bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large Projects
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses large development projects: dams, the river interlinking project, power stations, and large real estate development, and efforts to reduce their environmental impact. India ranks among the most important dam building nations. These dams are the cornerstones of large scale multi-purpose river valley projects intended to meet regional needs for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control. Since the 1970s, citizen protests and international human rights and environmental pressures have increasingly been brought to bear against these projects. The environmental harm from a large project could be reduced if the probable environmental impacts are explored before the project’s inception. The chapter then looks at the new land acquisition regime and important elements of this law that seek to dispel the harsh consequences that previously destroyed lives through displacement. It also reviews the legal dimensions of important environmental campaigns and cases which ran their course in parallel to the evolving environment impact assessment (EIA) regime.
Biodiversity Litigation in Australia
Authors: Young Margaret A , Vines Ella
Published: December 2022

Australia’s biological diversity is world-renowned, unique, and vulnerable. It faces unprecedented threats from climate change, invasive species, and changing land use. Yet Australia’s laws—including its federal environmental statute, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)—are ill-equipped. This chapter assesses the role and contribution of litigation in efforts to protect Australia’s biodiversity. The analysis focuses on legal disputes arising from land clearing, mining, marine species protection, and climate change. Cases have sought to protect iconic native species, including the Tasmanian devil, while also addressing conflict between environmental protection and cultural heritage, such as threats to ecosystems caused by brumbies. The legal basis for the claims includes traditional judicial review grounds and novel conceptions of public duties owed variously to younger generations and to indigenous peoples. The chapter demonstrates that Australian courts have been relatively constrained in protecting biodiversity, due in part to judicial deference to Australia’s legislative and executive branches and the limited direct applicability of international environmental law. Recognition by judges of their role in protecting Australia’s biodiversity is more apparent within specialist courts at the subnational level. Achieving an effective national approach to biodiversity protection may be more attainable due to a change in government at the federal level, although major legal and political challenges remain.
Biodiversity Litigation in India
Authors: Kodiveri Arpitha
Published: December 2022

Biodiversity litigation in India has been an important source of shaping the present and future environmental jurisprudence. The typology of biodiversity litigation in India shows that the courts have been active in regulating biodiversity loss, the entrance of genetically modified organisms, and the rights of Adivasi and local communities. The central argument that the chapter makes is that Indian courts while ruling on issues of biodiversity are having to choose from a variety of environmentalism that underlies biodiversity law and jurisprudence. The three varieties of environmentalism identified in the chapter are environmentalism of the poor, ecocentric approaches, and exclusionary approaches to conservation. This tussle of the varieties of environmentalism is not restricted to biodiversity law and policy in India but can be seen in international biodiversity law too. The chapter concludes that biodiversity jurisprudence in India is trying to reconcile the competing forms of environmentalism by relying on ecocentric approaches to biodiversity law and policy.
Biodiversity Litigation in South Africa
Authors: Lubbe Willem Daniël
Published: December 2022

This chapter outlines the South African legal landscape for biodiversity litigation. The unique biodiversity found in South Africa is highlighted and the reliance of the people on it is underlined. An overview of the legal and institutional framework paves the way for a selection of cases discussed showcasing the unique litigation landscape in South Africa. These cases are presented through two main themes: specific environmental litigation and rights-based litigation. What is clear throughout the chapter is that the South African legal landscape presents litigants with ample opportunity to litigate in matters relevant to biodiversity conservation and protection. Also highlighted through the cases is the willingness of the courts to assist and enable individuals and NGOs in environmental litigation; assistance that is well embedded in the environmental legal framework in provisions favourable to locus standi and cost orders. The importance of the South African Constitution and the pivotal role of fundamental rights in biodiversity litigation are furthermore showcased through selected cases. A section discussing trends and general observations on litigation describes how both public and private law can be utilized for biodiversity litigation. The chapter is brought to a close by key findings and some thoughts on the way forward.
Biodiversity Litigation in the United States
Authors: Snape William J
Published: December 2022

