bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in Instructor Station Design and Utilization for Flight Simulators
Authors: Smode Alfred F.
Published: January 2017

The instructional capability of the training simulator has improved in tempo with simulation technology. The business of shaping student behaviors has achieved a leap forward in efficiency due to digital computation and the computer display terminal. This paper discusses the impact of computer assistance on the capability for structuring and controlling synthetic flight training, and examines the instructional potential of the “new breed” of flight simulators presently on-line or in the developmental stage. A number of recent innovations in instructor station design is described. These developing, student-centered instructional techniques for promoting training effectiveness place the simulator quite realistically in contention as a major flight training medium of the future.
An Evaluation of Adult Clasping Strength for Restraining Lap-Held Infants
Authors: MOHAN DINESH , SCHNEIDER LAWRENCE W.
Published: January 2017

Quasi-static and dynamic pull tests were conducted to measure the maximum forces that adults can voluntarily exert in holding a 7.9 kg infant dummy (age 6 months) in their laps. The results indicate that the forces that lap and shoulder belted adults can exert in holding an infant dummy in their laps are far less than the inertial force that would be exerted by a 7.9 kg infant decelerated at more than 30 Gs. Thus in a motor vehicle frontal barrier crash at 50 km/hr, an infant even when held tightly by a restrained adult would almost certainly strike the dash or windshield. Similarly in airplanes, in crash or turbulence situations, the lap-held infant is likely to hit nearby hard structures. The results clearly demonstrate that it is not safe for infants to be transported in adults’ laps in automobiles or airplanes even in the relatively rare instances when they are held tightly and the adults are restrained.
On the Evaluation of Training Devices
Authors: ADAMS JACK A.
Published: January 2017

The theme of the paper is ways of evaluating flight simulators for aircrew training. The transfer of training experiment and the rating method are the two present-day ways of evaluating the worth of a simulator. The transfer experiment requires the trainee to practice in the simulator and then be tested in the parent aircraft to demonstrate the training value of the simulator. The rating method requires the pilot to be experienced in the parent aircraft and to rate the simulator for similarity to the aircraft. If similarity is high, the training value is assumed to be high. Arguments are presented that both of these methods are flawed. It is contended that a simulator, or any other system, need not necessarily be tested if it is based on reliable scientific laws and the success of other systems, based on the same laws, has been high. Good laws produce accurate prediction, and when outcome can be predicted it is redundant to conduct a system evaluation. With uncertainty about laws, the requirement for system testing increases. The psychological principles underlying simulators are reviewed.
Mathematical Concepts for Modeling Human Behavior in Complex Man-Machine Systems
Authors: JOHANNSEN GUNNAR , ROUSE WILLIAM B.
Published: January 2017

Many useful mathematical models for manual control, monitoring, and decision-making tasks in man-machine systems have been designed and successfully applied. However, critical comments have occasionally been made, mainly by practitioners concerned with the design of complex man-machine systems. They especially blame models which seem to explain only data from abstract subtask experiments designed particularly for these models.

In this review paper, an initial approach to bridging the gap between these two perspectives of models is presented. From the manifold of possible human tasks, a very popular baseline scenario has been chosen, namely car driving. A hierarchy of human activities is derived by analyzing this task in general terms. A structural description leads to a block diagram and a timesharing computer analogy.

The range of applicability of existing mathematical models is considered with respect to the hierarchy of human activities in real complex tasks. Also, other mathematical tools so far not often applied to man-machine systems are discussed. The mathematical descriptions at least briefly considered here include utility, estimation, control, queueing, and fuzzy set theory as well as artificial intelligence techniques. Some thoughts are given as to how these methods might be integrated and how further work might be pursued.
Genital Injury: Is it Significant? A Review of the Literature
Authors: Lincoln Cathy
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the available literature on genital injury in order to facilitate an understanding of its significance in relation to sexual offence trials. Wide variation exists in research objectives, study populations and methodology, hindering interpretation considerably. The most valuable research in this field identifies the range of normal genital findings and those associated with consensual sexual intercourse, to enable interpretation of genital findings in sexual assault victims. However, there are, unfortunately, few studies of this nature. Difficulties arise when examining doctors are not experienced in the genital examination of those other than sexual assault victims, limiting their ability to draw conclusions about genital injury if it is detected. If the methods of genital examination employed are not the same as those used to examine a wide range of non-sexual assault victims, comparison and thus valuable interpretation is further limited.

