bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is high-density lipoprotein a modifiable treatment target or just a biomarker for cardiovascular disease?
Authors: Whyte Martin B
Published: August 2019

Epidemiological data strongly support the inverse association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and cardiovascular risk. Over the last three decades, pharmaceutical strategies have been partially successful in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, but clinical outcomes have been disappointing. A recent therapeutic class is the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor. These drugs can increase circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by inhibiting the exchange of cholesteryl ester from high-density lipoprotein for triacylglycerol in larger lipoproteins, such as very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein. Recent trials of these agents have not shown clinical benefit. This article will review the evidence for cardiovascular risk associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and discuss the implications of the trial data for cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors.
Exploring the effect of Weibo opinion leaders on the dynamics of public opinion in China: A revisit of the two-step flow of communication
Authors: Su Yan
Published: August 2019

Using a random sample of posts on Weibo, this study content analyzes the extent to which Weibo opinion leaders’ tweets are associated with the shifts and variations of public opinion—in terms of topic salience, emotional reactions, agent of responsibility, motivation for condemnation, rhetorical techniques, conviction of blame, and emotional intensity—in the case of the Tianjin Explosion. Building upon a burgeoning research agenda examining the role of Chinese Weibo in the context of two-step flow, this study found that opinion leaders generally reinforce Weibo users’ subjective assessment (e.g., attitudes and emotional responses) of the incident. An overwhelming sleeper effect is also observed in that most posts by the opinion leaders did not contribute to peaks until 2–3 days later. All opinion leaders achieved between one and three peaks.
Athletic Identity Transformation: A Qualitative Drawing Analysis of Implicit Constructions of Athletes, Girls, and the Self
Authors: Zanin Alaina C. , Preston Summer L. , Adame Elissa A.
Published: August 2019

This study utilizes a drawing analysis to elicit identity constructions of two groups of youth in a large metropolitan area located in the Southwestern United States. These two groups were girls, aged 8–12, who either (a) enrolled and participated in a sports program or (b) did not enroll in the program and did not participate in sports ( N = 25). Participants were asked to draw images of an athlete, a girl, and themselves, then explain the images to interviewers. A drawing analysis (i.e., an iterative content analysis of participant drawings) revealed differences in implicit notions of what identity characteristics each group of participants attributed to athletes and girls. Analysis also revealed group differences in either similarity or divergence among the three drawings, indicating higher or lower levels of identification with athletes and gender among groups. Implications for the relationship between athletic and feminine identification and girls’ participation in youth sport are discussed.
Implant Retention or Removal for Management of Surgical Site Infection After Spinal Surgery
Authors: Agarwal Aakash , Kelkar Amey , Agarwal Ashish G. , Jayaswal Daksh , Schultz Christian , Jayaswal Arvind , Goel Vijay K. , Agarwal Anand K. , Gidvani Sandeep
Published: August 2019

Study Design:

A literature review.

Objective:

To summarize the implant removal rate, common bacterial organisms found, time of onset, ratio of superficial to deep infection, and regurgitating the prevalence among all the retrospective and prospective studies on management and characterization of surgical site infections (SSIs).

Methods:

PubMed was searched for articles published between 2000 and 2018 on the management or characterization of SSIs after spinal surgery. Only prospective and retrospective studies were included.

Results:

A total of 49 articles were found relevant to the objective. These studies highlighted the importance of implant removal to avoid recurrence of SSI. The common organisms detected were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes, with prevalence of 1% to 15%. A major proportion of all were deep SSI, with minority reporting on late-onset SSI.

Conclusion:

Long-term antibiotics administration, and continuous irrigation and debridement were common suggestion among the authors; however, the key measure undertaken or implied by most authors to avoid risk of recurrence was removal or replacement of implants for late-onset SSI.
Reciprocal relationships between lexical and syntactic skills of children with Developmental Language Disorder and the role of executive functions
Authors: Blom Elma , Boerma Tessel
Published: August 2019

Background and aims

Recent research indicates that children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) often also score lower than their peers with typical development (TD) on tasks testing nonverbal executive functioning (EF). This study investigated whether there is evidence that children with DLD use linguistic and EF resources to support their lexical and syntactic development. Three questions were addressed: (1) How do children with DLD develop in the domains of lexicon and syntax, and how does their development compare to TD controls? (2) To what extent do children with DLD show reciprocal relations between lexical and syntactic skills, and how does this compare to TD controls? (3) Is EF ability related to DLD children’s lexical and syntactic skills, and how does this compare to TD controls?

Methods

Data from 117 children (NDLD = 78; NTD = 39) were collected three times with yearly intervals. At time 1, the children were 5 or 6 years old. Standardized receptive vocabulary and sentence repetition tests measured lexicon and syntax, respectively. Nonverbal EF tasks tested selective attention, interference control and working memory. Cross-lagged analyses were conducted to determine the direction of relationships.

