bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RENOVATE Project: ecosystem approach for compensation and mitigation actions in the coastal marine environment
Authors: Marcelli Marco , Piermattei Viviana , Bonamano Simone , Causio Salvatore , Ceccherelli Giulia , Coppini Giovanni , De Lucia Giuseppe Andrea , Del Negro Paola , Falace Annalisa , Federico Ivan , Madonia Alice , Mentaschi Lorenzo , Piazzolla Daniele , Pinardi Nadia , Sarà Gianluca , Savini Alessandra , Scanu Sergio , Fersini Giorgio
Published: February 2023

Coastal areas are affected by conflicts between the opportunities and benefits of natural resource exploitation and the preservation of natural ecosystems, as well as by additional stresses and impacts created by ongoing climate change. Coastal infrastructures are one of the major pressures in these areas potentially producing direct and indirect impacts on marine ecosystems. Our pilot project-site is in the area surrounding of the Civitavecchia harbour (Latium, Central Tyrrhenian Sea), whose expansion could affect the existing Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows, rocky and algal reefs habitats and the conspicuous presence of the giant bivalve Pinna nobilis specimens. In this work we present the RENOVATE project, which aims developing an ecosystem approach to manage and implement compensation and mitigation measures in the coastal marine environment. The project approach is based on the restoration of ecosystem services provided by those natural habitats and sensitive species living near the harbour, as listed before. In order to develop this approach, it is necessary to implement an integrated observing system and operational modelling at regional scale, to contribute to: the development of an early warning system for extreme events, dredging and avoidance of potential impacts; the implementation of ecological compensation measures to restore ecosystem services; the siting and implementation of Nature Based Solutions.
The planning and field work for the large-N passive seismological experiment in the Eifel Volcanic Field
Authors: Milkereit Claus , Isken Marius , Sens-Schönfelder Christof , Dahm Torsten
Published: February 2023

In September 2022 we launched a large-scale seismic experiment in Germany with more than 350 seismological stations (Eifel large-N), to study the Eifel volcanic system. The temporary network is complementing the permanent seismic networks in the region. The deployed instruments used include both 4.5 Hz 3C, 1 Hz short-period, and broadband instruments. DIEGOS Cube3 digitizers are used for data sampling and 9 V electrical fence batteries provide autarch energy at each site. Most of the instruments were borrowed from the GFZ GIPP Instrument Pool for 1 year. In a second phase of the project, half of the installed stations will be re-deployed along linear profiles with a station spacing of 1 km. In 2023, continuous distributed acoustic sensing measurements along a 100 km dark telecommunication fiber optical cable will begin, for a period of three months. These measurements will complete the campaign. We report on preliminary studies on the design of the Large-N experiment, the logistical and technical approach to handling the network and the data, and show first examples for selected local earthquakes, local noise conditions and noise correlations.The Eifel region in Germany is characterized both as a recreational area with villages, agriculture, forestry and parks, as well as with cities, industrial centers, motorways, railway lines, windmill energy parcs and quarries. The site selection phase was carried out with up to three groups, and began half a year before the network deployment. At the same time, the district administrators and mayors of cities and municipalities who provide valuable support for the project were contacted.Site selection information was organized in a geo information system (GIS). The fieldwork was orchestrated using the mobile QField App. In September 2022, we started to install the large-N network, which covers an area of ​​approximately 150 x 110 km2. Around the scientific target, the Laacher See, is a high station density with inter-station distance of less than 1 km, the inter-station distances increase with distance from the Laacher See. During the installation phases in September and October 2022, the international project partners formed up to 8 groups that installed the nodal stations in the sectors. Each group was equipped with a smartphone or tablet running the QField app also, updating the station information database independently. The QField app provided instant information about the network status via online synchronization.
Online calculation of aerosol optics in atmospheric models with machine learning
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Hoshyaripour Gholam Ali
Published: February 2023

Aerosols affect weather and climate by absorbing and scattering radiation. Such effects strongly depend on the optical properties of aerosols that are mainly controlled by their other characteristics like size distribution, morphology and chemical composition. Chemistry and aerosol microphysics constantly modify these characteristics causing a large spatial and temporal variability. Most atmospheric models cannot account for this variability as they rely on look-up table to treat aerosol optics. This simplification can lead to large errors in weather and climate models when it comes to aerosol radiative impacts.  This study presents a novel and computationally inexpensive machine learning approach for online representation of the aerosol optical properties. These properties are fully coupled with the chemical and microphysical variability of particles. Aerosol composition is considered with two ternary systems for solid (dust, soot and sea salt) and liquid (water, sulfate and organics) mixtures. Then Mie calculations are performed based on these aerosol compositions assuming core-shell and volume-average mixing states. The output of the Mie code is then used to train an artificial neural network. The results show that neural network model is able to predict the aerosol optical properties (extinction coefficient, single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter) by R2 >0.90 and O(103 ) lower computational cost compared to Mie calculations. Potential applications of this approach for ICON-ART modeling system is discussed.
Defining compound extreme events on objective spatiotemporal scales
Authors: Schuhen Nina , Sillmann Jana , Cattiaux Julien , Iles Carley
Published: February 2023

