bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reidentification With Birth-Registered Sex in a Western Australian Pediatric Gender Clinic Cohort
Authors: Cavve Blake S. , Bickendorf Xander , Ball Jack , Saunders Liz A. , Thomas Cati S. , Strauss Penelope , Chaplyn Georgia , Marion Larissa , Siafarikas Aris , Ganti Uma , Wiggins Aaron , Lin Ashleigh , Moore Julia K.
Published: March 2024

Importance

Some young people who identify as transgender and seek gender-affirming medical care subsequently reidentify with their sex registered at birth. Evidence regarding the frequency and characteristics of this experience is lacking.

Objective

To determine the frequency of reidentification and explore associated characteristics in a pediatric gender clinic setting.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study examined all referrals to the Child and Adolescent Health Service Gender Diversity Service at Perth Children’s Hospital between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2020. The Gender Diversity Service is the sole statewide specialist service in Western Australia that provides children and adolescents up to age 18 years with multidisciplinary assessment, information, support, and gender-affirming medical care. All closed referrals for this study were audited between May 1, 2021, and August 8, 2022.

Exposure

Reidentification with birth-registered sex.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The number of referrals closed due to reported reidentification with birth-registered sex was determined, as well as descriptives and frequencies of patient demographics (age, birth-registered sex), informant source, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision gender-related diagnoses, pubertal status, any gender-affirming medical treatment received, and whether subsequent re-referrals were received.

Results

Of 552 closed referrals during the study period, a reason for closure could be determined for 548 patients, including 211 birth-registered males (mean [SD] age, 13.88 [2.00] years) and 337 birth-registered females (mean [SD] age, 15.81 [2.22] years). Patients who reidentified with their birth-registered sex comprised 5.3% (29 of 548; 95% CI, 3.6%-7.5%) of all referral closures. Except for 2 patients, reidentification occurred before or during early stages of assessment (93.1%; 95% CI, 77.2%-99.2%). Two patients who reidentified with their birth-registered sex did so following initiation of puberty suppression or gender-affirming hormone treatment (1.0% of 196 patients who initiated any gender-affirming medical treatment; 95% CI, 0.1%-3.6%).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings from a pediatric gender clinic audit indicate that a small proportion of patients, and a very small proportion of those who initiated medical gender-affirming treatment, reidentified with their birth-registered sex during the study period. Longitudinal follow-up studies, including qualitative self-report, are required to understand different pathways of gender identity experience.
Assessment of machine‐learning predictions for the Mediator complex subunit MED25 ACID domain interactions with transactivation domains
Authors: Monté Didier , Lens Zoé , Dewitte Frédérique , Villeret Vincent , Verger Alexis
Published: March 2024

The human Mediator complex subunit MED25 binds transactivation domains (TADs) present in various cellular and viral proteins using two binding interfaces, named H1 and H2, which are found on opposite sides of its ACID domain. Here, we use and compare deep learning methods to characterize human MED25–TAD interfaces and assess the predicted models to published experimental data. For the H1 interface, AlphaFold produces predictions with high‐reliability scores that agree well with experimental data, while the H2 interface predictions appear inconsistent, preventing reliable binding modes. Despite these limitations, we experimentally assess the validity of MED25 interface predictions with the viral transcriptional activators Lana‐1 and IE62. AlphaFold predictions also suggest the existence of a unique hydrophobic pocket for the Arabidopsis MED25 ACID domain.
The sensitivity of radiobiological models in carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) and its consequences on the clinical treatment plan: Differences between LEM and MKM models
Authors: Góra Joanna , Grosshagauer Sarah , Fossati Piero , Mumot Marta , Stock Markus , Schafasand Mansure , Carlino Antonio
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) relies on relative biological effectiveness (RBE)‐weighted dose calculations. Japanese clinics predominantly use the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM), while European centers utilize the local effect model (LEM). Despite both models estimating RBE‐distributions in tissue, their physical and mathematical assumptions differ, leading to significant disparities in RBE‐weighted doses. Several European clinics adopted Japanese treatment schedules, necessitating adjustments in dose prescriptions and organ at risk (OAR) constraints. In the context of these two clinically used standards for RBE‐weighted dose estimation, the objective of this study was to highlight specific scenarios for which the translations between models diverge, as shortcomings between them can influence clinical decisions.

