bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention of the LAD: costs and long-term outcome
Authors: Merkle Julia , Zeriouh Mohamed , Sabashnikov Anton , Azizov Farid , Hohmann Christopher , Weber Carolyn , Eghbalzadeh Kaveh , Said Yousef , Wahlers Thorsten , Michels Guido
Published: December 2018

Objective:

Outcomes and treatment costs for coronary artery disease involving the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) are influenced by the type of treatment, which can be either isolated minimally invasive revascularization of the LAD using the internal thoracic artery (ITA) (MIDCAB) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the LAD. This retrospective study sought to evaluate long-term survival, freedom from re-intervention and cost analysis after MIDCAB compared to PCI on the LAD.

Methods:

Between 2006 and 2012, from a total of 561 patients, 106 consecutive patients with LAD stenosis underwent a MIDCAB procedure whereas 100 patients underwent elective PCI. Urgent and emergent cases were excluded from the present study (n = 355). Detailed analysis of the outcome data was performed for both groups. A Kaplan–Meier survival estimation with up to 10-year follow-up was applied for both groups for survival analysis and freedom from re-intervention.

Results:

There were no statistically significant differences in terms of clinically relevant baseline characteristics. The outcome in the MIDCAB group was superior regarding long-term overall survival, accounting for 100% versus 92.8% at 1 year, 98.5% versus 82.1% at 6 years and 79.6% versus 61.5% at 10 years (Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) p = 0.011) and freedom from re-intervention at 10 years (97.2% vs. 86.7%, Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) p = 0.001). Intensive care unit (ICU) stay (p = 0.020) and total hospital stay (p<0.001) were significantly longer in the MIDCAB group, which was also associated with higher in-hospital costs (10,879 € vs. 4009 €, p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Whereas patients undergoing MIDCAB remained longer on ICU and in hospital, causing higher costs, this procedure was associated with a significantly lower incidence of repeat revascularization and significantly lower mortality compared to PCI on the LAD.
Transaction Streams: Theory and Examples Related to Confidence in Internet-Based Electronic Commerce
Authors: Subirana Brian , Carvajal Patricia
Published: December 2018

This paper analyses how transactions related to the exchange of goods and services are being performed on the Internet. The adoption of electronic markets in an industry has a disintermediation potential because it can create a direct link between the producer and the consumer (without the need for the intermediation role of distributors). Electronic markets lower the searches cost allowing customers to choose between more providers. This ultimately reduces both the costs for the customer and the profits for the producer. In this paper it is contended that electronic markets on the Internet have the opposite effect, resulting in an increase in intermediators. It introduces transaction streams which model how transactions are being conducted and helps explain the types of new intermediators that are appearing on the Internet. The mechanisms by which companies are exploring ways of extending transaction streams are also described. To illustrate the model, the paper briefly analyses transaction streams in the insurance industry and provides examples related to confidence in electronic commerce.
Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning Packages in Different Corporate and National Cultures
Authors: Krumbholz M. , Galliers J. , Coulianos N. , Maiden N.A.M.
Published: December 2018

ERP (enterprise resource planning) packages provide generic off-the-shelf business and software solutions for customers. However, these packages are implemented in companies with different corporate and national cultures and there is growing evidence that failure to adapt ERP packages to fit these cultures leads to projects which are expensive and overdue. This paper describes research which synthesizes social science theories of culture in order to be able to model and predict the impact of culture on ERP package implementation. It describes a knowledge meta-schema for modelling the surface and deeper manifestations of culture and predictions of ERP implementation problems based on national culture differences. It reports on an empirical study into the implementation of ERP packages in a large pharmaceuticals organization in Scandinavia and the UK. The results provide evidence for an association between corporate culture and ERP implementation problems but no direct evidence for an association between national culture and implementation problems. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that these diverse implementation problems can be caused by a mismatch between a small set of core values which are indicative of a customer's corporate culture. The paper concludes with revisions to the design of our extended method for ERP package implementation to the design of the meta-model and to rules that codify culture constraints that are applied in order to analyse instances of the meta-model.
Lessons from Enterprise Resource Planning Implementations in Ireland – Towards Smaller and Shorter ERP Projects
Authors: Adam Frédéric , O'Doherty Peter
Published: December 2018

