bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of efflux proteins in human corneal epithelial cells
Authors: VELLONEN KS , MANNERMAA E , TURNER H , TOROPAINEN E , URTTI A
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Corneal epithelium is the main barrier for absorption of drugs into intraocular tissues after topical administration and part of this barrier may be formed by efflux proteins which translocate molecules from the cell interior to the extracellular space. The aim of this study was to characterize the gene expression and the activity of the efflux transporters in the cell culture model of immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCE cells), in primary cell line (HCEpiC), and in the human corneal epithelium.

Methods: The mRNA levels of MDR1, MRP1‐MRP6, and BCRP were determined by the quantitative RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to study protein expression and localization of efflux transporters. Functionality of these proteins was assessed with calcein‐AM efflux assay and by measuring the efflux of CDCF. Furthermore, bidirectional permeability of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) was studied.

Results: The mRNA of MRP1 and MRP5 were detected in the human cornea and in both cell lines. These efflux proteins were found in the cell membranes of the human corneal epithelium. At mRNA level some efflux proteins were over‐expressed in the HCE and the primary cell lines. Increased calcein retention and decreased CDCF efflux in the presence of inhibitors suggested efflux protein activity in both primary and HCE cells. Likewise, directionality in Rh123 permeability was diminished in the presence of verapamil in HCE model.

Conclusions: Functionality of the efflux proteins was demonstrated in the human corneal epithelial cells. MRP1 and MRP5 proteins may have important protecting role in corneal surface by transporting molecules out from the epithelial cells. It seems that the efflux activity in the HCE model differs from that of the corneal epithelium in vivo
Scleroplasty with posterior pole buckling for the treatment of high myopia
Authors: TARUTTA EP , MARKOSSIAN GA , IOMDINA EN , IVASHCHENKO ZHN , KRUZHKOVA GV
Published: October 2007

Purpose: The main pathogenetic factor of the dystrophic process which develops in macular zone of a highly myopic eye is the extension of shells of the posterior eye pole accompanying the damage of vascular and nervous structures and Bruch’s membrane. Purpose: to develop and assess clinical results of a simplified technique of scleroplasty combined with the posterior pole buckling using a new implant directed to support the posterior pole and decrease the stress in the eye shells.

Methods: Surgery was made by a modified technique of Snyder‐Tompson using biologically active polyether buckle sutured to a scleral graft. The buckle was located on the posterior pole; the ends of the graft were fixed with some tension. 14 surgeries were performed on 12 patients aged 13‐40 with myopia of 11.0‐31.0 D. In the first 5‐7 days after surgery, instillations of 0.5% timolol solution were used. The observation period was 3 years. The shape and stage of staphyloma before and after surgery were determined by ophthalmoscopy and using ultrasound B‐scan.

Results: In the immediate postsurgical period, B‐scan determined flattening of staphyloma; a shortening of the anterio‐posterior axis by 1.0–1.5 mm, and an increase in visual acuity by 0.1‐0.2. A 5.3 db increase of posterior pole sclera acoustic density was observed. In the late observation period, staphyloma stabilization was achieved, accompanied by the inhibition of the dystrophic process in the macula.

Conclusions: Flattening of staphyloma and shortening of the anterio‐posterior axis evidently bring about a reduced posterior pole shell stress and a decrease of vitreoretinal tractions. This confirms a favorable effect of the surgery on the biomechanics and trophism of posterior eye pole shells.
Correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer measurements obtained with the GDx VCC and standard automated perimetry
Authors: LOPEZ MJ , FERRERAS A , POLO V , LARROSA JM , ALIAS EG , BORQUE RODRIGUEZ E
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To correlate the structural parameters of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) obtained by using the scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx‐VCC) and the results of automated perimetry (SAP), in normal, ocular hypertensive, preperimetric glaucomas and glaucoma subjects.

Methods: 423 eyes of 423 consecutive subjects were prospectively included in the study and classified depending on baseline intraocular pressure, optic nerve head appearance and SAP results into four groups: 87 normal eyes, 192 ocular hypertensive eyes, 70 preperimetric glaucomas and 74 glaucomatous eyes. In the different diagnostic groups, Pearson`s correlations were calculated between mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation, and the fifty two threshold points of SAP and structural parameters of RNFL obtained with the GDx VCC. Regression`s curves for the strongest correlations were also calculated.

Results: Mild or no significant correlations were found in the normal, ocular hypertensive and preperimetric glaucoma groups. Nevertheless, the glaucoma group presented mild to moderate correlations between several GDx VCC parameters and the analyzed SAP variables. The strongest correlations were observed between the standard deviation TSNIT and the MD (0.460) and between superior average with the threshold point number 45 (0,496).

Conclusions: RNFL parameters measured with the GDx VCC presented mild to moderate correlations with the visual field indices and the threshold values of SAP in the glaucoma group.
Changes in the α1 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains in the corneas of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy patients
Authors: MERJAVA S , LISKOVA P , JIRSOVA K
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To determine the changes in the expression and localization of the α1 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains in Czech patients with posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD).

Methods: 12 corneal buttons from 10 PPCD patients, as well as 8 corneal buttons obtained from healthy donors, were used. The tissues were snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –70°C until processed. Indirect enzymatic immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against the α1 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains. The intensity of the signal was graded under a light microscope using a scale: ‐ negative, + mild, ++ moderate, and +++ intense positivity. The localization of the signal was examined in all corneal layers, especially in the basal membrane (BM), stroma and Descemet’s membrane (DM).

