bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population Pharmacokinetics of the Novel Adenosine A2A Antagonist/Inverse Agonist KW‐6356 and Its Active Metabolite Following Single and Multiple Oral Administration in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Tayama Tomonori , Okada Hiroki , Ogawa Kotoko , Marsteller Douglas , Maeda Hiroshi , Hruska Matthew W. , Kagawa Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2024

KW‐6356 is a selective antagonist and inverse agonist of the adenosine A2A receptor. The primary aim of the present analysis was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of KW‐6356 and its active metabolite M6 in healthy subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We pooled concentration‐time data from healthy subjects and patients with PD who were administered KW‐6356. Using these data, we developed a population PK model by sequentially fitting the KW‐6356 parameters followed by the M6 parameters. A first‐order absorption with a 1‐compartment model for KW‐6356 and a 1‐compartment model for M6 best described the profiles. The covariates included in the final models were food status (fed/fasted/unknown) on first‐order absorption rate constant, baseline serum albumin level on apparent clearance of KW‐6356, and baseline body weight on apparent volume of distribution of KW‐6356 and apparent clearance of M6. No covariate had a clinically meaningful impact on KW‐6356 or M6 exposure.
Towards the Development of a Smart Detergent with Enhanced Safety and Efficiency for Pesticide Residue Removal from Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Hordyjewicz‐Baran Zofia , Wasilewski Tomasz , Stanek‐Wandzel Natalia , Zarębska Magdalena , Seweryn Artur , Zajszły‐Turko Ewa
Published: January 2024

The research focused on the development and evaluation of special detergents for washing fruits and vegetables, with the primary emphasis on removing pesticide residues. The research aimed to improve food safety and meet consumer preferences for effective cleaning of food products. Using the cloud point characteristic of non‐ionic surfactants, a ′smart′ detergent was developed to adapt to typical washing conditions. Optimization of the detergent system composition was conducted and the properties of the surfactant system in relation to the cloud point were investigated to highlight the importance of precise control over detergent behavior in response to temperature changes. The physicochemical properties study of the model washing baths included surface tension, aggregate size, solubilization properties, and foaming ability. A model detergent, tailored for both cleaning efficacy and safety against the skin, was developed. Washing efficacy tests demonstrated the superior ability of the designed detergent to remove pesticide residues, eliminating consumer concerns and promoting healthier and safer food consumption. The conducted research paves the way for innovative and safe detergents for washing fruits and vegetables, thereby increasing food safety and consumer satisfaction.
Lime Management to Increase Soil pH in Semi‐Arid Regions of the U.S.
Authors: Rakkar Manbir , Jones Clain , Miller Perry , McVay Kent , Engel Richard
Published: January 2024

Soil acidification, a common issue in high‐rainfall areas of the U.S. and Canada, has become a more prevalent problem in the semi‐arid areas of the western U.S. Liming is an effective way to mitigate soil acidity as the carbonate reacts with hydrogen ions in the soil solution to increase the soil pH. However, questions exist about the type of liming product, lime rate, cost effectiveness, and how long the lime benefits last, especially in regions that have historically not needed lime, like much of the Great Plains. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Turbulence simulations with BOUT++ by using SOLPS grids for SOLPS/BOUT++ coupling
Authors: Zhang D. R. , Ding R. , Si H. , Chen Y. P. , Xu X. Q. , Xia T. Y.
Published: January 2024

The coupling of transport code SOLPS with the turbulence code BOUT++ was reported in Reference [D. R. Zhang et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 012508 (2019)], while the grids of SOLPS and BOUT++ are not completely consistent with each other, especially in the divertor region. In the present work, a method of replacing the grids of BOUT++ with the grids of SOLPS is proposed to make the simulation region fully consistent with each other for the SOLPS/BOUT++ coupling. A SOLPS grid file is generated with an MHD equilibrium and used in BOUT++ code to simulate the profiles of plasma density, ion temperature, and electron temperature with the six‐field two‐fluid model. The profiles of the main plasma parameters simulated with the SOLPS grids are similar with the profiles simulated with the BOUT++ grids at the midplane, while the profiles are deformed compared with the profiles simulated with the BOUT++ grids at the outer divertor target because of the differences of the distributions of SOLPS grids and BOUT++ grids in the divertor region. The radial particle transport coefficient and heat transport coefficients are also calculated by using the BOUT++ code with the two grids, and the comparisons of the radial particle transport coefficient and heat transport coefficients simulated with the two grids at the midplane and outer divertor target plate are discussed.
Molecular analyses of carangid fish diets reveal inter‐predation, dietary overlap, and the importance of early life stages in trophic ecology
Authors: Rosa Fabricio dos Anjos Santa , Gasalla Maria A. , de Queiroz Anna Karolina Oliveira , Ribas Talita Fernanda Augusto , Mauvisseau Quentin , de Boer Hugo J. , Thorbek Birgitte Lisbeth Graae , Oliveira Renato Renison Moreira , Laux Marcele , Postuma Felippe A. , Ready Jonathan Stuart
Published: January 2024

