bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium Alginate- and Cationic Cellulose-Functionalized Polycaprolactone Nanofibers for In Vitro and Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Tolba Emad , Salama Ahmed , Saleh Ahmed K. , Cruz-Maya Iriczalli , Guarino Vincenzo
Published: October 2023

The use of polyelectrolytes is emerging as a fascinating strategy for the functionalization of biomedical membranes, due to their ability to enhance biological responses using the interaction effect of charged groups on multiple interface properties. Herein, two different polyelectrolytes were used to improve the antibacterial properties of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers fabricated via electrospinning. First, a new cationic cellulose derivative, cellulose-bearing imidazolium tosylate (CIMD), was prepared via the nucleophilic substitution of the tosyl group using 1-methylimidazole, as confirmed by NMR analyses, and loaded into the PCL nanofibers. Secondly, sodium alginate (SA) was used to uniformly coat the fibers’ surface via self-assembly, as remarked through SEM-EDX analyses. Polyelectrolyte interactions between the CIMD and the SA, initially detected using a FTIR analysis, were confirmed via Z potential measurements: the formation of a CMID/SA complex promoted a substantial charge neutralization of the fibers’ surfaces with effects on the physical properties of the membrane in terms of water adsorption and in vitro degradation. Moreover, the presence of SA contributed to the in vitro response of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), as confirmed by a significant increase in the cells’ viability after 7 days in the case of the PCL/CMID/SA complex with respect to the PCL and PCL/CMID membranes. Contrariwise, SA did not nullify the antibacterial effect of CMID, as confirmed by the comparable resistance exhibited by S. mutans, S. aureus, and E. coli to the PCL/CIMD and PCL/CIMD/SA membranes. All the reported results corroborate the idea that the CIMD/SA functionalization of PCL nanofibers has a great potential for the fabrication of efficient antimicrobial membranes for wound healing.
Improved Breakdown Strength and Restrained Leakage Current of Sandwich Structure Ferroelectric Polymers Utilizing Ultra-Thin Al2O3 Nanosheets
Authors: Zeng Yi , Pan Hao , Shen Zhonghui , Shen Yang , Liu Zhifu
Published: October 2023

Flexible capacity applications demand a large energy storage density and high breakdown electric field strength of flexible films. Here, P(VDF-HFP) with ultra-thin Al2O3 nanosheet composite films were designed and fabricated through an electrospinning process followed by hot-pressing into a sandwich structure. The results show that the insulating ultra-thin Al2O3 nanosheets and the sandwich structure can enhance the composites’ breakdown strength (by 24.8%) and energy density (by 30.6%) compared to the P(VDF-HFP) polymer matrix. An energy storage density of 23.5 J/cm3 at the ultrahigh breakdown strength of 740 kV/mm can be therefore realized. The insulating test and phase-field simulation results reveal that ultra-thin nanosheets insulating buffer layers can reduce the leakage current in composites; thus, it affects the electric field spatial distribution to enhance breakdown strength. Our research provides a feasible method to increase the breakdown strength of ferroelectric polymers, which is comparable to those of non-ferroelectric polymers.
Development of Processes and Catalysts for Biomass to Hydrocarbons at Moderate Conditions: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Shomal Reem , Zheng Ying
Published: October 2023

This comprehensive review explores recent catalyst advancements for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of aromatic oxygenates derived from lignin, with a specific focus on the selective production of valuable aromatics under moderate reaction conditions. It addresses critical challenges in bio-crude oil upgrading, encompassing issues related to catalyst deactivation from coking, methods to mitigate deactivation, and techniques for catalyst regeneration. The study investigates various oxygenates found in bio-crude oil, such as phenol, guaiacol, anisole, and catechol, elucidating their conversion pathways during HDO. The review emphasizes the paramount importance of selectively generating arenes by directly cleaving C–O bonds while avoiding unwanted ring hydrogenation pathways. A comparative analysis of different bio-crude oil upgrading processes underscores the need to enhance biofuel quality for practical applications. Additionally, the review focuses on catalyst design for HDO. It compares six major catalyst categories, including metal sulfides, transition metals, metal phosphides, nitrides, carbides, and oxides, to provide insights for efficient bio-crude oil upgrading toward sustainable and eco-friendly energy alternatives.
The Effect of Dietary Advice Aimed at Increasing Protein Intake on Oral Health and Oral Microbiota in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fluitman Kristina S. , van den Broek Tim , Reinders Ilse , Wijnhoven Hanneke A. H. , Nieuwdorp Max , Visser Marjolein , IJzerman Richard G. , Keijser Bart J. F.
Published: October 2023

