bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Madeleine
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

During Furcy’s lawsuit more than half a century after the fact, two receipts were offered as proof that his mother, Madeleine, had been sold as a child slave by Portuguese traders in the French trading center at Chandernagor in Bengal, India, in the 1760s. Although these receipts may be forgeries, they offer plausible details consistent with the prevalence of children in the Indian Ocean slave trade in the eighteenth century. Frequent famines caused parents to pawn their children into debt bondage. European traders took slaves, including kidnapped children, from the Indian subcontinent to overseas colonies, thus separating families permanently. Madeleine’s mistress, Anne Despense de la Loge, was an unusual single French woman living in Chandernagor, who may have been part of an informal religious community.
The Revolution
Authors: Peabody Sue
Published: September 2017

Slave labor in eighteenth-century Isle Bourbon was shaped by the cultivation of staple crops, unlike the proto-industrial forms of labor found in the sugar plantations of the Atlantic world, and may have been milder, though periodic cyclones brought famine to slaves and their masters alike. On the eve of the French Revolution, following the death of Charles Routier, Madeleine’s mistress filed manumission papers, freeing her. As a result of the slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (Haiti), France issued the 1794 Decree of 16 Pluviôse abolishing slavery throughout the colonies. Although Madeleine should have been considered free twice over, the widow Routier declared Madeleine her slave on her 1796 census, a moment when Madeleine—like many free people of color in France’s empire—faced potential or actual re-enslavement.
Mirrors of Heaven or Worldly Theaters?
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

This book explores the musical world of the nuns of Venice and its lagoon, concentrating on the period from the sixteenth century to the fall of Venice around 1800. It looks at sacred music performed both by the nuns themselves and by professional musicians they employed. Following a historical introduction, the book considers the nuns as collective patrons, both of musical performances by professionals in their external churches, primarily for the annual feast of the patron saint, a notable attraction for both Venetians and foreign visitors, and of musical instruments, namely organs and bells. Next, the study examines the rituals and accompanying music for the transitions in a nun’s life, most importantly the ceremonies through which she moved from the outside world to the cloister. Then the book turns to liturgical music within the cloister, performed by the nuns themselves, from chant to simple polyphony, and to the rare occasions where more elaborate music can be documented. Two more chapters look at, respectively, the teaching of music to both nuns and girls resident in convents as boarding students, and at entertainment, musical and theatrical, by and for the nuns. Appendices include a calendar of musical events at Venetian nunneries, details on nunnery organs, lists of teachers, and inventories of musical and ceremonial books, both manuscript and printed. A companion website features editions of complete musical works, excerpts from which are included in the text as examples, along with sound files.
The Nuns of Venice and the Lagoon
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a history of nuns in Venice and its lagoon, including a discussion of secular and ecclesiastical regulation of nuns by the designated magistracy, the Provveditori sopra Monasteri, and the Patriarch of Venice and Bishop of Torcello, the nuns’ relationship with the outside world, and efforts to reform their behavior. It explores the role of nuns in Venetian society, focusing on the significant majority who were from the ruling patrician class and the effects of this factor on their musical lives. The physical layout of nunneries is considered, as are internal governance, finances, and record-keeping. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the methodology the author developed for dealing with the large number of institutions over several centuries for which the archives are often very fragmentary.
Transitions
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the rituals of transition in the lives of Venetian nuns: the clothing ceremony (or vestizione), the profession, and the consecration, as well as those for the election of an abbess and funerals. Music, often quite elaborate, was an essential part of these ceremonies, which made them very attractive to Venetians and visitors. The chapter identifies and discusses the rare surviving examples of large-scale music for these ceremonies, and also the fairly extensive eighteenth-century repertory, perhaps unique to Venice, of settings of the versetti, the dialogues between novice and celebrant, which may have been performed by the young nun herself, composed by well-known composers such as Galuppi, Furlanetto, and Grazioli. Although none of her music for such occasions is extant, there is evidence that Barbara Strozzi composed settings for at least one convent.
Daily Offices and More
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

The nuns themselves performed the Divine Offices in their choir, following procedures carefully outlined in ceremonial books, a few of which survive for Venice. In most cases, these were sung in standard plainchant, although Santa Teresa had a unique repertoire, and San Lorenzo had an unusual set of ceremonies for Holy Week, especially the Mandatum (washing of the feet). While some Venetian nunneries were known for singing polyphony around 1500, this tradition ended with the reforms a few decades afterwards. Later sources show evidence of falsobordone and primitive polyphony, and occasionally of some use of organ and other instruments by the nuns. An interesting exception to this is the nunnery of Santi Marco e Andrea di Murano, several of whose nuns achieved some fame as singers in the first half of the seventeenth century, for whom Carlo Filago composed a book of motets.
Conclusions and Epilogue
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: September 2017

