bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Farmer Practices of Adaptation to Climate Variability in the Town of Banikoara, Benin
Authors: Naéssé Adjahossou Vidédji , Souleïmane A. Adekambi , Baï Sêdami Adjahossou , Gaudence Mahutin Djego Julien
Published: November 2021

Background: Agriculture is an activity that provides more than 70% of employment in sub-Saharan African countries. However, climate variability has significant negative impacts on agricultural productivity, particularly in countries such as Benin that are highly dependent on rainfall. The objective of this research is to highlight the different perceptions and endogenous strategies of adaptation to climate variability adopted by farmers. It took place in Benin's largest cotton production area, the commune of Banikoara located in the northern region of the country.

Methodology: The surveys were conducted on a sample of 120 farmers randomly selected in four (4) villages, all of which are large agricultural producers, i.e. 30 farmers per village. In addition to descriptive statistics based on the calculation of proportions and averages, a multivariate probit model was estimated in order to identify the factors that influence the choice of endogenous adaptation strategies to climate variability.

Results: Approximately 50% of the respondents stated that they had practiced early seeding in order to cope with the consequences of climatic variability, 38% stated that they practiced ridge tillage, 28% indicated that they practiced late seeding while 15% declared that they practiced agroforestry. The results show that farmers use different combinations of endogenous strategies to drastically mitigate the adverse consequences of climate variability. Each farmer takes a number of parameters into account when defining the strategy to adopt.
Design, Development and Implementation of Real Time Canal and Weather Monitoring Devices
Authors: Deekshithulu N. V. Gowtham , Mali Joyita , Krishna V. Vamsee , Surekha D.
Published: November 2021

In the present study, canal depth, velocity and weather monitoring sensors are designed and implemented in the field irrigation laboratory, Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India. The depth sensor which is used in this project is HC-SR04 sensor and the velocity sensor is YF-S403. A method of data acquisition and transmission based on ThingSpeak IOT is proposed. To record weather data (i.e., temperature, humidity, rainfall depth and wind speed) DHT11 sensor, ultrasonic sensor and IR sensors are used. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the performance of real time canal and weather monitoring devices. A structure of real time weather monitoring devices based on sensors and ThingSpeak IOT, a design was developed to realize the independent operation of sensors and wireless data transmission can help in minimizing the error in data collection. Arduino UNO is connected with canal depth and velocity sensor to generate the output, similarly NodeMCU is connected with weather monitoring device. The results revealed that observed sensor data showed good results when compared/calibrated with the existing conventional measurement system. In order to decrease the time and to get accurate value, it is recommended to consider the sensors for the proper use and to access weather data easily. The developed device worked satisfactorily with minimum or no errors.
The Effect of Quality Management Practice on Business Performance of SMEs in Merhabete/ Alem Ketema/, North Shoa, Ethiopia
Authors: Bekele Meron
Published: November 2021

The study investigated the quality management practices and business performances of SMEs in Merhabete/Alem Ketema, Ethiopia. Four key dimensions of quality management practices including customer focus, human resource focus, supplier quality management, and continuous improvements were used as independent variables accompanied by different measurement instruments under each variable, while a non-financial performance variable was used to measure the business performance. Primary data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 245 employees. Data were analyzed using descriptive and econometrics analysis. The findings indicate that the four key independent variables had a positive and significant effect on the performance of SMEs. The study recommended that SMEs should ensure that the objectives of the organization are linked to customer needs and expectations to improve performance, and they should allow participative consultation and engagement of employees in making decisions on quality issues and provide freedom to act with responsibility and accountability.
Assessing the Implementation of Decentralized Management System: Babre Tabor Municipality Administration in Focus
Authors: Demelash Belaynew Mesfin
Published: November 2021

This study addressed the efforts exerted on the implementation of decentralization management system employed a few years ago in a governmental institution. More specifically, this study attempted to assess the perceptions employees hold about the decentralization package, their decision-making practices and correlations among participants’ perception, decision-making practices and provision of resources. To this end, of one hundred and fifty employees, fifty of Debre Tabore Municipality administrative, in Amhara regional state, were selected in a mix of systematic and stratified sampling technique. Likert scale and frequency count itemized questionnaire administered and forty-eight sheets of questionnaire were returned filled in.  The major findings showed that participants had a reasonable level of awareness on the positive roles of decentralization, considerable level of decision-making practices and some degree of perceived provisions of resources or support. Besides, there seemed to have positive relationships among the participants’ perceptions about municipality decentralization, input provision and practice of decision making. small but positive correlations among perceptions. A mere degree of variations of responses to the perceptions and practices of decentralization were also seen due to background differences in gender, position and work experiences. In light of the results, the decentralization could be implemented with a more focus of employees’ concern on resource provisions and shared commitment.
Complications in Fracture Healing-A Review
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Sushma , Priyadharshini R. , Sinduja Palati
Published: November 2021

