bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Moscow Megapolis on Warm-Season Precipitation Depending on Large-Scale Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Yarinich Yu. I. , Varentsov M. I. , Platonov V. S. , Stepanenko V. M. , Chernokulsky A. V. , Davletshin S. G. , Dronova E. A.
Published: April 2024

The effect of Moscow megapolis on precipitation of different intensity under contrasting physical–synoptic conditions was estimated. The analysis of long-term standard observations at weather stations in the Moscow Region and the data of high-resolution reanalysis ERA5 over 1988–2020 were used to demonstrate that the effect of the city on heavy precipitation is largest in the cases with higher static instability of the atmosphere, combined with a weak large-scale flow, high moisture content of the atmosphere, and the absence of pronounced frontal zones in the region. On the average over the study period, the excess of the total seasonal precipitation in Moscow relative to the background values over the Moscow region is 5.3%. It was found that the effect of the city on precipitation of various intensity is different: the precipitation of low and medium intensity was less in the city (statistically insignificant), while the heaviest precipitation (above 95 percentile) increased over the city by 11.6% above the background value.
Assessing Hazardous Manifestations of Horizontal Channel Deformations in Rivers of the Ob–Irtysh Basin
Authors: Kurakova A. A.
Published: April 2024

Bank erosion is a hazardous manifestation of channel processes, which are widespread on the rivers of the Ob–Irtysh basin and pose both real and potential danger. The most widespread form of channel transformation in the rivers of the basin is the development of channel bends, bends of branches of a bifurcated channel and bends of branches of floodplain–channel bifurcations, as well as branches of channel (insular) bifurcations due to bank erosion, which leads to a directed change in their morphological parameters. The channel stability is a key characteristic for assessing the hazard of channel processes. The largest rivers of the basin (the Ob and Irtysh) have relatively stable channels, corresponding to a moderate hazard. The medium and large rivers, in which the hazard of channel processes was evaluated by points, show a relatively low level (mostly, 1–2 points), which increases downstream to reach 3 points in the lower parts of large rivers (the Tom and Chulym). Overall, the intensity of shore erosion, and, accordingly, the hazard of horizontal channel deformations, in the rivers of the Ob–Irtysh basin decrease northward and toward the Ob–Irtysh interfluve. The obtained results can be used for the safe use of water ways and near-river areas as well as for the effective management of hazardous manifestations of channel processes.
Utilization of Remote Sensing Data in the Simulation of the Water and Heat Regime of Land Areas: A Review of Publications
Authors: Muzylev E. L.
Published: April 2024

The article presents a revue of the estimates of soil surface moisture, soil water content, and evapotranspiration as elements of water and heat regimes of land surface areas at various spatial scales, made with the use of remote sensing data for Earth in various spectral ranges. In most cases considered in the study, such estimates were obtained with the use of land surface models. A special section is focused on the results of estimating soil surface moisture and water content using satellite data from microwave range, including radar data. Estimates of soil surface moisture content obtained with the use of neural networks are presented. A brief description is given to international hydrological–atmosphere experiments carried out under world research projects aimed to obtain data on the processes of moisture and heat exchange between the land surface and the surface atmosphere layer. Land surface, satellite, and model databases that have been formed using the results of studies in the field under consideration since the mid-1980s are reviewed. Prospects of further studies based on the development of new multispectral instrumentation, the creation of new databases, and the use of a new generation of satellites—global-coverage microsatellites with high-resolution sensors are presented.
Artificial Groundwater Replenishment in the Republic of Kalmykia: The Sources, Problems, and Perspectives
Authors: Rybnikova L. S. , Morozov M G. , Rybnikov P. A. , Frolova N. L. , Komin A. V.
Published: April 2024

The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the northwestern part of the Caspian Region and belongs to arid regions. The issue of water resources availability is extremely relevant here. Groundwater plays an important role in this aspect as a main and often the only source of drinking water supply. However, its use is limited because of its low natural quality. An approach to an increase in the operational groundwater reserves is its artificial replenishment. The Russian Research Institute for Integrated Use and Protection of Water Resources in 2020–2021 studied the possibility of replenishing water resources of subsurface water bodies in the Republic of Kalmykia by the accumulation of surface water. The results of the studies suggested a conclusion that the artificial replenishment of groundwater in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia is inexpedient, because even in years with the surface runoff volume with 50% exceedance probability, the volume of surface runoff will be not enough for freshening groundwater within a year to the standard level (TDS ≤1.0 g/dm3). The formation of a permanent freshwater lens (the presence of which is of particular importance in dry years) in an aquifer within the system including infiltration basin and water well is impossible because its full drawdown will take place every year.
Comparative productivity of forest and grass ecosystems
Authors: Abaturov B. D.
Published: April 2024

