bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain‐associated innate leukocytes display diverse inflammatory states following experimental stroke
Authors: Wanrooy Brooke J , Wen Shu Wen , Shim Raymond , Wilson Jenny L , Prame Kumar Kathryn , Wong Connie HY
Published: June 2022

Previous studies investigating innate leukocyte recruitment into the brain after cerebral ischemia have shown conflicting results. Using distinct cell surface and intracellular markers, the current study evaluated the contributions of innate immune cells to the poststroke brain following 1‐h middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) or permanent MCAO (pMCAO), and assessed whether these cells ascribed to an inflammatory state. Moreover, we examined whether there is evidence for leukocyte infiltration into the contralateral (CL) hemisphere despite the absence of stroke infarct. We observed the recruitment of peripheral neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages into the hemisphere ipsilateral (IL) to the ischemic brain infarct at 24 and 96 h following both tMCAO and pMCAO. In addition, we found evidence of increased leukocyte recruitment to the CL hemisphere but to a lesser extent than the IL hemisphere after stroke. Robust production of intracellular cytokines in the innate immune cell types examined was most evident at 24 h after pMCAO. Specifically, brain‐associated neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages demonstrated stroke‐induced production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β, while only monocytes and macrophages exhibit a significant expression of arginase 1 (Arg1) after stroke. At 96 h after stroke, brain‐resident microglia demonstrated production of TNF‐α and IL‐1β following both tMCAO and pMCAO. At this later timepoint, neutrophils displayed TNF‐α production and brain‐associated macrophages exhibited elevation of IL‐1β and Arg1 after tMCAO. Further, pMCAO induced significant expression of Arg1 and IL‐1β in monocytes and macrophages at 96 h, respectively. These results revealed that brain‐associated innate immune cells display various stroke‐induced inflammatory states that are dependent on the experimental stroke setting.
Effects of nitrogen and water stress on the rehydration, endogenous hormonal regulation and yield of maize
Authors: Chi Yu Xin , Ahmad Shakeel , Yang Ke Jun , Fu Jian , Yang Li , Zhou Xun Bo , Zhu Hong De
Published: June 2022

Water scarcity is known to be a strong limiting factor affecting maize grown and yield in cold semi‐arid regions. Numerous studies have shown that rehydration improves maize growth. Our study aimed to explore the effects of rehydration treatments on maize growth and yield under water and nitrogen stress during different growth stages. We selected the drought‐tolerant maize variety Nendan 19 (ND19) and subjected it to water stress during the V6 (sixth‐leaf), R2 (filling) and R6 (maturity) growth stages and a rehydration treatment after each stress stage. Our results indicated that N1 (N100 kg N ha−1) and N3 (N300 kg N ha−1) treatments significantly increased the leaf moisture status relative to water content (RWC), bound water content (BWC), free water content (FWC) and water potential (WP)) at different growth stages. Similar trends were observed in the accumulation of plant leaf and root hormones (zeatin+zeatin riboside, indole‐3‐acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid), photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, under the same water stress conditions, they decreased as the N rate increased and reached a minimum value in the S3 (water stress for N3) treatments. In addition, with growth stage advancement and extension of the rehydration time, both showed a gradual upward trend. The results showed that to save water resources in the cold semi‐arid region, rehydration treatments (R2S1 and R2S3) significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf moisture status, biomass, 100‐grain weight, hormone content, ear characteristics and grain yield of maize.
Structure and crystallization behavior of complex mold flux glasses in the system CaO‐Na2O‐Li2O‐CaF2‐B2O3‐SiO2: A multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopic study
Authors: Yeo Tae‐min , Cho Jung‐Wook , Hung Ivan , Gan Zhehong , Sen Sabyasachi
Published: June 2022

The structure of mold flux glasses in the system CaO‐(Na,Li)2O‐SiO2‐CaF2 with unusually high modifier contents, stabilized by the addition of ∼4 mol% B2O3, is studied using 7Li, 23Na, 19F, 11B, and 29Si magic‐angle‐spinning (MAS), and 7Li{19F} and 23Na{19F} rotational echo double‐resonance (REDOR) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. When taken together, the spectroscopic results indicate that the structure of these glasses consists primarily of dimeric [Si2O7]−6 units that are linked to the (Ca,Na,Li)‐O coordination polyhedra, and are interspersed with chains of corner‐shared BO3 units. The F atoms in the structure are exclusively bonded to Ca atoms, forming Ca(O,F)n coordination polyhedra. This structural scenario is shown to be consistent with the crystallization of cuspidine (3CaO·2SiO2·CaF2) from the parent melts on slow supercooling. The progressive addition of Li to a Na‐containing base composition results in a corresponding increase in the undercooling required for the nucleation of cuspidine in the melt, which is attributed to the frustrated local structure caused by the mixing of alkali ions.
Hidden in plain sight: migration routes of the elusive Anadyr bar‐tailed godwit revealed by satellite tracking
Authors: Chan Ying‐Chi , Tibbitts T. Lee , Dorofeev Dmitry , Hassell Chris J. , Piersma Theunis
Published: June 2022

