bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Fate of Tragedy
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807). The Phenomenology treats tragedy both as a model for historical processes in ancient Greek society, and, for the first time, as a literary genre in its own right, with a particular historical place and cultural role within the Athenian polis. In both contexts, tragedy is the process through which loss becomes constructive, furthering the development of consciousness in and beyond antiquity. Yet Greek tragedy is also importantly limited for Hegel: both its content and its form have been rendered irrevocably past by the very historical transformations it represents. Hegel's theory of tragedy encompasses moments of both loss and gain, and the power of his appropriation in the Phenomenology results from the tension between the insight into historical necessity that tragedy offers on one hand and the emotion of sorrow that it brings with it on the other.
Births of the Tragic
Authors: Billings Joshua
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter argues that although the close connections that gave life to tragedy were severed as the major thinkers drifted apart and turned to other concerns by 1807, in an important sense, the history of the tragic had not yet begun. Friedrich Hölderlin's largely unread and totally uncomprehended “Notes” to Sophocles was the only substantial publication directly concerned with the tragic to emerge during this period, and Friedrich Schiller remained by far the most prominent theorist of tragedy. At the same time, translation of Greek works accelerated and improved, while productions of Schiller's The Bride of Messina (1803) across Germany as well as of romantic “tragedies of fate” contributed to a broad interest in high tragedy.
Principles of Probability
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the rules of probability as well as probability distributions. Because models are inherently, deliberately approximate, there comes a need to understand the approximation inherent in models in terms of uncertainty. Thus, equipped with a proper understanding of the principles of probability, ecologists can analyze the particular research problem at hand regardless of its idiosyncrasies. These analyses extend logically from first principles rather than from a particular statistical recipe. The chapter starts with the definition of probability and develops a logical progression of concepts extending from it to a fully specified and implemented Bayesian analysis appropriate for a broad range of research problems in ecology.
Inference from a Single Model
Authors: Hobbs N. Thompson , Hooten Mevin B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how to make inferences using MCMC samples. Here, the process of inference begins on the assumption that a single model is being analyzed. The objective is to estimate parameters, latent states, and derived quantities based on that model and the data. These estimates are conditioned on the single model being analyzed. The chapter also returns to an example advanced in the first chapter, to illustrate choices on specific distributions needed to implement the model, to show how informative priors can be useful, and to illustrate some of the inferential procedures described in this chapter—posterior predictive checks, marginal posterior distributions, estimates of derived quantities, and forecasting.
Multicorns are not path connected
Authors: Hubbard John Hamal , Schleicher Dierk
Published: November 2017

This chapter proves that the tricorn is not locally connected and not even pathwise connected, confirming an observation of John Milnor from 1992. The tricorn is the connectedness locus in the space of antiholomorphic quadratic polynomials z ↦ ̄z² + c. The chapter extends this discussion more generally for antiholomorphic unicritical polynomials of degrees d ≥ 2 and their connectedness loci, known as multicorns. The multicorn M*subscript d is the connectedness locus in the space of antiholomorphic unicritical polynomials psubscript c(z) = ̄zsubscript d + c of degree d, i.e., the set of parameters for which the Julia set is connected. The special case d = 2 is the tricorn, which is the formal antiholomorphic analog to the Mandelbrot set.
Metric stability for random walks (with applications in renormalization theory)
Authors: Moreira Carlos Gustavo , Smania Daniel
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the stability of metric (measure-theoretic) properties of dynamical systems. A well-known example is that of (C²) expanding maps on the circle; this class is structurally stable, and all such maps have an absolutely continuous and ergodic invariant probability satisfying certain decay of correlations estimates. In particular, in the measure theoretic sense, most of the orbits are dense in the phase space. The chapter uses the idea of random walk, which describes transitions between various dynamical scales, to prove a surprising rigidity result: the conjugacy between two unimodal maps of the same degree with Feigenbaum or wild attractors is absolutely continuous.
