bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ricci-flat and Einstein pseudoriemannian nilmanifolds
Authors: Conti Diego , Rossi Federico A.
Published: May 2019

This is partly an expository paper, where the authors’ work on pseudoriemannian Einstein metrics on nilpotent Lie groups is reviewed. A new criterion is given for the existence of a diagonal Einstein metric on a nice nilpotent Lie group. Classifications of special classes of Ricci-˛at metrics on nilpotent Lie groups of dimension [eight.tf] are obtained. Some related open questions are presented.
Silence as an Interlocutor in the Diaspora: Olumide Popoola’s this is not about sadness
Authors: Watkins Jamele
Published: May 2019

This article analyzes silences in the novella this is not about sadness. Using theories of community building by Fatima El-Tayeb, opacity from Édouard Glissant, and theories by Popoola herself, my work argues for the generative way silences function. Silence interweaves the text in community of women and PoCs who create healing and community in shared trauma. Further, the novella articulates diasporic space through language. The use of language is complimented by multiple silences; silences occur when recalling trauma. Violence against Black women looms as trauma occurs in and around the piece, but the novella rejects a narrative of trauma (considering even the title). The narrator continues to exert agency as she continues to narrate the story after her death; just because her life is over, the story is not over. In a novella centering around women, Popoola’s diasporic story also allows for silence; the novella rejects the notion that words are necessary. Featuring multiple narrators, this novella embodies the struggle of and for language as well its emergence in a relational community.
Narrative Constructions of Online Imagined Afro-diasporic Communities in Spain and Portugal
Authors: Borst Julia , González Danae Gallo
Published: May 2019

This article focuses on representative digital platforms created and coordinated by African and Afro-descendant people from Spain and Portugal. It argues that, by sharing and articulating mutual narratives online, these platforms act as spaces where Afro-diasporic communities are being imagined. To that effect, this paper not only builds on theoretical reflections on how Blackness and Afrodescendance are conceptualised on the internet. Adopting a cultural studies’ approach that offers an interpretation of selected posts, it deduces the main narratives displayed and the diverse identificational spaces intertwined in those narratives. In doing so, the paper shows that these platforms challenge biased perspectives on Afro-diasporic communities and, within the digital space, conceptualise alternative, decentred—national and transnational—communities of Afro-diasporic people that are based on shared experiences of displacement, exclusion, resistance and self-empowerment.
Afroeuropean Modes of Self-Making: Afro-Dutch and Afro-Italian Projects Compared
Authors: Scarabello Serena , de Witte Marleen
Published: May 2019

This article contributes to scholarship on Afroeurope by investigating the intersection of blackness, Africanness, and Europeanness in everyday discourses and social practices in the Netherlands and Italy. We examine how young African-descended Europeans are forging new ways of being both African and European through practices of self-making, which should be understood against both the historical background of colonialism and the contemporary politics of othering. Such practices take on an urgency for these youth, often encompassing a reinvention of Africanness and/or blackness as well as a challenge to dominant, exclusionary understandings of Europeanness. Comparing Afro-Dutch and Afro-Italian modes of self-making, centred on African heritage and roots, we discuss: 1) the emergence of a transnational, Afroeuropean imaginary, distinguished from both white Europe and African-American formations; and 2) the diversity of Afroeuropean modes of self-making, all rooted in distinct histories of colonialism, slavery, and immigration, and influenced by global formations of Africanness and blackness. These new Afro and African identities advanced by young Europeans do not turn away from Europeanness (as dominant identity models would assume: the more African, the less European), nor simply add to Europeanness (“multicultural” identities), nor even mix with Europeanness (“hybrid” identities), but are in and of themselves European.
On the lower bound of Spearman’s footrule
Authors: Fuchs Sebastian , McCord Yann
Published: May 2019

Úbeda-Flores showed that the range of multivariate Spearman’s footrule for copulas of dimension d ≥ 2 is contained in the interval [−1/d, 1], that the upper bound is attained exclusively by the upper Fréchet-Hoeffding bound, and that the lower bound is sharp in the case where d = 2. The present paper provides characterizations of the copulas attaining the lower bound of multivariate Spearman’s footrule in terms of the copula measure but also via the copula’s diagonal section.
Decoding Non-Target-Site Herbicide Resistance in Sunflower: The Beginning of the Story
Authors: Gil Mercedes , Nestares Graciela
Published: May 2019