Carangid fishes are commercially important in fisheries and aquaculture. They are distributed worldwide in both tropical and subtropical marine ecosystems. Their role in food webs is often unclear since their diet cannot be easily identified by traditional gut content analysis. They are suspected to prey on pelagic and benthic species, with clupeiform fishes being important dietary items for some species, though it is unknown whether carangids share food resources or show trophic segregation. Here, we used metabarcoding to overcome traditional challenges of taxonomic approaches to analyze the diet of seven carangid species caught as bycatch in the Brazilian southwest Atlantic sardine fishery. Stomach contents were processed from the following species: Caranx crysos, Caranx latus, Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus, Oligoplites saliens, Selene setapinnis, and Trachinotus carolinus. Identified diets were dominated by teleost fishes. The C. latus diet was the most distinct among the seven species, preferentially consuming Engraulis anchoita, but H. amblyrhynchus, O. saliens, and S. setapinnis also showed a trend of predominantly consuming small pelagic fishes. Finally, we found evidence of inter‐predation in carangids, especially strong between S. setapinnis and C. crysos, suggesting that consumption of early life stages may result in indirect competition through reduced recruitment in these fishes. These findings provide unprecedented insights into the biodiversity in marine ecosystems, especially the poorly known diet of carangid fishes.
Role of microglia in stroke
Authors: Planas Anna M.
Published: January 2024

Microglia play key roles in the post‐ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron–microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post‐ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose‐phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region‐ and injury‐dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro‐repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post‐ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
Development of myelination and axon diameter for fast and precise action potential conductance
Authors: Nabel Alisha L. , Teich Laurin , Wohlfrom Hilde , Alexandrova Olga , Heß Martin , Pecka Michael , Grothe Benedikt
Published: January 2024

Axons of globular bushy cells in the cochlear nucleus convey hyper‐accurate signals to the superior olivary complex, the initial site of binaural processing via comparably thick axons and the calyx of the Held synapse. Bushy cell fibers involved in hyper‐accurate binaural processing of low‐frequency sounds are known to have an unusual internode length‐to‐axon caliber ratio (L/d) correlating with higher conduction velocity and superior temporal precision of action potentials. How the L/d‐ratio develops and what determines this unusual myelination pattern is unclear. Here we describe a gradual developmental transition from very simple to complex, mature nodes of Ranvier on globular bushy cell axons during a 2‐week period starting at postnatal day P6/7. The molecular composition of nodes matured successively along the axons from somata to synaptic terminals with morphologically and molecularly mature nodes appearing almost exclusively after hearing onset. Internodal distances are initially coherent with the canonical L/d‐ratio of ~100. Several days after hearing onset, however, an over‐proportional increase in axon caliber occurs in cells signaling low‐frequency sounds which alters their L/d ratio to ~60. Hence, oligodendrocytes initially myelinating axons according to their transient axon caliber but a subsequent differential axon thickening after hearing onset results in the unusual myelination pattern.
Co‐infections and immune‐evading viral hybrids: A perspective
Authors: Varghese Ryan , Kumar Dileep , Sharma Rohit , Akash Shopnil
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Co‐infections occur when two or more different types of pathogens infect the same host at the same time. Initially, it may develop via a primary infection and then later segue into a superinfection. Although some research suggests that coinfections do not affect the effect of disease outcomes, alternate evidence says otherwise. While the disease outcomes are frequently influenced by the interactions between many viruses, how these viruses interact during coinfections is poorly understood. This article aims to shed light on the interaction between viruses at a cellular and subcellular level, and the clinical implications for the same.

Methods

The articles were sought by conducting a thorough literature search on Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, PubMed Central, Dimensions, and EBSCO Host, using keywords such as coinfections, virus, viral hybrids, and superinfection. The articles pertinent to the concept were then included.

Results

There is a growing body of evidence that suggests the formation of hybrid viral particles (HVPs) which conjugate at the cellular and subcellular level. While the formation of HVPs is bizarre, it may potentially have a profound effect on the clinical manifestations.

Conclusion

While there has been evidence of the formation of HVPs between a couple of viruses, researchers fear the existence of several other combinations, including zoonotic viruses. While this could be detrimental to the human race both at an individual—as well as a community‐level, an in‐depth understanding of the same may help in better management of the clinical manifestations of the disease.
Epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran
Authors: Ramzali Mahnaz , Salimi Vahid , Cheraghali Fatemeh , Hosseini Seyedeh Delafruz , Yasaghi Mohammad , Samadizadeh Saeed , Rastegar Mostafa , Nakstad Britt , Tahamtan Alireza
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in infants and young children. Given the altered circulation patterns of respiratory viruses during the coronavirus disease pandemic‐2019 (COVID‐19), the study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and clinical features of RSV infections in hospitalized children during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Gorgan, northeastern Iran. Molecular epidemiology studies on respiratory viral infections are necessary to monitor circulating viruses, disease severity, and clinical symptoms, in addition to early warning of new outbreaks.

