bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality Assessment of Laser Welding Dual Phase Steels
Authors: Marques Eva S. V. , Pereira António B. , Silva Francisco J. G.
Published: July 2022

Since non-conforming parts create waste for industry, generating undesirable costs, it is necessary to set up quality plans that not only guarantee product conformity but also cut the root causes of welding defects by developing the concept of quality at origin. Due to their increasing use in automotive industry, dual phase (DP) steels have been the chosen material for this study. A quality plan for welding DP steel components by laser was developed. This plan is divided into three parts: pre-welding, during and post-welding. A quality assessment regarding mechanical properties, such as hardness, microstructure and tensile strength, was also performed. It was revealed that DP steel does not present considerable weldability problems, except for the usual softening of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the growth of martensite in the fusion zone (FZ), and the best analysis techniques to avoid failures in these steels are finite element method (FEM), visual techniques during welding procedure and digital image correlation (DIC) for post-weld analysis.
PNPLA1-Mediated Acylceramide Biosynthesis and Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis
Authors: Zeng Fansi , Qin Wenzhen , Huang Feifei , Chang Pingan
Published: July 2022

The stratum corneum of the epidermis acts as a life-sustaining permeability barrier. Unique heterogeneous ceramides, especially ω-O-acylceramides, are key components for the formation of stable lamellar membrane structures in the stratum corneum and are essential for a vital epidermal permeability barrier. Several enzymes involved in acylceramide synthesis have been demonstrated to be associated with ichthyosis. The function of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 1 (PNPLA1) was a mystery until the finding that PNPLA1 gene mutations were involved in autosomal-recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) patients, both humans and dogs. PNPLA1 plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of acylceramide as a CoA-independent transacylase. PNPLA1 gene mutations cause decreased acylceramide levels and impaired skin barrier function. More and more mutations in PNPLA1 genes have been identified in recent years. Herein, we describe the structural and functional specificity of PNPLA1, highlight its critical roles in acylceramide synthesis and skin barrier maintenance, and summarize the PNPLA1 mutations currently identified in ARCI patients.
Beta-Glucan Alters Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites in Pre-Weaning Dairy Calves
Authors: Luo Zhengzhong , Ma Li , Zhou Tao , Huang Yixin , Zhang Liben , Du Zhenlong , Yong Kang , Yao Xueping , Shen Liuhong , Yu Shumin , Shi Xiaodong , Cao Suizhong
Published: July 2022

The present study aims to evaluate the alterations in gut microbiome and plasma metabolites of dairy calves with β-glucan (BG) supplementation. Fourteen healthy newborn dairy calves with similar body weight were randomly divided into control (n = 7) and BG (n = 7) groups. All the calves were fed on the basal diet, while calves in the BG group were supplemented with oat BG on d 8 for 14 days. Serum markers, fecal microbiome, and plasma metabolites at d 21 were analyzed. The calves were weaned on d 60 and weighed. The mean weaning weight of the BG group was 4.29 kg heavier than that of the control group. Compared with the control group, the levels of serum globulin, albumin, and superoxide dismutase were increased in the BG group. Oat BG intake increased the gut microbiota richness and decreased the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Changes in serum markers were found to be correlated with the plasma metabolites, including sphingosine, trehalose, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate, and gut microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214, Alistipes, and Bacteroides. Overall, these results suggest that the BG promotes growth and health of pre-weaning dairy calves by affecting the interaction between the host and gut microbiota.
Chromosomal Aberrations and Oxidative Stress in Psoriatic Patients with and without Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Holmannova Drahomira , Borsky Pavel , Andrys Ctirad , Hamakova Kvetoslava , Cermakova Eva , Poctova Gabriela , Fiala Zdenek , Smejkalova Jindra , Blaha Vladimir , Borska Lenka
Published: July 2022

Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome (MetS), a common comorbidity of psoriasis, are associated with mild chronic systemic inflammation that increases oxidative stress and causes cell and tissue damage. At the cellular level, chromosomal and DNA damage has been documented, thus confirming their genotoxic effect. The main objective of our study was to show the genotoxic potential of chronic inflammation and determine whether the presence of both pathologies increases chromosomal damage compared to psoriasis alone and to evaluate whether there are correlations between selected parameters and chromosomal aberrations in patients with psoriasis and MetS psoriasis. Clinical examination (PASI score and MetS diagnostics according to National Cholesterol Education Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults; NCE/ATPIII criteria), biochemical analysis of blood samples (fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low density and high density lipoproteins; LDL, HDL, non-HDL, and triglycerides;TAG), DNA/RNA oxidative damage, and chromosomal aberration test were performed in 41 participants (20 patients with psoriasis without MetS and 21 with MetS and psoriasis). Our results showed that patients with psoriasis without metabolic syndrome (nonMetS) and psoriasis and MetS had a higher rate of chromosomal aberrations than the healthy population for which the limit of spontaneous, natural aberration was <2%. No significant differences in the aberration rate were found between the groups. However, a higher aberration rate (higher than 10%) and four numerical aberrations were documented only in the MetS group. We found no correlations between the number of chromosomal aberrations and the parameters tested except for the correlation between aberrations and HDL levels in nonMetS patients (rho 0.44; p < 0.02). Interestingly, in the MetS group, a higher number of chromosomal aberrations was documented in non-smokers compared to smokers. Data from our current study revealed an increased number of chromosomal aberrations in patients with psoriasis and MetS compared to the healthy population, especially in psoriasis with MetS, which could increase the genotoxic effect of inflammation and the risk of genomic instability, thus increasing the risk of carcinogenesis.
Comparative Metabolomics Reveals Key Determinants in the Flavor and Nutritional Value of Coconut by HS-SPME/GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS
Authors: Guo Hao , Lai Jun , Li Chun , Zhou Haihong , Wang Chao , Ye Weizhen , Zhong Yue , Zhao Xuecheng , Zhang Feng , Yang Jun , Wang Shouchuang
Published: July 2022