The United States possesses considerable domestic biological diversity. Over the past century, the United States has also passed a series of laws to protect its biodiversity, almost always through the lens and label of ‘wildlife or habitat conservation’. Although the United States was a historic leader under early biodiversity treaties such as CITES, its record over the past several decades has waned, and it is currently the only UN member not party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Today, ‘biodiversity law’, both at the domestic and multilateral levels, plays little to no role in biodiversity litigation in the United States. This biodiversity litigation vacuum exists for two fundamental and interrelated reasons: first, when Congress was passing its historic slate of conservation and environmental laws in the 1970s, ‘biodiversity’ was not a recognized legal res, and, secondly, since the 1980s and continuing to the present, Congress has generally been hostile to international law and treaty ratification, and ambivalent towards wildlife or biodiversity conservation itself. Because Congress is largely stalemated on wildlife, habitat, and biodiversity, the President and his executive agencies possess significant legal powers to promote biological diversity protection that should be better utilized. The executive branch can strengthen rules on protected species and federal public lands; can prioritize funding for biodiversity, both domestically and abroad; can better support biodiversity during federal litigation; and can more positively participate in multilateral fora relating to biodiversity. Ironically, executive branch leadership on biodiversity might actually reduce litigation in the United States because most biodiversity litigation in the country is directed at agencies acting wrongfully against wildlife and habitat. In sum, to do its part on biodiversity, the United States must fundamentally change its developmental and spending policies. Otherwise, litigation under existing law will be one of the few remaining tools to save what is left.
Queer Origins
Authors: Butler Shane
Published: December 2022

Symonds’s long unpublished Memoirs, completed in the late 1880s and left partly unfinished, often seem to anticipate many of the themes and methods of Freud, especially in their meticulous attention to experiences in childhood and adolescence that Symonds presents as formative. Under close scrutiny, however, many of these often-cited experiences, including several that regard early encounters with classical art and literature, turn out have been altered and refashioned by Symonds. Detection of this manipulation invites us to reconsider the text’s seemingly etiological frame; it also raises queer questions about Freud’s own later quest for sexual origins. Beginning with a look at Freud’s annotations of his copy of Sexual Inversion (which Symonds wrote with Havelock Ellis), followed by close readings of key passages from the Memoirs, this chapter considers how the two men’s thinking both does and does not align, especially on the nature of fantasies and dreams.
Misanthropy in the Age of Reason
Authors: Harris Joseph
Published: December 2022

Ever since Timon of Athens shunned his fellow-countrymen and embraced a life of solitude in the wilderness, the misanthrope has proved to be a fascinating but troubling figure. This comparative study brings together a range of material from various genres, periods, and countries to explore the developing status of misanthropy in the European literary and intellectual imagination from the late Renaissance, through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, to the dawn of Romanticism. During this period, the term ‘misanthropy’ shifts from being an obscure Greek calque to being almost banal in its ubiquity. In order to trace the contours of the period’s evolving attitudes towards misanthropy, this study takes a combined thematic and historical approach. After two chapters devoted to the period’s key icons of misanthropy—Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens and Molière’s Alceste—the remaining six chapters each explore different thematic issues of misanthropy as they surface across the period. Drawing on works by Shakespeare, Molière, Hobbes, Pascal, Rochester, Swift, Rousseau, Kotzebue, Schiller, Wollstonecraft, and Leopardi, as well as countless less canonical writers, this study demonstrates that the misanthrope is not a fixed, stable figure in early modern literature. Rather, he—or very occasionally she—emerges in many guises, from philosopher to comic grouch, from tragic hero to moral censor, from cynical villain to disappointed idealist, from quasi-bestial outsider to worldly satirist. As both critic of humanity and object of critical scrutiny, the misanthrope challenges straightforward oppositions between individual and society, virtue and vice, reason and folly, human and animal.
Theories of Exploitation
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2022

This chapter reviews the recent literature by painting a broad-stroke picture of the conceptual landscape on exploitation. It distinguishes between three species of exploitation theory: teleology-based, respect-based, and freedom-based accounts. Each class of theory is organized around an exploiter-archetype. Teleogical theory takes its archetype to be the feudal lord and monopolist; respect theory takes its archetype from the rentier and the patrimonial capitalist; freedom theory from the capitalist and banker who unilaterally subsume the purposiveness of the direct producer. The chapter addresses the implications of each theory, paving the way for the arguments that follow in the rest of the book.
Capitalist Exploitation: Its Forms, Origin, and Fate
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: December 2022

This chapter studies capitalist economic structure through the lens of historical sociology. It kicks off by exploring the idea of capital—as monetary title to subsumed labour—through a series of historical examples. It then extends the model of capitalist accumulation introduced in chapter 2 by asking how exploitation becomes possible under capitalism and what historically specific forms it takes. Sophisticated answers to these two questions—of origin and form, respectively—have been provided by Karl Marx in volumes I and III of Capital. This chapter studies Marx’s answers, drawing extensively upon the contemporary debate on the origins of capitalism. It then shows how that debate can shed light on discussions about precarity and the ‘gig economy,’ as well as on post-capitalist democratic futures, including contemporary discussions on market socialism and the democratic firm.
Foreign Policy of Coalition Governments
Authors: Laskar Rejaul Karim
Published: December 2022