The role played in Venetian musical life by the nuns is summarized. After Venice capitulated to Napoleon in 1797, the nunneries survived only a few more years before being suppressed, ending their more than 1,000 years of history. Only a few remnants of the churches and convent buildings survive today.
Plato on Practical Reason and Practical Knowledge
Authors: Olfert C. M. M.
Published: September 2017

In Chapter 1, I argue that in a number of dialogues, Plato proposes that when we reason about what to do, we are equally and inseparably concerned with two sets of aims or concerns: grasping the truth and gaining knowledge on the one hand, and acting and acting well on the other. That is, from the perspective of practical reasoning, the goals of grasping the truth and gaining knowledge is inseparable from, and equally fundamental as, the goals of acting rationally and well. I argue that this Platonic idea is a plausible and worth examining both on its own terms, and because it has a legacy in Aristotle’s notion of practical truth. As I argue in the remainder of the Book, Aristotle uses his innovative conception of practical truth to formalize and make explicit the dual normative structure of practical reasoning suggested by Plato.
Half a Man
Authors: Linker Beth , Laemmli Whitney E.
Published: September 2017

At the conclusion of World War II, more than 600,000 men returned to the United States with long-term disabilities, profoundly destabilizing male sexuality in America. This chapter excavates the contours of that change and its attendant anxieties in order to broaden scholarly interpretations of sexuality in the postwar period. Ultimately, the chapter shows that, although sexual reproduction is often coded female and sexual performance male, such a popularly held binary does not hold true when it comes to the history of paraplegic World War II veterans. To these veterans, and to the medical men who treated them, sexual reproduction became the ultimate signifier of remasculinization.
Down and Out
Authors: Bogdan Robert
Published: September 2017

In the past, in many people’s minds, begging went hand and hand with disabilities. People with incapacitations have always been overrepresented in the ranks of beggars, and among them male solicitors have significantly outnumbered their female counterparts. Indeed, men with disabilities dominated the ranks of beggars in the United States from 1860s to the 1930s. This chapter examines begging cards, photographic images, and accompanying texts that these mendicants distributed to solicit donations from would-be patrons by analyzing the historical and cultural circumstances of those who created and consumed them. In doing so, it also argues for the significance of alternative archives for excavating histories of disabled men.
Introduction
Authors: Babar Zahra
Published: September 2017

Over the past fifty years, the primary marker differentiating the developmental conditions amongst Middle Eastern states has been the natural endowment, or lack thereof, of petroleum resources. The difference in economic strength between neighboring states has had a profound impact on the dynamics of intra-regional migration. Migration has largely been from the less wealthy states of the Arab world to the small sheikhdoms of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The particular demographic features and economic needs of the states of the GCC have facilitated this enduring pattern of regional migration. Despite the transition in the Gulf’s expatriate labor force to one that is now sourced mostly from South Asia, the continued employment opportunities provided to Arab migrants in the GCC are still of vital importance, particularly because the Middle East is once again in the throes of high levels of conflict. While the Gulf may not be amenable to hosting refugee populations from neighboring Arab states, the desire of Arab workers to find employment in the GCC can only have increased as a result of instability.
The Model Immigrant
Authors: Alajmi Abdullah
Published: September 2017

In the early 1950s, Kuwait underwent rapid urbanization during which first-generation Hadramis were swiftly absorbed into Kuwaiti urban houses assuming domestic service roles. It is argued that the socioeconomic path of house-serving shaped the Hadrami character and experience of the “model immigrant” as we know it today. However, the study also demonstrates how a Hadrami migratory practice of dependency on the local family and sponsor was inspired by a Kuwaiti cultural and official categorization process of different immigrant groups in which the Hadramis were depicted as loyal, easily satisfied, and non-subversive. While dependency was valued by old Hadramis as a resource and as a form of social capital, it also continued to inform the perceptions, expectations, and actions of the second-generation Hadramis. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the whole experience was conceptualized and contested in daily interaction of the two generations. This study reveals that young Hadramis’ daily activities in Kuwait, and their aspirations for individual self-sufficiency and mobility, can only be carried out by maintaining a difficult balance between the social-triad, and by managing, or perhaps preserving, the legacy of “good reputation.”
Yemeni Irregular Migrants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Implications of Large Scale Return
Authors: Cook Harry , Newson Michael
Published: September 2017

