bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Математическое моделирование тканеобразования на основе систем дифференциальных уравнений
Authors: Назаров Максим Николаевич , Nazarov Maxim Nikolaevich
Published: January 2018

Предложена математическая модель для описания популяционной динамики клеточных скоплений на основе систем обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений первого порядка.
Главным требованием при построении уравнений модели являлось наличие формального биологического обоснования для их вывода, а также доказательство их корректности.
Дополнительно к этому для всех параметров, задействованных в уравнениях, было потребовано наличие биологического смысла, а также возможность их оценки либо в ходе эксперимента, либо с помощью моделей внутриклеточной биохимии.
При построении искомой модели в качестве основного механизма для координации роста ткани и выбора клетками новых типов при делении был выбран межклеточный обмен специальными сигнальными молекулами. Для упрощения все сигнальные молекулы, которые способны создавать клетки одного типа, не рассматривались по отдельности в модели, а объединялись в виде единого комплекса молекул - «обобщенного сигнала».
Подобный подход позволяет в итоге задавать сигналы как функции от типов клеток и вводить в модели их воздействия в виде матриц, где строки отвечают за типы клеток, принимающих сигналы, а столбцы - за типы клеток, испускающих сигналы.
Строчно-ориентированная форма регуляризованного метода Качмажа
Authors: Жданов Александр Иванович , Zhdanov Aleksandr Ivanovich , Сидоров Юрий Вячеславович , Sidorov Yury Vyacheslavovich
Published: January 2018

Предложен новый итерационный метод решения стандартной задачи регуляризации А. Н. Тихонова.
Данный метод основан на применении проекционного алгоритма Качмажа к расширенной регуляризованной нормальной системе уравнений.
Использование расширенной регуляризованной нормальной системы уравнений, в отличие от системы регуляризованных нормальных уравнений, позволяет значительно снизить спектральное число обусловленности исходной задачи.
Получена строчно-ориентированная форма регуляризованного алгоритма Качмажа.
Такая форма регуляризованного алгоритма Качмажа позволяет решать задачи, в которых данные поступают последовательно (построчно), и эффективно вычислять решения задач с разреженными матрицами больших и сверхбольших размерностей. Приведены результаты сравнения предложенной строчно-ориентированной формы алгоритма со столбцово-ориентированной формой этого алгоритма.
Показано, что для определенных классов задач предложенная форма регуляризованного алгоритма позволяет уменьшить число итераций по сравнению со столбцово-ориентированной формой алгоритма.
Решение краевой задачи о кручении сплошных и полых цилиндрических образцов
из стали 45 и сплава АМГ-6М в условиях кратковременной установившейся ползучести
Authors: Цветков Виталий Владимирович , Tsvetkov Vitaly Vladimirovich
Published: January 2018

Предложен метод решения краевой задачи о кручении сплошных и полых цилиндрических образцов в условиях установившейся ползучести.
Построение реологической модели выполнено на основе экспериментальных стационарных кривых ползучести при одноосном растяжении в соответствии с модифицированным методом наименьших квадратов.
Для проверки адекватности методики решения краевой задачи выполнено сравнение расчeтных характеристик деформированного состояния с соответствующими экспериментальными данными по кратковременной ползучести цилиндрических образцов из стали 45 и сплава АМГ-6М.
Получены зависимости для величин интенсивности деформаций в характеристической точке и угла закручивания от времени, произведено сравнение с данными расчета по методу характеристической точки.
Приведены оценки погрешностей отклонения расчeтных данных от экспериментальных значений, показано, что экспериментальные и расчeтные данные хорошо согласуются.
Построены расчeтные эпюры касательных напряжений по радиусу при кручении сплошного и полого цилиндров в различные временные сечения.
Численный метод оценки параметров нелинейного дифференциального оператора второго порядка
Authors: Зотеев Владимир Евгеньевич , Zoteev Vladimir Eugenievich , Стукалова Екатерина Дмитриевна , Stukalova Ekaterina Dmitrievna , Башкинова Елена Викторовна , Bashkinova Elena Viktorovna
Published: January 2018

Проблема нелинейного оценивания параметров систем различной физической природы, описываемых нелинейным дифференциальным оператором, является важнейшей проблемой математического моделирования. В статье рассматривается новый численный метод оценки параметров нелинейного дифференциального оператора второго порядка с диссипативной силой, пропорциональной n-степени скорости движения. В основе численного метода лежит среднеквадратичное оценивание коэффициентов обобщенной регрессионной модели, построенной с учетом разностных уравнений, описывающих результаты измерений импульсной характеристики системы. Реализованная в методе двух этапная процедура дифференцированного оценивания параметров динамического процесса позволяет обеспечить высокую адекватность построенной модели данным эксперимента. Применение разработанного численного метода позволяет существенно (в несколько раз) повысить точность оценок параметров нелинейного дифференциального оператора по сравнению с известными методами за счет устранения смещения в оценках, обусловленного использованием аппроксимации при моделировании огибающей амплитуд колебаний.
Biharmonic hypersurfaces in 5-dimensional non-flat space forms
Authors: Gupta Ram Shankar , Deepika  , Sharfuddin A.
Published: January 2018

