bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Coordination and Catalytic Chemistry of Phosphinoferrocene Ligands—A Concise Introduction and Update
Authors: Štěpnička Petr
Published: December 2012

This chapter attempts to briefly summarise the research carried out on the design, synthesis and practical, mostly catalytic, applications of phosphinoferrocene donors. Presented are selected basic concepts that illustrate milestones and major routes in the development of ferrocene‐based phosphines since the discovery of ferrocene, as well as recent trends demonstrating the vast applications of these compounds as ligands in coordination chemistry and, mainly, in numerous conventional and asymmetric transition‐metal‐mediated organic transformations.
Theory of Ferrocenyl Compounds
Authors: Derat Etienne , Costuas Karine , Volatron François
Published: December 2012

The aim of this chapter is to introduce the basic knowledge necessary to understand the electronic structure of ferrocenyl compounds. Molecular orbitals analysis is presented first, followed by a more contemporary description by density functional theory or elaboratedab initiocalculations. In order to correlate computational results with experimental data, recent theoretical analysis of vibrational and Mössbauer spectroscopy, redox and excited states, are summarized. Due to numerous applications in non‐linear optics, calculated properties of ferrocenyl compounds in this field are presented. Catalytic and biological processes involving derivatives of ferrocenyl compounds have been studied from a theoretical point of view and are reviewed here. Ferrocenyl compounds are often used as a building block for constructing bigger chemical systems; simulation of large systems is a challenge, especially when involving metallic compounds. Nevertheless, some theoretical studies hav been done in that field (e.g. nanoparticles decorated with ferrocene or ferrocenyl compounds grafted onto gold surfaces) and are discussed in this chapter.
Modern Aircraft Flight Management Systems
Authors: Cramer Michael R. , Herndon Albert
Published: December 2012

This chapter describes the components, functions, and uses of flight management systems (FMS) in the present‐day air transport, regional and business aircraft. The integrated avionics components and functionality that provide flight crew with the ability to operate an aircraft efficiently and in compliance with the requirements of the air navigation service provider (ANSP) are listed and their integration is described. The FMS functions are defined in an operational context within the airspace system to provide a better level of understanding of system functionality relative to the purpose for which the FMS was designed.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations inUSAirspace
Authors: Argrow Brian M.
Published: December 2012

The US military currently conducts the most flights of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) worldwide, including intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat missions in current theaters of war, and training flights in the US National Airspace System (NAS). Other militaries, particularly the Israel Defense Force, also regularly conduct UAS missions. Aviation regulations were developed for manned aircraft operations; UAS‐specific regulations have yet to appear. The aviation regulations set the requirements for UAS operations in unrestricted airspace, with requirements for a special experimental certificate for civil (commercial) operations, or a certificate of authorization or waiver (COA) for public (government) operations that include domestic military, government agencies, law enforcement, emergency first‐responders, and public universities. This chapter describes the range of UAS operated today, in terms of the physical characteristics and performance that must be taken into account for flight tests and operations. Examples are selected from UAS operating in the NAS. The airspace regulatory environment is discussed with an overview of COA application process and procedures for deploying and small UAS in the NAS are described for closed range testing and nomadic, science‐based missions. Finally, the state of the public perception of UAS operations is discussed.
Living on the Moon
Authors: Thangavelu Madhu
Published: December 2012

Humans have long dreamt of exploring and settling the Moon. The visions of human space activity stemming from the first half of the twentieth century culminated in the Apollo program landing two astronauts on the Moon in 1969, and until 1972, 12 astronauts had walked the Moon and performed scientific experiments. In the new millennium, several nations have begun precursory missions, orbiting a new generation of satellites and gleaning new information. Most recently, water has been discovered in the polar regions, setting the stage for lunar development and human settlement. This chapter provides a brief overview of past visions, present projects, and technology developments, and some concepts and technologies for future permanent human settlements on our celestial neighbor.
Unified Treatment of Rarefied and Continuum Fluid Flows
Authors: Xu Kun
Published: December 2012

The unified scheme is a newly developed multiscale gas‐kinetic scheme for both continuum and rarefied flow simulations. Different from many kinetic solvers that discretize the Boltzmann‐type equations directly, the unified scheme uses the local evolution solution of a gas distribution function for the flux modeling across a cell interface.

The integral solution of the kinetic model covers both hydrodynamical and kinetic scale particle evolution physics.

