bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: The GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY
Authors: Abalansa Samuel , El Mahrad Badr , Icely John , Newton Alice
Published: May 2021

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly developing environmental problem particularly for the most developed countries. There are technological solutions for processing it, but these are costly, and the cheaper option for most developed countries has been to export most of the waste to less developed countries. There are various laws and policies for regulating the processing of e-waste at different governance scales such as the international Basel Convention, the regional Bamoko Convention, and various national laws. However, many of the regulations are not fully implemented and there is substantial financial pressure to maintain the jobs created for processing e-waste. Mexico, Brazil, Ghana Nigeria, India, and China have been selected for a more detailed study of the transboundary movements of e-waste. This includes a systematic review of existing literature, the application of the Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework for analysing complex problems associated with social ecological systems, and the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the environmental impact of electronic devices from their manufacture through to their final disposal. Japan, Italy, Switzerland, and Norway have been selected for the LCA to show how e-waste is diverted to developing countries, as there is not sufficient data available for the assessment from the selected developing countries. GOOD, BAD and UGLY outcomes have been identified from this study: the GOOD is the creation of jobs and the use of e-waste as a source of raw materials; the BAD is the exacerbation of the already poor environmental conditions in developing countries; the UGLY is the negative impact on the health of workers processing e-waste due to a wide range of toxic components in this waste. There are a number of management options that are available to reduce the impact of the BAD and the UGLY, such as adopting the concept of a circular economy, urban mining, reducing loopholes and improving existing policies and regulations, as well as reducing the disparity in income between the top and bottom of the management hierarchy for e-waste disposal. The overarching message is a request for developed countries to help developing countries in the fight against e-waste, rather than exporting their environmental problems to these poorer regions.
Mărginimea Sibiului Tells Its Story: Sustainability, Cultural Heritage and Rural Tourism—A Supply-Side Perspective
Authors: Coroș Monica Maria , Privitera Donatella , Păunescu Loredana Maria , Nedelcu Adrian , Lupu Cristina , Ganușceac Alexandru
Published: May 2021

Territorial development and rural tourism are linked. Rural tourism involves tourists in rural areas who are attracted by the distinctive character of the landscape, recreation such as local and food resources, and the potential for spiritual, environmental, and cultural growth. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the economic, sustainable, and social role of tourism in the development of the rural area of Mărginimea Sibiului in Romania. It highlights the role of local entrepreneurs in developing new practices and sustainable approaches. Drawing on the literature review on the topic of sustainable rural tourism, this paper uses the case study as a methodological approach. We have developed consistent desk research relying on the processing of official governmental data and of national statistics, supported by analytical strategies involving induction and deduction. The main findings lead towards the conclusion that Mărginimea Sibiului has managed to gain both national and international notoriety while developing coherently, capitalizing on its natural and cultural heritage, and providing services in successful agritourist boarding houses and rural guesthouses, which have continuously developed both numerically and in terms of comfort levels. Because more than two thirds of the initially established lodgings in the early 2000s continue to function today, these facilities have proven to be sustainable and attractive businesses.
Building Teacher Identity in Environmental and Sustainability Education: The Perspectives of Preservice Secondary School Geography Teachers
Authors: Rushton Elizabeth A. C.
Published: May 2021

Geography teachers have an important role within environmental education and, in England, are developing their professional identities at a time when environmental education is contested. This study considers the experiences of five trainee secondary school geography teachers who are all part of a university-based teacher education programme rooted in an environmental justice approach. Data is drawn from three interviews with each of five individuals over the course of their training (15 interviews in total) and participants’ written reflections. Findings include (1) teachers draw on a range of approaches to implement Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE), (2) teachers share and value their own and their students’ stories of and personal connections with the environment and (3) teachers seek to enable young people to bring about change to their lives and communities. The contested nature of foregrounding ESE in the geography classroom is noted, as are the tensions and emotional load that teachers experience when seeking to develop their professional identity. Reflections are shared regarding the ways in which PGCE programmes provide teachers with opportunities to build ESE identities, in particular the role of semi-structured, reflexive interviews in providing an important space for identity work that could be usefully considered within the broader context of the newly implemented Early Career Teacher framework for England.
SIEA: Secure Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Systems Optimization Algorithms and PUFs
Authors: Muhammad Aina’u Shehu , Özkaynak Fatih
Published: May 2021

One of the general problems in modern digital society is undoubtedly the information security topic. It is critical to ensure the security of information transferred, processed, and stored throughout digital channels. Among this information, digital images draw attention in terms of frequency of use in digital channels. In this study, a new image encryption algorithm is proposed to address the security problems of digital images. The aspect that differentiates the proposed algorithm from thousands of image encryption algorithms in the literature is that it is designed within the framework of the provable security design principle. The provable security design approach has ensured that the proposed algorithm is theoretically secure with mathematical proof techniques. In addition to addressing the proposed architecture security concerns, the hybrid random number generator used as the key generator constitutes another unique aspect. This generator, which was designed using chaotic systems, physical unclonable functions, and optimization algorithms, stands out as the innovative aspect of the study. The statistical randomness properties of the proposed random number generator were tested using the NIST SP 800-22 Statistical Test Suite. Successful results were obtained for 15 tests in the test package. In addition, the success of these outputs was tested on a new image encryption algorithm. The security of the proposed algorithm was tested from different angles using various experimental analyzes and a 12-step provable security analysis roadmap. Successful analysis results and performance measurements indicate that the proposed cryptographic components can be used in many information security applications and many future designs.
Mixed Sensitivity-Based Robust H∞ Control Method for Real-Time Hybrid Simulation
Authors: Ning Xizhan
Published: May 2021

