bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminism and Women's Friendships
Authors: Rose Suzanna , Roades Laurie
Published: July 2006

The ideology of “sisterhood” within the feminist movement suggests that feminists' and nonfeminists' same-sex friendships would differ profoundly. This assumption was tested by examining the friendships of 45 heterosexual nonfeminists, 43 heterosexual feminists, and 38 lesbian feminists from a large midwestern city. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 46. Using objective measures, differences were found between feminists and nonfeminists for some structural dimensions of friendship, including number of cross-generational friendships, degree of equality, and amount of privacy preferred with a best friend. Lesbian feminists preferred more privacy with their friends than nonfeminists, but rated their friends as lower on relationship quality and degree of equality than heterosexual feminists and nonfeminists. The three groups did not differ on the affective content of friendship, including liking, loving, satisfaction and commitment. However, feminists subjectively perceived their feminism as having contributed to both structural and affective changes in their friendships.
The Women's Studies Experience: Personal and Professional Gains for Women and Men
Authors: Stake Jayne E. , Gerner Margaret A.
Published: July 2006

This study included 212 women and 38 men students from nine women's studies classes and 101 women and 35 men from nine non-women's studies classes. At pretesting and posttesting students completed the Performance Self-Esteem Scale (PSES) and measures of their educational and job certainty and motivation. Comparison students were similar to women's studies students in having a woman teacher and having an interest in the women's studies curriculum. At posttesting women's studies students showed greater gains in PSES scores ( p < .01) and in job motivation and job certainty ( p < .01) than did the comparison students. The results support the value of women's studies for men as well as women students.
Development of Androgyny: Parental Influences
Authors: Sedney Mary Anne
Published: July 2006

While many researchers have documented the existence of pressures toward traditional sex-typing in the family, schools, and media, little consideration has been given to the effectiveness of these sources in fostering more flexible orientations to sex-typing. The present paper focuses on the extent to which parents are able to influence their children toward the development of nonstereotyped behaviors, conceptualized here in terms of androgyny. This issue is examined through an exploration of several theories of sex-role development and empirical” research on sex-role development. Additional consideration of theories and research on life-span development and resistance among children in the current culture to nonstereotyped behavior lead to a distinction between short-term and long-term effects of nonsexist parental behavior. Although androgynous parents may not produce androgynous children, their children often do grow up to be androgynous adults.
Sex Differences and Depression in Puerto Rico
Authors: Canino Glorisa J. , Rubio-Stipec Maritza , Shrout Patrick , Bravo Milagros , Stolberg Robert , Bird Hector R.
Published: July 2006

Sex differences in rates of depressive disorders and depressive symptomatology, as measured by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, are examined for an island-wide probability sample of Puerto Rico. Consistent with previous research, depression is significantly more prevalent in Puerto Rican women than men. Risk factors associated with depressive symptomatology are examined from a sex-role perspective. The results of multiple regression analyses show that even after demographic, health and marital and employment status variables are controlled, women continue to be at higher risk of depressive symptomatology than men. These results are interpreted within a cultural and sex-role perspective.
Factors Associated with Acculturative Stress and Depressive Symptomatology Among Married Mexican Immigrant Women
Authors: de Snyder V. Nelly Salgado
Published: July 2006

The purpose of the present study was to describe levels of acculturative stress and individual stressors and their relationship to levels of depressive symptomatology among young Mexican immigrant women. The mean age of the respondents was 25.7 years with a mean of 9.4 years of education. Their age at migration was 18.5 years and their average length of stay in the United States was 7.5 years. Women who in the last three months experienced discrimination, sex-role conflicts, and concern about starting a family in this country had significantly higher (over 16) CES-D scores than women who did not report experiencing those situations. The overall findings suggest that this sample of Mexican women immigrants as a group are at risk for the development of psychological problems.
Contemporary Research on Hispanic Women: A Selected Bibliography of the Social Science Literature
Authors: Amaro Hortensia , Russo Nancy Felipe , Pares-Avila Jose A.
Published: July 2006

One of the difficulties in developing a new area of research in any field is the lag time between the interest in the area on the part of researchers and the interest in publishing on the part of editors. Initial work may appear in books or publications outside the disciplinary mainstream and be overlooked in literature searches that focus on established journals. Further, work appearing in mainstream journals may be constrained by traditional paradigms and reflect Anglocentric and sexist biases of traditional research. This has been true for work on Hispanic women, which has been hallmarked by Anglocentric and sexist bias (Senour, 1977).

This 134-item bibliography addresses the difficulty of identifying the diverse work on Hispanic women in the U.S. and Puerto Rico by bringing a large part of it together in one place. We have three goals. The first is to facilitate the integration of material on Hispanic women into the curriculum of psychology. The second is to promote and disseminate research on the psychology of Hispanic women. The third is to recognize contributions of early researchers who have pioneered in developing and articulating knowledge about this neglected group.

