bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enterprise systems, business process management and UK-management accounting practices
Authors: Ammar Sameh
Published: June 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to address the extant and arguable role of enterprise systems (ES) in relation to management accounting practices (MAPs) through an inclusion relative neglect account of business process management (BPM). This is also extended to draw out an analytical framework to advance our understanding of how BPM mediate ES-MAPs interplay.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross-sectional case study was adopted as a research strategy with which to collect data about the ES-BPM-MAPs interplay as a unit of analysis. The latter, in the first stage, was examined across (89) mini-case studies operating in the UK context through reports and documentations collected from cases’ websites, vendors and consultants of information systems. Drawn insights from cross-sectional analysis and contributions made by prior studies are blended together to inform the second stage that outlines an analytical framework for ES-BPM-MAPs interplay.

Findings

Different ES are mobilised to address different orientations of BPMs and being used for different managerial functions and purposes. Different patterns of ES-BPM-MAPs interplay are identified across (89) UK-case studies and the BPM is a fulcrum understanding. These patterns are centred around three key BPM including customer, logistics and control processes and all oriented by a continuum of an organisation intention focus on control, understanding and strategising. Both processes and orientations explain ES development and MAPs evolution processes. Standardisation, integration and intelligence are key characteristics sought through ES mobilisations. By complementary, information provision, analytics and simulation are three sophisticated ways of using MA information facilitated by ES characteristics.

Research limitations/implications

Dynamic processes of MAPs change over time and are beyond the reach of this study. Such approach requires full access to case studies. BPM is fulcrum understanding of MAPs change and/or stability in relation to ES implementation including other components.

Practical implications

Findings and analytical framework could be used as a base for establishing the best approach in adopting ES to fully exploit the potential of future ES applications as well as to avoid organisations pitfalls of implementations. Organisations are advised to understand their existing business processes, characteristics of MA information would be achieved first upon which decision of ES components selection and implementation could be outlined.

Originality/value

The indirect interplay between ES and MAPs through business processes is rarely examined. By the inclusion of BPM and using cross-sectional case studies, this research contributes to the existing shortcomings of ES-MAPs interplay by broadening the picture and proposing an analytical framework. The latter advances our understanding by focusing on attributes of ES-BPM-MAPs upon which informal changes in-the use of MAPs are recognised.
Waiting time targets and informal professional networks in English NHS
Authors: Guven-Uslu Pinar
Published: June 2017

Purpose

This paper examines the relationship between key actors in an organisation and informal professional networks. It uses pragmatic constructivism (PC) as a research paradigm together with concepts borrowed from the theory of social networks to investigate how these actors responded to a particular set of non-financial performance targets.

Design/methodology/approach

The implementation process of waiting time targets in the Accident and Emergency Department was observed as part of an in-depth study at a large English National Health Service hospital. The main sources of data were face-to-face interviews with key actors, documentary archival evidence and observation diaries.

Findings

The results indicated that with the effect of information sharing through these networks, implementation methodology switched from systems approach to actors approach. Professional connections between key actors had allowed them to generate their own understanding in responding to new performance measures. As a consequence, the perceptions of other actors in relevant networks, as well as the implementation practices were influenced.

Research limitations/implications

This is a single-site, in-depth case study; hence, the findings are not generalizable.

Practical implications

This study demonstrated just how influential some key actors can be in shaping the implementation of performance measures.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to PC by providing evidence on the influence of informal professional networks and structural holes in shaping organisational topos.
Obstetric consent and the cost of severe obstetric adverse events
Authors: Chien Patrick
Published: June 2017

Deputy Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr Patrick Chien, discusses his top articles from this issue in an audio podcast available at: https://soundcloud.com/bjog/july-editors-choice-2017.
Arts and cultural activity: A vital part of the health and care system
Authors: Cann Paul L
Published: June 2017

This article discusses how the arts and cultural activities are a vital part of a health and care system and have potential to fulfil the theme of active ageing. The changing nature of care provision in response to demographic change, fiscal pressure and increasingly consumerist attitudes on the part of care users, is considered. Selected examples of how participation in arts and cultural activities increases not only well‐being but also health outcomes are then outlined. The article highlights the potential of ‘cultural commissioning’ and within that ‘arts on prescription’ – public funding of arts‐related activities for people with care needs – and advocates investment in arts and cultural activities to better meet the demands of health, social care and aged care. Concluding remarks are made, and a way forward is suggested.
Migrants, Identity and Radical Politics: Meaning and Ramifications of the Visits of Italian Communist Party Officials to Australia
Authors: Battiston Simone
Published: June 2017

