bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coacervation drives morphological diversity of mRNA encapsulating nanoparticles
Authors: Pert Emmit K. , Hurst Paul J. , Waymouth Robert M. , Rotskoff Grant M.
Published: February 2025

The spatial arrangement of components within an mRNA encapsulating nanoparticle has consequences for its thermal stability, which is a key parameter for therapeutic utility. The mesostructure of mRNA nanoparticles formed with cationic polymers has several distinct putative structures: here, we develop a field theoretic simulation model to compute the phase diagram for amphiphilic block copolymers that balance coacervation and hydrophobicity as driving forces for assembly. We predict several distinct morphologies for the mesostructure of these nanoparticles, depending on salt conditions and hydrophobicity. We compare our predictions with cryogenic-electron microscopy images of mRNA encapsulated by charge altering releasable transporters. In addition, we provide a graphics processing unit-accelerated, open-source codebase for general purpose field theoretic simulations, which we anticipate will be a useful tool for the community.
3D protoacoustic radiography: A proof of principle study
Authors: Pandey Prabodh K , Gonzalez Gilberto , Bjegovic Kristina , Sun Leshan , Chen Yong , Xiang Liangzhong
Published: February 2025

We propose protoacoustic radiography (PAR), an imaging modality combining proton excitation and acoustic detection for three-dimensional (3D) imaging from a single proton projection. PAR avoids the effect of multiple Coulomb scattering in imaging by detecting ultrasound. Proton-induced acoustic waves propagate spherically, enabling 3D imaging from a single projection. Additionally, the distinctive feature of proton beams—concentrating energy deposition primarily at the Bragg peak—allows for precise depth-selectivity through proton energy tuning. We performed PAR using clinical proton machines, and our results demonstrate the capability of PAR to reconstruct targets at various depths (between ∼20 and 23 cm) with an axial resolution of 1.3 mm by fully leveraging the Bragg peak and by tuning the kinetic energy of the proton beam. PAR offers opportunities for precise structural determination with protons both in biomedicine and nondestructive testing.
Nanoscale electrical conductance and leakage currents in etched and selective-area regrown GaAs pn junctions
Authors: Kim Tae-Hyeon , Skipper Alec M. , Bank Seth R. , Yu Edward T.
Published: February 2025

Analysis and mitigation of junction leakage currents are central to the engineering of vertical semiconductor diode structures. We have used scanning capacitance microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy to characterize, with nanoscale spatial resolution, charge carrier distributions and local current distributions at the edges of mesa-etched and selective-area regrown vertical GaAs pn junction diodes grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. These studies indicate that wet etch-induced defect states are present on the etched surfaces of mesa structures, leading to increased local electrical conductivity that could contribute to sidewall leakage. For selective-area regrown structures, we observe an annular low-conductivity region in the vicinity of the GaAs–SiO2 interface at the edge of regrown pn junction structures that could act to suppress current flow at the edges of pn junction diodes fabricated from selective-area regrown material. Together, these studies provide new insights into the origin of sidewall leakage currents in mesa-etched GaAs pn junction diodes and their suppression in selective-area regrown devices.
Deep learning enabled photonic Nyquist folding receiver for wideband RF spectral analysis
Authors: Murray Matthew J. , Schermer Ross T. , Hart Joseph , Murray Joseph B. , Redding Brandon
Published: February 2025

The need for real-time wideband radio frequency (RF) spectral analysis is driven by continued advances in modern wireless communications and RADAR systems used both for military and civilian applications. However, wideband RF sensing presents a challenge for typical high-speed analog to digital converters (ADC) since ADCs capable of operating continuously are typically limited to monitoring less than 1 GHz bands. Here, we leverage the high bandwidth of photonics to build a Nyquist folding receiver (NYFR) that uses an asymmetric optical frequency comb and a deep convolutional neural network to monitor a ∼5 GHz bandwidth using a 1 GS/s ADC with a 1 MHz update rate. We tested the deep-learning assisted NYFR on several signal classes, including linear chirps, nonlinear chirps, and continuous wave signals. The system presented here tackles many of the limitations of typical NYFR systems, including the ability to recover signals that cross Nyquist zones and the ability to detect multiple signals simultaneously. We also show that using a non-linear encoding to map the RF signal into the optical domain can improve the accuracy of the recovered RF spectrum.
A NEMD approach to the melt-front evolution under gravity
Authors: Ferrario Mauro , Ciccotti Giovanni , Mansutti Daniela , DiCarlo Antonio
Published: February 2025

