bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An EBE finite element method for simulating nonlinear flows in rotating spheroidal cavities
Authors: Chan Kit H. , Zhang Keke , Liao Xinhao
Published: June 2009

Many planetary and astrophysical bodies are rotating rapidly, fluidic and, as a consequence of rapid rotation, in the shape of an ablate spheroid. We present an efficient element‐by‐element (EBE) finite element method for the numerical simulation of nonlinear flows in rotating incompressible fluids that are confined in an ablate spheroidal cavity with arbitrary eccentricity. Our focus is placed on temporal and spatial tetrahedral discretization of the EBE finite element method in spheroidal geometry, the EBE parallelization scheme and the validation of the nonlinear spheroidal code via both the constructed exact nonlinear solution and the special resonant forcing in the inviscid limit. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of spatial displacement development
Authors: Pilgerstorfer Thomas , Radončić Nedim
Published: June 2009

One of the major shortcomings of two‐dimensional approaches for underground excavation design is the (mostly) inadequate modelling of the effects of the face advance. Although they may roughly estimate the evolution of the displacements towards their final value, none of the 2D solutions available so far provide information about the extent of the pre‐relaxation the ground has undergone. On the other hand, 3D calculations pose a much greater effort in modelling and evaluation, and can be conducted only by using numerical methods.

The method presented in this paper is intended to narrow this gap, representing an easy‐to‐implement tool allowing fast assessment of displacement development for a circular cavity in a linearly elastic‐ideally plastic Mohr‐Coulomb material under hydrostatic loading. A numerical parametric study has been performed on a 3D model in FLAC3D. The parameters for the numerical simulations were chosen in such a way that they form a regular grid in a co‐ordinate system spanned by the friction angle and a non‐dimensional variable defined as the ratio between the depth of failure and the tunnel radius. Based on the displacement data obtained from numerical simulations, the respective fictitious support pressures have been back‐calculated for every face position, using the closed‐form solution developed by Feder & Arwanitakis. The back‐calculated curves of the fictitious support pressure, its dimensionless form λ (equivalent support pressure coefficient), defined as the ratio between the fictitious support pressure and the primary stress respectively, have been fitted with a slightly modified version of the function proposed by Sulem et al. The fitting process yields function shape parameters, allowing the establishment of three interpolation relationships. The knowledge of the shape parameters for an arbitrary set of mechanical parameters allows the calculation of the displacement path. The results have been verified on a set of ten 3D calculations with a random set of parameters and show very good agreement in all cases. In addition, the presented method is demonstrated through case histories.
Monitoring the deformation of a temporary top heading invert using Time Domain Reflectometry
Authors: Singer John , Grafinger Helge , Thuro Kurosch
Published: June 2009

For the objective evaluation of the structural safety of tunnel structures during the construction phase, continuous monitoring of all important structural elements (e.g. tunnel lining) and the tunnel face are of utmost importance. The temporary top heading invert, frequently used in sensitive areas of top heading drives, could not up to now be monitored with measuring equipment, because it is usually covered with infill to form a temporary haul road.

The application of a Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) measurement system makes it possible for the first time to detect, localise and quantify failures in the shotcrete lining. The calibration of the TDR measurement system in laboratory tests and the experience gained through a practical trial in the Lainzer tunnel in Vienna have made it possible to determine the capabilities and limits of this measuring system and demonstrate its readiness for practical use.
Low cost 3D early warning system for instable alpine slopes – the Aggenalm Landslide monitoring system
Authors: Thuro Kurosch , Wunderlich Thomas , Heunecke Otto , Singer John , Schuhbäck Stefan , Wasmeier Peter , Glabsch Jessica , Festl Judith
Published: June 2009

In context of global climate change and the continuous extension of settlement areas in the Alps, especially due to tourism, an increasing conflict can be observed between land use and natural hazard prevention. This also includes deep‐seated landslides, which can cause considerable damage to settlements and infrastructure when they occur and even endanger lives.

The hazard potential of slow deep‐seated landslides has often been underestimated up till now. For economic reasons, such potentially dangerous instable slopes often are only monitored sporadically if at all. The alpEWAS project (“development and testing of an integrative 3D early warning system for instable alpine slopes”) is currently developing a low cost 3D monitoring and early warning system for landslides based on three innovative continuous measurement systems for underground and surface deformations: Time Domain Reflectometry, reflectorless video tacheometry and low cost global navigation satellite system. These are merged with other sensors, which monitor typical trigger mechanisms (e.g. precipitation), into a geo sensor network, providing remote online access to all data in near real time in a WebGIS environment.

