bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microdistribution of internal radiation dose in biological tissues exposed to 56Mn dioxide microparticles
Authors: Stepanenko Valeriy , Kaprin Andrey , Ivanov Sergey , Shegay Peter , Bogacheva Viktoria , Sato Hitoshi , Shichijo Kazuko , Toyoda Shin , Kawano Noriyuki , Ohtaki Megu , Fujimoto Nariaki , Endo Satoru , Chaizhunusova Nailya , Shabdarbaeva Dariya , Zhumadilov Kassym , Hoshi Masaharu
Published: January 2023

Manganese-56 (56Mn) was one of the dominant neutron-activated radionuclides during the first hours following the atomic-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The radiation spectrum of 56Mn and the radiation emission from excited levels of 56Fe following 56Mn beta-decay include gamma-quanta, beta-particles, Auger electrons and X-rays. The dispersion of neutron activated 56Mn in the air can lead to entering of radioactive microparticles into the lungs. The investigation of spatial microdistribution of an internal dose in biological tissue exposed to 56Mn is an important matter with regards to the possible elevated irradiation of the lung alveoli and alveolar ducts. The Monte Carlo code (MCNP-4C) was used for the calculation of absorbed doses in biological tissue around 56Mn dioxide microparticles. The estimated absorbed dose has a very essential gradient in the epithelium cells of lung alveoli and alveolar duct: from 61 mGy/decay on the surface of simple squamous cells of epithelium to 0.15 mGy/decay at distance of 0.3 μm, which is maximal cell thickness. It has been concluded that epithelial cells of these pulmonary microstructures are selectively irradiated by low-energy electrons: short-range component of beta-particles spectrum and Auger electrons. The data obtained are important for the interpretation of biological experiments implementing dispersed neutron-activated 56Mn dioxide powder.
Tooth enamel ESR dosimetry for Hiroshima ‘black rain’ zone residents
Authors: Zhumadilov Kassym , Ivannikov Alexander , Stepanenko Valeriy , Toyoda Shin , Kazymbet Polat , Kaprin Andrey , Ivanov Sergey , Shegay Peter , Endo Satoru , Hoshi Masaharu
Published: January 2023

Electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimetry was applied to human tooth enamel in order to obtain individual absorbed doses for victims of the Hiroshima bomb who lived in the ‘black rain’ area. The so-called ‘black rain’ fell in the form of precipitation on the western part of Hiroshima city and the northwestern suburbs within a few hours after the explosion of the atomic bomb on 6 August 1945, and exposed the population in this area. Only three tooth samples were collected from this area. Since the teeth were located at positions 1, 2 and 4, only the lingual portion was used for the analysis. The results showed that the excess dose after subtracting natural radiation for one (position 4; hh1) was background, for the second (position 2; hh2) it was 133 mGy, and for the other (position 1; hh3) it was 243 mGy. Based on these results, we further investigated the radiation dose attributed to dental X-rays and head CT scan. Such dose of the hh3 radiographic examination was estimated to be 57–160 mGy, which implies an additional exposure around 135 mGy after subtraction. On the other hand, the dose data of hh1 after subtracting dental X-rays was negative. This may mean that such additional doses are an overestimation. In addition, the effect of sunlight should be considered, which is the same direction of overestimation. As a result, the residual dose of 140 mGy suggests the inclusion of radiation from the ‘black rain.’
External dose estimates of laboratory rats and mice during exposure to dispersed neutron-activated 56Mn powder
Authors: Stepanenko Valeriy , Sato Hitoshi , Fujimoto Nariaki , Shichijo Kazuko , Toyoda Shin , Kawano Noriyuki , Endo Satoru , Kaprin Andrey , Ivanov Sergey , Shegay Peter , Petukhov Alexey , Kolyzhenkov Timofey , Bogacheva Victoria , Chaizhunusova Nailya , Shabdarbaeva Dariya , Zhumadilov Kassym , Hoshi Masaharu
Published: January 2023

Estimates of external absorbed dose in experimental animals exposed to sprayed neutron-activated 56Mn powder are necessary for comparison with internal absorbed doses estimated under the same exposure conditions, which is required for a correct interpretation of the observed biological effects. It has been established that the measured dose of external absorbed dose as a result of gamma irradiation range 1–15 mGy, which is order of magnitude less than the maximal dose of internal gamma and beta irradiation of the whole body of the same experimental animals irradiated under the same conditions: according to the available literature data, the maximal values ​​of absorbed dose of internal gamma-beta irradiation of the whole body are in the range of 330 mGy–1200 mGy for mice and 100 mGy–150 mGy for rats. It is concluded that under the conditions of experiments with dispersed neutron-activated powder 56MnO2, internal gamma-beta irradiation of experimental animals is the main factor of radiation exposure compared to external gamma irradiation.
Solid cancer mortality risk among a cohort of Hiroshima early entrants after the atomic bombing, 1970–2010: implications regarding health effects of residual radiation
Authors: Otani Keiko , Ohtaki Megu , Yasuda Hiroshi
Published: January 2023