This introductory chapter seeks to put the remaining chapters of this volume in proper context. The chapter begins with a survey of theoretical and empirical literature on the role of leadership in foreign policy. It, then, surveys theoretical and empirical literature on foreign policies of coalition governments—on differences between coalitions and single-party governments as well as on the relationship between a coalition’s ideology and foreign policy. This is followed by an overview of the Congress party’s foreign policy—i.e., the core values, evolution, distinguishing characteristics, basic principles, broad objectives, and major elements of the foreign policy of Indian National Congress—the leading party of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition. It then provides a brief overview of the salient features of India’s foreign policy under the two UPA governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh—in terms of the broader objectives they sought to achieve and the broader principles they adhered to. It then goes on to explain the rationale for undertaking this book project. The chapter concludes by providing an overview of the volume.
India-United States Relations during the United Progressive Alliance 2004–14
Authors: Lynch Timothy J.
Published: December 2022

This chapter audits India-U.S. relations under the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments at four levels of analysis: leader images, ideology and strategic culture, geopolitics, and economics and trade. The chapter finds that despite ongoing American frustration at the speed and depth of implementation of some of the agreements, the symbolic achievement of the agreements themselves—from nuclear energy and defence to trade to cultural exchange—is what is remarkable about the period. Using a neorealist lens, the chapter examines how the pursuit of national interest, of power and of security, remained the fundamental objective of both Washington and New Delhi. But also why these objectives were conditioned by the character, history, and institutions of the two states. The intervening unit-level variables—leader perceptions, ideological divisions, bureaucratic traditions, and historical experiences—impacted on how the UPA engaged with the Bush administration and the Obama administration.
India-China Relations
Authors: Kondapalli Srikanth
Published: December 2022

India-China relations during the decade of 2004–14 expanded from tactical to strategic in nature reflecting the rise of these two Asian countries. The signing of the ‘strategic and cooperative partnership’ between the two in 2005 coincided with discussions in a number of areas including ushering in a modicum of confidence-building measures to stabilize and manage the territorial dispute, dialogue process on Afghanistan, Southeast and East Asia, Africa, strengthening multipolar and multilateral institutions, enhancing bilateral trade, and the like. However, irritants remained, such as issuing of ‘stapled visas’ by China to Kashmir residents. Also, while trade increased substantially, India faced a mounting trade deficit with China in this decade. Border transgressions in April-May 2013 and 2014 in the Western sector as well tested bilateral relations. However, overall, the bilateral relations were stable, forthcoming and remained in the configuration of ‘cooperation and competition’ during this decade.
India-Russia Relations during the United Progressive Alliance Governments, 2004–14
Authors: Bain Mervyn
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses India-Russia relations during the period of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments led by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The first section of the chapter examines Russian strategic thought and introduces the analytical framework (defensive realism) to be used throughout the chapter; the second section charts the Indo-Soviet relationship from the time of Indian independence in 1947 until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991; the third section examines the relationship in the early post-Soviet period; the fourth and the fifth sections focus on the ‘Manmohan Doctrine’ and the ‘Putin Doctrine’; while the sixth section examines Indo-Russian relations during the 10-year period in which the UPA was in power. The chapter concludes that despite the apparent contradictions between the two doctrines, India-Russia relations actually strengthened during the period.
India-Africa Relations under the UPA Governments
Authors: Dye Barnaby , de Oliveira Ricardo Soares
Published: December 2022

