bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of visa class in the location choices of immigrants in Australia at the regional and neighbourhood scales
Authors: Laukova Dagmara , Bernard Aude , Nguyen Toan , Sigler Thomas
Published: February 2022

Australia’s pro-immigration policies have played a vital role in national population growth, serving to address what would otherwise be chronic labour shortages and population ageing. While migrants to Australian have shown a clear preference for cities and tend to locate with co-ethnics, variations by visa class—employment, family reunification, and asylum—have yet to be fully explored. This paper aims to identify variations in settlement patterns of immigrants in Australia by visa types and the factors underpinning these choices, paying particular attention to ethnic networks and employment opportunities. We apply a series of negative binomial regressions to aggregate census data linked to visa status. At the suburb level, our results show the importance of the presence of compatriots in shaping the location choices of family migrants, with the exception of skilled and humanitarian immigrants from China, Malaysia and Thailand. At the regional level, skilled migrants, including skilled regional migrants, respond to employment opportunities to a greater extent than family and humanitarian migrants.
The Laplace-transform embedded discrete fracture model for flow simulation of stimulated reservoir volume
Authors: Xu Jianchun , Qin Huating , Li Hangyu
Published: February 2022

Hydraulic fracturing is a commonly adopted approach to enhance the production of unconventional reservoirs; however, the resulted complex fracture network increases the difficulty in the prediction of the flow behaviors. In this work, for the first time, we propose the Laplace-transform embedded discrete fracture model focusing on the simulation of fluid transport in simulated reservoir volume (SRV). The main hydraulic fracture is represented explicitly by the fracture segments referring to the recently developed simulation scheme, namely the embedded discrete fracture model. The equivalent model and multiple continua model are employed to characterize the fluid flow in SRV. The Laplace-transform finite-different method is used to numerically model the flow among unstimulated reservoir volume, SRV, and main hydraulic fracture with sufficient flexibility to characterize the arbitrary fracture/SRV geometries. As the solution is performed in Laplace domain, the backward Euler difference for time discretization is not necessary. Thus, the stability and convergence problems caused by time discretization are avoided. A series of numerical test cases are discussed to examine the performance of the proposed model. The simulation workflow is validated through the comparison with discrete fracture model and embedded discrete fracture model in real space. It is demonstrated that the proposed Laplace-transform embedded discrete fracture model is accurate for single flow with complex SRV distribution. On the basis of the Laplace-transform embedded discrete fracture model, we provided three applications of the new method: (1) analysis of the SRV effect on fluid flow behavior, (2) pressure transient analysis considering reservoir heterogeneity, (3) production performance analysis with time-varying production rate.
Social Distancing, Gathering, Search Games: Mobile Agents on Simple Networks
Authors: Alpern Steve , Zeng Li
Published: February 2022

During epidemics, the population is asked to socially distance, with pairs of individuals keeping two meters apart. We model this as a new optimization problem by considering a team of agents placed on the nodes of a network. Their common aim is to achieve pairwise graph distances of at least D,  a state we call socially distanced. (If $$D=1,$$

D
=
1
,

they want to be at distinct nodes; if $$D=2$$

D
=
2

they want to be non-adjacent.) We allow only a simple type of motion called a lazy random walk: with probability p (called the laziness parameter), they remain at their current node next period; with complementary probability $$1-p$$

1
-
p

, they move to a random adjacent node. The team seeks the common value of p which achieves social distance in the least expected time, which is the absorption time of a Markov chain. We observe that the same Markov chain, with different goals (absorbing states), models the gathering, or multi-rendezvous problem (all agents at the same node). Allowing distinct laziness for two types of agents (searchers and hider) extends the existing literature on predator–prey search games to multiple searchers. We consider only special networks: line, cycle and grid.
Rigid Gorenstein toric Fano varieties arising from directed graphs
Authors: Kara Selvi , Portakal Irem , Tsuchiya Akiyoshi
Published: February 2022

A directed edge polytope $${\mathcal {A}}_G$$

A
G

is a lattice polytope arising from root system $$A_n$$

A
n

and a finite directed graph G. If every directed edge of G belongs to a directed cycle in G, then $${\mathcal {A}}_G$$

A
G

is terminal and reflexive, that is, one can associate this polytope to a Gorenstein toric Fano variety $$X_G$$

X
G

with terminal singularities. It is shown by Totaro that a toric Fano variety which is smooth in codimension 2 and $${\mathbb {Q}}$$
Q
-factorial in codimension 3 is rigid. In the present paper, we classify all directed graphs G such that $$X_G$$

X
G

is a toric Fano variety which is smooth in codimension 2 and $${\mathbb {Q}}$$
Q
-factorial in codimension 3.
Wie Partizipation in das Gegenteil umschlagen kann – Inklusive Frühe Bildung und die machtvollen Dynamiken der Pathologisierung
Authors: Seitz Simone , Hamacher Catalina
Published: February 2022