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS), dividing the emulated structure into numerical substructures (NS) and physical substructures (PS), is a powerful technique to obtain responses and then to assess the seismic performance of civil engineering structures. A transfer system, a servo-hydraulic actuator or shaking table, is used to apply boundary conditions between the two substructures. However, the servo-hydraulic actuator is inherently a complex system with nonlinearities and may introduce time delays into the RTHS, which will decrease the accuracy and stability of the RTHS. Moreover, there are various uncertainties in RTHS. An accurate and robust actuator control strategy is necessary to guarantee reliable simulation results. Therefore, a mixed sensitivity-based H∞ control method was proposed for RTHS. In H∞ control, the dynamics and robustness of the closed-loop transfer system are realized by performance weighting functions. A form of weighting function was given considering the requirement in RTHS. The influence of the weighting functions on the dynamics was investigated. Numerical simulations and actual RTHSs were carried out under symmetric and asymmetric dynamic loads, namely sinusoidal and earthquake excitation, respectively. Results indicated that the H∞ control method used for RTHS is feasible, and it exhibits an excellent tracking performance and robustness.
An Oscillation Criterion of Nonlinear Differential Equations with Advanced Term
Authors: Bazighifan Omar , Almutairi Alanoud , Almarri Barakah , Marin Marin
Published: May 2021

The aim of the present paper is to provide oscillation conditions for fourth-order damped differential equations with advanced term. By using the Riccati technique, some new oscillation criteria, which ensure that every solution oscillates, are established. In fact, the obtained results extend, unify and correlate many of the existing results in the literature. Furthermore, two examples with specific parameter values are provided to confirm our results.
What Solar–Terrestrial Link Researchers Should Know about Interplanetary Drivers
Authors: Yermolaev Yuri I. , Lodkina Irina G. , Dremukhina Lidia A. , Yermolaev Michael Y. , Khokhlachev Alexander A.
Published: May 2021

One of the most promising methods of research in solar–terrestrial physics is the comparison of the responses of the magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere system to various types of interplanetary disturbances (so-called “interplanetary drivers”). Numerous studies have shown that different types of drivers result in different reactions of the system for identical variations in the interplanetary magnetic field. In particular, the sheaths—compression regions before fast interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs)—have higher efficiency in terms of the generation of magnetic storms than ICMEs. The growing popularity of this method of research is accompanied by the growth of incorrect methodological approaches in such studies. These errors can be divided into four main classes: (i) using incorrect data with the identification of driver types published in other studies; (ii) using incorrect methods to identify the types of drivers and, as a result, misclassify the causes of magnetospheric-ionospheric disturbances; (iii) ignoring a frequent case with a complex, composite, nature of the driver (the presence of a sequence of several simple drivers) and matching the system response with only one of the drivers; for example, a magnetic storm is often generated by a sheath in front of ICME, although the authors consider these events to be a so-called “CME-induced” storm, rather than a “sheath-induced” storm; (iv) ignoring the compression regions before the fast CME in the case when there is no interplanetary shock (IS) in front of the compression region (“sheath without IS” or the so-called “lost driver”), although this type of driver generates about 10% of moderate and large magnetic storms. Possible ways of solving this problem are discussed.
Scaling Properties of Galaxy Groups
Authors: Lovisari Lorenzo , Ettori Stefano , Gaspari Massimo , Giles Paul A.
Published: May 2021

Galaxy groups and poor clusters are more common than rich clusters, and host the largest fraction of matter content in the Universe. Hence, their studies are key to understand the gravitational and thermal evolution of the bulk of the cosmic matter. Moreover, because of their shallower gravitational potential, galaxy groups are systems where non-gravitational processes (e.g., cooling, AGN feedback, star formation) are expected to have a higher impact on the distribution of baryons, and on the general physical properties, than in more massive objects, inducing systematic departures from the expected scaling relations. Despite their paramount importance from the astrophysical and cosmological point of view, the challenges in their detection have limited the studies of galaxy groups. Upcoming large surveys will change this picture, reassigning to galaxy groups their central role in studying the structure formation and evolution in the Universe, and in measuring the cosmic baryonic content. Here, we review the recent literature on various scaling relations between X-ray and optical properties of these systems, focusing on the observational measurements, and the progress in our understanding of the deviations from the self-similar expectations on groups’ scales. We discuss some of the sources of these deviations, and how feedback from supernovae and/or AGNs impacts the general properties and the reconstructed scaling laws. Finally, we discuss future prospects in the study of galaxy groups.
Bat Flies of the Family Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) Host Relatives of Medically and Agriculturally Important “Bat-Associated” Viruses
Authors: Ramírez-Martínez María M. , Bennett Andrew J. , Dunn Christopher D. , Yuill Thomas M. , Goldberg Tony L.
Published: May 2021

Bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats. We collected streblid bat flies from the New World (México) and the Old World (Uganda), and used metagenomics to identify their viruses. In México, we found méjal virus (Rhabdoviridae; Vesiculovirus), Amate virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), and two unclassified viruses of invertebrates. Méjal virus is related to emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses and to the agriculturally important vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV). Amate virus and its sister taxon from a bat are most closely related to mosquito- and tick-borne orbiviruses, suggesting a previously unrecognized orbivirus transmission cycle involving bats and bat flies. In Uganda, we found mamucuso virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) and two unclassified viruses (a rhabdovirus and an invertebrate virus). Mamucuso virus is related to encephalitic viruses of mammals and to viruses from nycteribiid bat flies and louse flies, suggesting a previously unrecognized orthobunyavirus transmission cycle involving hippoboscoid insects. Bat fly virus transmission may be neither strictly vector-borne nor strictly vertical, with opportunistic feeding by bat flies occasionally leading to zoonotic transmission. Many “bat-associated” viruses, which are ecologically and epidemiologically associated with bats but rarely or never found in bats themselves, may actually be viruses of bat flies or other bat ectoparasites.
Monkeying around with MAIT Cells: Studying the Role of MAIT Cells in SIV and Mtb Co-Infection
Authors: Moriarty Ryan V. , Ellis Amy L. , O’Connor Shelby L.
Published: May 2021

There were an estimated 10 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease in 2019. While over 90% of individuals successfully control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, which causes TB disease, HIV co-infection often leads to active TB disease. Despite the co-endemic nature of HIV and TB, knowledge of the immune mechanisms contributing to the loss of control of Mtb replication during HIV infection is lacking. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that target and destroy bacterially-infected cells and may contribute to the control of Mtb infection. Studies examining MAIT cells in human Mtb infection are commonly performed using peripheral blood samples. However, because Mtb infection occurs primarily in lung tissue and lung-associated lymph nodes, these studies may not be fully translatable to the tissues. Additionally, studies longitudinally examining MAIT cell dynamics during HIV/Mtb co-infection are rare, and lung and lymph node tissue samples from HIV+ patients are typically unavailable. Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide a model system to characterize MAIT cell activity during Mtb infection, both in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and SIV-naïve animals. Using NHPs allows for a more comprehensive understanding of tissue-based MAIT cell dynamics during infection with both pathogens. NHP SIV and Mtb infection is similar to human HIV and Mtb infection, and MAIT cells are phenotypically similar in humans and NHPs. Here, we discuss current knowledge surrounding MAIT cells in SIV and Mtb infection, how SIV infection impairs MAIT cell function during Mtb co-infection, and knowledge gaps to address.
Efficient Intravenous Tumor Targeting Using the αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Precision Virotherapy Ad5NULL-A20
Authors: Davies James A. , Marlow Gareth , Uusi-Kerttula Hanni K. , Seaton Gillian , Piggott Luke , Badder Luned M. , Clarkson Richard W. E. , Chester John D. , Parker Alan L.
Published: May 2021

We previously developed a refined, tumor-selective adenovirus, Ad5NULL-A20, harboring tropism ablating mutations in each major capsid protein, to ablate all native means of infection. We incorporated a 20-mer peptide (A20) in the fiber knob for selective infection via αvβ6 integrin, a marker of aggressive epithelial cancers. Methods: To ascertain the selectivity of Ad5NULL-A20 for αvβ6-positive tumor cell lines of pancreatic and breast cancer origin, we performed reporter gene and cell viability assays. Biodistribution of viral vectors in mice harboring xenografts with low, medium, and high αvβ6 levels was quantified by qPCR for viral genomes 48 h post intravenous administration. Results: Ad5NULL-A20 vector transduced cells in an αvβ6-selective manner, whilst cell killing mediated by oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 was αvβ6-selective. Biodistribution analysis following intravenous administration into mice bearing breast cancer xenografts demonstrated that Ad5NULL-A20 resulted in significantly reduced liver accumulation coupled with increased tumor accumulation compared to Ad5 in all three models, with tumor-to-liver ratios improved as a function of αvβ6 expression. Conclusions: Ad5NULL-A20-based virotherapies efficiently target αvβ6-integrin-positive tumors following intravenous administration, validating the potential of Ad5NULL-A20 for systemic applications, enabling tumor-selective overexpression of virally encoded therapeutic transgenes.
Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccination Rates and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Rates Set Geographical and Ethnic Population Susceptibility to Serious COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
Authors: Root-Bernstein Robert
Published: May 2021

