bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of rape (Brassica napus L.) embryo during seed germination. IV. Germinating embryo. The first zones of mitoses, starch and DNA synthesis and their expansion pattern
Authors: Kuraś Mieczysław
Published: February 2014

The rape radicle is completely covered by the root cap. The successive lateral cell layers of the root cap are terminated by T-forming walls in the dermatogen layer in a statistically constant position. T-walls in dermatogen were utilized for delimitation of successive root sectors on longitudinal microtome sections at the succeeding germination stages. The length and the cell number of the corresponding sectors were studied and the starch and DNA synthesis sites as well as cell divisions localized. All these processes are initiated in a constant sequence and in specific embryo zones. The first symptom of activation of the embryo is starch synthesis. It begins in two centres: in the apical part of the radicle columella and in the hypoctyl dermalogen it moves deep into the cortex and in both directions along the columella the activation of starch synthesis shifts basipetally into the whole columella and the initial centre as well as the lateral parts of the root cap. From the hypocotyl dermatogen it moves into the cortex and in both directions along the embryo axis. In the root dermatogen and periblem the activation zone is first located in the basal sector and, then, gradually, in the lower ones. Just before germination the basal and apical zones of activation meet. Starch can then, be found throughout the root. During starch synthesis, in the basal part of the radicle. DNA synthesis and cell growth begin. In the root sectors which have already begun to grow and synthesize DNA, cell divisions start. The boundary of the dividing cells zone shifts acropetally at some distance above the lower boundary of DNA synthesis and the zone of cell premitotic growth. The acropetal shift of the mitotic activation zones can be described as wave expansion. Before the first mitotic wave reaches the promeristem it is followed by at least three acropetal waves, arising in the already activated basal sectors. and then the mitoses are asynchronised. Mitotic.: activation of the root cap is partly independent of the acropetal wave of cell activation and results from the expanding weaker basipetal wave.
Sesquiterpene lactones. XXXIII. Guaianolides in the subgenus Psephellus (Cass.) Schmalh., genus Centaurea L.
Authors: Nowak Gerard , Drożdż Bohdan , Holub Miroslav , Łagodzińska Agnieszka
Published: February 2014

Sesquiterpene lactones were found to occur in all of the studied species of the subgenus Psephellus (Cass.) Schmalh. Differing compositions were found in the representatives of three sections. In Centaurea declinata MB. from the section Leucophylle (Sosn.) Sosn.. 15-deoxyrepin, linichlorin B and cynaropicrin were found. Linichlorin B dominated in Centaurea hypoleucu DC. from section Hypoleucae (Sosn.) Sosn., while in the species classified in section Psephellus Sosn., repin, acroptilin, jenerin, centaurepensin and, in some, also cynaropicrin. dominated.
Biological properties of Majnnthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schm. polycormones under various ecological conditions
Authors: Czarnecka Bożena
Published: February 2014

Majanthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schm. populations exhibit a two-level organisation. Individuals in the biological sense (polycormones) consists of a number of basic units-above-ground shoots joined by durable rhizomes. The role of the individual in the population and plant community depends on its age, size and individual area which is the exponent of the number and biomass of the produced organs. It is considered that there exist both intra- and interpopulation differences in the number of above-ground shoots and length of rhizomes as well as in the structure of the developmental phases and age states of the above- and underground parts of the polycormones. In all populations the greater part of the biomass falls to underground organs. A more favourable ratio of shoot biomass to that of rhizomes is, however, found in the polycormones of Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum and Carici elongatae-Alnetum where the presence of nitrogen in nitrate form was disclosed. With increase of participation of young age classes of shoots more of the total biomass falls to the above-ground parts.
In vitro culture of Cucumis sativus L. VI. Histological analysis of leaf explants cultured on media with 2, 4-D or 2, 4, 5-T
Authors: Nadolska-Orczyk Anna , Malepszy Stefan
Published: February 2014

The developmental sequence of callus initiation and somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants of Cucumis sativus cv. Borszczagowski was analysed and compared on media containing two different auxin phenoxy-derivatives (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) and cytokinin (BAP or 2iP). During the first 20 days of culture on media with 2,4,5-T proliferation of parenchymatic tissue occurred mainly and only small meristematic centers were observed. There was an intensive detachment of parenchymatic cells and dissociation of their cell walls near vessels and in the lower part of the explant adjacent to the medium. These cells were strongly plasmolysed. On the 2,4-D containing medium mostly meristematic tissue developed, proliferating around vascular bundles and forming meristematic centers or promeristem-like structures. After 35-50 days of culture, secondary callus was formed by separation of meristematic cells from the meristem surface in explants cultured on the 2,4-D containing medium. On medium supplemented with 2, 4, 5-T the detachment of parenchymatic and meristematic cells occurred, along with formation of a gel-like substance. The gel-like callus contained multi-cellular aggregates, proembryoids and embryoids. This type of callus tissue was initiated more intensively on medium with 2, 4, 5-T, but the frequency of somatic embryogenesis was much lower. The periferial cells of aggregates, proembryoids and embryoids showed the tendency to separate from the surface of the tissue. Many embryoids formed adventitious embryos.
The cell wall of the pollen mother cell at the tetrad stage in Convallaria majalis L.
Authors: Charzyńska Maria , Pannenko Iwona
Published: February 2014

