bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL
Authors: York Roland , Heron Judith M. , Wolff Sula
Published: December 2006

(1) Exclusion from school is numerically a small problem. Forty‐one children excluded from Edinburgh schools are described. (2) Exclusion from school occurred more often in secondary schools and much more often in boys. While commoner when opportunities for outdoor play are reduced in the winter months and commonest at mid‐term, it is by no means the result of an arbitrary decision by a teacher, but the culmination of a series of aggressive acts by a seriously disturbed child who is usually poorly endowed intellectually, backward educationally, socially deprived and with a family background characterised by disruption, marital disharmony, and sociopathy and delinquency on the part of the parents. A high proportion of excluded children were already attending special schools, (3) One to three years later only 4 out of 25 children still at school were living at home and attending ordinary schools; 19 were in psychiatric hospitals, residential schools or children's homes.
A NOTE ON A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF CHILDHOOD NEUROSIS AND BEHAVIOUR DISORDER
Authors: Lo W. H.
Published: December 2006

Forty‐two neurotic children and thirty children with behaviour disorder were followed up from 1 to 4 years after they attended for psychiatric advice. The mean follow‐up period for the former group was 2·7 years and for latter 2·9 years. At follow‐up 78·6 per cent of the neurotic children but only 53·3 per cent of the group with behaviour disorder were symptom‐free or significantly improved.
AFFECTIVE DISORDER AMONG THE RELATIVES OF HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN
Authors: Stewart Mark A. , Morrison James R.
Published: December 2006

We determined the incidence of bipolar and unipolar affective, disorder among the natural relatives of 59 hyperactive children, the “legal” relatives of 35 adopted hyperactive children, and the relatives of 41 control children. There were no significant differences in incidence of the two conditions between the groups of relatives, except for a greater incidence of unipolar affective disorder in the combined second degree blood relatives of hyperactive children than in the relatives of controls. Moreover, the incidence of bipolar affective disorder in the natural parents of hyperactive children was much lower than figures reported for the parents of patients with this type of affective disorder. Our data do not support the idea that hyperactivity is a childhood form of manic‐depressive psychosis.
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL TREATMENT OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY–II. FOLLOW‐UP FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES
Authors: Rotter Michael , Bartak Lawrence
Published: December 2006

Autistic children attending three different special units wire followed up over a 31/2–4 yr period to assess changes in educational, cognitive, linguistic, social and behavioural status. The group as a whole had made considerable progress in all spheres and it was concluded that the results amply justify the provisions of special education for autistic children. Comparisons between the units suggested that large amounts of specific teaching in a well‐controlled classroom situation is likely to bring the greatest benefits in terms of scholastic progress. The findings are used to consider a variety of specific questions in relation to the optimum types of schooling required for autistic children.
ACTING‐OUT BEHAVIOUR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT OF DELINQUENTS
Authors: Sinclair I. A. C. , Clarke R. V. G.
Published: December 2006

A measure of “acting‐out” behaviour in the form of absconding, together with measures of the effectiveness of treatment and quality of intake, were obtained for 66 boys' approved schools. Using correlation techniques it was shown that schools with high levels of absconding were less effective than might have been expected from the standard of their intake (as measured by I. Q. and number of previous court appearances). It was suggested that on the evidence presented “acting‐out” in general is not to be encouraged, although clearly further investigation is required.
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN THE INFANT SCHOOL: CHANGES OVER TWO YEARS
Authors: Chazan Maukice , Jackson Susan
Published: December 2006

A survey of the incidence of behaviour problems in a sample of children in their first year in the infant school was repeated after an interval of two years, when the children were in the final stages of their infant school careers. This paper examines the changes which had taken place over this period, in terms of overall incidence of behaviour problems, incidence in different types of catchment area, sex differences and the persistence and development of problem behaviour in individual cases.
THE FAMILY IN THE KIBBUTZ
Authors: Gerson Menaghem
Published: December 2006

This paper outlines three principle features of the Kibbutz family which differentiate it from other patterns of modern family life. Changes in the status of the family during the historic development of the Kibbutz are described; they led to an evaluation of the family as a cornerstone of the Kibbutz. Recently, familistic tendencies, demanding greater power of decision‐making for the family, have evolved; their role in the future growth of the Kibbutz is discussed. Spheres of parental influence are characterized, as are parent‐child relations, with special emphasis on the causes for their relative smoothness during adolescence.
PERFORMANCE PROFILES OF MATCHED NORMAL, EDUCATIONALLY SUBNORMAL AND SEVERELY SUBNORMAL CHILDREN ON THE REVISED ITPA
Authors: Marinosson G. L.
Published: December 2006