Results: Staining for the α1 and α2 collagen IV chains was increased in DM of PPCD corneas and was shifted from the stromal side (in control tissue) to the endothelial side (in PPCD patients) of DM. We detected a more intense staining of α1 and α2 chains in the posterior stroma of PPCD patients. We detected α1 and α2 collagen IV chains in BM of cornea of PPCD patients. Staining for the α3 ‐ α6 collagen IV chains did not differ significantly between control and PPCD specimens.

Conclusions: The α collagen IV chains show great heterogeneity in their localization in distinct corneal layers. The α1 and α2 collagen IV chains accumulate in DM, the stroma and the BM of PPCD patients. The increased expression of the α1 and α2 collagen IV chains and the change in their localization can contribute to the increased endothelial proliferative capacity observed in PPCD patients.
Effects of (‐)bicuculline and gamma‐aminobutyric acid on the NiCl2 mediated stimulation of the ERG b‐wave amplitude from the isolated superfused vertebrate retina
Authors: SCHNEIDER T , SIAPICH SA , BANAT M , HESCHELER J , LÜKE M , SCHNEIDER T
Published: October 2007

Purpose: NiCl2 (15 μM) stimulates the b‐wave amplitude of vertebrate retina, up to 1.5‐fold through its blocking of E/R‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels. Assuming that these channels may trigger the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, we tested the effect of (‐)bicuculline and GABA itself.

Methods: We have used a superfused vertebrate retina assay, testing retina from bovine (Lüke et al., 2005: Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 16 : 27‐36).

The retina was separated from the underlying pigment epithelium and mounted on a mesh occupying the center of the perfusing chamber. The electroretinogram was recorded in the surrounding nutrient medium via two silver/silver‐chloride electrodes on either side of the retina. The recording chamber containing a piece of retina was placed in an electrically and optically insulated air thermostat. The retina was dark‐adapted and the electroretinogram was elicited at intervals of five min using a single white flash for stimulation.

Results: (‐)Bicuculline increased the b‐wave amplitude to a similar extent as observed in parallel recordings for low NiCl2 (15 μM). The GABA effect was biphasic, and let to a transient stimulation after NiCl2 application. Those retina segments which did not respond to NiCl2 (15 μM), also could not be stimulated by bicuculline and vice versa.

Conclusions: The stimulatory effect of NiCl2 on the ERG b‐wave amplitude is mediated by a NiCl2‐sensitive, probably Cav2.3 / voltage‐gated Ca2+‐channel triggered GABA‐release, and GABA itself may act on at least two different receptors.
Visualisation of reverse pupillary block using AC‐OCT in primary pigment dispersion syndrome
Authors: LAEMMER R , MARDIN CY , JUENEMANN AGM
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe morphologic characteristics associated with secondary IOP elevation due to pigment release after pupil dilation in primary melanin dispersion syndrome.

Methods: The history of a 49 year old male patient with primary pigment dispersion syndrome and secondary ocular hypertension is described. Besides detailed ophthalmologic examination including slit lamp biomicroscopy, gonioscopy as well as IOP and Laser‐Flare measurement (KOWA FC‐1000; Kowa, Tokyo, Japan) before and after pupil dilation, anterior segment optical coherence tomography was performed before and after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy and in medical miosis.

Results: After pupil dilatation IOP increased up to 46 mmHg at the right eye but no IOP elevation was recognised at the left eye. Measurement by Laser‐Flare Cell Meter revealed no cells in undilated state but 13.4 cells/ 0.075 μl at the right and 4.0 cells/ 0.075 μl at the left eye after mydriasis. Nd:YAG laser iridotomy was recommended for the right eye to the patient recently. Iris configuration detected by OCT demonstrates a concave shape before iridotomy more pronounced temporal than nasal which resolves after application of pilocarpin as well as after performance of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy.

Conclusions: The effect of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy as a prophylactic but potentially causal treatment in pigmentary glaucoma can be easily visualized by OCT as a fast and non‐contact procedure.
Silent squamous cell carcinoma invaded into the orbit via the perineural space of the zygomatemporal nerve
Authors: DE KEIZER RJW , SLUIMERS J , DE WOLFF ROUENDAAL D
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Describing two patients who presented with a silent skin tumour invaded into the orbit via an unusual route.

Methods: Retrospective case report. We present two patients, one with an immunosuppressive medical history, the other without a relevant history.

Results: The two patients present with a tumour which appears to be a tear gland carcinoma. After histology of the biopsies in both patients a squamous cell carcinoma was found. Reviewing original pathology taken two years before admission taken from the patients because of (benign) skin tumours of the temporal side of the orbit demonstrated invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Analysis of possible invasion routes no skin or bone involvement was found neither on CT or MRI. But the lateral fossa near the entrance of the zygomatico‐temporal channel showed very small tumours. The course of the zygomatico‐temporal nerve is exactly in line with the original skin tumour, the channel and the orbital tumours. The extension of the tumour was in both cases up to the infraorbital fissure, so radical surgery was an illusion. We gave extended radiotherapy involving the cavernous sinus.