The Search for “Responsible Elites”
Authors: Greenberg Udi
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the theories of Carl J. Friedrich. When U.S. forces arrived in Germany in 1945, part of their mission was to reshape German culture by implementing democratic curricula, research projects, and international student-exchange programs in German higher education institutions that had been thoroughly Nazified. However, the educational revolution brought by the U.S. occupation was not merely an American response to war. Rather, the massive reorganization of German higher education also resurrected intellectual programs, educational institutions, and international networks from the 1920s. The best embodiment of this continuation was the Calvinist political theorist Carl J. Friedrich. As a young intellectual in Heidelberg, Friedrich developed a highly idiosyncratic and pro-democratic theory of religion and politics. As part of his attempt to mobilize German Protestants in support of the Weimar Republic, he argued that democracy emerged from German Protestant Christianity, and specifically German Calvinism. Germany therefore had to join a democratic alliance with other Protestant republics, especially the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Leighley Jan E. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine voter turnout in every U.S. presidential election from 1972 through 2008 in order to address four questions regarding the changing political context of turnout. First, how have the demographics of turnout in presidential elections changed or remained the same since 1972? Second, what have been the consequences of the broad set of election reforms designed to make registration or voting easier that have been adopted over the past several decades? Third, what is the impact of the policy choices that candidates offer voters on who votes? And fourth, is the conclusion—of the now classic study of voter turnout in the United States by Wolfinger and Rosenstone (1980)—that voters are representative of nonvoters on policy issues accurate, and therefore, who votes does not really matter? The findings on these four questions advance our understanding of turnout and its consequences for representation in fundamental ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Leighley Jan E. , Nagler Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter returns to broader questions of representation and inequality in U.S. presidential elections. The present analysis of turnout in U.S. presidential elections since 1972 proceeded against a backdrop of seismic changes in economic inequality, and with a particular interest in the income bias of voters. The importance of the substantial and sustained income bias documented is underscored by findings on the consistent differences in the policy preferences of voters and nonvoters. This is the study's most important empirical finding is that voters are significantly more conservative than nonvoters on redistributive issues, and they have been in every election since 1972. Voters may be more liberal than nonvoters on social issues, but on redistributive issues they are not. These redistributive issues define a fundamental relationship between citizens and the state in a modern industrialized democracy and are central to ongoing conflicts about the scope of government. It is on these issues that voters offer a biased view of the preferences of the electorate.
Equal Recognition
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

Conflicting claims about culture are a familiar refrain of political life in the contemporary world. On one side, majorities seek to fashion the state in their own image, while on the other, cultural minorities press for greater recognition and accommodation. Theories of liberal democracy are at odds about the merits of these competing claims. Multicultural liberals hold that particular minority rights are a requirement of justice conceived of in a broadly liberal fashion. Critics, in turn, have questioned the motivations, coherence, and normative validity of such defenses of multiculturalism. This book reasserts the case in favor of liberal multiculturalism by developing a new ethical defense of minority rights. The book seeks to restate the case for liberal multiculturalism in a form that is responsive to the major concerns of critics. It describes a new, nonessentialist account of culture, and it rehabilitates and reconceptualizes the idea of liberal neutrality and uses this idea to develop a distinctive normative argument for minority rights. The book elaborates and applies its core theoretical framework by exploring several important contexts in which minority rights have been considered, including debates about language rights, secession, and immigrant integration. Demonstrating that traditional, nonmulticultural versions of liberalism are unsatisfactory, the book will engage readers interested in connections among liberal democracy, nationalism, and current multicultural issues.
Introduction: Liberalism and the Accommodation of Cultural Diversity
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, namely to explore and evaluate the differences between culturalist and nonculturalist forms of liberalism. Are the theoretical resources supplied by the standard, nonculturalist interpretation of liberalism adequate on their own for understanding how states ought to treat their cultural minorities? Or do those resources need to be supplemented by the liberal–culturalist idea that certain minority cultural rights are, as such, a requirement of liberal justice? The main claim of the book is that we should prefer the second of these alternatives. It argues that there are basic reasons of principle for thinking that cultural minorities as such are owed specific forms of recognition and accommodation. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Why Does Culture Matter?
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

The account of culture in Chapter 2 sets the stage for an account of why culture matters to people. Why is it a bad thing for one's culture to disappear, or for one to be denied the opportunity to participate in some cultural practice? This chapter takes up this question and develops an account of why culture matters that is salient to the strong cultural rights thesis. The thought is that it is bad for people to lose their culture, or to be denied certain cultural opportunities, because the options that are open to them are thereby diminished in an unacceptable way. Any account of this form is vulnerable to a dilemma, and an important implication of the dilemma is that strong cultural rights should not be thought of as rights to cultural preservation.
