bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death denial: obstacle or instrument for palliative care? An analysis of clinical literature
Authors: Zimmermann Camilla
Published: October 2009

As a society and as individuals, we have come to recognize ourselves as ‘death‐denying’, a self‐characterisation particularly prominent in palliative care discourse and practice. As part of a larger project examining death attitudes in the palliative care setting, a Medline search (1971 to 2001) was performed combining the text words ‘deny’ and ‘denial’ with the subject headings ‘terminal care’, ‘palliative care’ and ‘hospice care’. The 30 articles were analysed using a constant comparison technique and emerging themes regarding the meaning and usage of the words deny and denial were identified. This paper examines the theme of denial as an obstacle to palliative care. In the articles, denial was described as an impediment to open discussion of dying, dying at home, stopping ‘futile’ treatments, advance care planning and control of symptoms. I suggest that these components of care together constitute what has come to be perceived as a correct ‘way to die’. Indeed, the very conceptualisation of denial as an obstacle to these components of care has been integral to building and sustaining the ‘way to die’ itself. The personal struggle with mortality has become an important instrument in the public problem of managing the dying process.
Conceiving Time? Women who do or do not conceive
Authors: Earle Sarah , Letherby Gayle
Published: October 2009

This article explores the importance of time for an understanding of women's experiences of reproductive identity. In order to do this we draw on data from two separate qualitative research projects. The first project is concerned with the experiences of conception, pregnancy, childbirth and early motherhood in primagravidae, whilst the second focuses on the experiences of individuals (especially women) who defined themselves (at the time of the fieldwork, or some time previously) as ‘involuntarily childless’ and/or ‘infertile’. These two areas are usually treated as separate; this article, however, explores similarities between them in terms of time and medicalisation. Our central concern, then, is with exploring the similarities of experience for women who do or do not conceive.
COMPARATIVE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: CATEGORIZING POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES USING TWELVE ARCHETYPES
Authors: SHOOK JOHN R.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:Comparative political philosophy can be stimulated by imposing a categorization scheme on possible varieties of political philosophies. This article develops a categorization scheme using four essential features of political philosophies, resulting in twelve archetypal political philosophies. The four essential features selected are a political philosophy's views concerning human nature, the proper function of morality, the best form of society, and the highest responsibility of citizenship. The twelve archetypal political philosophies range from the communal (Rousseau), the democratic (J. S. Mill), the representative (Aristotle), the aristocratic (Plato), and the autocratic (Calvin), along with seven more archetypes: the aloof anarchy, social anarchy, contractarian, progressive, natural law, sage ruler, and tyrannical political forms. A wide variety of Western political philosophers are assigned their places within this categorization scheme to illustrate its utility and comprehensiveness.
ETHICAL UNTHINKABILITIES AND PHILOSOPHICAL SERIOUSNESS
Authors: PIHLSTRÖM SAMI
Published: October 2009

Abstract:This article defends a controversial metaphilosophical thesis: it is not immediately obvious that “the best argument wins” in philosophy. Certain philosophical views, for example, extremely controversial ethical positions, may be intolerable and impossible to take seriously as contributions to ethical discussion, irrespective of their argumentative merits. As a case study of this metaphilosophical issue, the article discusses David Benatar's recent thesis that it is, for everyone, harmful to exist. It is argued that ethical and cultural “unthinkabilities” set limits to philosophical reasoning that even the most insightful arguments cannot transcend.
PHILOSOPHY IN FRAGMENTS: CULTIVATING PHILOSOPHIC THINKING WITH THE PRESOCRATICS
Authors: SILVERMINTZ DANIEL
Published: October 2009

Abstract: This article presents a strategy for introducing Presocratic thought to students in a manner that is both engaging and relevant. The first section addresses students' reactions to the claim that the Presocratics were the first philosophers. The second section considers how the fragmentary state of Presocratic thought does not hinder its comprehension. The third section proposes a classroom exercise for testing the scientific merits of each of the Presocratic theories. The final section proposes the use of a mock trial as a means of applying the materialist approach introduced by the Presocratics to contemporary debates about free will and determinism.
Agency and Human Rights
Authors: LIAO S. MATTHEW
Published: October 2009

abstract

What grounds human rights? How do we determine that something is a human right? James Griffin has persuasively argued that the notion of agency should determine the content of human rights. However, Griffin's agency account faces the question of why agency should be the sole ground for human rights. For example, can Griffin's notion of agency by itself adequately explain such human rights as that against torture? Or, has Griffin offered a plausible explanation as to why one should not broaden the ground for human rights to include other elements of a good life such as freedom from great pain, understanding, deep personal relations, and so on? These concerns have been raised regarding Griffin's agency account, but in his new book, On Human Rights, Griffin has offered new arguments in support of his view that agency is the sole ground for human rights. In this paper, I examine these new arguments, and I argue that Griffin's arguments are ultimately unsuccessful.
Optimal aircraft load balancing
Authors: Kaluzny Bohdan L. , Shaw R. H. A. David
Published: October 2009

