bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Appraisal Using Immunohistochemistry of Brain Pathology in Aged and Demented Subjects
Authors: Aho Leena , Parkkinen Laura , Pirttilä Tuula , Alafuzoff Irina
Published: April 2008

Background/Aims: Abnormal processing of hyperphosphorylated τ (HPτ), amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS) proteins is considered as causative with regard to the clinical symptoms in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: In this retrospective, postmortem study applying immunohistochemical methodology, we assessed Alzheimer’s-disease (AD)-related HPτ and Aβ pathology in 178 subjects with αS pathology. Results: These pathologies were frequently seen concomitantly, i.e. HPτ in 83% and Aβ in 62% of the αS-positive cases. Furthermore, the striatum was frequently involved, particularly in subjects with cognitive impairment (65%). The predictive value of widespread HPτ pathology, i.e. stages V–VI, with respect to cognitive impairment was high, since all 18 subjects presenting with this stage were demented. In contrast, the predictive value of widespread αS pathology, i.e. stages 5–6 according to Braak’s Parkinson disease staging, was debatable. Fifty-three percent of the subjects with widespread αS pathology and no or mild AD-related HPτ pathology were cognitively unimpaired. It is noteworthy that striatal Aβ pathology was more often seen in demented subjects independently of HPτ and/or αS status. Conclusion: The causative pathology in subjects with clinically diagnosed dementia with Lewy bodies needs to be clarified in future studies.
Lipomatous Metaplasia after Severe and Chronic Cutaneous Inflammation
Authors: Eyerich Kilian , Traidl-Hoffmann Claudia , Albert Annette , Kerzl Regina , Rombold Stephanie , Darsow Ulf , Eberlein Bernadette , Jakob Thilo , Ring Johannes , Hein Rüdiger
Published: April 2008

A 69-year-old woman with a history of acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis (AGEP) caused by metamizole is described. Furthermore, she had suffered from an untreated psoriasis since the age of 20. After an adequate therapy of both psoriasis and AGEP, yellow-brownish, static, coalescing, lucent nodules on the thighs and upper arms became apparent. Histology of skin biopsies revealed a prominent band of mature adipocytes in the dermis. We diagnosed a lipomatous metaplasia of the dermis and hypothesize that this metaplasia occurred as a consequence of the severe and chronic inflammation of the skin.
Catheter Locking Solution Spillage: Theory and Experimental Verification
Authors: Polaschegg Hans-Dietrich
Published: April 2008

A theory was developed allowing the prediction of the spillage volume after injection of locking solution into a catheter. This theory was corroborated by in-vitro measurements using colorized fluid injected automatically by a micropump into a stirred container with clear fluid. The amount of spilled solution was measured with a fiberoptic spectrometer equipped with a dip probe. Straight cylindrical tubing was used as catheter. Results: The theory predicts the beginning of spillage when 50% of the catheter filling volume is injected. When the nominal filling volume is injected, 25% of the solution is spilled and the mean concentration at the catheter tip is 50% of the locking solution concentration. Experiments: Spillage was slightly less than predicted (20–25% at nominal filling volume). During the experiments it was recognized that a small air bubble trapped in the Luer connection during connection reduces the spillage volume to 10–15%.
Chemokine MIP-2/CXCL2, Acting on CXCR2, Induces Motor Neuron Death in Primary Cultures
Authors: De Paola Massimiliano , Buanne Pasquale , Biordi Leda , Bertini Riccardo , Ghezzi Pietro , Mennini Tiziana
Published: April 2008

Objectives: Chemokines are implicated in many diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Although their primary role is to induce inflammation through the recruitment of leukocytes by their chemotactic activity, they may also have direct effects on neuronal cells. We evaluated the expression of CXCR1 and CXCR2 and investigated the effect of CXCR2 activation by the agonist MIP-2 (CXCL2) on primary cultured motor neurons. To specifically assess the role of CXCR2 in the neurotoxicity induced by MIP-2, we used the CXCR1/2 inhibitor reparixin and studied the effect of the chemokine on motor neuron cultures from CXCR2-deficient mice. Methods: Primary motor neurons prepared from rat or mouse embryos were treated with MIP-2 and reparixin. Motor neuron viability and receptor expression were assessed by immunocytochemical techniques. Results: Rat primary motor neurons expressed CXCR2 receptors and recombinant rat MIP-2 induced dose-dependent neurotoxicity. This neurotoxicity was counteracted by reparixin, a specific CXCR1/2 inhibitor, and was not observed in motor neurons from CXCR2-deficient mice. Conclusions: CXCR2 activation might directly contribute to motor neuron degeneration. Thus, chemokines acting on CXCR2, including IL-8, may have direct pathogenic effects in CNS diseases, independent of the induction of leukocyte migration.
Neuroendocrine, Metabolic, and Immune Functions during the Acute Phase Response of Inflammatory Stress in Monosodium L-Glutamate-Damaged, Hyperadipose Male Rat
Authors: Castrogiovanni Daniel , Gaillard Rolf C. , Giovambattista Andrés , Spinedi Eduardo
Published: April 2008

