bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parametric amplification of a resonant MEMS mirror with all-piezoelectric excitation
Authors: Pribošek J. , Eder M.
Published: June 2022

We report a resonant torsional micro-mirror with all-piezoelectric driving and tunable spring stiffness. Stiffness modulation finds two practical applications. First is tuning of the resonance frequency, achieved by applying DC bias voltage to the stiffness modulating structures. A tuning rate was found to be 0.95 Hz V−1 with up to 20 Hz of usable frequency range. Second, when direct excitation of the torsional mode is combined with the harmonic modulation of the spring stiffness, an optical scan angle is shown to be increased by more than 4° through 2:1 degenerate parametric amplification. By varying the phase of the parametric pump with respect to the direct excitation, the Q-factor is tuned between 617 and 898, corresponding to the minimum and maximum parametric gain factors of 0.84× and 1.21×, respectively, achieved at a nominal unpumped optical scan angle of 16.3°. Increasing the pump amplitude shows a moderate increase in the amplifier's gain with clear saturation at 1.43× in the superthreshold pumping regime, indicating a presence of the third order stiffness nonlinearity. The results show potential to apply parametric amplification to future piezo-micro-electro-mechanical-system actuators for large frequency and large-stroke mechanical response achieved at ambient pressure.
Deep modeling of plasma and neutral fluctuations from gas puff turbulence imaging
Authors: Mathews A. , Terry J. L. , Baek S. G. , Hughes J. W. , Kuang A. Q. , LaBombard B. , Miller M. A. , Stotler D. , Reiter D. , Zholobenko W. , Goto M.
Published: June 2022

The role of turbulence in setting boundary plasma conditions is presently a key uncertainty in projecting to fusion energy reactors. To robustly diagnose edge turbulence, we develop and demonstrate a technique to translate brightness measurements of HeI line radiation into local plasma fluctuations via a novel integrated deep learning framework that combines neutral transport physics and collisional radiative theory for the 33D − 23P transition in atomic helium with unbounded correlation constraints between the electron density and temperature. The tenets for experimental validity are reviewed, illustrating that this turbulence analysis for ionized gases is transferable to both magnetized and unmagnetized environments with arbitrary geometries. Based on fast camera data on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, we present the first two-dimensional time-dependent experimental measurements of the turbulent electron density, electron temperature, and neutral density, revealing shadowing effects in a fusion plasma using a single spectral line.
A viscoelastic Timoshenko beam: Model development, analysis, and investigation
Authors: Zheng Xiangcheng , Li Yiqun , Wang Hong
Published: June 2022

Vibrations are ubiquitous in mechanical or biological systems, and they are ruinous in numerous circumstances. We develop a viscoelastic Timoshenko beam model, which naturally captures distinctive power-law responses arising from a broad distribution of time-scales presented in the complex internal structures of viscoelastic materials and so provides a very competitive description of the mechanical responses of viscoelastic beams, thick beams, and beams subject to high-frequency excitations. We, then, prove the well-posedness and regularity of the viscoelastic Timoshenko beam model. We finally investigate the performance of the model, in comparison with the widely used Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models, which shows the utility of the new model.
A trace inequality of Ando, Hiai, and Okubo and a monotonicity property of the Golden–Thompson inequality
Authors: Carlen Eric A. , Lieb Elliott H.
Published: June 2022

The Golden–Thompson trace inequality, which states that Tr eH+K ≤ Tr eHeK, has proved to be very useful in quantum statistical mechanics. Golden used it to show that the classical free energy is less than the quantum one. Here, we make this G–T inequality more explicit by proving that for some operators, notably the operators of interest in quantum mechanics, H = Δ or H=−−Δ+m and K = potential, Tr eH+(1−u)KeuK is a monotone increasing function of the parameter u for 0 ≤ u ≤ 1. Our proof utilizes an inequality of Ando, Hiai, and Okubo (AHO): Tr XsYtX1−sY1−t ≤ Tr XY for positive operators X, Y and for 12≤s,t≤1, and s+t≤32. The obvious conjecture that this inequality should hold up to s + t ≤ 1 was proved false by Plevnik [Indian J. Pure Appl. Math. 47, 491–500 (2016)]. We give a different proof of AHO and also give more counterexamples in the 32,1 range. More importantly, we show that the inequality conjectured in AHO does indeed hold in the full range if X, Y have a certain positivity property—one that does hold for quantum mechanical operators, thus enabling us to prove our G–T monotonicity theorem.
On the meaning of Berry force for unrestricted systems treated with mean-field electronic structure
Authors: Bian Xuezhi , Qiu Tian , Chen Junhan , Subotnik Joseph E.
Published: June 2022