Der Beitrag greift empirische Befunde einer abgeschlossenen Studie auf, in der ein Modellprojekt zur Stärkung von Partizipation über die Zusammenarbeit von Kindertageseinrichtung und Frühförderung untersucht wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es entgegen des anvisierten Ziels – einer stärker an Partizipation ausgerichteten, gemeinsam verantworteten inklusiven Handlungspraxis – über die initiierte Kooperation zu einer Verengung des Fokus’ auf diffuse Risikofaktoren kam und im Ergebnis Pathologisierungspraktiken im Feld der Tagesbetreuung forciert wurden, die Partizipation effektiv verhinderten, dies jedoch in paradoxer Weise mit der Herstellung von Teilhabe legitimiert wurde.
A Literature Review of (Sparse) Exponential Family PCA
Authors: Smallman Luke , Artemiou Andreas
Published: February 2022

This is a brief overview of the methodology around exponential family PCA. We revisit classic PCA methodology, and we focus on exponential family PCA due to its applicability on a number of distributions and hence a wide variety of problems. We discuss the applicability of these methods to text data analysis due to the high-dimensional and sparse nature of these data.
A comparative study of Deep Learning architectures for Classification of Natural and Human-made Sea Events in SAR images
Authors: Ramirez William , Achanccaray Pedro , Pacheco Marco Aurelio
Published: February 2022

Sea monitoring is essential for a better understanding of its dynamics and to measure the impact of human activities. In this context, remote sensing plays an important role by providing satellite imagery every day, even in critical climate conditions, for the detection of sea events with a potential risk to the environment. The present work proposes a comparative study of Deep Learning architectures for classification of natural and man-made sea events using SAR imagery. The evaluated architectures comprises models based on convolutional networks, inception blocks, and attention modules. Two datasets are employed for this purpose: the first one encompasses a series of natural events (geophysical phenomena), while the second describes a real oil spill scenario in the Gulf of Mexico from 2018 to 2021. As a result, through experimental analysis, it is demonstrated how the Xception and Deep Attention sampling architectures obtained the highest performance metrics, presenting Recall values of 94.2% and 87.4% for the classification of natural and human-made events, respectively.
Scopoletin contents and antioxidant properties of some edible plants of Black Sea regions
Authors: Çakır Damlanur Kübra , Zannou Oscar , Koca Ilkay
Published: February 2022

Scopoletin is a phytochemical of coumarins distributed in some plants. The aim of this study was the evaluation of scopoletin content and antioxidant activity of nettle, mallow, purslane, knot-grass, dill and coriander encountered in Black Sea regions. Analyses were conducted on the leaves and stems of these plants, except knot-grass. The lowest scopoletin content was found in nettle leaves (11.48 mg/kg) and the highest amount was found in knot-grass (6708.37 mg/kg). Scopoletin was not detected in stems of mallow, purslane and dill plants. The lowest total phenolic content was found in mallow stem (0.86 mg GAE/g) and the highest value was in knot-grass (67.74 mg GAE/g). The lowest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was ascertained in purslane stem (1571.58 µmol Fe2+/g) and the highest value in coriander leaves (64905.90 µmol Fe2+/g). The mallow stem displayed the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 48.63 µmol TE/g, while knot-grass provided the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 5261.56 µmol TE/g. These results revealed that knot-grass was the richest source of scopoletin and antioxidants. The studied plants exhibited a high interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Dylan, Lennon, Marx and God
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: February 2022

Bob Dylan and John Lennon are two of the most iconic names in popular music. Dylan is arguably the twentieth century's most important singer-songwriter. Lennon was founder and leader of the Beatles who remain, by some margin, the most covered songwriters in history. While Dylan erased the boundaries between pop and poetry, Lennon and his band transformed the genre's creative potential. The parallels between the two men are striking but underexplored. This book addresses that lack. Jon Stewart discusses Dylan's and Lennon's relationship; their politics; their understanding of history; and their deeply held spiritual beliefs. In revealing how each artist challenged the restrictive social norms of their day, the author shows how his subjects asked profound moral questions about what it means to be human and how we should live. His book is a potent meditation and exploration of two emblematic figures whose brilliance changed Western music for a generation.
Large-eddy simulation of a ducted propeller in crashback
Authors: Kroll Thomas Bahati , Mahesh Krishnan
Published: February 2022

Large-eddy simulation (LES) using an unstructured overset numerical method is performed to study the flow around a ducted marine propeller for the highly unsteady off-design condition called crashback. Known as one of the most challenging propeller states to analyse, the propeller rotates in the reverse direction to yield negative thrust while the vehicle is still in forward motion. The LES results for the marine propeller David Taylor Model Basin 4381 with a neutrally loaded duct are validated against experiments, showing good agreement. The simulations are performed at Reynolds number of 561 000 and an advance ratio

$J=-0.82$

. The flow field around the different components (duct, rotor blades and stator blades) and their impact on the unsteady loading are examined. The side-force coefficient

$K_S$

is mostly generated from the duct surface, consistent with experiments. The majority of the thrust and torque coefficients