Complications are a reality in healing fractures. Most can be stopped or reduced by being aware of their pathophysiology. Others, though, are inevitable, but their Early diagnosis and effective treatment can help recovery. Significant complications Are Osteomyelitis, delayed union, non-union, malunion, premature union, which were a result of fracture repair. Keeping these complications into consideration Presurgical patient assessment as well as postoperative treatment should be taken into account. The goal of fracture repair is to ascertain rigid fixation and perfect alignment of the bone to permit each timely and maximized come to perform in the affected space. The particular injury, species and breed conformation, age, general health, concomitant malady processes, nutrition, and medications all play a job in healing and, therefore, response to the repair. However, these factors don't seem to be the sole determinants of outcome. the strategy of repair and surgical technique each play a vital role within the outcome of fracture management. For this reason, it's vitally necessary that the practitioner be aware of potential complications of fracture repair and take steps to stop them. This review centers on how these complications can be prevented, understood and handled.
Impact of Early Rehabilitation in a Complex Case of Non-union of Tibial Plafond Fracture with Osteosynthesis Associated Infection – A Case Report
Authors: Nathani Harsh , V. Joshi Medhavi , A. Phansopkar Pratik
Published: November 2021

Background: Fractures of distal end of tibia associated with soft tissue injuries and fracture of distal fibular end are very complex and forms a total of 1-2% of all fracture of lower limb. These fractures are widely termed as plafond fractures.

Case Presentation: A 26- year-old male, a follow up case, gave a history of road traffic accident following which he underwent corticotomy and application of external Ilizarovring fixator. At present due to non-union of the fracture segments patient got readmitted after a year. Further management through a three-step surgical approach was carried out. Rehabilitation program began from post-operative day 1 and was continued for a period of three weeks.

Investigations: On the day of examination, the patient’s pain was severe on movement with presence of disuse trophy of lower limb musculature of the affected extremity. Ranges on the right lower limb at all joints were reduced due to pain. The X-ray showed presence of 9-hole recon plate fixed distally over talus and proximally to tibia.

Management: Physiotherapeutic intervention began with educating the patient and the caregivers about the condition, the precautions to be taken, the expected time of healing and extent of healing. The exercise program was based on the principles of variability and individuality. The protocol was changed weekly with the observed progression in the patients range, muscles strength and ability to perform more challenging in bed activities.

Conclusion: Early rehabilitation in complex cases of tibial plafond fracture facilitates the process of healing as well as maintain the patients level of functioning by maintain muscle properties. Post-operative complications are also reduced.
The Role of Microbiome in Cancer Cell Stimulation and Therapy
Authors: Hassoubah Shahira
Published: November 2021

In recent times, the microbiome has been increasingly recognized as having a hand in various disease states that include cancer as a part. Our commensal and symbiotic microbiota, in addition to pathogens with oncogenesis features, have tumor-suppressive characteristics. Our nutrition and other environmental influences can modulate some microbial species representatives within our digestive system and other systems. The microbiota has recently shown a two-way link to cancer immunotherapy for both the prognosis and the therapeutic aspects. Preclinical results indicated that microbiota modification could be transformed into a novel technique to improve cancer therapy's effectiveness. This article aimed to review recent development in our understanding of the microbiome and its relationship to cancer cells and discuss how the microbiome stimulates cancer and its clinical and therapeutic applications. Such information was selected and extracted from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for published data from 2000 to 2020 using relevant keywords containing a combination of terms, including the microbiome, cancer, immune response, immune response, and microbiota. Finally, we concluded that studying the human microbiome is necessary because it provides a thorough understanding of humans' interaction and their indigenous microbiota. The microbiome provides useful insight into future research studies to optimize these species to fight life-threatening diseases such as cancer and has rendered the microbiome a successful cancer treatment strategy.
Comparative Evaluation of Effectiveness of Denture Adhesive after Incorporating Antifungal Agent – An In-vitro Study
Authors: Mamtora Jay , Rahangdale Tripty , Newaskar Prabha Shakya , Agrawal Nikita , Shrivastava Saurabh , Nayak Karvika
Published: November 2021

Aims: The aim of current study is to evaluate adhesive force and qualitative mycological culture analysis of Denture adhesive (DA) after incorporating antifungal agent in various concentrations.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: The current study was conducted at the Department of   Prosthodontics, Mansarovar Dental College and Hospital, Bhopal (M. P.) from September 2017 to October 2018.

Methodology: A total of 80 specimens were prepared with heat cured acrylic resin, out of which 40 were used for qualitative anti-microbiological test, and 40 were used for Adhesive force measurement test. Both test had four groups: Group A (Control group DA without MN); Group B (DA+MN 10%); Group C (DA+MN 20%); and Group D (DA+MN 30%).

Results: The mean zone of inhibition was 8.85 ± 0.28 mm for 10% w/w Miconazole Nitrate (MN), 12.95±0.30 mm for 20% w/w MN, and 22.25 ± 0.38 mm for 30% w/w MN. There was a statistically highly significant (P< .001) difference between the groups, with an F value of 1077.8.

Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study qualitative anti-microbial property for favorable laboratory performance can be achieved only after the addition of 20% w/w Miconazole Nitrate to denture adhesive paste.
Clinicopathological Study of Uterine Leiomyomas – A Retrospective Study
Authors: Sundar Mahati , Srinivasan Chitra
Published: November 2021

Leiomyomas are benign tumors of the uterus affecting women of the reproductive age group. They are the most common gynaecologic neoplasms in women. The aim of our study was to analyse and correlate the histopathological findings of leiomyomas in 203 hysterectomy specimens received in the department of Pathology at Saveetha Medical College and to further delineate the associated changes and variants that were observed in the leiomyoma specimens. In this study we found that the dominant age group was 31-50 years of age with multiple leiomyomas being more common than solitary ones. The most commonly observed location was intramural. Majority of the hysterectomy specimens showed a proliferative pattern of endometrium. Degenerative changes were observed in 26 cases with hyaline degeneration being the most common secondary change. There were multiple uterine pathologies associated with the uterine leiomyomas of which ovarian cortical cysts were the most frequently noted. The histopathological study of leiomyomas is important as it helps to further ascertain the diagnosis and ensure optimal patient management.
A Case Report of ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Recombinant Vaccine Related Granuloma Annulare
Authors: Shri S. Swetha , Thomas Jayakar
Published: November 2021

Background: Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory skin condition of unknown origin that may occur following multiple etiological triggers. GA incited secondary to vaccinations has been rarely reported in the medical literature. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced extensive global immunization against the SARS-COV-2 virus, bringing a gamut of vaccine-related complications. We elucidate a case report of the spontaneous eventuality of GA following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Corona Virus Recombinant Vaccine.

Case Report: A healthy 26-year male presented with a one-week history of asymptomatic single, flesh-pink patch with a raised margin over his left ventral forearm. On close examination, the margin of the lesion had multiple annularly arranged papules. Biopsy of lesion was done, and histopathology revealed numerous palisading granulomas in the dermis consistent with findings of localized GA. The patient was managed with once-daily external application high potent topical corticosteroids, which was used intermittently by the patient. However, the lesion showed spontaneous resolution in one month.

Conclusion: Identifying ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Vaccine-related adverse events following its first dose is paramount, as evidence of the proportion of local or systemic severe cutaneous adverse skin reaction (SCAR) on subsequent dosing is a paucity. A more extensive systematic review corroborating SCARs and safety profile following immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine prevails to be the need of the hour.
Tramadol Induced Ovarian and Uterine Changes in Albino Rats
Authors: Rathod Girish , Patil Somanath Reddy , Ahmed Md. Liyakat , Vijaykumar K.
Published: November 2021

Tramadol at the dose levels of 1mg and 3mg/100g body weight was administered to normal cycling rats for 20 days through intraperitoneal routes. At autopsy on 21st day significant reduction in the ovarian, uterine and body weight was observed. Histological observations showed decrease in the number and size of Graafian follicles, corpora lutea and increase in the atretic follicles in the ovary. The uterus showed absences of endometrial glands, decrease in the height of myometrium, endometrium and its epithelial cells. The total protein and glycogen content of the ovary and uterus is decreased whereas the cholesterol content is increased. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal gonadal axis is prominent regulator of reproductive activities in animals through neuro-endocrine regulation. In this study action of tramadol on ovary and uterine parameters is discussed.
Enhanced Access to Testing & Diagnosis & Hepatitis C Burden; A Public Health Intervention
Authors: Bhatti Shameem , Bhanbro Bakhtiar Ahmed , Kumar Pardeep , Ahuja Kanta , Qazi Mansoor , Bhatti Naseem Khatoon
Published: November 2021

Objective: To gauge the effect of increasing access to care and streamlining testing and diagnosis on hepatitis C burden (incidence of disease, rate (%) of complications, adverse events and mortality) in a rural population.

Methodology: This quasi-experimental research was conducted at Taluka Gambat (Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan) from August 2019 to January 2021. This public health intervention, comprised of establishing collection points, near healthcare centers in Gambat Taluka, that facilitated the sample collection, transport and testing of patient samples (for Hep C). The test results along with basic biodata, sociodemographic details, disease particulars, presenting signs and symptoms (and their duration), of consenting patients, were recorded onto a structured questionnaire and the data analyzed using SPSS. v. 21.0.

Results:  A total of 492 individuals were studied. The mean age of the sample was 32.5± 6.9 years with an age range of 18 to 65 years. Pre-Intervention (establishment of collection units) records showcased a lower frequency of cases being reported, which jumped to more than three-fold following provision of greater access to testing and diagnosis. The number of cases presenting with Hep C complications though, steadily declined (from 66.7% to 12.1% - p: < 0.05), and the mortality rate took a significant dive (33.3% to 0% - p: < 0.05). The incidence of diagnosed cases presenting with adverse outcomes (liver cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatic carcinoma) fell sharply, from 33% to 6.1% - p: < 0.05.

Conclusion: Enhanced access to care and streamlining testing and diagnosis, overtime reduced the disease burden associated with Hepatitis C, by identifying patients with the disease early before the disease progresses and leads to adverse events.
Impact of Probiotic (Saccharomyces Boulardii) Administration in Prevention and Management of Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammad Ilyas , Qureshi Rizwana , Bharo Mumtaz Ali , Syed Shahbat E Maryam , Rajput Aatir H. , Kazi Khalil Ahmed
Published: November 2021

Background: Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Though many treatment modalities exist, chronic diarrheal conditions demand a safer alternative modality (with lesser side effects) and thus, role of probiotics in prevention and management of chronic diarrhea merits exploration.

Objective: To study the impact of probiotic (Saccharomyces Boulardii) in prevention and management of chronic diarrhea.

