bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
14N overtone nuclear magnetic resonance of rotating solids
Authors: Gan Zhehong , Hung Ivan , Nishiyama Yusuke , Amoureux Jean-Paul , Lafon Olivier , Nagashima Hiroki , Trébosc Julien , Hu Bingwen
Published: August 2018

By irradiating and observing at twice the 14N Larmor frequency, overtone (OT) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is capable of obtaining 14NOT spectra without first-order quadrupolar broadening. Direct excitation and detection of the usually “forbidden” double-quantum transition is mediated by the perturbation from the large quadrupole interaction to the spin states quantized by the Zeeman interaction. A recent study [L. A. O’Dell and C. I. Ratcliffe, Chem. Phys. Lett. 514, 168 (2011)] has shown that 14NOT NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) can yield high-resolution spectra with typical second-order quadrupolar line shapes allowing the measurement of 14N chemical shift and quadrupolar coupling parameters. This article has also shown that under MAS the main 14NOT peak is shifted by twice the sample spinning frequency with respect to its static position. We present the theory of 14NOT NMR of static or rotating samples and the physical picture of the intriguing spinning-induced shift in the second case. We use perturbation theory for the case of static samples and Floquet theory for rotating samples. In both cases, the results can be described by a so-called OT parameter that scales down the 14NOT radio-frequency (rf) excitation and signal detection. This OT parameter shows that the components of the rf field, which are transverse and longitudinal with respect to the magnetic field, are both effective for 14NOT rf excitation and signal detection. In the case of MAS at angular frequency ωr, the superposition of the excitation and detection components in the OT parameter makes either the +2ωr or −2ωr term the dominant 14NOT signal, depending on the sense of sample spinning with respect to the magnetic field. This leads to an apparent 14NOT signal shifted at twice the spinning frequency. The features of 14NOT NMR spectra for both static and rotating samples are illustrated with simulations. The spinning induced shift and its dependence on the spinning direction are confirmed experimentally by reversing the spinning direction and the field of the 36 T series-connected hybrid magnet at the US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.
Improving the read-out of the resonance frequency of nanotube mechanical resonators
Authors: Schwender Jil , Tsioutsios Ioannis , Tavernarakis Alexandros , Dong Quan , Jin Yong , Staufer Urs , Bachtold Adrian
Published: August 2018

We report on an electrical detection method of ultrasensitive carbon nanotube mechanical resonators. The noise floor of the detection method is reduced using a RLC resonator and an amplifier based on a high electron mobility transistor cooled at 4.2 K. This allows us to resolve the resonance frequency of nanotube resonators with an unprecedented quality. We show that the noise of the resonance frequency measured at 4.2 K is limited by the resonator itself, and not by the imprecision of the measurement. The Allan deviation reaches ∼10−5 at 125 ms integration time. When comparing the integration time dependence of the Allan deviation to a power law, the exponent approaches ∼1/4. The Allan deviation might be limited by the diffusion of particles over the surface of the nanotube. Our work holds promise for mass spectrometry and surface science experiments based on mechanical nano-resonators.
Obliquely propagating magnetosonic waves in a plasma modeled by bi-anisotropic Cairns distribution
Authors: Khan Imran A. , Iqbal Z. , Naim H. , Murtaza G.
Published: August 2018

Waves and instabilities have very often been an object of fascination since the introduction of non-Maxwellian features in space plasmas. To date, the dispersion relation, including real frequency, damping, and growth rates of magnetosonic waves has been studied in many different types of non-Maxwellian distributions. However, these characteristics have been overlooked in the temperature bi-anisotropic Cairns distribution, characterized by the free parameter Λ. By employing the linearized Vlasov–Maxwell system in homogeneous plasma, the dispersion relation is analytically solved. It is found that the non-Maxwellian features, Λ ≠ 0 along with electron temperature anisotropy, notably modify the real frequency, damping, and growth rates—both in the hydrodynamic as well as in the kinetic regimes. Interestingly, the growth rate in the kinetic regime is entirely due to the correlation of Λ with the electron temperature anisotropy which is otherwise absent in the Maxwellian distribution. Due to their relevance, the results are applicable to solar wind plasma.
Development of near-isogenic lines targeting a major QTL on 3AL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in bread wheat
Authors: Wang Xingyi , Liu Hui , Mia Md Sultan , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Yan Guijun
Published: August 2018

Resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most valuable traits in many breeding programs. However, the quantitative nature of inheritance of PHS resistance challenges the study of this trait. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) can turn a complicated quantitative trait into a Mendelian factor (qualitative) and are, therefore, valuable materials for identification of the gene(s) responsible for a specific phenotypic trait and for functional studies of specific loci. Five pairs of NILs were developed and confirmed for a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) located on the long arm of chromosome 3A contributing to PHS resistance in wheat. These NILs were generated by using the heterogeneous inbred family method and a fast generation-cycling system. Significant differences in PHS resistance between the isolines were detected in the NILs. The presence of the PHS-resistance allele from the resistant parent increased resistance to sprouting on spikes by 26.7–96.8%, with an average of 73.8%, and increased seed dormancy by 36.9–87.2%, with an average of 59.9% across the NILs. These NILs are being used for the identification of candidate genes responsible for this major PHS-resistance locus on wheat chromosome arm 3AL.
Training citizen translators
Authors: Federici Federico M. , Cadwell Patrick
Published: August 2018