This paper examines ten years (1963–1973) of visits to Australia of Italian Communist Party (PCI) officials. In particular, the visits' origins, meaning and ramifications are analysed and framed against the background of post‐war migrant worker identity discourses and radical politics. They appear to have shaped markedly the direction of the experience of Italian communists in Australia, especially in Sydney, and their interaction with both the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) and the PCI. Ultimately, they helped spread the message of Italian communism among migrants and encourage the replication on Australian soil of the successful experience of the Europe‐based PCI federations with thousands of worker members. For the CPA, which had been looking for new ways to break through to the hearts and minds of the migrant proletariat, the visits heralded a stronger partnership with its Italian members, a closer link with Eurocommunism, and a potential new stream of recruits that would have reversed the hemorrhaging of membership. The visits were instrumental, as argued in this paper, for the establishment and promotion of an Italian cultural and language space for which far‐left Italian migrants in Australia had long yearned.
The Rise and Fall of Paid Maternity Leave Policy in the Years of the Keating Government
Authors: Newsome Lucie
Published: June 2017

In 2010, Australia finally introduced maternity leave, making it one of the last OECD nations to do so. Yet this policy had been announced by the Keating Government some sixteen years earlier, only to be watered down and then ultimately scuppered by subsequent governments. How, then, do we make sense of the rise and fall of this policy in the 1990s? This paper examines this question, arguing that while effective mobilisation by women in the labour movement was crucial to placing this issue on the Keating Government's policy agenda, the continued dominance of a male breadwinner model ultimately served to provide powerful impediments to policy implementation. The paper draws on interviews with key actors and analysis of policy debate to make this case, employing the concepts of policy windows and path dependency to make sense of the opportunities and impediments to policy change respectively. While an important and neglected story of maternity leave policy in Australia, this analysis has important implications for understanding policy‐making, policy trajectory and even gender roles in Australian politics and society.
National high‐flow nasal cannula and bronchiolitis survey highlights need for further research and evidence‐based guidelines
Authors: Sokuri Paula , Heikkilä Paula , Korppi Matti
Published: June 2017

Aim

High‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy provides noninvasive respiratory support for infant bronchiolitis and its use has increased following good clinical experiences. This national study describes HFNC use in Finland during a severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic.

Methods

A questionnaire on using HFNC for infant bronchiolitis during the 2015–2016 RSV epidemic was sent to the head physicians of 18 Finnish children's hospitals providing inpatient care for infants: 17 hospitals answered, covering 77.5% of the infants born in Finland in 2015.

Results

Most (85%) HFNC was given on paediatric wards. The mean incidence for bronchiolitis treated with HFNC in infants under the age of one in 15 of 17 hospitals was 3.8 per 1000 per year (range: 1.4–8.1): one hospital did not supply the relevant data and one supplied a figure of 34.1 due to a different treatment policy. Instructions on how to start and wean HFNC therapy were present in 71% and 61% of the hospitals, respectively, weighted to the population. Providing weaning instructions was associated with shorter weaning times.

Conclusion

High‐flow nasal cannula was actively used for infants with bronchiolitis, with no substantial overuse. Randomised controlled studies are needed before any evidence‐based guidelines can be constructed for using HFNC in infant bronchiolitis.
Farmers' Access to Markets: The Case of Cotton in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Akhter , Abdulai Awudu , Rahut Dil Bahadur
Published: June 2017

Using a cross‐sectional primary dataset collected from a survey of 325 farmers in the seven highest cotton‐producing districts of Punjab Province of Pakistan, the present paper examines cotton farmers' market participation decisions, and the factors driving participation, as well as the impact of participation on net returns. Tobit and censored least absolute deviation models were used to estimate the participation of farmers in markets, and the Heckman two‐stage approach and the propensity score matching method were applied to analyze the impact of participation on net returns, taking into account potential selection bias. The empirical results revealed that households with more education, wealth, and better transport facilities are more likely to participate in the markets. As the distance to market increases, households prefer to sell at the farm gate rather than the market. The results also indicated that households that sell their goods at the market obtain higher net returns than those selling at the farm gate.
Risk‐Coping Measures against Health Shocks during the Process of Penetration of Health Insurance in Vietnam
Authors: Hasegawa Masako
Published: June 2017

Does the recent introduction of public health insurance influence households' risk‐coping measures in developing countries? This study investigates risk‐coping measures for health shocks using a Living Standard Measurement Survey in Vietnam where universal health coverage is aimed to be achieved. The estimated results suggest that precautionary savings are the main form of assets in poor households. Health insurance seems to be used by people in poor health, which indicates that the problem of adverse selection exits. Importantly, get well gifts in the form of money play a significant role in helping households cope with health shocks. A traditional informal insurance system still exists in close Vietnamese communities.
Deglaciation and ice shelf development at the northeast margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Younger Dryas chronozone
Authors: Furze Mark F. A. , Pieńkowski Anna J. , McNeely Morgan A. , Bennett Robbie , Cage Alix G.
Published: June 2017