There are two types of exposure to atomic bomb (A-bomb) radiation: exposure to initial radiation released at the time of the detonation of the bomb, and exposure to residual radiation, which remains afterwards. Health hazards caused by exposure from residual radiation have not yet been clarified. The purpose of our study was to reveal the relationships between mortality risk from solid cancer and residual radiation based on data from the early entrants to Hiroshima. It is hard to identify the individual residual radiation doses. However, these are assumed to depend on the date of entry and the entrants’ behavior. Individual behavior is thought to be closely related to gender and age at exposure. We investigated a cohort of 45 809 individuals who were living in Hiroshima Prefecture on 1 January 1970 and were registered on the Database of Atomic Bomb Survivors as entrants after the bombing. Poisson regression methods were used to estimate excess relative risks (ERR) with data cross-classified by sex, age at entry, and date of entry. In males in their 20s, 30s, and 40s at entry and in females less than 10 years old and in their 40s at entry, solid cancer mortality risks were significantly higher among persons who entered the city on the day of the bombing than those who entered three or more days later. With adjustments for the age-dependent sensitivities to radiation exposure, it was extrapolated that middle-aged people who entered the city on the day of the bombing were exposed to higher levels of residual radiation than younger people.
External exposure assessment in the Fukushima accident area for governmental policy planning in Japan; Part 2. Matters to be attended for assessments of external exposure
Authors: Yoshimura Kazuya , Sanada Yukihisa , Sato Rina , Nakayama Mariko , Tsubokura Masaharu
Published: January 2023

After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, individual exposure doses to residents have been assessed by many municipalities, governments and research institutes. Various methods including measurements with personal dosimeters and simulations have been used for this evaluation depending on purposes, but the information of assessments and methods has not been systematically organized. A comprehensive review of the knowledge and experiences of individual exposure doses assessments accumulated so far and understanding the characteristics of the assessment methods will be very useful for radiation protection and risk communication, following to governmental policy planning. We reviewed the efforts made by the Japanese government and research institutes to assess radiation doses to residents after the FDNPS accident in Part 1. On the other hand, each method of assessing individual exposure doses includes uncertainties and points to be considered for the appropriate assessment. These knowledge and experiences are important for the assessment implementation and applying the assessment results to the governmental policy planning, and are summarized in Part 2 of this article.
Relationship between haematological data and radiation doses of TEPCO workers before and after the FDNNP accident
Authors: Okazaki Ryuji , Kohzaki Masaoki , Kai Michiaki , Jiang Ying , Kubo Tatsuhiko , Ootsuyama Akira , Sado Toshihiko , Suzuki Katsunori , Tateishi Seiichiro , Mori Koji
Published: January 2023

We evaluated the correlation between radiation dose and the medical examination data of Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc (TEPCO) employees working during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in 2011. This study included 2164 male TEPCO workers who received periodic medical examinations from March 2006 to January 2013. First, we conducted log-linear regression analyses using the haematological data of 585 emergency workers and confounding factors to examine the effect of internal radiation exposure in March 2011. Since external radiation exposure was a major influence, we then evaluated the correlation between both internal and external radiation dose and the haematological data of 1801 emergency workers and confounding factors before and after the accident. Among 585 workers, internal radiation exposure in March 2011 alone was mainly due to thyroid doses (0.1-10 Gy) but not to bone marrow (BM) doses (0.01-1 mGy). Compared to before and after the accident, we found that the levels of monocytes, eosinophils (Eos) and basophils increased slightly, whereas the frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption decreased substantially. External dose exposure was positively correlated with haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell and Eos but negatively correlated with age, haematocrit and frequency of alcohol consumption. Among these variables, Hb exhibited the strongest correlation with external dose. Regarding the correlation with Hb, although there is a possibility that confounding factors other than exposure were not evaluated, our findings on emergency workers can serve as a reference for the evaluation of health conditions during the emergency period of future nuclear-related accidents.
KRT13is upregulated in pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and associated with radioresistance
Authors: Takenaka Wataru , Yokoyama Yuhki , Ikehata Katsuya , Kouda Shihori , Hirose Haruka , Minami Kazumasa , Hamada Yoshinosuke , Mori Seiji , Koizumi Masahiko , Yamamoto Hirofumi
Published: January 2023

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers and the seventh leading cause of cancer-associated death in the world. Radiation is performed as an adjuvant therapy as well as anti-cancer drugs. Because cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are considered to be radioresistant and cause recurrence and metastasis, understanding their properties is required for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. To investigate the CSC properties of pancreatic cancer cells, we used a pancreatic CSC model, degron (++) cells, which have low proteasome activity. Degron (++) cells displayed radioresistance in comparison with control cells. Using Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing, we successfully identified KRT13 as a candidate gene responsible for radioresistance. Knockdown of KRT13 sensitized the degron (++) cells to radiation. Furthermore, a database search revealed that KRT13 is upregulated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and that high expression of KRT13 is associated with poorer prognosis. These results indicate that a combination therapy of KRT13 knockdown and radiation could hold therapeutic promise in pancreatic cancer.
Analysis of differentially expressed genes on human X chromosome harboring large deletion induced by X-rays
Authors: Hirose Eri , Yokoya Akinari , Kawamura Kasumi , Suzuki Keiji
Published: January 2023

