bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UV Emission from N2/O2 Pulse Microwave Plasma
Authors: Pramanik Bimal Kumar , Hossain AKM Akhtar
Published: October 2013

The emission spectrum from pulse microwave discharge of N2/O2 gas mixture in the UV range (from 200  400 nm) was studied in a cylindrical quartz tube aiming to apply it as a mercury free UV light source. The UV light in the 200-280 nm range has germicidal effect which can be used for water purification. In our previous work we used continuous microwave power to produce UV emission from N2/O2 discharge. In the present work we used pulse microwave power instead of continuous microwave power. We studied the dependence of pulse width and pulse interval on the intensity of the UV emission from N2/O2 discharge. Experimental results showed that the UV emission intensity emitted from N2/O2 gas discharge in 200- 400 nm region does not vary with pulse width and pulse interval but depends on applied average power. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v38i0.16543 Rajshahi University J. of Sci. 38, 01-08 (2010)
Characterizations of m-Normal Nearlattices in terms of Principal n-Ideals
Authors: Raihan MS
Published: October 2013

A convex subnearlattice of a nearlattice S containing a fixed element n?S is called an n-ideal. The n-ideal generated by a single element is called a principal n-ideal. The set of finitely generated principal n-ideals is denoted by Pn(S), which is a nearlattice. A distributive nearlattice S with 0 is called m-normal if its every prime ideal contains at most m number of minimal prime ideals. In this paper, we include several characterizations of those Pn(S) which form m-normal nearlattices. We also show that Pn(S) is m-normal if and only if for any m+1 distinct minimal prime n-ideals Po,P1,., Pm of S, Po ?  ? Pm = S. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v38i0.16548 Rajshahi University J. of Sci. 38, 49-59 (2010)
Adolescence Aggression as Related to Gender and Birth Order
Authors: Sultana Sabina , Latif Laila
Published: October 2013

In the present study an attempt was made to find out whether aggressive behaviour is related to gender and birth order of the adolescence. A Bengali version of the aggression scale of Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) was administered to one hundred students from different colleges in Rajshahi city. In order to investigate the relationship between aggressive behaviour and gender, they were divided into two groups, male and female and comparisons were made between them, on the basis of the scores obtained on the aggression scale employingt test. Secondly, in order to study the relationship between aggressive behaviour and birth order, the respondents were divided into two groups- first born and last born and comparisons were made between the two groups. The results of the study suggest that males are more aggressive than females and the last born children are more aggressive than the first born children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v38i0.16552 Rajshahi University J. of Sci. 38, 97-107 (2010)
Geo-electrical Resistivity Survey in the High Barind for the Delineation of Aquifer Geometry
Authors: Reza AHM Selim , Mazumder Quamrul Hasan , Ahmed Mushfique
Published: October 2013

Geo-electrical resistivity techniques have been employed in the High Barind as a reconnaissance investigation for the subsurface lithology. Out of 13 upazillas, comprising the Barind tract, Sapahar and Porsha Upazillas, situated in the High Barind are badly affected by water shortage. Vertical electrical soundings (VES) were executed using Schlumberger configuration in different areas taking the current electrode separation up to 170 meters. Direct method technique was employed to evaluate the geo-electric layer such as resistivity and thickness of the discrete layers. The results of the resistivity survey give the subsurface information consisting of three to four layers. The results of geo-electric sounding have been compared with the geological section wherever available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujs.v39i0.16540 Rajshahi University J. of Sci. 39, 27-37 (2011)
Collector Efficiency in Downward-Type Internal-Recycle Solar Air Heaters with Attached Fins
Authors: Yeh Ho-Ming , Ho Chii-Dong
Published: October 2013

The internal-recycle operation effect on collector efficiency in downward-type rectangular solar air heaters with attached fins is theoretically investigated. It is found that considerable collector efficiency is obtainable if the collector has attached fins and the operation is carried out with internal recycling. The recycling operation increases the fluid velocity to decrease the heat transfer resistance, compensating for the undesirable effect of decreasing the heat transfer driving force (temperature difference) due to remixing. The attached fins provide an enlarged heat transfer area. The order of performance in a device of same size is: double pass with recycle and fins > double pass with recycle but without fins > single pass without recycle and fins.
Four New Glycosides from the Fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patr.
Authors: Jiang Hai , Yang Liu , Liu Chang , Hou Hui , Wang Qiuhong , Wang Zhibin , Yang Bingyou , Kuang Haixue
Published: October 2013