Under the two UPA governments, India’s diplomatic and economic ties with Africa expanded. The governments launched flagship initiatives like the head-of-state India-Africa Forum Summits and large-scale development-cooperation programmes, including the formalization of a significant concessional-finance scheme. Using the rhetoric of South-South Cooperation, the UPA governments heralded these policies as generating win-win, mutually beneficial development partnerships. Did these initiatives match such rhetoric, and how responsible were the two UPA governments for booming India-Africa relations? The chapter demonstrates that although the two UPA governments upgraded India-Africa relations, the governments were often not central to increasing ties. The chapter emphasizes the role of the Indian private sector as a crucial actor driving India-Africa ties as they were the most organized and active group of agents. Thus, India-Africa relations under the two UPA administrations reached new heights but essentially followed the established trajectory, contributing to Africa’s experience of economic progress without industrialization.
Ideas under Pressure
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Induction as a research process isn’t enough and was criticized quite quickly by Enlightenment-era philosophers. It also doesn’t really distinguish true and false theories. Instead, the practice of falsification emerged—putting ideas under pressure through experiments. This chapter discusses the importance of the ‘hypothesis’ as a central feature of this process and considers the ways in which Isaac Newton’s theories of motion and light were put under pressure by later researchers. However, hypotheses have to be derived in the first place and the reality is that empirical research progresses by both inductive reasoning and experimental falsification, with an acceptance of ignorance as a common underlying principle.
Designing Research
Authors: Stewart Robert
Published: December 2022

Experiments may not always be an option, generally because they are either not feasible or are not ethical. In history or economics research, conclusions may be drawn from natural experiments in the form of policy interventions, although it may be difficult to conclude what intervention was really being tested when the results are observed because of the many factors involved. More specific natural experiments merge into the cohort study design, used particularly (but by no means exclusively) in health research to investigate disease risk factors, and the case control design, used for the same questions when a cohort study is not feasible or when a quicker answer is needed. The chapter concludes with an overview of the tightening up of ethics in human experimentation, and continuing controversies around animal studies.
Choose Your Own Adventure
Authors: Pelczar Michael
Published: December 2022

Chapter 10 concludes the book with a summary of my overall case for phenomenalism, and a comparison between phenomenalism and David Lewis’s Humean supervenience, a prominent theory whose main sources of anxiety---chance and experience---are the phenomenalist’s metaphysical foundations.
Introduction
Authors: Kajtár Gábor , Çalı Başak , Milanovic Marko
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the analytical framework of the volume. It starts by providing working definitions for secondary rules of international law—with a specific focus on the law of state responsibility in international adjudication—and explains why rules on causation, attribution, the standard and burden of proof, and the standard of review are core secondary rules in international law. The chapter argues that, whilst secondary rules are much more than mere technicalities and, in fact, form the heart of the matter in international adjudication, there is significant variation in their conceptualization and employment by international courts and tribunals. The chapter then outlines the contributions to this volume with respect to the four main types of secondary rules and identifies common challenges in the application of secondary rules in international law across different branches and courts of international law.
Explaining Variations in Standards of Review in International Adjudication
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal
Published: December 2022

In this chapter, I argue that the standards of review employed by international tribunals when reviewing national policies often reflect the tribunals’ ability—if not always explicit authority—to remedy unjustified disregard of—and consequent harm to—the interests and rights of politically weaker individuals and groups residing within or outside the state. Similar to domestic administrative and constitutional courts, international tribunals are often uniquely positioned to offer an effective remedy to those individuals and groups by adjusting their standards of review of domestic decisions accordingly. As a result, despite what might, at first, appear to be incongruent and even contradictory about tribunals’ application of different standards of review, they are often consistent in their sensitivity to the “problem of disregard.” In this chapter, I demonstrate how that sensitivity to “the disregarded” manifests and suggest that, in principle, it is an appropriate response to the inherent failures of the democratic system.
Introduction
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia
Published: December 2022

This chapter introduces the challenge of jurisdictional overlap in data governance. Data have become an integral part of the global economy, are of central relevance in transnational security measures, and increasingly raise human rights concerns. In consequence, claims of control by both public and private actors increase. The chapter outlines the challenges of resolving conflicts that emerge at the intersection of such claims. Drawing on literature in data governance and international political sociology, it introduces the book’s main conceptual contribution, which establishes the nature of jurisdictional conflicts as conflicts over meaning. The chapter introduces key definitions and sketches the theoretical framework that draws on field theory and value orders to establish the multidimensional nature of conflicts as institutional, power-based, and normative disputes. It concludes with an overview of the outline of the book.
Value Orders and the Genesis of the Field of Data Governance
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia
Published: December 2022

This chapter sets the stage for the empirical chapters that follow. It outlines the genesis of the field of data governance as a structured space of interaction following specific logics. It establishes that the emerging field of data governance unites actors that perceive data governance to be meaningful in the pursuit of the common good. On the basis of an inductive analysis of key policy documents, the chapter reconstructs five value orders that specify differently desirable societal goals, a community of reference, and the conceptualization of data. Three substantive orders establish data governance as meaningful in the pursuit of fairness, security, or economic progress; two procedural orders define the common good as the pursuit of sovereignty or globalism.
The Right to Be Forgotten
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia
Published: December 2022