Translators and interpreters have been shown to play an important role in supporting the activities of NGOs involved in crisis communication scenarios. However, there is little evidence of whether standardized training materials or technological assistance are required by or would be beneficial to quickly recruited ‘citizen translators’ working in these environments. This article will present a study of the design, delivery, and preliminary evaluation of a set of training materials developed for use in a citizen translation project run by New Zealand Red Cross (NZRC) with the support of the EU H2020-funded International Network on Crisis Translation (INTERACT). The article describes the training materials and discusses the epistemological and didactic issues that were faced in their design and delivery. Findings from the article will be of interest to those seeking to understand citizen translation and issues involved in working with an NGO on translator training.
Contact zones of the aid chain
Authors: Delgado Luchner Carmen
Published: August 2018

Switzerland is a multilingual country with four official languages. As such, NGOs and other organizations based in Switzerland tend to have a comparatively high awareness of multilingualism. Based on in-depth interviews with representatives of two Swiss development NGOs, Caritas Switzerland and theFédération genevoise de coopération, this paper aims to explore how Swiss development NGOs work multilingually at home and abroad.

By zooming in on the language practices that are used in the different contact zones along the aid chain we aim to provide a more nuanced picture of multilingualism in development projects. The two case studies show that professional translation is merely one of several strategies used to overcome language barriers in the aid chain. Others includead hoclanguage mediation practices, reliance on bilingual staff and the use of alingua franca.
Amnesty International Language Resource Centre
Authors: Combeaud Bonallack Patricia
Published: August 2018

In the wake of profound structural and organizational changes stemming from an institutional restructure as part of the Global Transition Programme and the Governance Reform undertaken to transform Amnesty International into a truly global movement, the Amnesty International Language Resource Centre examines the role it must play in order to align with the new operating model and evaluates the position it should reach so as to contribute to organizational aspirations for increased diversity and inclusion, as well as integrated approaches to working practices. This paper presents, in broad terms, the operational impact the structural changes have had on its language activities and reaffirms the Language Resource Centre’s crucial contribution to advancing the human rights agenda as a language service provider and strategic language advisor.
Development in so many words
Authors: Sanz Martins Alberto
Published: August 2018

This article describes the trajectory of Oxfam GB as an international organisation, its structure, the way it operates and the linguistic issues that led to the creation of a professional translation service. It explores the ongoing challenges and the kind of support translation researchers could provide to help resolve them, with the goal of developing better professionals in the broader development sector.
Production in open field.
Authors: Santos B. M. , Salamé-Donoso T. P.
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the most important field procedures for managing the tomato crop, including soil preparation and disinfection, planting techniques, crop management and harvesting.
Growth and development of blueberries.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F.
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the anatomy and morphology of the highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) and rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) are discussed, followed by a discussion of vegetative and reproductive growth and development. Effects of environmental factors (such as temperature and photoperiod) on growth and development are also presented.
Nutrition in blueberries.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines some fundamental concepts of plant nutrition and describes the critical factors influencing blueberry nutrition. These factors include: (i) supply of nutrients from the soil (substrate); (ii) soil pH; (iii) role of ericoid mycorrhizae; (iv) determination of nutrient status; (v) absorption and translocation of nutrients within the plant; and (vi) application of nutrients.
Ethical tensions from a 'science alone' approach in communicating genetic engineering science to consumers.
Authors: Kolodinsky J.
Published: August 2018

This chapter identifies and examines the ethical tension between the need to communicate the risks and benefits of science and technology to the public and the science and ethics of such communication. It begins with a historical background of the commercialization of genetically engineered (GE) foods and places the ethical debate about GE foods in the bioethics rubric of autonomy, non-malfeasance, beneficence and justice. Ethical tensions about GE foods go beyond safety and include difficult to quantify issues, such as interference with the natural order of things, religion, freedom of choice, environmental concern, trust, risk, cultural identity, equity, fairness, consent and self-determination. Through an analysis of the literature, including scientific, gray and popular, this chapter shows that policies promoting autonomy can appease ethical concerns of consumers by providing choice in the marketplace.
New technology, ethical tensions and the mediating role of translational research.
Authors: Valdivia C. , James H. S., Jr. , Quiroz R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents two cases that relate to innovations in smallholder contexts, where food insecurity and a changing climate create a context of vulnerability framed by uncertainty and risks. The innovations (genetically modified cassava for smallholder farming in Kenya and remote-sensing technologies with unmanned aerial vehicles for East African smallholder farmers) provide examples of how translational research can address some of the ethical issues that arise from technological fixes. The common thread in these cases is the way participatory approach can help mitigate potential ethical challenges that arise when scientists and innovators seek solutions to difficult problems in contexts where there are differences in values, power and knowledge by a diversity of actors or stakeholders and institutions, and where the context itself may impact on the outcomes.
Plant Stature Related receptor-like Kinanse2 (PSRK2) acts as a factor that determines stem elongation toward gibberellins response in rice
Authors: Li Yixing , Tang Dongying , Li Li , Zhao Xiaoying , Lin Jianzhong , Liu Xuanming
Published: August 2018

