bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plantar zygodactylous triradii and corresponding patterns
Authors: Aue‐Hauser Gertrud
Published: February 2006

Taking into consideration the methods of Cummins and Sicomo ('23), Cummins and Midlo ('43) and Penrose and Loesch ('69) a new classification scheme of plantar zygodactylous triradii has been introduced, differentiating three expression types, i.e., strong, medium and weak.

On the basis of plantar prints of 500 ♂ Viennese the frequencies of these expression types were established. Furthermore their relations to the pattern types located proximally were studied. It resulted that certain pattern types are always and others never associated with a zygodactylous triradius.

Therefore it is possible to predict the existence of a zygodactylous triradius non visible on the print if the corresponding pattern type is known.
Relationship of lower limb height to sitting height in black populations of Africa and the United States
Authors: Meredith Howard V.
Published: February 2006

This article examines a recently reported generalization. Materials from more than a score of investigations are drawn upon. These materials show there is not a substantial research base for the claim that interbreeding in the United States between black people of African ancestry and white people of European ancestry has resulted in increased lower limb height relative to sitting height.
A correlation of tooth wear and age among modern Igloolik Eskimos
Authors: Tomenchuk John , Mayhall John T.
Published: February 2006

The level of molar wear can be estimated reliably by measuring the cusp height. A correlation between age and the level of molar wear, expressed by a normalizing index (TWI) of cusp height, was found to exist in a sample of modern Igloolik Northwest Territories Eskimos. Not only was it possible to derive linear regression models to test the degree of correlation in the sample of 46 female and 39 male maxillary casts of Igloolik Eskimos, but the models were capable of accurately predicting the age of natives of the neighboring Hall Beach community. Sexual dimorphism in molar wear, perhaps attributable to differential bruxism, was demonstrated for the Igloolik sample. Based on the combined estimate of slopes for each maxillary molar pair for females and males, it was discovered that the male maxillary molars are worn approximately 30% more rapidly than female maxillary molars.
Sixth and seventh cusp on lower molar teeth of Icelanders
Authors: Axelsson Gudjón , Kirveskari Pentti
Published: February 2006

The occurrence of lower molar accessory cusps c6 and c7 is studied in three local populations of known Caucasoid origin in the Northeast of Iceland. The sample comprises 1,010 school‐children, 506 boys and 504 girls. The scoring is made from dental stone casts with reference to standard plaques. Only the frequency of c6 on the second deciduous molar is relatively low as expected in a Caucasoid population. Otherwise both c6 and c7 are more common than expected, the frequencies are in fact comparable to those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations.
The human mandible: Lever, link, or both?
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: February 2006

Hylander ('78) recently published important new data on bite force in humans, and showed that the human mandible cannot function purely as a link during incisal biting. He concluded instead that the mandible acts as a lever. Reexamination of Hylander's data suggests that the mandible cannot function purely as a lever either, and in fact it probably functions simultaneously as both lever and link during incisal biting.
A demographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2) Walworth County, South Dakota: Vital statistics
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Bass William M.
Published: February 2006

A life table methodology was used for paleodemographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2), an Arikara village and cemetery dated to circa A.D. 1750–1785. Vital statistics on mortality, survivorship, age‐specific probability of death, life expectancy and crude mortality rate were derived from skeletal data.

The population had an extremely high infant mortality rate and high rates of childhood mortality. The lowest probability of death was for adolescents. Mortality increased for young adults, ages 15–19. This increase was especially marked for females, the actual peak of adult female mortality was during ages 15–19. A second mode in the female mortality curve occurred at ages 35–39. The greatest percentage of male deaths was observed in the fourth decade, ages 30–34. Only 4.0% of the population attained the age of 50.

The population crude death rate was 76 per thousand per year. This estimate, although high, is congruent with archaeological and historical sources which report a rapid Arikara population decline during the Post‐Contact period. Causes of specific deaths appear to be linked to childbirth (affecting mother and infant), starvation, diseases especially tuberculosis, and intertribal warfare.
The incidence of cone epiphyses and ivory epiphyses of the hand in Nigerian children
Authors: Shaw Helen A. , Bohrer Stanley P.
Published: February 2006

Radiographs of the left hand of 594 children from Ibadan, Nigeria were inspected for skeletal anomalies to determine differences in the incidence of cone and ivory epiphyses for the rich and poor children and differences in incidence for four hemoglobin types. Ivory epiphyses occurred more often in children in the lower socio‐economic class and children with hemoglobin AA. The cone epiphyses observed in Hb SS children were primarily a result of bone infarcts, while cones in children of other hemoglobin types appeared to be normal variants. The incidence of ivory epiphyses was higher in the Nigerian children than in American black children in the Ten‐State Nutrition Survey. The incidence of cone epiphyses was much lower than those reported for other normal populations.
A craniometric study of the Black and White Colobus illiger 1811 (Primates: Cercopithecoidea)
Authors: Hull David B.
Published: February 2006

