bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CARACTERÍSTICAS DO COMPORTAMENTO SUICIDA DE HOMENS E MULHERES EM TRATAMENTO PSIQUIÁTRICO
Authors: Botti Nadja Cristiane Lappann , Cantão Luiza , Silva Aline Conceição , Dias Thais Gonçalves , Menezes Livian Carrilho , Castro Ramon Azevedo Silva de
Published: April 2018

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar características do comportamento suicida e os fatores de risco de homens e mulheres com transtornos psiquiátricos. Estudo quantitativo e descritivo de 410 prontuários de pacientes psiquiátricos em tratamento num Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de Divinópolis/Minas Gerais. Realizada análise descritiva e inferencial. Verificou-se maior frequência do comportamento suicida entre as mulheres, como também foi motivo mais frequente de admissão para tratamento no serviço. A autointoxicação foi mais comum nas mulheres e o enforcamento nos homens. Na admissão de pacientes com comportamento suicida foi característico das mulheres o transtorno do humor e dos homens os transtornos devidos ao uso de substâncias psicoativas. Histórico familiar de suicídio associou-se ao comportamento suicida dos homens e história de abuso físico ou sexual nas mulheres. Evidenciou-se particularidades do comportamento suicida em relação ao sexo entre pacientes psiquiátricos em tratamento.
Sweet chestnut agroforestry systems in North-western Spain: Classification, spatial distribution and an ecosystem services assessment
Authors: Roces-Diaz José V. , Díaz-Varela Emilio R. , Barrio-Anta Marcos , Álvarez-Álvarez Pedro
Published: April 2018

Aim of study: Agroforestry systems of Castanea sativa have specific forest structures, which are different from other ecosystems of sweet chestnut. They have provided several ecosystems services (ES) to local inhabitants for centuries including relevant pastoral use. However on present times, have isolated distribution ranges and declining trends. The chestnut trees are their main components but occur at low densities. They are cultivated by using different treatments to improve specific features and maximize different types of production.Area of study: North-western of Iberian Peninsula.Material and methods: We used a large database (>750 field plots) to classify C. sativa dominated-stands into different ecosystems typology (including traditional agroforestry systems), and to assess their most relevant ES. We used field data to define their spatial distribution and discriminant analysis to determine the classification accuracy. Finally we also defined a set of qualitative and quantitative ES indicators for different groups to compare different trends.Main results: We successfully classified these ecosystems and found that the traditional agroforestry systems are of major importance in providing ES, as food provision or cultural services, but showed isolated distribution patterns. Moreover, other types of chestnut-dominated ecosystems, supply important ES such as biomass provision and climate regulation.Research highlights: The relevance of the C. sativa agroforestry systems from ES point of view was pointed out in this work, but also their declining dynamic. Further analysis, based on temporal trends, could help to a better understanding of their status and to define conservation and management strategies.
Applying quantitative structure models to plot-based terrestrial laser data to assess dendrometric parameters in dense mixed forests
Authors: Torresan Chiara , Chiavetta Ugo , Hackenberg Jan
Published: April 2018

Aim of study: To assess terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) accuracy in estimating biometrical forest parameters at plot-based level in order to replace manual survey for forest inventory purposes.Area of study: Monte Morello, Tuscany region, ItalyMaterial and methods: In 14 plots (10 m radius) in dense Mediterranean mixed conifer forests, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured in Summer 2016. Tree volume was computed using the second Italian National Forest Inventory (INFC II) equations. TLS data were acquired in the same plots and quantitative structure models (QSMs) were applied to TLS data to compute dendrometric parameters. Tree parameters measured in field survey, i.e. DBH, height, and computed volume, were compared to those resulting from TLS data processing. The effect of distance from the plot boundary in the accuracy of DBH, height and volume estimation from TLS data was tested.Main results: TLS-derived DBH showed a good correlation with the traditional forest inventory data (R2=0.98, RRMSE=7.81%), while tree height was less correlated with the traditional forest inventory data (R2=0.60, RRMSE=16.99%). Poor agreement was observed when comparing the volume from TLS data with volume estimated from the INFC II prediction equations.Research highlights: The study demonstrated that the application of QSM to plot-based terrestrial laser data generates errors in plots with high density of coniferous trees. A buffer zone of 5 m would help reduce the error of 35% and 42% respectively in height estimation for all trees and in volume estimation for broadleaved trees.
TMT Diversity, Decision Quality and Service Sector Firm Performance: A Research Agenda
Authors: Oduor Beatrice A. , Kilika James M.
Published: April 2018

This paper reviews the extant theoretical and empirical literatures on TMT Diversity, Decision Quality and firm performance in a service sector setting. The constructs are traced from their theoretical roots and their nature, characteristics and operational descriptions provided. The emerging gaps in knowledge emanating from the theoretical and empirical literature are summarized and a theoretical model linking the constructs proposed. The paper makes several propositions and calls on future research to develop data collection tools for measuring the constructs in the study in empirical work.
The effects of educational intervention on self-care behavior and expected clinical outcome in patient undergoing liver transplantation
Authors: Mohamed Salwa A. , Mostafa Heba Abdel-Azem
Published: April 2018