Compound extreme events describe the simultaneous occurrence of two or more individual extreme weather or climate events that often have a significant impact on environment, society or economy. Many studies have investigated such events, often using different spatiotemporal scales for the same event, depending on e.g., the country or region of interest. Although appropriate from an impact point of view, this practice might lead to conflicting or inconsistent results. It is therefore necessary to find objective definitions of extreme events for attribution studies or to investigate how likelihoods of certain extreme events change over time.Building on previous work for single extreme events, we propose a roadmap for obtaining objective compound event definitions, especially with regards to their spatiotemporal characteristics, by estimating multivariate probability distributions via copulas and then maximizing the rarity of the event across several scales. We present applications to past compound extreme events with considerable impact on e.g., human health and agriculture, such as the European heat wave/high ozone event in summer 2003, and also investigate how probabilities of these events change under different emission scenarios.
Soil properties and weather conditions mask a potential tectonic contribution to radon concentrations measured in soil air – a case study from the northern Upper Rhine Graben
Authors: Mair Johannes , Henk Andreas , Lehné Rouwen
Published: February 2023

Within the framework of the project Neotectonics in the Northern Upper Rhine Graben (NeoNORG), the relationship between fault zones in a sedimentary basin and associated radon anomalies is investigated. The area of interest is located west of Darmstadt near the village Wolfskehlen. Radon levels in the Quaternary strata of the Upper Rhine Graben are generally low or moderate. However, tectonic fault zones could represent pathways of increased gas permeability and advective gas transport which would result locally in elevated soil radon concentrations. A multi-method geophysical approach was chosen to visualise the subsurface structure. Each method has different advantages in terms of penetration depth and resolution (i.e., electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetrating radar and seismics of different wave types). The combination of these different geophysical investigation methods allows to trace the fault zones from the crystalline basement of the sedimentary basin at a depth of 2 km to several metres below the earth's surface.To investigate the relationship between radon concentration and fault zones, soil gas measurements were carried out at the surface along several profiles. In total 800 soil gas measurements were conducted, in which 600 active short-term measurements were conducted by soil gas sampling and 200 passive long-term measurements (three-week exposure period) were conducted using exposimeters. In addition, parameters such as soil material, weather conditions and soil permeabilities were recorded.The evaluation of the measurements indicates no direct influence of the fault zones on the measured radon levels. Instead, there are very distinct correlations with the soil substrate and weather conditions. The preliminary results suggest that the migration of radon or the accumulation of primordial radionuclides along fault zones is superimposed by stronger signals such as weather and soil material in the study area of the Northern Upper Rhine Graben.
Pore scale modeling of the influence of roots on soil aggregation in the rhizosphere
Authors: Rötzer Maximilian , Prechtel Alexander , Ray Nadja
Published: February 2023

We present a mechanistic, spatially and temporally explicit microscale model to investigate the interactions between a growing root, its exudates and the soil structure. Our model allows us to simultaneously simulate and study the dynamic rearrangement of soil particles, the input and turnover of organic matter, the root growth and decay, as well as the deposition, redistribution and decomposition of mucilage into the rhizosphere. The interactions between these components are realized within a cellular automaton framework. Mechanistic rules lead to the formation and break-up of soil structures. The most stable configuration is determined by the amount and attractivity of surface contacts between the particles. Alteration of surface types due to addition and decomposition of organic matter and the root growth induced movements of particles result in varying aggregation dynamics over time and space.We illustrate the capability of our model by simulating the growth and shrinkage period of a fine root in a two-dimensional, horizontal cross section through the soil. We evaluate various scenarios to identify the impact of the root and further influencing factors that shape soil aggregation in the rhizosphere. More precisely, we address how the soil structure formation is influenced by soil texture and the amount of mucilage. We quantify the variations in local porosity due to the change in available pore space as influenced by the root growth. We further identify attractive properties of the soil surface induced by root exudation as key factors for the creation of stable soil structures.
Monitoring of a small karst island aquifer as a prerequisite for its sustainable management (Vis island, Croatia)
Authors: Borović Staša , Patekar Matko , Pola Marco , Terzić Josip , Briški Maja
Published: February 2023