Modeling the evolution of the melt front under gravity in the presence of a horizontal thermal gradient is a challenging issue, hitherto tackled exclusively with the concepts and tools of computational continuum thermomechanics, too phenomenologically driven to have satisfactory predictive capabilities. Here, we show that this complex phenomenon is amenable to treatment by the methods and tools of Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD). To do so, we addressed all the difficulties caused by the necessity of applying suitable boundary conditions and minimizing surface effects so that the bulk behavior of the system in non-equilibrium conditions can be detected. Sufficient adiabatic separation of the time scales permits us to use macroscopically relatively short—but microscopically long enough—time averages to get the macroscopic bulk behavior of the system accurately. To get an adequate signal-to-noise ratio, we had to use an unphysically large value of the gravity. However, we know from NEMD simulations in transport studies that the phenomena produced are stable over many orders of magnitude. In conclusion, our work proves that molecular simulation can be a good tool to study this family of non-equilibrium phenomena, although further work is needed to achieve quantitative predictive capabilities.
Cu interconnect lifetime estimation in the presence of thermal gradients
Authors: Ding Y. , Varela Pedreira O. , Lofrano M. , Zahedmanesh H. , Ciofi I. , Chavez T. , Farr H. , De Wolf I. , Croes K.
Published: February 2025

Through physical and electrical analysis, the impact of thermal gradients on mass transport in Cu interconnects is studied using a dedicated test structure. The key physical parameter for thermomigration (TM), the heat of transport (Q∗), is evaluated experimentally to be 0.21 eV. Furthermore, an analytical model based on existing 1D physics-based models [M. A. Korhonen et al., J. Appl. Phys. 73, 3790–3799 (1993); H. Zahedmanesh et al., Microelectron. Reliab. 111, 113769 (2020)] is proposed to predict the time to void nucleation, the void growth rate (νgrowth), and the time to failure (TTF) due to TM. Also, their dependence on temperature (T), temperature gradient (dTdx), and second derivative of the temperature (d2Tdx2) is derived. This analytical model calibrated using experimental data predicts a TTF of 38 years for a 1μm wide Cu interconnect under specific stress conditions: an operating temperature of 100°C, a local temperature increase of 67°C, and a d2Tdx2=−2.9°C/μm2 induced by an external heat source.
Magnetic stabilization of shock-bubble interactions: Non-monotonic suppression mechanisms in compressible magnetohydrodynamic flows
Authors: Sengupta Bidesh , Sreekala V. Asokakumar , Kammara Kishore K.
Published: February 2025

The study investigates the dynamics of jet suppression and stabilization in shock-bubble interactions under the influence of magnetic fields in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems. By analyzing key metrics such as jet width, magnetic energy, and kinetic energy differences in both transverse (By) and longitudinal (Bx) magnetic fields across various field strengths, we uncover the complex interplay of magnetic forces, including Lorentz forces, magnetic tension, and pressure gradients. The results reveal that transverse magnetic fields exert stronger suppression effects on jet characteristics than longitudinal fields, particularly at intermediate field strengths, where stabilization is most pronounced. Interestingly, the suppression exhibits non-monotonic behavior; weak fields (BI1) show minimal impact, while very high fields introduce saturation effects and dynamic instabilities, reducing the efficiency of stabilization. Furthermore, the onset of suppression is identified, as evidenced by kinetic energy profiles. This behavior correlates with the spatial distribution of magnetic flux components (Bx, By) and energy density (Eb), which highlight the anisotropic and localized nature of suppression mechanisms. The findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of magnetic stabilization for MHD flows, with implications for instability control, flow management, and energy redistribution in industrial and astrophysical applications.
Large magnetoresistance induced by monolayer ScV2S4 with interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling between two V atomic layers
Authors: Chen Qi , Liu Yuheng , Wang Hongyu , Guo Xiaoyan , Han Xiufeng , Yan Yu
Published: February 2025

Antiferromagnetic spintronic devices are ideal candidates for next-generation picosecond-response and high-density information carriers, and the discovery of van der Waals (vdW) antiferromagnets provides a new platform for exploring antiferromagnet-based spintronic devices. Here, we propose monolayer ScV2S4 antiferromagnet with two magnetic V atomic layers and investigate the influence of strain on the electronic structure, magnetic property, and in-plane spin-dependent transport of the proposed monolayer ScV2S4 using first-principles calculations. It is found that the proposed monolayer ScV2S4 is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) metal with the interlayer AFM coupling between two V atomic layers, and the interlayer AFM coupling can be switched to ferromagnetic coupling by a compressive strain of −2.2%. Moreover, a large magnetoresistance of about 114–120% is achieved in the proposed monolayer ScV2S4 using a compressive strain of −2.5%. The electrical control of the interlayer magnetic coupling in monolayer ScV2S4 clamped by piezoelectric material can be achieved by combining the strain-induced change in interlayer magnetic coupling of monolayer ScV2S4 with the inverse piezoelectricity of piezoelectric materials. Our work presents a promising avenue for developing low-dissipation vdW spintronic devices based on antiferromagnets.
Physics-informed neural networks for enhancing medical flow magnetic resonance imaging: Artifact correction and mean pressure and Reynolds stresses assimilation
Authors: Villié Alexandre , Schmitter Sebastian , von Saldern Jakob G. R. , Demange Simon , Oberleithner Kilian
Published: February 2025

