bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognition, Naming and Bare Particulars
Authors: Trentman John
Published: June 2010

In a recent discussion of the notion of substance Miss Anscombe points out that the following three doctrines are very closely associated: the doctrine that proper names lack all connotation, are mere labels, the view that there is nothing essential to the individual, and the doctrine that individuals are bare particulars with no properties in and of themselves. In this article as well as in other writings she rejects all three of these doctrines. And, along with P. T. Geach, whose position on this matter I take to be identical to hers, she defends a doctrine of proper names that is based upon this rejection. She is quite right in supposing that the notion of individuality embodied in these three doctrines is not a straw man. E. B. Allaire has recently defended the doctrine that there are bare particulars along with its corollaries about names and the nominal essence of individuals. He even thinks the doctrine can be defended on “common sense” grounds, independently of dialectical considerations. In this paper I wish to examine one of his arguments in defence of bare particulars.
Hume and Necessary Truth
Authors: Suchting W. A.
Published: June 2010

There is a widespread belief, more often implied than explicitly asserted, that Hume considered all necessary propositions to be analytic.

Of course Hume did not use the analytic-synthetic distinction explicitly. This only come to the forefront with Kant; and it is Kant who is probably the main source of the above-mentioned belief. Kant ascribed to Hume the view that mathematical propositions are, in his (Kant's) terminology, analytic. If this is correct, then since mathematics was for Hume the paradigm of a body of necessary truths, it is plausible to infer that he considered necessary propositions to be one and all analytic. The absence in Hume's writings of the analytic-synthetic terminology is by no means decisive: though he did not have the terms he may well have possessed the concepts, as evidenced by his use of them.
Acting Freely and Being Held Responsible
Authors: Hunter J. F. M.
Published: June 2010

Many people seem to find it quite impossible to doubt that if a person did not do something freely, then he can be neither praised nor blamed for doing it. This assumption is shared by people with very different views about freedom, determinism and moral responsibility. It is held by most ‘libertarians’, who, to preserve moral responsibility, reject determinism. It is held by ‘hard determinists’, who accept determinism and therefore reject moral responsibility; and it is held by ‘soft determinists’, who accept determinism, but argue that determinism does not exclude any kind of freedom that is relevant to whether a person may be held responsible.
Pour une psychologie de la philosophie
Authors: Bouchard Roch
Published: June 2010

La philosophie peut-elle faire l'objet d'une psychologie? Et auquel cas, en quel sens, selon quels rapports serait-elle à la fois un comportement et une discipline? C'est la question que nous envisagerons ici, en espérant montrer que bien avant de se convertir en discours, l'activité philosophique s'exerce déjà dans une sorte de vécu primitif où elle obéit au déroulement d'une motivation plutôt qu'à une ordonnance de noèmes, et manifeste par là sa relation essentielle à la psychologie; que la production du discours prolonge le même mouvement et se situe dans la même finalité radicale; et que la détermination de l'œuvre philosophique dans un domaine gestuel apporte des enseignements non négligeables pour son épistémologie, de même que pour sa génétique et son axiologie.
The Non-Necessity of Qualitative Content
Authors: Hooker C. A.
Published: June 2010

Central to the Empiricist conception of matter and epistemology is the distinction between the primary and secondary properties. This distinction is part of the apparatus needed to formulate and answer the question «What aspects of perceptual information yield true knowledge of reality?” Correlatively, the distinction enables the reconciliation of the commonsense and scientific conceptions of matter in the fundamental Lockean tenet that matter possesses only the primary qualities.
The Moral Rules
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: June 2010

Bernard Gert's The Moral Rules is an original and important book that radically alters our perspective in moral philosophy. Its impact, if it receives the attention it deserves, should be considerable, for it is unlikely that anyone, having given due consideration to Gert's arguments, could go on doing ethics in quite the same way as he had done before, whether or not he found the arguments all finally convincing.
Mort Dans La Bibliothèque
Authors: Houde Roland
Published: June 2010

La charité biblique contemporaine est en perte de vertu, de sobriété et d'heuristique. Face à l'inconcaténation, la justice textuelle y perd sa mesure. Le lime jadis réclamait du temps. II avait une longueur et une largeur. C' était un volume. La revue portait bien son nom. Elle accueillait l'examen minutieux de quelques détails. Aujourd'hui, en milieux incertains, la revue peut facilement devenir livre et inversement. Pour ne rien dire ici de ces bibliothèques qui ne sont pas encore rangées, de tous ces livres qui n'y rayonnent pas encore. Entre livres et revues, nous avons les Cahiers. Et c'est ainsi que Cite Libre a eu ses funérailles de troisième classe. Le souvenir du collège Sainte–Marie perdure dans ces Cahiers qui se retrouvent dans Les Cahiers de l'Université du Québec à Montréal et qui se prolongent maintenant, d'une certaine façon, dans les Cahiers du Québec des éditions Hurtubise HMH. A la veille de la fête du grand philosophe moderne du Canada–français contemporain (L.–M. Régis, o.p.), le 7 décembre Hurtubise HMH libérait son neuvième Cahier mais premier titre d'une nouvelle Collection (Philosophie): Historiographie de la philosophie au Québec 1853–1971 (sic), par Yvan Lamonde.
Phenomenology, Consciousness and Freedom
Authors: Hanly C. M. T.
Published: June 2010