In rats, neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) induces several metabolic and neuroendocrine abnormalities, which result in hyperadiposity. No data exist, however, regarding neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic responses to acute endotoxemia in the MSG-damaged rat. We studied the consequences of MSG treatment during the acute phase response of inflammatory stress. Neonatal male rats were treated with MSG or vehicle (controls, CTR) and studied at age 90 days. Pituitary, adrenal, adipo-insular axis, immune, metabolic and gonadal functions were explored before and up to 5 h after single sub-lethal i.p. injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 µg/kg). Our results showed that, during the acute phase response of inflammatory stress in MSG rats: (1) the corticotrope-adrenal, leptin, insulin and triglyceride responses were higher than in CTR rats, (2) pro-inflammatory (TNFα) cytokine response was impaired and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine response was normal, and (3) changes in peripheral estradiol and testosterone levels after LPS varied as in CTR rats. These data indicate that metabolic and neroendocrine-immune functions are altered in MSG-damaged rats. Our study also suggests that the enhanced corticotrope-corticoadrenal activity in MSG animals could be responsible, at least in part, for the immune and metabolic derangements characterizing hypothalamic obesity.
Open-Source Hinduism
Authors: Siddhartha
Published: April 2008

Hinduism is often taken to be a religion in the Abrahamic sense of the term. But the strength of Hinduism lies in the fact that it does not have one God, one prophet, and one book. Hinduism has always been an open-ended process that is constantly evolving. There was always a liberative current in Hinduism that spoke of justice and equality. But today even the dominant current of Hinduism can be shorn of its caste and gender inequalities. Hindu cultural nationalism, which has often shown an ugly and intolerant side, is unable to find any scriptural sanction for its excesses. It would be more fruitful to see Hinduism as a spiritual laboratory than a religion in the strict sense of the term. Just as Open Source software can be modified and changed on an ongoing basis, Hindu spirituality can also evolve and change itself to suit the complex social and ecological problems the world is now facing.
Inclusive Imagination: A Comment on Religion and Culture in India
Authors: Gowda Chandan
Published: April 2008

Liberal-secular thought, which relegates religion to the realm of the private, is limited in its ability to create a prejudice-free inter-religious life in India. Therefore, discovering or creating political languages that can appeal to the popular ethical imagination is a moral imperative for our times. Living ethical traditions need to be examined closely for imagining new forms of democratic existence. For instance, cinema, the most powerful source of public narratives in contemporary India, can offer lessons for fashioning a contemporary morality.
My Adventure with Inter-religious Dialogue
Authors: Samarakone Joseph
Published: April 2008

The Jesus we meet in the Gospels is an inter-religious person par excellence who was able to transcend fundamentalist interpretations that there is no God in all the earth except in Israel, and to recognize the faith of all people (Matt. 8:10). Jesus' mystical experience in the desert led him to realize Yahweh as Abba—the Father of all. Hence he proclaimed the kingdom as an inclusive reality, as the basis of all God experience (Matt 13:1–51). Stressing our need to develop such an inter-religious spirit, the author traces his own awakening spanning over five decades—from his adolescent faith in the "God of the Christians" to his new vision of a "universal kingdom of communion," which embraces all people and all reality. His message is that every disciple of Jesus—and the Church as Christ's sacrament—should live this legacy of Jesus and proclaim God's saving love for all people irrespective of religious affiliation.
Embodied Consciousness in Tantric Yoga and the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Morley James
Published: April 2008

Yoga, the ancient inter-religious thread running through all Indian Spirituality, shares a remarkable congruence with twentieth-century phenomenology. But this conjuncture is not based on a common aspiration of "transcendence from the world," as argued by previous comparisons. Instead, by applying the more advanced Existential Phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty to the more indigenous Tantric stream of yoga, it will be shown that this congruence occurs in just the opposite direction of immersion into the very "flesh of the world"—the lived human body as homology of the cosmos. Yoga may offer phenomenology a much-needed somatic contemplative praxis, as much as phenomenology may offer yoga the basis for an appropriate theoretical articulation.
Confessions of a Hindu-Catholic Artist
Authors: Mackenzie Caroline
Published: April 2008