In this study, we use physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to assimilate the turbulent mean flow fields from Cartesian time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging [known as four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI] measurements in an in vitro axis-symmetric stenosis. 4D flow has emerged as a prominent tool for the hemodynamic assessment of cardiovascular pathologies such as aortic stenosis. However, the standard, Cartesian-based 4D flow acquisitions suffer from displacement artifacts and limited spatiotemporal resolution, which bias the quantification of the velocity field. The goal of this study is to enhance noisy 4D flow measurements by correcting the displacement artifact and assimilating the mean pressure and Reynolds stresses. We consider a transitional stenotic flow that exhibits flow separation. In the first step, a PINN is trained on noisy phase-contrast MRI time-averaged velocity data and informed by the continuity equation. The validation against synchronized single-point imaging (Sync SPI) MRI experimental data reveals a substantial reduction of the displacement artifact and effective denoising. This PINN-corrected mean velocity field is used to assimilate the mean pressure and Reynolds stresses by training a PINN based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations closed with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model. The mean pressure and Reynolds stress assimilations are validated using a numerical RANS dataset and then applied to experimental 4D flow data. Our results demonstrate that PINNs are effective for post-processing 4D flow measurements. They enable displacement error correction, data denoising, and identifying unknown quantities. Such post-processing can bridge the quality gap between short acquisition-time standard 4D flow and Sync SPI measurements.
Solutal convection in Na–Zn liquid metal batteries and its impact on self-discharge
Authors: Duczek C. , Weber N. , Nash W. , Sarma M. , Weier T.
Published: February 2025

In the field of electrical energy storage, liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are a promising technology. A newly invented cell concept based on sodium and zinc is currently being developed. Solutal convection is understood to be a highly significant flow phenomenon in those cells, causing substantial effects on mass transfer-induced self-discharge. The latter is a great challenge for Na–Zn cells. A diaphragm has often been proposed as a mitigation measure, but its mode of action and efficacy have not been reported yet, as this is both experimentally challenging and a multiphysical problem which is nontrivial for numerical modeling. The present study models solutal convection in the electrolyte of an LMB for the first time and includes porous zones to assess the influence of the diaphragm. A charge–discharge asymmetry during cycling is identified. Consequently, a constant conflict between reducing concentration gradients and promoting self-discharge is faced: convective flow is always present in one electrolyte compartment while the other compartment is stably stratified. Moreover, cycling performance is influenced by the occurrence of previous cycles. In particular, the first charge period exhibits unique behavior as the electrolyte is initially homogeneously mixed. Thereafter, stably stratified layers as well as locally mixed regions determine the subsequent flow behavior. While the simulations generally confirm the importance of a flow barrier, the diaphragm is not an ion-selective membrane and cannot fully mitigate self-discharge: species transport via migration and diffusion is still possible, necessitating optimization of operational current density and charging time to limit self-discharge.
Brownian motion at various length scales with hydrodynamic and direct interactions
Authors: Everts Jeffrey C. , Hołyst Robert , Makuch Karol
Published: February 2025

Brownian motion is essential for describing diffusion in systems ranging from simple to complex liquids. Unlike simple liquids, which consist of only a solvent, complex liquids, such as colloidal suspensions and the cytoplasm of a cell, are mixtures of various constituents with different shapes and sizes. Describing Brownian motion in such multiscale systems is extremely challenging because direct and many-body hydrodynamic interactions (and their interplay) play a pivotal role. Diffusion of small particles is mainly governed by a low viscous character of the solution, whereas large particles experience a highly viscous flow of the complex liquid on the macro scale. A quantity that encodes hydrodynamics on both length scales is the wavevector-dependent viscosity. Assuming this quantity to be known—in contrast to most studies in which the solvent shear viscosity is given—provides a new perspective on studying the diffusivity of a tracer, especially in situations where the tracer size can vary by several orders of magnitude. Here, we start systematic studies of exact formal microscopic expressions for the short- and long-time self-diffusion coefficients of a single probe particle in a complex liquid in terms of short-ranged hydrodynamic response kernels. We study Brownian motion as a function of the probe size, contrasting most theories that focus on self-diffusion as a function of the crowder volume fraction. We discuss the limits of small and large probe sizes for various levels of approximations in our theory and discuss the current successes and shortcomings of our approach.
A modified numerical model for predicting long-term wind-induced snowdrift on building roofs within the multistage quasi-steady method
Authors: Liu Zhixiang , Yu Zhixiang , Chen Xiaoxiao , Chen Yang , Chen Wei , Xie Dong
Published: February 2025