Methods

Overall, 411 respiratory swab samples from hospitalized children from October 2021 to March 2022 were collected at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The incidence of RSV, as well as the circulating subgroups and genotypes, were investigated and confirmed using PCR methods. Additionally, all samples tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and influenza, and demographic and clinical data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results

The share of RSV, SARS‐CoV‐2, and influenza among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) were 27%, 16.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. The RSV subgroup A (genotype ON1) was dominant over subgroup B (genotype BA9), with more severe clinical symptoms. Compared with the prepandemic era there were high numbers of hospitalized SARS‐CoV‐2 positive children and low numbers of other respiratory viruses. Despite this, the prevalence of ALRI‐related RSV‐disease among hospitalized children in our specialized pediatric center was higher than COVID‐19 disease in the same cohort.

Conclusions

Studying the epidemiology of respiratory viruses and determining the circulating strains can contribute to effective infection control and treatment strategies.
A clinical trial of the Examen and mindfulness within a secular substance use disorder treatment program
Authors: Buenrostro Christopher M. , Plante Thomas G.
Published: January 2024

The Examen is a 500‐year‐old Jesuit introspective prayer and reflection. Recent research has indicated that it has utility in psychotherapy. This study implemented the Examen as a secular cognitive–behavioral tool in the first longitudinal clinical trial of the intervention with an addiction treatment population, comparing it directly to a treatment‐as‐usual mindfulness intervention. The study found that Examen and mindfulness are equivalent in outcomes on depression, anxiety, stress, and substance craving. Further research should continue to investigate the Examen as an alternative to mindfulness for religious and secular populations and the factors responsible for the success of these practices.
Preparation of [1′‐13C]citric acid as a probe in a breath test to evaluate tricarboxylic acid cycle flux
Authors: Mitome Hidemichi , Takenishi Mieko , Ono Kumiko , Kawagoe Naoyuki , Imai Tsunehiko , Sasaki Yosuke , Urita Yoshihisa , Akira Kazuki
Published: January 2024

[1′‐13C]Citric acid (1) was efficiently prepared from dimethyl 1,3‐acetonedicarboxylate in two steps as a probe for a breath test. The synthetic method was selected because of the yield and reproducibility. Compound 1 was orally administrated to rats, and the time course of the increase of 13CO2/12CO2 ratios (Δ13CO2) in their breath was successfully followed, indicating the metabolism of 1. Thus, the 13C‐breath test using 1 is a promising method to evaluate tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux.
Association of nirmatrelvir for acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with subsequent Long COVID symptoms in an observational cohort study
Authors: Durstenfeld Matthew S. , Peluso Michael J. , Lin Feng , Peyser Noah D. , Isasi Carmen , Carton Thomas W. , Henrich Timothy J. , Deeks Steven G. , Olgin Jeffrey E. , Pletcher Mark J. , Beatty Alexis L. , Marcus Gregory M. , Hsue Priscilla Y.
Published: January 2024

Oral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is approved as treatment for acute COVID‐19, but the effect of treatment during acute infection on risk of Long COVID is unknown. We hypothesized that nirmatrelvir treatment during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection reduces risk of developing Long COVID and rebound after treatment is associated with Long COVID. We conducted an observational cohort study within the Covid Citizen Science (CCS) study, an online cohort study with over 100 000 participants. We included vaccinated, nonhospitalized, nonpregnant individuals who reported their first SARS‐CoV‐2 positive test March–August 2022. Oral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment was ascertained during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Patient‐reported Long COVID symptoms, symptom rebound and test‐positivity rebound were asked on subsequent surveys at least 3 months after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. A total of 4684 individuals met the eligibility criteria, of whom 988 (21.1%) were treated and 3696 (78.9%) were untreated; 353/988 (35.7%) treated and 1258/3696 (34.0%) untreated responded to the Long COVID survey (n = 1611). Among 1611 participants, median age was 55 years and 66% were female. At 5.4 ± 1.3 months after infection, nirmatrelvir treatment was not associated with subsequent Long COVID symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–1.64; p = 0.45). Among 666 treated who answered rebound questions, rebound symptoms or test positivity were not associated with Long COVID symptoms (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.74–2.41; p = 0.33). Within this cohort of vaccinated, nonhospitalized individuals, oral nirmatrelvir treatment during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and rebound after nirmatrelvir treatment were not associated with Long COVID symptoms more than 90 days after infection.
Histopathology of Recalcitrant Maxillary Sinusitis Necessitating Endoscopic Medial Maxillectomy
Authors: Talati Vidit , Baird Ali M. , Gattuso Paolo , Allen‐Proctor Mary , Papagiannopoulos Peter , Batra Pete S. , Filip Peter , Tajudeen Bobby A.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) is an effective intervention for patients with recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis after previous middle meatal antrostomy. The pathophysiology of refractory maxillary sinusitis is incompletely understood. We aim to identify trends in structured histopathology (SHP) to better understand how tissue architecture changes contribute to refractory sinusitis and impaired mucociliary clearance.