The Canadian Forces employ cargo aircraft for countless missions to deliver equipment, supplies and passengers. Maximizing the payload while maintaining a safe load balance is of high importance. This paper details a mathematical formulation, a Mixed Integer Linear Program model, to solve the problem of determining the arrangement of a set of items in a cargo hold that optimizes the load balance. Items are modelled as rectangles with specified dimensions, mass and centre of gravity offsets. The main decision variables determine the orientation and placement of a given set of items. The objective function can be chosen to minimize deviation of the centre of gravity from the target position or to maximize a function of the items loaded (cardinality, priority, etc.). The formulation models item rotation, spacing requirements, load ordering, macro items, obstacles and constrained placement. Furthermore, specialized cut and transitivity constraints are developed that limit the solution search space.
Relational Aggression and Adverse Psychosocial and Physical Health Symptoms Among Urban Adolescents
Authors: Williams Jessica Roberts , Fredland Nina , Han Hae‐Ra , Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Kub Joan E.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine relational aggression and its relationship with adverse psychosocial and physical health symptoms among urban, African American youth.

Design and Sample: Quantitative, cross‐sectional survey design.

The sample consisted of 185 predominantly African American (95.1%) seventh‐grade students (mean age: 13.0; female: 58%) attending 4 urban middle schools.

Measures: The Children's Social Behavior Scale and Social Experience Questionnaire were used to measure relational aggression and relational victimization. The Pediatric Symptom Checklist was used to assess psychosocial difficulties, including internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and attention problems. Physical health symptoms were measured with questions about colds/flu, headaches, and stomach aches.

Results: 2‐way multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in externalizing behavior, with perpetrators reporting higher levels than nonperpetrators. Victims reported more internalizing behavior than nonvictims; however, this was only significant for males. For females, significant negative effects on health outcomes were found, resulting from the interaction of perpetration and victimization.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that relational aggression is a common occurrence among urban, minority adolescents and may result in adverse health outcomes. These results provide several avenues for future research and implications for healthcare practice. Intervention strategies are needed to prevent relational aggression and continual or subsequent adverse health symptoms.
Cardiometabolic Health of Chinese Older Adults With Diabetes Living in Beijing, China
Authors: Hu Jie , Wallace Debra C. , Jones Ellen , Liu Huaping
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Using the PRECEDE‐PROCEED model, this study examined the presence of metabolic syndrome and modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults with diabetes living in Beijing, China.

Design and Sample: The cross‐sectional study collected data through face‐to‐face interviews. The study included 73 Chinese older adults with diabetes. Their mean age was 68 years (±7.66), with a range from 52 to 90 years.

Measurements: Data were collected on demographic characteristics, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile and fasting glucose, physical activity, diet, and health status.

Results: The great majority (85%) had metabolic syndrome; 65% had hypertension; 52% had high levels of low‐density lipoproteins, and 80.6% had a high level of fasting glucose. Half of the participants (51.4%) were overweight, 16.7% were obese, and 86.3% had central obesity. Age, gender, BMI, income, insurance, smoking history, physical activity, and diet explained 23% of the variance in the metabolic syndrome component, systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions: The association of predisposing and enabling factors and health behavior with the metabolic syndrome needs to be further explored. Persons with diabetes should have regular health screenings to check for blood pressure, BMI, cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides in order to decrease the risks associated with metabolic syndrome and CVD.
A Material Flow Analysis of Phosphorus in Japan
Authors: Matsubae‐Yokoyama Kazuyo , Kubo Hironari , Nakajima Kenichi , Nagasaka Tetsuya
Published: October 2009

The demand for biofuels has recently increased because of rising prices of fossil fuels and diversification of energy resources. As a result, the demand for sugarcane and corn has been increasing, not only for food production, but also as sources of energy. In this context, securing supplies of phosphorus, required as an essential nutrient in agricultural production, has considerable implications that extend beyond food and agricultural policy. It is therefore important to consider the quantity and availability of phosphorus resources that remain untapped, because the demand and supply of phosphate ore is currently becoming very tight, and Japan has no domestic phosphorus resources.

