bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sector process and episodes of change: an analysis of daily newspapers in The Netherlands
Authors: Sminia Harry
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a framework for analysing sector change based on the theory of social becoming. It is argued that:

There are four levels of social structure that characterize a sector. These are the opportunity level, the normative level, the ideal level and the interactional level.

Change is paired with contradiction with regard to one or more of these four levels of social structure.

Contradictions occur in a successive collection of episodes, with an episode of change defined as a sequence of events during which contradiction comes to the surface and is acted upon.

This article presents two episodes of change that occurred in the Dutch daily newspaper sector over the period 1991–1997 with each episode characterized in terms of the four levels of social structure.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of exogenous enzymes to elaborate the Roman fish sauce ‘garum’
Authors: Aquerreta Yolanda , Astiasarán Iciar , Bello José
Published: October 2002

A fermented fish sauce, which tries to imitate the ancient Roman ‘garum’, was developed from tuna (Tunnus thynnus) liver and mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Exogenous proteolytic enzymes were used to accelerate the elaboration process, and various fermentation technological parameters (salt percentage, temperature, enzyme dose, continuous stirring) were assayed in order to optimise the process and obtain the best yield. Best conditions were 10% salt (5% added at the start of the process and the 5% after 24 h of fermentation), 35–37 °C and Neutrase (an endoprotease fromBacillus subtilis) at 0.125 Anson Units per 100 g. The fermentation process was carried out in 48 h. The obtained product (filtered and diluted with a guar gum solution) was a thick sauce with 21 mgNg−1, 5.9% salt and 10% fat. The lipidic fraction showed a very interesting fatty acid profile, especially in relation to its ω‐3 fatty acids (PUFA/SFA ratio 0.98; 4.2 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 11.3 g docosahexaenoic acid per 100 g fat). The developed garum was rather different from fish sauces that are manufactured nowadays in South East Asian countries.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of phosphate source, rate and cadmium content and use of Penicillium bilaii on phosphorus, zinc and cadmium concentration in durum wheat grain
Authors: Grant C A , Bailey L D , Harapiak J T , Flore N A
Published: October 2002

Field studies were conducted over 3 years at several locations in Alberta and Manitoba, Canada to evaluate the impact of phosphate fertiliser containing varying concentrations of Cd on grain yield and P, Zn and Cd concentration in durum wheat grain. The effect of a seed treatment with Penicillium bilaii, a phosphate‐solubilising fungus, was also examined. P bilaii had little effect on crop yield, nutrient concentration or the concentration of Cd in the grain under the conditions of this study. Fertilisation with monoammonium phosphate consistently increased Cd concentration and Cd/Zn ratio and decreased Zn concentration in durum wheat. Increases in Cd concentration in durum wheat were unrelated to Cd concentration in the fertiliser, although the concentration of Cd in the fertiliser sources varied from 0.2 to 186.0 µg g−1. Increased Cd concentration with phosphate application may be related to high ionic strength, reduced pH and enhanced root proliferation in the microregion around the fertiliser granules. Enhanced root development in response to phosphate fertilisation may increase the accumulation of Cd. Reduction in Zn accumulation associated with phosphate application may also contribute to the increase in Cd concentration in durum grain, possibly through enhancement of Cd translocation to the grain. While reduction in Cd concentration in phosphate fertilisers will reduce long‐term Cd accumulation in soils, use of low‐Cd fertiliser at commercially practical levels of fertilisation is unlikely to reduce Cd concentration in durum wheat in the year of application.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Emulsifying properties of soy protein isolates obtained by microfiltration
Authors: Chove Bernard E , Grandison Alistair S , Lewis Michael J
Published: October 2002

Soy protein isolate (SPI) fractions were produced using two different pore size microfiltration membranes. Microfiltration was carried out on SPI produced by isoelectric precipitation of a crude protein extract. Five fractions were obtained: two retentates and two permeates from the two membranes plus an intermediate fraction obtained as the retentate on the small‐pore‐size membrane using the permeate from the larger‐pore‐size membrane. Emulsions stabilised by the retentate fractions exhibited higher values (P < 0.01) of emulsion stability index (ESI) and emulsifying activity index (EAI) than those stabilised with fractions made from the permeates. The intermediate fraction gave intermediate ESI values, while the EAI values were not significantly different from those for SPI and one of the retentates. SDS‐PAGE profiles indicated that the fractions exhibiting high functionality in terms of ESI and EAI were also richer in 7S globulin soy protein subunits.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Addition of sardine to hake minces and subsequent effect on dimethylamine and formaldehyde formation
Authors: Tejada Margarita , Mohamed Gamal Fouad , Huidobro Almudena
Published: October 2002

