bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the Functional ‘Normal’? Aging, Sexuality and the Bio-marking of Successful Living
Authors: Katz Stephen , Marshall Barbara L.
Published: September 2004

This article raises the question of ‘normality’ today and the fracturing of health ideals along new lines of enablement and function. In particular the study asks if ‘functional’ and ‘dysfunctional’ are displacing ‘normal’ and ‘pathological’ as master biopolitical binarisms, and if so, what distinctions can be drawn between them. The discourse of ‘function’ and ‘dysfunction’ is certainly ubiquitous in two areas of research and practice: gerontology and sexology. In the former case ‘functional health’ is linked to successful aging represented by technical tests around activities of daily living (ADLs) and risk-assessment profiles. In the latter case, sexual function and dysfunction have become all-encompassing markers of heterosexual competence, now largely detached from reproductive imperatives, but refashioned as integral to responsible and successful self-management. Presenting examples from both cases, the article concludes that functionality, circulating under the signs of ‘normal’, ‘natural’ and ‘healthy’, furnishes economic, technological, educational, professional, pharmacological and policy fields with a rich intellectual, practical and regulatory resource.
Novel Poly(Succinimide-Ether)s Based on the Reaction of Bismaleimides with Azomethine-Bisphenols
Authors: Hulubei Camelia , Cozan Vasile , Bruma M.
Published: September 2004

Novel poly(succinimide-ether)s containing azomethine linkages were synthesized by the addition polymerization reaction of bismaleimides, such as N, N′-4,4′-diphenylether bismaleimide and N, N′-4,4′-dibenzylbismaleimide, with various mesogenic azomethine-bisphenols such as: 4-(4-hydroxybenzylideneimino)phenol, 4,4′-oxy-bis(4-hydroxyben-zylideneimino)phenyl or 4,4′-bis(4-hydroxybenzylideneiminophenoxy)biphenyl. The structures of these polymers were identified by infrared and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The polymers were characterized by solution viscometry, solubility and UV-VIS measurements. Their thermal properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric and thermo-optical analysis and hot-stage polarized light microscopy. The oligomers containing longer mesogenic moieties exhibited thermotropic liquid cristalline behavior.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Aromatic Poly(esterimide)s Bearing Naphthalene-2,7-Diyl Units
Authors: Hsiao Sheng-Huei , Leu Wen-Tsuen
Published: September 2004

Two series of 2,7-naphthalenediyl units-containing homoand copoly(ester imide)s were prepared from 2,7-bis(4-aminobenzoyloxy)naphthalene and 2,7-bis(3-aminobenzoyloxy)naphthalene, respectively, with six commercially available aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides and their mixtures via a conventional two-stage synthesis that included ring-opening polyaddition to give poly(amic acid)s followed by chemical imidization to polyimides. The intermediate poly(amic acid)s obtained in the first stage had inherent viscosities of 0.59∼1.15 and 0.51∼1.20 dL g-1, respectively. Some of the poly(ester imide)s derived from less rigid dianhydrides had excellent solubility in polar aprotic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N,N-dimethylacetamide and could be solution-cast into transparent, flexible, and tough films. The poly(ester imide)s derived from rigid dianhydrides such as pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) were semicrystalline and showed less solubility. Except for some examples, most of the poly(ester imide)s displayed discernible glass-transition temperatures ( Tgs) between 233 and 295°C in the differential scanning calorimetry traces. These poly(ester imide)s showed insignificant decomposition below 450°C in nitrogen or air. The investigation of the thermal decomposition of the poly(ester imide)s using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyrolysis-GC/MS) indicated that a dramatic breakage of the ester linkages occurred at around 450°C, which initiated the polymer chain scission.
Efects of Micuum Ultraviolet Radiation of Irious Wavelength Ranges on Teflon® FEP Film
Authors: Dever Joyce A. , McCracken Cara A.
Published: September 2004

This paper describes testing to investigate the effects of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation on Teflon fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film, examining differences in mechanical properties degradation for samples of 50.8 jtm thickness exposed to VUV of various lower cut-off wavelengths. Samples were illuminated in a high vacuum facility by deuterium lamps, which provide radiation in the 115-400 nm wavelength range, but with the highest intensity being below 200 nm. Windows of fused silica, crystalline quartz, and magnesium fluoride provided lower cut-off wavelengths of 155, 140 and 115 nm, respectively. Lamp intensity was measured in the 115-200 nm wavelength range throughout the sample exposures. The determined intensities were used to estimate intensity and incident energy of various wavelength ranges, between 115 and 400 nm. Samples were analysed for tensile strength and elongation at failure. The effects of radiation exposures of different wavelength ranges were compared and discussed in terms of the expected depth to which radiation of various wavelengths is deposited into FEP
Polymerization Processes of Epoxy Matrix Composites under Simulated Free Space Conditions
Authors: Kondyurin Alexey , Lauke Bernd , Richter Edgar
Published: September 2004

