bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The response regulator Npun_F1278 is essential for scytonemin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133
Authors: Naurin Sejuti , Bennett Janine , Videau Patrick , Philmus Benjamin , Soule Tanya
Published: March 2016

Following exposure to long‐wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVA), some cyanobacteria produce the indole‐alkaloid sunscreen scytonemin. The genomic region associated with scytonemin biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme includes 18 cotranscribed genes. A two‐component regulatory system (Npun_F1277/Npun_F1278) directly upstream from the biosynthetic genes was identified through comparative genomics and is likely involved in scytonemin regulation. In this study, the response regulator (RR), Npun_F1278, was evaluated for its ability to regulate scytonemin biosynthesis using a mutant strain of N. punctiforme deficient in this gene, hereafter strain Δ1278. Following UVA radiation, the typical stimulus to initiate scytonemin biosynthesis, Δ1278 was incapable of producing scytonemin. A phenotypic characterization of Δ1278 suggests that aside from the ability to produce scytonemin, the deletion of the Npun_F1278 gene does not affect the cellular morphology, cellular differentiation capability, or lipid‐soluble pigment complement of Δ1278 compared to the wildtype. The mutant, however, had a slower specific growth rate under white light and produced ~2.5‐fold more phycocyanin per cell under UVA than the wildtype. Since Δ1278 does not produce scytonemin, this study demonstrates that the RR gene, Npun_F1278, is essential for scytonemin biosynthesis in N. punctiforme. While most of the evaluated effects of this gene appear to be specific for scytonemin, this regulator may also influence the overall health of the cell and phycobiliprotein synthesis, directly or indirectly. This is the first study to identify a regulatory gene involved in the biosynthesis of the sunscreen scytonemin and posits a link between cell growth, pigment synthesis, and sunscreen production.
“Long, boring, and tedious”: youths' experiences with complex, religious texts
Authors: Rackley Eric D. , Kwok Michelle
Published: March 2016

Growing out of the renewed attention to text complexity in the United States and the large population of youth who are deeply committed to reading scripture, this study explores 16 Latter‐day Saint and Methodist youths' experiences with complex, religious texts. The study took place in the Midwestern United States. Data consisted of an academic year of participant observations and 59 extensive, semi‐structured interviews conducted over 2 years. Constant comparative analysis revealed two primary areas of struggle that participants had with the Book of Mormon and the Bible: scriptural language and contradictions with and within scripture. Struggles with the antiquated language of scripture included having difficulty with its diction, syntax and literacy devices. Struggles with text contradictions included the intratextual inconsistencies and youths' personal conflicts with what they believed scripture said. Similarities and differences were manifest across the two congregations within the aforementioned areas. This study raises important questions about the use of complex texts for instructional purposes, motivating youth to engage with complex texts, and the development of new lines of literacy research focused on religious texts and youths' experiences with these texts.
Differentially expressed genes associated with adaptation to different thermal environments in three sympatric Cuban Anolis lizards
Authors: Akashi Hiroshi D. , Cádiz Díaz Antonio , Shigenobu Shuji , Makino Takashi , Kawata Masakado
Published: March 2016

How animals achieve evolutionary adaptation to different thermal environments is an important issue for evolutionary biology as well as for biodiversity conservation in the context of recent global warming. In Cuba, three sympatric species of Anolis lizards (Anolis allogus, A. homolechis and A. sagrei) inhabit different thermal microhabitats, thereby providing an excellent opportunity to examine how they have adapted to different environmental temperatures. Here, we performed RNA‐seq on the brain, liver and skin tissues from these three species to analyse their transcriptional responses at two different temperatures. In total, we identified 400, 816 and 781 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two temperatures in A. allogus, A. homolechis and A. sagrei, respectively. Only 62 of these DEGs were shared across the three species, indicating that global transcriptional responses have diverged among these species. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that large numbers of ribosomal protein genes were DEGs in the warm‐adapted A. homolechis, suggesting that the upregulation of protein synthesis is an important physiological mechanism in the adaptation of this species to hotter environments. GO analysis also showed that GO terms associated with circadian regulation were enriched in all three species. A gene associated with circadian regulation, Nr1d1, was detected as a DEG with opposite expression patterns between the cool‐adapted A. allogus and the hot‐adapted A. sagrei. Because the environmental temperature fluctuates more widely in open habitats than in forests throughout the day, the circadian thermoregulation could also be important for adaptation to distinct thermal habitats.
Parallel genetic divergence among coastal–marine ecotype pairs of European anchovy explained by differential introgression after secondary contact
Authors: Le Moan A. , Gagnaire P.‐A. , Bonhomme F.
Published: March 2016