Methods

All patients who underwent EMM or standard maxillary antrostomy for recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis of various forms were included. Retrospective chart review was conducted to collect information on demographics, disease characteristics, comorbid conditions, culture data, and SHP reports. Chi‐squared and logistic regression analyses were performed for SHP variables.

Results

Forty‐one patients who underwent EMM and 464 patients who underwent maxillary antrostomy were included. On average, the EMM cohort was 10 years older (60.9 years vs. 51.1 years; p = 0.001) and more often had a history of prior sinus procedures (73.2% vs. 40.9%; p < 0.001). EMM patients had higher rates of fibrosis (34.1% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.002), and this remained statistically significant when controlling for prior sinus procedures and nasal polyposis (p = 0.001). Cultures positive for pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.2% vs. 5.6%, p < 0.001) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (47.1% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.003) were more prevalent in the EMM group.

Conclusion

Fibrosis and bacterial infections with Pseudomonas and coagulase negative Staphylococcus were more prevalent in patients requiring EMM. This may contribute to the multifactorial etiology of impaired mucociliary clearance in patients with recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:2646–2652, 2024
A PITD algorithm for analyzing composite right‐/left‐handed transmission line
Authors: Chen Faxiang
Published: January 2024

In this letter, a novel numerical algorithm is proposed for analyzing the composite right‐/left‐handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL). The proposed algorithm adopts the precise‐integration time‐domain technique to construct the update equation, overcomes the Courant–Friedrich–Levy (CFL) stability condition, and solves the CRLH TL equations in an explicit way. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is simple and straightforward. Numerical results validate that the proposed algorithm can solve CRLH TL equations correctly when large time steps are used, and improves computational efficiency compared with the conventional FDTD method.
Tin oxide as a Q‐switcher in an Nd‐doped fiber laser
Authors: Zhang Pei , Nizamani B. , Salam Sameer , Alghamdi Turki Ali , Aminuddin Jafry Afiq Arif , Azooz S. M. , Harun Sulaiman Wadi
Published: January 2024

A 1089 nm Q‐switched laser has been successfully developed by using a neodymium‐doped fiber (NDF) as a gain medium and tin oxide (SnO2) material as a saturable absorber (SA). The SnO2 SA was obtained by embedding the compound into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) host polymer so that it can be easily integrated into an NDF laser (NDFL) configuration to modulate the cavity loss for pulsing operation. The laser output pulse duration and repetition rate changed from 6.7 to 4.2 µs and from 55.8 to 72.5 kHz, respectively, when the 808 nm pumping power increased from 160.0 to 252.7 mW. The laser exhibited a stable output since we recorded a signal‐to‐background noise ratio of 46.4 dB. We believe that this work is the first to address SnO2 as SA in an NDFL cavity.
A large deformation multiphase continuum mechanics model for shock loading of soft porous materials
Authors: Irwin Zachariah T. , Clayton John D. , Regueiro Richard A.
Published: January 2024

A large deformation, coupled finite‐element (FE) model is developed to simulate the multiphase response of soft porous materials subjected to high strain‐rate loading. The approach is based on the theory of porous media (TPM) at large deformations. Simplifications to the one‐dimensional regime studied in the numerical simulations follow. An overview of several different time integration schemes is presented for the purpose of solving the nonlinear dynamic coupled balance of momenta (mixture and fluid) and balance of mass of the mixture equations. Numerical examples are presented for (i) verification against closed‐form analytical solutions assuming small loads, (ii) demonstrating large deformation effects at high strain‐rate, and (iii) showing differences in deformations between a single‐phase elastodynamics model with occluded compressible pore fluid and a multiphase poroelastodynamics model at high strain‐rate. The multiphase model shows that the relative motion of the pore fluid significantly dampens the deformation response of the solid skeleton as compared to the single‐phase model, and makes it possible to extract quantitative values for the stresses of the different constituents, thereby allowing one to form preliminary conclusions about the onset of damage in the solid skeleton. The novelty of the current work is developing a multiphase, large deformation, mixture theory numerical model for high strain‐rate loading of soft porous materials. It was discovered that explicit, adaptive time‐stepping Runge–Kutta schemes offer high accuracy at relatively low cost when compared to traditional implicit or explicit central difference time‐stepping schemes for shock‐like loadings. Shock viscosity is added to the mixture momentum balance equation to regularize the shock front, and a stabilization term is added to the mixture mass balance equation to stabilize equal order interpolation finite elements for the coupled finite element solution of multiphase materials.
Improving pain communication between limited English‐speaking Hmong patients, medical interpreters, and health care providers in primary care: A pilot study
Authors: Lor Maichou , Li Angie , Brown Roger , Swedlund Matthew P. , Hawkins John G. , Nolander Evan T. , Chewning Betty
Published: January 2024