The enterprise resource planning (ERP) software market has been growing at a very fast pace over the last few years and has been predicted to keep growing rapidly in the long term. This has led to an abundance of media reports on the subject of ERP and to managers wondering whether their companies should implement ERP systems. In order to separate the reality of the ERP phenomenon from the hype that surrounds it, we studied 14 ERP implementation projects in Irish organizations and focused on the key relationships between organizations which attempt to implement ERP systems and their implementing partners. We found that the ERP implementations that are going on in Ireland at the moment are different to the projects that have been reported elsewhere in two key respects. Firstly, the organizations interested in ERP software are, on average, far smaller than the case studies reported in the literature and the majority of the cases we reviewed were small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Secondly, the durations of implementation were far shorter than reported elsewhere. These results are not surprising if one considers the smaller average size of Irish organizations, but they indicate that the ERP movement is truly ready for an extension towards the SME market. They also indicate that the duration of the implementation of ERP software may be related to the size and complexity of the client organization and that SMEs can expect to have an easier time implementing ERPs than the current literature suggests. We also found that software implementers play a key role, not only in technical terms, but also in managerial and political terms, because they can help their clients in correcting their expectations and perceptions of ERP systems and ERP implementations.
Challenge of the 90S: Harmonizing Business and Technology for Commercial Advantage
Authors: Hunt Garry E.
Published: December 2018

Every business executive in every industry throughout the world is facing increasing and unrelenting competition. During the past decade this growing competition has brought with it the associated threat of survival of so many enterprises at a time when we are also experiencing the effects of a new industrial revolution created by the continuing and rapid advancements in information technology.

In this paper we present the argument that the key to corporate success is associated with the development of the effective management of IT. The expenditures involved are now so large that they must be the concern of the Chief Executive Officer of the company. But, as we demonstrate, this is not the current situation in many organizations. The challenge of the ‘90s will be to integrate in an effective manner, the corporate business strategy with the increasing use of IT. In many cases, it will require a new style of management, but for those organizations who do not make this change, their corporate prosperity may be at stake.

This paper sets out my personal view on this major issue, which was presented on the 23 April 1990, as the British Computer Society 1990 Jubilee lecture and sponsored by Computer Weekly.
Information Systems Forensics
Authors: Collier Paul A. , Spaul Barry J.
Published: December 2018

This paper discusses some current issues and methods related to the investigation and successful prosecution of crimes committed with or against computerized information systems. The paper maintains that a new extension to the forensic sciences is a major requirement in the fight against computer misuse and that this new branch of forensic science be called Information Systems Forensics.
Information Requirements Prototyping for Decision Support Systems
Authors: Braunstein Daniel N. , Lauer Thomas W. , Doane David P.
Published: December 2018

Information requirements determination for Decision Support Systems (DSS) is often inadequately handled due to premature structuring thus precluding dynamic changes in the framing of the problem by managers. A review of relevant concepts in the behavioural decision making literature is provided. Case studies from three large business organizations illustrate system problems with information requirements. The authors suggest prototyping as a more valid approach to determining information requirements.
The Evolution of Interorganizational Systems
Authors: Meier Johannes , Sprague Ralph H.
Published: December 2018

In the literature on interorganizational systems (IOS) one encounters mainly examples of information systems that support highly structured transactions between organizations. However, the range of interorganizational activities also includes less structured interactions, such as negotiations and joint problem solving. This paper wants to contribute to a better understanding of the potential of IOS by developing the notion of a high-level IOS. Technological and managerial challenges are delineated that have to be mastered in order to reach high-level IOS. Underlying the analysis of these challenges is the prediction of an evolution of IOS that is based on the analysis of the evolution of internal information systems (IS).
A Critical Look at Expert Systems for Business Information Applications
Authors: Coats Pamela K.
Published: December 2018

This paper argues that, contrary to the expectations of researchers, academics and practitioners, current expert systems (ES) for business information and decision making applications are actually quite primitive and fall disturbingly short of claims of intelligence. The focus of the article is a discussion of the problems with expert systems and a realistic assessment of the narrow spectrum of ES successes. The problems seriously detract from the prospects of expert systems as practical enhancements to most present-day business information systems.
Competition in the Telecommunications Industry: A New Global Paradigm and its Limits
Authors: Trauth Eileen M. , Pitt Douglas
Published: December 2018