The cell wall at the tetrad stage in Convallaria majalis L. has been studied by light microscope histochemical techniques. The standard PAS reaction has shown the persistence of the primary pecto-cellulosic pollen mother cell wall localized around the callosic special wall (determined both by Bauer's reaction and the fluorescence technique with aniline blue) of individual tetrcds. A PAS-positive spore precursor wall (primexime) is formed while the tetrad of microspores is still enclosed by intact callose and pollen mother cell walls. The pecto-cellulosic wall and callose layer dissolve simultaneously to release the microspores into another loculi.
The decomposition of plant litter fall in an oak-linden-hornbeam forest and an oak-pine mixed forest of the Białowieża National Park
Authors: Dziadowiec Helena
Published: February 2014

The decomposition of hornbeam, linden and oak leaves in an oak-linden-hornbeam ,(Tilio-Carpinetum) forst and of pine and spruce needles in an oak-pine mixed forest (Pino-Quercetum typicum) of the Białowieża National Park were studied. The decay of the hornbeam and linden leaves progressed at the same rates, while that of oak leaves was slower. During the first year in the oak-pine mixed forest, the decay of pine needles was more intense than that of spruce needles, then during later periods, the rate of decomposition of spruce needles exceeded that of pine. The initial rates of decomposition were determined by the C/N ratio and the content of easily soluble components in the starting materials. The decomposition rate coefficients were: 1.06 for hornbeam leaves, 0.91 for linden leaves, 0.63 for oak leaves, 0.21 for pine needles and 0.30 for spruce needles; the time necessary for 95%;, of the initial material to decay was from 3 to 5 years for the oak-linden-hornbeam forest and from 10 to 14 years in the oak-pine mixed forest. Elements can be arranged in the following orders on the basis of their rates of release: K> Mg > P> > Ca > N or K> Mg > Ca > P> N. A decisive role is played by microbiological processes in the release of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, while potassium and magnesium are released mainly by leaching.
Embryo sac haustorium in Dryas octopetala L. (Rosaceae)
Authors: Czapik Romana
Published: February 2014

The embryo sac haustorium found in Dryas octopetala L. from the Tatra Mts is the first record of its occurrence in Rosaceae. At the eight-nucleate stage of the embryo sac, the antipodal end of the central cell began to grow into a narrow caecum filled with dense cytoplasm and elongated in the chalazal direction leaving the three antipodals in situ. The haustorium enlarged and lost its characteristic shape after the period of fertilization. Finally, the embryo sac occupied almost the whole length of the ovule. Situated at its chalazal end there was either dense cytoplasm with a group of endosperm nuclei or dense, grainy cytoplasm only, if fertilization had not taken place.
Studies of fluorophenylalanine induced Avena coleoptile elongation: Possible modulation of auxin oxidase activity
Authors: Maksymowych Andrew B. , Orkwiszewski Joseph A.
Published: February 2014

Previous studies have established that the amino acid analogue p-fluorophenylalanine promotes the elongation of etiolated Avena coleoptile segments and lead us to suggest that the elongation response induced by this isostere is due to a depression of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity resulting in a decreased level of low molecular weight phenols which, directly or indirectly, modify Avena auxin oxidase activity and result in altered levels of growth substance in coleoptile segments. Further elucidation of the nature of the growth response necessitated additional studies on analogue specificity. To date only fluorinated analogues have been used to modify L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, therefore, data on the effects of other halide substituted phenylalanines are presented and comapred to the results of fluorophenylalanine treatment. Data indicate that the p-tluorophenylalanine response is isomer and substituent specific for no other halide substituted analogue elicits a positive elongation response. Treatment of Avena coleoptiles with p-fluorophenylalanine results in a modified auxin oxidase activity. A decrease in oxidase specific activity has been observed throughout a series of temperature and pH studies performed in this laboratory.
Serological estimation of the level of cross-fertilization in the monoecious liverwort Pellia epiphylla n = 9
Authors: Prus-Głowacki Wiesław , Zieliński Roman
Published: February 2014

Using protein antigens as markers, antigenic differentiation of progenies obtained from individual sporangia was examined. The experiments were expected to permit estimation of cross-fertilization frequency in the monoecious liverwort species, Pellia epiphylla, n = 9. The results obtained indicated segregation into two serological types, i.e. pointed to cross-fertilization, in approximately, 80% progenies. In correlation with electrophoretic studies, employing two peroxidase alleles and two shikimic acid dehydrogenase alleles as markers, the result made possible the establishment of cross-fertilization frequency at approximately 93% The data may indicate an absence of self-fertilization in this liverwort species and, thus, self-incompatibility. This may be included among the facors responsible for maintenance of genetic variability in populations of this species, in which haplophase is the prevalent phase of its life-cycle.
Development of the husk tomato plant (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.). III. Growth analysis
Authors: Cartujano-Escobar Francisco , Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Fernandez-Orduña Victor M. , Mulato-Brito Juan , Piętkiweicz Stefan
Published: February 2014