This pilot study assessed the feasibility of implementing a pain assessment information visualization (InfoViz) tool to address cultural and language barriers among limited English proficiency (LEP) Hmong patients in primary care. We used a static group comparison design to collect data from 20 patient, interpreter, and provider triads under usual care (i.e., interpreter using verbal pain descriptions), followed by another 20 triads under the intervention (i.e., interpreter using verbal pain descriptions and the InfoViz tool). Feasibility outcomes included recruitment and retention rates, InfoViz tool completion, acceptability, and fidelity. We also assessed mutual understanding (MU) and pain electronic health record (EHR) documentation. Descriptive data were calculated and thematic analysis was conducted. Thirty‐six LEP Hmong patients (n = 29 female, mean age = 59.03), 27 providers (n = 15 female), and four interpreters participated in this study. The patient recruitment rate was 18% while the retention rate was 81%. Interpreter recruitment rate was 80%, and 75% for retention rate. The intervention fidelity mean score was 83%. In the intervention condition, patient–provider MU of pain severity improved by 30%, coupled with a 28% increase in pain severity EHR documentation compared to usual care. While communication of pain quality did not improve, there was a higher mean number of pain descriptors (3.31 in the intervention vs. 1.79 in usual care) in EHR documentation. All participants had a positive experience with the tool, reporting it as valuable with 100% completeness of all tools. Findings revealed the tool was acceptable and feasible to use among LEP patients–interpreters–providers, providing support for an efficacy study.
The hazards of the pastoralist lifestyle: Evidence from postcranial fractures in Middle Bronze and Early Iron Age populations of the Forest‐Steppe Altai, Russia
Authors: Tur Svetlana S. , Svyatko Svetlana V. , Rykun Marina P. , Frolov Yaroslav V.
Published: January 2024

A global comparison has shown that subsistence‐specific practices influenced the risk of postcranial fractures in prehistoric hunter‐gatherers and agriculturalists. Much less is known about pastoralists in this regard. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and patterns of postcranial injuries of herders in the Forest‐Steppe Altai, Russia. Skeletal samples associated with the Andronovo Culture of the Middle Bronze Age, and Staroaleyka and Kamen Cultures of the Early Iron Age were studied. Long bones of 595 adults were examined for evidence of antemortem and perimortem injuries. Fracture frequencies were calculated per individual and per skeletal element, and the differences were evaluated statistically. While assessing per individual, the relative risk with a 95% confidence interval was calculated as well. All of the observed fractures were healed. This study suggests that pastoralists sustained not only traumatic, but also stress injuries. There were sex‐related differences in the rates, patterns, and location of the injuries. In the males, the main reason of fractures could have been high‐velocity incidents during horseback riding and using horse‐drawn vehicles. In the females, the majority of the injuries were possibly associated with accidents when walking (short falls and twists of ankle) and milking. Females of the Staroaleyka Culture sustained fractures of the limb bones significantly more often than those of the Kamen Culture, probably as a result of differences in their daily activities. In terms of the total fracture rates, the Forest‐Steppe Altai pastoralists and their neighbors seem to have surpassed low‐intensity agriculturalists but lag behind hunter‐gatherers and high‐intensity agriculturalists. More datasets are needed to further elucidate the association between postcranial fracture risk and subsistence‐specific practices and environments within the Eurasian Steppe, where pastoralism has been the predominant form of economic activity for millennia.
Neural stem cell homeostasis is affected in cortical organoids carrying a mutation in Angiogenin
Authors: Ferguson Ross , van Es Michael A , van den Berg Leonard H , Subramanian Vasanta
Published: January 2024