Background: Organ transplantation has the potential to rapidly restore the health and wellbeing of individuals experiencing end stage liver disease (ESLD). The aim of the research was to evaluate effects of educational intervention on self-care behaviors and expected clinical outcome in patient undergoing liver transplantation.Methods: A convenience sample of 60 liver patients was assigned for transplantation. The study was conducted in the transplanted Unit in Ain Shams University Hospitals. A quasi-experimental design with pre-post and follow up assessment has been used for this study. Tools were utilized to collect data such a) Self-care practice assessment tool, b) Patient physiological assessment sheet, and c) Demographic and medical health history tool.Results: Improvement in knowledge and self-care behaviors at the post and follow-up tests (p < .0001) after implementation of program compared by pretest evaluation. There are significant improvements in blood pressure (BP) and laboratory results through study stage (p < .001). The pain level improved after intervention and follow up (p < .0001). There are statistically significant between age, job and self-care behaviors at follow up phase.Conclusions: Liver transplantation patients showed a positive improvement in their knowledge, self-care and physiological outcomes after implementing of program. Replication of the study on larger probability sample from different geographical areas to achieve more generalizable results.
Schoolteachers’ Resisted Images: Facing Stereotypes and Affirming Identities
Authors: Mendez Pilar
Published: April 2018

This paper aims to explore teachers’ resistance practices in Colombia for affirmation purposes. It reveals how resistance practices have contributed to arguing against some imposed labels and stereotypes during different periods of time. Archaeology was the toolbox used to trace statements in teachers’ voices from several documentary sources that built the archive. As a result, three important images were identified: the first was linked to the idea of teaching as vocation and the consideration of teachers as priests; the second referred to teaching as a profession and their own struggles to be recognised as subjects of knowledge, and the third one referred to their rejection of teaching defined as a function where teachers are considered technicians that meet functions.
Assessment of Psychological Readiness Situation of Students Starting to Primary School
Authors: Halmatov Medera
Published: April 2018

There are important responsibilities expected from primary school students. The most important of these are the learning of reading, writing and arithmetic. There is a “psychological readiness” aspect besides reading, writing and arithmetic in order to be ready for the school. In this study, among the first-grade students, those who were academically ready were compared with those who were psychologically ready. In this research, screening model is used from quantitative research methods. Screening surveys allow the answers of questions such as “what, where, when, how often, at what level, how” (Wellington, 2006). The population of the research was composed of the children who started to the first class of primary schools in the provincial center of Ankara and the provincial center of Agri in the 2016-2017 academic year. The sample group of the study consisted of 327 students. 80 girls and 75 male students out of 322 students are chosen from the schools in the provincial center of Ankara, and 87 girls and 80 boys are chosen from the schools in provincial center of Agri. While the number of literate students at the basic level is 95 before the school starts, only 46 students are able to link shoe laces. While a total of 255 students knew all the main colors before the school started, only 31 students knew their home address. In addition, 90 students were found to have problems complied with the school rules. 39 students are shy in the classroom.
Auditory Stimuli as Environmental Enrichment Tool for Family Dogs
Authors: Fukuzawa Megumi , Kajino Shihori
Published: April 2018

Ten healthy pet dogs with an average maximum resting heart rate of 92 bpm that had never been used in studies of auditory stimulation were exposed randomly to one of three sound conditions on each of three occasions within a 5-day period. Posture and behaviour were recorded continuously by video for a total of 20 min over three phases: 5 min before sound exposure, 10 min during sound exposure, and 5 min after sound exposure. Each dog wore a Polar HR monitor throughout testing, and heart rate was recorded by using R–R interval data. Maximum heart rate was significantly greater during heartbeat sound exposure than afterwards, and average heart rate with both heartbeat sound and classical sound showed decrease tendencies.The time spent in dynamic (e.g. movement-related) postures was significantly higher before treatment than during or after under all three conditions. These data suggest that auditory stimuli in dogs may affect physiological responses without necessarily affecting behaviour, and specifically that heart rate may be elevated by auditory exposure to a faster heartbeat.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: John Albert
Published: April 2018

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2 Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USAAhmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, NigeriaAhmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, TurkeyAna Silva, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, PortugalFarkhondeh Fathi, University of Toronto, CanadaJuan Rafael Garcia, INCAPE, FIQ, UNL-CONICET, ArgentinaLeiming Wang, Konica Minolta Laboratory, USAMaolin Lu, Yale University, USAMeriem Belhachemi, University of Bechar, AlgeriaMustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, TurkeyPriyanka Singh, University of Iowa, USAR. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), IndiaRabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, PakistanRodrigo Vieira Rodrigues, University of São Paulo, BrazilSeverine Queyroy, Aix-Marseille Université, FranceSitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USASyed A. A. Rizvi, Nova Southeastern University, USAThirupathi Barla, Harvard University, USAVijay Ramalingam, Columbia University, USAWaseem Hassan, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, BrazilZhixin Tian, TONGJI UNIVERSITY, CHINA           Albert JohnOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of ChemistryCanadian Center of Science and Education
Evaluation of the Foamability Potential of a Novel Biosurfactant Using the Solution to Advective-Diffusive Transport Model in Porous Media With a Linear Adsorption Trend
Authors: Amadu Mumuni , Madongye Adango
Published: April 2018

