bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Materiality
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

The previous chapter provided us with a theory of the materiality of interaction. So, where do we go from here? Well, in order to move forward, I use this chapter to suggest that we might now need to look back in order to see the road ahead of us more clearly. In this chapter I therefore present how a focus on the materiality of interaction one the one hand leaves any distinctions between the physical and the digital behind, and how it on the other hand presents us with three distinct challenges as we move forward through the material turn.
Demon
Authors: Agamben Giorgio
Published: September 2018

This chapter reflects on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's treatment of four deities introduced in Macrobius's Saturnalia: Daimon, Tyche, Eros, and Ananke (Demon, Chance, Love, and Necessity). According to Macrobius, the four gods attend a human being as it is born: Demon, Chance, Love, and Necessity. To him, Daimon must be honored because we owe him our character and nature; Eros because fecundity and knowledge depend on him; Tyche and Ananke because the art of living also involves a reasonable degree of bowing to what we cannot avoid. The way in which each person relates to these powers defines their ethics. In addition to these, the chapter describes a fifth character—Elpis, or Hope.
Eros
Authors: Agamben Giorgio
Published: September 2018

This chapter seeks to define the experience of Eros. It first dismisses the modern conceptions of adventure, which run the risk of obstructing our access to the original meaning of the term. The end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern age in fact coincide with an obscuration and devaluation of adventure. The chapter argues that such a line of thinking is a misunderstanding of the medieval intention: not only does adventure never remain external to the knight who is living it, but, even with respect to the poet, it turns out to be so far from contingent that it instead penetrates his heart and is identified with the very text he is writing.
The Nature and Reality of Representational Decision Making
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

The chapter first makes clearer how the difference between representational and non-representational decision making is to be understood. It then provides more precise characterizations of “reflexive,” non-representational decision making and of representational decision making. Next, it supports the reality of representational decision making by appeal to a wide range of literatures from a number of different disciplines. The chapter ends by bringing out several widely accepted features of representational decision making.
Specialist versus Generalist Decision Making
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

A number of scholars argue that human and animal decision making, at least to the extent that it is driven by representational mental states, should be seen to be the result of the application of a vast array of highly specialized decision rules. By contrast, other scholars argue that we should see human and animal representational decision making as the result of the application of a handful general principles—such as expected utility maximization—to a number of specific instances. This chapter shows that, using the results of chapters 5 and 6, it becomes possible to move this dispute forwards: the account of the evolution of conative representational decision making defended in chapter 6 together with the account of the evolution of cognitive representational decision making defended in chapter 5, makes clear that both sides of this dispute contain important insights, and that it is possible to put this entire dispute on a clearer and more precise foundation. Specifically, I show that differentially general decision rules are differentially adaptive in different circumstances: certain particular circumstances favor specialized decision making, and certain other circumstances favor more generalist decision making.
Conclusions
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: September 2018

The conclusion draws together the different aspects of the book. It then elaborates on three further aspects of the overall upshots of the book: their differences to existing work on the topic, their methodological foundations, and their implications for the nature of representational decision making.
Foreword
Authors: Puttnam Lord
Published: September 2018

To instruct democracy, if possible to reanimate its beliefs … such is the first duty imposed on those who would guide society.

Alexis de Tocqueville (1863)

If the past few years have taught me anything, it’s that our need for trusted sources of information, comprised of tolerant balanced opinion, based on the very best available evidence, has never been greater. In an era of fake news, alternative facts and online trolls our public service broadcasters (PSBs) stand as guarantors of accurate, informed and impartial information....
Inventing Public Service Media
Authors: Lotz Amanda D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the need for traditional broadcasters to essentially invent public service media. Although broadcasting will continue to play a role in the public service media project, continuing to think only in terms of public service broadcasting is to ignore a situation of great opportunity. There have never been public service media — in the UK or elsewhere — despite a century of public service broadcasting experience. The arrival of Internet distribution technology with different affordances and limitations has left those in both public service and commercial television feeling unmoored and uncertain of the present and future. It is argued that instead of a regular reappraisal of public service broadcasting, the context of the development of a new mechanism of video distribution requires the more exhaustive task of identifying the ways in which the affordances of Internet-distributed video require the abandonment of the broadcast paradigm and creation of a public service paradigm that embraces the opportunities and characteristics of Internet distribution.
Pressures on Public Service Media: Insights from a Comparative Analysis of 12 Democracies
Authors: Powers Matthew
Published: September 2018

This chapter identifies three key pressures experienced by contemporary public service media. The first is funding, which pertains to debates about whether public service media should continue receiving public funds, and if so, how much and through what means they should receive it. The second is oversight, which details legal and administrative measures that threaten the independence of public service media or make it difficult for them to fulfil their civic obligations. The third is audiences, which highlights competitive pressures on public service media to cater to audiences, especially socio-demographically elite ones, rather than serve the needs of a broad, diverse population. In each domain, the public service media best equipped to deal with these pressures are those that deepen, rather than depart from, long-standing public service principles.
Public Service in Europe: Five Key Points
Authors: Syvertsen Trine , Enli Gunn
Published: September 2018

