bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gα12 regulates protein interactions within the MDCK cell tight junction and inhibits tight-junction assembly
Authors: Sabath Ernesto , Negoro Hideyuki , Beaudry Sarah , Paniagua Manuel , Angelow Susanne , Shah Jagesh , Grammatikakis Nicholas , Yu Alan S. L. , Denker Bradley M.
Published: February 2008

The polarized functions of epithelia require an intact tight junction (TJ) to restrict paracellular movement and to separate membrane proteins into specific domains. TJs contain scaffolding, integral membrane and signaling proteins, but the mechanisms that regulate TJs and their assembly are not well defined. Gα12 (GNA12) binds the TJ protein ZO-1 (TJP1), and Gα12 activates Src to increase paracellular permeability via unknown mechanisms. Herein, we identify Src as a component of the TJ and find that recruitment of Hsp90 to activated Gα12 is necessary for signaling. TJ integrity is disrupted by Gα12-stimulated Src phosphorylation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 (TJP2); this phosphorylation leads to dissociation of occludin and claudin 1 from the ZO-1 protein complex. Inhibiting Hsp90 with geldanamycin blocks Gα12-stimulated Src activation and phosphorylation, but does not affect protein levels or the Gα12–ZO-1 interaction. Using the calcium-switch model of TJ assembly and GST-TPR (GST-fused TPR domain of PP5) pull-downs of activated Gα12, we demonstrate that switching to normal calcium medium activates endogenous Gα12 during TJ assembly. Thrombin increases permeability and delays TJ assembly by activating Gα12, but not Gα13, signaling pathways. These findings reveal an important role for Gα12, Src and Hsp90 in regulating the TJ in established epithelia and during TJ assembly.
Signal-dependent export of GABA transporter 1 from the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment is specified by a C-terminal motif
Authors: Farhan Hesso , Reiterer Veronika , Kriz Alexander , Hauri Hans-Peter , Pavelka Margit , Sitte Harald H. , Freissmuth Michael
Published: February 2008

The C-terminus of GABA transporter 1 (GAT1, SLC6A1) is required for trafficking of the protein through the secretory pathway to reach its final destination, i.e. the rim of the synaptic specialization. We identified a motif of three hydrophobic residues (569VMI571) that was required for export of GAT1 from the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). This conclusion was based on the following observations: (i) GAT1-SSS, the mutant in which 569VMI571 was replaced by serine residues, was exported from the ER in a COPII-dependent manner but accumulated in punctate structures and failed to reach the Golgi; (ii) under appropriate conditions (imposing a block at 15°C, disruption of COPI), these structures also contained ERGIC53; (iii) the punctae were part of a dynamic compartment, because it was accessible to a second anterograde cargo [the temperature-sensitive variant of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G)] and because GAT1-SSS could be retrieved from the punctate structures by addition of a KKxx-based retrieval motif, which supported retrograde transport to the ER. To the best of our knowledge, the VMI-motif of GAT1 provides the first example of a cargo-based motif that specifies export from the ERGIC.
Efficient Synthesis of 1-Tetralones from 4-Arylbutyric Acids by Combined Use of Solid Acid Catalysts and Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Hiroki Kazuaki , Hatori Makiko , Yamashita Hiroshi , Sugiyama Jun-ichi
Published: February 2008

Solid acid catalysts such as H–Beta zeolites effectively promote dehydrative intramolecular cyclization of 4-arylbutyric acids under microwave irradiation to give 1-tetralone derivatives in high yields.
Analysis on Excitation of Molecules with Ih Symmetry: Frozen Orbital Analysis and General Rules
Authors: Baba Takeshi , Imamura Yutaka , Okamoto Munehiko , Nakai Hiromi
Published: February 2008

A frozen-orbital analysis (FZOA) that has been proposed in order to analyze excitation between degenerate orbitals is applied to molecules with Ih symmetry such as (B12H12)2− and C60. In the FZOA approach, the ordering and the energy splittings of the excited states involving degenerate orbitals can be understood through a simple and intuitive picture. FZOA results for molecules with Ih symmetry also reveal that two general rules hold: (i) The highest transition among transitions between degenerate orbitals is dipole-allowed; (ii) The excitation energy of the highest transition is larger than those of the other transitions.
A Facile Non-hydrothermal Fabrication of Uniform α-MoO3 Nanowires in High Yield
Authors: Qi Banghua , Ni Xiaomin , Li Dongguo , Zheng Huagui
Published: February 2008

Uniform α-MoO3 nanowires with the diameter of 60–100 nm and the length of 10–40 μm were fabricated in high yield through a facile non-hydrothermal method. The fabrication process involved acidifying an ethylenediamine solution of molybdenum acid and subsequent calcinating treatment without any hydrothermal procedures. Ethylenediamine was found to play a crucial role for the formation of α-MoO3 nanowires under the present conditions. Thus-prepared α-MoO3 nanowires as supercapacitors exhibited much larger capacitance and better cyclicity than the conventional particulate counterpart.
Conformational Analysis of Dynorphin A (1–13) Using Hydrogen—Deuterium Exchange and Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cai Xianmei , Dass Chhabil
Published: February 2008