We want to emphasize that this bibliography is not comprehensive. The focus is on scholarly work in the English language that advances understanding of Hispanic women's uniqueness and diversity as a group. Studies that included Hispanic women in their sample but did not specifically focus on Hispanic women or did not conduct gender or gender/ethnicity analyses were not included.
The Psychological Well-Being of Older, Recent Widows
Authors: McGloshen Thomas H. , O'Bryant Shirley L.
Published: July 2006

The impact of husband's death on the psychological well-being of 226 older widows was examined. Respondents were 60 to 89 years of age and had been widowed from 7 to 21 months at the time of interview. Using multiple regression analysis it was determined that 19 selected variables accounted for approximately 22% of the variance in positive affect and 18% of the variance in negative affect. Higher levels of positive affect were related to widows' religious involvement, number of siblings, and support from children and their families. Negative affect was more often associated with other deaths (in addition to that of husband), housing dissatisfaction, and a history of employment outside the home during marriage. Additional research is called for in light of the increasing numbers and potential vulnerabilities of older women who are recently widowed.
The Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale: Construction, Validation, and Cross-Cultural Applicability
Authors: Ward Colleen
Published: July 2006

The paper describes the construction of a 25-item Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale (ARVS) designed to assess favorable and unfavorable attitudes with particular emphasis on victim blame, credibility, deservingness, denigration, and trivialization. Normative data are presented as well as the results of various psychometric analyses based on four independent studies and a variety of samples including university students, doctors, lawyers, social workers, psychologists, and police in Singapore, and university students in the United States. These analyses confirm the ARVS's reliability, validity and cross-cultural suitability. As attitudes toward rape victims have been implicated in the quality of victim care in legal, medical, and social spheres, it is proposed that the ARVS provides a valuable tool for applied research in victimology.
Leadership and Nonverbal Behaviors of Hispanic Females Across School Equity Environments
Authors: Moore Helen A. , Porter Natalie K.
Published: July 2006

Nonverbal behaviors of Hispanic elementary school students and their peers were examined in a small-group cooperative task with a total of 202 subjects. Thirty-five randomly selected groups were videotaped in ten desegregated schools; each group was gender-homogeneous, with three Hispanic and three Anglo students. Analysis of the videotapes revealed that Hispanic females used less vertical and horizontal space than Anglo females, and were also less likely to verbally interrupt or physically intrude on other group members. They had similar rates of handling the group resource cards and were given similar leadership scores by multi-ethnic trained observers. Among males, Hispanics are significantly more likely to use vertical or upward movements and physical intrusions, while Anglos use more verbal interruptions.

School and social status factors such as high- and low-equity desegregated school programs, ethnic and gender status, and school status variables of academic grades and English word knowledge had varying effects on teacher and peer ratings of leadership. High-equity schools garnered higher leadership scores for Hispanic females from both peers and teachers when all other nonverbal behaviors were controlled. This positive effect of the school on leadership ratings was evident only for males in teacher ratings. Hispanic females and their peers do reflect adult models of nonverbal behavior and leadership, and that leadership is enhanced in the perceptions of teachers and peers when they participate in a high-equity desegregated elementary school.
Evaluating Competence of Women and Men: Effects of Experimenter Gender and Group Gender Composition
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Houtler Bruce D. , Ptasnik Patricia
Published: July 2006

College students (78 females, 79 males) were placed in all-female, all-male, or mixed-gender groups. In the presence of a male or female experimenter, subjects evaluated an article written by a female or male job applicant. Subjects in mixed-gender groups generally evaluated the female applicant more favorably in the presence of the female experimenter than the male experimenter. Subjects in mixed-gender groups also rated the female applicant more favorably than the male applicant in the presence of the female experimenter. Male subjects generally were more influenced than were females by the experimenter's gender, tending to give higher ratings to the applicant of the same gender as the experimenter.
Mood Fluctuations: Women Versus Men and Menstrual Versus Other Cycles
Authors: McFarlane Jessica , Martin Carol Lynn , Williams Tannis MacBeth
Published: July 2006