Results

Both groups showed stable lexical and syntactic growth. In children with DLD, but not in TD controls, syntactic skills predicted lexical skills. In the DLD group, EF predicted lexical skills. Reversely, in the TD group, lexical skills predicted EF.

Conclusions

The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the lexical development of children with DLD is supported by both their verbal abilities in the domain of syntax and their nonverbal EF abilities.

Implications

Interventions that improve the syntactic and EF abilities of children with DLD may have spreading effects and positively impact on word learning by children with DLD.
Male Infertility Problem: A Contemporary Review on Present Status and Future Perspective
Authors: Dissanayake D. M. I. H. , Keerthirathna W. L. R. , Peiris L. Dinithi C.
Published: August 2019

Semen quality plays a pivotal role in maintaining healthy fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. Male infertility is a rising global problem with an increasing declining in male semen quality among men living in Africa, Europe, North American, and Asia. Though the sperm acquire proactive mechanisms during spermatogenesis and their epididymal maturation, they still remain viable for toxic insult. Declining semen quality is a major contributor to infertility. Studies have postulated that different factors, such as exposure to pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, obesity, alcoholism, tobacco smoking, sedentary lifestyles, poor nutrient intake, oxidative stress, physiological factors, genetic factors can influence male fertility. Routine semen analysis and assays for sperm chromatin integrity are the most widely utilized and best studied adjunctive diagnostics in male infertility. Over the years, scientists have developed different treatment options for male infertility. Male infertility with known etiology can be treated successfully, but other causes like genetic factors require pragmatic approaches. This article summarizes protective mechanisms of spermatogenesis, causes, diagnosis, and both modern and traditional treatment approaches of male infertility. Further, this article highlights present issues and direction for future exploration of the male infertility problem.
Resolution of an exposed pars plana Baerveldt shunt in a patient with a Boston keratoprosthesis type 1 without surgery
Authors: Oh Daniel J. , Michael Raman , Vajaranant Thasarat , Cortina M. Soledad , Shorter Ellen
Published: August 2019

Patients with a keratoprosthesis often develop complications including glaucoma, requiring glaucoma drainage devices. In most of these patients, glaucoma drainage devices have been shown to be safe and effective. However, occasionally, a glaucoma drainage device in the setting of a keratoprosthesis can lead to conjunctival erosion with mechanical trauma. While repeat surgical intervention may appear necessary, we report a case of a patient who had improved conjunctival erosion and glaucoma drainage device exposure after refitting of a therapeutic contact lens. Therapeutic contact lenses can be used to maintain hydration and decrease exposure while improving cosmesis and refractive error. Complications following keratoprosthesis surgery are an understudied area, particularly regarding glaucoma drainage devices, and we seek to show that careful fitting of therapeutic contact lenses may avoid the risks of repeat surgical intervention.
Sex-specific differences and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension 2008–2016
Authors: Kjellström Barbro , Nisell Magnus , Kylhammar David , Bartfay Sven-Erik , Ivarsson Bodil , Rådegran Göran , Hjalmarsson Clara
Published: August 2019

Background

Women with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) have been found to have a worse haemodynamic status at diagnosis, but better survival than men. Over the past decade, demographics have changed and new treatments have become available. The objective of this study was to investigate sex differences in an incident IPAH population diagnosed between 2008 and 2016.

Methods

Differences in clinical characteristics of patients included in the Swedish Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Register (SPAHR) were analysed at the time of diagnosis. Survival by sex was investigated using Cox proportional hazard regression and Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results

The study included 271 patients diagnosed with IPAH, median age was 68 (1st–3rd quartiles 54–74) years and 56% were women. At diagnosis, women were younger, had lower pulmonary vascular resistance and fewer comorbidities and more often received a combination of PAH-targeted therapies than men. Men had worse survival rates than women (hazard ratio 1.49; CI 1.02–2.18; p=0.038), but this difference did not remain after adjustment for age (hazard ratio 1.30; CI 0.89–1.90; p=0.178).

Conclusions

Men with incident IPAH have worse crude survival than women. This is due to women being younger with a less pronounced comorbidity burden than men at the time of diagnosis.
One-step approach for full-thickness skin defect reconstruction in rats using minced split-thickness skin grafts with Pelnac overlay
Authors: Liu Tong , Qiu Chao , Ben Chi , Li Haihang , Zhu Shihui
Published: August 2019

Background

Split-thickness skin grafting is the current gold standard for the treatment of traumatic skin loss. However, for patients with extensive burns, split-thickness skin grafting is limited by donor skin availability. Grafting split-thickness skin minced into micrografts increases the expansion ratio but may reduce wound repair quality. Dermal substitutes such as Pelnac can enhance the healing of full-thickness skin wounds, but their application currently requires two surgeries. The present study investigated whether it is possible to repair full-thickness skin defects and improve wound healing quality in a single surgery using Pelnac as an overlay of minced split-thickness skin grafts in a rat model.