Ecophenotypic differentiation among replicate ecotype pairs within a species complex is often attributed to independent outcomes of parallel divergence driven by adaptation to similar environmental contrasts. However, the extent to which parallel phenotypic and genetic divergence patterns have emerged independently is increasingly questioned by population genomic studies. Here, we document the extent of genetic differentiation within and among two geographic replicates of the coastal and marine ecotypes of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) gathered from Atlantic and Mediterranean locations. Using a genome‐wide data set ofRAD‐derivedSNPs, we show that habitat type (marine vs. coastal) is the most important component of genetic differentiation among populations of anchovy. By analysing the joint allele frequency spectrum of each coastal–marine ecotype pair, we show that genomic divergence patterns between ecotypes can be explained by a postglacial secondary contact following a long period of allopatric isolation (c. 300 kyrs). We found strong support for a model including heterogeneous migration among loci, suggesting that secondary gene flow has eroded past differentiation at different rates across the genome. Markers experiencing reduced introgression exhibited strongly correlated differentiation levels among Atlantic and Mediterranean regions. These results support that partial reproductive isolation and parallel genetic differentiation among replicate pairs of anchovy ecotypes are largely due to a common divergence history prior to secondary contact. They moreover provide comprehensive insights into the origin of a surprisingly strong fine‐scale genetic structuring in a high gene flow marine fish, which should improve stock management and conservation actions.
Selaginella aculeatifolia sp. nov. (Selaginellaceae–Lycopodiophyta) from the foothills of Cerro Neblina, Venezuela
Authors: Valdespino Iván A.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, I describe Selaginella aculeatifolia Valdespino, a new species (probably a local endemic) from lowland forests in the foothills of Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela, and compare it with morphologically close taxa, provide SEM of stem, leaves and spores, and discuss its conservation status. In addition, I provide a key to species in the Selaginella deltoides group. This species is characterized by its mat‐forming, creeping growth habit, having the upper surface of the lateral leaves hispidulous with short hairs or tooth‐like projections usually found submarginally, marginally and distally near the apices along the basiscopic halves of the laminae, and with conspicuous, straw‐colored midribs, as well as median leaves with conspicuously hyaline margins. These characters indicate an alliance of Selaginella aculeatifolia with a group of South American species: S. deltoides A. Braun, S. brevifolia Baker, and S. sandwithii Alston, here informally referred to as the ‘Selaginella deltoides group’.
Artabotrys manoranjanii sp. nov. (Annonaceae) from the Andaman Islands, India
Authors: Ramana M. Venkat , Swamy J. , Chandramohan K.
Published: March 2016

Artabotrys manoranjanii M. V. Ramana, J. Swamy & K. C. Mohan (Annonaceae), a new species from the foot hills of Saddle Peak National Park, north Andaman Islands, is described and illustrated. Its fleshy petals and prominent stigmas, distinguish it from all previously known species. Its affinity with A. parkinsonii Chatterjee, a Myanmar species, and A. grandiflorus King, a species from Malayan peninsula, is deliberated.
Development and psychometric properties of ECPICID‐AVC to measure informal caregivers’ skills when caring for older stroke survivors at home
Authors: Araújo Odete , Lage Isabel , Cabrita José , Teixeira Laetitia
Published: March 2016

Introduction

Informal caregivers provide a significant part of the total care needed by dependent older people poststroke. Although informal care is often the preferred option of those who provide and those who receive informal care, informal caregivers often report lack of preparation to take care of older dependent people. This article outlines the development and psychometric testing of informal caregivers’ skills when providing care to older people after a stroke – ECPICID‐AVC.

Design

Prospective psychometric instrument validation study.

Methods

Eleven experts participated in a focus group in order to delineate, develop and validate the instrument. Data were gathered among adult informal caregivers (n = 186) living in the community in Northern Portugal from August 2013 to January 2014.

Results

The 32‐item scale describes several aspects of informal caregiver's skills. The scale has eight factors: skill to feed/hydrate by nasogastric feeding, skill to assist the person in personal hygiene, skill to assist the person for transferring, skill to assist the person for positioning, skill to provide technical aids, skill to assist the person to use the toilet, skill to feed/hydrate and skill to provide technical aids for dressing/undressing. Analysis demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83) and good temporal stability 0.988 (0.984–0.991).

