bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zimcord Conference Documentation
Authors: Dougherty Edward A.
Published: May 2006

The Zimbabwe Conference on Reconstruction and Development (Zimcord) was held in Salisbury from March 23-27, 1981. Thirty-one nations and twenty-six international agencies pledged about $1.45 billion in economic aid to be disbursed over a three-year period beginning in July of 1981. The United States government, through the Agency for International Development, pledged $225 million. USAID has just begun to set up a mechanism for the distribution of those funds. Because of the presence of well-trained personnel and the substantial bureaucracy that has remained intact during the transition from a white- to a black-led government, USAID intends to utilize the existing decision-making structure in Salisbury as much as possible. For those interested in potential Zimbabwean projects, one of the key documents that needs to be studied is the Zimcord Conference Document. In the following discussion the main points of the document are summarized.
The Soviet Union and the Nigerian Civil War: A Triumph of Realism
Authors: Stent Angela
Published: May 2006

The “winds of change” had barely swept across Africa when the newly-independent nations felt the chilling gusts of the cold war. Decolonization created a power vacuum in the prevailing bipolar structure and for a time it appeared that the African continent would be one of the areas in which the struggle between capitalism and communism would be resolved. As the center of gravity of the cold war shifted towards the periphery, the USSR became increasingly interested in extending its influence in Africa. This interest was sharpened as Sino-Soviet rivalry intensified. Under Khrushchev, Soviet policy in Africa was expansionist, vigorous and unrealistically optimistic, both in its assessment of African gratitude towards Moscow and in its estimation of the socialist potential of certain regimes. A series of spectacular setbacks in the Congo, Guinea, Ghana, and Mali led Khrushchev's successors to reevaluate their Third World policies and downgrade Africa as an area deserving extensive Russian resources.
Free Speech, Defamation and South Africa: An american legal view
Authors: Lawrence Church W.
Published: May 2006

Nearly everyone agrees that the protection of free speech is one of the most, perhaps the most, important ingredient in the concept of “democracy,” as that term is conceived in the Western world. It is not the only element within the concept, of course, and it is forced into ceaseless competition with other factors and policies that demand recognition and official protection. Nevertheless, it is possible to predicate a judgment on the degree to which a society is in fact democratic, based on an analysis of the degree to which free speech is there allowed to flourish.
Foreign Aid to Sadcc: An Analysis of the Reagan Administration’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Brown Ed
Published: May 2006

During the past decade, American foreign policy interests in Southern Africa have steadily increased. In 1974, the collapse of the Portuguese government led to independence for Mozambique and Angola. More recently the Zimbabwean and Namibian liberation struggles have occupied center stage. International attention to South African events has also increased while Western concerns about Soviet influence in the region have intensified. Policy-makers in the United States have not remained immune to these changes. In fact, while American interests in the region have not really changed, they have increased because of the foregoing events and the way they are perceived by American policy makers.

In April 1980, all the majority-ruled states of Southern Africa gathered in Lusaka, Zambia, and formed the Southern African Development Coordination Conference.
Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa: Why Namibia is not Another Zimbabwe
Authors: Gordon David F.
Published: May 2006

Despite continued American insistence that a negotiating impasse had not been reached, by the final months of 1982 it seemed clear that internationally-recognized independence for Namibia would not soon be achieved. While Washington claimed that negotiations between South Africa, Angola, and the Southwest African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) (with the U.S. as mediator) remain meaningful, there appears to have been a decisive move away from settlement. The latest round of negotiations, spearheaded by the United States as the leading element of the Western Contact Group (the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Canada), has attempted to move South African-controlled Namibia to independence on the basis of Security Council Resolution 435 of September 1978.
Swaziland After Sobhuza: Stability or Crisis?
Authors: Vieceli Jackie
Published: May 2006

In their study of personal rule in black Africa, Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg maintain that the most important factors shaping contemporary African politics are the political skills, orientations, and leadership styles of African heads of state. They assert that African nations as yet lack well-developed political institutions and hold that in the absence of such institutions, the politics of personal rule are much more decisive in shaping the character and continuity of African regimes than any economic, social, or cultural factors. As a logical outcome of these contentions, Jackson and Rosberg assert that, far from being aberrations, succession crises are an integral feature of personalistic politics. Because of the decisive influence of the leader’s abilities and orientations, his death or removal may very well bring about fundamental changes in the regime over which he presided.
Group Conflict and Human Rights in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Markakis John
Published: May 2006

Africa’s receptiveness to Western fashionable concepts and theories appears to have suffered little from repeated demonstration of inappropriateness. The list of inapt imports is long and quite familiar to the older generation of Africanist academics who had a hand in fashioning and disseminating them. It began with the imperative of the “nation-state” that was to be forged in the process of national integration and institution building. Economic development was to come via industrialization, “import substitution” and diversification of exports, and social modernization would follow the passing of traditional society. Political development had a complex formula: “constitutionalism” and “rational legitimacy,” “interest articulation, aggregation and representation,” “functionally specific” bureaucratic institutions, and “prescriptive” as opposed to “ascriptive” recruitment.
African Women in the Age of Transformation: Voices from the Continent
Authors: Okeke Philomina E.
Published: May 2006

