bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the orbits of 62 moons of asteroids based on astrometric observations.
Authors: Emelyanov N V , Drozdov A E
Published: March 2020

Based on all published astrometric observations, we have determined the moon orbits for asteroids using a model of the fixed Keplerian orbit. We applied 5–114 observations for each moon. As a result, we have determined the orbits of 62 moons. All results, including the orbital parameters obtained, are presented in the tables that are provided as supplementary material, available online. These data can be used to calculate the ephemerides of the moons of the asteroids. Among the moons considered, 13 belong to asteroids of the main asteroid belt, two are the moons of Jupiter Trojan asteroids, while the rest are trans-Neptunian objects. Our results are in good agreement with the corresponding results published in the literature. We argue that reliable estimates of the accuracy for the ephemerides can be only made using parameter covariance matrices. These matrices that we have obtained are also given in the supporting information.
Elaboration of the Corticosteroid Synthesis Pathway in Primates through a Multistep Enzyme
Authors: Olson-Manning Carrie F
Published: March 2020

Metabolic networks are complex cellular systems dependent on the interactions among, and regulation of, the enzymes in the network. Although there is great diversity of types of enzymes that make up metabolic networks, the models meant to understand the possible evolutionary outcomes following duplication neglect specifics about the enzyme, pathway context, and cellular constraints. To illuminate the mechanisms that shape the evolution of biochemical pathways, I functionally characterize the consequences of gene duplication of an enzyme family that performs multiple subsequent enzymatic reactions (a multistep enzyme) in the corticosteroid pathway in primates. The products of the corticosteroid pathway (aldosterone and cortisol) are steroid hormones that regulate metabolism and stress response in tetrapods. These steroid hormones are synthesized by a multistep enzyme Cytochrome P450 11B (CYP11B) that performs subsequent steps on different carbon atoms of the steroid derivatives. Through ancestral state reconstruction and in vitro characterization, I find that the primate ancestor of the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 paralogs had moderate ability to synthesize both cortisol and aldosterone. Following duplication in Old World primates, the CYP11B1 homolog specialized on the production of cortisol, whereas its paralog, CYP11B2, maintained its ability to perform multiple subsequent steps as in the ancestral pathway. Unlike CYP11B1, CYP11B2 could not specialize on the production of aldosterone because it is constrained to perform earlier steps in the corticosteroid synthesis pathway to achieve the final product aldosterone. These results suggest that enzyme function, pathway context, along with tissue-specific regulation, both play a role in shaping potential outcomes of metabolic network elaboration.
Order
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L.
Published: March 2020

In this chapter we demonstrate how Christian nationalists are deeply invested in ensuring family life in the United States reflects a particular order prioritizing patriarchy, heterosexuality, and cisgender identification. The family is viewed as the building block of society and the ultimate litmus test for any moral decay within a society. Using attitudes toward gender roles and identity, divorce, and same-sex marriage, this chapter illustrates the diversity of attitudes among the four responses to the Christian nation narrative. Using multiple waves of national survey data, we also explore change over the last decade concerning how Christian nationalism is related to views of the family. We show that Christian nationalism is concerned with ensuring families in the United States reflect a particular order. Finally, we show that contrary to prior chapters, Christian nationalism and personal religiosity can at times work in the same direction but for differing reasons.
Pyramidal Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali
Published: March 2020

This chapter highlights how French Salafists try to promote a type of relationship with the rest of the society that is built upon their feeling that they are the elect. This is not so much a cult that Salafists try to identify with as a sort of religious aristocracy in which they consider themselves superior to other Muslims and, of course, non-Muslims. By embracing a certain conception of politics, as well as by appealing to certain economic and cultural customs, habits, and norms, Salafists have been building a countersociety. It may seem that they therefore wish to split from the rest of the society, but they are actually promoting another type of socialization, one built upon the desire to appear as a sort of cast.
“You’ve Got Reason to Be Afraid”
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

This chapter investigates aldermanic politics, especially the roles crime and race played in electoral campaigning. Since white residents in particular worried about crime, electoral contenders could try to mobilize fear by highlighting the dangers of street crime. At the same time, this strategy could backfire if it was successfully portrayed as divisive racial fearmongering. Analyzing approximately thirty years of political history in both Rogers Park and Uptown, the chapter shows that despite falling rates of crime, electoral hopefuls running against incumbents frequently centered their campaigns on the alleged threat of street crime. Incumbents pushed back by deploying racial challenges that discredited their opponents. The chapter reveals that political histories have left important local marks within the two neighborhoods and their communities.
Crime and Gentrification beyond Black and White
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

