bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Adherence to Standard Operating Procedures of Covid-19 among Market Vendors in Sironko District
Authors: Kudamba Ali , Walusansa Abdul , Ssenku Jamil E. , Okurut Shaban A. , Namagembe Habib , Nakitende Sumayah , Mubajje Muhamad Shaban , Kafero Hussein Mukasa
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Coronavirus disease is one of leading causes of deaths in recent times that has surpassed cardiovascular and other respiratory diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) setup Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that have been adopted by the different governments to curtail its spread. Nonetheless, information on the adherence to the SOPs amongst market vendors is not well elucidated. Moreover, markets are centers of convergence of many people which increases the risks of community transmission. Therefore, our study, investigated the extent of the adherence to the SOPs amongst market vendors in Sironko district.

Methodology:  A quantitative study with cross-sectional design was adopted with a sample size of 221 randomly selected participants. Pretested structured questionnaires were used in the data collection. Categorical data was presented in tables and graphs with frequency (%). Pearson’s Chi-square (X2) was used to examine the statistical significance of our results.  The analysis was done by using the statistical software MedCalc version 20.0008. All the analyses were done at 95% level of significance and a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 221 participants were involved: 126, 57 % female, 80, 36% aged between 31-40 years and 158, 72% married.  Fever, dry cough, chest pain, arches & pain loss of speech & movements were the most reported signs and symptoms of COVID-19 (p<0.0001). Most of the respondents were aware of the SOPs, hand washing soap and adequate water were readily available (p<0.0001). The commonly implemented SOP was wearing face masks (p<0.0001). The radio talk shows & broadcasting were the main sources of information(p<0.0001). The inadequate facemasks and limited finances constrained the Implementation of SOPs (p<0.0001). 

Conclusion:  Most market vendors were aware of the COVID-19 SOPs and claimed they adhered. However, there is need to carry out a qualitative study to confirm the above claims.
Co-Evolution of the Presence of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets and Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 Prevalence in Cahata Village (Benguela Province, Angola) during a Village Scale Long-Term of Malaria Vector Control Program
Authors: Carnevale P. , Toto J. C. , Foumane V. , Carnevale S. , Gay F.
Published: August 2021

A long term village scale vector control programme was implemented since 2007 in 8 villages around Balombo town (Benguela Province) to compare the efficacy of 4 methods of vector control (1,2). One of them are deltamethrin treated Long Lasting Nets (“LLIN”) “Perma©Net 2.0” with a complete coverage of every sleeping units in 2008 in 2 villages, Caala and Cahata. Cahata was surveyed for 10 years with regular parasitological cross sectional parasitological surveys. During the 3 years following LLIN implementation, a check of their actual usage in every house, or on sleeping units of each patient examined during every parasitological surveys showed that 3 years after the full LLIN distribution less than 50% were still in use, and this percentage regularly decreased to reach 10% and less in 2015 (with 0% during the survey done in October 2005). But Plasmodium falciparum prevalence still decreased with low level until 2014 then it started (slightly) increasing in 2015, and the following years, which correspond to both the National malaria outbreak and the least percentage of LLIN used! But even at that time the plasmodial load was significantly lower in “LLIN users” than in non users showing some maintained personal protection.

Even 10 years after the full coverage in LLIN no rebound effect was actually noticed in such natural conditions of life and plasmodial prevalence was even 2 times lower than before the implementation of vector control.

Information gained were of great importance for the National Malaria Control program in term of nets replacement with 50% missing in 3 years underlining the need of “stronger” nets and community sensitization for the sustainability of positive results gained with LLIN.
The Effects of Storage on Nutrient Composition and Mycoflora of Stored Guinea Corn (Sorghum bicolor) Grains
Authors: Fagbohun E. D. , Ojo K. O.
Published: August 2021

Aims: This research work aims to determine the changes in nutritional (proximate, mineral) composition and mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor grains stored for 5 months in order to determine its fitness in meeting nutritional demand.                        

Study Design: Experimental study design was carried out

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, from February 2017 to August 2018.

Methodology: The grain was procured from Usi market in Usi-Ekiti. It was further sundried for seven days and stored in an airtight container in the laboratory at room temperature. They were visually examined for external changes on the caryopsis and cultured to determine the spoilage fungi. Mineral and proximate analyses were routinely carried out to determine the changes in nutrient composition. These analyses were carried out monthly for five months to determine the changes in physicochemical properties and mycoflora associated with Sorghum bicolor on storage. Results: During storage, spoilage such as external mouldiness, discoloration, musty odour and progressive depletion of external caryopsis were observed on the grain. Seven species of fungi namely Penicillium glabrum, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated using a combination of direct plating, dilution and washing method. The colony count of the mycoflora population increased from 6 to 16 spore-forming units per gram. The proximate component comprising ash, moisture, crude protein, fat and fiber content decreased but an increase in carbohydrate content was recorded. A negative Pearson correlation (r = - .990) between crude protein and carbohydrate content was recorded. This was attributed to the presence of resistant starch in Sorghum bicolor and the use of alternative source(s) of carbon for energy by the fungi. The entire mineral component decreased during storage. Copper was the barest mineral while magnesium was the most stable mineral in the stored grain.