Four new glycosides, namely 3β-norpinan-2-one 3-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), (6Z)-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol 8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), (6E)-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol 8-O-β-d-gluco-pyranoside (3), and 7-[(β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxymethy]-8,8-dimethyl-4,8-dihydrobenzo[1,4]thiazine-3,5-dione (4), were isolated from the fruits of Xanthium sibiricum Patr together with three known compounds, xanthiside (5), adenosine (6), and 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (7). The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses.
Comparing Urban Impervious Surface Identification Using Landsat and High Resolution Aerial Photography
Authors: Parece Tammy , Campbell James
Published: October 2013

This paper evaluates accuracies of selected image classification strategies, as applied to Landsat imagery to assess urban impervious surfaces by comparing them to reference data manually delineated from high-resolution aerial photos. Our goal is to identify the most effective methods for delineating urban impervious surfaces using Landsat imagery, thereby guiding applications for selecting cost-effective delineation techniques. A high-resolution aerial photo was used to delineate impervious surfaces for selected census tracts for the City of Roanoke, Virginia. National Land Cover Database Impervious Surface data provided an overall accuracy benchmark at the city scale which was used to assess the Landsat classifications. Three different classification methods using three different band combinations provided overall accuracies in excess of 70% for the entire city. However, there were substantial variations in accuracy when the results were subdivided by census tract. No single classification method was found most effective across all census tracts; the best method for a specific tract depended on method, band combination, and physical characteristics of the area. These results highlight impacts of inherent local variability upon attempts to characterize physical structures of urban regions using a single metric, and the value of analysis at finer spatial scales.
Esencias de una identidad: olores y sabores en la tradición popular y la literatura del Noroeste argentino
Authors: Despinoy Geneviève
Published: October 2013

RÉSUMÉ- Il existe des références permanentes aux odeurs et aux saveurs des plantes et des mets du Nord-Ouest Argentin, dans ses dictons, copias et chansons populaires comme dans la poésie et les récits de ses auteurs contemporains ; au-delà de la tradition et du folklore, elles traduisent de véritables essences de son identité.
Exploring variation in leaf mass per area (LMA) from leaf to cell: An anatomical analysis of 26 woody species
Authors: Villar Rafael , Ruiz‐Robleto Jeannete , Ubera José Luis , Poorter Hendrik
Published: October 2013

• Premise of the study: Plant species differ widely in the leaf biomass invested per unit area (LMA). LMA can be explained by variation in leaf thickness and/or density, both of which are influenced by anatomical tissue composition. The aim of this study is to quantify the anatomical characteristics that underlie variation in LMA in a range of woody species.

• Methods: Twenty‐six woody species, forming 13 species pairs with a deciduous and evergreen species from the same genus or family, were grown in a glasshouse. The youngest full‐grown leaves were analyzed for LMA and morpho‐anatomical characteristics at leaf, tissue, and cell level.

• Key Results: Considered over all species studied, leaf thickness and density were equally important to explain the variation in LMA, but the class difference between deciduous and evergreen species was mainly determined by thickness, whereas variation within each group was largely due to density. Evergreens had thicker leaves, predominantly caused by a larger volume of mesophyll and air spaces, whereas the higher leaf density within each group was due to a lower proportion of epidermis and air spaces, and overall smaller cells.

• Conclusions: The anatomical basis for variation in LMA in woody species depends on the contrast made. Higher LMA in evergreens is mainly due to a greater leaf thickness, caused by a larger volume of mesophyll and air spaces. Within deciduous species and evergreens, higher LMA is caused by a higher density, due to higher volumetric fractions of mesophyll and lower fractions of air spaces and epidermis.
Qui (re)travaillera la donnée ?
Authors: Cotte Dominique
Published: October 2013

À lire ce que l’on dit sur les sites et blogs spécialisés du « nouveau » métier de data scientist , la prise en compte des savoirs de l’information-documentation dans l’aventure de la «  data  » serait mal partie : l’informaticien, et mieux encore le mathématicien, le statisticien et l’ingénieur sont présentés comme les seuls véritables héros de cette histoire. Compte tenu de l’extrême sophistication des outils et de leur très haute technicité, ce discours n’est pas en soi illégitime. Mais il laisse dans l’ombre la question épineuse de « ce que l’on fait » avec ces données et les résultats de leur traitement. Si leur évidente utilisation par le marketing renvoie là encore à des compétences économiques et commerciales, quid de leur usage pour le pilotage des politiques publiques, pour la recherche scientifique au sens large, pour la détection de phénomènes nouveaux, pour l’analyse des grandes tendances sociologiques et sociétales, pour la valorisation des patrimoines culturels, pour la facilitation du travail collaboratif dans les entreprises ?
Micro-Analysis of Collaborative Processes that Facilitate Productive Online Discussions
Authors: Chiu Ming Ming , Molenaar Inge , Chen Gaowei , Wise Alyssa Friend , Fujita Nobuko
Published: October 2013