Core 2011804‐0010 from easternmost Lancaster Sound provides important insights into deglacial timing and style at the marine margin of theNELaurentide Ice Sheet (LIS). Spanning 13.2–11.0 cal. kaBPand investigated for ice‐rafted debris (IRD), foraminifera, biogenic silica and total organic carbon, the stratigraphy comprises a lithofacies progression from proximal grounding line and sub‐ice shelf environments to open glaciomarine deposition; a sequence similar to deposits from Antarctic ice shelves. These results are the first marine evidence of a former ice shelf in the eastern Northwest Passage and are consistent with a preceding phase of ice streaming in eastern Lancaster Sound. Initial glacial float‐off and retreat occurred >13.2 cal. kaBP, followed by formation of an extensive deglacial ice shelf during the Younger Dryas, which acted to stabilize the retreating margin of theNE LISuntil 12.5 cal. kaBP.IRDanalyses of sub‐ice shelf facies indicate initial high input from source areas on northern Baffin Island delivered to Lancaster Sound by a tributary ice stream in Admiralty Inlet. After ice shelf break‐up, Bylot Island became the dominant source area. Foraminifera are dominated by characteristic ice‐proximal glaciomarine benthics (Cassidulina reniforme,Elphidium excavatumf.clavata), complemented by advected Atlantic water (Cassidulina neoteretis,Neogloboquadrina pachyderma) and enhanced current indicators (Lobatula lobatula). The biostratigraphy further supports the ice shelf model, with advection of sparse faunas beneath the ice shelf, followed by increased productivity under open water glaciomarine conditions. The absence of Holocene sediments in the core suggests that the uppermost deposits were removed, most likely due to mass transport resulting from the site's proximity to modern tidewater glacier margins. Collectively, this study presents important new constraints on the deglacial behaviour of theNELaurentide Ice Sheet, with implications for past ice sheet stability, ice‐rafted sediment delivery, and ice−ocean interactions in this complex archipelago setting.
Why are flowers sweeter than fruits or buds? Variation in extrafloral nectar secretion throughout the floral ontogeny of a myrmecophile
Authors: Villamil Nora
Published: June 2017

Extrafloral nectar provision during floral ontogeny in ant‐plants has not been widely studied. Extrafloral nectar secretion differed between leaves associated with buds, flowers, and fruits, and peaked during anthesis when pollinators were present. This ontogenetic variation may result from mixed selective pressures involving strategies for defense and mutualist management.
The impact of close monitoring on creativity and knowledge sharing: The mediating role of leader‐member exchange
Authors: Son Seung Yeon , Cho Duck Hyun , Kang Seung‐Wan
Published: June 2017

We examine the influence of supervisors' close monitoring on employees' creativity and knowledge sharing, both of which are important to the enhanced performance and survival of organizations in this era of uncertainty and change. We also identify the mechanism through which supervisors' close monitoring affects employees' creativity and knowledge sharing. A survey was conducted with military officers in South Korea, among whom supervisor–employee interactions occur daily. A regression analysis of 163 supervisor‐employee dyads shows that supervisors' close monitoring has a negative impact on employees' creativity and knowledge sharing; a mediation test using a bootstrapping methodology shows that supervisors' close monitoring has a significantly negative indirect impact on employees' creativity and knowledge sharing with leader‐member exchange (LMX) as the mediator. Our theoretical contribution is to provide an improved understanding of the relationships among the variables. We also offer a practical implication because our findings show that supervisors' close monitoring may hinder employees' creativity and knowledge sharing by undermining LMX.
State transitions: a major mortality risk for seasonal species
Authors: Landes Julie , Perret Martine , Hardy Isabelle , Camarda Carlo Giovanni , Henry Pierre‐Yves , Pavard Samuel
Published: June 2017

Ageing results from the accumulation of multifactorial damage over time. However, the temporal distribution of this damage remains unknown. In seasonal species, transitions between seasons are critical periods of massive physiological remodelling. We hypothesised that these recurrent peaks of physiological remodelling are costly in terms of survival. We tested whether captive small primates exposed to an experimentally increased frequency of seasonal transitions die sooner than individuals living under natural seasonality. The results show that experiencing one additional season per year increases the mortality hazard by a factor of 3 to 4, whereas the expected number of seasons lived is only slightly impacted by the seasonal rhythm. These results demonstrate that physiological transitions between periods of high and low metabolic activity represent a major mortality risk for seasonal organisms, which has been ignored until now.
Perisylvian, including insular, childhood epilepsy: Presurgical workup and surgical outcome
Authors: Freri Elena , Matricardi Sara , Gozzo Francesca , Cossu Massimo , Granata Tiziana , Tassi Laura
Published: June 2017

Objective

To report the presurgical workup, surgical procedures, and outcomes in a series of pediatric patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy involving the perisylvian/insular regions.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed 16 pediatric patients affected by drug‐resistant focal epilepsy involving perisylvian/insular regions, who consecutively underwent tailored resective surgery. All patients underwent a detailed presurgical workup, which included the analysis of the anatomoelectroclinical correlations with scalp electroencephalography (EEG)and/or with stereo‐electroencephalography (SEEG), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and comprehensive cognitive and neuropsychological evaluations. After surgery, all patients underwent serial clinical and laboratory evaluations.

