bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leadership in business communication
Authors: Dubinko Svetlana Alekseevna , Klimova Irina Iosifovna , Dubinka-Hushcha Lizaveta Alegauna , Klimova Galina Vladimirovna
Published: December 2021

In a geographically structured organization, where divisions are represented by geography or country, understanding cultural complexities is critical to business success. Cultural traditions can vary within individual groups and communities, not to mention the diversity of cultural traditions across countries and continents. These cultural differences are also represented in the concept of leadership, the latter being crucial for effective business communication and doing business both globally and locally. Such deep components of culture as values, beliefs, cognitive styles, relationship with the environment, attitude to social structure, time, communication change very slowly or do not change at all, even in our global world. They are also crucial for understanding leadership and behavioral norms in successful business communication under the conditions of digital economy. The study draws on a survey conducted among students, master students and alumni in Denmark and Belarus. The purpose of the study is to show that the global leadership style implies the variants which are sensitive to the national leadership styles to the extent that is most appropriate for the corporate climate and business interests.
Intermediary languages at the stage of pre-university training
Authors: Pozdnyakova Alina Aleksandrovna , Kuznetsova Galina Vasilyevna , Kolyadina Tatiana Evgenievna , Zaitseva Aleksandra Gennadievna , Morozova Larisa Yurievna
Published: December 2021

The article considers the intermediary function of languages used at the stage of preparation of foreign applicants for admission to Russian universities. In a situation when the majority of foreigners’ proficiency of the Russian language is not satisfactory, the process of studying special disciplines is significantly slowed down, and the lack of subject knowledge does not allow foreign students to successfully master their chosen specialty. In order to overcome these difficulties and solve the problem of providing students with initial subject knowledge, various forms of presentation of the material are used, but often they can be effective only if an intermediary language is used in the classroom – a common language that is more or less familiar to all the participants in the educational process. For this purpose, English is more often used in modern education. The choice of English as an intermediary language is explained by the role it plays in international communication and its wide representation in the educational process. Since there are different views in linguodidactics on the ways, methods, and “order” of introducing foreign language knowledge, special attention is paid to the expediency –inexpediency of using an intermediary language at different stages of teaching Russian in groups with heterogeneous ethnic composition. The conclusion is made about the importance of the designated problem and the need for its further development within the framework of ethnolinguistics and linguodidactics.
Linguoculturological analysis of English and Russian idioms with ornithonyms
Authors: Shmakova Aleksandra Pavlovna , Belaya Elena Nikolayevna
Published: December 2021

In the modern conditions of globalization, there are new requirements for university graduates. They should not only know a foreign language, but also a well-formed intercultural competence. The authors distinguish cultural interpretation as one of the ways of forming intercultural competence. Cultural interpretation helps to identify the national and cultural specifics of idioms, in which there is information about the world of a particular country, its lifestyle, and traditions. The internal form of idioms contains a set of cultured ideas about the world picture of a particular society. The idioms with the ornithonym component reflect the specific division of this sphere of reality. This language layer has not been sufficiently studied. The authors give the linguoculturological analysis of the Russian and English idioms with the components “swallow” and “peacock”. Culture codes and sources of cultural interpretation are analyzed from the cultural and linguistic points of view. The Russian and English idioms with the ornithonyms are compared. The authors conclude that the comparative analysis of idioms shows the difference in the linguistic world views and sheds light on the ethnic logic. The research findings can be used in teaching a foreign language to comprehend the culture of native speakers.
Gesundheitsrisiko Mobilfunkstrahlung? Was ändert sich mit 5G?
Authors: Röösli Martin , Hahad Omar , Dongus Stefan , Loizeau Nicolas , Daiber Andreas , Münzel Thomas , Eeftens Marloes
Published: December 2021

Die Exposition der Bevölkerung durch hochfrequente elektromagnetische Felder (HF-EMF) wird durch die körpernahe Nutzung von drahtlosen Kommunikationsgeräten dominiert. Die Exposition durch körperferne Sendeanlagen liegt im Durchschnitt mehrere Größenordnungen unterhalb der internationalen Richtwerte. Mit der zunehmenden mobilen Datennutzung und der damit verbundenen Nutzung von höheren Frequenzen für 5G ist mit einer Verdichtung des Mobilfunknetzes zu rechnen. Damit steigt aber nicht notgedrungen die HF-EMF-Gesamtexposition der Bevölkerung, da Mobiltelefone bei besserer Signalqualität weniger stark emittieren. 5G ist eine technologische Weiterentwicklung der bisherigen Mobilfunktechnologie mit gleichen biophysikalischen Eigenschaften. Bisher konnten keine gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen unterhalb der Richtwerte konsistent nachgewiesen werden. Beobachtete biologische Effekte wie beispielsweise auf die elektrische Aktivität des Gehirns oder auf das oxidative
Gleichgewicht bei hoher lokaler Exposition im Bereich der Expositionsrichtwerte stellen nach heutigem Kenntnisstand kein Gesundheitsrisiko dar.
Verknüpfung von Abrechnungsdaten gesetzlicher Krankenkassen
und Einsatzprotokollen des Rettungsdienstes: Brückenschlag durch
Krankenversichertennummer?
Authors: Goldhahn Ludwig , Swart Enno , Piedmont Silke
Published: December 2021