The phenomenological theory of motivation was first extensively developed by Sartre in his early Sketch of a Theory of Emotions and then in The Transcendence of the Ego, Being and Nothingness, and the Critique de la raison dialectique. Sartre's theory presents three difficulties which were recognized by Merleau-Ponty whose position, as formulated in Phenomenology of Perception, is, in part, an attempt to resolve them. The point of view of this paper is that Merleau-Ponty has not satisfactorily resolved the difficulties and that, moreover, no adaptations of the theory could resolve them short of abandoning phenomenology as such by going beyond it.
Le Problème de la raison chez Berkeley
Authors: Moreau André
Published: June 2010

Ily a un problème de la raison dans la pensée berkeleyenne. Il n'a guère été débattu jusqu'ici.

Deux éléments importants peuvent être invoqués à ce sujet. D'une part, on a cru longtemps que Berkeley était un empiriste. Plusieurs le croient toujours. De nombreux penseurs anglophones soutiennent cette thèse. Or des études assez profondes ont permis de dégager certains aspects structuraux de la pensée de Berkeley.
Herméneutique et psychanalyse
Authors: Ellenberger Henri
Published: June 2010

L'Ouvrage remarquablement dense et original de M. Paul Ricœur intéresse le psychiatre autant que le philosophe. Il s'agit d'une étude sur la psychanalyse considérée en elle-même et en tant que méthode pour servir à Pédification d'un système philosophique.

La psychanalyse, affirme M. Ricceur, n'est réductible ni à la psychologie expérimentale, ni à la linguistique, ni à la phénoménologie; elle est une herméneutique. Plus précisément, elle est une variété d'herméneutique parmi d'autres. Elle constitue à ce titre un des éléments qui serviront un jour (á côtè de la logique symbolique, de la linguistique, des théories de Bultmann et de Wittgenstein) à la construction d'un système sémantique universel. En outre, la psychanalyse contribuera, en tant qu'herméneutique, à l'établissement d'une philosophic réflexive qui niera la notion de rimmédiateté de la conscience, car la conscience immédiate est une conscience fausse qu'il s'agit de démystifier. Toutefois, ce projet philosophique se heurte à une difficulté: l'herméneutique démystifiante de la psychanalyse semble s'opposer à l'herméneutique religieuse (telle que celle-ci apparaît, notamment, dans les symboles du Salut); le problème sera done de surmonter cette « guerre des hermeneutiques ».
Explaining away Singular Non-existence Statements
Authors: Lambert Karel
Published: June 2010

Nowhere in philosophy is there a more persistent kind of nuisance statement than the singular negative existential. Examples of this sort of statement are the descriptional statement

(1) The teacher at Sleepy Hollow doesn't exist,

and the referential statement

(2) Ichabod Crane doesn't exist.

Statements denying existence to a specific object have bothered philosophers from Parmenides to Ryle and Quine. Their high nuisance value rests in a simple paradox they generate. The paradox may be phrased as follows.
Les Mots de Sartre
Authors: Ellenberger Henri F.
Published: June 2010

Est-il exact que tout système philosophique ne soit, comme le voulait Nietzsche, qu'une confession déguisée ? Pour la grande majorité des philosophies, nous ne pouvons répondre à cette question, faute de renseignements suffisants, mais peut-être l'autobiographie de Sartre nous apportera-t-elle une contribution valable. Nous essayerons done de l'examiner comme document historique et comme document psychologique.
Embodiment and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Walker Jeremy
Published: June 2010

Self-knowledge is a permanent and necessary aim for man. By ‘self-knowledge’ I mean the knowledge of oneself as a human being; the understanding of what it is to be a human being; the grasp of human nature as such. There are many sides to this knowledge: the sciences and social sciences, the arts, history, reflexion on day-to-day experience. Philosophy has traditionally been seen as a road that can lead towards self-knowledge. What I propose here is an essay in the philosophy of self-knowledge. It is a study of one aspect of human nature among others, namely human embodiment.
Dissimilitude, transcendance et perfection du principe divin. Apories et solutions
Authors: Geiger L. B.
Published: June 2010

Au moment où il entreprend d'élaborer une preuve de l'existence de Dieu dont la force soit susceptible d'entraîner l'adhésion de tout esprit qui entend le sens des mots utilisés, s. Anselme veut faire appel à une notion de Dieu admise par tout le monde. Que signifie en effet ce mot Dieu, sinon, ce par rapport à quoi on ne saurait rien concevoir de plus parfait? La notion de Dieu et celle de la perfection la plus grande possible sont done, à ses yeux, si intimement unies qu'on peut les employer l'une pour l'autre. Penser Dieu et penser 1'être le plus parfait possible, ce serait une seule et même chose.
Note sur le langage philosophique
Authors: Brault Jacques
Published: June 2010

