bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth‐Inhibition Drug Test with Trypanosoma cruzi Culture Forms*
Authors: SCHLEMPER B. R. , CHIARI E. , BRENER Z.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A 48‐hr drug screening test is described which evaluates inhibition of exponential growth of T. cruzi culture forms by electronic cell count. About 80% of drugs active in vivo produced a > 50% growth inhibition, whereas among, compounds inactive in vivo, only 19.6% induced such inhibition. Advantages of this test are low cost, rapid results, small amounts of drugs needed, and feasibility without animal facilities. Comparative studies showed that culture forms are not suitable for screening additives to prevènt transmission of T. cruzi by banked blood.
Temperature‐Sensitive Behavior of Paramecium caudatum
Authors: NAKAOKA YASUO , OOSAWA FUMIO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of temperature on the behavior of swimming cells of Paramecium caudatum has been investigated by photographic analyses of their tracks in uniform temperature, in temperature gradient, or in temperature changing with time. When the cells were placed in the temperature gradient, the frequency of discontinuous directional changes of cells swimming toward the optimal temperature, the temperature of the culture, was much lower than that of the cells swimming in the opposite direction. This difference in the frequency of directional changes explained the observed accumulation of the cells at ‐ the optimal temperature. When the temperature was suddenly changed toward the optimum, a transient decrease of the frequency of directional changes was observed and when the temperature was changed in the reverse direction, a transient increase of the frequency was noted. This transient response to the temperature change was the origin of the dependence of the frequency of directional changes on the swimming direction in the temperature gradient. Finally, the relation between the magnitude of the transient response and the rate of the temperature change was derived.
Eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. from Prairie Rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis, in New Mexico with Data on Excystation of Sporozoites and Ultrastructure of the Oocyst Wall
Authors: DUSZYNSKI DONALD W. , ALTENBACH MARILYN J. , MARCHIONDO ALAN A. , SPEER CLARENCE A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Oocysts of Eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. are described from prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus viridis viridis in New Mexico on the basis of light and electron microscopy and in vitro excystation of sporozoites. Sporulated oocysts of E. crotalviridis are elliptical, 26.4 × 22.3 (23–29 × 20–24) μm with ovoid sporocysts 11.7 × 8.1 (11–13 × 7–9) μm. A micropyle, micropyle cap and polar bodies are absent, but oocyst and sporocyst residua and Stieda and substieda bodies are present. Excysted sporozoites are 12.4 × 2.8 (11–13 × 2–3) μm and have 1 large posterior refractile body and a nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Ultrastructurally, the oocyst wall has 2 layers, a thick, electron‐dense, highly sculptured outer layer composed of a fine granular matrix and a thin, granular, osmiophilic inner layer, separated from the outer layer by at least one unit membrane. These layers are 441 (353–510) and 21.6 (19–29) nm thick, respectively. Within 15 min after exposure to a trypsin‐sodium taurocholate fluid, sporozoites of E. crotalviridis excysted from 5‐month‐old sporocysts.
Fine Structure of a Marine Ameba Associated with a Blue‐Green Alga in the Sargasso Sea*,†
Authors: ANDERSON O. ROGER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS An ameba, bearing a fringe of scales on the plasmalemma surface, dwells among the filaments of the colonial, blue‐green alga Trichodesmium thiebautii (Sournia), and preys upon bacteria growing within the colony. The cytoplasm is clearly differentiated into a fine fibrillar ectoplasm at the periphery of the cell and a central endoplasm containing most of the membranous organelles. The nucleus contains a spheroidal nucleolus which is centrally located, and a double membrane containing pores. The tubular mitochondria, microbodies, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum are typical for protozoa. The Golgi apparatus consists of an array of elongate flattened cisternae. One surface is associated with a fine fibrillar layer and the opposite surface contains electron‐dense vesicles (perhaps primary lysosomes) and scale‐containing vesicles that appear to be the origin of the scales deposited on the plasma membrane. Three kinds of bacteria‐containing vacuoles are presnt: (a) vacuoles surrounded by 3 membranes and containing bacteria that are either healthy or in an early stage of digestion, (b) singlemembrane vacuoles which are food vacuoles that become converted to digestive vacuoles, and (c) larger vacuoles resembling those in (b) which contain prey in an advanced stage of digestion. The presence of amebae within pelagic algal communities provides further evidence for the diversity of their habitats in the ocean.
Poly(Ethylene Oxide), a New Slowing Agent for Protozoa
Authors: SPOON DONALD M. , FEISE II CHARLES O. , YOUN REBECCA SUE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The water‐soluble, viscoelastic resin Polyox® (WSR 301), a poly(ethylene oxide) of high molecular weight (4 million) is introduced as a new slowing agent for protozoa. Generally, as the kinetic viscosity of the resin increased from 0.25% to 1% (w/v), the swimming velocity of Euglena gracilis, Didinium nasutum, Paramecium aurelia, Blepharisma undulans, and Prorodon platyodon decreased. The 1.0% solution had the highest viscosity and decreased velocity more effectively than 1.0% methyl cellulose and Protoslo® solutions. The Polyox solutions differed from those of methyl cellulose and Protoslo by having, in addition to viscous drag, an elastic recoil that pulled the protozoa backwards when their swimming efforts stopped. The toxicity of these slowing agents was determined using 10 P. aurelia/test slide preparation. Paramecium numbers decreased in 1.0% methyl cellulose and Protoslo to nearly zero by 24 hr; in Polyox, not only were most of these ciliates alive after 24 hr, but many survived for 96 hr and divisions occurred in 0.25% and 0.50% solutions.
