bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEISMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF BASE ISOLATED BUILDING: EFFECT OF LEAD RUBBER BEARING CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Haque Md. Naimul , Zisan Md. Basir , Bhuiyan Abdur Rahman
Published: December 2024

Seismic response of a base isolated building is studied for varying properties of Lead rubber bearing. An eight storied educational building is taken into consideration as a structure of interest. Properties of the lead rubber bearing are altered to find the most optimum value of important parameters to obtain a minimum earthquake response of the building. The most important parameters are taken into consideration: initial stiffness (K1), yield strength (Fy/W) and post-to-pre yield stiffness (K2/K1). Three different ground motions are considered in the present analysis and applied in the longitudinal direction of the structure. Base shear, roof acceleration and bearing displacement are utilized to evaluate the performance of the isolated building. It is found that these parameters influence the response of the building significantly and seismic response of the structure reaches to a minimum value for a specific value of the bearing parameter. Finally, some recommendations are made based on the present seismic analysis with different ground motions.
PERFORMANCE OF WASTE TYRE AND PALM OIL FUEL ASH CONCRETE
Authors: Nordin Khairol Azhar , Adamu Musa , Forouzani Parham , Ismail Mohammad
Published: December 2024

The performance of concrete mix in the presence of tyre particle and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) was investigated and compared with control mix. Tyre particle was used as sand replacement whereas POFA was used as a cement replacement. The proportion of the tyre particle varied in a percentage of 10%, 20% and 30% sand replacement while the proportion of POFA was fixed at 20%. Control specimen mixed with 0% POFA. And 1% of superplastisizer was added into concrete mix to improve its workability. The concrete was cured in water and was tested at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The tests conducted were slump test for workability and mechanical properties test (compressive, tensile, and flexural strength). The results showed that tyre particles decrease workability and the mechanical properties of concrete. The compressive strength and indirect tensile strength of concrete contain 20% POFA increases while its flexural strength decreases.
UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SAND WITH PLASTIC FINES MIXTURES
Authors: Marto Aminaton , Soon Tan Choy , Makhtar Ahmad Mahir , Mohd Yunus Nor Zurairahetty , Amaludin Adriana
Published: December 2024

More and more empirical evidences have revealed the growing importance of the effects of fines towards the liquefaction susceptibility of sand matrix soils. The limiting value of the threshold fines content (fth) is an important criterion in influencing such behaviour. The positive hyperbolic relationship between fth and liquefaction resistance, in term of undrained shear strength of sand-non-plastic-fines mixtures have been proven right in previous academic publication. The aim of this paper is to examine whether such positive hyperbolic relationship would observable be as to sand-non-plastic-fines mixtures. Undrained triaxial compression tests were performed on specimens of sand with various percentages of plastic fines (kaolin) by weight. The threshold fines content of sand-kaolin mixtures was observed at 25% of kaolin by weight. The positive hyperbolic relationship was established for sand-kaolin mixtures. Coincidentally, the lowest undrained shear strength was observed at the threshold fines content of sand-kaolin mixtures. Hence, the concept of threshold fines content has been proven to be a corresponding factor for the undrained shear strength of both sand-non-plastic-fines mixtures and sand-plastic-fines mixtures.
EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRENGTH AND LIQUIDITY INDEX OF CEMENT STABILIZED KAOLIN
Authors: Mohd Zuki Siti Fatimah , A. Rashid Ahmad Safuan , N.M. Noor N.M. Noor
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the correlation between Liquidity Index (LI) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of stabilized kaolin for subgrade application. In this study, 9- samples of soil cement were prepared under various of cement and moisture content and cured for 7-days. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 7% and 13% of soil weight is added to the soil and various of moisture content is used based on the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) value from the compaction test (0.9, 1.0 and 1.1 from OMC) in order to study the effect of the moisture content on the compaction characteristic and compressive strength. The result from the compaction test shows that the highest and optimum maximum dry density (MDD) was obtained from 7% of cement. The unconfined compressive strength increases as the cement content increases. Based on the LI and UCS relationship, the strength reached a minimum value of subgrade design strength for low volume road (0.8MPa) when the range of the LI is between - 0.46 to -0.39 at 7% cement content.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAD DIAMETER INFLUENCE ON TENSILE CAPACITY OF HEADED STUDS
Authors: FornÅ¯sek JindÅ™ich , Konvalinka Petr
Published: December 2024

Objective of this paper is comparison of results of numerical analysis of headed studs with different head size and CCD (Concrete Capacity Design) approach which is used for design of anchoring in Eurocode 2. The breakout simulation tests of six different head diameters with four different effective embedment depths were investigated. The concrete properties were kept constant for all of them. It was found that the capacity of anchor is affected by the head size significantly. The approximately 25% decrease of capacity for small heads and about 30% capacity increase for large heads were observed in comparison to the CCD method.
A FORMAL PROGRAM TO DELIVER EXPERIENCE CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONALS
Authors: J. Nel Coenraad , Andries Wium Jan
Published: December 2024

