bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Identification of Humeroradial Joint Chondral Lesions: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Lohman Chelsea M. , Smith Michael P. , Dedrick Gregory S. , Brismée Jean-Michel
Published: December 2013

Context:

Epicondylalgia is a common condition involving pain-generating structures such as tendon, neural, and chondral tissue. The current noninvasive reference standard for identifying chondral lesions is magnetic resonance imaging. Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MUS) may be an inexpensive and effective alternative.

Objective:

To determine the intrarater reliability and validity of MUS for identifying humeroradial joint (HRJ) chondral lesions.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Clinical anatomy research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-eight embalmed cadavers (14 women, 14 men; mean age = 79.5 ± 8.5 years).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

An athletic trainer performed MUS evaluation of each anterior and distal-posterior capitellum and radial head to identify chondral lesions. The reference standard was identification of chondral lesions by gross macroscopic examination. Intrarater reliability for reproducing an image was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (3,k) for measurements of the articular surface using 2 images. Intrarater reliability to evaluate a single image was calculated using the Cohen κ for agreement as to the presence of chondral lesions. Validity was calculated using the agreement of MUS images and gross macroscopic examination.

Results:

Intrarater reliability was 0.88 (95% confidence interval = 0.77, 0.94) for reproducing an image and 0.93 (95% confidence interval = 0.80, 1.06) for evaluating a single image. Identifying chondral lesions on all HRJ surfaces with MUS demonstrated sensitivity = 0.93, specificity = 0.28, positive predictive value = 0.58, negative predictive value = 0.77, positive likelihood ratio = 1.28, and negative likelihood ratio = 0.27.

Conclusions:

Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a reliable and sensitive tool for a clinician with relatively little experience and training to rule out HRJ chondral lesions. These results may assist with clinical assessment and decision making in patients with lateral epicondylalgia to rule out HRJ chondral lesions.
On the qualitative behaviour of incompressible two-phase flows with phase transitions: The case of equal densities
Authors: Prüss Jan , Simonett Gieri , Zacher Rico
Published: December 2013

The study of the basic model for incompressible two-phase flows with phase transitions in the case of equal densities, initiated in the paper Prüss, Shibata, Shimizu, and Simonett [16], is continued here with a stability analysis of equilibria and results on asymptotic behaviour of global solutions. The results parallel those for the thermodynamically consistent Stefan problem with surface tension obtained in Prüss, Simonett, and Zacher [20].
Motion of discrete interfaces in periodic media
Authors: Braides Andrea , Scilla Giovanni
Published: December 2013

We study the motion of discrete interfaces driven by ferromagnetic interactions in a two-dimensional periodic environment by coupling the minimizing movements approach by Almgren, Taylor and Wang and a discrete-to-continuous analysis. The case of a homogeneous environment has been recently treated by Braides, Gelli and Novaga, showing that the effective continuous motion is a flat motion related to the crystalline perimeter obtained by

\Gamma

-convergence from the ferromagnetic energies, with an additional discontinuous dependence on the curvature, giving in particular a pinning threshold. In this paper we give an example showing that in general the motion does not depend only on the

\Gamma

-limit, but also on geometrical features that are not detected in the static description. In particular we show how the pinning threshold is influenced by the microstructure and that the effective motion is described by a new homogenized velocity.
Optimal regularity for the parabolic no-sign obstacle type problem
Authors: Andersson John , Lindgren Erik , Shahgholian Henrik
Published: December 2013

We study the parabolic free boundary problem of obstacle type

\Delta u-\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}= f\chi_{\{u\ne 0\}}.

Under the condition that

f=Hv

for some function

v

with bounded second order spatial derivatives and bounded first order time derivative, we establish the same regularity for the solution

u

. Both the regularity and the assumptions are optimal. Using this result and assuming that

f

is Dini continuous, we prove that the free boundary is, near so called low energy points, a

C^1

graph. Our result completes the theory for this type of problems for the heat operator.
A preliminary evaluation of the effects of comprehensive rehabilitation on emotional well-being and the quality of life in female patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Gaszewska Ewa , Księżopolska-Orłowska Krystyna , Krasowicz-Towalska Olga , Kożuchowski Marcin , Sadura-Sieklucka Teresa
Published: December 2013

Cel pracy: Ocena wpływu kompleksowej rehabilitacji na kondycję psychiczną i emocjonalną oraz na jakość życia pacjentek z wielomiejscowymi zmianami zwyrodnieniowymi w układzie ruchu.

Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 31 chorych z wielomiejscowymi zmianami zwyrodnieniowymi w układzie ruchu. W terapii stosowano 2 metody usprawniania: grupa I – fizykoterapia tradycyjna i kinezyterapia – ćwiczenia w wodzie (n = 18), grupa II – krioterapia i kinezyterapia (n = 13). Pacjentki były badane 3-krotnie: przed rozpoczęciem leczenia, po 4 tygodniach rehabilitacji i po 3 miesiącach od zakończenia usprawniania. Zastosowano kwestionariusz GHQ-28 oceniający stan psychiczny, kwestionariusz SF-36 do oceny jakości życia oraz codzienną subiektywną ocenę nasilenia bólu. Wyniki badań zostały poddane analizie statystycznej.

