bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occult Malignancy Presenting as Acute Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Authors: Green S.T. , Dutton A.H. , Bouchier I.A.D.
Published: January 2017

Only six cases of hepatic metastatic disease presenting as acute fulminant liver failure have been recorded in the literature. A seventh case is reported here where, after presenting in acute liver failure, it was not possible to establish a tissue diagnosis but evidence of massive liver replacement by tumour was provided by ultrasound imaging and radionuclide scintiscanning.
Legionnaires' Disease and IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Fergusson R.J. , Mine L.T.
Published: January 2017

A patient was admitted with a febrile illness associated with frank haematuria. Further investigations confirmed the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease with an IgA nephropathy. This association has not previously been reported.
Infectious Mononucleosis Presenting as Thrombocytopenic Haemorrhage
Authors: Sheehan T. , McClymont L. , O'Donnell J.R.
Published: January 2017

A 29-year-old male presented with major thrombocytopenic bleeding as the sole clinical manifestation of infective mononucleosis. Oral steroids proved highly effective despite the absence of any demonstrable auto-immune mechanism for the thrombocytopenia.
Vaccine-Induced Polioencephalomyelitis in Scotland
Authors: Asindi A.A. , Bell E.J. , Browning M.J. , Stephenson J.B.
Published: January 2017

A six-month-old British female, living in Glasgow was admitted in June 1986 with a four-day history of fever and lower limb weakness following immunisation with oral polio and triple (DTP) vaccines. Examination revealed paralysis of all limbs, facial muscles and right diaphragm, scoliosis, opsoclonus and ocular flutter. Poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, isolated from her stool specimens were all vaccine-like strains. Her serial serum IgA levels were persistently low and salivary IgA was undetectable. This appears to be the first fully authenticated case of poliovaccine damage in Scotland. It is unclear whether the selective IgA deficiency contributed to her vulnerability. It is essential to investigate elaborately and process viral isolates in every suspected case of acute poliomyelitis so as to determine the dimension and ramifications of poliovaccine damage in the UK population which is known to be rather apprehensive about vaccine dangers.
The Dental Health of Children with Congenital Cardiac Disease
Authors: Urquhart A.P.M. , Blinkhorn A.S.
Published: January 2017

One hundred and thirty four children with congenital cardiac disease aged between four years and 12 years underwent a dental examination in order to establish their level of dental health. The results showed a mean DEFT (decayed, extracted and filled teeth) score of 3.34 for four to six year old children, a mean DEFT of 3.26 for seven to nine year olds and a mean DMFT (decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth) of 5.03 for 10 to 12 year olds. The majority of the dental disease was found in children from poorer areas of Glasgow. As a result of this study, a dental health education programme for all parents and children attending the cardiac outpatient clinics has been established.
Mortality and Causes of Death in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Results from the Aberdeen Whole Population Study
Authors: Ebmeier K.P. , Calder S.A. , Crawford J.R. , Stewart L. , Besson J.A.O. , Mutch W.J.
Published: January 2017

Two hundred and forty-nine patients with Parkinson's disease previously examined by Mutch et al 1,2 were followed up three and a half years after the original study. Cognitive impairment, age, some postural signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease and high scores on the Hoehn and Yahr scale predicted premature death. Patients were more likely to die from respiratory infections than controls. Respiratory diseases as cause of death recorded on the death certificate were not related to kyphosis, posture scores or Hoehn and Yahr scores before death. The hypothesis is advanced that death of respiratory causes might be associated with signs of general autonomic dysregulation.
Severe Salmonellosis Related to Oral Administration of Anti-Diarrhoeal Drugs
Authors: Smith D.F. , Smith C.C. , Douglas J.G. , Reid T.M.S. , Gould I.M.
Published: January 2017

Infection with non-typhoidal Salmonellae usually causes a self-limiting dysenteric illness. Several factors are known to increase the propensity to invasive disease — With its related sequelae. We present four previously healthy patients who had none of the recognised risk factors but developed Salmonella infection with a severe and protracted illness. Common to each of these patients was the pre-hospital oral administration of anti-diarrhoeal drugs.
Home Parenteral Nutrition in Tayside 1980–1992
Authors: Johnston D.A. , Pennington C.R.
Published: January 2017

The experience of Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) in Tayside over the last 13 years has been reviewed with particular reference to the indications for, complications of, and quality of life whilst receiving HPN. The observed complication rate has been compared with that of the UK experience, and the observed complication rate for the first seven years of HPN experience has been compared with the subsequent six years.

