bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capillary gas chromatographic analyses of headspace volatiles from vegetable oils
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Frankel E. N. , Selke E.
Published: January 2007

Eight different vegetable oils obtained commercially were analyzed for volatiles by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Volatiles generated in a GC static headspace sampler at 180 C were injected automatically onto a chemically bonded capillary column. Only a small number of GC peaks of low intensity were observed in the fresh samples, which varied in peroxide values from 0.2 to 3. Several major peaks were evident in the oils aged eight and 16 days at 60 C with peroxide values ranging from 16 to 65. Thirty‐four GC peaks were identified on the basis of relative retention time of reference compounds and on the basis of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Volatile compounds identified were those expected from the autoxidation of principal unsaturated fatty acid components of each vegetable oil tested. The relative concentrations of volatile components increased with the level of oxidation as determined by peroxide value.
The structure and complexity of the 11S polypeptides in soybeans
Authors: Nielsen Niels C.
Published: January 2007

The 11S soybean proteins called glycinin are isolated as a 350,000 dalton complex that consists of six nonidentical subunits. Each subunit consists of an acidic polypeptide component linked to a basic component by a single disulfide bond. Initial translation products of glycinin subunits are single polypeptides of ca. 60,000 daltons that undergo both co‐ and posttranslational modification. The precursors have a short signal sequence, followed by the acidic component, a short linker polypeptide, the basic component and a short trailer peptide. Five major subunit types have been purified and characterized by amino acid sequence analysis. While all of them are clearly synthesized by a family of homologous genes, they can be separated into two groups based on sequence homologies. Group I subunits (A1aB2, A1bB1b, A12B1a) are uniform in size (Mr = 58,000), relatively rich in methionine, and exhibit ca. 90% sequence homology among members in the group. The group II subunits (A3 B4, A5A4B3) exhibit a similar level of homology among themselves, although they contain less methionine and are larger (Mr ″ 62,000–69,000) than group I subunits. Sequence homology between a member of one group and a member of the other is only 60–70%. Since the sulfur amino acid content of subunits is variable and genetic polymorphism in subunit composition has been documented, alteration of the functional and nutritional properties of these seed proteins by genetic manipulation may be possible.
Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes
Authors: Kamel Basil S. , Dawson H. , Kakuda Y.
Published: January 2007

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds were investigated for their nutritional quality and oil characteristics. The yields of seeds on an as is basis (edible portion) were 1.6 and 1.8% for grape and melon, respectively. The melonseed on a dry weight basis consisted of 53.6% testa and 46.4% kernel. The crude protein, fat and fiber content were 16.4, 23.1 and 47.7% for melon and 8.2, 14.0 and 38.6% for grape (dry weight basis). Both seeds were found to contain significant levels of Ca, Mg, P and K. The fatty acid profiles showed an unsaturated fatty acid content of 76.1% for melonseed oil and 88.6% for grapeseed oil. The predominant fatty acid in both seeds was linoleic acid. The iodine value, saponification number and acid value were 116, 248 and 0.97 for melonseed oil and 132, 194 and 1.59 for grapeseed oil. The amino acid profiles of both seed cake proteins were determined and compared with hen's egg protein.
High pressure extraction of oil seed
Authors: Eggers R. , Sievers U. , Stein W.
Published: January 2007

For calculation of phase equilibria of the system seed oil/CO2, an equation of state published in the literature has been fitted to experimental data of that system. The results thus obtained are of only limited use in designing a supercritical extraction process. The experimental investigation of the mass transfer kinetics is much more significant. Mechanical processing of the oil seed's cell wall structure has been shown to be of great importance. The best specific yields were achieved with material that had been mechanically pre‐deoiled and thereby broken open. Yields are increased considerably by use of the gas mixture CO2/propane or other special gas mixtures or by the addition of refrigerants. However, the extraction times achieved in batch operation, together with the mass product nature of oil seed, make a continuous supercritical extraction essential if operation is to become economic relative to the conventional hexane extraction. To this end, the energetics of the process have been calculated, and practical possibilities for continuous operation are discussed.
A calorimetric, NMR and X‐ray diffraction study of the melting behavior of tripalmitin and tristearin and their mixing behavior with triolein
Authors: Norton I. T. , Lee‐Tuffnell C. D. , Ablett S. , Bociek S. M.
Published: January 2007

X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and NMR have been used to give information on the molecular order and melting of tripalmitin and tristearin crystals. They also have been used to study the melting and solubility of these pure triglycerides when mixed with triolein. From these studies we propose demixing in the liquid state and observe modification of the crystallization kinetics of these saturated triglycerides such that the highest melting (β‐polymorphic) form is observed within a minute at 298K for cooling rates up to 120K/min. In the mixtures the long d‐spacing, corresponding to the distance between layers in the crystals, was observed to be approximately 0.5 nm greater after cooling in excess of 60K per min than for close packed layers in the β form crystals. A study carried out after rapid cooling showed that two processes occurred. Initially, the α polymorphic form is produced; this transformed to the β‐like crystals in a matter of a few minutes. There is then a much more gradual decrease in the long d‐spacing as a slow annealing into the tightly packed β polymorphic form occurs.
Organoselenium‐mediated cyclization of hydroxyolefinic fatty acids and m‐CPBA oxidation of selenium‐containing 1,4‐epoxy acids
Authors: Agarwal R. , Rauf A. , Khan M. , Mustafa J. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2007

