bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic evaluation of the energy efficiency of the cottage electric heating system
Authors: Bondarenko V.V. , Kruglikov S.V. , Klechin Yu.I.
Published: June 2024

The 2020 global crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic has increased the demand for individual suburban housing. The need to create an efficiently managed infrastructure of life support and energy consumption systems requires the development of control technologies on each stage of the life cycle. An urgent problem is to ensure reliable and efficient heat supply for low-rise residential buildings. One needs a reliable tool for the feasibility study of the decision-making process during an object life cycle. The paper considers a comparative assessment of the total cost of ownership of heating systems for cottages with the same operational and technical parameters. Environmentally friendly options were preferred. The total costs of heating systems for cottages are estimated using the developed software product, considering creation and operation costs. Calculations of electricity consumption for heating are most profitable using modern materials with high thermal insulation characteristics. A cable floor heating system and room temperature automatic regulation significantly reduces financial costs since the preferential tariff for electricity at night is lower than during the day. The use of electricity for heating cottage settlements allows to implement controlled energy consumption for a more even use of the power plant capacities.
Main aspects of innovation management in the energy sector
Authors: Bani-Hani Thabet , Alrefai Yousef Ali Mohammad , Awawdeh Haya Ziad , Bani-Hani Adel , Khalifeh Amin
Published: June 2024

The study is aimed at identifying the main aspects of innovation management in the energy sector. The need for research is determined by the demand for the development of the global energy sector to implement strategies for sustainable development of countries and ensure energy security. It is argued that the intensity of innovation has affected all areas of activity, including energy. Key aspects of innovation management in the energy sector are identified. Modern innovative technologies of energy saving, wireless energy transmission, and the development of renewable energy sources are classified. The role of technology companies in the implementation of innovations in the energy sector to optimize existing processes and approaches to energy generation is emphasized. The most effective innovative technologies in the energy sector have been identified: innovative energy storage; artificial intelligence in microgrids; Blockchain and renewable energy sources in the context of innovation. The need for innovation to increase efficiency and optimize processes in modern companies is brought to light. The main results of the study are characterized by the fact that the main aspects of innovation management in the energy sector are identified, which applied in practice when developing strategy for the long-term development of the energy sector.
Towards a new anthropocene: The intersection of human evolution and environmental stewardship in the information era
Authors: Zinchenko Viktor , Polishchuk Oleksandr , Yakovleva Olena , Slyusarenko Olena , Rudenko Yuliia , Lakusha Natalia
Published: June 2024

The impact of digital technologies on society, the environment, and individuals has been examined. It has been demonstrated that the processes of digitalization serve as a medium for human development and influence the transformation of social relations; advancement of digital technologies has enabled the alteration of social relations in the realms of ecology, economics, politics, and the management of social and natural resources. It has been established that the issues of the information society began to interest society and scientists since the 60s of the 20thcentury, especially when the results of digital technologies development massively entered the human ontology, becoming a part of it. Such a flurry of digitization of social life and technologies determined the period of society’s development and raised questions of anthropology, in particular, what a person of the information age should be and how he/she should be characterized. Scientific principles and methods were used to elucidate these and other questions, to scientifically substantiate worldview ideas: concreteness, integrity, historicism, rationality, comparison, and constructive criticism. In their totality and interaction, they contributed to high-quality research and the formation of scientific conclusions: the formation of Homo digitalis is due to the processes of digitalization, which are the basis of such concepts as the global village, the state in a smartphone, etc. It is noted that in the conditions of digitalization, not only the person changes, but also the traditional system of social relationships undergoes changes, the perception of the world, space, value orientations, etc. change. In fact, a new world is being created that will meet the interests of digital man. Identity becomes more complicated, becoming unstable and short-lived. The perspective of introducing modern technologies into all spheres of human life has been evaluated. It has been proven that the digitalization of the modern world in real practical life allows achieving a balance between the three factors of civilizational progress: social, economic and ecological.
Clinker-free binders based on waste from the extraction and processing of tuff open cast mines in Armenia
Authors: Badalyan M.M. , Karapetyan A.K.
Published: June 2024

The paper is related to the development of clinker-free binders based on Armenian tuff wastes, namely the Artik and Dzhraber deposits, which opencast mines are the most extensively used. Both studied rocks are mutable, which is explained by the high content of the glass phase. On their basis, it is possible to develop thermodynamically active systems that can change the state by thermal and mechanical effects using the energy of both the system itself and the environment surrounding the system, resulting in the formation of new structural bonds through hydration hardening. The compositions of clinker-free binders are given, and methods for increasing the reactivity of selected volcanic aluminosilicate rocks are investigated.
An investigation into the practical application of the physical principle to ensure the safety of hydraulic structures during the construction of Novokarachayevskaya small hydropower plants on the Kuban River
Authors: Bakshtanin Alexander , Zhukova Tatiana
Published: June 2024