I agreed to undertake the task of editing this volume, regarding such an opportunity as one more point of entry into a larger academic discourse that must be forced to rethink the content and direction of its discourse. In a recent publication, I stressed the need to restructure existing relations among African and Africanist female scholars in order to give voice to the conditions of African women’s lives as articulated by the former. I drew attention to the diminishing presence of indigenous female voices, especially those in the continent, in shaping the study of African women and feminist scholarship at large. Admittedly, the African case is, in part, a product of the social, economic and political trends which have already weakened both academic networks and infrastructures, distancing us from the very human situations and institutional ties which must define and mediate our research.
Angola: The Present Opportunity
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: May 2006

As remote and improbable a venue for a crisis in American foreign policy as Quemoy or the Gulf of Tonkin, Angola (1975) came to assume a Munich-like symbolism in the calculations of Americans who perceived a threat of Soviet expansionism into the third world during the latter years of the Brezhnev era. Smarting from a political/military shutout in Angola that came on the heels of a humiliating American exodus from Saigon, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger pointed to Angola as the “principal” cause of a deterioration in U.S.-Soviet relations. Subsequent policy confrontations over Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Nicaragua and Cambodia reinforced this perception of Angola as the beginning of the end of detente.
Thoughts on an Angolan-Namibian Settlement
Authors: Fituni L.L.
Published: May 2006

Public opinion of late has been riveted to Africa’s southwest. The prospects of a settlement are glimmering on the horizon. Although the prospects are not completely clear, we can begin to view concrete steps toward a peaceful settlement in the region.
Recommendations: Southern African Development Coordination Conference and African Security
Authors: Goncharov Victor I. , Halisi C.R.D. , Tarabrin Yevgeny
Published: May 2006

The overwhelmingly dominant regional power of southern Africa, South Africa, attempts to contain the political, economic, and military interdependence of neighboring states, irrespective of ideological preference. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) founded in 1980, is the response of the other states in the region to South Africa’s ambitions to maintain regional hegemony. Its nine member state are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and an independent Namibia is expected to join. The specific objectives of SADCC, as stated in the 1980 Lusaka Declaration, are the reduction of economic dependence in general (not only on South Africa); the forging of links to create a genuinely meaningful and equitable system of regional integration; the mobilization of resources to support national, interstate, and regional policies; and concerted action to secure international cooperation for the purpose of economic liberation.
Recommendations: Nuclear Nonproliferation in Africa
Authors: Potter William C. , Vassiliev Alexei M.
Published: May 2006

The principles embodied in the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and the strengthening of the nonproliferation regime internationally, including Africa, would serve international peace and security. Nonproliferation is an area of common interest between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., in which the two countries have a good record of cooperation.
The Struggle for African Area Studies: A View from Wisconsin
Authors: Ralston Richard D.
Published: May 2006

Three separate but related issues made an unforgettable impression on me during 1982-1985, the three years that I chaired the African Studies Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Today, they seem daunting and no less diminished: 1) the perennial threats of severe cuts in federal Title VI funding for international language and area studies, 2) the apparent demoralization of area studies graduates owing to a gloomy job market picture, and, despite these blows, 3) the continuing, demonstrated importance of African Area Studies to our campuses and society at large.
The Efforts to Restore Intellectual Freedom in Africa
Authors: Hyden Goran
Published: May 2006

One of the most encouraging things to happen recently in Africa is the growing concern among local people with the need for respect for civil and political rights. In the forefront of this new movement are many of the continent’s intellectuals. Their agenda includes a more general call for respect of the rights of all citizens but also a particularly strong plea for greater academic freedom. For example, declarations in support of academic freedom were passed by the Association of University Teachers in Zimbabwe 1989 and by delegates from autonomous staff associations in six institutions of higher learning in Tanzania in May 1990. Both these initiatives came about as a result of government decisions to abrogate the autonomy of the universities as laid down in the acts once adopted by national law-makers to guide the operations of these institutions.
Agro-Technology Information and Africa-Centered Development
Authors: Kordylas J. Maud
Published: May 2006

In 1982 I left Ghana, as director of the Food Research Institute, for Cameroon. The next three years were spent researching and gathering information and data on alternative, affordable, manageable and sustainable processes that can be put together to form workable agro-industrial systems for use in Africa.

