bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of hesperidin and naringin on the plasma lipid profile and plasma antioxidant activity in rats fed a cholesterol‐containing diet
Authors: Gorinstein Shela , Leontowicz Hanna , Leontowicz Maria , Krzeminski Ryszard , Gralak Mikolaj , Jastrzebski Zenon , Park Yong‐Seo , Jung Soon‐Teck , Kang Seong‐Gook , Trakhtenberg Simon
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the influence of hesperidin and naringin, the main flavonones of orange and grapefruit, on plasma lipid profile and antioxidant activity in rats fed a cholesterol‐containing diet. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of 10, named Control, Hesperidin, Naringin, Chol, Chol/Hesperidin and Chol/Naringin. The Control group was fed a basal diet (BD) and 1–2 mL of distilled water. To the BD of the other five groups were added 0.1–0.2 mg of hesperidin dissolved in 1–2 mL of distilled water (Hesperidin group), 0.46–0.92 mg of naringin in 1–2 mL of water (Naringin group), 1% of non‐oxidised cholesterol (NOC) and 1–2 mL of water (Chol), 1% of NOC and 0.1–0.2 mg of hesperidin in 1–2 mL of water (Chol/Hesperidin), 1% of NOC and 0.46–0.92 mg of naringin in 1–2 mL of water (Chol/Naringin). After 30 days of the experiment it was found that the diets supplemented with hesperidin and naringin increased the plasma antioxidant activity. In conclusion, diets supplemented with hesperidin and naringin significantly hindered the increase in plasma lipid levels caused by cholesterol feeding. Hesperidin and naringin, bioactive compounds of citrus fruits, are powerful plasma lipid lowering and plasma antioxidant activity increasing flavonones. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of cooling on thixotropic position‐sense error in human biceps muscle
Authors: Sekihara Chikara , Izumizaki Masahiko , Yasuda Tomohiro , Nakajima Takayuki , Atsumi Takashi , Homma Ikuo
Published: March 2007

Muscle temperature affects muscle thixotropy. However, it is unclear whether changes in muscle temperature affect thixotropic position‐sense errors. We studied the effect of cooling on thixotropic position‐sense errors induced by short‐length muscle contraction (hold‐short conditioning) in the biceps of 12 healthy men. After hold‐short conditioning of the right biceps muscle in a cooled (5.0°C) or control (36.5°C) environment, subjects perceived greater extension of the conditioned forearm at 5.0°C. The angle differences between the two forearms following hold‐short conditioning of the right biceps muscle in normal or cooled conditions were significantly different (–3.335 ± 1.680° at 36.5°C vs. –5.317 ± 1.096° at 5.0°C; P = 0.043). Induction of a tonic vibration reflex in the biceps muscle elicited involuntary forearm elevation, and the angular velocities of the elevation differed significantly between arms conditioned in normal and cooled environments (1.583 ± 0.326°/s at 36.5°C vs. 3.100 ± 0.555°/s at 5.0°C, P = 0.0039). Thus, a cooled environment impairs a muscle's ability to provide positional information, potentially leading to poor muscle performance. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites based on different organoclays
Authors: Ngo T.‐D. , Ton‐That M.‐T. , Hoa S.V. , Cole K.C.
Published: March 2007

The effect of different organoclays and mixing methods on the cure kinetics and properties of epoxy nanocomposites based on Epon828 and Epicure3046 was studied. The two kinds of organoclay used in this study, both based on natural montmorillonite but differing in intercalant chemistry, were I.30E (Nanomer I.30E—treated with a long‐chain primary amine intercalant) and C.30B (Cloisite 30B—treated with a quaternary ammonium intercalant, less reactive with epoxy than the primary amine). The two mixing processes used to prepare the nanocomposites were (i) a room‐temperature process, in which the clay and epoxy are mixed at room temperature, and (ii) a high‐temperature process, in which the clay and epoxy are mixed at 120°C for 1 h by means of mechanical mixing. The nanocomposites were cured at room temperature and at high temperature. The quality of dispersion and intercalation/exfoliation were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The heat evolution of the epoxy resin formulation and its nanocomposite systems was measured using differential scanning calorimetry at different heating rates of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20°C min−1. The cure kinetics of these systems was modeled by means of different approaches. Kissinger and isoconversional models were used to calculate the kinetics parameters while the Avrami model was utilized to compare the cure behavior of the epoxy systems. The cure kinetics and mechanical properties were found to be influenced by the presence of nanoclay, by the type of intercalant, and by the mixing method. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:649–661, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of kenaf fiber/polypropylene composites
Authors: Grozdanov A. , Buzarovska A. , Bogoeva‐Gaceva G. , Avella M. , Errico M.E. , Gentile G.
Published: March 2007

Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of model ecocomposites based on polypropylene (PP), maleic anhydride modified polypropylene (PPm), and kenaf fibers were extensively studied. Melting and crystallization behavior of the composites with 20 wt/wt% kenaf fibers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in dynamic regime (with heating rate of 10 K/min, and cooling rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 K/min). It was shown that the kenaf fiber surface acts as a nucleating agent during nonisothermal crystallization of both PP matrices, shifting the onset and peak crystallization temperatures toward higher values. Crystallization behavior was analyzed by Avrami, Jeziorny, Ozawa, Mo, and Kissinger methods. The results confirmed the applicability of the used models, with exception of the Ozawa approach that was rather inapplicable for these composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:745–749, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Particulate reinforcement of polyacrylate elastomers. II. Mechanical properties
Authors: Blackley David C. , Sheikh Majid W.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents and discusses results which have been obtained for the mechanical properties of crosslinked polyethylacrylates containing various amounts of microscopic glass beads. The adhesion between the glass beads and the elastomer matrix was varied by subjecting the beads to different surface treatments. That the adhesion is affected by surface treatment has been demonstrated in two ways: (i) Unfilled elastomer sheets have been cast in contact with glasses surfaces which had been treated with the same reagents as were used to treat the beads. The force required to peel the elastomer from the glass was then measured and found to depend strongly upon the surface treatment, (ii) Scanning electron micrographs of the ruptured surfaces of used tensile test‐pieces cut from filled elastomer sheets confirm that surface treatment has a profound effect upon the adhesion between bead and matrix.

Results are presented for the hardness and tensile stress‐strain properties of elastomers containing various amounts of beads. In all cases, the stiffening effect of the beads increases as the adhesion between beads and matrix is improved. Beads which had been treated in such a way as to minimise the, adhesion to the matrix were found to cause an apparent softening of the material as revealed by the tensile stress‐strain curve. It has been shown that this effect can be satisfactorily explained if it is assumed that in this case the beads merely serve to increase the void content of the material.
Terramechanics‐based model for steering maneuver of planetary exploration rovers on loose soil
Authors: Ishigami Genya , Miwa Akiko , Nagatani Keiji , Yoshida Kazuya
Published: March 2007

This paper presents analytical models to investigate the steering maneuvers of planetary exploration rovers on loose soil. The models are based on wheel‐soil interaction mechanics, or terramechanics, with which the traction and disturbance forces of a wheel are evaluated for various slip conditions. These traction forces are decomposed into the longitudinal and lateral directions of the wheel. The latter component, termed the side force has a major influence in characterizing the steering maneuvers of the rover. In this paper, the wheel‐soil mechanics models are developed with particular attention to the side force and the validity of the model is confirmed by using a single‐wheel test bed. The motion profile of the entire rover is numerically evaluated by incorporating the wheel‐soil models into an articulated multibody model that describes the motion dynamics of the vehicle's body and chassis. Steering maneuvers are investigated under different steering angles by using a four‐wheel rover test bed on simulated lunar soil regolith simulant. The experimental results are compared with the simulation results using the corresponding model parameters. The proposed wheel‐and‐vehicle model demonstrates better accuracy in predicting steering maneuvers as compared to the conventional kinematics‐based model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mild riboflavin deficiency is highly prevalent in school-age children but does not increase risk for anaemia in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Rohner Fabian , Zimmermann Michael B. , Wegmueller Rita , Tschannen Andreas B. , Hurrell Richard F.
Published: March 2007