Formaldehyde formation and reaction with muscle proteins in lean fish species during frozen storage is considered to be a major factor affecting texture and functionality deterioration. Formaldehyde formation and reaction with muscle compounds was reduced in lean fish minces and model systems when lipids with different degrees of oxidation were added. In order to increase the lipid content and slow down functional and textural changes, hake (Merluccius merluccius) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) minces mixed in the ratios 3:1; 1:1 and 1:3 (w/w) were stored at −20 °C and studied for 1 year. Dimethylamine formation and, by deduction, formaldehyde formation increased. However, less free formaldehyde was detected, probably owing to reaction with muscle compounds in the mixed minces. Nevertheless, addition of sardine minces improved the texture, protein solubility and viscosity of the mixed minces compared with the hake minces. In the mixed lots, formation of large protein aggregates was delayed or prevented. This suggests that in the mixed minces formaldehyde reacted with proteins in a different way from that in lean fish or reacted with other muscle components not directly involved in textural changes.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of powdered vegetable coagulant in the manufacture of ewe's milk cheeses
Authors: Fernández‐Salguero José , Tejada Luis , Gómez Rafael
Published: October 2002

A powdered vegetable coagulant obtained from the cardoon Cynara cardunculus and characterised as free of viable micro‐organisms, soluble and stable without the need for preservatives was evaluated, and compared with crude aqueous extract, in batches of Los Pedroches cheese, by determining various chemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters. Parameters were monitored over 3 months of ripening. High casein hydrolysis was observed after 2 days of ripening. The soluble nitrogen values reached at the end of ripening were over 34% of the total nitrogen in cheeses produced with both types of coagulant. For most parameters studied, no differences were observed between the two types of coagulant, although higher counts were observed for some microbiological groups in cheeses produced with crude aqueous extracts. The sensory quality of cheeses was practically identical with both types of coagulant.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of pre‐fermentative practices on the dominance of inoculated yeast starter under industrial conditions
Authors: Ciani Maurizio , Pepe Vincenzo
Published: October 2002

The influence of pre‐fermentative practices on the growth dynamics of a ‘natural’ starter culture with specific phenotype (H2S−) concurrently with wild yeast populations was evaluated under winery conditions. Different clarification procedures and added SO2 strongly influenced species and cell numbers isolable at the pre‐fermentation stage. Independent treatments of must with sulphite addition or vacuum‐filtering clarification caused a 30‐fold reduction in viable cells. Clarification procedures, enhanced by the selective effect of SO2 addition, induced the appearance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ‘wild’ yeasts. Correct application of the inoculum generally guarantees the dominance of fermentation by starter cultures. However, inoculated fermentations using unclarified white and red musts exhibited a consistent presence and persistence of non‐Saccharomyces and/or Saccharomyces ‘wild’ yeasts during fermentation. The extent and composition of the initial wild microflora at the start of fermentation may affect the presence and persistence of wild Saccharomyces and non‐Saccharomyces yeasts during guided fermentations under commercial conditions. The above findings confirm the results of previous works carried out at laboratory‐ or pilot‐scale level. Furthermore, they suggest a clear correlation between the modality of pre‐fermentative practices and the presence and persistence of ‘wild’ yeasts during fermentation.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of different protein sources for aquafeeds by an optimised pH‐stat system
Authors: Alarcón Francisco J , Moyano Francisco J , Díaz Manuel
Published: October 2002

This paper presents the results of some experiments oriented to optimise and standardise the measurement of protein hydrolysis by fish proteases using the pH‐stat technique. Various factors affecting the degree of hydrolysis (DH) were considered (autohydrolysis of the protein sources, type of enzymes utilised, substrate/enzyme ratio and effect of inhibitors). The crude extracts obtained from fish digestive tissues showed their suitability for the determination of protein hydrolysis, rendering better results than those obtained using mixtures of commercial enzymes. DH values for a given protein were greatly affected by the substrate/enzyme ratio, since small modifications in protein concentration resulted in significant variations in DH. Protease inhibitors present in various plant protein sources produced a reduction in DH values.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimation of the nitrogen requirement of winter wheat in the UK: a multiple regression approach
Authors: Goodlass Gillian , Sylvester‐Bradley Roger , Dyer Chris J
Published: October 2002

In this study, multi‐site crop response data were examined so as to improve guidelines for crop nitrogen requirement and efficient fertiliser use on winter wheat over a range of soil types. The parameters which had most individual effect on nitrogen requirement (the economic optimum amount of fertiliser N (Nopt)) were soil type and previous cropping. Interactions between soil type and soil N supply as measured by soil mineral nitrogen analysis were also important. Yield had no effect. Descriptive models were developed for Nopt. The simplest, based on N index, rainfall and soil type, accounted for 40% of the variation in Nopt. This was improved to 51% by adding spring analysis of soil mineral nitrogen. The model could be improved by inclusion of measured yield or a seasonal term, but the precision of predicted Nopt was not improved significantly, 41% of cases being within ±25 kg ha−1 of the optimum without yield and 42% with yield. The study showed that some of the inputs currently used to determine N requirement need to be revised and additional terms added. However, even the best estimates have poor predictive precision.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Survival of Salmonella enteritidis and changes in pH and organic acids in grated carrots inoculated or not with Lactobacillus sp and stored under different atmospheres at 4 °C
Authors: Tassou C C , Boziaris J S
Published: October 2002

