bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—On Evolution in Geology
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

That the energy of the earth and the sun is a continually diminishing quantity, and must at the beginning of geologic history have been far in excess of its present amount, are propositions that few at the present day would be found to deny; but the exact influence of this greater quantity of energy on geologic changes has not, I believe, been hitherto fully discussed.
IV.—The Supposed Glacial Origin of Carboniferous Terraces
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

There is a homely saying, “Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander.” Mr. Goodchild, with that ingenuity for which he is remarkable, has written an elaborate paper to prove that the terraces of the Yorkshire Limestone dales are all the work of the Great Ice Sheet. This paper will doubtless call forth a number of equally elaborate answers: and this is well. But if Mr. Goodchild has a fine goose fattened on the Limestone terraces of Wensleydale, I have an equally fine gander reared on Gritstone terraces in Derbyshire: and if a frozen sauce of regelated snow from wintry storms of the Great Ice Age is good for one, it is equally good for the other. Dropping metaphor, there is no difference between terraces, mainly of limestone, in Wensleydale, and other terraces, chiefly of grit, that are found over all the Millstone Grit area of South Yorkshire and Derbyshire, saving that while limestone predominates in the one, beds of grit do in the other.
IV.—Geological and Historical Notes on the Occurrence of a Fauna, Chiefly of Permian Affinities, Associated with a Carboniferous Flora in Gas-coal in the Uppermost Portion of the Bohemian Coal-Strata
Authors: Feistmantel Ottokar
Published: May 2009

As Dr. Anton Fritsch of Prague has brought the relics of Permian animals (Sauria and Fishes) from the Gas-coal of Nürschan and from the “Schwarte,” near Rakonitz, before the Meeting of the British Association at Glasgow in September last, it will certainly not be without interest, to give some geological and historical notes on this most important occurrence, and I may, I trust, be allowed to do so in the Geological Magazine.
II.—The Magnesian Limestone and New Red Sandstone in the Neighbourhood of Nottingham
Authors: Aveline W. T.
Published: May 2009

Since the Government Geological Survey of the country around Nottingham was made in the year 1859, and the Explanation on the Geological Map Quarter-sheet 71 N.E. was written in 1861, papers by local geologists have been written, stating that in the neighbourhood of Nottingham a perfect conformity existed between the Magnesian Limestone and the New Red Sandstone. This being totally at variance with conclusions I came to when I surveyed that country, I have been for some time past desirous to say a word on the subject, but being deeply occupied with the old rocks of the Lake district, I have put it off from time to time. I felt little doubt in my mind, when surveying the neighbourhood of Nottingham, that there was a considerable break between the Magnesian Limestone and the New Red Sandstone, and this opinion was completely confirmed as I continued my survey northwards through Nottinghamshire into Yorkshire.
V.—On Baron C. von Ettingshausen's Theory of the Development of Vegetation on the Earth
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Baron Ettingshausen has forwarded to me from Graz a series of papers, relating more especially to the Fossil Floras of the Tertiary Periods. We have been made familiar with these mainly through the translations of the works of Heer, Unger, and De La Harpe; but to most of the readers of this Journal the work and opinions of other continental palaeontologists, such as Ettingshausen, Massalongo, and Saporta, are unknown. It may, therefore, not be out of place, pending the contemplated publication by the Palseonto-graphical Society of a monograph on the British Fossil Eocene Flora, to give in the GeologicalMagazine a brief analysis of their theories.
II.—What is a Brachiopod?
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

Muscles.—As the number and position of these organs differ materially in the two great divisions into which the Brachiopoda have been separated, and to some extent, also, in the different genera of which each division is composed, it may be desirable to treat this subject under two different heads.
IV.—On Mr. Helland's Theory of the Formation of Cirques
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (vol. xxxiii. p. 142) is an important paper by Mr. Helland, on Fjords, Lakes, and Cirques in Norway and Greenland. In this he notices a theory of mine on the formation of cirques which was published in the same journal (vol. xxvii. p. 312). As I mentioned in a note attached to his paper, he somewhat misunderstands me, supposing apparently that I describe only cirques of a small size,—the fact being, that, so far as I know, the Alpine cirques are quite commensurate with those of Norway. This, however, is of slight importance. My present purpose is to give reasons why, after further observations in the Alps and Pyrenees, and even in the British Isles, I still prefer the explanation then advanced, that the cirques are mainly produced by the combined erosive action of streamlets, to the one given by Mr. Helland, that a cirque is a result of glacial action.
I.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

I Left London on the 3rd of August, 1875, and next morning was sailing down the muddy estuarine waters of the Humber towards the German Ocean en route for Gottenborg. On either side was a long line of flat coast.
I.—The Kessingland Freshwater Bed and Weybourne Sand
Authors: Wood S. V. , Harmer F. W.
Published: May 2009