The weights between these two scale solutions used in the unified scheme depend on the ratio of local numerical cell size to the particle mean free path. Since the integral solution is valid in all flow regimes, the unified scheme can present accurate solution from free molecule transport to the Navier–Stokes gas evolution. As a result, the unified method has advantages to simulate flow with both continuum and rarefied regimes in a single computation. This advantage of using the unified scheme in microflow simulations is more obvious because of the absence of statistical noise. The unified scheme has been validated through extensive numerical tests. New microflow phenomena have been discovered through its calculation. The unified scheme provides a valuable tool in the study of nonequilibrium flows.
Testing Fixed and Rotary Shipboard and Marine Platform Operations
Authors: Job Rodney F
Published: December 2012

This experienced‐based chapter describes the testing of all types of aircraft operations from marine platforms, along with the preparatory work and instrumentation needed before embarked trials commence. Performance and handling issues are addressed in both the launch and landing phases by day and by night, considering aircraft carriers as well as smaller ships and fixed platforms such as oil rigs. The implications of different sea states and wind conditions are considered in the context of progressive trials, conducted in a safe manner, leading to the formulation of practicable limits for in‐service use.
Aluminum: Inorganic ChemistryUpdate based on the original article by Allen W. Apblett,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Authors: Apblett Allen W.
Published: December 2012

Aluminum is the most abundant metal to be found in the earth's crust (8.1 %). It is component of gemstones and many common minerals such as granite and clays. Aluminum is a very reactive metal and is not found in an uncombined form in nature. However, the use of its compounds has a very long history. For example, the ancient Greeks and Romans used alum as an astringent and as a mordant in dyeing. The pure metal was isolated first by Wohler in 1827. The modern method for obtaining aluminum metal is the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite. Aluminum can also be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at present. Pure aluminum, a silvery‐white metal, possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic, and nonsparking, and is second among all metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building materials, airplanes, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but when it is alloyed with small amounts of copper, silicon, magnesium, manganese, or other elements these shortcomings can be circumvented. The aluminum compounds of greatest importance are aluminum oxide, aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate (alum), and aluminum halides. The oxide, alumina, occurs naturally as ruby (Al2O3), sapphire, corundum, and emery, and is used in glassmaking and refractory ceramic materials. Synthetic ruby and sapphire are used in lasers for producing coherent light. Aluminum nitride, phosphide, and antimonide are important materials for the semiconductor industry. Aluminum halides and oxides are also very important catalyst supports.
Metal Nanoparticles: Electronic Properties, Bioresponse, and SynthesisUpdate based on the original article by Günter Schmid,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Schmid Günter
Published: December 2012

This review article considers in the main the interaction of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with biological systems. However, the first part describes electronic properties of metal NPs because of the relevance of the electronic situation in a metal NP and its corresponding physical and chemical properties. Those are of interest if interactions with biological systems are considered, the active centers of which often are also in the nano regime. In particular, the size and shape of metal NPs decisively determine the kind of interactions that are exhibited. The result of such interactions is called “bioresponse”. Bioresponse constitutes the main part of the article, which describes the principles of interactions between NPs and biosystems. Developments in diagnostics and toxicity phenomena are also detailed; these are linked with possible therapeutic attempts, especially in the field of tumor therapy. Finally, an overview is given of the synthetic strategies of NPs. The syntheses of metal NPs are so manifold that only the basic principles are discussed. Primary emphasis is on synthetic procedures that guarantee monodispersity of the NPs and control of their shapes because these properties determine the kind and strength of interaction with biological systems, whether in cell cultures or living animals.
Lanthanides: Divalent Solid Halides
Authors: Meyer Gerd
Published: December 2012

Divalent rare earth metals (Sc, Y, and the lanthanides) are known in halides almost throughout the whole series. Two classes may be distinguished: RX2 = (R2+)(X−)2type dihalides, in which R2+has the electronic configuration [Xe]6s05d04fn. Their structural behavior parallels that of the heavier alkaline‐earth metal halides; for example, EuBr2and SrBr2are isostructural. All of these class I compounds are insulators. In the second class, R2+has the electronic configuration [Xe]6s05d14fn−1; the occupation of a 5d state leads to (semi)metallic behavior. Their crystal structures resemble those of intermetallic phases, for example, LaI2crystallizes with the CuTi2type of structure. This class of dihalides RX2is often written as (R3+)(e−)(X−)2. Except for the binary dihalides, there are a number of ternary halides, for example, CsTmCl3and the mixed‐valent K5Dy3I12(class I), as well as BaLaI4(class II). Oxide‐halides with divalent lanthanides are also known, for example, {OSm4}I6or the mixed‐valent Eu2O2Br.
Lanthanides: Halides
Authors: Boyle Timothy J. , Steele Leigh Anna M.
Published: December 2012

This chapter discusses the synthesis and structures of LnX
3
, [LnX
3
(H
2
O)

n

], and [LnX
3
(solv)

n

] that have been reported. A wide range of structures have been observed, where the cation, anion, and solvent employed direct the final structure adopted.
Lanthanides: Oxide and Hydroxide Complexes
Authors: Zheng Zhiping
Published: December 2012

Presented in this chapter is the synthetic and structural chemistry of lanthanide oxide/hydroxide complexes. The development of synthetic methodologies, salient structural features, diversity of ancillary ligands that support the lanthanide‐oxo/hydroxo core motifs, and niche applications in chemistry and materials science of this unique class of lanthanide complexes are detailed.
Lanthanides: Boride, Carbide, and Nitride Compounds
Authors: Mori Takao
Published: December 2012

Rare earth elements form a rich variety of compounds with boron, carbon, and nitrogen. The rare earth borides, carbides, and nitrides tend to be highly refractory compounds, typically with melting points above 2300 K. One way of looking at the less metal‐rich compounds is that the boron, carbon, and nitrogen atoms, respectively, form strongly covalent atomic networks in which rare earth atoms occupy particular spaces/voids. The strong covalent bonding among the network atoms is the origin for the high temperature stability, while the rare earth elements typically play a critical role in the physical properties, namely, functionalization of the material.