During my first twelve years in India I studied Hindu art and philosophy, encountering "inculturated" Catholic Christianity for the first time. When I returned to the United Kingdom, I was struck by a manifest separation between the dry, orderly church, and the imaginative world of "New Age" networks such as Dances of Universal Peace. In 1999 I received a major commission to re-design a church in Wales. This opening allowed me to use art as a means to bring some of the insights gained in India into a Western Christian context. After this public work, I made a series of personal pictures that depicted the healing and empowering effect of the new public images (archetypes) on my inner world. I then tried to connect the work in the church to liturgy but found no opening in the UK. In 2003, I returned to India to the Fireflies Intercultural Centre in Bangalore. There I found a "laboratory of the spirit" that provided the right conditions for serious religious experimentation. In 2007, I found a way to express the vision of the artwork in the Welsh church via an embodied liturgy. Using masks representing the Elements, I worked with an Indian Catholic priest to create a cosmic Easter Triduum.
Childhood, Intuition, Vocation: Remembering Sara Grant
Authors: Howe Fanny
Published: April 2008

The following piece is a deeply personal, meditative account of the driving inspiration behind the life and vocation of Sara Grant, a Christian nun who lived in India for forty-five years and founded an ashram in Pune.
The Lord of the Heart: Abhinavagupta's Aesthetics and Kashmir Śaivism
Authors: Bäumer Bettina
Published: April 2008

Indian aesthetics owes much to the genius of Abhinavagupta (fl. c. 950–1025), whose aesthetic theory combined elements of Tantric exegesis, philosophy, poetics, musicology, and mysticism. His aesthetics is also based on the cosmology of the Śaivagamas, as shown in the benedictory verses to his commentary on the Nātyaśāstra, Abhinava Bhāratī, where he invokes Śiva in the form of the cosmic and human elements (tattva). Abhinavagupta also uses the similes of the world drama and world picture to show the interconnectedness of theology and the arts, since Śiva is the Divine artist. Moreover, the doctrine that "everything is connected with everything else" provides a basis for an understanding of art in which even a fragment can reflect the beauty of the whole. Aesthetics also assumes the freedom of the artist to create, as well as the joy that emanates from a work of art—a joy directly connected with spiritual bliss.
Knowing the Heart Sūtra by Heart
Authors: O'Leary Joseph
Published: April 2008

The current situation of Christian faith lends a new attraction to the Mahāyāna doctrine that nothing has substantial being and that language and religions are radically conventional constructions, to be handled skillfully with a new art of judgement. We can bring a hermeneutics of the heart to bear on the doctrine of emptiness if we note how, in the Heart Sūtra, it is voiced by the bodhisattva of compassion. The wisdom of emptiness takes form as a way of life devoted to the liberation of suffering beings. When we muse long on this alien text, we are surprised to find something familiar at its heart, the dynamic of saving love that is central to the Gospel.
Pure Perception and Equanimity of Heart
Authors: Makransky John
Published: April 2008

What follows are excerpts from Awakening through Love: Unveiling Your Deepest Goodness (Wisdom Publications, August 2007). In the book, Tibetan Buddhist meditations are adapted to make them accessible to people of all backgrounds and faiths. The book is intended for those interested not just in reading about Buddhist ideas but also in using the meditations to explore how Buddhists understand pure perception and experience unconditional love, compassion, and wisdom. Readers of all faiths are encouraged to see how their experience of these meditations might shed light on their own spiritual lives.
On Seeing the Birth of the Heart
Authors: Anderson Mary
Published: April 2008

This is an essay in seeing the heart of humanity, as it is re-presented in a Christian icon (Kardiotissa) and a Buddhist cave (Vishvakarma). Working through a poetics of image and word and the dialectic of revelation and concealment intrinsic to representation, this essay concentrates on wording the visible confluence of subjective and objective domains, as they appear in art and express human being. Interiority, its formlessness and its incorporation in form, is seen to reorient the religious by bearing witness to a religiosity at the core of the human, a faith rendered and remembered in aesthetic form. Representation as word, concept, and phenomenon is both the subject and medium of this inquiry, which, by plumbing the possibility of the inter-religious imagination, seeks to unearth the ethics, and thus extend the capacities, of representation itself. Significant notes in eastern and western philosophical aesthetics provide a comparative platform for a process of seeing the icon and the cave as works of art that formally illumine an originary site of the religious and the aesthetic in the birth of the heart.
Healing Wounds: Reflections on Abraham Joshua Heschel and Interfaith Partnership in Poland
Authors: Kaplan Edward
Published: April 2008

Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907–1972) was born in Warsaw, Poland, in a devout Hasidic community and earned a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Berlin during Hitler's rise to power. He immigrated to the United States in 1940 and became a Judaic scholar, writer, teacher, theologian, and social activist. Heschel influenced the drafting of Nostra Aetate during the Second Vatican Council, and Christians and Jews saw Heschel as an embodiment of a Hebrew prophet. Yet Heschel himself was irremediably wounded by the Holocaust. He remained vulnerable, hypersensitive to other people's pain, bereft of consolation. Long impressed by a web of associations on the role of predominantly Roman Catholic Poles in the destruction of European Jews, I had to confront my own negative "imaginary" during eight days I recently spent in Poland, filled with Jewish content. Participation in an international, interfaith conference on Heschel at the University of Warsaw in June 2007, and in the Jewish culture festival in Krakow, managed to convince me that non-Jews could develop and help foster an authentic understanding of Judaism and the Jewish experience. Despite persistent memories of atrocities, my feelings toward Poland and the Poles underwent a transformation. If Heschel's wounds were not ultimately healed, at least my negative imaginary has begun to give way to a hopeful future.
Desire and the Desirable: Nicholas de Cusa's Interfaith Imagination
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: April 2008