Mutations in Angiogenin (ANG) and TARDBP encoding the 43 kDa transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP‐43) are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (ALS‐FTD). ANG is neuroprotective and plays a role in stem cell dynamics in the haematopoietic system. We obtained skin fibroblasts from members of an ALS‐FTD family, one with mutation in ANG, one with mutation in both TARDBP and ANG, and one with neither mutation. We reprogrammed these fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and generated cortical organoids as well as induced stage‐wise differentiation of the iPSCs to neurons. Using these two approaches we investigated the effects of FTD‐associated mutations in ANG and TARDBP on neural precursor cells, neural differentiation, and response to stress. We observed striking neurodevelopmental defects such as abnormal and persistent rosettes in the organoids accompanied by increased self‐renewal of neural precursor cells. There was also a propensity for differentiation to later‐born neurons. In addition, cortical neurons showed increased susceptibility to stress, which is exacerbated in neurons carrying mutations in both ANG and TARDBP. The cortical organoids and neurons generated from patient‐derived iPSCs carrying ANG and TARDBP gene variants recapitulate dysfunctions characteristic of frontotemporal lobar degeneration observed in FTD patients. These dysfunctions were ameliorated upon treatment with wild type ANG. In addition to its well‐established role during the stress response of mature neurons, ANG also appears to play a role in neural progenitor dynamics. This has implications for neurogenesis and may indicate that subtle developmental defects play a role in disease susceptibility or onset. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The genetic etiologies of bilateral renal agenesis
Authors: Kirschen Gregory W. , Blakemore Karin , Al‐Kouatly Huda B. , Fridkis Gila , Baschat Ahmet , Gearhart John , Jelin Angie C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

The goal of this study was to review and analyze the medical literature for cases of prenatal and/or postnatally diagnosed bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) and create a comprehensive summary of the genetic etiologies known to be associated with this condition.

Methods

A literature search was conducted as a scoping review employing Online Mendeliain Inheritance in Man, PubMed, and Cochrane to identify cases of BRA with known underlying genetic (chromosomal vs. single gene) etiologies and those described in syndromes without any known genetic etiology. The cases were further categorized as isolated versus non‐isolated, describing additional findings reported prenatally, postnatally, and postmortem. Inheritance pattern was also documented when appropriate in addition to the reported timing of diagnosis and sex.

Results

We identified six cytogenetic abnormalities and 21 genes responsible for 20 single gene disorders associated with BRA. Five genes have been reported to associate with BRA without other renal anomalies; sixteen others associate with both BRA as well as unilateral renal agenesis. Six clinically recognized syndromes/associations were identified with an unknown underlying genetic etiology. Genetic etiologies of BRA are often phenotypically expressed as other urogenital anomalies as well as complex multi‐system syndromes.

Conclusion

Multiple genetic etiologies of BRA have been described, including cytogenetic abnormalities and monogenic syndromes. The current era of the utilization of exome and genome‐wide sequencing is likely to significantly expand our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of BRA.
Withanolides: Promising candidates for cancer therapy
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Yuan YongKang , Cao Shijie , Kang Ning , Qiu Feng
Published: January 2024

Natural products have played a significant role throughout history in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases, particularly cancers. As a natural product primarily derived from various medicinal plants in the Withania genus, withanolides have been shown in several studies to exhibit potential activities in cancer treatment. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanism of withanolides could herald the discovery of new anticancer agents. Withanolides have been studied widely, especially in the last 20 years, and attracted the attention of numerous researchers. Currently, over 1200 withanolides have been classified, with approximately a quarter of them having been reported in the literature to be able to modulate the survival and death of cancer cells through multiple avenues. To what extent, though, has the anticancer effects of these compounds been studied? How far are they from being developed into clinical drugs? What are their potential, characteristic features, and challenges? In this review, we elaborate on the current knowledge of natural compounds belonging to this class and provide an overview of their natural sources, anticancer activity, mechanism of action, molecular targets, and implications for anticancer drug research. In addition, direct targets and clinical research to guide the design and implementation of future preclinical and clinical studies to accelerate the application of withanolides have been highlighted.
Stereochemical and NMR computational study of some natural dimeric bisindole alkaloids
Authors: Grigoriev Dmitry A. , Semenov Valentin A. , Angenot Luc , Krivdin Leonid B.
Published: January 2024

The initial conformational search followed by the optimization of geometric parameters and high‐level calculation of 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were carried out for 12 bisindole alkaloids of the Corynanthe‐Strychnos series. Configurational assignments of all compounds from this series were performed based on the correlation of calculated and experimental NMR chemical shifts. For some alkaloids, the reassignment of the individual resonances together with spectral assignment of experimentally unresolved signals were suggested.
Exclusive and Switchable Superoxide Radical Generation by O2‐Capture‐Based Electron Transfer and Supramolecular Assembly
Authors: Zhu Wenping , Ding Zhen , Guo Shaoxun , Guo Wu‐Jie , Yan Shirong , Liu Bin , Li Hui , Liu Zhen , Tang Ben Zhong , Peng Hui‐Qing
Published: January 2024