Einleitung In Deutschland wurde der Rettungsdienst im Jahr
2016/2017 bei insgesamt rund 7,3 Mio. Notfallereignissen aktiv 1. Informationen zu der dabei erfolgenden
prähospitalen Versorgung von Patient*innen finden sich in
unterschiedlichen Sekundärdatenquellen; jedoch ist die kombinierte
Analyse dieser Daten auf Fall-/Einsatz- oder Patient*innen-Ebene
selten der Fall. Um dies zu ändern, ist die Erforschung von Merkmalen
und Methoden erforderlich, anhand derer Sekundärdaten, welche
präklinische Inhalte umfassen, verknüpft werden
können.

Methode Es werden Rettungsdienst-Einsatzprotokolle aus 5 bayerischen
Rettungsdienstbereichen mit Abrechnungsinformationen 10 gesetzlicher
Krankenkassen zusammengeführt (Daten aus 2016). Demonstriert werden 2
Verknüpfungsansätze auf Ebene patient*innenindividueller
Einsätze bzw. abgerechneter Leistungen. Zuerst erfolgt die
Verknüpfung deterministisch anhand des Personenidentifikators
Krankenversichertennummer (KVNR). Der zweite Verknüpfungsansatz beruht
auf einem probabilistischen Verfahren, das neben der nur in einem Teil der
Einsatzprotokolle verfügbaren KVNR indirekte Schlüsselvariablen
berücksichtigt. Dabei handelt es sich um die Kassenzugehörigkeit
der Patient*innen, ihr Geschlecht und Geburtsjahr sowie die
zurückgelegte Wegstrecke des eingesetzten Rettungsmittels. Zur
Prüfung sowohl der deterministischen als auch probabilistischen
Verknüpfung werden Übereinstimmungsquoten verschiedener, in
beiden Datenquellen vorhandener Variablen ermittelt.

Ergebnisse Ausgangspunkt für die Datenverknüpfungen
stellen 106 371 Rettungsdienst-Einsatzprotokolle (unabhängig von
der Krankenkasse) sowie 432 693 bei Krankenkassen abgerechnete
Leistungen (unabhängig vom Rettungsdienstanbieter) aus dem Bereich der
Notfallrettung dar. Von 5921 Einsatzprotokollen, in denen eine an Inno_RD
datenliefernde Krankenkasse dokumentiert ist, können 4327
Einsatzprotolle deterministisch unter Rückgriff auf die KVNR mit den
Abrechnungsdaten zusammengeführt werden. Im Rahmen der probabilistischen
Verknüpfung lässt sich diese Anzahl auf 5379 Einsatzprotolle
steigern. Alle Prüfungen deuten sowohl für den deterministischen
als auch den probabilistischen Ansatz auf eine hohe
Verknüpfungsqualität hin.

Schlussfolgerung Eine personen- und einsatzbezogene Verknüpfung
von Einsatzprotokollen des Rettungsdienstes mit Abrechnungsdaten ist
möglich. Als Alternative zur deterministischen Verknüpfung
anhand der KVNR hat sich in Inno_RD ein probabilistischer Ansatz
bewährt, auf dessen Grundlage Einsatzprotokolle auch dann sinnvoll
verknüpft werden können, wenn KVNR nicht vorliegen sowie
indirekte Schlüsselvariablen im geringen Umfang
Nicht-Übereinstimmungen oder Missing-Values aufweisen.
Recent Advances in the Smiles Rearrangement: New Opportunities for Arylation
Authors: Greaney Michael F. , Whalley David M.
Published: December 2021

The Smiles rearrangement has undergone a renaissance in recent years providing new avenues for non-canonical arylation techniques in both the radical and polar regimes. This short review will discuss recent applications of the reaction (from 2017 to late 2021), including its relevance to areas such as heterocycle synthesis and the functionalization of alkenes and alkynes as well as glimpses at new directions for the field.

1 Introduction

2 Polar Smiles Rearrangements

3 Radical Smiles: Alkene and Alkyne Functionalization

4 Radical Smiles: Rearrangements via C–X Bond Cleavage

5 Radical Smiles: Miscellaneous Rearrangements

6 Conclusions
Anti-Galectin-2 Antibody Treatment Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Size and Alters Macrophage Polarity
Authors: Kane Jamie , Jansen Matthijs , Hendrix Sebastian , Bosmans Laura A. , Beckers Linda , Tiel Claudia van , Gijbels Marion , Zelcer Noam , Vries Carlie J. de , von Hundelshausen Philipp , Vervloet Marc , Eringa Ed , Horrevoets Anton J. , Royen Niels van , Lutgens Esther
Published: December 2021

Background Galectins have numerous cellular functions in immunity and inflammation. Short-term galectin-2 (Gal-2) blockade in ischemia-induced arteriogenesis shifts macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype and improves perfusion. Gal-2 may also affect other macrophage-related cardiovascular diseases.