The revised ITPA was administered to 30 normal, 30 ESN and 30 SSN children, all of MA 5 : 0–5 : 11 and attending day schools. Since most of the retarded children exceeded the CA norms of the battery, raw scores were standardized and subjected to Analysis of Variance, t tests and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis for the purpose of inter group comparison. Results showed that normals scored highest on all sub‐tests, SSNs lowest while ESNs were strictly intermediate. The largest inter‐group differences were found for Visual Sequential Memory, but significant differences were also found between normals and ESNs on Auditory Sequential Memory and between normals and SSNs on both reception subtests, Auditory Association and Auditory Sequential Memory. Both normals and ESNs showed preference for tests in the auditory‐vocal channel over those in the visual‐motor channel. Results are discussed in the light of previous ITPA findings, the special circumstances pertaining to the present study, and the characteristics of the test battery.
CHILDREN OF WEST INDIAN IMMIGRANTS–I. RATES OF BEHAVIOURAL DEVIANCE AND OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER
Authors: Rutter Michael , Yule William , Bercer Michael , Yule Bridget , Morton Janis , Baoley Chrjstopher
Published: December 2006

A total population survey was made of all 10 yr old children in an inner London borough. Teachers' questionnaires were completed on all children, and teachers and parents of a representative subsample were interviewed using standardised and previously Lested methods. As part of this study, comparisons were made between children born to West Indian migrants and children from non‐immigrant families, and within the West Indian group between children born abroad and those born in this country. It was found that West Indian children showed rather more behavioural difficulties at school but they did not differ from other children in terms of disorder shown at home, nor did they differ in terms of emotional disturbance in any setting. The findings are discussed in terms of the children's life experiences.
SUICIDE IN CHILDHOOD AND EARLY ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Shaffer David
Published: December 2006

A survey, using contemporary medical and educational data, was carried out on all childhood suicides in England and Wales over a 7 yr period. No deaths were reported before the age of 12. All the cases studied were aged 12–14, there were more than twice as many boys as girls and the group included more tall children and more children of superior intelligence than would be expected in the general population. Antisocial behaviour had been reported in most of the children before death. Suicide was most often precipitated by a disciplinary crisis and often took place after a period away from school. Previous suicidal behaviour was noted in 40 per cent of the cases, but this may be an underestimate. There was a high incidence of depression and suicidal behaviour amongst the children's parents and siblings.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF VISUAL ATTENTION IN MOTHER‐INFANT PAIRS
Authors: Collis G. M. , Schaffer H. R.
Published: December 2006

Summary The visual behaviour of sixteen infants and their mothers was recorded in a novel situation containing a number of salient stimuli. There was a general tendency for mother and infant to look together toward the same object rather than toward different objects. Further, this visual co‐orientation was found to result from mothers following the directions of the infant's spontaneous looking behaviour. These observations indicate one way in which the mother's behaviour becomes synchronized with that of the infant.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSES BY NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Prior Margot , Boulton David , Gajzago Christine , Perry Dennis
Published: December 2006

Summary A form of numerical taxonomy was used to classify a group of 162 psychotic children on the basis of case history data supplied by the parents on the Rimland diagnostic checklist. The subjects were grouped into two classes. Class 1 included children with early onset of the psychosis who showed numerous withdrawal and aloneness symptoms and impaired communication; Class 2 included subjects with later onset whose symptoms were more heterogeneous and scattered than those in Class 1. The two classes differed significantly on 29 of the 67 attributes on which they were measured. The findings are interpreted as supporting a system of classification in childhood psychosis in terms of age of onset.
THE CHOICE OF A SURVIVING SIBLING AS “SCAPEGOAT” IN SOME CASES OF MATERNAL BEREAVEMENT—A CASE REPORT
Authors: Tooley Kay
Published: December 2006

Summary This paper presents a description of a pathological variation of the mourning process in mothers who have suffered a narcissistically damaging psychological or actual loss of a child. A surviving sibling chosen as a displacement object for the mother's sense of guilt and self‐hatred. The parent‐child estrangement continues for years after the trauma with an extremity and severity that often necessitates court intervention. A case illustration is presented and a concluding suggestion that counseling by available professionals at the time of the bereavement would be both economical and effective in forestalling this variety of pathological family scapegoating.
ARRESTS AND DELINQUENCY IN TWO GENERATIONS: A STUDY OF BLACK URBAN FAMILIES AND THEIR CHILDREN
Authors: Robins Lee N. , West Patricia A. , Herjanic Barbara L.
Published: December 2006

In interviews a cohort of 223 young black urban‐born men were asked for names and ages of their children and the children's mothers. Police and juvenile court records were obtained for both parents and all offspring past the age of official designation as a juvenile—145 children of 76 men qualified. A comparison of juvenile records of parents and children showed similar rates and types of offenses. Parental arrest histories were powerful predictors of their children's delinquency. Other family characteristics that might modify the risks of delinquency in children of arrested parents were explored.
THE CONCEPT OF SPECIFIC READING RETARDATION
Authors: Rutter Michael , Yule William
Published: December 2006

