bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El combate a la corrupción como excusa para deformar la democracia : un estudio del populismo anticorrupción del lopezobradorismo en México
Authors: Meza Miguel Alfonso
Published: June 2021

From an analysis of the main anticorruption policies and reforms of president Lopez Obrador’s government and its legislative majority, this paper shows how the fight against corruption has been used as an excuse to promote populist and authoritarian measures that deform Mexican democracy and generate high constitutional costs.
Del ascenso del populismo : una aproximación a la teoría política de Yascha Mounk
Authors: Orozco Garibay José Manuel
Published: June 2021

The objective of this note is to explain why liberalism fails almost everywhere. The rise of populism has no specific ideological sign, so that the populist stamp refers to the idea of authoritarian, centralizing governments, opposed to commercial globalization, enemies of the open separation of powers, and certainly intolerant of criticism. To bring out some causes is imperative if this populist rise is to be reversed.
El nacimiento de la Facultad de Economía de la Universidad de Nuevo León (1957) y la integración del curso de Civilización Contemporánea de la Universidad de Columbia
Authors: González Díaz José Rafael
Published: June 2021

On January 20, 1919, Columbia University decided to introduce the Contemporary Civilization course. This new academic program became over time one of the most successful in the American education. The purpose of the course was to understand the world’s problems and their solutions. Only a cultivated student can develop a deep understanding of himself and society, and the ability to make his or her own judgments. The project was inspired by John Erskine’s (1879-1951) the moral obligation to be intelligent. Daniel Cosío Villegas (1898-1976) promoted the introduction of the Contemporary Civilization course in Mexico in the new curriculum (1958) of the Faculty of Economics of Nuevo León. In this research we explore the historical circumstances of this course and the challenges faced by Consuelo Meyer L’Epée (1918-2010) in its implementation.
Las humanidades ante el reto de la COVID-19
Authors: Falla Carrillo Ricardo L.
Published: June 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has shocked the ways of organizing the nations and has put enormous pressure on the knowledge systems. In these circumstances, the humanities offer a perspective that allows us to understand this event in its real complexity and, likewise, alert us to the potential risks faced by societies built around democratic and humanistic values.
El trabajo, una obra
Authors: Schumacher Bernard N.
Published: June 2021

In order to try to answer the question concerning the meaning of work and its relation to oeuvre, I propose to present, first of all, three positive meanings of the term work by referring to Plato, Karl Marx and Immanuel Kant. Next, I will explain the reasons that contribute to the process of dehumanization through work, and I will distinguish between society, where the other is seen as a cog for the proper functioning of the community (thus interchangeable), and community, where the other is seen as an end in itself (thus irreplaceable). Finally, I will show the importance of work considered as oeuvre, capable of bringing about the transformation of oneself and others.
Lo que no tiene nombre: una aproximación a dos memorias de duelo
Authors: Pinasco E. Sandra
Published: June 2021

Literary memoirs may contribute to the comprehension of the grief process of a mother surviving her son’s suicide, through certain literary resources used and its links with the psychological mechanisms of grief. The study cases are Lo que no tiene nombre (2013), by Piedad Bonnett (1951), and El hijo que perdí (2018), by Ana Izquierdo Vásquez (1951-2019), both grief memoirs on the loss of a child due to suicide, in the light of psychological grief theory and the mediators involved in every grief process.
Assessment of Biological Literacy Levels Among Third-Grade Secondary School Students in Medina
Authors: Anakara Hazem Riad Suleiman
Published: June 2021

This research aims to assess the levels of biological literacy (nominal, functional, structural, and multi-dimensional) among students of the third grade of scientific secondary school in Medina. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the descriptive and analytical method, and a sample of (340) students was selected by the random cluster method. A scale was prepared in the light of Project (2061) Vision, and the Uno and Bybee model (Uno & Bybee, 1994) to assess students’ ability to identify biological concepts (nominal literacy), define some biological concepts (functional literacy), and understand biological diagrams (structural literacy), and measuring some students’ skills on understanding a short biological text (multi-dimensional literacy). The results reflected a high level of nominal literacy and a low level of multi-dimensional literacy. The results also showed that the students possessed the functional level and the structural level. The study recommends that biology teachers use effective teaching methods that enable them to present biological knowledge in the form of social issues and problems related to technology and other sciences.
French-English Cognates in the Jordanian Foreign Language Learning Classroom: Friends or Foes?
Authors: Azieb Samia , AL-Khanji Rajai , Tarawneh Majid
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present study is two-fold in essence. First, it aims at finding out the extent to which cognates’ recognition aids Jordanian French-English bilinguals to translate from English into French. Second, it seeks to determine if such recognition can be a good strategy in learning foreign languages. Accordingly, a Translation Elicitation Task containing cognates and false cognates was devised and given to a sample of 31 students majoring in French at both the B.A and M.A levels at the University of Jordan. Findings of the study showed that most students did benefit from their English language background, and thus cognates facilitated their comprehension of French. However, some students participating in the translation test were not mindful of the lexical differences between English and French, thus producing an incorrect interpretation of the text. The study ends with a recommendation for foreign language instructors to teach cognate recognition strategies explicitly.
Edgeworth Expansion for the Whittle Maximum Likelihood Estimator of Linear Regression Processes with Long Memory Residuals
Authors: Aga Mosisa
Published: June 2021