Ormieresia carcini gen. n., sp. n., Microsporidie du Crabe Méditerranéan, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky, 1884: Cycle Évolutif et Étude Ultrastructurale
Authors: VIVARES CHRISTIAN P. , BOUIX GEORGES , MANIER JEHANNE‐FRANÇOISE
Published: May 2007

RÉSUMÉ. Une nouvelle microsporidie, Ormieresia carcini gen. n., sp. n., est trouvée dans Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky, 1884. Son évolution et ses ultrastructures sont étudiees.

Le cycle débute par un méronte limité par une membrane unitaire et possédant un diplocaryon. Toute la sporogonie se déroule dans la musculature de l'höte. Les stades sporogoniaux sont enveloppés dans une membrane pansporoblastique persistante. Dans chaque pansporoblaste, la sporoblastogenése (donnant naissance à 8 sporoblastes) est particulière; un plasmode sporogonial octonucléé manque. Au cours des divisions schizogoniques et sporogoniques, chaque centre cinétique est formé de 2 plaques, une incluse dans l'enveloppe nucléaire, l'autre occupant une position extranucléaire. Les sporontes en division et les sporoblastes sécrètent des substances métaboliques (granules, tubes) qui sont déposées dans l'espace pansporoblastique.

La spore uninucléée est longue et cylindrique (19,1 × 2,4 μm). Un manubrium rectiligne traverse la spore. Son extrémité postérieure se rétrécit brusquement en un filament polaire décrlvant 4 ou 5 tours de spire. L'extrémité antérieure du manubrium est attachée au capuchon polaire lui‐même comprimé par un double anneau. La partie antérieure du manubrium est entourée par un polaroplaste formé d'une zone spongieuse et d'une zone lamellaire.
Cortical Ultrastructure of the Scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis (Hymenostomata)*†
Authors: PECK ROBERT K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cortical ultrastructure of the scuticociliates Dexiotricha media and Dexiotricha colpidiopsis was investigated. The following elements of the somatic cortex were studied: the cell membrane, alveolar membranes and the epiplasm, kinetodesmal fibers, postciliary and transverse microtubular ribbons, and transverse fibers associated with single and paired kinetosomes; mitochondria and single microtubules located in interkinetal ridges; mature and early extrusion stages of mucocysts: the expulsion vacuole pore and tube, the nephridioplasm and the cytoproct. In the buccal cortex, the paroral kinety‐ribbed wall complex, the 3 polykineties, and the cytostome‐cytopharynx were investigated.

Comparative survey of ciliate ultrastructure indicates 2 principal orientation patterns for kinetodesmal and postciliary fibers, recognition of which leads to reevaluation of the theory of paroral kinety formation and the ideas of homology based on this theory. Ultrastructurally, the scuticociliates are not distinct from tetrahymenines and peniculines; the 3 groups appear to be 1 assemblage.
Cytotoxicity of Synthetic Fuel Products on Tetrahymena pyriformis. I. Phenol*
Authors: SCHULTZ T. WAYNE , DUMONT JAMES N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Phenol is the major organic constituent of coal‐conversion scrub water and is therefore a potential environmental contaminant. After Tetrahymena pyriformis strain GL‐C, syngen 1 was exposed to phenol, its behavior, cytology, respiration, and growth rates were examined. Concentrations ≥ 75 mg/liter alter cell motility, shape, and contractile vacuole activity. O2 uptake was abruptly reduced within 3 min of exposure to phenol in concentrations as low as 10 mg/liter. Concomitantly there was an increase in the electron density of the mitochondrial matrix. Recovery to normal rates of O2 consumption was paralleled by a return to normal matrix density. Alterations of mucocysts, pellicle, and glycogen were also observed. The length of lag phase growth curves increased generally in proportion to concentration of toxicant. Phenol, however, did not affect the rate of cell multiplication during the exponential growth phase. The potential use of this system to examine the effects of other possible organic pollutants is discussed.
Fine Structure of the Cell Surface and Golgi Apparatus of Ochromonas*
Authors: KAHAN DAVID , OREN RACHEL , AARONSON S. , BEHRENS U.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ochromonas danica has an unusually flexible cell surface capable of producing projections of varying sizes and shapes: large projections, 340–360 nm long, and small projections, 50–110 nm long. These projections have been demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy; some of them may break off into the medium and be the source of extracellular membranes and vesicles reported in the cell‐free O. danica growth medium. Ruthenium red stained the acid mucopolysaccharide layer just outside the cell surface as well as small blebs at the cell surface.

The Golgi complex of O. danica, Ochromonas malhamensis, Ochromonas sociabilis and Ochromonas sp. produced small coated vesicles which may move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane. The role of the several vesicles is unknown but possible functions are discussed.