South Africa and the African continent are currently experiencing a critical skills shortage within the civil engineering and construction industry. This and the current international economic down-turn are putting strain on infrastructure development and construction within developing countries. By delivering high quality civil engineering professionals to the infrastructure development and construction environment and by equipping those engineers with the correct capabilities, this problem can in time be resolved. This paper presents a possible contribution, in the form of a structured three year program, towards solving the above mentioned problem. The proposed program will be aimed towards offering further development for graduate civil engineers. This solution will include the assistance towards professional registration; delivering an academic program that is both focused on engineering and construction management tools and techniques, as well as delivering corporate and strategic principles. Structured work experience and mentoring will also play an important role in the proposed program. The aim of such a program would thus be to: Supply the civil engineering and construction industry within the public sector with experienced professional engineers with academic and practical experience in infrastructure development and management skills. The solution will include partnering with leading tertiary academic institutions, with large industry role players, both in the construction and consulting environment, and with government and municipal institutions.
EXTREME VALUE ANALYSIS AND JOINT DENSITY OF METOCEAN LOADS FOR MALAYSIAN WATER
Authors: Selamat Idzwan Mohamad , Liew Mohd Shahir , Abdullah Mohd Nasir , John Kurian Velluruzhathil
Published: December 2024

Environmental load is the main key to designing the coastal structure which consist of wind speed, wave height and wave current. These environmental loads strongly affect all kinds of maritime activities especially the platform stability, and their worst effect is typically caused by the maximum wave height. In order to avoid the platform subjected by extreme loadings, the design crest elevation should be above the extreme flood level, which is usually composed of tides and storm surges along with tsunami, el NiÃ±o, and other climate and geological effects. The extreme wave height may be determined with the annual maxima or joint density distribution. Platforms are usually designed based on the parameter of 100-year return period. The 100-year return period is for the wind speed design, wave height design and also for the current design. The data is collected either by in-situ measurement or by Hindcast analysis which has been practiced by the operation for better research and findings. For this research, the Gumbel distribution is used to forecast the 100-year event, while the correlation of joint density and environmental loads is achieved by Weibull distribution. These methods are applied in order to provide the correlation of wind and wave as well as wave and current. In addition, the benchmark can be set up for the operational region of the operation. The interim guidelines will be useful to expect the joint densities in this region and it will benefit the operation on optimization the current design cost and time completion with lighter platform design. Based on the study conducted, it is proposed that for a wave load mean return interval (MRI) is 100 years while for wind load design and the current load design is 10 years for 6 platforms which are the study parameter.
REINFORCING TECHNIQUES USING FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER: A REVIEW
Authors: Mokhtar Nor Izzah , Ahmad Yusof
Published: December 2024

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been used over few decades for structural repair and strengthening schemes for structural element but only optimized the applications recently. This paper presents a concise state-of-art review of the extensive research on reinforcing techniques using FRP for construction applications in civil engineering for last two decades. This review was focusing in flexural strengthening techniques applied for concrete, metal and timber structures by experimental and numerical analytical programs. The experimental specimens used by researchers vary from the existing elements structure and new invention for laboratory program only. Data and information collected in this review were gathered from the previous researches all over the world with some of them are applied to the real applications at construction sites. The review hoped to be a good reference and guidelines for all engineers and researches in fields of composites material especially fiber-reinforced polymer to enhance the application of FRP for new construction or rehabilitation of existing structure.
CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEM ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT TO SUSTAIN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Abidin Nur IzieAdiana , Zakaria Rozana , Pourbehzad Peiman , Ibrahim Othman , Mohamad Zin Rosli , Abd. Majid Muhd Zaimi , Mustaffar Mushairry , Abd Rahman Mohd Shahrizan
Published: December 2024

The world ecological system is known to have a harmful affect due to the global warming phenomenon. Many companies currently were trying to give their best possible solution in preserving the environment. Cloud Computing is an Information Technology Infrastructure which is believed to have potential to become a new initiative to overcome the environmental condition. It is because this technology has ability to decrease the paper consumption in human daily activities as all the information was centrally stored in the server and it can be easily shared with other users who used the same application. In project management including e-tendering, the application of cloud computing is begin to be adopted whereby it provides a systematic approach for the participants and it is known as profitable paperless building project. Besides, there are also a lot of cloud computing which can be applied in project management such as Dropbox, Google Apps, Amazon Cloud Drive, Microsoft Office 365, Autodesk Buzzsaw and Box Enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to find out the benefits in using cloud computing system in project management as the system is not only offers its own beneficial in terms of technicality but it able to achieve the goal towards paperless. The methodology of the research is based on the intensive information gathered pertaining to the Cloud Computing which has been practiced in project management. In conclusion, it is crucial in bringing the solution towards the energy efficiency in order to protect our environment. Thus, cloud computing offers the best possible solution to sustain our natural environment as it provides the nature of paperless in daily human and business activities.
INFLUENCE OF PLUNGER FRICTION ON CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO OF LOW PLASTICITY CLAY SOILS
Authors: Kumar K. Shiva Prashanth , Rajeshekhar Angadi , Kumar N. Darga
Published: December 2024