Type‐I photosensitizers (PSs) can generate free radical anions with a broad diffusion range and powerful damage effect, rendering them highly desirable in various areas. However, it still remains a recognized challenge to develop pure Type‐I PSs due to the inefficiency in producing oxygen radical anions through the collision of PSs with nearby substrates. In addition, regulating the generation of oxygen radical anions is also of great importance toward the control of photosensitizer (PS) activities on demand. Herein, a piperazine‐based cationic Type‐I PS (PPE‐DPI) that exhibits efficient intersystem crossing and subsequently captures oxygen molecules through binding O2 to the lone pair of nitrogen in piperazine is reported. The close spatial vicinity between O2 and PPE‐DPI strongly promotes the electron transfer reaction, ensuring the exclusive superoxide radical (O2•−) generation via Type‐I process. Particularly, PPE‐DPI with cationic pyridine groups is able to associate with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) through host‐guest interactions. Thus, supramolecular assembly and disassembly are easily utilized to realize switchable O2•− generation. This switchable Type‐I PS is successfully employed in photodynamic antibacterial control.
On‐Demand Tunable Electrical Conductance Anisotropy in a MOF‐Polymer Composite
Authors: Hong Taegyun , Lee Changjae , Bak Yeongseo , Park Geonhyeong , Lee Hongju , Kang Seunguk , Bae Tae‐Hyun , Yoon Dong Ki , Park Jesse G.
Published: January 2024

Property optimization through orientation control of metal–organic framework (MOF) crystals that exhibit anisotropic crystal structures continues to garner tremendous interest. Herein, an electric field is utilized to post‐synthetically control the orientation of conductive layered Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene) crystals dispersed in an electronically insulating poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) oligomer matrix. Optical and electrical measurements are performed to investigate the impact of the electric field on the alignment of Cu3(HHTP)2 crystals and the formation of aggregated microstructures, which leads to an ≈5000‐fold increase in the conductivity of the composite. Notably, the composite thin‐films containing aligned Cu3(HHTP)2 crystals exhibit significant conductivity of ≈10−3 S cm−1 despite the low concentration (≈1 wt.%) of conductive Cu3(HHTP)2. The use of an electric field to align Cu3(HHTP)2 crystals can rapidly generate various desired patterns that exhibit on‐demand tunable collective charge transport anisotropy. The findings provide valuable insights toward the manipulation and utilization of conductive MOFs with anisotropic crystal structures for various applications such as adhesive electrical interconnects and microelectronics.
Factors Affecting the Cracking Resistances of a Spring Steel Tempered at Different Temperatures
Authors: Xia Bo , Zhang Peng , Wang Bin , Li Xiaowu , Zhang Zhefeng
Published: January 2024

Cracking resistance is vital to the practical application of spring steels, which consists of fracture toughness (KIC) under the quasistatic loading condition and fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance under the cyclic loading condition. In the present study, the relation between the KIC/FCP resistance and microstructure of the 50CrMnSiVNb spring steel tempered at various temperatures is studied. In the results, it is shown that the dislocation density is the main factor influencing the KIC and FCP resistances, and the carbide size/quantity and morphology can also affect the KIC and FCP resistances. Thus, reducing the dislocation density is the most effective method to enhance the cracking resistance of the investigated steel. Moreover, decreasing the aspect ratio and obtaining a moderate size of tempered carbides are also beneficial to the cracking resistance. In addition, free hydrogen atoms can cause intergranular fracture on the fracture surface, worsening the FCP rate. To enhance the FCP resistance, smelting processes need to be improved to reduce the hydrogen content of the investigated steel.
An approach to determine nickel in aqueous systems through complexation with a Schiff base based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector
Authors: Birhanu Asnake Lealem , Mohiuddin Irshad
Published: January 2024

This study presents a new and rapid analytical high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector method for determining nickel ion (Ni2+) complex with Schiff base (Z)‐1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl‐methyleneamino) propane‐2‐ol easily. The influence of pH, surfactant, and effect of mobile phase on the formation of the Ni‐(Z)‐1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl‐methyleneamino)propane‐2‐ol complex was studied and optimized. The results showed that the acidic condition (pH = 5) favors the complexation most. Triton X‐100 neutral surfactant was used for dissolving the Ni–complex synthesized. A mobile phase ratio of methanol:acetonitrile:water 70:20:10, v/v/v was taken as optimum. This approach allowed the analysis of Ni2+ ion with the limit of detection of 0.0349 ng/mL over the linear range of (0.1–250 ng/mL) and a relative standard deviation of < 2%. The developed method exhibited remarkable extraction recoveries for Ni2+ in various real water samples (tap water; 98.0%–99.8% and river water; 97.0%–98.7%) and alloys with recoveries of (nichrome; 85.2% and chromel; 88.4%). Moreover, this protocol was also applied for the quantitation of Ni2+ in real sewage samples at a concentration level of 0.256 ng/mL. The outcomes of the present work successfully revealed the apparent superiority of Schiff base (Z)‐1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl‐methyleneamino) propane‐2‐ol toward the practical removal of target Ni2+ under real‐world conditions.
Recent Advances in Graphene‐Based Materials for Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Le , Yue Shi , Jia Shaofeng , Wang Conghui , Zhang Dan
Published: January 2024

