bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 3400 year lacustrine paleoseismic record from the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey: Implications for bimodal recurrence behavior
Authors: Avşar Ulaş , Hubert‐Ferrari Aurélia , Batist Marc De , Fagel Nathalie
Published: January 2014

High‐resolution physical, geochemical, and geochronological analyses on the sedimentary sequence of Yeniçağa Lake, located in a fault‐bounded basin along the North Anatolian Fault, reveal fingerprints of paleoearthquakes. A robust sediment chronology, spanning the last 3400 years, is constructed by radiocarbon dating and time‐stratigraphical correlation with the precisely dated Sofular Cave speleothem record. Yeniçağa sedimentary sequence contains 11 seismically induced event deposits characterized by siliciclastic‐enriched intervals. Some of the event deposits are also associated with implications of sudden lake deepening, which may be related to coseismic subsidence. The paleoearthquake series having an average recurrence interval of ca. 260 years are interrupted by two possible seismic gaps of ca. 420 and 540 years.
Melt water input from the Bering Glacier watershed into the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Josberger Edward G. , Shuchman Robert A. , Jenkins Liza K. , Arthur Endsley K.
Published: January 2014

The annual runoff from the melting of large glaciers and snow fields along the northern perimeter of the Gulf of Alaska is a critical component of marine physical and biological systems; yet, most of this freshwater is not measured. Here we show estimates of melt for the watershed that contains the largest and longest glacier in North America, the Bering Glacier. The procedure combines in situ observations of snow and ice melt acquired by a long‐term monitoring program, multispectral satellite observations, and nearby temperature measurements. The estimated melt is 40 km3 per melt season, ± 3.0 km3, observed over the decadal period, 2002–2012. As a result of climate change, these estimates could increase to 60 km3/yr by 2050. This technique and the derived melt coefficients can be applied to estimate melt from Alaska to Washington glaciers.
Ocean chlorophyll response to two types of El Niño events in an ocean‐biogeochemical coupled model
Authors: Lee Kie‐Woung , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kug Jong‐Seong , Park Jong‐Yeon
Published: January 2014

Based on a long‐term simulation of an ocean‐biogeochemical coupled model, we investigate the biogeochemical response to the two types of El Niño events, a Cold Tongue (CT)‐El Niño and a Warm Pool (WP)‐El Niño, in which a local maximum of anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) is located in the eastern and central tropical Pacific. Our model is able to reasonably simulate the characteristics of the biological variables in a way comparable to the observations. During the developing period, anomalous low chlorophyll appears in the eastern Pacific, while it appears in the central Pacific in the WP‐El Niño. The difference in the spatial‐temporal response of chlorophyll for the two types of El Niño events is mainly due to the eastward zonal advection of upper ocean currents, which plays a role in bringing nutrient‐poor water from the western Pacific. During the decaying period of the WP‐El Niño, anomalous high chlorophyll appears concurrently with anomalous low SST in the eastern Pacific. Conversely, anomalous high chlorophyll appears in the central Pacific prior to the decaying period of the CT‐El Niño. In particular, the anomalous low sea level from the northwestern Pacific shifts to the southern equatorial region during the decaying period of the CT‐El Niño. This drives anticyclonic boundary currents which enhance the Equatorial Undercurrent, playing a role in the supply of nutrients to the central equatorial Pacific, resulting in an increase in chlorophyll concentration in the same region.
On the spatial and temporal distribution of near‐inertial energy in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Rath Willi , Greatbatch Richard J. , Zhai Xiaoming
Published: January 2014

We use an eddying realistic primitive‐equation model of the Southern Ocean to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of near‐inertial wind‐power input (WPI) and near‐inertial energy (NIE) in the Southern Ocean. We find that the modeled near‐inertial WPI is almost proportional to inertial wind‐stress variance (IWSV), while the modeled NIE is modulated by the inverse of the mixed‐layer depth. We go on to assess recent decadal trends of near‐inertial WPI from trends of IWSV based on reanalysis wind stress. Averaged over the Southern Ocean, annual‐mean IWSV is found to have increased by 16% over the years 1979–2011. Part of the increase of IWSV is found to be related to the positive trend of the Southern‐Annular Mode over the same period. Finally, we show that there are horizontal local maxima of NIE at depth that are almost exclusively associated with anticyclonic eddies.
Subseasonal variations in salinity and barrier‐layer thickness in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Drushka Kyla , Sprintall Janet , Gille Sarah T.
Published: January 2014