We establish an Edgeworth expansion for the distribution of the Whittle maximum likelihood estimator of the parameter of a time series generated by a linear regression model with Gaussian, stationary, and long-memory residuals. This is done by imposing an extra condition on coefficients of the regression model in addition to the standard conditions imposed on the the spectral density function and the parameter values and making use of the results of Andrews et al. (2005), who provided an Edgeworth expansion for the residual component.
How to Effectively and Efficiently Communicate Research Results? Experimental Study on the Influence of Interactivity and Presentation form on Knowledge Transfer and Cognitive Activity
Authors: Krämer Andreas , Böhrs Sandra , Ilemann Susanne
Published: June 2021

When it comes to presenting research results, the usual approach is to use PowerPoint or similar slide applications, or to opt for alternative presentation tools. A central question is how well the knowledge is transferred and to what extent the target audience is addressed emotionally. Based on a 2*2 factorial design, the effects of presentation form (PowerPoint slide presentation vs. explainer video) and interaction (no interaction vs. interaction by means of additional questions on the topic) were investigated. Overall, the presentation factor is more important for learning success than the interaction factor and explainer videos perform significantly better than the PowerPoint presentation. This applies to the objective and subjective learning success, but also to the emotional appeal and the increase in engagement, interest and other cognitive activities. The effects of the interaction factor are relatively low, achieving minor improvements in combination with the PowerPoint presentation, while no statistically significant and relevant effects were found in combination with the explainer video.
The geophysical signature of Oyut deposits, Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia
Authors: Batbaatar Erdene , Todbileg Munkhjargal , Sansar Otgonbayar , Bataa Baatar
Published: June 2021

The well-known Oyu Tolgoi Cu-Au group deposits can be divided into three main deposits: Hugo Dummett deposit (Hugo North and Hugo South), Oyut deposits (South Oyu, Southwest Oyu and Central Oyu), and Heruga deposit in the south. These deposits sit along 26 km long, north-northeast trending belt termed as the Oyu Tolgoi trend. This paper reviews investigations on geophysical signatures of the South Oyu, Southwest Oyu and Central Oyu deposits and compares geophysical models of the mineral deposits with their lithology, alteration, mineralization, and structures. A variety of datasets including induced polarization, ground magnetic, gravity survey are used in the study and generated inversion products of ground magnetic and gravity data with integrated interpretation. Typical responses from the Oyut deposits are: up to 0.1 mGal positive gravity anomaly above background, 100–200 nT low or high magnetic anomaly compared to background depending on the geological situations, and from 12 mV/V to 30 mV/V chargeability anomalies and low resistivity signatures from 100 ohm.m to 400 ohm.m. The interpreted geological-geophysical models of porphyry Cu-Au deposits presents in this study have emphasis on integrated interpretation of geophysical techniques, and inversions of gravity and magnetic data in gold rich porphyry copper system.
Gobi Altai, Khangai and Khentii Mountains mapped by a mixed-method cartographic approach for comparative geophysical analysis
Authors: Lemenkova Polina
Published: June 2021

Geologic and geophysical mapping has been so far limited to the traditional single-method GIS-based mapping. A new approach combining integrated analysis of data on geology, gravity, topography and geomorphology is presented for regional characterization of the geophysical setting in Mongolia: the Gobi Altai Mountains, the Khangai Mountains and Khentii Mountains with surrounding areas. Nine new maps have been produced from the high-resolution datasets: GEBCO, gravity raster, USGS geological data and SRTM-90 DEM geomorphological grid. Methodology includes three tools for cartographic data visualization: i) Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), ii) R programming language (‘raster’ and ‘tmap’ libraries); iii) QGIS. The results demonstrated strong agreement between the estimated values in gravity and topography grids, distribution of geological units and provinces over the country and geomorphological landforms with respect to the mountain ranges: Altai, Khangai and Khentii Mountains. The highest values in the gravity anomalies correspond to the mountain ranges in the Altai Mountains and Khangai Mountains (<80 mGal); high values correspond to the Khentii Mountains (20–60 mGal). Contrariwise, the basins of the Uvs Nuur and Khyargas Nuur show negative values (<-80 mGal). The NE- to NNE-oriented faulting and rift basins are clearly visible in the geophysical grids and geologic maps. The geomorphometric analysis performed based on the SRTM-90 DEM using R scripting demonstrated (1) slope, (2) aspect, (3) hillshade and (4) elevation models of Mongolia supported by histograms of data distribution and frequency. The study contributed to the cartographic methods and regional geological studies of Mongolia.
Editorial
Authors: Batkhishig Bayaraa
Published: June 2021

No Abstract in English
Specifics of the decision-making process in crises
Authors: Ścibiorek Zbigniew , Horyń Wojciech , Zamiar Zenon
Published: June 2021

