bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Study in the Measurement of Children's Pitch Discrimination Ability
Authors: Cooper Nancy
Published: March 2007

To investigate 6-11-year-olds' ability to detect pitch differences within a semitone, the Modified Sergeant Pitch Discrimination Measure (MSPDM), based on Sergeant's (1979) pitch test, was developed and administered to 169 subjects. On each of the 30 items, subjects indicate which one of five tones differs from the others and whether it is higher or lower than the standard. The MSPDM facilitates direct comparison of performance on two types of task: detection of a difference, and labelling the direction of the change.

The MSPDM was group-administered in grades 2-5. and individually administered using a manipulative response mode in grade 1. Statistical analyses revealed that subjects in grades 2-5 were more successful at detecting differences than at labelling their direction; no significant difference between these tasks was evident in grade 1. Older subjects received higher mean scores than younger subjects. No significant gender differences were evident.
Personality Characteristics of Music Educators and Performers
Authors: Wubbenhorst Thomas Martin
Published: March 2007

Personality type, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and psychological androgyny, as determined by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), were evaluated in a comparison between musicians who had selected careers in either music education or music performance. Comparisons of the educators and performers indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups for each of the four MBTI dimensions. When the psychological classifications on the BSRI (i.e. androgynous, masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated), were compared for both samples, no significant differences were found. Androgyny (i.e. the ability to move freely across stereo- typical sex-role behaviours) was identified as the modal psychological characteristic of both music educators and performers. Physiological gender was found to be a significant factor only among female educators and only for the BSRI classification of androgyny. The results of this study indicate that musicians who are educators and musicians who are performers may be more alike than different with regard to personality type and psychological androgyny.
The Personalities of Popular Musicians
Authors: Dyce Jamie A. , O'Connor Brian P.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the personality characteristics of rock and country musicians were examined. One hundred and seventy-one musicians completed Inter-personal Adjective Scale-Big Five (IASR-B5) measures of personality. The results suggest that such musicians tend to be more arrogant, dominant, ex-traverted, open to experience and neurotic than university males. However, no significant differences were found among singers, guitarists, bass players and drummers.
The Influence of Metre, Mode, Interval Type and Contour in Repeated Melodic Free-Recall
Authors: Cutietta Robert A. , Booth Gregory D.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-five undergraduates learned to sing 16 original melodies through repeated listenings over a five-week period. Each original melody was composed so as to possess only one of two possible conditions of metre, mode, melodic contour, and interval type. In a free-recall task, the frequency and quality of subjects' reliance on the four variables to organise the melodies for recall were measured. The response pattern made it possible to infer the relative importance of categorical organisation (a semantic memory strategy) in music cognition. Subject recall revealed the existence of melody clusters based on the experimental conditions. Over the five-week period, the predominant musical elements used by subjects for categorisation appeared to change. This change is evident in the strong negative correlations between metre and mode used in the early trials versus contour and interval type used in the later trials. These results suggest that cognitive categorisation is undertaken during the learning of melodies and that contour and interval-type are comparatively important memory characteristics. This experiment provides evidence of cognitive changes over time, consistent with a process musicians often call "internalising" a musical work. Specifically, our experiment suggests that the repeated act of performing a piece of music, without the aid of written notation nor language based instruction, can lead to substantive changes in an individual's internal representation of that melody's primary features.
The Adjudication of Six Performances of a Chopin Etude: A Study of Expert Knowledge
Authors: Thompson William Forde , Diamond C. T. Patrick , Balkwill Laura-Lee
Published: March 2007

We illustrate a technique for eliciting and exploring the constructs involved in the adjudication of music performance. Five trained musicians with extensive experience in performance adjudication evaluated six expert performances of Chopin's Etude, Opus 25, No. 6. First, we elicited from each adjudicator the personal constructs that they used to evaluate performance expression. Next, adjudicators rated each performance on each of their constructs. Adjudicators also rated each performance for overall preference. Constructs most strongly associated with overall preference related to right-hand expression and phrasing. Other constructs, such as tempo, were important for distinguishing performances, but were not strongly associated with overall preference. We discuss benefits of the technique for researchers, adjudicators and performers.
The Effect of Background Music on Learning
Authors: Savan Anne
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that the behaviour of pupils with special educational needs may, in part, result from frustration due to lack of physical co-ordination and the consequent inability to perform manual tasks effectively and efficiently. This research investigates the possibility that specific properties of certain Mozart orchestral compositions which, in combination, improve the co-ordination skills of pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Audio tapes of Mozart orchestral compositions provided a sound stimulus for ten boys aged 12+ identified as having special educational needs and emotional and behavioural difficulties. These tapes were then adulterated in an attempt to establish which qualities were producing the effects. Measurements of blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse rate were measured to establish which sound stimulus had an effect on the physiology and metabolism of the subject. In each case an improvement in co-ordination was observed, accompanied by a corresponding drop in the aforementioned physiological parameters and an observed improvement in behaviour. It is suggested that Mozartian qualities may stimulate the production of a chemical, possibly an endorphin, within the brain's limbic system which directly affects the physiological parameters of blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse rate in such pupils, slowing down body metabolism and reducing enzyme and hormone production. This may then produce an improvement in pupils' co-ordination, reduce their frustration, and in turm reduce their aggressive and disruptive behaviour.
(Re)Constructing Genetic Disease
Authors: Kerr Anne
Published: March 2007