Methodology: This experimental study comprised of a sample of 178 (chosen via non-probability, consecutive sampling) children aged 2 months to 12 years, presenting to the study setting with chronic diarrhea (from November 05, 2019, to May 04, 2020) to the Dept. of Pediatrics at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. After taking written consent, data was recorded onto a structured questionnaire containing inquiries about the socio-demographic details, diarrheal disease history, medication history and eventual treatment outcome. The study population was divided into 2 equal groups (S. Boulardii group & Control Group) of 89 each. The active treatment period was 5 days. All study participants were examined on day 0 (inclusion day) and followed up on day 3 and day 6 during active treatment phase and in the following month thereafter for observation. The data obtained was analyzed through SPSS version 20.

Results: The mean age of the sample stood at 6.5 (SD ± 1.5) years. Baseline characteristics such as mean age and the average frequency of stools were comparable in S. boulardii and control group at the time of inclusion in the trial. By day 3 it reduced to 2.8 and 4.4 stools per day respectively and by day 6 it reduced to 1.4 (S. boulardii Group) and 3.7 (control group). The duration of diarrhea was 3.2 days in S. boulardii group whereas it was 5.2 day in control group (P = 0.001). In the following month, S. boulardii group had a significantly lower frequency of 0.46 episodes as compared to 1.28 episodes in control group.

Conclusion: After careful consideration, it can be concluded that average frequency of stools is significantly reduced and brought down to normal in the S. boulardii group as compared to the control group The drug was well accepted and tolerated. There were no reports of the side effects during treatment period.
Intraocular Pressure Reduction and Complications Profile of Trabeculectomy with 5 Fluorouracil Versus Phaco-trabeculectomy with 5 Fluorouracil in Nigerian Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Ogunro Adunola , Nathaniel Godswill Inye
Published: November 2021

Aims: To evaluate the surgical outcome of combined phacoemulsification cataract surgery plus posterior chamber intraocular and trabeculectomy with adjunctive 5-Fluorouracil versus trabeculectomy with 5-Fluorouracil in the management of Primary open angle glaucoma.

Study Design: it was retrospective comparative interventional study

Place and Duration of Study: Glaucoma Unit, Eye foundation Hospital Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria between January 2015, and December 2017

Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of consecutive 29 eyes (29 patients) who had trabeculectomy with 5-Fluorouracil compared with 26 eyes (26 patients) who had combined phacotrabeculectomy with 5-Fluorouracil from 2015 to 2017. All patients had a minimum follow up of 3 months.

Results: The mean age of 54.48±14.42 years in Trabeculectomy group was significantly (p>0.001) lower than 70.76±7.22 years for the Phacotrabeculectomy group.  The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of glaucoma medication were similar for the two groups (19.86±9.63mmHg versus 22.23±8.99mmHg; 2.66±1.20 versus 2.73±0.72 medication, trabeculectomy versus phacotrabeculectomy respectively). The postoperative IOP and glaucoma medication after a mean follow up period of 17.11±9.81 months was not significantly different between the two groups (11.55±2.71mmHg versus 12.31±4.33mmHg, p=0.436 for trabeculectomy versus phacotrabeculectomy respectively). Both groups significantly required fewer number of antiglaucoma medication at final follow-up (1.14±0.92 vs 1.46±1.10, trabeculectomy vs phacotrabeculectomy. In the trabeculectomy group, 25 (86.2%) had IOP of ≤15mmHg with or without topical antiglaucoma drops. In the phacotrabeculectomy, 21 (80.76%) had IOP of ≤15mmHg with or without topical antiglaucoma medication (Qualified success).  On the other hand, 8 (27.58%) had IOP of ≤15mmHg without topical antiglaucoma medication at the end of the follow-up in the trabeculectomy (Complete success). In the phacotrabeculectomy group, 5 (19.23%) had final IOP of ≤15mmHg without topical antiglaucoma medication.

Few complications occurred in both groups.

Conclusion: Phacotrabeculectomy augmented with 5-Fluorouracil gave comparable surgical success to 5-Fluorouracil augmented trabeculectomy alone.
The military uses of Holyrood Park, Edinburgh in the First World War
Authors: Barclay Gordon J
Published: November 2021

This paper tells the story of the ephemeral and relatively fleeting use of Holyrood Park, Edinburgh between 1914 and 1919. The domestic life and training regime of the units who camped in the Park, in particular the 10th (Liverpool Scottish) King’s Regiment (Liverpool), is described using contemporary documents and photographs. The practice trenches and anti-invasion defences in the south-east corner of the Park are described, along with the large First World War infantry training camp, rediscovered during the research, in the grounds of Duddingston House. The paper also considers the interaction between the soldiery and the city, within the constraints imposed by paucity of evidence – with individuals and with the city’s civic life and its role in the war. Light is cast on socially conservative and morally judgemental views of the interaction between soldiers and young women – the ‘khaki fever’ of the early months of the war.
Whaling in Iron Age to post-medieval Scotland
Authors: Van den Hurk Youri , McGrath Krista
Published: November 2021

Cetacean remains have been recovered from archaeological sites all over Europe, but are especially abundant in Scotland. These remains originate from all periods and have often been worked into artefacts or tools, including chopping blocks, plaques, combs, pegs, snecks and perforated vertebral epiphyseal discs. It still remains unclear which species were exploited and to what extent active whaling was undertaken in the region. To address these questions Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) was undertaken on 35 cetacean specimens from five sites in Scotland (Jarlshof, Brough of Birsay, Quoygrew, Deerness and Freswick Links), dating from the Iron Age to the post-medieval period. Furthermore, morphological analysis was performed on the material in order to optimise the ZooMS identifications.