The article presents scientific deliberations, including decision making in crises. Apart from the presentation of the decision-making process specificity, the scientific analysis confronts it with the research conducted on the group of 102 people responsible for crisis management at the local government level. The research results indicate a similar approach to the effectiveness and speed of decision-making. In contrast, dualism characterized the issues of information acquisition, flexibility in decision making, management of reserves in the form of forces and means to carry out the respondents’ tasks, and the need to inform the population about the possible consequences of a crisis. Despite the specifics of the decision-making process, most respondents (87%) believed that one person should decide but on the grounds of the decision-making process.
Hot-melt extruded copper sulfate affects the growth performance, meat quality, and copper bioavailability of broiler chickens
Authors: Kim Min Ju , Hosseindoust Abdolreza , Lee Jun Hyung , Kim Kwang Yeoul , Kim Tae Gyun , Chae Byung Jo
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of diets of broiler chickens with hot-melt extruded CuSO4 (HME-Cu) on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut microbiota, small intestinal morphology, meat quality, and copper (Cu) bioavailability.Methods: A total of 225 broilers (Ross 308), one-day old and initial weight 39.14 g, were weighed and distributed between 15 cages (15 birds per cage) in a completely randomized experimental design with 3 treatments (diets) and 5 replicates per treatment. Cages were allotted to three treatments including control (without supplemental Cu), IN-Cu (16 mg/kg of CuSO4), and HME-Cu (16 mg/kg of HME processed CuSO4).Results: The HME-Cu treatment tended to increase the overall body weight gain (p<0.10). The apparent digestibility of Cu was increased by supplementation of HME-Cu at phase 2 (p<0.05). The Escherichia coli count in cecum tended to decrease with the supplementation with Cu (p<0.10). In addition, the HME-Cu treatment had a higher pH of breast meat than the control and IN-Cu treatments (p<0.05). Significant increases in the cooking loss, water-holding capacity, and lightness in the breast were observed in the HME-Cu treatment compared to the control (p<0.05). The Cu content of excreta increased with the Cu supplementation (p<0.05). The concentration of excreta Cu in broilers was decreased in the HME-Cu compared to the IN-Cu in phase 2 (p<0.05). The Cu concentration in the liver was increased with the HME-Cu supplementation, compared with the control diets (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that HME-Cu supplementation at the requirement level (16 mg/kg diets) in broiler diets did not affect the growth performance and the physiological function of Cu in broilers. However, supplementation of Cu in HME form improved the meat quality and the bioavailability of Cu.
Comparison of transcriptome between high- and low-marbling fineness in longissimus thoracis muscle of Korean cattle
Authors: Beak Seok-Hyeon , Baik Myunggi
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups with high and low numbers of fine marbling particles (NFMP) in the longissimus thoracis muscle (LT) of Korean cattle to understand the molecular events associated with fine marbling particle formation.Methods: The size and distribution of marbling particles in the LT were assessed with a computer image analysis method. Based on the NFMP, 10 LT samples were selected and assigned to either high- (n = 5) or low- (n = 5) NFMP groups. Using RNA sequencing, LT transcriptomic profiles were compared between the high- and low-NFMP groups. DEGs were selected at p<0.05 and |fold change| >2 and subjected to functional annotation.Results: In total, 328 DEGs were identified, with 207 up-regulated and 121 down-regulated genes in the high-NFMP group. Pathway analysis of these DEGs revealed five significant (p<0.05) Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways; the significant terms included endocytosis (p = 0.023), protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (p = 0.019), and adipocytokine signaling pathway (p = 0.024), which are thought to regulate adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The expression of sirtuin4 (p<0.001) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (p = 0.043), which are associated with glucose uptake and adipocyte differentiation, was higher in the high-NFMP group than in the low-NFMP group.Conclusion: Transcriptome differences between the high- and low-NFMP groups suggest that pathways regulating adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy are involved in the marbling fineness of the LT.
Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions in the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus-infected lungs of genetically disparate Ri chicken lines
Authors: Vu Thi Hao , Hong Yeojin , Truong Anh Duc , Lee Jiae , Lee Sooyeon , Song Ki-Duk , Cha Jihye , Dang Hoang Vu , Tran Ha Thi Thanh , Lillehoj Hyun S. , Hong Yeong Ho
Published: June 2021

Objective: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a threat to the poultry industry as well as the economy and remains a potential source of pandemic infection in humans. Antiviral genes are considered a potential factor for HPAIV resistance. Therefore, in this study, we investigated gene expression related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions by comparing resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines for avian influenza virus infection.Methods: Ri chickens of resistant (Mx/A; BF2/B21) and susceptible (Mx/G; BF2/B13) lines were selected by genotyping the Mx dynamin like GTPase (Mx) and major histocompatibility complex class I antigen BF2 genes. These chickens were then infected with influenza A virus subtype H5N1, and their lung tissues were collected for RNA sequencing.Results: In total, 972 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between resistant and susceptible Ri chickens, according to the gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. In particular, DEGs associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions were most abundant. The expression levels of cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18), chemokines (C-C Motif chemokine ligand 4 [CCL4] and CCL17), interferons (IFN-γ), and IFN-stimulated genes (Mx1, CCL19, 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthaselike, and protein kinase R) were higher in H5N1-resistant chickens than in H5N1-susceptible chickens.Conclusion: Resistant chickens show stronger immune responses and antiviral activity (cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes) than those of susceptible chickens against HPAIV infection.
Flourishing: Outlines of an Aristotelian Natural Philosophy of Living Things
Authors: Kearns Timothy , Schmitz Oswald ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2021