Many countries around the world have embraced small hydropower as a stable component of their energy sector. Small HPPs in Russia generate approximately 2.2 billion kWh/year, and experts estimate their technical potential to be around 382 billion kWh/year. Small hydropower is an excellent alternative to centralized power supply for remote and hard-to-reach areas and areas with limited transmission capacity of power lines. The construction of small hydropower plants will also allow efficient use of river water resources for water supply, fishery, transportation, etc. This paper examines the construction of a small hydropower plant that will provide electricity to the communities near the hydropower plant. The purpose of the study is to investigate the option of applying the physical principle of fish protection using diverting re-forming fish protection structures to prevent fish from entering the system of structures of the Novokarachayevsk small hydroelectric power plant.
Effects of aging temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of PH 13-8Mo stainless steel
Authors: Li Zhenjiang , Luo Chao , Jiang Zhonghua , Chen Xiangjun , Wang Pei
Published: June 2024

Precipitation hardening stainless steel (PHSS) possesses high strength, impact resistance, and corrosion resistance, making it extensively employed in aerospace, nuclear power equipment, and petrochemical industries. The precipitates and reversed austenite (RA) generated during heat treatment significantly influence the properties of PHSS. This study investigates the impact of aging temperature (480–620 °C) on PH 13-8Mo stainless steel. As the aging temperature increased from 480 °C to 620 °C, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) initially increased and then decreased, while the impact energy initially decreased and then increased. At an aging temperature of 510 °C, the strength and hardness reach their maximum values, indicating peak aging conditions. The microstructure after aging treatment is lath martensite, RA and NiAl. With increasing aging temperature, the size of NiAl precipitates increases, accompanied by a rise in RA content. The quantitative analysis assessed the contributions of various strengthening mechanisms (precipitation strengthening, solid solution strengthening, grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, etc.) to YS. Quantitative calculations revealed that the precipitation strengthening effect was most pronounced at an aging temperature of 510 °C.
Endoscopic scoring indices for assessing disease severity in familial adenomatous polyposis: Systematic review
Authors: Silverman Anna Lerman , Bouchiba Hicham , Aelvoet Arthur , MacDonald John , Dekker Evelien , Zayadi Alexa , Le Jessica , Feagan Brian , Jairath Vipul , Ma Christopher , Samadder Jewel
Published: June 2024

Background and study aims There is limited consensus on the optimal method for measuring disease severity in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). We aimed to systematically review the operating properties of existing endoscopic severity indices for FAP.

Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception to February 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that utilized endoscopic outcomes or studies that evaluated the operating properties of endoscopic disease severity indices in FAP.

Results A total of 134 studies were included. We evaluated scoring indices and component items of scoring indices, such as polyp count, polyp size, and histology. Partial validation was observed for polyp count and size. The most commonly reported scoring index was the Spigelman classification system, which was used for assessing the severity of duodenal involvement. A single study reported almost perfect interobserver and intra-observer agreement for this system. The InSIGHT polyposis staging system, which was used for assessing colorectal polyp burden, has been partially validated. It showed substantial interobserver reliability; however, the intra-observer reliability was not assessed. Novel criteria for high-risk gastric polyps have been developed and assessed for interobserver reliability. However, these criteria showed a poor level of agreement. Other scoring indices assessing the anal transition zone, duodenal, and colorectal polyps have not undergone validation.

Conclusions There are no fully validated endoscopic disease severity indices for FAP. Development and validation of a reliable and responsive endoscopic disease severity instrument will be informative for clinical care and RCTs of pharmacological therapies for FAP.
DEX Inhibits H/R-induced Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis by the miR-141-3p/lncRNA TUG1 Axis
Authors: Zhu Mei , Yuan Zhiguo , Wen Chuanyun , Wei Xiaojia
Published: June 2024

Background Ferroptosis is emerging as a critical pathway in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, contributing to compromised cardiac function and predisposing individuals to sepsis and myocardial failure. The study investigates the underlying mechanism of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes, aiming to identify novel targets for myocardial I/R injury treatment.

Methods H9C2 cells were subjected to H/R and treated with varying concentrations of DEX. Additionally, H9C2 cells were transfected with miR-141-3p inhibitor followed by H/R treatment. Levels of miR-141-3p, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) taurine upregulated 1 (TUG1), Fe2+, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde were assessed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured via fluorescent labeling. Expression of ferroptosis-related proteins glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) was determined using Western blot. The interaction between miR-141-3p and lncRNA TUG1 was evaluated through RNA pull-down assay and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. The stability of lncRNA TUG1 was assessed using actinomycin D.

Results DEX ameliorated H/R-induced cardiomyocyte injury and elevated miR-141-3p expression in cardiomyocytes. DEX treatment increased cell viability, Fe2+, and ROS levels while decreasing ACSL4 protein expression. Furthermore, DEX upregulated GSH and GPX4 protein levels. miR-141-3p targeted lncRNA TUG1, reducing its stability and overall expression. Inhibition of miR-141-3p or overexpression of lncRNA TUG1 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of DEX on H/R-induced ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes.