Nutrition and oral health are closely related, especially in older adults in whom poor nutrition may lead to oral microbial perturbations, exacerbating poor oral health. In a 6-month randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effects on oral microbiota and on oral health of dietary advice aimed at increasing protein intake to ≥1.2 g/kg adjusted body weight/day (g/kg aBW/d) in community-dwelling older adults with low habitual protein intake (<1.0 g/kg aBW/d). Food intake was measured via 24 h dietary recalls, oral health was measured via questionnaires, and oral microbial composition was assessed via the 16S rRNA sequencing of tongue swabs. Mean baseline protein intake was 0.8 g/kg aBW/day in both groups. In the high protein group (n = 47), participants increased their protein intake to mean 1.2 g/kg aBW/day at the 6-month follow-up. Protein intake in the control group (n = 43) remained at 0.9 g/kg a BW/day. The intervention did not affect self-reported oral health. While it caused moderate shifts in oral microbiota alpha- and beta-diversity measures, abundances of individual bacterial taxa were not affected. In conclusion, our intervention did not affect self-reported oral health within a period of 6 months, nor did it substantially affect the tongue microbiota composition.
Reconstruction of Femtosecond Laser Pulses from FROG Traces by Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Tóth István , Gherman Ana Maria Mihaela , Kovács Katalin , Cho Wosik , Yun Hyeok , Toşa Valer
Published: October 2023

We report on the reconstruction of ultrashort laser pulses from computer-simulated and experimental second harmonic generation-frequency resolved optical gating (SHG-FROG) spectrograms. In order to retrieve the spectral amplitude and phase we use a convolutional neural network trained on simulated SHG-FROG spectrograms and the corresponding spectral-domain fields employed as labels for the network, which is a complex field encompassing the full information about the amplitude and phase. Our results show excellent retrieval capabilities of the neural network in case of the simulated pulses. Although trained only on computer generated data, the method shows promising results regarding experimentally measured pulses.
Two-Photon Laser Excitation of Rb Rydberg Atoms in the Magneto-Optical Trap and Vapor Cell
Authors: Tretyakov Denis B. , Entin Vasily M. , Beterov Ilya I. , Yakshina Elena A. , Pechersky Yury Ya. , Gol’dort Veniamin G. , Ryabtsev Igor I.
Published: October 2023

We present our experimental results of two-photon laser excitation 5S1/2→5P3/2→nS1/2 of Rb atoms to Rydberg nS1/2 states with a homemade 480 nm laser in the second excitation step. In an experiment with cold Rb atoms, we excited the 42S1/2 state and detected Rydberg atoms with a selective-field-ionization (SFI) detector that provides single-atom resolution. The resonance line shapes well agreed with numerical simulations in a three-level theoretical model. We also studied the multiatom spectra of Rydberg excitation of mesoscopic atom ensembles which are of interest to quantum information processing. In the experiment with hot Rb atoms, we first excited the 30S1/2 state and observed a narrow Rydberg EIT resonance. Its line shape also agreed well with theory. Then, we performed a similar experiment with the higher 41S1/2 state and observed the Autler–Townes splitting of the EIT resonance in the presence of a microwave field, which was in resonance with the microwave transition 41S→41P3/2. This allowed us to measure the average strength of the microwave field and, thus, demonstrate the operation of a Rydberg microwave sensor. We may conclude that the developed homemade laser at 480 nm substantially extends our capabilities for further experiments on quantum information and quantum sensing with Rydberg atoms.
Tuning the Photonic Spectrum of Superlattice Structures with Magnetic Fields: An Anisotropic Perspective
Authors: Iakushev Denis , Lopez-Aguayo Servando
Published: October 2023

We investigate how an external magnetic field with an arbitrary direction affects the photonic band of a superlattice structure composed of alternating dielectric and magneto-optical plasma layers. By considering that the superlattice is electrodynamically anisotropic in the presence of an external magnetic field, we derive the dispersion equations; we show that the photonic spectrum of this superlattice loses its degeneracy and splits into two branches due to the external magnetic field. Interestingly, our results indicate that a superlattice that was previously wholly photo-isolating can become entirely photo-conducting, regardless of the direction of the external magnetic field applied. These results could be helpful to design and build new optical diode-like devices.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of HIsarna Off-Gas System—Wall Modeling and Heat Loss Prediction
Authors: Hosseini Ashkan , Calis Randy , van der Plas Dirk , Put Pieter , Agema Jelle , Meijer Koen , Hage Johannes L. T. , Offerman Erik , Yang Yongxiang
Published: October 2023