Chlorophenylselenenylation methodology is shown to cause cyclization of naturally occurring β‐ and γ‐hydroxyolefinic acids. The phenylseleno‐substituted 1,4‐epoxides (tetrahydrofurans) thus obtained are oxidized by m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (m‐CPBA). Reaction of phenylselenenyl chloride with methyl 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐9‐enoate (methyl ricinoleate) gave methyl 9,12‐epoxy‐10‐phenylselenenyloctadecanoate in useful yields. A similar reaction of phenylselenenyl chloride with methyl 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐12‐enoate afforded a quantitative yield of methyl 9,12‐epoxy‐13‐phenylselenenyloctadecanoate. Oxidation of selenium‐containing 1,4‐epoxy esters by m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (1 equivalent) yielded the respective olefinic 1,4‐epoxy esters, while 5 equivalent m‐CPBA afforded the corresponding oxirane esters of epoxytetrahydrofurans in high yields. The structure of the individual reaction products have been established from analytical and spectral data and corroborated by a study of their mass spectra.
Application of infrared spectroscopy in the study of polymorphism of hydrogenated canola oil
Authors: Mostafa Azza Naguib , Deman J. M.
Published: January 2007

Low temperature infrared spectroscopy was used to study the polymorphic transformations occurring in hydrogenated Canola oil. Hydrogenation of the oil was carried out under selective and nonselective conditions to an iodine value (IV) of 70 and 60, respectively. The four samples studied differed in their fatty acid composition, melting points andtrans fatty acid content. For the first part of the study, the samples were cooled rapidly using liquid nitrogen to −100 C. All the samples initially crystallized in the α‐form and further transformation to the β′‐form was detected only in some samples. In the second part of the study, the melted samples were crystallized at 10 C. The resulting spectra showed either a pure β′‐form or a mixture of β′ and β‐forms.
Heat capacity of tristearin in the presence of food emulsifiers
Authors: Schlichter J. , Garti N. , Sarig S.
Published: January 2007

The specific heats of tristearin in the presence of some food emulsifiers were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Solid emulsifiers show Cp curves different from those of pure tristearin, indicating that a new mixed crystal has been obtained through the incorporation of the surfactant within the fat.
Determination of the oxidative stability of fats and oils: Comparison between the active oxygen method (AOCS Cd 12‐57) and the rancimat method
Authors: Läubli Markus W. , Bruttel Peter A.
Published: January 2007

Oxidative stability is an important parameter in the characterization of fats and oils. The determination of this parameter with the Active Oxygen Method (AOM; AOCS Method Cd 12‐57) is both very costly and labor intensive, owing to the repeated peroxide value determinations involved. The alternative rancimat method is based on the conductometric determination of volatile degradation products and features automatic plotting of the conductivity against time. The evaluation is performed graphically after completion of the experiment. The labor required for this method is considerably less as it is not necessary to perform titrations at regular intervals. In the determination of the peroxide values of six samples at three temperatures, ca 151 mixed solvent and chemicals valued at SFr. 400 (ca $180 US) were consumed.

The induction times (tI) determined with both methods using six different fats and oils show a good correlation (slope 1.005, correlation coefficient 0.987). The rancimat method thus yields results equivalent to the AOCS Method Cd 12–57, but offers a real alternative for the determination of oxidative stabilities owing to the appreciable saving in labor.
Cod lipids, solvent systems and the effect of fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on lipid class analysis by Iatroscan TLC‐FID
Authors: Ohshima T. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Ackman R. G.
Published: January 2007

The chromatographic behavior of molecular species of free fatty acids, triglycerides, sterol esters and wax esters on Chromarods‐SII was investigated in four developing solvent systems of different polarities. In accordance with previous reports it was observed that molecular species within a lipid class are partially separated according to the chain length and degree of unsaturation of the acyl groups. The separation is more affected by the degree of unsaturation than the chain length, especially in nonpolar solvent systems. In polar solvent systems the separation within a lipid class is less efficient; a slight separation according to the chain length was observed, and the degree of unsaturation had little or no influence. The partial separation of molecular species within a class leads to the superimposing of certain lipid classes, for example glyceryl ethers and highly unsaturated fatty acids of marine origin. This poses a potential problem in identification of Iatroscan peaks. However, with totally hydrogenated marine lipid samples a complete separation of the lipid classes was achieved when developed in a nonpolar solvent system. It is proposed that at least two kinds of authentic standards varying in the degree of unsaturation and chain length should be used for the identification of the peaks of natural lipid samples of unknown composition, and that total hydrogenation be applied to improve separations and ensure sample stability, and probably to improve quantitation accuracy.
Avocado oil production and chemical characteristics
Authors: Werman M. J. , Neeman I.
Published: January 2007

Centrifugal force separation is a relatively new industrial process for extracting avocado oil. This study examined the influences of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration on oil extraction efficiency by centrifugal processing. Optimal separation conditions occurred at 75 C, with a pH of 5.5 and NaCl concentration of 5%.