Conclusion DEX mitigated H/R-induced ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes by upregulating miR-141-3p expression and downregulating lncRNA TUG1 expression, unveiling a potential therapeutic strategy for myocardial I/R injury.
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of the Liver: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nambhanath Sreeshna , Srinivas Teerthanath , Bhat Shubha P. , Kailath Minu Cherian , Suresh Babu Sreelekshmi
Published: June 2024

Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver (MCN-L) are a rare benign neoplasm of the biliary system that grows slowly with vague clinical symptoms. The malignant transformation in these tumors is high, and preoperative diagnosis using radiography or endoscopy is challenging. We present a case report of a 58-year-old female patient who presented with diffuse abdominal pain and nonprojectile vomiting. Abdominal ultrasound revealed characteristics that point to a hydatid cyst. The enhanced computed tomography revealed a well-defined multiloculated thin-walled fluid density lesion in the left lobe of the liver. After a left hemi-hepatectomy, a multiloculated cystic lesion in the liver with mucinous material as the content was discovered. Histopathology showed multiple cystic spaces were lined by mucin-secreting columnar epithelium without nuclear atypia, the wall of the cysts showed ovarian-like stroma, and the diagnosis of MCN-L was made. There was no recurrence after 6 months of regular follow-up.
Can digital transformation curtail carbon emissions? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment
Authors: Lin Zihao
Published: June 2024

Digital infrastructure construction (DIC) is a crucial component of digital transformation, yet its impact on the sustainable development of cities remains uncertain. To address this question, this study employs the Difference-in-Differences (DID) model to evaluate the effects of a typical DIC policy, the Broadband China Pilot (BBCP) policy. The research sample covers data from Chinese cities from 2009 to 2019. The DID estimation demonstrates that the BBCP policy effectively decreased carbon emissions (COE). Robustness tests, such as parallel trend tests, placebo tests, propensity score matching DID, and local projection DID, all confirm the negative impact of the BBCP policy on COE. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the BBCP policy has a greater mitigation effect on COE in non-resource cities. The BBCP policy has a stronger effect on reducing the COE in cities with a higher proportion of green funds or lower fiscal expenditures. Further analysis indicates that the BBCP policy significantly improves low-carbon ecological efficiency and reduces COE intensity. The results of the mechanism analysis reveal that the BBCP policy lowers COE by enhancing the industrial structure and promoting green technological progress. The study provides policy recommendations in the realm of DIC for developing countries to achieve digital transformation and low COE development concurrently. This research can assist governments in better considering how to implement DIC policies to construct ecologically sustainable cities with low COE.
Electromechanical properties of BS-PT ceramics under uniaxial pressure and hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Ren Xiaodan , Jin Ruoqi , Tang Mingyang , Hu Liqing , Liu Xin , Wang Yike , Wang Sanhong , Xu Zhuo , Geng Liwei D. , Yan Yongke
Published: June 2024

The increasing demands of device applications in harsh environments have led to higher expectations for temperature and pressure resistance in high-temperature piezoelectric materials. In order to understand the performance characteristics of BiScO3-PbTiO3 (BS-PT) high-temperature piezoelectric materials in practical device applications, this study focuses on analyzing the dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of BS-64PT ceramics under uniaxial stress up to 150 MPa, as well as its electromechanical performance under a hydrostatic pressure of up to 400 MPa. As the uniaxial pressure increases, both the bias-field and large-signal piezoelectric coefficients exhibit a pattern of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing. Furthermore, the bias-field piezoelectric coefficient exceeds 450 pC/N and the large-signal piezoelectric coefficient surpasses 630 pC/N under uniaxial pressures below 100 MPa. This highlights their exceptional resistance to depolarization caused by uniaxial stress. To obtain more precise piezoelectric properties for BS-64PT ceramics in the 31 and 33 modes under hydrostatic pressure, the admittance fitting method was utilized. This method takes into account the significant losses at higher pressures. Within the pressure range of 0–400 MPa, the values of d33 and d31 for BS-64PT ceramics exhibited a minor change of 7.6% and 8%, respectively. These findings indicate that BS-64PT ceramics exhibit more stable piezoelectric properties under both uniaxial and hydrostatic pressures when compared to the majority of Pb-based perovskite-structured materials. The exceptional stability of piezoelectric properties in BS-PT ceramics can be primarily attributed to their elevated anisotropy energy or coercivity field compared to other perovskite-structured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) / Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)-based ceramics reported.
Multiscale phonon thermal transport in nano-porous silicon
Authors: Kurbanova B. , Chakraborty D. , Abdullaev A. , Shamatova A. , Makukha O. , Belarouci A. , Lysenko V. , Azarov A. , Kuznetsov A. , Wang Y. , Utegulov Z.
Published: June 2024

