bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The enantiomers of epiboxidine and of two related analogs: Synthesis and estimation of their binding affinity at α4β2 and α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Dallanoce Clelia , Matera Carlo , Amici Marco De , Rizzi Luca , Pucci Luca , Gotti Cecilia , Clementi Francesco , Micheli Carlo De
Published: May 2012

Epiboxidine hydrochlorides (+)‐2 and (−)‐2, which are the structural analogs of the antipodes of epibatidine (±)‐1, as well as the enantiomeric pairs (+)‐3/(−)‐3 and (+)‐4/(−)‐4 were synthesized and tested for binding affinity at α4β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. Final derivatives were prepared through the condensation of racemic N‐Boc‐7‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐one (±)‐5 with the resolving agent (R)‐(+)‐2‐methyl‐2‐propanesulfinamide. The pharmacological analysis carried out on the three new enantiomeric pairs evidenced an overall negligible degree of enantioselectivity at both nAChRs subtypes, a result similar to that reported for both natural and unnatural epibatidine enantiomers at the same investigated receptor subtypes. Chirality 24:543–551, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High cholesterol oxidation in pickled mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from Sri Lanka
Authors: Ubhayasekera Sarojini J. K. A. , Jayasinghe Pradeepa , Ekanayake Sagarika , Dutta Paresh C.
Published: May 2012

Traditional mode of preservation of fatty fish in most countries is either by smoking or pickling. Mackerel is a commonly used fatty fish in the preparation of “jaadi”, a locally prepared pickled fish product in Sri Lanka produced especially in the glut season. The aim of this study was to assess the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) during storage time during 18 wk in traditionally preserved mackerel. The most common COPs were quantified and identified by GC and GC‐MS, respectively. Total cholesterol and COPs ranged from 20 to 113 mg/100 g sample and from 0.2 to 3.8 mg/100 g sample, respectively. The content of COPs increased up to 6 wk and gradually decreased during the storage. The formation of COPs is low until week 4 of storage of jaadi. Between week 4 and 6 of storage the formation of COPs reaches its maximum level and then decreases during storage. Regular consumption of this pickled fish can be a source of considerable amounts of COPs in the diet of the local population in Sri Lanka.

Practical applications: Cleaned mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) covered with sun‐dried salt powder and a paste of sun‐dried Garcinia (Garcinia cambogia) fruit locally known as “goraka” is used to produce jaadi in Sri Lanka. Garcinia is a traditional commodity used for fish preservation and cooking, probably due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The results of this preliminary study could be useful in the future to increase the stability of preserved mackerel.
Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard Carbonate Analogues
Authors: Aricò Fabio , Chiurato Matteo , Peltier Josephine , Tundo Pietro
Published: May 2012

Sulfur and nitrogen half‐mustard compounds lose their aggressive properties when the chlorine atom is replaced by a carbonate moiety. The anchimeric effect of the novel mustard carbonate analogues is investigated. The reaction follows first‐order kinetics, does not need any base, and occurs with –OH, –NH and acidic –CH nucleophiles. Most of these molecules are unexplored and might provide a novel strategy for the preparation of compounds previously not easily accessible.
Defining parameters for Eckhardt's digital baseflow filter
Authors: Collischonn Walter , Fan Fernando Mainardi
Published: May 2012

Digital filters are useful tools for assessing the contribution of groundwater to total river flow. Several of those filters have been proposed in the last decades. One of the last contributions on this subject was given by Ekchardt (2005) who proposed a more general form of a digital baseflow filter and showed that some of the most used filters are special cases of this general form. This new filter has the inconvenience of having two parameters, one of them may be obtained directly from recession analysis, but the other (maximum baseflow index (BFImax)) is routinely estimated by a priori defined values according to the predominant geological characteristics of the drainage basin. In this short communication, we propose a method to estimate BFImax by a backwards filtering operation. The method was applied using data from 15 gauging stations in Brazil, with a varied range of groundwater contribution to streamflow. Results of the new estimation method for the BFImax parameter are coherent with the values which would be adopted by considering geological characteristics of the river basins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPATIAL COMPETITION WITH CHANGING MARKET INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Fell Harrison , Haynie Alan C.
Published: May 2012

Competition across space can be fundamentally altered by changes in market institutions. We propose a framework that integrates market‐altering policy changes in the spatial analysis of competitive behavior and incorporates endogenous breaks in explanatory variables for spatial panel datasets. This paper fills a gap in the literature between work focusing on spatial price responsiveness of agents and work on changes in market regulations that affect competition. We apply the framework to an important current fishery management policy to explore how a change from aggregate to individual fishing quotas affects the spatial price responsiveness of fish processors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folate‐conjugated β‐cyclodextrin from click chemistry strategy and for tumor‐targeted drug delivery
Authors: Zhang Huaihong , Cai Zhaosheng , Sun Yu , Yu Fei , Chen Yaoqiang , Sun Baiwang
Published: May 2012

