bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three new earthworm species of the genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam
Authors: NGUYEN TUNG T. , TRAN BINH T.T. , NGUYEN ANH D.
Published: January 2015

The paper provides descriptions of three new species of the earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 from Dong Nai Province, South Vietnam. They are named Po. cattienensis sp. nov., Po. militium sp. nov., and Po. cordata sp. nov.. All three species are characterized by spermathecal pores in 5/6/7 and the absence of genital markings. Po. cattienensis sp. nov. is distinguished by paired spermathecal pores and seven spermathecae per porus. Po. militium sp. nov. is diagnosed by paired spermathecal pores and a variable number of spermathecae, 21–40 altogether, with 7–17 in 5/6 and 11–23 in 6/7. Po. cordata sp. nov. is recognized by one pair of spermathecal pores in 5/6 and two in 6/7, by only one spermatheca per porus, and by a heart-shaped spermathecal ampulla.
The type specimens of Calyptratae (Diptera) housed in non-traditional institutions in Argentina
Authors: PATITUCCI LUCIANO DAMIÁN , MULIERI PABLO RICARDO , DOMÍNGUEZ M. CECILIA , MARILUIS JUAN CARLOS
Published: January 2015

The type material of species of Calyptratae Diptera belonging to Anthomyiidae, Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, and Tachinidae, housed in the collections of non-traditional institutions in Argentina were examined. These collections were included in the recently created “Sistema Nacional de Datos Biológicos” (National Biological Data System). We examined four collections: “Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud ‘Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán’” (ANLIS), “Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Castelar, Buenos Aires” (INTA), “Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas” (IADIZA); and “Fundación Félix de Azara” (CFA). Comparison of the original descriptions of these species with the label information revealed the existence of 24 holotypes, 5 lectotypes, 11 syntypes, and 441 paratypes/paralectotypes. Complete information is given for each type, including reference to the original description, label data, and preservation condition.
Impacts of Evaporation of Rainwater on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity—A Revisit
Authors: Li Qingqing , Wang Yuqing , Duan Yihong
Published: January 2015

The impact of evaporation of rainwater on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and structure is revisited in this study. Evaporative cooling can result in strong downdrafts and produce low–equivalent potential temperature air in the inflow boundary layer, particularly in the region outside the eyewall, significantly suppressing eyewall convection and reducing the final intensity of a TC. Different from earlier findings, results from this study show that outer rainbands still form but are short lived in the absence of evaporation. Evaporation of rainwater is shown to facilitate the formation of outer rainbands indirectly by reducing the cooling due to melting of ice particles outside the inner core, not by the cold-pool dynamics, as previously believed. Only exclusion of evaporation in the eyewall region or the rapid filamentation zone has a very weak effect on the inner-core size change of a TC, whereas how evaporation in the outer core affects the inner-core size depends on how active the inner rainbands are. More (less) active inner rainbands may lead to an increase (a decrease) in the inner-core size.
Multimodal Internal Waves Generated over a Subcritical Ridge: Impact of the Upper-Ocean Stratification
Authors: Xie Jieshuo , Pan Jiayi , Jay David A.
Published: January 2015

Interaction of barotropic tides with subsurface topography is vital to ocean mixing. Yet the behavior of large-amplitude, nonlinear, internal solitary waves (ISWs) that can cause strong mixing remains poorly understood, especially that of higher-mode and multimodal internal waves. Therefore, a 2.5-dimensional, nonhydrostatic model with adjustable vertical resolution was developed to investigate effects of upper-ocean stratification on tidally induced multimodal internal waves and to show how they are generated by the subcritical ridge where only upward-propagating internal wave beams (IWBs) are present. The effects of the stratification on properties and characteristics of the excited IWBs and on the energy partition of the radiated mode-1 and mode-2 internal waves were investigated based on the model results. Higher modes of internal waves can also be effectively generated in the IWBs by the subcritical topography, and the contribution to IWBs from higher modes increases with the upper-ocean stratification. Mode-2 ISWs can be excited from the IWBs if both the tidal Froude number and the contribution to IWBs from mode-2 waves are sufficiently high (U0 is the tidal current speed, and c2 is the phase speed of mode-2 waves). In a moderately stratified upper ocean, both mode-1 and mode-2 ISWs can be produced, but for weak (strong) stratification, only mode-1 (mode-2) ISWs are generated. Further, it is found that the distance between two successive mode-1 or mode-2 ISW trains increases linearly with the upper-ocean stratification. The ratio of the kinetic energy to the available potential energy for the mode-2 ISWs increases with the upper-ocean stratification in a strongly stratified ocean.
Properties and Origins of the Anisotropic Eddy-Induced Transport in the North Atlantic
Authors: Kamenkovich Igor , Rypina Irina I. , Berloff Pavel
Published: January 2015