This chapter analyses two instances of a jurisdictional conflict over the right to be forgotten. This right to be forgotten enables individuals to request the delisting of personal information from search engine results under specific conditions. The chapter outlines the conflict that contributed to its legal articulation in the EU and focuses on the more recent instance that highlighted tensions regarding its scope of applicability. While the French data protection authority attempted to impose a global scope on the right, Google, through a significant reliance on normative arguments, was able to emphasize its negative consequences. In contrast to the preceding chapters, this conflict mainly relates to the hierarchization within one value order rather than the application of principles relating to a different value order.
Constitutionalism and the Economy
Authors: Steytler Nico
Published: December 2022

This chapter sets out five key areas of enquiry on the relationship between constitutions, constitutionalism, and the economy. The first is whether (and if so, how) a market economy has been constitutionalized across Africa since the second wave of democratization. The second line of enquiry focuses on the governance of land and other natural resources. The third is the constitutional scope for the state to intervene in the economy, including: is there a clear framework for state regulation and intervention? Where the state comprises multilevel government, how does that shape such a regulatory role? How have central banks, as constitutional institutions, imposed a substantive limit on the state’s regulatory role in monetary policy? And, finally, where the market does not adequately distribute the benefits of the economy to all sectors of society, are there constitutional obligations on the state to do so? The fourth line of enquiry concerns the impact that global economic integration may have on constitutionalism in Africa. Finally, the largest, hardest questions are about the dynamic between constitutionalism and economic growth. Where the basic elements of constitutionalism—the practice of democracy, limited government, and the rule of law—are present, what impact, if any, do they have on the economy: do they enhance or hinder it, or are they neutral to economic growth?
Relationships between the Economy and Constitutionalism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mabugu Ramos Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

This chapter discusses features of sub-Saharan African economies that can influence the relationship between economies and constitutions. Among other things, it examines economic growth, fiscal dynamics, socio-economic outcomes, globalization, and potential impacts on state sovereignty and remittance flows. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has plunged sub-Saharan African economies and societies into severe crisis, with a reduction in economic activity and employment. Prior to COVID-19, sub-Saharan Africa had performed fairly well over the past two decades in terms of economic growth, inflation reduction, and macroeconomic stability, thanks largely to favourable commodity price movements. However, challenges remained, in particular rapid population growth coupled with slow progress in making the structural transformations necessary for sustaining growth, creating jobs, and reducing informality, inequality, and poverty. The focus, it is argued, should be on identifying and implementing interventions that support national development goals, foster sustained inclusive economic growth, slow down population growth, and increase domestic revenue mobilization, thereby expanding the fiscal space for addressing poverty and inequality. Accordingly, the question is: can constitutions shape governmental action in ways that enhance socio-economic outcomes?
Determining the Jurisdiction of Regional States in Promoting Investment in Ethiopia
Authors: Negussie Solomon
Published: December 2022

In Ethiopia, the division of power envisaged in the Constitution, along with the overemphasized right to self-determination, in theory allows states to determine their own socio-economic and development policies. However, these seemingly broad constitutional powers stand in contradiction with the country’s hitherto centralized ‘federal practice’. The problem relates not only to the decision-making process but to the lack of clarity about state jurisdictions. Although the Constitution refers to investment, it gives little further detail about it, even though investment decisions—in prioritizing sectors, in administration, environmental regulation, and revenue generation, as well as in setting fiscal benefits and federal spending—affect the interests of regional governments in one way or the other. Moreover, federal foreign investment policies and strategies cannot be translated into reality unless states allocate land to investors and ensure local security. This chapter juxtaposes Ethiopia’s constitutional provisions with its practice in order to ascertain state jurisdictions in regard to investment promotion, natural resource management, and agricultural investment. The argument is that while the division of power between the centre and the states is a constitutional principle that entails constraining central authority and respecting the autonomy of constituent units, the lack of transparency and accountability, usurpation of states’ power by the centre, and weakness of the rule of law, point to an absence of constitutionalism in the field of the economy and investment, a situation that legitimately calls for political reform.
The Beautiful and the Sublime
Authors: Hare John E.
Published: December 2022

