bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Demise of the URM Building Stock in Christchurch during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Moon Lisa , Dizhur Dmytro , Senaldi Ilaria , Derakhshan Hossein , Griffith Michael , Magenes Guido , Ingham Jason
Published: February 2014

The progressive damage and subsequent demolition of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings arising from the Canterbury earthquake sequence is reported. A dataset was compiled of all URM buildings located within the Christchurch CBD, including information on location, building characteristics, and damage levels after each major earthquake in this sequence. A general description of the overall damage and the hazard to both building occupants and to nearby pedestrians due to debris falling from URM buildings is presented with several case study buildings used to describe the accumulation of damage over the earthquake sequence. The benefit of seismic improvement techniques that had been installed to URM buildings is shown by the reduced damage ratios reported for increased levels of retrofit. Demolition statistics for URM buildings in the Christchurch CBD are also reported and discussed.
Lessons from the Post-Earthquake Evaluation of Damaged Buildings in Christchurch
Authors: Galloway Bruce , Hare John , Brunsdon Dave , Wood Peter , Lizundia Bret , Stannard Mike
Published: February 2014

The New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) building safety evaluation process was implemented in several earthquakes that occurred as part of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. This provided an opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of the current processes across a range of issues. In addition to the established rapid assessments, guidelines have been developed for the detailed engineering evaluation of damaged buildings. Lessons have been drawn from these experiences relating to the effectiveness of placards and the rapid visual assessment of damage, requirements for a full spectrum of assessment processes, and training needs. Improvements to the current building safety evaluation processes are proposed and further considerations for reoccupation of damaged buildings are outlined. While this paper is based on the authors’ experiences in New Zealand, the findings are expected to have wider applications.
Application of the Recommendations of the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission to the Design, Construction, and Evaluation of Buildings and Seismic Risk Mitigation Policies in the United States
Authors: Holmes William T. , Luco Nicolas , Turner Fred
Published: February 2014

An unprecedented level of data concerning building performance in the Canterbury earthquake sequence of 2010–2011 has been collected by the Canterbury Earthquake Royal Commission of Inquiry. In addition to data from a technical investigation undertaken by the New Zealand Department of Building and Housing on four specific buildings, the Royal Commission has collected data from many other invited reports, international peer reviews of reports, submitted testimony, and oral testimony and examination at public hearings. Contained in the Commission's seven-volume final report are 189 specific recommendations for improvements in design codes and standards, hazard mitigation policy, post-earthquake building safety and occupancy tagging, and other topics. Some of these recommendations are unique to New Zealand's system of government, engineering practice, or codes and standards, but many are applicable in the United States.
Sector Resection With or Without Postoperative Radiotherapy for Stage I Breast Cancer: 20-Year Results of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Wickberg Åsa , Holmberg Lars , Adami Hans-Olov , Magnuson Anders , Villman Kenneth , Liljegren Göran
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To investigate how radiotherapy (XRT) adds to tumor control using a standardized surgical technique with meticulous control of surgical margins in a randomized trial with 20 years of follow-up.

Patients and Methods

Three hundred eighty-one women with pT1N0 breast cancer were randomly assigned to sector resection with (XRT group) or without (non-XRT group) postoperative radiotherapy to the breast. With follow-up through 2010, we estimated cumulative proportion of recurrence, breast cancer death, and all-cause mortality.

Results

The cumulative probability of a first breast cancer event of any type after 20 years was 30.9% in the XRT group and 45.1% in the non-XRT group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.82). The benefit of radiotherapy was achieved within the first 5 years. After 20 years, 50.4% of the women in the XRT group died compared with 54.0% in the non-XRT group (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.19). The cumulative probability of contralateral cancer or death as a result of cancer other than breast cancer was 27.1% in the XRT group and 24.9% in the non-XRT group (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.77). In an anticipated low-risk group, the cumulative incidence of first breast cancer of any type was 24.8% in the XRT group and 36.1% in the non-XRT group (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.35 to 1.07).

Conclusion

Radiotherapy protects against recurrences during the first 5 years of follow-up, indicating that XRT mainly eradicates undetected cancer foci present at primary treatment. The similar rate of recurrences beyond 5 years in the two groups indicates that late recurrences are new tumors. There are subgroups with clinically relevant differences in risk.
Role of Radiotherapy to Bulky Disease in Elderly Patients With Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Held Gerhard , Murawski Niels , Ziepert Marita , Fleckenstein Jochen , Pöschel Viola , Zwick Carsten , Bittenbring Jörg , Hänel Mathias , Wilhelm Sibylla , Schubert Jörg , Schmitz Norbert , Löffler Markus , Rübe Christian , Pfreundschuh Michael
Published: February 2014

Purpose

R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) is standard care for aggressive B-cell lymphoma. A prospective trial was conducted to investigate the role of additive radiotherapy (RT) to bulky and extralymphatic disease.