Mood fluctuations in women and men were studied both prospectively and retrospectively to determine whether cyclic changes occur over phases of the menstrual cycle, lunar cycle, and/or days of the week. The participants (15 women using oral contraceptives, 12 normally cycling women, and 15 men), who did not know the purpose of the study, recorded the pleasantness, arousal, and stability of their moods daily for 70 days (concurrent data). Later they recalled (retrospective data) their average mood for each day of the week and phase of the menstrual cycle (women only). The only evidence of mood fluctuation over the menstrual cycle in the concurrent reports was that normally cycling women reported more pleasant moods in the follicular and menstrual phase than did men and women on oral contraceptives. Women's moods fluctuated less over the menstrual cycle than over days of the week. Recollections of menstrual mood changes differed from actual changes: Women recalled more pleasant moods in the follicular phase and more unpleasant moods in the premenstrual and menstrual phases than they had reported concurrently. Bias also was evident in recollections of weekday mood fluctuations: Weekend highs were exaggerated and Monday blues were reported even though they were not reported concurrently. There was no evidence of mood fluctuations over the lunar cycle and the groups did not differ in mood stability. The retrospective reporting bias for both the menstrual cycle and days of week suggests the influence of stereotypes about moods. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Rape and Seduction Scripts
Authors: Ryan Kathryn M.
Published: July 2006

Previous research has shown that rape judgments can be influenced by several variables; however, it is not known whether these variables appear in rape scripts. Moreover, although the script concept has been applied to sexual behavior (e.g., Gagnon & Simon, 1973; Laws & Schwartz, 1977), researchers have only just begun to explore the content of sexual scripts. The present study explored college students' rape and seduction scripts. Twenty introductory psychology students were asked to write about the “typical” rape and the “typical” seduction. These scripts were coded on 20 common dimensions. Results showed that the rape and seduction scripts were very different. Most subjects described a blitz rape: a woman who was outdoors was attacked by a male stranger who was mentally or socially unfit. The assailant was very angry and aggressive and the victim, very afraid. In contrast, the seduction was more frequently indoors and often involved alcohol. The participants were sometimes strangers and both sexes could initiate the event. Nevertheless, subjects disagreed as to the outcome. Finally, two interesting sex differences emerged in the current study. Implications of the current results for rape education were drawn.
Dominance and Inequality in X-Rated Videocassettes
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Lee Carole , Levy Daniella , Snyder Debra
Published: July 2006

Feminists have been concerned about the debasement of women in sexually explicit material. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of domination and sexual inequality in x-rated videocassettes through a content analysis of 45 widely available x-rated videocassettes. The sample was randomly drawn from a list of 121 adult movie titles widely available in family videocassette rental stores in southern California. Over half of the explicitly sexual scenes were coded as predominantly concerned with domination or exploitation. Most of the domination and exploitation was directed by men toward women. Specific indicators of domination and sexual inequality, including physical violence, occurred frequently. The growth of the videocassette rental industry and the popularity of x-rated films, coupled with the messages these films convey, is a cause for concern.
Factors Influencing Canadian High School Girls' Career Motivation
Authors: Holms Valerie L. , Esses Lillian M.
Published: July 2006

The need to prepare adolescent girls for the reality of labor market participation prompted this study investigating the factors influencing female career motivation. Questionnaires were completed by 317 female students from grades 8, 10, and 12. Four criterion variables were used to assess overall career motivation: career commitment, occupational aspirations, educational aspirations, and vocational certainty. The relationship between the criterion measures and a set of predictor variables (socioeconomic status, school marks, grade level, masculine/feminine trait dimensions, attitudes toward women, and marriage/family commitment) was explored. A canonical correlation analysis, used to test the relationship between the predictor and criterion variables, revealed two significant sets of relationships. First, girls who obtained higher marks in school, identified with either masculine or androgynous trait dispositions, had more liberal attitudes toward women, and were from higher socioeconomic backgrounds aspired to higher levels of education, were more highly committed to a career, and aspired to more highly prestigious occupations. The second relationship showed that older girls from a lower socioeconomic background with high commitment to marriage and a family have high career commitment and certainty about their careers, yet lower educational and occupational aspirations. The study highlights the importance of (a) examining career and family commitment independently, (b) studying the impact of psychological variables on career motivation, and (c) combining a number of factors to represent career motivation.
Academic Harassment: Sex and Denial in Scholarly Garb
Authors: Fitzgerald Louise F. , Weitzman Lauren M. , Gold Yael , Ormerod Mimi
Published: July 2006

