bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blueberry, Fruitworm Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Murray Douglas
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design was used. Each block was composed of 10 rows with 12 bushes in each row. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 1 row in each of 4 blocks. One buffer row was left between treatments in each block. Materials were applied by a hand-held CO2 sprayer dilute to drip on 6 Jun and 19 Jun. Evaluation consisted of examining 5 berry clusters from each of 10 bushes (50 clusters per treatment per block) in each treated row. The damage was categorized as cherry fruitworm if the entry point was near the calyx end and cranberry fruitworm if the entry point was near the stem end.
Fluvalinate Treatment During Bloom to Control Cranberry Fruitworm Larvae on Early-Set Berries, 1985
Authors: Brodel Charles F.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 13-year-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, MA. Two treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks which were composed of contiguous 5 × 5-ft plots and separated by 3-ft pathways. Treatments were made on 17 Jul at 95% bloom using a 2-gal, polyethylene compressed air sprayer. Commercially, the 1st application to control fruitworm larvae would have occurred after bloom on 19-21 Jul. A rate of 400 gal of water per acre was used to simulate conditions achieved commercially with overhead sprinkler systems. Five, randomly selected, square-ft areas of vine were sheared in each plot on 25 Jul. Samples were stored in plastic bags in a freezer. All berries of every size were inspected for larval entry holes and frass. Treated and untreated berries numbered 4,739 and 3,989, respectively. No attempt was made to assess the effect of the treatments on pollinator survival. Percentage data underwent arcsine transformation prior to analysis of variance.
Bioassay Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J. , Williams R. N.
Published: March 2022

An experiment consisting of 9 insecticidal treatments was conducted at Wooster, OH to determine the logevity of the insecticides to kill Japanese beetle adults. The plot consisted of 2 rows of ‘Ives’ grapes with 9 vines each. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 16 Jul and 20 Aug at the rate of 20 gal water per acre using a hand-operated CO sprayer at 40 PSI and equipped with a 9505 E-Tee Jet nozzle. All sprays applied to the point of runoff. The spray schedule was alternated between the 2 rows of grapes to remove any residual spray that might remain from a previous spray. 8 grape leaves were picked at random from each treated vine at various times after treatment and taken to the lab. The leaves were set up 2 per 5-in pot, providing 4 replicates. The pots, with perforated lids, were placed in a rearing room at 80 F, 60% humidity and a 24 h photoperiod. Beetles were added and held 24 h when mortality was determined. Treatments were not resampled after mortalities dropped to 50%. 1.19 in rain occurred during Test #1 and 1.71 in occurred during Test #2.
Bioassay Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adulticides on Grapes, 1985
Authors: Williams R.N. , Fickle D. S. , Pavuk D. M.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against Japanese beetle adults in an experimental vineyard of Clinton grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 1 grape vine, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 13 Aug using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. The spreader, Ortho X-77, was used at the rate of 0.5 pint per 100 gal. On 2 and 9 days after application, 5 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each treated plant for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the laboratory where they were placed inside a ventilated 1 gal container with 25 Japanese beetles. The 1 gal ice cream cartons were modified by placing 16-mesh wire screen in the bottom and cheese cloth over the top. Each bioassay included 4 replicates. Mortality counts were made at given intervals after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with ca. 75% RH under a 16-h photoperiod.
Control of Adult Root Weevils on Strawberries, 1985
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chamberlain Jimmie D.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 3 rows (1st test) or 5 rows (2nd test) wide and 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The 1st test was treated on 29 Jul and the 2nd test on 12 Aug. Sprays were applied with a hand-held boom using 3 nozzles/row at the rate of 100 gal/acre with 100 psi. Treatments were evaluated at night with the aid of flashlights. All adult weevils observed on the foliage in the center row of each plot were counted.
Texas Citrus Mite (TCM) and Citrus Red Mite (CRM) Control, 1985
Authors: Childers Carl C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were assigned to single tree plots in a randomized complete block design and replicated 6 times (test 1) and 5 times (test 2). An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Materials were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted sprayer at 200 psi (test 1) and 400 psi (test 2) using ca 2.5 and 5.8 gal/tree respectively. Water pH was 7.5 (test 1) and 7.9 (test 2). Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were collected around the outer canopy of each treatment tree at various times before and after spraying. The number of living motile spider mites on each leaf was counted by species in the laboratory using a stereomicroscope.
