bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concept of an upright wearable positron emission tomography imager in humans
Authors: Bauer Christopher E. , Brefczynski‐Lewis Julie , Marano Gary , Mandich Mary‐Beth , Stolin Alexander , Martone Peter , Lewis James W. , Jaliparthi Gangadhar , Raylman Raymond R. , Majewski Stan
Published: August 2016

Background

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is traditionally used to image patients in restrictive positions, with few devices allowing for upright, brain‐dedicated imaging. Our team has explored the concept of wearable PET imagers which could provide functional brain imaging of freely moving subjects. To test feasibility and determine future considerations for development, we built a rudimentary proof‐of‐concept prototype (Helmet_PET) and conducted tests in phantoms and four human volunteers.

Methods

Twelve Silicon Photomultiplier‐based detectors were assembled in a ring with exterior weight support and an interior mechanism that could be adjustably fitted to the head. We conducted brain phantom tests as well as scanned four patients scheduled for diagnostic F18‐FDG PET/CT imaging. For human subjects the imager was angled such that field of view included basal ganglia and visual cortex to test for typical resting‐state pattern. Imaging in two subjects was performed ~4 hr after PET/CT imaging to simulate lower injected F18‐FDG dose by taking advantage of the natural radioactive decay of the tracer (F18 half‐life of 110 min), with an estimated imaging dosage of 25% of the standard.

Results

We found that imaging with a simple lightweight ring of detectors was feasible using a fraction of the standard radioligand dose. Activity levels in the human participants were quantitatively similar to standard PET in a set of anatomical ROIs. Typical resting‐state brain pattern activation was demonstrated even in a 1 min scan of active head rotation.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of imaging a human subject with a novel wearable PET imager that moves with robust head movements. We discuss potential research and clinical applications that will drive the design of a fully functional device. Designs will need to consider trade‐offs between a low weight device with high mobility and a heavier device with greater sensitivity and larger field of view.
Numerical elucidation of three‐dimensional problems in the chemical engineering graduate curriculum
Authors: Binous Housam , Kaddeche Slim , Abdennadher Ali , Bellagi Ahmed
Published: August 2016

We illustrate in the present paper how steady‐state and unsteady‐steady three‐dimensional transport phenomena problems can be solved using the Chebyshev orthogonal collocation technique. All problems are elucidated using the ubiquitous software: MATLAB®. The treated case studies include: (1) unsteady‐state heat conduction in a parallelepiped body, (2) quenching of a brick, (3) transient diffusion of a colorant in a liquid, and (4) steady‐state natural convection in an enclosure. Whenever possible, the results obtained with the spectral method are bench‐marked against the analytical solution in order to validate the proposed numerical technique. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:866–875, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21756
Spherical Core–Shell Titanium (Oxy)nitride@Nitrided Carbon Composites as Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Wassner Maximilian , Eckardt Markus , Gebauer Christian , Hüsing Nicola , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: August 2016

Aiming at the development of highly active and stable platinum‐free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), we explored the potential of a new composite material, where the core–shell structure should result in a combination of high ORR activity and improved electric conductivity. TiOxNy@CnNm composite nanoparticles were prepared by covering uniform carbon spheres of about 300 nm in size, synthesized through the hydrothermal reaction of glucose, with a homogeneous titania shell made by sol‐gel processing. The core–shell particles were then subjected to nitridation in ammonia vapor at different temperatures (550 °C–150 °C). The influence of the nitridation temperature on the structure and phase composition of the resulting composite particles was evaluated by a variety of techniques, including electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and N2 sorption measurements, the electrochemical properties and the ORR performance of the materials were determined by rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements. Trends in the evolution of the structural/chemical properties and electrochemical/electrocatalytic properties as well as correlations between them are discussed; an optimized mesoporosity of the titanium (oxy)nitride shell was identified as the key criterion for the catalyst's ORR performance.
Constrained Cyclopeptides: Biaryl Formation through Pd‐Catalyzed C−H Activation in Peptides—Structural Control of the Cyclization vs. Cyclodimerization Outcome
Authors: Mendive‐Tapia Lorena , Bertran Alexandra , García Jesús , Acosta Gerardo , Albericio Fernando , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: August 2016

A series of short tryptophan‐phenylalanine peptides containing an iodo substituent on the phenyl ring was subjected to Pd‐catalyzed CH activation reactions to give the corresponding aryl‐indole coupled products. Two types of adducts were generated: cyclomonomer and cyclodimeric peptides; no evidence of oligo‐ or polymerization products was detected. Contrary to standard peptide macrocyclizations, the factors controlling the fate of the reaction are the number of amino acids between the aromatic residues and the regiochemistry of the parent iodo derivative, independent of both the concentration and the cyclization mode. The method is general and allows access to novel biaryl peptidic topologies, which have been fully characterized.
Motion Control of Micro‐/Nanomotors
Authors: Teo Wei Zhe , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2016