To enhance site‐specific intracellular delivery against the folate receptor, a drug carrier was designed and synthesized by bioconjugation of folic acid (FA) to β‐cyclodextrins (β‐CD) through a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer from “click chemistry” strategy. The resulted conjugates were confirmed by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Host–guest interactions between hydrophobic drug and β‐CD are capable of entrapping a hydrophobic drug, like 5‐Fluorouracil, to form drug‐β‐CD‐PEG‐FA nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous solution. The morphology and size of β‐CD‐PEG‐FA NPs were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The targeting ability of the β‐CD‐PEG‐FA NPs was investigated against two kinds of cell lines (HeLa and A549), which have different amounts of folate receptors on their surface. Confocal image analysis revealed that β‐CD‐PEG‐FA conjugate‐assembled nanoparticles exhibited a greater extent of cellular uptake against HeLa cells than A549 cells. This suggests folate‐receptor‐mediated endocytosis can affect the cellular uptake efficiency of drug‐loaded β‐CD‐PEG‐FA NPs. The β‐CD‐PEG‐FA conjugates that are presented may be promising active tumor‐targeting carrier candidates via folate mediation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A: 2441–2449, 2012.
Comment on “a minimal implementation of the AMBER–GAUSSIAN interface for Ab Initio QM/MM‐MD simulation”
Authors: Roberts Benjamin P. , Seabra Gustavo M. , Roitberg Adrian E. , Merz Kenneth M. , Deumens Erik , Torras Juan , Trickey Samuel B.
Published: May 2012

We comment upon the recent critique of use of the Program for User Package Interfacing and Linking (PUPIL) system for linking AMBER and GAUSSIAN in a multiscale quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulation (Okamoto et al., J. Comput. Chem. 2011, 32, 932). Specifically, their method for computing forces on the MM particles from the QM region via the GAUSSIAN‐03 electrical field was already implemented in PUPIL version 1.3, publicly available beginning December 2009. Some other doubtful characterizations of PUPIL are discussed briefly in the context of current awareness of open‐source codes more generally. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time‐resolved angiography: Past, present, and future
Authors: Grist Thomas M. , Mistretta Charles A. , Strother Charles M. , Turski Patrick A.
Published: May 2012

The introduction of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in 1980 provided a method for real time 2D subtraction imaging. Later, 4D magnetic resonance (MR) angiography emerged beginning with techniques like Keyhole and time‐resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) that provided frame rates of one every 5 seconds with limited spatial resolution. Undersampled radial acquisition was subsequently developed. The 3D vastly undersampled isotropic projection (VIPR) technique allowed undersampling factors of 30–40. Its combination with phase contrast displays time‐resolved flow dynamics within the cardiac cycle and has enabled the measurement of pressure gradients in small vessels. Meanwhile similar accelerations were achieved using Cartesian acquisition with projection reconstruction (CAPR), a Cartesian acquisition with 2D parallel imaging. Further acceleration is provided by constrained reconstruction techniques such as highly constrained back‐projection reconstruction (HYPR) and its derivatives, which permit acceleration factors approaching 1000. Hybrid MRA combines a separate phase contrast, time‐of flight, or contrast‐enhanced acquisition to constrain the reconstruction of contrast‐enhanced time frames providing exceptional spatial and temporal resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). This can be extended to x‐ray imaging where a 3D DSA examination can be used to constrain the reconstruction of time‐resolved 3D volumes. Each 4D DSA (time‐resolved 3D DSA) frame provides spatial resolution and SNR comparable to 3D DSA, thus removing a major limitation of intravenous DSA. Similar techniques have provided the ability to do 4D fluoroscopy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012; 36:1273–1286. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liver metastases from colorectal cancer: Technique of liver resection
Authors: Heinrich Stefan , Lang Hauke
Published: May 2012

Liver resection has become standard for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC): anterior approach, hanging manoeuvre, or total vascular exclusion techniques as well as 3‐dimensional imaging enable safe resections even in difficult cases. Furthermore, modern chemotherapy, portal vein embolization/ligation, and two‐stage procedures increase the resectability of metastasis, and repeat resections are feasible for recurrence. In addition to characteristics of the primary, CEA, extent of metastasis, resection margins, and extrahepatic disease, hilar lymph node metastases appear prognostic. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:579–584. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety and quality of life of inpatients with ectopic pregnancy receiving methotrexate treatment
Authors: Pan Li , Zhang Jingping , Li Lihua
Published: May 2012