Among the land-dominated natural formations, like forests and grasslands, the attention of humanity is drawn at present primarily to the former. It is the forests of temperate and tropical zones that are supposed to play an important role in the regulation of biosphere processes on Earth, including the current climate. This almost completely ignores the importance of herbaceous systems widely represented by steppes and meadows. The overwhelming superiority of forests over grass ecosystems in productivity and phytomass stock is recognized. A comparative analysis of production estimates (t/ha/year) and of organic material stocks (t/ha) in the underground and aboveground parts of herbaceous and forest ecosystems accumulated in the scientific literature has shown that meadows and steppes are not inferior (and often even superior) to forests both in the mass of accumulated organic matter and in annual growth of phytomass. The only difference is that organic production is localized in forest communities mainly in the aboveground part as considerable wood (trunk) mass while it is equally or more shifted underground in herbaceous communities in the form of soil organic matter. The leaf (photosynthesizing) masses of herbaceous and forest communities are close in quantity, respectively, and their synthesis of organic products and carbon exchange with the atmosphere are also similar. The author argues that the steppe and meadow ecosystems do not lag behind forests in organic mass and participation in biosphere processes, thus deserving no less effort for their preservation.
The father of supersonic aerodynamics: In memory of Theodor von Kármán
Authors: Bogdanov A. N. , Kondrat’ev I. M.
Published: April 2024

The research and work of the outstanding American mechanical scientist, the founder of supersonic aerodynamics Theodore von Kármán, influenced the development of this field of science throughout the world, including in the Soviet Union. His contacts with domestic scientists contributed to the exchange of valuable scientific experience and, undoubtedly, to the formation of Soviet and Russian mechanics. The extraordinary personality of Kármán and his most striking scientific achievements are discussed in this article.
Changing the development trajectory of Russian postgraduate studies
Authors: Gribovod E. G. , Сowba D. M.
Published: April 2024

Today, the institute of postgraduate studies, as one of the important tools for training highly qualified personnel, is moving to a new algorithm of work, enshrined in a number of regulatory documents. In this regard, it is necessary to assess the essence and possible consequences of reforming the third level of higher education. For this purpose, we used: analysis of a corpus of materials published in leading Russian journals that specialize in issues of education and management of scientific and educational activities; secondary analysis of sociological data; a number of general scientific and private law methods. It has been established that the process of reforming graduate school is a necessary step designed to resolve accumulated problems and contradictions. A proposal has been put forward on the need for government agencies and the academic community to maintain a constructive dialogue in order to effectively adjust the ongoing legislative measures and develop a future national educational policy in the field of higher education. As a result of a comparative analysis of two postgraduate study models, their key differences are highlighted and the difficulties of transition to a new model are predicted. Measures are proposed to further improve the effectiveness of third-level higher education programs.
Russian science and the outside world: Questionable openness, unquestionable dependence
Authors: Gusev A. B. , Yurevich M. A.
Published: April 2024

Based on the sociological surveys “Scientific Policy of Russia,” conducted in 2021 and 2022, widespread opinions in the scientific community regarding the external openness of Russian civil science are analyzed. It is noted that the sustainable vector of state policy to maintain a high level of integration of domestic science into the international scientific space was suddenly called into question after the start of the special military operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine. The decades-long Western-oriented course of Russian science has formed strong support among researchers, which, as it turned out, is very difficult for scientists to abandon abruptly even in the new conditions. It has been established that the sanctions imposed against Russian science turned out to be quite painful, and their consequences can only be overcome in the long term.
Programming for the near future: Concepts and pragmatic considerations
Authors: Ilyin V. P.
Published: April 2024

This article deals with the concept, architecture, and scientific-organizational problems of creating a new generation of integrated software intended for predictive modeling in engineering, energy, materials science, biology, medicine, economics, nature management, ecology, sociology, etc. Mathematical formulations include interdisciplinary direct and inverse extremely resource-intensive tasks, which are solved using computational methods and technologies of scalable parallelization by hybrid programming on heterogeneous supercomputers with distributed and hierarchical shared memory. The project concept includes the development of an instrumental computational environment that supports all stages of a large-scale machine experiment: geometric and functional modeling, generating of adaptive unstructured grids of various types and orders, approximation of initial equations, solution of emerging algebraic problems, postprocessing of the obtained results, optimization methods for inverse tasks, and machine learning and decision-making on the results of calculations. The effective functionality of the instrumented computing environment is based on high-performance computing and intelligent big data tools. The architecture of the instrumental computational environment provides for automated expansion of the composition of implemented models and applied algorithms, adaptation to the evolution of supercomputer platforms, user-friendly interfaces and active reuse of external software products, and coordinated participation of different groups of developers, which together should provide a long life cycle and demand for the created ecosystem by a wide range of users from different professional fields.
“Science breathes only one air, the oxygen of facts”: On the 120th anniversary of the birth of Academician V.V. Parin
Authors: Orlov O. I. , Kussmaul A. R. , Belakovskii M. S.
Published: April 2024

