bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching The Words Of The Prophet: Women Instructors Of The Hadith (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)
Authors: Abou-Bakr Omaima
Published: May 2004

The muhaddithat were women experts and teachers of the hadith and its literature, who were very prominent in their societies - especially of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The article highlights their role in this important field of higher education and argues that they should be given more credit for being interacting educators and not just transmitters. Reading closely the biographies of dozens of these women scholars, one discerns their professional status and efforts in disseminating a large corpus of the ad th sciences to male and female students. Significant details reveal their personal characteristics, the nature of their work, methods of teaching, and their social and cultural milieu. The biographies therefore offer an insight into the 'mixed' environment of this field, where male and female scholars interacted and where the muhaddithat taught and supervised large numbers of male students. This history also reveals the active involvement of these women in public work, albeit in the informal sector.
Gender Blindness And Societal Influence In Late Ottoman Damascus: Women As The Creators And Managers Of Endowments
Authors: Deguilhem Randi
Published: May 2004

Based on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Damascene waqf documents as well as juridical normative sources, this article focuses upon the pious foundations as a gender blind institution. In other words, stipulations (shurūt) which regulate the creation and management of endowments are identical for both men and women: the question, apparently superfluous, was, in fact, not even raised in the normative literature - it was simply a given. The article also reflects upon the fact that both men and women founders of waqf, juridically free to choose the beneficiaries and the administrators of their endowments, were in reality subject to societal influences which conditioned their choices.
SERVANTS, SLAVES, AND THE DOMESTIC ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Zilfi Madeline
Published: May 2004

To an appreciable degree, female domestic work in the Ottoman Middle East was shaped by organizational and valuative premises that were also common to women outside the Ottoman and Islamic worlds. Ambiguity such as between women's duties and socially recognized "work", or between kin and servant—was a keynote of women's condition regardless of cultural setting. However, in the Middle East, the persistence of slavery into the late nineteenth century as a predominantly female and domestic-labor institution added a distinctive element to the nature of domestic labor and women's role within it.
ADVERTISING MODERNITY IN WOMEN'S WORLD: WOMEN'S LIFESTYLE AND LEISURE IN LATE-OTTOMAN ISTANBUL
Authors: Başci Pelin
Published: May 2004

Women and gender can be used as an index of modernization in late-Ottoman society. The study of women in relation to consumption is relatively new, but it is a topic capable of informing us simultaneously about the emergence of modern goods and services targeting women and women's attitudes and expectations towards the new lifestyle that was beginning to attract them. This study explores advertisements—mostly on education, entertainment, leisure and conveniences, food, and wealth—which appeared in a late-Ottoman women's journal, Women's World, during the early decades of the twentieth century. It traces the emergence of "the new woman" through the popular press, showing how women comprised a well-defined, visible market for many of the modern goods and services in these areas. Advertisements paint a picture of upper-class Ottoman women who were active in shaping a hybrid Ottoman modernity, even as they shared the anxieties of the broader culture, which greeted many of the new products, tastes, and customs with ambivalence.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISCURSIVE ROOTS OF THE CONTINUING DEBATE ON THE SOCIAL-SEXUAL CONTRACT IN TODAY'S EGYPT
Authors: Hatem Mervat
Published: May 2004

This paper begins with an examination of the recent debate between active women's groups in Egypt who wanted to change the format of the marriage contract and the state functionaries who had claimed to better serve women's rights in the change of personal status laws. Next, it uses the work of Carole Pateman on the "sexual contract" in the West and its impact on the development of civil society to look back on the important Egyptian debate which took place in the 1890s and defined women's rights in modern society. The paper recovers the contributions made by 'A'isha Taymur and Zaynab Fawwaz to this discussion. It also examines shaykh Abdallah al-Fayumi's polemical response to Taymur and the views of the women's journals on the subject. It also shows how Qasim Amin borrowed heavily from these women in the development of a hegemonic fraternal discourse on women's rights that survives until today.
"DIRECTED" WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN INDONESIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AGENCY FROM WITHIN
Authors: Anwar Etin
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the extent to which women as the agents of change liberate themselves from the shackled cultural, social, and religious apparatus and empower themselves within the "directed" women's movements in Indonesia. I argue that while many women's movements prior to the 1980s were either established as auxiliaries to the parent's organization or directed by the state and operated under male authority with top-down managements, they have attempted to improve women's lives, especially in the area of consciousness raising, social welfare, public participation, marriage law, and education. They have also continued to reaffirm their agendas in order to empower women's roles in both private and public spheres.
Discontinuation of Life Supporting Measures in Germany
Authors: Ravenstein Christian
Published: May 2004

The rights of people at the end of their lives have been discussed very controversially and at times very emotionally over the recent years. The key focus of the debate is the question, in what way the rights of the dying person have to be put into relation to the interest of third parties.This problem occurs when discussing the termination of life supporting measures. This contribution deals with the instruments of civil law available to the patient at the end of his life.
Commentary on the Drummond Case from Finland
Authors: Turunen
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Commentary on the Drummond Case from Portugal
Authors: Martinho da Silva
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Longevity — A New Legacy of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sokalska
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Physician-assisted Death: Policy-making by the Assembly of Prosecutors General in the Netherlands
Authors: Cuperus-Bosma  , van der Maas  , van der Wal
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Asylym Seekers in Europe: Entitlements, Health Status, and Human Rights Issues
Authors: Bollini
Published: May 2004