Modern psychology and psychoanalysis tell us about the importance of desire. But what is the meaning of desire? Can it account for itself? An older tradition reminds us of the distinction between desire and what is "desirable." In some philosophical perspectives, desire and the desirable are sharply separated, leading to the dichotomies between "is and ought" or "inclination and duty." However, can something be truly desirable if it is not also somehow desired? Some philosophers have tried to build a linkage; Aristotle famously connected "orexis" and "arete." This paper turns to Nicolaus of Cusa who delineated a path of existential transformation and pedagogy: the search for truth and goodness animated by love. Two aspects are singled out: his emphasis on concrete experiential learning; and his concern with interfaith imagination as a pathway to peace.
Did Jesus Save the People out of Egypt? A Re-examination of a Textual Problem in Jude 5
Authors: Bartholomä Philipp
Published: April 2008

In Jude 5, the manuscript evidence yields three different subjects [(1) κυριoς, (2) 'Iησoυς, (3) εoς]. The major textual editions, but also the vast majority of English translations, prefer the κυριoς-reading as original. The 'Iησoυς-reading, although acknowledged by many as lectio difficilior, has generally been regarded as too hard. Yet, in light of the textual evidence studied from the standpoint of reasoned eclecticism, the traditional preference of the κυριoς-reading appears to be questionable. An examination of both external and internal evidence suggests that 'Iησoυς should be seriously considered as the original reading in Jude 5. This would argue for the existence of a high Christology (including Christ's pre-existence) within the Epistle of Jude.
Leben im Gesetz Die paulinische Interpretation von Lev 18:5 (Gal 3:12; Röm 10:5)
Authors: Chibici-Revneanu Nicole
Published: April 2008

Das Verständnis des Schriftzitates von Lev 18:5 in Gal 3:12 und Röm 10:5 gibt seit langem Rätsel auf: Wie ist o πoιησας αυτα ζησεται εν αυτoις im Horizont paulinischer Theologie zu verstehen? Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Paulus Lev 18:5 aus seinem ursprünglichen Kontext heraus verstanden haben könnte, und wie er von dort ausgehend das Schriftwort in den Dienst eigener Argumentationen stellen konnte. Von besonderer Bedeutung scheint dabei die präpositionale Wendung εν αυτoις gewesen zu sein, anhand derer Paulus Lev 18:5 mit anderen Schriftstellen kontrastiert (in Gal 3:11-12 mit Hab 2.4: εκ πιστεως; in Röm 10:5-8 mit Dtn 30:11-14: εν τω στoματι σoυ και εν τη καρδια σoυ).
The Creation of “Arab American”: Political Activism and Ethnic (Dis)Unity 1
Authors: David Gary C.
Published: April 2008

This paper argues that the label Arab American as it is framed by Arab-American organizations and used in research on Arab Americans is in essence a political category (speaking to political activism), and that there are significant consequences to the Arab-American identity and community in terms of its narrow social construction. The definition of Arab American, as exhibited in most research and writing about Arab Americans which was formed in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, has essentially marginalized and rendered significant portions of the Arab-American community invisible, primarily those who do not exhibit readily observable cultural traits (such as Arabic language proficiency) as well as a lack of political activism around specific causes (such as Palestine and the invasion of Iraq). This marginalization within a marginalized community is what I refer to as double marginalization. This paper argues that this invisibility and diminished authenticity has resulted in a significantly skewed understanding of the Arab-American community. Political activism, while a potential source of creating unity in a diverse ethnic community, can also be source of unity and disunity, as it has been in the Arab-American community.
Mode of Production versus Mode of Information: Marx, Poster, and an Argument for Anti-Capitalist Praxis1
Authors: Walby Kevin
Published: April 2008

While postmodernists hurriedly negate any theories affiliated with the Enlightenment, this paper argues that Karl Marx's prescient analyses of the capitalist mode of production are still fruitful for informing transformative politics. Although questions remain as to the efficacy of Marx's work for theorizing history and the role of the subject, we should not let the freedom of Marxism that ensued after his life mar the great importance of his critique of capitalism and commodity fetishism. Mark Poster, critical cultural historian and former self-described existential Marxist, has been one of Marx's most vehement detractors in the last two decades, arguing the need to displace labour as the first analytic of critical theory. While Poster's focus on discursive and informational practices as constitutive of domination supplements Marx's original castigation of capitalism, Poster's work imports postmodernist tautologies. I argue that Poster's mode of information thesis unnecessarily obliterates a focus on modern subject formation processes, suffers from a hi-technological determinism and lacks a theory of struggle, and thus advocate a retrieval of Marx's critique of capitalism vis-à-vis Foucault's ethics of the self as a means of addressing some of the difficulties in Poster's work.
Ties that Bind: The Impact of Religious Affiliation on Cooperation and Competition in Small Religious Nonprofit Organizations1
Authors: McIntyre Hall Leda
Published: April 2008