Patients and Methods

The best arm of the RICOVER-60 trial (6×R-CHOP–14+2R [R-CHOP administered once every 2 weeks plus two additional applications of rituximab] plus involved-field RT [36 Gy] to sites of initial bulky [≥ 7.5 cm] disease and extralymphatic involvement) was compared with a cohort receiving the same immunochemotherapy but without RT in an amendment to the RICOVER-60 trial (RICOVER-noRTh) in a prospective fashion.

Results

After a median observation time of 39 months, 164 of 166 RICOVER-noRTh patients were evaluable. In a multivariable analysis of the intention-to-treat population adjusting for International Prognostic Index risk factors and age (> 70 years), event-free survival (EFS) of patients with bulky disease was inferior without additive RT (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.5; P = .005), with trends for inferior progression-free (PFS; HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.3; P = .058) and overall survival (OS; HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.9 to 3.1; P = .127). In a per-protocol analysis with 11 patients in RICOVER-noRTh excluded for receiving unplanned RT, multivariable analysis revealed HRs of 2.7 (95% CI, 1.3 to 5.9; P = .011) for EFS, 4.4 (95% CI, 1.8 to 10.6; P = .001) for PFS, and 4.3 (95% CI, 1.7 to 11.1; P = .002) for OS for patients not receiving RT to bulky disease.

Conclusion

Additive RT to bulky sites abrogates bulky disease as a risk factor and improves outcome of elderly patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Whether RT can be spared in patients with (metabolic) complete remission after immunochemotherapy must be addressed in appropriately designed prospective trials.
Quality of Cancer Family History and Referral for Genetic Counseling and Testing Among Oncology Practices: A Pilot Test of Quality Measures As Part of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Quality Oncology Practice Initiative
Authors: Wood Marie E. , Kadlubek Pamela , Pham Trang H. , Wollins Dana S. , Lu Karen H. , Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Neuss Michael N. , Hughes Kevin S.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Family history of cancer (CFH) is important for identifying individuals to receive genetic counseling/testing (GC/GT). Prior studies have demonstrated low rates of family history documentation and referral for GC/GT.

Methods

CFH quality and GC/GT practices for patients with breast (BC) or colon cancer (CRC) were assessed in 271 practices participating in the American Society of Clinical Oncology Quality Oncology Practice Initiative in fall 2011.

Results

A total of 212 practices completed measures regarding CFH and GC/GT practices for 10,466 patients; 77.4% of all medical records reviewed documented presence or absence of CFH in first-degree relatives, and 61.5% of medical records documented presence or absence of CFH in second-degree relatives, with significantly higher documentation for patients with BC compared with CRC. Age at diagnosis was documented for all relatives with cancer in 30.7% of medical records (BC, 45.2%; CRC, 35.4%; P ≤ .001). Referall for GC/GT occurred in 22.1% of all patients with BC or CRC. Of patients with increased risk for hereditary cancer, 52.2% of patients with BC and 26.4% of those with CRC were referred for GC/GT. When genetic testing was performed, consent was documented 77.7% of the time, and discussion of results was documented 78.8% of the time.

Conclusion

We identified low rates of complete CFH documentation and low rates of referral for those with BC or CRC meeting guidelines for referral among US oncologists. Documentation and referral were greater for patients with BC compared with CRC. Education and support regarding the importance of accurate CFH and the benefits of proactive high-risk patient management are clearly needed.
Cytonemes as specialized signaling filopodia
Authors: Kornberg Thomas B. , Roy Sougata
Published: February 2014

Development creates a vast array of forms and patterns with elegant economy, using a small vocabulary of pattern-generating proteins such as BMPs, FGFs and Hh in similar ways in many different contexts. Despite much theoretical and experimental work, the signaling mechanisms that disperse these morphogen signaling proteins remain controversial. Here, we review the conceptual background and evidence that establishes a fundamental and essential role for cytonemes as specialized filopodia that transport signaling proteins between signaling cells. This evidence suggests that cytoneme-mediated signaling is a dispersal mechanism that delivers signaling proteins directly at sites of cell-cell contact.
Oocyte polarity requires a Bucky ball-dependent feedback amplification loop
Authors: Heim Amanda E. , Hartung Odelya , Rothhämel Sophie , Ferreira Elodie , Jenny Andreas , Marlow Florence L.
Published: February 2014

