bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, GRK4, and GRK5 Genotypes and Beta‐Blocker Therapy
Authors: Duarte Julio D. , Thomas Cameron D. , Lee Craig R. , Huddart Rachel , Agundez Jose A. G. , Baye Jordan F. , Gaedigk Andrea , Klein Teri E. , Lanfear David E. , Monte Andrew A. , Nagy Mohamed , Schwab Matthias , Stein C. Michael , Uppugunduri Chakradhara Rao S. , van Schaik Ron H. N. , Donnelly Roseann S. , Caudle Kelly E. , Luzum Jasmine A.
Published: July 2024

Beta‐blockers are widely used medications for a variety of indications, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. Genetic variability in pharmacokinetic (e.g., CYP2D6) and pharmacodynamic (e.g., ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRA2C, GRK4, GRK5) genes have been studied in relation to beta‐blocker exposure and response. We searched and summarized the strength of the evidence linking beta‐blocker exposure and response with the six genes listed above. The level of evidence was high for associations between CYP2D6 genetic variation and both metoprolol exposure and heart rate response. Evidence indicates that CYP2D6 poor metabolizers experience clinically significant greater exposure and lower heart rate in response to metoprolol compared with those who are not poor metabolizers. Therefore, we provide therapeutic recommendations regarding genetically predicted CYP2D6 metabolizer status and metoprolol therapy. However, there was insufficient evidence to make therapeutic recommendations for CYP2D6 and other beta‐blockers or for any beta‐blocker and the other five genes evaluated (updates at www.cpicpgx.org).
Multi‐graph representation spatio‐temporal attention networks for traffic forecasting in the cinematic metaverse
Authors: Li Ke , He Xiaoming , Liu Yinqiu , Chen Meng
Published: July 2024

The cinematic metaverse aims to create a virtual space with the context of a film. Users can enter this space in the form of avatars, experiencing the cinematic plot firsthand in an immersive manner. This requires us to design a rational computation resource allocation and synchronization algorithm to meet the demands of multi‐objective joint optimization, such as low latency and high throughput, which ensures that users can seamlessly switch between virtual and real worlds and acquire immersive experiences. Unfortunately, the explosive growth in the number of users makes it difficult to jointly optimize multiple objectives. Predicting traffic generated by the users' avatars in the cinematic metaverse is significant for the optimization process. Although graph neural networks‐based traffic prediction models achieve superior prediction accuracy, these methods rely only on physical distances‐based topological graph information, while failing to comprehensively reflect the real relationships between avatars in the cinematic metaverse. To address this issue, we present a novel Multi‐Graph Representation Spatio‐Temporal Attention Networks (MGRSTANet) for traffic prediction in the cinematic metaverse. Specifically, based on multiple topological graph information (e.g., physical distances, centerity, and similarity), we first design Multi‐Graph Embedding (MGE) module to generate multiple graph representations, thus reflecting on the real relationships between avatars more comprehensively. The Spatio‐Temporal Attention (STAtt) module is then proposed to extract spatio‐temporal correlations in each graph representations, thus improving prediction accuracy. We conduct simulation experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of MGRSTANet. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art baselines in terms of prediction accuracy, making it appropriate for traffic forecasting in the cinematic metaverse.
Soil carbon offset markets are not a just climate solution
Authors: Saifuddin Mustafa , Abramoff Rose Z , Foster Erika J , McClelland Shelby C
Published: July 2024

There is growing interest in enhancing soil carbon sequestration (SCS) as a climate mitigation strategy, including neutralizing atmospheric emissions from fossil‐fuel combustion through the development of soil carbon offset markets. Several studies have focused on refining estimates of the magnitude of potential SCS or on developing methods for soil carbon quantification in markets. We call on scientists and policy makers to resist assimilating soils into carbon offset markets due to not only fundamental flaws in the logic of these markets to reach climate neutrality but also environmental justice concerns. Here, we first highlight how carbon offset markets rely on an inappropriate substitution of inert fossil carbon with dynamic stocks of soil carbon. We then note the failure of these markets to account for intersecting anthropogenic perturbations to the carbon cycle, including the soil carbon debt and ongoing agricultural emissions. Next, we invite scientists to consider soil functions beyond productivity and profitability. Finally, we describe and support historical opposition to offset markets by environmental justice advocates. We encourage scientists to consider how their research and communications can promote diverse soil functions and just climate‐change mitigation.
Cultural values, parenting, and child adjustment in the United States
Authors: Breiner Kaitlyn , Lansford Jennifer E. , Skinner Ann T. , Steinberg Laurence , Bornstein Marc H. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Dodge Kenneth A. , Rothenberg W. Andrew
Published: July 2024

We examined whether cultural values, conformity and parenting behaviours were related to child adjustment in middle childhood in the United States. White, Black and Latino mothers (n = 273), fathers (n = 182) and their children (n = 272) reported on parental individualism and collectivism, conformity values, parental warmth, monitoring, family obligation expectations, and child internalising and externalising behaviours. Mean differences, bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses were performed on variables of interest. Collectivism in mothers and fathers was associated with family obligation expectations and parental warmth. Fathers with higher conformity values had higher expectations of children's family obligations. Child internalising and externalising behaviours were greater when Latino families subscribed to individualistic values. These results are discussed in the context of cultural values, protective and promotive factors of behaviour, and race/ethnicity in the United States.
神経性食思不振症による心停止に対しV–A ECMOを使用した1例〜栄養障害による痩せへの蘇生とその注意点〜(Use of veno–arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiac arrest due to anorexia nervosa: A case report – Notes on resuscitations –)
Authors: 剛 鈴木 , 泰彦 塚田 , 憲 伊関
Published: July 2024