We explored the effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on anxiety and health‐related quality of life of patients with ectopic pregnancy receiving methotrexate treatment. Ninety inpatients receiving this treatment were randomly assigned to a progressive muscle relaxation group (n = 45) or a control group (n = 45). The control group received standard single‐dose methotrexate treatment, and the experimental group received methotrexate and additional muscle relaxation training until hospital discharge. The patients were evaluated with the state form of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory and SF‐36 shortly after admission and before discharge from the hospital. Both covariance analysis and repeated measures ANOVA showed that muscle relaxation training can effectively improve the anxiety and health‐related quality of life of patients with ectopic pregnancy receiving methotrexate treatment in an inpatient setting. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:376–382, 2012
Subsidies for New Technologies and Knowledge Spillovers from Learning by Doing
Authors: Nemet Gregory F.
Published: May 2012

This study empirically examines a prominent justification for public subsidies of emerging technologies: that stimulating demand for them provides opportunities for learning by doing. Even if firms learn from their experience, subsidies are still second best to pricing negative externalities if firms can appropriate the benefits of learning.Iconstruct a panel of electricity output from wind power projects, for a case involving $1 billion in public funds, to assess whether firms’ performance benefited from the experience of other firms.Ifind evidence of learning by doing and knowledge spillovers. However, knowledge gained from experience shows both diminishing returns and depreciating effectiveness.
Fabrication and characterization of silk fibroin powder/polyurethane fibrous membrane
Authors: Bai Zikui , Xu Weilin , Xu Jie , Yang Hongjun , Xiao Shili , Liu Xin , Liang Guijie , Chen Libo
Published: May 2012

The blend fibrous membranes with the different mass ratio of silk fibroin (SF) powder to polyurethane (PU) were fabricated by electrospinning. The structure, morphology, mechanical properties, and surface wettabilities of the blend fibrous membrane are characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, tensile testing, and contact angle measurements. The results show that the SF was uniformly distributed in the blend fibers. The mass ratio of SF to PU played an important role in influencing the structure and morphology of the blend fibers, and the optimum mass ratio was 5/5. With the increase in SF content in fibers, the fraction of SF in the surface of the SF/PU blend fibers and the crystallinity degree of PU increased, and the molecular orientation of PU along the fiber axis took place. The SF content regulated the hydrophilicity property of the membrane. The thermal stability and the dynamic storage modulus of the fibrous membrane decreased, and the phase separation between soft and hard segments of PU increased. Similarly, the stress at peak and Young's modulus of the fibrous membrane decreased gradually; the strain at peak first increased and then decreased. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:2025–2032, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Damage of unfilled crosslinked rubbers as the scission of polymer chains: Modeling and tensile experiments
Authors: Melnikov Alexei Y. , Leonov Arkady I.
Published: May 2012

This article develops a damage model for unfilled crosslinked rubbers based on the concept of scission of polymer chains. The model is built up on the well‐known Gent elastic potential complemented by a kinetic equation describing effects of polymer chain scission. The macroscopic parameters in the damage model are evaluated through the parameters for undamaged elastomer. Qualitative analysis of changing molecular parameters of rubbers under scission of polymer chains resulted in easy scaling modeling the dependences of these parameters on the damage factor. It makes possible to predict the rubber failure in molecular terms as mechanical devulcanization. The model was tested in tensile quasistatic experiments with both the monotonous loading and repeated loading–unloading. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
The influence of processing route on the structuring and properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Abu‐Zurayk Rund , Harkin‐Jones Eileen
Published: May 2012

The effect of different processing routes on structure and properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)‐clay nanocomposites was assessed. Different compatibilizer/clay ratios (α) were also studied to determine if interactions exist between processing route and polymer‐clay compatibility. HDPE/HDPE‐g‐MA/clay with α values of 1 to 4 were melt compounded (twin screw extrusion), and then processed via three routes: compression moulding, compression moulding followed by biaxial stretching or blown film extrusion. The structure was examined using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile and oxygen barrier properties were determined. It was found that biaxial extensional forming produced the best enhancement in properties. An interaction between processing route and polymer‐clay compatibility is evident. Halpin‐Tsai (H‐T) model was employed to predict relative modulus values. It showed good agreement with the experimental data. For biaxial extension at α = 4.0, the experimental relative modulus is greater than the predicted value. This may indicate the existence of a “nano” effect at the polymer‐clay interface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Morphology, wettability, and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with interconnected pore structures fabricated by a mini‐deposition system
Authors: Jiang Wenbo , Shi Jun , Li Wei , Sun Kang
Published: May 2012

A new mini‐deposition system (MDS) was developed to fabricate scaffolds with interconnected pore structures and anatomical geometry for bone tissue engineering. Polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composites with varying hydroxyapatite (HA) content were adopted to manufacture scaffolds by using MDS with a porosity of 54.6%, a pore size of 716 μm in the x‐y plane, and 116 μm in the z direction. The water uptake ratio and compressive modulus of PCL/HA composite scaffold increase from 8 to 39% and from 26.5 to 49.8 MPa, respectively, as the HA content increases from 0 to 40%. PCL/HA composite scaffolds have better wettability and mechanical properties than pure PCL scaffold. A PCL/HA composite scaffold for mandible bone repair was successfully fabricated with both interconnected pore structures and anatomical shape to demonstrate the versatility of MDS. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Injection molding without prior drying process by the gas counter pressure
Authors: Yoo Yeong‐Eun , Woo Sang‐Won , Kim Sun Kyoung
Published: May 2012