As we progress towards employing self‐propelled micro‐/nanomotors in envisioned applications such as cargo delivery, environmental remediation, and therapeutic treatments, precise control of the micro‐/nanomotors direction and their speed is essential. In this Review, major emerging approaches utilized for the motion control of micro‐/nanomotors have been discussed, together with the lastest publications describing these approaches. Future studies could incorporate investigations on micro‐/nanomotors motion control in a real‐world environment in which matrix complexity might disrupt successful manipulation of these small‐scale devices.
pH‐Responsive Relaxometric Behaviour of Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles Made of a Stable Macrocyclic Gadolinium Chelate
Authors: Aríñez‐Soriano Javier , Albalad Jorge , Carné‐Sánchez Arnau , Bonnet Célia S. , Busqué Félix , Lorenzo Julia , Juanhuix Jordi , Terban Maxwell W. , Imaz Inhar , Tóth Éva , Maspoch Daniel
Published: August 2016

Lanthanide‐containing nanoscale particles have been widely explored for various biomedical purposes, however, they are often prone to metal leaching. Here we have created a new coordination polymer (CP) by applying, for the first time, a stable GdIII chelate as building block in order to prevent any fortuitous release of free lanthanide(III) ion. The use of the Gd‐DOTA‐4AmP complex as a design element in the CP allows not only for enhanced relaxometric properties (maximum r1=16.4 mm−1 s−1 at 10 MHz), but also for a pH responsiveness (Δr1=108 % between pH 4 and 6.5), beyond the values obtained for the low molecular weight Gd‐DOTA‐4AmP itself. The CP can be miniaturised to the nanoscale to form colloids that are stable in physiological saline solution and in cell culture media and does not show cytotoxicity.
New Insight in Copper‐Ion Binding to Human Islet Amyloid: The Contribution of Metal‐Complex Speciation To Reveal the Polypeptide Toxicity
Authors: Magrì Antonio , La Mendola Diego , Nicoletti Vincenzo Giuseppe , Pappalardo Giuseppe , Rizzarelli Enrico
Published: August 2016

Type‐2 diabetes (T2D) is considered to be a potential threat on a global level. Recently, T2D has been listed as a misfolding disease, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is a molecule cosecreted in pancreatic β cells and represents the main constituent of an aggregated amyloid found in individuals affected by T2D. The trace‐element serum level is significantly influenced during the development of diabetes. In particular, the dys‐homeostasis of Cu2+ ions may adversely affect the course of the disease. Conflicting results have been reported on the protective role played by complex species formed by Cu2+ ions with hIAPP or its peptide fragments in vitro. The histidine (His) residue at position 18 represents the main binding site for the metal ion, but contrasting results have been reported on other residues involved in metal‐ion coordination, in particular those toward the N or C terminus. Sequences that encompass regions 17–29 and 14–22 were used to discriminate between the two models of the hIAPP coordination mode. Due to poor solubility in water, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives were synthesized. A peptide fragment that encompasses the 17–29 region of rat amylin (rIAPP) in which the arginine residue at position 18 was substituted by a histidine residue was also obtained to assess that the PEG moiety does not alter the peptide secondary structure. The complex species formed by Cu2+ ions with Ac‐PEG‐hIAPP(17–29)‐NH2, Ac‐rIAPP(17–29)R18H‐NH2, and Ac‐PEG‐hIAPP(14–22)‐NH2 were studied by using potentiometric titrations coupled with spectroscopic methods (UV/Vis, circular dichroism, and EPR). The combined thermodynamic and spectroscopic approach allowed us to demonstrate that hIAPP is able to bind Cu2+ ions starting from the His18 imidazole nitrogen atom toward the N‐terminus domain. The stability constants of copper(II) complexes with Ac‐PEG‐hIAPP(14–22)‐NH2 were used to simulate the different experimental conditions under which aggregate formation and oxidative stress of hIAPP has been reported. Speciation unveils: 1) the protective role played by increased amounts of Cu2+ ions on the hIAPP fibrillary aggregation, 2) the effect of adventitious trace amounts of Cu2+ ions present in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), and 3) a reducing fluorogenic probe on H2O2 production attributed to the polypeptide alone.
[62]Tetradecaphyrin and Its Mono‐ and Bis‐ZnII Complexes
Authors: Yoneda Tomoki , Soya Takanori , Neya Saburo , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: August 2016

A coiled structure of meso‐pentafluorophenyl‐substituted [62]tetradecaphyrin 1 was revealed by X‐ray structural analysis. Synthetic protocols were devised to form mono‐ and bis‐ZnII complexes, 1 Zn and 1 Zn2, selectively. The former displayed a trigonal‐bipyramidal pentacoordinated ZnII ion as a rare case and a cyclic voltammogram exhibiting eleven reversible redox waves. The latter showed a Ci‐symmetric structure with modest Hückel aromaticity owing to a 62 π‐electronic circuit as the largest aromatic molecule to date.
ChemInform Abstract: Ln2Ga[B3O6(OH)]2 [B7O9(OH)2] (CH3CO2)2 (Ln: Y, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy): A Series of Lanthanide Galloborates Decorated by Acetate Anions.
Authors: Yang Hui , Hu Chun‐Li , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: August 2016

Ln2Ga[B3O6(OH)]2 [B7O9(OH)2](OAc)2 (Ln: Y (I), Sm (II), Eu (III), Gd (IV), Dy (V)) are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of a 1:1:2:1 molar mixture of Ln2O3, Ga(NO3)3, H3BO3, and (NH4)2B10O16 in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides.
Authors: Zhang Qingnan , Hu Shu‐Xian , Qu Hui , Su Jing , Wang Guanjun , Lu Jun‐Bo , Chen Mohua , Zhou Mingfei , Li Jun
Published: August 2016

