bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: February 2023

‘Introduction’ explains the aims and reasons behind writing The Unremembered Nation. It provides details of the sources of information and methods used in researching for the book. History and other chronicles of the past were primarily about succession to the top civilian and monastic posts, but such narratives fell short of any record of the myriad traces of lives of the ordinary people long before modernization began in 1960s. The Unremembered Nation attempts to close this gap. ‘Introduction’ sketches the storyline of the book as it unfolds accounts of births and rebirths in a household, making of houses and matrimonies, rearing of children and livestock in a village, and husbandry of lands and forests around a valley. After sketching these fundamental aspects of existence, ‘Introduction’ chalks out the outlines on migration, trade, and travel over different climatic and linguistic areas. Colours, sounds, and other sensory experiences of ordinary people are described. Lastly, ‘Introduction’ summarizes chapters on monumental architecture and administration, authority and power, cosmological concepts and beliefs, religions and rites, fine arts and folk drama that affect the daily life of the people.
Introduction
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

As a concept and practice, reparations evoke a myriad of understandings and expectations in how they are intended to repair the past and continuing harms. This introduction provides an outline of the key themes throughout the book and how it is structured. It begins by spelling out the position of reparations in international law, the vernacular of reparations and how it reflects different meanings for interviewees, the parameters of war and armed conflict in the book, and a background of the project. The final section indicates the remaining structure of the book through nine substantive chapters and the themes and issues that are analysed in each.
A Responsive Judicial Voice
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the notion of a responsive judicial “voice,” or how choices about judicial authorship, narrative and tone may influence the public reaction to a court decision, and thus both its political and sociological legitimacy. It notes the significance to the acceptance of judicial decisions of the background of a judge, and the relationship between that background and that of parties or broader actors disappointed by the decision. It further suggests that courts should make conscious choices to assign responsibility for judicial opinion writing in light of this, and adopt a tone and approach to reasoning that shows respect to losing parties, and draws on a range of narratives likely to appeal to diverse audiences—including those persuaded by more local and global norms or appeals. Finally, the chapter notes the degree to which these various forms of responsive judging, or judicial statecraft, may be used in service of pro- and anti-democratic ends, and hence must be approached with caution by those committed to democratic responsiveness.
Conclusion
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: February 2023

This chapter concludes the book by restating the core ideas in earlier parts, and considering the degree to which they offer principles that all judges, in all countries, can usefully turn to in the process of constructional choice. Constitutional theory, it suggests, must inevitably be adapted to the specific constitutional context. And the best way to engage in adaptation of this kind is through a truly collaborative cross-national constitutional dialogue. But constitutional principles can still have relevance across a range of constitutional contexts. And while responsive judicial review, and judging, assume a quite high degree of judicial skill—including an appreciation of both legal and political context, and norms of legitimacy—there are many notable judges who have demonstrated this level of skill in recent decades. One judge sensitive to notions of responsive review can also help encourage responsiveness on the part of an entire court. And the hope is that, by providing an explicit blueprint for review of this kind, the book itself may contribute to judicial capacity to engage in review of this kind.
Englishwala Politics
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

As newspapers and journals were censored and made to print state-sanctioned propaganda, many were forced to reinvent the ways in which information and ideas were articulated and disseminated. Analyzing the role played by the English language in this flow of information, this chapter examines the responses to the Emergency of four diverse English-language periodicals, from a highbrow publication on politics and culture (Seminar), through a literary journal (Quest), an underground news service (Satyavani), to a then brand-new popular magazine (India Today). Reporting on the Emergency owes its complexity and complicity to censorship for sure, but also to the increasing tensions structuring the growing middle class in India and abroad. The ostensible depoliticization of public rhetoric seems to have first been a survival strategy and then an ideology. This depoliticization set the ground for the first regime change in modern Indian history, and the subsequent legitimization of the Hindu right. In the process of shifting to its new sociological and cultural roles, Indian writing in English became increasingly aware of its rhetorical modes of political engagement, refiguring the genres in which it made sense of its crises and continuities.
The First Impossibility Proof
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

Pythagoras at first believed that everything can be expressed in terms of natural numbers. However, one of his followers discovered that there are line segments, such as the side and diagonal of a square, whose ratio cannot be expressed as the ratio of two natural numbers. They are incommensurable. This chapter analyses what we know about the Greek discovery of incommensurable magnitudes and discusses the enormous consequences the discovery had for the further development of Greek mathematics. In particular, it led to a pure formulation of geometry where line segments and areas are not measured by numbers. Finally, we discuss Euclid’s backhanded treatment of the incommensurability question.
Impossibility of Proving the Parallel Postulate
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