In vertebrates, the first asymmetries are established along the animal-vegetal axis during oogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Bucky ball (Buc) was identified in zebrafish as a novel vertebrate-specific regulator of oocyte polarity, acting through unknown molecular interactions. Here we show that endogenous Buc protein localizes to the Balbiani body, a conserved, asymmetric structure in oocytes that requires Buc for its formation. Asymmetric distribution of Buc in oocytes precedes Balbiani body formation, defining Buc as the earliest marker of oocyte polarity in zebrafish. Through a transgenic strategy, we determined that excess Buc disrupts polarity and results in supernumerary Balbiani bodies in a 3′UTR-dependent manner, and we identified roles for the buc introns in regulating Buc activity. Analyses of mosaic ovaries indicate that oocyte pattern determines the number of animal pole-specific micropylar cells that are associated with an egg via a close-range signal or direct cell contact. We demonstrate interactions between Buc protein and buc mRNA with two conserved RNA-binding proteins (RNAbps) that are localized to the Balbiani body: RNA binding protein with multiple splice isoforms 2 (Rbpms2) and Deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl). Buc protein and buc mRNA interact with Rbpms2; buc and dazl mRNAs interact with Dazl protein. Cumulatively, these studies indicate that oocyte polarization depends on tight regulation of buc: Buc establishes oocyte polarity through interactions with RNAbps, initiating a feedback amplification mechanism in which Buc protein recruits RNAbps that in turn recruit buc and other RNAs to the Balbiani body.
Growth/differentiation factor 15 promotes EGFR signalling, and regulates proliferation and migration in the hippocampus of neonatal and young adult mice
Authors: Carrillo-García Carmen , Prochnow Sebastian , Simeonova Ina K. , Strelau Jens , Hölzl-Wenig Gabriele , Mandl Claudia , Unsicker Klaus , von Bohlen und Halbach Oliver , Ciccolini Francesca
Published: February 2014

The activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) affects multiple aspects of neural precursor behaviour, including proliferation and migration. Telencephalic precursors acquire EGF responsiveness and upregulate EGFR expression at late stages of development. The events regulating this process and its significance are still unclear. We here show that in the developing and postnatal hippocampus (HP), growth/differentiation factor (GDF) 15 and EGFR are co-expressed in primitive precursors as well as in more differentiated cells. We also provide evidence that GDF15 promotes responsiveness to EGF and EGFR expression in hippocampal precursors through a mechanism that requires active CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4. Besides EGFR expression, GDF15 ablation also leads to decreased proliferation and migration. In particular, lack of GDF15 impairs both processes in the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and only proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG). Importantly, migration and proliferation in the mutant HP were altered only perinatally, when EGFR expression was also affected. These data suggest that GDF15 regulates migration and proliferation by promoting EGFR signalling in the perinatal HP and represent a first description of a functional role for GDF15 in the developing telencephalon.
Reconstruction of phrenic neuron identity in embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons
Authors: Machado Carolina Barcellos , Kanning Kevin C. , Kreis Patricia , Stevenson Danielle , Crossley Martin , Nowak Magdalena , Iacovino Michelina , Kyba Michael , Chambers David , Blanc Eric , Lieberam Ivo
Published: February 2014

Air breathing is an essential motor function for vertebrates living on land. The rhythm that drives breathing is generated within the central nervous system and relayed via specialised subsets of spinal motor neurons to muscles that regulate lung volume. In mammals, a key respiratory muscle is the diaphragm, which is innervated by motor neurons in the phrenic nucleus. Remarkably, relatively little is known about how this crucial subtype of motor neuron is generated during embryogenesis. Here, we used direct differentiation of motor neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells as a tool to identify genes that direct phrenic neuron identity. We find that three determinants, Pou3f1, Hoxa5 and Notch, act in combination to promote a phrenic neuron molecular identity. We show that Notch signalling induces Pou3f1 in developing motor neurons in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that the phrenic neuron lineage is established through a local source of Notch ligand at mid-cervical levels. Furthermore, we find that the cadherins Pcdh10, which is regulated by Pou3f1 and Hoxa5, and Cdh10, which is controlled by Pou3f1, are both mediators of like-like clustering of motor neuron cell bodies. This specific Pcdh10/Cdh10 activity might provide the means by which phrenic neurons are assembled into a distinct nucleus. Our study provides a framework for understanding how phrenic neuron identity is conferred and will help to generate this rare and inaccessible yet vital neuronal subtype directly from pluripotent stem cells, thus facilitating subsequent functional investigations.
How to make an intestine
Authors: Wells James M. , Spence Jason R.
Published: February 2014

With the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders, there is great interest in establishing in vitro models of human intestinal disease and in developing drug-screening platforms that more accurately represent the complex physiology of the intestine. We will review how recent advances in developmental and stem cell biology have made it possible to generate complex, three-dimensional, human intestinal tissues in vitro through directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. These are currently being used to study human development, genetic forms of disease, intestinal pathogens, metabolic disease and cancer.
Machine learning classification of cell-specific cardiac enhancers uncovers developmental subnetworks regulating progenitor cell division and cell fate specification
Authors: Ahmad Shaad M. , Busser Brian W. , Huang Di , Cozart Elizabeth J. , Michaud Sébastien , Zhu Xianmin , Jeffries Neal , Aboukhalil Anton , Bulyk Martha L. , Ovcharenko Ivan , Michelson Alan M.
Published: February 2014