Democratic Secession from a Multinational State
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to the problem of self-government rights. To what extent do national minorities have a legitimate claim on some form of self-governing autonomy within a multinational state? When, if ever, does this claim—or its frustration—support a further claim to independent statehood? By drawing on the idea of equal recognition, the chapter develops a distinctive way of thinking about the justification of multinational federalism and other forms of autonomy for substate national groups. It explores this issue in the context of a further question that has been debated by normative political theorists in recent years—the moral status of secessionist claims. The two main views on this question have been the plebiscitary theory and the remedial rights only theory. The chapter charts a middle course between the democratic approach to secession, on the one hand, and the remedial approach, as formulated by Buchanan, on the other.
NATO in Afghanistan
Authors: Auerswald David P. , Saideman Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

Modern warfare is almost always multilateral to one degree or another, requiring countries to cooperate as allies or coalition partners. Yet as the war in Afghanistan has made abundantly clear, multilateral cooperation is neither straightforward nor guaranteed. Countries differ significantly in what they are willing to do and how and where they are willing to do it. Some refuse to participate in dangerous or offensive missions. Others change tactical objectives with each new commander. Some countries defer to their commanders while others hold them to strict account. This book explores how government structures and party politics in NATO countries shape how battles are waged in the field. Drawing on more than 250 interviews with senior officials from around the world, the book finds that domestic constraints in presidential and single-party parliamentary systems—in countries such as the United States and Britain respectively—differ from those in countries with coalition governments, such as Germany and the Netherlands. As a result, different countries craft different guidelines for their forces overseas, most notably in the form of military caveats, the often-controversial limits placed on deployed troops. Providing critical insights into the realities of alliance and coalition warfare, the book also looks at non-NATO partners such as Australia, and assesses NATO's performance in the 2011 Libyan campaign to show how these domestic political dynamics are by no means unique to Afghanistan.
Terrified
Authors: Bail Christopher A.
Published: November 2017

In July 2010, Terry Jones, the pastor of a small fundamentalist church in Florida, announced plans to burn two hundred Qur'ans on the anniversary of the September 11 attacks. Though he ended up canceling the stunt in the face of widespread public backlash, his threat sparked violent protests across the Muslim world that left at least twenty people dead. This book demonstrates how the beliefs of fanatics like Jones are inspired by a rapidly expanding network of anti-Muslim organizations that exert profound influence on American understanding of Islam. The book traces how the anti-Muslim narrative of the political fringe has captivated large segments of the American media, government, and general public, validating the views of extremists who argue that the United States is at war with Islam and marginalizing mainstream Muslim-Americans who are uniquely positioned to discredit such claims. Drawing on cultural sociology, social network theory, and social psychology, the book shows how anti-Muslim organizations gained visibility in the public sphere, commandeered a sense of legitimacy, and redefined the contours of contemporary debate, shifting it ever outward toward the fringe. The book illustrates the author's pioneering theoretical argument through a big-data analysis of more than one hundred organizations struggling to shape public discourse about Islam, tracing their impact on hundreds of thousands of newspaper articles, television transcripts, legislative debates, and social media messages produced since the September 11 attacks. The book also features in-depth interviews with the leaders of these organizations, providing a rare look at how anti-Muslim organizations entered the American mainstream.
Fringe Benefits
Authors: Bail Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains how anti-Muslim organizations leveraged their newfound standing within the public sphere to forge social networks with powerful civil society organizations and amass vast financial resources between 2004 and 2006. In so doing, anti-Muslim organizations crept from the fringe to the mainstream of the cultural environment as their once peripheral messages spread across more moderate organizations and inspired others to join the struggle to shape shared understandings about Islam. This transformation resulted from the routinization of their emotional energy into a field of terrorism experts, a sophisticated media strategy that resulted in several best-selling books and an influential documentary film, and partnerships with groups that splintered from the mainstream during earlier periods.
Civil Society Organizations and Public Understandings of Islam
Authors: Bail Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter asks whether the influence of anti-Muslim organizations within the media and policy process extends toward the broader public and everyday life. Though public opinion of Muslims became more favorable after the September 11 attacks, subsequent years witnessed a marked increase in anti-Muslim attitudes among the American public that mirrored the rise of anti-Muslim organizations within the public sphere. Data from popular social media sites suggest the surge in anti-Muslim civil society organizations was at least partly responsible for the transformation of the American public's understanding of Islam. Finally, the chapter details the growth of mosque controversies within the U.S. inspired by fringe activists—including the high-profile controversy about the construction of an Islamic center near the site of the September 11 attacks and the Qur'an burning controversy that followed.
