bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SCFFbxw7 ubiquitylates KLF7 for degradation in a manner dependent on GSK‐3‐mediated phosphorylation
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeaki , Yumimoto Kanae , Inoue Ippei , Nakayama Keiichi I.
Published: March 2019

The biological relation between ubiquitin ligases and their substrates has been largely unclear. We previously developed a method—differential proteomics‐based identification of ubiquitylation substrates (DiPIUS)—for the comprehensive identification of substrates for a given ubiquitin ligase. We have now applied DiPIUS to the F‐box protein Fbxw7 in three cell lines (mHepa, Neuro2A and C2C12) and thereby identified Krüppel‐like factor 7 (KLF7) as a candidate substrate of the SCFFbxw7 ubiquitin ligase complex. KLF7 was shown to interact with Fbxw7 and to undergo Fbxw7‐mediated polyubiquitylation. The stability of KLF7 was increased by depletion of Fbxw7, mutation of a putative Cdc4 phosphodegron (CPD) of KLF7 or exposure to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3). Over‐expression of Fbxw7 in Neuro2A cells down‐regulated expression of the p21Cip1 gene, which is a transcriptional target of KLF7 in neuronal differentiation and maintenance. Despite the presence of an almost identical CPD sequence in KLF6, the closest paralog of KLF7, mutation of this sequence affected neither the interaction of KLF6 with Fbxw7 nor its half‐life. Our results suggest that KLF7, but not KLF6, is a bona fide substrate of SCFFbxw7, and that control of KLF7 abundance by SCFFbxw7 might contribute to the regulation of neuronal differentiation and maintenance.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Distribution in Unconsolidated Soils Using Discriminatory Freezing
Authors: Kiaalhosseini Saeed , Kohn Benjamin , Watson A. Ted , Sale Tom C. , Blotevogel Jens
Published: March 2019

Organic contaminants present as nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the subsurface often pose a long‐term risk to human health and the environment. Investigating the distribution of NAPLs in porous media remains a major challenge in risk assessment and management of contaminated sites. Conventional soil coring and monitoring wells have been widely used over past decades as the primary means of subsurface investigation to determine NAPL extent. Known limitations of conventional approaches have led us to explore an alternative or a complementary technique to provide high‐quality information of NAPL source zone architecture. This work advances an imaging tool for a variety of organic NAPL contaminants in unconsolidated soils through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of frozen cores. Using trichloroethylene (TCE) ando‐xylene as model species, we illustrate that discriminatory freezing of water, while keeping the NAPL in a liquid state, enables high‐resolution qualitative delineation of NAPL distribution within porous media. This novel approach may help improve site conceptual models and consequentially lead to highly tailored, more efficient remedial measures.
Core–shell NTC materials with low thermal constant and high resistivity for wide‐temperature thermistor ceramics
Authors: Liu Ting , Zhang Huimin , Ma Panfei , Chang Aimin , Jiang Hui
Published: March 2019

Core–shell structures have been proposed to improve the electrical properties of negative‐temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor ceramics. In this work, Al2O3‐modified Co1.5Mn1.2Ni0.3O4 NTC thermistor ceramics with adjustable electrical properties were prepared through citrate‐chelation followed by conventional sintering. Co1.5Mn1.2Ni0.3O4 powder was coated with a thin Al2O3 shell layer to form a core–shell structure. Resistivity (ρ) increased rapidly with increasing thickness of the Al2O3 layer, and the thermal constant (B) varied moderately between 3706 and 3846 K. In particular, Co1.5Mn1.2Ni0.3O4@Al2O3 ceramic with 0.08 wt% Al2O3 showed the increase of ρ double, and the change in its B was less than 140 K. The Co1.5Mn1.2Ni0.3O4@Al2O3 NTC ceramics showed high stability, and their grain size was relatively uniform due to the protection offered by the shell. The aging coefficient of the ceramic was less than 0.2% after aging for 500 hours at 125°C. Taken together, the results indicate that as‐prepared Co1.5Mn1.2Ni0.3O4@Al2O3 NTC ceramics with a core–shell structure may be promising candidates for application as wide‐temperature NTC thermistor ceramics.
Letter to The Editor on ‘Evaluation of antimicrobial textiles for atopic dermatitis’
Authors: Kopera D.
Published: March 2019

Linked article: This article is commented on by A. Wollenberg et al., p. e169 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15401.
A nondestructive intelligent approach to real‐time evaluation of chicken meat freshness based on computer vision technique
Authors: Taheri‐Garavand Amin , Fatahi Soodabeh , Shahbazi Feizollah , de la Guardia Miguel
Published: March 2019

In this study, the capability of a procedure based on combination of computer vision (CV) and artificial intelligence techniques examined for intelligent and nondestructive prediction of chicken meat freshness during the spoilage process at 4°C. The proposed system comprises the following stages: capture images, image preprocessing, image processing, computing channels, feature extraction, feature selection by a hybrid of genetic algorithm (GA) and artificial neuronal network (ANN), and prediction by using ANN. The number of neurons in input layer was determined 33 (selected features) and freshness used as the output. The ideal ANN model was obtained with 33‐10‐1 topology. The high performance of the model was provided with a correlation coefficient of 0.98734 and MSE of 0.002045. The encouraging results of the current study obviously indicated the high potential of CV‐based system combined with an intelligence method as a smart, nondestructive, and reliable technique for online evaluation of chicken meat freshness.