The ascendancy of competition in the telecommunications industry suggests the emergence of a new public policy paradigm. By tracing the progress of two first movers – the United States and the United Kingdom – the technological, industrial and economic pressures for change can be observed. In this paper we present the underlying assumptions, effects and expected benefits of the competitive paradigm. We argue, however, that the outcomes experienced by early adopters of this paradigm may not be the same for later entrants. Evidence from other industries, economic development theory, and social equity literature questions the assumption that all nations should progress along identical telecommunications policy paths.
Issues in the Design and Administration of Distributed Model Management Systems
Authors: Agarwal Ritu , Ghosh Deb
Published: December 2018

Distributed model management systems (DMMS) represent the next frontier in the organizational usage of DSS technology. Due to the growing popularity of distributed computing systems and increased level of modelling activity in most organizations, significant benefits can be realized through the implementation of a DMMS. In several ways, the functions of a DMMS can be viewed as isomorphic to those of a distributed database system.

This paper describes the objectives of a distributed model management system and discusses several important issues that must be considered before constructing the distributed model base. In addition, a layered schema architecture is suggested for designing the DMMS. The proposed architecture facilitates sharing, control, consistency and integration of models, without altering the current model representation schemes. This paper also examines the roles of different individuals responsible for managing the DMMS.
Use of Executive Information Systems in Measuring Business Performance
Authors: Holohan James
Published: December 2018

Much effort and research has concentrated on the need to formulate and implement business strategy, and the need to monitor performance against strategic plans. This paper, based on research carried out from July to September 1990, identifies the methodologies which organizations applied to define performance indicators presented on their Executive Information Systems and if these indicators helped steer the organizations towards their strategic objectives. Organizations applied either a critical success factor, an alternative top-down, or an evolutionary/prototype methodology to build their EISs. Unfortunately, not one organization which took part in the research modelled its EIS on its overall business strategy, thus limiting the use of their EIS to that of a glorified fire extinguisher rather than using it to help bridge the gap between formulating and implementing a business strategy.
Information Technology as a Service Operation
Authors: Rands Tony
Published: December 2018

Research into service management has revealed concepts and ideas which may be usefully applied in other management settings. In order to evaluate their potential relevance to managing information technology (IT), several aspects of service management are explored, including the nature of service products, customer-supplier contact, the design of service delivery systems, and measuring and achieving service quality.

Some ideas have already been applied to IT, but others could also be relevant. These include examining contacts between users and IT specialists, using process flow charts to design IT services, and employing service quality measures in IT management. A general model is proposed for managing IT service quality; the application of this model at the strategic level of firms is examined.
Internationalization of the Firm and Impacts of Videotex Networks
Authors: Steinfield Charles , Caby Laurence , Vialle Pierre
Published: December 2018

Business applications represent one of the fastest growing areas for videotex. Due to the efforts to link national videotex systems, we analyse the potential uses and effects of videotex for international business applications. Using case studies of international videotex use by eight firms, we outline the key strategies firms use to exploit videotex internationally, as well as the major impacts of this use. Main strategies include: (1) adding value to basic transactions through the incremental addition of new services, (2) using the basic service as a product leader that draws customers into a relationship, (3) using the information byproducts of transactions to better manage relationships with system users and (4) linking videotex systems with other networks and information systems as a means of broadening reach. Impacts centered primarily on the ways firms related to their customers and suppliers including a shifting of costs of transactions away from the service provider, a more easily expanded base of partners and more standardized interactions with these. International connections via videotex helped to alleviate the high costs of international telecommunications, and in some cases, permitted companies to access foreign markets previously too expensive to reach. Theoretically, the case studies illustrate the use of telematic systems to enable marketing strategies that have characteristics of both market and hierarchy approaches as noted by Williamson (1975), and both cost/volume and product differentiation strategies pointed out by Porter (1980). Regarding international strategy, the case studies further illustrate that such telematic applications can help firms achieve the benefits of both global and multidomestic approaches discussed by Porter (1986).
Users’ Knowledge as a Specific Asset: The Case of the Valued Added Services
Authors: Brousseau E. , Quelin B.
Published: December 2018

This article examines the value-added services (VAS) market. The production of these services requires the cooperation of assets and competences owned by different categories of firms. The first part of the paper points out the nature of the services and identifies a number of firms which are involved in the VAS production. The second part of the paper is based on a statistical analysis of an original sample. Three classes of services are discriminated: enhanced communication services, dedicated services, and information services. Then, we focus our attention on the dedicated services. A detailed analysis of this category enables us to identify three sub-groups of services: specialized communication services, community services and on line transaction services. Moreover the production of these dedicated services is driven by users. It is concluded that users have gained control over a wide segment of the VAS market because they own some specific competences and knowledge.
The Economic Significance of Infrastructural IT Systems
Authors: Monk Peter
Published: December 2018