Rehabilitation and retrofitting of existing pavements justify the residual strength assessment to guide implementation of necessary life enhancement exercise and have necessarily become a primary task of the highway construction industry. Laboratory California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed at various moisture contents such as OMC-1%, OMC and OMC+1% (OMC = Optimum Moisture Content). The values of CBR are calculated with and without plunger side friction. The moisture content increases from OMC -1% to OMC, there is an increase in CBR and further increase of moisture content from OMC to OMC+1%, there is a decrease in CBR. The CBR estimated considering plunger friction showed about 0.32 to 2.72% increment as compared to the laboratory CBR estimated without considering plunger friction. Similarly The moisture content of samples varying from OMC-1% to OMC+1%, there is increase in UCS and cohesive strength up to OMC and from OMC onwards, there is decrease in Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and undrained cohesive strength
EVALUATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION IN FLEXURE FOR TWO STAGE CONCRETE
Authors: Abdurrahmn Hamdi , Abdelgader Hakim S. , Awal A.S.M. Abdul , El-Baden Ali S.
Published: December 2024

Concrete is a multiphase material and the energy dissipation in concrete is considered as the index to measure the capability of its ingredients to resist cyclic loading during its service life. This paper presents the results from an investigation conducted on the behaviour of two stage concrete (TSC) subjected to constant and gradual cyclic loading. A total of 128 samples were cast and tested at 28 days of normal curing, using mixes having water/cement ratio (w/c) of 0.55, 0.65, 0.75 and 0.80 and sand/cement ratio (s/c) of 1, 1.25, 1.5 and 2.0. Empirical approach namely ratio of energy dissipation (Rn) has been used to assess the results. In general, the results are comparable either in constant or gradual cyclic loading system regardless of the variation in w/c and s/c. It seems, however, that the rate of energy dissipation was slightly higher in the samples subjected to gradual cyclic loading.
INFLUENCE OF CURING MEDIA ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERMITE MOUND-LIME BLENDED CEMENT MORTAR G MEDIA ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF TERMITE MOUND-LIME BLENDED CEMENT MORTAR
Authors: Olaniyi Alake , Afangide Umoh Akaninyene
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the compressive strength of blended cement mortar cubes containing termite mound and lime. Two mix ratios of 1:4 and 1:6 (cement: sand) with water-cement ratio of 0.65, and varying combination of termite mound and lime in equal amount ranging from 10% to 50% replacing cement were used. A total of 900 cubes were cast, cured in water, H2SO4 and HNO3 for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days in each medium. Test results showed that the compressive strength of the mortar cubes increases with age and decreases with increasing percentage replacement of cement with Termite mound-lime specimens cured in water; whereas, the compressive strength decreases with increase in age, percentage replacement of cement with termite mound-lime as well as solution concentration when the specimens were immersed in acidic solution. The study concluded that termite moundlime blended cement mortar is adequate for use as type S or N masonry mortar for construction purposes in non-acidic aggressive environment.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
Authors: Mohd Sam Abdul Rahman , Noor Mohamed Roslli , Ishak Mohd. Yunus , Choon Siang Wong
Published: December 2024

Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a concrete that is able to flow under its own weight and completely fill the formwork, even in the presence of congested reinforcement, without any compaction, while maintaining homogeneity of the concrete. The elimination of compaction for SCC is beneficial in solving difficult casting conditions and reduction in manpower required. SCC was added with relatively short, discrete, and discontinuous glass fibers to produce Glass Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete (GFRSCC). Water-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.40 was used in concrete mix proportions. The fiber used was alkaline-resistance glass fiber. Three volume percentages of fiber were added to the mix, i.e. 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% by volume of concrete. Workability and mechanical properties of the concrete were evaluated. SCC and GFRSCC were highly workable than normal concrete (NC). The dosage of superplasticizer required increment as fiber content increase. SCC exhibits higher compressive strength than NC and GFRSCC. Inclusion of fibers does not give positive effect to the compressive strength of GFRSCC. The splitting tensile strength of NC was higher than SCC and GFRSCC due to the negative influence of superplasticizer added. Results indicated that the flexural strength of NC was slightly higher than SCC. The flexural strength of GFRSCC was higher than SCC. The optimum fiber content for GFRSCC, determined during the study was 1.0% by volume of concrete. GFRSCC slab developed higher first crack load and ultimate load compared to NC and SCC slabs
CRACKING RESPONSE OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS UNDER SEISMIC LOADING
Authors: Zine Ali , Kadid Abdelkrim
Published: December 2024