Two papers in the July Number of this Magazine one by Mr. J. H. Blake, and the other by Mr. C. Reid, impugn certain representations given by us of beds on the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts, and demand from us some remark.
IV.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

The day on which I arrived at Tomsk, which was the 6th of October, I bought a small tarantass, and next morning I started, with some who had been fellow-passengers on the steamer, en route for Irkutsk. There were four conveyances between three parties, one of them being used exclusively for baggage. As each of these always needed three horses, and sometimes four, we often had difficulties at the post-station, where the post-master seemed disinclined to allow such a sudden draft being made upon his stables. Luckily my friends were high officials, and travelling on Government service, and their wants had from necessity to be supplied. My carriage being included with the rest, I went along comfortably and without delay, which would most certainly have occurred had I been alone. Before we were fairly outside Tomsk we ascended what I had, when at a distance, mistaken for hills, but which now appeared to be only a scarp-like face of a plateau, and we were soon upon a dusty road bounded by a low plantation of birch. Now and then we plunged down and over a small water-course, our momentum always carrying us some distance up the other side. Everywhere the country appeared as if it were an alluvial expanse; but in the vicinity I think there must have been some beds of rock, because everywhere along the road stone was being used as a material to repair it. This was yellow, argillaceous, and somewhat slaty in its character, perhaps having come from some of the Coal-measures which I believe exist in the vicinity of Tomsk.
VI.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

Whilst in Irkutsk I had many opportunities of conversing about the earthquakes which sometimes disturb these Central Asian localities. Not long before my arrival in the town, a sharp shocks had been experienced. The general effect it produced was given to me by Miss Cathleen Campbell, now Mrs. Szlenker, who had been keeping a record of meteorological and other phenomena. The shock took place at 2.55 a.m. on the 4th September. It was at first felt in a direction from east to west, but after 1¾ minutes it changed to N.E. and S.W. The shock, which was severe, caused ornaments on the table to rattle, and a few bottles which were close together knocked each other with so much force that they fell over. There were thirteen of them, and they tumbled in various directions—nine fell on the table, and four were broken on the floor. Watches and clocks were stopped, and screws 1¼ in. long, fastened in the wall to keep a clock straight, were drawn out. Preceding this shock, from observations which I saw, the barometer appears to have been lower than usual.
IV.—The Formation of Till
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Notwithstanding the numerous papers which have lately been written on the subject of glacial deposits, there is one question of fact which does not appear to have been satisfactorily decided. I refer to the formation of Till underneath glaciers, concerning the possibility of which somewhat different statements were put forward by two writers in the February Number of the GeologicalMagazine.
V.—Discovery of an Ancient “Kitchen Midden” near Dundee
Authors: Durham James
Published: May 2009

Recent operations in connexion with the Dundee Harbour works have been the means of opening up a very interesting section of superficial deposits.
I.—On the Form of Volcanos
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

From the short notices which are to be found about volcanos in treatises on geology, we might often be led into the belief that they were structures so regular in contour that their form was indicative of their nature. In certain cases this appears to be so remarkably true, that I wish to add a few observations to those which have already been written upon the subject. In other cases, however, the form of a volcano does not appear to have any characteristics which distinguish it from other mountains, as will be seen by glancing through the series of views given by Humboldt of the volcanos of South America. The mountains in Iceland are also very rough. When travelling in that country, where I saw and ascended many volcanos, I do not remember that there was anything about their shape more than their steepness and general ruggedness which particularly attracted my attention. The wilderness of form presented to us by such mountains as these is so evidently the combined effect of many and varied causes, that it would be vain to seek a simple explanation for the formation of the whole.
II.—Somersetshire Coal-Measures
Authors: Hippisley H. E.
Published: May 2009

It will probably be conceded, by those who have studied the Somersetshire portion of the British Coal-field, that the correlation of the various parts of it is not, at the present time, so perfect that any attempts to improve it are entirely uncalled for. The following conjectures as to whether some of the facts relied on as proving the commonly-accepted theory of the structure of the Somersetshire Coal-measures, and their general correlation with those in Gloucestershire, may not possibly admit of an interpretation differing from that usually assigned to them; are put forward in the hopes of indicating a line of research which may eventually, when modified by the results of further investigations, lead to a solution of some of the numerous difficulties at present standing in the way of a satisfactory understanding of this extremely complicated district.
III.—Notes on some Peat Deposits at Kildale and West Hartlepool
Authors: Cameron Alan Grant
Published: May 2009

Near Kildale, a small village on the North Yorkshire and Cleveland Railway, not far from the source of the river Leven, a railway cutting close to the station shows, in descending order, the following section.
IV.—On a Method of Estimating the Extent of Geological Areas
Authors: Hall Townshend M.
Published: May 2009