Ultrastructure of Red‐Sore Lesions on Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides): Association of the Ciliate Epistylis sp. and the Bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila*
Authors: HAZEN TERRY C. , RAKER MARK L. , ESCH GERALD W. , FLIERMANS CARL B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Epizootic outbreaks of red‐sore disease in several reservoirs in the southeastern United States have been reported to cause heavy mortality among several species of fish having sport and commercial value. The etiologic agent is said to be the peritrich ciliate Epistylis sp.; secondary infection by the gram‐negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila produces hemorrhagic septicemia which results in death. However, in recent studies on the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, Epistylis sp. could be isolated from only 35% of 114 lesions from 114 fish, while A. hydrophila was found in 96% of the same lesions. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of lesions associated with red‐sore disease indicate that neither the stalk nor the attachment structure of Epistylis sp. have organelles capable of producing lytic enzymes. Since other investigators have shown that A. hydrophila produces strong lytic toxins, and in absence of evidence to the contrary, it is concluded that Epistylis sp. is a benign ectocommensal and that A. hydrophila is the primary etiologic agent of red‐sore disease.
Primary Production and Calcification by the Soritid Foraminifer Archais angulatus (Fichtel & Moll)*
Authors: DUGUAY LINDA E. , TAYLOR DENNIS L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Symbiosis between Chlamydomonas hedleyi (Lee, Crockett, Hagen & Stone) and Archais angulatus (Fichtel & Moll) was examined during laboratory studies of primary production and light‐enhanced calcification. Photosynthesis and calcification are directly proportional to light intensity in the range of 0–200 μEinsteins m‐2 sec‐1. Calcification in the light is directly proportional to photosynthesis and proceeds at rates that are 2–3 times that observed in the dark. The herbicide 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), in concentrations of 1–100 μM, completely inhibits photosynthesis and light‐enhanced calcification. Calcification of the foraminiferan test is therefore due to the photosynthetic activity of the symbiote. Calcification rates for foraminifers incubated in the dark or with DCMU are not significantly different from the calcification rates obtained for dead foraminifers. Rates of calcification obtained with 45Ca are twice that obtained with 14C.
A Comparison of Cross Protection Between BCG, Hammondia hammondi, Besnoitia jellisoni and Toxoplasma gondii in Hamsters*
Authors: DUBEY J. P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of pretreatment with BCG strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Hammondia hammondi 21 days before challenge with lethal doses of Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni was studied in hamsters. The results indicated that the intracardial administration of BCG provided no protection against either T. gondii or B. jellisoni. The hamsters immunized with H. hammondi survived challenge with 104 lethal doses of T. gondii but only 1 lethal dose with B. jellisoni, indicating strong cross protection between H. hammondi and T. gondii and only a marginal one between H. hammondi and B. jellisoni.
Differentiation of Gametocytes in Microcultures of Human Blood Infected with Plasmodium falciparum*
Authors: PHILLIPS R. S. , WILSON R. J. M. , PASVOLS G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gametocytes differentiated from ring‐stage parasites in microcultures of human blood infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Immature gametocytes could be distinguished morphologically from late asexual trophozoites after ∼ 40 h of culture. Differentiation into crescentic forms took several days and the incorporation of [3H]‐isoleucine by developing gametocytes was demonstrated. About 1% of red cells contained gametocytes at the maximum densities attained. Differentiation of gametocytes occurred either directly from rings placed in culture or from the progeny of subsequent cycles of schizogony and invasion in vitro. The latter occurrence was confirmed by the development of gametocytes in marker fetal red cells added to cultures, although fetal red cells provide a less favorable environment than those with HbA for growth of the parasites.
Purine‐Excretory Nature of Refractile Bodies in the Marine Ciliate Parauronema acutum*
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , GODOY G. A. , LARIN F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A method was developed for the isolation and purification of crystalline, highly refractile bodies found in the cytoplasm of a symbiote‐free strain of the marine hymenostome ciliate, Parauronema acutum, strain 110–3. Chemical analysis of the purified refractile bodies revealed an abundance of the purines, hypoxanthine and guanine. It was evident from studies involving the use of 14C‐labeled precursors that both hypoxanthine and guanine are derived from higher purine derivatives. We postulate that these bodies are excretory in function and that guanine and hypoxanthine are major endproducts of purine metabolism of P. acutum.
Isospora gallicolumbae sp. n. from Beccari's Ground Dove (Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori) in Papua New Guinea
Authors: VARGHESE THOMAS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Isopora gallicolumbae sp. n. is described from Beccari's ground dove, Gallicolumba beccarii Salvadori, in Papua New Guinea. The ellipsoidal oocysts average 16.0 × 20.0 μm. The oocyst wall is light green, single‐layered (∼ 0.8 μm), and becomes distorted within 10 min in sugar solution. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 8.0 × 12.0 μm. with prominent conical Stieda body. Sporocyst residuum is a spherical mass (∼ 5.0 μm) of lighter and darker granules. This is the first species of Isospora reported from a host in the avian order Columbiformes.
Enzymes of the Ornithine‐Arginine Metabolism of Trypanosomatids of the Genus Crithidia*
Authors: FIGUEIREDO ELISABETH N. , YOSHIDA NOBUKO , ROITMAN CELINA , CAMARGO E. PLESSMANN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Twelve strains of Crithidia, which fall into 8 species, were tested for occurrence of enzymes of ornithine‐arginine metabolism. The following enzymes were investigated: arginase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase, argininosuccinate lyase, citrulline hydrolase, arginine deiminase and urease. Arginase and argininosuccinate lyase were found in all species. Citrulline hydrolase was also found in all but the 2 strains carrying endosymbiotes C. deanei and C. oncopelti. On the other hand, ornithine carbamoyltransferase was found only in these 2 strains. Arginine deiminase and urease were absent in all strains. The existence of a common enzymatic pattern for species of the genus Crithidia is thus reported.