Results

Focal motor seizures restricted to perioral area, associated with symptoms related to the surrounding areas (as auditory hallucinations, unpleasant paresthesia, fear, and epigastric sensation), characterized the ictal semiology in 75% of patients. In 50%, autonomic manifestations were present and in 56% subjective manifestations were reported. The 50% of the patients underwentSEEGwith insular sampling to better define the epileptogenic zone. In all patients, the insular cortex was always part of the epileptogenic zone, and tailored resections also involved, with variable degree, the frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula. Preoperatively, the neuropsychological assessment revealed impairments in specific cognitive functions and mild or moderate cognitive compromise in 88% of the patients. Postoperatively, one patient had permanent slight hemiparesis. At the most recent follow‐up (median 39 months), seizure outcome was satisfactory in 69% of patients: seven patients were completely seizure‐free (Engel class Ia), two were free of disabling seizure (class Ic), and two had rare disabling seizures (classII). The cognitive functioning remained unchanged in 62%, and improved in 38%.

Significance

The assessment of perisylvian/insular epilepsy in children is particularly challenging. However, tailored resections based on a careful presurgical evaluation, includingSEEGrecording, may lead to a good seizure control and to a better overall outcome.
THE FREE GERMAN LEAGUE OF CULTURE'S KLEINE SAMMLUNG 1946: FIRST AND LAST WORDS
Authors: Brinson Charmian
Published: June 2017

This paper considers the final literary publication in British exile of the London‐based Free German League of Culture, Kleine Sammlung 1946: Gedichte, Erzählungen, Reproduktionen. Appearing at the point when many political exiles were awaiting permits to return to Germany, this collection of short literary works by eleven writers sets out its aims as twofold: it was conceived as the FGLC's first anthology for readers in Germany as well as their last words in British exile. The paper concludes that, on the one hand, exile appears to have made little impact on the work of these particular writers while, on the other, the little volume's impact on post‐war Germany was probably minimal. Nevertheless, it is posited that the very fact that during the Third Reich the exiled writers had represented free German culture outside Germany, as stressed in the preface of the Kleine Sammlung, would have been significant for a post‐war German readership. Finally, in light of the writers’ declared wish in 1946 to return to Germany, the paper considers their various final destinations.

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der letzten literarischen Publikation im britischen Exil des Londoner Freien Deutschen Kulturbunds, Kleine Sammlung 1946: Gedichte, Erzählungen, Reproduktionen. Es handelt sich hier um eine Anthologie von kurzen literarischen Beiträgen von elf Schriftstellern, die gerade zu diesem Zeitpunkt die Genehmigung zur Rückkehr in die Heimat erwarteten. Die Anthologie setzt sich ein zweifaches Ziel: zum einen sollte sie das erste Werk des FDKB sein, das sich an die Leser in Deutschland wandte, zum anderen sollte sie die letzten Worte der Beiträger im britischen Exil darstellen. Der Artikel gelangt zu der Anschauung, dass sich einerseits das Exil nur zu einem geringen Maße auf die Werke der Schriftsteller auswirkte, und dass andererseits die Wirkung der kleinen Anthologie auf Nachkriegsdeutschland wohl minimal war. Es wird jedoch vorausgesetzt, dass es für die deutsche Nachkriegs‐Leserschaft immerhin von Bedeutung gewesen sein müsste, dass die exilierten Schriftsteller während des Dritten Reiches die freie deutsche Kultur im Ausland vertraten, wie im Vorwort zur Kleinen Sammlung betont wird. Schließlich befasst sich dieser Artikel, in Anbetracht des erklärten Wunsches der Schriftsteller im Jahre 1946, nach Deutschland zurückzukehren, mit ihren verschiedenen Endbestimmungen.
GÜNTER GRASS'S ‘IM KREBSGANG’ AND THE NOVELLE: REFRAMING THE NARRATIVE FRAME
Authors: Swales Martin
Published: June 2017

This paper explores the literary‐generic implications of Günter Grass's ‘Im Krebsgang’, which has as its subtitle ‘Novelle’. Central to the story is the issue of how appropriately to commemorate German wartime suffering – in this case the sinking of a ship, the Wilhelm Gustloff, in January 1945 with a huge loss of civilian life. The story has a second subtitle, which is ‘in memoriam’. Grass combines real historical events and people with fictional events and people. In his intertextual employment of the Novelle genre he suggests that the traditional narrative frame finds its contemporary counterpart in the internet with its websites and chatrooms. The profusion of anonymous statements which circulate there amounts to an exponential growth in oral history; but the danger is that rabidly right‐wing propaganda in commemoration of German wartime suffering can be freely disseminated.