In 1984 I started experimenting with the organic system of crop production as an affordable improvement to the traditional multiple and multi-story cropping system. Several fruit trees—guava, carambola, sour sop, mango and avocado—were planted in a backyard plot of about twenty meters by nine meters or 180 square meters to which compost was applied.
Multiculturalism as a Text: The Battle Over the Canon
Authors: Kalu Anthonia C.
Published: May 2006

Interest in the issue of multiculturalism has picked up momentum in the past few years. The reasons given for this increased interest in the focus of what multiculturalism is, what it means, what it should do, must do, and what should be done about it, are as varied as the people who discuss it. The main focus here is how it is looked upon in academic discourse and the ways in which the discussion so far has ignored the basic and real issues in continuation of conventional modes of engagement that refuse to acknowledge and admit the legitimacy of the views of marginalized people.
The Constitution of Burundi
Authors: Morris L.
Published: May 2006

Having been drafted by the Constitutional Committee and ratified by the Supreme Council of the Republic, the following Constitution is hereby proclaimed by the President of the Republic as the constitutional law of the Republic of Burundi.
New Priorities and New Directions in African Outreach
Authors: Wiley Marylee
Published: May 2006

The concept of outreach has become associated with public service to community, media and business interests, to public and private educational institutions, and to African and Africanist academics at home and abroad lacking access to resources to pursue their studies and research. This paper is concerned chiefly with the role of colleges and universities in African studies outreach, which is not to minimize the importance of other agents of change, private and public, committed to the task of improving the quality and quantity of our understanding and knowledge of African affairs.
African Studies and the Basics
Authors: Dumor Cecilia
Published: May 2006

Educators teaching about Africa and other foreign areas cannot ignore the demands in American education for the basics—reading, writing, and arithmetic. These are important societal skills not merely because they result in writing grammatical sentences, spelling correctly, multiplying, and adding but more importantly because they play a central role, or should play a central role, in developing critical thinking abilities. In this respect, the critical thinking that is fostered by reading, writing, and arithmetic is essential for any relevant study about Africa today. Both African methods in education and content about Africa can be utilized in the K-12 curriculum to enhance these basic skills.
Media in Outreach: A Personal Opinion
Authors: Walter Bob J.
Published: May 2006

How do we learn? How do we develop opinions, form impressions, and conceive images of peoples, places, and events? Once having developed these, how are they changed? Although the whole learning process may not yet be fully understood, it is clear that our cognition of things outside ourselves derives from information received through sensory sources. The major ones are tactile, aural, and visual, with smell and taste being less important.
Sources of Funding for Outreach
Authors: Guthrie Charles C.
Published: May 2006

It is no secret that funding for African studies has been on the decline since the 1960s, and there is a well of pessimism in the Africanist community regarding future support, which has swelled in proportion to this decline. Among area specialists today, words such as proposal or funding are frequently heard in sharp cynical tones or in subdued voices of disappointment. Recently a colleague shared with me his visual interpretation of the funding situation for African studies, which he laughingly referred to as “the intravenous connection”—an emaciated body kept alive by a small but steady flow of nourishment directly into the bloodstream. The analogy is not inappropriate.
The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Gaborone, Botswana
Authors: Swatuk Larry A.
Published: May 2006

With fanfare befitting the arrival of a god of the Western material world, U.S. President Bill Clinton toured Southern Africa imparting “words of wisdom” along the way. His aim, we were told, was to see that the United States becomes Africa’s “true partner.” The reason being, according to Clinton, “[a]s Africa grows strong, America grows stronger ... Yes, Africa needs the world, but more than ever it is equally true that the world needs Africa.” To this end, the United States would pursue a mix of political and economic policies that included the African Crisis Response Initiative and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, both designed to foster “stability” and “prosperity” on the continent. Lofty goals, to be sure, but ends whose means are badly in need of interrogation. This article does just that: To wit, does Clinton, on behalf of U.S. policymakers, mean what he says? If so, in naming “peace” and “prosperity,” can he make them? Put differently, does the Clinton administration have the power to introduce order where there was chaos? Or will it only compound existing problems and visit new ones upon those who had few to begin with?
Ethnicity and the Brain Drain
Authors: Chukunta N. K. Onuoha
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if any relationship exists between ethnic membership and the brain drain, defined as expatriation or indefinite delay of return. It was hypothesized generally that such a relationship exists and that the Nigerian subjects of the study would differentiate themselves markedly on the questionnaire items based on their ethnic group membership. Specifically, it was hypothesized that Igbo respondents would be the least disposed to early return to Nigeria.
An Assessment of the African Brain Drain, with Special Reference to the Kenyan Mid-Career Professional
Authors: Odenyo Amos O.
Published: May 2006

The term, “brain drain,” has been controversial ever since the Royal Society (1963) coined it to refer to the emigration of British scientists to the United States and Canada. The ensuing debate has produced two schools of thought. The nationalists, such as Patinkin (1968) who assume that the brain drain is dysfunctional to nation-states and who more or less view the talented individual as a property of a nation-state, have found sympathetic audiences in most of the developing countries and also among the altruistic moralists of the developed world. The moralists are concerned with the propriety and logic of the recipient countries accepting brains from the underdeveloped while at the same time granting them foreign aid. In response, the internationalists, such as Johnson (1968), who assume that the brain drain is functional to the pervasive trend towards closer integration of world economy and community and who more or less view the talented individual as a commodity in the international rather than the national market, have also found an equally sympathetic audience, especially among the drainees themselves. Being even more underdeveloped than the other developing areas, Africa is seen by the moralists as an ideal example of the follies of the brain drain.
The Nigerian Brain Drain: The Case for Return
Authors: Nwaochei Ben Nnaemeka
Published: May 2006