Despite Rogers Park and Uptown’s impressive ethnoracial heterogeneity, almost all community activists who engaged with the politics of crime and gentrification were African Americans or non-Hispanic whites. This chapter examines why this was the case by portraying the social situation of largely uninvolved immigrant communities. Specifically, it discusses Rogers Park’s Latinos, Uptown’s Southeast Asians, and Sub-Saharan Africans residing in either neighborhood. All of these communities experienced crime and gentrification in different ways. Latinos and Asians could, to a certain extent, isolate themselves in their ethnic enclaves, but African immigrants could sometimes not avoid becoming entangled in neighborhood conflict.
Conclusion
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

The conclusion summarizes the book’s main findings and discusses them in conversation with scholarly literatures on urban change, racial inequality, and criminal justice bias. It suggests that scholars should examine the ways civic pressure encourages or produces invasive forms of social control. It highlights the importance of community organizations and local political fields in shaping urban communities and landscapes. In relation to the sociology of race and racism, the conclusion aggregates findings about the contexts and effects of racial challenges and neutralizations and calls on scholars to more systematically analyze the discursive interplay of these rhetorical practices.
Rationales for Space Exploration
Authors: Schwartz James S.J.
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers and rejects traditional spaceflight rationales, accenting the insubstantial evidence that is usually offered in their support. It uses regression analyses and public opinion data to show that spaceflight activities do not have a clear impact on either STEM degree conferral rates or overall scientific literacy within the United States. Next, it uses public opinion data to show that the general public is not especially interested in astrobiology or in the scientific search for extraterrestrial life. It also uses genetics and anthropological research to show that there is no innate human biological compulsion to explore space. Finally, it describes and criticizes the “space frontier” metaphor as well as basic arguments for space resource exploitation and space settlement.
The Value and Function of Copyright
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

In a political debate dominated by private industries, the public interest in copyright law is often obscured. But the copyright debate matters to us all. Copyright impacts our daily lives, our cultural conditions, our experience of democracy, and the distribution of power in society. The conventional ideas and theories of copyright present copyright as a private property right. While these ideas and theories are not without merit, they are incomplete. They tend to narrow our understanding of copyright’s value and function and marginalize the public interest; and they fail to grapple with the full range of copyright stakeholders, the public in particular, but also stakeholders like Google who do not fit neatly into the private property orthodoxy.
Google’s Private Copyright Rule-Making and Algorithmic Enforcement
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

This chapter evaluates Google’s approach to copyright enforcement across its own platforms. Increasingly, Google self-regulates and negotiates with rightsholders to privately devise copyright rules. Google then deploys algorithmic regulatory technologies to enforce those rules. Indeed, over the past decade, Google has developed a range of algorithmic tools it uses to deter copyright infringement, enforce copyrights, and remunerate rightsholders. These activities limit transparency and accountability in digital copyright governance and privilege private interests and values over the public interest. In a digital environment dominated by powerful private actors, the use of algorithmic regulatory systems poses a critical problem for public rights and democratic, accountable systems of governance, now and into the future.
Resisting Whiteness, Claiming Feminism
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyzes how racialized feminists have forged specific political vocabularies to name and politicize their relationships with white feminists in the context of the headscarf debates. Their discourses are articulated with a set of emotions and moral dispositions. This chapter captures the formation of (collectively produced) moral, political, and ethical dispositions that are intimately linked to and shaped by the context of postcolonialism and postsecularism in France and Quebec. This chapter argues that by calling themselves feminists, racialized feminists in both contexts enter—among other processes—in relation with white feminists, a relation that they attempt to fashion with their own vocabulary, concepts, and discourses. Racialized feminists seek to create a new language from within a dominant discourse. The chapter explores the political emotions, such as indignation, frustration, pain, unease, anger, or lassitude, that sustain racialized feminists’ relationship to white feminists, and the forms of moral address they convey to white feminists through both resistance and resentment.
Instruments of the People
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 is the first of two chapters that outline and analyze the development of North Korea’s kaeryang akki—“improved” or “reformed” versions of traditional musical instruments. It identifies formational influences from the Soviet Union, China, and elsewhere. The underlying ideology, which holds that Korean instruments should match Western counterparts, but that Western instruments must be subservient to the Korean soundworld, is critiqued. Key musicians and institutions, and music pedagogy are introduced. Data from published resources is matched to the author’s detailed work with key performers in Pyongyang, interviews with musicologists, and evidence gleaned from notations and recordings. The core of the chapter explores wind instruments, looking in detail at the shawm (chang saenap), flutes (chŏdae, tanso), oboes (p’iri), trumpets and conch shells (ragak, rabal), and the accordion (sŏnp’unggŭm).
The Peasantry is Dead, Long Live the Peasantry!
Authors: Farmer Sarah
Published: March 2020

