bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local production of complement proteins in rheumatoid arthritis synovium
Authors: Neumann Elena , Barnum Scott R. , Tarner Ingo H. , Echols Josh , Fleck Martin , Judex Martin , Kullmann Frank , Mountz John D. , Schölmerich Jürgen , Gay Steffen , Müller‐Ladner Ulf
Published: August 2002

Objective

Complement has been repeatedly implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on studies showing reduced levels of native complement components and increased levels of complement metabolites in plasma, synovial fluid (SF), and synovial tissue (ST) of RA patients. However, there is limited information on local production and activation of key factors of the complement cascade in RA synovium and their potential modulation by novel anticytokine therapies. This study was undertaken to characterize the expression of complement proteins and receptors in RA SF and ST.

Methods

Using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot techniques, we assessed the presence of complement proteins C3, factor B (FB), and C5b–9, as well as the expression of complement receptors C3aR and C5aR in rheumatoid synovium. C3 and FB levels in SF were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Functional assessment was performed by examining the effects of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) p55 gene transfer in the SCID mouse model of RA.

Results

Complement proteins and receptors could be localized in all RA synovial specimens, whereas in osteoarthritis (OA) synovium, only a few, single cells expressed complement proteins and receptors. No differences were noted in the concentration of C3 between RA and OA in SF; however, FB levels were markedly reduced in RA versus OA SF. In RA synovium, in contrast to OA synovium, local expression of complement factor and complement receptor messenger RNA was found throughout the various ST compartments, suggesting that activation of the complement cascade occurs in all parts of the rheumatoid synovium. Moreover, C5aR expression was up‐regulated following overexpression of sTNFR p55 by adenovirus‐based gene transfer.

Conclusion

In summary, local complement production and activation may play an important role in RA, and specific modulation and inhibition of local complement production could be an attractive therapeutic target for RA.
Web searching: A process‐oriented experimental study of three interactive search paradigms
Authors: Dennis Simon , Bruza Peter , McArthur Robert
Published: August 2002

This article compares search effectiveness when using query‐based Internet search (via the Google search engine), directory‐based search (via Yahoo), and phrase‐based query reformulation‐assisted search (via the Hyperindex browser) by means of a controlled, user‐based experimental study. The focus was to evaluate aspects of the search process. Cognitive load was measured using a secondary digit‐monitoring task to quantify the effort of the user in various search states; independent relevance judgements were employed to gauge the quality of the documents accessed during the search process and time was monitored as a function of search state. Results indicated directory‐based search does not offer increased relevance over the query‐based search (with or without query formulation assistance), and also takes longer. Query reformulation does significantly improve the relevance of the documents through which the user must trawl, particularly when the formulation of query terms is more difficult. However, the improvement in document relevance comes at the cost of increased search time, although this difference is quite small when the search is self‐terminated. In addition, the advantage of the query reformulation seems to occur as a consequence of providing more discriminating terms rather than by increasing the length of queries.
A database selection expert system based on reference librarian's database selection strategy: A usability and empirical evaluation
Authors: Ma Wei
Published: August 2002

The proliferation of digital information resources and electronic databases challenges libraries and demands that libraries develop new mechanisms to facilitate and better inform user selection of electronic databases and search tools. We developed a prototype, Web‐based database selection expert system based on reference librarian's database selection strategy. This system allows users to simultaneously search all databases available to identify databases most relevant to their quests using free‐text keywords or phrases taken directly from their research topics. This article reports on (1) the initial usability test and evaluation of the Selector—the test design, methodology used, performance results; (2) summary of search query analyses; (3) user satisfaction measures; (4) the use of the findings for further modification of the Selector; and (5) the findings of using randomly selected subjects to perform a usability test with predefined searching scenarios. Future prospects of this research have also been discussed in the article.
Factors confounding cytosolic calcium measurements in Jurkat E6.1 cells during exposure to ELF magnetic fields
Authors: McCreary Cheryl R. , Thomas Alex W. , Prato Frank S.
Published: August 2002

Reported changes in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) as a result of exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) have been equivocal. In this study, we examine the possibility that some of these differences are attributable to variability associated with the cell cycle, pH of the suspension medium, and response to a calcium agonist. We used a custom designed spectrofluorimeter to measure [Ca2+]c in Indo 1‐AM loaded Jurkat E6.1 cells suspended in conditioned RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Four exposures were examined: zero static MF (Null), 60 Hz 100 μTpeak sinusoidal MF (AC), 78 μT static MF (DC), and the combination of the 60 Hz and the 78 μT static MF (AD + DC). A significant decrease in normalized [Ca2+]c values between 375–495 s for the DC and AC + DC groups was found in comparison to the Null group. However, statistical analysis indicated that cell cycle and quality of the α‐CD3 monoclonal antibody response were significant covariates, while pH was not a significant covariate. When the effect of these covariates was taken into account, all exposure groups were significantly different from the control. Our results suggest that ELF MF effects may not be seen unless correction is made for biological variability of each cell preparation with respect to cell cycle and [Ca2+]c response to antigen stimulation. Bioelectromagnetics 23:315–328, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The determinants of Canadian children's personal exposures to magnetic fields
Authors: Armstrong Ben G. , Deadman Jan , McBride Mary L.
Published: August 2002