In this paper I explore the construction of a clinical continuum between a genetic disease, cystic fibrosis (CF), and male infertility. I provide a brief outline of the history of cystic fibrosis and its association with male infertility, before examining the contention that a growing number of cases of male infertility are a form of CF. I explore various processes involved in the construction of the clinical continuum between CF and male infertility: first, the identification of genetic mutations for male infertility, which includes the creation of unidentified mutations and the redefinition of polymorphisms or variations in the genetic code as mutations; second, the establishment of a common principal defect for the two entities; third, the identification of other symptoms and positive tests for CF in infertile males; and, fourth, the mutual development of genetic research into CF and infertility and the genetic surveillance of infertile couples. Throughout I highlight the treatment of uncertainties and reductionism in these processes, particularly in practitioners' characterization of mutations, explanations of the basic defect, identification of other symptoms and treatment of test results. I also examine the various ways in which research and clinical practices inter-relate. I end by considering the implications of this case study for the social analysis of genetics more generally.
Practising Infanticide, Observing Narrative
Authors: Rees Amanda
Published: March 2007

In recent years, social studies of science have developed a deep interest in the conduct of science in the field. However, studies of controversial field science remain relatively rare. This paper presents an analysis of a controversy about the origin of primate infanticide that began in the 1970s, and discusses the ways in which controversies in the field differ from those in the laboratory. Particularly important here is the inability of researchers to control the behaviour of their research subjects; to an important extent, the conduct of their research is dependent on the agency of their research subjects. Finally, it also points to the rôle played by the sciences of animal behaviour in the constructions of stories about the biological basis of human culture, a rôle that means that the investigation of controversy in these sciences is of paramount public importance.
Mårup Church and the Politics of Hybridization:
Authors: Jensen Casper Bruun , Markussen Randi
Published: March 2007

Mårup Church, on the northwest coast of Jutland in Denmark, is facing a predicament. Every year, the sea eats further into the dune on top of which it stands, and soon the church will tumble into the sea. This has generated a heated debate on whether or not the church should be saved.

In this paper we explore the arguments various actors bring to bear on this controversy. How are the complexities of change in nature and culture articulated in the context of Mårup Church? The context of this discussion is markedly hybrid; argumentative resources span modern categories such as nature and culture, politics, economics, history, geography and geology. We observe the work of particular agents in constructing ontological narratives that support specific versions of reality that would allow the church either to stand or to fall. Following Geoffrey Bowker, we refer to these as configurations of time and space.

A discourse of nature management, which defines changes in relationships between nature and culture as matters of choice, has gained momentum within Danish administrative agencies. Reflexively, however, it would seem as if change or becoming is undermining the ability to realize such choices. In this situation, our challenge is to renew conceptual work in order to construct an imagery for coping with the swirl of ever-changing relationships between entities we used to call `natural' or `cultural'. We sketch this challenge under the heading of `the politics of hybridization'.
Methadone
Authors: Gomart Emilie
Published: March 2007

What is the difference between heroin and methadone? Is this difference one of interpretation, where an `opiate-like' substance is `labelled' differently through social processes that arbitrarily describe methadone as `legal' and `therapeutic', and heroin as `illegal' and `harmful'? To study the nature of this difference, I follow two experiments in the United States and in France of methadone substitution, where medical practices attempt to replace heroin by methadone, and thereby to reduce the user's (illegal) drug use. In these trials, the experimenters ask precisely this question. The question of the nature of the difference between the substance's actions is further illustrated by the comparison between the substitution trials: when the experimenters describe methadone differently in different places and times, do they `interpret' the drug differently, or is the drug itself different? I show that far too many elements vary from trial to trial to say that the `interpretation' of the substance is all that varies. In order to explore the variation in detail, then, I draw on works about `performance', and on the actor-network `theory of action': what heroin and methadone do, but also the very way in which they `pass into action', is what varies in each trial. In the end, this question about difference is a question about action. In each trial, there is not from the start one substance with fixed or vague properties which one can then interpret in various manners. `Substance' does not contain inherent actions from the start (`properties'). Rather, following the experimenters, it is possible to say that `effects' are primary and that only at the end of the trial do the experimenters laboriously `find substance' to effects.
The View of Science
Authors: Shermer Michael B.
Published: March 2007