Differences in chemical characteristics exist between avocado oils produced by industrial processes and those oils that were produced in the laboratory by organic solvent extraction. The highest amount of chlorophyll, 192.9 ppm, was obtained by ethanolic extraction in the laboratory. Unsaponifiables content reached 1.95% in industrial oil produced by organic solvent extraction. The highest acid value, 8.35, was obtained from industrial oil produced by centrifugal separation. Hydroxyl values in our oils were found to be 2–3 times higher than those reported in the literature.
Extraction and refining of oil from amaranth seed
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Becker R.
Published: January 2007

Oil was extracted with hexane on a pilot plant scale from seeds ofAmaranthus cruentus after the seeds were subjected to an efficient abrasive milling. Optimum conditions were then determined for refining and bleaching this oil. The yellow oil obtained is similar in appearance and composition to corn oil, but comparison with previously published analyses reveals a considerable variation in the content of the principal fatty acids, palmitic, oleic and linoleic, although the squalene content (5–8%) was in the expected range.
Determination of milk fat in chocolates by gas‐liquid chromatography of triglycerides and fatty acids
Authors: Pontillon Jean
Published: January 2007

The combination of two routine methods is proposed to determine the content of milk fat (MF) in chocolates, which is applicable even in the presence of lauric fats or others. The content of MF is obtained from the sum of C40, C42, and C44 medium‐chain triglycerides, determined by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). A new method, based on methyl esters of lauric acid and on minor acids situated between myristic and palmitic, is proposed. It enables detection and estimation of potential lauric fats, as well as the determination of the actual content of MF. The influence of other vegetable and animal fats is discussed. We analyzed 45 MF samples extracted from industrial milk powders and from pure or fractionated MF for chocolate manufacturing or pastry by GLC of triglycerides. We also analyzed by capillary GLC the methyl esters from 22 of those fats. Mixtures of these 22 MF samples with a cocoa butter also were used for chromatographic analyses of methyl esters and triglyceride. Results from the various analytical methods have been presented.
Hexane and heptane as extraction solvents for cottonseed: A laboratory‐scale study
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Wan P. J. , Richard O. A.
Published: January 2007

For many years, commercial‐grade hexane has been the preferred solvent for extracting oil from cottonseed. Recent environmental and health concerns about hexane may limit the use of this solvent; therefore, the need for a replacement solvent has become an important issue. Heptane is similar to hexane, but does not have the environmental and health concerns associated with the latter. On a laboratory scale, delinted, dehulled, ground cottonseed was extracted with hexane and heptane. The solvent‐to‐meal ratio was 10:1 (vol/wt). The yield and quality of the oil and meal extracted by heptane were similar to that extracted by hexane. Extraction temperature was higher for heptane than for hexane. A higher temperature and a longer time were required to desolventize miscella from the heptane extraction than from the hexane extraction. Based on these studies, heptane offers a potential alternative to hexane for extracting oil from cottonseed.
Nutritional aspects in textured soy proteins
Authors: Hamdy M. M.
Published: January 2007

Textured soy protein products have found extensive use in pet foods and many human foods. They extend and complement meats in formulated foods. Numerous feeding tests with people and experimental animals show that biological values are high and protein efficiency ratios compare favorably with pure meat products. By careful processing of the textured soy products, high quality, safe, low cost protein food can be prepared. Textured soy proteins are an excellent example of man’s creative ability to engineer a supplementary food that is nutritious, palatable, and economical.
The occurrence of ricinoleic acid inLinum seed oils
Authors: Green A. G.
Published: January 2007

Thirty‐oneLinum species, representing each of the 5 taxonomic sections of the genus, were analyzed for fatty acid composition of the seed oils. Linolenic acid was the major component of the seed oil of species from the sectionsLinum andDasylinum, whereas linoleic acid predominated in those from the sectionsSyllinum, Linastrum andCatbartolinum. All 5 species tested from the sectionSyllinum contained ricinoleic acid as a minor component, ranging between 3% and 8% of total fatty acids. Ricinoleic acid was not present in any other species analyzed. An unidentified fatty acid was present as a minor component in species from the sectionsLinum andDasylinum but absent in species from other sections of the genus.
Thermal stability of phthalic esters
Authors: Saido Katsuhiko , Kuroki Takeshi , Ikemura Tadashi , Kirisawa Makoto
Published: January 2007

Phthalic esters, as typical plasticizers for vinyl plastics, were thermally decomposed by a flow reactor system and their decomposition products were analyzed in detail. The thermal decomposition products were olefin, alcohol, hydrogen phthalate, benzoates with alkyl groups corresponding to these of the original phthalate esters and phthalic anhydride. We found from the main thermal decomposotion products‐olefin, alcohol and hydrogen phthalate‐that phthalic esters were thermally decomposed throughcis‐elimination in the same way as in the general case for esters. In the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), hydrochlorinated products were identified in the decomposition products. A good relationship was found between the amount of chloroalkanes produced and the reaction temperature. Thecis‐elimination reaction of phthalic esters was found to be promoted by PVC.
Iodoazide addition to olefinic esters and their reaction with methanolic KOH
Authors: Ali M. L. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M.
Published: January 2007