The Occurrence of Amphizoic Amebae in Domestic Animals
Authors: KADLEC V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Random examination of domestic animals revealed the frequent presence of free‐living amebae in their bodies. In diseased or dead cows, dogs, pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and turkeys 15 strains of amebae were found, belonging to the genera Acanthamoeba (A. polyphaga), Hartmannella (H. vermiformis), and Vahlkampfia (V. avara, V. enterica, V. inornata)., They were usually accompanied by other infectious agents in different parts of the host bodies. Pathogenicity of 3 isolates could not be demonstrated by inoculation of laboratory animals.

Some features of the isolates differed from those previously known for members of these genera. These strains may be considered amphizoic amebae according to Page (1974).
A Method for the Electrophoretic Analysis of Proteins and RNAs of Single Cells*
Authors: KO CHRISTINE , GOLDSTEIN LESTER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS A method is described for the electrophoretic analysis of proteins or RNAs from individual amebae. The method is based on fluorographic autoradiography of semi‐micro polyacrylamide gels in which [35S]methionine or [3H]uridine materials from single cells have been subjected to electrophoresis. The method is more sensitive and provides better resolution than previous methods for single cells. It is suitable, also, for quantitation of the separated components.
Regulation of Macronuclear DNA Content in Paramecium tetraurelia*†
Authors: BERGER JAMES D.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

The amitotic division of the macronucleus of Paramecium tetraurelia produces daughter macronuclei which frequently differ in DNA content. In wild‐type cells these differences are small, but can be increased substantially by the action of mutant genes. The variance in macronuclear DNA content would increase continuously if there were no mechanism to regulate it. Paramecium has a very effective regulatory mechanism—all cells synthesize similar amounts of macronuclear DNA, regardless of the number of macronuclei or their prereplication DNA content. DNA synthesis is controlled at the level of macronuclear subunits, and the postreplication macronucleus consists of a mosaic of subunits that have undergone different numbers of replication events during the previous cell cycle. It is evident from experimental results that the amount of DNA synthesized can be influenced by the total size or mass of the cell. Experimental modification of the initial DNA content leads to no change in the amount of DNA synthesized, or in the subsequent protein content of the cells, but modification of cell size causes corresponding changes in the amount of DNA synthesized and in the size of the macronucleus. The implications of these observations for cell growth and the cell cycle are discussed.
Spores of a New Microsporidan Species Parasitizing Molluscan Neurons
Authors: KRAUHS J. M. , LONG J. L. , BAUR P. S.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

A new species of Microsporida was observed in neurons of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica and the ultrastructure of its spores was investigated. The spores were ˜ 1.3 m̈m long and had a thick 3‐layered coat. An anchoring disc and polar aperture were present. The polaroplast occupied most of the anterior half of the spore. The vesicular portion included lengths of loosely packed lamellar structures as well as the usual vesicular profiles embedded in fibrillar material; it was entirely surrounded by tightly packed, electron‐dense lamellae. The polar tube had 5 or 6 coils. In this stage of the life cycle (mature spores), the parasites did not appear to be disturbing the host cells. The organism was named Microsporidium aplysiae sp. n.
Structure of Trichomonads as Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy*†
Authors: WARTON̄A ANDRZEJ , HONIGBERG B. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of Hypotrichomonas acosta (Moskowitz), Trichomonas vaginalis Donné. Pentatrichomonas hominis (Davaine), and Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller) provided new information about the structure of the periflagellar canal: emergence of the flagella from the cell body; structure of the undulating membrane; and position, shape, and size of the pelta. Of special interest were the spatial relationships of the attached part of the recurrent flagellum and the accessory filament in Hypotrichomonas and in the members of Trichomonadinae, i.e. Trichomonas and Pentatrichomonas.
Ultrastructural Damage to the Malaria Parasite in the Sickled Cell
Authors: FRIEDMAN MILTON J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

The process by which malaria parasites are killed in sickled erythrocytes was studied by electron microscopy. In vitro cultures of Plasmodium falciparum in sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS) homozygous (SS) and heterozygous (SA) red cells were deoxygenated for up to 6 h and fixed under anaerobic conditions. Parasites in SS cells appeared to be disrupted by intrusions of needle‐like deoxyHbS aggregates; disintegration of cytoplasm and membranes followed. In SA red cells, the parasites were generally not disrupted. Instead, extensive vacuolization occurred, a sign of metabolic inhibition. The resistance of HbS gene carriers to malaria results partly from these causes of intracellular parasite death.
