bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paxillin phase separation promotes focal adhesion assembly and integrin signaling
Authors: Liang Peigang , Wu Yuchen , Zheng Shanyuan , Zhang Jiaqi , Yang Shuo , Wang Jinfang , Ma Suibin , Zhang Mengjun , Gu Zhuang , Liu Qingfeng , Jiang Wenxue , Xing Qiong , Wang Bo
Published: March 2024

Focal adhesions (FAs) are transmembrane protein assemblies mediating cell–matrix connection. Although protein liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) has been tied to the organization and dynamics of FAs, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we experimentally tune the LLPS of PXN/Paxillin, an essential scaffold protein of FAs, by utilizing a light-inducible Cry2 system in different cell types. In addition to nucleating FA components, light-triggered PXN LLPS potently activates integrin signaling and subsequently accelerates cell spreading. In contrast to the homotypic interaction-driven LLPS of PXN in vitro, PXN condensates in cells are associated with the plasma membrane and modulated by actomyosin contraction and client proteins of FAs. Interestingly, non-specific weak intermolecular interactions synergize with specific molecular interactions to mediate the multicomponent condensation of PXN and are efficient in promoting FA assembly and integrin signaling. Thus, our data establish an active role of the PXN phase transition into a condensed membrane-associated compartment in promoting the assembly/maturation of FAs.
Interstitial Doping of SnO2 Film with Li for Indium-Free Transparent Conductor
Authors: Chen 陈 Xingqian 兴谦 , Li 李 Haozhen 昊臻 , Chen 陈 Wei 伟 , Mei 梅 Zengxia 增霞 , Azarov Alexander , Kuznetsov Andrej , Du 杜 Xiaolong 小龙
Published: March 2024

SnO2 films exhibit significant potential as cost-effective and high electron mobility substitutes for In2O3 films. In this study, Li is incorporated into the interstitial site of the SnO2 lattice resulting in an exceptionally low resistivity of 2.028 × 10−3 Ω⋅cm along with a high carrier concentration of 1.398 × 1020 cm−3 and carrier mobility of 22.02 cm2/V⋅s. Intriguingly, Li
i
readily forms in amorphous structures but faces challenges in crystalline formations. Furthermore, it has been experimentally confirmed that Li
i
acts as a shallow donor in SnO2 with an ionization energy ΔE
D1 of −0.4 eV, indicating spontaneous occurrence of Li
i
ionization.
Novel baseline-free ultrasonic Lamb wave defect location method based on path amplitude matching
Authors: Li Qinfei , Luo Zhi , Zhou Shaoping
Published: March 2024

Ultrasonic Lamb wave detection technology constitutes a non-destructive evaluation approach extensively employed for the identification of flaws within plate-like structures. The conventional method for detecting and localizing defects in isotropic plate-like structures using ultrasonic Lamb waves relies on baseline signal data. However, the reliability of baseline data as a reference value is diminished due to varying working conditions of the structure. Therefore, to overcome the influence of mismatched baseline data, this paper proposes a novel non-baseline Lamb wave defect detection and localization method. Through simulation and experiment studies, it is discovered that defects at different positions have varied impacts on the amplitude of direct wave-packets under the same propagation path. By eliminating differences in the piezoelectric excitation characteristics of the sensing array (normalized through boundary reflect wave), the direct wave amplitude of multiple sensor pairs in the circular array can be compared and ranked. The paths closest to the location of the damage can be identified, enabling to obtain the defect location information. In this paper, the feasibility and effectiveness of this method has been verified by simulation and practical experiments. The experimental data and imaging results obtained over a four-month period demonstrate that, compared to the traditional baseline localization method, the baseline-free method proposed in this study exhibits a greater ability to resist interference caused by changes in environmental temperature. By increasing the number of sensors from 16 to 32, the positioning accuracy can be significantly improved, reducing the positioning deviation from 13 mm to 0.42 mm. This new non-baseline method based on path amplitude matching demonstrates enhanced practicality within the realm of engineering. Notably, this method holds the potential to be synergistically incorporated and applied in conjunction with various other measurement techniques.
Induced ferromagnetism in Ni(II) doped ZnO monolayers via Al co-doping and their optical characteristics: ab initio study
Authors: Khan Muhammad Sheraz , Zou Bingsuo , Bukhtiar Arfan , Huang WeiGuo
Published: March 2024