For many purposes it is often desirable to form some approximate estimate of the area occupied by a particular deposit, and in working out the topography of any county or district (especially for agricultural purposes), it is frequently necessary to ascertain the relative extent covered by the various formations. This information, in every instance which has come under my knowledge, has been obtained by measuring on the map with a rule, and entering the results, according to the scale, as so many square miles of surface. Nothing being more uncommon in nature than a straight line of boundary, every one who has made the attempt must be aware how impossible it is to reduce with any degree of accuracy to a geometric figure such lines as those to be found on most geological maps, and having recently had occasion to make a calculation of this nature, for Devonshire, I wish to describe a very simple method which I adopted with success.
III.—Land Plants in the Irish Silurians
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

The land-plants lately discovered both in the American and Continental Silurians seem to be attracting attention, while those found in Ireland nearly a quarter of a century ago appear to be quite forgotten. This is probably due to the unsatisfactory condition in which the classification of the Irish Silurians are left at the present time; perhaps therefore it is allowable for me to give a short description of these rocks.
IV.—On a Flint Implement from the Barnwell Gravel
Authors: Griffith A. F.
Published: May 2009

A few weeks ago a flint implement was found in the gravel-pit at Barnwell, near Cambridge, by the workmen, from whom I bought it. It is a very fine specimen of the hache type, its greatest length being 6¾ins., its greatest breadth 3⅝ins., and thickness 2⅛. It corresponds closely with specimens in the Woodwardian Museum, from Thetford, in Suffolk, and from Amiens. It agrees almost exactly in size and outline with an implement of the “River-drift type,” figured by Dr. John Evans in his beautiful work on the “Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain”; from Biddenham, Bedford (fig. 414, p. 481); also with one from Redhill, Thetford (fig. 427, ½ nat. size, p. 496, op. cit.).
III.—The Physical Forces which have caused the Present Configuration of the Valley of the Calder in Yorkshire
Authors: Davis James W.
Published: May 2009

By way of introduction to the subject of this paper, I will very briefly describe the physical features of the country drained by the River Calder. We shall thereby gain a clear idea of the present configuration of the Calder valley and better understand how the forces have operated which have produced the grand diversity of hill and valley, of moorlands bleak and wild, of precipitous crag, and steep, wooded slopes, and of the lower lands, rich and fertile, which extend along their base. To know clearly what has been done, is more than half to understand how it has been done.
V.—Notes on the Bridlington Crag and Boulder-clay
Authors: Bedwell F. A.
Published: May 2009

It is with great pleasure that I add a few remarks to Mr. Lamplugh's paper. His observations are, I think, highly important, and will, I anticipate, be found to do great credit to the intelligence and powers of observation of a very young and entirely self-taught naturalist.
IV.—On the Possibility of Changes in the Latitudes of Places on the Earth's Surface; being a Reply to Mr. Hill's Letter
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

I am grateful to Mr. Hill for noticing my former paper “On Possible Changes of Latitude on the Earth's Surface” in his letter, October, 1878, p. 479. I wish, however, that he had gone into the subject more in detail; in which case I, and perhaps others, would have felt more satisfied with his reply. He epitomizes my appeal to physicists by making me ask, “Assuming that a thin crust surrounds a fluid substratum, could then a deformation shift the crust over the nucleus?” And he replies that, Mr. G. Darwin having proved that the earth is “enormously stiff,” the discussion would be fruitless. But in this statement of my question and reply to it, he has omitted what seems to me the important proviso, based on Hopkins’ reasoning about the mode of cooling, that this fluid substratum is shallow, and encloses a rigid nucleus; and given no reply to my inquiry whether such a supposition might not afford the required rigidity.
I.—The Whin Sill of Teesdale, as an Assimilator of the Surrounding Beds
Authors: Clough C. T.
Published: May 2009

I wish in the present paper to draw attention to one aspect of the Whin Sill specially, viz. its aspect as an assimilater, and other interesting points connected with it I shall only mention incidentally, as they may arise during our investigation of this aspect.
I.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Bibliography, etc.—This is just one of those cases where it is so difficult to choose between accepting names for forms which, though allied, are distinct, or simply lumping all the forms together under one specific designation, which does not exactly fit any of them. Objections more or less valid may be urged against either course, and some might be disposed to cut the Gordian knot by making new species all round. Buvignier went very closely into the varieties of the Corallian Cerithia. He points out that the true C. limœforme of Rœmer occurs rather higher than the Coral Rag, viz. in the “calcaire à astartes,” to which it is restricted. It is characterized by three rows of transverse granulations, just as shown in Rœmer’s enlarged figure, though at times a fourth or even a fifth very faint one is developed. It is difficult to say of what value these refinements may be, but certainly C. limœforme, as thus restricted, cannot be exactly identified in the Corallian of Yorkshire, where its place is occupied by forms slightly different, though in our collections they have been generally lumped together under the heading C. limœforme, Rœmer.
IV.—On the Carboniferous Polyzoa
Authors: Vine G. R.
Published: May 2009