We show that the Berry force as computed by an approximate, mean-field electronic structure can be meaningful if properly interpreted. In particular, for a model Hamiltonian representing a molecular system with an even number of electrons interacting via a two-body (Hubbard) interaction and a spin–orbit coupling, we show that a meaningful nonzero Berry force emerges whenever there is spin unrestriction—even though the Hamiltonian is real-valued and formally the on-diagonal single-surface Berry force must be zero. Moreover, if properly applied, this mean-field Berry force yields roughly the correct asymptotic motion for scattering through an avoided crossing. That being said, within the context of a ground-state calculation, several nuances do arise as far interpreting the Berry force correctly, and as a practical matter, the Berry force diverges near the Coulson–Fischer point (which can lead to numerical instabilities). We do not address magnetic fields here.
Assessment of subgrid dispersion models for large-eddy simulations of turbulent jet flows with dilute spray droplets
Authors: Angelilli Lorenzo , Ciottoli Pietro Paolo , Picano Francesco , Valorani Mauro , Im Hong G.
Published: June 2022

High-fidelity simulations for polydispersed sprays in the Eulerian–Lagrangian framework need to incorporate subgrid-scale effects in the particle evolution equations. Although the quasi-linear evaporation rate formulation captures evaporating droplet statistics, further improvement is required when subgrid-scale velocity effects become essential. The subgrid dispersion model strongly affects droplets spatial distribution, and subsequently net evaporation rate, depending on how rapidly they are dispersed into the dry air region. The main original contribution of this study is to assess the performances of a number of commonly used dispersion models in a consistent manner, against a reference direct simulation results. The models considered are (i) discrete random walk, (ii) approximate deconvolution method, (iii) stochastic model based on the Langevin equation, and (iv) combined approximate deconvolution method with the Langevin equation. Mass and enthalpy transfer source terms together with droplet diameters and particle distributions were compared against corresponding direct numerical and large-eddy simulations without a model as reference cases. Numerical results at low Stokes and moderate Reynolds numbers indicate that the dispersion model choice does not affect Eulerian field averages or fluctuations. However, proper dispersion models are essential to capture droplet distributions in the far-field region after jet breakup for Stokes number smaller than unity. The unclosed Lagrangian momentum equation without any dispersion model most accurately reproduces direct numerical simulation in the near field.
Parametric dependencies of anomalous ion heat conductivity in T-10 plasma with Ohmic heating
Authors: Krupin V. A. , Nurgaliev M. R. , Nemets A. R. , Zemtsov I. A. , Khabanov P. O. , Drabinskiy M. A. , Lysenko S. E. , Melnikov A. V. , Myalton T. B. , Sergeev D. S. , Solovev N. A. , Sarychev D. V. , Ryjakov D. V. , Tugarinov S. N. , Naumenko N. N.
Published: June 2022

Ion heat conductivity in deuterium plasma of the circular limiter tokamak T-10 is analyzed in more than 100 Ohmic shots. Four data scans: plasma density, effective charge, plasma current, and toroidal magnetic field are presented. Each scan is formed with the preservation of other parameters. It is shown that at the plasma periphery, r/a=0.6−0.8, the ion heat conductivity exceeds neoclassical values up to three to eight times. The anomalous part χian increases with plasma density and effective charge, while it decreases with plasma current and does not depend on the toroidal magnetic field. The highest value of χian is observed in high-density low-current regimes. More negative values of plasma electric potential correlate with higher values of χian. The empirical scaling of χian is derived. The transport model based on this scaling allows us to describe experimental profiles of ion temperature Ti(r) within experimental error ±15%.
From the flow to the polarization field: A cognitive way for ferroelectric vortex structures
Authors: Chen Yujun , Lou Xuhui , Zhou Zhihong , Guo Hao , Wang Qingyuan , Fan Haidong , Tian Xiaobao
Published: June 2022

The generation of topological domain structures can significantly influence the behaviors of ferroelectric materials, and, however, strategies and perspectives for treating and analyzing them are still lacking. Inspired by the fluid lines and vorticity in hydromechanics, a characterization method of polarization lines and polarization vorticity is proposed herein for characterizing the vortex structure evolution. The polarization vorticity has the same unit as charge density, and the polarization vortex size is identified as a structure for vorticity concentration. Observing the radius and vorticity of vortices, we find that the domain evolution can be divided into three stages and the vortices react to mechanical loading in two ways: increasing the vorticity and enlarging the radius. Moreover, vortices exhibit three-dimensional shape, just like the vortex tube, and their conservation is proved. This paper provides a basis for further research on topological domain structures and the mechanism of vortex evolution, which might help improve high energy density devices.
Edge termination in vertical GaN diodes: Electric field distribution probed by second harmonic generation
Authors: Cao Yuke , Pomeroy James W. , Uren Michael J. , Yang Feiyuan , Wang Jingshan , Fay Patrick , Kuball Martin
Published: June 2022

We characterized the electric field distribution of GaN-on-GaN p–n diodes with partially compensated ion-implanted edge termination (ET) using an electric field induced second harmonic generation technique (EFISHG). The distributed electric field from the anode to the outer edge of the ET demonstrates the effectiveness of the ET structure. However, EFISHG also shows that its effectiveness is strongly dependent on the acceptor charge distribution in the ET's partially compensated layer (PC). A generally lower amount of acceptor charge can be inferred from the measured electric field distribution resulting from excessive ion implantation energy or dose during ET fabrication and causing lower than optimal breakdown voltage. Localized field crowding can be observed when the remaining acceptors uncompensated by the implant in the PC layer are nonuniformly distributed around the periphery of the devices. Important information can be obtained from these direct electric field measurements and used for optimizing the device design and fabrication process.
Multipurpose distributed dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuation: Icing sensing, anti-icing, and flow control in one
Authors: Xie Like , Liang Hua , Zong Haohua , Liu Xuecheng , Li Yinghong
Published: June 2022

