bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical modelling of wave propagation using parabolic approximation with a boundary‐fitted co‐ordinate system
Authors: Tsay Ting‐Kuei , Ebersole Bruce A. , Liu Philip L.‐F.
Published: August 2005

With a boundary‐fitted curvilinear co‐ordinate system, the parabolic approximation is applied to the mildslope equation to describe the wave propagation. Both refraction and diffraction are included in the numerical model. Because the shoreline coincides with one of the curvilinear co‐ordinates, the numerical model can be used to compute wave propagations near an irregular shoreline.
Some acceleration methods for iterative computer of derivatives of eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Authors: Tan Roger C. E.
Published: August 2005

The performance of an iterative method for computing partial derivatives of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of parameter dependent matrices may be improved dramatically by various extrapolation methods proposed here. With exact computation, all these extrapolation methods yield the exact solution with a finite number of iterations. Two of these methods, which have not been used before for this problem, are compared with the ϵ‐algorithms. Numerical examples are given. The methods suggested may be used to obtain either highly accurate estimates or cheap estimates of modest accuracy.
Modelling liquid–solid phase changes with melt convection
Authors: Dantzig Jonathan A.
Published: August 2005

Methods are described for modelling of phase change processes using the finite element method to simulate freezing and melting including convection in the melt. Evaluation of several enthalply/specific heat methods and time marching schemes is also included. Suppression of velocities in the solid region is described, and example problems are given. Comparison is made to simulations performed by other researchers using finite difference methods. Substantially different results were found for one of these problems, and this result is shown to be caused by numerical problems in the earlier work.
A general and effective way for evaluating the integrals with various orders of singularity in the direct boundary element method
Authors: Zhang Wu , Xu Huan‐Ran
Published: August 2005

A general and efficient technique is developed for the evaluation of the integrals with various orders of singularity, such as occur in the three‐dimensional boundary element method (BEM). Generalized (extended) triangle, tetrahedron polar co‐ordinate mappings together with two conditions are used to remove the singularity of the integrals, and to evaluate the corresponding non‐singular ones in a new numerical space. Triangle and tetrahedron polar co‐ordinates in Reference 1 are proved to be a special case of the generalized ones in this paper. With the developed idea, boundary element results converge rapidly towards the analytical solutions for the strongly singular integrals evaluated directly, and the analytical solutions can be gained in principle, even when employing higher order, triangular boundary elements and tetrahedral cells. The generality and practicability of the method are demonstrated in the case of higher order elements, discontinuous elements and large engineering problems.
Improved hybrid solid element with a traction‐free cylindrical surface
Authors: Tian Zongshu , Tian Zheng
Published: August 2005

New 8‐node solid elements with two parallel faces and one traction‐free cylindrical surface are derived using the assumed stress hybrid model. Six new expressions of stress components are developed by using four stress functions and cylindrical co‐ordinates, so that the normal stress σz on the plane perpendicular to the two parallel faces varies as a parabola, and the assumed stress field satisfies the equilibrium equations as well as the traction‐free conditions over the cylindrical boundary. The assumed stress field also satisfies the compatibility conditions when the new element is degenerated into the 2‐dimensional case. Examples have clearly demonstrated that these present special elements are far superior in predicting the stress concentration factors, the distributions of circumferential stresses and the normal stress σz.
Some improvements of accuracy and efficiency in three dimensional direct boundary element method
Authors: Li Yin‐Sheng , Obata Tatsuo , Koguchi Hideo , Yada Toshio
Published: August 2005

Numerical analysis with the Boundary Element Method (BEM) has been used more and more in various engineering fields in recent years. In numerical techniques, however, there are some problems which have not been fully solved even now. The most essential one is the drop in the accuracy of results for internal points near the boundary of the structure, where the singularity of integrands in the boundary integral equation is too strong to be evaluated with the normal numerical method. For the boundary integral equation of stress, this problem became more serious, and the accuracy can be improved only partly, even though very refined boundary elements are used.

In this paper, the boundary integral equation is newly formulated using a relative quantity of displacement. In this way, the singularity of boundary integrals is reduced by the order of 1/r, and the accuracy of solution is improved significantly. Furthermore, in order to integrate it more accurately, two kinds of numerical integral methods are newly developed. By using these methods, both displacement and stress can be obtained with excellent accuracy at almost any point in the structure without any numerical difficulty, although the discretization may be comparatively coarse. The generality and practicability of the present formulation and integral methods are confirmed through some examples of three dimensional elastic problems.
Hygrothermomechanical evaluation of porous media under finite deformation. Part I ‐ finite element formulations
Authors: Advani S. H. , Lee T. S. , Lee J. K. , Kim C. S.
Published: August 2005