Since Euclid, many mathematicians have attempted to prove the parallel postulate from other postulates of geometry. However, no one has found a convincing proof. Around 1820 Gauss, Lobachevsky, and Bolyai became convinced that one cannot prove the parallel postulate. This opened up the possibility of developing a so-called non-Euclidean geometry in which the parallel postulate does not hold. Nevertheless, it lasted another half-century before it was proved that it is indeed impossible to prove the parallel postulate. This happened when Beltrami, using Gauss’s theory of surfaces, showed that non-Euclidean geometry is realized on a surface with constant negative Gaussian curvature. Beltrami’s method of modeling one theory within another became important as a general method of proving independence of separate axioms in an axiom system.
Hilbert and Gödel on Axiomatization and Incompleteness
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

Hilbert’s formal approach to mathematics called for the axiomatization of all branches of mathematics. According to Hilbert, a mathematical theory exists if its axioms are consistent. That raised the question of consistency of arithmetic. Hilbert also required that the axiom system should be complete in the sense that it would be possible to prove any well-formed statement in the theory or prove its negation. In his second Paris problem, he called for proofs of completeness and consistency of arithmetic. However, in 1930 Gödel proved that such proofs do not exist in the system. Morerover, in the tenth problem Hilbert had asked for an algorithm to decide whether a Diophantine equation is solvable. In 1970 Matiyasevich showed that such an algorithm does not exist either.
Fermat’s Last Theorem
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

Around 1640 Fermat claimed that he could prove that it is impossible to solve the equation xn + yn = zn if x, y, z, and n are natural numbers and n ≥ 3. Fermat gave a proof of a related theorem that proved the statement when n = 4 but did not reveal his alleged general proof. The following century Euler proved the impossibility in case n = 3 and during the nineteenth century the impossibility was established for many values of n. Sophie Germain and Kummer made significant contributions. The general theorem was proved in 1994 by Andrew Wiles with the help from Richard Taylor. Wiles built on many previous results on elliptic curves and modular forms.
The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter deals with an unusual publication that Charles issued in 1916. It explains the origin of the idea that he should translate the Chronicle of John, Bishop in the Egyptian city of Nikiu, and it continues with an account of the facts that the Chronicle, preserved in the Ethiopic language alone, had only recently been made available and it had not yet been translated into English. It notes that the latter chapters of the Chronicle which described the Muslim conquest of Egypt was a valuable addition to the information found in other, later sources concerning this period and that Charles, who was an expert in Ethiopic, agreed to prepare the translation. The chapter surveys the contents of John’s Chronicle and its textual history, from an original in Greek through an Arabic translation (now both lost) to the Ethiopic rendering. It deals with Charles’s assessment of the work of Hermann Zotenberg, the first editor and translator of the text (into French) and the characteristics of Charles’s translation. Included are an overview of reviews that Charles’s book received at the time and a brief statement about the present reception of his translation.
The Service Environment
Authors: Jeff HHJ , Reed Darren
Published: February 2023

The jurisdiction of Service Courts and a description of the Court Martial, the role and function of the judge advocate, and the relationship with lay members.
Appeals and Reviews
Authors: Jeff HHJ , Reed Darren
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers all appeals and reviews available in the Service Justice System: review of summary dealings by commanding officers; the summary appeal court dealing with appeals from the commanding officer; reviews of punishments awarded to service persons under sentence at the military corrective training centre; appeals from the service civilian court to the Court Martial and the Court Martial appeal court.
Narratives of the Past
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers the production of traditional genres of historical writing in Puglia and problematizes its disappearance after the monarchy was created in 1130. It first explores historical production in two key urban centres—Bari and Troia—in the period c.1040–c.1130, with particular focus on traditions of annalistic writing, and also possible lost Pugliese works which seem to survive as echoes of fragments in extant sources. It then discusses the production of historical writing within the kingdom of Sicily from 1130 to 1266, surveying the types of traditional works of historiography that emerged in this period, and noting one with a clear association with Puglia. It highlights that, while there might be an absence of conventional historical writing in post-1130 Puglia, other forms of important media and spaces existed to channel and record the remembrance of the past, such as hagiographies, necrologies, urban consciousness, buildings, inscriptions, and confraternities.
In tempore
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

