bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress Concentration Due to a Prolate Spheroidal Inclusion
Authors: Shibata Mamoru , Ono Kanji
Published: April 2007

Internal stresses inside a prolate spheroidal inclusion parallel to a uni axial applied stress are obtained by using Eshelby theory. Effects of the elastic modulus and the aspect ratio of the inclusion are evaluated. The present results are compared with others, in particular, with Argon's solu tion for a slender rod.
Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Ishikawa Takashi , Koyama Kazuo , Kobayashi Shigeo
Published: April 2007

An analytical and experimental investigation on thermal expansion coef ficients of unidirectional composites (UD) is carried out. The fiber aniso tropy and temperature dependency of the constituent material properties are considered in the formulation of the problem. The solving technique used here is constructed by a slight modification of the one which was once developed and employed by the authors for calculating elastic moduli of UD. It is shown that α z of UD is approximately given by the modulus modified law of mixture, and that α x's based on the hexagonal and square array models are almost identical. Some relationships between α's of UD and the constituent material properties are graphically indicated. The first point of the main purpose of the experiments is to reveal certain tempera ture dependent behavior of α's of the constituents of the Carbon-Epoxy. The second is a comparison between the experimental and theoretical re sults of an influence of αm on α x and α z. The third is to estimate unknown αfr and αfz of the carbon fibers. A testing apparatus used here is an interferometric dilatometer using gas Laser which is sensitive enough to measure temperature dependent α's.
Community College Institutional Effectiveness
Authors: Skolits Gary J. , Graybeal Susan
Published: April 2007

This study addresses a campus institutional effectiveness (IE) process and its influence on faculty and staff. Although a comprehensive, rational IE process appeals to campus leaders, this study found that it creates significant faculty and staff challenges. Campus leaders, faculty, and staff differ in their (a) knowledge and support of IE; (b) participation in IE process activities; and (c) perceptions of IE strengths, weaknesses, and usefulness. Needed IE data are typically available to campus stakeholders except for student learning outcomes data across all academic programs. Administrators, faculty, and staff agree that a lack of time is the major IE impediment. IE expectations may be too challenging for campus participants, and faculty and staff need more institutional support to analyze and use existing data. Future research should focus on faculty and staff aspects of community college effectiveness.
Faculty Life at Community Colleges
Authors: Wolf-Wendel Lisa , Ward Kelly , Twombly Susan B.
Published: April 2007

This article explores the dynamics of how female faculty members at 2-year colleges balance the demands of their faculty jobs with motherhood. Results suggest that the community college appears to be a place that offers women the opportunity to balance their interests in teaching at the postsecondary level with the demands of having a family. This is not to say, however, that academic life at the community college is devoid of challenges for women faculty with young children. Some of these challenges include not having enough time, feeling guilty about not being able to give 100% to all of one's roles, concerns about tenure, inequity at work, and inequity at home.
Creating and Sustaining Community College—University Transfer Partnerships
Authors: Kisker Carrie B.
Published: April 2007

This qualitative study of a community college—university partnership employs network embeddedness theory to examine the processes involved in creating and sustaining partnerships to enhance transfer and baccalaureate attainment. In particular, this article describes the challenges inherent in partnership management and governance, the importance of involving faculty in transfer-partnership programs and activities, and the utility of community college—university transfer partnerships in the future. Findings have clear implications for research and practice.
A Study of Diabetes Educators in OHIO Hospitals
Authors: Essig Mary J. , Thielen Patricia L.
Published: April 2007

Over a period of eleven months in 1980, 97% (or 204) of the acute care hospitals in Ohio were visited to assess specific characteristics of diabetes education programs and the educators offering them. After performing these on-site interviews, it was found that 1) diabetes education was usually conducted by staff nurses and dietitians. 2) One-third of the facilities visited had a formal coordinator for diabetes education, while one-half had an informal coordinator, and one-fifth had no coordinator. 3) On-the-job training was the most frequently cited source of educational preparation on diabetes and on the teaching-learning process.
Paradise postponed? The Department of National Heritage and political hegemony
Authors: Ravenscroft Neil
Published: April 2007

