bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium Phosphate (Ca-P) Coating Draft Guidance for Preparation of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Submissions for Orthopedic and Dental Endosseous Implants
Authors: Callahan TJ , Gantenberg JB , Sands BE
Published: March 2009

The interest and use of calcium phosphate materials as medical device coatings prompted the FDA to draft a guidance document that would aid the characterization of these materials. The document is intended to inform medical device manufacturers of important information that should be provided to the FDA in submissions on Orthopedic and Dental products.
Bottom Ash as Embankment Material
Authors: Huang W-H , Lovell CW
Published: March 2009

The physical and chemical characteristics and engineering properties of power plant bottom ash, a byproduct produced from the combustion of coal, are presented. Laboratory studies included evaluation of chemical and index properties, permeability, compaction, shear strength, and compressibility. The results of these tests conducted on Indiana bottom ashes are compared with representative values obtained for granular soils. The leaching behavior of bottom ash and its effects on ground water quality have been studied by laboratory extraction techniques. The findings suggest that untreated bottom ash may be used as a fill material, including backfill for retaining structures, highway embankments, and structural fills.
Geotechnics of Waste Fill
Authors: Landva AO , Clark JI
Published: March 2009

Geotechnical investigations of waste fills are rarely undertaken, and consequently far too little is known by the geotechnical community about the engineering properties of fill, particularly waste fill such as refuse and woodwaste. In many communities waste fills are being used to create recreational areas to elevations significantly above the original terrain. Slope stability then becomes an important consideration. In addition many communities have expanded to encompass waste fill areas once thought to be beyond the limits of development. The engineering properties and long-term behaviour of these fill areas are therefore important to land use considerations.

In 1983 the authors initiated a programme of investigations of the geotechnical properties of waste materials. Particular emphasis was placed on refuse landfills and woodwastes such as barkfill (hogfuel), sludge and ash wastes. Novel equipment and methods had to be introduced both in the field and in the laboratory. The field investigations were carried out in waste fills across Canada. Much of this work had to be concerned with the development of suitable equipment and test procedures.

It is concluded that geotechnical investigations of these unusual and difficult materials are feasible, as long as it is recognized that conventional testing methods and analyses may not apply and that a different approach is required. No direct evidence was found that the shear strength of refuse changes with the degree of decomposition.
The Geotechnical Properties of Cemented Colliery Waste for Use in Land Fill
Authors: Davies MCR
Published: March 2009

The reject resulting from the reworking of colliery-waste tips may be utilised for landfill. When the coarser reject is mixed with the tailings from the washing process the mixture presents problems for compaction, which may be alleviated by the addition of cement. A test program was conducted to characterise the geotechnical properties of the cemented material. The properties of the tailings were observed to be governed by the moisture content at which cement was added and the level of effective stress. The properties of the mixed spoil varied according to the proportions of coarse material to tailings. As a result of the testing program conclusions regarding the acceptability of cemented colliery waste for use as a fill material can be made.
Stability Consideration of Vertical Landfill Expansions
Authors: Tieman GE , Druback GW , Davis KA , Weidner CH
Published: March 2009

It should be expected that vertical expansions of ash residue and municipal solid waste landfills in the future will be required to demonstrate an acceptable level of structural stability in addition to meeting other federal and state regulations. In particular, the liner systems of the vertical piggyback expansions should not suffer damage due to settlement of the underlying existing waste material or due to side slope instability.

In May 1987, prior to the development of any New York state or federal regulations addressing the issue of structural stability relative to vertical piggyback expansions, separate ash residue and municipal solid waste vertical expansions were designed by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. for the Town of Islip, New York. A fundamental design consideration was the evaluation of long-term piggyback structural stability. Construction of both piggyback expansions began in September 1987, with substantial completion in August 1988.

The design of both piggybacks evaluated structural stability in the following modes: (1) failure between the various natural and geosynthetic materials comprising the piggyback liner system, (2) deep seated circular failure down through the underlying existing waste material and subgrade and (3) subgrade reinforcement with polyethylene geogrids. Malcolm Pirnie's analyses indicated that several geotechnical parameters were of critical concern for the stability of the Town of Islip's vertical piggyback expansions: (1) bottom liner and existing side slope grades, (2) interface friction angles, (3) type and orientation of the geosynthetics relative to grade, (4) depth of leachate in the drainage layer above the piggyback liner system, and (5) utilization of geogrids for subgrade reinforcement.