The Tayside experience equates broadly with that of the UK, although there was a different pattern of complications. Increasing experience with HPN has resulted in a fall in HPN related complications to 1 per 3.4 treatment years in Tayside, a rate as low as that of the most experienced HPN centre in the UK.
Protein C and S Deficiency Causing Childhood Stroke
Authors: Brown D.C. , Livingston J.H. , Minns R.A. , Eden O.B.
Published: January 2017

The annual incidence of cerebrovascular disease in children is 2.5/100,000 and cerebral infarction is being increasingly recognised in neonates.1 Deficiency of proteins C and S and their roles in thrombosis have only recently been recognised.2 Immunologic and functional assays of these proteins now make it possible to determine whether deficiency of them is associated in any particular case of childhood cerebrovascular accident (CVA).3

We describe two patients, both presenting with stroke in childhood, who were found to be deficient, one in protein C and one in protein S.
Deficiencies of Management of Spontaneous Pneumothoraces
Authors: Selby C.D. , Sudlow M.F.
Published: January 2017

In a retrospective, case-note based, audit of the initial management of spontaneous pneumothoraces in a large teaching hospital, 38 events were identified in 37 patients admitted over 12 months to the end of September 1991. The initial management was intercostal tube drainage in 21 (55%), decided upon by middle grade staff, with a cost in terms of the duration of hospitalisation (median 7 (range 2–18) days), chest radiography (6 (3–10) films) and potential for complications including infections (3 wound, 2 chest). Aspiration was performed in only three cases, the remainder were managed by observation. We suggest that undue reliance is placed upon intercostal tube drainage to treat spontaneous pneumothoraces with aspiration alone performed too infrequently. Moreover, other deficiencies in management including the practise of drain clamping and incomplete follow-up were identified.
Investigation and Surgery in Irritable Bowel Syndrome — A Cautionary Series
Authors: Barton J.R.
Published: January 2017

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common problem, and, with a broad symptom complex, likely to present to a wide variety of clinicians. Lack of awareness of these manifestations may lead to inappropriate investigation, and surgery. Six patients with irritable bowel syndrome who had multiple investigations and operations are reported. There was a median of seven years delay in diagnosis, patients seeing a median of six different consultants. Over 13 years of follow-up symptoms were unchanged, but patients had undergone a median of eight (often invasive) investigations, and six operations. Several operations were for complications of, or resulted from, a previous procedure. There were far fewer operations after diagnosis, four over 33 patient-years, than prior to diagnosis, 25 over 43 patient-years (chi-squared = 8.074, 1df p<0.0025). All clinicians should be aware of the diffuse symptomatology of irritable bowel, and its potential to mimic other diseases. Surgery should be avoided.
An Audit of Sickle Cell Screening in a Paediatric Hospital Population
Authors: Baraka A. , Haddock G , Roussis X. , Leventis J. , Fyfe A.H.B.
Published: January 2017

Current UK guidelines for the detection of sickle cell disease (SSD) recommend pre-operative screening of patients of African or Afro-Caribbean descent and of patients from the Middle East, South Italy, Greece and India. These recommendations have considerable cost implications for the NHS. We have undertaken a retrospective audit of the use of SSD screening in our own institution.

Between January 1987 and August 1992,1305 patients under 15 years of age (mean 3.8 years) underwent screening for SSD. Surgical patients accounted for 1120 tests (85.8%). The majority of patients tested were of Asian descent (n=955; 73%); only 350 (27%) were of African or Afro-Caribbean descent. Only four patients (0.3%) tested positive (all sickle cell trait); three of Afro-Caribbean descent and one from Bahrain.

We conclude that, in our population, the incidence of HbS is low. Patients of African or Afro-Caribbean descent should continue to be tested but a selective policy may be indicated in other ethnic groups.
Alfred Ernest Maylard, 1855–1947: Glasgow Surgeon Extraordinaire
Authors: Slater S.D.
Published: January 2017

This account concerns Alfred Ernest Maylard, 1855 — 1947, a surgeon of exceptional ability and a man with extraordinary energy and drive. He was appointed to the Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow, when it opened in 1890 and made an outstanding clinical and academic contribution, particularly in abdominal surgery. His organisational talents were remarkable and manifest in his influence not just upon the hospital's developments but also upon Glasgow's medical life in general. In his spare time he was a keen mountaineer and was the driving force behind the formation of the Scottish Mountaineering Club in 1889 and its first secretary and later president. He was a prolific writer in all these fields, his eminence as scientific surgeon being recognised by election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and his contribution to mountaineering by the vice-presidency of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.
Management of Suspected Acute Venous Thromboembolism in a General and Maternity Hospital
Authors: Neilly J.B. , Walker I.D. , Lowe G.D.O.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective study of the management of patients with suspected acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in a general and maternity hospital was conducted over a two month period in 1992. Ninety six patients with suspected D VT/PTE were identified, of whom only two were pregnant. Forty four patients had suspected DVT and confirmatory investigations were performed in 84%. The most common risk factor for DVT was intra-venous drug (IVD) use. Unfractionated heparin was prescribed to all patients except one with acute DVT at an average daily dose of 25,000 iu. Inpatients receiving heparin, 68% had measurements of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ratio and on 38% of occasions the result was subtherapeutic. Complications of heparin therapy were infrequent. Fifty two patients had suspected PTE and 50 underwent ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scanning. No patient underwent pulmonary angiography. The management of patients with normal, low and high probability V/Q scans was in keeping with the guidelines, but only 85%o of patients with an intermediate V/Q scan result had further investigations and 33% received heparin. This study revealed sub optimal anticoagulation of patients with acute DVT and scope for improvement in the management of patients with an intermediate V/Q scan result.
Dry Bones: A Palaeopathological Study of Skeletal Remains from a Medieval Graveyard in Dundee
Authors: Spalding R.N. , Sinclair D.J. , Cox A. , Morley K.D.
Published: January 2017