For applications in magneto-electronic devices, diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) usually exhibit spin-dependent coupling and induced ferromagnetism at high Curie temperatures. The processes behind the behavior of optical emission and ferromagnetism, which can be identified by complicated microstructural and chemical characteristics, are still not well understood. In this study, the impact of Al co-doping on the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of Ni(II) doped ZnO monolayers has been investigated using first principles calculations. Ferromagnetism in the co-doped monolayer is mainly triggered by the exchange coupling between the electrons provided by Al co-doping and Ni(II)-d states; therefore, the estimated Curie temperature is greater than room temperature. The spin–spin couplings in mono-doped and co-doped monolayers were explained using the band-coupling mechanism. Based on the optical study, we observed that the Ni-related absorption peak occurred at 2.13–2.17 eV, showing a redshift as Ni concentrations increased. The FM coupling between Ni ions in the co-doped monolayer may be responsible for the reduction in the fundamental band gap seen with Al co-doping. We observed peaks in the near IR and visible regions of the co-doped monolayer, which improve the optoelectronic device’s photovoltaic performance. Additionally, the correlation between optical characteristics and spin–spin couplings has been studied. We found that the Ni(II)’s d–d transition bands or fundamental band gap in the near configuration undergoes a significant shift in response to AFM and FM coupling, whereas in the far configuration, they have a negligible shift due to the paramagnetic behavior of the Ni ions. These findings suggest that the magnetic coupling in DMS may be utilized for controlling the optical characteristics.
Computing in-memory reconfigurable (accurate/approximate) adder design with negative capacitance FET 6T-SRAM for energy efficient AI edge devices
Authors: Venu Birudu , Kadiyam Tirumalarao , Penumalli Koteswararao , Yellampalli Sivasankar , Vaddi Ramesh
Published: March 2024

Computing in-memory (CiM) is an alternative to von-Neumann architectures for energy efficient AI edge computing architectures with CMOS scaling. Approximate computing in-memory (ACiM) techniques have also been recently proposed to further increase the energy efficiency of such architectures. In the first part of the work, a negative capacitance FET (NCFET) based 6T-SRAM CiM accurate full adder has been proposed, designed and performance benchmarked with equivalent baseline 40 nm CMOS design. Due to the steep slope characteristics of NCFET, at an increased ferroelectric layer thickness, T
fe of 3 nm, the energy consumption of the proposed accurate NCFET based CiM design is ∼82.48% lower in comparison to the conventional/Non CiM full adder design and ∼85.27% lower energy consumption in comparison to the equivalent baseline CMOS CiM accurate full adder design at V
DD = 0.5 V. This work further proposes a reconfigurable computing in-memory NCFET 6T-SRAM full adder design (the design which can operate both in accurate and approximate modes of operation). NCFET 6T-SRAM reconfigurable full adder design in accurate mode has ∼4.19x lower energy consumption and ∼4.47x lower energy consumption in approximation mode when compared to the baseline 40 nm CMOS design at V
DD = 0.5 V, making NCFET based approximate CiM adder designs preferable for energy efficient AI edge CiM based computing architectures for DNN processing.
Investigation of Ethanol gas sensing properties of pristine and Al doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by Sol-gel method
Authors: Singh Bajinder , Barala Monika , Madan Rahul , Mohan Devendra
Published: March 2024

Pure and Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide nanoparticles were prepared by using a simple Sol–gel method. Al contents were varied with 1 wt% and 3 wt% at a fixed concentration of pure ZnO. Synthesized samples were calcinated at 400 °C for 2 h. The results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm that the synthesized nanoparticles have a Hexagonal Wurtzite structure. The average crystallite size of the nanoparticles shows variation from 16 nm to 21 nm. Grain size and surface morphology were investigated with the help of a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Functional groups present in the prepared samples were analyzed by using Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The percentage response of the fabricated sensor, containing Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles, was examined with exposure to the toxic gas Ethanol. It was observed that percentage response changes due to various sensing parameters like response time and percentage response which, were calculated at 100 ppm and 200 ppm concentrations of toxic Ethanol gas. It was found that with an increase in Al concentration as well as Ethanol ppm level the percentage response of synthesized samples is increased. The maximum percentage response of 17.82 and 20.91 at 100 and 200 ppm with 3 wt% of Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles was observed respectively, which is greater than that of pure ZnO. Also, the same sample shows the lowest response time of 215 s and 120 s at 100 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Thus, aluminum doping enhanced the gas sensing response of pristine zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Fabrication of 3D porous polyurethane-graphene oxide scaffolds by a sequential two-step processing for non-load bearing bone defects
Authors: Bagheri Fatemeh , Saudi Ahmad , Bidram Elham , Asefnejad Azadeh , Sanati Alireza , Zarrabi Ali , Rafienia Mohammad
Published: March 2024

Bone defects as a common orthopedic disease lead to severe pains over a long period. Scaffolds are novel approaches in tissue engineering to treat bone problems and deal with their challenges. Here, 3D porous polyurethane (PU) scaffolds containing graphene oxide (GO) with different percentages (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) were developed through a combination of freeze-drying and salt etching techniques for bone tissue engineering applications. The morphologies of scaffolds, physicochemical properties, the degree of crystallinity, and hydrophilicity were evaluated by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and water contact angle assay, respectively. The porosity, degradation behavior, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of 3D porous scaffolds were also determined. To assess the scaffold bioactivity, the morphology of the deposited calcium phosphate layer on the scaffold with macro-structure was evaluated by SEM images. The viability and adhesion of MG63 osteoblast-like cells cultured on the fabricated scaffolds were examined by MTT assay and SEM images, respectively. The results show that adding GO particles not only had no effect on the interconnectivity and porosity of 3D porous macroscopic structures of neat PU but also smaller and more uniformed microscopically pores were obtained. The crystallinity, water contact angle, and weight loss of scaffolds increased as the higher GO concentrations were employed. Followed by increasing GO contents from 0 to 0.5 wt%, the compressive strength and Young’s modulus were increased by 232% and 245%, respectively. The bioactivity of scaffolds was fostered as GO concentration increased. Although, the MTT assay proved the biocompatibility of PU scaffolds containing 0.1 and 0.3 wt% GO, the samples loaded with 0.5 GO had a negative impact on the viability of MG63 cell lines. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates a high potential of PU scaffolds loaded with 0.1 and 0.3 wt% GO particles in bone tissue engineering applications.
Strain gradient theory-based vibration analyses for functionally graded microbeams reinforced by GPL
Authors: Zhang Jinghua , Yao Yuqin
Published: March 2024