This paper develops a new framework for analysing how and why IT is being applied to the infrastructure of the‘information economy’. The interaction of micro and macro aspects of IT provides an economic rationale for the IT community to go beyond questions of firms’ operations and strategies and to look towards national and international economic change. The micro-economic roles of transactions, communication and information infrastructure are analysed. These are then considered in terms of IT-related policy, from the local to the international level, illustrated by property rights legislation and changes in the European economic environment. It is concluded that the significance of IT lies primarily in its role as the very means by which markets and other economic mechanisms operate.
Decentralization of is in Developing Countries: Power to the People?
Authors: Walsham Geoff
Published: December 2018

This paper describes three case studies of large-scale decentralized computer-based information systems, two from developing countries and one from the UK. Some reasons for their relative success and failure are analysed, and impacts on the empowerment of staff and management control are discussed. These issues are related to a simple categorization of decentralized information systems dependent on their primary purpose and the approach taken to their design and implementation. Some conclusions are drawn on future desirable approaches to the development of large-scale decentralized information systems in a developing country context, and on the possible impacts of such systems for the empowerment of different social groups.
Research Issues in Information Systems
Authors: Galliers R.D.
Published: December 2018

This paper sets out to give some indication of the key issues confronting information systems researchers as we move towards the millenium. The stance taken to the subject of information systems will be unashamedly managerial and organizational (as opposed to technical), and the issues covered relate to (1) the topic of Information Systems; (2) aspects of the topic that have been identified as being of key concern, and (3) the methods that we might usefully employ in undertaking this research.
A Contingency Perspective on Effective Prototyping
Authors: Gutierrez Oscar
Published: December 2018

Current demands on prototyping emphasize increasingly complex and dynamic applications that require sophisticated social mechanism and process enablers. However, much of the emphasis placed today in systems development under prototyping focuses on the supporting technology. The imbalance between product and process perspectives under this approach is explored. A view of prototyping effectiveness is presented in terms of non-linear problem solving, adequate technical and procedural solutions, and organizational support. Implications of this view are presented on the selection of prototyping techniques and on project management concerns. Future developments in prototyping practice are explored.
Core Competence and Learning Alliances – the New Face of Information Management?
Authors: Lehmann Hans
Published: December 2018

Information management methods are now becoming inadequate for the demand placed upon them. A process of evolutionary change, initiated during the 1980s, may not suffice because the current thinking on management theory – upon which information management is defined – is changing significantly. The salient points of this shift in the paradigm of strategic management are outlined and an indication is given of how this will impact the management of information technology. An outline of an adapted model is attempted, using a simple four-component framework: The most influence will be felt in the area of information technology planning. Systems acquisition will need to develop new, proprietary methods. The character of the day-to-day management is also significantly affected, mainly by an increased use of external agents in what will probably be new and innovative forms of alliance. The idea of an information technology keiretsu is used as an example of how such alliances could be structured.
An Integrated Framework for Information Systems Planning and Its Initial Application
Authors: Lee Gwo-Guang , Gough Tom
Published: December 2018

This paper outlines an approach to information systems planning (ISP) that addresses not just the technical problems encountered in ISP but the whole range of problems which derive from social systems, organizational processes, formal organizational arrangements, technology and the external environment. The approach is designed to improve the effectiveness of the high-level planning processes for information systems (IS). A five-phase framework is proposed. The first phase, the perception phase, aims to provide the managers with an environment that enables them to recognize the strategic value of IS and that activates them to participate in strategy formulation. The second phase, the evaluation phase, involves the evaluation of the organization's systems. The third phase, the selection phase, is focused on analysing the data collected from previous phases in order to select feasible projects. The fourth phase, the construction phase, is responsible for producing a set of preliminary IS plans. The fifth phase, the review phase, aims to ensure that ISP effectiveness is further enhanced by ongoing adjustments to the plans. The paper includes brief comments on the initial application of the framework in the Mingchi Institute of Technology.
User Satisfaction and Service Quality of the IS Department: Closing the Gaps
Authors: Watson Richard T , Pitt Leyland F. , Cunningham Chris J. , Nel Deon
Published: December 2018