Trifluoroethanol (TFE)-induced conformational changes in dynorphin A (1-13) were investigated using charge-state distribution (CSD) and hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX), combined with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Individual amino acids involved in secondary structural elements were identified by collision-induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It was observed that dynorphin A (1-13) largely exists in an unfolded conformation and a folded structure in increasing concentrations of TFE. In 50% TFE, it forms an α-helix that encompasses residues 1-9 and remains flexible from residues 10 to 13.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Investigation of Nylon 6 and Nylon 66 Thermo-Oxidation Products
Authors: Carroccio Sabrina , Puglisi Concetto , Scaltro Giuseppina , Ferreri Tiziana , Montaudo Giorgio
Published: February 2008

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) was used to determine the structure of the molecules produced in the thermo-oxidative degradation of Nylon 6 and Nylon 66, at 180°C and 250°C in air. The MALDI spectra of the thermo-oxidized nylons provide information on the structure and end groups of the oligomers produced in the oxidation process. Our results show that the thermo-oxidation of both Ny6 and Ny66 proceeds through a hydrogen abstraction and subsequent formation of hydroperoxide intermediates. The latter decompose, yielding oligomers containing aldehydes, amides and methyl terminal groups. The aldehydes undergo further oxidation to produce carboxylic end groups. The formation of cyclopentanone terminal groups is also observed in the case of Nylon 66. Oligomers with structures deriving from Norrish-type degradation processes were not detected here for either Ny6 or Ny66.
Letter: Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry Study of a Series of Substituted 5-Aminoalkylmethyl-Cytosines and Their 1-N-(o-, m- and p-)Bromobenzyl-Substituted Derivatives
Authors: Prukała Dorota
Published: February 2008

The electron-impact mass spectra of 5-aminoalkylmethyl-substituted cytosine and of their 1- N-o-( m- or p-) bromobenzyl-substituted derivatives are discussed. The influence of 5-aminoalkyl and 1- N-bromobenzyl substituents on the mode of mass fragmentation occurring upon electron impact ionization was demonstrated. The fragmentation pathways of all compounds and the characteristic ions in these spectra originating from the McLafferty rearrangement, RDA reactions and simple cleavages are presented.
Gas-Phase Ion Chemistry of GeH4/B2H6 Mixtures
Authors: Operti Lorenza , Rabezzana Roberto , Turco Francesca , Vaglio Gian Angelo
Published: February 2008

The gas phase ion-molecule reactions in positively and negatively ionized germane/diborane mixtures have been studied by ion trap mass spectrometry. Reaction sequences and rate constants for the most interesting processes have been determined. In positive ionization, formation of Ge-B bonds exclusively occurs through condensation reactions of B nH m+ ions with germane, followed by H2 or BH3 loss. No reactions of ions from germane with B2H6 were observed under the experimental conditions used here. In negative ionization, the Ge nH m ( n = 1, 2) ion families react with diborane to yield the Ge nB pH q -( p = 1, 2) ions, again via dehydrogenation and BH3 loss, while diborane anions proved to be unreactive. In both positive and negative ionization, Ge-B ions reach appreciable abundances. The present results afford fundamental information about the intrinsic reactivity of gas-phase ions and provide valuable indications about the first nucleation steps ultimately leading to amorphous Ge and B-doped semiconductor materials by chemical vapor deposition methods.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Class Modelling Techniques for the Geographical Authentication of Ligurian Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Authors: Casale Monica , Casolino Chiara , Ferrari Giuseppe , Forina Michele
Published: February 2008

An authentic food is one which is what it purports to be. Food processors and consumers need to be assured that when they pay for a specific product, they are receiving exactly what they pay for. In this paper, a particular food authenticity study is considered: the classification of extra virgin olive oils from Liguria, a region in northern Italy, according to their geographical origin. One hundred and ninety five olive oil samples were analysed using a near infrared (NIR) instrument and the recorded spectra were used to build a class model for Ligurian olive oil. Different class modelling techniques were used, i.e. potential functions techniques (POTFUN), soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), unequal-quadratic discriminant analysis (UNEQ-QDA) and multivariate range modelling (MRM). In order to remove systematic variation in experimental data such as base-line and multiplicative scatter effects, an evaluation of different data pre-processing methods was performed. Ligurian olive oil was clearly differentiated from the other oils and the multivariate analysis allowed the construction of Liguria class models with good predictive ability, high sensitivity and sufficient specificity. The results obtained suggest that NIR and chemometrics are useful tools in the geographic traceability of olive oil.
Near Infrared Monitoring of Mineralisation of Liquid Dairy Manure in Agricultural Soils
Authors: Cabassi Giovanni , Gallina Pietro Marino , Barzaghi Stefania , Cattaneo Tiziana M.P. , Bechini Luca
Published: February 2008