We prove that every biharmonic hypersurface having constant higher order mean curvature Hr
for r > 2 in a space form
M

5(c) is of constant mean curvature. In particular, every such biharmonic hypersurface in 𝕊5(1) has constant mean curvature. There exist no such compact proper biharmonic isoparametric hypersurfaces M in 𝕊5(1) with four distinct principal curvatures. Moreover, there exist no proper biharmonic hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space ℍ5 or in E
5 having constant higher order mean curvature Hr
for r > 2.
The conjugacy locus of Cayley–Salmon lines
Authors: Chipalkatti Jaydeep
Published: January 2018

Given six points on a conic, Pascal’s theorem gives rise to a configuration called thehexagrammum mysticum. It contains 20 Steiner points and 20 Cayley–Salmon lines. By a classical theorem due to von Staudt, the Steiner points fall into 10 conjugate pairs with reference to the conic; but this is not true of the C-S lines for a general choice of six points. We show that the C-S lines are pairwise conjugate precisely when the original sextuple istri-symmetric. The variety of tri-symmetric sextuples turns out to be arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay of codimension two. We determine its SL2-equivariant minimal resolution.
Determination of Elastic Parameters of Near-Surface Layers Over Subsidence Trough Development During Longwall Exploitation
Authors: Mendecki Maciej J. , Jochymczyk Krzysztof , Zuberek Wacław M. , Tomaszewska Radosława
Published: January 2018

Seismic and geodetic studies were carried out before, during, and after underground exploitation of a coal bed in Katowice - Kleofas Coal Mine, located in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland. Development of a subsidence trough was completed approximately 3 months after passage of a longwall exploitation in the coal seam. This was the time required for the subsidence trough to appear on the surface, which was confirmed by levelling measurements. Sharp changes in the elastic parameters were observed on each profile during subsidence trough development. This observation can result from changing tension and compression forces caused by increase and/or decrease of the elastic parameters of the rock mass. After completion of subsidence trough development, the rock mass appeared to return to its isotropic state and the observed changes ceased. Some minor fluctuations were noted, but they probably resulted from changes in groundwater levels, which might have affected the measured parameters.
Thermal Analysis of Solid Fuels in an Inert Atmosphere
Authors: Kijo-Kleczkowska Agnieszka , Szumera Magdalena , Środa Katarzyna
Published: January 2018

The paper takes the analysis of thermal studies of different types of fuels. It allowed diversification of fuels depending on their composition and origin. Consideration of coal, biomass and waste (coal mule, sewage sludge) as fuel is nowadays an important aspect of energy in our country. It should be emphasized that Poland power engineering is based up to 95% on coal - the primary fuel. Mining industry, forced to deliver power engineering more and better fuel, must however, use a deeper cleaning of coal. This results in a continuous increase waste in the form of mule flotation. The best method of disposing these mule is combustion and co-combustion with other fuels. On the other hand, commonly increasing awareness state of the environment and the need to reduce CO2 emissions energy industry have committed to implement alternative solutions in order to gain power, through, i.a.: development technologies use of biomass, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in Poland. The paper presents the results of research TG-DTA fuels made in an inert atmosphere.
Laboratory Investigations of Stationary Methane Anemometer
Authors: Kruczkowski Janusz , Krawczyk Jerzy , Ostrogórski Piotr
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a new stationary device that can perform simultaneous measurements of air flow velocity and methane concentration in a mine heading (stationary methane anemometer). The test station is designed to use the instrument to test the effect of various parameters on the air-methane stream. The air velocities and methane concentrations were fed to the measuring area via an injector and recorded. The results present numerical simulations of flow phenomena that occurred during measurement experiments.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Estimation of the Single-Number Sound Absorption Evaluation Index DLα
Authors: Batko Wojciech , Pawlik Paweł , Wszołek Grazyna
Published: January 2018

Acoustic barriers are assigned to the respective categories of sound absorbing properties on the basis of a single-number sound absorption evaluation index. Categories of absorbing properties play a significant role in selecting the barrier type for the given localisation. The estimation of the single-number sound absorption evaluation index is performed, among others, by means of measuring the sound absorption coefficient of the analysed acoustic barrier sample in the reverberation chamber. The sensitivity analysis of the determination of the single-number sound absorption evaluation index was performed in this work. The estimation of the input parameters uncertainty contribution to the expanded uncertainty of the sound absorption evaluation index, was done first. The Monte Carlo method and the reduction interval arithmetic were used for this aim. The relative sensitivity coefficients were determined by means of the author’s method based on the interval arithmetic. These coefficients contain information concerning the quantitative influence of the given input value on the final result.
the Interaction of Resonance And Bragg Scattering Effects for the Locally Resonant Phononic Crystal with Alternating Elastic and Fluid Matrices
Authors: Yuan Bo , Chen Yong , Jiang Min , Tang Shuai , He Miao , Tu Minglin
Published: January 2018