The barrier layer, the layer between the bottom of the density‐defined mixed layer and the isothermal layer in the upper ocean, may play a role in air‐sea dynamics. In the present study, data from Argo profiling floats in the tropical Indian Ocean and a mooring at 90°E, 0°N are used to examine subseasonal variations in upper ocean salinity and barrier‐layer thickness (BLT) during boreal winter. In the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, subseasonal variations in BLT are energetic. However, composites used to isolate the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) component of the subseasonal signal reveal that, on average, the MJO anomaly in BLT is negligible despite large swings in both the mixed‐layer depth and the isothermal‐layer depth. This discrepancy is likely due to (a) noise from other subseasonal processes; and (b) the diversity of individual MJO events: the thickness of the mixed layer and the isothermal layer are sensitive to wind and rain forcing, so even subtle differences in the phasing and strength of MJO‐related atmospheric anomalies can produce a very different effect on upper ocean stratification and hence on the thickness of the barrier layer. The effect of the barrier layer on the upper ocean response to MJO forcing is also evaluated. When the barrier layer is thick, entrainment cooling during the MJO is reduced, so the MJO drives a weaker sea surface temperature anomaly. This suggests that modulation of BLT can have significant consequences for the response of the upper ocean to the MJO, and hence, potentially, for feedbacks of the ocean onto the atmosphere on MJO time scales.
The climatology of zonal wave numbers 1 and 2 planetary wave structure in the MLT using a chain of Northern Hemisphere SuperDARN radars
Authors: Kleinknecht Nora H. , Espy Patrick J. , Hibbins Robert E.
Published: January 2014

The zonal wave components 1 and 2 were extracted from the meridional wind along the latitude band of 51–66°N for the years 2000–2008 using eight Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars spanning longitudes from 25°E to 150°W. Each extracted zonal component represents the superposition of all temporal periods with that zonal structure and indicates the total planetary wave energy available with that wave number. The Hovmöller diagrams show stationary as well as eastward and westward traveling planetary waves propagating in the background wind. The method used to detect the zonal planetary wave components in the SuperDARN data are detailed and validated using UK Meteorological Office data, which allows the evolution of S1 and S2 planetary wave energy between the stratosphere and mesosphere to be assessed. The climatology of zonal wave number 1 and 2 planetary wave activity in the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere (MLT) is presented and compared to the activity in the stratosphere. The MLT climatology of the mean wind anomalies shows stronger planetary wave activity during winter and weaker activity during summer with enhancement around midsummer and autumn equinox. The climatology of the mean wind displays similar amplitudes apart from very strong S1 planetary wave amplitudes during summer. In addition planetary wave activity during winters with major and minor stratospheric warming events are examined and contrasted.
Environmental control of tropical cyclones in CMIP5: A ventilation perspective
Authors: Tang Brian , Camargo Suzana J.
Published: January 2014

The ventilation index serves as a theoretically based metric to assess possible changes in the statistics of tropical cyclones to combined changes in vertical wind shear, midlevel entropy deficit, and potential intensity in climate models. Model output from eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 models is used to calculate the ventilation index. The ventilation index and its relationship to tropical cyclone activity between two 20 year periods are compared: the historical experiment from 1981 to 2000 and the RCP8.5 experiment from 2081 to 2100. The general tendency is for an increase in the seasonal ventilation index in the majority of the tropical cyclone basins, with exception of the North Indian basin. All the models project an increase in the midlevel entropy deficit in the tropics, although the effects of this increase on the ventilation index itself are tempered by a compensating increase in the potential intensity and a decrease in the vertical wind shear in most tropical cyclone basins. The nonlinear combination of the terms in the ventilation index results in large regional and intermodel variability. Basin changes in the ventilation index are well correlated with changes in the frequency of tropical cyclone formation and rapid intensification in the climate models. However, there is large uncertainty in the projections of the ventilation index and the corresponding effects on changes in the statistics of tropical cyclone activity.
Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy
Authors: Brotherton Robert , French Christopher C.
Published: January 2014

People who believe in the paranormal have been found to be particularly susceptible to the conjunction fallacy. The present research examines whether the same is true of people who endorse conspiracy theories. Two studies examined the association between conspiracist ideation and the number of conjunction violations made in a variety of contexts (neutral, paranormal and conspiracy). Study 1 found that participants who endorsed a range of popular conspiracy theories more strongly also made more conjunction errors than participants with weaker conspiracism, regardless of the contextual framing of the conjunction. Study 2, using an independent sample and a generic measure of conspiracist ideation, replicated the finding that conspiracy belief is associated with domain‐general susceptibility to the conjunction fallacy. The findings are discussed in relation to the association between conspiracism and other anomalous beliefs, the representativeness heuristic and the tendency to infer underlying causal relationships connecting ostensibly unrelated events. © 2014 The Authors. Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Arraying Territories: Remote Sensing and Escalation in the North
Authors: Rönnskog Ann‐Sofi , Palmesino John
Published: January 2014

Founded by Ann‐Sofi Rönnskog and John Palmesino, Territorial Agency is an innovative practice that advocates sustainable and integrated territorial transformations through architecture, research and action. Here, Rönnskog and Palmesino describe how their exploration of the shifting geopolitical conditions of the Arctic and subarctic regions has revealed an intensification of remote‐sensing technologies and an escalation of military, scientific and industrial activities, which is resulting in ‘a new landscape of agencies’.
Drawing into the Cloud
Authors: Jónsson Birgir Örn
Published: January 2014