The political asylum system in Western Europe is under strain. High numbers of people are applying for political asylum as the only possibility of living legally in Western countries, while governments are trying to prevent access to their territories and to discourage applicants. It is very difficult to foresee an equitable and timely solution of the root causes of many displacements, either extreme poverty or human rights abuse. In the meanwhile, many of those who are genuinely persecuted are rejected before their cases can even be considered.The entitlements to health care of different categories of refugees and asylum seekers have been reviewed. While convention refugees and de facto refugees have the same right to health care than the citizens of the country of asylum, asylum seekers and persons who are offered temporary protection tend to have restricted access to health care, although there is a great variability across countries. The available reports on the health status of asylum seekers in Western European countries document a quite difficult psychological and social adjustment. It is unclear whether this situation, which is caused by the stress of leaving their own country and family, by uncertainty over the future, and by possible exposure to violence is intensified by restriction to work, unsuitable organization of day to day life in asylum centers, and limited access to health care. A major effort is urgently needed to evaluate the health needs of asylum seekers, and to improve standards of reception and care in European countries.
The Drummond Case
Authors: Hendriks
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Commentary on the Drummond Case from Canada
Authors: Kitts
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Striving to Keep Alive? Care and Treatment Decisions Affecting Severely Handicapped Patients in Britain
Authors: Bissett-Johnson  , Ferguson
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Protecting Medical and Genetic Data
Authors: Hondius
Published: May 2004

Data protection was introduced in Western Europe in the early 1970s and now also extends to Central and East European countries. It is a remarkable example of the response given by Human Rights law to the challenges of modern society. The applications of science and technology in the fields of informatics and biomedicine have produced results unforeseen by any legislator. Regulation has been developed under the leadership of the Council of Europe. It aims at laying down basic principles of data protection but without blocking the future. The author presents a historical survey of the Council of Europe's two main treaties relevant to protection of medical and genetic data, those of 1981 (data protection) and 1997 (bioethics) and of several other texts. He concludes that the European Human Rights Convention should be reinforced with specific provisions on 'medical human rights' and on data protection. He also comes out in favour of separate treatment of traditional medical files and genetic data.
Advice of the Federal Advisory Committee on Bioethics concerning Legalisation of Euthanasia
Authors: Nys
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Proposals to modify the Delivery of Healthcare in the UK
Authors: Harpwood
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Methadone in Dutch prisons
Authors: van Balen
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Harnessing the Human Genome Through Legislative Constraint
Authors: Smith II
Published: May 2004

The awesome predictive power of genetic medicine promises great advancements in not only the treatment of identifiable conditions but the prevention of their pathological manifestations. At the same time, the release and dissemination of this genetic or medical information poses a distinct risk of loss of privacy and stigmatization to carriers of genetic disorders. In order to safeguard the individual right of autonomy, privacy, confidentiality and informed consent—yet accommodate the legitimate interests of employers and insurers to obtain medical information relevant to their professional needs and economic responsibilities—a balance must be struck legislatively at the federal and state levels of government.
European Court
Authors: Hendriks
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Sheila A.M. McLean (eD.) Death, Dying and the Law
Authors: Leenen
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of First Instance of the European Communities
Authors: Hendriks
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Compensation For Medical Injuries: Is There a Need For a Law Reform? An Austrian Viewpoint
Authors: Bernat
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Public Health and the Treaty of Amsterdam
Authors: Waddington  , van der Mei
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Public Health in the Treaty of Amsterdam (Treaty on the European Union)
Authors: Roscam Abbing
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Note on the Council of Europe's Information Forum on National Policies in the Field of Equality between Women and Men, 27-29 November 1997, Tallinn, Estonia
Authors: Packer
Published: May 2004

No Abstract
Fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy 2219–T87 welded plates
Authors: Narayana G. Venkata , Sharma V. M. J. , Diwakar V. , Kumar K. Sree , Prasad R. C.
Published: May 2004

Aluminium alloy AA 2219 is used in aerospace applications because of its good weldability, stress corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties over a wide temperature range of + 250 to - 250 ° C. The elastic-plastic fracture toughness JIc has been measured on 7.4 mm thickness autogenous alternating current tungsten inert gas welded plates of 2219-T87 alloy in the as welded condition, using a single specimen technique. The present paper elucidates the variation of JIc across the weld joint. The toughness was evaluated at three different locations across the weld, namely, in the weld, fusion boundary, and heat affected zones, and compared with parent metal toughness. It was found that the fracture toughness across the weld was higher than the parent metal toughness. The fusion boundary had the lowest toughness among the three zones across the weld joint. The variation of toughness among the different zones is explained with reference to fractographic observations.
Non-linear dynamics of engine mechanisms with a flexible connecting rod
Authors: Goudas I , Natsiavas S
Published: May 2004