As so much remains to be done before the Palæozoic Polyzoa can be properly classified—more particularly the Carboniferous species—it seems to me that the wisest course to adopt is to go carefully over the work of other authors, reviewing their labours generally, and giving, in as condensed a form as possible, the results of their varied efforts.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

Charles lapworth was born in 1842 at Faringdon, in Berkshire. Five years afterwards his parents removed to Lower Newton, one of the farms rented by his grandfather. He attended the country school at Buckland village, about two miles off, and the vicar of the parish, the Rev. Joseph Moore, finding him an omnivorous reader, generously lent him books from his own library and practically directed his early education. At the age of 15 he became a pupil teacher in the school, and in the year 1862 entered the Training College at Culham, near Oxford, passing out thence in 1864 with a first-class Government certificate. Of the posts as schoolmaster which were then offered him he selected that connected with the Episcopal Church at Galashiels, because it would give him a home and work in the fascinating borderland of Sir Walter Scott. This post he retained for eleven years, and was married in 1869 to the daughter of Mr. Walter Sanderson.
VIII.—The Cause of Slaty Cleavage. Shearing v. Compression. A Reply to Mr. Harker
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

It has given me much satisfaction to see Mr. Harker's criticism of my theory of cleavage, because I think few stronger champions could be found for the older hypothesis. His remarks deserve a reply. I first give Mr. Harker's description of the theory which I have endeavoured to supersede. The changes which have induced cleavage “were ascribed to great lateral compression of the rock in the direction perpendicular to the cleavage-planes, together with some expansion along those planes in the line of their dip.” And, although he has not incorrectly described my theory, I prefer to restate it in the words I used at the end of my paper on “Faulting, Jointing, and Cleavage.” The internal movement, which has produced cleavage, “would have been accomplished by faulting, had not the friction been too great, owing to pressure, to allow of sliding along surfaces of separation. Viscous shearing therefore performed the office and produced cleavage surfaces.”
IV.—On a Possible Cause of the Disturbance of Magnetic Compass-Needles during Earthquakes
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

From time to time, during earthquake-shocks, magnetic compass-needles within the disturbed areas have been seen suddenly deflected from their position of rest, returning to it shortly, after one or more oscillations. This movement admits of two very different interpretations. Either it may be attributed to an intimate connexion between earthquakes and terrestrial magnetism, or it may be regarded asmerely a consequence of the shock of the earthquake. The object of this note is to point out a possible mechanical cause, and to guard, therefore, against a too hasty assumption of a magnetic origin for these disturbances
IV.—Some Speculations on the Phenomena suggested by a Geological Study of Vesuvius and Monte Somma
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

Disregarding for convenience the internal volcanic forces of the earth, let us take for granted that we have an unlimited supply of fused silicates at a very high temperature; what will be the changes and effects produced in the escape of such matters upon the earth's surface ?.

That, at the great sources of volcanic material the igneous mass is in a completely fused state there can hardly exist any doubt. By this is meant that the magma is an intimate mixture of various chemical elements and compounds that have not yet assumed any other than the fluid state, or, in other words, that the molecules move freely amongst each other and have not arranged themselves in any definite crystalline form.
II.—On Bastite-Serpentine and Troktolite in Aberdeenshire, with a Note on the Rock of the Black Dog
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In a paper entitled “On Minerals new to Britain,” published in the Mineralogical Magazine, vol. v. p. 1, Professor Heddle mentions the occurrence of a bastite-serpentine at two localities in Aberdeenshire; one in the parish of Belhelvie, the other on the shore close to a curious rock named the Black Dog. A visit to the localities has enabled me to add to his account some particulars, and to offer one or two corrections which seem to me not unimportant.
IV.—Notes on the British Species of Ceratiocaris
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

This is the third of M Coy's original species. The specimen in the Cambridge Museum has its carapace ovate-oblong or somewhat boat-shaped in outline, 50 mm. (2 inches) long, 18 mm. high; moderately convex; straight or very slightly arched above and more strongly arched below (both edges are partly imbedded in the matrix of the original specimen, b/5, M Coy's fig. 4). The anterior end (damaged) was neatly rounded, sloping up gracefully from below. The posterior is obliquely truncate from above downwards and outwards, with the postero-dorsal angle distinct, and the posteroventral angle prominent and blunt. There is no eye-spot. Traces of longitudinal striæ are visible on the impressions of the valves in the grey, micaceous, Upper-Ludlow sandstone, from Benson Knot, near Kendal, Westmoreland; two specimens (one of them good) are in the British Museum, No. 44342, from the same locality.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Quartzite Boulders in a Coal-seam in Leicestershire
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: May 2009