Coconut is a tropical fruit whose flesh has high flavor quality and nutritional value; however, the differences between coconut varieties are still unclear. Here, volatiles and non-volatiles were profiled at three ripening stages by HS-SPME/GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS in two coconut varieties (Hainan Tall, HT and Green Dwarf, GD). Four metabolite classes of volatiles were associated with good aroma including hydrocarbons, benzenoids, alcohols and esters, and these volatiles were generally higher in GD, especially at 7 and 9 months of coconut growth. Pathway-based metabolomics revealed that flavonols and their derivatives were significantly enriched in HT, and some of these metabolites were key determinants of HT flesh bitterness, including kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, a known bitter metabolite. Despite the overall accumulation of amino acids, including L-alanine, L-serine and L-methionine in GD, comparative metabolomics revealed that HT flesh provides a higher content of vitamins than GD. This study sheds light on the metabolic pathways and key metabolites differentiating the flesh flavor quality and nutritional value among coconut varieties, and reveals the possible mechanisms of flavor formation and regulation in coconut fruits.
Design and Fabrication of a Tunable Optofluidic Microlens Driven by an Encircled Thermo-Pneumatic Actuator
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Heng , Zou Yongchao , Zhao Pengpeng , Li Zeren
Published: July 2022

This paper presents the design, simulation, fabrication, assembly, and testing of a miniature thermo-pneumatic optofluidic lens. The device comprises two separate zones for air heating and fluid pressing on a flexible membrane. A buried three-dimensional spiral microchannel connects the two zones without pumps or valves. The three-dimensional microfluidic structure is realized using a high-resolution three-dimensional printing technique. Multi-physics finite element simulations are introduced to assess the optimized air chamber design and the low-temperature gradient of the optical liquid. The tunable lens can be operated using a direct-current power supply. The temperature change with time is measured using an infrared thermal imager. The focal length ranges from 5 to 23 mm under a maximum voltage of 6 V. Because of the small size and robust actuation scheme, the device can potentially be integrated into miniature micro-optics devices for the fine-tuning of focal lengths.
Stripline Multilayer Devices Based on Complementary Split Ring Resonators
Authors: Jarauta Eduardo , Falcone Francisco
Published: July 2022

A new analytic design for multilayer stripline devices in planar circuit technology is presented. The Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) is used as a sub-wavelength resonant particle, which provides high-Q resonances in a compact size. The electromagnetic field distribution achieved along the stripline enables enhanced excitation of the resonators. An optimal solution for multilayer power dividers is presented, in a configuration in which each output is obtained in different layers and also in a different layer than the input line. The solution is expanded to design different devices, such as diplexers, resonators, and multi-frequency resonators, leading to vertical filters. As the resonances are achieved by stacking resonators, the effective circuit footprint is very compact. The proposed devices can be implemented in a volumetric chip fashion, allowing integration with planar transmission line circuits and flexible output connection placement. A complete analysis of the different devices is proposed, extracting and verifying their equivalent circuit models.
Flexible, Multifunctional Micro-Sensor Applied to Internal Measurement and Diagnosis of Vanadium Flow Battery
Authors: Lee Chi-Yuan , Chen Chia-Hung , Hsieh Chin-Lung , Jiang Chong-An , Chen Siao-Yu
Published: July 2022

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) system is an emerging energy storage technology with many advantages, such as high efficiency, long life, and high safety. However, during the power-generation process, if local high temperature is generated, the rate of ions passing through the membrane will increase. In addition, it will also cause vanadium pentoxide molecules (V2O5) to exist in the solid state. Once the solid is formed, it will affect the flow of the vanadium electrolyte, which will eventually cause the temperature of the VRFB to continue to rise. According to the various physical parameters of VRFB shown in the literature, they have a significant impact on the efficiency and life of VRFB. Therefore, this research proposes to develop flexible multifunction (voltage, current, temperature, and flow) micro-sensors using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to meet the need for real-time micro-diagnosis in the VRFB. The device is embedded in the VRFB of real-time microscopic sensing and diagnosis. Its technical advantages are: (1) it can simultaneously locally measure four physical quantities of voltage, current, temperature, and flow; (2) due to its mall size it can be accurately embedded; (3) the high accuracy and sensitivity provides it with a fast response time; and (4) it possesses extreme environment resistance.
Versatile and Low-Cost Fabrication of Modular Lock-and-Key Microfluidics for Integrated Connector Mixer Using a Stereolithography 3D Printing
Authors: Anshori Isa , Lukito Vincent , Adhawiyah Rafita , Putri Delpita , Harimurti Suksmandhira , Rajab Tati Latifah Erawati , Pradana Arfat , Akbar Mohammad , Syamsunarno Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna , Handayani Murni , Purwidyantri Agnes , Prabowo Briliant Adhi
Published: July 2022