In 2013, the Saudi government embarked on a nationwide strategy to restructure its labor market and its policies towards the recruitment of foreign workers. These changes are in line with the implementation of Saudi Arabia’s Nitaqat system which aims to better regulate foreign labor in the country and to reduce the number of irregular workers in the Kingdom. As a result of these changes in policy and implementation, there have been large-scale deportations of irregular workers—along with their family members, in some cases—from KSA beginning in mid-2013 and continuing up to the time of writing. Yemeni workers in KSA have been particularly hard hit by these policy changes due to the largely informal nature of labor migration flows that have existed between KSA and Yemen for the past few decades. This chapter explores the possible implications of the recent labor policy changes in KSA for Yemeni and host communities in KSA, as well as for returning workers, their families, and communities of origin in Yemen. The chapter concludes with several recommendations on how to effectively address the challenges these disruptions will cause and how to build new avenues to support the transnational linkages between Yemeni migrant workers in KSA and their communities in Yemen.
Constitutive Exclusion
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces “constitutive exclusion” and makes the case for it as a framework for understanding why some claims are unintelligible as political claims, and some actors unintelligible as political agents. While many theoretical frameworks—political theory, critical theory, feminist theory, queer theory, and Afro-pessimism—rely on constitutive exclusion, none take it up explicitly. I do so around three claims: First, political borders are drawn through the internal exclusion of radical political actors, whose claims are then rendered unintelligible. Second, a politics of recognition is insufficient as a response to these exclusions, as recognition is often consistent with domination and disavowal. Third, the radical potential buried within internal exclusions is accessible by means of a method attentive to the temporality and materiality of these exclusions. The critical work of the book is in service of a future in which we no longer define ourselves through such exclusions within.
On the Quasi-Transcendental: Temporality and Political Epistemology in Derrida’s Glas
Authors: Kramer Sina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3 articulates how constitutive exclusion both grounds and troubles borders and foundations, acting as the simultaneous condition of possibility and impossibility for the body whose border it draws. I investigate this quasi-transcendental character through an analysis of Derrida’s reading of Hegel in Glas, and in his 1971–1972 course, “La famille de Hegel.” Derrida argues that the speculative dialectic of the Logic is distinguished from the empirical differences of nature through an account of gender produced as “natural” but which secures the gender of language and power. Relying on Derrida’s analysis of Antigone/Antigone, I flesh out the economy and retroactive temporality of constitutive exclusion. I give an account of transcendental as a performative role, and argue that retroactive temporality, in combination with the multiplicity diagnosed in Chapter 2, indicates that political bodies and agency are secured through a sedimented history of multiple constitutive exclusions.
The Politics of Exclusion (2000–2008)
Authors: Rich Dorman Sara
Published: September 2017

These are years of uncertainty and crisis for many in rural and urban parts of Zimbabwe, as land reform is expanded and political violence is deployed against opponents. While this period is often seen as a "rupture" in Zimbabwe’s political trajectory, the chapter argues that there are in fact strong continuities which reveal the reproduction of practices and norms from earlier years. The chapter charts efforts by the regime to rebuild and remobilize the nationalist coalition, after the loss of the constitutional referendum and the emergence of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), which shapes the new opposition’s experience of fighting elections. It then demonstrates the ways in which state institutions and resources were used in this process, despite the economic crisis precipitated by hyperinflation. We see that despite attempts by the nascent and fragmented opposition to generate alternative discourses, the regime’s control of coercion and state institutions, and a powerfully resonant rhetoric gave it the power to resist demands for change.
Transitions
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 examines political factors and social influences that contributed to the construction of the Legend of Living Buddhas, a benchmark for the institutional and artistic shift from Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen. It aims to answer the question of how the Zen monastic institution managed to gain a wide following of religious leaders and their disciples as well as lay followers, especially Song-dynasty literati, after struggling for centuries to grow in China beginning with the historical background of the Tang dynasty. Stressing the commercial network of maritime routes linking China and Japan, along with cultural as well as commercial connections that inspired monks to make the daring trip across the waters, the chapter shows how transnational relationships formed between creative priests from both countries, particularly in regard to the mythology of Living Buddhas.
Teachers
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 discusses the foremost religious element that formed the basis for the transfer of Chan to Zen, which was the role of charismatic and inspiring teachers. After attaining enlightenment following a phase of transiency that was often marked by personal struggles, these masters served as abbots, training disciples by using innovative methods to test their level of realization of Buddha-nature in the form of poetry and ink-brush painting competitions. Stressing the importance of self-power, Zen’s approach appealed to the leaders of secular society, both scholars and warriors, and contributed to the rise of Zen in Song-dynasty China and Kamakura-era Japan. The chapter also explains personal narratives about the lives of prominent teachers, such as Yuanwu, who overcame obstructions through dedicated pursuit of the goal of enlightenment.
Beyond Stereotypes and Myths
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: September 2017