The Evolution of Cultural Environments
Authors: Bail Christopher
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the evolutionary theory of how civil society organizations shape the evolution of cultural environments in the wake of major crises such as the September 11 attacks. It discusses the international implications of the rise of anti-Muslim messages within the American public sphere. It argues that the evolution of shared understandings of Islam in the American public sphere cannot be explained via cultural, structural, or social-psychological factors alone. Rather than independent causal factors competing for influence, culture, structure, and social psychology are best described as interdependent forces that combine to produce a new status quo as societies transition out of crises. The interpenetration of culture, structure, and social psychology creates a particularly powerful form of cultural change because it is largely invisible.
Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

Many in the United States and Israel believe that Hamas is nothing but a terrorist organization, and that its social sector serves merely to recruit new supporters for its violent agenda. Based on extensive fieldwork in the Gaza Strip and West Bank during the critical period of the Oslo peace process, this book shows how the social service activities sponsored by the Islamist group emphasized not political violence but rather community development and civic restoration. The book demonstrates how Islamic social institutions in Gaza and the West Bank advocated a moderate approach to change that valued order and stability, not disorder and instability; were less dogmatically Islamic than is often assumed; and served people who had a range of political outlooks and no history of acting collectively in support of radical Islam. These institutions attempted to create civic communities, not religious congregations. They reflected a deep commitment to stimulate a social, cultural, and moral renewal of the Muslim community, one couched not only—or even primarily—in religious terms. Vividly illustrating Hamas's unrecognized potential for moderation, accommodation, and change, the book also traces critical developments in Hamas' social and political sectors through the Second Intifada to today, and offers an assessment of the current, more adverse situation in the occupied territories. The Oslo period held great promise that has since been squandered. This book argues for more enlightened policies by the United States and Israel, ones that reflect Hamas' proven record of nonviolent community building. A new afterword discusses how Hamas has been affected by changing regional dynamics and by recent economic and political events in Gaza, including failed attempts at reconciliation with Fatah.
Introduction: Structure, Arguments, and Conceptual Framework
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the Islamic Resistance Movement or Hamas, which was established at the beginning of the first Palestinian uprising in December 1987. This analysis of Hamas focuses on its social dimensions and on the relationship between its social and political sectors, primarily in the Gaza Strip, where the Islamist movement in Palestine is most concentrated. The chapter also explores the ways in which Islamic political institutions interact with and/or influence social institutions and vice versa, the nature of Islamic social and political mobilization in Palestine and the links between them, the changing nature of Islamically legitimized action in the public and political spheres, and the slowly emerging secularization of religious discourse as a way of adapting to existing social and political realities.
Islamist Conceptions of Civil Society
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents a conceptual framework for ideas about Islamic civil society and explores the meaning of civil society to Islamists themselves. An Islamic civil society does not differ in certain ways from a non-Islamic or secular civil society but embraces some of the same values (e.g., civility, tolerance) and roles (e.g., independent entities compensating for the deficiencies of the state). Another prominent theme is that Islam, both as a religion and as an expression of cultural identity, should not be relegated solely to the private sphere but should also be situated squarely in the public sphere. A third theme stressed compatibility between Islam and civil society, arguing that Islam contains all the requisite elements to form a civil society and that traditional Islamic society was indeed a version of civil society.
A Changing Islamist Order? From Civic Empowerment to Civic Regression—the Second Intifada and Beyond
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: November 2017

This chapter evaluates the political impact on the Islamist movement and its social institutions of the following: the second Intifada, Israel's 2005 “disengagement” from Gaza, Hamas' 2006 electoral victory, the subsequent international boycott of the Hamas-led government, and Hamas' June 2007 military takeover of Gaza. Particular consideration is given to how the role of social institutions changed after the second Intifada and after the 2006 elections. The chapter also shows how in the almost two decades since the Oslo process began, the quality of life in Palestine has declined markedly. The political, economic, and social possibilities of the past—both real and illusory—have since disappeared.