This study examines the craniometry of Black and White Colobus monkeys using 1072 specimens representing all the recognized subspecies (after Rahm, '70) of the genus. Seventy‐six measurements were taken on each individual, and examined using canonical variates analysis and clustering by Ward's Error Sum method. The assumptions of the analytical techniques are shown to be met, and the results demonstrated to be stable. Examination of the populations for statistical difference and taxonomic distinctiveness using a multivariate extension of Mayr's Rule indicates that the taxonomy presented by Rahm ('70) is essentially correct, except that the subspecies of guereza across the northern part of Central Africa should be lumped into a single group ‐C. g. occidentalis‐and the subspecies of montane angolan colobus in Eastern Zaire should all be lumped into C. a. ruwenzorii. The systematic patterns of the genus illustrate the whole range of the process of speciation, from barely distinct subspecies, to subspecies almost as distinct as allopatric species of the genus, and on to fully sympatric species. Three major zoogeographic areas may be delineated: an East African area dominated by the effects of the Rift Valley, with a large number of subspecies isolated in forest islands; a Central African area with little subspeciation and sympatric overlap of the major species of Colobus; and a West African area with a clinial pattern of distribution of subspecies, and secondary intergradation. The arbitary nature of Mayr's Rule is also apparent. Lastly, the CVA indicated major differences across the genus to be located in the teeth and jaws, suggesting diet might be an important distinguishing feature in Colobus.
A Multinational Andean Genetic and Health Program. VIII. Lung function changes with migration between altitudes
Authors: Mueller William H. , Yen Fanny , Soto Patricia , Schull Victoria N. , Rothhammer Francisco , Schull William J.
Published: February 2006

Studies of lung function in high altitude populations have suggested the influence of hypoxic environment on the development of this characteristic independent of confounding variables such as ethnicity and habitual exercise. However, often the effect of altitude on vital capacity is greater in children than adults, suggesting that more than developmental adaptation is operative. Also selective migration could account for the similarity of migrants and permanent residents at a destination altitude. To explore these problems we studied the lung function (FVC, FEV1, PFR) of 377 individuals who had migrated between altitudes in northern Chile.

Migrant measurements were adjusted to those of permanent residents of appropriate age, sex and height at the altitudes of origin and destination. The measurements were then related to ethnicity (Spanish‐Aymara ancestry), occupation and permanence, the latter combining information on both age at migration to and length of stay at a destination altitude.

Upward migration was associated with increased chest depth, FVC and FEV1, but not height or other chest measurements. Downward migration had no significant effect. The flow‐dependent test PFR was so sensitive to observer variability and occupation that it was difficult to establish its relationship to permanence. Unlike the body measurements, lung function measurements (especially PFR) tended to deviate from permanent controls at the origin altitude in a direction suggestive of selective migration, nor was permanence itself independent of ethnicity and occupation. Because of these difficulties the question of developmental adaptation in lung function may not be answerable in cross‐sectional studies like the present and previous efforts, but rather in longitudinal investigations in which the control is the individual him/herself.
Principal axis analysis of dental attrition data
Authors: Scott E. C.
Published: February 2006

The principal axis method is an age independent analysis method for dental attrition data which avoids many problems associated with earlier methods of analysis, correlation and regression. A principal axis equation is determined from the scatter of M1 on X and M2 on Y, and the slope of the equation can be used to indicate rate of wear. High slopes indicate rapid rates of wear. Because rate of wear rather than degree of wear is the parameter of interest, the procedure is age independent. Confidence regions can be calculated to test the distinctness of the slopes. Dental data from three Amerind skeletal samples, Indian Knoll, Hardin Site and Campbell Site, are used to illustrate the technique. Because least squares fits such as the principal axis solution are strongly influenced by the magnitude of variance in the data, two different methods of ordinal data collection are used in this test: Molnar's 1–8 and Scott's 4–40 scales. The Scott scoring system provides more satisfactory results when used in the principal axis analysis technique because of smaller confidence regions. The testing of the technique on other samples is urged.
Dental wear scoring technique
Authors: Scott E. C.
Published: February 2006

An ordinal dental attrition scoring technique for molar teeth involving a quadrant system is applied to three Amerind skeletal samples. Molar teeth are visually divided into four sections and each section scored on a 1–10 scale. The score for the whole tooth is the sum of the quadrant scores and ranges from 4–40. Scores are based on the amount of enamel in each quarter of the tooth. The method's reliability is demonstrated by a paired comparison type of ANOVA, for both intra‐ and inter‐observer repeated measurements. Because the method is reliable, easy to use, and produces data with lower variances than a 1–8 system (such as Molnar's ['71]), it is recommended for use in the principal axis technique for the analysis of wear data presented in the accompanying paper.
Anterior dental cutting in the Laetolil hominids and the evolution of the bicuspid P3
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

The younger Laetolil hominids provide evidence of a unique anterior cutting complex with a chisel‐like action occurring between the lingual‐distal C face and a transverse ridge on the P3 perpendicular to it, extending between the subequal cusps. An earlier adaptation to more efficient grinding may have resulted in reduced canine projection and the development of the lingual P3 cusp, raising the ridge between it and the buccal cusp. This development acted to retain the anterior cutting function by shifting it to the top of the premolar.
The taxonomic status of the bonobo chimpanzee
Authors: Horn Arthur D.
Published: February 2006

A review of past work on the taxonomic status of the bonobo chimpanzee is presented. It is suggested that differences in size and morphology of the common and the bonobo chimpanzees have been exaggerated or poorly understood.