March 18, 2023, marks the 120th anniversary of the birth of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Vasilii Vasil’evich Parin (1903–1971), an outstanding scientist, one of the founders of space physiology and medicine, who made a great contribution to circulatory physiology, space cardiology, medical cybernetics, and in the field of practical astronautics, to medical support for the first human flights into space. His achievements as an organizer of medical science, national health care, and higher medical education are also significant. Careful preservation and development of the experience and knowledge accumulated by predecessors, implementation of innovative ideas, and transfer of scientific heritage to students and followers—this is how Academician V.V. Parin saw the connection between generations of scientists. In the history of world science, his name is rightfully present not only thanks to his pioneering research work but also through his lifelong demonstration of humanity, dedication, and devotion to spiritual and moral values.
Academician M.I. Rostovtsev on the relationship between state power and science: Unknown article of 1917
Authors: Sobolev V. S.
Published: April 2024

Recently, a small, undeservedly forgotten article by Academician M.I. Rostovtsev was discovered in the newspaper Svobodnyi Narod (Free People) of the Cadet Party (Petrograd) under the title “New System and Science.” It was published in August 1917. Its leitmotif is that only firm state power can guarantee the preservation and development of culture and science in Russia. The weakening of the state as a result of powerful revolutionary upheavals, according to the scientist, is the main danger to the scientific life of the country. This publication is interesting even now, during the difficult period of reforming science and education in modern Russia.
Review of the book The Modern Chinese State. Vol. 1: The Main Institutions of State Power and Governance
Authors: Dudin P. N.
Published: April 2024

This article reviiews a book dedicated to the modern Chines state and its main institutions of state power and governance.
The Large Earthquakes and Deformation Waves as Possible Triggers of Climate Warming in the Arctic and Glacier Destruction in the Antarctic
Authors: Lobkovskii L. I. , Baranov A. A. , Vladimirova I. S. , Alekseev D. A.
Published: April 2024

According to the modern climate paradigm, anomalous phenomena occurring in the polar regions of the Earth, such as rapid warming in the Arctic and intensive destruction of glaciers in the Antarctic, are a serious danger and challenge for civilization since they can potentially lead to global climate warming by several degrees and a rise in the level of the World Ocean by several tens of centimeters as soon as the 21st century. It is presumed that the main cause of these processes, which have strongly accelerated since the second half of the 1970s, was the anthropogenic factor of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. This statement, taken for granted in most developed countries, has led to several international agreements to limit carbon emissions and ideas about the need for a rapid transition to a low-carbon green economy. As for the influence of natural factors on the development of the mentioned dangerous processes, no one denies such a possibility since the facts of climatic changes in preindustrial eras are well known in the geological history of the Earth. However, the geological time scales are so large that most climatologists implicitly proceed from the assumption that short-term climate changes observed over the past and present centuries with a characteristic time of tens of years are mainly determined by rapidly changing atmospheric and oceanic processes. However, one should bear in mind the influence of rapid geophysical processes, such as cycles of earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, which are comparable in time scales with modern climate changes. If an analysis is based on the large megathrust earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 8 and the large-scale deformation waves caused by them in the lithosphere, then, considering physically based trigger mechanisms, it is possible to construct a geodynamic scheme that explains the observed climatic changes in the Arctic and the glacier destruction processes in the Antarctic. This article describes this new geodynamic concept.
Study and development of strategic extractable resources within socioeconomically oriented full-cycle projects
Authors: Kryukov V. A.
Published: April 2024

An approach to managing the processes of studying, developing, and using the vast mineral resource potential of Russia is presented. These processes in the modern economy are increasingly focused on achieving high social, environmental, and economic returns. The latter are characterized not only by the possibility to produce certain goods and services and achieve related financial and economic results owing to the availability of rental income but also by the prospect of implementing a purposeful structural and comprehensive scientific and technological policy. The scale and role of the mineral resource sector and the natural resource sector in general are so significant that steps and measures in the scientific, technological, innovation- oriented, and educational fields within its framework become of decisive importance for the economy as a whole. From this standpoint, the processes of studying, developing, and using a significant part of minerals are of strategically critical. An approach to solving major problems of transforming the structure of the country’s economy not at the expense but with the help of natural resources is substantiated and proposed.
GENERAL MEETING OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FAR EASTERN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN 2022 SPEECH BY THE CHAIRMAN OF FAR EASTERN BRANCH OF THE RAS, RAS ACADEMICIAN Y.N. KULCHIN
Authors: Kulchin Y. N.
Published: April 2024