Methods

A full-thickness skin defect model was established using male Sprague-Dawley rats of 10 weeks old. The animals were randomly divided into control and experimental groups in which Vaseline gauze and Pelnac, respectively, were overlaid on minced split-thickness skin grafts to repair the defects. Wound healing rate and quality were compared between the two groups. For better illustration of the quality of wound healing, some results were compared with those obtained for normal skin of rats.

Results

We found that using Pelnac as an overlay for minced split-thickness skin grafts accelerated wound closure and stimulated cell proliferation and tissue angiogenesis. In addition, this approach enhanced collagen synthesis and increased the formation of basement membrane and dermis as well as the expression of growth factors related to wound healing while reducing scar formation.

Conclusions

Using minced split-thickness skin grafts overlaid with Pelnac enables the reconstruction of full-thickness skin defects in a single step and can increase the healing rate while improving the quality of wound healing.
Management of Urothelial Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice: Real-World Answers to Difficult Questions
Authors: Mar Nataliya , Dayyani Farshid
Published: August 2019

Management of urothelial bladder cancer has historically been challenging as a result of a limited grasp of disease biology and few available systemic therapy options, mainly consisting of platinum-based chemotherapy. Improved understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer as well as their correlation with tumor behavior and response to treatment has emerged over the past few years. Remarkable therapeutic advances have been made with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors, which have changed the course of this disease. Multiple agents with novel mechanisms of action are also actively being explored in ongoing clinical trials. These advances are exciting but may prove challenging in terms of how to apply this constantly evolving plethora of data to actual patients. This review addresses the gray areas and challenging questions that frequently arise in clinical practice.
“This Dizzy Affair”: Quantum Measurement, Schrödinger's Cat, and Hammett's Falcon
Authors: Harrison Brady
Published: August 2019

The article explores the so-called quantum measurement problem, or the collapse of a wave function in the act of observation, as a reading and interpretive strategy. In particular, the article argues that the Maltese falcon, if it exists at all, does not exist in Dashiell Hammett's noir version of San Francisco until Sam Spade attempts to find it in a particular place. Further, reading from a quantum perspective suggests that Casper Gutman does not really want to find the jewel-encrusted statuette, or one would have appeared more often. Drawing on the work of Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Henry P. Stapp, and other quantum physicists, the article explores the role that consciousness and acts of observation play in the calling into being of material reality as it is imagined in narrative fiction.
Role of Dach1 revealed using a novel inner ear-specific Dach1-knockdown mouse model
Authors: Miwa Toru , Minoda Ryosei , Ishikawa Yoshihide , Kajii Tomohito , Orita Yorihisa , Ohyama Takahiro
Published: August 2019

The Dach1 gene is expressed in the inner ear of normal mouse embryos in the area that differentiates into the cochlear stria vascularis (SV). We hypothesized that Dach1 downregulation in the inner ear would lead to SV dysplasia. However, because Dach1 knockout is embryonic lethal in mice, the role of Dach1 in the inner ear is unclear. , Here, we established inner ear-specific Dach1-knockdown mice and showed that Dach1 downregulation resulted in hearing loss, reduced endocochlear potential, and secondary outer hair cell loss. There were no abnormalities in marginal cells and basal cells in the SV or spiral ligament in inner ear-specific Dach1-knockdown mature mice. However, intermediate cell dysplasia and thinning of the SV were observed. Moreover, dynamic changes in the expression of key genes related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition were observed in the lateral wall of the cochlear epithelium, which differentiated into the SV in inner ear-specific Dach1-knockdown mice at embryonic stages. In summary, suppression of Dach1 expression in the inner ear caused the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the lateral wall of cochlear epithelium, resulting in loss of intermediate cells in the SV and SV dysplasia.
Cdc42 defines apical identity and regulates epithelial morphogenesis by promoting apical recruitment of Par6-aPKC and Crumbs
Authors: Nunes de Almeida Francisca , Walther Rhian F. , Pressé Mary T. , Vlassaks Evi , Pichaud Franck
Published: August 2019

