bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Teleology in Contemporary Science
Authors: Spassov Spas
Published: November 2019

Continuous controversies about how Aristotle's teleological biology relates to modern biological science address some widely debated questions in contemporary philosophy of science. Three main groups of objections made by contemporary science against Aristotle's biology can be identified: 1) Aristotle's biological teleology is too anthropomorphic; 2) the idea is tied too substance based; 3) Aristotle's final ends contradict the mechanistic spirit of modern science, which is looking for physical causes. There are two ways of dealing with these objections. The first consists in showing misinterpretations of Aristotle's thought that underlie these arguments. A second line of defense explores the idea that teleological concepts are not only incorporated and widely used in contemporary science, but that in fact biology does not have to renounce teleology in order to reconcile with the modern scientific mind. I suggests that a complete understanding of complex biological phenomena can only be achieved by combining different approaches to this issue.
Païdeia et Sport
Authors: Bordeleau Leo-Paul
Published: November 2019

Can sport claim to be an educative means, and what becomes of Greek paideia in the world of sport? The author intends to answer these questions through the use of a semantic and historical clarification of the notions of sport and education. Indeed, on the one hand, sport appears like a social practice not much propitious to education; on the other hand, modern education seems to have deviated from the Greek paideia’s trajectory. Therefore, to take into account this deviation and, by doing so, to make precise the idea of education, and then demonstrate that sport carries all characteristics of modern rationality which has produced it, will allow the author to conclude that sport could be considered one of the preferential means of human beings’ formation. Nevertheless its educative function more likely belongs to the nature of "poïèsis" than to the nature of "praxis."
Los Valores ¿Existen?
Authors: Cuéllar Hortensia
Published: November 2019

El problema de los valores es un problema moderno que ha sido abordado por filósofos como Scheler, Nietzsche, Windelband, Rickert, Wojtila, Weber, etc., pero que por la evanenscencia de su específica naturaleza, resulta campo abierto y prácticamente inédito, para el discurso radical. El ángulo de análisis que presento es desde la metafísica del ser, en donde encuentro una relación de fundamentación vinculatoria entre ser, bien y valor, teniendo los valores como fundamento próximo al bien trascendental y como fundamento último al ser, con lo cual todo lo que existe es bueno y valioso, enfoque que difiere de los planteamientos que circunscriben el tratamiento de lo valioso, al ámbito de la moral, asunto que considero un error porque la filosofía de los valores trasciende el universo ético, ya que lo valoral puede ser dicho en variados sentidos, de aquí que los valores en su versatilidad pueden presentarse como paradigmas o bien como virtudes a vivir. Si son paradigmas, serán principios regulativos de caracter perfectivo sin imperio sobre la voluntad pero sí, con un cierto imperio político sobre la inteligencia que los presenta como modelos, que no significa como esencias separadas ni construidas a priori, sino destellos de la perfección del ser que-por serlo-se manifiestan en su valía universales por lo que resultan atractivos, apectecibles. Valor es entonces, el brillo, el resplandor del ente, bajo la razón de bien. Si son virtudes, se tornan cualidades adquiridas con esfuerzo que hacen a quien las conquista un hombre mejor.
An Interpretation of Liberty in Terms of Value
Authors: Sheng C. L.
Published: November 2019

This paper discusses the nature of liberty from the point of view of value. Liberty is the highest value for liberals. The root of this liberal view is their particular conception of self. Rawls says 'the self is prior to the ends which are affirmed by it.' This is also the Kantian view of the self: the self is prior to its socially given roles and relationships. Therefore, no end is exempt from possible revision by the self. There is nothing wrong with this basic idea. In fact, all theories agree on free choice of life plan or self-determination. But they disagree about what package of rights and resources best enables people to pursue their own conceptions of the good. However, the liberal view of liberty is based on a metaphysically reasoned idealism. This results in a conception of liberty that is absolute, supreme, and has infinite value compared with other things. Communitarians have several arguments against the liberal view. I consider the following two points to be of utmost import: (1) The liberal view of the self is empty; (2) The liberal view ignores our embeddedness in communal practices. My reasoning is not exactly that of the communitarians. I view 'emptiness' as freedom associated with the substance of an action, which has a value that does not lie in itself.
The Political Ethos of the Civil Society
Authors: Butigan Vjekoslav
Published: November 2019

Totalitarian political systems in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe destroyed and repressed the civil society that used to exist in them. The authoritarian and totalitarian ethos was formed under a powerful influence of ideologies of the communist parties and politocracy in these countries so that the political ethos of politicians dominated the political ethos of the citizen. The breakdown of the real socialism and its unsuccessful attempts to complete accelerated liberal modernization of these societies caused turbulence of social values in addition to the general moral chaos. The moral crisis has deepened; anomie increased as well as the society’s inclination to commit crime. This makes difficult the creation of the cultural matrix of the civil society and its moral values. The liberation and development of the political ethos of the civil society as an element of the democratic political culture require structural and mental changes in these societies. They imply abandoning the value matrices of the traditional and political societies based upon collectivism, tribalism, authoritarianism, egalitarianism, ethnocentrism, etatisme and mythologization of the past. They require the use of the citizens’ active potential as well as that of their associations, their readiness for political commitment, self-initiative, respect of the general interest and a courageous defense of freedom and social justice.
Mission in Modern Life
Authors: Byrne Edmund F.
Published: November 2019