Three-dimensional (3D) locally resonant phononic crystals (LRPCs) are studied with the aim of optimising the sub-wavelength band gaps of such composites. By analysing their effective acoustic properties, it has been found that the effective acoustic speed of the composite will drop to zero when local resonance arise, and will increase monotonically when Bragg scattering effects occur. Moreover, if the matrix is a low-shear-speed medium, local resonators can significantly reduce the effective acoustic speed of the composite and, therefore, lower the frequency where Bragg scattering effects occur. Hence, a specific LRPC with alternating elastic and fluid matrices is proposed, whose resonance and Bragg gaps are already close in frequency. The fluid matrix behaves as a wave filter, which prevents the shear waves from propagating in the composite. By using the layer-multiple-scattering theory, the coupling behaviour of local resonance and Bragg scattering band gaps has been investigated. Both gaps are enhanced when they move closer to each other. Finally, a gap-coupled case is obtained that displays a broad sub-wavelength band gap. Such proposal excels at the application of underwater acoustic materials since the arrangement of structure can be handily adjusted for tuning the frequency of coupled gap.
Using PWE/FE Method to Calculate the Band Structures of the Semi-Infinite PCs: Periodic in x–y Plane and Finite in z -direction
Authors: Qian Denghui , Shi Zhiyu
Published: January 2018

This paper introduces the concept of semi-infinite phononic crystal (PC) on account of the infinite periodicity in x-y plane and finiteness in z-direction. The plane wave expansion and finite element methods are coupled and formulized to calculate the band structures of the proposed periodic elastic composite structures based on the typical geometric properties. First, the coupled plane wave expansion and finite element (PWE/FE) method is applied to calculate the band structures of the Pb/rubber, steel/epoxy and steel/aluminum semi-infinite PCs with cylindrical scatters. Then, it is used to calculate the band structure of the Pb/rubber semi-infinite PC with cubic scatter. Last, the band structure of the rubbercoated Pb/epoxy three-component semi-infinite PC is calculated by the proposed method. Besides, all the results are compared with those calculated by the finite element (FE) method implemented by adopting COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerical results and further analysis demonstrate that the proposed PWE/FE method has strong applicability and high accuracy.
Fairness im Stellenabbau als Ausgangsbedingung für arbeitsmarktpolitische Beratung
Authors: Mühge Gernot
Published: January 2018

Die arbeitsmarktpolitische Beratung und Unterstützung von Beschäftigten, die durch Restrukturierungen ihre Stelle verlieren, stellt besondere Anforderungen. Auf der einen Seite gelten sie aufgrund ihrer nahen Berufserfahrung als gut vermittelbar, auf der anderen Seite erschweren die mit dem Arbeitsplatzverlust verbundenen psycho-sozialen Belastungsfaktoren die Aufnahme einer neuen Beschäftigung. Der Artikel untersucht auf Basis quantitativer Daten das Führungsverhalten von Arbeitgebern in Krisenzeiten als Kontextfaktor für die Effektivität arbeitsmarktpolitischer Beratung. Sein zentraler Befund ist, dass mangelnde prozedurale Gerechtigkeit und kommunikative Fairness des Arbeitgebers die belastende Wirkung des Stellenverlusts erhöhen und den Zugang zu arbeitsmarktpolitischen Beratungsangeboten erschweren.
Visual Representation of Urban Environment: Microraioni of Riga in Soviet Cinematography
Authors: Matvejs Jānis
Published: January 2018

The aim of this article is to interpret the discourse of residential areas of Riga through the films of the Soviet period and to examine essential changes in residential structure. Specific image of cinematic formal techniques is used in relation to the urban. The results of movie review are compared with changes in the residential development between 1945–1990. 124 movies display that residential areas are frequently portrayed in the Soviet cinema and they form an integral part of the Soviet urban perception.
First record of Physarum spectabile (Myxomycetes) in Russia
Authors: Gmoshinskiy Vladimir I. , Buchtoyarova Natalya Yu. , Matveev Andrey V.
Published: January 2018

Physarum spectabile is reported from the Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Nelidovsky district, Tver region), new to Russia. The short description of ecology and distribution of this rare species is provided. The morphology of the fruit bodies (sporocarps) of the species was examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and images of relevant details are included.
Alien fungi in Lithuania: list of species, current status and trophic structure
Authors: Motiejūnaitė Jurga , Markovskaja Svetlana , Kutorga Ernestas , Iršėnaitė Reda , Kasparavičius Jonas , Kačergius Audrius , Lygis Vaidotas
Published: January 2018

