bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suspended cells from trabecular bone by collagenase digestion become virtually identical to mesenchymal stem cells obtained from marrow aspirates
Authors: Sakaguchi Yusuke , Sekiya Ichiro , Yagishita Kazuyoshi , Ichinose Shizuko , Shinomiya Kenichi , Muneta Takeshi
Published: July 2004

Several reports describe that the explant culture of the trabecular bone after collagenase treatment produces mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the suspended cells had not been intensively examined concerning MSCs. We hypothesized that the cells would acquire the properties of MSCs during their expansion and therefore compared them with marrow aspirate-derived MSCs. Human trabecular bones were washed, digested, filtered, and expanded clonally for 14 days. Their proliferation ability (n = 9) and differentiation potentials for chondrocyte, adipocyte, and osteoblast (n = 6) were similar with those of marrow aspirate-derived MSCs. Epitope and mRNA analysis revealed some differences in both types of cells, which disappeared with expansion and subcultivation. A mixed population of collagenase-released (CR) cells had similar differentiation potentials with CR clone, CD31+ fraction, and osteoblastic cells. For quantitative study, trabecular bone and bone marrow were harvested by single aspiration using a biopsy needle (n = 16). Although the total nucleated cell number harvested was similar, the colony-forming efficiency of CR cells was approximately 100-fold higher than that of BM cells and more than 1 million CR cells could be obtained in 14 days from all donors. Enzymatically released cells from trabecular bone became virtually identical to marrow aspirate-derived MSCs, demonstrating that a trabecular bone fragment can be an alternative source of MSCs. (Blood. 2004; 104:2728-2735)
Human milk oligosaccharides reduce platelet-neutrophil complex formation leading to a decrease in neutrophil β 2 integrin expression
Authors: Bode Lars , Rudloff Silvia , Kunz Clemens , Strobel Stephan , Klein Nigel
Published: July 2004

Human milk is thought by many authorities to be preferable to formula as a source of nutrients for infants. Some of the benefits may stem from its high concentration of unbound oligosaccharides (5-10 g/L). These sugars have structural similarities to selectin ligands, known to mediate important cell–cell interactions in the immune system. Platelet-neutrophil complexes (PNC) exist in healthy individuals but have been implicated in disease states. Formation of these complexes requires selectins and as such, could be influenced by human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). Here, we investigate this possibility by examining the effect of HMO on the formation of PNC and activation of associated neutrophils. We collected blood from 10 healthy volunteers, activated platelets with adenosine 5′-diphosphate, and added HMO, oligosaccharide standards, or phosphate-buffered saline as a control. We determined the influence of HMO on PNC formation and adjacent neutrophil activation with fluorescein-activated cell sorter analysis after labeling with antibodies for the platelet marker CD42a and the neutrophil activation marker CD11b. Within physiologically achievable concentrations (6.25-125 μg/mL), an acidic HMO fraction reduced PNC formation up to 20%, which was similar to the effect seen with high concentrations of sialyl-Lewis x. Associated neutrophils showed a dose-dependent decrease in β 2 integrin expression, up to 30%, at high but physiological concentrations. The neutral HMO fraction had no effect. These results support the hypothesis that acidic HMO serve as anti-inflammatory components of human milk and thus, contribute to the lower incidence of inflammatory diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants.
Differing caspase-1 activation states in monocyte versus macrophage models of IL-1β processing and release
Authors: Kahlenberg J Michelle , Dubyak George R
Published: July 2004

The release of IL-1β as an active, mature cytokine requires proteolytic processing by caspase-1, which is recruited to signaling complexes that facilitate its autocatalytic proteolysis and activation. Caspase-1 processing has been characterized in human monocyte and murine macrophage model systems, and comparative analyses indicate significant mechanistic differences in caspase-1 activation by these cell types. In this study, we used an in vitro processing assay to compare caspase-1 activation in THP-1 human monocytes vs. Bac1.2F5 murine macrophages. These in vitro caspase-1 and IL-1β processing reactions indicated a higher rate of constitutive caspase-1 activation in lysates from THP-1 vs. Bac1 cells. Transfer of small amounts of THP-1 lysate to Bac1 lysate rapidly increased in vitro procaspase-1 and proIL-1β processing in the latter preparation. The transferable activation factor(s) was heat-labile, ≥10 kDa, and unaffected by immunodepletion of procaspase-1 from the THP-1 lysate. Thi transactivating effect of THP-1 lysate on processing in Bac1 lysates could be mimicked by addition of purified recombinant human caspase-1. The constitutive caspase-1 and IL-1β processing reactions in THP-1 lysates were insensitive to pharmacological blockade by the tyrphostin, AG126, and the phospholipase A2 inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL); contrarily, the same processing reactions were inhibited in lysates from Bac1 cells pretreated with either AG126 or BEL. These observations indicate significant biochemical differences in the assembly and regulation of caspase-1 signaling complexes within human monocyte and murine macrophage models of inflammatory activation. These differences need to be considered when comparing or pharmacologically manipulating IL-1β processing and release in various model systems.
Sox2deficiency causes neurodegeneration and impaired neurogenesis in the adult mouse brain
Authors: Ferri Anna L. M. , Cavallaro Maurizio , Braida Daniela , Di Cristofano Antonello , Canta Annalisa , Vezzani Annamaria , Ottolenghi Sergio , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Sala Mariaelvina , DeBiasi Silvia , Nicolis Silvia K.
Published: July 2004