The Drosophila heart is composed of two distinct cell types, the contractile cardial cells (CCs) and the surrounding non-muscle pericardial cells (PCs), development of which is regulated by a network of conserved signaling molecules and transcription factors (TFs). Here, we used machine learning with array-based chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data and TF sequence motifs to computationally classify cell type-specific cardiac enhancers. Extensive testing of predicted enhancers at single-cell resolution revealed the added value of ChIP data for modeling cell type-specific activities. Furthermore, clustering the top-scoring classifier sequence features identified novel cardiac and cell type-specific regulatory motifs. For example, we found that the Myb motif learned by the classifier is crucial for CC activity, and the Myb TF acts in concert with two forkhead domain TFs and Polo kinase to regulate cardiac progenitor cell divisions. In addition, differential motif enrichment and cis-trans genetic studies revealed that the Notch signaling pathway TF Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] discriminates PC from CC enhancer activities. Collectively, these studies elucidate molecular pathways used in the regulatory decisions for proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells, implicate Su(H) in regulating cell fate decisions of these progenitors, and document the utility of enhancer modeling in uncovering developmental regulatory subnetworks.
Fascin links Btl/FGFR signalling to the actin cytoskeleton during Drosophila tracheal morphogenesis
Authors: Okenve-Ramos Pilar , Llimargas Marta
Published: February 2014

A key challenge in normal development and in disease is to elucidate the mechanisms of cell migration. Here we approach this question using the tracheal system of Drosophila as a model. Tracheal cell migration requires the Breathless/FGFR pathway; however, how the pathway induces migration remains poorly understood. We find that the Breathless pathway upregulates singed at the tip of tracheal branches, and that this regulation is functionally relevant. singed encodes Drosophila Fascin, which belongs to a conserved family of actin-bundling proteins involved in cancer progression and metastasis upon misregulation. We show that singed is required for filopodia stiffness and proper morphology of tracheal tip cells, defects that correlate with an abnormal actin organisation. We propose that singed-regulated filopodia and cell fronts are required for timely and guided branch migration and for terminal branching and branch fusion. We find that singed requirements rely on its actin-bundling activity controlled by phosphorylation, and that active Singed can promote tip cell features. Furthermore, we find that singed acts in concert with forked, another actin cross-linker. The absence of both cross-linkers further stresses the relevance of tip cell morphology and filopodia for tracheal development. In summary, our results on the one hand reveal a previously undescribed role for forked in the organisation of transient actin structures such as filopodia, and on the other hand identify singed as a new target of Breathless signal, establishing a link between guidance cues, the actin cytoskeleton and tracheal morphogenesis.
Activated Carbon Microtubes Prepared from Plant Biomass (Poplar Catkins) and Their Application for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wei Yi
Published: February 2014

Activated carbon microtubes (CMTs) have been prepared from poplar catkins by chemical activation with ZnCl2. The as-synthesized porous CMTs have large inner tubes of several micrometers, large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of up to 1400 m2 g−1, a complex porous structure with predominant micropores (≥80 vol %), and small amount of mesopores (≤20 vol %). Two-electrode supercapacitor cells constructed with the activated CMTs yield a specific capacitance of 206 F g−1 and an energy density of 7.5 W h kg−1 with aqueous electrolyte, values that are much higher than those of an activated carbon (160 F g−1, 5.5 W h kg−1).
1H MRI Detection of Gene Expression in Living Cells by Using Protein Tag and Biotinylation Probe
Authors: Yoshimura Akimasa , Mizukami Shin , Mori Yuki , Yoshioka Yoshichika , Kikuchi Kazuya
Published: February 2014

A new detection method for gene expression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was developed using a protein-labeling system based on a noncatalytic mutant β-lactamase (BL-tag system). By combining the BL-tag system with a specific biotinylation probe and a streptavidin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide, target gene expression in living cells was successful detected by 1H MRI.
Formation of Stacked Disc-shaped Layered Double Hydroxides by Homogeneous Precipitation Method
Authors: Yokoi Taishi , Kamitakahara Masanobu
Published: February 2014

Effect of glycine addition in reaction systems on the morphology of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was investigated. The morphology of LDH crystals synthesized by homogeneous precipitation changed from hexagonal plate to stacked disc on increasing the glycine concentration. The morphological changes most likely occurred because of the interaction of glycine molecules with the LDH crystal surfaces. These findings may be applicable to the development of highly functional LDH materials through the control of crystal morphology.
Kroger Uses Simulation-Optimization to Improve Pharmacy Inventory Management
Authors: Zhang Xinhui , Meiser Doug , Liu Yan , Bonner Brett , Lin Lebin
Published: February 2014

The Kroger Co. is the largest grocery retailer in the United States. It operates 2,422 supermarkets and 1,950 in-store pharmacies. Improving customer service is at the heart of Kroger’s business strategy. Toward this end, Kroger’s operations research team, in collaboration with faculty from Wright State University, developed an innovative simulation-optimization system for pharmacy inventory management. In pharmacy applications, traditional standard statistical distributions fall short of providing accurate pharmacy demand distributions. To overcome business resistance to complex formulas, this simulation-optimization approach uses empirical distributions to model demand, provides end users with a visual intuitive experience, and delivers optimal or near-optimal results in milliseconds through local search heuristics. The system was implemented in October 2011 in all Kroger pharmacies in the United States, and has reduced out-of-stocks by 1.6 million per year, ensuring greater patient access to medications. It has resulted in an increase in revenue of $80 million per year, a reduction in inventory of more than $120 million, and a reduction in labor cost equivalent to $10 million per year.
Optimizing Chevron’s Refineries
Authors: Kutz Ted , Davis Mark , Creek Robert , Kenaston Nick , Stenstrom Craig , Connor Margery
Published: February 2014