Although much has been written concerning the sexual harassment of university students, no research has yet directly examined the behaviors of university professors themselves. The present study describes the responses of 235 male faculty members of a prestigious, research-oriented university who responded to a survey inquiring about social and sexual interaction among faculty and students. Although the majority of the responses focused on mentoring and social interactions, a sizable minority (26%) reported sexual involvement with women students. In addition to item frequencies, a structural analysis of the phenomenon of academic harassment is presented, and discussed in the context of the subjects' responses to an open-ended invitation to comment on the study.
Thelma Gwinn Thurstone: Career Strategies and Contributions to Measurement
Authors: Bashaw W. L. , Bashaw Carolyn Terry
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the life and career of Thelma Gwinn Thurstoneher career strategies and her contributions to psychological testing, intelligence theory, and instruction—based on her publications and a series of personal interviews with her and her colleagues. Thurstone's contributions, with her husband, L. L. Thurstone, included the development of the American Council on Education's Psychological Examinations and the Primary Mental Abilities test batteries. Her own work included the development of instructional materials using the common factor theory of intelligence. Thurstone, wife of a preeminent scholar and mother of three sons, pursued career strategies that facilitated her continued professional activity for six decades. Further research on measurement history and also on women's career strategies are suggested.
Sex Differences in Attitudes Toward Suicide: Do Males Stigmatize Males?
Authors: White Hedy , Stillion Judith M.
Published: July 2006

This study compares female and male reactions to troubled female and male target figures. The results replicate the findings of four earlier studies that showed that females are move sympathetic than males toward suicidal target figures. Unlike previous studies, however, by using a non-suicidal comparison condition, this study also shows that female sympathy ratings were not influenced by whether or not target figures were suicidal. Male ratings did show such an influence: males were most sympathetic to non-suicidal male targets and least sympathetic to suicidal male targets. Results are discussed in the light of sex-role stereotyping of males.
Sex-Related Differences in Health and Illness
Authors: Strickland Bonnie R.
Published: July 2006

Mortality and morbidity statistics which reflect the major health disorders in the nation have changed dramatically in this century. Infectious diseases have been largely controlled, and this country's citizens are now burdened with the chronic and disabling disorders of an aging population that are increasingly linked to environmental and behavioral factors. This article documents gender and sex differences among the major life-threatening disorders and chronic health problems and suggests implications for psychology as a health science and profession.
Older Women and the Practice of Breast Self-Examination
Authors: Grady Kathleen E.
Published: July 2006

Breast self-examination (BSE) for breast cancer is used by only a fraction of the women who might benefit from it, and some studies show that older women who are more at risk for breast cancer are less likely to use it. This article reports a community study of women ( n = 528) who were trained in BSE in women's group meetings, provided a behavioral management intervention, and followed for two years. The intervention consisted of monthly postcard cues for BSE and lottery ticket rewards whenever a BSE record was returned indicating a BSE had been done. During the second year, the intervention was withdrawn. Results show that although women over 50 are no more likely to report having done more BSEs than women under 50 prior to entering the study, they did tend to do more BSEs during the intervention year and were significantly more compliant during the follow-up year. A more detailed analysis by age decade showed the highest rates of compliance in both years were for women ages 60–69 and 70–87. An analysis of attitudinal, history, and sociodemographic factors indicated that the only consistent predictor of BSE practice other than age and the intervention was the woman's confidence in BSE.
Sexuality in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Morokoff Patricia J.
Published: July 2006

This article reviews psychosocial and biological aspects of the effects of menopause on sexuality. Sexuality is conceptualized as having multiple dimensions including desire, arousal, and orgasm. Population studies have revealed that postmenopausal status is associated with decline in these components of sexual functioning. While it is probable that psychological response to menopause affects sexual functioning, little research has addressed this issue. Considerable research has addressed the possible relationship between sexuality and menopausal hormone changes. Some research shows that low estrogen levels are associated with diminished sexual response and that estrogen replacement produces enhanced sexual response. Other studies, however, do not show this. Testosterone level is more clearly related to at least some measures of sexuality. Issues for future research are discussed.
A Conceptual Analysis of Rape Victimization: Long-Term Effects and Implications for Treatment
Authors: Koss Mary P. , Burkhart Barry R.
Published: July 2006

Recent prevalence studies have suggested that 15–22% of women have been raped at some point in their lives, many by close acquaintances, although few victims seek assistance services or professional psychotherapy immediately post-assault. Surveys have revealed that 31–48% of rape victims eventually sought professional psychotherapy, often years after the actual assault. These observations suggest that the primary role of clinicians in the treatment of rape victims is the identification and handling of chronic, post-traumatic responses to a nonrecent experience. However, it is concluded that most of the existing literature on rape treatment addresses only the target symptoms that represent the immediate response to rape. In this article, contemporary theoretical and empirical discussions of stress, cognitive appraisal, cognitive adaptation, and coping are used to conceptualize the long-term impact of rape and the process of resolution. Directions for future research on the clinical treatment of rape are suggested.
Effects of the Male-Female Ratio at Work: Policewomen and Male Nurses
Authors: Ott E. Marlies
Published: July 2006