Laboratory Evaluation of Acaricides (II) for Control of Tetranychus Urticae (Koch), 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Four treatments were tested for relative efficacy against twospotted spider mite in cotton planted 8 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Leaves were collected from several fields wherever they could be located. Mites were counted and the data were sorted via computer so that leaves could be arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications of relatively equal numbers/treatment/replication. Treatments were applied to the abaxial surface of the leaves in a laboratory spray chamber calibrated for 11.5 gal/acre at 1.3 mph using a single TX-3 nozzle. Leaves in the untreated check were sprayed with water. Applications were made on 4 Sep. All plots from which leaves were obtained had received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Eggs and mites were counted on 3 locations/leaf via dissection microscope (by each lobe and by the nectary).
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Western Flower Thrips in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against western flower thrips in irrigated cotton planted 22 Apr at the Bush Farm, Sunflower County, Miss. Plots were 6 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 6 rows by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 9 and 14 Jul. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Fifteen leaves and 5 blooms from each plot were clipped and put in zip lock bags in the field. These were returned to the lab and washed. The thrips were filtered onto filter paper and counted. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.
Spider Mite and Cotton Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted in a Raymondville clay loam soil on 9 Apr at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Annex in Weslaco. Plots measured 2 rows (40-inch centers) by 40 ft, and were bordered by 2 rows of grain sorghum to reduce spra\ drift. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plants were oversprayed every 7 days with a mixture of 0.6 lb (AI) metalaxyl + 0.06 lb (AI)/acre cypermethrin to induce an outbreak of spider mites and aphids. Treatments were applied on 6 and 9 Jul with a CO2 sprayer at a rate oi 3 gal/acre finished formulation (3 mph, 40 psi, 3 TX1 hollow-cone nozzles/row). Aphids and mites were monitored by randomly collecting 5 leaves from each plot and counting all mites and aphids present on the leaves.
Effects of Insecticides on Lygus Bugs and Selected Predators, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the Beulah Wilson Wilke Research and Extension Farm, Washington State University, Davenport, Lincoln County. White lupin was seeded at 200 lb/acre. Six treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design in 0.01-acre experimental plots. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft boom and 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. First treatment was applied on 7 Jul, when the primary pods were set, and the second treatment was applied on 20 Jul. A standard 15-inch-diam sweep net was used to take five (180-degree) sweeps in each plot. Population counts of adult lygus bugs (ALB) were separated from nymphs (NLB).
Evaluation of Dimilin-25W for Rice Water Weevil Control, 1987
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 6 × 13 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination among plots. Plots were fertilized 22 May with urea at 110 lb nitrogen/acre. Rice was broadcast in each plot 22 May at 100 lb seed/acre. The plots were flooded 22 May and drained 24 h later. Propanil was applied at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre on 29 May and 16 Jun. On 19 Jun the permanent flood was established and maintained to maturity. Before the onset of the permanent flood and after the first irrigation on 23 May, additional irrigations were applied when the soil cracked from drying. On 9 Jul at panicle initiation, 60 lb nitrogen/acre in the form of urea was applied. Three and 9 days after the onset of the permanent flood, the Dimilin 25W treatments were applied with an atomizer supplied with COa propellant using a spray volume of 10 gal/acre. Furadan 3G was applied at 0.6 lb (AI)/acre 7 days after the onset of the permanent flood using a hand-held shaker. From 10 Jul to 20 Jul, 10 soil cores (4 inches diam × 4 inches deep) containing 1 plant/core were randomly selected and removed from each plot. Plants were washed in a 40-mesh screen bucket, and rice water weevil larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. Washed plants were measured for height, root length, and number of tillers and leaves. Plots were harvested at maturity on 25 Sep.
Insecticide Control of Pests on Sorghum in Arkansas, 1987
Authors: Steward V. B. , Yearian W. C. , Kring T. J.