Icing and stalling on the surfaces of aircraft wings endanger flight safety. The object of this research is a nanosecond pulsed dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuation unit with a distributed layout, and the aerodynamic performance of aircraft wing surfaces under icing and stalling conditions is improved by changing the plasma actuation electrical parameters. Actuated under low voltage and frequency, the unit acts as a sensor to judge icing according to the change in electrical parameters. Actuated under high voltage and frequency, the discharge is severe and generates a large amount of heat, giving rise to an anti-icing unit; anti-icing is carried out through distributed-layout plasma actuation, forming modulated ice with evenly spaced distribution, which acts as a vortex generator and lessens the deterioration of aircraft aerodynamic performance under icing conditions. Actuating under high voltage and low frequency enables flow control, delays stalling, and increases lift. The different plasma-actuation functions are realized by connecting multiple units, which offers improved aircraft survivability in complex weather conditions.
Discovering Australian Flora
Authors: Karouta-Manasse Fanny
Published: June 2022

Australia's complex, beautiful and diverse flora is showcased in stunning botanic gardens across the continent. Through exquisite colour photographs taken at the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) or during field trips with the National Seed Bank, Fanny Karouta-Manasse celebrates the minute and intriguing details of these plants.

This second edition of Discovering Australian Flora explains how plants are displayed in the ANBG according to themes and provides clear and simple geographical, historical and botanical information, including descriptions of plant characteristics. It also describes the unique features of Australian flora, such as their reliance on fire and ability to survive in poor soil, and looks in detail at the two dominant genera in the Australian landscape – Eucalyptus and Acacia.

Extensively updated with new photographs and a new chapter on conservation, this beautiful book offers detailed insight into Australia's native flora. It will appeal not only to visitors to the ANBG but to anyone with an appreciation and passion for nature's beauty and the wonders of Australia's botanical treasures.
Cow-level factors associated with colostrum yield and quality of Holstein dairy cows
Authors: Aghakhani M. , Foroozandeh Shahraki Amir Davar , Tabatabaei S. N. , Toghyani M. , Rafiee H.
Published: June 2022

Context Colostrum feeding and hence transfer of sufficient immunoglobulin G (IgG) is vital for protecting against disease in the neonatal calf. A wide range of variations exists in colostrum yield, IgG concentration and many factors that affect colostrum quality. Aims The current study aimed to determine the cow-level factors associated with colostrum yield, IgG concentration, and somatic cell score (SCS) in dairy cows. Methods Colostrum weight from 152 Holstein dairy cows from a commercial dairy herd was recorded, and SCS and IgG concentration were analysed. Cow-level factors were obtained from the on-farm computer software. The mixed linear model (PROC MIXED) was used to analyse the colostrum quality and production. Key results A calving body condition score (BCS) of <3 was associated with higher colostrum production and a lower colostrum IgG concentration. Furthermore, cows that lost their BCS during the dry period (DP) produced less colostrum IgG concentration than did cows that maintained or gained BCS. Cows with BCS of >3.5 at dry-off and calving had greater colostrum SCS. Cows that gained or lost BCS during the DP had the greatest and lowest colostrum SCS. Moreover, colostrum yield was highest in second-lactation cows, and cows with <45 day DP length (DPL) produced more colostrum with a higher IgG concentration. Higher-parity cows produced higher IgG-concentration colostrum. Colostrum SCS increased with increasing parity, and cows with >75 day DPL had the greatest SCS. Cows with >12 500 kg energy-corrected milk in previous lactation produced colostrum with the greatest IgG concentration and lowest SCS. Also, colostrum production was greater in singleton cows than in twinning cows, while colostrum SCS was lower. Moreover, cows that experienced clinical mastitis in the previous lactation had greater colostrum SCS than did cows without mastitis. Conclusions The results indicated that cow-level factors affect colostrum yield, quality, and SCS and highlighted the importance of routine colostrum testing. Finally, these results may help producers and advisers make decisions to improve colostrum production and quality. Implications Future research should focus on the effect of BCS change during the DP on colostrum yield and quality.
Rivers up in smoke: impacts of Australia’s 2019–2020 megafires on riparian systems
Authors: Fryirs K. A. , Zhang N. , Duxbury E. , Ralph T.
Published: June 2022