Architectural designer, maker and researcher Birgir Örn Jónsson describes Islands of Vision, a speculative design project that he developed while in Unit 23 at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London (UCL). Acknowledging the predominance of the image and the underutilisation of the full range of visual experience in contemporary life, Jónsson set out to explore the entire field of vision, reasserting the periphery ‘as a rich and dynamic mode of sensation’. With the aid of ScanLAB Projects and their 3D point cloud scanner, Jónsson scanned the project's site at Lee Valley Park, East London.
Landschaft: Revisiting The Journey and Drive‐In House
Authors: Webb Michael
Published: January 2014

For visionary architect and founding member of Archigram Michael Webb, high definition has become a lifetime's pursuit. It represents the distillation and layering of material and meaning in ongoing works that explore the same theme over space and time. Here he discusses two projects – The Journey and the Drive‐In House – which he commenced in 1977 and 1987, respectively, and that he continues to the present day; they express his essential preoccupations with his home landscape and the perfect contour of the car.
Diffusive Thermal Architecture: New Work from the Hylozoic Series
Authors: Beesley Philip
Published: January 2014

Could the use of high‐resolution image equipment and the thermodynamic patterns that they produce have a significant application in architectural design? Architect Philip Beesley, a professor at the School of Architecture at the University of Waterloo in Canada, describes the explorations revealed by the Hylozoic Series, a collaborative series of immersive architectural environments directed by a team from the university. He explains how the subtle effects of the works are achieved by integrating active filters into canopies and screens that create immersive, forest‐like installations.
Animating Architecture: Coupling High‐Definition Sensing with High‐Definition Actuation
Authors: Glynn Ruairi
Published: January 2014

Ruairi Glynn, lecturer on interactive architecture at the Bartlett School ofArchitecture, University College London (UCL), puts the pressing question: ‘What does a world of hyper‐connective, high‐definition sensing offer architectural design?’ Despite the pervasiveness of ubiquitous computing – the Internet of Things (IoT) – and students' ability to speculate, build and test responsive lifesize installations, could practice itself be in danger of getting left behind?
Nanostructured Hybrid Materials for the Selective Recovery and Enrichment of Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Florek Justyna , Chalifour François , Bilodeau François , Larivière Dominic , Kleitz Freddy
Published: January 2014

The importance of rare‐earth elements (REEs) in the global economy is booming as they are used in numerous advanced technologies. Industrially, the extraction and purification of REEs involve multiple liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) steps as they exhibit very similar complexation properties with most common ligands. In order to substantially improve this process and provide a greener alternative to LLE, functional porous hybrid materials, demonstrating enhanced selectivity towards heavier REEs compared to commercially‐available products, are proposed. In addition, because of the grafting procedure used in the synthesis, the proposed materials demonstrate a higher degree of reusability, increasing their marketable potential.
Rheological predictions of network systems swollen with entangled solvent
Authors: Katzarova Maria , Andreev Marat , Sliozberg Yelena R. , Mrozek Randy A. , Lenhart Joseph L. , Andzelm Jan W. , Schieber Jay D.
Published: January 2014

The mechanical properties of a cross‐linked polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) network swollen with nonreactive entangled PDMS solvent was previously studied experimentally. In this article, we use the discrete slip‐link model to predict its linear and nonlinear rheology. Model parameters are obtained from the dynamic modulus data of pure solvent. Network rheology predictions also require an estimate of the fraction and architecture of dangling or inactive strands in the network, which is not directly measurable. The active strand fraction is estimated from dynamic modulus measurements, and the molecular weight is adjusted to fit the dynamic modulus data. Then, the nonlinear rheology can be predicted without adjustments. These successful predictions strongly suggest that the observed rheological modification in the swollen blend arises from the constraint dynamics between the network chains and the dangling ends. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 60: 1372–1380, 2014

We dedicate this article to Prof. R. Byron Bird on the occasion of his 90th birthday. We attempt to follow the twin exhortations of Bob to be both mathematically rigorous and practically relevant.
Body composition assessment in the infant
Authors: Demerath Ellen W. , Fields David A.
Published: January 2014

Body composition assessment provides a sharper picture of the human biological response to genetic and environmental influences than measures of body size and weight. Infant body composition is particularly important as a marker of fetal adaptation and developmental programming of subsequent health and disease, but until recently, the range of options for measuring infant body composition was relatively narrow. The purpose of this Toolkit: Methods in Human Biology review is to provide a comprehensive overview of methods of body composition methods currently used in infants 0 to 2 years of age, including anthropometric prediction equations, air displacement plethysmography (ADP), dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), isotope dilution, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Information on the reliability, validity, and accuracy of the methods is provided. Unique aspects of infant physiology and behavior create challenges for body composition assessment, but this review provides guidance on suitable testing approaches and environments that may aid researchers in this important area of investigation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:291–304, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐Component Reactions of Aldehydes, Amines, and Alkynes/Alkenes Catalyzed by Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid: An Efficient Route to Substituted Quinolines
Authors: Zhang Xu , Xu Xuefeng , Yu Lintao , Zhao Qiang
Published: January 2014