Addition of iodine azide to methyl 10‐undecenoate (1), methyl oleate/elaidate (III,IV) and methyltrans‐2‐hexadecenoate (VII) yielded methyl 10‐azido‐11‐iodoundecanoate (II, ∼ 100%), methylerythro/threo‐9(10)‐azido‐10(9)‐iodooctadecanoate (V,VI) and methylerythro‐3‐azido‐2‐iodohexadecanoate (VIII), respectively. The reaction of iodoazide adduct (II) with methanolic KOH yielded 10‐azidoundec‐10‐enic acid (IX) and 10‐oxoundecanic acid (X), while V and VI gave a mixture of 9(10)‐oxooctadecanoic acid (XI). Adduct VIII, under the identical condition after esterification, gave 3 products, methyl 4‐methoxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate (XII), 2‐oxopentadecane (XIII) and methyl 3‐methoxyhexadecanoate (XIV). The unusual behavior of VIII can be tentatively attributed to the role of adjacent carbonyl on the expected elimination of HI by methanolic alkali.
Enhanced oil recovery using carboxylate surfactant systems
Authors: Shaw James E.
Published: January 2007

Oil displacement tests in water wet Berea sandstone cores containing residual crude oil flooded with water have shown that high tertiary oil recoveries can be obtained using the sodium salts of readily available carboxylic acids. Using a 10% pore volume surfactant slug containing 3.0% sodium isostearate and 3.0% isopentyl alcohol followed by a polyacrylamide mobility buffer resulted in a 92% tertiary oil recovery, which compares well with recoveries using petroleum solfonates. Oil recoveries were highly dependent on pH and added base. Aliphatic C18 carboxylates gave higher recoveries at lower pH using sodium bicarbonate as the added base (pH 8.5) rather than sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or sodium orthosilicate (pH 11–13). In contrast, aromatic carboxylates e.g., sodium p‐(1‐pentylnonyl)benzoate, gave higher recoveries at higher pH using sodium carbonate rather than sodium bicarbonate. Carboxylates with branched alkyl groups, e.g., isostearate, gave higher tertiary oil recoveries than unbranched carboxylates, e.g., oleate or stearate. Low cost tall oils and tall‐oil fatty acids, when neutralized with base, gave oil recoveries of 60–80%. Carboxylates were found to give good oil recoveries even when significant amounts of calcium ion were present.
The determination of peroxide value by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: van de Voort F. R. , Ismail A. A. , Sedman J. , Dubois J. , Nicodemo T.
Published: January 2007

A rapid method for the quantitative determination of peroxide value (PV) of vegetable oils by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy is described. Calibration standards were prepared by the addition oft‐butyl hydroperoxide to a series of vegetable oils, along with random amounts of oleic acid and water. Additional standards were derived through the addition of mono‐ and diglyceride spectral contributions, as well as zero PV spectra obtained from deuterated oils. A partial least squares (PLS) calibration model for the prediction of PV was developed based on the spectral range 3750–3150 cm−1. Validation of the method was carried out by comparing the PV of a series of vegetable oils predicted by the PLS model to the values obtained by the American Oil Chemists Society iodometric method. The reproducibility of the FTIR method [coefficient of variation (CV)=5%)] was found to be better than that of the chemical method (CV =9%), although its accuracy was limited by the reproducibility of the chemical method. The method, as structured, makes use of a 1‐mm CaF2 flow cell to allow rapid sample handling by aspiration. The spectrometer was preprogrammed in Visual Basic to guide the operator in performing the analysis so that no knowledge of FTIR spectroscopy is required to implement the method. The method would be suitable for PV determinations in the edible oil industry and takes an average of three minutes per sample.
The production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates by membrane processing
Authors: Xu L. , Diosady L. L.
Published: January 2007

A membrane‐based process was developed for the production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates, which consisted of alkaline extraction of protein at pH 12.0 from CH2OH/NH3/H2O‐hexane‐extracted Chinese rapeseed meal, isoelectric precipitation at pH 6.5, ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration to concentrate the remaining soluble protein, and freeze‐drying. No chemical treatment was required for the removal of phytates from the protein. Three products were obtained with high protein recovery: precipitated and soluble protein isolates, each containing 90 to 100% protein, suitable for animal feed. The two protein isolates were low in phytates, light in color and bland in taste. Chinese rapeseed protein was easier and more economical to treat than canola protein due to the shift of pH for isoelectric precipitation and the elimination of the need for further phytate reduction.
Sunflower oil diesel fuel: Lubrication system contamination
Authors: Rewolinski C. , Shaffer D. L.
Published: January 2007

Diesel lubrication oil contaminated with sunflower oil fuel was exposed to conditions simulating an engine crankcase environment to quantify and elucidate the mechanisms of loss of alkalinity and oil mixture thickening. Oxygen was found to be a dominant factor in both phenomena as was the presence of metallic copper catalyst. Triglyceride polymerization causing oil thickening does not appear causally related to alkalinity loss, but rather seems governed by a separate free radical mechanism.
The composition of seed and seed oils of taramira(Eruca sativa)
Authors: Flanders A. , Abdulkarim S. M.
Published: January 2007

