bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body maps in the infant brain: implications for neurodevelopmental disabilities
Authors: Marshall Peter J , Meltzoff Andrew N
Published: April 2020

This review and synthesis discusses recent work that has utilized brain imaging methods, such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram, to provide insights into the ways that the body is represented in the infant brain. One aspect of body representation concerns somatotopic maps of the body surface in somatosensory cortex. A good deal is known about the properties of these maps in adults, but there has been relatively little developmental work. Recent studies have provided new insights into the organization of infant neural body maps and have laid the foundations for examining their plasticity in relation to behavioral development. Other work has suggested that neural body maps may be involved in the registration of correspondences between self and other, with implications for early social development. Here, body representations are discussed in the context of preterm birth and autism spectrum disorder, providing novel perspectives relevant to developmental medicine and child neurology.

What this paper adds

Somatotopic body maps develop prenatally through intrinsic and activity‐dependent mechanisms.

There is increasing interest in understanding postnatal plasticity in body maps.

Body representations may be involved in the registration of preverbal, interpersonal relationships.
Paediatric‐onset hereditary spastic paraplegias: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Schiavoni Silvia , Spagnoli Carlotta , Rizzi Susanna , Salerno Grazia G , Frattini Daniele , Pisani Francesco , Fusco Carlo
Published: April 2020

Aim

To describe the clinical and neurogenetic spectrum of paediatric‐onset hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) diagnosed in our unit.

Method

We report on 47 patients (30 males, 17 females; mean [SD] age 12y 7mo [6y 2mo], range 4–34y) clinically diagnosed with an HSP at the Child Neurology Unit, IRCCS‐ASMN (Reggio Emilia, Italy) between 1990 and 2018, who were genetically investigated by means of single‐gene direct sequencing and/or next‐generation sequencing technologies (targeted panels, whole‐exome sequencing [WES]).

Results

Complex forms prevailed slightly (n=26), autosomal dominant being the main inheritance pattern (n=11), followed by recessive (n=5) and X‐linked (n=1). A definite genetic diagnosis was achieved in 17 patients. Spastic paraplegia 3A (n=4) was the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant HSP in our cohort, while no genetic variant prevailed in autosomal recessive forms and pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were disclosed in a wide range of different genes.

Interpretation

We found wide phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. With increasing accessibility to WES, a higher number of patients receive a diagnosis, allowing detection of variants in ultra‐rare disease‐causing genes and refining genotype–phenotype correlations.

What this paper adds

A genetic diagnosis of paediatric‐onset hereditary spastic paraplegia was achieved in one‐third of patients.

Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in rare genes were found.

Genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity favours targeted panel/whole‐exome sequencing for diagnosis.
Innovative approach to adolescent mental health in Japan: School‐based education about mental health literacy
Authors: Ojio Yasutaka , Mori Ryoichi , Matsumoto Kazunori , Nemoto Takahiro , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Fujita Hirokazu , Morimoto Tsubasa , Nishizono‐Maher Aya , Fuji Chiyo , Mizuno Masafumi
Published: April 2020

Aims

Improving mental health literacy through school‐based education may encourage mental health promotion, prevention and care and reduce stigma in adolescents. In Japan, instruction about mental illness has been formulated in a Course of Study that reflects governmental curriculum guidelines, which will be enforced from 2022 to promote an understanding of current issues of adolescent health. Educational resources available to schoolteachers have been developed. This article describes the development processes and contents of these resources.

Methods

Our collaborating team, consisting of mental health professionals and schoolteachers, developed educational resources, based on feedback from high school students in general and young people who had experienced mental health problems.

Results

The new Course of Study covers: (1) mechanisms of mental illness, prevalence, age at onset, risk factors and treatability; (2) typical symptoms of mental health problems and illnesses; (3) self‐help strategies for prevention of and recovery from mental illness; (4) enhancing help‐seeking and helping behaviour and (5) decreasing stigma associated with people with mental health problems. The educational strategy is targeted at high school students (grades 10‐12) and is conducted by teachers of health and physical education. The educational resources include short story animated films, filmed social contact and educators' manuals, which are freely available through the internet and open to all concerned including schoolteachers in Japan.

Conclusions

Our efforts are expected to help implement mental health education of the public throughout Japan and other countries and promote the practice of early intervention and prevention of mental illnesses in adolescents.
From zygote to a multicellular soma: Body size affects optimal growth strategies under cancer risk
Authors: Erten E. Yagmur , Kokko Hanna
Published: April 2020