The alpEWAS system has been installed at the Aggenalm Landslide for a first field test. The experiences made there will be of great importance for the medium‐term goal: the development of a market‐ready, flexible and economic early warning system for landslides.
Differential activation of the human trigeminal nuclear complex by noxious and non‐noxious orofacial stimulation
Authors: Nash Paul G. , Macefield Vaughan G. , Klineberg Iven J. , Murray Greg M. , Henderson Luke A.
Published: June 2009

There is good evidence from animal studies for segregation in the processing of non‐nociceptive and nociceptive information within the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex. However, it remains unknown whether a similar segregation occurs in humans, and a recent tract tracing study suggests that this segregation may not exist. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to define and compare activity patterns of the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex during non‐noxious and noxious cutaneous and non‐noxious and noxious muscle orofacial stimulation in humans. We found that during cutaneous pain, signal intensity increased within the entire rostrocaudal extent of the spinal trigeminal nucleus (SpV), encompassing the ipsilateral oralis (SpVo), interpolaris (SpVi) and caudalis (SpVc) subdivisions. In contrast, muscle pain did not activate SpVi, but instead activated a discrete region of the ipsilateral SpVo and SpVc. Further, muscle noxious stimulation activated a region of the ipsilateral lateral pons in the region of the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (Vp). Innocuous orofacial stimulation (lip brushing) also evoked a significant increase in signal intensity in the ipsilateral Vp; however, non‐noxious muscle stimulation showed no increase in signal in this area. The data reveal that orofacial cutaneous and muscle nociceptive information and innocuous cutaneous stimulation are differentially represented within the trigeminal nuclear complex. It is well established that cutaneous and muscle noxious stimuli evoke different perceptual, behavioural and cardiovascular changes. We speculate that the differential activation evoked by cutaneous and muscle noxious stimuli within the trigeminal sensory complex may contribute to the neural basis for these differences. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex‐dependent effects of 56Fe irradiation on contextual fear conditioning in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Villasana Laura , Rosenberg Jenna , Raber Jacob
Published: June 2009

Effects of irradiation on hippocampal function have been mostly studied in male rodents and relatively little is known about potential effects of irradiation on hippocampal function in female rodents. Moreover, although the long‐term effects of clinical radiation on cognitive function have been well established, the effects of other forms of irradiation, such as high charged, high energy radiation (HZE particles) that astronauts encounter during space missions have not been well characterized. In this study we compared the effects of 56Fe irradiation on fear conditioning in C57BL/6J female and male mice. Hippocampus‐dependent contextual fear conditioning was impaired in female mice but improved in male mice following 56Fe irradiation. Such impairment was not seen for hippocampus‐independent cued fear conditioning. Thus, the effects of 56Fe irradiation on hippocampus‐dependent contextual fear conditioning are critically modulated by sex. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum olfactomedin 4 (GW112, hGC‐1) in combination with Reg IV is a highly sensitive biomarker for gastric cancer patients
Authors: Oue Naohide , Sentani Kazuhiro , Noguchi Tsuyoshi , Ohara Shinya , Sakamoto Naoya , Hayashi Tetsutaro , Anami Katsuhiro , Motoshita Junichi , Ito Masanori , Tanaka Shinji , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Yasui Wataru
Published: June 2009

Gastric cancer (GC) is 1 of the most common human cancers. Early detection remains the most promising approach to improving long‐term survival of patients with GC. We previously performed Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) on 4 primary GCs and identified several GC‐specific genes including Reg IV. Of these genes, olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4, also known as GW112 or hGC‐1) is a candidate gene for cancer‐specific expression. In this study, we examined the expression of olfactomedin 4 in human GC by immunohistochemistry. We also assessed serum olfactomedin 4 levels in GC patients by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. 94 (56%) of 167 GC cases were positive for olfactomedin 4 by immunostaining. Olfactomedin 4 staining was observed more frequently in stage I/II cases than in stage III/IV cases. The serum olfactomedin 4 concentration in presurgical GC patients (n = 123, mean ± SE, 36.3 ± 3.5 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that in healthy individuals (n = 76, 16.6 ± 1.6 ng/mL). In patients with stage I GC, the sensitivity of serum olfactomedin 4 (25%) and Reg IV (35%) was superior to that of CA19‐9 (5%) or CEA (3%). Furthermore, in patients with stage I GC, the combination of olfactomedin 4 and Reg IV elevated the diagnostic sensitivity to 52%. These results suggest that serum olfactomedin 4 is a useful marker for GC and its measurement alone or in combination with Reg IV has utility in the early detection of GC. © 2009 UICC
Disaggregating qualitative data from Asian American college students in campus racial climate research and assessment
Authors: Museus Samuel D. , Truong Kimberly A.
Published: June 2009

The disaggregation of qualitative data can provide a more nuanced understanding of the diverse experiences within the Asian American student population.
Integrated agricultural risk management in way Jepara irrigation area of Indonesia
Authors: Kansal M. L. , Suwarno I. Nyoman
Published: June 2009