Conclusions: We found a special route of invading the orbit by a common skin tumour using the course of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. The time elapsed between removing the original tumour and the extension in the orbit took more than two years.
Characterization of COX‐1 and ‐2 inhibition by nepafenac and its metabolite, amfenac
Authors: KULMACZ RJ , GRAFF G
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Nepafenac is a novel NSAID and a constituent of Nevanac® ophthalmic suspension. We characterized the inhibition kinetics of prostaglandin H synthase‐1 and ‐2 (COX‐1 and ‐2) by nepafenac and its hydrolytic metabolite, amfenac.

Methods: Purified ovine COX‐1 and human COX‐2 were reacted in 0.1 M KPi/pH 7.2, 1 mM phenol, 1 μM heme and 0.075% Tween‐20 at 30oC, monitored with an O2 electrode. Instantaneous (reversible) inhibition was assessed in enzyme‐initiated reactions containing inhibitor and arachidonate (10 μM). Time‐dependent inhibition was assessed in reactions initiated with arachidonate (100 μM) after timed preincubation of enzyme with inhibitor.

Results: Nepafenac and amfenac produced instantaneous (reversible) inhibition of both COX isoforms. Estimated Ki values were 2.3 μM (nepafenac) and 3.9 μM (amfenac) for COX‐1 and 12 μM (nepafenac) and 26 μM (amfenac) for COX‐2. The inhibitory potency of nepafenac did not increase when preincubated with either isoform, indicating that nepafenac is not a time‐dependent inhibitor of COX‐1 or ‐2. Amfenac exhibited time‐dependent inhibition of both isoforms; the rate constants for the EI‐>EI' transition were 46 and 45 min‐1 for COX‐1 and ‐2, respectively.

Conclusions: Nepafenac is a potent reversible inhibitor of COX‐1 and ‐2. Amfenac also exhibits rapid, reversible inhibition, which progresses to time‐dependent inhibition of both COX isoforms. This suggests that nepafenac, which rapidly accumulates in the aqueous humor after topical application, contributes to the initial suppression of ocular inflammation and prostaglandin formation, whereas amfenac generated by tissue hydrolases accounts for the sustained suppression of prostaglandin formation.
Visual outcome and corneal aberrometry after implantation of intracorneal ring segments (INTACS) for keratoconus
Authors: HERNANDEZ VERDEJO J , IBARZ M , GIL‐CAZORLA R , FUENTES I , TEUS MA
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To analyze corneal aberrometry and visual outcome after implantation of intracorneal ring segments (INTACS) in keratoconus patients.

Methods: Corneal aberration was measured in 15 keratoconus eyes pre and post implantation of INTACS. Root Mean Square values (RMS), (Total, RMS for corneal astigmatism and RMS for coma) where recorded for 5, 6 and 7 pupil diameters, and where divided into two groups due to their previous levels of coma and total RMS. Comatic aberration was divided in vertical (Z3‐1) an horizontal (Z3+1) Zernicke Coeficcients. All data was recorded pre‐op and three months after surgery. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), spherical equivalent and astigmatism where also analyzed.

Results: We found statistically significant decrease in spherical equivalent (p<0,01) and increase of UCVA (p<0,01). Significant increase (p=0,04) in coma and total RMS in patients with lower previous values for 5 and 6mm and significant decrease in patients with higher previous values for 7mm (p=0,03)

Conclusions: INTACS implantation for keratoconus reduces the mean spherical refractive error, increases UCVA and improves keratoconus aberrations for 7mm pupil diameter in patients with previous high levels of coma and total RMS.
Nicardipine inhibits human conjunctival fibroblastic proliferation, migration and attachment in vitro
Authors: GONZALVO IBANEZ F , FUERTES FERNANDEZ I , IZAGUIRRE RONCAL L , PINILLA LOZANO I
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the calcium channel blocker nicardipine (NIC) on fibroblastic proliferation, migration, attachment and cell viability on human conjunctival fibroblasts in vitro

Methods: Human conjunctival fibroblasts were incuvated in a humidified incubator (37ºC‐5%CO2), plus the doses of NIC to be tested. Fibroblastic proliferation at 18, 24 and 48 h was evaluated with a colorimetric assay based on the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt WST‐1 by mitochondrial dehydrogenases in viable cells. Cell viability was evaluated at 4 h with the WST‐1 asssay and with trypan blue (TB) staining. Migration was determined in a artificial wound made in a confluent fibroblast monolayer. Cell free areas were monitored with digitallized images at 0, 18, 24 and 48 h. Fibroblastic attachment was evaluated at 24 h with the WST‐1 asssay. Groups: 9 controls and 9 NIC concentrations (10‐4, 7.5x10‐5, 5x10‐5, 2.5x10‐5, 10‐5, 7.5x10‐6, 10‐6, 10‐7 and 10‐8 M). Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and repeated 4 times

Results: NIC < or = 10‐5 M showed cell viability >98% with TB and >99% with WST‐1 at 4 h. DI50=1.018x10‐4 M. NIC > or = 10‐5 M at 18 h, and NIC > or = 7.5x10‐6 M at 24 and 48 h showed significantly less proliferation than control groups. DI50 in 7.5x10‐5‐5x10‐5 M rank. NIC > or = 10‐5 M showed significantly larger cell‐free areas at 18, 24 and 48 h. NIC < or = 7.5x10‐6 M didn´t showed differences among the control groups. NIC > or = 7.5x10‐6 M inhibited fibroblastic attachment in >23% at 24 h. DI50=1.107x10‐3 M

Conclusions: NIC have a significant inhibitory effect in vitro on conjunctival fibroblastic wound healing process with potential applicability in ophthalmic surgery
Photodynamic therapy in myopic eyes with CNV with marked leakage
Authors: CATALANO C , RANDAZZO G , PARISE S , SCORCIA V , SCORCIA G
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) secondary to pathological myopia is an important cause of significant visual impairment in young and middle age adults globally. To assess the effect of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to pathologic myopia (PM) with CNV with marked lerakage.