The creation of large-size space constructions by deploying structures needs a method for making the shell material rigid after unfolding. The best method is a chemical reaction. There is a negative influence of space environment (high vacuum, atomic oxygen flux, cosmic rays, sun irradiations, sharp temperature variations) on a liquid polymer matrix and on the polymerization process. The authors suggest that the space environment can initiate the polymerization reaction, for example a curing reaction of epoxy resin composition. This paper contains the results of experiments on polymerization processes under the action of separate space environment factors: vacuum and plasma action. For the simulation of space plasma a discharge of microwave plasma and radio-frequency plasma were used. Structures of polymer materials cured under plasma and in the usual curing conditions were compared. The results on degradation processes in uncured epoxy resin under plasma action were taken into account for the curing kinetic study. The fornation of new active groups in liquid composition under plasma action and the ability of new groups to take part in the curing reaction was analysed. A process of layer mixing in uncured epoxy resin during plasma action was observed. The mixing of oxidized layers with initial bulk layers of resin leads to an acceleration of the curing reaction. Due to layer mixing the plasma treatment becomes a method for bulk modification of polymers. A method of utilization of negative free space factors for the curing process of composite materials in free space is proposed. The space plasma can be used for the polymerization process of composite materials on Earth orbit. The composite samples of glass fibres impregnated by the epoxy matrix with 5 mm thickness were polymerized in plasma discharge at low pressure without formation of bubbles.
Effect of Relative Intensity of 5 eV Atomic Oxygen and 172 nm Vacuum Ultraviolet in the Synergism of Polyimide Erosion
Authors: Yokota Kumiko , Ohmae Nobuo , Tagawa Masahito
Published: September 2004

A quantitative study of the synergistic effect of 5 eV atomic oxygen and 172 nm vacuum ultraviolet radiation exposure was carried out on polyimide samples. The relative intensity of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet was adjusted by rotating the polyimide sample at the crossover point of the beam axes of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet which crossed 900. The erosion rate of polyimide was calculated from the resonant frequency of the quartz crystal microbalance on which the polyimide was spin-coated. It was confirmed that the ultraviolet exposure to the atomic oxygen-exposed polyimide promoted the desorption of carbon oxides from the surface. In contrast, no mass change was detected when ultraviolet irradiated the polyimide surface without atomic oxygen exposure. By changing the relative intensity of atomic oxygen and ultraviolet, increases in erosion rates up to 400% were observed when the relative ultraviolet/atomic oxygen flux intensity reached 10-14 mJ atom-l.
Frequency-Dependent Viscoelastic Structural Elements for Passive Broad-Band Vibration Control
Authors: Webster Adam , Semke William
Published: September 2004

The effective control of vibration is essential in many systems, including remote sensing applications where high resolution is needed to observe features on Earth from a space platforn. It is advantageous to have a passive system that has the ability to effectively reduce the response of a structure due to base excitation over a large frequency range that may be changing. In this manner, not only is the system self-contained and reliable, but also it does not use limited resoirces available in a space environment that an active system requires. A vibration amplitude limiting system has been developed that uses both vibration isolation and absorber components. With the appropriate stiffness and damping parameters chosen, the device can limit oscillation amplitudes to an acceptable level over a broad prescribed frequency range. By using viscoelastic structural elements, both spring and damping properties are introduced in a single element, which also demonstate favorable frequency-dependent response. A translation amplitude limiting vibration system has been designed, analyzed, built, and tested. Both the theoretical and the experimental transmissibility as a function of frequency are determind. A summary of these results will be presented along with a comparison to a more conventional vibration isolation/absorber system using non-frequency-dependent elements.
Trajectory and Force Control of a Manipulator with Elastic Links
Authors: Tsujita Katsuyoshi , Tsuchiya Kazuo , Urakubo Takateru , Sugawara Zenta
Published: September 2004