Background Increasing occurrence of megafires and wildfires is threatening the integrity of many natural systems and sustainability of the ecosystem services they provide. For example, the 2019–2020 Australian fires were one of the costliest natural disasters in the country’s recorded history. Aims This study aims to analyse the extent and severity of the fires on riparian systems across coastal catchments of New South Wales. We open a discussion about whether megafires and wildfires are creating novel riparian ecosystems and if prescribed and cultural burns should be used as a riparian vegetation management technique. Key results Of the 81 304 km of stream analysed, ~29% (23 266 km) were impacted by extreme or high-severity burning, with vegetation canopy completely consumed, or completely scorched and partially consumed. A further 21% (17 138 km) experienced moderate to low-severity burning, with partial canopy scorching or understorey burning. Such widespread, synchronous burning of riparian systems is unprecedented. Conclusion and implications Riparian management strategies must evolve to mitigate against future catastrophic fires that are becoming more frequent and severe under climate change. Research needs to establish the extent to which Australian riparian ecosystems are adapted to fire, the regimes and customs of cultural burning in these zones, and how to use such burning in riparian management.
Inverse molecular design of alkoxides and phenoxides for aqueous direct air capture of CO
2
Authors: Zhang Zisheng , Kummeth Amanda L. , Yang Jenny Y. , Alexandrova Anastassia N.
Published: June 2022

Aqueous direct air capture (DAC) is a key technology toward a carbon negative infrastructure. Developing sorbent molecules with water and oxygen tolerance and high CO
2
binding capacity is therefore highly desired. We analyze the CO
2
absorption chemistries on amines, alkoxides, and phenoxides with density functional theory calculations, and perform inverse molecular design of the optimal sorbent. The alkoxides and phenoxides are found to be more suitable for aqueous DAC than amines thanks to their water tolerance (lower p
K
a
prevents protonation by water) and capture stoichiometry of 1:1 (2:1 for amines). All three molecular systems are found to generally obey the same linear scaling relationship (LSR) between

p

K

CO

2

and

p

K

a

, since both CO
2
and proton are bonded to the nucleophilic (alkoxy or amine) binding site through a majorly

σ

bonding orbital. Several high-performance alkoxides are proposed from the computational screening. Phenoxides have comparatively poorer correlation between

p

K

CO

2

and

p

K

a

, showing promise for optimization. We apply a genetic algorithm to search the chemical space of substituted phenoxides for the optimal sorbent. Several promising off-LSR candidates are discovered. The most promising one features bulky ortho substituents forcing the CO
2
adduct into a perpendicular configuration with respect to the aromatic ring. In this configuration, the phenoxide binds CO
2
and a proton using different molecular orbitals, thereby decoupling the

p

K

CO

2

and

p

K

a

. The

p

K

CO

2

–
p

K

a

trend and off-LSR behaviors are then confirmed by experiments, validating the inverse molecular design framework. This work not only extensively studies the chemistry of the aqueous DAC, but also presents a transferrable computational workflow for understanding and optimization of other functional molecules.
Continuously Doping BiM2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
into Electron-Doped Superconductor by CaH2 Annealing Method
Authors: Zhao Jin , Gan Yu-Lin , Yang Guang , Zhong Yi-Gui , Tang Cen-Yao , Yang Fa-Zhi , Phan Giao Ngoc , Sui Qiang-Tao , Liu Zhong , Li Gang , Qiu Xiang-Gang , Zhang Qing-Hua , Shen Jie , Qian Tian , Lu Li , Yan Lei , Gu Gen-Da , Ding Hong
Published: June 2022

As a typical hole-doped cuprate superconductor, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 + δ
(Bi2212) carrier doping is mostly determined by its oxygen content. Traditional doping methods can regulate its doping level within the range of hole doping. Here we report the first application of CaH2 annealing method in regulating the doping level of Bi2212. By continuously controlling the anneal time, a series of differently doped samples can be obtained. The combined experimental results of x-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, resistance and Hall measurements demonstrate that the CaH2 induced topochemical reaction can effectively change the oxygen content of Bi2212 within a very wide range, even switching from hole doping to electron doping. We also found evidence of a low-T
c superconducting phase in the electron doping side.
Spatio-temporal measurement of one-dimensional surface potential distributions using a surface voltmeter and a slit plate
Authors: Chada Tomoki , Zhang Guangwei , Yoshimoto Shunsuke , Yamamoto Akio
Published: June 2022

Fine parallel electrodes with an electrode pitch ranging from sub-mm to mm have been utilized in electrostatic devices. Evaluating the surface potential distributions of those electrodes are essential in characterizing the electrostatic devices. However, the spatial resolution of commercially available surface voltmeters are insufficient for the evaluations. Targeting at one-dimensional distributions, this work improves the spatial resolution of a voltmeter using a slit plate. A slit plate narrows the field-of-view and realizes a higher resolution in measurement of one-dimensional potential distributions created by parallel electrodes. Field simulations showed that a thin and narrow slit can improve the spatial resolution. Experiments using a slit with a thickness of 0.02 mm and a slit opening of 0.2 mm confirmed the improvement in measurement of a potential distribution produced by parallel electrodes with an electrode pitch of 1 mm. The method was extended for visualizing time variations of surface potential distributions, in which the slit plate was oscillated for scanning. Using the extended method, a potential distribution was scanned at 40 frames per second. The method was applied to evaluation of surface potential distributions of an electrostatic film motor that has three-phase electrodes with an electrode pitch of 0.2 mm. The result of the potential measurement coincided with the force measurement in terms of their break frequencies.
An improved chaotic recognition method for weak signal frequency and its application to fault diagnosis of planetary gearboxes
Authors: Cao Shunxin , Li Hongkun , Zhang Kongliang , Yang Chen , Sun Fubiao , Wang Zibo
Published: June 2022