Satellite and GPS tracking technology continues to reveal new migration patterns of birds which enables comparative studies of migration strategies and distributional information useful in conservation. Bar‐tailed godwits in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway Limosa lapponica baueri and L. l. menzbieri are known for their long non‐stop flights, however these populations are in steep decline. A third subspecies in this flyway, L. l. anadyrensis, breeds in the Anadyr River basin, Chukotka, Russia, and is morphologically distinct from menzbieri and baueri based on comparison of museum specimens collected from breeding areas. However, the non‐breeding distribution, migration route and population size of anadyrensis are entirely unknown. Among 24 female bar‐tailed godwits tracked in 2015–2018 from northwest Australia, the main non‐breeding area for menzbieri, two birds migrated further east than the rest to breed in the Anadyr River basin, i.e. they belonged to the anadyrensis subspecies. During pre‐breeding migration, all birds staged in the Yellow Sea and then flew to the breeding grounds in the eastern Russian Arctic. After breeding, these two birds migrated southwestward to stage in Russia on the Kamchatka Peninsula and on Sakhalin Island en route to the Yellow Sea. This contrasts with the other 22 tracked godwits that followed the previously described route of menzbieri, i.e. they all migrated northwards to stage in the New Siberian Islands before turning south towards the Yellow Sea, and onwards to northwest Australia. Since the Kamchatka Peninsula was not used by any of the tracked menzbieri birds, the 4500 godwits counted in the Khairusova–Belogolovaya estuary in western Kamchatka may well be anadyrensis. Comparing migration patterns across the three bar‐tailed godwits subspecies, the migration strategy of anadyrensis lies between that of menzbieri and baueri. Future investigations combining migration tracks with genomic data could reveal how differences in migration routines are evolved and maintained.
Improving access to imaging availability in otology clinic
Authors: McLeod Megan , Cass Nathan , Bennett Marc
Published: June 2022

Rationale

Radiologic imaging is an essential component in the workup of many patients with neuro‐otologic conditions. However, patients often present for consultation with a neurotologist without the imaging that they have already undergone as part of their workup by a referring clinician. This disconnect causes frustration for clinicians and possible delays in care for patients. Anecdotally, clinicians felt that patients who had contact with clinic coordinators before their appointment were more likely to have their prior imaging available for review at the time of their initial consultation.

Aims and Objectives

We aimed to increase the rate at which new patients brought their prior imaging to their initial consultation to at least 80% by improving previsit communication with patients and referring providers.

Methods

Key stakeholders identified pain points in the flow of information from patients' outside facility workups. We then used the Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act quality improvement framework to develop, implement and iterate on two interventions intended to improve communication with patients, referring clinics and outside imaging centres. Chart review was used to assess the proportion of patients with imaging available for review at the time of initial consultation and a short satisfaction survey was sent to attending neurotologists in the pre and postintervention periods.

Results

Before any interventions, 56.5% of typical new patients who reported having prior imaging had that imaging available for review at the time of their initial consultation. Following our interventions, this percentage increased to 73.5% and then 80.9% of new patients, respectively. Additionally, physicians reported improved satisfaction in several areas and spent less time reviewing imaging outside of clinic visits after our interventions.

Conclusions

Improved communication and tracking of image receipt in clinics receiving many referrals saves physicians' time, reduces frustration and cuts down on the overall administrative burden following patients' appointments.
Carp edema virus infection associated gill pathobiome: A case report
Authors: Palíková Miroslava , Pojezdal Ľubomír , Dávidová‐Geržová Lenka , Nováková Věra , Pikula Jiří , Papežíková Ivana , Minářová Hana , Mikulíková Ivana , Dyková Iva
Published: June 2022

Understanding disease aetiology and pathologic mechanisms is essential for fish health evaluation. Carp edema virus (CEV) is the causative agent of a disease (CEVD) responsible for high mortality rates in both wild and cultured common carp Cyprinus carpio. Inspection of two carp specimens from a pond with high fish mortality revealed CEV infection in both the host and its ectoparasite (Argulus foliaceus). In addition to flavobacteria, well known to be associated with gill lesions, we found that free‐living eukaryotes (amoebae and ciliates) and a temporary parasite (Ichthyobodo spp.) colonizing the gills may also contribute to alterations in gill structure and/or function, either directly, through firm (Ichthyobodo) or weak (amoebae) attachment of trophozoites to the gill epithelium, or indirectly, through carriage of pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial assemblages rich in families and genera, with predominance of Cetobacterium spp. in low‐intensity alteration of the gill tissue and of Flavobacterium spp. in gills with extensive necrotic lesions, were detected in gills and within the cytoplasm of associated amoebae using high‐throughput sequencing. Quantitative PCR indicated F. swingsii as the prevailing flavobacterial species within amoebae from less affected gills and F. psychrophilum within amoebae from extensively affected gills. This case study suggests that eukaryotic organisms as part of the gill pathobiome may also contribute to irreversible gill lesions seen in CEVD. Emphasizing the complexity of mutual relationships between bacterial assemblages and eukaryotic co‐pathogens, further studies regarding factors that trigger pathology and influence severity in the CEV‐positive carp are needed.
Rest‐activity rhythms and cognitive impairment and dementia in older women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Xiao Qian , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Rapp Stephen R. , Stone Katie L. , Yaffe Kristin , Sampson Joshua N. , Chen Jiu‐Chiuan , Hayden Kathleen M. , Henderson Victor W. , LaCroix Andrea Z.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Growing evidence suggests that impairment in rest‐activity rhythms may be a risk factor for cognitive decline and impairment in the aging population. However, previous studies included only a limited set of rest‐activity metrics and produced mixed findings. We studied a comprehensive set of parametric and nonparametric characteristics of rest‐activity rhythms in relation to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable dementia in a cohort of older women.