Accounts of flourishing have been employed in many disciplines. Aristotelian moral philosophers have developed accounts of flourishing based on the characteristic forms of life of living things. In this paper we develop an Aristotelian account of flourishing for living things in general as part of a larger Aristotelian natural philosophy. We relate accounts of flourishing to evolutionary theory, behavioral studies, and ecology as well as to what flourishing is for individual organisms in their parts and activities. We distinguish between contingent and determinate activities by arguing that the behavior of living things are their contingent activities. We consider the structure of cognitive capacities in living things and their relation to flourishing, and we follow out the implications of the distinctively human capacities of cognition. Our consideration of humankind alloww us to show that the study and practice of human flourishing entail stewardship of nature.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF DIGITAL LITERACY OF STUDENTS
Authors:   Secondary school № 3 of Nadym, Eltsova O.V.
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the functioning of the information society, the main aspects of the development of the socio-cultural society from the perspective of digital literacy, as well as a set of methodological approaches to solving the problem of the formation of digital literacy of students of various types of educational organizations, the level structure of the formation of digital literacy is presented. A detailed description of the anthropocentric, subject-activity and modular approaches that ensure the development of basic characteristics in the formation of digital literacy is given.
FORMATION OF FUTURE MANAGERS’ MANAGERIAL THINKING IN THE CONDITIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION
Authors:   International Institute of Design and Service, Degterenko L.N. , Ugryumova N.V.
Published: June 2021

The problem of forming managerial thinking of future managers in the conditions of organizational transformations is updated. Specifics of managerial thinking are discussed. Types of managerial thinking are described. A model of forming managerial thinking of future managers at higher school is presented. It is concluded that the formation of managerial thinking of future managers in the educational process of higher school can be optimized if managerial thinking is considered as a type of thinking that answers cognitive needs of student’s personality focused on the future improvement of the managerial activities, as a systematic educational process represented as theoretical and methodological, structural and informative, criteria and diagnostic blocks, aims, the process based on the integration of competence, situational, practice oriented and cybernetic approaches.
Plagiarismand its paradoxes
Authors: Straume Ingerid S.
Published: June 2021

Dealing with plagiarism can be seen as a track race where the speed is infinitely increasing. Participants in the race are students and faculty, but also software developers, university administrators, academic developers and libraries – with authors as passive bystanders. In this setting, the technological opportunities for manipulating other people’s work are always miles ahead of the available tools for detecting plagiarism. Moreover, with the introduction of AI in the academic world, plagiarism itself is becoming a muddled category. Consider for example software like Keenious that is being promoted to and via university libraries. This software is introduced with the following teaser: “Writing a paper? Planning an essay? Searching for references can waste hours of your time”. But as Keenious “analyses your entire text and browses through millions of articles, papers, and studies on the web to find the most relevant information in seconds”, you can “say goodbye to hours of manual research.”With programs like this the need to search, read and not least engage with difficult text material disappears. Using algorithms, the most “relevant” references can be produced and sprinkled across the text like cake decoration. In contrast to classical plagiarism, however, the problem is not the absence of references but rather the opposite. As an effect, papers will be produced that are difficult to grade and even more difficult to provide with meaningful feedback. Indeed, it could be argued that for many digital tools the amount of work that is saved in the short term often returns in more complicated forms; in this case for the teacher who is expected to offer meaningful feedback to products that are half-way machine-generated. Inside this landscape, offering moral pep-talks for students where plagiarism is presented as a kind of theft arguably misses the target. In this roundtable we will discuss these developments from various professional perspectives, including a reconsideration of the notion of plagiarism itself.
Active learning activities
Authors: Berggren Lenita Brodin , Jorum Ika
Published: June 2021

First year architecture students are introduced to the library by taking part in an “Escape Room” activity in the KTH library. The aim of this initiative is to introduce the students to the library space and the library ́s resources in an interactive and playful way and to enable them to learn and reflect upon their learning within the frame of an active learning activity.1 Another objective with this active learning introduction is to engage students in a collaborative peer-to-peer learning activity that gives them opportunities to share knowledge and solve problems together. In this presentation, we will talk about the introduction in more detail and discuss the benefits of the live-action method as well as share results and improvements. “Escape room” is a live-action game, developed from a computer game. Gamification is a new trend in education to support cooperation, learn by “doing” and develop new knowledge through a more playful way.2 During the workshop, the students worked in groups, which gave them the opportunity to socialize and learn from each other while solving the tasks on time.The results of the students’ assessment after the game indicates that the students enjoyed the game, the teamwork, the competition and the creativity of the introduction compared to a lecture. They also found it a pedagogical way of learning about the library’s resources. During the workshop,the librarians had the opportunity to adjust instructions that were not clear enough. These adjustments effected the comments in the last group where some answers indicated a wish for more difficult clues.