Published: March 2022

Populations of sorghum webworm and corn earworm were observer 20 Aug feeding on sorghum (pre-milk), planted 20 Jun in Little River County. Insecticide treatments were applied to plots of 50 ft × 1 row. An untreatec buffer row was left between plots. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied using L backpack sprayer delivering 13.6 gal/acre at 30 psi through a single Teejet TX10 nozzle. Sprays were applied approximately 10-12 inches above the sorghun panicles on 20 Aug between 10 A.M. and 12 A.M. Ten panicles/plot were randomly tagged pretreatment. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluate! on 21 Aug (24 h postapplication) by selecting 5 of the tagged panicles from each treatment in each replication. The panicles were clipped and twirled in white plastic bucket, and the number of live sorghum webworms and corn earworms was counted. The other 5 panicles were hand harvested 25 Sep fron each row. The panicles were threshed and the grain was weighed. Data were analyzed by conventional analysis of variance and multiple-comparison procedures
Slug Control in Soybeans, 1986
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Ressler Elaine
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted with no-tillage procedures on 29 May into an old alfalfa field that had been spring killed with glysophate (Roundup). Seeds with Magnum seed treatment were prepared by Gustafson Seed Laboratory; Mesurol-treated seeds were coated immediately prior to planting. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Soybeans began emerging on 7 Jun, at which tim plots (8 rows × 20 ft) were outlined with hydrogenated lime to prevent slug migration between plots. Bait and spray treatments were applied in the evening:.- of 11 and 13 Jul for the first and second trials, respectively. Baits were formulated by adding each of the treatments to a mixture of 1 pt beer, 1 pt molasses and 2 qt water and blending with 1 cwt of cracked corn or shredded corn cobs. Baits were scattered evenly over the plots with an Ortho Whirlybird spreadei. Larvin spray was applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Plots were evaluated the following morning by counting the number of dead slugs/0.25 m2 are 6 samples were taken per plot. Defoliation ratings were taken on 27 Jun by estimating the amount of feeding on the unifoliate leaves; 0, no feeding, to 4, heaviest feeding (>50% defoliation). Slug populations were subsequently monitored in all plots with aluminum-covered roofing shingles for a month.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Patton V. L.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted in 30-inch rows on 30 May near Pittsville, Md., in a commercial field. At time of treatment on 23 Sep, the soybeans were in the pod fill stage of development. The infestation of Mexican bean beetles averaged 10-15 adults/6 ft of row. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were taken 26 Sep by recording the number of adults in 2 6-ft sections of row/plot.
CONTROL OF SOYBEAN LOOPER ON SOYBEAN IN LOUISIANA, 1987
Authors: Layton Blake , Boethel David J.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against soybean looper and for residual control of Southern green stink bug. On 21 Aug the entire experimental area was treated with methyl parathion at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre in a successful attempt to stimulate an outbreak of soybean loopers. Test insecticides were applied on 3 Sep to R5 soybeans using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8002 nozzles. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 8 36-inch rows × 40 ft. Plots were sampled at 2, 5, 14, and 21 days posttreatment using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. A total of 0.33 inches of rain fell between 5 and 14 days posttreatment.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Insect Control in Georgia Soybeans, 1987
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M. L.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to examine the efficacy of selected insecticides against soybean insect pests. Test 1 was applied on 18 Aug to 'Forrest' soybean and Test 2 was applied on 14 Sep to 'Braxton' soybean Both fields were planted on 20 May at the University of Georgia Extension Research Center at Attapulgus. Individual plots in both tests were 6 rows × 5(ft with 6-ft alleys between replicates. A complete randomized block experimental design with 4 replications was used. Each spray concentrate was appliei1 with a CO2-powered compressed-air sprayer, with TX-12 nozzles, at 32 psi (at the boom) that delivered 22.9 gal/acre of formulation. Individual treatment; were evaluated at either 2 or 3 days and at 7 days after application by comparing the number of insects/25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreatec; checks. A 15-inch-diam net passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling date constituted a sweep.
Control of Banded Sunflower Moth and Sunflower Moth, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Ford Harlan
Published: March 2022

A range on the Southwest Experiment Station at Lamberton, Minn., was planted to sunflower the last week of May. Plots were 4 30-inch rows arranged in a randomized complete block and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were broadcast at 40 psi in 17 gal/acre total material using a hand-held CO2 sprayer. The temperature at application was 96°F and plant stage was 5.1 (20) (Schneiter & Miller, 1981). All heads were taken from the 2 center rows and threshed without air, an uncleaned sample was removed for damaged seed counts and cleaned, and both samples were weighed together. Yields were calculated and means were compared.