A comprehensive inventory of alien fungi (excluding fungi-like oomycetes) recorded in Lithuania since the 19th century was performed. The compiled list includes 142 fungal species, the major part of which are plant pathogens (125 species), while mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi (eight and nine species, respectively) are much less represented. The distribution within country and current status of non-native fungi were assessed. Large part of alien fungus species (58) are considered as established, three species (Auricularia auricula-judae, Aureoboletus projectellus, Lecanosticta acicola) are currently spreading, three species (Serpula lacrymans, Synchytrium endobioticum, Tilletia caries) are decreasing, one (Laricifomes officinalis) is considered to be extinct, five saprotrophic species are ephemeromycetes with few records almost exceptionally indoors and not surviving in outside conditions. Status of more than half of the listed species (73) is categorized as unknown as their records are few, suitable habitats and/or hosts are uncommon. The peak of alien fungus recording in Lithuania was in 1980–2000, apparently reflecting an increased frequency of international carriages and the highest peak of national mycological activities. Based on climate change scenarios for Lithuania, further increase of the numbers of alien species is being forecasted.
Taryfy importowe partnerów handlowych: doświadczenia trzech krajów Bałkanów Zachodnich
Authors: Kurtović Safet , Halili Blerim , Maxhuni Nehat
Published: January 2018

Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu zbadanie wpływu obniżenia taryf importowych partnerów handlowych na eksport całkowity i eksport poszczególnych produktów z trzech państw Bałkanów Zachodnich łącznie oraz obserwowany indywidualnie dla każdego państwa. W celu zbadania potencjalnego efektu, w artykule wykorzystano równanie grawitacyjne i dokonano szacowania danych dynamicznych z użyciem systemu GMM. Badania dokonano w oparciu o podejście łączne i indywidualne. Podejście łączne do trzech krajów Bałkanów Zachodnich wskazało iż obniżenie średniej stawki celnej w imporcie (simple average tariff rate – SAT) i średniej ważonej stawki celnej (weighted average tariff – WAT) pozytywnie wpływa na wzrost eksportu całkowitego i eksportu poszczególnych produktów. Zastosowanie podejścia indywidualnego dla każdego kraju wykazało, że spadek stawek SAT i WAT w imporcie ma również pozytywny wpływ na wzrost eksportu całkowitego i eksportu poszczególnych produktów z Albanii i Serbii, podczas gdy efekt ten jest słaby dla Byłej Jugosłowiańskiej Republiki Macedonii.
Some Results for Isotonic Functionals Via an Inequality Due to Kittaneh and Manasrah
Authors: Dragomir S. S.
Published: January 2018

In this paper we obtain some inequalities for isotonic functionals via a reverse and refinement of Young's inequality due to Kittaneh and Manasrah.
Present-day English gerunds: A multilayered referential model
Authors: Maekelberghe Charlotte
Published: January 2018

Recent studies into the semantics of English gerunds have successfully uncovered meaning differences between nominal and verbal gerunds by adopting a referential perspective on their semantics. Referential research of gerundive nominalizations, however, still struggles with a number of issues, mainly centering around the position of verbal gerunds within the traditionally nominal domain of referentiality. This paper wishes to address these issues by establishing a multilayered model of referentiality which can be applied to both ordinary as well as less prototypical noun phrases. First of all, it disentangles the typically nominal feature of definiteness from the more flexible concept of specificity. Secondly, the model looks at the type of mental space in which the referent is accessed. Specific expressions are often associated with “actual” or realis spaces, whereas non-specific entities are typically linked to “virtual” or irrealis spaces. It is argued here, however, that deverbal nominalizations like gerunds realize specificity independently of the mental space the entity is located in. The multilayered model that is proposed is applied and integrated in a corpus-based analysis of Present-day English nominal and verbal gerunds. Mapping out the interactions between (in)definiteness, (non-)specificity and actuality/virtuality, it will be concluded, allows us to situate the various subtypes of nominal and verbal gerunds more accurately on the cline of functional nouniness.
Anatomical Comparison of the Renal Arteries in the Rabbit and European Hare
Authors: Flešárová S. , Maženský D.
Published: January 2018

The aim of this paper was to compare the level of origin of the renal arteries in the rabbit and hare. The study was carried out on ten adult rabbits and ten adult European hares using the corrosion cast technique. After the euthanasia, the vascular network was perfused with saline. Batson’s corrosion casting kit No. 17 was used as a casting medium. After polymerization of the medium, the maceration was carried out in KOH solution. We found variable levels of the origin of renal arteries in the rabbit, in the hare and between both species. In the rabbit, the right renal artery originated at the level of the second lumbar vertebra in 70 % of the cases and at the level of the first lumbar vertebra in 30 % of the cases, and the left-sided renal artery originated in 60 % of the cases at the level of the second lumbar vertebra and at the level of the third lumbar vertebra in 40 % of the cases. In the hare, the bilateral renal arteries originated at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. According to the results, it can be concluded that the origin level of the renal arteries from the abdominal aorta is more variable in the domesticated rabbit in comparison with the hare.
Multiple Integration and Data Annotation Study (MIDAS): improving next-generation sequencing data analysis by genotype-phenotype correlations
Authors: Dincer Yasemin , Schulz Julian , Wilson Sandra , Marschall Christoph , Cohen Monika Y. , Mall Volker , Klein Hanns-Georg , Eck Sebastian H.
Published: January 2018