On the basis of modified strain gradient theory (MSGT), the free vibration of graphene nanoplatelets (GPL) reinforced functionally graded (FG) microbeam on elastic foundation is studied. Firstly, material properties of the composites are calculated by Halpin-Tsai model and linear mixed model. Then, the MSGT and Reddy beam theory are adopted to establish the fundamental equations of the microbeam on the elastic foundation. And the governing differential equations related to the size effect are derived by the Hamiltonian principle and solved by the Navier method. Finally, the influences of the graded distribution, mass fraction, geometric shape of GPL and size effect on the vibration behaviors are discussed in detail. Results show that these parameters have significant influence on the natural frequencies. The methods to improve the natural frequencies of the microbeams are proposed considering the influence of internal microstructure on the overall characteristics. The research results are of great significance to design this kind of micro-nano structures.
Considering individual game behavior and time delay in the multi-channel rumor propagation model
Authors: Dong Yafang , Huo Liang’an , Xie Xiaoxiao , Li Ming
Published: March 2024

The rapid development of the Internet has accelerated the spread of rumors, posing challenges to social cohesion and stability. To address this, a multi-channel rumor propagation model incorporating individual game behavior and time delay is proposed. It depicts individuals strategically choosing propagation channels in the rumor spread process, capturing real-world intricacies more faithfully. Specifically, the model allowing spreaders to choose between text and video information base channels. Strategy adoption hinges on benefits versus costs, with payoffs dictating strategy and the propagation process determining an individual’s state. By theoretical analysis of the model, the propagation threshold and equilibrium points are obtained. Then the stability of the model is further demonstrated based on Routh–Hurwitz judgment and Descartes’ Rule of Signs. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the correctness of the theoretical results and the sensitivity of the model to key parameters. The outcomes reveal that increasing the propagation cost of spreaders can significantly curb the spread of rumors. In contrast to the classical

I
S
R

model, rumors spread faster and more widely in the improved multi-channel rumor propagation model in this paper, which is a feature more aligned with real-world scenarios. Finally, the validity and predictive ability of the model are verified by using real rumor propagation data sets, indicating that the improved multi-channel rumor propagation model has good practical application and predictive value.
Entangling two levitated charged nanospheres through Coulomb interaction
Authors: Li 李 Guoyao 国耀 , Yin 尹 Zhangqi 璋琦
Published: March 2024

Limited by the thermal environment, the entanglement of a massive object is extremely difficult to generate. Based on a coherent scattering mechanism, we propose a scheme to generate the entanglement of two optically levitated nanospheres through the Coulomb interaction. Two nanospheres are charged and coupled to each other through the Coulomb interaction. In this manner, the entanglement of two nanospheres is induced either under a weak/strong optomechanical coupling regime or under an ultra-strong optomechanical coupling regime. The charges, radius and distance of the two nanospheres are taken into consideration to enhance the Coulomb interaction, thereby achieving a higher degree of entanglement in the absence of ground-state cooling. The corresponding maximum entanglement can be attained as the dynamics of the system approaches the boundary between the steady and the unsteady regimes. This provides a useful resource for both quantum-enhanced sensing and quantum information processing, as well as a new platform for studying many-body physics.
Fractional-order heterogeneous memristive Rulkov neuronal network and its medical image watermarking application
Authors: Ding 丁 Dawei 大为 , Niu 牛 Yan 炎 , Zhang 张 Hongwei 红伟 , Yang 杨 Zongli 宗立 , Wang 王 Jin 金 , Wang 王 Wei 威 , Wang 王 Mouyuan 谋媛
Published: March 2024

This article proposes a novel fractional heterogeneous neural network by coupling a Rulkov neuron with a Hopfield neural network (FRHNN), utilizing memristors for emulating neural synapses. The study firstly demonstrates the coexistence of multiple firing patterns through phase diagrams, Lyapunov exponents (LEs), and bifurcation diagrams. Secondly, the parameter related firing behaviors are described through two-parameter bifurcation diagrams. Subsequently, local attraction basins reveal multi-stability phenomena related to initial values. Moreover, the proposed model is implemented on a microcomputer-based ARM platform, and the experimental results correspond to the numerical simulations. Finally, the article explores the application of digital watermarking for medical images, illustrating its features of excellent imperceptibility, extensive key space, and robustness against attacks including noise and cropping.
Bimodal growth of Fe islands on graphene
Authors: Gu 顾 Yi-Sheng 翊晟 , Yu 俞 Qiao-Yan 俏滟 , Liu 刘 Dang 荡 , Sun 孙 Ji-Ce 蓟策 , Xi 席 Rui-Jun 瑞骏 , Chen 陈 Xing-Sen 星森 , Xue 薛 Sha-Sha 莎莎 , Zhang 章 Yi 毅 , Du 杜 Xian 宪 , Ning 宁 Xu-Hui 旭辉 , Yang 杨 Hao 浩 , Guan 管 Dan-Dan 丹丹 , Liu 刘 Xiao-Xue 晓雪 , Liu 刘 Liang 亮 , Li 李 Yao-Yi 耀义 , Wang 王 Shi-Yong 世勇 , Liu 刘 Can-Hua 灿华 , Zheng 郑 Hao 浩 , Jia 贾 Jin-Feng 金锋
Published: March 2024