Study of the health effects of magnetic fields often depends on identifying determinants and hence indicators of personal exposure. This study identified determinants of children's exposure to magnetic fields and constructed a prediction model for them. For 632 children participating in a case–control study of childhood leukemia, we made direct measures of exposure over 48 h using a portable device, together with observations on candidate determinants. A child's age and sex, the proportion of time spent in the home, and their parents' education or income were very weak predictors of (logged) mean 48 h magnetic field (R2 < 1%). More important were province (R2 = 8.0%) and type of residence (R2 = 11.3%). Low temperatures at the time of measurement were associated with high fields (about 20% increase for each 10°C below 14, R2 = 4.9%). Several visible attributes of wiring around residences predicted exposure, mostly captured in the Wertheimer‐Leeper wire code (R2 = 13.5%). Stationary 24 h measurement in the bedroom (R2 = 63.3%) and spot measurements outside the house (R2 = 40.7%) predicted personal exposures best. Adding other minor predictors increased only slightly variance explained by 24 h stationary (R2 = 66.2%) and spot (R2 = 46.8%) measurements. Without spot or stationary measurements, the best model was much less powerful (R2 = 29.0%). We conclude that spot measurements outside the residence provide a moderately effective basis for estimating exposure for children living there, but do not perform as well as 24 h stationary measurements in the child's bedroom. Although several other easily‐observed variables were associated with personal exposure, they were weak determinants, either individually or in combination. Bioelectromagnetics 22:161–169, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure of Caenorhabditis elegans to extremely low frequency high magnetic fields induces stress responses
Authors: Miyakawa Tomokazu , Yamada Sotoshi , Harada Shin‐ichi , Ishimori Takayuki , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Hosono Ryuji
Published: August 2002

Responses of the small heat shock protein gene, hsp‐16, were examined in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to electromagnetic fields. Expression of the hsp‐16‐lacZ gene was enhanced when transgenic animals were exposed to magnetic fields up to 0.5 T at 60 Hz. The hsp‐16 promoter was more efficiently expressed at the embryonic than at the post‐embryonic stage irrespective of exposure. Promoter activity was more sensitive to the stimulus in the intestine at the post‐embryonic stage. Evidence is presented that the induction occurs at the transcriptional step of hsp‐16. Bioelectromagnetics 22:333–339, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy
Authors: Hungs Marcel , Mignot Emmanuel
Published: August 2002

The discovery that hypocretins are involved in narcolepsy, a disorder associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and unusually rapid transitions to rapid‐eye‐movement sleep, opens a new field of investigation in the area of sleep control physiology. Hypocretin‐1 and ‐2 (also called orexin‐A and ‐B) are newly discovered neuropeptides processed from a common precursor, preprohypocretin. Hypocretin‐containing cells are located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus, with widespread projections to the entire neuroaxis. Two known receptors, Hcrtr1 and Hcrtr2, have been reported. The functional significance of the hypocretin system is rapidly emerging in both animals and humans. Hypocretin abnormalities cause narcolepsy in dogs, human and mice. The role of the hypocretin system in normal sleep regulation is more uncertain. We believe hypocretin cells drive cholinergic and monoaminergic activity across the sleep cycle. Input from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to hypocretin‐containing neurons may explain the occurrence of clock‐dependent alertness. Other functions are suggested by pharmacological and neurochemical experiments. These include regulation of food intake, neuroendocrine function, autonomic nervous system activity and energy balance. BioEssays 23:397–408, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow‐chemiluminescence: a growing modality of pharmaceutical analysis
Authors: Mestre Y. Fuster , Zamora L. Lahuerta , Calatayud J. Martínez
Published: August 2002

The present article deals with a review of the applications of the chemiluminescence to pharmaceutical analyses by using continuous‐flow assemblies. A comprehensive study on the fundamentals of the chemiluminescence is also included. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Texas red‐labelled double‐stranded DNA by non‐enzymatic peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence
Authors: Alba F. Javier , Daban Joan‐Ramon
Published: August 2002

We have found previously that different fluorescent dyes cannot be efficiently excited by the bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO)–H2O2 reaction when they are intercalated between the DNA bases or bound to the minor groove of the double helix. Here we show that the fluorescent dye Texas red, covalently bound to the 3′ ends of double‐stranded DNA molecules, exhibits a high emission intensity when excited by the TCPO–H2O2 reaction. In this case, the charge transfer between the intermediate produced in the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent reaction and Texas red can take place because this fluorophore is not buried inside the DNA structure. We describe the application of this chemiluminescent reaction to the detection of blotted DNA on nylon membranes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective monitoring of 3 out of 50,000 protein vibrations
Authors: Barth Andreas
Published: August 2002