神経性食思不振症は精神科領域で取り扱う疾患のなかで最も死亡率が高い。症例：16歳女性。体重26kg，BMI 11.5kg/m2と高度な痩せのため入院となった。入院3日目に心停止状態で発見された。血糖は7mg/dLと低く心停止の原因と考えられた。心肺蘇生および糖補充により心拍が再開したが，非持続性の心室頻拍を示し循環動態が不安定であった。経胸壁心臓超音波検査はtakotsubo cardiomyopathyを疑う所見を示し，血糖補正後のrefeeding syndromeまたは蘇生後の影響と考えられた。その後，再び心停止となったが蘇生に反応せずV–A ECMOが導入された。その後状態は安定し第6病日にV–A ECMOを離脱，第43病日に人工呼吸器を離脱した。第50病日にICUを退室，第56病日に心身医療科へ転棟した。神経性食思不振症による心停止に対してV–A ECMOを用いた蘇生の報告は少ない。神経性食思不振症では栄養障害から血管発達が阻害されている可能性があり，V–A ECMOのカニューラ選択には注意を要する。
Gray matter alterations in Huntington's disease: A meta‐analysis of VBM neuroimaging studies
Authors: Wang Xi , Li Yuming , Li Boyi , Shang Huifang , Yang Jing
Published: July 2024

Increasing neuroimaging studies have attempted to identify biomarkers of Huntington's disease (HD) progression. Here, we conducted voxel‐based meta‐analyses of voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) studies on HD to investigate the evolution of gray matter volume (GMV) alterations and explore the effects of genetic and clinical features on GMV changes. A systematic review was performed to identify the relevant studies. Meta‐analyses of whole‐brain VBM studies were performed to assess the regional GMV changes in all HD mutation carriers, in presymptomatic HD (pre‐HD), and in symptomatic HD (sym‐HD). A quantitative comparison was performed between pre‐HD and sym‐HD. Meta‐regression analyses were used to explore the effects of genetic and clinical features on GMV changes. Twenty‐eight studies were included, comparing a total of 1811 HD mutation carriers [including 1150 pre‐HD and 560 sym‐HD] and 969 healthy controls (HCs). Pre‐HD showed decreased GMV in the bilateral caudate nuclei, putamen, insula, anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri, middle temporal gyri, and left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus compared with HCs. Compared with pre‐HD, GMV decrease in sym‐HD extended to the bilateral median cingulate/paracingulate gyri, Rolandic operculum and middle occipital gyri, left amygdala, and superior temporal gyrus. Meta‐regression analyses found that age, mean lengths of CAG repeats, and disease burden were negatively associated with GMV atrophy of the bilateral caudate and right insula in all HD mutation carriers. This meta‐analysis revealed the pattern of GMV changes from pre‐HD to sym‐HD, prompting the understanding of HD progression. The pattern of GMV changes may be biomarkers for disease progression in HD.
Autologous bone grafting in combination with autologous chondrocyte implantation yields favourable outcomes in the treatment of osteochondral defects of the knee: A systematic literature review
Authors: Oehme Stephan , Burger Joost A. , Krafzick Sophie , Bartek Benjamin , Winkler Tobias , Jung Tobias
Published: July 2024

Purpose

This study addresses the gap in the current literature by evaluating the combined treatment of autologous bone grafting and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ABCI) for osteochondral defects of the knee. It aims to evaluate clinical outcomes against methodological quality and to summarize histological results and surgical techniques.

Methods

A thorough search was conducted across Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase databases. Studies reporting clinical outcomes of ABCI for osteochondral defects of the knee were included. Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs), failure rates, methodological quality and potential conflicts of interest were evaluated. Histological results and surgical techniques were summarized.

Results

Eighteen studies with 344 analyzed patients met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. All studies showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) across different PROMs (subjective International Knee Documentation Committee score, Cincinnati Knee Rating System, Visual Analogue Scale, Lysholm Score, Tegner Activity Scale, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and Knee Society Score) compared to the preoperative status. Failure rates ranged from 0% to 17.6%, with a mean follow‐up of 73.2 months (range: 9.0–143.6 months). Methodological quality was low to medium, including only one comparative study. Six studies reviewed reported a potential conflict of interest. The histological assessment showed effective bonding between autologous chondrocytes and bone graft. A large degree of variability was observed in the operative technique used.

Conclusion

The current literature suggests that ABCI yields good clinical outcomes at mid‐ to long‐term follow‐up with favourable histological results for osteochondral defects of the knee. However, future research should focus on high‐quality comparative studies to better guide treatment choices. Introducing ABCI as the standard abbreviation may enhance clarity in future research.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Quantitative Hochdurchsatzanalyse von Schlüsselgeruchstoffen in Lebensmitteln mittels UHPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Bösl Markus , Hofmann Thomas F.
Published: July 2024

Die Analyse von Aromastoffen mittels Flüssigchromatographie (LC) anstelle der Gaschromatographie (GC) ermöglicht die simultane Analyse von Aromastoffen und Geschmacksstoffen auf einer einzigen Analyseplattform. Durch die schnelle Probenvorbereitung und kurzen Messzeiten können Proben dabei im Hochdurchsatz analysiert werden. Wegen der hohen Flüchtigkeit und schlechten Ionisierbarkeit bei der „Electrospray Ionization” (ESI) werden die Aromastoffe vor der Analyse mittels Flüssigchromatographie‐Tandem‐Massenspektrometrie (LC‐MS/MS) einer Derivatisierung unterzogen. Für die Analyse von Aromastoffen mit einer Carbonylgruppe konnte dabei die Derivatisierung mit 3‐Nitrophenylhydrazin (3NPH) etabliert werden.