Science historian Ronald Numbers once remarked that the two most influential historians of science of the 20th century were Thomas Kuhn and Stephen Jay Gould. All historians are deeply familiar with Kuhn's work and influence, and most know of the remarkable impact Gould has had on evolutionary theory through both his professional and popular works. But little attention has been paid to the depth, scope, and importance of Gould's rôle as historian and philosopher of science, and his use of popular science exposition to reinforce old knowledge and generate new. This paper presents the results of an extensive quantitative content analysis of Gould's 22 books, 101 book reviews, 479 scientific papers, and 300 Natural History essays, in terms of their subject matter (Evolutionary Theory, History and Philosophy of Science, Natural History, Paleontology/Geology, Social Science/Commentary), and thematic dichotomies (Theory-Data, Time's Arrow-Time's Cycle, Adaptationism-Nonadaptationism, Punctuationism-Gradualism, Contingency-Necessity). Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between the subjects and themata, how Gould has used the history of science to reinforce his evolutionary theory (and vice versa), and how his philosophy of science has influenced both his evolutionary theory and his historiography. That philosophy can best be summed up in a quotation from Charles Darwin, frequently cited by Gould: `All observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service'. Gould followed Darwin's advice throughout his career, including his extensive writings on the history and philosophy of science.
The Interdependence of Theory and Experiment in Revolutionary Science: The Case of Parity Violation
Authors: White D. Hywel , Sullivan Daniel , Barboni Edward J.
Published: March 2007

An examination, primarily through citation analysis, is made of the changing interdependence of theory and experiment in a specialty within particle physics, the physics of weak interactions, during a period of rapid intellectual development. Lakatos' notions of how theory and experiment should be related during 'progressive' and 'stagnating' periods are used as guides for the analysis. At the conclusion a suggestion is offered as to the way in which Lakatos' categories might best be used in empirical research.
The Reification of Mendel
Authors: Brannigan Augustine
Published: March 2007

A re-examination of the case of Mendel suggests that he was neither ignored in the 1860s nor simply re-discovered in 1900. In 1900, the concern for priority among De Vries, Correns and Tschermak, and the controversy between Bateson and the biometricians over species variation, led scientists to reconstruct the relevance of Mendel's hybridization experiments with Pisum in terms of their own work on natural selection. By contrast, an examination of the original paper indicates Mendel's concern, not with variability, but with the very process of speciation via hybridization.
Fragmentation and Investment in Sedimentology
Authors: Law John
Published: March 2007

The decline of a formerly popular method in sedimentology - that of particle size analysis - is outlined, and the various ways in which the method has been adapted in the search by practitioners for a satisfactory variant are discussed. This decline and fragmentation are placed in the context of the rise of alternative holistic methods in sedimentology. Several surprising features of this episode are noted: first, many sedimentologists maintain a commitment to particle size analysis while also adopting alternative more popular methods; in addition, the 'transition' from particle size analysis to holistic alternatives does not seem to have taken place in an atmosphere of crisis. These surprising features are explained in terms of a simple model of scientific interest and investment in resources. In a complex observational science such as geology, where many methods together contribute to satisfactory observation, actors are well advised to 'invest' in a number of such techniques rather than in one alone. The broad spread of such investment makes for theoretical and methodological pluralism, and accounts for the lack of acute crisis when one method falls into disrepute.
Through Paradigm-Land to a Normal History of Science
Authors: Reingold Nathan
Published: March 2007

The doctrines of T. S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962, rev. edn 1970) have had considerable influence in a wide variety of fields. Although derived from the history of science and purporting to present a theory of how the sciences developed in time, history of science itself has remained largely immune to the Kuhnian paradigm. Not only have historians of science found few, if any, confirming instances, but the overall trend among English-speaking historians of science is to another intellectual stance, one largely indifferent to the spirit and many of the specifics of Kuhn's viewpoint. The origins and characteristics of this emerging consensus are briefly sketched.
Representations of Applied Science: Academics and Chemical Industry in Late Nineteenth-century England
Authors: Donnelly J. F.
Published: March 2007