A processing technology that facilitates quality injection molding without prior drying of polymer pellets has been proposed. The main idea is not to let the water evaporate to bubbles inside the mold. The polymer will be maintained hydrated as it was in the hopper of the injection molding machine throughout the entire molding processes by controlling the cavity pressure above the saturation pressure of water until solidified. In this work, the gas counter pressure (GCP) system has been designed and built to maintain the cavity pressure above the saturation pressure. The performance of the proposed method has been examined by checking the visual quality and the mechanical properties of the molded parts. The method has been tested with pellets of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polyamide 66. The results show that the GCP prevents surface impairment incurred by the vapors without or with minor effects on the mechanical properties. Finally, the effects of energy saving has been examined by conducting the actual process for 1 day. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of strong acid resins from macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers: Is diluent extraction step necessary?
Authors: Ali Syed Wasim , Malik Muhammad Arif , Ahmed Imtiaz
Published: May 2012

Strong acidic cation‐exchange resins derived from the same batch of styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers with and without acetone washing are compared with respect to ion‐exchange capacity and leachable organics. The capacity was the same throughout 10 cycles of resin exhaustion and regeneration. Ultraviolet spectra showed the same level of leachable organics in the two cases compared. Fourier transform infrared spectra were also similar. The results are explained on the basis of the fact that n‐heptane and toluene used as diluents were removed through a steam distillation phenomenon during the copolymer curing step. Residual homopolymers were washed away with water after the sulfonation of the copolymers just like acetone washing of them from the copolymer. Acetone washing, which accounts for about 80% of the cost of the chemicals in the copolymer synthesis, can be eliminated in the case of diluents such as n‐heptane and toluene, making the process simple, economical, and environment friendly. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nonlinear determination of the equilibrium melting temperature from initial nonreorganized crystals of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)
Authors: Righetti Maria Cristina , Lorenzo Maria Laura Di
Published: May 2012

In this article a procedure for the determination of the equilibrium melting temperature (T) of polymers whose crystals reorganize during heating with a melting/recrystallization mechanism is presented and discussed. The procedure is completely based on data obtained by calorimetry and does not require measurements with nonroutine techniques. From the extrapolated melting temperatures of initial nonreorganized crystals, the T of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) is calculated through the Thomson‐Gibbs equation via a nonlinear regression method. The value of T here determined (511 K) is higher than previous data obtained with the commonly used Hoffman‐Weeks procedure, which confirms that the latter method provides an underestimation of the equilibrium melting point, similar to the data reported for a number of other semicrystalline polymers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Restoration of leptin responsiveness in diet‐induced obese mice using an optimized leptin analog in combination with exendin‐4 or FGF21
Authors: Müller Timo D. , Sullivan Lorraine M. , Habegger Kirk , Yi Chun‐Xia , Kabra Dhiraj , Grant Erin , Ottaway Nickki , Krishna Radha , Holland Jenna , Hembree Jazzminn , Perez‐Tilve Diego , Pfluger Paul T. , DeGuzman Michael J. , Siladi Marc E. , Kraynov Vadim S. , Axelrod Douglas W. , DiMarchi Richard , Pinkstaff Jason K. , Tschöp Matthias H.
Published: May 2012

The identification of leptin as a mediator of body weight regulation provided much initial excitement for the treatment of obesity. Unfortunately, leptin monotherapy is insufficient in reversing obesity in rodents or humans. Recent findings suggest that amylin is able to restore leptin sensitivity and when used in combination with leptin enhances body weight loss in obese rodents and humans. However, as the uniqueness of this combination therapy remains unclear, we assessed whether co‐administration of leptin with other weight loss‐inducing hormones equally restores leptin responsiveness in diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice. Accordingly, we report here the design and characterization of a series of site‐specifically enhanced leptin analogs of high potency and sustained action that, when administered in combination with exendin‐4 or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), restores leptin responsiveness in DIO mice after an initial body weight loss of 30%. Using either combination, body weight loss was enhanced compared with either exendin‐4 or FGF21 monotherapy, and leptin alone was sufficient to maintain the reduced body weight. In contrast, leptin monotherapy proved ineffective when identical weight loss was induced by caloric restriction alone over a comparable time. Accordingly, we find that a hypothalamic counter‐regulatory response to weight loss, assessed using changes in hypothalamic agouti related peptide (AgRP) levels, is triggered by caloric restriction, but blunted by treatment with exendin‐4. We conclude that leptin re‐sensitization requires pharmacotherapy but does not appear to be restricted to a unique signaling pathway. Our findings provide preclinical evidence that high activity, long‐acting leptin analogs are additively efficacious when used in combination with other weight‐lowering agents. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cathodoluminescence of ZnSe‐based II‐VI green laser heterostructures
Authors: Shakhmin Alexey A. , Sedova Irina V. , Sorokin Sergey V. , Zamoryanskaya Maria V.
Published: May 2012