A large variety of species were identified, including high numbers of Balaenidae sp and Globicephalinae sp. Comparison with other ZooMS studies in north-western Europe revealed equally high specimen numbers for these species, but also fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), sperm whale (Phy-seter macrocephalus) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Moreover, one grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) was identified in the Scottish specimens, adding to an increasing number of specimens indicating that the grey whale was once abundant in European waters. Furthermore, only one specimen of the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) was identified, despite modern stranding data which suggests this is the most common large whale species in Scottish waters.

The large variety of species identified suggests that opportunistic scavenging was likely the primary method of acquiring cetaceans, though historical and ethnographic sources suggest that two distinct forms of active whaling may have occasionally been undertaken. The high number of Globicephalinae specimens from Jarlshof raise the possibility that drive-hunting might have already been undertaken at the site during the Iron Age.
Prelims
Authors: - -
Published: November 2021

Front matter for Volume 150

Table of Contents

List of abbreviations commonly used in the Proceedings

Editorial board for the Proceedings Vol 150

Society's Council from 30 November 2019

Patron and Honorary Fellows of the Society

Laws of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Cyclization Reactions of Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals
Authors: McCombie Stuart W. , Quiclet‐Sire Béatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: November 2021

The cyclization of nitrogen‐centered radicals constitutes a powerful approach for the synthesis of a broad variety of nitrogen heterocycles. As with carbon‐centered radicals, the most common ring‐closure mode is the 5‐
exo
cyclization onto an internal unsaturation, and the stereoselectivity is similar. Numerous methods for the generation of almost every type of nitrogen‐centered radical have been described. They involve the direct or indirect rupture of N–Y bonds, with Y = halogen (except fluorine), oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen. Indirect methods, such as the addition of carbon radicals to imines, azides, and nitriles, have also been devised. The extended choice of methods and precursors, and the general mildness of the experimental conditions and tolerance for numerous functional groups, represent valuable synthetic advantages. Furthermore, the cyclization step can be part of a radical cascade leading to multiple bond formations and the rapid construction of complex molecular frameworks.

This chapter describes the types, structures, and reactivity of nitrogen‐centered radicals, and details the mechanistic basis of the methods used to generate them. The methods include stannane‐based processes, oxidations and reductions by single‐electron transfer, thermolysis, electrolysis, photolysis, and photoredox catalysis. The factors that influence the stereoselectivity of the ring‐closures are discussed briefly. Applications to the total synthesis of natural products, as well as functional‐group compatibilities, reaction variants, and comparison to other methods for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles by ionic, organometallic, and uncatalyzed ring‐closures onto alkenes are also presented. The tabular surveys are organized according to the type of nitrogen‐centered radical involved in the cyclization step: aminyls, amidyls, carbamyls, iminyls, amidinyls, and other types of nitrogen‐centered radicals.
Customizable Microfluidic Origami Liver‐on‐a‐Chip (oLOC)
Authors: Xie Xin , Maharjan Sushila , Kelly Chastity , Liu Tian , Lang Robert J. , Alperin Roger , Sebastian Shikha , Bonilla Diana , Gandolfo Sakura , Boukataya Yasmine , Siadat Seyed Mohammad , Zhang Yu Shrike , Livermore Carol
Published: November 2021

The design and manufacture of an origami‐based liver‐on‐a‐chip device is presented, together with demonstrations of the chip's effectiveness at recapitulating some of the liver's key in vivo architecture, physical microenvironment, and functions. Laser‐cut layers of polyimide tape are folded together with polycarbonate nanoporous membranes to create a stack of three adjacent flow chambers separated by the membranes. Endothelial cells are seeded in the upper and lower flow chambers to simulate sinusoids, and hepatocytes are seeded in the middle flow chamber. Nutrients and metabolites flow through the simulated sinusoids and diffuse between the vascular pathways and the hepatocyte layers, mimicking physiological microcirculation. Studies of cell viability, metabolic functions, and hepatotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds show that the endothelialized liver‐on‐a‐chip model is conducive to maintaining hepatocyte functions and evaluation of the hepatotoxicity of drugs. The unique origami approach speeds chip development and optimization, effectively simplifying the laboratory‐scale fabrication of on‐chip models of human tissues without necessarily reducing their structural and functional sophistication.
Synthesis of Substituted 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐Naphthaldehydes by Rhodium‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Activation and Vinylene Transfer of Enaminones with Vinylene Carbonate
Authors: Liu Min , Yan Kelu , Wen Jiangwei , Liu Weihua , Wang Mingyu , Wang Lina , Wang Xiu
Published: November 2021

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C−H bond activation and vinylene transfer of enaminones with vinylene carbonate have been proposed for the synthesis of substituted 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthaldehydes in 49–84% yields. Several preliminary mechanistic studies and hydroxyl‐directed derivatization reactions of 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthaldehydes were also performed. This method offers an alternative approach for the synthesis of 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthaldehydes.