The complex (μ2‐O2)PrO2 and the linear core‐containing PrO2+ complexes are observed both in the gas phase by laser vaporization of Pr in He2 seeded with a pulsed 30—40% O2 stream (1‐1.2 MPa) and in solid Ar matrices analyzed by matrix isolation IR and IR photodissociation spectroscopy (0.2—0.5 mJ/pulse, 850—1600 cm‐1) with TOF‐MS‐selected [(PrO2)+(O2)n] cations.
ChemInform Abstract: The Two‐Dimensional Anion [Sb6Se10]2‐: Solvothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of an Iron Selenidoantimonate(III) [Fe(phen)3]Sb6Se10.
Authors: Shen Yali , Liu Yun , Liu Shuzhen , Sun Peipei , Tang Chunying , Han Jingyu , Jia Dingxian
Published: August 2016

[Fe(phen)3]Sb6Se10 is prepared by solvothermal reaction of a 1:2:6 molar mixture of Fe, Sb, Se with phen and DABCO in MeOH/H2O (3:1) mixed solvent (autoclave, 150 °C, 6 d).
ChemInform Abstract: HOTf‐Catalyzed Sustainable One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzene and Pyridine Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Zhang Xu , Wang Zhiqiang , Xu Kun , Feng Yuquan , Zhao Wei , Xu Xuefeng , Yan Yanlei , Yi Wei
Published: August 2016

Title compounds are efficiently synthesized using a versatile TfOH‐catalyzed and solvent‐free system.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Copper‐Promoted Radical‐Type Cleavage of Coordinated Cyanide Anion: Nitrogen Transfer to Aldehydes to Form Nitriles.
Authors: Wu Qian , Luo Yi , Lei Aiwen , You Jingsong
Published: August 2016

A new cleavage pattern for the cyanide ion is observed in this copper‐promoted CN‐triple bond cleavage of a coordinated cyanide anion in the presence of oxygen.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Stereoselective, Catalytic Four‐Component Synthesis of Dispiroindolo‐Pyrrolidines/‐Imidazolidines via Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Kumar Singaravelan Ganesh
Published: August 2016

The regio‐, chemo‐, and diastereoselective title reaction between diazoamides, amines, aldehydes, and exomethylenes or imines succeeds in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Intramolecular Cyclization of Alkynyl Esters Catalyzed by a Chiral Broensted Base.
Authors: Kondoh Azusa , Tran Hoa Thi Quynh , Kimura Kyoko , Terada Masahiro
Published: August 2016

An enantioselective intramolecular cyclization of alkynyl esters yields dibenzofurans by employing a Broensted base catalyst generated in situ from a chiral Schiff base and tBuOK.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting the Bis‐Nucleophilicity of α‐Aminoboronates: Copper‐Catalyzed, Intramolecular Aminoalkylations of Bromobenzoyl Chlorides.
Authors: Dumas Aaron M. , Sieradzki Adrian J. , Donnelly Liam J.
Published: August 2016

An acylation/arylation cascade, utilizing 2‐bromobenzoyl chlorides as bis‐electrophiles in the reaction with α‐aminoboronates, provides isoindolinones.
ChemInform Abstract: A Direct Access to 7‐Aminoindoles via Iridium‐Catalyzed Mild C—H Amidation of N‐Pivaloylindoles with Organic Azides.
Authors: Kim Youyoung , Park Juhyeon , Chang Sukbok
Published: August 2016

A straightforward protocol towards biologically important 7‐aminoindoles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Approach to Indoles via Oxidative C—H Amination of 2‐Alkenylanilines Using Dioxygen as the Sole Oxidant.
Authors: Ma Ai‐Lun , Li Yin‐Long , Li Jian , Deng Jun
Published: August 2016

23 examples
ChemInform Abstract: A Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Carbonylation Approach to Isatins from 2‐Iodoanilines.
Authors: Laursen Simon R. , Jensen Mikkel T. , Lindhardt Anders T. , Jacobsen Mikkel F. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: August 2016

The Pd‐catalyzed double carbonylation of 2‐iodoanilines using nearly stoichiometric amounts of CO, generated ex situ from solid CO‐surrogate SilaCogen, followed by acid promoted cyclization of intermediates (IV) affords isatine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Stereoselective Cascade Reactions of Quinols with Trifluoromethyl Ketones: Direct Access to CF3‐Containing 1,3‐Dioxolanes.
Authors: Li Feng , Wang Jingjing , Xu Mengmeng , Zhao Xiaobo , Zhou Xiaohong , Zhao Wen‐Xian , Liu Lantao
Published: August 2016

The products are obtained in high yields and with moderate to high diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Multisubstituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Wu Ping , Zhang Lutao , Zhang Xueguo , Guo Xin , Chen Baohua
Published: August 2016

from readily available N‐arylbenzoamidines and acetophenone hydrazones
ChemInform Abstract: Fe‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted N‐Aryl Oxazolidines.
Authors: Murru Siva , Lott Charles Seth , McGough Brandon , Bernard Dakota M. , Srivastava Radhey S.
Published: August 2016