Wyniki: Na podstawie kwestionariusza subiektywnej oceny nasilenia bólu wykazano porównywalne w obu grupach zmniejszenie procentowego nasilenia bólu. Ból uległ redukcji w obu grupach badawczych także wg kwestionariusza SF-36, a zmniejszenie dolegliwości bólowych utrzymywało się w obu grupach po 3 miesiącach od zakończenia leczenia. Na podstawie kwestionariusza GHQ-28 stan psychiczny i emocjonalny badanych pacjentek po rehabilitacji, zarówno leczonych ćwiczeniami w wodzie (I), jak i po krioterapii (II), wyraźnie się poprawił. W grupie I bezpośredni efekt po leczeniu był wyraźny, po 3 miesiącach poprawa ustępowała, ale stan chorych nie powracał do wyjściowego, natomiast w grupie II następowała wyraźna i trwała poprawa zdrowia.

Wnioski: Kompleksowa rehabilitacja w chorobie zwyrodnieniowej stawów, bez względu na zastosowane metody usprawniania, redukuje ból oraz wpływa korzystnie na stan emocjonalny i psychiczny chorych. Poprawa w obszarach życia psychicznego i emocjonalnego następowała wraz z ustępowaniem dolegliwości bólowych.
The impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the economic situation of Polish households
Authors: Grygielska Jolanta
Published: December 2013

Cel pracy: Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów (RZS), jako choroba przewlekła, stopniowo ograniczająca sprawność chorego, wpływa na kondycję ekonomiczną jego gospodarstwa domowego. Schorzenie to z jednej strony wymaga ponoszenia kosztów na leczenie i dostosowanie środowiska chorego, z drugiej natomiast ogranicza możliwości zarobkowe jego i jego rodziny. Celem pracy było oszacowanie kosztów RZS oraz wykazanie, czy choroba wpływa na kondycję ekonomiczną gospodarstwa domowego chorego.

Materiał i metody: Badanie kwestionariuszowe zostało przeprowadzone przez profesjonalnych ankieterów od listopada 2009 roku do marca 2010 roku. Objęło 1000 respondentów chorych na RZS spośród pacjentów 50 losowo wybranych poradni reumatologicznych w Polsce.

Wyniki: Uzyskane wyniki w zakresie budżetów gospodarstw domowych zostały porównane z danymi opublikowanymi przez Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) za rok 2009 (desk research). Porównanie wykazało, że zachorowanie na RZS wpływa na kondycję ekonomiczną gospodarstwa domowego chorych. Zaznacza się w tych gospodarstwach ograniczenie dochodów w stosunku do przeciętnych i prawie 2-krotne zwiększenie miesięcznych wydatków na zdrowie przypadających na jedną osobę. W przeciętnym gospodarstwie wydaje się na zdrowie miesięcznie na jedną osobę 47,90 zł, w gospodarstwie chorego na RZS w tym samym czasie prawie 2-krotnie więcej, tj. 93,37 zł. Trudności finansowe dotyczą 49% gospodarstw osób chorych na RZS, przy 20% gospodarstw domowych zgłaszających takie trudności w badaniach GUS. Znaczny wpływ na koszty RZS ma pomoc osób trzecich.

Wnioski: Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów ogranicza możliwości pracy zarobkowej chorego i jego najbliższych, a równocześnie zwiększa koszty związane z leczeniem i niepełnosprawnością chorego. W celu zmniejszenia kosztów społeczno-ekonomicznych choroby niezbędne są wczesna diagnoza i wprowadzenie odpowiedniego leczenia.
Concentration of methotrexate in red blood cells and its relevance for disease
activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Elert-Kopeć Sylwia , Tłustochowicz Małgorzata , Załucka Laura , Kopeć Grzegorz , Tłustochowicz Witold
Published: December 2013

Reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów (RZS) jest przewlekłą układową chorobą tkanki łącznej o podłożu autoimmunologicznym. Etiologia choroby nie jest znana. Charakteryzuje się ona nieswoistym zapaleniem symetrycznych stawów, a także występowaniem zmian pozastawowych i powikłań układowych. Przebiega z okresami zaostrzeń i remisji, prowadzi do niepełnosprawności i zwiększonej śmiertelności. Lekiem pierwszego rzutu w RZS jest metotreksat (MTX), który w erytrocytach ulega transformacji do poliglutaminianu metotreksatu (MTXPG). Aktywność procesu chorobowego RZS oraz wyniki leczenia są silnie skorelowane ze stężeniem MTXPG w erytrocytach. W artykule przedstawiono zależność między drogą podania leku, stężeniem MTXPG w erytrocytach a wynikami leczenia u chorych na RZS. Zwrócono także uwagę na badania dotyczące wpływu polimorfizmu genów kodujących szlaki biosyntezy puryn na efekt działania MTX.
Macrophage activation syndrome
Authors: Rojek-Margas Bożena , Śliwowska Beata , Bucka Jolanta
Published: December 2013