Conclusion: Sorghum bicolor grains contain vital minerals and nutrients. Prolonged storage of Sorghum bicolor increased the mycoflora population and consequently decreased the nutrient composition excluding the carbohydrate component. Some minerals and proximate components of the grain were relatively stable while others experienced pronounced depletion. Nutritionally deficient grains may lead to malnutrition especially in growing animals and human populations were adequate minerals and nutrients are required for rapid growth.
Asymmetric Dimethyl Arginine Level in Children with Sickle Cell Disease: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Khedr Seham Fathy , Bradaey Mohamed Hosny El , Nagy Hala Mohamed , El-Shanshory Mohamed Ramadan , Elhawary Eslam
Published: August 2021

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) consists of a group of hemoglobinopathies in which individuals inherit hemoglobin variants derived from single point mutations. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) contributes to limiting Nitric Oxide (NO)  bioavailability in SCD. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of the Asymmetric Dimethyl Arginine in children with sickle cell.

Methods: This cohort cross-sectional study was carried out on 60 children which were divided in to 3 equal groups. Group I: SCD children with sickle retinopathy. Group II: SCD children without retinopathy. Group III: healthy control children who were selected from the outpatient clinic.

Results: There was a significant increase in ADMA level among participants withSCD. There was a positive significant correlation between ADMA  level and family history as well as the  incidence of hepatomegaly. There was no significant correlation between ADMA level and demographic and laboratory parameters except LDH.

Conclusions: The level of ADMA is elevated in children with sickle cell anemia. High plasma ADMA level is a risk for hepatomegaly in children with sickle cell anemia.
The Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Persicaria odorata: A Review
Authors: Azmi Nurfaizah , Zulkurnain Ezza Izzati , Ramli Salfarina , James Richard Johari , Halim Hasseri
Published: August 2021

World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 88% of its member or 61 countries acknowledge the use of traditional and complementary medicines. Persicaria odorata is being used as traditional herbs to treat fever, nausea and promoting hair growth. Besides, it is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in Vietnam to relieve swelling and treat wounds, sores, and ulcers. This review aims to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological status of P. odorata. P. odorata is a plant with a high content of phenols and flavonoids. Among the essential chemical constituents in the P. odorata are methyl gallate, (+)-catechin, eupatoriochromene, n-dodecanal, polygonumins A, α-humulene and anthraquinone. P. odorata also exerts many pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer effects. The commonly used part of P. odorata for extraction are leaves followed by the aerial part, rhizomes and stems. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to identify the efficacy and toxicity of P. odorata. New drugs could be developed from the active compounds of P. odorata in the future.
Role of a Pharmacist in the Safe Self-medication – A Questionnaire-based Survey
Authors: Škrbo Selma , Mehović Semir , Omerović Naida , Trnka Anela Hadžifejzović , Smajić Nermina Žiga , Pehlivanović Belma , Lagumdžija Dina
Published: August 2021

Aims: This study aimed to investigate whether the place of the survey makes a significant impact on the responses regarding the process of self-medication, as well as the present pharmacists’ engagement in this process in the Sarajevo Canton.

Study Design: An anonymous questionnaire-based survey.

Place and Duration of Study: One public pharmacy and various public places in the Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, for five months, February–June 2019.

Methodology: A total of 312 respondents was included. The first group (165 respondents) was surveyed in the pharmacy after buying an over-the-counter (OTC) drug, and the second group (147 respondents) was surveyed outside the pharmacy.

Results: Pharmacists instructed 65% of respondents (72.73% in the first group and 57.14% in the second group) on how to take the purchased OTC drug and checked whether 55% of respondents (70.91% in the first group and 38.1% in the second group) bought an appropriate drug for their health problem. Only 25% of respondents (36.36% in the first group and 12.24% in the second group) was informed about the adverse effects, whereas 29% of respondents (41.82% in the first group and 14.97% in the second group) was informed about the potential contraindications or interactions of the purchased OTC drug. The statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the responses to the questions and the place of the survey about providing information on the adverse effects (P = .03), comorbidities (P = .049), and general information about the purchased OTC drug (P = .04).

Conclusion: In the Sarajevo Canton, pharmacists should be more actively involved in the process of self-medication and provide the necessary advice to patients consuming OTC drugs. Further research is needed so general conclusions could be drawn.
Calcium Oxalate Crystals as Raw Food Antinutrient: A Review
Authors: Nayagam Justin R. , Rajan Renu
Published: August 2021

The nutritional value of food can be altered by the presence of antinutrients such as oxalates present abundantly in plants as ergastic crystals. High oxalate content in plant-based raw food can lead to oxalonephropathy, nephrolithiasis and renal dysfunction. Presence of oxalate can hinder the absorption of other minerals such as calcium and magnesium present in food. CaOx antinutrient intake can be minimised by avoiding plant with high oxalate content or by decreasing oxalate levels through cooking practices like, boiling, fermenting, treating with baking soda, adding yoghurt and milk etc. More sophisticated ways of minimising antinutrient intake through raw diet is by choosing genetically modified crops which are bred for low oxalate content or by choosing mutant varieties which are devoid or low in oxalate content in food crops. The future for sustainable antinutrient management and nutritional value enhancement is by incorporating genes from bacteria or fungi which are capable of breaking down oxalate using the enzyme oxalate decarboxylase, on  to plants and thereby modifying them to have less antinutrient effects in raw consumption.
A Comprehensive Review on the Formation of Carcinogens from Food Products with Respect to Different Cooking Methods
Authors: Das Parikshit , Kemisetti Durgaprasad , Jahan Farhana Israt , Spriha Sabiha Enam , Raka Sabreena Chowdhury
Published: August 2021