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die literarisch‐genetischen Implikationen von Günter Grass’ Erzählung ‘Im Krebsgang’, die im Untertitel als ‘Novelle’ bezeichnet wird. Das zentrale thematische Anliegen ist die Frage, ob und wie man die Zerstörung eines Schiffes im Januar 1945, der Wilhelm Gustloff , mit einem immensen Verlust an deutschen Zivilisten gebührend schildern und ihrer gedenken kann. Die Erzählung, die einen zweiten Untertitel – ‘in memoriam’ – hat, kombiniert echte historische Ereignisse und Figuren mit fiktiven Ereignissen und Figuren. Die Gattung Novelle wird intertextuell evoziert, vor allem um das Nachleben der traditionellen Rahmensituation in den verschiedenen Formen zeitgenössischer Cyberkultur – im Internet mit seinen Webseiten und Chatrooms – zu betonen. Dort herrscht eine Unmenge anonymer Schilderungen und Stellungnahmen: die Oralgeschichte floriert. Es besteht aber die Gefahr, dass das Leiden der deutschen Zivilbevölkerung von rechtsradikalen Kreisen vereinnahmt und propagandistisch manipuliert wird.
RHYTHM AND ITS ABSENCE IN MODERN POLITICS AND MUSIC*
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This piece reflects on the significance of periodic time structures in the institutions of modern democracy, drawing inspiration from the theorisation of rhythm in music. Three features of rhythm are discussed using the concepts of temporal integration, coordination and rationalisation. Each helps us understand how the institutionalisation of periodicity has helped underpin the democratic principle of legitimate opposition. As contemporary political developments tend to disrupt such rhythms, legitimate opposition becomes harder to maintain.

Unter Rückgriff auf die musikwissenschaftliche Theoretisierung von Rhythmus reflektiert dieser Artikel über die Bedeutung periodischer Zeitstrukturen für die Institutionen moderner Demokratien. Es werden drei Eigenschaften von Rhythmus diskutiert: zeitliche Integration, Koordination und Rationalisierung. Jeder dieser Begriffe hilft uns zu verstehen, wie die Institutionalisierung von Periodizität zur Untermauerung des demokratischen Prinzips der legitimen Opposition beigetragen hat. Die Tendenz zeitgenössischer politischer Entwicklungen, solche Rhythmen zu durchbrechen, erschwert somit die Aufrechterhaltung legitimer Opposition.
Subcutaneous defibrillators for dialysis patients
Authors: Vachharajani Tushar J. , Salman Loay , Costanzo Eric J. , Mehandru Sushil K. , Patel Mayurkumar , Calderon Dawn M. , Mathew Roy O. , Sidhu Mandeep S. , Asif Arif
Published: June 2017

Defibrillation can be successfully provided by the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) without the leads. In contrast, traditional ICDs require leads that can cause central venous stenosis, lead‐induced endocarditis, and carry the risk of tricuspid regurgitation by valve adhesion, perforation, coaptation interference, or entanglement. Central venous stenosis, infection, and tricuspid regurgitation are all critically important considerations in hemodialysis patients. Recent reports are supporting the use of subcutaneous ICDs in renal patients maintained on long‐term hemodialysis. This article provides the risks associated with leads of traditional defibrillators and raises awareness of the subcutaneous ICD and their benefits for hemodialysis patients.
Oral cancer screening practices of Canadian dental hygienists
Authors: Clarke AK , Kobagi N , Yoon MN
Published: June 2017

Purpose

This study investigates whether dental hygienists are routinely conducting oral cancer screenings (OCSs) as per their professional capability and responsibility. Factors that may mediate provision of OCSs, and ability to discuss sensitive topics with patients, are also examined.

Methods

A pretested online questionnaire was sent via national and provincial regulatory bodies to target practicing registered dental hygienists across Canada. Analysis was conducted using statistical software.

Results

Results of 256 surveys were analysed. Sixty‐four per cent of dental hygienists listed an OCS as part of their regular process of care. Except for the initial examination, respondents were significantly more likely to report being responsible for the OCS than the dentist, P<.001. On average, intraoral components are inspected at higher frequencies (96%) than extraoral components (73%). Confidence in OCS technique was high (70%). The majority felt prepared by their education to conduct OCSs (60%), but those with a bachelor's degree felt more prepared than those with a diploma, P=.005. The average time to conduct an OCS is 4.09 minutes, with most agreeing there is sufficient time in an appointment (57%). Only 37% felt their education prepared them to discuss sensitive topics, level of education had no effect, P>.05. Only 43% of respondents felt confident in their human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge and comfortable discussing HPV risk factors with patients.