Cdc42 regulates epithelial morphogenesis together with the Par complex (Baz/Par3-Par6-aPKC), Crumbs (Crb/CRB3) and Stardust (Sdt/PALS1). However, how these proteins work together and interact during epithelial morphogenesis is not well understood. To address this issue, we used the genetically amenable Drosophila pupal photoreceptor and follicular epithelium. We show that during epithelial morphogenesis active Cdc42 accumulates at the developing apical membrane and cell-cell contacts, independently of the Par complex and Crb. However, membrane localization of Baz, Par6-aPKC and Crb all depend on Cdc42. We find that although binding of Cdc42 to Par6 is not essential for the recruitment of Par6 and aPKC to the membrane, it is required for their apical localization and accumulation, which we find also depends on Par6 retention by Crb. In the pupal photoreceptor, membrane recruitment of Par6-aPKC also depends on Baz. Our work shows that Cdc42 is required for this recruitment and suggests that this factor promotes the handover of Par6-aPKC from Baz onto Crb. Altogether, we propose that Cdc42 drives morphogenesis by conferring apical identity, Par-complex assembly and apical accumulation of Crb.
Emerging therapies in the management of macular edema: a review
Authors: Sacconi Riccardo , Giuffrè Chiara , Corbelli Eleonora , Borrelli Enrico , Querques Giuseppe , Bandello Francesco
Published: August 2019

Macular edema (ME) is a major complication of several vascular and inflammatory retinal diseases. Multiple mechanisms are implicated in its development and lead to visual impairment that could be reversible (the acute stages) or not reversible (long-standing ME). For this reason, an effective approach to the treatment of ME is of paramount importance in order to prevent irreversible damage of visual function. In this review, we discuss the management of ME and, in particular, current data of studies and clinical trials about drugs that have already been evaluated or are under investigation in the management of ME. Although several diseases could lead to the development of ME, we focus on the three main causes: diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and uveitis. The introduction into clinical practice of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (ranibizumab and aflibercept) and dexamethasone implants has revolutionized the treatment of ME secondary to DR and RVO. However, new drugs are needed in the treatment of resistant forms of ME secondary to DR and RVO. A fluocinolone acetonide implant has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of diabetic ME but not for RVO. Furthermore, brolucizumab and abicipar pegol have been shown to be effective in preliminary studies and have the chance to be approved soon for diabetic ME treatment. In ME secondary to uveitis, a crucial role is played by corticosteroids and non-biologic immunomodulatory drugs. However, several new biologic agents are under investigation in different clinical trials and could be important new therapeutic options in cases with a low response to first-line therapy. However, only a few of these drugs will enter the market after proving their safety and efficacy. Only after that will we be able to offer a new therapeutic option to patients affected by uveitic ME.
Converging physiological roles of the anthrax toxin receptors
Authors: Sergeeva Oksana A. , van der Goot F. Gisou
Published: August 2019

The anthrax toxin receptors—capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8)—were identified almost 20 years ago, although few studies have moved beyond their roles as receptors for the anthrax toxins to address their physiological functions. In the last few years, insight into their endogenous roles has come from two rare diseases: hyaline fibromatosis syndrome, caused by mutations in CMG2, and growth retardation, alopecia, pseudo-anodontia, and optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome, caused by loss-of-function mutations in TEM8. Although CMG2 and TEM8 are highly homologous at the protein level, the difference in disease symptoms points to variations in the physiological roles of the two anthrax receptors. Here, we focus on the similarities between these receptors in their ability to regulate extracellular matrix homeostasis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and skin elasticity. In this way, we shed light on how mutations in these two related proteins cause such seemingly different diseases and we highlight the existing knowledge gaps that could form the focus of future studies.
Improving palliative care with machine learning and routine data: a rapid review
Authors: Storick Virginia , O’Herlihy Aoife , Abdelhafeez Sarah , Ahmed Rakesh , May Peter
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Improving palliative care is a priority worldwide as this population experiences poor outcomes and accounts disproportionately for costs. In clinical practice, physician judgement is the core method of identifying palliative care needs but has important limitations. Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence advancing capacity to identify patterns and make predictions using large datasets.  ML has the potential to improve clinical decision-making and policy design, but there has been no systematic assembly of current evidence.

Methods: We conducted a rapid review, searching systematically seven databases from inception to December 31st, 2018: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, WOS, SCOPUS and ECONLIT.  We included peer-reviewed studies that used ML approaches on routine data to improve palliative care for adults.  Our specified outcomes were survival, quality of life (QoL), place of death, costs, and receipt of high-intensity treatment near end of life.  We did not search grey literature.

Results: The database search identified 426 citations. We discarded 162 duplicates and screened 264 unique title/abstracts, of which 22 were forwarded for full text review.  Three papers were included, 18 papers were excluded and one full text was sought but unobtainable.  One paper predicted six-month mortality, one paper predicted 12-month mortality and one paper cross-referenced predicted 12-month mortality with healthcare spending.  ML-informed models outperformed logistic regression in predicting mortality where data inputs were relatively strong, but those using only basic administrative data had limited benefit from ML.  Identifying poor prognosis does not appear effective in tackling high costs associated with serious illness. 