For example, especially in the case of boron, boron has one less electron than carbon and therefore it is electron deficient when forming atomic networks compared to carbon networks such as graphite and fullerenes. However, this causes boron to have an especially good affinity with the rare earth elements, which are localized and can occupy voids in the boron network while readily supplying electrons to stabilize novel structures, providing a wide variety of compounds that are introduced in this chapter, together with carbides and nitrides. Furthermore, the shell of f electrons can provide interesting physical properties such as magnetism and luminescence and also provide possible tuning of the electronic properties. In this sense, as functional materials, the rare earth elements play a critical role in the functionalization, although their content may be low in the higher borides, carbides, and nitrides. This is one important direction in which to strive in the current world where natural resources are limited, namely, to highly functionalize materials that are mainly composed of abundant light elements through the innovative use of a small amount of rare element.

In this chapter, I briefly review what is known of the rare earth borides, carbides, and nitrides. This review would particularly like to showcase interesting features of the crystal structure and intriguing physical properties ranging from the fundamental to the very applicable, with an emphasis on recent emerging results in important functionalities such as magnetism, thermoelectricity, and superconductivity.
Lanthanides: Luminescence
Authors: Andres Julien , Chauvin Anne‐Sophie
Published: December 2012

This chapter encloses a brief historical perspective on luminescence which defines it as a nonincandescent emission. It then extends toward the lanthanide elements, their electronic structure, and how to classify the electronic structure according to the arrangement of the electrons in the 4f subshell. The interaction of light with matter is described both in terms of electronic transitions and vibrational transitions which then allow the introduction of the selection rules that dictates the probability of a transition between two defined states. The luminescence phenomena are rationalized both for an organic chromophore and for a lanthanide ion. The efficiency of the luminescence can be explained by the competition between the radiative relaxation of an excited state and the other deactivations that do not result in the emission of a photon. The sensitization of a lanthanide ion by an organic chromophore is discussed in details thus stressing the importance to describe both ligand‐centered and lanthanide‐centered photophysics. The quantum yields and the lifetimes used to characterize the emissions are then described with rate equations illustrating the importance of the numerous nonradiative relaxation processes. The luminescence of different lanthanide ions are finally related to the electronic levels of different ions, whose energies are quite independent of the chemical environment surrounding the lanthanide ion.
Lanthanides: Luminescent Helicates as Bioprobes
Authors: Chauvin Anne‐Sophie
Published: December 2012

The properties of a lanthanide complex are discussed in this article and in particular the criteria that make a good luminescent probe. A case study is presented, with a family of ditopic ligands (i.e., binding two ions) forming water‐soluble homonuclear complexes with lanthanide ions. Among the properties, the complexes are thermodynamic stable and kinetic inert. They also exhibit high luminescence intensities, high quantum yields, and long lifetimes, and can be excited to a range higher than 320 nm. Those criteria enable the complexes to be tested as bioprobes. The ability of the bioprobes to permeate cells and their nontoxicity are demonstrated. Furthermore, the bioprobes interact with DNA, leading to the determination of the DNA concentration. On modification of the ligand, they can be covalently linked to a protein (for instance, avidin or an antibody), leading to the possibility of targeting a given bioanalyte. These abilities, the characterization of the bioprobe, and their properties are presented, in line with general considerations and practical guidelines to perform a study.
Lanthanides: Solvation
Authors: Cotton Simon A. , Harrowfield Jack M.
Published: December 2012

As lanthanides are extracted in greater amounts and find further applications, knowledge of the speciation of their labile solution species becomes increasingly important. So far, most effort has been directed to understanding the aqua ions, and particularly the first coordination sphere, using information largely from diffraction studies on crystalline salts and lately upon solutions. For the lighter and larger early lanthanides, it is believed that nine‐coordinate trigonal prismatic [Ln(OH2)9]3+ions predominate for the early metals (Ln = La‐Nd), and that square antiprismatic eight‐coordinate [Ln(OH2)8]3+ions are characteristic of yttrium and the later lanthanides (Ln = Gd‐Lu); a mixture of eight‐ and nine‐coordinate species is associated with Ln = Pm‐Eu. For the slightly smaller scandium aqua ion, it is believed that [Sc(OH2)n]3+has a coordination number of 7 or 8. The coordination numbers are not always the same in crystalline salts as in solution; in particular, octahedral [Ln(OH2)6]3+ions have been found in crystalline perchlorate salts that are not found in solutions of the perchlorates. Addition of coordinating ions such as chloride leads to isolation of solid salts that contain ligands other than water in the coordination sphere, while nitrate coordinates to these metals as a bidentate ligand. Study of the ions in nonaqueous solvents in the presence of weakly coordinating anions has led to the identification of a number of simple solvated species, such as [Ln(dmso)8]3+, though again there is evidence for mixed coordination, such as seen with the eight‐ and nine‐coordinate [Ln(dmf)n]3+and [Ln(MeCN)n]3+(n = 8, 9).
Lanthanides: Biological Activity and Medical Applications
Authors: Cotton Simon A. , Harrowfield Jack M.
Published: December 2012

