bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HINDOE-EGGENOTE, WEET JY WAT JOU REGSPOSISIE IN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE REG IS?
Authors: SIJ Cordier  , C Rautenbach
Published: September 2021

This article investigates the legal position of a Hindu wife married in terms of Hindu rites. In general, her marriage is not recognised as a valid marriage because it does not comply with the requirements set out in the Marriage Act 25 of 1961. Although the Durban and Coast Local Division of the High Court recently held that she is a "spouse" in terms of the Intestate Succession Act 81 of 1987, her legal position is far from certain. In Singh v Rampersad 2007 3 SA 445 (D) the court held that a monogamous marriage in terms of Hindu rites is not a valid marriage in terms of South African law. The non-recognition of her marriage has certain consequences, especially when a Hindu wife wants to dissolve her "marriage" or one of the "spouses" dies. In this contribution the differences between a Hindu marriage and a civil marriage are pointed out, including the possible consequences if parties want to conclude a marriage in terms of Hindu rites only.
THE REVISED CANADIAN TEST FOR THE EXCLUSION OF UNCONSTITUTIONALLY OBTAINED EVIDENCE
Authors: BC Naudé
Published: September 2021

Although South African courts have relied on Canadian law to interpret section 35(5) of the Constitution, they have also been hesitant to do so, since the previous Canadian approach clearly had its shortcomings. The Canadian Supreme Court's decision in R v Grant has now addressed these problems by putting forward an approach that is less rigid and more simplistic to apply. The new test reflects properly the main motivation behind a constitutionally entrenched exclusionary rule and thereby provides a sound theoretical basis for the application of such a rule. Because their new approach has brought the South African and Canadian tests closer together, more stands to be gained from future Canadian decisions in this regard. Perhaps the most important aspect of the Grant decision is that it shows why it is unnecessary to treat the two legs of the South African rule as separate tests. There should in principle be only one test: namely whether the admission of unconstitutionally obtained evidence would be detrimental to the administration of justice.
THE APPLICATION OF SECTION 197 OF THE LABOUR RELATIONS ACT IN AN OUTSOURCING CONTEXT (PART 2)
Authors: Lynn Biggs
Published: September 2021

Section 197 of the Labour Relations Act (LRA) in both its original form and in its amended form caused much confusion and debate. An analysis of the amended section 197 was conducted by considering the interpretation and application of the courts as well as various authors’ views. This analysis attempted to clarify the impact of section 197 on transfers of businesses as going concerns. An analysis of the application of section 197 to outsourcing arrangements then followed. It showed that a distinction between first- and second-generation outsourcing is paramount to determining whether or not section 197 is applicable to outsourcing arrangements. Case law has not provided certainty in this area as the various courts have held opposing views with regard to whether a literal or purposive approach should be adopted. All the implications (whether positive or negative) should be rigorously considered by the courts to clarify the true application of section 197 in an outsourcing context.
THE PRACTICE OF “UKUTHWALWA”, THE CONSTITUTION AND THE CRIMINAL LAW (SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS) AMENDMENT ACT
Authors: David McQuoid-Mason
Published: September 2021

The practice of “ukuthwalwa” has been described as a “mock abduction” or an “irregular proposal” aimed at achieving a customary law marriage. It has been said that ukuthwalwa may be used for a number of purposes, such as: (a) to force the father to give his consent; (b) to avoid the expense of a wedding; (c) to hasten matters if the woman is pregnant; (d) to persuade the woman of the seriousness of the suitor’s intent; and (e) to avoid payment of lobolo. At common law the courts have stated that ukuthwalwa should not be used “as a cloak for forcing unwelcome attentions on a patently unwilling girl”, and have held that abduction by way of  ukuthwalwa is unlawful. However, it has been suggested that if there is a belief by the abductor that the custom of ukuthwalwa was lawful the abduction would lack fault, and that if the parents or guardians consented to the taking it would not be abduction, because abduction is a crime against parental authority. Where the parents or guardians consent to the abduction the crime may amount to assault or rape. Some of these potential lacunae in the law seem to have been addressed by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007. There has recently been public outrage about the practice of ukuthwalwa in the Eastern Cape in which girls between the ages of 12 and 15 years of age were being abducted and forced into marriages against their consent. This aspect of ukuthwalwa is a breach of the common law and the repealed section of the Sexual Offences Act (s 9 of the SexualOffences Act 23 of 1957. It is also completely contrary to the Bill of Rights (Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 1996) and the Sexual Offences Amendment Act (Chapters 2 and 3 of the Sexual Offences Amendment Act). Part of the problem may be that some rural communities think that cultural practices trump constitutional rights, whereas according to the law the reverse applies.
SOME COMMENTS ON THE APPROPRIATENESS OF DISMISSAL AS A SANCTION IN MISCONDUCT RELATING TO SHRINKAGE
Authors: Brenda Grant
Published: September 2021

The circumstances under which an employer may dismiss an employee for misconduct are clearly stated in item 3(5) of the Code of Good Practice: Dismissal contained in Schedule 8 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995. It provides that a decision to dismiss an employee for misconduct necessitates an interrogation of a number of competing factors including the gravity of the misconduct; the circumstances of the infringement; the nature of the job performed by the employee; and the employee’s circumstances (which include length of service, previous disciplinary record and personal circumstances). In this note, the author peruses some of the recent cases which have attempted to balance these competing interests to achieve fairness between the parties.
MISTAKE AND SURETYSHIP: AVOIDING THE SPECTRE OF BRINK V HUMPHRIES & JEWELL (PTY) LTD
Authors: C-J Pretorius
Published: September 2021

