bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ship-of-the-Line or Atlantic Raider? Battleship Bismarck Between Design Limitations and Naval Strategy
Authors: Mulligan Timothy
Published: October 2005

The recent surge of writings on battleship Bismarck largely ignores the ship's early history, from its initial designs through its planned use in prewar tactical exercises. Focusing on the period between 1932 and 1939, this article examines the genesis of the German battleship in the context of the internal debates and uncertainty within the German Navy High Command as to the desired characteristics and functions of future capital ships. Before war's outbreak, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder determined that battleships dependent on a limited-range propulsion system should be employed on long-range commerce raiding.
After Hiroshima: Allied Military Occupations and the Fate of Japan's Empire, 1945-1947
Authors: Spector Ronald H.
Published: October 2005

The United States and its allies were almost completely unprepared for the enormous occupation responsibilities they faced in the Far East beginning in 1945. The author reviews Chinese, American, and British occupation decisions in immediate postwar China, Korea, and Southeast Asia and the role of the forces of recently defeated Japan. Allied occupiers came into the area for the nonpolitical task of disarming and removing the Japanese, but they quickly found themselves in the middle of insurgencies or civil wars, because the basic political future of these countries remained undecided. By 1948 all the states of the former Japanese empire were involved in conflicts. The ultimate fate of the occupied nations seemed to depend more on internal forces than on the techniques or plans of the occupiers. Consequently, the lessons of this period for the recent Iraq occupation are ambiguous at best, and they suggest that nation-building with guns will have no more certain outcome.
Gunnery, Procurement, and Strategy in the Dreadnought Era
Authors: Sumida Jon Tetsuro
Published: October 2005

The author of the book being reviewed challenges what he incorrectly believes is the existing consensus on the character of British capital ship fire control and attempts to reinterpret aspects of the Battle of Jutland. This essay seeks to provide a guide to the book's most important analytical shortcomings for those either unfamiliar with the large body of relevant sources or who lack the technical knowledge to evaluate the engineering aspects of long-range gunnery.
Focal Point of the Fleet: U.S. Navy Photographic Activities in World War II
Authors: Warren Mame
Published: October 2005

Washington, D.C., was the headquarters of most U.S. Navy photographic activities during World War II. Continuing a distinguished history of naval photography, hundreds of cameramen, including Edward Steichen and his team of professional photographers, fanned out from Washington to document both the European and Pacific theaters. They shot millions of still and motion pictures, and sent them back to various facilities, especially the Naval Photographic Science Laboratory at Anacostia. There, hundreds of men and women worked around the clock to generate images that would inspire both their military commanders and the American people with the prowess of the U.S. Navy in warfare.
The Road Through Whampoa: The Early Career of He Yingqin
Authors: Worthing Peter M
Published: October 2005

This article explores the early career of Chinese Nationalist General
He Yingqin, examining his origins and military training in order to
understand how he came to the attention of prominent men such as
Sun Yat-sen and Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) and subsequently
was able to gain a position of prominence in the government of
Nationalist China. It argues that He Yingqin and Jiang Jieshi developed
a working relationship based on common training and military
experience, a shared set of personal values, and a bonding experience
in combat in the Eastern Expedition of 1925. This relationship
paved the way for He Yingqin's rapid rise in the Nationalist military
and government.
Promises and Perils of Public Deliberation: Contrasting Two National Bioethics Commissions on Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B
Published: October 2005

National bioethics commissions have struggled to develop ethically warranted methods for conducting their deliberations. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission in its report on stem cell research adopted an approach to public deliberation indebted to Rawls in that it sought common ground consistent with shared values and beliefs at the foundation of a well-ordered democracy. In contrast, although the research cloning and stem cell research reports of the President's Council on Bioethics reveal that it broached two different methods of public deliberation—balancing goods and following an overarching moral principle—it adopted neither. Thereupon its prime mover, Leon Kass, influenced particularly by the approach of Leo Strauss, sought to develop a method of public deliberation guided by tradition and practical wisdom. When this failed, the Council fell back on a method that took account of shared fundamental values of a free democracy—a method remarkably akin to that employed by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Respect for diverse reasonable conceptions of the good in a democratic polity requires national bioethics commissions to seek and incorporate that which is valuable in opposing positions.
Reflections on Public Bioethics: A View from the Trenches
Authors: Kass Leon
Published: October 2005

For many reasons, and more than its predecessors, the President's Council on Bioethics has been the subject of much public attention and heated controversy. But little of that attention and controversy has been informed by knowledge of the Council's mission, its ways of working, and, most importantly, its actual work. This essay describes the Council's mission, discusses its public ways of working, and reviews the five major works produced during the Council's first term. In all its activities, the Council has sought to develop a richer bioethics, one that recognizes and tries to do justice to the deep issues of our humanity raised by the age of biotechnology. Believing that these issues are properly matters to be discussed and governed by the polity as a whole, the Council also has sought to contribute to a genuinely public or political bioethics, beyond the rule of "experts," scientific and bioethical.
Respecting Difference and Moving Beyond Regulation: Tasks for U.S. Bioethics Commissions in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Anderlik Mary R
Published: October 2005