Growth analysis of husk tomato plants cv. Rendidora was done applying classical methods. Quantities such as the Relative Growth Rate, Leaf Area Ratio, Unit Leaf Rate and others were calculated in order to describe the changes which occur in the Physalis ixocarpa plant during its development from emergence to death. The mentioned quantities comported differently in the four periods of the life of husk tomato, providing a good insight into the changing direction and intensity of the main physiological processes and their mutual balance. It is believed that such recognition of the properties of a plant may help breeders.
Phytochrome and endogenous gibberellin-like substances in etiolated and irradiated oat seedlings
Authors: Kopcewicz Jan , Cymerski Mariusz , Madela Kazimierz
Published: February 2014

The level of gibberellin-like substances was investigated in oat coleoptiles with different stationary states of phytochrome and in leaf segments which had been etiolated and irradiated with red light. Etiolated coleoptiles and leaves containing maximum amounts of the PR form of phytochrome were characterized by an increased level of bound gibberellins. Irradiation with red light resulting in the photoconversion of phytochrome into the Pt R form caused the appearance of a high content of free gibberellins. It seems that the releasing the hormones from bound forms correlated with the formation of phytochrome PFR may be an important aspect of the mechanism of phytochrome action in the processes of seedling deetiolation. The interrelation between phytochrome and plant hormones in the control of photomorphogenesis of young monocotyledonous seedlings is also discussed.
The use of transcription inhibitors in the study of the mechanism of abscisic acid action in germinating triticale caryopses
Authors: Weidner Stanisław , Makowski Włodzimierz , Rejowski Andrzej
Published: February 2014

The study was conducted on germinating triticale (var. Grado) caryopses. The purpose of the experiments was to compare the effect of selected inhibitors of transcription with the action of abscisic acid during germination of caryopses. The following inhibitors were used: α-amanitin, cordycepin, cycloheximide and 5-fluorouracil. Studied were the synthesis of total and polyribosomal RNA, the process of polyribosome formation and the synthesis of ribosomal proteins. The effect of exogenous ABA, especially in the early stages of germination, was not similar to any of the four above inhibitors of transcription. After 12 h of imbibition at a lowered temperature and 3 h of germination, ABA caused a relatively low level of inhibition of RNA synthesis, whereas all of the inhibitors used halted RNA synthesis in embryos by about 50-60%. After 6 h of germination, the same proportion of polyribosomes in the total ribosome fraction (46%) was found in both the embryos from the control sample and treated with ABA. The use of inhibitors brought this figure down to below 40%. The conclusion is drawn that in the early stages of germination, regulation of protein synthesis by ABA in triticale caryopses must occur on a level other than transcription.
Production and germination of Tussilago farfara (L.) diaspores
Authors: Namur-Ochocka Anna
Published: February 2014

In the paper the production of generative diaspores in Tussilago farfara (L.) was assessed in four different ecological systems. Also their morphological characteristics, as well as their germinability under natural and laboratory conditions were analysed, depending upon the age, density and size of diaspores, as well as sowing depth, substrate type and light conditions. The studies showed that diaspores: 1) were highly germinable under laboratory conditions; 2) did not germinate effectively under natural conditions; 31 were short-lived; 4) were tolerant to unfavourable habitat agents. Tussilago farfara was determined to exhibit high diaspore production only under conditions of suppresed interspecific competition.
Ultrastructural transformations of nuclei in differentiating Hyacirlthus orientalis L. pollen grain cells
Authors: Bednarska Elżbieta , Górska-Brylass Alicja
Published: February 2014

The ultrastructure of the pollen nuclei was studied during pollen maturation in Hyacinthus orientalis L., in which both pollen cells go through full interphase (G1 S, G2). The particular stages of interphase, however, do not proceed simultaneously in the vegetative and generative nuclei. The ultrastructural transformations of both pollen nuclei were analysed with reference to the dynamics of variations in the level of RNA and protein synthesis, investigated earlier. A distinction is drawn between the structural changes common for both nuclei, linked immanently with the interphase and the transformations connected with the differentiation of pollen cells.
Growth and development of shoot apex in barley. III. Study of growth rate variation by means of the growth tensor
Authors: Hejnowicz Zygmunt , Nakielski Jerzy , Włoch Wiesław , Bełtowski Marek
Published: February 2014

Silhouette of the shoot apical dome of barley does not change in time during early generative phase, although the dome height varies cyclically and increases in successive plastochrons. The elongation is limited to the dome region, the young frusta do not elongate. Relative rate of elongation (per plastochron) of the dome as a whole, decreases with increasing dome height. In the protoderm there are packets of cells distinguished by thicker walls. The growth tensor in prolate spheroidal coordinate system was applied to analysis of growth rate distribution within the dome. The meridional displacement velocities on dome surface, which are needed for the analysis, were determined on the basis of cell packet length expressed as a position function. Maximum relative elemental rate of growth occurs in subdistal zone.
Morphologic and anatomic features of new breeding lines of cucumber var. Borszczagowski
Authors: Lauk Jolanta , Gabara Barbara , Kubicki Bogusław
Published: February 2014

