bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulations for the OSA uniform color scales committee samples
Authors: Davidson Hugh R.
Published: June 2007

Pigment formulations used in producing the 558 samples illustrating the OSA Uniform Color Scales Committee color space are presented. The 15 pigments used, never more than four at a time, are identified and calibration data for computer formulation are given. The information should allow the reproduction of close approximations to the original OSA samples.
Color scales in simulated daylight
Authors: Macadam David L.
Published: June 2007

The pigmentation plan used for production of the color cards made available by the Optical Society of America (OSA) for its Committee on Uniform Color Scales (UCS) was designed in such a manner that the color scales should, within the production tolerances, appear uniform in all phases of daylight. The production specifications were based on D65 of the Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) and the CIE supplementary observer (1964) for 10° visual‐field subtense. To test for the intended invariance of uniformity of the scales in daylight, for normal observers, the effects on color differences between all nearest neighbors of the OSA colors have been studied for CIE Illuminant C with the 1931 observer, and for a “daylight” fluorescent luminaire (color temperature 6500 K) with both the 1931 and 1964 CIE observers. Although the colorimetric specifications (Y, x, y) of each color card are different for those three illuminant + observer combinations, the color differences computed with the formula of the OSA‐UCS committee are, within the production tolerances, unchanged. The purpose of this article is to show how well the aim and expectation is fulfilled—that the uniformity of color differences between nearest neighbors in the scales of the OSA‐UCS colors be essentially unchanged for normal observers and for ordinary variations of the quality of natural and artificial daylight. This invariance is found, even for daylight‐quality fluorescent‐lamp light.
Low‐Reflectance Backing Materials for Use in Optical Radiation Measurements
Authors: Wightman T. E. , Grum F.
Published: June 2007

Materials having a very low reflectance over a large spectral region are necessary for many scientific application, especially in aerospace, spectrophotometry, spectroradiometry, and photography. This article surveys black absorbing materials and devices being used throughout the industry. Also described is a new black backing device with reflectances of less than 0.1% i.e., 99.9% absorptance, that can be used as a sample backing and for determining the zero photometric scale in spectrophotometry and photometry. The reflectance of the device is nearly perfectly flat between 0.200 and 2.5 μm.
Color‐Matching Functions: A Set of Transformations with Essentially Single Maximums
Authors: Gibson G. L.
Published: June 2007

A set of essentially single‐maximum, minimal‐overlap color‐matching fnctions without negative portions has been developed. Transformation matrices defining conversion from the CIE standard 2° and supplementary standard 10° observers are proposed. The merits of various conversions are discussed.
On Chromatic Adaptation and Persistence
Authors: Bartleson C. J.
Published: June 2007

Persistence or invariance over changes in adaptation is examined for color matches, near‐threshold color differences, and large color differences. Persistence is usually thought to obtain for matches involving equiluminance samples under restricted but broadly useful conditions. Both small and large color differences vary over chromatic adaptation. Small differences vary less than large differences and both vary more with widely disparate conditions of adaptation than when adaptations are similar. A consequence of this finding is that color‐difference equations relate strictly to only one condition of adaptation. A corollary is that no single uniform‐chromaticity diagram can be expected to display color differences properly for different conditions of adaptation, although a uniform‐perceptual diagram could do so. What is needed to resolve the problem is an accurate method of chromatic‐adaptation transformations.
The Determination of Weights for Use in Calculating Tristimulus Values
Authors: Stearns E. I.
Published: June 2007

Multiplication of weights by spectral radiance factors and summation is the usual method of calculating tristimulus values. The spectral‐radiance‐factor data may vary in abridgement (omission of intermediate data), truncation (omission of data at the extremes of the visual range), and in the case of fluorescent‐lamp illuminants, omission of mercury‐line data. This article sets forth recommendations for the calculation of weights for any set of spectral‐radiance‐factor data.
The future of color science
Authors: Robertson Alan R.
Published: June 2007

Color science is a unique and stimulating blend of many scientific disciplines. Physicists, physiologists, psychologists, psychophysicists, mathematicians, and chemists have all contributed to our understanding of how we see color. Tools and techniques have been developed to help those who work with color in their everyday lives, whether it be in manufacturing, in design, in communication, or in any other field. Some tools, such as the CIE Standard Observer, were derived from empirical color‐matching data but can now be explained, at least approximately, on the basis of our knowledge of the physiology of the visual system. Others, such as most color‐difference formulae, are still purely empirical and explanations in terms of the actual functioning of the human visual system are largely unknown. It is likely that improved tools and techniques will come in the future as we increase our knowledge of the visual system and how it works. Such increased knowledge will come most readily if there is more cooperation between the various disciplines and less tendency to think along narrow discipline‐limited lines.
Color differences resulting from pigment concentration errors
Authors: Phillips Daniel G.
Published: June 2007

Color differences resulting from pigment concentration errors in several four‐pigment formulas were determined by computer. The color differences varied linearly with the percent change in pigment concentration. Applications of this type of calculation are discussed.
Practical transformations of CIE color‐matching functions
Authors: Ohta Noboru
Published: June 2007