The position adopted by mid-Victorian academic chemists on the industrial utility of their field is surveyed, and interpreted as a consequence of the need to defend the societal claims of independent academic research. The structuring of their approach by class, and other of its characteristics, are also related to these claims. The pressures on the academics' position and alternative representations are surveyed, particularly in terms of closer analyses of industrial personnel, claims for the independence of industrial knowledge, and exploration of the possibilities of more directly relevant curricula. These alternatives are identified as having their origins in industrial forums and experience. Reasons for the failures of attempts to establish generalized departments of chemical technology are suggested. The more complex public representations of the first decade of the twentieth century are related to the negotiation between emergent professionalized groups in the academic and industrial sectors.
Mobility and the Growth of Science
Authors: Urban Dieter
Published: March 2007

One channel for cognitive transfer of scientific concepts and models to new research areas and specialties is cognitive migration of scientists (that is, their moving into new research areas). Under the organizational conditions of research at the West German universities, cognitive migration occurs primarily by scientists changing their research institutes. Empirical data on backgrounds of inter-university mobility can therefore be used to study cognitive migration, and to shed light on conditions for cognitive transfer and the growth of knowledge. The influence of academic labour market factors turns out to be overwhelming. Regression models are used to explore the importance of different institutional, socio-cognitive and cognitive factors (after controlling for labour market effects). Social factors appear to be more important than cognitive factors. Thus societal effects may have a much earlier and deeper influence on the growth of science than is often thought.
Simplification in Scientific Work: An Example from Neuroscience Research
Authors: Star Susan Leigh
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an empirical analysis of simplification processes in the scientific work place. Any scientific task involves complex sets of problems and contingencies. But the conclusions produced do not represent all details of the work performed, nor do consumers take full account of the complexity of results. This paper examines the ways in which chains of inference are simplified at all stages of the research work, from research design and sampling to publication. What is deleted in the `fact-making' process? What constraints operate to make this deletion necessary? This paper examines institutional and intersectional constraints and processes which affect the final work. The analytic approach of the paper is symbolic interactionist/Pragmatist, and field data were collected by participant observation.
Pump and Circumstance: Robert Boyle's Literary Technology
Authors: Shapin Steven
Published: March 2007

Robert Boyle's experimental programme had as its end-product the generation of indisputable matters of fact. In this paper I analyze the resources used to produce these matters of fact, paying particular attention to linguistic practices. Experimental reports rich in circumstantial detail were designed to enable readers of the text to create a mental image of an experimental scene they did not directly witness. I call this `virtual witnessing', and its importance was as a means of enlarging the witnessing public. The notion of a `public' for experimental science is, I argue, essential to our understanding of how facts are generated and validated. In these episodes, circumstantial reporting was a technique for creating a public and for constituting authentic knowledge.
Drilling for Dollars: The Making of US Petroleum Reserve Estimates, 1921-25
Authors: Dennis Michael Aaron
Published: March 2007

Radically different petroleum reserve estimates were made in the United States between 1921 and 1925. In 1921 a joint committee composed of representatives from the United States Geological Survey and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists claimed that the United States petroleum reserves would last for only eighteen to twenty years. Four years later the oil industry trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, announced that America possessed a nearly infinite supply of oil. Why were these estimates so different? This paper places each estimate in its institutional and economic context and argues that the great variance in the figures was caused by the different goals and interests of the groups that made the estimates.
Charm Revisited: A Quantitative Analysis of the HEP Literature
Authors: Pickering Andy , Nadel Edward
Published: March 2007

We seek to demonstrate that interpretative and quantitative approaches can be productively integrated in science studies research. We have developed techniques of citation and cocitation analysis which are sufficiently fine-grained to test a pre-existing interpretative analysis of the establishment of the `charm' hypothesis in high-energy physics. We present our quantitative data here and argue that they support, strengthen and extend the prior interpretation of this episode.
Transformation of Research Systems in Central and Eastern Europe: A Coincidence of Opportunities and Trouble
Authors: Schimank Uwe
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the transformation of research systems in Central and Eastern Europe as a coincidence of opportunities and trouble. Political rebuilding has brought opportunities for the greater self-regulation of research which has been demanded by many researchers. But an appropriate institutional rebuilding of the research system is strongly restricted by sharply reduced resources, and by political pressure towards research orientated to short-term applications in industry. These factors have shaped the dynamics of the transformation of research systems in the post-communist countries and have led, so far, to rather unsatisfactory outcomes. This paper gives an overview of these developments, emphasizing the similarities between the different countries.
The Rhetoric of a Health Technology: The Microprocessor Patient Card
Authors: Godin Benoît
Published: March 2007