Measurement and management of user satisfaction with information systems (IS) have been issues of concern for practitioners and academics in the field for some time. This paper introduces the ‘Gaps’ approach to service quality, a topic widely discussed in the marketing literature, and proposes that a similar approach is applicable in the IS domain. The user gap is explained and its measurement suggested, and the other gaps within the IS arena are described and their causes and cures addressed.
Strategic Choice and Data Envelopment Analysis: Comparing Computers across Many Attributes
Authors: Doyle John , Green Rodney
Published: December 2018

A linear programming approach (Data Envelopment Analysis) is described to determine the relative merits of a set of multi-input, multi-output systems, in which more output for less input is considered good. The method is applied to benchmarks of microcomputers, and is contrasted with a multiple regression analysis of the same data. It is also argued that the essence of two opposing strategic outlooks can be captured within the method.
The Adoption of it in Management Accounting: The Expert Systems Experience
Authors: Sangster Alan
Published: December 2018

This article considers why, despite forecasts to the contrary and in spite of being apparently well-suited to the technology, management accounting-based expert system developments appear to be virtually non-existent. The manner in which organizational change develops and the theoretical justification for the suitability of the management accounting domain for expert systems developments are reviewed, and a number of hypotheses are considered before describing and reporting the results of a survey into the attitudes and environment of UK practising management accountants. The findings suggest that management accountants may lack both awareness of the term and understanding of the nature of expert systems and that they generally do not believe that software can be trusted to make their job easier and improve the consistency of their decision making. It is concluded that a major educational initiative may be required if there is to be any likelihood of a significant change from the current position.
The Business Failure of Knowledge-Based Systems: Linking Knowledge-Based Systems and Information Systems Methodologies for Strategic Planning
Authors: Mitev Nathalie N.
Published: December 2018

It is first argued that the commercial failure of knowledge-based systems (KBS) is due to the lack of business emphasis of KBS development methodologies. This article outlines the evolution of KBS methodologies and the recent change of emphasis from a technology-driven to a business-led approach. It further examines the ‘application identification and selection’ activities of two KBS methodologies, KADS and STAGES. Their weaknesses are highlighted and it is argued that an integrated strategic methodological approach to the development of information systems and knowledge-based systems is required. The strategic phase of an IS methodology is then summarized; specific points within it where KBS-related activities could be incorporated are identified. This exercise illustrates how IS methodologies could be used as a basis for the joint strategic planning of IS and KBS systems.
Interpreting Business Process Re-Engineering on Organization Work Flow
Authors: Kawalek J.P.
Published: December 2018

The advent and growth of recent discussion on business process re-engineering (BPR) has been accompanied by its increasing application to a myriad of research areas and approaches. This paper examines its tenets using sociological and organizational paradigms and investigates its significance for software geared to enhancing coordinative and cooperative working methods and relationships within organizations. By taking the experience of implementors of such software and using a grounded and interpretive approach, initial conclusions suggest that BPR concepts have an impact for large scale and highly structured working activities but seems to have an interestingly inverse relationship with information-oriented cooperative and user-enhanceable approaches to process coordination and improvement. Taking these themes, this paper outlines some conceptual interpretations and theoretical managerial considerations for cooperative/coordinative and process work flow implementations.
Analyst and Programmer Stereotypes: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
Authors: Brooke Carole
Published: December 2018

Previous research into the profiles of analysts and programmers has tended to present their attributes as virtually mutually exclusive and, in particular, has established a stereotype which favours the analyst for development as a manager. This view, historically reified through the division of labour between analysts and programmers and reinforced by the dual-track career paths of many organizations, intensifies the problems which technical staff experience when attempting to develop their potential. Using information from a case study conducted during 1989–1990 this paper proposes that the research profiles have become legitimized and reproduced at organizational level despite evidence of their inappropriateness. The relationship between management practice and documented theory has conspired to produce a self-fulfilling prophecy. However, the methodological basis of previous research is questionable and by recognizing these short-comings (compounded over a period of over 20 years) it becomes possible to critically re-evaluate beliefs about analysts and programmers. The paper argues for a more positive view of programmers and a more appropriate career structure for technical staff.
Implementing Multiple Tutoring Strategies in an Intelligent Tutoring System for Music Learning
Authors: Angelides Marios C. , Tong Amelia K.Y.
Published: December 2018