The HIsarna off-gas system wall is a cooling jacket made of cooling pipes arranged in the radial direction and in a circular pattern. Part of the off-gas system cooling pipes are isolated using a low-thermal-conductivity refractory material to protect the cooling pipe from melting and thermal stresses. During long runs and due to thermomechanical stresses, the refractory material is lost, and its thickness is reduced. It is possible to measure the thickness of the refractory layer only during shutdown, which is a disadvantage during long runs. The aim is to investigate the possibility of predicting the thickness of the refractory material by using other parameters that are possible to measure during the operation. A combination of FEM and CFD modeling is used to develop a methodology for detailed wall modeling and refractory material loss prediction. Finite element method (FEM) analysis is used to obtain the thermal properties of the wall using detailed geometries for variable refractory thickness. The obtained properties are then used to build CFD models to study the effect of refractory thickness on wall heat loss, temperature and composition profiles. The proposed procedure is validated against the plant measurement, and according to the findings, it is possible to relate the wall thickness to measured parameters such as heat loss through the walls, temperature and carbon conversion.
Analysis of the Difference of Gas Extraction Quantity from Coal Seam under the Influence of Permeability, Gas Pressure, and Buried Depth of Coal Seam: A Case Study
Authors: Wang Hao , Wang Enyuan , Li Zhonghui , Liu Xiaofei , Liu Xiaolei , Wang Kan
Published: October 2023

Gas extraction quantity from coal seam is the key index to evaluating the effect of eliminating coal and gas outbursts. The prerequisite for increasing the gas extraction quantity and improving the effect of gas control is to make clear the influencing factors of gas extraction. The main factors affecting gas extraction are permeability, gas pressure, and buried depth of coal seam in this paper. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of gas extraction quantity by three factors are carried out according to the test data. The research results show that: (1) In the areas with high permeability and gas pressure, the gas extraction volume shows random characteristics, indicating clear regional differences. (2) The increase of buried depth of coal seam will reduce the fluctuation of gas extraction quantity, resulting in a lower extreme value of gas extraction quantity. The possibility of gas extraction at a lower level will be significantly increased. (3) The correlation analysis shows the change law of the positive correlation coefficient between gas extraction quantity, gas pressure, and permeability, and shows the opposite trend with the increase of the buried depth of coal seam. The results show an important guiding significance for improving the efficiency of gas control.
Configuration Optimization of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Segmental Baffles Based on Combination of NSGAII and MOPSO Embedded Grouping Cooperative Coevolution Strategy
Authors: Xu Zhe , Ning Xin , Li Rui , Wan Xiuying , Zhao Changyin
Published: October 2023

A design indicators prediction model using the Bell-Delaware method for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with segmental baffles (STHX-SB) is constructed and validated by experiment. The average errors of heat transfer capacity and tube-side pressure drop are 8.52% and 7.92%, respectively, and the predicted weight is the same as the weight obtained by Solidworks commercial software, which indicates the model’s reliability. Parametric influences of the outside diameter of the heat dissipation tube, clearance between heat dissipation tubes, heat dissipation tube length, and tube bundle bypass flow clearance on heat transfer capacity per tube-side pressure drop and heat transfer capacity per weight are studied, and it indicates that whether the interaction between factors is considered or not, both heat transfer capacity per tube-side pressure drop and heat transfer capacity per weight are the most sensitive to outside diameter of heat dissipation tube and the least sensitive to heat dissipation tube length based on the Sobol’ method. To avoid falling into local optima due to algorithm convergence being too fast and to improve the reliability of solving complex optimization problems, Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (NSGAII) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) embedded grouping cooperative coevolution (NSGAII-MOPSO-GCC) is proposed to optimize the studied four configuration parameters to maximize heat transfer capacity per tube-side pressure drop and heat transfer capacity per weight for STHX-SB, simultaneously. Compared with the original structure, heat transfer capacity per tube-side pressure drop and heat transfer capacity per weight of the chosen solutions separately increased by 57.66% and 4.63%, averagely, and in the optimization comparison of NSGAII, MOPSO, and NSGAII-MOPSO-GCC, NSGAII-MOPSO-GCC has the best performance, which shows that the proposed method is effective and feasible and can supply beneficial solutions and valuable guidance for heat exchanger design and improvement.
Tailoring Dry Microparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Ultrasonic Spray Freeze-Drying with Mannitol and Salbutamol Sulphate
Authors: Pasero Lorena , Susa Francesca , Chiavarino Riccardo , Limongi Tania , Sulpizi Adamo , Guidi Tomaso , Pisano Roberto
Published: October 2023

Spray freeze-drying has emerged as a valid alternative to traditional spray drying to produce therapeutic dry microparticles. In particular, the spherical shape and high porosity of spray freeze-dried microparticles make them suitable for pulmonary drug delivery through dry powder inhalers. However, an appropriate particle size and fine particle fraction are required to guarantee lung deposition. This study used ultrasonic spray freeze-drying to generate dry microparticles composed of mannitol either alone or added with the bronchodilator salbutamol sulphate. The influence of the solid concentration and the feed flow rate on the particle size, morphology, surface area, porosity, and crystallinity was investigated. Growing particle size was observed, increasing the concentration and feed flow rate. Similarly, the addition of the drug led to a larger particle size and surface area. The in vitro simulation of drug deposition highlighted the dependence of the aerodynamic properties on the solid concentration and feed flow rate. Due to the lower density and particle geometric size, the highest fine particle fraction (26%) and smallest mass median aerodynamic diameter (4.4 μm) were reached at the lowest solid concentration and feed flow rate.
Rank-Based Multivariate Sarmanov for Modeling Dependence between Loss Reserves
Authors: Abdallah Anas , Wang Lan
Published: October 2023