 

1Brian Detlor et. al., “Student perceptions of information literacy instruction: The importance of active learnings”, Education for Information29 (2012), DOI 10.3233/EFI-2012-0924, 147-161

2Cassano, Fabio, Antonio Piccinno, Teresa Roselli, and Veronica Rossano. “Gamification and Learning Analytics to Improve Engagement in University Courses”,Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing804 (2019),156-63
Educating PhD students for knowledge-driven society
Authors: Dolenc Jozika , Renn Oliver , Betschart Leo , Schnabl Joachim
Published: June 2021

Universities educate students for working in knowledge-driven societies. Whereas subject-related knowledge is part of every curriculum, institutions of higher education fail to teach systematically how to utilize and benefit from today’s variety of digital tools. Students and researchers are mostly unaware of what they lack to work more effectively and efficiently and to benefit from existing knowledge. Since this lack of awareness is not obvious to students and researchers (unknown unknowns; you cannot miss something that you do not know), it is difficult to convince them that there is a gap that needs to be filled. In 2014, we decided to tackle this problem by creating and developing the course “Scientific Information Retrieval & Management in Life Sciences and Chemistry”. The unique 2 ECTS course features a multi-level approach to obtain and employ scientific information and to get students information savvy. On one hand, the course demonstrates the bigger picture: We discuss the aspects of scientific writing and publishing, critical choice of data sources, patents, visualisation and design, text mining and data pipelining, knowledge generation, outreach and impact of publications. On the other hand, we highlight an extensive list of field-proven tools that can assist researchers in their daily activities. We also wanted to foster a lasting impact on how students utilize databases, tools, software,and web services. Thus, at the end of the course students have to write an essay describing their current information workflow or their (un)met information needs. These essays confirm and explain how the students changed their information use, and which parts of the course they may have not understood. Moreover, essays that describe unmet information needs allow us to explore possible solutions and to work with our vendors. In our talk, we will share the concept for the course and report on our experiences.
Alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptors regulate inflammatory responses to acute and chronic sleep fragmentation in mice
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas D. , Ensminger David C. , Rowe Megan M. , Wriedt Zachary S. , Ashley Noah T.
Published: June 2021

Sleep is a recuperative process, and its dysregulation has cognitive, metabolic, and immunological effects that are largely deleterious to human health. Epidemiological and empirical studies have suggested that sleep fragmentation (SF) as result of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and other sleep abnormalities leads to pronounced inflammatory responses, which are influenced by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to SNS regulation of SF-induced inflammation are not fully understood. To assess the effects of the SNS upon inflammatory responses to SF, C57BL/6j female mice were placed in automated SF chambers with horizontally moving bars across the bottom of each cage at specified intervals to disrupt sleep. Mice were first subjected to either control (no bar movement), acute sleep fragmentation (ASF), or chronic sleep fragmentation (CSF) on a 12:12-h light/dark schedule. ASF involved a bar sweep every 120 s for 24 h, whereas CSF involved a bar sweep every 120 s for 12 h (during 12 L; resting period) over a period of 4 weeks. After exposure to these conditions, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of either phentolamine (5 mg/kg BW; an α-adrenergic receptor blocker), propranolol (5 mg/kg BW; a β-adrenergic receptor blocker), or vehicle (saline). Serum corticosterone concentration, brain and peripheral cytokine (IL1β, TNFα, and TGFβ) mRNA expression, and body mass were assessed. ASF and CSF significantly elevated serum corticosterone concentrations as well as cytokine mRNA expression levels compared with controls, and mice subjected to CSF had decreased body mass relative to controls. Mice subjected to CSF and treated with phentolamine or propranolol had a greater propensity for a decrease in cytokine gene expression compared with ASF, but effects were tissue-specific. Taken together, these results suggest that both α- and β-adrenergic receptors contribute to the SNS mediation of inflammatory responses, and adrenergic antagonists may effectively mitigate tissue-specific SF-mediated inflammation.
Nomenclature of the dolphins, porpoises, and small whales: a review and guide to the early taxonomic literature
Authors: Jefferson Thomas A.
Published: June 2021

The taxonomy of several genera of small cetaceans has been confused for decades or even centuries. At least 358 species of dolphins, porpoises, and small whales have been given names, yet only 50 of these are currently recognized as valid species; the vast majority of the rest are junior synonyms. Recent taxonomic revisions of some genera have clarified things, but there are others that await taxonomic revision, which will probably recommend generic recombinations and new or resurrected species. As new taxonomic studies are resurrecting old species and sometimes describing new ones, an understanding of the available names is crucial to this task. This monograph comprehensively reviews all 358 valid and invalid species of dolphins, porpoises, and small whales; documents their type specimens; summarizes the history of each name; and assigns a status to each. In addition, appendices discuss the early taxonomic literature, historical notes, and museum acronyms, and provide a glossary of relevant taxonomic terms. Ultimate goals are to help identify as many of the nomina dubia as possible, and to facilitate the inclusion of data and material (both morphological and molecular) from relevant type specimens into future taxonomic studies.
Work-Related Stress and the Relationship with the Health Belief Model among Medical Doctors in a Tertiary Hospital in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Okechukwu Chioma , Babatunde B. Oluseye
Published: June 2021