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies in clinical diagnostics open vast opportunities through the ability to sequence all genes simultaneously at a cost and speed that is superior to traditional sequencing approaches. On the other hand, the practical implementation of NGS in routine diagnostics involves a variety of challenges, which need to be overcome. Among these are the generation, analysis and storage of large amounts of data, strict control of sequencing performance, validation of results, interpretation of detected variants and reporting. Here, we outline the Multiple Integration and Data Annotation Study, an approach for data integration in clinical diagnostics based on genotype-phenotype correlations. MIDAS aims to accelerate NGS data analysis and to enhance the validity of the results by computer-based variant prioritization using the clinical data of the patient. In this context, we present the MIDAS case reports of one patient with intellectual disability caused by a novel de novo loss-of-function variant in theGATAD2Bgene [NM_020699.3: c.1426G>T (p.Glu476*)] identified by trio whole-exome sequencing, as well as two cardiac disease patients with severe phenotype and multiple variants in genes linked to cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders analyzed with multi-gene panel sequencing. Based on the data collected in the MIDAS cohort, the MIDAS software will be tested and optimized. Moreover, the MIDAS software concept can be extended modularly to include further data resources for improved data handling and interpretation in the broad field of diagnostics.
Questioning the ‘of’ in Performance-as-translation: Multimedia as a Subtext in the 2003 Pécs Performance ‘of’ Hamlet
Authors: Minier Márta
Published: January 2018

This article explores a theatre performance (National Theatre Pécs, 2003, dir. Iván Hargitai) working with a 1999 Hungarian translation of Hamlet by educator, scholar, translator and poet Ádám Nádasdy as a structural transformation (Fischer-Lichte 1992) of the dramatic text for the stage. The performance is perceived as an intersemiotic translation but not as one emerging from a source-to-target one-way route. The study focuses on certain substructures such as the set design and the multimedial nature of the performance (as defined by Giesekam 2007), and by highlighting intertextual and hypertextual ways of accessing this performance-as-translation it questions the ‘of’ in the ‘performance of Hamlet (or insert other dramatic title)’ phrase. This experimentation with the terminology around performance-as-translation also facilitates the unveiling of a layer of the complex Hungarian Hamlet palimpsest, which, as a multi-layered cultural phenomenon, consists of much more than literary texts: its fabric includes theatre performance and other creative works.
Huldrych Zwingli: Reformation in Conflict
Authors: Eccher Stephen Brett
Published: January 2018

The Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a pioneering and domineering voice during the early sixteenth century, especially at the genesis of the Protestant Reformation. Despite his stature, Reformation historiography has sadly relegated Zwingli to a lesser status behind reformers such as Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and John Calvin. However, his contribution to the changing religious ethos of Reformation Europe was pivotal, yet always accompanied by controversy. In fact, this essay will argue that almost all of the Reformation gains made by Zwingli over the course of roughly twenty-five years of ministry took place through conflict. All the Protestant reformers experienced an element of conflict as a part of their work. Such was the nature of religious renewal and reform in the sixteenth century. Still, conflict not only facilitated and drove Zwingli’s Reformation, but was also a theme woven throughout his life. And in Zwingli’s case war was both figurative and literal. His battles moved well beyond those of his contemporary reformers. Beginning with his haunting experiences as a young chaplain in the Swiss army and culminating with his early death on the battlefield at Kappel, conflict shaped Zwingli’s life, ministry and theology. His was a life characterized by volatility; his Reformation was contested every step of the way. As a portrait of Zwingli emerges against the historic backdrop of war, division and strife, his lasting contributions to the convictions and practices of Protestantism, especially in Baptist and Presbyterian life, should become apparent.
Conditions of synthesis and structure of metakaolin-based geopolymers: application as heavy metal cation sorbent
Authors: Król Magdalena , Brylewska Kamila , Knapik Arkadiusz , Kornaus Kamil , Mozgawa Włodzimierz
Published: January 2018

This study presents the synthesis of geopolymer materials designed for application as self-supporting zeolite membranes. For this purpose, batches of metakaolin activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were used. During synthesis, it was assumed that low temperatures are sufficient to receive the membranes. The composition of raw materials and temperature of activation were selected in such a way so as to correspond to the basic chemical compositions and synthesis conditions of sodalite as well as zeolites A and X. Additionally, the structural and textural properties of geopolymers were determined. The results show that it is possible to obtain composite zeolite structures in an amorphous matrix. A number of synthesized materials were used in the sorption of selected heavy metal cations (Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+). It was concluded that the investigated geopolymerization process may be applied to obtain a material with potential use as a heavy metal sorbent.
Canadian Federalism in Design and Practice: The Mechanics of a Permanently Provisional Constitution
Authors: Gardner James A.
Published: January 2018