In the last years, many efforts have been made to develop sunflower cultivars showing important agronomical characteristics such as herbicide resistance. These approaches have been focused mainly on resistance to herbicides with the same mode of action, that is acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors. To date, four induced and natural AHAS mutations have been found that confer resistance to these herbicides and many of these alleles are being used for the production of sunflower hybrids resistant to herbicides and to develop different non-transgenic technologies for weed control. However, little is known about the bases of non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR) developing cross-resistance to herbicides with different modes of action in sunflower. These mechanisms diminish the number of active herbicide molecules that reach the target and are generally polygenic. Elucidating the nature of NTSR would allow evaluating maximal efficiency conditions for the herbicide and would enable to establish weed management strategies in sunflower crop. Nowadays, mining of NTSR genes can be more easily accomplished taking advantage of up-to-date omics-based approaches: high-throughput techniques involving genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Considering the difficulties in the discovery of new compounds with a broad spectrum of weed control, it results essential to broaden the use of former herbicides which are highly efficient and ecologically desirable. Full understanding of NTSR mechanisms in sunflower would allow detecting specific genes potentially useful as biotechnological tools for the phytoremediation of herbicides and modern plant breeding.
The new operations on complete ideals
Authors: Jureczko Joanna
Published: May 2019

We introduce the notion of K-ideals associated with Kuratowski partitions. Using new operations on complete ideals we show connections between K-ideals and precipitous ideals and prove that every complete ideal can be represented by some K-ideal.
Digital Tools for Working with New Testament Manuscripts
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: May 2019

This article critically examines the functionalities and significance of three prominent digital tools that have become central to the study of Greek New Testament manuscripts. The design, functionalities, and significance of the New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room (NTVMR), the Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) digital library, and the Pinakes database have a hand in shaping the research questions of the field. As such, it is important to understand what these tools do, how they function, and how they might develop further to address the needs of the field. The analysis of these tools leads to fundamental questions about using digital representations as proxies for primary sources, challenges for managing the materiality of artefactual and digital objects, the collaborative nature of digital scholarship, and the implicit interpretations of the Greek New Testament tradition inherent in digital workspaces.
Defining Digital Theology: Digital Humanities, Digital Religion and the Particular Work of the CODEC Research Centre and Network
Authors: Phillips Peter , Schiefelbein-Guerrero Kyle , Kurlberg Jonas
Published: May 2019

This article seeks to define Digital Theology, first by exploring the development of the CODEC Research Centre at Durham University – perhaps the only centre developed to explore Digital Theology. The aims of the centre and some of its projects are explored leading to a discussion of CODEC’s place within Digital Humanities. The article concludes with a focus on different aspects and definitions of Digital Theology.
Effects of Laser Marking on Fatigue Strength of Titanium Alloys
Authors: Shivaram Anish , Baker Ethan , Ewing Morgan , Nambu Satya
Published: May 2019

Laser marking is a requirement for all medical implants in the biomedical industry. The purpose is to provide permanent identification of the details of an implant, such as the part number, size, lot number, etc., in the form of laser engraving. The intent of this practice is mainly to provide the information needed to correctly identify an implant when removed from its package and before its use and, secondly, to provide the necessary information when an implant is surgically removed from a patient’s body to analyze the cause of removal. However, laser marking can affect the fatigue performance of an implant and create a heat-affected zone, though other factors, such as the positioning of the marking along with the laser marking parameters, can also play a significant role. The improper choice of laser marking parameters can induce high residual stresses on the implant. High tensile residual stresses can result in fracture at the marking region, and hence, compressive or low tensile residual stresses are desired. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various laser marking parameters on the residual stresses and fatigue strength of titanium alloy. Laser marking parameters, such as power and pulse speed, were varied and residual stresses were calculated using the X-ray diffraction technique. Heat-affected zones were imaged using a digital microscope. Finally, four-point bend tests were conducted to evaluate the fatigue strength for samples with different laser parameters. The results from the testing demonstrated that laser parameters can have a significant impact on the tensile or compressive residual stresses. Laser-marked samples also showed a reduction in fatigue strength as compared to non–laser-marked samples.
On the Phases Present in Artificially Aged AA2618 Extrusions
Authors: Mukhopadhyay A. K. , Sarkar R. , Kumar D. , Ghosal P.
Published: May 2019