This study examines a group of small, religious, nonprofit organizations whose single common thread is funding from the Campaign for Human Development of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. Hypotheses are made about the relationships between organizational goals, competition between groups, and linkages with other groups. The degree of interaction with other groups and the types of actions used to attain goals varies between religious and more secular nonprofit groups.
The Triangle of Clinical Judgment
Authors: Spezzano Charles
Published: April 2008

There are always third elements intersecting the analytic pair. One such element is the analytic community. The analyst is therefore never in a dyadic relationship with the patient, but always in a triangle. In relation to the patient, the analyst will be concerned with useful practices. In relation to the analytic community, the analyst will be concerned with consensually approved principles. This tension is constant in analytic work and in the analytic literature.
Fighting at Home, Fighting Abroad
Authors: Gleditsch Kristian Skrede , Salehyan Idean , Schultz Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Although research on conflict has tended to separately study interstate conflict and civil war, states experiencing civil wars are substantially more likely to become involved in militarized disputes with other states. Scholars have typically focused on opportunistic attacks or diversionary wars to explain this domestic–international conflict nexus. The authors argue that international disputes that coincide with civil wars are more often directly tied to the issues surrounding the civil war and emphasize intervention, externalization, and unintended spillover effects from internal conflict as important sources of international friction. They empirically demonstrate that civil wars substantially increase the probability of disputes between states. An analysis of conflict narratives shows that the increased risk of interstate conflict associated with civil wars is primarily driven by states' efforts to affect the outcome of the civil war through strategies of intervention and externalization and not by an increase in conflicts over unrelated issues.
Sociology at West Point
Authors: Ender Morten G. , Kelty Ryan , Smith Irving
Published: April 2008

Sociology and the Sociology Program at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, are described. Grounded in the academy's mission of educating and inspiring future leaders of character, this article focuses on the history of the Sociology Program, alignment with American Sociological Association standards, sociodemographics of cadet sociology majors, recent graduates, the curriculum, extracurricular activities, and the sociology faculty and their productivity. The Sociology Program has made significant progress in multiple areas while concomitantly being handicapped in other areas. The conclusion addresses the significance of social science in military officer education.
The Role of the Diabetes Educator
Authors: Haas Linda B.
Published: April 2008

Therapeutic lifestyle intervention, with a focus on weight loss, is the cornerstone of cardiometabolic risk factor reduction, but many patients find it difficult to make the changes that are needed to achieve meaningful improvements in risk markers. There are a variety of pharmacologic options for the management of individual risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, agents that are currently available to assist patients in their weight loss efforts are limited by their potential for adverse effects. The American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) has identified 7 behavioral targets of self-management, the AADE7™ Self-Care Behaviors, which include healthy eating, being active, monitoring, taking medications, problem solving, healthy coping, and reducing risk factors. The case scenarios in the article illustrate some of the challenges clinicians face in managing cardiometabolic risk factor reduction in the context of these recommended behaviors. A common theme among these cases is the importance of assessing patients' understanding, beliefs, and readiness to change their behaviors.
Designing Organizations that Design Environments: Lessons from Entrepreneurial Expertise
Authors: Sarasvathy Saras D. , Dew Nicholas , Read Stuart , Wiltbank Robert
Published: April 2008

Human artifacts lie on the interface between their inner environments and their outer environments. Organizations, therefore, are apt subjects to be studied through a science of the artificial. Furthermore, organizational design happens at two interfaces: first, at the interface between organizational founder(s) and the firms they design, and second, between the firms and the environments in which they operate. We use recent developments in the study of entrepreneurial expertise to show why an effectual logic of design is necessary at the first interface, and what its consequences are for designing at the second. In particular, we use the exemplar case of Starbucks to codify three key characteristics of the design problem at the first interface — namely, Knightian uncertainty, goal ambiguity and environmental isotropy. We then use an `alternate histories' method to trace four strategic options — namely, planning, adaptation, vision and transformation — for designing at the second interface. In the final analysis, organizational design is important because effectuators using transformational approaches not only design organizations, but concurrently end up designing the environments we live in.
Incomplete by Design and Designing for Incompleteness
Authors: Garud Raghu , Jain Sanjay , Tuertscher Philipp
Published: April 2008