Using the data from five epidemiological studies of the total child population, the traditional distinction between general reading backwardness (i.e. reading below average for age, regardless of I.Q.) and specific reading retardation (i.e. a disability in reading relative to the child's age and general intellectual level) is put to the test. The concept and measurement of underachievement are discussed and it is shown that severe degrees of specific reading retardation occur at a rate above that predicted on a statistical basis, suggesting a “hump” at the lower end of the distribution. Reading retardation is shown to differ significantly from reading backwardness in terms of sex ratio, neurological disorder, pattern of neuro‐developmental deficits and educational prognosis. It is concluded that the concept of specific reading retardation is valid, but evidence is discussed which shows that this does not support the view of a genetically distinct syndrome of dyslexia.
DIMENSIONS OF TEMPERAMENT IN INFANT SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Garside R. F. , Birch H. , Mci. Scott D. , Chambers S. , Kolvin I. , Tweddle E. G. , Barber L. M.
Published: December 2006

A Principal Component Analysis of 39 temperamental attributes on a random sample of 209 infant school children produced four meaningful components. These identified components make an important contribution to an understanding of temperamental organization. A brief questionnaire using the above data has been developed for measuring temperament in infant school children. There are 30 questions with appropriate probes which relate to four components (dimensions): (a) Withdrawal, poor adaptation, dependence, etc.; (b) High activity, intensity, distractibility, etc.; (c) Moodiness, sulkiness; (d) Irregularity. Tentative norms arc provided for the above dimensions.
ADOLESCENT TURMOIL: FACT OR FICTION?*
Authors: Rutter Michael , Graham Philip , Chadwick O. F. D. , Yule W.
Published: December 2006

Summary The concept of adolescent turmoil is considered in the context of findings from a total population epidemiological study of Isle of Wight 14–15‐yr‐olds. It is concluded that parent child alienation is not a common feature unless the adolescents are already showing psychiatric problems. Inner turmoil, however, as represented by feelings of misery and self‐depreciation is quite frequent. Psychiatric, conditions are only slightly commoner during adolescence than in middle childhood but the pattern of disorders changes in terms of an increase in depression and school refusal. Many adolescent psychiatric problems arise in early childhood but conditions arising for the first time during adolescence differ in important respect from those with an earlier onset.
CRITICAL NOTICE
Authors: Cornwall K. F.
Published: December 2006

The Practice of Educational Psychology. M. Chazan, T. Moore, P. Williams and J. Wright
THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF TWINS AFTER SEVERE AND PROLONGED DEPRIVATION: A SECOND REPORT
Authors: Koluchová Jarmila
Published: December 2006

Summary A previous (1972) report on the good development of twins after severe and prolonged deprivation is followed up, and progress over three further years is described. Intelligence is now average. No psychopathological features or eccentricities, either in behaviour or social relations, can be identified. The boys are sociable, happy and have firm emotional bonds with their foster‐family; they attend a school for normal children, with good results. A case of a 10‐yr‐old girl with a similar background now living in the same foster‐family is also described.

The psychological diagnosis of severe deprivation and its remediation arc also discussed.
PLAY IN PRE‐SCHOOL CENTRES–I. PLAY MEASURES AND THEIR RELATION TO AGE. SEX AND I.Q.
Authors: Tizard Barbara , Philips Janet , Plewis Ian
Published: December 2006

The free play of 109 children aged 3–4 was observed in 12 pre‐school centres, and assessed mi a number of scales. Most of the play measures were found to be age‐related; the major sex differences in play were in the choice of play material and fantasy theme. There were correlations between some of the play measures and the children's unstandardised verbal and non‐verbal test scores. The findings are discussed in relation to pre‐school educational practice.
IMAGINARY COMPANIONS IN YOUNG CHILDREN: RELATIONSHIPS WITH INTELLIGENCE, CREATIVITY AND WAITING ABILITY*
Authors: Manosevttz Martin , Fling Sheila , Prentice Norman M.
Published: December 2006

Previous investigators have identified several intellective and personality variables thought to be related to imaginary companion phenomena in young children. In the current study, the presence or absence of imaginary companions was assessed and related to intelligence, several creativity measures, and waiting ability in 84 preschool children comprised equally of boys and girls. No significant differences were found for these major variables between those children who had imaginary companions and those who did not. The findings arc compared with previous descriptive, and empirical literature on imaginary companions. Directions for future research on imaginary companion phenomena are briefly discussed.
SYMPTOMS OF BEHAVIOUR DISTURBANCE AND ADJUSTMENT TO SCHOOL
Authors: Coleman John , Wolkind Stephen , Ashley Laura
Published: December 2006

This paper reports a longitudinal study of behavioural symptoms in 3, 4 and 5 yr old children. The sample consisted of 50 boys and 50 girls living in a working‐class area in Inner London, and information was obtained on maternal health and adjustment to school in addition to the expression of behavioural symptoms at home. The results indicate that while maternal health and behaviour disturbance in the home correlate positively together, with the exception of two symptoms there was no relation at all between behaviour at home and adjustment to school. These results are considered to have implications for the prognostic value of behavioural symptoms as well as for the treatment of young children.
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND STAFF ATTITUDES AT THE ST. CHARLES YOUTH TREATMENT CENTRE
Authors: MARTIN D. N.
Published: December 2006