Studying time with statistics can help shed light on cause-effect relationships in large online data sets and address three sets of research questions regarding sequences, time periods, and influences of phenomena across different time-scales. As such studies face many analytic difficulties (related to the data, dependent variables, or explanatory variables), this chapter shows how the method of Statistical Discourse Analysis (SDA) addresses each of them. Then, the authors apply SDA to three online data sets: (a) 183 participants’ 894 messages in a mathematics forum without teacher moderation, (b) 17 students’ 1,330 messages in a 13-week graduate course, and (c) 21 students’ 252 messages across 8 weeks during a hybrid university course. Findings include (a) significant relationships between non-adjacent messages, (b) explanatory models of statistically-identified pivotal messages that distinguish distinct time periods, and (c) effects of larger phenomena on smaller phenomena (e.g., gender on message characteristics) and vice-versa (extensive summary on time periods).
Capturing Learning over Time for Supporting Pedagogical Decision Making
Authors: Reimann Peter , Utz Wilfrid , Unterberger Roland , Halb Wolfgang
Published: October 2013

This chapter aims for a methodological contribution to online learning research and to the practical use of temporal information for pedagogical decision making. The authors address two interconnected concerns: how to describe the temporal features of teaching/learning activities and how to capture learning activities across learning applications and time. The main argument is that the analysis of temporal processes based on student data that can be automatically captured (in log files and through other means) will benefit from an explicit modeling of the teaching process, because in this way, some of the problems associated with a purely inductive approach to process and sequence mining can be overcome. In terms of advancing the state of the art, the authors suggest an approach that is grounded in meta-model architectures for process modeling and demonstrate its advantages with respect to tracking and monitoring students’ learning activities across learning applications. After providing some background on long-term learning, the chapter describes the conceptual as well as several of the implementation solutions developed in the EC-funded NEXT-TELL project.
E-Learning and Web 2.0
Authors: Bejjar Mohamed Ali , Boujelbene Younes
Published: October 2013

The fundamental goal of e-learning is to provide applications to share information, knowledge, and help learners in their learning activities efficiently and effectively by involving technologies. More recently, Web 2.0 has become a buzzword in education, and academics around the world have explored the potential of Web 2.0 technologies and online classrooms. Based on a literature review, this chapter focuses on the integration of pedagogical principles of virtual learning application of these new Web 2.0 technologies. The argument is that these tools provide an opportunity to design new models for education and training.
Librarian without Building in an E-Learning Environment
Authors: Idiegbeyan-Ose Jerome , Esse Ugwunwa Chinyere
Published: October 2013

This chapter discusses e-learning, its advantages and challenges, the concept of a librarian without a building, and the characteristics and skills of a librarian without a building in an e-learning environment. The chapter empirically looks at the need for an e-librarian in an e-learning environment, the needed skills for such a librarian, and their challenges. Possible solutions to identify challenges are also discussed. The survey method was used for the study; the questionnaire was designed and administered to 138 librarians from Academic libraries in the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. 127 questionnaires were returned and used for analysis. The study reveals that there is a great need for e-librarians in e-learning environments, and that the librarians must possess such skills as high computer literacy, ability to learn fast, teach, and evaluate others. It was also discovered that e-librarians are faced with technical, administrative, financial, and capacity building challenges. Based on these, the authors recommend that e-librarians should be supported at all levels; they should be ready to develop themselves, strive at all cost to acquire more knowledge and skills in order to stand the changing nature of their job. It is also recommended that government agencies that accredit programmes at tertiary institutions should make sure that any institution that offers e-learning must also have a well organized e-library, and a well trained e-librarian must man the library. The study concludes that e-library and e-librarian without building must be recognized and empowered as part of the e-teaching and learning processes.
Using an Audiovisual Case Methodology to Develop Critical Thinking Competence in Distance E-Learning Environment
Authors: González-González Ines , Jiménez-Zarco Ana Isabel
Published: October 2013

This chapter analyzes how universities can combine ICT with new methods and learning resources in order to improve the acquisition and implementation of key competencies in the workplace. In particular, the authors present a teaching innovation project that was develop by Economics and Business Studies of Open University of Catalonia. The project was defined in order to advance the development and assessment of one of the competencies needed by students according to the White Paper of Business and Economy of the National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (ANECA) in Spain, specifically, critical thinking competence.
E-Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Ben Romdhane Emna
Published: October 2013