Methods

The prospective analysis included 763 women enrolled in two ancillary studies of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI): the WHI Memory Study‐Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes and Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health studies. The association between accelerometry‐based rest‐activity parameters and centrally adjudicated MCI and probable dementia were determined using Cox regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities.

Results

Overall, the results support a prospective association between weakened rest‐activity rhythms (e.g., reduced amplitude and overall rhythmicity) and adverse cognitive outcomes. Specifically, reduced overall rhythmicity (pseudo F statistic), lower amplitude and activity level (amplitude/relative amplitude, mesor, and activity level during active periods of the day [M10]), and later activity timing (acrophase and midpoint of M10) were associated with a higher risk for MCI and probable dementia. Women with lower amplitude and mesor also exhibited faster cognitive decline over follow‐up.

Conclusion

Weakened rest‐activity rhythms may be predictive markers for cognitive decline, MCI, and dementia among older women.
Pigmentation control in pregnancy‐induced melasma: Clinical assessment of a non‐hydroquinone, non‐retinol pigment‐correcting serum
Authors: Makino Elizabeth T. , Jiang Lily I. , Stephens Thomas J. , Mikati Mouna , Mehta Rahul C.
Published: June 2022

Background

Melasma is an acquired disorder that results in irregular brown patches on the skin that can occur due to hormonal changes. Although pregnancy‐induced melasma is usually temporary, it can become a chronic condition, with significant negative impact on quality of life (QoL).

Aims

Determine the efficacy and tolerability of a topical, non‐hydroquinone, non‐retinol pigment‐correcting serum (LYT2) for the treatment of pregnancy‐induced melasma.

Methods

This 12‐week, single‐center clinical trial enrolled 34 non‐pregnant women who developed mild to severe facial melasma following a previous pregnancy (mean age, 42 years). LYT2 was applied twice daily to facial skin for 12 weeks in addition to a basic skincare regimen. Outcomes included changes from baseline in skin physiology parameters, such as brightness (L*), using objective digital image analysis, investigator‐rated Overall Hyperpigmentation scale, Global Improvement, and Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), as well as subject‐assessed Melasma Quality of Life Scale. Subjects also completed a questionnaire on self‐perceived efficacy and attributes of the study product. Tolerability was assessed by the investigators (erythema, scaling, and edema) and subjects (burning/stinging and itching). Clinical assessments were conducted at baseline and Weeks 4, 8, and 12.

Results

LYT2 provided statistically significant reductions in overall hyperpigmentation scores as early as Week 4 (−5.8% change from baseline) and continued through Week 12 (−14.6% change from baseline; all p < 0.001). Significant improvements in MASI scores and QoL were also achieved following LYT2 treatment, which was well tolerated.

Conclusions

LYT2 represents a new efficacious alternative to hydroquinone‐based treatments for pregnancy‐induced melasma.
White Families' Communications About and Around Race: Conversations Between white Adolescents and Their Mothers
Authors: Cox Blair , Hughes Diane L. , Das Sohini , Brown JūLondré , Akles Madison , Blood Tessa , Keryc Caitlin , Martinez Ariadna Manzo , Way Niobe
Published: June 2022

Though there is substantial research on racial socialization in families of color, there is less on such socialization in white families. To investigate racial socialization in white families, the current study analyzed mixed‐methods data from 46 mother‐adolescent dyads. Though white parents and their adolescent children largely claimed to not talk about race, they in fact communicated about and around race through various strategies that in effect, maintained white privilege and failed to challenge systems of racial oppression. Very few families in our sample discussed racial discrimination or white privilege, and fewer rooted both at the systems level. Our results highlight situations that prompt conversations about race as well as the ways white families talk about and around race and white privilege.
Culturally adapting a parent psychoeducational intervention for Chinese immigrant families of young children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Xu Yue , Chen Feifei , Mirza Mansha , Magaña Sandy
Published: June 2022