There are few data on the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa, and it remains unclear whether riboflavin status influences the risk for anaemia. The aims of this study were to: (1) measure the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency in children in south-central Côte d'Ivoire; (2) estimate the riboflavin content of the local diet; and (3) determine if riboflavin deficiency predicts anaemia and/or iron deficiency. In 5- to 15-year-old children (n281), height, weight, haemoglobin (Hb), whole blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC), serum retinol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and prevalence ofPlasmodiumspp. (asymptomatic malaria) andSchistosoma haematobium(bilharziosis) infections were measured. Three-day weighed food records were kept in twenty-four households. Prevalence of anaemia in the sample was 52 %; 59 % were iron-deficient based on an elevated ZPP concentration, and 36 % suffered from iron deficiency anaemia.Plasmodiumparasitaemia was found in 49 % of the children. Nineteen percent of the children were infected withS. haematobium. Median riboflavin intake in 5- to 15-year-old children from the food records was 0·42 mg/d, ~47 % of the estimated average requirement for this age group. Prevalence of riboflavin deficiency was 65 %, as defined by an EGRAC value >1·2. Age, elevated CRP and iron deficiency were significant predictors of Hb. Riboflavin-deficient children free of malaria were more likely to be iron deficient (odds ratio; 3·07; 95 % CI 1·12, 8·41). In conclusion, nearly two-thirds of school-age children in south-central Côte d'Ivoire are mildly riboflavin deficient. Riboflavin deficiency did not predict Hb and/or anaemia, but did predict iron deficiency among children free of malaria.
The impact of voluntary fortification of foods on micronutrient intakes in Irish adults
Authors: Hannon Evelyn M. , Kiely Mairead , Flynn Albert
Published: March 2007

The objective of this work was to quantify the impact of the voluntary fortification of foods on dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals of Irish adults. Foods that were voluntarily fortified were identified and pre- and post-fortification levels of micronutrients were determined from data supplied by manufacturers and food composition tables. Using food consumption data in 1379 adults aged 18–64 years, estimated using a 7-d food diary during the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey, intakes of micronutrients were determined, both including and excluding the fortification component in foods. Of approximately 3000 foods recorded as consumed, 1·9 % were fortified, mainly breakfast cereals and beverages. Median micronutrient content of fortified foods (FF) ranged from 18–33 % EC RDA per typical serving. Among consumers (65 % of men, 68 % of women), FF contributed, on average, 3·9 % (men) and 5·0 % (women) to mean daily intake (MDI) of energy. Relative to their contribution to MDI of energy, FF contribute a greater % MDI for Fe (men 16, women 19), folate (men 18, women 21), vitamins B1(men 14, women 16), B2(men 16, women 18), B6(men 12, women 15), D (men 5, women 11), B12(men 5, women 7) and niacin (men 10, women 12). Fortification significantly improved the adequacy of intake of some micronutrients, particularly of riboflavin, folate, vitamin D and Fe in women and did not contribute to an increased risk of adverse effects from excessive intake of any micronutrient.
Effects of a high walnut and high cashew nut diet on selected markers of the metabolic syndrome: a controlled feeding trial
Authors: Mukuddem-Petersen Janine , Stonehouse (Oosthuizen) Welma , Jerling Johann C. , Hanekom Susanna M. , White Zelda
Published: March 2007

We investigated the effects of a high walnut diet and a high unsalted cashew nut diet on selected markers of the metabolic syndrome. In a randomized, parallel, controlled study design, sixty-four subjects having the metabolic syndrome (twenty-nine men, thirty-five women) with a mean age of 45 (sd 10) years and who met the selection criteria were all fed a 3-week run-in control diet. Hereafter, participants were grouped according to gender and age and then randomized into three groups receiving a controlled feeding diet including walnuts, or unsalted cashew nuts or no nuts for 8 weeks. Subjects were required to have lunch at the metabolic ward of the Nutrition Department of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus). Both the walnut and the unsalted cashew nut intervention diets had no significant effect on the HDL-cholesterol, TAG, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, serum fructosamine, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure and serum uric acid concentrations when compared to the control diet. Low baseline LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the cashew nut group may have masked a possible nut-related benefit. Plasma glucose concentrations increased significantly (P = 0·04) in the cashew nut group compared to the control group. By contrast, serum fructosamine was unchanged in the cashew nut group while the control group had significantly increased (P = 0·04) concentrations of this short-term marker of glycaemic control. Subjects displayed no improvement in the markers of the metabolic syndrome after following a walnut diet or a cashew nut diet compared to a control diet while maintaining body weight.
Multivariate techniques and their application in nutrition: a metabolomics case study
Authors: Kemsley E. Katherine , Le Gall Gwénaëlle , Dainty Jack R. , Watson Andrew D. , Harvey Linda J. , Tapp Henri S. , Colquhoun Ian J.
Published: March 2007