In this paper are presented the results obtained from a nonlinear seismic analysis of concrete gravity dams. Three dams with different heights will be studied under the effect of several earthquake ground motions. The fluid-structure interaction will be considered using the added mass concept of Westergraad is used to simulate the fluid-structure interaction with the foundation assumed to be rigid. The smeared cracking approach is used to model the initiation and propagation of cracks through the dams. The response of the dam is characterized by evaluating modal characteristics, displacements and crack patterns. The results obtained will allow having an insight into the expected behavior of concrete dams under future expected earthquakes and indicate that dynamic characteristics of a dam and the frequency content of the ground motions are a couple of the key parameters to consider when assessing the seismic safety of concrete gravity dams.
A REVIEW OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIES AND METHODS FOR THE PROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES IN CASE OF EARTHQUAKE AND BLAST LOADS
Authors: Adnan Azlan , Vahed Yousef Karimi , Arjuna Norazah , Farmanbordar Babak
Published: December 2024

Underground facilities are an integral part of the infrastructure of modern society and are used for a wide range of applications, including subways and railways, highways, material storage, and sewage and water transport. Underground facilities built in areas subject to earthquake activity must withstand both seismic and static loading. Historically, underground facilities have experienced a lower rate of damage than surface structures. Nevertheless, some underground structures have experienced significant damage in recent large earthquakes, including the 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake, the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake and the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake. In order to understand the behavior of underground structure during earthquake and blast loads, a wide collection of case histories has been reviewed from the available literature and some of them have been described in detail. Criteria are also shown in the papers which are used to classify the damage database. Such a classification involves entity and type of damage and is aimed to highlight the possible causes of damage, in order to improve performance- based seismic design of tunnels. This article presents a summary of the current state of seismic analysis and design for underground structures.
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY BLOCKS REINFORCED WITH PLANTAIN PSEUDO-STEM FIBER
Authors: Umoh Akaninyene Afangide , Bassey Luna Edidem
Published: December 2024

Renewable fiber derived from plantain pseudo-stem was used as reinforcing material in improving selected engineering properties of masonry blocks. The blocks were made from two sets of mixtures: the first, which acts as reference sample, consists of cement, lime, and sand in the ratio of 1: 0.25: 6, respectively with water-cement ratio of 0.52; the second set consists of the composition of the reference sample in addition to the inclusion of varied weight percentages (1 - 4%) of plantain pseudo-stem fiber replacing the binders. The wet mixtures were manually cast into block of 150 mm cube size for tensile splitting and water absorption tests; and 115 mm x 110 mm x 80 mm size for compressive strength and density tests. The tensile splitting strength of the masonry blocks recorded its optimal value of 0.66 N/mm2 at 28 days with 3% weight fiber content. The compressive strength values were observed to decrease as the fiber content increases; however, with 4% weight fiber content the compressive strength values were noted to be higher than the minimum strength specified for both non-load bearing and load bearing walls. The density and water absorption were found to decrease as the fiber content increases. It was observed that all the investigated properties, except water absorption, have their values increases with curing time. The study therefore concluded that the inclusion of 4% weight plantain pseudo-stem fiber, having satisfied the minimum requirements of the properties investigated, is adequate for the masonry blocks production.
BOND STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Authors: Vinothini M Vinothini M , Mallikarjun G Mallikarjun G , Gunneswararao T.D Gunneswararao T.D , Rama Seshu Rama Seshu
Published: December 2024

Bond in concrete plays a crucial role in the performance of reinforced concrete structures which are influenced by several factors such as concrete compressive strength, diameter, type and embedment length of bar, confinement of concrete etc. This paper discusses experimental investigation on bond strength behaviour of geo polymer concrete (GPC). The influence of compressive strength and embedment length of reinforcing bar on the bond strength of GPC has been reported. A total of 27 GPC prisms were tested by conducting pull out tests. Three grades of GPC (G20, G35 and G50) and three embedment lengths (75mm, 100mm and 125mm) were used in this study. The results indicated that the bond strength has increased with increase in compressive strength. The bond strength of reinforcing bars in geopolymer concrete decreases with increasing the embedment length.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PLACEMENT OF A NEW CONCRETE ARMOUR BLOCK
Authors: M. Salauddin M. Salauddin , J.W. Van der Meer J.W. Van der Meer , Eelco Bijl Eelco Bijl
Published: December 2024

Crablock, a new concrete armour unit has been developed and applied as single layer armour system in one damaged breakwater at UAE. Single layer concrete armour units that exist at this moment have fixed placement pattern mostly random along with designed placing grids and packing densities. The symmetrical shape of crablock makes the unit different from other existing randomly placed single layer units therefore the placement of crablock armour units is also assumed different compared to other single layer blocks. It is worth mentioning that the crablock unit is still under development therefore no design guidance exists at present for this new concrete armour block. To come up with preliminary design guidance for the placement of crablock, an experimental research has been done, which is the subject of this paper. In this laboratory study, in total fourteen placement test series were performed to familiar the placement pattern of crablock as single layer system. In order to establish a reliable dataset, three repetition tests were performed for each test series thus in total 42 tests were conducted on the placement of crablock. This paper describes small scale model placement tests to examine the placement pattern of crablock and also provides a comparison between theoretically designed and actual (measured) placement grid. Based on test results it was observed that crablock armour units can be placed in both uniform and random pattern. Uniform placement of crablock was achievable in a rectangular grid using a relatively small and smooth under layer (1/25th of the size of the armour layer). However, test results showed that a random placement can be best achieved using a conventional diamond shaped grid. Finally, from the placement tests two preferred placing patterns were appeared, a regular pattern in a rectangular grid using a relatively small under layer and a random pattern in a diamond shaped grid using a conventional under layer.
ADSORPTION EFFICACY OF ADMIXTURES ON LEAD CONTAMINATED POROUS MEDIA
Authors: Kumar K Shiva Prashanth , Nanduri P M B Raj Kiran
Published: December 2024