We examined here normal human cells with large deletions encompassing the hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) gene on X chromosome. Expression levels of genes on X chromosome were analyzed by microarray and RT-qPCR method, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted. We found that DEGs were not limited to the genes flanking deleted regions but spread over the entire X chromosome. Interestingly, the gene regulation patterns were similar to a large extent among independent clones that have similar-sized large deletions involving the HPRT1 gene. Thus, it is indicated that an impact of large deletion on possible epigenetic transcriptional regulation is not limited to the regions proximal to the deletion region.
Salvage craniospinal irradiation for recurrent intracranial germinoma: a single institution analysis
Authors: Kanamori Masayuki , Shimoda Yoshiteru , Umezawa Rei , Iizuka Osamu , Mugikura Shunji , Suzuki Kyoko , Ariga Hisanori , Jingu Keiichi , Saito Ryuta , Sonoda Yukihiko , Kumabe Toshihiro , Tominaga Teiji
Published: January 2023

This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of low-dose salvage craniospinal irradiation (CSI) for recurrent germinoma. We retrospectively reviewed long-term tumor control and late adverse effects in 15 recurrent germinoma patients treated at our hospital between 1983 and 2019. Following the first recurrence of germinoma, seven were treated with 24–30 Gy of salvage CSI, three underwent non-CSI, and five were treated with only chemotherapy. CSI achieved a significantly better recurrence-free survival rate after the first recurrence compared to other strategies (100% vs 33%, p < 0.001: log-rank test). To evaluate the safety of salvage CSI, we assessed the outcomes at the final follow-up of seven patients who received salvage CSI at first recurrence and three patients who received salvage CSI at second recurrence. The median follow-up period was 220 months after initial treatment. Five patients who received 40–50 Gy of radiation therapy or underwent multiple radiation therapy before salvage CSI were classified into Group A, whereas five patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and 24–32 Gy of radiation therapy to the primary site, whole ventricle, or whole brain were classified into Group B. In Group A, one had endocrine dysfunction and the other had visual dysfunction. None were socially independent. Meanwhile, in Group B, no endocrine or visual dysfunction was found, and three patients were socially independent. Salvage CSI achieved excellent tumor control in recurrent germinoma and was safe in patients initially treated with low-dose radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
The successful treatment of Lamellar Ichthyosis—a plastic surgeons perspective
Authors: Johnson Miguel , Mowatt Caleisia , Scott Kimberley
Published: January 2023

Congenital Ichthyosis represents a very rare group of congenital skin disorders characterized by some degree of scaling and thickening of the stratum corneum with skin inflammation. Severe forms such as Harlequin and Lamellar forms may present with limb and organ compromise, respectively. Patients with Lamellar subtype presents with severe ectropion which may lead to corneal ulceration, rupture and blindness. Treatment includes a multidisciplinary approach allowing for early intervention and treatment, which optimize the outcomes. The timing for intervention is not clearly defined in the literature. This is most likely due to a paucity in data due to the relative infrequency in these conditions. However, using principles similar to early treatment of ectropion in burnt patients may be employed. A case of Lamellar Ichthyosis that presented to our outpatient clinic which was successfully managed with early ectropion release and full thickness skin graft is discussed.
Bayesian Graphical Entity Resolution using Exchangeable Random Partition Priors
Authors: Marchant Neil G , Rubinstein Benjamin I P , Steorts Rebecca C
Published: January 2023

Entity resolution (record linkage or deduplication) is the process of identifying and linking duplicate records in databases. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian graphical approach for entity resolution that links records to latent entities, where the prior representation on the linkage structure is exchangeable. First, we adopt a flexible and tractable set of priors for the linkage structure, which corresponds to a special class of random partition models. Second, we propose a more realistic distortion model for categorical/discrete record attributes, which corrects a logical inconsistency with the standard hit-miss model. Third, we incorporate hyperpriors to improve flexibility. Fourth, we employ a partially collapsed Gibbs sampler for inferential speedups. Using a selection of private and nonprivate data sets, we investigate the impact of our modeling contributions and compare our model with two alternative Bayesian models. In addition, we conduct a simulation study for household survey data, where we vary distortion, duplication rates and data set size. We find that our model performs more consistently than the alternatives across a variety of scenarios and typically achieves the highest entity resolution accuracy (F1 score). Open source software is available for our proposed methodology, and we provide a discussion regarding our work and future directions.
Differential impact of crown rust (Puccinia coronata) infection on photosynthesis and volatile emissions in the primary host Avena sativa and the alternate host Rhamnus frangula
Authors: Sulaiman Hassan Y , Runno-Paurson Eve , Kaurilind Eve , Niinemets Ülo
Published: January 2023