Agriculture remains the dominant sector in most of the developing countries including Indonesia, but it has always been a risky business as it is subject to the vagaries of both nature and humans. The concept of integrated risk management seems to be a useful approach to manage agricultural risks. There are five steps in risk management, i.e. risk identification, risk assessment, decision making under risk and uncertainty, implementation of the method of risk management and monitoring. These processes may need a combination of knowledge, experts, tools and methods, and thus an integrated approach is desired. In this study, a case study of Way Jepara irrigation area of Indonesia is discussed to show the implementation of the concept of integrated risk management to manage agricultural risk. From a risk identification process, the agricultural risks in the study area are identified. During risk assessment, each risk is quantified for its magnitude, probability or both. Based on the risk assessment results, a course of actions are suggested to mitigate the effect of risks. Both technical and non‐technical measures including the implementation of crop insurance are suggested to be used as methods of risk management. All of the recommended methods are recommended to be evaluated through a monitoring process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and application of a simplified sample preparation method for determination of TEGDMA and related metabolites
Authors: Seiss Mario , Oxynos Antonia , Hickel Reinhard , Reichl Franz X.
Published: June 2009

Analysis of biological samples obtained from in vivo experiments can be often challenging. In general it is not possible to apply the commonly used matrices that are necessary for the experiments to the desired analysis systems without further conditioning or sample purification steps. Besides possible adverse effects for instruments, interference between analytes and matrices can affect the correct measurement of analytes. Different methods of sample preparation can be used to convert biological samples into samples suitable for analysis; SPE and HS‐SPME are two well established methods. Research of in vivo metabolism of triethyleneglycoledimethacrylate (TEGDMA), one of the most frequently contained comonomer in dental restorative materials, demands sample preparation methods that offer separation of TEGDMA and its related metabolites from biological matrices. In the presented study two methods for sample preparation were developed in order to analyze TEGDMA as well as its metabolites triethyleneglycole (TEG), 2,3‐epoxymethacrylicacid methylester (2,3‐EMME), and methacrylacid methylester (MAME) in Krebs‐Henseleit buffer samples to facilitate a subsequent analysis via GC‐MS. An easy and time‐saving separation protocol was developed. Recovery rates of TEGDMA and TEG after SPE were 21 ± 3% and 105 ± 12%, respectively, recovery rate after headspace extraction of 2,3‐EMME and MAME was higher at 48°C compared with 20°C extraction temperature. The tested range for 2,3‐EMME and MAME concentration after HS‐SPME extraction was 0.1–100 mg/L and both analytes showed a good linearity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Downregulation of gap junction expression and function by endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Huang Tao , Wan Yigang , Zhu Ying , Fang Xin , Hiramatsu Nobuhiko , Hayakawa Konihiro , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Kitamura Masanori , Yao Jian
Published: June 2009

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in the control of multiple cell behavior as well as in the maintenance of tissue and organ homeostasis. However, mechanisms involved in the regulation of gap junctions (GJs) have not been fully understood. Given endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysfunction of GJs coexist in several pathological situations, we asked whether GJs could be regulated by ER stress. Incubation of mesangial cells with ER stress‐inducing agents (thapsigargin, tunicamycin, and AB5 subtilase cytotoxin) resulted in a decrease in connexin 43 (Cx43) expression at both protein and mRNA levels. This was accompanied by a loss of GJIC, as evidenced by the reduced numbers of dye‐coupled cells after single cell microinjection or scrape loading dye transfer. Further studies demonstrated that ER stress significantly inhibited the promoter activity of the Cx43 gene, reduced [35S]‐methionine incorporation into Cx43 protein and accelerated degradation of Cx43. ER stress also decreased the Cx43 protein levels in several different cell types, including human umbilical vein endothelial cells, mouse‐derived renin‐secreting cells and human hepatoma cells. Furthermore, induction of ER stress by hypoxic chemicals thenoyltrifluoroacetone and cobalt chloride was found to be associated with a reduction in Cx43. Our findings thus reveal a close link between ER stress and GJs. ER stress may represent a novel mechanism underlying the altered GJs in a variety of pathological situations. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 973–983, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in fat and muscle mass associated with a functional human polymorphism in a post‐transcriptional BMP2 gene regulatory element
Authors: Devaney Joseph M. , Tosi Laura L. , Fritz David T. , Gordish‐Dressman Heather A. , Jiang Shan , Orkunoglu‐Suer Funda E. , Gordon Andrew H. , Harmon Brennan T. , Thompson Paul D. , Clarkson Priscilla M. , Angelopoulos Theodore J. , Gordon Paul M. , Moyna Niall M. , Pescatello Linda S. , Visich Paul S. , Zoeller Robert F. , Brandoli Cinzia , Hoffman Eric P. , Rogers Melissa B.
Published: June 2009