$K_T$

and

$K_Q$

arise from the rotor blades. A prominent contribution to

$K_Q$

is also produced from the stator blades. Tip-leakage flow between the rotor blade tips and duct surface is shown to play a major role in the local unsteady loads on the rotor blades and duct. The physical mechanisms responsible for the overall unsteady loads and large side-force production are identified as globally, the vortex ring and locally, leading-edge separation as well as tip-leakage flow which forms blade-local recirculation zones.
No Longer Conforming to Stereotypes? Gender, Political Style and Parliamentary Debate in the UK
Authors: Hargrave Lotte , Blumenau Jack
Published: February 2022

Research on political style suggests that where women make arguments that are more emotional, empathetic and positive, men use language that is more analytical, aggressive and complex. However, existing work does not consider how gendered patterns of style vary over time. Focusing on the UK, we argue that pressures for female politicians to conform to stereotypically ‘feminine’ styles have diminished in recent years. To test this argument, we describe novel quantitative text-analysis approaches for measuring a diverse set of styles at scale in political speech data. Analysing UK parliamentary debates between 1997 and 2019, we show that the debating styles of female MPs have changed substantially over time, as women in Parliament have increasingly adopted stylistic traits that are typically associated with ‘masculine’ stereotypes of communication. Our findings imply that prominent gender-based stereotypes of politicians' behaviour are significantly worse descriptors of empirical reality now than they were in the past.
Clinical analysis of relapsing polychondritis with airway involvement
Authors: Zhai S-Y , Guo R-Y , Zhang C , Zhang C-M , Yin H-Y , Wang B-Q , Wen S-X
Published: February 2022

Objective

To identify the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of relapsing polychondritis patients with airway involvement.

Methods

Twenty-eight patients with relapsing polychondritis, hospitalised in the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University between April 2011 and April 2021, were retrospectively analysed.

Results

Fifty per cent of relapsing polychondritis patients with airway involvement had a lower risk of ear and ocular involvement. Relapsing polychondritis patients with airway involvement had a longer time-to-diagnosis (p< 0.001), a poorer outcome following glucocorticoid combined with immunosuppressant treatment (p= 0.004), and a higher recurrence rate than those without airway involvement (p= 0.004). The rates of positive findings on chest computed tomography and bronchoscopy in relapsing polychondritis patients with airway involvement were 88.9 per cent and 85.7 per cent, respectively. Laryngoscopy analysis showed that 66.7 per cent of relapsing polychondritis patients had varying degrees of mucosal lesions.

Conclusion

For relapsing polychondritis patients with airway involvement, drug treatment should be combined with local airway management.
People search via deep compressed sensing techniques
Authors: Lu Bing-Xian , Tsai Yu-Chung , Tseng Kuo-Shih
Published: February 2022

People search can be reformulated as submodular maximization problems to achieve solutions with theoretical guarantees. However, the number of submodular function outcome is$2^N$fromNsets. Compressing functions via nonlinear Fourier transform and spraying out sets are two ways to overcome this issue. This research proposed the submodular deep compressed sensing of convolutional sparse coding (SDCS-CSC) and applied the Topological Fourier Sparse Set (TFSS) algorithms to solve people search problems. The TFSS is based on topological and compressed sensing techniques, while the CSC is based on DCS techniques. Both algorithms enable an unmanned aerial vehicle to search for the people in environments. Experiments demonstrate that the algorithms can search for the people more efficiently than the benchmark approaches. This research also suggests how to select CSC or TFSS algorithms for different search problems.
On the second-order excess wealth order and its properties
Authors: Zardasht V.
Published: February 2022

In the literature, some stochastic orders have been extended to the higher orders in different scenarios. In this paper, inspired by interesting properties of the excess wealth order and its wide range application particularly in comparing the tail variability of risks, we consider the second-order excess wealth order and study its main properties. We obtain two results characterizing the proposed order. We also investigate its relationship with other well-known variability orders and criteria to compare risks. An application of the results in comparing the epoch times of two nonhomogeneous poisson processes is also given.
Comparison of clinical and imaging features between pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with lung cancer and simple pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sun Weiguo , Zhang Lingxia , Liang Jianqin , Li Xianan , Yang Yimei , Sun Wenna , Hou Jianghou
Published: February 2022

This review aimed to compare the clinical features and CT imaging features between patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and lung cancer and patients with PTB alone. That would help to analyse the differences between the two and consequently providing a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment for the patients. Relevant case-control studies focusing on the clinical and CT imaging characteristics between PTB with lung cancer and PTB alone were systematically searched from five electronic databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for comparison. As of 2021-07-06, a total of 1735 articles were retrieved. But only 15 articles were finally included for meta-analysis. The results showed a higher proportion of irritable cough, haemorrhagic pleural effusion and lower proportion of night sweating in PTB patients with lung cancer than in PTB patients, and the differences were statistically significant (irritable cough: OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.43–4.11; haemorrhagic pleural effusion: OR 5.73, 95% CI 1.63–20.12; night sweating: OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36–0.87). In addition, there are many differences in the imaging characteristics of the two types of patients. In conclusion, this review summarises the similarities and differences in clinical symptoms and imaging features between patients with PTB and lung cancer and patients with PTB alone, suggesting that we should be alert to the occurrence of lung cancer in patients with obsolete PTB relapse.
The Cosmic Significance of Directed Panspermia: Should Humanity Spread Life to Other Solar Systems?
Authors: Sivula Oskari
Published: February 2022