Objectives This study aims to elucidate the effects of Gal-2 inhibition in atherosclerosis.

Methods ApoE −/−
mice were given a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. After 6 weeks of HCD, intermediate atherosclerotic plaques were present. To study the effects of anti-Gal-2 nanobody treatment on the progression of existing atherosclerosis, treatment with two llama-derived anti-Gal-2 nanobodies (clones 2H8 and 2C10), or vehicle was given for the remaining 6 weeks.

Results Gal-2 inhibition reduced the progression of existing atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic root was decreased, especially so in mice treated with 2C10 nanobodies. This clone showed reduced atherosclerosis severity as reflected by a decrease in fibrous cap atheromas in addition to decreases in plaque size.

The number of plaque resident macrophages was unchanged; however, there was a significant increase in the fraction of CD206+ macrophages. 2C10 treatment also increased plaque α-smooth muscle content, and Gal-2 may have a role in modulating the inflammatory status of smooth muscle cells. Remarkably, both treatments reduced serum cholesterol concentrations including reductions in very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein while triglyceride concentrations were unchanged.

Conclusion Prolonged and frequent treatment with anti-Gal-2 nanobodies reduced plaque size, slowed plaque progression, and modified the phenotype of plaque macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory profile. These results hold promise for future macrophage modulating therapeutic interventions that promote arteriogenesis and reduce atherosclerosis.
Prevention of the Postthrombotic Syndrome with Anticoagulation: A Narrative Review
Authors: Makedonov Ilia , Kahn Susan R. , Abdulrehman Jameel , Schulman Sam , Delluc Aurelien , Gross Peter , Galanaud Jean-Philippe
Published: December 2021

The postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is chronic venous insufficiency secondary to a prior deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It is the most common complication of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and, while not fatal, it can lead to chronic, unremitting symptoms as well as societal and economic consequences. The cornerstone of PTS treatment lies in its prevention after DVT. Specific PTS preventative measures include the use of elastic compression stockings and pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis. However, the efficacy of these treatments has been questioned by large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). So far, anticoagulation, primarily prescribed to prevent DVT extension and recurrence, appears to be the only unquestionably effective treatment for the prevention of PTS. In this literature review we present pathophysiological, biological, radiological, and clinical data supporting the efficacy of anticoagulants to prevent PTS and the possible differential efficacy among available classes of anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists [VKAs], low molecular weight heparins [LMWHs] and direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs]). Data suggest that LMWHs and DOACs are superior to VKAs, but no head-to-head comparison is available between DOACs and LMWHs. Owing to their potentially greater anti-inflammatory properties, LMWHs could be superior to DOACs. This finding may be of interest particularly in patients with extensive DVT at high risk of moderate to severe PTS, but needs to be confirmed by a dedicated RCT.
The PAR4 Platelet Thrombin Receptor Variant rs773902 does not Impact the Incidence of Thrombotic or Bleeding Events in a Healthy Older Population
Authors: Selvadurai Maria V. , Riaz Moeen , Xie Sophia , Tonkin Andrew M. , McNeil John J. , Lacaze Paul , Hamilton Justin R.
Published: December 2021

Background Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a platelet thrombin receptor important for thrombosis and a target of antiplatelet drug development. A frequently occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs773902) causes a PAR4 sequence variant (NC_000019.10:p.Ala120Thr) whereby platelets from Thr120-expressing individuals are hyperresponsive to PAR4 agonists versus platelets from Ala120-expressing individuals. However, whether this enhanced platelet responsiveness translates to increased thrombotic risk or decreased bleeding risk remains unknown.

Objectives This article examines the association of rs773902 with adjudicated cardiovascular events and aspirin use in a randomized trial population of healthy older individuals.

Methods We analyzed 13,547 participants in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly trial. Participants had no previous cardiovascular events at enrollment and were randomized to either 100 mg daily aspirin or placebo for a median follow-up of 4.7 years. Total genotypes were 8,761 (65%) GG (Ala120 variant), 4,303 (32%) heterozygotes, and 483 (4%) AA (Thr120 variant). Cox proportional hazard regression tested the relationship between rs773902 and thrombotic events (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE] and ischemic stroke [IS]) and bleeding (major hemorrhage [MHEM] and intracranial bleeding [ICB]).

Results No statistically significant association was observed overall or by treatment group between rs773902 and any thrombotic or bleeding event examined. Further, there was no significant interaction between rs773902 and treatment for any of MACE, IS, MHEM, or ICB.