Adsorption of lead (II) ions on to the low cost admixtures such as fly ash, charcoal and shredded tyre pieces was investigated to assess the possible uses of these adsorbents. The influences of various proportions of adsorbents, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and pH were investigated. The maximum % lead removal was achieved at 5% of charcoal (i.e., 94.84 % at pH of 4.8) and 15% of shredded tyre (i.e., 93.74% at pH of 9) admixed soil correspondingly. The distribution coefficient values are increased up to 10% of charcoal. For both fly ash and shredded tyre pieces, the convex shape of curve was observed. The optimum levels of additives for improving sorption capacity of soil are found to be 10% of charcoal, 15% of fly ash and 15% of shredded tyres blended soil. At the end, out of all admixtures charcoal showed good adsorption capacity compared to other additives and available locally at low cost.
PERMEATION OF BENTONITE SUSPENSIONS THROUGH LOOSE SANDY SOIL
Authors: Jadid Rowshon , Abedin Md. Zoynul
Published: December 2024

Over the past years, the levee breach flood disaster caused by underseepage has become an alarming problem in Bangladesh. The underseepage phenomenon beneath the earthen embankments may be controlled by treating the underlying granular soil with grout suspensions delivered by permeation (permeation grouting), resulting in a less permeable deposit. Drawing on this physical link, a permeameter was fabricated to investigate the permeation of bentonite suspension through the granular soil medium. The variation of injection time of stopping grout flow, injected grout weight, penetration distance with bentonite fraction for a constant pressure grout injection were studied. The time dependent effluent flow rate variation were also monitored in the laboratory. The experimental results showed that grouting operation worked efficiently for a certain range of bentonite fraction. The individual parameters like injection time, penetration distance, injected grout weight decreased with the increase of bentonite concentration. The effluent flow rate reduction became much prominent as the test proceeded towards the end that justified the effectiveness of permeation. Finally, a grout concentration was proposed considering the cost and other factors like penetration distance, injection time etc. for the sand used in this investigation.
REMOVAL OF COD AND COLOR FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER USING ELECTROCOAGULATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Chackrabartty Suman , Alam Md. Akramul , Saha Ganesh Chandra
Published: December 2024

This research studied the reduction of pollution load from textile wastewater through COD and color removal using electrocoagulation technique. Experiments were carried out on a laboratory scale using mono-polar two aluminum plate as electrode material with total 32.68 cm2 of reaction area. The electrical potential was 12-24 volts. Inter-electrode spacing was kept at 4 cm. The effects of relevant wastewater characteristics such as pH, and important process variables such as applied voltage and operating time on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal efficiency has been explored. Maximum removal of COD (86.5%) and color (93.4%) was observed at initial pH of 5, the cell time operation was 60 minutes. These results indicate that electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes could be effective for removal of COD and color from textile wastewater.
EFFECTS OF DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO T-SHAPED SPUR DIKES ON FLOW PATTERN IN A 90 DEGREE BEND USING NUMERICAL MODEL
Authors: Mohammad Vaghefi , Yaser Safarpoor , Seyed Shaker Hashemi
Published: December 2024

Spur dike is a type of flow control structure. Certain changes occur in flow pattern due to installation of a dike (especially a T-shaped spur dike). This paper studied the effects of distance between two T-shaped spur dikes on flow pattern in a 90Â° bend. The first spur dike was installed in the middle of bend at the outer bank and the second one was installed separately at distances of 2.5, 3.5 and 5 times the spur dike length. For each distance between the dikes, a numerical analysis was performed. It was observed that near the bed, the flow moved toward inner bank but on the water surface it moved toward outer bank. By increasing the distance between the dikes, the dimensions of vortexes increased. Near the bed and on the water surface, three vortexes were formed: (1) at upstream of the first dike,(2) in the dikes field and (3) at downstream of the second dike. The dimensions, numbers and location of vortexes changed by changing the distance between spur dikes. At upstream of the second dike, three vortexes were formed: (1) a central vortex, (2) a vortex near the bed in front of the dike wing and (3) a vortex at outer bank.
PERFORMANCE OF CONNECTIONS ADHESIVE-BONDED FOR COLDFORMED STEEL
Authors: Bong Rackford , Osman Mohd Hanim
Published: December 2024