Gibberellins (GAs) are a family of plant hormones that are important to multiple aspects of plant growth and development, especially stem elongation. A PSRK2 was obtained through screening and identifying RLK dominant negative mutants. Phenotype of the loss-of-function mutants, psrk2-DN and psrk2-RNAi, showed that PSRK2 could influence the length of the uppermost and fourth internodes, indicating that PSRK2 might regulate cell division in the intercalary meristems and/or cell elongation in the internodes. Moreover, the expression pattern showed that PSRK2 was strongly expressed in the joined-nodes after the start-up of reproductive growth, but undetectable in leaves. PSRK2 expression was also found to be induced by GA3, and PSRK2 was involved in GA signaling in cereal aleurone cells, and PSRK2 influence the relative length of the second leaf sheaths in seedling stage. These results indicate PSRK2 is a component of GA signaling pathway that controls stem elongation by negatively regulating GA responses.

Abbreviations: Os: Oryza sativa; At: Arabidopsis thaliana; RNAi: RNA interfere; DN: Dominate Negative; SMART: Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool; Uni : Uniconazol; PSRK2: Plant Stature Related receptor-like Kinase 2; RLK: Receptor-like Kinase; GA: Gibberellin; IAA: indole-3-acetic acid; BL: Brassinosteroid
Trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity: current understanding, challenges, and frontiers
Authors: Mohan Nishant , Jiang Jiangsong , Dokmanovic Milos , Wu Wen Jin
Published: August 2018

Trastuzumab, an epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) targeting humanized monoclonal antibody, has been approved for the treatment HER2-positive breast cancer and HER2-positve metastatic gastric cancer. However, cardiotoxicity associated with its clinical application poses challenges for clinicians and patients, mechanisms of which are still evolving. This review will summarize the current mechanistic understanding of trastuzumab-mediated cardiotoxicity, discuss the novel role of DNA topoisomerase IIB as a shared target for enhanced cardiotoxicity induced by trastuzumab and anthracyclines-based combination regimens, and speculate the potential impact of trastuzumab intervention in immune checkpoint inhibitors-based therapies.
Cognitive, Olfactory, and Affective Determinants of Body Weight in Aging Individuals
Authors: Aiello Marilena , Parma Valentina , De Carlo Sara , Hummel Thomas , Rumiati Raffaella I
Published: August 2018

Objective

A complex interplay of factors including cognitive, sensory and affective aspects has been associated in a controversial way with anthropometric measures related to body weight.

Methods

Here we propose two studies to investigate whether and how cognitive, olfactory and affective variables resulted associated with body weight during healthy aging. In Study 1, we investigated the cognitive status, the odor identification skills, and the BMI of 209 individuals (50–96 yo). In Study 2 an extensive evaluation of cognitive functions (in particular executive functions and memory), odor threshold, discrimination and identification and affective skills (i.e., depression and anxiety) was performed in a group of 35 healthy, free-living aging individuals (58–85 yo).

Results

In Study 1, greater BMI was not associated with performance on the odor identification task but was significantly associated with better cognitive skills. In Study 2, we observed that executive functions seemed to favor a successful managing of body weight, and individuals with greater BMI and waist circumference showed significantly better odor discrimination skills. Finally, lower waist circumference (but not BMI) was found significantly associated with greater levels of anxiety.

Conclusions

These results confirm that cognitive, olfactory and affective factors may influence body weight during healthy aging.
Safety and Efficacy of Smooth Surface Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Fairchild Berry , Ellsworth Warren , Selber Jesse C , Bogue David P , Zavlin Dmitry , Nemir Stephanie , Checka Cristina M , Clemens Mark W
Published: August 2018

Background

Traditional 2-stage breast reconstruction involves placement of a textured-surface tissue expander (TTE). Recent studies have demonstrated textured surface devices have higher propensity for bacterial contamination and biofilm formation.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of smooth surface tissue expanders (STE) in immediate breast reconstruction.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed consecutive women who underwent STE breast reconstruction from 2016 to 2017 at 3 institutions. Indications and outcomes were evaluated.