RNA Synthesis in Isolated Nuclei of the Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii
Authors: RIZZO PETER J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Atypical eukaryotic RNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in nuclei of Crypthecodinium cohnii, a eukaryote devoid of histones. Nuclei were isolated from growing cultures of this dinoflagellate and assayed for endogenous RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) activity. There was a biphasic response to Mg2+ with optima at ˜ 0.01 and 0.02 M MgCl2, but in contrast to other eukaryotic RNA polymerases, this enzyme activity was inhibited by low MnCl2 concentrations. In the presence of 0.01 M MgCl2 the optimum (NH4)2SO4 concentration was 0.025 M, a concentration at which the nuclei were lysed. Incorporation of [3H]UMP into RNA was inhibited by actinomycin D and dependent on the presence of undegraded DNA, and the reaction product was sensitive to ribonuclease and KOH digestion. Omission of one or more ribonucleoside triphosphates greatly reduced the incorporation. Only a slight enhancement of RNA polymerase activity resulted from the addition of various amounts of native and denatured calf thymus DNA. Spermine caused a marked inhibition while spermidine had little effect on RNA synthesis in the nuclei. Under the optimum conditions described in the present paper the nuclei incorporated ˜ 3 pmoles of [3H]UMP/muml; DNA at 25 C for 15 min, and ˜ 80% of this activity was inhibited by the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II inhibitor, α‐amanitin (20 m̈/ml). A unique situation therefore exists in C. cohnii nuclei, in which absence of histones (a prokaryotic trait) is combined with α‐amanitin‐sensitive RNA polymerase activity (a eukaryotic trait).
Transport of L‐Proline and its Regulation in Leishmania tropica Promastigotes*
Authors: LAW SUSAN S. , MUKKADA ANTONY J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Leishmania tropica promastigotes transport L‐proline through an active uptake system that has saturation kinetics, temperature dependence, a requirement for metabolic energy and transport against a concentration gradient. In experiments lasting 10 min, less than 10% of the proline transported is incorporated into macromolecules. The remainder is largely unaltered proline with an intracellular concentration nearly 60 times that in the reaction mixture. The uptake system has a relatively broad specificity; it is competitively inhibited by D‐proline as well as by alanine, methionine, valine, azetidine‐2–carboxylate, thioproline, 3,4–dehydroproline, hydroxyproline and α‐aminoisobutyric acid. Pre‐established intracellular proline pools exchange with external proline as well as compounds that compete with it for uptake. Evidence is presented that feedback inhibition and transinhibition may regulate proline uptake in this organism.
Characterizations of Phospholipids from Paramecium tetraurelia Cells and Cilia*,†
Authors: RHOADS DENNIS E. , KANESHIRO EDNA S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Phospholipids from Paramecium tetraurelia strains 51s and d,95 cultures and isolated cilia were characterized. The following classes of phospholipids were identified in whole cell lipids: the 1‐alkyl‐2–acylglyceryl and the 1,2–diacylglyceryl forms of phosphonylethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine. and phosphorylcholine; cardiolipin: ceramide aminoethylphosphonate and 5 other sphingolipids: phosphatidylserine; phosphatidylinositol; and lyso derivatives of the major glycerophospholipids. Cilia lipids were rich in ether lipids, phosphonolipids. and sphingolipids. Net lipid biosynthesis did not occur, as determined by the weight of lipids extracted from culture medium compared with the weight of lipids extracted from culture medium and ciliates after 7 days of growth. Total lipids/cell decreased with culture age. changes in the neutral lipid fraction accounting for the major decrease. Phospholipid class distributions changed with culture age—the glyceryl phosphorylethanolamine and choline content of cells decreased, while the glyceryl ohosphonylethanolamine content remained relatively constant: hence, the ratio of phosphonolipids to total phospholipids increased. All fatty acids observed in total lipids from cells and cilia were also present in the glycerophospholipids. Total lipids from cilia contained a greater percent of polyunsaturated fatty acid than those of whole cells. Whole cells and cilia glyceryl phosphonolipids contained up to 93% eicosatetraenoic plus eicosapentaenoic fatty acids. The enrichment of phosphonolipids in cilia accounted for most of the polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment observed in cilia total lipids. The fatty acid composition of all major whole cell glycerophospholipid classes changed dramatically with culture age, while only small changes occurred in cilia glycerophospholipid fatty acids.
New Genera and Higher Taxa of Septate Gregarines (Protozoa, Apicomplexa)*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe following new taxa of septate gregarines are established: METAMERIDAE fam. nov. includes generaMetameraDuke,DeutomeraBhatia & Setna, andCognettiagen. n., the last with the type and only speciesC. legeri(Cognetti de Martiis); family GREGARINIDAE Labbé includesDegiustiagen. n. with the type and only speciesD. hyallela(Batten & DeGiusti);Cirrigregarinagen. n., with the type speciesC. spissa(Henry) and another species,C. kamenote(Hoshide); andMolluskocystisgen. n., with the type and only speciesM. pterotracheae(Stuart). Family HIRMOCYSTIDAE (Grassé) includesArachnocystisgen. n., with the type speciesA. arachnoidea(Devdhar & Gourishankar) and 3 other speciesA. nitida(Geus),A. oribatidae(Geus),A. scutovertexi(Erhardová). Family ACTINOCEPHALIDAE (Léger), subfamily Actinocephalinae (Léger), includesChilogregarinagen. n., with the type speciesC. striata(Léger & Duboscq) and 3 other speciesC. brasiliensis(Pinto),C. dujardini(Schneider), andC. stella(Léger).
Redefinition of the Urostylidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) on the Basis of Morphogenetic Characters*
Authors: BORROR ARTHUR C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Examination of stained specimens (protargol and nigrosinbutanol) of hypotrich ciliates during division allows understanding of morphogenesis of buccal structures and cirri. Midventral, frontal, and transverse cirri in both proter and opisthe of Urostyla marina differentiate from a longitudinal series of numerous oblique ciliary streaks in a manner similar to that of Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsii. Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. This pattern differs markedly from that in Amphisiella, Kahliella, Paraholosticha, and Paraurostyla, in which the fronto‐ventral and transverse cirri arise from a series of fewer (2–5) ciliary streaks in a longitudinal or fan‐like array. Rows of marginal cirri in U. marina arise independently, as in Urostyla grandis. On the basis of comparisons of both structural and morphogenetic features of this and other hypotrichs, the family Urostylidae is redefined to contain Urostyla (type), Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsis, Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. Other genera formerly contained in the families Holostichidae and Urostylidae are placed in synonymy, assigned to other families, or held in uncertain familial relationship pending their rediscovery and further investigation.