Restoring the Lost Constitution
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

The U.S. Constitution found in school textbooks and under glass in Washington is not the one enforced today by the Supreme Court. This book argues that since the nation's founding, but especially since the 1930s, the courts have been cutting holes in the original Constitution and its amendments to eliminate the parts that protect liberty from the power of government. From the Commerce Clause, to the Necessary and Proper Clause, to the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, to the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court has rendered each of these provisions toothless. In the process, the written Constitution has been lost. This book establishes the original meaning of these lost clauses and offers a practical way to restore them to their central role in constraining government: adopting a “presumption of liberty” to give the benefit of the doubt to citizens when laws restrict their rightful exercises of liberty. It also provides a new, realistic and philosophically rigorous theory of constitutional legitimacy that justifies both interpreting the Constitution according to its original meaning and, where that meaning is vague or open-ended, construing it so as to better protect the rights retained by the people. The book disputes the conventional wisdom, posing a powerful challenge to which others must now respond. This updated edition features an afterword with further reflections on individual popular sovereignty, originalist interpretation, judicial engagement, and the gravitational force that original meaning has exerted on the Supreme Court in several recent cases.
Why Care What the Constitution Says?
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This book examines whether the U.S. Constitution—either as written or as actually applied—is legitimate. It argues that the most commonly held view of constitutional legitimacy—the “consent of the governed”—is wrong because it is a standard that no constitution can meet. It shows why holding the Constitution to this unattainable ideal both undermines its legitimacy and allows others to substitute their own meaning for that of the text. The book considers the notion of “natural rights” as “liberty rights,” along with the nature and scope of the so-called police power of states. Furthermore, it analyzes the original meaning of key provisions of the text that have been either distorted or excised entirely from the judges' Constitution and ignored: the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause in the original Constitution, the Ninth Amendment, and the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Natural Rights as Liberty Rights: Retained Rights, Privileges, or Immunities
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the conception of rights held by the people who wrote and adopted the original Constitution and also by those who wrote and adopted the Fourteenth Amendment. If the framers held certain views of rights, their conception of rights was correct, and if they incorporated effective procedural protections of these rights into the Constitution, then the laws that are produced by this constitutional process will be binding in conscience. The terms “rights,” “liberties,” “privileges,” and “immunities” were often used interchangeably or in a cluster. The chapter analyzes the founders' view of natural rights as liberty rights as well as their universal belief in popular sovereignty. It argues that those who subscribe to the fiction of “We the People” precisely because they reject the reality of natural rights and can see no alternative path to constitutional legitimacy are wrong on both counts.
Constitutional Interpretation: An Originalism for Nonoriginalists
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that the Constitution must be interpreted according to its original meaning. This method of interpretation is commonly known as “originalism,” which is often seen as following from popular sovereignty. The chapter suggests that originalism is entailed by a commitment to a written constitution, which is a vital means of subjecting lawmakers to limits on their lawmaking powers. The chapter first examines how considerations of constitutional legitimacy justify originalism before advancing a version of originalism that is based on “original meaning” rather than “original intent.” It explains how original meaning originalism avoids the prominent objections leveled at originalism. It shows that originalism is warranted because it is the best method to preserve or “lock in” a constitution that is initially legitimate because of what is says.
Judicial Review of State Laws: The Meaning of the Privileges or Immunities Clause
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the original meaning of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in order to determine what stance federal courts should take toward state laws. The original Constitution contained several explicit restrictions on state power. In the early years of the Republic, federal courts actively scrutinized state enactments to ensure they did not violate these expressed prohibitions, especially the Contracts Clause. When it came to legislation not implicating these prohibitions, however, the courts deferred to states in their exercise of their police power. The chapter first considers what the term “privileges or immunities” encompasses before discussing the Supreme Court decision in the so-called Slaughter-House Cases, which set aside the original meaning of the Privileges or Immunities Clause. It then looks at the Due Process Clauses and shows that the due process of law includes judicial review.
The Mandate of the Ninth Amendment: Why Footnote Four Is Wrong
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the revival of the presumption of constitutionality and its almost immediate qualification in the form of Footnote Four, which it argues is inconsistent with the Ninth Amendment. The era in which the Supreme Court attempted to scrutinize the necessity and propriety of state and federal restrictions on liberty came to a close as the perceived legitimacy of legislative activism continued to grow. The doctrinal vehicle used by the New Deal Court to overturn the Progressive Era precedents was the adoption of a presumption of constitutionality. The chapter first provides an overview of Footnote Four before discussing the Ninth Amendment, which mandates that unenumerated rights be treated the same as those that are listed. It shows that Footnote Four runs afoul of the text of the Constitution, and more specifically the Ninth Amendment.