In an attempt to cut the weight of the construction materials, the building industry is developing structural materials made from lightweight materials such as composites, cold-formed steel and aluminium alloys. The fabrication of these materials using traditional welding techniques is not feasible adhesive, thus bonding is at present being investigated as a potential method of connection. Limited in scope, the goal of this work was to produce adhesively bonded cold- formed steel structures to be used in the construction and to investigate the performance characteristics and failure mechanisms. The materials applied for this connection is a coldformed steel â€žCâ€Ÿ channel section of hardened steel and epoxy adhesive. This paper reports the outcomes of mechanical tests on 18 samples of this connection. The performance of these connections is shown to depend on the comparative proportions of the bonded area. The primary conclusion is that the adhesive bonded joint gives additional strength to the connections of the subject area.
DECOLORIZATION OF REACTIVE DYESBY CONSORTIUMS OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI
Authors: Khudhair Ameer Badr , Hadibarata Tony , Mohd Yusoff Abdull Rahim
Published: December 2024

Reactive dyes are synthetic organic compounds widely used in several industries including textile, paper, printing and cosmetics, which have inverse effects on human life and environment. Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) are type of reactive dye group that can decolorize by microorganisms. Three species of bacteria Brevibacillus panacihumi ZBI, Lysinibacillus fusiformis ZB2 and Enterococcus faecalis ZL and three species of fungi fungus Candida sp. S1, Meyerzoma sp. S7 and Rhizoctonia zeae SOL3 were used to decolorize dyes in individual and co-culture. Among the selected bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis ZL shows the highest decolorization rate of RB5 and RBBR reached to 77% and 58% respectively, in 4 days. Meanwhile, Rhizoctonia zeae SOL3 shows the highest decolorization ability among the selected fungi. The presence of glucose has a positive effect on decolorization by fungi and bacteria. In co-culture of Enterococcus faecalis ZL and Rhizoctonia zeae SOL3, the decolorization ability has decreased. This result suggests that fungi have adverse effect on the removal of dyes by bacteria.
EFFECT OF PLACEMENT DEPTH OF GEOCELL REINFORCEMENT IN SAND DEPOSIT: A REVIEW
Authors: Marto Aminaton , Oghabi Mohsen , Mohd Yunus Nor Zurairahetty
Published: December 2024

In general, the tensile strength of the soil is poor. For this reason, the soil will need to be strengthened. The main objective of strengthening the soil mass is to improve stability, increase bearing capacity and reduce settlements and lateral deformation. There are several methods for improving the soil. One of the approaches is the use of geosynthetic materials. Geosynthetic is a well known technique in soil reinforcement. The use of geosynthetic three dimensions, can significantly improve the soil performance and reduce costs in comparison with conventional designs. In this paper, a review of experimental test carried out by different researchers for optimum depth of geocell in the sand had been made. The test results indicated that the inclusion of reinforcement in optimum depth of sand, decreased settlements and leading to an economic design of the footings.
WORK RELATED STRESS AMONG CONTRACTOR MANAGEMENT TEAM AT CONSTRUCTION SITE
Authors: Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahim , Singh Bachan , Hisammuddin Izzuddin
Published: December 2024

In Malaysia, issues related to occupational health, especially in the construction industry is not commonly discussed, but data in other countries have indicated major problems associated with occupational illness. Health problems due to stress can increase the cost of health and their impact to human, family, society and the nation cannot be neglected. In the past, study on stress at work is not comprehensive especially in the construction industry. Research for the stress at work place should be done more since it will provide vital information toward producing a sustainable human resource that can contribute significantly to our country. The aim of the study is to examine the level and extent of workâ€“related stress and the prevalence of health problem among the contractorsâ€™ management team at construction sites. The study is conducted in the district of Johor Bahru. The respondents involved were from contractorsâ€™ management teams such as engineers, supervisors and project managers. The number of questionnaire forms sent was 500 sets and only 300 sets were replied by engineers, supervisors and project managers. The questionnaire data were analyzed using frequency analysis method and average index method. The findings showed, about 30 percent of the respondents, a total of 90 respondents, agreed that they underwent and experienced some illness, disability or other physical or mental problems that was triggered or made worse by job or work carried out within the last year. Around 13% of the respondents working in the construction site job roles currently suffered from stress, depression or anxiety which they felt was caused by or made worse by their job or work carried out in the past. Around 7% of the respondents found their job extremely stressful especially when they had to be responsible for the safety of others at work. Other sources of stress were related to time constraint and lack of resources.
THE INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESS ON THE PROPAGATION OF DENSITY CURRENTS
Authors: Nasrollahpour Reza , Jamal Mohamad Hidayat , Ismail Zulhilmi , Ghomeshi Mehdi , Roushenas Peiman
Published: December 2024