By using the CIE color‐matching functions, we describe a numerical method to derive new color‐matching functions C(Λ) which satisfy the conditions (1) C(Λ) ≥ 0, (2) C(Λ) with a single peak, and (3) C(Λ)'s with the least overlaps.
On the merits of model making in understanding color‐vision phenomena
Authors: Vos J. J.
Published: June 2007

Since 1962, I have intermittently been engaged in problems of color‐vision modeling, intrigued by some apparent inconsistencies in the original Walraven color‐vision model. This has carried me into problems of receptor action spectra and densities, of gain control and chromatic adaptation, and of the concept of luminance as a linear or nonlinear combination of receptor inputs. By taking a simple physical model as a start and adding physiological elements whenever the quantitative predictions failed, we hope to have gained some insight into the color‐vision mechanisms. This review is intended to enable a discussion of the limitations and merits of this rather theoretical approach.
Analysis of colour‐appearance grids and chromatic‐adaptation transforms
Authors: Pointer M. R.
Published: June 2007

Ten pairs of colour‐appearance grids, some derived experimentally and some theoretically, have been analysed using 18 sets of scaled data. The hue and colourfulness of the scaled data are compared with those values predicted by the grids. The results of the analysis suggest that Munsell Renotation data (for Munsell Value 5) can provide an adequate grid of loci of constant hue and colourfulness from which other grids, for other illuminants, can be derived. The results also support the suggestion that two types of grid are necessary to predict some data satisfactorily, depending on how those data were derived.
Color‐matching performance of polypropylene producers
Authors: Longley William V.
Published: June 2007

Producers of colored injection‐molded polypropylene plastic parts for automotive interior use were assessed for color‐matching performance on the basis of calculated color difference, spectrophotometric similarity to the standard (freedom from metamerism), and visual color match. Considerable disparity was found among the efforts of the nine producers participating in the study.
Recent results from single‐cell microspectrophotometry: Cone pigments in frog, fish, and monkey
Authors: Hárosi Ferenc I.
Published: June 2007

A modified design of a previous microspectrophotometer (DMSP) is described that utilizes a phase‐modulated light beam. Applied to rod and cone outer segments, it can simultaneously measure optical density (OD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectra. LD spectra were found to be largely unaffected by the presence of light scattering and the absorption of the less anisotropic photoproducts. The bullfrog was found to have blue‐absorbing cones in addition to other previously known photoreceptors in amphibians. Four visual pigments of the sea raven are described. Preliminary data are presented on the four pigments in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys.
Color information coding of horizontal‐cell responses in fish retina
Authors: Fukurotani Kenkichi
Published: June 2007

Retinal horizontal cells responded linearly to weak monochromatic lights. Their spectral responses were analyzed in the linear range. Mutually orthogonal relations were found among the three different types of spectral response curves. According to communication theory, the interactions between cones and horizontal cells are interpreted as an orthogonalizing process which provides the optimal coding for the transmission of color information to the central nervous system.
Retinal neurotransmitters, morphology, and color coding
Authors: Marc Robert E.
Published: June 2007

Through the application of combined neurochemical and anatomical techniques it has been possible to assign putative neurotransmitter substances to several neuron classes in the goldfish retina. Rod photoreceptors appear to use glutamic acid or a close analog as their transmitter substance. Red‐sensitive and green‐sensitive cones appear to use some acidic amino acid or close analog, but neither aspartic nor glutamic acid appears to be a reasonable candidate. At present, blue‐sensitive cones have not been assigned a plausible neurotransmitter substance. Horizontal cells, known as type H1, use gamma‐aminobutyric acid (hereafter abbreviated GABA). A type of pyriform amacrine cell whose dendritic processes branch in the deepest part of the inner plexiform layer also uses GABA. A large population of small‐bodied amacrine cells with diffuse dendritic arbors branching in the middle of the inner plexiform layer utilize glycine. One type of indol‐amine‐accumulating amacrine cell is found to branch in the most superficial portion of the innerplexiform layer. Two classes of interplexiform cells have now been characterized: One employs dopamine and the other uses glycine. The majority of the retinal channels modulated by these conventional transmitter substances are dominated by red‐sensitive cone systems.
Human late‐receptor potential and its clinical use in dyschromatopsia
Authors: Kawasaki Kazuo , Yonemura Daizo , Tanabe Jhoji , Nakazato Hirohiko , Kawaguchi Izumi , Shirao Yutaka
Published: June 2007

The off response of the P III component isolated by aspartate in the human eyecup in vitro showed an initial rapid decay followed by a slow decay. The rapid decay in the human ERG originates mainly in cones. The rapid decay was also observed in human subjects. The spectral sensitivity curve of the rapid decay was found to be shifted toward short wavelengths in all nine protanopes tested. In these cases of protanopia, anomalous cone functions were indicated.
Spatial organization of retinal ganglion cells in turtle, Pseudemys
Authors: Granda A. M. , Fulbrook J. E.
Published: June 2007