A classic morphogen, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) regulates the differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells. High BMP2 levels promote osteogenesis or chondrogenesis and low levels promote adipogenesis. BMP2 inhibits myogenesis. Thus, BMP2 synthesis is tightly controlled. Several hundred nucleotides within the 3′ untranslated regions of BMP2 genes are conserved from mammals to fishes indicating that the region is under stringent selective pressure. Our analyses indicate that this region controls BMP2 synthesis by post‐transcriptional mechanisms. A common A to C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BMP2 gene (rs15705, +A1123C) disrupts a putative post‐transcriptional regulatory motif within the human ultra‐conserved sequence. In vitro studies indicate that RNAs bearing the A or C alleles have different protein binding characteristics in extracts from mesenchymal cells. Reporter genes with the C allele of the ultra‐conserved sequence were differentially expressed in mesenchymal cells. Finally, we analyzed MRI data from the upper arm of 517 healthy individuals aged 18–41 years. Individuals with the C/C genotype were associated with lower baseline subcutaneous fat volumes (P = 0.0030) and an increased gain in skeletal muscle volume (P = 0.0060) following resistance training in a cohort of young males. The rs15705 SNP explained 2–4% of inter‐individual variability in the measured parameters. The rs15705 variant is one of the first genetic markers that may be exploited to facilitate early diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of diseases associated with poor fitness. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms by which regulatory polymorphisms influence BMP2 synthesis will reveal novel pharmaceutical targets for these disabling conditions. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 1073–1082, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone sialoprotein stimulates focal adhesion‐related signaling pathways: Role in migration and survival of breast and prostate cancer cells
Authors: Gordon Jonathan A.R. , Sodek Jaro , Hunter Graeme K. , Goldberg Harvey A.
Published: June 2009

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a secreted glycoprotein found in mineralized tissues however, BSP is aberrantly expressed in a variety of osteotropic tumors. Elevated BSP expression in breast and prostate primary carcinomas is directly correlated with increased bone metastases and tumor progression. In this study, the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for BSP‐induced migration and tumor survival were examined in breast and prostate cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231, Hs578T and PC3). Additionally, the effects of exogenous TGF‐β1 and EGF, cytokines associated with tumor metastasis and present in high‐levels in the bone microenvironment, were examined in BSP‐expressing cancer cells. Expression of BSP but not an integrin‐binding mutant (BSP‐KAE) in tumor cell lines resulted in increased levels of αv‐containing integrins and number of mature focal adhesions. Adhesion of cells to recombinant BSP or the expression of BSP stimulated focal adhesion kinase and ERK phosphorylation, as well as activated AP‐1‐family proteins. Activation of these pathways by BSP expression increased the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and MMP‐14. The BSP‐mediated activation of the FAK‐associated pathway resulted in increased cancer cell invasion in a Matrigel‐coated Boyden‐chamber assay and increased cell survival upon withdrawal of serum. Addition of EGF or TGF‐β1 to the BSP‐expressing cell lines significantly increased ERK phosphorylation, AP‐1 activation, MMP‐2 expression, cell migration and survival compared to untreated cells expressing BSP. This study thus defines the cooperative mechanisms by which BSP can enhance specific factors associated with a metastatic phenotype in tumor cell lines, an effect that is increased by circulating TGF‐β1 and EGF. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 1118–1128, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete triangulations of a given order generated from a multitude of nonisomorphic cubic graphs by current assignments
Authors: Korzhik Vladimir P.
Published: June 2009

It is known that for all sufficiently large s, there are at least \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$(\frac{5}{3})$\end{document}2s nonequivalent graceful labellings of the path on 2s + 1 vertices. Using this result, we construct exponentially many index one current graphs with current group ℤ12s + 7 such that many of the current graphs have different underlying graphs. The constructed current graphs for all sufficiently large sgenerate at least 30s nonisomorphic triangular embeddings of K12s + 7. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 61: 324–334, 2009
Vertex‐pancyclicity of hypertournaments
Authors: Yang Jed
Published: June 2009

A hypertournament or a k‐tournament, on n vertices, 2≤k≤n, is a pair T=(V, E), where the vertex set V is a set of size n and the edge set E is the collection of all possible subsets of size k of V, called the edges, each taken in one of its k! possible permutations. A k‐tournament is pancyclic if there exists (directed) cycles of all possible lengths; it is vertex‐pancyclic if moreover the cycles can be found through any vertex. A k‐tournament is strong if there is a path from u to v for each pair of distinct vertices u and v. A question posed by Gutin and Yeo about the characterization of pancyclic and vertex‐pancyclic hypertournaments is examined in this article. We extend Moon's Theorem for tournaments to hypertournaments. We prove that if k≥8 and n≥k + 3, then a k‐tournament on n vertices is vertex‐pancyclic if and only if it is strong. Similar results hold for other values of k. We also show that when n≥7, k≥4, and n≥k + 2, a strong k‐tournament on n vertices is pancyclic if and only if it is strong. The bound n≥k+ 2 is tight. We also find bounds for the generalized problem when we extend vertex‐pancyclicity to require d edge‐disjoint cycles of each possible length and extend strong connectivity to require d edge‐disjoint paths between each pair of vertices. Our results include and extend those of Petrovic and Thomassen. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 63: 338–348, 2010
Evidence for long‐term regional changes in precipitation on the East Coast Mountains in Mauritius
Authors: Senapathi Deepa , Underwood Fiona , Black Emily , Nicoll Malcolm A. C. , Norris Ken
Published: June 2009