Le philosophe, quand il parle ou écrit, suscite une œuvre philosophique. Ce que Souriau se plaît à nommer le philosophème paraît aux yeux de plusieurs fort ambigu, et dans sa nature, et dans son langage. On ne cesse de répéter que la philosophie traverse actuellement une de ses crises graves. Déjà certains proclament l'illégitimité de la discipline philosophique. D'autres s'interrogent sur le statut possible de la philosophie; J.-C. Piguet est de ceux-ci. Selon lui, l'ambiguïté de l'œuvre philosophique provient du fait que cette œuvre occupe le milieu entre l'œuvre de science et l'œuvre d'art. A ce compte, la discipline philosophique tiendrait à la fois (dans quelle proportion?) de l'esthétique et de l'épistémologie scientifique. Ces assertions, Piguet les fonde sur une analyse du langage.
Réflexions sur la Liberté
Authors: Leahy Louis
Published: June 2010

Autour de quelques points de références, indiqués par des sous-titres, nous voulons grouper en ces quelques pages des réflexions d'ordre purement psychologique sur le libre arbitre. On insiste aujourd'hui sur le caractére subjectif du choix libre, comme expression de toute la personne humaine en son unité la plus profonde. Pourtant, 1'acte libre passe par des facultés réellement distinctes. Les éléments intellectuel et volontaire qui le composent vitalement sont conceptuellement divers et irré-ductibles l'un à l'autre. Comment s'exercent à Pintérieur de Pame l'és relations dynamiques qui les relient l'un à l'autre, c'est-à-dire concrètement entre les jugements d'ordre pratique et les mouvements volontaires? La mise en valeur du caractére subjectif du choix libre se fera-t-elle aux dépens de son objectivité? Et comment cet acte subjectif s'insére-t-il librement au sein d'un indéniable dérminisme, celui de I'éducation, de la culture, du milieu social, etc.?
Verdicts
Authors: Clegg Jerry S.
Published: June 2010

As philosophers attempt to treat aesthetic evaluationof some distinctive use sentences are put to, a prime model in terms suggested for offering a “value-judgment” has been that of rendering a verdict. Collingwood, for example, some time ago wrote that the critic and civil magistrate are alike in their use of language, for judgment “means” verdict. More recently, Arnold Isenberg and Frank Sibley have agreed that at least some aesthetic judgments are verdicts, and the late Margaret Macdonald has written a widely anthologized paper defending in detail this conception. In spite of its currency, the model has fatal deficiences and rather than illustrating important aspects of our critical talk, succeeds only in revealing some dubious assumptions at work in the search for special sentence uses. Since Miss Macdonald has offered the most extensive and subtle suggestions on this topic, I will concentrate on her paper, “Some Distinctive Features of Arguments Used in Criticism of the Arts” to illustrate the points I wish to make.
Le Vouloir de participation dans la construction du monde
Authors: Lefebvre Marcel
Published: June 2010

La période de l'histoire dans laquelle nous nous trouvons engagés est indiscutablement une ère de contestation et de recherche fébrile d'une mise en place d'un monde nouveau. Les gens que nous côtoyons mettent en cause assez volontiers des structures sociales qui leur paraissent trop autoritaires, au profit d'un nouveau type de relations entre les hommes. Un peu partout dans le monde, on entend l'expression d'un intense désir de participation; il n'est pas nécessaire, d'ailleurs, d'aller chercher nos exemples en Europe ou en Amérique du Sud: nous venons, ici même, de vivre des heures et des semaines d'une revendication à la participation qui a marqué profondément le monde scolaire et le monde ouvrier. Les hommes d'aujourd'hui exigent pour demain un monde qui se construira sur la base d'une vaste entreprise où chaque personne humaine sera appelée à fournir la pleine mesure d'une participation consciente.
Analytic and Existential Ethics
Authors: MacNiven C. D.
Published: June 2010

“What has ethical theory to do with the moral life?”. This is a question which continually confronts moral philosophers, especially those who identify themselves with the analytic tradition of contemporary Anglo-American philosophy. Continental European moral philosophers and those Anglo-Americans who identify themselves with them are seldom confronted with this question. Existentialism, for example, has an obvious connection with the moral life which contemporary analytic philosophy seems to lack. For many people outside professional philosophic circles analytic moral philosophy appears completely irrelevant to the moral life. Since the analysts conceive ethics, to quote R. M. Hare, as “the logical study of the language of morals”, they never seem to get past linguistic analysis to the concrete moral problems which are its main incentive in the first place.
Marxisme et Société politique
Authors: de Koninck Charles
Published: June 2010

C'est une observation ancienne que nous rétérons en affirmant que la possession de biens en propre, à la différence de la possession commune, est nécessaire, mais que l'usage des biens privés doit être commun; commun en ce sens que Ton doit etre tout disposé à donner une part de ces biens aux nécessiteux. Le défaut d'une telle disposition rend compte des plus criantes injustices que rapporte l'histoire, de celles qui semblent aussi bien son constituant principal. Afin d'y remedier, les uns préconisent la possession commune, et d'autres un usage privé égal à un droit de possession illimitée.
The Desired and the Desirable in Dewey's Ethics
Authors: Block Irving
Published: June 2010