Conclusion This post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study suggests that, despite sensitizing platelet activation, the rs773902 PAR4 variant is not associated with thrombotic cardiovascular or bleeding events in a healthy older population.
Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy Using the Okabayashi–Kobayashi Method
Authors: Sakuragi Noriaki , Kaneuchi Masanori
Published: December 2021

Radical hysterectomy (RH) is a standard treatment for early-stage cervical cancer. This surgery extirpates the uterus along with the paracervical tissues, vagina, and the paracolpium to achieve local control. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is a critical component of RH performed for regional control. A clear understanding of pelvic anatomy is critical to safely performing a RH and achieving optimal oncological and functional outcomes. The various surgical steps can damage the pelvic autonomic nerves, and a systematic nerve-sparing technique is used for the preservation of autonomic nerves. There is an intricate vascular network in the lateral paracervix (cardinal ligament) and the pelvic sidewall. We need to comprehend the three-dimensional structure of the vascular and nerve anatomy in the pelvis to perform RH effectively and safely. We can create six spaces around the uterine cervix, including the paravesical spaces, pararectal spaces, a vesicovaginal space, and a rectovaginal space to reveal the target of extirpation. It is critical to find the proper tissue plane separated by the layers of membranous connective tissue (fascia), in order to minimize intraoperative bleeding.
A novel hybrid model based on ESMD-PE and mRMR-LSTM-Adaboost for short-term wind power prediction
Authors: Zhang Kaoshe , Zhang Yu , Zhang Gang , He Xin , Yang Junting
Published: December 2021

High-precision wind power prediction could reference the optimal dispatch and stable operation of the power system. This paper proposes an adaptive hybrid optimization algorithm that integrates decomposition and reconstruction to effectively explore the potential characteristics and related factors of wind power output and improve the accuracy of short-term wind power prediction. First, the extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition is used to analyze the periodicity, trend, and abrupt characteristics in the original wind power sequence and form multiple intrinsic mode functions with local time-domain characteristics. Then, considering the similarity of the feature sequence and the efficiency of the prediction algorithm, the permutation entropy is used to reconstruct the components with close time-domain characteristics to form subsequences that could reflect different spectral characteristics. Then, the improved maximum relevance minimum redundancy-the long short-term memory-the adaptive boosting algorithm model is used to determine the prediction model structure, parameters, and optimal feature factors of the subsequences. Finally, the prediction results of each subsequence are integrated to obtain the final wind power. Taking a wind farm in northern Shaanxi as the application object, the prediction accuracy and efficiency of the methods proposed in this paper are compared in terms of the decomposition method, prediction model, and prediction timeliness. The results show that in the 15 min to 3 h forecast periods, compared with other models, the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the proposed model are increased. At the same time, as the forecast period grows, the superiority of the proposed method is more prominent.
A polar direct drive liquid deuterium–tritium wetted foam target concept for inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Olson R. E. , Schmitt M. J. , Haines B. M. , Kemp G. E. , Yeamans C. B. , Blue B. E. , Schmidt D. W. , Haid A. , Farrell M. , Bradley P. A. , Robey H. F. , Leeper R. J.
Published: December 2021

We propose a new approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) that could potentially lead to ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The proposal is based upon a combination of two concepts, referred to as polar direct drive and liquid deuterium–tritium wetted foam capsules. With this new concept, 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations indicate that ICF ignition and propagating thermonuclear burn are possible with the laser power and energy capabilities available today on the NIF.
Electronic structure tuning of α-SrSi2 by isotropic strain and isoelectronic impurity incorporation: A first-principles study for enhancement of low-temperature thermoelectric performance
Authors: Shiojiri Daishi , Iida Tsutomu , Yamaguchi Masato , Hirayama Naomi , Imai Yoji
Published: December 2021

Interest in thermoelectric (TE) materials has revived in recent years because TE materials realize not only the utilization of distributed unused thermal energy, such as exhaust heat from automobiles and factories and solar heat, but also cold power generators and self-power supplies for wireless sensors. However, because the bandgap of low-temperature TE materials is relatively small, the precise calculation of its physical properties is difficult to achieve by first-principles calculations based on conventional density functional theory. The present study investigates the effects of isotropic strain and incorporation of isoelectronic impurities on the TE transport properties of extremely narrow-gap semiconducting α-SrSi2. By adopting the Gaussian–Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof hybrid functional, the analysis clarifies the relationship between the lattice distortion and the electronic structure in α-Sr4–xAxBySi8–y (A = Mg, Ca, or Ba; B = C, Ge, Sn, or Pb) and elucidates the TE transport properties. In particular, an irregular bandgap expansion was observed in α-Sr4CSi7, suggesting that the TE performance can be maximized by appropriate tuning of the carrier concentration.
Theoretical models of void nucleation and growth for ductile metals under dynamic loading: A review
Authors: Sui Haonan , Yu Long , Liu Wenbin , Liu Ying , Cheng Yangyang , Duan Huiling
Published: December 2021

Void nucleation and growth under dynamic loading are essential for damage initiation and evolution in ductile metals. In the past few decades, the development of experimental techniques and simulation methods has helped to reveal a wealth of information about the nucleation and growth process from its microscopic aspects to macroscopic ones. Powerful and effective theoretical approaches have been developed based on this information and have helped in the analysis of the damage states of structures, thereby making an important contribution to the design of damage-resistant materials. This Review presents a brief overview of theoretical models related to the mechanisms of void nucleation and growth under dynamic loading. Classical work and recent research progress are summarized, together with discussion of some aspects deserving further study.
A rate-adjustable true random number generator based on the stochastic delay of a TiN/NbOx/Pt memristor
Authors: Gu Ran , Sun Yi , Wang Yongzhou , Wang Wei , Li Qingjiang
Published: December 2021