The seeds ofEruca sativa, commonly known as taramira, were found to contain 4.1% moisture, 27.8% oil, 27.4% protein and 6.6% ash. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis indicated calcium and potassium levels of 1186 and 1116 mg/100 g of whole seed, respectively. Other mineral contents also are reported. The seed oil had a specific gravity of 0.910, refractive index of 1.4680 (at 40 C), iodine value of 137.0, saponification value of 168.1 and a free fatty acid content of 2.3% (as oleic acid). Gas chromatographic analysis of the oil revealed high levels of linolenic acid (36.2%) and relatively low levels of erucic acid (10.3%).
Mutagenic potential of ammonia‐related aflatoxin reaction products in cottonseed meal
Authors: Lawlor Timothy E. , Haworth Steve R. , Zeiger Errol , Park Douglas L. , Lee Louise S.
Published: January 2007

In a joint research effort, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program and the US Department of Agriculture studied the mutagenic potential of aflatoxin reaction products following ammoniation of contaminated cottonseed meal under conditions approximating those approved for commercial ammoniation of nonaflatoxin‐contaminated meal. Uniformly ring‐labeled14C‐aflatoxin B1 was added to cottonseed meal that contained ca. 4000 µg naturally incurred aflatoxin B1/kg. Distribution of the radiolabeled compound was used to trace the modification of aflatoxin B1 after treatment with ammonia. The radioactivity‐to‐weight ratio of the fractions isolated by solvent extractions and chemical and enzymic treatments was used to measure the relative concentration of an aflatoxin decontamination product. All extract fractions having a radioactivity‐to‐weight ratio ≥1 were tested for mutagenic activity using theSalmonella/microsome mutagenicity test (Ames test). Purified aflatoxin B1 was mutagenic at a concentration of ca. 0.005 µg/plate. The methylene chloride extract of the ammoniated meal after Pronase digestion exhibited a similar response when 180 µg of this fraction was applied to each plate. This fraction represented 0.16% of the original added radioactivity. The other fractions produced no detectable mutagenic response at the concentrations tested (10–1000 µg/plate) onSalmonella tester strain TA100. Ammonia treatment of aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed meal significantly decreased aflatoxin levels, and the aflatoxin decontamination products formed by the treatment had little or no mutagenic potential.
Synthesis of azelaic acid and suberic acid fromVernonia galamensis oil
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Osman Gamal , Shepard Robert L. , Powers Fiona T.
Published: January 2007

We have demonstrated the potential ofVernonia galamensis seed oil as a source of dibasic acids. Reaction of nitric acid withV. galamensis oil afforded a homologous series of dibasic acids that include butanedioic acid, pentanedioic acid, hexanedioic acid (adipic), heptanedioic acid (pimelic), octanedioic acid (suberic), nonanedioic acid (azelaic), decanedioic acid (sebacic), and undecanedioic acid. Using a combination of chloroform extraction and subsequent water crystallizations, we have isolated suberic acid (∼95% purity by GC) and azelaic acid (∼95% purity by GC). The isolated yield of suberic acid is 15% and of azelaic acid is 11%. Reported reaction of nitric acid with ricinoleic acid (from castor oil) gave 8.8% suberic acid and 7.2% of a mixture of suberic and azelaic acids.
n‐Heptanoic acid by the caustic oxidation of 2‐octanol
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Farina T. E.
Published: January 2007

n‐Heptanoic acid (97% pure) was prepared in 86% selectivity by the reaction of 2‐octanol with molten 50:50 NaOH‐KOH at 320 C using a meshing blade agitator and product heptanoic acid as an initiator.
Automated free fatty acid determination using flow injection analysis solvent extractions
Authors: Canham John S. , Pacey Gilbert E.
Published: January 2007

A simplified, automated, colorimetric method is described for the determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in solution using solvent extraction flow injection analysis (SEFIA). A membrane separator utilizing a microporous Teflon membrane is used for a clean phase separation. A newly designed segmentor is used for segmenting the reagent and solvent streams. A linear relationship exists between normality and absorbance from 6×10−5 to greater than 3×10−2 N for oleic acid and from 4.4×10−5 to 6×10−3 N for stearic acid. The correlation between concentration and absorbance in this method is better than in previously advanced copper soap colorimetric methods. The sample throughput is 130 injections/hr.
Functional properties of chemically modified egg white proteins
Authors: Bail Hershell R.
Published: January 2007

Functional properties of egg white proteins can be altered through selected chemical reactions. Acylations with acid anhydrides have received the greatest amount of attention. Oleic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have also been used to affect function of egg white proteins. The charge characteristics of acylated proteins are altered through modification of the N‐terminal and epsilon‐amino groups. The acid anhydride used and the extent of modification have a major effect on the ionic properties of the protein. The altered ionic properties have been shown to affect the optical properties of protein sols, heat stability, foaming, performance in angel cakes, initiation of gelation, ultimate strength and freeze‐thaw stability of heat‐set gels. Although exact explanations of the mechanisms for the interactions of oleic acid and SDS with egg white protein are not available, increases in charge occur and result in gels with physical properties very similar to gels made from succinylated egg protein.
Estimation of supercritical fluid‐liquid solubility parameter differences for vegetable oils and other liquids from data taken with a stirred autoclave
Authors: Elssier R. L. , Friedrich J. P.
Published: January 2007