This article focuses on two possible missions for a national bioethics commission. The first is handling differences of worldview, political orientation, and discipline. Recent work in political philosophy emphasizes regard for the dignity of difference manifested in "conversation" that seeks understanding rather than agreement. The President's Council on Bioethics gets a mixed review in this area. The second is experimenting with prophetic bioethics. "Prophetic bioethics" is a term coined by Daniel Callahan to describe an alternative to compromise-seeking "regulatory bioethics." It involves a critique of modern medicine. In the contemporary context, the areas of biotechnology and access to health care cry out for prophetic attention. The Council has addressed biotechnology; unfortunately, that experience suggests that the kind of prophecy that it practices poses risks to conversation. With regard to access issues, the article proposes an effort that unites themes of human dignity, solidarity, and limits in support of reform, while highlighting, rather than papering over, differences.
The Baroness's Committee and the President's Council: Ambition and Alienation in Public Bioethics
Authors: Nelson James Lindemann
Published: October 2005

The President's Council on Bioethics has tried to make a distinctive contribution to the methodology of such public bodies in developing what it has styled a "richer bioethics." The Council's procedure contrasts with more modest methods of public bioethical deliberation employed by the United Kingdom's Warnock Committee. The practices of both bodies are held up against a backdrop of concerns about moral and political alienation, prompted by the limitations of moral reasoning and by moral dissent from state policy under even the most democratic of governments. Although the President's Council's rhetoric is often scrupulously conciliatory, recurring features of its argumentative practice are regrettably divisive. They order these things better in Britain.
Bioethics as Politics: The Limits of Moral Expertise
Authors: Powers Madison
Published: October 2005

The increasing reliance upon, and perhaps the growing public and professional skepticism about, the special expertise of bioethicists suggests the need to consider the limits of moral expertise. For all the talk about method in bioethics, we, bioethicists, are still rather far off the mark in understanding what we are doing, even when we may be going about what we are doing fairly well. Quite often, what is most fundamentally at stake, but equally often insufficiently acknowledged, are inherently political, essentially contested visions of the most compelling and attractive forms of life for individuals and social organization. The current situation in bioethics parallels similar debates in eighteenth-century jurisprudence, especially Jeremy Bentham's withering critique of the prevalent forms of judicial argument and his own, equally unsuccessful, attempt to develop a decision-making procedure in ethics that would operate on a plane above politics. The risk, both then and now, is that we will fail to appreciate the wide range of reasonable disagreement that will remain past the point of extended reflection and discussion.
Sociological Speculations on the Professions of Children's Literature
Authors: Gupta Suman
Published: October 2005

This essay examines the academic institutionalization and the affiliated professionalization of children's literature. A sociological analysis of this area is attempted, with the larger context of academic enquiry and associated professionalism in our world in mind, and with an awareness of the ideological imperatives implicit therein. Three directions are explored to assess the current position of children's literature. These are: children's literature as a grouping of professional interests; children's literature as part of the academic discipline of literature in institutional terms; and the institutionalization of children's literature within the broad dynamic of social systems.
First Pictures, Early Concepts: Early Concept Books
Authors: Kummerling-Meibauer Bettina , Meibauer Jorg
Published: October 2005

This article focuses on a largely neglected book type for small children, picture books printed on thick cardboard that show pictures of common everyday objects such as ball, an apple or a chair, but with little text than object labels. The authors propose that these books should be called early concept books since their main purpose is to support the child's acquisition of concepts by looking at pictures. After describing three outstanding examples in more detail (Mim Chindli, The First Picture Book, Erste Bilder), the article deals with visual, linguistic, and literary aspects of this book type.
The Liberty Tree and the Whomping Willow: Political Justice, Magical Science, and Harry Potter
Authors: Chevalier Noel
Published: October 2005

Although Harry Potter is seen by many of his readers as an unequivocal hero, J.K. Rowling develops a meta-narrative in her novel series that places Harry within a world of increasing moral complexity and uncertainty. Harry himself becomes disgusted with, and alienated from, the world he is apparently supposed to save. Rowling's use of an ambivalent hero, and her concern with social and political justice, echoes the work of the English Jacobins, particularly William Godwin in Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) and Godwin's daughter, Mary Shelley, in Frankenstein (1818). This essay explores the political roots of the Harry Potter novels in the work of English Jacobians, and argues that Rowling, like Godwin, champions rule by reason over rule by law, and reveals how magic, like science, is of little use in solving moral problems.
Psychic Transformation and the Regeneration of Language in Peter S. Beagle's The Last Unicorn
Authors: Matheson Sue
Published: October 2005