Planetary gearboxes are very prone to failure when they are used in low-speed and heavy-load conditions for a long time. Due to strong background noise in the industrial field and the signal decay in the process of fault signal transmission, the weak fault characteristics of planetary gearboxes are submerged by noise and difficult to extract and identify. Aiming at this problem, an improved chaos detection method for weak signal frequency recognition is proposed. In this paper, the maximum weighted kurtosis is selected as the fitness function, and the Aquila optimizer algorithm is used to find the optimal modal number K and penalty factor α of variational modal decomposition. According to the grey relational degree, an inherent modal function (IMF) containing rich fault features is selected to reduce the noise of the original signal. Further, a double-coupled Duffing oscillator equation is constructed, and a quantitative criterion for chaotic oscillator phase transition based on the standard deviation weighted-average Euclidean distance is proposed. Based on the reverse detection method, the sideband growth of the most sensitive IMF after standardization is detected to determine the health state of the planetary gearbox. Detecting the fault characteristic frequency in the most sensitive IMF after normalization and Hilbert transform processing is based on the forward detection method in order to determine the fault type of the planetary gearbox. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment. The results show that the proposed method successfully identifies the weak fault characteristics of the planetary gearbox, which fully shows that this method has an excellent diagnostic effect for planetary gearbox faults with rich frequency fault characteristics, and provides a new method for the diagnosis and identification of weak faults in planetary gearboxes in engineering practice.
Deep learning versus iterative reconstruction on image quality and dose reduction in abdominal CT: a live animal study
Authors: Zhang Jason Z , Ganesh Halemane , Raslau Flavius D , Nair Rashmi , Escott Edward , Wang Chi , Wang Ge , Zhang Jie
Published: June 2022

Objective. While simulated low-dose CT images and phantom studies cannot fully approximate subjective and objective effects of deep learning (DL) denoising on image quality, live animal models may afford this assessment. This study is to investigate the potential of DL in CT dose reduction on image quality compared to iterative reconstruction (IR). Approach. The upper abdomen of a live 4 year old sheep was scanned on a CT scanner at different exposure levels. Images were reconstructed using FBP and ADMIRE with 5 strengths. A modularized DL network with 5 modules was used for image reconstruction via progressive denoising. Radiomic features were extracted from a region over the liver. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was applied to quantify agreement between any two sets of radiomic features. Coefficient of variation was calculated to measure variation in a radiomic feature series. Structural similarity index (SSIM) was used to measure the similarity between any two images. Diagnostic quality, low-contrast detectability, and image texture were qualitatively evaluated by two radiologists. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed across all dose-reconstruction/denoising combinations. Results. A total of 66 image sets, with 405 radiomic features extracted from each, are analyzed. IR and DL can improve diagnostic quality and low-contrast detectability and similarly modulate image texture features. In terms of SSIM, DL has higher potential in preserving image structure. There is strong correlation between SSIM and radiologists’ evaluations for diagnostic quality (0.559) and low-contrast detectability (0.635) but moderate correlation for texture (0.313). There is moderate correlation between CCC of radiomic features and radiologists’ evaluation for diagnostic quality (0.397), low-contrast detectability (0.417), and texture (0.326), implying that improvement of image features may not relate to improvement of diagnostic quality. Conclusion. DL shows potential to further reduce radiation dose while preserving structural similarity, while IR is favored by radiologists and more predictably alters radiomic features.
Chandrasekhar–Kendall–Woltjer–Taylor state in a resistive plasma
Authors: Zhai Ze-Yu , Yang Yang-Guang , Xia Xiao-Liang , Wang Qun
Published: June 2022

We give a criterion for the Chandrasekhar–Kendall–Woltjer–Taylor (CKWT) state in a resistive plasma. We find that the lowest momentum (longest wavelength) of the initial helicity amplitudes of magnetic fields are the key to the CKWT state, which can be reached if one helicity is favored over the other. This indicates that the imbalance between two helicities at the lowest momentum or longest wavelength in the initial conditions is essential to the CKWT state. A few examples of initial conditions for helicity amplitudes are taken to support the above statement both analytically and numerically.
Assessing the impact of parametric uncertainty on tipping points of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Lux Kerstin , Ashwin Peter , Wood Richard , Kuehn Christian
Published: June 2022