To identify potential phosphorus resources, we have investigated the material flow of phosphorus within Japan, including that in the iron and steel industry, on the basis of statistical data for 2002. Our major finding is that the quantity of phosphorus in iron and steelmaking slag is almost equivalent to that in imported phosphate ore in terms of both the amount and concentration. We also found, by means of a waste input–output analysis and a total materials requirement study, that the phosphorus potentially recoverable from steelmaking slag by a new process that we have proposed has considerable environmental and economic benefits. Concerning the restricted supplies of phosphorus resource, it is important to consider the quantity and availability of phosphorus resources that currently remain untapped. From that viewpoint, steelmaking slag would be expected to be a great potential resource for phosphorus.
Platelet quality measured with dynamic light scattering correlates with transfusion outcome in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Maurer‐Spurej Elisabeth , Labrie Audrey , Pittendreigh Cheryl , Chipperfield Kate , Smith Clayton , Heddle Nancy , Liu Yang , Yi Qi‐Long , Barnett Michael
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: A clinically meaningful test for platelet (PLT) quality could improve the transfusion management of patients. The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether a new measure of PLT quality and function based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) correlates with transfusion outcome.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: For a total of 160 transfusions, the pretransfusion, 1 hour posttransfusion, and 24‐hour posttransfusion PLT counts were routinely measured in 49 patients (31 male, 18 female; age 46 ± 15 years) with hematologic malignancies. The corrected count increments (CCIs) at 1 hour (PLT recovery) and 24 hours (PLT survival) were calculated and used as the transfusion outcome measures. The ThromboLUX score (LightIntegra Technology, Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada; range, 0‐40; cutoff, 12) and the PLT morphology score of the PLT concentrates were determined and compared to transfusion outcome.

RESULTS: The CCIs and ThromboLUX scores were normally distributed and showed a strong correlation (n = 96, in the mixed regression model the adjusted coefficient is R = 0.6292, p < 0.0001), while other variables such as product type, age, and microscopic PLT morphology score were not correlated with transfusion outcome (p > 0.05). Importantly, 12 of 96 transfusions with poor PLT quality were clinically ineffective, that is, did not adequately increase the PLT counts in the recipients. One patient died after receiving three consecutive ineffective PLT transfusions with a low ThromboLUX score.

CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, the ThromboLUX score strongly correlated with transfusion outcome (PLT recovery and survival) independent of clinical and product issues.
Of Sustainability and Excellence: Chinese Academia at a Crossroads
Authors: Halachmi Arie , Ngok Kinglun
Published: October 2009

What forces shape the recent growth and evolution of higher education in China? Has it been a means of attaining China’s national goals domestically and abroad? This essay looks at some of the forces that influence current academic growth. A search for balance between institutional survival and academic excellence as well as salient differences between public policy training in China and the United States are highlighted.
Paradigm Shift in Public Administration: Implications for Teaching in Professional Training Programs
Authors: Wu Xun , He Jingwei
Published: October 2009

The decline in popularity of New Public Management worldwide reinvigorated the search for a new paradigm in the field of public administration. Several alternatives to New Public Management, such as the New Governance and Public Value paradigms, have gained prominence in recent years. Despite tensions among these paradigms, exceptional challenges for public administration teaching programs exist. Xun Wu and Jingwei He of the National University of Singapore compiled data on public administration and management courses from 48 top master of public administration degree programs in China and the United States. This essay analyzes how competing paradigms influenced the selection of course content and pedagogical foci in professional training curricula. The authors conclude that in order to take advantage of an unprecedented opportunity provided by the rapid, global expansion of professional education in public administration, there is an urgent need to find a synthesized theoretical framework.
Local Economic Development in China and the United States: Strategies and Issues
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom
Published: October 2009

Globalization stimulates local governments in China and the United States to step up their economic development efforts. What strategies are successful and why? Does industry cluster development lead to higher per capita income? What government infrastructure and incentives stimulate and nurture businesses? This article examines local economic development in China and the United States, comparing strategies and outlining challenging issues. Kuotsai Tom Liou of the University of Central Florida finds that local governments must play the leading role in sustainable development, as a partnership approach promotes collaboration among communities, industries, and other government entities. Policy implications and theoretical issues aimed to promote further comparative studies are presented.
Assessing the Impact of Performance‐Based Budgeting: A Comparative Analysis across the United States, Taiwan, and China
Authors: Lee Jack Yun‐Jie , Wang XiaoHu
Published: October 2009

What is the impact of performance‐based budgeting (PBB) on governmental spending? Do various PBB implementation strategies result in different outcomes? The authors, Jack Yun‐jie Lee of National Open University in Taiwan and XiaoHu Wang of the University of Central Florida, gathered data from the United States, Taiwan, and China (Guangdong Province) to explore the possible intermediate‐ and long‐term results of PBB. The data demonstrate how the impacts of PBB vary across countries and regions.
Fiscal Decentralization and Provincial‐Level Fiscal Disparities in China: A Sino‐U.S. Comparative Perspective
Authors: Zhao Zhirong Jerry
Published: October 2009

Since China’s 1994 fiscal reform, increasing concerns have been voiced about fiscal disparities across the country. Can local governments fairly and effectively fulfill basic public services such as primary education, public health, and social welfare? This essay traces the evolution of intergovernmental relations in China since 1978. The fluctuation of provincial level fiscal distribution over time and the underlying factors behind fiscal inequality, as compared to a decentralized American revenue system, are analyzed. The author, Zhirong Jerry Zhao of the University of Minnesota, argues for additional research on alternative measures of local fiscal capacity.
Managing Collaborative Service Delivery: Comparing China and the United States
Authors: Jing Yijia , Savas E. S.
Published: October 2009