An important group in a large protein, which is the phosphate group that transiently binds to the Ca2+ transporting ATPase (Ca2+‐ATPase) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, is selectively observed with IR spectroscopy. The three phosphate stretching vibrations stand out from the 50,000 protein vibrations in an isotope exchange experiment where oxygen exchange at the phosphate group is catalyzed by the Ca2+‐ATPase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 237–241, 2002
H93G myoglobin cavity mutant as versatile template for modeling heme proteins: Magnetic circular dichroism studies of thiolate‐ and imidazole‐ligated complexes
Authors: Dawson John H. , Pond Alycen E. , Roach Mark P.
Published: August 2002

Recent ligand binding and spectroscopic investigations of the myoglobin H93G cavity mutant are reviewed, revealing it to be a versatile template for the preparation of model heme complexes of defined structure. The H93G myoglobin cavity mutant is shown to be capable of forming mixed ligand adducts because of the difference in accessibility of the two sides of the ferric heme iron. With imidazole bound in the proximal cavity, H93G myoglobin also forms reasonably stable oxyferrous and oxoferryl derivatives, thereby providing a potential system to use for the study of such complexes with proximal ligands other than imidazole. In addition, thiolate‐ligated ferric H93G derivatives are described that serve as spectroscopic models for the high‐spin ferric state of cytochrome P450. All of the complexes described are characterized with magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy, and they are compared to the appropriate derivatives of native myoglobin and P450. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 200–206, 2002
Time‐resolved resonance Raman study on ultrafast structural relaxation and vibrational cooling of photodissociated carbonmonoxy myoglobin
Authors: Kitagawa Teizo , Haruta Nami , Mizutani Yasuhisa
Published: August 2002

A localized small structural change is converted to a higher order conformational change of protein and extends to a mesoscopic scale to induce a physiological function. To understand such features of protein, ultrafast dynamics of myoglobin (Mb) following photolysis of carbon monoxide were investigated. Recent results are summarized here with a stress on structural and vibrational energy relaxation. The core expansion of heme takes place within 2 ps but the out of plane displacement of the heme iron and the accompanying protein conformational change occur in 10 and 100 s of the picosecond regimes, respectively. Unexpectedly, it was found from UV resonance Raman spectra that Trp7 in the N‐terminal region and Tyr151 in the C‐terminal region undergo appreciable structural changes upon ligand binding–dissociation while Tyr104, Tyr146, and Trp14 do not. Because of the communication between the movements of these surface residues and the heme iron, the rate of spectral change of the iron‐histidine (Fe‐ His) stretching band after CO photodissociation is influenced by the viscosity of solvent. Temporal changes of the anti‐Stokes Raman intensity demonstrated immediate generation of vibrationally excited heme upon photodissociation and its decay with a time constant of 1–2 ps. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 207–213, 2002
Structural features and conformational equilibria of 310‐helical peptides in solution by spectroscopic and molecular mechanics studies
Authors: Pispisa B. , Mazzuca C. , Palleschi A. , Stella L. , Venanzi M. , Formaggio F. , Toniolo C. , Broxterman Q. B.
Published: August 2002

The structural features and conformational equilibria of a series of short, linear Cα‐methylvaline [(αMe)Val]‐based peptides in methanol were investigated by combining fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements and molecular mechanics data. IR spectra were employed to determine their secondary structure, which exhibits an intramolecularly H‐bonded, 310‐helix conformation that is affected by backbone distortions that are enhanced by the shortness of the main chain. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 247–250, 2000
Fluorescence spectroscopy study of protoporphyrin IX metabolism level in cells
Authors: Miah M. Idrish
Published: August 2002

Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) metabolism level in chick embryos during the cell proliferation process. The emission spectra were measured for PpIX bound to albumin from nonincubated and incubated eggs. The relative characteristic emission intensity of PpIX was used to determine the level of PpIX metabolism as a function of the embryonic development time. This technique might be used to estimate tumor development time. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 237–240, 2001
Time‐dependent solubilization of IgG in AOT‐brine‐isooctane microemulsions: Role of cluster formation
Authors: Gerhardt N. I. , Dungan S. R.
Published: August 2002