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) acceptance research within the field of Information Systems has been limited in its application to higher education. There is a current need to examine utilization of e-learning to improve the success of information system implementation across the higher education sector. This research describes and explains an experience of a teaching centered on the Web, undertaken in Tunisian universities. E-learning is related to three courses for which a platform Web was developed to make it possible for the learners to download the supports of the course, to put their questions to the teachers, etc. First, this work describes the theoretical basis behind the concept of e-learning and the development of a research model; second, it tests the influence of platform characteristics and e-learning usage on learners’ satisfaction. Experimentation was conducted on 241 students and found that perceived ease of use is the most determining factor that influences simultaneously the usage and the satisfaction. The authors also noted that the perceived usefulness of the platform and its perceived compatibility with the needs and the values of learners are important for the active usage of the platform. The results of this study have theoretical and practical applications in the field of e-learning.
Molecular Basis of 9G4 B Cell Autoreactivity in Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Richardson Christopher , Chida Asiya Seema , Adlowitz Diana , Silver Lin , Fox Erin , Jenks Scott A. , Palmer Elise , Wang Youliang , Heimburg-Molinaro Jamie , Li Quan-Zhen , Mohan Chandra , Cummings Richard , Tipton Christopher , Sanz Ignacio
Published: October 2013

9G4+ IgG Abs expand in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a disease-specific fashion and react with different lupus Ags including B cell Ags and apoptotic cells. Their shared use of VH4-34 represents a unique system to understand the molecular basis of lupus autoreactivity. In this study, a large panel of recombinant 9G4+ mAbs from single naive and memory cells was generated and tested against B cells, apoptotic cells, and other Ags. Mutagenesis eliminated the framework-1 hydrophobic patch (HP) responsible for the 9G4 idiotype. The expression of the HP in unselected VH4-34 cells was assessed by deep sequencing. We found that 9G4 Abs recognize several Ags following two distinct structural patterns. B cell binding is dependent on the HP, whereas anti-nuclear Abs, apoptotic cells, and dsDNA binding are HP independent and correlate with positively charged H chain third CDR. The majority of mutated VH4-34 memory cells retain the HP, thereby suggesting selection by Ags that require this germline structure. Our findings show that the germline-encoded HP is compulsory for the anti–B cell reactivity largely associated with 9G4 Abs in SLE but is not required for reactivity against apoptotic cells, dsDNA, chromatin, anti-nuclear Abs, or cardiolipin. Given that the lupus memory compartment contains a majority of HP+ VH4-34 cells but decreased B cell reactivity, additional HP-dependent Ags must participate in the selection of this compartment. This study represents the first analysis, to our knowledge, of VH-restricted autoreactive B cells specifically expanded in SLE and provides the foundation to understand the antigenic forces at play in this disease.
A Distinct Subpopulation of Human NK Cells Restricts B Cell Transformation by EBV
Authors: Lünemann Anna , Vanoaica Liliana D. , Azzi Tarik , Nadal David , Münz Christian
Published: October 2013

NK cells constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and transformed cells. They mature in secondary lymphoid organs, including tonsils, where common pathogens, such as EBV, enter the host and potentially imprint differentiating cells, which then patrol the body via the blood stream. Therefore, we set out to characterize a distinct human NK cell population in tonsils that produces high amounts of the immunomodulatory and antiviral cytokine IFN-γ. We found that the tonsilar IFN-γhigh NK cell subset is CD56brightNKG2A+CD94+CD54+CD62L−, is present in tonsils ex vivo and is more mature than other CD56bright NK cells in tonsils and less mature than other NK cells in blood, shows very low plasticity even after prolonged cytokine stimulation, accumulates in tonsils of EBV carriers, and is able to potently restrict EBV-induced transformation of B cells. Thus, we characterized a distinct and stable IFN-γhigh NK cell subpopulation that can specifically restrict malignant transformation of EBV-infected B cells. This subset should be exploited for future development of cell-based therapeutic approaches in EBV-associated malignancies.
Monitoring of the eggs of the Karkloof blue butterfly, Orachrysops ariadne, for its conservation management
Authors: Armstrong Adrian J. , Louw Sharon L.
Published: October 2013

The Endangered Orachrysops ariadne (Butler 1898) (Karkloof blue butterfly) is endemic to the Endangered Moist Midlands Grassland in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and is extant at four sites. The results from the monitoring of the eggs laid by O. ariadne in a grassland area that is frequently burnt by poor rural people to ensure that palatable grass is available to their livestock, suggested the implementation of management interventions (fencing and firebreak burning) to prevent the local extinction of the butterfly. The number of eggs at the monitoring site declined dramatically between 2002 and 2003 and fluctuated after the management interventions were initiated properly in 2008, but had nearly reached the target number of 250 by 2013. An index count method for the monitoring of O. ariadne eggs at the other three known colonies, where plant invasion rather than uncontrolled burning is a major threat, was developed and shown to be efficient with regard to time relative to the number of eggs sampled. The host ant Camponotus natalensis (F. Smith 1858) (Natal sugar ant) was found to be present in all the host-plant patches at one colony site, indicating that all host-plant patches are likely to be breeding areas for the butterfly. Invasive plant control at and appropriate burning of the habitat of O. ariadne should assist in ensuring the survival of these colonies.Conservation implications: Adaptive monitoring and management of threatened endemic invertebrates and their habitats may be crucial for their continued survival. The development of efficient methods for the monitoring of such species is required where resources are limited, as threats to the species may cause sudden and irreversible declines in population size.
Protein Expression Dynamics during Postnatal Mouse Brain Development
Authors: Laeremans Annelies , Van De Plas Babs , Clerens Stefan , Van Den Bergh Gert , Arckens Lutgarde , Hu Tjing-Tjing
Published: October 2013