To accurately predict the long-term wind-induced snowdrift on building roofs, this study developed a modified numerical model within the multistage quasi-steady simulation method. A novel method was introduced to estimate prototype blowing snow duration based on wind tunnel experimental data, and a boundary mesh adaptive technique combined with the bounded radial basis function interpolation method was implemented to track dynamic boundary changes during snow drifting. Additionally, the influence of temporal parameters, including blowing snow duration, time allocation schemes, and number of stages, was systematically analyzed through the multistage quasi-steady simulation method, with validation conducted using wind tunnel experiments. The results indicate that when Anno's time similarity parameters were used to estimate the blowing snow duration for the prototype roof, the simulation results derived from the proposed methodology closely aligned with the experimental results, outperforming the previously used empirical formulas for snow transport rates. Generally, when the blowing snow duration is fixed, increasing the number of stages enhances the simulation's approximation to the actual snow drifting process; however, an optimal number of stages exists based on convergence conditions and time allocation schemes. Altering the blowing snow duration also affects the optimal number of stages, with longer and shorter durations requiring more and fewer computational stages, respectively. Numerical simulations reveal that as snow drifting progresses, the friction velocity on the roof gradually decreases, reducing the rate of snow erosion per unit of time. Consequently, the mean snow transport rate on the building roof decreases non-linearly over time. The proposed numerical model can offer significant insights for designing snow loads in practical engineering applications.
Wall-mounted flexible microcantilevers for enhanced flow and heat transfer in a channel
Authors: Khanafer Khalil , Vafai Kambiz
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the dynamic fluid–structure interactions and thermal performance of wall-mounted flexible vertical microcantilevers in a confined channel under varying flow conditions. The results reveal that the microcantilevers exhibit significant deformation in response to changes in flow velocity, aligning with the dominant flow direction to minimize resistance and stabilize the system. The interaction between microcantilever deflection and fluid flow leads to the formation of vortices in the wake region, with their intensity modulated by the velocity profile and microcantilever positioning. The thermal analysis highlights the interplay of conduction and convection, with conduction dominating at low Reynolds numbers and convection becoming prevalent at higher flow velocities. The tip deflection of the microcantilevers and the temporal average Nusselt number at the top wall are found to increase significantly with Reynolds number, revealing enhanced fluid–structure interaction and convective heat transfer efficiency. For instance, the tip deflection and temporal average Nusselt number increase by 90.4% and 63.4%, respectively, as the Reynolds number rises from 50 to 100. Channel geometry also plays a critical role; reduced channel heights amplify horizontal velocity, shear stresses, and heat transfer, emphasizing the influence of geometric constraints on system dynamics. The introduction of a second vertical microcantilever and variations in microcantilever spacing reveal negligible effects on the temporal average Nusselt number at the top wall but complex structural responses, such as increased backward deflection during reverse flow. These findings provide insights into optimizing microfluidic systems, heat exchangers, and other applications involving fluid–structure interactions. This study highlights the importance of coupling structural flexibility with fluid dynamics to achieve superior mechanical and thermal performance under varying operating conditions.
Integrative analysis of KCNQ1 variants reveals molecular mechanisms of type 1 long QT syndrome pathogenesis
Authors: Brewer Kathryn R. , Vanoye Carlos G. , Huang Hui , Clowes Moster Katherine R. , Desai Reshma R. , Hayes James B. , Burnette Dylan T. , George Alfred L. , Sanders Charles R.
Published: February 2025

Loss-of-function (LOF) pathogenic variants in
KCNQ1
encoding a cardiac potassium channel predispose to sudden cardiac death in type 1 congenital long QT syndrome (LQT1). To determine the spectrum of molecular mechanisms responsible for this life-threatening condition, we used an integrative approach to determine the biophysical, functional, and trafficking properties of 61 KCNQ1 variants distributed throughout all domains of the channel. Impaired trafficking to the plasma membrane was the most common cause of LOF across all channel domains, often but not always coinciding with protein instability. However, many LOF variants, particularly in transmembrane domains, trafficked normally, but when coexpressed with KCNE1 exhibited impaired conductance, altered voltage dependence, or abnormal gating kinetics, highlighting diverse pathogenic mechanisms. This indicates a need for personalized treatment approaches for LQT1. Use of our data to benchmark variant pathogenicity prediction methods demonstrated that prediction accuracy depends on the exact mechanism of pathogenicity associated with a given variant.
Optimizing food management: Effective strategies for minimizing food loss and waste
Authors: Jaswal Anita , Mehta Chandra Mohan , Kaur Sawinder , El Kadili Sara , Assouguem Amine , Lahlali Rachid
Published: February 2025

Yearly, more than 33% of the food produced for human use is lost or discarded. This statement serves as a critical signal regarding the exhaustion of natural resources utilized in the food supply chain (FSC), which could potentially have adverse consequences on food security. Food wastage predominantly occurs at the consumer level, namely in the retail and food service industries. It is more prevalent in affluent nations compared to food loss, which occurs between manufacturing and distribution and is more common in low-income countries. Hence, the prevention of food loss and waste (FLW) can contribute to a more equitable equilibrium between food supply and demand. This is of utmost importance in enhancing food security, mitigating environmental consequences, and yielding financial advantages for the many stakeholders engaged in the FSC. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of case studies, legislative examples from different countries, and initiatives undertaken by non-profit organizations and industry actors in the food chain to efficiently prevent and/or decrease FLW. Furthermore, it enumerates the current limitations and prospective avenues for further investigation. To optimize the allocation of resources, it is essential to analyze and combine information, while also being cognizant of the specific locations in the food chain, categories of food, and countries experiencing the greatest losses.
High Quality Single Crystal of Kitaev Spin Liquid Candidate Material RuBr3 Synthesized under High Pressure
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Li Xiangjun , Yan Limin , Li Wenbo , Li Nana , Zhao Jianfa , Liu Xiaobing , Yu Shun-Li , Hu Zhiwei , Yang Wenge , Yu Runze
Published: February 2025