The stability and structure of protein‐containing water‐in‐oil (w/o) microemulsions were investigated by using the large protein immunoglobulin G (IgG, MW 155,000) in a mixture comprised of brine, sulfosuccinic acid bis [2‐ethylhexyl]ester (sodium salt), and isooctane. We explored factors affecting the initial uptake of IgG into the w/o microemulsion and its subsequent release to a solid (precipitate) phase, and the kinetics of the latter process. Influences of such parameters as pH, ionic strength, and protein concentration on the solubilization and precipitation of bovine IgG in the organic phase are described. The structure and dynamics in microemulsions containing bovine IgG were probed by using dynamic light scattering, and it was found that the presence of IgG in the microemulsion induced strong attractive forces between the droplets. Based on results obtained by using these various experimental approaches, a model for protein solubilization and release is proposed. In this model, we propose the formation of clusters within which bovine IgG resides and which substantially slow the kinetics of protein release from the droplets to the precipitate phase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 60–72, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10183
High‐cell‐density fermentation for production of L‐N‐carbamoylase using an expression system based on the Escherichia coli rhaBAD promoter
Authors: Wilms Burkhard , Hauck Achim , Reuss Matthias , Syldatk Christoph , Mattes Ralf , Siemann Martin , Altenbuchner Josef
Published: August 2002

A high‐cell‐density fed‐batch fermentation for the production of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli was developed using the positively regulated Escherichia coli rhaBAD promoter. The expression system was improved by reducing of the amount of expensive L‐rhamnose necessary for induction of the rhamnose promoter and by increasing the vector stability. Consumption of the inducer L‐rhamnose was inhibited by inactivation of L‐rhamnulose kinase encoding gene rhaB of Escherichia coli W3110, responsible for the first irreversible step in rhamnose catabolism. Plasmid instability caused by multimerization of the expression vector in the recombination‐proficient W3110 was prevented by insertion of the multimer resolution site cer from the ColE1 plasmid into the vector. Fermentation experiments with the optimized system resulted in the production of 100 g L−1 cell dry weight and 3.8 g L−1 of recombinant L‐N‐carbamoylase, an enzyme, which is needed for the production of enantiomeric pure amino acids in a two‐step reaction from hydantoins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 95–103, 2001.
Transformation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium under fed‐batch and continuous TNT feeding conditions
Authors: Rho Denis , Hodgson Jonathan , Thiboutot Sonia , Ampleman Guy , Hawari Jalal
Published: August 2002

The cometabolic transformation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) by an immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium culture was investigated under different TNT and/or glycerol feeding conditions in a 5‐L reactor. In the fed‐batch feeding mode, as a result of four spiking events at an average feeding rate of 20 mg TNT L−1 d−1 and 250 mg glycerol L−1 d−1, the initial TNT transformation rate and the glycerol uptake rate of the 7‐day‐old immobilized cell culture were 2.41 mg L−1 h−1 and 16.6 mg L−1 h−1, respectively. Thereafter, the TNT fed into the reactor depicted a negative effect on the cell physiology of P. chrysosporium, i.e., both rates decreased constantly. At 32 mg TNT L−1 d−1 feeding rate, also in the presence of glycerol (200 mg L−1 d−1), this effect on the fungal cell metabolism was even more significant. When TNT was fed alone at 3.7 mg L−1 d−1, it showed an initial 0.75 mg L−1 h−1 rate of TNT transformation, i.e., one‐third the initial level observed in the presence of glycerol. In contrast, in the continuous feeding mode (dilution rate, D = 0.11 d−1), at 5.5 mg TNT L−1 d−1 and 220 mg glycerol L−1 d−1, the immobilized cell culture exhibited a constant TNT transformation rate for cultivation periods of 50 and 61 days, under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions, respectively. Thereafter, during the latter experiment, 100% TNT biotransformation was achieved at 1,100 mg L−1 d−1 glycerol feeding rate. Immobilized cells (115‐day‐old), sampled from a continuous TNT feeding experiment, mineralized [14C]‐TNT to a level of 15.3% following a 41‐day incubation period in a microcosm. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 271–281, 2001.
Residence time distributions of gas flowing through rotating drum bioreactors
Authors: Hardin Matthew T. , Howes Tony , Mitchell David A.
Published: August 2002

Residence time distribution studies of gas through a rotating drum bioreactor for solid‐state fermentation were performed using carbon monoxide as a tracer gas. The exit concentration as a function of time differed considerably from profiles expected for plug flow, plug flow with axial dispersion, and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) models. The data were then fitted by least‐squares analysis to mathematical models describing a central plug flow region surrounded by either one dead region (a three‐parameter model) or two dead regions (a five‐parameter model). Model parameters were the dispersion coefficient in the central plug flow region, the volumes of the dead regions, and the exchange rates between the different regions. The superficial velocity of the gas through the reactor has a large effect on parameter values. Increased superficial velocity tends to decrease dead region volumes, interregion transfer rates, and axial dispersion. The significant deviation from CSTR, plug flow, and plug flow with axial dispersion of the residence time distribution of gas within small‐scale reactors can lead to underestimation of the calculation of mass and heat transfer coefficients and hence has implications for reactor design and scale‐up. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 145–153, 2001.
Physiology and xanthophyll cycle activity of Nannochloropsis gaditana
Authors: Gentile Marie‐Pierre , Blanch Harvey W.
Published: August 2002

