bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Analyses of Avocado sunblotch viroid Reveal Differences in the Folding of Plus and Minus RNA Strands
Authors: Delan-Forino Clémentine , Deforges Jules , Benard Lionel , Sargueil Bruno , Maurel Marie-Christine , Torchet Claire
Published: January 2014

Viroids are small pathogenic circular single-stranded RNAs, present in two complementary sequences, named plus and minus, in infected plant cells. A high degree of complementarities between different regions of the RNAs allows them to adopt complex structures. Since viroids are naked non-coding RNAs, interactions with host factors appear to be closely related to their structural and catalytic characteristics. Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), a member of the family Avsunviroidae, replicates via a symmetric RNA-dependant rolling-circle process, involving self-cleavage via hammerhead ribozymes. Consequently, it is assumed that ASBVd plus and minus strands adopt similar structures. Moreover, by computer analyses, a quasi-rod-like secondary structure has been predicted. Nevertheless, secondary and tertiary structures of both polarities of ASBVd remain unsolved. In this study, we analyzed the characteristic of each strand of ASBVd through biophysical analyses. We report that ASBVd transcripts of plus and minus polarities exhibit differences in electrophoretic mobility under native conditions and in thermal denaturation profiles. Subsequently, the secondary structures of plus and minus polarities of ASBVd were probed using the RNA-selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) method. The models obtained show that both polarities fold into different structures. Moreover, our results suggest the existence of a kissing-loop interaction within the minus strand that may play a role in in vivo viroid life cycle.
Des plantations aux villes : les ambiguïtés d'un choix
Authors: Sigaud Lygia
Published: January 2014

L'exode rural qui a eu lieu au Brésil depuis les années 1960 a souvent été interprété comme la conséquence de l'élargissement des droits sociaux à ceux qui travaillent la terre : l'augmentation du coût de la main- d'œuvre aurait poussé les patrons à se débarrasser de leurs salariés permanents. L'article remet en question ce constat de cause à effet, qui n'arrive pas à rendre compte de la conduite des acteurs sociaux, et s'interroge sur les conditions sociales dans lesquelles s'est produit cet exode. Dans la région des plantations du Nordeste, les patrons n'ont pas mis en œuvre une politique de licenciements massifs. Ce sont les travailleurs eux-mêmes qui ont pris l'initiative de partir. L'auteur restitue la genèse de ces choix, analyse l'espace social où ils se sont produits et met en évidence la complexité des mécanismes sociaux.
L'usine et la véranda.
Authors: Leite Lopes José Sergio , Alvim Rosilene
Published: January 2014

The Factory and the Veranda : Staging Domination -

What were the procedures for recruiting labor to a big textile factory in the Nordeste from 1930 to 1950 ? Families from the countryside were attracted to settle in town and work in the factory. During an institutionalized ceremony in front of the veranda at the boss's house {casa- grande), families were presented to the boss. The similarities and dissimilarities are pointed out between this staging of the boss's authority and the traditional senhorlmorador relationship on sugar plantations, which also took place in the setting of the casa- grande' s veranda. This ceremony plays out a specific form of domination and illustrates the history, with all its contradictions, of how workers have internalized this domination.
Oncologic PET/CT interpretation and reporting approaches
Authors: Kalkanis D. , Allen-Auerbach M. S. , Herrmann K. , Pomykala K. L. , Bogsrud T. V. , Lowe V. J. , Czernin J. , Karantanis D.
Published: January 2014

Aim: To elucidate techniques most commonly used for interpreting oncologic PET/CT studies. This survey forms a basis to work on standardization of reporting and highlight the most important issues to be addressed. Methods: A web-based survey of 329 PET/CT imaging specialists was designed with the intent to determine image interpretation patterns. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions. Of the 329 participants, 230 were nuclear medicine specialists, 46 were radiologists, and 53 had dual-board certification. Results: Report of standardized uptake values (SUV) is not consistent; only 50.2% of respondents always report SUVs, while 45.2% report only if needed or requested. 80.9% of respondents indicated that reporting of SUV is only appropriate when its limitations are understood whereby a large majority prefer to report SUVmax. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images are almost always reviewed by 91.1% of the respondents. An accurate and detailed clinical history is considered an essential element for reading PET/ CT studies by 84.0%, but only 20.7% report that this is always available. The most common self-reported average time for reviewing and reporting of whole body PET/CT (with no prior comparison scan) was 15-20 min (27.5%). Conclusion: PET readers have considerable reservations regarding the use and reporting of SUVs. SUVmax is more frequently used than SUVmean. Evaluation of MIP images is considered an important element of PET/CT interpretation. Although availability of sufficient patient’s history is considered essential, this is rarely available.
Resistance amid Regime Co-optation on the Syrian Television Series Buq'at Daw', 2001–2012
Authors: Joubin Rebecca
Published: January 2014