Magnetic metals deposited on graphene hold the key to applications in spintronics. Here, we present the results of Fe islands grown on graphene/SiC(0001) by molecular beam epitaxy, which are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. The two types of islands distinguished by flat or round tops are revealed, indicating bimodal growth of Fe. The atomic structures on the top surfaces of flat islands are also clearly resolved. Our results may improve the understanding of the mechanisms of metals deposited on graphene and pave the way for future spintronic applications of Fe/graphene systems.
Reduced model for H-mode sustainment in unfavorable

∇
B

drift configuration in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Grover O. , Eich T. , Manz P. , Zholobenko W. , Happel T. , Body T. , Plank U. , Ulbl P. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: March 2024

A recently developed reduced model of H-mode sustainment based on interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence description in the vicinity of the separatrix matching experimental observations in ASDEX Upgrade has been extended to experiments with the unfavorable

∇
B

drift. The combination with the theory of the magnetic-shear-induced Reynolds stress offers a possibility to quantitatively explain the phenomena. The extension of the Reynolds stress estimate in the reduced model via the magnetic shear contribution is able to reproduce the strong asymmetry in the access conditions depending on the ion

∇
B

drift orientation in agreement with experimental observations. The Reynolds stress profile asymmetry predicted by the magnetic shear model is further extended by comparison with GRILLIX and GENE-X simulations matched with comparable experiments in realistic X-point geometry. The predictions of the radial electric field well depth and its difference between the favorable and unfavorable configurations at the same heating power from the extended model also show consistency with experimental measurements.
Structure of pellet cloud emission and relation with the local ablation rate
Authors: Pégourié B. , Geulin E. , Goto M. , Matsuyama A. , Motojima G. , Sakamoto R.
Published: March 2024

The experimental reproduction of the conditions of pellet injection expected in future large devices being not possible in present day machines, it is mandatory to validate as thoroughly as possible the available ablation models. Among the different points still under discussion, there is the relation between the spectroscopic measurement of the ablation clouds and the local ablation rate. This relation is investigated by coupling an emission model to the time-dependent simulation of ablation clouds with the HPI2 pellet ablation/deposition code. The simulated quantities are the time-evolution of the cloud visible spectrum (λ = 400–700 nm) and images in different wavelength domains (e.g.

H

α

,

H

β

or the continuum centered at

λ
=
576

nm

). It is found that the cloud emission is anisotropic, this is particularly the case for H

α
and H

β
lines, and that the relation between the cloud emission and the ablation rate depends not only on the conditions of pellet injection, but also on the direction of observation. It follows that, in general, it is not possible to estimate the ablation profile from that of an emission line

(

H

α

or

H

β

)

. The code predictions are compared with corresponding measurements for a welldocumented pellet injected in LHD, showing a good agreement for global values and main trends. The reasons for observed discrepancies are discussed.
Influence of the synthesis pathway upon the thermoluminescent response of gadolinium aluminate matrix phosphors
Authors: Alonso Sotolongo A , Montalvo T R , Zárate Medina J
Published: March 2024

The phosphors endowed with a glow curve have a peak much more intense than the others, sensitization to low doses, and a linear relationship between the thermoluminescent response and the dose, which are in demand in the dosimetry market. The gadolinium aluminate has been successfully used as a host lattice of phosphors with luminescent properties. Principally, the luminescent response of the said matrix has been improved by doping with rare earth ions. The thermoluminescent signal depends on the synthesis route because the defect density of a crystal is closely connected to the production pathway that the material went through. Therefore, a crucial step in sensitizing a phosphor is selecting a synthesis route that enhances the efficiency of its thermoluminescent mechanisms. The research herein focused on synthesizing phosphors composed of gadolinium aluminate with no dopant and doped with two molar percent of dysprosium, using two different routes. Among the two synthesis pathways, it was determined to be the most suitable for enhancing the thermoluminescent response of the aforementioned phosphors. The methods employed were reverse coprecipitation and the modified citrate precursor. The phosphors obtained by the reverse coprecipitation method showed the most sensitive thermoluminescent signal. Mainly, the phosphor activated with the dysprosium ion produced the most intense signal, suggesting an improvement in the thermoluminescent mechanisms due to the dopant insertion.
Influence of surface defects on the vortex penetration and arrangement at mesoscopic superconducting samples
Authors: Benites T N S , Presotto A , Barba-Ortega J , Sardella E , Zadorosny R
Published: March 2024