This chapter contextualizes the 2016 report A Future for Public Service Television: Content and Platforms in a Digital World through a review of relevant research on public broadcasting in Europe as well as studies of public service broadcasting in the Nordic region. The observations are structured around five key points that condense research as well as challenges, debates, and prospects: (1) the crisis discourse; (2) innovation and public service media; (3) distinctiveness; (4) editorial independence; (5) national differences and politics. Studies from other European countries have observed that an overall narrative of decline dominates the debate on public service. However, they also note that public broadcasters, in particular publicly funded institutions with long traditions, are managing better than the overall narrative describes.
Principles of Public Service for the 21st Century1
Authors: Born Georgina
Published: September 2018

At the core of previous normative frameworks for public service broadcasting are four interrelated concepts: independence, universality, citizenship, and quality. As yet, these norms have not evolved to meet the challenges posed by digital platforms as well as the increasing cultural diversity and stubborn inequalities of modern Britain. This chapter argues that the principles of public service media (PSM), as opposed to public service broadcasting, have not diminished but expanded in the digital era. It explores these principles in relation to PSM as a whole, but particularly focuses on the crucial role in delivering public service played by the BBC and Channel 4 both now and in the future.
The Purposes of Broadcasting – Revisited
Authors: Petley Julian
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on a report on the future of broadcasting in the UK commissioned in 1960 by the then Conservative government. It suggests that the most significant part of the report for current debates about the future of the BBC in particular, and of public service broadcasting in general, is its robust and combative dismissal of the populist approach to television — an approach which thoroughly infused many of the attacks on the report and which has become a hallmark of the many onslaughts on public service broadcasting in the intervening years. Today, we desperately need an analysis of both the strengths and weaknesses of public service broadcasting as it currently exists, as well as a blueprint for its future, which is as profound, challenging, well-informed, and intellectually self-confident as was the report when it was published in 1962.
Back to the Future: The Uses of Television in the Digital Age
Authors: Bailey Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the relevance of the Pilkington report on broadcasting published in 1962. Apart from being the first committee of inquiry into television, Pilkington was one of the defining moments in the distinguished career of the best-known committee member, the late Richard Hoggart. The criticisms of free-market liberalism and light-touch regulation are as relevant today as they were fifty-odd years ago insofar as they still represent a cogent engagement with the idea of public service broadcasting as a primary facilitator of an educated and deliberative democracy. To quote Hoggart (writing shortly before his death), ‘the arrival of broadcasting in the last century offered the greatest opportunity to create a clear democratic means of communication, one harnessed neither to the profit-making wagon nor to political power’.
Everything for Someone: For an Inclusive Definition of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Mills Brett
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the issue of universality in public service broadcasting (PSB). Definitions of PSB throughout the world — typically drawing on the UK, Reithian model — insist that PSB can only function if services are universal. This is conventionally understood as being in terms of access; that all citizens have a right to the material and services offered by PSB, primarily because all citizens should have equal access to public services. But universality should not be understood solely in terms of access. It must also be considered in terms of content. A universal PSB enables all citizens to see their lives reflected and valued within content, and this is only possible if PSB encompasses as wide a range of genres and programming as possible. However, despite claims to universality, discourses within which debates about PSB function often hierarchise different kinds of PSB provision.
Debating ‘Distinctiveness’: How Useful a Concept is it in Measuring the Value and Impact of the BBC?
Authors: Goddard Peter
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the concept of distinctiveness in public service broadcasting. The notion of distinctiveness is relatively new in regulatory terms. The words ‘distinctive’ or ‘distinctiveness’ do not appear at all in the 2007 Charter and only once (requiring the BBC to enrich ‘the cultural life of the UK through creative excellence in distinctive and original content’) in the accompanying Agreement. Distinctiveness can be taken to mean original rather than imitative, foregrounding quality and public value, antipopulist, and different from other channels' programming. Hence, although these might all be worthy aspirations for a public service broadcaster, it appears that distinctiveness is a rather elastic term and at times a contradictory one.
The BBC: A Radical Rethink
Authors: Schlosberg Justin
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the proposed changes to the BBC's governance and a system of appointments that threaten to encroach on the BBC's editorial autonomy. What is particularly striking about this development is that it pushes in the general direction of growing state control of public service media. The BBC White Paper for Charter Renewal proposed a new ‘unitary board’ of which the majority and most senior members would be appointed by government. For the first time in its history, such an approach threatened to give a direct government appointee overall editorial responsibility for all of the BBC's output. What is equally striking about this move is that it flies in the face of what the government has long intimated was at the heart of its charter renewal agenda: to introduce a system of contestable funding to effectively break up the BBC and enable more local and commercial providers to take a slice of the licence fee.
Designing a New Model of Public Service Television (PST)
Authors: Foster Robin
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that despite claims to the contrary, there is still a significant future role for public service television (PST). While long-form TV programming will remain at the heart of PST, whether on linear channels or on-demand, the concept of ‘television’ needs to be broadened to reflect new opportunities presented by digital media. TV news already benefits from the increased convenience and depth offered by online. Having invested in public service newsgathering, it is in the public interest to ensure that audiences can access that resource via a range of different electronic media. Likewise, other genres can be enhanced by an extra online dimension and, in some cases, online will largely replace conventional broadcast TV. PST purposes will endure, but the precise format and nature of content should be flexible enough to change over time to meet audience expectations.
Video-on-Demand as Public Service Television
Authors: Johnson Catherine
Published: September 2018