The stability analyses which assessed design conditions (1) through (4) utilized the computer program STABL, written at Purdue University for the general solution of slope stability problems. Calculation of factor of safety values against incipient instability of the slope was performed for the sliding block and deep-seated circular failure analysis, using the Modified Bishop's and Simplified Janbu methods, respectively. The results of the structural analyses indicated that a combination of geogrid reinforcement and appropriate design would yield vertical piggyback expansions which would have acceptable structural stabilities over their operational and post-closure lifetimes.
Tolerance of Several Cool-Season Turfgrasses to Simulated Sports Traffic
Authors: Cockerham ST , Gibeault VA , Van Dam J , Leonard MK
Published: March 2009

Cool-season turfgrasses have potential for use on sports fields in the Southwestern United States. Fifty-three cultivars were planted in the National Perennial Ryegrass Evaluation Trial at the University of California at Riverside in 1984. After four years, Palmer, HR-1, Tara, Citation II, M-382, Gator, Blazer, Prelude, and SWRC-1 rated highest in quality with no statistically significant difference among them. A Brinkman traffic simulator (BTS) treatment, equivalent to one professional football game per week, was applied in 1988, over an eight-week period, to the perennial ryegrass cultivars. All of the ryegrasses tolerated the traffic, with Citation II performing the best.

Common Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] was overseeded with several cool-season species. Under moderate BTS traffic, roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) disappeared almost immediately. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Flyer creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), and Shadow Chewing's fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud.) tolerated more traffic. Rebel II tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) withstood a moderate amount of traffic. Caliente and Elka perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars were traffic tolerant with the Caliente rating higher. Under the traffic and competition of the more persistent overseeded grasses (perennial ryegrass and tall fescue), the common Bermuda grass did not transition.

Established Mojave tall fescue was submitted to BTS traffic over a nine-month period. The grass tolerated moderate traffic, but it did not perform well under a once a week football game equivalent. Penetrometer measurements were significant among the treatments, indicating the heavy traffic reduced the impact absorption capability of the turf and increased the soil compaction.

The perennial ryegrasses are durable enough for consideration as sports turf for some sports in the Southwest.
Starch-Encapsulated Herbicides: Approach to Reduce Groundwater Contamination
Authors: Wing RE , Doane WM , Schreiber MM
Published: March 2009

Non-chemically modified cornstarch effectively encapsulates herbicides. Aqueous gelatinization of starch at high temperature followed by active agent addition, drying and grinding yields encapsulated products that release active agents slowly. The rate of release can be controlled by varying the starch type and particle size. Preliminary data from sand and soil columns with encapsulated herbicides show that these products offer potential in reducing groundwater contamination.
Cuticular Wax Solubility and Leaf-Cell Membrane Permeability of Petroleum Solvents
Authors: Manthey FA , Group EF , Nalewaja JD
Published: March 2009

Information on petroleum solvent interaction with cuticular wax and with leaf-cell membranes may be useful in selecting the most effective solvents for pesticide formulation. Experiments were conducted with corn and green foxtail to determine petroleum solvent recoil from cuticular leaf wax, relative solvency for cuticular wax, leaf-cell membrane permeability as influenced by petroleum solvents, and fluazifop-P absorption, translocation and phytotoxicity when applied with various petroleum solvents. The solvent recoil test procedure was not reproducible. The relative solvency of petroleum solvents for cuticular leaf wax tended to be similar for both corn and green foxtail. Aromatic 100, Aromatic 200, EXXSOL D 80, NORPAR 15, and VARSOL 1 had greater solvency than ISOPAR L, ISOPAR M, ISOPAR V, ORCHEX 796, and distilled water for leaf wax. Correlations based on solvent structure are made. Solvency for cuticular wax correlated positively with leaf-cell membrane permeability. Both solvency for leaf wax and leaf-cell permeability correlated positively with solvent phytotoxicity. Fluazifop-P did not affect petroleum solvent phytotoxicity. Fluazifop-P had a negligible affect on petroleum solvent solubility for cuticular leaf wax but did reduce solvent volatility. Absorption and translocation of 14C-fluazifop in both corn and green foxtail were not greatly affected by the solvents tested. The solvent which enhanced fluazifop-P phytotoxicity the most was different for corn and green foxtail. Solvents tested differed in relative wax solubility and in their affect on leaf-cell membrane permeability, but no obvious relationship occurred among these factors and the absorption, translocation and phytotoxicity of fluazifop-P.
Effects of Spray Oils on Temperature, Net Gas Exchange, and Phytotoxicity of Citrus Leaves
Authors: Salyani M , Syvertsen JP , Knapp JL
Published: March 2009

Three types of horticultural spray oils (Sunspray 7N, Sunspray 9N, and VOLCK Supreme Spray) were used to prepare spray mixtures of 1, 2, and 4% (V/V) oil plus emulsifier in water. The 50% distillation temperatures (50% DT) of the oils were 224, 235, and 247°C (435, 455, and 476°F), respectively. The mixtures were applied to the fully expanded young leaves of 2-year-old containerized ‘Valencia’ orange trees in 2 tests. In the first test, leaves on different plants were dipped in agitated oil mixtures and after one day, under sunny conditions, their leaf temperature (T1, infrared thermometer) and stomatal conductance (Gs, diffusion porometer) were measured. There was no significant effect of oil DT on T1 or Gs. However, averaged over all DTs of oil, the 4 and 2% rates significantly decreased G below that of the 1% rate. In the second test, the 1 and 4% oil mixtures and an emulsifier only solution were uniformly sprayed on both surfaces of the leaves with a hand atomizer. Three to 5 days later, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation (A), and dark respiration (R) of sprayed leaves were determined, using an open gas exchange system in the laboratory. Neither oil DT nor oil concentration had a significant effect on G5 or A; however, R was highest with Sunspray 7N-1% and lowest with Sunspray 9N-4% treatments. In both tests, no visible phytotoxicity was observed after 3 months under glasshouse conditions.
Mechanical Characterization of Unnotched SCS6/Ti-15-3 Metal Matrix Composites at Room Temperature
Authors: Johnson WS , Lubowinski SJ , Highsmith AL
Published: March 2009