Methods: We prospectively followed a series of 44 consecutive patients (45 eyes) with pathologic myopia (>/= 6 diopters) who received verteporfin PDT for CNV. Particular attention to the detection of leakage for neovascularization.This population was divided into two groups according to leakage of the neovascularizzation ( group A: minimum leakage; group B: marked leakage).

Results: The time of follow‐up was 24 months (range, 12 to 60 months). Visual acuity (VA) improved by 1 lines in group B e decreased by 2 lines on ETDRS charts in group A . The final mean VA in group B was 66,2 letters and 34,4 letters in group A.

Conclusions: Verteporfin PDT has carried at a stable or improved vision in myopic eyes with CNV with marked leakage and appear to respond better to treatment respect to the CNV whit minimum leakage.
The role of telemedicine in improving the referral service for consideration of treatment for age‐related macular degeneration in a tertiary referral centre
Authors: D'SOUZA Y , TUFAIL A
Published: October 2007

Purpose: The delay caused by manual referrals of patients from peripheral units for the treatment of age‐related macular degeneration resulted in a 15 letter drop in vision making patients ineligible for treatment. We therefore sought to investigate if electronic patient image referrals would reduce this delay.

Methods: A customized software package enables the referral centres to securely upload onto the web based solution the encrypted referral packages holding patient demographics in a template and associated colour and fluorescein images. These packages were then safely submitted from the networked computer to a dedicated web server at Moorfields Eye Hospital (MEH). The central site (MEH) then had the ability to import and unpack each package into the telemedicine software programme that triggered an email to the referring centre confirming receipt of the data. Information packages were placed in queues in workflow software which is reviewed daily. As the patient passed through the system the software package triggered the appropriate letter according to the plan of management. This process terminated once the patient had been accepted or rejected by MEH.

Results: The beta version of the software fulfils the design specifications of being able to package the complete fluorescein run and colour images from the main camera manufacturers. The software meets the required NHS security standards. Images can be acquired by the treating centre (MEH) the same day as taken in the local referring centre

Conclusions: Telemedicine referrals have been shown to reduce the referral time to treatment while still maintaining a high degree of sensitivity and specificity in identifying the presence of CNV
The IOP‐lowering efficacy of once‐daily Travoprost /Timolol dosed in the morning compared to twice‐daily Dorzolamide /Timolol for patients with open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
Authors: HOLLO G , LAGANOVSKA G , VOLKSONE L , TEUS MA
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the IOP‐lowering efficacy of dosing Travoprost 0.004%/ Timolol 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution (Trav/Tim, once‐daily morning dosing) and Dorzolamide 2% / Timolol 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution (Dorz/Tim), dosed twice‐daily.

Methods: This was a 6‐week randomized, double‐masked, multi‐center, parallel group study. A total of 319 patients were enrolled; 154 were randomized to Trav/Tim at 9 AM and placebo at 9 PM and 165 were randomized to Dorz/Tim at 9 AM and 9 PM. Efficacy assessments included mean IOP and mean IOP change from baseline at 9AM and 4 PM at Week 2 and Week 6. Patients were monitored for adverse events.

Results: Baseline mean diurnal IOPs were 26.0 mmHg for the Trav/Tim and 26.1 mmHg for the Dorz/Tim group. Mean Week 6 diurnal IOP values were 16.4 mmHg for Trav/Tim and 17.2 mmHg for Dorz/Tim. Trav/Tim produced greater reductions in IOP than Dorz/Tim at all time points. Mean diurnal IOP differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and when the data were pooled over the course of the study. Both medications were well‐tolerated.

Conclusions: Travoprost 0.004%/ Timolol 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution dosed once‐daily, produced diurnal IOP‐lowering efficacy that was superior to Dorzolamide 2% / Timolol Ophthalmic Solution 0.5% dosed twice‐daily.
A preliminary study of cell therapy of diabetic retinopathy in mice with experimental‐induced diabetes
Authors: LAZUK AV , ZEMCHIKHINA VN , GOLUBEVA ON , ERNST LK , BUDULEVA IA
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To study an effectiveness of xenotransplantation of retinal cells and β‐cells of pancreas in mice DBA/2 line with streptosotocyn induced diabetic retinopathy

Methods: 150 male mice (average age 70 days, weight 30 g) were studied as experimental and 30 ‐ as control group. For the therapy cells of transgenic MCP rabbit (2‐3 passage) were used. Mice were intramuscular injected 50 mkl with 50.000 cells.

Results: The histological studies showed a positive dynamics in retinal condition in the a group with intramuscular injection of neonatal rabbit’s retinal cells without blood sugar level compensation. In two experimental groups (therapy only with β‐cells and combined intramuscular injection of the retinal and β‐cells) 4 days after the treatment with β‐cells of neonatal rabbit’s pancreas both groups no clinical symptoms of diabetes (gluttony, polyuria, pollakidipsia) were revealed, and blood sugar level was 4‐6 mmol/l. All animals became more active than before the treatment.