Practical application

Diagnosis and estimation of chicken meat freshness are considered a significant concern in meat quality for consumers. Computer Vision as a novel nondestructive technique can be utilized to evaluate the quality of products. We present the potential of computer vision‐based method as a smart, nondestructive, and reliable method for online prediction of the freshness of chicken meat.
Taking Care of Mine: Can Child Support Become a Family‐Building Institution?
Authors: Edin Kathryn , Nelson Timothy J. , Butler Rachel , Francis Robert
Published: March 2019

U.S. children are more likely to live apart from a biological parent than at any time in history. Although the Child Support Enforcement system has tremendous reach, its policies have not kept pace with significant economic, demographic, and cultural changes. Narrative analysis of in‐depth interviews with 429 low‐income noncustodial fathers suggests that the system faces a crisis of legitimacy. Visualization of language used to describe all forms child support show that the formal system is considered punitive and to lead to a loss of power and autonomy. Further, it is not associated with coparenting or the father–child bond—themes closely associated with informal and in‐kind support. Rather than stoking men's identities as providers, the system becomes “just another bill to pay.” Orders must be sustainable, all fathers should have coparenting agreements, and alternative forms of support should count toward fathers' obligations. Recovery of government welfare costs should be eliminated.
Treatment Modalities and Survival in Older Adults with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Real Life
Authors: Gouverneur Amandine , Bezin Julien , Jové Jérémy , Bosco‐Lévy Pauline , Fourrier‐Réglat Annie , Noize Pernelle
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES

Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is increasingly treated with targeted therapies, but little is known about real‐life mCRC treatment in older adults. The aims were to describe the real‐life first‐line treatment modalities in older adult mCRC patients, to identify factors associated with treatment modalities, and to evaluate survival with regard to treatment modalities.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A cohort of mCRC patients aged 65 years and older at diagnosis was identified between 2009 and 2013 using French national healthcare insurance system claims data. Treatment modalities were: treatment with one or more anticancer medication vs best supportive care and, among treated patients, treatment with targeted therapy vs conventional chemotherapy alone. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with treatment by anticancer medication and by targeted therapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the independent effect of treatment modalities on overall survival while adjusting for baseline covariates identified with logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 503 patients were included with a median age of 78 years (54% were men). Of these, 299 (59%) were treated with anticancer medications. Among treated patients, 131 (44%) received targeted therapy. In multivariate analysis, age 75 years or older, renal failure, malnutrition, and five or more concomitant medications were associated with a lower likelihood of treatment with anticancer medications. Among treated patients, age 75 years or older, history of cancer, lymph node metastases, and a single metastatic site were associated with a lower likelihood of treatment with targeted therapy. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models found that treatment with any anticancer medication tended to be associated with a lower risk of death; treatment with targeted therapy was not significantly associated.

CONCLUSION

A more appropriate prescription of anticancer medications in the older adult will require the definition of more explicit criteria to avoid undertreatment. The real benefit of targeted therapies vs conventional chemotherapy alone needs to be confirmed in this population. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:913–919, 2019.
Comparison of three different apex locators in determining the working length of mandibular first molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis compared with an intraoral periapical radiograph: A block randomized, controlled, clinical trial
Authors: Vanitha Sadashivam , Sherwood I. Anand
Published: March 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical accuracy APEX and 0.5 marks of three different apex locators – iPex II, Root ZX, and Apex ID – before and after canal preparation in the mandibular first molar.

Methods

Sixty patients between the ages of 13‐60 years participated in the study. After access gaining and canal preparation stages files were inserted with the apex locator clip attached until the electronic apex locators (EALs) shows readings of APEX and 0.5 marks and same is confirmed with periapical radiographs. Eighteen apex locator readings were recorded from each tooth, and 1080 readings were obtained from the 60 patients.