All superconductor applications lie on carry dissipationless current; however, in the presence of external magnetic fields, including the self-field, vortices penetrate the sample, and their dissipative motion generates resistive states. Thus, once the superconducting state survives for higher magnetic fields due to the presence of vortices, those specimens cannot move to increase the material’s critical current density; thus, in this work, we studied the influence of surface defects on the vortex penetration at square mesoscopic superconducting materials using the time-dependent Guinzburg-Landau framework. The lateral size of the samples was 12 times the coherence length at zero Kelvin, with defects distributed in two opposite borders. The main result showed that the currents crowd around the surface defects are responsible for vortex penetration at 60% of critical temperature.
Aerodynamic response of a red-tailed hawk to discrete transverse gusts
Authors: Bamford Colin , Swiney Paul , Nix Jack , Hedrick Tyson L , Raghav Vrishank
Published: March 2024

A limiting factor in the design of smaller size uncrewed aerial vehicles is their inability to navigate through gust-laden environments. As a result, engineers have turned towards bio-inspired engineering approaches for gust mitigation techniques. In this study, the aerodynamics of a red-tailed hawk’s response to variable-magnitude discrete transverse gusts was investigated. The hawk was flown in an indoor flight arena instrumented by multiple high-speed cameras to quantify the 3D motion of the bird as it navigated through the gust. The hawk maintained its flapping motion across the gust in all runs; however, it encountered the gust at different points in the flapping pattern depending on the run and gust magnitude. The hawk responded with a downwards pitching motion of the wing, decreasing the wing pitch angle to between −20∘ and −5∘, and remained in this configuration until gust exit. The wing pitch data was then applied to a lower-order aerodynamic model that estimated lift coefficients across the wing. In gusts slower than the forward flight velocity (low gust ratio), the lift coefficient increases at a low-rate, to a maximum of around 2–2.5. In gusts faster than the forward flight velocity (high gust ratio), the lift coefficient initially increased rapidly, before increasing at a low-rate to a value around 4–5. In both regimes, the hawk’s observed height change due to gust interaction was similar (and small), despite larger estimated lift coefficients over the high gust regime. This suggests another mitigation factor apart from the wing response is present. One potential factor is the tail pitching response observed here, which prior work has shown serves to mitigate pitch disturbances from gusts.
Minimum and maximum quantum uncertainty states for qubit systems
Authors: Li Huihui , Luo Shunlong , Zhang Yue
Published: March 2024

We introduce the notion of (renormalized) quantum uncertainty and reveal its basic features. In terms of this quantity, we completely characterize the minimum and maximum quantum uncertainty states for qubit systems involving Pauli matrices. It turns out that the minimum quantum uncertainty states consist of both certain pure states and certain mixed states, in sharp contrast to the case of conventional Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The maximum quantum uncertainty states are H-type magic states arising from the stabilizer formalism of quantum computation, and can be obtained from minimum quantum uncertainty states via the T-gate.
Effects of temperature-induced variation of the second phase on the microstructure, texture and properties of Mg-RE-Zn alloys
Authors: Lu Dongliang , Wu Guoqin , Yu Jianmin , Liu Yunfang , Zhang Zhimin , Huang Huagui , Li Linlin , Feng Yan , Xu Hengqiu
Published: March 2024

In this paper, the Mg-9.32Gd-3.72Y-1.68Zn-0.72Zr (wt%) alloy has undergone three times of repetitive upsetting extrusion deformation. Alloys with different morphologies and distribution patterns of the second phase have been prepared by varying the deformation temperature in each pass. The effects of the second phase on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties are investigated. The results show that (i) the second phase, including Mg5Gd and LPSO phase, has an important effect on the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of the alloy. (ii) Appropriate lamella distance and block phase size can promote the activation of the slip system and effectively weaken the texture strength. (iii) The DT sample has an effective combination of fine grain strengthening and second phase strengthening due to the reasonable second phase distribution and size, which greatly improves the UTS and YS of the alloy.
Making Makers
Authors: Finch Michael P M
Published: March 2024

Making Makers presents a comprehensive history of a seminal work of scholarship which has exerted a persistent attraction for scholars of war and strategy: Makers of Modern Strategy. It reveals the processes by which scholars conceived and devised the book, considering both successful and failed attempts to make and remake the work across the twentieth century, and illuminating its impact and legacy. It explains how and why these influential volumes took their particular forms, unearths the broader intellectual processes that shaped them, and reflects on the academic parameters of the study of war in the twentieth century. In presenting a complete genesis of the Makers project in the context of intellectual trends and historical contingency, this book develops a complex and nuanced appraisal of the development of scholarship on war. In so doing it also offers contributions to the intellectual biographies of key twentieth-century figures in the history of war, such as Edward Mead Earle, Peter Paret, Gordon Craig, and Theodore Ropp. Making Makers contributes to an intellectual history of military history and contextualizes the place of history and historians in strategic and security studies. It is not only a history of the book, but a history of the networks of scholars involved in its creation, their careers, and lines of patronage, crossing international boundaries, from Europe to the USA, to Asia and Australia. It is an investigation of ideas, of individuals and groups, of work completed and visions unrealized, of context and contingency.
War Now Thrusts Itself upon Us All
Authors: Finch Michael P M
Published: March 2024