The traditional scientific approach to design extols the virtues of completeness. However, in environments characterized by continual change, there are challenges in adopting such an approach. We examine Linux and Wikipedia as two exemplary cases to explore the nature of design in such a protean world. Our observations highlight a pragmatic approach to design in which incompleteness is harnessed in a generative manner. This suggests a change in the meaning of the word `design' itself — from one that separates the process of design from its outcome, to one that considers design as both the medium and outcome of action.
Bridging Social Constraint and Social Action to Design Organizations for Innovation
Authors: Dougherty Deborah
Published: April 2008

Organization studies offers conflicting design ideas to organize large firms in mature industries for sustained product innovation. These conflicts arise in part from the bifurcation in theory between social constraint and social action, even though structuration views emphasize that neither exists without the other. Designs based on social constraint emphasize boundaries, authority, and reward mechanisms, while designs based on social action emphasize emergence, knowledgeable action, and self-fulfillment. This analysis applies a design science framework to reveal the incommensurate construction principles in the bifurcated designs. Construction principles are imperative statements for action that bridge organization theory and organization design, and highlight deeper meanings behind design guidelines. The construction principles for innovation evoke different patterns of managerial work, emphasizing either direct managerial agency while constraining employees or indirect shaping and enabling. I develop three alternate construction principles based on the mutual constitution of constraint and action. These principles capture some of the insights of the two separated sets of principles, but also reflect a coherent understanding of social order in organizations and organizing.
Toward a (Pragmatic) Science of Strategic Intervention: Design Propositions for Scenario Planning
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Healey Mark P.
Published: April 2008

An enduring problem confronting design science is the question of how to distil design principles and propositions in contexts where only limited evidence has accrued directly in connection with the design problem at hand. This article illustrates how researchers can address this challenge by recourse to well-established bodies of basic theory and research in the wider social and organizational sciences that suggest robust design options. Adopting this approach, we draw upon the insights of social identity theory, self/social categorization theory and the Five Factor Model of human personality from the field of personality and social psychology to distil a series of propositions to inform the design of scenario planning interventions, centred on team composition and the facilitation process. In so doing, our article exemplifies the benefits of adopting a pragmatic science approach to the design of processes that promote organizational change and development, thus adding to the growing design science movement.
Contracting out employment services to the third and private sectors: A critique
Authors: Davies Steve
Published: April 2008

As part of its welfare reform strategy, the government has made increasing use of the private and third sector in the provision of employment-related services. Ministers claim that this results in better service for users and better value for money for the taxpayer. This article examines these claims for third and private sector superiority in service provision and, using the government's own evaluative reports, challenges this view. The article contends that there is little evidence to support the government's case for the wholesale embrace of contracting out employment services. Based on reviewing experience of previous projects, it argues that given the same flexibilities and financing routinely offered to contractors, in-house provision would match or surpass contractor performance.
Can the community construct knowledge to shape services in the local state? A case study
Authors: Callaghan Gill , Wistow Gerald
Published: April 2008

The Labour government's stated commitment to shifting the balance of power to communities, citizens and users has been expressed in numerous initiatives to promote participatory governance in the local state. In this context achieving reliable ways of learning about participants' views becomes critical. A prime concern then becomes what constitutes `community knowledge' and how that knowledge can be developed. This article considers some issues that arise for communities and policy makers in reshaping local services through community involvement in governance. It draws out some implications of theoretical understandings of community, social capital and participation for the practice of community involvement and raises questions about the nature, and the potential, of community knowledge to exercise influence.
Organizational innovation in the Swedish welfare state
Authors: Meeuwisse Anna
Published: April 2008

Drawing on Charles Tilly's theory of social categorization, this article deals with how some client-governed organizations in Sweden strive to evade the phenomenon of stigmatizing social categorization, and consequently the creation of durable inequality. First, the historical role played by voluntary organizations in defining and treating social problems is outlined. The key notion here is 'categorization'. Second, the paper describes how the emerging client organizations struggled to redefine social categories, claiming that the real social problems were social inequality and social exclusion. Third, the example of Basta Co-operative is employed in order to discuss Tilly's notion that organizational innovation is one way to reduce durable inequality. The account of Basta Co-operative is based on a qualitative case study. Basta is a user-driven co-operative with the aim of assisting people with drug problems. The foundation of rehabilitation is self-help and user-controlled enterprise.
Helping Labour to win again? Anthony Giddens' programme for the new prime minister
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael
Published: April 2008

In Over to You, Mr Brown: How Labour Can Win Again Anthony Giddens puts in place a new programme for the first administration of the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown. In this short, critical commentary it is argued that the book is reflective of a project which is rooted in a desire to further deepen neo-liberal policies and practices.
The effects of musical training on verbal memory
Authors: Franklin Michael S. , Sledge Moore Katherine , Yip Chun-Yu , Jonides John , Rattray Katie , Moher Jeff
Published: April 2008