In many species, the Sox2 transcription factor is a marker of the nervous system from the beginning of its development, and we have previously shown that Sox2 is expressed in embryonic neural stem cells. It is also expressed in, and is essential for, totipotent inner cell mass stem cells and other multipotent cell lineages, and its ablation causes early embryonic lethality. To investigate the role of Sox2 in the nervous system, we generated different mouse mutant alleles: a null allele(Sox2β-geo `knock-in'), and a regulatory mutant allele (Sox2ΔENH), in which a neural cell-specific enhancer is deleted. Sox2 is expressed in embryonic early neural precursors of the ventricular zone and, in the adult, in ependyma (a descendant of the ventricular zone). It is also expressed in the vast majority of dividing precursors in the neurogenic regions, and in a small proportion of differentiated neurones, particularly in the thalamus, striatum and septum. Compound Sox2β-geo/ΔENH heterozygotes show important cerebral malformations, with parenchymal loss and ventricle enlargement, and L-dopa-rescuable circling behaviour and epilepsy. We observed striking abnormalities in neurones; degeneration and cytoplasmic protein aggregates, a feature common to diverse human neurodegenerative diseases, are observed in thalamus, striatum and septum. Furthermore, ependymal cells show ciliary loss and pathological lipid inclusions. Finally, precursor cell proliferation and the generation of new neurones in adult neurogenic regions are greatly decreased, and GFAP/nestin-positive hippocampal cells, which include the earliest neurogenic precursors, are strikingly diminished. These findings highlight a crucial and unexpected role for Sox2 in the maintenance of neurones in selected brain areas, and suggest a contribution of neural cell proliferative defects to the pathological phenotype.
SOX9 specifies the pyloric sphincter epithelium through mesenchymal-epithelial signals
Authors: Moniot Brigitte , Biau Sandrine , Faure Sandrine , Nielsen Corinne M. , Berta Philippe , Roberts Drucilla J. , de Santa Barbara Pascal
Published: July 2004

Gastrointestinal (GI) development is highly conserved across vertebrates. Although several transcription factors and morphogenic proteins are involved in the molecular controls of GI development, the interplay between these factors is not fully understood. We report herein the expression pattern of Sox9 during GI development, and provide evidence that it functions,in part, to define the pyloric sphincter epithelium. SOX9 is expressed in the endoderm of the GI tract (with the exclusion of the gizzard) and its derivate organs, the lung and pancreas. Moreover, SOX9 is also expressed at the mesoderm of the pyloric sphincter, a structure that demarcates the gizzard from the duodenum. Using retroviral misexpression technique, we show that Sox9 expression in the pyloric sphincter is under the control of the BMP signaling pathway, known to play a key role in the development of this structure. By misexpressing SOX9 in the mesoderm of the gizzard, we show that SOX9 is able to transdifferentiate the adjacent gizzard epithelium into pyloric sphincter-like epithelium through the control of mesodermal-epithelial signals mediated in part by Gremlin (a modulator of the BMP pathway). Our results suggest that SOX9 is necessary and sufficient to specify the pyloric sphincter epithelial properties.
Crystal structures of Np(VI) and Pu(VI) phthalates, [NpO2{(OOC)2C6H4}H2O]·1/3H2O and [PuO2{(OOC)2C6H4}H2O]·H2O
Authors: Grigoriev M. S. , Antipin M. Yu. , Krot N. N. , Bessonov A. A.
Published: July 2004

Single crystals of [NpO2L(H2O)]·1/3H2O (I) and [PuO2L(H2O)]·H2O (II) (H2L — orthophthalic acid) have been synthesized, their structures have been determined by X-ray structural analysis. Actinide atoms in both compounds are seven-coordinated. The interaction between actinide dioxocations and phthalate anions results in formation of infinite tubes in I and layers in II. The structures are compared with those of other phthalate compounds of hexa- and pentavalent actinides, in particular, with the structure of [UO2L(H2O)]·H2O which differs from the structure II.
Removal of silver and antimony radionuclides from low-level liquid radioactive waste of a research reactor through different scavenging precipitations
Authors: Jan F. , Aslam M. , Orfi S. D. , Wahid A.
Published: July 2004

After upgrading the Pakistan Research Reactor-1, the amount of liquid waste and its increased radioactivity content necessitated a pre-disposal treatment to bring the activity down to disposal limits. Amongst several radionuclides in the waste, 110mAg and to some extent 124Sb were of our concern due to their higher production rate. Different possible treatment processes were considered for the treatment of low-salt, low-level liquid waste of the institute. Making use of insolubilities and scavenging properties of certain precipitates of metal ions, some experiments on the actual waste samples were performed for the decontamination of the piled up waste effluent. Suitable reagent(s) and the optimum doses were to be investigated for the treatment and conditioning of the wastewater. Different scavenging agents like ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, stannous chloride, in situ precipitated manganese hydroxide and lanthanum nitrate were studied for the removal of these two radionuclides. Selectivity of Fe2+ and Fe3+ as scavengers for silver and antimony was investigated. Excellent Decontamination Factors (>1000) were obtained very cost effectively with some of the reagents tried. Based on these experiments, a working procedure making use of Fe(II) hydrous oxide scavenging precipitation for the chemical treatment of the waste effluent was optimized. These experiments are presented.
Fluorescence spectroscopy on protactinium(IV) in aqueous solution
Authors: Marquardt Christian M. , Panak P. J. , Apostolidis C. , Morgenstern A. , Walther C. , Klenze R. , Fanghänel Thomas
Published: July 2004