Conclusions: The obtained data show that xenotransplantation of retinal cells combined with β‐cells of pancreas is more effective for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy then only retinal cells.
Results of optical coherent tomography in children with myopia
Authors: BOYCHUK IM , IVANICKAYA EV
Published: October 2007

Purpose: During the last five years the works which were conducted to find peculiarities of myopic eyes with the help of optical coherent tomography (OCT) appeared. Authors in patients without ophthalmoscopic changes in the retina found signs of dystrophy by OCT in different layers such as in pigment epithelium, retinal fiber layer (RNFL) in central and peripapillary segments of retina (Adel M. Hassan & al., 2004 Luo H.D. & al., 2006, Mrugacz M. & al., 2005). Thickness and volume of macular retina depends on its axial length (Lim M.C., 2005) but some data are controversial. The investigation was performed to reveal early signs of myopia progression in retinal anatomy «in live» in patients with school myopia without visual changes in the eye fundus.

Methods: The comparison of macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve parameters were evaluated in 21 child (42 eyes) with “school myopia” of light (1,0 ‐3,0 dptr) and high ( 6,0 ‐7,0) degree (18 and 24 eyes accordingly), which were observed with the help of Stratus OCT Model 3000 Carl Zeiss Meditec., Inc.

Results: Average macular volume and thickness was almost equal in both groups of children, values of peripapillary RNLFT were lower (82, 8 ± 13,7 against 95,31 ± 12,4) mμ and Cup/Disk Area ratio (0,1‐0,3) decreased in children with myopia of high degree in comparison with children with light degree (0,7‐0,9).

Conclusions: It is obvious that children have to be observed for a period to establish if above mentioned parameters: peripapillary RNLFT, Cup/Disk Area ratio ‐ are useful to predict myopia progression.
Ultrastructure of Femtosecond Laser trephination for keratoplasty
Authors: VOSSMERBAEUMER U , KNORZ MC , JONAS JB
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Femtosecond Laser are proposed as tools for trephination in keratoplasty. This novel technology is used to realize complex tissue dissection profiles that may potentially allow a reduced astigmatism, enhanced wound stability and more selective transplantation of tissue parts.

Methods: Using a 60kHz IntraLase Femtosecond Laser (IntraLase fs60, IntraLase Corp., CA) different trephination patterns were performed in ten porcine eyes. Corneoscleral specimen were subsequently cultured for five days before being processed for histological assessment. Corneal thickness before the procedure and after histological embedding was measured, the geometry of the dissection line was evaluated and the morphological characteristics of the cellular architecture along the lesion was analyzed at high magnification light microscopy.

Results: Straight and bevelled trephinations were realized with equal technical ease after applanation of the corneal curvature. The focus pattern lines within the corneal stroma presented as straight lines of 5+/‐10 μm crossing the histoarchitecture of the collagen lamellae without deflection within of the corneal stroma. Sporadic hematoxylin‐eosin negative spots were suggestive of cellular debris altered by the laser spots. Cell nuclei were also found scattered within the dissection line.

Conclusions: Tissue dissection for corneal grafting in complex bevelled patterns proved feasible with the IntraLase‐Device. Separation of corneal collagen lamellae occurred along the targeted line, leaving a linear cut without visible ablation of tissue nor discernable collateral damage to the surrounding tissue. The smoothness of the cut may allow, in clinical application, novel selective tissue transplantation, potentially minimizing interface haze.
Arabinogalactan: a new ophthalmic vehicle for dry eye protection and treatment of corneal lesions
Authors: BURGALASSI S , NICOSIA N , MONTI D , FALCONE G , BOLDRINI E , CHETONI P
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Dry eye syndrome and contact lens wearing may lead to desiccation of the corneal epithelium with abrasions and increased incidence of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important a rapid regeneration when epithelium is compromised. Aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate that Arabinogalactan (AG), a natural polysaccharide from Larch tree, was well tolerated after ocular administration and exerted a corneal protective action.

Methods: AG formulation was then subjected to specific investigations.

Results: Rheological measurements highlighted a newtonian non‐viscous behavior of AG aqueous dispersions at concentration up to 10% with η value of 1.6 mPas.

The rheological evaluation of mucoadhesive properties showed strong interactions with mucin, property useful to retain the formulation on the eye surface.

5.0% AG dispersion exerted a significant increase in healing rate of experimental corneal wound in rabbits since 27 h after the first treatment. The corneal re‐epithelization process produced a tissue stratification in the same features of native epithelium, restoring the normal multilayered architecture of the rabbit corneal epithelium.

Finally, studies of cell proliferation on rabbit corneal epithelial cell culture were carried out. Solutions at AG concentrations from 5x10‐3 to 1% enhanced the proliferation of the cells culture, showing cell viability values of 180% respect to the control after 48 hs exposure time.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that AG may be a new potential artificial tear for the prevention and the treatment of corneal wounds in dry eye syndrome and in contact lens induced abrasions since it do not interfere with vision because of its non‐viscous feature.
Dynamic retinal vessel reaction in patients with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: SEIDOVA SF , KOTLIAR KE , VON DÜRING C , LANZL IM
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Impaired vascular regulation might contribute to glaucomatous damage. Whether retinal branch arteries and veins of healthy persons and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients show different reactions in response to flickering light stimulation (FLS) is investigated.