Critical opinion about Peter S. Beagle's The Last Unicorn (1968) remains sharply divided: there are those who deem the work a minor masterpiece and those who find it simplistic and severely flawed. The overwhelmingly positive audience response to The Last Unicorn, however, indicates that what appears to be a simple story is actually a complex revisioning of the fairy tale. This essay investigates The Last Unicorn as a self-reflexive symbolic narrative that is as much concerned with the regeneration of meaningful language as it is with the process of psychic transformation.
Rereading Fifties Teen Romance: Reflections on Janet Lambert
Authors: Thompson Anne Booth
Published: October 2005

Teen romance novels written in the 1950s have been criticized for their lack of realism, for ideological conservatism, and mediocre writing. Included in this category, but also largely ignored, is the fiction of Janet Lambert. This essay aims for a careful consideration of Lambert's work through a close reading of four of her novels, beginning with Little Miss Atlas (1949). Thompson establishes a context for the analysis by comparing Lambert's work with other 1950s teen novels and with the 1990s "Sweet Valley" romance series, and contemporary "realistic" fiction for Young Adults. Thompson argues for a more positive assessment of Lambert's achievement.
Judging a Book by Its Cover: Publishing Trends in Young Adult Literature
Authors: Yampbell Cat
Published: October 2005

A book's materiality is often taken for granted. In the publishing industry, however, the paratext, specifically the book's cover, is the foremost aspect of the book. The cover sells the book; literary merit becomes irrelevant if the book does not, or cannot, reach the reader. Yampell focuses on the cover art of Young Adult novels and explores recent trends in the marketing of YA literature to the elusive teen audience. A close analysis of the five different covers of Francesca Lia Block's Weetzie Bat (1989) demonstrates trends in contemporary publishing and posits potential rationales for the publisher change the cover.
Light Scattering in Turbulent and Laminar Flames
Authors: Omenetto N. , Hart L. P. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: October 2005

The scattering of light in flames, both turbulent and laminar, is investigated using line and continuum sources of excitation. The wave-length dependence, angular distribution, and polarization of the scattered intensity are measured. Only with the laminar flames does the wave-length dependence of the scattered intensity approximate the λ−4 relationship of Rayleigh scattering. Contrary to the predictions of the theory for Rayleigh scattering, the scattering is not symmetric about 90°. The variation of intensity and polarization of the scattered light at different angles is stressed from the analytical point of view. In atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, the ratio of the fluorescence intensity to the scattered intensity can be considerably improved by the use of polarizers.
Applications of the Rotating Solid Sample Technique in Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Sloane Howard J. , Cook R. B.
Published: October 2005

Use of a rotating solid sample device in the Raman examination of deeply colored highly absorbing samples was investigated. A wide variety of inorganic, organic, and metallorganic compounds ranging in color from pale yellow to orange-red and black were studied using 4880 Å or 5145 Å argon ion excitation. Good quality spectra were obtained from solid samples which previously were either destroyed by conventional static excitation or required defocusing or attenuation of the laser beam with attendant energy losses. The technique appears to offer a general solution to the problem of highly absorbing samples which decompose because of localized overheating by absorption of the source radiation. In some cases, resonance Raman effects may be studied.
The Vibrational Spectra of Cyanoacetic Acid and Sodium Cyanoacetate
Authors: Sinha Deepali , Katon J. E.
Published: October 2005

The complete vibrational spectra of cyanoacetic acid and sodium cyanoacetate have been recorded. A tentative vibrational assignment for both molecules is proposed. The results appear to be most consistent with a hydrogen-bonded polymer structure of cyanoacetic acid. The marked effect of temperature on the infrared spectrum of the acid has been explained in terms of an order-disorder transition involving the position of the hydrogen atoms forming the hydrogen bonds in the crystal.
A New Approach to the Spectrochemical Analysis of Silicate Rocks and Minerals
Authors: Avni R. , Harel A. , Brenner LB.
Published: October 2005

The effect of major components of silicate rocks and minerals, Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Na, on the common trace elements in a dc arc plasma was investigated by measuring plasma parameters such as volatilization rate, temperature, electron density, and electric field strength in matrices consisting of SiO2 with and without the major components. Identical behavior of these parameters in the synthetic mixtures and pure SiO2 occurs only in the central portion (≈2 mm) of the arc plasma. Common petrological types of silicates were analyzed against standards in pure SiO2 for the common trace element assemblage. Internal standards can be discarded, and coefficients of variation of approximately 15% were obtained for all trace elements analyzed.
Construction and Evaluation of a Versatile Graphite Filament Atomizer for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Molnar C. J. , Reeves R. D. , Winefordner J. D. , Glenn M. T. , Ahlstrom J. R. , Savory J.
Published: October 2005