This article examines sketches from the Syrian television show Buq'at Daw' (Spotlight). Once considered indicative of changes many hoped for during the early days of the Bashar al-Asad regime, Buq'at Daw' remained popular through the reform process's failure and the beginning
of the recent Syrian uprising. While scholars have cast critical programming as an "airing" of public frustrations permitted by the regime in order to stave off popular protest, this article argues that focusing on government intent robs intellectuals of agency. Instead, this article looks
at productions like Buq'at Daw' as part of a continual attempt by drama creators to challenge limits of what is permissible through innuendo, stratagem, and word artistry.
“State of Barbary” (Take Two): From the Arab Spring to the Return of Violence in Syria
Authors: Droz-Vincent Philippe
Published: January 2014

Unlike the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings in 2011, the Syrian Revolution has endured for more than three years. The uprising burst from the “peripheries” of the regime into an organized national movement, clinging at the beginning to the ideal of a nonviolent, nonsectarian
upheaval aiming at a democratic Syria. Yet, the dynamics of contention between the regime and social movements have been re-shaped, leading to a return of violence with the risks of sectarian civil war looming.
Colonialist Construction in the Urban Space of Jerusalem
Authors: Jadallah Dina
Published: January 2014

This article examines the matrix of Israel's urban interventions using territorial and demographic engineering to transform Jerusalem into a closer approximation of Zionist ideological conceptualization. It argues that the state deploys archaeological, cultural, sociopolitical, territorial,
and urban design instruments to deconstruct or re-narrate the other histories and characteristics of the city in order to preempt alternative sovereignties. The asymmetrical power of the Israeli state is constantly challenged in urban spaces and quotidian practices by Palestinians who hold
competing discourses. Palestinians contest Israel's conceptualization through discourses that do not ascribe to the state project, emphasizing that identity is not exclusive to one ethnicity or religion, while working to sustain and strengthen an alternative sovereignty.
Economic Reform, Social Welfare, and Instability: Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1983–2004
Authors: El-Said Hamed , Harrigan Jane
Published: January 2014

This article fills an important gap in the literature by exploring the trends in social welfare in four MENA countries that have undertaken extensive economic liberalization programs under the auspices of the IMF and the World Bank — namely, Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco.
Studying the experiences of these countries provides an opportunity to enhance the understanding of the link between economic reforms, the level of social welfare provision, and political stability.
Synthesis of embedded Au nanostructures by ion irradiation: influence of ion induced viscous flow and sputtering
Authors: Singh Udai B , Agarwal D C , Khan S A , Mohapatra S , Amekura H , Datta D P , Kumar Ajay , Choudhury R K , Chan T K , Osipowicz Thomas , Avasthi D K
Published: January 2014

The ion-irradiation induced synthesis of embedded Au nanoparticles (NPs) into glass from islands of Au on a glass substrate is studied in the context of recoiling atoms, sputtering and viscous flow. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the formation of Au NPs embedded in the glass substrates by the 50 keV Si− ion irradiation of irregularly shaped Au nanostructures on the glass surfaces at a fluence of 3 × 1016 ions/cm2. The depth profiles of Au in the samples were obtained from high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry studies. The results from TRIDYN simulation reveal the role of various ion-induced processes during the synthesis of the embedded Au NPs, viz. sputtering and recoiling atoms. Simulation and experimental results suggest that the viscous flow is one of the major factors that are responsible for the embedding of Au nanoparticles into the glass substrate.
L'UCSA : Moi-peau au sein de la prison
Authors: Mazet Charlotte
Published: January 2014

Le thème de l’enfermement et des conditions carcérales sont des questions abordées de façon récurrentes. Ici, il s’agit de se pencher sur le versant soignant de la prison, encore peu abordé dans les médias. Ces lieux de soins mis à la portée des détenus (SMPR, UCSA) permettent de considérer ces derniers comme des patients, et donc comme des êtres humains, malgré les crimes et délits commis. La sanction inévitable de ces actes, peut être dès lors accompagnée de mots, débouchant ainsi sur la réflexion autour de soi et de l’acte en lui-même. Un des objets du thérapeute en UCSA serait donc de permettre au patient-détenu de passer d’un état de « non pensée » à l’ébauche d’un travail psychique. L’enfermement, accompagné d’un lieu humanisé, « contenant », « enveloppant » peut ainsi permettre au patient-détenu de sortir de ce fonctionnement pulsionnel lors de l’incarcération ou encore de façon durable ; l’expérience thérapeutique de Tony et Mr P. au sein de l’UCSA vient illustrer ce constat.
Communication between Higher Education and Social Networking Sites
Authors: Whitehurst Jodi , Vander Putten Jim
Published: January 2014