The assessment of groundwater resources quality and quantity in arid or semi-arid climates is crucial for achieving long-term sustainable management due to their limited volume and scarce replenishment. The relevance of this topic is enhanced by their vulnerability to climate change. The Mediterranean region is considered to be a hot spot for climate change with a generally arid climate. Its groundwater resources are under increasing stress due to: growing population, agricultural and industrial development, seawater intrusion, and changing climate. Groundwater resources in islands are particularly stressed since they have small aquifer volumes and a limited extent of the recharge area. The island of Vis (Croatia) in the Adriatic Sea is a representative case study for stressed island groundwater resources. Vis is located 40 km from the mainland and depends exclusively on its local karst aquifer for public water supply. This groundwater resource is affected by a concomitant decrease of recharge, an increase of evapotranspiration, and a progressive anthropic impact due to tourism. Geochemical and hydrogeological monitoring were conducted from September 2019 to December 2022 in deep wells and coastal springs to assess the hydrochemical characteristics and the regime of the Vis groundwater resource. Although the monitoring period was characterised by low rainfall resulting in the decline in groundwater levels, the principal ion composition showed relative stability. The groundwater in wells generally showed predominant Ca-HCO3 hydrochemical facies, while coastal springs or wells nearby the sea showed both Na-Cl and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 facies. Time series of in-situ measurements of groundwater temperature, pH value, and electrical conductivity have shown low variability, notwithstanding the low precipitation during the observed period. Groundwater temperature between 16°C and 18°C varied throughout the year following the air temperature variations. The groundwater pH was neutral to mildly alkaline with low annual variability. EC values were variable depending on the interaction between groundwater and seawater. However, all objects displayed relatively stable EC values despite the prolonged drought and the intensive exploitation during the summer period. These results evidenced the resilience of the aquifer, which owes to its favourable geological structure. Due to increasing natural and anthropic pressures on the resource, continuous monitoring and the establishment of an early warning system should be foreseen in the coming years.Acknowledgments: This research was carried out within the framework of the INTERREG-CE project DEEPWATER-CE, funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
The contribution of atomic clocks to the study of spatial-temporal variations of the earth's gravity potential field
Authors: Chatzinikos Miltiadis , Delva Pacôme , Lion Guillaume
Published: February 2023

Atomic clocks went through tremendous evolutions and ameliorations since their invention in the middle of the twentieth century. The constant amelioration of their accuracy and stability permitted numerous applications in the field of metrology and fundamental physics. For a long time cold atom Caesium fountain clocks remained unchallenged in terms of accuracy and stability. However, this is no longer true with the recent development of optical clocks. This new generation of atomic clock opens new possibilities for applications in chronometric geodesy.With this progress in clock technology heading towards a relative clock accuracy of 10−18, geodetic applications become feasible, such as determining gravity potential differences over large distances at the level of 0.1 m2 s−2. In this context, the effect of temporal gravity field variations on the new observable has to be considered. In addition, the clocks could provide results with a high temporal resolution (e.g. 7 to 1 h or less) for understanding the daily to annual evolution of corresponding phenomena, which makes the clocks unique in their ability to continuously monitor regional variations of the gravity potential field, especially when using a well-distributed clock network.The goal of this paper is firstly to present an extensive review on the contribution of chronometric geodesy to the study of geodynamic phenomena. The second one is to present and analyze the mathematical framework for the estimation of the spatial-temporal variations of the gravity potential field using temporal networks of clocks. The mathematical background of this analysis was inspired from the 4-dimensional integrated geodesy developed in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Using convoluted distributions to infer auroral brightness during sunlit conditions
Authors: Hessen Jens Christian , Reistad Jone Peter , Laundal Karl Magnus
Published: February 2023

Sunlight makes it difficult to measure the aurora. We use data obtained by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s (DMSP) F16-19 satellites to quantify the auroral intensities during sunlit conditions. We use Environmental Disk Radiance (EDR) Aurora data product from the SSUSI-team, where the dayglow is already subtracted. The error in the dayglow-subtraction is proportional to the strength of the dayglow and represents an uncertainty in the observations. We characterize the auroral intensity and the dayglow part of the signal by combining multiple observations during similar solar illumination, and magnetic local time/latitude. By fitting convolutions of symmetric (dayglow-error) and fat-tailed distributions (aurora) on data from many years, it might be possible to separate the signal from the aurora. By comparing this to the regular methods of estimating auroral intensity (mean/median) we will assess the usefulness and importance of this method. We examine the validity of our method by evaluating the fits of the convoluted distributions.
SciQLop: a tool suite to facilitate multi-mission data browsing and analysis
Authors: Jeandet Alexis , Aunai Nicolas , Génot Vincent , Boettcher Patrick , Renard Benjamin , Michotte de Welle Bayane , André Nicolas , Bouchemit Myriam , Dufourg Nicolas
Published: February 2023