True random number generator (TRNG) is a critical component in hardware security that is increasingly important in the era of mobile computing and internet of things. A memristor is a promising candidate to construct a TRNG due to its intrinsic variability of switching behavior and high-density integration. Here, we present a 1T1R oscillation structure with a TiN/NbOx/Pt memristor for constructing a rate-adjustable TRNG. The randomness of the oscillation comes from the stochastic switch latency of the memristor. The experimental results demonstrate that the oscillation rate can be modulated by changing the gate bias of the transistor in series. Furthermore, a TRNG circuit with adjustable rates is constructed based on the 1T1R oscillation, and the simulated results revealed that the proposed TRNG output can pass eight NIST tests, indicating the true randomness of the circuit. Finally, the randomness in the memristor, the adjustable rate of the 1T1R oscillation, and the NIST test result of RNG are proved in turn. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the circuit, which can minimize the power consumption by adjusting the random number generation rate to correct the frequency drift caused by extrinsic factors, such as environment temperature and humidity.
Propagation of cylindrical shock waves in rotational axisymmetric dusty gas with magnetic field: Isothermal flow
Authors: Yadav Shalini , Singh Deepika , Arora Rajan
Published: December 2021

In this article, the effect of the dust particles is studied on the propagation of a cylindrical shock wave in rotational axisymmetric ideal gas under isothermal flow conditions with the magnetic field. Here, magnetic pressure, azimuthal fluid velocity, and axial fluid velocity are supposed to vary according to a power law in the undisturbed medium. With the help of Sakurai's technique, we obtain approximate solutions analytically by expanding the flow parameters in the form of a power series in ϕ=(CV)2. The power series method is used to derive the zeroth and the first-order approximations. The solutions for the zeroth-order approximation are constructed in analytical form. Distributions of the hydrodynamical quantities are analyzed graphically behind the shock front. Also, the effects of shock Cowling number (co), mass fraction of the solid particles in the mixture (kp), adiabatic exponent (γ), and rotational parameter (L) on the flow variables are discussed. It is investigated that the density and pressure near the line of symmetry in the case of isothermal flow become zero, and hence a vacuum is formed at the axis of symmetry when the flow is isothermal. The present work may be used to verify the correctness of the solution obtained by self-similarity and numerical methods. Furthermore, the results obtained in the present work are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from the study by Nath and Singh [Can. J. 98, 1077 (2020)].
A computational model of the swimming dynamics of a fish-like body in two dimensions
Authors: Sohn Sung-Ik
Published: December 2021

The undulatory swimming of a fish-like body is investigated by using an inviscid vortex shedding model in two dimensions. The body and separated vortices from the edge of the body are described by vortex sheets. We extend the model to include the forward and lateral motions as well as the net torque on the body and develop a new numerical method for a self-propelled deforming body. The numerical computation of the model successfully demonstrates the self-propulsion of the body and the formation of pairs of anti-rotating vortices shed from the body. At the starting stage, the body accelerates rapidly and turns the angle of incidence to some degree. The forward velocity reaches an asymptotic mean with oscillations, and the lateral velocity oscillates uniformly over time. The results of the model are in agreement with previous full numerical simulations. Furthermore, we examine the effects of the recoil motions of lateral translation and rotation of a body. The wake pattern and intensity significantly differ from the constraint of the recoil motions. It is found that free swimming requires less input power and affords more efficient energetic performance than the motions without recoil and with lateral translation. A body without recoil requires a large amount of power and is energetically inefficient. This shows that both recoil motions enhance the swimming efficiency.
A simple replacement of tungsten filament hot cathodes by DC heated LaB6 rod and its noise characteristics with laser-induced fluorescence
Authors: Jiang Di , Yip Chi-Shung , Zhang Wei , Jin Chen-yao , Xu Guo-Sheng , Wang Liang
Published: December 2021

Hot cathode discharges are common plasma sources for fundamental plasma physics studies and other applications due to their quiescent and relatively simple properties, and tungsten filaments are commonly used for the ease of heating them. Recently, tungsten filaments are increasingly being replaced by less luminous alternatives, such as barium oxide or lanthanum hexaboride. These materials can emit electrons at temperatures close to 1000 K lower than tungsten, greatly reducing their blackbody radiations. This results in significant improvement in signal recovery for active spectral diagnostic, such as laser-induced fluorescence. However, these less luminous cathodes often come in vastly more complicated designs than those of tungsten hot cathodes and are much more expensive to procure and difficult to operate. In this paper, we present a simple, low cost direct current heated design of a LaB6 cathode that is manufactured at suitable dimensions and make a comparison of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signal-to-noise ratio of this LaB6 hot cathode discharge with that of a typical tungsten filament discharge, revealing that LaB6 has, indeed, an improved LIF signal-to-noise ratio compared with the tungsten filament.
Optomechanical metamaterial nanobolometer
Authors: Papas Dimitrios , Ou Jun-Yu , Plum Eric , Zheludev Nikolay I.
Published: December 2021