Single‐unit receptive fields were investigated in retinal‐ganglion‐cell axons to moving or flashing colored‐light spots. All of the cells were sensitive to moving stimuli; about 40% were directionally selective. Retinal‐ganglion‐cell axons in general had very low spontaneous activities. Most receptive fields had silent surround regions. These cells were usually most sensitive to red light, but when dark‐adapted, many cells also showed a high sensitivity to green and blue light. Under conditions of light adaptation, receptive fields to red light were little affected but receptive fields to green and blue lights disappeared. Fields were either circular, oval, or bar‐shaped. Adaptation, wavelength, and velocity affected the receptive field organization and response profiles. The mutability and complexity of receptive field organization, the presence of bar‐shaped fields and directionally selective cells, and multiple photoreceptor input to ganglion cells are indicative of retinas with particularly high integrative capacities, more so than in many other vertebrates.
Chromatic properties of bipolar cells in the carp retina
Authors: Sakakibara Manabu , Mitarai Genyo
Published: June 2007

In order to analyze the receptive‐field arrangement of color‐opponent bipolar cells, the intracellular responses to monochromatic light spots of different sizes and shapes were recorded from the isolated retina of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) under photopic conditions. Out of 72 bipolar cells identified, 39 color‐opponent cells were classified into three types: the spatially segregated color‐opponent type, the surround color‐opponent type, and the center coloropponent type. The spectral responses of the second type in the surround receptive field were similar to those of their chromatic counterparts in the horizontal cells, suggesting a close relationship to the horizontal‐cell feedback mechanism. The third type was characterized by a small center area of less than 100 μm in diameter. For each type, the mirror images of the spectral response curves were obtained from on and off bipolar cells. This fact strongly suggests that the four basic color channels originate in the bipolar cells.
Additivity failure of chromatic valence in the opponent‐color theory
Authors: Ikeda Mitsuo , Ayama Miyoshi , Ohmi Masao
Published: June 2007

The additivity of flicker responses produced by two different wavelengths λ1and λ2was investigated for five adapting levels of 560 nm by the summation‐index method. A summation‐index value of σ of 0.30 was obtained for all conditions employed, confirming the linear property of the achromatic channel. The additivity of unique chromatic responses, red, yellow, green, and blue, was also investigated with the same method. In this case the wavelengths λ1and λ2were chosen in a spectral region to produce one of the four unique colors and the summation index was measured for the color with the cancellation method. A summation index of 0.30 was found for the green and blue sensations and also for the red sensation if both stimuli were from the same spectral region. A slight additivity failure of the enhancement type was found for pairs λ1and λ2λ1was in the short‐wavelength region while λ2was in the long‐wavelength region. An additivity failure of the same type was found for the yellow chromatic sensation when λ2was 607 nm and λ1was 570, 550, or 533 nm, the last combination giving a summation index of as much as 0.64. The results imply the existence of two different cones whose responses do not add linearly to yield the yellow sensation.
The neural organization of primate color vision
Authors: Gouras P. , Zrenner E.
Published: June 2007

Some of the principal neurophysiological findings in primate retina are related to the postulated R–G, B–Y, and luminance channels of psychophysical color theory. The concept of on‐ and off‐center channels, weak and strong R–G opponency, tonic and phasic systems, and the curious asymmetry of the B–Y channel and its relationship to the detection of whiteness and blueness are stressed.
Remarks on filling the gap between studies of two different modes of appearance: Aperture color and object color
Authors: Indow Tarow
Published: June 2007

What we perceive in daily life are predominantly object colors, and what the subject observes in psychophysical experiments with light stimuli are aperture colors. First, it is pointed out that interchangeability of psychophysical laws between the two modes of appearance has been explicitly or implicitly assumed in color science, and some uniform‐chromaticity diagrams and color‐difference formulas are defined on this assumption. Second, it is discussed whether saturation as a function of colorimetric purity is quantitatively the same in the two modes, and how to design a rigorous experimental test on the interchangeability.
Use of retroreflectors in the improvement of nighttime highway visibility
Authors: Woltman H.
Published: June 2007

A half‐century ago retroreflective glass buttons were formally approved to improve the nighttime visibility of highway signs. The development of flexible retroreflective sheetings dates from the late 1930s, and these unique materials permitted the uniform color coding of warning, regulatory, and informational signs. Color coding has contributed to more rapid comprehension and the transmission of fairly complex information. The success of the signing system at night depends on sign brightness, size, and on the natural background against which the driver must see the sign. Research on signing materials is providing improved brightness, while greater understanding of our dependence on the nighttime environment is leading to attempts at characterizing this important variable. The subsequent adjustment of sign luminance will provide traffic signs that more satisfactorily match driver needs.
Color‐discrimination perimetry
Authors: Uchikawa Hiromi , Kaiser P. K. , Uchikawa Keiji
Published: June 2007