Kitaev quantum spin liquids have attracted significant attention in condensed matter physics over the past decade. To understand their emergent quantum phenomena, high-quality single crystals of substantial size are essential. Here, we report the synthesis of single crystals of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid candidate RuBr3, achieving millimeter-sized crystals through a self-flux method under high pressure and high temperature conditions. The crystals exhibit well-defined cleavage planes with a lustrous appearance. Transport characterizations exhibit a narrow band-gap semiconducting behavior with 0.13 eV and 0.11 eV band-gap in ab plane and along c axis, respectively. Magnetic measurement shows a transition to antiferromagnetic (AFM) state at approximately 29 K both in ab plane and along c axis. Notably, the Néel temperature increases to 34 K with an applied magnetic field of up to 7 T in the ab plane, but without any change along c axis. The large size and high quality of RuBr3single crystals provide a valuable platform for investigating various interactions, particularly the Kitaev interaction, and for elucidating the intrinsic physical properties of Kitaev quantum spin liquids.
AV3Sb5 kagome superconductors: a review with transport measurements
Authors: Xu Zhuokai , Le Tian , Lin Xiao
Published: February 2025

Kagome systems have garnered considerable attention due to the unique features of the sublattice structure and band topology. The recently discovered kagome metals AV3Sb5 (where A = K, Rb, Cs) host a rich array of symmetry-breaking phases, including exotic charge density waves (CDW), electronic nematicity, pair density waves (PDW) and superconductivity. Despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigations into the diverse phases, several key issues remain contentious, such as a solid clarification of the time-reversal symmetry breaking (TRS-breaking) in the CDW order and its implications for the nature of superconducting (SC) pairing symmetry. This review aims to shed light on the transport properties of these intertwined phases, emphasizing the pivotal role that transport measurements play in uncovering the non-trivial quantum states of matter.
Geometric Inequality for Axisymmetric Black Holes With Angular Momentum
Authors: Feng Xuefeng , Yan Ruodi , Gao Sijie , Lau Yun-Kau , Yau Shing-Tung
Published: February 2025

In an effort to understand the Penrose inequality for black holes with angular momentum, an axisymmetric, vacuum, asymptotically Euclidean initial data set subject to certain quasi stationary conditions is considered for a case study. A new geometric definition of angular velocity of a rotating black hole is defined in terms of the momentum constraint, without any reference to a stationary Killing vector field. The momentum constraint is then shown to be equivalent to the dynamics of a 2d steady compressible fluid flow governed by a quasi-conformal mapping. In terms of spinors, a generalised first law for rotating black holes (possibly with multi-connected horizon located along the symmetry axis) is then proven and may be regarded as a Penrose type inequality for black holes with angular momentum.
A MIMO system identification approach for the longitudinal control of the filter cavity of the advanced virgo gravitational-wave detector
Authors: Tapia San Martín Enzo Nicolás , Guo Yuefan , Vardaro Marco , Zhao Yuhang , Capocasa Eleonora , Flaminio Raffaele , Tacca Matteo
Published: February 2025

The sensitivity of the second generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors is mostly limited by quantum noise. The injection of frequency-dependent squeezed vacuum states into the output port of the interferometer has been shown to reduce quantum noise across the entire detector bandwidth. Frequency dependent squeezed states are generated by reflecting a frequency independent squeezed states off a detuned optical cavity: the phase response of the cavity rotates the squeeze angle as a function of frequency. The precision of the longitudinal control of the such cavity, known as filter cavity, is one of the key parameters affecting the quantum noise suppression factor. The target longitudinal control precision was achieved by simultaneously acting on both the cavity length and the frequency of the squeezing main laser. In this scenario, the analysis of this system requires a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system model. In this work, we demonstrate that a MIMO model is required and show that a MIMO system identification technique is effective to characterize the system and improve its robustness. Ultimately we show that these techniques allow the design of robust filters that can keep the cavity residual length fluctuations below 1 pm, allowing for a quantum noise reduction of 4.5 dB at high frequencies and 2 dB at low frequencies in the Advanced Virgo interferometer.
Multistep transferable prediction of shield attitude and position in shield tunneling based on PCA and deep learning method
Authors: Zhang Jian , Ding Xiaobin , Deng Tao , Zheng Lu , Chen Guangqi
Published: February 2025

Maintaining the alignment of the shield tunneling axis with the designed tunnel axis is crucial in urban subway construction. However, previous studies have only verified the accuracy of the models in a specific project, ignoring model transferability. This paper proposes a multistep transferable prediction method (PCA-GRU) for shield attitude and employs feature importance analysis of the PCA-GRU model through feature dimensionality reduction experiments. Datasets obtained from the Guangzhou and Fuzhou Metro Line X Projects were used to validate the accuracy of the proposed method. The results revealed that PCA can unify the model input, enabling the model to be applied to different projects, and the proposed model could produce an accurate prediction within 24 steps, with an average R2
of 0.94 and 0.97 in the Guangzhou and Fuzhou projects. This indicates that the proposed model possesses transferability and generalization ability, which can aid decision-making during urban subway construction.
Multi-technique-based electrochemical sensing of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen as a biomarker for early-stage tuberculosis diagnosis
Authors: Rotake Dinesh Ramkrushna , Anjankar Shubham C , Singh Shiv Govind
Published: February 2025