Zespół aktywacji makrofaga (macrophage activation syndrome – MAS) jest ciężkim powikłaniem układowych chorób tkanki łącznej, głównie układowej postaci młodzieńczego idiopatycznego zapalenia stawów, tocznia rumieniowatego układowego oraz choroby Stilla u dorosłych. To zagrażające życiu zaburzenie immunoregulacji wynika z wrodzonych lub nabytych zaburzeń funkcji komórek NK i cytotoksycznych limfocytów T. Charakteryzuje się niewydolnością wielonarządową z licznymi objawami klinicznymi. Dotychczas nie określono standardu postępowania klinicznego. W terapii stosuje się glikokortykosteroidy, immunoglobuliny dożylnie, czasami cyklosporynę A i etopozyd.
Prosecutor V. Karadžić (ICTY)
Authors: Mcdermott Yvonne
Published: December 2013

On July 11, 2013, in the case against Radovan Karadžić, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) held that the evidence presented against the accused, if taken at its highest, could lead a reasonable trier of fact to find that genocide against Bosnian Muslim and/or Bosnian Croat groups had occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. This decision overturned an earlier ruling by Trial Chamber III on the accused’s motion for acquittal pursuant to Rule 98bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, which found that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for genocide in the seven municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.2
Afps And Plo V. Alstom and Veolia (Versailles CT. APP.)
Authors: Rubins Noah , Tephens-Chu Gisèle
Published: December 2013

International legal personality has often been viewed as synonymous with statehood. States are the primary subjects of international law, and only they have general competence on the international plane, including the competence to create the law. However, in the 1949 Reparation for Injuries advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) acknowledged that forms of international legal personality other than statehood could exist. In determining whether the United Nations (UN) was an international person, the ICJ considered the functions and rights which had been conferred on the organization pursuant to the UN Charter. Although these were found to be distinct from the rights and duties possessed by States, the ICJ concluded that these necessarily involved “a large measure of international personality and the capacity to operate on an international plane.” According to the Court, the hallmarks of international legal personality included the ability to possess international rights and duties and the capacity to maintain such rights by bringing international claims.
Theranostic and Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer
Authors: Cornejo Kristine M. , Kandil Dina , Khan Ashraf , Cosar Ediz F.
Published: December 2013

Context.—Despite advances in breast cancer management, women continue to relapse and die of breast cancer. Traditionally, evaluation for hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone), as well as HER2 overexpression, have guided therapy-related decision-making because they are both prognostic and predictive indicators. However, there are limitations with those studies, which can lead to improper treatment. Gene signatures have recently been shown to be of value in identifying molecular portraits of breast carcinoma and are beginning to play role in management and treatment algorithms.

Objective.—To provide a summary of the prognostic and predictive indicators of breast cancer, such as hormone receptors, HER2, and molecular gene signatures that currently help guide clinical decision making.

Data Sources.—Published articles from peer-reviewed journals in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine).

Conclusions.—Emerging evidence shows promise that, in addition to hormone receptors and HER2 studies, evaluating tumors with gene expression profiling can provide additional prognostic and predictive information, further aiding clinical management and leading to a more personalized approach to treating breast cancer.
The Analogy Study Method in Engineering Mechanics
Authors: Liu Jianlin
Published: December 2013

The course ‘Engineering Mechanics’ plays an essential role as a bridge and bond between fundamental and specialized knowledge, and it has become a basic class for most engineering students. However, there are many complex concepts and formulas to be covered, and this makes it difficult for students to grasp the spirit of engineering mechanics. One way to solve this problem is to use the analogy study method in learning. Following this new route, students can find the linear quantities and angular quantities in theoretical mechanics, and some analogous relations between stress and deformation for fundamental deformations in mechanics of materials. Through these analogy relations, students can appreciate the essence of different physical phenomena. Indeed, it seems that twice as much is accomplished with half the effort.
An Efficient Approach to Approximate the Deflection Curve of an Arbitrarily Supported Beam Subject to External Loads
Authors: Cha Philip D. , Carbon Kyle C.
Published: December 2013

In this paper, an approximate method is developed that can be used to efficiently obtain the deflection curve of any prismatic or non-prismatic, statically determinate or indeterminate beam under various loading conditions. This allows for a quick validation of the exact deflection curve, which is especially useful at the undergraduate level. This proposed method approximates the deflection curve as the weighted sum of the eigenfunctions of the dynamic uniform beam. The weights of each eigenfunction are obtained by solving a set of linear algebraic equations. The mathematics needed to apply this method is relatively simple, and can be easily taught at the undergraduate level. The proposed method is validated against the exact deflection curve for multiple examples, and excellent agreements are shown between the approximate and exact deflection curves.
The Effectiveness of Additional Class Contact Time on Student Performance in Statics
Authors: Burkhardt John
Published: December 2013