This study examines the relationship of pneumococcal vaccination rates, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations (DTP), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), and Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (tuberculosis) vaccination rates to COVID-19 case and death rates for 51 nations that have high rates of COVID-19 testing and for which nearly complete childhood, at-risk adult and elderly pneumococcal vaccination data were available. The study is unique in a large number of nations examined, the range of vaccine controls, in testing effects of combinations of vaccinations, and in examining the relationship of COVID-19 and vaccination rates to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Analysis of Italian regions and the states of the United States were also performed. Significant positive correlations were found between IPD (but not lower respiratory infections) and COVID-19 rates, while significant negative correlations were found between pneumococcal vaccination and COVID-19 rates. Influenza and MMR vaccination rates were negatively correlated with lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates and may synergize with pneumococcal vaccination rates to protect against COVID-19. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates were independent of other vaccination rates. These results suggest that endemic rates of bacterial pneumonias, for which pneumococci are a sentinel, may set regional and national susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease and death.
Impact of Inflammatory Immune Dysfunction in Psoriasis Patients at Risk for COVID-19
Authors: Yendo Tatiana Mina , Sato Maria Notomi , Branco Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo , Pietrobon Anna Julia , Teixeira Franciane Mouradian Emidio , Ramos Yasmim Álefe Leuzzi , Alberca Ricardo Wesley , Valêncio Cesar Giudice , Arruda Vivian Nunes , Romiti Ricardo , Arnone Marcelo , Hirayama André Luis da Silva , Duarte Alberto Jose da Silva , Aoki Valeria , Orfali Raquel Leao
Published: May 2021

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated dermatosis usually associated with comorbidities. Treatment varies from topicals to systemic drugs and data on susceptibility to viral infections in psoriatic patients are scarce. The objectives of this study were to analyze psoriatic patients on different therapies who were at risk for COVID-19 for seroprevalence of SARS-COV-2, pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, comorbidities and outcomes in order to unveil the immunological mechanisms involved in the anti-viral response in patients with psoriasis. Seventy-five patients with psoriasis were divided according to treatment: immunobiologics, methotrexate, topicals and acitretin. Twenty healthy controls were included. Plasma samples were collected for: IgG SARS-COV-2 (ELISA); IL-27, IL-29 and IL-18 (ELISA); and IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-6 and TNF (cytometric array). Seropositivity for SARS-COV-2 was detected in 24 out of 75 psoriasis patients and did not relate to COVID-19 symptoms and/or hospitalization, despite associated comorbidities. Psoriasis patients who were asymptomatic for SARS-COV-2 exhibited immune imbalance with high levels of IL-18, IL-17A and IL-6, and low levels of IL-27 compared to healthy controls. Psoriasis groups showed significant increased cytokine levels only in the group with immunobiologics. Despite immune deviations and lower IL-27, which has a potential antiviral impact, psoriatic patients did not exhibit complications related to COVID-19. An understanding of this kind of proinflammatory profile of psoriatic patients and of the lack of severe outcomes for COVID-19 is essential to establish novel therapeutic approaches and preventive measures, including with regard to the concomitance of viral infections.
Design, Scaling, and Development of Biofilters with E crassipes for Treatment of Water Contaminated with Cr (VI)
Authors: Carreño Sayago Uriel Fernando
Published: May 2021

The heavy metal water treatment process is the subject of worldwide research. Chromium (VI) is a heavy metal that is very dangerous to humans due to it being able to alter genetic material and cause cancer. Cellulose is an interesting material for removing heavy metals, and excellent removals have been achieved in many experiments at the laboratory scale. However, scaling these processes to polluting industries is not easy. The objective of this research is to design, scale, and test a biofilter with biomass of E crassipes transformed with iron for treatment of water contaminated with Cr (VI). The biomasses of E crassipes (EC) and E crassipes with iron (EC + Fe) were evaluated at the batch laboratory scale to determine the adsorption capacities through Langmuir isotherms. With these capacities, a mass balance was formulated, obtaining the design equation to build a biofilter at the pilot scale and providing the required amount of biomass from (EC) and (EC + Fe) for the adequate treatment of the Cr (VI) present in the water. The mass, as suggested by the relevant equations, for the greatest concentration of Cr (VI) of 500 mg/L was 42 g together with a flow rate of 10 mL/min for the biomass of (EC + Fe); for the biomass of (EC), the suggested model for the treatment of the greatest Cr (VI) concentration of 500 mg/L was 64 g of biomass together with a flow rate of 10 mL/min. We conclude that the two pilot-scale treatment systems were consistent with the Cr (VI) removal process and that the equation for the design was adequate.
A Predictive Model for Estimating Damage from Wind Waves during Coastal Storms
Authors: Choo Yeon Moon , Chun Kun Hak , Jeon Hae Seong , Sim Sang Bo
Published: May 2021

In recent years, climate abnormalities have been observed globally. Consequently, the scale and size of natural disasters, such as typhoons, wind wave, heavy snow, downpours, and storms, have increased. However, compared to other disasters, predicting the timing, location and severity of damages associated with typhoons and other extreme wind wave events is difficult. Accurately predicting the damage extent can reduce the damage scale by facilitating a speedy response. Therefore, in this study, a model to estimate the cost of damages associated with wind waves and their impacts during coastal storms was developed for the Republic of Korea. The history of wind wave and typhoon damages for coastal areas in Korea was collected from the disaster annual report (1991–2020), and the damage cost was converted such that it reflected the inflation rate as in 2020. Furthermore, data on ocean meteorological factors were collected for the events of wind wave and typhoon damages. Using logistic and linear regression, a wind wave damage prediction model reflecting the coastal regional characteristics based on 74 regions nationwide was developed. This prediction model enabled damage forecasting and can be utilized for improving the law and policy in disaster management.
A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Adaptation Approaches to Coastal Hazards and Sea Level Rise: A Case Study from Imperial Beach, California
Authors: Revell David , King Phil , Giliam Jeff , Calil Juliano , Jenkins Sarah , Helmer Chris , Nakagawa Jim , Snyder Alex , Ellis Joe , Jamieson Matt
Published: May 2021