Laboratory Tests with Insect Growth Regulators Against Larvae of the Darksided Cutworm, 1986
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Two insect growth regulators, Alsystin (triflumuron) and HOE 000522, were evaluated in the laboratory with treated tobacco leaves against darksided cutworms. Tests were conducted on laboratory-reared third- and fifth-instar larvae. A randomized block design of 7 treatments for each tested larval stage was used with 5 replications. Larvae in each tested stage were separated into groups of 10 and placed in 4-inch Petri dishes. Tobacco leaves were dipped in 3 rates of water suspensions of each material. The treated leaves were air dried and placed in the Petri dishes with the larvae. After 3 days, the treated leaves were replaced every other day with fresh, untreated leaves. Rearing was conducted at room temperature (72-74°F) and 16 h photoperiod. Mortality was assessed daily for , 15 days by counting the number of dead larvae in each dish. Thereafter, the number of living pupae and emerged adults were recorded for each treatment. Results have been presented as the number and percentage of dead or live cutworms in each treatment.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Various Formulations of Bacillus Thuringiensis, Thuringiensin, and Fenoxycarb, 1987
Authors: Michael Jackson D.
Published: March 2022

Several formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), three new B. thuringiensis strains, fenoxycarb, and thuringiensin (P-exotoxin) were tested for control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, N.C. Orthene Tobacco Insect Spray (TIS, 75% soluble powder) was used as an insecticide standard. Tobacco was transplanted on 20 May and 3 Jun into 2 fields of Helena sandy loam that had been treated with isopropalin (Paarlan, 1.68 kg [AI]/ha) and metalaxyl (Ridomil 2E, 0.56 kg [AI]/ha) for weed and disease control, respectively. Diphenamid (Enide 90W, 4.48 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on 26 Jun to extend weed control. Plants were placed on 56-cm centers with 1.2 m between rows. Single-row plots of 20 plants each were set up in randomized complete block designs with 5 replicates for each experiment. On 27 Jul, plants in half of the early-planted field ;were cut off to 10 cm above the ground. One sucker was allowed to regrow from each plant, and this regrowth was used in Experiments 5 and 6. Plants were infested with 2 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae (Experiments 1, 2, 5, and 6) or 2 3-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae (Experiments 3 and 4) from laboratory colonies on 26 Jun; 7, 15, and 22 Jul; 26 Aug; and 2 Sep for Experiments 1-6, respectively. Seldom does more than 1 budworm larvae/plant survive ‘in the untreated controls. A new tobacco budworm laboratory colony is started yearly from larvae collected from tobacco in the late summer. The tobacco hornworm colony has been in continuous culture for 22 years. Plots were treated on 29 Jun; 10, 17, and 24 Jul; 28 Aug; and 3 Sep. Sprays were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer, equipped with a flat-fan nozzle, at a rate of 234 liters/ha with 4.1 × 10° Pa. Granular materials were measured into individual 30-ml cups for each plant, then sprinkled by hand from a height of 15-30 cm over each tobacco bud. Some granules were distributed over the plant, into the bud as well as on lower leaves. Live larvae were counted 3 and 7 days after spraying, except for experiment 6 which was checked only 6 days after spraying. All count data, x, were transformed to × + 0.5 before analysis of variance; means in the tables were calculated from untransformed data. ; Treatment means were separated using Waller-Duncan K-ratio r-test; K = 100, a = 0.05.
Control of Tobacco Budworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1987
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured NC2326’ tobacco was transplanted on 1 May in a field of Ocilla loamy sand. Plots of 4 rows (44 inches apart) × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. Eight insecticide treatments were applied on 16 Jun with a COa - powered backpack sprayer delivering 26 gal formulation/acre at 35 psi (nozzle pressure). A single TX12 hollow-cone nozzle delivered the spray directly over the center of each row. Weather conditions at application were cloudy, 85°F, and near calm. A light drizzle occurred within 1 h of the last application, and a 0.14-inch rainfall was recorded during the night. The number of live budworms/10 plants from the 2 center rows of each plot were recorded 3 and 7 days after application.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1987
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured ‘NC2326’ tobacco was transplanted at the Bowen Farm site at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. on 1 May in a field of Ocilla loamy sand. Plots of 2 rows (44 inches apart) × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. Seven insecticide treatments were applied on 6 Jul with a C02-powered backpack sprayer delivering 26 gal of formulation/acre at 35 psi. A single TX12 hollow-cone nozzle, directed over the center of each row, was used to deliver the product. Weather conditions at application were partly cloudy, 93°F, and light wind. No rainfall was recorded on 6 Jul; 0.17 and 0.32 inches were recorded on 7 and 8 Jul, respectively. Numbers of live green peach aphids per 4 upper leaves were recorded on plants 3 and 5 of each plot 3, 7, 14, and 21 days posttreatment.