This chapter synthesizes evidence from across the preceding chapters to examine the concept of periodization as manifested through the memory of the past in Pugliese documentation. It considers how Pugliese individuals and communities experienced the compartmentalization of the past and considers the central agency of the monarchy/empire in this conceptualization of blocks of time. In the thirteenth century, the reign of King William II (which lasted from 1166 to 1189) and his death increasingly engendered a fundamental chronological marker, one used as a reference point to reset the past, while other periods of rule were erased. Evidence from the series of Pugliese inquests from the 1220s onwards also reveals a set of interwoven eras (shaped around the deaths of rulers, coronations, archiepiscopates, office-holding, governmental mandates, destruction of a city, family histories, etc).
Brief resumé of nonlinear elasticity theory
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: February 2023

Those aspects of nonlinear elasticity theory that are central to the understanding of the elastic-plastic response of materials are surveyed in detail. These include restrictions on materal moduli and the concept of material symmetry forming the foundation for models of elastic-plastic response.
Mapping the Universe
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter surveys the changes that have taken place in the science of astronomy over the last two centuries. It looks at the shifting views of astronomers themselves with regard to the scope of astronomy. It looks at the changing composition of the astronomical workforce and surveys the development of challenging new ideas about the nature and scope of the physical universe. It shows how increasingly large telescopes were used to map the heavens and state observatories were instituted. It shows how new techniques such as spectroscopy were deployed to investigate the composition of celestial bodies and how new ideas about the size and age of the universe were developed.
Paraphrase Techniques for Nihilists
Authors: Inwagen Peter van
Published: February 2023

Many sentences like ‘Some chairs are heavier than some tables’ seem both to be true and to imply the existence of composite objects. Some nihilists response to the challenge such sentences present by replacing them with “nihilistically acceptable paraphrases,” sentences that serve the same practical ends but do not even seem to imply the existence of composite objects. The chairs/tables sentence has been given the paraphrase ‘There are xs that are arranged chairwise and there are ys that are arranged tablewise, and the xs are heavier than the ys’. But Gabriel Uzquiano has given examples of apparently true sentences that apparently imply the existence of composite objects and which cannot be given nihilistically acceptable paraphrases using only the devices displayed in the chairwise/tablewise paraphrase. This chapter presents techniques that enable one to provide nihilistically acceptable paraphrases of Uzquiano’s “challenge” sentences and proceeds to discuss some possible limitations of these techniques.
Essence and Thisness
Authors: Han Sungil
Published: February 2023

The project of grounding necessity in essence often goes together with the model of essence that assimilates the constitutive essence of an object to the definition of it. The chapter argues that if the grounding project is to succeed, the definitional model must be questioned. Like any object whatever, a concrete individual is necessarily identical to that individual. It is argued that this necessity can have an essential ground only if the primitive identity property of it or its thisness is essential to it, and the thisness is in its constitutive essence while not in the definition of it. A concrete individual is in essence partly definable but not fully explainable, for the definition of it forms a crucial part of its constitutive essence, but the constitutive essence includes something fundamental beyond definition or explanation. The definitional model must give way to a model of essence that accommodates this.
Prudence and Perdurance
Authors: Miller Kristie , West Caroline
Published: February 2023

Many philosophers are sympathetic to a perdurantist view of persistence. One challenge facing this view lies in its ability to ground prudential rationality. If, as many have thought, numerical identity over time is required to ground there being sui generis (i.e. non-instrumental) prudential reasons, then perdurantists can appeal only to instrumental reasons. But it is hard to see how, by appealing only to instrumental reasons, the perdurantist can vindicate the axiom of prudence: the axiom that any person-stage has reason to promote the wellbeing of any other person-stage that is part of the same person as that stage. Call the claim that perdurantists cannot vindicate the axiom, and hence that the view should be rejected, the normative argument against perdurantism. This chapter argues that purely instrumental rationality can ground the truth of this axiom, and hence that the normative argument against perdurantism fails.
‘Survival of the unfittest’
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh)
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 offers a new perspective on the infamous opening run of J. M. Synge’s The Playboy of the Western World (1907) and the debates over sexual health it precipitated. Calling into question traditional accounts of the Playboy riots, which pit a sexually progressive Abbey Theatre against a rebarbative nationalist rabble, this chapter demonstrates that Synge, his supporters, and his opponents were often united in their use of a ‘rhetoric of health’: an over-determined discourse in which the lexicons of evolution, eugenics, and degeneration are combined for political ends. Re-reading the Playboy and its riotous reception in conversation with Synge’s critical, autobiographical, and ethnographic prose, and a range of Irish-Ireland cultural commentary, this chapter illustrates the ways in which the explanatory mechanisms of biology and ethnography could be harnessed to naturalize radically divergent political positions in debates over Ireland’s future in the aftermath of Parnell’s fall.
‘Veni, V.D., Vici!’
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh)
Published: February 2023