The brain drain phenomenon has been a topical issue for quite some time. It has been argued by some writers that there are definite benefits derived by both donor and receiving nations as well as the individual involved (Chukunta, 1976; Oh, 1973; Adams, 1968). It can be said that the loss suffered by the donor-nation by far outweighs the attendant benefits. This becomes obvious when one considers the following facts: (1) the donor-nations are generally the developing nations which are suffering from acute shortage of high level manpower desperately needed for accelerated economic development; and (2) the individuals involved (that is, the nationals of the donor-nations who have left their countries to reside in foreign countries either permanently or indefinitely) belong to the very small group of intellectuals and high level manpower most needed in those developing countries. Many studies have been conducted to find out why the phenomenon does exist (Adams, 1968;Okediji and Okediji, 1973; Oh, 1977; Chukunta, 1976).
The Concept of the Absurd and the Brain Drain
Authors: Chukunta N. K. Onuoha
Published: May 2006

On the surface, it would appear far-fetched to link the concept of the absurd with the brain drain. The connection, however, exists. For, the brain drain, which here will sometimes be referred to as expatriation, is the logical extension of a process that begins with alienation and which, in its extreme case, manifests itself in the form of the Camusian absurd. After all the ink has been spilt on the economic “causes” of the brain drain, the concept of the absurd may turn out to provide new insights into the phenomenon and may be the foundation on which the “causes” rest.
The Chronicle of Independence: A Short Story
Authors: Diawara Manthia
Published: May 2006

We used to play soccer with white boys in Kankan at Saint John, a Catholic elementary and junior high school. Then one day a girl by the name of Dusu told my mother that I had been in the worshipping house of the white people. When I came home my mother was crying, saying that the Devil had entered me. The other women in the compound gathered around her to express their surprise and distress as well. I could hear them talking about how the world had become a dangerous place since the era of the white man. Some said that nowadays the white men had driven Satan deep into the souls of some black men so much so that, like mad dogs, they had turned against their trainers themselves. Some said that the world was coming to an end, and others enjoined that it was all Sekou Toure’s fault. That day my mother locked me up and began whipping me.
Settler State, Guerrilla War and Rural Underdevelopment in Rhodesia
Authors: Bratton Michael
Published: May 2006

[The designation “Rhodesia” is used to distinguish the colonial state, with which this article is concerned, from the future decolonized “Zimbabwe”. Readers interested in a less theoretical but more closely documented version of the arguments presented in this paper, plus analysis of the options and prospects for the administration of rural development in Zimbabwe, are referred to Beyond Community Development: The Political Economy of Rural Administration in Zimbabwe (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1978, 64 pp.) by the same author.]
The Herd Instinct and Class Literature in Nigeria Today
Authors: Ogunjimi Bayo
Published: May 2006

Right from the period of colonialism the herd or cult of the national bourgeoisie has been consistent in its chicanery of reifying, alienating and approximating the social existence of the peasants, the working class and other oppressed social strata. They operate the political culture from various levels of fetishisms as politicians, businessmen, professionals, religious prelates, feudal oligarchies and cultic forces. Set against the masses is the conglomerate of the class referred to by Wole Soyinka as the “self-consolidating regurgitative lumpen Mafiadom of the military, the old politicians and business enterprises” (The Man Died, London, Andre Deutsche Ltd., 1972, p. 181). This class consists of those that Frantz Fanon refers to as the conduit pipes and errand boys of international monopoly capital.
On the Sovereign National Conference
Authors: Onwudiwe Ebere
Published: May 2006

The Conference of Nationalities organized in Nigeria by the Campaign for Democracy, and held on December 17-19, 1998, has come and gone with little impact either on the national consciousness or on the process of transition to democracy. At the outset, I should state that I have never been convinced that the type of national conference planned in Nigeria after the expiration of the regime of Sani Abacha was going to be as useful as the most successful Conferences Nationales pioneered in francophone Africa. From the particular example of a similar conference in the Republic of Benin, the weaknesses of the Nigerian parley can be crystallized. The choice of Benin is quite easy. The Conference Nationale there was a resounding success. That triumphant experiment is a much better yardstick for measuring the Nigerian effort than, say, the failed one in Togo, although the Togo case is not without humbling lessons for the Nigerian organizers of the Conference of Nationalities.
The Role of Congress in the Development of a Responsible American Policy Toward Angola
Authors: Bender Gerald J.
Published: May 2006