Density currents occur when fluid of one density propagates along a horizontal boundary into fluid of a different density. They are also called turbidity currents when the main driving mechanism is from suspended sediments. Reservoir sedimentation is often related to sediment transport by turbidity currents. The leading edge of a density current is deeper than the following current and is called head or front. In this paper, the effects of bed roughness on density currents propagation were studied. Experiments were carried out over a smooth bed as well as three artificially roughened beds by cylindrical roughness elements. Temporal and spatial evolutions of the current front were analyzed. In experiments performed over rough beds, the measured head velocities were smaller than that of smooth bed. The observed trend is that as the surface roughness increases the front velocity decreases
REGIME SHIFT IN MONSOON RAINFALL OF BANGLADESH: A SEQUENTIAL DATA PROCESSING APPROACH
Authors: Alamgir Mahiuddin , Shahid Shamsuddin , Mohsenipour Morteza
Published: December 2024

As the economy and livelihoods of Bangladesh heavily depends on agriculture, any changes in monsoon rainfall have severe implications for the country. There is a growing concern on monsoon rainfall pattern change in Bangladesh in recent years like other parts of Indian summer monsoon region. A study has been carried out in this paper to analyze the monsoon rainfall time series of Bangladesh to decipher if there any shift in monsoon rainfall regime of Bangladesh. Sixty four years rainfall data recorded at twenty-nine locations distributed over Bangladesh were analyzed using a sequential regime shift detection method for this purpose. The proposed method employed Studentâ€™s t-test to detect difference between two subsequent regimes with a cut-off length of one to determine the regime shift. The result shows that monsoon rainfall has increased, mostly in recent years in many locations of Bangladesh. Though increased monsoon rainfall will be helpful for rain-fed agriculture in Bangladesh, at the same time it will also cause more frequent floods, urban water logging, water-borne diseases, etc.
BONE ASH INFLUENCE ON SOIL CONSOLIDATION
Authors: Ayininuola Gbenga Matthew , Akinniyi Bashir Damilola
Published: December 2024

Research work on the utilization of bone ash as soil stabilizer revealed that the ash has positive effect on soil strength but no report on it influence on soil settlement. In order for a material to act as stabilizer, its impact on soil settlement characteristics must be investigated. Hence, this research investigated the influence of bone ash stabilizer on the settlement characteristics of soil. Two soil samples were collected from two locations within Ibadan metropolis Nigeria. Bone ash was prepared from calcination of cattle bones at a temperature of 1100Â°C in electric furnace. After grinding, the ash was added to the collected soil samples in varying proportions by dry weight (3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15% and 20%) in order to determine the compressibility behaviour of the soil at different proportions of bone ash. The settlement characteristics investigated were compression index, coefficient of consolidation, preconsolidation pressure, coefficient of area and volume compressibility and initial void ratio of both control soils and twenty four stabilized soil samples. The result revealed that Soils A and B coefficient of volume and area compressibility, and compressibility index reached their lowest level at 7 and 10% stabilization which is good for engineering. The soils pre-consolidation pressure and coefficient of consolidation reached peak values at 7 and 10% bone ash stabilization. Therefore, addition of about 7 to 10% of bone ash to the soils will reduce their settlement potential and increase their stability.
GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH (POFA) MIXED WITH GRANITE RESIDUAL SOIL FOR HYDRAULIC BARRIER PURPOSES
Authors: Nik Daud Nik Norsyahariati , Muhammed Abubakar Sadiq , Md. Yusoff Zainuddin
Published: December 2024

This paper assesses the geotechnical properties of granite residual soil treated with palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a waste from the palm oil factory for the purposes of hydraulic barrier in landfills. Granite residual soil treated with up to 40% palm oil fuel ash (by dry weight of the soil) was compacted using standard proctor compactive effort at the optimum moisture content. Index properties, hydraulic conductivity (k), volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were carried out. Results showed that the index properties of samples met the minimum requirement for it to be used ass a liner. The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content decreased and increased respectively. The influence of POFA treatment on the geotechnical properties generally showed an improvement with up to 15% POFA which gave the acceptable results with regards to its usability as a hydraulic barrier material in landfill.
STATIC AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF KUALA LUMPUR LIMESTONE
Authors: Md Yusoff Zainuddin , Raju Gobindaran , Nahazanan Haslinda
Published: December 2024

It is a well known fact that the local bedrock which acts as the foundation for many surficial structures plays a major role in establishing the damage potential of incoming seismic waves due to earthquakes. Seismic activities are definitely a geologic hazard for those living in regarded prone areas, but the seismic waves are invaluable for studying the interior of the Earth. To understand the influence of seismicity to rock behaviour we must first explore stress and strain of the subject rock. Malaysia is experiencing small-scale tremors due the local and neighboring seismic activities. Limestone, being the major portion of the underlying bedrock in Kuala Lumpur, will experience dynamic behaviour due to these activities. To foresee the dynamic behaviour, the static behaviour of rocks is being considered. However, the static and dynamic behaviour of rock corresponds to the rock lithology, physical and mechanical properties of the rock. This paper reviews the properties of Kuala Lumpur limestone and foresees the probable dynamic behaviour of the rock.
A REVIEW ON GENETICALLY ENGINEERED NATURAL COAGULANT BASED ON MORINGA OLEIFERA FOR TURBIDITY REMOVAL
Authors: Abd Wahid Muhamad Azhar , Hara Hirofumi , Megat Mohd Noor Megat Johari
Published: December 2024