This study examines anisotropic transport properties of the eddying North Atlantic flow, using an idealized model of the double-gyre oceanic circulation and altimetry-derived velocities. The material transport by the time-dependent flow (quantified by the eddy diffusivity tensor) varies geographically and is anisotropic, that is, it has a well-defined direction of the maximum transport. One component of the time-dependent flow, zonally elongated large-scale transients, is particularly important for the anisotropy, as it corresponds to primarily zonal material transport and long correlation time scales. The importance of these large-scale zonal transients in the material distribution is further confirmed with simulations of idealized color dye tracers, which has implications for parameterizations of the eddy transport in non-eddy-resolving models.
Eating behavior and obesity in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bernstein Emily E , Nierenberg Andrew A , Deckersbach Thilo , Sylvia Louisa G
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

Individuals with bipolar disorder are more frequently overweight or obese than the general population, but the reasons for this association are unknown. The aim of this study is to further understand the etiology of overweight and obesity in bipolar disorder.

Methods:

We invited patients in a specialty outpatient bipolar clinic to complete the Eating Inventory. Patients provided self-reported restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger as well as general perceptions of dietary intake.

Results:

Sixty-two individuals (37 female) between the ages of 18 and 67 (M = 41.5, SD = 13.38) and with an average body mass index (BMI) of 27.18 (SD = 5.71) completed the survey. Disinhibition and perceived hunger were positively correlated with BMI and self-reported difficulty eating healthy foods. Restraint was positively correlated with healthy eating ( ps < .05). Stepwise linear regressions revealed that hunger was the most significant predictor of BMI (F(1) = 8.134, p = .006). Those participants with bipolar I or II disorder reported greater hunger scores ( p < .01) and difficulty eating healthily ( p < .05) than those without a full diagnosis.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that disinhibition and perception of hunger may be linked to the disproportionately high rate of obesity in bipolar disorder.
The Social Performance and Responsibilities of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Casson Mark C. , Pavelin Stephen
Published: January 2015

This article summarizes the commentary essay and two research articles comprising the special research forum on “The Social Performance and Responsibilities of Entrepreneurship.” A commentary essay by William J. Baumol addresses the social responsibilities of successful entrepreneurs. A research article by Laura J. Spence examines the social responsibilities of small businesses. A research article by Henning Engelke, Stefanie Mauksch, Inga-Lena Darkow, and Heiko von der Gracht examines scenarios for social enterprises in Germany.
Incorporating Marginal Citizens and Voters
Authors: Layton Matthew L. , Smith Amy Erica
Published: January 2015

In this article, we study how social assistance shapes election results across Latin America. Case studies in several countries have found electoral effects, yet it remains unclear whether and how effects vary cross-nationally, and whether electoral effects are due to mobilization or persuasion. We theorize that programs mobilize non-voters and convert the opposition simultaneously, but that the effects vary based on country-level political and programmatic differences. Using 2012 AmericasBarometer data, we develop a unified cross-national model that confirms that public assistance makes recipients more likely to turn out and, once at the polls, to vote for the incumbent. Compulsory voting laws and program politicization magnify the electoral effects of social assistance, but effects do not vary by presidential ideology or program conditionalities. These findings are consistent with the perspective that Latin American voters are boundedly rational, retrospective agents whose behavioral choices depend on their resources and environmental context.
Public values on the public/private boundary: the case of civil servant recruitment examinations in China
Authors: Mériade Laurent , Qiang Li Yi
Published: January 2015

This article looks at public values as an alternative public management instrument to the traditional public instruments or those of New Public Management (NPM). China offers very explicit examples of public values deliberately built on the boundary between the public and the private. We examine this issue through the civil servant recruitment examinations in China and the point of view of the candidates. We propose a cultural approach to the ‘publicness’ of these examinations to understand the public/private articulation of the values they convey and their roles in the field of public management in China. We highlight a set of spiritual and moral values from the private sphere that are transmitted in the public values through the civil servant recruitment examinations, often to legitimize the government and its social control.