We performed a comprehensive multi-scale phonon-mediated thermal transport study of nano-porous silicon (np-Si) films with average porosities in the range of φ = 30%–70%. This depth-resolved thermal characterization involves a combination of optical methods, including femtosecond laser-based time-domain thermo-reflectance (TDTR) with MHz modulation rates, opto-thermal micro-Raman spectroscopy, and continuum laser wave-based frequency domain thermo-reflectance (FDTR) with kHz modulation rates probing depths of studied samples over 0.5–1.2, 2–3.2, and 23–34 μm, respectively. We revealed a systematic decrease in thermal conductivity (k) with the rise of φ, i.e., with the lowering of the Si crystalline phase volumetric fraction. These data were used to validate our semi-classical phonon Monte Carlo and finite element mesh simulations of heat conduction, taking into account disordered geometry configurations with various φ and pore size, as well as laser-induced temperature distributions, respectively. At high φ, the decrease in k is additionally influenced by the disordering of the crystal structure, as evidenced by the near-surface sensitive TDTR and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy measurements. Importantly, the k values measured by FDTR over larger depths inside np-Si were found to be anisotropic and lower than those detected by the near-surface sensitive TDTR and Raman thermal probes. This finding is supported by the cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy image indicating enhanced φ distribution over these micrometer-scale probed depths. Our study opens an avenue for nano-to-micrometer scale thermal depth profiling of porous semiconducting media with inhomogeneous porosity distributions applicable for efficient thermoelectric and thermal management.
Gas phase growth of metal-organic frameworks on microcantilevers for highly sensitive detection of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Akbari Masoud , Mouharrar Hamza , Crivello Chiara , Defoort Martial , Abdel-Rahman Eihab , Basrour Skandar , Musselman Kevin , Muñoz-Rojas David
Published: June 2024

A gas-phase technique, known as chemical vapor deposition of metal-organic frameworks (MOF-CVD), is used for sensitizing silicon cantilevers. These cantilevers are coated with a uniform and compact Zn(EtIm)2 (MAF-6) film, enabling the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through a change in the resonance frequency of the cantilever. The MOF-coated sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity to VOCs within the 0.33–0.71 Hz/ppm range and a limit of detection (LOD) spanning from 4 to 9 ppb. Notably, these sensitivities surpass those achieved by ZnO-coated cantilevers by two orders of magnitude. This high sensitivity is attributed to the high porosity and large surface area of MAF-6. The approach employed in this work is compatible with conventional microfabrication techniques and offers an advantageous avenue for the development of highly sensitive gas sensors.
Effects of rotor–rotor interaction for a small tandem rotor operating in a crosswind
Authors: Chae Seokbong , Lee Seungcheol , Hwang Seongyun , Jeong Seokwon , Kim Jooha
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the effects of rotor–rotor interaction on the wake and thrust characteristics of a small tandem rotor operating in a crosswind. Flow velocity and force measurements were conducted in a wind tunnel with two rotors arranged parallel to a crosswind. The results show that the rotor–rotor interaction significantly influences the wake characteristics and thrust generations of the tandem rotor and its effects vary depending on the crosswind speed and distance between rotor tips. In the tandem rotor configuration, the front rotor wake prevents the crosswind flow from reaching the rear rotor wake, thereby reducing the crosswind influence on it. However, under the strong rotor–rotor interaction, such as that caused by high crosswind speeds and short distances between rotor tips, the wakes of both rotors collide with each other and rapidly break down as they proceed downward. Tip-vortex characteristics are also affected by rotor–rotor interaction, which is investigated in terms of variations in the time-averaged tip-vortex trajectory and dissipation ratio with the strength of rotor–rotor interaction. These wake variations by rotor–rotor interaction lead to a decrease in thrust coefficients of the front and rear rotors, with a more significant reduction observed for the rear rotor. The thrust of the rear rotor is more significantly reduced as the crosswind speed increases and the distance between rotor tips narrows. This is mainly attributed to the increased axially induced velocity near the leading tips on the advancing side, retreating side, and centerline.
Inverse spin galvanic effect in proximitized superconductor/paramagnet systems
Authors: Mironov S. V. , Mel'nikov A. S. , Buzdin A. I.
Published: June 2024

We show that the interplay between spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and the paramagnetic response of itinerant electrons in proximitized superconductor/paramagnet systems gives rise to the inverse spin galvanic effect, i.e., generation of magnetic moment under the influence of the charge current. Depending on the sign of the SOC constant and the system temperature, the corresponding contribution to the magnetic response of the superconductor can be either diamagnetic or paramagnetic. We discuss the relevance between the discovered phenomena and the recent experiments on Pt/Nb heterostructures as well as the puzzling sign change of the magnetic response observed in clean Ag coated Nb cylinders.
Amplified linear and nonlinear chiral sensing assisted by anapole modes in hybrid metasurfaces
Authors: Serrera Guillermo , González-Colsa Javier , Albella Pablo
Published: June 2024