We present a low-cost and simple method to fabricate a novel lock-and-key mixer microfluidics using an economic stereolithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printer, which costs less than USD 400 for the investment. The proposed study is promising for a high throughput fabrication module, typically limited by conventional microfluidics fabrications, such as photolithography and polymer-casting methods. We demonstrate the novel modular lock-and-key mixer for the connector and its chamber modules with optimized parameters, such as exposure condition and printing orientation. In addition, the optimization of post-processing was performed to investigate the reliability of the fabricated hollow structures, which are fundamental to creating a fluidic channel or chamber. We found out that by using an inexpensive 3D printer, the fabricated resolution can be pushed down to 850 µm and 550 µm size for squared- and circled-shapes, respectively, by the gradual hollow structure, applying vertical printing orientation. These strategies opened up the possibility of developing straightforward microfluidics platforms that could replace conventional microfluidics mold fabrication methods, such as photolithography and milling, which are costly and time consuming. Considerably cheap commercial resin and its tiny volume employed for a single printing procedure significantly cut down the estimated fabrication cost to less than 50 cents USD/module. The simulation study unravels the prominent properties of the fabricated devices for biological fluid mixers, such as PBS, urine and plasma blood. This study is eminently prospective toward microfluidics application in clinical biosensing, where disposable, low-cost, high-throughput, and reproducible chips are highly required.
Influence of Process Parameters on the Resistivity of 3D Printed Electrically Conductive Structures
Authors: Dembek Kacper , Podsiadły Bartłomiej , Słoma Marcin
Published: July 2022

With recent developments in conductive composites, new possibilities emerged for 3D printed conductive structures. Complementary to a vast number of publications on materials properties, here we investigate the influence of printing parameters on the resistance of 3D printed structures. The influence of printing temperature on the resistance is significant, with too low value (210 °C) leading to nozzle clogging, while increasing the temperature by 20 °C above the recommended printing settings decreases resistivity by 15%, but causing degradation of the polymer matrix. The limitations of the FDM technique, related to the dimension accuracy emerging from the layer-by-layer printing approach, greatly influence the samples’ cross-section, causing irregular resistivity values for different layer heights. For samples with layer thickness lower than 0.2 mm, regardless of the nozzle diameter (0.5–1 mm), high resistance is attributed to the quality of samples. But for a 1 mm nozzle, we observe stabilized values or resistance for 0.3 to 1 mm layer height. Comparing resistance values and layer height generated from the slicer software, we observe a direct correlation—for a larger height of the sample resistance value decrease. Presented modifications in printing parameters can affect the final resistance by 50%. Controlling several parameters simultaneously poses a great challenge for designing high-efficiency structural electronics.
Microorganisms in Plant Growth and Development: Roles in Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Secondary Metabolites Secretion
Authors: Koza Ntombikhona , Adedayo Afeez , Babalola Olubukola , Kappo Abidemi
Published: July 2022

Crops aimed at feeding an exponentially growing population are often exposed to a variety of harsh environmental factors. Although plants have evolved ways of adjusting their metabolism and some have also been engineered to tolerate stressful environments, there is still a shortage of food supply. An alternative approach is to explore the possibility of using rhizosphere microorganisms in the mitigation of abiotic stress and hopefully improve food production. Several studies have shown that rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae organisms can help improve stress tolerance by enhancing plant growth; stimulating the production of phytohormones, siderophores, and solubilizing phosphates; lowering ethylene levels; and upregulating the expression of dehydration response and antioxidant genes. This article shows the secretion of secondary metabolites as an additional mechanism employed by microorganisms against abiotic stress. The understanding of these mechanisms will help improve the efficacy of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms.
Comparative Study for Flue Dust Stabilization in Cement and Glass Materials: A Stability Assessment of Arsenic
Authors: Mahandra Harshit , Azizitorghabeh Atefeh , Ghahreman Ahmad
Published: July 2022