Chevron has developed a software modeling tool that its seven company-owned refineries use to select the most profitable raw materials, evaluate product options, optimize refinery processes, and promote efficient capital investments. The tool is a linear program with distributive recursion mathematics, which Chevron uses in operations and strategic planning. Over the past 30-plus years, the company has continually improved this application of operations research, and its complementary and supporting systems and business processes, and they are now deeply embedded into the fabric of Chevron’s downstream business of reliably and efficiently supplying products to our customers. The value that these efforts bring to Chevron now approaches $1 billion annually. We estimate that the cumulative value to Chevron over the past three decades is approximately $10 billion.
Case Article—Markdown Management at Sports Unlimited
Authors: Talebian Masoud , van Ryzin Garrett
Published: February 2014

The management of a national sporting goods retail chain is not satisfied with the results of the current markdown policy. A consulting team has been hired to help revise the firm's policy in order to increase store revenues. The team is provided with data from a single department and is charged with analyzing the data to see if the firm could improve its decision rules. This case describes the challenges that the team faces in designing the markdown policy and focuses specifically on the analytical aspects of deciding the markdown timing.

Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Case—Markdown Management at Sports Unlimited
Authors: Talebian Masoud , van Ryzin Garrett
Published: February 2014

Hanna Davis and her team are hired by Sports Unlimited to help revise its markdown policies in order to increase store revenues. What recommendations should Davis and her team make to management?
Puzzle—Three Set Pieces
Authors: Chlond Martin J.
Published: February 2014

In modeling integer and linear programs it is often the case that input data does not fit conveniently into regular array structures. In such cases it may be useful to employ notations taken from set theory that are implemented in many modeling languages. In this article three puzzle types are presented where the use of such notation leads to more general and elegant formulations than could be achieved without them.
The Semiformal Organization
Authors: Biancani Susan , McFarland Daniel A. , Dahlander Linus
Published: February 2014

This paper draws attention to a new dimension of organization, the semiformal organization, and it reveals how the allocation of different membership forms can render knowledge-intensive organizations more flexible and exploratory in their knowledge creation efforts without sacrificing the functions stably enacted via the formal organization. Most knowledge-intensive organizations seek to create new spaces for collaborations through formally prescribed departments and divisions or through serendipitous, emergent, informal associations (i.e., the formal and informal organization). However, organizations also strategically manage what we call the “semiformal organization” to guide the creation of new work relations and encourage innovation. These secondary memberships are organizationally sponsored and directly related to the organizations’ core research functions, but they are voluntarily joined. As such, they are distinct from formal and informal memberships. On the basis of extensive longitudinal analyses of research initiatives at Stanford University, we find that the semiformal organization provides a compelling channel through which organizations can shape employees’ collaborations and overall productivity.
The Mutual Constitution of Persons and Organizations: An Ontological Perspective on Organizational Change
Authors: Michel Alexandra
Published: February 2014

I introduce an ontological perspective, which examines the mutual constitution of persons and organizations, to explain continuous versus episodic organizational change. Informed by a cognitive tradition, prior research on organizational change examines individuals’ epistemology, such as knowledge and skills, and their interaction with organizations. From this perspective, organizations change either continuously or episodically because of the conscious cognitive concepts that decision makers use. Informed by a sociocultural tradition, I examine employees’ ontology and the mutual constitution of person and context within organizations. I use the habitus concept to describe how organizational practices structure and are structured by employees’ taken-for-granted experience of reality’s basic dimensions. Based on a two-year ethnography, I investigate how two Wall Street banks’ distinct work practices caused bankers to experience persons, time, causality, and language (“ontology”) in contrasting ways, reproducing the practices that had generated the ontology. The banks changed either continuously or episodically because bankers’ differential ontologies caused them to utilize resources in different, taken-for-granted ways, thus weaving more or less adaptable organizational fabrics.
Medico-legal reporting on hip resurfacing operations
Authors: Ivory J.
Published: February 2014

Metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacing was developed in the 1990s by surgeons in Birmingham, UK, as a surgical solution to the problem of osteoarthritis in younger, more active patients. Early results were promising and the procedure gained in popularity. However, adverse reports of soft-tissue reaction and failure started to appear from 2008 onwards. Surgeons may be asked to write medico-legal reports on the surgical aspects of an individual case for claimant lawyers or in defence for the NHSLA or indemnity insurers. The purpose of this article is to cover some of the aspects of the operation that may be considered in such medico-legal reports.
Why do Orthopaedic surgeons get sued after total hip replacement?
Authors: Shah N. , Hodgkinson J.
Published: February 2014