Points for practitioners

In this article we consider public management instruments in China that are often relatively unknown or considered archaic. Their uses offer original examples of instruments that are embedded in Chinese society that open out the spectrum of public values towards private values, mainly spiritual and moral. We wish to make an empirical contribution to the debate on the role of public values in public management. We investigate the civil servant recruitment examinations in China through their content and the values they transmit. Candidates for the examinations explain to us the values that guide their preparation for public jobs and we analyse their role in Chinese public management.
Information technology competence in undergraduate Public Administration curricula at South African universities
Authors: van Jaarsveldt Liza Ceciel , Wessels Jacobus S.
Published: January 2015

This article reports on research on whether undergraduate Public Administration curricula at South African universities should provide for information and communication technology (ICT) competence and, if so, whether universities actually provide such competence. Both the context within which public servants work and their required vocational and professional characteristics have been shown to support the expectation that the learning of ICT competence be included in the undergraduate Public Administration curricula at South African universities. However, only those universities offering a National Diploma in Public Management include ICT competence as a separate module. The research findings confirm that ICT competence should indeed be included in undergraduate Public Administration curricula due to the need for contextual relevance, and the specific professional and vocational requirements of the public service. It is thus suggested that institutions of higher education, specifically in South Africa, assess their undergraduate Public Administration curricula by applying these curriculum requirements.

Points for practitioners

The study on which this article is based addressed the relevance of Public Administration curricula to the information and communication technology (ICT) requirements of vocations and careers in the public service. The need for contextual relevance of curricula as well as meeting the professional and vocational requirements of public service receive specific attention.
Industrial townships and the policy facilitation of corporate urbanisation in India
Authors: Sood Ashima
Published: January 2015

New policy and legislative initiatives in India over the last decade, from the Special Economic Zones Act 2005 to subnational state-level counterparts, have encouraged processes of corporate urbanisation, by facilitating the development of ‘industrial townships’ largely by private actors. This emerging policy architecture places a range of municipal functions, infrastructures and services in the domain of the (private) township, paralleling processes of urban gating and enclave growth worldwide. This paper analyses the relevant policies and laws to examine the role of the state in facilitating the growth of such urban clubs in India and fostering privatised provision of public goods. With few evaluations of the scope and impacts of such urban development in India, the case of Jamshedpur, an early prototype of corporate urbanisation, highlights how such sites may encourage patterns of unplanned and under-provisioned growth around the core.
Presenting the German Democratic Republic as a therapeutic state: Alcoholism and the law in Polizeiruf 110
Authors: Bradley Laura
Published: January 2015

Alcoholism was a politically sensitive topic in the GDR, yet three episodes of the crime series Polizeiruf 110 tackled it on primetime television in the 1980s. Their depiction of alcoholism corresponded to the ‘disease concept’ that was developed in the USA, presenting it as an individual medical issue and thereby deflecting attention away from socio-economic factors. The episodes cast the GDR police in a humanitarian, paternalist role: they function as front-line therapeutic agents, securing alcoholics access to the medical treatment that they require. While Nicholas Kittrie argues that the growth of the ‘therapeutic state’ in the USA entailed the partial divestment of criminal law, no such divestment occurs in Polizeiruf 110: detectives function as both therapists and penalizers. Letters in the German Broadcasting Archive show how GDR viewers measured this ‘therapeutic state’ against their own experiences, and how the films allowed them to attribute contrasting political intentions to the producers.
Enterobius vermicularis: An unusual cause of recurrent urinary tract infestation in a 7-year-old girl: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Patel Bhupeshwari , Sharma Tanya , Bhatt Girish Chandra , Dhingra Bhan Bhavna
Published: January 2015

Enterobius vermicularis, the pinworm, is one of the most prevalent intestinal parasites in the world. Ectopic infestations in the genital or urinary tracts rarely occur and chronic enterobiasis of the urinary tract has rarely been reported. Here we present such a case in a 7-year-old girl presenting with fever, pain in the abdomen, vomiting and burning micturition. Ultrasonography and micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) studies were normal. The ova were demonstrated from both the patient’s urine and stool specimen. This child was treated successfully with Albendazole and Ivermectin.
Research on life design in (South) Africa: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Maree Jacobus G
Published: January 2015

No country, including South Africa, has been left untouched by the global economic meltdown in 2008 and fears that another financial meltdown could be imminent. This article reports on the emergence of career construction and life design in response to changes in the world of work. It explains the essence of career construction and life design and discusses their value in 21st century (South) Africa. It also discusses the re-emergence of adaptability as a pivotal ‘survival skill’ in the 21st century and its importance in career counselling contexts. The second part of the article covers the analysis of six case studies on career construction and design counselling. Qualitative data analysis was used to identify common themes and subthemes in the case studies. It emerged that life design counselling enabled the participants to understand themselves better and construct new selves, broadened their perspectives on career-life issues, facilitated change in their lives, encouraged action, and imbued new hope in them. However, more research is needed on such counselling, especially in group contexts.
Disadvantaged Minorities’ Use of the Internet to Expand Their Social Networks
Authors: Gonzales Amy L.
Published: January 2015