Arsenic is a poisonous element and its super mobility can pose a major threat to the environment and human beings. Disposed arsenic-bearing waste or minerals over time may release arsenic into the groundwater, soil and then the food chain. Consequently, safe landfill deposition should be carried out to minimize arsenic bleeding. Cement-based stabilization/solidification and glass vitrification are two important methods for arsenic immobilization. This work compares the stability and intrinsic leaching properties of sequestered arsenic by cement encapsulation and glass vitrification of smelter high-arsenic flue dust (60% As2O3) and confirms if they meet or exceed the requirement of landfill disposition over a range of environmentally relevant conditions. The toxicity characterization leaching procedure (TCLP, 1311), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP, 1312) and Australian standard (Aus. 4439.3) in short-term (18 h) and mass transfer from monolithic material using a semi-dynamic leaching tank (1315) in longer-term (165 days) were employed to assess arsenic immobility characteristic in three arsenic-cement (2%, 8.4% and 14.4%) and arsenic-glass (11.7%) samples. Moreover, calcium release from different matrices has been taken into consideration as a contributor to arsenic bleeding. Based on the USEPA guidelines, samples can be acceptable for landfilling only if As release is <5 mg/L. Results obtained from short-term leaching were almost similar for both cement and glass materials. However, high calcium release was observed from the cement-encapsulated materials. The pH of leachates after the test was highly alkaline for encapsulated materials; however, in glass material it was near neutral or slightly acidic. Method 1315 tests made a huge difference between the two materials and confirmed that cement encapsulation is not the best method for landfilling arsenic waste due to the high arsenic and calcium release over time with alkaline pH. However, glass material has shown promising results, i.e., the insignificant release of arsenic over time with an acceptable change in pH value. Overall, arsenic sequestration in glass is a better option compared with the cement-based solidification process.
Study on the Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Quiet Period in Rocks with Different Elastic Modulus
Authors: Zhao Kui , Wu Wenkai , Zeng Peng , Gong Cong
Published: July 2022

To study the characteristics of the quiet period of acoustic emission (AE) during the rock failure process, rock models with an abnormal elastic modulus were established based on PFC2D. The calibration of the mesoscopic parameters was performed by the macroscopic mechanical parameters of granite samples obtained in uniaxial compression tests. An abnormal area of 2 × 100 mm2 was set at the center of the model and had two to six times the elastic modulus of the normal area. The evolution law of cracks and the characteristics of the AE quiet period were analyzed in detail. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The axial stress of the abnormal area rises to the maximum value before the occurrence of the main fracture; in the AE quiet period, the axial stress in the abnormal area of elastic modulus increased by 2%–5%, then decreases rapidly after the AE quiet period. (2) As the elastic modulus increases, the interval time of the AE quiet period is prolonged by one to five times. Furthermore, many cracks occurred mainly in the abnormal area, and then a few cracks were generated before the AE quiet period. Cracks mainly focus on the elastic modulus abnormal area and propagate beyond the normal area after the AE quiet period. (3) The Z value is used as the indicator of the significance of the AE quiet period, and it changes with the elastic modulus of the abnormal area. The Z value without an abnormal area is the minimum of 1.1, and the elastic modulus of the abnormal area was set to three times the normal area, the Z value reaches the maximum of 6.08, and the Z value changes with the elastic modulus. The distribution of different elastic modulus is an important factor concerned with the characteristics of the AE quiet period.
Velocity Structure and Cu-Au Mineralization of the Duobaoshan Ore District, NE China: Constrained by First-Arrival Seismic Tomography
Authors: Pan Zongdong , Hou Hesheng , Fu Wei , Deng Xiaofan , Zhang Jiaduo , Ying Hengcheng
Published: July 2022

The genesis of deeply buried deposits in the Duobaoshan ore district, the largest porphyry-related Cu-Mo-Au ore field in northeastern China, is not well understood and their exploration is lacking because the fine velocity structure of this region is not comprehensively understood. Herein, first-arrival seismic travel times were picked along a deep seismic reflection profile and inverted using the tomographic method to obtain a detailed velocity profile of the upper 2900 m of the crust beneath this region. The profile showed that the velocity varied from 1900 to 6100 m/s and that the crust was subdivided into five parts by two low-velocity (2500–4000 m/s) blocks. Based on previous studies, the boundaries between the high-speed and low-speed bodies were interpreted as hidden fractures, and the 5000–6100 m/s parts were interpreted as concealed granite bodies in these sections. Porphyry copper deposits in the Duobaoshan ore district were related to the occulted granite bodies, and epithermal Au deposits were associated with the occulted fracture zones. Comprehensive evaluation of hydrothermal activity, regional magnetic anomalies, and deposit distribution indicated that the hidden fractures served as channels for ore-related magmas. Combining previous research on the Duobaoshan ore district with our results of the high-velocity interface, we infer that the prospecting range of the Tongshan deposit is below the depth of 1000 m.
In Silico Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Thymol—Major Compounds in the Essential Oil of Lippia thymoides Mart. & Schauer (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Cruz Jorddy , Silva Sebastião , Pereira Daniel , Souza Filho Antônio , de Oliveira Mozaniel , Lima Rafael , Andrade Eloisa
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we evaluated the drug-receptor interactions responsible for the antimicrobial activity of thymol, the major compound present in the essential oil (EO) of Lippia thymoides (L. thymoides) Mart. & Schauer (Verbenaceae). It was previously reported that this EO exhibits antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans (C. albicans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Therefore, we used molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and free energy calculations to investigate the interaction of thymol with pharmacological receptors of interest to combat these pathogens. We found that thymol interacted favorably with the active sites of the microorganisms’ molecular targets. MolDock Score results for systems formed with CYP51 (C. albicans), Dihydrofolate reductase (S. aureus), and Dihydropteroate synthase (E. coli) were −77.85, −67.53, and −60.88, respectively. Throughout the duration of the MD simulations, thymol continued interacting with the binding pocket of the molecular target of each microorganism. The van der Waals (ΔEvdW = −24.88, −26.44, −21.71 kcal/mol, respectively) and electrostatic interaction energies (ΔEele = −3.94, −11.07, −12.43 kcal/mol, respectively) and the nonpolar solvation energies (ΔGNP = −3.37, −3.25, −2.93 kcal/mol, respectively) were mainly responsible for the formation of complexes with CYP51 (C. albicans), Dihydrofolate reductase (S. aureus), and Dihydropteroate synthase (E. coli).
Bambus[4,6]urils as Dual Scaffolds for Multivalent Iminosugar Presentation and Ion Transport: Access to Unprecedented Glycosidase-Directed Anion Caging Agents
Authors: Lafosse Marine , Liang Yan , Schneider Jérémy P. , Cartier Elise , Bodlenner Anne , Compain Philippe , Heck Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2022