Hip replacement is a very successful operation and the outcome is usually excellent. There are recognised complications that seem increasingly to give rise to litigation. This paper briefly examines some common scenarios where litigation may be pursued against hip surgeons. With appropriate record keeping, consenting and surgical care, the claim can be successfully defended if not avoided. We hope this short summary will help to highlight some common pitfalls. There is extensive literature available for detailed study.
Preference organization driving structuration: Evidence from Australian Aboriginal interaction for pragmatically motivated grammaticalization
Authors: Blythe Joe
Published: February 2014

Kin-enriched morphosyntax has emerged many times in distantly related Australian languages. An examination of language use in conversation reveals that this emergence can be explained in terms of convergent evolutionary pressures. All Australian Aboriginal societies have classificatory kinship, and all have taboos limiting the use of personal names. A conversational preference for avoiding restricted names (Levinson 2007) and preferences for achieving recognition and being succinct (Sacks & Schegloff 1979, Schegloff 1996) provide selection principles that assist speakers in choosing the most suitable expressions for the given occasions of reference. Because kin-based expressions are not names, but are nevertheless useful for securing recipients’ recognition of referents, they are regularly selected when names are unsuitable. Through repeated selection in conversation, the same preferences ultimately drive the diachronic development of kin-based morphosyntax. The Murrinh-Patha case study in this article presents the development of kin-based morphology through reanalysis. It then draws on fragments of face-to-face conversation exemplifying how conversational pressures bias the selection of kin-based structures. Finally, the micro-and macrocausal domains are linked through an ‘invisible hand’ explanation (Keller 1994).
A diachronic study of the negative polarity item syn leven ‘his life’ > ‘ever’ in West Frisian between 1550 and 1800
Authors: Hoekstra Eric , Slofstra Bouke
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the distribution of the negative polarity item (NPI) syn leven (lit. ‘his life’) ‘ever’ between 1550 and 1800 in West Frisian using the Frisian Language Corpus. Phonological and syntactic evidence is presented in order to argue that the expression was borrowed from Dutch. An overview of the syntactic contexts in which it is found is presented, and these contexts are characteristic of those in which NPIs are found. The distribution of syn leven is shown to conform only partly to Haspelmath’s (1997) theory of the semantic map. Furthermore, the extent to which the original expression syn leven was grammaticalized as an NPI is investigated. Its distribution is compared to that of the near synonyms and rival expressions ea and oait ‘ever’, which turn out to have a broader context of usage. It is argued that syn leven failed to become the unmarked way of expressing the semantic content ‘ever’ for syntactic, semantic, and sociolinguistic reasons.
Subject canonicality and definiteness effects in Romance there -sentences
Authors: Bentley Delia
Published: February 2014

Evidence from main and lesser-known Romance languages indicates that the morphosyntactic properties of existential pivots correlate with semantic and pragmatic properties of noun phrases that count toward subjecthood to different degrees crosslinguistically. While fully supporting Beaver and colleagues’ (2005) theory of the definiteness effects, the findings of this research also suggest that the effects cannot be fully explained in a nonconstructional way.
Error and expectation in language learning: The curious absence of mouses in adult speech
Authors: Ramscar Michael , Dye Melody , McCauley Stewart M.
Published: February 2014

As children learn their mother tongues, they make systematic errors. For example, English-speaking children regularly say mouses rather than mice . Because children’s errors are not explicitly corrected, it has been argued that children could never learn to make the transition to adult language based on the evidence available to them, and thus that learning even simple aspects of grammar is logically impossible without recourse to innate, language-specific constraints. Here, we examine the role children’s expectations play in language learning and present a model of plural noun learning that generates a surprising prediction: at a given point in learning, exposure to regular plurals (e.g. rats ) can decrease children’s tendency to overregularize irregular plurals (e.g. mouses ). Intriguingly, the model predicts that the same exposure should have the opposite effect earlier in learning. Consistent with this, we show that testing memory for items with regular plural labels contributes to a decrease in irregular plural overregularization in six-year-olds, but to an increase in four-year-olds. Our model and results suggest that children’s overregularization errors both arise and resolve themselves as a consequence of the distribution of error in the linguistic environment, and that far from presenting a logical puzzle for learning, they are inevitable consequences of it.
Anaphoric one and its implications
Authors: Payne John , Pullum Geoffrey K. , Scholz Barbara C. , Berlage Eva
Published: February 2014

The nominal anaphoric element one has figured prominently in discussions of linguistic nativism because of an important argument advanced by C. L. Baker (1978). His argument has been frequently cited within the cognitive and linguistic sciences, and has provided the topic for a chain of experimental and computational psycholinguistics papers. Baker’s crucial grammaticality facts, though much repeated in the literature, have not been critically investigated. A corpus investigation shows that his claims are not true: one does not take only phrasal antecedents, but can also take nouns on their own, including semantically relational nouns, and can take various of -PP dependents of its own. We give a semantic analysis of anaphoric one that allows it to exhibit this kind of freedom, and we exhibit frequency evidence that goes a long way toward explaining why linguists have been inclined to regard phrases like the one of physics or three ones as ungrammatical when in fact (as corpus evidence shows) they are merely dispreferred relative to available grammatical alternatives. The main implication for the acquisition literature is that one of the most celebrated arguments from poverty of the stimulus is shown to be without force.*
Copular clauses, clefts, and putative sluicing in Uzbek
Authors: Gribanova Vera
Published: February 2014