Coordination and scientific and methodological management of scientific and educational institutions is carried out by the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the help of eight joint scientific councils in the following areas: physical, mathematical, and engineering sciences; chemical sciences; biological sciences; Earth sciences; social sciences; humanities; medical and physiological sciences; and agricultural sciences.
THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Authors: Yakushev V. P. , Yakushev V. V. , Blokhina S. Yu. , Blokhin Yu. I. , Matveenko D. A.
Published: April 2024

The paper provides a historical assessment of the increasing role of remote sensing data, the methods, services and tools used in their acquisition and applied in the information support of precision agriculture technologies. The main problems constraining the scalability of aerospace imagery application in precision crop production have been considered. The necessity to create a new research methodology, the formation of an appropriate physical, technical and experimental infrastructure to overcome them has been emphasized. The application of methodology for planning and conducting specialized experiments in conjunction with remote and ground-based monitoring of field experiments with test plots for detection within-field heterogeneity and the degree of its intensity has been depicted. For this purpose, has been created the functional that implements the capabilities of two new methods for within-field variability delineation and border marking based on aerospace images. The first one based on the main geostatistical tool – variogram analysis, and the other one is based on the systematic quantitative assessment of the dynamics of changes in the integral optical characteristics of the crop.
ECOLOGY AND CLIMATE: WHERE WE ARE NOW AND WHERE WE WILL BE IN TWO OR THREE DECADES SITUATION IN RUSSIA
Authors: Danilov-Danilyan V. I. , Kattsov V. M. , Porfiriev B. N.
Published: April 2024

The article is the second of the two contributions based upon the authors' studies and reports provided to Horizon-2040. It attempts to project the issues of global environmental and climate changes tackled in the previous paper on the situation in Russia. The most important challenges both existing now and assumed to exacerbate in the coming decades in environmental and climate change areas are contemplated. These include: air pollution and the quality of life of the population in cities; water resources and drinking water quality deterioration; biodiversity crisis and the state of specially protected areas. Also considered are climate change implications including basic trends, forcast scenario assessment and the effects on human health and economic activities. Key directions and priorities of the national environmental and climate policy, as well as recommendations on the long-term strategies to reduce climatic and environmental hazards to sustainable development are substantiated.
CHINA’S NATURAL GAS MARKET AND RUSSIAN EXPORT OUTLOOK
Authors: Kondratov D. I.
Published: April 2024

The article analyzes the state of the Chinese gas market and factors in the long-term dynamics of gas demand in China. The author has attempted to assess the expansion of Russia’s presence in the Chinese gas market and provide intermediate recommendations on using the potential for developing energy cooperation between China and Russia. It must be taken into account that the northeastern provinces of China, located near the border with our country, will be supplied with Russian gas thanks to the Power of Siberia gas pipeline. However, the insufficient development of the relevant infrastructure in China – pipeline capacities, gas storage facilities, distribution networks – will not allow Russia to significantly increase exports through this gas pipeline. These limiting factors apply to an even greater extent to the Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline project. According to the author, the most promising way to increase Russian gas exports to China may be to organize supplies of Russian liquefied natural gas to the coastal regions of China, where a steady increase in gas demand is predicted.
THE WORLD IS ON THE THRESHOLD OF A NEW FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS
Authors: Akayev A. A.
Published: April 2024

The paper provides an analysis of the current state of the world economy and a short-term forecast of its development. It is shown that the USA and the EU have become the epicenter of a new financial and economic crisis and today their economies are already in a state of stagflation, characterized by high inflation and low growth rates. The tightening of monetary policy, through aggressive increases in key interest rates by the Federal Reserve and the ECB, to curb inflation and reduce it to the target level of 2% per annum, led to a sharp reduction in investment in the economy, which, in turn, will cause recessions in 2024 with a recession depth of 1.2–1.4% in the US economy and 1.9–2.1% in the EU economy. Vanguard developing countries will only slow down slightly, and their leaders, China and India, will maintain high rates of economic growth at 4.5 and 6% per year, respectively, in the medium term. The crisis will lead to a cascade of defaults among heavily indebted, low-income developing countries. As a result, the crisis will also engulf the global economy, significantly reducing its growth rate from 5.2% in 2022 to 1.7% in 2024, with a sharp decline in global trade volumes. Recommendations are given that can contribute to a quick and successful exit from the current crisis.
S.N. Lyutov, N.S. Lisovskaya. Scientific journals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 65 years of history Ed. by E.B. Artemyeva. Novosibirsk, 2023. 284 p.
Authors: Kupershtokh N. A.
Published: April 2024

The book by S.N. Lyutov and N.S. Lisovskaya Scientific Journals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Sixty-five Years of History is reviewed.
ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF DUAL USE SOLID ROCKET MOTORS
Authors: Timarov A. G. , Eliseev I. O. , Borisov D. M. , Mironov V. V.
Published: April 2024