Variation in tutoring strategies plays an important part in intelligent tutoring systems. The potential for providing an adaptive intelligent tutoring system depends on having a range of tutoring strategies to select from. In order to react effectively to the student's needs, an intelligent tutoring system has to be able to choose intelligently among the strategies and determine which strategy is best for an individual student at a particular moment. This paper describes, through the discussion pertaining to the implementation of SONATA, a music theory tutoring system, how an intelligent tutoring system can be developed to support multiple tutoring strategies during the course of interaction. SONATA has been implemented using a hypertext tool, HyperCard II. 1.
A Methodology for the Evaluation of IT for Strategic Implementation
Authors: Elliot Steve , Melhuish Peter
Published: December 2018

The integration of business strategic planning and IT has been raised as one of the most important issues facing management in the 1990s. At the same time, there have been spectacular failures when business ventures have sought to exploit information technology. So how does business management go about applying information technology in order to maximize the possibility of gaining success, while minimizing the possibility of failure? Most literature concerned with information technology and evaluation focuses on the evaluation of benefits from the use of a technology. The limited amount of literature which considers the ‘front end’ of the process of selection, as well as implementation of information technology, is more concerned with identifying the business problem areas, the actions of competitors or how to set priorities between projects, than looking at the potential utility of a new or emergent technology. This paper presents a practical methodology which can be used by management to evaluate an information technology and to determine its apparent suitability for their business at this particular time. Its strength lies in the capability of IS management and line managers to quickly and cost-effectively identify the major opportunities for the application of technology to business problems.
Technology Driven and Competency Driven Approaches to Competitiveness: Are they Reconcilable?
Authors: Booth Marilyn E. , Philip George
Published: December 2018

Based on a series of structured interviews with several senior management figures, this paper explores two different approaches to competitiveness within the literature, namely the technology-driven approach and the competency-driven approach, and asks whether they can be reconciled with the real world experiences of corporate managers. The technology driven approach is based on the belief that information technology (IT) offers a powerful source of competitive advantage. Popularized by, and based on the work of, Michael Porter there is a corresponding emphasis on planning and the use of ‘generic’ strategies. The competency driven approach, on the other hand, holds that each company possesses unique sources of advantage, which it must exploit to derive maximum benefits. The focus is on flexibility, while no ‘recipes’ for success are offered. Given that these two approaches appear to be diametrically opposed, 16 senior management figures from leading edge companies were interviewed to determine which, if either, of the two views was more in tune with reality. This paper details the findings.
Using the Internet for Knowledge Acquisition in Expert Systems Development: A Case Study
Authors: Molnar Kathleen K. , Sharda Ramesh
Published: December 2018

Knowledge acquisition is a major task in expert system development. This paper proposes one way of acquiring knowledge for expert system development: through the use of the Internet. Internet resources (e.g. Usenet groups, ListServ discussion lists, archive sites and on-line literature/database searches) are knowledge sources. Internet tools such as newsreaders, electronic mail, Telnet, FTP, gophers, archie, WAIS and World Wide Web provide access to these sources. The results of an exploratory study that examined the use of the Internet as a knowledge source are presented here in conjunction with a framework for using the Internet in the planning phase. Four major advantages can be found in this: the availability of multiple experts in multiple domains, the interaction of domain experts and end users, time/cost savings, and convenience. The lessons learned and some additional issues are also presented.
Risk Management for Information Systems Development
Authors: Powell Philip L. , Klein Jonathan H.
Published: December 2018

This paper considers the application of project risk management techniques, methods and approaches to information systems development. The paper reviews current thinking on risk as it relates to information systems, and the approaches to risk that have been adopted in IS projects. The paper considers, in the context of IS, the processes of risk identification, structuring, assessment, and aggregation, and the use of such risk analysis to inform the process of risk management. The paper analyses available risk management techniques, and then proceeds to develop a comprehensive decision support system to aid risk analysis.
Risky Ideas in the Risk Society
Authors: Mumford Enid
Published: December 2018

This paper describes a new kind of risk with which managers are now confronted. This is the risk that arises from their rapid response to new, often untested, ideas that are offered to the management community and eagerly accepted by it.

I am aware that humanity

Is approaching a crisis

In which its residual ignorance, shortsightedness

And circumstance-biased viewpoints

May dominate

Thus carrying humanity

Beyond the point of no return.