This review of the literature finds that the most appropriate genital examinations and indeed the most legally valuable as far as interpretation is concerned, are done macroscopically by doctors with considerable experience in the examination of normal, diseased and traumatized genitalia, and a sound knowledge of the principles of injury interpretation. A deficiency exists in the literature in relation to macroscopic genital examination findings in consensually sexually active women who have been examined by forensically trained doctors. This deficiency must be addressed before the medicolegal significance of genital injury relating to sexual assault can be accurately interpreted, and before any decision is made to incorporate colposcopy or staining techniques into the routine assessment of sexual assault victims.
The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999: Achieving Best Evidence?
Authors: Macpherson Camilla
Published: January 2017

The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (YJCEA) aims to help vulnerable and intimidated witnesses give the best evidence they can in criminal proceedings. This is to be achieved by allowing certain witnesses access to a range of special measures where it is felt that their evidence will thereby be improved. Reducing the stress associated with a court case will, it is hoped, mean that vulnerable witnesses are more confident and give better testimony. In addition, individuals who in the past would have been unable to participate in proceedings and were therefore considered incompetent to give evidence will now have a voice.

The reasoning behind the YJCEA is clear. In cases of abuse in particular, the prosecution case is often based almost entirely on the evidence of one witness, often a child. It is important that what evidence there is in such situations is presented as well as possible.

In the past, witnesses and complainants in criminal proceedings have not always been given the help they deserved when giving evidence. Over the years, many measures have been introduced to render the court process less intimidating, deriving mainly from the experiences of the judiciary in both criminal and family proceedings. These include familiarization visits, live-links and the like. The YJCEA will now bring many of these measures under one statutory roof. It is hoped, first, that this will encourage greater consistency in their application and, secondly, that criminal proceedings will be demystified for those that have to go through them. Many believe it is a step that is long overdue.

Thus, vulnerable and intimidated witnesses, who might previously have been considered unable to give evidence in criminal proceedings, or at a disadvantage in giving evidence, will have a proper opportunity to do so. Such witnesses include the mentally and physically disabled, those in fear of intimidation such as the complainant of racial or domestic violence, and of course children.

Rendering the court process less traumatic for those who have already been traumatized enough and maximizing the numbers of complainants and witnesses who can actually give evidence is commendable. However, the YJCEA also has its problems and as has been pointed out by Di Birch (2000) ‘this is an Act which leaves us in no doubt where our sympathies lie’.

The YJCEA is a complex Act that may well have a considerable impact on the way in which criminal proceedings in the UK are handled. I will consider the following areas:

interpretation special measures and their application; and areas for concern.
Application of the Petroleum Ether-Methanol Solvent System to the Analysis of Common Barbiturates by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Neil Michael W. , Payton Jean E.
Published: January 2017

Paper chromatography is an analytical method for the separation of the components of mixtures of substances. A droplet of such a mixture in solution is placed on a small area of a piece of prepared filter paper, and a solvent is allowed to seep slowly through the paper. The compounds are washed along the paper at differing rates and, ideally, the mixture is separated into a series of spots along the paper, each spot consisting of a single component of the mixture. The sort of mixture which can be separated by this technique ranges from writing inks to complex mixtures of drugs extracted from biological materials.

This paper describes an improved paper chromatographic technique for separating for identification the intermediate- and short-acting barbiturate hypnotic drugs—butobarbitone ( soneryl), amylobarbitone ( amytal), pentobarbitone ( nembutal) and quinal-barbitone ( Seconal). It is pointed out that 76 per cent. of cases of barbiturate poisoning studied in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the London Hospital Medical College in 1960 involved intermediate- or short-acting barbiturates and that in 20 per cent. of the cases two or more of these occurred together. The necessity of being able to separate and identify these barbiturates is of considerable importance both for medico-legal and statistical reasons.
The Breathalyzer and its Applications
Authors: Borkenstein R. F. , Smith H. W.
Published: January 2017

The Breathalyzer was designed and developed by R. F. Borkenstein in 1954 for the analysis of alcohol in samples of breath. In this article the authors describe this equipment, its method of operation and accuracy. The factors relating this measurement to the concentration of alcohol in the blood are discussed in detail as are its specificity for alcohol and its application in law enforcement.
On the Possible Relationship between Diarrhoea and o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS)
Authors: Ballantyne Bryan , Beswick F. W.
Published: January 2017

Several species of animal were given single doses of CS, dissolved in polyethylene glycol 300, by stomach tube and their stools subsequently examined for consistency. Wet stool production was seen infrequently, and occurred in both CS-treated animals and controls receiving the solvent alone. In another group of animals given 5 consecutive daily doses of CS by stomach tube, only 4 out of 21 animals had minimal lesions of the gastric mucosa, but there was no evidence of an irritant effect on the intestine. Furthermore, the repeated dosing of animals with CS did not cause detectable lesions in lung, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, or adrenal gland.

In a series of inhalation experiments, rabbits exposed to thermally-generated CS did not show any evidence of an increase in the amount of material defaecated or its water content.