Global climate change and its impacts are being increasingly studied and precipitation trends are one of the measures of quantifying climate change especially in the tropics. This study uses daily rainfall data to determine if there are changes in the long‐term trends in rainfall variability in the East Coast Mountains of Mauritius during the last few decades, and to investigate the factors influencing the trends in the inter‐annual to inter‐decadal rainfall variability. Statistical modelling has been used to investigate the trends in total seasonal rainfall, the number of rain days and the mean amount of rain per rainy days and the local, regional and large‐scale factors that affect them on inter‐annual to inter‐decadal time scales. The strongest inter‐decadal trend was found in the number of rain days for both rainfall seasons, and the other variables were found to have weak or insignificant trends. Both local factors, such as the surrounding sea surface temperatures and large‐scale phenomena such as Indian Monsoon and the El Niño Southern Oscillation were found to influence rainfall patterns. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Biomechanical modeling of acetabular component polyethylene stresses, fracture risk, and wear rate following press‐fit implantation
Authors: Ong Kevin L. , Rundell Steve , Liepins Imants , Laurent Ryan , Markel David , Kurtz Steven M.
Published: June 2009

Press‐fit implantation may result in acetabular component deformation between the ischial‐ilial columns (“pinching”). The biomechanical and clinical consequences of liner pinching due to press‐fit implantation have not been well studied. We compared the effects of pinching on the polyethylene fracture risk, potential wear rate, and stresses for two different thickness liners using computational methods. Line‐to‐line (“no pinch”) reaming and 2 mm underreaming press fit (“pinch”) conditions were examined for Trident cups with X3™ polyethylene liner wall thicknesses of 5.9 mm (36E) and 3.8 mm (40E). Press‐fit cup deformations were measured from a foam block configuration. A hybrid material model, calibrated to experimentally determined stress–strain behavior of sequentially annealed polyethylene, was applied to the computational model. Molecular chain stretch did not exceed the fracture threshold in any cases. Nominal shell pinch of 0.28 mm was estimated to increase the volumetric wear rate by 70% for both cups and peak contact stresses by 140 and 170% for the 5.9 and 3.8 mm‐thick liners, respectively. Although pinching increases liner stresses, polyethylene fracture is highly unlikely, and the volumetric wear rates are likely to be low compared to conventional polyethylene. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1467–1472, 2009
Elcatonin injections suppress systemic bone resorption without affecting cortical bone regeneration after drill‐hole injuries in mice
Authors: Katae Yuji , Tanaka Shinya , Sakai Akinori , Nagashima Masato , Hirasawa Hideyuki , Nakamura Toshitaka
Published: June 2009

It is assumed that there are systemic changes in mineral metabolism during fracture healing that may cause a predisposition to sequential fractures in osteoporotic patients who suffered from previous fractures. Initial therapies for patients with osteoporotic fractures are important to prevent disabilities in daily life consequent to bone and muscle atrophies, and sequential fractures, although systemic and local bone metabolism during fracture healing have not been well understood. We evaluated the effects of bone injury and elcatonin injection as an initial therapy on systemic and local bone turnover and bone wound healing. Two drill holes were made in the diaphysis of the left femur and tibia of 12‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice. They were treated with three doses of elcatonin or a vehicle thrice a week until the end of the 28‐day experiment. Urinary crosslinked C‐telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) increased and the bone mineral densities (BMDs) in the lumbar vertebrae decreased in the vehicle‐treated mice. Elcatonin injection prevented increases in urinary CTX and reduction of the BMDs. In the noninjured femoral metaphysis, osteoclast surface increased until day 28, whereas elcatonin suppressed it. In the fracture site, elcatonin facilitated osteoblast proliferation and did not delay the healing of the bone defect. Bone injuries accelerated bone turnover systemically and locally, and the elcatonin injections suppressed the systemic acceleration of bone resorption without a delay of filling regenerated cortical bone in the bone defect. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1652–1658, 2009
FT‐IR, FT‐Raman and SERS spectra of anilinium sulfate
Authors: Anto P. L. , Anto R. J. , Varghese H. T. , Panicker C. Y. , Philip D. , Brolo A. G.
Published: June 2009

The FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of anilinium sulfate were recorded and analyzed. The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was recorded from a silver electrode. The vibrational wavenumbers of the compound have been computed using the Hartree‐Fock/6‐31G* basis and compared with the experimental values. The molecule is adsorbed on the silver surface with the benzene ring in a tilted orientation. The presence of amino and sulfate group vibrations in the SERS spectrum reveal the interaction between amino and sulfate groups with the silver surface. The direction of the charge transfer contribution to SERS has been discussed from the frontier orbital theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct visual evidence for chemical mechanisms of SERRS via charge transfer in Au20–pyrazine–Au20 junction
Authors: Sun Mengtao , Li Zhipeng , Liu Yajun , Xu Hongxing
Published: June 2009