The nettlesome matter of operative mistake and suretyships tucked away in credit applications tends to find its way into the law reports on a rather frequent basis. This phenomenon is hardly surprising because in the cut and thrust of modern commerce, and even more so in lean times, individuals are keen to apply for credit on behalf of the corporate entities which they represent, but less eager to stand in for these debts when they cannot be serviced. From the contractual perspective of mistake, these cases tend tofollow a familiar pattern. Commonly, a member of a close corporation or director of a private company applies on behalf of the close corporation or company, as the case may be, for some or other form of credit from another party. Usually, within a business context, credit will not be granted without some form of security, and in these instances more often than not the representative is required to agree to a personal suretyship in favour of the creditor, which is often embodied in the credit application form itself. Oncethe representative has appended him or her signature to the application form, he or she inexorably finds himself or herself simultaneously bound as surety and co-principal debtor, the formal requirements for a suretyship agreement having been complied with (as prescribed by s 6 of the General Law Amendment Act 50 of 1956). On the whole older case law displays a reluctancy on the part of the judiciary to excuse a surety on the basis of material mistake in such circumstances, but in Brink v Humphries & Jewell (Pty) Ltd (2005 2 SA 419 (SCA)) the Supreme Court of Appeal adopted a far more lenient approach in favour of the surety, and perhaps heralded a not too subtle change in the law. This note examines the way in which the courts have adjudicated similar cases, and specifically whether more recently they have reinforced the generally stricter approach of old or been prepared to follow the path which Brink seemed to have cleared.
THE COURT’S POWER TO COMPEL DNA TESTING IN PATERNITY DISPUTES – LB v YD 2009 5 SA 463 (T)
Authors: Waheeda Banoobhai  , Shannon Hoctor
Published: September 2021

A fundamental scientific breakthrough was made in 1900 by Landsteiner, who demonstrated that the red blood cells of some individuals contained different chemical substances from the blood cells of others; and that all blood could be classified into a small number of groups. In accordance with recognized principles of genetics these characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another, and thus “[A] comparison of the characteristics of a child’s blood with that of his mother and a particular man may show that the man cannot be the father … [and] if it is known that at the material times the mother had had intercourse only with H (her husband) and X and the blood test excludes H but not X, then X must be the father”. Whilst English courts began to accept such evidence in paternity cases, Heaton points out that until a few decades ago the unreliability of blood tests meant that they were seldom employed in such cases in South Africa. A further complication in the use of these tests as a means of determining parentage, however, related to the fact that in order for an acceptable result to ensue it was necessary to have samples not only from a child but also from the adults involved. What if an adult refused to be tested, or a parent refused to allow the child to undergo a test? The South African courts initially held that they could not compel any person to undergo blood tests, although they were prepared to accept evidence obtained through voluntary testing. The potential consequences of the courts refusing to compel testing are that a non-biological “father” will be compelled to maintain the child. More recently the South African courts have seen fit to order blood tests in paternity disputes, although whether such orders should be made remains controversial. The latest case dealing with this issue is that of LB v YD (2009 5 SA 463 (T)). (Leave to appeal the decision in this matter was dismissed in YD v LB (A) 2009 5 SA 479 (GNP)).
IS THE USE OF VIDEO FOOTAGE DURING INDUSTRIAL ACTION A SOLUTION TO LIABILITY FOR COLLECTIVE MISCONDUCT? – PART 1
Authors: Mlungisi Tenza
Published: September 2021

The issue of strikes turning violent has been a hot potato in industrial relations in South Africa. Strikers vandalise property and sometimes harm innocent people or members of the public. It has been difficult to hold liable either the convening union or individual members involved in the commission of such acts. Unions often deny liability for damage caused under these circumstances and deny having relations with those involved in the commission of such acts. It is also difficult for victims of violent industrial action to hold all participants liable for the damage caused. The article recommends that assistance needs to be sought from the CCTV cameras. The footage captured by these cameras should be used to show exactly who committed the conduct complained of. If a person is identified through CCTV footage as the one who committed the unlawful act and such person being linked to the convening union, the union should account for such conduct. Unions are assumed to be in control of the movement of strikers when it is pending. It should be held liable on the ground that it is expected to take certain measures or reasonable steps to prevent violent acts by its members. Victims of such conduct would then have an action and a claim for remedies against the union. However, the union can have recourse against responsible members. The remedies available to victims include an application for an interdict, a claim for a just and equitable compensation and dismissal provided a fair procedure has been followed.
A DONOR-CONCEIVED CHILD’S RIGHT TO KNOW ITS GENETIC ORIGIN: A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Themba Skosana
Published: September 2021