Results

Differences among readings from apex locators and radiographic readings were assessed using paired t test. Only in two patients (1 male and 1 female) were the APEX mark readings different from the radiograph estimation. When the 0.5 mark readings of three different EALs were compared with each other, we could observe that the readings from Root ZX differed significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In the present study, we observed the negligible differences in readings between the EAL at the APEX mark readings, coinciding with the radiographic observation. Clinically, we recommend the apical foramen be located with the apex locators’ APEX mark readings prior to identifying the apical constriction position.
AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER controls floral organ identity and inflorescence development in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Zhu Butuo , Li Hui , Hou Yifeng , Zhang Pengcheng , Xia Xiuzhi , Wang Na , Wang Hui , Mysore Kirankumar S. , Wen Jiangqi , Pei Yanxi , Niu Lifang , Lin Hao
Published: March 2019

Angiosperms integrate a multitude of endogenous and environmental signals to control floral development, thereby ensuring reproductive success. Here, we report the identification of AGAMOUS AND TERMINAL FLOWER (AGTFL), a novel regulator of floral development in Medicago truncatula. Mutation of AGTFL led to the transformation of carpels and stamens into numerous sepals and petals and altered primary inflorescence identity. AGTFL encodes a nucleus‐localized protein containing a putative Myb/SANT‐like DNA‐binding domain and a PKc kinase domain. Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that AGTFL regulates the transcription of MtAGs and MtTFL1 to control floral organ identity and inflorescence development.
External vascular compression by hyaluronic acid filler documented with high‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Lima Vanessa Guimaraes de Freitas , Regattieri Neysa Aparecida Tinoco , Pompeu Marcelo Faro , Costa Izelda Maria Carvalho
Published: March 2019

We present a case report of a hyaluronic acid filler‐induced complication documented using high‐frequency ultrasound. We regard the scientific value of the case as indicating the benefit that ultrasound provides for the management and documentation of this complication. This technology has been becoming increasingly widespread in the care of patients who experience unwanted effects of hyaluronic acid filler because it can be used for the high‐resolution visualization of skin layers as well as the differentiation of filler types and their relationships with adjacent tissues (via gray scale or B‐mode ultrasound) and blood vessels (via color Doppler ultrasound). In addition, it was possible to conclude that external vascular compression causes clinical repercussions, a fact that is often questioned by some dermatologists. This questioning is based on the vast vascularization and anastomosis of arteries of the face, which should permit compensation for vascular compression. However, in this case, there was no doubt that compression caused a region of low output with the clinical manifestation of peri‐oral pallor. Ultrasound was used to document the compression of a vessel by the filler; after application of hyaluronidase, increased vessel lumen and clinical reversal of hypoperfusion in the affected area were observed.
Intergenerational Transmission of Female Genital Cutting: Community and Marriage Dynamics
Authors: Boyle Elizabeth Heger , Svec Joseph
Published: March 2019

Objective

This study examined how characteristics of households and communities are implicated in the intergenerational transmission of gender inequality and particularly female genital cutting (FGC).

Background

Human capital perspectives suggest that socioeconomic inequality predicts FGC continuation. This study contributes to discussions of institutional change by examining the association of decisions to forego FGC with household decision making patterns and community gender norms.

Method

Multilevel logistic regression was deployed to analyze a pooled sample (N = 12,144) of six demographic and health surveys from Burkina Faso, Egypt, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, and Nigeria. A series of models examined how decision making styles, both at the household and community levels (2,524 demographic and health survey cluster aggregations), and community levels of FGC correspond with the risk of having a daughter cut.

Results

The results show that daughters are less likely to be cut when parents make key household decisions jointly. Autonomous decision making by women at the community level was associated with lower odds of daughters being cut. However, at the community level, the impacts of women's household decision making were attenuated when FGC was more prevalent.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that women's decision making status is an important factor in FGC abandonment, although that association is less robust when FGC is highly institutionalized. This study provides new insights into how women, families, and communities can disrupt the intergenerational transmission of behaviors associated with institutionalized gender inequality.
Enhancing Student Learning of Removable Prosthodontics Using the Latest Advancements in Virtual 3D Modeling
Authors: Mahrous Ahmed , Schneider Galen B.
Published: March 2019

When educating dental students or prosthodontic residents, a picture can be worth a thousand words. If that is so, then what could enhanced 3D modeling be worth relative to enhancing student learning? The answer is undoubtedly more than what a picture can provide. That is why the use of 3D models has become increasingly common with respect to patient care. The 3D modeling allows the patient to visualize more clearly the proposed treatments and outcomes; however, while 3D modeling has started to make an appearance in dental education, many of the current 3D modeling techniques do not offer the flexibility needed for dental education and enhanced student learning. At the University of Iowa, the use of 3D modeling software has enabled the creation of 3D models that can be altered or customized to be used in a more flexible way to teach students in the arts and complexities of removable partial denture (RPD) design and associated components. This educational technique article will: (1) demonstrate how these 3D models can be used to enhance student perception and learning regarding RPDs; and (2) will demonstrate using videos and web‐based portals to show how the 3D RPD models were created and then used for educational purposes.
Effect of blood deposition phenomenon on flesh quality of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) during storage
Authors: Jiang Tong , Miyazaki Riho , Hirasaka Katsuya , Yuan Peng‐Xiang , Yoshida Asami , Hara Kenji , Tachibana Katsuyasu , Taniyama Shigeto
Published: March 2019