Multicellularity evolved independently in multiple lineages, yielding organisms with a wide range of adult sizes. Building an intact soma is not a trivial task, when dividing cells accumulate damage. Here, we study “ontogenetic management strategies,” that is rules of dividing, differentiating and killing somatic cells, to examine two questions: first, do these rules evolve differently for organisms differing in the target mature body size, and second, how well a strategy evolved in small‐bodied organisms performs if implemented in a large body—and vice versa (“large”‐evolved strategies in small bodies). We model the growth and mature lifespan of an organism starting from a single cell and optimize, using a genetic algorithm, trait combinations across a range of target sizes, with seven evolving traits: (a) probability of asymmetric division, (b) probability of differentiation (per symmetric cell division), (c) Hayflick limit, (d) damage response threshold, (e) damage response strength, (f) number of differentiation steps and (g) division propensity of cells relative to “stemness.” Some but not all traits evolve differently depending on body size: large‐bodied organisms perform best with a smaller probability of differentiation, a larger number of differentiation steps on the way to form a tissue and a higher threshold of cellular damage to trigger cell death, than small organisms. Strategies evolved in large organisms are more robust: they maintain high performance across a wide range of body sizes, while those that evolved in smaller organisms fail when attempting to create a large body. This highlights an asymmetry: under various risks of developmental failure and cancer, it is easier for a lineage to become miniaturized (should selection otherwise favour this) than to increase in size.
Genome‐wide insights into introgression and its consequences for genome‐wide heterozygosity in the Mytilus species complex across Europe
Authors: Vendrami David L. J. , De Noia Michele , Telesca Luca , Brodte Eva‐Maria , Hoffman Joseph I.
Published: April 2020

The three mussel species comprising the Mytilus complex are widespread across Europe and readily hybridize when they occur in sympatry, resulting in a mosaic of populations with varying genomic backgrounds. Two of these species, M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis, are extensively cultivated across Europe, with annual production exceeding 230,000 tonnes. The third species, M. trossulus, is considered commercially damaging as hybridization with this species results in weaker shells and poor meat quality. We therefore used restriction site associated DNA sequencing to generate high‐resolution insights into the structure of the Mytilus complex across Europe and to resolve patterns of introgression. Inferred species distributions were concordant with the results of previous studies based on smaller numbers of genetic markers, with M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis predominating in northern and southern Europe respectively, while introgression between these species was most pronounced in northern France and the Shetland Islands. We also detected traces of M. trossulus ancestry in several northern European populations, especially around the Baltic and in northern Scotland. Finally, genome‐wide heterozygosity, whether quantified at the population or individual level, was lowest in M. edulis, intermediate in M. galloprovincialis, and highest in M. trossulus, while introgression was positively associated with heterozygosity in M. edulis but negatively associated with heterozygosity in M. galloprovincialis. Our study will help to inform mussel aquaculture by providing baseline information on the genomic backgrounds of different Mytilus populations across Europe and by elucidating the effects of introgression on genome‐wide heterozygosity, which is known to influence commercially important traits such as growth, viability, and fecundity in mussels.
Influence of cosmetic formulations on the skin's circadian clock
Authors: Hettwer S. , Besic Gyenge E. , Obermayer B.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The circadian rhythm was set into focus by awarding the Nobel Price of Physiology/Medicine to Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young in late 2017. Numerous publications elucidated the molecular mechanisms driving the circadian biorhythms of our body, peripheral organs and each single cell. However, there is minor knowledge on the circadian rhythm of the skin, which has its own peripheral circadian clock in contact with cosmetic formulations. The skin's epidermal clock is excessively influenced by environmental factors like UV radiation or modern lifestyle, which may induce epidermal jetlag. Here, we give an overview on the current knowledge about the epidermal circadian clock and provide a cosmetic solution to protect and preserve the biorhythm of the skin.

Methods

Quantitative RT‐PCR to analyse the gene expression of circadian clock genes and the downstream DNA repair gene OGG1 in keratinocytes irradiated with UV‐B. In vivo study to determine skin parameters dependent on the circadian cycle and interference of cosmetic formulations to them by assessment of morning and evening values at each measurement day after 28, 56 and 84 days of the study.

Results

UV‐B irradiation leads to a pronounced delay in circadian clock and downstream gene expression which interferes in the proper function of epidermal stem cells and as thus skin function. The use of a cosmetic active ingredient prevents cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, protects epidermal stem cells and resets the circadian gene expression. It preserves the circadian changes in skin hydration, reduces daily fluctuations of skin redness and strengthens the skin barrier.

Conclusion

The skin has its own circadian biorhythm to gain full functionality. Interruption of this oscillation will lead to functional impairments. Here we show a cosmetic solution to protect and preserve the skin's circadian rhythm. DNA protection, ROS elimination and stimulation of circadian gene expression seem to be crucial to keep the skin in balance.
Solving the clustered traveling salesman problem with ‐relaxed priority rule
Authors: Hà Minh Hoàng , Nguyen Phuong Hoa , Tran Ngoc Nhat Huyen , Langevin André , Trépanier Martin
Published: April 2020

The clustered traveling salesman problem with a prespecified order on the clusters, a variant of the well‐known traveling salesman problem, is studied in the literature. In this problem, delivery locations are divided into clusters with different urgency levels and more urgent locations must be visited before less urgent ones. However, this could lead to an inefficient route in terms of traveling cost. This priority‐oriented constraint can be relaxed by a rule called ‐relaxed priority that provides a trade‐off between transportation cost and emergency level. Given a positive integer , at any point along the route, the ‐relaxed rule allows the vehicle to visit locations with priority , before visiting all locations in class , where is the highest priority class among all unvisited locations. Our research proposes two approaches to solve the problem with ‐relaxed priority rule. We improve the mathematical formulation proposed in the literature to construct an exact solution method. A metaheuristic method based on the framework of iterated local search with problem‐tailored operators is also introduced to find approximate solutions. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our methods.
Ageing and cognition in men with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Sauna‐aho Oili , Bjelogrlic‐Laakso Nina , Rautava Päivi , Arvio Maria
Published: April 2020

Background

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability. The aim of our longitudinal study was to describe ageing‐related cognitive changes in men with FXS.