The reaction between allyl alcohols, paraformaldehyde, and aryl hydroxylamines provides 3‐aryl‐4‐propenyl oxazolidines in high yields which may be demethylenated to the corresponding allylamino alcohols in a one‐pot manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed 3‐Position Methylation of Coumarins by Using Di‐tert‐butyl Peroxide as the Methylation Reagents.
Authors: Zhuang Huan , Zeng Runsheng , Zou Jianping
Published: August 2016

This novel methodology for the 3‐methylation of coumarins proceeds via a radical mechanism and tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Access to Indolo[3,3a‐c]isoquinolin‐3,6‐diones: Formal Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Plicamine.
Authors: Mijangos Marco V. , Miranda Luis D.
Published: August 2016

A four component Ugi reaction followed by a one‐pot two‐step oxidative phenol coupling/Michael addition sequence offers access to seventeen indolo[3,3a‐c]isoquinolin‐3,6‐diones, isolated as a syn/anti mixture of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Relay Carbenoid Functionalization of Aromatic C—H Bonds: Access to π‐Conjugated Fused Heteroarenes.
Authors: Xie Ying , Chen Xun , Liu Xin , Su Shi‐Jian , Li Jianzhang , Zeng Wei
Published: August 2016

A novel Rh(III)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling/cyclization cascade between arylketoimines and diazoesters is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Chemodivergent Reactions of ortho‐Mercaptobenzyl Alcohols with 3‐Alkyl‐2‐vinylindoles and Styrenes: [5 + 2] Cyclization versus Hydroxysulfenylation.
Authors: Zhao Jia‐Jia , Tang Man , Zhang Hong‐Hao , Xu Meng‐Meng , Shi Feng
Published: August 2016

The BNPA‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐mercaptobenzyl alcohols (II) with 2‐vinylindoles (I) leads to benzoxathiepines (III), whilst reactions with indene (IV) and alkenes (VI) under similar conditions give rise to corresponding β‐hydroxy sulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Three‐Component Arylsilylation of Alkynes under Palladium/Copper Cooperative Catalysis.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Kurata Hiroki , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: August 2016

An efficient syn‐selective carbosilylation of internal aryl or alkyl substituted alkynes with aryl, hetaryl or alkyl bromides and dimethylphenylsilyl boronic acid pinacol ester is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryne‐Induced Dearomatized Phosphonylation of Electron‐Deficient Azaarenes.
Authors: Liu Kai , Liu Li‐Li , Gu Cheng‐Zhi , Dai Bin , He Lin
Published: August 2016

Azaarenes such as (iso)quinolines, phenanthroline, and acridine are dearomatized via multicomponent reaction with arynes and dialkylphosphites to give corresponding dearomatized phosphonylated heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Diketopiperazines from Costa Rican Endolichenic Fungus Colpoma sp. CR1465A
Authors: Lee Seulah , Tamayo‐Castillo Giselle , Pang Changhyun , Clardy Jon , Cao Shugeng , Kim Ki Hyun
Published: August 2016

isolation, structure elucidation, antifungal and antimicrobial properties of three new diketopiperazines (I)—(III) along with five known diketopiperazines
ChemInform Abstract: Governing Metal—Organic Fameworks Towards High Stability
Authors: Li Na , Xu Jian , Feng Rui , Hu Tong‐Liang , Bu Xian‐He
Published: August 2016

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Automated Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides
Authors: Liang Chien‐Fu , Hahm Heung Sik , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: August 2016

Review: 15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Creaming Down Based on Chemical Characterization of a Complex of Caffeine and Tea Catechins
Authors: Ishizu Takashi , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Sato Takashi
Published: August 2016

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from Okinawan Marine Sponges Agelas spp.
Authors: Tanaka Naonobu , Kusama Taishi , Kashiwada Yoshiki , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: August 2016

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrazino[1,2‐a]indoles and Indolo‐[1,2‐a]quinoxalines (Microreview)
Authors: Sokolova Ekaterina A. , Festa Alexey A.
Published: August 2016

Review: [22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Secondary Metabolites with Unique Aromatic and Heterocyclic Structures Obtained from Terrestrial Actinomycetes Species
Authors: Abdelfattah Mohamed S. , Arai Midori A. , Ishibashi Masami
Published: August 2016

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse and Important Contributions by Medicinal Chemists to the Development of Pharmaceuticals: An Example of Active Vitamin D3 Analogue, Eldecalcitol
Authors: Kubodera Noboru
Published: August 2016

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photovoltaics with Ferroelectrics: Current Status and Beyond
Authors: Paillard Charles , Bai Xiaofei , Infante Ingrid C. , Guennou Mael , Geneste Gregory , Alexe Marin , Kreisel Jens , Dkhil Brahim
Published: August 2016

Review: 114 refs.
Reaction rate constant of CO2–Tetra‐n‐butylammounium bromide semi‐clathrate formation
Authors: Verrett Jonathan , Servio Phillip
Published: August 2016