Asian children with autism are underdiagnosed and underserved compared to White children in the United States. There is a critical need for culturally appropriate interventions addressing these health disparities. The current study aims to present the cultural adaptation process of an empirically supported parent education intervention, “Parents Taking Action” (PTA), for low‐income Chinese immigrant families of young children with autism. Six Chinese immigrant parents of children with autism and six providers serving this population were recruited to participate in two separate focus groups in a US Midwestern city. Focus group data were transcribed and then analyzed using deductive qualitative analysis. Two bilingual researchers coded the data independently using a predeveloped coding list. Parents provided insights on the intervention structure and contextual elements such as cultural stigma against autism while providers put more emphasis on content modification. Parents underscored the benefits of delivering the intervention in group format as opposed to one‐on‐one family visits. This preference for group delivery was based on contextual issues such as feeling isolated from extended family and community members who do not have much knowledge of autism. Parents and providers agreed that it is important to deliver the intervention in community settings instead of clinics to enhance accessibility. As we tested out the predeveloped coding list, we synthesized a process of integrating community input into modifications of the original intervention. To our knowledge, this is the first culturally adapted intervention targeting Chinese immigrant families of young children with autism. The lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions for Chinese immigrant families of children with autism is alarming given the fast growth of this population. The process of culturally adapting “PTA” for Chinese immigrant families of children with autism provides a roadmap on how to translate community input into steps of adaptations.
Hyperhidrosis in sleep disorders – A narrative review of mechanisms and clinical significance
Authors: Idiaquez Juan , Casar Juan Carlos , Arnardottir Erna S. , August Elias , Santin Julia , Iturriaga Rodrigo
Published: June 2022

Hyperhidrosis is characterized by excessive sweating beyond thermoregulatory needs that affects patients' quality of life. It results from an excessive stimulation of eccrine sweat glands in the skin by the sympathetic nervous system. Hyperhidrosis may be primary or secondary to an underlying cause. Nocturnal hyperhidrosis is associated with different sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement during sleep and narcolepsy. The major cause of the hyperhidrosis is sympathetic overactivity and, in the case of narcolepsy type 1, orexin deficiency may also contribute. In this narrative review, we will provide an outline of the possible mechanisms underlying sudomotor dysfunction and the resulting nocturnal hyperhidrosis in these different sleep disorders and explore its clinical relevance.
Instrumental texture assessment of IDDSI texture levels for dysphagia management. Part 2: Texture modified foods
Authors: Hadde Enrico Karsten , Prakash Sangeeta , Chen Wei , Chen Jianshe
Published: June 2022

Texture‐modified foods and thickened fluids play a major role in clinical treatment for individuals who suffer from swallowing difficulties (known as dysphagia). International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) developed a standardized terminology and description for texture‐modified foods and thickened fluids to allow dysphagia patients to receive the correct consistency of food/drink. While the IDDSI framework provides a consistent texture description (Levels 0–7) and is widely accepted as an international standard, testing and assessment of IDDSI texture level are qualitative in nature and subjective in manner. These methods were proposed primarily for use by frontline carers, but are not most ideal for industrial purposes of quality control of such products. Therefore, the main aim of this work was to develop a quantitative instrumental method that best describes IDDSI levels as an objective framework. A set of test samples, including commercially available instant mashed potato, baby rice cereal, and cooked potato cubes of varying texture, were prepared. Two IDDSI measuring techniques, fork pressure test and spoon tilt test, were used to evaluate texture grades of these samples. Puncture and compression tests based on texture analyzer were used to assess cohesiveness, adhesiveness, firmness, and hardness for each food category (Levels 4–7). Thresholds of cohesiveness and adhesiveness, as well as bands of acceptable firmness and hardness for each food category were clearly identified and are proposed as objective complements to the IDDSI framework.
Virulence plasmids in clinical isolates of Rhodococcus equi from sick foals in the Netherlands
Authors: Takai S. , Ohashi M. , Suzuki Y. , Sasaki Y. , Kakuda T. , Broens E.M. , Wagenaar J.A. , van Duijkeren E.
Published: June 2022

Clinical samples from 123 foals with suspected rhodococcosis submitted to the Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Centre of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine between 1993 and 2006 were tested for the presence of the virulence gene vapA. Of the 123 samples, 120 were vapA-positive and 3 vapA-negative Rhodococcus equi were isolated. The 120 vapA-positive R. equi were isolated from 70 tracheal wash, 19 lung tissues, 7 lymph nodes, 6 synovial fluids, 13 abscesses or pus and single isolates from the uterus, gut, cerebrospinal fluid, abdomen fluid and faeces. Of the 120 isolates, 46 were from Dutch warmblood horses, 23 from Friesian horses, 14 from Trotters, 4 from Holsteiners, 3 from Arab breed, 2 from ponies, 1 from a Welsh pony and 27 from undefined breed horses. Using plasmid profile analysis of the 120 isolates, 117 isolates contained the 85-kb type I plasmid, 2 contained the 87-kb type I plasmid and 1 contained the novel 52-kb non-mobilizable virulence plasmid reported recently. These results showed that the virulent R. equi strains harbouring a virulence plasmid of 85-kb type I or 87-kb type I, which have been detected in clinical isolates from five European countries, are widespread in the Netherlands. This is the first report of plasmid types of clinical R. equi isolates in the Netherlands.
Asymmetric character displacement in mixed oak stands
Authors: Du Fang K. , Qi Min , Zhang Yuan‐Ye , Petit Rémy J.
Published: June 2022

Ecological character displacement (ECD) refers to a pattern of increased divergence at sites where species ranges overlap caused by competition for resources. Although ECD is believed to be common, there are few in‐depth studies that clearly establish its existence, especially in plants.