Color‐discrimination perimetry was performed using Munsell color chips to determine how far from the fovea specific color differences would be just‐noticeably different. The results show that color‐discrimination limits were larger in the red‐to‐purple and the blue‐to‐green regions of the color circle than in the purple‐to‐blue, the green‐to‐yellow, and the yellow‐to‐red regions. Achromatic color‐discrimination limits went further into the periphery than did chromatic limits. We also performed color‐naming experiments at the fovea and in the periphery (30° nasal). Our results are reasonably well accounted for by the deuteranopic tendencies in the periphery of the retina.
Latent spaces of color preference with and without a context: Using the shape of an automobile as the context
Authors: Saito Takayuki
Published: June 2007

This article compares color preferences with a context to color preferences without it, using chips of 50 colors and the shape of an automobile as the context. Subjects were asked to make preference judgments of the color chips with the shape and also without it in the experiment. Multi‐ variate analyses were performed on the two sets of data to deriue latent spaces of color preference with and without the context. Through interpretation and comparison of the derived spaces, it was found that there was a noticeable context effect between the preference judgments.
Multidimensional mapping of 178 munsell colors
Authors: Indow Tarow , Aoki Nanako
Published: June 2007

In the right half of the Munsell color space from 2.5R to 7.5BG, 90 colors were selected, most of which were at the lightness level V = 7, and in the left half from 2.5BG to 7.5R, 88 colors were selected most of which were at the level V = 4. Of these 178 colors, 176 pairs in the right half and 185 pairs in the left half were subjected to the following color‐difference judgment. Subjects, five in number, selected two grays for which the lightness difference matches a given color difference in size. Two matrices (incomplete) of color differences given in terms of V were processed by MDSCAL, and finally one configuration of 178 points was synthesized in a three‐dimensional Euclidean space. Implications of the results are discussed in connection with results of previous similar studies which were based upon much smaller numbers of colors.
Errors in spectrophotometry and colorimetry of fluorescent samples caused by polarization of the measuring system
Authors: Minato Hideyuki , Nanjo MotoL , Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: June 2007

This article describes a method for the prediction of the reflected and the fluorescent spectral radiance factor which are expected to be measured by use of a measuring system with polarizing properties, and a method for the estimation of the spectrophotometric errors in the predicted radiance factors. Polarization properties are described for the measuring system, the white standard surface, and the two kinds of fluorescent samples used in the two‐monochromator method of the present study. In this method, the spectrophotometric errors in the reflected spectral radiance factor are estimated to be not less than 1% at some wavelengths. However, the error of the fluorescent spectral radiance factor is relatively small. Colorimetric errors of fluorescent samples due to polarization are estimated for the one‐ and two‐monochromator methods. The errors expressed as CIELUV color differences are estimated to be less than 1.0 unit and are negligibly small.
Luminance and saturation of equally bright colors
Authors: Uchikawa Keiji , Uchikawa Hiromi , Kaiser P. K.
Published: June 2007

Luminances and saturations of equally bright colors were measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry and a saturation scaling method, respectively. We used 19 dominant wavelengths from 410 to 670 nm and in the purple region, and II excitation purities from 0.0 to 1.0 in 0.I steps for each dominant wavelength, as test stimulus colors. The results show that the luminances of equally bright colors with the same dominant wavelength decrease approximately linearly as the saturation estimates increase for all dominant wavelengths, but the slope of this lumi‐nance‐versus‐satuiation function varies with dominant wavelength. It is implied that the chromatic content of colors differentially contributes to the brightness‐luminance discrepancy depending on the dominant wavelength. We also plotted constant‐luminance loci and constant‐saturation loci in the 1931 CIE x, y and the 19.76 CIE‐u', v' ‐chromaticity diagrams.
The basic concepts and attributes of colour order systems
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: June 2007

One of the first—if not the first—colour order system described in the literature is that of the Swedish scientist Forsius in his book Physica, published in 1611, and the Symposium at which this article was presented was organised to provide a forum for discussion of the philosophy and principles underlying the various colour order systems that have been developed since that time. Two main types of colour order system can be identified, depending on the subjective variables of colour appearance on which they are based. These variables are discussed in this article with particular reference to the Munsell System and the Natural Colour System, the chief representatives of the two types of system, together with some comments on colour naming as an additional method of colour ordering. Here the Kelly‐Judd report on Color: Universal Language and Dictionary of Names (1976) provides a penetrating insight into the subjective terminology by which one block of colour space can be distinguished from another. Some other novel colour order systems are also mentioned.
An algorithm to calculate correlated colour temperature
Authors: Krystek M.
Published: June 2007

A new algorithm to calculate correlated colour temperature is given. This algorithm is based on a rational Chebyshev approximation of the Planckian locus in the CIE 1960 UCS diagram and a bisection procedure. Thus time‐consuming search procedures in tables or charts are no longer necessary.
Chromaticity‐discrimination ellipses for surface colours
Authors: Luo M. R. , Rigg B.
Published: June 2007