Rust infection results in decreases in photosynthesis and stress volatile emissions, but how these changes vary among host species has not been studied. We demonstrated that the impact of the obligate biotrophic fungus, Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, on foliage physiological processes is stronger in the primary host, Avena sativa (cultivated oat), than in the alternate host, Rhamnus frangula (alder buckthorn). Photosynthesis decreased with increasing percentage of damaged leaf area (DA) in both species, but reductions were greater in A. sativa. In A. sativa, photosynthetic reductions resulted from reductions in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity; in R. frangula, reductions were due to reduced capacity. Infection reduced photosynthetic biomass and key nutrients in A. sativa, but not in R. frangula. In A. sativa, stress-elicited emissions (methyl jasmonate, green leaf volatiles, long-chain saturated aldehydes, mono- and sesquiterpenes, benzenoids, and carotenoid breakdown products) increased with increasing DA from 0% to 40%, but decreased with further increases in DA. In R. frangula, volatile emissions were slightly elicited but, surprisingly, constitutive isoprene emissions were enhanced. Different hosts had characteristic volatile fingerprints, indicating differential activation of biochemical pathways. Fungal-elicited reductions in photosynthesis scale uniformly with stress severity. In the sensitive host, biphasic scaling of volatiles indicates that heavy spread of chlorosis/necrosis leads to an overall cessation of physiological functioning.
Manipulation of plant RNA biology by geminiviruses
Authors: Wang Liping , Lozano-Durán Rosa
Published: January 2023

Viruses are intracellular parasites that have evolved to effectively manipulate the cells they infect. As a result of the viral infection, multiple cellular processes are altered, suppressed, or redirected, partially due to the viral co-option of the host’s molecular machinery. RNA biology plays a central role in virus–host interactions, since it is at the basis of viral gene expression, splicing of viral transcripts, anti-viral RNA silencing, and—at least in the case of RNA viruses—genome replication, and therefore is heavily targeted by viruses. The plant DNA geminiviruses, causal agents of devasting diseases in crops worldwide, are no exception, and RNA processing is tightly entrenched in their infection cycle. In this review, we will discuss the relevance of the manipulation of RNA biology by geminiviruses for a successful viral infection and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and suggest some of the multiple remaining open questions in this field.
‘Smart Museum’ in China: From technology labs to sustainable knowledgescapes
Authors: Wang Siyi , Duan Yong , Yang Xiaofei , Cao Chenxing , Pan Shouyong
Published: January 2023

Technology has played an instrumental role as a catalyst for museum digitization. Museums are enhancing their methods of management, interpretation, and representation with digitalization, networking, and intelligentization, suggesting a move toward seamless integration, presentation, and delivery of cultural heritage resources. China’s Smart Museum Project, launched in 2014, does not foster digital museums or virtual museums but a new kind of museum composed of dynamic perceptual systems for and between people (online and offline visitors, museum staff, and board) and objects (artifacts, storage areas, galleries, and facilities) through new technologies, including cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence. This article advocates the kind of museum digitization seen in the Smart Museum Project, which promotes a digital museum-based paradigm that integrates new technologies with comprehensive perception, ubiquitous interconnection, and syncretic applications. Here, we provide historical context for its development and its impact on museum activities, with further elaboration on the definition, connotation, framework, and outreach of the smart museum. We believe that museums should embrace digital opportunities to evolve from a computer-based technology lab to sustainable, synergistic, and smart knowledgescapes.
Quantitative Microstructural Analysis by Correlative EPMA/EBSD/BSE Electron Microscopies Applied to Nuclear Ceramic
Authors: Delville Rémi , Verwerft Marc
Published: January 2023

Electron microscopy maps were acquired in a mixed-oxide nuclear ceramic to probe independently and optimally grain structure [by Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD)], porosity [by high-resolution BackScattered Electron imaging (BSE)], and elemental distributions [by Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA) in a separate instrument]. The maps were programmatically correlated spatially and integrated into a single multi-dimensional dataset allowing a correlative approach to assess the interdependence of key ceramic microstructural properties. Through the extraction of statistically representative non-random quantitative correlations between grain size, elemental enrichment, and intra-granular porosity that can be related to solid-state processes, the potency of the method is illustrated. The multi-layered hybrid maps produced by fusing data from the different acquisitions offer novel and unique insights into contiguous crystallographic, microstructural, and chemical features.
Ultrastructural characterization of the scale cover of crypticAspidiotusspp. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and the ovipositor of their parasitoids
Authors: Serrana Joeselle M , Almarinez Billy Joel M , Barrion Alberto T , Amalin Divina M
Published: January 2023