The possibility of seeding other planets with life poses a tricky dilemma. On the one hand, directed panspermia might be extremely good, while, on the other, it might be extremely bad depending on what factors are taken into consideration. Therefore, we need to understand better what is ethically at stake with planetary seeding. I map out possible conditions under which humanity should spread life to other solar systems. I identify two key variables that affect the desirability of propagating life throughout the galaxy. The first is axiological and depends on which value theory in environmental ethics is correct. The second is empirical and depends on whether life is common or not in our region of the universe. I also consider two ethical objections to an interplanetary life-seeding mission: the risk of interfering with indigenous life and the risk of increasing suffering in our galaxy.
Acute myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: a paediatric case
Authors: Giray Dilek , Epçaçan Serdar
Published: February 2022

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. In this case, a previously healthy, 17-year-old adolescent with myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination was reported. He was admitted to the hospital with severe chest pain, changes in electrocardiography, and elevation in serum troponin level after fourth day of receiving first dose of vaccine. There was no coronary arterial disease in coronary angiogram. A diagnosis of vaccine-induced myocarditis was made, and supportive treatment was initiated.
Are four maladaptive schema domains a better option than five? Recommendations based on comparison of the latent structure of schemas on a large group of healthy adults
Authors: Mącik Dorota , Mącik Radosław
Published: February 2022

Background:

Numerous publications and analyses conducted in various cultures lead to the conclusion that the latent structure of schemas is not unambiguous. The latest proposal by Bach et al. (2017a) includes 18 schemas and four domains; however, a five domain structure is also acceptable.

Aim:

The aim of the research was to directly compare both proposals based on the research of a large group of healthy people.

Method:

The schema questionnaire YSQ-S3 was completed by 2348 people aged 18–81 years, of whom women constituted slightly over 54%.

Results:

CFA analyses have demonstrated a poor fit to the data of all analysed models, with the model of four correlated domains, which is also characterised by higher loadings (standardised regression loadings), being the closest to fulfil the criteria. Exploratory factor analyses have shown an almost exact reflection of the structure with the assumed four factors; the structure of five factors has not been recreated. The released number of factors indicated a two-factor solution. The additional analysis confirmed positive medium correlations with negative affect and psychopathology symptoms. Negative correlations of self-esteem, positivity scale and positive affect indicate good divergent validity.

Conclusion:

The analysis confirms the existence of 18 schemas and supports the new four-domain model of the latent structure of schemas as more appropriate than a model consisting of five domains.
Effects of Early-Life Adversities on Neuropsychiatric and Executive Functions in HIV-Positive Adults
Authors: Clark Uraina S. , Herrington Olivia D. , Hegde Rachal R.
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to elevations in neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms in HIV+ adults. Emerging data suggest that exposures to threat-related and deprivation-related ACEs may have differential impacts on function, with threat exposure contributing to neuropsychiatric symptoms, and deprivation contributing to executive dysfunction. Yet, it remains unclear how specific types of ACEs impact neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms in HIV+ adults. Hence, the current study examined whether these two dimensions of adversity contribute differentially to neuropsychiatric symptoms and executive dysfunction in HIV+ adults.

Methods:

We included a sample of demographically matched HIV+ (N = 72) and HIV-negative (N = 85) adults. Standardized self-report measures assessed threat-related (interpersonal violence) and deprivation-related (poverty/neglect) ACEs, as well as neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, apathy). A brief battery of neuropsychological tests assessed executive functions.

Results:

Compared to HIV-negative participants, HIV+ participants reported significantly higher rates of threat exposure (51% vs. 67%, p = .04), while rates of deprivation did not differ significantly (8% vs. 13%, p = .38). In the HIV+ sample, threat exposure was associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (p < .01) but not executive dysfunction (p = .75). By contrast, deprivation was associated with executive dysfunction, at a trend level (p = .09), but not with neuropsychiatric symptoms (p = .70).

Conclusions:

Our data suggest that, relative to HIV-negative samples, HIV+ samples experience higher rates of threat-related ACEs, which contribute to neuropsychiatric symptom elevations. Moreover, our preliminary findings suggest that different types of ACEs could be associated with different profiles of neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive difficulty in HIV+ adults, highlighting the importance of considering dimensions of adversity in future studies.
Structural Analysis of Gliding Motility of a Bacteroidetes Bacterium by Correlative Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (CLSEM)
Authors: Khare Devanshi , Chandwadkar Pallavi , Acharya Celin
Published: February 2022