This article considers the effect upon citizens of the introduction of the Department of National Heritage following the general election of April 1992. Heralded as a significant stage in the growing relevance to ,Britain of the emergent leisure industry, the paper finds inconsisten cies which suggest an altogether less prosaic objective. For rather than emphasising or underpinning its traditional welfare role, the Depart ment has signified a new prominence for leisure, as a central element of new right politics. By implication, the government has been able to link the attainment of a leisured society, as the epitome of post-indus trialism, with the limited rationality of the market, thereby recon structing former citizen rights claims for access to leisure activities as new market opportunities. The article concludes that the existence of institutions such as the Department of National Heritage are predi cated on a perceived need by governments to legitimate their policy stance. In Britain, this has involved the increasing binary division of society into 'good' and 'deviant' citizens, with the material wealth and freedom of the former secured through the suppression of the latter. However, as the economic boom of the 1980s has given way to recession, the attainment of the hedonistic paradise of postmodernity, signified by the Department and experienced by the 'good' citizens, has been postponed, creating an ever-growing tide of discontent with the ineffectiveness of the new Department.
Watching the defectives: Observers of the underclass in the USA, Britain and Austialia
Authors: Mann Kirk
Published: April 2007

This paper explores 'the underclass debate' in three countries; the USA, Britain and Australia. It is suggested that a comparative approach clarifies some of the key issues in the construction of the underclass debate. The author takes a critical perspective on the underclass debate in both Britain and the USA. The absence, to date, of an academic debate over the underclass in Australia is considered interesting and some speculative reasons for this are proposed. The focus an the observers of the underclass, rather than the disparate groups assigned to it, suggests that if poverty and dependency are to be valid items on the academic agenda in future a more sensitive and reflective approach, which makes explicit the perspective of the ohserver, will be vital.1
Enterprise culture, professional socialisation, and social work education in Britain
Authors: Cannan Crescy
Published: April 2007

Enterprise culture has underpinned policies designed to reduce state intervention and welfare dependence, and to stimulate economic growth. This paper looks critically at changes in the higher education system and in the professional education and training of social workers, into which employer involvement and a competences model have been introduced. It argues that these changes have challenged social work's professional autonomy and values and prepare social workers for working in more regulated and regulating ways in a residualised welfare system. Yet there are also opportunities offered in this time of change, and social work needs to adapt to a more diverse welfare system, with less professional dominance and more account ability both within welfare and education systems. The notions of competences and of employers therefore both need reconsideration if contemporary developments are to be taken in the direction of social justice.
Disability, discrimination and the criminal justice system
Authors: Chappell Anne Louise
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the experience of disabled people in the British criminal justice system, paying particular attention to people with learning difficulties. Two aspects of the criminal justice system are discussed. The first concerns the nature of specific legislation which impacts on disabled people. The second refers to recent cases where there has been a miscarriage of justice. Several of the individuals wrongly convicted in such cases have had learning difficulties. The paper argues that disabled people experience discrimination within the criminal justice system, Tackling this discrimination must form part of the agenda for civil rights for disabled people.
User involvement in the education of mental health nurses. An evaluation of possibilities
Authors: Hopton John
Published: April 2007

The central argument of this paper is that the substantive empower ment of users of mental health services can be most effectitely achieved by employing service users as educators of neophyte mental health professionals. Using British mental health nursing as a case study, this issue is discussed with reference to the occupational culture of nursing and the wider social-political context. The author con cludes that despite a rhetoric of 'citizenship' and user involivement in the planning of public services, the internal contradictions of Thatcherism and Majorism mitigate against the implementation of such radical change.
Social comparison and satisfaction with one's social life
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Groothof Hinke A. K. , Siero Frans W.
Published: April 2007

In this study (N = 96), the role of social comparison in evaluating the quality of one's friendships and social relationships was examined. Participants who were exposed to a comparison target with a very dissatisfying social life evaluated their own social life as better than participants who were exposed to a comparison target with a very satisfying social life. However, this effect was only found among individuals high in the individual characteristic social comparison orientation. It is concluded that only individuals with a dispositional tendency to compare themselves with others will base the evaluation of their social life to an important extent on what they see in others.
The division of labor and perceptions of parental roles: Lesbian couples across the transition to parenthood
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. , Perry-Jenkins Maureen
Published: April 2007

No research has examined the division of labor across the transition to parenthood for same-sex couples. The current study examined the division of labor in 29 lesbian couples (58 women) during the transition to parenthood. Women were interviewed during their last trimester and 3—4 months post-natally. Two theoretical approaches — gender theory and economic theory — were used to generate competing hypotheses about the findings. Results revealed that couples divided housework quite equally; however, biological mothers tended to contribute more to child care. Despite this, the majority of couples did not perceive the biological mother as the more `primary' parent. Results highlight both the utility and limitations of current theories for explaining the division of labor in lesbian couples.
The Social Contexts of Bullying and Victimization
Authors: Parault Susan J. , Davis Heather A. , Pellegrini Anthony D.
Published: April 2007