The loudest and most extreme voices get the attention in discussions about religion and science. These voices often feed into stereotypes about how religious people view and relate to science. The authors urge readers to let go of any current assumptions and stereotypes regarding science, religion, scientists, and religious people. Religion vs. Science: What Religious People Really Think uses the latest and broadest survey data alongside in-depth interviews with a variety of religious people in order to move beyond these stereotypes while also recognizing real areas of tension between science and religious people. These areas of tension originate from religious individuals’ desire to maintain a role for God in the world and preserve the sacredness of humanity. This chapter outlines each of the following seven chapters.
The Refugee Challenge in Post-Cold War America
Authors: Garcia Maria Cristina
Published: September 2017

This book examines refugee and asylum policy in the United States since the end of the Cold War. For over forty years, from the end of World War II to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War had provided the ideological lens through which the United States had defined who a refugee was. Cold War concerns about national security and the political, economic, and military threat of communism had shaped the contours of refugee and asylum policy. In the post-Cold War era, the war on terrorism has become the new ideological lens through which the US government interprets who is worthy of admission as a refugee but the emphasis on national security is not the sole determinant of policy. A wide range of geopolitical and domestic interests, and an equally wide range of actors, influence how the United States responds to humanitarian crises abroad, and who the nation prioritizes for admission as refugees and asylees. This book examines these actors and interests, and the challenges of reconciling international humanitarian obligations with domestic concerns for national security. The case studies in each chapter examine the challenges of the post-Cold War era, and the actions taken by governmental and non-governmental actors in response to these challenges.
US Refugee Policy in the Age of Genocide
Authors: García María Cristina
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 examines the uneven responses by government officials to populations displaced by genocide. In response to genocide in Iraq, Rwanda, Bosnia and Kosovo—the case studies in this chapter—millions crossed international borders in search of safety, destabilizing the countries that reluctantly hosted them. The case studies show how perceptions of the refugees’ politics, ethnicity, race, and overall “worthiness” influenced decisions about intervention, humanitarian assistance, and opportunities for parole or refugee status. Refugee advocates had to convince government officials and a reluctant American population that assistance to these populations was in the national interest; when they were unable to do so, refugees suffered the consequences.
Subversive Satanic Women in Decadent Literature and Art
Authors: Faxneld Per
Published: September 2017

Chapter 7 discusses Decadence as a highly visible counter-discourse, which popularized tactics of counter-reading. Félicen Rops’s enthusiastically debauched engravings and paintings of Satanic women are examined. Next, J.-K. Huysmans’s novel Là-bas (1891) is considered, especially the female Satanist Mme Chantelouve who is portrayed in it. She is a self-governing woman with modern ideas about free love and described as hysterical. Hysteria carried connotations of feminism, and the independent Chantelouve can be seen as a caustic caricature of an emancipated New Woman. Certain bohemian females were undaunted and approached her as an object of identification. Finally, Stanislaw Przybyszewski’s highly ambivalent attitude towards the demonic feminine is read in view of his œuvre at large, which makes it difficult to understand his at times quite ghastly descriptions of female Satanists as a simple condemnation. At times unwittingly, Decadents contributed to a destabilization of gendered categories and ideals.
Introduction
Authors: Domhoff G. William
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents a brief overview of the main new points in the ensuing chapters and then discusses the impediments to dream research, the different meanings of the word “dream,” the limitations of many past studies, the statistical methods that are employed, and the rationale for the order in which the argument and evidence are presented.
Jim Crow North
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

The struggle to overcome Jim Crow was part of a larger movement for equal rights in antebellum New England. Using sit-ins, boycotts, petition drives, and other initiatives, African American New Englanders and their white allies attempted to desegregate schools, transportation, neighborhoods, churches, and cultural venues. They worked to secure the franchise, improve educational opportunities, enlarge employment prospects, remove prohibitions against mixed marriages, and protect fugitive slaves from recapture. Above all they sought to be respected and treated as equals in a reputedly democratic society. Despite widespread racism, by the advent of the Civil War, African American men could vote and hold office in every New England state but Connecticut. Schools, except in the largest cities of Connecticut and Rhode Island, were integrated; railroads, stagecoaches, hotels, and cultural venues (with occasional aberrations) were free from discrimination; people of African descent and of European descent could marry one another and live peaceably; and fugitive slaves were safer in New England than in any other section of the United States. Most African Americans in New England, nonetheless, were mired in poverty, and that is the barrier that prevented full equality, then and now.
New England’s Peculiar Institution
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