Conclusion

Dental hygienists in this study are regularly conducting OCSs; however, they lack comfort discussing sensitive topics such as transmission of oral HPV, and screenings may not be fully comprehensive.
Improvement in thermomechanical properties of off‐grade natural magnesite by addition of Y2O3
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Nath Mithun , Roy Utpal , Ghosh Arup , Tripathi Himansu Sekhar
Published: June 2017

Small amount of Y2O3 (0‐3 wt%) was added into off‐grade natural magnesite and its effects on the phase assemblage, microstructural evolution in correlation with mechanical and thermomechanical properties were investigated. Presence of Y2O3 facilitated the formation of calcium yttrium silicate and yttrialite phases, which prohibited the formation of detrimental‐phase monticellite, which was gradually reduced with the increase in Y2O3 content. Y2O3 promoted periclase grain growth and segregated the secondary phases at triple‐point junction of periclase grains. Also, high‐temperature (at 1200°C) flexural strength of the samples increased from 77.2 MPa (without Y2O3) to 137.45 MPa with the addition of 2 wt% Y2O3. Greater degree of direct bonding among periclase grains, compact microstructure, and uniform grain size distribution in addition to reduced amount of monticellite were responsible for the improvement in mechanical and thermomechanical properties.
Evaluation of dynamic viscosity and rheological properties of ceramic materials during liquid phase sintering by numerical‐experimental procedure
Authors: Nasrabadi Hamed Yaghoubi , Salahi Esmaeil , Taati Asil Fateme
Published: June 2017

The effective shear and bulk viscosity, as well as dynamic viscosity, describe the rheological properties of the ceramic body during the liquid phase sintering process. The rheological parameters depend on the physical and thermo‐mechanical characteristics of the material such as relative density, temperature, grain size, diffusion coefficient, and activation energy. In this paper, the numerical‐experimental method has been developed to study both viscous and rheological behavior of hard porcelain ceramic body during liquid phase sintering. The other aim is to acquire a complete understanding of the response of an incompressible viscose material during sintering such as stress‐strain relations, sintering, and hydrostatic stress. Densification results confirmed that the bulk viscosity was well‐defined with relative density. The stress analysis proved that the sintering stress is more than the hydrostatic stress during the entire sintering time so, the sintering process occurs completely. Deflection results showed that the shear viscosity was a fair estimation of real ones. Dilatometry, SEM, XRD investigations as well as bulk viscosity simulation results confirmed that the “mullitisation plateau” was presented as a very little extraordinary expansion at the final sintering stage.
The implications of direct participation for organisational commitment, job satisfaction and affective psychological well‐being: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Gallie Duncan , Zhou Ying , Felstead Alan , Green Francis , Henseke Golo
Published: June 2017

The article examines the implications of direct participation for employees' organisational commitment, job satisfaction and affective psychological well‐being. It focuses on both task discretion and organisational participation. Applying fixed effect models to nationally representative longitudinal data, the study provides a more rigorous assessment of the conflicting claims for the effects of participation that have hitherto been based primarily on cross‐sectional evidence. Further, it tests a range of mechanisms by which direct participation leads to improved employee outcomes. Contrary to the critical literature, it shows that even after controlling for unobserved individual heterogeneity, both forms of direct participation have positive effects for employees' organisational commitment and well‐being. The effects of task discretion are primarily direct, reflecting the intrinsic importance of personal control over the job task; in contrast, those of organisational participation derive to a greater extent from its indirect effect on the quality of working conditions.
EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES, LEARNING, AND THE THEORY OF THE SECOND BEST
Authors: Fuller David , Dupont Serge
Published: June 2017

We formulate and characterize the solutions to optimal control models of social welfare maximization in a resource industry composed of two parts — conventional, with unit cost that increases with cumulative production, and backstop, whose unit cost decreases with cumulative production, due to learning. Since marginal cost pricing leads to losses in backstop operations, we consider three “second best” constraints that ensure non‐negative profits. These constraints introduce distortions away from marginal cost pricing. Two constraints cause a discontinuous upward jump in price at the time of transition from conventional to backstop, and a supply side distortion‐violation of cost minimization to meet demand.
NEOCLASSICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR NONMARKET BENEFITS ESTIMATION
Authors: McKean John R. , Walsh Richard G.
Published: June 2017

All‐or‐nothing demands and start‐up costs for nonmarket goods are discussed within the framework of price discrimination models. We show that in an all‐or‐nothing bid situation, consumers will provide average rather than marginal values resulting in overstatement of consumers' surplus. Nonmarket goods are often provided under conditions which are exacerbated by start‐up costs. Empirical measurement of nonmarket demand can contain significant error if these concepts are not properly applied.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Gulland John
Published: June 2017

Bioeconomic modelling and fisheries management, by C.W. Clark, Wiley, New York, 1985, 291 pp..
A PRAGMATIC MULTILEVEL APPROACH TO LARGE‐SCALE RENEWABLE RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION: A TEST CASE
Authors: Hof John G. , Pickens James B.
Published: June 2017

In recent years, public renewable resource management agencies have devoted substantial effort to local planning. This paper analyzes and evaluates a multilevel approach to utilizing these local planning analyses as an input in developing large–scale (national) resource management plans. This approach is evaluated in a test case with a two–level prototype model that is built from a global model that serves as a standard of comparison. The two–level prototype performs well at the highest level of analysis (involving aggregated variables) but is less reliable in terms of its implications for the lower level planning units.
FISHERY REGULATION UNDER RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND COSTLY DYNAMIC ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Rosenman Robert E. , Whiteman Charles H.
Published: June 2017