The present study investigates the dynamic response of single-cylinder reciprocating engines. In particular, simplified models of the classical slider-crank mechanism are examined, which take into account the flexibility of the connecting rod. Moreover, a main new feature of these models is that both the driving and the resisting moments are expressed as functions of the crankshaft motion, instead of prescribing the rotation of the crank. The equations of motion are first derived by application of Hamilton's principle. These equations are then discretized geometrically and put in their final form by applying Galerkin's method. Owing to the large rotations exhibited by the mechanism members and the form of the driving and the resisting moments, the resulting equations of motion involve strong non-linearities. As a consequence, their solution is obtained in both the time and the frequency domain by employing appropriate numerical methodologies. In particular, these methodologies include either determination of transient response by employing direct integration techniques or direct determination of complete branches of periodic steady state response by applying suitable methodologies. The first set of numerical results refers to the special case where the angular velocity of the engine crank can be considered as virtually constant. This case can be analysed more easily and provides valuable insight into some important aspects of the system dynamics. Then, the emphasis is shifted to the general case, corresponding to non-ideal forcing conditions. In all cases, the attention is focused on examining the influence of the parameters of the system on its dynamics during intervals with transient (run-up or run-down) or under periodic steady state conditions.
Mode identification in impact-induced high-frequency vehicular driveline vibrations using an elasto-multi-body dynamics approach
Authors: Theodossiades S , Gnanakumarr M , Rahnejat H , Menday M
Published: May 2004

The paper describes a noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) phenomenon caused by impact of meshing gear teeth pairs, resulting in structural wave propagation and elastoacoustic coupling in the driveline system, referred to in industry as clonk. The numerical investigation combines multi-body dynamics analysis with flexible body oscillation behaviour predicted by finite element analysis (FEA) techniques. Particular attention is paid to local non-linearities such as the varying stiffness of meshing gear teeth and their normal backlash. The spectrum of vibration of lightly damped hollow driveshaft tubes shows good conformity with experimental results.
Investigation of grooved hybrid air bearing performance
Authors: Stanev P T , Wardle F , Corbett J
Published: May 2004

Herringbone grooves machined into aerodynamic bearings are well known to produce improvements in bearing stiffness and stability at high operating speeds. In this investigation the effect of herringbone grooves on the performance of an externally pressurized bearing is examined. A mathematical model based on previous research has been developed and used to optimize the design of an air bearing suitable for use in ultrahigh-speed machining spindles. Experimental results show the spindle to run satisfactory at speeds in excess of 3.0 × 106 DN (bearing diameter in mm x shaft speed in r/min), being limited only by the maximum speed of its drive rotor.
Messung und Regelung der neuromuskulären Blockade (Measurement and Control of the Neuromuscular Blockade)
Authors: Simanski Olaf , Kähler Ralf , Hofmockel Rainer , Pohl Birgit , Lampe Bernhard P.
Published: May 2004

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Systems zur Messung und Regelung der neuromuskulären Blockade vorgestellt. Nach einer Einführung in die Aufgaben und das Arbeitsgebiet der Anästhesie werden verschiedene Messverfahren für die Erfassung der neuromuskulären Blockade vorgestellt. Für den simultanen Einsatz der beschriebenen Verfahren wurde ein neues Sensorsystem entwickelt, das ebenso wie seine Erweiterung zu einem Regelungssystem mit adaptivem Generalized Predictive Controller (aGPC) vorgestellt wird. Die erfolgreiche Regelung wird mittels einer Studie an 31 Patienten belegt, die sich längeren Bauchoperationen (Pankreasresektion) unterziehen mussten.
Nicht-invasive volumenkontrollierte Beatmung mit Rekonstruktion der Spontanatmung (Non-Invasive Volume Controlled Ventilation with Reconstructed Spontaneous Breathing)
Authors: Dietz Florian , Schloßer Axel , Abel Dirk
Published: May 2004

Der Beitrag zeigt neue Möglichkeiten zur volumenkontrollierten Beatmung für die nicht-invasive Anwendung auf. Besondere Beachtung finden dabei Masken- oder Mundleckagen, die spontane Atmung der Patienten und eine kostengünstige Gerätekonstruktion. Es werden Verfahren zur Leckageidentifikation und zur Rekonstruktion der Spontanatmung vorgestellt, sodass zum jeweils nächsten Atemzyklus aktuelle Daten für eine Leckagekompensation und eine Klassifikation der Atemarbeit des Patienten zur Verfügung stehen.
Messung des linksventrikulären Schlagvolumens mittels eines faseroptischen Sensors (Measurement of the Left-ventricular Stroke-volume with a Fiberoptic Sensor)
Authors: Müller Stefan , Kloppe Axel , Mügge Andreas , Werner Jürgen
Published: May 2004