Thus, we have compared leaf traits in allopatric and sympatric populations of two East Asian deciduous oaks: Quercus dentata and Quercus aliena. In contrast to previous studies, we define sympatry and allopatry at a local scale, thereby comparing populations that can or cannot directly interact.

Using genetic markers, we found greater genetic divergence between the two oak species growing in mixed stands and inferred that long‐term gene flow has predominantly occurred asymmetrically from the cold‐tolerant species (Q. dentata) to the warm‐demanding later colonizing species (Q. aliena). Analysis of leaf traits revealed greater divergence in mixed than in pure oak stands. This was mostly due to the later colonizing species being characterized by more resource‐conservative traits in the presence of the other species. Controlling for relevant environmental differences did not alter these conclusions.

These results suggest that asymmetric trait divergence can take place where species coexist, possibly due to the imbalance in demographic history of species resulting in asymmetric inter‐specific selection pressures.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice in oral cancer: A national survey on 150 dental hygienists
Authors: Leuci Stefania , Coppola Noemi , Viglione Anna Paola , Blasi Andrea , Ramaglia Luca , Cantile Tiziana , Mignogna Michele Davide
Published: June 2022

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore knowledge, practice, and attitude on oral cancer (OC) among a cohort of Italian dental hygienists, in consideration of their role in the field of early diagnosis.

Materials and Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 150 Italian dental hygienists was performed to assess the participant's knowledge, practice, and attitude on OC. Data were collected using a structured self‐administered questionnaire (through Google Forms). The questionnaire included four sections: sociodemographic information, disease knowledge, answers related to attitudes toward OC, and a questionnaire assessing the practice of dental hygienists on oral screening.

Results

Responses were received from 137 participants (83 women and 54 men). Overall, there is a good knowledge of the real risk factors among the participants (98.5%, 98.5%, and 94.2% regard smoking, alcohol, and HPV, respectively). The analysis related to the knowledge of non‐risk factors, oral potentially malignant disorders, and clinical features of OC showed more heterogeneous results. Only 60% considered university education to be adequate. The totality of dental hygienists considered continuing education necessary, but despite this, only half took updating courses. Finally, 90% performed intraoral screening visits, and 95% and 69% investigated smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively.

Conclusions

Our data showed the need to implement OC training courses by re‐evaluating pre‐ and post‐graduate training programs.
Allochthonous subsidies drive early recruitment of a subtropical foundation species
Authors: Leal Inês , Tremblay Réjean , Flores Augusto A. V.
Published: June 2022

Terrestrial nutrients flushed to sea via coastal runoff may provide a trophic subsidy to filter‐feeders, which might be particularly relevant in oligotrophic waters. In this study, we investigated how allochthonous subsidies might modulate the settlement dynamics of the mytilid Brachidontes solisianus, a space monopoliser in subtropical Brazilian shores. We used fatty acid trophic markers to identify the dietary subsidies to nearshore waters during wet and dry periods, and integrated them with key ecological drivers (temperature, rainfall) and physiological factors (nutritional status, size at settlement) acting on early life stages. Like other mytilids, for B. solisianus primary settlement can be followed by resuspension and reattachment (secondary settlement). A higher share of primary settlers may signal localized recruitment, while a larger contribution of secondary settlers would indicate increased migration rates. Through redundancy analyses we found that rainfall was correlated with 1) nearshore fatty acid trophic markers of land origin and 2) the frequency of primary settlers during the wet period, when the share of terrestrial inputs was also highest (13% of nearshore suspended matter). Conditions appeared favorable to localized recruitment through trophic settlement triggers, as settlement pulses of pelagic drifters followed heavy rains. Further, lipid analyses of pediveligers revealed that during the dry period these competent larvae selectively incorporated the essential 22:6ω3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into membrane phospholipids at the expense of reserve lipids, suggesting a dietary deficit. Secondary dispersal also prevailed, indicating that the chance for relocation through secondary migrations during dry periods is likely higher. Overall, our results suggest that coastal runoff leads to allochthonous trophic subsidies in the form of organic‐rich plumes which may strongly modulate the settlement rate and dispersal potential of B. solisianus. Subsidies from land to coastal waters may thus be critical for the stability of benthic communities in regions of low marine primary production.
Translating Mark Twain: The construction of America in 1950s China
Authors: Cao Qilin
Published: June 2022