This work focuses on time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) of Pa(IV) in aqueous solution. Excitation at 308 nm causes a fluorescence emission with a peak maximum at about 460 nm. Thereby, the position of the band´s maximum depends on the concentration, the type of the acid, and the pH value. Increasing complexation of the Pa(IV) ion leads to an increasing hypsochromic shift of the emission band up to 46 nm. In contrast to the band position the half-width (61.6±1.4 nm) and the lifetime (16±2 ns) of the fluorescence emission do not change significantly with changes in the chemical environment of the Pa(IV). The results of this work show that speciation of Pa(IV) can be performed even in aqueous solution by using TRLFS.
Factors Ruling Protein Adsorption
Authors: Czeslik Claus
Published: July 2004

In this short review an introduction to the phenomenon of protein adsorption will be given. Protein adsorption often plays the central role in a wide variety of processes occurring in medicine, biochemistry, biotechnology and daily life. The main types of interactions ruling protein adsorption are summarized in this review and the principles of a few powerful experimental techniques to characterize protein adsorbates are outlined. Taking the silica/water interface as an example, the driving forces for protein adsorption are discussed on the basis of recent experimental results. Finally, the interactions of proteins with polyelectrolyte brushes are described. These brushes combine favourable properties of other interfaces and permit a controlled immobilization of protein molecules.
Comparison of the Macroscopic Molecular Properties in Understanding the Structural Aspects of Mixed Aquo–Organic Binary Mixtures
Authors: Kuila Dilip Kumar , Lahiri S. C.
Published: July 2004

Understanding the structural aspects of aquo + organic mixtures and finding out a suitable physico-chemical parameter as a structural probe is of great importance from a theoretical and experimental point of view.

Attempts have been made to derive useful relations regarding the structure of aquo + organic mixtures [ethylene glycol + water, glycerol + water, dioxane + water, acetone + water and acetonitrile + water mixtures] of widely divergent characteristics based on different macroscopic molecular properties: (i) excess thermodynamic properties of mixing, (ii) excess dielectric constants, (iii) excess polarizability volumes, (iii) correlation factor ‘g’, (v) ultrasonic sound absorption, (vi) basicity or other suitable expressions. The properties give valuable details regarding the structure of aquo + organic mixtures.

Macroscopic molecular properties provide a summary of all interaction energies over a long time, but finer structural details may be available from microscopic properties (using relaxation techniques etc.).

A comparison of the macroscopic and microscopic methods for the determination of structural aspects of solvent systems is presented.
Compressibility Behaviour of some Copper (I) Perchlorate Complexes in Binary Mixtures of Acetonitrile with Nitromethane and Dimethylsulfoxide at 298.15 K
Authors: Gill Dip Singh , Pathania Vivek , Kumari Avnesh , Anand Hardeep , Jauhar S. P.
Published: July 2004

Ultrasonic velocity (u) and density (ρ) of the binary mixtures of acetonitrile (AN) with nitromethane (NM) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as well as of the solutions of Bu4NBPh4, Bu4NClO4, [Cu(CH3CN)4]ClO4, [Cu(Phen)2]ClO4, [Cu(DMPhen)2]ClO4 and [Cu((NH2)2CS)4]ClO4 have been measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 K. Using these data, isentropic compressibilities (K
s) and apparent molal isentropic compressibilities (K
s,

ϕ
) for various salts have been calculated and used for the evaluation of limiting apparent molal isentropic compressibilities (K
s,

ϕ

0). The K
s,

ϕ

0 values of various salts have been split into the contribution of individual ions (K
s,

ϕ

0)±. The (K
s,

ϕ

0)± values for all copper (I) cations [Cu(CH3CN)4]+, [Cu(Phen)2]+, [Cu(DMPhen)2]+ and [Cu((NH2)2CS)4]+ are negative and large, for Bu4N+ and Ph4B− are positive and large at all compositions in both AN + NM and AN + DMSO mixtures but for ClO4
− are negative in AN + DMSO mixtures and positive in AN + NM mixtures. The variation of (K
s,

ϕ

0)± values with solvent composition indicates that both DMSO and NM interact with complex copper (I) cations forming complex ions of the type [Cu(CH3CN)4 −

x
(S)
x
]+ (x = 1–4 and S = co-solvent) and [Cu(ligand)2]+(CH3CN)
y
(S)
z
in which AN is systematically replaced by the co-solvents. DMSO interacts more strongly with complex copper (I) cations and ClO4
− ion as compared to NM. Bu4N+ and Ph4B− show some special interaction with AN which decreases with the increase of NM or DMSO composition in the mixture.
An Ideal-Like Quinary Aqueous Solution Equilibrated with a Solid Cadmium-Containing Complex
Authors: Wang Jun , Wang Zhi-Chang
Published: July 2004