The Proper Scope of Federal Power: The Meaning of the Commerce Clause
Authors: Barnett Randy E.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the propriety of federal laws under the power most often invoked to justify restrictions on liberty: the power to regulate commerce among the several states. Courts are not empowered to disregard powers that are expressly enumerated in the Constitution, even those that violate the rights of the people. They are authorized only to interpret the meaning of these powers, and where this meaning is underdeterminate, to construe them in a manner that is consistent with original meaning and that would render their exercise as legitimate as possible. The chapter analyzes the federal power to regulate commerce by explaining what the Commerce Clause means. It also considers judicial interpretations of commerce during the period 1824–1935 and shows that the term “among the states” independently limits federal power with respect to commerce. Finally, it reviews John Marshall's arguments in Gibbons v. Ogden.
Why Women Don’t Speak
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers how women on average tend to have lower confidence and to be more affected by that lower confidence, to dislike conflict and seek cooperation, and to seek a sense of connection to others. These differences between men and women may become consequential when individuals assemble in groups. The chapter identifies two possible reasons why groups matter in this way. First, the fewer women are present, the more the interaction takes on a masculine character. Second, the fewer women, the more confident participants the women encounter and the lower their sense of capacity to function as a valued member of the group. This is called the “minority status” hypothesis. A corollary is the “enclave” hypothesis: all-female groups provide aspecial boost to women.
Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women’s Distinctive Voice?
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how women, far more than men, prioritize the protection of vulnerable and poor populations and support government intervention on “compassion” issues. Were women to gain more equal standing and authority, deliberations in public settings may well come to reflect a different set of priorities. In the same conditions where women speak more and carry more perceived influence, women are also more likely to speak to their distinctive concerns. Not only do women speak less when they are minorities under majority rule, they also speak less to the concerns women tend to raise and act upon. In other words, a valuable set of perspectives and considerations is nearly entirely lost to the group in the setting where women's standing is lowest.
When Women Speak, Groups Listen—Sometimes: How and When Women’s Voice Shapes the Group’s Generosity
Authors: Karpowitz Christopher F. , Mendelberg Tali
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how the conditions of deliberation affect the definition of justice adopted by both individuals and groups, and how these concepts of justice influence their concrete policy decisions about income redistribution. The preferences of women and men tend to differ with respect to redistributive policies. These gender differences in policy preferences are directly relevant to the subject of deliberation and decision making. Moreover, the chapter shows that discussion under conditions that elevate women's status affects who sets the agenda, shapes the expression of women's and men's preferences, helps women to become more certain of their views about the proper ways to redistribute income, and, ultimately, affects the group's eventual decision.
The Sources of Regional Power Nuclear Postures: Posture Optimization Theory
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: November 2017

This chapter identifies three main types of regional power nuclear postures, arrayed across a spectrum of capabilities and deployment procedures. This theory, the Posture Optimization Theory, explains why the existing regional nuclear powers have adopted the nuclear postures and strategies they have, and generates testable predictions about what type of nuclear posture future regional nuclear powers might adopt based on a set of readily observable variables. Because of the dearth of regional states that have acquired nuclear weapons, this exercise has inherent limitations. However, by testing the framework against the existing empirical record, we can determine whether it provides a plausible framework with which to explain the choices of existing regional powers and to predict the choices that future nuclear powers might make.
South Africa
Authors: Narang Vipin
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces South Africa's nuclear posture—how it intended to operationalize and use its six nuclear devices—and explores the sources of that particular strategy. Since 1978, in a very explicit strategy statement outlined by Prime Minister P. W. Botha who held the reins of the South African program for its duration, South Africa clearly envisioned and operationalized a catalytic nuclear posture designed to draw in Western—particularly American—assistance in the event of an overwhelming Soviet or Cuban-backed conventional threat to South Africa through Angola, Namibia, or Mozambique. Given the risk of additional sanctions and isolation if South Africa became an open nuclear power, optimization theory predicts that South Africa would adopt a catalytic posture if it believed it could successfully compel the United States to intervene on its behalf in the face of a severe threat.