Sea level rise increases community risks from erosion, wave flooding, and tides. Current management typically protects existing development and infrastructure with coastal armoring. These practices ignore long-term impacts to public trust coastal recreation and natural ecosystems. This adaptation framework models physical responses to the public beach and private upland for each adaptation strategy over time, linking physical changes in widths to damages, economic costs, and benefits from beach recreation and nature using low-lying Imperial Beach, California, as a case study. Available coastal hazard models identified community vulnerabilities, and local risk communication engagement prioritized five adaptation approaches—armoring, nourishment, living shorelines, groins, and managed retreat. This framework innovates using replacement cost as a proxy for ecosystem services normally not valued and examines a managed retreat policy approach using a public buyout and rent-back option. Specific methods and economic values used in the analysis need more research and innovation, but the framework provides a scalable methodology to guide coastal adaptation planning everywhere. Case study results suggest that coastal armoring provides the least public benefits over time. Living shoreline approaches show greater public benefits, while managed retreat, implemented sooner, provides the best long-term adaptation strategy to protect community identity and public trust resources.
Systematic Design, Optimization, and Sustainability Assessment for Generation of Efficient Wastewater Treatment Networks
Authors: Aboagye Emmanuel A. , Burnham Sean M. , Dailey James , Zia Rohan , Tran Carley , Desai Maya , Yenkie Kirti M.
Published: May 2021

Due to population growth and economic development, there has been an increase in global wastewater (WW) generation footprint. There are different technologies associated with the wastewater treatment (WWT) process. The challenge is to select technologies that minimize the cost of treatment, as well as meet purity requirements. Further, there is a need to integrate sustainability analysis to facilitate a holistic decision. With the application of systems engineering, sustainable and cost-effective solutions can be achieved. In this work, we apply systems engineering to generate a sustainable and cost-effective solution. A superstructure was generated by categorizing technologies into four treatment stages. After modeling all functional equations for each technology, an optimization problem was formulated to determine the best path for the treatment process. Mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP), which implements a 0–1 binary integer constraint for active/inactive technologies at each stage was used. Sustainability analysis was performed for each representative case study (municipal and pharmaceutical WWT) using the sustainable process index (SPI). The total cost of municipal WWT is 1.92 USD/m3, while that for the pharmaceutical WWT is 3.44 USD/m3. With the treatment of WW, there is a reduction of over 90% ecological burden based on the SPI metric.
Propuesta de una planta para el tratamiento de residuos orgánicos en la ciudad de Tambogrande
Authors: Flores López Jorge Luis
Published: May 2021

Uno de los problemas en las ciudades es el manejo de residuos orgánicos, puesto que se generan grandes volúmenes de estos y no hay una separación de los mismos en los puntos de generación. De manera que, el inicio de una solución a este problema, es separar la basura en residuos inorgánicos, residuos orgánicos y residuos sanitarios, para después ser recolectados y darles un tratamiento posterior, buscando el desarrollo sustentable en la comunidad. Es así, como el presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer la instalación de una planta de tratamiento de residuos sólidos en la ciudad de Tambogrande. El tipo de investigación aplicada fue descriptiva, dado que se presentan algunas características fundamentales del fenómeno y se consideró adicionalmente cuasi experimental. El diseño de la planta está basado en tres ejes: ambiental, económico y social. Se obtiene un modelo de aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos orgánicos, mediante las técnicas de tratamiento biológico de compostaje.
Sistema de control de calidad para la automatización de la inspección de bebidas en plantas embotelladoras de Potosí, Bolivia
Authors: Calcina Salvatierra Sandro Rimberto
Published: May 2021

En el estudio se desarrolló un sistema de control de calidad para la automatización de las plantas embotelladoras. Se parte de un diagnóstico de necesidades con base en la información de cinco gerentes y 15 trabajadores de cinco plantas embotelladoras de la ciudad de Potosí, Bolivia: EMBOSUR, PROVEL LTDA, CASCADA POTOSÍ, LIPEÑA. El objeto de estudio fue el control de la calidad, por su naturaleza se clasifica como una investigación proyectiva tecnológica, bajo el diseño de campo. Las técnicas de recolección de datos usadas fueron la observación y la entrevista; los instrumentos fueron la guía de observación y el guion de entrevista. Como resultado se presenta el sistema de control de calidad para la automatización el cual se construyó aplicando la Metodología Ágil XP, el lenguaje de programación C++ y OpenCV para el procesamiento de imágenes y la teoría correspondiente para el diseño del Hardware para dar respuesta al diagnóstico de necesidades.
Comparison of incineration and autoclave methods in the treatment of medical wastes through life cycle assessment: A case study for Istanbul
Authors: Kılıç Özge , Kuzu Sadullah Levent
Published: May 2021