Literature discussing rhetoric is mainly concerned with rhetoric per se — its structure, and the categorization of arguments by kind. Rarely do rhetorical studies examine the actual effects on audiences, and auditors' reactions. On the other hand, sociological studies of scientific controversies look at rhetoric — or argumentation — in action, but with few references to rhetorical studies. The purpose of this paper is to integrate rhetorical studies into the sociology of technology in order to integrate the concept of action into discourse analysis. I intend to show how the use of discourse to enroll actors in a health technology is intimately linked to action. I deconstruct the promoters' strategy into two discurseive components — the utility component and the fear-reduction component — to show how the rhetoric of expectations (utility) and representations (fear) contingently shape the fate of a technology.
Object Construction and Networks in Research Work:
Authors: Miettinen Reijo
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses how a research community constructs a research object and agenda for itself. It analyzes object construction as the complex and continuous efforts of a research community to create and maintain the social meaning and motive of its research activity. It concludes that the object of research work is dual: it comprises the research object proper, and `application objects'. The latter are objects constructed by innovation networks comprised of researchers, producers and users, at the same time as the research is being undertaken. The paper analyzes the use of cultural artifacts, including models and representations, as tools of object construction. It proposes that the analysis of future-oriented, `where-to' artifacts is a key to understanding intentionality in research work in a non-dualist way.
Managing the Man with the Gun
Authors: Danto Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

Since most homicides, we now know, occur among family mem bers and most involve firearms, there is probably no type of call more frightening to the police officer than one concerning a man with a gun. With such a call, a policeman knows very well he runs a risk of becoming one of those homicide victims. By learning how to approach disturbed people who threaten him and others with fire arms, the officer enhances his chances of survival.
Classification of Adolescent Offenders with the MMPI: An Extension and Cross-Validation of the Megargee Typology
Authors: Veneziano Carol , Veneziano Louis
Published: March 2007

In order to determine how well Megargee's MMPI-based system for classifying adult offenders could be extended to a population of male juvenile delinquents, a sample of 251 adolescent offenders was obtained. The sample consisted of all adjudicated male delinquents aged twelve to fifteen admitted to a state training school within an eight month period of time. Ninety-four percent of this sample was classified into the ten types of offenders using this computerized MMPI-based system. The distribution of the types differed from that obtained by Megargee and Bohn with adults, however, and the distribution differed when adolescent norms were used as opposed to adult norms. Similarities and differences between the results of the current study and previous research findings were discussed, and it was concluded that the Megargee typology can be applied to an adolescent population, although some adjustments should be made. Implications of using this typology as an internal management and diagnostic classification system for adolescent offenders are discussed, as are suggestions for future investigations.
Beyond the Twilight of a Sacred Privacy
Authors: Scott David M. , Dawes Julian
Published: March 2007

Widespread concern is increasingly being expressed by those who have a direct involvement in the development of potential Probation Officers, about the relevance of much professional training. The purpose of this article-written primarily from a practice teacher's standpoint-is to locate the central issues around which the concern is centered and then to propose a developmental typology for appraising training needs in a complex and changing organisation.
Where Are We Going in Criminal Justice? Some Insights From the Chinese Criminal Justice System
Authors: Allen G. Frederick
Published: March 2007

Concepts of formal and informal crime control mechanisms in the criminal justice system of the People's Republic of China are discussed and contrasted with the U.S. system. Focusing on the police, courts, and corrections, it is concluded that the Chinese emphasis on informal mechanisms may have implications for crime reduction programs in the West. A critical review of our crime reduction strategies, modification of some our approaches to rule enforcement, and a re-evaluation of the validity of present formal enforcement mechanisms may be useful at this point in time.
An Examination of an Intensive Probation Program for Alcohol Offenders
Authors: Anson Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Judicial treatment programs that surpass traditional forms of probated sentencing in punishment severity have received little attention in the correctional literature. Innovative diversion programs have relieved bloated numbers of inmates in state prisons, decreased the potential pool of community welfare recipients, and have reintegrated offenders into their respective neighborhoods.

This article reports the results of a three-year longitudinal study of seventy-one (N= 71) criminal offenders assigned to Dougherty County, Georgia's Criminal Alcoholic Program (C.A.P.). The criminal histories of these offenders are compared two years before and after completing this judicial diversion program.