That x is desired is a necessary but not a sufficient ground for claiming that x is good or that x ought to be or that x is desirable—and these three phrases I take to be synonymous for Dewey. Everything that is desirable is desired but it is not the case that everything that is desired is desirable. What else is needed to make a desire desirable is the main burden of Dewey's ethics.
De la poésie aux automatismes dramatiques
Authors: Jones Henri
Published: June 2010

Si la discussion présente — comme la poésie — quelque au-delà d'ordre ontologique, il nous ferait plaisir de reprendre les points posés par M. Brault dans son post-scriptum à un récent article* …

D'abord il était question d'éviter les « à peu près» quant aux bases de discussion valable sur toute poésie; or, le but de notre exposé ne visait certes pas à polir une définition originale; il allait de soi que nous faisions nôtres les acceptions généralement admises, à commencer par celles de M. Brault. La poésie est rythme, chant, véhicule d'images — et de pensées — susceptibles d'émouvoir; témoignage de notre soif de certitude, prière … II n'en est pas moins vrai que, pendant des siècles, le concept a maintenu gaillardement ses droits dans l'expression poétique à côté du frisson causé par des impondérables et sans toujours, immanquablement, lui nuire. La poésie de Racine est tout de meme conceptuelle; et celle de Vigny — et celle de Chateaubriand si, comme on nous le fait justement remarquer, la poésie dépasse le cadre d'une prosodie plus ou moins traditionnelle.
Sartre's Social Theory
Authors: Schneider Werner
Published: June 2010

The title of Sartre's Critique de la raison dialectique evokes, quite intentionally, memories of Kant's critiques of reason. Let us compare the two undertakings. Kant circumscribed the knowledge claimed by the natural sciences of his time. He pointed out that science never grasps more than the appearance of things as conditioned by our cognitive processes; it cannot know the thing-in-itself. Sartre, for his part, circumscribes the knowledge claimed by orthodox Marxism. He agrees that Marxist economic theory understands the general course of contemporary historical developments, but not the dynamics of those developments. Both authors concede no more than a limited validity in deterministic ontology, in the one case to the exact sciences, in the other to Marxism. Nevertheless, both recognize fully the content of the knowledge they are criticizing, but explain it at the result or product respectively of deeper causes. A transcendental investigation is supposed to bring these causes to light. Kant's critique of scientific reason was directed at the interplay between the presumed thing in itself and the viewing, thinking self—the interplay that yeilds objectively-cognizable Nature. Sartre's critique of dialectical reason tries to show that the interaction between individual human activity and an always scarce supply of material things is the source of all social and cultural forms and events. In both works, then, the human subject is a determining factor in what appears to be objectively factual.
Existential Freedom in the Marxism of Jean-Paul Sartre
Authors: McLeod Norman
Published: June 2010

The growing commitment of Jean-Paul Sartre to Marxist political philosophy reaches its maturation in his Critique de la raison dialectique. To many in the non-Communist world, particularly in North America, who have been influenced by his earlier existential philosophy, Sartre's commitment to Marxism seems difficult to explain. Existentialism is a philosophy of individual introspection, whereas Marxism is a philosophy of mass movements. Existentialism denies the reality of absolute values, whereas Marxism postulates the supreme goal of the classless society. Most puzzling of all, the existential philosophy of Sartre himself describes a radical freedom, the negation of all determinism in the lives of human beings; while Marxism is traditionally viewed, both by its proponents and by its critics, as a doctrine of strict determinism.
À propos de «(Ǝx) (y) [(φy · ≡ · y = x) · ψx]»
Authors: Woods John
Published: June 2010

Il est triste mais néanmoins vrai que Russell est passé à l'Histoire de la Philosophie, qu'il est démodé alors qu'il est encore si plein de vie. Aujourd'hui, nous attribuons une valeur restreinte à une petite partie seulement de cet héritage considerable, et cette partie elle-même est souvent dénigrée. Je fais allusion, bien entendu, à la théorie des descriptions définies qui, malgré les gaucheries de jeunesse dans On Denoting et les tendances métaphysiques de l'âge mûr, demeure encore, sous une forme ou sous une autre, dans les travaux de philosophes tels que Quine.
Wittgenstein's Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief
Authors: Engel S. Morris
Published: June 2010

This slender volume contains notes, kept by some of those who were present, of lectures on aesthetics and religious belief, and of conversations with Rush Rhees concerning Freud. The lectures were given informally by Wittgenstein at Cambridge in 1938; the conversations took place between 1942 and 1946. Wittgenstein neither wrote down nor saw the material here presented, but the editor reports that the versions of lecture notes by different students agree to a remarkable extent.