We explored differential protein expression profiles in the mouse forebrain at different stages of postnatal development, including 10-day (P10), 30-day (P30), and adult (Ad) mice, by large-scale screening of proteome maps using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the identification of 251 differentially expressed proteins. Most molecular changes were observed between P10 compared to both P30 and Ad. Computational ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) confirmed these proteins as crucial molecules in the biological function of nervous system development. Moreover, IPA revealed Semaphorin signaling in neurons and the protein ubiquitination pathway as essential canonical pathways in the mouse forebrain during postnatal development. For these main biological pathways, the transcriptional regulation of the age-dependent expression of selected proteins was validated by means of in situ hybridization. In conclusion, we suggest that proteolysis and neurite outgrowth guidance are key biological processes, particularly during early brain maturation.
Milling of Canadian oats and barley for functional food ingredients: Oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions
Authors: Izydorczyk Marta S. , McMillan Tricia , Bazin Sharon , Kletke Jerry , Dushnicky Len , Dexter James , Chepurna Anna , Rossnagel Brian
Published: October 2013

Izydorczyk, M. S., McMillan, T., Bazin, S., Kletke, J., Dushnicky, L., Dexter, J., Chepurna, A. and Rossnagel, B. 2014. Milling of Canadian oats and barley for functional food ingredients: Oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 573–586. Oats and barley are recognized for their valuable fibre constituents having protective and therapeutic effects against the development of diet-related disorders. Mixed linkage (1–3), (1–4)-β-D-glucans, the major dietary fibre constituents in oats and barley, have been linked to blood cholesterol lowering properties of these grains. The objective of this study was to compare oat bran and barley fibre-rich fractions (FRF) as two products with elevated levels of β-glucans and obtained by similar roller milling processes. The content of β-glucan in oat brans prepared from three different cultivars (AC Morgan, HiFi, and CDC ProFi) ranged from 7.90 to 9.50%, whereas the content of β-glucans in FRF prepared from three barley cultivars (CDC McGwire, CDC Fibar, and CDC Hilose) ranged from 9.31 to 18.19% (dwb). The yields of oat brans ranged from 44 to 49% and the yields of barley FRF from 39–49%. Both preparations contained higher amounts of arabinoxylans, proteins, and ash compared with the original grains. The oat brans were made up mainly of fragments containing the outer grain layers with a substantial portion of the subaleurone starchy endosperm attached to them, whereas the barley FRF consisted primarily of fragments containing the endosperm cell walls, with a smaller proportion of the outer grain tissues. The barley FRF contained smaller particles with broader distribution of particle size than the oat brans. The oat bran particles had higher bulk density and lower porosity than the barley FRF. Both preparations showed pronounced viscosity-building properties when dispersed in water at 45°C, but exhibited different viscosity profiles and differences in the attainable viscosity values.
Persistent decadal-scale rainfall variability in the tropical South Pacific Convergence Zone through the past six centuries
Authors: Maupin C. R. , Partin J. W. , Shen C.-C. , Quinn T. M. , Lin K. , Taylor F. W. , Banner J. L. , Thirumalai K. , Sinclair D. J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Observations and reconstructions of decadal-scale climate variability are necessary to place predictions of future global climate change into temporal context (Goddard et al., 2012). This is especially true for decadal-scale climate variability that originates in the Pacific Ocean (Deser et al., 2004; Dong and Lu, 2013). We focus here on the western tropical Pacific (Solomon Islands; ~ 9.5° S, ~ 160° E), a region directly influenced by: the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC), and the Hadley Circulation. We calibrate δ18O variations in a fast growing stalagmite to local rainfall amount and produce a 600 yr record of rainfall variability from the zonally oriented, tropical portion of the SPCZ. We present evidence for large (~ 1.5 m), persistent and decade(s)-long shifts in total annual rainfall amount in the Solomon Islands since 1416 ± 5 CE. The timing of the decadal changes in rainfall inferred from the 20th century portion of the stalagmite δ18O record coincide with previously identified decadal shifts in Pacific ocean-atmosphere behavior (Clement et al., 2011; Deser et al., 2004). The 600 yr Solomons stalagmite δ18O record indicates that decadal oscillations in rainfall are a robust characteristic of SPCZ-related climate variability, which has important implications to water resource management in this region.
Flood trends along the Rhine: the role of river training
Authors: Vorogushyn S. , Merz B.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Several previous studies have detected positive trends in flood flows in German rivers, among others, at Rhine gauges over the past six decades. The presence and detectability of the climate change signal in flood records has been controversially discussed, particularly against the background of massive river training measures in the Rhine. In the past the Rhine catchment has been heavily trained, including the construction of the Rhine weir cascade, flood protection dikes and detention basins. The present study investigates the role of river training on changes in annual maximum daily flows at Rhine gauges starting from Maxau down to Lobith. In particular, the effect of the Rhine weir cascade and of a series of detention basins was investigated. By homogenising the original flood flow records in the period from 1952 till 2009, the annual maximum series were computed that would have been recorded had river training measures not been in place. Using multiple trend analysis, relative changes in the homogenised time series were found to be from a few percentage points to more than 10 percentage points smaller compared to the original records. This effect is attributable to the river training measures, and primarily to the construction of the Rhine weir cascade. The increase in Rhine flood discharges during this period was partly caused by an unfavourable superposition of the Rhine and Neckar flood waves. This superposition resulted from an acceleration of the Rhine waves due to the construction of the weir cascade and associated channelisation and dike heightening. However, at the same time, tributary flows across the entire Upper and Lower Rhine, which enhance annual maximum Rhine peaks, showed strong positive trends. This suggests the dominance of another driver or drivers which acted alongside river training.
Write Plainly, Help Animals- De Fontenay’s Without Offending Humans: A Critique of Animal Rights Does Neither
Authors: Johnson Lisa
Published: October 2013