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a pressing global health challenge, necessitating precise and reliable biomarkers for early detection. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), an FDA-approved biomarker (Monoclonal Antibody-MBS320597), holds significant potential due to its association with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall. This study systematically evaluates LAM concentrations ranging from 1 pg/mL to 6 ng/mL using Square Wave Voltammetric (SWV) analysis, achieving an exceptional detection limit (LOD) of 0.077 pg/mL. A comprehensive review of current diagnostics highlights critical gaps, including limitations in speed and accuracy, underscoring the urgency for advanced methodologies. In this study, LAM’s performance is assessed by analyzing spiked urine samples, demonstrating its high sensitivity, specificity, and reliability as an early-stage TB biomarker. By comparing findings with existing diagnostic tools and addressing identified limitations, this study emphasizes LAM's potential to transform TB diagnostic strategies. These results contribute to global efforts to improve early detection, enhance patient outcomes, and pave the way for future advancements in TB diagnostics.
Evaluation of health monitoring parameters for automotive pneumatic elastomeric system using soft pressure sensors for enhanced vehicle performance
Authors: Hossain Md Jarir , Kamath Sarath Suresh , Mouna Shahba Tasmiya , Park Jong Min , Oh Heung-Seok , Kim Young-Seok , Choi Jae-Won
Published: February 2025

In the rapidly evolving automotive industry, the need for reliable and efficient pneumatic elastomeric components necessitates cutting-edge health monitoring methods, given that the pneumatic components are directly connected to dampening properties, ride comfort, vehicle safety, and stability. A novel approach for pneumatic elastomeric component health monitoring utilizing ionic liquid (IL)-based soft sensor technology has been proposed, which has the promise to enable real-time health monitoring and prognostics of vehicle systems. The proposed polymer sensor leverages the distinctive characteristics of flexibility, stretchability, and high sensitivity. These properties are critical for precisely measuring load, vertical displacement, air pressure, force locations, and load frequency of the air pressure responsive rubber part. The sensors are attached to three key contact positions: two on the metal cover of the elastomeric component and one on the piston of the component to provide critical information about the rolled and unrolled rubber. These sensors continuously measure essential parameters for health monitoring. The collected data can identify potential issues such as leaks, wear, or structural weaknesses. The finding illustrates the effectiveness of the IL-based soft sensors in providing precise and reliable data for health monitoring parameters.
Positional information trade-offs in boundary-driven reaction–diffusion systems
Authors: Berx Jonas , Singh Prashant , Proesmans Karel
Published: February 2025

Individual components such as cells, particles, or agents within a larger system often require detailed understanding of their relative position to act accordingly, enabling the system as a whole to function in an organised and efficient manner. Through the concept of positional information (PI), such components are able to specify their position in order to, e.g. create robust spatial patterns or coordinate specific functionality. Such complex behaviour generally occurs far from thermodynamic equilibrium and thus requires the dissipation of free energy to sustain functionality. We show that in boundary-driven simple exclusion systems with position-dependent Langmuir kinetics, non-trivial Pareto-optimal trade-offs exist between the PI, rescaled entropy production rate and global reaction current. Phase transitions in the optimal protocols that tune the densities of the system boundaries emerge as a result, showing that distinct protocols are able to exchange global optimality similar to phase coexistence in liquid–gas phase transitions, and that increasing the PI can lead to diminishing returns when considering increased dissipation.
Identification of M1 lines of Ca-like Ge12+ and Se14+ ions at electron beam ion traps
Authors: Li Bingli , Yao Ke , Xiao Jun
Published: February 2025

Optical emission lines within the 200–750 nm range of the Ca-like ions Ge12+ and Se14+ are measured using electron beam ion traps. Six previously unreported spectral lines emitted by these ions are obtained. The multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) methods are employed to calculate the energy levels and transition rates, accounting for Breit interaction, QED effects, and significant valence-valence, core-valence, and core-core correlations. By comparing with the theoretical calculations, three lines each for Ge12+ and Se14+ ions are successfully identified. Along the isoelectronic sequence of the Ca-like ions from Fe6+ to Kr16+, the transition energy scaling with nuclear charge Z is investigated.
Spin-valley-polarized Weiss oscillations in monolayer 1{\it T}$^{\prime}$-\ce{MoS2}
Authors: Li Yang , Zeng Wen , Shen Rui
Published: February 2025