The interdependence between multiple lines of business has an important impact on determining loss reserves and risk capital, which are crucial for the solvency of a property and casualty (P&C) insurance company. In this work, we introduce the two-stage inference method using the Sarmanov family of multivariate distributions to the actuarial literature. In fact, we study rank-based methods using the Sarmanov distribution to adequately estimate the loss reserves and properly capture the dependence between lines of business. An inadequate choice of the dependence structure may negatively impact the estimation of the marginals and, hence, the reserve. Thus, we propose a two-stage inference strategy in this research to address this, while taking advantage of the flexibility of the Sarmanov distribution. We show that this strategy leads to a more robust estimation, and better captures the dependence between the risks. We also show that it generates smaller risk capital and a better diversification benefit. We extend the model to the multivariate case with more than two lines of business. To illustrate and validate our methods, we use three different sets of real data from both a major US property–casualty insurer and a large Canadian insurance company.
Sustainable Restoration of Soil Functionality in PTE-Affected Environments: Biochar Impact on Soil Chemistry, Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Plant Growth
Authors: Garau Matteo , Castaldi Paola , Pinna Maria Vittoria , Diquattro Stefania , Cesarani Alberto , Mangia Nicoletta P. , Vasileiadis Sotirios , Garau Giovanni
Published: October 2023

Biochar can be useful for the functional recovery of soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), even if its effectiveness is variable and sometimes limited, and conflicting results have been recently reported. To shed some light on this regard, softwood-derived biochar was added at 2.5 (2.5-Bio) and 5.0% w/w (5.0-Bio) rates to an acidic (pH 5.74) soil contaminated by Cd (28 mg kg−1), Pb (10,625 mg kg−1), and Zn (3407 mg kg−1). Biochar addition increased soil pH, available P and CEC, and reduced labile Cd, Pb, and Zn (e.g., by 27, 37, and 46% in 5.0-Bio vs. the unamended soil). The addition of biochar did not change the number of total heterotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, while it reduced the number of Pseudomonas spp. and soil microbial biomass. Dehydrogenase activity was reduced in amended soils (e.g., by ~60 and 75% in 2.5- and 5.0-Bio, respectively), while in the same soils, urease increased by 48 and 78%. Approximately 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and the Biolog community-level physiological profile highlighted a significant biochar impact (especially at a 5% rate) on soil bacterial diversity. Tomato (but not triticale) yield increased in the amended soils, especially in 2.5-Bio. This biochar rate was also the most effective at reducing Cd and Pb concentrations in shoots. Overall, these results demonstrate that 2.5% (but not 5.0%) biochar can be useful to restore the soil chemical fertility of PTE-polluted soils with limited (or null) impact on soil microbial and biochemical parameters.
Extension Agents’ Perceptions, Practices, and Needs of Urban Forestry: A Case Study from Tennessee, United States
Authors: Chen Yujuan , Young De’Etra , de Koff Jason , Britwum Kofi
Published: October 2023

Urban forests are essential green infrastructure for sustainable cities. However, existing studies are mainly focused on the general public’s perception and needs of urban forestry, and little is known about non-traditional educators like extension agents. To address this gap, the main objective of this study is to explore extension agents’ perceptions, practices, and future training needs. Specifically, a statewide online survey consisting of 33 questions was designed and disseminated to extension agents in Tennessee via email with 64 responses. We found that the majority of respondents valued urban forestry, with 68.9% of them believing that urban forests are very important, especially for providing shade, cooling, energy saving, aesthetic values/beautification, increasing property values, and wildlife habitat and biodiversity. Their main clientele includes homeowners, farmers, and landowners, and 63.3% of extension agents reported that they have received urban forestry-related requests. However, less than half of them are comfortable addressing these requests, and over 50% of them reported that they are slightly or not knowledgeable about urban forestry. Additionally, the interest in urban forestry is high, with 98.3% of respondents having some level of interest in urban forestry. This demonstrates great potential for urban forestry education, extension, and training in the region.
A Particle Swarm Optimization–Adaptive Weighted Delay Velocity-Based Fast-Converging Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Solar PV Generation System
Authors: Azad Md Adil , Tariq Mohd , Sarwar Adil , Sajid Injila , Ahmad Shafiq , Bakhsh Farhad Ilahi , Sayed Abdelaty Edrees
Published: October 2023