The effect of additional class contact time on student performance in statics is investigated. Comparisons are made between the final exam grades and final course grades of at-risk students placed on two versions of the same statics course. A standard version of the statics course meets for three hours per week over the course of a 15-week semester, while a second version meets for four hours per week. During the 11-year timeframe covered by this study, the four-hour statics course has been populated by students identified as ‘at risk’ using an informal screening procedure. For comparison purposes, using the same enrollment data, a second group of at-risk students was identified from within the standard three-hour course using a more formal screening procedure based on logistic regression. A comparison between the two groups shows that the extra contact hour had a minor, statistically insignificant effect on final exam and final course grades.
It's Not as Easy as it Looks: Revisiting Peng—Robinson Equation of State Convergence Issues for Dew Point, Bubble Point and Flash Calculations
Authors: Kandula Vamshi Krishna , Telotte John C. , Knopf F. Carl
Published: December 2013

The use of equations of state (EOS) is a ‘modern’ method of physical property prediction and here we present a detailed exposition of the use of the Peng–Robinson EOS for mixtures. This EOS can be used to determine whether a stream is in the vapor phase or liquid phase. However, for two-phase systems the approaches presented in standard textbooks for the calculation of the state frequently will not converge. We provide modifications to standard dew point, bubble point and flash algorithms to help improve the convergence of any EOS. Commercial software can show different values for stream energetic properties (entropy values) and here we utilize species formation from its elements as well as species ideal gas capacities and mixture departure functions to explain observed differences.
Computer Experiments with Diffusion: Finite Differences, round-off Error and Animal Stripes?
Authors: Yerion Kathie A.
Published: December 2013

This paper describes a module for the teaching of diffusion to mechanical engineering students that can be part of a course on numerical methods or advanced engineering mathematics and as a precursor to a heat transfer course. The purpose of the module is to pull together many of the mathematical concepts in the early education of mechanical engineering students while at the same time introducing them to other important topics – an application of finite differences to the numerical approximation of partial differential equations, the importance of controlling round-off error in computational algorithms, and the time complexity of some numerical models. Students learn these topics through the execution of computer experiments. The first set of experiments cover the numerical approximation of heat conduction in a ring, and a second set cover the numerical approximation of the reaction and diffusion of chemicals that will produce the markings on an animal's tail. The learning outcomes of the module are evaluated with data from pre- and post-module surveys given to mechanical engineering students in several sections of a required course in numerical methods.
Frequency Analysis of an Arbitrarily Supported, Exponentially Tapered Beam
Authors: Cha Philip D.
Published: December 2013

In most introductory vibration textbooks, the vibration of non-uniform beams is not covered. In this paper, the free vibration of an arbitrarily supported Euler–Bernoulli beam of constant thickness and exponentially varying width is investigated. The ‘assumed modes‘ method is utilized to obtain the approximate natural frequencies of the tapered beam, where the basis functions used in the expansion correspond to the eigenfunctions of the uniform beam, including its rigid-body modes. Expressing the eigenfunctions in terms of exponentials, the generalized masses and stiffnesses for the non-uniform beam can all be obtained in closed form, which substantially simplifies the analysis. The proposed scheme is simple to code, efficient to apply and can be easily modified to accommodate a tapered beam with various boundary conditions. Additionally, with slight modifications, the proposed method can also be used to analyze the free vibration of a combined system consisting of an exponentially varying beam carrying lumped attachments. Numerical experiments validate the present approach, and show that the approximate natural frequencies converge very quickly to the exact solution.
Self-organized formation of hierarchically-ordered structures in laser-activated plasma CVD of sp3-bonded BN films
Authors: Komatsu Shojiro , Shiratani Masaharu
Published: December 2013

The hierarchical pattern formation with three stages, that is, (1) film-thickness topography, (2) fractal or concentric-ring pattern, and (3) cone morphology at micron or sub-micrometer order, was found here for the first time in the BN films prepared by plasma CVD assisted with pulsed excimer laser irradiation at 193 nm. The detailed topography consisting of unevenness in the film-thickness was obtained owing to the two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D-XRD) mapping method using a collimated X-ray of 0.1 mm in the diameter, where very high sensitivity was realized by selecting the X-ray from the substrate material, that was exponentially attenuated through the absorption from the film material according to Beer’s law. The important roles of the etching reactions in this process were experimentally verified here for the first time due to the 2D-mapping method. The formation mechanism of the hierarchical patterns was discussed.
Growth of InP nanowires on graphene-covered Fe
Authors: Tateno Kouta , Zhang Guoqiang , Gotoh Hideki
Published: December 2013

Vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth of freestanding InP nanowires (NWs) on grapheme/Fe is described. In attempting to grow the NWs on graphene/Cu, Ni, and Fe, we found that we were able to grow them only on graphene/Fe, owing to the hard steel formation during the graphene fabrication process. An elemental mapping analysis showed the permeation of phosphorous through the graphene layers, which suggests that small pinholes exist in the layers or at the domain boundaries. TEM results indicate that the NWs grew on graphene without the lattice matching exactly. The low decomposition rate of tertiarybutylphosphine caused In-ball formation on the surface under low-temperature and low-V/III-ratio growth conditions. To reduce the number of In balls and make straight NWs, we alternated one-minute InP growth, which resulted in many freestanding straight InP NWs. We were able to grow these InP NWs on graphene/micron Fe wires, which opens up the possibility of forming flexible optical and electrical devices on various structures in the bottom-up manner.
Water mass exchange between the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean on millennial timescale during MIS 4–MIS 2
Authors: Rasmussen Tine L. , Thomsen Erik , Nielsen Tove
Published: December 2013