Semi‐clathrate growth experiments were performed using a carbon dioxide‐water‐tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide system. Experiments were conducted in a semi‐batch stirred tank crystallizer at temperatures of 287, 288, and 289 K with a 3‐K subcooling at each temperature. Gas consumption, temperature, hydrate former mole fraction, and particle size were measured throughout growth. Significant differences in gas consumption and heat effects were observed with these systems compared with pure clathrate systems. A kinetic growth model was applied to estimate the intrinsic rate constant. Rate constants did not show a clear trend with temperature at the conditions studied. Intrinsic reaction rate constant values ranged from 7.6 × 10−6 m/s to 13.8 × 10−6 m/s.
Structural basis for cholinergic regulation of neural circuits in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Hamamoto Masakazu , Kiyokage Emi , Sohn Jaerin , Hioki Hiroyuki , Harada Tamotsu , Toida Kazunori
Published: August 2016

Odor information is regulated by olfactory inputs, bulbar interneurons, and centrifugal inputs in the olfactory bulb (OB). Cholinergic neurons projecting from the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca and the magnocellular preoptic nucleus are one of the primary centrifugal inputs to the OB. In this study, we focused on cholinergic regulation of the OB and analyzed neural morphology with a particular emphasis on the projection pathways of cholinergic neurons. Single‐cell imaging of a specific neuron within dense fibers is critical to evaluate the structure and function of the neural circuits. We labeled cholinergic neurons by infection with virus vector and then reconstructed them three‐dimensionally. We also examined the ultramicrostructure of synapses by electron microscopy tomography. To further clarify the function of cholinergic neurons, we performed confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate whether other neurotransmitters are present within cholinergic axons in the OB. Our results showed the first visualization of complete cholinergic neurons, including axons projecting to the OB, and also revealed frequent axonal branching within the OB where it innervated multiple glomeruli in different areas. Furthermore, electron tomography demonstrated that cholinergic axons formed asymmetrical synapses with a morphological variety of thicknesses of the postsynaptic density. Although we have not yet detected the presence of other neurotransmitters, the range of synaptic morphology suggests multiple modes of transmission. The present study elucidates the ways that cholinergic neurons could contribute to the elaborate mechanisms involved in olfactory processing in the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:574–591, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ion Dynamics in a Mixed‐Cation Alkoxy‐Ammonium Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Sodium Device Applications
Authors: Pope Cameron R. , Kar Mega , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Armand Michel , Forsyth Maria , O'Dell Luke A.
Published: August 2016

The ion dynamics in a novel sodium‐containing room‐temperature ionic liquid (IL) consisting of an ether‐functionalised quaternary ammonium cation and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [NTf2] anion with various concentrations of Na[NTf2] have been characterised using differential scanning calorimetry, impedance spectroscopy, diffusometry and NMR relaxation measurements. The IL studied has been specifically designed to dissolve a relatively large concentration of Na[NTf2] salt (over 2 mol kg−1) as this has been shown to improve ion transport and conductivity. Consistent with other studies, the measured ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficients show that the overall ionic mobility decreases with decreasing temperature and increasing salt content. NMR relaxation measurements provide evidence for correlated dynamics between the ether‐functionalised ammonium and Na cations, possibly with the latter species acting as cross‐links between multiple ammonium cations. Finally, preliminary cyclic voltammetry experiments show that this IL can undergo stable electrochemical cycling and could therefore be potentially useful as an electrolyte in a Na‐based device.
Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Stabilized by Carboxymethylated Lignins: Properties and Energy Prospects
Authors: Li Shuai , Willoughby Julie A. , Rojas Orlando J.
Published: August 2016

We take advantage of the amphiphilic properties of technical lignin macromolecules and their inherent high calorific values to formulate oil‐in‐water (O/W) fuel emulsions with high internal‐phase ratios. For the oil phase, we used a combustible hydrocarbon (kerosene) with a measured equivalent alkane carbon number of 12. To adjust the balance of affinity with the oil and water phases and their surface activity, pine kraft lignins were carboxymethylated to different degrees, as quantified by13C NMR spectroscopy, potentiometric titrations, and zeta potential measurements. Carboxymethylated lignins (CMLs) with a degree of substitution of 30 % displayed a critical aggregation concentration of 3 %. The salinity and pH of the aqueous phase were chosen as formulation variables and adjusted within the Winsor framework. The O/W emulsions were produced by following standard protocols. The drop‐size distributions of emulsions with varying pH, degree of substitution, and composition (water‐to‐oil ratio, WOR) were determined, and the long‐term stabilities and rheological behavior of these emulsions were analyzed. Most of the obtained O/W fuel emulsions showed shear‐thinning behavior with a drop size of approximately 2.5 μm and were stable for over 30 days. The combustion of the lignins and their respective emulsions was performed, and their higher heating values (HHVs) were quantified. The HHVs of CML and a high‐internal‐phase (WOR=30:70) O/W emulsion were 20 and 30 MJ kg−1, respectively. Overall, we propose the stabilization of O/W fuel emulsions by lignin as an important avenue in the utilization of this abundant biomacromolecule.
Smart, Sustainable, and Ecofriendly Chemical Design of Fully Bio‐Based Thermally Stable Thermosets Based on Benzoxazine Chemistry
Authors: Froimowicz Pablo , R. Arza Carlos , Han Lu , Ishida Hatsuo
Published: August 2016