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays have a considerably lower output when exposed to partial shadowing (PS). Whilst adding bypass diodes to the output reduces PS’s impact, this adjustment causes many output power peaks. Because of their tendency to converge to local maxima, traditional algorithms like perturb and observe and hill-climbing should not be used to track the optimal peak. The tracking of the optimal peak is achieved by employing a range of artificial intelligence methodologies, such as utilizing an artificial neural network and implementing control based on fuzzy logic principles. These algorithms perform satisfactorily under PS conditions but their training method necessitates a sizable quantity of data which result in placing an unnecessary demand on CPU memory. In order to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with fast convergence, minimal power fluctuations, and excellent stability, this paper introduces a novel optimization algorithm named PSO-AWDV (particle swarm optimization–adaptive weighted delay velocity). This algorithm employs a stochastic search approach, which involves the random exploration of the search space, to accomplish these goals. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by conducting experiments on a series-connected configuration of four modules, under different levels of solar radiation. The algorithm successfully gets rid of the problems brought on by current traditional and AI-based methods. The PSO-AWDV algorithm stands out for its simplicity and reduced computational complexity when compared to traditional PSO and its variant PSO-VC, while excelling in locating the maximum power point (MPP) even in intricate shading scenarios, encompassing partial shading conditions and notable insolation fluctuations. Furthermore, its tracking efficiency surpasses that of both conventional PSO and PSO-VC. To further validate our results, we conducted a real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) emulation, which confirmed the superiority of the PSO-AWDV algorithm over traditional and AI-based methods. Overall, the proposed algorithm offers a practical solution to the challenges of MPPT under PS conditions, with promising outcomes for real-world PV applications.
Implementation of Risk-Based Approaches in Urban Land Use Planning—The Example of the City of Erftstadt, Germany
Authors: Greiving Stefan , Kruse Philip , Othmer Felix , Fleischhauer Mark , Fuchs Marisa
Published: October 2023

This article presents the testing of the principle of risk-based planning using the example of the city of Erftstadt, Germany, which was affected by the devastating flood of 2021. The basis of this article was a simulated land use plan approval procedure for a flood-prone site in the urban district of Erftstadt-Liblar. In the contributions, the contents of the environmental report relating to effects to be expected for disasters as well as designations of a risk-based flood-proofed land use plan are presented. As a result of the gaming simulation, the hazard zone plan proves to be a suitable instrument for operationalizing the consideration of flood prevention in risk-prone areas. The simulation also provides evidence that it is possible to implement a risk-based approach within the current legal planning framework in Germany that is laid down by the Federal Building Code (BauGB). Innovative elements are the considerations of the protection worthiness of different types of infrastructures by spatially and contextually differentiated designations. The hazard zone concept, as such, and the findings of the gaming simulation will be used by the state planning authority for an amendment of the regional plan of North-Rhine Westphalia and will therefore be mandatory for the land use planning of all municipalities.
Joint Optimization of Distance-Based Fares and Headway for Fixed-Route Bus Operations
Authors: Kim Myungseob (Edward) , Kim Eungcheol
Published: October 2023

This paper proposes a profit maximization problem designed for fixed-route bus operations, optimizing two key variables: distance-based fares and headways. This study formulates a profit maximization problem while considering the dynamic nature of transit ridership influenced by various demand elasticities. The elasticity of demand is modeled using parameters such as onboard time, waiting time, and fare. Three primary constraints are considered: (1) a financial constraint ensuring the profit (including government subsidy) is non-negative, (2) a demand constraint that ensures actual demand is non-negative (i.e., elastic demand function value is between zero and one, and (3) a maximum headway constraint that limits passenger waiting times to half the headway duration, so that no passengers wait more than one bus. Notably, this research goes beyond the existing literature, which predominantly focuses on average fares, by exploring the implications of a distance-based (user-based) fare structure. A genetic algorithm is used to find solutions. The study employs numerical analyses to verify the solution method and conducts sensitivity analyses on critical input parameters. This study is suitable for one time block (e.g., multiple hours) for a steady demand, and can be extended into multiple time periods to reflect demand changes with the time of day.
A Climatological Survey of Corsica for Power System Analyses
Authors: Nicolosi Claudio Francesco , Tina Giuseppe Marco , Faggianelli Ghjuvan Antone , Notton Gilles
Published: October 2023

Climate and climate change can impact present and future energy production and demand. In light of this issue, this paper conducts climatological analyses focused on the following meteorological quantities: shortwave downward irradiance (SDI), precipitation (Pr), relative humidity (RH), air temperature (Ta), 10 m wind speed (v10), and diurnal temperature range (DTR) for four locations in Corsica. The climate analyses of these atmospheric variables consist of three parts: (1) analysis of the historical trends; (2) correlation analysis; and (3) analysis of climate projections for the decades to come. It is observed that climate change is causing alterations in the trends of Pr, RH, Ta, v10, and DTR. The correlation analysis reveals a positive correlation for the Ta-SDI and v10-Pr pairs (both annually and seasonally), and a negative correlation for Ta-RH (annually and in summer). For the other variable pairs, the sign of the correlations varies depending on the time period and site considered. The trends in the projections from the multi-model ensemble simulations are consistent or inconsistent with each other depending on the time period (annual or seasonal) considered. The observed historical trends suggest that medium-term planning of the Corsican electric power system should already consider ongoing climate change. The correlation analysis provides insights into the combined effect of different atmospheric variables on electrical power systems (EPSs). Climate projections suggest studying long-term planning that is a compromise among the different (but equally likely) outputs of different climate models.
How to Promote the Development of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technological Innovation in China: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis
Authors: Mu Xiaoman , Lu Suao , Li Qinyi
Published: October 2023