Academic philosophers who purport to help animals should write plainly. Engaging in infighting, bristling at others’ arguments, and writing in obscure and impenetrable language does little to actually help animals, and it quite possibly distracts those who might wish to help animals. This review of Elisabeth De Fontenay’s Without Offending Humans: A Critique of Animal Rights discusses these common problems in academic works.
Animal National Liberation?
Authors: Svärd Per-Anders
Published: October 2013

The book under review offers a novel approach to politicizing the "animal issue." Drawing on liberal citizenship theory, the authors argue that key concepts of international justice such as "citizen," "denizen," and "sovereignty" may be mapped onto human-animal relations in order to protect individual animal rights as well as ecosystem integrity. The ambition is also to overcome some well-known problems of traditional animal rights theory in relation to ecological concerns. Yet the argument that ecosystems, like human states, ought to be seen as sovereign communities entails problematic concept-stretching that may undermine the individual rights it was meant to protect.
A Question of Citizenship
Authors: Nurse Angus , Ryland Diane
Published: October 2013

Despite achieving broad acceptance of the moral case for treating animals fairly, the animal rights movement has reached an impasse concerning legal rights for animals. Zoopolis proposes a new approach to addressing this failure: integrating animal interests into human society via political institutions and practices. Zoopolis’s central theory that humans owe animals citizenship rights in a shared human-animal society, but that acceptance of responsibilities by animals also is required, has merit for the advancement (and acceptance) of animal rights discourse. But its anthropocentric approach, which itself exerts power over animals, necessitating suppression and policing of animals’ natural behavior, is problematic.
Searchable Signatures: Context and the Struggle for Recognition
Authors: Schlesselman-Tarango Gina
Published: October 2013

Social networking sites made possible through Web 2.0 allow for unique user-generated tags called “searchable signatures.”  These tags move beyond the descriptive and act as means for users to assert online individual and group identities.  A study of searchable signatures on the Instagram application demonstrates that these types of tags are valuable not only because they allow for both individuals and groups to engage in what social theorist Axel Honneth calls the struggle for recognition, but also because they provide contextual use data and sociohistorical information so important to the understanding of digital objects.  This article explores how searchable signatures might be used by both patrons and staff in library environments.
A Comparative Analysis on the Effect of the Chosen ILSes on Systems and Technical Services Staffing Models
Authors: Fu Ping , Fitzgerald Moira
Published: October 2013

This analysis compares how the traditional ILS and the next-generation ILS impact systems and technical services staffing models at academic libraries. The method used in this analysis is to select two categories of ILSes—two well-established traditional ILSes and three leading next-generation ILSes—and compare them by focusing on two aspects: (1) software architecture, and (2) workflows and functionality. The results of the analysis show that the next-generation ILS will have substantial implications for library systems and technical staffing models in particular, suggesting that library staffing models should be redesigned and key librarian and staff positions be redefined to meet the opportunities and challenges brought on by the next-generation ILS.