It is concluded that not enough data from the field on both bonobo and rainforest‐living common chimpanzees exist to classify the bonobo. However, using Simpson's ('61) evolutionary species definition and the preliminary ecological data available, a subspecies designation for the bonobo chimpanzee is supported. Resolution of this taxonomic question through extensive field studies of both the bonobo and rainforest‐dwelling common chimpanzees may greatly aid our interpretation of the hominoid fossil record.
Diet and status at Chalcatzingo: Some empirical and technical aspects of strontium analysis
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J.
Published: February 2006

Determination of the levels of particular trace elements preserved in bone provides a potential pathway for reconstructing the diet of extinct primate species and archaic human groups. Strontium is one of the most useful trace elements for dietary reconstruction but several empirical properties of strontium must be considered during the interpretation of results. (1) Strontium is distributed unevenly throughout the physical environment. (2) Plants, in general, do not discriminate against strontium. (3) During ionic transfer across biological membranes, strontium is discriminated against by terrestrial vertebrates. (4) It is unlikely that strontium would be selectively removed from bone mineral during diagenesis.

A particular difficulty in trace element analysis is caused by interaction between analytical technique and sample matrix. To assess this problem the skeletal population from Chalcatzingo was analyzed by two techniques: atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. The results from the two techniques compared favorably indicating that the pattern of bone strontium levels could be accepted as an accurate reflection of the distribution of bone strontium within the population.

After demonstrating the internal accuracy of the results, the bone strontium level and position of social rank within Chalcatzingo were compared. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence on chiefdoms and states indicate that dietary differences in the amount of meat consumed occur between social ranks. The relative social ranks were reconstructed by using a “pattern analysis” of the burial goods accompanying each individual. The individuals accompanied by jade had the lowest mean bone strontium level (X̄=532). Those individuals buried with a shallow dish had a slightly higher level (X̄=635). A third group, which had no grave goods, had the highest mean bone strontium level (X̄=700) which suggests that their diet contained less meat than was available to the rest of the community.
Skeletal maturity in Danish schoolchildren assessed by the TW2 method
Authors: Helm Sven
Published: February 2006

Skeletal maturity was assessed from hand‐wrist radiographs in a sample of 3,817 Danish schoolchildren aged 7 to 18 years using the new version of the bone‐specific Tanner‐Whitehouse scoring system, the TW2 method. In most of the age groups in both sexes the distributions of the bone maturity scores displayed marked departures from normality; percentiles for the scores were therefore counted from the raw data. On the average, over the total age range, the differences between the age equivalents (bone ages) for the fiftieth percentile and chronological age were close to zero in both sexes, indicating good agreement with the British standards. However, in the individual age groups, and in particular at adolescence, characteristic divergences from the standards occurred, apparently reflecting the developmental spurt.
Patterns of dental wear and the role of the canine in Cercopithecinae
Authors: Gantt David G.
Published: February 2006

The importance of dental wear patterns in understanding masticatory functions in primates has long been appreciated. However, studies of wear patterns among populations of nonhuman primates are few. The purpose of this investigation is to establish the developmental aspects of dental wear in the Cercopithecinae and to describe certain relevant morphological traits.

Studies were made of dental casts from 200 primate specimens of Macaca nemestrina, Macaca mulatta, and Papio cynocephalus. These casts were taken at four‐month intervals, beginning at two years of age and continuing over a period of six to seven years.

The wear pattern starts with the rounding and eventual flattening of the protoconid and protocone of the erupted first molars. Once this stage is reached, the hypoconid and metaconid of the mandibular, and the hypocone and paracone of the maxillary molars are rounded and eventually flattened. This pattern is maintained until the cusp tips are removed and the dentin exposed, however, the entoconid and metacone are not subjected to significant wear at this stage.