The physiology of the violaxanthin‐producing microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana is examined and the effect of environmental factors on the growth and cellular pigment content investigated in batch and continuous cultures. N. gaditana is slow‐growing, with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.56 day−1 at 23°C. The xanthophyll cycle is present in this strain, but has a much lower activity than in higher plants and other species of Nannochloropsis. At 30°C, under high light (1500 μmol photons m−2 s−1), 33% of the violaxanthin pool was de‐epoxidated to antheraxanthin (76%) and zeaxanthin (24%) over 60 min. Addition of iodoacetamide dramatically affected the xanthophyll cycle activity: 50% of the violaxanthin was replaced by zeaxanthin (90%) within 30 min. This was attributed to an increase in membrane fluidity following iodoacetamide addition, resulting in a larger pool of violaxanthin available for conversion. Batch culture studies showed that a decrease in irradiance (from 880 to 70 μmol photons m−2 s−1) can increase chlorophyll a and violaxanthin content by as much as 80% and 60%, respectively. Continuous cultures indicated that violaxanthin is a growth‐rate‐dependent product, but the violaxanthin content is less affected by dilution rate (in the range 0.12 to 0.72 day−1) and pH (6.8 to 7.8) than chlorophyll a. The optimum conditions for growth and violaxanthin production in continuous culture were found to occur at a dilution rate of 0.48 day−1, a temperature of between 24°C and 26°C, and pH in the range 7.1 to 7.3. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 1–12, 2001.
The characteristics and attributes of UK firms obtaining accreditation to ISO 14001
Authors: Chapple Wendy , Cooke Andrew , Galt Vaughan , Paton David
Published: August 2002

Environmental policy in the UK has tended to reflect orthodox textbook responses, focusing upon standard setting and taxation, both impacting upon the supply side of the economy. In addition, economic agents have the option of legal recourse to settle environmental disputes. Complementing this command and control framework is a growing tendency for firms to subscribe to additional voluntary environmental standards by, for example, registering with an appropriate agency, thereby signalling to others that they have adopted a particular scheme. This growing trend has far reaching consequences for future policy decisions and for financial and environmental performance of the firms.

We aim here to identify the attributes of many firms which participate in ISO 14001. We use a probit model to determine, from a vector of firm and industry characteristics at one point in time, what factors influence the probability of firms registering with ISO 14001. We then utilize survival analysis to analyse how these characteristics impact upon the ‘hazard’ of accreditation over time. If significant differences exist between 14001 firms and others, important questions arise for academics and practitioners alike. Are certain types of firm hindered by their firm characteristics? Does the scheme favour larger firms over smaller firms, or high tech firms over low tech? Why do some industries have many accreditations whilst others have none? The analysis of such issues is not only an under‐developed area of academic debate, but also of direct relevance to practitioners within the field of environmental management and policy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Analyzing the analysis: a response to Wollert (2000)
Authors: Doren Dennis M.
Published: August 2002

In a thoughtful critique in the article preceding this one, many arguments are presented about the veracity of assumptions and conclusions I made in my 1998 publication concerning the sexual recidivism base rates for certain incarcerated sex offenders. This article responds to some of the issues raised. First, the ultimate conclusion of the preceding critique is assessed. Even when assuming the accuracy of all points made in the preceding article, an analysis described herein still demonstrates that the current U.S.A. civil commitment referral procedures “under‐predict” sexual recidivism rates. Second, an inference made in the preceding critique, read as a possible implication from my article, is strongly contested. Finally, the remaining discussion responds to various other concerns that were raised. While scientific exploration of issues is typically expected to lead to occasional professional differences, a significant lack of agreement with the preceding critique is found. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incest, paedophilia, pornography and prostitution: making familial males more visible as the abusers
Authors: Itzin Catherine
Published: August 2002

In this paper I return to the survivor case study and sex offender data I used in my paper on conceptual models of the relationship between pornography and child sexual abuse in Child Abuse Review in 1997. Here I use them to show how paedophile typologies and sex offender classifications contribute to constructing the invisibility of the normal, ordinary, heterosexual family men who sexually abuse their own and other people's children on a very substantial scale. I also use it as the basis for developing a typology which constructs the connections between incest, paedophilia, pornography and prostitution in the form of a ‘Continuum typology of child sexual abuse and the characteristics of child sexual abusers’, and captures the crossover of victims and perpetrators and the overlap of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse and exploitation. This, in turn, becomes the basis for constructing a ‘Nosology of child sexual abuse classification’ which genders the abusers and takes account of both the overlap and the dominant discourse currently of policing and policy, in which ‘paedophilia’ and ‘child sex offending’ have become synonymous, and incest abusers are invisible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding of the current police caution (England and Wales) among suspects in police detention
Authors: Fenner Susanne , Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Clare Isabel C. H.
Published: August 2002