The fate of Salmonella enteritidis in grated carrots stored in air, modified atmosphere and vacuum at 4 °C was investigated with the coexistence or not of Lactobacillus sp. The population of Salmonella survived in all cases despite the presence of Lactobacillus and irrespective of the size of its inoculum. Lactic acid bacteria grew in all cases and a pH reduction was noted in all samples inoculated with Lactobacillus sp, while no such reduction occurred in sterile carrot tissue inoculated or not with S enteritidis. Sterile carrots exhibited minimum organic acid profile alterations compared to samples inoculated with Lactobacillus sp. Among these acids, lactate production was favoured under reduced oxygen conditions, in contrast to acetic acid, whose production required the presence of oxygen. These acids may act as an additional hurdle to control this pathogen under both aerobic and modified atmosphere packaging storage conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of environment and healthcare structures on the survival of patients with colorectal cancer: A French population‐based study
Authors: Borie Frédéric , Daurès Jean‐Pierre , Millat Bertrand , Puch Pierre , Tretarre Brigitte
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

Colorectal cancer is one of the highest‐ranking cancers in France, both sexes combined, with 33000 new cases per year. To report on the practice and the efficiency of the healthcare system, an evaluation of the therapeutic management of colorectal cancer was carried out in the department of the Herault, in the south of France.

Methods

Cases of colorectal cancer in 1992 (344 colorectal cancer incidental cases) in the department of the Herault were reviewed. The diversity of the therapeutic choices and survival were evaluated for the different types of healthcare facilities (private hospitals, nonspecialized and specialized hospitals) and residential areas (rural, semi‐urban, urban).

Results

Two hundred seventy‐one patients with colorectal cancer (78.8%) and 234 patients with colorectal cancer (67.7%) were respectively diagnosed and treated in the private sector. Sixteen cases (23.5%) in the public sector (29.7% in the university hospital) and 24 cases (19%) in the private sector involved surgical emergencies (peritonitis, intestinal obstructions) (P = 0.003). Radiotherapy was performed in 59% of patients with rectal cancer. Preoperative radiotherapy was used primarily in specialized hospitals (80% of radiated rectal cancer; P = 0.002), as opposed to postoperative radiotherapy, which was used predominantly in private hospitals (P = 0.005). Forty‐five percent of the patients with colorectal cancer who had lymph node involvement have been treated with chemotherapy. In multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis and the presence of metastases (Dukes stage) were the most important independent pejorative prognostic factors, followed by the initial treatment in nonspecialized hospitals, complicated colorectal cancer (intestinal obstruction, peritonitis), lack of histological differentiation, and rural and urban residential areas.

Conclusions

Apart from independent prognostic factors, such as parietal, ganglionic, or metastatic extensions, the lack of histological differentiation, and the complicated forms, heterogeneity and inequality persist in the distribution, treatment for, and the survival of patients with colorectal cancer based on the type of healthcare facility and the living area of this French population. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:137–142. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardium tissue ablation with high‐peak‐power nanosecond 1,064‐ and 532‐nm pulsed lasers: Influence of laser‐induced plasma
Authors: Ogura Makoto , Sato Shunichi , Ishihara Miya , Kawauchi Satoko , Arai Tunenori , Matsui Takemi , Kurita Akira , Kikuchi Makoto , Ashida Hiroshi , Obara Minoru
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

We investigated the mechanism and characteristics of porcine myocardium tissue ablation in vitro with nanosecond 1,064‐ and 532‐nm pulsed lasers at laser intensities up to ≈5.0 GW/cm2. Particular attention was paid to study the influence of the laser‐induced plasma on the ablation characteristics. The applicability of these two lasers to transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) was discussed.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Porcine myocardium tissue samples were irradiated with 1,064‐ and 532‐nm, Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser pulses, and the ablation depths were measured. The temporal profiles of the laser‐induced optical emissions were measured with a biplanar phototube. For the ablated tissue samples, histological analysis was performed with an optical microscope and a polarization microscope.

Results

The ablation efficiency at 1,064 nm was higher than that at 532 nm. The ablation threshold at 1,064 nm (≈0.8 GW/cm2) was lower than that at 532 nm (≈1.6 GW/cm2), in spite of the lower absorption coefficient being expected at 1,064 nm. For the 1,064‐nm laser‐ablated tissues, thermal damage was very limited, while damage presumably caused by the mechanical effect was observed in most of the cases. For the 1,064‐nm laser ablation, the ablation threshold was equal to the threshold of the laser‐induced optical emission (≈0.8 GW/cm2), while for the 532‐nm laser ablation, the optical emission threshold (≈2.4 GW/cm2) was higher than the ablation threshold.