Complex-containing solutions such as H2O–NaCl–CdCl2 always strongly deviate from ideality and the non-ideality often increases with the complex former concentrations. Here we report isopiestic measurements of the H2O–NaCl–CdCl2–mannitol–sorbitol quinary solution equilibrated with the 2NaCl · CdCl2 · 3H2O solid complex at 25 °C, which show a linear relation between mannitol and sorbitol molalities, similar to that for the H2O–mannitol–sorbitol ternary solution. The reason for the ideal-like behavior of the quinary solution is that the saturated complex 2NaCl · CdCl2 · 3H2O has the similar effects as the isopiestic water on the unsaturated solutes mannitol and sorbitol and that the interaction between the isomers mannitol and sorbitol is negligible.
Abundance of Yellow‐Phase American Eels in the Hudson River Estuary
Authors: Morrison W. E. , Secor D. H.
Published: July 2004

Fisheries for American eel Anguilla rostrata occur mostly in estuaries, yet eel abundance in large estuaries is poorly understood and the methods for estimating eel density underdeveloped. During 1997–1999, mark–recapture experiments were conducted for six consecutive days at six sites spanning the 250‐km tidal portion of the Hudson River estuary, New York. Each experiment comprised 36 baited eel traps arrayed at 200‐m intervals over 144‐ha sampling sites. Estimates of local density were complicated by eel behavior, including trap‐shy responses to marking and immigration into the experimental grid in response to bait attraction. We compared two open‐population models, both modified Peterson methods: Jolly–Seber and a model created to account for eel behavior termed the mean recapture model (MRM). The biases in model outputs in response to trap‐shy behavior and immigration were analyzed through simulations; the MRM showed less bias (−13%) than the Jolly–Seber model (+36%). Density estimates for the sampled regions ranged from 2 to 18 eels/ha for MRM and from 3 to 24 eels/ha for the Jolly–Seber model. The lowest density (1.6 eels/ha) was estimated for Albany (river km 240), but all other sites were estimated to have similar densities (5–18 eels/ha). The mean local density in the Hudson River estuary, 9.5 eels/ha, was much lower than those estimated for other systems. An overall abundance of 118,000 was calculated for Hudson River estuary eels larger than 30 cm (total length) at depths of 2–10 m.
Effect of Stock Size, Climate, Predation, and Trophic Status on Recruitment of Alewives in Lake Ontario, 1978–2000
Authors: O'Gorman Robert , Lantry Brian F. , Schneider Clifford P.
Published: July 2004

The population of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in Lake Ontario is of great concern to fishery managers because alewives are the principal prey of introduced salmonines and because alewives negatively influence many endemic fishes. We used spring bottom trawl catches of alewives to investigate the roles of stock size, climate, predation, and lake trophic status on recruitment of alewives to age 2 in Lake Ontario during 1978–2000. Climate was indexed from the temperature of water entering a south‐shore municipal treatment plant, lake trophic status was indexed by the mean concentration of total phosphorus (TP) in surface water in spring, and predation was indexed by the product of the number of salmonines stocked and relative, first‐year survival of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. A Ricker‐type parent–progeny model suggested that peak production of age‐1 alewives could occur over a broad range of spawning stock sizes, and the fit of the model was improved most by the addition of terms for spring water temperature and winter duration. With the addition of the two climate terms, the Ricker model indicated that when water was relatively warm in spring and the winter was relatively short, peak potential production of young was nine times higher than when water temperature and winters were average, and 73 times higher than when water was cold in spring and winters were long. Relative survival from age 1 to recruitment at age 2 was best described by a multiple linear regression with terms for adult abundance, TP, and predation. Mean recruitment of age‐2 fish in the 1978–1998 year‐classes predicted by using the two models in sequence was only about 20% greater than the observed mean recruitment. Model estimates fit the measured data exceptionally well for all but the largest four year‐classes, which suggests that the models will facilitate improvement in estimates of trophic transfer due to alewives.
Decline of the Frecklebelly Madtom in the Pearl River Based on Contemporary and Historical Surveys
Authors: Piller Kyle R. , Bart Henry L. , Tipton Jason A.
Published: July 2004

The Pearl River has experienced numerous human‐caused disturbances since the 1950s, including completion of a navigation channel, reservoir construction, and channel modifications on the main stem of the river. These types of disturbances are known to negatively impact the biotic and abiotic components of riverine ecosystems. Since the 1960s, several fish species in the drainage have declined in abundance or have been extirpated from the drainage. We undertook this study to assess the current conservation status of the frecklebelly madtom Noturus munitus in the Pearl River drainage. A 1999 survey of 53 sites within the historic range of the frecklebelly madtom yielded only 13 specimens from eight localities. We also examined historical population trends for the frecklebelly madtom and other benthic fishes using archived museum material (1950– 1988). After standardizing for variation in collection effort, analysis of long‐term collection data indicated that frecklebelly madtom populations have declined significantly since the 1960s. Despite greater sampling effort in the postmodification period (1965–1988), frecklebelly madtoms were most abundant in samples during the modification period (1950–1964). Similar declines were observed for the brighteye darter Etheostoma lynceum, a gravel–riffle‐dependent species. Other percid taxa (including the crystal darter Crystallaria asprella (formerly Ammocrypta asprella), the saddleback darter Percina vigil, the Gulf logperch P. suttkusi, and the dusky darter P. sciera) showed no significant changes between modification and postmodification periods. However, benthic taxa (including the naked sand darter Ammocrypta beani, longnose shiner Notropis longirostris, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, hogchoker Trinectes maculatus, gulf darter E. swaini, speckled chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis, and silver chub M. storeriana) increased in abundance between modification and postmodification study periods. We suggest that channel changes and the loss of gravel substrates are related and are contributing to the decline of the frecklebelly madtom in the Pearl River drainage.
Responses of Native and Nonnative Fishes to Natural Flow Regime Mimicry in the San Juan River
Authors: Propst David L. , Gido Keith B.
Published: July 2004