We report a study on human skeletal remains excavated from a medieval city centre graveyard. The remains of approximately 75 individuals were examined and radiographs were made of selected specimens. Many bones were normal and apparently from strong, young adults. The most frequent abnormality was osteoarthritis but we also noted osteoporosis, periostitis and an example of probable Pagets disease. From measurements of long bones and using appropriate formulae, we estimated stature. The average height for males was calculated to be 172cm (5′ 7″) and for females 157cm (5′ 2″).
The Biting Midge of the West Highlands: Fifty Years of Research
Authors: Stuart A.E. , Evans A. , Brooks C. , Simpson M.J.A. , Cloughley J.B. , MacIntosh D.F. , Stuart C.L.E. , Blackwell A. , Kettle D.S.
Published: January 2017

The biting midge of the West Highlands belongs to the family Ceratopogonidae and approximately 150 species are known to exist in Britain. All of the flies are of minute size and slender build with wings which fold over the back. The females have biting mouthparts including a needle sharp proboscis with scissor type mandibles. The males do not bite. The Ceratopogonidae devours other small insects, some feed on plant juices, others pierce the wing veins of butterflies and some attack juicy caterpillars. Only three genera are bloodsuckers and of these only Culicoides occurs in Britain. The members of this genus are classified by the pattern of wing venation and the spots on the wings. Edwards' gives a detailed table of these characteristics. The commonest species in Scotland is C. impunctatus, although others have been met with on Skye.
Home Enteral Feeding of Children in the West of Scotland
Authors: McCarey D. W. , Buchanan E. , Gregory M. , Clark B. J. , Weaver L. T.
Published: January 2017

Home enteral feeding (HEF) is increasingly used to achieve positive energy and nitrogen balance in children with chrpnic disease outside hospital. It should be considered when oral feeding cannot or should not be used, and when nutritional support is the sole reason for hospitalisation. In the West of Scotland 156 children (80 male, 76 female) cared for by the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow received HEF between 1st September 1994 and 1995. They ranged in age from 0 months to 23 years. Indications for HEF were cystic fibrosis (21), cerebral palsy (17), other neurological disease (29), congenital/metabolic abnormalities (23), chronic renal failure (17), neoplastic disease (17), gastrointestinal/hepatic disease (12), failure-to-thrive (10), and cardiorespiratory disease (10). Most children received feeds by nasogastric tube (59%) or gastrostomy (41%). One child had a jejunostomy. Feeding regimens were continuous infusion (52%), bolus feeding alone (26%), and a combination of bolus and infusion (22%). 73% of patients had infusion pumps. Duration of HEF ranged from one month to 12 years. 78% of children received standard infant or enteralfeeds, some receiving energy supplements. The remainder received ‘disease-specific’ or other special feeds. There was a 23% increase in the number of children receiving HEF during the year of the study. HEF represents an effective way of improving the nutritional status of children with chronic disease at home. It frees hospital beds and nursing resources, is well accepted by children and their families and is growing rapidly as an alternative to hospitalisation.
The History of Geriatric Medicine in Scotland
Authors: Ghosh U.K. , Ghosh K.
Published: January 2017

The concept that care of elderly people required special facilities and training started early this century but was only implemented with the advent of the NHS in 1948. In Scotland the speciality gradually evolved and grew in stature and prominence. The early pioneers in Scotland are described.
Associations between Road Traffic Accidents and Socio-Economic Deprivation on Scotland's West Coast
Authors: Chichester B.M. , Gregan J.A. , Anderson D.P. , Kerr J.M.
Published: January 2017

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are declining, but remain a public health concern locally and worldwide. Scottish RTAs killed 316 people and injured over 20,000 in 1996. By 2020, they are predicted to become the world's third-leading cause of sickness and death. Little is known about associations between RTAs and deprivation; it has never been explored on Scotland's West Coast. This study analysed hospital A&E admissions and investigated associations between RTAs and socio-economic status. 1,300 attendance records at a 575-bed NHS Trust Accident & Emergency in North Lanarkshire were reviewed and 1,020 records analysed in conjunction with Health Board socio-economic data. Findings strongly suggest (p=0.00461) a positive trend between RTA activity and deprivation. Significance held for gender, victim role, purpose of journey and age, except for drivers 60 and over. Given the preventative nature of RTAs and their contribution to morbidity and mortality, further research between RTAs and deprivation is suggested.
Plastic Surgery Waiting List — The Numbers Game Fact or Fiction?
Authors: McGregor J. C.
Published: January 2017

Previous studies have indicated the importance of work load and operating time in helping to manage a waiting list. While analysis ofa waiting list based solely on numbers cannot give an accurate assessment it is only this and “the waiting time” to surgery (apparently irrespective of clinical priorities) that seem to matter to the government, the Trust Hospitals, and to the public. This study examines case numbers on a waiting list over a two year period and links this to the preceding six months elective operations. Further insight into a waiting list construction can be obtained because of the clinical need for some degree of prioritisation, particularly because of malignancies, it is obvious why the bare waiting list numbers and composition can give a false impression of the true situation. The secondary effect on waiting time for less urgent cases can thus be more readily explained. Some form of rationing may be the answer.
The Management of Syncope in a British Emergency Department Compared to Recent American Guidelines
Authors: Thakore S. B. , Crombie I. , Johnston M.
Published: January 2017