In countries, such as the United States, China, India, France, Israel and many others, solid-propellant rocket engine technologies are used not only in military missiles, but also in launch vehicles of the rocket and space industry. Such an approach of dual application of technologies makes it possible to introduce and develop new innovative solutions to increase the degree of unification of related technologies. One of the most important factors influencing the efficiency of using solid propellant rocket engines in space programs is the cost of solid rocket propellants and propulsion system components. For this reason, a high degree of unification of solid fuel products for various purposes is aimed at ensuring a high utilization of the industry’s production capacities, which can significantly reduce prices for materials, fuel and the design of propulsion systems as a whole. The analysis confirmed that the creation of launch vehicles based on rocket engines of solid fuel for military missiles naturally leads to a reduction in the time and costs for the development of such products, a reduction in technical risks and an increase in the reliability of the technologies used.
Energy of Salt Formation and Supramolecular Ordering of Chitosan L- and D-Ascorbates
Authors: Malinkina O. N. , Shipovskaya A. B.
Published: April 2024

Using two samples of chitosan (D-glucan) with viscosity-average molecular mass 40 × 103 and 200 × 103 as the example, the influence of diastereomer form (L- and D-) of ascorbic acid on the energetics of formation, structure, and supramolecular ordering of hetero- (D‒L) and homochiral (D‒D) polymer–acid salt complexes has been studied. It has been found that heat effect during the interaction of chitosan with L-ascorbic acid in aqueous medium and degree of protonation of the (D‒L)-salts are lower in comparison with D-isomer of the acid. The homochiral (D‒D)-salts, in contrast to the heterochiral (D‒L)-salts, have exhibited lower amount of crystallization water, high degree of crystallinity, and denser supramolecular structure with high level of inter- and intramolecular contacts.
Isolation and Physicochemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Locally Growing and Cultivated Basidium Raw Materials of Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Khaytmetova S. B. , Turaev A. S. , Khalilova G. A. , Muhitdinov B. I. , Makkamboeva S. R.
Published: April 2024

Branched polysaccharides have been isolated from basidiomycete raw materials of locally growing and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum. It has been found that the isolated fractions contain branched polysaccharides in the form of complexes with melanin. After purification of polysaccharides by ion exchange chromatography from locally growing and cultivated basidial raw materials, two fractions have been obtained: neutral polysaccharides of locally growing Ganoderma lucidum (GW-1), cultivated Ganoderma lucidum (GWL-1) with a yield of 25.71 and 29.85%, respectively, and anionic polysaccharides of locally growing Ganoderma lucidum (GW-2), cultivated Ganoderma lucidum (GWL-2), with a yield of 5.26 and 4.19%. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples have been studied by IR and UV spectroscopies. The purity degree of fractions of branched polysaccharides has been determined. Using gas chromatography, one-dimensional (13C NMR, 1H NMR), and two-dimensional (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) NMR spectroscopies, the compositions and molecular structures of the obtained polysaccharide samples have been determined. The results showed that the isolated and purified polysaccharides are β-glucan-type branched polysaccharides that have branch point (1,4,6)- and (1,3,6)-linked glucopyranose residues.
Effect of Vulcanization System on the Structure and Properties of Polymer-Elastomer Composite Materials
Authors: Shadrinov N. V. , Khaldeeva A. R. , Fedorov A. L. , Kondakov M. N. , Sokolova M. D.
Published: April 2024

The effect of vulcanization system on the properties of polymer-elastomer composite materials based on nitrile-butadiene rubber and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene is studied. An analysis of the rheometric and vulcanization characteristics of rubber compounds shows that, in the case of combined sulfur-peroxide vulcanization system, the crosslinking density of vulcanizates increases considerably. The study of the elastic and strength behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of the vulcanizates demonstrates that the sulfur-peroxide vulcanization system provides the best parameters, in particular at low temperatures. An examination of elastic and hysteresis properties of the samples before and after vulcanization, which are measured under dynamic loading in a wide frequency and strain range, allows one to describe the features of physicochemical interactions in polymer-elastomer materials depending on the used vulcanization system. The supramolecular structure of the vulcanizates is visualized by scanning electron microscopy, and chemical interaction between macromolecules of nitrile-butadiene rubber and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene occurring during peroxide vulcanization is proved by IR spectroscopy.
Thermo- and pH-Sensitive Behavior of Copolymers of N-Vinylcaprolactam with N-Vinylimidazole
Authors: Vyshivannaya O. V. , Parkhomenko E. R. , Barabanova A. I. , Vorozheykina A. V. , Grinberg N. V. , Burova T. V. , Grinberg V. Ya. , Blagodatskikh I. V.
Published: April 2024