Background: Work-Related Stress (WRS) is a harmful physical and/or emotional response resulting from a mismatch between the requirements of a job and the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker in the work environment. The health belief model (HBM) is a psychological health behaviour change model established to describe and predict health-related behaviours regarding the uptake of health services. This study sought to determine the prevalence of WRS and to assess WRS among medical doctors in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Rivers State, using the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Methods: The study design was descriptive cross-sectional conducted among medical doctors in the UPTH. A proportionate stratified and random sampling method was used to recruit 363 medical doctors in two stages. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire which assessed respondents’ socio-demographics, Work-related Stress and Health Belief Model domains. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23.0. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess relationship between WRS and the HBM components, while the multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the HBM components that significantly predicted work-related stress. The level of significance was set at p= 0.05.

Results: Most of the respondents were females (56.5%), married (90.1%), Christians (93.7%) and ≥36 years (71.6%). The mean age of respondents was 39.7±0.45 years. The prevalence of work-related stress was 66%, (Overall mean score ± SD=3.30±0.27). All components of the HBM were significantly correlated with Work-related Stress, and perceived severity showed the strongest positive correlation (r=0.687; p<0.001). All components of the HBM significantly predicted work-related stress except perceived susceptibility.

Conclusion: All the components of the health belief model significantly predict Work-related Stress except perceived susceptibility. Measures to address stress among doctors in the workplace should put into consideration these domains of the health belief model.
Prevalence of Malignancy in MNG: Final Histopathology Perspective
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Mehar Ghulam Shabir , Dogar Muhammad Razzaq , Hussain Junaid , Kumar Amrat , Pathan Ahmed Hussain
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the malignancy in multinodular goiter by doing final histopathology of specimen.           

Study Design: This is an observational study.

Setting: Study carried out in the department of ENT, Head & Neck Surgery of Khairpur Medical College Hospital Khairpur, from August 2016 to July 2019.

Materials and Methods:  All those patients with MNG with or without thyrotoxicosis were selected and advised for Thyroid function tests, ultrasound thyroid and serum calcium level. FNAC was performed only in cases with suspicious nodule. All the patients under went total/near total thyroidectomy after all base line routine investigations along with thyroid function tests. Histopathological evaluation was also conducted.

Results:  Out of total 70 patients with MNG, 17 (24.3%) cases were suspected of malignancy. Out of 17 suspicious cases, FNAc showed colloid goiter in 8 (47%), follicular in 7 (41%) cases and papillary in 2 (12%) cases. Final histopathology showed total 5 (29%) cases as malignant and remaining 12 (71%) cases were benign. Out of 5 malignant cases, 4 (80%) cases were papillary and 1 (20%) cases were Follicular cell carcinoma. While other 53 (75.7%) cases under went for near total thyroidectomy and specimens sent for histopathology, among these only 1 (2%) case found as Papillary cell Carcinoma. Total 6 cases were malignant out of which in which 5 cases were Papillary cell Carcinoma and one was Follicular cell Carcinoma. 

Conclusion: We conclude that multinodular goiter is the most prevalent thyroid disease found in female. Follicular thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent cancer seen in this study.
Artificial intelligence in tumor subregion analysis based on medical imaging: A review
Authors: Lin Mingquan , Wynne Jacob F. , Zhou Boran , Wang Tonghe , Lei Yang , Curran Walter J. , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: June 2021

Medical imaging is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved tremendous success in medical image analysis. This paper reviews AI‐based tumor subregion analysis in medical imaging. We summarize the latest AI‐based methods for tumor subregion analysis and their applications. Specifically, we categorize the AI‐based methods by training strategy: supervised and unsupervised. A detailed review of each category is presented, highlighting important contributions and achievements. Specific challenges and potential applications of AI in tumor subregion analysis are discussed.
Superhydrophobic Surface and Lubricant‐Infused Surface: Implementing Two Extremes on Electrodeposited NiTiO2 Surface to Drive Optimal Wettability Regimes for Droplets’ Multifunctional Behaviors
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Muzammal , Kunwar Anil , Majeed Muhammad K. , Wang Yunpeng , Saleem Adil , Ma Haitao
Published: June 2021