Invited for this month′s cover are the groups at the Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, from Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), and Design and Chemistry of Macromolecules Group, from Institute of Technology in Polymers and Nanotechnology (ITPN), directed by Prof. Dr. Hatsuo Ishida and Prof. Dr. Pablo Froimowicz, respectively. The image symbolizes how in the ever‐growing ′Universe of Benzoxazines′ there is always room for new discoveries. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600577.
A cross‐continental comparison of plant and beetle responses to retention of forest patches during timber harvest
Authors: Baker Susan C. , Halpern Charles B. , Wardlaw Timothy J. , Kern Christel , Edgar Graham J. , Thomson Russell J. , Bigley Richard E. , Franklin Jerry F. , Gandhi Kamal J. K. , Gustafsson Lena , Johnson Samuel , Palik Brian J. , Spies Thomas A. , Steel E. Ashley , Weslien Jan , Strengbom Joachim
Published: August 2016

Timber harvest can adversely affect forest biota. Recent research and application suggest that retention of mature forest elements (retention forestry), including unharvested patches (or aggregates) within larger harvested units, can benefit biodiversity compared to clearcutting. However, it is unclear whether these benefits can be generalized among the diverse taxa and biomes in which retention forestry is practiced. Lack of comparability in methods for sampling and analyzing responses to timber harvest and edge creation presents a challenge to synthesis. We used a consistent methodology (similarly spaced plots or traps along transects) to investigate responses of vascular plants and ground‐active beetles to aggregated retention at replicate sites in each of four temperate and boreal forest types on three continents: Douglas‐fir forests in Washington, USA; aspen forests in Minnesota, USA; spruce forests in Sweden; and wet eucalypt forests in Tasmania, Australia. We assessed (1) differences in local (plot‐scale) species richness and composition between mature (intact) and regenerating (previously harvested) forest; (2) the lifeboating function of aggregates (capacity to retain species of unharvested forest); and whether intact forests and aggregates (3) are susceptible to edge effects and (4) influence the adjacent regenerating forest. Intact and harvested forests differed in composition but not richness of plants and beetles. The magnitude of this difference was generally similar among regions, but there was considerable heterogeneity of composition within and among replicate sites. Aggregates within harvest units were effective at lifeboating for both plant and beetle communities. Edge effects were uncommon even within the aggregates. In contrast, effects of forest influence on adjacent harvested areas were common and as strong for aggregates as for larger blocks of intact forest. Our results provide strong support for the widespread application of aggregated retention in boreal and temperate forests. The consistency of pattern in four very different regions of the world suggests that, for forest plants and beetles, responses to aggregated retention are likely to apply more widely. Our results suggest that through strategic placement of aggregates, it is possible to maintain the natural heterogeneity and biodiversity of mature forests managed for multiple objectives.
Explicit modeling of abiotic and landscape factors reveals precipitation and forests associated with aphid abundance
Authors: Stack Whitney Kaitlin , Meehan Timothy D. , Kucharik Christopher J. , Zhu Jun , Townsend Philip A. , Hamilton Krista , Gratton Claudio
Published: August 2016

Increases in natural or noncrop habitat surrounding agricultural fields have been shown to be correlated with declines in insect crop pests. However, these patterns are highly variable across studies suggesting other important factors, such as abiotic drivers, which are rarely included in landscape models, may also contribute to variability in insect population abundance. The objective of this study was to explicitly account for the contribution of temperature and precipitation, in addition to landscape composition, on the abundance of a widespread insect crop pest, the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura), in Wisconsin soybean fields. We hypothesized that higher soybean aphid abundance would be associated with higher heat accumulation (e.g., growing degree days) and increasing noncrop habitat in the surrounding landscape, due to the presence of the overwintering primary hosts of soybean aphid. To evaluate these hypotheses, we used an ecoinformatics approach that relied on a large dataset collected across Wisconsin over a 9‐year period (2003–2011), for an average of 235 sites per year (n = 2,110 fields total). We determined surrounding landscape composition (1.5‐km radius) using publicly available satellite‐derived land cover imagery and interpolated daily temperature and precipitation information from the National Weather Service COOP weather station network. We constructed linear mixed models for soybean aphid abundance based on abiotic and landscape explanatory variables and applied model averaging for prediction using an information theoretic framework. Over this broad spatial and temporal extent in Wisconsin, we found that variation in growing season precipitation was positively related to soybean aphid abundance, while higher precipitation during the nongrowing season had a negative effect on aphid populations. Additionally, we found that aphid populations were higher in areas with proportionally more forest but were lower in areas where minor crops, such as small grains, were more prevalent. Thus, our findings support our hypothesis that including abiotic drivers increases our understanding of crop pest abundance and distribution. Moreover, by explicitly modeling abiotic factors, we may be able to explore how variable climate in tandem with land cover patterns may affect current and future insect populations, with potentially critical implications for crop yields and agricultural food webs.
DNA Computing Systems Activated by Electrochemically‐triggered DNA Release from a Polymer‐brush‐modified Electrode Array
Authors: Gamella Maria , Zakharchenko Andrey , Guz Nataliia , Masi Madeline , Minko Sergiy , Kolpashchikov Dmitry M. , Iken Heiko , Poghossian Arshak , Schöning Michael J. , Katz Evgeny
Published: August 2016

