil. Temperature and pressure in the wellbore which effect on the viscosity of heavy oil is further researched. The calculation model of the wellbore temperature field and pressure field distribution is established. Furthermore, we put forward a set of suitable calculation model of the friction between sucker rod and the liquid in the sucker rod pump lifting system for heavy oil. At the same time, Using visual c # language programme computing software is compiled and generates the heavy oil viscosity curve which changed with various factors. On the basis of the work performed, the data of more than 500 Wells is calculated successfully. The results show that model prediction accuracy is higher than the normal model (Relative errors are less than 8%).
The Research and Application of Segregated Completion Technology in Horizontal Wells in the Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Sun Zhen Yu , Zhao Ji Cheng
Published: November 2014

Liaohe oilfield is the biggest production base of the heavy oil in China. There are more than 800 horizontal wells with thermal recovery in the heavy oil reservoirs. Most of them adopt screen to complete the wells without packer outside of the casing, which results in packing off annulus space between screen and layer and only commingled steam or step steam can be injected inside the screen. Because of the areal and vertical anisotropy of the reservoirs, the horizontal sections are exploited unequally. According to the statistics, the horizontal wells with nonuniform exploitation accounts for 80 percent of all the horizontal wells with thermal recovery, and only 1/3 to 1/2 of the horizontal sections are comparatively well produced. The oil well productivity is seriously affected. So based on step steam injection inside the screen, we have developed the segregated completion and segregated steam injection technology applied to the horizontal wells with thermal recovery in heavy oil reservoirs. By means of the research on the segregated completion technology and development of high temperature ECP and casing thermal centralizer, which formed the corresponding technology applied in the horizontal wells with thermal recovery. Till now this technology has been applied in 8 wells, and average cyclic steam/oil ratio increased 0.1 plus, and the uniform development level of the horizontal section has been improved and the oilfield’s development effect has been advanced obviously.
Study about Numerical Simulation of Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Based on Hydrus-CWM1
Authors: You Neng Yong , Guo Wei Peng , Xiong Bo , Lu Xiu Qing
Published: November 2014

This paper presents how to simulate the biochemical transformation and degradation processes for Organic matter (COD), Ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and Nitrate (NO2-N+ NO3-N) treating synthetic wastewater in subsurface flow constructed wetlands with the Constructed Wetland Model N°1 (CWM1), which has been developed in HYDRUS Wetland Module,Version2.Organic components estimation experiments had been carried out. Values of stoichiometric coefficients and kinetic parameters ​​in classic literature were applied, but some parameters had been adjusted to match measured data. At last, the simulation results were evaluated by deflection analysis. The quality of the results suggested that CWM1 is a promising numerical simulation model for studying the biochemical transformation and degradation processes in SSF CWs.
Study on Preparation and Properties of Microbial Flocculant/Sepiolite Fibers Water Treatment Materials
Authors: Guo Zhen Hua , Feng Jing Li , Zhang Lei , Zhu Hai , Zhang Shu Xian , Guo Jing
Published: November 2014

This Paenibacillus polymyxa (P1) was fermented under the specific conditions and extracted the microbial flocculant (MBFP1) whose main components were polysaccharide. Compounded the MBFP1 and modified sepiolite fibers according to a certain mass ratio to make the microbial flocculant/sepiolite fibers water treatment materials (MBFSF), then analyzed their microstructure by SEM,and studied on the pollutants removal capacity in domestic sewage.The results show that,COD removal rate in domestic sewage can reach 97.2%,when pH=7.2 and the addition quantity of MBFSF is 15mg/L,in which the composite mass ratio of MBFP1 and sepiolite fibers is 5:2.Therefore,MBFSF has many advantages such as little dosage,high flocculating rate,fast settling velocity and no pollution,etc.
Green Consumption: An Environmental Friendly and Healthy Approach for Chinese Consumers
Authors: Zhou Li Jun
Published: November 2014

Green consumption embodies the pursuits of environmental safety and health. Most of western countries have begun to promote the concept of green consumption since the 20th century. With a relatively slow development, Chinese government began to introduce this new concept till 2001. Some Chinese consumers have built green awareness and realized the importance of green consciousness since 2008. However, there is still a need for Chinese government and researchers to examine the effective factors which can influence and accelerate the development of green consumption in China. This paper reviews the current literatures related to green consumption and green consumer. This paper also investigates the social and cultural factors which influence on the Chinese consumers in relation to green consumption.
A Study on Flame Structures in CH4 Counterflow Partially Premixed Flame
Authors: Luo Jing , Liu Lian Sheng , Chen Zi Zhong
Published: November 2014