The Ti-15-3 metal matrix composites containing silicon carbide (SCS6) fibers, in five different lay-ups, have been tested at room temperature to determine static strengths and mechanical properties. Experimental data and predicted values of the laminate properties and strengths showed good correlation. The off-axis laminate plies (that is 90° and 45°) suffered fiber/matrix interface failures at stress levels as low as 20 ksi, thus significantly affecting the mechanical properties of the laminate. Edge replicas were used to verify the fiber/matrix separations. Microscopic examinations determined that the fiber/matrix failures were occurring in the titanium/silicon reaction layer. Fatigue tests were performed on unnotched specimens to determine the number of cycles to failure versus cyclic stress level. It was found that the stress in the 0° fiber could be used to correlate the fatigue life of different laminates containing 0° phes.
Fatigue Crack Growth in an Al2O3 Short Fiber Reinforced Al-2Mg Alloy
Authors: Preston S , Melander A , Groth HL , Blom AF
Published: March 2009

Metal matrix composites (Al-2Mg) reinforced with 10% by volume “Saffil” fibers were manufactured by a pressure infiltration technique. The initiation and growth of fatigue cracks in these composites were investigated by two methods.

Fatigue crack initiation and early crack growth were studied in smooth four-point bend specimens using replication techniques. The mechanisms of crack initiation were interpreted in terms of fiber interactions.

Fatigue crack growth behavior for long cracks was studied on CT-specimens. The long crack growth data for stress ratios R = 0. 05 and 0. 5 were correlated by incorporating measured values of crack closure into an effective driving force, ΔKeff.
Quick Switching Systems in Acceptance Sampling
Authors: Romboski LD
Published: March 2009

Quick switching systems (QSSs) for acceptance sampling are defined and their properties are investigated under two different process models. Operating characteristic curves are determined under the constant process average model and tables are provided for determining quick switching systems that match a single sampling plan. QSSs are shown to be more efficient than single sampling plans and not as efficient as chain sampling plans. Average run length (ARL) is used to investigate the properties of a QSS under a shift in process average model. These investigations lead to several recommendations for implementation. Several additional quick switching systems are defined and tables are available for their implementation.
Zirconium-Alloy Corrosion: A Review Based on an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Meeting
Authors: Franklin DG , Lang PM
Published: March 2009

The in-reactor oxidation of zirconium alloys, the structural material in almost all water-cooled and water-moderated reactors, can be life-limiting. In September 1989 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), arranged a workshop on zirconium-alloy corrosion. This paper reviews the primary findings of the workshop, considers some previously reported work to provide perspective, and summarizes the state of the technology. During the 1980s, significant progress was made towards correlating microstructural features and irradiation-induced changes with corrosion resistance. The development and use of sophisticated microcharacterization tools contributed greatly to these advancements. Also, significant progress toward understanding chemistry effects has been made. During the 1990s, the actual mechanism of corrosion should become well enough understood to support optimization of both alloy composition and microstructure. This will provide utilities with the ability to minimize fuel-cycle costs through burnup optimization.
Solid Grade Acrylic Cement Modifiers
Authors: Tsai M-C , Burch MJ , Lavelle JA
Published: March 2009

Acrylic latexes have been used successfully for over 30 years modifying cement mortar properties both for indoor and outdoor applications. Polymers containing 100% acrylic compositions in re-dispersible powder form can now be produced by spray drying of appropriate acrylic latexes. When re-dispersed in water, these acrylic dry polymers exhibited the same particle size characteristics as their parent latexes. Moreover, just like the acrylic latexes, the re-dispersible acrylic powders are well suited for improving cement mortar properties in a number of areas such as patching and repair mortars, spray coating, stucco, ceramic tile adhesives, building adhesives, shotcrete, etc. Compositional change can result in a re-dispersible acrylic powder with greater flexibility and better water resistance. A long term exposure study has demonstrated outstanding exterior durability of acrylic powder modified mortars.
Effect of Contact Pressure on Fretting Fatigue of High Strength Steel and Titanium Alloy
Authors: Nakazawa K , Sumita M , Maruyama N
Published: March 2009