Conclusion

The psychometric properties of the measurement tool showed acceptable results allowing its implementation in clinical practice by the nursing community staff for evaluating practical skills in informal caregivers when providing care to older stroke survivors living at home.
Flow cytometric examination of bacterial growth in a local drinking water network
Authors: Van Nevel Sam , Buysschaert Benjamin , De Gusseme Bart , Boon Nico
Published: March 2016

Bacterial growth in drinking water networks can result in health‐based implications, affect network hydrology and induce customer complaints. In this study, cultivation‐based methods were compared to flow cytometric methods for the study of growth in a local drinking water network. Comparison of flow cytometric cell concentrations indicated growth in several samples, while further data analysis with fingerprinting algorithms showed the different origin of this growth; low similarity between samples with elevated cell counts indicated that growth occurred mainly in the sampled household plumbing installations instead of centrally in the water network. Fast obtained flow cytometric data made this thorough analysis possible, while cultivation‐based methods were yielding too scarce information. Flow cytometry showed to be more rapid, complete, and accurate than cultivation‐based methods for a network growth study. It is proposed as a future useful tool for the fast detection of microbial point contaminations in drinking water networks.
Comprehensive Seismic Response Analysis for Estimating the Seismic Behavior of Buried Pipelines Enhanced by Three-Dimensional Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of Ground Motion and Soil Amplification
Authors: Ichimura Tsuyoshi , Fujita Kohei , Errol Quinay Pher , Hori Muneo , Sakanoue Takashi , Hamanaka Ryo , Ito Fumiki , Suetomi Iwao
Published: March 2016

We demonstrate a comprehensive earthquake response analysis method for improving the seismic input force estimation of buried pipelines by combining ground motion and soil amplification analyses. Using this method, the seismic input force of an actual pipeline was estimated and its seismic performance was checked for a largest assumed seismic fault scenario. Three-dimensional inhomogeneity of ground and surface topography is known to greatly affect the results of ground motion and soil amplification analyses. To consider these effects, a linear wave propagation analysis using a 10 × 109 degree-of-freedom three-dimensional finite element model was conducted for the ground motion analysis, and a nonlinear wave propagation analysis using an 80 × 106 degree-of-freedom three-dimensional finite element model was conducted for the soil amplification analysis. The application example showed that three-dimensional inhomogeneity of ground and surface topology caused complex seismic input forces to buried pipelines, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the comprehensive seismic analysis method proposed in this study.
Ru nucleation and thin film smoothness improvement with ammonia during chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Liao Wen , Ekerdt John G.
Published: March 2016

This study reports the use of ammonia to inhibit the growth of previously nucleated ruthenium islands and force the nucleation of additional islands such that thinner films form as the islands coalesce with continued growth. Ruthenium films are grown at 448 K in a chemical vapor deposition process on SiO2/Si(001) using triruthenium dodecacarbonyl, Ru3(CO)12, with and without a constant partial pressure of ammonia. Film growth was performed at a Ru3(CO)12/Ar pressure of 47.2 mTorr. The ammonia partial pressure varied from 0 to 27.8 mTorr. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the samples in situ. Ex situ characterization included scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray diffraction and x-ray reflectivity. Nucleation studies limited to the first 10 min of growth revealed the maximum nanoparticle (island) density of 8.1 × 1011 cm−2 occurred at an intermediate ammonia pressure (5.25 mTorr) compared to a density of 3.1 × 1011 cm−2 for no ammonia addition. Extending film growth to 120 min and varying the ammonia partial pressure during the first 10 min followed by 5.25 mTorr ammonia pressure for the final 110 min reveals the importance of nucleation on film smoothness. A model describing the inhibition effects of ammonia during nucleation and growth is presented.
An unusual aetiology of back pain
Authors: Al Assad Wasim , Marinos Alejandro
Published: March 2016

We present the case of a healthy young man who developed pyogenic myositis, an infection that is rare in the USA. He had no prior medical conditions except for an obsessive-compulsive disorder and skin picking disorder resulting in multiple superficial skin infections. He presented to our hospital with acute back pain. He was found to be septic with fever, tachycardia and elevated white cell counts. Imaging revealed evidence of myositis in the gluteal region. He was treated with antibiotics and fully recovered. It is likely that the skin picking disorder and the recurrent superficial skin infections are responsible for the development of this infection.
Adult onset primary focal dystonia of the foot: an orthopaedic intervention
Authors: Logan Loretta , Resseque Barbara , Dontamsetti Monica Sakshi
Published: March 2016

A 54-year-old woman presented to a foot centre with a chief symptom of cramping in her toes, which, she believed, was of a secondary cause originating from a bunion. She was treated conservatively; however, she returned a month later as the symptoms had progressed to painful cramping of toes, toe-curling and instability while walking, due to involuntary movement of her toes. It was believed that the patient presented with a rare case of primary adult onset focal foot dystonia. This case report explains dystonia further in detail and delves into the different treatment and management options available today, including the unique orthopaedic intervention provided for this patient.
DRESS syndrome potentially induced by allopurinol and triggered by influenza vaccine
Authors: Solak Berna , Dikicier Bahar Sevimli , Kara Rabia Oztas , Erdem Teoman
Published: March 2016