Four growth type mutants 2-75, W-SK, W-19, W-97 obtained from seeds of Cucumis sativus var. Borszczagowski treated with ethylene imine were studied. These mutants represented two types of growth: intensive (2-75) and dwarf (W-SK, W-19, W-97). The exuberant growth of mutant 2-75 was the result of internode elongation, intensive production of lateral shoots, enlargement of leaf and number of vascular bundles (11 as compared with 9 in the remaining mutants). The dwarfness of W-SK, W-19, W-97 mutants was caused by strong shoot reduction resulting from decreased length and number of internodes, limiting of lateral shoot production, smaller and darker leaf blade. The mutants produced fruits which differed in shape, dimension and colouring. Moreover, the fruits of mutant 2-75 were characterized by the presence of empty chambers in the endocarp.
Genetic and ultrastructural studies on an orange coloured chlorophyll mutant of winter rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Kubicka Helena , Gabara Barbara , Kubicki Bogusław , Karaś Mieczysław
Published: February 2014

The feature of the orange colour of young seedlings, which appeared in inbred generation S2 of a short straw form of winter rye cultivated in Jeleniec is described. Genetic analysis revealed that this feature is determined by one recessive gene, marked with the symbol cl2 (chlorophyll lethal), because the plants with a double dose of this gene (recessive homozygotes) die four weeks after germination. In contrast to typical chloroplasts in normal plants (green), mesophyll cells of mutants (of orange colour) contain plastids devoid of grana thylakoids. The lamellar system of these plastids is composed only of more or less parallel single thylakoids. Short thylakoids often demonstrate a "staircase" arrangement forming in this way long thylakoids. Moreover, such plastids are characterized by the presence of 1-4 clusters of osmophilic globules. Starch grains were lacking in plastids of mutated plants.
Phytochemical studies of the herb, Tragopogon orientalis L. (Asteraceae). 2. Components of a methanol extract
Authors: Smolarz Helena D. , Krzaczek Tadeusz
Published: February 2014

Vitexin, orientin, isoorientin, luteolin and apigenin were isolated from the herb, Tragopogon orientnlis L. The occurrence of quercetin and the phenolic acids: chlorogenic, homoprotoca-techuic, protocatechuic, caffeic, gentysic, p-hydroxybenzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic o-hydroxyphenylacetic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, p-cumaric, syringic, vanillic, ferulic and salicylic, and of the sugars: glucose, fructose and sucrose was demonstrated chromatographically.
Changes in photosynthetic carbon metabolism in senescent leaves of chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.
Authors: Murumkar Chandrashekhar V. , Chavan Prakash D.
Published: February 2014

Photosynthetic processes in mature and senescent leaves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) have been compared. With age, leaf photosynthetic pigments viz. chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, and rate of 14°C fixation were considerably affected. Analysis of δ13C, and short term photosynthetic products showed no major change in the path of photosynthetic carbon fixation. Study of long term photosynthetic 14C assimilation revealed that in old senescent leaves, 14C incorporation into organic acid and sugar fractions was enhanced.
Participation of labile and stabile phytochrome in the control of chlorophyll accumulation during the deetiolation of oat seedlings
Authors: Cymerski Mariusz , Kopcewicz Jan
Published: February 2014

The effect of the phytochrome system on the accumulation rate of chlorophyll-a and b in 96-hour-old oat seedlings during the first 3 hours of white light action was investigated. It was established that initial irradiation with red light stimulated the accumulation rate of both forms of chlorophyll. This effect depended on the level of the PFR form of phytochrome obtained during the initial irradiation and it reached the treshold value in the case of about 20% of PFR in relation to PR in etiolated seedlings. Far red light stimulated only the accumulation of chlorophyll-a. The effect of red light was reversible if far red light was applied directly after red light. The reversibility diminished gradually together with the extension of the dark period between red and far red light, disappearing completely after 6 hours. The results suggest the participation of two pools of phytochrome - a labile and a stabile one - in the reaction stimulating chlorophyll accumulation. A model of labile phytochrome action through the destruction products of phytochrome is proposed.
Oscillation of stem polarity expression in transport of natural auxin of pine cambium
Authors: Wodzicki Tomasz J. , Wodzicki Alina B. , Brown Claud L.
Published: February 2014

Simultaneous measurements of acropetal and basipetal efflux of natural auxin from the cambial region of a series of successive sections from Pinus silvestris stems revealed an unknown until now variation of polarity expression in the transport of auxin, which occurs in short cycles along the stem. It is suggested that the direction of phase synchronization of this oscillation between the neighboring cambial cells determines the fronts of the auxin waves. Modulations of the auxin-wave caused by apical application of synthetic IAA were shown to depend upon changes in the polarity expression in respect to natural auxin transport. Some evidence of a direct involvement of the exogenous auxin in the mechanism responsible for oscillations of the polarity expression was also obtained in experiments, in which 14C-IAA was applied directly into the phloem of living trees of Pinus taeda L. Transport of labelled auxin was very slow however, and its direct involvement in polar transport (the oscillation of which was measured) extended only for a short distance from the place of aplication. Simultaneously, the natural auxin wave measured by bioassays extended to further distances. The results corroborate the hypothesis that oscillations of the polarity expression responsible for generation of the auxin wave in cambium depend primarily upon a system autonomous to cells of the cambial region, independent of the direct contribution of the molecules of auxin produced at distant sources. On the other hand, such external to cambium sources of auxin modulate the auxin-wave parameters affecting the system responsible for expression of the polarity in the regions close to their synthesis. These modulations are than propagated in the cambial zone.
Phenolic compounds and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in two soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Mandarin) cell lines that differ in their ploidy levels
Authors: Zaman Khalequz
Published: February 2014