Ergänzend zum intrakardialen EKG sollten hämodynamische Größen zur Steuerung von Herzschrittmachern und implantierbaren Defibrillatoren genutzt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein faseroptisches Messsystem entwickelt, welches über die optische Biegedämpfung die mechanische Herzkontraktion misst. Bei Untersuchungen an einem isoliert schlagenden Schweineherzen wurde eine gute Korrelation des Sensorsignals mit dem linksventrikulären Schlagvolumen nachgewiesen.
Chirurgieroboter für Kraniotomien – Risikoanalyse und erster Patientenversuch (Surgical Robot for Craniotomies – Risk Analysis and First Patient Trial)
Authors: Korb Werner , Engel Dirk , Boesecke Robert , Eggers Georg , Kotrikova Bibiana , Marmulla Rüdiger , O’Sullivan Noel , Raczkowsky Jörg , Hassfeld Stefan
Published: May 2004

Innerhalb des Sonderforschungsbereiches SFB 414 — Informationstechnolgie in der Medizin: Rechner- und Sensorgestützte Chirurgie — wurde RobaCKa = Roboter-assistiertes Chirurgiesystem Karlsruhe) entwickelt. Es dient beispielsweise zum Fräsen von Trajektorien im knöchernen Schädel in der cranio-maxillofacialen Chirurgie. Da es sich bei Robotern um komplexe mechatronische Systeme handelt, ist eine systematische Analyse für fehlerfreies Design, Fehlerdetektion und Qualitätssicherung unumgänglich. In Universitäten und Forschungszentren kann hierfür nicht derselbe Aufwand wie in der Industrie bei der Fertigung von Medizinprodukten betrieben werden, da oft nur ein bis zwei Wissenschaftler an solchen Projekten arbeiten. Trotzdem ist es notwendig, ein Qualitätmanagement zu etablieren, nicht zuletzt da ein solches auch für klinische Studien vorgeschrieben ist. Außerdem vereinfacht es später den möglichen Technologietransfer. Außer den Risikomanagementmethoden werden in dieser Arbeit die Tests an Phantomen, Probanden und eine erste Operation am Patienten beschrieben und die Ergebnisse diskutiert.
Metalloxidgassensor-Array für die Qualifizierung der Luftgüte (Metal Oxide Gas Sensor Array for Air Quality Monitoring)
Authors: Wöllenstein Jürgen , Böttner Harald
Published: May 2004

Es wird ein neuartiges “Single-chip”-Metalloxidgassensorarray zur Qualifizierung der Luftgüte vorgestellt. Das Sensorarray besteht aus vier unterschiedlich gassensitiven Sensorelementen (Cr1,8Ti0,2O3+z, ZnO, SnO2, WO3, V2O5), welche monolithisch auf einem Sensorchip integriert sind. Es wurde sowohl eine Variante auf Bulk-Silizium als auch eine mikromechanische Variante mit deutlich reduziertem Heizleistungsverbrauch entwickelt. Die mikromechanische Ausführung reduziert den Heizleistungsverbrauch von 1,6 W auf 0,26 W bei einer Arbeitstemperatur von 350°C. Labor- und Langzeitmessungen in anwendungsrelevanten Szenarien zeigen die Eignung als Luftgütesensor.
Optimizing Economic Outcomes in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Destache Christopher J.
Published: May 2004

The treatment of community‐acquired respiratory tract infections, such as acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB), constitutes a huge socioeconomic burden. In most cases, an antimicrobial agent is advocated to lessen morbidity and prevent serious clinical sequelae. Use of antimicrobial agents for AECB, however, is controversial, as it is difficult to distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial AECB, and only marginal benefits have been reported. Antimicrobial agents, however, have reduced relapse rates, prolonged the time between exacerbations, shortened the duration of symptoms, and reduced the need for hospitalization. Microbiologic resistance and individual patient characteristics play important roles in determining the most appropriate antimicrobial agent for patients with AECB. More research on the effect of resistant bacteria on antimicrobial response rates will enable physicians to prescribe economically rational antimicrobial therapy for this common infection.
Antibiotic Resistance: Where Do Ketolides Fit?
Authors: White Roger L.
Published: May 2004

Burgeoning resistance to antibiotics among common respiratory pathogens poses a very real risk to public health. A need therefore exists for new antibiotics that not only target all common respiratory pathogens, including problematic strains such as penicillin‐ and macrolide‐resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, but also resist resistance. The ketolides are a new class of antibiotics, of which telithromycin is the first to undergo clinical evaluation, designed to address such issues. These agents possess several innovative structural modifications that not only confer activity against common respiratory pathogens, irrespective of their β‐lactam or macrolide susceptibility, but also minimize the risk of emergent resistance. Ketolides such as telithromycin therefore represent important new options for the empiric treatment of community‐acquired respiratory tract infections in an era of increasing resistance. They may be especially useful in areas where macrolide resistance among S. pneumoniae is common because current macrolide treatments against such pathogens are far from optimal.
Cytokine detection by antibody-based proximity ligation
Authors: Gullberg Mats , Gústafsdóttir Sigrún M. , Schallmeiner Edith , Jarvius Jonas , Bjarnegård Mattias , Betsholtz Christer , Landegren Ulf , Fredriksson Simon
Published: May 2004