The chapter provides a history of slavery in New England and an interpretation of the origins and evolution of racism and racist practices. Although the first African Americans arrived in New England in the 1630s, their numbers remained small throughout the seventeenth century and almost all lived in some form of servitude. They faced discrimination largely because of their place in the hierarchy rather than their ethnic origins. A significant change occurred in the early eighteenth century when the number of people of African descent, almost all slaves, increased significantly. That growth was met by a host of racist laws. Slavery took various forms, but most slaveholders held one or two slaves. The exceptions were western Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut where plantation slavery took hold, and it would distinguish that part of New England by its extreme racism even after slavery disappeared.
Riding the Rails with Jim Crow
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

New England railroads, segregated transportation, and the origins of the term Jim Crow appeared in the 1830s. The equal rights movement in New England shifted toward direct action in the 1840s. Constituting only a small portion of the overall population, activists could not overturn segregation and racism by themselves. They believed—they almost had to—that most New Englanders were decent people who, when aware of injustice, would want it eliminated. Others might need economic or political persuasion. To counter the discrimination African Americans turned to direct action—sit-ins, boycotts, petition drives, political manoeuvring, and they were successful. One of the first targets was discrimination on public conveyances. The first half of the 1840s were the first years of substantial progress, including the end of segregation on public transportation.
The Wall
Authors: Archer Richard
Published: September 2017

Any comparison of the 1850s with 1830 would conclude that the struggle for equal rights had made substantial progress. Almost all legal discriminations had ended. There was increased opportunity for advancement. Some black New Englanders gained wealth, political positions, access to cultural venues, and all the other trappings of the affluent middle class. But a wall of poverty and limited economic opportunities limited most. They faced the double hardship of racism and disdain for the poor. Poverty was a wall holding back people of all ethnicities, and it was much more difficult to surmount than barriers separating working class from lower middle class or middle class from upper middle class. For African Americans, the wall was reinforced by racism. Desegregating schools and eliminating the ban on mixed marriages proved to be much easier than ending poverty.
Cultivating Reason
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

The Western philosophical tradition has historically valorized the cultivation of reason as a fundamental intellectual ideal. This ideal continues to be defended by many as educationally basic. However, recent philosophical work has challenged it on several fronts, including worries stemming from relativistic tendencies in the philosophy of science, the apparent ubiquity of epistemic dependence in social epistemology, and broad critiques of objectionable hegemony launched from feminist and postmodernist perspectives. This chapter briefly reviews the historical record, connects the cultivation of reason to the educational ideal of critical thinking, spells out the latter ideal, and evaluates these challenges. It ends by sketching a general, “transcendental” reply to all such critiques of reason.
Is “Education” a Thick Epistemic Concept?
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

Is “education” a thick epistemic concept? The answer depends on the viability of the “thick/thin” distinction, as well as the degree to which education is an epistemic concept at all. I concentrate mainly on the latter, and argue that epistemological matters are central to education and our philosophical thinking about it. Insofar, education is indeed rightly thought of as an epistemic concept. In laying out education’s epistemological dimensions, I hope to clarify the degree to which it makes sense to regard the concept as “thick.” I also discuss the relationship between philosophy of education and virtue epistemology, as well as the sense in which being educated might itself be thought to be an epistemic virtue. Finally, I urge virtue epistemologists in particular, and epistemologists generally, to turn their attention to questions of education, to further both the philosophy of education and epistemology itself.
Epistemology in Excess?
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

Emma Williams’ “In Excess of Epistemology” (2015) admirably endeavors to open the way to an account of critical thinking that goes beyond the one I have defended ad nauseam in recent decades by developing, via the work of Charles Taylor and Martin Heidegger, “a radically different conception of thinking and the human being who thinks,” one that “does more justice to receptive and responsible conditions of human thought.” In this response I hope to show that much of Williams’ alternative approach is compatible with my own; that, where incompatible, the alternative is problematic; and, finally, that there is a risk of talking past one another, of talking at cross-purposes, that all sides must work to overcome.
Multiculturalism and Rationality
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