Through this preliminary experiment examining different color expressions in two soybean cell lines, SB1, and SB3 several important features were observed. SB3 cells, which produce much more dark brown pigments in both suspension and callus cultures, had higher total phenolics and flavonoid contents as well as higher L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity.
Plant regeneration of wild Cucumis species
Authors: Orczyk Wacław , Nadolska-Orczyk Anna , Malepszy Stefan
Published: February 2014

Plant regeneration from C. anyuria var. longipes A. Meeuse and C. metuliferus Naud. leaf explants was investigated. It was found that embryoid-like structures were formed from C. anguria leaf explants cultured on media containing 0.3 mg dm-3 2,4-D and 0.8 mg dm-3 2iP. After being transferred to medium with 0.3 mg dm-3 2iP and 1 mg dm-3 GA3 they developed 187±49 shoots per explant. Further growth and root formation proceeded on hormone free medium.
Condensed and hydrolyzable tannins in two soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Madarin) cell lines that differ in their ploidy levels
Authors: Zaman Khalequz
Published: February 2014

Comparison of SB1 and SB3 cell lines in both suspension and callus cultures showed that the latter, which produce much more dark brown pigments, had higher levels of condensed tannins. They also had higher total phenolics and flavonoid contents and L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity.
Distribution of Carex vaginata Tausch in Poland
Authors: Jakubowska-Gabara Janina
Published: February 2014

The distribution of Carex vaginata Tausch in Poland is analysed on the basis of data from literature, herbarium and the author's field investigations. The paper also presents the general distribution of this species in the world and describes ecological and phytocoenological data.
The uptake and accumulation of phosphorous and nitrates and the activity of nitrate reductase in cucumber seedlings treated with PbCl2 or CdCl2
Authors: Burzyński Marek
Published: February 2014

Treatment of 4-day-old cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings with PbCl2 or CdCl2 caused a significant increase in the accumulation of heavy metals by the plants, especially in the roots. The accumulated Pb initially enhanced the uptake of phosphorous after the plants had been transferred to a nutrient medium (6, 24 hrs), but after only 48 Ins the uptake had dropped to below control level. The plants treated with Cd exhibited a constant decreased phosphorous uptake level. The accumulated lead and cadmium also inhibited nitrate uptake and the activity of nitrate reductase. It is suggested that the reason for the decreased nitrate reductase activity lay rather in the lower nitrate uptake than in a direct effect of the heavy metals on the enzyme.
The sensitivity of Trichoderma viride to medicagenic acid, its natural glucosides (saponins) and derivatives
Authors: Oleszek Wiesław , Price Keith R. , Fenwick Roger G.
Published: February 2014

Medicagenic acid, its 3-0-glucopyranoside and 3,28-di-(0-glucopyranoside), their methyl esters and acetyl derivatives were tested for their potential to retard the growth of the fungus T. viride. The varying antifungal activities are discussed in relation to published data and to the applicability of T. virile - based biological methods for the quantification of saponins in plant material.
Investigations into the effect of automobile exhausts on the phenology, periodicity and productivity of some roadside trees
Authors: Bhatti Ghulam , Iqbai Muhammad Z.
Published: February 2014

In response to a polluted atmosphere, the phenology of Ficus benyalensis and Eucalyptus sp. was highly affected. The yield of seeds and fruits of Gunincun officinale and Azadirachta indica was lessened at the polluted sites. The automobile emissions significantly reduced the productivity in G. officinale, F. bengalensis and Eucalyptus sp., whereas, A. indica was comparatively resistant to vehicle exhaust pollution. Leaf area and dry weight were significantly reduced in most of the plants.
The relationship of proline accumulation to phosphorus content in oilseed rape
Authors: Rogozińska Janina , Flasiński Stanisław
Published: February 2014

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in the medium caused proline accumulation in the leaves and stems of oilseed rape. This accumulation took place when the P level had decreased in the plant to ca 0.2% d.w. and proceeded very fast when the P content dropped below 0.1% d.w. The magnitude of proline accumulation depended strictly on the P level in the plant.
Effect of GA3 on photosynthate allocation and invertase activity in radish plants grown on different potassium levels
Authors: Niemyska Barbara , Starck Zofia
Published: February 2014