The aluminum alloy AA2618, based on aluminum–copper–magnesium–silicon–iron–nickel, is successfully utilized at elevated temperatures, i.e., in the temperature range of 100°C–300°C, for varying durations for critical aerospace applications. The intermetallic compound Al9FeNi (having the monoclinic crystal structure) forms early during the solidification process, and this compound is known to assist in stabilizing the grain structure of the alloy. This work shows that during subsequent homogenizing, annealing, and thermo-mechanical processing, the Al9FeNi compound becomes unstable and acts as a nucleation site for the stable Al7Cu2(FeNi) phase (having a tetragonal crystal structure). It is further observed that in the artificially aged condition, both Guinier–Preston–Bagaryatsky zones and S (Al2CuMg) phase co-exist. However, the S phase is found to form copiously parallel to {110}Al crystallographic planes apart from its known habit planes of {210}Al.
Conclusion
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that had political leaders and a broad coalition of interest groups truly wanted to heal both wounds from the postwar era—racialized segregation and environmental destruction—far more could have been done. The utterly broken politics of urbanization and development in the Bay Area became and remain a useful excuse from varying political sides, a way of abdicating responsibility in the face of history. Building a new, more unified politics of development will take time. It will require rethinking who plans and who is a planner, and the very role of urban development in the economy as a whole. It means abandoning some of the normative baggage with which places and housing choices are judged, and ensuring that everyone's place and everyone's home is as secure and risk-free as possible. It will also require a renewed commitment to combating exploitation in all aspects of metropolis-building.
A “Right Not to Starve”
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter will address King’s reasoning on the role and purpose of the modern American state in guaranteeing economic security and wellbeing for all. King argued, like welfare rights activists, that these were fundamental social obligations to the state. This chapter will show how his Scandinavian- inspired proposals demonstrate that King was willing to build on the New Deal
The Cine-Poetry of Mário Peixoto’s Limite
Authors: Conde Maite
Published: May 2019

This chapter undertakes a close reading of the Brazilian experimental silent film Limite, made in 1930 by Mário Peixoto. It pays close attention to the context of the film’s production: Peixoto’s contact with the world of cinephilia in Brazil and his links to the European avant-garde. In doing so, it analyzes the film’s style in the light of Germaine Dulac’s emphasis on cinema’s visual rhythms. Rather than providing us with a story or even presenting us with the psychological state of mind among its characters, it shows how Peixoto’s film “thinks” in pictures, movements, and angles, trying to intertwine diverse visual fields by using certain symbolic themes and variations. The chapter this shows how Limite accomplishes what Dulac had demanded in 1927: the “real” filmmaker should “divest cinema of all elements not particular to it, to seek its true essence in the consciousness of movement and visual rhythms.”
Conclusion
Authors: Lombardini John
Published: May 2019

The conclusion brings together the distinct depictions of Socratic humor developed in the previous chapters. Rather than arguing that Socratic humor is a singular phenomenon with one particular political meaning and purpose, it argues that what the study of Socratic humor reveals are the sites at which power is reinforced, contested, and/or negotiated. In particular, it illustrates how attempting to make sense of the political implications of Socratic philosophy requires attending to the various ways in which our sources depict Socrates as deploying humor in ways that both work within and challenge Athenian democratic ideology. This final point is illustrated using Josiah Ober’s work on the relationship between mass and elite in democratic Athens.
Becoming Black in the Era of Civil Rights and Black Power
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

Many people of color in Britain “became black” in the 1960s. This transformation occurred in reaction to the apparent consolidation of British politics around a revived whiteness and through the resonance within Britain of U.S. Black Power and Caribbean and African secondary decolonization. Presenting Black Power as a global formation unfolding within Britain in the face of the failure of state-led “race relations” management, this chapter charts the impact of African American visitors to Britain in the mid-1960s and follows the development of British Black Power among Caribbean, African, and South Asian activists in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It shows the resonance and new meanings of blackness that developed in this global conjuncture, as older anticolonial and antiracist politics were reworked.
Radical Blackness and the Post-imperial State
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

The Mangrove Nine trial of 1971, in which nine black activists faced charges of riot and affray at the Old Bailey, drew substantial support across the British New Left. It marked an important moment in which thinking black articulated a wider political formation. This chapter shows how the trial used experiences of colonial violence and anti-colonial liberation to critique the authoritarian turn of the British state, and it shows why these experiences found traction. Following the cosmopolitan settings of black radicalism, it shows why thinking black was engaged with as a source of liberation, modernity, and, indeed, pleasure, as well as why many Britons, finding themselves cast as the new “folk devils” upon which an emergent politics of law and order made a bid for hegemony, came to think about black persecution.
Thinking about Race in a Time of Rebellion
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

Urban unrest over-determined the ways in which black British life, and particularly the life of black young men, was thought about in the late 1970s and the 1980s. This chapter provides an account of policing conflicts in this period and analyses how they were narrated by those black radical intellectuals who used such conflicts to talk about conditions of blackness and politics of race in Britain in the lead-up to and early years of Thatcherism. Such writers emphasized black youth culture as a repository of a long and continuing struggle against the historical experiences of colonialism and slavery, and they suggested that by looking to the experiences of black youth, the contradictions and antagonisms of Britain’s whole political structure might come into better focus.
Gold and the Public in the Nineteenth-Century Gold Rushes
Authors: Goodman David
Published: May 2019