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are a promising alternative for large‐scale energy storage due to their advantages of environmental protection, low cost, and intrinsic safety. However, the utilization of their full potential is still hindered by the sluggish electrode reaction kinetics, poor structural stability, severe Zn dendrite growth, and narrow electrochemical stability window of the whole battery. Graphene‐based materials with excellent physicochemical properties hold great promise for addressing the above challenges foe ZIBs. In this review, the energy storage mechanisms and challenges faced by ZIBs are first discussed. Key issues and recent progress in design strategies for graphene‐based materials in optimizing the electrochemical performance of ZIBs (anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator and current collector) are then discussed. Finally, some potential challenges and future research directions of graphene‐based materials in high‐performance ZIBs are proposed for practical applications.
Walking the Walk? (Mis)alignment of EFL Teachers' Self‐Reported Corpus Literacy Skills and Their Competence in Planning and Implementing Corpus‐Based Language Pedagogy
Authors: Chung Tieu Thuy , Crosthwaite Peter , Cao Cam Thi Hong , de Carvalho Carolina Tavares
Published: January 2024

Data‐driven learning (DDL) is an increasingly popular area of research for language teaching and is gradually being incorporated into teacher education programs globally. However, assessing teacher trainees' (self‐reported) corpus literacy, and its impact on eventually (and successfully) incorporating corpora into language teaching, is an ongoing issue. This paper explores the experiences of in‐service English language teacher trainees in developing both corpus literacy and corpus‐based language pedagogy skills in Vietnam. The study finds a disconnect between participants' high self‐reported corpus literacy skills, high intention to conduct corpus‐based language teaching, and their ability to convert said intention and literacy into viable ideas for corpus‐based language teaching within their lesson planning. Potential reasons include difficulties conceptualizing DDL's integration into lesson objectives, selection of inappropriate corpora for the target audience, issues planning DDL activities for primary‐age learners, and Vietnamese‐specific issues mainly around access to technology. Accordingly, we present several recommendations for improving the assessment of DDL trainees' actual integration of DDL into their teaching practice.
Soil Erosion Research and Soil Conservation Policy in South Africa
Authors: Baade Jussi , Aucamp Ilse , Collett Anneliza , Eckardt Frank , Funk Roger , Glotzbach Christoph , von Holdt Johanna , Kestel Florian , Knot Jaap , Lombard Antoinette , Morgenthal Theunis , Msipa Alex , Roux Jay J. Le
Published: January 2024

Soil erosion has been identified as an issue in South African farming for more than a century. Erosion of land surfaces by water or wind is a natural process which might be accelerated directly by human impact on land surface properties, e.g., vegetation and soils. An assessment of soil erosion risk indicates average soil loss rates two orders of magnitude larger than long-term soil formation rates. This challenging condition clearly underlines the need for continuous application of established policies and principles as well as emerging modes of conservation agriculture in farming activities in most parts of South Africa. In addition, conservation agriculture has been shown to have positive effects on the cost–value ratio, but diffusion and adoption of this innovative approach still meet resistance often founded in traditional faith and belief systems. However, to cope with challenges from global climate change, e.g., intensified extreme weather conditions (droughts and flooding), strengthened resilience of farming systems is required to i) meet increased domestic and global demand for food and ii) to put into practice sustainable management to diminish on-site and off-site damages from soil erosion on the way to reach sustainable development goals.
Synthesis and Outlook on Future Research and Scientific Education in Southern Africa
Authors: von Maltitz Graham P. , Midgley Guy F. , Veitch Jennifer , Brümmer Christian , Rötter Reimund P. , Rixen Tim , Brandt Peter , Veste Maik
Published: January 2024

The sustainability of southern Africa’s natural and managed marine and terrestrial ecosystems is threatened by overuse, mismanagement, population pressures, degradation, and climate change. Counteracting unsustainable development requires a deep understanding of earth system processes and how these are affected by ongoing and anticipated global changes. This information must be translated into practical policy and management interventions. Climate models project that the rate of terrestrial warming in southern Africa is above the global terrestrial average. Moreover, most of the region will become drier. Already there is evidence that climate change is disrupting ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. This is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, but impacts can be partly mitigated through urgent implementation of appropriate policy and management interventions to enhance resilience and sustainability of the ecosystems. The recommendations presented in the previous chapters are informed by a deepened scientific understanding of the relevant earth system processes, but also identify research and knowledge gaps. Ongoing disciplinary research remains critical, but needs to be complemented with cross-disciplinary and transdisciplinary research that can integrate across temporal and spatial scales to give a fuller understanding of not only individual components of the complex earth-system, but how they interact.