The coupled thermomechanical responses of fluid‐saturated porous continua subjected to finite deformation are investigated. Field equations governing the transient response of the media are derived from a continuum thermodynamics mixture theory based on mass balance, momentum balance and energy balance laws as well as the Clausius‐Duhem inequality. Finite element procedures for the two‐dimensional response, employing updated Lagrangian formulations for the solid skeleton deformation and the weak formulations for fluid and thermal transport equations, are implemented in a fully implicit form. Temperature‐dependent mechanical properties for the non‐linear solid matrix, characterized by Perzyna's viscoplastic model, are assumed. An iterative scheme based on the full Newton‐Raphson method is presented for simultaneously solving the coupled non‐linear equations.
Hybrid and mixed‐penalty finite elements for 3‐D analysis of soft hydrated tissue
Authors: Vermilyea M. E. , Spilker R. L.
Published: August 2005

Solution of biomechanics problems involving three‐dimensional (3‐D) behaviour of soft tissue on geometries representative of such tissue in vivo will require the use of numerical methods. Toward this end, a pair of tetrahedral finite elements has been developed. The equations which are used to model the tissue behaviour for both elements are those commonly known as the linear biphasic equations. This model assumes that hydrated soft tissue is a mixture of two incompressible, immiscible phases, and employs mixture theory to derive governing equations for its mechanical behaviour. The finite element techniques applied to these equations for the two elements are the mixed‐penalty method and the hybrid method. Both elements are described here, and the special requirements for 3‐D analysis are discussed. Results obtained by solving canonical problems in two and three dimensions using both elements are presented and compared. Both elements are found to produce excellent results. The hybrid element is also noted to have advantages for non‐linear analyses involving finite deformation which will require solution in the future.
Optimization of large structures subjected to dynamic loads with the multiplier method
Authors: Chahande A. I. , Arora J. S.
Published: August 2005

The multiplier method for optimization of large‐scale mechanical and structural systems subjected to dynamic loads is investigated. A large‐scale dynamic response optimization problem is formulated and solved in several alternate ways using the first‐ and second‐order forms of the equations of motion. Results are compared with those obtained with the sequential quadratic programming algorithm—a primal method. In all the cases investigated, the multiplier algorithm is more efficient than the primal method. Therefore, it is concluded that the multiplier method is more appropriate for dynamic response optimization of large‐scale problems.
Preconditioned Krylov solvers for BEA
Authors: Prasad K. Guru , Kane J. H. , Keyes D. E. , Balakrishna C.
Published: August 2005

The performance of a number of preconditioned Krylov methods is analysed for a large variety of boundary element formulations. Low‐ and high‐order element, two‐dimensional (2‐D) and three‐dimensional 3‐D, regular, singular and hypersingular, collocation and symmetric Galerkin, single‐ and multi‐zone, thermal and elastic, continuous and discontinuous boundary formulations with and without condensation are considered. Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (CG) solvers in standard form and a form effectively operating on the normal equations (CGN), Generalized Minimal Residual (GMRES), Conjugate Gradient Squared (CGS) and Stabilized Bi‐conjugate Gradient (Bi‐CGSTAB) Krylov solvers are employed in this study. Both the primitive and preconditioned matrix operators are depicted graphically to illustrate the relative amenability of the alternative formulations to solution via Kryiov methods, and to contrast and explain their computational performances. A notable difference between 2‐D and 3‐D BEA operators is readily visualized in this manner. Numerical examples are presented and the relative conditioning of the various discrete BEA operators is reflected in the performance of the Krylov equation solvers. A preconditioning scheme which was found to be uncompetitive in the collocation BEA context is shown to make iterative solution of symmetric Galerkin BEA problems more economical than employing direct solution techniques. We conclude that the preconditioned Krylov techniques are competitive with or superior to direct methods in a wide range of boundary formulated problems, and that their performance can be partially correlated with certain problem characteristics.
A third‐order triangular multilayered plate finite element with continuous interlaminar stresses
Authors: Di Sciuva Marco
Published: August 2005

Based on a refined third‐order shear deformation plate theory recently proposed by the author, a three‐node, fully conforming, multilayered anisotropic plate element of arbitrary triangular shape is developed in this paper. The element incorporates 10 nodal d.o.f., namely the two in‐plane displacements, the two shear rotations, the transverse displacement and its first and second derivatives, thus giving a total of 30 d.o.f. The formulation includes extension, bending and transverse shear deformation states; moreover, it fulfils a priori the geometric and stress continuity conditions at the interfaces, and it requires only five generalized displacements to describe the kinematics of the plate deformation. The formulated plate element is assessed for its performance comparing its predictions either with exact solutions from the plate model or with other approximate two‐dimensional solutions.
An efficient dual boundary element technique for a two‐dimensional fracture problem with multiple cracks
Authors: Chen W. H. , Chen T. C.
Published: August 2005

