bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and outcomes of elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Ney Douglas E. , Reiner Anne S. , Panageas Katherine S. , Brown Hayley S. , DeAngelis Lisa M. , Abrey Lauren E.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND:

Approximately 50% of all patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) are aged ≥65 years; however, this group is relatively understudied, and to the authors's knowledge, optimal treatment for older patients is not well defined.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective review of PCNSL patients aged ≥65 years who were treated at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center between 1986 and 2008. A multivariate analysis of demographic and clinical variables on prognosis and receipt of treatment was performed.

RESULTS:

One hundred seventy‐four patients between the ages of 65 and 89 years were identified; there was a slight predominance of women (52.9%). One hundred forty‐eight patients were treated with chemotherapy at the time of diagnosis (98% with methotrexate‐based therapy) and 31 of these patients also received whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Sixteen patients received WBRT alone. A radiographic response to chemotherapy was noted in 76% of patients. Ninety patients developed disease progression after initial treatment; 74 received salvage therapy and 48% of these patients responded to salvage treatment. The median overall survival was 25 months (range, 18‐33 months), and the 3‐year survival rate was 36%. Approximately 20.1% of patients were alive for ≥11 years. WBRT was delivered more frequently before 1998, and patients with a history of prior malignancy were less likely to receive WBRT. Age and performance status were identified as the most important predictors of survival. Treatment‐related neurotoxicity at 2 years was strongly associated with receipt of WBRT (P = .0002).

CONCLUSIONS:

PCNSL in the elderly remains sensitive to methotrexate‐based chemotherapy and aggressive treatment may be warranted both at the time of diagnosis and disease recurrence. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
UV‐Dissipation Mechanisms in the Eumelanin Building Block DHICA
Authors: Huijser Annemarie , Pezzella Alessandro , Hannestad Jonas K. , Panzella Lucia , Napolitano Alessandra , d'Ischia Marco , Sundström Villy
Published: June 2010

The UV‐dissipative mechanisms of the eumelanin building block 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA) and the 4,7‐dideutero derivative (DHICA‐d2) in buffered H2O or D2O have been characterized by using ultrafast time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Excitation of the carboxylate anion form, the dominating state at neutral pH, leads to dual fluorescence. The band peaking at λ=378 nm is caused by emission from the excited initial geometry. The second band around λ=450 nm is owed to a complex formed between the mono‐anion and specific buffer components. In the absence of complex formation, the mono‐anion solely decays non‐radiatively or by emission with a lifetime of about 2.1 ns. Excitation of the neutral carboxylic acid state, which dominates at acidic pH, leads to a weak emission around λ=427 nm with a short lifetime of 240 ps. This emission originates from the zwitterionic state, formed upon excitation of the neutral state by sub‐ps excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) between the carboxylic acid group and the indole nitrogen. Future studies will unravel whether this also occurs in larger building blocks and ESIPT is a built‐in photoprotective mechanism in epidermal eumelanin.
Increasing derangement of glucose homeostasis is associated with increased arterial stiffness in patients with diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and normal controls
Authors: Lukich E. , Matas Z. , Boaz M. , Shargorodsky M.
Published: June 2010

Aim

Glucose intolerance produces structural and functional changes in the arterial wall. The present study investigated association between glucose tolerance status and arterial stiffness in subjects with normal and impaired glucose regulation (IGR).

Methods

The study group consisted of 284 subjects, including 111 subjects with normal fasting glucose (NFG), 61 subjects classed as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) according of the new fasting blood glucose (FBG) cut‐off point of 100 mg/dL and 112 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). All patients were evaluated for glucose, HbA1C, insulin, lipids, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) were performed as a noninvasive recording of the two artery sites pressure waveform using SphygmoCor (version 7.1, AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia).

Results

Pulse wave velocity, augmentation index and central arterial pressure increased consistently with deterioration of glucose tolerance. PWV was significantly higher in subjects with diabetes than in the normal and IFG groups (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.007, respectively). IFG subjects had marginally higher PWV than normal subjects (p = 0.050). Compared to normal subjects, IFG and diabetes groups were associated with increased AI (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Arterial stiffness parameters remained significantly higher in both IFG and diabetes groups compared to normal after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant medications. Positive correlations between FBG, HbA1C and arterial stiffness parameters were detected.

Conclusions

Arterial stiffness parameters varied significantly across subgroups of patients with different degrees of impaired glucose regulation, such that increasingly deranged glucose homeostasis was associated with increased arterial stiffness. Early adverse vascular changes were detected in subjects with IFG. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Focal adhesion kinase is essential for cardiac looping and multichamber heart formation
Authors: Doherty Jason T. , Conlon Frank L. , Mack Christopher P. , Taylor Joan M.
Published: June 2010