Liquid dairy manure is a major organic input to cultivated soils. Therefore, a method for monitoring the mineralisation of slurries should be a useful tool for managing soil fertilisation. In order to examine whether the biodegradation of cattle sludge can be monitored by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, soil samples from a laboratory incubation experiment were analysed using this rapid and inexpensive method. Five different cattle slurries were added to three soils with increasing clay content in such an amount as to give 130 ppm of total nitrogen. The resulting 18 experimental treatments (three control soils and 15 soil-slurry combinations) were incubated for 180 days under optimal temperature and soil water content. Each treatment was sampled at 0, 2, 8, 12, 16, 21, 29, 41, 72, 121 and 180 days: the respired CO2 was captured in alkali traps and mineral N was extracted using 1 M KCl. Three replicates of each sampling were analysed individually. The resulting 648 samples, air dried and ground at 0.5 mm, were analysed by NIR spectroscopy using an Antaris (Thermo Nicolet) Fourier transform-NIR spectrometer. Although the slurries and soil mineralised carbon represent only a very small part of the total soil organic carbon, the mineralisation of carbon can be clearly monitored by NIR spectroscopy in both amended and unamended soils. Whereas NO3–N evolution was difficult to predict using NIR data, the results for NH4–N were more encouraging. Using measurements of CO2–C respired, a two-pool mineralisation model was developed and the simulated concentration of carbon pools in the soils were used for the development of NIR equations. The results obtained in this work have demonstrated that NIR is a useful tool for monitoring the carbon mineralisation process when cattle sludge is incorporated into agricultural soils.
Get Real towards Performance-Driven Computational Geometry
Authors: Oxman Neri
Published: February 2008

In historic design conventions geometry has traditionally promoted descriptive manifestations of form. Beyond the realm of geometry, the concept of performance which may inform such manifestations also carries important potential for design generation. This work explores the relation between geometry and performance from a computational-geometry perspective. It does so by revisiting certain analytical tools offered in most of today's 3-D modelers which support the evaluation of any generated surface geometry specifically curvature and draft angle analysis. It is demonstrated that these tools can be reconstructed with added functionality assigning 3-D geometrical features informed by structural and environmental performance respectively. In the examples illustrated surface thickness (as a function of structural performance) is assigned to curvature values, and transparency (as a function of light performance) is assigned to light analysis values. In a broader scope this work promotes a methodology of performance-informed form generation by means of computational geometry. Vector and tensor math was exploited to reconstruct existing analytical tools adapted to function as design generators.
Precursors of a theory of mind: A longitudinal study
Authors: Colonnesi Cristina. , Rieffe Carolien. , Koops Willem. , Perucchini Paola.
Published: February 2008

The study examined whether the pointing gesture and intentional understanding abilities at 12 and 15 months of age predict the later understanding of perception and intention, as well as the ability to explain others' actions in a psychological way at 39 months of age. Thirty‐five infants (18 girls) were administered pointing and intention‐understanding tasks at the age of 12 and 15 months. Children were again evaluated at the age of 39 months with perception and intention tasks, and a psychological explanation task. Results showed that only 12‐month‐olds' comprehension of the pointing gesture with an imperative motive contributed to the prediction of later understanding of perception and mentalistic explanations of actions. Moreover, the ability of 12‐ and 15‐month‐olds to understand intentions contributed to the prediction of later preschool understanding of perceptions and intentions. These results indicate that a developmental trajectory in children's understanding of mental states from infancy to childhood is present, but depends on the level of engagement and communication that are required to perform these tasks.
Reviews
Authors: George Lisa , Edwards Harriet , Woolf Natalie
Published: February 2008

Review of the The Idea of MetaDesign Colloquium Held at Goldsmiths, University of London 2829 June 2007

The Internet and Everyone: A Work in Letters and Pieces, John Chris Jones, structured by Jonathan Moberly, (2000) London: Ellipsis (electric edn. available
from http://www.ellipsis.com/i+e/), 576 pp., ISBN 1-899858-20-1 (hbk), 20
Walking with wolves: displaying the holding pattern
Authors: Barth Theodor , Raein Maziar
Published: February 2008

I have kept a diary since I was 14. Additionally, about 10 years ago I started a business diary (this was one of my two good business ideas). The handwritten text throughout the book comes out of that. (Stefan Sagmeister, in Sagmeister Made You Look (2001))

Of
the many research papers generated in the area of design, surprisingly few have paid much attention to design thinking. This article represents an unusual collaboration between an anthropologist and a designer. This proved fruitful in revealing issues that neither researcher had previously
encountered. By looking more deeply into the distinctive process of design thinking that Schn (1985) called reflection-in-action they developed the idea of the holding pattern. This refers to the tactical way in which many designers juggle with different types of design thinking in the medium
time-scale, whilst holding on to, engaging with, and transferring possible new ideas.

In a rapidly changing world, educators need to cultivate design sensibilities that will enable future designers to operate in a more thoughtful and critical way. The article considers the holding pattern
and its effect on the nature of design practice, and its implications for design education. We have chosen to explore the work of the designer Stefan Sagmeister as a case study. Our strongly participative approach to research works well when there is a heterogeneous blend of material. In this
case, the material we explored included texts, visual material and soundtracks. By looking at the working life of Sagmeister through his career choices, strategies and designs, we were better able to grasp the way the holding pattern works.
Arcus Tangens. Essay zu einem textuellen Phänomen bei Kleist und Celan
Authors: Hainz Martin A
Published: February 2008