Despite the varying authorships and intervals of time during which these Lectures and Conversations took place, the book is a surprisingly integrated whole and not simply a miscellany. What seems to unite its three topics and their treatment is Wittgenstein's examination of the kind of evidence upon which each of the three disciplines (Aesthetics, Psychoanalysis, Religious Belief) have tended to rely—his argument being that 1) Psychoanalysis has tended to rest on insufficient evidence; 2) Aesthetics on the wrong kind of evidence; and 3) Religious Belief on the false notion that it is a matter of evidence when this is not at all the case.
Thought and Language
Authors: Engel S. Morris
Published: June 2010

One of the most powerful weapons which recent writers have managed to direct against the view that ‘thought’ is a process that can be validly distinguished from its expression or articulation in language is the well-known infinite regress argument. The argument itself has had a very long and fruitful career and has proven to be highly adaptable. I believe, however, that its application in this context is illegitimate and contains a serious error.
Wittgenstein and Knowing the Meaning of a Word
Authors: Hunter J. F. M.
Published: June 2010

If, as Wittgenstein remarks, ‘the meaning of the word “length” is learnt among other things by learning what it is to determine length’ (Philosophical Investigations, p. 225), must we conclude that part of what one knows in knowing the meaning of this word is that length is determined in certain ways, and hence that we should explain the meaning partly by explaining how we determine length, and that the meaning consists partly in certain ways of determining length?

It is not easy to construct a clear argument to that effect, and yet we might naturally so conclude, perhaps on the grounds that generally what we learn in learning X and what we know in knowing X are the same. We learn the names of the professors by learning that that is Professor Jones, that is Professor Smith, etc., and that is also what we know in knowing the names of the professors.
The Dramatic Aspect of Plato's Phaedo
Authors: Dorter Kenneth
Published: June 2010

It has often been remarked that the dramatic element of the Platonic writings is unique in philosophy, and there have been many attempts to account for its presence. Recently there has been a greater tendency to see it as more than mere ornamentation or naturalism, as an essential element in understanding the philosophy of the dialogue. The one unquestionably authentic statement by Plato on philosophical writing is in the Phaedrus where Socrates, who wrote no philosophy, is made to criticize treatises because, among other things, a treatise “rolls everywhere, equally to those who understand it and to those for whom it is not fitting, and does not know to whom it should speak and to whom not” (275e). Plato, who did write philosophy, wrote no treatises, and it is reasonable to expect that he regarded the dialogue form which he employed as free from the objections to treatises.
Single-particle motion in colloids: force-induced diffusion
Authors: ZIA ROSEANNA N. , BRADY JOHN F.
Published: June 2010

We study the fluctuating motion of a Brownian-sized probe particle as it is dragged by a constant external force through a colloidal dispersion. In this nonlinear-microrheology problem, collisions between the probe and the background bath particles, in addition to thermal fluctuations of the solvent, drive a long-time diffusive spread of the probe's trajectory. The influence of the former is determined by the spatial configuration of the bath particles and the force with which the probe perturbs it. With no external forcing the probe and bath particles form an equilibrium microstructure that fluctuates thermally with the solvent. Probe motion through the dispersion distorts the microstructure; the character of this deformation, and hence its influence on the probe's motion, depends on the strength with which the probe is forced, Fext, compared to thermal forces, kT/b, defining a Péclet number, Pe = Fext/(kT/b), where kT is the thermal energy and b the bath particle size. It is shown that the long-time mean-square fluctuational motion of the probe is diffusive and the effective diffusivity of the forced probe is determined for the full range of Péclet number. At small Pe Brownian motion dominates and the diffusive behaviour of the probe characteristic of passive microrheology is recovered, but with an incremental flow-induced ‘microdiffusivity’ that scales as Dmicro ~ DaPe2φb, where φb is the volume fraction of bath particles and Da is the self-diffusivity of an isolated probe. At the other extreme of high Péclet number the fluctuational motion is still diffusive, and the diffusivity becomes primarily force induced, scaling as (Fext/η)φb, where η is the viscosity of the solvent. The force-induced microdiffusivity is anisotropic, with diffusion longitudinal to the direction of forcing larger in both limits compared to transverse diffusion, but more strongly so in the high-Pe limit. The diffusivity is computed for all Pe for a probe of size a in a bath of colloidal particles, all of size b, for arbitrary size ratio a/b, neglecting hydrodynamic interactions. The results are compared with the force-induced diffusion measured by Brownian dynamics simulation. The theory is also compared to the analogous shear-induced diffusion of macrorheology, as well as to experimental results for macroscopic falling-ball rheometry. The results of this analysis may also be applied to the diffusive motion of self-propelled particles.
Web-based collaborative reading exercises for learners in remote locations: the effects of computer-mediated feedback and interaction via computer-mediated communication
Authors: Murphy Philip
Published: June 2010