Efficient and precise detection techniques, along with extensive repertoires of specific binding reagents, will be needed to meet the challenges of proteome analyses. The recently established proximity ligation mechanism enables sensitive high-capacity protein measurements by converting the detection of specific proteins to the analysis of DNA sequences. Proximity probes containing oligonucleotide extensions are designed to bind pairwise to target proteins and to form amplifiable tag sequences by ligation when brought in proximity. In our previous report, both the ligatable arms and the protein binders were DNA molecules. We now generalize the method by providing simple and convenient protocols to convert any polyclonal antibodies or matched pair of monoclonal antibodies to proximity probe sets through the attachment of oligonucleotide sequences. Sufficient reagent for >100,000 proximity ligation assays can be prepared from 1 μg of antibody. The technique is applied to measure cytokines in a homogenous test format with femtomolar detection sensitivities in 1-μl samples, and we exemplify its utility in situations when only minute sample amounts are available.
Molecular diversity of astrocytes with implications for neurological disorders
Authors: Bachoo Robert M. , Kim Ryung S. , Ligon Keith L. , Maher Elizabeth A. , Brennan Cameron , Billings Nathan , Chan Suzanne , Li Cheng , Rowitch David H. , Wong Wing H. , DePinho Ronald A.
Published: May 2004

The astrocyte represents the most abundant yet least understood cell type of the CNS. Here, we use a stringent experimental strategy to molecularly define the astrocyte lineage by integrating microarray datasets across several
in vitro
model systems of astrocyte differentiation, primary astrocyte cultures, and various astrocyterich CNS structures. The intersection of astrocyte data sets, coupled with the application of nonastrocytic exclusion filters, yielded many astrocyte-specific genes possessing strikingly varied patterns of regional CNS expression. Annotation of these astrocyte-specific genes provides direct molecular documentation of the diverse physiological roles of the astrocyte lineage. This global perspective in the normal brain also provides a framework for how astrocytes may participate in the pathogenesis of common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, epilepsy, and primary brain tumors.
Evidence for assembly of prions with left-handed β-helices into trimers
Authors: Govaerts Cédric , Wille Holger , Prusiner Stanley B. , Cohen Fred E.
Published: May 2004

Studies using low-resolution fiber diffraction, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy on various amyloid fibrils indicate that the misfolded conformers must be modular, compact, and adopt a cross-β structure. In an earlier study, we used electron crystallography to delineate molecular models of the N-terminally truncated, disease-causing isoform (PrP
Sc
) of the prion protein, designated PrP 27–30, which polymerizes into amyloid fibrils, but we were unable to choose between a trimeric or hexameric arrangement of right- or left-handed β-helical models. From a study of 119 all-β folds observed in globular proteins, we have now determined that, if PrP
Sc
follows a known protein fold, it adopts either a β-sandwich or parallel β-helical architecture. With increasing evidence arguing for a parallel β-sheet organization in amyloids, we contend that the sequence of PrP is compatible with a parallel left-handed β-helical fold. Left-handed β-helices readily form trimers, providing a natural template for a trimeric model of PrP
Sc
. This trimeric model accommodates the PrP sequence from residues 89–175 in a β-helical conformation with the C terminus (residues 176–227), retaining the disulfide-linked α-helical conformation observed in the normal cellular isoform. In addition, the proposed model matches the structural constraints of the PrP 27–30 crystals, positioning residues 141–176 and the N-linked sugars appropriately. Our parallel left-handed β-helical model provides a coherent framework that is consistent with many structural, biochemical, immunological, and propagation features of prions. Moreover, the parallel left-handed β-helical model for PrP
Sc
may provide important clues to the structure of filaments found in some other neurodegenerative diseases.
An ultrastructural study of the cercarial excretory system in Bucephaloides gracilescens and Prosorhynchus squamatus
Authors: Podvyaznaya I.M. , Galaktionov K.V.
Published: May 2004

The ultrastructure of the flame cells, capillaries, collecting tubes, excretory bladder, excretory atrium, caudal vesicle, lateral caudal ducts and excretory pores of cercariae of Bucephaloides gracilescens (Rudolphi, 1819) Hopkins, 1954 and Prosorhynchus squamatus Odhner, 1905 (Digenea: Bucephalidae) is described. Both species are essentially similar except for some details. The terminal parts of the protonephridia have all the structural features that are typical of trematodes. The collecting tubes in the cercarial body are composed of cells that are wrapped around the lumen. The main collecting tubes are joined to the excretory bladder syncytium by septate junctions. Features of P. squamatus excretory bladder epithelium indicate that it is involved in secretory activity, but this is not the case in B. gracilescens. In both species the luminal surface of the excretory bladder epithelium is increased by lamellae, and the basal plasma membrane forms invaginations. In the bladder syncytium of P. squamatus both apical lamellae and basal invaginations are more developed and mitochondria are also more numerous. The excretory atrium is lined by a syncytium with nucleated cytons located in the surrounding parenchyma. The atrium lining is not continuous with the body tegument and possesses specific secretory inclusions and a thick glycocalyx. Septate junctions connect the atrium syncytium to the excretory bladder epithelium at its anterior end and to the syncytial excretory epithelium lining the caudal vesicle and the lateral caudal ducts at its posterior. In the excretory pores the caudal duct syncytium is joined to the tegument by septate desmosomes.
Fasciola hepatica: cercarial productivity of redial generations in long-surviving Galba truncatula
Authors: Belfaiza M. , Rondelaud D. , Moncef M. , Dreyfuss G.
Published: May 2004