Statistically, significant reductions in criminal behavior were observed between pre and post testing periods. The most significant reductions in criminal behavior were for traffic and alcohol-related offenses. Youthful felons experienced the greatest improvement in criminal behavior two years after entry into the C.A.P. and were more successful in adapting to the community than olderfelons.
Ritual Murders in Nigeria
Authors: Igbinovia Patrick Edobor
Published: March 2007

Some incidents of ritual killings in Nigeria are reported. The article discusses the evolution, causes, rationale, nature and characteristics of this phenomenon, suggestions for lessening this type of criminal homicide are tendered.
Offense Characteristics of Career Criminals with Severe Mental Disorders
Authors: Ashford Josέ B.
Published: March 2007

This article examined the offense characteristics between mentally disordered and non-mentally disordered inmates within two distinct subgroups of high rate offenders: "repeat" and "recidivist" offenders. The results indicated that the mentally disordered recidivists were charged more with minor crimes than the non-mentally disordered recidivists. This finding, coupled with the social differences found among non-serious repeat offenders, suggests that career criminals are not as homogenous-as a group than is generally assumed in the literature.
A Structured Group Format for First Offense Shoplifters
Authors: MacDevitt John W. , Kedzierzawski Gerard D.
Published: March 2007

Nearly eleven million Americans were caught shoplifting in 1980. Approximately six percent of gross retail sales in the U.S. and Canada goes to cover the cost of shoplifting prevention efforts and losses. Recent research suggests that psychosocial stressors contribute heavily to shoplifting behavior, and that brief individual and group psychological treatments have thepotential to reduce recidivism and promote rehabilitation. This article describes in detail a six session psychoeducational group treatment which is built around the notion ofprecipitating stressors. The structuredprogram "walks" each participant in turn through the specifics of the incident which resulted in their arrest-including stressors, rationalizations, and consequences. The treatment program, implemented by masters' level counselors, consciously utilizes commonly recognized group forces. Referring judges have been well satisfied with the program, which has been used routinely with convictedfirst offense shoplifters since 1982. Probation officers estimate that to date, only 5% of shoplifters who have participated in the program since 1982 have been re-arrested in the county for shoplifting.
Factitious Disorders and the Industrial Accident System: Winning and Losing Through Deception
Authors: Turco Ronald N.
Published: March 2007

The author discusses the difficulties associated with the evaluation of a "genuine" Workman's Compensation claim as it relates to sorting through the issues of factitious disorders, malingering, and the multiple contributions associated with secondary gain phenomenon. A case example is utilized to assist the reader in gaining an understanding of the subtle issues that arise in the context of the Workman's Compensation setting.
The Attitude of Kibbutz Youth to Rape: Myth Versus Reality
Authors: Shoham Efrat
Published: March 2007

Until recently, acts of rape were considered to be contradictory to the basic conception of the kibbutz as a society whose members do not become involved in serious crime. This study attempts to examine the preconceptions of rape of kibbutz youth as compared to those of middle-class urban youth of the same age, in respect to the victim, the assailant, and the circumstances in which the act occurred. Thefindings indicate that the kibbutz is no longer felt to be the safe haven that the members have believed it to be during the greater part of its existence.
An Analysis of Adolescent Perpetrators of Homicide and Attempted Homicide Upon Return to the Community
Authors: Hagan Michael P.
Published: March 2007

This study assesses the recidivism for adolescent perpetrators of homicide and attempted homicide who were released from a juvenile correctional facility in the late 1970s and 1980s. This follow-up is a minimum of 5 years post release to more than 15 years after release. The results indicate that the youth studied did not perpetrate additional homicides after release. The majority were reinvolved in crime, however, and most who reoffended did so against persons. A significant number did not become reinvolved in crime, and almost half were not reincarcerated. The youth who perpetrated homicides and attempted homicides did not differ significantly from other juvenile delinquents in their likelihood to reoffend upon release as evidenced by a comparison of the two groups.
Do Coping Styles Influence the Way We Judge Criminal Offenses? A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph , Golan Hilla , Krasner Eti
Published: March 2007

A criminal offense might be viewed through the lens of the coping strategy adopted by its perpetrator. To investigate this, we presented our participants with vignettes describing a high school student who has committed an offense. We were able to demonstrate the moderating effect of depicted coping strategy on rated seriousness of offense. This differential judgment was itself a function of the judge s own coping strategy. Our findings support a contextual or transactional approach to the study of rated seriousness of offenses.
The Notion of Totality in Indian Thought
Authors: Godin Christian
Published: March 2007