In this paper I discuss recent scholarly work on ideology, mostly by Europeans, that exposes a secularist bias in current political theory, invites a nonderogatory concept of religion, and (I argue) justifies more flexible church/state relations. This work involves (1) redefining ideology as any action-oriented ideas, whether destructive or ameliorative, including both secular theory and religion, then (2) drawing on hermeneutical and critical studies of the power/ideology relationship to rediscover a role for ‘utopia’ as a social catalyst for amelioration. I then call attention to the relevance of ‘mission’ to this work. For in both secular and sacred contexts, missions are defined and assigned to individuals or groups to enhance some aspect of the organizing entity’s sense of purpose and possibility. What stands out in each instance is that the sense of mission is not passively epistemic but actively project-oriented, goal-directed. It can be used with reference to any end or goal that is at least implicitly normative and which people seek to attain. A mission moves people, however, only if it is tied to some belief-based social identity which can be interpreted as oriented to that end. A case can be made, accordingly, for accommodating religious views in our political discourse, for they have a history of directing people’s thinking beyond what is to what ought to be, and without them we are ever more inclined to tolerate mediocrity in ourselves and despair in others.
Does the Solution to our Present Moral and Political Dilemmas Lie in the Theories of the German Idealists?
Authors: Foldes Ken
Published: November 2019

In the wake of the postmodernist onslaught one thing is certain: morality is in crisis. Where are we to look for answers? Perhaps to the German idealists—that is, to their bold synthesis of right and freedom. This paper seeks to bring the timely issue of absolute freedom and the possibility of its total realization back into ethical-political discussion. Through a close comparison of the theories of Fichte and Hegel via a critique of the former by the latter, I show that the antidote to many of our political, moral and theological distresses may well be found in Hegel’s concept of the State and Sittlichkeiti. e., truly understood as the realization of absolute freedom, or the "We that is I."
Hegel and The Libertarians
Authors: Monteiro De Araujo Paulo Roberto
Published: November 2019

This paper aims to show how the Hegelian philosophy can contribute to the conceptual discussions between the two strains of contemporary ethical-political philosophy. I argue that the Hegelian political theory is of central import to the discussion between communitarians and libertarians, both in the communitarian criticism of the libertarian — mainly in Michael Sandel's criticism of Rawls — and in the Rawlsian project of a society founded in justice as equality. For if the communitarians' theoretical basis is the living of a community in terms of historical-social values, and the individualists' deontological rationality is the basis for the libertarians, Hegel's pointing to a synthetic resolution of the two positions provides a moral foundation for their harmonious coexistence. This does not, however, mean that there is one simple ideological solution that can unite the universal and the particular, the community and the individual, through artificial dialectics, as the critics of Hegelian thought would affirm following the Frankfurt School.
Platonische Paideia in Deutschland um 1933
Authors: Orozco Teresa
Published: November 2019

Der folgenden Beitrag stellt eine historische Rekonstruktion der Debatte um die platonische Paideia in Deutschland dar, die ihren Höhepunkt mit dem Aufkommen des Nationalsozialismus erreicht.(2) Der erste Teil ist ein Rückblick auf die Transformation des Platonbildes in der Weimarer Republik. Es folgt eine Skizze der Resonanzverhältnisse um das Thema ‘Platon’ 1933. Im schlußteil diskutiere ich einige Thesen zur hermeneutischen Leistung der Platodeutung und ihrere Wirksamkeit für den Nationalsozialismus.
Accommodating Pluralism
Authors: Reidy David A.
Published: November 2019

This paper examines the general neutrality principle of Rawls’ liberalism and then tests that principle against accommodationist intuitions and sympathies in cases concerning the non-neutral effects of a system of compulsory education on particular social groups.
Habermas’ Between Facts and Norms
Authors: Shabani Abdollah Payrow
Published: November 2019

To overcome the gap between norms and facts, Habermas appeals to the medium of law which gives legitimacy to the political order and provides it with its binding force. Legitimate law-making itself is generated through a procedure of public opinion and will-formation that produces communicative power. Communicative power, in turn, influences the process of social institutionalization. I will argue that the revised notion of power as a positive influence that is produced in communicative space runs contrary to Habermas’ original concept of power in his theory of communicative action where power is understood as a coercive force that has to be avoided in order for the discursive situation to prevail. As such, I believe that the introduction of communicative power and its close tie to ‘legitimate law’ and political system greatly reduces our critical ability with respect to political systems as exercised in liberal-democratic states. In addition, I will argue that his revision alludes to a redrawing of the boundaries between the life-world and the system in favor of the latter, and consequently indicates a shift to the right in Habermas’ latest work.
Hypothetical Consent and Political Legitimacy
Authors: Stark Cynthia
Published: November 2019