As a priority in the water treatment field, industrial wastewater treatment has attracted much attention in China. Although previous studies have pointed out the importance of technological innovation in industrial wastewater treatment, they have not taken into account the complex relationships involved in the subject, resulting in ineffectiveness. To solve this problem, this study innovatively introduces a wastewater treatment service provider and constructs a three-party evolutionary game model by simultaneously considering the penalty mechanism and public participation. An evolutionary stability analysis of each subject was performed, and the initial strategy and sensitivity analysis of the key parameters were explored through numerical simulation. The results of the study are as follows: (1) there was a positive interaction between the behaviors and strategies of the three parties of wastewater treatment; (2) subsidies and penalties can effectively encourage wastewater enterprises and wastewater treatment service providers to choose green behavior; (3) technological innovation in wastewater treatment is the key to reducing additional costs; (4) public supervision and media monitoring have a more obvious impact on governmental strategic decisions. The results of this study can provide a reference for the government to improve incentives and for stakeholders to adjust their strategies for decision support.
Conversion of Vacuum Residue from Refinery Waste to Cleaner Fuel: Technical and Economic Assessment
Authors: Khurmy Ammr M. , Harbi Ahmad Al , Jameel Abdul Gani Abdul , Ahmad Nabeel , Ahmed Usama
Published: October 2023

Environmental concerns surrounding the use of high-sulfur fuel oil (HFO), a marine fuel derived from refinery vacuum residue, motivate the exploration of alternative solutions. Burning high-sulfur fuel oil (HFO) is a major source of air pollution, acid rain, ocean acidification, and climate change. When HFO is burned, it releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the air, a harmful gas that can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. SO2 emissions can also contribute to acid rain, which can damage forests and lakes. Several countries and international organizations have taken steps to reduce HFO emissions from ships. For example, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented a global sulfur cap for marine fuels, which limits the sulfur content of fuel to 0.5% by mass. In addition, there is a worldwide effort to encourage the use of low-carbon gases to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are several alternative fuels that can be used in ships instead of HFO, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and hydrogen. These fuels are cleaner and more environmentally friendly than HFO. The aim of this study is to develop a process integration framework to co-produce methanol and hydrogen from vacuum residue while minimizing the sulfur and carbon emissions. Two process models have been developed in this study to produce methanol and hydrogen from vacuum residue. In case 1, vacuum residue is gasified using oxygen—steam and the syngas leaving the gasifier is processed to produce both methanol and hydrogen. Case 2 shares the same process model as case 1 except it is concentrated on mainly methanol production from vacuum residue. Both models are techno-economically compared in terms of methanol and H2 production rates, specific energy requirements, carbon conversion, CO2 specific emissions, overall process efficiencies, and project feasibility while considering the fluctuation of vacuum residue feed price from 0.022 $/kg to 0.11 $/kg. The comparative analysis showed that case 2 offers an 86.01% lower specific energy requirement (GJ) for each kilogram (kg) of fuel produced. The CO2 specific emission also decreased in case 2 by 69.76% compared to case 1. In addition, the calculated total net fuel production cost is 0.453 $/kg and 0.223 $/kg at 0.066 $/kg for case 1 and 2, respectively. Overall, case 2 exhibits better project feasibility compared to case 1 with higher process performance and lower production costs.
A Study on the Measurement and Influences of Energy Green Efficiency: Based on Panel Data from 30 Provinces in China
Authors: Lu Yulin , Li Chengyu , Lee Min-Jae
Published: October 2023