The members of the Bacteroidetes phylum move on surfaces by gliding motility in the absence of external motility appendages, leading to the formation of spreading colonies. Here, the structural features of the spreading colony were assessed in a uranium-tolerant Bacteroidetes bacterium, Chryseobacterium sp. strain PMSZPI, by using correlative light and scanning electron microscopy (CLSEM). We developed a simple and convenient workflow for CLSEM using a shuttle and find software module and a correlative sample holding slide designed to transport samples between the light/fluorescence microscope (LM/FM) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to image spreading colony edges. The datasets from the CLSEM studies allowed convenient examination of the colonial organization by LM/FM followed by ultrastructural analysis by SEM. The regions of interest (ROIs) of the spreading colony edges that were observed in LM/FM in the absence and presence of uranium could be re-identified in the SEM quickly without prolonged searching. Perfect correlation between LM and SEM could be achieved with minimum preparation steps. Subsequently, imaging of the correlated regions was done at higher resolution in SEM to obtain more comprehensive information. We further showed the association of uranium with the gliding PMSZPI cells by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) attached to SEM.
The Agnus Dei: Towards a Missional Dimension
Authors: Browning Ron
Published: February 2022

As a devotional part of the eucharistic liturgy, the Agnus Dei also carries a missional aspect. Exegeting the verse Jn 1.29 (‘Behold the Lamb of God…’) two major theories of the atonement are seen to be involved and are applicable to the meaning of the Agnus Dei. These two theories of the atonement (ransom and substitutionary) in their relationship to each other are noted, and a primary emphasis on the ransom theory and its background of the Passover is argued for. The Passover Lamb focus is seen as liberative and missional. This leads to seeing the Agnus Dei in its referring to the redeeming death of Christ (‘Lamb of God’) as appropriately accompanied by the fraction of the bread. The history of the Agnus Dei and its Eastern Orthodox roots are brought to bear, as are our modern Anglican liturgical forms.
Pleiotrope Effekte von Statinen – Was ist ihre klinische Bedeutung?
Authors: Riesen Walter F.
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Statine haben mehrere pleiotrope Wirkungen wie Entzündungshemmung, antithrombotische Wirkungen, Hemmung der Proliferation und Apoptose glatter Muskelzellen, Hemmung der Migration und Aktivierung von Makrophagen. Sie erhöhen den Blutzucker, mit Ausnahme von Pitavastatin. Die klinische Bedeutung der pleiotropen Wirkungen der Statine bleibt jedoch unklar. Die Senkung des Low-Density-Lipoprotein-Cholesterins (LDL-C) hat ähnliche Auswirkungen auf die Verringerung der kardiovaskulären Folgen, unabhängig davon, ob diese Senkung durch eine Statin- oder eine Nicht-Statin-Therapie erreicht wurde, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Senkung des LDL-C per se für die positive Wirkung auf kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse verantwortlich ist. Im Hinblick auf mikrovaskuläre Ereignisse könnten jedoch pleiotrope Wirkungen von Statinen eine Rolle spielen. Die unterschiedlichen pleiotropen Effekte der verschiedenen Statine könnten eine Grundlage für eine Patientinnen- und Patienten-orientierte Statintherapie sein.
Hypercalcemia: An Underestimated Value Always Good for a Surprise
Authors: Di Giulio Vincenzo , Fusi-Schmidhauser Tanja , Pons Marco
Published: February 2022

Abstract. We present the unusual case of a 62-year-old male with profound asthenia and dyspnea for the last two months. Blood exams showed a severe hypercalcemia. Suspecting an underlying malignancy, we performed a 18F-FDG PET-CT, revealing widespread metabolic uptakes in muscles, consistent with an inflammatory process. The muscular biopsy showed a non-necrotising granuloma with multinucleated giant cells, pathognomonic for the diagnosis of acute isolated muscular sarcoidosis. A high-dose steroid therapy was started with clinical improvement and serum calcium normalization.
Touched by Tragedy
Authors: Das Enny , te Hennepe Lisette
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Humans avoid thinking about death, yet they often watch tragic movies in which the main characters die. Seeking to explain this paradox, this research assessed conditions that motivate narrative processing of tragic movies about the loss of a loved one. Participants were assigned to a 3 (Mortality Salience of Self vs. Loved One vs. Control) × 2 (Movie Ending: Meaningful vs. Open) factorial design ( N = 187), and then completed measures of death-thought accessibility, mixed affect, boundary expansion, and identification. The two different mortality salience conditions increased death-thought accessibility in the same way. However, only mortality salience of a loved one increased mixed affect for movies with meaningful endings, which, in turn, predicted identification with the protagonist and boundary expansion into the story world. The findings suggest that movies about loss with meaningful endings may invite viewers to emotionally process the fundamental fear of losing a loved one.
Channel Response and Reservoir Delta Evolution From Source to Sink Following an Extreme Flood
Authors: Eidmann J. S. , Rathburn S. L. , White D. , Huson K.
Published: February 2022