Public service broadcasters (PSBs) are operating in a media landscape in which the increased convergence of the Internet and television has blurred the distinctions between broadcast and on-demand TV. In this environment, people can switch easily between live/linear and on-demand viewing within the same interface and access television content through a range of online and Internet-connected services. This chapter suggests that the case for PSB becomes stronger as traditional broadcast and Internet services merge. In a fully commercial media landscape, economically disadvantaged audiences are under-served because they are less able to pay for services and less attractive to advertisers. By providing free-to-air content, PSBs ensure that video-on-demand serves all of the UK public with high-quality programming that entertains, educates, and informs.
Do We Still Need Public Service Television?
Authors: Hyams Luke
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that there is still a need for public service television. Public service broadcasters fulfil a role that neither the independent young creators nor the big media corporations can really fill. There is a sweet spot there in the middle that is so important. This is also the time for young people to get behind the BBC and Channel 4, and re-appropriate young people's vision of public service broadcasting. There are so many ways in which public service broadcasters do well for under-25-year-olds: from incredibly high production values, well thought out dramas and documentaries on Channel 4 to the BBC 6 Music, 1Xtra, the World Service, Radio 4. The news is another area where there has been a big change for a lot of the young people, given their active presence in social media.
Are You Being Heard?
Authors: Henry Lenny
Published: September 2018

A Skillset census revealed that between 2006 and 2012, the number of BAMEs (Black, Asian and minority ethnic people) working in the UK TV Industry declined by 30.9 per cent. Many of the big TV companies and broadcasters seemed to think that more training initiatives were the easy fix. They set up several BAME training schemes, management training, youth training, even trainee commissioners. This chapter suggests that when the only tangible solution on the table to create significant and sustainable change is training, it can be argued that, inadvertently, the perception being perpetuated of the BAME creative community — the reason why BAME people are leaving the industry and why their numbers are at their lowest in years — is because they are not good enough.
Public Service Television and Sports Rights
Authors: Smith Paul , Evens Tom
Published: September 2018

The ability of public service broadcasters (PSBs) to bring the nation together with live coverage of major sporting events is even more valuable today. In an era of multi-channel digital television and increasingly fragmented audiences, live television coverage of major sporting events remains one of the few forms of programming that can bring the nation together for a shared viewing experience. However, the access of viewers to live television coverage of events is dependent on their continued availability via the BBC, and/or other commercially funded PSBs. This chapter considers the threat of sport (and particularly live sport) becoming an increasingly marginal feature of the BBC's (and other PSBs) output. Driven largely by the growth of pay-TV since the 1990s, the increased value of the rights to popular sports and competitions means that without regulatory intervention live coverage is increasingly beyond the budget of PSBs.
Validity of the Rule of Threes and Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Spine
Authors: Oakley Clayton K. , Janssen Sarah A. Keim , Pankratz Joseph P. , McCumber Travis L. , Treffer Kevin D. , Olinger Anthony B.
Published: September 2018

Context

The location of the more superficial thoracic spinous processes is used to help osteopathic physicians locate the deeper and more difficult-to-palpate thoracic transverse processes. In 1979, Mitchell et al proposed the thoracic rule of threes to describe the relationship of the spinous processes to the transverse processes in the thoracic spine. This rule is currently taught at osteopathic medical schools. The rule of threes separates the thoracic vertebrae into 3 distinct groups, each with a different relationship between transverse processes and spinous processes. In 2006, Geelhoed et al proposed a new relationship between the spinous processes and transverse processes for all thoracic vertebrae (ie, Geelhoed's rule).

Objective

To determine which anatomical relationship—the rule of threes or Geelhoed's rule—is most accurate in locating the transverse processes and to define anatomical relationships between thoracic spinous and transverse processes.

Methods

The thoracic spinous and transverse processes of 44 formalin-embalmed human cadavers were dissected, marked, and photographed. Six different measurements per vertebra were made between spinous processes and transverse processes in the thoracic spine. Geelhoed's protocol was used to determine the validity of each rule. The measurements were analyzed for additional relationships between thoracic spinous processes and transverse processes. Group 1 consisted of vertebrae T1 to T3 and T12; group 2 consisted of T4 to T6 and T11; and group 3 consisted of T7 to T10.