The 1960s marked a period of relative liberalization, modernization, and prosperity for the Republic of Ireland. This chapter explores why, under such circumstances, Flann O’Brien (Brian O’Nolan) felt compelled to retreat from an increasingly confident present into what, in his much-maligned final novel, The Hard Life (1961), he constructs as the sexually squalid and politically paralysed culture of turn-of-the-century Dublin. Moving beyond The Hard Life, it identifies how, in O’Nolan’s late fiction, drama, and Cruiskeen Lawn columns, the key themes and debates addressed in this study re-emerge in an exhausted or ‘used-up’ manner. At the same time, by examining O’Nolan’s thwarted efforts to stage a Syngean confrontation with Dublin audiences and a Joycean confrontation with the censorship board, it illustrates how Irish modernist provocations in the domain of sexual health had been surpassed by their context, even as the issues which animated them remained socially divisive and culturally urgent.
Production, Regulation, and Distribution of COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines
Authors: Bennett Belinda , Freckelton Ian , Wolf Gabrielle
Published: February 2023

Chapter 12, ‘Production, Regulation, and Distribution of COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines’, examines the layers of law and regulation that have constituted obstacles to or mechanisms for facilitating the rapid production and broad distribution of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines. The chapter considers global governance structures that have been used to improve access to these medical products, but also impediments posed by some countries to their equitable and worldwide distribution. This chapter looks at the implications of these measures and also of decisions regarding allocation of scarce COVID-19 treatments and vaccines for human rights. Also explored in this chapter is how regulatory authorities have managed the tension between needing to respond promptly to the risks posed by COVID-19 while ensuring that treatments and vaccines released to the public are safe and efficacious. This chapter examines law and policy that have sought to circumvent intellectual property laws which in turn have hindered the manufacture and distribution of COVID-19 treatments and vaccines. It highlights differentials in the availability of vaccines to persons in the developed world and to those in low- and middle-income countries.
A Home from Home?
Authors: Soares Claudia
Published: February 2023

A pioneering study of children’s social care in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book presents new information and develops conceptual thinking about the history of children’s care by investigating the centrality of key ideas about home, family, and nurture that shaped welfare provision for children at this time. Departing from narratives of reform and discipline which have dominated scholarship on children’s welfare institutions, the book’s focus on key themes of home, family, and nurture offers a radically different view of the role and function of children’s care agencies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on material culture and social history approaches, this book provides a new type of study of social care that offers a ‘bottom-up’ study of children’s welfare and the significance of specific types of care practices that held particular cultural and ideological meaning. At its core, the book uses unique first-hand accounts, individual case records, and personal correspondence of children in care in Britain to locate the voices and subjectivities of institutionalized children and their families within the voluntary welfare system between 1870 and 1920. In doing so, it uncovers the real lives, experiences, and attitudes of the children placed in care and their family members and offers new understandings about the role of children’s social care in the past, at a time when children’s care historically and in the present day is a topical issue in public consciousness in the UK and internationally.
Epilogue
Authors: Soares Claudia
Published: February 2023

The epilogue brings together the implications from previous chapters for understanding broader histories of child welfare and for contemporary care practices. Faced with burgeoning questions today about the duty of care and protection of children in England and Wales, driven by recent inquiries, the epilogue ties together historical and contemporary knowledge about the type of care that children need. In doing so, the epilogue demonstrates how embedded and of pervasive importance notions of home and family have been in such debates since the mid-nineteenth century, while also drawing attention to how such institutions and their roles have come to be understood. Finally, in highlighting an alternative way of thinking about and evaluating experience within children’s institutions that moves away from practices of reform and discipline, the epilogue proposes several new directions for the study of childhood, welfare, and children’s care in the past and in the present.
On Becoming a Real Human Child
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter correlates the meaning of childhood and the nature of moral perfection in Carlo Collodi’s narrative and Disney’s adaptation of Pinocchio. According to contemporary children’s story writer Maurice Sendak, Disney established Pinocchio’s desire to grow up as the story’s central concern instead of focusing on the imperative to be good. Collodi defined being a good child as being in a proper relationship with one’s parents. Filial love and responsible relationships with family are the central themes of Collodi’s narrative. Moreover, the allegory of heart in Pinocchio coincides with the potential of being wholly human and being created in the image and likeness of God.
Conclusion
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter concludes by arguing that fairy tales are able to nourish the moral imagination of their readers. It talks about how the betterment of children can be achieved even though reading alone does not solve the moral crisis of childhood. Most fairy tales cover the themes of self-sacrifice, love, friendship, faith, courage, or beauty. Devices used also include the characters working on becoming real or struggling against evil and redemption. The chapter recommends several fairy tales and fantasy children’s books to read in regard to these themes. It also gives examples of picture books that contain retellings of the original narratives, and a number of anthologies of fairy tales that remain faithful to the original.
Interlude
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