Correctly identifying target insect pests and their natural enemies is important in biological control management programs. In the scale insect outbreak that devastated the coconut industry of the Philippines in 2009, the misidentification of the destructive pest population resulted in an unsuccessful biological control application. The scale cover has been proposed as a diagnostic feature to identify the cryptic Aspidiotus species from one another. Here, we examined the scale cover of three Aspidiotus species at higher magnification using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to validate the observed difference in scale cover characteristics reported in previous literature. SEM observations revealed that the cryptic species A. destructor and A. rigidus scale covers are ultrastructurally similar, having irregularly arranged and highly agglutinated wax ribbons, whereas A. nerii has highly agglutinated wax ribbons arranged in an overlapping concentric pattern. Additionally, a comparative observation of the ovipositor of the hymenopteran parasitoids directly associated with the two cryptic Aspidiotus species, A. rigidus and A. destructor, was done to provide structural evidence that links ovipositor structure to host specificity. The structure of the ovipositor tip of the hymenopteran parasitoids directly associated with the two Aspidiotus species examined under SEM is congruent with their mode of parasitization.
General- and Oral-Health-Related Predisposing Factors for Interrupting Military Service in the Finnish Defence Forces
Authors: Patinen Pertti , Tanner Tarja , Honkanen Jesse , Tjäderhane Leo , Päkkilä Jari , Anttonen Vuokko , Kämppi Antti
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Finland’s security policy relies heavily on its own independent national defense, which is based on conscription. In 2011, 26,492 conscripts started their military service in Finland. Of these, 1,706 interrupted their military service and 191 changed to civilian service. Conscripts who interrupt their service seem to have an increased tendency to smoking, alcohol consumption, and taking snuff, which previous studies suggest to have strong associations with the need for restorative dental treatment and with lower socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to compare the general and oral health habits between Finnish conscripts who interrupt their service and those who completed their military service and to find out what general- and oral-health-related factors could be used in predicting interruption of service.

Methods

The study population consisted of 13,819 conscripts taking an oral examination during the service. Of these, 8,449 answered a computer-based anamnestic questionnaire and 264 interrupted their service.

Predisposing factors on the anamnestic questionnaire for interrupting military service were evaluated by using a binary logistic regression model. The statistically significant factors were selected to form a sum variable which finally consisted of seven predisposing questions. Odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each question and for the sum variable. Predictive accuracy was assessed by area under the receiver-operating curve.

Results

The most obvious predisposing factor among those who interrupted their service compared to the reference group was lack of weekly physical exercise (OR = 5.80). The risk for interruption of military service was 68.6 times higher in cases where a subject exhibited six predisposing factors out of seven compared to those who had none.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, a set of statistically chosen anamnestic questions could help identify conscripts who have an increased risk of interruption of military service in addition to a risk of dental problems.
A Review of Verbal and Written Patient Handoffs Applicable to the U.S. Military’s Expeditionary Care System
Authors: Kunce Nicholas E , Lyon Arthur , Carlton Duncan , Jeyarajah Theepica , Strayhorn Catherine M , Lopreiato Joseph , Wilson Ramey
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Long considered a danger point in patient care, handoffs and patient care transitions contribute to medical errors and adverse events. Without standardization of patient handoffs, communication breakdowns arise and critical patient information is lost. Minimal training and informal learning have led to a lack of understanding the process involved in this vital aspect of patient care. In 2017, the U.S. Army commissioned a report to study the process of patient handoffs and identify training gaps. Our report summarizes that process and makes recommendations for implementation.

Materials and Methods

Scoping literature review of 139 articles published between 1999 and 2017 using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Medline databases. Verbal tools for handoffs were evaluated against 12 criteria including patient ID, history, current situation, contingency planning, ability to ask questions, ownership, and read back. Written tools were evaluated against a matrix of 126 casualty/treatment attributes.

Results

Among verbal communication protocols, the highest scoring handoff mnemonics were HAND ME AN ISOBAR, IPASS the BATON, and I-SBARQ. Among written handoff tools, the highest scoring documents were the Special Operations Forces (SOF) Mechanism, Injuries, Signs, and Treatment (MIST) Casualty Treatment Card and the Department of Defense (DD) Form 1380 Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) Card. Four critical process elements for patient handoffs and transfers were identified: (1) interactive communications, (2) limited interruptions, (3) a process for verification, and (4) an opportunity to review any relevant historical data.

Conclusions

The findings in this review highlight the need for standardized tools and techniques for patient handoffs in the U.S. Military’s expeditionary care system. Future research is needed to trial verbal and nonverbal handoffs under field conditions to gather observational data to assess effectiveness. The results of our gap analyses may provide researchers insight for determining which handoffs to study. If standardized handoffs are utilized, training programs should incorporate the four critical elements into their curricula.
The Source of Normativity
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: January 2023

This paper seeks to clarify one of the deepest questions about the source or ground of normativity, while also presenting an essence-based approach to answering it. We call it the ‘Arché Question.’ Though all metanormative theories must address this question, very few realists have explicitly grappled with the challenge it poses; those who have appear to deny any need to give an answer. After critically discussing extant realist responses, this paper outlines an essence-based approach to answering the Arché Question that draws on theoretical resources forged in recent advances in post-modal metaphysics.
Nystatin is commonly prescribed as prophylaxis in children beyond the neonatal age
Authors: Jayawardena-Thabrew Harshani , Warris Adilia ,   The PASOAP Group, Ferreras-Antolin Laura
Published: January 2023