A commonly accepted criticism of the social contract approach to justifying political authority targets the notion of hypothetical consent. Hypothetical contracts, it is argued, are not binding; therefore hypothetical consent cannot justify political authority. I argue that although hypothetical consent may not be capable of creating political obligation, it has the power to legitimate political arrangements.
Rawlsian Affirmative Action
Authors: Allen Robert
Published: November 2019

In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls presents a method of determining how a just society would allocate its "primary goods"-that is, those things any rational person would desire, such as opportunities, liberties, rights, wealth, and the bases of self-respect. Rawls' method of adopting the "original position" is supposed to yield a "fair" way of distributing such goods. A just society would also have the need (unmet in the above work) to determine how the victims of injustice ought to be compensated, since history suggests that social contracts are likely to be violated. This paper is an attempt to determine the remedial measures that would be selected using Rawls' method. I contend that only two of the three most widely used "affirmative action" policies would be selected from the original position. I also sketch another compensatory policy that would pass Rawls' fairness test.
Philosophy and the Dialectic of Modernity
Authors: Lavine Thelma Z.
Published: November 2019

Habermas' social philosophy can now be perceived in its oppositional structures and their symbolic meaning. His repetition of structural opposition finds its expression in the symbolism which pervades The Philosophic Discourse of Modernity in the opposition between the dreaded myth of the Dialectic of Enlightenment and the redemptive fantasy of the path yet to be taken. More significant for the intellectual culture of modernity is the neglect, by erasure on the part of this esteemed philosopher, of the great drama of philosophy in our time. This is the drama occasioned by the dialectical struggle, rushing to climax in the 20th Century, between Enlightenment reason and its Counterenlightenment opponent. The struggle between these philosophical constellations is refracted in the great wars of this century. Thus the drama of the philosophical thought of the century and its historical development is lost. The philosophic discourse of modernity has yet to be written. Its text, once it has been freed from the tenacity of ideological hostilities and their erasures and concealing circumlocutions, will at the same time provide the sought-for foundation for social philosophy and a just society: it is the philosophic framework of Modernity itself which is the foundation of all modern philosophies, in the dialectic of Enlightenment and its Counterenlightenment other.
Justification of Political Liberalism and the Catholic Paradox
Authors: Magyar Roger
Published: November 2019

Rawls' justification of political liberalism has been the subject of recent discussion in socio-political philosophy. In Political Liberalism, he has adjusted his original notion of ideal convergence, found in A Theory of Justice, to one of overlapping consensus. I argue that Catholics would find themselves excluded from being good citizens as Rawls defines proper citizenship. This follows from his statements concerning fairness in participating in the democratic process in that it would lead to, what I term, the Catholic paradox. This perspective from within the Catholic point of view indicates that there are similar problems to be found in other traditionally informed conceptions of what the good life is. In this way, the Catholic paradox draws attention to the empirical implausibility that competing conceptions of what the good life is, as understood from within their traditions, will not endorse Rawls' political theory. I then relate how easily it can be inferred that other traditions will face the same paradox and that they will not accept Rawls' political theory as being justified from their perspectives.
Social Time In The Life Of A Man And Society
Authors: Maslikhin Alexandr V.
Published: November 2019

The subject of this paper is social time-the peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection. I also focus on the necessity of taking stock of time in human activities and in the societal development. The Past in progress of society signifies the Already-happened which has become the possession of history. This Past exerts an enormous influence on the Present, determining it both directionally and functionally. The Present includes the Present itself, a part of the Past, and some elements of the Future. It represents the only reality for human beings as life is lived in the Present only. The Present creates the material and spiritual preconditions for the Future. Resolution of contemporary global problems is crucial for our Future which runs sequentially in three stages: immediate Future, visible Future and distant Future. All three exert influence on the Present by providing ideological and informational images. Time disciplines our minds and wills, organizes our actions and promotes our cognitions of the Past, the Present and the Future.
Spacial-Temporal Continuum of Civilization and Man
Authors: Pavlov Iouri M. , Smirnov Alexander I.
Published: November 2019

Space and time are considered as attributive features of matter's social form movement that allow to incorporate structure into the world political processes. The notions of wholismatic time and space are established to determine world's entering into planetary interconnected condition. Social space and time are considerate in unity being as coordinates of man and civilization's existence. Methodological approaches to East and West civilization cooperation are defined through varieties of spaces being specified in different types of human activity. Man and civilization interaction is shown in context of future social time as well as choice of development type and modernization of society.
Humanity Educating Philosophy
Authors: Bulger Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2019