This chapter describes the various ways in which lanthanide elements are biologically active. In medical applications, the magnetic and luminescent properties of the elements provide the means by which tissues can be imaged. These two applications are described with regards to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bioanalysis (fluoroimmunoassays and fluorescent chemsensors), respectively. The chapter describes, progressively, the use of lanthanides in medical analysis, therapy, and diagnosis. Explanations based on the fundamental chemistry taking place are included throughout each description. One common need for all the applications is a ligand environment that does not allow dissociation of the lathanide element from its originally constituted coordination environment.
NSUSY fits
Authors: Espinosa José R. , Grojean Christophe , Sanz Verónica , Trott Michael
Published: December 2012

Abstract

We perform a global fit to Higgs signal-strength data in the context of light stops in Natural SUSY. In this case, the Wilson coefficients of the higher dimensional operators mediating gg → h and h → γγ, given by c

g

, c

γ
, are related by c

g
 = 3 (1 + 3α

s

/(2π))c

γ

/8. We examine this predictive scenario in detail, combining Higgs signal-strength constraints with recent precision measurements of m

W
, Br(
$ \overline{B} $
→ X

s
γ) constraints and direct collider bounds on weak scale SUSY, finding regions of parameter space that are consistent with all of these constraints. However it is challenging for the allowed parameter space to reproduce the observed Higgs mass value with sub-TeV stops. We discuss some of the direct stop discovery prospects and show how Higgs search data can be used to exclude light stop parameter space difficult to probe by direct collider searches. We determine the current status of such indirect exclusions and estimate their reach by the end of the 8 TeV LHC run.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Semler O. , Hoyer-Kuhn H. , Netzer C.
Published: December 2012

Die Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) ist die häufigste angeborene Erkrankung, die mit einer Frakturneigung und einer systemischen Skelettbeteiligung einhergeht. Die große Mehrzahl der Patienten hat eine autosomal-dominant erbliche OI-Form mit einer Mutation in den Typ-I-Kollagen-GenenCOL1A1oderCOL1A2. Seit 2006 wurden 8 Gene identifiziert, die autosomal-rezessiv erblichen Formen der Erkrankung zugrunde liegen, sowie ein weiteres Gen für eine autosomal-dominant erbliche OI. Das Verständnis der molekularen Pathophysiologie konnte wesentlich erweitert werden. Das bisherige Paradigma der OI als einer reinen „Kollagenopathie“ erscheint ebenso revisionsbedürftig wie das klinische Klassifikationssystem. Standardtherapie der schwereren OI-Formen ist die Behandlung mit intravenösen Bisphosphonaten. Ergänzend kommen in einem multimodalen Behandlungskonzept operative Maßnahmen zur Begradigung deformierter Extremitäten und zur Frakturversorgung sowie die Physiotherapie hinzu.
Molekulare Mechanismen des Seckel-Syndroms
Authors: Yigit G. , Wollnik B.
Published: December 2012

Das Seckel-Syndrom ist eine autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Erkrankung, die durch einen proportionalen, bereits bei Geburt vorhandenen Kleinwuchs, eine ausgeprägte Mikrozephalie sowie charakteristische kraniofaziale Dysmorphien gekennzeichnet ist. Patienten mit Seckel-Syndrom zeigen zusätzlich eine geistige Behinderung, und bei einigen Patienten kommt es zum frühzeitigen Auftreten altersabhängiger Erkrankungen. Genetisch betrachtet stellt das Seckel-Syndrom eine heterogene Erkrankung dar, für die in den letzten Jahren mehrere kausale Gene identifiziert werden konnten. Diese spielen auf zellulärer Ebene sowohl bei Vorgängen der Zellteilung als auch bei der Aktivierung von Schutzmechanismen nach DNA-Schädigungen eine wichtige Rolle.
Werner-Syndrom
Authors: Lessel D. , Oshima J. , Kubisch C.
Published: December 2012