Conclusions

We considered that for the 1,064‐nm laser ablation, the tissue removal was achieved through a photodisruption process at laser intensities of > ≈0.8 GW/cm2. At laser intensities of >3.0 GW/cm2, however, the ablation efficiency decreased; this can be attributed to the absorption of incoming laser pulses by the plasma. For the 532‐nm laser ablation, the tissue removal was achieved through a photothermal process at laser intensities of >≈1.6 GW/cm2. At laser intensities of >2.4 GW/cm2, a photodisruption process may also contribute to the tissue removal, in addition to a photothermal process. With regard to the ablation rates, the 1,064‐nm laser was more suitable for TMLR than the 532‐nm laser. We concluded that the 1,064‐nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser would be a potential candidate for a laser source for TMLR because of possible fiber‐based beam delivery, its compact structure, cost effectiveness, and easy maintenance. Animal trials, however, have to be carried out to evaluate the influence of the tissue damage. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:136–141, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Where there is a will…”: Motivation as a moderator of language processing by bilingual consumers
Authors: Luna David , Peracchio Laura A.
Published: October 2002

This article examines the impact of processing motivation on language processing by bilingual consumers. The article begins by outlining the revised hierarchical model (Dufour & Kroll, 1995), which implies that second‐language conceptual processing is more challenging and less likely to be successful than first‐language processing. Then two empirical studies are conducted to investigate whether intrinsic and/or extrinsic motivation can be moderators of the impact of first‐ and second‐language processing on cognitive measures of advertising effectiveness. Study 1 finds that need for cognition, an intrinsic measure of motivation, fulfills this moderating role. Consistent with the revised hierarchical model, for low‐need‐for‐cognition individuals, first‐language processing is superior to second‐language processing. By contrast, high‐need‐for‐cognition individuals remember first‐ and second‐language ads equally well. Study 2 finds a significant interaction between need for cognition and an extrinsic manipulation of processing motivation, indicating that first language leads to greater memory under conditions that include both high motivation and low need for cognition. Our results are interpreted using consumer‐behavior models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resource‐based and property rights perspectives on value creation: the case of oil field unitization
Authors: Kim Jongwook , Mahoney Joseph T.
Published: October 2002

Resource‐based theory implicitly assumes that property rights to resources are secure. Extant property rights theory enables us to relax this assumption to take into account processes where there are struggles in establishing property rights that enhance the realized economic value of resources. A case study of oil field unitization (where a single firm is designated as unit operator to develop the oil reservoir as a whole) is analyzed to illustrate the following points: a full resource‐based analysis of value creation must incorporate the role of property rights to internalize externalities and to solve prisoners' dilemma problems of common‐pool resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levetiracetam in the treatment of paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan , Louis Elan D. , Frucht Steven
Published: October 2002

Anticonvulsants are frequently used in the treatment of paroxysmal kinesiogenic choreoathetosis (PKC). Although they are often extremely effective in eliminating paroxysmal movements, short‐ and long‐term side‐effects may limit their use in young patients. Levetiracetam (Keppra), a novel antiepileptic drug approved for the treatment of partial seizures is well tolerated in patients with epilepsy. We report on the use of levetiracetam in the treatment of PKC. Levetiracetam was effective in eliminating paroxysmal events and should be considered as an alternative to standard antiepileptic medications in this disorder. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Contribution of the interleukin‐1β gene polymorphism in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Nishimura Masataka , Kawakami Hideshi , Komure Osamu , Maruyama Hirofumi , Morino Hiroyuki , Izumi Yuishin , Nakamura Shigenobu , Kaji Ryuji , Kuno Sadako
Published: October 2002

We studied genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region at position ‐511 of the interleukin (IL) ‐1β gene (IL‐1B‐511) and at position ‐889 of the IL‐1α gene (IL‐1A‐889), in 111 Japanese patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and 160 controls. The distribution of IL‐1B‐511 was significantly different between MSA patients and controls, because of the under‐representation of patients with homozygotes for allele 2 (IL‐1B‐511*2), a high producer of IL‐1β. The frequency of IL‐1A‐889*2, a high secretor of IL‐1α, was also decreased in MSA patients. Our findings suggest that abnormal cytokine expression may be implicated in the pathogenesis of MSA. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy for idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A case series of 115 patients
Authors: Parkin Simon G. , Gregory Ralph P. , Scott Richard , Bain Peter , Silburn Peter , Hall Bruce , Boyle Richard , Joint Carole , Aziz Tipu Z.
Published: October 2002