An essential argument of the social diversification hypothesis is that disadvantaged groups use the Internet rather than face-to-face communication to broaden social networks, whereas advantaged groups use the Internet to reinforce existing network ties. Previous research in this area has not accounted for both online and off-line communication, has only been examined with cross-sectional data, and has primarily been studied in Israel. To address these gaps with a U.S. data set, 2,669 conversations were analyzed over 6-day periods using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Indeed, unlike participants from racially or educationally advantaged groups, participants who were from a racially marginalized group or lacked college training were more likely to broaden social networks online rather than face-to-face with interracial and weak tie exchanges. This proof of concept of social diversification theory across cultures is the first to use real-time, within-person measures of both race and tie strength.
Immigrant Island Cities in Industrial Detroit
Authors: Akhtar Saima
Published: January 2015

This paper dissects the ways in which Fordist and other corporate and state actors laid social and urban frameworks for Detroit in the early twentieth century and considers the urban practices of immigrant groups as these industries declined. I look at Arab and South Asian immigrants, many of whom arrived in the United States during periods of intense economic and national crises, and examine how they navigated through an “Americanized” and industrially fractured landscape. I argue that these immigrant groups drew into dense immigrant-oriented neighborhoods, where each community had their own means of propagating identity through national and religious forms, constructing and reusing buildings through a range of architectural references, and reinventing local and traditional building forms. Half a century later, these neighborhoods served as platforms that put forth the visions of immigrant communities, economically sustained a deteriorating industrial landscape, and became the vehicles by which immigrants claimed territoriality and belonging in Detroit.
Nikkei Brazilians and Local Residents: A Study of the H Housing Complex in Toyota City
Authors: Tsuzuki Kurumi
Published: January 2015

This article provides some insights on the relationship between Nikkei Brazilians and local residents in Toyota City, the center of Japan's automobile industry. Tensions in the H housing complex surfaced from the time the Nikkeijin started residing in the complex in the late 1980s, and these escalated with the arrival of more Nikkeijin. The residents' associations had been instrumental in resolving the problems between the Nikkeijin and local residents. More active involvement by the local government, contract agencies, and the Housing Corporation and Prefectural Housing is needed to identify lasting solutions, as was the case in other cities, which also host a large number of Nikkeijin.
Gendering Skilled Migratory Streams: Implications for Conceptualizations of Migration
Authors: Raghuram Parvati
Published: January 2015

The dominant paradigm in studies of international migration has largely neglected the significance of skilled women in migratory streams. Much recent analysis of international migration has been overly influenced by conceptualizations developed in the context of the migration of women who engage in unskilled labor, or of ungendered but implicitly androcentric theorizations of skilled migration, whether arising from a modernization thesis or globalization thesis. In this paper I explore the legacies of such theorizations and the ways in which the presence of skilled women can challenge these conceptualizations. This paper suggests the need to rethink the household-labor market-immigration nexus in the light of issues of social stratification which a focus on skilled women migrants raises.
An Examination of the Employment Structure of Taiwanese Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Chiang Nora , Kuo Liangwen
Published: January 2015

Taiwanese emigration has reached a considerable level in the last ten years, with 20,0000 to 25,000 annually heading for mjaor destinations such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Rapid economic growth, political instability, increased personal income, and relaxation of travel restrictions since 1989 are behind this increase. Particularly for Australia, the introduction of economic and business migration policies attracted skilled and entrepreneurial groups. This study examined the employment structure of the Taiwan-born in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, the top destinations of Taiwanese immigrants in Australia. Unpublished census data for the years 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1996, supplemented by data from a survey of Taiwanese immigrants in the three cities, provided data for the study. Findings suggest that the employment rate of Taiwanese immigrants is among the lowest of all immigrant groups. Taiwanese men tend to be more economically successful than Taiwanese women in income levels, occupational status, and labor force participation. Most Taiwanese immigrants in Australia experience downward social mobility due to factors such as unaccredited overseas qualifications, the lack of English proficiency and local knowledge, and other institutional discriminatory factors.
Subethnicity and Identity: Socio-Cultural Interpretations of Chinese Business Titles in Toronto
Authors: Luk Chiu M.
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the theme of subethnicity in the study of subgroups of ethnic Chinese in Toronto and their identities. Using the Hong Kong, Taiwanese and Mainland Chinese clientele as examples, this paper examines the business strategies of a selected sample of Chinese businesses with noticeable subethnic targets. Socio-cultural interpretations are offered on how these businesses package themselves through their business titles. The results confirm that there are distinctions among the three subgroups, reflecting the diverse orientations and values of their backgrounds. The study concludes with a discussion on the importance of ethnic sub-market segmentation and the implications of subethnicity to ethnic studies.
The Effects of Ethnic Concentration on Internal Migration in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Chitose Yoshimi
Published: January 2015