A number of studies suggest a link between musical training and general cognitive abilities. Despite some positive results, there is disagreement about which abilities are improved. One line of research leads to the hypothesis that verbal abilities in general, and verbal memory in particular, are related to musical training. In the present article, we review this line of research and present newly collected data comparing trained musicians to non-musicians on a number of tasks that recruit verbal memory. The results showed an advantage for musicians' long-term verbal memory that disappeared when articulatory suppression was introduced. In addition, we found evidence for a greater verbal working memory span in musicians. Together, these results show that musical training may influence verbal working memory and long-term memory, and they suggest that these improved abilities are due to enhanced verbal rehearsal mechanisms in musicians.
The influence of physical movement on the perception of musical performance
Authors: Juchniewicz Jay
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physical movement on listeners' perception of musical performance. Participants ( N = 112) rated a professional pianist performing with a recorded musical excerpt under three physical movement conditions: `no movement', `head and facial movement' and `full body movement'. Relationships between these physical movement conditions and the musical elements of phrasing, dynamics, rubato and overall performance were also investigated. Results indicated the pianist's physical movements significantly increased participants' ratings of the performances. Additionally, as the pianist's physical movements increased, so did the participants' ratings of phrasing, dynamics, rubato and overall musical performance. No significant differences were found between levels of training or for gender.
Revisiting Judges 19: A Gothic Perspective
Authors: Hock-Soon Andrew
Published: April 2008

This study deploys Gothic scholarship to illuminate one of the more harrowing passages of the Bible—the story of the Levite and his concubine in Judges 19. Reading this passage against familiar Gothic tropes of cannibalism, excess, abjection and mutilation, this study argues that the concubine's victimization, at least as evidenced in the text, is effected to consolidate homosocial ties that have been disrupted when the first father-figure (the concubine's father) fails to preserve his paternal prerogative, thus giving way to the concubine's assertion of agency which intimidates the patriarchal system. As a 'male' gothic tale, such a feminine threat must be overcome, which justifies the text's cruel treatment of her.
Evaluating the SF-36 Health Survey (Version 2) in Older Vietnamese Americans
Authors: Ngo-Metzger Quyen , Sorkin Dara H. , Mangione Carol M. , Gandek Barbara , Hays Ron D.
Published: April 2008

Objectives: The SF-36® Health Survey (Version 2; SF-36) was evaluated among older Vietnamese Americans to determine whether underlying dimensions of physical and mental health were similar to those of other groups in the United States. Method: Field testing of participants from senior centers. Results: The study provided support for the reliability and validity of the SF-36. Structural equation modeling provided confirmation of physical and mental health factors. However, the factor loadings for the SF-36 scales were more consistent with previous results from Asian countries than the typical pattern observed in the United States. Discussion: As the older populations in the United States become more diverse, it is important to have standardized health-related quality of life measures. However, the conceptualization of physical and mental health and associations among different scales may be different for Asian immigrants than for other groups. Thus, the interpretation of the SF-36 scores needs to account for cultural differences.
Social Inclusion and the `Get Heard' Process
Authors: Pemberton Simon
Published: April 2008

Since 1997, there has arguably been a 'rediscovery' of those most at risk of poverty and social exclusion by New Labour. Within this context, it is important to consider the European, national and sub-national policy frameworks within which interventions are being developed. The European Union's 'Open Method of Co-ordination' is of relevance given its emphasis on making a decisive impact on poverty and social exclusion by 2010 through stimulating domestic policy processes in the form of National Action Plans on Inclusion (NAPSI). It also attempts to provide a coordinating framework for member states to exchange policy ideas and practices. As part of the development of the 2006-8 UK NAPSI, a Social Policy Task Force worked jointly with the Department of Work and Pensions to take forward the ' Get Heard' process — a mechanism to ensure that the views of those at the 'grassroots' could be fed into the process of developing the plan. This article presents key findings from one case study area (Merseyside). There is a subsequent consideration of the degree to which either informal or more formalized arrangements are conducive to securing enhanced horizontal and vertical integration in governance frameworks, policy making and service delivery for those most marginalized.
Applying the Lessons Learnt
Authors: Smith Amanda
Published: April 2008

Community involvement is now seen as central to regeneration policy and practice. Yet it is by no means easy to achieve. This article explores the popularity of community involvement and points to some of the key lessons that can be drawn from recent, and past, research on the topic. I suggest that many of these lessons are not being applied and provide some suggestions for why this may be the case. I conclude that central government could do a lot more to enable the application of both individual and organizational learning.
The Search for Policy Innovation in Urban Governance
Authors: Coaffee Jon , Deas Iain
Published: April 2008