Bambusurils, BU[4] and BU[6], were used for the first time as multivalent scaffolds to link glycosidases inhibitors derived from 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). Two linear DNJ ligands having six or nine carbon alkyl azido linkers or a trivalent DNJ dendron were grafted onto octapropargylated BU[4] and dodecapropargylated BU[6] using copper-catalyzed cycloaddition (CuAAC) to yield corresponding neoglycobambus[4] and neoglycobambus[6]urils bearing 8 to 24 iminosugars. The inhibition potencies of neoglycoBU[4], neoglycoBU[6] and neoglycoBU[6] caging anions were evaluated against Jack Bean α-mannosidase and compared to monovalent DNJ derivatives. Strong affinity enhancements per inhibitory head were obtained for the clusters holding trivalent dendrons with inhibitory constants in the nanomolar range (Ki = 24 nM for BU[4] with 24 DNJ units). Interestingly, the anion (bromide or iodide) encapsulated inside the cavity of BU[6] does not modify the inhibition potency of neoglycoBU[6], opening the way to water-soluble glycosidase-directed anion caging agents that may find applications in important fields such as bio(in)organic chemistry or oncology.
Recent Progress on Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance of Energetic Cocrystals: A Review
Authors: Sultan Manzoor , Wu Junying , Haq Ihtisham Ul , Imran Muhammad , Yang Lijun , Wu JiaoJiao , Lu Jianying , Chen Lang
Published: July 2022

In the niche area of energetic materials, a balance between energy and safety is extremely important. To address this “energy–safety contradiction”, energetic cocrystals have been introduced. The investigation of the synthesis methods, characteristics, and efficacy of energetic cocrystals is of the utmost importance for optimizing their design and development. This review covers (i) various synthesis methods for energetic cocrystals; (ii) discusses their characteristics such as structural properties, detonation performance, sensitivity analysis, thermal properties, and morphology mapping, along with other properties such as oxygen balance, solubility, and fluorescence; and (iii) performance with respect to energy contents (detonation velocity and pressure) and sensitivity. This is followed by concluding remarks together with future perspectives.
Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis and In Silico Modeling of Methanesulfonyl-Piperazine-Based Dithiocarbamates as Potential Anticancer, Thrombolytic, and Hemolytic Structural Motifs
Authors: Hafeez Freeha , Zahoor Ameer Fawad , Rasul Azhar , Mansha Asim , Noreen Razia , Raza Zohaib , Ali Kulsoom Ghulam , Irfan Ali , El-Hiti Gamal A.
Published: July 2022

Piperazine-based dithiocarbamates serve as important scaffolds for numerous pharmacologically active drugs. The current study investigates the design and synthesis of a series of dithiocarbamates with a piperazine unit as well as their biological activities. Under ultrasound conditions, the corresponding piperazine-1-carbodithioates 5a–5j were synthesized from monosubstituted piperazine 2 and N-phenylacetamides 4a–4j in the presence of sodium acetate and carbon disulfide in methanol. The structures of the newly synthesized piperazines were confirmed, and their anti-lung carcinoma effects were evaluated. A cytotoxic assay was performed to assess the hemolytic and thrombolytic potential of the synthesized piperazines 5a–5j. The types of substituents on the aryl ring were found to affect the anticancer activity of piperazines 5a–5j. Piperazines containing 2-chlorophenyl (5b; cell viability = 25.11 ± 2.49) and 2,4-dimethylphenyl (5i; cell viability = 25.31 ± 3.62) moieties demonstrated the most potent antiproliferative activity. On the other hand, piperazines containing 3,4-dichlorophenyl (5d; 0.1%) and 3,4-dimethylphenyl (5j; 0.1%) rings demonstrated the least cytotoxicity. The piperazine with the 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety (5h; 60.2%) showed the best thrombolytic effect. To determine the mode of binding, in silico modeling of the most potent piperazine (i.e., 5b) was performed, and the results were in accordance with those of antiproliferation. It exhibits a similar binding affinity to PQ10 and an efficient conformational alignment with the lipophilic site of PDE10A conserved for PQ10A.
Thermal Control Using Far-Infrared Irradiation for Producing Deglycosylated Bioactive Compounds from Korean Ginseng Leaves
Authors: Duan Shucheng , Liu Jia Rui , Wang Xin , Sun Xue Mei , Gong Han Sheng , Jin Cheng Wu , Eom Seok Hyun
Published: July 2022