Method

A neuropsychologist determined the raw scores (RSs) of 19 men with FXS twice with the Leiter International Performance Scale at an average interval of 22 years. The ages of the participants at baseline ranged from 16 to 50 (mean 27) years.

Results

At follow‐up, the RSs improved in two men, remained the same in two men and declined in 15 men. Overall, the RS of the study group deteriorated by an average 4 points in RSs (p < .001).

Conclusion

Cognitive ageing in men with FXS started earlier than that in men in the general population; in many cases, cognitive ageing in men with FXS began before middle age, usually without any medical or other underlying cause.
Applying the self‐determination theory continuum to unhealthy eating: Consequences on well‐being and behavioral frequency
Authors: Kadhim Nada , Amiot Catherine E. , Louis Winnifred R.
Published: April 2020

The present research applies self‐determination theory (SDT) to the context of unhealthy eating. The extent to which each of the six types of motivations stemming from the SDT continuum applies to unhealthy eating is examined, as well as the contribution of each motivation for eating unhealthily in predicting psychological well‐being and frequency of unhealthy eating. A three‐wave longitudinal study (N = 379) was conducted before, during, and after the Christmas holidays. Results demonstrated that three types of motivations (i.e., identified, introjected, and external regulation) for unhealthy eating fluctuated over time and peaked during the holidays, a time when unhealthy eating becomes especially salient in Western societies. However, amotivation for unhealthy eating reached its lowest level during the holidays. While identified regulation was associated with greater well‐being, introjected regulation, and amotivation for unhealthy eating were linked with lower well‐being. Integrated regulation was associated with lower well‐being only before and after the holiday period. Finally, the integrated, introjected, external regulations, and amotivation were linked to higher frequency of unhealthy eating. These results confirm that each type of motivation presents distinct patterns of associations with well‐being and actual behavior. Results also demonstrate that the social context in which eating takes place can have an impact on the relationship between motivations and well‐being as well as behavior.
Mutational landscape and genetic signatures of cell‐free DNA in tumour‐induced osteomalacia
Authors: Wu Nan , Zhang Zhen , Zhou Xi , Zhao Hengqiang , Ming Yue , Wu Xue , Zhang Xian , Yang Xin‐Zhuang , Zhou Meng , Bao Hua , Chen Weisheng , Wu Yong , Liu Sen , Wang Huizi , Niu Yuchen , Li Yalun , Zheng Yu , Shao Yang , Gao Na , Yang Ying , Liu Ying , Li Wenli , Liu Jia , Zhang Na , Yang Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Mei , Sun Yingli , Su Jianzhong , Zhang Jianguo , Xia Weibo , Qiu Guixing , Liu Yong , Liu Jiaqi , Wu Zhihong
Published: April 2020

Tumour‐induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a very rare paraneoplastic syndrome with bone pain, fractures and muscle weakness, which is mostly caused by phosphaturic mesenchymal tumours (PMTs). Cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) has been regarded as a non‐invasive liquid biopsy for many malignant tumours. However, it has not been studied in benign tumours, which prompted us to adopt the targeted next‐generation sequencing approach to compare cfDNAs of 4 TIO patients, four patients with bone metastasis (BM) and 10 healthy controls. The mutational landscapes of cfDNA in TIO and BM groups were similar in the spectrum of allele frequencies and mutation types. Markedly, deleterious missense mutations in FGFR1 and loss‐of‐function mutations in MED12 were found in 3/4 TIO patients but none of BM patients. The gene ontology analysis strongly supported that these mutated genes found in TIOs would play a potential role in PMTs' process. The genetic signatures and corresponding change in expression of FGFR1 and FGF23 were further validated in PMT tissues from a test cohort of another three TIO patients. In summary, we reported the first study of the mutational landscape and genetic signatures of cfDNA in TIO/PMTs.
Perception and determinants of stigmatization of people with psoriasis in the German population
Authors: Sommer R. , Topp J. , Mrowietz U. , Zander N. , Augustin M.
Published: April 2020

Background

Perception of psoriasis in the general population is characterized by knowledge deficits and prejudice against those affected. The extent and possible predictors of stigmatizing attitudes remain unclear.

Objectives

The aim was to assess prejudices and stigmatization of people with psoriasis and to identify sociodemographic and attitude‐related variables accounting for stigmatization.