The interaction between chiral molecules and circularly polarized light is largely influenced by the local optical chirality density. This interaction prompts substantial demand of the design of nanophotonic platforms capable of enhancing such effects across large and accessible volumes. Such a magnification requires nanostructures that provide strong electric and magnetic field enhancements while preserving the phase relation of circular light. Dielectric nanostructures, particularly those able to support resonances, are ideal candidates for this task due to their capacity for high electric and magnetic field enhancements. On the other hand, efficient third harmonic generation requires strong electric field resonances within dielectric materials, a feature often boosted by incorporating plasmonic materials into hybrid systems. In this work, we numerically propose a coupled silicon disk-gold ring system that can exploit the anapole-induced field confinement to provide a broadband magnified circular dichroism under realistic conditions, reaching values up to a 230-fold enhancement. We also demonstrate that this structure can be employed as an efficient third harmonic generator, which, when integrated with chiral media, enables an 800-fold enhancement in circular dichroism. Furthermore, we show that pulsed illumination at intensities up to 10 GW/cm2 does not induce temperature increments that could potentially damage the samples. These findings suggest that this system can be a promising and versatile approach toward ultrasensitive chiral sensing.
Nanodrug delivery materials for digestive system diseases
Authors: Yang Dan , Zeng Huanxuan , Zhuang Yuan , Jiang Shicui , Pan Wenjie
Published: June 2024

Digestive system diseases, such as gastritis, gastric ulcers, chronic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer, represent a major group of diseases that have high morbidity and death rates worldwide. Their incidence continues to rise owing to factors such as dietary structure changes, accelerated lifestyles, increased environmental pollution, and population aging. Despite the rapid development of the medical technology, the treatment of digestive diseases still faces many challenges, such as addressing drug-resistant Helicobacter pylori infections, treating IBD, and improving the efficacy of advanced gastrointestinal tumor therapies. Fortunately, the emergence of drug-releasing materials has provided new insights that can be used in the treatment of digestive disorders. Drug-releasing materials are a category of specially designed carriers or systems capable of carrying drugs and controlling their release at specific time intervals on demand to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. This article reviews recent research progress of drug-releasing materials used to diagnose and treat digestive disorders. First, the limitations of traditional oral drug delivery methods, such as low bioavailability and nonspecific distribution, are discussed. Second, different types of drug-releasing materials, such as liposomes, dendritic polymers, micelles, nanogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles, along with their advantages in terms of improved drug stability, biocompatibility, targeting, and controlled release, are outlined. In addition, the application strategies and preclinical findings of various drug release materials for different digestive disorders are discussed in detail. This Review could help researchers explore more advanced nanomaterials for personalized treatment of drug delivery for digestive disorders.
Above room-temperature two-dimensional ferromagnetic half-metals in Mn-based Janus magnets
Authors: Huang Xiang-Fan , Li Kang-Jie , Wang Zequan , Zhao Shi-Bo , Shen Bing , Chen Zu-Xin , Hou Yusheng
Published: June 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnets and their heterostructures offer fertile grounds for designing fascinating functionalities in ultra-thin spintronic devices. Here, by first-principles calculations, we report the discovery of energetically and thermodynamically stable 2D ferromagnets with very strong in-plane magnetic anisotropy in MnXY (X = S and Se; Y = Cl, Br, and I) monolayers. Remarkably, we find that the Curie temperatures of the ferromagnetic MnSBr, MnSI, MnSeCl, and MnSeI monolayers are as high as 271, 273, 231, and 418 K, respectively. In addition, we demonstrate that these ferromagnetic monolayers are intrinsic half-metals with large spin bandgaps ranging from 2.5 to 3.2 eV. When spin–orbit coupling is considered in these ferromagnetic monolayers, the nature of their half-metal is almost unaffected. Finally, the strong in-plane magnetic anisotropy of MnSY (Y = Br, I) and MnSeY (Y = Cl, I) monolayers originate mainly from halogen and chalcogen atoms, respectively. Our work shows that 2D Janus Mn-based ferromagnetic half-metals may have appealing functionalities in high-performance spintronic applications.
Impact ionization coefficients and excess noise in Al0.55Ga0.45As0.56Sb0.44 lattice matched to InP
Authors: Jin Xiao , Lewis Harry I. J. , Yi Xin , Xie Shiyu , Liang Baolai , Huffaker Diana L. , Tan Chee Hing , David John P. R.
Published: June 2024

The avalanche multiplication and noise characteristics of Al0.55Ga0.45As0.56Sb0.44p–i–n and n–i–p structures grown lattice matched on InP have been investigated. From measurements undertaken using 530 nm illumination on several devices, the electron (α) and hole (β) impact ionization coefficients have been determined. While α only shows a relatively small increase compared to the higher Al composition alloys of AlxGa1−xAsSb, β is found to increase significantly. Although the β/α ratio is increased to ∼0.125–0.2, higher than the ∼0.003–0.02 seen in the higher-Al alloys, a relatively low excess noise factor of 2.2 was measured in the p-i-n with electron-initiated multiplication of 20. This noise performance is significantly lower than that predicted using a local-field model and comparable to some commercial silicon APDs. This avalanching material with a bandgap of ∼1.24 eV will have the advantages of a smaller band discontinuity with the absorber region and should also operate at a lower voltage.
Vortex-shedding modes of a streamwise and transversely rotating sphere undergoing vortex-induced vibrations
Authors: De Arnab Kumar , Sarkar Sandip
Published: June 2024