Monolayer 1{\it T}$^{\prime}$-\ce{MoS2} exhibits spin- and valley-dependent massive tilted Dirac cones with two velocity correction terms in low-energy effective Hamiltonian. We theoretically investigate the longitudinal diffusive magnetoconductivity of monolayer 1{\it T}$^{\prime}$-\ce{MoS2} by using the linear response theory. It is shown that, when the Fermi level is close to the spin-orbit coupling gap, the Weiss oscillation splits into two branches and exhibits spin-valley polarization in the presence of both a spatial periodic electric potential modulation in the lateral direction and a nonzero perpendicular electric field. The spin-valley polarization stems from the interplay between the tilted Dirac cones, the spin-orbit coupling gap, and the external electric potential modulation, and can be treated as a signature of monolayer 1{\it T}$^{\prime}$-\ce{MoS2}. When the Fermi level is far from the spin-orbit coupling gap, the spin-polarization appears in the Weiss oscillation under a magnetic field modulation in the lateral direction. This polarization behavior arises from the interplay between the tilted Dirac cones, the spin-orbit coupling, and the external magnetic field modulation, indicating that a finite spin-orbit coupling gap is not indispensable for polarization in the Weiss oscillation.
Two types of polarized dual-wavelength Nd:NaLa(WO4)2 lasers with controllable output power ratio
Authors: Chu Chu , Li Yuzhao , Wang Shang , Hu Zonghua , Du Zhenhua
Published: February 2025

Two types of polarized continuous-wave (CW) dual-wavelength Nd:NaLa(WO4)2 (Nd:NLW) lasers were studied. By adjusting two uncoated glass plates, the output power ratio of the orthogonally polarized dual-wavelength (OPDW) laser can be controlled. At an incident pump power of 20 W, a CW OPDW laser operating at 1058 nm in π-polarization and 1067 nm in σ-polarization was realized. The total output power of the OPDW laser at 1058 and 1067 nm was more than 11.6 W with 1:1 output power ratio. The total slope efficiency and total optical-to-optical conversion efficiency were 61.0% and 58.0%, respectively. By adjusting two Lyot filters, the output power ratio of the linearly polarized dual-wavelength (LPDW) can be controlled. CW LPDW lasers at 1062 and 1067 nm in σ-polarization and at 1058 and 1066 nm in π-polarization were also achieved, respectively. The total output power of the LPDW laser was more than 5.0 W with a 1:1 output power ratio in σ-polarization. The total slope efficiency and total optical-to-optical conversion efficiency were 27.6% and 25.0%, respectively.
Plug-and-play measurement-device-independent quantum digital signature
Authors: Zhang Minghui , Sun Yuhao , Zhao Shan , Kang Jiale , Liu Weiqi
Published: February 2025

Measurement-device-independent quantum digital signature (MDI-QDS) guarantees the authenticity and integrity of a message with security against all detector side-channel attacks. However, the experimental implementation of MDI-QDS in actual systems is extremely complicated since: (i) high-visibility interference requires several additional active control units for mode matching; (ii) a key assumption in MDI-QDS is that the laser source located at each user should be trusted. In this work, we propose a plug-and-play MDI-QDS scheme with a single untrusted source. On the one hand, it completely eliminates the requirement that each user must have a trusted laser source, and only needs to set an untrusted source at the Relay. On the other hand, the mode matching of MDI-QDS can be realized automatically with a plug-and-play structure. We then discuss the performance of the scheme by using the two-intensity decoy-state method with full parameter optimization. The numerical simulations show that the plug-and-play MDI-QDS with a single untrusted source provides comparable performances to the original MDI-QDS in a low-loss regime but with a simpler experimental setup. Consequently, the scheme can be flexibly implemented with common optical components in an optical fiber network since users can share both detectors and a complicated laser source.
Experimental characteristics of lost fast negative ions on EAST tokamak
Authors: Zhang Zixin , Huang Juan , Chang Jiafeng , Wu Chengrui , Galdon-Quiroga Joaquin , Snicker Antti , Isobe Mitsutaka , Ogawa Kunihiro , He Kaiyang , Wang Shusong , Sun Yanxu , Wang Xihui
Published: February 2025

It is the first time that fast negative-ion loss signals are observed by Fast-ion Loss Detector (FILD) and analyzed in EAST neutral beam injection experiment. Velocity-space distributions of lost fast negative and positive ions reconstructed by the FILDSIM code are basically consistent. Orbit analysis backtracked by the ASCOT code shows that the fast negative ions are generated at the low-field side scrape-off layer (SOL), whereas the fast positive ions are generated near the last closed flux surface (LCFS) at both the high- and low-field sides. The existence of fast negative-ion loss indirectly suggests a very high neutral particle density near both the main limiter and antenna limiter. The differing birth locations of fast positive and negative ions result in distinct loss behaviors during ELM H-mode and n=3 rotating RMP experiments. The asymmetry of neutral particle density in tokamak suggest that previous studies may have underestimated the fraction of charge exchange (CX) losses due to the assumption of a uniform neutral particle density outside the LCFS. Therefore, simulations evaluating the charge exchange loss fraction in the future should account for a three-dimensional distribution of neutral particle density, including local gas puffing and the neutral particle density around various limiters.
A Machine Learning Approach in EEG-Based Assessment of Cognitive Load by Mental Arithmetic Tasks
Authors: Nguyen Phuc Khang , Huynh Quang Linh
Published: February 2025