Herein, we have developed a facile and economic HOTf‐catalyzed synthesis for the construction of quinolines from aldehydes, amines, and alkynes/alkenes, which are readily available from commercial vendors. The electronic properties of the substituents on the aldehydes, amines, and alkynes/alkenes have been investigated. It was found that molecules with both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents were suitable substrates for this transformation, and the expected products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields. The use of a single catalytic system to mediate chemical transformations in a synthetic operation is important for the development of new atom‐economic strategies and this strategy is efficient in building complex structures from simple starting materials in an environmentally benign fashion.
Macrocyclic Dyads Based on C60 and Perylenediimides Connected by Click Chemistry
Authors: Pla Sara , Martín‐Gomis Luis , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Fernández‐Lázaro Fernando , Sastre‐Santos Ángela
Published: January 2014

Two sets of perylenediimide‐[60]fullerene dyads PDI‐C60 connected through 1,2,3‐triazole units have been synthesized and characterized. The cyclic dyad PDICl4‐C60 has four chlorine atoms in the 1,6,7,12‐PDI positions, whereas the cyclic dyad PDIPip2‐C60 has two piperidine units in the 1,7‐PDI positions. On the other hand, PDICl4‐C60 and PDIPip2‐C60 dyads were synthesized as linear counterparts with the same substitution pattern. Also, a C60‐PDICl4‐C60 triad has been prepared. A small interaction between C60 and PDI moieties in the ground state was detected by UV/vis and electrochemical measurements in both PDI‐C60 cyclic systems. The occurrence of photoinduced energy‐transfer processes between PDI and C60 units was confirmed by time‐resolved emission and transient absorption techniques. Femtosecond laser flash photolysis showed energy transfer from 1PDI* to C60 followed by intersystem crossing from 1C60* to 3C60* in the case of the PDICl4‐C60 systems. The energy transfer rate for PDICl4‐C60 in the cyclic dyad and the triad is one order of magnitude faster than that in PDICl4‐C60 in the linear dyad. The fast energy transfer rate together with the enhanced molar absorption coefficient by perylenediimide functionalization will be highly beneficial for applications as acceptors in polymer solar cells. On the other hand, no electron transfer from the donor PDIpip2 units to the acceptor C60 moiety was detected in the case of PDIPip2‐C60 dyads.
Genetic analyses suggest no immigration of adult females and their offspring into the Sonso community of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda
Authors: Langergraber Kevin E. , Rowney Carolyn , Crockford Catherine , Wittig Roman , Zuberbühler Klaus , Vigilant Linda
Published: January 2014

Chimpanzees are frequently used to illustrate the relationship between sex differences in dispersal and sex differences in cooperation in primates and other group‐living mammals. Male chimpanzees are highly philopatric, typically remaining in their natal communities for their entire lives to cooperate with related males in competition against less related males from other groups, whereas females typically disperse once at adolescence and cooperate with each other less frequently. However, there have been a few reports of dependent male offspring joining groups when their mothers transferred between communities as adults. Although such events are difficult to document, determining how often they actually occur is important for elucidating the links between philopatry, kinship, and cooperation in both chimpanzees and group‐living animals more generally. Here we use genetic analyses to investigate a previous report of a large‐scale transfer of many females and their offspring into the Sonso community of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. Using autosomal microsatellite genotypes, we assigned a Sonso father to ten of the fourteen putative immigrants, and found that the four putative immigrants for whom we could not assign a Sonso father (perhaps due to incomplete sampling of all Sonso candidate fathers) nevertheless had Y‐chromosome microsatellite haplotypes that were common in Sonso males but absent in males from four other chimpanzee communities at Budongo. These results suggest that these putative immigrant females and their offspring were probably actually long‐term residents of Sonso whose identifications were delayed by their peripheral or unhabituated status. These results are consistent with other genetic and behavioral evidence showing that male between‐community gene flow is exceedingly rare in east African chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 76:640–648, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significant sex difference in the association between C‐reactive protein concentration and anthropometry among 13‐ to 19‐year olds, but not 6‐ to 12‐year olds in Nepal
Authors: Konishi Shoko , Parajuli Rajendra Prasad , Takane Erica , Maharjan Makhan , Tachibana Ken'ichi , Jiang Hong‐Wei , Pahari Krishna , Inoue Yosuke , Umezaki Masahiro , Watanabe Chiho
Published: January 2014