This paper addresses the need for donor-conceived children to know their genetic parents. The author focuses on the legal consequences of not knowing a genetic parent, as a basis to advocate for the recognition and protection of a donor-conceived child’s right to know its genetic parent. Further an analogy is drawn between donor-conceived and adopted children to advance the argument. The conclusion is that there is a need for legal reform, with regard to anonymous gamete donation in South African law.
DIVORCE IN DUBAI OR PRETORIA – DOMICILE, JURISDICTION, APPLICABLE LAW, ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTION AV v WV [2017] ZAGPPHC 324 (case no 5881/17) (6 July 2017) (GDP)
Authors: Jan L Neels
Published: September 2021

Many South Africans work and live in the United Arab Emirates, especially in Dubai, which is one of the seven emirates. The emirate of Abu Dhabi is the seat of the federal government and the emirate of Dubai is the commercial and financial centre of the country. Numbers of South Africans in Dubai alone run into the tens of thousands. South Africans often move there to avoid crime in their home country and are enticed by the generally higher salaries. Nevertheless, most South Africans do not intend to settle in the United Arab Emirates permanently. Conflicts of family and succession law may readily ensue. Private international law has the function to delineate and harmonise the roles of domestic legal systems in this regard.AV v WV ([2017] ZAGPPHC 324) is typical in this regard. The case deals with the intended divorce of two South African parties resident in Dubai. Husband and wife are citizens of the Republic of South Africa and their domicile of origin was South African. After an armed robbery, the parties moved to Dubai, where the husband found employment as a pilot. Approximately eight or nine years later, the wife initiated divorce proceedings in the Gauteng Division, Pretoria, of the High Court of South Africa. However, the husband instituted divorce proceedings in Dubai and contended that the Pretoria High Court did not have jurisdiction, as the parties were not domiciled in its area of jurisdiction. The wife petitioned the Pretoria High Court to interdict the husband from proceeding with the divorce in Dubai. PM Mabuse J came to the conclusion that the Pretoria High Court had jurisdiction in the divorce proceedings between the parties and issued an interdict against the respondent, the husband, to refrain from proceeding with the divorce action in Dubai.  The case was marked as “not reportable” by the judge, being “not of interest to other judges”. However, it is suggested that the decision is of substantive social and legal interest and deserves a wide readership. The case discussed is the revised version, as reported on the Saflii website.
A CRIMINAL LAW RESPONSE TO THE HARMFUL PRACTICES OF UKUTHWALA
Authors: Mkhuseli Jokani  , Elmarie Knoetze  , Deon Erasmus
Published: September 2021

This article deals with the criminal consequences of the customary law practice of ukuthwala that has been in the news in the recent past in both print and electronic media, whereby elderly men forcibly take young girls for purposes of marriage. A distinction is drawn between ukuthwala, forced and early marriage in order to clarify the concept of ukuthwala. The article considers the question of whether additional legislation is needed to criminalise the thwala custom. The article concludes that forced and early marriages constitute crimes, are illegal, harmful and have no place in a modern constitutional order. It further provides a response to the legal challenges arising from the customary law practice by means of common law and legislation. In conclusion, it recommends that South Africa does not need separate legislation to criminalise ukuthwala and its variants.
Két kötet a gyulafehérvári fejedelmi könyvtár környezetéből
Authors: Ősz Sándor Előd
Published: September 2021

„Az a meggyőződésünk, hogy az erdélyi, magyarországi és szlovákiai gyűjtemények régi könyvanyagának tervszerű átvizsgálása annyit napfényre hozna mind a fejedelem, mind pedig a kollégium használatában volt kötetekből, amennyi lehetővé tenné a jelenleginél megalapozottabb vélemény alkotását egyrészt az eredeti gyűjtemény, másrészt a későbbi gyarapítások jellegéről.” Jakó Zsigmond fejtette ki e véleményét a Bethlen Gábor alapította gyulafehérvári fejedelmi és kollégiumi könyvtár történetét feltáró tanulmányának1 zárszavában.

Az elmúlt év szisztematikus kutatómunkája során két olyan kötetre bukkantunk, amelyek vélhetőleg a Bethlen- és Rákóczi-kori gyulafehérvári udvarban voltak, illetve annak könyves műveltségéről árulnak el adatokat.
Isten (kényszer)zubbonyban. Vincenzo Lavenia, Dio in uniforme, Cappellani, catechesi cattolica e soldati in età moderna, Bologna, il Mulino, 2017 könyve kapcsán.
Authors: Kruppa Tamás
Published: September 2021

A címben jelzett szójáték nem öncélú, hanem mint alább látni fogjuk, jelzi az egyháznak, történelmi korszakoktól függetlenül, valláserkölcsi megfontolásból fakadó elutasító álláspontját az erőszakhoz és a vérontáshoz, amelyeket ugyanakkor, szintén történelmi korszakoktól függetlenül és végül mindig, legitimálni kényszerült. Ebben benne rejlik az is, hogy a kényszerből végül is felvállalt szerep, a háború elfogadása, sőt az arra való buzdítás, egyformán kényszerítő erőként vetette fel az egyház intézményesített szerepét mind a hadseregben, mind az erőszakszervezetekben.
Beyaz Tekstil ve Giyim Ürünlerinde Anlam
Authors: MEYDAN Cemal , AĞCA Gözde
Published: September 2021