By taking a historical perspective, we can see that the use of empirical psychology as an apodictic system for explaining the mind makes it resembles mythology. Mythology is an explanatory framework that includes causal-predictive principles, an origin story, and ritual practices that enact and entrain knowledge. Within a given society, mythology serves as a collective epistemic niche that structures belief and practice. Psychology serves as a mythological origin story of human nature by articulating our commitment to individualism and materialism. The chapter reflects upon the emotional and pragmatic need to secure explanation and how psychology as a mythology fulfils these functions. Mythology serves as an analogical vehicle for deriving meaning and explanation by formalizing knowledge in a manner that satisfies the affective and cognitive needs of belief.
Sensing Beauty
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 takes on the problem of beauty and pleasure in the moral repertoire through an examination of the exquisitely illustrative Octonaires corpus. Although the Stoic tradition frequently warned against the links between beauty, pleasure, and immoderate desire, Stoics displayed a profound courage in embracing the risks of aesthetic and sensory experience as an essential pathway to fully rational moral formation. When the prefaces and content are considered, the Octonaires offer a window into an ethics of musical beauty through what may be for some an unlikely place: musical text painting. There, in a musical domain often devalued for its childish literalism or its amateur accessibility, we find a script for bringing thought and feeling into counterpoint through a richly multi-sensory musical experience.
Rehearsing Death
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

Chapter 8 returns to the most central exercise of Stoic therapeutics and its invitation to daily meditate on death. Paradoxically their most difficult and popular teaching, the Stoics argued that lasting happiness could be cultivated through an unflinching contemplation of human mortality, imaginative premeditation of misfortune, strategic denial of pleasure, and persistent contemplation of worldly transience. The rich expression of the memento mori theme in moral song collections, emblems, and vanitas paintings reveals the alignment of artistic and philosophical objectives born out of the Stoic advice to “follow nature” as painters, poets, and composers explored the excruciating beauty of decay and the irresistible glory of ruins. Drawing attention to the problems of time and duration, these skillful artistic compositions therapeutically naturalize the instability of temporal experience through a heightened appreciation of the present.
Introduction
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Süleyman was one of the first to come up with the idea of having his biography written. The outcome was the Sulaymannama (Book of Süleyman), an illustrated history in Persian verse. He also strove to leave behind a legacy in the form of poetry collections as well as many charitable works and building complexes. Modern scholarship studies this legacy, together with other forms of documentation, to arrive at a multifaceted narrative. Such a biography places Süleyman and the Ottomans in their appropriate place in regional and global history. It also provides insights on political power and human agency. In order to eschew romanticized and exoticized narratives, we also have to admit that our view of Süleyman and his reign has to have certain gaps and limitations in the absence of an exhaustive body of evidence.
Childhood and Adolescence: Raising a Prince, 1494/5–1509
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Süleyman was born in Trabzon, on the Black Sea coast, in 1494 or 1495. He grew up in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious town. He received an elite education under the supervision of tutors, including a strong poetic formation. He also received martial training. He established strong relationships with his father Selim, his mother Hafsa, his tutor Hayreddin, and a child named Yahya. He also lived in a district where contagious diseases and food scarcity were rampant, even for the upper classes. The rise of the Safavid movement to power upset the regional economy upon which Trabzon depended and eroded any sense of stability and security that may have existed. Süleyman grew up under the shadow of a restless father who tried, with limited financial and human resources, to cope with these crises and prepare for an upcoming struggle with his brothers for the throne.
Transparency at Sentencing
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: February 2023