In addition to our discussions today of the current situation in Angola, I would like to direct my remarks to the question of what role, if any, the United States should play with regard to Angola, and concretely, how the Congress can assist in the formulation and execution of a responsible American policy toward Angola. We have all learned a number of important lessons from recent revelations about the conduct of American policy in Southeast Asia, about Government coverups such as Watergate, corporate bribery of foreign officials and political parties, and about the illegal and unacceptable activities of the CIA as described in the Rockefeller Commission report and elsewhere. Certainly we can apply some of these lessons to our present consideration of U.S. policy toward Angola; hopefully we will learn the vital facts and ask the necessary questions now, rather than, as has too often been the case, after the fact.
Statement on Rhodesia
Authors: Good Robert C.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of my statement is to place recent events in perspective and to speculate in broad terms about forthcoming developments as these may affect or be affected by U.S. policy. Other commentators are much better positioned than I to present detailed statistical evidence and to estimate near term developments based on the most recent facts.
Statement on South Africa and the United States
Authors: Munger Edwin S.
Published: May 2006

My remarks will be relatively brief because I agree with a great deal of what my distinguished academic colleagues have already said. I do, however, take a different position with respect to American policy toward South Africa and have some ideas of my own concerning our overall Africa policy.
American Obligations Towards Namibia
Authors: Landis Elizabeth S.
Published: May 2006

The attitude of the United States towards Namibia is somewhat like that of the "Sunday Christian" towards religion: it's great to stand up at intervals to self-righteously denounce sinners and ritually proclaim higher moral purpose – but God forbid that these pieties should interfere with the practical concerns of work-a-day existence.
Politics and the Food Production Crisis in Tanzania
Authors: Shao John
Published: May 2006

Opinion is now universally agreed among all people of conscience, that the so-called Tanzanian experiment is a complete and dismal failure. Reviews critical of this ‘experiment’ and warning about the impending catastrophe, which began to appear in the international press in the middle of 1980 as a whisper, had become an uproar by late 1982 as the hopes and optimism that accompanied the apparent and aberrant recovery of 1976-79 were dashed and shattered by the return of the food crisis in 1980 and the perseverance and intensification of the general economic crisis. The pace of deterioration of the economy has accelerated since 1980.
Full Frobenius Groups of Finite Morley Rank and the Feit-Thompson Theorem
Authors: Jaligot Eric
Published: May 2006

We show how the notion of full Frobenius group of finite Morley rank generalizes that of bad group, and how it seems to be more appropriate when we consider the possible existence (still unknown) of nonalgebraic simple groups of finite Morley rank of a certain type, notably with no involution. We also show how these groups appear as a major obstacle in the analysis ofFT-groups, if one tries to extend the Feit-Thompson theorem to groups of finite Morley rank.
The Roman town-walls of Arles: and a Note on Other Roman Town-walls in Gaul and Britain
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: May 2006

Roman Aries has more history than most towns in the northern provinces. It should therefore be in some degree an index-site for the archaeologist. This at present it is not, partly through accident and partly through neglect. With disputed exceptions, no inscription throws direct light upon any one of its surviving buildings, nor has any attempt been made to supply this deficiency by scientific excavation. Even the structural evidence which meets the eye of the visitor has received considerably less than due attention from the archaeologist. In particular, the complex fragments of the town-walls have not yet been subjected to the reasoned discussion which their fine construction and their general historical environment alike demand. It may be of profit here to attack some of the problems of these walls, not merely for their intrinsic interest but because a solution could scarcely fail to assist in that of kindred problems on more obscure sites in Gaul and even in Britain.
Studies in the Roman Province Galatia: X. The Romans in Galatia
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

The term Galatia is here used in the widest sense, equivalent to of Γαλατιϰὴ ἐπαρχεία C.I.G. 3991.

It is a remarkable feature that there is hardly any allusion in the inscriptions of Galatia to πραγματευόμενοι ʽΡωμαῖοι or ὁ δῆμος ϰαὶ οί ϰατοιϰοῦντες Ρωμϰῖοι. I do not remember one; but they may occur rarely and have escaped my notice or memory. In the province of Asia these cives qui ibi negotiantur occur very frequently.

The solitary allusion of any approximate character that I know in Galatia is ὁ δῆμος οἵ τε συμπολιτευόμενοι Ρωμαῖοι, which indicates a closer connexion and more equal rights between natives and cives Romani than was the case in Asia. Paul was a Cilician, and the same rule seems to have held there as in Galatia.
Two Resolutions of the Dionysiac Artists from Angora
Authors: Buckler W. H. , Keil Josef
Published: May 2006