Conclusion: While ML can in principle help to identify those at risk of adverse outcomes and inappropriate treatment, applications to policy and practice are formative.  Future research must not only expand scope to other outcomes and longer timeframes, but also engage with individual preferences and ethical challenges.
Comparison of machine learning methods for crack localization
Authors: Hein Helle , Jaanuska Ljubov
Published: August 2019

In this paper, the Haar wavelet discrete transform, the artificial neural networks (ANNs), and the random forests (RFs) are applied to predict the location and severity of a crack in an Euler–Bernoulli cantilever subjected to the transverse free vibration. An extensive investigation into two data collection sets and machine learning methods showed that the depth of a crack is more difficult to predict than its location. The data set of eight natural frequency parameters produces more accurate predictions on the crack depth; meanwhile, the data set of eight Haar wavelet coefficients produces more precise predictions on the crack location. Furthermore, the analysis of the results showed that the ensemble of 50 ANN trained by Bayesian regularization and Levenberg–Marquardt algorithms slightly outperforms RF.
Games and game assignments for young children with disabilities
Authors: Стребелева Елена , Strebeleva Elena , Закрепина Алла , Zakrepina Alla , Кинаш Елена , Kinash Elena , Бутусова Татьяна , Butusova Tatyana , Кремнева Екатерина , Kremneva Ekaterina
Published: August 2019

The manual presents a system of games and game tasks that allow you to communicate productively with children with disabilities (HIA), given their age and individual developmental characteristics. The systematic application of these game tasks will contribute to the formation in children of positive interaction with adults and peers, age-related psychological achievements in development, the formation of important personal qualities and socialization in general.
For educators, students and parents.
Effects of a Tournament Incentive Plan Incorporating Managerial Discretion in a Geographically Dispersed Organization
Authors: Deller Carolyn , Sandino Tatiana
Published: August 2019

Using retail chain data, we study the effects of a tournament incentive plan based primarily on objective performance, but incorporating managerial discretion in the selection of winners. In principle, such plans could motivate employees to perform both at a high level, based on objective criteria, and in accordance with company values, considered via managerial discretion. However, such plans could be counterproductive if enough participants (especially those who do not win) perceive that subjectivity (introduced via discretion) adds unfairness. We show that, on average, the tournament incentive plan was associated with improved store sales. We also find that such plans can be more beneficial for geographically distant participants, where the potential for improving alignment is greater. Lastly, we find some evidence that participants’ resource constraints (potentially affecting unfairness concerns) can impact outcomes under the plan.

This paper was accepted by Shiva Rajgopal, accounting.
The pro-active shift in age management: Evidence from Dutch companies 2009-2017
Authors: Turek Konrad , Henkens Kène , Oude Mulders Jaap
Published: August 2019

Evidence suggests that organizations in different countries were more likely to send their older staff to early retirement than to retain them. However, ageing and shrinking labour markets force organizations to adjust their policies and practices to avoid staff shortages and improve firms competitiveness. Some more recent studies show that employers are moving away from early exit, instead showing increasing support for longer working lives. Still, a large-scale and longitudinal perspective on how organisations have reacted to the demographic challenges is missing in the literature.

In this study, we aim to fill this gap in the literature by answering two research questions. First, we ask how organisations approach older workers. Second, we study whether those organisational approaches changed over time. Data come from two comparative surveys of employers: 2009 (n=1,077) and 2017 (n=1,358) representative for the Netherlands. We use a three-step group-comparison latent class analysis (LCA) combined with multinomial logistic model (MNL), with multiple imputation of missing values.

We found four approaches to age management in Dutch companies, namely those focused on different measures aimed at retention and stimulation of work (Active), exit practices (Exit), diverse set of active and exit practices (All) and a cluster of organisation with no specific practices towards older workers (None). Between 2009 and 2017 the popularity of active policy largely increased, while exit-oriented policies and passive strategies reduced. The largest pro-active shift occurred in small organisations, firms with a high share of older employees, and knowledge-intensive companies.
SYARAT PARTAI POLITIK PESERTA PEMILIHAN UMUM YANG INKONSTITUSIONAL
Authors: Sinaga Budiman N. P. D. , Sinaga Sahat H. M. T.
Published: August 2019