Methods

Representative telephone surveys of 2004 (in 2017) and 2001 (in 2018) adults using a standardized questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were applied to living area, age, gender, educational status, general knowledge and attitudes about psoriasis. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine which variables are associated with the assessment of prejudices of ‘others’ against people with psoriasis. Those prejudices were specified by the following statements: ‘they should take better care of themselves’, ‘don’t want to touch people with psoriasis’ and ‘disgusted by psoriasis’.

Results

The majority of those surveyed (74%) believe that people with psoriasis are disadvantaged. Similarly, a majority (69%) said that most people find psoriasis disgusting, do not want to touch people with psoriasis (59%) and think that people with psoriasis need to take better care of themselves (45%). ‘Willing to enter a relationship with an affected person’ (OR = 0.330, P = 0.029), higher age (OR = 1.027, P <0.001) and male gender (OR = 1.263, P = 0.034) proved to be significantly associated with ‘psoriasis is disgusting’. Education (OR = 1.648, P = 0.016) and lower age (OR = 0.847, P  <0.001) are significantly associated with ‘they need to take better care of themselves’.

Conclusions

Data suggest that stigmatization of skin diseases is still entrenched. This overview shows the need for interventions against stigmatization of those affected. Results imply that gender, age and education level and related health literacy of the target groups of respective interventions should be taken into account.
Mechanical properties of toothpastes with diamond abrasives
Authors: Hamza Blend , Attin Thomas , Paqué Pune Nina , Wiedemeier Daniel B. , Wegehaupt Florian J.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare surface roughness, gloss, and color change of dental enamel after being brushed with toothpastes containing diamond powder and traditional abrasives.

Materials and Methods

Seventy enamel slabs were derived from 70 bovine incisors. The slabs were brushed with six different toothpastes and artificial saliva as a negative control. The specimens were then stained with black tea mixed with citric acid (3 days, pH = 4) and again brushed with the same toothpastes. Ra(contact profilometer), gloss (glossmeter), and color (CIE L* a* b* system) values were measured after each step.

Results

Emoform‐F Diamond (contains diamond powder and traditional abrasives) offered significantly the best improvement of Raand gloss values after the first brushing sequence and the best recovery of the brightness of enamel after staining and second brushing sequence (P< .05). AMC 2.5 (contains only diamond powder as abrasive) was not able to offer such improvement.

Conclusion

Diamond powder as an additional abrasive in toothpastes could be able to offer a further improvement of Ra, gloss, and color values of enamel.
Mitochondrial morphology and function: two for the price of one!
Authors: FAITG JULIE , DAVEY TRACEY , TURNBULL DOUG M. , WHITE KATHRYN , VINCENT AMY E.
Published: April 2020

Mitochondrial shape and function are known to be linked; therefore, there is a need to combine three‐dimensional EM structural analysis with functional analysis. Cytochrome c oxidase labelling is one approach to examine mitochondrial function at the EM level. However, previous efforts to apply this method have had several issues including inconsistent results, disruption to mitochondrial ultrastructure, and a lack of optimisation for volume EM methods. We have used short fixation and microwave processing to address these issues. We show that our method gives consistent cytochrome c oxidase labelling and improves labelling penetration across tissue volume. We also quantify mitochondrial morphology metrics, including in volume EM, to show that ultrastructure is unaltered by the processing. This work represents a technical advance that allows the correlation of mitochondrial function and morphology with greater resolution and volume than has previously been feasible.

Lay summary

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a high‐resolution technique used for the study of cells and their components, such as mitochondria. However, the two‐dimensional nature of TEM means that quantification of these structures is difficult without making assumptions about their shape; a problem that was solved by the advent of three‐dimensional EM approaches. Mitochondrial shape and function are known to be linked therefore there is a need to combine three‐dimensional EM structural analysis with functional analysis. To do this we used electron microscopy to visualise a reaction that assesses the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The reaction deposits a dark staining on mitochondrial cristae where cytochrome c oxidase is functioning and a lack of staining where it is not. We first optimised this technique for TEM, showing that the tissue was evenly stained and exhibited no effect on mitochondrial shape when compared to conventionally processed tissue. We then demonstrated that this was also true of a sample processed for three‐dimensional EM imaging. This work presents an advance in three‐dimensional EM imaging that allows us to look at both mitochondrial function and shape and to detect subtle changes in shape.
Exploring Beliefs About Exercise Among Pregnant Women in Rural Communities
Authors: Tinius Rachel , Nagpal Taniya Singh , Edens Kolbi , Duchette Cathryn , Blankenship Maire
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Women who are pregnant in rural communities are disproportionally impacted by obesity and sedentary behavior, and this could be related to having negative beliefs about exercise during pregnancy, leading to inactivity. The purpose of this study was to identify self‐reported beliefs about exercise among pregnant women in a rural community.

Methods

Pregnant participants (N = 70) between 8 and 16 weeks’ gestation were recruited from an obstetric clinic serving a rural population. An open‐ended questionnaire addressing beliefs about exercise and based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior was administered. Descriptive survey results were analyzed by calculating means and frequencies. Open‐ended responses were assessed by inductive content analysis.