Medical waste management has always been an important topic due to its infectious status. Recently, more care has been given to it due to the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the world. Several methods are applied to handle medical wastes. Incineration and sterilization with autoclave are among the most common medical waste treatment methods. Among all methods, incineration serves the ultimate method of waste destruction since the waste is exposed to high temperatures (~800 °C) for about 2 hours. Because of the pandemic or some other reasons, administrations may want to shift their technology to incineration from autoclave. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to prepare a comparison of both technologies in terms of life cycle perspective. We used OpenLCA for calculations. Two different calculations were conducted. In the first one, the actual treatment methods and the waste amount were used. In the second one, a scenario was formed that included the treatment of the whole medical waste of Istanbul by only incineration process. The results indicated a higher mid-category life cycle impact for the combustion method. The highest contribution was for human toxicity with 3.8e4 kg 1,4-DB eq and 1.7e5 kg 1,4-DB eq for the current operation and scenario, respectively. The environmental impact of the sterilization process remained negligible relative to the combustion process.
Filosofía universitaria: una corriente para la construcción de significados en la formación de formadores
Authors: Martínez González Henry Jose , Piña Madueño Duglas Ramón , Martínez González Juhenni María
Published: May 2021

La educación es concebida como una filosofía orientada a los procesos formativos, donde los desconocimientos de quienes ejercen la profesión docente se han visto descontextualizada de sus fines, cuyo propósito fue develar la filosofía universitaria como una corriente para la construcción de significados en la formación de formadores. Esta investigación se orientó en los autores Castells (2009), Monge et al., (2003) con un enfoque cualitativo y fenomenológica, con el uso de entrevistas y un guion, a manera de triangulación. Como resultado, muchos de los docentes hacen uso incorrecto del poder en sus aulas, pues esta actitud conlleva a los estudiantes a realizar sus actividades de forma limitada, puesto que se les impone la estructura, el discurso, entre otros factores cognitivos. Por último, se concluye que las herramientas para un aprendizaje y enseñanza casi nunca conllevan a reflexionar sobre la actuación del docente como del estudiante, por su parte, la formación carece de estrategias para el enseñar a pensar desde el aprender a ser, aprender hacer y aprender a aprender, generando entonces propuestas transformadoras en concordancia con las políticas educativas emanadas por el Estado Venezolano.
El proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de las normas gramaticales en el preuniversitario
Authors: Castillo Acevedo Armando , Campos Maura Eraida , Gómez Acosta Elba Caridad
Published: May 2021

La esencia del proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje de las normas en el ámbito escolar, radica en la adecuada formación de hablantes cultos y competentes lingüísticamente, siempre teniendo en cuenta que los estudiantes, aun cuando provienen de familias donde se emplee la norma culta, se comunican a partir de lo estigmatizado como popular o estándar, por lo que no han alcanzado la nivelación y desarrollo lingüístico que solo la escuela, como nuevo medio de socialización, puede proporcionarle. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el estado actual del proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje de las normas gramaticales en el preuniversitario y su vinculación con el enfoque cognitivo, comunicativo y sociocultural; para ello se hace una periodización de la enseñanza de la gramática, su vinculación al enfoque discursivo – funcional y se ofrecen algunas herramientas didácticas y metodológicas para el perfeccionamiento de dicho proceso.  El dominio adecuado de la norma culta por parte de los estudiantes exige un trabajo sistemático por parte de los docentes, la familia y otros agentes culturales, a lo largo de su vida escolar, lo que le abre el camino al arte, la ciencia y de forma general a la cultura.
Impacto de las TIC: desafíos y oportunidades de la Educación Superior frente al COVID-19
Authors: Díaz Vera Janeth Pilar , Ruiz Ramírez Alicia Karina , Egüez Cevallos Carolina
Published: May 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto en el uso de las TIC para el desarrollo de sus actividades académicas en la modalidad de clases en línea de la Universidad de Guayaquil, en tiempo de pandemia por el COVID-19, crisis de salud global que incluye al Ecuador. Esta investigación fue de campo y su diseño no experimental transversal. La información se recolectó a través de un cuestionario de preguntas de diferentes tipos, la confiabilidad de este instrumento se hizo a través del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach, los resultados de las encuestas se procesaron con el programa Excel y se presentaron en tablas de frecuencia. La población utilizada fue de 2138 docentes y 57567 estudiantes de las 17 facultades de la Universidad de Guayaquil. La muestra fue de tipo no probabilística o dirigida, con un total de 246 docentes y 276 de estudiantes. Los resultados indican que, para los docentes que participaron en el estudio, el uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) son de suma importancia para el desarrollo de la docencia, especialmente en las clases virtuales. Sin embargo, consideran que deben mejorarse los procesos de capacitación en el uso de estas tecnologías. Se concluye que tanto docentes y estudiantes reconocen que no pueden separar las tecnologías del proceso enseñanza – aprendizaje, pero es clave una adecuada capacitación de las competencias digitales para su uso y máximo aprovechamiento.
Sobre las políticas del archivo: preguntas para una discusión
Authors: Stegmayer María
Published: May 2021