Der Ansatz der simultanen Quantifizierung von Aroma‐ und Geschmacksstoffen bzw. die Analyse von Aromastoffen mittels LC‐MS/MS im Allgemeinen konnte bisher nur auf eine kleine Auswahl von Lebensmitteln und Analyten angewandt werden. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es deshalb, die breite Anwendbarkeit der Methode von Aromastoff‐Analytik mittels LC‐MS zu belegen. Dazu wurde eine schnelle Hochdurchsatzmethode für die Quantifizierung der in Lebensmitteln am häufigsten vorkommenden Aromastoffen, den sogenannten Generalisten, entwickelt.

Da die Gruppe der Generalisten sowohl Alkohole als auch Thiole enthält, die sich nicht mit 3NPH umsetzen lassen, wurde eine neue Derivatisierungsmethode entwickelt. Daher wurde Dimethyl‐tolyl‐glycidyl ammonium (DGTA) synthetisiert, welches eine reaktive Epoxidgruppe, sowie eine ähnliche Polarität wie 3NPH und eine gute Ionisierbarkeit bei der ESI aufwies. Nach Optimierung der Derivatisierungsparameter wurde eine effiziente Methode zur Analyse flüchtiger Alkohole, Phenole und Thiole mittels LC‐MS/MS entwickelt.

Mit der Kombination der neu entwickelten DGTA‐Derivatisierung sowie der etablierten 3NPH‐Derivatisierung für Carbonylgruppen war es möglich, zu zeigen, dass 23 der 27 Generalisten akkurat mittels LC‐MS/MS quantifiziert werden können. Die Quantifizierung der untersuchten Analyten wurde erfolgreich in verschiedenen Matrizes validiert und in diversen Lebensmitteln durchgeführt.

Diese Methode ist für die Hochdurchsatzanalyse besonders geeignet, da sie hohe Genauigkeit aufgrund der Verwendung von stabilisotopenmarkierten internen Standards aufweist und weil die Probenextraktion durch Bead‐Beater‐Homogenisierung, schnell und vielseitig ist und nur geringe Probenmengen benötigt (0,5 g). Außerdem sind die verwendeten Derivatisierungen effizient und die LC‐MS/MS Analysenzeiten sind gering (12 min).
Vocal Cord Paralysis in Pediatric Chiari Malformation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Vilarello Brandon J. , Maurrasse Sarah , Grunstein Eli , Jang Minyoung
Published: July 2024

Objective

Arnold‐Chiari Malformation is one possible cause of congenital vocal cord paralysis (VCP). The natural history of VCP in children with Chiari malformation has previously been limited to small case studies. This systematic review seeks to better characterize the prognostic factors that may predict symptom severity and resolution of congenital VCP in children with Arnold‐Chiari malformation. We hypothesized that the onset of stridor or VCP at a younger age would be associated with a poorer prognosis and earlier intervention with posterior fossa decompression would be associated with better outcomes.

Data Sources

PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and bibliographic review.

Review Methods

A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines. Database search yielded 866 articles. Study abstracts were reviewed by 2 independent examiners. One hundred and seventy‐six studies underwent full‐text review. The following were extracted: age at onset of stridor or VCP, Chiari malformation type, laryngoscopy findings, type and timing of neurosurgical intervention, and tracheostomy history. Statistical analyses utilized χ2 tests.

Results

Younger age at symptom onset showed statistically significant associations with decreased likelihood for symptom resolution and tracheostomy decannulation. The shorter time interval from symptom onset to neurosurgical intervention was not significantly associated with better outcomes.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis suggests poorer prognosis in those with earlier‐onset symptoms, reinforcing prior case series findings. Additional prospective studies are needed to elucidate the natural history and utility of early intervention in children with vocal cord paralysis secondary to Chiari malformation.
Multifunctional skin dressings synthesized via one‐pot photopolymerization: Advancing wound healing and infection prevention strategies
Authors: Zambroni M. Emilia , Martínez Sol R. , Cagnetta Gonzalo E. , Ibarra Luis E. , Posadaz Ariana , Martucci Josefa F. , Romanini Silvia , Aramayo Ernesto Alejandro , Cabral Ana Lucía , Bertone Patricia , Palacios Rodrigo E. , Gómez María Lorena
Published: July 2024