It has been seen that the majority of carcinogens are formed depending upon the cooking and processing conditions employed which influences their magnitude to adversely affect the food products. High heat, marination, roasting, frying, grilling etc. can significantly affect the household food products. The most frequently occurring carcinogens are Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), N-Nitrosamines (NA), Acrylamide (AA) and aflatoxins. These agents are found in variety of food sources due to unhealthy processing conditions such as marinated pork dishes, chicken drumsticks, grilled chicken, smoked chicken and fish preparations, potato chips, sausages, soy sauce etc. Apart from these, marketed cooking oils of various grades, synthetic antioxidants and regular high consumption of coffee can remarkably increase the risk of causing cancer. Therefore, an appropriate knowledge and awareness in context to some harmful processing conditions must be taken into consideration before consuming the final food product. This review aims to summarize the major carcinogens from food with evidences, the mechanism of formation, carcinogenic action and ways to reduce the level of these carcinogens from food.
The Comparative Study of Atopic Dermatitis and Chronic Hand Eczema Clinical Course in Adults after Acute Relapse Treatment
Authors: Dmytrovych Aleksandruk Oleksandr , Leonidovich Stepanenko Roman , Mohammed Ali , Ivanovich Stepanenko Viktor , Konovalova Tetiana , Volodymyrovych Tsekhmister Yaroslav
Published: August 2021

Aims: To evaluate Atopic dermatitis (AD) and Chronic hand eczema (CHE) course in adults after discontinuation of acute or sub acute relapse treatment.

Study Design: three groups of adult patients that finished standard treatment for relapse of AD and CHE were followed up within 24 weeks of period to check disease severity, itch intensity and skin management effectiveness.

Place and Duration of Study Sample: population of Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ukraine September 2015 – May 2021.

Methods: 155 patients (51 females and 104 males; age between 20 and 50 years) with AD or CHE were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomized into three study groups depending on diagnosis. SCORAD index was used to assess disease severity, visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess skin itch intensity. Frequency of disease treatment re-start with topical or systemic anti-inflammatory drugs as well as patients’sintention to ask for a treatment were calculated.

Results: Results of our study have shown that cases of new disease worsening occured within nearest 24 weeks after AD and CHE aggravation treatment discontinuation and are quite frequent despite appropriate skin care.

Conclusion: part of adult patients continues suffering from skin itch or mild skin lesions within nearest 24 weeks after discontinuation of intensive treatment of AD or CHE relapse. Prescription of antihistamines and/or topical anti-inflammatory treatment in addition to generally recommended skin care with emollients is crucial for patients with new worsening of the disease. Among patients with a new signs of worsening a part would unlikely ask for a new treatment immediately unless this worsening is moderate or severe.
Circulating tumor DNA as a biomarker for monitoring early treatment responses of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: van der Leest Paul , Hiddinga Birgitta , Miedema Anneke , Aguirre Azpurua Maria L. , Rifaela Naomi , ter Elst Arja , Timens Wim , Groen Harry J. M. , van Kempen Léon C. , Hiltermann T. Jeroen N. , Schuuring Ed
Published: August 2021

Immunotherapy for metastasized non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can show long‐lasting clinical responses. Selection of patients based on programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression shows limited predictive value for durable clinical benefit (DCB). We investigated whether early treatment effects as measured by a change in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) level is a proxy of early tumor response to immunotherapy according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors v1.1 criteria, progression‐free survival (PFS), DCB, and overall survival (OS). To this aim, blood tubes were collected from advanced‐stage lung adenocarcinoma patients (n = 100) receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) at baseline (t0) and prior to first treatment evaluation (4–6 weeks; t1). Nontargetable (driver) mutations detected in the pretreatment tumor biopsy were used to quantify tumor‐specific ctDNA levels using droplet digital PCR. We found that changes in ctDNA levels were strongly associated with tumor response. A > 30% decrease in ctDNA at t1 correlated with a longer PFS and OS. In total, 80% of patients with a DCB of ≥ 26 weeks displayed a > 30% decrease in ctDNA levels. For patients with a PD‐L1 tumor proportion score of ≥ 1%, decreasing ctDNA levels were associated with a higher frequency a DCB (80%) and a prolonged median PFS (85 weeks) and OS (101 weeks) compared with patients with no decrease in ctDNA (34%; 11 and 39 weeks, respectively). This study shows that monitoring of ctDNA dynamics is an easy‐to‐use and promising tool for assessing PFS, DCB, and OS for ICI‐treated NSCLC patients.
Efficacy and Safety of Etanercept Biosimilars Compared With the Originator for Treatment of Juvenile Arthritis: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Thiele Franz , Klein Ariane , Hospach Anton , Windschall Daniel , Mrusek Sonja , Ruehlmann J. Michael , Horneff Gerd
Published: August 2021

Objective

Analysis of etanercept biosimilars in pediatric patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in comparison with the etanercept originator in terms of efficacy and safety.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with JIA who started treatment with either the etanercept originator or a biosimilar after January 1, 2017, were selected from the German BIKER registry (Biologics in Paediatric Rheumatology Registry). Furthermore, patients who started therapy with the originator and switched to a biosimilar during the course of therapy were identified. For both patient groups, disease activity and safety were examined and compared separately.