Results

Of the 528 vertebrae measured, 0% of the first group vertebrae, 10.8% of the second group vertebrae, and 69.3% of the third group vertebrae followed the rule of threes. In total, 26.7% of vertebrae followed the rule of threes, whereas 62.3% of vertebrae followed Geelhoed's rule. Additional relationships worth noting include the distance between the transverse process and the adjacent caudal transverse process on the same side is approximately 25.4 mm (1 inch), and the distance between the transverse processes of the same vertebra is approximately 50.8 mm (2 inches) for male T3-T10 vertebrae and female T1-T12 vertebrae.

Conclusion

According to our findings, the rule of threes is not as accurate anatomically as Geelhoed's rule in locating the transverse processes of the thoracic spine. This study suggests osteopathic medical schools should teach Geelhoed's rule rather than the rule of threes.
Using the Flipped Classroom With Simulation-Based Medical Education to Engage Millennial Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Riley Bernadette
Published: September 2018

With advances in technology and the advent of social media and social networking sites, the way medical education is taught to millennials must evolve. The “flipped classroom,” which occurs when students are exposed to learning materials before their assigned face-to-face class or didactic session, can help engage all learning styles. A flipped classroom paired with simulation-based medical education (SBME) engages millennial learners to acquire the large amount of information required in osteopathic medical school. Using this paired approach in osteopathic medical education can help students meet the requirements outlined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). With the single accreditation system for graduate medical education, finalizing in 2020, this article proposes mandating a flipped classroom with SBME to better prepare osteopathic medical students for their training in ACGME-accredited programs.
The Implementation of a Rent Assistance Program and Its Impacts on Recovery Outcomes for Individuals Experiencing Chronic Homelessness
Authors: Pankratz Courtney , Nelson Geoffrey , Morrison Marie
Published: September 2018

This study explored the experiences of persons experiencing chronic homelessness with and without rent assistance. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 participants in order to determine if and how rent assistance impacted participants’ narratives of recovery. These narrative interviews, along with a focus group conducted with 10 support workers, explored implementation factors impacting recovery narratives. The findings suggest that access to rent assistance helps to promote recovery outcomes, conceptualized as life transitions (streets to home, home to community, and past to future), among individuals experiencing chronic homelessness. These transitions were enhanced by various participant, program, and community factors.
A Flexible, Lightweight, and Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensing
Authors: Wu Fan , Li Congju , Yin Yingying , Cao Ran , Li Hui , Zhang Xiuling , Zhao Shuyu , Wang Jiaona , Wang Bin , Xing Yi , Du Xinyu
Published: September 2018

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which collect the energy neglected constantly in the daily life of humans, have been applied to various fields, such as energy harvesting, self‐powered sensing, and environmental monitoring. With the growing demand for lightweight, flexible, and portable electric devices, TENGs have become a hot topic. In this work, a flexible, lightweight, and wearable TENG combining a nickel conductive mesh and a perfluorinated ethylene‐propylene film via the ultrasonic‐welding technique is presented. The TENG with an arch‐bridge shape is in possession of plenty of excellent properties, including high output, resistance to destruction, and long‐term stability, which not only owns a maximum power density of 36 mW m−2 at the optimal matching load impedance of 9 MΩ, but can also power a scientific calculator and 19 LEDs connected in series. Furthermore, the TENG could be used as a self‐powered sensor to remotely control the state of electric fans or bulbs through a wireless sensing system.
Cerium(IV)‐Promoted Phosphinoylation‐Nitratation of Alkenes
Authors: Yang Bin , Hou Shu‐Min , Ding Shi‐Yu , Zhao Xiao‐Nan , Gao Yuan , Wang Xue , Yang Shang‐Dong
Published: September 2018

A Cerium(IV)‐promoted phosphinoylation‐nitratation of alkenes is established under mild conditions. In this process, Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) acts as a cheap phosphorus‐radical initiator, as well as a nitrate donor. Various β‐nitrooxyphosphonates are delivered in high yield in a one‐pot manner.

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Enhanced Charge Transport in Hybrid Perovskite Field‐Effect Transistors via Microstructure Control
Authors: Zeidell Andrew M. , Tyznik Colin , Jennings Laura , Zhang Chuang , Lee Hyunsu , Guthold Martin , Vardeny Z. Valy , Jurchescu Oana D.
Published: September 2018

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have recently gained immense attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties and low production cost, which make them promising candidates for a wide range of optoelectronic devices. But unlike most other technologies, the breakthroughs witnessed in hybrid perovskite optoelectronics have outgrown the basic understanding of the fundamental material properties. For example, the effectiveness of charge transport in relation to film microstructure and processing has remained elusive. In this study, field‐effect transistors are fabricated and evaluated in order to probe the nature and dynamics of charge transport in thin films of methylammonium lead iodide. A dramatic improvement is shown in the electrical properties upon solvent vapor annealing. The resulting devices exhibit ambipolar transport, with room‐temperature hole and electron mobilities exceeding 10 cm2 V−1 s−1. The remarkable enhancement in charge carrier mobility is attributed to the increase in the grain size and passivation of grain boundaries via the formation of solvent complexes.
Switchable‐Memory Operation of Silicon Nanowire Transistor
Authors: Kim Yoonjoong , Cho Jinsun , Lim Doohyeok , Woo Sola , Cho Kyoungah , Kim Sangsig
Published: September 2018