Soon after the somewhat rash attempt to reconstruct from an imperfect copy the Angora Resolution of the Stage Guild (J.H.S. xliv, 1924, pp. 158-161), I learnt that the marble pedestal on the right side of which it is engraved now stands well preserved within the cella of the Augusteum. The epigraphic copy of Calder and Cox and the excellent squeeze made by Cox in 1925 (Plate XXXIII) were generously put at my disposal, and in May 1926 I examined the original myself. The text, as will be seen, is much clearer than the previous copies led one to suppose; it differs so materially from the transcript in J.H.S. l.c., pp. 158-159, that a mere list of the requisite corrections would not be enough; only a revised edition of the whole document can be intelligible. In preparing this from the information and suggestions kindly supplied by Calder and Cox, I have also been favoured with the advice of Professor Josef Keil, invaluable for the restoration of ll. 30-36, and with that of Professor H. Dessau, who recognised the Roman dating and supplied the consul's name in the last line. Besides clearing away many textual obscurities, the revision of the original text has given us the endings of lines and the length of the lacunae in ll. 23-55. The facsimile (Plate XXXIII) shows only ll. 2-55.
Commodus-Hercules in Britain
Authors: Rostovtseff Michael , Mattingly Harold
Published: May 2006

In 1918 the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology in Cambridge acquired with Professor Babington's collection a hoard of some-what unusual objects. They were found in 1857 in Willingham Fen, Cambridgeshire, south of the River Ouse or Old West River, on a spot, which is now no longer fen but a field known as ‘The Hempsalls,’ two and a half miles north-west of Cottenham and eight miles north of Cambridge. They had been placed in a wooden box, no doubt for concealment in a convenient place. Their curious character makes them worthy of more detailed notice than they have hitherto received.
A note on another portrait-head of Livia
Authors: Waldhauer Oscar
Published: May 2006

Professor Percy Gardner published in this Journal a most interesting portrait-head belonging to the Ashmolean Museum, undoubtedly a portrait of Livia. As good portraits of the Empress are very rare, the little-known head in the Hermitage Museum deserves further notice. The head in question belongs to the original stock of the Museum, but it is unknown how it found its way there. In the first notice extant Guédéonoff described it as a ‘portrait of a Roman lady.’ Kieseritzky proposed the name ‘Messalina.’ In my Catalogue of the Museum and in my Roman Portraits in the Hermitage Museum, I have called it Livia.
A Roman Fortified House near Cardiff
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: May 2006

Modern students of Roman Britain have been taught to recognize the sharp line of cleavage, both social and regional, which intervened between the military and the civil zones of the province. Such recognition is essential both as a corrective to the indiscriminate marchings and counter-marchings of the earlier historians and as a safeguard against confusion in dealing with a comparatively restricted geographical area. The general validity of this distinction, however, is now so widely accepted that it is permissible to modify it in detail without risk of misunderstanding.
A Forgotten Treaty between Rome and Carthage
Authors: Cary M.
Published: May 2006

The controversy regarding the treaties between Rome and Carthage is almost as ancient as the Punic Wars themselves, and unlike these it has not the merit of having come to an end. Strangely enough, the battle of dissertations has chiefly raged round a point of minor importance, and the key position has been the scene of nothing more than some desultory skirmishing. The question whether the first treaty between Rome and Carthage was contracted in 509 B.C. or in 348 B.C. has little or no bearing on the history of the Punic Wars. On the other hand, our judgment on the rights and wrongs of these wars must turn largely on the question whether at the outbreak of the first war there was a treaty in force which bound the Carthaginians not to interfere in Italy, and the Romans not to interfere in Sicily. This latter question was raised in the age of the Punic Wars themselves by the Greek historian Philinus, who argued that the Roman occupation of Messana was a breach of the aforesaid treaty. And the importance of this contention was realised by Polybius, who seized upon Philinus' accusation in order to polemise against it. But the success of Polybius' apparent refutation of Philinus has been so complete that the treaty invoked by Philinus has been generally discredited, and those few modern scholars who have raised the question of the treaty afresh have generally been snubbed for their pains. Nevertheless the point at issue is one which requires to be settled. The present article is an attempt to review the evidence and to make a definite pronouncement upon it.
A Note on the Title ‘Gemina.’
Authors: Birley E. B.
Published: May 2006

Amid all the disputes and controversies that have centred on the Roman army of the Empire since Mommsen's day, one important chapter in that army's history has remained curiously free from question; however many legions Augustus retained, whenever this legion was raised or that destroyed, all writers are in agreement that Vespasian, early in his principate, cashiered some of the mutinous legions of the Rhine armies.

The great majority of writers are agreed that the legions so dismissed were I, IIII Macedonica, XV Primigenia, and XVI Gallica; though Hardy, following Grotefend and Schilling, suggested that XV might have survived even into Trajan's principate: to-day, however, no one maintains this view, which was the outcome of a failure to account for Vespasian's apparent reduction of the number of legions.
The Number of the Sullan Senate
Authors: Hardy E.G.
Published: May 2006

Appian (Bell. Civ. i, 59) speaking of the measures taken in 88 B.C. by the consuls Sulla and Pompeius Strabo, shortly before the former started for the East, states: κατέλεξαν ἐς τὸ βουλευτήριον, ὀλιγανθρωπότατον δὴ τότε μάλιστα ὂν καὶ παρὰ τοῦτ̕ εὐκαταΦρόνητον, ἀθρόους ἐκ τῶν ἀρίστων ἀνδρῶν τριακοσίους. Later on, in describing the acts of Sulla's dictatorship, he declares : (ibid. c. 100) αὐτῆ δὲ τῇ βουλῇ, διὰ τὰς στάσεις καὶ τοὺς πολέμους πάμπαν ὀλιγανδρούση, προσκατέλεξεν ἀμΦὶ τοὺς τριακοσίους ἐκ τῶν ἀρίστων ἱππέων, ταῖς Φυλαῖς ἀναδοὺς ΨῆΦον περὶ ἑκάστου.