The incidence of disruptive adolescent behaviour at the Youth Treatment Centre varies according to the attitudes of staff on duty, It is argued that incident‐prone staff believe difficult behaviour to be “internally caused”, which does not reflect the reality.
A THREE‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP OF HYPERACTIVE PRESCHOOLERS INTO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Authors: CAMPBELL SUSAN B. , ENDMAN MAXINE W. , BERNFELD GARY
Published: December 2006

Hyperactive and control children, originally observed in a research nursery at age 4 and then followed‐up at 6 1/2, were observed in their elementary school classrooms at 7 1/2. Hyperactive children received more negative feedback from teachers, engaged in more disruptive behaviour, were rated by their teachers as more hyperactive, and expressed somewhat lower self‐esteem than controls. However, comparisons between classrooms with hyperactive and control children suggested that the presence of a hyperactive child may influence interaction patterns between the teacher and the class as a whole. Moreover, observer presence influenced teachers' positive behaviours toward the child being observed.
VARIATIONS IN BEHAVIOUR RATINGS OF CHILDREN WHO HAVE BEEN IN CARE*
Authors: Lambert Lydia , Essen Juliet , Head Jenny
Published: December 2006

Data from the National Child Development Study showed that the school behaviour of children in the cohort who had been in care by the age of 11 was poorer than that of children never in rare. Children received into care after the age of seven already had poor school behaviour ratings at seven. The behaviour of children in care deteriorated between the ages of seven and 11 relative to those never in care. Children in care were found to have higher scores of “outgoing” behaviour. Analyses of home behaviour ratings were inconclusive Implications for practice are indicated.
HYPERKINESIS, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACTIVITY AND STIMULANT DRUG EFFECTS
Authors: Barkley Russell A. , Jackson Thomas L.
Published: December 2006

This study focused on the degree to which resting levels of autonomic “arousal” were related to hyperkinetic behaviors and stimulant drug responses. A total of 24 boys served as subjects, 12 of whom were hyperkinetic and had a history of responding well to methylphenidate while 12 normal boys served as a matched control group. The control boys were evaluated once while the hyperkinetic boys were seen on three occasions during which they participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study of methylphenidate. All children were evaluated using five psycho‐physiological measures of autonomic nervous system activity and 11 objective measures of activity level and attention taken across four experimental settings. Results indicated no significant differences between hyperkinetic and normal boys in psychophysiological activity. In addition, no consistent relationships between this activity and the objective behavioral measures in either normal or hyperkinetic boys were observed. Improvements in activity level and attention during drug treatment were generally not related to the pretreatment levels of arousal in the hyperkinetic boys. Methylphenidate did not produce any significant effects on autonomic activity. Thus, results suggested that no simple level of arousal hypothesis can account for the behavior patterns of hyperkinetic children and that level of arousal is not a particularly useful predictor of drug responding in these children.
BRIEF FOCAL FAMILY THERAPY WHEN THE CHILD IS THE REFERRED PATIENT–II. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
Authors: Kinston Warren , Bentovim Arnon
Published: December 2006

The experience of a workshop set up within a Department of Child Psychiatry to foster family therapy and to develop a brief focal technique is described. Details are provided of the first 29 cases. Twenty‐two families engaged in therapy and the referred child improved in 19 (87%) of these cases. Family change was measured using a methodology developed by Malan to assess psychodynamic change in individuals and problems in adapting it are discussed. Eleven (50%) of the engaged famines improved. The pattern of child and family improvement supported the theory that a symptomatic child can be a manifestation of family pathology. A contraindication to the brief focal approach is past or present formal mental illness in a parent. Marital disturbance was frequently covert: this affected the therapeutic plan but was not related to outcome.
THE CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COMPLETION BY TEACHERS IN AN ITALIAN SAMPLE. PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Zimmermann‐Tansella Christa , Minghetti Simonetta , Tacconi Attilio , Tansella Michele
Published: December 2006

An Italian version of the “Children's Behaviour Questionnaire” was completed by teachers of 461 children aged 6–13 years in some primary and secondary schools of Verona City. Good re‐test and inter‐rater reliability were demonstrated for the total score, the antisocial sub‐score and most of the single items, the neurotic sub‐score yielding lower coefficients of agreement. Completed questionnaires were obtained for 41 children of the same age range attending Child Guidance Centers. A total score of 9 or more was confirmed as the best discriminator between clinic and non‐clinic children. The scale showed a sensitivity of 0.83 and a fairly valid discriminative power between neurotic and antisocial conditions. Preliminary results are discussed and suggestions for the use of this questionnaire in Italian samples are outlined.
ECHOING IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN: A CHRONOMETRIC STUDY OF SEMANTIC PROCESSING
Authors: Shapiro Theodore , Lucy Peter
Published: December 2006