Results

After January 1, 2017, 348 patients started treatment with the etanercept originator (n = 293) or a biosimilar (n = 55). Another 57 patients switched to a biosimilar during the course of therapy. A significant decrease or a stable remission of disease activity was observed in both patient groups. The safety profiles were comparable, and frequencies and types of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs were similar in patients starting therapy with the originator or a biosimilar. Only injection site reactions occurred slightly more frequently under biosimilar therapy, without having an impact on therapy adherence. In patients who switched therapy, the AE rate per 100 patient‐years was comparable before (26.4) and after (32.1) the switch.

Conclusion

In patients with JIA who require treatment with etanercept, the originator is still used much more frequently. However, our study highlights the equivalence of etanercept biosimilars for therapy for JIA. Increased use of these biosimilars in pediatric patients can therefore be recommended without hesitation.
Nanomechanical Dissipation and Strain Engineering
Authors: Sementilli Leo , Romero Erick , Bowen Warwick P.
Published: August 2021

Nanomechanical resonators have applications in a wide variety of technologies ranging from biochemical sensors to mobile communications, quantum computing, inertial sensing, and precision navigation. The quality factor of the mechanical resonance is critical for many applications. Until recently, mechanical quality factors rarely exceeded a million. In the past few years however, new methods have been developed to exceed this boundary. These methods involve careful engineering of the structure of the nanomechanical resonator, including the use of acoustic bandgaps and nested structures to suppress dissipation into the substrate, and the use of dissipation dilution and strain engineering to increase the mechanical frequency and suppress intrinsic dissipation. Together, they have allowed quality factors to reach values near a billion at room temperature, resulting in exceptionally low dissipation. This review aims to provide a pedagogical introduction to these new methods, primarily targeted to readers who are new to the field, together with an overview of the existing state‐of‐the‐art, what may be possible in the future, and a perspective on the future applications of these extreme‐high quality resonators.
Efficient Gating of Organic Electrochemical Transistors with In‐Plane Gate Electrodes
Authors: Koutsouras Dimitrios A. , Torricelli Fabrizio , Gkoupidenis Paschalis , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: August 2021

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are electrolyte‐gated transistors, employing an electrolyte between their gate and channel instead of an insulating layer. For efficient gating, non‐polarizable electrodes, for example, Ag/AgCl, are typically used but unfortunately, this simple approach limits the options for multiple gate integration. Patterned polarizable Au gates on the other hand, show strongly reduced gating due to a large voltage drop at the gate/electrolyte interface. Here, an alternative, simple yet effective method for efficient OECT gating by scalable in‐plane gate electrodes, is demonstrated. The fact that poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) exhibits a volumetric capacitance in an electrolyte is made use of. As a result, the capacitance of PEDOT:PSS‐based gates can be strongly enhanced by increasing their thickness, thereby reducing the voltage loss at the gate/electrolyte interface. By combining spin coating and electrodeposition, planar electrodes of various thicknesses are created on a multi‐gated OECT chip and their effect on the gating efficiency, examined. It is shown that the gating performed by an in‐plane PEDOT:PSS electrode can be tuned to be comparable to the one obtained by a Ag/AgCl electrode. Overall, the realization of efficient gating with in‐plane electrodes paves the way toward integration of OECT‐based biosensors and “organ‐on‐a‐chip” platforms.
Indium Catalyzed Sequential Regioselective Remote C−H Indolylation and Rearrangement Reaction of Peroxyoxindole
Authors: Shaikh Moseen A. , Ubale Akash S. , Gnanaprakasam Boopathy
Published: August 2021

Indium‐catalyzed sequential remote C−H functionalization (C‐6 position) and C3‐indolylation of peroxyoxindole using indole is described for the synthesis of terindolinone derivatives. Whereas, N‐substituted 3‐phenyl peroxyoxindole derivatives undergoes consecutive skeletal rearrangement to generate transient carbocation, which has been trapped with indole nucleophile to generate 2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐4‐alkyl‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazin‐3(4H)‐one derivatives. In contrast with Indium (III) Chloride, FeCl3 ⋅ 6H2O facilitates oxidative cleavage of the peroxyoxindole (Hock cleavage) and further reaction with indole to afford biologically important trisindoline derivatives. A plausible mechanism has been proposed for these reactions with experimental evidences.