Are we to suppose that Appian is merely careless, and inadvertently describes the same act twice over, though assigning it to two different dates, or was the addition of three hundred fresh members really effected on both these two occasions?
Roman Silver Coins Found At Corstopitum
Authors: Craster H. H. E.
Published: May 2006

No apology need be made for setting out in full a list of the silver coins found in the course of seven years' digging (1906 to 1912) on the Romano-British site of Corstopitum near Corbridge-on-Tyne, three miles south of Hadrian's Wall, in Northumberland. So much attention has been paid to coin-hoards, so little to the general character of coins found on Roman sites, that we are in danger of neglecting half the evidence which excavation is able to furnish. For hoards and general coin-finds naturally differ in their character. A hoard furnishes evidence as to what coins were in circulation together, or were in circulation during a limited if indefinite period, namely, the period of hoarding. Lost unhoarded coins—lost because they were not hoarded—tell a different tale. Whereas in hoards the latest years are, normally, most plentifully represented, lost coins may be taken to bear a constant proportion to the total amount of money circulating throughout the period of occupation. They furnish better historical evidence in regard to a site, for, whereas the period of occupation can usually be settled by other data, the period of hoarding can only be arrived at from the evidence of the hoard itself taken in conjunction with other hoards of different date: the terminus ad quem of a hoard can be easily ascertained, but the terminus a quo is bound to remain indefinite. Hoards are usually composed of coins of a single denomination, but in unhoarded coin all classes of currency are, or may be, equally represented; the personal factor is excluded, and different denominations are found in much the same proportion to that in which they circulated.
The technique of stucco ceilings at Pompeii
Authors: Van Buren A. W.
Published: May 2006

The buried cities of Campania occupy a unique position as sources for a knowledge of the material aspects of classical antiquity. The rain of pumice-stone and ashes first concealed and then preserved many classes of objects and structures that at other points in the ancient world would have been doomed to perish at the hand of man, or through the disintegration due to atmospheric agencies. The dry climate of Egypt, as of certain tracts of Hither Asia, has spared papyri and textiles from the destruction due to damp, but even in those exceptional regions nothing has been found in the nature of classical remains comparable to the houses of Pompeii for the manner in which circumstances have preserved the stucco facing of the walls; hence it is that for information as to ancient house-painting and kindred subjects we must go first to Pompeii.
A note on the Peutinger Table and the fifth and ninth iters
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: May 2006

It seems possible to reconcile these two authorities without much difficulty. A good deal depends upon the order in which the Peutinger stations are read, but here the Iter helps.
The ‘Lychnapsia Philocaliana’ and the Birthday of Isis
Authors: Salem M. S.
Published: May 2006

So far as I am aware, no classical scholar has devoted much attention to the interpretation of a lamp-festival assigned to the 12th August in the calendar of Philocalus. Mommsen, Wissowa, Wilcken, Nilsson and Cumont have made some reference to it, but none of them has attempted to identify it with any of the numerous lamp-festivals of Egypt. And so this feast, though suspected by almost all scholars to be an Isiac ceremony, has remained a mystery. The only Egyptologist who tried to solve the riddle, and who all but succeeded, is Brugsch Bey. The fundamental theory of Brugsch is sound, namely that the ‘Lychnapsia Philocaliana’ should be linked with the most important festival of lamps in Egypt, which began with the five epagomenal days added at the end of Mesore, the twelfth and last month of the Egyptian calendar, in order to harmonise with the solar year a calendar of 360 days divided into twelve equal parts. But the question is with what particular rite in this festive period the ‘Lychnapsia Philocaliana’ should be linked.
Note on an Inscription From Birrens (Dumfriesshire)
Authors: Miller S. N.
Published: May 2006

A corrected version given by Zangemeister, CIL xiii, 7945, of an inscription from Iversheim, near Münstereifel, previously misread (see ILS 2459; cf. Corrigenda, vol. Ill, ii, p. clxxviii), discloses a possible connection with an inscription from the fort of Birrens in Dumfriesshire, CIL vii, 1062 (PSA Scot. xxx, 133, no. 6). The Birrens inscription is a dedication to Brigantia by an Amandus who describes himself as arcitectus. The Iversheim inscription mentions a Val(erius) Amandus who as discens (architectus) carried out structural work there under Iulius Castinus, legate of the Legion 1 Minervia, duobus Augg. cos. A clue to the identity of the Augusti is given by an inscription from Aquincum, CIL iii, 10471, which shows that Castinus was legate of Lower Pannonia in the joint reign of Severus, Caracalla and Geta (cf. Dio, lxxviii, 13, 2).
‘Tribunicia Potestate’
Authors: Longden R. P.
Published: May 2006