A frequently heard criticism, particularly in high-stakes settings such as criminal sentencing, is that automated decision-making aids can be highly opaque. In this chapter, the author analyzes two conceptions of transparency: transparency as a norm of publicity, and transparency as a norm of intelligibility. Automated decision-making aids plausibly raise concerns along both of these dimensions. However, the relative strength of these ethical concerns is mitigated on an incrementalist, rather than idealized, ethical analysis. This is because existing modes of human decision-making also suffer from defects of secrecy and intelligibility. In some cases, this is by design, as when officials are prohibited from revealing the bases of their decisions, and in some cases this is a feature of human psychology, as decision makers possess limited and partial insight into the reasons that actually explain why they decide as they do. Consequently, the strength of ethical objections grounded in transparency as publicity, and transparency as intelligibility, remains ambiguous.
Enhancing the Integrity of the Sentencing Process through the Use of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bagaric Mirko , Hunter Dan
Published: February 2023

The likelihood that a defendant will reoffend is one of the key considerations that informs sentencing outcomes. It is relevant to the aims of community protection, specific deterrence, and rehabilitation. Despite this, empirical data establishes that judges make poor predictions regarding whether defendants will reoffend. Algorithms are being increasingly used in some parts of the United States to determine the risk that offenders will commit other crimes. This practice has come under considerable criticism for a range of reasons. This chapter examines the persuasiveness of criticisms of sentencing algorithms, discusses the relative limitations of both human and computational decision-making, and argues that properly designed artificial intelligence systems can significantly enhance the integrity of the sentencing process.
Artificial Intelligence and SentencingHumans against Machines
Authors: van Wingerden Sigrid , Plesničar Mojca M.
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, we explore whether AI would be better in making legitimate sentencing decisions than human judges. In order to do so, we first develop a multilayered model to assess the legitimacy of sentencing, and then compare human and machine judges (current machine learning AI and futuristic AI as a full moral agent) on their abilities to achieve legitimate sentencing. We conclude that human judges and machine judges have their own strengths and weaknesses in different aspects of our model. However, we believe the “human” in sentencing is so important, that even futuristic super AI should never be entrusted to fully take over sentencing from human judges.
Music Theory and Sight-Reading Sequence for Level 3 Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter expands students’ ability to think in sound and learn about more advanced rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic chord progressions in the choral ensemble. The sight-reading and music theory sequence is intended for varsity-level high school ensembles and auditioned collegiate groups. The chapter contains music theory teaching strategies for addressing more advanced rhythmic and melodic concepts and elements found in Romantic, 20th Century, 21st Century choral music. These teaching strategies can be used to expand students’ understanding of rhythm and melodic elements or can be used to instruct students about rhythmic or melodic elements that appear in choral music. The chapter also includes a section on how to approach teaching twentieth- and twenty-first-century repertoire. The final section focuses on developing a stylistic analysis of repertoire and harmonic hearing for all the major styles of music. Ideas are presented as to how to analyze and sing typical chord progressions found in choral music. Particular attention is paid to identifying suitable repertoire, including canons. The goal is to help choral students become more aware of the harmonic elements and implications in this repertoire and improve part-work skills.
Scaffolding a Teaching Strategy for Choral Music
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides guidelines for analyzing, learning and memorizing, conducting, and teaching a choral score. It offers guidelines for analyzing, audiating, and conducting a score as well as specific strategies for teaching the piece to a choir. Music examples illustrating these strategies are provided. Included is a discussion of incorporating more strategies for using the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation model for teaching repertoire. The chapter concludes with an expanded choral rehearsal plan that integrates the preparation, presentation, and practice activities for learning a new score, as well as a detailed checklist for evaluating the effectiveness of a choral rehearsal plan.
Orientation to the Pentatonic Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

In this unit and the next, students will learn about the l-s-m subset of the pentatonic scale. This trichord forms the basis of many simple folk songs, some of which are presented as exercises in the chapter. The music theory sections introduce students to the placement of pitches on the staff as well as dynamic markings found in scores.
Simple Meter
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit shows how the sounds on the beat are grouped into three uneven sounds: a long sound followed by two short sounds and two short sounds followed by a long sound. Various meters and keys are used for the musical examples, and assessment tools are provided.
Upbeats
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces the upper extended range of the pentatonic scale, as well as internal and external upbeats. It provides numerous examples in a variety of keys and offers assessment tools.
Simple Meter
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents dotted-note combinations that occur when the sounds on the beat are grouped into two uneven sounds: a long sound followed by a short sound or a short sound followed by a long sound. It offers numerous exercises in a variety of keys, as well as assessment tools.
Romantic Twenty-First-Century Style Compositions
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents Romantic literature for sight-reading.
Broadway Bodies
Authors: Donovan Ryan
Published: February 2023