Despite the fact that the benefits of pair and group work for those espousing an interactionist view of second language learning are well documented (Lightbown & Spada, 1999; Long, 1981; Pica, 1994, 1996; Van Lier, 1996), learning environments exist in which students have no option but to study alone. Of particular interest for this research are learners who, despite studying in contexts supportive of collaborative interaction in the classroom, have little opportunity to interact with partners when trying to participate in collaborative reading comprehension exercises outside school. In an attempt to find a solution to this potentially inhibiting learning context, this research comprises an investigation into (a) whether the introduction of computer-mediated Elaborative feedback before Knowledge of Correct Response (KCR) feedback better promotes quality interaction and comprehension of a web-based reading text and (b) whether computer-mediated communication (CMC) offers a suitable means for generating quality interaction between peers in remote locations. While completing a web-based multiple-choice reading comprehension exercise, students worked in pairs and received either KCR feedback only, or Elaborative feedback before KCR feedback. In contrast to KCR feedback which simply comprises the correct answers, Elaborative feedback was produced in the form of hints to foster interaction and to support dyads in their attempts at self-correcting any incorrect answers. Using a multiple-try methodology, hints became increasingly specific for questions repeatedly answered incorrectly. Upon completing a follow-up comprehension exercise alone, all students were provided with KCR feedback only. Results from a quantitative analysis of the comprehension scores indicate that students who were provided with Elaborative feedback subsequently scored significantly higher on the follow-up exercise. Furthermore, results from a qualitative analysis of interactions suggest that CMC is a suitable way of generating quality interaction between students, particularly when Elaborative feedback is included.
Collaborative scaffolding in online task-based voice interactions between advanced learners
Authors: Kenning Marie-Madeleine
Published: June 2010

This paper reports some of the findings of a distinctive innovative use of audio-conferencing involving a population (campus-based advanced learners) and a type of application (task-based language learning) that have received little attention to date: the use of Wimba Voice Tools to provide additional opportunities for spoken interactions between advanced learners of French. The experiment had a dual aim: (a) to examine the suitability of Wimba Voice Tools as an environment for sustained interactive talk, and (b) to study the nature of interactions between advanced learners, with particular reference to the processes supporting collaborative activity.

After a brief summary of the rationale and main characteristics of the experiment, the paper focuses on the strategies used by three non-native speaker (NNS) dyads to resolve language problems as they worked on a set of four tasks. Extending the classical model of negotiation for meaning to cover other instances of language-related episodes identified through discourse analysis of the empirical data, the study offers a detailed account of the incidence and nature of negotiated interaction and collaboration between partners. This leads to a discussion covering the impact of functionalities, scaffolding and task effects. The paper ends with some suggestions for future research.
Rationalities of collaboration for language learning in a wiki
Authors: Bradley Linda , Lindström Berner , Rystedt Hans
Published: June 2010

For language learning, online environments allowing for user generated content are becoming increasingly important since they offer possibilities for learners to elaborate on assignments and projects. This study investigates what wikis can do as a means to enhance group interaction, when students are encouraged to participate in constructing text and exchanging peer response. The research focus is on exploring what interaction unfolds in the wiki and how it promotes language learning, from a sociocultural perspective. This interaction is framed both by affordances in the wiki but also by what is expected from students as language learners in an English for Specific Purposes class environment. The analysis has a multilevel approach, focusing on patterns of interaction and the nature of feedback. The study shows that collaboration becomes specifically interesting from a language learning perspective. In the findings, on the student wiki pages there are numerous contributions relating to both local language and global content. Revising co-constructed text opens up possibilities for the students to evaluate existing contributions and it also provides opportunities for them to suggest constructive changes. In addition, with the environment being web based, we discuss certain benefits arising from the fact that it allows for user-generated content.
France. The Conseil d'Etat Abandons Its Cohn Bendit Case-Law; Conseil d'Etat, 30 October 2009, Mme Perreux
Authors: Charpy Chloé
Published: June 2010

For over 30 years the French Conseil d'Etat has maintained that it is impossible to rely on EC Directives before French administrative courts in a complaint filed against an individual administrative act. This in spite of the Court of Justice's well known case-law that directives under certain conditions can have direct effect, as was first recognized in SpA SACE v Finance Minister of the Italian Republic of 17 December 1970 and confirmed by Van Duyn v Home Office of 4 December 1974.
Variation of deposition depth with slope angle in snow avalanches: Measurements from Vallée de la Sionne
Authors: Sovilla Betty , McElwaine Jim N. , Schaer Mark , Vallet Julien
Published: June 2010

The snow surface height was precisely measured, with a laser scanner, before and after the passage of two dry‐mixed avalanches in Vallée de la Sionne during the winter of 2005–2006. The measurements were used to calculate the depth of the deposited snow along each entire avalanche path with a height resolution of 100 mm and a horizontal resolution of 500 mm. These data are much more accurate than any previous measurements from large avalanches and show that the deposit depth is strongly negatively correlated with the slope angle. That is, on steep slopes the deposit is shallow, and on gentle slopes the deposit is deep. The time evolution of the snow depth, showing the initial erosion and final deposition as the avalanche passed, was also observed at one position using a frequency‐modulated continuous wave radar. Measurements at a nearby position gave flow speed profiles and showed that the avalanche tail consists of a steady state subcritical flow that lasts for about 100 s. Eventually, the tail slowly decelerates as the depth slightly decreases, and then it comes to rest. We show that the dependency between the slope angle and the deposition depth can be explained by both a cohesive friction model and the Pouliquen hstop model.
Climate Reports Focus on Science, Reducing Impacts, and Adaptation
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2010

In a one‐two‐three punch, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) released three related reports on climate change at a 19 May briefing. The reports—focusing on advancing climate change science, limiting the magnitude of change, and adapting to change, respectively—are part of a congressionally requested five‐study project known as America's Climate Choices. Together they present evidence of climate change and a series of recommendations for limiting and adapting to any changes.