Available colour‐discrimination data for surface colours have been analysed to produce chromaticity‐discrimination ellipses for individual colour centres. Applying simulated errors showed that when the distribution of samples around a standard was unsatisfactory, the ellipses obtained were unreliable. A total of 132 reliable ellipses were obtained. The values of 6 and a/b varied systematically over the chro‐maticity diagram, the patterns from acceptability, perceptibility, textile, and non‐textile ellipses being very similar. New experimental data involving over 400 pairs of samples corresponding to 70 of the colour centres and assessed against a grey scale were used to adjust the relative sizes of the ellipses. Overall set factors were used to bring data from different sources onto a common scale. However, even after allowing for different lightness levels, the sizes of the ellipses still appeared to be irregular. Using the new results to adjust the sizes of the individual ellipses from any one group of data, e.g., BFD, DF, or MMB, gave ellipses forming a much more regular pattern. In contrast to the MacAdam ellipses, the smallest ellipses occurred in the blue‐grey region. Our results imply that the relative sizes of the ellipses from the same group of data are in error by a factor of two or more. Comparing colour differences for different colours appears to be much more difficult than has been previously realised. The problem appears to have affected all the major groups of published data.
Philosophy of perceptive color order systems
Authors: Tonnquist Gunnar
Published: June 2007

A color order system may arrange color perceptions, color stimuli, or material color samples according to certain rules. Material color systems have many practical applications but are different for different materials and different applications. Stimulus systems are useful in comparing instrumental measurements of transmitted or reflected radiation, but do not adequately describe the appearance of the color perceptions. In most perceptive color systems attributes like hue, saturation, and lightness (or their near correlates) describe three‐dimensional color space. There are two main exceptions: the OSA–UCS system intended to be equidistant in all directions of color space, and the NCS, which is a Hering‐type opponent system, based on six innate elementary colors with six corresponding attributes. In the NCS, hue and chromaticness, which in other systems are primary attributes, are derived from the elementary attributes.
Transformation of NCS data into CIELAB colour space
Authors: Derefeldt Gunilla , Sahlin Christer
Published: June 2007

The data for the Natural Colour System (NCS) were transformed to the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) system (CIELAB). The transformation involved taking the CIE tristimulus values of the nominal NCS notations, i.e., the colorimetric aim points representing the NCS, converting these values to CIELAB, and plotting them in the CIELAB space. All the data have been calculated using CIE standard illuminant C and the 1931 standard observer. The data show that no simple relationship exists between the NCS and CIELAB systems.
Distinctness of border: An alternative concept for a uniform color space
Authors: Hara Anders , Sivik Lars
Published: June 2007

In phenomenological analyses of the visual color gestalt it has been found that color plays at least a double role from a cognitive point of view. First, the characteristics of the color gestalt have to do with how man identifies colors, and are related to emotions, connotations, semantics, and symbolism. The NCS (Natural Color System) was designed to cover the need for a descriptive color order system, based on the six characteristic elementary color attributes whiteness, blackness, yellowness, redness, blueness, and greenness, from which was derived the three‐dimensional NCS color space for providing color notations. Second, the form of background and patterns in a color gestalt has to do with how man distinguishes color elements from each other by contrast and is informative about form and directions. In this article we report about one of the contrast phenomena, border distinctness between adjacent colors, which is most essential for the perception of form gestalts. Several years of phenomenological analyses and psychometric and psychophysical experiments have resulted in an equation for the prediction of the kind of contrast defined as border distinctness, called GT from the Swedish word Gränstydlighet. Based on that equation is a geometrical model for the GT color‐difference space that is not Euclidean but of city‐block type. The studies have led to the question of whether the phenomenon of color contrast (difference) is a perception of its own and not linearly related to the difference between two color perceptions.
Chromatic adaptation and color constancy: A possible dichotomy
Authors: Brill Michael H. , West Gerhard
Published: June 2007

Differences between chromatic adaptation and color constancy are discussed, in order to call into question the commonly held view that chromatic adaptation is the mechanism of color constancy. Whereas chromatic adaptation requires many seconds of time and occurs for simple visual scenes, color constancy asserts itself immediately and is most powerful in complex visual scenes. Furthermore, models of chromatic adaptation are not so illuminant invariant as other models of color vision. Therefore, a new operational foundation for color constancy is proposed, and existing non‐adaptation models of color constancy are enumerated for future tests.
Changes in constant‐hue loci with spatial frequency
Authors: Elsner A. E. , Burns S. A. , Pokorny J.
Published: June 2007

We examined the effects of spatial frequency and colorimetric purity using a hue‐matching technique. At constant retinal illuminance, hue matches of alternate stripes of square‐wave gratings changed with spatial frequency. At high spatial frequencies the data did not tend towards tritanopic confusion loci. Several alternative hypotheses, including optical factors, chromatic induction, and changes in the relative sensitivity of the opponent‐colors channels, are discussed. None of these mechanisms can explain all of the data.
In Silico Engineering of Tailored Ink‐Binding Ability at Molecular Printboards
Authors: Thompson Damien
Published: June 2007