Results

A total 112 patients underwent STE reconstruction (75 subpectoral, 37 prepectoral placement), receiving 173 devices and monitored for a mean follow-up of 14.1 months. Demographics of patients included average age of 53 years and average BMI of 27.2 kg/m2, and 18.6% received postmastectomy radiation therapy. Overall complication rates were 15.6% and included mastectomy skin flap necrosis (10.4%), seroma (5.2%), expander malposition (2.9%), and infection requiring intravenous antibiotic therapy (3.5%). Six (3.5%) unplanned reoperations with explantation were reported for 3 infections and 3 patients requesting change of plan with no reconstruction.

Conclusions

STEs represent a safe and efficacious alternative to TTE breast reconstruction with at least equitable outcomes. Technique modification including tab fixation, strict pocket control, postoperative bra support, and suture choice may contribute to observed favorable outcomes and are reviewed. Early results for infection control and explantation rate are encouraging and warrant comparative evaluation for potential superiority over TTEs in a prospective randomized trial.

Level of Evidence: 4
Prevalence and correlates of coronary microvascular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: PROMIS-HFpEF
Authors: Shah Sanjiv J , Lam Carolyn S P , Svedlund Sara , Saraste Antti , Hage Camilla , Tan Ru-San , Beussink-Nelson Lauren , Ljung Faxén Ulrika , Fermer Maria Lagerström , Broberg Malin A , Gan Li-Ming , Lund Lars H
Published: August 2018

Aims

To date, clinical evidence of microvascular dysfunction in patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has been limited. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and its association with systemic endothelial dysfunction, HF severity, and myocardial dysfunction in a well defined, multi-centre HFpEF population.

Methods and results

This prospective multinational multi-centre observational study enrolled patients fulfilling strict criteria for HFpEF according to current guidelines. Those with known unrevascularized macrovascular coronary artery disease (CAD) were excluded. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was measured with adenosine stress transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. Systemic endothelial function [reactive hyperaemia index (RHI)] was measured by peripheral arterial tonometry. Among 202 patients with HFpEF, 151 [75% (95% confidence interval 69–81%)] had CMD (defined as CFR <2.5). Patients with CMD had a higher prevalence of current or prior smoking (70% vs. 43%; P = 0.0006) and atrial fibrillation (58% vs. 25%; P = 0.004) compared with those without CMD. Worse CFR was associated with higher urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and NTproBNP, and lower RHI, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and right ventricular (RV) free wall strain after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, revascularized CAD, smoking, left ventricular mass, and study site (P < 0.05 for all associations).

Conclusions

PROMIS-HFpEF is the first prospective multi-centre, multinational study to demonstrate a high prevalence of CMD in HFpEF in the absence of unrevascularized macrovascular CAD, and to show its association with systemic endothelial dysfunction (RHI, UACR) as well as markers of HF severity (NTproBNP and RV dysfunction). Microvascular dysfunction may be a promising therapeutic target in HFpEF.
A near complete, chromosome-scale assembly of the black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) genome
Authors: VanBuren Robert , Wai Ching Man , Colle Marivi , Wang Jie , Sullivan Shawn , Bushakra Jill M , Liachko Ivan , Vining Kelly J , Dossett Michael , Finn Chad E , Jibran Rubina , Chagné David , Childs Kevin , Edger Patrick P , Mockler Todd C , Bassil Nahla V
Published: August 2018

Background

The fragmented nature of most draft plant genomes has hindered downstream gene discovery, trait mapping for breeding, and other functional genomics applications. There is a pressing need to improve or finish draft plant genome assemblies.

Findings

Here, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of the black raspberry genome using single-molecule real-time Pacific Biosciences sequencing and high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) genome scaffolding. The updated V3 assembly has a contig N50 of 5.1 Mb, representing an ~200-fold improvement over the previous Illumina-based version. Each of the 235 contigs was anchored and oriented into seven chromosomes, correcting several major misassemblies. Black raspberry V3 contains 47 Mb of new sequences including large pericentromeric regions and thousands of previously unannotated protein-coding genes. Among the new genes are hundreds of expanded tandem gene arrays that were collapsed in the Illumina-based assembly. Detailed comparative genomics with the high-quality V4 woodland strawberry genome (Fragaria vesca) revealed near-perfect 1:1 synteny with dramatic divergence in tandem gene array composition. Lineage-specific tandem gene arrays in black raspberry are related to agronomic traits such as disease resistance and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

Conclusions

The improved resolution of tandem gene arrays highlights the need to reassemble these highly complex and biologically important regions in draft plant genomes. The updated, high-quality black raspberry reference genome will be useful for comparative genomics across the horticulturally important Rosaceae family and enable the development of marker assisted breeding in Rubus.
Lattice and continuum modelling of a bioactive porous tissue scaffold
Authors: Krause Andrew L , Beliaev Dmitry , Van Gorder Robert A , Waters Sarah L
Published: August 2018