Recent research on internal migration highlights the importance of considering social dimensions such as the deterrent effects of nativity concentration on the migration of the foreign-born. Most of these studies are focused on the experiences of immigrant men in the United States. The aim of this study is to explore this relationship in a developing country and to compare the experiences of both men and women using a dynamic framework. Using life- history data I examine the effects of ethnic concentration on the first migration experiences of men and women in Peninsular Malaysia between 1951 and 1988. I found that (1) ethnic concentration deters the migration of both men and women, (2) the deterrent effect of co-ethnic concentration is stronger for non-Malay women, while the effect was similar for Malay and non-Malay men, and (3) the New Economic Policy had a positive effect only on the migration of Malay men.
International Trade in Higher Education Services in the Asia Pacific Region: Trends and Issues
Authors: Phillips Matthew W. , Stahl Charles W.
Published: January 2015

The expansion of trade and investment in the global economy since the 1980s has been accompanied by an associated growth in the international trade in education services, particularly higher education. In this paper we provide a detailed analysis of the expansion of higher educational mobility, measured by the burgeoning numbers of tertiary students going abroad to study. In particular, this paper investigates the increasing mobility of students from the Asia Pacific region undertaking study in Western Europe, North America and Australia. The paper argues that increasing international trade in education services in the Asia Pacific region reflects the strategic importance of these services to develop and maintain the long-term economic and social viability of these nations. Increasingly governments throughout the world now recognize the crucial role of education in fostering economic growth (especially in new knowledge-based sectors), personal and social development, as well as reducing inequality. Nations with well-established and prestigious higher education systems such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia have been the main beneficiaries of this growing trade in education services. These countries have been at the forefront of educational exports as they have led aggressive marketing campaigns to recruit new students as well as develop new methods of higher education provision and delivery. Further, this paper explores the positive and negative effects of student mobility, and the linkages between the internationalization of higher education and the professions. Finally, this study makes some suggestions for further research.
Human Capital, Cultural Capital and the Economic Attainment Patterns of Asian-Born Immigrants to the United States: Multi-Level Analyses
Authors: Poston Dudley L.
Published: January 2015

This article analyzed the economic attainment patterns of Asian-born male and female immigrants to the United States using hierarchical linear models (HLM). Specifically, it examined to what extent selected measures of human capital and cultural capital characteristics affect the levels of earnings of male and female Asian-born immigrants. The principal data source for this article came from the five percent file of individual census questionnaires from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1990 US Census of Population. In general, the results of the study conform to previous research, i.e., educational attainment at both the micro and macro levels was an important predictor of earnings achievement. As to cultural capital or country level variables, the analysis did not show evidence of statistically significant effects on earnings. The final section discusses the advantages of using the HLM approach as well as issues for further research.
Resettlement Experiences of Five Chinese Skilled Women Migrants to Australia
Authors: Ip Lai-Kwan Regin , Chui Wing Hong
Published: January 2015

A rich migration literature has been written on the issues and difficulties that Chinese migrants encountered in their adjustment in various host countries. Instead of focusing on negative migration experiences, this paper aims to examine the subjective experiences of middle-class Chinese women who perceived themselves as successfully settled in Australia. More specifically, this paper analyzes the in-depth interviews of five skilled women migrants from Hong Kong to understand how they were able to overcome obstacles during their early resettlement years. A content analysis of interviews allowed themes to emerge that revealed how the five women were able to resettle in Australia. Their responses fall into three themes that are explored in this paper: (1) common issues faced at the start of resettlement, (2) the recognition of individual resilience and informal social support in facing adversity and resettlement in Australia, and (3) possible strategies to orient themselves to life in a new country.
Political and Social Geography of Marginal Insiders: Migrant Domestic Workers in Taiwan
Authors: Lan Pei-Chia
Published: January 2015

This paper looks at the incorporation and marginalization of female migrant domestic workers in Taiwan. The first part sketches the political geography of foreign workers by examining how the government regulates, marginalizes, and disciplines foreign contract workers. The second part portrays the social geography of migrant domestic workers in Taiwan by discussing how they establish multiple forms of communities and networks. I also compare Filipina and Indonesian migrant domestic workers in terms of how they are discursively constructed by employment agencies and how they gather in different spatial patterns on Sundays.
Hmong Diaspora of the Post-War Period
Authors: Yang Kou
Published: January 2015