The climate of the last glaciation circa 65,000–25,000 years ago was interrupted by about 15 abrupt temperature fluctuations, the so‐called Dansgaard‐Oeschger events consisting of warm interstadials and cold stadials recorded in Greenland ice cores. The largest fluctuations occur in the North Atlantic region, but they have been registered over the most of the world. The events are linked to changes in deep water formation in the Nordic seas and North Atlantic, disrupting the thermohaline circulation. Yet, Dansgaard‐Oeschger events have so far not been recorded north of the convection areas in the central Nordic seas, and it is not known if they affected the water exchange between the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean. In this study, we analyze core JM05‐31GC from the northern Fram Strait at the very entrance to the Arctic Ocean. The core contains sediments from marine isotope stages (MISs) 4–2. The results show millennial timescale shifts in all the investigated proxies including the distribution of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, planktonic and benthic oxygen and carbon isotopes, and several sedimentological parameters. In JM05‐31GC, the interstadials are characterized by relatively high surface and low bottom water temperatures, low content of ice‐rafted debris, and well‐ventilated bottom water. Stadials are characterized by the presence of icebergs and decreasing surface water and increasing bottom water temperatures due to increased inflow of Atlantic subsurface water. Ventilation decreased during Heinrich events and most stadials. The results show that the Dansgaard‐Oeschger events strongly affected the water exchange between the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean.
Submarine gas seepage in a mixed contractional and shear deformation regime: Cases from the Hikurangi oblique‐subduction margin
Authors: Plaza‐Faverola Andreia , Pecher Ingo , Crutchley Gareth , Barnes Philip M. , Bünz Stefan , Golding Thomas , Klaeschen Dirk , Papenberg Cord , Bialas Joerg
Published: December 2013

Gas seepage from marine sediments has implications for understanding feedbacks between the global carbon reservoir, seabed ecology, and climate change. Although the relationship between hydrates, gas chimneys, and seafloor seepage is well established, the nature of fluid sources and plumbing mechanisms controlling fluid escape into the hydrate zone and up to the seafloor remain one of the least understood components of fluid migration systems. In this study, we present the analysis of new three‐dimensional high‐resolution seismic data acquired to investigate fluid migration systems sustaining active seafloor seepage at Omakere Ridge, on the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand. The analysis reveals at high resolution, complex overprinting fault structures (i.e., protothrusts, normal faults from flexural extension, and shallow (<1 km) arrays of oblique shear structures) implicated in fluid migration within the gas hydrate stability zone in an area of 2 × 7 km. In addition to fluid migration systems sustaining seafloor seepage on both sides of a central thrust fault, the data show seismic evidence for subseafloor gas‐rich fluid accumulation associated with proto‐thrusts and extensional faults. In these latter systems fluid pressure dissipation through time has been favored, hindering the development of gas chimneys. We discuss the elements of the distinct fluid migration systems and the influence that a complex partitioning of stress may have on the evolution of fluid flow systems in active subduction margins.
Spherical cap harmonic analysis of the Arctic ionospheric TEC for one solar cycle
Authors: Liu Jingbin , Chen Ruizhi , An Jiachun , Wang Zemin , Hyyppa Juha
Published: December 2013

Precise knowledge of the Arctic ionosphere total electron content (TEC) and its variations has scientific relevance due to the unique characteristics of the polar ionosphere. Understanding the Arctic TEC is also important for precise positioning and navigation in the Arctic. This study utilized the spherical cap harmonic analysis (SCHA) method to map the Arctic TEC for the most recent solar cycle from 2000 to 2013 and analyzed the distributions and variations of the Arctic TEC at different temporal and spatial scales. Even with different ionosphere conditions during the solar cycle, the results showed that the existing International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service stations are sufficient for mapping the Arctic TEC. The SCHA method provides adequate accuracy and resolution to analyze the spatiotemporal distributions and variations of the Arctic TEC under different ionosphere conditions and to track ionization patches in this polar region (e.g., the ionization event of 26 September 2011). The results derived from the SCHA model were compared to direct observations using the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar. The SCHA method is able to predict the TEC in the long and short terms. This paper presented a long‐term prediction with a relative uncertainty of 75% for a latency of one solar cycle and a short‐term prediction with errors of ±2.2 total electron content units (TECUs, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2), ±3.8 TECU, and ±4.8 TECU for a latency of 1, 2, and 3 days, respectively. The SCHA is an effective method for mapping, predicting, and analyzing the Arctic TEC.
Dynamics of Strombolian explosions: Inferences from field and laboratory studies of erupted bombs from Stromboli volcano
Authors: Gurioli L. , Colo' L. , Bollasina A. J. , Harris A. J. L. , Whittington A. , Ripepe M.
Published: December 2013