An array of four independently wired indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes was used for electrochemically stimulated DNA release and activation of DNA‐based Identity, AND and XOR logic gates. Single‐stranded DNA molecules were loaded on the mixed poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brush covalently attached to the ITO electrodes. The DNA deposition was performed at pH 5.0 when the polymer brush is positively charged due to protonation of tertiary amino groups in PDMAEMA, thus resulting in electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged DNA. By applying electrolysis at −1.0 V(vs. Ag/AgCl reference) electrochemical oxygen reduction resulted in the consumption of hydrogen ions and local pH increase near the electrode surface. The process resulted in recharging the polymer brush to the negative state due to dissociation of carboxylic groups of PMAA, thus repulsing the negatively charged DNA and releasing it from the electrode surface. The DNA release was performed in various combinations from different electrodes in the array assembly. The released DNA operated as input signals for activation of the Boolean logic gates. The developed system represents a step forward in DNA computing, combining for the first time DNA chemical processes with electronic input signals.
Pore Network Modeling of Compressed Fuel Cell Components with OpenPNM
Authors: Tranter T. G. , Gostick J. T. , Burns A. D. , Gale W. F.
Published: August 2016

Pore network modeling is used to model water invasion and multiphase transport through compressed PEFC gas diffusion layers. Networks are created using a Delaunay tessellation of randomly placed base‐points setting the pore locations and its compliment, the Voronoi diagram, is used to define the location of fibers and resultant pore and throat geometry. The model is validated in comparison to experimental capillary pressure curves obtained on compressed and uncompressed materials. Primary drainage is simulated with an invasion percolation algorithm that sequentially invades pores and throats separately with excellent agreement to experimental data, but required a slight modification to account for the higher aspect ratio of compressed pores. Compression is simulated by scaling the through‐plane coordinates in a uniform manner representing a GDL wholly beneath the current‐collector land. The relative permeability and diffusivity show some dependence on uniform compression. In‐plane porosity variations introduced by land‐channel compression are also investigated which have a marked effect on the limiting current. Saturation at breakthrough does not appear to be dependent on compression. However, a more important parameter, namely the peak saturation, is shown to influence the fuel cell performance and is dependent on the percolation inlet conditions.
Endogenous Technology Adoption and Medical Costs
Authors: Lamiraud Karine , Lhuillery Stephane
Published: August 2016

Despite the claim that technology has been one of the most important drivers of healthcare spending growth over the past decades, technology variables are rarely introduced explicitly in cost equations. Furthermore, technology is often considered exogenous.

Using 1996–2007 panel data on Swiss geographical areas, we assessed the impact of technology availability on per capita healthcare spending covered by basic health insurance whilst controlling for the endogeneity of health technology availability variables. Our results suggest that medical research, patent intensity and the density of employees working in the medical device industry are influential factors for the adoption of technology and can be used as instruments for technology availability variables in the cost equation. These results are similar to previous findings: CT and PET scanner adoption is associated with increased healthcare spending, whilst increased availability of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty facilities is associated with reductions in per capita spending. However, our results suggest that the magnitude of these relationships is much greater in absolute value than that suggested by previous studies that did not control for the possible endogeneity of the availability of technologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moderating role of intrinsic value in the relation between psychological needs support and academic engagement in mathematics among Chinese adolescent students
Authors: Zhen Rui , Liu Ru‐De , Ding Yi , Liu Ying , Wang Jia , Xu Le
Published: August 2016

This study was to assess the moderating roles of intrinsic value in the relation of basic psychological needs support to academic engagement in mathematics. We recruited 246 middle school students by using the Basic Psychological Needs Support Scale, the Intrinsic Value Scale and the Academic Engagement Scale. This study found that both basic psychological needs support and intrinsic value had significant predictions on the three aspects of academic engagement. Moreover, the interaction item between basic psychological needs support and intrinsic value could significantly affect emotional and cognitive engagement, but not behavioural engagement. The findings indicated that except for behavioural engagement, the associations between basic psychological need support and emotional or cognitive engagement could be moderated by intrinsic value. This study provides a special perspective for educators and researchers to recognise the role of intrinsic value in promoting adolescents' higher levels of involvement in mathematics class.
Changes and variability of precipitation and temperature in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna River Basin based on global high‐resolution reanalyses
Authors: Khandu  , Awange Joseph L. , Kuhn Michael , Anyah Richard , Forootan Ehsan
Published: August 2016

Previous studies suggest that climate change impacts significantly on the hydro‐climatic processes within the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) River Basin (RB). This study examines the observed climate characteristics and potential strengths and limitations of three global high‐resolution reanalyses and satellite remote‐sensing products over the GBM RB for period 1980–2013 by (1) estimating trends and interannual variations of precipitation and temperature, and (2) isolating precipitation variations likely associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The surface temperature trends show widespread warming across the basin with a maximum increase of 0.6 °C decade−1 over western Nepal and southern Tibet from 1980 to 2013. Rainfall changes from 1980 to 2013 indicate pronounced decline over high rainfall regions of northeast India, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh, especially from 1998 to 2013. Basin‐wide averaged trends show rainfall decline of up to 39 mm decade−1 in June–August in the Brahmaputra–Meghna RB from 1998 to 2013. Temperature variability based on Principal Component Analysis indicates that the first mode is associated with sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Arabian Sea and the western tropical Pacific Ocean, while the second mode appears to be significantly correlated to SST anomalies in the western (eastern) tropical Indian (Pacific) Ocean. ENSO and IOD events are found to significantly influence rainfall variability contributing to about 10–20% (ENSO) and 8–10% (IOD) of the annual rainfall, mainly over Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and north‐eastern India. Among the three reanalysis products: European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) retrospective analysis (ERA‐Interim), Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), ERA‐Interim (and MERRA) agrees well with the observed precipitation (temperature) data sets while, CFSR shows the least skills in representing the spatio‐temporal variations of precipitation and temperature.
Automated statistical experimental design approach for rapid separation of coenzyme Q10 and identification of its biotechnological process related impurities using UHPLC and UHPLC–APCI‐MS
Authors: Talluri Murali V.N. Kumar , Kalariya Pradipbhai D. , Dharavath Shireesha , Shaikh Naeem , Garg Prabha , Ramisetti Nageswara Rao , Ragampeta Srinivas
Published: August 2016