A simple, versatile atomizer of the electrically heated graphite rod type is described and used for atomic absorption studies. The atomizer utilizes a burner head (directly under the rod) to produce a H2-Ar-entrained air flame; the flame is primarily useful in minimizing ambient air entrainment in order to maintain a highly reducing environment directly above the rod where atomic absorption measurements are generally taken. Temperature profiles of the H2-Ar-entrained air flames and also the temperatures of the graphite rod at various currents were measured, and appropriate plots are given. Several types of graphite and several different ways of holding liquid samples on the atomizer were also compared. Detection limits and analytical curves of aqueous solutions of Ag, As, Au, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Pb and oil-based solutions of Ag, Cu, and Fe are given. This atomizer should be of even greater use for atomic fluorescence studies.
A Method for Semiquantitative Spectrographic Analysis of Plant Ash for Use in Biogeochemical and Environmental Studies
Authors: Mosier Elwin L.
Published: October 2005

A visual comparison method for semiquantitative spectrographic analysis of plant ash by dc arc technique has been applied to a wide variety of plant material. A split slit technique utilizing a Hartmann diaphragm and step filter assemblage enables the simultaneous recording of volatile elements from a short burn at 100% transmission and less volatile elements from a total energy burn at 15% transmission from the same electrode charge. Volatile elements, e.g., Ag, As, Bi, etc., are thus detected at low concentrations without the necessity of a separate analysis. Standards in a plant ash base are prepared in progressively lower concentrations from spectrographically pure powders in ranges applicable to most plants. Results are reported as six possible logarithmically spaced intervals per order of magnitude. Results show the repeatability to be within one reporting interval of the standards at the 68% confidence level and within two reporting intervals of the standards at the 95% confidence level. The over-all speed of the method suggests an application to large numbers of samples, and the analysis of more than 800 samples per man-month attests to the value of this method in reconnaissance studies.
Versatile, High Intensity, Nanosecond Light Source for Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements
Authors: Zynger J. , Crouch S. R.
Published: October 2005

A high power, low duty cycle source is described for fluorescence lifetime measurements. Light pulses with a time constant of 7 to 15 nsec are produced by a coaxial capacitor, air discharge. The radiant emittance observed is approximately 106 W cm−2. The spectral distribution of the source radiation can be shifted from the ultraviolet to the visible region by adjusting the gap length. Equations are derived to predict the light output energy and the time constant of the discharge as a function of gap length. The fluorescence lifetime of a 10−5 M solution of quinine sulfate was measured to demonstrate the usefulness of the source. Other possible applications are discussed.
Infrared Emission Spectra of Solids
Authors: Fabbri Gianfranco , Baraldi Pietro
Published: October 2005

A simple technique for recording ir emission spectra on nonmodified spectrophotometers is discussed. The effects of support, temperature, sample fineness, and layer thickness on both band intensities and band resolution are stated. Some examples of emission spectra in comparison with the absorption spectra of the same compounds are given.
Intensification of Spontaneous Raman Spectra by Use of Liquid Core Optical Fibers
Authors: Walrafen G. E. , Stone J.
Published: October 2005

Intense spontaneous Raman radiation has been obtained from C6H6 and C2CI4 by passing the focused beam from an argon ion laser (4880 Å, 5 to 250 mW) through filled hollow fused quartz optical fibers having core diameters of ∼75 µm and lengths from 10 to 25 meters. Spectral intensifications by factors of ∼102 to 103 compared to conventional sample techniques have been obtained with the fiber optics method. Raman spectra were recorded with a Cary model 81 spectrophotometer by collecting the divergent radiation emitted from the end of the optical fiber at the focus of the “image slicer.” However, the intensification method is general and may be employed with any double or triple monochromator by placing the fiber end near the entrance slit. For C6H6 at least 33 Raman components were observed in the 3300 > A Δ ν̄ > 1650 cm−1 region including shifts due to overtones and combinations, by using a slit-width of 2 cm−1 with a 15 m fiber length and a laser power of ∼130 mW. The Raman spectra from C6H6 were found to be in good agreement with those recently reported by Schrötter and Bofilias. For C2CI4 intense spectra were also obtained using 2 cm−1 slit-widths with fiber lengths of 25 m and power levels to 250 mW. These spectra augment those obtained earlier by Wittek and indicate five newly observed Raman and infrared coincidences that in several cases may result from the breakdown of D2h selection rules. Details of the fiber optics Raman technique are described.
Application of a Wave-Length Modulation Device to Problems concerning Spectrometer Misalignment
Authors: Hieftje G. M. , Sydor R. J.
Published: October 2005

The use of wave-length modulation as a tool for minimizing spectrometer spectral misalignment is examined. A vibrating quartz plate is employed to repetitively scan a small wave-length interval at the exit slit of a spectrometer. Increased latitude is thereby provided for any slit or wave-length misalignment of the spectrometer, as long as the correct signal detection system is employed. Investigation of the effects of wave-length modulation on a typical line spectrum has revealed signal averaging as the optimum detection system for this approach. From this, additional approaches are suggested for manual and automatic routine correction of spectrometer wave-length drift using existing optical systems. Also, a new technique is suggested for automatic feedback correction of the spectrometer using an on-line digital computer. Methods of implementation of all these procedures are considered and discussed.
Determination of Ion Intensities from Spark Source Mass Spectrometry Photoplates
Authors: Fergason Lewis A. , Young Rodger C.
Published: October 2005