Lubricant‐infused surfaces (LISs) inspired by Nepenthes pitcher plants due to its continuous and homogeneous slippery surface have garnered great attention, which results in high durability, anti‐corrosion performance, self‐healing property, and anti‐fouling properties. Herein, a cooperative‐responsive slippery surface based on chemically patterned myristic acid (MA)‐modified NiTiO2 superhydrophobic surface (SHPBS) is fabricated by an electrodeposition method. LIS exhibits long‐term durability with lowest corrosion rate (0.10153 mpy) than MA‐modified NiTiO2 (0.12922 mpy) and NiTiO2 (0.226135 mpy). Furthermore, theoretical investigations of phase‐field simulation with a droplet impact on artificially patterned surfaces with rebound dynamics of liquid droplet to its equilibrium state correspond with SHPBSs and LIS, having contact angle (161° and 116°) and hydrophobicity index α
s (−0.8822 and −0.4329), respectively. Herein, multifunctional applications are incorporated on surface without compromising its corrosion performance, and a computational model is involved to understand the mechanisms of two differing applications. Experimental results also quantitatively agree with the calculated wettability parameters. The work not only unveils the close attention for lubricant selection to create long‐lasting LIS but also provides new insights into designing next‐generation multifunctional surfaces, which could be developed for various applications.
Marrying Ester Group with Lithium Salt: Cellulose‐Acetate‐Enabled LiF‐Enriched Interface for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Chen Mei , Zheng Jianhui , Liu Yujing , Sheng Ouwei , Ju Zhijin , Lu Gongxun , Liu Tiefeng , Wang Yao , Nai Jianwei , Wang Qian , Tao Xinyong
Published: June 2021

The practical applications of high‐energy‐density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMB) have been hindered by the formation and growth of Li dendrites. Homogenizing the Li‐ion flux to suppress Li dendrites by regulating the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) originating from electrolyte degradation is necessary but still challenging. Herein, ion‐affiliative cellulose acetate (CA) with functional Li salts is prepared to generate the SEI with fast Li+ diffusion kinetics. First, the correlations between the functional ester group and LiN(CF3SO2)2 (LiTFSI) are theoretically and experimentally identified, where CO strongly adsorbed N(CF3SO2)2− through electrostatic interaction to enhance the charge‐transfer‐promoted decomposition of LiTFSI. Furthermore, the CA with ex situ doped LiTFSI amplifies this fluorinated degradation effect, and the LiF‐enriched SEI nanostructure is consequently established in situ, as confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the dendritic Li growth during cycling is efficiently suppressed, and the lifespan is prolonged by more than six times at a high current density of 3 mA cm−2. This study provides insights into the interphase design for realizing ultrastable LMB.
Obtaining Reversible, High Contrast Electrochromism, Electrofluorochromism, and Photochromism in an Aqueous Hydrogel Device Using Chromogenic Thiazolothiazoles
Authors: Adams Tyler J. , Brotherton Andrew R. , Molai Jordana A. , Parmar Natasha , Palmer Jonathan R. , Sandor Kristin A. , Walter Michael G.
Published: June 2021

There have been an increasing number of materials developed that show multifunctional chromogenic properties (such as electrochromism, electrofluorochromism, or photochromism), but to date, few materials have shown all three properties. Materials that are electrochemically and optically active are attractive for a diverse set of applications that include smart‐windows, lighting, sensing, energy production, and conservation. This is especially attractive for building developers interested in adaptive or environmentally responsive façades. Achieving systems made from cost‐effective, readily synthesized materials will make them easy to utilize in a variety of fields. Low‐cost devices are developed using water‐soluble, chromogenic thiazolo(5,4‐d)thiazole (TTz) dyes that show high device performance in three areas: electrochromism, electrofluorochromism, and photochromism and are all contained within a highly fluorescent aqueous polyvinyl alcohol/borax hydrogel device. The dyes incorporate a rigid, heterocyclic TTz structure that enables the development of devices with excellent reversibility and stable cycling for 250 cycles. The TTz hydrogel‐containing devices also exhibit photochromism under illumination, which can be electrochemically cycled back to the colorless state. In addition, coupling photochromism with electrochromism lowers the power necessary for a comparable electrochromic color change. Last, the hydrogel‐containing devices also show electrofluorochromism, where fluorescence can be turned off by > 90%.
Unveiling the Mechanism of Bulk Spin‐Orbit Torques within Chemically Disordered FexPt1‐x Single Layers
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Ralph Daniel C. , Buhrman Robert A.
Published: June 2021

The recent discovery of spin‐orbit torques (SOTs) within magnetic single‐layers has attracted attention. However, it remains elusive as to how to understand and how to tune the SOTs. Here, utilizing the single layers of chemically disordered FexPt1‐x, the mechanism of the “unexpected” bulk SOTs is unveiled by studying their dependence on the introduction of a controlled vertical composition gradient and temperature. The bulk dampinglike SOT is found to arise from an imbalanced internal spin current that is transversely polarized and independent of the magnetization orientation. The torque can be strong only in the presence of a vertical composition gradient. The SOT efficiency per electric field is insensitive to temperature but changes sign upon reversal of the orientation of the composition gradient, which is analog to the strain behaviors. These characteristics suggest that the imbalanced internal spin current originates from a bulk spin Hall effect and that the associated inversion asymmetry that allows for a non‐zero net torque is most likely a strain non‐uniformity induced by the composition gradient. The fieldlike SOT is a relatively small bulk effect compared to the dampinglike SOT. This study points to the possibility of developing low‐power single‐layer SOT devices by strain engineering.
Strain‐Isolating Materials and Interfacial Physics for Soft Wearable Bioelectronics and Wireless, Motion Artifact‐Controlled Health Monitoring
Authors: Rodeheaver Nathan , Herbert Robert , Kim Yun‐Soung , Mahmood Musa , Kim Hojoong , Jeong Jae‐Woong , Yeo Woon‐Hong
Published: June 2021