Various elements of the Earth system have the potential to undergo critical transitions to a radically different state, under sustained changes to climate forcing. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is of particular importance for North Atlantic heat transport and is thought to be potentially at risk of passing such a tipping point (TP). In climate models, the location and likelihood of such TPs depends on model parameters that may be poorly known. Reducing this parametric uncertainty is important to understand the likelihood of tipping behaviour. In this letter, we develop estimates for parametric uncertainty in a simple model of AMOC tipping, using a Bayesian inversion technique. When applied using synthetic (‘perfect model’) salinity timeseries data, the technique drastically reduces the uncertainty in model parameters, compared to prior estimates derived from previous literature, resulting in tighter constraints on the AMOC TPs. To visualise the impact of parametric uncertainty on TPs, we extend classical tipping diagrams by showing probabilistic bifurcation curves according to the inferred distribution of the model parameter, allowing the uncertain locations of TPs along the probabilistic bifurcation curves to be highlighted. Our results show that suitable palaeo-proxy timeseries may contain enough information to assess the likely position of AMOC (and potentially other Earth system) TPs, even in cases where no tipping occurred during the period of the proxy data.
Polymeric Encapsulation of Mint Oil: Effect of Oil Load on the Physical Properties
Authors: Yuliani S , Wahyuningsih K , Widayanti S , Asnan T A W
Published: June 2022

Mint oil has many applications including foods, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and pest control. This essential oil is easily damaged because of its high sensitivity to environmental conditions such as heat, oxygen, light and reactions with other compounds. Encapsulation provides protection of the oil against these undesirable conditions. This study was aimed at evaluating the characteristics of mint oil encapsulated in polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) as influenced by mint oil load. Mint oil was encapsulated in polyethylene glycol at four different percentages (5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%) using a melt dispersion technique. The experiment was done in two replicates. The encapsulates were characterized for their morphology, size attributes and thermal properties. Particulate sizes ranged from 281.4 – 569.5 nm and tended to increase with the increase in oil load. Microstructure of the particles examined under scanning electron microscope showed irregular flakes with sizes around 10 μm. These particles contained oil droplets in the sizes of about 200 – 500 nm as confirmed by observation with a transmission electron microscope. The enthalpy of melting of encapsulates were higher than that of mint oil, describing the enhancement of oil stability under thermal conditions. This study provides useful information in developing essential oil encapsulation for use in wider applications.
The Characteristics of Low Sugar Jelly Made From Porang Flour and Agar
Authors: Herawati H , Kamsiati E
Published: June 2022

Jelly is a food product with a chewy and soft texture, so widely used as a dessert ingredient and a mixture in drinks. Jelly could be produced from konjac or glucomannan flour that is formulated with other additives to give the desired texture. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum proportion of porang flour as a gelling agent in producing jelly powder and to determine the effect of adding low-calorie sweeteners on the characteristics of the product. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design. The formulations to be carried out in the first stage are: konjac: agar (60:40); porang flour : agar (40:60); konjac: agar: guar gum (40:40:20); konjac: agar: guar gum (40:30:30); konjac: guar gum (40:60) and commercial product. The potential formula from the previous stage were optimized to get the optimum formula of porang jelly powder. The optimum formula then mixes with low-calorie sweetener, i.e stevia; sorbitol-erythritol-steviol glycoside mix that compared with sucrose. The results showed that the proportion of porang flour: agar (40:60) produced jelly with the optimum texture characteristics and the lowest syneresis. The use of stevia increases the texture characteristics and decreases the syneresis of jelly. The sugar total of jelly powder was quite low, namely 9.5 g for 100 g jelly powder, which is equivalent to 0.18% w/v of jelly.
Quality Evaluation of Robusta Coffee Bean from Four Superior Clones with Semi-Wet Processing in Lampung Province
Authors: Yani A , Novitasari E
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate several superior clones of Robusta coffee through semi-wet processingg. The research was conducted at the Lampung AIAT Experimental Garden in Natar, Way Haron Village, the Lampung AIAT Laboratory and the Polinela Food Laboratory from April 2019 to October 2019. The clones used in the study were BP 534, BP 939, BP 436 and SA 203. Harvesting was carried out by red picking and then the berries were sorted. Analysis of the quality of coffee beans refers to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01-2907-2008 and SNI 01-3542-2004 for ground coffee. The results showed that clones BP 534 and BP 939 were classified as quality I, BP 436 and SA 203 clones were classified as quality II. The BP 534 have the highest protein, ash and carbohydrate content with the lowest fat content, while the fiber value is 17,389%. The color values (L) of coffee beans were ranged from 42.907 to 47.250. There was an increase in the L value from roasted coffee to ground coffee for all clones. The quality of ground coffee from four Robusta coffee clones meets the quality standards based on SNI 01-3542-2004. Ground coffee from clone BP 534 was the best compared to other clones.
Characteristics of Tempeh Prepared from Several Varieties of Indonesian Soybeans: Correlations between Soybean Size and Tempeh Quality Properties
Authors: Yuliani S , Juniawati  , Ratnaningsih  , Suryana EA
Published: June 2022