In 1883 a scattered group of five boulders was met with in the workings of the Coleorton Colliery in the “Lount Nether” coal, at a depth from the surface of about 375 feet. They were all entirely enveloped in the coal, and occurred about 20 inches from the top of the seam. Four of them were found within a space of 20 yards of one another, but no two of them very near together, and the fifth occurred some 500 yards S.W. of the others. The coal-seam was of its normal thickness—namely, about 4½ feet. This is the seam marked “Lount 4” upon the Geol. Survey Sheet No. 46 of Horizontal Sections, and it is the lowest but one worked in the district.
IV.—The true Horizon of the Mammoth. The Foreign Evidence and General Conclusion
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In previous communications, to the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE I have subjected the evidence as to the age of the Mammoth in the British Islands to criticism, and I ventured to conclude that whereever we can find the remains of the Mammoth and its contemporaries undisturbed and in situ, these remains are found under and not over or in the drift. This, so far as I know, is the case in every recorded instance where the Mammoth beds and the drift have been found superimposed upon each other. Let us now turn to the Continent and test the problem there. If we are to test it in the same way, which I take to be the only satisfactory way, namely, by evidence of superposition, we must naturally limit our survey to countries where the drift actually occurs. First, let us turn to Switzerland.
IV.—On the Triassic and Permian Rocks of Moray
Authors: Watson D. M. S. , Hickling G.
Published: May 2009

Summary.—(1) The reptiles Gordonia, Geikia, and Elginia are shown to be slightly later than those of the Upper Permian Pariasaurus beds of Russia, or those of the equivalent Cisticephalus zone of South Africa. They therefore represent the extreme top of the Permian. (2) The remaining Elgin reptiles are Middle Triassic (? = Lettenkohle of Germany). (3) The Elgin footprints are widely distinct from Triassic forms and from those of the Lower Permian, while agreeing exactly with the group associated with the Magnesian Limestone of England. They therefore represent the extreme top of the Permian. (4) The discovery is recorded of one of the typical footprints in close proximity with the Permian reptile quarry. (5) The Permian rocks occupy the west of the ‘Triassic’ area, the true Trias the east. (6) It is suggested that the area was a landsurface during Permian and Triassic times.
VI.—The Zone of Offaster pilula in the South English Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

The zone of offaster pilula is probably exposed on the coast in West Sussex on the foreshore near Bognor, but the nearest cliff exposures to those of East Sussex are those of the Isle of Wight, at Culver Cliff and Scratchells Bay. In both of these the Chalk is so highly inclined that only a very small area of each bed can be reached; and the condition of the accessible surface is such as to make it most improbable that anything beyond the broad outlines of the subzone of abundant O. pilula, which is the key and pith of the zone of O. pilula, will be detected.
II.—Some New Genera and Species of Cretaceous Cheilostome Polyzoa
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

Herpetopora Anglica, the genotype of the new genusHerpetopora, described in this Magazine, was the name proposed for a new species that hitherto had been wrongly recorded asHippothoa dispersa(Hagenow). It was then remarked that the English form did not belong to the genusHippothoa, of which the genotype isH. divaricata; but, whileHerpetoporawas proposed for the English species, no suggestion was made for a genus to includeHippothoa dispersa(Hagenow) that certainly could not remain underHippothoa.It is proposed here to describe in detail Hagenow's species, to give it a generic name, and, further, to consider some allied forms.
III.—Saurischia and Ornithischia
Authors: Huene F.
Published: May 2009

In 1888 the late Professor H. G. Seeley pointed out for the first time (Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1888, pp. 698–9) that Owens' order ‘Dinosauria’ should be divided into two great natural groups, especially on account of their pelvis. He called them Saurischia (=‘Theropoda’ + ‘Sauropoda’) and Ornithischia (=‘Orthopoda’). He maintained his, classification until his death in 1909, but nobody followed him. Only in 1907 did the present writer accept this classification and gave new evidences for it, but still was of opinion that these two groups only were ramifications of one natural unity, the ‘Dinosauria’. But now, for several years, the writer has come to the conclusion that the ‘Dinosauria’ are not of monophyletic origin, but have developed from different points, and should therefore be considered as two distinct natural orders. Superficial similarities have been valued too highly, such as general form and size of the body, bipedal locomotion in two large groups, certain similarities in the formation of the foot, the femur, the humerus, and the shouldergirdle.
V.—The Zone of Offaster pilula in the South English Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

There are three exposures of the horizon of the zone of O. pilula on the Dorset coast—at Ballard Head, Arish Mell, and Middle Bottom. Dr. Rowe's description of the Ballard Head section is so unattractive, and the section itself so inconvenient for access and study, that I put it aside to be attempted only if I had time to spare after working out the others, which has not yet happened. Of the other two, that at (or rather under) Middle Bottom is so much the better that I take it first.
III.—The Principle of Saturation in Petrography
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