While geological sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide is a technically and economically viable option for reducing emissions to the level required to avoid the predicted 2 degrees Celsius increase of atmospheric temperature by the end of this century, efficient sequestration planning is vital for the achievement of this goal.The petroleum industry has used conventional surfactants in enhance oil recovery projects aimed at prolonging the life span of a field, thereby increasing ultimate reserves. Notable among these is the use of surfactants for injected gas relative mobility control. Therefore, the potential for carbon dioxide mobility control in saline aquifers using surfactant alternating gas injection is huge, given the rich experience that can be tapped from the petroleum industry practice.Considering the expected surfactant loses in surfactant-enhanced geological sequestration similar to that encountered in the petroleum industry, this paper has used the analytical solution to advective diffusive equation that exists in the literature with a linear adsorption model where, adsorption has been used to predict trends in minimum pressure drop required for foam generation. The greatest utility of this work lies in the fact that the analytical solution is related a linear adsorption model related to a novel surfactant found from biological and hydrocarbon sources of geologic origin. This paper, therefore, extends the work of linear adsorption models for this novel surfactant aimed at exploring improved oil recovery potentials; in addition to exploring its potential for efficient geological carbon storage in saline aquifers.
Restorative justice: a framework for examining issues of discipline in schools serving diverse populations
Authors: Woods Carrie Ann , Stewart Martha Lue
Published: April 2018

Restorative justice: a framework for examining issues of discipline in schools serving diverse populations

The purpose of this article is to explore the literature on restorative justice (RJ) as employed in educational settings and its relationship to student achievement and to present it as a model for working with high-needs populations. While there is no single measure to determine ‘need’ amongst students, the reference in this article is to particularly vulnerable populations of students, due to racial, linguistic, academic or other differences. Information sources utilised in this study were chosen based on their relevance to the application and assessment of RJ programmes implemented with youth in school systems, with a particular focus on its relevance in the context of the United States. This article points at the history of RJ and how particularly impactful such programmes can be with this target group, given the aims and desired outcomes of this philosophy.
SOURCES OF THE DYNAMICS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE IN
EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES BASED ON ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS FOR AGRICULTURE (EAA)
Authors: Jaroszewska Joanna , Rembisz Włodzimierz
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate sources of dynamics of labour productivity factor
performance based on the analytical approach adopted. The dynamics of gross value added and employment
in agriculture were shaped to the dynamics of labor productivity changes. Derived analytical approach to
the sources of dynamics of changes in labour productivity has been illustrated empirically. The empirical
analysis was based on EU ROSTAT data. Economic Accounts for Agriculture and Statistics of Agricultural
Labor Inputs. The positive impact of both sources of labor productivity growth and gross value added a
tendency towards greater stability for the EU -15 countries has been demonstrated, the neutral nature of
direct payments for changes in labor productivity was found.
THE SCALE OF WASTE OF BAKERY PRODUCTS IN HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Korzeniowska-Ginter Renata , Dereszewska Alina
Published: April 2018

The aim of the study was to evaluate the excess of purchased and un-consumed bakery products. The
research was carried out in 354 North Poland households. The waste product structure was analyzed
according to selected factors: household size, number of towns and economic status. The results were
statistically analysed using the Chi2 test. According to the respondents' declarations, no bakery waste is
produced in 9.6% of the surveyed farms. It has been calculated that in the examined households, 0.61 to 1.2
kg of bread and 0.5 to 0.74 kg of small bakery products are wasted per month. A static relationship was found
between the amount of wasted bread and all household and demographic and economic studied factors.
These factors do not affect the amount of not used for consumption bread rolls and small baked goods.
FARMERS’ INTEREST IN RUNNING CARE-PROVIDING FARMS AS A FORM
OF NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Krzyżanowska Krystyna
Published: April 2018

The aim of the study was to identify the reasons for the interest and ways of implementing the idea
of care farms by Polish farmers. The analysis used secondary data from the Central Statistical Office,
reports and literature on the subject. The aim of the study was to identify the reasons for the interest and
ways of implementing the idea of care farms by Polish farmers. The analysis uses secondary data from
the Central Statistical Office, reports and literature on the subject. It was established that the demand for
provision of care services in the countryside is very high. The economic and non-economic motivations
determined the decision to start the care activity on the farm. People who had experience in taking care
of family members were much more interested in the daytime care than the others. This form, also in the
author’s opinion, has the best chance of dissemination and further development, because the organizer
has a lot of freedom in terms of infrastructure requirements and services offered.
USE OF SMART INNOVATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE
Authors: Maciejczak Mariusz , Takacs-Gyorgy Katalin , Takacs Istvan
Published: April 2018