Fujishiro and Hildebrand developed a procedure for determining the solubility parameter difference between the components of a partially miscible binary mixture, knowing the molar volumes of the components and the composition of each phase. Using this procedure, the solubility parameter differences between supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) and each of three vegetable oils and four hydrogen bonding liquids have been determined. For the vegetable oils the solubility parameter differences at 72 C over the pressure range 5,000–10,000 psi were low, of the order of 2.0, and decreased only slightly with increasing pressure. For the hydrogen‐bonding liquids at 52 C, over the same pressure range, the solubility parameter differences were much larger, of the order of 4 to 7 units, and independent of pressure except for ethylene glycol for which the difference increased from 5.7 to 6.7 from 5,000 to 10,000 psi.
Oxymercuration‐jones oxidation of β‐ and γ‐hydroxyolefinic acids
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Ahmad Fasih , Siddiqui S. F. , Osman S. M.
Published: January 2007

A treatment of 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐9‐enoic acid (I) and 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐cis‐12‐enoic acid (II) in the presence of a catalytic amount of mercuric acetate reacts with Jones reagent to afford 9,12‐dioxooctadecanoic acid in high yield, involving two different mechanistic routes.
Modeling the solvent extraction of oilseeds
Authors: Abraham G. , Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P.
Published: January 2007

A computer model and an experimental procedure for generating data needed in the model have been developed for the oilseed extraction process. The experiments are relatively simple and are performed with a bench‐top extractor. Experimental results and modeling calculations are presented for the extraction of cottonseed using hexane, isopropanol and ethanol. The calculations show that in an alcohol extraction using a chill separation, isopropanol's greater oil miscibility allows for a lower solvent‐to‐feed ratio than does ethanol. Using the latter solvent, however, achieves lower residual lipids in the extracted meal because recycled ethanol contains less oil than recycled isopropanol.
Peculiar properties of lipase fromCandida parapsilosis (Ashford) langeron and talice
Authors: Riaublanc A. , Ratomahenina R. , Galzy P. , Nicolas M.
Published: January 2007

A newCandida parapsilosis lipase was isolated and studied. This enzyme was purified by hydrophobic chromatography on a phenyl‐sepharose CL4B column followed by gel permeation on a Sephacryl S300 HR column. It was a 160 kg·mol−1 molecular‐weight oligomeric enzyme. Optimal activity was obtained at 45°C and pH 6.5. The lipase activity toward various acylglycerols and esters was studied. The hydrolysis rate was greater for secondary acylesters than for primary acylesters. This lipase showed a high specificity for long‐chain fatty acids and particularly for polyunsaturated fatty acids. This enzyme was able to catalyze the synthesis of various oleoylesters in aqueous medium.
Quantitative high‐resolution13C and1H nuclear magnetic resonance of ω3 fatty acids from white muscle of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Aursand M. , Rainuzzo J. R. , Grasdalen H.
Published: January 2007

High‐resolution13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been obtained and used to define the ω3 (n‐3) fatty acid distribution in lipid extract and white muscle from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The13C spectrum of lipid extracted from muscle gives quantitative information about the individual n‐3 fatty acids, 18:2n‐6, 20:1/22:1 and groups of fatty acids. The quantitative data compare favorably with those obtained by gas‐liquid chromatography. The1H NMR spectrum of the lipid extract gives information about the amount of 22:6n‐3 and the total content of n‐3 fatty acids. The13C NMR technique also revealed the positional distribution (1,3‐ and 2‐acyl) of the important 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 acids in the triacylglycerol molecules. In the quantitative13C NMR spectrum of white muscle, the methyl region of the acyl chains of triacylglycerols gave rise to sufficiently resolved signals to permit estimation of the total concentration of lipids and the n‐3 fatty acid content. The NMR data are in good agreement with corresponding data obtained by traditional methods.
A study on cashew nut oil composition
Authors: Toschi T. Gallina , Caboni M. F. , Penazzi G. , Lercker G. , Capella P.
Published: January 2007

Eight samples of cashew nut oil were assayed, and the component triacylglycerols, fatty acids and several unsaponifiable compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total lipid amount, unsaponifiable percentage, fatty acids, sterols, triterpene alcohols and tocopherols are reported here. The combination of GC and HPLC enhanced the resolution of compound classes.
Fast quantitative analysis of soybean oil in olive oil by high‐temperature capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Antoniosi Filho N. R. , Carrilho E. , Lanças F. M.
Published: January 2007

Analysis of glycerides has always been of great interest, especially to the food industry. Several methods have been developed, and attempts to improve analytical conditions are prevalent. Among these methods, high‐temperature capillary gas chromatography has received particular consideration because it rapidly provides a glyceride profile. In this paper, we discuss a method to identify and quantitate mixtures of olive and soybean oils with the intention of verifying the latter as an adulterant of olive oils. The contamination of olive oil with soybean oil was detected by the presence of the triglyceride trilinolein, which does not exist in pure olive oil, although it is abundant in soybean oil. A calibration curve was constructed with several levels of contamination, and the lowest amount of detectable soybean oil was determined to be 4%.
Soybean oil: Update on number one
Authors: Erickson D. R.
Published: January 2007