Disturbances such as floods, fires, and mass movements introduce large volumes of sediment into fluvial systems. Tracking the movement of disturbance‐generated sediment provides insight into the processes of fluvial system response. Few studies document a post‐disturbance response that explicitly links channel change to evolution of a reservoir delta. We exploit the tight coupling in a sediment source‐to‐sink analysis of flood deposits over 6 years. Within the first year after the flood, the channel incised 1.5 m and widened 10 m. Limited channel morphologic change thereafter is attributed to bed armoring. Morphodynamic modeling of the channel predicted transport of Radio‐Frequency Identification‐tagged clasts from which we infer a discharge threshold of >14 m3/s for future geomorphic adjustments. Post‐flood discharges and reservoir drawdowns deposited 3 times the volume of sediment in the delta than was deposited during the flood and prograded the delta 200 m. Overall system response followed a characteristic sediment decay flux. Despite the sediment flux decline, comparable rates of delta progradation occurred due to reservoir drawdowns that shifted the sediment source from the channel to incision of the delta. Thus, the delta evolved via distinct processes based on sediment source and reservoir level: (a) aggradation of the delta topset and progradation of the Gilbert‐type clinoform when sediment is sourced from the channel during years when reservoir level fluctuated seasonally; and (b) delta progradation through incision of the delta topset during reservoir drawdowns. Our results reveal a genetic relationship between post‐disturbance channel and delta evolution.
Reduced Risks of Temperature Extremes From 0.5°C less Global Warming in the Earth's Three Poles
Authors: Tang Bin , Hu Wenting , Duan Anmin , Gao Kailun , Peng Yuzhuo
Published: February 2022

Future projection of temperature extremes in the “Earth's three poles” (the Arctic, Antarctica, and Third Pole‐Tibetan Plateau [TP]) is of importance to risk assessment and policymaking owing to the high sensitivity to climate change in these regions. In this study, future projections of four extreme temperature indices were constructed after the application of a bias correction method in models of Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The reduced intensification of temperature extremes in the Earth's three poles if warming can be limited to 1.5°C instead of 2°C above the pre‐industrial level was examined. Results showed that all the extreme temperature indices show significant increasing trends under both the SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5 scenarios over the Earth's three poles (SSP: Shared Socioeconomic Pathway). For the coldest night (TNn), warmest night (TNx), and warmest day (TXx), the greatest increase by the end of the 21st century under SSP5–8.5 occurs in the Arctic, followed by the TP and finally Antarctica. For the coldest day (TXn), the greatest increase occurs in the Arctic, followed by Antarctica and finally the TP. If global warming can be limited to 1.5°C rather than 2°C, the intensification of TNn, TNx, TXn, and TXx in the Arctic (Antarctica/TP) under SSP5–8.5 is projected to reduce by 66% (21.7%/44.26%), 50.31% (54.79%/60.52%), 71.58% (12.91%/65.81%), and 41.73% (81.3%/57.34%), respectively, and the results are similar for SSP2–4.5. Therefore, keeping a lower warming target is essential for reducing the risk of extreme events in the Earth's three poles.
The Forecast Skill of the Northern Hemisphere Middle Latitudes Seasonal Oscillation and Its Impact on the Surface Air Temperature
Authors: Stan Cristiana
Published: February 2022

This study examines the sub‐seasonal forecast skill of the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation variability in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid‐latitudes, the Middle Latitudes Seasonal Oscillation (MLSO), and the influence of MLSO on the forecast skill of surface weather in this area. The analysis is conducted using reforecasts produced by four forecast systems, which archive their output in the Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) Data Base. A reduced ensemble of reforecasts for each model is verified against the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. The S2S models display significant ability to predict the MLSO on the S2S time scale. The MLSO prediction skill is higher in boreal winter than in summer. A relationship is found between the MLSO and the forecast skill of 2‐m temperature (T2m) in the NH mid‐latitudes during the extended boreal winter. The prediction of T2m improves when MLSO events are in the initial conditions and the improvement depends on the phase of MLSO.
Is There an Outward Propagating Diurnal Signal in the Precipitation of Tropical Cyclones?
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Xu Weixin
Published: February 2022

Diurnal pulse (outward propagating signal) is a prominent feature in tropical cyclones (TCs) and closely related to TC structure and intensity. It is elusive whether the diurnal pulse is deep convectively coupled and what is the influence on (daily) mean TC structure. This study addresses these outstanding problems using long‐term satellite precipitation, infrared, and microwave data. Diurnal pulse of precipitation occurs in ∼50% TC days, and the frequency increases with TC intensity. The precipitation, cold clouds, and microwave‐based deep convection of active precipitation pulses show significant outward‐propagating or phase‐delaying diurnal features, indicating deep convective coupling in these pulsing events. Nearly half of the diurnal pulses have cloud and precipitation coupled, but the coupling frequency is reduced (20%–30%) at the later stage (12–15 hr) of long‐duration pulses. Daily mean precipitation, cloud top height, and microwave ice scattering are markedly enhanced in TCs with precipitation pulse, compared to TCs without precipitation pulse.
Van Allen Probes Observations of Symmetric Stormtime Compressional ULF Waves
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Crabtree Chris , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Boyd Alexander , Denton Richard E. , Turner Drew , Gkioulidou Matina , Vellante Massimo , Spence Harlan E.
Published: February 2022