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DHIS), is an acute, potentially life-threatening disease that includes skin rash, fever, haematological abnormalities and multiorgan involvement. Although its aetiopathogenesis is not exactly known, it is thought that inefficient drug detoxification leading to the accumulation of drug reactive metabolites causes autoimmune responses in skin and some internal organs, alters immune responses and induces reactivation of viral infections in people who have genetic predisposition. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of DRESS syndrome has been reported after delivery of the influenza vaccine, but the drug that induced the reaction in that case was sulfasalazine. We report a case of a 64-year-old woman, receiving allopurinol, who developed DRESS syndrome after taking the influenza vaccine.
The use of the land suitability rating system to assess climate change impacts on corn production in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia
Authors: Gasser P.-Y. , Smith C.A.S. , Brierley J.A. , Schut P.H. , Neilsen D. , Kenney E.A.
Published: March 2016

The land suitability rating system (LSRS) is a spatial modeling tool that generates a class rating for parcels of land for specific agricultural crops based on a soil–climate–landscape potential. We applied the LSRS module for corn suitability to the agricultural portion of the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia (BC). We used data from six UN-IPCC AR4 projections covering a range of cold to hot and wet to dry scenarios for the time periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099 to assess the impacts of climate change on corn production. To obtain satisfactory spatial results, we linked high-resolution (400 m grid) monthly temperature and precipitation values to the individual polygons of a detailed (1 : 25 000 scale) soil map available for the study area. Of the six future climate scenarios evaluated, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS_EH-A1B/3) yielded the most favourable results whereby land suitability for corn without irrigation remained relatively stable through the 21st century. Conversely, the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM-A1B/1) projected a large drop in land suitabililty for corn due to increased climatic and soil moisture deficits. The wide range of climate scenario inputs generated a similarly wide range of LSRS ratings. Most scenarios generated positive impacts for land suitability up to mid-century but negative impacts by late century. Overall, increased heat and aridity will produce earlier harvest dates for corn and likely mean significant changes to the types and timing of crop management practices in the region.
Automatic Tuning of a Retina Model for a Cortical Visual Neuroprosthesis Using a Multi-Objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Martínez-Álvarez Antonio , Crespo-Cano Rubén , Díaz-Tahoces Ariadna , Cuenca-Asensi Sergio , Ferrández Vicente José Manuel , Fernández Eduardo
Published: March 2016

The retina is a very complex neural structure, which contains many different types of neurons interconnected with great precision, enabling sophisticated conditioning and coding of the visual information before it is passed via the optic nerve to higher visual centers. The encoding of visual information is one of the basic questions in visual and computational neuroscience and is also of seminal importance in the field of visual prostheses. In this framework, it is essential to have artificial retina systems to be able to function in a way as similar as possible to the biological retinas. This paper proposes an automatic evolutionary multi-objective strategy based on the NSGA-II algorithm for tuning retina models. Four metrics were adopted for guiding the algorithm in the search of those parameters that best approximate a synthetic retinal model output with real electrophysiological recordings. Results show that this procedure exhibits a high flexibility when different trade-offs has to be considered during the design of customized neuro prostheses.
Low frequency conductivity in monolayer graphene model with partial unfolding of Dirac bands
Authors: Grushevskaya H. V. , Krylov G. G.
Published: March 2016

A secondary quantized field gauge theory with a number of flavors [Formula: see text] has been proposed to describe monolayer graphene. Charge carriers in this graphene model are Majorana pseudo-fermions. Partial unfolding of Dirac bands proceeds from coupling between anti-ordered pseudo-spins and valley currents. Splitting of Dirac cone replicas on Weyl-like node and anti-node leads to polarization effects analogous to graphene doping.
Multiband superconductivity with competing intra- and interband pair channels
Authors: Kristoffel N. , Rubin P.
Published: March 2016

In multiband superconductivity interband interaction channels creating the pairs of intraband [Formula: see text] and interband [Formula: see text] compositions can appear. Simultaneous functioning of these channels is investigated here. A three-band model where two similar bands [Formula: see text] interact with the itinerant-band has been proposed. The mean field Hamiltonian incorporates three order parameters [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] genetically associated with dispersive bands. Calculated quasiparticle energies and operator averages lead to a coupled nonlinear equation system for the order parameters. Illustrative calculations versus temperature have been made for overlapping bands. At fixed parameters, the basic system has two independent solutions. The free energy has a complicated structure of extremal points. The interaction of channels with intra- and interband points is seen. These channels compete in general. From the point where the gap, type parameters associated with one channel become zero, the other continues as the first channel was logged out. The general behaviour of order parameters distribution is very sensible to [Formula: see text]. Events of critical nature appear. Weakening of [Formula: see text] stimulates the formation of closed bubbles built up by the same type parameters from different parallel solutions.
How Best to Disagree in Order to Agree?
Authors: Tanimura Emily , Thoron Sylvie
Published: March 2016