From Judge Lynch to Jim Crow
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the changing face of race relations in Texas. It asks: How was it possible for Texans—and indeed for much of the country—to imagine that race relations had become so accommodating for all concerned in 1936? Was it the result of a kind of dual consciousness in which people knew deep down that the situation left much to be desired but on the surface wanted to put on a good appearance for anyone who might be watching—and they hoped the world was watching and thinking well of Texas? Or was it that the Texas Centennial Exposition celebrated significant changes that had taken place over the past century and even over the past half century—changes that nearly everyone regarded as about the best anyone could hope for, but which also reflected the fact that race relations still had a long way to go?
Power to the People
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how religious groups were drawn into the social, political, and cultural conflicts of the 1970s, often reluctantly just as they had been in the 1960s. Only now, however, it was becoming clearer that two sides were taking shape and that what could and could not be said on each side was better understood. On the one hand, groups were organizing around particular social and political issues, energized by the urgency of effecting change in an environment that offered opportunities for empowerment and at the same time created uncertainty about what could be achieved. On the other hand, groups distrustful of those activist organizations were hardly resting quietly on the sidelines. They too were taking advantage of new opportunities, focusing on evangelism, church growth, and inventive ministry styles. While the more politically engaged activist groups made headlines, the broader landscape could not be understood without paying attention to these quieter developments as well.
The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys some characteristics of “import-substituting industrialization” in an attempt to appraise its evolution and the principal difficulties it has encountered. Some purely economic aspects of the problem are discussed, but particular attention is directed to interrelations with social and political life, as industrialization—one of the principal solutions for Latin America's development—has led to some feelings of disenchantment. It becomes necessary here to have a clear-eyed view of what “late-late” industrializing is; instead of exhaustion, this chapter posits that Latin Americans are confronted with the growing pains of having industrialized without an industrial revolution (basic social and political changes).
A Generalized Linkage Approach to Development, with Special Reference to Staples
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to Hirschman's “linkage effects”—the means through which growth sectors can change the rest of the economy. First proposed in his 1958 book, The Strategy of Economic Development, the concept of linkage effects in this chapter is applied to how primary exports, or “staples,” shape development. Refining what he calls “micro-Marxism”—to examine the local, smaller-scale fusions of technology and production that have larger-scale social effects—he lays out a complex inventory of linkage effects. Some are even more than just economic; they can be social and political as well. The result is the expansion of variables that can account for the varieties of pathways to capitalist development.
Opinionated Opinions and Democracy
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines a rather unconventional ingredient to the economist's conception of the quality of life—having opinions. It argues that having opinions is a condition that has been widely commended by social scientists, psychologists, and philosophers. At first blush, it seems that, like other aspects of the quality of life, opinions can be treated like consumer goods: the more the better, as well as, in this case, the stronger the better—the value of exhibiting strong opinions and of taking a principled stand celebrated, to the point where there is even some doubt whether the principle of decreasing returns applies to the good under examination. Conversely, indifference and lack of conviction have been denounced in the harshest terms. The chapter explores these and other concepts that complicate the benefits that flow from having opinions.
Reactionary Rhetoric
Authors: Hirschman Albert O.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the common or typical arguments unfailingly made by the great reactive movements of the past two centuries. Emphasis is placed on the major polemical maneuvers engaged in by those who had set out to debunk and roll back “progressive” policies and movements of ideas—by the forces, that is to say, of reaction. Chief among these arguments is what might be called the thesis of the perverse effect. The thesis of the perverse effect is closely connected with the semantic origin of the term reaction, discussed with reference to Newton's Third Law of Motion. From here, the thesis asserts not merely that a movement or policy will fall short of its goal or will occasion unexpected costs or negative side effects, but that the attempt to push society in a certain direction will result in its moving in the opposite direction.
We the People: Racial Realism in Politics and Government
Authors: Skrentny John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on government employment. It begins by examining those placed at the highest positions in the country, because political elites set the tone for America in general. The chapter shows that politicians do not practice what they preach: they may give rhetorical support to classical liberalism, but both parties commonly follow racial-realist logics when appointing government officials, including judges. It then shows the long and prominent support given to racial realism in policing and education. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the constitutional jurisprudence that has authorized racial realism in law enforcement but barred it in other sectors, including education.