Genetic engineering and engineering in general are two distinct fields that people tend to separate due to conflict of interest between experts. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism genome using biotechnology while engineering is the creation and application of tools and machineries that helps or enhance ability of human to manage this world. Manipulating of the genetic code in terms of producing new materials or increase the production of certain valuable materials of interest is considered as engineering, as it fulfils the meaning of creation. Various coagulants have been employed to reduce water turbidity. Coagulants are divided into three types; as natural inorganics, natural organics and chemical coagulants. The subject of this review is based on M. oleifera protein (lectin) as natural coagulant. Several attempts to extract coagulant from seeds of M. oleifera are already reported. Researchers are also working on the production of alternatives to M. oleifera lectin via genetic engineering approach. The expression of M. oleifera lectin from E. coli has been reported to provide high and pure lectin with enhanced efficiency in the removal of water turbidity. Future interest in using higher eukaryote system especially P. pastoris and genetically modified lectin is expected to increase both production volume and improve coagulation properties. The release and consumption of this lectin raises a few questions about health and environmental safety. This review analyses positive and negative influence of the genetic engineering technique based on various studies done in relation to producing natural organic coagulants, such as lectin.
COMPRESSIVE, FLEXURAL AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE MODIFIED GROUTS FOR PIPELINE REHABILITATION
Authors: Salim Umi Soleha , Valipour Alireza , Azraai Siti Nur Afifah , Kar Sing Lim , Zardasti Libriati , N.M. Noor N.M. Noor , Yahaya Nordin
Published: December 2024

This experimental study consists of the characterization of the epoxy grout where graphene nanoplatelets were added to commercial neat epoxy grout at an amount of 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8% and 1.0% to evaluate their behaviour regarding neat epoxy grout. In order to study the characteristics of each type of grout epoxy, three tests were conducted which are compressive test, tensile test, and flexural test. By comparing graphene-based and neat epoxy grout, there is no significant increase in strength due to the weak interface in the graphene nanoplatelets/epoxy composite. Moreover, the tensile strength of tensile and compressive strength of modified grout epoxy is much lower than neat epoxy grout. Nevertheless, graphene modified grout showed more consistent results according to a smaller standard deviation of strength. In addition, modified grout epoxy shows an improvement in the ductility of the grout hence reducing the brittle behavior of the grout. With this result, the performance of graphene-based grout is able to minimize the sudden rupture and this is important due to repair design of damaged pipeline is of deterministic nature.
FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING LATERAL RESISTANCE OF DIAGRID WITH BASE COLUMN
Authors: Abd. Samat Roslida , Fong Teng Chua , Mohd Mustakim Nur Akmal Hayati , Anuar Fatin Izzaidah , Saad Sariffuddin
Published: December 2024

Development in highrise building construction had lead to the emergence of diagrid system which currently has gained popularity among the designers. Diagrid which is a portmanteau of diagonal grid is a framework of diagonally intersecting members at the exterior of a structure that lends to high structural efficiency in terms of resisting gravity and lateral loads, resulting in less steel consumption. The new aesthetic appearance of the diagrid has triggered the new interest in architecture. However, most structures of diagrid systems had been designed with full triangulated members from the ground level to the top of the buildings which cause a limited interior room at the ground level and limited spacing for entrance. The usage of vertical columns at ground level that are connected to diagrid members at the upper floor is an alternative to increase both interior room and spacing for entrance at ground level. This raises the question on the efficiency of this type of diagrid system in resisting the lateral load. Thus, a review on the framework is carried out to study the efficiency of this type of diagrid system in reducing the lateral displacement both statically and dynamically.
PROBABILITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF SLOPE STABILITY
Authors: Yahiaoui Djarir , A. Kadid A. Kadid , Abdel Hakim Zendaoui
Published: December 2024

The aim of this paper is to present a probability analysis using the Monte Carlo simulation method of uncertainty (MCSM). The results of this method will be compared to all recognized method of slope stability such as Bishop simplified, Fellenuis, Janbu simplified and corrected, Spencer and Lowe-Karafiath which are in general in limit equilibrium. This study has been done by a normal frequency distribution relative for all the parameters taken into considerations. From the mean values and the standard deviations of the pore water pressure, cohesion and the internal angle of friction with the correlation relation between these parameters, a set of random values of pore water pressure, cohesion and internal angle of friction were generated by computing a Critical Probabilistic Slip Surface. The analysis of the obtained results indicates that the failure probability is affected by the standard deviation of the pore water pressure, cohesion, internal angle of friction and correlation coefficient. However, all methods of equilibrium limit are affecting the failure probability by taking into account one of these parameters following each case. Nevertheless, the probability of failure is not significantly affected by the standard deviation of the unit weight for all methods.