There is no evidence from the experiments reported here that exposure to CS smokes can cause a diarrhoea-like condition; this is discussed.
A Specific Recognition Deficit in a Case of Homicide
Authors: Gudjonsson Gislih. , MacKeith James A. C.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the case of an elderly man who battered his wife to death, and presented with amnesia about the actual attack. Psychological testing revealed significant impairment in recognition of faces and names which was specifically related to the gender of the material presented. No organic basis was found for the deficit suggesting that repressive and/or dissociative mechanisms can have powerful effects upon recognition memory.
An Unusual Case of Sudden Death Associated with Masturbation
Authors: Cordner S. M.
Published: January 2017

A death during, or soon after, masturbation associated with the presence of unusual sexual aids and probable inhalation of aerosol propellant is presented. It represents a type of sudden death associated with masturbation of which the sexual asphyxias form the greatest number.
Paradoxical Undressing Due to Hypothermia in a Child
Authors: Sivaloganathan S.
Published: January 2017

The phenomenon of people removing their clothes whilst suffering from the effects of extreme cold is well recognized, but the references have been almost anecdotal (Gee, 1974).

Victims of hypothermia have been found to have discarded their clothes just before becoming unconscious (Gormsen, 1972; Wedin et al., 1979).

In all the cases described in the literature, the victims have always been adults. This paper concerns such a phenomenon occurring in a child.
Deaths in the Bath
Authors: Devos Ch. , Timperman J. , Piette M.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective survey of fatalities in the bath during the period 1934–83 is presented. The deaths were investigated in the Department of Legal Medicine at the University of Ghent. More than half of the deaths were caused by carbon monoxide intoxication (52 per cent). The remaining deaths were due to suicide (20 per cent), natural causes, e.g. epilepsy or cardiac arrest (8.5 per cent) or to accidental drowning, e.g. unattended infants (8.5 per cent). We found two cases of homicide; one being the murder of a child, the other a case of manual strangulation, the body having subsequently been placed in the bath.

In one unusual case the autopsy was not performed until after the body had been buried for eight months. Although murder was suspected, neither the autopsy nor toxicological findings revealed the exact cause of death.
The Use of Seclusion
Authors: Hodgkinson Peter
Published: January 2017

Seclusion remains a widely used technique of emergency management in psychiatric institutions. Theoretical justification for its employment includes the need for safety and containment and decreases in stimulation, both sensory and interpersonal. Little evidence testifies to its effectiveness. The literature on patterns of seclusion is reviewed, as are studies of patients' attitudes towards it, which appear largely negative. The implications of these findings for current practice are considered.
Violence among Psychiatric In-Patients at an Interim Secure Unit: Changes in Pattern over a Two-Year Period
Authors: Agarwal Meena , Roberts Mark
Published: January 2017

A retrospective study of recordings of all violent episodes among in-patients requiring restraint was undertaken over a two-year period during which the nature of admissions to the unit changed to an increase in mentally abnormal offenders (those admitted through the criminal justice system and detained under criminal sections of the Mental Health Act). It was found that those detained under criminal sections were less likely to be aggressive, were of relatively older age and less likely to repeat the violence than their mentally ill counterparts detained under civil sections. In addition to the past history of violence, verbally abusive behaviour was the best predictor of subsequent physical aggression though only a minority of patients displaying serious physical assault showed verbally abusive behaviour. Deterioration in mental health and staff-patient interaction were seen as major contributory factors to aggression which will also explain a greater degree of aggression directed towards the staff. Further comparative analysis of aggressive behaviour of mentally ill patients detained under civil sections and mentally abnormal offenders is warranted.
Forensic DNA Analysis and the United States Government
Authors: Shapiro E Donald , Reifler Stewart
Published: January 2017

All three branches of the United States Government are, directly or indirectly, promoting the use and judicial acceptance of forensic DNA analysis. In addition, the establishment of a US national DNA databank has been authorized. The US Congress has passed the ‘DNA Identification Act of 1994’, which provides, inter alia, funding to the states for developing and/or improving forensic laboratories capable of conducting DNA analysis, and also creates a framework for federal supervision of forensic DNA technology. Specifically, the Executive Branch, through the Department of Justice and particularly its Federal Bureau of Investigation, has been directed to develop standards and practices in order to speed the admissibility of forensic DNA analysis as scientifically acceptable evidence in US courts. Finally, the federal judiciary has been ordered by the US Supreme Court to abandon or modify the 70-year-old Frye standard, which the Federal courts previously used to determine whether scientific evidence is deemed admissible, a move that will directly impact the judicial acceptance of forensic DNA analysis in all federal courts and undoubtedly will affect the admissibility of DNA evidence in many American state courts.
Psychodynamic Factors in the Aetiology of Compensation Neurosis
Authors: Hodges Ann , Goode Helen , Masterton George
Published: January 2017