The effect of contact pressure on fretting fatigue behavior has been studied using a high strength steel and a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In steel, at higher stress amplitude, the fretting fatigue life decreased monotonously with increasing contact pressure. At lower stress amplitude, it exhibited a minimum at a low contact pressure and a maximum at an intermediate contact pressure, then decreased again and became constant at high contact pressures. The fretting fatigue strength at 107 cycles was high at an intermediate contact pressure. In titanium alloy, the fretting fatigue life showed a similar contact pressure dependence. The frictional force increased monotonously with increasing contact pressure. The initiation site of the main crack depended on the contact pressure and had a close relation to the width of stick region at the fretted area. The contact pressure dependence was discussed in terms of stress concentration at the fretted area.
A Critical Review of Fretting Fatigue Investigations at the Royal Aerospace Establishment
Authors: Rayaprolu DB , Cook R
Published: March 2009

The Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE) of the United Kingdom has been involved in fretting fatigue research for about 15 years. This paper summarizes the work that has been carried out and describes research that is currently being undertaken. It also presents the authors' views of future requirements in fretting fatigue testing and modeling of contact stresses in fatigue loaded structures. The main aims of the RAE research are to determine the important factors which influence the initiation and propagation of fretting fatigue cracks and to develop fracture mechanics models which could be applied to structural situations. To achieve these aims considerable work has been undertaken to develop both fretting fatigue testing equipment and theoretical models of the fretting fatigue process. This paper describes the developments made in both areas.

A summary is given of the fretting fatigue variables that have been considered in the test programs to date. Early fracture mechanics models are briefly described and their ability to predict fatigue endurances is assessed. These models which were based on a growing edge crack have been modified to take account of the early growth of inclined cracks under fretting conditions. A critical review is made of testing methods and the authors' views on essential testing requirements are presented. The Report concludes with a discussion of the direction of future work both at the RAE and in the proposed ASTM activities.
ACSR Electrical Conductor Fretting Fatigue at Spacer Clamps
Authors: Cardou A , Cloutier L , St-Louis M , Leblond A
Published: March 2009

Overhead electrical conductors are subjected to aeolian vibrations which may induce aluminum wire fatigue breaks at line suspension points and spacer clamps. Such wire failures are essentially due to fretting fatigue occurring at interwire and clamp-wire contact points. Tests have been performed on a typical ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductor. The test benches are based on a new design in which a cyclic deflexion amplitude is imposed at the center of the test specimen through an eccentric shaft. Tests have been conducted with two types of spacer clamps. Individual wire breaks have been recorded, including those occurring at inner layers. Analysis of each specimen has shown that almost all wire breaks initiated at fretting marks. A careful location analysis (both in the conductor cross section and axial direction) has yielded some new results on the cyclic bending behavior of a conductor-clamp system.
Biotechnology: Is There a Role for Medical Surveillance?
Authors: Liberman DF , Ducatman AM , Fink R
Published: March 2009

Human medical surveillance is a limited protection that can be quite useful in the control of biohazards provided that it is specific. Primary workplace protection consists of engineering and education processes intended to eliminate or to limit adverse exposures adequately. Secondary protection consists of environmental sampling that seeks to ascertain whether primary protection is working. Such sampling is called industrial hygiene when directed at chemicals and dusts; the same process, when used for biologicals, may be termed “biohazard assessment.” Although the principles of biohazard assessment are virtually identical to those of industrial hygiene, systematic biohazard assessment is seldom performed at the level of industrial hygiene standards. Medical surveillance provides a third level of protection and has a dual function.
Laser Damage Database at 1064 nm
Authors: Rainer F , Gonzales RP , Morgan AJ
Published: March 2009

In conjunction with our diversification of laser damage testing capabilities (see “Expanded Damage Test Facilities at LLNL” this conference), we have expanded upon a database of threshold measurements and parameter variations at 1064 nm. This includes all tests at low pulse-repetition frequencies (PRF) ranging from single shots to 120 Hz. These tests were conducted on the Reptile laser facility since 1987 and the Variable Pulse Laser (VPL) facility since 1988. Pulse durations ranged from 1 to 16 ns. The table below summarizes the test data scaled to 10-ns pulses.

Sample typeNumber of testsDamage thresholds (J/cm2) scaled to 10 ns at 1064 nmMin.AverageMax.AR coatings1640.819>56HR coatings2830.71856Polarizers470.8841Layers (1 or more, 1 material)1690.71234Metals (bare & enhanced)490.4640Bare surfaces2261.62661Bulk material1750.82161
Laser Induced Damage to Thallium Arsenic Selenide (TAS)
Authors: Said AA , Sheik-Bahae M , Soileau MJ , Van Stryland EW , Singh NB , Henningsen T
Published: March 2009

We present results of a study of the laser induced damage thresholds of Tl3AsSe3 at 10 μm using nanosecond and picosecond pulses. The damage threshold was found to be ≃10 J/cm2 with 130 ns (FWHM) and no damage was observed using 60 ps pulses.
Optical Breakdown in Particle Suspension
Authors: Mansour K , Soileau MJ , Van Stryland EW
Published: March 2009