This descriptive study aims to determine current clinical practice in an emergency department when assessing patients presenting with syncope and then to compare this with recent guidelines from the American College of Physicians. Key points on history, examination, investigation and disposition of patients from the department were measured. Of 100 patients recruited, few had relevant symptoms documented. Seventy-five patients had an electrocardiogram performed, in which 18 were defined as abnormal. 40% of those with a history of organic heart disease were sent home. 28% of those with an abnormal electrocardiogram were discharged. 44% of those aged over 70 were discharged. A total of 45 patients were admitted. An extra 17 to 26 patients may have been admitted if the American guidelines had been adhered to. This study highlights deficiencies in assessment and a difference in current practice when compared with the recommendations from the American College of Physicians. Further research is required to produce guidelines on disposition applicable to emergency departments in the United Kingdom.
Electron-Microscope Study of the Effects of Various Solvents on Reactions of Diethylaminoethyl-Cotton with Epichlorohydrin
Authors: deGruy Ines V. , Guidry Joan C. , Carra Jarrell H. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: January 2017

Reaction products of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton with epichlorohydrin in both protic and aprotic solvents, have been examined in the electron microscope. Evaluation of degree of cross-linking and uniformity of reaction was made on the basis of expansion patterns obtained by polymerization of methacrylate within the fibers treated in the various solvents. In general, fiber structures from the aprotic systems appeared to be more homogeneous and solid than those from the protic media.
A “Wisp” Test for Mechanical Properties of Raw Wool
Authors: Holdaway H. W.
Published: January 2017

The multiple “wisp” test is proposed here as a reasonable economic compromise which goes a substantial way towards producing representative sampling and a stable statistic of testing representative samples of fibers for strength and extensibility. The latter is assessed from the coefficient of variation of test results. It is especially applicable where strength, extensibility and work-to-rupture are the principal characteristics being tested.
The Hairiness of Cotton Yarns
Authors: Goswami Bhuvenesh C.
Published: January 2017

The hairiness of cotton yarns made from three different cottons with varying staple length and fineness and spun under varying spinning conditions has been studied. The parameter adopted to characterize the hairiness of yarns was N1 L1—the cumulative protruding length in 1-mm length of yarn. A new technique—a yarn-clamping and -rotating device—was used to count the number of protruding ends N1, and measure the corresponding protruding lengths L1. This technique helps to count the fiber ends more accurately than other methods. The technique involves rotating the yarn and thus bringing the fiber end projecting into a plane perpendicular to the screen and also exposing the actual protruding length of the fiber in the plane of the screen. This device thus overcomes the possibility of a fiber being excluded from the count, which would otherwise be hidden by the yarn shadow and by the tangled appearance of the yarn edges. The results obtained have been found to be fairly accurate and reproducible and agree with the subjective judgment of hairiness of yarns.
Practical Approaches to the Light Stabilization of Polypropylene Multifilaments
Authors: Bonkowski Joseph E.
Published: January 2017

The stabilization of polypropylene against the effects of ultraviolet light has been the subject of considerable research. Stabilizing polypropylene multifilament yarns is understandably more difficult than stabilizing monofilaments or molded articles. Due to the small diameters of fiber (< 50 microns), conventional uv screeners (such as the benzophenones and benzotriazoles) offer little protection from ultraviolet light. Peroxide decomposers of the dialkylthiodipropionate variety have been found to be virtually ineffective in increasing fiber lifetimes, whereas certain phosphites are quite useful. Supporting laboratory data have shown that at low temperatures phosphites decompose hydroperoxides more rapidly and more efficiently than the dialkylthiodipropionates. Nickel stabilizers appear to be considerably more effective for multifilaments than the uv screeners. Our findings indicate that the Ni compounds function as quenchers of electronically excited carbonyl groups which arise from the photolysis of carbonyl impurities in the polymer. Combinations of the various types of stabilizers can lead to increased fiber lifetimes.
The Torsional Properties of Normal and Sulfur-Enriched Wool Fibers
Authors: Armstrong L. D. , Feughelman M.
Published: January 2017

The effects of temperature on the mechanical properties in torsion of wet fibers of normal and sulfur-enriched wool have been determined at 20–85°C. In addition, the behavior of the fibers in aqueous solutions of HCl of pH 2.9 and 1.85 at 20°C and of pH 0.84 at 20, 40, and 70°C has been observed. The modulus of rigidity and the torsional relaxation at each condition were measured. The moduli of rigidity of wet fibers of both wools were found to be similar in magnitude and decreased approximately linearly with increasing temperature at 20–85°C. The fractional relaxation of torque in fibers held at constant twist was least in wet fibers of the sulfur-enriched wool. The difference in behavior between the normal and sulfur-enriched wools appeared to be related to the difference in aspartic acid content in the two types of wool and not to the difference in sulfur content. The process of disulfide-sulfhydryl interchange appears to be of little significance for wet fibers of wool in torsion at temperatures below 50°C, but is of increasing significance at temperatures above 50°C and at least up to 85°C. In general, the torsional properties of wool fibers in distilled water at temperatures below 50°C are dependent upon polar and disulfide bonds, the most important polar bonds being salt links. The presence of other linkage systems such as entanglements or apolar groups were not detectable in these tests. At higher temperatures, disulfide-sulfhydryl interchange affects the torsional relaxation behavior. The transition in behavior is distinctly evident at approximately 50° C.
Wool Setting: The Effect of Esterification
Authors: Holt L. A. , Leach S. J. , Milligan B.
Published: January 2017