The switchable‐memory operation of a feedback silicon nanowire transistor with a dual‐gate structure is demonstrated. The single transistor exhibits volatile memory characteristics with a retention time longer than 3600 s, as well as a switching capability with a subthreshold swing lower than 7 mV dec−1. A gate‐controlled memory window forms around a gate voltage of 0 V owing to the positive feedback loop in the channel region, allowing a program/erase endurance of more than 1000 cycles. The memory transistor, with switching capability, opens up the possibility of overcoming not only the scaling limit faced by conventional volatile memory but also the inherent drawback of the separation of the building blocks for memory and logic.
Clinical usefulness of a perioperative bacteriological culture to treat patients with postoperative pneumonia after esophagectomy
Authors: Matsunaga Tomoyuki , Miyata Hiroshi , Sugimura Keijiro , Asukai Kei , Yanagimoto Yoshitomo , Takahashi Yusuke , Tomokuni Akira , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Akita Hirofumi , Nishimura Junichi , Wada Hiroshi , Takahashi Hidenori , Yasui Masayoshi , Omori Takeshi , Oue Masayuki , Yano Masahiko
Published: September 2018

Aim

The aim of the present study was to examine the usefulness of a perioperative bacteriological culture in predicting the pathogenic bacteria responsible for postoperative pneumonia after esophagectomy.

Methods

This study included 293 consecutive esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction. We compared the pathological bacteria that were detected in bacteriological cultures of sputum, mouthwash and gastric fluid on the second postoperative day with the pathogenic bacteria responsible for postoperative pneumonia.

Results

Postoperative pneumonia occurred in 26 (8.8%) of the 293 patients. Enterobacter cloacae was detected most frequently in the perioperative bacteriological culture, followed by Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Detection of each pathogenic bacterium in the perioperative bacteriological culture was not associated with the occurrence of pneumonia, excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the pathogens responsible for postoperative pneumonia, 32 bacteria were detected in 26 patients with postoperative pneumonia. Detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria responsible for postoperative pneumonia in a perioperative bacteriological culture was 43.8% in a sputum culture, 40.6% in a mouthwash culture and 65.6% in a gastric fluid culture. The detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria responsible for pneumonia was up to 78.1% in the combination of sputum and gastric fluid culture.

Conclusions

Although the perioperative bacteriological culture does not seem to be useful for predicting the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia, it is useful for predicting the pathogenic bacteria responsible for pneumonia in cases of postoperative pneumonia. The perioperative bacteriological culture helps us to select appropriate antibiotics to treat pneumonia after esophagectomy.
An overview of corrosive injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Discussion of types, clinical evaluation, and management procedures
Authors: Elkaramany Mahmoud
Published: September 2018

Corrosive substances continue to have an impact on the morbidity of children and adolescents in developing countries despite the intensive and extensive education programs directed at susceptible groups, legislations controlling the strength and handling of these substances, and preventive measures of labeling and packaging. The greatest impact is on children between 1 and 3 years of age. Oral lesions are not predictors of either the extent or the severity of the caustic lesion. Upper endoscopy is the cornerstone of the evaluation of the extent of the gastrointestinal injury. Upper endoscopy intervention, including early evaluation, stent insertion, and, stricture dilatation, is subject to discussion and debate.
Whole‐genome duplication decreases clonal stolon production and genet size in the wild strawberryFragaria vesca
Authors: Van Drunen Wendy E. , Husband Brian C.
Published: September 2018

Premise of the Study

Clonal reproduction is often associated with polyploidy and is expected to influence polyploid establishment success, but the immediate effects of whole‐genome duplication (WGD) on clonal reproduction in autopolyploids are unknown.

Methods

We used synthesized neopolyploids to assess the direct effects ofWGDon stolon and plantlet production in the wild strawberryFragaria vescaby (1) comparing absolute clonal investment between diploids and neotetraploids under high and low resource conditions in the greenhouse and (2) determining realized clonal plantlet establishment and genet spatial structure using artificial field populations comprising both cytotypes.

Key Results

Neotetraploids produced fewer stolons and plantlets than diploids at slower weekly rates in the greenhouse when resources were high, resulting in lower total investment in clonal reproduction. Low resources led to smaller reductions in clonal biomass for neotetraploids and less pronounced differences between cytotypes. Comparisons between neotetraploids representing 13 independentWGDevents and close diploid relatives revealed considerable variation in the response to polyploidization for some clonal traits. Field populations corroborated greenhouse results; neotetraploid genets were smaller than diploid genets, containing 28% fewer stolons and 46% fewer rooted plantlets.