These three cases illustrate the importance of psychodynamic factors in the genesis of some cases of compensation neurosis, with the neurosis being seen as the expression of current and past rejections. These claimants had all experienced major early loss which they had denied; their rigid coping mechanisms focused upon hard work, reliability and providing, which enabled them to belong and feel valued. They decompensated when inability to work compromised these defences.
Suicide of a Prisoner with Multiple Missiles: A Case Report
Authors: Gee D J
Published: January 2017

The death of a prisoner in the ‘Tower of London in 1585 is reviewed from the point of view of a modern forensic pathologist, and explanations for the death are suggested
Milwaukee Laboratory System Improvement Program (L-SIP)
Authors: Gradus M. Stephen , Bhattacharyya Sanjib , Murphy Amy , Becker Julie N. , Baker Bevan K.
Published: January 2017

The Laboratory System Improvement Program (L-SIP) of the Association of Public Health Laboratories aims to improve state public health laboratory (PHL) system performance through continuous quality improvement. We successfully applied this state assessment tool to a local PHL (LPHL) system by tailoring it to reflect local system needs and created an LPHL system definition explaining how a local system differs from, yet complements, a state system.

On November 18, 2010, 75 stakeholders from 40 agencies assessed the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, PHL system, capturing themes, strengths and weaknesses of the system, and scores for each of the 10 Essential Public Health Services.

A Laboratory Advisory Committee analyzed assessment results to identify a strategic focus of research and workforce development and define an action plan, which is now being carried out. Milwaukee's L-SIP process is effectively improving LPHL system research and workforce development while raising community awareness of the system.
Using Interorganizational Partnerships to Strengthen Public Health Laboratory Systems
Authors: Hsieh Kristina , Kimsey Paul , Buehring Gertrude
Published: January 2017

Due to the current economic environment, many local and state health departments are faced with budget reductions. Health department administrators and public health laboratory (PHL) directors need to assess strategies to ensure that their PHLs can provide the same level of service with decreased funds. Exploratory case studies of interorganizational partnerships among local PHLs in California were conducted to determine the impact on local PHL testing services and capacity. Our findings suggest that interorganizational forms of cooperation among local PHLs can help bolster laboratory capacity by capturing economies of scale, leveraging scarce resources, and ensuring access to affordable, timely, and quality laboratory testing services. Interorganizational partnerships will help local and state public health departments continue to maintain a strong and robust laboratory system that supports their role in communicable disease surveillance.
Experimental investigation for reverse heat transfer in structural fire-protective clothing
Authors: Lee Duck Weon , Jin Joon-Hyung , Kim Eunae , Lee Junghan
Published: January 2017

Structural fire-protective clothing must be effective at minimizing the thermal effects of fire. However, water remaining on the outer shell might play an important role in conducting heat transfer, which causes skin burns in a firefighter when he douses a fire with water through a hose. Therefore, this research demonstrated the difference in the heat transfer and humidity created by the remaining water or lack of water on the outer shell under a condition in which the temperature (45 ± 1℃) of the external environment was higher than that of the skin. Two types of multilayered systems, which simulated real fire-protective clothing (outer shell, moisture barrier, thermal liner) were tested by using a human–clothing–environment (HCE) simulator. The experimental results verified that water on the outer shell increased the microclimate temperature in the structural fire-protective clothing. In particular, we assume that air permeability in the outer shell can be an important factor to control heat and mass transfer within the microclimate.
A nanofibrous acoustic system based on the cavity/membrane resonance principle
Authors: Kalinova Klara
Published: January 2017

Room acoustic solutions are based on measurements of the acoustic power of the room and acoustic elements with different functions (absorption tiles, absorption ceilings, absorption bodies, diffusers, barriers). This work is focused only on absorption elements, with an emphasis on addressing lower frequencies. The goal of this research is achieved by sound absorbing means which contains a cavity resonator with a nanofibrous resonant membrane, which overlaps orifices of the cavity resonator. The design of the material is based on broadband noise. Absorption of lower frequencies is restricted to a certain extent by the final thickness of the acoustic material. A two-microphone impedance tube for determining the sound absorption coefficient was used to measure the limited frequency spectrum 100–1600 Hz. These frequencies, however, cover the area particularly focusing on middle and lower frequencies. The principle of the acoustic system consists in using combination of a cavity resonator, by which the air or other material contained in its cavities is forced into vibration upon impact of sound waves of high frequency, and a nanofibrous resonant membrane, which is forced into vibration upon impact of sound waves of low frequency. The optimal arrangement of holes inside the perforated plate, according to broadband sound absorption, has been found.
Mechanism of Microbiological Decomposition of Cellulose
Authors: Siu R.G.H.
Published: January 2017

Knowledge of the mechanism of microbial action on cellulose is important for the solution of problems not only in textile technology but also in agronomy, plant pathology, bacteriology, mycology, medicine, geology, and the wood, paper, photographic, and allied industries.