Molecular recognition between guest ink molecules and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) cavities at self‐assembled monolayers provides a molecular printboard for nanopatterning applications. We recently used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to describe the specificity of ink–printboard binding and here extend the simulations to include charged cyclodextrin hosts, necessary to broaden the chemistry of molecular printboards and bind charged inks such as the ferrocenium cation. Shifting to high pH, or alternatively grafting a charged sidearm onto β‐CD, created three distinct types of anionic β‐CD cavity and we used electronic structure calculations and MD simulations to measure host–guest charge transfer and binding strengths. We find that steric recognition of uncharged organic molecules is retained at the charged printboards, and that improved guest–host electrostatic contacts can strengthen binding of larger inks while penalising small inks, enhancing the level of discrimination. A prudent choice of complementary host–guest shape and charge states thus provides a means of tuning both ink binding strength and specificity at molecular printboards.
Synthesis, growth and characterization of L‐histidinium acetate dihydrate single crystals
Authors: Mathivanan V. , Raghavalu T. , Kovendhan M. , Gokul Raj S. , Ramesh Kumar G. , Mohan R. , Suriya Kumar K.
Published: June 2007

L‐histidinium acetate dihydrate {abbreviated as LHAc; [C6H10 N3O2+ C2H3O2‐ 2H2O], a new nonlinear optical (NLO) material has been grown from aqueous solution. The grown crystals were subjected to X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT‐Raman analyses. Thermal studies have been carried out for its thermal stability. Optical behaviour such as UV‐Vis‐NIR spectrum and second harmonic generation (SHG) were also investigated. Its SHG efficiency was found as deff = 2.2 deff (KDP). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PSSS‐controlled synthesis of CaCO3 superstructures
Authors: Tang Hua , Yu Jaguo , Ng Dickon H. L.
Published: June 2007

Complex CaCO3 superstructure can be easily synthesized by using poly (sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSSS) as a structure directing agent to direct the controlled precipitation of calcium carbonate from aqueous solution. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results revealed that the morphology of the products changed significantly with the increasing of the concentration of PSSS in solution, from rhombohedral particles to plate‐packed aggregates to spheres with smooth surface, to sponge‐like spheres and finally to complex spherical superstructure consisted of plate‐like sub‐units. We hypothesize that the observed sequential changes in morphology of CaCO3 particles with added PSSS concentration may be due to the influence of PSSS on nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaCO3 crystals. The formation mechanisms of CaCO3 crystals with different morphologies were discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow cytometric determination of PMCA‐mediated Ca2+‐extrusion in individual red blood cells
Authors: de Jong Kitty , Kuypers Frans A.
Published: June 2007

Background:

Differences among red blood cells in the activity of the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) can impact cell signaling and survival. However, no method has been reported that measures this activity directly in individual cells.

Methods:

We have designed a novel assay for PMCA activity that uses the fluorescent Ca2+‐reporter Fluo4 and flow cytometric analysis. The method recognizes the extrusion of Ca2+ from the cell after a short Ca2+‐loading pulse, which avoids the problem of ATP depletion and ascertains activity at Vmax capacity.

Results:

Our assay is responsive to known PMCA inhibitors, and while not intended for quantitative kinetic analysis of Ca2+‐pumping, it can be used to determine qualitative differences between red blood cell populations that vary in PMCA activity. Using this assay, we confirmed that a normal red blood cell population shows heterogeneity with respect to the PMCA Vmax.

Conclusion:

We report a novel assay of PMCA activity in red blood cells that can provide qualitative information on PMCA activity in individual cells. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Laminin and fibronectin modulate inner ear spiral ganglion neurite outgrowth in an in vitro alternate choice assay
Authors: Evans Amaretta R. , Euteneuer Sara , Chavez Eduardo , Mullen Lina M. , Hui Elliot E. , Bhatia Sangeeta N. , Ryan Allen F.
Published: June 2007

Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules have been shown to function as cues for neurite guidance in various populations of neurons. Here we show that laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN) presented in stripe micro‐patterns can provide guidance cues to neonatal (P5) inner ear spiral ganglion (SG) neurites. The response to both ECM molecules was dose‐dependent. In a LN versus poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) assay, neurites were more often observed on PLL at low coating concentrations (5 and 10 μg/mL), while they were more often on LN at a high concentration (80 μg/mL). In a FN versus PLL assay, neurites were more often on PLL than on FN stripes at high coating concentrations (40 and 80 μg/mL). In a direct competition between LN and FN, neurites were observed on LN significantly more often than on FN at both 10 and 40 μg/mL. The data suggest a preference by SG neurites for LN at high concentrations, as well as avoidance of both LN at low and FN at high concentrations. The results also support a potential model for neurite guidance in the developing inner ear in vivo. LN, in the SG and osseus spiral lamina may promote SG dendrite growth toward the organ of Corti. Within the organ of Corti, lower concentrations of LN may slow neurite growth, with FN beneath each row of hair cells providing a stop or avoidance signal. This could allow growth cone filopodia increased time to sample their cellular targets, or direct the fibers upward toward the hair cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Effect of lipid supplements on ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates and muscle fatty acids in lambs
Authors: Bessa Rui J. B. , Alves Susana P. , Jerónimo Eliana , Alfaia Cristina M. , Prates José A. M. , Santos‐Silva José
Published: June 2007