The trente glorieuses, “thirty glorious years” of rapid postwar modernization, transformed France into an efficient agricultural powerhouse between 1950 and 1980. Deep structural changes benefitted those able to become modern farmers and precipitated the economic collapse of small peasant farms. Poor, remote regions emptied as young people left for jobs and a higher standard of living in cities. The modernization of agriculture was part of a state-led program of targeted regional development and planning carried out under the auspices of the DATAR, France’s national agency for “territorial balancing.” Ultimately urban development, the decentralization of industry, and the building of a modern infrastructure for communication, transportation, and energy production took precedence over the needs of agriculture. New demands placed on rural space for residential use, tourism and recreation, and protected natural sites created a multiuse landscape. Not only were farmers no longer peasants, the countryside was no longer just farmland.
Rigor in Historical Analysis
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 presents a framework for examining the large-scale historical questions posed by The Southern Key, discussing both issues of philosophy of social science and the main theoretical constructs that underpin the work. It argues for the centrality of the economy, in contrast to the currently popular cultural analysis. It also examines what allows workers to have power in capitalist societies, and why some groups of workers have more leverage than others. And it highlights the central role of leadership in determining the successes and failures of labor struggles.
The Vanguard
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 examines coal miners during the 1930s through the 1950s, when coal was a central industry both for the U.S. economy and for the growth of industrial unionism. It highlights the vanguard role they played in the labor movement in general and in society at large, especially in the South. It also examines their solidarity and their ability and willingness to help workers in virtually every other industry. They were one of the few groups in the old AFL that had a public commitment to racial equality and a good record on that score. The chapter exposes the myth—accepted by the vast majority of analysts—that coal miner union organizing was facilitated by governmental legislation, especially Section 7(a) of the National Industrial Recovery Act.
Social Movement Upsurge
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 looks at the social movements of the 1930s and 1940s, their historical uniqueness, and how they gave support to and magnified the strength of labor movements, especially in the South—a distinguishing feature of this era. First and foremost were the struggles of the unemployed, led mostly by leftists, often Communists. The chapter also looks at the role of farmers, sharecroppers, and tenants, as well as the special role of civil rights organizations, north and south.
Paul Bunyan and the “Frozen Logger”
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 highlights the wood industry, one of the largest industries in the country. Most of the woodworkers were located in the South, and half of those workers were African-American. Woodworkers successfully organized in the Northwest and Canada, the other two centers of the industry. Despite a perceived willingness of southern woodworkers to unionize, this did not happen. The chapter attributes most of the problems to an incompetent, right-wing, racially backward leadership, which was installed by the CIO national office before World War II. The chapter also argues that the successful organization of southern woodworkers had the potential to radically transform the civil rights movement.
The Failure of Operation Dixie
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 7 focuses on the failed attempt by unions after World War II to unionize the South, referred to informally as Operation Dixie. Contrary to much extant scholarship, the chapter regards Operation Dixie as an underfunded, misguided attempt at organizing; it was racially backward, had no understanding of what was necessary, and served largely as a primer on how not to organize. Rather than being a major turning point, Operation Dixie is shown to have been at best a coda to earlier failures in southern labor organizing and the end of major union growth in the United States, at least in the private sector.
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