The East has seen totality in a far more consistent and systematic way than the West; and India more so than any other civilisation in the East. When the Swami Siddheswarananda came to France to lecture on Vedic philosophy, he entitled his address, Outline of a Philosophy of Totality’. The expression could have been applied to the philosophies of India as a whole. But the world of thought, coextensive with culture, is far broader than philosophy. It is no exaggeration to assert that India is the land of totality par excellence. Is it not even, according to one dictum, bigger than the world … ? The notion of totality, implicit or conscious, poetic or theoretical, original or final, is present throughout Indian culture, both in its religion and in its arts, both in its customs as in its language. The Mahabharata, the largest epic poem ever conceived, proclaims: everything in the Mahabharata can be found elsewhere, but what is not in the Mahabharata cannot be found anywhere. Whilst the absolute beginning of a piece of Western music is in keeping with a dramatic time analogous to that of the Creation, Indian music seems to come from the eternity of a universe without transcendence. The body takes on a cosmic meaning through dance. By performing the tandava, the cosmic dance, Shiva Nataraja (‘Lord of the dance’) endlessly creates and destroys worlds. Indian art is an art of proliferation: both the reiteration of motifs sculpted in architecture and the litanies and metaphors spun out in epic poetry are symbolic attempts to capture the totality of the world. Every single element, being, movement or thing within this continuous space and time points towards all the others. The texts describe the sky of Indra with its web of pearls arranged in such a way that when one looks into one, one sees all the others reflecting in it; in the same way, each object of this world is not merely itself but comprises every one of the others and actually is all the others. The culture of India is one of plenitude, presence and continuity. At the opposite extreme, Japan developed a culture based upon the values of emptiness, absence and the interval. When a guru speaks, Valmiki and Vyasa know that it will take them many scores of verses. A Zen master's reply to his disciple takes up a single-line anecdote, or a word, or even a silence. At the other extreme, hundreds of statues line the gopuram of the temple at Madurai: not all of the thirty-three million gods ‘recognized’ in the writings are there, of course, but at least their unbelievable abundance gives us a plausible image of them.
Genetic Psychology and Epistemology
Authors: Piaget Jean
Published: March 2007

Specialists in genetic psychology, and especially in child psychology, do not always suspect what diverse and fruitful relationships are possible between their own subject and other more general kinds of research, such as the theory of knowledge or epistemology. And the converse is even more true, if that is possible: that child psychology has for long been regarded as a collection of case histories of infants. The necessity has not always been recognised, even in the field of general psychology, of considering all problems from the standpoint of development, and it is still true, in certain countries, that ‘child psychologists’ are a group apart, having no contact with the main currents of experimental psychology. Even less, as a rule, do students of the theory of knowledge suspect that, within reach as it were, in the field of psychogenetic experience, they can sometimes find solutions to the most general questions on the formation of ideas or on the analysis of intellectual activity. Yet they have been known to show inexhaustible patience when trying to reconstruct some unknown passage from the history of science for the sake of its epistemological significance.
What Is Sport?
Authors: Jeu Bernard
Published: March 2007

There is nothing to suggest academic exercise in attempts to define sport. A politics of sport which expects coherence presupposes such definition, and behind this definition stands a whole conception of man. What is sport? The question is well worth being asked, for it is thrust upon us.
Romanticism and Classicism: Deep Structures in Social Science
Authors: Gouldner Alvin W.
Published: March 2007

The “modern” only begins to manifest itself when, in answer to the question, What is distinctively human?, Romanticism replies not by referring to man's eternal capacity for reason and universal rationality, but, ‘instead, to his creative originality, to his individuated capacity to feel and to dream uniquely. The modern begins to emerge when man is seen, not merely as a creature that can discover the world, but also as one who can create new meanings and values, and can thus change himself and fundamentally transform his world, rather than unearth, recover, or “mirror” an essentially unchanging world order.
The Aesthetics of a Blood Sport
Authors: Argyros Alexander J.
Published: March 2007

With the earliest known reference to angling with a fly dating from the Chou Dynasty, more than 2,300 years ago, it should come as no surprise that when asked to justify their passionate devotion to fly fishing, many anglers will refer to the rich and venerable literature the sport has generated. Ranging from Plutarch's references to Nile fishing in the Life of Antonius, to Pliny the Elder's Historia Naturalis, to the fifteenth century classic, Dame Julian Berner's The Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle, to the sport's bible, the 17th century The Compleat Angler by Izaak Walton, to literary treatments in the work of authors such as John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins, William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound and Ernest Hemingway, the wealth of literature devoted to fly fishing appears to be out of proportion to what is, ultimately, just a way of seducing an animal with a brain the size of a pea into inhaling a hook upon which some feathers, furs and tinsels have been lashed. What then, one may legitimately ask, is it about this sport that creates fanatical devotion on the part of its practitioners, who tend to regard it with such zeal and passion as is commonly reserved for art and religion?
The Myth, Marvel, and Adventure of El Dorado Semantic Mutations of a Legend
Authors: Ainsa Fernando
Published: March 2007