In a recent number of this journal I advocated the systematic employment of a certain criterion in connexion with the classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks, that criterion being the ‘saturated’ or ‘unsaturated’ character of the minerals constituting a given rock. The terms saturated, unsaturated, and their derivatives oversaturated, undersaturated, and partsaturated, were not used in a strict chemical sense, but in a special mineralogical sense which was fully explained.
V.—Classification of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Beds
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

In former papers on the Pliocene and Pleistocene Beds near Cromer, an account has been given of the character and succession of these deposits. I have since obtained fuller information with regard to the beds beneath the Boulder-clay, and now give a more complete table, and also venture to propose the subjoined classification of the newer Tertiaries, reserving all details for the Survey Memoir.
VI.—The Mammoth in Siberia
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

We have surveyed the distribution of Mammoths' remains in Siberia, especially of those in which the soft parts have been preserved, and have found them distributed along its whole length from the Kara Sea to the peninsula of the Chukchi. We have seen that these remains are found in large numbers, and that the further north we travel, the more abundant do they become. That while in Central Siberia they are comparatively unfrequent, as we near the Arctic border-land, the river banks and tundras teem more and more with them, until in the Bear Islands and the islands of New Siberia the ground is largely composed of the bones of Mammoths and the associated animals. These very abnormal facts, which are now familiar enough, have naturally attracted a great amount of speculation, and the question has arisen on many sides, How came they here? As we have seen, the unsophisticated natives explain the presence among them of carcases of huge animals with their flesh intact, by the elementary theory that the animals are still alive and live underground, dying only when exposed to the sun light.
II.—On Cretaceous Gasteropoda.—Family Scalidæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Shell very elongated, angle less than 10°, composed of eighteen or possibly more elevated, squareish whorls, which slightly diminish in convexity in descending the spire; apex acuminate (Plate IV. Fig. 4); ribs ten or eleven, straight or slightly sinuous, linear near the apex, but becoming more prominent and obtuse with the growth of the shell, the intervening spaces nearly flat. The ribs, in common with those of other Cretaceous Scalidæ, are never so clean and sharp as in the recent species, but have more the appearance of folds. In some of the larger specimens the ribs disappear altogether on the last three or four whorls, and are represented only by more or less strongly marked lines (Plate IV. Fig. 1). The striæ are fine and numerous (Plate IV. Fig. 1a), fifty or sixty on each whorl. The sutures are very distinct, the margins of the whorls being usually raised into a roll-like collar. This collar appears on the last whorl in the form of a conspicuous spiral keel, against which the ribs terminate, leaving the base of the whorl, which is very flat, marked with striæ and lines of growth only. The aperture is oval or quadrate, and in the perfect state was probably terminated anteriorly in a sort of beak (Plate IV. Figs. 2 and 3); lips thin!; columella smooth. The cast of the shell generally preserves the rib marks, except near the apex, where the whorls are smooth and very rounded.
III.—Some Considerations on the Probable Conditions under which the Palæozoic Rocks were Deposited over the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

The numerous excellent observations which have been made in recent years relative to the Palæozoic rocks in different countries in the Northern Hemisphere, require that we should now and again attempt to summarize the results obtained, and by that means bring before the mind more clearly any advance in our knowledge of past changes which has been made, as well as note those blanks which are still left for future investigations. In these considerations I cannot attempt to treat fully the various observations made, but I will endeavour to notice the chief results, or those points upon which new light seems to have been thrown.
III.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos.—Second Series
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

Of all the physical features of our continent, that which most powerfully arrests the attention is the noble chain of the Alps, with its wide-spreading system of subordinate mountain-ranges; and among the series of grand events, which by the researches of the geologist are demonstrated to have taken place on this our own portion of the globe, there are none more striking and conspicuous than those manifestations of subterranean forces to which the vast mountain-masses in question owe their origin.
I.—On the Vertical Range of the Graptolitic Types in Sweden
Authors: Linnarsson G.
Published: May 2009

Of the Swedish Graptolites up to this day but very little seems to be known in foreign countries. They merit, however, more attention than has hitherto been bestowed on them—chiefly perhaps because of the scantiness of the literature. The Graptolitic faunæ of Sweden have many analogies to those of other Silurian districts, and are therefore of great importance for the identification of the strata. An acquaintance with them is also required if one wishes to obtain a somewhat accurate knowledge of the vertical and horizontal range of the various types. A short account of them might therefore possibly have some interest even to an English geologist.
II.—Ice and Ice-Work in Newfoundland
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

Aspect of Newfoundland.—It has been suggested that the so-called glacial effects which are universally seen in temperate, and even in tropical regions, may in many cases have been due to an ocean on which great icebergs floated. These, as they moved from point to point (like huge pepper-castors), strewed broadcast boulders and detrital matter, such as are now to be seen over an area like that of Russia and parts of North America. The effect of the force of impact of these tremendous masses has also been dwelt on, and the way in which they could grind, smooth down, or rub up the surface of a submerged area, has also often been referred to.
III.—On scottish Monograptidæ
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