A recent number of the Journal (vol. xx, p. 78) contains an article by Mr. Harold Mattingly, under the title given above, dealing with the reckoning of the tribunician power of the Roman emperors. He starts from the thesis of Mommsen, that ‘in the early empire, from Augustus to Nerva, the tribunician power was renewed year by year on the day of its first conferment, but that from Trajan onwards it was renewed instead at the beginning of the new year of the ordinary tribunes, December 10th.’ The second part of this thesis has been attacked in the past and Mr. Mattingly sets out to re-examine the evidence on the subject.
The Reign of Aemilian: A chronological Note
Authors: Mattingly H.
Published: May 2006

The reign of Aemilian is one of the most obscure episodes in the dark third century of our era. ‘Obscurissime natus obscurius imperavit,’ wrote Eutropius of him, and the epigram has not lost its point to-day. But on one vexed question—the date of his reign—the coins, studied in connexion with the literary tradition, will yield an answer at least approximately certain, and from that answer results follow, which are of vital importance to the chronology of the whole succeeding period.

The duration of the reign of Aemilian was about three months. At Alexandria, where the year began on August 29th, Aemilian has not uncommon coins of year B, none of year A. This should imply that his rule did not extend far back behind the end of August. An inscription of Gemellae in Numidia shows Valerian and Gallienus as Emperors on October 22nd, 253; a detachment of Legio III Augusta, demobilized and sent home from Raetia, makes a dedication ‘pro salute Augg.’ to Victoria Augusta. We have here three pieces of evidence—all equally trustworthy. If we can succeed in combining them, we should be very near the truth.
The State of the Imperial Treasury at the Death of Domitian.
Authors: Sutherland C. H. V.
Published: May 2006

In volume xx of the Journal (pp. 55–70) there appeared an article by Mr. Syme on the imperial finances under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. Briefly, his object was to shift on to the shoulders of Nerva the financial embarrassment often attributed to the reign of Domitian, and also to strive for a fairer recognition in general of Domitian's qualities. The following notes deal with some of the principal points at issue, and attempt a reconsideration of the financial policy of the period.
Iotape
Authors: Macurdy Grace H.
Published: May 2006

Five different princesses named Iotape are mentioned by Plutarch, Cassius Dio, and Josephus, and the name and title of one of them appear on coins of Commagene. The princesses belong to the kingdoms of Media, Emesa, Commagene, and Judaea. The first of them in point of time is Iotape of Media, who was betrothed as a child to Alexander Helios. In the next century an Iotape Philadelphus appears on coins as the sister-wife of Antiochus IV of Commagene, and a contemporary Iotape, daughter of Sampsigeramus of Emesa, is mentioned by Josephus. Both of these contemporary Iotapes had daughters named Iotape. I suggest in this paper that the Median Iotape was the grandmother both of Iotape, daughter of Sampsigeramus, who married the Jewish prince Aristobulus, brother of Julius Agrippa I and of Herod, king of Chalcis, and also of Iotape, sister-wife of Antiochus IV of Commagene, ‘vetustis opibus ingens et seruientium regum ditissimus.’
The Immunitas of the Roman Legionaries in Egypt
Authors: Welles C. B.
Published: May 2006

The papyrus which bears the Yale inventory number 1528 (pl. i) was purchased from an Egyptian dealer in Paris in the summer of 1933. Nothing is known of its place of origin. It is a rectangular sheet of good quality and colour, frayed but not seriously damaged. The writing is confined to the recto. The presence of a heading, and the long vacant space below the three lines of the second column shown that the document is complete. Paragraphing is indicated in lines 4 and 17 of the first column by the projection to the left of the first two letters of the name Τοῦσϰος. Otherwise the left margin is even, and the right margin fairly so. There is a natural fold between the two columns, indicating that the papyrus was handled as a diptych.
The Population of Syria
Authors: Cumont Franz
Published: May 2006

The data which Beloch has collected for the population of Syria are very scanty, and his calculations are highly insecure. It is perhaps possible to reach a more certain result by a closer study of the most important piece of evidence on the topic that we possess. The census conducted by Sulpicius Quirinius as legatus of Syria in A.D. 6–7, which, owing to its mention in the Gospel of St. Luke (ii, I), has evoked endless controversy among commentators, is also referred to in an inscription, probably found at Beyrout and preserved since the eighteenth century at Venice, which supplies information of a precision unique of its kind. We read, in fact, in the epitaph of an officer, Q. Aemilius Secundus:—Iussu Quirini censum egi Apamenae civitatis millium hominum civium CXVII. To estimate the value of the figure 117,000, it is important to decide what the author of the inscription meant by homines cives.