The concept of Climate Smart Agriculture couples climate change and food security through the integration of adaptation and mitigation measures, mostly driven by smart-innovations. The paper is an attempt to present how climate smart agriculture concept could be driven by diffusion of the smart innovations in agriculture, and how these innovations could contribute to reduce vulnerability and hence increase resilience to climate change. The results of foresight studies shows that use of innovative technologies could provide benefits through reducing the asymmetry of information coming from natural production systems and through reducing its vulnerability, as well as reducing the environmental pressure and connected with this risk of increased production failures and negative external effects.
New species of Troglomyces and Diplopodomyces (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota) from millipedes (Diplopoda)
Authors: Santamaría Sergi , Enghoff Henrik , Reboleira Ana Sofía P.S.
Published: April 2018

We describe five new species of fungi of the order Laboulbeniales Lindau growing on millipedes and belonging to the genera Diplopodomyces W.Rossi & Balazuc and Troglomyces S.Colla. Three new species of Diplopodomyces, viz. Diplopodomyces coronatus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. living on Serboiulus spelaeophilus Gulicka, 1967 from Bulgarian caves, Diplopodomyces liguliphorus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on an unidentified species of Spirobolida from Sri Lanka, and Diplopodomyces ramosus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on Pachyiulus spp. from Turkey, Macedonia and Serbia; and two new species of Troglomyces, viz. Troglomyces dioicus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on Nepalmatoiulus sp. from Myanmar, and Troglomyces tetralabiatus Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira sp. nov. on Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970 and Heterocaucaseuma Antić & Makarov, 2016 from caves in Western Caucasus. Troglomyces dioicus sp. nov. is the first dioecious species described in the genus Troglomyces. Keys for all hitherto known species of Diplopodomyces and Troglomyces are presented, as is a discussion of the status of both genera. Additional records for Diplopodomyces lusitanipodos Santam., Enghoff & Reboleira and Troglomyces manfrediae S.Colla are also included.
La voix de l’enfant dans les procédures judiciaires qui le concernent : les rapports « voix de l’enfant » dans les affaires civiles au Nouveau-Brunswick*
Authors: Brideau Bianca , Bacon-Dussault Malaïka
Published: April 2018

L’article 12 de la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant prévoit qu’un enfant doit être entendu dans les procédures judiciaires qui le concernent. Bien que le Canada ait ratifié la Convention, chaque législateur provincial détermine la manière dont la voix de l’enfant peut être présentée au tribunal : témoignage des parents ou d’autres adultes en relation avec l’enfant, entretien privé entre un juge et l’enfant, représentation par un avocat ou dépôt d’un rapport d’un évaluateur externe. Bien que la Loi sur les services à la famille du Nouveau-Brunswick prévoie qu’un enfant de 12 ans et plus peut être représenté par un avocat dans les causes impliquant la garde et l’accès, les tribunaux de cette province privilégient le dépôt au tribunal d’un rapport « voix de l’enfant ». Cette note de réflexion a pour objet d’exposer le lecteur à la jurisprudence néobrunswickoise qui traite de cet aspect procédural.
Flesh, Foil, and Authenticity: Reflections on Johann AR Roduit’s “Flesh and Foil”
Authors: Gunderson Martin
Published: April 2018

Johann AR Roduit’s poem, “Flesh and Foil,” raises a number of issues regarding enhancement, especially the need for principles to guide the process of human enhancement. The guidance that the poem seeks can be found in a combination of virtue ethics and authenticity.
L’ergothérapeute : un professionnel de la santé? Vraiment? Dans quelle mesure?
Authors: Drolet Marie-Josée
Published: April 2018

Comme maints professionnels de la réadaptation, l’ergothérapeute est d’emblée considéré comme un professionnel de la santé. Or cette association entre l’ergothérapie et la santé peut être nuancée, voire contestée.
Quand la transparence ne crée pas nécessairement la lumière
Authors: Fortin Sabrina
Published: April 2018

Le compte-rendu fait ressortir certains thèmes discutés dans le recueil Autour de l’intégrité scientifique, la loyauté et la probité – Aspects cliniques, éthiques et juridiques paru chez Dalloz. Quelques commentaires critiques sur le processus normatif visant à sanctionner l’inconduite scientifique et les travers du système de reconnaissance permettant d’évaluer l’impact des publications sont formulés.
“Invasive” and “Non-invasive” Technologies in Neuroscience Communication
Authors: Gaillard Maxence
Published: April 2018