The maintenance or restoration of natural flow regimes has been proposed as one means of conserving native fishes. Native fish conservation is enhanced either through the restoration of natural fluvial geomorphic processes (and thus the maintenance of essential habitats) or by the suppression of nonnative fishes. The San Juan River of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah was dammed in 1962 and its natural flow regime was lost. Beginning in 1993, the river was regulated to mimic a natural flow regime by increasing reservoir releases to mimic timing, but only partially to mimic amplitude, volume, and duration of spring snowmelt discharge. We evaluated the responses of native and nonnative fishes to this natural flow regime mimicry by comparing their autumn densities (number/m2) in San Juan River secondary channels to those during spring runoff and summer base flow over a 9‐year period. Densities of native speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, bluehead sucker Catostomus discobolus, and flannelmouth sucker C. latipinnis increased with elevated spring discharge. Total native fish density was 10 times greater in 1993 (the year of highest spring discharge) than in 2000 (the year of lowest spring discharge). Collectively, nonnative fish density was negatively related to spring discharge, but western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis was the only commonly collected nonnative that had a significant relationship. Mean daily summer discharge did not affect the density of native or nonnative fishes. Nonnative fishes, however, responded positively to sustained low summer flows (days discharge was less than 14 m3/s). Densities of red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis, common carp Cyprinus carpio, and western mosquitofish were four or more times greater in 2000 (a year of sustained low summer discharge) than in years with comparatively high summer discharge. Speckled dace was the only native species negatively affected by extended low summer discharge. Our results suggest that manipulating spring discharge to mimic a natural flow regime enhances native fish recruitment but might have limited effect in suppressing nonnative fishes, particularly fecund, rapidly growing, small‐bodied species.
Testing the Ability of a Temperature‐Based Model to Predict the Growth of Age‐0 Arctic Grayling
Authors: Dion Cheryl A. , Hughes Nicholas F.
Published: July 2004

We tested the ability of a temperature‐based growth model for European grayling (also known as grayling)Thymallus thymallusto predict the growth rate of age‐0 Arctic graylingT. arcticusin two reaches of a small Alaskan stream. We compared observed and predicted lengths at weekly intervals in both reaches during the summers of 2000 and 2001, calculating predicted lengths from information on daily mean water temperature and the length of larval fish at the start of the growing season. In one reach, the model accurately predicted growth over the course of both summers and the differences in growth between summers. In the other reach, observed length fell below predicted length at 4– 5 weeks of age in both years. We hypothesize that the model works well when prey abundance does not limit growth but fails when low prey density limits the fish's daily ration.
Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Early Feeding Demand and Food Supply for Sockeye Salmon Fry in Lake Washington
Authors: Beauchamp David A. , Sergeant Christopher J. , Mazur Michael M. , Scheuerell Jennifer M. , Schindler Daniel E. , Scheuerell Mark D. , Fresh Kurt L. , Seiler David E. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: July 2004

We compared temporal consumption rates by sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka fry with food supply to evaluate how different survival and dispersal rates or additional hatchery production affected the winter carrying capacity of Lake Washington, Washington. Peak immigration of sockeye salmon fry into southern Lake Washington precedes the spring zooplankton bloom by 2–3 months. Zooplankton density, fish diet, and growth were sampled during winter and spring 2001, when a record 52.4 million fry entered the lake. Supplementary information on the distribution and dispersal of fry was collected in 2002 and 2003. We used bioenergetics modeling to estimate the temporal–spatial consumption by fry during early lake rearing. Cyclops bicuspidatus were dominant in the diet and zooplankton assemblage but declined from more than 30/L in late February and early March to fewer than 5/L during mid‐March and early April. Fry ate significantly larger Cyclops than the average size in the lake; approximately 83% of the food items in the stomachs were larger than 0.8 mm, which was the minimum food item size. Hydroacoustics and midwater trawling surveys during 2002 and 2003 suggested that fry dispersed quickly over the southern half of the lake and used depths of 0–30 m. Under the most realistic scenarios for fry dispersal, feeding, and survival, total consumption of all prey by sockeye salmon fry represented 5% of the average monthly biomass of Cyclops during March and early April, when their availability was lowest. Potential bottlenecks in the availability of Cyclops only developed in simulations when fry were restricted to feeding in 0–10‐m depths in the southernmost region of the lake. Despite the seemingly adequate food supply for sockeye salmon fry, other planktivores also consume significant fractions of the exploitable prey biomass, and the interannual availability of exploitable zooplankton varies considerably during winter and early spring. Either of these factors could impinge on the localized food supply for sockeye salmon and other species during some years and should be considered in the adaptive management of any enhancement program.
Impact of Oligotrophication, Temperature, and Water Levels on Walleye Habitat in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario
Authors: Chu C. , Minns C. K. , Moore J. E. , Millard E. S.
Published: July 2004