A method is described which allows quantitative lines of a spark source mass spectrum on a photographic plate to be represented by three parameters only. These three parameters are the maximum absorption of the line, background, and the area produced by an integrator when the line is scanned on a microdensitometer. From these three data, plus the measured response characteristics of the photographic plate, a mathematical technique is described which yields the total number of ions which produced the line. A digital computer program is used in carrying out the mathematical method. The only assumption made is that the intensity of the beam which produced the line followed a normal (Gaussian) distribution about the point of maximum darkening.
Raman Spectral Investigation of the Complex Species of Ferric Chloride in Concentrated Aqueous Solution
Authors: Marston A. L. , Bush S. F.
Published: October 2005

Raman spectra of concentrated aqueous solutions of ferric chloride were recorded in the spectral range 50 to 500 cm−1. In near-saturated solutions, spectra show a four-line pattern typical of the tetrahedral FeCl4– complex: 390 cm−1 (w); 335 cm−1 (vs, p); 135 cm−1 (w); 110 cm−1 (s). At lower concentrations a new species dominates the spectrum, showing characteristic Raman lines at 318 cm−1 (s, p) and 165 cm−1 (vw). Conventional investigations of spectral changes with concentration of Fe(III) and chloride, coupled with group theoretical arguments, indicate that the stoichiometry of the complex must be FeCl3 or lower. Of the several symmetries that a FeCl3 complex might assume (C2v, C3v, D2h (dimer), and D3h), the D3h trigonal bipyramid structure FeCl3·2H2O with three equatorial chloride ligands and two axial waters is most compatible with the spectral evidence.
Analytical Curves in Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Svoboda V. , Browner R. F. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: October 2005

The shapes of theoretical growth curves in atomic fluorescence spectrometry are calculated for several possible atomizer cell geometries, for several geometries of illumination measurement, for both line and continuum sources of excitation, and for several a parameter values. Factors relating the shapes of theoretical growth curves to experimental growth curves (analytical curves) are also discussed. Theoretical atomic fluorescence growth curves for hypothetical atoms having a parameters of 5, 2, 1, 0.4, and 0.1; for three different limiting cases characterizing the geometry of illumination measurement; and for both line and continuum sources are given.
Determination of Trace Elements in Human Tissue. I. Cd, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca
Authors: Marks Gayle E. , Moore Carl E. , Kanabrocki Eugene L. , Oester Yvo T. , Kaplan Ervin
Published: October 2005

Human tissues obtained at autopsy were analyzed for Cd, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The tissues analyzed included thoracic aorta collected from 46 subjects ranging in age from 1 to 91 years and lung, myocardium, and spleen collected from each of 26 additional subjects ranging in age from 5 months gestation to 78 years. The category of diseases included atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD), malignancy (CA), and a miscellaneous group. The levels of the above elements are tabulated for the tissues indicated.
Infrared and Raman Spectra of Spiropentane-H8
Authors: Burns G. R. , McGavin D. G.
Published: October 2005

Infrared and Raman spectra have been measured for spiropentane-H8. Raman spectra for the liquid have enabled the b1 species ring twist to be assigned. Previous assignments of this mode were based on calorimetric data and on the assignment of a band in the infrared spectrum to a combination band involving the ring twist mode. Infrared spectra of low temperature crystalline films have provided sufficient information that, when taken with the Raman data and gas phase infrared spectra, we have assignments for all of the fundamental modes.
Application of Laser-Excited Raman Spectroscopy to Organic Chemistry: V. The Ethylene Methyl Group
Authors: Freeman Stanley K. , Mayo D. W.
Published: October 2005

The intensity ratio of the methyl symmetric deformation mode (ca. 1375 cm−1) and a band at ca. 1440 cm−1 can be employed empirically to determine the presence of methyl groups directly attached to ethylenic carbon atoms. Spectra of approximately 70 di- and trisubstituted acyclic and cyclic compounds containing ethylene methyls were examined. A good correlation was obtained between the number of methyl groups and the intensity ratios.
New Methods for Studying Glass Corrosion Kinetics
Authors: Sanders D. M. , Person W. B. , Hench L. L.
Published: October 2005

Infrared reflection spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy have been applied to the study of glass corrosion using several new techniques that permit the kinetics of reactions near the surface to be measured on bulk samples as a function of applied stress, flow rate, temperature, time, pH, and relative humidity. Preliminary applications of these methods to the corrosion of a Li2O-2SiO2 glass are discussed. These new methods of studying the corrosion kinetics of glass under well defined conditions promise to aid in a better understanding of the nature of the reactions which take place at glass surfaces when subjected to various corrosive environments.
A Rapid Determination of Low Concentrations of Anatase in Rutile TiO2 Pigments by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Capwell R. J. , Spagnolo F. , DeSesa M. A.
Published: October 2005