In the great nineteenth-century British world cycle of gold rushes, individualist wealth seeking became associated with democratic politics, and views about the public rather than private benefits of gold became increasingly the preserve of conservatives. In Georgia, governor George Gilmer declared in 1830 that the gold diggers were “appropriating riches to themselves, which of right equally belong to every other citizen of the state,” but he soon suffered electoral defeat. In 1850s California and Australia, individual miners were rapidly associated with a democratic and egalitarian future, even with the public good. This helps explain the oddly uncontested decisions to allow mining on public—and, in many places, private—land and use of public resources such as timber and water. This chapter is by David Goodman.
Grounding Capitalism
Authors: Demuth Bathsheba
Published: May 2019

This chapter, “Grounding Capitalism,” by Bathsheba Demuth, examines the Nome gold rush from 1898 to the early years of the twentieth century. It follows the thousands of miners who converged on Alaska’s Seward Peninsula, showing how their ideas about capitalism—should it favor individual or corporate enterprise?—intersected with geological context. It argues that the rush initially seemed to favor individual workers, as miners with little equipment could strike it rich by sifting gold from beach sand, but then the rush began to favor corporate capitalism by requiring expensive infrastructure and investments to mine in the hills and creeks. The case shows how people’s ideas set the possibilities, and how geology narrowed them by making corporate capitalism appear natural based on natural context.
Love, Inc.
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

In Love, Inc., Laurie Essig argues that love is not all we need. As the future became less secure—with global climate change and the transfer of wealth to the few—Americans became more romantic. Romance is not just what lovers do but also what lovers learn through ideology. As an ideology, romance allowed us to privatize our futures, to imagine ourselves as safe and secure tomorrow if only we could find our "one true love" today. But the fairy dust of romance blinded us to what we really need: global movements and structural changes. By traveling through dating apps and spectacular engagements, white weddings and Disney honeymoons, Essig shows us how romance was sold to us and why we bought it. Love, Inc. seduced so many of us into a false sense of security, but it also, paradoxically, gives us hope in hopeless times. This book explores the struggle between our inner cynics and our inner romantic.
Introduction
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

Modern love developed alongside capitalism to sell us the idea that love is all we need, even though we also need to buy a lot of things to have love. This chapter explores how romance developed as one of the most important ideologies of the modern era and how it relies on many other modern developments—like the drawing of the color line, the birth of the homosexual, and the creation of new class hierarchies—to make sense.
Marry Me?
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

Getting engaged now requires more emotional and financial resources than ever before. Here Essig traces the history of engagements from the birth of companionate marriages in the nineteenth century to the invention of rituals like the bended knee and fetish items like the diamond ring in the early twentieth century. But the real change happened at the beginning of the twenty-first century, as engagements became “spectacular,” requiring not just highly staged events but also highly produced videos and images that could then be disseminated to the larger world.
White Weddings
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

This chapter travels to the royal wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William to consider how celebrity weddings have always structured the modern white wedding. By interviewing nearly one hundred people over three days of royal wedding celebrations in London, Essig traces how the fantasy of the perfect wedding is married to notions of whiteness as pure and innocent, normative gender roles, and a deep connection to citizenship.
The Honeymoon
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

This chapter travels to one of the most popular honeymoon destinations in the world: Disney World. Over a week, Essig interviewed honeymooners and couples celebrating their anniversary to ask why Disney World is “the most romantic place on earth.” Through these interviews, Essig considers how whiteness, childhood innocence, and Americanness structure the Disney honeymoon and modern love more generally.
How the Shopping Cart Explains Global Consumerism
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

The book argues that the invention and popularization of the shopping cart from the 1940s onward provided the final link in the chain for the new system of industrialized food flow. First in the United States and then around the world, these carts enabled supermarkets to move their goods even faster off their shelves—in a sense, completing the revolution in mechanized farming, electric refrigeration, and road distribution that had occurred during the 1930s. Yet the cart, a basic machine among modernity’s new systems, also recast the work of food shopping in ways that attracted ambivalence and unease. In urging customers to buy all their groceries at once, it radically accelerated the consumerist experience of self-service, creating a new mode of accelerated shopping on impulse that often felt, ironically, far from “convenient.” Above all, as a host of U.S. cultural responses have suggested, the sheer uniformity of the shopping cart has unsettled the individualistic rhetoric of the supermarket industry. Increasingly omnipresent in online shopping, its basic form, defined as a void waiting to be filled, uncomfortably reveals the parallels that exist between human and nonhuman participants in the modern circuit of food flow.
Inside Views
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 offers a brief history of the demise of the shop counter and of the rise of self-service over the late nineteenth century. It offers a brief reading of Sister Carrie, showing how self-service engendered a new relationship to the commodity object, which, in turn, reflected on individual self-image.
In the Supermarket
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