The SCIentific Qt application for Learning from Observations of Plasmas (SciQLop) project allows to easily discover, retrieve, plot and label in situ space physic measurements stored on remote servers such as Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb) or Automated Multi-Dataset Analysis (AMDA).  Analyzing data from a single instrument on a given mission can raise some technical difficulties such as finding where to get them, how to get them and sometimes how to read them.  Thus building for example a machine-learning pipeline involving multiple instruments and even multiple spacecraft missions can be very challenging. Our goal here is to remove all these technical difficulties without sacrificing performances to allow scientist to focus on data analysis.The SciQLop project is composed of the following tools:Speasy: An easy to use Python package to retrieve data from remote servers with multi-layer cache support.
Speasy_proxy: A self-hostable, chainable remote cache for Speasy written as a simple Python package.
Broni: A Python package which finds intersections between spacecraft trajectories and simple shapes or physical models such as magnetosheath.
Orbit-viewer: A Python graphical user interface (GUI) for Broni.
TSCat: A Python package used as backend for catalogs of events storage.
TSCat-GUI: A Python graphical user interface (GUI).
SciQLop-GUI: An extensible and efficient user interface to visualize and label time-series with an embedded IPYthon terminal.
While some components are production ready and already used for science, SciQLop is still in development and the landscape is moving quite fast.In this poster we will demonstrate how the SciQLop project makes masive in-situ data analysis simple and fast and we will also take the oportunity to exchange ideas with our users.
A generalised Fourier collocation for fast computation of glacial isostatic adjustment
Authors: Swierczek-Jereczek Jan , Montoya Marisa , Blasco Javier , Alvarez-Solas Jorge , Robinson Alexander
Published: February 2023

Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) represents an important negative feedback on ice-sheet dynamics. The magnitude and time scale of GIA primarily depend on the upper mantle viscosity and the lithosphere thickness. These parameters have been found to vary strongly over the Antarctic continent, showing ranges of 1018 - 1023 Pa s for the viscosity and 30 - 250 km for the lithospheric thickness. Recent studies show that coupling ice-sheet models to 3D GIA models capturing these spatial dependencies results in substantial differences in the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet compared to the use of 1D GIA models, where the solid-Earth parameters are assumed to depend on the latitude but not on the longitude and the depth. However, 3D GIA models are computationally expensive and sometimes require an iterative coupling for the ice sheet and the solid-Earth solutions to converge. As a consequence, their use remains limited, potentially leading to errors in the simulated ice-sheet response and associated sea-level rise projections. Here, we propose to tackle this problem by generalising the Fourier collocation method for solving GIA proposed by Lingle and Clark (1985) and implemented by Bueler et al. (2007). The method allows for an explicit accounting of the effects of spatially heterogeneous viscosity and lithospheric thicknesses and is computationally very efficient. Thus, for a continental domain at relatively high spatial resolution (256 x 256 grid points) and a 1-year time step, the model runs with speeds of ca. 200 simulation years per second on a single CPU, while keeping the error low compared to 3D GIA models. As the time step is small enough, the need of an iterative coupling method is avoided, thus making the model easy to couple with ice-sheet models.
A comparison of sensitivity analysis methods and their value for comparing denitrification models
Authors: Carrera Jesús , Petchamé Jordi
Published: February 2023

Numerous methods exist to gain insight on a model performance. Sensitivity analysis (SA) tools provide information on how a model output depends on model parameters. It is widely argued that SA is an essential tool for assessing model uncertainty. Here, I review global SA using Variogram Analysis of Response Surfaces (VARS), variance-based methods (Sobol' indices) and polynomial chaos expansion. For the comparison, we use a set of denitrification models, which are needed to assess the fate of nitrate, a global challenge. For each of the models, we assess the uncertainty and reliability of predictions, and the use of SA tools in designing experiments to reduce model uncertainty.
Automatized large-scale 3D THM simulations capturing glacial cycle effects on German nuclear waste repositories in clay rock
Authors: Silbermann Christian , Zill Florian , Meisel Tobias , Tiedtke Friederike , Kern Dominik , Carl Anton , Jockel Andreas , Nagel Thomas , Kolditz Olaf , Konietzky Heinz , Kahnt René
Published: February 2023

To properly assess the present and future conditions of potential nuclear waste repository sites, understanding their evolution in the past is mandatory. Here, glaciation cycles strongly affect the long-term thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) evolution of the geosystem.The AREHS project studies the effects of time-dependent boundary conditions on the evolution of large-scale hydrogeological systems. The focus is on numerical long-term modeling taking into account THM couplings. On the basis of generic geological models for different host rock formations, complex 3D THM simulations are performed. The long-term evolution during glacial cycles is simulated using the open-source multi-field finite element code OpenGeoSys, as well as multiple pre- and postprocessing tools integrated into an automatized workflow. This workflow facilitates testing/benchmarking and improves reproducibility as well as overall software quality in a sense of modularization. The impact of the glacial THM loading and atmospheric temperature evolution is taken into account using appropriate time-dependent THM boundary conditions. The simulation results are analyzed with respect to potential safety-critical parameters, such as maximum temperature, hydraulic pressure, subsidence, equivalent effective stress and strain. Some general conclusions will be drawn for the host rock clay in Germany.Funding:This research is funded by the Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management under Grant No. 4719F10402 (AREHS project).
Solving the ambiguity in the potential field exploration of complex sources
Authors: Fedi Maurizio
Published: February 2023