We investigate the vortex-shedding modes of a streamwise and transversely rotating sphere undergoing vortex-induced vibration (VIV). At Reynolds number Re = 500, we have conducted direct numerical simulations for reduced velocities U∗=6,8, and 11, considering dimensionless streamwise (αx) and transverse (αz) rotation rates set at αx,z=1. At αx=1, the vortex-shedding mode exhibits twisted spiral-like structures, while at αz=1, ring-like structures form through the stretching and twisting of hairpins. For αx=1, the dimensionless circulation (Γx) decreases with increasing U∗, showing negative growth at U∗=6. Conversely, for αz=1, Γx remains negative except at U∗=8, where counterclockwise vortex rotation results in positive circulation. At αz=1, VIV is periodic for U∗=6 and 8 but intermittent at U∗=11. Phase analysis using the Hilbert transform reveals anti-phase synchronization in the phase between the sphere's displacements and the vortex force coefficient (ΔϕV) and phase slip in the phase between the sphere's displacements and the total force coefficient (ΔϕT) along the y direction for αx=1. At αz=1, phase slip with distinct phase-locking epochs is observed along the z direction for all U∗ cases. Pre-lock-in behavior with phase slip is also noted for U∗=11 along the y direction.
Wildland fire evacuations in Canada from 1980 to 2021
Authors: Christianson Amy Cardinal , Johnston Lynn M. , Oliver Jacqueline A. , Watson David , Young David , MacDonald Heather , Little John , Macnab Bruce , Gonzalez Bautista Noemie
Published: June 2024

Background Every year, people in Canada are evacuated due to wildland fires to avoid death, injury, and illness from fire and smoke events. Aims In this paper, we provide an overview of evacuations recorded in the Canadian Wildland Fire Evacuation Database between 1980 and 2021. Methods Our analysis covers evacuations in Canada from 1980 to 2021. We provide summary statistics including number of evacuations and evacuees, evacuation duration, seasonality, evacuation causes, community types, structure losses, and fatalities. We also investigate temporal and spatial patterns. Key results Between 1980 and 2021, there were 1393 wildland fire evacuation events with 576,747 people evacuated. During this period, there was an overall increase in frequency of evacuations, number of evacuees, and duration of events. Structure loss occurred during 194 evacuation events, with 4105 homes burned. We estimate wildland fire evacuations cost at least CAD3.7 billion (excluding structural losses), jumping to CAD4.6 billion if we include productivity losses. Indigenous peoples are disproportionately impacted in wildfire evacuations compared to the general Canadian population. Conclusions Wildland fire evacuations continue to occur across Canada and are increasing. Implications The findings from this study give us a better understanding of the characteristics of wildland fire evacuations, which can help guide emergency management.
Upstream surface roughness and terrain are strong drivers of contrast in tornado potential between North and South America
Authors: Li Funing , Chavas Daniel R. , Medeiros Brian , Reed Kevin A. , Rasmussen Kristen L.
Published: June 2024

Central North America is the global hotspot for tornadoes, fueled by elevated terrain of the Rockies to the west and a source of warm, moist air from equatorward oceans. This conventional wisdom argues that central South America, with the Andes to the west and Amazon basin to the north, should have a “tornado alley” at least as active as central North America. Central South America has frequent severe thunderstorms yet relatively few tornadoes. Here, we show that conventional wisdom is missing an important ingredient specific to tornadoes: a smooth, flat ocean-like upstream surface. Using global climate model experiments, we show that central South American tornado potential substantially increases if its equatorward land surface is smoothed and flattened to be ocean-like. Similarly, we show that central North American tornado potential substantially decreases if its equatorward ocean surface is roughened to values comparable to forested land. A rough upstream surface suppresses the formation of tornadic environments principally by weakening the poleward low-level winds, characterized by a weakened low-level jet east of the mountain range. Results are shown to be robust for any midlatitude landmass using idealized experiments with a simplified continent and mountain range. Our findings indicate that large-scale upstream surface roughness is likely a first-order driver of the strong contrast in tornado potential between North and South America.
Hypoxia inducible factor 2α promotes tolerogenic macrophage development during cardiac transplantation through transcriptional regulation of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor
Authors: DeBerge Matthew , Schroth Samantha , Du Fanfan , Yeap Xin Yi , Wang Jiao-Jing , Zhang Zheng Jenny , Ansari Mohammed Javeed , Scott Evan A. , Thorp Edward B.
Published: June 2024

Solid organ transplantation mobilizes myeloid cells, including monocytes and macrophages, which are central protagonists of allograft rejection. However, myeloid cells can also be functionally reprogrammed by perioperative costimulatory blockade to promote a state of transplantation tolerance. Transplantation tolerance holds promise to reduce complications from chronic immunosuppression and promote long-term survival in transplant recipients. We sought to identify different mediators of transplantation tolerance by performing single-cell RNA sequencing of acute rejecting or tolerized cardiac allografts. This led to the unbiased identification of the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2α, in a subset of tolerogenic monocytes. Using flow cytometric analyses and mice with conditional loss or gain of function, we uncovered that myeloid cell expression of HIF-2α was required for costimulatory blockade–induced transplantation tolerance. While HIF-2α was dispensable for mobilization of tolerogenic monocytes, which were sourced in part from the spleen, it promoted the expression of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). CSF1R mediates monocyte differentiation into tolerogenic macrophages and was found to be a direct transcriptional target of HIF-2α in splenic monocytes. Administration of the HIF stabilizer, roxadustat, within micelles to target myeloid cells, increased HIF-2α in splenic monocytes, which was associated with increased CSF1R expression and enhanced cardiac allograft survival. These data support further exploration of HIF-2α activation in myeloid cells as a therapeutic strategy for transplantation tolerance.
The Ossetic transitive preterite
Authors: Kim Ronald I.
Published: June 2024