Recent environmental changes in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, have coincided with a decline in the stocks of walleye Sander vitreus. Suitable habitat supply was estimated in three sections of the bay during the summers of 1972–2001 to assess its role in the decline. An empirical model was developed to predict suitable habitat area for walleyes based on their preferences for cool water and low light intensity. The results indicated that lack of suitable light limits walleye habitat in the bay. Walleye habitat in the shallow upper bay has decreased at the rate of 34 ha/year since the invasion of dreissenid mussels in 1994, while that in the middle and lower bays has remained abundant. Walleye stocks and suitable habitat in the upper bay have both declined since the early 1990s. However, this pattern has not been consistent through time and suggests that other factors have also affected the Bay of Quinte walleye population. The analyses developed here can be used as a tool to enhance the assessment of walleye habitat dynamics in the Bay of Quinte and allow us to examine the impact of oligotrophication on the habitat of an important recreational and commercial species.
A Distinctive Microsatellite Locus That Differentiates Ocean‐Type from Stream‐Type Chinook Salmon in the Interior Columbia River Basin
Authors: Narum Shawn R. , Powell Madison S. , Talbot AndréJ.
Published: July 2004

Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha display two life history strategies that are referred to as ocean type and stream type. Ocean‐type Chinook salmon typically differ from stream‐type fish in juvenile migration timing, adult spawning location, and run timing. Spatial and temporal separation during spawning can lead to reproductive isolation and genetic divergence between the two life history strategies. We identified a distinctive microsatellite locus, OtsG474, capable of distinguishing ocean‐type from stream‐type Chinook salmon in 93% of the samples collected from various rivers within the interior Columbia River basin (east of the Cascade Mountains). Allele frequencies at OtsG474 revealed major differences in the dominant allele as well as in the number of alleles detected in each type. This distinctive marker may be highly useful as part of a suite of microsatellite loci, allowing managers to detect the two types of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin. Further research is necessary to determine the ability of this locus to discriminate Chinook salmon types in the lower Columbia River and other river basins coastwide.
Discrete particle simulation of gas fluidization of particle mixtures
Authors: Feng Y. Q. , Xu B. H. , Zhang S. J. , Yu A. B. , Zulli P.
Published: July 2004

This report presents a numerical study of segregation and mixing of binary mixtures of particles in a gas‐fluidized bed by means of discrete particle simulation, where the motion of individual particles is 3‐D and the flow of continuous gas is 2‐D. Periodic boundary conditions are applied to the front and rear walls to represent a bed of large thickness with a relatively small number of particles. Two initial packing conditions are used in this simulation: completely separated, with the flotsam (1 × 10−3 m in diameter) on the top of the jetsam (2 × 10−3 m in diameter), and well mixed. The flotsam and jetsam are of the same density, with each counting 50% in weight. Gas is injected uniformly at the bottom. Two superficial gas velocities, 1.0 and 1.4 m/s, are used in the simulation, producing significant segregation and good mixing, respectively. The results show that the degree and rate of segregation or mixing are significantly affected by gas velocity and the final equilibrium states are not affected by the initial packing states for a given gas velocity. Significant segregation occurs at a gas velocity of 1.0 m/s, with the top fluidized layer rich in flotsam and the bottom defluidized layer rich in jetsam, whereas there was less segregation at 1.4 m/s with most of the bed fluidized. The simulated results are qualitatively comparable with those observed in the physical experiments conducted under similar conditions. On this basis, the mixing kinetics obtained from the numerical simulation is quantified with a weighted Lacey mixing index and explained in terms of microdynamic results in relation to particle–particle and particle–fluid interactions. It is proposed that an appropriate sampling size should be able to describe properly the two extremes: well mixed and fully segregated. The results also demonstrate that size segregation occurs as a result of the strong fluid drag force lifting the flotsam before a dynamical equilibrium is reached, and the particle–particle interaction, like the particle–fluid interaction, plays an important role in achieving uniform fluidization. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1713–1728, 2004
Newly recognized syndrome with heminasal aplasia and ocular anomalies or wider spectrum of heminasal aplasia/atypical clefting syndrome?
Authors: Guion‐Almeida Maria Leine , Machado‐Paula Ligiane Alves , Richieri‐Costa Antonio
Published: July 2004

We report on five unrelated Brazilian patients with heminasal aplasia associated with diverses anomalies, including lateral proboscis, and anomalies of the eye and first branchial arch. We suggest that these patients represent different conditions within the spectrum of the heminasal aplasia malformation. Clinical, genetic, and differential diagnosis are discussed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel Analogues of Sydnone: Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation
Authors: Moustafa Mohamed A. , Gineinah Magdy M. , Nasr Magda N. , Bayoumi Waleed A. H.
Published: July 2004