Results

Commonly reported advantages of exercise during pregnancy included improved perinatal health outcomes and weight management. Commonly reported disadvantages included an increase in fatigue and concerns for maternal and fetal safety. Common facilitators of exercise included access to resources, free time or a decrease in demands from work, and support systems including family and friends. Common barriers to exercise included a lack of time, physical changes including feelings of nausea and fatigue, and lack of access to resources.

Discussion

This study was the first to report beliefs about exercise during pregnancy in a rural setting. Responses in the current study suggest potential gaps in knowledge of evidence‐based information regarding physical activity during pregnancy. Beliefs as well as reported barriers and facilitators of physical activity during pregnancy were similar those reported in other populations. In addition, access to resources (or lack of) appears to be an important facilitator (or barrier) among women in rural settings; thus, developing strategies designed to overcome this barrier, specifically in rural areas, is critically important. Future intervention strategies need to be tailored specifically to the needs of women living in rural areas.
Women's Perceptions on the Use of Video Technology in Early Labor: Being Able to See
Authors: Faucher Mary Ann , Kennedy Holly Powell
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Delaying admission to the birth setting until active labor has commenced has known benefits. However, women and their partners often struggle to stay home in early labor. Research on telephone triage during early labor at home has illuminated significant disadvantages with this model of care, contributing to women feeling dissatisfied with the early birth experience. Research conducted with midwives on the potential benefits of using video technology suggests it might be a helpful strategy for early labor support. This study examined women's perspectives on the potential use of this technology.

Methods

Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 23 English‐speaking women who experienced spontaneous labor within the last year. The recordings were transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was used to interpret women's perceptions.

Results

The women identified potential advantages of video technology in early labor connected to the major theme of being able to see, which could enable closer human connections between the intrapartum care provider, the woman, and her partner, as well as better assessments of labor. This human connection was integral to enhancing empathy and building confidence. Concerns about using video calls during early labor at home focused on privacy issues and the need to practice beforehand. Concerns about privacy depended upon having a prior relationship with the intrapartum care provider and women being able to decide if they wanted to use the technology.

Discussion

One way of optimizing the experience of staying home in early labor and overall satisfaction with the birth experience may be with video technology, which could offer enhancements over traditional telephone triage.
Early onset demyelinating Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease caused by a novel in‐frame isoleucine deletion in peripheral myelin protein 2
Authors: Geroldi Alessandro , Prada Valeria , Veneri Francesca , Trevisan Lucia , Origone Paola , Grandis Marina , Schenone Angelo , Gemelli Chiara , Lanteri Paola , Fossa Paola , Mandich Paola , Bellone Emilia
Published: April 2020

Peripheral myelin protein 2 (PMP2) is a small protein located on the cytoplasmic side of compact myelin, involved in the lipids transport and in the myelination process. In the last years few families affected with demyelinating Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathy (CMT1), caused by PMP2 mutations, have been identified. In this study we describe the first case of a PMP2 in‐frame deletion. PMP2 was analyzed by direct sequencing after exclusion of the most frequent CMT‐associated genes by using a next generation sequencing (NGS) genes panel. Sanger sequencing was used for family's segregation analysis. Molecular modeling analysis was used to evaluate the mutation impact on the protein structure. A novel PMP2: p.I50del has been identified in a child with early onset CMT1 and in three affected family members. All family members show an early onset demyelinating neuropathy without other distinguish features. Molecular modeling analysis and in silico evaluations do not suggest a strong impact on the overall protein structure, but a most likely altered protein function. This study suggests the importance to add PMP2 in CMT NGS genes panels or, at most, to test it after major CMT1 genes exclusion, due to the lack of diagnostic‐addressing additional features.
A longitudinal model of rejection sensitivity and internalizing symptoms: Testing emotion regulation deficits as a mechanism and outcome of symptoms
Authors: Gardner Alex A. , Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Modecki Kathryn
Published: April 2020

Objective

Individuals who experience heightened rejection sensitivity (RS) are at greater risk of increased internalizing symptoms over time. This is especially so for adolescents and young adults, as this is a time of many social transitions and an average increase in such symptoms. Yet, little longitudinal research has explored specific mechanisms that may help explain how RS lends itself to increased symptomology during adolescence and young adulthood. In this study, we tested the summative effect of emotion dysregulation, expressive suppression, and social avoidance (i.e., ER‐deficits) as mechanisms. Moreover, we estimated bidirectional temporal associations between ER‐deficits and symptoms.

Method

Participants included 402 adolescents and young adults aged 17 to 27 years (M = 19.9 years, 66% female) who completed two assessments over a 1‐year period.

Results

In a path model, participants who reported more RS increased in anxious symptoms, and RS was indirectly associated with increased anxious and depressive symptoms via the three ER‐deficits. Additionally, cross‐lagged panel analyses showed that dysregulation and suppression predicted increased symptoms over time, while anxious symptoms predicted increased social avoidance over time.