Chapter 8 examines the role of the Communist Party, by far the largest Left group, during the 1930s and 1940s. It looks at the Party’s complex behavior, its many pluses and minuses, and its ties to the Soviet Union. In particular, it examines the role of CP activists as trade union militants and as the unabashed and unrelenting champions of civil rights, a role that distinguished them from the members of all other interracial organizations during this period. Yet it also looks at the Party’s role in demoralizing and destroying the left-wing movement in the 1930s and 1940s, even undermining many of the organizations and movements it had helped create, including those dedicated to civil rights.
The Venetian Republic, the Byzantine Empire, and the Duchy of Milan
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the rise of the Venetian Republic and its victories over autocratic rivals. The Venetian Republic was one of the most open polities of the Middle Ages, and it found itself in strategic competitions with other rival powers, including the Byzantine Empire, Genoa, and the Duchy of Milan. Like other dominant democracies before and since, Venice became a major trading, financial, and naval power and it was renowned for its shrewd diplomacy. In the end, Venice bested its rivals, even sacking the imperial city of Constantinople in 1204 ad. At the peak of its power, the Venetian Empire’s territorial control spanned from northern Italy, along the Dalmatian Coast, to much of Greece and Anatolia, including Constantinople, with significant influence in the Levant, North Africa, and the Black Sea. Our friend Machiavelli admired Venice as “excellent among modern republics.”
The Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the Dutch Republic’s revolt and war of independence against the Spanish Empire. In the spate of less than a century, from 1581 to 1648, the Dutch Republic went from a tiny polity in northern Europe to a global empire that stretched from the Americas to Africa and Asia. It ruled the high seas, dominated international trade, invented the stock market, and revolutionized modern warfare, defeating the once-mighty Spanish Empire. Its secret to success was simple: it followed the recipe of the dominant democracies that had preceded it.
The United Kingdom and Germany
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers the United Kingdom’s rivalry with Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. After nearly two centuries of ascendancy, the UK was challenged by an autocratic Germany growing in the heart of Europe. The two clashed in World War I, and the United Kingdom emerged victorious and with its largest-ever territorial expanse, expanding its empire into the Middle East. World War II took a harder toll on the UK, but, again, with the help of its navy, its financial power, and its democratic allies—and in no small part to the heedless decision-making of its autocratic rival—it once again prevailed.
The Russian Federation
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyzes the Russian Federation through the lens of its domestic political system. Russia may pose the greatest near-term national security threat to the United States and its allies, but it has a key vulnerability: its domestic political institutions. Its autocratic system is undermining its international effectiveness. Its economy is smaller than Italy’s. It lacks effective alliances. And its military is overly focused on domestic threats and is ill-equipped for the strategic-technological competitions of the 21st century. It is dangerous and it can disrupt the U.S.-led order. But it will not be in a position to be a true peer competitor to the United States any time soon. So long as it continues to be ruled by President Vladimir Putin, or another similar dictator, Russia will not be able to mount a serious challenge to U.S. global leadership.
Harmonic Spirits and the Music of the Spheres
Authors: Foxen Anya P.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 traces harmonial ideas from the end of antiquity through the metaphysically based religious and mind cure movements of the nineteenth century. It begins by briefly surveying developments in the early Islamic world and medieval Europe before proceeding to explore astrological medicine and theurgy in the European Renaissance, focusing primarily on the spiritus theory of Marsilio Ficino. It further argues that the legacy of astrological medicine on the one hand and theurgy on the other can be found in the eighteenth-century movements founded by Franz Anton Mesmer and Emanuel Swedenborg, respectively. It concludes by examining the reconvergence of these two strains of thought in the New Thought movement of the late nineteenth century, focusing chiefly on the work of Warren Felt Evans, which synthesizes Swedenborgian ideas with contemporary medical thought, including the importance of breath and physical culture.
Imagining Innovation
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

Since the 1980s, and with greater force since the 2010s, the trope “innovation and entrepreneurship” has inspired visions of a more charismatic form of global capitalism led by young, mobile “talent” in dynamic cities. After the economic crisis of 2008, city government leaders, corporate CEOs, and real estate developers joined forces with university presidents, venture capitalists, and big tech companies to make this vision a reality. They turned to digital technology to reverse the losses brought by financial institutions and revitalize legacy industries, aiming to create an “innovation complex” of buildings and attitudes that would make their city more competitive for investments and jobs. This chapter highlights the history of the innovation complex in New York in the aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis and the growth of computer software, venture capital, and global interest in startups.
Meetups
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

New York Tech Meetup emerged in the early 2000s as a formative organization in the city’s innovation ecosystem. Every month, hundreds of mostly young people and a few potential investors come to see computer coders and startup founders “demo” new apps and platforms they have created. In the 2010s, the tech meetup was joined by other organizations that also claimed to mobilize and speak for New York’s tech “community,” notably, the nonprofit organization Civic Hall, specializing in “civic tech,” and Tech:NYC, a nonprofit industry association. The chapter uses ethnographic observations and interviews with leaders of these organizations to document their efforts to “leverage” the membership for a role in tech policymaking in the city.
Accelerators, Startups, and the Circulation of Capital
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the origin stories and career paths of New York–based startup founders, explaining how the growth of startups is directly connected to the emergence of tech accelerators as both “factories” for new tech businesses and “finishing schools” for their founders. Interviews with four founders in different spaces are interwoven with the development of accelerators from the privately owned Y Combinator to post-accelerators like New Lab at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, which is privately owned but sponsored in part by the New York City Economic Development Corporation. Accelerators appear as both spaces of socialization for the new economy and effective means of circulating social, cultural, and financial capital.
Experience Embodied
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: March 2020