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a critical mediator of matrix‐ and growth factor‐induced signaling during development. Myocyte‐restricted FAK deletion in mid‐gestation mice results in impaired ventricular septation and cardiac compaction. However, whether FAK regulates early cardiogenic steps remains unknown. To explore a role for FAK in multi‐chambered heart formation, we utilized anti‐sense morpholinos to deplete FAK in Xenopus laevis. Xenopus FAK morphants exhibited impaired cardiogenesis, pronounced pericardial edema, and lethality by tadpole stages. Spatial‐temporal assessment of cardiac marker gene expression revealed that FAK was not necessary for midline migration, differentiation, fusion of cardiac precursors, or linear heart tube formation. However, myocyte proliferation was significantly reduced in FAK morphant heart tubes and these tubes failed to undergo proper looping morphogenesis. Collectively our data imply that FAK plays an essential role in chamber outgrowth and looping morphogenesis likely stimulated by fibroblast growth factors (and possibly other) cardiotrophic factors. genesis 48:492–504, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and implementation of study support system for electronic circuits with observable V–I characteristics
Authors: Ohchi Masashi , Yoshitomi Takashi , Akagi Keita , Sasaki Shinichi , Furukawa Tatsuya
Published: June 2010

We have designed and implemented a “Virtual Laboratory” on computer systems. Some of the implemented systems are Web‐based learning environments where the client–server model and Java technologies are used. The subject of electronic circuits is the most essential one in departments of electrical and electronic engineering. However, it is a subject whose basic theory, and also its technical terms and electronic circuit designs, are difficult for students to understand. In this paper, we describe a study support system for electronic circuits with observable V–I characteristics using Java. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(7): 61–69, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10172
Influence of needle tip distance on barrier discharge and ozone generation for multiple needle‐and‐plane electrode configuration
Authors: Ueno Hideki , Kawahara Shintaro , Nakayama Hiroshi
Published: June 2010

The relationship between the barrier discharge characteristics and ozone generation on application of an AC voltage in a triple needle‐plane configuration has been investigated for various distances among the triple needle tips (d=0 to 7.0 mm) with a constant distance between the needle tip and the plane (g=3.0 mm) in dry air. The characteristics of the barrier discharge and ozone generation depend on the needle tip distance. It is considered that the influence is caused by the presence of space charge and accumulated charge, as suggested by discharge images taken by a still camera and a CCD camera. The ozone generation efficiency is also estimated from the power consumption and the ozone concentration. It is found that when the distance among the triple needle tips is small, the above influence is strengthened. In this case, the ozone generation efficiency is improved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(7): 32–41, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10289
Nondestructive internal defect detection using photoacoustic and self‐coupling effect
Authors: Oe Takayuki , Nawa Yasuhiko , Tsuda Norio , Yamada Jun
Published: June 2010

The demand for noncontact and nondestructive internal defect detection is increasing. Using the photoacoustic effect, internal defects can be detected by a low‐power semiconductor laser and an ultrasonic sensor. But the sensitivity of ultrasonic sensors is low in detecting photoacoustic signals. Thus, an internal defect detection using the photoacoustic and self‐coupling effect of a semiconductor laser has been studied. To generate photoacoustic signals, a semiconductor laser with an output power of 20 mW is focused by a lens and is directed toward the sample at an angle of 45°. To detect the photoacoustic signal by the self‐coupled effect, another laser with an output power of 10 mW is directed against the sample at a right angle. Sample defect can be detected by directing these laser beams at the same point on the sample. The self‐coupling sensor can detect internal defects with greater sensitivity than an ultrasonic sensor. The edge effect and the frequency characteristic have also been observed. The device proved able to detect a very small defect of 0.07 mm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(7): 17–23, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10307
Longitudinal river ecohydrology: flow variation down the lengths of alluvial rivers
Authors: Larned Scott T. , Schmidt Jochen , Datry Thibault , Konrad Christopher P. , Dumas Jennifer K. , Diettrich Jan C.
Published: June 2010

Longitudinal flow variation is an emerging field of study in river ecohydrology. Longitudinal changes in the frequencies, magnitudes, durations and timing of floods, low‐flows and intermittence create a dynamic environment for flow‐dependent species and ecological processes. Analyses of flow variation and flow–ecosystem relationships in the longitudinal dimension require synoptic flow time‐series at multiple sites along a river. Complex channel geomorphology and a scarcity of rivers equipped with multiple flow gauges have slowed progress in longitudinal ecohydrology. The empirical longitudinal flow model (ELFMOD) is a new statistical tool for estimating flows at multiple points along rivers; which circumvents the requirement for multiple gauges. In this study, we used ELFMOD to explore longitudinal flow variation in four alluvial rivers from different geological terrains and climate zones: the Albarine (France), Methow (USA) and Selwyn and Orari (New Zealand). Differences among rivers in longitudinal and temporal flow variation were evident on date × location flow matrices and longitudinal profiles. There were notable differences among longitudinal gradients in flow magnitude and flow percentiles, and in the recurrence, extent, and rate of expansion and contraction of dry river reaches. There were also large differences in longitudinal flow‐permanence patterns. Temporal variation in the lengths of dry channel and numbers of dry reaches was predominately seasonal in the Albarine and Methow, and interannual in the Orari and Selwyn. Broad differences among the rivers in longitudinal flow patterns correspond to differences in the configuration of hydrogeomorphic discontinuities such as tributary confluences, channel divergences and convergences, and lithological contacts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sphagnum moss moisture retention following the re‐vegetation of degraded peatlands
Authors: Waddington J. M. , Lucchese M. C. , Duval T. P.
Published: June 2010