This paper analyzes a common distinction in neuroscience communication: the labels “invasive” and “non-invasive” attributed to brain-observation technologies. Because an implicit or explicit value judgment accompanies the term “non-invasive,” it has been used to promote technological progress, especially new brain-imaging techniques that have appeared in recent decades. This study’s material comes from interactions between some expert scientists and the political sphere. Expert reports on neuroscience from different advisory bodies in the French public sector have been collected and analyzed for use of the distinction between invasive and non-invasive. The paper shows that the meaning of these widely used labels varies according to the context, e.g., status of discourse, technologies compared, or stakeholders engaged in the discussion. The definition of what is understood as invasive or non-invasive becomes a strategic issue and can thus vary according to the methodologies favoured by experts participating in national advisory boards or councils.
The need for coordinated transdisciplinary research infrastructures for pollinator conservation and crop pollination resilience
Authors: Bartomeus Ignasi , Dicks Lynn
Published: April 2018

There is a growing concern about the status and trends of animal pollinators worldwide. Pollinators provide a key service to both wild plants and crops by mediating their reproduction, so pollinator conservation is of fundamental importance to conservation and to food production. Understanding of the extent of pollinator declines is constrained by the paucity of accessible data, which leads to geographically- and taxonomically-biased assessments. In addition, land conversion to agriculture and intensive agricultural management are two of the main threats to pollinators. This is paradoxical, as crop production depends on pollinators to maximize productivity. There is a need to reconcile conservation and ecosystem service provision in agroecosystems. These challenges require coordinated transdisciplinary research infrastructures. Specifically, we need better research infrastructures to (i) describe pollinator decline patterns worldwide, (ii) monitor current pollinator trends, and (iii) understand how to enhance pollinators and pollination in agroecosystems. This can be achieved, first, by redoubling the efforts to make historical occurrence data on species occurrences, interactions and traits openly available and easy to integrate across databases. Second, by empowering citizen science to monitor key pollinator species in a coordinated way and standardizing and consolidating long term collection protocols both in natural and agricultural areas. Finally, there is a need to develop multi-actor, localised research infrastructures allowing integration of social, economic and ecological approaches in agriculture. We illustrate how decentralized infrastructures can accelerate the process of co-producing research and integrating data collection across scientists, managers, members of the public, farmers and disciplines. The time is ripe to harness the power of coordinated research infrastructures to understand and mitigate pollinator declines.
5-HT2a receptor in mPFC influences context-guided reconsolidation of object memory in perirhinal cortex
Authors: Morici Juan Facundo , Miranda Magdalena , Gallo Francisco Tomás , Zanoni Belén , Bekinschtein Pedro , Weisstaub Noelia V
Published: April 2018

Context-dependent memories may guide adaptive behavior relaying in previous experience while updating stored information through reconsolidation. Retrieval can be triggered by partial and shared cues. When the cue is presented, the most relevant memory should be updated. In a contextual version of the object recognition task, we examined the effect of medial PFC (mPFC) serotonin 2a receptor (5-HT2aR) blockade during retrieval in reconsolidation of competing objects memories. We found that mPFC 5-HT2aR controls retrieval and reconsolidation of object memories in the perirhinal cortex (PRH), but not in the dorsal hippocampus in rats. Also, reconsolidation of objects memories in PRH required a functional interaction between the ventral hippocampus and the mPFC. Our results indicate that in the presence of conflicting information at retrieval, mPFC 5-HT2aR may facilitate top-down context-guided control over PRH to control the behavioral response and object memory reconsolidation.
Applying real-time quantitative PCR to diagnosis of freemartin in Holstein cattle by quantifyingSRYgene: a comparison experiment
Authors: Qiu Qinghua , Shao Taoqi , He Yang , Muhammad Aziz-Ur-Rahman , Cao Binghai , Su Huawei
Published: April 2018

Background

Freemartinism generally occurs in female offspring of dizygotic twins in a mixed-sex pregnancy. Most bovine heterosexual twin females are freemartins. However, about 10% of bovine heterosexual twin females are fertile. Farmers mostly cull bovine fertile heterosexual twin females due to the lack of a practical diagnostic approach. Culling of such animals results in economic and genetic-material losses both for dairy and beef industry.

Methods

In this study, a comparative test, including qualitative detection ofSRYgene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative detection of relative content ofSRYby real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and quantitative detection of H-Y antigen, was performed to establish the most accurate diagnosis for freemartin. Twelve Holstein heterosexual twin females were used in this study, while three normal Holstein bulls and three normal Holstein cows were used as a positive and negative control, respectively.

Results

Polymerase chain reaction results revealed thatSRYgene were absent in three heterosexual twin females and only two of them were verified as fertile in later age. The qPCR results showed that relative content ofSRYwas more than 14.2% in freemartins and below 0.41% in fertile heterosexual twin females. The H-Y antigen test showed no significant numerical difference between freemartin and fertile heterosexual twin female.