Tobacco Budworm and Tobacco Hornworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1987
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco ‘NC2326’ was transplanted at the Bowen Farm site at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., on 1 May in a field of Ocilla loamy sand soil. Plots of 4 rows (44 inches apart) × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. Five insecticide treatments were applied on 24 Jul with a C02-powered backpack sprayer delivering 26 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. A single TX12 hollow-cone nozzle was placed directly over the center of each row. Weather conditions were cloudy, 95°F, and light wind (<5 mph) at time of application. No rainfall was recorded on 24.Jul; however 0.26 inch was recorded on 25 Jul. The number of live hornworms and budworms/10 plants on row 2 of each plot was recorded 4, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of the Russian Wheat Aphid in Kansas, 1987
Authors: DePew L. J. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This trial was conducted in Wallace County near Sharon Springs. Treatments were applied with a C02-activated, backpack sprayer equipped with an 8-ft boom. Plots were 18 × 24 ft and each treatment was replicated 3 times. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 12.8 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plots were sprayed on 8 May when wheat plants were in the boot stage. Samples were taken prior to treatment and at 4, 10, and 21 days posttreatment. Ten stems were collected/plot and placed in Berlese funnels to i xtract the aphids into alcohol. The samples were then filtered to separate the aphids from the alcohol and counted using a microscope. Yields were taken en 18 Jun by hand harvesting 32 ft of row from each plot (8 ft from each of 4 rows). Samples were allowed to air dry and then were threshed using a stationary thresher.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1987
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Shearman R. C. , Wit L. A.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were applied to 3- × 6-ft plots in a lawn in Lincoln, Nebr. (Lancaster County), on 10 Jul. Granular formulations were combined with 4.8 oz Milorganite, which served as a carrier, and were hand shaken over plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 28 psi and a spray rate of 4 gal/1000 sq ft. To ensure uniformity among plots, 4.8 oz of Milorganite also was applied to plots receiving liquid formulations and over untreated checks. The experiment was replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Immediately following insecticide applications, the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inches of water. An additional 1.0 inch of water was applied during the next 2 wk. No rainfall occurred during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 days after application (24 Jul) by removing 2 sections of sod, 1-sq-ft × 4 inches deep, from each plot and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Spring Control of Northern Masked Chafer and Asiatic Garden Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder County, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (10%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (27 Apr), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 56°F; soil temperature, 58°F RH 42%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 38.2% sand, 43.6% silt, 18.2% clay; soil moisture, 8.5%; soil pH 6.5; % organic matter, 2.8; water pH, slightly acidic; 3.0 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. The experimental area was not irrigated after treatment. Posttreatment counts were made 24 days later (21 May). Three sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of northern masked chafer and Asiatic garden beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded. An average of 17.7 northern masked chafer grubs and Asiatic graden beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded on 27 Apr
Spring Control of Bluegrass Billbug on Kentucky Bluegrass Plots At University Park, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The field plots consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature 68°F; RH 48%; amount of thatch, 0.25|0.7S| inches; soil type, sandy loam; soil size separation, 20.2% sand, 59.6% silt, 20.2% clay; soil moisture, 28.0%; soil pH 5.4; % organic matter, 4.7; water pH,' slightly acidic; 6.1 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. The experimental area was irrigated 18 h after treatment with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 69 days later (7 Jul). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing 4 0.087-sq-ft sod samples from each; replicate, and the total bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a sq-ft count. Sod samples were removed with 4-inch cup cutter.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Granular Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides and a species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Sleepy Hollow Country Club, Sleepy Hollow, N.Y., on 20 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (40%), bentgrass (15%), and broadleaf weeds (<5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. The nematodes, a dessicated formulation of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (strain NC 25), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. At treatment time (20 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 74°F (1 inch), 72°F (3 inch); soil pH 5.7; water pH 9.89; organic matter, 10.2%; soil moisture, 27.