The chapter introduces the ideas of Bruno Latour in order to identify the shopping cart as what Latour would call a “nonhuman actant,” which shapes human behavior in crucial and active ways. Above all, the cart completes a circuit of nonhuman machines in the new system of industrial food flow, ensuring foods that are produced on an unprecedented scale keep moving and reach the private home far more quickly and on a greater scale than previously.
Carts Unchained
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

The chapter traces the subsequent proliferation of shopping carts around the world. It shows that this popularization came about neither spontaneously nor by chance, but rather as the result of a series of business conferences and set piece tours of foreign visitors around U.S. supermarkets. It turns to the designs of Walter Landor to show how packaging and impulse buying were transformed as a result of the new ubiquity of the cart.
Kink and Cannibals
Authors: Fischel Joseph J.
Published: May 2019

As the first of two chapters describing the insufficiency of consent for adjudicating sex, this one makes the following arguments: (1) consent should not green-light any sexual conduct whatsoever, simply because the conduct is sexual; (2) while BDSM defenders analogize kinky sex to contact sports in support of the former’s legitimacy, the (dis)analogy, in fact, makes a stronger case for the illegitimacy of the latter, especially American football; (3) (yet) in sex, as in football, the sufficiency threshold for consent should not be, ipso facto, either the seriousness of any given physical injury or an affront to human dignity, as some critics propose; (4) we can begin to excavate alternative sufficiency thresholds to seriousness and dignity by turning to two contradictions within consent-centric, pro-BDSM literature. These contradictions are resolved once consent is checked and other abstractions—abstractions already articulated within the BDSM lexicon—are entrusted with more power.
The Trouble with Transgender “Rapists”
Authors: Fischel Joseph J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter surveys several cases of transgender men or butch women being convicted of sexual misconduct for deceiving their partners as to their assigned sex at birth. The conviction and categorization of this sexual conduct as sexual offense is troubling and wrong. These transgender “rapists” are not rapists, the sex is not sexual violence, and consent is not necessarily polluted by the undisclosed absence of a penis, the fact upon which most such cases and convictions rely. At the same time, these cases dramatize a central problem of consent’s scope: what do we consent to when we consent to sex? In this chapter, I propose that the deliberate contravention of an explicit conditional to sex should be a legal wrong and that such a narrowly tailored solution to the problem of sex-by-deception best protects sexual and gender minority defendants from phobic juries and judges while also facilitating sexual autonomy.
Cripping Consent
Authors: O’connell Hilary
Published: May 2019

The fifth chapter explicates a Connecticut case of alleged sexual assault committed against a significantly physically and cognitively disabled woman. The facts and fallout of the case facilitate an analysis of sex and sexual ethics that applies, synthesizes, and qualifies the three core criticisms of consent (insufficiency, scope, and inappositeness) leveled across the other chapters. The examination of the case shores up several ways in which consent fails to deliver sexual justice. Hilary O’Connell and I propose legal remedies and social reforms that would better facilitate sexual and intimate possibilities not only for the alleged victim in the Connecticut case and people similarly disabled but also, if more speculatively, for people positioned across the spectrum of ability. The legal remedies are grounded in a feminist reconstruction of sexual autonomy that rejects the equation of autonomy with consent. The social reforms are grounded in a disability-studies reconstruction of access that promotes institutional arrangements facilitating people’s equal participation in politics, education, employment and sex.
Conclusion
Authors: Fischel Joseph J.
Published: May 2019

In the conclusion, I propose that thinking with autonomy and access, while thinking against consent, might reframe some of the central ethical and political questions #MeToo raises. For while some have argued that nonconsent is the common denominator of #MeToo’s wrongful sex and others have argued that sex discrimination is the common denominator, I suggest that neither nonconsent nor discrimination identify the core wrong of #MeToo’s wrongful sex. Instead, the pervasive problem underlining so many of the incidents that constellate #MeToo is men’s sense of sexual entitlement, their leveraging positions of power to exact sexual gratification, and the consequent undemocratic, asymmetrical distribution of pleasure. These problems, and not the problem of nonconsent, are the connective tissue across #MeToo stories and scandals. Querying how and why powerful men constrain (indexically) women’s autonomy and access, rather than presuming all such sex nonconsensual, is more politically generative for feminist movement.
Introduction
Authors: Renfrew Daniel
Published: May 2019