Difficulties faced by women in work organizations are often explained as indirect consequences of their numerical minority. Their sex plays no role in these explanations: Men in a minority position are claimed to experience similar problems. The results of this empirical study challenge this: Policewomen are seen to face many of the disadvantages pointed out by Kanter (1977) and others, whereas male nurses enjoy advantages from being one of the few among female colleagues. Also, while the male majority in police teams do indeed resist women when their number reaches a critical mass, the female majority in the nursing teams do not show a similar resistance to men. The study involved 50 police teams and 49 nursing teams of approximately 15 members each. Comparisons were made only within each occupation, between skewed and tilted settings. Data were gathered by means of 297 semi-structured interviews. The opposite effects on men and women of being in a minority are attributed to a difference in status.
Gender Differences in Salary Expectations When Current Salary Information is Provided
Authors: Martin Beth Ann
Published: July 2006

It was hypothesized that current gender differences in salary expectations arise from women's lack of accurate salary information. Current salary information was provided for a sample of upcoming university graduates. Contrary to expectations, large gender differences in salary expectations continued in spite of subjects' knowledge of current salary data. Alternative explanations are discussed.
Gender Division of Tasks by Parents and Their Children
Authors: Burns Ailsa , Homel Ross
Published: July 2006

The division of parenting tasks between wives and husbands was explored in a sample of 279 Australian families containing a 9–11-year-old child, and the children's performance of household tasks was compared with their parents' division of labor. Three parenting factors (domestic care, leisure/enrichment, and psychological), and four child factors (handyman, domestic, maturity, and babysitting) were obtained. Mothers were more active than fathers on all three parenting factors, but significant differences were found between parents of differing SES and cultural backgrounds. Among children, the greatest sex difference was found on the handyman factor, where boys greatly outperformed girls. Boys' performance on this factor was not related to parental division of labor or social background, but girls' performance was higher when they were only children and when they lived in higher SES families. Girls outperformed boys on the domestic and maturity factors. Parenting style, SES, and cultural background also were significantly related to these factor scores. Apart from child's sex, cultural background was the strongest predictor of children's task performance.
The Experience of Feminism
Authors: Kimmel Ellen B.
Published: July 2006

For this Presidential Address, Fellows of Division 35 were surveyed by means of an open-ended questionnaire about their experience of feminism. The narrative data of a sample of the 51 replies received were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques adapted from an existential phenomenological method. Participants shared many themes, indicating that the experience of feminism can be defined through reports of its lived experience and that this experience changes over time.
A Pilot Study on the Regrets and Priorities of Women
Authors: Metha Arlene T. , Kinnier Richard T. , McWhirter Ellen H.
Published: July 2006

In this pilot study, we surveyed 178 women about their major regrets and priorities in life. Chi-square analyses were used to compare the women's responses based on their ages, marital and family statuses, occupations, and levels of life satisfaction. Findings indicated that the most frequently cited regrets related to missed educational opportunities and a perceived lack of self-assertiveness. Women in less prestigious occupations regretted missed educational opportunities most often. Family was the most often cited priority, especially among homemakers and women with large families. Friendships were more important to single and divorced women than to married women. The women who were least satisfied with their lives more often regretted missed educational opportunities and not having taken more risks than did the most satisfied women.
Predictors of Sat Mathematics Scores of Gifted Male and Gifted Female Adolescents
Authors: Gallagher Shelagh A.
Published: July 2006

A regression analysis was conducted to determine the relative importance of a series of variables in the prediction of SAT-Mathematics (SAT-M) scores of gifted males and females. Among the variables considered were visual-spatial ability, cognitive reasoning ability, learning style, and SAT-Verbal (SAT-V) scores. Scores on the visual-spatial task were analyzed for speed of response as well as ability. For both sexes, reasoning skills were the predominant factor in the prediction formulas. Differences in the two formulas seemed to reflect males' greater facility with process skills necessary for the SAT-M. Implications are discussed regarding how to interpret the differential performance of gifted males and females on the SAT-M.
Predicting Gender Differences in Same-Sex Friendships from Affiliation Motive and Value
Authors: Mazur Elizabeth
Published: July 2006

In order to explore factors that influence gender differences in same-sex friendship behaviors, the present study examined how affiliation motive, as measured by thematic apperception to same-sex cues, and affiliation value, obtained from a modified Edwards (1957) Personal Preference Scale, determined type of friendship situation (unstructured, structured, or group) and its particular qualities for 37 female and 31 male undergraduates. Men consistently had lower affiliation motivation and affiliation values than women. Subjects' reports of actual friendship episodes showed gender differences in type of friendship episode, self-disclosure, and involvement. However, there were no gender differences in mood and levels of meaningfulness, pleasantness, and satisfaction with the episodes, suggesting that the sexes differed in their manner of engaging in friendship, but not in subjective outcomes. Regression analyses indicated that some of these differences were partially a function of gender differences in personality determinants of friendship behavior.
Gender Differences in Preschool Children's Narrative Fantasy
Authors: Libby Marion N. , Aries Elizabeth
Published: July 2006