Keberadaan Partai  Politik diatur dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Hal ini antara lain dapat diketahui  dari pasal-pasal yang berkaitan  dengan pemilihan umum. Pengaturan tentang Partai Politik tidak mungkin dilakukan secara lengkap dalam Undang-Undang Dasar sehingga perlu diatur lebih lanjut dalam peraturan perundang-undangan lain terutama dalam Undang-Undang.Materi muatan Undang-Undang tidak boleh bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar.  Akan tetapi, kenyataannya masih ditemukan materi muatan Undang-Undang yang bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar. Undang-Undang yang mengandung materi muatan yang bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar dapat diujidi Mahkamah Konstitusi namun dapat mengurangi kepastian hukum.Para pembentuk Undang-Undang tidak boleh memuat materi muatan yang bertentangan dengan Undang-Undang Dasar dan Pancasila dalam Undang-Undang. Selain itu, para pembentuk Undang-Undang juga tidak boleh membuat Undang-Undang yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan masyarakat. Keterlibatan masyarakat dalam kehidupan kenegaraan melalui Partai Politik tidak boleh dihilangkan melalui Undang-Undang atau peraturan perundang-undangan lain.
MEMAKNAKAN FUNGSI UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR SECARA IDEAL DALAM PEMBENTUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG
Authors: Anggraeni Ricca
Published: August 2019

Sebagai aturan dasar atau pokok penyelenggaraan negara, tentu Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 memuat norma hukum yang menjadi dasar bagi pembentukan landasan operasional agar tujuan dan cita hukum negara Indonesia dapat tercapai. Dengan kata lain, norma hukum yang terkandung dalam pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar menjadi tiang pancang bagi sistem peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Peran Undang-Undang Dasar yang krusial, sangat tidak memungkinkan bagi pembentuk Undang-Undang atau peraturan perundang-undangan untuk mengandalkan ratio legis yang terputus dari pemahaman makna knstruksi norma hukum Undang-Undang Dasar itu sendiri. Hanya saja, dalam praktiknya kompromi politik cenderung menjadi tumpuan utama untuk menuangkan norma hukum dalam Undang-Undang Dasar di Undang-Undang. Inilah yang diyakini sebagai pembuka pintu masalah bagi miskonsepsinya sistem peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia.
Post-socialist Myanmar and the East Asian Development Model
Authors: Bolesta Andrzej
Published: August 2019

Myanmar has been undergoing a process of post-socialist systemic transformation. During the reform period, its authorities used policy and institutional solutions of the East Asian development model in its post-socialist version, creating foundations for the post-socialist developmental state (PSDS).

The concept of the PSDS combines features of a developmental state (DS) and systemic transformation from central planning to market. A developmental state (DS) is considered to be an ideological and conceptual basis for the state’s economic policy and institutional and systemic arrangements that resulted in spectacular developmental achievements of some of the East Asian economies in the second half of the 20thcentury. Post-socialist transformation is considered the most multi-layered and complicated process of systemic reformulation, which took place at the end of the 20thand the beginning of 21stcenturies.

The article describes the process of building a PSDS in Myanmar. In economic policy, the authorities have focused on the industrialisation through the development of an export production base. Nevertheless, access to the internal market has often been restricted for foreign entities. Planning through a state planning agency remains a key tool in the formulation of a development strategy. In addition, systemic reforms have been gradual rather than radical (a shock therapy).
How are Creative Abilities Related to Meta-Learning Competences?
Authors: Kunat Beata , Uszyńska-Jarmoc Janina , Żak-Skalimowska Monika
Published: August 2019

This correlational study explored the relationship between creative abilities and selected meta-learning competences. The study was conducted among 250 first-year undergraduate and graduate students who solved theTest for Creative Thinking – Drawing Productionand filled in theMy Learning Questionnaire. The results demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between students’ awareness of their own learning and their creative abilities as well as a positive link between creative abilities and level of knowledge about human learning. These relationships were not moderated by the level of studies – the links among undergraduate and graduate students were similar in the case of self-awareness of learning and knowledge about learning.
Coping strategies for oral health problems by people with schizophrenia
Authors: Paredes Francesca Siu , Rude Nathalie , Moussa-Badran Sahar , Pelletier Jean-François , Rat Corinne , Denis Frederic
Published: August 2019

Background

Persons with schizophrenia are particularity susceptible to poor oral health. Symptoms of schizophrenia often affect oral health behaviors and lifestyle. The aim was to explore coping strategies used by people with schizophrenia in oral health in order to understand and to best involve them in the management of their own oral health in daily life.

Materials and methods

This is systematic review reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements. We included cross-sectional and longitudinal quantitative and qualitative studies that 1) examined coping strategies regarding oral health in persons with schizophrenia or 2) examined coping strategies were used in dental care. We included studies conducted with at least one PWS aged 18 years old more and without restriction on sex, socioeconomic status, or language.

Results

The 8 studies included suggest that coping strategies depends on complex translation processes that can be either personal (e.g., psychological symptomatology, neuropsychological functioning to adversely affect hope, self-esteem, self-stigma, self-determination, sense of coherence, and resilience) and/or environmental factors (e.g., peer support and efficacy of rehabilitations programs). We further identified that the main factor influencing coping strategies was dental stress situation.