Polypary four or five inches in length, straight or very slightly curved, attaining a maximum diameter of one-twelfth of an inch. Hydrothecæ short and broad cups, with subquadrangular section, 20 to 24 to the inch, without overlap, inclined at an angle of about 45°; outer edge convex distally, proximally impressed; apertural margin deep, concave, at right angles to the general direction of the theca; denticle triangular and inornate.
I.—The Climate Controversy
Authors: Wood Searles V.
Published: May 2009

The cause of changes in Climate during past Geological periods having lately become, and being likely to continue, a prominent topic of interest, I have attempted here to bring together the more prominent features in the controversy, under the idea that to many readers, who have not either the time or the inclination to more closely examine the subject, this may be acceptable. In so doing I have, with one partial exception, confined myself to discussing the difficulties which beset all the various theories offered as a solution, rather than attempted the advocacy of any one of those theories in particular.
II.—On Eubrochus clausus, a Vitreo-hexactinellid Sponge from the Cambridge “Coprolite” Bed
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

Amongst the undescribed sponges from the Cambridge “Coprolite” bed, which have come under my notice, is the beautiful hexactinellid that forms the subject of this communication.
I.—Contributions to our Knowledge of the Fish-fauna of the Tertiary Deposits of the Highlands of Padang, Sumatra
Authors: Günther Albert
Published: May 2009

The Geological Magazine for October, 1875 (pp. 477–486), contains an article “On the Geology of Central Sumatra,” by Herr R. D. M. Verbeek, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of that island, in which the position of the fossiliferous rocks of the Highlands of Padang is sketched in a manner as clear as concise, and which must be consulted by those who desire to understand the palæontological age of the fossils described in this paper.
II.—Subsidence in East Essex
Authors: Dalton W. H.
Published: May 2009

That the latest movement of the south-east of England has been one of depression is evidenced by the numerous “submerged forests” which occur at intervals round the coast, ranging downwards, not only to half-tide level, but to beyond the lowest ebb; and therefore not explicable merely on the hypothesis of sheltering sandbars, or lines of dunes, even where such can be shown to have existed.
III.—On the Motion of Glaciers
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

In a recent Number of the Geological Magazine Mr. Burns assumes that Geologists in general seem to be satisfied with Mr. Croll's theory of the motion of glaciers because they do not write in refutation of it. I am convinced that with some at least it requires no refutation, and its very obvious inadequacy is to them a sufficient reason for passing it over in silence. There cannot be wanting men who, appreciating the difficulty of the problem, can only smile at such a “solution.”
IV.—On Scottish Monograptidæ
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

Polypary slender, several inches in length, distal portion straight, proximal portion sharply recurved. Hydrothecæ 20 to 25 to the inch, in contact at their bases only; narrowing in the direction of the apertural portion, which is curled up into a rounded lobe.
IV.—Note on the Fossils from the Glacial Deposits of the North-West Coast of the Island of Lewis, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

In a paper, read before the Geological Society of London (June 25, 1873), “ On the Glacial Phenomena of the Long Island or Outer Hebrides,” Mr. James Geikie mentioned the occurrence of two descriptions of stony clay in the Long Island. The first of these deposits or “Bottom Till” occupies the low ground of the island, and is derived from the disintegration chiefly of gneissie rocks, and so far as observation went proved to be unfossiliferous. The other deposit was found in the north of Lewis, along the coast, and consists of two beds of unstratified stony clay containing fragments of shells, the lower resting on rock in situ.
I.—The Natural History of Lavas as Illustrated by the Materials ejected from Krakatoa
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

Shoetly after the great volcanic eruption at Krakatoa,inAugust, 1883, the Royal Society appointed a Committee to collect and sift the records of that remarkable outbreak and to study, the effects which appear to have resulted from it. The investigation of the volcanic phenomena and of the materials ejected from the volcano having been committed to me, I have been led to some conclusions of considerable geological interest, the full discussion of which could scarcely find a place in the report which has been published by the Committee. It is these general results which I propose to discuss in the following communication.
II.—On a New Palæniscid Fish, Myriolepis Hibernicus, sp. nov. from the Coal-measures, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Of the fossil fish now described I know only two specimens, of which one is in the Manchester Museum, Owen's College, the other in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London.
IV.—On the So-called Spilites of Jersey
Authors: Bonney T. G. , Raisin Catherine A.
Published: May 2009

About one quarter of the Island of Jersey is occupied by argillites or fine grits, often of a greenish grey colour referred by French geologists to the “Phyllades de St. Lo.” They are, therefore, if not equivalent to the Lower Cambrian beds of Britain, slightly more ancient.inclose association with these, but according to Prof, de Lapparent, belonging rather to the upper part of the group, occur certain more or less porphyritic rocks, as to the origin of which different opinions have been entertained. M. Nouryinhis useful “Geologie de Jersey ” describes them under the name of “spilites.” While admitting that in many respects they exhibit the characters of an eruptive rock, he concludes, after an elaborate discussion, that they are metamorphosed argillite, the change being primarily due to the “poiphyres pétrosiliceux;” the felspar crystals, however, he thinks, may be attributed to the action of the diorite.
VI.—On the Fish Fauna of the Millstone Grits of Great Britain
Authors: Wellburn Edgar D.
Published: May 2009