Tempeh is a fermented soybean-based food that has long been an important protein source in Indonesia. In this study, tempeh was made from several varieties of soybeans to evaluate the differences in the characteristics of the tempeh produced. The soybean varieties used consisted of Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Dena, Dega and Biosoy, as well as imported soybeans. Characterization was carried out on both the soybeans and tempeh, including proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids and textural properties. Pierce correlations were evaluated between seed sizes and quality parameters of soybean seed and tempeh. Dega and Biosoy had seed size closed to those of imported soybeans, which were favored by tempe producers. Different varieties of soybeans produced different characteristics of tempeh. Local soybean had superior quality of proximate composition, both in seed and tempeh. Sizes of soybean seeds had strong correlations with their dimension (length, height, thickness) (0.61, 0.59 and 0.58, respectively), but had weak correlations with proximate compositions, both for the soybean seed and their tempeh produced. Negative strong correlations were found in size of soybean seed and tempeh texture, showing a stronger and more compact texture of tempeh made from smaller seeds of soybean (-0.73). This study showed that soybean size had low correlations with the superior proximate characteristics of local soybean, providing useful information in expanding the choice of local soybean varieties as raw material for tempeh.
Shelf-Life Prediction of Peanut Oil (Arachis hypogaea L.) Using an Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) Method in the Polypropylene Packaging
Authors: Nurhasanah S , Setyadi A , Munarso S J , Subroto E , Filianty F
Published: June 2022

Peanut oil has fairly low oxidation stability compared to some other vegetable oils, so it is easily damaged. The Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) method can be used to determine the shelf life of peanut oil due to oxidative damage. The purpose of this study was to determine the shelf life of cold-pressed and hot-pressed peanut oil in polypropylene (PP) bottles based on the peroxide value at room temperature (25 °C). The research method used was a simple linear regression method followed by an approach through the Arrhenius equation to determine the shelf life. The storage temperature variations used were 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C with a frequency of testing 5 times for 14 days of incubation. The results showed that the shelf life of peanut oil was 23 days for cold pressing and 18 days for hot pressing.
Morphology, Extraction Yield, and Properties of Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles from Indonesian Rice Husk as Influenced by Solvent Type and Aging Time
Authors: Hoerudin  , Setyawan N , Suismono  , Purwaningsih H , Apriliani N
Published: June 2022

Rice husk is a rich source of biogenic silica nanoparticles (SNPs) having excellent physico-chemical properties and numerous potential applications. Extraction yield of the biogenic SNPs may be influenced by many factors. In this study, morphology and the influence of solvent type (sodium hydroxide/NaOH, potassium hydroxide/KOH) and aging time (0, 6, 12, 18, 24h) on extraction yield and properties of selected biogenic SNPs from Indonesian rice husk were investigated. The biogenic SNPs were produced by a simple sol-gel method. The presence of biogenic SNP aggregates in the rice husk tissues was successfully identified by SEM-EDX micrographs. NaOH produced better SNPs extraction results than KOH. Aging time for 6h was the optimum condition for production of SNPs. The TEM image showed that SNPs from the best treatment were approximately spheroidal with particle sizes in the range of 20–50nm. The XRD patterns revealed the amorphous nature of the SNPs. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis showed that the SNPs had BET surface area of 235,78m2/g, total pore volume of 0.58cc/g, and average pore radius of 4.91nm. The SNPs exhibited a type IV isotherm and H1 hysteresis loop indicating a characteristic of mesoporous materials. The results suggest that the sol-gel method developed could provide a simple and relatively fast extraction technique producing biogenic amorphous mesoporous SNPs that could extend their potential applications and increase the economic benefits of utilizing rice husk.
The role of plant–soil feedback in long-term species coexistence cannot be predicted from its effects on plant performance
Authors: Dostálek Tomáš , Knappová Jana , Münzbergová Zuzana
Published: June 2022

Background

Despite many studies on the importance of competition and plants’ associations with mutualists and pathogens on plant performance and community organization, the joint effects of these two factors remain largely unexplored. Even less is known about how these joint effects vary through a plant’s life in different environmental conditions and how they contribute to the long-term coexistence of species.

Methods

We investigated the role of plant–soil feedback (PSF) in intra- and interspecific competition, using two co-occurring dry grassland species as models. A two-phase PSF experiment was used. In the first phase, soil was conditioned by the two plant species. In the second, we assessed the effect of soil conditioning, competition and drought stress on seedling establishment, plant growth in the first and second vegetation season, and fruit production. We also estimated effects of different treatments on overall population growth rates and predicted the species’ potential coexistence.

Results

Soil conditioning played a more important role in the early stages of the plants’ life (seedling establishment and early growth) than competition. Specifically, we found strong negative intraspecific PSF for biomass production in the first year in both species. Although the effects of soil conditioning persisted in later stages of plant’s life, competition and drought stress became more important. Surprisingly, models predicting species coexistence contrasted with the effects on individual life stages, showing that our model species benefit from their self-conditioned soil in the long run.

Conclusions

We provide evidence that the effects of PSF vary through plants’ life stages. Our study suggests that we cannot easily predict the effects of soil conditioning on long-term coexistence of species using data only on performance at a single time as commonly done in PSF studies. We also show the importance of using as realistic environmental conditions as possible (such as drought stress experienced in dry grasslands) to draw reasonable conclusions on species coexistence.
Efficacy of a Novel Injection Lipolysis to Induce Targeted Adipocyte Apoptosis: A Randomized, Phase IIa Study of CBL-514 Injection on Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Reduction
Authors: Goodman Greg J , Ho Wilson W S , Chang Kao-Jung , Ling Yu-Fang , Sheu An-Yi
Published: June 2022

Background

CBL-514 is a novel injectable drug that may be safe and efficacious for localized abdominal subcutaneous fat reduction.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of CBL-514 in reducing abdominal subcutaneous fat volume and thickness.