Ralph Cicerone, president of the National Academy of Sciences and chair of its operating arm, NRC, said the reports indicate the state of climate change science is strong but that more information is needed, including about potential impacts. “We need a national goal, we need a national framework, and a sustained effort to do the research, to limit the impacts, and then to manage the impacts that do occur,” Cicerone, a former AGU president, told Eos.
Massive Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill an “Omnidirectional Threat”
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2010

About a week before new U.S. government estimates indicated that the Gulf of Mexico oil spill is the largest in the nation's history, Coast Guard admiral Thad Allen told an 18 May U.S. Senate hearing that the federal government has addressed the situation with “an all‐hands‐on‐deck approach” since it began. However, the spill is “much more complicated” than any he has ever dealt with, said Allen, the national incident commander.

“We are fighting an omnidirectional, almost indeterminate threat here,” Allen told the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. “We are trying to protect the entire Gulf Coast at the same time.”
Editor's Choice Offered as a Service
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: June 2010

Editor's Choice is now being offered as a service rather than on a subscription basis.

As in the past, articles will be selected by collection editors with assistance from advisory panels. The selected articles will be listed on the AGU Web site (http://www.agu.org/pubs/journals/virtual/editors_choice/); these lists will be accessible to anyone. Those who are interested in reading the articles can access them through a personal or institutional subscription or can purchase them either individually or as part of a Multi‐Choice packet.
Active Atlantic Basin Hurricane Forecast Adds to Concerns About Gulf Oil Spill
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2010

During the 6‐month Atlantic Basin hurricane season that began on 1 June, there could be between 14 and 23 named storms with top winds of at least 39 miles per hour (mph) in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, according to a forecast issued in late May by the Climate Prediction Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Weather Service. The forecast indicates that the named storms could include eight to 14 hurricanes with top winds of at least 74 mph and three to seven major hurricanes with top winds of at least 111 mph.

In comparison, the seasonal average is 11 named storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes. The busiest hurricane season on record was 2005, with 28 named storms, including hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
Great Debate on Climate Change Featured at EGU Meeting
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2010

With portions of the public questioning or confused about some climate change reports, a recent “great debate” among four scientists focused on the extent of human impact on Earth's climate and the role of science and scientists in policy making, as well as how scientists can improve the quality and communication of their findings. The debate, organized like a roundtable, drew hundreds of people during the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, in Vienna, Austria, on 4 May.

Panelists largely agreed with climate change findings incorporated in the recent Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, some also emphasized large areas of uncertainty related to understanding the Earth system and sociological factors, the quality of models, and regional and local climate impacts.
Holland and Powell Receive 2009 Norman L. Bowen Awards
Authors: Holland Tim , Powell Roger
Published: June 2010

Tim Holland and Roger Powell received the 2009 Norman L. Bowen Award at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.
Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Jornayvaz François R. , Shulman Gerald I.
Published: June 2010

Although it is well established that physical activity increases mitochondrial content in muscle, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have only recently been elucidated. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important component of different diseases associated with aging, such as Type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α) is a co-transcriptional regulation factor that induces mitochondrial biogenesis by activating different transcription factors, including nuclear respiratory factor 1 and nuclear respiratory factor 2, which activate mitochondrial transcription factor A. The latter drives transcription and replication of mitochondrial DNA. PGC-1α itself is regulated by several different key factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which will be reviewed in this chapter. Of those, AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is of major importance. AMPK acts as an energy sensor of the cell and works as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. AMPK activity has been shown to decrease with age, which may contribute to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and function with aging. Given the potentially important role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases and in the process of aging, understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and function may provide potentially important novel therapeutic targets.
Review of terahertz and subterahertz wireless communications
Authors: Federici John , Moeller Lothar
Published: June 2010

According to Edholm’s law, the demand for point-to-point bandwidth in wireless short-range communications has doubled every 18 months over the last 25 years. It can be predicted that data rates of around 5–10 Gb/s will be required in ten years. In order to achieve 10 Gb/s data rates, the carrier frequencies need to be increased beyond 100 GHz. Over the past ten years, several groups have considered the prospects of using sub-terahertz (THz) and THz waves (100–2000 GHz) as a means to transmit data wirelessly. Some of the reported advantages of THz communications links are inherently higher bandwidth compared to millimeter wave links, less susceptibility to scintillation effects than infrared wireless links, and the ability to use THz links for secure communications. Our goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of wireless sub-THz and THz communications.
Error analysis of the residence time of bistable Poisson states obtained by periodic measurements
Authors: Lee Jinwoo , Lyo In-Whan
Published: June 2010