A contemporary procedure to grow artificial tissue is to seed cells onto a porous biomaterial scaffold and culture it within a perfusion bioreactor to facilitate the transport of nutrients to growing cells. Typical models of cell growth for tissue engineering applications make use of spatially homogeneous or spatially continuous equations to model cell growth, flow of culture medium, nutrient transport and their interactions. The network structure of the physical porous scaffold is often incorporated through parameters in these models, either phenomenologically or through techniques like mathematical homogenization. We derive a model on a square grid lattice to demonstrate the importance of explicitly modelling the network structure of the porous scaffold and compare results from this model with those from a modified continuum model from the literature. We capture two-way coupling between cell growth and fluid flow by allowing cells to block pores, and by allowing the shear stress of the fluid to affect cell growth and death. We explore a range of parameters for both models and demonstrate quantitative and qualitative differences between predictions from each of these approaches, including spatial pattern formation and local oscillations in cell density present only in the lattice model. These differences suggest that for some parameter regimes, corresponding to specific cell types and scaffold geometries, the lattice model gives qualitatively different model predictions than typical continuum models. Our results inform model selection for bioactive porous tissue scaffolds, aiding in the development of successful tissue engineering experiments and eventually clinically successful technologies.
A painter, a collector, and a horseshoe crab: connoisseurs of art and nature in early modern Antwerp
Authors: Rijks Marlise
Published: August 2018

This article discusses the horseshoe crab in collections and paintings in early modern Antwerp. Such a crab is depicted in at least three paintings by the Antwerp artist Frans Francken the Younger – among the earliest European depictions of this animal and the first in the medium of oil paint. It is suggested that the crab depicted by Francken was probably in the collection of his acquaintance, the notary Gilles de Kimpe, one of the city’s most avid collectors. Early modern Antwerp supported a lively collecting culture and people like Francken and De Kimpe were fascinated by the variety and abundance of nature. In their own ways, through ownership, observation, and depiction, they were connoisseurs of art and nature, this connoisseurship alluding to questions pertaining to the recognition of curious and exotic specimens, such as the horseshoe crab.
The alignment is in their stars: on the spin-alignment of stars in star clusters
Authors: Rey-Raposo Ramon , Read Justin I
Published: August 2018

We simulate star formation in two molecular clouds extracted from a larger disc-galaxy simulation with a spatial resolution of ∼0.1 pc, one exiting a spiral arm dominated by compression, and another in an inter-arm region more strongly affected by galactic shear. Treating the stars as ‘sink particles’, we track their birth angular momentum, and the later evolution of their angular momentum due to gas accretion. We find that in both clouds, the sinks have spin vectors that are aligned with one another, and with the global angular momentum vector of the star cluster. This alignment is present at birth, but enhanced by later gas accretion. In the compressive cloud, the sink-spins remain aligned with the gas for at least a free-fall time. By contrast, in the shear cloud, the increased turbulent mixing causes the sinks to rapidly misalign with their birth cloud on approximately a gas free-fall time. In spite of this, both clouds show a strong alignment of sink-spins at the end of our simulations, independently of environment.
Effect of Empiric Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Neurosurgical Trauma Patients on Surgical Site and Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Belton Patrick J , Litofsky N Scott , Humphries William E
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Although empiric treatment of urinary tract colonized patients remains a frequent practice in neurosurgery, the value of this practice remains debatable.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effect of screening and treatment of bacteriuria on surgical site infections, incidence of Clostridium difficile, and mortality in neurosurgical trauma patients.

METHODS

Database queries and direct patient chart reviews were used to gather patient chart data. T-tests, chi-square tests, binary logistic regressions, and propensity matched cohorts comparisons were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 3563 admitted neurosurgical trauma patients were identified over an 8 yr period (1524 cranial, 1778 spinal, and 261 combined craniospinal diagnoses). Nine hundred ninety-one patients underwent an operative neurosurgical procedure. Urinalysis was significantly associated with antibiotics exposure in both operative and nonoperative patients (P < .001). Operative patients treated with empiric antibiotics did not have a reduced risk of wound infection (P = .21), including in a propensity matched cohort (P = .52). Patients treated with empiric antibiotics had significantly increased rates of C. difficile infection (P < .001). At last follow-up, neurosurgical trauma patients that developed C. difficile had an increased risk of death (P < .005); antibiotic exposure and death were also significantly associated (P = .018). The association of C. difficile with empiric antibiotics remained significant in a propensity-matched cohort (P = .0024).