Successful adoption of collaborative service delivery requires that governments develop better capacity to handle potential pitfalls. In this essay, Yijia Jing of Fudan University and E. S. Savas of the City University of New York provide a framework that compares and contrasts the management practices in China and America. Both nations favor collaborative service delivery and engage in it extensively. Can China’s state‐affiliated strategy and the United States’ competition‐oriented strategy both work effectively? Such distinct systems, embedded in vastly different socioeconomic and political institutional environments decisively influence the effectiveness of collaborative service delivery management in the two countries.
Regional Government and Governance in China and the United States
Authors: Ye Lin
Published: October 2009

A comparative analysis of regional governance policies in China and the United States is presented from multiple perspectives, including jurisdictional structure, intergovernmental relationship, and performance outcomes. Policy reviews and case studies contrast how regional approaches may assist governments to learn seminal lessons from multinational experiences.
Institutional Congruence, Ideas, and Anticorruption Policy: The Case of China and the United States
Authors: Yang Kaifeng
Published: October 2009

While international comparisons of anticorruption policies abound, whether these policies are transferable and how they change inside national boundaries remain debatable. Kaifeng Yang of Florida State University proposes an institutional framework that emphasizes the role of congruence and ideas in institutional change. In comparing China to the United States, the author concludes that anticorruption institutional change is path dependent, as it is nested in fundamental political structures and meta‐narratives. Professor Yang proposes the possibility that new ideas may cause gradual changes with radical results.
Effect of topical application and intraperitoneal injection of oregonin on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice
Authors: Choi Sun Eun , Jeong Mi Sook , Kang Myung Joo , Lee Do Ik , Joo Seong Soo , Lee Chung Soo , Bang Hyoweon , Lee Mi‐Kyung , Myung Soon‐Chul , Choi Young Wook , Lee Kap‐sok , Seo Seong Jun , Lee Min Won
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Effect of topical application and intraperitoneal injection of oregonin on atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e37–e43.

Abstract:  The diarylheptanoid, oregonin (ORE), which was isolated from the bark of Alnus japonica Steudel that grows natively in Korea, has been known to exert antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer and immune response inhibitory effects. The antioxidative effect of ORE was observed on the superoxide and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical, as well as on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 in lipopolysaccharide‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages. The statistically significant inhibitory action of ORE against production of cytokines induced by bacterial products or by interleukin (IL)‐1β, free radicals and nitrogen species, and a corresponding increase in cellular calcium concentration because of ORE were confirmed in bone marrow and spleen dendritic cells that are known to play important functions in the development and advancement of atopic dermatitis (AD). It was thus expected that ORE would exert a beneficial effect in the treatment of AD. A study on the pharmaceutical benefits of ORE against AD has not yet been conducted in vivo. We therefore used an in vivo AD animal model, namely the NC/Nga mice, and by applying ORE onto the animals through skin application as well as intraperitoneal injection, we attempted to evaluate the benefits of ORE in this system. Evaluation of ORE was conducted by following the SCORE method to score the effect, as well as by measuring the Th2 cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 levels from serum and lymphocytes, and IgE and eosinophil levels from serum. Additionally, the expression of mRNA and protein levels was estimated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. The following categories of clinical evaluation, Th2 cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 values, serum IgE levels, serum eosinophil levels, and mRNA and protein expression levels of iNOS and COX‐2, were evaluated from topical application and intraperitoneal injection groups of ORE. The effects of ORE on AD in NC/Nga mice were confirmed as being similar to the positive control group, while a significant difference with the negative control group was observed. The results presented in this report suggest that ORE might be beneficial in the treatment of AD.
Mouse models for melanoma: a personal perspective
Authors: Becker Jürgen C. , Houben Roland , Schrama David , Voigt Heike , Ugurel Selma , Reisfeld Ralph A.
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as:Mouse models for melanoma: a personal perspective. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 157–164.

Abstract: Complex biological processes often requirein vivoanalysis, and many important research advances have been made using mice as a model for the study of various biological systems. Cutaneous melanomas are tumors originating from skin melanocytes, which are present in hair follicles, and interfollicular epidermal and dermal layers. Until recently, mouse melanoma models were largely based on transplantation models, i.e. transplantation of either syngeneic or xenogeneic melanoma cells into wild type or genetically modified animals. More recently, however, the use of novel technologies specifically modifying the genome allows for the generation of mouse strains, which may develop spontaneous melanoma. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that animal models provide only an approximation of reality in humans. In this review, we will discuss a representative selection of currently available transplantation and transgenic melanoma models; despite the fact that this selection will be biased by personal experience, we are confident to demonstrate how the use of mouse melanoma models facilitates translational research in several biomedical disciplines.
Influence of narrowband UVB phototherapy on vitamin D and folate status
Authors: Cicarma Emanuela , Mørk Cato , Porojnicu Alina Carmen , Juzeniene Asta , Tam Tran Thi Thu , Dahlback Arne , Moan Johan
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Influence of narrowband UVB phototherapy on vitamin D and folate status. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e67–e72.