An accurate Raman spectroscopic procedure has been developed for the quantitative determination of anatase in rutile TiO2 pigments between 0.03 and 10 wt %. Raman spectroscopy offers the advantages of rapidity of measurement and extremely high sensitivity to anatase. Further, this high sensitivity to anatase suggests that this crystal habit would make an ideal internal standard for the quantitative measurement of other inorganic materials.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer Using a Superconducting Magnet and Digital Data Processing: Application to Single Crystal Vanadium
Authors: Hechtfischer D. , Karcher R. , Lüders K.
Published: October 2005

A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is described, which was constructed to investigate metals and especially metal single crystals at temperatures between 1.5 and 300°K and at fields up to 5 tesla units (T; 1 tesla unit = 10 kG). A superconducting NbTi magnet system was built with adjustable compensation coils. Data acquisition takes place using the Hewlett-Packard timer-counter, model 5326 B, in connection with remote programming allowing subsequent exact data processing with a computer. An example is given for a vanadium single crystal, the resonance frequency of which has been measured in the range from 110 to 230°K.
Spectra for Gaseous Halogens with the dc Arc and Inert Gas Shields
Authors: Loseke W. A. , Grove E. L.
Published: October 2005

The spectra for the halogens were excited in a Stallwood jet using a dc arc between 1% thoriated tungsten electrodes. The shield gases were helium, 50% argon-50% helium, and argon. In helium, only atomic lines of fluorine were excited, some singly ionized lines of chlorine were excited, and the atomic lines of iodine were weak. Atomic lines of fluorine were faintly visible in argon while the atomic lines of chlorine, bromine, and iodine showed an increasing intensity in 50% argon-50% helium, and argon, respectively.
Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Limits of Detection in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Air-Acetylene and Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flames
Authors: Parsons M. L. , McElfresh P. M.
Published: October 2005

Limits of detection have been calculated for the air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames used in atomic absorption spectrometry using the theoretical treatment developed by Winefordner. Values for the parameters were chosen for these calculations to give the lowest possible limits of detection. These calculated values have been compared with experimentally determined limits of detection.

Values of the atom fraction, β, are also estimated by means of this comparison. The values for the air-acetylene flame are in fair agreement; however, the comparison of the nitrous oxide flame showed anomalous behavior. An attempt to explain this is made, as well as a general discussion of the results.
Statistical Evaluation of Background and Laser Energy Corrections of Spectral Line Signal in Laser Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Saffir A. J. , Marich K. W. , Orenberg J. B. , Treytl W. J.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of background and laser energy corrections of spectral line signals on the precision of estimates of elemental concentration obtained by laser microprobe analysis. By stepwise multiple regression, it was found that corrections for background, or laser energy output in the 12 to 17 mJ range used, were not necessary in analysis of calcium, iron, or zinc.
The Determination of Potassium in Graphite by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Haftka F. J.
Published: October 2005

A spectrochemical method has been developed for the determination of potassium in graphite covering the concentration range between 0.1 and 10%. After wet combustion of about a 100-mg sample, potassium could be analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry with a standard deviation >1% (rel.).
Pulse Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Netzel Daniel A.
Published: October 2005

Recent advances in NMR spectroscopy allow one to study extremely dilute systems or nuclei which occur in low natural abundance and/or have poor sensitivity for NMR detection. This paper describes various pulse and pulse Fourier transform NMR techniques. Included in this introduction are: (1) a brief review of the nuclear relaxation phenomenon, (2) sensitivity enhancement using the pulse technique, (3) pulse instrumentation, and (4) the analytical applications of pulse Fourier transform NMR.
Fire Assay-Emission Spectrographic Determination of Iridium, Ruthenium, and Osmium
Authors: Broadhead K. G. , Piper B. C. , Heady H. H.
Published: October 2005

A method is presented for the determination of microgram levels of Ir, Ru, and Os in ores, concentrates, and heavy sands. Radiotracers are used to monitor the recovery of these three metals in a 10-mg Pt bead during the normal fire assaying procedure. The Pt bead is arced at 20 A dc in a graphite electrode, and Pt serves as an internal standard. The precision of the method for Ir, Ru, and Os is about 5, 10, and 22% coefficient of variation, respectively. If high accuracy is not required, empirical correction factors may be applied for the assay losses of Ir and Ru, thereby eliminating the need for radiotracers. Index Headings: Analytical method; Fire assaying; Emission spectroscopy; Pt group metals.
Far Infrared Group Frequencies. II. Primary Amines
Authors: Craven Stephen M. , Bentley Freeman F.
Published: October 2005

The far infrared spectra of a number of aliphatic amines have been recorded as dilute solutions in cyclohexane. A characteristic band with center at 225 ± 10 cm−1 is present in the spectra of aliphatic primary amines with a primary α-carbon atom. On the basis of the deuterium shift this band is assigned to the amino torsion. The effects of branching at the α-carbon, coupling of methyl and amino torsions, and intramolecular association on the frequencies of NH2 torsions are discussed.
A Sensitive Emission Spectrographic Method for the Analysis of High Purity Mercury
Authors: Pahl H. R.
Published: October 2005