We examined the influence of blood deposition on flesh quality of ordinary muscle in yellowtail. This study compared the flesh quality changes in upper and under‐sides of yellowtails killed by two different methods: spinal‐cord destruction (SCD) with blood removal and suffocation in air without blood removal (SA). The under‐sides of the SA group showed the highest values for a*, cathepsin B and B + L activities, the lowest value in breaking strength and the greatest degradation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) among the four groups. However, the values of the SCD‐upper group indicated the best flesh quality. In addition, the white blood cells presented the highest cathepsin B and B + L activities among the blood components. These results indicate that blood has the tendency to deposit downward in accordance with the direction of placement. This phenomenon influences the distribution of white blood cells which contain enzymes that accelerate the deterioration of flesh quality. The texture of fish muscle is an important part of the flesh quality. In captured fishery (purse‐seine fishery and dragnet fishery), it is impossible to immediately and completely remove blood. Therefore, suffocation in air is the common method after the fish is caught. The commercial value of fish is decreased and the price varies greatly when these fish enter market circulation. In our study, we examined the influence of blood deposition on the flesh quality of yellowtail during storage. The degradation of structural proteins accelerated in the deposited blood which contain proteases. The movement and deposition of blood caused the difference of quality on both sides, which seriously affected the quality of fish during preservation. Our study has some theoretical guidance for muscle softening and give a better understanding of the adverse effect of blood during preservation.
Punishment's Legal Templates: A Theory of Formal Penal Change
Authors: Rubin Ashley T.
Published: March 2019

The well-known gap between law on the books and law in action often casts doubt on the significance of changes to law on the books. For example, the rise and fall of penal technologies have long been considered significant indicators of penal change in socio-historical analyses of punishment. Recent research, however, has challenged the significance of apparently large-scale penal change of this kind. This article clarifies the significance of penal technologies' rise and fall by offering an alternative account of formal penal change, introducing the analytical concept of “legal templates,” structural models of legal activity (e.g., punishment) available for authorization and replication across multiple jurisdictions. Analyzing punishment's templates explains how new penal technologies can be important harbingers of change, even when they fail to revolutionize penal practice and are not caused by a widespread ideological shift. This article locates the significance of punishment's legal templates in theirconstitutivepower—their ability, over the long term, to shape cognitive-cultural expectations about what punishment is or should be. This power appears only when the template is widely adopted by a plurality of jurisdictions, thereby becoming institutionalized. Ultimately, these institutionalized templates define the scope of future punishment.
Positive Effect of Pollution Permits in a Variety Expansion Model with Social Status Preference
Authors: Hamaguchi Yoshihiro
Published: March 2019

This study examines the effect of pollution permits on economic growth and welfare using a research and development‐based model that measures social status by a person's wealth position in society. Under realistic parameter conditions, we find that a decrease in pollution permit levels leads to an increase in the economic growth rate and improves welfare in a high steady state via the marginal rate of substitution between wealth and consumption, which is influenced by the crowding out and resource reallocation effects. This channel depends on the presence of social status preference, and we refer to this as the substitution effect.
The plasmid‐borne quinolone resistance protein QnrB, a novel DnaA‐binding protein, increases the bacterial mutation rate by triggering DNA replication stress
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Zhang Yujiao , Zhou Xintong , Hu Xinling , Zhou Yixuan , Liu Di , Maxwell Anthony , Mi Kaixia
Published: March 2019

Bacterial antibiotic resistance, a global health threat, is caused by plasmid transfer or genetic mutations. Quinolones are important antibiotics, partially because they are fully synthetic and resistance genes are unlikely to exist in nature; nonetheless, quinolone resistance proteins have been identified. The mechanism by which plasmid‐borne quinolone resistance proteins promotes the selection of quinolone‐resistant mutants is unclear. Here, we show that QnrB increases the bacterial mutation rate. Transcriptomic and genome sequencing analyses showed that QnrB promoted gene abundance near the origin of replication (oriC). In addition, the QnrB expression level correlated with the replication origin to terminus (oriC/ter) ratio, indicating QnrB‐induced DNA replication stress. Our results also show that QnrB is a DnaA‐binding protein that may act as an activator of DNA replication initiation. Interaction of QnrB with DnaA promoted the formation of the DnaA‐oriC open complex, which leads to DNA replication over‐initiation. Our data indicate that plasmid‐borne QnrB increases bacterial mutation rates and that genetic changes can alleviate the fitness cost imposed by transmitted plasmids. Derivative mutations may impair antibiotic efficacy and threaten the value of antibiotic treatments. Enhanced understanding of how bacteria adapt to the antibiotic environment will lead to new therapeutic strategies for antibiotic‐resistant infections.
Nerve fiber overgrowth in patients with symptomatic diverticular disease
Authors: Barbaro Maria Raffaella , Cremon Cesare , Fuschi Daniele , Scaioli Eleonora , Veneziano Alberto , Marasco Giovanni , Festi Davide , Stanghellini Vincenzo , Barbara Giovanni
Published: March 2019

Background

Colonic diverticulosis is a common condition in industrialized countries. Up to 25% of patients with diverticula develop symptoms, a condition termed symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD). The aim of the present study was to characterize neuroimmune interactions and nerve fiber plasticity in the colonic mucosa of patients with diverticula.