The cathodoluminescence technique to study the ZnSe‐based laser heterostructures is described. The heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates and consist of bottom and top ZnMgSSe cladding layers and ZnCdSe/ZnSe quantum well or CdSe/ZnSe quantum dots sheets placed inside Zn(Mg)SSe/ZnSe graded index waveguide. The transport of charge carriers generated by electron beam in heterostructure was investigated using depth resolved cathodoluminescence. For that the dependence of cathodoluminescence intensity of active region on electron beam energy has been simulated using Monte‐Carlo calculation of carrier distribution on depth. It made possible the nondestructive characterization of multilayer heterostructure quality, to estimate both deficiency and carrier transport. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of diffusion in the violation of the long‐wave approximation in line wings
Authors: Bogdanova Julia , Rodimova Olga B.
Published: May 2012

The asymptotic line wing theory assumes the presence of two intermolecular interaction characteristics–quantum and classical intermolecular interaction potentials–in the expression of the absorption coefficient. The same classical potential enters into the expression for the second virial coefficient. The classical potential found from the second virial coefficient data is used for calculating of the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of water vapor line wings in the 8–12 μm transparency window. To obtain agreement between the calculated and experimental absorption coefficients at this point, it is necessary to refine the expression for the absorption coefficient by abandoning the longwave approximation in line wings. The calculation that meets this condition is performed in the framework of a diffusion model. The time between collisions of certain type giving rise to line wing absorption is estimated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms and rate constants in the atmospheric oxidation of saturated esters by hydroxyl radicals: A theoretical study
Authors: Cordova‐Gomez Moises , Iuga Cristina , Alvarez‐Idaboy Juan Raúl
Published: May 2012

In this work, we have performed quantum chemistry and computational kinetics calculations to study the OH radical initiated oxidation of four saturated esters: methyl formate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, and n‐propyl acetate. All possible mechanisms have been considered, and rate constants have been calculated using Conventional Transition State Theory. Systematic branching ratios for the different paths contributing to the overall reaction, at 298 K, are reported. In all cases, the calculated overall rate coefficients are in excellent agreement with reported experimental data, thus supporting the proposed mechanisms. The different site reactivity is rationalized in terms of the activation by different groups present in each molecule. The order of site reactivities for H abstraction was found to be OCH2 > CCH2 > HC(O)O > OCH3 > CH3C(O)O. This order explains the observed rate constants in the studied esters and can be extrapolated to similar compounds. The role of hydrogen bond‐like interactions in the transition states and their influence on the observed site reactivities is discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emission of impurity‐matrix dimer ions from AIIIBV semiconductors
Authors: Kazantsev D. Yu. , Kovarsky A.P.
Published: May 2012

The ion emission of the ‘impurity‐matrix’ type from the semiconductor materials of GaN; GaP; GaAs and GaSb, doped by carbon and oxygen, was studied. The CAMECA IMS 4f and IMS 7f SIMS instruments (CAMECA SAS, France) were used. It was shown that the most stable molecular ions of the ‘impurity‐matrix’ type have outer electron shell filled so that a complete octet is formed (including the charge). Such ions are able to overcome the distance from the target to ion detector without decay. Ion current intensities of each matrix are normalized to the current intensity of the carbon or oxygen mono‐impurity. The results show that the highest intensity is exhibited by ion currents of dimers whose electron shells (including the negative charge) make a complete octet. We assume that the formation of dimers is the evidence of chemical nature of the impurity‐matrix interaction. Probably, this reaction is induced by bombarding with primary ions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of the absorption of the In‐DTPA‐hexa–lactoside (IDHL) and its distribution in vitro by ICP‐MS and TOF‐SIMS
Authors: Chang Chun‐Chao , Chen Chun‐Nan , Liao Wan‐Lu , Lo Tsui‐Yun , Lei Shiou‐Ling , Mai Fu‐Der
Published: May 2012