An efficient dual boundary element technique for the analysis of a two‐dimensional finite body with multiple cracks is established. In addition to the displacement integral equation derived for the outer boundary, since the relative displacement of the crack surfaces is adopted in the formulation, only the traction integral equation is established on one of the crack surfaces. For each crack, a virtual boundary is devised and connected to one of the crack surfaces to construct a closed integral path. The rigid body translation for the domain enclosed by the closed integral path is then employed for evaluating the hypersingular integral. To solve the dual displacement/traction integral equations simultaneously, the constant and quadratic isoparametric elements are taken to discretize the closed integral paths/crack surfaces and the outer boundary, respectively. The present method has distinct computational advantages in solving a fracture problem which has arbitrary numbers, distributions, orientations and shapes of cracks by a few boundary elements. Several examples are analysed and the computed results are in excellent agreement with other analytical or numerical solutions.
Volume integral equations in non‐linear 3‐D magnetostatics
Authors: Kettunen Lauri , Forsman Kimmo , Levine David , Gropp William
Published: August 2005

In this paper a discussion of volume integral formulations in three‐dimensional non‐linear magnetostatics is presented. Integral formulations are examined in connection with Whitney's elements in order to find new approaches. A numerical algorithm based on a formulation implying properly the continuity conditions of magnetic field strength H, i.e. an h‐type formulation, is introduced. Results of demanding application problems are shown demonstrating the characteristics of this kind of volume integral approach. In addition, a discussion of the parallelized version of the numerical code based on the h‐type approach is presented appended with numerical results illustrating the advantages of combining integral formulations with concurrent computing.
Toxicity profile of delayed high dose sodium thiosulfate in children treated with carboplatin in conjunction with blood‐brain‐barrier disruption
Authors: Neuwelt Edward A. , Gilmer‐Knight Kristin , Lacy Cynthia , Nicholson H. Stacy , Kraemer Dale F. , Doolittle Nancy D. , Hornig Gregory W. , Muldoon Leslie L.
Published: August 2005

Purpose

To assess the safety of delayed high dose intravenous (i.v.) sodium thiosulfate (STS) in a case series of 12 children with malignant brain tumors who were treated with intraarterial (i.a.) carboplatin in conjunction with blood‐brain‐barrier disruption (BBBD).

Methods

Twelve children ages 17 months–12 years underwent a total of 132 BBBD chemotherapy treatments and also received delayed high dose STS (i.v.). Dose 1 of STS (10–16 g/m2) was administered 2 or 4 hr after carboplatin, and a second STS dose was administered 4 hr after dose 1 if the child had impaired baseline hearing. Toxicity data were graded in accordance with the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (Version 2). Audiologic monitoring to evaluate the otoprotective potential of STS was performed on 11 children. Ototoxicity was defined in accordance with the American Speech‐Language‐Hearing Association (ASHA) criteria. Baseline and end of treatment hearing status were graded using Brock's criteria.

Results

Nausea and vomiting were well controlled with anti‐emetics administered approximately 30 min prior to STS infusion. Analogous to results in adult patients, there was mild transient hypernatremia and a trend for improved protection from ototoxicity in children who received STS delayed to 4 hr post‐treatment versus 2 hr. Tumor responses were seen in heavily pre‐treated patients with relatively chemo‐resistant tumors, suggesting that STS did not protect the tumor from platinum cytotoxicity.

Conclusion

High dose STS is well tolerated in children under 12 years of age. Further studies of STS in children are warranted to assess otoprotection and the impact of STS on platinum mediated efficacy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initiation mechanism of ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization
Authors: He Yuhui , Cao Ya , Liu Yan
Published: August 2005

The emulsion polymerization of some monomers can occur without the conventional free radical initiators under ultrasonic irradiation. However, the initiation mechanism is still under controversy. In this paper, the sources of free radicals arising from ultrasonically initiated emulsion polymerization were investigated. Experimental results show that ionic surfactants play a very important role in obtaining a high polymer yield. While monomer conversion is very low in the absence of surfactants or in the presence of nonionic surfactants, it increases significantly upon addition of a little amount of ionic surfactant. FTIR and a radical trapping experiment confirm that the free radicals involved in the irradiation process originate from the decomposition of the ionic surfactants. Under ultrasonic irradiation, ionic surfactants undergo bond scission between the alkyl and ionic group, where the bond is the weakest along the chain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2617–2624, 2005
Ultrasound examination of the endometrium before and after Pipelle endometrial sampling
Authors: Van den Bosch T. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Ameye L. , Van Huffel S. , Timmerman D.
Published: August 2005

Objective

To evaluate if, and to what extent, Pipelle de Cornier® endometrial sampling influences the ultrasonographic features of the endometrium.

Methods

This was a prospective descriptive study on 99 consecutive women in whom a Pipelle endometrial biopsy was performed. All patients first underwent a transvaginal ultrasound evaluation of the uterus. The endometrial thickness (ET) was measured and endometrial sonographic features were recorded. Thereafter, a Pipelle endometrial biopsy was taken. Finally, the ultrasound examination was repeated. The patients' characteristics, the sampling procedure, the endometrial histology and the sonographic findings before and after Pipelle biopsy were compared.