Do cultures differ with respect to judgments of rationality? If so, does it follow that rationality is culturally specific, or that cultures have their own “rationalities?” If so, does it further follow that the philosophical status or worthiness of multiculturalism as a social value or ideal varies from culture to culture? In this article I consider the relationship between rationality and multiculturalism; offer a characterization of the latter that enables it to survive Stanley Fish’s claim that “no one could possibly be a multiculturalist in any interesting and coherent sense”; criticize Richard Shweder’s case for “divergent rationality”; and argue for a “universalistic,” culture-independent understanding of rationality.
How Should We Educate Students Whose Cultures Frown upon Rational Disputation?
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

`How should public education in democratic states deal with the cultural diversity brought about by contemporary globalization? My suggestion is that key to democratic public education is the obligation to foster in students the skills and abilities, and attitudes and dispositions, needed to participate fully in democratic decision-making. Of central importance are the abilities and dispositions required for critical thinking and rational argumentation: evaluating arguments of others, constructing arguments of one’s own that might rationally persuade one’s fellow citizens, etc. Without these abilities and dispositions, full participation in democratic decision-making is impossible. But fostering them is problematic when students are members of cultures in which argumentation is frowned upon. In this paper I address this tension, and argue that while respecting cultural differences is of the first importance, in democracies it cannot override the requirements of democracy itself. When these two clash, the requirements of democratic participation must take precedence.
A Religion in Decline in an Age of Progress
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the thesis of “Vaishnava decline” forwarded by colonial administrators, Christian missionaries, Orientalists, and the reformed section of nineteenth-century Hindu society in Bengal. It analyses arguments about religious decline to show that these were part of evangelical and teleological worldviews wherein Vaishnava traditions, with its erotic aspects and mythico-poetic dimensions, could not fit. These views, however, shaped nineteenth-century opinions about Vaishnavism held by educated and upper-caste Bengalis, thereby setting the tone for Vaishnava reform and recovery—charted in the subsequent chapters of the book. The chapter also gives a brief account of the life of Chaitanya and the spread of Vaishnavism between 1486 and 1800.
Untidy Realms
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

The chapter maps the field of Vaishnava traditions in nineteenth-century Bengal to show the plural and myriad worlds that these traditions operated in—worlds that the emerging middle-class and educated Bengali Vaishnava would actively seek to disciple and define. The chapter follows closely from the argument extended in the first chapter, about the discursive nature of the “decline” thesis, and seeks to fill in the gaps that the reader may have about precisely what was being read as “decline” in the first place. Weaving together colonial sources alongside biographies, autobiographies, fiction, and information derived from contemporary periodicals, the chapter demonstrates the plurality of nineteenth-century Bengali Vaishnava worlds: its sacred spaces, musical traditions, myriad “sects,” charismatic gurus, and their old and new patrons. This chapter illustrates how crucial the study of Vaishnava traditions is to understanding caste and gender relations in Bengal.
R. Isaac Halevi Herzog
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

R. Herzog (1888–1959) was the first Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi of Israel when the state of Israel was established in 1948. R. Herzog therefore had to deal with Israel’s first war, its War of Independence. R. Herzog’s formulates halakhic positions on war that build on those of R. Kook, adopting the latter’s position that the laws governing war are different from those governing the everyday, and that for this reason conscription is permitted. However, R. Herzog moves in original directions on some issues, adopting, for example, Nahmanides’ view that the state of Israel can wage war to conquer the land God promised to the Israelites in the Bible. The chapter concludes with an argument that R. Herzog’s views on war may have influenced those of R. Tsevi Yehudah Kook, the son of R. Abraham Isaac Kook, who was a major figure in religious Zionism after the Six Day War.
Acquiring Culture: Vernacular Commercial Writing, Dictionaries, Academies, Domestic Guides, and the ‘New World of Words’
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

A survey of the publications aimed at English audiences seeking self-improvement through vernacular dictionaries and guides. Commonwealth writers offered practical artisan knowledge including husbandry and cookery.
Life Writing and Domestic Papers
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Perhaps because of the turbulent and unsettled times, many men and women recorded their experiences in forms of life writing, including memoirs, diaries, autobiographies and biographies, meditations, and narratives of events. Among the most prolific publishers of life writings were the early Quakers, who published their accounts to offer comfort to others. Other texts such as those by John Evelyn, Margaret Cavendish, and Robert Boyle recorded events and impressions, as well as creating personal narratives.
Shaping Public Opinion: Narrating National Events, Spreading the News, and Taking Sides
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Upon the Restoration, several events of national importance occurred that were narrated and performed to shape public opinion, including the trials and executions of the regicides, the London plague, and the Great Fire of London. Poets and ministers interpreted these events either as God’s displeasure with England or, in Edmund Waller and John Dryden’s view, as God’s mercy. England’s difficulties in the Dutch Wars occasioned political satire, as in the series ‘Instructions to the Painter’ attributed to Andrew Marvell.
Writing History: Domestic Papers, Biographical Writing, and Public Histories
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Many who lived through the English Civil War penned memoirs of their experiences, some of which were published after their deaths, such as Richard Baxter’s life writings and Thomas Fuller’s accounts of the worthies of England, or wrote and published topical public histories, including John Milton’s history of Britain. Samuel Pepys’s and John Evelyn’s diaries are among the most important sources about the Restoration years. Others such as Lucy Hutchinson wrote memoirs for their family or, like Margaret Cavendish, to defend the reputation of a family member. There was also interest in the history of foreign cultures, past rulers, and antiquarian topics.
Seen on Stage: Public Performances in London and the Court
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