Bir tekstil ya da giysinin sosyal düzeyde anlamlandırılmasında renk önemli bir unsuru oluşturmaktadır. Tekstiller ya da giysiler renkleri ile ait olduğu kültür, coğrafya, inanç sistemi ile çeşitli sembolik roller üstlenebilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda geçmişten günümüze geniş bir anlam çeşitliliğine sahip olan beyazın, kendi anlamını bağlı olduğu tekstil ya da giysi örneklerine yansıtarak, güçlü çağrışımlar kazandırdığı mevcut örnekleri üzerinden açıkça gözlemlenebilmektedir.
Beyaz genel olarak, aydınlık, saflık, kutsallık, günahsızlık, bekaret, eşitlik, temizlik, güç, umut çağrışımları ile öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çağrışımları ile bağlantılı olarak beyaz, kutsal kabul edilen kişilerin giysileri ve aksesuarlarında tercih edilen bir renk olmuştur. Beyaz aynı zamanda kültürel olarak yüceltilen, adalet ve eşitliği savunan, yüksek makam ya da mevki sahibi kişiler ile özdeşleştirilmiş ve kullanımı sınırlandırılmıştır. Beyaz, mendil ve bayrak gibi örnekleriyle sözsüz bir iletişim aracı rolü üstlenmiş, belirli bir ideoloji ya da amaca yönelik gelişen gruplar ve uygulamalar ile hem görsel hem iletişimsel bir işlev kazanmıştır.
Bu çalışmada beyazın anlam ve çağrışımlarının, tekstil ve giysi ürünlerinin mevcut anlamlarını nasıl etkilediği ve şekillendirdiği araştırılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, yazılı ve görsel kaynaklar taranarak, zaman ve mekân gözetilmeksizin beyaz tekstil ve giysi örnekleri bir araya getirilmiş ve anlamsal kazanımları göz önünde tutularak belirli kategoriler altında toplanmıştır. Beyazın tarihsel yolculuğu belirli örnekler üzerinden ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
NANKÖRLÜK PSİKOLOJİSİ VE DİNDARLIK ÜZERİNE DENEYSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA
Authors: İNCİ Burak , KIMTER Nurten
Published: September 2021

Bu araştırma, temel olarak gençlerde nankörlük ile dindarlık arasındaki ilişkiyi din psikolojisi açısından ampirik olarak ele almayı amaç edinmektedir. Ayrıca araştırmada sosyo-kültürel ve demografik faktörlere göre katılımcıların dindarlık ve nankörlük düzeylerindeki farkların ve ilişkilerin tespit edilmesi de hedeflenmektedir. Tarama yöntemi ve online anket tekniği kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen araştırmada; İzmir il sınırları içerisinde yaşayan 18 ile 26 yaş arası bireyler araştırmanın evrenini oluşturmaktadır. Bu evrenden rastgele örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 473 genç ise araştırmanın örneklemini teşkil etmektedir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Nankörlük Ölçeği” ve “Ok-Dindarlık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen ham verilerin işlenmesinde SPSS 25 istatistik paket program kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ise faktör analizi, t-testi, anavo ve korelasyon tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda genel toplam dindarlık, dindarlığın biliş, duygu, Tanrıyla ilişki boyutları ile Allah’a karşı nankörlük (AKN) arasında negatif yönde ve anlamlılık derecesinde ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Benzer şekilde genel toplam dindarlık, dindarlığın biliş, duygu, Tanrıyla ilişki boyutları ile genel toplam nankörlük (GTN) arasında negatif yönde ve istatiksel olarak anlamlılık düzeyinde bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan öğretmenlere karşı nankörlük (ÖKN), babaya karşı nankörlük (BKN), iyilik yapan diğer insanlara karşı nankörlük (İYDİKN) alt boyutları ile genel toplam dindarlık ve dindarlığın tüm boyutları arasında anlamlılık düzeyinde her hangi bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır.
Non-invasive sublingual glycocalyx measurements using GlycoCheck (RRID:SCR_018254) v1
Authors: L Weissgerber Tracey , Garcia Valencia Oscar
Published: September 2021

This protocol describes procedures for non-invasive measurements of sublingual vascular glycocalyx degradation using the GlycoCheck system (RRID:SCR_018254). This includes procedures for setting up the equipment, performing tests, saving data, shutting down the system, troubleshooting and removing dust from the camera lens.
Influenza A Virus Infection v1
Authors: S C Hinks Timothy , van Wilgenburg Bonnie , Wang Huimeng , Loh Liyen , Koutsakos Marios , Kedzierska Katherine , J. Corbett Alexandra , Chen Zhenjun
Published: September 2021

This is part 3.3 of the "Study of MAIT Cell Activation in Viral Infections In Vivo" collection of protocols. Collection Abstract: MAIT cells are abundant, highly evolutionarily conserved innate-like lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes microbially derived small intermediate molecules from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. However, in addition to their TCR-mediated functions they can also be activated in a TCR-independent manner via cytokines including IL-12, -15, -18, and type I interferon. Emerging data suggest that they are expanded and activated by a range of viral infections, and significantly that they can contribute to a protective anti-viral response. Here we describe methods used to investigate these anti-viral functions in vivo in murine models. To overcome the technical challenge that MAIT cells are rare in specific pathogen-free laboratory mice, we describe how pulmonary MAIT cells can be expanded using intranasal bacterial infection or a combination of synthetic MAIT cell antigen and TLR agonists. We also describe protocols for adoptive transfer of MAIT cells, methods for lung homogenization for plaque assays, and surface and intracellular cytokine staining to determine MAIT cell activation.
Lung Homogenization v1
Authors: S C Hinks Timothy , van Wilgenburg Bonnie , Wang Huimeng , Loh Liyen , Koutsakos Marios , Kedzierska Katherine , J. Corbett Alexandra , Chen Zhenjun
Published: September 2021