This paper deals with trajectory and force control of a two-link manipulator with elastic links. The manipulator has a macro–micro mechanism and at the tip of which is an end-effector with a force sensor. Equations of motion are first derived by using a finite-element method for the elastic deformations. Then, by eliminating the residual modes based on the eigenvalue analysis, the reduced-order equations for controller design are derived. Geometrical constraints are modeled by using a Lagrangian multiplier. The proposed control system consists of a feedforward controller and a feedback controller. The feedforward controller generates the input torques and force based on inverse dynamics. It also generates the reference signals for the feedback controller based on inverse kinematics. The calculation methods for inverse dynamics and inverse kinematics are based on the algorithm that we have proposed. The performance of the proposed control system is verified by numerical simulations and hardware experiments.
Neural-Network-Based System for Novel Fault Detection in Rotating Machinery
Authors: Crupi V. , Guglielmino E. , Milazzo G.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this research is the realization of a method for machine health monitoring. The rotating machinery of the Refinery of Milazzo (Italy) was analyzed. A new procedure, incorporating neural networks, was designed and realized to evaluate the vibration signatures and recognize the fault presence. Neural networks have replaced the traditional expert systems, used in the past for the fault diagnosis, because they are a dynamic system and thus adaptable to continuously variable data. The disadvantage of common neural networks is that they need to be trained by real examples of different fault typologies. The innovative aspect of the new procedure is that it allows us to diagnose faults, which are not considered in the training set. This ability was demonstrated by our analysis; the net was able to detect the presence of imbalance and bearing wear, even if these typologies of faults were not present in the training data set.
Pendulation Reduction on Small Ship-Mounted Telescopic Cranes
Authors: Masoud Ziyad N. , Daqaq Mohammed F. , Nayfeh Nader A.
Published: September 2004

Small ship-mounted telescopic cranes are used to load and unload cargo of limited size and weight. The wave-induced motions of the crane ship can cause large pendulations of the hoisted payload bringing the transfer operations to a complete halt. The small size of such a crane, combined with its limited maneu-verability, compared to the relatively larger motion of the host ship, poses a serious control challenge. In this work, a nonlinear control system is introduced which reduces pendulations on these cranes to the point where the transfer operations do not pose a dangerous working environment. Delayed position-feedback technique is used to reduce the payload pendulations. The presented control system uses the slewing, luffing, and telescopic degrees of freedom of the crane to drive the horizontal position of the boom tip. The saturation problem arising from the limited speed and motion of the crane actuators is another issue addressed by this control technique. To demonstrate the performance of the developed control system, numerical simulations are performed on a nonlinear three-dimensional mathematical model of the telescopic crane mounted on the USNS WATERS. The crane has four degrees of freedom: hoisting, slewing, luffing, and extension of the telescopic boom. In addition to its limited maneuverability, nonlinear hydraulic actuators are used for the luffing and extensional degrees of freedom.
Sliding Mode Control of a Gossamer Structure Using Smart Materials
Authors: Jha Akhilesh K. , Inman Daniel J.
Published: September 2004

Gossamer structures have been a subject of renewed interest for space applications because of their low weights, on-orbit deploying capabilities, and minimal stowage volumes. In this study, vibration suppression of an inflated structure using piezoelectric actuators and sensors has been attempted. These actuators and sensors can be suitably used for gossamer structures since they can conform to curved surfaces and provide distributed actuation and sensing capabilities. Using the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the system (structure, actuators, and sensors), a state-space model is derived. For designing a robust vibration controller, we used a sliding mode technique. The derivations of the sliding model controller and observer are presented in details. Finally, by means of numerical analysis, the method was demonstrated for an inflated torus considering Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC™) as actuators and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) as sensors. The simulation studies show that the piezoelectric actuators and sensors are suitable for vibration suppression of an inflatable torus. The robustness properties of the controller and observer against the parameter uncertainty and disturbances are also studied.
Two Decades of Organizational Change in Health Care: What Have we Learned?
Authors: Bazzoli Gloria J. , Dynan Linda , Burns Lawton R. , Yap Clarence
Published: September 2004

The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a substantial wave of organizational restructuring among hospitals and physicians, as health providers rethought their organizational roles given perceived market imperatives. Mergers, acquisitions, internal restructuring, and new interorganizational relationships occurred at a record pace. Matching this was a large wave of study and discourse among health services researchers, industry experts, and consultants to understand the causes and consequences of organizational change. In many cases, this literature provides mixed signals about what was accomplished through these organizational efforts. The purpose of this review is to synthesize this diverse literature. This review examines studies of horizontal consolidation and integration of hospitals, horizontal consolidation and integration of physician organizations, and integration and relationship development between physicians and hospitals. In all, around 100 studies were examined to assess what was learned through two decades of research on organizational change in health care.
The Effect of Disturbing Illness Behaviors on Siblings of Persons with Schizophrenia
Authors: Lively Sonja , Friedrich Rose Marie , Rubenstein Linda
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND: Although psychiatric symptoms and behavioral problems have been observed as the strongest predictor of family burden and distress, the impact on siblings has not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to identify the effect of illness behaviors of persons with schizophrenia on well siblings. DESIGN: A new instrument, the Friedrich-Lively Instrument to Assess the Impact of Schizophrenia on Siblings (FLIISS), which includes the Impact of Illness Behavior Scale, was used to examine the influence of illness behaviors on 752 siblings. FINDINGS: There was a high level of behavioral disturbance associated with hallucinations and delusions, disruption of household routine, and medication non-compliance. Siblings who reported more disturbing behaviors exhibited significantly more stress in every FLIISS subscale. CONCLUSIONS: The Impact of Illness Behavior Scale and/or other sections of the FLIISS can be used to identify vulnerable well siblings. Health professionals will then be able to provide interventions for well and ill siblings.
Autism
Authors: Valente Sharon M.
Published: September 2004