Results

Ninety‐nine women, of whom 45% were postmenopausal, entered the study. The mean age was 59.0 years (SD, 9.9) for the postmenopausal women, and 41.6 years (SD, 8.7) for the rest. On histological examination, endometrial cancer was diagnosed in four patients and endometrial hyperplasia in eight patients. The average ET before Pipelle sampling was 9.0 mm (SD, 6.6) vs. 8.6 mm (SD, 7.0) after biopsy (P < 0.0001). After Pipelle sampling, the endometrium was less clearly delineated (P = 0.03) and more echogenic endometrial spots were seen (P < 0.0001). If an endometrial three‐layer pattern was noted before sampling, it was not observed in most women after Pipelle biopsy (P = 0.0003).

Conclusions

ET measurements are affected by Pipelle sampling and the quality of the ultrasound features tends to be altered by biopsy. Performing the ultrasound examination before proceeding with endometrial sampling may therefore improve diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal trunk and head volume measured by three‐dimensional ultrasound at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in chromosomally normal pregnancies
Authors: Falcon O. , Peralta C. F. A. , Cavoretto P. , Faiola S. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: August 2005

Objective

To establish the relationship between fetal trunk and head volume measured by three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound and gestational age at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.

Methods

The fetal trunk and head volume were measured using 3D ultrasound in 417 chromosomally normal fetuses from singleton pregnancies at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 (median, 12 + 0) weeks of gestation. Regression analysis was used to determine the significance of the association between fetal volume and gestational age. The Bland–Altman analysis was used to compare the measurement agreement and bias for a single examiner and between different examiners.

Results

The fetal trunk and head volume increased linearly with gestation from a mean of 5.8 mL at 11 + 0 weeks to 33.3 mL at 13 + 6 weeks and 1 SD was 4.4 mL. There was also a significant linear association between fetal volume and crown–rump length (CRL), from a mean of 5.1 mL at a CRL of 45 mm to 37.5 mL at a CRL of 84 mm and 1 SD was 2.7 mL. However, within this gestational range, a doubling in CRL, from a mean of 48 mm at 11 + 0 weeks to 79 mm at 13 + 6 weeks, was associated with a 5–6‐fold increase in fetal volume. The mean difference in fetal volume between paired measurements by the same sonographer was −0.87 mL (95% limits of agreement, −2.31 to 4.05 mL) and the mean difference between paired measurements by two sonographers was −1.09 mL (−5.49 to 3.32 mL).

Conclusions

3D ultrasound can provide a reproducible measurement of the fetal trunk and head volume in early pregnancy. At between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks there is a 5–6‐fold increase in fetal volume but only a doubling in CRL. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathogenesis of urethral funneling in women with stress urinary incontinence assessed by introital ultrasound
Authors: Tunn R. , Goldammer K. , Gauruder‐Burmester A. , Wildt B. , Beyersdorff D.
Published: August 2005

Objective

The incidence of urethral funneling (UF) seen in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) during straining is reported to range from 18.6% to 97.4%. Its morphologic basis is unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether SUI patients with and without UF differ in terms of history, urodynamic results and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

Patients and Methods

Fifty‐four women (mean age 52 ± 11 years) with a history of SUI confirmed by clinical and urodynamic findings were included in the study. UF was demonstrated by introital ultrasound performed at a bladder filling volume of 300 mL during maximal straining. MRI for assessment of the urethra, levator ani muscle and endopelvic fascia was performed using axial proton‐density‐weighted sequences.

Results

UF was demonstrated by introital ultrasound in 59% of the patients with SUI (Group 1) and was absent in 41% (Group 2). There were no differences between the two groups in mean age (P = 0.208), the incidence of mild prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall (Aa, Ba; stage I; P = 0.741), and urodynamic parameters (urethral closure pressure at rest; P = 0.507). The percentages of nulliparous and parous women were 22% and 78% in Group 1 and 54% and 46% in Group 2 (P = 0.013). The two groups did not differ in the MRI demonstration of morphologic defects of the urethra, levator ani muscle and endopelvic fascia or of combined defects.

Conclusions

The results of the present study did not elucidate the pathogenesis of UF. The demonstration of UF crucially depends on the examination technique employed. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Prothrombotic Abnormalities in Patients with Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Authors: Ağaoğlu Nazım , Türkyılmaz Serdar , Ovalı Ercüment , Uçar Fahri , Ağaoğlu Celal
Published: August 2005

Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a rare condition that may be associated with a variety of congenital prothrombotic disorders (PDs). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of these disorders in 28 AMI patients compared with 103 healthy individuals from the northeastern region of Turkey. They were screened for protein C, antithrombin III, and protein S deficiencies; and gene analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction. A PD was revealed in 16 (57%) patients and 33 (32%) controls (p = 0.020). Factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A mutation, and TT677 homozygous mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was detected in 10 (36%) patients versus 16 (15%) controls (p = 0.035), 3 (11%) patients versus 10 (9%) controls (p = 1.00), and 1 (3%) patient versus no controls, respectively. Consistent with caucasian ethnic groups, there was high prevalence of PDs, especially FVL; and these abnormalities might be a significant predisposing factor in the pathogenesis of AMI.
Long‐term Survival of Patients with Gallbladder Cancer Detected during or after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Akatsu Tomotaka , Ueda Masakazu , Shimazu Motohide , Wakabayashi Go , Aiura Koichi , Tanabe Minoru , Kawachi Shigeyuki , Kido Hiromu , Kitajima Masaki
Published: August 2005