magnified image
In Vivo Cellular‐Level 3D Imaging of Peripheral Nerves Using a Dual‐Focusing Technique for Intra‐Neural Interface Implantation
Authors: Lee Min Woo , Jang Namseon , Choi Nara , Yang Sungwook , Jeong Jinwoo , Nam Hyeong Soo , Oh Sang‐Rok , Kim Keehoon , Hwang Donghyun
Published: November 2021

In vivo volumetric imaging of the microstructural changes of peripheral nerves with an inserted electrode could be key for solving the chronic implantation failure of an intra‐neural interface necessary to provide amputated patients with natural motion and sensation. Thus far, no imaging devices can provide a cellular‐level three‐dimensional (3D) structural images of a peripheral nerve in vivo. In this study, an optical coherence tomography‐based peripheral nerve imaging platform that employs a newly proposed depth of focus extension technique is reported. A point spread function with the finest transverse resolution of 1.27 µm enables the cellular‐level volumetric visualization of the metal wire and microstructural changes in a rat sciatic nerve with the metal wire inserted in vivo. Further, the feasibility of applying the imaging platform to large animals for a preclinical study is confirmed through in vivo rabbit sciatic nerve imaging. It is expected that new possibilities for the successful chronic implantation of an intra‐neural interface will open up by providing the 3D microstructural changes of nerves around the inserted electrode.
In Situ Fabricated Quasi‐Solid Polymer Electrolyte for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium Metal Battery Capable of Subzero Operation
Authors: Yu Jing , Lin Xidong , Liu Jiapeng , Yu Jacky T. T. , Robson Matthew J. , Zhou Guodong , Law Ho M. , Wang Haoran , Tang Ben Zhong , Ciucci Francesco
Published: December 2021

Solid‐state batteries (SSBs) are an emerging technology for safe and high‐energy‐density electrochemical energy storage. Unfortunately, SSBs suffer from inadequate ionic conductivity and sluggish interfacial transport at subzero temperatures, which limit their widespread application. Herein, a flexible, stable, and highly conductive quasi‐solid polymer electrolyte (QSPE) for SSBs is developed that allows low‐temperature (LT) operation. The in situ polymerized QSPE has an integrated battery structure, outstanding ionic conductivity (e.g., 1.0 mS cm−1 at −30 °C), and exhibits favorable compatibility with Li metal (>2000 h in Li|QSPE|Li). Li|QSPE|LiFePO4 and high‐voltage Li|QSPE|LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 batteries demonstrate excellent long‐term stability (>2000 cycles at room temperature) and can operate effectively at LT (e.g., −30 °C). Furthermore, pouch cells with a LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (14.5 mg cm−2) cathode show flexibility, safety, and high capacity. The high performance of this QSPE is ascribed to its unique multilayer solvation structure that provides fast Li+ transport and excellent interfacial stability. Thus, the newly developed electrolyte chemistry enables practical high‐voltage, LT solid‐state Li batteries.
Orthopedic considerations and surgical outcomes in Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Authors: Yonko Elizabeth A. , LoTurco Holly M. , Carter Erin M. , Raggio Cathleen L.
Published: November 2021

The Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders with varying physical manifestations. There are no clear guidelines for addressing orthopedic concerns or reporting surgical outcomes in this population. This article reviews the literature, reports on a new study, and offers considerations prior to surgical intervention. The new study seeks to determine the effectiveness of surgical intervention in individuals with EDS. It is a retrospective chart review of 154 individuals clinically diagnosed with EDS who had orthopedic surgery >2 years ago at Hospital for Special Surgery. A total of 120 individuals were included in the study. One hundred eleven females and 9 males underwent a total of 320 orthopedic surgeries, of which 204 surgeries had available post‐operative follow‐up. The average age at surgery was 38.2 years (range: 7.6–83.3). Multiple post‐operative complications (290) were reported in 91% of cases. Common complications were persistent pain/discomfort (45), continued subluxation/dislocation (20), instability (19), pain/discomfort from hardware (17), and infection (16). Our results suggest that surgical outcomes are worse for individuals with EDS compared to the general population, a finding which is similar to other studies. Complications occurred more frequently in the EDS population than the average population, suggesting that surgery should be undertaken by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians with careful pre‐operative planning and full knowledge of the risks and benefits. Guidelines for the care of this unique population must be established.
Antioxidant activities of solid‐state fermentation derived proteins and peptides from heat‐stabilized defatted rice bran
Authors: Bisly Ali A. , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Kumar T. K. S. , Lay Jackson O.
Published: November 2021