This article examines the amount of middle school students' bullying and nonbullying behaviors observed in three less-structured school venues: the monthly school dance, the cafeteria, and the locker/hall area. Two questions guided our analysis: (a) How do students' bullying and victimization behaviors and nonbullying social behaviors vary by context? (b) How does social status as a bully or target of bullying influence students attendance at school dances? Findings revealed that, although one school showed much higher incidences of aggression, overall the amount of bullying behavior observed was low compared to nonbullying behaviors. When bullying behavior was observed, it was most often in the cafeteria and least often at the school dances, and there were very few incidences of aggression at the school dances. Rates of dance attendance showed that although students classified as bullies by peer nomination data were likely to attend dances at both schools, students classified as victims were likely to attend dances only at the school with almost no incidences of aggression. Implications for working with children who bully and the victims of their behavior, as well as further research, are discussed.
Engaging Young Adolescents in Social Action Through Photovoice
Authors: Wilson Nance , Dasho Stefan , Martin Anna C. , Wallerstein Nina , Wang Caroline C. , Minkler Meredith
Published: April 2007

The Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES!) project is an afterschool empowerment program and research project for underserved early adolescents. Central to YES! is an empowerment intervention that provides early adolescents with opportunities for civic engagement with other youth around issues of shared concern in their schools and neighborhoods. This article specifically focuses on the use of Photovoice as a promising way to engage youth in social change as they take photos capturing strengths and issues in their environment and use these as the basis of critical dialogue and collective action plans. Adding to a growing body of information on using Photovoice, this article reports how early adolescents in the YES! afterschool program experienced the Photovoice process, moving from photography and writing to initiate group-designed social action projects. Recommendations are offered for others engaged in empowerment work with early adolescents.
Predicting Psychosocial Consequences of Homophobic Victimization in Middle School Students
Authors: Poteat V. Paul , Espelage Dorothy L.
Published: April 2007

This investigation examined the extent to which homophobic victimization predicted multiple indicators of psychological and social distress for middle school students ( n = 143) during a 1-year assessment period. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that homophobic victimization significantly predicted increased anxiety and depression, personal distress, and lower sense of school belonging in males and higher levels of withdrawal in females after controlling for previously reported levels of each variable. Results suggest that being the target of homophobic victimization has significant psychological and social consequences for students, although differentially for males and females. Although use of such content may occur within peer groups and appear to be harmless banter between friends, teachers and administrators should intervene during these occurrences, and school policies and programming should specifically address and seek to decrease this social problem.
Creating Virtual Families? The Bequeathing Practices of Childless Single and Widowed Testators in 1951 and 2000 in Ireland
Authors: Whitaker Teresa
Published: April 2007

This article is drawn from my PhD dissertation, which explores bequeathing practices in the second half of the twentieth century in Ireland. In particular, this article compares the bequeathing practices of childless single and widowed people in Irish society in 1951 and 2000 through a qualitative analysis of probated wills to answer the questions: In the absence of spouses and children, to whom did they leave their property? Did bequeathing practices change in the fifty-year period during which Ireland underwent radical social and economic change? Contrary to Durkheim's prediction, testamentary dispositions revealed the enduring importance of extended family; childless single and widowed people created virtual families by bequeathing to siblings, nieces, nephews, and cousins in 1951 and this practice continued in 2000.
History, Population Policies, and Fertility Decline in Eastern Europe
Authors: Bradatan Cristina , Firebaugh Glenn
Published: April 2007

Why does Eastern Europe have the lowest fertility in the world? Most explanations focus on the consequences of upheaval in that region during the 1990s. These so-called “transition” explanations miss a major part of the story. For the Romanian case, we show that the decline in fertility over the 1990s represents the continuation of a longstanding trend that was only interrupted by the extremely efficient pro-natalist policies inaugurated in the 1960s. We conclude that the conventional transition explanations of the 1990s fertility decline in Eastern Europe are incomplete because they fail to give due weight to the effect of population policies.
Macrophage Activation by Poly(maleic acid-alt-2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dioxap-5-ene) Encapsulated in Polysaccharide-Coated Liposomes
Authors: Sato Toshinori , Kojima Kazuyuki , Ihda Taka-Aki , Sunamoto Junzo , Ottenbrite Raphael M.
Published: April 2007

An increase in the efficiency of macrophage activation has been tried by en capsulating potent polyanionic polymer immunomodulators into polysac charide-coated liposomes. For this purpose, several alternating copolymers of maleic acid (MA) and itaconic acid (IT) with 2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dioxap-5-ene (CDA), styrene (ST), and other monomers have been synthesized and frac tionated.

First, the interaction between the liposomes and polyanionic polymers was investigated. As a result, poly(maleic acid-alt-2-cyclohexyl-1,3-dioxap-5-ene) (MA-CDA) was found to be the best candidate for encapsulating in the liposome while poly(itaconic acid-alt-styrene)(IA-ST) strongly perturbed these vesicles.