R. Buckminster Fuller
The Mechanics of Managing it Risk
Authors: Charette Robert N.
Published: December 2018

The application of formal risk management to IT projects is rapidly growing in popularity. Numerous books and articles on the subject of IT-oriented risk management have appeared, where a decade ago there were virtually none. In this paper, a short tutorial on the general processes and activities involved in performing IT risk management is presented. Some of the practical issues that require attention when putting IT risk management into practice are also discussed. Effectively applied, risk management is a powerful tool for making an IT project proactive. However, poorly applied, risk management can just as easily lead an IT project into ruin.
Users’ Reactions to Information Technology: Some Multivariate Models and their Implications
Authors: Clegg Chris , Carey Neil , Dean Graham , Hornby Pat , Bolden Richard
Published: December 2018

We summarize empirical work examining the impact on users of information technology (IT) and identify some gaps in current knowledge. We outline some alternative multivariate models of users’ reactions to IT, describe an initial empirical test of this work and argue the need for the specification of multivariate models to guide further empirical, theoretical and practical developments. In particular we argue that models of this kind can be used as aids in managing the development, implementation and use of IT.
Information Systems Development Methodologies: A Classification According to Problem Situation
Authors: Avison D.E. , Taylor V.
Published: December 2018

Information systems development methodologies are frequently classified according to themes or features. Yet potential users are more concerned with the situations in which different approaches are appropriate. In this paper, five problem situation types are identified: (1) well-structured problem situations with a well-defined problem and clear requirements, (2) well-structured problem situations with clear objectives but uncertain user requirements, (3) unstructured problem situations with unclear objectives, (4) situations where there is a high user interaction with the system and (5) complex problem situations. Typical information systems development methodologies are placed in each of these groups. Some strengths and weaknesses of this classification are discussed. One conclusion is that most projects will fall within the category of complex problem situations, for organizations (and therefore their information systems needs) are invariably complex in terms of the human and social aspects at least as much as any technological ones. The Multiview approach is discussed in more detail because the authors claim it is suitable for such situations.
Programme Evaluation of a Government Information Technology Programme for Small Businesses
Authors: Yap Chee-Sing , Thong James Y. L.
Published: December 2018

The Small Enterprise Computerization Programme (SECP) was introduced by the Singapore Government to encourage and aid computerization in small businesses. The programme incentives include information technology (IT) seminars, the provision of technical expertise in the forms of advisers and consultants and various financial subsidies and loans. This paper presents the results of a formal evaluation of the impact of the SECP based on the views of various participants in the programme, including chief executive officers (CEOs) of small businesses, technical advisers, consultants, IT vendors and programme administrators. A programme evaluation methodology is utilized in this study. The main finding is that the government programme has lowered the barriers to computerization and aided small businesses that lack the resources to computerize successfully. More efforts need to be expended in promoting this programme to other small businesses that suffer from resource poverty. There is a lack of knowledge of the existence of the computerization programme and a lack of appreciation of the programme.
Executive Information System Failure: A New Zealand Case Study
Authors: Bussen Wendy , Myers Michael D.
Published: December 2018

It is well known that executive information systems (EIS) are high risk systems to implement and maintain. Factor research is the most commonly used framework for studying the causes of EIS failure yet there is no conclusive evidence that the factors suggested in the information systems (IS) research literature ensure system success. This paper reports on a case study of a failed EIS in a large New Zealand organization and compares this case with the success factors found in the research literature. One of the findings is that the broader issues surrounding the failure were more significant than the more narrowly focused factors suggested by the factor research approach. These broader issues include the social, cultural, political and economic context of the system as a whole. Another finding was that many of these broader contextual issues were not directly controllable by the EIS project team. This paper will have implications for all those who have to develop or are involved with the development of EIS.
Information Architecture Practice: Research-Based Recommendations for the Practitioner
Authors: Periasamy K. Pelly , Feeny David F.
Published: December 2018

A large-scale postal survey and six in-depth case studies on information architecture practice were carried out from 1992 to 1994 in the UK. The research findings suggest information architecture to be a useful information systems planning tool. The study further redefines information architecture's core components and concludes that the careful targeting and development of these components – business system architecture, application architecture and data architecture – can contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of information systems planning and implementation.
Reframing the Behavioural Analysis of Re-Engineering: An Exploratory Case
Authors: Zaidifard Danny R.
Published: December 2018