The response surface methodology was used to optimize the effect of three parameters, Bacillus subtilis (natto) Takahashi inoculum log (5–7 log CFU/g HDRB), initial water content (25%–45% w/v), and fermentation time (24–72 h), as independent variables on the extraction of the maximum water‐soluble proteins and peptides (WSPP) from heat‐stabilized defatted rice bran (HDRB). The optimum conditions were achieved by fitting the second‐order polynomial equation. The result showed that all the factors, initial water content, inoculum log, and fermentation time, were critical in extracting WSPP from HDRB. The predicted optimum conditions for highest amount of WSPP extracted were 40.96% w/v water content, 6.27 log CFU/g HDRB inoculum log, and 61.01 h fermentation time. Under these optimized conditions of solid‐state fermentation (SSF), 64.6% ± 0.7% of total protein in HDRB was extracted as WSPP which was closer to the predicted value of 63.3%. While the WSPP extracted from nonfermented HDRB was 20.6%. The majority of the WSPP from SSF‐HDRB had MW <5 kDa. The WSPP from SSF‐HDRB showed significant radical scavenging activities (56%, 44.4%, and 84.5%) in comparison to that from HDRB (12.5%, 9.3%, and 35.5%), of free radical (DPPH), superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The SSF method is an efficient method to extract proteins and hydrolysates from HDRB and can find application as an ingredient in suitable products. Furthermore, the higher antioxidant activity is indicative of its potential function in controlling the oxidative stability in food products.
Anatomy and development of skull–neck boundary structures in the skeleton of the extant crocodylianAlligator mississippiensis
Authors: Korneisel Dana E. , Vice Rebekah , Maddin Hillary C.
Published: November 2021

A system‐by‐system approach dominates morphological and evolutionary study; however, some structures that are better understood within the context of an interface between two systems or traditional units remain less well understood. As part of a larger goal to clarify aspects of skull–neck boundary evolution, we herein describe the morphology and development of the occiput and atlas–axis complex in the crocodylianAlligator mississippiensis. We apply micro‐computed tomography scanning, clearing and double staining, and histological analyses to skull–neck boundary structures at three stages of development (embryonic stage 22, 23, and hatchling). Regions of ossification that could possibly pertain to a postparietal were found adjacent to the parietal bone and supraoccipital; however, these were not deemed convincing and are considered part of the supraoccipital. Within the atlas–axis complex, the proatlas appears as two discrete cartilaginous elements in Stage 22 that ossify together at Stage 23. Posterior to the proatlas, the atlas–axis complex is composed of two centra, each with cervical ribs ventrally and neural arches dorsally that begin ossifying at Stage 23. Histology and clearing and staining of Stages 22 and 23 embryos reveal a discrete atlas intercentrum applied to the ventral part of the occipital condyle of the skull. Posterior to this is a cartilage that appears to be a co‐chondrified atlas pleurocentrum, axis intercentrum, and axis pleurocentrum. Ossification of this cartilaginous structure produces discrete atlas inter‐ and pleurocentra, as well as a singular axis centrum. Together these data are discussed with reference to clarifying historical discrepancies concerning elements at the crocodylian skull–neck boundary.
One‐pot Multienzyme (OPME) Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Brain Ganglioside Glycans with Human ST3GAL II Expressed in E. coli
Authors: Yang Xiaoxiao , Yu Hai , Yang Xiaohong , Singh Kooner Anoopjit , Yuan Yue , Luu Bryant , Chen Xi
Published: November 2021

A human sialyltransferase ST3GAL II (hST3GAL II) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli as an active soluble fusion protein with an N‐terminal maltose‐binding protein (MBP) and a C‐terminal hexa‐histidine tag. It was used as an efficient catalyst in a one‐pot multienzyme (OPME) sialylation system for high‐yield production of the glycans of ganglioside GM1b and highly sialylated brain gangliosides GD1a and GT1b. Further sialylation of GM1b and GD1a glycans using a bacterial α2–8‐sialyltransferase in another OPME sialylation reaction led to the formation of the glycans of GD1c and brain ganglioside GT1a, respectively. The lower reverse glycosylation activity of the recombinant hST3GAL II compared to its bacterial sialyltransferase counterpart simplifies the handling of enzymatic synthetic reactions and has an advantage for future use in automated chemoenzymatic synthetic processes.
Water‐soluble Polyacrylate Copolymers as Green Binders of Graphite Anodes for High‐energy Density Lithium‐ion Pouch Cells with Enhanced Electrochemical and Safety Performance
Authors: Cui Yan , Chen Jiahui , Ma Zhen , Xue Jianjun , Xu Hanliang , Nan Junmin
Published: November 2021

Water‐soluble polyacrylate copolymers are developed as green functional binders of graphite anode to improve the performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Using five basic binders, it is demonstrated that the graphite plate with the alkanol acrylate crosslinker (type U20)‐acrylic acid/acrylate copolymer (type LA138) composite binder (marked as Binder B) exhibits larger adhesive force, higher compaction density, and better electrolyte adsorption capacity compared to other plates with aqueous binders. In particular, the electrochemical performance of the batteries with Binder B is enhanced both at room temperature and low temperature, and retention capacity of 82.8 % at 1 C and 25 °C after 930 cycles and 91.3 % at 0.5 C and 0 °C are obtained. In addition, the batteries with Binder B also exhibit enhanced safety and heat stability. The enhanced performance is attributed to the good chemical stability of polyacrylate copolymers and unique film‐forming properties. These results indicate that the graphite anode with aqueous Binder B has promising prospects for practical application, and it also provides a reference for solving the poor low‐temperature performance of graphite anodes.
Missing Member in the MIIMIIISi4N7 Compound Class: Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation Synthesis Reveal Substitution of Nitrogen by Carbon and Oxygen in CaLu[Si4N7–2xCxOx]:Eu2+/Ce3+ (x≈0.3)
Authors: Gamperl Lisa , Zeman Otto E. O. , Strobel Philipp , Schmidt Peter J. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