Our present picture concerning the mode of breakdown of the cotton fiber is as follows: Upon germination, the microorganism secretes enzymes which first digest the cuticle. The hyphae of fungi then penetrate the secondary cellulosic wall directly into the lumen, where profuse growth ensues. Bacteria, on the other hand, adhere to the outer surface and pit their way inward. In both cases, digestion of cellulose occurs at the point of immediate contact with the organism.

In submicroscopic regions of the fiber, the amorphous cellulose is more rapidly attacked than the crystalline. The native cellulose molecule is first converted by an enzyme (called cellulase by the author) into a linear polysaccharide. Another enzyme then hydrolyzes the linear chain directly into glucose, without the intermediary of cellobiose. The proposed mechanism differs significantly from that of Pringsheim and of Winogradsky.

Based on this picture, topochemical modification appears to be very promising as a means of imparting simultaneously two or more properties to cotton fabrics, one of which is mildew proofness.
Effect of Crimp on Fiber Behavior
Authors: Barach J.L. , Rainard L.W.
Published: January 2017

The importance of crimp in natural wools is discussed. Wear and coverage of crimped vs. uncrimped materials are demonstrated. A method of crimping wool artificially is shown and production equipment is discussed schematically. Theoretical expressions are developed for stress-concentration effects and are compared with experimental results. A theory for the mechanics of the crimping operation is advanced.
Low-Modulus “Hard” Elastic Materials
Authors: Noether H. D. , Brody H.
Published: January 2017

The application of “hard” elastic fibers as textile and industrial materials, where elasticity at large extensions and over a wide temperature range may be desirable, is impaired because of their relatively high initial modulus. This paper describes the preparation and evaluation of hard elastic fibers modified in such a way that low initial moduli become available. These hard elastic fibers, heat-set in the extended state, maintain high elastic recoveries, have moduli in the 1–10 g/den (1.11–11.1 dtex/den) range with tenacities between 1–4 g/den (1.1–4.4 dtex/den) and work recovery of over 70%. Methods of preparation and tensile evaluation are given. A model of the extension-retraction mechanism is proposed based on small-angle x-ray diffraction data.
Quantitative Determination of Dyes in Textile Fibers
Authors: Kissa Krik
Published: January 2017

The dye content of polyester fibers on fiber blends containing both disperse and cationic dyes is determined by extracting the disperse dyes with chlorobenzene, followed by extraction of the cationic dye with DMF containing 55 g/l. ZnCl2, 8 ml/l. conc HCl (37%), and 20 g/l. 2,6-di- t-butyl-4-methylphenol.
An Approach to Friction Effects in Twisted Yarns
Authors: White James L. , Cheng C. C. , Duckett Kermit E.
Published: January 2017

A continuum-mechanical theory of continuous-filament yarn mechanics with interfilament friction has been developed. Specific consideration is given to models with shearing stresses as well as tension and compression of the filaments. The application to the static and dynamic deformation of yarns is considered.
Fluorescent Whitening Agents
Authors: Holt L. A. , Leaver I. H. , Milligan B.
Published: January 2017

Ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to determine the nature and extent of photo-decomposition of fluorescent whitening agents in polymer films and in surface-whitened wool. Irradiation of the coumarin (I) in polymer films at 365 nm gives rise to a mixture of photodimers which rapidly revert to I on irradiation at wavelengths less than 320 nm. Irradiation of the stilbene (II) at 365 nm also gives a photodimer which absorbs strongly around 350 nm, but this reverts only slowly to II on irradiation.

Fluorescence studies indicate that there is an increase in the degree of aggregation of I in polymer films with increasing whitener concentration, and that the kinetics of whitener photodecomposition change from first-order at low whitener concentration (0.0025%) to second-order at the higher concentration (2.5%) used in surface-whitening. The coumarin (I) is more stable to light in poly(vinyl acetate) film cast from formic acid than in films cast from less polar solvents, probably because of differences in the degree of whitener aggregation. The photostability of I in poly(vinyl acetate) film is also improved if the film is heated for short periods or stored at room temperature for longer periods.
Panchayats in the health sector
Authors: Khan Abdul Majeed
Published: January 2017

The health department is mainly responsible for infrastructure and the quality of health and family planning services. Other health-related considerations fall beyond the health department. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in rural areas, for example, is deeply rooted in early marriage, early pregnancy and frequent pregnancy. These are social and cultural practices that need to be effectively handled by the community itself. If panchayats mobilise and sensitise people to health issues, notably, the need to raise the age of marriage manage anaemia, promote FP and remove men's ignorance and indifference, and there is effective partnership between the health department and panchayats, change could be effected.
Stories of street children: Findings from a field study
Authors: Mitra Kathakali , Deb Sibnath
Published: January 2017