We propose a new noncooperative approach to implement a cooperative bargaining solution. This approach relies on a mechanism which specifies what happens when, at the end of the bargaining phase, players’ propositions are still not compatible. The mechanism uses a random lottery and the history of proposals. At equilibrium, under the threat of this mechanism, provided that the use of it carries a small cost, players reach consensus after a finite number of proposals. No discounting is needed. The equilibrium strategies implement the full Raiffa bargaining process and players agree on a solution arbitrarily close to the Raiffa solution.
Finite groups with some minimal subgroups are ℋC-subgroups
Authors: Wei Xianbiao
Published: March 2016

A subgroup [Formula: see text] of a group [Formula: see text] is said to be an [Formula: see text]-subgroup of [Formula: see text], if there exists a normal subgroup [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], for all [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we investigate the structure of groups based on the assumption that every subgroup of [Formula: see text] of order [Formula: see text] or 4 (if [Formula: see text]) is an [Formula: see text]-subgroup of [Formula: see text], here [Formula: see text] is a Sylow [Formula: see text]-subgroup of [Formula: see text]. Some results for a group to be [Formula: see text]-nilpotent and supersolvable are obtained and many known results are generalized.
Computer aided system for breast cancer in digitized mammogram using shearlet band features with LS-SVM classifier
Authors: Kanchana M. , Varalakshmi P.
Published: March 2016

Breast cancer is life threatening and dangerous diseases among the women across the world. In this paper, mammogram image classification performed using LS-SVM with various kernels functions namely, Gaussian Radial Basis Function (GRBF) kernel, Polynomial kernel, Quadratic kernel, Linear kernel and MLP kernel. Shearlet transform is a multidimensional version of the composite dilation wavelet transform, and is especially designed to address anisotropic and directional information at various scales and directions, which is used to decompose the regions of interest (ROI) image after preprocessing stage. Initially, mammogram images are transformed into different resolution levels from 2 levels to 4 levels with various directions varying from 2 to 64. The evaluation of the system is carried out on the Mammography Image Analysis Society (MIAS) database. From the experimental analysis, based on classification accuracy and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC), it is concluded that LS-SVM with Gaussian RBF kernel function outperforms than Quadratic, polynomial, linear and MLP kernel functions. The classifiers were validated with leave-one-out (training) and cross-validation (testing) modes.
Forecasting import and export volume with a combined model based on wavelet filtering
Authors: Long Huidian , Yan Guangle
Published: March 2016

In this paper, a non-stationary time series prediction method based on wavelet transform is proposed. By wavelet decomposition, the non-stationary time series is decomposed into a low frequency signal and several high frequency signals. The high frequency signals are predicted with auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, and the low frequency is predicted with an improved GM(1,1)-Markov chain combined model based on Taylor approximation. Finally, an improved ARIMA-GM(1,1)-Markov chain combined model is constructed by using wavelet reconstruction. As an example, we use the statistical data of the total import and export volume in China from 2001 to 2014 for a validation of the effectiveness of the combined model.
The geometry and invariance properties for certain classes of metrics with neutral signature
Authors: Bashingwa Jean J. H. , Bokhari Ashfaque H. , Kara A. H. , Zaman F. D.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we study anti-self dual manifolds endowed with metrics of neutral signature. Since the metrics depend on solutions of, in some cases, well-known partial differential equations (PDEs), we determine exact solutions using Lie group methods. This concludes specific forms of the metrics. We then determine the isometries and the variational symmetries of the underlying metrics and corresponding Euler–Lagrange (geodesic) equations, respectively, and establish relationships between the resultant Lie algebras. In some cases, we construct conservation laws via these symmetries or the “multiplier approach”.
Neighborhoods for certain analytic functions
Authors: Talafha Y. , Frasin B. A. , Al-Hawary Tariq , Bani Ata R.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we introduce the neighborhood [Formula: see text] of analytic functions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] defined in the open unit disc. Furthermore, we derive some sufficient and necessary conditions to be in [Formula: see text]. In addition, we see some applications of Jack’s lemma.
Small Bowel Review: Part II
Authors: Thomson ABR , Thomson JA , Ropeleski MJ , Wild GE
Published: March 2016

Major scientific advances have been made over the past few years in the areas of small bowel physiology, pathology, microbiology and clinical sciences. Over 1000 papers have been reviewed and a selective number are considered here. Wherever possible, the clinical relevance of these advances have been identified. Topics discussed are enterocyte proliferation and growth factors; amino acids, peptides and allergies; motility; salt and water absorption and secretion – diarrhea; vitamins and minerals; early development and ageing of the intestine; and ethanol effects.
Onychomycosis: Potential of Nail Lacquers in Transungual Delivery of Antifungals
Authors: Akhtar Nida , Sharma Hemlata , Pathak Kamla
Published: March 2016