Discussion

Our results show that relative content ofSRYquantified by qPCR is a better detection method for diagnosis of freemartin in Holstein cattle as compare to qualitative detection ofSRYgene by PCR or quantitative detection of H-Y antigen. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time we applied qPCR to diagnosing freemartin by quantifyingSRYgene and got relativeSRYcontent of each freemartin and fertile heterosexual twin female. We concluded that low-level ofSRYwould not influence fertility of bovine heterosexual twin female.
Impact of hypoxia stress on the physiological responses of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: respiration, digestion, immunity and oxidative damage
Authors: Huo Da , Sun Lina , Ru Xiaoshang , Zhang Libin , Lin Chenggang , Liu Shilin , Xin Xiaoke , Yang Hongsheng
Published: April 2018

Hypoxia is one of the most frequently occurring stressors confronted by industrial cultures of sea cucumber and can cause large economic losses and resource degradation. However, its responsive mechanisms are still lacking. In this paper, the physiological responses of Apostichopus japonicus to oxygen deficiency was illustrated, including induced oxidative response and immune defense and changed digestive enzymes activities. Significantly increased activities of alpha-amylase (AMS), acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase, catalase, peroxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and higher content of malondialdehyde, and decreased activities of lipase and trypsin (TRY) were observed after hypoxia exposure (dissolved oxygen [DO] 2 mg/L). Expressions of key genes showed that AMS, peptidase, ACP, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, heat shock protein 70 and glutathione peroxidase were increased and TRY was decreased under hypoxia. With the decline of the DO level, the decreased tendency of oxygen consumption rates was different in varied weight groups. Moreover, respiratory trees were observed degraded under long-term hypoxia stress, thus leading a negative effect of respiration. These results could help to develop a better understanding of the responsive mechanism of sea cucumber under hypoxia stress and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of hypoxia risk.
FluxPyt: a Python-based free and open-source software for 13C-metabolic flux analyses
Authors: Desai Trunil S. , Srivastava Shireesh
Published: April 2018

13C-Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is a powerful approach to estimate intracellular reaction rates which could be used in strain analysis and design. Processing and analysis of labeling data for calculation of fluxes and associated statistics is an essential part of MFA. However, various software currently available for data analysis employ proprietary platforms and thus limit accessibility. We developed FluxPyt, a Python-based truly open-source software package for conducting stationary 13C-MFA data analysis. The software is based on the efficient elementary metabolite unit framework. The standard deviations in the calculated fluxes are estimated using the Monte-Carlo analysis. FluxPyt also automatically creates flux maps based on a template for visualization of the MFA results. The flux distributions calculated by FluxPyt for two separate models: a small tricarboxylic acid cycle model and a larger Corynebacterium glutamicum model, were found to be in good agreement with those calculated by a previously published software. FluxPyt was tested in Microsoft™ Windows 7 and 10, as well as in Linux Mint 18.2. The availability of a free and open 13C-MFA software that works in various operating systems will enable more researchers to perform 13C-MFA and to further modify and develop the package.
Práticas e Concepções de psicólogas/os em serviços públicos de Saúde e Assistência Social na Bahia frente à queixa escolar
Authors: Teles Liliane Alves da Luz , Freire Klessyo Espírito Santo , Oliveira Kátia
Published: April 2018

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as concepções e práticas de psicólogas/os que atuam nos serviços públicos de Saúde e Assistência Social que recebem demandas escolares. Como resultado dessa aspiração, foram realizadas e conduzidas entrevistas em grupo nas quais participaram cinco profissionais que trabalham em CAPS, CRAS e CREAS da Bahia. A análise indica que as/os profissionais têm buscado compreender a queixa escolar superando a abordagem medicalizante relacionada a essas demandas, ampliando a articulação com a escola, com a família e com a comunidade. O fortalecimento das Políticas Públicas na garantia dos direitos sociais tem sido dificultado pela precarização dos serviços e da condição de trabalho das/os profissionais, bem como a própria construção histórica e ideológica sobre o fracasso escolar.
A pensar uma Proposta Pedagógica na Escola: Crianças e o Protagonismo Infantil
Authors: Steffens Carine Rozane , Miorando Tania Micheline
Published: April 2018

Este artigo se fez a partir da discussão sobre o Protagonismo Infantil em uma Escola pública, cuja proposta pedagógica intensificou-se a partir do desafio lançado aos seus professores. A investigação tomou por cenário uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil, do Vale do Taquari/RS/BRA, e analisou uma proposta de ensino que tem como base potencializadora, a valorização do Protagonismo Infantil. Metodologicamente teceu-se de uma concepção qualitativa, de tipo etnográfica, que produziu-se pela observação participante. Aproximamo-nos de crianças na faixa etária de 04 a 05 anos de idade e mostramos a voz de cinco professoras, que responderam sobre suas práticas e a elaboração do planejamento diário, relatando o surgimento do projeto sobre o Protagonismo Infantil, o ensino e as contribuições da proposta na aprendizagem das crianças. As respostas ganharam corpo juntamente com a revisão bibliográfica, com destaques às ideias dos autores ABRAMOWICZ (2003), BRASIL (2010), EDWARDS (1999), FORNEIRO (1998), GANDINI (2002), HORN (2004), MALAGUZZI (1999), RINALDI (2012), SCHNEIDER (2015), SILVA (2011), entre outros escolhidos, para tramar com a análise. Foi possível constatar no estudo deste trabalho que o propósito da metodologia desta instituição voltada ao Enfoque Emergente é priorizar a criança como protagonista de sua aprendizagem, proporcionando atividades, projetos, brincadeiras, voltadas ao seu interesse e necessidades frente aos diferentes contextos em que vivem. Os professores, pais, crianças e comunidade escolar, visam, dentro do possível, discutir e analisar minuciosamente a pedagogia oferecida pela Escola, para assim melhor atender a demanda que se apresenta e projetar a educação na qual acreditam.
Genetic Sequence Databases
Authors: Attwood Teresa K
Published: April 2018