This phenomenological study explores the rhetorical roles employed by participants on Facebook and connected findings to research concerning communication and collaboration in higher education. Six interviews were conducted involving one male and one female in the 18-24 age range, 25-35 age range, and 36 and older age range. Data indicates that messages on Facebook were used for cooperation and coordination but not necessarily collaboration. It also indicates that while participants were audience-minded, they were not necessarily audience aware, and many participants used audience shaping as a coping mechanism. Finally, composers’ inclinations to exercise authority over their personal, representational space (Facebook wall) leads the researchers to conclude that use of Facebook in higher education may best be achieved by creating a Facebook page or group for specific communicative purposes.
Building Collaborations between University Pre-Service Student-Teachers and English Language Students through a Socially Mediated Network
Authors: De Felice Dustin , Alcocer Luz María Ortiz
Published: January 2014

Cooperative learning has evolved over the years to include computer-supported elements within traditional and virtual classrooms. In this chapter, the authors discuss a collaboration that used computer-supported collaborative learning through a socially mediated network. This collaboration served as a bridge between two universities from different countries. Not only did this collaboration link the students from each university together, but it provided language learners and pre-service student-teachers with the ability to benefit from the unique connection between them (i.e. students needing to learn language and teachers needing to practice teaching a language). They discuss the collaboration, the framework, and the format of this collaborative project. Much of this discussion is rooted in the experiences of some of the students who participated in its evolution with the intent to provide a direction for implementing such a collaboration in other institutions.
Using the International Negotiation Modules Project (INMP) to Build a Learning Community
Authors: Raby Rosalind
Published: January 2014

This chapter profiles a program that uses online simulation to internationalize the community college curriculum. For the past two decades the International Negotiation Modules Project (INMP) has had a particular effect on the construction of knowledge for community college students who often need non-traditional approaches to learning for their success. Through active learning and collaborative work on cross-disciplinary concepts, the simulation enhances overall student comprehension. In the process, the INMP helps to build a cohesive learning community that begins with student teams, continues with classroom learning, and transcends to multi-college classroom dialogue. This chapter explores how unique interactions inherent in INMP reinforce student engagement that, in turn, enhances overall student success.
Connecting Communication to Curriculum and Pedagogy in Online Environments
Authors: Boboc Marius
Published: January 2014

This chapter relies on the analysis of communicative patterns, discursive sequences, and instructional strategies featured in an entirely online graduate level course featuring a combination of compulsory and optional chat sessions. Findings emphasize the use of communication dynamics to promote social presence and socially-mediated learning in online learning communities, which, for the purpose of this research project, are represented by the required synchronous discussions used in class. Recommendations focus on employing a flexible pedagogy that takes into account student characteristics, appropriate instructional and technological tools and strategies, course cadence or pace, creating and maintaining an online learning community, as well as clear and engaging communication. Further considerations relate to ensuring the identification of specific purposes for online chat sessions, their integration into the entire set of instructional strategies and resources, clear procedures for online discussion topic selection, and the associated grading policy.
Working Collaboratively in Virtual Groups
Authors: Stewart Shelley , Janesick Valerie J.
Published: January 2014

As virtual teams continue to become more prevalent, educational administrators, faculty, and other members of online communities must discover and employ guidelines for effectively collaborating in online contexts. Applying the same traditional team strategies to those working in dispersed groups of people may hinder communication and prevent optimal results. It is time to redefine what constitutes a group and consider new avenues for cooperating in an increasingly diverse, global, and continuously “plugged-in” society. A set of practical steps for why and how virtual groups can collaborate in virtual environments is presented. Tips for implementing the steps are provided. An analysis of technological tools available for facilitating online group collaboration is also shared in this chapter.
If You Build It, They Will Come
Authors: Donnellan Elizabeth G.
Published: January 2014

Students attending traditional or online universities will benefit from membership in a virtual club. This chapter provides specific information about tools used to create, administer, and motivate participation in virtual college clubs. To enhance the club experience, suggestions are offered for creating interactive clubrooms, utilizing specific social media tools, and providing unique club events all as a virtual experience. A case study is included to demonstrate how students of a major online university participate in virtual club events. Results of this case study indicate a correlation between students who can easily access club tools and events and participation. Further, students who participate in events report greater satisfaction with their overall university experience.
Tone and Attitude in E-Mail Communications and the Online Classroom
Authors: Miller Melissa A.
Published: January 2014

In the online classroom, e-mail has emerged as a predominant communication method between students and faculty. As such, despite many benefits of e-mail, including ease of use, familiarity of the technology, and rapid response times, there are numerous challenges faculty face when sending and receiving e-mail correspondence with students. This chapter addresses several of the challenges presented to faculty, including lack of cues such as body language, inflection, and other sensory stimuli. The author of the chapter discusses ways to overcome these challenges including appropriate tone and attitude in the faculty member’s e-mails, which help mitigate the challenges the medium presents. The chapter concludes with discussion supporting use of electronic communication for students and faculty, especially when written effectively and purposefully.
No Adult Left Behind
Authors: Salter Linda
Published: January 2014