Northern peatlands store approximately one‐third of the World's soil carbon through the long‐term accumulation of carbon as peat. However, when peatlands are exploited for Sphagnum moss and horticultural peat, they become degraded and large, persistent sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Recent advances in peatland restoration techniques have succeeded in the re‐vegetation of Sphagnum moss on previously cutover surfaces. The long‐term success of peatland restoration depends on the development of a sufficiently thick new peat layer that has ecohydrological and hydrophysical properties similar to natural peatlands. We determined these properties for an upper (0–4 cm) and lower (8–12 cm) peat layer in a recently restored peatland, a naturally re‐vegetated cutover peatland, and a natural peatland in eastern Québec. The properties of the new peat layer differed significantly between the sites, especially for the lower layer samples. Lower samples for the natural and naturally re‐vegetated sites had a bulk density of 43 ± 5 and 41 ± 11 kg m−3, respectively, almost twice as high as the value for lower samples from the restored site (24 ± 4 kg m−3). Sphagnum rubellum capitula density (ρC) was significantly higher (p < 0·05) for the restored peatland (28 726 # m−2) compared to the natural site (26 050 # m−2). Residual moisture content at a soil water pressure of − 200 mb (θr) was significantly lower (p < 0·05) for the restored site in comparison to the natural and naturally re‐vegetated sites for the lower samples. This suggests that S. rubellum in a natural peatland is able to hold onto more moisture under increasing soil tension than the same species growing in a restored site likely due to its higher bulk density and relatively more decomposed state. We suggest that it is possible that S. rubellum growing in the harsher cutover peatland environment has possibly allocated more carbohydrates to vertical growth and as a consequence has a lower bulk density and poorer water retention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A μ3‐Alkoxo‐Bridged Tetranuclear [Cu4L2] Copper(II) Complex of a Hexadentate N2O4 Donor Ligand with a [6 + 0] Cu4O4 Cubane Core: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Maity Dipankar , Jana Atish D. , Debnath Mainak , Hearns Nigel G. R. , Sie Ming‐Han , Lee Hon Man , Clérac Rodolphe , Ali Mahammad
Published: June 2010

A novel hexacoordinating non‐Schiff base ligand (H4L) with N2O4 donor atoms has been synthesized by simple Mannich reactions. The use of this ligand with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O in different molar ratios as well as pH leads to the formation of a mononuclear species and a tetranuclear CuII complex possessing a cubane [Cu4L2] core with almost equal Cu···Cu separation. In the presence of an excess amount of copper(II) ions and triethylamine at reflux, the mononuclear [CuH2L] species can be converted into the tetranuclear one, whereas the reverse process was not observed even after prolonged reaction time. Both the complexes have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. Magnetic studies reveal that complex 1 displays a paramagnetic Curie‐type behavior whereas 2 displays a singlet‐spin ground state induced by strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions.
Investigation of the Zero‐Field Splitting in Six‐ and Seven‐Coordinate Mononuclear MnII Complexes with N/O‐Based Ligands by Combining EPR Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry
Authors: Rich Jordi , Castillo Carmen E. , Romero Isabel , Rodríguez Montserrat , Duboc Carole , Collomb Marie‐Noëlle
Published: June 2010

The electronic properties of a series of seven mononuclear MnII complexes with an N/O and N/Cl coordination sphere have been investigated by X‐ and Q‐band EPR spectroscopy as well as by density functional theory (DFT). The [Mn(terpy)(CF3CO2)2(H2O)] (1), [Mn(pb)2(CF3SO3)2] (2), [Mn(pb)2(NO3)(H2O)](NO3) (3), [Mn(bpy)2(CF3CO2)2] (4) and [Mn(pb)2Cl2] (5) complexes are six‐coordinate, whereas [Mn(terpy)(NO3)2(H2O)] (6) and [Mn(bpea)(NO3)2] (7) are seven‐coordinate [terpy = 2,2′:6,2″‐terpyridine, pb = (–)‐pinene[5,6]bipyridine, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, bpea = N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylamine]. The X‐ray structure of new complex 1 has also been resolved, whereas the structures of 2–7 have been already reported. The D values of the N/O‐coordinated complexes 1–4, 6 and 7 all fall into the narrow range of 0.035–0.086 cm–1. Complex 5 exhibits a slightly larger D value of 0.146 cm–1, in accordance with its N/Cl coordination sphere. The sign of D has been determined from the low‐temperature Q‐band EPR spectra for all complexes with the exception of 1 because of its large E/D ratio. The zero‐field splitting (ZFS) parameters of 1–7 have been predicted by DFT calculations using two types of functionals, BP86 and B3LYP. The calculations were initiated from the crystal structures as well as from optimized structures in which only the positions of the hydrogen atoms were relaxed. The calculated D values show that B3LYP is not suited to predict the ZFS for MnII complexes with only N/O‐based ligands, whereas with BP86 the quality of the prediction is satisfactory. Moreover, with BP86, the sign of D is correctly reproduced within the series when experimentally determined.
Pyrrolysine Analogs for Translational Incorporation into Proteins
Authors: Fekner Tomasz , Li Xin , Chan Michael K.
Published: June 2010