Life history theory predicts a trade‐off between immunostimulation and growth. Using a cross‐sectional study design, this study aims to test the hypothesis that C‐reactive protein (CRP) is negatively associated with height‐for‐age z‐scores (HAZ scores) and BMI‐for‐age z‐scores (BAZ scores) among 6‐ to 19‐year olds (N = 426) residing in five Nepalese communities. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected and assayed for CRP using an in‐house enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Sex‐ and age‐group‐specific CRP quartiles were used to examine its association with growth in linear mixed‐effects (LME) models. A significant difference was found in the proportion of elevated CRP (>2 mg/L, equivalent to ∼3.2 mg/L serum CRP) between 13‐ and 19‐year‐old boys (12%) and girls (4%). Concentrations of CRP were positively associated with HAZ score among adolescent (13–19 years) boys, which may indicate that individuals with greater energy resources have better growth and a better response to infections, thus eliminating the expected trade‐off between body maintenance (immunostimulation) and growth. Adolescent boys with low BAZ and HAZ scores had low CRP values, suggesting that those who do not have enough energy for growth cannot increase their CRP level even when infected with pathogens. Among adolescent girls a positive association was observed between CRP and BAZ scores suggesting the possible effects of chronic low‐grade inflammation due to body fat rather than infection. The association between CRP and growth was less evident among children (6–12 years) compared with adolescents, indicating that the elevated energy requirement needed for the adolescent growth spurt and puberty may play some role. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:42–51, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using rasch measurement to score, evaluate, and improve examinations in an anatomy course
Authors: Royal Kenneth D. , Gilliland Kurt O. , Kernick Edward T.
Published: January 2014

Any examination that involves moderate to high stakes implications for examinees should be psychometrically sound and legally defensible. Currently, there are two broad and competing families of test theories that are used to score examination data. The majority of instructors outside the high‐stakes testing arena rely on classical test theory (CTT) methods. However, advances in item response theory software have made the application of these techniques much more accessible to classroom instructors. The purpose of this research is to analyze a common medical school anatomy examination using both the traditional CTT scoring method and a Rasch measurement scoring method to determine which technique provides more robust findings, and which set of psychometric indicators will be more meaningful and useful for anatomists looking to improve the psychometric quality and functioning of their examinations. Results produced by the more robust and meaningful methodology will undergo a rigorous psychometric validation process to evaluate construct validity. Implications of these techniques and additional possibilities for advanced applications are also discussed. Anat Sci Educ 7: 450–460. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Design and analysis of demand‐adapted railway timetables
Authors: Canca David , Barrena Eva , Algaba Encarnación , Zarzo Alejandro
Published: January 2014

Railway scheduling and timetabling are common stages in the classical hierarchical railway planning process and they perhaps represent the step with major influence on user's perception about quality of service. This aspect, in conjunction with their contribution to service profitability, makes them a widely studied topic in the literature, where, nowadays, many efforts are focused on improving the solving methods of the corresponding optimization problems. However, literature about models considering detailed descriptions of passenger demand is sparse. This paper tackles the problem of timetable determination by means of building and solving a nonlinear integer programming model that fits the arrival and departure train times to a dynamic behavior of demand. The optimization model results are then used for computing several measures to characterize the quality of the obtained timetables considering jointly both user and company points of view. Some aspects are discussed, including the influence of train capacity and the validity of Random Incidence Theorem. An application to the C5 line of Madrid rapid transit system is presented. Different measures are analyzed in order to improve the insight into the proposed model and analyze in advance the influence of different objectives on the resulting timetable. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute exposure to a 2 mT static magnetic field affects ionic homeostasis of in vitro grown porcine granulosa cells
Authors: Bernabò Nicola , Saponaro Ilaria , Tettamanti Enzo , Mattioli Mauro , Barboni Barbara
Published: January 2014

In this work, we provided direct evidence for the first time that exposure to a static magnetic field (SMF) of low intensity (2 mT) is immediately followed by a reversible cell membrane depolarization wave (of about 1 min) that causes the rise of intracellular calcium and the decrease of mitochondrial activity of vital granulosa cells. These effects are likely due to the increase in Na+ and Ca2+ cell membrane permeability. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:231–234, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Including network knowledge into Cox regression models for biomarker signature discovery
Authors: Fröhlich Holger
Published: January 2014

Discovery of prognostic and diagnostic biomarker gene signatures for diseases, such as cancer, is seen as a major step toward a better personalized medicine. During the last decade various methods have been proposed for that purpose. However, one important obstacle for making gene signatures a standard tool in clinical diagnosis is the typical low reproducibility of these signatures combined with the difficulty to achieve a clear biological interpretation. For that purpose in the last years there has been a growing interest in approaches that try to integrate information from molecular interaction networks. Most of these methods focus on classification problems, that is learn a model from data that discriminates patients into distinct clinical groups. Far less has been published on approaches that predict a patient's event risk. In this paper, we investigate eight methods that integrate network information into multivariable Cox proportional hazard models for risk prediction in breast cancer. We compare the prediction performance of our tested algorithms via cross‐validation as well as across different datasets. In addition, we highlight the stability and interpretability of obtained gene signatures. In conclusion, we find GeneRank‐based filtering to be a simple, computationally cheap and highly predictive technique to integrate network information into event time prediction models. Signatures derived via this method are highly reproducible.
Criterion for the simultaneous selection of a working correlation structure and either generalized estimating equations or the quadratic inference function approach
Authors: Westgate Philip M.
Published: January 2014

Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are commonly used for the marginal analysis of correlated data, although the quadratic inference function (QIF) approach is an alternative that is increasing in popularity. This method optimally combines distinct sets of unbiased estimating equations that are based upon a working correlation structure, therefore asymptotically increasing or maintaining estimation efficiency relative to GEE. However, in finite samples, additional estimation variability arises when combining these sets of estimating equations, and therefore the QIF approach is not guaranteed to work as well as GEE. Furthermore, estimation efficiency can be improved for both analysis methods by accurate modeling of the correlation structure. Our goal is to improve parameter estimation, relative to existing methods, by simultaneously selecting a working correlation structure and choosing between GEE and two versions of the QIF approach. To do this, we propose the use of a criterion based upon the trace of the empirical covariance matrix (TECM). To make GEE and both QIF versions directly comparable for any given working correlation structure, the proposed TECM utilizes a penalty to account for the finite‐sample variance inflation that can occur with either version of the QIF approach. Via a simulation study and in application to a longitudinal study, we show that penalizing the variance inflation that occurs with the QIF approach is necessary and that the proposed criterion works very well.
Peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence enhanced by oligophenylenevinylene fluorophores in the presence of various surfactants
Authors: Motoyoshiya Jiro , Takigawa Setsuko
Published: January 2014

The effect of several surfactants on peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (PO‐CL) using oligophenylenevinylene fluorophores was investigated. Among several oligophenylenevinylenes consisting of stilbene units, linearly conjugated ones, such as distyrylbenzene and distyrylstilbene, effectively enhanced PO‐CL efficiency. Various effects of anionic, cationic, amphoteric and non‐ionic surfactants on the CL efficiency of PO‐CL were determined using three oxalates and the distyrylbenzene fluorophore. Anionic and non‐ionic surfactants effectively enhanced CL efficiency, in contrast to the negative effect of cationic and amphoteric surfactants. Non‐ionic surfactants were also effective in CL reactions of oxalates bearing dodecyl ester groups by the hydrophobic interaction between their alkyl chains. Considering these results, the surfactants not only increase the concentrations of water‐insoluble interacting species in the hydrophobic micelle cores, but also control rapid degradation of the oxalates by alkaline hydrolysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), inflammation, and endothelial progenitor cells—New mechanistic insights of atherosclerosis
Authors: Blum Arnon
Published: January 2014

Statins have been shown to favorably affect the prognosis of patients with risk factors to atherosclerosis—both as a primary and a secondary prevention. The beneficial effects observed with statin therapy are not merely related to changes in lipid profile but also are due to a positive effect on vascular inflammation and on immune‐modulation of T lymphocytes and endothelial progenitor stem cells (EPCs). This dual effect has been demonstrated mainly in clinical trials where a change in endothelial function was observed within hours, much earlier than the effects of statins on the lipid profile (weeks). Based on all the knowledge that we have today questions were raised as to the mechanistic pathways that may explain the process of atherosclerosis and through this pathway to find better solutions and therapies to prevent and fight atherosclerosis. Our review will focus on the new updates in the field of inflammation and stem cells in vascular biology—in relation with atherosclerosis. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(3):295–302, 2014
Sensitive LC‐MS/MS‐ESI method for simultaneous determination of montelukast and fexofenadine in human plasma: application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Muppavarapu Rajendraprasad , Guttikar Swati , Rajappan Manavalan , Kamarajan Kannan , Mullangi Ramesh
Published: January 2014

A rapid, simple, sensitive and selective LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of montelukast (MT) and fexofenadine (FF) in human plasma (200 μL) using montelukast‐d6 (MT‐d6) and fexofenadine‐d10 (FF‐d10), respectively as an internal standard (IS) as per the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The chromatographic resolution was achieved on a Chromolith RP18e column using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 20 mm ammonium formate–acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) at flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The LC‐MS/MS was operated under the multiple‐reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization. The total run time of analysis was 4 min and elution of MT, FF, MT‐d6 and FF‐d10 occurred at 2.5, 1.2, 2.4 and 1.2 min, respectively. The standard curve found to be linear in the range 2.00–1000 ng/mL with a coefficient of correlation of ≥0.99 for both the drugs. The intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy and precision values for MT and FF met the acceptance as per FDA guidelines. MT and FF were found to be stable in a battery of stability studies viz., bench‐top, auto‐sampler and repeated freeze‐thaw cycles. The validated assay was applied to an oral bioequivalence study in humans. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The normal and variant clinical anatomy of the sensory supply of the orbit
Authors: Voirol Jenna R. , Vilensky Joel A.
Published: January 2014