In this study, we investigate the characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals during mental arithmetic tasks. The publicly available dataset used in this study includes EEG recordings from 36 healthy volunteers performing serial subtraction tasks, with data collected using a 23-channel Neurocom EEG system. The study aims to explore the changes in brain activity during cognitive workload by analyzing the power spectral density, entropy, and statistical features of the EEG signals. Key features such as band power in delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands, entropy, mean power, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness, autocorrelation, and RMS energy were extracted from each channel. The subjects were categorized into good and bad counters based on their arithmetic performance. The extracted features were then used to train machine learning models, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), to classify the cognitive workload levels. The KNN model demonstrated the highest overall performance with an F1 score of 0.857. This research highlights the potential of using EEG features to assess cognitive workload and provides a foundation for future studies on brain-computer interfaces and cognitive neuroscience.
Fabrication and Characterization of Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors Using Spinosum Structured PANI/PVA Hydrogel
Authors: Huy Nguyen Gia , Tram Nguyen Xuan Thanh
Published: February 2025

In this study, flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors with a spinosum structure surface were fabricated from Polyaniline/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PANI/PVA) hydrogel. First, PANI powder was fabricated and mixed with a PVA solution. The mixture was blended at a 1:1 ratio with a 10% PVA solution before this solution was scraped on two types of abrasive paper to replicate the spinosum microstructure. The hydrogel thin films were dried at ambient temperature and then carefully removed from the abrasive paper to obtain the spinosum micro structured PANI/PVA hydrogel thin films. The spinosum structure and the phase of the hydrogel thin films were evaluated. The mechanical strength of the hydrogel thin film was assessed using a stress-strain curve. According to the results, the pore sizes of the spinosum microstructure affected the resistance and mechanical strength of the hydrogel thin film. The piezoresistive pressure sensors were capable of producing current responses to different masses. Furthermore, the sensors were able to identify different calligraphic styles, demonstrating their potential for biometric recognition and personalized electronics applications.
A Bi-Level Simulation for Assessing the Traffic Impact of Priority Bus Lanes in Mixed Traffic: A Case Study of Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Van Hong Tan
Published: February 2025

This article introduces a bi-level simulation approach for evaluating the impacts of implementing dedicated bus lanes. We illustrate this method with a case study of a specific route in Ho Chi Minh City, which involved using iterative simulations to make incremental adjustments to reflect any changes in bus service quality or other transport system modifications. By using this approach, it is possible to minimize negative impacts and implement appropriate mitigation measures, thereby increasing the chances of successfully implementing priority bus lanes particularly in mixed traffic condition. It is important to note that the priority bus lanes itself should be seen as a mitigation measure, as it not only offers additional capacity along the corridor but also provides a safer, more reliable, and possibly more comfortable alternative transport mode for students and employees in Ho Chi Minh City, all at a lower cost.
Analysis of Wind-Wave Impact on Open Wave Channel Systems
Authors: Thai Le Hung , Truong Huy Hoang
Published: February 2025

The growing demand for renewable energy has catalyzed research and development in harnessing wave energy. The Open Wave Channel (OWC) system presents an experimental approach for generating waves, facilitating marine energy studies aimed at powering wave-based renewable energy facilities. This study introduces an innovative wave generation method, distinct from traditional sinusoidal wave generation techniques. By analyzing wind-induced wave oscillations, this method produces more complex waveforms that better reflect actual offshore conditions, moving beyond simple sinusoidal shapes. The study’s objective is to examine the impact of wind speed and direction on key parameters, such as wave height and flow velocity, within energy conversion devices like the oscillating water column system. Results highlight the complexity of offshore conditions, showing how wind-induced wave dynamics affect the performance of offshore turbine systems. This research contributes to improving turbine efficiency and supports strategic deployment of renewable energy projects in Vietnamese waters.
Numerical Analysis of Steel-Concrete Composite Slabs with Screw Stiffeners
Authors: Huong Khang Thanh , Bui Linh Van Hong , Nguyen Phuoc Trong
Published: February 2025

This paper numerically analyzes the behavior of steel-concrete composite slabs reinforced with screw stiffeners. These slabs are modeled as simply supported one-way slabs subjected to a concentrated load, with screws distributed according to predefined conditions, using the finite element method. The FEM models are implemented using Ansys LS-DYNA software, employing constant stress hexahedron SOLID, BEAM, and SHELL elements to simulate concrete, screws, and steel decking, respectively. The results obtained from the numerical simulation of the composite slabs include bending moment, displacement, strain in steel decking and concrete, and failure mode. The comparison between the experimental data and the obtained results has been shown as a validation of the numerical approach. The comparison indicates that the numerical finite element method models could reliably predict the structural behavior of steel-concrete composite slabs. Additionally, through an extended parametric investigation, the use of screw stiffeners in the composite slabs enhances load-carrying capacity and prevents adverse failure modes. This finding highlights the practical benefits of the shear anchoring technique using screws.