The discovery that pyrrolysine is translationally incorporated into methylamine methyltransferases from certain methanogens in response to an in‐frame amber codon prompted detailed studies of the biochemical machinery associated with its genetic encoding. Over the past few years, significant progress has also been made in identifying a set of structural and electronic features that enable a compound to act as an effective pyrrolysine mimic. With such empirical knowledge in hand, it is becoming increasingly feasible to rationally design and synthesize new analogs with useful chemical, physical, or biochemical properties and then site‐specifically incorporate them into proteins. The present microreview highlights recent key developments in this rapidly expanding area of research.
A Versatile Route to Red‐Emitting Carbopyronine Dyes for Optical Microscopy and Nanoscopy (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 19/2010)
Authors: Kolmakov Kirill , Belov Vladimir N. , Wurm Christian A. , Harke Benjamin , Leutenegger Marcel , Eggeling Christian , Hell Stefan W.
Published: June 2010

The cover picture shows a unique bird's eye view of the regular park in Strelna – one of the most desolate, yet stunning historical suburbs of St. Petersburg (Russia). Famous European architects of the 18th century, such as C.‐B. Rastrelli, A. Le Blanc, G.‐B. Chiprianni, P. Michetti, and L. Ruska, participated in the construction of “the Russian Versailles” – this is what the Russian Tsar Peter the Great planned this country residence to be. The northern façade of the Konstantinovsky Palace looks at the hazy and rainy Gulf of Finland. The regular cyclic pattern of the park lanes and shipping canals is reminiscent of the polycyclic structure of carbopyronine dyes decorated with hydrophilic groups. These fluorescent markers are described in the article by V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell et al. on p. 3593 ff. The authors report a detailed and strategically sound synthesis of the carbopyronine scaffold with great potential for dye design. Important photophysical properties and some nanoscopic applications of the new red emitting dyes are also described, and interesting future applications (e.g. as caged carbopyronines) are mentioned. Photo: V. N. Belov; the artwork of Mr. H. Sebesse (Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G�ttingen, Germany) is acknowledged.
Polylysine‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Evolution at Mercury Electrodes
Authors: Živanović Marko , Aleksić Mara , Ostatná Veronika , Doneux Thomas , Paleček Emil
Published: June 2010

It has been shown that peptides and proteins produce at nanomolar concentrations a structure‐sensitive chronopotentiometric peak H at mercury electrodes, which is due to the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we use for the first time poly(amino acids) to obtain information about the role of individual amino acid residues in the HER. At pH 6 polylysine (polyLys) and polyarginine,tryptophan yield a peak H, in agreement with their ionization state, while polyglutamic acid gives no catalytic response. PolyLys catalyzes hydrogen evolution in its adsorbed state. Even at potentials negative to the potential of zero charge, hydrophobic interactions could be involved in polyLys adsorption.
Effects of GDL Structure with an Efficient Approach to the Management of Liquid water in PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Kimball Erin E. , Benziger Jay B. , Kevrekidis Yannis G.
Published: June 2010

A model fuel cell with a single transparent straight flow channel and segmented anode was constructed to measure the direct correlation of liquid water movement with the local currents along the flow channel. Water drops emerge through the largest pores of the GDL with the size of the droplets that emerge on the surface determined by the size of the pore and its location under the gas flow channel or under the land. Gravity, surface tension, and the shearing force from the gas flow control the movement of liquid in the gas flow channel. By creating a single large diameter pore in the GDL, liquid water flow emergent from the GDL was forced to be in specific locations along the length of the channel and either under the land or under the channel. The effects of gravity were amplified when the large pore was under the channel, but diminished with the large pore under the land. Current fluctuations were minimised when the dominant water transport from the GDL pore was near the cathode outlet. The results show that it is possible to engineer the water distribution in PEM fuel cells by modifying the pore sizes in the GDL.
Genetic patterns of correlation among subcortical volumes in humans: Results from a magnetic resonance imaging twin study
Authors: Eyler Lisa T. , Prom‐Wormley Elizabeth , Fennema‐Notestine Christine , Panizzon Matthew S. , Neale Michael C. , Jernigan Terry L. , Fischl Bruce , Franz Carol E. , Lyons Michael J. , Stevens Allison , Pacheco Jennifer , Perry Michele E. , Schmitt J. Eric , Spitzer Nicholas C. , Seidman Larry J. , Thermenos Heidi W. , Tsuang Ming T. , Dale Anders M. , Kremen William S.
Published: June 2010