Methods: Retinal vessel reactions to FLS were examined in 28 POAG patients (stage I, 54,3±9,9 years old) after 4 week wash‐out of eye drops and in 28 age and gender matched medically healthy volunteers. Vessel diameters of retinal vessel segments were assessed by Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (DVA). After baseline measurement (50 s) monochromatic rectangular FLS (530‐600 nm, 12,5 Hz, 20 s) was applied.

Results: In most subjects fast vessel dilation compared to baseline and an ensuing reactive arterial constriction were observed. In detail we found:

...........................................................................POAG.......control

mean arterial dilation at the end of FLS, %...........3,3±2,7......3,4±2,7

time of max arterial constriction following FLS,s....49,9±26,7*.25,5±18,1

mean venous dilation at the end of FLS,%........... 2,9±1,9......3,8±2,2

area under the venous curve following FLS,s*%..‐1,1±16,9*...27,9±34,3

We found statistically significant differences between the two examined groups as marked with *(p<0,01) (U‐test).

Conclusions: Functional retinal arterial and venous dilation in response to FLS does not differ between POAG patients and healthy subjects. Reactive arterial constriction following the FLS appeared later and venous restoration occurred faster in POAG. These findings might be an indication for alterations in the vascular endothelium and vessel wall rigidity in POAG, leading to impaired regulation following metabolic demand.
Early treatment favours the anatomical outcome of ROP
Authors: BOSKOS G , KOZEIS N , TIGANITA S , AGGELIDOU E
Published: October 2007

Purpose: A comparative study between two protocols in ROP management

Methods: In this study, participated 1716 premature neonates (SG<32 w, BW<1500gr), divided into two groups: Group A=854 who followed and treated according the CRYO‐ROP study guidelines and Group B=862 who followed and treated according to the ET‐ROP study guidelines. In both groups cryotherapy were performed when necessary.

Results: In group A, 372 eyes developed some type of ROP, in 46 eyes cryotherapy was performed and 15 of those(32.6%) appeared with unfavorable anatomical outcome (total or partial retinal detachment & dragged macula). In group B, 358 eyes developed some type of ROP, in 76 eyes cryotherapy was performed and only 3 (3.94%) eyes appeared with unfavorable anatomical outcome after cryotherapy

Conclusions: Earlier intervention in high risky and closer monitoring in low risky ROP neonates proved very effective in our sample. Since unfavorable events due to general anesthesia appear less often nowadays, early intervention could be proved very successful and safe procedure.
Pharmacokinetics of preserved and preservative‐free formulations of tafluprost are comparable in healthy volunteers
Authors: UUSITALO H , KAARNIRANTA K , ROPO A
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Prostanoid F2α (PF2α) analogues effectively lower intraocular pressure and are used as first‐line treatment of glaucoma. Tafluprost is a newly synthesized PF2α derivative, and the first PF2α analogue with a preservative‐free formulation that may decrease the risk of side effects from chronic benzalkonium chloride exposure. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of preserved and preservative‐free tafluprost in healthy volunteers.

Methods: A randomised, investigator‐masked, single‐centre, cross‐over phase I study evaluated the PK and safety of preserved and preservative‐free tafluprost 0.0015% eye drops. Both formulations were administered once daily for 8 days, with a wash‐out period ≥4 weeks, to 16 healthy volunteers. Plasma concentrations, AUC0‐last, Cmax and tmax were determined for AFP‐172, the active metabolite of tafluprost. Adverse events and other safety parameters were analysed.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences in PK between preserved and preservative‐free formulations (mean±SD AUC0‐last 581.1±529.9 vs 431.9±457.8 pg.min/mL, P=0.462; Cmax 31.4±19.5 vs 26.6±18.0 pg/mL, P=0.294 respectively; median [range] tmax 10 [5‐15] for both). Systemic bioavailability was comparable. Plasma concentrations of AFP‐172 peaked at 10 mins and were low at all timepoints. Both formulations were cleared rapidly from the circulation. There were no unexpected safety findings. The incidence of ocular hyperaemia was similar with both formulations, being predominantly of moderate severity with preserved tafluprost and mild severity with preservative‐free tafluprost.

Conclusions: Preservative‐free tafluprost had similar PK to the preserved formulation and was generally well tolerated.
Clinical management of congenital achromatopsia
Authors: PINELLO L , MAZZAROLO M , MAIMONE PE , SUPPIEJ A , CALDIRONI P
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Describe the long term follow‐up of children affected by congenital achromatopsia (CA). CA is a rare recessive inherited vision disorder (1:50000) and includes two clinical categories: complete CA and incomplete CA.

Methods: Fourteen children (9 M, 5 F) were followed‐up and a rehabilitation individual program was carried out.

The assessment included: far and near visual acuity (Teller, Lea Symbols, Snellen Charts),refraction, color vision (Farnsworth, Ishihara, Montessori), contrast sensitivity, visual field, slit lamp examination, fundus ophthalmoscopy, electrophysiologic tests (photopic, scotopic and flicker ERG and VEPs) and genetic examination.

Results: Early onset of nystagmus, low vision and photophobia are first clinical manifestations of CA. The differential diagnosis includes Leber Amaurosis, and congenital nystagmus and albinism.

Visual acuity in our patients is around 1/10 and it is worse for near. Refractive errors showed a distribution toward hyperopia (50%) and emmetropia (35%). Macular hypoplasia is present in all cases and electrophysiology showed a reduced or absent photopic ERG, while scotopic system appears normal.