Arcus tangens refers to a textual problem: texts are suspended between sameness and difference, for they are reborn in the act of reading and become thus different from themselves. Textuality is provocation and its partially pre-shaped reaction. These characteristics constitute some kind of a bow (arcus), as in Heinrich von Kleist's remarks on architecture, or in Peter Waterhouse's translations of Michael Hamburger's poetry. Kleist points out that a vault sustains itself, for all of its bricks tend (or even want) to fall: to remove a single brick means to destroy tension that is the vault.
Gedächtnis, Schrift, “Musica impura”. Ingeborg Bachmanns Lieder von einer Insel
Authors: Miglio Camilla
Published: February 2008

Ingeborg Bachmann's poetic cycle “Lieder von einer Insel” is based on her sentimental encounter with the composer Hans-Werner Henze in Ischia (1953), as well as on experience of a landscape in which wind, sea, and volcano bring together the Ancient Greek and Christian cultural traditions. Using Roland Barthes's “Fragments d'un discours amoureux” about the possibility of speaking of love ex-negativo (from the point of view of a loss), and Bachmann's phrase “Es gibt in der Kunst keinen Fortschritt in der Horizontale, sondern nur das immer neue Aufreissen einer Vertikale”, the “Lieder” can be read as a cultural palimpsest expressed in a polyphony of voices: Bachmann constructed the cycle as a musical score. The cultural, personal, and universal experiences of love; death, loss, aorgic plenitude, and destruction; hope in a radical but impossible rebirth – all these oxymora are represented by an encounter of poetic and musical principles. The synchronicity of memory levels and the renunciation of pure sound turn this poetic composition into a “musica impura”.
Ungarinnen im Schweizer Exil. Drei Annäherungen
Authors: Zimmer David
Published: February 2008

Writers may perceive exile, even if they merely inherit it, either as burdening or enriching, as a loss of their native culture or as a chance to receive new artistic inspirations. The condition of exile may, consequently, be converted differently into literary form, as the work of three female writers of Hungarian origin living in Switzerland shows. Agota Kristof never got over the loss of her mother tongue, whereas Zsuzsanna Gahse and Christina Viragh succeeded in converting their – inherited – exile into a new, postmodernist identity.
A reformulation of the moderating effects of productive humor
Authors: Lehman Kerri M , Burke Kevin L , Martin Randall , Sultan Jennifer , Czech Daniel R
Published: February 2008

The ability to effectively cope with stress has been demonstrated to be an important factor in warding off potential physical disease and psychological distress. Responses to stressful events have been shown to greatly vary across individuals. Research has shown that intervening variables, such as cognitive appraisals of stressful events, can markedly affect the amount of stress (e.g., mood disturbance, anxiety, changes in neurotransmitter concentrations, suppression of immune system functioning) individuals experience. One such intervening variable, productive humor, was hypothesized to have a positive stress-moderating effect.

Four different experimental conditions were used to assess the impact of a stressful situation on mood and anxiety state. Two conditions had subjects produce a humorous narrative in response to the stressful situation. One of these conditions included an instructional video on the use of productive humor. A third condition had subjects produce an intellectual narrative, while a fourth condition had subjects produce no narrative. The humorous narrative conditions were hypothesized to lead to the greatest moderation in stress (i.e., mood and anxiety).

In the humorous narrative (without training) condition, subjects who were more successful at producing the narratives showed significantly more moderated changes in mood and anxiety levels pre-task to post-task. These changes were not significantly different from the intellectual or no narrative conditions. The significant difference found between high versus low humorous narrative producers may be accounted for in terms of success versus non-success at completing the experimental task.

Finally, among subjects with initially high pre-task mood or anxiety levels and high tendencies to use productive humor, successful performance of some type of a verbal, cognitive task (i.e., humorous or intellectual narrative) was found to be more beneficial in moderating the effects of stress versus silence. These latter findings were based on patterns of results from post hoc analyses with small sample sizes, thus suggesting the need for future research along similar lines.
The anatomy of folly in Shakespeare's “Henriad”
Authors: Bell Robert H
Published: February 2008

Folly, as Johnson said of comedy, has been “particularly unpropitious to definers,” struggling to conceive a notoriously indeterminate term. “Folly” is usually derogatory, pinned on any disbeliever or adversary, telling us as much about the judge as the judged, or ironically laudatory. While “folly” flaunts its maddening elusiveness, fools will rush in where wise men fear to tread. This essay explores the concept of folly, investigates its pertinence for literary criticism, and tests its usefulness in a consideration of literature's greatest fool, Falstaff.

The fool's cross-eyed vision always threatens to become a revelation; what starts as impish play may end as prophecy. Fools divide and confuse us, so that we either scant or privilege folly by reducing it to diverting babble or magnifying it into encoded prophecy. A great fool has amazing powers of disorientation: he is an avatar of disequilibrium. Disabled yet enabled, invincible yet particularly vulnerable, the fool is always double, both lightning bolt and lightning rod: his bad luck might bring me good luck, so we make room for fools but keep our distance: there with/but for the grace of God go I. The Fool has a strange duality, like the medieval monarch, two separate “bodies,” one enduring, potent, capable of revival, personifying survival and adaptability; the other marginal, susceptible, provisional, easily hurt.