The distribution of carbohydrate drug containing indiums ‘In‐DTPA‐hexa–lactoside (IDHL)’ in human hepatoblastoma cell line (HepG2) had been observed, and cell viability was investigated at the same time. The cell survival and mitochondrial metabolism of HepG2 after treated with 50 μΜ IDHL for 24 h were investigated by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetra‐zolium bromide assay, and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase method (LDH assay). The intracellular indium ion concentration was quantitated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Besides, the distribution of indium ion in HepG2 was also analyzed by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for comparison. The results demonstrated that there were only small amount of indium ions distributed inside the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. This means that HepG2 had very limited IDHL absorption, and there was almost no attachment of IDHL onto the HepG2 cell membrane. In these experiments, a parsing technique was established, which can shed some light on the understanding toward the absorption and distribution of these isotope compounds in vitro. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of a real‐time luciferase assay to quantify gene expression dynamics in the living yeast cell
Authors: Rienzo Alessandro , Pascual‐Ahuir Amparo , Proft Markus
Published: May 2012

A destabilized version of firefly luciferase was used in living yeast cells as a real‐time reporter for gene expression. This highly sensitive and non‐invasive system can be simultaneously used upon many different experimental conditions in small culture aliquots. This allows the dose–response behaviour of gene expression driven by any yeast promoter to be reported and can be used to quantify important parameters, such as the threshold, sensitivity, response time, maximal activity and synthesis rate for a given stimulus. We applied the luciferase assay to the nutrient‐regulated GAL1 promoter and the stress‐responsive GRE2 promoter. We find that luciferase expression driven by the GAL1 promoter responds dynamically to growing galactose concentrations, with increasing synthesis rates determined by the light increment in the initial linear phase of activation. In the case of the GRE2 promoter, we demonstrate that the very short‐lived version of luciferase used here is an excellent tool to quantitatively describe transient transcriptional activation. The luciferase expression controlled by the GRE2 promoter responds dynamically to a gradual increase of osmotic or oxidative stress stimuli, which is mainly based on the progressive increase of the time the promoter remains active. Finally, we determined the dose–response behaviour of a single transcription factor binding site in a synthetic promoter context, using the stress response element (STRE) as an example. Taken together, the luciferase assay described here is an attractive tool to rapidly and precisely determine and compare kinetic parameters of gene expression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile synthesis of budding yeast a‐factor and its use to synchronize cells of α mating type
Authors: O'Reilly Nicola , Charbin Adrian , Lopez‐Serra Lidia , Uhlmann Frank
Published: May 2012

The ease with which populations of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be synchronized using the mating pheromone α‐factor has been invaluable for studies of the cell cycle. The α‐factor response pathway has also remained an important model to study the molecular mechanism of G‐protein coupled receptor signalling. α‐Factor is a 13 amino acids long peptide that is readily available by automated peptide synthesis. However, only cells of the a mating type respond to α‐factor. Cells of the opposite α mating type respond to a‐factor, a farnesylated and C‐terminally methylated 12 amino acids peptide. Because of its more difficult chemical synthesis, a‐factor is not readily available and consequently the a‐factor response is less well understood. Here we describe an improved strategy for producing a‐factor, based on solid‐phase peptide synthesis, followed by two simple steps in solution that show favourable characteristics and good yield. We demonstrate the successful use of the resulting a‐factor to synchronize cell cycle progression of α cells. Notably, the a‐factor concentrations required for cell synchronization are an order of magnitude lower than typically used α‐factor concentrations. Despite a similar cell cycle response, shmoo formation was less pronounced compared to α‐factor‐treated a cells. Our protocol makes a‐factor widely accessible, extending the ease of cell cycle synchronization to budding yeast cells of both mating types and facilitating the study of a‐factor signalling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of an insertion marker collection of Sz. japonicus (IMACS) for genetic mapping and a fosmid library covering its genome
Authors: Furuya Kanji , Aoki Keita , Niki Hironori
Published: May 2012

Measuring relative genetic distances is one of the best ways to locate genetic loci. Here we report the construction of a strains set for genetic mapping in Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which belongs to the genus Schizosaccharomyces together with the well‐studied fission yeast Sz. pombe. We constructed 29 strains that bear a positive‐negative selection marker at different loci. The marker was inserted every 500 kb in the genome of Sz. japonicus. Each marker thus becomes a ‘scale mark’ of a chromosome that behaves like a yardstick. By determining the genetic distances from the inserted markers, the relative location of a genomic mutation can be determined. We also constructed a fosmid library that covers an entire genome of Sz. japonicus. These tools together would facilitate identification and cloning of the gene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytic continuation of functional renormalization group equations
Authors: Floerchinger Stefan
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Functional renormalization group equations are analytically continued from imaginary Matsubara frequencies to the real frequency axis. On the example of a scalar field with
$ \mathcal{O} $
(N) symmetry we discuss the analytic structure of the flowing action and show how it is possible to derive and solve flow equations for real-time properties such as propagator residues and particle decay widths. The formalism conserves space-time symmetries such as Lorentz or Galilei invariance and allows for improved, self-consistent approximations in terms of derivative expansions in Minkowski space.
Bridging the gap between joint and individual decisions: Deconstructing preferences in relationships
Authors: Gorlin Margarita , Dhar Ravi
Published: May 2012