The indications for nystatin as prophylaxis or treatment are limited. In the PASOAP (Pediatric Antifungal Stewardship Optimizing Antifungal Prescription) study, high use of nystatin in hospitalized children beyond the neonatal age was observed. In this report, we present the data on nystatin use in infants and children ≥ 3 months who participated in the PASOAP study. Nystatin was prescribed mainly for prophylaxis. Congenital heart disease, cystic fibrosis, and chronic renal disease were the most commonly reported conditions in children receiving prophylactic nystatin. There is sparse evidence supporting the use of nystatin prophylaxis beyond neonates; trials in specific pediatric patient groups are required.
Orthopedic infections due to Trichosporon species: Case series and literature review
Authors: Mello López Andrés , da Silva Neto Luiz Alves , de Oliveira Vítor Falcão , de Carvalho Vladimir Cordeiro , de Oliveira Priscila Rosalba Domingos , Lima Ana Lúcia Lei Munhoz
Published: January 2023

Reports of orthopedic fungal infections caused by Trichosporon species are extremely scarce, thus we aimed to describe a case series and review the cases published in the literature. Patients were retrospectively included if a previous culture of bone, joint, or soft tissues had resulted positive for Trichosporon species along with a clinical diagnosis of an orthopedic infection. Eight patients were included with diverse orthopedic conditions, most of them cases of osteomyelitis. The main isolated species was Trichosporon asahii. All patients were treated with antifungals, mainly voriconazole, and surgical management, resulting in high rates of clinical improvement and low associated mortality.
Solar plasma characterization in Kappa (κ)-modified polytropic turbomagnetic GES-model perspective
Authors: Sarma Pankaj , Karmakar Pralay Kumar
Published: January 2023

The gravitoelectrostatic sheath (GES) model for exploring the surface emission mechanism of the solar wind plasma (SWP), transformed from the solar interior plasma (SIP) via the solar surface boundary (SSB), has recently been reformulated in different conditions. It considers the realistic plasma key factors previously remaining unaddressed. This continued study elaborately explores the diverse GES-microphysical features influenced mainly by the plasma non-thermality, bulk polytropicity, magneto-activity, logatropicity, etc. It shows that, in the SIP (SWP), the electric potential is κ-insensitive, the Mach number is κ-sensitive, and the current density is κ-sensitive (insensitive). The Mach number is insensitive and the current density is insensitive (sensitive) to the relative temperature, Te/Ti, in the SIP (SWP). The inhomogeneity-induced GES properties are illuminated with the gradient-scale behaviours of the relevant physical variables on both SIP and SWP scales. The self-organization of the bi-scaled solar plasma system is well confirmed by mapping the electric and gravity field gradients in a defined colour phase space illustratively alongside reliability check-ups. A judicious application of the newly derived model-structuring equations results in a non-thermally modified form of the equivalent κ-Bohm sheath criterion featuring the GES formation alongside electric current-flow analyses. Its reliability is validated with a sensible comparison with the extremal cases in fair corroboration with the previous sheath scenarios extensively reported elsewhere. The relevancy of our investigation on the solar multiparametric variations in the GES fabric is lastly bolstered in light of the recent solar astronomic scenarios, such as SolO and PSP.
The shocked molecular layer in RCW 120
Authors: Kirsanova M S , Pavlyuchenkov Ya N , Olofsson A O H , Semenov D A , Punanova A F
Published: January 2023

Expansion of wind-blown bubbles or H ii regions lead to formation of shocks in the interstellar medium, which compress surrounding gas into dense layers. We made spatially and velocity-resolved observations of the RCW 120 photo-dissociation region (PDR) and nearby molecular gas with CO(6–5) and 13CO(6–5) lines and distinguished a bright CO-emitting layer, which we related with the dense shocked molecular gas moving away from the ionizing star due to expansion of H ii region. Simulating gas density and temperature, as well as brightness of several CO and C+ emission lines from the PDR, we found reasonable agreement with the observed values. Analysing gas kinematics, we revealed the large-scale shocked PDR and also several dense environments of embedded protostars and outflows. We observe the shocked layer as the most regular structure in the CO(6–5) map and in the velocity space, when the gas around Young stellar objects (YSOs) is dispersed by the outflows.
The TRAPUM L-band survey for pulsars in Fermi-LAT gamma-ray sources
Authors: Clark C J , Breton R P , Barr E D , Burgay M , Thongmeearkom T , Nieder L , Buchner S , Stappers B , Kramer M , Becker W , Mayer M , Phosrisom A , Ashok A , Bezuidenhout M C , Calore F , Cognard I , Freire P C C , Geyer M , Grießmeier J-M , Karuppusamy R , Levin L , Padmanabh P V , Possenti A , Ransom S , Serylak M , Venkatraman Krishnan V , Vleeschower L , Behrend J , Champion D J , Chen W , Horn D , Keane E F , Künkel L , Men Y , Ridolfi A , Dhillon V S , Marsh T R , Papa M A
Published: January 2023