Shakespeare's most majestic fool dramatizes folly's powers, perils, and paradoxes. Foolishly immersed in the “lower bodily element,” Falstaff imagines himself somehow freed from natural law; simultaneously Caliban and Ariel, he is enmired yet aloft, immanent yet transcendent, that quality wonderfully characterized by Bradley as Falstaff 's “inexplicable touch of infinity.” When “Falstaff riseth up” from playing possum, his comic resurrection seems the definitive triumph, “the true and perfect image of life indeed.” This “great fool” not only affirms life but outrageously redeems it with “counterfeit” or bogus scriptural idiom. Falstaff robustly embodies the power of folly and dimly, occasionally perceives its limits. In 2Henry IV, Falstaff, obviously enfeebled, becomes more the object than the source of humor. The banishment of Falstaff is not humorous and it hurts. As a seemingly imperishable fool, exuberantly enacting folly, Falstaff liberates life from fact, in defiance of reason and pursuit of joy. Falstaff's force draws us all into the field of folly, so that the great fool is our double whose loss we deplore.
Foma and Yerema; Max and Moritz; Beavis and Butt-Head: Images of twin clowns in three cultures
Authors: Kozintsev Alexander
Published: February 2008

Three texts about comic duos are compared. Foma and Yerema (F&Y), characters of a 17th-century Russian folk poem, are twins. Being harmless idiots, they suffer endless failures, are regularly beaten and eventually drowned. Two other brothers, Max and Moritz (M&M), heroes of a quasi-didactic German poem for children written and illustrated by Wilhelm Busch (1865), play ruthless tricks on their neighbors. Eventually they are caught and ground in a mill. Beavis and Butt-head (B&B) are heroes of American animated cartoons by Mike Judge (1993). These juvenile imbeciles are intermediate between F&Y and M&M in terms of mischief and are centered on sex, never realizable. Despite understandable differences between the texts, numerous similarities are evident. All the three duos resemble twin clowns, fools, jesters, and mythical tricksters. F&Y are “dupes”, M&M are “knaves”, and B&B are ambiguous. Archaic parallels include interchangeability of characters, consonant names, grotesque appearance, violence, obscenities, connection with birds, etc. Whether these parallels are “archetypical” or derive from some common source, is not clear. In all cases, the potential moral response evoked by the description of quasi-dramatic events is cancelled by comic devices aimed at dehumanizing the characters and making them similar to puppet-like characters of folk theatre.
Recessive black Is Allelic to the yellow Plumage Locus in Japanese Quail and Associated With a Frameshift Deletion in the ASIP Gene
Authors: Hiragaki Takahiro , Inoue-Murayama Miho , Miwa Mitsuru , Fujiwara Akira , Mizutani Makoto , Minvielle Francis , Ito Shin'ichi
Published: February 2008

The recessive black plumage mutation in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is controlled by an autosomal recessive gene (rb) and displays a blackish-brown phenotype in the recessive homozygous state (rb/rb). A similar black coat color phenotype in nonagouti mice is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation at the agouti locus. An allelism test showed that wild type and mutations for yellow, fawn-2, and recessive black in Japanese quail were multiple alleles (*N, *Y, *F2, and *RB) at the same locus Y and that the dominance relationship was Y*F2 > Y*Y > Y*N > Y*RB. A deletion of 8 bases was found in the ASIP gene in the Y*RB allele, causing a frameshift that changed the last six amino acids, including a cysteine residue, and removed the normal stop codon. Since the cysteine residues at the C terminus are important for disulphide bond formation and tertiary structure of the agouti signaling protein, the deletion is expected to cause a dysfunction of ASIP as an antagonist of α-MSH in the Y*RB allele. This is the first evidence that the ASIP gene, known to be involved in coat color variation in mammals, is functional and has a similar effect on plumage color in birds.
Short‐term Effects of Ambient Gaseous Pollutants and Particulate Matter on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China
Authors: Chen Guohai , Song Guixiang , Jiang Lili , Zhang Yunhui , Zhao Naiqing , Chen Bingheng , Kan Haidong
Published: February 2008

Short‐term Effects of Ambient Gaseous Pollutants and Particulate Matter on Daily Mortality in Shanghai, China: Guohai Chen, et al. Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, China—Identification of the specific pollutants contributing most to the health hazard of the air pollution mixture may have important implications for environmental and social policies. In the current study, we conducted a time‐series analysis to examine the specific effects of major air pollutants [particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxides (NO2)] on daily mortality in Shanghai, China, using both single‐pollutant and multiple‐pollutant models. In the single‐pollutant models, PM10, SO2, and NO2 were found to be associated with mortality from both all non‐accidental causes and from cardiopulmonary diseases. Unlike some prior studies in North America, we found a significant effect of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) on daily mortality even after adjustment for PM10 in the multiple‐pollutant models. Our findings, combined with previous Chinese studies showing a consistent, significant effect of gaseous pollutants on mortality, suggest that the role of outdoor exposure to SO2 and NO2 should be investigated further in China.
Zen and the Art of Environmental Education in the Japanese Animated Film Tonari no Totoro
Authors: Stibbe Arran
Published: February 2008