Onychomycosis constitutes the most common fungal infection of the nail (skin beneath the nail bed) that affects the finger as well as toe nails. It is an infection that is initiated by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. Nail lacquers are topical solutions intended only for use on fingernails as well as toenails and have been found to be useful in the treatment of onychomycosis. Thus, in the present review an attempt has been made to focus on the treatment aspects of onychomycosis and the ungual delivery of antifungals via nail lacquer. Several patents issued on nail lacquer till date have also been discussed. Penetration efficiency was assessed by several researchers across the human nail plate to investigate the potentiality of nail lacquer based formulations. Various clinical trials have also been conducted in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nail lacquers in delivering antifungal agents. Thus, it can be concluded that nail lacquer based preparations are efficacious and stable formulations. These possess tremendous potential for clinical topical application to the nail bed in the treatment of onychomycosis.
Assessing Heterogeneity for Factor Analysis Model with Continuous and Ordinal Outcomes
Authors: Xia Ye-Mao , Gou Jian-Wei
Published: March 2016

Factor analysis models with continuous and ordinal responses are a useful tool for assessing relations between the latent variables and mixed observed responses. These models have been successfully applied to many different fields, including behavioral, educational, and social-psychological sciences. However, within the Bayesian analysis framework, most developments are constrained within parametric families, of which the particular distributions are specified for the parameters of interest. This leads to difficulty in dealing with outliers and/or distribution deviations. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian semiparametric modeling for factor analysis model with continuous and ordinal variables. A truncated stick-breaking prior is used to model the distributions of the intercept and/or covariance structural parameters. Bayesian posterior analysis is carried out through the simulation-based method. Blocked Gibbs sampler is implemented to draw observations from the complicated posterior. For model selection, the logarithm of pseudomarginal likelihood is developed to compare the competing models. Empirical results are presented to illustrate the application of the methodology.
Experiences of Iranian Nurses on the Facilitators of Pain Management in Children: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Aziznejadroshan Parvin , Alhani Fatemeh , Mohammadi Eesa
Published: March 2016

Background. Despite decades of research and the availability of effective analgesic approaches, many children continue to experience moderate-to-severe pain after hospitalization. Greater research efforts are needed to identify the factors that facilitate effective pain management. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of Iranian nurses on facilitators of pain management in children. Materials and Methods. This qualitative study collected the data profoundly through unstructured interviews with 19 nurses in Amirkola Children’s Hospital in Babol and Children’s Medical Center in Tehran, during 2013-2014. Purposeful sampling and analysis of the data were conducted using conventional qualitative content analysis. Results. Four themes were extracted through data analysis: mother and child participation in diagnosis and pain relief, the timely presence of medical staff and parents, proper communication, and training and supportive role of nurses. Conclusion. Mother and child participation in the report and diagnosis of pain and nonpharmacological interventions for pain by the mother, the timely presence of medical team at the patient’s bedside, and proper interaction along with the training and supportive role of a nurse enhanced the optimal pain management in hospitalized children.
Designing Digital Solutions for Preserving Penan Sign Language: A Reflective Study
Authors: Zaman Tariq , Yeo Alvin W. , Jengan Geran
Published: March 2016

Oroo’ is a language of nomadic Penans in the rainforests of Borneo and the only way of asynchronous communication between nomadic groups in the forest journey. Like many other indigenous languages, the Oroo’ language is also facing imminent extinction. In this paper, we present the research process and reflections of a multidisciplinary community-based research project on digitalizing and preserving the Oroo’ sign language. As a methodology for project activities, we are employing Participatory Action Research in Software Development Methodology Augmentation (PRISMA). Preliminary results show a general interest in digital contents and a positive impact of the project activities. In this paper, we present scenario of a research project that is retooled to fit the need of communities, informing language revitalization efforts and assisting with the evolution of community-based research design.
Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Induction via Modulation of Mitochondrial Integrity by Bcl-2 Family Members and Caspase Dependence inDracaena cinnabari-Treated H400 Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Alabsi Aied M. , Lim Kai Li , Paterson Ian C. , Ali-Saeed Rola , Muharram Bushra A.
Published: March 2016

Dracaena cinnabariBalf.f. is a red resin endemic to Socotra Island, Yemen. Although there have been several reports on its therapeutic properties, information on its cytotoxicity and anticancer effects is very limited. This study utilized a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to determine the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects ofD. cinnabarion human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The cytotoxic effects ofD. cinnabaricrude extract were observed in a panel of OSCC cell lines and were most pronounced in H400. Only fractions DCc and DCd were active on H400 cells; subfractions DCc15 and DCd16 exhibited the greatest cytotoxicity against H400 cells andD. cinnabariinhibited cells proliferation in a time-dependent manner. This was achieved primarily via apoptosis where externalization of phospholipid phosphatidylserine was observed using DAPI/Annexin V fluorescence double staining mechanism studied through mitochondrial membrane potential assay cytochromecenzyme-linked immunosorbent and caspases activities revealed depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and significant activation of caspases 9 and 3/7, concomitant with S phase arrest. Apoptotic proteins array suggested that MMP was regulated by Bcl-2 proteins family as results demonstrated an upregulation of Bax, Bad, and Bid as well as downregulation of Bcl-2. Hence,D. cinnabarihas the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent.
An Improved Cross Talk Cancelling Digital Predistortion for MIMO Transmitters
Authors: Zhang Zhiliang , Shen Ying , Shao Shihai , Pan Wensheng , Tang Youxi
Published: March 2016