El artículo se propone revisar y discutir algunos de los planteos referidos al vínculo entre archivo, democracia y Estado en el libro Anarchivismo. Tecnologías políticas del archivo, de Andrés Maximiliano Tello (La cebra, 2018) con el objetivo de esbozar una serie de preguntas a partir de las cuales la cuestión de las políticas del archivo o mejor, de la naturaleza de los vínculos entre poder arcóntico, máquina capitalista y subversión anarchivista, tal como los propone el libro, pueden ser abordados teniendo en cuenta algunas aristas singulares de los procesos de democratización social acontecidos en la historia reciente de algunos países latinoamericanos y en los cuales el Estado cumplió un rol fundamental.
Sobre la reformulación científica de la probabilidad en la obra de Antoine. A. Cournot
Authors: Gómez Andrea Vergara
Published: May 2021

La probabilidad es uno de los conceptos científicos más característicos de los procesos de modelación para fenómenos naturales y sociales en los últimos dos siglos, especialmente por la conciencia que se adquiere respecto de la omnipresencia de la aleatoriedad. Sin embargo, la discusión epistémica en torno a los significados de la probabilidad se remonta al siglo XIX. Con el propósito de vindicar uno de los significados de la probabilidad propios de esta época, se realiza un estudio histórico-epistemológico de la obra Exposition de la théorie des chances et des probabilités (1843) de Antoine Augustin Cournot. El análisis permitió identificar una conceptualización dual de la probabilidad como unidad onto-epistémica, que legitima su naturaleza objetiva y subjetiva a la vez. Esta noción permite reconsiderar la visión fragmentada que existe en la actualidad sobre los significados matemáticos de la probabilidad
“We Acted Because it's What Needs to be Done: An Interview with West Virginia Teachers
Authors: McHenry-Sorber Erin , Nelson Sam , O'Neal Jay
Published: May 2021

In 2018, West Virginia teachers staged a statewide strike which lasted almost two weeks and included schools across all 55 countywide districts. The main reported strike issues for West Virginia teachers included cuts to their healthcare coverage by the state and relatively low salaries. Prior to the strike, West Virginia teachers ranked 48th in the nation in terms of pay. The West Virginia strike sparked a year-long wave of teacher labor protests across the country, in both predominately rural states and large urban centers. In 2019, West Virginia teachers went on strike again, bringing the movement full circle. In November, 2020, I interviewed Jay O’Neal and Sam Nelson, two teachers involved in the 2018 statewide teachers strike in West Virginia for the National Rural Education Association’s Annual Conference and Research Symposium. Jay O’Neal originated the Facebook page in 2017 that served as the hub for organizing activity prior to and during the 2018 strike. O’Neal is a middle school English and social studies teacher; Nelson is a high school English teacher.
Anadolu’da Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Kent Yapısında Çarşının Konumu ve Mekânsal Kurgusu Üzerine Bir İrdeleme
Authors: ERAY Saide Selin , KUTLU İzzettin
Published: May 2021

Birçok kent merkezinde çarşı unsuru, kentin en önemli parçalarından biri olmaktadır ve kent ekonomisinin nabzının attığı kamusal bir mekân olarak bilinmektedir. Çarşı, sadece ticari faaliyetlerin yapıldığı bir alan olmayıp aynı zamanda üretim yapılan ve birçok farklı işlevdeki sosyal tesisi de içinde barındıran bir sistemdir. Bu sistem, genellikle şehir hayatının merkezini oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısı ile kent araştırmalarında çarşı unsuru önemli bir değer taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, Anadolu kentlerindeki çarşı unsurunun, tarihsel sürecini inceleyerek kent dokusunda çarşının ortaya çıkışı ve geçtiği evreleri ele almaktadır. Anadolu topraklarında çarşı değişim ve gelişimini belirgin özellikleri ile yansıtmak amacıyla; Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemleri olmak üzere Anadolu’da önemli eserler inşa eden iki dönem karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada, öncelikle Selçuklu kent sisteminde ticari merkezin oluşumuna ve çarşının bu merkezdeki önemine değinilmiştir. Selçuklu döneminin ardından, kentlerde ticari sistemin ve çarşı kültürünün Osmanlı devleti ile beraber uğradığı değişimler değerlendirilmiştir. Çarşı ve içinde bulundurduğu birimleri ve işlevlerini açıklamak adına üç örnek çarşı kısaca irdelenmiştir. İlk örnek, kuruluşunun temelleri Selçuklu dönemine dayanan, Konya kentinin merkezinde bulunan ve farklı dönemler içerisinde değişimlere uğramasına rağmen halen varlığını sürdüren Konya Kapalı çarşı ve bedestenidir. İkinci örnek, Bursa kentinde bulunan kapalı çarşıdır. Son örnek ise Osmanlı kent-merkez gelişimi bağlamında dünyanın en büyük çarşılarından biri olan İstanbul Kapalıçarşı’sıdır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, çarşı unsurunun Selçuklu kent morfolojisindeki yeri ve özellikleri ile birlikte Osmanlı döneminde geçirdiği sosyo-ekonomik evreler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Dönem içerisinde değişimlerin karşılaştırıldığı çalışmada, geçiş süreçlerinde ticari merkez ve çarşı özelliklerinin nasıl etkilendiği tartışılmıştır.
Efektifitas Aplikasi Kobotoolbox terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan Petugas Surveilans Demam Berdarah Dengue
Authors: Susanto Nugroho , Pascawati Nur Alvira , Rosdewi Naomi
Published: May 2021