Mark Twain’s (1835–1910) works were systematically translated into Chinese in the 1950s. In an age when translating foreign literature was overwhelmingly pro‐Soviet, such a systematic translation endeavor of one American writer’s works is unusual and thus warrants further investigation. Building on previous studies that have revealed some textual features in the translations of Mark Twain’s works, the current study continues to explore the translational mechanism underlying these textual features. Exemplified by Mark Twain’s case, this study considers criticism (piping; 批評) and self‐criticism (ziwo piping; 自我批評) as an organizational structure that sustained and ensured a homogenized way of interpreting and translating foreign literature in the 1950s. Imposed on the translation of Western critical realist literature as represented by translating Mark Twain, the translational criticism structure guaranteed political correctness in understanding critical realism in socialist China as not only a literary style but also a testimony to historical progress.
Hydroscapes, hydroscape plasticity and relationships to functional traits and mesophyll photosynthetic sensitivity to leaf water potential in Eucalyptus species
Authors: Salvi Amanda M. , Gosetti Sophia G. , Smith Duncan D. , Adams Mark A. , Givnish Thomas J. , McCulloh Katherine A.
Published: June 2022

The isohydric–anisohydric continuum describes the relative stringency of stomatal control of leaf water potential (ψleaf) during drought. Hydroscape area (HA)—the water potential landscape over which stomata regulate ψleaf—has emerged as a useful metric of the iso/anisohydric continuum because it is strongly linked to several hydraulic, photosynthetic and structural traits. Previous research on HA focused on broad ecological patterns involving several plant clades. Here we investigate the relationships between HA and climatic conditions and functional traits across ecologically diverse but closely related species while accounting for phylogeny. Across a macroclimatic moisture gradient, defined by the ratio of mean annual precipitation to mean annual pan evaporation (P/Ep), HA decreased with increased P/Ep across 10 Eucalyptus species. Greater anisohydry reflects lower turgor loss points and greater hydraulic safety, mirroring global patterns. Larger HA coincides with mesophyll photosynthetic capacity that is more sensitive to ψleaf. Hydroscapes exhibit little plasticity in response to variation in water supply, and the extent of plasticity does not vary with P/Ep of native habitats. These findings strengthen the case that HA is a useful metric for characterizing drought tolerance and water‐status regulation.
Impact of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in childhood and adolescence on quality of adulthood life: A case–control study
Authors: de Oliveira da Silva Priscila , Orlandini Gabrielli Mottes , Paz Alessandra , Dillenburg Caroline Siviero , Michalowski Mariana Bohns , Daudt Liane Esteves
Published: June 2022

Background

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is associated with late complications that can impair the quality of life (QoL) of patients for years after transplant. The purpose of the present study was to determine the difference in the QoL of adults that underwent allo‐HSCT in childhood and adolescence compared with not transplanted adults.

Methods

In this prospective case–control cross‐sectional study, we included patients aged ≥18 years that received an allo‐HSCT during childhood or adolescence and subsequently survived at least 2 years after transplantation. The control group consisted of blood donors matched for age and sex. QoL assessment was performed using the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) Health Survey, Portuguese version 2.

Results

Thirty‐four transplanted patients and controls were included. 58.8% were male, and the median age at transplant was 13.5 years (range, 4–17 years). The median follow‐up was 11.5 years (range, 2.0–23.0 years). The most common late effect was skeletally followed by endocrine complications. Patients with these late complications had the worst QOL in the following dimensions: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, and mental health. When compared to the control group, patients had a lower score in two dimensions: physical functioning and role physical.

Conclusions

Although skeletal and endocrine complications of transplant patients in childhood have an impact on physical functioning, most parameters of QoL of these patients in adulthood are similar to healthy individuals of the same age and gender. Early detection and long‐term monitoring of late complications can prevent impairment of the QoL.
Low disease incidence and cone bagging in Picea abies are associated with low genotypic diversity in Thekopsora areolata
Authors: Zhang Ke , Samils Berit , Kaitera Juha , Olson Åke
Published: June 2022

Thekopsora areolata infects pistillate cones of Picea spp. with monokaryotic basidiospores in the spring. Receptive monokaryotic hyphae in the cones are fertilized by monokaryotic spermatia in the summer, and dikaryotic aecia are produced in cones in late summer. Infected cones produce no fertile seeds, meaning the disease causes large reductions in seed production. To understand the seasonal variation of T. areolata genotypic diversity, 548 aecia from 55 infected cones were sampled from multiple seed orchards in 2015, 2019 and 2020. Cone bagging experiments were performed during two seasons to investigate the sexual reproduction of T. areolata. In addition to the published simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we developed 10 new polymorphic SSR markers to improve the resolution of population genetic analysis. Aecia were genotyped with 18 SSR markers in total. In 2015, when disease incidence was high in the seed orchards, the T. areolata populations had high genotypic diversity (H = 4.69). In 2019 and 2020, when disease incidence was low, the T. areolata populations had lower genotypic diversity (H = 3.88 and 3.85) and several cones were dominated by a single multilocus genotype. The genotypic diversity of T. areolata in a recently established seed orchard was exceptionally low (H = 2.01). Seven bagged cones that were infected produced either aecial primordia or aecia with lower diversity than exposed cones. The results indicate that cross‐fertilization is important for sexual reproduction and aecia formation of T. areolata, and genotypic diversity of T. areolata increased with higher disease prevalence.
Evaluation of image registration for measuring deformation fields in soft tissue mechanics
Authors: Lisický Ondřej , Avril Stéphane , Eydan Bastien , Pierrat Baptiste , Burša Jiří
Published: June 2022