China’s rapid economic growth has inevitably led to serious resource depletion, environmental degradation, and a decline in social welfare. As such, establishing total-factor energy green efficiency (TFEGE) and exploring its factors are of paramount importance to bolster comprehensive energy efficiency and foster sustainable development. In this research, we deployed the spatial lag model (SLM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA), using energy, capital and labor as input indicators, GDP and social dimension metrics as desirable outputs, and “three wastes” as undesirable outputs, to assess the TFEGE across 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2020. Employing the exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) method, we analyzed the spatial autocorrelation of TFEGE at national and provincial levels. Simultaneously, we examined the influencing factors of TFEGE using a spatial econometric model. Our study reveals that, throughout the examined period, the TFEGE in China has generally shown a steady decline. The TFEGE dropped from 0.630 to 0.553. The TFEGE of all regions in China also showed a downward trend, but the rate of decrease varied significantly across different regions. Among them, the TFEGE of the eastern region fluctuated between 0.820 and 0.778. The TFEGE of the northeast region decreased significantly from 0.791 to 0.307. The TFEGE of the western region decreased from 0.512 to 0.486. The TFEGE of the central region decreased from 0.451 to 0.424. Beijing, Guangdong, Hainan, Qinghai, and Ningxia showed an effective TFEGE, while for other provinces, it was ineffective. The TFEGE in all four major regions failed to achieve effectiveness. Its distribution pattern was east > west > northeast > central. The TFEGE across the 30 provinces showed positive spatial autocorrelation, indicating a strong spatial clustering trend. We found that while transportation infrastructure and technological progression exert a positive impact on TFEGE, elements such as industrial structure, energy composition, and foreign direct investment negatively influence TFEGE.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles In Vivo and In Vitro: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cao Yue , Chen Jinyao , Bian Qian , Ning Junyu , Yong Ling , Ou Tong , Song Yan , Wei Sheng
Published: October 2023

Background: Recent studies have raised concerns about genotoxic effects associated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), which are commonly used. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the potential genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs and explore influencing factors. Methods: This study systematically searched Chinese and English literature. The literature underwent quality evaluation, including reliability evaluation using the toxicological data reliability assessment method and relevance evaluation using routine evaluation forms. Meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were performed using R software, with the standardized mean difference (SMD) as the combined effect value. Results: A total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria and passed the quality assessment. Meta-analysis results indicated that the SMD for each genotoxic endpoint was greater than 0. This finding implies a significant association between TiO2 NP treatment and DNA damage and chromosome damage both in vivo and in vitro and gene mutation in vitro. Subgroup analysis revealed that short-term exposure to TiO2 NPs increased DNA damage. Rats and cancer cells exhibited heightened susceptibility to DNA damage triggered by TiO2 NPs (p < 0.05). Conclusions: TiO2 NPs could induce genotoxicity, including DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and in vitro gene mutations. The mechanism of DNA damage response plays a key role in the genotoxicity induced by TiO2 NPs.
Investigation of the Relationship between Spontaneous Abortion, Serum Pesticides, and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Levels
Authors: Akgöl Jale , Kanat Pektaş Mine
Published: October 2023

Occupational and environmental chemical exposure have been associated with adverse reproductive consequences. This study investigates the relationship between spontaneous abortion and blood pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels. A survey was conducted, and blood samples were collected from 200 patients, consisting of 100 cases with spontaneous abortion and 100 cases with normal deliveries. A total of 150 different pesticides, including organophosphates, organochlorines, carbamates, and pyrethroids, were screened in the collected blood samples and analyzed quantitatively using Tandem mass spectrometry—specifically in combination with liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methods. Eight types of PCBs were analyzed with the gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The groups were compared based on these analyses. The mean age of the participants was 28.09 ± 4.94 years. In 59% of the spontaneous abortion group, 5.05 ± 1.97 chemicals were detected in different amounts. (p < 0.05). Analysis of the samples identified the presence of β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (δ HCH), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Pentachlorobiphenyl-28 (PCB-28), Pentachlorobiphenyl-52 (PCB-52), o,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’DDE), o,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (o,p′-DDD), p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′-DDD), Pentachlorobiphenyl-118 (PCB-118), Pentachlorobiphenyl-101 (PCB-101), Pentachlorobiphenyl-153 (PCB-153), Pentachlorobiphenyl-138 (PCB-138), Pentachlorobiphenyl-202 (PCB-202), Pentachlorobiphenyl-180 (PCB-180) as well as Fibronil, Buprimate, Acetoclor, Acemiprid, Pentimanthalin, and Triflokystrobin. The spontaneous abortion group had significantly higher exposure to PCB-101, PCB-52, PCB-138, and δ-HCH (p < 0.05). Women included in the study had high pesticide and PCB exposure rates. Many of the blood samples contained multiple pesticides with endocrine-disrupting effects. Higher exposure to organochlorine compounds in the serum was identified in the group with spontaneous abortions.
Salmonella Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Worley Micah J.
Published: October 2023

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of European Healthcare Professionals towards Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination in at-Risk Adults
Authors: Shamarina Dasha , Sluga-O’Callaghan Martina , Kassianos George , Marijam Alen , Dave Vaidehi , Davenport Eric , Andani Anar , Curran Desmond , Dewda Pavitra , Steffen Robert
Published: October 2023