The effect of GA3 application to the swollen hypocotyl was studied in radish cultivars Saxa and Tetra Iłowiecka, supplied with various amount of K and grown in greenhouse in hydroponic culture. In low-K plants of both compared cultivars, strong depression of 14C02 assimilation preceded diminished export of current photosynthates. In plants with K+-deficit, transfer for 3 days from low- to high-K solution stimulated photosynthesis without effect on 14C-export. Three days after GA3 treatment of the swollen hypocotyl 14C02 assimilation was stimulated while 14C-retention in the blades was diminished, but only in low-K plants. In Tetra low-K plants with poorly developed storage organs, treatment with GA3 caused their better supply with current photosynthates at the expense of the roots. In the Saxa cultivar, the pattern of photosynthate allocation was only slightly affected by GA3 even in K-deficient plants; the swollen hypocotyl was already developed before K depletion from the nutrient solution. Nevertheless, in Saxa plants, GA3 prolonged not only growth of the storage organ, but also enhanced acid invertase which at that time was greatly diminished in low- and high-K plants. In contrast, the relatively high activity of invertase in Tetra cv. was not affected by GA3 treatment in low-K plants and was even depressed in high-K plants. This suggests that growth and accumulation of substances in the storage organ of radish plants and acid invertase activity greatly differ in their response to applied GAY
Isolation and identification of flavonoids from Medicago lupulina L. flowers
Authors: Burda Stanisław , Jurzysta Marian
Published: February 2014

Four dominant flavonoid compounds in crystal form were isolated from flowers of Medicago lupulina L. and identified as laricytrin (3'-metoxy-3,4',5,5'7-pentahydroxyflavone), and its three glycosides: 5'-O-β-D-glucoside, 3,5'-O-β-D-diglucoside and 3,5',7-0-β-D-triglucoside. The described monoglucoside is a new compound, isolated for the first time from plant material. The remaining three flavonoid constituents appear only in trace amounts characterized as heterosides of kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin with 0-glycoside bounded in the position 3.
Morphological-developmental properties as an agent forming spatial structure of Adonis vernalis (L.) populations
Authors: Jankowska-Błaszczuk Małgorzata
Published: February 2014

Aggregated and group-aggregated spatial structure of two Adonis vernalis (L.) populations in xerothermic grasslands are presented. It has been found that different disturbances (grazing, fire), which affect each population, modify morphological properties and developmental potential of individuals. This is followed by differentation in spatial and age structure of both populations. Comparative analysis of above- and below-ground plant organs of Adonis vernalis has enabled to present hierarchical spatial structure of aggregations and clumps as a result of modular structure of individuals and populations.
Control of Al2O3/InAlN interface by two-step atomic layer deposition combined with high-temperature annealing
Authors: Nakano Takuma , Chiba Masahito , Akazawa Masamichi
Published: February 2014

An attempt was made to control the Al2O3/InAlN interface by the phase change of the Al2O3 layer formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The electrical properties of an InAlN metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) diode with a sufficiently thick ALD-Al2O3 layer deteriorated following conventional postdeposition annealing (PDA) at 850 °C, which is sufficiently high for microcrystallization of the ALD-Al2O3 layer. However, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed no evidence of an interface disorder in the ultrathin ALD-Al2O3/InAlN structure annealed at 850 °C. Two-step ALD interrupted by annealing at 850 °C right after the formation of the initial ultrathin Al2O3 layer improved the electrical properties of the MOS diode with reduced interface state density (D
it) and leakage current. A weak crystallization of the ultrathin Al2O3 layer was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Improvement of the interface disorder by high-temperature annealing is discussed as the origin of the D
it reduction.
Effect of EMIC waves on relativistic and ultrarelativistic electron populations: Ground‐based and Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Drozdov A. , Orlova K. , Mann I. R. , Shprits Y. , Robertson M. T. , Turner D. L. , Milling D. K. , Kale A. , Baker D. N. , Thaller S. A. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Kletzing C. , Wygant J.
Published: February 2014

We study the effect of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves on the loss and pitch angle scattering of relativistic and ultrarelativistic electrons during the recovery phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm on 11 October 2012. The EMIC wave activity was observed in situ on the Van Allen Probes and conjugately on the ground across the Canadian Array for Real‐time Investigations of Magnetic Activity throughout an extended 18 h interval. However, neither enhanced precipitation of >0.7 MeV electrons nor reductions in Van Allen Probe 90° pitch angle ultrarelativistic electron flux were observed. Computed radiation belt electron pitch angle diffusion rates demonstrate that rapid pitch angle diffusion is confined to low pitch angles and cannot reach 90°. For the first time, from both observational and modeling perspectives, we show evidence of EMIC waves triggering ultrarelativistic (~2–8 MeV) electron loss but which is confined to pitch angles below around 45° and not affecting the core distribution.
Ionospheric feedback instability and active discrete auroral forms
Authors: Jia N. , Streltsov A. V.
Published: February 2014

We present results from time‐dependent, three‐dimensional numerical simulations of ULF Alfvén waves generated by the ionospheric feedback instability at high latitudes. The goal of this study is to understand physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of active discrete auroral forms (curls and folds) typically observed during the substorm onset. Our simulations demonstrate that active feedback of the auroral ionosphere on magnetic field‐aligned currents carried by ULF Alfvén waves can explain wide variety of auroral structures. The main reason for this variety is a susceptibility of the electrodynamics of the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system to parameters of the electric field and plasma in the ionosphere and magnetosphere of the Earth. Due to the highly nonlinear character of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere interactions, different combinations of these parameters lead to different spatial and temporal behavior of the magnetic field‐aligned currents producing aurora. One of the main conclusions from our study is that the ionosphere is responsible for the formation of small‐scale curls and folds in the discrete aurora and for the intensification of magnetic field‐aligned currents, observed during substorms. The results from our 3‐D simulations are applied for the explanation of structure of discrete auroral arcs observed during the 29 October 2013 substorm at Fort Yukon, Alaska.
Classifying Asian dust aerosols and their columnar optical properties using fuzzy clustering
Authors: Wu Lin , Zeng Qing‐Cun
Published: February 2014