The post-genomic technologies are generating vast quantities of data but many nutritional scientists are not trained or equipped to analyse it. In high-resolution NMR spectra of urine, for example, the number and complexity of spectral features mean that computational techniques are required to interrogate and display the data in a manner intelligible to the researcher. In addition, there are often multiple underlying biological factors influencing the data and it is difficult to pinpoint which are having the most significant effect. This is especially true in nutritional studies, where small variations in diet can trigger multiple changes in gene expression and metabolite concentration. One class of computational tools that are useful for analysing this highly multivariate data include the well-known ‘whole spectrum’ methods of principal component analysis and partial least squares. In this work, we present a nutritional case study in which NMR data generated from a human dietary Cu intervention study is analysed using multivariate methods and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. It is concluded that an alternative approach, called feature subset selection, will be important in this type of work; here we have used a genetic algorithm to identify the small peaks (arising from metabolites of low concentration) that have been altered significantly following a dietary intervention.
Time-periodic solutions to the one-dimensional wave equation with periodic or anti-periodic boundary conditions
Authors: Ji Shuguan , Li Yong
Published: March 2007

This paper is devoted to the study of time-periodic solutions to the nonlinear one-dimensional wave equation with x-dependent coefficients u(x)ytt – (u(x)yx)x + g(x,t,y) = f(x,t) on (0,π) × ℝ under the periodic boundary conditions y(0,t) = y(π,t), yx(0,t) = yx(π,t) or anti-periodic boundary conditions y(0, t) = –y(π,t), yx[0,t) = – yx(π,t). Such a model arises from the forced vibrations of a non-homogeneous string and the propagation of seismic waves in non-isotropic media. Our main concept is that of the ‘weak solution’. For T, the rational multiple of π, we prove some important properties of the weak solution operator. Based on these properties, the existence and regularity of weak solutions are obtained.
Are Saturn electrostatic discharges really superbolts? A temporal dilemma
Authors: Farrell W. M. , Kaiser M. L. , Fischer G. , Zarka P. , Kurth W. S. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: March 2007

Saturn electrostatic discharges (SED) are freely‐propagating radio emissions detected in the high frequency (HF) radio band (1–40 MHz) associated with electrical discharge (i.e., lightning) from storms in Saturn's atmosphere. While SEDs responsible for the RF emission are considered to be very energetic superbolts (>1013 J), this determination is intimately related to the temporal nature of the discharge itself. As we demonstrate, if we assume the discharge has similar temporal properties as terrestrial cloud‐to‐ground discharges (with a stroke time scale ∼70 μs), then indeed the discharge energy has to be ∼ 1013 J in order account for the Cassini‐observed radiated HF power of ∼50 W/Hz. However, if the discharge duration is faster than the terrestrial case (i.e., ∼1 μs), the energy of the discharge can be weaker than the terrestrial case since the central peak of the emission shifts closer to the HF band. Because of the near‐flat SED spectra measured in the HF which favors a faster discharge, we conclude that the high level of radiated HF power from SEDs may have less to do with any extreme super‐bolt strength of the discharge and has more to do with the intrinsic quick time‐scale of relatively weaker discharges.
Simulation of “great salinity anomalies” in coupled climate models
Authors: Bigg Grant R. , Wadley Martin R.
Published: March 2007

“Great salinity anomalies” (GSAs) have been observed to propagate in the upper ocean around the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic with a decadal timescale of both propagation and return. Successful simulation of such features in the ocean is an important prerequisite for confidence in predictions of the ocean's response to future freshwater anomalies from ice melt or subpolar river discharge. The coupled climate model experiments, prepared for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, offer a unique cross section of model formulations, resolutions, and scenarios with which to explore climate models' ability to produce GSAs. The performance of nine different models, with a range of horizontal and vertical atmospheric and oceanic resolutions, in producing GSAs was examined using a base period of 100 years. One scenario was a preindustrial control simulation, while the other was forced by an increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide of an enhanced greenhouse world (scenario sresa1b). It was found that the strongest control on the existence of model GSAs was the oceanic horizontal resolution. This needed to be of the order of 1.5° or less for GSAs to occur within the model. Those models which possessed GSAs were overwhelmingly generated within the Labrador Sea, with similar periodicities to those observed. Anomalies reaching the Greenland Sea through the Nordic Sea gyre circulations generally slowed and died before propagating back into the Atlantic. Freshwater flow through the Canadian Archipelago appears to be an important factor in producing the most realistic simulation. Within the greenhouse world, GSAs were significantly less likely to occur, weaker, and more likely to originate from the east of Greenland.
Adhesion Science
Authors: Comyn John
Published: March 2007