Lesioning of the internal pallidum is known to improve the symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and alleviate dyskinesia and motor fluctuations related to levodopa therapy. The benefit obtained contralateral to a single lesion is insufficient in some cases when symptoms are bilaterally disabling. However, reports of unacceptably high rates of adverse effects after bilateral pallidotomy have limited its use in such cases. We report on the outcome of unilateral (UPVP) and bilateral (BPVP) posteroventral pallidotomy in a consecutive case series of 115 patients with PD in the United Kingdom and Australia. After 3 months, UPVP resulted in a 27% reduction in the off medication Part III (motor) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score and abolition of dyskinesia in 40% of cases. For BPVP, these figures were increased to 31% and 63%, respectively. Follow‐up of a smaller group to 12 months found the motor scores to be worsening but benefit to dyskinesia and activities of daily living was maintained. Speech was adversely affected after BPVP, although the change was small in most cases. Unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy can be performed safely without microelectrode localisation. Bilateral pallidotomy appears to be more effective, particularly in reducing dyskinesia; in our experience, the side effects have not been as high as reported by other groups. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Lining the mouth floor with prelaminated fascio‐mucosal free flaps: Clinical experience
Authors: Chiarini L. , De Santis G. , Bedogni A. , Nocini P.F.
Published: October 2002

Soft‐tissue defects of the mouth floor need thin, foldable, and pliable tissues able to preserve local anatomy as well as chewing, phonation, and deglutition. The oral mucosa is made of a stratified, nonkeratinized, epithelium‐secreting mucus, which lubricates the oral cavity and facilitates tongue movements. No flap exists that can reproduce the physiology of the oral mucosa better than the oral mucosa itself. Prefabrication of mucosal flaps may represent the best solution. Therefore, 10 consecutive cases of mouth floor cancer were treated with prelamination of the fascia antibrachialis with mucosal grafts obtained from the healthy cheek, and with subsequent transplantation 3 weeks later. A significant increase in mucosal graft surface was seen in all cases, with a mean size twice the original. All flaps healed uneventfully. Follow‐up time ranged between 2–60 months (average, 26.6 months). Morphological and functional results were excellent. Tongue motility, speech intelligibility, and swallowing were reestablished in all treated cases. Mucosal prelamination of the forearm fascia is feasible and allows physiological reconstruction of oral cavity defects up to 6 × 4 cm. © 2002 Wiley Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:177–186 2002
A critical exponent in a degenerate parabolic equation
Authors: Winkler Michael
Published: October 2002

We consider positive solutions of the Cauchy problem in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsfonts}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathbb{R\,}^n$\end{document} for the equation

$$u_t=u^p\,\Delta u+u^q,\quad p\geq1,\; q\geq 1$$\nopagenumbers\end
and show that concerning global solvability, the number q = p + 1 appears as a critical growth exponent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation characteristics of a corrugated horn antenna
Authors: Afsar Mohammed N. , Wang Yong
Published: October 2002

A corrugated horn antenna is modeled using the three‐dimensional FDTD method. The computed E‐plane radiation pattern shows a good agreement with those measured and calculated using the MoM published in the literature. The H‐plane radiation pattern and the cross‐polarization patterns for both E‐ and H‐plane are also obtained since the corrugated horn is calculated by a three dimensional model. The radiation characteristics for various frequencies have also been analyzed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 83–84, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10379
Presentation of the spectral electric and magnetic field integral equations used in G2DMULT for analyzing cylindrical structures of multimaterial regions
Authors: Yang Jian , Kildal Per‐Simon
Published: October 2002

When dealing with electromagnetic problems of three‐dimensional (3D) elements, such as dipoles, microstrip patches, and slots, in the vicinity of two‐dimensional (2D) structures, it is very efficient to find the radiation characteristics of the 3D elements and the mutual couplings between them by using a spectrum of 2D solutions (S2DS). G2DMULT is a general algorithm that applies the S2DS technique to calculate the spectral Green's functions of 2D multiregion structures by using the method of moments (MoM). When these spectral Green's functions are used, the spectral electric and magnetic field integral equations (EFIE and MFIE) are needed to solve the 2D problems in the spectral domain. This Letter presents the spectral electric and magnetic field integral equations (EFIE and MFIE), their moment‐method solution formulations, and the special expressions needed to handle the discontinuity of some field components at the material boundaries. Several numerical examples show that G2DMULT with these spectral EFIEs and MFIEs can provide accurate results compared with measurements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 88–93, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10382
Microstrip/thick‐slot/microstrip transitions in millimeter waves
Authors: Lafond O. , Himdi M. , Daniel J.P. , Haese–Rolland N.
Published: October 2002