The time required to produce a verbal response has been used extensively as an index of the complexity of the mental operations that underlie the comprehension and production of language. An analysis of the discourse of five autistic children with an adult demonstrates that echoic speech depends on simpler, more limited decoding of adult utterances than the child's creative original speech. By contrast, two normal children show no significant difference in reaction times between imitative and spontaneous productions using the same measure. This finding lends support to the notion that autistic children rely on two strategies for their language production made necessary by a cognitive deficit.
YOUNG CHILDREN'S RESPONSES TO DISCREPANT SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS*
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Siegel Alberta E.
Published: December 2006

Forty children, ages 12–42 months, were observed with their mothers while E gave four successive messages to them. Two of these communications were congruent across the visual and auditory channels; the other two were discrepant. Order of trials was systematically varied across subjects. Children approached E readily when his invitation to approach was either visual or auditory. Children were warier when an invitation to approach was contradicted by a simultaneous “stay away” message. Most aversive was a warm facial expression, beckoning gestures and affirmative head nods paired with the words “stay away” spoken with a cold lone.
CHILDREN'S DIFFICULTIES ON STARTING INFANT SCHOOL
Authors: Hughes Martin , Pinkerton Gill , Plewis Ian
Published: December 2006

Two hundred and sixty London children in their first term at infant school were rated by their teachers on a scale covering a wide range of behaviour. Thirteen per cent of the sample were having general difficulty coping with school, and around 25% had difficulties with language, persistence with activities, and fine motor control. Boys had significantly more difficulties than girls, and children starting in January‐had significantly more difficulties than those starting in September. A substantial minority of the children was still having difficulties eighteen months later. Several of these findings are replicated on data collected independently in Slough.
COGNITIVE STYLE IN ADULTS ORIGINALLY DIAGNOSED AS HYPERACTIVES
Authors: Hopkins Joyce , Perlman Terrye , Hechtman Lily , Weiss Gabrielle
Published: December 2006

The cognitive styles of reflection‐impulsivity, field‐dependence‐independence, and constricted‐flexible control were studied in 70 hyperactive adults and 42 matched controls as part of a follow‐up study. Results indicated that the hyperactive adults were more field‐dependent and more constricted than the controls. They were also less accurate although they did not respond more quickly than the controls on a visual matching task. The educational implications of this are discussed.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN'S RESPONSES TO FAMILY STRESS: A RE‐EVALUATION
Authors: Whitehead Linette
Published: December 2006

The case for sex differences in children's responses to family stress is considered and findings are reported from a study of 2775 first‐born children aged seven. Information regarding the children's adjustment was obtained from parents, teachers and school physicians. The marital status of parents was assessed by health visitors. The report concludes that marital disharmony may be associated with antisocial and emotional disorders in children of both sexes. Divorce may be more strongly associated with disturbance in boys, but this could be due to social factors rather than to their greater psychological vulnerability.
TREATMENT OF SEVERE DOG PHOBIA IN CHILDHOOD BY FLOODING. A CASE REPORT
Authors: Sreenivasan Uma , Manogha S. N. , Jain V. K.
Published: December 2006

An 11‐yr‐old girl with a five year history of severe phobia of dogs was treated with flooding after desensitization failed. The procedure used is described and theoretical implications are briefly discussed. Nineteen months after flooding the girl is free of the phobia and symptoms of a tension state. Generalisation effects include loss of a mild fear of cats, disappearance of ruminations about dogs attacking her and enhanced social life and academic achievements.
THE LOCK BOX: AN INSTRUMENT TO EVALUATE MENTAL ORGANIZATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Goodman Joan F.
Published: December 2006

The Lock Box, a large rectangular container with 10 latched doors, each housing a different toy, is designed to investigate mental organization in young children. It differs from general intelligence and special ability tests by emphasizing how a child approaches a problematic situation, rather than how much he knows. The Box has received preliminary validation as a diagnostic instrument in a study of 57 retarded and normal youngsters. In addition to its use as a screening instrument for mental retardation, the Box may identify mental disorganization in normal children (the cognitively hyperactive/distractible group) as well as good mental organization in retarded children (the delayed but not deviant retarded group).
A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT IN SIX‐MONTH‐OLD INFANTS: DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Persson‐Blennow Inger , McNeil Thomas F.
Published: December 2006

A parental questionnaire was developed for measurement of the nine New York Longitudinal Study temperament variables in 6‐month‐old infants. The questions concern the infant's actual behavior in everyday activities and specified situations. The final questionnaire contains 44 scored items, and takes approximately 15 min to complete and 5 min to score. Test‐retest reliability was found to be generally satisfactory, A representative sample of 160 6‐month‐old infants, chosen from Swedish Well‐Baby Clinics, constituted the standardization sample. This sample's scores on the variables showed acceptable ranges and distribution shapes, thus providing good differentiation among individuals with respect to temperament characteristics. While no significant difference was found between boys and girls on six of the temperament variables, girls were found to be significantly less active, less adaptable and more distractible than boys.
GENERALIZED RECIPROCAL IMITATION IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smeets Paul M. , Kauffman James M.
Published: December 2006