We have characterized the nonlinearities observed in suspensions of carbon black particles in liquids (CBS). We have developed a preliminary explanation of the optical limiting characteristic of the CBS that qualitatively explains the low limiting thresholds. We have found that the limiting depends primarily on the input optical fluence (J/cm2) rather than irradiance (W/cm2). We have monitored transmission, side scattered light, and the photoacoustic response of the CBS simultaneously. The nonlinear scattered light appears to be the dominant nonlinearity. Additionally, we have observed that the nonlinearities disappear after repeated laser firings. Thus, in essense, we are performing a laser induced damage experiment, and we have prepared a material with a low damage threshold. These data have led us to the following model. The carbon first linearly absorbs the input light efficiently. The carbon is rapidly heated, vaporizes and ionizes to form a rapidly expanding microplasma. This plasma absorbs and scatters subsequent light, thus limiting the transmittance.
IR Laser Beam Profiling Using Quenched Fluorescence
Authors: Kerr NC , Clark SE , Emmony DC
Published: March 2009

The construction and performance of a system for the spatial characterization of a CO2 pulsed laser beam is described. Using thermally quenched fluorescence a direct imaging technique has been developed for single shot CO2 laser pulse beam profiling. A CCD video camera and framestore interfaced to a PC computer are used to image the spatial intensity distribution produced by a CO2 pulse incident upon a temperature dependent luminescent screen. The resolution is similar to much more expensive pyroelectric detector array techniques with all the advantages of two dimensional beam processing.
Optical Damage on SiO2 Cavity Mirrors Produced by High-Power VUV Laser Irradiation
Authors: Takigawa Y , Kurosawa K , Okuda M , Sasaki W , Yoshida K , Fujiwara E , Kato Y , Inoue Y
Published: March 2009

We report observation results about damages on SiO2 mirror surfaces. The damages were made when the mirrors were used as a cavity reflector for the Ar and Kr excimer lasers. The surface profile, transmission and reflectance spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectra show that bulk Si is isolated in the surface layer which was exposed to 9.8eV photons from the Ar excimer laser. The Kr excimer laser, whose photon energy is 8.5eV, does not induce such a phenomenon. The Ar excimer laser photons, surmounting the fundamental band gap of SiO2, 9eV, are considered to create high density excitons that induce the Si-O bond breaking and Si isolation.
Damage Assessment and Possible Damage Mechanisms to 1-Meter Diameter Nova Turning Mirrors
Authors: Edwards G , Campbell J , Wolfe R , Lindsey E
Published: March 2009

A major concern in the operation of the LLNL 120 kJ Nova laser system is damage to the nominal 1-meter diameter mirrors (i.e. HR coatings). The damage appears to originate from microscopic defects that vary in size up to approximately 30 μm in diameter. These defects produce damage sites up to 250 μm and, in some cases, covering 20% or more of the mirror surface. Defects due to particulates that are in or under the coating are highly unlikely due to the fact that coating thickness is only 5 μm thick and particles up to 30 μm would produce surface roughness that could be easily detected. Consequently, the defects must be plate-like (i.e. “2-D”) in nature. A by-product of the damage is a haze left on the surface of the mirror. This haze is analyzed and shown to be blown-off particles of ZrO2/SiO2 coating material. The particle morphology suggests nucleation from a vapor phase which implies localized heating in the coating to temperatures on the order of 3000°K. Some possible damage mechanisms are also explored.
Thermal Transport Studies of Optical Coatings, Interfaces and Surfaces by Thermal Diffusion Wave Interferometry
Authors: Swimm RT , Wiemokly G
Published: March 2009

Thermal transport data on thin metal coatings are presented. The data illustrate the ability of the measurement technique to characterize the thermal transport properties of single samples. The method offers insight on coating survivability.
Optical Properties and Laser Damage Measurements of Inorganic Polymer Films
Authors: Exarhos GJ , Crosby KM
Published: March 2009

Linear phosphorus-nitrogen based polymers have been synthesized and deposited as thin films from solution on silica or silicon substrates using dip-coating or spin-casting methods. Most materials transmit well into the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and have refractive indices (1.5 to 1.7 at 500 nm) which are controlled by the functionality of chemical substituents introduced at the phosphorus atom. Films exposed to pulsed laser irradiation (1064 nm, 8ns pulsewidth) exhibit damage morphologies ranging from severe cratering to delamination. The chloro-substituted polymer shows a spheroidal surface morphology after exposure to a 25 J/cm2 pulse suggesting melting or condensation of ablated material. The relative stability of these materials to laser irradiation will be discussed in terms of chemical bond ionicity which is influenced by atom electronegativity and the nature of substituent groups. Preliminary measurements of the non-linear optical response observed in several of these materials (SHG) will also be discussed.
Large Area Laser Conditioning of Dielectric Thin Film Mirrors
Authors: Kozlowski MR , Wolfe CR , Staggs MC , Campbell JH
Published: March 2009