Ultrastructural Studies of Certain Aspects of the Development of Trypanosoma congolense in Glossina morsitans morsitans*
Authors: EVANS DAVID A. , ELLIS DAVID S. , STAMFORD SUSAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The course of Trypanosoma congolense infections in Glossina morsitans morsitans was followed by electron‐microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of the guts and proboscises of infected flies. Guts dissected from flies 7 days after infection with culture procyclic forms of T. congolense had heavy trypanosome infections in the midgut involving both the endo‐ and ectoperitrophic spaces. Trypanosomes were also seen in the process of penetrating the fully formed peritrophic membrane in the central region of the midgut. By post infection day 21, trypanosomes had reached the proboscis of the fly and were found as clumps of epimastigote forms attached to the labrum by hemidesmosomes between their flagella and the chitinous lining of the food canal. Desmosome connections were observed between the flagella of adjacent epimastigotes. Flies examined at postinfection days 28 and 42 had, in addition to the attached forms in the labrum, free forms in the hypopharynx.
Trypanosoma cruzi: Interaction with Vertebrate Cells. DNA Synthesis and Growth of Intracellular Amastigotes and their Relationship to Host Cell DNA Synthesis and Growth
Authors: CRANE MARK ST. J. , DVORAK JAMES A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS DNA synthesis of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes, following the infection of bovine embryo skeletal muscle (BESM) cells, was studied by autoradiography. After penetration, there was a prereplicative lag period (∼12 h) followed by a synchronous round of DNA synthesis which was found to be independent of parasite number/BESM cell and the host cell DNA synthesis cycle. Parasite reproduction occurred, for the first time, at ∼ 21 h postinfection. It was concluded that T. cruzi trypomastigotes are in the G1/G, phase of their cell division cycle and that after penetration parasite reproduction occurs independent of events controlling host cell DNA synthesis and growth. The early synchronous growth of intracellular amastigotes should facilitate further studies on the biochemical events controlling trypomastigote‐to‐amastigote transformation and amastigote reproduction. A further application is envisaged for studies on the mode of action of drugs with trypanocidal activity.
Cellular and Environmental Variables Determining Numbers of Flagella in Temperature‐shocked Naegleria*
Authors: DINGLE ALLAN D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Naegleria gruberi amebae normally transform into biflagellated cells. When subjected to high temperatures during flagellate differentiation, populations develop an average of 4–5 flagella/flagellate. Attempts to maximize this phenomenon by altering cellular and environmental variables revealed that: (a) few Naegleria isolates become multiflagellated: strain NB‐1 gives the greatest response to heat shocks: (b) temperature is the most critical variable: highest numbers of flagella are obtained only if cells are temperature‐shocked at precisely 38.2 ± 0.1 C, then returned to 19–22 C to complete differentiation; (c) although pH alone does not affect numbers of flagella. a pH optimum of 5.5–7.0 exists for temperature‐shocked cells; and (d) single cells in microdrops become multiflagellated, but the population response is density‐dependent. Optimal conditions are described for growing, washing, and transforming amebae to generate reproducibly highest numbers of flagella.
Effect of Cycloheximide on the Encystment and Ultrastructure of the Ciliate, Histriculus
Authors: MATSUSAKA TADAO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The effect of cycloheximide on the experimentally induced synchronous encystment of a hypotrich ciliate, Histriculus, was examined and the cytoplasmic ultrastructures of the control and the inhibitor‐treated organisms were compared. Encystment was divided into the following 5 stages based on observations of living cells: stage 1, cells with brown cytoplasm; stage 2, cells with smooth, transparent cytoplasm: stage 3, spindle‐shaped cells; stage 4, spherical cells without cyst walls; and stage 5, young cysts with cyst walls. When cycloheximide treatment was preceded by stage 2, encystment and transformation into the next stages were totally blocked, whereas even in the presence of the inhibitor, stage 4 and stage 5 cells encysted normally, and stage 3 cells transformed into stage 4 although they did not form cyst walls. On the basis of ultrastructural studies it is suggested that the formation and excretion of ectocyst precursors are severely inhibited by cycloheximide and that polysome formation, active in stages 1 and 2, might be almost finished by stage 3. The role of lysosomal enzymes in the early stages of encystment are discussed.