Conclusions

WGDsignificantly decreases the clonal output of neotetraploidF. vesca, which is likely attributable to slower whole‐plant growth of the neotetraploids than the diploids. In natural populations, smaller neotetraploid genets could decrease the probability of polyploid establishment in this species. However, variation between separate neopolyploid lines emphasizes that the response of clonal investment toWGDmay not be uniform across polyploid origins.
Heterozygous WNT1 variant causing a variable bone phenotype
Authors: Alhamdi Shatha , Lee Yi‐Chien , Chowdhury Shimul , Byers Peter H. , Gottschalk Michael , Taft Ryan J. , Joeng Kyu Sang , Lee Brendan H. , Bird Lynne M.
Published: September 2018

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a family of heritable disorders of bone fragility. Most individuals with OI have mutations in the genes encoding type I collagen; at least 17 other genes have been associated with OI. Biallelic loss‐of‐function mutations in WNT1 cause severe OI. Heterozygous missense variants in WNT1 are responsible for early‐onset osteoporosis with variable bone phenotypes. Herein, we report a third‐generation family with four affected individuals, some presenting with multiple low‐impact fractures in childhood and others presenting with early‐onset osteoporosis without a striking fracture history. A WNT1 variant (c. 1051 > C; p.Trp351Arg) was identified in the proband and segregated with a bone phenotype in three additional family members, consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. In the proband, whole genome sequencing also revealed a de novo duplication (434 kb) of 22q11.2 that involves 25 genes, 4 of which are associated with human disease when haploinsufficient. Though smaller than the typical (1.5 Mb) 22q11.2 duplication, the duplication in the proband may be responsible for additional nonosseous aspects of his phenotype (hypotonia, developmental delay, small genitalia, strabismus, and depression in preadolescence). This case demonstrates the variability of bone phenotype conferred by a WNT1 variant and extends the spectrum of bone phenotypes associated with heterozygous WNT1 mutations.
Structurally Ordered Intermetallic Cobalt Stannide Nanocrystals for High‐Performance Electrocatalytic Overall Water‐Splitting
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Panda Chakadola , Garai Somenath , Walter Carsten , Guiet Amandine , Driess Matthias
Published: September 2018

The synthesis of structurally ordered non‐noble intermetallic cobalt stannide (CoSn2) nanocrystals and their utilization for high‐performance electrocatalytic overall water‐splitting is presented. The structurally and electronically beneficial properties of the tetragonal CoSn2 exhibit a considerably low overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) and Ni foam (NF). Loss of Sn from the crystal lattices and oxidation of Co under strongly alkaline conditions furnishes highly disordered amorphous active CoOx(H), the catalytically active structure for OER. The Co0 atoms in the CoSn2 act as active sites for HER and the presence of Sn provides efficient electrical conductivity. This intermetallic phase is a novel type of cost‐effective and competitive bifunctional electrocatalysts and predestinated for overall water‐splitting devices: A two‐electrode electrolyzer with CoSn2 on NF delivers a cell voltage of merely 1.55 V at 10 mA cm−2 maintaining long‐term stability.
Continuous manufacturing of reentrant structures via roll‐to‐roll process
Authors: Kodihalli Shivaprakash Nischay , Zhang Jinde , Panwar Artee , Barry Carol , Truong Quoc , Mead Joey
Published: September 2018

Reentrant structures have been deemed necessary for repelling low‐surface‐tension liquids. In this article, a novel manufacturing methodology using the roll‐to‐roll process to enable continuous manufacturing of reentrant structures over large areas on a polymeric film was demonstrated. A two‐stage process, composed of embossing followed by post‐compression, allowed the fabrication of reentrant structures, which cannot be easily fabricated using other processes over large areas in a continuous manner. The treatment of the reentrant surface structures with an additional coating of 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane layer provided liquid repellency with contact angles of 155 and 140°, respectively, for water (Ylv = 72 mN m−1) and diiodomethane (Ylv = 50 mN m−1). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46980.
Polyamide 6 composite fibers with incorporated mixtures of melamine cyanurate, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black
Authors: Šehić Alisa , Vasiljević Jelena , Demšar Andrej , Leskovšek Mirjam , Bukošek Vili , Medved Jožef , Čolović Marija , Jerman Ivan , Simončič Barbara
Published: September 2018

Polyamide 6 (PA6) composite filament yarns were produced by the simultaneous incorporation of melamine cyanurate (MeCy) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) into a composite matrix in a melt‐spinning process. The results show that the simultaneous incorporation of MeCy with CNTs or CB additives provided filaments with a uniform black color. Tensile analysis confirmed that a reinforcing effect was achieved when CB was used, whereas the CNTs induced a reducing effect on the filament tenacity. With regard to the burning behavior, the flame‐retardant action of MeCy was preserved in the presence of CB but was significantly hindered when used in combination with CNTs. These results indicate that the mixture of MeCy and CB was much more compatible for the production of reinforced PA6 composite filaments with increased thermal stability and improved flame retardancy over those of the MeCy and CNTs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47007.
Precise Tracking for Continuous‐Time Non‐Minimum Phase Systems
Authors: Zhang Youling , Zhu Qiuguo , Xiong Rong
Published: September 2018