This treatise is a contribution towards the understanding of why humankind cannot agree on the foundation of morality and why moral pluralism is the logical constitution of moral reality. The synergistic-reflective-equilibrium model is the model that will describe how persons can make moral decisions as pluralistic agents. If this model is correct, then it will not be a new discovery, rather, it will be a new description of how pluralistic agents do in fact make moral decisions. This synergistic-reflective-equilibrium description should then be useful not only in giving a fuller understanding of how moral decisions ought to be made, but also how moral philosophy can be united into a pluralistic collective whole. The first part of this paper defines the synergistic-reflective-equilibrium mode. It briefly explains how it is a combination of both the theory model of moral decision-making and the intuition model of moral decision-making. The second part of this paper defines mid-level principles and explains how they are a natural development of the synergistic-reflective-equilibrium method. It will then be shown that both Mill and Kant used this method in their own moral theories. Lastly, it will be shown how "weighing and balancing" and "specification" are integral components in this model and were also practiced by Mill and Kant in their moral systems.
Evolutionary Ethics and Biologically Supportable Morality
Authors: Byron Michael
Published: November 2019

Consider the paradox of altruism: the existence of truly altruistic behaviors is difficult to reconcile with evolutionary theory if natural selection operates only on individuals, since in that case individuals should be unwilling to sacrifice their own fitness for the sake of others. Evolutionists have frequently turned to the hypothesis of group selection to explain the existence of altruism; but group selection cannot explain the evolution of morality, since morality is a one-group phenomenon and group selection is a many-group phenomenon. After spelling out just what the problem is, this paper discusses several ways of solving it.
El Papel Educador de la Sociedad en la Adqusición de la Virtud
Authors: Moya Canas Patricia
Published: November 2019

En este artículo se explica el papel educador de la sociedad en la adquisición de la virtud desde la perspectiva aristotélica, teniendo en cuenta el análisis que realiza sobre estos temas Gadamer en sus obras Verdad y Método I y II. Este autor destaca la peculiaridad de la razón práctica que, a diferencia del modo de operar de la ciencia teórica, tiene como objeto el hecho fáctico. En el trabajo se analizan, en primer lugar, los aspectos en los que la ética aristotélica constituye un aporte para el problema hermenéutico, particularmente en el caso de la aplicación, pues la ética pone de relieve la tensión entre lo general y lo particular y hace necesaria la aplicación de la ley a la situación concreta, lo cual constituye en cierto modo una corrección de la ley. Junto con esto se afirma la necesidad de comprender esta racionalidad práctica dentro de un contexto de ideal de vida, que supone un análisis teórico de lo que es el bien del hombre. El examen del capítulo 9 del libro X de la Etica a Nicómaco sugiere interesantes indicaciones acerca de la educación de la virtud que no se pueden llevar a cabo sino a partir de un sustrato virtuoso, pues el hombre que no practica la virtud, sólo podrá vivirla por la coerción de la ley, pero sin conseguir de este modo el verdadero hábito por el que no sólo practica la virtud, sino que ésta constituye en el sujeto como una segunda naturaleza. Sólo se consigue mover a la práctica de la virtud cuando ya existe una inclinación favorable a ésta la cual se consigue fundamentalmente por la educación y por el papel de la ley que dispone favorablemente al hábito por medio de la costumbre.
A Taxonomy of Moral Realism
Authors: Chew M. Y.
Published: November 2019

The realist dispute in ethics has wide implications for moral ontology, epistemology, and semantics. Common opinion holds that this debate goes to the heart of the phenomenology of moral values and affects the way in which we understand the nature of moral value, moral disagreement, and moral reflection. But it has not been clearly demonstrated what is involved in moral realist theory. I provide a framework which distinguishes three different versions of the theory while at the same time showing the interrelations between them. I also demonstrate how issues such as objectivity, cognitivism, and truth can be related into the discussion by means of this framework.
Plato’s Republic
Authors: Chin Jacqueline
Published: November 2019

In reading the Republic, there is no reason to search for arguments which show that Platonic justice ('inner justice' or 'psychic harmony') entails ordinary justice. The relationship between inner justice and ordinary justice is of no importance in Plato's Republic. We note that Plato tries to argue from the very first book that the true source of normativity lies in knowledge attained by philosophical reason. What is crucial, then, is the relationship between inner justice and acts which brings about a just polis.
Aristotle and Mathematical Ethics for Happiness?
Authors: Herbenick Raymond M.
Published: November 2019