This book develops an account of embodied experience that extends from Descartes’s conception of the human body as firmly integrated into the causal play of nature to Kant’s understanding of anthropology as a discipline that provides us with guidance in our lives as embodied creatures. It defends the claim that during the early modern period, the debate on experience not only focused on questions arising from the subjectivity of our thinking and feeling, it also forcefully foregrounded the essentially embodied dimension of our lives as humans. By taking this approach, the book departs from the traditional epistemological route so dominant in treatments of early modern conceptions of experience. It shows that, far from merely raising concerns that either challenge or endorse the idea that experience is able to generate knowledge, the concept formed an essential part of a much broader debate. This debate was moral in nature and raised questions about the developmental potential of human beings and their capacity to instantiate in their lives a form of self-determined agency that allows them to act as responsible agents.
Manipulated Sensibilities
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 discusses Rousseau’s attack on d’Alembert’s proposal to introduce the theater in Geneva. What comes to the fore in this controversy is that, for Rousseau, it is important to comprehend human nature as part of the societal structures within which this nature is placed. If approached from this perspective, it becomes clear that Rousseau’s normative considerations about what society should look like set the stage for what he understands as a “natural” trait that is worth being cultivated. To draw out this paradoxical understanding of what counts as natural, the chapter analyzes some of the hidden assumptions of Rousseau’s educational program that revolve around the specifically different roles of female and male citizens within civic society.
Affect and Imagination in Processes of Cognition
Authors: Waldow Anik
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses Herder’s uptake of Hume’s account of sympathy to demonstrate that the capacity to connect with the thoughts and feelings of other people not only matters with respect to moral questions, as in Hume, but also with respect to the possibility of acquiring a better understanding of the world. The crucial reason for this is that, on Herder’s account, our imagination-driven sympathetic engagements provide us with quasi-experiences that mimic what we would feel if we were present in the situation under consideration. Such quasi-experiences can then be used to generate new conceptual tools that enable us to understand situational contexts genuinely different from our own. Through this account, Herder introduces a type of imagination-driven experience that possesses a genuinely epistemic function in addition to its acknowledged moral function.
The Idea of Personal Autonomy
Authors: Swaine Lucas
Published: March 2020

This chapter elaborates a conception of personal autonomy as individual self-rule. The conception fits with a more general understanding of autonomy as self-rule, and it is not heavily moralized. Autonomy as self-rule is preferable to alternative conceptualizations such as autonomy as self-governance or autonomy as living under one’s own laws. Personal autonomy is different from individual freedom, and it is not identical to the absence of social control. There are several notable grounds for valuing personal autonomy; this chapter describes them, giving a fuller sense of the significance and attractiveness of autonomy of the personal kind.
Defining “The Objection of David Hume”
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 shows that to understand Kant’s reference to “the objection of David Hume which first, many years ago, interrupted my dogmatic slumber” we must read it against the background of his earlier references to Hume’s “question” and to Hume’s “attack” on metaphysics. It breaks down Hume’s “attack” on metaphysics into three steps: a demonstration that rules out the possibility of knowing causal connection through pure concepts, and thus of knowing the principle of sufficient reason; a conclusion that the concept of cause is a bastard of the imagination; and a conclusion that there is no metaphysics. It argues that Kant’s source for this account is the Enquiry, not the Treatise, and points to the sections of the Enquiry that correspond to each step.
Conjointly Co-constituting Relating and Face in Everyday Interacting
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2020

For a researcher to ground his or her interpretation of a participant’s utterance in terms of face requires that he or she provide empirical evidence both of that participant’s orientation to such an interpreting, and of its consequentiality in interaction. Chapter 9 re-examines the conversations considered in prior chapters to illustrate how a researcher “articulates” the participant’s engaging of various social practices with both connection and separation, as they conjointly co-constitute operative interpretings of face. The evidence provided reveals how and why the skill of “nexting” is central to ethical conduct in everyday interacting. Against that background, examining two further studies provides insights into finding emotions like surprise in relating and face in everyday interacting.
“We deny to the Jews and to the pagani, the right to practice legal advocacy and to serve in the state service.”
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