New sydnone derivatives bearing a substituted phenyl ring at the 3‐position have been synthesized. Two separate series of 3‐(carboxyphenyl)sydnone derivatives have been prepared by cyclization of the corresponding N‐nitroso‐N‐(carboxyphenyl)‐glycine 3. The obtained 3‐(carboxyphenyl)sydnones 4 were subjected to a series of different chemical reactions on the carboxylic acid group. Compound 5, the potassium salt of 4a, was reacted with α‐chloroacetanilide derivatives 6 to give the corresponding esters 7. On the other hand, the acid hydrazide 9 was condensed with different aromatic aldehydes to give the corresponding arylidene derivatives 10. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative organisms. Some of the test compounds exhibited high activity; among them, 10d is considered to be a lead compound possessing high broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity.
Scherfestigkeit durch Kapillarität in unzementierten ungesättigten bindigen Böden
Authors: Schick Peter
Published: July 2004

Die Scherfestigkeit ungesättigter Böden ist infolge der wirkenden Kapillarkräfte größer als im gesättigten Zustand. Ein Umstand, der die Sicherheit geotechnischer Konstruktionen in oft unbekanntem Maße erhöht. Vorhandene Kapillarspannungen können über die pF‐Kurve (Sättigungs‐Wasserspannungs‐Beziehung) abgeschätzt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Möglichkeit angegeben, die Scherfestigkeit über den gesamten Bereich möglicher Wasserspannungen – insbesondere die maximale kapillarbedingte Scherfestigkeit eines austrocknenden Bodens – zu ermitteln. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Mindestwert der Gesamtscherfestigkeit, zu dem ggf. Anteile infolge anderer Bindungsarten zu addieren sind. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden die sättigungsabhängige maximale Höhe eines ungestützten Geländesprungs sowie die Rißsicherheit einer austrocknenden mineralischen Dichtung angegeben. Die Möglichkeit des Auftretens großer Wasserspannungen wird diskutiert.
Particle Technology: Design of Particulate Products and Dispersed Systems
Authors: Teipel U.
Published: July 2004

There are currently a number of subjects related to particle technology, i.e., to particle formation processes and the design of particulate products and disperse systems, that still require further investigation, including the characterization and experimental determination of various particle properties, the simulation and modeling of process operation involving dispersed products and, in particular, the relationship between product properties and the properties of dispersed systems and particles. This work discusses example methods for creating particles and presents a method for the indirect detection of the inner structure of dispersed systems.
Coupled Mass and Heat Transfer between a Cone and a Power‐Law Fluid
Authors: Elperin T. , Fominykh A.
Published: July 2004

Coupled mass and heat transfer between a cone and a non‐Newtonian fluid was studied when the concentration level of the solute in the solvent is finite (finite dilution of solute approximation). Convective heat and mass transfer between a laminar flow and a stationary cone and between a rotating cone and a quiescent fluid is investigated. Solutions of both problems are found in the form of the dependencies of Sherwood number vs. Reynolds and Schmidt numbers. Coupled thermal effects during dissolution and solute concentration level effect on the rate of mass transfer are investigated. It is found that the rate of mass transfer between a cone and a non‐Newtonian fluid increases with the increase of the solute concentration level. The suggested approach is valid for high Peclet and Schmidt numbers. Isothermal and nonisothermal cases of dissolution are considered whereby the latter is described by the coupled equations of mass and heat transfer. It is shown that for positive dimensionless heat of dissolution, K > 0, thermal effects cause the increase of the mass transfer rate in comparison with the isothermal case. On the contrary, for K < 0 thermal effects cause the decrease of the mass transfer rate in comparison with the isothermal case. The latter effect becomes more pronounced with the increase of the concentration level of the solute in a solvent.
Reduction of the Water Demand in the Process Industry by Production‐Integrated Application of the Catalytic Electrolysis
Authors: Forstmeier M. , Wozny G. , Buss K. , Tölle J.
Published: July 2004

In many process industry applications fresh water demand can be reduced significantly by production‐integrated electrolytic disinfection of the process water. This contribution deals with the basic principles of electrolytic water disinfection and presents two case studies: application of the proposed method during the production of liquid detergents and during a metallurgical production process.
Business Models in Fine Chemical Engineering
Authors: Schlüter V. , Hoff D.
Published: July 2004