Strombolian activity is characterized by repeated, low energy, explosions and is named after the volcano where such activity has persisted for around 2000 years, i.e., Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Stromboli represents an excellent laboratory where measurements of such explosions can be made from safe, but close, distances. During a field campaign in 2008, two 15 cm diameter bombs were quenched and collected shortly after a normal explosion. The bombs were characterized in terms of their textural, chemical, rheological, and geophysical signatures. The vesicle and crystal size distribution of the samples, coupled with the glass chemistry, enabled us to quantify variations in the degassing history and rheology of the magma resident in the shallow (i.e., in last 250 m of conduit length). The different textural facies observed in these bombs showed that fresh magma was mingled with batches of partially to completely degassed, oxidized, high‐crystallinity, high‐viscosity, evolved magma. This magma sat at the top of the conduit and played only a passive role in the explosive process. The fresh, microlite‐poor, vesiculated batch, however, experienced a response to the explosive event, by undergoing rapid decompression. Integration of geophysical measurements with sample analyses indicates that popular bubble‐bursting models may not fit this case. We suggest that the degassed, magma forms a plug, or rheological layer, at the top of the conduit, through which the fresh magma bursts. In this model we need to consider the paradox of a slug ascending too fast through a magma of varying viscosity and yield strength.
Seismic and gravity constraints on the nature of the basement in the Africa‐Eurasia plate boundary: New insights for the geodynamic evolution of the SW Iberian margin
Authors: Martínez‐Loriente Sara , Sallarès Valentí , Gràcia Eulàlia , Bartolome Rafael , Dañobeitia Juan José , Zitellini Nevio
Published: December 2013

We present a new classification of geological domains at the Africa‐Eurasia plate boundary off SW Iberia, together with a regional geodynamic reconstruction spanning from the Mesozoic extension to the Neogene‐to‐present‐day convergence. It is based on seismic velocity and density models along a new transect running from the Horseshoe to the Seine abyssal plains, which is combined with previously available geophysical models from the region. The basement velocity structure at the Seine Abyssal Plain indicates the presence of a highly heterogeneous, thin oceanic crust with local high‐velocity anomalies possibly representing zones related to the presence of ultramafic rocks. The integration of this model with previous ones reveals the presence of three oceanic domains offshore SW Iberia: (1) the Seine Abyssal Plain domain, generated during the first stages of slow seafloor spreading in the NE Central Atlantic (Early Jurassic); (2) the Gulf of Cadiz domain, made of oceanic crust generated in the Alpine‐Tethys spreading system between Iberia and Africa, which was coeval with the formation of the Seine Abyssal Plain domain and lasted up to the North Atlantic continental breakup (Late Jurassic); and (3) the Gorringe Bank domain, made of exhumed mantle rocks, which formed during the first stages of North Atlantic opening. Our models suggest that the Seine Abyssal Plain and Gulf of Cadiz domains are separated by the Lineament South strike‐slip fault, whereas the Gulf of Cadiz and Gorringe Bank domains appear to be limited by a deep thrust fault located at the center of the Horseshoe Abyssal Plain.
Optical constants for Asian dust in midinfrared region
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Mog , Park Joong‐Hyun
Published: December 2013

Asian dust aerosols are composed of quartz, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, calcite, and phyllosilicates. The optical constants for mixtures of these minerals are important not only to understand the effects of Asian dust on climate but also to retrieve the properties of Asian dust. In this work, the optical constants for labradorite and orthoclase, representative minerals of plagioclase and K‐feldspar, respectively, are determined for the spectral range of 500–2000 cm−1 using bidirectional reflectance data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer. Assuming an internal mixture of component minerals, the effective refractive indices for Asian dust are calculated using Bruggeman's rule. The results are proposed as optical constants for Asian dust and differ from those for other dust aerosols, such as the refractive indices for “Saharan dust” derived from aerosol samples collected at Barbados. The imaginary refractive index for Asian dust is larger, indicating more absorptive, than the index for Saharan dust in the range of 1000–1300 cm−1. Using the optical constants derived in this study, the brightness temperatures of satellite measurements are simulated for typical loading scenarios of Asian dust aerosols. The simulated brightness temperatures exhibit a notable decrease with wave number in the region of 800–1000 cm−1. The results also corroborate the spectral features of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements for an Asian dust storm. AIRS brightness temperatures near 1223 cm−1, lower than the maximum near 830 cm−1, can also be simulated using the derived optical constants for Asian dust.
Volumetric estimates of ancient water on Mount Sharp based on boxwork deposits, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Siebach Kirsten L. , Grotzinger John P.
Published: December 2013