Keywords: next-generation ILS, client-server computing, cloud computing, library staffing modes
An Evaluation of Finding Aid Accessibility for Screen Readers
Authors: Southwell Kristina L. , Slater Jacquelyn
Published: October 2013

Since the passage of the American Disabilities Act in 1990 and the coincident  growth of the Internet, academic libraries have worked to provide electronic resources and services that are accessible to all patrons. Special collections are increasingly being added to these Web-based library resources, and they must meet the same accessibility standards. The recent popularity surge of Web 2.0 technology, social media sites, and mobile devices has brought greater awareness about the challenges faced by those who use assistive technology for visual disabilities. This study examines the screen reader accessibility of online special collections finding aids at 68 public U.S. colleges and universities in the Association of Research Libraries.
Concept of an On-Line Computerized Library Catalog
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G.
Published: October 2013

A concept for mechanized descriptive cataloging is presented, together with four areas of research programs to be undertaken.
Library Mechanization at Auburn Community College
Authors: Hilbert Eloise F.
Published: October 2013

Use of an IBM 1401 computer and a single keypunch operation for changing a college book collection from Dewey decimal to Library of Congress classification; for acquisitions, accounting and circulation procedures; and for production of a list of periodical holdings. A mark-sense reproducer is used for the circulation system.
Teaching with MARC Tapes
Authors: Atherton Pauline , Tessier Judith
Published: October 2013

A computer based laboratory for library science students to use in class assignments and for independent projects has been developed and used for one year at Syracuse University. MARC Pilot Project tapes formed the data base. Different computer programs and various samples of the MARC file (48,POO records, approx.) were used for search and retrieval operations. Data bases, programs, and seven different class assignments are described and evaluated for their impact on library education in gen- eral and individual students and faculty in particular.
Processing of MARC Tapes for Cooperative Use
Authors: Bierman Kenneth John , Blue Betty Jean
Published: October 2013

A centralized data base of MARC II records distributed by the Library of Congress is discussed. The data base is operated by the Oklahoma Department of Libraries and is available to any library that can make use of it. The history, creation, operation, uses, advantages, disadvantages, cost and future plans of the data base are included, as well as flowcharts (both system and detail) and sample outputs.
Design of Library Systems for Implementation with Interactive Computers
Authors: Warheit I. A.
Published: October 2013

In the development of library systems, the movement today is toward the so-called "total" or integrated system. This raises certain design and implementation questions, such as: what functions should be on-line, real time and what should be done off line in a batch mode; should one operate in a time-share environment or is a dedicated system preferred; is it practical to design and implement a total system or is the selective implementation of a series of applications to be preferred. Although it may not be feasible in most cases to design and install a total system in a single operation, it is shown how a series of application programs can become the incremental development of such a system.
Methods of Randomization of Large Files with High Volatility
Authors: Mitchell Patrick C. , Burgess Thomas K.
Published: October 2013

Key-to-address conversion algorithms which have been used for a large, direct access file are compared with respect to record density and access time. Cumulative distribution functions are plotted to demonstrate the distribution of addresses generated by each method. The long-standing practice of counting address collisions is shown to be less valuable in fudging algorithm effectiveness than considering the maximum number of contiguously occupied file locations.
Traditional Social Choice
Authors: Balinski Michel , Laraki Rida
Published: October 2013

This chapter offers information on traditional methods and concepts of social choice theory, including one proposed by Condorcet, known today as Copeland’s method, Borda’s method, Dasgupta-Maskin method, and Nanson’s method. Choice rule versions of Arrow’s impossibility theorem and the fundamentals of Arrow’s model that are comparisons between pairs of alternatives, competitors, or candidates, are also discussed. The Dasgupta-Maskin method focuses on the primacy of a Condorcet-winner that is a strong contender and is one of the dominant concepts in the theory of voting. Two important failures associated with Borda-ranking are its manipulability and violation of independence of irrelevant alternatives.
Strategy in the Traditional Model
Authors: Balinski Michel , Laraki Rida
Published: October 2013

This chapter focuses on the traditional model of social choice’s majority judgment methods, including Borda-majority judgment, Condorcet-majority judgment, and top-preferred-majority judgment. Borda-majority judgment method’s impartiality, resistance to manipulation, choice-compatibility, choice-monotonicity, and ability to satisfy winner-loser unanimity are taken into consideration. Gibbard-Satterthwaite impossibility theorem, an alternative to the traditional method theorems, is also discussed. Sir Francis Galton’s solution to the budget problem, which was later used by social choice theorists more as a normative criterion than a decision-making tool, is also presented.
Judging in Practice
Authors: Balinski Michel , Laraki Rida
Published: October 2013