Esterification of wool fabrics with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or n-butanol (containing 0.1 M HCl as catalyst) has been found to modify both amide and carboxyl side chains. Modification of amide groups is especially marked with the higher alcohols. The esterified fabrics set more readily than untreated fabric when steam-pressed in the presence of 0.05 M buffer (pH 7), but not when M potassium chloride is added to the buffer.

The effect of esterification in enhancing the settability of wool can be explained in terms of the Donnan effect. In solutions of low ionic strength, the internal pH of a wool fiber differs from that of the external solution and this effect is accentuated on esterification. As a result, the internal pH of esterified wool is much higher than that of untreated wool. Since wool sets more readily in alkaline than in neutral solution, esterification enhances settability. At high ionic strengths, however, the Donnan effect is suppressed. The internal and external pH values are the same for both untreated and esterified fabrics, which therefore set at the same rate.
Independent Evaluation of the Dry Mass and the Moisture Content of Running Textile Yarns with a Capacity-Type Meter
Authors: Peeters M.
Published: January 2017

This paper deals with a new device for the evaluation of the dry mass and the moisture content of fiber samples of wool and running yarns or slivers. The device measures the varying dielectric constant simultaneously in high- and low-frequency bands. The contribution of the absorbed water is almost the same in the two bands; contribution of the dry mass, however, differs considerably. The device uses this phenomenon. The apparatus is rather simple and provides sufficient accuracy. The experimental results agree with the theoretical calculations.
The Mechanics of Looped-Pile Carpets
Authors: El-Shiekh Aly , Hersh S. P.
Published: January 2017

The idealized geometry of a looped-pile carpet is analyzed. Mechanisms of deformation are outlined, and the limiting conditions for each mechanism are discussed. Expressions are derived for both the initial and final geometries of the loop. Strain levels in the fibers in a deformed carpet are predicted, and the results are presented in dimensionless parameters which can be easily converted into usual textile terms.

Attention is given to the practical implications of this mathematical approach to carpet design.
Axial Order in Ramie
Authors: Kulshreshtha A. K. , Patil N. B. , Dweltz N. E. , Radhakrishnan T.
Published: January 2017

Letters to the Editor are brief communications intended to provide prompt publication of significant research results and to permit an exchange of views on papers previously published in the Journal. Letters are subject to review, but the authors assume full responsibility for information or opinion expressed
Studies on the Ozone Fading of Anthraquinone Dyes on Nylon Fibers
Authors: Haylock J. C. , Rush J. L.
Published: January 2017

The effects of humidity, temperature, and ozone concentration on the ozone fading of a number of blue anthraquinone dyes on nylon yarns have been studied before and after steam heat-setting. Disperse and basic dyes were found to be sensitive to the presence of atmospheric ozone at high humidity, whereas acid dyes were, in general, less sensitive. The rate of fading varied for different dyes within each of these three classes. The effect of fiber properties on the degree of fading was also studied, and the results illustrate the importance of dye diffusion in the ozone fading phenomenon.
The Effect of Light on Dyed-Stilbene Fluorescent-Brightened Wool
Authors: Needles Howard L.
Published: January 2017

The effect of three representative stilbene fluorescent brighteners on light-induced changes in the color and tensile properties of wool samples dyed with three acid dyes, two reactive dyes, and a cationic dye was studied. The brighteners alone on wool caused yellowing and deterioration in the dry and wet tensile properties of the undyed wool, whereas the fluorescent brighteners had much less effect on irradiated dyed wool samples. In most cases the dyes protected the wool from brightener-induced color change and deterioration in tensile properties. The particular structures and combination of dye and fluorescent brightener had only a limited effect on the degree and nature of light-induced change in the color and tensile properties.
An Examination of the Cause of the Humidity Sensitivity of the Lightfastness of Dyed Materials
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Haslam Ronald , Duff David G.
Published: January 2017

Light fading of some typical sulfonated acid wool and direct cotton dyes has been assessed, visually against the blue standards, on cotton, wool, silk, and anodized aluminum, and spectrophotometrically in films of regenerated cellulose and gelatin, at various respective relative humidities of the surrounding atmosphere. Some tests were also made in which the films were exposed to light when sealed against entrance of air. The known, lower susceptibility of fading rate to relative humidity of dyes on wool compared with cotton is confirmed and shown to apply also to silk and gelatin. Fading of dyes on anodized aluminum, after sealing, is unaffected by any change in the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere.