Competition between the empresses intensified. Eudokia’s uncle Asklepiodotos implemented a law protecting Jewish synagogues. Simeon the Stylite allegedly objected, Theodosios relented, and Jews protested, replaying Ambrose’s contestation with Theodosios I over the Callinicum synagogue. Theodosios II expropriated funds collected after the cessation of the patriarchate. Theodosios’s later laws dismissed Jews (and Samaritans) from most public offices and stripped them of prestigious ranks, perhaps related to a conflict between Eudokia and Barsauma. After the empress permitted Jews to pray on the Temple Mount, Barsauma may have orchestrated their massacre. Jewish efforts at redress ultimately failed. Western laws from Galla Placidia, mother of another child emperor, Valentinian III, prohibited Jews from state service and from serving as legal advocates. Jews and Samaritans could not disinherit family who converted. Jews on Crete are said to have been misled by a messianic pretender around the same time. A rare inscription from Grado, Italy, memorializes a sole fifth-century Jewish convert to Christianity.
“In what has been allowed to them, [the Jews] should not sustain any prejudice.”
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: March 2020

In the West, Arian Gothic administrations seem less interested in the active anti-Jewish programs of their Nicene counterparts and less susceptible to the pressures of Nicene bishops. Jewish advisors, such as one Symmachus, served in the court of Theoderic. Gregory of Tours recounts how his catholic colleague, Avitus of Clermont, forced Jews in sixth-century Clermont to convert—strikingly reminiscent of the account about events on Minorca. In Gregory’s writings, synagogues are sometimes attacked, yet Jews participate in public life in major towns like Orleans. The late sixth-century letters of Gregory the Great depict a landscape still populated by unconverted Jews, dissident Christians, and recalcitrant practitioners of ancestral religions. They provide glimpses of Christian attacks on synagogues and Jewish rights, complexities of life for often impoverished newly converted Jews, and strategies to evade restrictions on Jewish slaveholding. Gregory advocated kindness and persuasion, rather than violence and coercion, but his relatively irenic stance toward Jews would not prevail.
Introduction
Authors: Kilcullen David
Published: March 2020

The introduction describes the origins of the book and provides an overview of the return of state-on-state conflict in the context of a Western alliance bogged down in the war on terrorism and unable to respond to increasing challenges from Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea. It describes the original observation that gave rise to the investigation that led to the book: that both state and nonstate actors, despite very different ideologies and organizations and varying points of origin, all seemed to be converging on certain similar operational approaches. At the same time, there was little evidence of cooperation or cross-pollination among different actors. The hypothesis—that something in the external environment was driving multiple different actors to converge on a small number of approaches, all of which were increasingly hard for Western militaries to counter—led to an exploration of aspects of evolutionary theory, social learning and military innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Forte Maurizio , Murteira Helena
Published: March 2020

Digital cities, intelligent cities, knowledge-based cities, and smart cities are designations that refer to the permeation of the digital into the daily life of cities and the resulting exponential growth and accessibility of urban resources. This digital/technological component can be summarized in the following categories:...
Omnidirectional Strategies for Exploring Ancient Cities and Territories
Authors: Kenderdine Sarah
Published: March 2020

By focusing on technologies of virtual reality in conjunction with theories of “place” and “presence,” this chapter outlines the importance of new approaches to the museological experience and exploration of ancient cities and cultural heritage sites. Exploring fresh approaches to telling historic narratives through embodied interaction, this discussion proceeds to explore post-cartographic and “deep mapping” representations of cultural landscapes through omnidirectional virtual reality. Bodily engagements with virtually rendered places as a form of corporeal cartography references not only the changing nature of the concept of place but also the rise of contemporary post-cartographic frameworks for considering how the act of mapping actively engages with place. The “spatial turn” within the humanities demands that we extend our conceptions of mapping and cartography beyond the positive epistemologies of geographic information science and this chapter explores a series of frameworks for new explorations.
Virtual Cities as Memoryscapes
Authors: Alexandra Maria , Câmara Gago Da , Murteira Helena , Simões Rodrigues Paulo
Published: March 2020

The digital re-creation of a past city represents more than a mere depiction of its historical awareness; it also represents its imaginability. In retrospect, the imaginability of the city corresponds to the outcome of various perceptions that we have acquired of it over time, and which currently confers us with a certain degree of accuracy in its readability. The imaginability of the city is therefore a determining factor in virtually re-creating the latter and subsequently converting it into a memoryscape. This theory can be validated by the specific case study of Lisbon, Portugal, which has during the last few years been the subject of at least four projects that sought to virtually re-create the city’s past. Despite presenting themselves distinctively with different technological applications, the four projects held the same starting point; the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 (a major disruptive event in its history), and were all focused on presenting the cityscape that was lost as a result. Lisbon’s iconography from the sixteenth century to the mid-eighteenth century (drawings, engravings, and paintings) was used as crucial data.
Spatial Representation of Vienna’s Street-Level Environment
Authors: Psenner Angelika
Published: March 2020