While the presence of water on the surface of early Mars is now well known, the volume, distribution, duration, and timing of the liquid water have proven difficult to determine. This study makes use of a distinctive boxwork‐rich sedimentary layer on Mount Sharp to map fluid‐based cementation from orbital imagery and estimate the minimum volume of water present when this sedimentary interval was formed. The boxwork structures on Mount Sharp are decameter‐scale light‐toned polygonal ridges that are unique compared to previous observations of Martian fractured terrain because they are parallel‐sided ridges with dark central linear depressions. This texture and the sedimentary setting strongly imply that the ridges are early diagenetic features formed in the subsurface phreatic groundwater zone. High‐resolution orbital imagery was used to map the volume of light‐toned cemented ridges. Based on the cemented volume, a minimum of 5.25 × 105 m3 of cement was deposited within the fractures. Using a brine composition based on observations of other Martian cements and modeling the degree of evaporation, each volume of cement requires 800–6700 pore volumes of water, so the mapped boxwork ridge cements require a minimum of 0.43 km3 of water. This is a significant amount of groundwater that must have been present at the −3620 m level, 1050 m above the current floor of Gale Crater, providing both a new constraint on the possible origins of Mount Sharp and a possible future science target for the Curiosity rover where large volumes of water were present, and early mineralization could have preserved a once‐habitable environment.
One‐Step Template‐Free Synthesis of Highly Porous Boron Nitride Microsponges for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Weng Qunhong , Wang Xuebin , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri
Published: December 2013

Highly porous, sponge‐like boron nitride materials, namely microsponges (BNMSs), with ultrahigh surface areas up to 1900 m2 g‐1, are prepared by a facile, one‐step, template‐free reaction of boric acid and dicyanamide. Detailed analysis confirms the increase of the interlayer (0002) distances compared to standard graphitic BN and reveals special dislocation structures in the BNMSs. The resulting textural parameters such as the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) specific surface areas and pore volumes are easily tunable over a wide range by adjusting the synthesis temperature or composition of the precursors. It is demonstrated that these microporous materials (with pore widths of 1.0 nm) display comparatively high and reversible H2 sorption capacities from 1.65 to 2.57 wt% at 1 MPa and –196 °C on a material basis.
Just‐in‐time reorganized PCA integrated with SVDD for chemical process monitoring
Authors: Jiang Qingchao , Yan Xuefeng
Published: December 2013

Although principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for chemical process monitoring, improvements in the selection of principal components (PCs) are still needed. Given that the determination of complicated and changing fault information is not guaranteed using offline‐selected PCs, this study proposes a just‐in‐time reorganized PCA model that objectively selects the PCs online for process monitoring. The importance of the PCs is evaluated online by kernel density estimation. The PCs indicating more varied information are then selected to reorganize the PCA model. Given that the most useful fault information is concentrated, support vector data description is used to replace traditional statistics, thereby relaxing the Gaussian assumption of the process data. The monitoring performances of the proposed method are evaluated under three cases. Compared with conventional PCA methods, more varied information is captured online, and the monitoring performances are improved. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 949–965, 2014
Transport and deposition patterns in drying sessile droplets
Authors: Larson Ronald G.
Published: December 2013

The literature on drying sessile droplets and deposition of suspended material is reviewed including the simple explanation of the “coffee ring” deposit given by Deegan et al.1 Analytical and numerical solutions for the flow are given, including the effect of Marangoni stresses, pinning or movement of the contact line, and viscous, thermal, gravitational, and other effects. The solution space is explored using dimensionless groups governing mass, momentum, and heat transfer effects in the droplet, external gas, and substrate. The most common types of deposition patterns are summarized, including those produced by pinned contact lines, sticking‐and‐slipping contact lines, and Marangoni effects. The influence of contact‐line deposits is also reviewed, and the effects of colloidal, polymeric, and other depositing materials. Advanced applications from ink‐jet printing to disease diagnosis are discussed as well. The review helps readers take stock of what has been learned and what remains incompletely explained. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1538–1571, 2014
Differences in post‐exercise inflammatory and glucose regulatory response between sedentary indigenous australian and caucasian men completing a single bout of cycling
Authors: Mendham Amy E. , Duffield Rob , Marino Frank , Coutts Aaron J
Published: December 2013

Objectives

This study compared the acute inflammatory and glucose responses following aerobic exercise in sedentary Indigenous Australian and Caucasian men, matched for fitness and body composition.

Methods

Sedentary Indigenous (n = 10) and Caucasian (n = 9) Australian men who were free from chronic disease volunteered to participate. Following baseline testing, participants completed a 40 min cycling bout at ∼80% maximal heart rate. Fasting venous blood was collected pre, 0, 30, 60, and 240 min post‐exercise for analysis of glucose, insulin, cortisol, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐1 receptor agonist (ra), and C‐reactive protein (CRP).

Results

Resting TNF‐α and glucose concentrations were significantly higher in the Indigenous group (P < 0.05). IL‐6 and IL‐1ra were elevated for longer in Caucasian (P < 0.05), compared with the Indigenous group (P > 0.05). The post‐exercise (0 min) increase in cortisol and glucose for the Caucasians was higher (P < 0.05) than the attenuated responses within the Indigenous group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Despite being matched for fitness and body composition the Indigenous men had elevated resting TNF‐α and glucose compared with the Caucasian men, which may have contributed to the suppressed post‐exercise anti‐inflammatory response of the Indigenous men; however, glucose normalized between groups post‐exercise. As such, it is recommended for acute moderate‐intensity exercise to be completed daily for long‐term improvements in glucose regulation, irrespective of ancestry. Of note, results suggest it to be even more pertinent for exercise to be encouraged for Indigenous Australian men due to their elevated resting glucose levels at a younger age, when compared to the respective Caucasian group. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:208–214, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Males collectively defend their one‐male units against bachelor males in a multi‐level primate society
Authors: Xiang Zuo‐Fu , Yang Bang‐He , Yu Yang , Yao Hui , Grueter Cyril C. , Garber Paul A. , Li Ming
Published: December 2013