Background:  A variety of studies have shown beneficial effects of different types of phototherapy in skin disorders. Such therapy leads to enhanced cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, which may be one of the mechanisms of action. Furthermore, another nutrient, folate, can probably also be influenced by UV radiation.

Objective:  The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of low‐dose narrowband UVB (nUVB) phototherapy of patients with psoriasis, atopic eczema and other skin disorders on serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D (the serum marker for vitamin D status) and on serum and erythrocyte‐folate.

Methods:  25(OH) vitamin D (25(OH)D), serum and erythrocyte‐folate levels were measured before and after low‐dose nUVB (TL‐01 tubes) phototherapy of these patients. The spectrum of the TL‐01 tube was compared with the solar spectrum, and the efficiency spectra of vitamin D photosynthesis were calculated.

Results:  For patients with a high initial 25(OH)D serum level (> 80 nmol/l), no significant (P = 0.36) increase in 25(OH)D levels was seen, in contrast to patients with a low initial level (< 80 nmol/l) where a significant increase (P < 0.001) was observed. The increase was 30–60%, depending on the UVB dose (2.35–13.4 J/cm2). No significant nUVB‐effect was found on the erythrocyte and serum‐folate level.

Conclusion:  Low‐dose nUVB treatment gives a significant increase (P < 0.001) of the vitamin D status in persons with low initial levels of 25(OH)D, but no effect on the folate level.
Upregulation of cathepsin S in psoriatic keratinocytes
Authors: Schönefuß Alexander , Wendt Wiebke , Schattling Benjamin , Schulten Roxane , Hoffmann Klaus , Stuecker Markus , Tigges Christian , Lübbert Hermann , Stichel Christine
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Upregulation of cathepsin S in psoriatic keratinocytes. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e80–e88.

Abstract:  Cathepsin S (CATS) is a cysteine protease, well known for its role in MHC class II‐mediated antigen presentation and extracellular matrix degradation. Disturbance of the expression or metabolism of this protease is a concomitant feature of several diseases. Given this importance we studied the localization and regulation of CATS expression in normal and pathological human/mouse skin. In normal human skin CATS‐immunostaining is mainly present in the dermis and is localized in macrophages, Langerhans, T‐ and endothelial cells, but absent in keratinocytes. In all analyzed pathological skin biopsies, i.e. atopic dermatitis, actinic keratosis and psoriasis, CATS staining is strongly increased in the dermis. But only in psoriasis, CATS‐immunostaining is also detectable in keratinocytes. We show that cocultivation with T‐cells as well as treatment with cytokines can trigger expression and secretion of CATS, which is involved in MHC II processing in keratinocytes. Our data provide first evidence that CATS expression (i) is selectively induced in psoriatic keratinocytes, (ii) is triggered by T‐cells and (iii) might be involved in keratinocytic MHC class II expression, the processing of the MHC class II‐associated invariant chain and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. This paper expands our knowledge on the important role of keratinocytes in dermatological disease.
Molecular markers in oral epithelial dysplasia: review
Authors: Pitiyage Gayani , Tilakaratne W. M. , Tavassoli Mahvash , Warnakulasuriya Saman
Published: October 2009