Philosophers since antiquity have argued the merits of mathematics as a normative aid in ethical decision-making and of the mathematization of ethics a theoretical discipline. Recently, Anagnostopoulos, Annas, Broadie and Hutchinson have probed such issues said to be of interest to Aristotle. Despite their studies, the sense in which Aristotle either opposed or proposed a mathematical ethics in subject-matter and method remains unclear. This paper attempts to clarify the matter. It shows Aristotle’s matrix of exactness and inexactness for ethical subject-matter and ethical method in the Nicomachean Ethics. Then it probes a resultant puzzle from the matrix, namely, the HL model of the happy life without consideration of mathematical justice (Bk. III) and the HJL model of the happy life with such consideration (Bk. V). Finally, it examines Aristotle’s twofold rationale for differentiating these two models in his overall moral feedback loop system: differences in the intellectual virtue of good deliberation; the priority of friendship over justice for the happy life. This suggests Aristotle saw no objection either to using mathematics as an aid to ethical decision-making for a happy life, or to mathematizing at least some parts of an ethical theory of eudaimonism.
Ethics and Reality
Authors: Miculan Alison Roberts
Published: November 2019

One of the most pervasive problems in theoretical ethics has been the attempt to reconcile the good for the individual with the good for all. It is a problem which appears in contemporary discussions (like those initiated by Alasdair MacIntyre in After Virtue) as a debate between emotivism and rationalism, and in more traditional debates between relativism and absolutism. I believe that a vital cause of this difficulty arises from a failure to ground ethics in metaphysics. It is crucial, it seems to me, to begin with "the way the world is" before we begin to speculate about the way it ought to be. And, the most significant "way the world is" for ethics is that it is individuals in community. This paper attempts to develop an ethical theory based solidly on Whitehead’s metaphysics, and to address precisely the problem of the relation between the good for the individual and the common good, in such a way as to be sympathetic to both.
The Illusion of the Good
Authors: Wahba Mourad
Published: November 2019

The question of ethics relates to the good and its contrary, evil. What ethics does with its object is to seek to understand it, that is, not to produce either the concept of the good or the actions that fall under that concept. Thus, the question that follows is: What is the good?, or strictly speaking, what is the definition of the good? But the definition asked for, as any other definition, is necessarily related to the science of language. But language itself is a social phenomenon. Consequently, the definition of any concept implies the quest of the social roots of this concept. In this sense, the quest of the roots is prior to the quest of what is. Examples are taken from Plato’s Republic, Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents, and Schlick’s Problems of Ethics to show that the good is either in the state, in the super-Ego or in society. This means that the origin of the good lies outside the good itself, or, outside ethics. Hence, we cannot speak of the good per se, and if we do, we fall into an illusion.
The Relationship of Freedom to the Acquisition, Possession, and Exercise of Virtue
Authors: Walsh Moira M.
Published: November 2019

There are three common objections that any broadly Aristotelian virtue theorist must face, insofar as he or she holds that acts must be performed from a firm and stable disposition in order to express virtue, and that virtue is in some way a praiseworthy fulfillment of human potential. Each of these objections accuses the virtuous person of not fully exercising his or her rationality and freedom, and thus of being somehow less than fully human.
Reconhecimento de Línguas de Sinais: estudo comparado Brasil-Suécia
Authors: Montes Aline Lucia Baggio , Lacerda Cristina Broglia Feitosa de
Published: November 2019

O presente artigo apresenta dados de pesquisa sobre o reconhecimento de línguas de sinais e educação de surdos no Brasil e na Suécia. A análise investigou, na perspectiva comparada, as leis que reconhecem as línguas de sinais em ambos países. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo documental, com dados de fontes primárias e tendo a análise de conteúdo como principal abordagem. Constatou-se que, na Suécia, o direito de aquisição e uso da língua sueca de sinais, como língua materna, está previsto na lei, e o país contribui efetivamente na criação de condições reais para a sua aquisição pela comunidade surda; as políticas linguísticas regem todo o processo de direito linguístico e de direito de aquisição de língua aos surdos. No Brasil, o direito à aquisição não é previsto em lei e, assim, não estão definidos os caminhos a serem percorridos pelas crianças surdas que almejam a aquisição de sua língua; os debates sobre a Libras sempre estiveram estritamente ligadas aos debates dos direitos da pessoa com deficiência, sendo evidente a dupla categorização dada aos surdos: pessoas com deficiência e membros de grupos minoritários. Após as análises dos textos das leis, pode-se concluir  que o reconhecimento da Libras não garantiu ao surdos brasileiros o direito à aquisição da língua de sinais; e, também, não promoveu a garantia de uma educação bilíngue. Na Suécia, diante do cenário estudado, a lei só reafirmou a prática executada durante longos anos: uma educação em língua de sinais durante toda a idade escolar.
The political organization of people with disabilities in Brazil and their demands in the educational field
Authors: Amorim Joyce Fernanda Guilanda de , Rafante Heulália Charalo , Caiado Kátia Regina Moreno
Published: November 2019