Chemistry and pharmaceutical companies are increasingly awarding assignments for plant planning and construction to external engineering service providers. Both national and international companies with various business models are active in this growth market. A number of variously oriented engineering companies have specialized in the specific demands of planning plants for the production of fine chemicals and active ingredients for pharmaceuticals. Customers as well as the service‐providers themselves ask which companies or company models meet customer needs best in this segment. Which assignment form is the most efficient? Is it an award to a general contractor, possibly with a lump‐sum turnkey assignment? Or is the customer better off with individual planning assignments? A study with focus on the Central European fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries shows: there is no standardized engineering solution. Each business model has specific advantages and disadvantages; as a result, the partners must design their individual model. The respective contract form depends on many components – on product, time and cost pressure and, last not least, on the customer's remaining engineering competence.
Ternary Rare Earth Osmium Aluminides Ln7+xOs12Al61+y Belonging to a Structural Family with Layered Topology.
Authors: Niermann Jens , Jeitschko Wolfgang
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thermoelectric Properties of Perovskite Type Barium Molybdate.
Authors: Kurosaki Ken , Oyama Taku , Muta Hiroaki , Uno Masayoshi , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Structure and Magnetism of the New Intermetallic Compounds Ln2CoSi2 (Ln: Y, Gd, Tb, Dy).
Authors: Merlo F. , Pani M. , Napoletano M. , Canepa F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Liquid Crystalline Nanosheet Colloids with Controlled Particle Size Obtained by Exfoliating Single Crystal of Layered Niobate K4Nb6O17.
Authors: Miyamoto Nobuyoshi , Nakato Teruyuki
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Nickel—Silica Composite Hollow Nanospheres.
Authors: Jin Pu , Chen Qianwang , Hao Liqing , Tian Ruifen , Zhang Lixin , Wang Lin
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
CeAgAs2 — A New Derivative of the HfCuSi2 Type of Structure: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Demchyna R. , Jemetio J. P. F. , Prots Yu. , Doert Th. , Akselrud L. G. , Schnelle W. , Kuz'ma Yu. , Grin Yu.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Resolution of Important Pharmaceutical Building Blocks by Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols.
Authors: Caspi Daniel D. , Ebner David C. , Bagdanoff Jeffrey T. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reaction Assisted by Water and a Proline‐Derived Tetrazole Catalyst.
Authors: Torii Hiromi , Nakadai Masakazu , Ishihara Kazuaki , Saito Susumu , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aminocyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Complexes as Racemization Catalysts for Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols at Ambient Temperature.
Authors: Choi Jun Ho , Choi Yoon Kyung , Kim Yu Hwan , Park Eun Sil , Kim Eun Jung , Kim Mahn‐Joo , Park Jaiwook
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stanna—Brook Rearrangement of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Synthetic Utility and Mechanistic Studies.
Authors: Paleo M. Rita , Calaza M. Isabel , Grana Paula , Sardina F. Javier
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Multigram Scale Synthesis of Tetrahydrothiophene‐3‐one‐1,1‐dioxide.
Authors: Altenbach Robert J. , Kalvoda Ladislav , Carroll William A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnesium‐Catalyzed Proficient Reduction of Oximes to Amines Using Ammonium Formate.
Authors: Abiraj K. , Gowda D. Channe
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile β‐Sulfenylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Lactones and Esters
Authors: Jung Sun Ho , Kim Jung Hyun , Kim Hyun Ju
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Effective Use of Benzoic Anhydride and Its Derivatives for the Synthesis of Carboxylic Esters and Lactones: A Powerful and Convenient Mixed Anhydride Method Promoted by Basic Catalysts.
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Kubota Mari , Oshiumi Hiromi , Hashizume Minako
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkene‐Directed, Nickel‐Catalyzed Alkyne Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Miller Karen M. , Luanphaisarnnont Torsak , Molinaro Carmela , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Yang Dan , Chen Fei , Dong Ze‐Min , Zhang Dan‐Wei
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Aliphatic (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Amides with High Diastereoselectivity from α,β‐Epoxyamides Promoted by SmI2/HMPA.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Bardales Eva
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation and Evaluation of a Polymer‐Supported Mukaiyama Reagent.
Authors: Convers Emmanuelle , Tye Heather , Whittaker Mark
Published: July 2004

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Practical Stereoselective Synthesis of (2E)‐ and (2Z)‐4‐Cycloalkylidenebut‐2‐enoic Acids.
Authors: Karagiozov Stoyan K. , Abbott Frank S.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthesis of Substituted Cyclopentanes via Reactions of γ‐Chlorocarbanions with Electron‐Deficient Alkenes.
Authors: Makosza Mieczyslaw , Judka Marek
Published: July 2004

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Microwave‐Promoted Three‐Component Coupling of Aldehyde, Alkyne, and Amine via C—H Activation Catalyzed by Copper in Water.
Authors: Shi Lei , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Wang Min , Zhang Fu‐Min , Fan Chun‐An
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Allylic Tantalums as Highly Imine‐Selective Reagents.
Authors: Shibata Ikuya , Nose Kyo , Sakamoto Kazuya , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio
Published: July 2004

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Synthesis of Novel 1,3,5‐Tris(arylazo)benzenes via Pd‐Catalyzed Couplings and Cu(I)‐Mediated Direct Oxidations.
Authors: Lim Young‐Kwan , Choi Sunju , Park Kyung Bae , Cho Cheon‐Gyu
Published: July 2004

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Asymmetric Syntheses of 2‐(1‐Aminoethyl)phenols.
Authors: Kuendig E. Peter , Botuha Candice , Lemercier Gilles , Romanens Patrick , Saudan Lionel , Thibault Sylvie
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Allenes.
Authors: Fleming Steven A. , Carroll Sean M. , Hirschi Jennifer , Liu Renmao , Pace J. Lee , Redd J. Ty
Published: July 2004

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A Convenient Synthesis of 2‐Acylphenylacetonitriles.
Authors: Canepa Alicia S. , Bravo Rodolfo D.
Published: July 2004

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Stereoselective Formation of Tri‐ and Tetracycles by Samarium Diiodide‐Induced Cyclizations of Naphthyl‐Substituted Ketones.
Authors: Berndt Mathias , Hlobilova Iva , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ring Opening Reactions of 1‐Arenesulfonyl‐2‐(bromomethyl)aziridines.
Authors: D'hooghe Matthias , Kerkaert Inge , Rottiers Mario , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactivity of β‐Lactamido N‐Sulfonyl Radicals.
Authors: Montermini Florian , Lacote Emmanuel , Malacria Max
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.