The book’s introduction presents the origins, character, scope, and implications of the Uruguayan lead-poisoning epidemic. The chapter situates the epidemic within a political and economic context of neoliberal reform and crisis and in relation to the global and biomedical history of the disease. The chapter outlines the author’s ethnographic research methods and the book’s principal social actors and research sites. The theoretical foundation of the book follows a political ecology of health perspective, with focused analyses of environmental justice, knowledge/power, and governance/resistance.
To Live, Not Only Survive
Authors: Renfrew Daniel
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an introduction to the contested dynamics between medical knowledge, public policy, and grassroots political action. The chapter examines how lead’s victims and their advocates responded to a once “invisible” and newly recognized environmental disease. It also analyzes official state responses in relation to international biomedical and public-health intervention norms and practices. The chapter argues the state’s Official Protocol worked to minimize the parameters of lead-poisoning risk by, among other measures, raising international action thresholds—doubling the threshold for the lead level in blood and quintupling it for that in water. It conformed a set of de-facto policies and regulatory interventions focusing and circumscribing state action on lead poisoning within the spatial realm of squatter settlements, the cultural realm of the urban poor, and the ecological realm of soil.
This Is Not a Game
Authors: Renfrew Daniel
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that lead poisoning acted as a metonym of a general social imaginary of crisis associated with the collapse of the neoliberal model while also being rooted in the legacies of the mid-twentieth-century Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) period. The chapter counters Uruguay’s modern foundational myths of “exceptionalism” with social imaginaries anchored in the militant working-class history of La Teja. The chapter critically examines these foundational myths in relation to the all-encompassing socioeconomic crisis that began in 2002, arguing that activists interpreted the lead-poisoning epidemic within the working-class counter-narrative of Uruguayan national identity and history, politics and society, and in dialogue with a counter-imaginary of crisis linked to the material and symbolic fallout of the neoliberal order.
La Teja Shall Sing
Authors: Renfrew Daniel
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how long-time neighborhood activists helped build the CVSP into the nation’s most significant environmental-justice movement by mobilizing the radical histories, strong place attachment, and “socially thick” landscape of community organizing in the working-class neighborhood of La Teja. It examines the role of La Teja’s community media, the environmental-education efforts of teachers at a local special-needs school, and children’s creative-art projects in raising awareness of neighborhood lead poisoning and generating critical environmental consciousness. The chapter conveys the spirit and poetics of murga, a popular musical theater genre of Carnival. In paralleling the poetic structure of murga, the chapter seeks to capture the inventive, narrative, hopeful, and performative dimensions of environmental-justice movements.
Expert Revolutionary
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 situates Palestine in the context of British colonialism and technology transfer. The character of the electric power system that was built in Mandate Palestine was influenced by a prevailing logic of colonial development. Large technological systems were designed to facilitate the movement of people and the production, circulation, and consumption of things, information, and capital on the world market, on the assumption that global free trade would yield economic growth and civilizational advancement the world over. In this way, British policy in Palestine reflected an empire-wide agenda of economic development.
Punishment and the Welfare State
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

This chapter reviews the parallel dismantling of the welfare state and expansion of the criminal and juvenile justice systems during the mid-1990s. It summarizes how welfare reform has impacted the poorest strata of America society and provides a detailed accounting of the nationwide criminalization of teenagers.
The Making of Life-Course-Persistent Offenders
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 summarizes prior work on the effects of childhood trauma on children’s life-course and provides a general overview of the different types of traumatic experience that shaped the life-course of the young men in this study. This chapter shows that childhood trauma was able to unfold its full impact on these young men’s life-course because most families did not have access to mental health services that could have intervened proactively.
The End of Childhood
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

The young men in this study came of age years after crack consumption peaked in American inner cities. Chapter 3 shows that their lives were nevertheless significantly impacted by their parents’ drug consumption. Focusing on four African American men whose criminal behavior was closely connected to their parents’ drug addiction, the chapter shows that these young men suffered from a reverse “maturity gap.” They were forced to make independent decisions when they were neither physically nor cognitively ready to take care of themselves or to foresee the consequences of their behavioral choices.
The Weakness of Strong Ties
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 focuses on the destabilizing effect poverty has on strong familial ties between children and caregivers. While middle-class children remain financially connected to their parents at least until they finish college in their twenties, the young men in this study had their emotional and financial ties to caregivers severed in early adolescence. In addition to the traumatic impact of losing a caregiver, the fact that they lacked parental supervision generated opportunities for crime and encouraged the respondents to engage in criminal behavior to fulfill their basic needs.
Introduction
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents the rise of extreme peacetime violence in Guatemala City and in the Northern Triangle of Central America more generally, detailing the conditions of severe uncertainty over the cause and meaning of so much crime. It lays out the historical shift between the remembered “order” of civil war and the (dis)order of extreme peacetime violence, and it details the maras’ role in stabilizing contemporary collective terror. The chapter then highlights how other scholars of Central America have engaged with the profound uncertainties of contemporary violence, and it introduces the concept of mortal doubt. The chapter ends with a discussion of methodological dilemmas and strategies for conducting fieldwork in and on criminal networks.
Brother’s Bones
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