The essence of the chemical mechanism for surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) is the charge transfer (CT) between the metal and the molecule at the resonant electronic transition, which results in the mode‐selective enhancement in the SERRS spectrum. The site‐orientated CT can directly interpret the mode‐selective chemical enhancement in SERRS. However, it is a great challenge to intutively visualize the orientation and site of the CT. In this paper, for the pyrazine–Au2 complex, a three‐dimensional (3D) cubic representation is built to provide direct visual evidence for chemical mechanisms of SERRS via CT from the Au2 cluster to pyrazine at the resonant electronic transition. The relationship between the mode‐selective enhancements in SERRS and the site‐orientated CT was clearly revealed. The intracluster excitation (analog of plasmon excitation in large naonoparticles) was also visualized by the 3D cubic presentation, which provided the direct evidence of local electromagnetic field enhancement of SERRS. To study the quantum size effect and the coupling effect of the nanoparticles, the photoexcitation mechanisms of the Au20–pyrazine complex and the Au20–pyrazine–Au20 junction were also investigated. The tunneling charge transfer from one Au20 cluster to another Au20 cluster outside the pyrazine in Au20–pyrazine–Au20 junction was also revealed visually. The calculated normalized extinction spectra of Au nanoparticles using the generalized Mie theory reveal that the resonance peak is red‐shifted due to the coupling between particles. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the antimonate mineral bahianite Al5Sb35+O14(OH)2
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Bahfenne Silmarilly
Published: June 2009

Raman spectroscopy has been used to characterize the antimonate mineral bahianite Al5Sb35+O14(OH)2, a semi‐precious gemstone. The mineral is characterized by an intense Raman band at 818 cm−1 assigned to Sb3O1413− stretching vibrations. Other lower intensity bands at 843 and 856 cm−1 are also assigned to this vibration, and this concept suggests the non‐equivalence of SbO units in the structure. Low‐intensity Raman bands at 669 and 682 cm−1 are probably assignable to the OSbO antisymmetric stretching vibrations. Raman bands at 1756, 1808 and 1929 cm−1 may be assigned to δ SbOH deformation modes, while the bands at 3462 and 3495 cm−1 are assigned to AlOH stretching vibrations. The complexity in the low wave number region is attributed to the composition of the mineral. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanosilicon photonics
Authors: Daldosso N. , Pavesi L.
Published: June 2009

Silicon photonics is no longer an emerging field of research and technology but a present reality with commercial products available on the market, where low‐dimensional silicon (nanosilicon or nano‐Si) can play a fundamental role. After a brief history of the field, the optical properties of silicon reduced to nanometric dimensions are introduced. The use of nano‐Si, in the form of Si nanocrystals, in the main building blocks of silicon photonics (waveguides, modulators, sources and detectors) is reviewed and discussed. Recent advances of nano‐Si devices such as waveguides, optical resonators (linear, rings, and disks) are treated. Emphasis is placed on the visible optical gain properties of nano‐Si and to the sensitization effect on Er ions to achieve infrared light amplification. The possibility of electrical injection in light‐emitting diodes is presented as well as the recent attempts to exploit nano‐Si for solar cells. In addition, nonlinear optical effects that will enable fast all‐optical switches are described.
Theoretical investigation of the inhibition of corrosion by some triazole Schiff bases
Authors: Awad M. K. , Issa R. M. , Atlam F. M.
Published: June 2009

An examination of quantum chemical and corrosion inhibition studies is carried out to investigate whether any clear links exist between the results of quantum chemical calculations and the experimental inhibition efficiencies. The influence of the investigated triazole Schiff bases, (benzylidine amino) triazole (a), 4‐hydroxy 3‐(benzylidine amino) triazole (b), 2‐hydroxy 3‐(benzylidine amino) triazole (c), and 2‐ hydroxy 3‐(naphthylidine amino) triazole (d) on the inhibition of corrosion of the metal surfaces are studied by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐31G level. The calculated quantum chemical parameters correlated to the inhibition efficiency are, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the separation energy (ΔE), the dipole moment (µ), the softness (σ), the total negative charge on the whole molecule (TNC), the total charge on the azo‐methine moiety, the molecular volume (Vi), and the total energy (TE). A good correlation between the quantum chemical parameters and the experimental inhibition efficiency is found. High inhibition efficiency for corrosion inhibitors can be achieved by controlling their electronic and structural properties.
Performance of Cu and Cu‐Zn alloy in the Arabian Gulf environment
Authors: Saricimen H. , Quddus A. , Ahmad A. , Aksakal A. , Siddique T. A. , Ul‐Hamid A.
Published: June 2009

Corrosion performance of copper and brass coupons during 15 month exposure in atmosphere, underground and splash zone conditions was undertaken at Khaleej Mardumah test site located in the industrial/coastal city of Jubail along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia. The environmental indicators such as soil, groundwater, seawater, and air particulate samples were assessed. The exposed corrosion coupons were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify the corrosion products and study their surface morphology. Corrosion rate was determined by weight loss method. The experimental results indicated that a high degree of variation in temperature and humidity in this region combined with high chloride and sulfate concentrations was primarily responsible for the corrosion of copper and brass at Khaleej Mardumah test site. Underground environment was the most corrosive to both copper and brass coupons studied, followed by splash zone. Corrosion rates were found to range from 4.29 to 10.84 µm/y for copper and from 2.47 to 29.31 µm/y for brass. Corrosion rates of copper and brass obtained in this study are also compared with those reported for other locations worldwide.
Analysis of different factors affecting cathodic protection for deep well casings
Authors: Metwally I. A. , Al‐Badi A. H.
Published: June 2009