The clinical and histologic features alone cannot accurately predict whether potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa remain stable, regress or progress to malignancy. Some of them, with or without epithelial dysplasia, may transform to invasive oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Identification of molecular markers which can predict disease progression is necessary to improve the management of these disorders. Many genes and signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the development of OSCC. This review summarizes some molecular markers researched in the detection of pre‐cancer. We highlight selected markers that are reported to be significantly associated with progression of potentially malignant disorders to OSCC. These include alterations in genes/pathways which control cellular signaling, cell cycle, apoptosis, genomic stability, cytoskeleton, angiogenesis, etc. However, these genetic tumor markers have so far not gained any use in routine diagnosis and their utility in the prediction of risk of malignant transformation remains unknown. It is, however, clear from the large number of studies, some described in this review, that multiple genes/pathways are involved in the progression from normal to metaplastic/dysplastic, and subsequently to cancer. It is therefore necessary to study those significant alterations in multiple genes simultaneously in biopsy samples from large cohorts of subjects.
Injuries of football referees: a representative survey of Swiss referees officiating at all levels of play
Authors: Bizzini M. , Junge A. , Bahr R. , Dvorak J.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and characteristics of injury and musculo‐skeletal complaints in Swiss football referees of all levels. A representative sample of 489 Swiss referees was interviewed regarding their socio‐demographic characteristics, refereeing qualifications, time spent in training and in matches, history of injuries and musculo‐skeletal complaints caused by training or refereeing, and other medical problems. A total of 110 referees (22.5%) reported having suffered at least one injury related to officiating, and 126 referees (25.8%) at least one refereeing‐related musculo‐skeletal complaint. Thigh strains and ankle sprains were the most frequent injuries, with the most frequent locations of complaints being the knee and lower back. The incidence of match injuries in the last 12 months was on average 2.06 per 1000 match hours; the incidence of training injuries was substantially lower (0.09 per 1000 training hours). The injury rates were similar for referees officiating at an adult level, but lower at a junior level. In comparison with elite football referees, the incidence of training injuries and the prevalence of musculo‐skeletal complaints were lower in amateur referees. Nevertheless, preventive programs are indicated for referees at all levels, especially when considering the length of a referee's career.
The association between cycling to school and being overweight in Rotterdam (The Netherlands) and Kristiansand (Norway)
Authors: Bere E. , Seiler S. , Eikemo T. A. , Oenema A. , Brug J.
Published: October 2009

Active transportation is a behavior that might contribute to energy balance. However, no clear association between active commuting to school and weight status has been reported in the international literature. Also, new studies indicate that cycling to school might have a greater health potential than walking to school. The purpose of the present study is to assess the potential association between cycling to school and weight status in two European cities, Rotterdam and Kristiansand, where cycling to school remains common. Data from two studies, ENDORSE (Rotterdam) and Youth in Balance (Kristiansand), were used including, respectively, 1361 and 1197 adolescents with mean ages of 14.1 and 14.4 years. The adolescents were categorized as cyclist or non‐cyclist based on questionnaires on the usual mode of transportation to school. A total of 25% and 18% were categorized as overweight, and 35% and 31% were categorized as cyclists, in Rotterdam and Kristiansand, respectively. In multilevel logistic analyses, after adjusting for potential moderators, the odds ratios for cyclists being overweight compared with non‐cyclists were, respectively, 0.63 (95% CI=0.45–0.89) and 0.52 (95% CI=0.34–0.78) in Rotterdam and Kristiansand. The results presented clearly show a negative association between cycling to school and overweight among adolescents both in Rotterdam and in Kristiansand.
Higher psycho‐physiological refinement in world‐class Norwegian athletes: brain measures of performance capacity
Authors: Harung H. S. , Travis F. , Pensgaard A. M. , Boes R. , Cook‐Greuter S. , Daley K.
Published: October 2009

This study tested the hypothesis that the degree of psycho‐physiological development is related to performance level in world‐class athletes. We compared physiological and psychological patterns of 33 Norwegian world‐class athletes to patterns in 33 average performing athletes. The subjects were matched for gender, age, and type of sport. Electroencephalography activity was recorded to measure brain integration; skin conductance was recorded to measure habituation to a loud stimulus; and paper‐and‐pencil tests were given to assess self‐development, moral development, and frequency of peak experiences. A factor analysis (varimax rotation) reduced the eight variables to three factors that together accounted for 65.3% of the total variance: (1) physiological integration – brain integration and habituation rates, (2) self‐ and moral development, and (3) peak experiences. A MANOVA conducted on the factor scores showed a significant main effect for the experimental group collapsing across the three factors (P<0.0001). Individual ANOVAs showed significantly higher values for development (P=0.021) and physiological integration (P<0.0001) factor scores for the world‐class athletes. The above measures can be seen as different expressions of an underlying dimension – human development. These data support the concept that higher psycho‐physiological growth underlies higher performance.
Does living setting influence training adaptations in young girls?
Authors: Gallotta M. C. , Guidetti L. , Emerenziani G. P. , Franciosi E. , Baldari C.
Published: October 2009

To assess whether rural or urban setting may influence young girls' fitness and coordinative abilities training adaptations following dance training. Forty‐four dancers aged 11–12 years (21 urban, 23 rural) attended a 6‐month dance training while continuing to practice their habitual physical activities (PA). Dancers' fitness and motor coordination abilities were assessed by pre‐ and post‐intervention tests (anthropometric measures, 1‐mile run/walk, sit and reach, standing long jump, hand grip and four field tests of kinaesthetic discrimination and response orientation). PA was assessed using a self‐report recall measure. After the intervention period, rural dancers significantly improved in 1‐mile run/walk, lower limb kinaesthetic discrimination and response orientation ability tests. Significant differences between two groups in upper limb response orientation ability test were found. Both groups showed a significant increase in body height and weight. Multiple regression analysis indicated that time in nonorganized PA predicted some fitness and coordinative changes (1‐mile run/walk, lower limb response orientation and kinaesthetic discrimination ability tests) following the training period, although the percentage of variance it could explain was moderate. Our results showed that training adaptations of some fitness and coordinative performances could be influenced by setting characteristics that provided opportunities for different types of PA.
Simultaneous intramuscular pressure and surface electromyography measurement in diagnosing the chronic compartment syndrome
Authors: Zhang Q. , Jonasson C. , Styf J.
Published: October 2009