Generally before age 2, the child with autism has severe and pervasive impairment in several areas of development, including social interaction, communication, and play activities, and may perform stereotyped, ritual behaviors. These symptoms impair the child’s ability to function at home, in school, and in the community. Without clinical management and support, the child will not reach his or her developmental potential and is more prone to comorbid conditions, particularly depression. Although diagnosis has been challenging, recent practice guidelines clarify diagnosis and treatment. Diagnosis requires information from school, parents, and other sources. Treatment involves education and skills training, behavioral interventions, social support, and psychopharmacology.
Empowering Organizations: Approaches to Tobacco Control through Youth Empowerment Programs
Authors: LeRoy Lisa , Benet Dana Jones , Mason Theresa , Austin W. David , Mills Sherry
Published: September 2004

Whereas most evaluations of youth empowerment focus on individual outcomes (i.e., were individual youths empowered?), this article focuses on the program as the unit of analysis and seeks to explain how organizational structures, program design features, and processes lead to organizational empowerment (OE). OE is defined as organizational efforts that generate psychological empowerment among members and organizational effectiveness needed for goal achievement. Case studies of five American Legacy Foundation-funded tobacco control youth empowerment programs were conducted during the first 2 years of implementation. Using an OE framework, the authors assessed program design features of the youth empowerment programs that contributed to or detracted from processes leading to OE. Comparing and contrasting the programs led to the identification of models and strategies that contribute to OE. Ecological influences of the state contexts (i.e., political climate, history of tobacco control, and public health infrastructure) were also examined.
The North Carolina Youth Empowerment Study (NCYES): A Participatory Research Study Examining the Impact of Youth Empowerment for Tobacco Use Prevention
Authors: Ribisl Kurt M. , Steckler Allan , Linnan Laura , Patterson Carol C. , Pevzner Eric S. , Markatos Elizabeth , Goldstein Adam O. , McGloin Tim , Peterson Arlana Bobo
Published: September 2004

This article describes the North Carolina Youth Empowerment Study (NC YES), a 3-year participatory evaluation of youth programs addressing tobacco use prevention. The study goals of NC YES were to (1) convene an advisory board comprised of lay youths and adults in a participatory research process, (2) document the characteristics of youth programs for tobacco use prevention and control in North Carolina, and (3) track the role of youth involvement in initiating and implementing 100% tobacco-free policies in local school districts. The NC YES Statewide Advisory Board helped guide the evaluation process, reviewed study protocols and data collection instruments, and helped interpret preliminary findings. Both quantitative and qualitative methods(e.g., telephone interviews and written questionnaires) were used to gather data from youth and adult leaders to achieve these aims. Lessons learned about the process of conducting participatory evaluation approaches and summary findings about the role of youths in policy advocacy efforts are presented.
Quantifying the Impact of Participation in Local Tobacco Control Groups on the Psychological Empowerment of Involved Youth
Authors: Holden Debra J. , Crankshaw Erik , Nimsch Christian , Hinnant Laurie W. , Hund Lisa
Published: September 2004

A core component of Legacy’s Statewide Youth Movement Against Tobacco Use is the ability of state and local initiatives to empower youth to effect change in their communities. The authors’ conceptual framework proposes that youth empowerment is an outcome of the process by which youths become active participants in local efforts. Youths are proposed to attain specific skills (e.g., assertiveness, advocacy), attitudes (e.g., domain-specific self-efficacy, perceived sociopolitical control, participatory competence), and knowledge of relevant resources. All are proposed outcomes of their individual participation in these local efforts. Data collected in fall 2002 through a tested survey instrument designed to obtain data on key components of empowerment are presented. Regression modeling was used to examine the extent to which characteristics of empowerment are an outcome of individual participation in these groups. A summary of lessons learned pertaining to effectively measuring empowerment and enhancing the empowerment process through local initiatives is provided.
Rethinking the Scholarly
Authors: Booth Alan
Published: September 2004

In the Humanities the notion of scholarship is fundamental to professional identity and prestige. Among historians scholarship is still overwhelmingly identified with research, and research of a particular kind, which has come to dominate ideas of what it means to be a professional historian. The valuing of one aspect of professional practice has diverted attention from pedagogic issues, and relegated teaching and learning to a secondary status within the discipline. This article challenges this prevailing orthodoxy, and explores recent efforts to forge a more flexible conception of disciplinary scholarship that can address and acknowledge teaching and learning in a more serious fashion. It considers and elaborates on the notion of the scholarship of teaching in history, and provides an account of recent developments in practice towards the creation of a disciplinary identity better able to serve the needs of faculty, students and the discipline as a whole in the 21st century.
Language and Character
Authors: Barrow Robin
Published: September 2004