Ruling Regions, Exploiting Resources
Authors: Mattingly David J.
Published: November 2017

In recent years, debate has started to explore the tensions between global and local aspects of the Roman economic world. This chapter argues that the Roman economy is not only best understood as an agglomeration of globalized regional economies but that we can also define a series of major mechanisms at work that governed discrete areas of economic activity. In particular, it focuses on the role of the state as a motor of economic activity through its status as an imperial power. It constructs some simple models built around colonial discourse analysis, rather than complex economic theory. The main purpose of this chapter is not to outline a new general model for the Roman economy but to reignite debate about the economic face of Roman imperialism.
Good Business
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the link between Emergency Medical Incorporated's financial success and the quality of hospital care it ultimately was able to provide. Emergency Medical Incorporated, one of the nation's largest contract management groups, held the contract for the emergency department at HolyCare Hospital. The company managed the scheduling, billing, and workflow of the emergency medicine physicians, who were technically “independent contractors” with the company. It also provided them with medical malpractice insurance and helped them minimize legal risk. The chapter considers the billing practices of HolyCare doctors and the effects of physicians' individualism on the quality of care at HolyCare. It shows that entrepreneurship was structured within larger organizations (from the physicians' group to the hospital itself) that also profited from doctors' profiteering.
The Martyred Heart
Authors: Reich Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the hierarchical relationships between nurses and physicians at HolyCare Hospital. If relationships at PubliCare were relatively egalitarian and informal, at HolyCare they were hierarchical and codified. Paradoxically, in the name of the “patient experience,” most of the people working at HolyCare seemed relatively miserable. This was true across many different strata of hospital staff members. One physician administrator at PubliCare suggested that there was a “lack of collegiality” at HolyCare. Nurses and ancillary workers described the experience of working at HolyCare as one defined by fear and insecurity. The chapter considers how social values at HolyCare retained a degree of autonomy from exchange relations. It shows that the vocational values through which managers sought to secure an obedient workforce could be turned on their head and be used to advocate against management for the resources and power necessary to provide for themselves and their patients.
Europe and Agenda Setting
Authors: Reich Simon , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Europe's efforts at agenda setting. It demonstrates the importance of persuasion as a form of influence. Robert Kagan, a noted American realist, argues that Europeans recognize complexity and rely on diplomacy because they are weak and lack America's material power. The chapter disputes this claim. Europeans could easily spend more on their military but choose not to do so. This is an effective policy if their goal is to exercise influence. The norms of regional and international systems are undergoing significant shifts that deprive military power of much of its political utility while enhancing other forms of influence. To sustain this argument, the chapter offers case studies of successful European efforts to manage globalization and bring about a treaty that bans landmines. European initiatives on both fronts were opposed by the economically and militarily more powerful United States.
America and Security Sponsorship
Authors: Reich Simon , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: November 2017

This chapter draws on a conceptual and empirical analysis to rethink America's posthegemonic role in the world. While guided by self-interest, the chapter contends that the United States should pursue a strategy that helps to implement policies that are widely supported and are often mooted or initiated by others. It should generally refrain from attempting to set the agenda and lead in a traditional realist or liberal sense. Drawing on Simon Reich's work on global norms, the chapter looks at the success Washington has had in sponsoring—that is, in backing—initiatives originating elsewhere. It examines the successful provision of military assistance to NATO's campaign in Libya, which offers a stark contrast to the U.S. approach to Iraq. The chapter then offers counterfactual cases of U.S. drug policy in Mexico and efforts to keep North Korea from going nuclear.
German Popular Stories as Revolutionary Book
Authors: Zipes Jack
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers Edgar Taylor's (1793–1839) adaptation of the Grimms' German Popular Stories (1823, 1826), which radically changed the destiny of what we today call the “fairy tales” of the Brothers Grimm. It recounts and analyzes the Grimms' intentions in collecting and publishing the two volumes of the first edition of their tales in 1812 and 1815 as well as the second edition of 1819. Then the chapter reviews the history of how Taylor came upon their tales in the early 1820s and why he decided to “translate” them into English. This chapter concludes by discussing how Taylor participated in the romantic antiquarian movement, what we would today call folklore, to recapture neglected relics of the past, and to defend the imagination against rationalism.