Orbital and retro‐orbital pain are relatively common clinical conditions that are associated with such disorders as trigeminal, lacrimal, and ciliary neuralgia, cluster headaches, paroxysmal hemicrania, inflammatory orbital pseudotumor, trochleitis, and herpetic neuralgia ophthalmicus, thus making the nerves supplying the orbit of great clinical importance. Surprisingly, how pain from this region reaches conscious levels is enigmatic. Classically, it has been assumed that pain reaches the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and travels to the descending spinal trigeminal nucleus. However, exactly where the receptors for orbital pain are located and how impulses reach V1 is speculative. In this project, we reviewed all of the reported connections between the orbital nerves and V1 in order to understand how pain from this region is transmitted to the brain. We found reported neural connections to exist between cranial nerve (CN) V1 and CNs III, IV, and VI within the orbit, as well as direct neural branches to extra‐ocular muscles from the nasociliary, frontal, and supraorbital nerves. We also found reported neural connections to exist between the presumed carotid plexus and CN VI and CN V1, CN VI and CN V1 and V2, and between CN V1 and CN III, all within the cavernous sinus. Whether or not these connections are sympathetic or sensory or some combination of both connections remains unclear. An understanding of the variability and frequency of these neural connections could lead to safer surgical procedures of the orbit and effective treatments for patients with orbital pain. Clin. Anat. 27:169–175, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Typology of Ideological Attitudes Towards Social Solidarity and Social Control
Authors: Likki Tiina , Staerklé Christian
Published: January 2014

Research on ideological attitudes has identified two main dimensions that refer to two fundamental features of group organization: social solidarity and social control. In response to prior research that has studied their relationship mainly from a correlational perspective, this paper introduces a social reality model based on psychological functionality of ideological attitudes. Social position variables (education, income and material vulnerability) and insecurity variables (fear of crime and distrust) are used to predict the interplay between ideological attitudes towards social solidarity and social control. Using K‐means cluster analysis, a typology with four patterns of support for solidarity and control (‘socials’, ‘repressives’, ‘minimalists’ and ‘social‐repressives’) was created, on the basis of representative survey data for the UK, France and Germany (N = 7034). Results from logistic regression analyses show that the proposed social reality model explains membership in typology categories, with similar results across the three countries. Overall, the model underscores the social origins of ideological attitudes as functional responses to perceived social reality. The paper illustrates how the social psychological study of ideological attitudes may be enriched by a typological approach that examines patterns of attitudes rather than single dimensions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building a Committed Hospice Volunteer Workforce—Do Variables at the Experience Stage Matter?
Authors: Schusterschitz Claudia , Flatscher‐Thöni Magdalena , Leiter‐Scheiring Andrea M. , Geser Willi
Published: January 2014

Volunteers are crucial to the survival of non‐profit organisations, who therefore have a fundamental interest in sustaining voluntary engagement over time. A central variable regarding sustained voluntary engagement is volunteers' organisational commitment, which has so far been a neglected research issue. The study at hand therefore explicitly focuses on hospice volunteers' commitment. Starting from the assumption that variables at the experience stage of volunteerism may be relevant in predicting volunteer commitment, questionnaire data on volunteers' motives, motive fulfilment and role identity were collected in a sample of hospice volunteers (N = 276). Results of multiple regression analyses show positive relationships between altruistic motive fulfilment and a volunteer role identity on the one hand and volunteer commitment on the other. Observed interaction effects imply that altruistic motive fulfilment is of importance both at the initial phase of volunteering and for long‐term volunteers. Moreover, interaction effects provide evidence that the fulfilment of egoistic motives is of particular importance amongst volunteers to whom egoistic motives are central. Thus, the fulfilment of altruistic motives and facilitating the development of a volunteer role identity should be permanent concerns in building a committed workforce. Egoistic motive fulfilment in contrast is of special relevance, when egoistic motives for volunteering are strong. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stigmatised Identity and Service Usage in Disadvantaged Communities: Residents', Community Workers' and Service Providers' Perspectives
Authors: Stevenson Clifford , McNamara Niamh , Muldoon Orla
Published: January 2014