The animated film Tonari no Totoro (My Neighbour Totoro) vividly depicts the interaction of people, forest spirits, and nature in rural Japan. This article analyses the film both in its original Japanese and in two dubbed English versions, in relation to the film’s potential to contribute to environmental awareness. The starting point is a discussion of the limitations of current environmental education, in particular its focus on the abstract, the global, and the technical, at the expense of detailed observation of local ecosystems and the discovery of value within those systems. This is followed by analysis of Tonari no Totoro, focusing on how ecological insights drawn from Zen, Shinto, and traditional Japanese culture are subtly woven into the film. The conclusion describes how the visual and linguistic features used in the film have the potential to promote a form of ecological consciousness closely attuned to the local environment.
El dialecto murciano como resultado del contacto lingüístico medieval castellano-catalán
Authors: Castanyer Jordi Colomina i
Published: February 2008

The Christian conquest of Murcian lands in the 13th century—at that time under the Moslem dominance—, started by Jaime the First of Aragón culminated by Alfonso the Tenth of Castile, meant the settlement in this territory of a quite important mass of settlers that spoke different romanic varieties. Departing from the analysis of the play Libros de Repartimiento of Murcia, Orihuela and Lorca, it can be fancied how the sociolinguistic situation of the Murcian area was during the Late Middle Age. It appears as unquestionable that the present Murcian dialect must be considered as a result of the contact between Catalan and Castilian during the 13th and 14th centuries. Colomina (1997) studied the Catalan influence in Murcian texts from the 13th to the 17th century. Catalanisms abound in the agriculture and fishing sector but also in urban activities as the building sector or the textile industry. In this work, the previous studies will be completed with the analysis of Murcian Catalanisms, departing from the dialectal vocabularies and the popular literature from the 19th and 20th centuries.
Following the trail of oral history
Authors: Attarian Hourig
Published: February 2008

This article explores language and identity issues within a small group of trilingual Montreal Armenian children in informal Saturday literacy group sessions. These sessions provided alternative avenues for the promotion of Armenian literacy. The participants attended Armenian heritage language day schools in Montreal. All had great grandparents who were 1915 Armenian genocide survivors. To pay a living tribute to their memory, we embarked on an oral history project, using a range of visual artefacts, such as photographs and old ID documents. The children were invited to explore their great grandparents’ family histories and share their findings within the group. A videotaped account of the session reveals fascinating evidence of the children’s engagement with the project, their collective meaning-making through dialogue, and their negotiations of language and identity issues as reflected in the weaving of their narratives.
Introduction
Authors: Maguire Mary H
Published: February 2008

This special themed issue includes a selection of articles that emerged from a larger qualitative, ethnographic study of multilingual children’s identity construction, identity politics and cultural positioning in heritage language contexts in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The McGill Multilingual Literacies Research team formed in 2000 is like a microcosm of the very phenomena of multilingualism under consideration. Most team members are people who were multilingual from earliest childhood, went to and/or taught in heritage language contexts and are aware of the nuanced meanings of their particular contexts. Our ‘coming together’ occurred naturally out of a shared interest in the experiences of multilingual students, multiple languages and literacies in a province where French is spoken by a large majority of the population and a city where communities speak in languages from all over the world. Although we have since become more consciously aware of Montreal as a unique space for understanding identity politics and multiple languages (Maguire, Beer, Attarian, Curdt-Christiansen and Yoshida 2005), we were only tacitly aware of its significance in our initial research endeavours. Indeed we were engaged and immersed in multilingual research without knowing how to do it or that we were consciously doing it! (Roth 2006).
Heritage scholars in the ancestral homeland
Authors: Petrucci Peter R
Published: February 2008

This paper presents an overview of research on the ‘heritage scholar’, a heritage language learner on a study abroad or exchange program in the ancestral homeland. It first discusses recent work on the significance of intercultural communicative competence for foreign language learners in intercultural contexts like study abroad. It then turns to four studies of heritage language students in the ancestral homeland: two from Mexico and two from Japan. This research shows that being a heritage scholar is a high stakes venture crucially tied to one’s perception of their own identity and proficiency in the heritage language along with whether that perception is acknowledged or rejected by hosts in the ancestral country. In light of the Mexico and Japan research, the paper suggests that the notion of intercultural communicative competence be revised so that it more adequately fit intercultural experiences involving the heritage language speaker and the native speaker. In concluding, the paper argues that the heritage scholar experience should be considered more closely by researchers in study abroad and language education.
Emotions and multilingualism. Aneta Pavlenko (2005)
Authors: Rogozin Dmitry
Published: February 2008

Emotions and multilingualism. Aneta Pavlenko (2005) Cambridge University Press 304pp. ISBN 0521843618
Contested tongues: Language politics and cultural correction in Ukraine. Laada Bilaniuk (2005)
Authors: Melnyk Svitlana
Published: February 2008

Contested tongues: Language politics and cultural correction in Ukraine. Laada Bilaniuk (2005) Cornell University Press 230pp. ISBN 0801472792
Análise descritiva dos perfis social, clínico, laboratorial e antropométrico de pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais, internados no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Elia Paula Peruzzi , Fogaça Homero Soares , Barros Rodrigo G. G. Rego , Zaltman Cyrla , Elia Celeste Siqueira C.
Published: February 2008