The use of adhesives is widespread and growing, and there are few modern artefacts, from the simple cereal packet, to the jumbo jet, that are without this means of joining. Adhesion Science provides an illuminating account of the science underlying the use of adhesives, a branch of chemical technology which is fundamental to the science of coatings and composite materials and to the performance of all types of bonded structures. This book guides the reader through the essential basic polymer science, and the chemistry of adhesives in use at present. It discusses surface preparation for adhesive bonding, and the use of primers and coupling agents. There is a detailed chapter on contact angles and what can be predicted from them. A simple guide on stress distribution joints and how this relates to testing is included. It also examines the interaction of adhesives and the environment, including an analysis of the resistance of joints to water, oxygen and ultra-violet light. Adhesion Science provides a comprehensive introduction to the chemistry of adhesives, and will be of interest not only to chemists, but also to readers with a background in physical or materials science.
Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Authors: Barrett Jack , Drayton Colin
Published: March 2007

This book presents basic atomic theory as given in first and second year courses at university. It demonstrates that the structure of the Periodic Table as we know it is based on sound principles. Throughout the book, theoretical concepts are presented, along with the experimental evidence for them. Foundations are laid in the introductory chapter, which deals with fundamental particles, electromagnetic radiation and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Atomic orbitals are then described, using a minimum of mathematics, followed by a discussion of the electron configurations of the elements. Further chapters reveal the relationships between the electronic configurations of the elements and some properties of their atoms; and the variations in the properties of their fluorides and oxides across the periods and down the groups of the Periodic Table. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Biophysical Chemistry
Authors: Cooper Alan , Berry Martyn
Published: March 2007

Biophysical Chemistry covers the physical chemistry of biological macromolecules and the experimental techniques used to study them. Topics covered include: an introduction to biological molecules; spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and hydrodynamics of macromolecules; a ""bluffer's guide"" to molecular thermodynamics; biomolecular kinetics; chromatography and electrophoresis; and single-molecule methods. The easily digestible, pragmatic approach captures the reader with the fascinating challenges the subject poses for theoretical and experimental scientists. This book will be ideal for early undergraduates studying chemical or physical sciences and will act as a basis for more advanced study. Students in other areas of biological sciences will appreciate the less intimidating approach to physical chemistry as demonstrated here. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Biotransformations
Authors: Kirkpatrick D , Needham D , Mayo B , Midgley Ian , Cheng K N
Published: March 2007

Now in its seventh outstanding volume, Biotransformations has become established as a unique and important source for those involved in the discovery and development of new compounds. It broadly covers the scientific literature for the period 1987 to 1994. The series provides a complete survey of the biotransformations, in vertebrates, of the following: Pharmaceuticals; agrochemicals; food additives; environmental chemicals; industrial chemicals. Biotransformations provides a ready way of accessing information on the known pathways for the biotransformation of structurally-related compounds. Key functional groups provide an index-related procedure for retrieving information on compounds of interest. A further index allows the retrieval of examples of specific biochemical reactions which may have wider application. Each volume corresponds roughly with the scientific literature published during a calendar year. Each volume contains a review chapter which discusses examples of novel biotransformations, species differences, stereochemical aspects and mechanisms of toxicity associated with specific biotransformations.
Calixarenes Revisited
Authors: Gutsche C David
Published: March 2007

Calixarenes was the first book to be published in the `Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry' series and is also the first complete survey available of this rapidly developing field. It provides a fascinating and lively account of the history, development and applications of calixarenes, which are probably the world's most readily available synthetic molecular baskets. These basket shaped compounds possess the ability to hold metal ions, as well as molecules, in their interior and as a result of their extraordinarily easy synthesis from phenols and aldehydes are receiving increasingly wide attention. This book is a must for advanced undergraduates and post-graduates studying bio-organic and supramolecular chemistry.
Clean Synthesis Using Porous Inorganic Solid Catalysts and Supported Reagents
Authors: Clark James H , Rhodes Chris N
Published: March 2007