With an aging population and the increasing role of virtual technologies in education, educators and educational institutions need to be informed about contemporary and predicted demographics regarding older adults as learners as well as what is currently understood about learning later in life. Although recently increasing, there has been a lack of attention paid to this demographic group. A literature review reveals that “older” students are often those age 25 to 30, while the fastest growing segment of the population is much older. Truly “older” learners can and should be accommodated in the virtual environments that are becoming more and more common in higher and continuing education. The purpose of this chapter is to offer guidance for adult learning professionals tasked with accommodating older adults in virtual environments.
Moderating the Effective Co-Creation of Knowledge in Asynchronous Online Conferences
Authors: Starr-Glass David
Published: January 2014

Asynchronous discussion conferences have become a standard feature of online distance learning. They provide a place for sharing ideas, consolidating understanding, and creating new knowledge about subject matter. In these conferences, the course instructor/facilitator ensures the free flow of communication and the exchange of information. Effective moderation, however, also requires the instructor/facilitator to engage in what might be termed off-stage work: gaining personal knowledge of participants, addressing participation problems and potentials, and developing cultural awareness of participants. The chapter focuses on off-stage work, specifically in online distance learning situations populated by military learners. It explores ways of developing stronger private connections with participants through which relevant information can be shared. It also considers the extent to which military learners possess a distinctive culture that impacts conference participation. The chapter reviews relevant literature, assesses the challenges for the conference moderator, provides strategies for dealing with participation and cultural issues, and suggests ways of improving overall communication and community in online distance learning environments.
Collaborative Teaching Experience at the University of Deusto
Authors: Rayón Alex , Menchaca Iratxe , Guenaga Mariluz
Published: January 2014

In recent years, a new training model has been implemented at the University of Deusto, focused on the development of competences and on the integration of technology in the classroom. Within this framework, known as the University of Deusto’s Learning Model, the work has been oriented to the selection of the most suitable technologies, teachers training for their didactic use, dissemination and sharing of knowledge among professionals, experimentation in class, and evaluation of different experiences. To further facilitate the integration of educational technology, and after a thorough both pedagogical and technological research and analysis, a standardization tool of learning scenarios has been designed where Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning is aligned with the learning model to support collaborative learning, and thus promote co-creation of knowledge and mutual help among students. This chapter describes the process followed at the university to integrate collaborative technologies in the educational context, agents involved in the process, and how available technologies with competences are combined to achieve educational objectives.
Small Cell Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Sood Neelam , Rewri Shivani , Nigam Jitendra Singh
Published: January 2014

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal neoplasm and its small cell variant is one among the rarest variant. This article describes a 60-year-old woman presenting with a large, lobulated, painful mass in left thigh with associated history of trauma since 18 months. Her magnetic resonance imaging showed a variegated mixed intensity lesion with associated cystic degeneration, necrosis and matrix arborizing nearby muscles. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed a small cell lesion with very scant osteoid. Tumor was excised and histopathological diagnosis was small cell osteosarcoma involving adjacent muscles and fat with sparing of lymph nodes. The aim of this article is to present the clinical, radiological, cyto-histological and immunohistochemical features of this extremely rare lesion.
Atomic force microscopy of bacteria from periodontal subgingival biofilm: Preliminary study results
Authors: Germano Francesco , Bramanti Ennio , Arcuri Claudio , Cecchetti Francesco , Cicciù Marco
Published: January 2014

Objective: Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a technology that allows analysis of the nanoscale morphology of bacteria within biofilm and provides details that may be better useful for understanding the role of bacterial interactions in the periodontal disease. Material and Methods: Five patients with periodontal ≥5 mm pockets diagnosed as generalized periodontitis and five patients with slight gingivitis were selected for the investigation. Bacteria biofilms were collected and morphologically investigated by AFM application. Results: The investigation revealed how periodontitis bacteria are characterized by specific morphologic features of the cell wall. The major representative species of bacteria causing periodontal diseases have been reproduced by a three-dimensional reconstruction showing the bacteria surface details. Conclusions: The presence of complex glycocalyx structures, bacteriophage-like vesicles, spirochetes (classic and cystic morphology) and bacterial co-aggregation has been identified by the AFM analysis. The results suggest that AFM is a reliable technique for studying bacterial morphology and for examining microbial interactions in dental plaque.
Reliability analysis of two methods for measuring active enamel demineralization: An in vitro study
Authors: Nassur Camila , Pomarico Luciana , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of two methods, namely, digital caliper [DC] and computerized image analysis software (Image Tool [IT] version 4.1) for measuring the area of an active enamel demineralization lesion. The effect on that measurement of a window that delimits the lesion was also assessed. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight circular artificial enamel demineralization lesions (r = 2 mm) were produced on bovine teeth in vitro, which were then measured three times by three examiners, with and without the presence of a window delimiting the area to be measured. The data were analyzed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and by the Altman and Bland analysis. Results: The intra-examiner correlation using the IT method showed excellent reproducibility (mean ICC values 0.922-0.970 with the delimiting window and 0.915-0.990 without the window). However, the intra-examiner correlation using the DC method showed comparatively less reproducibility in the measurements (mean ICC values 0.458-0.648 with the delimiting window and 0.378-0.665 without the window). The inter-examiner correlations showed very good reproducibility of the measurements regardless of the presence or absence of the window for both the DC method (0.811-0.846) and IT method (0.953-0.994). However, the latter method showed less variability within the measurements. Conclusion: However, statistically no significant difference was found between both methodologies. Nevertheless, computerized image analysis with the Image Tool software demonstrated higher intra- and inter-examiner reliability than the digital caliper method, in estimating the area of the enamel demineralization lesion, regardless of the delimiting window.
Does the temperature of beverages affect the surface roughness, hardness, and color stability of a composite resin?
Authors: Tuncer Duygu , Karaman Emel , Firat Esra
Published: January 2014