It is theoretically demonstrated  that, even with perfectly complete and perfectly accurate data, there is a fundamental ambiguity in the analysis of potential field data. The ambiguity may be easily illustrated by computing some of the various kinds of structures that can give rise to the same anomaly field. To solve the ambiguity and yield reasonable geophysical models we must therefore supply a priori information. In gravimetry, the ambiguity comes from the fact that only the excess mass is uniquely determined by the anomaly, neither the density nor the source volume. However, not only the excess mass can be uniquely estimated. Examples are the center of a uniformly dense (or magnetized) sphere or the top of a deeply extended homogeneously-dense cylinder. A priori information may consist of direct information (e.g., depth, shape) and/or of assuming that the source distribution has some specified properties (e.g., compactness, positivity). If one tries to classify the physical source-distributions in terms of their complexity, we may however use two different scaling laws, based on homogeneity and self-similarity, which allow modeling of the Earth in its complex heterogeneity. While monofractals or homogeneous functions are scaling functions, that is they do not have a specific scale of interest, multi-fractal and multi-homogeneous models need to be described within a multiscale dataset. Thus, specific techniques are needed to manage the information contained on the whole multiscale dataset. In particular,  any potential field  generated by a complex source may be modeled as  a multi-homogeneous field, which typically present a fractional and spatially varying homogeneity degree. For a source of irregular shape, it may be convenient to invert not the  field but a related quantity, the scaling function, which is a multiscale function having the advantage of not involving the density among the unknown parameters. For density or magnetic susceptibility tomographies, the degree of spatially variable homogeneity can be incorporated in the model weighting function, which, in this way, does not require prior assumptions because it is entirely deductible from the data. We discover that difficult quantities, such as the bottom of the sources, or multiple source systems are reasonably well estimated by abandoning the analysis at a single scale and unraveling the scale-related complexity of geophysical signals. The inherent self-consistency of these new multiscale tools is a significant step forward, especially in the analysis of areas where there is scarce other information about the sources.
Combining remote sensing and data-driven models for early season wheat forecasts in Morocco: How transferable and early could a yield predictive model be?
Authors: Oulaid Bader , Waine Toby , Milne Alice , El Alami Rafiq , Corstanje Ronald
Published: February 2023

Strong interannual variability in precipitation amounts and distribution, as well as recurrent droughts, are cornerstones of African countries. These phenomena primarily impact rainfed crops, of which wheat is the most important and accounting for more than 80% of cultivated areas in Morocco. An early and consistent projection of pre-harvest grain production would help decision-makers anticipate management demands, detect yield gaps, and better understand wheat response to local climatic circumstances. How early a prediction is needed and the required depend on the nature of the stakeholder. In other words, early in-season forecasts are useful for producers so that they can adjust their inputs accordingly, whereas late-season forecasts are acceptable for other stakeholders, for example those interested in production monitoring.In this work, we used satellite-derived phenology measures, climate, and soil data to generate in-season yield prediction models for rainfed and irrigated wheat in Morocco. The primary aims were to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the models as time progresses and the transferability of the models outside the area of their implementation. The findings demonstrated that the generated models' accuracy increases over time (i.e., when additional phenological measures are integrated into the models) and that Ensemble models and Random Forest models outperformed the conventional MLR models, including the regularised regression models (Lasso, Ridge, ElasticNet). 
Long-term manuring enhances glomalin-soil-carbon sequestration by increasing its recalcitrance and macro-aggregation
Authors: Yang Hongbo , Meersmans Jeroen , Colinet Gilles , Zhang Wenju , Xiao Qiong
Published: February 2023