This Letter deals with millimeter microstrip/thick‐slot/microstrip transitions. This kind of transition permits multilayer microstrip antenna arrays to feed. The objectives were to develop and to optimize this transition at 60 GHz, with the use of a low‐loss, low‐cost substrate. A thick ground plane with a slot is introduced between the two substrate layers to rigidify the final structure. Then several transitions were realized and measured in the 60‐GHz band to validate the calculation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 100–103, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10385
An impedance boundary condition for the efficient matched termination of waveguides in FDTD simulations
Authors: Pereda José A. , Vegas Ángel , Prieto Andrés , Caño Oscar
Published: October 2002

This Letter introduces a novel impedance boundary condition (IBC) for the matched termination of waveguide ports in finite‐difference–time‐domain (FDTD) simulators. It is based on approximating the wave impedance by a rational function over the frequency band of interest. To show the validity of the proposed IBC, the reflection coefficient of a wideband matched 90° H‐plane corner in rectangular waveguide is computed. The results obtained, which are less than −45 dB over the whole waveguide band, are in good agreement with those obtained by a commercial finite‐element simulator. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 151–155, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10400
Superposition of the output pulses under synchronous discharge in a multiple‐electrode‐pair laser
Authors: Ye Lihua , Sha Tao , Li Xiangyin , He Anzhi , Cui Yiping
Published: October 2002

If the pressure, voltage, and other discharge parameters of a multiple‐electrode‐pair laser are held constant, there is a nonlinear pulse energy enhancement effect when several sets of electrode pairs are triggered synchronously. The mechanism of the effect is analyzed and a reasonable theoretical model, which is in agreement with the experimental results, is built. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 207–211, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10418
A new class of miniature quadrature couplers for MIC and MMIC applications
Authors: Sheta Abdel Fattah , Mohra Ashraf , Mahmoud Samir F.
Published: October 2002

A new class of miniature quadrature couplers suitable for microwave integrated circuits (MICs) and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) are presented. The proposed couplers have some advantages compared to conventional types, such as smaller size, no harmonic response, and wide stop‐band characteristics. Two 3‐dB quadrature couplers at two different frequencies, 0.9 and 10 GHz have been designed and simulated. The coupler designed at 900 MHz has been fabricated on Duroid substrate with microstrip technology. Compared to the standard quadrature coupler more than 65% area savings, has been achieved, and the first higher‐order response appears at 5.8 GHz. The measured results show good agreement with theoretical prediction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 215–219, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10421
Parametric study and synthesis of 60‐GHz Fabry–Perot resonators
Authors: Sauleau R. , Le Ray G. , Coquet Ph.
Published: October 2002

The analysis and the synthesis of plane‐parallel Fabry–Perot (FP) resonators, illuminated by a normally incident plane wave, are investigated theoretically and experimentally in the 60‐GHz band. The reflecting mirrors are inductive metal meshes with square apertures. The frequency response of symmetrical and asymmetric FP cavities is studied (a) approximately with the transmission‐line theory (TL), and (b) and rigorously with the Finite‐difference–time‐domain (FDTD) technique combined with periodic boundary conditions. Then, the inverse problem is solved with the use of an iterative procedure based on the FDTD method. In particular, it is shown theoretically and checked experimentally that the thickness of the cavity is the most critical parameter in the design, although the grid dimensions enable a precise adjustment of the module and of the phase of the internal reflection coefficients. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 247–252, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10429
Wide‐band, low‐profile millimeter‐wave antenna array
Authors: Navarro Julio
Published: October 2002

A low‐profile 60‐GHz antenna array has been designed, built, and tested. The design uses a circular waveguide radiator for bandwidth, a stripline distribution network for minimum thickness and flexibility, and a waveguide input for interfacing to other components. Boresight gain variations of less than ±1.5 dB were demonstrated for several units over 57–63 GHz. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 253–255, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10430
Comparison of surface electric field and impedance matrix elements of layered media between electric field spatial Green's function and mixed potential
Authors: Huang Chung‐Chi , Tsang Leung , Miller Dennis , Tripathi Alok
Published: October 2002

Recently an approach based on half‐space extraction technique was used to efficiently evaluate the electric field spatial Green's function on a surface. This Letter compares the results of this method with the mixed‐potential formulation in spatial domain. Both surface electric fields and impedance matrix elements for layered media are compared for source and observation‐point distances ranging from 0.1 free‐space wavelengths to 10 free‐space wavelengths. The results show two orders of magnitude improvement on the speed of convergence for Sommerfeld integration domain and better numerical stability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 307–313, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10445
Comments on “de‐embedding PCB fixtures for package characterization”
Authors: Silvonen Kimmo
Published: October 2002

© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 322, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10681
Time‐domain integral‐equation based analysis of scattering from conducting surfaces including the singular edge behavior
Authors: Yu Yongxue , Weile Daniel S. , Lu Mingyu , Michielssen Eric
Published: October 2002