This is part 3.4 of the "Study of MAIT Cell Activation in Viral Infections In Vivo" collection of protocols. Collection Abstract: MAIT cells are abundant, highly evolutionarily conserved innate-like lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes microbially derived small intermediate molecules from the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway. However, in addition to their TCR-mediated functions they can also be activated in a TCR-independent manner via cytokines including IL-12, -15, -18, and type I interferon. Emerging data suggest that they are expanded and activated by a range of viral infections, and significantly that they can contribute to a protective anti-viral response. Here we describe methods used to investigate these anti-viral functions in vivo in murine models. To overcome the technical challenge that MAIT cells are rare in specific pathogen-free laboratory mice, we describe how pulmonary MAIT cells can be expanded using intranasal bacterial infection or a combination of synthetic MAIT cell antigen and TLR agonists. We also describe protocols for adoptive transfer of MAIT cells, methods for lung homogenization for plaque assays, and surface and intracellular cytokine staining to determine MAIT cell activation.
Cross-Linking and Cell Harvesting v1
Authors: Makrantoni Vasso , Robertson Daniel , L. Marston Adele
Published: September 2021

A plethora of biological processes like gene transcription, DNA replication, DNA recombination, and chromosome segregation are mediated through protein–DNA interactions. A powerful method for investigating proteins within a native chromatin environment in the cell is chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Combined with the recent technological advancement in next generation sequencing, the ChIP assay can map the exact binding sites of a protein of interest across the entire genome. Here we describe a-step-by step protocol for ChIP followed by library preparation for ChIP-seq from yeast cells.
Analysis of the Chromosomal Localization of Yeast SMC Complexes by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation v1
Authors: Makrantoni Vasso , Robertson Daniel , L. Marston Adele
Published: September 2021

A plethora of biological processes like gene transcription, DNA replication, DNA recombination, and chromosome segregation are mediated through protein–DNA interactions. A powerful method for investigating proteins within a native chromatin environment in the cell is chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Combined with the recent technological advancement in next generation sequencing, the ChIP assay can map the exact binding sites of a protein of interest across the entire genome. Here we describe a-step-by step protocol for ChIP followed by library preparation for ChIP-seq from yeast cells.
Bioinformatics Analysis v1
Authors: Makrantoni Vasso , Robertson Daniel , L. Marston Adele
Published: September 2021

A plethora of biological processes like gene transcription, DNA replication, DNA recombination, and chromosome segregation are mediated through protein–DNA interactions. A powerful method for investigating proteins within a native chromatin environment in the cell is chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Combined with the recent technological advancement in next generation sequencing, the ChIP assay can map the exact binding sites of a protein of interest across the entire genome. Here we describe a-step-by step protocol for ChIP followed by library preparation for ChIP-seq from yeast cells.
Preparation of Enhanced Orthogonal Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase v1
Authors: Zemella Anne , Richter Theresa , Thoring Lena , Kubick Stefan
Published: September 2021

This is part 3.1 of the "A Combined Cell-Free Protein Synthesis and Fluorescence-Based Approach to Investigate GPCR Binding Properties" collection of protocols: https://www.protocols.io/view/a-combined-cell-free-protein-synthesis-and-fluores-bqntmven Collection Abstract: Fluorescent labeling of de novo synthesized proteins is in particular a valuable tool for functional and structural studies of membrane proteins. In this context, we present two methods for the site-specific fluorescent labeling of difficult-to-express membrane proteins in combination with cell-free protein synthesis. The cell-free protein synthesis system is based on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO) since this system contains endogenous membrane structures derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. These so-called microsomes enable a direct integration of membrane proteins into a biological membrane. In this protocol the first part describes the fluorescent labeling by using a precharged tRNA, loaded with a fluorescent amino acid. The second part describes the preparation of a modified aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase and a suppressor tRNA that are applied to the CHO cell-free system to enable the incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid. The reactive group of the non-canonical amino acid is further coupled to a fluorescent dye. Both methods utilize the amber stop codon suppression technology. The successful fluorescent labeling of the model G protein-coupled receptor adenosine A2A (Adora2a) is analyzed by in-gel-fluorescence, a reporter protein assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, a ligand-dependent conformational change of the fluorescently labeled Adora2a was analyzed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). For Introduction and Notes, please see: https://www.protocols.io/view/a-combined-cell-free-protein-synthesis-and-fluores-bqntmven/guidelines
Preparation of Suppressor tRNA v1
Authors: Zemella Anne , Richter Theresa , Thoring Lena , Kubick Stefan
Published: September 2021