Methods

Controls, patients with diverticulosis and with SUDD were enrolled in the study. Mucosal biopsies were obtained close to diverticula (diverticular region) and in a normal mucosa (distant site), corresponding to sigmoid and descending colon in the controls. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to assess mast cells, T cells, macrophages, nerve fibers, and neuronal outgrowth (growth‐associated protein 43, GAP43+fibers).

Key Results

No difference emerged in mast cells and T cells among the three groups. Macrophages were increased in patients with SUDD and diverticulosis as compared to controls. Nerve fibers were enhanced in patients with SUDD and diverticulosis in comparison with controls in the diverticular region. GAP43+ fibers were increased only in patients with SUDD as compared to controls and to patients with diverticulosis in the diverticular region. In patients with SUDD, GAP43 density was increased in the diverticular region compared to distant site. Macrophages close to GAP43+ fibers were increased in the diverticular region of patients with SUDD. Significant correlations were found between GAP43+ fibers and immune cells.

Conclusions and Inferences

Patients with diverticula are characterized by increased macrophage counts, while nerve fiber sprouting is increased only in the diverticular region of patients with SUDD suggesting a role in symptom generation.
Advantages and disadvantages of apoptosis in the aging process
Authors: Argüelles Sandro , Guerrero‐Castilla Angélica , Cano Mercedes , Muñoz Mario F. , Ayala Antonio
Published: March 2019

Researchers cannot predict as yet how long a human being can live. Life expectancy has been steadily increasing in the last century, but perhaps not always the quality of life in parallel with it. Future generations will be faced with the problems of an increased life expectancy along with the emergence of new age‐related diseases. A deeper understanding of the aging process is crucial to ameliorate, if not to prevent, these projected new old‐age diseases. One of the mechanisms responsible for healthy aging is through the effective maintenance of physiological, biochemical, and immunological functions. To carry this out, the organism needs to create new cells to replace old ones and to induce the disappearance of old and damaged cells. Apoptosis is involved in all these processes. However, if apoptosis is dysregulated, premature senescence‐associated diseases are likely to appear. In our review, the focus will be on a better understanding of the role of apoptosis in the aging process. These signaling pathways will most assuredly be pharmacologically targeted in antiaging medicine therapies.
Osteoblast differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Holland Robert , Bain Carol , Utreja Achint
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To analyse the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers and osteoclast activity in the periodontal ligament (PDL) following 2, 4 and 7 days of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in an animal model.

Setting and Sample Population

Eighteen C57BL/6 wild‐type mice.

Material and Methods

For the OTM model, orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary right first molar using a closed‐coil NiTi spring activated between the molar and incisors. The left side served as the control. Following OTM, the dissected tissues were scanned for micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) analysis and processed for histology. Histological stains included tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining for osteoclasts and immunohistochemistry for osteoblast markers alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), osteopontin (OP) and osteocalcin (OC).

Results

Micro‐CT analysis showed increasing OTM on days 2, 4 and 7 days as well as decrease in bone volume and per cent bone volume at 4 and 7 days. Statistically significant increases in osteoblast marker expression were seen in all groups when compared to the control. TRAP expression was highest at 4 and 7 days, α‐SMA was highest at 2 days and OP/OC was highest at 4 days.

Conclusion

During OTM, proliferation of pre‐osteoblasts peaks at 2 days while mineralization of the osteoid peaks at 4 days. The osteoclast response is delayed.
Low prevalence of HPV‐induced oral squamous cell carcinoma in Geneva, Switzerland
Authors: Vidal Loustau Ana C. , Dulguerov Nicolas , Curvoisier Delphine , McKee Thomas , Lombardi Tommaso
Published: March 2019

Objective

The main objective of this study was to analyze the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity.

Materials and Methods

A selection was made of 155 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity treated at the University Hospital of Geneva. HPV detection was performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Pathology using a PCR technique followed by in situ hybridization of the viral DNA. Sections were studied for the immunohistochemical expression of P16INK4a.

Results

The presence of HPV‐DNA was found in 3.3% of the cases (95% CI: 1.3%–7.5%). The only HPV genotype found was HR‐HPV 16. In contrast, 7.7% (95% CI: 1.3%–7.5%) of the cases showed an overexpression of the P16INK4a. We found no significant differences in age, sex, or tobacco and alcohol consumption in relation to the P16INK4a or HPV positivity.