It’s well known that agroecosystems have a great carbon sequestration potential. Within this process plays Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) an important role. Glomalin is a recalcitrant carbon fraction processed from AMF, its accumulation in response to fertilization is unclear. Here, we used a 30-year various fertilization experiment, including CK, NPK, NPKM, NPKS, M, NPKMR, and Fallow treatments, to observe the temporal trend of GRSP in bulk soil as well as across different aggregates. Meanwhile, we combined soil abiotic (pH, nutrients, MWD, GRSP chemical composition) and biotic (AMF biomass and diversity) properties to distinguish the mechanisms of long-term different fertilization on GRSP accumulation. Our results showed that GRSP content increased with time under both the fertilization and fallow treatment, but remained unchanged under the CK treatment. Manuring (M, NPKM, NPKMR) significantly increased GRSP content by increasing recalcitrance (aromatic) C in GRSP and mass percentage of macroaggregates (>0.25mm) compared with no (CK) and mineral fertilization (NPK) treatments. Manuring increased mean weight diameter (MWD) and GRSP content in macroaggregates (>0.25mm), relative to CK and NPK. There was a significant positive correlation between MWD and GRSP content in macroaggregates (>0.25 mm). Organic fertilizer also increased the proportion of aromatic C in GRSP, AMF biomass and diversity in cropland. Random forest and variance partitioning analysis showed that chemical composition of GRSP and aggregate stability together controlled the accumulation of GRSP. The structural equation model indicated that AMF properties regulate soil aggregate stability and composition of GRSP, which mediates the effects of fertilization on GRSP accumulation. In summary, long-term manuring promotes the GRSP accumulation, mainly be ascribed to the increased of AMF biomass, diversity, corresponding GRSP recalcitrance and aggregate stability. This study contributes to the understanding of the fertilization impacts on GRSP accumulation, and provides a feasible way forward for long-term soil carbon sequestration in sustainable agriculture. 
Lithospheric Controls on the Distribution of Porphyry Copper Deposits
Authors: Stephenson Simon , Hoggard Mark , Haynes Marcus , Czarnota Karol , Czado Krystian
Published: February 2023

Lithospheric structure in subduction settings controls the distribution of thermal, compositional and rheological interfaces.  It therefore plays a key role in the generation, fractionation and transport of subduction-related melts that are a vital ingredient of the formation of porphyry copper deposits.  Renewed efforts to understand the linkage between lithospheric structure and the location, grade and endowment of porphyry copper deposits has raised the possibility of using crustal and lithospheric mantle structure as an exploration tool.  One example is a suggested relationship between the genesis of porphyry copper deposits – known to be associated with evolved, silica-rich magmas – and the thickness of the crust.  Here, using a new compilation of spot measurements, we explore the utility of crustal thickness as an exploration tool for porphyry copper deposits.
Stochastic modeling of bacterial transport and retention during aquifer artificial recharge
Authors: Hidalgo Juan J. , Piña Benjamín , Valhondo Cristina , Sanz Claudia , Casado Marta
Published: February 2023

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) sytems based on water filtration allow to improve recharged water quality and quantity by retaining suspended particles and microorganisms. However, the periodic detection in groundwater of pathogens and other microorganisms that represent a significant risk for human health makes it necessary to study the mechanisms affecting the propagation and fate of microbial populations during the process.In this work a series of column experiments were performed to characterize bacteria transport in porous media. Two type of columns were built. One using only sand and another using a combination of sand, compost and wood chips. In each column a punctual injection of tracers (rhodamine and amino-G acid) and bacteria consortium collected from the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant were injected. Samples of column outflows were collected to obtain breakthrough curves of the tracers and the different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of bacteria to determine the material influence on the retention of bacteria. Bacteria displayed a strong anomalous behavior with late arrival peaks and longer tails than those obtained with the tracers.A continuous time random walk (CTRW) transport model was developed to interpret the experimental results. The model characterizes transport in terms of mobile-immobile domains. Bacteria are transported with the mean flow and experience transitions from and to low mobility zones with a certain frequency. Transport is described in terms of four parameters, namely, the mean flow velocity, the dispersion coefficient, the trapping rate, and the mean residence time in the immobile zones. The model was able to reproduce satisfactorily the observed breakthrough curves of over 470 measured ASVs. The analysis of the breakthrough curved determined that bacteria form two clusters. The breakthrough curve of one cluster has heavy tails and it is formed by small, motile, gram-negative bacteria. The other cluster displays strong peaks and a relatively weaker tailing. CTRW parameters are able to predict the cluster in which a certain bacteria belongs.
Phenotyping faba bean for drought adaptation
Authors: Wacker Tomke , Dresbøll Dorte
Published: February 2023