Conclusion

These findings expand understanding of the role of RS in young people's increasing internalizing symptoms, implicating ER‐deficits in these processes.
Discrimination between viable and dead Xanthomonas fragariae in strawberry using viability PCR
Authors: Immanuel Tracey , Taylor Robert , Keeling Stephanie , Brosnahan Cara , Alexander Brett
Published: April 2020

Xanthomonas fragariae is the causal agent of an important bacterial disease in strawberry production regions worldwide and a quarantine plant pathogen in many countries including New Zealand. Xanthomonas fragariae mainly infects the foliage of strawberry plants but can also infect the calyx tissue associated with strawberry fruit. Fresh strawberries are a high‐value internationally traded commodity that has a short shelf‐life. When making biosecurity decisions based on the finding of a quarantine organism such as X. fragariae by PCR, one of the major challenges is the inability to differentiate positive results originating from viable or dead cells. Viability PCR (vPCR) is a technique that selectively inhibits PCR amplification of DNA derived from dead cells through the use of a nucleic acid intercalating dye, for example, PEMAX™. A vPCR protocol has been optimized to enable rapid detection of viable X. fragariae in a tissue sample. PEMAX™ treatment resulted in complete inhibition of PCR amplification of 108–103 cfu/ml dead X. fragariae cells in strawberry host tissue. The most important parameters for optimization were the dilution of the sample, amplicon length and choice of nucleic acid intercalating dye. This study provides a rapid protocol to discriminate between viable and dead X. fragariae in strawberry in a phytosanitary environment. This test will help timely decisions to be made at the border on imported fresh strawberry consignments that test positive for X. fragariae.
Congenital protein C deficiency and thrombosis in a dog
Authors: Kelly Darren , Juvet Florence , Moore Gary
Published: April 2020

Congenital protein C deficiency is an important cause of thrombosis in humans but is not described in dogs. A 4‐year‐old Hungarian Vizsla was presented for investigation of acute onset of ascites. Computed tomography of the chest and abdomen and echocardiography confirmed a large thrombus within the right ventricle. A cause for thrombosis was not initially identified. The clinical signs resolved rapidly and the dog was administered clopidogrel and discharged. Plasma protein C activity measured 2 and 6 weeks later was markedly lower than expected on both occasions. All known causes of acquired protein C deficiency were excluded, and the dog was diagnosed with a congenital protein C deficiency. After diagnosis, the administration of clopidogrel was stopped and administration of rivaroxaban was started. The dog remains well with no evidence of recurrent thrombosis with 6 months of follow‐up.
DNA topoisomerase 2 gene polymorphism in dermatophytes
Authors: Shamsizadeh Forough , Pchelin Ivan M. , Makimura Koichi , Alshahni Mohamed Mahdi , Satoh Kazuo , Katiraee Farzad , Ahmadi Bahram , Rezaei‐Matehhkolaei Ali
Published: April 2020

Background

Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi of medical importance. Despite a relatively long history of molecular taxonomic studies, there is still a need for information on genetic polymorphism in wider variety of genomic loci.

Objectives

Our goal was to study partial DNA topoisomerase 2 gene (TOP2) polymorphism in dermatophytes.

Methods

We performed DNA sequencing of TOP2 in 26 dermatophyte species along with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing.

Results

The number of polymorphic sites in TOP2 data set was similar to that one in ITS data set. Nannizzia species formed paraphyletic group in TOP2 tree. Trichophyton simii was paraphyletic in concatenated TOP2‐ITS tree, one of its two clades contained solely Iranian isolates.

Conclusions

Our results revealed several unresolved problems in the taxonomy of dermatophytes, including probable polyphyly of the genus Nannizzia and the species T simii.
Giving undergraduate nursing students international experiences: Issues and strategies
Authors: Turale Sue , Kunaviktikul Wipada , Mesukko Jutarat
Published: April 2020

Educational institutions began international student placements or exchanges in earnest in the 1990s, with varying degrees of success. Although nursing education in a number of countries has embraced giving undergraduate students the opportunity of international experiences, this is still not the norm in many countries, nor within all nursing schools within a country. In our rapidly globalizing world, it is critical that students are given opportunities internationally to be better prepared for practice, to achieve a global mindset, and to take their place as future global citizens through international experiences. Evidence from the literature shows positive effects on nurses having had international experiences to broaden their horizons, examine other cultures, grow their cultural competence, share and gain knowledge with others, and build their capacity for future practice in an increasingly globalized world. Our focus here is on providing students with short‐term undergraduate exchanges or placements in international settings, and encouragement for nursing institutions to develop international partnerships that are sustainable. Some implications for nurse educators and other staff involved in international exchanges are also considered.
Two receptor‐like protein kinases, MUSTACHES and MUSTACHES‐LIKE, regulate lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Xun Qingqing , Wu Yunzhe , Li Hui , Chang Jinke , Ou Yang , He Kai , Gou Xiaoping , Tax Frans E. , Li Jia
Published: April 2020

Receptor‐like protein kinases (RLKs) play key roles in regulating plant growth, development and stress adaptations. There are at least 610 RLKs (including receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases) in Arabidopsis. The functions of the majority of RLKs have not yet been determined.