A method is presented for the analysis of high purity mercury. In comparison with methods for determining impurities in other matrices, this method is unique, both for its simplicity and for its low limits of detection. The sample is converted to HgO and burned in a dc arc. The sample spectra are recorded on a photographic plate and impurities are determined by visual reference to spectra of standards photographed on the same plate. Detection limits are low enough to make the method useful for acceptance or rejection of 99.9999% purity mercury. This method is also useful for evaluating the purification of solutions of other metals by mercury pool electrolysis.
Determination of Lead in Soil
Authors: Seeley J. L. , Dick D. , Arvik J. H. , Zimdahl R. L. , Skogerboe R. K.
Published: October 2005

The analytical determination of lead in soil is discussed with particular reference to emission spectrographic and atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods. The problems associated with the two techniques are discussed, and accuracy and precision data are presented. Data indicating that the titanium-to-lead concentration ratio can be used to differentiate between lead-contaminated and noncontaminated soils are presented.
The Use of Computers in the Separation of Overlapping Raman Bands and Their Use in Determining Depolarization Ratios
Authors: Saunders A. W. , Sink C. W. , Harvey A. B.
Published: October 2005

The advantage and need of computer devices for separating overlapped Raman bands are herein demonstrated. Systems of overlapped bands were analyzed by the DuPont 301 curve resolver. Initial experiments were conducted with mixtures of compounds whose concentrations were adjusted to simulate overlapped bands. Finally, a compound with unresolved peaks was examined. These studies show that some kind of curve separation is essential for many, if not most, Raman analyses that require not only the observation of bands of near degeneracy but also the measurement of meaningful and accurate depolarization ratios.
Some Recent Developments in High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Becker Edwin D.
Published: October 2005

Techniques for studying high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been considerably broadened in recent years. The most far reaching development—pulse Fourier transform (FT) methods—is discussed in detail. Applications of FT techniques to measurement of relaxation times and to enhancement of weak signals, especially from natural abundance 13C, are reviewed. Double resonance methods, particularly the nuclear Overhauser effect, and the use of lanthanide shift reagents are also covered in this “mini-review.”
Infrared Spectra-Structure Correlations for Substituted Cyclobutane Compounds
Authors: Carter Roscoe O. , Katon J. E. , Bentley F. F.
Published: October 2005

The ir spectra of 14 substituted cyclobutanes have been recorded over the range 4000 to 200 cm−1. Attempts have been made to find useful spectra-structure correlations which would serve for identification of the cyclobutane ring system. Six fairly narrow regions of absorption have been identified in which nearly all of the compounds absorb, but the correlation bands vary in intensity rather widely. Comparison of the data with that for simple cyclobutane derivatives which have undergone detailed spectral assignment shows that the correlation bands do not always arise from the same vibration. The consistencies of the absorptions nevertheless indicate some potential for their use in detecting, or confirming, the presence of the cyclobutane ring system.
Simultaneous Determination of Copper, Manganese, Iron, and Calcium in Natural Rubber by Emission Spectrography
Authors: Ng S. K. , Lai P. T.
Published: October 2005

An emission spectrographic method for the simultaneous determination of trace quantities of copper, manganese, iron, and calcium in various types of dry natural rubber is described. The results are reproducible, the coefficient of variation averaging about 6% for samples of 1 g or larger. Accuracy of this method is verified by parallel analysis with atomic absorption spectrometry.
Resolution Enhancement of Line Emission Spectra by Deconvolution
Authors: Horlick Gary
Published: October 2005

Resolution enhancement of line emission spectra by deconvolution is described. This is carried out by solving the convolution integral which relates the real spectrum and the slit function to the observed spectrum. This integral is solved in the Fourier domain where deconvolution reduces to division. In certain measurement situations limitations and problems exist with respect to the degree of resolution enhancement that is possible and with respect to the line shape that is achieved in the deconvolved spectrum. These situations are discussed and illustrated. With this approach to resolution enhancement the line width at half-height can be reduced by about 25% for emission spectra that have been measured with a spectral slit width that is wider than the spectral line width.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Valence States Produced by Ion-Sputtering Reduction
Authors: Yin Lo I , Ghose Subrata , Adler Isidore
Published: October 2005

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements of various valence states of Fe and Cu in several compounds using ion-sputtering reduction are presented, and the potential usefulness of this time-dependent and in situ method is discussed.
Effects of Extraneous Materials in the Uni-Arc
Authors: Harris Frank L.
Published: October 2005

The effects of extraneous materials in the point-to-plane Uni-Arc excitation of copper-base alloys were investigated. A number of materials were shown to increase markedly the line-to-background ratio. It was demonstrated that copper-containing materials could be used to obtain a constant intensity for the copper internal standard line despite wide variations in copper content from sample to sample, eliminating the need for concentration ratio methods in which the copper concentration must be known or determined. Data are presented which indicate that the technique is applicable to the point-to-plane analysis of a variety of copper-base alloys for trace constituents with a reasonable degree of precision and accuracy.
Infrared Absorption Coefficients for Certain Pollutant Gases
Authors: Campani P. , Fang C. S. , Prengle H. W.
Published: October 2005