Objective: To investigate the effect of beverages′ temperature on the surface roughness, hardness, and color stability of a composite resin. Materials and Methods: Fifty specimens of the Filtek Z250 composite (3M ESPE, Dental Products, St.Paul, MN, USA) were prepared and initial roughness, microhardness, and color were measured. Then the specimens were randomly divided into five groups of 10 specimens each: Coffee at 70°C, coffee at 37°C, cola at 10°C, cola at 37°C, and artificial saliva (control). After the samples were subjected to 15 min × 3 cycles per day of exposure to the solutions for 30 days, the final measurements were recorded. Results: After immersion in beverages, the artificial saliva group showed hardness values higher than those of the other groups (P < 0.001) and the microhardness values were significantly different from the initial values in all groups except for the control group. Both cola groups showed roughness values higher than the baseline values (P < 0.05), while the other groups showed values similar to the baseline measurements. When ΔE measurements were examined, the 70°C coffee group showed the highest color change among all the groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: High-temperature solutions caused alterations in certain properties of composites, such as increased color change, although they did not affect the hardness or roughness of the composite resin material tested.
Spectrophotometric evaluation of the color changes of different feldspathic porcelains after exposure to commonly consumed beverages
Authors: Jain Chandni , Bhargava Akshay , Gupta Sharad , Rath Rishi , Nagpal Abhishek , Kumar Prince
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare color stability and surface topography of three different feldspathic porcelains both qualitatively and quantitatively after exposure to routinely consumed beverages over different time periods using a Spectrophotometer, Stereomicroscope and Surface roughness tester, respectively. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 plastic discs were casted to obtain metal dies for three different newer ceramic applications each on thirty samples. The color and surface roughness of these samples were measured using stereomicroscope and surface roughness tester following which they were kept in different test solutions for different durations and revaluated for color changes and surface roughness in the similar manner. Results and Conclusion: Among all the five test solutions, Coffee showed the maximum staining of the ceramic whereas maximum surface roughness was shown by the Duceram Kiss (1.48 μm) by Orange Juice which could be due to its high titratable acidity.
Fluoride release of glass ionomer restorations after bleaching with two different bleaching materials
Authors: Baroudi Kusai , Mahmoud Rasha Said , Tarakji Bassel
Published: January 2014

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of two bleaching agents on the fluoride release of three types of glass ionomer materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 specimens of the tested materials (Ketac Fil, Photac Fil and F2000) were prepared by a split Teflon ring with an internal diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 2 mm. The tested materials were applied and bleached according to manufacturer instructions. Fluoride release measurements were made by using specific ion electrode. Results: Results revealed that bleaching with opalescence Xtra caused little increase in fluoride release from Ketac Fil and Photac Fil but has no effect on F2000. However, Opalescence Quick had no significant effect on the three tested materials. Conclusions: Bleaching effect on fluoride release is material dependent and time has a significant role on fluoride release.
Chemical composition and thermal behavior of five brands of thermoplasticized gutta-percha
Authors: Maniglia-Ferreira Claudio , Gurgel-Filho Eduardo Diogo , de Araújo Silva-Jr João Batista , de Paula Regina Célia Monteiro , de Andrade Feitosa Judith Pessoa , de Sousa-Filho Francisco José
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was determine the chemical composition and thermal behavior of Thermafil (TH), Microseal Cone (MC), Microseal Microflow (MF), Obtura (OB) and Obtura Flow (OF). In addition, their thermal behavior in response to temperature variations was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the temperature at which gutta-percha switches from the beta to alpha form, and from the alpha to the amorphous phase. Materials and Methods: The organic and inorganic fractions were separated by dissolution in chloroform. Gutta-percha (GP) was precipitated with acetone. The inorganic fraction was analyzed via Elemental Microanalysis. Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis and X-ray Diffraction were used to identify the chemical elements and compounds (BaSO4 and ZnO). Thermal analysis was conducted using DSC. Results: The organic and inorganic fractions ranged from 21.3% and 26.9% of weights, respectively. MC and MF showed the highest percentages of organic compounds (P = 0.0125). All specimens exhibited two crystalline transformations when heated from ambient temperature to 130°C. MC presented the highest percentage of GP. Conclusions: No correlation was observed between chemical composition and thermal behavior. Each of the products showed thermal behavior that is typical of beta-phase gutta-percha.
Is the 810-nm diode laser the best choice in oral soft tissue therapy?
Authors: Akbulut Nihat , Kursun E. Sebnem , Tumer M. Kemal , Kamburoglu Kivanc , Gulsen Ugur
Published: January 2014