In the field of wound healing treatment, the development of new materials is essential to cover multiple functions, such as acceleration of the healing process, prevention of infection and response to stimuli, especially if they present lower costs or are easier to manufacture. These properties are of great importance to prompt skin cicatrization. In this work, new multifunctional skin dressings for wound healing and infection prevention are developed based on new hydrogel materials. The dressings are produced via a straightforward and environmentally friendly one‐pot photopolymerization manufacturing process utilizing vitamin B2 aqueous solutions as sensitizer, and energy‐efficient blue light sources. These dressings exhibit a high swelling capacity, pH and temperature responsiveness, biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity in the absence of conventional antibiotics, and are capable of promoting wound healing. The formulation is based on the combination of three monomers: 2‐((methacryloyloxy)ethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, methacrylic acid and N‐vinyl caprolactam. Collagen, hyaluronic acid, and essential oil of hop are added to enhance antimicrobial properties and stimulate regenerative cellular processes. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that pristine dressings are superior in promoting collagen and fibroblast regeneration and accelerating cicatrization as compared to dressings containing natural products. The dressing embedded with hop also displayed antimicrobial characteristics. The preparation and testing of these new efficient wound dressings are described. This study is distinctive in its integration of environmentally conscious manufacturing techniques with innovative material formulations, resulting in superior wound dressings that are both cost‐effective and highly functional. By achieving enhanced healing and infection prevention without the employment of conventional antibiotics, this work represents a substantial advancement in sustainable and effective wound care management.
Surgical management of liver tumors
Authors: Riehle Kimberly J. , Vasudevan Sanjeev A. , Bondoc Alexander , Cuenca Alex G. , Garnier Hanna , Kastenberg Zachary , Roach Jonathan , Weldon Christopher B. , Karpelowsky Jonathan , Hishiki Tomoro , Tiao Gregory
Published: July 2024

Two percent of pediatric malignancies arise primarily in the liver; roughly 60% of these cancers are hepatoblastoma (HB). Despite the rarity of these cases, international collaborative efforts have led to the consistent histological classification and staging systems, which facilitate ongoing clinical trials. Other primary liver malignancies seen in children include hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with or without underlying liver disease, fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL), and hepatocellular neoplasm not otherwise specified (HCN‐NOS). This review describes principles of surgical management of malignant pediatric primary liver tumors, within the context of comprehensive multidisciplinary care.
Clinical analysis of ultrasound‐guided microwave ablation for pediatric thyroid nodules‐ a single center research
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Yu Mingzhu , Chen Jingyu , Hu Caihui , Tang Yi , Zhao Zhenzhen , Du Yifei , Sun Jian , Zhou Jianwu , Yang Chao , Deng Xiaobin , Kong Xiangru
Published: July 2024

To provide a new minimally invasive treatment for children with benign thyroid nodules, and to provide clinical data for applying microwave ablation (MWA) to children. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 21 pediatric patients with benign thyroid nodules who underwent ultrasound‐guided MWA at the Children's Hospital affiliated with Chongqing Medical University from July 2022 to August 2023. The safety, clinical efficacy, volume reduction ratio and prognostic value of the treatment were evaluated. The participants were followed for at least 4 months (median 7 months, range 4–16 months). The average (range) ablation time for the 21 patients was only(233.90 ± 184.97) (40–660)seconds, with intraoperative bleeding less than 0.5 mL. No complications such as hoarseness, seizures or coughing during drinking water were observed after ablation treatment. All the participants' hormone reflecting thyroid function remained in the normal ranges after treatment. Besides, these hormones at 12 h after surgery and 1 month after surgery were not statistically different from those before surgery. Immediate postoperative ultrasound imaging showed a significant decrease in volume of benign thyroid nodules, the volume of nodules at 1 month postoperatively (M, 1.39), and the volume of nodules at 4 months postoperatively (M, 0.40) significantly smaller than that before surgery (M, 4.94). Ultrasound‐guided MWA is a new option for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules in children, with advantages such as minimal invasiveness, good clinical effect, high safety, little damage to thyroid function, short operation time, less intraoperative bleeding, low pain sensation and aesthetic appearance.
A systematic review of the impact of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy on health‐related quality of life
Authors: Raguragavan Aarohanan , Jayabalan Dujinthan , Dhakal Sugam , Saxena Akshat
Published: July 2024

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is the current gold standard treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and is a viable treatment option for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD). The progressive nature of both diseases severely impacts health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) across a variety of domains. This systematic review was performed to evaluate the impact of PTE on short‐ and long‐term HRQoL. A literature search was conducted on PubMed for studies matching the eligibility criteria between January 2000 and September 2022. OVID (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, EBSCOhost (EMBASE), and bibliographies of included studies were reviewed. Inclusion of studies was based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Quality appraisal and data tabulation were performed using predetermined forms. Results were synthesized by narrative review. The structure of this systematic review follows the PRISMA guidelines. This systematic review was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO register (CRD42022342144). Thirteen studies (2184 patients) were included. Within 3 months post‐PTE, HRQoL improved in both CTEPD and CTEPH as measured by disease‐specific and generic questionnaires. HRQoL improvements were sustained up to 5 years postoperatively in patients with CTEPH post‐PTE. PTE remains the gold standard for treating CTEPH and improving HRQoL. Residual pulmonary hypertension and comorbidities such as COPD and coronary artery disease decrement HRQoL over time. The impact of mPAP and PVR on HRQoL outcomes postoperatively remain ambiguous. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy remains the gold standard for treating CTEPH and has shown to improve HRQoL outcomes at 3‐month sustaining improvements up to 5‐year postoperatively. Residual pulmonary hypertension and comorbidities hinder HRQoL outcomes post‐PTE.
Distributed event‐triggered fixed‐time formation tracking control for multi‐spacecraft systems based on adaptive immersion and invariance technique
Authors: Wu Xia , Wei Caisheng , Wang Zheng , Ning Xin
Published: July 2024