This is part 3.2 of the "A Combined Cell-Free Protein Synthesis and Fluorescence-Based Approach to Investigate GPCR Binding Properties" collection of protocols: https://www.protocols.io/view/a-combined-cell-free-protein-synthesis-and-fluores-bqntmven Collection Abstract: Fluorescent labeling of de novo synthesized proteins is in particular a valuable tool for functional and structural studies of membrane proteins. In this context, we present two methods for the site-specific fluorescent labeling of difficult-to-express membrane proteins in combination with cell-free protein synthesis. The cell-free protein synthesis system is based on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO) since this system contains endogenous membrane structures derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. These so-called microsomes enable a direct integration of membrane proteins into a biological membrane. In this protocol the first part describes the fluorescent labeling by using a precharged tRNA, loaded with a fluorescent amino acid. The second part describes the preparation of a modified aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase and a suppressor tRNA that are applied to the CHO cell-free system to enable the incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid. The reactive group of the non-canonical amino acid is further coupled to a fluorescent dye. Both methods utilize the amber stop codon suppression technology. The successful fluorescent labeling of the model G protein-coupled receptor adenosine A2A (Adora2a) is analyzed by in-gel-fluorescence, a reporter protein assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, a ligand-dependent conformational change of the fluorescently labeled Adora2a was analyzed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). For Introduction and Notes, please see: https://www.protocols.io/view/a-combined-cell-free-protein-synthesis-and-fluores-bqntmven/guidelines
Cell-Free Protein Synthesis v1
Authors: Zemella Anne , Richter Theresa , Thoring Lena , Kubick Stefan
Published: September 2021

This is part 3.3 of the "A Combined Cell-Free Protein Synthesis and Fluorescence-Based Approach to Investigate GPCR Binding Properties" collection of protocols: https://www.protocols.io/view/a-combined-cell-free-protein-synthesis-and-fluores-bqntmven Collection Abstract: Fluorescent labeling of de novo synthesized proteins is in particular a valuable tool for functional and structural studies of membrane proteins. In this context, we present two methods for the site-specific fluorescent labeling of difficult-to-express membrane proteins in combination with cell-free protein synthesis. The cell-free protein synthesis system is based on Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CHO) since this system contains endogenous membrane structures derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. These so-called microsomes enable a direct integration of membrane proteins into a biological membrane. In this protocol the first part describes the fluorescent labeling by using a precharged tRNA, loaded with a fluorescent amino acid. The second part describes the preparation of a modified aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase and a suppressor tRNA that are applied to the CHO cell-free system to enable the incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid. The reactive group of the non-canonical amino acid is further coupled to a fluorescent dye. Both methods utilize the amber stop codon suppression technology. The successful fluorescent labeling of the model G protein-coupled receptor adenosine A2A (Adora2a) is analyzed by in-gel-fluorescence, a reporter protein assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, a ligand-dependent conformational change of the fluorescently labeled Adora2a was analyzed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). For Introduction and Notes, please see: https://www.protocols.io/view/a-combined-cell-free-protein-synthesis-and-fluores-bqntmven/guidelines
RNA-Stable Isotope Probing v8
Authors: Angel Roey , Petrova Eva , Lara Ana
Published: September 2021

The following protocol describes how to perform an RNA-Stable Isotope Probing experiment. The scope of this protocol only covers the parts involving separating labelled RNA from unlabelled RNA using ultracentrifugation in a caesium trifluoroacetate density gradient and downstream quantification to evaluate whether the labelling and separation of the RNA were successful. Total RNA should be extracted from an environmental sample or an enrichment culture that was incubated with an isotopically-labelled substrate. Labelling can be of the carbon, oxygen or nitrogen in the RNA (or any combination of the 3). For environmental samples, we recommend extracting RNA using our protocol Total Nucleic Acids Extraction from Soil and purifying it using the Purification of RNA from Crude NA Extract protocol. This protocol is based on the following papers: Whiteley et al. (2007); Dumont et al. (2011); Angel and Conrad (2013). For a comprehensive discussion on how to design a SIP experiment and how to analyse the resulting data, we recommend referring to the recent book on the subject: Stable Isotope Probing: Methods and Protocols, especially chapters: 1-3 and 9-18.
DIDACTIC ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF LEADERSHIP IN THE SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL SPHERE
Authors: Zarychanskyi O. , Zarіchanska N.
Published: September 2021

The article considers theories of leadership, which were considered by scientists at different times and in the context of different worldviews, which allows us to conclude that the concepts of "leader" and "leadership" are closely interrelated, especially the goal, because leadership is a challenge for something important, it is a challenge with passion, it is a desire for a goal. A leader's competence is the level of maturity required to perform a specific job, the amount of knowledge and skills he uses to achieve a goal or solve problems. In addition, and this is a key point for our study, competent leadership can be learned, it is necessary to learn, and throughout life. Thus, the development of leadership practice has been significantly influenced by value theories. By focusing on the meaning of the activities of the leader and his followers, they have proved in theory and in practice that the leadership that modernity needs can only be responsible. A leader, if he wants to remain a person, must be responsible to himself, to his followers, to society and to his future. It is proved that a leader is not just a person who, on the way to his socialization, has acquired certain qualities of a leader, but has found himself in the right place and at the right time. The essence of leadership qualities can be revealed only during the performance of socially significant activities. It is under such conditions that people show activity and the person who acted as a generator of ideas and organizer of transformational activities will retain leadership functions. Also in the transition to the information society, leadership begins to be perceived as a team game, in which each participant performs extremely important and necessary work and the leader, as a team captain, is just a good performer, who got his role through the coach and circumstances, often accidental him.
“What’s Going to Happen to Us?” Cultivating Partnerships with Immigrant Families in an Adverse Political Climate
Authors: VILLAVICENCIO ADRIANA , MIRANDA CHANDLER PATTON , LIU JIA-LIN , CHERNG HUA-YU SEBASTIAN
Published: September 2021