Quantitative analysis of gas mixtures by infrared spectroscopy requires a knowledge of the absorption coefficients,: kν−, as a function of optical path length and temperature. For the majority of pollutant gases, information is scarce or incomplete. The objective of this work was to determine absorption coefficients for CH4, C2H4, CO2, CO, SO2, NO2, NO, and H2S. Measurements were made at room temperature and elevated temperatures for certain wave lengths, and kν− was determined over a very wide range of optical path length, x. The validity of the Bouguer-Beer law was confirmed for a limiting range of x, and for larger values of x, kν− decreased and was correlated as a function of x and T.
Impurity Determination in Group III–V Compounds
Authors: Wang M. S.
Published: October 2005

Methods for determination of trace and ultratrace impurities in group III–V compounds by emission spectroscopy have been investigated. Cleaning of organic and inorganic surface contaminants must be carefully carried out so that ultratrace determination is possible. The method takes advantage of preferential volatilization of group III-V compounds in a dc arc. Sequential exposure is used to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Concentrating the impurities in the electrode by arcing off some of the arsenic in gallium arsenide improves detection limits of relatively nonvolatile elements. The analytical results agree well with other techniques. Electrical properties of compounds also correlate well with the data. The coefficients of variation range from 20 to 40%.
Computer-Aided Visual Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Davis A. R. , Irish D. E. , Roden R. B. , Weerheim A. J.
Published: October 2005

A computer, operating in conversational mode, is being used for the analysis of overlapping Raman and infrared lines. Details of the procedure and the program are given. The fitting procedure is optical; operator intervention changes the parameters and thereby modifies the fit between synthesized curve and experimental curve. The goodness-of-fit is given by a difference measurement.
Influence of the Mosaic Effect on the Intensity of Infrared Bands
Authors: Jakeš J. , Slabina M. , Schneider B.
Published: October 2005

By theoretical analysis and experiment, we have found that absorbances of small amounts of powder or fibrous material dispersed uniformly in a transparent medium obey the Lambert-Beers law. Expressions were derived describing the distortion of the absorbance coefficients due to the mosaic effect for the cases of spheres of a given diameter, for cylinders of a given diameter randomly oriented with respect to the beam direction, and for plates of a given thickness randomly oriented. In addition, the distortion function was tabulated for the cylinders. The mosaic effect decreases at higher concentration of measured substance. If the absorption in passing a single grain is less than 8%, the mosaic effect is less than 5% and may be neglected.
The Formation and Growth of a Stabilized Spark Discharge
Authors: Walters J. P.
Published: October 2005

The production and properties of a spatially stabilized atmospheric pressure spark discharge are described. Nanosecond experiments are reported on controlled discharge formation via an electronically driven, quarter wave, current injection spark source at repetition rates up to 3000 per second. Formation of electrode space charges, acceptance of current by the discharge, electrode erosion, time-resolved spectral output, and potential analytical applications are treated. Chemical mechanisms for discharge formation and growth from electrically generated metastable argon are presented. Methods for high precision stroboscopic discharge observation are developed and used for verification of stabilization processes.
Identification of the O—O Stretching Frequency in Some Fluoroperoxides by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Melveger A. J. , Anderson L. R. , Ratcliffe C. T. , Fox W. B.
Published: October 2005

The O—O stretching frequency in a series of fluoroperoxides was identified by Raman spectroscopy. This vibration is usually the most intense in the Raman spectrum and is highly polarized. The value of the peroxide stretching frequency was found to depend on the electro-negativity of attached groups.
X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of Chlorine in Standard Silicate Rocks
Authors: Fabbi Brent P. , Espos Laureano F.
Published: October 2005

Chlorine has been determined in seventeen international silicate rock standards by x-ray fluorescence analysis, yielding values which compare well with published values. The detection limit for the method is about 10 ppm. Sources of chlorine contamination are considered.
Ion Exchange Separations and Atomic Absorption Determination of Trace Metals in Ores after Basic Fusion
Authors: Freudiger T. W. , Kenner C. T.
Published: October 2005

The determination of trace constituents in ores by atomic absorption after basic fusion and solution in strong acid is erratic due to the light scattering and aspirator clogging of the high concentration of sodium salts. The sodium is separated from the trace constituents using a column procedure and an iminodiacetate chelating ion exchange resin which will retain di- and trivalent metal ions at pH values above 6.0 but will not retain alkali metal ions. The trace constituents are determined by atomic absorption after elution with HCl. The precision (standard deviation of the mean) of the atomic absorption method is increased at least fivefold by the resin separation and the method is applicable to concentrations in the low ppm range. The standard deviation of the mean for an NBS sample containing 0.007% Cu is 0.0004%.