From elucidation of the first protein sequence to publication of the human genome, sequence information has been transformative. High‐throughput technologies created torrents of genomic data, which needed to be annotated and stored for use in research. The sequencing revolution was remarkable; what made it a ‘game changer’ was the simultaneous innovation in Web technologies that opened the Internet to mass audiences and gave scientists the unique ability to collect, organise and immediately share information – the impact was huge. The cottage industry of sequence collection assumed industrial proportions, requiring worldwide cooperation to harness the deluge. Today, internationally available databases house the sequences of genes, information about their encoded proteins, their functions, disease associations and so on. Capturing data from worldwide genome projects, and making them freely available for research, these repositories continue to support the ongoing quest to understand our genetic ancestry and to address major challenges in the health, pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Key Concepts

Sequence information became available slowly, from pioneering work on the manual sequencing of proteins.

Elucidating nucleotide sequences was technically more difficult because of the size of DNA molecules.

Once molecular sequences were published, enthusiasts began to collect them in databases (the first ‘database’ was actually a book!).

Automatic, and then high‐throughput, technologies changed the pace of sequencing, and made whole‐genome sequencing feasible for the first time.

Landmark genome‐sequencing projects ushered in a new era of data generation.

The arrival of Web technologies coincided with the emergence of high‐throughput sequencing capabilities, and led to a proliferation of biological databases.

Sequence data are now generated on such a scale that the information has to be gathered via international consortia.

The first nucleotide sequence databases were the EMBL data library, GenBank and DDBJ, which now cooperate under the auspices of the INSDC.

Amongst the first protein sequence databases were the PIR‐PSD, Swiss‐Prot and TrEMBL, which now pool resources under the umbrella resource, UniProt.

Sequence databases play pivotal roles in all aspects of life‐science research, and will continue to make important contributions to research in the health, pharmaceutical and agricultural sciences.
Dangerous Giants
Authors: Jacobsen Michael Hviid
Published: April 2018

This entry concerns the notion of “dangerous giants” as formulated by Erving Goffman in a 1961 essay. It explores the concept of “dangerous giant,” which is concerned with pointing out the potential disruption that individuals or groups of people may exert in social situations either incidentally or deliberately. Such “dangerous giants,” according to Goffman, threaten the social situation because they question, ridicule, or undermine that which everybody else takes for granted. Although the notion of “dangerous giant” was only used once by Goffman, this entry discusses how the concept also has broader implications in social research.
European Values Survey
Authors: Gelissen John , Halman Loek
Published: April 2018

Having its origins in the 1970s and being fielded on a large scale for the first time in 1981, the European Values Study is one of the longest existing ongoing survey data collection projects. Its core aim is to map the values, beliefs, and attitudes that people living in the various European countries hold in important spheres of their private and social lives. This entry provides an overview of the goals and research design of this unique survey project and its historical development. It concludes with a discussion of the project's value for sociological research on human values structures and for advancing our knowledge of what Europeans ideationally have in common and what separates them.
Innovation
Authors: Dahlin Eric C. , Kim Daehyeon
Published: April 2018

Sociological accounts of innovation are concerned with challenging the conventional wisdom that highlights the personal qualities and efforts of an individual inventor as the explanation of success. Alternatively, sociological explanations elucidate the social conditions that cultivate or inhibit innovation such as institutional, social network, and organizational arrangements. Recombination, or the notion that novelty emerges through merging two or more objects or ideas, is a common theme in the sociology literature on innovation. It figures in prominent strands of research within organizational sociology as well as in actor‐network theory. Several promising avenues for future research are also discussed, including inequality in the innovation process, the need for a better understanding of the antecedents of innovation in developing countries, and critically important issues related to the social impacts of innovation.
Institutional Isomorphism
Authors: Croucher Gwilym , Woelert Peter
Published: April 2018