This paper examines the interaction between constitutional design and practice through a case study of Canadian federalism. Focusing on the federal architecture of the Canadian Constitution, the paper examines how subnational units in Canada actually compete with the central government, emphasizing the concrete strategies and tactics they most commonly employ to get their way in confrontations with central authority. The evidence affirms that constitutional design and structure make an important difference in the tactics and tools available to subnational units in a federal system, but that design is not fully constraining: there is considerable evidence of extraconstitutional innovation and improvisation by governments. Furthermore, changes in practice initiated by Canadian subnational actors have produced changes in the allocation of national and subnational authority that are plausibly characterized as constitutional in magnitude. The paper concludes that the design of the Canadian federal system may inadvertently undermine its capacity to stabilize itself at any particular point of constitutional evolution, making it ‘permanently provisional.’
An Opportunity for Reflection – A Special Issue on “The Constitution of Canada: History, Evolution, Influence and Reform”
Authors: Martinico Giuseppe , Albert Richard , Baraggia Antonia , Fasone Cristina
Published: January 2018

Canada is and will for the foreseeable future be a peaceful and prosperous liberal democracy whose Constitution Act, 1867, now 150 years old as of 2017, has become a model for the modern world. The Constitution of Canada has exerted considerable influence on other countries, particularly since the coming into force of its Constitution Act, 1982, which included the celebrated Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Just as Canada drew from foreign and international experiences in drafting its Charter, the world has learned a great deal from Canada, not only as to rights protections but also as to the separation of powers, the judicial function, and the structure of government.

In light of these impressive achievements, an international symposium on the Canadian Constitution was held in Pisa at the Scuola Sant’Anna under the auspices of the Sant’Anna Legal Studies project and with the support of the DIRPOLIS (Law, Politics and Development) Institute at the Scuola Sant’Anna, the Canadian Embassy in Italy, and the International Association of Constitutional Law. This special issue collects some of the papers presented on that occasion.
The Time-Space Approach in the Analysis of Traffic Safety on Rural Road
Authors: Bačkalić Svetlana , Matović Boško , Bašić Anja
Published: January 2018

Analysis of the traffic safety factors in some region (road, section of road, road’s kilometer) is an important task in the field of traffic safety. It is necessary to constantly monitor, analyze, compare traffic safety situation in order to develop and improve measures for increasing the level of traffic safety. The first part of each analysis is finding of positions of traffic accidents and its casualties, in other words it is necessary to find its coordinates in the space-time coordinate system.

This paper shows results of the descriptive statistical analysis of traffic accidents frequency on the rural road for the period 2005-2011. It will be point out advantages and disadvantages of this approach and also it will be suggested a new individual approach for determinate the mean time between consecutive traffic accidents.
Forming Communicative Competence of Future Tesol Teachers by Microteaching (Based on British Experience)
Authors: Bidyuk Natalya
Published: January 2018

The article deals with the analysis of the process of forming communicative competence of future TESOL students by means of microteaching based on the experience of leading British higher education institutions. It has been specified that the phenomenon of communicative competence in scientific discourse originated in the 1960s and connected with the prominent British, German and American scientific researchers (L. Bachman, R. Campbel, M. Canale, J. Habermas, M. Halliday, M. Swain et al.), who have produced their own implications on communicative competence. Based on their views it has been specified that the communicative competence should be acquired in all areas, namely, speaking, reading, listening, and writing. Therefore, it has been justified that microteaching is of significance, as it allows future TESOL teachers to develop the high level of communicative competence. It has been found out that microteaching was developed by Stanford University specialists and became adopted by many teacher education institutions in the world. The model of microteaching acquired in British education institutions has been described. It has been outlined that microteaching is seen as a simplified form of teaching, the main peculiarity of which means it is evaluated by peers/supervisors to provide a feedback. It has been indicated that the main aim of microteaching is to allow future TESOL teachers to determine their level of communicative competence most objectively. It has been clarified that future TESOL teachers should undergo three stages to form their communicative competence. The advantages and disadvantages of microteaching in the context of forming future TESOL teachers’ communicative competence have been presented. The most prominent advantages have been analyzed. The perspectives for further studies have been determined.
Legal Enforcement of Teacher Education in Great Britain
Authors: Zorochkina Tetiana
Published: January 2018

The article deals with legal enforcement of teacher education in Great Britain. It has been found out that in Great Britain, the sources of education legislation are statutes and acts adopted by British government. All current statutes relating to education are classified either as public or private. Public laws contain general rules, that is, designed for all individuals and for repeated application. They operate throughout the country, addressed to all subjects of educational relations. Private statutes accumulate private norms, which refer to specific legal entities or individuals and contain strictly defined directives for them. They are addressed to a particular country or specific organization or group of individuals. It has been indicated that the system of education legislation in Great Britain in the context of teacher education is provided by a range of legal acts, such as the Education Reform Act of 1988, the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992, by the Teaching and Higher Education Act of 1998, The Education Act 2002, The Education Act of 2005, The Education and Inspections Act of 2006, The Education and Skills Act of 2008, The Education Act of 2011, The Education and Adoption Act 2016, The Higher Education and Research Act 2017 as well as legal acts of European authorities. It has been concluded that the orientation of the content of British legal acts toward quality teacher training should be successfully implemented into Ukrainian education legislation so that the national system of teacher training may be improved. It has been suggested that the prospects for further researchers are seen in studying the legal enforcement of teacher education in leading European countries (Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Switzerland etc.).
Renewable Energy Education in India
Authors: Bajpai Shrish , Kidwai Naimur Rahman
Published: January 2018