This chapter analyses academic engagement with war and strategy during the early twentieth century to provide deeper context for the success of the first Makers of Modern Strategy. When Edward Mead Earle wrote that ‘war now thrusts itself upon the attention of us all’ he was reflecting on the Second World War, but his words also spoke to the growth of civilian engagement with the problems and challenges of war in the years leading up to that point. This chapter examines that process, particularly through the lens of key individuals, such as Hans Delbrück, Spenser Wilkinson, John Knox Laughton, Frederick Maurice, Quincy Wright, and Nicholas Spykman, as well as the institutional contexts in which they operated. In so doing it helps to contextualize the appearance of Makers as a historical project. The chapter also underlines the significance of the broader international context.
Introduction to Fieldwork and Evolution
Authors: Crawford Michael H
Published: March 2024

Field research is an essential tool of anthropological genetics. What constitutes fieldwork and why is it done? This chapter poses the questions: Who are we? Where did we come from? How did we get here? It summarizes the background and necessary experience for successfully conducting field research. How are multidisciplinary field investigations on human evolution organized? How are the accompanying specialists selected for the fieldwork? Methods of contacting the indigenous communities are discussed and how participants are informed about the risks and benefits of the research. This chapter defines the forces of evolution (mutations, genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow) and considers the consequences of each force examined.
Background and Preparation for Fieldwork
Authors: Crawford Michael H
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the preparation necessary for conducting successful international fieldwork. Travel experience, cultural and linguistic background (in Russian or appropriate languages), and training in biological anthropology and genetics at the University of Washington provided useful preparation. Residence under extreme conditions, such as survival for nine months while living in a tent in a displaced persons camp in the tropical Philippine Islands, while coexisting with mosquitos, snakes and insects, prepared the author for field research in Siberia and Central America. The organization of research teams with experience in writing grant proposals and conducting field research encourages funding from granting agencies, such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. Professional productivity and recognition by scientific organizations facilitates obtaining necessary permissions from participating communities, and governmental organizations.
Black Caribs (Garifuna) of Central America
Authors: Crawford Michael H
Published: March 2024

The Black Caribs (Garifuna) are part of an evolutionary success story. They arose on St. Vincent Island as an amalgam of Native Americans from the Orinoco River Basin of South America and west African slaves. British forcibly transplanted the Garifuna first to Ballicaux Island (small island south of St. Vincent) and then to the Bay Islands close to Honduras. From the Bay Islands the Garifuna relocated to Honduras and because of high fertility and availability of resources, the population expanded rapidly and formed 54 villages spread geographically from Belize to Nicaragua. Initially, blood group data were initially collected for Livingston, Guatemala, and St. Vincent Island. Later studies in Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, and Bay Islands included DNA markers—mitochondrial DNA, nonrecombining Y-chromosome, and autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms and short tandem repeats. Genetic ancestry, admixture, and population structure were reconstructed for the Garifuna populations.
Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Crawford Michael H
Published: March 2024

The baboon colony of the Sukhumi Primate Center of Abkhasia displayed a massive increase in the infection from malignant lymphoma. Baboons were initially inoculated with human blood samples from lymphoma patients. The question we posed: Was this lymphoma the result of a virus introduced from a human host? Did the virus spread through the colony through social contact and bites? Unlike the colony of free-ranging baboons, on the outskirts of Sukhumi, they show no signs of the lymphoma. The simian T cell lymphoma virus (STLV-1) appears to be the etiological agent of the Sukhumi lymphoma outbreak. However, based on sequence similarities of baboon and macaque viruses, it appears that interspecies transmission had occurred between the two primate genera and species.
Too simple, too complex, or just right? Advantages, challenges, and guidance for indicators of genetic diversity
Authors: Hoban Sean , da Silva Jessica M , Hughes Alice , Hunter Margaret E , Kalamujić Stroil Belma , Laikre Linda , Mastretta-Yanes Alicia , Millette Katie , Paz-Vinas Ivan , Bustos Lucia Ruiz , Shaw Robyn E , Vernesi Cristiano ,   the Coalition for Conservation Genetics, Funk Chris , Grueber Catherine , Kershaw Francine , MacDonald Anna , Meek Mariah , Mittan Cinnamon , O'Brien David , Ogden Rob , Segelbacher Gernot
Published: March 2024

Measuring genetic diversity of wild species using DNA-based data remains resource intensive and time consuming for nearly all species. However, genetic assessments are needed for global conservation commitments, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, and for governments and managers to evaluate conservation progress, as well as prioritizing species and populations to preserve and recover genetic diversity (e.g., via genetic rescue). Recently, indicators were developed for tracking and reporting genetic diversity status and trends for hundreds of species. The indicators quantify two simple proxies of within-population and among-population genetic diversity and adaptive potential: small effective population size (Ne < 500) and the loss of genetically distinct populations. The indicators must balance scientific credibility, practicality, and simplicity. In the present article, we summarize the advantages of these pragmatic indicators, address critiques by scientists for simplifying assumptions and by policymakers for complexity, and propose potential solutions and next steps. We aim to support practitioners putting indicators into policy, action, legislation, and reporting.
A cell autonomous regulator of neuronal excitability modulates tau in Alzheimer’s disease vulnerable neurons
Authors: Rodriguez-Rodriguez Patricia , Arroyo-Garcia Luis Enrique , Tsagkogianni Christina , Li Lechuan , Wang Wei , Végvári Ákos , Salas-Allende Isabella , Plautz Zakary , Cedazo-Minguez Angel , Sinha Subhash C , Troyanskaya Olga , Flajolet Marc , Yao Vicky , Roussarie Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2024