This chapter presents mechanisms that help in transforming scores, measures, or grades of judges into the jury’s scores to determine the final rankings in wine, figure skating, diving, and other competitions. It also focuses on the common languages used by judges in permitting meaningful measurement in these competitions. The chapter discusses how these mechanisms are applied when evaluating and ranking students in their examinations, essays, and class performances, and also when evaluating and ranking employees, musicians, divers, and skaters in related competitions. It also describes how a quality-of-life index is prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit in which rankings are given to specific countries. It is demonstrated in theory and practice that different approaches are used by judges in assigning scores to an individual competitor when they combine them in the competitor’s total jury score.
Point-Summing Methods
Authors: Balinski Michel , Laraki Rida
Published: October 2013

This chapter discusses and analyzes reasons why point-summing methods are not acceptable methods for electing and ranking. Points invite comparisons and not evaluations, and when they are in large numbers, there is a large difference in their meanings and uses among the voters. Summing or averaging numbers, without constituting an interval measure, is of no use, as these numbers are not drawn from a bona fide interval scale. Point-summing methods are not used in political elections because such methods that favor and penalize centrist candidates are not accepted for electing or grading political candidates. Another reason is that such methods maximize manipulability as both judges and voters can make changes easily in the final scores of any candidate or competitor. The chapter also compares point-summing methods with other traditional methods or approval voting.
Working-Class Network Society
Authors: Qiu Jack Linchuan
Published: October 2013

An examination of how the availability of low-end information and communication technology has provided a basis for the emergence of a working-class network society in China.

The idea of the “digital divide,” the great social division between information haves and have-nots, has dominated policy debates and scholarly analysis since the 1990s. In Working-Class Network Society, Jack Linchuan Qiu describes a more complex social and technological reality in a newly mobile, urbanizing China. Qiu argues that as inexpensive Internet and mobile phone services become available and are closely integrated with the everyday work and life of low-income communities, they provide a critical seedbed for the emergence of a new working class of “network labor” crucial to China's economic boom. Between the haves and have-nots, writes Qiu, are the information “have-less”: migrants, laid-off workers, micro-entrepreneurs, retirees, youth, and others, increasingly connected by cybercafés, prepaid service, and used mobile phones. A process of class formation has begun that has important implications for working-class network society in China and beyond. Qiu brings class back into the scholarly discussion, not as a secondary factor but as an essential dimension in our understanding of communication technology as it is shaped in the vast, industrializing society of China. Basing his analysis on his more than five years of empirical research conducted in twenty cities, Qiu examines technology and class, networked connectivity and public policy, in the context of massive urban reforms that affect the new working class disproportionately. The transformation of Chinese society, writes Qiu, is emblematic of the new technosocial reality emerging in much of the Global South.
Rediscovery of Prostanthera albohirta C.T.White (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Ford Andrew James , Conn Barry John
Published: October 2013

The northern Queensland species, Prostanthera albohirta C.T.White (Lamiaceae) is very inadequately known and is officially regarded as extinct. The recent discovery of P. albohirta from the Mount Emerald area of Queensland (Australia) represents the first collections of this species since 1932. Habitat preferences, conservation notes and photographs of the species are here provided.
Chargino and neutralino production at the Large Hadron Collider in left-right supersymmetric models
Authors: Alloul Adam , Frank Mariana , Fuks Benjamin , de Traubenberg Michel Rausch
Published: October 2013

Abstract

We present a complete and extensive analysis of associated chargino and neutralino production in the framework of a supersymmetric theory augmented by left-right symmetry. This model provides additional gaugino and higgsino states in both the neutral and charged sectors, thus potentially enhancing new physics signals at the LHC. For a choice of benchmark scenarios, we calculate cross sections for 7, 8 and 14 TeV. We then simulate events expected to be produced at the LHC, and classify them according to the number of leptons in the final state. We devise methods to reduce the background and compare the signals with consistently simulated events for the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We pinpoint promising scenarios where left-right symmetric supersymmetric signals can be distinguished both from background and from the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model events.
Heterologous expression of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces coelicolor: from genome mining to manipulation of biosynthetic pathways
Authors: Gomez-Escribano Juan Pablo , Bibb Mervyn J
Published: October 2013

Heterologous gene expression is one of the main strategies used to access the full biosynthetic potential of actinomycetes, as well as to study the metabolic pathways of natural product biosynthesis and to create unnatural pathways. Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is the most studied member of the actinomycetes, bacteria renowned for their prolific capacity to synthesize a wide range of biologically active specialized metabolites. We review here the use of strains of this species for the heterologous production of structurally diverse actinomycete natural products.