In this study, 22 female and 20 male 3- to 5-year-old children were presented with six story starts and were asked to finish the stories. In their stories, girls introduced significantly more friendly figures who offered assistance; boys introduced significantly more aggressive behavior and attempts to master situations through the use of aggressive activity. Girls told significantly more stories about girls; boys tended to tell more stories about boys. A factor analysis of the coding categories is discussed. The analysis of the fantasy narratives showed boys to be more concerned with coping with aggressive drives and channeling them into attempts at mastery, and girls with caretaking and responding to the needs of others.
Sex-Role Orientation, Coping Strategies, and Self-Efficacy of Women in Traditional and Nontraditional Occupations
Authors: Long Bonita C.
Published: July 2006

Examined women's sex-role orientation, coping strategies, self-efficacy, and stress in male- and female-dominated occupations. Results ( n = 281) revealed that high-masculine women (measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory), compared with low-masculine women, reported significantly lower scores on measures of anxiety and strain, with the exception of interpersonal strain. High-masculine women, compared with low-masculine women, reported greater problem- relative to emotion-focused coping and higher self-efficacy. Low-feminine women in nontraditional occupations reported higher self-efficacy and greater problem-focused coping compared with low-feminine women in traditional occupations. The relation between masculinity and strain was nonsignificant when the variance due to self-efficacy was partialed out, suggesting that the relationship between sex role and strain may be mediated by personal efficacy.
The Politics of Personality Disorder
Authors: Landrine Hope
Published: July 2006

This research tested the hypothesis that the gender distribution of personality disorders stems from the resemblance between each personality disorder and the role/role-stereotype of the status group for whom the disorder is prevalent. The first study found that undergraduates attributed descriptions of each personality disorder to the gender, social class, and marital status of the group that tends to receive that label; the second study found that the Sadistic and the Self-Defeating Personality Disorders of the DSM-IIIR were attributed to white males and middle-class females, respectively. It is suggested that personality disorders represent the roles/role-stereotypes of both genders.
Sexist Discrimination as Distancing Behavior: II. Primetime Television
Authors: Lott Bernice
Published: July 2006

This study, the second in a series of investigations of sexist discrimination in face-to-face situations, involved the observations of women and men characters on 10 primetime TV shows found to be most popular with a sample of eighth graders. Distancing behavior—the operational measure of face-to-face discrimination—was found, as predicted, to be manifested more frequently by men TV characters toward women than toward men. Distancing behavior by women TV characters, on the other hand, was not related to the gender of the person with whom they were interacting. Observations were made independently by 53 trained college students, most of whom watched four preassigned TV programs, focusing on either a woman or a man character during a 10–12 minute segment. It was also found that women TV characters appeared less often in the programs than men and that, when they did appear, they were more likely to be shown interacting with men than with other women. Implications for behavioral modeling are discussed.
Beyond Nonsexist Research: The Perils of Feminist Methods in Psychology
Authors: Peplau Letitia Anne , Conrad Eva
Published: July 2006

It is the thesis of this article that efforts to identify a distinctive set of “feminist methods” for psychological research are not only futile but unwise. We begin by discussing the defining features of feminist research in psychology. We then evaluate several proposals for distinctively feminist methods in psychology. Suggestions that feminists should avoid experimentation and quantitative research as inherently less feminist than other approaches are considered and rejected, as are criteria based on the sex of the research participants or the researcher. We further argue that the proposed distinction between “agentic” and “communal” approaches to research is misleading. We conclude that any research method can be misused in sexist ways, and that no method comes with a feminist guarantee. Feminist researchers should be skeptical of the limitations of all research methods.
Feminist Poststructuralism and Discourse Analysis: Contributions to Feminist Psychology
Authors: Gavey Nicola
Published: July 2006

In this article I suggest that feminist poststructuralism (Weedon, 1987) is of great potential value to feminist psychologists seeking more satisfactory ways of theorizing gender and subjectivity. Some key elements of this theoretical perspective are discussed, including an understanding of knowledge as socially produced and inherently unstable, an emphasis on the importance of language and discourse, and a decentering of the subject. Discourse analysis is discussed as one way of working that is consistent with feminist poststructuralist theory. To illustrate this approach, an example is presented from my work on the sexual coercion of women within heterosexual relationships.
Feminist Theory, Feminist Psychology: A Bibliography of Epistemology, Critical Analysis, and Applications
Authors: Crawford Mary , Marecek Jeanne
Published: July 2006