The objective was to characterize the fatty acid (FA) composition of lamb meat with emphasis on biohydrogenation intermediates (BI) induced by dietary sunflower and linseed oil and to test if a synergistic effect on meat trans‐11 18:1 and cis‐9,trans‐11 18:2 concentrations could be obtained with a blend of both oils. Thirty two lambs were assigned to four groups and fed for 6 weeks one of the following diets: pelleted dehydrated lucerne (Control); and Control supplemented with 7.4% of sunflower oil (SF), linseed oil (LS) or a blend of sunflower and linseed oils (2 : 1 vol/vol) (SFLS). Longissimus thoracis muscles were analyzed for FA. LS increased n‐3 PUFA due to contribution of 18:3n‐3 but not of very long n‐3 PUFA. Total conjugated linoleic acids were similar in oil‐supplemented lambs, but the cis‐9,trans‐11 18:2 was higher with SF than with LS. No synergistic effects on trans‐11 18:1 or cis‐9,trans‐11 18:2 were observed when both oils were fed together. Oil supplementation increased the concentrations of most BI in meat. However, the BI patterns were different for LS and SF. Some FA were only found in lambs fed linseed oil, including the unusual cis‐12,cis‐15 18:2 which is proposed as a new intermediate of the 18:3n‐3 biohydrogenation pathway.
Characterization of olive paste volatiles to predict the sensory quality of virgin olive oil
Authors: García‐González Diego L. , Tena Noelia , Aparicio Ramón
Published: June 2007

One of the main challenges that virgin olive oil producers face today is an accurate prediction of the sensory quality of the final product prior to the milling of the olives. The possibility that olive paste aroma can be used as a predictive measurement of virgin olive oil quality is studied in this paper. The study was centered on distinguishing the aroma of olive pastes that produced virgin olive oils without sensory defects from the aroma of olive pastes the virgin olive oils of which showed sensory defects. Olive pastes were analyzed by solid‐phase microextraction‐gas chromatography and a sensor system based on metal oxide sensors. Forty‐four volatile compounds were identified in olive pastes, all of them being also present in virgin olive oil. Six volatile compounds – acetic acid, octane, methyl benzene, (E)‐2‐hexenal, hexyl acetate and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol – distinguished both kinds of pastes with only five misclassified samples. Five metal oxide sensors were able to classify the olive pastes with only two erroneous classifications.
Numerical simulations of the steady Navier–Stokes equations using adaptive meshing schemes
Authors: Ju Lili , Lee Hyung‐Chun , Tian Li
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we consider an adaptive meshing scheme for solution of the steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations by finite element discretization. The mesh refinement and optimization are performed based on an algorithm that combines the so‐called conforming centroidal Voronoi Delaunay triangulations (CfCVDTs) and residual‐type local a posteriori error estimators. Numerical experiments in the two‐dimensional space for various examples are presented with quadratic finite elements used for the velocity field and linear finite elements for the pressure. The results show that our meshing scheme can equally distribute the errors over all elements in some optimal way and keep the triangles very well shaped as well at all levels of refinement. In addition, the convergence rates achieved are close to the best obtainable. Extension of this approach
to three‐dimensional cases is also discussed and the main challenge is the efficient implementation of three‐dimensional CfCVDT generation that is still under development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erratum: Validation of the Spanish version of the geriatric depression scale (GDS) in primary care
Authors: Fernández‐San Martín M. I. , Andrade C. , Molina J. , Muñoz P. E. , Carretero B. , Rodríguez M. , Silva A.
Published: June 2007

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002; 17: 279–287

DOI: 10.1002/gps.588

It has come to our attention that there was an error to one of the author names within this published article. The correct author listing is now published below. We apologise for this anomaly.

M. I. Fernández‐San Martín, C. Andrade‐Rosa, J. D. Molina, P. E. Muñoz, B. Carretero, M. Rodríguez and A. Silva
Lack of effects between rupatadine 10 mg and placebo on actual driving performance of healthy volunteers
Authors: Vuurman Eric , Theunissen Eef , van Oers Anita , van Leeuwen Cees , Jolles Jelle
Published: June 2007

Introduction

Rupatadine fumarate is a potent, selective, histamine H1‐receptor antagonist and PAF inhibitor with demonstrated efficacy for the relief of allergic rhinitis. Rupatadine does not easily cross the blood–brain barrier and is believed to be non‐sedating at therapeutic doses. Consequently, rupatadine should show no impairment on car driving.

Objective

This study compared the acute effects of rupatadine, relative to placebo and hydroxyzine (as an active control), on healthy subjects' driving performance.