We performed error analysis on the periodic measurement schemes to obtain the residence time of bistable Poisson states. Experimental data were obtained by periodical level-sensitive samplings of oxygen-induced states on Si(111)-7×7 that stochastically switches between two metastable states. Simulated data sequences were created by the Monte Carlo numerical method. The residence times were extracted from the experimental and simulation data sequences by averaging and exponential-fitting methods. The averaging method yields the residence time via the summation of the detected temporal width of each state weighed by the normalized frequency of the state and the exponential fitting via fitting a single exponential function to the frequency histogram of the data. It is found that the averaging method produces consistently more accurate results with no arbitrariness, when compared to the exponential fitting method. For further understanding, data modeling using the first-order approximation was performed; the enhanced accuracy in the averaging method is due to the mutual cancellation of errors associated with detection of zero-width states and long-tail states. We investigated a multi-interval detection scheme as well. Similar analysis shows that the dual-interval scheme produces larger error compared to the single interval one, and has narrower optimum region.
A compact, sample-in-atmospheric-pressure soft x-ray microscope developed at Pohang Light Source
Authors: Lim Jun , Shin Hyun-Joon , Chae Keun Hwa , Hwang Chan-Cuk , Hwang Han-Na , Hong Chung Ki
Published: June 2010

A full-field transmission soft x-ray microscope (TXM) was developed at the Pohang Light Source. With a 2 mm diameter condenser zone plate and a 40 nm outermost-zone-width objective zone plate, the TXM’s achieved spatial resolution is better than 50 nm at the photon energy of 500 eV (wavelength: 2.49 nm). The TXM is portable and mounted in tandem with a 7B1 spectroscopy end station. The sample position is outside the vacuum, allowing for quick sample changes and enhanced in situ experimental capability. In addition, the TXM is pinhole-free and easy to align, having commercial mounts located outside the vacuum components.
Unveiled optical properties of tetrapyrollic pigments in cryogenic environments
Authors: Crépin C. , Shafizadeh N. , Chin W. , Galaup J.-P. , McCaffrey J. G. , Arabei S. M.
Published: June 2010

An unexpected phenomenon was revealed in the laser induced fluorescence spectra of free-base (H2Pc) and zinc (ZnPc) phthalocyanines trapped in rare gas and nitrogen matrices under a moderate increase in the laser intensity. In all matrices the intensity of an emission band near 755nm increased drastically when pumping the S1←S0 transition. This observation was assigned to stimulated emission in a four-level scheme involving a vibronic transition from the lowest electronic state to a vibrational level of the ground state. In the present work, we expose new similar results obtained with porphyrin molecules, i.e. tetra-benzoporphin (TBP). With free-base H2TBP, stimulated emission was observed in Ar or N2 matrices, but not in Xe matrices. A possible reason could be a fast inter-system crossing rate due to the heavy atom effect induced by Xe. We also report the observation of persistent burnt spectral holes, although the low efficiency of this process is not competitive with stimulated emission and no decrease of the stimulated emission with time was observed. With ZnTBP no stimulated emission could be recorded but the appearance of rather strong phosphorescence was noticed. Similar studies focusing on the stimulated emission phenomenon is that they should allow new insights into site effects and site selectivity.
Conformations of ribonucleoside uridine in the low temperature Ar matrices
Authors: Ivanov A. Yu.
Published: June 2010

The conformational equilibrium of the ribonucleoside uridine molecules in low-temperature Ar matrices was investigated by the FTIR matrix isolation spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations at the DFT and MP2 levels of theory. It was established that conformers with a carbonyl group C2O, which takes part in the intramolecular hydrogen bonds, dominate in the low temperature matrices. Populations of syn- and anti- conformers with intramolecular hydrogen bonds O5′H–O2 and O2′–O2, respectively, are equal practically. Unlike 2′-deoxyuridine, the syn- conformers of Ur with C3′-endo structure of the ribose ring (South) have been found in Ar matrices. At the same time the conformations of C2′-endo (North) ribose ring prevail both in anti- and syn- conformers.
Lattice phonons of solid phases (α,β,δ,ε) of carbon monoxide by optical studies
Authors: Serdyukov A. , Vetter M. , Brodyanski A. , Jodl H. J.
Published: June 2010

The phase diagram of solid carbon monoxide was investigated in the pressure range 0–10GPa and temperature range 30–300K by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The tentative phase diagram known from the literature was expanded and specified in detail. The δ-phase region is divided into two subphases—δrot and δloc—similar to solid nitrogen. The pressure-temperature behavior of the elementary and combined excitations was also followed up. The vibron overtone region was carefully investigated by FTIR spectroscopy as a function of temperature at different pressures; the fundamental region was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The features of the IR-active phonon sideband to the vibron overtone were investigated in detail in the entire pressure-temperature region. The lattice-phonon spectra were studied by Raman spectroscopy as a function of pressure (at lowest temperature) and by IR spectroscopy as a function of temperature at saturated vapor pressure.