An experimental and simulation work had been conducted to study a one-dimensional partially premixed methane/air counterflow flame in this paper. Flame images are obtained through experiments and computations using GRIMech 3.00 chemistry were performed for the flames studied. The partially premixing effects upon the flame were revealed by comparing the flame structures and emissions with premixed flames at the same equivalence ratio. The results show the premixed flame only has a single flame structure. However, PPF has distinct double flame structures at present equivalence ratio. Temperature is relatively high in the whole combustion zone for premixed flame, while, for PPF, there are two temperature peaks in a rich premixed reaction zone on the fuel side and a nonpremixed reaction zone on the oxidizer side respectively. For PPF, NO concentration in the nonpremixed zone is much higher compared to that in the rich premixed zone because of higher OH concentration in the nonpremixed zone.
Thermodynamic Investigation on SO3 Distribution in Oxy-Fuel Combustion
Authors: Xiao Hai Ping , Han Gao Yan , Dong Lin , Ning Xiang
Published: November 2014

Thermodynamic equilibrium is proposed to analyze the distribution of SO3 in different flue gas circulation modes to study the migration law of sulfur for oxy-fuel combustion. Results indicate that the concentration of SO2 increases dramatically when flue gas circulation is adopted with the decline of flue gas volume and the increase of oxygen concentration in oxy-fuel combustion, which results the increase of SO3 concentration and formation rate. At 1200°C, thermodynamic equilibrium concentration of SO2 and SO3 are 5.3 times and 6.1 times respectively compared with conventional combustion. In Oxy1 circulation mode, SO3 is the most sensitive to excess air coefficient and sulfur content, followed by Oxy2 circulation mode, while the conventional combustion has the lowest sensitivity. Therefore, SO3 is greatly influenced by different flue gas circulation modes during oxy-fuel combustion.
Studies on Scroll Compressor Noise Improvement
Authors: Miao Qing , Men Yan Ru , Wu Jin Xiang , Gou Xiang
Published: November 2014

As the environment and customer are sensitive to compressor noise from refrigeration air condition system, it’s necessary to reduce noise level for scroll compressor to compete with piston one in this field. In this paper, we studied one way to detect noise resource and reduce noise level for scroll compressor; analyzed its vibration and noise characteristics; got the sound intensity distribution on the surface of compressor; performed the model test of the main part by using hammer strike and gained their intrinsic frequents. At last, by comparing the scroll compressor noise test results, sound intensity distribution, and intrinsic frequents, it was confirmed that upper shell resonation is the root cause to increase the noise. Also we gave a specific method, adding additional weight to upper shell, to avoid resonation. It’s proved to be efficient after test check.
An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Energy Demand in China Based on Cointegration Theory
Authors: Yang Xiao Wei
Published: November 2014

There are numerous factors which can affect energy demand in China. This paper firstly illustrates the internal logics relationship among the energy prices, economic growth, changes in economic structure, energy consumption changes in living, performance improvement of energy efficiency and energy demand, then uses co-integration techniques to confirm the long-run equilibrium relationship and Granger causality among different influencing factors and energy demand.
Study on the Low Carbonization of Highway Electromechanical System
Authors: Gao Lei
Published: November 2014

Based on the low carbonization connotation and components of highway electromechanical system, the low carbonization of highway electromechanical system is divided into five major sections: low carbonization of power supply and distribution system, low carbonization of lighting system, low carbonization of charging system, low carbonization of monitoring and communication system, low carbonization of energy use. And for each section the key management and technologies of low carbonization are summarized, thus to form the low carbonization system framework for highway electromechanical system.
Restoration Strategies of Urban Road Network after Earthquake Based on Corrected Component Probabilistic Importance
Authors: Yuan Ju Liang , Yan Ya Dan , Huang Di , Du Chao
Published: November 2014

Based on the impacts of the earthquake on the urban road network system reliability, this paper defined the blockage related effects. An idea about how to quantitatively calculate the impacts is proposed. And Monte Carlo-based algorithms to study the system reliability and element probability importance are constructed. The component probabilistic importance is used to imply probabilistic contribution of improving component reliability to that of system reliability; while the corrected component probabilistic importance can be used to analyze the effects of the component reliability improvement on the gain degree of the system reliability, which can further provide quantitative information to develop strategies for the restoration of urban road network after the earthquake. Finally, a real urban road network is taken for example to verify the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method.
Preparation and Characterization of High-Density Polyethylene Blends and Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Salleh Mohd Nazry , Chen Ruey Shan , Ab Ghani Mohd Hafizuddin , Kasim Farizul Hafiz , Sahrim Ahmad
Published: November 2014