Little is known about genetic influences on the volume of subcortical brain structures in adult humans, particularly whether there is regional specificity of genetic effects. Understanding patterns of genetic covariation among volumes of subcortical structures may provide insight into the development of individual differences that have consequences for cognitive and emotional behavior and neuropsychiatric disease liability. We measured the volume of 19 subcortical structures (including brain and ventricular regions) in 404 twins (110 monozygotic and 92 dizygotic pairs) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging and calculated the degree of genetic correlation among these volumes. We then examined the patterns of genetic correlation through hierarchical cluster analysis and by principal components analysis. We found that a model with four genetic factors best fit the data: a Basal Ganglia/Thalamus factor; a Ventricular factor; a Limbic factor; and a Nucleus Accumbens factor. Homologous regions from each hemisphere loaded on the same factors. The observed patterns of genetic correlation suggest the influence of multiple genetic influences. There is a genetic organization among structures which distinguishes between brain and cerebrospinal fluid spaces and between different subcortical regions. Further study is needed to understand this genetic patterning and whether it reflects influences on early development, functionally dependent patterns of growth or pruning, or regionally specific losses due to genes involved in aging, stress response, or disease. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐assembly syntheses and crystal structures of dimeric di‐n‐butyltin phosphates containing eight‐membered Sn2O4P2 inorganic ring
Authors: Zhang Rufen , Wu Jianjun , Wang Qingfeng , Ma Chunlin
Published: June 2010

Two organotin (IV) derivatives, [Bu2‐ Sn(HO3PO‐i‐Pr)2]2 (1) and [Bu2Sn(HO3POPh)2]2 (2), have been prepared by reactions of di‐n‐butyltin oxide with the phenylphosphoric acid and isopropylphosphoric acid, respectively. Characterization of the complexes 1 and 2 was achieved using elemental analysis, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, 31P, and 119Sn) spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography diffraction analysis. The X‐ray data reveal that complexes 1 and 2 are dimers containing eight‐membered Sn2O4P2 inorganic ring. Interestingly, complexes 1 and 2 are further linked into 2D network through intermolecular O … Sn weak contacts and OH … O weak hydrogen‐bonding interactions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:298–303, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20610
Synthesis, crystal structures, and antitumor activity of three new organotin carboxylates
Authors: Sakho Adama Moussa , Du Dafeng , Li Wenjie , Liu Shuangshuang , Zhu Dongsheng , Xu Lin
Published: June 2010

Three new organotin(IV) carboxylates of composition [(R)2Sn(O2CC6H4C‐OC6H4CH3)2] 1, [(R)2Sn(O2CC6H4COC6H4‐C2H5)2]2 2, and R3SnO2 CC6H4COC6H4CH3 3, were obtained by reactions of (R)2SnO [R = o‐tolyl] with 2‐(4‐methyl benzoyl) benzoic acid and 2‐(4‐ethyl benzoyl) benzoic acid, and reaction of Cy3SnOH [Cy = cyclohexyl] with 2‐(4‐methyl benzoyl) benzoic acid, respectively. The complexes 1, 2 and 3 have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), 1HNMR, and X‐ray crystallography diffraction analyses. The complex 1 has two folded symmetrical structure; the tin atom in 1 is found to adopt a distorted toward skew‐trapezoidal bipyramidal geometry. Molecular structure of the complex 2 is centrosymmetric, and the internal tin atom is five‐coordinated and is in distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The crystal structure of the complex 3 is found to exhibit distorted tetrahedral geometry. Pilot studies have indicated that the complexes 1 and 2 have shown good antitumor activities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:304–313, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20614
Solvent‐ and catalyst‐free reaction of (aminomethyl)phosphonates with epoxides: Synthesis of novel {[(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phosphonates
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Sorbiun Mina
Published: June 2010

Uncatalyzed reaction of epoxides with (aminomethyl)phosphonates for the synthesis of novel {[(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phosphonates is described. Treatment of (aminomethyl)phosphonates with epoxides without any catalyst and under solvent‐free conditions gives novel {[(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phosphonates. Using this method, a series of {[(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}phosphonates was synthesized in good yields. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:284–289, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20615
Institutional collaborations in Ireland: Leveraging an increased international presence
Authors: Eddy Pamela L.
Published: June 2010

Five case examples highlight how Ireland is using collaborations to meet national goals.
Notes from the field: Lessons learned in building a framework for an international collaboration
Authors: Holland Dan
Published: June 2010

A small community college in Ontario, Canada, entered into the international partnership market to offer its programs to a wider audience, supplement college income, and help globalize student learning.
International partnerships: A game theory perspective
Authors: Jie Yiyun
Published: June 2010

This chapter illustrates how shared and divergent partner motivations and outcome expectations in a Sino‐U.S. cross‐border higher education program have created synergy, but also challenged the implementation of a partnership.
Student learning in an international setting
Authors: Kelly Darren
Published: June 2010

Student expectations and experiences of studying abroad have changed due to a number of factors including global politics, job markets, faculty advisement, and use of the Internet.
Hippocampal astrocytes are necessary for antidepressant treatment of learned helplessness rats
Authors: Iwata Masaaki , Shirayama Yukihiko , Ishida Hisahito , Hazama Gen‐i. , Nakagome Kazuyuki
Published: June 2010