The regulation of a fishery is examined when firms' decision rules are not invariant to regulatory intervention. When faced with internal dynamic costs, firms have incentives to forecast future regulatory actions. The regulatory “game” becomes one between intelligent agents, not one between an intelligent regulator and “nature”—agents who behave as automatons. Regulations feed back on decisions of agents; this alters the characteristics of the equilibrium time paths of the fish harvest and thus, of the optimal regulatory interventions. Within such a framework equilibrium is characterized and alternative policy interventions are evaluated.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Plant Richard E.
Published: June 2017

MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN AGRICULTURE, J. France and J.H.M. Thornley, Butterworths, London, 1984.
A TIME SERIES APPROACH TO STOCK‐RECRUITMENT ANALYSIS: TRANSFER FUNCTION NOISE MODELLING
Authors: Noakes D. , Welch D.W. , Stocker M.
Published: June 2017

Perceived relationships between stock size and recruitment have long been a corner‐stone of fisheries management. These relationships are often used to design harvest strategies for ensuring that sufficient spawning stock exists to generate desired levels of recruitment in subsequent years. However, existing models fail to recognize and exploit the autocorrelation structure of both the recruitment and stock time series. The time series approach to modelling stock and recruitment presented in this paper takes this autocorrelation structure into account. The performance of the time series model is compared to existing stock‐recruitment models using North Sea herring and Pacific halibut data.
A CLASS OF VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS ARISING IN DELAYED‐RECRUITMENT POPULATION MODELS
Authors: Brauer Fred
Published: June 2017

We formulate a Volterra integral equation which contains as special cases the differential‐difference equation model of Blythe, Gurney and Nisbet for populations with delayed recruitment and a differential‐difference equation with two delays related to the epidemic model of Wilson and Burke. We establish upper and lower bounds for positive solutions and give a classification of equilibria with conditions to determine whether an equilibrium is stable for all delays (absolutely stable), unstable for all delays, or switches from stable to unstable as the delay increases.
A COMPARISON OF STAGE–STRUCTURED AND SINGLETREE MODELS FOR PROJECTING FOREST STANDS
Authors: Haight Robert G. , Getz Wayne M.
Published: June 2017

A stage–structured model for stand management is presented and compared with the structure of singletree simulators. In contrast to single–tree simulators which project the dimensions of each tree in a list that describes the stand, stage–structured models project the movement of trees between predefined diameter classes that are further described by fixed levels of tree height, volume and crown area. A stage–structured model for white–fir is constructed using growth equations from the California Conifer Timber Output Simulator. Both models are used to project yields by product class and time period in managed and unmanaged stands. A comparison of these projections reveals that both simulators make nearly the same projections of total stand volume. The stage–structured model, however, produced different volume yields by product class. The differences appear to be within the accuracy range demonstrated by single–tree simulators. These results suggest that, in a management context, stage–structured models and single–tree simulators predict stand productivity and evaluate alternative management regimes with the same degree of accuracy. Stage–structured models, however, are much more compact and are more easily embedded in numerical optimization algorithms for the analysis of stand management problems.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Swierzbinski Joseph E.
Published: June 2017

DECISION AND CONTROL IN UNCERTAIN RESOURCE SYSTEMS, Marc Mangel, Academic Press, 1985
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENT RANGE OF TARGET LEVELS IN MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE PLANNING
Authors: Mendoza Guillermo A.
Published: June 2017

This paper describes a nonlinear programming model combined with a binary search technique that systematically searches for the minimum value of a given objective within the nondominated solution set. The procedure provides a way of determining the range of efficient target levels for any multiobjective planning problem using information contained in the pay‐off table. The method is illustrated using a numerical example.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Collie Jeremy
Published: June 2017

DYNAMICS OF MARINE FISH POPULATIONS, Brian J. Rothschild, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1986
HARVESTING IN POPULATION MODELS WITH DELAYED RECRUITMENT AND AGE‐DEPENDENT MORTALITY
Authors: Brauer Fred , Rollins David , Soudack A.C.
Published: June 2017

We formulate a Volterra equation model to describe the effect of harvesting on populations with delayed recruitment and age‐dependent mortality. This model is more complicated mathematically than the unharvested model, and we describe some numerical simulations which indicate the possible qualitative behaviours.
OPTIMAL RECOVERY OF A SHARED RESOURCE STOCK: A DIFFERENTIAL GAME MODEL WITH EFFICIENT MEMORY EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Kaitala V. , Pohjola M.
Published: June 2017