This chapter takes the beautiful and the sublime as examples of unity between us and the material world. It starts with Immanuel Kant’s solution to the difficulty of explaining how there can be quarrels about our experience of sensory beauty, if it is a merely subjective pleasure. His solution requires reference to a supersensible being who is ‘behind’ our experience, and who has the purpose of our highest good, of which these experiences are a symbol. The chapter looks at two works by Beethoven, the first written just a few years after Kant’s Third Critique. The chapter distinguishes various senses of ‘sublime’ and urges that the Kantian sublime fits these pieces better than other senses that have been used to interpret them. The chapter ends with comparing Kantian and Pauline conceptions of freedom, and it relates the patristic tradition and Jonathan Edwards to the connection of beauty and the Spirit.
Competition Theory in Ecology
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: December 2022

This book explores how mathematical models can illuminate the interaction known as interspecific competition. Competition occurs whenever two or more species share at least some of the same limiting resources. It is likely to affect all species, as well as many higher-level aspects of community and ecosystem dynamics. Interspecific competition shares many of the same features as density dependence (intraspecific competition) and evolution (competition between genotypes). In spite of this, a robust theoretical framework for understanding its outcomes and many potential effects on ecological communities is lacking. Despite its prominence in the ecological literature, the theory seems to have lost direction in recent decades, with many synthetic papers promoting outdated ideas, failing to use resource-based models, and having little utility in applied fields such as conservation and environmental management. The book examines how theory that began to be developed half a century ago can be extended to illuminate the effects of environmental change on the abundances of competing species. Current competition theory needs to incorporate findings regarding consumer–resource interactions in the context of larger food webs containing behaviourally or evolutionarily adapting components. Overly simple models and methods of analysis have led to past theory contributing less than it should have to practical applications. The book also discusses the related interactions of intraspecific competition and apparent competition, and examines the evolutionary as well as the ecological effects of this important process.
Measuring and describing competition
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: December 2022

This chapter shows that many of the consumer–resource interactions that underlie competition in natural systems are likely to be quite different from those considered by Robert MacArthur’s model. In addition, most of the wide variety of potential forms for models have still have not been analysed. The chapter introduces two measures of the strength of competition, the second of which is equivalent to the competition coefficient in the Lotka–Volterra model. The chapter presents replies to two arguments that explicit representation of resources is unnecessary in models of competition. MacArthur’s consumer–resource model is presented and his analysis of this model is summarized and critiqued. MacArthur ignored the potential for resource exclusion or invasion to occur when one of the competing species experiences positive or negative environmental change. A second failing of this model is its inability to produce population cycles in the two-competitor version. An example shows that such cycles can greatly alter average abundances and competitive effects. The effects are highly nonlinear, and can change sign and magnitude with small changes in the mortality rate of either of the consumer species. The important roles of resource growth and consumer functional response in determining the nature of competition are discussed. Recent work on the role of adaptive behaviour in determining the shape of functional responses has yet to be incorporated into models of competition. The use of some simplified methods of analysing consumer–resource models is criticized.
Virtue and Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

This volume brings together a selection of Rosalind Hursthouse’s essays on Aristotle, virtue ethics, and social philosophy. These articles—many of which are published in more obscure venues—provide valuable context and clarification for much of her more famous work on virtue ethics while drawing attention to new avenues of philosophical investigation Hursthouse pursued. Important contributions include articles on the development of virtue in children, what the Aristotelian practically wise person knows, how virtue ethicists can inform discussions about environmental and animal ethics, what the starting point for virtue politics should be in a contemporary political context, and how human nature and ethical naturalism could provide the foundation for a virtue ethical system.
Virtue Theory and Abortion
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Many objections to virtue theory as a moral theory on a level with deontology and utilitarianism can be dismissed when its structure is properly understood and it is clear what has to be assumed by any moral theory. Applied to issues of abortion, an approach in terms of the virtues takes account of all aspects of pregnancy and related biological and social issues, instead of focusing only on the moral status of the foetus and/or the rights of the woman, both approaches which are inadequate to the seriousness of the issue and also lead to unsettlable disputes.
Two Ways of Doing the Right Thing
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Starting from thinking about the role-duties of lawyers and how that conflicts with the requirements of virtue, this article argues that in fact such conflicts between roles and virtues are common when agents take on practical roles (especially for parents). But many of these conflicts presuppose that moral dilemmas are time-slices of evaluation, rather than evaluations of how agents fulfil their roles over time. Once we look at some action as part of an agent’s plan and a broader understanding of their role in society, we see that there are many ways in which virtuous agents can perform their roles without acting viciously.
Environmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