Although ginseng leaf is a good source of health-beneficial phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and ginsenosides, few studies have focused on the variation in compounds and bioactivities during leaf thermal processing. The efficiency of far-infrared irradiation (FIR) between 160 °C and 200 °C on the deglycosylation of bioactive compounds in ginseng leaves was analyzed. FIR treatment significantly increased the total polyphenol content (TPC) and kaempferol production from panasenoside conversion. The highest content or conversion ratio was observed at 180 °C (FIR-180). Major ginsenoside contents gradually decreased as the FIR temperature increased, while minor ginsenoside contents significantly increased. FIR exhibited high efficiency to produce dehydrated minor ginsenosides, of which F4, Rg6, Rh4, Rk3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased to their highest levels at FIR-190, by 278-, 149-, 176-, 275-, 64-, and 81-fold, respectively. Moreover, significantly increased antioxidant activities were also observed in FIR-treated leaves, particularly FIR-180, mainly due to the breakage of phenolic polymers to release antioxidants. These results suggest that FIR treatment is a rapid and efficient processing method for producing various health-beneficial bioactive compounds from ginseng leaves. After 30 min of treatment without leaf burning, FIR-190 was the optimum temperature for producing minor ginsenosides, whereas FIR-180 was the optimum temperature for producing polyphenols and kaempferol. In addition, the results suggested that the antioxidant benefits of ginseng leaves are mainly due to polyphenols rather than ginsenosides.
Recent Advances in Honey-Based Nanoparticles for Wound Dressing: A Review
Authors: Bahari Norfarina , Hashim Norhashila , Md Akim Abdah , Maringgal Bernard
Published: July 2022

Wounds with impaired healing, including delayed acute injuries and chronic injuries, generally fail to progress through normal healing stages. A deeper understanding of the biochemical processes involved in chronic wound cures is necessary to correct the microenvironmental imbalances in the wound treatment designs of products. The therapeutic benefits of honey, particularly its antimicrobial activity, make it a viable option for wound treatment in a variety of situations. Integration with nanotechnology has opened up new possibilities not only for wound healing but also for other medicinal applications. In this review, recent advances in honey-based nanoparticles for wound healing are discussed. This also covers the mechanism of the action of nanoparticles in the wound healing process and perspectives on the challenges and future trends of using honey-based nanoparticles. The underlying mechanisms of wound healing using honey are believed to be attributed to hydrogen peroxide, high osmolality, acidity, non-peroxide components, and phenols. Therefore, incorporating honey into various wound dressings has become a major trend due to the increasing demand for combination dressings in the global wound dressing market because these dressings contain two or more types of chemical and physical properties to ensure optimal functionality. At the same time, their multiple features (low cost, biocompatibility, and swelling index) and diverse fabrication methods (electrospun fibres, hydrogels, etc.) make them a popular choice among researchers.
Green and Efficient Preparation of Tailed Lignin Nanoparticles and UV Shielding Composite Films
Authors: Zeng Shiyi , Zhang Shenchong , Liu Xiaogang , Zhao Huifang , Guo Daliang , Tong Xin , Li Jing
Published: July 2022

Lignin nanoparticles (LNP) with various morphologies could be prepared with solvent–antisolvent methods. However, the employed toxic chemicals limited its large-scale application. In this study, an extremely green method using only ethanol and water as solvent and antisolvent was reported. Besides, with the syringaldehyde (SA) addition and its anchoring action on the lignin particles, a forming process of the tailed structure was observed and resulted. Moreover, the improved electronegativity originating from the phenolic hydroxyl groups enhanced the size distribution uniformity, and the new absorption peaks at 1190 cm−1 demonstrated the involvement of SA in the LNP formation. Lastly, the tailed lignin nanoparticles (T-LNP) composited with, respectively, polyvinyl alcohol, chitosan, cellulose nanofibers, cationic etherified starch, and sodium alginate were successfully prepared. The outstanding UV-shielding and free radical scavenging properties in the above composites showed their great potential in wide applications in packaging materials.
Influence of Exposure Period and Angle Alteration on the Flexural Resilience and Mechanical Attributes of Photosensitive Resin
Authors: Khan Sadaf Bashir , Li Nan , Liang Jiahua , Xiao Chuang , Sun Xiaohong , Chen Shenggui
Published: July 2022

Despite the large number of studies addressing the effect of acrylic resin polymerization concerning flexural properties, limited research has been conducted on the manufacturing impact on a polymer’s mechanical properties. Photosensitive resinous materials are used in various engineering applications where they may be exposed to multiple detrimental environments during their lifetime. Therefore, there is a need to understand the impact of an environment on the service life of resins. Thus, flexural tests were conducted to study the effects of exposure time and angle on the flexural strength of resins. Herein, the main objective was to explore the strength, stability, and flexural durability of photosensitive resin (EPIC-2000ST) fabricated at different exposure times (E) and angle deviation varying from 0° to 85° with a 5° increment. The samples in circular rings were manufactured and divided into five groups according to their exposure time (E): 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 40 s, and 50 s. In each exposure time, we designed rings via SolidWorks software and experimentally fabricated at different oblique angles (OA) varying from 0° to 85° with a 5° increment during each fabrication, i.e., OA = 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, and 85°. Flexural strength was evaluated using a three-point bending test. Optical electron microscopy was used to examines the samples’ exterior, interior, and ruptured surfaces. Our experimental analysis shows that flexural strength was significantly enhanced by increasing exposure time and at higher oblique angles. However, at lower angles and less exposure time, mechanical flexural resilience declines.
Tackling Surgical Morbidity and Mortality through Modifiable Risk Factors in Cancer Patients
Authors: Lee Boram , Han Ho-Seong
Published: July 2022