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 8.1%, medium sand, 41.6%, fine sand, 27.6%, very fine sand, 14.3%, and silt and clay, 7.8%; thatch was 0.25-0.5 inches deep. One-half inch of irrigation was applied after treatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 22 Sep by cutting a 1- by 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Fall Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Labeled Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides and 1 species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Fresh Meadow Country Club, Great Neck, Long Island, N.Y., on 12 Aug for control of Oriental beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (40%), bentgrass (15%), and braoadleaf weeds (<5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Candy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were measured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. At treatment time (12 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature, 66°F (1 inch), 64°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.2; water pH 6.65; soil moisture, 20.3%; soil texture, 6.9% coarse sand, 48.8% medium sand, 30.2% fine sand, 9.0% very fine sand, and 4.9% silt and clay; thatch, dense, >0.5 inches. Following treatment, the plots received 0.5 inches of irrigation by sprinkler system. The nematodes, Heterorhahditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied on 20 Aug at a rate of 5 billion/ acre in 5 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. The nematode application site was immediately watered in by hand with additional water for a total of 11.4 liters. At this time air temperature was 82°F and soil temperature (1 inch) was 79°F. Posttreatment counts were taken on 21 Sep by cutting a 1- × 3-ft strip lengthwise through the middle of each plot by hand and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time oriental beetle grubs were 80% third instars and 20% second instars. Only the high rate of Sevin SL significantly reduced Oriental beetle grubs at this site. No phytotoxicity was seen in any of the plots.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Granular Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides and one species of entomogenous nematode were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, N.Y., on 17 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. At treatment time (17 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 93°F; soil temperature, 98°F (1 inch), 96°F (3 inches); soil pH 6.0; water pH 7.6; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture, 8.8%; soil texture, coarse sand, 15.6%, medium sand 30.7%, fine sand, 28.8%, very fine sand, 15.1% and silt and clay, 8.8%; thatch, <0.25 inches. The nematodes, Heterorhabditis sp. (strain HP 88), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. Following treatment, the plots received 0.5 inch of water through the course's irrigation system. Posttreatment counts were taken on 28-29 Sep by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Insecticides and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1987
Authors: Villani M. G. , Consolie F. , Preston-Wilsey L. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides and a species of entomogenous nematodes were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, N.Y., on 19 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 × 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied in 2 directions within each plot with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. The nematodes, a dessicated formulation of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (strain NC 25), were applied at a rate of 5 billion/acre in 11.4 liters of water through a sprinkling can to the center 4 sq ft of each plot. At treatment time (19 Aug) the following environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature, 75°F (1 inch); soil pH 6.7; water pH 7.6; organic matter, 5.6%; soil moisture, 20.0%; soil texture, coarse sand, 22.3%, medium sand, 42.8%, fine sand, 20.8%, very fine sand, 7.4% and silt and clay, 6.0%; thatch was minimal (<0.5 inches deep). Six-tenths inches of rain fell within 24 h before treatment and 0.25 inches of irrigation was applied after treatment. Posttreatment counts were taken on 29-30 Sep by cutting a 1- × 10-ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through the middle of each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. A 3-sq-ft sample of sod was examined in each plot, and the surviving grubs were counted. Grub species identifications were made in the field. At this time Japanese beetle grubs and European chafer grubs were predominantly third instars.
Ultra-Low-Volume Abamectin for Control of Leaf-Feeding Thrips on Greenhouse-Grown Chrysanthemums. 1987
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Six replicate potted mums at flower-bud stage sustaining heavy thrips infestations were used at each treatment level. A prespray count of juvenile thrips was made on 2 leaves selected at random from each pot. Treatments were applied from 1 direction 6 Feb with a Turbair Scamp electric sprayer; a second application was made 13 Feb. Total spray volume was calibrated to 2.5 pt/acre by adjusting operator walking speed. Evaluations were made 4 day following each application and were carried out in a manner similar to the prespray count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a handheld shaker and mixed with a fine grade of top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86°F; soil temperature, 90°F; RH, 80%; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation, 40.2% sand, 55.6% silt, 4.2% clay; soil moisture, 5.1%; soil pH 5.7; organic matter, 3.0%; water pH, slightly acidic; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 3 Aug, 11 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three loatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a sq-ft count.
Evaluation of Two Experimental Baits, UC86874 and UC84572, for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants, 1985
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Jeter C. , Kissam J. B.