Conclusions: Due to abnormal or totally absent cone function, which lead to macular hypoplasia, CA shows reduced visual acuity, absent/severely impaired color vision, nystagmus and photophobia. Low vision aids such as telescopic systems and magnification devices along with OCR/ICR software were prescribed after a carefully evaluation. Spectral filters were early prescribed to reduce photophobia and improve vision.

The molecular analysis may confirm the diagnosis and give genetic couseling to the family. An early detection of CA is underlined by the importance to carry out a complete and precocious rehabilitative approach.
Gene expression changes associated with endothelial cell loss during corneal organ culture
Authors: HILLARBY MC , TAYLOR AW , CARLEY F , ZAMBRANO I
Published: October 2007

Purpose: Prior to transplantation corneas are stored in organ culture for up 4 weeks. However, up to 30% of corneas are discarded, mainly due to a poor endothelial cell count. In this study we have investigated the genes expressed during the process using micro array technology.

Methods: Human corneas where stored in organ culture and the endothelial cell numbers where assessed after 10 days. RNA was extracted from 3 corneas with a low and 3 with a high cell count. The RNA samples were converted to cDNA using a Poly A PCR amplification protocol. These were used to probe Affymetrix whole genome micro array chips.

Results: Results showed over 1000 genes are either up or down regulated by the endothelial cells of corneas with a low cell count compared to corneas with high counts. As expected there are genes involved in apoptosis, cell signalling, cell cycle, extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton genes. However, of more interest are the genes involved in water channels and transport. For example we have identified several aquaporin genes (AQP) which are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water across the membrane. AQP1 is increased and AQP7 is decreased in the corneas with low cell counts. It is likely that the changes in expression of these genes further increase the swelling of the corneas in culture and cause damage to the endothelium leading to higher levels of cell death in the affected corneas.

Conclusions: These results add to our understanding of the effects of cell culture conditions on the corneal endothelium. A better understanding of endothelial cell loss in culture would lead to improved culture protocols and increase the number of corneas available for transplantation.
Proteomic analysis of conjucntival swab by mass spectrometry
Authors: MCGILLIGAN V , GRAHAM JE , MOORE JE , MCMULLAN G , GRAHAM RLJ , BEIRNE RO , DOWNES SC , MOORE CBT
Published: October 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify proteins present in the tears and mucosal epithelium of the ocular surface.

Methods: A cotton swab was rubbed across the anaesthetized inferior conjunctiva of a dry eye patient. Protein was extracted and subjected to 1D gel electrophoresis. After excision and trypsinisation, protein profiles from swab samples were identified using mass spectrometry carried out on a 3200 Q‐TRAP Hybrid ESI Quadropole linear ion trap. Protein identification was performed using MASCOT software against a human database extracted from NCBI. Curation of the protein list was achieved using the bioinformatics tool PROVALT, which also calculated false‐discovery rates.

Results: In total 75 validated proteins were identified including the tear proteins, lactotransferrin, lysozyme, and proline rich proteins as well as a number of proteins not previously associated with the tear proteome. Proteins identified had a wide range of physio‐chemical properties and included structural and functional proteins.

Conclusions: Use of a simple swab combined with a GeLC‐MS proteomic protocol led to unequivocal identification of a large range of proteins associated with the ocular surface proteome. This may allow a better characterisation of the ocular surface environment and discrimination between various eye conditions. Tear collection using capillaries can be tedious and may discourage clinicians from performing such a test. Use of a swab that can be frozen for analysis may encourage the use of this methodology. Analysis of this proteome offers huge clinical potential for investigation of ocular surface biomarkers for the development of novel diagnostic tools and monitoring of ocular disease.
The effect of post‐operative antibiotics on the ocular surface bacterial flora in cataract patients
Authors: MOORE JE , GRAHAM JE , BEIRNE RO , DOWNES SC , MOORE CBT
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To study the nature of the preoperative bacterial conjunctival flora using real‐time PCR and to assess whether there was any alteration in the flora due to phacoemulsification and a three week course of combination Tobramycin and dexamethasone drops.

Methods: Thirty patients undergoing routine cataract surgery were recruited to a prospective study. Posterior lid margin and inferior conjunctival swab samples were taken preoperatively from both the eye to be operated upon and the adjacent eye as a control. These swabs were analyzed by real‐time PCR for a range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria recognised to often reside upon the ocular surface. Repeated sampling and analysis was performed three weeks postoperatively while patients were taking topical drops.

Results: Staphylococcus epidermidis was the only bacteria demonstrated using this technique. Postoperatively a statistically significant increase was noted in the level of bacteria in the treated eyes (p<0.001) with 72% of operated eyes having higher bacterial levels than preoperatively. Overall the control eyes demonstrated higher levels of S. epidermidis postoperatively compared to preoperative eyes p<0.05.

Conclusions: S. epidermidis is one of the most common causes of endophthalmitis. Postoperative cataract drops are commonly used to reduce inflammation and as prophylaxis against endophthalmitis. This study questions the value of some commonly used prophylactic antibiotic preparations. It also demonstrates the potential for use of real‐time PCR for rapid preoperative assessment of the conjunctival microbial flora in high risk cases.
Macular function in severe disbinocular amblyopia
Authors: SHAMSHINOVA AM , SLYSHALOVA NN , KHVATOVA NV , SITNIKOVA DN
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the mechanisms of the visual function impairment in severe disbinocular amblyopia (SDA).