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Rational Design of Coating Ions via Advantageous Surface Reconstruction in High‐Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Park Hyoju , Shin Kihyun , Henkelman Graeme , Warner Jamie H. , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: August 2021

The implementation of high‐nickel layered oxide cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries is hampered by the inherent issues of formation of NiO‐like rock‐salt phase as well as residual lithium (e.g., LiOH, LiHCO3, and Li2CO3) on the surface. To overcome the challenges, here a rational strategy is presented of interdiffusion‐based surface reconstruction via dry coating and the design principles for identifying the optimum coating ions on a LiNi0.91Mn0.03Co0.06O2 (NMC91) cathode. Notably, the combined approach of theoretical screening, which involves the consideration of superexchange interactions among different oxidation states and density functional theory calculations, along with experimental analyses, which involve the characterization of the decrease in Ni content and residual lithium on the surface of NMC91, demonstrate the effective reduction in rock‐salt phase and residual lithium. Among the four ions investigated (Al, Co, Fe, and Ti), cobalt‐coated NMC91 is the most effective at reducing the rock‐salt phase and residual lithium by successfully reconstructing the surface of NMC91 and exhibits an excellent capacity retention of 85% in a full cell after 300 cycles at 30 °C.
Liquid‐Based Janus Electrolyte for Sustainable Redox Mediation in Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Ko Youngmin , Kim Hong‐I , Cho Sung‐Ju , Lee Kyung Min , Jung Gwan Yeong , Park Hyeokjun , Park Se Hwan , Lee Yun Jung , Bae Youngjoon , Lee Young‐Ro , Kim Kyoungoh , Kwak Sang Kyu , Lee Sang‐Young , Kang Kisuk
Published: August 2021

The discovery of a reliable electrolyte system remains one of the key challenges for the development of advanced lithium–oxygen batteries. To date, no single electrolyte is verified to be stable and compatible with both the cathode (e.g., oxygen radicals, lithium peroxide, etc.) and anode (lithium metal) for lithium–oxygen batteries. In this work, a novel liquid‐based Janus electrolyte system consisting of two different immiscible liquid phases is proposed and it is demonstrated that this system is remarkably effective in promoting the sustainable operation of redox‐mediated lithium–oxygen batteries. The liquid‐based Janus electrolyte is rationally designed by considering its compatibility with the lithium–oxygen cell environment, the solubility difference of target soluble species, and the mutual immiscibility of the two liquid phases. By combining spectral characterization, a phase‐separation experiment, and in situ observation of the electrochemical cell, it is revealed that the liquid‐based Janus electrolyte suppresses the migration of redox mediators from one liquid phase to the other, thereby preventing the detrimental shuttle effect. The enhanced stability of redox mediation leads to improved cycling performance of the cell. The various combinations possible for the liquid‐based Janus electrolyte open a new unexplored pathway for the design of advanced electrolyte systems for lithium–oxygen batteries.
Impact of changes in Title II of the 2018 Farm Bill on the acreage and environmental benefits of Conservation Reserve Program
Authors: Cornish Brian , Miao Ruiqing , Khanna Madhu
Published: August 2021

The 2018 Farm Bill lowered the maximum rental payments for the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) by 10%–15% and increased the acreage enrollment cap by 3 million acres. We show that CRP acreage will decrease by 1.18 million acres (associated with a 3.3% environmental benefit decrease of the CRP) as a result of the rental rate reduction and that CRP acreage will increase by 2.32 million acres (associated with a 6.2% environmental benefit increase of the CRP) because of the acreage cap increase. The largest impact on CRP acreage and environmental benefits is predicted to occur in the Plains and the South.
Co‐composted biochar to decrease fertilization rates in cotton–maize rotation in Burkina Faso
Authors: Cissé Drissa , Cornelis Jean‐Thomas , Traoré Mamadou , Saba Fatimata , Coulibaly Kalifa , Lefebvre David , Colinet Gilles , Nacro Hassan Bismack
Published: August 2021

Agriculture in Burkina Faso relies on mineral fertilizers to reach decent crop production. Therefore, there is an urgent need to implement sustainable solutions that improve soil nutrient status while maintaining crop yields. Here we experiment with the recycling of nutrients through the production of biochar from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalks and its mixing with compost to improve soil properties of highly weathered Lixisol. The trials included three treatments: conventional compost (COMP‐100), co‐composted biochar (COMPBI‐100), each with recommended fertilization rates [cotton = 16.3 kg N ha–1, 15.1 kg P ha–1 and 17.4 kg of K ha–1; maize (Zea mays L.) = 21.8 kg N ha–1, 20.1 kg P ha–1 and 23.2 kg K ha–1], and co‐composted biochar with 75% of recommended NPK fertilizer rate (COMPBI‐75). We amended the soil with compost at conventional rates used in Burkina Faso, that is, 2.5 t ha–1 at each crop year (2018 and 2019). We measured the effect of the amendments on cotton and maize yield cropped in rotation using a randomized block design with four replicates for each of the studied treatments. Our results showed that the soil properties and crop yield in COMPBI‐75 were not significantly lowered compared to COMPBI‐100, which did not differ compared to soil and plant responses in COMP‐100. Even not significant, COMPBI‐100 and COMPBI‐75 tend to have higher grain yields for cotton and maize. Our results highlight that co‐composted biochar may be a promising amendment to increase crop productivity parameters in Burkina Faso while decreasing the NPK doses. The reduction of fertilizer rates can have essential implications considering the socio‐economic and environmental advantages of reducing by quarter fertilizer doses in the Sudanese climatic region of Burkina Faso.
Sequential P‐GEMOX and radiotherapy for early‐stage extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma: A multicenter study
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Ma Shuyun , Cai Jun , Yang Yu , Jing Hongmei , Shuang Yuerong , Peng Zhigang , Li Bingzong , Liu Panpan , Xia Zhongjun , Xia Yi , Gao Yan , Chen Daoguang , Lin Jianyang , Li Qihui , Xu Shenghua , Xu Qingyuan , Zhang Han , Huang Huiqiang , Cai Qingqing
Published: August 2021

Extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal‐type (ENKTL) is a distinct subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and most of the patients presented localized disease. Combined modality therapy (CMT), namely chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy, has been recommended for patients with early‐stage ENKTL. However, the optimal CMT has not been fully clarified. This study reports the efficacy and toxicity of sequential P‐GEMOX (pegaspargase, gemcitabine and oxaliplatin) and radiotherapy in a large Chinese cohort comprising of 202 patients diagnosed with early‐stage ENKTL from six medical centers. The observed best overall response rate was 96.0% and 168 (83.2%) patients achieved complete remission. With a median follow‐up of 44.1 months, the 3‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 74.6% and 85.2%, respectively. Multivariate analysis suggested that extensive primary tumor (PFS, hazard ratio [HR] 3.660, 95% CI 1.820–7.359, p <  0.001; OS, HR 3.825, 95% CI 1.442–10.148, p = 0.007) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (PFS, 3.042, 95% CI 1.468–6.306, p = 0.003; OS, HR 3.983, 95% CI 1.678–9.457, p = 0.02) were independent prognostic factors for survival outcomes. Among the established prognostic models for ENKTL, the nomogram‐revised risk index model had optimal prognostic risk stratification ability (PFS, p < 0.001; OS, p < 0.001) and relatively balanced population distribution. The adverse events of this CMT were well‐tolerated and manageable. In conclusion, sequential P‐GEMOX and radiotherapy showed favorable efficacy with acceptable toxicity, and could be an effective treatment option for early‐stage ENKTL patients.
Radical Cation [4+2] Cycloaddition of Non‐Conjugated Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by an FeCl3/AgSbF6 Co‐Initiator
Authors: Ohmura Shuhei , Isogai Ryosuke , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: August 2021

Radical cation [4+2] cycloaddition is an alternative strategy for constructing various six‐membered rings that cannot be easily accessed by thermal [4+2] cycloaddition. Here, we developed an FeCl3/AgSbF6 co‐initiator to promote radical cation [4+2] cycloaddition of non‐conjugated tetrasubstituted alkenes with 2,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐butadiene. In the presence of 10 mol% of FeCl3 and 30 mol% of AgSbF6, the reaction proceeded smoothly in MeCN to provide the cycloadducts from tetrasubstituted alkenes having an electron‐rich aromatic group, which improved the yield. We demonstrate the efficiency of an FeCl3/AgSbF6 co‐initiator by comparing our finding to the results with previously reported iron(III) initiators in an investigation of the substrate scope. In addition, a kinetic study was conducted to elucidate the detailed reaction mechanism, in which the rate‐determining step can be facilitated by intramolecular single electron transfer.
Operational envelope prediction of fluoroelastomer seals for downhole operation in the oil and gas industry
Authors: Zolfaghari Alireza , Yun Jushik , Singh Viraj
Published: August 2021

The energy industry for downhole operation needs a reliable methodology to develop an operation envelope for elastomer performance used in various service/permeant tools. These operation envelopes are mostly based upon the laboratory life prediction tests derived from Industry standard meant for “materials selection/screening.” However, the above life prediction method is limited, as it cannot capture the effect of size/shape and adequately predict the sealing performance of the actual elastomeric component under downhole operating conditions. To bridge this gap, for the first time in this article, we have developed a new lifetime prediction methodology for elastomers using fundamental material behavior such as viscoelasticity, hyper‐elasticity, chemical degradation combined with laboratory tests, and finite element analysis. Thereafter, the proposed methodology is used to develop an operation envelop for an actual size fluoroelastomer (FKM) O‐ring in the hydraulic fluid. This clearly shows that the proposed methodology is not limited to a particular O‐ring size and can be readily extended to develop a successful operation envelope for various elastomer‐sealing applications in the energy industry.
Masticatory muscle architectural correlates of dietary diversity in Canidae, Ursidae, and across the order Carnivora
Authors: Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Dickinson Edwin , Deutsch Ashley R. , Worden Nikole , Hirschkorn Gabrielle A.
Published: August 2021

Carnivorans represent extreme ecomorphological diversity, encompassing remarkable variation in form, habitat, and diet. The relationship between the masticatory musculature and dietary ecology has been explored in a number of carnivoran lineages, including felids and the superfamily Musteloidea. In this study, we present novel architectural data on two additional carnivoran families—Ursidae and Canidae—and supplement these previous studies with additional felid, musteloid, herpestid, hyaenid, and viverrid taxa (a total of 53 species across 10 families). Gross dissection data were collected following a standardized protocol—sharp dissection followed by chemical digestion. Summed jaw adductor forces were also transformed into bite force estimates (BF) using osteologically calculated leverages. All data were linearized, log‐transformed, and size‐adjusted using two proxies for each taxon—body mass (BM) and cranial geometric mean—to assess relative scaling trends. These architectural data were then analyzed in the context of dietary ecology to examine the impact of dietary size (DS) and dietary mechanical properties (DMP). Muscle mass, physiological cross‐sectional area, and BF scaled with isometry or positive allometry in all cases, whereas fascicle lengths (FLs) scaled with isometry or negative allometry. With respect to diet, BM‐adjusted FLs were strongly correlated with DS in musteloids, but not in any other lineage. The relationship between size‐adjusted BF and DMP was also significant within musteloids, and across the sample as a whole, but not within other individual lineages. This interfamilial trend may reflect the increased morphological and dietary diversity of musteloids relative to other carnivoran groups.
Impact of compulsory participation of medical students in a multiuser online game to learn radiological anatomy and radiological signs within the virtual world Second Life
Authors: Rudolphi‐Solero Teodoro , Lorenzo‐Alvarez Rocio , Ruiz‐Gomez Miguel J. , Sendra‐Portero Francisco
Published: August 2021