Neurons from layer II of the entorhinal cortex (ECII) are the first to accumulate tau protein aggregates and degenerate during prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Gaining insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying this vulnerability will help reveal genes and pathways at play during incipient stages of the disease. Here, we use a data-driven functional genomics approach to model ECII neurons in silico and identify the proto-oncogene DEK as a regulator of tau pathology.

We show that epigenetic changes caused by Dek silencing alter activity-induced transcription, with major effects on neuronal excitability. This is accompanied by the gradual accumulation of tau in the somatodendritic compartment of mouse ECII neurons in vivo, reactivity of surrounding microglia, and microglia-mediated neuron loss. These features are all characteristic of early Alzheimer’s disease.

The existence of a cell-autonomous mechanism linking Alzheimer’s disease pathogenic mechanisms in the precise neuron type where the disease starts provides unique evidence that synaptic homeostasis dysregulation is of central importance in the onset of tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease.
Hybrid Immunity and SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies: Results of the HEROES–RECOVER Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Romine James K , Li Huashi , Coughlin Melissa M , Jones Jefferson M , Britton Amadea , Tyner Harmony L , Fuller Sammantha B , Bloodworth Robin , Edwards Laura J , Etolue Jini N , Morrill Tyler C , Newes-Adeyi Gabriella , Olsho Lauren E W , Gaglani Manjusha , Fowlkes Ashley , Hollister James , Bedrick Edward J , Uhrlaub Jennifer L , Beitel Shawn , Sprissler Ryan S , Lyski Zoe , Porter Cynthia J , Rivers Patrick , Lutrick Karen , Caban-Martinez Alberto J , Yoon Sarang K , Phillips Andrew L , Naleway Allison L , Burgess Jefferey L , Ellingson Katherine D
Published: March 2024

Background

There are limited data on whether hybrid immunity differs by count and order of immunity-conferring events (infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] or vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). From a multi-site cohort of frontline workers, we examined the heterogeneity of the effect of hybrid immunity on SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels.

Methods

Exposures included event count and event order, categorized into 7 permutations. Outcome was level of serum antibodies against receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (total RBD-binding immunoglobulin). Means were examined up to 365 days after each of the first to seventh events.

Results

Analysis included 5793 participants measured from 7 August 2020 to 15 April 2023. Hybrid immunity from infection before 1 or 2 vaccine doses elicited modestly superior antibody responses after the second and third events (compared with infections or vaccine doses alone). This superiority was not repeated after additional events. Among adults infected before vaccination, adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) of anti-RBD early response (versus vaccinated only) were 1.23 (1.14–1.33), 1.09 (1.03–1.14), 0.87 (.81–.94), and 0.99 (.85–1.15) after the second to fifth events, respectively. Post-vaccination infections elicited superior responses; adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% CI) of anti-RBD early response (versus vaccinated only) were 0.93 (.75–1.17), 1.11 (1.06–1.16), 1.17 (1.11–1.24), and 1.20 (1.07–1.34) after the second to fifth events, respectively.

Conclusions

Evidence of heterogeneity in antibody levels by permutations of infection and vaccination history could inform COVID-19 vaccination policy.
A maternal-to-zygotic-transition gene block on the zebrafish sex chromosome
Authors: Wilson Catherine A , Postlethwait John H
Published: March 2024

Wild zebrafish (Danio rerio) have a ZZ/ZW chromosomal sex-determination system with the major sex locus on the right arm of chromosome-4 (Chr4R) near the largest heterochromatic block in the genome, suggesting that Chr4R transcriptomics might differ from the rest of the genome. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an RNA-seq analysis of adult ZW ovaries and ZZ testes in the Nadia strain and identified 4 regions of Chr4 with different gene expression profiles. Unique in the genome, protein-coding genes in a 41.7 Mb section (Region-2) were expressed in testis but silent in ovary. The AB lab strain, which lacks sex chromosomes, verified this result, showing that testis-biased gene expression in Region-2 depends on gonad biology, not on sex-determining mechanism. RNA-seq analyses in female and male brains and livers validated reduced transcripts from Region-2 in somatic cells, but without sex specificity. Region-2 corresponds to the heterochromatic portion of Chr4R and its content of genes and repetitive elements distinguishes it from the rest of the genome. Region-2 lacks protein-coding genes with human orthologs; has zinc finger genes expressed early in zygotic genome activation; has maternal 5S rRNA genes, maternal spliceosome genes, a concentration of tRNA genes, and a distinct set of repetitive elements. The colocalization of (1) genes silenced in ovaries but not in testes that are (2) expressed in embryos briefly at the onset of zygotic genome activation; (3) maternal-specific genes for translation machinery; (4) maternal-specific spliceosome components; and (5) adjacent genes encoding miR-430, which mediates maternal transcript degradation, suggest that this is a maternal-to-zygotic-transition gene regulatory block.
SCancerRNA: Expression at the Single-cell Level and Interaction Resource of Non-coding RNA Biomarkers for Cancers
Authors: Guo Hongzhe , Zhang Liyuan , Cui Xinran , Cheng Liang , Zhao Tianyi , Wang Yadong
Published: March 2024