Analysis of these dental casts and museum specimens has provided data on the development of dental wear during the maturation of these primates. The distribution of forces acting upon the teeth produce diagnostic patterns of wear, which provide evidence of the force location and magnitude. In examining the data, the hypothesis of canine guidance and its limitation of mandibular motion was evaluated. Specimens whose canines were removed demonstrate that the canines play no significant role in the development or maintenance of dental wear planes.
Lung function in highlander bods of Ladakh
Authors: Malik S. L. , Singh Indera P.
Published: February 2006

A cross‐sectional sample of 221 male Bods, 11 to 19 years, from Leh, Ladakh, was studied to determine some biological responses to the environment. The higher forced vital capacity and increased association between chest measurements and respiratory function as well as increased chest dimensions of the Bods resemble the findings on highland Peruvians. These differences from lowland Bods and Indians may partially be attributable to low oxygen pressure in higher areas. However, the contributing effect of factors, viz. varying activity levels and genetics, cannot be dismissed.
Absence of triradius d in a three‐generation pedigree and other variations of main‐line D
Authors: Roche E. M. , Roche A. F. , Siervogel R. M.
Published: February 2006

An example is reported of a rare dermatoglyphic variant (absence of triradius d) in a woman of mixed European and Cherokee American Indian ancestry. This variant was not present in her parents, her five siblings, four nephews or one niece. Attention is drawn to the continuum from an absent triradius d to a triradius with an abbreviated main‐line associated with either an open field in interdigital area IV, or a loop in interdigital area IV or a tented arch at d. This same continuum occurs at c. The absent triradius at d is extremely rare and the tented arch at d is very rare.
Trends and developments in physical anthropology, 1978–1979
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A.
Published: February 2006

Members of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists were asked to supply information about their current programs and their own graduate training in order to compile a training directory and to analyze certain aspects of the discipline. The data indicate that the majority consider their graduate training to have been deficient, mainly in statistics, genetics, chemistry, physiology, and mathematics. The areas thought most important for future research in physical anthropology include fields such as genetics, anatomy, ecology, physiology, and paleontology, although a great many individuals are engaged in teaching and research in other areas. A brief analysis of relative growth in the field over the last few decades indicates a serious imbalance between the number of new Ph.D.'s and available employment opportunities.
New conversion formulae for light‐skinned populations using Photovolt and E.E.L. Reflectometers
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Byard Pamela J. , Relethford John H.
Published: February 2006

Recent research in Belize revealed that published conversion coefficients for use between the two most commonly used reflectance spectro‐photometers were inadequate when applied to dark‐skinned populations. New research in Ireland shows that the published conversion coefficients for light‐skinned populations are also inadequate.

A total of 320 school children from Longford, Ireland were measured for skin reflectances at the upper inner arm site with the Photovolt Model 670 and the E.E.L. Reflectance Spectrophotometers. Six and nine filters respectively were used to sample the visible spectrum.

Multiple regression techniques were then used to estimate new conversion coefficients which accurately predict readings for one instrument by using some or all of the measurements from the other. Double cross‐validation techniques showed the inadequacy of the old (1967) formulae and the very high accuracy of the new ones.

Some problems encountered in this study, but not in the one which produced new formulae for dark‐skinned populations, suggest further work may be necessary. Additional independently sampled light‐skinned populations have not been measured on both machines, so conclusive cross‐validation of the new coefficients must remain tentative. Despite this drawback, the new formulae presented here are almost certainly an improvement over the old ones.

These new conversion formulae may allow previously impossible comparisons of worldwide data on similar populations.
Further morphometric studies of the ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Feldesman Marc R.
Published: February 2006

A reanalysis of the L40–19 fossil ulna from the Omo Basin, Ethiopia is presented. Using covariance adjustment rather than ratios to correct metric data for variations due to body size, a comparative sample reflecting 21 contemporary Anthropoid taxa, and both distribution‐free and multivari‐ate statistical procedures, this study indicates that the earlier conclusion drawn by McHenry et al. (76), viz., that the fossil is “unique” among Hominoids, is essentially correct. This study also concludes, however, that although the fossil is projected closer to Pan and Homo than to Pongo, the distances are considerably greater than found between behaviorally similar modern forms. Consequently, aside from assigning the fossil on morphometric grounds to the Hominoidea, little else can be said about its possible locomotor habits or its ancestry.
The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of Norwegian Lapps
Authors: Monrad Aas I. H.
Published: February 2006

The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent maxillary incisors of three groups of Norwegian Lapps was measured. No statistically significant sex differences or group differences were found. The assembled weighted estimates for lingual fossa depth of three groups of Norwegian Lapps were for I1 sup: 0.44 mm and I2 sup: 0.30 mm. Mean lingual fossae depths in Norwegian Lapps clearly fall within the Caucasoid range.
Growth, function and homology: Aspects of dental replacement in toothcombed strepsirhines
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2006

In maturing juvenile lemurs and lorises, it was found that the anteriormost lower deciduous premolar migrates forward and may become associated with the teeth of the toothcomb; this is similar to previous observations on the dentition of indriines. The mesial shift of dp2 appears to be associated with the eruption of P2 but, more importantly, also with replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth of the toothcomb‐which is a period of functional disruption at the front of the jaw. It is suggested that this growth‐related phenomenon should not be confused with other aspects of dental development and eruption which might be indicative of homology.
An experimental analysis of temporomandibular joint reaction force in macaques
Authors: Hylander William L.
Published: February 2006

Mandibular bone strain in the region immediately below the temporomandibular ligament was analyzed in adult and sub‐adult Macaca fas‐cicularis and mulatta. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the monkeys were presented food objects, a wooden rod, or a specially designed bite‐force transducer. Bone strain was recorded during incisal biting and mastication of food, and also during isometric biting of the rod and/or the transducer.