The astrocyte is a major component of the neural network and plays a role in brain function. Previous studies demonstrated changes in the number of astrocytes in depression. In this study, we examined alterations in the number of astrocytes in the learned helplessness (LH) rat, an animal model of depression. The numbers of activated and nonactivated astrocytes in the dentate gyrus (molecular layer, subgranular zone, and hilus), and CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus were significantly increased 2 and 8 days after attainment of LH. Subchronic treatment with imipramine showed a tendency (although not statistically significant) to decrease the LH‐induced increment of activated astrocytes in the CA3 region and dentate gyrus. Furthermore, subchronic treatment of naïve rats with imipramine did not alter the numbers of activated and nonactivated astrocytes. However, the antidepressant‐like effects of imipramine in the LH paradigm were blocked when fluorocitrate (a reversible inhibitor of astrocyte function) was injected into the dentate gyrus or CA3 region. Injection of fluorocitrate into naive rats failed to induce behavioral deficits in the conditioned avoidance test. These results indicate that astrocytes are responsive to the antidepressant‐like effect of imipramine in the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of the hippocampus. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of Drug Therapy by Covalent PEG Conjugation: An Overview From a Research Laboratory
Authors: Pasut Gianfranco , Veronese Francesco M.
Published: June 2010

In the last two decades, efforts focused in the field of drug delivery have made it possible to reach important goals, especially with proteins and peptides. The story of the evolution of this matter is vast and it is difficult to summarize its various aspects in a single review. On the other hand, it could be really interesting to look at the inside story of a typical academic research lab that has dedicated almost all its resources to drug delivery. In our case, an initial interest in the issue of protein conformation stability soon paved the way for a new area of study: the modification of proteins with synthetic polymers. We have seen this technique transformed from a crude and inhomogeneous procedure into a well‐recognized and successful approach. This great advance has been possible thanks to the development of dedicated chemical coupling methods and to the better understanding of the behavior of polymers in vivo. In particular, among the several polymers investigated, PEG has became the best polymer for protein modification. Exploiting the unique properties of this polymer, we have conducted several investigations in the field of protein PEGylation and then transferred the acquired know‐how to the development of conjugates with low molecular weight drug. This last aspect still presents several unmet needs that are awaiting proper solutions.
Ultrasensitive label‐free photothermal imaging, spectral identification, and quantification of cytochrome c in mitochondria, live cells, and solutions
Authors: Brusnichkin Anton V. , Nedosekin Dmitry A. , Galanzha Ekaterina I. , Vladimirov Yuri A. , Shevtsova Elena F. , Proskurnin Mikhail A. , Zharov Vladimir P.
Published: June 2010

Light‐absorbing endogenous cellular proteins, in particular cytochrome c, are used as intrinsic biomarkers for studies of cell biology and environment impacts. To sense cytochrome c against real biological backgrounds, we combined photothermal (PT) thermal‐lens single‐channel schematic in a back‐synchronized measurement mode and a multiplex thermal‐lens schematic in a transient high resolution (ca. 350 nm) imaging mode. These multifunctional PT techniques using continuous‐wave (cw) Ar+ laser and a nanosecond pulsed optical parametric oscillator in the visible range demonstrated the capability for label‐free spectral identification and quantification of trace amounts of cytochrome c in a single mitochondrion alone or within a single live cell. PT imaging data were verified in parallel by molecular targeting and fluorescent imaging of cellular cytochrome c. The detection limit of cytochrome c in a cw mode was 5 × 10–9 mol/L (80 attomols in the signal‐generation zone); that is ca. 103lower than conventional absorption spectroscopy. Pulsed fast PT microscopy provided the detection limit for cytochrome c at the level of 13 zmol (13 × 10–21 mol) in the ultrasmall irradiated volumes limited by optical diffraction effects. For the first time, we demonstrate a combination of high resolution PT imaging with PT spectral identification and ultrasensitive quantitative PT characterization of cytochrome c within individual mitochondria in single live cells. A potential of far‐field PT microscopy to sub‐zeptomol detection thresholds, resolution beyond diffraction limit, PT Raman spectroscopy, and 3D imaging are further highlighted. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards Raman‐based epidemiological typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Willemse‐Erix Diana F. M. , Jachtenberg Jan‐willem , Bakker Schut Tom , van Leeuwen Willem , van Belkum Alex , Puppels Gerwin , Maquelin Kees
Published: June 2010

Raman spectra of bacteria can be used as highly specific fingerprints, enabling discrimination at strain level. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains can be strongly pigmented, making it difficult to obtain high quality spectra of such isolates due to high fluorescent spectral backgrounds. Furthermore, the spectra that could be measured with acceptable quality often showed large spectral variations limiting the reproducibility required for strain level discrimination. P. aeruginosa produces a characteristic yellowish green fluorescent pigment, called pyoverdin. Applying a washing procedure to reduce the amount of fluorescent pigment, enabled the highly pigmented isolates to be measured with sufficient spectral quality. Isolation of the pigment/pyoverdin spectral features, together with spectral scaling methods improved reproducibility. It will be important to analyze the range of the spectral variations that can occur and ensure the correction of all of these factors to obtain the highest reproducibility required for strain level typing. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vivo biodegradation and biocompatibility of PEG/sebacic acid‐based hydrogels using a cage implant system
Authors: Kim Jinku , Dadsetan Mahrokh , Ameenuddin Syed , Windebank Anthony J. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Lu Lichun
Published: June 2010