Recent empirical research into the brain, while reinforcing the view that we are extensively ‘programmed’, does not refute the idea of a distinctive human mind. The human mind is primarily a product of the human capacity for a distinctive kind of language. Human language is thus what gives us our consciousness, reasoning capacity and autonomy. To study and understand the human, however, is ultimately a task beyond empirical disciplines such as psychology. Literature is the repository of wisdom relating to humanity and as such needs to be emphasized more in education.
Down the Rabbit Hole
Authors: Westland Ella
Published: September 2004

This account of learning journeys, taken from interviews with a group of adults graduating from a part-time humanities programme, traces one prominent pattern from first enrolment to graduation, prioritising the importance of ‘time out’. Students who had joined a course out of curiosity found themselves travelling in a land of unexpected pleasures, and revelled in their escape from the everyday world. The article identifies three factors which contributed to this experience: the extended nature of the programme, the humanities-based curriculum and the multidisciplinary structure; and maintains that opportunities for unpredictable learning adventures must be respected and protected.
Cultural Nomads
Authors: Brazil Jon
Published: September 2004

Identity as a Stimulus for Studio Practice was developed as a summer university component of post-graduate courses provided by Bretton Hall College’s arts education extension in Israel. It involved the Israeli students in reconsidering notions of identity: interrogating the limitations of fixed notions of identity and engaging in a process of re-constructing their selves in a more pluralistic manner, embracing a range of identities. As the article demonstrates, the theme of identity proved particularly demanding and effective for these students. Their responses to the course and the theme, expressed in written reviews and self-analyses, are the basis of this article. They illustrate the difficulties and complexities involved in the process of ‘erasure’ required in re-thinking identity, demonstrating the inherent issues in navigating the interval between reversal and emergence, and the value of developing a ‘becoming’ sense of identity.
Solitary Soulmates: The Marginalized Role of Intellectuals and Artists Within American Higher Education
Authors: Flannery James W.
Published: September 2004

The author makes the case that the role of the intellectual is to effect change, to challenge vested interests that would limit dialogue on matters of grave importance and to function as a public witness-bearer to personal and public forms of truth. He goes on to state, however, that this role cannot be properly fulfilled unless narrow, purely scholastic interests are balanced by humanistic and artistic concerns that address the whole nature of the human being. Education in, through and for the arts is seen as complementary to more traditional modes of higher education. Cultivating one’s aesthetic sensibility and emotional intelligence is therefore of particularly vital importance in an age that has placed an inordinate emphasis on work and material reward as distinct from living a creatively rich and rewarding life.
A Preliminary Report on a New Grammar Checker to Help Students of English as a Foreign Language
Authors: Lawley Jim
Published: September 2004

Whereas many pre-intermediate and intermediate level students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) might benefit from receiving detailed feedback on mistakes in their written compositions, there are obvious practical limits to the amount of corrective feedback that teachers in schools and universities can provide. This article briefly describes the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia’s computerized grammar checker for pre-intermediate and intermediate level Spanish mother-tongue students of EFL. The main part of the article details how a student, working with the grammar checker and independently from teachers, detected and corrected mistakes in her own composition. In the light of this and other trials it was decided to publish the Grammar Checker. The trials also showed how the Grammar Checker can be improved and developed. Brief reference is made to its possible impact on the ways in which foreign languages are taught and learnt.
Building a Foundation for Systems Change: Increasing Access to Physical Activity Programs for Older Adults
Authors: Lachenmayr Sue , Mackenzie Geraldine
Published: September 2004

Although 25% of U.S. adults are physically inactive, this percentage increases dramatically for older adults. Organizational change theory guided a state health department in identifying system gaps and developing strategies to expand programming for seniors. A survey of provider agencies in New Jersey assessed (a) capacity for physical activity programs for older adults, (b) accessibility of programs, and (c) barriers to providing programs. One hundred sixty agencies provided physical activity programs to almost 184,000 individuals annually. Fewer than one half of the agencies provided exercise programs for people with disabilities, and only 44% provided in-home programs. Eighty-two percent of program providers wanted to expand programming but cited lack of trained instructors and peer leaders, inadequate facility space, insufficient funding, and limited transportation resources as barriers. Sustaining older adult behavior change requires infrastructure that will ensure access to diverse physical activities. This article provides strategies to expand access to physical activity programs for older adults.
Recommendations from Lead Poisoning Prevention Program Participants: Best Practices
Authors: Jordan Catherine M. , Lee Patricia A. , Hampton Ruth , Pirie Phyllis L.
Published: September 2004