Survey findings and case study material compiled for 40 street children (18 males and 22 females) showed that the factors which mostly push children to the streets include family discord, domestic abuse, abandonment, eviction, and poverty-driven prostitution. Though the Indian Parliament has recently passed a new law entitled ‘Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000’ (after repealing the ‘Juvenile Justice Act, 1986’), the main problem lies with implementation. More infrastructure facilities along with proper planning and management are required for doing justice to neglected juveniles.
Capacity-building of the physically challenged through community-based rehabilitation
Authors: Jayakumar E. C.
Published: January 2017

Disability management has metamorphosed world-wide, from the institution-based approach in which the disabled are dependent on institutional support, to community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in which the emphasis is on their empowerment, and integration into the community. In India, too, the winds of policy change have been felt, as attested by the People with Disabilities (PWD) Act, 1995. Even before the Act, NGOs were engaged in CBR, but the new legislation linked and endorsed the CBR approach and started providing funding to some reputed NGOs like the Blind People's Association in Ahmedabad. The case studies presented here, from Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, show how motivation and assistance from CBR workers were crucial. There are indications however that community support is for such initiatives are poor and that Government support target-oriented and not sufficiently sensitive to the needs of the disabled.
Education and planning for social integration-Lessons from urban land policy and legislation
Authors: Juneja Nalini
Published: January 2017

The ethos of the first policy note on urban land use was transformed into State legislation, City Master plans and ultimately into rules that apply in almost all Indian cities-rules designed to ensure that the school is a central feature in city layouts, to enable all children in the neighbourhood to attend a common school, and to allow private schools to acquire land almost free in return for promises to not refuse neighbourhood children and to include the children of the poor. If land policy can pursue these social objectives, this paper asks, then should the purpose of educational legislation not be to do as much, if not more, for furthering the Constitutional goals of social integration and equality of facilities and opportunity?
Child trafficking in South Asia: Dimensions, roots, facets & interventions
Authors: Deb Sibnath
Published: January 2017

Child trafficking has become a serious social problem in some parts of India. West Bengal is one of the badly affected States. Especially at risk are the girl children of rural areas from poor and poorly connected families. Improvement of the rural economy (to lessen the lure of monetary inducement that poor families face) and creating awareness in rural areas, along with the involvement of panchayat members and the local administration as well as NGOs, are preventive measures that need to be urgently promoted. In addition, awareness about the issue should be created among the law enforcement agencies and legal measures enacted to prosecute perpetrators.
Behavioural changes in the family and community of HIV-infected people: A case study of Mumbai
Authors: Singh Ranjana
Published: January 2017

Stigma and discrimination is a major obstacle to combating HIV/AIDS, because it leads people to avoid being tested for HIV and disclosing their HIV status if tested. The paper tries to study the behavioural changes in the family and community of HIV-infected individuals and coping strategies adopted by HIV-infected people. Mumbai, which has acquired the dubious distinction of being called an AIDS capital of the country, was chosen to carry out the research. Sharing of HIV status was found to be highest with their spouses followed by any other family members. There were a few married males who did not share their HIV status even with their spouses. The clear evidences of discriminations like divorce, separation, etc. were found, especially among females. Disclosure of HIV status outside the family was very limited because of the fear of discrimination and various misconceptions related with its transmission. Special emphasis should be given during counselling sessions for sharing of HIV status to others in the family, especially spouses, which can go a long way to initiate safe sex practices. Also, sharing becomes very crucial in order to get physical, emotional and financial support to struggle with its aftermaths. Majorities have detached themselves from the society by avoiding any kind of social gatherings
Caste and patriarchy in the emerging women's leadership in panchayats : A study from Karnataka
Authors: Sutar Anil S.
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the bearing of the primordial institutions of caste and patriarchy on the emerging women's leadership in panchayats in Karnataka. The Karnataka state which had the reputation of introducing reservation for the women in panchayats for the first time in the country has also made similar provisions in the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 following the 73rd Constitution Amendment Act. This has enabled larger participation of women and deprived sections of our society in the grass root level governance. However, the caste and patriarchy have larger implications in the emergence and performance of women leaders at the grass root level. The paper reveals that the women leaders who hail from the lower stratum of the society are more democratic and people-centred, whereas those from the upper castes are more conservative and family-centred. The lower caste women leaders outnumber their male counterparts in the panchayats which provides an explanation for the presence of more than onethird women elected members in panchayats. The paper is based on the field work carried out in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka during 2004.
Critical appreciation of Planning Commission Expert Group report on extremism
Authors: Navlakha Gautam
Published: January 2017