Free-radical copolymerization in bulk has afforded copolymers of N-vinylcaprolactam and N‑vinylimidazole (40–60 mol %). Thermosensitive behavior of aqueous solutions of the copolymers has been probed over wide pH range by means of dynamic and static light scattering as well as high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Three regions of thermally induced conformational behavior have been observed with the change in the medium pH from the alkaline to acidic: phase separation region (I), region of the conformational transition into the mesoglobules state (II), and region of stable molecular solution of the poly-electrolyte (III). Significant polyelectrolyte effects have been revealed for the salt-free solutions of the copolymers, reflected in the presence of fast and slow diffusion modes in the relaxation time distributions. Moderate increase in the ionic strength with the addition of the low-molecular salt has led to shielding of the polyelectrolyte effects, yet the pH-dependent regions of the conformational behavior have not been affected much. The existence of different types of the thermally induced conformational behavior depending on pH has been explained by the balance between hydrophobic interactions involving the N-vinylcaprolactam units and electrostatic interactions of the weakly basic N-vinylimidazole units.
Effect of Oxidation Temperature on the Crystalline Phase of Polypropylene in Composites with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Palaznik O. M. , Nedorezova P. M. , Krasheninnikov V. G.
Published: April 2024

The effect of thermal oxidation on the crystalline phase of polypropylene in composites with single-walled carbon nanotubes has been studied. The composites are synthesized in propylene bulk using a homogeneous catalytic system rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4PhInd)2ZrCl2, activated by methylaluminoxane. The effect of thermal oxidation on thermophysical characteristics (the heat of melting and the melting temperature) measured by DSC and changes occurring in the polymer investigated by IR spectroscopy is studied. Changes in the structure of PP during thermo-oxidative degradation are studied by DSC at 140 and 170°С, that is, before and after melting of the samples. It is shown that the oxidized PP in the composites possesses a higher degree of crystallinity and a more perfect structure than the pure PP. At 170°С the effect of thermo-oxidative stabilization is observed only at low filling degrees (up to 3 wt %), in agreement with the TGA data. An analysis of IR spectra demonstrates that the presence of nanotubes in PP‑based composites during oxidation slows down the formation of oxygen-containing groups in the polymer. The conclusion is made that carbon nanotubes inhibit the thermal oxidation of polypropylene in the composites.
Conocimientos del personal de salud del Programa de Tuberculosis en el abordaje de sintomáticos respiratorios y algoritmos diagnósticos, Pasto, Nariño
Authors: Chavez Martinez Janeth Lorena , Acosta Romo María Fernanda , Morales Chincha Rosa Magaly , Melo Delgado Pabón Lynn Jairo , Ojeda Játiva Sandy Lorena , Suarez Molina Andrés Fernando
Published: April 2024

La tuberculosis es un desafío de salud pública que requiere personal capacitado para su detección temprana y manejo adecuado. Por lo tanto, en este estudio, el objetivo fue determinar los conocimientos sobre las definiciones de “sintomático respiratorio” y los algoritmos diagnósticos del personal de salud del Programa de Tuberculosis en instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud del municipio de Pasto, Nariño. El estudio se llevó a cabo bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y de tipo observacional descriptivo. La información se recolectó mediante un cuestionario digital, para evaluar el conocimiento en las áreas específicas priorizadas. Los resultados evidenciaron que el personal de salud tiene un amplio conocimiento en áreas de alto dominio, en definiciones de casos de tuberculosis y de las responsabilidades de las entidades administradoras de planes de beneficios; sin embargo, existen deficiencias en el diagnóstico de personas con VIH y en las estrategias de búsqueda de contactos. No obstante, aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas según jerarquía o tipo de contrato, se destaca la necesidad de mejorar en un aspecto específico: comprensión y manejo de la tuberculosis. Se determina que el personal de salud con óptimos niveles de conocimientos puede liderar de manera eficaz el Programa de Tuberculosis, ya que podrían identificar casos tempranos y así brindar una atención oportuna.
Polyphenol compounds of freeze-dried Moringa oleifera Lam pods and their anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Hunthayung Kwanchanok , Bhawamai Sassy
Published: April 2024