We previously generated promoter::GUS transgenic plants for all leucine‐rich repeat (LRR)‐RLKs in Arabidopsis and analyzed their expression patterns during various developmental stages. We found the expression of two LRR‐RLKs, MUSTACHES (MUS) and MUSTACHES‐LIKE (MUL), are overlapped in lateral root primordia. Independent mutants, mus‐3 mul‐1 and mus‐4 mul‐2, show a significantly decreased emerged lateral root phenotype.

Our analyses indicate that the defects of the double mutant occur mainly at stage I of lateral root development. Exogenous application of auxin can dramatically enhance the transcription of MUS, which is largely dependent on AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7 (ARF7) and ARF19. MUS and MUL are inactive kinases in vitro but are phosphorylated in planta, possibly by an unknown kinase. The kinase activity of MUS is dispensable for its function in lateral root development. Many cell wall related genes are down regulated in mus‐3 mul‐1.

In conclusion, we identified MUS and MUL, two kinase‐inactive RLKs, in controlling the early development of lateral root primordia likely via regulating cell wall synthesis and remodeling.
Prognostic value of partial EMT‐related genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by a bioinformatic analysis
Authors: Kisoda Satoru , Shao Wenhua , Fujiwara Natsumi , Mouri Yasuhiro , Tsunematsu Takaaki , Jin Shengjian , Arakaki Rieko , Ishimaru Naozumi , Kudo Yasusei
Published: April 2020

Objective

Recent studies have revealed that the ability of cancer cells to undergo intermediate state of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), partial EMT (p‐EMT), poses a higher metastatic risk rather than complete EMT. Here, we examined the prognostic value of p‐EMT‐related genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by bioinformatic approaches.

Materials and methods

We used RNA‐seq data of 519 primary HNSCC cases obtained from TCGA database. We compared the expression of p‐EMT‐related genes in HNSCC tissues with normal tissues. We evaluated the prognostic value of p‐EMT‐related genes in HNSCC cases by log‐rank test. We examined the expression of p‐EMT‐, EMT‐, and epithelial differentiation‐related genes by qPCR.

Results

Among p‐EMT‐related genes that were highly expressed in HNSCC cases, high expression of SERPINE1, ITGA5, TGFBI, P4HA2, CDH13, and LAMC2 was significantly correlated with poor survival of HNSCC patients. By gene expression pattern, HNSCC cell lines were classified into three groups: epithelial phenotype, EMT phenotype, and p‐EMT phenotype.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that p‐EMT program may be involved in poor prognosis of HNSCC. SERPINE1, ITGA5, TGFBI, P4HA2, CDH13, and LAMC2 can be used for a prognostic marker. Moreover, HNSCC cells with p‐EMT phenotype can be a useful model for investigating a nature of p‐EMT.
Management of cementoblastoma in a 16‐year‐old boy: local block resection using PRF
Authors: Jamison A. , Kwok J.
Published: April 2020

A 16‐year‐old boy attended with a hard buccal/lingual swelling associated with an erupted lower right first molar. The patient had been aware of its presence for at least 12 months. Cone‐beam CT investigation appeared consistent with a cementoblastoma associated with the roots of this tooth. Platelet‐rich fibrin and bone graft were used to recontour the surgical site following a block resection.
Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after transvenous lead replacement or upgrade procedures
Authors: Albertini Caio Marcos de Moraes , da Silva Katia Regina , Lima Marta Fernandes , Leal Filho Joaquim Maurício da Motta , Martinelli Filho Martino , Costa Roberto
Published: April 2020

Background

Venous obstructions are frequent in patients with transvenous leads, although related clinical findings are rarely reported. After lead replacement or upgrade procedures, these lesions are even more frequent, but there is still no evidence to support this observation.

Aim

To investigate the incidence and possible risk factors for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after lead replacement or upgrade procedures.

Methods

Prospective cohort carried out between April 2013 and July 2016. Preoperative evaluation included venous ultrasound and pulmonary angiotomography. Diagnostic exams were repeated postoperatively to detect the study outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors.

Results

Among the 84 patients included, 44 (52.4%) were female and mean age was 59.3 ± 15.2 years. Lead malfunctioning (75.0%) was the main surgical procedure indication. Lead removal was performed in 44 (52.4%) cases. The rate of postoperative combined events was 32.6%, with 24 (28.6%) cases of UEDVT and six (7.1%) cases of PE. Clinical manifestations of deep venous thrombosis occurred in 10 (11.9%) patients. Independent prognostic factors for UEDVT were severe collateral circulation in the preoperative venography (odds ratio [OR] 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–19.8; P = .037) and transvenous lead extraction (OR 27.4; 95% CI 5.8–128.8; P < .0001).