Bolometers are detectors of electromagnetic radiation that usually convert the radiation-induced change in temperature of the detector into electric signals. Temperature-dependent electrical resistance in semiconductors and superconductors, the thermoelectric effect in thermocouples, and the pyroelectric effect of transient electric polarization of certain materials when they are heated or cooled are among the underlying physical phenomena used in bolometers. Here, we report that the dependence of the fundamental frequency of a nanowire string detected via scattering of light on the string can be used in a bolometer. Arrays of such nanowires can serve as detectors with high spatial and temporal resolution. We demonstrate a bolometer with 400 nm spatial resolution, 2–3 µs thermal response time, and optical power detection noise floor at 3–5 nW/Hz1/2 at room temperature.
The spectrum of a 1-
μ
m-wavelength-driven tin microdroplet laser-produced plasma source in the 5.5–265.5 nm wavelength range
Authors: Bouza Z. , Byers J. , Scheers J. , Schupp R. , Mostafa Y. , Behnke L. , Mazzotta Z. , Sheil J. , Ubachs W. , Hoekstra R. , Bayraktar M. , Versolato O. O.
Published: December 2021

We present a calibrated spectrum in the 5.5–265.5 nm range from a microdroplet-tin Nd:YAG-laser-produced plasma under conditions relevant for the production of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light at 13.5 nm for nanolithography. The plasma emission spectrum obtained using a custom-built transmission grating spectrometer results from a careful calibration of a series of filters enabling measurements free of any higher diffraction orders. Specifically, Zr, Si, and Al thin-foil filters and bulk LiF, MgF2, and UV fused silica filters are employed. A further filter using four SiC mirrors is used to record the otherwise inaccessible 40–100 nm range. The resulting corrected and concatenated spectra are shown to accurately match in their respective overlap regions. The possibility to measure spectra over this broad range enables the optimization of current and future sources of EUV light for nanolithography by providing the diagnostics required for minimizing the emission of unwanted wavelength bands.
Timing considerations for removal of early cumulus cells in short-term insemination strategies
Authors: Liu Zhiren , Liu Qicai , Jiang Mingting , Chen Xingting , Lin Chen , Guo Yujia
Published: December 2021

Context The timing of early cumulus cell removal (ECCR) can be changed within a range. The change has an effect on the multiple pronuclei (MPN) rate and the exposure time of oocytes to sperm waste products. The timing of ECCR effects the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology, however, it is still unclear what time is best for ECCR. Aims To find the best time for ECCR based on clinical outcomes in order to increase the success rate of assisted reproductive technology. Methods A retrospective study was performed. Cycles were categorised into six groups according to the timing of ECCR. The clinical outcomes of these six groups were compared by Kruskal–Wallis test and Pearson X 2 test. Key results The timing of ECCR had a significant effect on the MPN rate, 0PN without cleavage rate and grade 1–2 embryo rate at Day 3. Among our six time groups of ECCR, the cumulus cell removal ≤4 h post-insemination group had the highest MPN rate and grade 1–2 embryo rate at Day 3, and the 5.5 h < time ≤6 h group had the highest pronuclear formation failure rate. In addition, 2PN rate was not significantly different among the six time groups. Conclusions Within the time range of ECCR in our study, selecting an earlier timing to remove the cumulus cells may have a better outcome. Implications ECCR is helpful for optimisation of the short-term insemination strategy.
Metapopulations with habitat modification
Authors: Miller Zachary R. , Allesina Stefano
Published: December 2021

Significance

Beavers build dams, which dramatically alter the local landscape and ecological community. Bacteria modify the chemistry of their environment, changing its suitability for other microbes. Viral infections induce adaptive immunity, blunting future infection by similar strains. These apparently dissimilar situations share common features: An organism causes lasting changes to the environment that affect other species—even after the beavers emigrate, the bacterial colony collapses, or the infection is cleared. To understand the dynamics of these systems, we extend a metapopulation model (in which local populations inhabit patches connected by dispersal) to incorporate “patch memory,” modeling environmental modification. This model can produce complex dynamics and illuminates mechanisms that promote diversity in the meta-ecosystem and affect its robustness to changing environmental conditions.
In vivo kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its relationship with a person’s infectiousness
Authors: Ke Ruian , Zitzmann Carolin , Ho David D. , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Perelson Alan S.
Published: December 2021

Significance

Quantifying the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and individual infectiousness is important for understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission and evaluating intervention strategies. Here, we developed within-host models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and by fitting them to clinical data, we estimated key within-host viral dynamic parameters. We also developed a mechanistic model for viral transmission and show that the logarithm of the viral load in the upper respiratory tract serves as an appropriate surrogate for a person’s infectiousness. Using data on how viral load changes during infection, we further evaluated the effectiveness of PCR and antigen-based testing strategies for averting transmission and identifying infected individuals.
A quantitative paradigm for water-assisted proton transport through proteins and other confined spaces
Authors: Li Chenghan , Voth Gregory A.
Published: December 2021