A novel ultra high performance liquid chromatography method development strategy was ameliorated by applying quality by design approach. The developed systematic approach was divided into five steps (i) Analytical Target Profile, (ii) Critical Quality Attributes, (iii) Risk Assessments of Critical parameters using design of experiments (screening and optimization phases), (iv) Generation of design space, and (v) Process Capability Analysis (Cp) for robustness study using Monte Carlo simulation. The complete quality‐by‐design‐based method development was made automated and expedited by employing sub‐2 μm particles column with an ultra high performance liquid chromatography system. Successful chromatographic separation of the Coenzyme Q10 from its biotechnological process related impurities was achieved on a Waters Acquity phenyl hexyl (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column with gradient elution of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.0) and a mixture of acetonitrile/2‐propanol (1:1) as the mobile phase. Through this study, fast and organized method development workflow was developed and robustness of the method was also demonstrated. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness in compliance to the International Conference on Harmonization, Q2 (R1) guidelines. The impurities were identified by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry technique. Further, the in silico toxicity of impurities was analyzed using TOPKAT and DEREK software.
Identification of design related distortion of gear base bodies by experimental investigations
Authors: Lübben T. , Surm H. , Hoffmann F. , Zoch H.‐W.
Published: August 2016

The economic and ecological need for reduced weight of automobiles leads to increasing activities in recent years. One way to achieve this aim is to use modified designs for components with a high weight. Here the gear box and especially the gears have a potential for significant weight reduction. But besides the functional behavior of the components under consideration the manufacturing processes must be able to produce them with high accuracy and without increasing costs. Focussing on manufacturing lines of gears, it is known on the one hand that distortion after final heat treatment can depend on gear geometry, one of the most important carriers of distortion potential. On the other hand no design rules for lightweight gears exist. Therefore in this paper first results of a research project are presented. The manufacturing line was kept constant to continuously cast steel, rolling the square blooms to semi‐finished material, forming of forging blanks with constant dimensions, annealing, turning of different shaped gear base bodies, and case hardening by low pressure carburizing in combination with high pressure gas quenching. The resulting size and shape changes as function of geometry modifications with a maximum weight reduction of 20 % will be shown and discussed.
Numerical prediction of distortions during machining of large aluminium aeronautical parts
Authors: Mocellin K. , Cerutti X.
Published: August 2016

Aluminium alloy structural aerospace parts are usually large monolithic parts machined from rolled plates or preformed parts. Previous to machining, several manufacturing steps (forming, heat treatments and mechanical stress relief operations) are performed, resulting in the creation of residual stresses. During machining, a redistribution of the residual stresses occurs due to the material removal. This residual stress redistribution is the main reason for machining errors such as dimensional variations and post‐machining distortions. In order to predict the mechanical behaviour of the workpiece during machining and the final part quality in taking into consideration both the machining parameters (fixture layout and machining sequence) and the residual stress redistribution, a specific numerical tool has been developed [1]. Using this numerical tool, an analysis of the influence of the initial residual stresses as well as of the fixture layout and the machining sequences (tool path) on the machining quality of parts machined from an AIRWARE®2050‐T84 alloy rolled plate is performed. The numerical results are compared with experimental ones in terms of both post‐machining distortions and dimensional errors. Similar results are obtained for both, showing that the developed numerical tool allows to predict dimensional and geometrical errors due to the redistribution of the residual stresses during machining. The machining of these cases and results obtained are then analysed, demonstrating the feasibility to adapt and to optimize the machining process plan to ensure conformity of the part with the tolerance specifications.
Simulation based reduction of residual stress related part distortion
Authors: Dreier S. , Brüning J. , Denkena B.
Published: August 2016

During machining of structural components, material inherent stresses are removed and additional residual stresses are induced into the subsurface of the workpiece. Both effects may result in distortions of the workpiece leading to shape deviations and time consuming repair processes. The research objective of this paper is to reduce part distortion caused by residual stresses of machined aircraft components by utilizing a distortion simulation in advance. The presented method is able to predict the part distortion caused by initial and process induced residual stresses. The results are verified in an experimental setup by comparison of measured and predicted distortions of a structural part. Based on the simulated results two basic strategies to minimize part distortion are described. Both strategies have a high potential for direct transfer into industrial application. In addition, three more advanced strategies with the objective of zero distortion are presented.