The growth and present stature of soybeans and soybean oil production and utilization in the world and in the USA is presented. Compositions of soybeans and soybean oil are compared with other common vegetable oils. The current and optimal processing practices of extraction, degumming, neutralization (caustic and physical), hydrogenation, and deodorization are discussed. Where appropriate, new and innovative approaches are introduced. Utilization of soybean oil is covered, followed by a historical and present view on the subject of soybean oil flavor and present and future nutritional considerations of soybean oil.
Peanut oil
Authors: Ayres J. L.
Published: January 2007

Conventional expeller and expeller/solvent extraction processes for peanuts are compared to the nonconventional processes of direct solvent extraction, cold pressing and nonhexane solvent processes. Peanut composition, cleaning and specific extraction procedures have a major impact on finished crude oil composition, refining characteristics, final oil and meal quality and utility. Special care in raw material and process selection must be taken when using crude peanut oil for direct edible or biofuel applications. Changes in world oil prices and protein market, US peanut quota and price support program and plant breeding will have a major impact on peanut oil availability and prices in the future.
Rapeseed oil
Authors: Ohlson J. S. R.
Published: January 2007

Rapeseed and oil production are discussed. Properties of the oil are described as they relate to uses in food or industrial applications.
Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on lipid composition of basolateral plasma membrane of pig intestinal mucosal cells
Authors: Duranthon Véronique , Frémont Lucie , Léger Claude L.
Published: January 2007

The effect of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on the lipid composition of basolateral plasma membranes (BPM) from intestinal mucosal cells was investigated in weaning pigs fed control or EFA‐deficient diets for 12 weeks. The phospholipid and cholesterol contents relative to protein were similar in both groups, showing a cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio of 0.6. The distribution of phospholipid classes was also unaffected by the diet. In contrast, fatty acid profiles of the two phospholipid main classes, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were altered by EFA deficiency. Linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) was largely reduced, whereas arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) only slightly decreased in EFA‐deficient pigs. The unsaturation index was essentially maintained by high levels of oleic acid (18∶1n−9) and by conversion of oleic acid to 5,8,11‐eicosatrienoic acid (20∶3n−9). Finally, during the period of EFA deficiency, the lipid composition of BPM of the intestinal mucosal cells was little affected, suggesting a preferential uptake of 20∶4n−6 and (or) precursor mobilized from other tissues. However, an effect of dietary treatment on the function of membrane‐associated proteins cannot be ruled out.
Effect of low intake of n−3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior in rats
Authors: Enslen Marc , Milon Hubert , Malnoë Armand
Published: January 2007

The effect of dietary restriction of n−3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior has been studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. Female rats were fed semipurified diets containing either 5.5% safflower oil or 6% soybean oil for 6 wk prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Control rats were maintained on laboratory chow. The male pups were weaned to the diets of the dams except for one group which was switched from safflower to soybean oil at weaning. Behavioral studies and brain phospholipid analyses were conducted at 16–18 wk of age. Rats fed safflower oil showed significantly lower levels of 22∶6n−3 in phospholipids of synaptic membranes and myelin than rats fed soybean oil or chow. The decrease in 22∶6n−3 was compensated for by an increase in 22∶5n−6, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids remaining approximately constant. The brain phospholipid fatty acid composition of rats switched from safflower to soybean oil at weaning was similar to that of rats fed soybean oil throughout the experiment. There was no difference in spontaneous locomotor activity among the different dietary groups. However, rats raised on safflower oil displayed a significantly lower exploratory activity (horizontal movements and rearings) in a novel environment than rats fed soybean oil or chow. In contrast to the brain phospholipid fatty acid composition, there was no recovery of exploratory behavior in rats raised on safflower oil and switched to soybean oil at weaning suggesting a specific requirement of n−3 fatty acids during development.
Species variation in the atherogenic profile of monkeys: Relationship between dietary fats, lipoproteins, and platelet aggregation
Authors: Pronczuk A. , Patton G. M. , Stephan Z. F. , Hayes K. C.
Published: January 2007