Based on these results, MA-CDA was encapsulated in the mannan derivative- coated liposomes and the macrophage activation activity was evaluated from the superoxide production of the activated macrophages in vivo. Compared with the administration of free MA-CDA, the maximum in the superoxide pro duction appeared faster (2 h after injection) and the activity was significantly increased.
Anticancer Activity of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Emulsion Stabilized by Hydrophobized Polysaccharide
Authors: Fukui Hiroki , Akiyoshi Kazunari , Sato Toshinori , Sunamoto Junzo , Yamaguchi Shigehiko , Numata Mituhiro
Published: April 2007

An oil-in-water emulsion of selectively cytotoxic α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3ω3) was stabilized with cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHP-55-2.1), and the in vivo anticancer effect of the O/W-emulsion was investigated. The O/W-emulsion was prepared by ultrasonication of a mixture of CHP and ALA in the presence or absence of trioctanoylglyceride (TriC8). The colloidal stabil ity of the CHP/ALA-emulsion was largely improved by adding TriC8. Intraperi toneal injection of the CHP/ALA-emulsion effectively prolonged the survival time of C3H/He mice which received an intraperitoneal transplantation of MM46 mammary tumor cells. The growth of these tumor cells subcutaneously transplanted in C3H/He mice was also significantly suppressed without any loss of body weight when CHP/ALA/TriC8-emulsion was intravenously injected. By using this colloidally stable O/W emulsion, it is possible to systemically ad minister a lipophilic liquid drug.
Experimental Wound Dressing by Heterologous Collagen: A Morphological-Quantitative Approach
Authors: Mattioli Belmonte M. , Biagini G. , Ricotti G. , Zucchini C. , Castaldini C. , Fini M. , Giardino R. , Bigini M.
Published: April 2007

The use of heterologous collagen in skin repair processes has proved to be an efficacious approach for the reconstitution of injured tissue. A morphological and quantitative evaluation of the reactive and reparative ca pacity of injured tissue treated either with conventional medications or with heterologous collagen (Condress) in the form of sponges was carried out. We have analyzed experimental surgical lesions on an animal model and evalu ated the repair processes of the lesions, including the excision of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue. The heterologous collagen sponges provided biologi cal support to obtain healed skin of better quality. Tissue lesions healed more rapidly, thus reducing the risk of recurrence. This experimental study provides morphological and structural data for further investigation.
Mental Decline in Normal Aging: A Review
Authors: Rinn William E.
Published: April 2007

A considerable degree of mental decline is evident in most persons of advanced age. This article argues that this is due to a life-span deterioration, beginning in early adulthood, and that it is not an artifact of motor or mental slowness or educational disadvantage in. the elderly; nor is it attributable to a cohort effect. The decline is seen not as natural but as a subclinical dementia that is produced by small pathological changes in the brain due to various medical/pathological conditions, some of which are treatable. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:144-158)
Characteristics of Elderly Patients Admitted for the First Time to a Psychiatric Facility
Authors: Burke William J. , Roccaforte William H. , Wengel Steven P.
Published: April 2007

There has been little investigation of patients admitted to a psychiatric facility for the first time late in life. We therefore examined characteristics of a group of 100 consecutive patients over the age of 65, admitted for the first time to the psychiatric service of a private, university-affiliated hospital. Almost two thirds of these patients received a primary discharge diagnosis of major depression, while another one fourth received a diagnosis of dementia. Patients with dementia were significantly older and more likely to be men. The frequency of dementia climbed with each decile affecting 15% of those less than 75 years, 39% of those 75 to 84, and 47% of those over age 85. Thirty-six percent of all patients were psychotic on admission, including 28% of those with major depression and 48% of those with dementia. Visual hallucinations were significantly more common in the group with dementia. In turn, eye disease was significantly more common in those with visual hallucinations. Nine patients were admitted with a history of recent assaultive behavior. Four of these were psychotic and eight of nine were demented. Five patients had attempted suicide prior to their admission. All were diagnosed as having major depression. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:159-162)
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus in Geriatric Medicine: A Challenge
Authors: St-Laurent Maurice
Published: April 2007

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) in elderly patients is reviewed. Since the clinical signs that characterize NPH—in— continence, difficulty walking, and dementia—occur frequently in the elderly in association with a wide variety of disorders, attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of NPH on the basis of both clinical findings and laboratory tests. Success rates for treatment of NPH using surgical shunting are discussed, as are mortality rates and complication rates for this type of surgery in the elderly. Factors that may be of value in predicting which NPH patients are most likely to benefit from surgical intervention are reviewed, and the need for the development of pharmacological alternatives to surgery for elderly NPH patients is emphasized. As one of the most treatable causes of dementia in the elderly, NPH should be considered in the diagnosis of demented elderly patients with incontinence and gait disturbances, and it merits further research. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:163-168)
Oral Physostigmine as Treatment for Primary Degenerative Dementia: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Inpatient Trial
Authors: Jenike Michael A. , Albert Marilyn , Baer Lee , Gunther Jeanette
Published: April 2007