RACIONAL: Estudos epidemiológicos sobre doenças inflamatórias intestinais no Brasil são limitados devido a dificuldades diagnósticas e reduzidas amostras populacionais estudadas. A maioria dos estudos de sua prevalência disponível é composta por amostras de pacientes sob acompanhamento em ambulatório, entretanto a análise do perfil de pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais hospitalizados pode auxiliar na detecção de marcadores preditivos de sua gravidade, o que permitirá intervenções médicas precoces visando a redução da taxa de hospitalização e os gastos do sistema de saúde. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil social, clínico, laboratorial e antropométrico dos pacientes adultos com doenças inflamatórias intestinais internados em hospital universitário terciário. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 43 pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais internados nas enfermarias clínicas e cirúrgicas e no setor de emergência do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Foram caracterizados dados demográficos, presença de co-morbidades, localização e comportamento clínico, história cirúrgica, manifestações extra-intestinais utilizando-se definições padronizadas. Os resultados laboratoriais foram verificados nos prontuários e as medidas antropométricas foram realizadas durante a entrevista. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes apresentou doença de Crohn (72,1%), com localização íleo-colônica (60%) e com comportamento penetrante (77,4%), enquanto no grupo retocolite ulcerativa idiopática predominou a pancolite (50%). No grupo total de retocolite ulcerativa idiopática, a artralgia foi a manifestação extra-intestinal mais freqüente (44,2%) e 97,7% já havia apresentado algum tipo de complicação relacionada à doença de base. Apesar do uso de terapêutica específica para doenças inflamatórias intestinais prévio à hospitalização em 79,1% dos enfermos, as causas mais freqüentes de internação estavam relacionadas à atividade de doença. A presença de co-morbidades só ocorreu em 30,2%. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com doenças inflamatórias intestinais internados nas enfermarias do Hospital apresentam doença grave, em atividade, com complicações e manifestações extra-intestinais freqüentes, apesar do uso prolongado de corticóide. A doença de Crohn, por apresentar evolução mais agressiva, representou a maior parcela dos pacientes internados. A hipoalbuminemia, a anemia e as alterações antropométricas são comuns nos pacientes hospitalizados, podendo estar relacionadas a sua maior gravidade evolutiva.
Análise da imagem digital para estimativa da área foliar em plantas de laranja "Pêra"
Authors: Godoy Leandro José Grava de , Yanagiwara Rodrigo Seigi , Villas Bôas Roberto Lyra , Backes Clarice , Lima Claudinei Paulo de
Published: February 2008

Objetivou-se, com o trabalho, avaliar dois métodos de estimativa da área foliar, em plantas de laranja "Pêra", pela análise da imagem digital obtida com scanner e câmera fotográfica digital. Para determinar a área das folhas, um grupo de discos foi colocado sobre um leitor de scanner, sendo que a imagem obtida foi armazenada. Os mesmos grupos de discos foram fixados sobre cartolina branca e fotografados com câmera fotográfica digital. As imagens obtidas da câmera fotográfica e do scanner foram processadas utilizando ferramentas de um editor de imagem que permite a contagem de pixels de determinada cor, no caso verde. Para a comparação dos métodos, os discos foram submetidos a integrador óptico de área foliar modelo LICOR-3100, utilizando os mesmos agrupamentos. Foram coletadas 20 folhas (cinco em cada quadrante da planta) por parcela de um experimento para comparação de fertilizantes comerciais e doses de zinco, aplicados via foliar, em plantas de sete anos de idade. O experimento foi composto de sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, num total de 28 parcelas. Os dois métodos apresentaram alta correlação com a área estimada pelo integrador óptico de área, considerado como método de referência. O método da análise da imagem obtida com câmera fotográfica, na resolução de 5.0 megapixel, foi mais precisa quando comparada à área estimada pelo integrador óptico de área.
Desempenho de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e alface avaliados através de métodos uni e multivariados
Authors: Bezerra Neto Francisco , Gomes Eliane G , Nunes Glauber Henrique de S , Oliveira Eliane Q de
Published: February 2008

A análise de dados provenientes de experimentos de consorciação geralmente é mais complexa do que as advindas de experimentos em cultivo solteiro. Nesta situação, vários tipos de análises são recomendados, como análise univariada de variância do rendimento das culturas componentes separadamente; dos rendimentos combinados dos sistemas consorciados; da eficiência produtiva por modelos de análise de envoltória de dados (DEA) ou de métodos de análise multivariada dos rendimentos das culturas associadas. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho biológico de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e alface crespa através de métodos uni e multivariados. Dois experimentos (um consorciado e outro solteiro) foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições. O experimento consorciado foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 + 2, com os tratamentos provenientes da combinação de duas cultivares de cenoura (Alvorada e Brasília) com quatro cultivares de alface crespas (Lucy Brown, Tainá, Laurel e Verônica) e as duas cvs. de cenoura sem consorciação. Os tratamentos do experimento solteiro consistiram das quatros cvs. de alface testadas. As características avaliadas na alface e cenoura foram massa fresca da parte aérea e rendimento de raízes comerciais, respectivamente. Análises uni e multivariadas de variância foram realizadas nas características avaliadas tanto na alface como na cenoura em função dos fatores tratamentos testados. O método multivariado mostrou-se bastante informativo, em função da maior capacidade discriminante, além da descrição da superioridade relativa dos tratamentos por meio da técnica das variáveis canônicas. Os índices combinados de medida de eficiência dos sistemas consorciados tiveram comportamento similar na discriminação dos melhores sistemas de cultivo consorciados quando avaliados pelo método univariado. Na avaliação de todos os sistemas consorciados, observou-se diferença significativa entre os valores dos índices combinados (produtividade equivalente de cenoura, eficiência produtiva, uso eficiente da terra e escore da variável canônica) apenas quando eles foram avaliados através do escore normalizado da variável canônica, com maior eficiência dos sistemas quando a cenoura foi consorciada com a alface 'Lucy Brown'. Os sistemas consorciados de cenoura 'Alvorada' + alface 'Lucy Brown' ou de cenoura 'Brasília' + alface 'Lucy Brown' são aqueles a serem indicados ao produtor.
Construindo o campo da pesquisa: reflexões sobre a sociabilidade estabelecida entre pesquisador e seus informantes
Authors: Leite Silvana Nair , Vasconcellos Maria da Penha Costa
Published: February 2008