Published: March 2022

Tw experimental baits that function as insect growth regulators were evaluated for control of single colonies of red imported fire ant (RIFA) in Santee, S.C Twenty-seven plots, 30.5 m diam, were delineated, and the location of RIFA mounds in each plot was mapped. Plots were separated by a 10.1-m buffi zone to prevent interplot contamination. Each plot contained a minimum of 5 active colonies. Mound activity was determined by slightly probing the moufl with a thin metal wire to see whether any ants would come to the surface in response to the disturbance. One of 9 treatments was randomly assigned t each of the 27 plots. The treatments were as follows: UC86874 (6, 18, and 30 g/mound), UC84572 (6, 18, and 30 g/mound), Amdro (27 g/mound), Pro-Dronf (31 g/mound), and an untreated check. Bait was applied 15 cm from the base of each mound. All mounds treated were active prior to application. Activil| of all treated colonies was then assessed 1, 3, 5, 8, and 12 wk following treatment. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug.
Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L. , Hendricks H. J. , Miller G. L.
Published: March 2022

Infested golden euonymus plants, growing in 1-gal plastic containers with an amended pine bark medium, were selected for single foliar-applied treatments. Materials and Chevron Spray Sticker (0.5 pt/100 gal water) were applied to all leaf surfaces to run-off with a CO2- pressurized sprayer (40 psi) on 12 Mar (dry bulb, 63°F; wet bulb, 56.5°F). Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Live mites were counted at 7 and 21 DAT with the aid of a Llanfair Orchard leaf-brushing machine and microscope. Each sample consisted of 15 randomly selected, fully expanded mature leaves/plant. Sample leaves were brushed, and the number of living mites landing on the counting disk was recorded.
Hot-Water Dip for Control of Fuller Rose Beetle Eggs, 1986
Authors: Soderstrom Edwin L. , Brandl David G.
Published: March 2022

Fuller rose beetle eggs were obtained by allowing beetles to oviposit between layers of wax paper. Egg masses on wax paper, 0-7 days old, were randomized and placed in stainless steel screen cages (6 cm long × 18 mm diam) closed with cork stoppers. The cages contained an average of 505 eggs/each and were submerged in a water bath at several temperatures (±0.5°C) and durations as shown in the table. Posttreatment conditions were 27°C at 85% RH. Mortality counts made 1 mo after treatment consisted of fully developed embryos and hatched eggs versus undeveloped eggs. Each test was replicated 3 times. Embryos with clearly defined head capsules and body segmentations were considered fully developed.
Phytotoxicity on Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted from 4 Aug through 3 Sep in field plantings of red ginger. Plots measured 9 × 10 ft with 11 plantings/plot. Five weekly applications of selected insecticides were made at the following rates: Vydate L, 4.0 lb (AI)/ 100 gal; Mavrik Aquaflow 2.0F, 0.3 lb (AI)/100 gal; Avid 0.15EC, 0.04 lb (AI)/100 gal; Dursban 50W, 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal; Talstar 10WP, 0.4 lb (AI)/100 gal; Orthene 75SP, 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal; Metasystox R2, 1.5 lb (AI)/100 gal; and Tempo 2EC, 0.125 lb (AI)/100 gal. Treatments were applied to runoff (160 gal/ acre) using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Plants were observed weekly for any abnormalities as compared to control plants.
Single vs. Multiple Applications of Pydrin for Control of Adult Black Vine Weevil, 1987
Authors: Hanula James L.
Published: March 2022

Two-hundred Japanese yews (18-inch-diam canopy) heavily infested with black vine weevil larvae were transplanted in April 1986 into a field of 5 rows of 10 plots. Each plot contained 4 plants. Plants were spaced 2 ft apart within plots, and plots were 5 and 7 ft apart within and between rows, respectively. A barrier constructed of 6-inchwide aluminum edging, coated with Fluon and buried 2 inches deep, was installed around each plot to prevent adult weevil migration. The field was irrigated with 1 inch of water/wk by overhead sprinkler. All plots except checks were treated with 0.15 lb (AI) 100 gal until runoff on 13 Jun, 2 wk after the first adults had emerged from the soil. The 4 treatments, 2 wk apart, consisted of 1-4 applications of Pydrin with a Solo backpack sprayer at 30 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in May 1987 by sifting the soil beneath the canopy of each plant to a depth of 1 ft for larvae.