The bone strain data suggest the following: The macaque TMJ is loaded by a compressive reaction force during the power stroke of mastication and incision of food, and during isometric molar and incisor biting. TMJ reaction forces are larger on the contralateral side during both mastication and isometric molar biting. Patterns of ipsilateral TMJ reaction force in macaques during isometric biting vary markedly in response to the position of the bite point. During biting along the premolars or first two molars a compressive reaction force acts about the ipsilateral TMJ; however, when the bite point is positioned along the M3, the ipsilateral TMJ has either very little compressive stress, no stress, or it is loaded in tension.
Aspects of the middle and external ear of early South African hominids
Authors: Rak Yoel , Clarke Ronald J.
Published: February 2006

A brief description of the exposed middle ear from two Swartkrans specimens demonstrates the feasibility of examining the inner auditory structures of existing fossil hominid material. These Swartkrans fossils provide the first clear view of the early hominid middle ear, and their structures appear to be morphologically distinct. The bony anatomy of the external ear of Australopithecus robustus is found to be unique among the South African hominids.
Analysis of dorsal pitting in the Os pubis in an extensive sample of modern American females
Authors: Suchey Judy Myers , Wiseley Dean V. , Green Richard F. , Noguchi Thomas T.
Published: February 2006

Pubic bones from 486 modern American females between the ages of 13 and 99 were studied in an attempt to explore the relationship between the degree of dorsal pitting and the following variables: (1) number of full term pregnancies, (2) interval since last pregnancy, (3) age of decedent. A statistical association was found between the number of full term pregnancies and the degree of dorsal pitting. However, the correlation is not strong; 17 females reported as being nulliparous have “medium to large” dorsal changes whereas 22 females having from one to five full term pregnancies have an absence of dorsal changes. Females who had their last child 15 or more years prior to death are more apt to have “medium to large” dorsal changes than are females who have more recently given birth. This effect appears to be independent of the number of full term pregnancies, but is probably related to age. When the data are analyzed by multiple regression analysis, it is found that age and number of pregnancies are most important in predicting the degree of pitting and the effect of interval on pitting is not significant. Age is found to be an important variable independent of the number of full term pregnancies. In nulliparas, an absence of dorsal pitting is far more frequently found in females younger than 30 than in those over 30.
Classification systems for discrete variables used in forensic anthropology
Authors: Finnegan Michael , McGuire Stephen A.
Published: February 2006

In recent years a number of papers have been presented on the usefulness of non‐metric traits of the cranial and infracranial skeleton in order that one, some few, or a subsample of crania may be allocated to a pair, family, or larger group. These papers have explored (1) which traits should be used, (2) the theoretical implications of assignment, and (3) the methodology for making these assignments. This paper addresses itself to the theoretical implications of assignment and the methodology for making these assignments. Classification techniques based on the Bayes' theorem, weight of evidence procedures, linear discriminant functions, tally method and the Rubison procedure, were utilized in the first level of analysis. The result suggests that methodologies used must contain an accommodation for correlation between bilateral traits and that pairwise classification procedures are often more applicable than multiple classification procedures considering a large number of groups. The accuracy of various methods starts at slightly better than 50%, while the better methods produce results above the 90% level. Results further show that when acceptable assignments are made the theoretical implications of these assignments do not necessarily suggest the use of a particular methodology, and for ease of analysis the simplest methodology should be used.
Morphometrics of compact bone: An example from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Armelagos George J.
Published: February 2006

Morphometric analysis of compact femoral tissue was applied to a prehistoric population from Sudanese Nubia. Microradiographs of thin sections from below the lesser trochanter were examined. A total of 74 adults (40 females, 34 males) from the X‐Group population (A.D. 350–550) were used to determine the underlying processes of bone remodeling in skeletal growth and maintenance. The relationship of bone turnover to the age of onset, patterning and frequency of cortical bone loss (osteoporosis) as a function of age and sex was examined. The cortical thickness, cortical area and formation/resorption frequencies were determined. Males exhibit a 4.9% net loss in cortical area, while females show a 10.7% loss. A substantial amount of female loss occurs in the third decade, with a slight gain in the fourth and a steady loss up to the sixth decade. These trends were further explored and refined histologically. The periosteal and endosteal frequencies for males show a variable but definite decrease in mineralization (i.e., increased numbers of osteons in the forming stage) and a slight increase in resorption. Third decade females show a marked difference with high frequencies of resorption spaces and forming osteons. It is suggested that in this population, stress related to childbearing and childrearing may be effecting the frequencies of formation foci and resorption spaces.
New approaches to the pre‐ and post‐contact history of Arctic peoples
Authors: Laughlin W. S. , Harper A. B. , Thompson D. D.
Published: February 2006