Most choice research has studied how people make decisions within a narrowly defined choice context and has not paid sufficient attention to the role of social context. We commend Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman for directing the attention of choice researchers to the study of joint decision making and current theories on relationships. Building on SGR, we propose that a relationship partner's influence varies with the type of decision at hand and with situational factors. We propose four possible types of decision episodes, defined by whether the decision stage and the consumption stage each occur singly or jointly, and explore how the decision type impacts the extent to which a decision maker will take a partner's preferences into account. We further discuss how situational factors, such as the environment in which the decision is made, as well as the mindset and cognitive resources of the decision maker, are likely to influence decision outcomes.
Bringing relationships into consumer decision‐making
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Griskevicius Vladas , Rothman Alexander J.
Published: May 2012

The primary purpose of our target article was to stimulate further interest in and research on consumer decision‐making in close relationships. In this response, we discuss some of the major comments provided by each set of commentators by highlighting their main points, clarifying some misconceptions, and explaining why our dyadic framework is a logical starting‐point for research on how relationships affect consumer decisions.
Knowledge, local actors and public action
Authors: Delvaux Bernard , Schoenaers Frédéric
Published: May 2012

What is the status and role in public action of the knowledge possessed by ‘simple’ citizens, users and professionals? That is the question broached in both this article and the entire special issue for which it serves as the introduction. To this end, we explore the abundant scientific literature pertaining to the topic and try to situate our own position within the broader setting. After discussing the gradual questioning of the social representations that have made scientific knowledge the ideal and standard by which we measure all knowledge, we argue that many authors with an essentialist approach to knowledge have stressed the differences between scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge, often leaving us at an impasse. We argue therefore that it is preferable to advance an approach in which knowledge is as at once relational and in a constant process of hybridization. Having opted for and justified this position, we then focus on the – hybrid – knowledge possessed by citizens, users and professionals, by first probing the reasons for the growing involvement of these actors in the production of knowledge and policies. We then ponder the nature and foundations of the complaints and criticisms frequently levelled at participatory mechanisms as to the actual role played in these areas by the knowledge held by ‘local’ actors. In the end, we identify proposals defended by certain authors to make the interactions of actors from different social worlds more symmetrical.
Oeuvres complètes
Authors: Cauchy Augustin-Louis
Published: May 2012

Augustin-Louis, Baron Cauchy (1789–1857) was the pre-eminent French mathematician of the nineteenth century. He began his career as a military engineer during the Napoleonic Wars, but even then was publishing significant mathematical papers, and was persuaded by Lagrange and Laplace to devote himself entirely to mathematics. His greatest contributions are considered to be the Cours d'analyse de l'École Royale Polytechnique (1821), Résumé des leçons sur le calcul infinitésimal (1823) and Leçons sur les applications du calcul infinitésimal à la géométrie (1826–8), and his pioneering work encompassed a huge range of topics, most significantly real analysis, the theory of functions of a complex variable, and theoretical mechanics. Twenty-six volumes of his collected papers were published between 1882 and 1958. The first series (volumes 1-12) consists of papers published by the Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France; the second series (volumes 13-26) of papers published elsewhere.
Scythians and Greeks
Authors: Minns Ellis Hovell
Published: May 2012

First published in 1913, Scythians and Greeks is a monumental work, covering the archaeology, ethnology and history of the region between the Carpathians and the Caucasus. Written evidence on Scythia is mostly from Greek sources, but archaeological evidence provides another picture of these nomadic tribes who moved west in about the eighth century BCE, coming into contact with Greeks, Persians and Egyptians. The book is particularly valuable for its research and bibliography on Siberia and Southern Russia, then less well known to western scholars, from where there are many excavated burials containing magnificent jewellery. Sir Ellis Minns (1874–1953) discusses the pre-history and ethnography of the Scythians, and their shifting territories, and also how they were viewed by outsiders. There is a full exposition on Scythian art and the influence on it of Greek art from the Black Sea colonies, and the book contains hundreds of illustrations.
The Politics of Crowds
Authors: Borch Christian
Published: May 2012

When sociology emerged as a discipline in the late nineteenth century, the problem of crowds constituted one of its key concerns. It was argued that crowds shook the foundations of society and led individuals into all sorts of irrational behaviour. Yet crowds were not just something to be fought in the street, they also formed a battleground over how sociology should be demarcated from related disciplines, most notably psychology. In The Politics of Crowds, Christian Borch traces sociological debates on crowds and masses from the birth of sociology until today, with a particular focus on the developments in France, Germany and the USA. The book is a refreshing alternative history of sociology and modern society, observed through society's other, the crowd. Borch shows that the problem of crowds is not just of historical interest: even today the politics of sociology is intertwined with the politics of crowds.
The Continental Drift Controversy Wegener and the Early Debate
Authors: Frankel Henry R.
Published: May 2012