Little evidence is available regarding long‐term survival of patients with gallbladder cancer that is discovered at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Therefore the present study was performed to evaluate long‐term outcomes of this disease. Of 1546 patients who underwent LC for benign gallbladder disease between January 1992 and January 2002, 8 patients (0.5%) had cancers that were found during or after LC. The median follow‐up period was 55 months (range: 36–142 months). The gallbladder was resected without perforation in all cases. During surgery there was a suspicion of malignancy in 6 of 8 cases. Frozen section analysis showed that 2 had TNM stage Tis tumors, 2 had T1a tumors, and 2 had T2 tumors. Two patients with T2 tumors were immediately converted to extended cholecystectomy. The final pathology revealed another 2 tumors, and demonstrated that 3 patients had Tis tumors, 3 had T1a tumors, and 2 had T2N0M0 tumors. None of the patients underwent additional surgery. All patients survived with no evidence of recurrence during the median follow‐up of 55 months. In conclusion, before and during LC, we have not overlooked T2 or more advanced tumor, which requires additional procedures for curative resection. This might result in good survival. We consider that an intensive preoperative work‐up and meticulous inspection of the opened gallbladder should be mandatory to detect gallbladder cancer in patients who undergo LC. At present, this is not routinely practiced.
Exclusive paternal expression and novel alternatively spliced variants of ε‐sarcoglycan mRNA in mouse brain
Authors: Yokoi Fumiaki , Dang Mai T. , Mitsui Shinichi , Li Yuqing
Published: August 2005

Mutations of SGCE encoding ε‐sarcoglycan cause myoclonus‐dystonia. SGCE is paternally expressed; however, 5–10% of patients show maternal inheritance of the disease. We found Sgce was exclusively paternally expressed in mice by using a novel polymorphism marker. The result was confirmed in Sgce heterozygous knockout mice. This finding suggests that maternally inherited myoclonus‐dystonia may not result from maternal expression of SGCE. Furthermore, we report a new family of alternatively spliced Sgce mRNA expressed in the brain coding for different C‐terminal sequences possessing a PDZ‐binding motif. Our results provide a better basis for diagnosis and understanding of the pathogenesis of myoclonus‐dystonia.
Interaction between Aspergillus fumigatus and basement membrane laminin: Binding and substrate degradation
Authors: Tronchin Guy , Bouchara Jean‐Philippe , Larcher Gérald , Lissitzky Jean‐Claude , Chabasse Dominique
Published: August 2005

Summary— Aspergillus fumigatus, the causative agent of human aspergillosis, binds to and degrades basement membrane laminin. Using immunoelectron microscopy, laminin binding appeared to be associated with the cell wall expansions of resting conidia, and progressively extended to the outer electron dense layer of the conidial wall during the germination process. Labeling of thin sections revealed numerous binding sites in the cytoplasm, whereas the inner cell wall and the plasma membrane were not labeled. Attachment of A fumigatus conidia on microtiter plates coated with laminin and its fragments P1 and E8 was also investigated. Conidia cells showed good adhesion to wells coated with laminin. As indicated by inhibition experiments, the interaction was specific and fragment P1 represented the major binding site on the laminin molecule. In addition, since A fumigatus produced an extracellular serine protease, we determined the susceptibility of laminin to this enzyme. We demonstrated that a crude protease extract was capable to degrade laminin in solution as well as in tissue sections. The laminin cleavage products were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the three chains were extensively degraded within 1 h. Treatment of the crude protease extract with the enzyme inhibitors, phenylmethylsulfonyl‐fluoride and chymostatin, blocked the degradation of laminin, indicating a chymotrypsin‐like serine protease activity. Immunofluorescence microscopy of cryostat sections of mouse and rat kidneys treated with the protease extract showed widespread loss of laminin epitopes from basement membranes. Enzyme treatment also removed immunoreactivity from lungs as observed after immunoperoxidase performed on paraffin sections. Binding and proteolytic degradation of laminin may together facilitate initial interaction of A fumigatus with the host tissues.
In vitro attachment of Pneumocystis carinii from mouse and rat origin
Authors: Aliouat El Moukhtar , Dei‐Cas Eduardo , Ouaissi Ali , Palluault François , Soulez Benoît , Camus Daniel
Published: August 2005