Methods

This Phase IIa, open-label, random allocation study consisted of a 6-week treatment period and follow-up at 4 and 8 weeks following the last treatment. Participants were randomly allocated to receive 1.2 mg/cm2 (180 mg), 1.6 mg/cm2 (240 mg), or 2.0 mg/cm2 (300 mg) of CBL-514 with up to 4 treatments, each comprising 60 injections into the abdominal adipose layer. Changes in abdominal subcutaneous fat were assessed by ultrasound at follow-up visits. Treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded.

Results

Higher doses of CBL-514 (unit dose, 2.0 and 1.6 mg/cm2) significantly improved the absolute and percentage reduction in abdominal fat volume (P < 0.00001) and thickness (P < 0.0001) compared with baseline. Although the COVID-19 pandemic halted some participant recruitment and follow-ups, analysis was unaffected, even after sample size limitations.

Conclusions

CBL-514 injection at multiple doses up to 300 mg with a unit dose of 2.0 mg/cm2 is safe, well-tolerated, and reduced abdominal fat volume and thickness by inducing adipocyte apoptosis. Although other procedures exist to treat abdominal fat, they have limitations and may cause complications. At a dose of 2.0 mg/cm2, CBL-514 safely and significantly reduced abdominal fat volume by 24.96%, making it a promising new treatment for routine, nonsurgical abdominal fat reduction in dermatologic clinics.

Level of Evidence: 4
A Social Work Model of Historical Trauma
Authors: Rosenwald Mitchell , Baird Jennifer , Williams Jennifer
Published: June 2022

This article introduces a Social Work Model of Historical Trauma. The model draws from social work perspectives (ecosystems theory and the life model, human rights philosophy, race-based traumatic stress injury theory and attachment theory), disparities research, social work issues and policy statements, social work ethics and epigenetics. Assessment and intervention in micro, mezzo and macro domains are discussed. The article concludes with a case vignette and model application.
Plasma thioredoxin reductase: a potential diagnostic biomarker for gastric cancer
Authors: Zhu Yinxing , Hu Yixuan , Zhu Xuedan , Zhang Juan , Yuwen Daolu , Wei Xiaowei , Tang Cuiju , Zhang Wenwen
Published: June 2022

To improve the early detection of gastric cancer (GC), there is a growing need for novel and efficient biomarkers. We aimed to evaluate diagnostic value of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), which was found to be over expressed in various malignancies. We found that TXNRD1 has a higher expression level in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and high TXNRD1 expression was significantly associated with poor outcomes of GC patients. Next, a total of 1446 cases were collected, with 896 cases in GC, 322 in benign gastric disease and 228 in healthy controls. We noticed plasma thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) level in GC [8.4 (7.1, 9.7) U/ml] was significantly higher than that in benign disease [6.1 (5.4, 7.2) U/ml] or healthy controls [3.7 (1.7, 5.6) U/ml]. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value of TrxR activity for GC diagnosis was set at 5.75 U/ml with an area under the curve of 0.945. Moreover, a combined panel of TrxR and routine tumor markers could further elevate the diagnostic efficacy compared to a single biomarker. Finally, by measuring pre- and post-treatment TrxR activity and routine tumor markers, we found the change trend of them was broadly consistent, and plasma TrxR activity was significantly decreased in patients treated with platinum/fluorouracil-based therapy. Our findings recommend plasma TrxR activity combined with tumor markers as effective diagnostic tools for GC patients. As well, plasma TrxR has the potential to monitor therapeutic efficacy.
Effector-selective modulation of the effective connectivity within frontoparietal circuits during visuomotor tasks
Authors: Bencivenga Federica , Tullo Maria Giulia , Maltempo Teresa , von Gal Alessandro , Serra Chiara , Pitzalis Sabrina , Galati Gaspare
Published: June 2022

Despite extensive research, the functional architecture of the subregions of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex (PPC) involved in sensorimotor processing is far from clear. Here, we draw a thorough picture of the large-scale functional organization of the PPC to disentangle the fronto-parietal networks mediating visuomotor functions. To this aim, we reanalyzed available human functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected during the execution of saccades, hand, and foot pointing, and we combined individual surface-based activation, resting-state functional connectivity, and effective connectivity analyses. We described a functional distinction between a more lateral region in the posterior intraparietal sulcus (lpIPS), preferring saccades over pointing and coupled with the frontal eye fields (FEF) at rest, and a more medial portion (mpIPS) intrinsically correlated to the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd). Dynamic causal modeling revealed feedforward-feedback loops linking lpIPS with FEF during saccades and mpIPS with PMd during pointing, with substantial differences between hand and foot. Despite an intrinsic specialization of the action-specific fronto-parietal networks, our study reveals that their functioning is finely regulated according to the effector to be used, being the dynamic interactions within those networks differently modulated when carrying out a similar movement (i.e. pointing) but with distinct effectors (i.e. hand and foot).