This paper introduces a comparative theoretical investigation of the conventional cathodic protection (CP) and the pulse cathodic protection (PCP) systems to show how both of them behave under different operating conditions. The effectiveness of the PCP system is also highlighted for a typical large‐scale configuration as well as some field measurements have been carried out. The performance of PCP system has been analyzed in the light of getting better protection‐current distribution along the protected well casing at reduced anode current together with reducing the stray current (corrosion) at any nearby unprotected structure(s). Many factors have been investigated to show their effects on the performance of the CP system, namely, soil resistivity, voltage pulse waveform and frequency, and multi‐layer soil. In addition, the performance of both the conventional CP and the PCP systems has been compared to that when utilizing unused/abandoned well casing as anode energized by the conventional CP system. The PCP system shows better performance than that of the conventional CP, and a similar performance at high soil resistivity to that when using unused/abandoned well casing. On the other hand, the utilization of the unused/abandoned well casing gives superior performance, especially at low soil resistivities, where the protection‐current profiles of both the conventional CP and the PCP systems decay sharply.
Pore solution of concrete: The equilibrium of bound and free chloride
Authors: Tritthart J.
Published: June 2009

The chloride threshold values of concrete specified in the regulations are based on the total chloride content of the concrete. As only the chloride dissolved in the pore solution can initiate corrosion, the investigations focused on the chloride concentration of the pore solution. It was further investigated if the answer to the question — why chloride is taken up by concrete exposed to de‐icing salts relatively quickly but is only slowly ‘washed out’ during summer — can be found in the chloride/cement‐binding interactions. The results showed that the residual chloride concentration depends in particular on the OH− concentration of the pore solution. The results further showed that the same binding mechanisms exist regardless of whether the chloride is mixed to the cement or added subsequently via diffusion. Other results suggested that one of the causes why chloride is taken up faster than it is washed out from concrete by rainwater are the binding interactions as well. As regards the assessment of the corrosion risk, the results showed that both the Cl− concentration and the Cl−/OH− ratio of the pore solution varied between samples made of the same cement and containing the same total chloride content. These results illustrate very well that a certain total chloride content alone is not a suitable criterion for the assessment of corrosion risk and that other factors of influence must be taken into account as well.
Cortical hypometabolism assessed by a metabolic ratio in Parkinson's disease primarily reflects cognitive deterioration—[18F]FDG‐PET
Authors: Liepelt Inga , Reimold Matthias , Maetzler Walter , Godau Jana , Reischl Gerald , Gaenslen Alexandra , Herbst Heinz , Berg Daniela
Published: June 2009

In Parkinson's disease patients with cognitive deterioration, regional cortical hypometabolism has been observed with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET). Our aim was to develop a robust method to subsume the overall degree of metabolic deterioration in Parkinson's disease by means of a single index and to investigate which of the clinical features correlates best with hypometabolism. Twenty‐two Parkinson's patients (10 demented) and seven controls underwent FDG‐PET. A metabolic index (mean relative uptake in typically affected regions) was calculated for each patient and compared with scores for cognition [Minimental State Examination (MMSE)], motor performance [Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS III)” and behavior (Neuropsychiatric Inventory). In stepwise linear regression analysis, MMSE (P < 0.001) score showed the only significant effect. Estimated sensitivity and specificity for DSM‐IV diagnosis of dementia were high for the metabolic index (MI), with 91 and 100%. Taken together, the presented data indicate that cerebral hypometabolism in Parkinson's disease is primarily associated with cognitive impairment. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Characterizing pulmonary blood flow distribution measured using arterial spin labeling
Authors: Henderson A. Cortney , Prisk G. Kim , Levin David L. , Hopkins Susan R. , Buxton Richard B.
Published: June 2009

The arterial spin labeling (ASL) method provides images in which, ideally, the signal intensity of each image voxel is proportional to the local perfusion. For studies of pulmonary perfusion, the relative dispersion (RD, standard deviation/mean) of the ASL signal across a lung section is used as a reliable measure of flow heterogeneity. However, the RD of the ASL signals within the lung may systematically differ from the true RD of perfusion because the ASL image also includes signals from larger vessels, which can reflect the blood volume rather than blood flow if the vessels are filled with tagged blood during the imaging time. Theoretical studies suggest that the pulmonary vasculature exhibits a lognormal distribution for blood flow and thus an appropriate measure of heterogeneity is the geometric standard deviation (GSD). To test whether the ASL signal exhibits a lognormal distribution for pulmonary blood flow, determine whether larger vessels play an important role in the distribution, and extract physiologically relevant measures of heterogeneity from the ASL signal, we quantified the ASL signal before and after an intervention (head‐down tilt) in six subjects. The distribution of ASL signal was better characterized by a lognormal distribution than a normal distribution, reducing the mean squared error by 72% (p < 0.005). Head‐down tilt significantly reduced the lognormal scale parameter (p = 0.01) but not the shape parameter or GSD. The RD increased post‐tilt and remained significantly elevated (by 17%, p < 0.05). Test case results and mathematical simulations suggest that RD is more sensitive than the GSD to ASL signal from tagged blood in larger vessels, a probable explanation of the change in RD without a statistically significant change in GSD. This suggests that the GSD is a useful measure of pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity with the advantage of being less affected by the ASL signal from tagged blood in larger vessels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A discrete filled function method for the optimal control of switched systems in discrete time
Authors: Feng Z. G. , Teo K. L. , Rehbock V.
Published: June 2009