The last few years have witnessed the addition of new techniques and research strategies to the study of the population history of Arctic peoples. Osteon‐photon analysis of bone cores provides an improved method of assigning age at death to skeletons. Consequently, it is possible to improve calculations of life expectancy and relate them to pathological correlates such as osteoporosis, separate neural arches, spina bifida and arthritis along with regular growth changes. This capability enables much better utilization of pre‐contact skeletons and therefore of the numbers, density and composition of populations before European contact.

The general picture emerging from skeletal studies, census records and living populations is, in Arctic Eskimos, one of high fertility, high mortality and short length of life, with a slow population growth rate. Aleuts show lower fertility, lower mortality and longer length of life, also with a low population growth rate.
Disease and mortality in the early bronze age people of Bab edh‐Dhra, Jordan
Authors: Ortner Donald J.
Published: February 2006

During the 1977 field season at the Early Bronze Age site of Bab edh‐Dhra 92 individuals were recovered from underground shaft tomb chambers. Morbid conditions found in these skeletons include trauma, possibly two cases of tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, post‐menopausal osteoporosis and congenital anomalies. Of the 92 skeletons recovered 56 (61%) were 18 years of age or older, 28 (30%) were between 1 and 18 years of age and 8 (9%) were less than one year of age.
Dental anthropological indications of agriculture among the Jomon people of central Japan. X. Peopling of the Pacific
Authors: Turner Christy G.
Published: February 2006

The high rate of crown caries (8.6%; 119/1,377 teeth) and other oral pathologies in 101 central Japan Middle to Late Jomon Period (ca. 1000 B.C.) crania indicate a level of carbohydrate consumption consistent with an agriculture hypothesis. Because Jomon dental crown and root morphology shows strong resemblances with past and present Southeast Asians, but not with ancient Chinese or modern Japanese, Jomon agriculture could be of great antiquity in the isolated Japanese islands. These dental data and other assembled facts suggest that ancestral Jomonese might have carried to Japan a cariogenic cultigen such as taro before the end of the Pleistocene from tropical Sundaland by way of the now‐submerged east Asian continental shelf.
The effect of prenatal factors on crown dimensions
Authors: Garn S. M. , Osborne R. H. , McCabe K. D.
Published: February 2006

As shown in 870 white participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), maternal health status during pregnancy and birth size are systematically related to mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of I1, I2, dc, dm1, dm2 and M1. Maternal diabetes, maternal hypothyroidism and large size at birth are associated with larger maxillary and mandibular teeth in white children. Conversely, deciduous and permanent crown diameters are diminished in maternal hypertension, and in low birthweight and small birth‐length conditions. These findings suggest that maternal and fetal (or gestational) determinants of both deciduous and permanent tooth crown dimensions may account for as much as half of crown‐size variability with major implications to population comparisons and historical odontometric differences and trends.
The feasibility of dental strontium analysis for diet‐assessment of human populations
Authors: Elias Michael
Published: February 2006

It has been suggested that bone and dental strontium contents of extinct terrestrial vertebrates vary in direct proportion to the strontium levels present in the animals' diets. It has been hypothesized that these trace quantities decrease as one moves upward along the food chain—herbivores having more strontium than primary carnivores, primary carnivores more than secondary carnivores, and so on.

The present study was desgined to determine the feasibility of dental strontium analysis for diet‐assessment of human fossil populations. Human vegetarian and nonvegetarian teeth were analyzed for strontium. It was hoped that by comparing the strontium levels of these two groups, one might determine conclusively whether the nature of diet plays an important role in the determination of dental strontium levels within a species.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyze seven vegetarian and seven nonvegetarian teeth. Strontium levels varied considerably within both groups of teeth and no significant difference in strontium levels existed between the vegetarian and nonvegetarian teeth. These results suggest that dental strontium analysis may not be a useful indicator of the dietary habits of human fossil populations.
Areal growth in the human fetal parietal bone
Authors: Ohtsuki Fumio
Published: February 2006

The areal growth of the human fetal parietal bone is described using 51 dissected right parietal bones of Japanese fetuses ranging from the fifth month to term. Their shadows were taken on printing paper and analyzed by a sonic digitizer.