Broadway has body issues. Broadway Bodies: A Critical History of Conformity contends that Broadway has historically treated, and continues to treat, its fictional characters with more care than the actors hoping to get cast in these roles. Casting is the site of power relations that most clearly reveals Broadway’s limited tolerance of difference. These relations converge in the ideology of the “Broadway Body”: the hyper-fit, hyper-able, triple-threat performer who represents the ultimate commodification of the body for the Broadway economy. Casting is always a political act, situated within a power structure favoring certain kinds of bodies. On Broadway, that body has increasingly been the Broadway Body. Broadway Bodies centers how ability, sexuality, and size intersect with gender, race, and ethnicity in both casting and performance. Some questions explored in the book include: How does the use of fat suits in a musicals like Dreamgirls and Hairspray actually stigmatize fatness? What were the political implications of casting two white heterosexual actors as the gay couple in La Cage aux Folles in 1983? How do Deaf actors change the sound of musicals in Deaf West’s Broadway revivals? How do musicals use the aesthetics of physical difference as a metaphor for disability? Broadway Bodies tells a history of Broadway’s inclusion of various forms of difference while shining a light on its simultaneous ambivalence toward non-conforming bodies. Broadway is a battleground for body politics.
Deaf West’s Awakening of Broadway
Authors: Donovan Ryan
Published: February 2023

Musicals privilege the aural and the visual; they are as much about hearing the score as seeing the staging, which makes the form often inaccessible to audience members and actors alike denied access and accommodation. The perception of musical theatre performance as a style of hyper-ability, embodied by the triple-threat performer, contributes to the exclusion of Deaf and hard-of-hearing actors and spectators because it misrecognizes the ability of these actors and ASL to make music and dance. Deaf West Theatre’s Big River and Spring Awakening offer a more capacious understanding of the kinds of abilities musicals can include as they redefine what ability means on Broadway. The casting and staging of Deaf West’s revival of Spring Awakening provided a notable model of accessibility and inclusion for Broadway. The production staged d/Deaf and disability identities pedagogically for hearing audiences. This chapter examines casting Deaf West’s Spring Awakening, recasting the musical itself in ASL, its reception, and implications for the future of whose bodies are Broadway bodies.
It’s Easier to Imagine the End of Music Education than the End of Competition
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter employs philosopher and cultural theorist Mark Fisher’s concept of capitalist realism as a tool to analyze how the competitive structures of school music impose limits and define horizons of possibility for music students, teachers, and programs. This analysis works on two levels. First, competitive structures in music education parallel the broader neoliberal capitalist economic structure in several ways, such as organizing relations among students, teachers, and schools as competitive; evaluating the performance of music programs through externally audited, standardized competitive events; and interpellating music teachers and students as competitors. Second, and central to the chapter’s argument, just as the capitalist economic system defines the parameters within which we think and act, the ideology of competition in school music delimits the possibilities of our thoughts and actions. Further, the chapter shows how the ideology of capitalist realism results in, for both the wider society and music classrooms, the individualization and privatization of social concerns and an increase in an audit culture with its accompanying bureaucracy.
The One-Dimensional Music Program
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the ideology of competition in music education through the work of Herbert Marcuse, a German American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, who was associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. It draws especially on his works Eros and Civilization and One-Dimensional Man. Although these works are several decades old, Marcuse was especially prescient in foreseeing the current neoliberal predicament. Music education that aims all efforts at producing high-level performances suitable for judgment in high-stakes competitions is, in Marcusian terms, “one-dimensional.” That is, all instructional and material efforts within the music program are devoted to a singular goal: competitive success. This chapter provides examples from school music programs in Texas, because the competitive structure of school music in that state represents the height of hypercompetition in music education, and it serves as a model for others looking to replicate the system of high-level performance and competitive results.
Solidarity
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter begins with a critique of a common concept of inclusion—making the hegemonic structure accessible to all students. It then offers a different model of inclusion, one in which a universal limit paradoxically leads to a more varied, reflexive, and responsive music education at the singular register. The chapter then calls for collective praxis to enact change on a structural level. Finally, it concludes by summarizing the theoretical and practical implications presented in this book. Everyone struggles under competition—the losers who work and work but can never seem to win, those who do not participate at all, those whose music-making is not validated by the hegemonic system, and even those who win consistently but feel the pressure to maintain this one-dimensional focus. These are seemingly different problems, but when we examine the situation closely, we realize these struggles are all stemming from the same underlying problem. Fortunately, working together in solidarity, we can do something about it.
Introduction
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