In this paper, we consider the optimal control problem of discrete‐time switched systems. This problem is formulated as an optimization problem involving both continuous and discrete‐valued variables. It can be transformed into a discrete optimization problem. A metric in the space of switching sequences is introduced and an appropriate discrete filled function is constructed. Then, an algorithm that combines the discrete filled function method and a descent method is developed for solving this problem. For illustration, some numerical examples are solved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MicroRNA expression profiling of human metastatic cancers identifies cancer gene targets
Authors: Baffa Raffaele , Fassan Matteo , Volinia Stefano , O'Hara Brian , Liu Chang‐Gong , Palazzo Juan P , Gardiman Marina , Rugge Massimo , Gomella Leonard G , Croce Carlo M , Rosenberg Anne
Published: June 2009

Small non‐coding microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to cancer development and progression, and are differentially expressed in normal tissues and cancers. However, the specific role of miRNAs in the metastatic process is still unknown. To seek a specific miRNA expression signature characterizing the metastatic phenotype of solid tumours, we performed a miRNA microarray analysis on 43 paired primary tumours (ten colon, ten bladder, 13 breast, and ten lung cancers) and one of their related metastatic lymph nodes. We identified a metastatic cancer miRNA signature comprising 15 overexpressed and 17 underexpressed miRNAs. Our results were confirmed by qRT‐PCR analysis. Among the miRNAs identified, some have a well‐characterized association with cancer progression, eg miR‐10b, miR‐21, miR‐30a, miR‐30e, miR‐125b, miR‐141, miR‐200b, miR‐200c, and miR‐205. To further support our data, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis for three well‐defined miRNA gene targets (PDCD4, DHFR, and HOXD10 genes) on a small series of paired colon, breast, and bladder cancers, and one of their metastatic lymph nodes. We found that the immunohistochemical expression of these targets significantly follows the corresponding miRNA deregulation. Our results suggest that specific miRNAs may be directly involved in cancer metastasis and that they may represent a novel diagnostic tool in the characterization of metastatic cancer gene targets. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of diencephalic syndrome after partial surgery of optic chiasm glioma
Authors: Marec‐Berard Perrine , Szathmari Alexandru , Conter Cécile , Mottolese Carmine , Berlier Pascale , Frappaz Didier
Published: June 2009

A 10‐month‐old male presented with sudden growth failure and cachexia. MRI showed a chiasma of the hypothalamic mass. Biopsy was avoided due to operative risks. Three cycles of chemotherapy were given, resulting in stable disease on MRI, but growth failure despite attempts at enteral feeding. Surgical biopsy was then performed. A 30% tumor reduction was observed on post‐operative imaging. Pathological examination revealed a pilocytic astrocytoma. After surgery, the child gained weight and his growth curve returned to normal. Enteral feeding was discontinued. After 4‐year of follow‐up, neurological development remains normal, with no residual or endocrine abnormalities. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:502–504. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bead‐based multiplexed immunoassays to identify new biomarkers in maternal serum to improve first trimester Down syndrome screening
Authors: Koster M. P. H. , Pennings J. L. A. , Imholz S. , Rodenburg W. , Visser G. H. A. , de Vries A. , Schielen P. C. J. I.
Published: June 2009

Objectives

To identify new discriminative biomarkers for Down syndrome (DS) pregnancies using a bead‐based multiplexed immunoassay, and to use the newly identified biomarkers to construct a prediction model for non‐invasive DS screening.

Methods

Maternal serum samples of 14 DS pregnancies and 15 matched controls were analyzed with a bead‐based multiplexed immunoassay containing immunoassays for 90 different analytes. Potential biomarkers were selected on the basis of concentration fold ratios between DS and control samples. For these markers and the current screening markers (pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A, PAPP‐A; free beta subunit of human chorion gonadotrophin (fβ‐hCG) and nuchal translucency) prediction values were obtained and used to calculate detection rates (DR) at a 5% false positive rate.

Results

Seven potential biomarkers of which the fold ratio exceeded 1.3 or −1.3 were selected for further analysis. All 14 DS cases in this study were detected using the combination of all currently used and newly identified markers. The modelled DR for all markers extrapolated to the general pregnant population was 82.5%, compared to a modelled DR of 56.2% for the current screening markers.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the possibility of improving the performance of the current first‐trimester DS screening by addition of new biomarkers, which were identified using bead‐based multiplexed immunoassays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.