Significance

As first proposed more than 200 y ago by Grotthuss, proton transport is enabled by a chemical bond-breaking and bond-making proton-hopping mechanism through water networks or “wires,” often contained within confined systems such as protein channels or nanotubes. Herein, concepts from graph theory are utilized in order to define a continuously differentiable collective variable for water wire connectivity and facile proton transport. As such, the water connectivity can be explicitly quantified via free-energy sampling to both qualitatively and quantitatively describe the thermodynamics and kinetics of water-facilitated proton transport via Grotthuss hopping—something that has been lacking since the first conceptual identification of this key chemical process in nature.
Investigation on fatigue crack propagation behaviour of novel TiZr-based alloy
Authors: Yue Yun , Lv Yuanyuan , Du Zhihao , Xiong Yi , Du Sanming , Ma Mingzhen
Published: December 2021

Fatigue crack propagation behaviour of a novel TiZr-based alloy with two different microstructures was studied at room temperature. The measurements at increasing stress intensity factor range were conducted with loading ratios of 0.1 and 0.6. Based on the measurements, it is found that the alloy with the lamellar microstructure shows fatigue striations and secondary cracks. As to the equiaxed microstructure, many facets are generated instead of striations. Compared with the two cases, the alloy with the lamellar structure exhibits a better resistance to fatigue crack propagation, and the resistance increases with a decrease of stress ratio for both microstructures. Combined with electron backscatter diffraction analysis, the lower crack propagation rate of the lamellar microstructure can be ascribed to crack bifurcation and striation growth.
Rapid weight gain predicts fight success in mixed martial arts – evidence from 1,400 weigh‐ins
Authors: Faro Heloiana , de Lima‐Junior Dalton , Machado Daniel Gomes da Silva
Published: December 2021

We aimed to analyze whether rapid weight gain (RWG) between the official weigh‐in and the time of the fight was associated with fight success in MMA. A total of 700 professional MMA fights involving 1,400 weigh‐ins from 21 MMA promotions regulated by the California State Athletic Commission were analyzed. Multilevel logistic regression accounting for individual (i.e. athlete) and cluster levels (i.e. fights) was used to analyze the association of all measures with a theoretical relationship with the dependent variable and without interdependency with one another (i.e. %RWG, sex, body mass division, competition level) with the fight outcome (i.e. win or loss). The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. The highest mean %RWG was found for the flyweight, bantamweight, featherweight, and lightweight divisions. The %RWG significantly predicted the fight outcome (ß = 0.044; OR = 1.045; 95%CI = 1.014–1.078; p = 0.005) so that for each 1% of additional RWG, the chance of winning increased by 4.5%. With the largest sample to date and in a “real‐world” scenario, the present results suggest that the magnitude of RWG is linked to the chance of winning in MMA combats. It is suggested that regulatory commissions, confederations, and event organisers should consider regulating RWG, considering that, despite its detrimental impact on the athletes’ health and performance, the potential advantage might stimulate athletes to invest in rapid weight loss, followed by gain after the official weigh‐in to increase their chance of winning.
Er:fiber-based femtosecond frequency comb stabilized to an Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard
Authors: Koliada N A , Pivtsov V S , Kuznetsov S A , Filonov A A , Farnosov S A , Kolyada I M , Primakov D Yu , Dychkov A S , Kharenko D S , Zhdanov I S
Published: December 2021

An erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb stabilized to an Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard was created. For the first time, a combination of an extra-cavity acousto-optic frequency modulator with fiber outputs and an intracavity electro-optic phase modulator based on a KTP crystal were used to stabilize offset frequency and one of the optical components of the Er:fiber femtosecond comb. As a result a locking bandwidth of 30 kHz for the optical comb offset frequency has been obtained. It is shown that the relative instability introduced by the stabilization and measurement systems into the output radio frequencies (in addition to the instability of the reference optical signal) is no worse than 5 × 10−14 for averaging times of 1 s and 2 × 10−16 for averaging times of 400 s.
Adversarial Modeling in WSN and its Application in Key Distribution
Authors: Bathla Rohit , Ahlawat Priyanka
Published: December 2021

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the interconnection of very small sensors placed in hostile environments. It results in physically node capturing of a node. These further decreases the performance of key management scheme as number of captured nodes increases. In the paper, we approach the issue of node capturing from adversary view. Adversary is considered more intelligent and aims to capture less nodes with maximum destructiveness in the network. This reduces energy capturing cost of adversary in launching this attack. The proposed models exploit different vulnerable points in the networks to build a matrix based attack model. These use dominating set of nodes with node path vulnerability value to quantify the probability of network compromise. These also focus on low capturing cost nodes with high destructiveness in the network. Later, it also considers the travelling capturing cost which also be minimized. Thus all factors are used to compute final attack matrix. It is shown that above models have improved performance in damaging the network in terms of energy capturing cost and number of attacking rounds.
Application of Different Filtering Techniques in Digital Image Processing
Authors: Mohanty Sumant Sekhar , Tripathy Sushreeta
Published: December 2021