A method for modeling singular electric currents near conducting edges within marching‐on‐in‐time (MOT) simulators is presented. The use of singular basis functions in MOT simulators presents unique challenges not encountered in frequency‐domain implementations. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed expansion results in accelerated convergence for scatterers with sharp features. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 327–332, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10452
Angular dependent characteristics of a 1.3‐μm GaInNAs/GaAs quantum‐well resonant cavity enhanced photodetect
Authors: Ruikang Zhang , Yuan Zhong , Wei Zhang , Yingqiang Xu , Yun Du , Yongqing Huang , Xiaomin Ren , Zhichuan Niu , Ronghan Wu
Published: October 2002

Characteristics of a 1.3‐μm GaInNAs RCE PD with respect to the incident light angle were analyzed both in theoretical simulation and experiments. The results show the influence can be neglected when the light incidence angle is less than 3°. This is a requirement for the PD to be applied in WDM networks. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 333–336, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10454
An accurate and stable implicit solution for transient scattering and radiation from wire structures
Authors: Jung Baek Ho , Sarkar Tapan Kumar , Chung Young‐Seek , Ji Zhong
Published: October 2002

This Letter presents an accurate and stable method for the solution of transient electromagnetic response from conducting wire structures with the use of the time‐domain electric‐field integral equation (TD‐EFIE). By using an implicit scheme with the central finite difference for the TD‐EFIE, the transient responses from a wire scatterer illuminated by a plane wave and a wire antenna with an impressed voltage source are obtained. Also, a wire above a conducting plate is considered. Numerical results that show the validity of the presented methodology are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 354–359, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10461
Dependence of ridge position on the cutoff wavelength of the dominant mode in single ridge waveguides
Authors: Lu Mai , Leonard Paul J.
Published: October 2002

The influence of the ridge position on the cutoff wavelength of the dominant mode in a single‐ridge waveguide is analyzed by the finite‐element method. The cutoff wavelength can be adjusted by changing the ridge dimensions as well as by adjusting its position. More design data are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 374–377, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10466
Total assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of three triterpene saponins from roots of Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
Authors: Bouguet‐Bonnet Sabine , Rochd Mohamed , Mutzenhardt Pierre , Henry Max
Published: October 2002

The assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectra for three new triterpene saponins from Silene vulgaris (gypsogenin 3‐O‐glucuronide, quillaic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide, and gypsogenin 3‐O‐glycoside) are reported. In addition to 1D NMR methods, 2D NMR techniques (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and HSQC‐TOCSY) were used for the assignments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EST analysis of gene expression in testis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Inaba Kazuo , Padma Potturi , Satouh Yuhkoh , Shin‐i Tadasu , Kohara Yuji , Satoh Nori , Satou Yutaka
Published: October 2002

To explore the gene expression underlying spermatogenesis, a large‐scale analysis has been done on the cDNAs from testis of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. A set of 5,461 expressed sequence tags was analyzed and grouped into 2,806 independent clusters. Approximately 30% of the clusters showed significant sequence matches to the proteins reported in DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL database including a set of proteins closely related to the gene regulation during spermatogenesis, functional and morphological changes of spermatogenic cells during spermiogenesis, and physiological functions of sperm, as well as those with housekeeping functions commonly expressed in other cells. Some clones show similarities to the proteins present in vertebrate lymphocytes, suggesting a primitive immune system in ascidians. We have also found some genes that are known to participate in hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis in vertebrates. The large majority of the genes expressed in Ciona testis show no significant matches to known proteins and the further analysis of these genes may shed new light on the molecular mechanism of spermatogenesis and sperm functions. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62:431–445, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical trials and treatment prospects
Authors: Percy Alan K.
Published: October 2002

Prospects for definitive therapeutic intervention for Rett syndrome (RS) have been elevated by the discovery of mutations in the methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) in more than 80% of females meeting clinical criteria for this disorder. As such, a review of previous clinical trials, descriptions of the status of clinical management for the prominent medical problems of RS, and a preview of an ongoing clinical trial conducted jointly at the Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Alabama at Birmingham are presented. The conduct of controlled clinical trials requires adherence to diagnostic criteria for RS; stratification by age, stage, and presence of MECP2 mutations; and use of clearly defined outcome measures. Previous clinical trials in RS have been conducted with L‐carnitine, the ketogenic diet, and the opiate antagonist, naltrexone. The L‐carnitine and naltrexone trials were double blind, placebo‐controlled and us ed the motor behavioral analysis described in this review. All failed to provide evidence of dramatic improvements in the clinical features of RS. Specific recommendations are presented for clinical management of growth failure, breathing irregularities, seizures, ambulation, scoliosis, gastrointestinal function, self abuse, and habilitation/education although systematic evaluations of each in the context of RS have not been conducted. The only ongoing trial involves dietary supplementation with folate and betaine and is based on the finding that gene expression of some alleles of the agouti gene could be altered by dietary methyl supplementation. The availability of animal models expressing mutations in MECP2 should enhance the evaluation of innovative therapies for RS. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:106–111. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery from distal ulnar motor conduction block injury: Serial EMG studies
Authors: Montoya Liliana , Felice Kevin J.
Published: October 2002