It is suggested that on cotton, increase in RH causes more rapid fading because of increased fiber swelling, which accelerates transport of oxygen to the excited dye molecule. The anodic film on aluminum does not swell and so is unaffected by change in RH. Though the swelling effect operates with proteins, it is less noticeable because fading thereon is only partly caused by oxidation; mainly it is due to reduction, hydrogen being abstracted from the substrate itself, and therefore fading is less dependent on oxygen transport into the fiber. This suggestion is consistent with the observation made in this work—that fading on cellulose is considerably retarded by completely sealing the dyed substrate against air, whereas fading on a typical protein (gelatin) is hardly affected at all.
Crosslinking of Cotton through Graft Copolymerization
Authors: Sharma V. N. , Daruwalla E. H.
Published: January 2017

Fabric samples were grafted with binary and ternary mixtures of selected vinyl monomers along with acrylamide onto cotton using ceric ammonium nitrate as catalyst from aqueous solution or emulsion, and subsequently polyacrylamide grafts were methylolated in situ and crosslinked. Except in the case of acrylamide-acrylonitrile treatment, finished fabrics show good wrinkle-recovery properties accompanied by satisfactory retention of breaking- and tear-strength and also very much improved resistance to abrasion. The finish is suitable for the deferred-cure process with minimum evolution of formaldehyde. When the above-mentioned uncrosslinked grafted samples are crosslinked through N-methylol crosslinking agents, improvement in wrinkle-recovery properties are accompanied by usual losses in strength and abrasion resistance. However, when ternary mixtures containing ethylacrylate, acrylamide, and acrylonitrile are grafted at higher polymer add-ons, and fabric is crosslinked through the conventional crosslinking agents, very good abrasion-resistance properties along with good strength retention are achieved. In the reverse process— i.e., where samples are first crosslinked through polyacrylamide grafts and then further grafted with ethylacrylate alone or in combination with other monomers—abrasion properties are markedly improved, while wrinkle-recovery properties are only moderate.
Thermomechanical Behavior of Nonwovens
Authors: Shimalla Charles J. , Whitwell John C.
Published: January 2017

Thermomechanical properties of thermoplastically bonded nonwovens are studied in an exploratory series of experiments. Particular attention is given to the post-bonding temperature conditions, as well as bonding temperatures, pressures, times, and concentrations of the lower melting polymer ( i.e. the binder fiber). Discussion of results centers around the potential morphological aspects of the various treatments, comparing mechanical responses of the nonwoven webs to the expectations for various morphological configurations.
Catalytic Effects in the Reaction of Methylolamide Crosslinking Agents with Cellulose
Authors: Pierce A. G. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Kullman Russell M. H.
Published: January 2017

A systematic study of pad-dry-cure finishing was conducted with several N-methylol type crosslinking agents and a wide variety of salt catalysts to determine what factors contribute to and control catalytic activity. Salts were chosen with various combinations of positive and negative ions to study most of the characteristics inherent in the periodic table in an effort to establish general trends that may be operative. Three important factors were used to assess catalytic activity: 1) rate of reaction, 2) maximum attainable extent of reaction (yield), and 3) minimum catalyst concentration necessary to achieve maximum extent of reaction. It was found that catalytic activity is a complex result of several contributing factors, including acidity and oxidation state of the cation, nature of the anion, ionic size and ionic mobility, hydrolysis reactions which the salts undergo in aqueous solution, covalent character, and temperature effects. Both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid mechanisms are concurrently operative to different extents with different catalysts.
Some Studies on Tuft Weight Distribution in the Opening Room
Authors: Singh A. , Salhotra K. R. , Kambo N. S.
Published: January 2017

A complete individualization of cotton tufts produced in an opening room is not easy, and hence the tuft weight distribution can be largely influenced by the technique used for tuft separation. Various research workers have arrived at different types of tuft weight frequency distribution. The present study describes a tracer-tuft technique for accurate and near complete individualization of tufts. It is found that a truncated exponential distribution fits very well to the data obtained on tuft size under various processing conditions.
Use of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analyses (ESCA) in a Study of Oil-Repellent Finishes
Authors: Soignet D. M. , Connick W. J. , Benerito R. R.
Published: January 2017

Techniques of electron emission spectroscopy were used to determine location and orientation of selected fluoro compounds, used alone and in combination with N-methylolated crosslinking reagents, to impart oil repellency to chemically modified cellulosic textiles.
The Photo-Oxidation of Polypropylene Monofilaments
Authors: Blais P. , Carlsson D. J. , Clark F. R. S. , Sturgeon P. Z. , Wiles D. M.
Published: January 2017

The photo-oxidative degradation of polypropylene monofilaments with xenon-arc irradiation results initially in a drop in elongation-to-break, followed by a decrease in tensile strength on prolonged irradiation. A microscopic examination of fibers that were first peeled to reveal the interior of the filament and then uv-irradiated showed that the interior is partially fibrillar, and that the fibrillar zones are more resistant to photo-oxidative scission than the surrounding nonfibrillar matrix. The formation of cracks in the outer sheath of the fiber and through the nonfibrillar regions correlates with the drop in elongation-to-break. Fibrils are not severed until after long uv exposure times, corresponding to the observed drop in tensile strength. Fiber melting temperatures estimated from DSC endotherms drop steadily during photo-oxidation. This drop and the observed decrease in x-ray crystallinity may be associated with the photo-oxidative cleavage of tie molecules and chain-extended crystalline zones.
The Fundamentals of Electrostatic Spinning
Authors: Doğu Ismail
Published: January 2017