How should we apply virtue ethics to issues about the environment and natural world? This article explores two strategies: first, we might apply old virtues and vices to these issues, identifying various fails in terms of greed, self-indulge, short-sightedness, etc. But we might also recognize that our current problems highlight a new domain of value and action, and thus require us to formulate new virtues and teach those to the next generation. This article also helpfully summarizes the conditions that need to be met for something to count as a virtue, and provides vivid illustrations of how virtue may be taught.
Hume on Justice
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Hume’s account of justice is in fact an attack on the concept of rights familiar from the French and American revolutions, one which is prior to the question whether laws are just. Hume focuses on property as a matter of what is mine and yours in a sense establishable only by reference to laws. This does not make Hume a positivist; it is just laws which establish rights, not the other way round, and the justice of laws is established by their usefulness, or otherwise, to societies. But insofar as various legal arrangements might equally well secure important human and social ends, we can see how the rights a society has (or needs) depend on the particular contexts and political structures in which they are invoked and the ends that they serve.
The Good and Bad Family
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

The family has historically not been a central topic of attention of liberal political philosophers, but whether a society promotes good or dysfunctional families should be a major concern of political philosophers. Though ‘family’ is often construed in a narrow way to mean a certain kind of nuclear family, there are many examples of more expansive models of families that perform the function of raising, nurturing, and socializing children well. Focusing on more modest goals concerning how to make families better would in many cases be more useful and more beneficial than grand theorizing about the justice of a society.
On the Grounding of the Virtues in Human Nature
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

Aristotelian naturalism rests neither on merely descriptive empirical facts nor on a comprehensive ethical worldview, but on a set of descriptions about human life that fall somewhere in the middle: they are ethical but non-evaluative beliefs about human nature and how life goes. Within this framework, we can ground the familiar list of virtue and vices, and locate substantive philosophical disagreements in the right place, namely about what kind of living thing human beings are and what they need to flourish. Although it is unlikely to be convincing to an immoralist (let alone provide motivating reasons for such a person), such an approach fills out the picture of how the lessons we have learned about virtue and vice can be integrated into a more comprehensive and philosophically satisfying account of human nature.
Human Nature and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: December 2022

This article addresses a number of common objections to Aristotelian ethical naturalism. The objections include the claims that there is no human essence; that there is no concept of health; that ethical naturalism derives ethics from evolutionary biology and commits the naturalistic fallacy; that our messy nature may prevent us from living both happily and ethically well; and lastly, that human variation precludes the possibility of acquiring virtue for many people. Many of these objections can be addressed by better understanding the Wittgensteinian roots of Aristotelian naturalism and why that project is independent from evolutionary biology.
Introduction
Authors: Lindquist Evert A. , Howlett Michael , Skogstad Grace , Tellier Geneviève , ‘t Hart Paul
Published: December 2022

In Canada many public projects, programs, and services perform well, and many are very successful. However, these cases are consistently underexposed and commonly understudied in the public realm which, for various reasons, tends to focus on policy mistakes and learning from failures rather than successes. In fact, studies of public policy successes, as such, are rare not just in Canada, but the world over, although this has started to change. The aims of the book are to see, describe, acknowledge, and promote learning from past and present instances of highly effective and highly valued public policy-making. These aims are accomplished through detailed examination of selected case studies of policy success in different eras, governments, and policy domains in Canada.
Canadian Medicare as a Policy Success
Authors: Marchildon Gregory
Published: December 2022

Over a half century old, Canada Medicare can be largely judged a programmatic, process, and political success. It has been implemented and managed in a way that has fulfilled its original purposes of financially protecting Canadians against large and unanticipated costs associated with illness and encouraging Canadians to seek more preventative, primary care in order to reduce to the need for more downstream medical interventions and care. Despite problems with wait times, the inability of governments to expand universal coverage to other medically necessary services, and court challenges to the legitimacy of its regulatory policies, Medicare continues to be supported by a majority of Canadians. Even the opponents of Canadian Medicare have avoided challenging its redistributive ethos and have instead posited their arguments mainly in terms of change that would improve the current state of Medicare. The strong form of universality, as encapsulated in the single-payer and single-tier design features of Canadian Medicare, have proven remarkably sustainable.
Early Years Policy Innovations Across Canada
Authors: Davidson Adrienne , White Linda
Published: December 2022