Conclusions

Human papillomavirus is rarely associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Our results suggest that an overexpression of the P16INK4a protein, even in the absence of the virus, is linked to an increase in the survival of the patient.
Getting to know a familiar face: Current and emerging focused ultrasound applications for the perioperative setting
Authors: Conlon Thomas W. , Lin Elaina E. , Bruins Benjamin B. , Manrique Espinel Ana Maria , Muhly Wallis T. , Elliott Elizabeth , Glau Christie , Himebauch Adam S. , Johnson Gregory , Fiadjoe John E. , Lockman Justin L. , Nishisaki Akira , Schwartz Alan Jay
Published: March 2019

Ultrasound technology is available in many pediatric perioperative settings. There is an increasing number of ultrasound applications for anesthesiologists which may enhance clinical performance, procedural safety, and patient outcomes. This review highlights the literature and experience supporting focused ultrasound applications in the pediatric perioperative setting across varied disciplines including anesthesiology. The review also suggests strategies for building educational and infrastructural systems to translate this technology into clinical practice.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout of Ms1 enables the rapid generation of male‐sterile hexaploid wheat lines for use in hybrid seed production
Authors: Okada Anzu , Arndell Taj , Borisjuk Nikolai , Sharma Niharika , Watson‐Haigh Nathan S. , Tucker Elise J. , Baumann Ute , Langridge Peter , Whitford Ryan
Published: March 2019

The development and adoption of hybrid seed technology have led to dramatic increases in agricultural productivity. However, it has been a challenge to develop a commercially viable platform for the production of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed due to wheat's strong inbreeding habit. Recently, a novel platform for commercial hybrid seed production was described. This hybridization platform utilizes nuclear male sterility to force outcrossing and has been applied to maize and rice. With the recent molecular identification of the wheat male fertility gene Ms1, it is now possible to extend the use of this novel hybridization platform to wheat. In this report, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate heritable, targeted mutations in Ms1. The introduction of biallelic frameshift mutations into Ms1 resulted in complete male sterility in wheat cultivars Fielder and Gladius, and several of the selected male‐sterile lines were potentially non‐transgenic. Our study demonstrates the utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the rapid generation of male sterility in commercial wheat cultivars. This represents an important step towards capturing heterosis to improve wheat yields, through the production and use of hybrid seed on an industrial scale.
Infections among pediatric transplant candidates: An approach to decision‐making
Authors: L’Huillier Arnaud G. , Green Michael , Danziger‐Isakov Lara , Chaudhuri Abanti , Höcker Britta , Van der Linden Dimitri , Goddard Liz , Ardura Monica I. , Stephens Derek , Verma Anita , Evans Helen M. , McCulloch Mignon , Michaels Marian G. , Posfay‐Barbe Klara M. , Allen Upton D.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The presence of infections in the immediate pretransplant period poses challenges in decision‐making. Delaying transplantation because of these infections may be required, but is associated with a risk to the potential recipient. The aim of this project was to develop a structured framework based on expert opinion to guide decision‐making regarding the safety of transplantation for candidates with infection immediately before transplant, and to show how this framework can be applied to clinical scenarios.

Methods

Categories were created as follows: Category A: no delay; Category B: brief delay (≤1 week); Category C: intermediate delay (>1 week); and Category D: more prolonged or indefinite delay. A survey containing 59 clinical scenarios was sent to members of the IPTA ID CARE committee. Answers were reviewed, and the level of agreement was characterized as follows: Level 1: ≥75% agreement; Level 2:51%‐74% agreement; and Level 3: ≤50% agreement. 95% CIs were calculated for the mean overall agreement across 59 scenarios.

Results

Among the panel, the agreement level ranged from 33% to 92% with the mean overall agreement across the 59 scenarios being 61%. For 7/59 scenarios, the lower bound of 95% CI was greater than 50%, indicating a difference at the 5% level of significance between the observed proportion and the chance level of 0.5.

The document provides expert opinion regarding the need to delay transplantation in the setting of different infections. The most important points in the decision to proceed to SOT included the urgency of transplantation and the severity of infection.
The Influence of Existential Threat and Tolerance Salience on Anti‐Islamic Attitudes in American Politics
Authors: Vail Kenneth E. , Courtney Emily , Arndt Jamie
Published: March 2019