Competitive game‐based learning within Second Life enables effective teaching of basic radiological anatomy and radiological signs to medical students, with good acceptance and results when students participate voluntarily, but unknown in a compulsory context. The objectives of this study were to reproduce a competitive online game based on self‐guided presentations and multiple‐choice tests in a mandatory format, to evaluate its development and student perceptions compared to a voluntary edition in 2015 (N = 90). In 2016 and 2017, respectively, 191 and 182 third‐year medical students participated in the game as a mandatory course activity. The mean (±SD) score of the game was 74.7% (±19.5%) in 2015, 71.2% (±21.5%) in 2016, and 67.5% (±21.5%) in 2017 (P < 0.01). Participants valued positively the organization and educational contents but found the virtual world less attractive and the game less interesting than in the voluntary edition. The experience globally was rated with 8.2 (±1.5), 7.8 (±1.5), and 7.1 (±1.7) mean points (±SD) in a ten‐point scale, in the 2015, 2016, and 2017 editions, respectively (P < 0.05). Competitive learning games within virtual worlds like Second Life have great learning potential in radiology, but the mean score in the game decreased, acceptance of virtual world technology was lower, and opinion about the game was worse with a compulsory participation, and even worse when dropouts were not allowed. Under the conditions in which this study was conducted, learning games in three‐dimensional virtual environments should be voluntary to maintain adequate motivation and engagement of medical students.
Polymer Electrolytes – New Opportunities for the Development of Multivalent Ion Batteries
Authors: Qu Xuelian , Tang Yue , Du Aobing , Dong Shanmu , Cui Guanglei
Published: August 2021

Batteries, as highly concerned energy conversion system, have a great development prospect in various fields, especially in the field of energy powered vehicles. Multivalent ion batteries are getting more attention due to their low cost, high abundance in earth crust, high capacity and safety compared with Lithium batteries. Despite above advantages, several problems still need to be solved before multivalent ion batteries achieve large‐scale application, such as interfacial parasitic reaction, anode passivation, and dendrites. The replacement of liquid electrolytes with gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) which pose high safety, high mechanical strength and simplified battery system, is an effective strategy to inhibit dendrite growth and improve electrochemical performance. This review mainly discusses the advantages and challenges of multivalent ion batteries including zinc, magnesium, calcium and aluminum batteries. Meanwhile, the major targets of this review are introducing the recent developments and making a summary of the future trends of GPEs in the multivalent ion batteries.
The Time‐Dependence of Three Different Modes of ELF‐EMF Stimulation on LTP at Schaffer Collateral‐CA1 Synapses
Authors: Zheng Yu , Zhao Ling , Dong Lei , Tian Chunxiao , Xia Pei , Jin Zijia
Published: August 2021

Long‐term potentiation (LTP) is considered the cellular basis of learning and memory. Extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMFs) are neuromodulation tools for regulating LTP. However, the temporal effects of short‐term ELF‐EMF stimulation on LTP are not yet known. In this study, we evaluated the time‐dependent effects of 15 Hz/2 mT ELF‐EMF stimulation on LTP at the Schaffer collateral‐CA1 (SC‐CA1) synapses in Sprague–Dawley rats. Hippocampal slices were exposed to three different modes of ELF‐EMFs (sinusoidal, single‐frequency pulse, and rhythm pulse) and durations (10, 20, 40, and 60 s). The baseline was recorded for 20 min and field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) was recorded for 60 min using multi‐electrode arrays (MEA) after plasticity induction using 100 Hz electrical high‐frequency stimulation (HFS). Compared to the control group, the LTP decreased under three different magnetic fields and was proportional to time; that is, the longer the time, the greater the inhibition. We also compared the three magnetic fields and showed that the continuous sinusoidal magnetic field had the largest inhibitory rate of LTP, while pulsed and rhythm pulsed magnetic fields were similar. We showed that different modes of ELF‐EMF stimulation had a time‐dependent effect on LTP at Schaffer collateral‐CA1 synapses, which provides experimental evidence for the treatment of related neurological diseases. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Selective Catalytic Reforming of Methane into Synthesis Gas
Authors: Zhumabek> Manapkhan , Kaumenova Gulnar , Augaliev Diar , Alaidar Yerbolat , Murzin Dmitry , Tungatarova Svetlana , Xanthopoulou Galina , Kotov Stanislav , Baizhumanova Tolkyn
Published: August 2021