This article presents novel data from Uzbek, an under-investigated Turkic language, in support of two claims. The first claim is that, despite superficial appearances, Uzbek sluicing-like constructions are not instantiations of genuine sluicing at all. Instead, they are derived from two possible sources—copular clauses and clefts—by reduction strategies that are shown to be independently available in Uzbek (subject drop and copula drop). This result supports a prediction of Merchant’s (2001) theory of sluicing: languages with no left-peripheral wh -movement or focusmovement strategy should not exhibit genuine sluicing. The second claim is that Uzbek cleft structures (which may give rise to the sluicing-like construction under reduction) can be subdivided into two types, corresponding to two prominent lines of analysis in preexisting explorations of clefts (descending from Jespersen 1927 and Jespersen 1937). The results support Pinkham and Hankamer’s (1975) claim that both analyses may be applicable to subtly distinct structures within one language.
Affective citizenship in multicultural societies: Implications for critical citizenship education
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos
Published: February 2014

This article explores the concept of ‘affective citizenship’ and its potential contribution to citizenship education discourses in multicultural societies. This exploration is grounded in analysing two widespread emotional injunctions in such societies: the calls for ‘embracing the other’ and ‘coping with difference’. The analysis examines how these emotional injunctions imply ambivalent rather than monolithic notions about the ideal of the ‘affective citizen’ that is promoted in schools. A key argument of this article is that the assumptions that inform discourses of citizenship education in multicultural societies – namely assumptions about what constitutes ‘good citizenship’ in a multicultural society that wants to encourage its citizens to cope with difference and embrace the other – need to be critically interrogated for their underlying emotional tensions and the ambivalent obligations they may create. To do this, more attention to issues of affective citizenship is needed in schools and particularly to the ways in which such issues can be used by teachers as points of departure to instill more criticality in students’ understandings of and feelings about citizenship.
Cruzando la frontera con Rousseau: Emilio y el Viaje por los Estados Unidos, 1783-1784, de Francisco de Miranda
Authors: Almeida Joselyn M.
Published: February 2014

El presente estudio aplica el análisis de la geografía transnacional de la Ilustración desarrollado por Charles W. J. Withers con el fin de examinar las travesías atlánticas de Francisco de Miranda, precursor de la indepencencia hispanoamericana, en relación a Emilio, la obra pedagógica de Jean Jacques Rousseau. Durante su época como oficial del ejército español en Cádiz, Miranda participó en la lectura y difusión de Rousseau en España, extendiendo la red de lectores que desafiaron la censura de la Inquisición y crearon una esfera de opinión clandestina. El Diario del viaje por los Estados Unidos de América ilustra cómo Miranda transculturó las teorías de Rousseau sobre el empirismo, el viaje y la educación para desarrollar una epistemología criolla secular que afirmó su visión de la independencia, y aseguró su entrada a la República de Letras de la Ilustración como un sujeto americano. El modelo epistemológico que Miranda deriva del viaje coincide y a la vez diverge de la obra de jesuitas criollos como Francisco Clavijero y otros, quienes, como demuestra Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, desarrollaron una epistemología patriótica dentro del marco religioso.
Los Júbilos de Lima (1755), del marqués de Sotoflorido: el quiebre del paradigma
Authors: Barriga Tello Martha
Published: February 2014

En 1755 a propósito de la inauguración de una sección de la Catedral de Lima restaurada después del terremoto de 1746, el virrey José Manso de Velasco, conde de Superunda, le encargó a Francisco Antonio Ruiz Cano y Galeano, marqués de Sotoflorido, una relación que constituye una propuesta pionera de las ideas ilustradas en la primera mitad del siglo XVIII virreinal peruano.
La América censurada del siglo XVIII. En torno a las antologías y proyectos de Ramón Diosdado Caballero
Authors: Lorenzo Álvarez Elena de
Published: February 2014

El objetivo es explorar una vía de investigación para la constitución de un corpus de manuscritos inéditos del siglo XVIII de tema americano, a partir de los expedientes de impresión depositados en la Academia de la Historia, que permiten conocer tanto el contenido de los textos prohibidos y quién, cuándo y por qué se escriben, como quién y por qué decide denegar el permiso de impresión. El eje de este trabajo de muestra son un par de manuscritos de tema americano del jesuita expulso Ramón Diosdado Caballero, que permanecieron inéditos tras denegar la licencia de impresión el Consejo de Castilla, pese a ser apologías de la labor de España en América.
Astronomía espectacular y extravíos de la gula en un festejo novohispano del siglo XVIII
Authors: Buxó José Pascual
Published: February 2014