The absolute growth of the projected area of the fetal parietal bones progresses at a fairly constant rate during the latter half of the fetal period, despite some deceleration in the 9–10th month. By allometric analysis, the allometric coefficients against crown‐rump length are 2.201 for males, 2.202 for females, and 2.204 for both sexes, respectively. The allometry is essentially monophasic, showing no inflection point, indicating a change in the slope of the regression line; that is, the growth of the human fetal parietal bone is continuous with a constant specific growth rate. These results are discussed in connection with growth in thickness of the bone.
Biochemical mechanisms of red blood cell 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate increase at high altitude
Authors: Moore Lorna Grindlay , Brewer George J.
Published: February 2006

Red blood cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) levels increase after ascent to high altitude. Studies were undertaken to identify the biochemical mechanisms responsible for eliciting the 2,3‐DPG response in several types of subjects. These included (1) short‐term exposure to 3400 m in ten subjects; (2) exposure to 4300 m in an additional ten subjects; (3) studies in 28 high‐altitude normal residents of 3100 m; and (4) studies in 28 high‐altitude residents with chronic mountain polycythemia. Controls were 41 residents of 240 m. Regression analysis identified the glycolytic variables, termed “key variables,” on which variation in 2,3‐DPG levels was dependent (P < .05). Key variables common to the short‐term studies were glucose‐6‐phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and the ratio of the levels of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate. The positions of these key variables in the glycolytic pathway and their mean levels suggest erythrocyte hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activation as possible enzymatic mechanisms. Key variables unique to the 3400 m study suggested phosphofructokinase activation also acted to increase 2,3‐DPG levels. 2,3‐DPG levels in the normal 3100 m residents were not different from low‐altitude values, and 2,3‐DPG levels in these samples did not appear to be dependent on any of the glycolytic variables examined. Among the high‐altitude residents with polycythemia, higher 2,3‐DPG levels were dependent on glucose‐6‐phosphate, fructose diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and the ratio of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate levels. The positions of these variables in the glycolytic pathway and their mean levels suggested activation of the hexokinase and phosphofructokinase enzymes.
Reproduction and population growth in free‐ranging mantled howling monkeys
Authors: Glander Kenneth E.
Published: February 2006

Free‐ranging mantled howling monkey (Alouatta palliata Gray) females experienced a regular estrus cycle averaging 16.3 days, demonstrated sexual skin changes, and participated in multiple matings before becoming pregnant. Gestation averaged 186 days. The average interval between births was 22.5 months. Sexual maturity occurred at approximately 36 and 42 months for females and males, respectively. Female age at first birth was about 3½ years. Births were scattered during some years and clustered during others. The age, rank, and parity of the females affected infant survival. More female than male infants survived to one year of age. Increased population size was the result of immigration rather than births.
Cerebral venous hemodynamics and the basicranium of Cebus
Authors: Conroy Glenn C.
Published: February 2006

The study of basicranial foramina has played an important role in primatological investigations. They are often the only clues for deciphering cerebral vascular evolution in fossil forms. This study illustrates the significance of considering foraminal shape when analyzing or describing basicranial anatomy in living and fossil primates. It is suggested that certain hemodynamic properties of cerebral venous drainage in Cebus represent patterns that were most likely present in ancestral catarrhines.
Genetic studies among Kanet and Koli of Kinnar district in Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Chahal S.M.S. , Roberts D. F. , Singh I. P.
Published: February 2006

Data are presented on serological and electrophoretic variants of 18 systems of red cells in 228 individuals belonging to a scheduled tribe (Kanet) and a scheduled caste (Koli) of Kinnar district in Himachal Pradesh, India. Differences in gene frequencies clearly indicate biological distinction in the local population. The possible cause of this genetic heterogeneity is discussed.
Indonesian “Solo” (Ngandong) endocranial reconstructions: Some preliminary observations and comparisons with Neandertal and Homo erectus groups
Authors: Holloway Ralph L.
Published: February 2006

Latex rubber brain endocasts of Solo I, V, VI, X, and XI crania were prepared in order to determine accurate volumes by H2Odisplacement and morphological description. The new volumes are not markedly different from previous estimates that had been done by mensuration formulae. The mean volume is 1,151 ml. The endocast surfaces, while devoid of gyral and sulcal relief patterns, do show a preponderance of left‐occipital‐right‐frontal petalia patterns, suggesting right‐handedness. Metrical observations support the viewpoint that the Solo crania are more closely related to earlier Indonesia Homo erectus than to Neandertals.
Infanticide and fertility among Eskimos: A computer simulation
Authors: Chapman Michael
Published: February 2006

Until recently, certain Eskimo groups were reported to practice female infanticide in the belief that the time spent suckling a girl would delay the mother's next opportunity to bear a son, males being preferred to females because of their future role as providers in a hunting economy. From sex ratios in census data, rates of female infanticide of up to 66% for some groups have been inferred, leading some ethnographers to conclude that these groups were headed for extinction. Eskimo beliefs regarding the effects of infanticide on fertility, however, are in accord with the results of research on the relation of fertility and lactation: The cessation of lactation following infanticide would significantly shortern the expected interval until the next birth. Given this fact and available field data regarding the parameters of Eskimo population growth, the present computer simulation indicates that Eskimo populations could sustain a rate of 30% female infanticide and still survive. Higher reported rates are explained as the combined result of female infanticide plus the tendency of ethnographers to overestimate to overestimate the ages of juvenile females relative to juvenile males.
Racial differences in subcutaneous fat patterns in children aged 7–15 years
Authors: Harsha D. W. , Voors A. W. , Berenson G. S.
Published: February 2006