This article presents a historical research, based on primary sources and bibliographical research, on the organization of people with disabilities in Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on the formation of the Coalition Pro-Federation of the Disabled Persons Entity and its historical deployment. The objective was to analyze the organization of this social movement and its demands in the educational field. The results indicated that the International Year of Disabled Persons (IYDP) in 1981, promoted the formation of different entities of persons with disabilities with the aim of creating a National Federation. However, the division of representative entities by types of disability occurred, and the Federation was only responsible for common claims, such as those related to discrimination and prejudice. About education, was noticed the action of institutions of persons with disabilities, who defended education in the regular network of education, under the principle "nothing about us, without us"; and the action of institutions for people with disabilities, such as the APAES and the Pestalozzi, which demanded specialized education in these institutions, maintained with public resources. In the Constitution of 1988, the hegemony of philanthropic institutions was consolidated; however, the progress achieved in the Magna Carta, with specialized educational services, preferably in the regular network of education, paved the way for inclusive education policies in the following decade. However, the struggle for the right to education of people with disabilities in the regular education system needs to be maintained to oppose all forms off assistance and segregation.
L’EXPÉRIENCE SCOLAIRE DU POINT DE VUE DE JEUNES AYANT UN TROUBLE DÉVELOPPEMENTAL DU LANGAGE ET DE LEURS PARENTS : L’INFLUENCE DE FACTEURS SCOLAIRES ENVIRONNEMENTAUX DANS LA FRAGILISATION DES LIENS AUX AUTRES ET À L’ÉCOLE
Authors: Bergeron Léna , Bergeron Geneviève , Tardif Suzie
Published: November 2019

Cet article porte sur l’expérience scolaire de jeunes ayant un trouble développemental du langage (TDL). Les entretiens effectués auprès des adolescents et de leurs parents ont été analysés selon une démarche qualitative d’analyse thématique. Les résultats révèlent que malgré les quelques expériences d’affiliation significatives, les jeunes vivent de nombreuses situations témoignant d’une fragilisation de leurs liens à l’école et aux autres et d’une intériorisation des attentes et normes véhiculées dans le milieu scolaire. Rapportés par les participants, différents facteurs environnementaux de nature organisationnelle et pédagogique semblent jouer un rôle important dans la construction des écueils relatifs à la sphère sociale. En ce sens, les résultats offrent un point de vue différent sur les difficultés scolaires et sociales de ces jeunes.
L’EXCLUSION LANGAGIÈRE DANS LES CLASSES SUPERDIVERSES EN OUTRE-MER FRANÇAIS : SILENCES, MAILLAGES ET PERSPECTIVE INCLUSIVE DANS L’OCÉAN INDIEN
Authors: Prax Dubois Pascale
Published: November 2019

La présente contribution a pour objectif de mieux comprendre la façon dont la place des langues se négocie dans les classes superdiverses des départements français ultramarins en vue de penser autrement les politiques éducatives inclusives. Après avoir mis en perspective le concept de translanguaging avec l’interlecte et le mélangue créole, nous analyserons, en nous appuyant sur la métaphore du rhizome, les interactions verbales en classe de petite section où sont expérimentées des séances dites d’ « éveil aux langues ». L’étude permet d’identifier plusieurs stratégies d’interactions plurilingues. Les résultats montrent notamment comment s’appuyer sur le langage intérieur des élèves. En distinguant les stratégies compensatoires trahissant une vision « langue-problème » (VLP) de celles à visée de transformation sociale (VTS), nous espérons ainsi mettre en lumière les idéologies qui conditionnent l’inclusion langagière des élèves.
The Reformation and the Linguistic Situation in Norway
Authors: Mørck Endre
Published: November 2019

The article gives a short account of the development of the spoken language from Old Norwegian to Modern Norwegian, the transition from Norwegian to Danish as the written language in Norway and the language of the church around the Reformation. It is argued that the changes in the spoken language were a long-term development completed, on the whole, at the time of the Reformation, that the transition from Norwegian to Danish as the written language was also well on the way before the Reformation, and that the vernacular was not abruptly introduced in the Lutheran service. So, the linguistic situation in the centuries following the Reformation is only to a lesser degree a result of the Reformation itself. The Reformation should first and foremost be credited with the translation of the Bible into Danish and with it the consolidation of a modern form of Danish which was spread through the extensive religious literature of the time. Later this consolidated written language formed the basis for the development of a higher variety of spoken Norwegian.
Is Ibn Khaldūn “Obsessed” with the Supernatural?
Authors: Mufti Malik
Published: November 2019

This article argues against the depiction of Ibn Khaldūn as someone whose preoccupation and credulity regarding mysticism or the occult diminish the rationalism and reformism of his thought, rendering it irrelevant to our concerns today. Instead, it argues that he consistently tries to steer his readers away from such pursuits by exposing them as fake when possible, or—in cases where their reality is attested to by unimpeachable religious sources—by highlighting the dangers they pose to both religion and state.
Self-perceived evidence-based practice competencies: a survey of faculty and students at a chiropractic institution*
Authors: Odhwani Anjum S. , Sarkar Pradip K. , Giggleman Gene F. , Holmes Michelle M. , Pohlman Kathrine A.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To assess the self-perceived importance, skills, and utilization of evidence-based practice (EBP) among faculty and students at a chiropractic institution without a structured EBP program. The survey also evaluated EBP satisfaction among students and EBP implementation barriers/facilitators among the faculty.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, a set of organized questionnaires to assess the importance of EBP and self-perceived skills, utilization, barriers, and facilitators for faculty members, and student satisfaction was administered to the students and faculty of a chiropractic institution in February–March 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate responses.