Das Werner-Syndrom ist eine segmental progeroide Erkrankung mit Beginn in der Adoleszenz oder im frühen Erwachsenenalter. Typische Symptome, die zum vorgealterten Phänotyp beitragen, sind ein postpubertär auftretender Kleinwuchs, Katarakte, eine vorzeitige Ergrauung/Ausdünnung des Haupthaars, sklerodermieähnliche Hautveränderungen und eine regionale Atrophie des subkutanen Fettgewebes. Darüber hinaus kommt es früh und gehäuft zu „Alterserkrankungen“ wie z. B. einem Diabetes mellitus Typ 2, einer Osteoporose, einer Atherosklerose sowie verschiedenen malignen Tumoren. Das Werner-Syndrom wird autosomal-rezessiv vererbt und ist durch Mutationen im Werner-Gen (WRN) bedingt. Es wurden bis heute mehr als 70 über das gesamte Gen verteilte Mutationen identifiziert, die typischerweise zu einem Verlust der Genfunktion führen. WRN kodiert für eine RecQ-Typ-Helikase, die u. a. an der DNA-Reparatur und der Aufrechterhaltung der DNA-Integrität beteiligt ist, was sich in einer erhöhten genetischen Instabilität in Patientenzellen widerspiegelt. Trotz der relativen Seltenheit ist die Analyse des Werner-Syndroms von allgemeiner Bedeutung, um die Rolle der DNA-Stabilität und Integrität für das Altern sowie die Entwicklung altersassoziierter Erkrankungen besser zu verstehen.
Progeroide Variante eines Marfan-Syndroms
Authors: Graul-Neumann L.M. , Hoffmann K. , Robinson P. , Horn D.
Published: December 2012

Schwere kongenitale Lipodystrophie, progeroide Fazies und variable Symptome eines Marfan-Syndroms stellen eine eigene Entität dar, nämlich eine Sonderform des Marfan-Syndroms mit einer trunkierenden Mutation am 3’-Ende des Fibrillin-1-Gens im vorletzten und letzten kodierenden Exon. Das mutierte Protein entgeht hochwahrscheinlich dem „nonsense mediated decay“ (NMD) und ruft dadurch offenbar diesen speziellen Phänotyp hervor. Es sind bislang erst 5 Fälle mit diesem Krankheitsbild publiziert worden; bei 3 dieser Patienten wurde das Krankheitsbild bisher molekulargenetisch bestätigt. Bei folgenden klinischen Zeichen sollte diese Diagnose berücksichtigt und abgeklärt werden: intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung, progeroide Fazies schon bei Geburt, vermindertes subkutanes Fettgewebe und variable Zeichen eines Marfan-Syndroms.
Marching cubes technique for volumetric visualization accelerated with graphics processing units
Authors: Cirne Marcos Vinicius Mussel , Pedrini Hélio
Published: December 2012

Volume visualization has numerous applications that benefit different knowledge domains, such as biology, medicine, meteorology, oceanography, geology, among others. With the continuous advances of technology, it has been possible to achieve considerable rendering rates and a high degree of realism. Visualization tools have currently assisted users with the visual analysis of complex and large datasets. Marching cubes is one of the most widely used real-time volume rendering methods. This paper describes a methodology for speeding up the marching cubes algorithm on a graphics processing unit and discusses a number of ways to improve its performance by means of auxiliary spatial data structures. Experiments conducted with use of several volumetric datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method.
Putting the Alzheimer's cognitive test to the test II: Rasch Measurement Theory
Authors: Hobart Jeremy , Cano Stefan , Posner Holly , Selnes Ola , Stern Yaakov , Thomas Ronald , Zajicek John ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2012

Background

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive Behavior section (ADAS‐Cog) is the most widely used measure of cognitive performance in AD clinical trials. This key role has rightly brought its performance under increased scrutiny with recent research using traditional psychometric methods, questioning the ADAS‐Cog's ability to adequately measure early‐stage disease. However, given the limitations of traditional psychometric approaches, herein we use the more sophisticated Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT) methods to fully examine the strengths and weaknesses of the ADAS‐Cog, and identify potential paths toward its improvement.

Methods

We analyzed AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) ADAS‐Cog data (675 measurements across four time‐points over 2 years) from the AD participants. RMT analysis was undertaken to examine three broad areas: adequacy of scale‐to‐sample targeting; degree to which, taken together, the ADAS‐Cog items adequately perform as a measuring instrument; and how well the scale measured the subjects in the current sample.

Results

The 11 ADAS‐Cog components mapped‐out a measurement continuum, worked together adequately, and were stable across different time‐points and samples. However, the scale did not prove to be a good match to the patient sample supporting previous research. RMT analysis also identified problematic “gaps” and “bunching” of the components across the continuum.

Conclusion

Although the ADAS‐Cog has the building blocks of a good measurement instrument, this sophisticated analysis confirms limitations with potentially serious implications for clinical trials. Importantly, and unlike traditional psychometric methods, our RMT analysis has provided important clues aimed at solving the measurement problems of the ADAS‐Cog.
The effect of beverages varying in glycaemic load on postprandial glucose responses, appetite and cognition in 10–12-year-old school children
Authors: Brindal Emily , Baird Danielle , Slater Amy , Danthiir Vanessa , Wilson Carlene , Bowen Jane , Noakes Manny
Published: December 2012