In this study, the problem of fixed‐time formation tracking for multi‐spacecraft systems without internal collisions was investigated. Aiming to ensure that the formation members can accurately realize and maintain the required configuration within the user‐given time, we designed a novel adaptive immersion and invariance (I&I)‐based control protocol. The novelty here lies in two aspects. First and foremost, this study was based on the adaptive I&I technique, combined with a new artificial potential function, to achieve the desired formation tracking without internal collision. Second, unlike the asymptotic convergence of the traditional I&I‐related works, to guarantee the fixed‐time stability, the proposed protocol introduced the prescribed performance control, which can also alleviate the possible system performance degradation caused by the non‐periodic control signal update of the event‐triggered mechanism. Further, the introduction of the event‐triggered mechanism can reduce the unnecessary information interaction. Lyapunov stability analysis shows that this proposed protocol can enable the defined implicit manifold to converge to the origin for the most initial conditions. Also, benefiting from the prescribed performance techniques, the convergence time can eliminate the dependence of the system on designed controller parameters or initial system conditions, relying only on the actual mission requirements. In addition, we adopted a linear extended state observer to deal with the parameter uncertainties and external disturbances, and used the I&I adaption to estimate the observer errors, thus further improving the system performance. Moreover, a new exponential‐type artificial potential function was designed to avoid close proximity between formation members and prevent internal collisions. Finally, numerical simulations were conducted to verify the theoretical results.
Design of Atomically Dispersed CoN4 Sites and Co Clusters for Synergistically Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Rong Jian , Chen Wangyi , Gao Erhao , Wu Jing , Ao Huaisheng , Zheng Xudong , Zhang Yuzhe , Li Zhongyu , Kim Minjun , Yamauchi Yusuke , Wang Chaohai
Published: July 2024

Constructing dual‐site catalysts consisting of atomically dispersed metal single atoms and metal atomic clusters (MACs) is a promising approach to further boost the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a porous CoSA‐AC@SNC featuring the coexistence of Co single‐atom sites (CoN4) and S‐coordinated Co atomic clusters (SCo6) in S, N co‐doped carbon substrate is successfully synthesized by using porphyrinic metal‐organic framework (Co‐TPyP MOF) as the precursor. The introduction of the sulfur source creates abundant microstructural defects to anchor Co metal clusters, thus modulating the electronic structure of its surrounding carbon substrate. The synergistic effect between the two types of active sites and structural advantages, in turn, results in high ORR performance of CoSA‐AC@SNC with half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.86 V and Tafel slope of 50.17 mV dec−1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations also support the synergistic effect between CoN4 and SCo6 by detailing the catalytic mechanism for the improved ORR performance. The as‐fabricated Zn–air battery (ZAB) using CoSA‐AC@SNC demonstrates impressive peak power density of 174.1 mW cm−2 and charge/discharge durability for 148 h. This work provides a facile synthesis route for dual‐site catalysts and can be extended to the development of other efficient atomically dispersed metal‐based electrocatalysts.
High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc‐Organic Battery with a Photo‐Responsive Covalent Organic Framework Cathode
Authors: Wang Shoucheng , Zhu Congcong , Ji Jiale , Li Mengyuan , Zhao Lei , Cai Fengshi , Tao Zhanliang
Published: July 2024

Covalent organic framework (COF) materials, known for their robust porous character, sustainability, and abundance, have great potential as cathodes for aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs). However, their application is hindered by low reversible capacity and discharge voltage. Herein, a donor–acceptor configuration COF (NT‐COF) is utilized as the cathode for ZIBs. The cell exhibits a high discharge voltage plateau of ≈1.4 V and a discharge capacity of 214 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 when utilizing the Mn2+ electrolyte additive in the ZnSO4 electrolyte. A synergistic combination mechanism is proposed, involving the deposition/dissolution reactions of Zn4SO4(OH)6·4H2O and the co‐(de)insertion reactions of H+ and SO42− in NT‐COF. Meanwhile, the NT‐COF with a donor–acceptor configuration facilitates efficient generation and separation of electron‐hole pairs upon light exposure, thereby enhancing electrochemical reactions within the battery. This leads to a reduction in charging voltage and internal overvoltage, ultimately minimizing electricity consumption. Under ambient weather conditions, the cell exhibits an average discharge capacity of 430 mAh g−1 on sunny days and maintains consistent cycling stability for a duration of 200 cycles (≈19 days) at 0.2 A g−1. This research inspires the advancement of Zn‐organic batteries for high‐energy‐density aqueous electrochemical energy storage systems or photo‐electrochemical batteries.
Non‐thermal technologies for broiler litter processing: Microbial safety, chemical composition, nutritional value, and fermentation parameters in vitro
Authors: Vaghar Seyedin Seyed Morteza , Mojtahedi Mohsen , Farhangfar Seyed Homayoun , Ghiasi Seyed Ehsan
Published: July 2024

Background

Annually, a massive amount of broiler litter (BL) is produced in the world, which causes soil and surface water pollution due to its high nitrogen content and microbial count. While ruminants can use this non‐protein nitrogen (NPN) source for microbial protein synthesis. This issue becomes more critical when protein sources are unavailable or very expensive. One of the sources of NPN is BL which is produced at a considerable amount in the world yearly.

Objectives

This aim of this research was to conduct a survey of non‐thermal technologies such as electrocoagulation (EC), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and ultrasound (US) waves on the microbial safety and nutritional value of BL samples as a protein source in ruminant diets.