Twenty-three patients with primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer's disease) were administered an optimal dose of oral physostigmine and placebo, each for a 1-week period, under double-blind conditions on a research unit of a general hospital. Each patient served as his or her own control. The optimal dose of physostigmine for each patient was determined previously by a dose-finding phase. There were no significant group differences on a number of neuropsychological tests. Along with other studies in the literature, this study casts serious doubt on the efficacy of short-term administration of oral physostigmine when used alone in an attempt to ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease patients. The possibilities that physostigmine may slow the course of the disease or may acutely improve symptoms when combined with other agents are discussed. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:13-17).
Assessment of Behavioral and Affective Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Patterson Marian B. , Schnell Audrey H. , Martin Richard J. , Mendez Mario F. , Smyth Kathleen A. , Whitehouse Peter J.
Published: April 2007

Noncognitive behavioral symptoms occurring during the prior week were studied in 34 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 21 spousal control subjects via caregiver and patient interviews using the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Delusional or paranoid features were reported in 13 subjects (38%) and hallucinations in six (18%); patients with these psychoticlike symptoms had lower scores on the Folstein's Mini-Mental State Examination. Other behavioral symptoms reported in AD patients included anxiety (50%) and activity disturbances (44%). Six AD subjects (18%) and two controls (10%) showed mild to moderate symptoms of depression ; AD subjects were more likely than controls to show behavioral signs and symptoms of depression, but the two groups did not differ in terms of mood-related, cyclical, or physical signs and symptoms. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:21-30).
Binswanger's Disease: Some Neuropsychological Considerations
Authors: Libon David J. , Scanlon Mary , Swenson Rodney , Branch Coslet H.
Published: April 2007

The literature regarding Binswanger's disease is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on reviewing the neuropsychological literature related to Binswanger's disease. In addition, a retrospective analysis was carried out among four groups of subjects (N = 61) who were divided according to the presence or absence of dementia and deep white-matter alterations. A main effect for deep white-matter alterations was found for almost all measures of diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Among the two nondemented groups there was an effect of deep white matter alteration on neuropsychological functioning. Subjects with deep white matter changes performed worse on tests of immediate and delayed recall of a prose passage. Among the two demented groups there were no differences on any of the neuropsychological measures, although subjects with deep white matter alterations exhibited a higher incidence of focal neurologic signs and stroke. We conclude that Binswanger's disease is probably more prevalent than currently appreciated. Also, among clinically nondemented individuals periventricular white-matter alterations may be associated with subtle but definable neuropsychological deficits, and these individuals may be at risk for developing a dementing illness. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:31-40).
Positive Ego and Coping Functions in Chronic Pain and Depressed Patients
Authors: Colenda Christopher C. , Dougherty Linda M.
Published: April 2007

Three groups of elderly subjects (chronic pain patients, patients with major depression, and healthy individuals) were administered measures of self-esteem, ego defense mechanisms, and coping style to examine how these personality components are affected by illness. Ego defense mechanisms and self-esteem for all three groups were not found to be different and were positive except for depressed patients, who used greater levels of projection and demonstrated lower levels of self-esteem. Each subject group utilized equally problem-focused and emotion-focused coping styles. These findings from a preliminary study are consistent with previous research demonstrating stability of personality throughout the life span, and suggest that the psychological functioning of older individuals with chronic pain syndromes or depression remains positive and resilient. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990; 3:48-52).
Low-Dose Methylphenidate in the Very Old
Authors: Gurian Bennett , Rosowsky Erlene
Published: April 2007

Two patients, aged 104 and 91 years, who presented with medical problems and depression were successfully treated with 1.25 to 5 mg of methylphenidate without evidence of tolerance or toxicity. Benefits were sustained for more than 8 months on smaller amounts of this central nervous system stimulant than has been previously reported. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:152-154).
Problem Solving in Parkinson's Disease: Comparison of Performance on the Wisconsin and California Card Sorting Tests
Authors: Beatty William W. , Monson Nancy
Published: April 2007