The laser conditioning of dielectric thin film HR coatings has been studied as a practical method for the improvement of the damage thresholds of large area (1.1 m dia.) high power 1064 nm laser mirrors on the LLNL 120 kJ, 100 TW Nova laser system. Both HfO2/SiO2 and ZrO2/SiO2HR coatings were conditioned by rastering with a small (∼0.2 mm) diameter beam from a pulsed (18 Hz, 8 ns) Nd-YAG laser (1064 nm). The samples were rastered at various fluences below the unconditioned damage threshold and subsequently damage tested. Large area conditioning studies were also performed using a large aperture beam of the Nova laser. The laser conditioning effect was found to be permanent. Improvements in damage threshold due to conditioning were as high as a factor of 2.7 and were dependent on the conditioning parameters. A model for the conditioning effect is proposed based on the emptying of electronic defect levels within the bandgap of the dielectric materials.
Measurements of UV Induced Absorption in Dielectric Coatings
Authors: Bakshi MH , Cecere M , Deacon DAG , Fauchet AM
Published: March 2009

We discuss the first results obtained from a new testing facility for measuring the induced absorption in multilayer dielectric coatings exposed to intense UV radiation. The absorption loss is measured in-situ during exposure, as a function of time for various UV photon energies, intensities, and sample materials. The sample is irradiated by the direct beam from the TOK undulator at NSLS and measured in-vacuo. The undulator is typically run at K = 1 (so that the harmonic emission is low) to simplify the data analysis. The test chamber is separated from the undulator beamline by a differentially pumped line which permits the introduction of carbonaceous gases into the chamber at pressures up to 10-5 Torr. By varying the current and energy of the stored electrons, one can adjust the intensity and photon energy of the undulator first harmonic in the range up to 1.2 w/cm2, and between about 5 eV and 35 eV.
Evaluation of Corrosion Failures in Pumps
Authors: McCaul C
Published: March 2009

Pumps are subject to a wide range of corrosion problems. A considerable number of these failures can be grouped into two broad categories. In the first category, some deficiency in fabrication or processing can lead to enhanced corrosion in a normally resistant material. Intergranular attack and corrosion at casting defects are the most common problems of this type. Examples of each are discussed and remedies proposed to alleviate this problem. The second major category of corrosion failures is caused by unanticipated or unrecognized aspects of the environment which adversely affect the material. Examples are discussed wherein corrosion and subsequent cracking occurred as a result of deficiencies in water treatment which allowed the intrusion or buildup of corrodents. The examples presented in this paper illustrate the importance of metallurgical failure analysis as a tool to produce a higher quality, more reliable product.
Corrosion Testing in Soils—Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Chaker V
Published: March 2009

Corrosion has become one of the major contributors to the gradual depletion of many essential materials for survival on earth. Corrosion in soils can claim the lion's share of this destruction.

This paper outlines the development of test methods needed to identify, measure, and control corrosion in soils. Recognizing the limitations of present test methods, a challenge is offered to the professional world to embark on a program to develop new techniques for testing corrosion in soils, thus leading to better control and contributing to the prosperity and continued use of the earth's resources.
Measuring the Corrosion of Metals in Soil
Authors: Escalante E
Published: March 2009

Polarization resistance and galvanic current measurements, used for underground corrosion studies, are described, and problems encountered in making these measurements in the field, along with solutions, are discussed. Polarization measurements, supported by physical measurements, have shown that induced alternating current increases the corrosion rate of copper concentric neutrals compared to copper neutrals without ac. These measurements also revealed that driven piles undergo less corrosion attack than similar piles in backfilled trenches. Galvanic current measurements provide valuable information on the behavior of galvanically coupled materials and can be used to compare the corrosivity of soil environments.
Long-Term Atmospheric Corrosion Behavior of Various Grades of Stainless Steel in Rural, Industrial, and Marine Environments
Authors: Baker EA , Kirk WW
Published: March 2009

Stainless Steels have been used in outdoor applications for many years. The classic example is the roof of the Chrysler Building in New York City that was constructed in 1926; it has been cleaned only once (in 1961) to remove surface deposits and restore its original gleam. Architecture, industry, and transportation (land, air, water, and space) all utilize stainless steels, and the list of components in each is endless.

Eleven grades of stainless steel were evaluated after 29 years of exposure at two ASTM test sites: the rural atmosphere at State College, PA and the industrial atmosphere at Newark/Kearny, NJ. Previous evaluation of these same materials from the Kure Beach, NC 25- and 250-m marine sites have been reported and are referenced in this paper. The alloys evaluated include 200, 300, and 400 series stainless steels. This paper dwells on results from the rural and industrial sites, but summarizes alloy corrosion behavior from the mildest rural atmosphere to the most severe marine environment.