We investigated the value of surface electromyography (EMG) as an aid to diagnosing the chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) by detecting elevated intramuscular pressure (IMP) at rest after an exercise test that was caused by remaining muscle contraction. IMP and EMG were measured in the anterior tibial muscle in 37 patients who were suspected to have CCS after an exercise test. At rest after the test, the EMG signal was positive in five of 37 (14%) patients, indicating that patients had remaining muscle contractions that elevated IMP. IMP exceeded 30 mmHg in 16 of 37 patients (43%). In 13 of these 16 patients, the EMG signal was silent, confirming that they had CCS. In the remaining three patients, the EMG signal was initially positive (5–34% of maximal voluntary contraction), and then became silent after communicating with the patients to relax their legs. Only one of the three patients was proven to have CCS. Other reasons for leg pain were diagnosed in 23 patients. The results demonstrated that simultaneous measurements of IMP and EMG differentiate elevated IMP at rest after exercise due to the volumetric load of the compartment muscles seen in patients with CCS and due to the remaining muscle contraction, thereby preventing a false diagnosis of CCS.
Physical activity levels and estimated energy expenditure in overweight and normal‐weight 11‐year‐old children
Authors: Soric M , Misigoj‐Durakovic M
Published: October 2009

Aim:  To objectively evaluate physical activity and energy expenditure in overweight and normal‐weight 11‐year‐old children.

Methods:  The final sample consisted of 91 children (32 overweight and 59 normal‐weight children), mean age (SD) = 11.3 (0.2) years. Energy expenditure and physical activity were assessed during two weekdays and two weekend days using a multiple‐sensor body monitor (SenseWear Armband; BodyMedia Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA).

Results:  Time spent in physical activity was higher in normal‐weight compared with overweight children (p = 0.002). The highest level of physical activity was noted in normal‐weight boys [mean (SD) = 258 (114) min/day] and the lowest in overweight girls [mean (SD) = 136 (59) min/day] (p = 0.002). In contrast, energy expended during physical activity did not differ between normal‐weight and overweight children (2.6 and 2.7 MJ/day, respectively, p = 0.89). The average decrease in physical activity at weekends was 39 min in overweight children (from 166 to 127 min/day) and 27 min in their normal‐weight counterparts (from 230 to 203 min/day).

Conclusion:  Overweight children engaged in less physical activity of both moderate and vigorous intensity compared with their normal‐weight peers. Both overweight and normal‐weight children were less active at weekends than on weekdays. Initiatives aiming to increase physical activity of overweight children at weekends are warranted.
Frontal brain activation in young children during picture book reading with their mothers
Authors: Ohgi S , Loo KK , Mizuike C
Published: October 2009

Aim:  This study was to measure changes in frontal brain activation in young children during picture book reading with their mothers.

Methods:  The cross‐sectional sample consisted of 15 young Japanese children (eight girls and seven boys, mean age 23.1 ± 3.4). Two experimental tasks were presented as follows: Task 1 (picture book reading with their mothers); Task 2 (viewing of book‐on‐video). Duration of task stimulus was 180‐sec and the 60‐sec interval was filled. Brain activation was measured using an optical topography system.

Results:  Significant increases in oxy‐Hb were observed in both right and left frontal areas in response to Task 1 compared with Task 2. There were significant correlations between child’s brain activity and mothers’ and children’s verbal–nonverbal behaviours.

Conclusion:  There was greater frontal lobe activation in children when they were engaged in a picture book reading task with their mothers, as opposed to passive viewing of a videotape in which the story was read to them. Social and verbal engagement of the mother in reading picture books with her young child may mediate frontal brain activity in the child.
Transvenous pacing lead‐induced superior vena cava syndrome: What do we know?
Authors: Wong Randolph H.L. , Chai Joshua , Ng Calvin S.H. , Wan Innes Y.P. , Wan Song , Underwood Malcolm J.
Published: October 2009

The use of transvenous pacing in the treatment of bradyarrhythmia imposes risk of the development of superior vena cava syndrome especially when associated with multiple retained leads and infective endocarditis. Percutaneous leads extraction and stenting in this group of patients is of high risk. We report a case of pacing wire‐induced superior vena cava syndrome necessitating surgical lead removal and review the literature to evaluate predictive factors favouring surgical treatment.
Examination of Nursing Diagnoses Used by Nursing Students and Their Opinions About Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Yönt Gülendam Hakverdioğlu , Khorshid Leyla , Eşer İsmet
Published: October 2009

PURPOSE.  This study was planned as a descriptive study for the purpose of determining what nursing diagnoses are used by nursing students and their opinions about nursing diagnoses.