The fear of retaliation, retribution and persecution, combined with alleged forcible re-education by the post-war socialist government of Laos have forced half of the 300,000 Hmong of Laos to flee the country since the Secret War ended in 1975. The majority of these Hmong refugees were resettled in the United States. By 2003 they had established a Hmong American community comparable in size with the current Hmong community in Laos. The rest of these Hmong refugees settled in Australia, Argentina, Canada, Germany, France and French Guyana. Their post-war diasporic experience includes forced dispersion to at least two foreign countries, struggling to maintain a collective memory of their homeland, and maintaining a Hmong ethnic consciousness. Some have experienced difficult relationships with host societies, while others have adapted better, and learned to develop a more tolerant attitude toward diversity. Additionally, a small group of the Hmong in the West continues to support the resistance movement in Laos, where Hmong ethnic oppression is still said to exist. This paper is an attempt to explore the Hmong Diaspora in the Post-Secret War Period. It focuses on two communities in 2003: the Hmong in Laos and Hmong Americans.
Gender Relations in Recent Chinese Migration to Australia
Authors: Da Wei Wei
Published: January 2015

The study frames its exploration of gender relations among recent migrants from the People's Republic of China to Australia from theory in two fields: migration studies and gender roles. Based on interviews of recent Chinese migrants to Australia, findings suggest that gender role performances are strategic and flexible. Women actively engage in international migration. The mobility of women is contingent on their education, occupation, language skill and networks. Neither do conventional migration models or gender role theories render clear explanations of the gender roles exhibited by women migrants in the sample. Rather, the impact of migration on gender relations is multifaceted, individualized and cultural. Women's expectations of men involved elements of tradition, modernity and some degree of ambivalence. The findings suggest the importance of considering the social context, culture and social class of migrants in the home country when discussing the gender relations of migrants in the process of settlement in the host country. The study calls for country/culture-specific approach and suggests a fresh way of studying gender relations among the Chinese in a globalizing era.
Explaining the Development of Migrant Businesses in Beijing
Authors: He Xin Frank
Published: January 2015

This article argues that restrictive laws against migrants in Beijing, China have some unexpected consequences which turn out to be conducive to the survival and development of migrant businesses. First, restrictive and discriminatory legislation compels migrants to cooperate with locals, illegally or semi-legally, in order to get into the market. Locals are willing to provide migrants with protection in exchange for monetary interests. The cooperative relationship between migrants and locals renders the state and its agents unable or unwilling to strictly enforce the restrictive laws. Second, in response to discriminatory and restrictive regulations, migrants turn to informal rules and communal solidarity. Third, given the hostile legal environment, migrants tend to be ambivalent about settling down in big cities. As a result, they work harder and spend less. These factors enable migrants to survive the hostile legal environment and achieve considerable economic success. In turn, their economic success gives them more bargaining power to consolidate their cooperation with locals and gain a de facto existence in the city.
SARS and Migrant Workers in China: An Institutional Analysis
Authors: Biao Xiang
Published: January 2015

The government and the public considered rural-urban migrant workers as the most problematic group during the SARS outbreak in China in early 2003. They feared that migrant workers were susceptible to the disease, tended to flee major cities where the early outbreaks occurred, and then spread the virus to the countryside where containing the disease would be difficult. This paper suggests that the links between the SARS outbreak and the migrants are far more complex and they must be understood in an institutional context. First, the paper argues that the migrants pose special challenges to the government in managing the outbreak not only because of their mobility, their low incomes or lack of health awareness, but also because they are outside the state's control and support system. Second, this paper suggests that the migrants fled the SARS-hit cities due to what I hypothesize as “chain reaction.” The migrants' institutionally marginalized position rendered them vulnerable to the social and economic disruptions resulting from mass mobilization, which may have more social implications than their susceptibility to the virus. These two arguments reveal the problems stemming from the absence of appropriate institutional mechanisms, such as a universal medical care system, with respect to migrants. In view of increasing uncertainties in present times, it is imperative for the government to provide basic social security to migrant workers and to maintain economic stability.
Negotiating Spaces in the Labor Market: Foreign and Local Domestic Workers in Hong Kong
Authors: Asato Wako
Published: January 2015

This article aims to clarify how foreign domestic workers (FDWs) and local domestic workers (LDWs) compete and at the same time co-exist with each other within Hong Kong's domestic work sector. FDWs had dominated the domestic work sector since the 1970s but LDWs began offering competition in the late 1990s when the Hong Kong government instituted programs to rechannel displaced and unemployed local women into this sector. To promote the interest of these potential LDWs as well as to make them more competitive with the FDWs, the government provided them with skills training to enhance their employability. However the FDWs, with the aid of migrant-support NGOs and various FDW-organizations, endeavored to keep their space in the labor market by countering such initiatives. In time, the government had come to recognize that FDWs and LDWs respond to different clients and that both can be accommodated in the labor market.
Filipino Women in Tasmania: Negotiating Gender Ideologies
Authors: Clark Juliet
Published: January 2015