The changing nature of London’s commercial theatres was seen in the increasing involvement of singers, dancers, and spectacular effects. Many playwrights including Dryden, Wycherley, and Behn were adapting earlier plays by Shakespeare and Molière. New playwrights including Nathaniel Lee and Thomas Otway relied on sensational violence and effects in their tragedies and created the proto-types for the ‘she-tragedies’ offering spectacles of female suffering.
Human Nature and Divine: Spiritual Controversies over Toleration, Conformity, and Rational Christianity
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Prior to leaving the throne, King James had urged toleration and liberty of conscious for religious beliefs, especially for Catholics and dissenters. This was strongly resisted by the Anglican hierarchy and Whig party. On the arrival of William and Mary, ministers were again required to take an oath of loyalty; many refused, believing that their oath sworn to King James was still in force were called non-juring ministers and lost their clerical positions. John Locke argued for a rational Christianity, while others argued for a spiritual life based on direct revelation from God.
Standard Asymptotic Theory
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This book relies on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of parameters. Asymptotic theory assumes regularity conditions hold when the ML estimator is consistent. Typically an additional third derivative condition is assumed to ensure that the ML estimator is also asymptotically normally distributed. Standard asymptotic results that then hold are summarized in this chapter; for example, the asymptotic variance of the ML estimator is then given by the Fisher information formula, and the log-likelihood ratio, the Wald and the score statistics for testing the statistical significance of parameter estimates are all asymptotically equivalent. Also, the useful profile log-likelihood then behaves exactly as a standard log-likelihood only in a parameter space of just one dimension. Further, the model can be reparametrized to make it locally orthogonal in the neighbourhood of the true parameter value. The large exponential family of models is briefly reviewed where a unified set of regular conditions can be obtained.
Bootstrap Analysis
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