The nitridosilicate CaLu[Si4N7–2xCxOx] (x≈0.3) was synthesized by carbothermal reduction and nitridation starting from CaH2, Lu2O3, graphite and amorphous Si3N4 at 1550 °C in a radiofrequency furnace. CaLu[Si4N7–2xCxOx] (x≈0.3) crystallizes isotypically to many previously known MIIMIIISi4N7 compounds in the space group P63mc, as was confirmed by Rietveld refinement based on powder X‐ray diffraction data. Incorporation of carbon into the crystal structure as a result of the carbothermal synthesis route was confirmed by 13C and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy. For the first time in the MIIMIIISi4N7 compound class, complementary EDX measurements suggest that simultaneous incorporation of oxygen compensates for the negative charge excess induced by carbon, resulting in an adjusted sum formula, CaLu[Si4N7–2xCxOx] (x≈0.3). When excited with UV‐to‐blue light, CaLu[Si4N7–2xCxOx] (x≈0.3) shows an emission maximum in the blue spectral region (λem=484 nm; fwhm=4531 cm−1) upon doping with Ce3+, whereas Eu2+‐doped CaLu[Si4N7–2xCxOx] (x≈0.3) exhibits a yellow‐green emission (λem=546 nm; fwhm=3999 cm−1).
Validation of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology and the diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology for submandibular gland lesions
Authors: Reerds Sam T.H. , van Engen‐van Grunsven Adriana C.H. , van den Hoogen Frank J.A. , Takes Robert P. , Marres Henri A.M. , Honings Jimmie
Published: November 2021

Background

The Milan System for Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) is a categorical system for salivary gland fine‐needle aspiration cytopathology (FNAC) developed to aid clinicians in the management of salivary gland lesions. This classification is widely studied and validated, especially in cohorts that consist of mostly parotid gland lesions. However, only sparse literature describes the use of this classification for submandibular gland lesions in particular.

Methods

All patients in the Netherlands that underwent a submandibular gland resection between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2017, with a FNAC before resection were identified with the use of the Dutch Pathology Registry database (PALGA). All FNAC results were retrospectively classified according to the MSRSGC. The risk of malignancy was calculated for all the MSRSGC categories. The sensitivity and specificity of the MSRSGC classification were calculated for submandibular gland FNAC.

Results

A total of 837 patients who underwent 975 FNAC aspirates from the submandibular glands were included in the analysis. Risks of malignancy for each of the MSRSGC categories were 14.4% in nondiagnostic, 4.4% in nonneoplastic, 37.0% in atypia of unknown significance, 3.9% in benign neoplasms, 40.7% in salivary gland neoplasms of unknown malignant potential, 76.2% in suspected malignant, and 91.3% in malignant cytology results. The sensitivity for diagnosing malignant submandibular gland tumors was 71.6% and specificity was 98.4%.

Conclusions

The results of the present study validate the use of this classification for submandibular gland lesions. Risks of malignancy vary according to the anatomical subsites of the salivary gland lesions.

Lay Summary

The risks of malignancy of the various Milan System for Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) categories vary according to the anatomical subsite of the salivary gland lesion.

The proposed management techniques of the MSRSGC are valid for use with submandibular gland lesions.
RAS mutation and associated risk of malignancy in the thyroid gland: An FNA study with cytology‐histology correlation
Authors: Gilani Syed M. , Abi‐Raad Rita , Garritano James , Cai Guoping , Prasad Manju L. , Adeniran Adebowale J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Activating point mutations of the RAS gene (NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS) can be seen in benign and malignant thyroid tumors; among these, NRAS mutations are more commonly seen. This study was conducted to evaluate the thyroid risk of malignancy (ROM) associated with RAS mutations in thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) at the authors' institution.

Methods

The authors searched their electronic database system between January 2015 and May 2021 for thyroid FNA cases with any type of RAS mutation. Molecular alterations were identified with the ThyroSeq Genomic Classifier, ThyGeNEXT (thyroid oncogene panel)/ThyraMIR (miRNA classifier), or ThyroSure gene panel.

Results

A total of 127 cases (age, 51 ± 14 years; 100 females and 27 males) were identified, and 72 had histologic follow‐up. The overall ROM associated with RAS mutations (with or without any other molecular alterations) was 29%, whereas the ROM was lower (18%) with RAS mutations only. Isolated NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS mutation–associated ROMs were 15%, 27%, and 14%, respectively. Among these RAS‐mutated cases, the cases with a Bethesda category IV cytologic diagnosis had a higher ROM than the cases with a category III diagnosis (38% vs 17%). Twenty‐one histologically confirmed malignant cases were mostly classified on cytology as category IV lesions (14 of 34; 41%), and the remainder were either category III (6 of 35; 17%) or V lesions (1 of 1; 100%).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the overall RAS mutation–associated ROM in thyroid FNA was intermediate (29%), and isolated HRAS mutations appeared to have a higher ROM (27%) than NRAS and KRAS mutations (15% and 14%, respectively).