Stable inversion based precise tracking for continuous‐time square or nonsquare non‐minimum phase systems is studied. However, high precision trajectory tracking of non‐minimum phase systems can be obtained by the stable inversion method but requiring large enough extended time interval. In order to solve this problem of large extended time restriction, a novel approach to precise trajectory tracking of non‐minimum phase systems is proposed, it is called the improved stable inversion (ISI) method, using an optimal integration of the pre‐actuation and the optimal state transition (OST) techniques. The ISI method can obtain precise trajectory tracking with a smaller extended time interval as compared to the stable inversion method. The proposed method achieves better validation through numerical simulations for the non‐minimum phase system.
Synchronization of Complex Dynamical Networks with Dynamical Behavior Links
Authors: Kazemy Ali , Shojaei Khoshnam
Published: September 2018

In this paper, synchronization of a complex dynamical network (CDN) is investigated while the coupling connections of the network exhibit dynamic behavior. As it is shown in simulations, the dynamic links can cause synchronization losing in the network whereas the links in many real‐world CDNs have dynamic behavior. To analyzing the effect of these links, two different CDN models are considered: without time delays and with delays in the coupling connections. By means of Lyapunov(‐Krasovskii) theory, stability analysis of the error dynamics between the nodes of these CDNs and an introduced individual node is investigated which yields some conditions in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). These LMIs can be solved easily by various existing LMI solvers. Moreover, the gain matrices of state feedback controllers will be obtained by solving the LMIs. In the end, illustrative numerical examples are given to specify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Multi‐Variable Direct Self‐Organizing Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Wastewater Treatment Process
Authors: Zhang Wei , Qiao Jun‐fei
Published: September 2018

A multi‐variable direct self‐organizing fuzzy neural network control (M‐DSNNC) method is proposed for the multi‐variable control of the wastewater treatment process (WWTP). In this paper, the proposed control system is an essential multi‐variable control method for the WWTP. No exact plant model is required, which avoids the difficulty of establishing the mathematics model of WWTP. The M‐DSNNC system is comprised of a fuzzy neural network controller and a compensation controller. The fuzzy neural network is used for approximating the ideal control law under a general nonlinear system. Moreover, the neural network is designed in a self‐organizing mode to adapt the uncertainty environment. Simulation results, based on the international benchmark simulation model No.1 (BSM1), demonstrate that the control accuracy is improved under the proposed M‐DSNNC method, and the controller has a much stronger decoupling ability.
Analysis of the dissipation kinetics of thiophanate‐methyl and its metabolite carbendazim in apple leaves using a modified QuEChERS–UPLC–MS/MS method
Authors: Wang Yuran , Lian Sen , Dong Xiangli , Wang Caixia , Li Baohua , Li Pingliang
Published: September 2018

As one of the main fungicides for the apple leaf disease control, thiophanate‐methyl (TM) mainly exerts its fungicidal activity in the form of its metabolite carbendazim (MBC), whose dissipation kinetics is very distinct from that of its parent but has been paid little attention. The aim of this work was to investigate the dissipation kinetics of TM and its active metabolite MBC in apple leaves using a modified QuEChERS–UPLC–MS/MS method. The results showed that TM and MBC could be quickly extracted by this modified QuEChERS procedure with recoveries of 81.7–96.5%. The method linearity was in the range of 0.01–50.0 mg kg−1 with the quantification limit of 0.01 mg kg−1. Then this method was applied to the analysis of fungicide dissipation kinetics in apple leaves. The results showed that the dissipation kinetics of TM for the test in 3 months can be described by a first‐order kinetics model with a DT50 (dissipation half‐life) range of 5.23–6.03 days and the kinetics for MBC can be described by a first‐order absorption–dissipation model with the Tmax (time needed to reach peak concentration) range of 4.78–7.09 days. These models can scientifically describe the behavior of TM and MBC in apple leaves, which provides necessary data for scientific application.
Phospho‐l‐tyrosine‐agarose chromatography: Adsorption of human IgG and its proteolytic fragments
Authors: Pavan Gisele Luiza , Bresolin Igor Tadeu Lazzarotto , Muzio Aline Ferreira Velho , Cunha Daniele Celestino , Bueno Sonia Maria Alves
Published: September 2018