Conclusions

This review suggests that coping strategies play a crucial role in the recovery process for oral health of PWS. Translation processes in oral health should be more explored in the future to clarify the capacity of PWS to cope with essential self-care in oral health on daily life.
The Impact of Personality Disorders on Longitudinal Change in Relationship Satisfaction in Long-Term Married Couples
Authors: South Susan C. , Boudreaux Michael J. , Oltmanns Thomas F.
Published: August 2019

Personality disorders (PDs) are significantly, negatively related to marital satisfaction. We examine how maladaptive personality is related to change in marital satisfaction over time utilizing data from the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN), a longitudinal, community-based study of personality and health in older adults. Participants were assessed at baseline for PD (self-report, informant-report, and structured interview); self- and spouse-reported relationship satisfaction assessed at baseline and five follow-ups was analyzed with latent growth curve modeling. Higher levels of PD at baseline were associated with lower self and spouse relationship satisfaction at baseline. On average, satisfaction did not change significantly over the study period, but there was significant individual variability. Higher levels of schizoid PD were protective of declines in partner's perception of satisfaction. Findings suggest that partners in long-term married unions may have adapted to the presence of their own or their spouse's level of personality pathology.
Antisocial Traits, Negative Emotionality, and Trajectories of Relationship Quality in Mexican-Origin Couples
Authors: Clark D. Angus , Donnellan M. Brent , Robins Richard W.
Published: August 2019

The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and broader personality trait domains such as negative emotionality (NEM) may prove detrimental for marital quality. Previous research with European Americans has found that ASPD negatively predicts couple functioning, even when controlling for NEM. The current study extends previous work by testing whether ASPD (as well as a history of early conduct disorder) and NEM are related to marital quality trajectories in a sample of 450 Mexican-origin couples followed over 9 years. Consistent with other studies, there was a slight average decline in relationship quality over the course of the study along with differences between couples in the initial level of relationship quality and rate of change. Results indicated that NEM was a stronger correlate of initial levels of marital quality than ASPD. Findings underscore the relevance of NEM as a personality trait domain relevant for relationships.
Personality Pathology and Spouses' Moment-to-Moment Interpersonal Behaviors
Authors: Assaad Lily , Lane Sean , Hopwood Christopher J. , Durbin C. Emily , Thomas Katherine M.
Published: August 2019

We assessed the association of personality pathology with romantic couples' observed interpersonal behaviors. Couples engaged in four discussion tasks, after which observers used the Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics method to continuously rate each participant's dominance and warmth over the course of each discussion. Using these ratings, we derived indices of average behaviors and changes in behaviors over the course of discussions. Generally, results indicated that the more personality pathology either spouse reported, the colder husbands were on average, and the colder they became toward their wives over time. However, personality disorder symptoms and overall interpersonal problems were largely unassociated with wives' behaviors. Results also indicated that the more dominance-related problems husbands and wives reported, the more dominantly and coldly they behaved, the more submissive or withdrawn their partners were, and the colder wives became over time; and the more warmth problems wives reported, the more dominantly, they behaved.
A Whole-Body Sensory-Motor Gradient is Revealed in the Medial Wall of the Parietal Lobe
Authors: Zeharia Noa , Hofstetter Shir , Flash Tamar , Amedi Amir
Published: August 2019

In 1954, Penfield and Jasper's findings based on electric stimulation of epileptic patients led them to hypothesize that a sensory representation of the body should be found in the precuneus. They termed this representation the “supplementary sensory” area and emphasized that the exact form of this homunculus could not be specified on the basis of their results. In the decades that followed, their prediction was neglected. The precuneus was found to be involved in numerous motor, cognitive and visual processes, but no work was done on its somatotopic organization. Here, we used a periodic experimental design in which 16 human subjects (eight women) moved 20 body parts to investigate the possible body part topography of the precuneus. We found an anterior-to-posterior, dorsal-to-ventral, toes-to-tongue gradient in a mirror orientation to the SMA. When inspecting body-part-specific functional connectivity, we found differential connectivity patterns for the different body parts to the primary and secondary motor areas and parietal and visual areas, and a shared connectivity to the extrastriate body area, another topographically organized area. We suggest that a whole-body gradient can be found in the precuneus and is connected to multiple brain areas with different connectivity for different body parts. Its exact role and relations to the other known functions of the precuneus such as self-processing, motor imagery, reaching, visuomotor and other body–mind functions should be investigated.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUsing fMRI, as well as sensitive spectral analysis, we found a new homunculus in the precuneus: an anterior-to-posterior, dorsal-to-ventral, toes-to-tongue somatotopic gradient in a mirror orientation to the SMA. When inspecting body-part-specific functional connectivity, we found differential connectivity patterns for the different body parts to the primary and secondary motor areas, parietal and visual areas, and a shared connectivity to the extrastriate body area, another topographically organized area. We suggest that a whole-body gradient can be found in the precuneus and is connected to multiple brain areas in a body-part-specific manner.
Plasticity of vascular resident mesenchymal stromal cells during vascular remodeling
Authors: Hong Xuechong , Gu Wenduo
Published: August 2019