The current police caution (England and Wales) provides information about the right to silence to suspects in police detention. Though earlier studies, involving other populations, suggest that the caution would be too complex for detainees to understand fully, the issue has not previously been investigated directly among police detainees. Comprehension of the caution was investigated among two groups, police station suspects (N = 30) and individuals (N = 24) attending a job centre in the same area, matched for intellectual ability. In both groups, understanding was very limited and did not relate either to their situation at the time of testing or to self‐reported experience of the criminal justice system. Even under optimal experimental conditions, only 11% (six) of the participants were able to demonstrate full understanding of its meaning. Worryingly, though more than 96% (52) claimed to have understood the caution fully after it had been presented to them as it would be by the police, none of them did so. We suggest practical measures to ameliorate the difficulties, but the importance of devising a new, simplified, version of the current caution cannot be over‐emphasized; otherwise, miscarriages of justice are likely to occur. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3‐Nitrocoumarin is an efficient inhibitor of budding yeast phospholipase‐C
Authors: Tisi Renata , Coccetti Paola , Banfi Stefano , Martegani Enzo
Published: August 2002

3‐Nitrocoumarin is described in the literature as a specific inhibitor of mammalian phospholipase‐C and here we studied the effect of 3‐nitrocoumarin on budding yeast phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase‐C and its effect on yeast growth. 3‐Nitrocoumarin is a powerful inhibitor in vitro of the yeast Plc1 protein with an IC50 of 57 nm and it is also an inhibitor of yeast growth in minimal media at comparable concentrations. Moreover at the same concentration it inhibits the glucose‐induced PI‐turnover. Since the effects of 3‐nitrocoumarin on yeast growth are superimposable on the growth phenotype caused by PLC1 gene deletion we can conclude that 3‐nitrocoumarin is a specific and selective inhibitor of yeast phospholipase‐C. In addition we show that 3‐nitrocoumarin was also an effective inhibitor of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute left ventricular failure after transcatheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect in a patient with coronary artery disease: A critical reappraisal
Authors: Tomai Fabrizio , Gaspardone Achille , Papa Marco , Polisca Patrizio
Published: August 2002

We report a case of acute left ventricular failure after transcatheter closure of a single secundum atrial septal defect in a 68‐year‐old man with coronary artery disease. Just before the procedure, two coronary lesions had been treated with direct stenting. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects should always be deferred in ischemic heart disease patients who need percutaneous myocardial revascularization. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:97–99. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty and atrial septal defect closure for pulmonary valvular stenosis and associated secundum atrial septal defect in an adult
Authors: Wahl Andreas , Windecker Stephan , Misteli Max , Meier Bernhard
Published: August 2002

Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice for congenital pulmonary valve stenosis, and percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects has become a promising alternative to surgery in selected patients. We report a case of combined percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty and secundum atrial septal defect occlusion in an adult patient. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:68–70. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute and long‐term outcomes of stenting in coronary vessel > 3.0 mm, 3.0–2.5 mm, and < 2.5 mm
Authors: Hsieh I‐Chang , Chien Chu‐Chun , Chang Hern‐Jia , Chern Ming‐Shyan , Hung Kuo‐Chun , Lin Fun‐Chung , Wu Delon
Published: August 2002

We compared the acute and long‐term outcomes of stentings in coronary vessels > 3.0 mm, 3.0–2.5 mm, and < 2.5 mm. A total of 1,152 patients underwent coronary stenting was divided into three groups based on the reference vessel size. Group A consisted of 598 patients (667 lesions) with a reference vessel diameter > 3.0 mm, group B 485 patients (544 lesions) with a reference vessel diameter of 3.0–2.5 mm, and group C 114 patients (119 lesions) with a reference vessel diameter < 2.5 mm. The procedural success, stent thrombosis, and in‐hospital cardiac event rate were similar in the three groups. At 6‐month angiographic follow‐up, the lesion restenotic rate was significantly higher in the small‐vessel group (14%, 22%, and 26% in groups A, B, and C, respectively; P = 0.011). These differences appeared to result from a lesser acute gain and a lesser net gain in small‐vessel group; the late luminal loss was similar in the three groups. During a follow‐up duration of 28 ± 3 months, group C patients had a significantly lower rate of event‐free survival than the group A and B patients (71% vs. 85% and 82%; P = 0.002). Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that complex lesion (P = 0.032) and long lesion (P = 0.046) are independent predictors of restenosis in very‐small‐vessel (< 2.5 mm) stenting. In conclusion, the acute results of stenting in small coronary arteries appear safe and feasible with a high procedural success rate and a low incidence of stent thrombosis. Stenting in patients with a small coronary artery appears to have a similar in‐hospital cardiac event rate, but a higher angiographic restenosis rate and a lower event‐free survival rate, compared to stenting in patients with a larger coronary artery. The predictors of restenosis in very‐small‐vessel stenting are complex lesions and long lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:314–322. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk assessment of slow or no‐reflow phenomenon in aortocoronary vein graft percutaneous intervention
Authors: Sdringola Stefano , Assali Abid R. , Ghani Mohammed , Moustapha Ali , Achour Hela , Yusuf S. Wamique , Fujise Ken , Rosales Oscar , Schroth George W. , Anderson H. Vernon , Smalling Richard W.
Published: August 2002