Picking up where chapter 1 left off, “Brother’s Bones” explores the play of memory, mourning and imagination in Calavera’s effort to remember and reconcile himself with his brother’s death.
A Compassionate Perspective on Immigrant Children and Youth
Authors: Suárez-Orozco Carola
Published: May 2019

The social context into which refugee, migrant, or unaccompanied children and youth settle has significant implications for shaping both their short-term adaptation for a variety of outcomes as well as their future participation in their new homelands. It also has significant implications for the future of the all post-industrial nations. Immigrant- and refugee-origin children face considerable challenges as they navigate their new lands, particularly during the transition period while concurrently often embodying extraordinary resilience, optimism, and work ethic. In this chapter, models for understanding the immigrant and refugee-origin child experience are articulated along with strategies for bridging the compassion gap, and developing ecologies of care aimed at serving to integrate these young people into the fabric of our societies.
The New H5 Model
Authors: Mollica Richard F.
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a new “bottom-up” field-based approach to the humanitarian care of refugees and other traumatized persons and communities. This innovative approach the H-5 Model offers an integrated holistic medical and mental health model built around the contexuality of the “Trauma Story.”The five overlapping elements of the H-5 Model include: (1) human rights; (2) humiliation; (3) health promotion; (4) healing (self); (5) habitat. The H-5 Model is based upon scientifically and culturally valid research. A scale is offered for standardizing its use at the field level. The H-5 Model provides a new humanitarian guide for caring for highly traumatized persons and communities.
Improving the Education and Social Integration of Immigrant Students
Authors: Borgonovi Francesca , Piacentini Mario , Schleicher Andreas
Published: May 2019

Migration is a shared condition of all humanity. We have all been strangers in a strange land. All humanity lives today as a result of migration, by themselves or their ancestors. Migration is a matter sometimes of choice, often of need, and always an inalienable right.
All helpless people deserve to be helped. Offering such help is a commandment and a blessing shared among all religions. Accordingly, as Pope Francis reminds us, our duties to migrants include ‘to welcome’, ‘to protect’, ‘to promote’, and ‘to integrate.’
National borders are not a result of primary natural law, as aren't private property and clothes, ‘because nature did not give [humans] clothes, but art invented them’. National borders depend on social, political and geographical factors. Therefore, faced with current waves of mass migration, in order to establish practices that respond to the common good we need to be guided by three levels of responsibility.
The first principle being that ‘in case of need all things are common’, because ‘every man is my brother’. This principle is relative to existence or subsistence and conditions other related issues (such as accommodation, food, housing, security, etc.).
Secondly, as part of the fundamental rights of people, legal guarantees of primary rights that foster an ‘organic participation’ in the economic and social life of the nation. Access to these economic and social goods, including education and employment, will allow people to develop their own abilities.
Thirdly, a deeper sense of integration, reflecting responsibilities related to protecting, examining and developing the values that underpin the deep, stable, unity of a society- and, more fundamentally, create a horizon of public peace, understood as St. Augustine's ‘tranquility in order’. In particular, with regards to the aforementioned context, policies on migration should be guided by prudence, but prudence must never mean exclusion. On the contrary, governments should evaluate, ‘with wisdom and foresight, the extent to which their country is in a position, without prejudice to the common good of citizens, to offer a decent life to migrants, especially those truly in need of protection.
Strangely enough, the response of most governments in the face of this phenomenon only seems to value the third principle, completely disregarding the first two.
Introduction
Authors: Kendrick Robert L.
Published: May 2019

The introduction uses the opening of a 1697 sepolcro, La Virtù della Croce, to introduce the thematics, dramatic means, performance situations, and visual images typical of the genre. It also explains the relationship of the main court figures to Passion devotion, and it sets out questions to be answered in later chapters about the role of allegorical characters in the dramas, the centrality of musical projection, and the dynasty’s investment—real and figurative—in multimedia penitential spectacle.
Passion and Theater
Authors: Kendrick Robert L.
Published: May 2019

In ways even beyond France’s Louis XIV, the Habsburgs projected themselves via music theater, including sacred works. The sepolcri took place in a highly ritualized series of events during Holy Week, including liturgy, processions, and reenactments of Passion events, across Vienna as well as in the court chapels. Their origin can be linked to a wider Italian tradition of Passion theater, including deposition drama and laments over the dead Christ. Pieces were staged on both Holy Thursday and Good Friday, while normally new works were created each year for each day. In Viennese performances, both the architectonic conditions of the chapels, plus Ludovico Burnacini’s set designs (traceable from about 1670 onward) contributed to the perception of texts and the production of meaning. In this, the staged emblematics present in image and text also contributed to penance and recollection. The chapter closes with a consideration of a sepolcro, La Gara della Misericordia e la Giustizia, which reworks the medieval trope of the “contest between divine mercy and justice” in a way that would have had special resonance for its primary audience, the dowager empress, in whose chapel it was performed on Holy Thursday 1661.
Social Others and Selves
Authors: Kendrick Robert L.
Published: May 2019