Waste minimisation has a number of aims which include enhancing the intrinsic selectivity of any given process, providing a means of recovering reagents in a form which allows easy regeneration and the replacement of stoichiometric processes with catalytic ones. Solids, as catalysts or as supports for other reagents, offer potential for benefit in all these areas. This monograph provides an overview of the properties of the more useful solid catalysts and supported reagents, and highlights their most valuable applications in the preparation of organic chemicals in liquid phase reactions. Clean Synthesis Using Porous Inorganic Solid Catalysts and Supported Reagents is concerned with the use of solid catalysts in the clean synthesis of organic chemicals. The emphasis is on chemical processes of importance to the manufacture/preparation of fine and speciality chemicals, chemical intermediates and pharmaceutical intermediates, especially where catalysis is not currently used or where current catalysts are homogeneous, leading to difficult separation procedures and unacceptable levels of waste. This book focuses on solid catalysts based on inorganic supports and covers the emerging area of chemically modified mesoporous solid catalysts.
Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Sainsbury Malcolm
Published: March 2007

This book deals with the fundamental chemistry of fully saturated and unsaturated 4-, 5- and 6-membered heterocycles. The principal focus is those compounds containing a single nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom and by restricting discussion to these, a balanced treatment is possible. The book introduces a selection of important heterocyclic compounds and the vital role that they play in life, medicine and industry. Conformational aspects of heterocyclic chemistry, aromatic stabilization, nomenclature, reaction mechanisms and methods of synthesis are also discussed. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Maths for Chemists
Authors: Doggett Graham , Cockett Martin
Published: March 2007

The two volumes of Maths for Chemists provide an excellent resource for all undergraduate chemistry students but are particularly focussed on the needs of students who may not have studied mathematics beyond GCSE level (or equivalent). The texts are introductory in nature and adopt a sympathetic approach for students who need support and understanding in working with the diverse mathematical tools required in a typical chemistry degree course. The early chapters of Maths for Chemists Volume I: Numbers, Functions and Calculus provide a succinct introduction to the important mathematical skills of algebraic manipulation, trigonometry, numbers, functions, units and the general grammar of maths. Later chapters build on these basic mathematical principles as a foundation for the development of differential and integral calculus. In spite of the introductory nature of this volume, some of the more important mathematical tools required in quantum chemistry are deliberately included, through a gradual introduction to, and development of, the concept of the eigenvalue problem. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Method Performance Studies for Speciation Analysis
Authors: Quevauviller Philippe
Published: March 2007

Speciation is one of the growing features of analytical chemistry of this decade. It is now widely recognized that the determination of total trace element contents is no longer sufficient - understanding pathways of trace elements depends on specific chemical forms, such as oxidation states, organometallic compounds, etc. However, lack of quality control of speciation often hampers the comparability of data within and between laboratories. Considering the high number of analyses performed by a wide range of EC laboratories, the SM&T programme (formerly BCR) of the European Commission has launched collaborative projects to improve the state-of-the-art of speciation analysis in Europe. Method Performance Studies for Speciation Analysis presents an overview of these recent studies. As well as discussion of the techniques used, their performance as applied to real-case analyses and possible sources of error, the preparation of Certified Reference Materials for the validation of methods used is also described. With its broad coverage and in-depth discussions, which encompass the work of eminent European experts, this unique book will be essential reading for laboratory staff in industry, academia and government.
Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Doonan Shawn
Published: March 2007

Encompassing all aspects of the structures of peptides and proteins, this book adopts a uniquely problem-oriented approach to the topic. Starting with a look at the structures and properties of the twenty amino acids that occur in proteins, and moving on to the synthesis of polypeptides and the isolation of proteins, Peptides and Proteins then addresses the methods of analysis of protein characteristics, including the modern methods of sequence analysis by mass spectrometry. Further chapters examine the three-dimensional nature of protein structure, and introduce the student to the use of computer applications (molecular graphics, databases, bioinformatics) in protein chemistry. Original research data is used in many of the problems, and throughout sufficient background biology is included, thus putting the subject into context for chemists. Aimed at first and second-year chemistry students, this title will also be of interest to students of biochemistry. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Quantum Mechanics for Chemists
Authors: Hayward David O
Published: March 2007

Quantum Mechanics for Chemists is designed to provide chemistry undergraduates with a basic understanding of the principles of quantum mechanics. The text assumes some knowledge of chemical bonding and a familiarity with the qualitative aspects of molecular orbitals in molecules such as butadiene and benzene. Thus it is intended to follow a basic course in organic and/or inorganic chemistry. The approach is rather different from that adopted in most books on quantum chemistry in that the Schr÷dinger wave equation is introduced at a fairly late stage, after students have become familiar with the application of de Broglie-type wavefunctions to free particles and particles in a box. Likewise, the Hamiltonian operator and the concept of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are not introduced until the last two chapters of the book, where approximate solutions to the wave equation for many-electron atoms and molecules are discussed. In this way, students receive a gradual introduction to the basic concepts of quantum mechanics. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Statistics for the Quality Control Chemistry Laboratory
Authors: Mullins Eamonn
Published: March 2007