This paper investigates the experiences of Filipino women who have migrated from the Philippines to Tasmania, Australia. Commonly referred to as ‘mail-order brides,’ the women have migrated to Tasmania for the purpose of marriage, usually after a long process of letter writing and friendship. This paper argues that Filipino women in Tasmania do not always regard themselves as ‘victims' as suggested in many scholarly and media representations of ‘mail-order brides.’ Instead, based on their accounts, this paper provides insights into the phenomenon of Filipino migration for marriage, questioning and challenging the many assumptions that are made about their migration and settlement.
Keeping Compatriots on the Move: A Study of Ethnic Chinese Migrant-Owned Travel Agencies in Germany
Authors: Leung Maggi W.H.
Published: January 2015

This paper examines the tourist agency sector, a burgeoning ethnic Chinese migrant business in Germany, in relation to the concept of “mixed embeddedness.” Special attention is given to the interplay of economic, cultural and institutional factors in shaping the location and operations of travel agencies. The paper analyzes the importance of “home” as a marketable cultural product in the diaspora tourism industry and the role of these migrant businesses in the expanding Chinese tourist market. Findings of the study illustrate the nature and significance of ethnic networks among Chinese tourist agencies and other branches of Chinese businesses in Europe.
Filipinos Doing Diaspora Philanthropy: The Development Potential of Transnational Migration
Authors: Opiniano Jeremaiah M.
Published: January 2015

Other than remittances, diaspora philanthropy has emerged as a practice that may contribute to local development. This paper presents an overview of diaspora philanthropy by Filipino migrants: it identifies the dynamics between migrant-donors and recipients in the Philippine end, it outlines the actors involved in diaspora philanthropy, and it provides examples of development projects supported by migrants. The paper concludes by suggesting areas for further research.
Forced Migration in Southeast Asia: International Politics and the Reordering of State Power
Authors: Hedman Eva-Lotta E.
Published: January 2015

This essay explores a revisionist argument about the nature and direction of conflict and refugee movements in Southeast Asia during the Cold War and thereafter. By focusing more systematic attention on processes of national integration in post-colonial state and society, this essay provides an important corrective to perspectives that privilege Cold War geopolitics and ideology. Similarly, a comparative investigation into processes of (re)democratization and (re)centralization reveals critical dynamics not easily captured from the point of view of less methodologically rigorous approaches to understanding ‘new wars’ and communalism in the post-Cold War era. Against the dominant paradigm of a marked shift in the patterns of conflict and displacement ‘before’ and ‘after’ 1989, this essay instead argues for a more careful, comparative consideration of the reordering of state power and its powerful effects through processes of national integration, (re)democratization and (re)centralization upon the mobilization of large-scale violence and refugee movements in post-colonial Southeast Asia.
Challenging Japan's Refugee Policies
Authors: Junichi Akashi
Published: January 2015

This article examines the development of Japan's refugee policies since the early 1980s to the present. Although it is well-known that the Japanese government has kept refugees out for a long period of time, there is a need to examine why this is so. By focusing on discourses and practices at various levels in the domain of refugee policy, especially organizational interests and their significant influences, this article demonstrates the circumstances under which Japan's refugee policies have been challenged, but remained unchanged.
At the End of the World: Holding on to Health Workers in Niue
Authors: Connell John
Published: January 2015

The migration of health workers from Niue is part of a broader migration trend where the national population has declined significantly in the past quarter of a century. This is due to significant social and economic differences with New Zealand, and the shift in population gravity towards New Zealand where most Niueans now live. The impact of migration in isolated Niue was less than in some other Pacific states, measured either as workforce vacancies or inadequate service provision. Niue has retained an effective health workforce because of external conditions: an aid dependence that enables a large public service with most households having two wage earners in the public service. Opportunities for promotion and training, alongside boredom, rather than salaries or standard workplace issues concerned many workers. Small and remote islands such as Niue face the challenge to retain a skilled workforce in the face of high rates of emigration.
Pacific Seasonal Workers for Australian Horticulture: A Neat Fit?
Authors: Mares Peter , Maclellan Nic
Published: January 2015