“Extremists is nothing but a problem of plenty. When you have too many mouths to feed in your family and too little to eat, you turn into a Naxalite. All I want to do is minimise the number of mouths……One vasectomy in a Naxalite infested village means that many potential comrades less“. Bhanu Pratap Shahi, Jharkhand state's Health Minister (The Hindustan Times February 23, 2007).
Major Amputations in Nigeria: A Plea to Educate Traditional Bone Setters
Authors: Onuminya J E , Obekpa P O , Ihezue H C , Ukegbu N D , Onabowale B O
Published: January 2017

A study was made of 100 major amputations performed on 96 patients in two regional hospitals in a 10-year period in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the outcome of major amputations in Nigeria. The median age of patients was 30 years with male to female ratio 3:1. Ninety of the 100 major amputations involved the lower limbs with the above-the-knee/elbow-the-knee ratio of 0.5. Trauma was the leading indication for 70 amputations, of these 60 were iatrogenic resulting from mismanaged fractures by the traditional bone setters. The non-traumatic indications were: diabetic limb gangrene (20); bone malignancies (9); and vascular insufficiency (1). Provisional amputation was offered in 60 cases, of these 10 had reamputation. There were eight (8.5%) mortalities. The functional outcome for this group was discouraging. Only 25 amputees affording successful prosthetic fitting and social rehabilitation. Major amputation in Nigeria foreshadows a dismal existence and emphasizes the need for health policies which are effective in controlling the risk factors.
Anaesthesia in Malawi: Complications and Deaths
Authors: Hansen D , Gausi S C , Merikebu M
Published: January 2017

The study is a prospective analysis of anaesthesia-associated complications and deaths in Malawi. During a period of 6 months 51 complications and 14 deaths in 3022 anaesthetics were reported. Low blood pressure caused by septicaemia or acute blood loss was responsible for 53% of the complications and 71% of deaths. Intubating difficulties were responsible for 25% of the complications and 14% of the deaths. Eleven of the 14 deaths were identified as avoidable [avoidable mortality rate (AMR) 1:275]. Avoidable factors were classified into three groups. The anaesthetic AMR was 1:504. Poor fluid management and poor airway management were the main avoidable factors. The surgical AMR was 1:3022, and the administrative AMR 1:756. Insufficient or no blood is the only factor responsible for the administrative AMR.

The anaesthetic AMR in Malawi is 6–100 times higher than in developed countries such as France, USA or UK. To reduce this very high anaesthetic AMR in Malawi further developing aid programmes should concentrate on training courses for the anaesthetists and setting up blood donation programmes.
Herbal Treatment of Malaria — Four Case Reports from the Rukararwe Partnership Workshop for Rural Development (Uganda)
Authors: Bitawha Nyine , Tumwesigye O , Kabariime P , Tayebwa Abert K M , Tumwesigye S , Ogwal-Okeng J W
Published: January 2017

We present a small study of four cases of malaria treated using a traditional herbal remedy at Rukararwe, Uganda. Our results demonstrate that this remedy has the potential to cure malaria clinically and parasitologically.
The Effects of Honey on Leishmania Parasites: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Bassam Zeina , Zohra Ben Ichouch , Saada Al-Assad
Published: January 2017

The activities of honey dilutions were investigated against three species of leishmania. The results were compared with the effects of the same concentrations of sugar. Honey and sugar both have anti-leishmanial effects in vitro, but our results indicated that honey is superior to sugar.
Traditional Herbal Medicines Used to Treat Wounds and Injuries in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Nirmal K
Published: January 2017

In rural Nepalese societies, due to the lack of modern health services and facilities, folk herbal preparations are still the dominant method of therapy for common ailments. These remedies are fairly well accepted, easily available, bear a minimal cost and are generally the only available resource.

Information on the curative properties of 42 plant species from 40 genera and 23 families that are used to treat wounds and injuries, has been documented. These herbal remedies are based on ancestral knowledge and personal experience. Their successful use indicates that they are alive and functioning in the rural localities. Although the techniques of preparation of drugs or dosage forms employed by traditional healers have generally been observed to be poor and in most cases do not comply with the requirements of modern pharmaceutical practices, there are trends towards the development and modernization of practice including the standardization of specific dosage, storage of drugs, use of specific types of containers and their labelling. A critical evaluation of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the alleged curative plants and the traditional pharmaceutical practices employed has been strongly recommended.