Statistical methods are essential tools for analysts, particularly those working in Quality Control Laboratories. This book provides a sound introduction to their use in analytical chemistry, without requiring a strong mathematical background. It emphasises simple graphical methods of data analysis, such as control charts, which are also a fundamental requirement in laboratory accreditation. A large part of the book is concerned with the design and analysis of laboratory experiments, including sample size determination. Practical case studies and many real databases from both QC laboratories and the research literature, are used to illustrate the ideas in action.

The aim of Statistics for the Quality Control Chemistry Laboratory is to give the reader a strong grasp of the concept of statistical variation in laboratory data and of the value of simple statistical ideas ad methods in thinking about and manipulation such data, It will be invaluable to analysts working in QC laboratories in industry, hospitals and public health, and will also be welcomed as a textbook for aspiring analysts in colleges and universities.
Chemical Analysis Of Water
Authors: Hunt D T E , Wilson A
Published: March 2007

This edition covers the considerable developments which have taken place (in the 11 years since the first edition was published) in the measurement of water quality, with particular reference to methods for estimating and controlling possible errors in analytical results.
The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour
Authors: Wilkins Patricia , Wilkins Ralph G
Published: March 2007

Calcium and comparable cations are fast being recognised for their role as vital components of animal physiology. When trying to answer questions such as why salmon can adjust to life in fresh water as well as seawater, or why chilli peppers taste hot to humans but evoke little response from chickens, we often find the answers lie in patterns of movement of these ions and their roles in sensing, transmitting and collecting messages. Bringing together scattered literature on calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium in biology, this book examines important biological contributions of these ions including enzyme activation, effects in all types of muscle and biomineralization. Attention is focused on: channel construction and ion movement; calcium as a second messenger and in the construction of solids and ion channelopathies, with the help of personalities such as Agatha Christie, van Gogh and Captain Cook. The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour will be valued by a wide-range of readers including students of bioinorganic chemistry and animal behavioural studies, teachers and other professionals in academia.
UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems
Authors: Webb A R , Neale P J , Kieber David J , Wetzel Robert G , Blumthaler Mario , Hargreaves Bruce R , Zepp Richard G , Osburn Christopher L , Morris Donald P , Diamond Stephen A , Peake Barrie M , Scully Norman M , Buma A G J , Boelen P , Jeffrey W H , Villafane Virginia E , Sundback Kristina , Figueroa Felix L , Little Edward , Fabacher David , Banaszak Anastazia , Leech Dina M , Johnsen Sonke , Hessen Dag O , Sommaruga Ruben , Leavitt Peter R , Hodgson D , Pienitz R , Williamson Craig E ,   The European Society of Photobiology
Published: March 2007

This book offers extensive coverage of the most important aspects of UVR effects on all aquatic (not just freshwater and marine) ecosystems, encompassing UV physics, chemistry, biology and ecology. Comprehensive and up-to-date, UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems aims to bridge the gap between environmental studies of UVR effects and the broader, traditional fields of ecology, oceanography and limnology. Adopting a synthetic approach, the different sections cover: the physical factors controlling UVR intensity in the atmosphere; the penetration and distribution of solar radiation in natural waters; the main photochemical process affecting natural and anthropogenic substances; and direct and indirect effects on organisms (from viruses, bacteria and algae to invertebrate and vertebrate consumers). Researchers and professionals in environmental chemistry, photochemistry, photobiology and cell and molecular biology will value this book, as will those looking at ozone depletion and global change.
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Wall Peter
Published: March 2007

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a modern, reliable tool that complements other chromatographic techniques. This book provides a practical guide to the basic principles, procedures and pitfalls on the practical application of TLC. Thin Layer Chromatography: A Modern Practical Approach offers a sequence of chapters following the steps of the technique as the chromatographer would follow them. The chapters provide a choice of sorbent best suited to the separation intended, followed by pre-treatment required for the sample, applying the sample to the sorbent layer, development procedure, visualisation and detection, and finally quantification. Imaging and hyphenation techniques are described. The reasons why recommendations are made for specific and more general methods are covered. The book also provides an overview of some recent developments in the field.
Maillard Reaction
Authors: Nursten H E
Published: March 2007