Previous spacecraft studies showed that stormtime poloidal ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves in the ring current region have an antisymmetric (second harmonic) mode structure about the magnetic equator. This paper reports Van Allen Probes observations of symmetric ULF waves in the postnoon sector during a moderate geomagnetic storm. The mode structure is determined from the presence of purely compressional magnetic field oscillations at the equator accompanied by strong transverse electric field perturbations. Antisymmetric waves were also detected but only very late in the recovery phase. The symmetric waves were detected outside the plasmasphere at L = 3.0–5.5 and had peak power at 4–10 mHz, lower than the frequency of the local fundamental toroidal standing Alfvén wave. During the wave events, the flux of protons was enhanced at energies below ∼5 keV, which appears to be a prerequisite for the waves. The protons may provide free energies to waves through drift resonance instability or drift compressional instability, which occur in the presence of radial gradients of plasma parameters.
Along‐Orbit Analysis of GRACE Follow‐On Inter‐Satellite Laser Ranging Measurements for Sub‐Monthly Surface Mass Variations
Authors: Ghobadi‐Far Khosro , Han Shin‐Chan , McCullough Christopher M. , Wiese David N. , Ray Richard D. , Sauber Jeanne , Shihora Linus , Dobslaw Henryk
Published: February 2022

We examined the sensitivity of GRACE Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO) laser ranging interferometer (LRI) measurements to sub‐monthly time‐variable gravity (TVG) signals caused by transient, high‐frequency mass changes in the Earth system. GRACE‐FO LRI provides complementary inter‐satellite ranging measurements with higher precision over a wider range of frequencies than the baseline K‐band microwave ranging system. The common approach for studying mass variation relies on the inverted TVG or mascon solutions over a period of, for example, one month or 10 days which are adversely affected by temporal aliasing and/or smoothing. In this article, we present the alternative along‐orbit analysis methodology in terms of line‐of‐sight gravity difference (LGD) to fully exploit the higher precision LRI measurements for examination of sub‐monthly mass changes. The discrepancy between “instantaneous” LGD LRI observations and monthly‐mean LGD (from Level‐2 data) at satellite altitude indicates the sub‐monthly gravitational variability not captured by monthly‐mean solutions. In conjunction with the satellite ocean altimetry observations, high‐frequency non‐tidal atmosphere and ocean models, and hydrology models, we show that the LGD LRI observations detect the high‐frequency oceanic mass variability in the Argentine Basin and the Gulf of Carpentaria, and sub‐monthly variations in surface (river) water in the Amazon Basin. We demonstrate the benefits gained from repeat ground track analysis of GRACE‐FO LRI data in the case of the Amazon surface water flow. The along‐orbit analysis methodology based on LGD LRI time series presented here is especially suitable for quantifying temporal and spatial evolution of extreme, rapidly changing mass variations.
Phytoplankton Community Patterns in the Northeastern South China Sea: Implications of Intensified Kuroshio Intrusion During the 2015/16 El Niño
Authors: Ding Xiang , Liu Jiaxing , Zhang Huangchen , Ke Zhixin , Li Jiajun , Liu Weiwei , Li Kaizhi , Zhao Chunyu , Tan Yehui
Published: February 2022

Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS) varies seasonally and interannually under different climatic conditions. To characterize the intensity of the climate‐driven Kuroshio intrusion and its impact on the phytoplankton community in the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS), two cruises were conducted during the 2015/16 El Niño event. In situ observations and remote sensing data showed that the Kuroshio strongly intruded into the SCS in both summer and winter. The summer phytoplankton community was dominated by cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium erythraeum), associated with high surface temperature, shallower mixed layer depth, and low nutrient concentrations. The winter phytoplankton community was mainly dominated by cosmopolitan diatoms (Thalassiosira diporocyclus, Thalassionema nitzschioides, and Chaetoceros socialis), associated with low surface temperature, deeper mixed layers, and relatively higher nutrient concentrations. Meanwhile, the elevated abundance of T. erythraeum coupled well with the Kuroshio intrusion index during the El Niño summer. The phytoplankton network was unstable in summer but not in winter, induced by the Kuroshio intrusion. Our findings show that intensified Kuroshio intrusion during the El Niño event was a vital driving force for reshaping phytoplankton community dynamics of the NESCS through lateral advection and affecting temperature, mixed layer depth, and nutrient supply.
A Source of WRF Simulation Error for the Early‐Summer Warm‐Sector Heavy Rainfall Over South China Coast: Land‐Sea Thermal Contrast in the Boundary Layer
Authors: Gao Xiaoyu , Luo Yali , Lin Yanluan , Bao Xinghua
Published: February 2022