We consider an optimal two‐country management of depleted transboundary renewable resources. The management problem is modelled as a differential game, in which memory strategies are used. The countries negotiate an agreement among Pareto efficient harvesting programs. They monitor the evolution of the agreement, and they memorize deviations from the agreement in the past. If the agreement is observed by the countries, they continue cooperation. If one of the countries breaches the contract, then both countries continue in a noncooperative management mode for the rest of the game. This noncooperative option is called a threat policy. The credibility of the threats is guaranteed by their equilibrium property. Transfer or side payments are studied as a particular cooperative management program. Transfer payments allow one country to buy out the other from the fishery for the purpose of eliminating the inefficiency caused by the joint access to the resources. It is shown that efficient equilibria can be reached in a class of resource management games, which allow the use of memory strategies. In particular, continuous time transfer payments (e.g., a share of the harvest) should be used instead of a once‐and‐for‐all transfer payment.
COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS AND TWO ESTIMATION METHODS FOR CATCH AND EFFORT DATA
Authors: Ludwig D. , Walters C. J. , Cooke Justin
Published: June 2017

We consider the problem of estimating the optimal steady effort level from a time series of catch and effort data, taking account of errors in the observation of the “effective effort” as well as randomness in the stock‐production function. The “total least squares” method ignores the time series nature of the data, while the “approximate likelihood” method takes it into account. We compare estimation schemes based upon these two methods by applying them to artificial data for which the “correct” parameters are known. We use a similar procedure to compare the effectiveness of a “power model” for stock and production with the “Ricker model.” We apply these estimation methods to some sets of real data, and obtain an interval estimate of the optimal effort.
REVIEW OF DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION METHODS IN RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Williams Byron K.
Published: June 2017

In recent years, the applications of dynamic optimization procedures in natural resource management have proliferated. A systematic review of these applications is given in terms of a number of optimization methodologies and natural resource systems. Optimization methods are characterized by (1) the mathematical model used to describe a natural resource system, (2) a set of feasible strategies available to the resource manager, and (3) an objective functional by which to measure benefits and costs of strategies. A formal statement of the control problem is used to describe six approaches to optimal utilization of renewable natural resources: variational mathematics, specifically Pontryagin's Maximum Principle; dynamic programming; linear programming; nonlinear programming; simulation‐optimization; and classical procedures. Solution methodologies are illustrated for each of these approaches, and examples from the ecological and natural resource literature are described for various subject matter areas. Applications are highlighted in terms of model structures, objective functionals, and system constraints. To the extent possible, optimal management patterns are characterized. Finally, the applicability of the methods to renewable natural resource systems are compared in terms of system complexity, system size, and precision of the optimal solutions. Recommendations are made concerning the appropriate methods for certain kinds of biological resource problems.
THE QUALITATIVE CONTENT OF RENEWABLE RESOURCE MODELS
Authors: Caputo Michael R.
Published: June 2017

This paper analyzes the extent to which standard dynamic renewable resource models possess refutable implications. Both the steady state comparative static and local comparative dynamic properties of the standard model are studied. A unified framework is developed which enables one to analyze the qualitative properties of any standard renewable resource model. This is achieved by explicitly linking the local stability, steady state comparative static, and local comparative dynamic properties of the model.
THE EFFECT OF A PREDATOR RESOURCE ON A DIFFUSIVE PREDATOR PREY SYSTEM
Authors: Freedman H.I. , Shukla J.B.
Published: June 2017

A model of a predator‐prey system with diffusion and predator resource is studied. Both constant and variable resources are considered. In the absence of diffusion, criteria for local stability, instability, and global stability of equilibria, as well as persistence and extinction, are obtained. It is shown that an otherwise unstable uniform equilibrium state may be stabilized by diffusion.
MANAGEMENT VARIATION AND PRICE EXPECTATIONS IN AN INTERTEMPORAL FOREST SECTOR MODEL
Authors: Sallnäs Ola , Eriksson Ljusk Ola
Published: June 2017

The assessment of wood supply in long‐run forest sector analysis by harvest scheduling approaches entails an assumption of rational behavior among forest owners. The implications of the assumption are investigated by projecting wood supply in southern Sweden under alternate price expectations and with different requirements on the variation in forest management practices. The results suggest that the formation of price expectations is of prime importance in modeling wood supply and influences the effect of variation.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Noon Barry R.
Published: June 2017

NEUTRAL MODELS IN BIOLOGY, Matthew H. Nitecki Antoni Hoffman, eds., Oxford University Press, 1987
OPTIMAL INVESTMENT IN THE PROTECTION OF A VULNERABLE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE
Authors: Reed William J.
Published: June 2017

It is assumed that the probability of destruction of a biological asset by natural hazards can be reduced through investment in protection. Specifically a model, in which the hazard rate depends on both the age of the asset and the accumulated invested protection capital, is assumed. The protection capital depreciates through time and its effectiveness in reducing the hazard rate is subject to diminishing returns. It is shown how the investment schedule to maximize the expected net present value of the asset can be determined using the methods of deterministic optimal control, with the survival probability regarded as a state variable. The optimal investment pattern involves “bang‐bang‐singular” control. A numerical scheme for determining jointly the optimal investment policy and the optimal harvest (or replacement) age is outlined and a numerical example involving forest fire protection is given.