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) masih menjadi permasalahan di berbagai belahan dunia. Laporan penelitian sebelumnya dari 19 kasus DBD hanya 7 yang dapat dilacak. Penguatan sistem surveilan dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan petugas surveilan dan pemanfaatan teknologi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas pelatihan terhadap peningkatan pengetahuan petugas surveilans. Rancangan penelitian pra eksperiment dengan desain pre post design. Populasi dan sampel adalah petugas surveilans dari dinas kesehatan provinsi D.I Yogyakarta, Dinas Kesehatan Kota Yogyakarta, Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Sleman dan Puskesmas. Sampel sebanyak 20 sampel. Pelatihan dilakukan satu (1) hari di laboratorium komputer meliputi pengertian, kemampuan design kuesioner,kemampuan analisis data dengan mengunakan kobotoolbox dan latihan aplikasi dengan kobotoolbox. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji paired t test dengan 95% confidence Interval.  Analisis dari 20 subjek bahwa rerata sebelum pelatihan aspek pengertian koboltoolbox sebesar 78.6 sedangkan setelah 89.3. Aspek pengetahuan pembuatan kuesioner sebelum 78.8, sedangkan setelah 89.6. Pada aspek analisis sebelum 46.7 setelah 57.5. Analisis bivariat bahwa ada perbedaan signifikan t = -2.445 p = 0.024, berdasarkan pembuatan kuesioner ada perbedaan signifikan sebelum dan setelah pelatihan t = -2.584 p =0.018. Berdasarkan analisis koboltoolbox bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara sebelum dan setelah pelatihan t = -1.716 p=0.103.Berdasarkan total pengetahuan ada perbedaan signifikan t = -5.206 p =0.000. Terdapat perbedaan pengetahuan yang signifikan antara sebelum dan setelah pelatihan kobotoolbox.
Accurate determination of threshold voltage shift during negative gate bias stress in 4H-SiC MOSFETs by fast on-the-fly method
Authors: Sakata Hiroki , Okamoto Dai , Sometani Mitsuru , Okamoto Mitsuo , Hirai Hirohisa , Harada Shinsuke , Hatakeyama Tetsuo , Yano Hiroshi , Iwamuro Noriyuki
Published: May 2021

The threshold voltage shift in NO-annealed 4H-SiC MOSFETs during negative gate bias stress was investigated with a fast on-the-fly method for p-channel devices while considering the stress–time dependence of the slope of the drain current–gate voltage characteristics. With the proposed method, the threshold voltage shift was accurately measured over a wide time range from hundreds of nanoseconds. The negative threshold voltage shift exhibited power-law time dependence at room temperature and logarithmic time dependence at 423 K, suggesting that interface trap generation is observable at room temperature and thermally-assisted hole trapping in SiO2 dominates at high temperatures.
Atomic-level nature of solid/liquid interface for energy conversion revealed by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy
Authors: Minato Taketoshi , Umeda Kenichi , Kobayashi Kei , Araki Yuki , Konishi Hiroaki , Ogumi Zempachi , Abe Takeshi , Onishi Hiroshi , Yamada Hirofumi
Published: May 2021

Understanding and controlling the mechanism of energy conversion related to the development of a sustainable society not only make our lives more convenient but also make them more meaningful and enrichens us. The physical properties at the interface between solid and liquid (solid/liquid interface) play a significant role in energy conversion. The solid/liquid interface is buried and spatially limited, and thus clarifying the physical properties at the interface at the atomic scale is challenging. In this review, we describe our achievements by using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy for studying the geometric structure, molecule distribution, and viscosity at the solid/liquid interface at the atomic scale.
SCHANZ OSTEOTOMY A FADING ART
Authors: Charan Rajat , Verma Pankaj Kumar
Published: May 2021

The pelvic support osteotomy is a useful surgical procedure for
the salvage of damaged hips of patients in whom arthrodesis
or hip arthroplasty are not appropriate either surgically or
nancially. It is a procedure that has much to offer the
adolescent or young adult who has painful limping, restriction
of hip motion and early onset fatigue to walking as a
consequence of hip destruction from AVN, TB hip, old
neglected dislocation of hip, neglected acetabulum fracture
or persistent severe hip dysplasia. A successful pelvic support
osteotomy reduces limp by reducing the Trendelenburg lurch
and compensating the limb length inequality. It provides
stability by taking support on the hemipelvis and facilitates a
more energy-efcient gait. In this article, the authors present
their own experience with palliative Schanz osteotomy.