The behavior of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antigen‐binding fragment (Fab fragment) adsorption onto phospho‐l‐tyrosine immobilized on agarose (P‐Tyr‐agarose) was evaluated by pseudoaffinity chromatography. The effects of buffer systems MES, MOPS, Bis–Tris, Tris–HCl and sodium phosphate (NaP) and pH on IgG adsorption were studied and high purity values were obtained (96%, based on ELISA analysis of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins A, G and M) when IgG was purified from human plasma diluted in 10 mmol L−1 NaP buffer at pH 6.0. The capture of IgG by the P‐Tyr‐agarose was also promising, since 91% of the IgG was adsorbed when plasma was diluted in 25 mmol L−1 MES buffer at pH 5.5, recommending its use for IgG depletion from human plasma under this condition. The experimental data on IgG adsorption kinetics were in agreement with the pseudo‐second‐order model. The adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir–Freundlich model with the value of parameter n being <1 (0.72), indicating negative cooperativity. Selectivity was achieved on P‐Tyr‐agarose from digested human IgG in HEPES 25 mmol L−1 buffer at pH 7.0 where Fab fragments were obtained in eluted fractions without Fc fragments (but with uncleaved IgG) with 86.2% recovery.
Recent Progress in Fluorescence Imaging of the Near‐Infrared II Window
Authors: Miao Yawei , Gu Chuantao , Zhu Yaowei , Yu Bing , Shen Youqing , Cong Hailin
Published: September 2018

Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent materials are considered to be the most promising labeling reagents for sensitive determination and biological imaging due to the advantages of lower background noise, deeper penetrating capacity, and less destructive effects on the biomatrix over those of UV and visible fluorophores. In the past decade, advances in biomedical fluorescence imaging in the NIR region have focused on the traditional NIR window (NIR‐I; λ=700–900 nm), and have recently been extended to the second NIR window (NIR‐II; λ=1000–1700 nm). In vivo NIR‐II fluorescence imaging outperforms imaging in the NIR‐I window as a result of further reduced absorption, tissue autofluorescence, and scattering. In this review, the applications of four types of NIR‐II fluorescent materials, organic fluorophores, quantum dots, rare‐earth compounds, and single‐walled carbon nanotubes, are summarized and future trends are discussed. Some methods to enhance the NIR‐II fluorescence quantum yield are also proposed.
Layered TiO2 Nanosheet‐Supported NiCo2O4 Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Vadakkekara Raji , Illathvalappil Rajith , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: September 2018

Exploring the generation of efficient and long‐lasting bifunctional electrocatalysts obtained from low‐cost transition metal oxides is crucial to the optimal production of hydrogen and oxygen by electrocatalytic water splitting. This study aims to demonstrate the applicability of layered TiO2 nanosheets as support for designing electrocatalysts. We have demonstrated the performance by decorating the TiO2 support with NiCo2O4 nanoparticles (NiCo2O4/TiO2) as catalysts for electrocatalytic overall water splitting. Moreover, the corrosion effect of usually used carbon‐based supporting materials can decrease the working efficiency and, thus, the overall performance of the catalysts. In this aspect, TiO2 can be a better alternative to carbon‐based systems. Layered TiO2 was synthesized at room temperature, and a simple heat treatment protocol was employed for the large‐scale synthesis of NiCo2O4/TiO2. TiO2 facilitated the formation of smaller NiCo2O4 nanoparticles, also improving the dispersion. This bifunctional electrocatalyst exhibits high OER and HER performance with a low overpotential of 309 mV and 185 mV respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. TiO2 supported catalyst also exhibits other advantages like remarkable durability in the alkaline medium along with high turnover frequency (TOF) values. This inexpensive catalyst can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at only 1.64 V with a steady performance for more than 12 h for overall water splitting. Thus, this homemade system provides a proficient and low‐cost alternative to the more expensive systems such as RuO2, IrO2 or Pt for the electrochemical water splitting applications.
A Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spirocyclic Dihydroquinolones via Domino Michael Addition‐Lactamization of ortho‐Quinone Methide Imines
Authors: Hodík Tomáš , Schneider Christoph
Published: September 2018

Spirocyclic dihydroquinolones have been obtained with good yields and excellent diastereoselectivity (>20:1 d.r.), and enantioselectivity (up to 99:1 e.r.) from in situ generated ortho‐quinone methide imines and cyclic β‐oxo esters. This one‐step domino Michael addition–lactamization process features mild reaction conditions, easily accessible starting materials, and products with two adjacent chiral centers one of which is quaternary. Mechanistic studies revealed the in situ generated chiral magnesium phosphate salt rather than the free phosphoric acid to be the more reactive catalyst for this reaction.
Oxidative, Iodoarene‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkene Arylation for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Zhao Zhensheng , Britt Liam H. , Murphy Graham K.
Published: September 2018

A catalytic, metal‐free and chemoselective oxidative intramolecular coupling of arene and alkene C−H bonds is reported. The active hypervalent iodine (HVI) reagent, generated catalytically in situ from iodotoluene and meta‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m‐CPBA), reacts with o‐vinylbiphenyls to generate polyaromatic hydrocarbons in up to 95 % yield. Experimental evidence suggests the reactions proceed though vinyliodonium and, possibly, vinylenephenonium intermediates.