The concept of institutional isomorphism has made an enduring contribution to sociological theories of organizations, elucidating distinctive ways in which institutional forces such as commonly shared norms and ideas shape organizations. Its core idea is that organizations' concerns for legitimacy constitute a major source of convergence and conformity in organizational forms and practices. Three major drivers of such convergence are identified: external pressure exerted by powerful organizations on dependent organizations to adopt specific forms and practices; conditions of uncertainty compelling organizations to emulate fellow organizations that are perceived to be more legitimate; and increasing professionalization within a sector or field. Institutional isomorphism has been applied to the study of a wide variety of organizations including government agencies, corporations, schools and universities, and nonprofit organizations. Institutional isomorphism's emphasis on convergence and conformity is seen to be limiting when it comes to accounting for more proactive and strategic kinds of organizational response to environmental conditions.
Organic Food
Authors: Alkon Alison Hope
Published: April 2018

This entry describes organic food and farming, their history, and the ways sociologists have approached them.
Gouldner,AlvinW. (1920–1980)
Authors: Lemert Charles
Published: April 2018

Alvin W. Gouldner (1920–1980) was a contradiction in the sense that his literary career began in 1954 with two traditional sociological studies of industrial bureaucracy and ended with a series of books on revolutionary intellectuals, Marxist social theories, and the new culture of techno‐media.The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology(1970) was a challenge to academic sociology to become, in effect, more partisan. By 1980 he had proven himself no less critical of Marxism. He was, quite intentionally, both a loyal sociologist with a proven scholarly record and a serious Marxist social theorist.
In‐Groups and Out‐Groups
Authors: Gundelach Birte
Published: April 2018

An in‐group is a social grouping which an individual feels belonging to, feels shared salient similarities with, as well as attaches an explicit sense of togetherness or “we‐ness” to. In‐group membership is not the mere result of cognitive classification according to salient social categories. Rather, it simultaneously involves emotional significance. In‐group affiliation evokes liking, trust, solidarity, and co‐operation toward in‐group members which are not extended to out‐groups. An out‐group is defined with direct reference to the in‐group. The out‐group refers to “the others,” to the people outside of the in‐group. It is a social grouping which an individual neither feels belonging to, nor identifies with, nor shares salient similarities with. An out‐group can imply a diffuse and abstract group of others, or instead a social group with specific social characteristics from which a given in‐group aims to be clearly distinguished.
Measures of Centrality
Authors: Bonacich Phillip
Published: April 2018

The centrality of a position within a network of positions refers to its importance to the functioning of the network and/or the influence the position has on other positions within the network. The appropriate measure of centrality should depend on the process being studied, but there are scientific advantages to the use of a few standard measures.
Regression and Regression Analysis
Authors: Lindner Andrew M. , Larson Ryan P.
Published: April 2018

Regression is among the most common statistical techniques used to analyze correlational data. By controlling for intercorrelated variables, researchers attempt to isolate the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable. Due to limitations in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, quantitative researchers use various extensions that allow for the analysis of more complex forms of data.
Formation of Graphite Phase in Powder Metallurgical Ultrahigh Carbon Steels with High Wear Resistance
Authors: Han Liuliu , Liu Yong , Chen Gang , Li Kun , Wang Jiawen , Zhou Rui
Published: April 2018

Carbon with different forms and morphologies plays a key role in the wear resistance of ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCS). In this study, UHCS with carbon contents from 1.4 to 1.9 wt% are prepared through powder metallurgy route, and an organic compound is used as the carbon source. The microstructures, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of UHCS are investigated. Results show that the graphite phase is formed in UHCS, and the morphology of graphite changes from granular to irregular strip‐type with the increase of carbon content. The synthesized UHCS show improved wear resistance compare to other reported UHCS with no graphite. Moreover, the UHCS with 1.7 wt% C is found to have the best wear resistance with a wear rate of 4.14 × 10−6 mm3/N · m. Besides, it is found that the wear rate and the coefficient of friction (COF) of UHCS increase after heat treatments. This is mainly due to the diffusion of carbon into the matrix, which leads to the reduction of graphite. The results are much helpful for preparing UHCS with controllable graphite morphology, and better wear resistance.
A New Treatment Modality for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Using Cu7.2S4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Lu Yao , Li Lihua , Lin Zefeng , Wang Liping , Lin Lijun , Li Mei , Zhang Yu , Yin Qingshui , Li Qi , Xia Hong
Published: April 2018

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a worldwide inflammatory disease that seriously threatens human health and needs more effective treatment approaches. Near infrared (NIR) light can efficiently penetrate inflamed joints affected by RA, so phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), may provide new opportunities. In this work, the unique Cu7.2S4 nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared for RA treatment enlightened by the fact that copper (Cu)‐based nanomaterials can simultaneously serve as PTT agents and photosensitizers (for PDT). Meanwhile, Cu can promote ostogenesis and chondrogenesis. The Cu7.2S4 NPs combined with NIR (808 nm, 1 W cm−2) irradiation not only achieve better bone preservation, including higher bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/total volume, but also inhibit inflamed synovial invasion, cartilage erosion, and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Moreover, the Cu7.2S4 NPs can effectively kill clinical pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to prevent bacterial infection during intra‐articular injection. Therefore, the combined PTT and PDT using the multifunctional Cu7.2S4 NPs could be a novel RA treatment modality with full potential.