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an 810-nm diode laser for treatment of benign oral soft tissue lesions. Materials and Methods: Treatment with the 810-nm diode laser was applied to a group of eighteen patients with pathological frenulum and epulis fissuratum; five patients with oral lichen planus, oral leukoplakia, and mucous membrane pemphigoid; and four patients with pyogenic granuloma. Results: Although the conventional surgery wound heals in a fairly short time, in the present study, the simple oral soft tissue lesions healed within two weeks, the white and vesiculobullous lesions healed completely within six weeks, and the pyogenic granuloma lesions healed within four weeks. Any complication was treated by using the 810-nm diode laser. Conclusions: Patient acceptance and satisfaction, without compromising health and function, have been found to be of a high degree in this present study. Thus, we can say that the use of the 810-nm diode laser may indeed be the best choice in oral soft tissue surgery.
Replantation after traumatic avulsion
Authors: Tezel Huseyin , Atalayin Cigdem , Kayrak Gul
Published: January 2014

The aim of this report is to present the case of an accidentally avulsed maxillary central incisor kept in saline solution from the moment of trauma until its replantation 3 h later in a 13-year-old girl. The avulsed tooth was replanted back into the alveolar socket and splinted with composite resin. Calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing was used to prevent inflammatory root resorption. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed during 27 months follow-up. During the 15 months follow-up period, the tooth remained in a stable functional position and did not reveal replacement resorption. But mild infraocclusion and root resorption were developed 21 months after replantation. The amount of damage to tooth and supporting structures, emergency treatment and follow-up period play a role in the prognosis of the avulsed tooth. It can be recommended to keep the avulsed tooth in saline solution at least when more appropriate storage media are not on handle immediately.
Addition of a pontic to all-ceramic Turkom-Cera fixed partial denture restorations
Authors: Uludag Bulent , Tokar Emre , Polat Serdar
Published: January 2014

High-strength all-ceramic materials are commonly used in dentistry. When complications occur in an all-ceramic restoration, the restoration is usually replaced. This article describes the time-saving ability and cost-effectiveness of this novel technique for the addition of a pontic in two complicated clinical cases. Turkom-CeraTM [Turkom-Ceramic (M) Sdn. Bhd.] with aluminum oxide (99.98%) is an all-ceramic system that offers the option of addition of a new pontic to the sintered framework. The new pontic was cut off from an alumina blank [Turkom-Ceramic (M) Sdn. Bhd.], moistened, and attached to the framework using alumina gel [Turkom-Ceramic (M) Sdn. Bhd.]. The framework was veneered with veneering porcelain (Vita VM 7; VITA Zahnfabrik). The two cases presented here involving the addition of a pontic to sintered framework were followed up for at least 1 year. No complication was detected or reported by the patients. Alumina- and zirconia-based ceramics are particularly suitable for for all-ceramic restorations in high-stress bearing areas. However, replacement of a failed all-ceramic restoration is not the most practical solution, considering both cost and tooth-related factors. This attractive feature of the Turkom-Cera allows the repair of a fractured ceramic coping or the addition of a new pontic to restorations.
Multiple oral ulcers leading to diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Nagaraj Vezhavendhan , Sashykumar Shanthi , Viswanathan Stalin , Kumar Sathish
Published: January 2014

We report a 47 year old man who presented with painful non-healing tongue ulcers of 3 months duration.Examination revealed an additional buccal ulcer that he was unaware of. Histopathology of the ulcers showed caseation necrosis. Following this report, chest radiography and sputum microscopy performed revealed pulmonary tuberculosis. From this case-study, one should be aware of coexisting pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with chronic non-healing oral ulcers, both for diagnosis as well as prevention of transmission through respiratory droplets.
Dysfunctional Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells Contribute to Pulmonary Microvascular Remodeling
Authors: Chow Kelsey , Fessel Joshua P. , Ihida‐Stansbury Kaori , Schmidt Eric P. , Gaskill Christa , Alvarez Diego , Graham Brian , Harrison David G. , Wagner David H. , Nozik‐Grayck Eva , West James D. , Klemm Dwight J. , Majka Susan M.
Published: January 2014