The Gustafson‐Kessel fuzzy clustering algorithm is used to classify Asian dust aerosols from Aerosol Robotic Network inversions, and properties within different membership degree intervals are analyzed. Five typical Asian dust sites are selected for source data. Based on dust aerosol physics, seven key parameters are selected as clustering inputs. The two clusters, dust and nondust, are then divided by a membership degree threshold of 0.5 on a scale of 0 to 1. The membership degree denotes the level of confidence that a record belongs to a cluster. The degree of mixing is denoted by diminishing membership values; e.g., the classified dust aerosol associated with higher membership degree denotes the purer dust. The two‐dimensional principle component projections, together with the properties of the clusters, show the capability of fuzzy clustering to classify a pure aerosol type based on a membership degree. Then the detailed dust properties within different membership degree intervals are analyzed. The results show that both the optical properties and volume size distributions vary significantly with membership degrees and range diversities can be reduced within each interval. The proposed method can also be used to determine weights in an aerosol fitting model to improve the parameterization. The method is most suited to air masses with multicomponent aerosol mixtures and can easily be extended to other types of aerosols.
Predictors of New‐Onset Widespread Pain in Older Adults: Results From a Population‐Based Prospective Cohort Study in the UK
Authors: McBeth John , Lacey Rosie J. , Wilkie Ross
Published: February 2014

Objective

In older adults, widespread pain (WP) is common, although its etiology is unclear. This study sought to identify factors associated with an increased risk of developing WP in adults age ≥50 years.

Methods

A population‐based prospective study was conducted. A baseline questionnaire was administered to subjects to collect data on pain, psychological status, lifestyle and health behaviors, and sociodemographic and clinical factors. Participants free of WP (as defined by the American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for fibromyalgia) were followed up for 3 years, and those with new‐onset WP at followup were identified. Logistic regression analyses were used to test the relationship between baseline factors and new‐onset WP. Multiple imputation was used to test the results for sensitivity to missing data.

Results

In this population‐based study, 4,326 subjects (1,562 reporting no pain at baseline and 2,764 reporting some pain at baseline) participated at followup. Of these participants, 800 (18.5%) reported a status of new WP at followup (of whom, 121 [7.7%] had reported no pain at baseline and 679 [24.6%] had reported some pain at baseline). The majority of the study factors were associated with new‐onset WP. However, only a few factors showed a persistent association with new‐onset WP in the multivariate analysis, including age (odds ratio [OR] 0.97, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.96–0.99), baseline pain status (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.08–1.2), anxiety (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.01–2.1), physical health‐related quality of life (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.5), cognitive complaint (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.04–1.6), and nonrestorative sleep (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–2.8). These associations persisted after adjustment for the presence of diffuse osteoarthritis (OA), which led to a modest increase in model fit (C‐statistic 0.738, compared with 0.731 in the model excluding diffuse OA). The results were not sensitive to missing data.

Conclusion

Of the factors measured in this study, nonrestorative sleep was the strongest independent predictor of new‐onset WP.
Modeling of EEG electrode artifacts and thermal ripples in human radiofrequency exposure studies
Authors: Murbach Manuel , Neufeld Esra , Christopoulou Maria , Achermann Peter , Kuster Niels
Published: February 2014

The effects of radiofrequency (RF) exposure on wake and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) have been in focus since mobile phone usage became pervasive. It has been hypothesized that effects may be explained by (1) enhanced induced fields due to RF coupling with the electrode assembly, (2) the subsequent temperature increase around the electrodes, or (3) RF induced thermal pulsing caused by localized exposure in the head. We evaluated these three hypotheses by means of both numerical and experimental assessments made with appropriate phantoms and anatomical human models. Typical and worst‐case electrode placements were examined at 900 and 2140 MHz. Our results indicate that hypothesis 1 can be rejected, as the induced fields cause <20% increase in the 10 g‐averaged specific absorption rate (SAR). Simulations with an anatomical model indicate that hypothesis 2 is also not supported, as the realistic worst‐case electrode placement results in a maximum skin temperature increase of 0.31 °C while brain temperature elevations remained <0.1 °C. These local short‐term temperature elevations are unlikely to change brain physiology during the time period from minutes to several hours after exposure. The maximum observed temperature ripple due to RF pulses is <0.001 °C for GSM‐like signals and <0.004 °C for 20‐fold higher pulse energy, and offers no support for hypothesis 3. Thus, the mechanism of interaction between RF and changes in the EEG power spectrum remains unknown. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:273–283, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations
Authors: Thors Björn , Thielens Arno , Fridén Jonas , Colombi Davide , Törnevik Christer , Vermeeren Günter , Martens Luc , Joseph Wout
Published: February 2014