In a stratified random sample of 278 children aged 7–15 years of an entire biracial community, skinfold measurements were taken on six standard body sites. We found that white children had generally thicker skinfolds than blacks for the same body weight, with a consistent exception: the subscapular skinfold was relatively thicker in blacks. It is suggested that this racial difference in distribution of fat may manifest a genetic adaptive trait developed under circumstances demanding both a caloric reserve and facilitation of convective heat loss in tropical climates.
Polymorphisms of red‐green vision in some populations of Southern Africa
Authors: Adam Avinoam
Published: February 2006

Some 5,000 schoolboys of the Khoikhoi, Negro, “Coloured,” and Malay populations were screened with the Ishihara plates, and those with defective red‐green vision were diagnosed with an anomaloscope. The findings are presented in terms of the six protan and deutan mutant alleles, a few large population‐samples (e.g., Nama and Zulu) being characterized by absence of the allele for protanopia.

The overall frequencies of mutants range from less than 1% to over 4%. No correspondence was found between these data and linguistic affinities of eight Bantu‐speaking groups, nor between the frequencies of colorblindness and previously estimated proportions of San genes in these eight populations; on the other hand, a north‐south cline of increasing frequencies of mutants and of dichromacies among the Bantu‐speakers was noted.

The overall frequency of defective red‐green vision among Cape Coloureds, 3.3%, is compatible with previously estimated racial composition of this population. The Malay sample is characterized by the highest frequency of protan mutants (2%), a 1:1 protan‐deutan ratio, and an overall frequency of 4% of red‐green defects.

The study illustrates the potential value of anomaloscopic characterization of colorblindness in attempts to evaluate human evolutionary processes.
Trot‐gallop transition in a macaque
Authors: Vilensky Joel A.
Published: February 2006

At the trot‐gallop transition, a rhesus monkey's stride rate was approximately half and its stride length double predicted values based on equations presented by Heglund et al. (1974). However, the monkey's trot‐gallop transition speed was consistent with Heglund et al.'s (1974) prediction. The unusual primate footfall pattern may explain the discrepancy in stride rate and length.
The metaconule: A morphologic and familial analysis of a molar cusp in humans
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Bailit Howard L.
Published: February 2006

Incidence and size variability of the metaconule, an accessory maxillary molar cusp, is analyzed in a series of 1,217 living Melanesians. The range of morphologic variation is quantified on a six‐grade ordinal scale developed to standardize observations. Total incidence of the metaconule decreases along a mesial‐to‐distal gradient, while mean size and size variability increase from M1 to M3. So, while the trait is less common on distal molars, it is on average larger. Estimation of the additive genetic component is 65% for the first molar but only 15% for the second. Trait incidence and heritability estimates are generally higher for females indicating the need for separate analysis by sex.
A cytogenetic survey of 110 baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Soulie Joëlle , De Grouchy J.
Published: February 2006

A cytogenetic investigation of 110 adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) captured in Kenya and sacrificed at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, showed the absence of anomalies, numerical or structural bearing on nonheterochromatic material; a polymorphism of the AgNOR‐positive secondary constriction of chromosome 5 in 12% of the animals; a polymorphism of a secondary constriction of chromosome 7 in 2% of the animals; a fragile site of chromosome 6 in one animal. We believe that our data show that cytogenetic observations in present day primates probably reflect their chromosomal evolution.
Strontium and diet at Hayonim Cave
Authors: Sillen Andrew
Published: February 2006

Faunal and human bones from the Natufian and Aurignacian levels of Hayonim Cave, Israel, were analyzed for calcium, strontium, and phosphate, in order to investigate the efficacy of strontium measurements for determining the proportion of meat in human diets. This site in the western Galilee was appropriate for a test of the technique since a)herbivore and carnivore fauna were present in numbers from two different time periods, b) well‐characterized human skeletons were also present in at least one of these levels, and c)the diets of the individuals examined were basically well understood. On the basis of Sr/Ca values, a large difference was observed between Natufian herbivore bones and carnivore bones in the manner predicted by the diets of these species. Sr/Ca values for the adult humans from the same level fell midway between the herbivore and carnivore ranges. However, a different pattern was observed for Aurignacian fauna; no difference could be found between Sr/Ca ratios of herbivore and carnivore bones. The findings suggest that, in certain circumstances, the technique may provide important new paleodietary information. However, at any given site or level, both herbivore and carnivore fauna should be analyzed before conclusions about human diets are drawn from it.