Previous demonstrations that problem solving deficits may occur early in the course of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been taken to support the view that disturbances in the functioning of the frontal lobes are responsible for the initial cognitive deficits in this disease. However, no specific pattern of responding associated with poor problem solving by PD patients has been observed consistently. In an effort to clarify the nature of the problem solving deficits in PD we administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the California Card Sorting Test (CCST), a new test which provides separate measures of concept generation, concept identification, and concept execution as well as several different measures of perseveration. On both tests PD patients of lower than normal mental status performed poorly and their patterns of performance resembled those previously described for patients with focal frontal lobe lesions, but PD patients of normal mental status performed normally. Because poor problem solving in association with increased perseverative responding was only observed for patients with global cognitive deficits these findings do not necessarily support the idea that frontal dysfunction is the principal cause of impaired cognition in PD. Although the overall pattern of results was similar for the WCST and the CCST, the CCST was more sensitive for detecting deficits than was the WCST. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990; 3:163-171).
Benevolent theory: moral treatment at the York Retreat
Authors: Charland Louis C.
Published: April 2007

The York Retreat is famous in the histor y of nineteenth-centur y psychiatr y because of its association with moral treatment. Although there exists a substantial historical literature on the evolution of moral treatment at the Retreat, several interpretive problems continue to obscure its unique therapeutic legacy. The nature of moral treatment as practised at the Retreat will be clarified and discussed in a historical perspective. It will be argued that moral treatment at the Retreat was pr imar ily a matter of affective conditioning guided by `benevolent theory'.
Reform of in-kind benefits in Russia
Authors: Alexandrova Anastassia , Struyk Raymond
Published: April 2007

Based on national legislation passed in the summer of 2004, Russia implemented wide-ranging changes to its system of category-based social benefits in January 2005. Implementation difficulties made headlines around the world. This article discusses the structure of the reforms and examines the extent to which they: (a) reduce or eliminate the categorical allocation of public resources; (b) replace in-kind benefits with cash transfers; and (c) target benefits, in whatever form, to low-income people. The overall conclusions are that the reforms score very badly against criteria (a) and (c), but get a middling score for cashing-out benefits.
Consumers enter the political stage? The modernization of health care in Britain and Germany
Authors: Newman Janet , Kuhlmann Ellen
Published: April 2007

New governance practices associated with the modernization of health systems within Europe focus on equipping health consumers with more information and power in their interactions with clinicians. This article uses material on health care reform in Britain and Germany to highlight ways in which consumerism is refracted through different institutional histories and current political projects. These give rise to different inflections on the meaning of consumerism, including the different associations of `choice', and to different forms of consumer involvement as `stakeholders' in health care systems.
Poverty and Adequacy of Social Security in Europe: a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Deleeck Herman , Van den Bosch Karel
Published: April 2007

The aims of this collective research project in seven countries and regions in the EC, as regards content, were to establish in a comparative way the number of poor households in each country, to identity social groups at high risk of poverty, to assess the adequacy of social security in guaranteeing a minimum income (thus focusing on results, instead of on the means involved), and to distinguish between temporary and longer- term poverty by means of the panel method.

The number of poor households varies from 10-40 per cent (more generous standard) or from 6-20 per cent (strictest standard). The number of long-term poor is much lower. Very few households are in absolute poverty. Important factors determining poverty are: unemployment, social status, age, whether single or not, and whether having only one income in the household (in Ireland and Greece also labour incomes that are too low).

The impact of social security transfers on poverty is the strongest in the Benelux countries, least and in fact rather low in Catalonia and in Greece. This inadequacy can be explained by two factors: in many cases the amounts of benefits going to the poor are too low; and the redistributive effect of social security is horizontal rather than vertical, i.e. a large part of the benefits is not going to the bottom groups.

From a methodological point of view, several poverty lines were tested. The so- called subjective standard is more realistic (also with regards to the equivalence scales) because it is based on the evaluation of a minimum income made by the population itself; but fluctuations complicate comparative analysis of countries over time. The so-called relative or statistical EC-standard is more appropriate for comparative purposes, but the level of the standard is arbitrarily defined (which is also true for the equivalence scale) and this method measures income-inequality rather than poverty. It is advisable to use the statistical method for the future comparative studies. Poverty-lines will always be based on a reasonable convention. grounded in a generous or restrictive notion of poverty.
ROY G. BIV and the OCEAN
Authors: Hastings Brad M.
Published: April 2007

The five-factor model has ascended to a dominant position within the field of personality research over the last two decades. In this paper, I present a framework for understanding the `truth value' of the five-factor model by comparing the role of the five-factor model in personality theory with the role of the ROY G. BIV scheme for organizing the color spectrum. The philosophical assumptions and critiques of the five-factor model are examined in light of this comparison. The result is a heuristic metaphor that maintains the integrity of the work of the big five theorists while also acknowledging the valid criticisms offered by thoughtful critics.
Critical Realism in Discourse Analysis
Authors: Sims-Schouten Wendy , Riley Sarah C.E. , Willig Carla
Published: April 2007