More than 100 millisecond pulsars (MSPs) have been discovered in radio observations of gamma-ray sources detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), but hundreds of pulsar-like sources remain unidentified. Here, we present the first results from the targeted survey of Fermi-LAT sources being performed by the Transients and Pulsars with MeerKAT (TRAPUM) Large Survey Project. We observed 79 sources identified as possible gamma-ray pulsar candidates by a Random Forest classification of unassociated sources from the 4FGL catalogue. Each source was observed for 10 min on two separate epochs using MeerKAT’s L-band receiver (856–1712 MHz), with typical pulsed flux density sensitivities of $\sim 100\, \mu$Jy. Nine new MSPs were discovered, eight of which are in binary systems, including two eclipsing redbacks and one system, PSR J1526−2744, that appears to have a white dwarf companion in an unusually compact 5 h orbit. We obtained phase-connected timing solutions for two of these MSPs, enabling the detection of gamma-ray pulsations in the Fermi-LAT data. A follow-up search for continuous gravitational waves from PSR J1526−2744 in Advanced LIGO data using the resulting Fermi-LAT timing ephemeris yielded no detection, but sets an upper limit on the neutron star ellipticity of 2.45 × 10−8. We also detected X-ray emission from the redback PSR J1803−6707 in data from the first eROSITA all-sky survey, likely due to emission from an intrabinary shock.
A deep radius valley revealed by Kepler short cadence observations
Authors: Ho Cynthia S K , Van Eylen Vincent
Published: January 2023

The characteristics of the radius valley, i.e. an observed lack of planets between 1.5 and 2 Earth radii at periods shorter than about 100 d, provide insights into the formation and evolution of close-in planets. We present a novel view of the radius valley by refitting the transits of 431 planets using Kepler 1-min short cadence observations, the vast majority of which have not been previously analysed in this way. In some cases, the updated planetary parameters differ significantly from previous studies, resulting in a deeper radius valley than previously observed. This suggests that planets are likely to have a more homogeneous core composition at formation. Furthermore, using support vector machines, we find that the radius valley location strongly depends on orbital period and stellar mass and weakly depends on stellar age, with $\partial \log {\left(R_{\rm p, \text{valley}} \right)}/ \partial \log {P} = -0.096_{-0.027}^{+0.023}$, $\partial \log {\left(R_{\rm p, \text{valley}} \right)}/ \partial \log {M_{\star }} = 0.231_{-0.064}^{+0.053}$, and $\partial \log {\left(R_{\rm p, \text{valley}} \right)}/ \partial \log {\left(\text{age} \right)} = 0.033_{-0.025}^{+0.017}$. These findings favour thermally driven mass-loss models such as photoevaporation and core-powered mass-loss, with a slight preference for the latter scenario. Finally, this work highlights the value of transit observations with a short photometric cadence to precisely determine planet radii, and we provide an updated list of precisely and homogeneously determined parameters for the planets in our sample.
Discovery of a resolved white dwarf–brown dwarf binary with a small projected separation: SDSS J222551.65+001637.7AB
Authors: French Jenni R , Casewell Sarah L , Dupuy Trent J , Debes John H , Manjavacas Elena , Martin Emily C , Xu Siyi
Published: January 2023

We present the confirmation of SDSS J222551.65+001637.7AB as a closely separated, resolved, white dwarf–brown dwarf binary. We have obtained spectroscopy from GNIRS and seeing-limited Ks-band imaging from NIRI on Gemini North. The target is spatially resolved into its constituent components: a 10926 ± 246 K white dwarf, with log g = 8.214 ± 0.168 and a mass of 0.66$^{+0.11}_{-0.06}$ M⊙, and an L4 brown dwarf companion, which are separated by 0.9498 ± 0.0022 arcsec. We derive the fundamental properties of the companion from the Sonora–Bobcat evolutionary models, finding a mass of 25–53 MJup and a radius of 0.101–0.128 R⊙ for the brown dwarf, at a confidence level of 1σ. We use wdwarfdate to determine the age of the binary as $1.97^{+4.41}_{-0.76}$ Gyr. A kinematic analysis shows that this binary is likely a member of the thick disc. The distance to the binary is 218$^{+14}_{-13}$ pc, and hence the projected separation of the binary is 207$^{+13}_{-12}$ au. Whilst the white dwarf progenitor was on the main sequence the binary separation would have been 69 ± 5 au. SDSS J222551.65+001637.7AB is the third closest spatially resolved white dwarf–brown dwarf binary after GD 165AB and PHL 5038AB.
Detecting the non-Gaussianity of the 21-cm signal during reionization with the wavelet scattering transform
Authors: Greig Bradley , Ting Yuan-Sen , Kaurov Alexander A
Published: January 2023

Detecting the 21-cm hyperfine transition from neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium is our best probe for understanding the astrophysical processes driving the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). The primary means for a detection of this 21-cm signal is through a statistical measurement of the spatial fluctuations using the 21-cm power spectrum (PS). However, the 21-cm signal is non-Gaussian meaning the PS, which only measures the Gaussian fluctuations, is suboptimal for characterizing all of the available information. The upcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will perform a deep, 1000 h observation over 100 deg2 specifically designed to recover direct images of the 21-cm signal. In this work, we use the Wavelet Scattering Transform (WST) to extract the non-Gaussian information directly from these 2D images of the 21-cm signal. The key advantage of the WST is its stability with respect to statistical noise for measuring non-Gaussian information, unlike the bispectrum whose statistical noise diverges. In this work, we specifically focus on introducing a novel method to isolate non-Gaussian information from an image and apply this methodology to individual mock 21-cm images to quantify the strength of the non-Gaussian information contained within a single image. For example, at 150 (177) MHz (z ∼ 8.5 and ∼7) for a fiducial reionization model we recover a signal to noise of ∼5 (8) for the non-Gaussian information assuming perfect foreground removal and ∼2 (3) assuming foreground wedge avoidance.
The exoplanetary magnetosphere extension in Sun-like stars based on the solar wind–solar UV relation
Authors: Reda Raffaele , Giovannelli Luca , Alberti Tommaso , Berrilli Francesco , Bertello Luca , Del Moro Dario , Di Mauro Maria Pia , Giobbi Piermarco , Penza Valentina
Published: January 2023