Experiment 1 assessed generalized imitation in kindergarten and first grade children. First grade children imitated adults at a high rate only after being imitated by one of them. Kindergarten children also imitated both adults when no consequences were programmed. Experiment 2 explored generalization across tasks. There was a significant difference in imitative performance between tasks. In general, the children imitated the adult significantly less often when modeling responses were different from those used for induction. Children imitated by the adult copied the adult's responses significantly more often than children not imitated, provided that the adult's modeling responses were the same as those imitated before. When demonstrating dissimilar responses, the children who had been imitated avoided copying the adult.
THE ARRIVAL OF A SIBLING: CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN MOTHER AND FIRST‐BORN CHILD
Authors: Dunn Judy , Kendrick Carol
Published: December 2006

Interaction between mother and firstborn child before and after the birth of a second child was studied in 41 families, using home observations and interview techniques. Decreases in maternal attention and play, increases in confrontation, and changes in the balance of responsibility for initiating interaction were found. Changes in patterns of association between maternal and child variables after the birth of the sibling were primarily the result of changes in individual differences in child behaviour.
THE MANAGEMENT OF FAMILIES WITH HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA: A CASE STUDY TO ILLUSTRATE SOME RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Martindale Brian , Bottomley Virginia
Published: December 2006

Too little attention has been paid to the psychosocial and counselling needs of H.C. patients and their families. Conjoint family therapy with an affected family is described to illustrate particular points about H.C. families that should be considered by therapists.

It is suggested that therapists make a long term commitment to the family and that they have a full understanding of the disease, its genetic implications and psychosocial consequences. For a variety of reasons conjoint work, including young children and psychotic members, has many advantages. The family dynamics are more easily discovered and, contrary to expectation, young children already exposed to the disease gain relief from open discussion of genetic implications at an appropriate time.

The difficulties of engagement, the importance of (a) flexibility of therapeutic approach, (b) liaison work and (c) contact with the extended family are other issues discussed.

Note—Names, geographical locations and identifying details have been altered to protect the family.
THE REACTION OF FIRST‐BORN CHILDREN TO THE BIRTH OF A SIBLING: MOTHERS' REPORTS
Authors: Dunn Judy , Kendrick Carol , MacNamee Rosanne
Published: December 2006

The reactions of first‐born children to the birth of a sibling, as reported by their mothers, were studied in 40 families. Increased clinging, withdrawal and tearfulness were negatively related to positive interest in the baby, but other aspects of disturbed behaviour were not significantly associated with each other, or with positive interest. Differences in temperament, in the quality of the mother‐first‐born relationship, in age and in the mothers' State in the post partum weeks were found to be associated with differences in the reaction of the first‐born children.
BOYHOOD BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS AS PRECURSORS OF CRIMINALTY: A FIFTEEN‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP STUDY
Authors: Mitchell Sheila , Rosa Peter
Published: December 2006

Material gathered in 1961 as pail of a large scale Sample survey of the behaviour of school age children has been used to select a group of boys whose behaviour deviated most from that typical of other boys of their age. Their subsequent convictions for indictable (major) offences have been ascertained over a fifteen year period together with those for a matched control group originally exhibiting “normal” behaviour. Findings show those in the deviator group to be significantly more likely both to become offenders and to become recidivists. Qualitatively, parental reports of anti‐ social behaviour.(stealing, lying, destructiveness and wandering from home) were shown to carry the worst prognosis for subsequent conviction(s) particularly where teachers' reports supported those of the parents. The practical and theoretical implications of the study are discussed.
THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT USING PARENTAL RATINGS
Authors: Lyon Margaret E. , Plomin Robert
Published: December 2006

The goal of the present study was to consider two previously unexplored issues, concerning the usefulness of parental ratings of temperament: (1) the extent in which parents project their own personality into their ratings of the temperament of their children, and (2) the extent to which mothers and fathers agree in their ratings of the temperament of their children. In a sample of 137 Families, mothers and fathers rated themselves and their spouse on an adult version of the EASI Temperament Survey and both of them rated two of their 2‐to 6 year‐old twin children on the children's version of the EASI Temperament Survey. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that parents project their own personality into their ratings of others. In terms of the second issue, parental agreement, the data were less clear‐cut. The average parental agreement for the 11 scales of the EASI Temperament Survey was O.51, corrected for unreliability.
THE Temperament OF Down'S Syndrome Infants: A Research Note
Authors: Gunn P. , Berry P. , Andrews R. J.
Published: December 2006

The mothers of 25 Down's syndrome infants completed a questionnaire concerning the‐ child's behaviour in day‐to‐day situations in order to identify the temperamental characteristics of each infant. of these infants were identified as children with signs of difficult temperament and only two were found be easy children. in contrast to the amiable, mild stereotype for the syndrome. A comparison. Of the questionnaire characterstics with the mother's rating of her child's temperament shows that the mothers's impressions are more positive. This may be the result of lower expectations or social desirability but it is suggested that it can also be reflection of successful coping skills.
ELECTIVE MUTE CHILDREN: PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BACKGROUND FACTORS
Authors: Kolvin I. , Fundudis T.
Published: December 2006

Twenty ‐four elective mute children were studied–this proved to be a rare condition, affecting slightly more girls than boys. They were compared with 84 speech‐retarded controles and 102 normal control children. The main findings in the case of the elective mute children were as follows.