Faba bean (Vicia faba) is a promising protein crop for a green transition of our food and food production systems in temperate climates. The crop produces protein rich pulses, with nitrogen derived from the atmosphere, offering the potential to make crop production systems less reliant on fossil energy input. One challenge of increasing faba bean cropping is, however, their drought sensitivity induced yield instability, which may be specifically harmful during the indeterminate flowering period.A faba bean phenotyping experiment was established at University of Copenhagen, combining field experiments with rhizotube observations. Five commercial cultivars were grown in field plots. To create drought conditions, the plots were partly covered by rain gutters to remove precipitation during the flowering period. In dry seasons, the well-watered control was irrigated. Aboveground growth parameters were assessed, root architectural traits were determined by a shovelomics approach, and stomata imprints were analysed for stomata size and density using a convolution neural network approach.In order to obtain information on root growth dynamics, plants were grown in 2m tall rhizotubes with a diameter of 15cm and with a transparent surface. Root images were acquired to follow root development over time. Soil water sensors were installed, to observe water content and how it was affected by the drought treatment. Results from the first two seasons of this three-year project show successful establishment of drought conditions in the field trial using the rain-gutter approach. Yield and yield composition were affected by drought treatment and showed a mean reduction of 0.7-0.8 T ha-1. Cultivars show varying responses to the drought stress, which was reflected on root and shoot parameters. Stomata density and size showed genotypic variation, and cultivar specific plastic adaptation to drought. Stomata density and size correlated strongly with root traits observed from the shovelomics approach, indicating that a deeper, more proliferated root system can support larger transpiration demand. These findings were further supported by the rhiztobue experiments, where maximum rooting depth and stomata cover are correlated. The preliminary results of this study show interesting interactions between shoot and root phenotyping at different scales, and expands our understanding of the water budget of faba bean. 
Effectiveness of an unprecedented decontamination program on river sediment and radioactive contaminant fluxes
Authors: Vandromme Rosalie , Hayashi Seiji , Tsuji Hideki , Evrard Olivier , Grangeon Thomas , Landemaine Valentin , Laceby Patrick , Wakiyama Yoshifumi , Cerdan Olivier
Published: February 2023

In the current context of raising concerns related to nuclear accidents and warfare, the lessons learnt from the Fukushima accident in 2011 are of particular interest. Indeed, the Japanese authorities implemented an ambitious decontamination program, which strongly differs from the strategy adopted in Chernobyl where the most contaminated area remains closed to the population nowadays. However, the impact of this strategy on the dispersion of radioactive contaminant fluxes across mountainous landscapes exposed to typhoons remains to be quantified. Based on the unique combination of river monitoring and modelling in a catchment representative of the most impacted area in Japan, we could demonstrate for the first time that decontamination only led to a decrease of 17% of the radionuclide fluxes in the river system. Furthermore, we calculated that 67% of the initial radiocesium remains stored in forests and may contribute to radiocesium dispersion in river systems in response to future erosive events. As the current research was conducted in an area representative of the 1,117 km²-area where remediation was completed early in 2017, it raises questions about the overall sustainability and cost-benefit effectiveness of such a remediation program that generated 9,100,000 m3 of waste for a cost of ~12 billion USD. Only a limited proportion of the initial population returned to their hometown (~30% by 2019), which remains a major challenge for the future of this region, although the primary goal of authorities to decrease the radiation dose rates in the inhabited areas was achieved. 
MODWT-based outflow decomposition and individual contribution of regulation sites over Paranapanema river basin
Authors: Fujita Thais , Cuartas Luz Adriana , Andrade Campos Juliana , Rodrigues Capozzoli Caluan , Alberto Martins Jorge , Dias de Freitas Edmilson , Bertacchi Uvo Cintia
Published: February 2023

The viability of hydropower production depends on water and energy distribution, storage capacities, and technical constraints. Understanding the sensitivity of runoff variability to hydroelectricity production is a step to better assess its potential and add value to society. In this study, we explored the decomposition of hourly outflow data of hydropower power plants (HPP) operation for a 22-year period into scale-dependent coefficients using the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) over the Paranapanema river basin. The wavelet analysis of the historical time series shows that the operational coordination of the cascade hydropower system leads the watershed to behave as a space-time filter. This filtering is applied to the process of temporal aggregation of rainfall into the generation of runoff and results in periodic fluctuations due to retention and release of outflow in regulation sites, from run-of-river facilities and regulation dams. These regulated patterns manifest over several scales, dominated by hydropeaking, and diminished seasonal signals.We found that MODWT effectively describes the broadband of sub-daily and weekly flow cycles from fluctuating electricity demand. The decomposition analysis, which partitions the signal's energy across detail coefficients and scaling coefficients, also showed that the recognition of site-specific, each HPP, infers the individual filtering contributions of regulation points and provides a complementary metric to identify the practices and policies that affect outflows across the watershed. The increase in total energy by scales, the sum of decompositions, from upstream to downstream indicates the presence of spatial and temporal relationships with outflow magnitude. In addition, it highlights the coordination of the joint operation and how its cumulative effects serve energy generation, which implies matching consumer demand and supply.
Fe solid phase chemistry and its effect on P retention in the sediment of a eutrophic peat lake 10 years after Fe amendment
Authors: Münch Melanie , van Kaam Rianne , As Karel , Peiffer Stefan , ter Heerdt Gerard , Voegelin Andreas
Published: February 2023