Background:  Moringa oleifera pods are the main constituent in typical diets throughout Thailand. Due to their nutrients and phytochemicals, moringa pods have potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Freeze drying is a widely embraced method known for extending shelf life, resulting in preserved nutrients and high-quality products. 
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the physical properties, nutrients, and bioactive compounds of freeze-dried moringa pods as well as their anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw 264.7 macrophages. 
Methods: Moringa pods were freeze-dried and ground. The powders were extracted with 70% ethanol at room temperature for 24 hr. and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm and 25áµ’C. The supernatant-filtered extracts were collected to determine bioactive compound contents and antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory properties.
Results: The results illustrated that freeze-dried moringa pod extract had bioactive compounds including genistein synthetic, trans-ferulic acid, p-Coumaric, myricetin, gallic acid, and syringic acid, which demonstrated antioxidant activity. In terms of anti-inflammatory effects, 50-200 Âµg/ml of extract inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators including NO production and IL-6 and TNF-Î± levels on LPS-induced Raw 264.7 macrophages. 
Results: These results indicate that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of freeze-dried moringa pods make them a promising new raw material for functional product development.
Keywords: Anti-inflammation, Moringa oleifera, genistein synthetic, trans-ferulic acid, p-Coumaric, myricetin, gallic acid, syringic acid.
Management of Select Adverse Events Following Delandistrogene Moxeparvovec Gene Therapy for Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Zaidman Craig M. , Goedeker Natalie L. , Aqul Amal A. , Butterfield Russell J. , Connolly Anne M. , Crystal Ronald G. , Godwin Kara E. , Hor Kan N. , Mathews Katherine D. , Proud Crystal M. , Kula Smyth Elizabeth , Veerapandiyan Aravindhan , Watkins Paul B. , Mendell Jerry R.
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, degenerative, recessive X-linked neuromuscular disease. Mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin lead to the absence of functional dystrophin protein. Individuals living with DMD exhibit progressive muscle weakness resulting in loss of ambulation and limb function, respiratory insufficiency, and cardiomyopathy, with multiorgan involvement. Adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene therapy designed to enable production of functional dystrophin protein is a new therapeutic strategy. Delandistrogene moxeparvovec (Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA) is indicated for treatment of ambulatory pediatric patients aged 4 through 5 years with DMD who have an indicated mutation in the DMD gene.

OBJECTIVE:

Evidence-based considerations for management of potential adverse events following gene therapy treatment for DMD are lacking in clinical literature. Our goal was to provide interdisciplinary consensus considerations for selected treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) (vomiting, acute liver injury, myocarditis, and immune-mediated myositis) that may arise following gene therapy dosing with delandistrogene moxeparvovec.

METHODS:

An interdisciplinary panel of 12 specialists utilized a modified Delphi process to develop consensus considerations for the evaluation and management of TRAEs reported in delandistrogene moxeparvovec clinical studies. Panelists completed 2 Questionnaires prior to gathering for an in-person discussion. Consensus was defined as a majority (≥58% ; 7/12) of panelists either agreeing or disagreeing.

RESULTS:

Panelists agreed that the choice of baseline assessments should be informed by individual clinical indications, the treating provider’s judgment, and prescribing information. Corticosteroid dosing for treatment of TRAEs should be optimized by considering individual risk versus benefit for each indication. In all cases involving patients with a confirmed TRAE, consultations with appropriate specialists were suggested.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Delphi Panel established consensus considerations for the evaluation and management of potential TRAEs for patients receiving delandistrogene moxeparvovec, including vomiting, acute liver injury, myocarditis, and immune-mediated myositis.
Polymorphic variants of LEP and LEPR genes in patients with myocardial infarction: association with serum leptin and its soluble receptor levels
Authors:   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Hryachkova O.N. , Khutornaya M.V. ,   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Sinitskaya A.V. ,   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Sinitskiy M.Yu. ,   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Kashtalap V.V. ,   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
Published: April 2024

Aim: to determine the association between the rs7799039, rs1137100, and rs1137101 polymorphic variants of the LEPR gene and serum leptin and its soluble receptor levels in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and obesity. Patients and Methods: the study included 146 patients (108 men and 38 women) with an established MI, with a mean age of 57 (51; 64) years. The control group consisted of 300 conditionally healthy individuals (110 men and 190 women). The levels of leptin and its soluble receptor were measured by solid phase enzyme immunoassay Genetic analysis was performed using genomic DNA isolated from whole blood Polymorphic variants (rs7799039, rs1137100, rs1137101) of LEP and LEPR genes were genotyped by PCR with fluorescein-labeled probes Results: carrying the G allele of the polymorphic variant rs1137100 of the LEPR gene increases the risk of MI by 7 times in the recessive inheritance (odds ratio/OR=7.62, 95% confidence interval/CI 4.14-14.02). The rs1137101 variant of the LEPR gene has a protective effect in terms of the risk of MI. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in genotype rate between the groups of patients without obesity and with obesity The study found that individuals with the A/G and G/G genotypes of the rs1137100 variant of the LEPR gene had significantly higher levels of soluble leptin receptor (39.57 (30.59; 54.53) ng/mL) compared to those with the A/A genotype (24.29 (19.49; 34.70) ng/mL). Conclusion: the G allele of the LEPR gene is associated with an increased risk of MI and higher serum levels of soluble leptin receptor. These phenomena may be associated with a more unfavorable course of the cardio-metabolic continuum in these patients, particularly in those who are obese. KEYWORDS: myocardial infarction, leptin, polymorphic variant, leptin receptor, LEP, LEPR FOR CITATION: Hryachkova O.N., Khutornaya M.V., Sinitskaya A.V., Sinitskiy M.Yu., Kashtalap V.V. Polymorphic variants of LEP and LEPR genes in patients with myocardial infarction: association with serum leptin and its soluble receptor levels. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(1):4–8 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-1-1.
Traditional and non-traditional risk factors for myocardial infarction in young adults
Authors:   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Karetnikova V.N. ,   Kemerovo State Medical University, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Neeshpapa A.G. ,   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Peganova Kh.A. ,   L.S. Barbarash Kuzbass Clinical Cardiological Dispensary, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
Published: April 2024