We present a program evaluation of the Phillips Lead Project, a 5-year study of the effectiveness of culture-specific, peer education in maintaining low blood lead levels of children in an inner-city neighborhood. We conducted focus groups to understand how project participants felt about the various strategies employed by the Lead Project. The purpose of this article is to describe their reactions to the project and make recommendations concerning appropriate educational strategies for lead poisoning prevention projects being undertaken in similar communities. Although this project was a research study, many of its methods, and participants’ reactions to those methods, are relevant to non-research prevention programs and may be generalizable to other health issues besides lead poisoning.
Theoretical Domains: A Heuristic for Teaching Behavioral Theory in HIV/STD Prevention Courses
Authors: Dolcini M. Margaret , Canin Lisa , Gandelman Alice , Skolnik Heidi
Published: September 2004

The HIV/STD epidemics have broadened the need for better behavioral intervention programs and highlighted the importance of providing training in behavioral theory to frontline program practitioners. However, there is a lack of effective methods for teaching theoretical concepts to people who may not have a background in behavioral science. This article presents a solution to this challenge by introducing a new heuristic for teaching theory and for placing individual theories/models in a broader context. Using a broad framework, we identify five domains that influence behavior: risk appraisal, self-perceptions, emotions and arousal, relationships and social influence, and environmental and structural factors. Each domain is described, and a brief overview of supporting literature is provided. Following the presentation of domains, we discuss course structure and activities.
A Bridge between Communities: Video-Making Using Principles of Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Chávez Vivian , Israel Barbara , Allen Alex J. , DeCarlo Maggie Floyd , Lichtenstein Richard , Schulz Amy , Bayer Irene S. , McGranaghan Robert
Published: September 2004

Health educators can play a critical role in bringing together the partners and resources to successfully make videos using principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR). This article is a “how-to” guide for making videos using community-based participatory research principles. The authors describe video-making and CBPR, then outline six steps on how to make a video using principles of CBPR: (a) engaging stakeholders, (b) soliciting funding and informed consent, (c) creation of shared ownership, (d) building cross-cultural collaborations, (e) writing the script together, and (f) pulling it all together: editing and music selection. Still photographs and key themes from the video A Bridge Between Communities are presented as a running case study to illustrate these steps. The article concludes with implications for health promotion research and practice.
Viability of Parks and Recreation Centers as Sites for Youth Physical Activity Promotion
Authors: Moody Jamie S. , Prochaska Judith J. , Sallis James F. , McKenzie Thomas L. , Brown Marianne , Conway Terry L.
Published: September 2004

This descriptive study explored the potential for public parks and recreation centers as intervention sites for promoting physical activity among youth. Directors (55% women) of 44 recreation centers in San Diego County completed a survey of their centers’ physical activity programming for youths ages 3 to 17 years (response rate = 60%). On an average weekday, 373 (SD = 782) youths participated in physical activity at a center. More boys attended than girls (p < .05). Some centers sponsored after-school programs at elementary (41%) and middle (11%) schools but not at high schools (0%). Primary barriers to providing physical activity programs were inadequate staffing (54%), funding (39%), and facilities (32%). Girls and low-income youth were identified as the most difficult populations to reach. Directors reported considerable interest in collaborating on interventions to improve youth activity programs. Public parks and recreation centers are understudied settings with the potential for substantial involvement in efforts to promote youth physical activity.
Analysis of a Database of Materials for HIV Prevention Program Evaluation
Authors: Davis David , Uhl Gary , Barrington Tracey , Rowel Randy , Squiers Linda , Sharp Katherine , O’Brien Greg
Published: September 2004

Program evaluation technology transfer is the transfer of information on program evaluation from research to practitioners. There have been anecdotal reports of a lack of technology transfer materials related to HIV prevention program evaluation, especially materials usable by persons without extensive training in evaluation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed available program evaluation materials relevant to HIV prevention and developed a database of those materials. Materials were classified according to appropriate audience, level of evaluation expertise required, steps in the evaluation process addressed, and other criteria. The database was queried to determine the number of materials available for various combinations of search criteria. These queries revealed that for certain audiences and steps in the evaluation process there are few materials, especially usable by individuals without evaluation experience. The conclusion is that for certain areas of program evaluation, and for certain audiences, more evaluation technology transfer materials are needed.
Policy and Environmental Change: New Directions for Public Health
Authors: Hann Neil E. , Kean Thomas J. , Matulionis Rose Marie , Russell Carol M. , Sterling Terrie D.
Published: September 2004