Because lipoproteins and platelet aggregation have been implicated in atherogenesis, relative differences in the response of these variables to dietary fat saturation were compared in three species of monkeys differing in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis (cebus, rhesus, and squirrel monkeys). Both long‐term (8–12 years) and short‐term (8 weeks) responses to diets containing 31% fat calories were examined in the same monkeys. As expected, long‐term feeding of coconut oil by comparison to corn oil produced significantly higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, and triglycerides, as well as higher ratios of LDL/HDL cholesterol and apo B/apo A‐I. These responses were characteristic of all species with cebus being most responsive and rhesus the least. The shortterm plasma cholesterol response to animal fats (butter, lard, beef tallow) was significantly less than that to coconut oil. When fish oil was substituted for two‐thirds of either corn oil or coconut oil, exceptional decreases occurred in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as in HDL cholesterol and apo A‐I concentrations despite the fact that the fish oil diets contained more saturated fat and less polyenes than the corn oil diet. Platelet aggregation tended to increase with saturated fat consumption and greatly decreased with fish oil intake in all monkeys, although cebus monkeys were ten‐fold more resistant to platelet aggregation than the other two species. The molecular species of platelet phosphatidylcholine (PC) varied with both the dietary fat fed and species of monkey. An inverse correlation (r=−0.60; p<0.001) was found between changes in one such PC molecular species (18∶0−20∶4) induced by diet and the platelet aggregation threshold. These results demonstrate that the lipemic and platelet responses to dietary saturated fat depend upon both the type of fat (i.e., the specific combination of dietary fatty acids, including the chain length of saturated fatty acids and the degree of polyunsaturation) and the species of monkey (genetic component) in which the response is elicited.
The effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on coronary and renal circulation in the rabbit
Authors: Wolf A. , Saito T. , Dudek R. , Bing R. J.
Published: January 2007

It has been shown that different lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) possess relaxing properties in vascular strips. We report on the effect of intraatrial injection of LPC micelles into white New Zealand rabbits. Changes in renal and coronary flow were determined by radioactive microspheres. Coronary blood flow increased significantly following administration of LPC, while no significant changes were observed in renal blood flow, cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Coronary, renal and total vascular resistance, as well as mean arterial pressure, dropped significantly. Cardiac arrhythmia and hemolysis were not noted. The results demonstrate the vasorelaxant effect of LPCin vivo.
The solubilization of calcium soaps by fatty acids
Authors: Jandacek R. J.
Published: January 2007

The solubilization of the calcium soaps of long chain fatty acids by liquid fatty acids was observed. The solubilities of calcium palmitate, calcium laurate, and calcium oleate were 15.6, 22.8, and 53.3 wt%, respectively, in oleic acid at 40°C. The formation of an acid‐calcium soap complex was demonstrated by x‐ray diffraction studies of calcium laurate, lauric acid, and a mixture of these compounds that had been heated. Similar evidence was obtained for a calcium oleate‐oleic acid complex. The solubility of calcium oleate in a bile salt micellar system was enhanced by obeic acid. The solubilization of calcium soaps by liquid fatty acids may explain the unexpectedly high bioavailability of some calcium soaps.
Platelet‐activating factor stimulates expression of IL‐1 beta mRNA in THP‐1 cells
Authors: Barthelson Roger A. , Valone Frank H.
Published: January 2007

A human monocytic cell line (THP‐1) was used to study the effects of PAF (platelet‐activating factor) on the expression of IL‐1 beta mRNA. THP‐1 cells were incubated with 10 pM PAF in the presence or absence of 0.1 μg/mL endotoxin for 4 hr, after which cytoplasmic RNA was extracted and subjected to Northern hybridizations. PAF, alone and in combination with endotoxin, caused an increase in mRNA levels for IL‐1 beta. The magnitude of the effects of PAF on IL‐1 beta mRNA levels matched closely the effects seen at the level of protein synthesis, suggesting that the effects of PAF on IL‐1 beta release may result largely from its effects on IL‐1 beta mRNA levels.
Effect of a salmon diet on the distribution of plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in normolipidemic adult men
Authors: Lindgren Frank T. , Adamson Gerald L. , Shore Virgie G. , Nelson Gary J. , Schmidt Perla C.
Published: January 2007

The effects of n−3 fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins have usually been studied in humans after feeding of purified fish oil. This study describes the effect of a natural diet, containing salmon as the source of n−3 fatty acids, on these parameters as compared to a diet very low in n−3 fatty acids. The subjects were nine normolipidemic, healthy males who were confined to a nutrition suite for 100 days. During the first 20 days of the study the participants were given a stabilization diet consisting of 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The n−3 content of this diet was less than 1%, and it contained no 20‐ or 22‐carbon n−3 fatty acids. After the stabilization period the men were split into two groups, one group continued on the stabilization diet while the other received the salmon diet that contained approximately 2.1 energy percent (En%) of calories from 20‐ and 22‐carbon n−3 fatty acids. Both diets contained equal amounts of n−6 fatty acids. This regime continued for 40 days, then the two groups switched diets for the remainder of the study. Plasma triglycerides were lowered significantly (p<0.01) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) was significantly elevated (p<0.01) after the men consumed the salmon diet for 40 days. The very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were lowered, but the trend did not reach statistical significance during the intervention period. The total plasma cholesterol, total low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the total high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were not influenced by the salmon diet. Within the HDL fraction, however, the larger HDL2 subfractions were significantly elevated (p<0.002), and the smaller, more dense HDL3 was lowered (p<0.002) by the salmon diet. These significant changes were detected by analytic ultracentrifugation and confirmed by gradient gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the apolipoproteins (apo) AI, AII, B, and E, and Lp(a) indicated only significant lowering of apoAI, consistent with the increased HDL2, which is higher in cholesterol but lower in the major HDL apolipoprotein, apoAI. Thus, the purported beneficial cardiovascular effects of consumption of n−3 fatty acids by humans may, in part, be attributable to changes in the HDL distribution,i.e., the lowering of the more dense HDL3 and the elevation of the larger, less dense HDL2.