A mathematical analysis is presented of the movement of a single fiber in a high, uniform and also nonuniform electrostatic field. In the present analysis the resistance of the air to a moving fiber is first assumed to be proportional to the square of the speed of the fiber concerned, and secondly the use of Stokes' law is made to express the same resistance. The fiber final-limiting speed, entry speed, and acceleration into the spindle-electrode are calculated. It is shown that in pratice the production by an electrostatic spinning machine could safely be about twenty or more times higher than that of a conventional ring-spinning machine. The equation of the path of a single fiber in a nonuniform electrostatic field is derived.
Comparison of Catalytic Activities and Textile Mechanical Properties Observed in the Crosslinking of Cotton with Highly Active Catalysts
Authors: Meyer U. , Müller K. , Rouette H. K. , Zollinger H.
Published: January 2017

Nine metal chlorides and mixtures of these salts with tartaric acid are compared with hydrochloric acid with regard to catalytic activity in crosslinking cotton fabrics with formaldehyde by the pad-dry-cure process. The sequence of catalytic activity can be rationalized by the hard/soft concept of acids and bases. When highly active catalysts are applied, the relation between dry crease-recovery angle and tensile strength is significantly improved for DMEU-cross-linked fabrics but only marginally improved when formaldehyde is used as the crosslinker.
The Effect of Cotton Mercerization on Cotton/Polyester Blends
Authors: Gupta D. K. , H-Kish M. , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: January 2017

The effect of using mercerized cotton fibers on the strength of yarns and fabrics made of cotton/polyester blends was studied. Cotton fibers were mercerized by treating them with 24% NaOH solution for two minutes. Three levels of blends were used. The blends were prepared using both unmercerized and mercerized cotton fibers for comparison purposes. The results show significant improvement in the strength of the yarns and fabrics having mercerized cotton over those with unmercerized cotton.
The Effect of Strong Alkali Treatment on the Cell-Wall Structure of Ramie Fiber
Authors: Ray P. K. , Das B. K.
Published: January 2017

Transverse sections of degummed ramie fiber, after treatment with 24% w/w sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature and the boiling condition, have been examined by light microscopy. The peripheral S1 layer of the secondary wall is not distinctly visible in most of the transverse sections of the fibers after sodium hydroxide treatment at boil. X-ray diagrams of the fibers showed that the conversion to cellulose II was complete in both the conditions of treatment. The microfibrillar orientation and mechanical properties of the fibers were in harmony with the change in the structure of the cell wall.
A Method for Determining the Distribution of Polymers in Shrink-Resist Treated Wool Fabrics
Authors: Little T. J.
Published: January 2017

An estimation of the extent of fiber-fiber bonding in polymer-treated wool fabrics is achieved by sectioning yarns after they have been carefully unroved. To avoid contamination from mounting aids, the yarns were placed between two rectangular pieces of polyethylene in the microtome. The number of fiber snippets that remain as clusters are counted with the assumption that a fiber-fiber bond will result in two or more fibers per group. It is shown that the technique can be used to distinguish between the amounts of polymer applied.
Selective Scouring of Dirt from Greasy Wool
Authors: Bateup B. O. , Warner J. J.
Published: January 2017

A strategy to increase dirt recovery from wool scouring liquors was tested in a series of five trials at commercial plants. By adding nonionic surfactant and alkaline builder to a cold or warm desuinting bowl (modified system) ahead of the usual hot scouring train, a large fraction of the dirt was scoured from the wool before the grease was removed. The first bowl liquors were rich in dirt and low in grease and had good dirt settling characteristics. Without the additions (control), the desuinting bowl removed large amounts of dirt only from coarser wools with relatively high water soluble and low grease contents. In a trial on merino fleece wool with low water solubles and high grease content, the scoured product from the modified system contained less residual ash and was whiter than the product from the control system.
Successful Treatment of Scabies with Oral Ivermectin in Nigeria
Authors: Nnoruka E N , Agu C E
Published: January 2017

Currently, several topical scabicides are available but there is yet no oral or parenteral drug which has been established for the treatment of scabies in Nigeria. Ivermectin which is a modified avermectin, known to be an ectoparasiticidal agent in animals, has been used in adults for systemic parasitosis.