Seasonal labor shortages hinder the expansion of Australia's multi-billion dollar horticultural industry because primary producers find it difficult to secure sufficient workers at peak times such as harvests. In the labor surplus economies of Pacific Island nations un(der)employment and a lack of income inhibit social and economic development, restrict educational opportunities and contribute to social unrest. This article investigates the potential to address both these issues through the development of temporary labor programs to allow Pacific Islanders to fill seasonal gaps in Australian horticulture. The authors outline key policy considerations for the design and regulation of seasonal work schemes in order to maximize social and economic development outcomes, protect workers' rights, dignity and entitlements and minimize the social costs of temporary migration on the home society.
Contraceptive Use among Women Migrants in Nang Rong, Thailand: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Liew Hui-Peng
Published: January 2015

Understanding the dynamics of contraceptive use among women migrants is considered important, especially to a country like Thailand that is undergoing many changes, and an increasingly female-dominated migration during the last few decades. Using survey data collected in 2000, this study seeks to examine the determinants of modern contraceptive use among women migrants in Nang Rong, Thailand. The study found that several demographic and socioeconomic factors are significant predictors of contraceptive use among women migrants and the magnitude of such effects varies across different migrant types.
Becoming an OFW: Renegotiations in Self-Concept among Filipino Factory Workers in Taiwan
Authors: Sills Stephen J. , Chowthi Natassaja
Published: January 2015

This study focuses on overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Taiwan and probes into how their migration experiences shape self construction. Data for the study came from surveys, key informant interviews, Twenty Statement Tests (TST), and observations in field studies conducted in Taiwan in 2003 and 2007. Analysis of self-concept statements on the TST showed that among women OFWs the self became more individualized and less embedded in the social roles in Taiwan than when they were in the Philippines. In contrast, the few male workers in the study registered a slight increase in their social roles. In general, OFWs found little opportunity to become integrated into Taiwanese society. In the face of exclusion in the host society, we argue that OFWs exercised social creativity, reinforcing their national identity as Filipinos and embracing the role as “modern-day heroes” of the Philippines.
Nepal
Authors: Kumar Bal
Published: January 2015

International migration from Nepal was mostly to India, but from the 1990s, Nepalis seeking overseas jobs sought other destinations. The census is the main source of data on international migration; questions on international migration have been collected since the 1961 census. Other sources of international migration data come from the Nepal Living Standards Survey and data on overseas migration collected by the Nepal Ministry of Labor and Transport Management. The Nepal Ministry of Finance releases data on estimates of remittances. Better coordination among the government institutions involved in international migration will improve the collection and dissemination of international migration data.
Pakistan
Authors: Gazdar Haris
Published: January 2015

The collection and reporting of data on international migration into and from Pakistan have not kept up with the volume and diversity of the country's international migration experience. The Ministry of Labour and Overseas Pakistani, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are the three ministries which produce data on international migration from Pakistan. The census is the main source of information on the foreign population in the country. Several government agencies and international organizations are sources of data on refugees, mostly from Afghanistan. More coordination among government agencies dealing with international migration is needed in to improve the coverage, collation and dissemination of data.
Malaysia
Authors: Kanapathy Vijayakumari
Published: January 2015

Malaysia is both a sending and destination country of international migrants. To date, the data collection activities of government agencies are focused more on recording immigration rather than emigration. The Department of Immigration is the main source of data on the different categories of international migrants to the country, and the Census is the primary source of information on non-Malaysians. The recording and reporting of data on refugees, unauthorized migration and return migration have yet to develop into regular activities. The formation of a Working Committee comprising the Department of Immigration, the Employees' Provident Fund, the Ministry of Human Resources, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Home Affairs can be helpful in coordinating the collection and processing of international migration data.
The Philippines
Authors: Asis Maruja M. B.
Published: January 2015

The significance of international migration in the Philippines has been matched by notable steps taken in the collection, reporting and dissemination of international migration-related statistics, including remittances. This article maps out the international migration data collected by government agencies (the major ones being the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration and the Commission on Filipinos Overseas), describes inter-agency efforts in harmonizing data collection efforts and improving the quality of data, and offers suggestions to broaden the access and use of international migration data at the national and regional levels. Better data collection of international migration to the Philippines and recording of return migration are among the areas in need of improvement.
Thailand
Authors: Chantavanich Supang , Makcharoen Pairin
Published: January 2015

Several government agencies in Thailand generate a variety of international migration-related data, including remittances. The main sources of data are the Immigration Bureau, the Department of Provincial Administration, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Bank of Thailand. The census, which is carried out by the National Statistical Office, does not collect information on international migration. Among the data gaps are lack of data on Thai residents abroad, the return migration of Thai citizens to Thailand, the departure of foreign workers from Thailand, refugees and irregular migrants. Access to data is another problem area. Data may be available, but they are not published, or they are not available in the English language.