In contrast to most Middle and Modern Iranian languages, which have developed a preterite based on an ergative construction with the Old Iranian past passive participle, Ossetic has distinct formations for the intransitive and transitive preterite, and the latter has no close correlate in any other Iranian language. It is argued that only a periphrasis with Old Iranian *dā- ‘put’ can adequately account for the formal peculiarities of the Ossetic transitive preterite, namely its geminate dental and person-number endings. Despite its formal resemblance to the periphrasis reconstructed for the Germanic weak preterite, this construction probably did not arise via contact between the Sarmatian tribes and Germanic peoples in the first centuries CE.
Linda-Gail Bekker: Mentorship is critical for anyone in STEM
Authors: Van Emmenis Lucie
Published: June 2024

Linda-Gail Bekker is a professor, chief executive officer of the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, and director of the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre at the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Her research interests include HIV treatment and prevention and tuberculosis, and she is active in developing community projects to promote education and research. We talked to Linda-Gail about her career, the importance of mentorship, and how rewarding it is to collaborate, mentor, and uplift other scientists.
Attenuation characteristics of coda wave in Northern Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Anggono T , Syuhada S , Pranata B , Febriani F , Zulfakriza Z , Handayani L , Amran A , Prasetio AD , Hasib M , Dewi CN , Ramdhan M , Setyonegoro W
Published: June 2024

Sumatra Island is located in the subduction zone between Indo-Australian and Eurasian Plates. The tectonic activity has resulted in an active region. Hence, it may cause more heterogeneous crust in the region. To understand the relationship between the attenuation factor and the tectonic setting, we apply coda wave attenuation study Sumatra Island. This preliminary result focuses at the northern Aceh from observation at LHMI station. A total of about 123 earthquake waveforms of local distance (less than 3°) with depth less than 40 km is analyzed in this study. We employ a back-scattering model assumption to determine the attenuation of coda waves. Our coda wave quality factor (Qc
) estimation covers frequencies from 1 to 8 Hz. Onset of the coda window is determined by considering twice the arrival time of shear wave, with varying window lengths between 20 and 120 s. The Q0
(Qc
at frequency 1 Hz) varies from 65.84 ± 5.50 to 183.09 ± 7.17. We observe a decrease in the factor of frequency dependence (η) between 1.14 ± 0.06 and 1.04 ± 0.03. Depth dependent of coda wave attenuation can be seen from the increase of Q0
(which is Qc
at 1 Hz) with window length. We suggest that the Low Q0
(< 200) and high η (> 1) may be associated with high tectonic activity in this region.
Synthesis route and properties of sodium-ion batteries: the usage of sodium chloride on maricite-NaFePO4
Authors: Astuti Fahmi , Arrafi Azhar Mohammad , Rahayu Hidayah Rayanisaputri Fani , Lailiyah Qudsiyyatul
Published: June 2024

Sodium iron phosphate (NaFePO4) is widely used for cathode in sodium-ion batteries (SIB). SIB is a type of secondary battery that employs sodium ion as it charge carriers during battery’s operation. Here we report the synthesis of NaFePO4 using sodium chloride (NaCl) as a source of sodium via sol-gel method and study of its properties. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) data show the existence of maricite NaFePO4 and the secondary phase, Na3Fe2(PO4)3. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) result indicates the fairly homogeneous long-oval shaped of the maricite particle with the size range of ∼2 μm. Electrochemical properties studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement obtain the ion diffusion coefficient of NaFePO4 is 7×10−14 cm2s−1 that is in line with other types of SIB.
Analysis of species composition and vegetation conditions of the mangrove ecosystem on Lepar Island
Authors: Henri  , Farhaby A M , Supratman O
Published: June 2024

Mangrove forests are an important natural resource in providing ecosystem and ecological services as a nature-based solution for coastal protection, including on Lepar Island. This research aims to analyze the composition of mangrove species and the mangrove health index on Lepar Island. The field data collection method uses a systematic sampling method. Analysis of mangrove community structure uses the Shannon-Weiner index, while analysis of mangrove density and canopy cover uses the hemispherical photography method. The research results show 11 species from 5 mangrove families are found on Lepar Island. The Importance Value Index at the four stations varied sequentially, namely Sonneratia alba (158.84%), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (202.88%), Ceriops tagal (110.42%), and Rhizophora apiculata (300%). Density is generally in the sparse category, and canopy cover is in the good category. The mangrove health index at station 1 (51.83%) is in the medium category, while other stations show the MHI value of <33.33% or in the poor category. Mangroves have some benefits for humans and the surrounding ecosystem, such as preventing ecosystem degradation and climate change. Therefore, mangroves need to be preserved and monitored.
Chromosome Analysis of Dendrobium stockelbuschii and Dendrobium sylvanum Orchids
Authors: Hartati S , Sukaya  , Isnaeni K A
Published: June 2024