The Earth’s magnetosphere extension is controlled by the solar activity level via solar wind properties. Understanding such a relation in the Solar system is important for predicting the condition of exoplanetary magnetospheres near Sun-like stars. We use measurements of a chromospheric proxy, the Ca ii K index, and solar wind OMNI parameters to connect the solar activity variations, on decennial time-scales, to the solar wind properties. The data span the period 1965–2021, which almost entirely covers the last five solar cycles. Using both cross-correlation and mutual information analysis, we find a 3.2-yr lag of the solar wind speed with respect to the Ca ii K index. Analogously, a 3.6-yr lag is found once we consider the dynamic pressure. A correlation between the solar wind dynamic pressure and the solar ultraviolet emission is found and used to derive the Earth’s magnetopause standoff distance. Moreover, the advantage of using a chromospheric proxy, such as the Ca ii K index, creates the possibility to extend the relation found for the Sun to Sun-like stars, by linking stellar variability to stellar wind properties. The model is applied to a sample of Sun-like stars as a case study, where we assume the presence of an Earth-like exoplanet at 1 au. Finally, we compare our results with previous estimates of the magnetosphere extension for the same set of Sun-like stars.
Exploring the stellar populations of backsplash galaxies
Authors: Ferreras I , Böhm A , Umetsu K , Sampaio V , de Carvalho R R
Published: January 2023

Backsplash galaxies are those that traverse and overshoot cluster cores as they fall into these structures. They are affected by environment, and should stand out in contrast to the infalling population. We target galaxies in the vicinity of clusters (R≳R200) and select a sample in projected phase space (PPS), from the compilation of Sampaio et al. based on SDSS data. We present a statistical analysis, comparing two regions in PPS, with the same projected distance to the cluster but different velocity. The analysis relies on the presence of variations in the stellar population content of backsplash galaxies. We find a lower limit in the fractional contribution of ∼5 per cent with respect to the general sample of infalling galaxies at similar group-centric distance when using single line strength analysis, or ∼15-30 per cent when adopting bivariate distributions. The stellar populations show a subtle but significant difference towards older ages, and a higher fraction of quiescent galaxies. We also compare this set with a general field sample, where a substantially larger difference in galaxy properties is found, with the field sample being consistently younger, metal poorer and with a lower fraction of quiescent galaxies. Noting that our ‘cluster’ sample is located outside of the virial radius, we expect this difference to be caused by pre-processing of the infalling galaxies in the overall higher density regions.
Multiwavelength scrutiny of X-ray sources in dwarf galaxies: ULXs versus AGNs
Authors: Thygesen Erica , Plotkin Richard M , Soria Roberto , Reines Amy E , Greene Jenny E , Anderson Gemma E , Baldassare Vivienne F , Owens Milo G , Urquhart Ryan T , Gallo Elena , Miller-Jones James C A , Paul Jeremiah D , Rollings Alexandar P
Published: January 2023

Owing to their quiet evolutionary histories, nearby dwarf galaxies (stellar masses $M_\star \lesssim 3 \times 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$) have the potential to teach us about the mechanism(s) that ‘seeded’ the growth of supermassive black holes, and also how the first stellar mass black holes formed and interacted with their environments. Here, we present high spatial resolution observations of three dwarf galaxies in the X-ray (Chandra), the optical/near-infrared (Hubble Space Telescope), and the radio (Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array). These three galaxies were previously identified as hosting candidate active galactic nuclei on the basis of lower resolution X-ray imaging. With our new observations, we find that X-ray sources in two galaxies (SDSS J121326.01+543631.6 and SDSS J122111.29+173819.1) are off-nuclear and lack corresponding radio emission, implying they are likely luminous X-ray binaries. The third galaxy (Mrk 1434) contains two X-ray sources (each with LX ≈ 1040 erg s−1) separated by 2.8 arcsec, has a low metallicity [12 + log(O/H)  = 7.8], and emits nebular He ii λ4686 line emission. The northern source has spatially coincident point-like radio emission at 9.0 GHz and extended radio emission at 5.5 GHz. We discuss X-ray binary interpretations (where an ultraluminous X-ray source blows a ‘radio bubble’) and active galactic nucleus interpretations (where an $\approx 4\times 10^5 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ black hole launches a jet). In either case, we find that the He ii emission cannot be photoionized by the X-ray source, unless the source was ≈30–90 times more luminous several hundred years ago.