The pieces also enacted difference and identity. The most obvious—and condemnable, to modern sensibilities—was the blaming of Jews for the Passion, references present in about half the repertory. Although the military situation with the Ottomans was often urgent, anti-Islam sentiment in the texts was much less evident than anti-Semitism. In addition, coming out of medieval tradition, the demonic put in an appearance only later, from the 1670s onward. Dynastic prestige was evident in the Habsburgs’ possession of Passion relics, objects that were thematized across a range of sepolcri. The frequency of death in the royal family leads to a consideration of the difficulties of consolation, found most clearly in the 1670 Sette consolationi di Maria, a piece evidently written to comfort Empress Margherita Teresa after the death of yet another infant heir.
Psychodocudramatics
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the rise of “psychodrama,” with its insistence on the importance of performing one’s own traumatic past, in the growing field of military psychiatry. Developed by the Austrian-American psychiatrist Jacob Moreno, psychodrama was a technique that required both acting and reenacting, both imagination and memory. Moving beyond the hospital, drama teams increasingly embraced activities performed in specific sites of trauma—a psychotherapeutic turn that anticipated major developments in documentary film.
Doctrinal Controversies
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 examines Gregory’s doctrine of God as it developed in the context of the Eunomian controversy, focusing particularly on the way in which he resists the language of “activity” and “passivity” (and thus, by cultural association, male and female, respectively) from being applied to the Godhead. The full relevance of Gregory’s doctrine of God for the ascetic life is then discussed in depth. The author argues that for Gregory, the imitatio Dei summons the ascetic to a life beyond the fallen associations of male and female, because the persons of the Trinity cannot be described as either passive or active depending on their relationship to each other. Another area of originality in this study is chapter 6’s discussion of the male/female hierarchy in marriage, which Gregory appears to support on the basis of biblical authority. This insight stands in contradistinction to recent feminist readings of his work, which overlook these passages and privilege particular themes in Gregory’s mature thought, especially in relation to the soul’s labile identifications with male and female characteristics.
Spiritual Maturation
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 is the first chapter in part C of the book, “Erotic Intimacy with Christ and the Maturation of Desire,” which sees the aging bishop, in the late phase of his literary career, retreat from ecclesiastical affairs and focus more intensely than ever before on the implications of diachronic progress in the spiritual life. Chapter 7 examines the expanded meaning of virginity: it now denotes purity of heart in a general moral sense and can therefore be applied to Christians who are married—as long as their desires are chastened and transformed through the practices of prayer and virtue. Gregory, at this point in his literary career, regards any form of sin (hamartia) as an act of spiritual infidelity against Christ, the incorruptible Bridegroom. The parthenia/porneia disjunction is therefore used to contrast the life of virtue and the life of vice (more generally understood), not simply sexual abstinence and sexual vice. Gregory also applies the theme of maturation to the conjugal life—a point so far overlooked in the secondary literature—which provides new insights into his understanding of the order (taxis) of love in the life of virtue. The chapter ends with a detailed elucidation of Gregory’s diachronically theorized account of spiritual maturation (which highlights the essential incorporation of erotic desire in the practice of contemplation) and examines his on bodily development (especially enfeeblement in old age).
Male and Female
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 highlights a new development in Gregory’s thinking: his immersion in the Song of Songs, with its descriptions of the virgin bride longing for her bridegroom, which allows him to view the cultivation of the imago Dei as more than just a mixture of male and female virtues (as in the middle period). He now argues that the soul’s shifting identifications with male and female characteristics take place in a particular order during the course of spiritual ascent. This diachronic progression begins with the life of vice and passion (identified as “womanish”), which is replaced, through ascetical discipline, by the virtuous (“manly”) life and then finally superseded by the soul’s identification with the passionate Virgin Bride of Christ. The second part of the chapter seeks to address the following question: how is Gregory able to insist that there is neither male nor female in Christ Jesus on the basis of Galatians 3:28 while also using gendered imagery to describe the transformations of spiritual ascent? By examining the ever-increasing intimacy between the bride and the bridegroom, it becomes clear that the soul’s erotic relationship with Christ results in the spiritual undoing of “male” and “female” for Gregory in the late phase of his literary career.