Dendrobium stockelbuschii and Dendrobium sylvanum orchids are in great demand in Indonesia because of their uniqueness. Plant breeders keep trying to breed this orchid to maintain its uniqueness. Cytological information of D. stockelbuschii and D. sylvanum helps plant breeders in the breeding process. This research aims to determine the cytological characteristics such as chromosome number, size, shape, and karyotype. This study was conducted at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University. Data analysis was carried out descriptively based on chromosome observations. The results show that both orchid species have several chromosomes 2n = 38. The average chromosome length in D. stockelbuschii was 1.84 ± 0.52 μm to 2.05 ± 0.54 μm and in D. sylvanum was 2.32 ± 0.64 μm to 2.60 ± 0.68 μm. D. stockelbuschii and D. sylvanum had an average karyotype pattern of 2n = 2x = 38 = 18m + 1sm. The intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) value in both species tends to be metacentric, while the interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2) value in all species shows relatively tiny deviations in chromosome size.
Carbon Trading and Its Role in Shaping Indonesia’s Environmental Resilience to Climate Change
Authors: Ummul Firdaus Sunny , Nanda Sava Arkananta Fausta
Published: June 2024

In Indonesia, considerable environmental issues originate from industrial and agricultural activity, peatland fires, and deforestation. The government of Indonesia is legally required to adopt efforts to address these challenges. One feasible alternative under discussion is the formation of a carbon market, whereby firms are issued permits to release particular amounts of greenhouse gases. This notion has attracted support from both the European Union (EU) and numerous Asian nations. This paper investigates the function and importance of carbon emission trading systems in attaining carbon reduction targets. Leveraging global data envelope analysis (DEA), it formulates performance indicators for energy consumption and carbon emissions via a two-stage procedure. Furthermore, the study assesses the policy effect of carbon trading by developing counterfactual trajectories using the synthetic control technique. The study presents the notion of carbon markets and analyzes its potential to become a vital aspect of Indonesia’s climate mitigation plans. It indicates that carbon markets contain the ability to dramatically boost carbon and energy-carbon performance, mostly owing to technical restrictions and stakeholder participation.
Genetic variability and relationship of agronomic characters of soybean lines in tidal swamp land
Authors: Kuswantoro Heru , Purwantoro  , Purnomo Joko , Jumakir  , Waluyo  , Suparwoto
Published: June 2024

Genetic variability and the relationship between agronomic characters have an important role in the development of high-yielding soybean varieties. The aim of the research was to study the genetic diversity and the closeness of the relationship among the agronomic characters of soybean lines in tidal swamp land. The results showed that broad genetic variability was found in the number of branches and seed yield, while the other characters had narrow genetic variability. Individuals in the family are relatively evenly distributed. Based on the PCA biplot, the contribution of agronomic characters was in the similar direction as seed yield, except for maturity. However, there were no characters that are significantly correlated with seed yield. Significant phenotypic correlations were obtained among the number of filled pods, plant height, the number of branches, and the number of reproductive nodes. Almost all of the high agronomic characters belong to the Dh/Arg progenies. The highest seed yields were obtained by Dw/Arg-7 and Dw/Arg-12, namely 2.49 and 2.41 t/ha, respectively. The lines with high seed yield potential were also shown by the Gjs/Arg and Sh/Arg progenies. Dw/Arg-7 and Dw/Arg-12 can be assessed in plant breeding process to obtain high yielding soybean varieties adaptive to tidal swamp areas.
Benefits of knowledge sharing by farmers to encourage implementation of robusta coffee production standard
Authors: Istiqomah R N , Setyaningsih W , Mustafa A K , Ihsaniyati H
Published: June 2024

Knowledge is a valuable asset in today’s digital age. Knowledge sharing is vital in building understanding, creating creative ideas, and developing innovations that greatly benefit. Agriculture is an essential sector of the world economy, including coffee. Coffee that is cultivated and processed according to quality standards will have high quality, good taste, and be more competitive both in national and international markets. On the other hand, the practice of robusta coffee production quality standards by farmers is still not as expected. Knowledge sharing by coffee farmers will expand the range of dissemination, knowledge, and enthusiasm in implementing quality standards. This study explores the benefits of knowledge sharing from a farmer’s perspective for implementing robust coffee production quality standards. This research method is qualitative (case study strategy) and NVivo12 Plus application for analysis. The research found that the benefits of knowledge sharing felt by farmers include benefits for personal lives, social lives, coffee standard operating procedure practices, and coffee farm development. This research will add new facts about knowledge sharing by farmers and increase understanding of the impact of knowledge sharing on implementing robusta coffee production quality standards.