Materials and methods

The methodology of this study was based on the use of an EC device with 24 V for 60 min, UV‐C light radiation (249 nm) for 1 and 10 min, and US waves with a frequency of 28 kHz for 5, 10 and 15 min to process BL samples compared with shade‐dried samples. Chemical composition and nutritional values of processed samples were determined by gas production technique and measurement of fermentation parameters in vitro.

Results

Based on the results, microbial safety increased in the samples processed with the US (15 min). The EC method had the best performance in reducing the number of fungi and mould. However, none of the methods could remove total bacteria and fungi. Digestibility of BL was similar in shade‐dried, EC, and US (10 min) treatments. In general, the use of EC and US15 without having adverse effects on gas production caused a decrease in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen. In contrast, it caused a decrease in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in the investigated substrate.

Conclusions

In general, it can be concluded that the use of US5 and EC methods without having a negative effect on the parameters of gas production and fermentation in vitro, while reducing NDF, causes a significant reduction in the microbial load, pathogens, yeast, and mould. Therefore, it is suggested to use these two methods to improve feed digestibility for other protein and feed sources.
Towards a flexible and personalised development of veterinarians and veterinary nurses working in a companion animal referral care setting
Authors: Favier Robert , Proot Joachim , Matiasovic Matt , Roos Arno , Knaake Frans , van der Lee Annette , den Toom Marjolein , Paes Geert , van Oostrom Hugo , Verstappen Frank , Beukers Martijn , van den Herik Theo , Bergknut Niklas
Published: July 2024

In the Netherlands, the demand for veterinarians and veterinary nurses (VNs) working within referral care is rapidly growing and currently exceeds the amount of available board‐certified specialists. Simultaneously, a transparent structure to guide training and development and to assess quality of non‐specialist veterinarians and VNs working in a referral setting is lacking. In response, we developed learning pathways guided by an entrustable professional activity (EPA) framework and programmatic assessment to support personalised development and competence of veterinarians and VNs working in referral settings. Between 4 and 35 EPAs varying per discipline (n = 11) were developed. To date, 20 trainees across five disciplines have been entrusted. Trainees from these learning pathways have proceeded to acquire new EPAs in addition to their already entrusted set of EPAs or progressed to specialist training during (n = 3) or after successfully completing (n = 1) the learning pathway. Due to their outcome‐based approach, the learning pathways support flexible ways of development.
Introduction: K-Politeness Across Online and Offline Interactions
Authors: Kim Mary Shin
Published: July 2024

This book investigates how Korean politeness (“K-politeness”) is perceived, practiced, and negotiated across diverse interactional contexts and communication platforms, both online and offline. The research examines K-politeness from not only the standpoint of Korean speakers but also from the vantage point of K-wave fans, viewers, and learners of Korean language and culture. The research offers a comprehensive and emic perspective on K-politeness, incorporating multidisciplinary and multimodal analysis.
Negotiating Age, Epistemic Stance, and Category Memberships in Korean Talk Shows
Authors: Kim Mary Shin , Jo Jaehyun
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines an integral part of Korean politeness—age. Prior research has focused on investigating age as a key determining factor that influences speakers’ choice of speech styles, address terms, and word choices. On the other hand, this study explores what speakers do with age and how age is relevant to them at the moment of their interaction. The focus of the study is on media talk as it reveals how age is represented, negotiated, and utilized by social members in public discourse. The study identifies a categorial practice related to age by utilizing (Stokoe, Discourse Studies 14:277–303, 2012)) five guiding principles for membership categorization analysis (MCA). A collection of data segments from various talk show interviews shows that the speakers routinely evoke age while displaying an epistemic stance, such as in claiming or disclaiming their epistemic rights, to the matter being discussed. Moreover, speakers classify themselves and others into age categories (Stokoe, Discourse Studies 14:277–303, 2012; e.g., the old, the young, acessi) based on their epistemic status or rights. These categories are determined not by the speakers’ chronological age, which is external to the interaction, but are rather spontaneously formulated in the local context of the interaction, which are subject to challenge, resistance, and negotiation by speakers. The study reveals how speakers use age as an interactional tool to negotiate their epistemic stance and category membership.
Implementation of external magnetic field to improve strength of St37 steel resistance spot weld
Authors: Mohammed Nafea Azhar A. , Elyasi Majid , Aghajani Derazkola Hamed
Published: July 2024

The magnetic assist technique involves the interaction between an external magnetic field and electrical current which produces Lorentz force that influences the flow pattern of molten metal and ultimately impacts the appearance and microstructure of the weld. Many parameters may influence on this process such as welding current, time, and force as well as the working magnet distance (MD). In this study, the effects of the distance between the permanent magnet’s MD on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld nugget zone (NZ) were examined through mechanical and macro- and microstructural analyses. The results demonstrated that MD has a strong influence on the magnetic flux density which determines the joint appearance, quality, and microstructure of St37 steel. Results showed that with increasing MD, HAZ increased from 8 to 22 mm2 while NZ decreased from 26 to 19 mm2, and also, the grain size increased with increasing MD and reaching 48 µm at MD was set to 9 cm. Moreover, hardness decreased at both areas through increasing MD from (120–110) HV at HAZ and from (170–150) HV at NZ. Under the action of (electromagnetic filed) EMF, weld tensile shear strength and the cross tensile strength give the highest values equal to 172 MPa and 155 MPa, respectively, when MD is set to 4.5 cm. Besides, soundness joint was obtained at MD = 4.5 cm which confirms that this is the best distance between magnets.
Air-breathing rotating detonation engine supplied with liquid kerosene: propulsive performance and combustion stability
Authors: Perkowski W. , Bilar A. , Augustyn M. , Kawalec M.
Published: July 2024