Methods

Twenty subjects received a single dose of rupatadine 10 mg, hydroxyzine 50 mg, or placebo in each period of this randomized, double‐blind, three‐way crossover study. Two hours postdosing, subjects operated a specially instrumented vehicle in tests designed to measure their driving ability. Before and after the driving tests ratings of sedation were recorded.

Results

There was no significant difference between rupatadine and placebo in the primary outcome variable: standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP); however, hydroxyzine treatment significantly increased SDLP (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Objective (Stanford sleepiness scale) and subjective sedation ratings (Visual Analogue Scales) showed similar results: subjects reported negative effects after hydroxyzine but not after rupatadine.

Conclusion

Rupatadine 10 mg is not sedating and does not impair driving performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of hydrophobic resin adhesives to acid‐etched dentin with an alternative wet bonding technique
Authors: Sadek Fernanda T. , Pashley David H. , Nishitani Yoshihiro , Carrilho Marcella R. , Donnelly Adam , Ferrari Marco , Tay Franklin R.
Published: June 2007

Hydrophilic dentin adhesives are prone to water sorption that adversely affects the durability of resin–dentin bonds. This study examined the feasibility of bonding to dentin with hydrophobic resins via the adaptation of electron microscopy tissue processing techniques. Hydrophobic primers were prepared by diluting 2,2‐bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxy‐propyloxy)‐phenyl] pro‐ pane/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate resins with known ethanol concentrations. They were applied to acid‐etched moist dentin using an ethanol wet bonding technique that involved: (1) stepwise replacement of water with a series of increasing ethanol concentrations to prevent the demineralized collagen matrix from collapsing; (2) stepwise replacement of the ethanol with different concentrations of hydrophobic primers and subsequently with neat hydrophobic resin. Using the ethanol wet bonding technique, the experimental primer versions with 40, 50, and 75% resin exhibited tensile strengths which were not significantly different from commercially available hydrophilic three‐step adhesives that were bonded with water wet bonding technique. The concept of ethanol wet bonding may be explained in terms of solubility parameter theory. This technique is sensitive to water contamination, as depicted by the lower tensile strength results from partial dehydration protocols. The technique has to be further improved by incorporating elements of dentin permeability reduction to avoid water from dentinal tubules contaminating water‐free resin blends during bonding. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Delivery of plasmid IGF‐1 to chondrocytes via cationized gelatin nanoparticles
Authors: Xu Ximing , Capito Ramille M. , Spector Myron
Published: June 2007

The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of gelatin and cationized‐gelatin nanoparticles for the nonviral delivery of the plasmid DNA encoding for insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 to adult canine articular chondrocytes in vitro; plasmid for enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) was used as a marker gene. The spherical cationized gelatin nanoparticles were on average 172 nm in diameter, compared with the often ellipsoid‐shaped unmodified (noncationized) gelatin particles that generally appeared to be 10 μm to greater than 20 μm in length. The zeta potential of the positively charged cationized gelatin nanoparticles containing the plasmid was around 20 mV compared with about 2 mV for the unmodified gelatin particles. There was no noticeable fluorescence from the cells treated with the nanoparticles prepared with the original (noncationized) gelatin particles containing the pEGFP. In contrast, numerous cells in the group transfected with the cationized gelatin‐pEGFP nanoparticles were found to fluoresce demonstrating the transfection of the cells. There was five‐fold elevation in the amount of IGF‐1 produced by the cells treated with the cationized gelatin nanoparticles containing the IGF‐1 plasmid compared with the unmodified (noncationized) gelatin particles. There was a clear effect of varying the weight ratio of plasmid IGF‐1 in the cationized gelatin nanoparticles on the IGF‐1 in the medium of cells exposed to the nanoparticles for 5 h. A peak in the amount of released IGF‐1 was detected at a gelatin:IGF‐1 weight ratio of 250:1. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Ligament repair: A molecular and immunohistological characterization
Authors: Roseti L. , Buda R. , Cavallo C. , Desando G. , Facchini A. , Grigolo B.
Published: June 2007

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured tissue of the human knee. Its poor ability to regenerate after injury represents a challenge to ligament tissue engineering. An understanding of the molecular composition of the structures used for its repair is essential for clinical assessments and for the implementation of tissue engineering strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate, both at gene and protein levels, the expression of characteristic molecules in human ACL, patellar, semitendinosus and gracilis tendons and in the ligament reconstructed with patellar or semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. We demonstrated that primary ACL and tendon tissues all express collagen I, II, Sox‐9, tenascin‐C and aggrecan. Collagen X expression was detected at very low levels or undetectable. Cathepsin B, MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 were expressed at higher levels in the ACL reconstructed by the two tendons, showing that a remodeling process occurs during “ligamentization”. Both our molecular and immunohistochemical evaluations did not reveal significative differences between the tendons and ligaments analyzed. However, ACL reconstructed with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon seems to present a higher expression of collagen type II when compared to that reconstructed with patellar tendon. This study could give a reasonable identification of genetic and protein markers specific to tendon/ligament tissues and be helpful in testing tissue engineering approaches for ACL reconstruction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008