Globally, surface water quality and ecosystem functioning are challenged by anthropogenic P inputs. While sterner legislation has led to lower external P loading, internal loading fed by legacy P accumulated in the sediment has become the controlling factor of surface water P concentrations in many European freshwater systems. Fe amendment is a treatment method to control internal P loading, but is not always successful on the long term. In Lake Terra Nova, a polymictic shallow peat lake in the Netherlands, treatment with FeCl3 only led to a temporary decrease in sedimentary P release. Two years after treatment seasonal peaks in surface water P concentrations started to appear and have been increasing in intensity for the past 8 years. Depth-resolved solid phase analysis by sequential Fe and P extractions was combined with bulk X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Fe K-edge and high-resolution micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µ-XRF) and µ-XAS. At spots with distinctively high Fe contents, pyrite and silicate-bound Fe are identified by microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. The spectroscopic data, however, also point to a finely dispersed Fe species in the sediment matrix which most likely corresponds to Fe complexed by OM in the surface sediment. The correlation of the distribution of P and Fe suggests that P is bound to these Fe-OM complexes. This interpretation is supported by the sequential extraction results which showed that the Fe treatment induced a shift in the dominant P pool from Ca-bound P to Fe- and OM-bound P. Overall, the results indicate that FeCl3 application caused a change in sediment P dynamics towards a highly redox sensitive system in which P bound to Fe-OM is released to the surface water during seasonally low bottom water oxygen concentrations. The results of this study therefore indicate that FeCl3 may not be the ideal additive for the remediation of internal P loading in peaty water bodies due to the high affinity of Fe to OM.
Exo-Io Simulations of Toroidal Exospheres
Authors: Meyer zu Westram Moritz , Oza Apurva , Galli André
Published: February 2023

Although exomoons, natural satellites beyond our solar system, are still undetectable in direct searches with state-of-the-art instruments, their existence has been hypothesized to explain various inconsistencies in exoplanetary spectra. Exogenic sources of sodium and potassium have been considered at multiple exoplanets, where abundances exceed the exoplanet’s source rates, and hydrostatic exoplanet atmospheres are limited in their ability to explain increased line broadening seen in Na & K spectra, where an orbiting body naturally provides broadening with variable ±∼10-20 km/s.A semi-analytic atmospheric escape and evolution model dishoom approximates the minimum mass flux needed for an exomoon to provide volcanic material for the absorption of star light. We develop a 3-D test-particle Monte Carlo simulation module called SERPENS (Simulating the Evolution of Ring Particles Emergent from Natural Satellites) to be coupled to dishoom. SERPENS is designed to be highly adaptive, open-source, and easy to use. We simulate the neutral outgassing and evolution of a satellite at multiple candidate exoplanet-exomoon systems including HD189733 b II, HD209458 b I, WASP-49 A b I, HAT-P-1 b I, and WASP-96 b I, in order to provide a number density n[cm−3] and line-of-sight column density N[cm−2] map of the particle environment in a non-hydrostatic medium, characteristic of a volcanic exosphere akin to Jupiter’s Na exosphere fueled by Io. The neutral species maps are then fed into a non-hydrostatic radiative transfer model, Prometheus, which computes an exospheric spectrum that can be directly compared to ongoing ground and space-based spectra of candidate exomoon systems. We model masses ranging from Earth, Io, and Enceladus to emulate long-term effects of mass loss and present the respective particle distributions. Photoionization is set as the prime constraint for the lifetime of atoms and molecules.In contrast to previous works, our code SERPENS focuses on exomoons and their imprint as a neutraland plasma torus. SERPENS is designed to eject particles via sputtering and thermal evaporation atregular time intervals allowing us to simulate an evolving cloud/torus. Multiple species including Na, Kand SO2, as well as their chemical networks, are supported.Our results demonstrate how exomoons similar to Io, referred to as exo-Ios, can affect line-of-sight column densities depending on the phase of the exomoon at the time of observation. This means that it is possible to model time-variable spectra by taking into account the phase of the exomoon.
Seasonal prediction of UK mean and extreme winds
Authors: Lockwood Julia , Stringer Nicky , Hodge Katie , Bett Philip , Knight Jeff , Smith Doug , Scaife Adam , Patterson Matthew , Dunstone Nick , Thornton Hazel
Published: February 2023

For several years the Met Office has produced a seasonal outlook for the UK every month, which is issued to the UK Government and contingency planners.  The outlook gives predictions of the probability of having average, low, or high seasonal mean UK temperature and precipitation for the coming three-months.  In recent years, there has been increasing demand from sectors such as energy and insurance to include similar probabilistic predictions of UK wind speed: both for the seasonal mean and for measures of extreme winds such as storm numbers.  In this presentation we show the skill of the Met Office’s GloSea system in predicting seasonal (three-month average) UK mean wind and a measure of UK storminess throughout the year, and discuss the drivers of predictability.  Skill in predicting the UK mean wind speed and storminess peaks in winter (December–February), owing to predictability of the North Atlantic oscillation.  In summer (June–August), there is evidence that a significant proportion of variability in UK winds is driven by a Rossby wave train which the model has little skill in predicting. Nevertheless there are signs that the wave is potentially predictable and skill may be improved by reducing model errors.