Overall, early years policy in Canada has a mixed record, with some evidence of policy success and some evidence of policy failure. Nonetheless, bright spots within the early years landscape warrant exploration and deserve to be cast as successes in policy development that can either be replicated across other provincial jurisdictions or explored further by national governments. They include the federal Canada Child Benefit (CCB) program, Ontario’s full-day kindergarten (FDK) model, and Québec’s maternity and parental leave program. Complicating the successful implementation of early years policy is the federal nature of Canada. Federal investment in early years programs has waxed and waned over the decades, and has relied primarily on the use of tax instruments and the federal spending power. The bulk of policy action lies with provincial and territorial governments which hold substantive jurisdiction, and which have relied on a mix of policy approaches. As such, this chapter examines early years policy innovations across both orders of government.
Good and Lucky
Authors: Triadafilopoulos Triadafilos
Published: December 2022

Canadian immigration policy is widely considered successful in terms of policy endurance, process, programs, and politics. Canada’s focus on the recruitment of economic immigrants has been successful in a programmatic sense, while also maintaining the support of key stakeholders, enabling process success, and addressing political debates, enhancing political success. Favouring resettlement over asylum in refugee policy has addressed concerns over the abuse of the immigration system, while maintaining the support of stakeholders that benefit from the policy’s innovative private sponsorship provisions. Effective policy design is, however, only part of the story. Three contingent factors also stand behind Canada’s successful immigration policy. First, Canada’s isolated geography limits flows of asylum seekers and other unwanted immigrants. Second, the substantial power vested in the federal executive branch has enabled Canadian governments to respond to flows of unwanted migrants quickly. Third, the unplanned interaction of immigration settlement patterns, citizenship policy, and Canada’s electoral system has helped sustain a pro-immigration consensus among Canada’s major political parties. The importance of contingent factors in the success of Canadian immigration policy limits its portability. Even where policy design can be imitated, Canada’s reliance on strong executive-led actions to limit unwanted migration raises normative concerns that problematize our understanding of success in immigration policy.
Multiculturalism Policy in Canada
Authors: Banting Keith
Published: December 2022

The year 2021 represents the 50th anniversary of the adoption of multiculturalism in Canada. Clearly, multiculturalism policy has stood the test of time. However, more than sheer longevity is involved. In programmatic terms, multiculturalism has advanced the goals that animated its introduction in 1971. It has helped to change the terms of integration for immigrant communities, laying to rest ideas of assimilation, and creating space for minorities to maintain and celebrate aspects of their culture and traditions while participating in the mainstream of Canadian life. In addition, multiculturalism has been part of a broad state-led redefinition of national identity, helping to build a more inclusive sense of nationalism. Judged by these original goals, the multiculturalism program has met with considerable success. However, multiculturalism has limits. It has not eliminated racial inequality, and the commitment to diversity seems fragile at times, most recently in the case of Muslims. In addition, multiculturalism has been a conflicted political success. The policy is not embedded in a comprehensive political consensus, and potent political challenges have emerged in the name of social conservatism and Québec nationalism. Nonetheless, the policy has had sufficient political support to survive at the national level for half a century. In effect, multiculturalism is a case of conflicted political success and resilient program success. Moreover, judged by the experience of democratic countries generally, Canadian multiculturalism seems even more successful. Perhaps most importantly, the policy has arguably helped to forestall the type of anti-immigrant backlash we have seen elsewhere.
Phasing Out Coal-Fired Electricity in Ontario
Authors: Winfield Mark S. , Saherwala Abdeali
Published: December 2022

The phase-out of coal-fired electricity production in the Canadian Province of Ontario has been widely described as one of the most significant measures taken by any government in the world to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The phase-out of coal, which in the early 2000s constituted a quarter of the province’s electricity supply, was completed in 2014. The phase-out was associated with dramatic improvements in air quality in the southern part of province. At the same time, Ontario’s approach to the phase-out involved a series of significant environmental, economic, and political trade-offs, the benefits of which continue to be debated, and whose consequences have affected the province’s politics profoundly. The chapter examines the evolution of the role of coal-fired electricity in Ontario, the emergence of the concept of a phase-out, and the factors that contributed to its ultimate implementation. Within McConnell’s (2010) framework for assessing policy outcomes around programmatic results, policy processes, and politics, the chapter concludes that outcomes of the coal phase-out process range from a resilient and political success in terms of the phase-out itself, to a political failure with respect to the McGuinty (2003–2013) and Wynne (2013–2018) governments’ overall handling of electricity policy.