Contemporary innovation in local governance in England is, in part, trying to formalize partnership working, drawing on the supposedly exemplary experience of urban policy. The latter has a long history of efforts to promote more effective intergovernmental coordination, vertically between neighbourhood, local authority, regional and central government levels as well as horizontally across agencies, and diagonally with civil society. The reality, as this article demonstrates through the experience of New Labour's flagship New Deal for Communities initiative, is much more complex, even in the case of ostensibly more successful partnerships. In this article we evaluate two partnership case studies — one seen as successful and the other as problematic — in order to highlight the importance of inter- and intra-partnership governance and the potentially damaging concentration of partnership efforts upon meeting spending and outcome targets at the expense of a focus on more challenging issues such as community engagement and the development of creative and innovative solutions to complex problems. This analysis calls into question the practical viability of formalizing and promoting more joined-up governance, reiterating the longstanding difficulty policy makers have encountered in achieving more coordinated policy actions.
Hegel, Dostoyevsky and Carl Rogers: between humanism and spirit
Authors: Mather Ronald
Published: April 2008

There has been a heated debate within psychotherapeutic counseling of the role that can be afforded to spirituality within the counseling setting. If one single factor can be accorded primacy, then it might be reckoned the late Carl Rogers turned to spirituality in the last decade of his life. The following examines this debate in relation to the supposed, and, it might be argued, demonstrated, ineffable nature of alterity in relation to intersubjectivity in general. Many of the protagonists in this debate have highlighted the inadequacy of discursive language in conveying the essential moment of connectedness in Rogerian therapy between two individuals. This gap, perceived or real, has been filled by rendering the relationship between therapist and client as spiritual. It is argued that this move has already been rehearsed in at least two classical texts, G. W. F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment. Both authors at quite crucial junctures in these texts turn to spirituality within the context of a very specific self—other relation. There is very little discernible difference between these described relationships, in either substance or form, and those described by Rogers and others as being their most successful therapeutic encounters. All of them can be regarded as a therapeutic relationship between two specific individuals that derives benefits for both irreducible to, and irreplaceable by, the psycho-social benefits of wider group membership.
Mechanism, purpose and progress: Darwin and early American psychology
Authors: Greenwood John D.
Published: April 2008

Histories of psychology regularly celebrate the foundational role played in the development of early American psychology by Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, and in particular the development of functional psychology and behaviorism. In this article it is argued that although Darwin's theory did play an influential role, early American psychology did not generally reflect the hereditarian determinism of his theory of evolution by natural selection. However, early American psychologists did accept one critical implication of Darwin's theory, which is that evolution by natural selection does not ensure the highest development of the human race. This partly explains the social interventive zeal that was a distinctive feature of early American psychology.
Personhood and Performance: Managerialism, Post-Democracy and the Ethics of 'Enrichment'
Authors: Roberts Richard H.
Published: April 2008

Managerialism is not mere ideology, a concatenation of ideas subsisting in an epiphenomenal superstructure (Überbau ) that mirrors economic relations (Base ) and masks interests, but a set of practices that, as an extreme manifestation of human resources management (HRM), seeks to constitute the life-world (Lebenswelt ) of participants in many sectors of society. Increasingly, it is those at the extremes of elite wealth and marginal poverty who may fall outside its remit and become free to think beyond its parameters. As inheritor of personnel management, HRM as practice and ideology fills a societal vacuum and comes to exercise the power of totalizing social construction. In an integral performance culture the Performative Absolute emerges in the imaginary; it is an immanent sublime that instantiates and regulates the social being of the individual. This apotheosis of the 'manager's right to manage' overrides boundaries between public and private spheres and dissolves the separation of powers. As 'human resource', the employee is subject to living sacrifice; this is an oblation that demands ethical and theological critique.
The Rational Shepherd: Corporate Practices and the Church
Authors: Budde Michael L.
Published: April 2008

Crises and shortcomings of various sorts have prompted calls, especially from powerful corporate elites and organizations, for greater managerial expertise and training within the churches. This article examines a few select examples of growing reliance upon managerial techniques in church life and practice in recent years as a prelude to considering whether more areas of pastoral organization should be transformed by ideologies and techniques derived from for-profit corporations. Using examples drawn primarily from contemporary Catholicism in the United States, this article aims to contribute to ecumenical discussions in ecclesiology, ethics and economics.
Financing the sanitation programme of the Orangi Pilot Project—Research and Training Institute in Pakistan
Authors: Hasan Arif
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the financing mechanisms for the sanitation programme supported by the Orangi Pilot Project's Research and Training Institute (OPP—RTI) in informal settlements in Karachi and other urban centres in Pakistan. These centre on OPP—RTI support for the inhabitants of a lane to plan, implement and finance the “internal components” — sanitary latrines in the houses, underground sewers in the lanes and neighbourhood collector sewers — and support for local governments to finance the larger “external” trunk sewers into which the neighbourhood sewers feed and also treatment plants. The inhabitants have to raise all the funding to cover the costs of the internal components and in around 300 locations in Pakistan, communities have financed, managed and built their own internal sanitation systems. Local governments can also afford to install the external systems as they no longer have to fund the internal components, and as OPP—RTI has helped them develop much lower-cost methods for planning and building trunk sewers.