High‐fidelity biomechanical models usually involve the mechanical characterisation of biological tissues using experimental methods based on optical measurements. In most experiments, strains are evaluated based on displacements of a few markers and represents an average within the region of interest (ROI). Full‐field measurements may improve description of non‐homogeneous materials such as soft tissues. The approach based on non‐rigid image registration is proposed and compared with standard digital image correlation (DIC) on a set of samples, including (i) complex heterogeneous deformations with sub‐pixel displacement, (ii) a typical uniaxial tension test of aorta, and (iii) an indentation test on skin. The possibility to extend the ROI to the whole sample and the exploitation of a natural tissue pattern represents the main assets of the proposed method whereas the results show similar accuracy as standard DIC when analysing sub‐pixel deformations. Therefore, displacement and strain fields measurement based on image registration is very promising to characterise heterogeneous specimens with irregular shapes and/or small dimensions, which are typical features of soft biological tissues.
Relationship between certain HLA alleles and the risk of cytomegalovirus reactivation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Prem Shruti , Remberger Mats , Alotaibi Ahmad , Lam Wilson , Law Arjun Datt , Kim Dennis (Dong Hwan) , Michelis Fotios V. , Al‐Shaibani Zeyad , Lipton Jeffrey Howard , Mattsson Jonas , Viswabandya Auro , Kumar Rajat , Ellison Cynthia
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Evidence is emerging to support an association between certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and the risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo‐HSCT). The primary aim of this study was to identify HLA alleles associated with resistance or susceptibility to CMV reactivation.

Methods

We studied 586 adults who underwent allo‐HSCT for high‐risk hematological malignancies. High‐resolution HLA typing data were available for recipients and donors. HLA class I and II alleles observed at a frequency of >5% in our population were included in the analysis. A CMV viremia level of more than 200 IU/ml on weekly monitoring was considered to be indicative of CMV reactivation.

Results

The median follow‐up time in surviving patients was 21 months (range 4–74 months). The cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation at 6 months in the entire cohort was 55% (95% confidence interval [CI] 50.8%–59.2%). Mismatched donors, increasing recipient age, occurrence of acute graft versus host disease and recipient CMV seropositivity were associated with an increased risk of CMV reactivation. HLA B*07:02 (hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.40–0.83) was associated with a decreased risk of CMV reactivation. Patients who developed CMV reactivation had a lower incidence of relapse, higher transplant‐related mortality (TRM) and lower overall survival (OS) than those without CMV reactivation. There was an adverse correlation of OS and TRM with increasing numbers of CMV reactivations.

Conclusion

We observed that HLA B*07:02 was associated with a decreased risk of CMV reactivation. CMV reactivation was associated with lower relapse post‐transplant, but this did not translate into a survival benefit due to higher TRM.

image
Cold‐adaptive evolution at the reproductive stage in Geng/japonica subspecies reveals the role of OsMAPK3 and OsLEA9
Authors: Lou Qijin , Guo Haifeng , Li Jin , Han Shichen , Khan Najeeb Ullah , Gu Yunsong , Zhao Weitong , Zhang Zhanying , Zhang Hongliang , Li Zichao , Li Jinjie
Published: June 2022

Cold stress at the reproductive stage severely affects the production and geographic distribution of rice. The Geng/japonica subpopulation gradually developed stronger cold adaptation than the Xian/indica subpopulation during the long‐term domestication of cultivated rice. However, the evolutionary path and natural alleles underlying the cold adaptability of intra‐Geng subspecies remain largely unknown. Here, we identified MITOGEN‐ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (OsMAPK3) and LATE EMBRYOGENESIS ABUNDANT PROTEIN 9 (OsLEA9) as two important regulators for the cold adaptation of Geng subspecies from a combination of transcriptome analysis and genome‐wide association study. Transgenic validation showed that OsMAPK3 and OsLEA9 confer cold tolerance at the reproductive stage. Selection and evolution analysis suggested that the Geng version of OsMAPK3 (OsMAPK3Geng) directly evolved from Chinese Oryza rufipogon III and was largely retained in high‐latitude and high‐altitude regions with low temperatures during domestication. Later, the functional nucleotide polymorphism (FNP‐776) in the Kunmingxiaobaigu and Lijiangxiaoheigu version of the OsLEA9 (OsLEA9KL) promoter originated from novel variation of intra‐Geng was selected and predominantly retained in temperate Geng to improve the adaptation of Geng together with OsMAPK3Geng to colder climatic conditions in high‐latitude areas. Breeding potential analysis suggested that pyramiding of OsMAPK3Geng and OsLEA9KL enhanced the cold tolerance of Geng and promotes the expansion of cultivated rice to colder regions. This study not only highlights the evolutionary path taken by the cold‐adaptive differentiation of intra‐Geng, but also provides new genetic resources for rice molecular breeding in low‐temperature areas.
Suspected benzodiazepine withdrawal‐associated seizures in 3 young dogs undergoing mechanical ventilation
Authors: Walton Rebecca A. L. , Enders Brittany D.
Published: June 2022

Objective

To describe new onset of generalized seizures in 3 young dogs following cessation of a benzodiazepine‐containing sedation protocol to facilitate mechanical ventilation (MV) for hypoxemia.