An improved cross talk cancelling digital predistortion (ICTC-DPD) with novel estimating technique and decoupling technique is proposed, which can be used to compensate the cross talk with possible delay and compensate the nonlinearity with memory effect in MIMO transmitting channels. The cross talk cancellation ability, which is defined as the cross talk power ratio before cancellation to after cancellation in decibel, is analyzed and its closed-form expression is derived. Simulation results prove that the ICTC-DPD can achieve higher cross talk estimation accuracy and higher cross talk cancellation ability than the original CTC-DPD. Experimental results show that the ICTC-DPD can achieve 20 dB cross talk cancellation for two channels transmitting 20 MHz LTE signals.
Clinical Trial Risk in Hepatitis C: Endpoint Selection and Drug Action
Authors: Tillie Nicole A. , Parker Jayson L. , Feld Jordan J.
Published: March 2016

Background and Aims.This study analyzed the risk of clinical trial failure of new drugs for hepatitis C between January 1998 and January 2015.Methods.Hepatitis C drug development trials that were in phases I–III of clinical trial testing were obtained from the publicly accessible clinical trial repository and other publicly available databases. Drug compounds were excluded from the study if they began their phase I testing before 1998, if they were not industry sponsored, or if they treated secondary complications of hepatitis C. Clinical trial success rates were analyzed in comparison to industry expectations. Further analysis was conducted on the molecule classifications, the mechanisms of action, and the trial endpoints.Results.One hundred and twenty-three unique drug compounds were found to fulfill the inclusion criteria, eight of which had FDA approval. The overall cumulative pass rate for hepatitis C drugs was 20%, which is double the industry expectation rate. Viral inhibitor small molecule drugs significantly reduced the risk of drug failure during clinical trials compared to other mechanisms of action.Conclusion.On average, one in every five drugs that began clinical testing will be approved for market. Viral inhibitor small molecule drugs are the most promising and hold the least risk.
Public versus Private Healthcare Systems following Discharge from the ICU: A Propensity Score-Matched Comparison of Outcomes
Authors: Dexheimer Neto Felippe Leopoldo , Rosa Regis Goulart , Duso Bruno Achutti , Haas Jaqueline Sanguiogo , Savi Augusto , Cabral Cláudia da Rocha , Maccari Juçara Gasparetto , de Oliveira Roselaine Pinheiro , Antônio Ana Carolina Peçanha , Castro Priscylla de Souza , Teixeira Cassiano
Published: March 2016

Purpose.The long-term outcomes of patients after discharge from tertiary ICUs as they relate to the public versus private healthcare systems in Brazil have not yet been evaluated.Materials and Methods.A multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted to compare the all-cause mortality and the physical functional status (PFS) 24 months after discharge from the ICU between adult patients treated in the public and private healthcare systems. A propensity score- (PS-) matched comparison of all causes of mortality and PFS 24 months after discharge from the ICU was performed.Results.In total, 928 patients were discharged from the ICU including 172 (18.6%) patients in the public and 756 (81.4%) patients in the private healthcare system. The results of the PS-matched comparison of all-cause mortality revealed higher mortality rates among the patients of the public healthcare system compared to those of the private healthcare system (47.3% versus 27.6%,P=0.003). The comparison of the PS-matched Karnofsky performance and Lawton activities of daily living scores between the ICU survivors of the public and private healthcare systems revealed no significant differences.Conclusions.The patients of private healthcare system exhibited significantly greater survival rates than the patients of the public healthcare system with similar PFS following ICU discharge.
Retinal Detachment in Down Syndrome: Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes
Authors: AlAhmadi Badr O. , Alsulaiman Sulaiman M. , Arevalo J. Fernando
Published: March 2016