Despite advances in surgical techniques, surgical morbidity and mortality remain important public health problems. Postoperative complications often lead to greater morbidity and mortality, as well as increased length of hospital stay and medical costs. Therefore, a reduction in postoperative complications is particularly important with regard to positive long-term outcomes in patients with cancer. To improve patients’ postoperative prognosis, it is necessary to screen for and focus on modifiable risk factors and their subsequent resolution. Recently, it was reported that nutritional status, inflammation and surgical approaches are related to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in this review article, we describe the current evidence regarding modifiable risk factors influencing surgical morbidity and mortality as well as future directions for improved postoperative management in cancer patients.
Cyrcadian Rhythm, Mood, and Temporal Patterns of Eating Chocolate: A Scoping Review of Physiology, Findings, and Future Directions
Authors: Garbarino Sergio , Garbarino Emanuela , Lanteri Paola
Published: July 2022

This paper discusses the effect of chrononutrition on the regulation of circadian rhythms; in particular, that of chocolate on the resynchronization of the human internal biological central and peripheral clocks with the main external synchronizers, light–dark cycle and nutrition-fasting cycle. The desynchronization of internal clocks with external synchronizers, which is so frequent in our modern society due to the tight rhythms imposed by work, social life, and technology, has a negative impact on our psycho-physical performance, well-being, and health. Taking small amounts of chocolate, in the morning at breakfast at the onset of the active phase, helps speed up resynchronization time. The high flavonoid contents in chocolate promote cardioprotection, metabolic regulation, neuroprotection, and neuromodulation with direct actions on brain function, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and mood. Although the mechanisms of action of chocolate compounds on brain function and mood as well as on the regulation of circadian rhythms have yet to be fully understood, data from the literature currently available seem to agree in suggesting that chocolate intake, in compliance with chrononutrition, could be a strategy to reduce the negative effects of desynchronization. This strategy appears to be easily implemented in different age groups to improve work ability and daily life.
A Quantum Chemical Deep-Dive into the π-π Interactions of 3-Methylindole and Its Halogenated Derivatives—Towards an Improved Ligand Design and Tryptophan Stacking
Authors: Van Lommel Ruben , Bettens Tom , Barlow Thomas M. A. , Bertouille Jolien , Ballet Steven , De Proft Frank
Published: July 2022

Non-covalent π-π stacking interactions often play a key role in the stability of the secondary and tertiary structures of peptides and proteins, respectively, and can be a means of ensuring the binding of ligands within protein and enzyme binding sites. It is generally accepted that minor structural changes to the aromatic ring, such as substitution, can have a large influence on these interactions. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of underpinning phenomena guiding these key interactions is still limited. This is especially true for larger aromatic structures. To expand upon this knowledge, elaborate ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the effect of halogenation on the stability of 3-methylindole stacking. 3-Methylindole served as a representation of the tryptophan side chain, and is a frequently used motif in drug design and development. Moreover, an expression is derived that is able to accurately predict the interaction stability of stacked halogenated 3-methylindole dimers as well as halogenated toluene dimers, based on monomer level calculated DFT descriptors. We aim for this expression to provide the field with a straightforward and reliable method to assess the effect of halogenation on the π-π stacking interactions between aromatic scaffolds.
Jak Inhibitors for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons from Systemic Sclerosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Kotyla Przemysław , Gumkowska-Sroka Olga , Wnuk Bartosz , Kotyla Kacper
Published: July 2022

Systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus represent two distinct autoimmune diseases belonging to the group of connective tissue disorders. Despite the great progress in the basic science, this progress has not been translated to the development of novel therapeutic approaches that can radically change the face of these diseases. The discovery of JAK kinases, which are tyrosine kinases coupled with cytokine receptors, may open a new chapter in the treatment of so far untreatable diseases. Small synthetic compounds that can block Janus kinases and interact directly with cytokine signalling may provide therapeutic potential in these diseases. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of Jak kinases in light of the cytokine network that JAK kinases are able to interact with. We also provide the theoretical background for the rationale of blocking cytokines with specific JAK inhibitors.
mRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles Targeting Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Sasaki Kosuke , Sato Yusuke , Okuda Kento , Iwakawa Kazuki , Harashima Hideyoshi
Published: July 2022