Experimental results are presented for a rotating detonation engine supplied with liquid kerosene and preheated air without liquid or gaseous additions to the propellant mixture. Various combustion modes for the generic combustor geometry design were observed—from deflagration, through pulsed combustion and high-frequency instabilities, to stable detonation propagation. Attention was paid to detonation stability (if present), its characteristics, and the propulsive performance of the combustor with a focus on specific thrust and pressure gain through thrust and outlet total pressure measurement. These parameters measured for the observed modes were compared. The stability of the detonation combustion proved not to be critical to achieve high performance of the combustion chamber. For example, high performance was achieved for combustion modes with high-frequency instabilities.
Analysis of the cell wall binding domain in bacteriocin-like lysin LysL from Lactococcus lactis LAC460
Authors: Mokhtari Samira , Li Yanru , Saris Per E. J. , Takala Timo M.
Published: July 2024

Wild-type Lactococcus lactis strain LAC460 secretes prophage-encoded bacteriocin-like lysin LysL, which kills some Lactococcus strains, but has no lytic effect on the producer. LysL carries two N-terminal enzymatic active domains (EAD), and an unknown C-terminus without homology to known domains. This study aimed to determine whether the C-terminus of LysL carries a cell wall binding domain (CBD) for target specificity of LysL. The C-terminal putative CBD region of LysL was fused with His-tagged green fluorescent protein (HGFPuv). The HGFPuv_CBDlysL gene fusion was ligated into the pASG-IBA4 vector, and introduced into Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was produced and purified with affinity chromatography. To analyse the binding of HGFPuv_CBDLysL to Lactococcus cells, the protein was mixed with LysL-sensitive and LysL-resistant strains, including the LysL-producer LAC460, and the fluorescence of the cells was analysed. As seen in fluorescence microscope, HGFPuv_CBDLysL decorated the cell surface of LysL-sensitive L. cremoris MG1614 with green fluorescence, whereas the resistant L. lactis strains LM0230 and LAC460 remained unfluorescent. The fluorescence plate reader confirmed the microscopy results detecting fluorescence only from four tested LysL-sensitive strains but not from 11 tested LysL-resistant strains. Specific binding of HGFPuv_CBDLysL onto the LysL-sensitive cells but not onto the LysL-resistant strains indicates that the C-terminus of LysL contains specific CBD. In conclusion, this report presents experimental evidence of the presence of a CBD in a lactococcal phage lysin. Moreover, the inability of HGFPuv_CBDLysL to bind to the LysL producer LAC460 may partly explain the host’s resistance to its own prophage lysin.
Categorification of the plurigenera of Gorenstein normal surface singularities
Authors: Némethi András , Schefler Gergő
Published: July 2024

Consider a complex normal surface singularity and its three plurigenera, the m-th $$L^2$$

L
2

–plurigenus of Watanabe, the m-th plurigenus of Knöller and the m-th log-plurigenus of Morales. For any of these invariants we construct a double graded $$\mathbb {Z}[U]$$

Z
[
U
]

–module, whose Euler characteristic is the chosen plurigenus. The three outputs are compared with the analytic lattice cohomology of the germ, whose Euler characteristic is the classical geometric genus.
Integrable Systems on Rectangular $$\mathcal {W}$$-Superalgebras via Super Adler-Type Operators
Authors: Carpentier Sylvain , Lee Gahng Sahn , Suh Uhi Rinn
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we introduce a class of super Adler-type operators associated with the Lie superalgebra $$\mathfrak {gl}(m|n)$$

gl
(
m
|
n
)

. We show that these operators generate Poisson vertex superalgebras which are isomorphic to the classical $$\mathcal {W}$$
W
-superalgebras associated with $$\mathfrak {gl}(m|n)$$

gl
(
m
|
n
)

and some rectangular nilpotent elements. We use this isomorphism to construct integrable hierarchies on these rectangular $$\mathcal {W}$$
W
-superalgebras.
Non-existence and Strong lll-posedness in $$C^{k,\beta }$$ for the Generalized Surface Quasi-geostrophic Equation
Authors: Córdoba Diego , Martínez-Zoroa Luis
Published: July 2024

We consider solutions to the generalized Surface Quasi-geostrophic equation ($$\gamma $$
γ
-SQG) when the velocity is more singular than the active scalar function (i.e. $$\gamma \in (0,1)$$

γ
∈
(
0
,
1
)

). In this paper we establish strong ill-posedness in $$C^{k,\beta }$$

C

k
,
β

($$k\ge 1$$

k
≥
1

, $$\beta \in (0,1]$$

β
∈
(
0
,
1
]

and $$k+\beta >1+\gamma $$

k
+
β
>
1
+
γ

) and we also construct solutions in $$\mathbb {R}^2$$

R

2

that initially are in $$C^{k,\beta }\cap L^2$$

C

k
,
β

∩

L
2

but are not in $$C^{k,\beta }$$

C

k
,
β

for $$t>0$$

t
>
0

. Furthermore these solutions stay in $$H^{k+\beta +1-2\delta }$$

H

k
+
β
+
1
-
2
δ

for some small $$\delta $$
δ
and an arbitrarily long time.
On $$G_2$$ Manifolds with Cohomogeneity Two Symmetry
Authors: Aslan Benjamin , Trinca Federico
Published: July 2024