Acute conduction block injuries often result from nerve compression or trauma. The temporal pattern of clinical, electrophysiologic, and histopathologic changes following these injuries has been extensively studied in experimental animal models but not in humans. Our recent evaluation of a young man with an injury to the deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve following nerve compression from weightlifting exercises provided the opportunity to follow the course and recovery of a severe conduction block injury with sequential nerve conduction studies. The conduction block slowly and completely resolved, as did the clinical deficit, over a 14‐week period. The reduction in conduction block occurred at a linear rate of −6.1% per week. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 145–149, 2002
Optimal outbound dispatch policies: Modeling inventory and cargo capacity
Authors: Çetinkaya Sıla , Lee Chung‐Yee
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we present an optimization model for coordinating inventory and transportation decisions at an outbound distribution warehouse that serves a group of customers located in a given market area. For the practical problems which motivated this paper, the warehouse is operated by a third party logistics provider. However, the models developed here may be applicable in a more general context where outbound distribution is managed by another supply chain member, e.g., a manufacturer. We consider the case where the aggregate demand of the market area is constant and known per period (e.g., per day). Under an immediate delivery policy, an outbound shipment is released each time a demand is realized (e.g., on a daily basis). On the other hand, if these shipments are consolidated over time, then larger (hence more economical) outbound freight quantities can be dispatched. In this case, the physical inventory requirements at the third party warehouse (TPW) are determined by the consolidated freight quantities. Thus, stock replenishment and outbound shipment release policies should be coordinated. By optimizing inventory and freight consolidation decisions simultaneously, we compute the parameters of an integrated inventory/outbound transportation policy. These parameters determine: (i) how often to dispatch a truck so that transportation scale economies are realized and timely delivery requirements are met, and (ii) how often, and in what quantities, the stock should be replenished at the TPW. We prove that the optimal shipment release timing policy is nonstationary, and we present algorithms for computing the policy parameters for both the uncapacitated and finite cargo capacity problems. The model presented in this study is considerably different from the existing inventory/transportation models in the literature. The classical inventory literature assumes that demands should be satisfied as they arrive so that outbound shipment costs are sunk costs, or else these costs are covered by the customer. Hence, the classical literature does not model outbound transportation costs. However, if a freight consolidation policy is in place then the outbound transportation costs can no longer be ignored in optimization. Relying on this observation, this paper models outbound transportation costs, freight consolidation decisions, and cargo capacity constraints explicitly. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 531–556, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10030
Forbidden subpaths for Steiner minimum networks in uniform orientation metrics
Authors: Brazil M. , Thomas D. A. , Weng J. F.
Published: October 2002

The Steiner problem in the λ‐plane is the problem of constructing a minimum network connecting a given set of nodes (called terminals), with the constraint that all line segments have slopes chosen from the λ uniform orientation angles ω, 2ω, … , λω, where ω = π/λ. This problem appears to be substantially harder than either the Euclidean or rectilinear Steiner problem, as there can be many different λ‐networks that have the same topology and terminal set, but are locally minimal with respect to the perturbation of single Steiner points. In this paper, we show that there are large classes of such networks that cannot be minimum because they necessarily contain subpaths that can be perturbed to shorten the length of the network. These classes are defined in terms only of the angles between edges in the paths and not edge lengths. Using largely geometric methods, we give a complete classification of these “forbidden paths.” This classification will be a crucial element in devising a pruning process for future efficient exact algorithms for solving the Steiner problem in the λ‐plane. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dimensioning multicast‐enabled communications networks
Authors: Prytz Mikael , Forsgren Anders
Published: October 2002

This paper concerns the network design problem of dimensioning capacity, available in discrete, nonuniform levels, for multicast traffic in a backbone communications network. An integer programming model, which includes embedded models for the Steiner tree problem in graphs, is proposed. A Lagrangian decomposition scheme based on variable splitting is suggested for computing lower bounds on the optimal objective function value. This decomposition gives a set of Steiner tree subproblems, which are solved using a branch‐and‐cut algorithm, and a set of capacity‐level subproblems, which are solved as sequences of 0–1 knapsack problems. A method for finding good primal feasible solutions while solving the relaxed problem is suggested, and an overall branch‐and‐bound strategy on the variable split constraints is also proposed and implemented. Computational results are reported for two sets of test problems that have been generated from real problems. One set has real, nonuniform cost and capacities, while the other set has uniform costs and capacities. The results suggest that the main difficulty in the problem is the discrete, nonuniform capacity‐level selection. The variable split relaxation lower bound is consistently superior to the bounds obtained from LP relaxation and a straight‐forward Lagrangian relaxation for the test problems with a nonuniform cost and capacity structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.