Quantitative prediction of the early‐summer warm‐sector heavy rainfall over South China coast (SCC) is still a challenge. This study conducts convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecast model simulations for a representative nocturnal‐to‐morning heavy rainfall event related to low‐level jets during 29–30 May 2020, and explores sources of simulated rainfall bias using multi‐source observations, reanalysis data and sensitivity experiments. Results show that the model initiated about 12 hr before the coastal convection initiation only produces sporadic convection and misses the heavy rainfall at SCC, although it captures the major synoptic features as in previous studies. The underestimated convection development is closely related to insufficient convergence of boundary layer (BL) wind due to overestimated speed of the onshore BL wind. Increasing the land surface friction effects in the simulations through either multiplying the surface roughness length by 10 or including sub‐grid topography drag effects could help little suppress the simulated biases. Using hourly data assimilation to improve the simulation of marine/land BL temperature from the afternoon to nighttime produces a desired change in the nocturnal BL wind across the coastline and significantly improves rainfall simulation with the maximum and average rainfall over SCC increased by about 4 and 6.5 times, respectively. These findings indicate that, to improve the prediction of the nocturnal heavy rainfall in the warm‐sector over SCC during early summer, it is necessary to more accurately predict the BL thermal structure during the daytime, in addition to the previously emphasized nocturnally enhanced marine BL flow.
Lidar Ratio–Depolarization Ratio Relations of Atmospheric Dust Aerosols: The Super‐Spheroid Model and High Spectral Resolution Lidar Observations
Authors: Kong Senyi , Sato Kaori , Bi Lei
Published: February 2022

The backscattering optical properties of an ensemble of randomly oriented dust particles at a wavelength of 355 nm were comprehensively studied by examining the invariant imbedding T‐matrix results of the super‐spheroid dust model. In particular, we focused on the lidar ratio () and depolarization ratio () relations of dust aerosols to aid interpretation of data from the Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) instrument that will be onboard the Earth Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite. Super‐spheroid models with various aspect ratios (), roundness parameters , and refractive indices were investigated over a wide range of particle sizes and compared to the observation data of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley 355‐nm airborne high spectral resolution lidar. We found that super‐spheroid dust particles with different sets of and could be used to model almost the entire range of the observed joint distributions of and . The relation could effectively discriminate among dust particle types. The observed and values with the largest population density were best covered by models with n > 2, especially by those with varying from 2.4 to 3.0.
Lithospheric Structure of Venusian Crustal Plateaus
Authors: Maia J. S. , Wieczorek M. A.
Published: February 2022

Crustal plateaus are Venusian highlands characterized by tectonized terrains. It is commonly interpreted that their topography is isostatically supported and that they represent fossils of an extinct tectonic regime. Using gravity and topography we perform a comprehensive investigation of the lithospheric structure of six crustal plateaus. We computed the admittance (gravity to topography wavelength‐dependent ratio) for each region and compared them to modeled admittances. Three compensation scenarios were tested: Airy isostasy, a surface‐loading flexural model, and a flexural model with surface and subsurface loads. Our results show that the topography of most plateaus is supported by crustal thickening and that the addition of a mantle support component is not necessary at the investigated wavelengths. The elastic thickness was constrained to be less than 35 km with a best‐fitting average of 15 km, confirming that these regions are consistent with an isostatic regime. The average crustal thickness of the plateaus ranges from 15 to 34 km, and if they are in Airy isostasy, this implies that the global average crustal thickness of Venus is about 20 km. Phoebe Regio is the sole exception of our analysis in that crustal thicknesses that are compatible with the other plateaus are obtained only when a buoyant layer is included. Heat flow estimations computed from the elastic thickness indicate that the plateaus formed under higher heat flow conditions compared to the current global average and could have caused localized melting. Present‐day heat flow predictions suggest that eclogitization could occur where the crust is thickest.
Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in Salt Marshes and Their Impact on Plant Ecology and Coastal Biogeochemistry
Authors: Xin Pei , Wilson Alicia , Shen Chengji , Ge Zhenming , Moffett Kevan B. , Santos Isaac R. , Chen Xiaogang , Xu Xinghua , Yau Yvonne Y. Y. , Moore Willard , Li Ling , Barry D. A.
Published: February 2022

Salt marshes are highly productive intertidal wetlands providing important ecological services for maintaining coastal biodiversity, buffering against oceanic storms, and acting as efficient carbon sinks. However, about half of these wetlands have been lost globally due to human activities and climate change. Inundated periodically by tidal water, salt marshes are subjected to strong surface water and groundwater interactions, which affect marsh plant growth and biogeochemical exchange with coastal water. This paper reviews the state of knowledge and current approaches to quantifying marsh surface water and groundwater interactions with a focus on porewater flow and associated soil conditions in connection with plant zonation as well as carbon, nutrients, and greenhouse gas fluxes. Porewater flow and solute transport in salt marshes are primarily driven by tides with moderate regulation by rainfall, evapotranspiration and sea level rise. Tidal fluctuations play a key role in plant zonation through alteration of soil aeration and salt transport, and drive the export of significant fluxes of carbon and nutrients to coastal water. Despite recent progress, major knowledge gaps remain. Previous studies focused on flows in creek‐perpendicular marsh sections and overlooked multi‐scale 3D behaviors. Understanding of marsh ecological‐hydrological links under combined influences of different forcing factors and boundary disturbances is lacking. Variations of surface water and groundwater temperatures affect porewater flow, soil conditions and biogeochemical exchanges, but the extent and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We need to fill these knowledge gaps to advance understanding of salt marshes and thus enhance our ability to protect and restore them.