In critical realism, language is understood as constructing our social realities. However, these constructions are theorized as being shaped by the possibilities and constraints inherent in the material world. For critical realists, material practices are given an ontological status that is independent of, but in relation with, discursive practices. The advantage in taking a critical realist, rather than relativist, approach is that analysis can include relationships between people's material conditions and discursive practices. Despite calls to develop a critical realist discourse analysis there has been little empirical critical realist work, possibly because few have addressed the critique that critical realists have no systematic method of distinguishing between discursive and non-discursive. In this article we outline a three-stage procedure that enables a systematic critical realist discourse analysis using women's talk of motherhood, childcare and female employment as an example.
On Recruiting Conversation Analysis for Critical Realist Purposes
Authors: Speer Susan A.
Published: April 2007

In this paper I provide a summary and evaluation of some of the key features of Sims-Schouten, Riley and Willig's multi-level, `critical realist' approach to discourse analysis, as exemplified in their study of motherhood, childcare and female employment. I argue that (i) their analyses recruit and depend on arguments and techniques from the very perspectives they criticize, and (ii) those techniques are deployed in a somewhat ad hoc fashion. Consequently, I suggest that the authors fail to provide a distinctive or systematic operationalization of a critical realist discourse analysis. I end by arguing that if critical realists really want to understand what (purportedly extra-discursive) factors account for why participants say what they do, then they need to begin by adopting a more reflexive approach to their data, and pay serious attention to analysing the interview as an interview, and as an occasion for interaction in its own right.
Genetically determined mannan-binding lectin deficiency is of minor importance in determining susceptibility to severe infections and vascular organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Jönsen A. , Gullstrand B. , Güner N. , Bengtsson A.A. , Nived O. , Truedsson L. , Sturfelt G.
Published: April 2007

Deficiency of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) has been reported to impact susceptibility to severe infections and atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, MBL gene polymorphisms were analysed in 143 SLE patients and the frequency of severe infections and organ damage according to SLICC/ACR Damage Index regarding cerebrovascular accidents, angina pectoris, coronary by-pass surgery, myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease leading to significant tissue loss, were recorded during a mean follow-up time of 15 years from diagnosis. In a multiple logistic regression model, smoking ( P = 0.001), hypertension ( P = 0.030), alcohol intake ( P = 0.027) and higher triglyceride concentration ( P = 0.026) were associated with cerebrovascular, cardiovascular and peripheral arterial organ damage (CPAD), while the association with MBL deficiency did not reach significance ( P = 0.098). Alcohol intake (>15 g/month) was inversely correlated with CPAD (OR = 0.29, 95%CI 0.096—0.87). MBL deficiency was not significantly more common in SLE patients with severe infections in a multivariate analysis ( P > 0.3). In conclusion, classical risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, low alcohol intake and elevated triglyceride concentration were relatively more important for development of CPAD than MBL deficiency in SLE. Furthermore, MBL deficiency did not contribute to development of major infections in SLE. Lupus (2007) 16, 245—253.
Lack of subclinical myocardial ischaemia in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease
Authors: García-Carrasco M. , Escárcega R.O. , Pérez-Terrón J. , Ramírez A. , Muñoz-Guarneros M. , Beltrán A. , Pérez-Cuevas B. , López-Colombo A. , Cervera R.
Published: April 2007

The objective of this study was to analyse whether patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) develop subclinical myocardial ischaemia in the first years after diagnosis. A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of 200 female SLE patients was conducted. We selected those patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE criteria and had no traditional risk factors for CAD, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. After an initial clinical and laboratory examination, patients were evaluated using a baseline echocardiogram and a dobutamine and atropine stress echocardiogram to search for subclinical myocardial ischaemia. Forty-one patients were included in the study. The mean age at the time of the study was 34.5 ± 9.56 years (mean ± SD). The mean age at diagnosis was 30.3 ± 9.39 years. The mean time from diagnosis was 3.9 ± 3.3 years. Baseline disease activity index (MEX-SLEDAI score) showed that 92.6% of patients had disease activity, although most patients had mild activity. A dobutamine and atropine stress echocardiogram was performed in 40 patients. All 40 patients had negative tests for subclinical myocardial ischaemia. Patients without traditional risk factors for CAD do not have an increased risk for subclinical myocardial ischaemia in the first years after diagnosis. A longitudinal follow-up study of these patients is needed to confirm our findings and assess if additional non-traditional risk factors for CAD increase the risk for myocardial ischaemia. Lupus (2007) 16, 298—301.
Thickened carotid artery intima-media in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with elevated anticardiolipin antibodies
Authors: Sherer Y. , Gerli R. , Gilburd B. , Bartoloni Bocci E. , Vaudo G. , Mannarino E. , Shoenfeld Y.
Published: April 2007