The issue of renewable energy sources that have great potential to give solutions to the longstanding energy problems of India has been considered. It has been stated that renewable energy sources are an important part of India’s plan to increase energy security and provide new generation with ample job opportunities. India’s plans to move towards green technology and address environmental concerns associated with the country and the world have been characterized. The peculiarities of the renewable energy education in India as a subject and as a specialized branch of engineering or science at different education levels in both government-funded and private institutes across India have been outlined. Science and engineering education system with detailed structure of the degree (undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral and post-doctoral) course has been described. Comparative study of renewable energy education systems of other countries has been performed. It has been stated that currently in India science colleges offer undergraduate renewable energy course as BSc. (Renewable Energy) and Postgraduate level course (MSc) that are offered in different science institutes in the specialization of Renewable Energy, Energy Management, Energy Studies, Physics (Energy) etc. Doctoral and postdoctoral research is offered by a few science institutions in India which is a more focused research (issues) in solar energy or wind energy field. The process of studying in a number of Indian institutes specializing in renewable energy has been described and compared to other world educational establishments of Spain, Mexico, and Russia. Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy specialization education have been defined. It has been determined that there is an immediate need for the development of requisite demonstration which should be provided at appropriate levels in which both on-job as well as traditional training in these areas should be given to the expansive audience with the aid of modern andragogy techniques.
Effect of deforestation on water chemistry in the Kościeliska Valley in the Western Tatras in southern Poland
Authors: Żelazny Mirosław , Kosmowska Amanda , Stańczyk Tomasz , Mickiewicz Maria
Published: January 2018

Effect of deforestation on water chemistry in the Kościeliska Valley in the Western Tatras in southern Poland. Bark beetle infestation is a leading source of local tree stand damage in Tatra National Park. In addition, hurricane-force winds also cause damage to tree stands, as in the case of the 2013 wind event in the Kopki Kościeliskie area of the Kościeliska Valley. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of deforestation on seasonal changes in water chemistry, especially in the case of nitrate. The research was performed in the years 2015 and 2016 in seven catchments. The total number of monthly water samples was 175. Three forested catchments were selected along with two catchments deforested by high winds, one catchment deforested due to the action of the bark beetle, and one catchment affected by several different forms of deforestation. The following four types of measurements were performed in the field: pH, electrolytic conductance (EC25°C), total mineralization (Mt). The following analyses were performed in the laboratory using DIONEX 2000 ion chromatography equipment – concentration of 14 ions in water samples: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Li+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−, Br−, F−. The concentration of NO3− was many times higher in samples collected in deforested areas (x̅ = 16.53 mg·L−1) versus forested areas (x̅ = 3.06 mg·L−1). The share of NO3− in overall water chemistry in catchments deforested by high wind events is more than three times higher (3.25% mval·L−1) than in forested catchments (1.07% mval·L−1), and almost twice as high as that for a catchment affected by the bark beetle (1.8% mval·L−1). In fact, it is high enough that the position of the nitrate ion in the sequence of anions in the deforested catchment shifts from HCO3 > SO4 > NO3 > Cl (natural sequence occurring in forested carbonate-type catchments) to HCO3 > NO3 > SO4 > Cl. In addition, the concentration of nitrate in stream water was found to be lower during the vegetation season, which is associated with the nitrogen intake of plant root systems in the summer season.
Symmetry Reductions and Group-Invariant Radial Solutions to the n-Dimensional Wave Equation
Authors: Feng Wei , Zhao Songlin
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we derive explicit group-invariant radial solutions to a class of wave equation via symmetry group method. The optimal systems of one-dimensional subalgebras for the corresponding radial wave equation are presented in terms of the known point symmetries. The reductions of the radial wave equation into second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with respect to each symmetry in the optimal systems are shown. Then we solve the corresponding reduced ODEs explicitly in order to write out the group-invariant radial solutions for the wave equation. Finally, several analytical behaviours and smoothness of the resulting solutions are discussed.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of two polyketides from lichen-endophytic fungus Preussia sp.
Authors: Paudel Babita , Bhattarai Keshab , Bhattarai Hari Datta
Published: January 2018