Syngas is an important product of methane processing of natural gas, from which a wide range of chemical products can be obtained in the future. The results of a study of the developed Ni multicomponent catalysts in the partial oxidation of CH4 to syngas are presented. A series of samples with different percentages of active components in a Ni‐Cr‐Al‐Mg‐glycine catalyst was prepared by the solution combustion synthesis method giving synthesis gas with a high yield. The optimum conditions for the highest yields of H2 and CO were identified.
Facile Synthesis of Azahelicenes and Diaza[8]circulenes through the Intramolecular Scholl Reaction
Authors: Maeda Chihiro , Nomoto Shuichi , Akiyama Koki , Tanaka Takayuki , Ema Tadashi
Published: August 2021

Carbazole‐based aza[7]helicenes and hetero[9]helicenes were successfully obtained via the intramolecular Scholl reaction of 3,6‐bis(biphenyl‐2‐yl)carbazole congeners, while the reaction of 3,6‐bis(naphthylphenyl)‐appended carbazole gave a triple helicene via an unexpected simultaneous double aryl rearrangement. DFT calculations suggested that the rearrangement proceeded via an arenium cation intermediate. In addition, the reaction of methoxy‐appended substrate gave an azahepta[8]circulene via the concurrent C−C bond formation. These helical dyes showed circularly polarized luminescence. The azahepta[8]circulene was further transformed into deeply saddle‐distorted dibenzodiaza[8]circulenes as the first example of its solution‐based synthesis and unambiguous structural determination.
Application of the Balanced Scorecard for strategy reformulation: Perspectives from a Canadian municipality
Authors: Sayed Naqi , Lento Camillo , Henderson Michelle
Published: August 2021

This study explores the application of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) for strategy reformulation and performance measurement of a Canadian municipality. This study is motivated by the trend of performance management tools becoming more commonplace in the municipal sector, due to the New Public Management paradigm. Interviews with key stakeholders were conducted to determine Key Success Factors (KSFs). A survey of broad stakeholders was used to determine the importance of the KSFs and their multidimensional causal relationships, using a multiple‐criteria, decision‐making method. We find that economic growth plays a central role in the municipality's strategy, and it is perceived to be primarily driven by management leadership, in addition to economic diversity, Indigenous relationships, and increasing the tax base.
The organization of cholinergic projections in the visual thalamus of the mouse
Authors: Sokhadze Guela , Whyland Kyle L. , Bickford Martha E. , Guido William
Published: August 2021

Cholinergic projections from the brainstem serve as important modulators of activity in visual thalamic nuclei such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). While these projections have been studied in several mammals, a comprehensive examination of their organization in the mouse is lacking. We used the retrograde transport of viruses or cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) injected in the dLGN, immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), brain nitric oxide synthase (BNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), ChAT‐Cre mice crossed with a reporter line (Ai9), as well as brainstem virus injections in ChAT‐Cre mice to examine the pattern of thalamic innervation from cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg), laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), and the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG). Retrograde tracing demonstrated that the dLGN receives input from the PPTg, LDTg, and PBG. Viral tracing in ChAT‐Cre mice and retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry revealed that many of these inputs originate from cholinergic neurons in the PBG and PPTg. Most notable was an extensive cholinergic projection from the PBG which innervated most of the contralateral dLGN, with an especially dense concentration in the dorsolateral shell, as well as a small region in the dorsomedial pole of the ipsilateral dLGN. The PPTg was found to provide a sparse somewhat diffuse innervation of the ipsilateral dLGN. Neurons in the PPTg co‐expressed ChAT, BNOS, and VAChT, whereas PBG neurons expressed ChAT, but not BNOS or VAChT. These results highlight the presence of distinct cholinergic populations that innervate the mouse dLGN.
Human leukocyte antigens are associated with salivary level of active MMP‐8
Authors: Mauramo Matti , Mauramo Elina , Sorsa Timo , Tervahartiala Taina , Räisänen Ismo T. , Waltimo Tuomas
Published: August 2021

Objectives

This case control study examined the associations of HLA antigens and periodontitis with the salivary level of active MMP‐8 (aMMP‐8).

Materials and Methods

A total of 202 subjects, registered as Swiss bone marrow donors, participated in the study. HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C types were determined by serology or PCR. Saliva samples were collected from subjects, followed by a periodontal examination. The salivary level of aMMP‐8 was determined with immunofluorometric assay.

Results

The mean salivary level of aMMP‐8 was directly comparable to the grade of periodontitis and increased from healthy to mild/moderate to severe (125.0 ± 132.1, 200.6 ± 170.2, 290.1 ± 202.3 ng/ml; p < 0.001 between each group, respectively). The only association between the HLA types and the salivary level of aMMP‐8 was observed in subjects with HLA‐A11. Subjects with healthy periodontium and HLA‐A11 had a lower level of aMMP‐8 (49.2 ± 32.5 ng/ml) compared with subjects without HLA‐A11 (123.6 ± 119.2; p = 0.048). Among subjects with periodontitis, a higher level of aMMP‐8 (394.2 ± 255.6 ng/ml) was observed in subjects with HLA‐A11 compared with subjects without HLA‐A11 (201.1 ± 146.1 ng/ml; p < 0.002). This finding was statistically significant also after adjusting for sex, age, smoking, tooth brushing and the number of medications (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

HLA‐A11 is associated with the salivary level of aMMP‐8 which contributes to the subject's immune and inflammatory response in periodontium.