Series Summary

Three dogs under 5 months of age underwent MV due to severe hypoxemia. All 3 dogs were sedated with a constant rate infusion of benzodiazepines as part of their sedation protocol to facilitate MV. All 3 dogs had an acute onset of generalized seizures within 36 hours of sedation cessation and weaning from MV. All 3 dogs’ seizures were successfully managed with a slow, tapering course of benzodiazepines. One dog was additionally treated with levetiracetam at the time of initial seizure activity, which was discontinued 1 year following discharge and absence of ongoing seizure activity. All 3 dogs were discharged successfully with no reports of ongoing seizures or neurologic deficits after discharge.

New or Unique Information Provided

Young dogs managed with benzodiazepines to facilitate MV may have acute onset of generalized seizures following cessation, which can be successfully managed with short‐term benzodiazepine therapy. The 3 cases in this series demonstrated a positive outcome and were successfully managed following acute onset of generalized seizure activity post‐MV.
Emoji as Nonverbal Communication among Lecturer-Student Communication in Whatsapp Social Media Academic Group
Authors: Firdiani Alisha Ulfah , Kahar Rohayah
Published: June 2022

The increasing use of emoji in digital communication should benefit people who actually utilize them, especially when it comes to maintaining efficient communication between lecturers and students. Several studies on the use of WhatsApp emoji have been conducted, but little is known about the use of emoji by lecturers and students in their communication through WhatsApp conversation group. Using the Media Richness Theory proposed by Daft et al. (1987), this study aimed to explore the use of emoji between three lecturers and five students of the Master of Language in Digital Communication and Culture (MLCDC) program at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). By performing Thematic Analysis, the findings of the study revealed that the majority of participants favored using emoji over words since it helped to communicate and deepen feelings in the WhatsApp social media academic group. Furthermore, participants perceived emoji as nonverbal communication to replace words or sentences because it was easier, faster (saving time), and minimized ambiguity while talking with lecturers/students in WhatsApp social media academic groups. However, there are some drawbacks to emoji, such as the fact that it may have varied meanings depending on who sends the message and may not be appropriate for the WhatsApp social media academic group.
Optimal Design and Command Filtered Backstepping Control of Exoskeleton With Series Elastic Actuator
Authors: Zhou Cong , Li Cong , Song Yankui , Lei Yuan , Wang Jiaxu , Wang Cheng , Zeng Fujiang
Published: June 2022

The lower limb exoskeleton can improve mobility and safety during rehabilitation for human. However, most current exoskeleton systems are not capable of providing variable joint stiffness in response to changing external demands. In this paper, a knee exoskeleton based on the series elastic actuator (SEA) is designed for safe human-computer interaction. The structural dimensions of the exoskeleton actuation mechanism were optimized based on gait biomechanics to ensure stability and compactness. While maintaining the mechanism range of motion (ROM), this optimization ensures that less peak force is required during the gait cycle. However, the insertion of series elastic actuators inevitably brings new challenges for high precision control of the exoskeleton, such as the problems of modeling errors, compliance, friction, and external disturbances in the exoskeleton joint. To achieve high precision control of the exoskeleton, an extended disturbance observer (EDO) based command filtered backstepping control (CFBC) of the knee exoskeleton is developed. The effective observation of friction, external disturbances, and modeling errors in the system is obtained by the EDO. Compared with conventional backstepping control, the CFBC can not only solve the “explosion of complexity” problem through a command filter but also reduce filter errors by an error compensation mechanism. Based on the Lyapunov stability, all signals in the closed-loop system are semiglobal uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, comparison simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.
Exploring the influence of bismuth content on the electrochemical performance of aluminum anodes in Aluminum-air battery
Authors: Tan Haotian , Li Ying , Zhao Tianyu , Wang Faqiang , Zhao Qun , Xie Gang , Yu Xiaohua
Published: June 2022

Bi is one of important alloying elements in aluminum anode of alkaline battery. In this work, Al-Bi alloy used as anode material.And how to optimize the addition amount of Bi in aluminum anode was studied to improve the discharge performance of aluminum anode. Using 4 mol/L−1 NaOH solution as electrolyte, the electrochemical properties of Aluminum anode Al-xBi (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0wt%) with different Bi content were studied. The results show that the addition of Bi will destroy the passivation film on the surface of aluminum alloy, making the reaction further. The addition of Bi element has the effect of refining grain and homogenizing microstructure, and reduces the solution resistance and polarization resistance during discharge to a certain extent. Under the condition of 4 mol/L-1 NaOH solution as the electrolyte, Al-0.8Bi anode plate has better corrosion resistance and electrode activity compatibility.