Recent developments of micro‐sensors and flexible electronics allow for the manufacturing of health monitoring devices, including electrocardiogram (ECG) detection systems for inpatient monitoring and ambulatory health diagnosis, by mounting the device on the chest. Although some commercial devices in reported articles show examples of a portable recording of ECG, they lose valuable data due to significant motion artifacts. Here, a new class of strain‐isolating materials, hybrid interfacial physics, and soft material packaging for a strain‐isolated, wearable soft bioelectronic system (SIS) is reported. The fundamental mechanism of sensor‐embedded strain isolation is defined through a combination of analytical and computational studies and validated by dynamic experiments. Comprehensive research of hard‐soft material integration and isolation mechanics provides critical design features to minimize motion artifacts that can occur during both mild and excessive daily activities. A wireless, fully integrated SIS that incorporates a breathable, perforated membrane can measure real‐time, continuous physiological data, including high‐quality ECG, heart rate, respiratory rate, and activities. In vivo demonstration with multiple subjects and simultaneous comparison with commercial devices captures the SIS's outstanding performance, offering real‐world, continuous monitoring of the critical physiological signals with no data loss over eight consecutive hours in daily life, even with exaggerated body movements.
Tetrabutylammonium‐Intercalated 1T‐MoS2 Nanosheets with Expanded Interlayer Spacing Vertically Coupled on 2D Delaminated MXene for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Xiong , Xu Yanan , Li Chen , Liu Wenjie , Yi Sha , Wang Kai , Sun Xianzhong , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Ma Yanwei
Published: June 2021

2D 1T phase MoS2 (1T‐MoS2) nanosheet with metallic conductivity and expanded interlayer spacing is considered as a highly potential lithium storage electrode material but remains thermodynamic instability in aqueous media, seriously hindering the electrochemical performance. Herein, a versatile strategy is proposed for the preparation of thermodynamically stable 1T‐MoS2/MXene heterostructures with the aid of delaminated Ti3C2Tx MXene (d‐Ti3C2Tx) dispersion containing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The 2D d‐Ti3C2Tx provides more uniform nucleation sites for MoS2, and the TBA+ ions can intercalate into MoS2 to induce the phase conversion from semiconducting 2H to 1T. Moreover, the electrochemical advantages of 1T‐MoS2 and d‐Ti3C2Tx can be united by the construction of a well‐organized heterostructure. Outstanding rate performance is realized because of extra‐large interlayer space of 1T MoS2 with TBA+ intercalation and decreased energy barrier for fast Li+ diffusion. Subsequently, a lithium‐ion capacitor (LIC) is assembled based on 1T‐MoS2/d‐Ti3C2Tx as anode and hierarchically porous graphene nanocomposite with micro/mesoporous structure as a cathode. The LIC exhibits a large energy density up to 188 Wh kg−1, an ultra‐high power density of 13 kW kg−1, together with remarkable capacity retention of 83% after 5000 cycles. This study demonstrates the great promise of 1T‐MoS2/d‐Ti3C2Tx heterostructures as anode for high‐performance LICs.
Additive Manufacturing of Multi‐Scale Porous Soft Tissue Implants That Encourage Vascularization and Tissue Ingrowth
Authors: Coulter Fergal B. , Levey Ruth E. , Robinson Scott T. , Dolan Eimear B. , Deotti Stefano , Monaghan Michael , Dockery Peter , Coulter Brian S. , Burke Liam P. , Lowery Aoife J. , Beatty Rachel , Paetzold Ryan , Prendergast James J. , Bellavia Gabriella , Straino Stefania , Cianfarani Francesca , Salamone Monica , Bruno Carmelo M. , Moerman Kevin M. , Ghersi Giulio , Duffy Garry P. , O'Cearbhaill Eoin D.
Published: June 2021

Medical devices, such as silicone‐based prostheses designed for soft tissue implantation, often induce a suboptimal foreign‐body response which results in a hardened avascular fibrotic capsule around the device, often leading to patient discomfort or implant failure. Here, it is proposed that additive manufacturing techniques can be used to deposit durable coatings with multiscale porosity on soft tissue implant surfaces to promote optimal tissue integration. Specifically, the “liquid rope coil effect”, is exploited via direct ink writing, to create a controlled macro open‐pore architecture, including over highly curved surfaces, while adapting atomizing spray deposition of a silicone ink to create a microporous texture. The potential to tailor the degree of tissue integration and vascularization using these fabrication techniques is demonstrated through subdermal and submuscular implantation studies in rodent and porcine models respectively, illustrating the implant coating's potential applications in both traditional soft tissue prosthetics and active drug‐eluting devices.