In rural Nepalese societies, the number and distribution of traditional herbal practitioners and faith healers greatly exceed all other health workers. Their influence should be applied to the task of motivating the rural populace to adopt authentic herbal remedies and other health-related hygienic behaviour.
Entitlement as Explanation for Perpetrators' Actions
Authors: Foster Don
Published: January 2017

A central dilemma emerges when trying to understand perpetrators of evil deeds. Certain kinds of explanations may have the effect of minimising responsibility of perpetrators leaving a moral dilemma in terms of what is to be done. Hard and soft reactions to evil are described and the concept of entitlement is proposed as a way forward, reviewing also the findings of links between self-esteem and violence. A few South African examples illustrate the place of entitlement in explaining perpetrators' actions.
Discourses of Order and Their Disruption: The Texts of the South African Truth & Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Hook Derek , Harris Bronwyn
Published: January 2017

This paper asserts that selected texts of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission possess a powerful political potential in their ability to challenge and refute historical relations of racialised power in South Africa. The prospective political efficacy of these texts is seen as residing in their critical ability to subvert and challenge the predominant understandings, discourses and representations of Apartheid, or the ‘old’, South Africa. Three overlapping routes of enquiry are explored in this regard. Firstly, the political efficacy of such texts is seen as arising from their role in terms of the recovery of previously repressed histories. This recovery enlarges the archive of South Africa's past and contributes to the constitution of a new body of knowledge, from which credible standpoints of resistance and opposition may be articulated. A second explanation highlights the fact these texts are able to exert a form of discursive critique upon the predominant practices and representations of both former and reigning social orders. This level of critique enables us, in Foucautt's (1981) terms to restore to political discourses their nature as contextual and discontinuous practices of construction as opposed to naturally-occurring, seamlessly-unified, purely significatory instances of language. The last account engages more directly with the radical and transgressive nature of these texts, with their affective and ultimately symptomatic qualities. It is here suggested that these texts have earned their extraordinary visceral charge, their special power and horror, for many South Africans, precisely because they have exposed and stretched to the limit the boundaries of the past discursive order, of what had been known, what was understood and what could be represented in the Apartheid State.
Performing the Truth: The Social-Psychological Context of TRC Narratives
Authors: Statman James M.
Published: January 2017

Little attention has been directed towards analysing the TRC as a system, itself generating, monitoring and enforcing rules and parameters defining proper interaction, testimony and discourse. This article critically examines the social psychology of the TRC process, focusing on three areas: (1) the role of positivist methodology in the marginalisation of victim narratives; (2) the role of the church and of Christian ideology in shaping the outcome of hearings and the information gathering process; and (3) using the Mandela United Football Club hearing as a case study, the ways in which the hearings process itself shaped, constrained and controlled the expressions of “truth” that it generated. It examines the social-psychological dynamics whereby the TRC structure and process curtailed expressions of anger and vengeance, inducing instead performances of forgiveness and reconciliation.
Psychological Testimony during the Amnesty Application of Jeffrey Theodore Benzien
Authors: Nicholas Lionel
Published: January 2017

This paper provides an analysis of the psychological testimony in an amnesty application to the TRC based on the court record. Arguing that PTSD and its diagnostic criteria has become so well known that the DSTMIV caution regarding malingering and benefit eligibility should be given greater weight during psychological testimony than has occurred. Especially where potential beneficiaries of testimony have repeatedly perjured themselves even greater caution should be exercised rather than unequivocally endorsing their truthfulness as in the case of Mr Benzien.
Improving the Success of Reentry Programs
Authors: Gill Charlotte , Wilson David B.
Published: January 2017

Returning citizens face significant barriers to reintegration after incarceration, yet evidence for the effectiveness of reentry programs is limited. A possible explanation is the lack of specificity in matching services to individuals’ unique risk and need profiles. To assess the impact of this “service–need fit” on both self-reported and official recidivism, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) evaluation using propensity score modeling and logistic regression. Increased fit was significantly associated with reduced recidivism for both types of outcome. We also found that fewer than half of the participants received the services they said they needed. Our findings are based on self-reported needs and services rather than clinical risk assessments. However, service–need fit appears to be an important determinant of successful reentry. Future research should focus on optimizing the combination and tailoring of services and integrating perceived need with actuarial assessments.
Attachment, Coping, and Suicidal Behavior in Male Prisoners
Authors: Mckeown Annette , Clarbour Jane , Heron Rebecca , Thomson Nicholas D.
Published: January 2017

The present study explored the differences between adult male prisoners with and without a history of suicidal behavior on adult attachment dimensions, coping styles, and hopelessness. The role of adult attachment and coping styles as predictors of hopelessness was also explored. The sample included 206 male prisoners from two Category B prisons in the United Kingdom. The Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ), Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ-3), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) measured attachment, coping, and hopelessness. Prisoners with a history of suicidal behavior reported significantly higher levels of attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and maladaptive coping strategies. Elevated levels of attachment difficulties and maladaptive coping styles were associated with heightened levels of hopelessness. Emotional coping strategies mediated the influence of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on hopelessness. The study highlights the potential utility of adult attachment conceptualizations and coping skills interventions with prisoners at risk of suicidal behavior.