Structure and Life Cycle of Trypanoplasma beckeri sp. n. (Kinetoplastida), a Parasite of the Cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, in Oregon Coastal Waters*,†
Authors: BURRESON EUGENE M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Structure of Trypanoplasma beckeri sp. n. from the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres), is described from living specimens and from both Giemsa‐, and protargol‐stained smears. Flagellates from fish blood were usually long and slender, averaging 109.0 × 6.5 fan. The anterior flagellum averaged 8.5 μm; the recurrent flagellum bordered the body and terminated as a very short free flagellum, 2.5 μm long on the average. No true undulating membrane was observed, but in living individuals the recurrent flagellum undulated rapidly near its point of origin. The oval nucleus, averaging 8.5 × 4.0 μm, was located near the anterior cad of the body. An argentophilic, aciculum‐like structure appeared to connect the nucleus to the area at the base of the flagella. The kinetoplast was not observed in fish blood forms. On the basis of laboratory experiments, the leech, Malmiana diminuta Burreson, was ascertained to be the vector for T. beckeri. Upon entry into the leech, flagellates became rounded, and division commenced within a few hours. Division continued for ˜48 h and the flagellates became progressively smaller until reaching a length of ˜10.0 μm. After 72 h they were found in high numbers in the proboscis sheath and also in the anterior crop of the leech. When infected leeches fed on an uninfected fish, flagellates were first observed in the fishes’ peripheral circulation 8 days later.
Exoerythrocytic Merozoites of Plasmodium berghei in Rat Hepatic Kupffer Cells
Authors: TERZAKIS J. A. , VANDERBERG J. P. , FOLEY D. , SHUSTAK S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Liver biopsies of white rates infected by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites were examined by electron microscopy. Intrahepatocytic schizont development was confirmed. In addition, at 60 and 70 h after sporozoite inoculation, exoerythrocytic merozoites were noted in Kupffer cells of liver sinusoids. Although it is theoretically possible that this observation may be of merozoite development in Kupffer cells, the authors suspect that this example of phagocytosis would be one of the host's natural defenses against sporozoite‐transmitted malaria.
Etude Ultrastructurale de la Sporulation de Paramarteilia orchestiae gen. n., sp. n., Parasite de l'Amphipode Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas)
Authors: GINSBURGER‐VOGEL THOMAS , DESPORTES ISABELLE
Published: May 2007

RESUME. L'individualisation de 2 spores bicellulaires à partir d'un měme pansporoblaste caractérise la sporulation du parasite de l'Amphipode Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) précédemment décrit sous le nom de Marteilia sp. Cette sporulation le distingue des espèces du měme genre parasite d'Huǐtres qui sont toutes caractérisées par la production de spores tricellulaires. Les conditions semblables dans lesquelles les pansporoblastes paraissent se differencier à partir d'une cellule souche dans laquelle ils poursuivent leur évolution vers la sporogenèse ainsi que divers caractères cytologiques communs, nous incitent à maintenir tous ces parasites dans une měme famille mais à placer celui de l'Amphipode dans un genre différent. Nous proposons de le nommer Paramarteilia orchestiae gen. n., sp. n.

Ces parasites ne peuvent ětre maintenus dans les Protozoaires en raison de leur évolution vers la pluricellularité et de l'individualisation de ces éléments somatiques que représentent la cellule souche primaire, les pansporoblastes et cellules sporales (à l'exception des sporoplasmes). Il semble logique de les inclure dans l'embranchement des Myxozoaires créé par Grassé pour les Myxosporidies et Actinomyxidies qui différencient également des spores pluricellulaires et des éléments somatiques. Les centrioles à 9 singlets de P. orchestiae ainsi que les cellules primaires uninucléées, quel que soit le nombre de pansporoblastes qu'elles contiennent, peuvent ětre considérés comme des caractères résiduels d'Unicellulaires.
Growth and Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi Cultivated with a Triatoma infestans Embryo Cell Line*
Authors: LANAR DAVID E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma cruzi strain Peru was cultivated in the presence of an established cell line of Triatoma infestans embryo cells (TI‐32). Bloodstream trypomastigotes differentiated into amastigote‐like cells (first differentiation phase) which multiplied to form large clusters of cells. Because of their clustering nature, a new term, “staphylomastigotes,” has been proposed for this stage. After 10 days of cultivation, 90% of the staphylomastigotes underwent differentiation (2nd differentiation phase) to trypomastigotes (˜98%) or epimastigotes (˜2%). Bloodstream trypomastigotes cultivated without TI‐32 cells underwent the first, but not the 2nd differentiation phase, although occasional epimastigotes were seen (< 1%). The evidence presented suggests that TI‐32 cells produce a labile factor(s) important not only for initiation of the 2nd differentiation phase but also for maintaining the parasites in the trypomastigote stage. The pH of the culture medium was not the initiating factor for the 2nd differentiation phase.

Infectivity studies indicated that staphylomastigotes were as infective as bloodstream trypomastigotes, but that metacyclic trypomastigotes isolated from culture after the 2nd differentiation phase were slightly more infective than bloodstream forms.

Electromicrographs of styphylomastigotes do not provide any evidence of exchange of genetic material between cells.
Spatial Distribution of Marine Ciliates: Micro‐Ecologic and Biogeographic Aspects of Protozoan Ecology*†
Authors: BORROR ARTHUR C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Free‐living marine ciliates occur in the interstitial spaces of a wide vareity of filamentous and particulate substrata, on the surfaces of planar substrata, and in the plankton. In addition, they are found in association with a wide variety of plant and animal hosts. In this paper I review the progress during the past decade in understanding the distribution of marine ciliates, with particular emphasis on the relationship between ciliate biogeography and the species problem. It is concluded that as a general rule among marine ciliates, genera and species complexes are cosmopolitan. Specific locales may support a confusing array of sibling species or subspecific morphologic variants. Because the distributional processes and breeding biology of marine ciliates are only beginning to be understood, conventional ideas that marine ciliate species are cosmopolitan may require modification.