Noise in an image is a random variation of brightness or color information in the original image. Noise is consistently presented in digital images during picture obtaining, coding, transmission, and processing steps. Image noise is most apparent in image regions with a low signal level. There are various reasons for the creation of noise in an image, such as electronic noise in amplifiers or detectors, disturbances and overheating of the sensor, disturbances in the medium of traveling for a digital image, etc. Noise is exceptionally hard to eliminate from the digital pictures without the earlier information of the noise model. There are various types of noise that can be available in a noise model. Filters are used to remove these types of noises in a digital image in image processing. In this research, we have implemented different filtering techniques that have been used to remove the noises in an image.
Comparative evaluation of performance and scalability of convolutional neural network implementations on a multisystem HPC architecture
Authors: Pandey Sunil , Nagwani Naresh Kumar , Verma Shrish
Published: December 2021

The convolutional neural network training algorithm has been implemented for a central processing unit based high performance multisystem architecture machine. The multisystem or the multicomputer is a parallel machine model which is essentially an abstraction of distributed memory parallel machines. In actual practice, this model corresponds to high performance computing clusters. The proposed implementation of the convolutional neural network training algorithm is based on modeling the convolutional neural network as a computational pipeline. The various functions or tasks of the convolutional neural network pipeline have been mapped onto the multiple nodes of a central processing unit based high performance computing cluster for task parallelism. The pipeline implementation provides a first level performance gain through pipeline parallelism. Further performance gains are obtained by distributing the convolutional neural network training onto the different nodes of the compute cluster. The two gains are multiplicative. In this work, the authors have carried out a comparative evaluation of the computational performance and scalability of this pipeline implementation of the convolutional neural network training with a distributed neural network software program which is based on conventional multi-model training and makes use of a centralized server. The dataset considered for this work is the North Eastern University’s hot rolled steel strip surface defects imaging dataset. In both the cases, the convolutional neural networks have been trained to classify the different defects on hot rolled steel strips on the basis of the input image. One hundred images corresponding to each class of defects have been used for the training in order to keep the training times manageable. The hyperparameters of both the convolutional neural networks were kept identical and the programs were run on the same computational cluster to enable fair comparison. Both the convolutional neural network implementations have been observed to train to nearly 80% training accuracy in 200 epochs. In effect, therefore, the comparison is on the time taken to complete the training epochs.
Detection of Cotton Leaf Disease Using Image Processing Techniques
Authors: Tripathy Sushreeta
Published: December 2021

In the area of research, diagnosis of disease symptoms in the plants duly applying image processing methods is a matter of big concern. The need of the hour is to prepare an efficient plant disease diagnosis system that can help the farmers in their cultivation and farming. This work is an attempt to prepare a framework of plant disease diagnosis system by using the cotton plant leaves. The digital pictures of cotton leaves are obtained to undergo a set of image processing techniques. Thresholding based segmentation techniques are used to remove the region of interest (ROI) i.e., infected part from the enhanced images. Consequently, diseases are detected from the region of interest by using an accurate set of visual texture features. At last treatment actions are taken to supervise the diseases found in the plants. This work will help the farmer’s society to take effective measures to protect their crops from diseases.
Face Transferring on Webcam images using StyleGAN
Authors: Prasanthi J. , Anuradha G.
Published: December 2021

In image processing technology, face transfer is broadly used for privacy protection, picture enhancement, and entertainment applications. Face transfer is the domain that maps one image into another image and extracts several features of the face from one person to morph that face to another person. This face transfer will carry the facial expressions also. This is also called face morph, face swap, etc. Here we propose StyleGAN technology using face transfer with the image to get high quality. In this StyleGAN contribute the bilinear interpolation and affine transformation. Bilinear interpolation is to remove the noise and increase the quality of images. Affine transformation is to supply the images with 2d warping to improve the image quantity. To upgrade the quality of the images with face transfer is adopted to increase the accuracy of the image quality after image transfer.
Wi-Fi Based Fire Extinguisher Robot
Authors: Laiq Abul Hassan , Kaushal Bheem Kant , Kumar Mohan , Choubey Chandan
Published: December 2021

Fire occurrences are the disaster that can cause many humans as well as animal death, property mutilation and disabilities to affected humans. The main motive to develop this robot is to overcome the loss of human lives and get best of this disaster. The idea is to develop a robot that will be used for fire extinguishing purpose and save a huge number of human lives. Keeping in mind that the human and animal lives are important to work upon. A low-cost robot will be developed for fire extinguisher. Arduino programming will be done wisely so that the flame sensor can work accordingly. Small and low-cost robot will definitely reduce the chances of fire to get to its extreme level.
Endpoint detection and response using machine learning
Authors: Kaur Harmionee , Tiwari Richa
Published: December 2021

The need for cybersecurity has increased manifold over the past decade due to an unprecedented shift towards digital. With the increase in the number and sophistication of threats, cybersecurity experts have been forced to seek out new and efficient ways to secure endpoints on a network. Machine learning provides one such solution. This paper discusses how IoT devices are threatened and the need for endpoint security. It overviews different Machine learning-based intrusion detection systems that are currently in use e.g., STAT, Haystack, etc., and other Endpoint Detection and Response Techniques.