1. Evidence of immaturity of development, particularly of speech, and an excess pf speech abnormalities.

2. A higher rate of behaviour problems, and high levels of enuresis and soiling.

3. In the majority of cases, an insidious development of excessive shyness from the earliest years of life.

4. Performance LQ. covering most ranges of ability, but with a significant excess in the lower ranges.

5. A high rate of Psychiatric disturbance in the families of elective mute children.

6. And, finally, on follow‐up, elective mutism proved to be a rather intractable condition.
STRESS, COPING AND DEVELOPMENT: SOME ISSUES AND SOME QUESTIONS*
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: December 2006

The concept of psychosocial stress is reviewed in relation to empirical findings on the effects of different types of life, events in childhood and adult life. It is concluded that the concept is unhelpfully broad and that the events need to be subdivided according to their characteristics and meaning. In considering all types of, stimuli, individual differences in response are crucial; so‐called stressors may have no effect or may be cither beneficial or harmful in their sequelae, The elements involved in these individual differences include personal characteristics, vulnerability and protective factors, a person's cognitive appraisal of the event and his process of coping with it. The various ways in which stress events may influence later development are discussed with particular reference to the possibility of altered sensitivities to later stress.
MOTHER‐TO‐INFANT ‘BONDING’
Authors: Herbert M. , Sluckin W. , Sluckin Alice
Published: December 2006

The concept of maternal ‘bonding’, i.e. rapid mother‐to‐neonate attachment, appears frequently in psychiatric, paediatric and social work discussions of childhood psychopathology and child abuse. ‘Bonding’ is used as a diagnostic concept, and one which has to bear the weight of important explanatory, descriptive and predictive statements. In turn, it is related aetiologically to post‐partum contact and separations of mother and infant. The authors present a critical review of the concept, exploring its empirical basis, and the implications (logical and illogical) that flow from its application in practice. They conclude that the usage of the term ‘bonding’ is often misleading, because of a tendency to reify and simplify attachment phenomena; in addition, there are no indications from animal investigations and no evidence from human studies which directly support the notion of a ‘sensitive period’ in the formation of mother‐to‐infant attachments. They also describe the negative and pessimistic implications of using this concept in social work and clinical practice. Alternative ways of conceptualising these early parent‐child events are suggested.
PREFERENCES FOR MOTHERS AND SECURITY BLANKETS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS AS REINFORCERS FOR YOUNG CHILDREN'S BEHAVIORS
Authors: Passman Richard H. , Adams Roderick E.
Published: December 2006

Preferences for attachment agents and the reinforcing efficacy of their individual components were assessed in 100 pre‐school‐aged children. In the first study, mothers were selected more often than the blanket or control; however, those children rated by their mothers as being blanket‐attached approached their blanket more than no object. In the second study, children responded more frequently for their mother than for the blanket or no object. However, visual presentations of the blanket were more effective reinforcers for blanket‐attached than for non‐attached children. In the third study, auditory and visual features of the mother were tested as reinforcers. Control over responding was consistently achieved with contingent presentations of the mother's voice or her televised image, but not with corresponding presentations of an unfamiliar woman.
NURSERY NURSES AND NURSERY TEACHERS II: THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS
Authors: Gipps Caroline
Published: December 2006

A survey of nursery nurses' and nursery teachers' attitudes towards children and their parents produced clear differences between the professional groups.

Day nursery nurses expressed more sympathetic attitudes towards both children and parents than did their colleagues in centres and schools, while teachers had more sympathetic attitudes than nursery nurses. Teachers' attitudes towards parents were not related to their attitudes towards the children, while this was the case for nursery nurses. The difference between teachers and nursery nurses in their attitude towards parents is discussed in relation to differences in educational levels, consequences and possible mediation strategies.
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT DELINQUENT BOYS
Authors: Wolff P. H. , Waber D. , Bauermeister M. , Cohen C. , Ferber R.
Published: December 2006

The neuropsychological status and neuromotor performance of adolescent boys from lower middle class social environments who were detained as juvenile delinquents were compared to those of non‐delinquent, lower and upper middle class controls. The delinquent index group showed pervasive impairment on all language measures, relative to both control groups, but did not differ from the latter on most neuropsychological measures that do not involve linguistic processing. Delinquents also demonstrated more minor neurological signs than either of the control groups; in the delinquents, but not in the control groups, neurological status predicted language performance.
ECHOLALIC AND SPONTANEOUS PHRASE SPEECH IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Howlin Patricia
Published: December 2006