Two compounds, compounds 1 and 2, were isolated from Preussia sp. The molecular structures of both compounds were elucidated by analyzing one-dimensional (1D) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance data along with high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Compound 1 was obtained as novel in structure, and compound 2 was recently reported elsewhere. Compound 1 did not show antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and brine shrimp toxicity, while compound 2 showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH reduction capacity; IC50=3 μg/mL) and brine shrimp toxicity (LD50=50 μg/mL).
Pobeguinine: a monoterpene indole alkaloid and other bioactive constituents from the stem bark of Nauclea pobeguinii
Authors: Bankeu Jean J.K. , Madjouka Stéphanie , Feuya Guy R.T. , Fongang Yannick S.F. , Siddiqui Sadaf , Ali Iftikhar , Mehreen Lateef , Lenta Bruno N. , Yousuf Sammer , Noungoué Didérot T. , Ngouela Augustin S. , Ali Muhammad S.
Published: January 2018

Phytochemical investigation of dichloromethane neutral phase of stem bark of Nauclea pobeguinii led to the isolation of a new monoterpene indole alkaloid, pobeguinine 1 along with 14 known compounds including (−)-naucleofficine D (2a), (+)-naucleofficine D (2b), naucleidinal (3), quafrinoic acid (4), betulinic acid (5), ursolic acid (6), quinovic acid (7), quinovic acid 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8a), quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-fucopyranoside (8b), β-sitosterol (9), β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), benzoic acid (11), lacceroic acid (12) and n-heptacosane (13). The structure of compound 1 was unambiguously assigned on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The Hirshfeld surface analysis was further carried out to quantitatively analyze the role of various types of hydrogen bonding in crystal stability. These structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. The isolates were evaluated for their radical scavenging properties as well as inhibitory activities against urease and tyrosinase enzymes with IC50 values ranging from 13.4 to 58.9, 46.0 to 86.7 and 39.4 to 87.1 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 6 exhibited maximum radical scavenging activity with IC50 13.4 μg/mL, while compound 4 exhibited maximum tyrosinase with IC50 39.4 μg/mL. All the isolates showed moderate urease inhibition.
Quantification of Uncertainty in the Master Curves of Viscoelastic Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Rema Aswathy , Swamy Aravind Krishna
Published: January 2018

The prediction of asphalt concrete (AC) behavior using a continuum damage mechanics approach requires viscoelastic properties like creep compliance (CC) and relaxation modulus (RM) values. Because of practical limitations, dynamic modulus (DM) and phase angle (PA) measurements are used to construct CC and RM master curves. Numerous approximate interconversion techniques have been used for this purpose. Because of issues during testing, fabrication processes, and interconversion approximations, significant scatter can be found in CC- and RM-constructed master curves. The present study proposes and compares quantification methods to address scatter found in CC and RM master curves. The scatter found in CC and RM master curves at different reduced time values is quantified using uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques. For this purpose, several AC specimens with identical volumetric properties were prepared and tested for DM and PA values. Furthermore, CC and RM master curves were obtained using DM and PA through approximate interconversion techniques. Finally, CC and RM values obtained (at a fixed time using particular simulation techniques) with all specimens were combined. Using these values, scatter in CC and RM values (at a specific reduced time) was evaluated using UQ techniques. The results indicate that the choice of simulation technique affects the statistical parameters associated with probability density function (PDF) to a large extent. This, in turn, significantly affects the shape of the PDF at a chosen reduced time of interest. In other words, uncertainty found in CC and RM values are dependent on the choice of interconversion technique and time of interest.
Dopamine Development in the Mouse Orbital Prefrontal Cortex Is Protracted and Sensitive to Amphetamine in Adolescence
Authors: Hoops Daniel , Reynolds Lauren M. , Restrepo-Lozano Jose-Maria , Flores Cecilia
Published: January 2018

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is divided into subregions, including the medial and orbital prefrontal cortices. Dopamine connectivity in the medial PFC (mPFC) continues to be established throughout adolescence as the result of the continuous growth of axons that innervated the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) prior to adolescence. During this period, dopamine axons remain vulnerable to environmental influences, such as drugs used recreationally by humans. The developmental trajectory of the orbital prefrontal dopamine innervation remains almost completely unstudied. Nonetheless, the orbital PFC (oPFC) is critical for some of the most complex functions of the PFC and is disrupted by drugs of abuse, both in adolescent humans and rodents. Here, we use quantitative neuroanatomy, axon-initiated viral-vector recombination, and pharmacology in mice to determine the spatiotemporal development of the dopamine innervation to the oPFC and its vulnerability to amphetamine in adolescence. We find that dopamine innervation to the oPFC also continues to increase during adolescence and that this increase is due to the growth of new dopamine axons to this region. Furthermore, amphetamine in adolescence dramatically reduces the number of presynaptic sites on oPFC dopamine axons. In contrast, dopamine innervation to the piriform cortex is not protracted across adolescence and is not impacted by amphetamine exposure during adolescence, indicating that dopamine development during adolescence is a uniquely prefrontal phenomenon. This renders these fibers, and the PFC in general, particularly vulnerable to environmental risk factors during adolescence, such as recreational drug use.