Resolution of the sixty year debate over continental drift, culminating in the triumph of plate tectonics, changed the very fabric of Earth science. This four-volume treatise on the continental drift controversy is the first complete history of the origin, debate and gradual acceptance of this revolutionary theory. Based on extensive interviews, archival papers and original works, Frankel weaves together the lives and work of the scientists involved, producing an accessible narrative for scientists and non-scientists alike. This first volume covers the period in the early 1900s when Wegener first pointed out that the Earth's major landmasses could be fitted together like a jigsaw and went on to propose that the continents had once been joined together in a single landmass, which he named Pangaea. It describes the reception of Wegener's theory as it splintered into sub-controversies and geoscientists became divided between the 'fixists' and 'mobilists'.
Circuit Double Cover of Graphs
Authors: Zhang Cun-Quan
Published: May 2012

The famous Circuit Double Cover conjecture (and its numerous variants) is considered one of the major open problems in graph theory owing to its close relationship with topological graph theory, integer flow theory, graph coloring and the structure of snarks. It is easy to state: every 2-connected graph has a family of circuits covering every edge precisely twice. C.-Q. Zhang provides an up-to-date overview of the subject containing all of the techniques, methods and results developed to help solve the conjecture since the first publication of the subject in the 1940s. It is a useful survey for researchers already working on the problem and a fitting introduction for those just entering the field. The end-of-chapter exercises have been designed to challenge readers at every level and hints are provided in an appendix.
Word-Formation in the World's Languages
Authors: Štekauer Pavol , Valera Salvador , Kőrtvélyessy Lívia
Published: May 2012

A pioneering book establishing the foundations for research into word-formation typology and tendencies. It fills a gap in cross-linguistic research by being the first systematic survey of the word-formation of the world's languages. Drawing on over 1500 examples from fifty-five languages, it provides a wider global representation than any other volume. This data, from twenty-eight language families and forty-five language genera, reveals associations between word-formation processes in genetically and geographically distinct languages. Data presentation from two complementary perspectives, semasiological and onomasiological, shows both the basic functions of individual word-formation processes and the ways of expressing selected cognitive categories. Language data was gathered by way of detailed questionnaires completed by over eighty leading experts on the languages discussed. The book is aimed at academic researchers and graduate students in language typology, linguistic fieldwork and morphology.
The Great Recession
Authors: Hetzel Robert L.
Published: May 2012

Since publication of Hetzel's The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve (Cambridge University Press, 2008), the intellectual consensus that had characterized macroeconomics has disappeared. That consensus emphasized efficient markets, rational expectations and the efficacy of the price system in assuring macroeconomic stability. The 2008–9 recession not only destroyed the professional consensus about the kinds of models required to understand cyclical fluctuations but also revived the credit-cycle or asset-bubble explanations of recession that dominated thinking in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. These 'market-disorder' views emphasize excessive risk taking in financial markets and the need for government regulation. The present book argues for the alternative 'monetary-disorder' view of recessions. A review of cyclical instability over the last two centuries places the 2008–9 recession in the monetary-disorder tradition, which focuses on the monetary instability created by central banks rather than on a boom-bust cycle in financial markets.
Introduction to Elasticity Theory for Crystal Defects
Authors: Balluffi R. W.
Published: May 2012

Self-sufficient and user-friendly, this book provides a complete introduction to the anisotropic elasticity theory necessary to model a wide range of crystal defects. Assuming little prior knowledge of the subject, the reader is first walked through the required basic mathematical techniques and methods. This is followed by treatments of point, line, planar and volume type defects such as vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries, inhomogeneities and inclusions. Included are analyses of their elastic fields, interactions with imposed stresses and image stresses, and interactions with other defects, all employing the basic methods introduced earlier. This step by step approach, aided by numerous exercises with solutions provided, strengthens the reader's understanding of the principles involved, extending it well beyond the immediate scope of the book. As the first comprehensive review of anisotropic elasticity theory for crystal defects, this text is ideal for both graduate students and professional researchers.
Proportionality and Deference under the UK Human Rights Act
Authors: Brady Alan D. P.
Published: May 2012

The courts use the proportionality test to assess the Convention-compatibility of the full range of government action, from administrative decisions to primary legislation. In applying the test, the courts are often conscious of the need to pay some deference to the expertise and competence of other branches of government. This rigorous analysis of the relationship between proportionality and deference under the Human Rights Act sets out a model of proportionality, drawn from existing case law, which integrates deference within the multi-stage proportionality test. The model is 'institutionally sensitive' and can be applied to proportionality-based judicial review of all forms of government activity. The model is shown in operation in three fields that span the full range of government activity: immigration (administrative action), criminal justice (legislation) and housing (multi-level decisions).