This paper examines the application of the concepts and research derived from studies of dysfunctional and addictive social behaviours to the implementation of change in an organizational arena. The majority of work on change management and, more specifically, re-engineering has been dominated by an emphasis on technical issues and macro-constructs that are important components in achieving successful process-change programmes. However, is it increasingly recognized that the emphasis on these is the cause of widespread disappointment with business process re-engineering. This paper argues that the management of the human and sociopolitical issues of change is a critical factor in determining the success or failure of process-re-engineering projects. It further suggests a methodology that may facilitate examination of these issues within any particular organization, based upon an organizational addictive model, which is developed in this paper.
A Comparative Study of Business to Consumer Electronic Commerce within the Australian Insurance Sector
Authors: Costello Graham I. , Tuchen Jörg H.
Published: December 2018

Electronic commerce is causing fundamental changes in the insurance sector. Inherent opportunities of this innovative sales channel are driving the development of a new customer relationship paradigm, development of new products, pursuit of low cost ‘self service’ strategies, and emergence of ‘virtual brokers’. The Australian insurance sector is well positioned to take advantage of electronic commerce due to the high level of PC penetration, high Internet usage, and extensive broadband infrastructure. The perception is that the Australian insurance sector is meeting these challenges. Surprisingly, despite the emergence of electronic commerce as a ‘hot topic’ in the information technology and insurance sector literature, little empirical research has been reported. Much of the extant literature can be criticized as being too generic and superficial. It is argued that until research is focused on specific aspects of electronic commerce, we will fail to capture meaningful insights. The aim of this research project is to develop a research framework appropriate for electronic commerce, research and to apply it to a specific sector (insurance), in a specific geographical region (Australia), using a specific electronic commerce, medium (Internet), for a specific purpose (business to consumer sale of risk products). The research objective is to discover which Australian insurance companies are using electronic commerce for what. The survey found that of the 21 largest Australian insurance companies only 18 have web sites. These sites are mainly used for promotional purposes and not for directly generating sales. Only six companies offer customer-specific pricing of their products. And of these, only four companies sell any of their products over the Internet. Paradoxically, despite pressing business drivers in the insurance sector and a favourable electronic commerce environment in Australia, these findings demonstrate a significant gap between appreciation of the importance of electronic commerce and realization of commercial potential. Whilst most Australian insurance companies are well aware of the special importance of electronic commerce, many fail to take full advantage. Although further qualitative research is recommended to understand why this is so, it is clear that a significant gap remains between the technical capabilities of electronic commerce and actual practice in the Australian insurance sector.
Using Multiple Suppliers to Mitigate the Risk of it Outsourcing at ICI and Wessex Water
Authors: Currie Wendy L.
Published: December 2018

The paper presents the findings from empirical research on IT outsourcing in two British companies: ICI Plc and Wessex Water. Both organizations have pursued a selective sourcing approach using multiple suppliers in an attempt to minimize risks and maximize benefits. Whilst the majority of existing literature on selective sourcing concentrates on the ‘mega-contracts’, this research explores some of the issues and concerns of companies with small to medium sized outsourcing contracts. The findings suggest that selective and competitive sourcing may offer the client company value-added benefits, although it is important to develop strengths in the areas of contract management and negotiation and competitive benchmarking and performance management.
Denying the Technology: Middle Management Resistance in Business Process Re-Engineering
Authors: Sayer Kylie
Published: December 2018

Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) as a methodology for organizational transformation has been around since the early 1990s. There are however, some serious issues of concern surrounding the success of BPR as a methodology for organizational change. This paper attempts to highlight the issues surrounding the BPR approach to change management that remain implicit within the re-engineering literature. The research presented in this paper specifically investigates BPR in practice and concentrates on the issues of power and control that underlie many of the re-engineering methodologies and how these conflict with the prerequisites of the flattened, empowered workforce that BPR envisions. The research presented here was conducted using the interpretive approach of ethnography to investigate how middle management were able to deny the technology of BPR and disable a change project. In order to maintain their hold on power in the organization they needed to revolt against the technology of re-engineering imposed on them by senior management. In using the clinical metaphor, middle management were able to create a reality around technology that portrayed it almost as a function of biological warfare, denying it being seen as a positive social tool. This paper highlights how they were able to manipulate the technology and turn its power around to reinforce their position and power in the process.