Bimiracidial infections of Galba truncatula with Fasciola hepatica were carried out to determine the effect of food quality on the frequency of 1- and 2-sporocyst infections, to analyse its impact on the developmental patterns (normal, or abnormal) of redial generations, and to verify its consequences on cercarial production. These investigations were performed in snails reared at 20°C and provided with cos lettuce and commercial fish food (Tetraphyll®) as a food source until their death. Double-sporocyst infections with normal development of redial generations were recorded in 43.9% of infected snails (out of 296). Single-sporocyst infections were noted in the other snails, with normal development of generations in 53.7% and abnormal development (the first mother redia early degenerated) in 2.4%. Four successive redial generations were found in long-surviving snails (more than 90 days). In both 1- and 2-sporocyst infections, showing normal development of generations, the daughter rediae, which exited from the first mother redia (R2a rediae), constituted the greater group of free rediae and produced the highest percentages of cercariae (46.2–48.2%). However, the development of these rediae inside the snail body was slower in 2-sporocyst infections than in 1-sporocyst infections. The numbers of rediae noted in subsequent generations (R2b/R3a and R3b/R4a rediae) were similar, whatever the number of full-grown sporocysts. The number of shed cercariae recorded in the 1- and 2-sporocyst infections did not significantly differ. When long-surviving snails died, 19.8–20.7% of cercariae produced by free rediae (essentially by R2b/R3a and R3b/R4a rediae) were still present in their bodies. The increased frequency of 2-sporocyst infections demonstrated that food quality had a significant effect on the redial burden of F. hepatica developing inside G. truncatula.
Histopathological changes during experimental infections of calves with Cooperia punctata
Authors: Rodrigues R.R. , Gennari S.M. , Guerra J.L. , Contieri M.B. , Abdalla A.L. , Vitti D.M.S.S.
Published: May 2004

Eleven male two-month-old Holstein calves were used to determine the pathological changes induced by a Cooperia punctata infection. After weaning, ten calves received a single oral dose of 45,000 C. punctata infective larvae. One calf remained as a non-infected control. Groups of two calves were killed on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-infection (p.i.) for determination of worm burdens and histopathological evaluation. The small intestine was sub-divided into three sections of approximately equal length, and representative samples of mucosa were fixed in 10% formalin, cut, and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Samples of intestinal contents and mucosal digests were taken and fixed in 10% formalin for an estimation of total worm burdens. An increase in the number of adult parasites and a decrease in the number of larvae were observed with time (P<0.001). A higher concentration of worms was found in the first segment of the small intestine during the five weeks of observation. Histology showed larvae in the intestinal mucosa on day 7 p.i., with a discrete increase in the cellular response. Adult worms and a marked cellular infiltrate with eosinophils and neutrophils were present on day 21 p.i., and these persisted until day 35 p.i. Microcysts resulting from worm destruction were observed from day 21 p.i.
Goezia bangladeshi n. sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from an anadromous fish Tenualosa ilisha (Clupeidae)
Authors: Akther M. , Alam A. , D'Silva J. , Bhuiyan A.I. , Bristow G.A. , Berland B.
Published: May 2004

A total of 1432 hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (=Hilsa ilisha) from 11 fresh water, brackish water and marine localities in Bangladesh yielded 13 adult Goezia bangladeshi n. sp., all specimens being found in the intestine of a single fish host caught in the lower Ganges. A total of 2372 Goezia juveniles were recovered from 490 infected fish (prevalence 34.2%). This is the first Goezia species recorded from Bangladesh, and it differs from other valid species by the number of caudal papillae (pre 7–9, para 3, post 6); encircled by tiny spines, the position of double papillae, the arrangement of body spines, and the length ratio of the intestinal caecum and the ventricular appendix (1: 3.33–4.72). Juveniles were free in the gut, embedded in the gut wall and encapsulated in mesenteries. Tenualosa ilisha serves as the definitive host, but the predominance of juveniles may indicate that piscivorous hosts may also serve as such. A list of the nominal Goezia species with important characters is provided.
Patterns of infracommunity species richness in eels, Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Norton J. , Rollinson D. , Lewis J.W.
Published: May 2004