As conventional cadastral maps only show building perimeters, they contain no information about a city’s internal structure—that is, about the complex interplay of architecture and its social and economic engagement. Urban planning seems to have little consideration for what goes on inside the buildings lining a street. The method of Urban Parterre Modeling described in this chapter refers to the city’s ground floor as a holistic urban system, covering both built-up and non-built-up areas. Street, ground floor, and inner courtyard are treated as separate entities, which brings out the interrelations between them, as it becomes clear that actual and potential ground-floor uses directly impact the correlated public street space. The chapter describes the development of the model and its present and future applications.
New England English
Authors: Stanford James N.
Published: March 2020

For nearly 400 years, New England has held an important place in the development of American English, and “New England accents” are very well known in popular imagination. But since the 1930s, no large-scale academic book project has focused specifically on New England English. While other research projects have studied dialect features in various regions of New England, this is the first large-scale scholarly project to focus solely on New England English since the Linguistic Atlas of New England. This book presents new research covering all six New England states, with detailed geographic, phonetic, and statistical analysis of data collected from over 1,600 New Englanders. The book covers the past, present, and future of New England dialect features, analyzing them with dialect maps and statistical modeling in terms of age, gender, social class, ethnicity, and other factors. The book reports on a recent large-scale data collection project that included 367 field interviews, 626 audio-recorded interviews, and 634 online written questionnaires. Using computational methods, the project processed over 200,000 individual vowels in audio recordings to examine changes in New England speech. The researchers also manually examined 30,000 instances of /r/ to investigate “r-dropping” in words like “park” and so on. The book also reviews other recent research in the area. Using acoustic phonetics, computational processing, detailed statistical analyses, dialect maps, and graphical illustrations, the book systematically documents all of the major traditional New England dialect features, other regional features, and their current usage across New England.
Introduction
Authors: Stanford James N.
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces the goals, methods, and major findings of this New England English research project. The chapter includes a sample illustration of fieldwork results for some of the vowels being studied, as well as a specific list of the objectives of the project as a whole. The chapter also discusses the data collection and analysis methods of the project in detail. The overall outline of the book is also presented.
Results from the Mechanical Turk Online Audio Recordings
Authors: Stanford James N.
Published: March 2020

This is the first of the two chapters (Chapters 4 and 5) that present the results of the online data collection project using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk system. These projects provide a broad-scale “bird’s eye” view of New England dialect features across large distances. This chapter examines the results from 626 speakers who audio-recorded themselves reading 12 sentences two times each. The recordings were analyzed acoustically and then modeled statistically and graphically. The results are presented in the form of maps and statistical analyses, with the goal of providing a large-scale geographic overview of modern-day patterns of New England dialect features.
The Hub
Authors: Stanford James N.
Published: March 2020

This is the first of two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7) that analyze fieldwork results in eastern Massachusetts. This chapter analyzes the eastern Massachusetts “Hub” region as a whole, providing a statistical overview of speakers interviewed in the Dartmouth-based fieldwork in this area. It examines the results in terms of major traditional Eastern New England dialect features, including Linear Mixed Effects regression modeling in terms of phonetic environments and social factors like age, gender, social class, and ethnicity. The chapter also plots these dialect features in terms of speakers’ birth year and other factors, showing how these features are changing over time.
Summary of Empirical Findings
Authors: Stanford James N.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 10 summarizes the empirical results of the book. This chapter outlines each part of the study and highlights key findings for each of the major New England dialect features. The chapter serves as an overall reference for the major results of the book, from the large-scale online audio projects across New England down to the face-to-face interviews in particular regional field sites.
Eschatology
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: March 2020

This chapter treats the Ṛgvedic conceptions of death and what happens after death. It is very striking that several of the crucial concepts found in Classical Hinduism—karma and rebirth—are entirely absent from the Ṛgveda. What little the Ṛgveda says about what happens after death suggests that there is a world of the dead, presided over by Yama, the first to die and therefore king of the dead, and populated by the ancestors. The journey there is difficult, but, at least for those who arrive there, the realm of Yama is paradisal. The principal way of disposing of the dead was cremation, though burial is also mentioned. The institution of satī (widow-burning) is also not found in the Ṛgveda; the Ṛgvedic widow may ritual mount the funeral pyre but is called to return to life and indeed to remarriage.
What's Next in Love and Sex
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette
Published: March 2020