CONCLUSION

The routine use of urinalysis and empiric urinary antibiotics for bacteriuria in neurosurgical trauma patients without urinary symptoms increases risk of exposure to antibiotics does not decrease rates of wound infection, and is associated with increased rates of C. difficile infection and death.
Hesiod in Performance
Authors: Bakker Egbert
Published: August 2018

In this interpretation of the Theogony and Works and Days as acts of performance, the well-known biographical details of Hesiod’s life are treated as part of an authorial persona that inheres in the situation that the poem represents. The singer’s dispute with his brother Perses is not a reality outside the poem; rather, it is created, and settled, in and through the poem. The chapter examines the deictic markers through which the poems achieve their “performative” effects. A comparison with Homer is offered in which Hesiod is aligned with the mimetic representation of drama, as opposed to the Homeric narrator, who as more “impersonal” vehicle sets the stage for his characters.
Solon’s Reception of Hesiod’s Works and Days
Authors: Almeida Joseph A.
Published: August 2018

This chapter presents observations about the relationship between the poetry of Hesiod and of Solon (Works and Days 213–326 and Solon frr. 4 and 13). In the first half of fr. 4 Solon, through a series of allusions, incorporates into his poem Hesiod’s authority on dikē to validate condemnation of injustice in his own city, and in the second half of the poem he turns the Hesiodic pessimism of this injustice into an optimistic hope for his city’s just future. In fr. 13 Solon expands Hesiod’s notion of Zeus as the punisher of injustice to create a pessimistic view of human life darker than Hesiod’s own. A final discussion of the scholarly division on the question of whether dikē in Solon is essentially Hesiodic or something new in Greek thought rounds out the observations on the relation between the poets and confirms Solon’s dependence on Hesiod.
Ovid’s Hesiodic Voices
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis
Published: August 2018

Ovid’s poetry opens a dialogue with the three major Hesiodic works: the Theogony, the Works and Days, and the Catalogue of Women. The ways in which these works complement or differ from each other are reflected in Ovid’s Ars Amatoria, Metamorphoses, and Fasti. Hesiod’s works are both diverse and integrated, a combination that appealed to Ovid’s versatile genius. Stylistic and thematic aspects of Hesiodic poetry, such as puns and transformations, further resonate with Ovidian poetics. Ovid engages with Hesiod’s text directly and indirectly through the tradition of Hesiodic reception, which includes philosophers such as Xenophanes and Philodemus, as well as Hellenistic poets such as Callimachus and Aratus.
Hesiod in the Byzantine and Early Renaissance Periods
Authors: Zorzi Niccolò
Published: August 2018

The reception of Hesiod in the Byzantine age (fourth–fifteenth centuries ce) may be reconstructed on the basis of a range of different sources: the many codices transmitting the poet’s major works (the Theogony, Works and Days, and Shield of Herakles); commentaries from late antiquity (Proclus, fifth century), the middle Byzantine period (twelfth century) and the Palaeologan age (thirteenth–fourteenth centuries); and the presence of quotes and allusions in literary texts. The reception of Hesiod in the early Renaissance (fifteenth century) is illustrated by manuscripts, print editions, Latin translations, school and university teaching programs, and the influence of the poems on iconography. This chapter brings together most of the essential data and suggests some possible research perspectives that have yet to be systematically pursued.
The Reception of Hesiod in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries
Authors: Jenkins Thomas E.
Published: August 2018

This chapter traces the reception of the Works and Days and Theogony in various media throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, including film, television, video games, novels, essays, illustrations, and children’s literature. It argues that the Theogony’s greater emphasis on extended narrative episodes—particularly the violent Titanomachy—has spawned a comparatively greater number of receptions, while the Works and Day’s didactic tone and structure have lent themselves more readily to adaptations that stress the environment and/or management. Hesiod’s representation of women—both mortal and immortal—has engendered some of the most strongly ideological and passionate receptions, especially those concerning Athena, Gaia, and Pandora. The chapter concludes with a glance at the surprising reception of Hesiod in today’s newest media, including Twitter hashtags.
The Strain of the Voice
Authors: Brown Adrienne
Published: August 2018

This essay attends to the sonic atmospheres hip hop invents to explore affects and scenes that may have gone underseen and undertheorized. In a disruption of the 1990s hip hop canon, I focus on Bone-Thugs-n-Harmony and DMX (rather than Pac and Biggie) in order to think with more specificity about how hip hop confronts, dodges, or disrupts what it means to feel pain, joy, restlessness, nervousness, or anxiety through its sonic investments in pauses, flinches, fumblings, boasts, growls, deflations, sighs, and tears. The voices of these artists, known for their distinct timbres and textures, refract the ordinarily cruddy and instances of its relief. They give voice to the weary-making work of enduring and the exhaustion of trying to make it to the first of the month, the end of the year, or even just the end of the album.
On Politics and Performativity in Atlanta Hip Hop Party Culture, Or How to Get Crunk with (Body and) Words
Authors: Holt Kevin C.
Published: August 2018