In this paper, different methods for practical numerical radio frequency exposure compliance assessments of radio base station products were investigated. Both multi‐band base station antennas and antennas designed for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission schemes were considered. For the multi‐band case, various standardized assessment methods were evaluated in terms of resulting compliance distance with respect to the reference levels and basic restrictions of the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection. Both single frequency and multiple frequency (cumulative) compliance distances were determined using numerical simulations for a mobile communication base station antenna transmitting in four frequency bands between 800 and 2600 MHz. The assessments were conducted in terms of root‐mean‐squared electromagnetic fields, whole‐body averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) and peak 10 g averaged SAR. In general, assessments based on peak field strengths were found to be less computationally intensive, but lead to larger compliance distances than spatial averaging of electromagnetic fields used in combination with localized SAR assessments. For adult exposure, the results indicated that even shorter compliance distances were obtained by using assessments based on localized and whole‐body SAR. Numerical simulations, using base station products employing MIMO transmission schemes, were performed as well and were in agreement with reference measurements. The applicability of various field combination methods for correlated exposure was investigated, and best estimate methods were proposed. Our results showed that field combining methods generally considered as conservative could be used to efficiently assess compliance boundary dimensions of single‐ and dual‐polarized multicolumn base station antennas with only minor increases in compliance distances. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:296–308, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural elucidation of rat biliary metabolites of corynoxeine and their quantification using LC‐MSn
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Xinmei , Chen Yaping , Hattori Masao
Published: February 2014

Corynoxeine (COR) is one of 4 bioactive oxindole alkaloids in Uncaria species. In this work two phase I metabolites, namely 11‐hydroxycorynoxeine (M1) and 10‐hydroxycorynoxeine (M2), and two phase II metabolites, namely 11‐hydroxycorynoxeine 11‐O‐β‐d‐glucuronide (M3) and 10‐hydroxycorynoxeine 10‐O‐β‐d‐glucuronide (M4), were detected in rat bile after oral dose of COR (0.105 mmol/kg), by optimized high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MSn) with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. Structures of M1–4 were determined by LC‐MSn, nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism and high‐resolution MS spectra. COR and its metabolites in rat bile were quantified by LC‐MSn. The LC‐MSn quantification methods for COR and its metabolites yielded a linearity with coefficient of determination ≥0.995 from 5.0 × 10−10 to 5.0 × 10−7 m. The recoveries of stability tests varied from 96.80 to 103.10%. Accuracy ranged from 91.00 to 105.20%. Relative standard deviation for intra‐day and inter‐day assay was <5.0%. After the oral dose 0.14% of COR was detected in rat bile from 0 to 8 h, in which in total 97.8% COR biotransformed into M1–4. M1 and M2 yielded 48.1 and 49.7%, which successively glucuronidated to M3 and M4 at 47.2 and 43.8%, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First use of 18F‐labeled ML‐10 PET to assess apoptosis change in a newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme patient before and early after therapy
Authors: Oborski Matthew J. , Laymon Charles M. , Lieberman Frank S. , Drappatz Jan , Hamilton Ronald L. , Mountz James M.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

The authors present the first use of the novel positron emission tomography (PET) apoptosis tracer 18F‐labeled 2‐(5‐fluoro‐pentyl)‐2‐methyl‐malonic acid (18F‐ML‐10) for early‐therapy response assessment of a newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patient.

Case report

A 71‐year‐old male with a newly diagnosed GBM received 18F‐ML‐10 PET scans prior to therapy initiation (baseline) and after completing 3 weeks of whole‐brain radiation therapy with concomitant temozolomide chemotherapy (early‐therapy assessment, ETA). The baseline 18F‐ML‐10 PET scan showed increased tracer uptake at the site of the GBM, with highest activity toward the central portion of the tumor. At the ETA time point, a new distribution of tracer uptake was observed compared to baseline. Normalized pixel‐by‐pixel subtraction of baseline from ETA was used to quantify change in tracer distribution between 18F‐ML‐10 PET imaging time points. Results of this analysis showed reduction in 18F‐ML‐10 uptake at the site of greatest baseline uptake, but increased uptake around the periphery of the tumor at the early‐therapy time point.

Conclusion

The changing patterns of 18F‐ML‐10 uptake between baseline and ETA are suggestive for therapy‐induced tumor cellular apoptosis.
Limonoids with an Oxygen Bridge between C(1) and C(29) from the Seeds of a Krishna Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum
Authors: Li Min‐Yi , Xiao Qiang , Satyanandamurty Tirumani , Wu Jun
Published: February 2014

Ten limonoids, named granatumins L–U (1–10, resp.), were isolated from the seeds of an Indian mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum, collected in the estuary of Krishna, Andhra Pradesh. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic data. The relative configuration of granatumin L (1) was confirmed by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Granatumins L–T (1–9, resp.) belong to the small group of limonoids with an oxygen bridge between C(1) and C(29), while granatumin U (10) is a 28‐Me‐oxidized mexicanolide. This is the first report of limonoids with an O‐bridge between C(1) and C(29) from the Indian X. granatum. The pronounced structural diversity of limonoids from this mangrove might originate from environmental factors.