What’s Next in Love and Sex is a comprehensive examination of contemporary academic findings relating to all matters of the mind, body, and heart in the modern world. Written by one of the pioneers of love and sex research, Dr. Hatfield, along with her colleagues Dr. Rapson and Dr. Purvis, this book relies on contemporary scientific findings to provide an updated and relevant explanation for why we do the things we do when we’re in love, searching for love, making love, or attempting to keep a faltering relationship together. It addresses such topics as the role of social media in love and sex, the hookup generation, robots, avatars, fantasy sex, virtual pornography, interactive sex, and the future, as well as the benefits, and pain of love. This book will give young people an in-depth scientific understanding of contemporary love and sex while still providing a light-hearted, accessible, and entertaining read.
In Napoleon’s Shadow (1806–24)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

John Roebling was born and raised in the medieval walled town of Mühlhausen in what is now central Germany during the chaos and destruction of the Napoleonic Wars, as a result of which he grew to hate chaos and disorder. The era influenced John in other significant ways. Once Napoleon had been packed off, two realities ruled the social landscape: repression of political dissent and the opening up of the education system. John chafed under the first and blossomed under the second. He attended the Mühlhausen gymnasium, newly converted to the tenets of the enlightened Realschule movement, before moving on to Ephraim Unger’s School of Mathematics in nearby Erfurt. There he flourished, becoming an excellent mathematician, surveyor, and draftsman and getting a start in philosophy, another lifelong passion. By the close of his time in Erfurt, John packed up and set off to the bright (gas) lights of Berlin.
Johann Etzler and the Mühlhausen Emigration Society (1829–31)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

Back in Mühlhausen, John became friends with Johann Etzler, who had spent the last seven years in the Americas, where he hoped to establish a communal farming and manufacturing settlement somewhere. He’d come home explicitly to recruit young Germans to accompany him back across the Atlantic. To the force of Etzler’s personality were added two decisive events. In May 1830, John saw his first suspension bridge in Bamberg, and two months later the July revolution broke out in Paris. John’s response to the uncertainty was to team up with Etzler and form the Mühlhausen Emigration Society. Together they drew up a plan for settlement; wrote a pamphlet, “A General Overview of the United States of North America for Emigrants, With a Plan Toward a Communal Settlement There”; and waged a promotional campaign in the press designed to recruit like-minded emigrants.
Internal Improvements (1838–41)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

John left farming in the wake of the panic of 1837 and found work as a surveyor, eventually working on a series of canal projects around western Pennsylvania, where he met Charles Schlatter. Despite his evident ability and expertise, John was doing little more than grubbing around for piecemeal surveying work before linking up with Schlatter. In 1838, Pennsylvania placed Schlatter in charge of surveying three potential railroad routes across the state, and he immediately drafted John to help. While submitting his survey report to the state authorities in Harrisburg, John got embroiled with Charles Ellet in a competition to build the first long span suspension bridge in the United States, over the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. Ellet won the contract, instituting a rivalry that would last much of the next twenty years.
Private Life, Public Works (1844–45)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

Right as John was trying to establish his new business, Pittsburgh found itself in need of a new aqueduct to carry the Pennsylvania Canal over the Allegheny River. John got to work immediately: designing, promoting, corralling, and influencing. While waiting to hear about the bridge contract, John wrote a long, revealing letter home to his father, in which he pondered the nature of life and death, along with issues of matter and the soul. John’s philosophyowed much to Hegel’s Weltgeist (“world spirit”) and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ideas on nature and the soul. John was certainly a man of strict science, but he was also a bit of a spiritual mystic, inclined to the hard lines of the Enlightenment as well as the soft textures of Romanticism. The work on the Allegheny Aqueduct was extremely difficult and the effort was massive, but all was proceeding well until a fire broke out on the other side of town.
Setting the Future (1846–47)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

The year 1846 was the most significant one in John’s life. And after his triumphs on the Allegheny and Monongahela bridges, John set about planning his furture put himself about with remarkable vigor. In February, he was in Cincinnati negotiating for a suspension bridge to span the Ohio. Later that month he drew up plans for a huge Y-shaped bridge extending out from Pittsburgh into the middle of the Ohio River and then branching off both north and south to either side of the river. John called this his Tri-Partite Bridge, and each branch would comprise a suspended span. The plan was audacious. In April, he visited New York for the first time and began to conceive of a mammoth suspension bridge to span the East River. By the end of the year, John was traveling between Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) and Niagara Falls in preparation for submitting plans to erect gigantic suspension bridges in both locations.