Reducing glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) inconsistently improves aspects of cognitive function and appetite in children. Whether altering the GL by lowering carbohydrate relative to protein and fat has a role in these effects is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the differential effects of beverages varying in GL and dairy composition on appetite, energy intake and cognitive function in children. A total of forty children (10–12 years) completed a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, receiving three isoenergetic drinks (approximately 1100 kJ): a glucose beverage (GI 100, GL 65), a full milk beverage (GI 27, GL 5) and a half milk/glucose beverage (GI 84, GL 35). For 3 h post-consumption, subjective appetite and cognitive performance (speed of processing, memory, attention and perceptual speed) were measured hourly. At completion, each child was provided a buffet-style lunch and energy intake was calculated. Blood glucose was objectively measured using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Blood glucose AUC values were significantly different between the drinks (P< 0·001), but did not sustain above the baseline for 3 h for any drink. Mixed modelling revealed no effect of beverage on subjective appetite or energy intake. Participant sex and drink GL significantly interacted for short-term memory (P< 0·001). When girls consumed either milk-containing beverage, they recalled 0·7–0·8 more words compared with 0·5 less words after the glucose drink (P≤ 0·014). Altering GL of drinks by reducing carbohydrate and increasing protein did not affect appetite or cognition in children. Girls may demonstrate improved short-term memory after consuming beverages with higher protein and lower GL.
Systematic review and collaborative recalculation of 133 693 incident cases of schizophrenia
Authors: van der Werf M. , Hanssen M. , Köhler S. , Verkaaik M. , Verhey F. R. ,   RISE Investigators, van Winkel R. , van Os J. , Allardyce J.
Published: December 2012

Background

This systematic review and collaborative recalculation was set up to recalculate schizophrenia incidence rates from previously published studies by age and sex.

Method

PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched (January 1950 to December 2009) for schizophrenia incidence studies. Numerator and population data were extracted by age, sex and, if possible, study period. Original data were requested from the authors to calculate age- and sex-specific incidence rates. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by age and sex from negative binomial regression models.

Results

Forty-three independent samples met inclusion criteria, yielding 133 693 incident cases of schizophrenia for analysis. Men had a 1.15-fold (95% CI 1.00–1.31) greater risk of schizophrenia than women. In men, incidence peaked at age 20–29 years (median rate 4.15/10 000 person-years, IRR 2.61, 95% CI 1.74–3.92). In women, incidence peaked at age 20–29 (median rate 1.71/10 000 person-years, IRR 2.34, 95% CI 1.66–3.28) and 30–39 years (median rate 1.24/10 000 person-years, IRR 2.25, 95% CI 1.55–3.28). This peak was followed by an age–incidence decline up to age 60 years that was stronger in men than in women (χ2 = 57.90,p < 0.001). The relative risk of schizophrenia was greater in men up to age 39 years and this reversed to a greater relative risk in women over the age groups 50–70 years. No evidence for a second incidence peak in middle-aged women was found.

Conclusions

Robust sex differences exist in the distribution of schizophrenia risk across the age span, suggesting differential susceptibility to schizophrenia for men and women at different stages of life.
Adomnán, plague and the Easter controversy
Authors: Woods David
Published: December 2012

Adomnán's description (Vita Columbae II.46) of how the intercession of St. Columba preserved the Picts and the Irish in Britain alone among the peoples of western Europe against two great epidemics of bubonic plague is a coded defence of their use of the traditional Irish 84-year Easter table against the Dionysian Easter table as used throughout the rest of western Europe. His implication is that God sent the plagues to punish those who used the Dionysian table. Hence Adomnán still adhered to the 84-year table by the time that he composed the Vita Columbae c. 697. It probably took a third epidemic 700–c. 702 to persuade Adomnán that his interpretation of the earlier epidemics was incorrect, so that Bede (HE V.15) is correct to date his conversion to the Dionysian table to a third visit to Northumbria c. 702.
An Old English formulaic system and its contexts in Cynewulf's poetry
Authors: Wright Charles D.
Published: December 2012

A group of half-lines in Cynewulf's poetry that take the form þurh + demonstrative pronoun + adjective + gesceap/gesceaft constitutes a distinctively Cynewulfian realization of a more widespread formulaic system (x X gesceaft). Only Cynewulf substitutes (in two closely similar contexts) gesceap for gesceaft, and Cynewulf consistently uses both words to refer to a specific ‘created thing’ instead of to ‘creation’. Within the system as a whole, the specific referent of gesceaft in the sense ‘creation’ (heaven, or earth, or all of creation) is often clarified by deixis, specifically in the type of demonstrative pronoun that modifies the word. Cynewulf's choice of the distal pronoun þæt likewise indicates that the apparently ambiguous referents of gesceap/gesceaft in Juliana 273b and 728a and Elene 789a are heavenly or unearthly things, and analysis of context as well as Christian-Latin analogues supports a specific identification of the referent in each case. While availing himself of an existing formulaic system, then, Cynewulf was innovative in its metrical realization as well as in its semantic application.
The Agnus Dei pennies of King Æthelred the Unready
Authors: Keynes Simon , Naismith Rory
Published: December 2012