Spontaneous Membrane Potential Changes Associated With the Zooid and Vacuolar Contractions In Vorticella Convallaria
Authors: SHIONO HISASHI , HARA RITSUO , ASAI HIROSHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Interacellular membrane potential and spontaneous changes associated with motile responses in the zooid of Vorticella convallaria Linnaeus were recorded by conventional electrophysiological technics. an all‐or‐none large transient depolarization (large pulse) occurs in association with a spontaneous contraction of the zooid. A small transient potential change (small pulse) was observed in association with periodic contraction of the contractile vacuole.
Antibodies Blocking the Mating Reaction In Paramecium Multimicronucleatum Syngen 2
Authors: BARNETT AUDREY , STEERS EDWARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Antibodies induced in rabbits against Paramecium multimicronucleatum syngen 2 prevent sexually reactive cells from clumping, pairing, and forming cytoplasmic fusions. A biologic assay for the detection of these antibodies (designated blocking antibodies) is described. the blocking antibodies, unlike the immobilization antibodies, are produced against breis of sexually reactive cells and nonreactive cells of 2 types, nonstarved and immature. Isolated cilia from reactive cells of either mating type are weak immunogens for blocking antibodies. No correlation between the mating type specificity (III or IV) and these antibodies has been detected. Blocking antibodies can be absorbed with living cells, of which sexually reactive ones are the most effective absorbers, while immature ones are the least effective.
A Review of Some Species of Myxidium Bütschli, 1882 (Myxozosporea) From Eels (Anguilla Spp.)
Authors: HINE P. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxidium spores from various eel hosts (Anguilla spp.) are compared. Myxidium anguillae, M. enchelypterygii, M. illinoisense, M. serum, and M. zealandicum are synonymized with M. giardi, a ubiquitous species reported from A. anguilla, A. rostrata, A. mossambica, A. japonica, A. reinhardtii, A. bicolor pacifica, A. australis, and A. dieffenbachii. Myxidium uchiyamae, M. lentiforme, M. matsuii and M. acinum are retained, and 2 new species described. Species other than M. giardi appear to be restricted to the Indo‐Pacific region.
Fine Structure of the Feeding Stage of A Sorogenic Ciliate, Sorogena Stoianovitchae Gen. N., Sp. N.
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE , OLIVE LINDSAY S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of kinetophragminophoran ciliate, collected from dried vegetation and capable of forming an aerial sorocarp, is described and named Sorogena stoianovitchae gen. n., sp. n. This ciliate is a voracious predator that feeds on species of Colpoda, and, when the latter is depleted in numbers, aggregates to forms sorogens. Each sorogen rises into the air from the surface of the water, forming a secreted stalk with a sorus of cysts at its apex. the feeding stage of the ciliate resembles an Enchelys in that it has an apical, slit‐like mouth surrounded by a lip, a somewhat dorso‐ventrally flattened body, and meridional kineties. Its length ranges from 40–75 μm and width from 23–55 μm. It has a typical rhabdos type of cytopharynx, but no specialized oral ciliature. the somatic kineties are formed of rows of paired kinetosomes with associated microfibrils, the arrangement of which differs a little from that of other ciliates of this subclass. Sorogena has tentatively been placed in the order Haptorida although it lacks toxicysts, recognizable mucocysts, and clavate cilia. Its unique life cycle and some of the details of its fine structure indicate differences between Sorogena and other haptorids so profound that a new family, SOROGENIDAE, is created for it. the type species (PNG76‐73) was collected on dry figs at the Wau Ecology Institute, Papua New Guinea.
Evidence For Sarcocystis As the Etiologic Agent of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis*
Authors: SIMPSON CHARLES F. , MAYHEW IAN G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) was diagnosed in 10 horses. By electron microscopy, schizonts were found in intact host cells of the spinal cords or, more frequently, free in the extracellular spaces. Developmental stages of schizonts differed morphologically, and the late stage of schizogony was characterized by endopolygeny. These findings permitted tentative identification of the protozoon as a Sarcocystis sp. Free merozoites were present in the extracellular spaces or in cells of the spinal cord. Pericytes of capillaries were most frequently parasitized by merozoites, but the cytoplasm of neurons, macrophages, intravascular and tissue neutrophils, and axons of myelinated nerve fibers also contained these organisms. the presence of parasites in the cytoplasm of tissue and circulating neutrophils suggests that this putative Sarcocystis sp. may have a hematogenous phase of infection.
A Simple Method For Plating and Cloning Ciliates and Other Protozoa
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , BRICKSON S. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A simple method is described for plating and cloning ciliates and other protozoa, based on a principle differing from that traditionally used for plating and cloning bacteria and other microorganisms. This procedure, referred to as the silicone‐oil‐plating‐procedure (SOPP), involves vortexing small volumes of culture medium containing protozoa with larger volumes of a non‐toxic silicone oil and plating the resulting unstable emulsion in small plastic petri plates. Discrete microdroplets of culture medium form containing protozoa entrapped and immobilized between the hydrophobic surfaces of the plastic petri dish and the oil. Protozoa, isolated by this method grow, divide, and multiply to form clones. the procedure may be used for plating and cloning protozoa in bacterized and axenic culture. Variations of the basic method may be applied to isolating protozoa from the wild, washing protozoa to remove microorganisms, screening for potential mutants, and for replica plating.