Results

A total of 417 (60.1%) students and 27 (60.0%) faculty members completed the survey. Faculty members' and students' EBP importance values were similar (8.4 and 8.3 out of 10, respectively), but faculty members self-reported their EBP skills (7.3/10) at a higher level than the student self-reported skill level (6.1/10). For utilization, students reported a higher utilization of EBP than that reported by the responding faculty members. Perceived student satisfaction on the quality and content of research-related experiences decreased from the first year to the third (final) year.

Conclusion

This study found variance in the self-perceived EBP skills, utilization, barriers, and facilitators and that these skills are lagging at our doctor of chiropractic program, which does not have a structured EBP program. Faculty members and students identified the importance for EBP. Similar observations have been found at other chiropractic institutions prior to their implementation of a systematic EBP program. Those developing an EBP curriculum might use these findings to better design, implement, and assess a structured program.
Development of 16 single‐copy nuclear gene markers for Oreocharis auricula, a perennial herb in China
Authors: Sun Zhixia , Feng Chao , Yang Lihua , Kong Hanghui
Published: November 2019

Premise

We developed single‐copy nuclear DNA markers for a perennial herb, Oreocharis auricula (Gesneriaceae), to help infer the evolutionary history of the genus Oreocharis in subtropical China.

Methods and Results

We screened 834 putative single‐copy nuclear genes from transcriptomes of 11 species of Primulina using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Based on the screening results, we developed 16 primer sets for accessions of O. auricula representing three wild populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 34. The levels of expected and observed heterozygosity varied from 0.000 to 0.372 and 0.000 to 0.650, respectively. The markers were successfully cross‐amplified in the related species O. magnidens, O. speciosa, O. maximowiczii, and O. henryana.

Conclusions

The newly developed markers will facilitate further studies on genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure throughout the distributional range of O. auricula. Additionally, these markers may be useful for other related species in Gesneriaceae.
Association of vaspin gene expression and its serum level on the risk of ischemic stroke in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients: Prospective case‐control study
Authors: Rashad Nearmeen M. , Ahmed Hanan S. , Ashour Waleed M. Reda , Yousef Mohammed S.
Published: November 2019

We aimed to evaluate serum vaspin and its gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess the association of serum vaspin and its gene expression with susceptibility of ischemic stroke (IS). The prospective case‐control study included 50 healthy individuals in a control group, and 90 patients with and T2DM were stratified into two subgroups: patients with IS and patients without IS. The serum vaspin concentration was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real‐time PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of vaspin. Serum vaspin and vaspin expression levels were significantly higher in IS compared to the non‐IS group. Interestingly, they were positively correlated with other vascular and metabolic risks. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure, as well as hemoglobin A1c cholesterol (HbA1c), were independently correlated with serum vaspin. After adjusting for the traditional risk factors, the logistic regression analysis test was done to evaluate the predictor of IS among T2DM patients; the vaspin expression level was a statistical significance predictor of IS among T2DM patients. In conclusion, the higher levels of serum vaspin and vaspin expression levels in T2DM emphasizes the pivotal role of vaspin serum level and expression in the progression of metabolic and glucose abnormalities, thus, they could be used as biomarkers of IS.
Metal‐Organic Framework Derived Ni2P/C Hollow Microspheres as Battery‐Type Electrodes for Battery‐Supercapacitor Hybrids
Authors: Liu Shuling , Xu Yaya , Wang Chao , An Yiming
Published: November 2019

Nickel phosphide (Ni2P/C) hollow microspheres were synthesized via a facile two‐step route based on metal‐organic framework (MOF) precursors. Unlike direct phosphating the MOF by calcination that would damage the MOF structure and that would form multiple phases, solvothermal method was able to convert the Ni‐based MOF to one‐pure‐phase nickel phosphide with the MOF skeleton maintained, as suggested by XRD, XPS, and SEM. When using as the battery‐supercapacitor hybrids electrode material, the optimized Ni2P/C exhibited the specific capacity 670.4 C/g (1676 F/g) at 1 A/g in a three‐electrode system, and a maximum energy density 42.74 Wh/kg at 764.23 W/kg in an asymmetric supercapacitor. It also delivered an energy density of 35.39 Wh/kg at 7000 W/kg with the rate capability retention of 92 % after 5000 cycles. The high specific surface area and the increased amount of electrochemically active sites endowed by the unique morphology, together with the low charge transfer resistance all contribute to the excellent electrochemical performance of the Ni2P/C material. These also indicate that solvothermal method is feasible in converting MOF to metal phosphide for the application in energy storage and conversion systems.
Red Phosphorus/Onion‐like Mesoporous Carbon Composite as High‐Performance Anode for Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Liang Xiaoqiang , Chang Caiyun , Guo Wenbin , Jiang Xingmao , Xiong Chunyan , Pu Xiong
Published: November 2019