With the increasing numbers of immigrant and refugee students across the US K–12 system, the xenophobia of the current political climate, and the effects of COVID-19 on the immigrant community, it is critical to examine schools that serve immigrant students and their families. Drawing on case studies of two public high schools that exclusively serve immigrant students, authors Adriana Villavicencio, Chandler Patton Miranda, Jia-Lin Liu, and Hua-Yu Sebastian Cherng examine how educators frame the current political context and how this frame informs their collective approach to engaging with and supporting families. The study finds that these schools shifted norms of parental engagement by proactively forging relationships with families, cultivating alliances with community partners, and mediating within families around challenges related to work and higher education to benefit the communities they serve. In so doing, these school actors have shifted the norms of parental engagement to center the perspectives, voices, and experiences of immigrant families.
A few words about the arthrodesis operation
Authors: Friedland M. O.
Published: September 2021

The operation of arthrodesis, or artificial ankylosis of the joint, first performed by Albert in 1878, is one of the most beneficial orthopedic methods of treatment in cases of complete paralysis of all muscles moving this joint and in cases of ankylosis in a functionally disadvantageous position of the joint, when a quick recovery of the patient's ability to work is required if it is impossible, for one reason or another, to use his orthopedic devices.
On the essential form of ineontinentiae urinae or incontinence neurosis in connection with the question of simulating this suffering
Authors: Klyachkin G. A.
Published: September 2021

In his report, made at the Scientific Meeting of Doctors of the Kazan Military Hospital, the speaker dwells on a special form of disorder of the act of urination, the so-called. neurosis of incontinence, operating on significant material from the nervous department of the said hospital.
To the question of a radical operation of the liver echinococcus
Authors: Kushevaya M. N.
Published: September 2021

Radical intervention for hydatid echinococcus of the liver) has recently begun to attract the attention of surgeons more and more. This issue is studied in detail from all sides, is put up for discussion at congresses, but it is still far from being resolved, since there is still no agreement between surgeons even on the issue of open and closed methods of treating echinococcal cysts.
Experimental data on the mechanism of direct lesion of the medulla oblongata in diffuse peritonitis
Authors: Manenkov P. V.
Published: September 2021

Research A.D.Speransky and his collaborators established that in the origin of some of the so-called. "Local" processes the main role is played by the direct nested damage to the nerve cells of the central nervous system by those harmful substances that are delivered here from the periphery through the neuro-lymphatic pathways.
Localization of gonorrhoid arthritis. Mayr и Вrеmеr (Münch, ш. W., 1928, № 24)
Authors: Weinstein A. Z.
Published: September 2021

Mayr and Bremer (Mnch, W. W., 1928, No. 24) found that the generally accepted opinion that only one joint is affected by gonorrhea is wrong.
Meetings of medical societies. Surgical section. Session 30 / XI
Authors: Cimhes I.
Published: September 2021

Prof. MO Friedland demonstrated a patient operated on for spina bifida occulta with trophic disorders of the knee joints.
On the classification of tuberculous diseases
Authors: Oyfebakh M. I.
Published: September 2021

It is unlikely that in any other disease there have been more attempts to establish a classification than in tbc. And this is quite understandable. The value of tuberculosis as a social disease is of great interest for a public physician, statistician and clinical practitioner, on the other hand, the multifaceted clinical manifestations of tbc infection, from galloping consumption of old authors to chronic forms of benign pulmonary tbc, creates great difficulties for the clinician in his daily work. And the doctor at the patient's bedside, individualizing the case, nevertheless looks in it for those common features that unite similar groups of patients. This gives him the opportunity, using one or another scheme, to somewhat facilitate his complex work on identifying and differentiating the tbc material. If we add to this the need to establish a common language for scientific and social purposes (mass surveys, studying the influence of the profession on tbc, statistical processing of materials from tuberculosis institutions, clarifying issues of working capacity, sending to a sanatorium, etc.), then the need for a unified classification of tbc will appear undeniable. What are the basic requirements for a tuberculosis classification?
To the treatment of gastric patients in Essentuki
Authors: Predtechenskiy A. M.
Published: September 2021

Essentuki has long enjoyed a well-deserved fame in the treatment of gastrointestinal patients, and there was a time when all such patients in general, without distinction, whether they were hyperacidics, with a tendency to stomach ulcers, or hypacidics, were sent to Essentuki and received there, if not a complete cure, then, in any case, relief (Zimnitsky, Russian Clinic, No. 12, 1925).
Traumatism in the village and its causes according to the data of the Nachenalsky medical department, Ardatovsk. uyezd of Ulyanovsk province
Authors: Aleev A. E.
Published: September 2021