Pulmonary vascular remodeling and oxidative stress are common to many adult lung diseases. However, little is known about the relevance of lung mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in these processes. We tested the hypothesis that dysfunctional lung MSCs directly participate in remodeling of the microcirculation. We employed a genetic model to deplete extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC‐SOD) in lung MSCs coupled with lineage tracing analysis. We crossed floxpsod3 and mT/mG reporter mice to a strain expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the ABCG2 promoter. We demonstrated In vivo that depletion of EC‐SOD in lung MSCs resulted in their contribution to microvascular remodeling in the smooth muscle actin positive layer. We further characterized lung MSCs to be multipotent vascular precursors, capable of myofibroblast, endothelial and pericyte differentiation in vitro. EC‐SOD deficiency in cultured lung MSCs accelerated proliferation and apoptosis, restricted colony‐forming ability, multilineage differentiation potential and promoted the transition to a contractile phenotype. Further studies correlated cell dysfunction to alterations in canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, which were more evident under conditions of oxidative stress. Our data establish that lung MSCs are a multipotent vascular precursor population, a population which has the capacity to participate in vascular remodeling and their function is likely regulated in part by the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. These studies highlight an important role for microenviromental regulation of multipotent MSC function as well as their potential to contribute to tissue remodeling.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Transgene Expression Increases Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Exacerbates Hypoxia‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Development
Authors: Porter Kristi M. , Walp Erik R. , Elms Shawn C. , Raynor Robert , Mitchell Patrick O. , Guidot David M. , Sutliff Roy L.
Published: January 2014

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by increased pulmonary arterial resistance and vessel remodeling. Patients living with human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) have an increased susceptibility to develop severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) irrespective of their CD4+ lymphocyte counts. While the underlying cause of HIV‐PAH remains unknown, the interaction of HIV‐1 proteins with the vascular endothelium may play a critical role in HIV‐PAH development. Hypoxia promotes PH in experimental models and in humans, but the impact of HIV‐1 proteins on hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vascular dysfunction and PAH has not been examined. Therefore, we hypothesize that the presence of HIV‐1 proteins and hypoxia synergistically augment the development of pulmonary vascular dysfunction and PH. We examined the effect of HIV‐1 proteins on pulmonary vascular resistance by measuring pressure‐volume relationships in isolated lungs from wild‐type (WT) and HIV‐1 Transgenic (Tg) rats. WT and HIV‐1 Tg rats were exposed to 10% O2 for four weeks to induce experimental pulmonary hypertension to assess whether HIV‐1 protein expression would impact the development of hypoxia‐induced PH. Our results demonstrate that HIV‐1 protein expression significantly increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). HIV‐1 Tg mice demonstrated exaggerated pulmonary vascular responses to hypoxia as evidenced by greater increases in right ventricular systolic pressures, right ventricular hypertrophy and vessel muscularization when compared to wild‐type controls. This enhanced PH was associated with enhanced expression of HIF‐1α and PCNA. In addition, in vitro studies reveal that medium from HIV‐infected monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) potentiates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary artery endothelial proliferation. These results indicate that the presence of HIV‐1 proteins likely impact pulmonary vascular resistance and exacerbate hypoxia‐induced PH.
Time from Symptoms to Definitive Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Delay Study
Authors: Strange Geoff , Gabbay Eli , Kermeen Fiona , Williams Trevor , Carrington Melinda , Stewart Simon , Keogh Anne
Published: January 2014

Survival rates for patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) have improved with the introduction of PAH‐specific therapies. However, the time between patient‐reported onset of symptoms and a definitive diagnosis of IPAH is consistently delayed. We conducted a retrospective, multi‐center, descriptive investigation in order to (a) understand what factors contribute to persistent diagnostic delays, and (b) examine the time from initial symptom onset to a definitive diagnosis of IPAH. Between January 2007 and December 2008, we enrolled consecutively diagnosed adults with IPAH from four tertiary referral centers in Australia. Screening of patient records and “one‐on‐one” interviews were used to determine the time from patient‐described initial symptoms to a diagnosis of IPAH, confirmed by right heart catheterization (RHC). Thirty‐two participants (69% female) were studied. Mean age at symptom onset was 56 ± 16.4 years and 96% reported exertional dyspnea. Mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 47 ± 34 months with patients subsequently aged 60 ± 17.3 years. Patients reported 5.3 ± 3.8 GP visits and 3.0 ± 2.1 specialist reviews before being seen at a pulmonary hypertension (PH) center. Advanced age, number of general practitioner (GP) visits, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure at the time of diagnosis were significantly associated with the observed delay. We found a significant delay of 3.9 years from symptom onset to a diagnosis of IPAH in Australia. Exertional dyspnea is the most common presenting symptom. Current practice within Australia does not appear to have the specific capacity for timely, multi‐factorial evaluation of breathlessness and potential IPAH.
Mechanical Forces Stimulate Endothelial Microparticle Generation via Caspase‐Dependent Apoptosis‐Independent Mechanism
Authors: Vion Anne Clémence , Birukova Anna A. , Boulanger Chantal M. , Birukov Konstantin G.
Published: January 2014