Dreams of gold have accompanied human history down through the ages. Gold is a beautiful and useful metal, easily shaped and immune to rust, and from the time of the ancient Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations, it has been regarded as a precious metal from which jewels and decorative as well as everyday objects have been fashioned. Even before the concept of money turned it into one of the principal forms of exchange, gold was used as a medium of barter.

Apart from being of commercial and aesthetic value, gold is also a part of the stuff of fables and legends. Legendary and mythical lands where gold abounds have crowded the imaginative geography of almost all civilizations. The Bible itself, in the Book of Kings, speaks of the Mines of King Solomon, the Kingdom of Ophir, and the City of Sidon, while the prophet Zechariah observes that in the City of Tyre: “silver is heaped up like dust, and gold as the mire of the streets.” [Zachariah, 9.3]
Oil and the Eurocurrency Market: Out of the Frying Pan and Into the Fire
Authors: Landsberg Martin , Landsberg Martin
Published: March 2007

In four years the "oil crisis" has seemingly been rendered harm less. U.S. economists offer praises to the flexibility of capitalism in meeting any and all crises and point to the economic recovery of global capitalism as proof. By carefully analyzing the role international money markets (primarily the Euromarket) played in "solving" the oil crisis, however, this paper comes to quite the opposite conclusion. It appears, in fact, that global capitalism has created even greater and more dangerous contradictions which soon must be faced. The operation of the Euromarket in financing the necessary oil-based dollar flows has created financial instability in all major capital markets. If these markets continue to finance new growth, the result can only be greater instability and eventual economic collapse. The only other choice is an immediate reduction in financial intermediation, but this will bring about the end of the present economic upturn. In either case, without major structural changes the global capitalist system faces a profound crisis — one for which capitalists will have no easy answer.
Rent Theory and Working Class Strategy: Marx, George and the Urban Crisis
Authors: Edel Matthew , Edel Matthew
Published: March 2007

Rent theories examine the determination of land rent and the gains and losses to different classes from its payment. Different analyses of rent suggest different strategies for the working class. This paper discusses rival rent theories developed in the nineteenth century. After outlining the theories of Marx and Engels, Proudhon and George, the paper turns to the strategic situations in which they were formulated, showing their dependence on particular housing problems of the time. Both the positions of Engels and of George are shown to be valid in some respects, but incomplete in others. Merged with a Georgite attack on land monopolies, Engels' concern with working class unification could have suggested a more effective strategy. In a final section, the theories are applied to recent urban and housing crises. The theories of Proudhon and Marx are used to iden tify possible barriers to housing construction, and proposed stategies are shown to assume different barriers are most important.
The Navajo Nation: A History of Dependence and Underdevelopment
Authors: Turner Ruffing Lorraine
Published: March 2007

This paper examines how U.S. economic and political domination of the Navajo Nation has caused and perpetuates its underdevelopment. First, a brief summary of the history of the Navajo Nation is provided, focusing on the evolution of U.S. - Navajo relations since the U.S. conquest of the Navajos. This brief historical account concludes with a summary of data contrasting the wealth of Navajo natural resources with the poverty of the Navajo people. The major part of the paper is then devoted to an analysis of contemporary Navajo under development. The deterioration of the traditional sector is analyzed citing trans fers of value to the U.S. economy through the two mechanisms of unequal ex change in trade and unequal trade. The capitalist sector is then analyzed, focus ing on the despoilation of Navajo mineral resources by U.S. based transnational corporations in a manner similar to that experienced by third world countries around the world. In this context the factors which diminish the Navajos' bar gaining power in efforts to improve the terms of their economic relations with these corporations are discussed in some detail. There follows an analysis of the Navajo Nation's own efforts to develop its timber, agricultural and water re sources as well as attempts to attract footloose manufacturing firms. Finally the relatively large public service sector of the Navajo economy is discussed, focusing on how the bloating of this sector has steadily increased its purely economic im portance in the Navajo economy while further undermining the political flexibil ity of the already conservative tribal government. The paper concludes by out lining an alternative self-reliant strategy for the economic development of the Navajo Nation which would permit them to regain control of their economy and thereby their destiny.