We consider$${{\,\mathrm{G_2}\,}}$$G2manifolds with a cohomogeneity two$${{\,\mathrm{\mathbb {T}}\,}}^2\times {{\,\textrm{SU}\,}}(2)$$T2×SU(2)symmetry group. We give a local characterization of these manifolds and we describe the geometry, including regularity and singularity analysis, of cohomogeneity one calibrated submanifolds in them. We apply these results to the manifolds recently constructed by Foscolo–Haskins–Nordström and to the Bryant–Salamon manifold of topology$$/\!\!\!S(S^3)$$/S(S3). In particular, we describe new large families of complete$${{\,\mathrm{\mathbb {T}}\,}}^2$$T2-invariant associative submanifolds in them.
Impact of fludarabine and treosulfan on ovarian tumor cells and mesothelin chimeric antigen receptor T cells
Authors: El-Serafi Ibrahim , Micallef Nilsson Isabella , Moter Alina , Duan Zhe , Mattsson Jonas , Magalhaes Isabelle
Published: July 2024

In addition to their immunosuppressive effect, cytostatics conditioning prior to adoptive therapy such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells may play a role in debulking and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. We investigated in vitro the killing efficacy and impact of treosulfan and fludarabine on ovarian cancer cells expressing mesothelin (MSLN) and effect on MSLN-targeting CAR T cells. Treosulfan and fludarabine had a synergetic effect on killing of SKOV3 and OVCAR4 cells. Sensitivity to the combination of treosulfan and fludarabine was increased when SKOV3 cells expressed MSLN and when OVCAR4 cells were tested in hypoxia, while MSLN cells surface expression by SKOV3 and OVCAR4 cells was not altered after treosulfan or fludarabine exposure. Exposure to treosulfan or fludarabine (10 µM) neither impacted MSLN-CAR T cells degranulation, cytokines production upon challenge with MSLN + OVCAR3 cells, nor induced mitochondrial defects. Combination of treosulfan and fludarabine decreased MSLN-CAR T cells anti-tumor killing in normoxia but not hypoxia. In conclusion, treosulfan and fludarabine killed MSLN + ovarian cancer cells without altering MSLN-CAR T cells functions (at low cytostatics concentration) even in hypoxic conditions, and our data support the use of treosulfan and fludarabine as conditioning drugs prior to MSLN-CAR T cell therapy.
Identification and validation of tumor-specific T cell receptors from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes using tumor organoid co-cultures
Authors: Li Zhilang , Ma Lisha , Gao Zhaoya , Wang Xiya , Che Xuan , Zhang Pengchong , Li Yixian , Zhang Qianjing , Liu Tianxing , Sun Yuan , Bai Yun , Deng Hongkui
Published: July 2024

T cell receptor-engineered T cells (TCR-Ts) therapy is promising for cancer immunotherapy. Most studies have focused on identifying tumor-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) through predicted tumor neoantigens. However, current algorithms for predicting tumor neoantigens are unreliable and many neoantigens are derived from non-coding regions. Thus, the technological platform for identifying tumor-specific TCRs using natural antigens expressed on tumor cells is urgently needed. In this study, tumor organoids-enriched tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (oeT) were obtained by repeatedly stimulation of autologous patient-derived organoids (PDO) in vitro. The oeT cells specifically responded to autologous tumor PDO by detecting CD137 expression and the secretion of IFN-γ using enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The measurement of oeT cell-mediated killing of three-dimensional organoids was conducted using a caspase3/7 flow cytometry assay kit. Subsequently, tumor-specific T cells were isolated based on CD137 expression and their TCRs were identified through single-cell RT-PCR analysis. The specificity cytotoxicity of TCRs were confirmed by transferring to primary peripheral blood T cells. The co-culture system proved highly effective in generating CD8+ tumor-specific oeT cells. These oeT cells effectively induced IFN-γ secretion and exhibited specificity in killing autologous tumor organoids, while not eliciting a cytotoxic response against normal organoids. The analysis conducted by TCRs revealed a significant expansion of T cells within a specific subset of TCRs. Subsequently, the TCRs were cloned and transferred to peripheral blood T cells generation engineered TCR-Ts, which adequately recognized and killed tumor cell in a patient-specific manner. The co-culture system provided an approach to generate tumor-specific TCRs from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of patients with colorectal cancer, and tumor-specific TCRs can potentially be used for personalized TCR-T therapy.
Embedding of Markov matrices for $$\varvec{d \leqslant 4}$$
Authors: Baake Michael , Sumner Jeremy
Published: July 2024

The embedding problem of Markov matrices in Markov semigroups is a classic problem that regained a lot of impetus and activities through recent needs in phylogeny and population genetics. Here, we give an account for dimensions $$d\leqslant 4$$

d
⩽
4

, including a complete and simplified treatment of the case $$d=3$$

d
=
3

, and derive the results in a systematic fashion, with an eye on the potential applications. Further, we reconsider the setup of the corresponding problem for time-inhomogeneous Markov chains, which is needed for real-world applications because transition rates need not be constant over time. Additional cases of this more general embedding occur for any $$d\geqslant 3$$

d
⩾
3

. We review the known case of $$d=3$$

d
=
3

and describe the setting for future work on $$d=4$$

d
=
4

.