Summary— The attachment of Pneumocystis carinii to lung cells could play a role in the pathophysiology of P carinii pneumonia. The trophozoite attaches to type I alveolar epithelial cells. Physical, chemical, and extracellular matrix factors, involved in the mouseor rat‐derived P carinii attachment to fibroblastic cells in culture, were examined using a new model of in vitro adherence. The development of parasite filopodia penetrating deeply the host cell cytoplasm was observed using transmission electronic microscopy. Killed P carinii organisms were unable to attach to cultured cells. Also, parasites were unable to attach to killed target cells. The P carinii in vitro attachment was partially inhibited by cytochalasin B. In contrast, the parasite attachment was not affected when the target cell cytoskeleton was altered. In our work conditions, sialic acids were not involved in the attachment process. Present results showed that fibronectin (Fn) plays a role in the parasite attachment, and suggest that a specific Fn‐binding receptor is present at the surface of mouse‐derived P carinii organisms.
The biased lamellipodium development and microtubule organizing center position in vascular endothelial cells migrating under the influence of fluid flow*
Authors: Masuda Michitaka , Fujiwara Keigi
Published: August 2005

Summary— To analytically study the morphological responses of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to fluid flow, we designed a parallel plate flow culture chamber in which cells were cultured under fluid shear stress ranging from 0.01 to 2.0 Pa for several days. Via a viewing window of the chamber, EC responses to known levels of fluid shear stress were monitored either by direct observations or by a video‐enhanced time‐lapse microscopy. Among the responses of cultured ECs to flow, morphological responses take from hours to days to be fully expressed, except for the fluid shear stress‐dependent motility pattern change we reported earlier which could be detected within 30 min of flow changes. We report here that ECs exposed to more than 1.0 Pa of fluid shear shear stress have developed lamellipodia in the direction of flow in 10 min. This is the fastest structurally identifiable EC response to fluid shear stress. This was a reversible response. When the flow was stopped or reduced to the level which exerted less than 0.1 Pa of fluid shear stress, the biased lamellipodium development was lost within several minutes. The microtubule organizing center was located posterior to the nucleus in ECs under the influence of flow. However, this position was established only in ECs responding to fluid shear stress for longer than 1 h, indicating that positioning of the microtubule organizing center was not the reason for, but rather the result of, the biased lamellipodium response. Colcemid‐treated ECs responded normally to flow, indicating that microtubules were not involved in both flow sensing and the flow‐induced, biased lamellipodium development.
Bistramide A‐induced irreversible arrest of cell proliferation in a non‐small‐cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma is similar to induction of terminal maturation
Authors: Riou Denis , Roussakis Christos , Robillard Nelly , Biard Jean‐François , Verbist Jean‐François
Published: August 2005

Summary— Bistramide A, a new toxin isolated from a New Caledonian Urochordata, shows an antiproliferative effect on a non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma line in vitro and G1‐blockade. In this work, the growth arrest induced by bistramide A was shown to be irreversible as assessed by growth kinetics of pretreated cells. Furthermore, the drug caused an underexpression of the nuclear antigen Ki67. These events are similar to a G1‐differentiation cell cycle step blockage and a terminal maturation induction.
Efficacy of δ18O data from Pliocene planktonic foraminifer calcite for spatial sea surface temperature reconstruction: comparison with a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM and fossil assemblage data for the mid-Pliocene
Authors: WILLIAMS MARK , HAYWOOD ALAN M. , HILLENBRAND CLAUS-DIETER , WILKINSON IAN P.
Published: August 2005

Sea surface temperature (SST) estimates using the δ18O composition of fossil planktonic foraminifer calcite, within the time slice 3.12 to 3.05 Ma (Pliocene, Kaena Subchron – C2An1r) are assessed for nine Atlantic Ocean sites. These are compared with SST estimates from fossil assemblages for the ‘Time Slab’ 3.29–2.97 Ma and with estimates from a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere General Circulation Model (GCM) for the same time interval. Most SST estimates derived from the δ18O data indicate a cooler ocean surface than at present, through the latitudinal range 69.25° N to 46.88° S. At some sites the temperature difference is greater than 5 °C (cooler than at present). This contrasts with SST estimates from fossil assemblages that give warmer than present temperatures at mid- to high latitudes, and similar temperatures in the tropics, and with the GCM, which predicts SSTs warmer than at present across all latitudes for this time interval. Difficulties interpreting the ecology of fossil foraminifer assemblages and inaccurate estimates of mid-Pliocene seawater δ18O composition (δ18Osw) at some sites may partly produce the temperature discrepancy between isotope-based and fossil-based SST estimates, but do not adequately explain the cool signal of the former. We interpret the cool SST estimates from the δ18O data to be the product of: (a) calcite formed at a level deep within or below the ocean mixed-layer during the life-cycle of the foraminifera; (b) secondary calcite with higher δ18O formed in the planktonic foraminifer tests in sea bottom pore waters. Although these effects differ between sites, secular and temporal oceanographic trends are preserved in the primary calcite formed in the mixed-layer near the ocean surface, witnessed by the latitudinal variation in estimated SSTs. Reconstructing accurate mid-Pliocene SSTs with much of the existing published oxygen isotope data probably requires a detailed re-assessment of taphonomy, particularly at tropical sites. This study also indicates that methods for estimating Atlantic Pliocene δ18Osw need to be refined.
Children's participation in music: connecting the cultural contexts – an Australian perspective
Authors: Temmerman Nita
Published: August 2005