Vascular remodeling is a complex and dynamic pathological process engaging many different cell types that reside within the vasculature. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) refer to a heterogeneous cell population with the plasticity to differentiate toward multiple mesodermal lineages. Various types of MSC have been identified within the vascular wall that actively contribute to the vascular remodeling process such as atherosclerosis. With the advances of genetic mouse models, recent findings demonstrated the crucial roles of MSCs in the progression of vascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview on the current knowledge of the characteristics and behavior of vascular resident MSCs under quiescence and remodeling conditions, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for cardiovascular diseases.
The Summer Institute in Statistical Genetics
Authors: Weir Bruce S
Published: August 2019

The Elizabeth W. Jones Award for Excellence in Education recognizes an individual or group that has had significant, sustained impact on genetics education at any level, from K-12 through graduate school and beyond. Bruce Weir (University of Washington) is the 2019 recipient in recognition of his work training thousands of researchers in the rigorous use of statistical analysis methods for genetic and genomic data. His contributions fall into three categories: the acclaimed Summer Institute in Statistical Genetics, which has been held continuously for 23 years and has trained > 10,000 researchers worldwide; the popular graduate-level textbook Genetic Data Analysis; and the training of a growing number of forensic geneticists during the rise of DNA evidence in courts around the world.
Intrinsic Senses of Early 21st Century Global Internet Discourse
Authors: Zernetskaya Olga , Zernetskiy Pavel
Published: August 2019

This article tackles, for the first time, the phenomenon of the intrinsic senses ofglobal internet discourse. The interrelations of artificial and natural languages are analyzed. The notion of the “sewing” senses of the Internet i.e., those containing new, often-used concepts originated from natural languages (English, Russian, Ukrainian, etc.)—is introduced, and their contrastive analysis is carried out. The processes that take place when modifying the senses of already known words and creating new ones show the great influence of modern scientific technologies in general on the global multicultural sense field. All of this is actualized as tackling the issues of producing and translating senses in English internet discourse (English being the main language of the global Internet environment), as solving the problems of their translation with certain modifications into different languages of the world. The article considers various cross-cutting senses, such as web, net, cyber, blogger, etc. It analyzes the history of their appearance ininternet discourse, the expansion of their meanings, and their transformations. It is necessary to emphasize that the terms of internet discourse are inherited from the English language by means of transliteration. In rare cases, such borrowings are semantic calques. When broadcasting internet senses to other subsystems, these senses undergo various semantic processes—evolution, modification, expansion, narrowing, lowering or raising of their statuses (from the established professional terms to slang)—when they enter other, non-Internet discourses, such as social, political, economic, youth.
On If and Whether Complement Clauses of ‘See’, ‘Wonder’, and ‘Know’ in Contemporary Spoken Academic American English: A Corpus-Based Study
Authors: Gawlik Oskar
Published: August 2019

The main goal of this article is to investigate the distribution of two apparently vying finite complementation patterns—if and whether clauses—accompanying three mental verbs (see, wonder, and know) in the MICASE corpus of spoken academic American English. The default introspective theoretical assumption that the two investigated complementizers are in a free distribution was not corroborated by the empiricical inquiry. The three verbs do evince linguistic preferences regarding complementation, preferences which depend on a number of factors: the valency pattern of a given verb, co(n)text, sub-genre, and the like. Moreover, the investigation also appears to have demonstrated that, in respect to the complementation of see, wonder, and know, spoken academic English bears a greater resemblance to everyday conversation than to written academic English, thus corroborating the contention that field prevails over mode (to employ Hallidayan parlance). Furthermore, the inquiry into the semantics of the three mental verbs investigated indicates that their meanings are affected by the genre, inasmuch as the verbs investigated tend to depart from their default dictionary definitions by conveying less-prototypical meanings. This finding, in turn, provides a rationale for probing into the pragmatics and functions of the three verbs. It must be stressed that the results should not be generalised due to the relatively small corpus size, which implies that further research is indicated.
Searching for Understanding in Cross-Cultural Communication
Authors: Larina Tatiana
Published: August 2019

In our globalized and multicultural world, the problem of understanding is crucial. It is the concern not only of politicians, sociologists, and psychologists, but also a key subject of linguists, translators, language and culture teachers, and specialists of other fields sensitive to cross-cultural issues. This was once again demonstrated at the international conference Cross-cultural Pragmatics at a Crossroads III, held from 26–28 June 2013 at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.