Polymer blends based on recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) and recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) with two types of ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (E-GMA), Lotader AX8840 and Lotader AX8900 as compatibilizer were produced in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. The effects of adding rPET content on the impact properties of rHDPE-rich blends were also investigated. The result showed an enhancement of about 80-270% in impact properties as compared to those of the Lotader AX8900. The impact strength also showed a decreasing trend as the rPET content was increased. The addition of E-GMA to the rHDPE/rPET blends was found to recover the blend toughness as well as improving the compatibility between HDPE and PET. In this study, the highest result was obtained for the rHDPE/rPET blends using Lotader AX8840 composition with 7.5% E-GMA content. FTIR analysis of the compatibilized blends confirmed the chemical interaction and improved interfacial bonding between the two phases.
Flow Assisted Erosion-Corrosion of High Speed Steel (HSS) in Nanofluid Coolant
Authors: Asmara Yuli Panca , Wei Yap Chun , Ismail Mohd Fazli , Yusuf Khairi
Published: November 2014

The use of nanocoolant is suspected to have effects on erosion-corrosion of piping systems in heat exchanger. This study was carried out to determine the erosion corrosion of AISI 316 stainless steel in solutions containing nanoparticles. The experiments used rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) at rotational speed of 0-1800 rpm under varying temperature of 30oC-70oC. Corrosion rate was measured using linear polarization resistance (LPR) method and erosion was indicated by measuring average depth of surface of the samples (surface roughness). The results showed that both corrosion rate and surface roughness of samples have increased when temperature and rotation speed increased. The erosion-corrosion effects of nanocoolant were lower in stagnant condition. Comparing with conventional coolant, the nanofluid showed significant differences. In flow conditions, the effects were remarkable. It was also found that maximum synergism erosion and corrosion were occurred at higher temperature and high rotation speed for both of types solutions.
Substrate Effect on Growth Behaviour of Well-Aligned ZnO Nanorods Using an Aqueous Solution Method
Authors: Dalvand Ramazanali , Mahmud Shahrom
Published: November 2014

The substrate effects on the morphology and photoluminescence (PL) properties of ZnO nanorods synthesized by a low temperature solution method has been investigated. ZnO seed layers on the substrates were prepared by radio-frequency sputtering. ZnO nanorods have been characterized by PL spectra and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). FESEM results showed that the nanorods grown on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate had the most uniform size and the highest coverage density compared with the Si and glass substrates. PL measurements showed that the ZnO nanorods grown on the Si substrate had the best performance that may be attributed to higher crystallization and the low density of defects in the ZnO nanostructures. These findings have shown that the morphology and PL of ZnO nanorods strongly depend on the substrate.
Hydroxyl Terminated Natural Rubber (HTNR) as a Binder in Solid Rocket Propellant
Authors: Baharulrazi Norfhairna , Mohd Nor Hussin , Wan Ali Wan Khairuddin
Published: November 2014

Controlled degradation of deproteinized natural rubber by oxidative method using cobaltous leading to the formation of telechelic liquid natural rubber (TLNR) has been the subject of study in the current work. Hydroxyl-terminated natural rubber (HTNR) having number-average molecular weights (Mn) below 10,000 gmol-1 were synthesized at temperatures 60°C using Cobalt bis (acetyl acetonate) (Co) in the presence of ethanol and Sodium borohydride. The HTNR were characterized structurally by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. From the FTIR and GPC analysis, one hour reaction showed the lowest Mn around 6691 gmol-1 comparable to Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) which were 7708 gmol-1. As the reaction time increases the Mn also increase up to 8 hours of reaction. FTIR indicated that the synthesized HTNR contained hydroxyl end groups. The study showed the optimum percentage of Cobalt bis (acetyl acetonate) is 5% which produce the lowest molecular weight. Next, the HTNR underwent crosslinking reaction with isophore diisocyanate (IPDI). Then, metal fuel (aluminium powder, Al), oxidizer (ammonium perchlorate, AP) and HTNR were mixed together and went through compression process to produce solid rocket propellant. Burning rate obtained from HTNR samples were 2.78 mms-1 which were equivalent to HTPB samples which is 2.94 mms-1.