Antiphospholipid and anti-oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL) antibodies are associated with thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by excess atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to determine whether antiphospholipid and anti-oxLDL antibodies are associated with early atherosclerotic changes in RA. The levels of IgG and IgM anticardiolipin, IgG and IgM anti-beta-2-glycoprotein-I and anti-oxLDL autoantibodies have been evaluated in 82 patients having RA. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured in the carotid arteries in the common carotid, bifurcation and internal carotid arteries. Elevated levels of IgG anticardiolipin antibodies were detected in 17 of 82 (21%) RA patients, including 7 with medium-to-high levels considered being clinically relevant. These patients had significantly elevated mean carotid and carotid bifurcation IMT compared with RA patients without elevated anticardiolipin. No such association was found regarding other autoantibodies tested. Anticardiolipin antibodies are prevalent in RA and are associated with early atherosclerotic changes, supporting a rational for measuring them in RA, and upon detection treat the patients in order to decrease chances of atherosclerosis progression and thrombosis. Lupus (2007) 16, 259—264.
Confronting the State: Conscientious Objection in Western Europe
Authors: Mellors Colin , McKean John
Published: April 2007

Nearly one hundred nations retain conscript armies and, in West Europe alone, approximately three million young people are liable for military service each year. In the postwar period, resistance to such conscript service has greatly expanded, both ter ritorially and functionally. Early objection was re ligious, but it now touches upon political or selec tive resistance to particular weapons or conflicts. The response of the State is influenced by its per ception of the threat which such resistance poses to internal stability and external integrity. The degree of recognition of conscientious objection may be assessed by the availability of information; grounds for recognition; timing of applications; tribunals; and the opportunities for alternative service. In general, the protestant states of Northern Europe adopt the most liberal stance, whilst in Southern Europe li mited concessions have only been achieved after considerable effort. The search for final recognition of conscientious objection as a Human Right has now entered the international arena, but so far with out much success.
After Dunkirk: The French Army's Performance against `Case Red', 25 May to 25 June 1940
Authors: Alexander Martin S.
Published: April 2007

The historiography of the German defeat of France and her allies in 1940 has focused mainly on the first fortnight of what was a six-week campaign. Most writers have concentrated on either the German Wehrmacht's breakthrough of the thin French defences on the River Meuse, on the evacuation of over 330 000 Allied troops from Dunkirk and the nearby beaches, or on the political level of an unravelling Anglo-French partnership. The continuing fight of the French armies, with some assistance from the British and others in the last month of operations ( c.25 May to 25 June), has been almost invisible, reduced to the status of an epilogue. This article re-examines questions of French command and control, force strength, and combat performance, focusing particularly on a series of case studies of French divisions that resisted the second-stage German offensive, Fall Rot (Case Red) from 5 June 1940. The evidence deployed offers a considerably more complex — and for the French, more creditable — picture of how resistance was reorganized after the shocks of May 1940. The German victory was not some kind of stroll in rural France, but came about only after very hard fighting that has been lost from sight in most evocations of the `fall of France'.
Dreadnought: Blunder, or Stroke of Genius?
Authors: Brooks John
Published: April 2007

In a departure from Britain's previous reactive response to innovation in naval technology, Fisher's dreadnought policy introduced radically new capital ship designs, despite the technical risks inherent in their all-big-gun armament and turbine propulsion. Yet, early in 1905, Britain's strategic position was strong and improving further: only America was, rather slowly, working towards a small all-big-gun battleship, while Germany would not consider designs with more than four 11 inch guns until after news of Dreadnought was received. Fisher's policy had some successes, but, in too many ways, it was risky, insufficiently considered, based on inaccurate intelligence, and unnecessary.
Errors and Omissions in Franco–British Co-operation over Munitions Production, 1914–1918
Authors: Greenhalgh Elizabeth
Published: April 2007

The opening weeks of the First World War depleted stocks of guns and munitions for all belligerents. For Britain and France the potential existed for co-operation to overcome the slow rate of the necessary industrial mobilization. French expertise combined with British resources might have given the two countries a vital advantage over the Central Powers, but national sentiment vitiated this potential. Although the two countries co-operated in less vital matters such as finance and coal imports, and the first munitions ministers of both countries worked well together, no big project (such as an Allied artillery reserve of heavy guns mounted on railway wagons to be used between Italy and the North Sea as required) ever materialized. When the USA joined the war, problems were compounded. The struggle for influence in arming the new American armies presented an unedifying spectacle. The bureaucratic successes in transport matters contrast sharply with the missed opportunities chronicled here.