Comprehensive in vivo biodegradability and biocompatibility of unmodified and Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptide‐modified PEG/sebacic acid‐based hydrogels were evaluated and compared to the control material poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) using a cage implantation system, as well as direct subcutaneous implantation for up to 12 weeks. The total weight loss after 12 weeks of implantation for unmodified PEGSDA and RGD‐modified PEGSDA in the cage was ∼42% and 52%, respectively, with no statistical difference (p > 0.05). The exudate analysis showed that PEGSDA hydrogels induced minimal inflammatory response up to 21 days following implantation, similar to the controls (empty cage and the cage containing PLGA discs). Histology analysis from direct subcutaneous implantation of the hydrogels and PLGA scaffold showed statistically similar resolution of the acute and chronic inflammatory responses with development of the fibrous capsule between the PEGSDA hydrogels and the control (PLGA). The cage system, as well as the histology analysis, demonstrated that the degradation products of both hydrogels, with or without RGD peptide modification, are biocompatible without statistically significant differences in the inflammatory responses, as compared to PLGA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Controlled nucleation of hydroxyapatite on alginate scaffolds for stem cell‐based bone tissue engineering
Authors: Suárez‐González Darilis , Barnhart Kara , Saito Eiji , Vanderby Ray , Hollister Scott J. , Murphy William L.
Published: June 2010

Current bone tissue engineering strategies aim to grow a tissue similar to native bone by combining cells and biologically active molecules with a scaffold material. In this study, a macroporous scaffold made from the seaweed‐derived polymer alginate was synthesized and mineralized for cell‐based bone tissue engineering applications. Nucleation of a bone‐like hydroxyapatite mineral was achieved by incubating the scaffold in modified simulated body fluids (mSBF) for 4 weeks. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x‐ray analysis indicated growth of a continuous layer of mineral primarily composed of calcium and phosphorous. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed peaks associated with hydroxyapatite, the major inorganic constituent of human bone tissue. In addition to the mineral characterization, the ability to control nucleation on the surface, into the bulk of the material, or on the inner pore surfaces of scaffolds was demonstrated. Finally, human MSCs attached and proliferated on the mineralized scaffolds and cell attachment improved when seeding cells on mineral coated alginate scaffolds. This novel alginate‐ HAP composite material could be used in bone tissue engineering as a scaffold material to deliver cells, and perhaps also biologically active molecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Impact of fluorescent probes on albumin sorption profiles to ophthalmic biomaterials
Authors: Luensmann Doerte , Jones Lyndon
Published: June 2010

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was conjugated to three organic fluorescent probes, 5‐(4,6‐Dichloro‐s‐triazin‐2‐ylamino)fluorescein hydrochloride (DTAF), Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), and Lucifer yellow VS (LY). The protein sorption profile to one pHEMA‐based (etafilcon A) and three silicone hydrogel (SH) contact lens types (lotrafilcon B, balafilcon A and senofilcon A) was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, all lenses were incubated in dye solutions containing the fluorescent probe alone; and in a separate experiment BSA accumulation was quantified using radiolabeling. The different fluorescent conjugates showed similar sorption profiles for the pHEMA‐based lens, but marked differences for all SH lenses. Lotrafilcon B accumulated more protein on the surface as compared to the matrix, independent of the fluorescent probe used for conjugation. Protein sorption varied for senofilcon A, with DTAF‐BSA sorbing primarily to the surface region, while the other conjugates penetrated in equal amounts into the matrix. Balafilcon A exhibited smaller differences between conjugates, with LY‐BSA allowing the protein to fully penetrate the matrix, while the other conjugates showed minor surface adsorption. Sorption curves of unbound dyes were often similar compared to the conjugated results. BSA profiles to pHEMA‐based and silicone hydrogel lenses were highly dependent on the fluorescent probe used and none of the probes accurately reflected quantitative protein levels for the lens materials investigated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Evaluation of human osteoblastic cell response to plasma‐sprayed silicon‐substituted hydroxyapatite coatings over titanium substrates
Authors: Gomes Pedro S. , Botelho Cláudia , Lopes Maria A. , Santos José D. , Fernandes Maria H.
Published: June 2010

Silicon‐substituted hydroxyapatite (Si‐HA) coatings have been plasma sprayed over titanium substrates (Ti‐6Al‐4V) aiming to improve the bioactivity of the constructs for bone tissue repair/regeneration. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the coatings has shown that, previous to the thermal deposition, no secondary phases were formed due to the incorporation of 0.8 wt % Si into HA crystal lattice. Partial decomposition of hydroxyapatite, which lead to the formation of the more soluble phases of α‐ and β‐tricalcium phosphate and calcium oxide, and increase of amorphization level only occurred following plasma spraying. Human bone marrow‐derived osteoblastic cells were used to assess the in vitro biocompatibility of the constructs. Cells attached and grew well on the Si‐HA coatings, putting in evidence an increased metabolic activity and alkaline phosphatase expression comparing to control, i.e., titanium substrates plasma sprayed with hydroxyapatite. Further, a trend for increased differentiation was also verified by the upregulation of osteogenesis‐related genes, as well as by the augmented deposition of globular mineral deposits within established cell layers. Based on the present findings, plasma spraying of Si‐HA coatings over titanium substrates demonstrates improved biological properties regarding cell proliferation and differentiation, comparing to HA coatings. This suggests that incorporation of Si into the HA lattice could enhance the biological behavior of the plasma‐sprayed coating. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Formidable partners in tumor metastasis
Authors: Yang Li , Edwards Claire M , Mundy Gregory R
Published: June 2010