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) participate in multiple biological processes associated with cancers as tumor suppressors or oncogenic drivers. Due to their high stability in plasma, urine, and many other fluids, ncRNAs have the potential to serve as key biomarkers for early diagnosis and screening of cancers. During cancer progression, tumor heterogeneity plays a crucial role, and it is particularly important to understand the gene expression patterns of individual cells. With the development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies, uncovering gene expression in different cell types for human cancers has become feasible by profiling transcriptomes at the cellular level. However, a well-organized and comprehensive online resource that provides access to the expression of genes corresponding to ncRNA biomarkers in different cell types at the single-cell level is not available yet. Therefore, we developed the SCancerRNA database to summarize experimentally supported data on long ncRNA, microRNA, PIWI-interacting RNA, small nucleolar RNA, and circular RNA biomarkers, as well as data on their differential expression at the cellular level. Furthermore, we collected biological functions and clinical applications of biomarkers to facilitate the application of ncRNA biomarkers to cancer diagnosis, as well as the monitoring of progression and targeted therapies. SCancerRNA also allows users to explore interaction networks of different types of ncRNAs, and build computational models in the future. SCancerRNA is freely accessible at http://www.scancerrna.com/BioMarker.
On Long Time Behavior for Stochastic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations with a Multiplicative Noise
Authors: Fan Chenjie , Zhao Zehua
Published: March 2024

In this article, we study mass-critical stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equations with a multiplicative noise in 3D with a slight time decay ($\langle t \rangle ^{-\epsilon }$ for $\epsilon>0$ arbitrarily small). We prove associated global space-time bounds and the scattering behavior.
The Theological Significance of the History of Science: John Templeton and the Promotion of Science and Religion
Authors: Jordan Peter N
Published: March 2024

This article examines the rationale behind philanthropist John Templeton’s investment in the field of science and religion. His support stems in part from the conviction that historical developments in science are finally leading us to the right understanding of God’s relationship to the created order. The older, mechanical picture of nature that science purportedly gave us implies that God is distant from nature, whereas more recent discoveries are revealing nature’s complexity, elusiveness, intangibility, unpredictability, and creativity and imply God’s intimate presence to, and involvement in, nature. This newer theological picture is consistent with a theological tradition to which Templeton had been exposed since childhood. Believing that science is finally uncovering theological truths about God and God’s relationship to the world, Templeton sought to shape science and (especially) religion so that comparable breakthroughs might continue to flow in the future.
The Integration of Physical Therapists and Occupational Therapists into Burn Wound Care Increases Therapist Productivity, Job Satisfaction, and Multidisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Schwartzman Amy , Mueller Scott W , Ridgeway Kyle J , Balstad Blaire , Wiktor Arek J
Published: March 2024

When attempting to deliver specialized rehabilitation therapy interventions, physical therapists (PTs) and occupational therapists (OTs) must account for dynamic and logistical patient factors such as daily wound care, pain, difficulty progressing range of motion with dressings donned, and ongoing surgical interventions. Additionally, they must attain institution-specific productivity standards. Given burn patients often require considerable multidisciplinary interventions, efficiently planning and delivering rehabilitation therapy interventions within productivity expectations may prove difficult. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of integrating rehabilitation therapists, PTs and OTs, into daily burn wound care by investigating therapist productivity and multidisciplinary perceptions of this practice change. The quality improvement project involved 6 rehabilitation therapists (3 PTs and 3 OTs) practicing exclusively in the burn unit within an American Burn Association (ABA)-verified burn center at an urban, tertiary care academic medical center. One rehabilitation therapist was responsible for providing interventions within the burn wound care team 5 days a week. General duties included wound assessment, functional wound dressings, and skilled therapeutic interventions such as manual therapy, therapeutic exercise, and compression interventions. The primary outcome was changes in group productivity and individual therapist productivity, as measured by total billed Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes per hour worked, which were tracked 22 weeks preimplementation and 28 weeks postimplementation. Program feasibility and general perceptions were assessed by a qualitative questionnaire. For both the entire group of therapists and each individual rehabilitation therapist, billed CPT codes per hour increased postimplementation, 1.81 vs 1.54 (P = .005) and a matched increase of 0.27/h (P = .003). Of the 23 survey respondents, 96% had a favorable impression of the program and reported it eased staffing demands. All respondents reported improved unit workflow and multidisciplinary communication. The majority of multidisciplinary burn team members actively supported the pilot program and commented on improvements in patient care. Full-time rehabilitation therapy participation in wound care increases therapist productivity and job satisfaction. Future efforts, however, should focus on measuring specific patient outcomes and costs as a result of therapist integration into daily wound care practice.