Research in the field of the Maillard reaction has developed rapidly in recent years as a result of not only the application of improved analytical techniques, but also of the realisation that the Maillard reaction plays an important role in some human diseases and in the ageing process. The Maillard Reaction: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Implications provides a comprehensive treatise on the Maillard reaction. This single-author volume covers all aspects of the Maillard reaction in a uniform, co-ordinated, and up-to-date manner. The book encompasses: the chemistry of non-enzymic browning; recent advances; colour formation in non-enzymic browning; flavour and off-flavour formation in non-enzymic browning; toxicological aspects; nutritional aspects; other physiological aspects; other consequences of technological significance; implications for other fields; non-enzymic browning due mainly to ascorbic acid; caramelisation; inhibition of non-enzymic browning in foods; and inhibition of the Maillard reaction in vivo. The Maillard Reaction: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Implications will be welcomed as an important publication for both new and experienced researchers who are involved in solving the mysteries and complexities of Maillard chemistry and biochemistry. It will also appeal to students, university lecturers, and researchers in a variety of fields, including food science, nutrition, biochemistry, medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, and soil science.
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Authors: Barrett G C , Elmore Don T , Bladon Christine M , Littlechild Jenny A , Hay R W , Nolan K B , Soudi A A
Published: March 2007

Specialist Periodical Reports provides systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemists, applying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Barrett G C , Elmore Don T , Littlechild Jenny A , Dutta Anand S , Sovago Imre , Farkas Etelka
Published: March 2007

In an ever-increasing domain of activity Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins provides an annual compilation of the world's research effort into this important area of biological chemistry. Volume 29 provides a review of literature published during 1996. Comprising a comprehensive review of significant developments at this biology/chemistry interface each volume opens with an overview of amino acids and their applications. Work on peptides is reviewed over several chapters ranging from current trends in their synthesis and conformational and structural analysis to peptidomimetics and the discovery of peptide-related molecules in nature. The application of advanced techniques in structural elucidation is incorporated into all chapters whilst periodic chapters on metal complexes of amino acids, peptides and beta-lactams extend the scope of coverage. Efficient searching of specialist topics is facilitated by the sub-division of chapters into discrete subject areas allowing annual trends to be monitored. All researchers in the pharmaceutical and allied industries and at the biology/chemistry interface in academia will find this an indispensable reference source.
Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Authors: Barrett G C , Elmore Don T , Littlechild Jenny A , Dutta Anand S , Sovago Imre , Farkas Etelka
Published: March 2007

In an ever-increasing domain of activity Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins provides an annual compilation of the world's research effort into this important area of biological chemistry. Volume 31 provides a review of literature published during 1998. Comprising a comprehensive review of significant developments at this biology/chemistry interface each volume opens with an overview of amino acids and their applications. Work on peptides is reviewed over several chapters ranging from current trends in their synthesis and conformational and structural analysis to peptidomimetics and the discovery of peptide-related molecules in nature. The application of advanced techniques in structural elucidation is incorporated into all chapters whilst periodic chapters on metal complexes of amino acids, peptides and beta-lactams extend the scope of coverage. Efficient searching of specialist topics is facilitated by the sub-division of chapters into discrete subject areas allowing annual trends to be monitored. All researchers in the pharmaceutical and allied industries and at the biology/chemistry interface in academia will find this an indispensable reference source.
Carbohydrate Chemistry
Authors: Blattner R , Furneaux R H , Tyler P C , Wightman R H , Clinch K , Boons Geert-Jan , Gardiner J M , Hetherington Alison , Furjes B , Hall Jenny , McDonald O
Published: March 2007

Carbohydrate Chemistry provides review coverage of all publications relevant to the chemistry of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in a given year. The amount of research in this field appearing in the organic chemical literature is increasing because of the enhanced importance of the subject, especially in areas of medicinal chemistry and biology. In no part of the field is this more apparent than in the synthesis of oligosaccharides required by scientists working in glycobiology. Clycomedicinal chemistry and its reliance on carbohydrate synthesis is now very well established, for example, by the preparation of specific carbohydrate- based antigens, especially cancer-specific oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Coverage of topics such as nucleosides, amino-sugars, alditols and cyclitols also covers much research of relevance to biological and medicinal chemistry. Each volume of the series brings together references to all published work in given areas of the subject and serves as a comprehensive database for the active research chemist Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.