The growth and metastasis of solid tumors not only depends on their ability to escape from immune surveillance but also hinges on their ability to invade the vasculature system as well as to induce the formation of new blood vessels. Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), overproduced in tumor-bearing hosts, contribute significantly to all these aspects. They also have a potential role in the osteolysis associated with bone metastases. They are formidable partners in tumor metastasis. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Culturally adapted cognitive‐behavior therapy: integrating sexual, spiritual, and family identities in an evidence‐based treatment of a depressed Latino adolescent
Authors: Duarté‐Vélez Yovanska , Bernal Guillermo , Bonilla Karen
Published: June 2010

The article described and illustrated how a culturally adapted cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) can maintain fidelity to a treatment protocol while allowing for considerable flexibility to address a patient's values, preferences, and context. A manual‐based CBT was used with a gay Latino adolescent regarding his sexual identity, family values, and spiritual ideas. The adolescent suffered from a major depression disorder and identified himself as gay and Christian within a conservative and machista Puerto Rican family. CBT promoted personal acceptance and active questioning of homophobic thoughts in a climate of family respect. CBT enabled identity formation and integration, central to the development of a sexual identity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth, with remission of the patient's depression and better family outcomes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66:895–906, 2010.
Correlation of hepatic vein Doppler waveform and hepatic artery resistance index with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Mohammadinia Amir Reza , Bakhtavar Khadijeh , Ebrahimi‐Daryani Nasser , Habibollahi Peiman , Keramati Mohammad Reza , Fereshtehnejad Seyed Mohammad , Abdollahzade Sina
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various degrees of fatty infiltration in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on hepatic artery resistance index and hepatic vein waveform patterns.

Methods.

After identification and grading of fatty infiltration, 60 patients and 20 normal healthy subjects were examined using color and spectral Doppler sonography. The level of fatty liver infiltration was ascertained and graded by biopsy in patients and excluded by MRI in controls. The patients were allocated to four study groups consecutively, until the required number was reached, according to infiltration level as follows: normal (group A), mild (group B), moderate (group C), and severe (group D). The hepatic vein waveforms were classified into the three following groups: triphasic, biphasic, and monophasic waveform. The hepatic artery resistance index was calculated as the mean of three different measurements.

Results.

The incidence of monophasic and biphasic hepatic vein waveform was 2 (10%) for group B, 11 (55%) for group C, 16 (80%) for group D, and none for group A. The difference in the distribution of triphasic Doppler waveform pattern between the patients and the control group was significant (p < 0.001). Hepatic artery resistance index was 0.81 (±0.02), 0.78 (±0.03), 0.73 (±0.03), and 0.68 (±0.05), respectively, in groups A, B, C, and D and was significantly different between groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion.

As the severity of nonalcoholic fatty infiltration increases, the incidence of abnormal hepatic vein waveforms increases and hepatic artery resistance index decreases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 38:346‐352, 2010
Sonographic measurement of uterus and ovaries in premenarcheal healthy girls between 6 and 13 years old: Correlation with age and pubertal status
Authors: Razzaghy‐Azar Maryam , Ghasemi Fariba , Hallaji Farideh , Ghasemi Abbas , Ghasemi Mehdi
Published: June 2010

Background.

To provide normal references of sonographic uterine and ovarian size in premenarcheal healthy girls aged 6–13 years in different stages of puberty.

Methods.

Two hundred forty girls were enrolled into the study (mean age ± SD, 9.5 ± 1.7 years [range, 6–13.5 years]). Pubertal status was classified according to Tanner staging. All subjects underwent pelvic sonographic examination for the measurement of uterine volume, body and cervical length, anteroposterior diameter of fundus, body, and cervix, ovarian volume, and both right and left prominent follicular diameter.

Results.

A gradual increase with age was observed in all uterine and ovarian measurements. Both uterine and ovarian parameters were significantly correlated to age, height and weight, and stages of puberty. Uterine volume was <3.5 cm3 in 98% of prepubertal girls, and in stage 2 it was significantly more than in stage 1 (3 ± 3.2 versus 1.7 ± 1.7, respectively) (p < 0.001). Uterine body length was also significantly greater in stage 2 than stage 1 (17.5 ± 4.5 versus 14.6 ± 3.3, respectively) (p < 0.001).

Conclusion.

The reference values for uterus and ovaries were determined in healthy girls. There is a progressive increase in size of internal female genitalia in relation to age, height, weight, and puberty. Uterine volume and body length presented the best correlation with age and stage of puberty. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 39:64–73, 2011