Between October 1999 and October 2001, a total of 510 European eels Anguilla anguilla were captured in 13 different samples from the rivers Thames (five locations) and Test (one location) in southern England. The relationship between parasite component community species richness (CCR) and maximum infracommunity species richness (ICRmax) compared with that previously observed in bird and mammal hosts. Specifically, the maximum number of parasite species occurring in infracommunities equalled or exceeded half the number of parasite species in the component community at that time, across a wide range of CCR values (2–9 parasite species). Furthermore, the frequency distribution of infracommunity richness (ICR) suggested that the species composition of infracommunities is probably random. These findings suggest that intestinal macroparasite infracommunities in eels are unsaturated and potentially species rich assemblages and, in these respects, share a fundamental similarity with the infracommunities of birds and mammals.
Partial purification and characterization of Gigantocotyle explanatum somatic antigens
Authors: Ahmad G. , Saifullah M.K. , Nizami W.A.
Published: May 2004

Soluble extracts of Gigantocotyle explanatum, isolated from the liver of buffalo Bubalus bubalis were fractionated on Sephadex G-200 columns. Nine major fractions referred to as F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F9 were separated. Each fraction was tested by ELISA for antigenicity using sera from G. explanatum-infected field buffaloes. Fractions F1 and F2 were highly antigenic, F3, F4, F6 and F7 were moderately antigenic and F5, F8 and F9 were poorly antigenic. Analyses by SDS–PAGE revealed that each fraction comprised several polypeptide(s) in the molecular weight range of <29 to >205 kDa. Results of Western blotting indicated that not all polypeptides which appeared in the SDS–PAGE were antigenic. The antigenic molecules of each fraction were mostly in the low molecular weight range of <14 to >94 kDa with the polypeptides in the range of >14, 14, 18, 21–25 and 34–36 kDa.
Breast-feeding at 12 months of age and dietary habits among breast-fed and non-breast-fed infants
Authors: Lande Britt , Andersen Lene Frost , Veierød Marit B , Bærug Anne , Johansson Lars , Trygg Kerstin U , Bjørneboe Gunn-Elin Aa
Published: May 2004

Objective:

To analyse factors associated with breast-feeding and use of sweetened drinks at 12 months, and to compare dietary habits among breast-fed and non-breast-fed infants.

Design:

Data were collected by a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire filled in by the parents.

Setting:

National dietary survey in Norway.

Subjects:

In total, 1932 12-month-old infants were included.

Results:

At 12 months, 36% of the infants were breast-fed. The odds of breast-feeding at this age were more than doubled both for mothers ≥35 years compared with mothers <25 years and for mothers in the highest educational group compared with mothers in the lowest. A negative association was found for maternal smoking, and the odds of breast-feeding were 40% lower for mothers who smoked than for non-smokers. Some dietary differences were observed between breast-fed and non-breast-fed infants apart from intake of milk. In particular, breast-fed infants had a significantly lower daily intake of sweetened drinks than non-breast-fed infants and a 16% lower mean daily intake of added sugars (P < 0.001). Furthermore, breast-fed infants had 30% higher odds of not receiving sweetened drinks daily, compared with non-breast-fed infants.

Conclusions:

Maternal age, education and smoking status were important factors for breast-feeding at 12 months. Breast-fed infants had lower intakes of sweetened drinks and added sugars than non-breast-fed infants. From a public health perspective, continued promotion of breast-feeding is needed to reduce inequalities in breast-feeding. Moreover, prevention of high intakes of sweetened drinks and added sugars should start in infancy.
Child-feeding strategies of African American women according to stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: Reimer Kathy , Smith Chery , Reicks Marla , Henry Helen , Thomas Ruth , Atwell Janine
Published: May 2004

Objective:

To examine the relationship between child-feeding strategies and the stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption of low-income African American women.

Design:

Mothers were asked to think aloud as they shopped for groceries and prepared a meal for their family. Verbalisations were audio-taped and transcribed. Transcripts were coded. Coded segments were sorted according to stage of change of the women who made the verbalisation. Themes were identified and analysed for differences across the stages of change. Child-feeding strategies and factors influencing provision of fruits and vegetables to children were identified through content analysis procedures.

Setting/subjects:

Seventy women, aged 18 to 45 years, were classified by stage of change (10 to 18 per stage) based on self-reported intakes of fruits and vegetables and intention to increase intake. Women on average had two to three children less than 12 years of age and tended to be single heads of households, with about half having some college or technical training.

Results:

According to the women's comments, food preferences of children were important considerations for women in all stages regarding their food choice behaviours. Women in the later stages reported using more positive child-feeding strategies to promote the intake of fruit and vegetables, including positive role-modelling and methods related to food purchasing, preparation and meal planning.

Conclusions:

Promoting mothers' movement to more advanced stages of change for fruit and vegetable intake may result in the use of more positive child-feeding strategies and therefore contribute to increased fruit and vegetable intake by children.
The iodine content of Norwegian foods and diets
Authors: Dahl Lisbeth , Johansson Lars , Julshamn Kåre , Meltzer Helle Margrete
Published: May 2004

Objectives:

To examine dietary iodine sources and to estimate the dietary iodine intake of the Norwegian population.

Design:

Food iodine analyses carried out in Norway during the last 10 years were compiled, and iodine intake calculated on the basis of food intake data from nation-wide dietary surveys among children and adults. The food intake of adults was measured by a self-administrated food-frequency questionnaire, which covered habitual diet during the past year. The food intake of children was measured by dietary record during four consecutive days.