This chapter offers a historical contextualization of crunk, an Atlanta-based subgenre of hip hop, in order to access its political underpinnings. By situating the development of crunk within the context of nonparticipant panic surrounding the 1990s Black spring break event Freaknik, this chapter argues that crunk represents an aestheticization of resistance to concurrent heightened policing of Black youth leisure. While discussions of politics in hip hop music generally centralize lyrical content, crunk, with its emphasis on loud interjectional vocalizations, and extended sections of repetitious chant, necessitates an alternate analytical approach in addressing its political subtext. Accordingly, this chapter offers J. L. Austin’s concept of performative utterances and Henry Louis Gates Jr.’s theory of Signifyin’ as frames for addressing how crunk uses vocality, and by extension language, to manifest political subversion, not through lyrical content or poetic virtuosity but by facilitating the reproduction of a stylized performance that actively resists the silencing/repression of Black youth pleasure.
Vocal Vulnerabilities
Authors: Lappas Sarah
Published: August 2018

This article explores vocal trends associated with hip hop artists of the millennial generation. New vocal techniques such as the use of stylized Auto-Tune, a widening of pitch range, and increased use of paralinguistic utterances associated with emotional distress have permeated the soundscape of hip hop in the twenty-first century. These techniques starkly contrast with the vocal styles associated with Generation X rappers in the 1980s and 1990s, affectively embedding vulnerability into the voices of underground and mainstream hip hop. This chapter approaches the shift in the soundscape of hip hop vocality as a point of embarkation in exploring evolving musical representations of Black masculinity by rappers of the millennial generation.
Idealism and Religion in Dewey’s Philosophy
Authors: Auxier Randall E. , Shook John R.
Published: August 2018

Dewey’s early organicist idealism related individual selves to God as functional parts of the absolute whole. His critiques of idealists T. H. Green and Josiah Royce exemplify his concern that no dualistic gap separates the knower from the object of knowledge. After he replaced the perfect absolute with the dynamic activity of life, two principles became paramount for Dewey’s mature philosophy. Metaphysically, all of human experience is within the same reality as everything else that is also real: nothing about experience segregates it apart from the rest of what is real. Epistemologically, an account of experience’s continuity with the rest of reality is compatible with understanding that continuity: nothing about experience prevents our knowing how experiences are within reality. Experience is ontologically continuous with nature, and inquiry creates the natural objects of knowledge. A Common Faith exemplifies this metaphysics as it explains the ethical growth of communities through religious experience.
Experimental Democracy for China
Authors: Tan Sor-hoon
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the relevance of Dewey’s philosophy of democracy for China within the context of Dewey’s historical visit to China (1919–1921) and continuing debates about his influence among the Chinese. Dewey’s pragmatism illuminates certain problems in the contemporary discourses about China’s democratization, including questions whether Chinese culture is an obstacle to democratization and the strengths of a Deweyan approach to articulating a Confucian democracy that could work in China. Dewey’s emphasis on experimentation in social reforms and his fallibilism regarding the political institutions of democracy open up new possibilities for China’s democratization and suggest where one might look to discover the indigenous conditions—the varied experiments being conducted in local governance and civil society—from which a Chinese democracy might be born.
The Starting Point of Dewey’s Ethics and Sociopolitical Philosophy
Authors: Pappas Gregory
Published: August 2018

In order to appreciate the radical and promising character of Dewey’s ethics and sociopolitical theory, we must understand how his approach in these areas of philosophy was a consequence of what he thought should be the starting point of philosophy, that is, his metaphilosophy. Dewey prescribed that philosophers should make an effort to be “empirical” and to take “experience” seriously, but these claims are subject to misunderstandings. The first section of this chapter clarifies what they mean. The second section considers the difference that Dewey’s form of empirical philosophy makes in ethics and third section the difference it makes in approaching sociopolitical problems. Dewey proposes a much more radical approach than similar contemporary approaches that are interested in a shift from traditional approaches centered on ideal theories and abstractions toward a more nonideal contextualist, problem-centered, and inquiry-oriented approach.
Evolution and Sectoral Competitiveness of the Brazilian Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Morceiro Paulo César
Published: August 2018