Solving major, persistent public health problems requires new policies and more aggressive, sweeping interventions that affect large populations. We need well-conceived health policies and effective interventions for environmental change, but are we likely to get them? To find out, the Directors of Health Promotion and Education and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated a study of state and local public health agencies in the United States from 1996 through 1999. Data were collected by peer- and non-peer-reviewed literature searches, key informant interviews, reviews of Internet sites, and a nationwide survey. Study conclusions found confusion about the legitimacy of advocacy, lack of priority and funding for interventions that take more time versus quick fixes, variable leadership, reluctance to take risks, and a political climate that often discourages government agencies to take on these interventions. There are successes, yet more can be done.
CHWs Get Credit: A 10-Year History of the First College-Credit Certificate for Community Health Workers in the United States
Authors: Love Mary Beth , Legion Vicki , Shim Janet K. , Tsai Cindy , Quijano Vickie , Davis Catherine
Published: September 2004

Community health workers have become increasingly important in the U.S. health care system, playing a significant role in basic health promotion and care coordination; however, their status and visibility have not kept pace with their wider use. A major impediment has been the absence of systematic preparation—the field needs standardized education in programs that emphasize the actual skills and knowledge used by community health workers, programs that attract and retain nontraditional students from underserved communities and that foster professional advancement. This article chronicles the 10-year history of the first college credit-bearing community health worker certificate program in the country to address this need. Systematic research resulted in a program centered on the core competencies universally practiced by community health workers regardless of their topical focus. The certificate program combines performance-based methods with popular education into an innovative pedagogical approach that teaches skills, while solidifying, contextualizing, and enhancing crucial experiential knowledge. Program outcomes validate the approach.
ATECAR: An Asian American Community-Based Participatory Research Model on Tobacco and Cancer Control
Authors: Ma Grace X. , Toubbeh Jamil I. , Su Xuefen , Edwards Rosita L.
Published: September 2004

In the past few decades, community-based participatory research, which underscores the indispensable role of the community in all phases of the research process, has been recognized as a viable approach to working constructively with communities to achieve mutually beneficial goals. This article presents a history of the Asian Tobacco Education, Cancer Awareness and Research’s pioneering efforts in conducting community-based participatory research among Asian Americans in the Delaware Valley region of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Information about project background, target populations, and the rationale for the conduct of community-based participatory research in American communities is provided. It also delineates the manner in which the principles of community-based participatory research were applied as guides for the development of partnership infrastructures, research programs, and the challenges and barriers that were encountered. Facilitating factors in partnership building, and implications of employing this model in this ethnically and racially diverse population, are further discussed.
Evaluation from Start to Finish: Incorporating Comprehensive Assessment into a Training Program for Public Health Professionals
Authors: Charles Patricia , Henner Terry
Published: September 2004

This article examines the role of a comprehensive evaluation process in the context of a program to enhance use of the Internet by public health professionals. The Public Health Information Link for Nevada incorporated training and Web site development into a program to raise levels of awareness and competence of the public health professional. Evaluation played a key and ongoing role in the planning and implementation phases and made a marked contribution to the overall effectiveness of the project. Evaluation contributed to the ability to make midprogram adjustments, thereby enhancing user satisfaction and confidence. Participant evaluations indicated significant improvement in self-perceived competence in utilizing the Internet for job-related activities. The authors conclude that the effort to integrate evaluation in an ongoing manner is balanced by the value of continuous feedback. A Web site review checklist, which will be useful to public health professionals who are developing new Web sites, is appended.
The R Word in Indian Country: Culturally Appropriate Commercial Tobacco-Use Research Strategies
Authors: Oberly Joyce , Macedo Jacelyn
Published: September 2004

With the highest tobacco abuse prevalence among all minorities, American Indians incur high rates of tobacco-related cancers. As a people, we have the poorest survival rate from cancer of any racial or ethnic group, due to a lack of access to specialist care and to low socioeconomic status (http://info.his.gov). With such epidemic abuse of commercial tobacco, we continuously lose our elders, adults, and children to disease and premature death. Therefore, it is essential to investigate theories of prevention, addiction, and cessation specifically related to our ethnicity. The authors of this article discuss past research wrongs and highlight culturally competent research strategies to aid Native communities in tobacco abuse prevention and education. The authors hope to contribute to bridging the gap between culturally relevant research and culturally relevant health promotion.
New Age or Age Old: Classical Management Theory and Traditional Organized Religion as Underpinnings of the Contemporary Organizational Spirituality Movement
Authors: Quatro Scott A.
Published: September 2004

Spirituality in the workplace is a particularly prominent topic in the contemporary business world, as well as in the academic one. To date, this movement has been positioned in the literature as a decidedly modern phenomena rooted in contemporary organizational theory and so-called new age spirituality. This article posits that such a perspective is incomplete at best and at worst lacks academic integrity. Thus, the major objective of this article is to trace the influence of long-established, seminal management theory and traditional organized religion on the spirituality in the workplace movement, demonstrating that it is at least partially these socalled age old theories and belief systems that have undergirded and spawned this new age phenomena.
Vascular leukocytes contribute to tumor vascularization
Authors: Conejo-Garcia Jose R. , Buckanovich Ronald J. , Benencia Fabian , Courreges Maria C. , Rubin Stephen C. , Carroll Richard G. , Coukos George
Published: September 2004