Slow or no‐reflow phenomenon (SNR) complicates 10%–15% of cases of percutaneous intervention (PCI) in aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts (SVG). At present, there are no uniform, effective strategies to predict or prevent this common and potentially serious complication. The purpose of our study was to characterize variables correlated with the risk of SNR in SVG PCI in the era of stenting and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors. We identified 2,898 consecutive patients who had PCI, of whom 163 underwent PCI of at least one SVG. The clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients who developed SNR (SNR group) were compared with those who did not (no‐SNR group). A total of 23 patients experienced SNR and 140 did not. Using a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, four independent predictors for SNR were detected: probable thrombus (OR 6.9; 95% CI, 2.1–23.9; P = 0.001), acute coronary syndromes (OR 6.4; 95% CI, 2.0–25.3; P = 0.003), degenerated vein graft (OR 5.2; 95% CI, 1.7–16.6; P = 0.003), and ulcer (OR 3.4; 95% CI, 0.99–11.6; P = 0.04). The risk of developing SNR could be estimated according to the number of predictors found: low‐grade risk (1%–10%) if ≤ one variable was present, moderate risk (20%–40%) if two variables were present, and high risk (60%–90%) if three or more variables were present. We identified and quantified current risk factors for SNR and concluded that the risk of developing SNR during PCI in SVG can be predicted by simple clinical and angiographic variables obtained before PCI. This information may be useful when the risk of PCI has to be balanced against alternative strategies such as medical therapy or redo‐bypass surgery or in the selection of those patients that will most benefit from the use of protection devices during PCI. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:318–324. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro study of FFR, QCA, and IVUS for the assessment of optimal stent deployment
Authors: Matthys Koen , Carlier Stéphane , Segers Patrick , Ligthart Jurgen , Sianos Georges , Serrano Pedro , Verdonck Pascal R. , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: August 2002

We tested whether fractional flow reserve (FFR) discriminates between suboptimally and optimally deployed stents. Latex tubes (diameter ⊘ = 4 mm) with diameter stenosis 40% (n = 3), 50% (n = 3) and 60% (n = 3) were tested in a pulsatile flow system, using water. Measurements were done at baseline (n = 9; FFR/QCA) and after suboptimal (SOD; 3‐mm balloon at 8 atm) and optimal (OD; 4 mm balloon at 16 atm) deployment of a 35‐mm stent (n = 6; FFR/QCA/IVUS). Varying Q from 150 to 50 ml/min increased FFR by 2–7%. Conversely, at 100 ml/min, FFR increased by only 0.8% from SOD to OD (P < 0.05). Extrapolating data to blood flow, the gain in FFR from SOD to OD is less than 5% for Q = 100 ml/min, while FFR may increase by 15–20% by changes in blood flow from 50 to 150 ml/min. We conclude that IVUS and QCA are more appropriate for the assessment of optimal stent deployment. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:363–375. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A search for circular dichroism in the VUV photofragmentation mass spectra of 2‐amino‐1‐butanol
Authors: Mackie R.A. , Browning R. , Latimer C.J. , Scully S.W.J. , Dunn K.F.
Published: August 2002

The dissociative photoionization of a single‐enantiomer chiral molecule by circularly polarized synchrotron radiation was investigated, for the first time, in the gas phase. Photoion mass spectra were produced by the interaction of (+)‐(S)‐, (−)‐(R)‐ and rac‐2‐amino‐l‐butanol with circularly polarized light. Comparison of these spectra places an upper bound of approximately 2% on circular dichroism in the dissociative photoionization of 2‐amino‐l‐butanol at 21 eV, which may have consequences for the theory that the origin of biological homochirality was predominantly enantioselective photofragmentation by circularly polarized light. We have also identified and elucidated many of the difficulties of performing gas phase CD measurements in crossed beam experiments. Chirality 14:478–483, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Creating an intelligence system at the Swedish National Financial Management Authority
Authors: Pettersson Urban
Published: August 2002

Our assignment was to build a system for handling information concerning financial administration systems for the Swedish National Financial Management Authority, known as ESV. Many Swedish organizations have systematized their business intelligence (BI) activities during the 1990s and are continuing to do so (Hedin, 1993). The focus was on market development and the agencies' financial administration systems needs. The development of our system required two parallel processes, one focused on the high‐tech, IT‐solutions and one on the high‐touch (Hedin, 1999; Tyson, 1996), people solutions. The high‐tech solution focused on issues like methodology, systematisation, and IT‐solutions for the overall and the personal environmental analysis. The high‐touch solution focused on soft issues like creating enthusiasm and engagement, as well as putting together expert‐groups and business intelligence teams. The information needs analysis showed that a knowledge base was lacking. Based on the information needs analysis and looking at the internal IT‐system, the department for Financial Administration Systems at ESV needed to build a system for environmental analysis with the following capabilities:

Create a continuous flow of market signals

Monitor news and market information

Possess methods and tools for structuring and analysing market signals

Store profiles on players on the market

Use the Intranet for presenting the information

Create a knowledge base for internal knowledge and experience

Use the available information on the Internet in a more efficient way

Create a web of persons that monitors and reports important market signals

Unique to this project was that everyone in the organisation was engaged in the process—the object was to create a more intelligent organisation and to involve their customers (agencies) in the information needs analysis. This article presents a solution based on needs found in the information needs analysis. The work was conducted during the winter of 1999–2000 by Susanne Lindestam Öktem of the Swedish National Financial Management Authority. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The strategy wheel: A method for analysis and benchmarking for competitive strategy
Authors: Kotorov Rado P.
Published: August 2002

In today's hyper‐competitive markets, companies try to gain advantage by deploying surprise strategies through which they secure first‐mover advantage, or the advantage of introducing goods and services to the market prior to their competitors. Competitive intelligence (CI) specialists, corporate analysts, and strategic planners try to unveil these strategies. However, as Nobel Prize laureate economist Herbert Simon (1973) pointed out, there is a paradox in trying to find strategically important information, for a company cannot determine how much effort and expenses to allocate without knowing what information it is looking for. Simon had advocated the use of computers to reduce the cost of collecting and processing information for making decisions with incomplete information. Following Simon's basic idea and recognizing the fact that competitive strategy is a well‐kept secret, we have developed a computer‐based analytical method that allows competitive analysts to infer the corporate strategic direction from disparate sources of information. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myosins ofBabesia bovis: Molecular characterisation, erythrocyte invasion, and phylogeny
Authors: Lew A.E. , Dluzewski A.R. , Johnson A.M. , Pinder J.C.
Published: August 2002

Using degenerate primers, three putative myosin sequences were amplified from Australian isolates ofBabesa bovisand confirmed as myosins (termed Bbmyo‐A, Bbmyo‐B, and Bbmyo‐C) from in vitro cultures of the W strain ofB. bovis. Comprehensive analysis of 15 apicomplexan myosins suggests that members of Class XIV be defined as those with greater than 35% myosin head sequence identity and that these be further subclassed into groups bearing above 50–60% identity. Bbmyo‐A protein bears a strong similarity with other apicomplexan myosin‐A type proteins (subclass XIVa), the Bbmyo‐B myosin head protein sequence exhibits low identity (35–39%) with all members of Class XIV, and 5′‐sequence of Bbmyo‐C shows strong identity (60%) withP. falciparummyosin‐C protein. Domain analysis revealed five divergent IQ domains within the neck of Pfmyo‐C, and a myosin‐N terminal domain as well as a classical IQ sequence unusually located within the head converter domain of Bbmyo‐B. A cross‐reacting antibody directed againstP. falciparummyosin‐A (Pfmyo‐A) revealed a zone of approximately 85 kDa in immunoblots prepared withB. bovistotal protein, and immunofluorescence inferred stage‐specific myosin‐A expression since only 25% of infected erythrocytes with mostly pairedB. boviswere immuno‐positive. Multiplication ofB. bovisin in vitro culture was inhibited by myosin‐ and actin‐binding drugs at concentrations lower than those that inhibitP. falciparum. This study identifies and classifies three myosin genes and an actin gene inB. bovis, and provides the first evidence for the participation of an actomyosin‐based motor in erythrocyte invasion in this species of apicomplexan parasite. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:202–220, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Standardization of performance evaluation in MRI: 13 Years' experience of intersystem comparison
Authors: De Wilde J. , Price D. , Curran J. , Williams J. , Kitney R.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents work undertaken over 13 years to standardize image quality measurements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Magnetic Resonance National Evaluation Team, MagNET, a nonprofit organization based in the United Kingdom, has performed image quality evaluations since 1988. The results of these type tests have been for the use of the UK National Health Service primarily during purchasing and installation of a new MRI system. The United Kingdom currently has around 300 MRI systems which is a substantially lower number than found in the United States or Japan. However these tests are deemed essential to ensure quality and safety of MRI within a nationalized health service. Over 70 MRI systems have been type tested for a range of performance characteristics; this paper focuses on four parameters to demonstrate the successes and pitfalls of intersystem comparison. Overall the data for signal‐to‐noise ratio and geometric distortion clearly show the benefits of high‐field MRI and reflect the market shift in this direction. The tests also distinguish clearly between open‐sided and cylindrical bore magnet designs. The imaging speed parameter is presented over the last 10 years and clearly reflects the rapid development in computer data processing and gradient performance within MRI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 111–116, 2002.