Production and employment in the Brazilian manufacturing industry grew significantly in the decade from 2004 to 2013, but the technological intensity of production activities declined. Growth was driven by domestic demand, which performed well due to the significant job creation, real minimum wage increases, and the credit boom. However, Brazilian manufacturing lost competitiveness, presented a negative labor productivity growth, and registered trade deficits in most sectors, including those traditionally associated with surpluses. The chapter also shows that the manufacturing sector is integrated into the global value chains by imports, but not by exports—which is a case of introverted fragmentation.
Traditional Agriculture and Land Distribution in Brazil
Authors: Mueller Charles C.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the progression of Brazil’s agriculture since the end of World War II, a period during which a highly concentrated pattern of land distribution remained basically unchanged, despite remarkable changes in agriculture. Three different phases are recognized: a phase of horizontal expansion, up to the early 1970s, in which agriculture remained essentially traditional; a period of substantial but conservative modernization of agriculture, from the early 1970s to the late 1990s; and a phase of consolidation of modernization. It highlights the development of two key elements: a modern segment, usually composed of large farm units; and “traditional agriculture,” constituted mainly of small farms. The chapter discusses their contributions to growing commodity exports and to the supply of food for domestic markets. The chapter concludes by examining events—affecting both the large-scale agriculture and small farm units—that led to the maintenance of the concentrated pattern of land tenure.
Brazilian Trade and International Economic Prospects in an Anti-Globalization Era
Authors: Coes Donald V.
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews some of the major trends in Brazilian trade and international economic policy, including its reaction to international commodity market and capital market shocks in recent decades and the politically driven emphasis on preferential trade. It also examines the question of how “open” the Brazilian economy is, even after some moves toward greater linkages to world markets. The chapter then considers some of the major anti-globalization trends in Brazil’s principal economic partners, and attempts to identify some of their causes. It argues that Brazil’s links to other economies through capital and labor markets are at least as important as are its commodity trade links. Trends in these markets may help explain some of the anti-globalization attitudes it may face in the future. With the half-century consensus in support of internationally open trade, capital, and labor markets seemingly under siege, the way ahead for Brazil is far from clear.
The Evolution of Foreign Direct Investment in Brazil
Authors: Silva Breno Augusto da Silva e
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes the evolution of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the long term in Brazil. It identifies the key drivers of flows and provides a statistical summary of key trends. Importantly, the chapter highlights the role of inward flows in reinforcing the trend toward Brazil’s increased relative reliance on primary commodity production in the international division of labor. Much of the FDI arriving in Brazil has cleaved to the country’s natural comparative advantage in the primary sector, since the government has not directed investment to sectors with a higher technological level, and has been unable to provide more qualified labor, or an environment apt to attract investment to more dynamic sectors.
Energy in Brazil
Authors: Goldemberg José
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes the evolution of the energy sector in Brazil, charting shifts in the energy matrix, in particular the rise in renewables and increasing self-sufficiency in fossil fuels. Production of energy in Brazil, particularly electricity, includes a high percentage of renewable sources. Electricity is generated mostly by hydroelectric plants, cars are fueled with ethanol produced from sugarcane, biofuels have good prospects for success, and wind generation of electricity is picking up slowly. The country has managed to become almost self-sufficient in oil production. However, most of the production of energy is in the hands of government institutions, imposing a degree of instability on the system. This chapter has reviewed the effects of some important policies introduced at different points in time. Looking ahead, the chapter concludes that energy policy in Brazil is now moving in the right direction, although significant challenges remain.
Experiences of Inflation and Stabilization, 1960–1990
Authors: Holanda Barbosa Fernando de
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes the Brazilian inflation and stabilization experiences during a period spanning three decades, from 1960 to 1990. It focuses on five stabilization plans. The first is the PAEG Plan, a neo-orthodox stabilization plan, which did not eliminate inflation but reduced its trend rate. The PAEG Stabilization Plan started as a fully orthodox plan, but later, as the social cost imposed by the inertial component of inflation became apparent, an indexation mechanism was devised with a forward component in wages readjustment, decreasing the backward component. This mechanism, which intended to preserve the average real worker’s wage, became a standard tool of stabilization plans in Brazil, despite the criticism it received at that time. The other four are heterodox plans, Cruzado, Bresser, Summer, and Collor, implemented during the so-called lost decade.
Veganism and Plant-Based Eating
Authors: Jallinoja Piia , Vinnari Markus , Niva Mari
Published: August 2018

In recent years, there has been an increased mobilization around veganism and plant-based diets. This chapter analyzes this mobilization, the evolution of the images and practices of vegan eating, and associated kinds of political consumerism. The chapter demonstrates how vegan eating takes place as an assemblage of several actors and platforms, such as consciousness-raising campaigns, vegan bloggers, pledges and festivals, and new vegan foods marketed as “cool” and suitable for everyone. The concepts of boycott and buycott are too narrow to adequately describe veganism as political consumerism. Instead, discursive and lifestyle political consumerism and their interplay characterize the current building of new images and communities. The internet and social media have a central role in shaping the cultural contents of the “veggie trend.” Moreover, vegan eating is not always inspired by other-oriented motives but also by self-regarding motives, such as health, pleasure, and distinction.
Natural Capital Accounting for Water Resources
Authors: Agarwala Matthew , Brock Michael
Published: August 2018

Finding appropriate mechanisms by which to value the environment and incorporate it into economics remains a sizeable challenge for researchers in the field. Attributes of natural resources feasibly align with an economist’s notion of ‘capital’. But once nature is defined as capital, there is a crucial distinction between stocks and flows, and as a result there are both opportunities and difficulties of incorporating them within the national accounts. This reasoning can be applied specifically to hydrological capital, as is shown by three real-world case studies. Hydrological capital is uniquely difficult to value, and that field is still in its infancy. But examples demonstrate that water accounts can be used to inform policy, and that it is possible to acknowledge and account for water as a capital asset.