Despite the occurrence of several hepatitis A (hepA) and hepatitis B (hepB) outbreaks in Europe in the last few decades, not all European countries have implemented hepA and hepB vaccinations in their national immunization programs, especially for adults at risk for hepA and/or hepB infection, such as men who have sex with men or patients with chronic liver disease. Currently, little is known on the attitudes of European healthcare professionals (HCPs) towards hepA and hepB vaccinations for at-risk adults. We conducted an online survey among HCPs in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom to assess their awareness of and adherence to their national hepA and hepB vaccination guidelines for at-risk adults. Among the 698 HCPs who took the survey, most (91.1%) were familiar with their national vaccination recommendations and always followed them or followed them most of the time when advising or prescribing hepA or hepB vaccines. Major and moderate barriers for recommending or administering such vaccines were the non-disclosure of risk factors by the patient (53.0–57.6%) and the patient’s lack of motivation or knowledge about the risk of the disease (50.3–52.9%). These results may help inform strategies to improve and accelerate hepA and hepB vaccination in European at-risk adults.
Comment on Postma et al. Predicted Public Health and Economic Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination with Variable Duration of Protection for Adults ≥60 Years in Belgium. Vaccines 2023, 11, 990
Authors: Standaert Baudouin
Published: October 2023

Presently, there are at least five important vaccine producers that have already launched or intend to launch a new vaccine designed to prevent infections caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), which is highly prevalent in the youngest as well as the oldest age groups [...]
Mathematical Modeling of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths and the Impact of Vaccinations during Three Years of the Pandemic in Peru
Authors: Marín-Machuca Olegario , Chacón Ruy D. , Alvarez-Lovera Natalia , Pesantes-Grados Pedro , Pérez-Timaná Luis , Marín-Sánchez Obert
Published: October 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread infections, deaths, and substantial economic losses. Vaccine development efforts have led to authorized candidates reducing hospitalizations and mortality, although variant emergence remains a concern. Peru faced a significant impact due to healthcare deficiencies. This study employed logistic regression to mathematically model COVID-19’s dynamics in Peru over three years and assessed the correlations between cases, deaths, and people vaccinated. We estimated the critical time (tc) for cases (627 days), deaths (389 days), and people vaccinated (268 days), which led to the maximum speed values on those days. Negative correlations were identified between people vaccinated and cases (−0.40) and between people vaccinated and deaths (−0.75), suggesting reciprocal relationships between those pairs of variables. In addition, Granger causality tests determined that the vaccinated population dynamics can be used to forecast the behavior of deaths (p-value < 0.05), evidencing the impact of vaccinations against COVID-19. Also, the coefficient of determination (R2) indicated a robust representation of the real data. Using the Peruvian context as an example case, the logistic model’s projections of cases, deaths, and vaccinations provide crucial insights into the pandemic, guiding public health tactics and reaffirming the essential role of vaccinations and resource distribution for an effective fight against COVID-19.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects of Increased Intra-Abdominal Pressure with and without Dexmedetomidine in Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: Kim Dongseok , Seo Minjun , Choi Geonho , Lee Sang-Kwon , Lee Sungin , Lee Won-Jae , Yun Sung-Ho , Kwon Young-Sam , Jang Min
Published: October 2023

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) elevation during capnoperitoneum can cause adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects. This study aimed to determine if a sequentially increased IAP affects cardiovascular and respiratory variables in anesthetized dogs and evaluate the effects of the constant-rate infusion of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on cardiovascular and respiratory variables with increased IAP. Five dogs were anesthetized and instrumented, and a Veress needle was equipped to adjust the IAP using a carbon dioxide insufflator. Stabilization was conducted for 1 h, and physiological variables were measured at IAPs of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mmHg and after desufflation. After the washout period, the dogs underwent similar procedures along with a constant-rate infusion of dexmedetomidine. The cardiovascular effects of increased IAP up to 20 mmHg were not significant in healthy beagle dogs and those administered with dexmedetomidine. When comparing the control and dexmedetomidine groups, the overall significant effects of dexmedetomidine were noted on heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance during the experiment. Respiratory effects were not observed during abdominal insufflation when compared between different IAPs and between the two groups. Overall, an increased IAP of up to 20 mmHg did not significantly affect cardiovascular and respiratory variables in both the control and dexmedetomidine groups. This study suggests that the administration of a dexmedetomidine infusion is applicable in laparoscopic procedures in healthy dogs.
Regulatory role of taxes in activities agricultural producers
Authors:   Udmurt State Agrarian University, Izhevsk, Russia, Selezneva I. A. , Selezneva I. P. ,   Udmurt State Agrarian University, Izhevsk, Russia, Shlyapnikova E. A. ,   Udmurt State Agrarian University, Izhevsk, Russia, Bogdanova N. A. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, Gasieva Z. P. ,   Vladikavkaz branch of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Vladikavkaz, Russia
Published: October 2023

The article assesses the regulatory role of taxes in the activities of agricultural producers. Based on the systematization of tax legislation, a conclusion was made about the possibilities of choosing the optimal taxation system in order to reduce the tax burden, which is one of the criteria for selecting a taxpayer as an object of an on-site tax audit.