Conclusion

Reoperations involving previously implanted transvenous leads present high rates of thromboembolic complications. Transvenous lead extraction had a significant impact on the development of UEDVT. These results show the need of further studies to evaluate the role of preventive strategies for this subgroup of patients.
The Evolving Role of High‐Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation as Salvage Therapy in Neurostimulation
Authors: Ghosh Priyanka E. , Gill Jatinder S. , Simopoulos Thomas
Published: April 2020

Background

High‐frequency 10‐kHz spinal cord stimulation (10‐kHz SCS) has shown promise in multicenter prospective trials for the management of chronic back and leg pain. Traditional spinal cord stimulation (t‐SCS) has a long history of effectiveness in chronic neuropathic syndromes but not uncommonly can fail to provide long‐term relief, leaving a significant group of patients with unsatisfactory outcomes. There is mounting evidence that 10‐kHz SCS may offer relief in this subset of patients.

Methods

The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to report a single‐institution long‐term experience of 10‐kHz SCS in patients who did not get adequate pain relief with prior t‐SCS devices. A temporary trial of 10‐kHz SCS was carried out for 7 days, and those experiencing an average of 50% reduction in pain intensity underwent implantation. Patients were classified as moderate responders if relief was 31% to 50% and excellent responders if pain relief exceeded 50%.

Results

Thirty‐one patients who had experienced failed t‐SCS primarily from poor paresthesia coverage underwent a trial of 10‐kHz SCS and 29 underwent implantation. Twenty‐eight patients were available for analysis, with 57.1% experiencing 30% response and 46.4% experiencing excellent response at a median follow‐up of 21.2 (±8.4) months.

Conclusions

This small single‐institution study suggests that a significant proportion of patients with previously failed t‐SCS may achieve clinically meaningful and durable pain relief with 10‐kHz SCS.
Is Simplicity the Ultimate Sophistication? The Superiority of Linear Pricing
Authors: Cui Tony Haitao , Kong Guangwen , Pourghannad Behrooz
Published: April 2020

We consider a supply chain with a supplier selling products to a retailer who is boundedly rational. The retailer’s orders are randomly distributed around the optimal order quantity. We develop a behavioral model which incorporates human retailers’ bounded rationality in the supplier’s contractual decisions. In contrast to a supply chain with a fully rational retailer, where a wholesale price contract usually cannot outperform more complicated nonlinear contracts, we find that when the retailer is boundedly rational a wholesale price contract can dominate commonly used nonlinear contracts, such as buyback and revenue sharing contracts, in terms of a supplier’s profit and supply chain profit. We characterize the conditions under which a wholesale price contract outperforms more sophisticated nonlinear contracts for the supplier. In particular, we show that a wholesale price contract is more likely to be implemented by the supplier when the supply chain profit margin is low, the retailer is less rational, the demand variance is large, and the retailer’s reservation value is high. We then conduct a series of laboratory experiments to test whether the behavioral model’s predictions are still salient even when the supplier is not necessarily rational. Our results provide an explanation for the prevalence of wholesale price contracts in business practice where the rationality of a retailer cannot always be guaranteed. We also find that a retailer’s bounded rationality plays a more important role in determining supply chain profit than a supplier’s bounded rationality.
Does Entrepreneurship Work? Understanding What Policy Entrepreneurs Do and Whether It Matters
Authors: Arnold Gwen
Published: April 2020

When a major policy change occurs, policy entrepreneurs—advocates who devote substantial time, energy, and resources to campaigning for a specific policy outcome—are often credited as critical influences. However, there has been a little quantitative, large‐n cross‐sectional study of whether policy entrepreneurship effectuates policy change, how policy entrepreneurs pursue their goals, and whether particular entrepreneur attributes are more or less facilitative to that end. This paper aims to fill that gap by investigating policy entrepreneurship in municipalities across the State of New York, where between 2008 and 2012 hundreds of local jurisdictions passed policies to ban or restrict high‐volume hydraulic fracturing (fracking), often encouraged by anti‐fracking advocates. It demonstrates that policy entrepreneurs have a consequential, positive impact on policy adoption; that their characteristics, strategies, and goals classify into distinct archetypes; and that archetypes vary in their policy impact.
Inter‐trial alpha power indicates mind wandering
Authors: Arnau Stefan , Löffler Christoph , Rummel Jan , Hagemann Dirk , Wascher Edmund , Schubert Anna‐Lena
Published: April 2020

Mind wandering during ongoing tasks can impede task performance and increase the risk of failure in the laboratory as well as in daily‐life tasks and work environments. Neurocognitive measures like the electroencephalography (EEG) offer the opportunity to assess mind wandering non‐invasively without interfering with the primary task. However, the literature on electrophysiological correlates of mind wandering is rather inconsistent. The present study aims toward clarifying this picture by breaking down the temporal dynamics of mind wandering encounters using a cluster‐based permutation approach. Participants performed a switching task during which mind wandering was occasionally assessed via thought probes applied after trial completion at random time points. In line with previous studies, response accuracy was reduced during mind wandering. Moreover, alpha power during the inter‐trial interval was a significantly increased on those trials on which participants reported that they had been mind‐wandering. This spatially widely distributed effect is theoretically well in line with recent findings linking an increased alpha power to an internally oriented state of attention. Measurements of alpha power may, therefore, be used to detect mind wandering online during critical tasks in traffic and industry in order to prevent failures.