Specimens of the several substantive coin-types issued in the name of King Æthelred the Unready (978–1016) survive in their thousands, especially (and for good historical reasons) in Scandinavia; but very few specimens are recorded of his highly distinctive Agnus Dei type. In a checklist of recorded specimens published in 2007 (ASE 36, pp. 215–20), details were given of seventeen coins; and the type was set in the context of the English response to the viking invasion of England in 1009, led by Thorkel the Tall. A further four specimens came to light in 2008–10, one in England and three in Denmark. An updated checklist of the enlarged corpus of Agnus Dei coins is here accompanied by a complete set of illustrations; and the opportunity is taken to review some of the historical and numismatic matters raised by this remarkable type.
The Anglo-Latin elegy of Herbert and Wulfgar
Authors: Porter David W.
Published: December 2012

A poem by a French monk named Herbert petitions Wulfgar Abbot of Abingdon for a gift of warm clothing. The poem, a mock epic employing alliteration and hermeneutic vocabulary, presents the seasons as warring deities. Using similar technique in the final eight lines of the poem, Wulfgar denies Herbert with a humourous response. This article contains an edition, translation, and analysis of the poem, along with brief biographies of the two authors. Another work by Herbert, a prosimetric letter requesting an allowance of fish, is edited and translated in an appendix.
The Ordinance concerning the Dunsæte and the Anglo-Welsh frontier in the late tenth and eleventh centuries
Authors: Molyneaux George
Published: December 2012

The Ordinance concerning the Dunsæte sets out regulations for dealings between the English and Welsh in some part of the frontier between these two peoples. The text is widely assumed to be from the second quarter of the tenth century, but this article argues for a late-tenth- or eleventh-century date. The Ordinance envisages trade and prescribes procedures to settle disputes: it thus reveals cordial contacts between those dwelling along the frontier. This offers an alternative perspective to the focus on kings and conflicts found in many modern accounts of relations between the English and Welsh in the early medieval period.
Second addenda and corrigenda to the Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts
Authors: Gneuss Helmut
Published: December 2012

When the Handlist of Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts was published ten years ago it was clear that it could not claim to be perfect or complete, not only because of the well-known problems and remaining uncertainties of the subject, but also on account of the ever-increasing research work on medieval manuscripts. As a result, a first set of addenda and corrigenda to the Handlist appeared in Anglo-Saxon England 32 (2003), 293–305, and the time has now come for a second supplement intended to update and, where necessary, to correct the Handlist.

Like the first supplement, the second has profited from recent publications and, above all, from kindly provided information by friends and colleagues. Once again I owe a special debt of gratitude to Michael Gullick, who generously shared his expert knowledge with me and read a draft version of this article. What I owe to him this time is acknowledged in the individual entries; Appendices 2 and 3 could not have been written without his help and advice. I am grateful to Richard Gameson, Drew Hartzell and Rebecca Rushforth for letting me know about discoveries they made before these appeared in print. As always, Birgit Ebersperger helped to solve my bibliographical problems. All debts I have incurred, whether from personal communications or from publications, have been recorded in the respective entries. As most readers will have noted, a serious drawback of the Handlist – the lack of any references to musical notation – has been made good by Professor Hartzell's comprehensive Catalogue of Manuscripts Written or Owned in England up to 1200 Containing Music.
CONTESTING THE RACIAL DIVISION OF LABOR FROM BELOW
Authors: Parks Virginia , Warren Dorian T.
Published: December 2012

Popular discourse and academic scholarship both accent divisions between African American and immigrant workers. These debates most often focus on the question of job competition, positioning African Americans and immigrant workers asa prioriadversaries in the labor market. We take a different tack. Drawing upon a case study of hotel workers in Chicago, we identify ways in which workers themselves challenge and bridge these divisions. Specifically, we reveal how union organizing activities, such as diverse committee representation and inclusion of diversity language in contracts, counter notions of intergroup competition in an effort to build common cause that affirms rather than denies differences. We argue that these activities represent political efforts on the part of workers to contest and even reshape the racial and ethnic division of labor, thereby revealing competition as a socially contingent and politically mediated process.
A CONVERSATION ON THE FUTURE OF BLACK POLITICS
Authors: Dawson Michael C. , Wilson William Julius
Published: December 2012

This conversation, hosted by the Harvard Book Store and moderated by Rev. Eugene Rivers, took place in conjunction with the Boston Review's (2012) forum on the power and potential of black movements. Featuring a lead article by Michael C. Dawson, the Future of Black Politics forum included responses from William Julius Wilson, Andra Gillespie, Tommie Shelby, Rev. Patrick H. O'Connor, Jennifer L. Hochschild, Lani Guinier and Gerald Torres, Dorian T. Warren, and Robin D. G. Kelley, with a reply by Michael C. Dawson. Here, the conversation continues.
THE DIVERSITY CHALLENGE
Authors: Bobo Lawrence D.
Published: December 2012