All materials at each site had the same general appearance, and no significant corrosion was evident. In the rural atmosphere, all stainless steel surfaces remained virtually unchanged after 29 years of exposure. In the industrial atmosphere, all alloy surfaces were dark brown to black in color, resulting from the deposit of industrial airborne particles. These deposits could be removed by brisk rubbing with a wet cloth and nonabrasive cleanser, nearly returning the surfaces to their original appearance.

No evidence of stress corrosion cracking was found around any welds or Erichsen cups. Mechanical properties of all alloys were unaffected by these long exposures.
Using Multisample Test Apparatus for the ASTM A 262, Practice C Nitric Acid Corrosion Testing of Types 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
Authors: Corbett RA
Published: March 2009

The single-sample, single-flask method generally is used by testing laboratories when industry and government agencies specify corrosion evaluation of Types 304 and 304L stainless steels to ASTM A 262, Practice C. Information presented confirms that multisample test equipment in use for many years has permitted major savings in chemicals, labor, laboratory space, and equipment and at the same time has successfully avoided problems associated with the detrimental buildup of hexavalent chromium ions. A new multisample tester design is also discussed. This new design avoids the problems of weight, bulk, and expense associated with early multisample testers and yields results of the same accuracy and reproducibility as both the single-sample, single-flask method and earlier multisample testers.
What's New in the New World?
Authors: Buscombe Edward
Published: March 2009

An essay on an extended DVD of Terrence Malick's The New World, focusing on representation of relations between Native Americans and settlers from England, and the film's place in the history of the Pocahontas story.
Altered insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes and primary adrenal insufficiency receiving standard glucocorticoid replacement therapy
Authors: Elbelt Ulf , Hahner Stefanie , Allolio Bruno
Published: March 2009

Objective

Current glucocorticoid replacement regimens fail to fully mimic physiologic cortisol secretion in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. This may lead to changes in insulin requirement in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes. Therefore, we assessed insulin requirement in patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS-2).

Design and subjects

Ten females with primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes (mean duration of type 1 diabetes 13±11 years and of primary adrenal insufficiency 11±9 years) were retrospectively assessed regarding insulin regimen and insulin dose adjustment. Data were compared with control patients matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes drawn from all patients with type 1 diabetes attending the diabetes outpatient clinics at the University Hospital Wuerzburg for a scheduled consultation.

Results

Glycaemia was well controlled in both groups (mean HbA1c 6.99±0.81% in APS-2 patients versus 6.69±1.03% in control patients). The mean weight-adjusted daily dose of insulin was non-significantly higher in patients with APS-2 compared with control patients (0.69±0.35 IU/kg body weight versus 0.51±0.17 respectively). The mean insulin (IU)/carbohydrate-ratio for 10 g of carbohydrate in the morning was 1.9±1.0 and 1.4±0.5 respectively. However, the insulin/carbohydrate-ratios were significantly higher in the APS-2 patients both at noon (mean ratio 2.0±0.9 vs 1.1±0.5 in control patients) and in the evening (mean ratio 2.1±1.1 vs 1.3±0.5 respectively;P<0.05).

Conclusions

Glucocorticoid replacement therapy in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency and type 1 diabetes leads to significant changes in insulin requirement compared with patients with type 1 diabetes only.
Child Abuse Training and Knowledge: A National Survey of Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, and Pediatric Residents and Program Directors
Authors: Starling Suzanne P. , Heisler Kurt W. , Paulson James F. , Youmans Eren
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, comfort, and training related to the medical management of child abuse among pediatrics, emergency medicine, and family medicine residents.

METHODS. Surveys were administered to program directors and third-year residents at 67 residency programs. The resident survey included a 24-item quiz to assess knowledge regarding the medical management of physical and sexual child abuse. Sites were solicited from members of a network of child abuse physicians practicing at institutions with residency programs.

RESULTS. Analyzable surveys were received from 53 program directors and 462 residents. Compared with emergency medicine and family medicine programs, pediatric programs were significantly larger and more likely to have a medical provider specializing in child abuse pediatrics, have faculty primarily responsible for child abuse training, use a written curriculum for child abuse training, and offer an elective rotation in child abuse. Exposure to child abuse training and abused patients was highest for pediatric residents and lowest for family medicine residents. Comfort with managing child abuse cases was lowest among family medicine residents. On the knowledge quiz, pediatric residents significantly outperformed emergency medicine and family medicine residents. Residents with high knowledge scores were significantly more likely to come from larger programs and programs that had a center, provider, or interdisciplinary team that specialized in child abuse pediatrics; had a physician on faculty responsible for child abuse training; used a written curriculum for child abuse training; and had a required rotation in child abuse pediatrics.