Setting:

Neither household nor industrial iodisation of salt is mandatory in Norway, but some brands of table salt have 5 μg of iodine added per gram of NaCl. In spite of this, the population has been considered iodine-replete for decades, i.e. having an iodine intake well above the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 150 μg day−1. This assumption has not been substantiated by dietary surveys.

Subjects:

The adults included 1374 females and 1298 males aged 16–79 years. The children included 185 girls and 206 boys aged 4 years, 411 girls and 404 boys aged 9 years, and 517 girls and 492 boys aged 13 years.

Results:

The calculated iodine intake was in the range of 100–250 μg day−1in the majority of the adult population. The mean iodine intake was 136 μg day−1(170 μg I/10 MJ) among women and 176 μg day−1(161 μg I/10 MJ) among men. For children the iodine intake was in the range of 100–120 μg day−1. Milk and dairy products contributed approximately 55% and 70% of the dietary iodine intake in adults and children, respectively. Fish contributed more than 20% of the iodine intake in adults and about 10% in children. The iodine contribution of drinking water was negligible.

Conclusions:

While fish has the highest natural concentration of iodine and as such is an excellent iodine source, milk and diary products are the main determinants of iodine intake in the Norwegian population. Iodisation of cow fodder has been mandatory in Norway since 1950 and provides an efficient alternative to universal salt iodisation. Our results show that the dietary iodine intake of adults is in the range considered to be sufficient. The dietary intake of iodine was at recommended levels among the youngest children; however, it decreased among adolescents, especially among girls.
Effect of the choice of food composition table on nutrient estimates: a comparison between the British and American (Chilean) tables
Authors: Garcia V , Rona RJ , Chinn S
Published: May 2004

Objective:

To determine the level of agreement between the American (Chilean) and British food composition tables in estimating intakes of macronutrients and antioxidants.

Design, setting and subjects: Information based on a food-frequency questionnaire with emphasis on antioxidants was collected from 95 Chileans aged 24–28 years. Nutritional composition was analysed using the British table of food composition and the American table of food composition modified by Chilean food items. Mean differences and limits of agreement (LOAs) of estimated intake were assessed.

Results:

Mean differences between the two tables of food composition ranged from 5.3% to 8.9% higher estimates when using the American (Chilean) table for macronutrients. For micronutrients, a bias towards a higher mean was observed for vitamin E, iron and magnesium when the American (Chilean) table was used, but the opposite was observed for vitamin A and selenium. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81–0.91) to 0.998 (95% CI 0.995–1.00), indicating high to excellent agreement. LOAs for macronutrients and vitamins A and C were satisfactory, as they were sufficiently narrow. There was more uncertainty for other micronutrients.

Conclusion:

The American table gives relative overestimates of macronutrients in comparison to the British table, but the relative biases for micronutrients are inconsistent. Estimates of agreement between the two food composition tables provide reassurance that results are interchangeable for the majority of nutrients.
Influence of filler wire addition on weld pool oscillation during gas tungsten arc welding
Authors: Yudodibroto B. Y. B. , Hermans M. J. M. , Hirata Y. , den Ouden G.
Published: May 2004

The present paper reports on weld penetration control based on weld pool oscillation during gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with cold filler wire addition (cold wire GTAW). Experiments were carried out in which the weld pool was brought into oscillation by applying short pulses on the welding current. The frequency of the weld pool oscillation was obtained from the arc voltage variation via fast Fourier transform analysis. It was found that the weld pool oscillation approach is suitable for penetration control during cold wire GTAW when the metal transfer occurs in an uninterrupted bridging manner. Interrupted bridging transfer results in a disturbed oscillation signal due to agitation of the weld pool by mass transfer and/or oscillation of the pendant droplet.
Plasma channel formation for triggering arc welding
Authors: Tsukamoto M. , Murai K. , Tanaka M. , Abe N. , Nakata K. , Ushio M.
Published: May 2004

A method of starting arc welding using a plasma channel formed between electrodes in a tungsten inert gas arc welding system was demonstrated. The plasma channel was generated by gas breakdown in the laser beam path. In a previous study by the present authors, the arc welding could be started using a laser produced plume. Results in the present study indicated that the laser energy required to start the process using the plasma channel was lower than that using the plume.
Visual observations of liquid filler metal flow within braze gap
Authors: Hall A. C. , Hosking F. M. , Reece M.
Published: May 2004

An in situ visualisation technique has been developed to observe liquid metal flow through a controlled gap. The technique can image and measure brazing filler metal flow velocities, positions, contact angles, and fillet shape. The system captures the two-dimensional fluid flow kinetics common in most capillary driven processes. It consists of a fully integrated, digital, closed loop heating station and a high speed digital camera. The apparatus provides an accessible approach for gathering dynamic braze wetting and flow data that are normally difficult to obtain in a furnace environment. Braze flow displacement curves are generated from the processed camera images. The flow data are being used to calibrate and validate a braze flow model that will predict the effects of dissolution, diffusion, compositional changes, and solidification on capillary fill and fillet geometry.