There is no proof that hematopoietic cells contribute significantly to vasculogenesis in postnatal life. Here we report a novel leukocyte subset within ovarian carcinoma that coexpresses endothelial and dendritic cell markers. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis identified a high frequency of VE-cadherin+ CD45+ leukocytes (39% of host cells) in 10 of 10 solid tumors evaluated. This population represented less than 1% of nontumor cells in ascites and peripheral blood. At the protein level, more than 86% of these cells expressed the endothelial markers P1H12, CD34, and CD31 and leukocyte markers CD11c and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. At the mRNA level, we detected TEM1, TEM7, and Thy-1, specific markers of angiogenic endothelium. Finally, this population has the capacity to generate functional blood vessels in vivo. Because of its mixed phenotype, we named this population vascular leukocytes (VLCs). Our data provide an important link between hematopoietic endothelial precursors and vascular development in postnatal life and a possible novel therapeutic target.
Enhancer trapping in zebrafish using the Sleeping Beauty transposon
Authors: Balciunas Darius , Davidson Ann E , Sivasubbu Sridhar , Hermanson Spencer B , Welle Zachary , Ekker Stephen C
Published: September 2004

Background

Among functional elements of a metazoan gene, enhancers are particularly difficult to find and annotate. Pioneering experiments in Drosophila have demonstrated the value of enhancer "trapping" using an invertebrate to address this functional genomics problem.

Results

We modulated a Sleeping Beauty transposon-based transgenesis cassette to establish an enhancer trapping technique for use in a vertebrate model system, zebrafish Danio rerio. We established 9 lines of zebrafish with distinct tissue- or organ-specific GFP expression patterns from 90 founders that produced GFP-expressing progeny. We have molecularly characterized these lines and show that in each line, a specific GFP expression pattern is due to a single transposition event. Many of the insertions are into introns of zebrafish genes predicted in the current genome assembly. We have identified both previously characterized as well as novel expression patterns from this screen. For example, the ET7 line harbors a transposon insertion near the mkp3 locus and expresses GFP in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, forebrain and the ventricle, matching a subset of the known FGF8-dependent mkp3 expression domain. The ET2 line, in contrast, expresses GFP specifically in caudal primary motoneurons due to an insertion into the poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) locus. This surprising expression pattern was confirmed using in situ hybridization techniques for the endogenous PARG mRNA, indicating the enhancer trap has replicated this unexpected and highly localized PARG expression with good fidelity. Finally, we show that it is possible to excise a Sleeping Beauty transposon from a genomic location in the zebrafish germline.

Conclusions

This genomics tool offers the opportunity for large-scale biological approaches combining both expression and genomic-level sequence analysis using as a template an entire vertebrate genome.
Exonuclease activity and P nucleotide addition in the generation of the expressed immunoglobulin repertoire
Authors: Jackson Katherine JL , Gaeta Bruno , Sewell William , Collins Andrew M
Published: September 2004

Background

Immunoglobulin rearrangement involves random and imprecise processes that act to both create and constrain diversity. Two such processes are the loss of nucleotides through the action of unknown exonuclease(s) and the addition of P nucleotides. The study of such processes has been compromised by difficulties in reliably aligning immunoglobulin genes and in the partitioning of nucleotides between segment ends, and between N and P nucleotides.

Results

A dataset of 294 human IgM sequences was created and partitioned with the aid of a probabilistic model. Non-random removal of nucleotides is seen between the three IGH gene types with the IGHV gene averaging removals of 1.2 nucleotides compared to 4.7 for the other gene ends (p < 0.001). Individual IGHV, IGHD and IGHJ gene subgroups also display statistical differences in the level of nucleotide loss. For example, within the IGHJ group, IGHJ3 has average removals of 1.3 nucleotides compared to 6.4 nucleotides for IGHJ6 genes (p < 0.002). Analysis of putative P nucleotides within the IgM and pooled datasets revealed only a single putative P nucleotide motif (GTT at the 3' D-REGION end) to occur at a frequency significantly higher then would be expected from random N nucleotide addition.

Conclusions

The loss of nucleotides due to the action of exonucleases is not random, but is influenced by the nucleotide composition of the genes. P nucleotides do not make a significant contribution to diversity of immunoglobulin sequences. Although palindromic sequences are present in 10% of immunologlobulin rearrangements, most of the 'palindromic' nucleotides are likely to have been inserted into the junction during the process of N nucleotide addition. P nucleotides can only be stated with confidence to contribute to diversity of less than 1% of sequences. Any attempt to identify P nucleotides in immunoglobulins is therefore likely to introduce errors into the partitioning of such sequences.