Balsam Woolly Adelgid Control, 1986
Authors: Kard Bradford M. R. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted in July and August to compare the efficacy of 3 formulations of Zectran mexacarbate insecticide for balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) control. Pydrin insecticide was used as a comparison standard. A Fraser fir Christmas tree plantation near Cullowhee in Jackson County, N.C., was selected as the study site. A 2.5-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer was used to spray insecticide treatments on the entire main stem of BWA-infested fir trees (6-7 ft tall) until runoff. Control trees received water sprays only. Eighteen to 20 trees could be sprayed per gal. Treatments were replicated 3 or 4 times, depending on availability of infested trees (1 tree/replicate) and applied in a completely random design. Pretreatment counts were taken on 2 Jul using a no. 8 cork borer to remove 2 heavily BWA infested circular disks of bark from the bole of each tree. All BWA life stages were counted on both disks and added for a total live sample count. In the same manner, posttreatment counts were taken at 2 and 6 wk ifter treatment and compared to corresponding pretreatment counts to determine % live BWA density changes.
Field Evaluation of a Gypcheck-Folic Acid Formulation for Gypsy Moth Control, Maryland, 1985
Authors: Podgwaite J. D. , Reardon R. C. , Kolodny-Hirsch D.
Published: March 2022

Folic acid was evaluated as a sunlight screen to promote efficacy of the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus product, Gypchek, in low to moderate density gypsy moth populations in eastern Maryland. Woodlots were blocked by egg mass density and each woodlot within a block was randomly assigned one of three treatments; Gypchek + folic acid, Gypchek, and control (no spray). There were 5 replicates of each Gypchek treatment and 4 replicates of controls. One Gypchek treatment contained Gypchek, 5.1 g; 20% feed grade folic acid, 25.6 g; Rhoplex B60A per liter of finished spray, 20.5 ml; 8L inert ingredients (Abbott Laboratories) 250 ml; and water, 730 ml. The other Gypchek treatment contained the same less the folic acid. The control treatment was no spray. Gypchek was applied at 5 × 10u polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/ha in 9.4 liter/ha. Aerial application commenced when the expansion of white oak foliage was ≥50% and ≥75% of the gypsy moth larvae were in the first and second stages. Application was by a 600 hp Grumman AgCat equipped with a standard boom and eight Micronair AU5000 atomizers calibrated to deliver a droplet VMD 125-200 u,m. Two applications of each treatment were made (4 and 8 May). Effective swath width was 23 m, airspeed was 184 km/h, and spray height was 10-20 m above the canopy for both applications. Evaluation was based on comparisons of pre- and posttreatment egg mass counts within 25 0.01-ha subplots established on a grid system within each treatment woodlot and on defoliation in each subplot estimated from low-altitude infrared photographs taken at the cessation of larval feeding. Defoliation was rated on a l-to-4 scale; 1, none; 2, low; 3, moderate; 4, high. Average defoliation was calculated from the weighted mean for each defoliation class.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scotch Pine in Centre County, Pennsylvania, 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen insecticide treatments were evaluated to control the spring generation crawlers of the pine needle scale on heavily infested 5- to 6-ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was , applied to 4 tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with one Spraying System 5500 adjustable cone nozzle mounted on the end of a 24-inch boom operating at 28 psi; 940 ml of each treatment was applied/replicate. Treatments were applied 16 May under sunny skies. The air temperature was 68°F, and RH was 50%. Nine days posttreatment (25 May), a minimum of 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a dissecting stereomicroscope was determined. Counts were made for a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Pine Tortoise Scale Control on Scotch Pine, Carroll County, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine (1-2 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against pine tortoise scale. Infested trees were sprayed 25 Apr using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at aperture setting 4 delivering 1200 ml of finished spray/tree. Sprays were applied to each of the 3 single-tree replicates/treatment when scales were mature (4.3 mm diameter). Conditions while spraying were sunny, 23-25°C, with winds at 16-23 km/h. Treatment effectiveness against mature scales was evaluated 9 May by removing 3 infested twigs from each tree and assessing percent mortality with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Residual impact of treatment on crawler establishment was evaluated 23 Jun by removing 5 needle fascicles near the twigs infested with mature scales from each tree and counting the number of live crawlers with the aid of a dissecting microscope.