The cultural contexts of home, school and community all have important parts to play in the music education of children, but at present in Australia, these three entities are insufficiently connected on a number of fronts, not the least being an understanding about the purpose(s) of young people's engagement with music. This paper puts forward two specific proposals for action aimed to help build linkages among the three cultural contexts and ensure young people's on-going engagement with music. These proposals, which call on the education sector to assume leadership for action, have implications for policy makers, school personnel, as well as parents, individual artists and community arts organisations.
Working towards a theory for music technologies in the classroom: how pupils engage with and organise sounds with new technologies
Authors: Savage Jonathan
Published: August 2005

The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in schools is now commonplace and, for many, an unquestionable part of everyday teaching and learning. But detailed studies of the use of ICT in classroom-based music education are rare. This article explores how pupils aged between 11 and 16 used ICT to create and perform music in new ways. Working as a teacher-researcher, the author used the methodologies of action research and case study to investigate how pupils engage with and organise sounds with ICT.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON
Published: August 2005

We have become used over the years to a growing literature addressing the question ‘What's wrong with school music?’ Recently there has been a well-publicised addition to the debate in the form of Sir Peter Maxwell Davies's Royal Philharmonic Society lecture, given on 24 April, 2005, and entitled ‘Will serious music become extinct?’
THE ALHACENIAN ACCOUNT OF SPATIAL PERCEPTION AND ITS EPISTEMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: SMITH A. MARK
Published: August 2005

From the late thirteenth to the early seventeenth century, the process of visual imaging was understood in the Latin West as an essentially subjective act initiated by the eye and completed by the brain. The crystalline lens took center stage in this act, its role determined by its peculiar physical and sensitive capacities. As a physical body, on the one hand, it was disposed to accept the physical impressions of light and color radiating to it from external objects. As a sensitive body, on the other hand, it was enabled by the visual spirit flowing to it from the brain to feel those impressions visually. Acting as a sentient selector of visual information, the lens transformed the brute physical impressions of light and color into visual impressions. These, in turn, gave rise to perceptual “depictions” that were passed back along the stream of visual spirits to the brain. Known in Scholastic parlance as “intentional species,” these depictions served as virtual representations of their generating objects. As such, they provided the wherewithal not only for perception, but also for conception and cognition.
The Role of Mood States in Self-Regulation
Authors: Gendolla Guido H.E. , Brinkmann Kerstin
Published: August 2005

Abstract. Based on the mood-behavior-model (MBM; Gendolla, 2000 ), it is proposed that moods play significant roles in two central processes of self-regulation: (1) The constitution of action preferences and (2) resource mobilization in instrumental behavior. Specifically, people's interest in behaviors that facilitate hedonic experiences depends on their momentary need for well-being and the perceived instrumentality of potential acts for satisfying this need. Resource mobilization is influenced by the use of moods as diagnostic information for demand appraisals, which in turn determine the intensity of effort and the persistence of behavior. A series of experiments that quantified effort as cardiovascular response has supported these predictions. The role of personality variables in the linkage between mood states and self-regulation is discussed.
Self-Regulation After Mortality Salience
Authors: Kazén Miguel , Baumann Nicola , Kuhl Julius
Published: August 2005

Abstract. This research investigates mortality salience (MS) and national pride in Germany, a country in which, for historical reasons, attitudes toward the nation are negatively valued. Within this cultural context, utilizing national pride as a coping strategy for dealing with MS may require well-developed self-regulatory abilities: It was hypothesized that the typical increment in national pride after induced MS would be confined to action-oriented individuals, who are able to self-regulate after exposure to threatening information. Two studies with German participants showed that they negatively evaluated national pride. Consistent with expectations, action-oriented participants in the MS condition revalued this symbol and also gave higher attractiveness ratings to attributes related to their own culture. Results remained unchanged after controlling for participants' self-esteem. The combined role of self-regulation and culture in terror management is discussed.
The Relationship Between Generalized Resistance Resources, Sense of Coherence, and Health Among Finnish People Aged 65-69
Authors: Read Sanna , Aunola Kaisa , Feldt Taru , Leinonen Raija , Ruoppila Isto
Published: August 2005