Purpose.To determine the functional and anatomic outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery in patients with Down syndrome.Methods.A retrospective chart review was performed of patients with Down syndrome who had undergone surgery for RRD at King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital between 1995 and 2014.Results.A total of 245 patients with Down syndrome were evaluated during the study period. Eighteen eyes of 15 patients (6.1%) with RRD were identified. Three out of 15 patients (20%) presented with bilateral retinal detachment. All eyes presented with macula off retinal detachment. The retina was successfully reattached in 16/18 (88.8%) eyes after a mean follow-up of 48 months. The final postoperative visual acuity ranged from light perception to 20/125 (median: hand motion) (11/18 eyes).Conclusions.The anatomic success rate of retinal reattachment surgery in patients with Down syndrome is comparable to the general population. Patients with Down syndrome should undergo regular ophthalmic examinations for early diagnosis. Despite late diagnosis and the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in some patients, favorable anatomical outcomes can be achieved.
Successful Treatment of Hepatitis C with Simeprevir, Sofosbuvir, and Ribavirin in an HIV Coinfected Liver Transplant Patient with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Maruyama Anna , Hussaini Trana , Partovi Nilufar , Erb Siegfried R. , Azalgara Vladimir Marquez , Zalunardo Nadia , Pick Neora , Hull Mark , Yoshida Eric M.
Published: March 2016

Although major advances have occurred in treating patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) with the development of new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), treatment of liver transplant recipients with HCV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection, and renal disease is challenging due to the lack of efficacy and safety data in this population. We report a case of successful HCV therapy in a postliver transplant HIV coinfected patient, with stage 4 chronic kidney disease, using an all-oral regimen of simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and ribavirin. The 51-year-old male achieved SVR24, and no specific HIV-related or transplant-related adverse events were documented during the treatment period. The new DAAs show promise for HIV coinfected patients and those with severe to end-stage renal disease (ESRD); however, robust clinical trials or large cohort studies will need to be conducted to confirm the efficacy and safety of these newer agents in this setting.
Investigation on Microblasting Applied to CrN Coatings
Authors: Montesano Lorenzo , Pola Annalisa , Gelfi Marcello , La Vecchia Giovina Marina
Published: March 2016

A microblasting treatment carried out on CrN coated samples was studied to investigate the induced effect on corrosion and wear resistance. CrN coating was deposited through Cathodic Arc Evaporation technique on quenched and tempered steel. The properties of the coating were studied by hardness measurements, scratch, potentiodynamic, and pin-on-disk tests. The results show that microblasting reduces the corrosion resistance while improving the wear behavior.
Comparison of Calcium and Barium Microcapsules as Scaffolds in the Development of Artificial Dermal Papillae
Authors: Liu Yang , Lin Changmin , Zeng Yang , Li Haihong , Cai Bozhi , Huang Keng , Yuan Yanping , Li Yu
Published: March 2016

This study aimed to develop and evaluate barium and calcium microcapsules as candidates for scaffolding in artificial dermal papilla. Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) were isolated and cultured by one-step collagenase treatment. The DPC-Ba and DPC-Ca microcapsules were prepared by using a specially designed, high-voltage, electric-field droplet generator. Selected microcapsules were assessed for long-term inductive properties with xenotransplantation into Sprague-Dawley rat ears. Both barium and calcium microcapsules maintained xenogenic dermal papilla cells in an immunoisolated environment and induced the formation of hair follicle structures. Calcium microcapsules showed better biocompatibility, permeability, and cell viability in comparison with barium microcapsules. Before 18 weeks, calcium microcapsules gathered together, with no substantial immune response. After 32 weeks, some microcapsules were near inflammatory cells and wrapped with fiber. A few large hair follicles were found. Control samples showed no marked changes at the implantation site. Barium microcapsules were superior to calcium microcapsules in structural and mechanical stability. The cells encapsulated in hydrogel barium microcapsules exhibited higher short-term viability. This study established a model to culture DPCs in 3D culture conditions. Barium microcapsules may be useful in short-term transplantation study. Calcium microcapsules may provide an effective scaffold for the development of artificial dermal papilla.
A Thickened Coracohumeral Ligament and Superomedial Capsule Limit Internal Rotation of the Shoulder Joint: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Koide Masashi , Hamada Junichiro , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Kanazawa Kenji , Suzuki Kazuaki
Published: March 2016

Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (also known as frozen shoulder) is a painful and disabling disorder with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2% to 5% in the general population. Although the precise pathogenesis of frozen shoulder is unclear, thickened capsule and coracohumeral ligament (CHL) have been documented to be one of the most specific manifestations. The thickened CHL has been understood to limit external rotation of the shoulder, and restriction of internal rotation of the shoulder has been believed to be related to posterior capsular tightness. In this paper, three cases of refractory frozen shoulder treated through arthroscopic release of a contracted capsule including CHL were reported. Two cases in which there is recalcitrant severe restriction of internal rotation after manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) were finally treated with arthroscopic surgery. Although MUA could release the posterior capsule, internal rotation did not improve in our cases. After release of the thickened CHL, range of motion of internal rotation was significantly improved. This report demonstrates the role of the thickened CHL in limiting the internal rotation of the shoulder. We highlight the importance of release of thickened CHL in addition to the pancapsular release, in case of severe limitation of internal rotation of shoulder.