Group‐level male–male co‐operation, which has been documented in several primate and non‐primate societies, may be mutualistically advantageous to the participants when confronted with threats such as takeovers and cuckoldry by external males. Co‐operation among members of distinct social units—while universal among humans—is extremely rare in non‐human primates. We present the first observations of collective action or co‐operation among males of different one‐male units (OMU) in a multi‐level society of Rhinopithecus roxellana. A total of 59 instances of male co‐operation were recorded. Male co‐operation included coordinated chasing, joint vigilance, and patrolling behavior directed at lone adult males trying to enter an OMU. Male co‐operation was significantly more frequent during the mating season when the risk of incursions and extra‐group paternity was higher. Paternity of infants born in the subsequent birth season and kin relationships among resident males were identified using microsatellite genotype. All infants were sired by OMU males, which we interpret as possible evidence for their success at thwarting mating attempts by satellite males. OMU males were principally unrelated suggesting that male co‐operation is best understood in terms of the mutual direct benefits individuals obtain through collective action. Our findings lend support to the bachelor threat hypothesis in which the cooperative behavior of several individuals is more effective than the lone action of a single individual in providing mate defense. Our research has implications for understanding male bonding, higher‐level collective action, and the evolution of social co‐operation in human societies. Am. J. Primatol. 76:609–617, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex Is a major determinant of neuronal dysfunction in neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Diggs‐Andrews Kelly A. , Brown Jacquelyn A. , Gianino Scott M. , Rubin Joshua B. , Wozniak David F. , Gutmann David H.
Published: December 2013

Objective

Children with neurofibromatosis‐1 (NF1) are at risk for developing numerous nervous system abnormalities, including cognitive problems and brain tumors (optic pathway glioma). Currently, there are few prognostic factors that predict clinical manifestations or outcomes in patients, even in families with an identical NF1 gene mutation. In this study, we leveraged Nf1 genetically engineered mice (GEM) to define the potential role of sex as a clinically relevant modifier of NF1‐associated neuronal dysfunction.

Methods

Deidentified clinical data were analyzed to determine the impact of sex on optic glioma–associated visual decline in children with NF1. In addition, Nf1 GEM were employed as experimental platforms to investigate sexually dimorphic differences in learning/memory, visual acuity, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, and Nf1 protein (neurofibromin)‐regulated signaling pathway function (Ras activity, cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP], and dopamine levels).

Results

Female patients with NF1‐associated optic glioma were twice as likely to undergo brain magnetic resonance imaging for visual symptoms and 3× more likely to require treatment for visual decline than their male counterparts. As such, only female Nf1 GEM exhibited a decrement in optic glioma–associated visual acuity, shorter RGC axons, and attenuated cAMP levels. In contrast, only male Nf1 GEM showed spatial learning/memory deficits, increased Ras activity, and reduced dopamine levels.

Interpretation

Collectively, these observations establish sex as a major prognostic factor underlying neuronal dysfunction in NF1, and suggest that sex should be considered when interpreting future preclinical and clinical study results. Ann Neurol 2014;75:309–316
Lentivirus delivery of IL‐10 to promote and sustain macrophage polarization towards an anti‐inflammatory phenotype
Authors: Boehler R.M. , Kuo R. , Shin S. , Goodman A.G. , Pilecki M.A. , Leonard J.N. , Shea L.D.
Published: December 2013

Gene delivery from biomaterials can create an environment that promotes and guides tissue formation. However, the immune response induced upon biomaterial implantation can be detrimental to tissue regeneration. Macrophages play a central role in mediating early phases of this response, and functional “polarization” of macrophages towards M1 (inflammatory) or M2 (anti‐inflammatory) phenotypes may bias the local immune state at the implant site. Since gene delivery from biomaterial scaffolds can confer transgene expression in macrophages in vivo, we investigated whether transduction of macrophages with an IL‐10 encoding lentivirus can (1) induce macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype even in an pro‐inflammatory environment, and (2) prevent a shift in polarization from M2 to M1 following exposure to pro‐inflammatory stimuli. IL‐10 lentivirus delivery to pre‐polarized M1 macrophages reduced TNF‐α production 1.5‐fold when compared to cells treated with either a control virus or a bolus delivery of recombinant IL‐10 protein. IL‐10 lentivirus delivery to naïve macrophages reduced the amount of TNF‐α produced following an inflammatory challenge by 2.5‐fold compared to cells treated with both the control virus and recombinant IL‐10. At a mechanistic level, IL‐10 lentivirus delivery mediated sustained reduction in NF‐κB activation and, accordingly, reduced transcription of TNF‐α. In sum, lentiviral delivery of IL‐10 to macrophages represents a promising strategy for directing and sustaining macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype in order to promote local immune responses that facilitate tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1210–1221. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.