To characterize U.S. politics today as polarized is to state the obvious. Nevertheless, Barack Obama's election as the forty-fourth and first African American president of the United States in 2008 had an air of inevitability to it. The presidency of George W. Bush was at that point widely regarded as a profound failure. His administration had mishandled two on-going wars, brought us the nationally humbling debacle of hurricane Katrina, and took us to the brink of economic collapse. And thus the Democratic party nominee for president, who happened to be Black, was handily elected with 53% of the popular vote, carrying twenty-eight states and with some 365 electoral college votes.
Myths in funding ocean research at the National Science Foundation
Authors: Duce Robert A. , Benoit‐Bird Kelly J. , Ortiz Joseph , Woodgate Rebecca A. , Bontempi Paula , Delaney Margaret , Gaines Steven D. , Harper Scott , Jones Brandon , White Lisa D.
Published: December 2012

Every 3 years the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), through its Advisory Committee on Geosciences, forms a Committee of Visitors (COV) to review different aspects of the Directorate for Geosciences (GEO). This year a COV was formed to review the Biological Oceanography (BO), Chemical Oceanography (CO), and Physical Oceanography (PO) programs in the Ocean Section; the Marine Geology and Geophysics (MGG) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) science programs in the Marine Geosciences Section; and the Ocean Education and Ocean Technology and Interdisciplinary Coordination (OTIC) programs in the Integrative Programs Section of the Ocean Sciences Division (OCE). The 2012 COV assessed the proposal review process for fiscal year (FY) 2009–2011, when 3843 proposal actions were considered, resulting in 1141 awards. To do this, COV evaluated the documents associated with 206 projects that were randomly selected from the following categories: low‐rated proposals that were funded, high‐rated proposals that were funded, low‐rated proposals that were declined, high‐rated proposals that were declined, some in the middle (53 awarded, 106 declined), and all (47) proposals submitted to the Rapid Response Research (RAPID) funding mechanism. NSF provided additional data as requested by the COV in the form of graphs and tables. The full COV report, including graphs and tables, is available at http://www.nsf.gov/geo/acgeo_cov.jsp.
Satellite instrument provides nighttime sensing capability
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2012

“This is not your father's low‐light sensor,” Steve Miller, senior research scientist and deputy director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, said at a 5 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting. He and others at the briefing were showing off the nighttime sensing capability of the day/night band of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) of instruments onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (NPP) Earth‐observing research satellite, a joint NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellite that was launched on 28 October 2011. Noting that low‐light satellite technology has been available for about 40 years, Miller said that the VIIRS day/night band “is truly a paradigm shift in the technology and capability.”
New map of lunar gravity gives insight into Moon's early history
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2012

A new map of the Moon's gravity field, created by NASA's Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, provides a detailed view of the Moon's many impact craters, evidence for ancient volcanic structures, and new estimates of the thickness of the lunar crust. Scientists announced the results from the first phase of the GRAIL mission at the AGU Fall Meeting; the results are also reported in three papers in the journal Science. GRAIL, launched in September 2011, consists of two satellites that send signals to each other. When a region of stronger gravity pulls on one satellite more than the other, the distance between the two changes. By measuring changes in the distance between the two satellites, researchers can create a map of the Moon's gravity field. The same method is used by the twin satellites of NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission to measure Earth's gravity field.
Arctic report card: Sea ice and snow reached record lows in 2012
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2012

Despite air temperatures that were not abnormally high, the Arctic set new record lows for snow cover and sea ice extent in 2012. Studies detailing these records are included in the 2012 update of NOAA's Arctic Report Card, which was released 5 December at a press conference at the AGU Fall Meeting. This is the sixth annual update of the report card, which covers a wide variety of indicators about the Arctic, including the atmosphere, sea ice, glaciers and terrestrial snow cover, and marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Among the records noted is extensive melting of the Greenland ice sheet. “I've studied Greenland for 20 years now—I've devoted my career to it—and 2012 was an astonishing year,” said Jason Box of the Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University. He noted that the duration of the melting season in 2012 was the longest in the recent record, there were record high areas and volumes of ice lost, and surface melting was documented at the highest elevations of the ice sheet.
Apollo astronaut supports return to the Moon
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2012

Nearly 40 years after the Apollo 17 Moon launch on 7 December 1972, former NASA astronaut Harrison Schmitt said there is “no question” that the Moon is still worth going to, “whether you think about the science of the Moon or the resources of the Moon, or its relationship to accelerating our progress toward Mars.” Schmitt, a geologist and the lunar module pilot for that final Apollo mission, was speaking at a 6 December news briefing about lunar science at the AGU Fall Meeting. “By going back to the Moon, you accelerate your ability to go anywhere else,” Schmitt said, because of the ability to gain experience on a solar system body just a 3‐day journey from Earth; test new hardware and navigation and communication techniques; and utilize lunar resources such as water, hydrogen, methane, and helium‐3. He said lunar missions also would be a way “to develop new generations of people who know how to work in deep space. The people who know how to work [there] are my age, if not older, and we need young people to get that kind of experience.” Schmitt, 77, said that a particularly interesting single location to explore would be the Aitken Basin at the Moon's south pole, where a crater may have reached into the Moon's upper mantle. He also said a longer duration exploration program might be able to explore multiple sites.