In a world that is constantly changing, the emergence of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), is also changing. It is evident that there are unique characteristics of premorbid background, risk factors, pathogenesis, and course of CVD in young individuals compared to older individuals. Currently, there are no effective measures for primary prevention of CVD in young patients, and the use of risk-metric resources is limited due to their focus on elderly patients. Traditional risk factors for CVD are typically used to create an objective patient profile and determine the appropriate diagnostic pathway Non-traditional risk factors may not be immediately apparent, but they also play a role in the development of cardiac disorders in young patients and should be taken into consideration. Physicians should exercise caution when considering both traditional and non-traditional risk factors in young patients with chest pain This may necessitate more detailed monitoring of the patient's condition Timely medical care and management of comorbidities can significantly improve prognosis and maintain work capacity, which is particularly important at a young age. A personalized approach to the management of young patients is required for all of these entities Therefore, the issue of cardiovascular disease in young patients is currently urgent KEYWORDS: myocardial infarction, young patients, traditional risk factors, non-traditional risk factors FOR CITATION: Karetnikova V.N., Neeshpapa A.G., Peganova Kh.A. Traditional and non-traditional risk factors for myocardial infarction in young adults. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(1):26–30 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-1-4.
Myocardial infarction in young women
Authors:   Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, Khar'kov E.I. ,   N.S. Karpovich Krasnoyarsk Interregional First Aid Clinical Hospital, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, Tsibul'skaya N.Yu. ,   Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation,   N.S. Karpovich Krasnoyarsk Interregional First Aid Clinical Hospital, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, Ryabkov E.I. ,   N.S. Karpovich Krasnoyarsk Interregional First Aid Clinical Hospital, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation, Karaev E.B. ,   N.S. Karpovich Krasnoyarsk Interregional First Aid Clinical Hospital, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Published: April 2024

The low alertness of physicians and women due to the rare incidence of myocardial infarction in young women, often atypical clinical presentation, and frequent lack of obstructive coronary artery disease accounts for the issue of timely diagnosis. According to Russian researchers, the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in women aged 35–44 years in Russia in 2014 was 0.2%. Foreign studies have shown that slightly over half of young women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction experience typical chest pain. Our case reports highlight the challenges in diagnosing myocardial infarction in young women, and the impact of both gender-related and non-gender-related risk factors Although there is no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction in young women can have a severe course and lead to complications such as cardiac aneurysms and chronic heart failure KEYWORDS: myocardial infarction, young women, spontaneous coronary artery dissection FOR CITATION: Khar'kov E.I., Tsibul'skaya N.Yu., Ryabkov E.I., Karaev E.B. Myocardial infarction in young women. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(1):37–41 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-1-6.
Effective antithrombotic therapy in multifocal atherosclerosis
Authors:   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation, Kashtalap V.V. , Sedykh D.Yu. ,   Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
Published: April 2024

Optimizing the management of ischemic cardiovascular risks through timely and comprehensive surgical interventions, as well as effective drug therapy, is crucial for patients with multifocal atherosclerosis This article summarizes the experience of using low-dose buffered acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a 62-year-old man with a family history of cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension The drug was added to the antithrombotic therapy for multifocal atherosclerosis (coronary and lower limb arteries), ischemic heart disease (stable angina pectoris), myocardial infarction, and coronary artery endovascular revascularization, along with a concomitant duodenal ulcer Despite the high risk of ischemia, there were no reported signs of peripheral atherosclerosis progression or new thrombotic cardiovascular or hemorrhagic events during a 10-month course of low-dose buffered ASA. This illustrates the efficacy and safety of the treatment KEYWORDS: multifocal atherosclerosis, antithrombotic therapy, acetylsalicylic acid, buffered, adherence to treatment FOR CITATION: Kashtalap V.V., Sedykh D.Yu. Effective antithrombotic therapy in multifocal atherosclerosis. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(1):42–47 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-1-7.