Microparticle release by vascular endothelium has been implicated in various cardiovascular pathologies. Ventilator‐induced lung injury (VILI) is a life‐threatening complication of mechanical ventilation at high tidal volumes associated with excessive mechanical stretch of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. However, a role of VILI‐relevant levels of cyclic stretch in microparticle generation by vascular endothelium remains unknown. We report microparticle formation by human pulmonary endothelial cells exposed to pathologic, but not physiologic, levels of mechanical stress. Stretch‐induced microparticle generation was not affected by cell co‐treatment with inflammatory agents thrombin or bacterial wall lipopolysacharide. Neither the basal nor the pathologic cyclic stretch‐induced microparticle production was affected by Rho kinase and calpain inhibitors, but were instead abolished by caspase inhibitor. In contrast to lipopolysacharide, pathologic mechanical strain did not significantly induce apoptosis in pulmonary endothelial cells. These results show for the first time that mechanical strain of pulmonary endothelial cells at levels relevant to high tidal volume mechanical ventilation is a potent activator of microparticle formation, which requires caspase activity; however, this mechanism is independent of apoptosis. These results suggest a novel mechanism that may contribute to VILI‐associated vascular dysfunction.
Supplementation of Iron in Pulmonary Hypertension: Rationale and Design of a Phase II Clinical Trial in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Howard Luke S.G.E. , Watson Geoffrey M.J. , Wharton John , Rhodes Christopher J. , Chan Kakit , Khengar Rajeshree , Robbins Peter A. , Kiely David G. , Condliffe Robin , Elliott Charlie A. , Pepke‐Zaba Joanna , Sheares Karen , Morrell Nicholas W. , Davies Rachel , Ashby Deborah , Gibbs J. Simon R. , Wilkins Martin R.
Published: January 2014

Our aim is to assess the safety and potential clinical benefit of intravenous iron (Ferinject) infusion in iron deficient patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Iron deficiency in the absence of anemia (1) is common in patients with IPAH; (2) is associated with inappropriately raised levels of hepcidin, the key regulator of iron homeostasis; and (3) correlates with disease severity and worse clinical outcomes. Oral iron absorption may be impeded by reduced absorption due to elevated hepcidin levels. The safety and benefits of parenteral iron replacement in IPAH are unknown. Supplementation of Iron in Pulmonary Hypertension (SIPHON) is a Phase II, multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover clinical trial of iron in IPAH. At least 60 patients will be randomized to intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (Ferinject) or saline placebo with a crossover point after 12 weeks of treatment. The primary outcome will be the change in resting pulmonary vascular resistance from baseline at 12 weeks, measured by cardiac catheterization. Secondary measures include resting and exercise hemodynamics and exercise performance from serial bicycle incremental and endurance cardiopulmonary exercise tests. Other secondary measurements include serum iron indices, 6‐Minute Walk Distance, WHO functional class, quality of life score, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), and cardiac anatomy and function from cardiac magnetic resonance. We propose that intravenous iron replacement will improve hemodynamics and clinical outcomes in IPAH. If the data supports a potentially useful therapeutic effect and suggest this drug is safe, the study will be used to power a Phase III study to address efficacy.
Transitioning from Parenteral Treprostinil to Inhaled Treprostinil in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Raina Amresh , Coons James C. , Kanwar Manreet , Murali Srinivas , Sokos George , Benza Raymond L.
Published: January 2014

Treprostinil is a potent prostacyclin vasodilator indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, World Health Organization Group I). Previously, treprostinil was available only in subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV) formulations. Availability of an inhaled formulation of treprostinil has provided clinicians with an alternative to continuous SC or IV treprostinil in appropriate patients. Stable PAH patients whose quality of life has been dramatically impacted by side effects of parenteral therapy or those who have had recurrent, life‐threatening bloodstream infections but are otherwise responding well to treatment may be the candidates for continuing prostacyclin therapy with inhaled treprostinil. However, there is little clinical experience with transitioning patients from parenteral to inhaled treprostinil. We present the results of two cases that highlight important considerations in transitioning patients from parenteral to inhaled therapy, including the pharmacologic and clinical equivalence of formulations, dose titration of formulations and suggested criteria for patient selection.
Advancing Clinical Trial Design in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Grieve Andy P. , Chow Shien‐Chung , Curram John , Dawe Stephen , Harnisch Lutz O. , Henig Noreen R. , Hung Hsien Ming J. , Ivy D. Dunbar , Kawut Steven M. , Rahbar Mohammad H. , Xiao Shen , Wilkins Martin R.
Published: January 2014

In pulmonary hypertension, as in many other diseases, there is a need for a smarter approach to evaluating new treatments. The traditional randomized controlled trial has served medical science well, but constrains the development of treatments for rare diseases. A workshop was established to consider alternative clinical trial designs in pulmonary hypertension and here discusses their merits, limitations and challenges to implementation of novel approaches.