Abstract. The present study investigated the appropriateness of Antonovsky's model, in which generalized resistance resources (GRRs) facilitate an individual's sense of coherence (SOC); which in turn is assumed to sustain health. The proposed model was tested using a sample of 320 Finnish persons (132 of them were men and 188 women) aged 65-69 years. The GRRs investigated were family income, cognitive functioning, years of formal education, marital status, and physical exercise. Health was measured by means of a multidimensional indicator composed of physical, social and mental health. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) within the framework of LISREL models were used to test the hypothesized model. The results showed that good cognitive functioning and physical activity in the whole sample, and marital status in men, were associated with a strong SOC, which in turn was positively related to physical, and especially, social and mental health.
Soluble trace gas effect on cloud condensation nuclei activation: Influence of initial equilibration on cloud model results
Authors: Romakkaniemi S. , Kokkola H. , Laaksonen A.
Published: August 2005

Influence of initial equilibration of NH3 and HNO3 on number of droplets activated during a cloud model simulation is studied. This is done with a size‐resolved droplet box model including detailed microphysics and liquid phase thermodynamics. The results show that when both ammonia and nitric acid are present in the gas phase simultaneously, the number of activated droplets is dependent on the history of the air masses forming the cloud. Simulations show that in situations where the aerosol distribution is in equilibrium with condensable trace gases prior to cloud formation, the number of cloud droplets is lower than in the nonequilibrium situation.
Floquet wave–based analysis of transient scattering from doubly periodic, discretely planar, perfectly conducting structures
Authors: Chen Nan‐Wei , Lu Mingyu , Capolino Filippo , Shanker Balasubramaniam , Michielssen Eric
Published: August 2005

A Floquet wave–based algorithm for solving an electric field time domain integral equation pertinent to the analysis of transient plane wave scattering from doubly periodic, discretely planar, perfect electrically conducting structures is presented. The proposed scheme accelerates the evaluation of fields generated by periodic constellations of band‐limited transient currents via their expansion in time domain Floquet waves and use of blocked fast Fourier transforms. The validity and effectiveness of the resulting algorithm are demonstrated through a number of examples.
Surface deformation in the region of the 1905 Kangra Mw = 7.8 earthquake in the period 1846–2001
Authors: Wallace K. , Bilham R. , Blume F. , Gaur V. K. , Gahalaut V.
Published: August 2005

One century after the Mw = 7.8 Kangra earthquake of 4 April 1905, we report weak constraints on its rupture parameters based on the remeasurement of historic triangulation points in the epicentral region. The western corner of the 1905 rupture is constrained to within 20 km and its SW edge strikes N135 ± 15W. The down‐dip width of the rupture is inferred from the location of the interseismic locking‐line to have been less than 55 km. Scaling laws and revised MSK intensities suggest an along‐arc rupture length of ≈100 km with uniform slip of ∼4 m. Because the earthquake ruptured <60% of the width of the plate boundary and released a fraction of the inferred slip deficit, complacency about its re‐rupture in the distant future is unwarranted. The Kangra rupture could fail again today in a Mw = 7.5 earthquake (1.4 m of slip) or as part of a much larger earthquake (Mw ≈ 8.6).
Time-dependent four-component relativistic density-functional theory for excitation energies. II. The exchange-correlation kernel
Authors: Gao Jun , Zou Wenli , Liu Wenjian , Xiao Yunlong , Peng Daoling , Song Bo , Liu Chengbu
Published: August 2005

We extend our previous formulation of time-dependent four-component relativistic density-functional theory [J. Gao, W. Liu, B. Song, and C. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 6658 (2004)] by using a noncollinear form for the exchange-correlation kernel. The new formalism can deal with excited states involving moment (spin)-flipped configurations which are otherwise not accessible with ordinary exchange-correlation functionals. As a first application, the global potential-energy curves of 16 low-lying ωω-coupled electronic states of the AuH molecule have been investigated. The derived spectroscopic parameters, including the adiabatic and vertical excitation energies, equilibrium bond lengths, harmonic and anharmonic vibrational constants, fundamental frequencies, and dissociation energies, are grossly in good agreement with those of ab initio multireference second-order perturbation theory and the available experimental data.
Theoretical characterization of the low-lying electronic states of NbC
Authors: Denis Pablo A. , Balasubramanian K.
Published: August 2005

We have studied the potential-energy curves and the spectroscopic constants of the ground and low-lying excited states of NbC by employing the complete active space self-consistent field method with relativistic effective core potentials followed by multireference configuration-interaction calculations. We have identified 23 low-lying electronic states of NbC with different spin multiplicities and spatial symmetries within 40000cm−1. At the multireference single and double configuration interaction level of theory the Σ+2 and Δ2 states are nearly degenerated, with the Δ2 state located 187cm−1 lower than the Σ+2 state. The estimated spin-orbit splitting for the Δ2 state results in a Δ3∕22 ground state and AΣ+2 which is placed 650cm−1 above the ground state, in reasonable agreement with the experimental result, 831cm−1. Our computed spectroscopic constants are in good agreement with experimental values although our results differ from those of a previous density-functional investigation of the excited sates of NbC, mainly due to the strong multiconfigurational character of NbC. In the present work we have not only suggested assignments for the observed states but also computed more electronic states that are yet to be observed experimentally.