Methods: 41 children with SDA 5‐17 years old; visual acuity 0,03‐0,1; parafoveal, paramacular, peripheric fixation were examined. Mixed, pattern, macular multifocal ERG examination (MBN Moscow and Roland Consult Germany) and topography, contrast, colour sensitivity and spatial contrast sensitivity were performed.

Results: The impairment of the color sensitivity to unsaturated red, green and blue was found. The most changes were found for the green in of 7º from the macula. No changes in the mixed, macular and flicker 30 Hz ERG was found. Although some patients showed a supernormal a‐wave of the macular ERG as well as a subnormal b‐wave, supernormal flicker 30 Hz ERG and moderately subnormal pattern ERG. Mf ERG showed the decreased rates of retinal density in the 1st and 2nd ring with normal rates of N1 and P2 in all central hexagons. SDA with non‐central fixation in 2D display is manifested with the zone of maximal bioelectric activity noticeably shifted from the fixation point. Together with the stable central fixation there is a near‐to‐the‐norm retinal density in central rings as well as with the eccentricity, while the maximal bioelectric activity at the non‐central fixation coincides with the presumed projection.

Conclusions: Changes in the color and contrast sensitivity and in the retinal bioelectric activity

in SDA has a functional character. Rate of the found changes differs from those in other retinal and optic nerve pathologies and retrochiasmial changes in children. There might exist an abnormality of photoreceptor and neuronal interactions among other mechanisms of visual function impairment in ADA.
Thrombophlebitis and bilateral visual loss and in Behçet’s disease
Authors: DORE S , DEVILLA L , SALVO M , DESSOLE L , PATTERI P
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To describe an unusual case of Behçet’s disease characterized by bilateral ocular involvement and thrombophlebitis in the right leg.

Methods: A 37‐year‐old man was referred with a two‐month history of progressive, severe visual loss in both eyes. He had had thrombophlebitis in his right leg following an insect bite a month before. Visual acuity was R.E.: light perception and L.E.: 20/400. Fundus examination disclosed bilateral papillitis and retinal vasculitis and a macular pucker in the right eye.

Results: Fluorescein angiography showed occlusive arteritis with periphlebitis in both eyes. TC and MR imaging and laboratory tests for toxoplasmosis, Lyme disease, syphilis, HIV, HSV, and Rickettsia conorii infection were negative. Conversely, ESR, PCR and HLA‐B51 were found to be positive. Treatment with systemic steroids produced no improvement.

Conclusions: Ocular Behçet’s disease is occasionally not associated with the classic systemic signs, such as oral aphtous lesions, skin lesions, and genital lesions. In this report, the retinal lesions followed an episode of thrombophlebitis caused by an insect bite.
IL‐8 vitreous levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: GLOBOCNIK PETROVIC M , KOSNIK M , KOROSEC P , HAWLINA M
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To determine the levels of interleukin 8 (IL‐8) in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and the role of IL‐8 as a marker of visual prognosis after vitrectomy.

Methods: Vitreous fluid samples were obtained at vitreoretinal surgery from 71 patients with diabetes type 2 and PDR, and from 17 age‐matched non‐diabetic patients with a macular hole (control group). PDR was classified as active and inactive, and subdivided according to the extent of large vessel gliotic obliteration. The cytokine levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array method. To determine the role of IL‐8 as visual prognostic marker after vitrectomy we investigated whether the vitreous levels of IL‐8 were associated with poor visual outcome. Poor outcome was defined by visual acuity less than 20/200 at least 8 months after vitrectomy. Clinical and preoperative eye characteristics (visual acuity, iris neovascularisation, vitreous hemorrhage, macular detachment, macular edema, active neovascularisation, neovascularisation of the disk, and the presence of panretinal photocoagulation) were additionally analyzed.

Results: The vitreous levels of IL‐8 were significantly higher in patients with PDR in comparison to the control (P<0.001), in eyes with higher extent of large vessel gliotic obliteration (P<0.001) and was not significantly higher in eyes with active neovascularisation (P=0.9). After multiple logistic regression analysis, vitreous level of IL‐8 (P=0.028) and macular detachment (P=0.039) were predictors for the poor visual outcome after vitrectomy.

Conclusions: The vitreous level of IL‐8 was associated with the higher extent of large vessel gliotic obliteration and with the poor visual outcome after vitrectomy.
Pseudophakic dysphotopsia associated with the implantation of intraocular lenses
Authors: SKUNCA J , PETRIC VICKOVIC I , LACMANOVIC LONCAR V , BEDNAR I , DOKO MANDIC B , MANDIC Z
Published: October 2007

Purpose: To determine the incidence of unwanted light images after cataract surgery and the relationship between various intraocular lens (IOL) types.

Methods: Prospective study included 50 patients who filled up a written questionnaire where reported on incidence of glare, light sensitivity and unwanted images. Patients were included in the study only if they had uneventful cataract surgery and no additional ocular pathology. They were excluded if they had refractive errors which could cause similar phenomena. The study was performed in three month postoperative period.

Results: A significant number of patients reported symptoms. Patients with acrylic IOL were at increased risk. At last control more than 1/3 of symptoms resolved spontaneously. No one reported negative dysphotopsia and there was no IOL exchange.

Conclusions: Intraocular lenses can introduce stray light artifacts into the eye. While positive dysphotopsia has been largely attributed to edge effects of the implant, negative dysphotopsia appears to be more related to the patient's anatomical structure than to specific lens designs or materials.