The study investigated the syntactical level of spontaneous and echolalic utterances of 26 autistic children at different stages of phrase‐speech development. In children using very brief utterances, echolalic phrases were significantly longer than their spontaneous speech. At higher levels of language development there were no significant differences between the lengths of echoed and spontaneous utterances. The frequency of echolalic phrases in children's speech was also found to be significantly less than the frequency of their spontaneous remarks, and the frequency of echolalic utterances declined as children advanced in linguistic competence.
RESEARCH NOTE: RATING THE HOME ENVIRONMENT OF SCHOOL‐AGE CHILDREN; A COMPARISON WITH GENERAL COGNITIVE INDEX AND SCHOOL PROGRESS
Authors: Parkinson Christine E. , Wallis Sheila M. , Prince Joyce , Harvey David
Published: December 2006

A method of rating the home environment of primary school children is described. It was used in a study of 20 children whose cognitive abilities and school progress were also assessed. Aspects of home life which were found to be significantly correlated with the child's performance were parental encouragement for the child's achievement, activeness, creativity and verbal participation; a family interest in intellectual pursuits and education; family rules or control of the child. Some items were negatively correlated with children's performance.
VISUALLY GUIDED HAND MOVEMENTS IN CHILDREN WITH MINOR NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION: RESPONSE TIME AND MOVEMENT ORGANIZATION
Authors: Schellekens J. M. H. , Scholten C. A. , Krboer A. F.
Published: December 2006

Many children with signs of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) are unable to adapt precisely their movements to external goals, in particular when they are under time pressure. Pilot studies in our laboratories suggested that response times I in various sorts of tapping tasks were longer in such children than in controls with an optimal neurological status. In the present study an experimental tapping task, presented in ‘self‐paced mode’, is applied to explore further the relationships between response time and spatio‐temporal organization of movements in children with MND as compared to optimal controls.

Differences were found with respect to inter‐response intervals as well as to the organization of the movements; children with MND have longer overall response J times than controls, more movement elements per tap and shorter first movement elements. Further, the moment of maximal acceleration comes later in the children with MND than in the controls. Such differences in response time and movement organization may be due to information processing limitations and increased attentional demands for the execution of movements in MND children.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEAF CHILDREN
Authors: Wiegersma P. H. , Velde A. Vander
Published: December 2006

Comparisons between a group of deaf children and normal‐hearing controls on an extensive test‐battery revealed that the former group was clearly inferior both in general dynamic coordination and visual‐motor coordination.

An experimental study, focusing on speed of motor performance, confirmed the general impression that deaf children are relatively slow performers. In particular, the execution of movements is slower in deaf children: the processes involved in this difference require further experimental research.
MOTHER‐INFANT DIALOGUE IN THE FIRST DAYS OF LIFE: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY DURING BREAST‐FEEDING
Authors: Alberts E. , Kalverboer A. F. , Hopkins B.
Published: December 2006

The temporal organization of the behaviour of children at risk can exhibit inconsistencies which may impair their adaptation. Seven mother‐newborn pairs, selected for neurological and obstetric optimality of the babies, were observed during 2 breast‐feedings (2nd after birth and 6th to 9th after birth). During pauses between sucking bouts the behaviours of the two partners were strongly coupled, even in the earlier feedings, which was not the case during sucking bouts themselves. Pauses which contained tactile behaviour were shorter in later feedings than in earlier ones, in contrast to both pauses without tactile behaviour and to bouts. The possible functional relevance of emerging temporal relations between partners' behaviours during breast‐feeding is discussed.
THE USE OF NONVOCAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES WITH AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Kiernan Chris
Published: December 2006

Studies reporting the use of sign languages and symbol systems with autistic children and young people are reviewed. The studies suggest that signs and symbols can be used in communication by individuals who are above and below the age of five, mute and mentally handicapped. The communication skills developed may, in some cases, be complex, and speech may develop in the context of sign or symbol programmes. However, problems concerned with the description of subjects, methods and outcome of studies mean that many conclusions can only be supported tentatively by existing data.
THE ‘HYPERACTIVE SYNDROME’ IN KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN: COMPARISON OF CHILDREN WITH PERVASIVE AND SITUATIONAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: Cohen Nancy J. , Minde Klaus
Published: December 2006

Three groups of kindergarten‐aged children referred for hyperactivity who varied with regard to symptom pervasiveness were compared to each other and to normal controls on a variety of biological, psychological and behavioural variables. The findings yielded only partial support for those of other studies addressing this issue. Biological and psychological test data did not differentiate the various groups of children. The clearest differentiation between groups emerged when children were observed directly. The findings are discussed with respect to the usefulness of the distinction of pervasive and situational symptomatology and the problems of diagnosis with children in this age group.