Fierce public discussion has centered on anti‐Islamic attitudes and tolerance in America and the West more broadly. The present research explored whether the awareness of mortality (a common theme in politics, e.g., war/terrorism, health care, abortion, and so on) and tolerance salience might influence (1) the endorsement of anti‐Islamic attitudes in American politics and (2) political orientation. Study 1 (n = 79) was conducted in lab and Study 2 (preregistered, n = 396) replicated it online; both obtained the same results. In a neutral‐value‐prime condition, American participants reminded of mortality (vs. control topic) more strongly endorsed a Congressman’s anti‐Islamic statements about Rep. Ellison. However, in a tolerance‐value‐prime condition, participants reminded of mortality maintained their acceptance of Rep. Ellison’s beliefs and practices. Political orientation was not impacted. Implications for terror management theory (TMT), other theories of existential dynamics and motivated conservative political ideology, and both recent and contemporary American politics are discussed.
The erring brain: Error‐related negativity as an endophenotype for OCD—A review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Riesel Anja
Published: March 2019

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder that is associated with high personal and societal costs. Feelings of doubt, worry, and repetitive behavior, key symptoms of OCD, have been linked to hyperactive error signals in the brain. The error‐related negativity (ERN) represents a validated marker of error processing in the ERP. Increased ERN amplitudes in OCD have been reported very robustly over the last 20 years. This article integrates results from 38 studies analyzing the ERN in OCD, using a quantitative meta‐analysis. Meta‐regressions were used to examine potential moderators such as task type, symptom severity, age, and sample size. The meta‐analysis reveals a robust increase of ERN in OCD patients compared to healthy participants in response‐conflict tasks (SMD −0.55) that is not modulated by symptom severity and age. No increase in ERN in OCD was observed in tasks that do not induce response conflict (SMD −0.10). In addition to the meta‐analysis, the current article reviews evidence supporting that increased ERN amplitudes in OCD fulfill central criteria for an endophenotype. Further, the specificity of increased ERN amplitudes for OCD and its suitability as a potential transdiagnostic endophenotype is discussed. Finally, the clinical utility and clinical applications are examined. Overall, the evidence that increased ERN amplitudes represent a promising endophenotype indicating vulnerability for OCD is compelling. Furthermore, alterations in ERN are not limited to OCD and may constitute a transdiagnostic endophenotype. Altered neural error signals might serve as a diagnostic or predictive marker and represent a promising target for interventions.
Gender and the realms of time and space in Heschel's The Sabbath
Authors: Carson Maria
Published: March 2019

The Sabbath is a work by Abraham Joshua Heschel about the theological and metaphysical importance of the Jewish day of rest, the Sabbath (or Shabbat). This article shows that The Sabbath has often been overlooked and understudied in philosophical understandings of Heschel's work, and it suggests that this is perhaps due to misunderstandings about the differences between the realms of space and time in the work. This article suggests that the dichotomy between space and time ought better to be understood as differing orientations, drawing from the phenomenologist work of Sara Ahmed. Additionally, gender plays a significant role in Heschel's The Sabbath and in a way which has been largely neglected by academic scholarship.
Older age and obesity are associated with increased airway closure in response to methacholine in patients with asthma
Authors: Kaminsky David A. , Chapman David G. , Holbrook Janet T. , Henderson Robert J. , Sugar Elizabeth A. , Mastronarde John , Teague William G. , Busk Michael , Sumino Kaharu , Dixon Anne E. , Wise Robert A. , Irvin Charles G.
Published: March 2019

Background and objective

The reduction of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in response to methacholine challenge in asthma may reflect two components: airway narrowing, assessed by the change in FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), and airway closure, assessed by the change in FVC. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree and determinants of airway closure in response to methacholine in a large group of asthmatic patients participating in studies conducted by the American Lung Association‐Airways Clinical Research Centers (ALA‐ACRC).

Methods

We used the methacholine challenge data from participants in five studies of the ALA‐ACRC to determine the closing index, defined as the contribution of airway closure to the decrease in FEV1, and calculated as %ΔFVC/%ΔFEV1.

Results

There were a total of 936 participants with asthma, among whom the median closing index was 0.67 relative to that of a published healthy population of 0.54. A higher closing index was associated with increased age (10‐year increments) (0.04, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.05, P < 0.005) and obesity (0.07, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.10, P < 0.001). There was no association between the closing index and asthma control.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm that airway closure in response to methacholine occurs in a large, diverse population of asthmatic participants, and that increased airway closure is associated with older age and obesity. These findings suggest that therapies targeting airway closure may be important in patients with a high closing index.
From Yellow Peril to Model Minority: Perceived Threat by Asian Americans in Employment*
Authors: Nguyen Jenny , Carter J. Scott , Carter Shannon K.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this project is to assess (1) presence of anger toward Asian Americans “taking jobs,” and (2) whether stereotypes, feelings of competitive threat, and principles of equality predict increased presence of anger.

Methods

We used an experimental list survey of 416 participants, which reduces social desirability effects compared to traditional surveys.

Results

Findings show feelings of group competition and threat were strong predictors of presence of anger toward Asian Americans taking jobs. This anger was not associated with stereotypes as suggested by past research.