No sólo las cambiantes peripecias de la Guerra de Sucesión fueron causa de las manifestaciones de lealtad de los súbditos americanos, sino que con más razón eran celebrados con oficial alborozo los faustos acontecimientos de la casa real. Al igual que en la metrópoli, tales acontecimiento dieron origen a festejos de diversa índole, cuya ideación y descripción fueron encomendadas a conspicuos letrados de la Nueva España. Hoy, a pesar de la trágica dispersión de los impresos coloniales, todavía conservamos noticias de muchos de aquellos que daban cuenta, por una parte, de las victorias obtenidas por el monarca hispano sobre sus enemigos y, por el otro, se congratulaban del alumbramiento de los infantes. Para los «festivos alborozos y comunes alegrías» de la corte mexicana por el nacimiento del infante Felipe Pedro, el erudito Gil Ramírez, en colaboración con otros ingenios de la corte mexicana, imaginó un deslumbrante dispositivo simbólico, según el cual serían cada una de las divisiones de la esfera mundana, titulado Esfera mexicana… (1714), una de las principales composiciones emblemáticas del siglo.
Educación, libros y lecturas en el siglo XVIII hispanoamericano
Authors: Ruiz Barrionuevo Carmen
Published: February 2014

Las diferencias educativas entre hombres y mujeres marcaron la enseñanza en el siglo XVIII tanto en España como en América aunque, ya avanzado el siglo, se va a producir la entrada de las nuevas teorías que socavarán el tradicionalismo y conmoverán las costumbres establecidas. Se enumeran los autores europeos que más incidieron en este cambio, así como la reforma educativa que se produjo tras la expulsión de los jesuitas en 1776 y que dio lugar a la reforma de los sistemas pedagógicos vigentes. En la segunda parte se aborda la educación y las lecturas de las mujeres en México. Fue muy lenta en comparación con los jóvenes, debido al freno en la presencia de tratados pedagógicos ilustrados y a la escasa difusión de obras de lectura, que con dificultad llegan a las mujeres, sometidas a una precaria educación en el seno del hogar.
Discretionary Acquisition of Firm-Specific Human Capital under Non-verifiable Performance
Authors: Akhmedov Akhmed , Suvorov Anton
Published: February 2014

In this paper we develop a model of discretionary employee investment in firm-specific human capital. When a firm has full bargaining power, the non-contractibility of this investment completely undermines the employee’s incentives. However, the incumbent firm’s inability to observe competing wage offers at the interim stage prevents it from completely expropriating the surplus, thereby creating incentives for the employee to invest. We demonstrate that commitment to a wage floor for the second period destroys the worker’s incentives to acquire human capital, but makes turnover efficient. Therefore, such a commitment has value only if the return on the employee’s deliberate investment in human capital acquisition is sufficiently low. When firms are privately informed about the productivity of their human capital acquisition technology, more productive firms offer higher entry wages to separate themselves from less productive firms. Furthermore, in contrast to the case of symmetric information about human capital acquisition technology, the commitment opportunity now has value for firms with higher return on investment: commitment to a wage floor acts as a substitute for raising the entry wage.
On the irreducibility of locally metric connections
Authors: Belgun Florin , Moroianu Andrei
Published: February 2014

A locally metric connection on a smooth manifold M is a torsion-free
connection D on T
M with
compact restricted holonomy group

Hol
0

(
D
)

$\mathrm {Hol}_0(D)$

.
If the holonomy representation of such a connection is irreducible,
then D preserves a conformal structure on M. Under some natural
geometric assumption on the life-time of incomplete geodesics, we
prove that conversely, a locally metric connection D preserving a
conformal structure on a compact manifold M has irreducible holonomy
representation, unless

Hol
0

(
D
)

=
0

$\mathrm {Hol}_0(D)=0$

or D is the
Levi-Civita connection of a Riemannian metric
on M. This result generalizes Gallot's theorem on the
irreducibility of Riemannian cones to a much wider class of connections. As
an application, we give the geometric description of compact conformal manifolds carrying a tame
closed Weyl connection with non-generic holonomy.
Finite soluble groups in which the normalizer of every
non-normal cyclic subgroup is maximal
Authors: Cao Jianji , Guo Xiuyun
Published: February 2014

In this paper a classification is given
for finite soluble groups in which the normalizer of every
non-normal cyclic subgroup is a maximal subgroup.
Cohen–Lenstra heuristics and random matrix theory over finite fields
Authors: Fulman Jason
Published: February 2014

Let g be a random element of a finite classical group G, and let λ
z-1(g) denote the
partition corresponding to the polynomial z - 1 in the rational canonical form of g. As the rank of G tends to infinity, λ
z-1(g) tends to a partition distributed according to a Cohen–Lenstra type measure on partitions. We give sharp upper and lower bounds on the total variation distance between the random partition λ
z-1(g) and the Cohen–Lenstra type measure.