METHODS.  The response rate was 70% (n= 346). Research data about the nursing diagnoses students used and their opinions about them were collected on a semi‐structured questionnaire developed by the researchers after reviewing related information in the literature.

FINDINGS.  Of the students, 76.9% knew what nursing diagnosis was, but 31.5% had difficulty stating patient care needs as nursing diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS.  The majority of students in this study agreed that nursing diagnoses are a priority subject in the nursing profession, that nursing diagnoses needed to be used on the wards, and that nursing diagnoses needed to be documented in medical records on the wards.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  It is recommended that nursing diagnoses be given more concentration in the nursing curriculum and that courses about nursing diagnoses be prepared for the purpose of giving students more detailed information.

AMAÇ.  Bu çalışma hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kullandıkları hemşirelik tanılarının ve hemşirelik tanıları ile ilgili görüşlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak planlanmıştır.

YÖNTEM.  Cevaplanma oranı %70 (n= 346) dir. Araştırmanın verileri, araştırmacılar tarafından öğrencilerin kullandıkları hemşirelik tanılarını ve öğrencilerin hemşirelik tanıları ile ilgili görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla ilgili literatür taranarak (Carpenito, 1997; NANDA, 2003) oluşturulan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır.

BULGULAR.  Öğrencilerin %76.9'u hemşirelik tanısının ne olduğunu bildiğini, fakat %31.5'i hastanın bakım gereksinimini hemşirelik tanısı olarak ifade etmekte sıkıntı yaşadığını belirtmiştir.

SONUÇ.  Öğrencilerin büyük bir çoğunluğu hemşirelik tanılarının hemşirelik mesleğinde öncelikli bir konu olduğunu, kliniklerde hemşirelik tanılarının kullanılması gerektiğini, kliniklerde hemşirelik tanılarının kayıtlarda yazılması gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir.

HEMŞIRELIK UYGULAMALARI IÇIN ÖNERILER.  Hemşirelik eğitim müfredatlarında hemşirelik tanılarına daha fazla yer verilmesi ve öğrencilere daha detaylı bilgi verebilmek amacıyla hemşirelik tanıları ile ilgili kurs programlarının düzenlenmesi önerilmektedir.

ANAHTAR KELIMELER.  Hemşirelik tanıları, hemşirelik öğrencisi, hemşirelik eğitimi, NANDA‐International
Contamination: Concept Analysis and Nursing Implications
Authors: Green Pauline M. , Polk Laura V.
Published: October 2009

PURPOSE.  To analyze the concept of contamination and discuss the implications for nursing practice, research, and education.

DATA SOURCES.  Published research articles, official governmental publications, policy reports, and textbooks.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  Various attributes of contamination are described using the Walker and Avant method of concept analysis and include: (a) exposure to a contaminant, and (b) contaminant exists in a dose sufficient to cause adverse health effects. The major antecedents of contamination include the presence of a contaminant, dose, duration of exposure, route of exposure, and individual human differences. Major consequences of contamination include organ and systemic responses, and psychological, social, and economic effects.

CONCLUSIONS.  Contamination is an important concept and is essential to the discipline of nursing. The concept of contamination is separate from exposure. Precision in the use of diagnostic language describing contamination incidents will lead to greater accuracy in outcomes and interventions for individuals and groups experiencing overt or covert contamination resulting from accidental or intentional acts. Broad agreement on the definition, antecedents, and consequences of contamination will improve the likelihood of successful management of contamination events.

IMPLICATIONS.  The nursing profession makes an important contribution to the improvement of individual, community, and societal environmental health. Clarifying the concept of contamination is an important first step in building the nursing science that will lead to identifying sound nursing interventions.
Case Study: The Challenges of Self‐Management of Exacerbation of Pulmonary Symptoms
Authors: Barnes Andrea , Lunney Margaret
Published: October 2009

PURPOSE.  This case study demonstrates the signs and symptoms of pulmonary exacerbation and the challenges of self‐management for a female veteran.

DATA SOURCES.  Data were obtained through the author's clinical practice in primary care nursing and research literature sources.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  The appropriate nursing diagnosis, nursing interventions, and patient outcomes were identified through the use of NANDA‐International, the Nursing Interventions Classification, and the Nursing Outcomes Classification.

CONCLUSIONS.  This case study illustrates the appropriate nursing diagnosis, interventions, and outcomes pertinent to an individual with pulmonary exacerbations. It provides a framework for nurses in primary care when caring for individuals with pulmonary exacerbations.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Employing the NANDA‐International standardized nursing diagnoses, the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes Classification provided the needed constructs for improving care for a patient that had pulmonary issues in a primary care setting.