Getting acquainted with the surgical literature of recent years, more and more often you come across works devoted to the study of injuries in the countryside. I will not list these works. Almost all of them are included in the magazine "New Surgery". I would like with my present message to make a small and modest addition to the question of injuries among the peasants. Working for a number of years in a local hospital. to which purely agricultural villages are attached, I have accumulated a small stationary material. I wanted to report the result of the development of this material.
A case of simultaneous ectopic and intrauterine pregnancy with a twisted leg of the pregnant tube
Authors: Blagodarov A. A.
Published: September 2021

The combination of combined pregnancy with twisting of the leg of the pregnant tube has hardly been observed by anyone, and therefore such cases should be considered an exceptional rarity. This allows us to publish our observation.
On the question of the jugular venous pulse
Authors: Raysky S. M.
Published: September 2021

By removing the Jаquet'a device phlebograms from v. jugularis in different sick and healthy people before and after a water test (1 liters of water inside), Fischer (Zeit. f. Kreislauf., 1928. No. 20) draws the following conclusions: 1) an increase in the amount of blood (from the introduction of water or other reasons) creates increased phlebogram waves (especially waves at a); 2) acceleration of blood flow also leads to an increase in waves; 3) some diseases can give - characteristic phlebograms; so, for example, insufficiency of the aortic valves with strong decompensation often gives a very large wave a, a slightly noticeable wave c, and an almost normal wave v, and the same valvular lesion without decompensation can give a phlebogram, differing in the height and sharpness of its teeth; 4) increased phlebogram waves are most often found with left ventricular hypertrophy in the stage of decompensation, since this condition increases the blood flow rate; 5) phlebogram is not only a reflection of the activity of the right atrium, but an expression of general circulation.
Foreign body in the heart muscle
Authors: Vylegzhanin N.
Published: September 2021

Hunter, Staub and Lunsford (Arch, of path. A. Lab. Med., Vol. 6, No. 5, 1928) observed a case when a patient with depressive-manic psychosis for the purpose of suicide introduced through the skin of the sixth intercostal space along the left nipple line an aluminum tube from the mouthpiece, 8.9 cm long, and 4 mm in diameter. Within two days, there were no subjective or objective symptoms, and only starting from the third day there was a moderate increase in temperature and an increase in pulse and respiration, which lasted until death, which occurred only on the 9th day, suddenly for 10 with the phenomena of sharp cyanosis , increased heart rate and respiration. An intravital X-ray examination did not reveal any foreign body in either the chest cavity or the heart. An autopsy showed that the tube passed over the apex of the heart through the wall of the left ventricle into its cavity and from there, through the posterior wall, entered into the left lung. There was a slight hemorrhage in the cardiac shirt and fresh fibrinous pericarditis. The authors explain the negative X-ray study by the light permeability of aluminum for all rays, with the exception of the shortest X-rays.
To the method of operating in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers
Authors: Tsimkhes I.
Published: September 2021

Priv. associate professor H. M. Savkov (Zhurn. sovrem, surgeon., vol. III, issue 4, 1928) for 12 years has done 700 operations for the above diseases, including 647 gastroenterostomies. In 69% the author received good long-term results, 13% - satisfactory and 18% bad. The mortality rate is 32%. The best percentage of good long-term postoperative results give duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers with increased secretion. A continuous diet is recommended to reduce postoperative poor outcomes. Callous ulcers, chronic ulcers with decreased secretion and dilatation of the gastric wall and all ulcers suspected of malignant transformation should be subject to resection.
Pharmacological studies of the uterine appendages at various physiological moments
Authors: Dykhno M.
Published: September 2021

Pharmacological studies of the uterine appendages at various physiological moments were carried out by Fujuta (according to Berich. . Dg Gyn., Bd. XIV, H. 8), studying the effect of various poisons and medicines on the surviving tubes, round ligaments and the uterus of a rabbit in various generative phases: immature, mature, at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy and in the postpartum period .. F. comes to the conclusion that adrenaline, pilocarpine, quinine, nicotine, pituitrin, etc. not only have a different effect on the tested organs in connection with different physiological moments , but the same drug at the same time has a different effect on the tubes, round ligaments and uterus. The action of the drug is expressed either by excitement (E), then by inhibition (H), then the drug remains without effect on the organs (0). Pilocarpine is produced at lig. rotunda in all: stages of inhibition (H), on the tubes weak excitement, on the uterus there is always strong excitement. Pituitrin in ligg. rot. in the late stages of pregnancy produces N., in the uterus E., does not act on the tubes (0). Adrenaline on ligg. rot. and pipes in the immature period almost always has an effect E, on the uterus in the postpartum period H. Based on the results of experiments with adrenaline and pilocarpine, the author comes to the conclusion that ligg. rotunda and tubes are equipped with two kinds of sympathetic fibers, and at an immature age, inhibitory fibers are more sensitive than excitatory, during pregnancy, the relationship is reversed. In addition, due to the loss of reaction with pilocarpine (H. - ligg. Rot. And pipes), it can be assumed that the parasympathetic fibers are either little sensitive, or there are fewer of them in the pipes and ligg. rot., than in the uterus, and maybe they are completely absent. Since physostigmine, in contrast to pilocarpine, always excites, the author suggests that, in addition to the effect on the nerves, there is also the effect of these funds on the muscle.