Dendritic cells (DCs) are attractive antigen-presenting cells to be targeted for vaccinations. However, the systemic delivery of mRNA to DCs is hampered by technical challenges. We recently reported that it is possible to regulate the size of RNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to over 200 nm with the addition of salt during their formation when a microfluidic device is used and that larger LNPs delivered RNA more efficiently and in greater numbers to splenic DCs compared to the smaller counterparts. In this study, we report on the in vivo optimization of mRNA-loaded LNPs for use in vaccines. The screening included a wide range of methods for controlling particle size in addition to the selection of an appropriate lipid type and its composition. The results showed a clear correlation between particle size, uptake and gene expression activity in splenic DCs and indicated that a size range from 200 to 500 nm is appropriate for use in targeting splenic DCs. It was also found that it was difficult to predict the transgene expression activity and the potency of mRNA vaccines in splenic DCs using the whole spleen. A-11-LNP, which was found to be the optimal formulation, induced better transgene expression activity and maturation in DCs and induced clear therapeutic antitumor effects in an E.G7-OVA tumor model compared to two clinically relevant LNP formulations.
Changes in Academic Performance after Transitioning to Remote Proctoring: A Before-After Evaluation
Authors: Hall Elizabeth A. , Roberts Madison B. , Taylor Katharyn A. , Havrda Dawn E.
Published: July 2022

Remote proctoring is often used to ensure testing integrity in a distance education environment but may impact academic performance. This quasi-experimental study aimed to evaluate changes in examination scores after transitioning to remote proctoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. Student pharmacists (n = 384) served as their own controls in this before-after analysis of examination scores with in-person versus remote proctoring. To assess differences in examination scores among students with varying levels of testing anxiety, students were classified into low, moderate, or high testing anxiety groups based on their Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (CTAS-2) score. Students were also stratified into two groups based on their cumulative grade point average (GPA). After transitioning to remote proctoring, examination scores significantly decreased for first-year (P1) students but significantly increased for second-year (P2) students. When stratified by CTAS-2 score, no significant difference in examination scores was found. When stratified by GPA, no significant difference in examination scores was found for P1 students, but a significant improvement was noted for P2 students with remote proctoring. The results of this study indicate that examination scores do not consistently improve or decline after introducing remote proctoring even when considering a student’s GPA and level of testing anxiety.
Improved Carrier-Envelope Phase Determination Method for Few-Cycle Laser Pulses Using High-Order Above-Threshold Ionization
Authors: Zhou Yu , Quan Wei , Zhao Meng , Wang Zhiqiang , Wang Minghui , Cheng Sijin , Chen Jing , Liu Xiaojun
Published: July 2022

Recent studies indicate that the stereo-ATI carrier-envelope phase meter (CEPM) is an effective method to determine the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of each and every single few-cycle laser pulse. In this method, a two-dimensional parametric asymmetry plot (PAP), which can be obtained with the measured data in two short time-of-flight intervals, is applied to extract the CEP. Thus, part of the data containing useful CEP information is discarded in the PAP method. In this work, an improved method was developed to effectively exploit most of the experimental data. By this method, we achieve a CEP precision of 57 mrad over the entire 2π range for 5.0 fs laser pulses.
Stochastic Variational Method for Viscous Hydrodynamics
Authors: Kodama Takeshi , Koide Tomoi
Published: July 2022

In this short review, we focus on some of the subjects, related to J. Cleymans’ pioneering contribution of statistical approaches to the particle production process in heavy-ion collisions. We discuss these perspectives from the effects of stochastic processes in collective variables of hydrodynamic description, which is described by a stochastic variational method. In this connection, we stress also the necessity of the inclusion of surface and quantum effects in the study of relativistic heavy-ion reactions.
Use of Biostimulants as a New Approach for the Improvement of Phytoremediation Performance—A Review
Authors: Bartucca Maria Luce , Cerri Martina , Del Buono Daniele , Forni Cinzia
Published: July 2022

Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing global issues, and it requires priority attention. Environmental remediation techniques have been developed over the years and can be applied to polluted sites, but they can have limited effectiveness and high energy consumption and costs. Bioremediation techniques, on the other hand, represent a promising alternative. Among them, phytoremediation is attracting particular attention, a green methodology that relies on the use of plant species to remediate contaminated sites or prevent the dispersion of xenobiotics into the environment. In this review, after a brief introduction focused on pollution and phytoremediation, the use of plant biostimulants (PBs) in the improvement of the remediation effectiveness is proposed. PBs are substances widely used in agriculture to raise crop production and resistance to various types of stress. Recent studies have also documented their ability to counteract the deleterious effects of pollutants on plants, thus increasing the phytoremediation efficiency of some species. The works published to date, reviewed and discussed in the present work, reveal promising prospects in the remediation of polluted environments, especially for heavy metals, when PBs derived from humic substances, protein and amino acid hydrolysate, inorganic salts, microbes, seaweed, plant extracts, and fungi are employed.
Comment on Giacosa et al. Characterization of Annual Air Emissions Reported by Pulp and Paper Mills in Atlantic Canada. Pollutants 2022, 2, 135–155
Authors: Berthiaume Alicia , Monette Anne , Rosenberger Jody , Lupien Bernard
Published: July 2022

We are writing to respectfully offer clarification on interpretations of the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) presented in the recent paper “Characterization of Annual Air Emissions Reported by Pulp and Paper Mills in Atlantic Canada” by Giacosa et al. [...]