A selection of recent (post-1980) works on feminist theory and method, this bibliography includes literature from psychology and other social sciences, feminist studies, and philosophy of science. The first of its four sections concerns epistemology and metatheory. The second lists works that offer reformulations or critical analyses of key concepts in gender studies; many of these are grounded in social constructionist and feminist standpoint epistemologies. The third section cites writings that illustrate the potential of new epistemological stances or exemplify new ways of working. The last section lists related bibliographies. (232 entries.)
Characteristics of Accepted Versus Rejected Manuscripts
Authors: Kahn Arnold S. , Presbury Jack H. , Moore Helen B. , Driver Jacqueline D.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this research was to determine characteristics that differentiated potentially publishable from nonpublishable manuscripts submitted for publication. We examined 128 manuscripts sent as initial submissions to Psychology of Women Quarterly and forwarded to one of its Associate Editors between April 1981 and September 1985. Each manuscript was independently evaluated by two raters and characterized on a number of dimensions. In addition, each reviewer criticism was categorized. Simple manuscript characteristics (type of research, length of manuscript, number of tables and figures, characteristics of the research sample) did not differentiate potentially publishable from rejected manuscripts. However, external reviewers judged rejected manuscripts to have more total problems, especially problems with regard to the significance of the research, suitability of the research for the Journal, and research conception, design, and analysis.
Sexual Harassment on Campus: Individual Differences in Attitudes and Beliefs
Authors: Malovich Natalie J. , Stake Jayne E.
Published: July 2006

Attitudes about sexual harassment were assessed in a group of 224 undergraduate students. Participants responded to scenarios in which a male professor made inappropriate sexual advances to a female student. Participants then completed rating scales and questions concerning attributions of blame for harassment, educational and emotional effects, and strategies for coping with harassment. The students were divided into high and low groups on the basis of their scores on the Performance Self-Esteem Scale (PSES) and Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS). The subject groups most tolerant of harassment and least aware of potential harm to its victims were high self-esteem women with traditional sex-role attitudes. Participants also provided information as to their own harassment experiences. Women's reported reactions to actual harassment were consistent with their responses to scenarios. Results are discussed in the context of prevailing sex-role standards.
Number and Quality of Roles: A Longitudinal Personality View
Authors: Helson Ravenna , Elliott Teresa , Leigh Janet
Published: July 2006

We used longitudinal personality data to test whether number and quality of roles were associated with health and self-enhancement in 100 privileged midlife women. Number of roles (from the set of partner, parent, and worker) was not related to autonomy, individuality, and complexity, as had been hypothesized, but to respect for norms, being well-organized and considering oneself like other people. Though women with one role were lower in well-being than women with more than one, hierarchical multiple regression showed no advantage to number of roles after psychological health at age 21 was taken into account. However, quality of role, as assessed by marital satisfaction and status level in work, was associated with contentment and effective functioning, respectively, even after antecedent psychological functioning was taken into account. Particular roles were associated with particular advantages. The enhancement model of the accumulation of roles is compared with Erikson's theory of the development of personality.
Attitudes Toward Prostitution as a Function of Attitudes Toward Feminism in College Students: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Basow Susan A. , Campanile Florence
Published: July 2006

Eighty-nine male and female undergraduates completed the Attitudes toward Feminism Scale and the author-devised Attitudes Toward Prostitution Scale, which contained five factors. Profeminist attitudes were related to three out of five factors. Respondents scoring in a profeminist direction were more likely to view prostitution as reflecting exploitation and subordination of women, less likely to believe women become prostitutes out of economic necessity, and less likely to approve of decriminalization and legalization of prostitution. Gender differences also appeared that were not explained by differences in profeminist attitudes: women were more likely than men to disagree with decriminalization and legalization efforts and were more likely to view prostitution as reflecting exploitation and subordination.
Internal and External Mediators of Women's Rape Experiences
Authors: Wyatt Gail Elizabeth , Notgrass Cindy M. , Newcomb Michael
Published: July 2006

Internal and external factors are examined as mediational processes and/or coping strategies that link four aspects of women's rape experiences to the initial and lasting effects on their post-rape adjustment, attitude toward sex and intimacy, and lifestyle changes to prevent future assaults. Data are from a multiethnic community sample of 55 women who had been victims of rape or attempted rape. A measured or observed variable simultaneous path analysis model was used to test the relationships among the traumatic circumstances, mediators, and outcome variables. More self-blame, high involvement of police or other agencies, a greater number of repeated rapes per incident, and severity of abuse predicted women's negative initial and lasting attitudes toward sex and intimacy. The implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to barriers in disclosing attempted and completed incidents of rape.
Perceptions of Wife Abuse: Effects of Gender, Attitudes toward Women, and Just-World Beliefs among College Students
Authors: Kristiansen Connie M. , Giulietti Rita
Published: July 2006