The impact of community stigmatisation upon service usage has been largely overlooked from a social identity perspective. Specifically, the social identity‐mediated mechanisms by which stigmatisation hinders service use remain unspecified. The present study examines how service providers, community workers and residents recount their experience of the stigmatisation of local community identity and how this shapes residents' uptake of welfare, education and community support services. Twenty individual and group interviews with 10 residents, 16 community workers and six statutory service providers in economically disadvantaged communities in Limerick, Ireland, were thematically analysed. Analysis indicates that statutory service providers endorsed negative stereotypes of disadvantaged areas as separate and anti‐social. The awareness of this perceived division and the experience of ‘stigma consciousness’ was reported by residents and community workers to undermine trust, leading to under‐utilisation of community and government services. We argue that stigmatisation acts as a ‘social curse’ by undermining shared identity between service users and providers and so turning a potentially cooperative intragroup relationship into a fraught intergroup one. We suggest that tackling stigma in order to foster a sense of shared identity is important in creating positive and cooperative service interactions for both service users and providers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Scope of the Thiamine‐Dependent Multifunctional Enzyme Cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione Hydrolase
Authors: Loschonsky Sabrina , Waltzer Simon , Fraas Sonja , Wacker Tobias , Andrade Susana L. A. , Kroneck Peter M. H. , Müller Michael
Published: January 2014

The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent enzyme cyclohexane‐1,2‐dione hydrolase (CDH) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography (Ni‐NTA). Recombinant CDH showed the same CC bond‐cleavage and CC bond‐formation activities as the native enzyme. Furthermore, we have shown that CDH catalyzes the asymmetric cross‐benzoin reaction of aromatic aldehydes and (decarboxylated) pyruvate (up to quantitative conversion, 92–99 % ee). CDH accepts also hydroxybenzaldehydes and nitrobenzaldehydes; these previously have not (or only in rare cases) been known as substrates of other ThDP‐dependent enzymes. On a semipreparative scale, sterically demanding 4‐(tert‐butyl)benzaldehyde and 2‐naphthaldehyde were transformed into the corresponding 2‐hydroxy ketone products in high yields. Additionally, certain benzaldehydes with electron withdrawing substituents were identified as potential inhibitors of the ligase activity of CDH.
Working Across the Segments: High Schools and the College Completion Agenda
Authors: Valdez Shelly , Marshall David
Published: January 2014

Content standards have been identified in America as a solution to the declining rate of student success in the public education system. But content standards are not a “silver bullet,” for a number of reasons. This chapter presents an intersegmental approach to vertical curriculum alignment that returns questions of student readiness to the shared experience of educators and students.
Tuning Toward Completion
Authors: Kolb Marcus , Kalina Michelle , Chapman Adina
Published: January 2014

The Obama administration and the Lumina Foundation have been the principal drivers focusing the nation on increasing the number of high‐quality degrees and credentials. Tuning, a faculty‐driven process for defining clear student learning outcomes—what a student should know, understand, and be able to do—is one of the ways to support this goal.
Fe3O4–SiO2–P4VP pH‐Sensitive Microgel for Immobilization of Nickel Nanoparticles: An Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Nitrile Reduction in Water
Authors: Nabid Mohammad Reza , Bide Yasamin , Niknezhad Mahvash
Published: January 2014

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were modified with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane through silanization. An atom transfer radical polymerization‐initiating site immobilized onto amine‐functionalized Fe3O4 MNPs. The surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine was then performed in the presence of Fe3O4–SiO2–Br nanoparticles, which led to the formation of Fe3O4–SiO2–P4VP [P4VP=poly(4‐vinylpyridine)] hybrid microgels cross‐linked with Fe3O4 MNPs. Our approach uses polymer microgels as templates for the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs). The tunable properties of synthesized NiNPs@Fe3O4–SiO2–P4VP pH‐sensitive microgels were used in the catalytic reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles. Moreover, the catalytic activity of metal nanocomposites that can be modulated by the volume transition of microgel structures with changing pH has been evaluated. TEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, XRD, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the resultant catalyst.
Rational Design of a Solvatochromic Fluorescent Uracil Analogue with a Dual‐Band Ratiometric Response Based on 3‐Hydroxychromone
Authors: Dziuba Dmytro , Karpenko Iuliia A. , Barthes Nicolas P. F. , Michel Benoît Y. , Klymchenko Andrey S. , Benhida Rachid , Demchenko Alexander P. , Mély Yves , Burger Alain
Published: January 2014

Fluorescent nucleoside analogues with strong and informative responses to their local environment are in urgent need for DNA research. In this work, the design, synthesis and investigation of a new solvatochromic ratiometric fluorophore compiled from 3‐hydroxychromones (3HCs) and uracil fragments are reported. 3HC dyes are a class of multi‐parametric, environment‐sensitive fluorophores providing a ratiometric response due to the presence of two well‐resolved bands in their emission spectra. The synthesized conjugate demonstrates not only the preservation but also the improvement of these properties. The absorption and fluorescence spectra are shifted to longer wavelengths together with an increase of brightness. Moreover, the two fluorescence bands are better resolved and provide ratiometric responses across a broader range of solvent polarities. To understand the photophysical properties of this new fluorophore, a series of model compounds were synthesized and comparatively investigated. The obtained data indicate that uracil and 3HC fragments of this derivative are coupled into an electronic conjugated system, which on excitation attains strong charge‐transfer character. The developed fluorophore is a prospective label for nucleic acids.

Abstract in Ukrainian: magnified image
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