Conclusions

This finding supports Blumer's Group Position Theory, which argues that racial animosity is rooted in concerns that out‐groups are vying for resources claimed by one's own group.
Addressing the identity crisis in healthcare: positive patient identification technology reduces wrong patient events
Authors: Callum Jeannie , Etchells Edward , Shojania Kaveh
Published: March 2019

See article on page 972–980, in this issue
Access to imported intermediates and intra‐firm wage inequality
Authors: Ge Ying , Fang Tony , Jiang Yeheng
Published: March 2019

We use Chinese firm‐level data from the World Bank Investment Climate Survey to examine the link between importing intermediates and intra‐firm wage inequality. Our results show that intermediate input importers not only have a significant wage premium but also have a greater intra‐firm wage dispersion than non‐importing firms. This pattern is robust when we control for productivity and use trade costs as the instruments. We further investigate the mechanism of how importing intermediates might contribute to both inter‐firm and intra‐firm wage inequality. Our evidence is consistent with three important channels. First, imported intermediate inputs complement skilled labour. Second, intermediates importers are more likely to use performance pay. Third, imported inputs complement innovation and employee training.
Which foreign states support the global use of the Chinese renminbi? The international political economy of currency internationalisation
Authors: Chey Hyoung‐kyu , Kim Geun‐Young , Lee Dong Hyun
Published: March 2019

The internationalisation of the Chinese renminbi has taken a path distinct from most cases involving previous international currencies, in that policy measures adopted by governments have played crucial roles in it. This paper conducts a cross‐country analysis of the factors that have led foreign governments to introduce three primary policy infrastructures to support renminbi use—renminbi swap lines, Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor quotas and renminbi clearing banks. Our analysis shows that a state holding renminbi assets among its reserves or having more developed financial markets is likely to establish a higher level of policy infrastructure supporting renminbi use. We also find that a country's economic and political relations with China may have meaningful impacts on the level of its establishment of those renminbi‐related policy infrastructures. These findings significantly expand our understanding of renminbi internationalisation, by identifying which non‐Chinese factors have affected its progress to date. They also contribute meaningfully to the literature on currency internationalisation and international currencies in general, by calling attention to the roles of foreign states in the process of a currency's internationalisation.
Real-Time Co-optimization of Vehicle Route and Speed Using Generic Algorithm for Improved Fuel Economy
Authors: Zhu Guoming G. , Miao Chengsheng
Published: March 2019

Making future vehicles intelligent with improved fuel economy and satisfactory emissions are the main drivers for current vehicle research and development. The connected and autonomous vehicles still need years or decades to be widely used in practice. However, some advanced technologies have been developed and deployed for the conventional vehicles to improve the vehicle performance and safety, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), automatic parking, automatic lane keeping, active safety, super cruise, and so on. On the other hand, the vehicle propulsion system technologies, such as clean and high efficiency combustion, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle, are continuously advancing to improve fuel economy with satisfactory emissions for traditional internal combustion engine powered and hybrid electric vehicles or to increase cruise range for electric vehicles.
Toward Gradient-Based Optimization of Full Gas Turbines
Authors: Verstraete Tom
Published: March 2019

The design of a full gas turbine is a painstaking process, with many interactions between different physics, components, and engineers. Not surprisingly, this is an effort spanning over many years before a compromise can be found that satisfies all involved engineering disciplines. But can the design cycle not be shortened in this modern age, dominated by increasing computational power and emerging artificial intelligence?
Fretting Wear Modeling of Cylindrical Line Contact in Plane-Strain Borne by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Yang Huaidong , Green Itzhak
Published: March 2019

This is the first study to develop an empirical formulation to predict fretting wear (volume removal) under frictional conditions for plane-strain line contacts as borne out by the finite element analysis (FEA). The contact is between a deformable half-cylinder rubbing against a deformable flat block. The FEA is guided by detailed physical conceptions, with results that subsequently lead to the methodical modeling of fretting wear. The materials in contact are first set to steel/steel, then to Alloy617/Alloy617, and finally to copper/copper. Various coefficients of friction (COFs) and the Archard Wear Model are applied to the interface. Initially, pure elastic conditions are investigated. The theoretical predictions for the wear volume at the end of the partial slip condition in unidirectional sliding contact agree very well with the FEA results. The empirical formulation for the initial gross slip distance is constructed, again revealing results that are in good agreement with those obtained from the FEA for different materials and for various scales. The Timoshenko beam theory and the tangential loading analysis of a half elastic space are used to approximate the deflection of the half-cylinder and the flat block, respectively. That theory supports well the empirical formulation, matching closely the corresponding FEA results. The empirical formulation of the wear volume for a general cycle under fretting motion is then established. The results are shown to be valid for different materials and various COFs when compared with the FEA results. Finally, plasticity is introduced to the model, shown to cause two phenomena, namely junction growth and larger tangential deformations. Wear is shown to either increase or decrease depending on the combined influences of these two phenomena.