On June 10th, 1898, whilst on an excursion with the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, I found three specimens of fish remains in the Millstone Grits at Summit in Lancashire. Subsequently, on several occasions, I again visited the district and succeeded in collecting a large number of fish remains, and on these, together with a few other specimens which had been found in these rocks at rare intervals, I have based the following paper.
I.—On the Physical History of the English Lake District. With Notes on the Possible Subdivisions of the Skiddaw Slates
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

Introduction.—In previous papers upon the Geology of the English Lake District, which I have had the honour of laying before the Geological Society, special considerations of theoretic significance have been dwelt upon, and in the official memoir upon the Geology of the northern part of the English Lake District, detailed facts have been brought forward and a sketch given (in chap. xii.) of the original relation of the formations to each other, and their physical history. I yet venture to think, however, that there is need of a general summary of the facts relating to Physical Hiatory which may reach a wider circle of readers than do the offical memoirs, and which may stimulate further inquiries into this deeply-interesting subject. The following pages may therefore be regarded as a sequel to my former papers on the district, and in some measure as a last chapter to the story told thus far.
I.—On the Occurrence of the Genus Ramipora (Toula) in the Caradoc Beds of the Neighbourhood of Corwen
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

To the recently published paper by my father, “Palæontology of the Coasts of the Arctic Lands visited by the late British Expedition,” etc., I contributed some notes on the Polyzoa obtained during the progress of the Expedition from the Palæozoic rocks of the regions visited. Amongst other forms I referred at some length to Dr. F. Toula's genus Ramipora, and pointed out its affinities to various genera of Palæ Polyzoa, and more particularly to Synocladia, King, in the following words:—“ It appears to differ from the first of these” (i.e. from Synocladia) “in the absence of dichotomization of the stem and primary branches, so far as the remains of it are known to us; secondly, in the bilateral symmetry of the latter; thirdly, in the fact that the cells all open on the same plane on each side the median keel, whereas in Synocladia the stems and branches are divided longitudinally by several carinæ, between which the cell apertures occur. Again in Ramipora both aspects of the polyzoarium are carinate, but in Synocladia only one. Lastly, in Synocladia the dissepiments all appear to be regularly celluliferous, but in Ramipora this does not appear to hold good to the same extent.”
III.—On some Recently Discovered Teeth of Ovibos moschatus, from Crayford, Kent
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

The great geological interest which attaches to the fossil remains of the Musk-ox or Sheep (Ovibos moschatus, Blainv.), found in British Pleistocene deposits, and the few instances hitherto recorded of their occurrence (together with a recent discovery brought to my notice), have suggested to me the desirability of a brief enumeration of them.
II.—How the Appearance of a Fault may be Produced without Fracture
Authors: Crosby W. O.
Published: May 2009

The general structure and mode of growth of coral reefs and islands is well understood; but there is one attendant circumstance of considerable geological interest, to which, so far as I am aware, attention has never been called. This is the peculiar stratigraphic relation of the different strata in the reef to their chronological equivalents in the deposits of the surrounding ocean; a relation due to the comparatively rapid growth of the reef as a whole.
III.—The Slow Secular Rise or Fall of Continental Masses
Authors: Pettersen Karl
Published: May 2009

Joining a foreign geologist, who was staying here a while last summer on his journey to the North, I followed the old shoreline or sea-level of Bredviken, cut in the solid rock, and extending along the north part of the island of Tromso, near the sound bearing the same name. When, at the end of that line, about Oerendalen, we threw a glance at the low ground beneath, named Skatoeren, this appeared furrowed with a series of natural ditches, stretched horizontally and parallel to the present coast. Seen from above, they were marked very sharply and distinctly. This attracted my attention, the more so as I had often there, and as frequently traversed the plain, without having discovered the fact. We accordingly went down on the low ground to examine the matter more closely, but it did not appear there so distinctly, as might be supposed when seen from above. But after a more searching examination, we succeeded in detecting a series of more or less distinct and parallel furrows. Our time being limited, however, we could make no closer inquiry for the moment; but as I considered the matter worth more minute studying, I returned to the place a few days afterwards.
IV.—On the Gault Aporrhaïdæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Since the appearance of the first part of this paper, I have had, through the kindness of M. Deshayes and Prof. Gaudry, an opportunity of examining the original specimens in D'Orbigny's cabinet in the Jardin des Plantes, and am enabled to add the following to the list of species included in Group 1. They are all in the Prodrome:—