The effects of 157 university students' gender, attitudes toward women (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973), and just-world beliefs (Lerner, 1980) on their perceptions and attributions regarding the perpetrator and victim of an instance of wife abuse were examined. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed two patterns of results, each differentially associated with participants' gender. Consistent with Heider's (1958) balance theory, males blamed and derogated the wife/victim more as their attitudes toward women became less favorable. Among females, in contrast, those with positive attitudes toward women blamed, but did not derogate, the wife/victim more as their just-world beliefs became stronger. The latter finding is interpreted in view of research which suggests that women may blame a victim of violence toward women in an effort to gain perceived control over the possibility of their own potential victimization. The implications of these findings for understanding and changing people's perceptions of the victims of wife abuse are discussed.
Maternal Acceptance/Rejection of Mexican Migrant Mothers
Authors: de Leon Siantz Mary Lou
Published: July 2006

This study examined correlates of maternal acceptance of preschool children in a sample of Mexican-American migrant farmworker mothers, including problems in life conditions (education, employment, relatives, friends, partner/spouse, children, health, housing, and finances) and social support (task, emotional, source, satisfaction, accessibility). One hundred Mexican-American mothers of preschoolers who participated in the Texas Migrant Council's Headstart Program were interviewed with regard to demographic information, social support, and problems in life conditions. The results supported the hypothesis that total social support accounts for more variation in maternal acceptance/rejection than problems in life conditions alone. Social support accounted for 75% of the variance in maternal acceptance/rejection of preschool children, and accessibility to support predicted the largest proportion of the variance. The results suggest that it is important to identify Mexican-American migrant farmworker mothers isolated from social support, since such isolation, in combination with problems in life conditions, places their children at higher risk for maternal rejection.
The Work Attachment of Mothers with Preschool Children
Authors: Cotton Sandra , Antill John K. , Cunningham John D.
Published: July 2006

The aim of this article is to describe the derivation and use of an index representing mothers' attachment to the workforce. This index is based on the proportion of time (equivalent full-time) the mother had worked since the birth of her first child and can be used as both a continuous and categorical variable. The sample comprised 166 Sydney-area families, each of which had at least one preschool-aged child. Relationships were examined with the mother's current work status and with various demographic characteristics of the women, with the aim of providing some validation for the index. More years of education and smaller family size distinguished between women with high versus low work attachment. In addition, women with high work attachment married at a significantly later age than those with moderate or low work attachment. The usefulness and limitations of the new index are discussed.
Toward A Stress Scale for African–American Women
Authors: Watts-Jones Darielle
Published: July 2006

The current study seeks to understand the nature of stress among African–American women and to develop a preliminary stress measure for this population. The African–American Women's Stress Scale (AWSS) was derived by eliciting stressors from 47 African–American women. AWSS stressors reflect economic, role and relationship, work-related, and ethnic issues, and nearly half are ongoing situations rather than change events. The ability of the AWSS to relate to depression was examined in a second, nonoverlapping sample ( n = 68). Correlational analysis indicated correlations of .58–.70 between depression scores and scores on the AWSS. Findings provide support for the utility of the AWSS and underscore the inadequacy of stress models that are based on change or undesirable change.
A Comparison of Group and Individual Sexual Assault Victims
Authors: Gidycz Christine A. , Koss Mary P.
Published: July 2006

The experiences of 44 group sexual assault victims (multiple offenders, one victim) were compared with 44 individual sexual assault victims (one offender, one victim). Sexual assaults included various degrees of sexual victimization ranging from verbal coercion to rape. Participants were located from among a national sample of 3,187 college women. Group sexual assaults, compared to individual sexual assaults, were in general more violent, involved greater resistance from the victims, and were more likely to be perpetrated by strangers or relatives and to involve an experience which met the legal definition of rape. Group sexual assaults were less likely to involve multiple episodes by the same offender(s). Group sexual assault victims were more likely than individual sexual assault victims to seek police and crisis services, to have contemplated suicide, and to have sought therapy postassault. Despite these differences, the two groups were similar in the amount of drinking and drug use during the assault and their scores on standardized measures of psychological symptoms.
Evaluation of Rape Victim by Men and Women with High and Low Belief in A Just World
Authors: Kleinke Chris L. , Meyer Cecilia
Published: July 2006

Men with high belief in a just world evaluated a videotaped rape victim more negatively than did men with low belief in a just world. Women with high belief in a just world were less negative toward the rape victim than women with low belief in a just world. Participants with low belief in a just world recommended significantly longer prison sentences for the rapist. Evaluations of the rapist and rape victim were not influenced by information about the outcome of the case (the rapist was never caught, the rapist was caught and sentenced to either 1 or 15 years in prison). Implications for just-world beliefs of jurors in rape trials were discussed.