In Nigeria, 25% benzyl benzoate is being extensively used for the treatment of scabies in adults. It is effective and readily available. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivermectin in the treatment of patients with scabies at the skin clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Fifty-eight patients with scabies were recruited for the study; 13 (22.4%) were children aged between 5–14 years. Oral ivermectin was given in a single dose of 200 μg/kg body weight to 29 patients. The remaining 29 patients had to apply 25% benzyl benzoate emulsion. All patients received a full physical and dermatological examination prior to onset of treatment and weekly for 4 weeks. Skin scrapings were taken to confirm the diagnosis of scabies. There was a 93% resolution of pruritus with ivermectin and 48% with benzyl benzoate. No side effects were observed with ivermectin. Our results show that oral ivermectin is a promising, effective and safe alternative in both children and adults of Nigeria when compared to 25% benzyl benzoate topical application.
A Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Organophosphorus Poisoning at a Rural-Based Teaching Hospital in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Karki Prahlad , Hansdak Samuel George , Bhandari Sangita , Shukla Ashutosh , Koirala Shekhar
Published: January 2017

Thirty-seven patients with severe organophosphorus poisoning (OPP) presented to the emergency ward of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences between January 1995 and December 1996. The mean age of patients was 26.9 years. There were 17 (46%) males and 20 (54%) females, with male: female ratio being 1:1.2. Twenty-three (62%) patients were unmarried with 16 (46%) of them students. The most common reason for poisoning was suicide − 32 patients (86.5%). The most commonly involved compound was Metacid (methyl-parathion) − 23 (62%) patients. Ninety per cent of the patients presented within 2 h of ingestion. All patients were managed with intravenous atropine. Pralidoxime was given to patients with nicotinic symptoms and mechanical ventilation initiated in patients with respiratory distress. The mean dose of atropine used in the first 24 h and during the hospital stay was 30.6 mg and 136.7 mg, respectively. The mean duration of treatment was 5.5 days (range 2–20 days). Two patients developed intermediate syndrome and the overall mortality among hospitalized patients was 8%.
CD Rom Review: Topics in International Health: Nutrition CD-Rom
Authors: Poskitt E M E
Published: January 2017

Topics in International Health: Nutrition CD-Rom The Wellcome Trust 12 interactive tutorials. Price £120 (Institutions) £30 (individuals) £25 (developing countries) Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2000
Measles Vaccine Coverage and Immune Response in Children of Caiabi and Metuktire Indian Tribes Living in Malarial Endemic Area: Parque Indígena Do Xingu, Central Brazil
Authors: Spindel R , Baruzzi R G , Souza V A U F , Ferreira A W , Avila S L M
Published: January 2017

Measles vaccination efficiency was evaluated in children from two Indian tribes — Caiabi and Metuktire — living in the Amazon region, in the Parque Indígena do Xingu (PIX). The population sample, selected at random, made up 37 Caiabi and 28 Metuktire children, aged from 20–75 months (40%). For operational and epidemiological reasons, measles vaccine is given from 6 months of age. The average age of children when they received the vaccine was 11.5 months for the first dose and 20 months for the second. The search for IgG antibodies against measles virus and Plasmodium falciparum was made through immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Measles vaccine coverage has reached 60% at 12 months of age and 92% at 18 months, whereas post-vaccine serum conversion was 95% in Caiabi children (geometric mean of titres (GMT) 126) and 89% in Metuktire (GMT 109). The difference in GMT is not statistically significant.

Seventy-three per cent of Caiabi children (GMT 101) and 100% of Metuktire children (GMT 135) were plasmodium antibody positive, showing they had been exposed to malarial infection. Despite the differences detected, the immune response to measles vaccine was satisfactory in both groups, with a positive percentage consistent with that achieved in non-malarial areas in Americas. The results show the efficiency of a vaccination programme in an indigenous area despite the difficulties in reaching the villages and maintaining the cold chain, and also despite the malaria endemicity.
MOSHI: A Culture-Tailored Management Game for African Hospital Managers
Authors: Flessa Steffen
Published: January 2017

The computer-based management game MOSHI (management of small hospitals) was developed in Tanzania and became an integrated component of a training programme for East African hospital managers. Players are in charge of a 120-bed hospital in rural Tanzania and have to make strategic and tactical decisions according to their own traditions and values. Thus, it becomes possible that the cultural gap between western management philosophy and traditional African values is bridged.
Results of Group-Circumcision of Muslim Boys in Malaysia with a New Type of Disposable Clamp
Authors: Schmitz R F , Bakar Moh Halim Abu , Omar Z Haji , Kamalanathan S , Schulpen T W J , van der Werken Chr
Published: January 2017

This study evaluates the safety and results of surgery using TaraKlamp Circumcision DeviceR during a group circumcision. A total of 64 circumcisions of Muslim boys were performed by Medical Assistants supervised by Medical Doctors in a hall in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A new type disposable clamp was used, which was removed 4 days after the operation. No major complications occurred and the boys experienced in general mild pain postoperatively. Mostly good cosmetic results were obtained and 90% of the parents would recommend this new clamp to others. Group circumcisions with TaraKlamp Circumcision DeviceR (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) are safe, although proper patient selection and adequate training in using the device are mandatory.
Pyomyositis in Adults: A 12 Year Review
Authors: Yusufu L M D , Sabo S Y , Nmadu P T
Published: January 2017

From January 1988 to December 1999, 43 adults with pyomyositis were managed at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly cultured organism (92.5%). All the 41 patients responded well to incision and adequate drainage, antibiotics and partial thickness skin grafting in 10 patients (23.2%). Two patients (4.65%) died from septicaemia, while being resuscitated.