Parametric bootstrapping (BS) provides an attractive alternative, both theoretically and numerically, to asymptotic theory for estimating sampling distributions. This chapter summarizes its use not only for calculating confidence intervals for estimated parameters and functions of parameters, but also to obtain log-likelihood-based confidence regions from which confidence bands for cumulative distribution and regression functions can be obtained. All such BS calculations are very easy to implement. Details are also given for calculating critical values of EDF statistics used in goodness-of-fit (GoF) tests, such as the Anderson-Darling A2 statistic whose null distribution is otherwise difficult to obtain, as it varies with different null hypotheses. A simple proof is given showing that the parametric BS is probabilistically exact for location-scale models. A formal regression lack-of-fit test employing parametric BS is given that can be used even when the regression data has no replications. Two real data examples are given.
Embedded Model Problem
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces embedded models. This is a special case of a parametric model which cannot be obtained simply by setting the parameters to particular values in a simple way. An example is the regression function y = b[1−exp(−ax)], which is always curved when a and b have fixed values. But letting a tend to zero and b tend to infinity simultaneously, whilst keeping ab = c fixed, yields y = cx, a straight-line special case. When this is the true model, fitting the original two-parameter model leads to very unstable and individually meaningless estimates of a and b. Such embedded models are actually very common in the literature, leading to confusion in interpretation of results when undetected. In this chapter, embeddedness is defined and a large number of regression embedded model examples given. Detection and removal of embeddedness by reparametrization is discussed. Two real data numerical examples are given.
Examples of Embedded Distributions
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter gives examples of probability distributions that, in their conventional parametrization, contain embedded models. Embeddedness is not intrinsic but depends on the parametrization. The simplest way to reveal and remove embeddedness is to reparametrize and make the log-likelihood, L, expandable as a Maclaurin series of one parameter, α: L = L0 + L1α + L2  α2 + … with L0 the log-likelihood of the embedded model hidden in the original parametrization. The quantity L1, rescaled using the information matrix, is the score statistic which can be used for formally comparing the original and embedded model fits. Embeddedness occurs in many distributions if there is a shifted threshold parameter. Examples given in the chapter are the Burr XII, gamma, generalized extreme value, inverse Gaussian, inverted gamma, logistic, loglogistic, lognormal, loggamma, Pareto, and Weibull distributions. Another interesting example occurs in early parametrizations of the stable law distribution.
Embedded Distributions: Two Numerical Examples
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates use of (i) the score statistic and (ii) a goodness-of-fit statistic to test if an embedded model provides an adequate fit, in the latter case with critical values calculated by bootstrapping. Also illustrated is (iii) calculation of parameter confidence intervals and CDF confidence bands using both asymptotic theory and bootstrapping, and (iv) use of profile log-likelihood plots to display the form of the maximized log-likelihood and scatterplots for checking convergence to normality of estimated parameter distributions. Two different data sets are analysed. In the first, the generalized extreme value (GEVMin) distribution and its embedded model the simple extreme value (EVMin) are fitted to Kevlar-fibre breaking strength data. In the second sample, the four-parameter Burr XII distribution, its three-parameter embedded models, the GEVMin, Type II generalized logistic and Pareto and two-parameter embedded models, the EVMin and shifted exponential, are fitted to carbon-fibre strength data and compared.
Box-Cox Transformations
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the well-known Box-Cox method, which transforms a sample of non-normal observations into approximately normal form. Two non-standard aspects are highlighted. First, the likelihood of the transformed sample has an unbounded maximum, so that the maximum likelihood estimate is not consistent. The usually suggested remedy is to assume grouped data so that the sample becomes multinomial. An alternative method is described that uses a modified likelihood similar to the spacings function. This eliminates the infinite likelihood problem. The second problem is that the power transform used in the Box-Cox method is left-bounded so that the transformed observations cannot be exactly normal. This biases estimates of observational probabilities in an uncertain way. Moreover, the distributions fitted to the observations are not necessarily unimodal. A simple remedy is to assume the transformed observations have a left-bounded distribution, like the exponential; this is discussed in detail, and a numerical example given.
Value and Epistemic Normativity
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

Many writers have sought to ground epistemic normativity in the value of knowledge or truth, or else in the value of successful agency. Here it is proposed that epistemic norms derive their authority from the fact that it is good for us to subject ourselves to such norms by forming beliefs. And being subject to the relevant norms may be good for us whether or not conformity to those norms is good for us. In particular, beliefs serve our interest in being subject to the norms that govern our emotions. Unless I believe that Tom stole my bike, I can hope or fear that he did, but I cannot be pleased or angry that he did. Having the capacity for this sort of emotional engagement with things that matter to us is a human good, even though we may suffer from the exercise of that capacity.
Freedom and Practical Judgement
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

This chapter develops an intellectualist view of practical freedom according to which practical freedom is a capacity to act on our view of what we ought to do. This view is embodied in a judgement rather than in a belief about what we ought to do. Practical judgement is to be distinguished both from other truth-directed phenomena like believing and guessing and also from non-truth-directed states like imagining and intending. We make practical judgements where we are ignorant of what to do. We also make and act on such judgements where we think we know what to do. This fact suggests a non-standard view of the value of knowledge. It also enables us to defend an intellectualist account of freedom against voluntaristic alternatives.
Habitual Agency
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

While the previous chapter maintained that practical freedom is a capacity to act on our view of what we ought to do, the current chapter discusses an important exception to that claim, namely, habitual agency. Acting out of habit is often regarded as a form of reflex or even as compulsive behaviour, but much habitual agency is both intentional and free. Still, it is true that, insofar as we act out of habit, we have no capacity to determine what we do by making a judgement about whether we ought to be doing it. Habitual agency is nonetheless free because we have the capacity to determine whether we act out of habit by making a judgement about whether or not the habit is a virtue. So an intellectualist view of practical freedom can be applied to habitual agency.
Qualifications and Objections
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

This chapter follows up on Chapter 2 by introducing needed qualifications and addressing objections to what has been suggested. Some issues considered are what it is for a theory to be Alternative-unfriendly and for normative role to determine reference, and what to say about skepticism over whether there is an all-things-considered ought. One objection brought up concerns whether it is enough for the ardent realist to insist that normative role can determine reference: maybe there are problems nearby that this suggestion does not help solve. Another concerns complications arising from the possibility of there being alternative notions of reference. A third objection alleges that ordinary normative theorizing affords a way out of the problems that have been discussed.