This Introduction lays out the historical and theoretical framework for the entire book, speaking to the fields of dance studies and China studies. It first states the research questions and main contributions of the book, and then introduces the major Chinese modern dancers under study—Yu Rongling, Wu Xiaobang, Dai Ailian, and Guo Mingda—and their connections to the Western canonical counterparts, including Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman, Rudolf von Laban, and Alwin Nikolais. It explains the book’s transnational and transcultural perspective and its critical, dialectic stance toward both Eurocentrism and Sinocentrism in Western and Chinese dance historiographies. The chapter critically compares John Martin’s expression theory of modern dance with the Chinese counterpart and points out the distinctive characteristics of dance modernism in China in terms of dance’s intermedial relation to language and other artistic mediums. It then reflects on the nature of the book as “a dance history without dance,” as well as on the employed primary sources and interpretive strategies, by integrating theoretical views on this issue in the existing dance scholarship. The Introduction concludes with chapter outlines.
Traveling “Princess” and Dancing “Diplomat”
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

Chapter 1 follows Yu Rongling’s international travel in the early 1900s from Paris to the late Qing court, where she transformed Isadora Duncan’s “Greek dance” into its Chinese counterpart under the auspices of Empress Dowager Cixi. It shows that, on the one hand, Western early modern dance incorporated the “Oriental body” within itself, rather than simply treating it as some exotic other. On the other hand, Yu’s “Chinese dance” cannot be understood as some “invented tradition” created by the local as some “old” way to resist the “new” way imposed by colonial powers, because it exposes and exploits the paradox inherent in dance modernism: modern dance is, in Yu’s words, “both inventing the new and reviving the old.” The chapter demonstrates that this paradox is caused by a particular mode of corporeal modernity underlying early modern dance, which is characterized by the blurred boundaries between the past and the future, the universal and the national. This corporeal modernity enabled early modern dance and the cosmopolitan women performing it to cross various borders of race, culture, nation, and time. However, it can also be appropriated and re-articulated by the local to handle anxieties about perceived differences that sprang from all these border-crossings within a global colonial hierarchy. Therefore, this chapter contributes to the rethinking of the origin of modernism and feminism as global and multiple, instead of exclusively Western, in nature and of the evolving late Qing court as part of global modernity, rather than simply a “backward” and “reclusive” monarchy.
Dancing Reclusion in the Great Leap Forward
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on Wu Xiaobang’s paradoxical “classical new dance” in the late 1950s of the socialist era. By that time, Wu’s new dance had fallen out of political favor due to its “bourgeois ideology.” As a response, Wu looked into Chinese literary and philosophical classics to create the “classical new dance” as a disguised haven to harbor his modernist ideas. This genre was the antithesis of “Chinese classical dance” that was contemporaneously being developed. The invention of Chinese classical dance was part of a national project, demanded by the Chinese Communist Party, to create “national forms” in literature and arts by resorting to Chinese traditional and folk forms. A purpose of this national project was to use “national forms” as a means to interpellate the bourgeois, West-leaning intellectuals and artists into subjection to the new regime. Wu’s classical new dance was a circuitous modernist critique of both “invented tradition” and “national forms,” and thus a deflection of the state’s interpellation, by denying codified form in dance. Moreover, Wu appropriated the Chinese intellectual ideal of “reclusion” in his classical new dance to construct an individual-based, spiritual utopia to resist the collectivist, material utopia of the Great Leap Forward Campaign. However, Wu’s resistance is conflicted in nature: his embrace of spirituality is at the cost of the body’s physicality in dance. Therefore, this chapter sheds light on the possibilities and limits of the agency of artists in negotiating the relative independence of art within the ideological control of the socialist state.
Conclusion
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book, which concern the challenges associated with effective choice over time in light of the possibility of rationally cyclic preferences and rationally incomplete preferences. Each chapter of the book is briefly reviewed. The eight chapters reviewed include the following: Chapter 1: Disorderly Preferences; Chapter 2: Self-Defeating Self-Governance; Chapter 3: Instrumental Rationality Revamped; Chapter 4: Parity; Chapter 5: Incomparability; Chapter 6: Betterness; Chapter 7: Resolutions and Regret upon Going Astray; and Chapter 8: Regret in Continued Endorsement Cases. Key take-home messages are emphasized. The central take-home message is that rationality can handle quite a lot of messiness. This is important, since rationality wouldn’t be all that helpful if, whenever messiness threatened, we had to rush to its rescue rather than look to it for guidance.