A construção do campo de estudo em pesquisas que envolvem relações humanas exige mais que técnicas de pesquisa. As relações entre pesquisador e seus informantes precisam ser construídas no desenvolvimento do estudo, exigindo sensibilidade e flexibilidade para possibilitar o diálogo entre as partes e o sucesso da pesquisa de campo. O texto aqui apresentado propõe discutir a experiência desenvolvida no campo de estudo de itinerário terapêutico no âmbito familiar em Itajaí-SC, abordando a construção na perspectiva antropológica, bem como a inserção no universo familiar e a relação com os informantes. Para apreender a complexidade das significações e das ações construídas no cotidiano, concluí-se ser fundamental a disposição do pesquisador em estar aberto para apreender 'de dentro' as categorias culturais manifestadas pelos sujeitos no campo.
Memórias da cólera no Pará (1855 e 1991): tragédias se repetem?
Authors: Beltrão Jane Felipe
Published: February 2008

Na epidemia de cólera no Pará, em 1991, o número de vítimas foi elevado, e embora os enfermos se recuperassem rapidamente, relutavam em deixar o hospital. As condições de vida no século XIX eram, guardadas as proporções, semelhantes às enfrentadas pelos coléricos agora atendidos no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB). No século XX, a doença parecia presa a antigas estruturas e produzia preocupações descabidas, uma vez que o tratamento hoje é rápido e eficaz. Logo emergiram as histórias de outrora, apresentando terríveis imagens da epidemia de cólera ocorrida em 1855. Analisaram-se memórias dos coléricos, de seus parentes e demais protagonistas, e compulsaram-se documentos. Encontraram-se indicações que possibilitam a comparação entre epidemias ontem e hoje, permitindo prever a repetição de tragédias devidas à permanência de condições de vida a que estavam submetidos os pobres nos séculos XIX e XX.
Los intereses etico-politicos en la investigacion. Elementos para una discusion
Authors: Orozco Silva Luis Enrique
Published: February 2008

Para hacer ver las limitaciones que tiene el ateoricismo de los procesos de formación de jóvenes investigadores, el autor muestra el estado de la discusión sobre la presencia de los intereses ético-políticos del investigador en su práctica de investigación. Esto con el fin de brindar elementos de juicio para el análisis crítico de los programas de formación de los jóvenes investigadores. Con base en los textos clásicos, el autor analiza las dos grandes tradiciones en materia de concepción del método científico, con énfasis en las ciencias sociales, y sus implicaciones. De modo específico contrasta el punto de vista del racionalismo crítico de K. Popper y la teoría crítica en las obras de J. Habermas. El autor concluye mostrando la necesidad de asumir los interese etico-políticios de la investigación en un dialogo abierto que haga visibles los procesos ideológicos y los intereses políticos que subyacen a la producción de conocimiento.
Reflexões sobre o processo de avaliar docente contribuindo com sua formação
Authors: Castanheira Ana Maria , Ceroni Mary Rosane
Published: February 2008

Baseando-se na importância dos processos de avaliação educacionais previstos e enfatizados pelo SINAES (Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Superior) e levando em conta novas abordagens sobre a formação do docente do ensino superior desenvolve-se a presente discussão sobre a inserção de práticas avaliativas. Busca-se identificar processos de avaliação que sejam relevantes e que tenham um papel eficiente para provocar mudanças frente aos conflitos e a complexidade do processo de ensino. O estudo fundamenta-se na reflexão sobre o que é importante na implantação de processos de avaliação dos docentes e na discussão de uma metodologia apropriada que contribua para a formação do educador, para a obtenção de dados confiáveis e sua análise visando à tomada correta de decisão. A questão central é o que é esperado professor frente às novas concepções de avaliação e ensino.
Descriptive Evidence from Audit Practice on SAS No. 99 Brainstorming Activities
Authors: Bellovary Jodi L. , Johnstone Karla M.
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY: This paper describes how auditors conduct brainstorming sessions to comply with the requirements of SAS No. 99. We gather evidence by interviewing 22 auditors at all personnel levels across seven audit firms (including all of the Big 4 firms) and by observing actual brainstorming sessions. The results reveal how auditors prepare for brainstorming sessions and allow us to describe a typical four-step brainstorming session process. We describe brainstorming group interactions and provide evidence on brainstorming session outcomes in terms of fraud risk assessments, audit plan modifications, and budget modifications. Finally, we report how audit firms encourage professional skepticism during brainstorming.