Red phosphorus has been regarded as an attractive candidate for the anode of sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) because it delivers a high theoretical capacity (2596 mAh g−1) at low potentials. However, the electrochemical performances of red P are still not satisfactory for viable applications mainly due to its intrinsic low conductivity and large volume swelling associated with sodiation reactions. Here, we develop onion‐like mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (OCNPs) to serve as conductive host for red P. The OCNPs can alleviate the large volume swelling of red P, and allow the fast electron and Na+ transport. The resulting P/OCNPs composite electrode achieves excellent rate performance of 1286.7 mAh g−1 at 2 C, and retained discharge capacity of 1057.5 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. The improved stability of the composite electrode is also confirmed by the structure integrity after the cycling test. Our work presents a feasible approach to address the challenges of red P for high‐capacity anode of NIBs.
Effective Preparation of Nanoscale CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Photosensitizers for Mesoporous TiO2‐Based Solar Cells by Successive Precursor Layer Adsorption and Reaction Process
Authors: Kim Myoung , Lee Seul-Yi , Yoo So-Min , Paek Sanghyun , Lee Yonghui , Cho Kyung Taek , Zimmermann Iwan , Kim Hae-Yeon , Kim Beom-Seok , Song Min-Kyeong , Shin Taeho , Kim Kyoungsoo , Huckaba Aron J. , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Lee Hyo J.
Published: November 2019

Nanoscale CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite sensitizers are grown by delivering each precursor successively onto the surface of mesoporous (meso) TiO2 electrodes. Using Pb(NO3)2 ions as a lead(II) source and CH3NH3I (MAI) for methylammonium and iodide sources, repetitive cycles of the two dipping steps are successful in growing few nanometer‐sized MAPbI3 gradually on the TiO2 surface inside the meso‐TiO2 film. However, some aggregates are observed on the top surface of the meso‐TiO2 film due to slight dissolution of PbI2 and its accumulation/reaction with MAI at the top surface of the meso‐TiO2 film. To solve this inhomogeneity of the deposition, a nondestructive multiple deposition route for nanoscale MAPbI3 is suggested as a successive precursor layer adsorption and reaction (SPLAR) process where, from the second cycle of deposition, PbI2 is delivered with the help of an ionic liquid compound dissolved in dichloromethane. With this new Pb precursor in less‐polar solvents, nanoscale MAPbI3 sensitizers are grown without dissolution of preformed perovskites or formation of some aggregates at the top surface. After the third cycle of SPLAR deposition, about 7.0 nm–sized MAPbI3 sensitizers are prepared and display enhanced photovoltaic performance (7.18 ± 0.31%) compared with devices obtained from only one cycle (5.74 ± 0.30%).
Brodifacoum Toxicity in American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) with Evidence of Increased Hazard on Subsequent Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure
Authors: Rattner Barnett A. , Volker Steven F. , Lankton Julia S. , Bean Thomas G. , Lazarus Rebecca S. , Horak Katherine E.
Published: November 2019

A seminal question in ecotoxicology is the extent to which contaminant exposure evokes prolonged effects on physiological function and fitness. A series of studies were undertaken with American kestrels ingesting environmentally realistic concentrations of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) brodifacoum. Kestrels fed brodifacoum at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 µg/g diet wet weight for 7 d exhibited dose-dependent hemorrhage, histopathological lesions, and coagulopathy (prolonged prothrombin and Russell's viper venom times). Following termination of a 7-d exposure to 0.5 µg brodifacoum/g diet, prolonged blood clotting time returned to baseline values within 1 wk, but brodifacoum residues in liver and kidney persisted during the 28-d recovery period (terminal half-life estimates >50 d). To examine the hazard of sequential anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure, kestrels were exposed to either the first-generation AR chlorophacinone (1.5 µg/g diet) or the SGAR brodifacoum (0.5 µg/g diet) for 7 d and, following a recovery period, challenged with a low dose of chlorophacinone (0.75 µg/g diet) for 7 d. In brodifacoum-exposed kestrels, the challenge exposure clearly prolonged prothrombin time compared to naive controls and kestrels previously exposed to chlorophacinone. These data provide evidence that the SGAR brodifacoum may have prolonged effects that increase the toxicity of subsequent AR exposure. Because free-ranging predatory and scavenging wildlife are often repeatedly exposed to ARs, such protracted toxicological effects need to be considered in hazard and risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:468–481. © 2020 SETAC