CONCLUSIONS. By analyzing the relationship between program characteristics and residents' child abuse knowledge, we found that pediatric programs provide far more training and resources for child abuse education than emergency medicine and family medicine programs. As leaders, pediatricians must establish the importance of this topic in the pediatric education of residents of all specialties.
Reproductive and developmental effects of transovarian exposure to o,p′-DDT in Japanese quails
Authors: Kamata Ryo , Shiraishi Fujio , Takahashi Shinji , Shimizu Akira , Shiraishi Hiroaki
Published: March 2009

Avian species have the possible risk of embryonic exposure to persistent, lipophilic environmental contaminants, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), by transfer of chemicals accumulated in mother birds to eggs. To model developmental and reproductive disorders of wild birds living in contaminated areas, we exposed Japanese quails in ovo to o,p′-DDT prior to incubation. A positive estrogenic substance diethylstilbestrol (DES; 1 and 10 ng/g of egg) and o,p′-DDT (1-100 μg/g of egg) were injected into the yolk before incubation. Treatment with o,p′-DDT (10 or 100 μg/g) but not with DES significantly reduced the hatchability of eggs. After sexual maturation, o,p′-DDT affected eggshell formation in female quails but had little influence on laying; high doses of o,p′-DDT significantly reduced eggshell strength, shell weight, and shell thickness, and several females treated with 100 μg o,p′-DDT/g laid eggs lacking shells. Diethylstilbestrol decreased egg production itself but had little effect on the eggshell. Both o,p′-DDT and DES caused dose-dependent shortening of the left oviduct and abnormal development of the right oviduct in females, while testis asymmetry was observed in males treated with a high dose of DES. In the uterus of the oviduct, the mRNAs for calcium-regulating factors osteopontin and calbindin D28K were reduced by both treatments, particularly that with o,p′-DDT. The results indicated that transovarian exposure to o,p′-DDT could bring about population declines in avian species through loss of fecundity caused by depression of hatchability and dysfunction of the reproductive tract.
Seasonal changes of macroinvertebrate communities in a Western Cape river, South Africa, receiving nonpoint-source insecticide pollution
Authors: Bollmohr Silke , Schulz Ralf
Published: March 2009

A field study was conducted at three different sites along the Lourens River (South Africa) to assess aquatic macroinvertebrate abundances and community structures in relation to seasonal changes in rainfall and particle-associated organophosphorous (OP) insecticide contamination. Redundancy analysis indicated OP insecticide contamination (azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos) as the only significant variable determining the community composition. Principal response curves indicated that the invertebrate community dynamics of the Lourens River at the most-contaminated site, Lourens River 3 (38 ± 23.0 μg total OP/kg suspended particles), differed significantly from the less-contaminated site, Lourens River 2 (8.0 ± 4.9 μg total OP/kg in suspended particles) during the dry season (October–December; pesticide application period), whereas no difference was found during the wet season (July–September). Ephemeroptera abundances increased significantly (p = 0.0021) at the control site, Lourens River 1, from the wet to dry season, whereas abundances significantly decreased (p = 0.0011) at Lourens River 3. Two-by-three factorial analysis of variance demonstrated a significant interaction of site and season for the three most abundant mayfly taxa, Baetis sp., Demoreptus sp., and Castanophlebia sp., confirming a possible OP effect. Lourens River 3, however, differed significantly from the other two sites in flow, ortho-phosphate, and algae growth, which may partly explain the lower abundance of sensitive species. Apart from the OP contamination, only flow velocities showed significant differences between the wet and dry season at some sites. In conclusion, the present study suggests that particle-associated OPs affected community structure in the Lourens River at levels greater than 30 μg total OP/kg, whereas levels less then 10 μg total OP/kg yielded no significant effects.
Application of ecosystem-scale fate and bioaccumulation models to predict fish mercury response times to changes in atmospheric deposition
Authors: Knightes Christopher D. , Sunderland Elsie M. , Barber M. Craig , Johnston John M. , Ambrose Robert B.
Published: March 2009

Management strategies for controlling anthropogenic mercury emissions require understanding how ecosystems will respond to changes in atmospheric mercury deposition. Process-based mathematical models are valuable tools for informing such decisions, because measurement data often are sparse and cannot be extrapolated to investigate the environmental impacts of different policy options. Here, we bring together previously developed and evaluated modeling frameworks for watersheds, water bodies, and food web bioaccumulation of mercury. We use these models to investigate the timescales required for mercury levels in predatory fish to change in response to altered mercury inputs. We model declines in water, sediment, and fish mercury concentrations across five ecosystems spanning a range of physical and biological conditions, including a farm pond, a seepage lake, a stratified lake, a drainage lake, and a coastal plain river. Results illustrate that temporal lags are longest for watershed-dominated systems (like the coastal plain river) and shortest for shallow water bodies (like the seepage lake) that receive most of their mercury from deposition directly to the water surface. All ecosystems showed responses in two phases: A relatively rapid initial decline in mercury concentrations (20–60% of steady-state values) over one to three decades, followed by a slower descent lasting for decades to centuries. Response times are variable across ecosystem types and are highly affected by sediment burial rates and active layer depths in systems not dominated by watershed inputs. Additional research concerning watershed processes driving mercury dynamics and empirical data regarding sediment dynamics in freshwater bodies are critical for improving the predictive capability of process-based mercury models used to inform regulatory decisions.