Methods

Our aim was to discuss planning strategies minimizing those discrepancies, ultimately striving for more accurate and robust treatments. Evaluations were conducted in a virtual water phantom and patient CT‐geometry, optimizing LEM RBE‐weighted dose first and recomputing MKM thereafter. Dose‐averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) distributions were also assessed.

Results

Results demonstrate how various parameters influence LEM/MKM translation. Similar LEM‐dose distributions lead to markedly different MKM‐dose distributions and variations in LETd. Generally, a homogeneous LEM RBE‐weighted dose aligns with lower MKM values in most of the target volume. Nevertheless, paradoxical MKM hotspots may emerge (at the end of the range), potentially influencing clinical outcomes. Therefore, translation between models requires great caution.

Conclusions

Understanding the relationship between these two clinical standards enables combining European and Japanese based experiences. The implementation of optimal planning strategies ensures the safety and acceptability of the clinical plan for both models and therefore enhances plan robustness from the RBE‐weighted dose and LETd distribution point of view. This study emphasizes the importance of optimal planning strategies and the need for comprehensive CIRT plan quality assessment tools. In situations where simultaneous LEM and MKM computation capabilities are lacking, it can provide guidance in plan design, ultimately contributing to enhanced CIRT outcomes.
Cyano‐Coordinated Tin Halide Perovskites for Wearable Health Monitoring and Weak Light Imaging
Authors: Liu Tianhua , Wang Junfang , Liu Yongsi , Min Liangliang , Wang Lixia , Yuan Ziquan , Sun Haoxuan , Huang Le , Li Liang , Meng Xiangyue
Published: March 2024

Low‐toxicity tin halide perovskites with excellent optoelectronic properties are promising candidates for photodetection. However, tin halide perovskite photodetectors have suffered from high dark current owing to uncontrollable Sn2+ oxidation. Here, 2‐cyanoethan‐1‐aminium iodide (CNI) is introduced in CH(NH2)2SnI3 (FASnI3) perovskite films to inhibit Sn2+ oxidation by the strong coordination interaction between the cyano group (C≡N) and Sn2+. Consequently, FASnI3‐CNI films exhibit reduced nonradiative recombination and lower trap density. The self‐powered photodetector based on FASnI3‐CNI exhibits low dark current (1.04 × 10−9 A cm−2), high detectivity (2.2 × 1013 Jones at 785 nm), fast response speed (2.62 µs), and good stability. Mechanism studies show the increase in the activation energy required for thermal emission and generated carriers, leading to a lower dark current in the FASnI3‐CNI photodetector. In addition, flexible photodetectors based on FASnI3‐CNI, exhibiting high detectivity and fast response speed, are employed in wearable electronics to monitor the human heart rate under weak light and zero bias conditions. Finally, the FASnI3‐CNI perovskite photodetectors are integrated with a 32 × 32 thin‐film transistor backplane, capable of ultraweak light (170 nW cm−2) real‐time imaging with high contrast, and zero power consumption, demonstrating the great potential for image sensor applications.
570 Wh kg⁻1‐Grade Lithium Metal Pouch Cell with 4.9V Highly Li+ Conductive Armor‐Like Cathode Electrolyte Interphase via Partially Fluorinated Electrolyte Engineering
Authors: Liu Xiangxiang , Li Yong , Liu Jiandong , Wang Huaping , Zhuang Xiujuan , Ma Jianmin
Published: March 2024

Lithium‐rich manganese‐based layered oxides (LRMOs) are promisingly used in high‐energy lithium metal pouch cells due to high specific capacity/working voltage. However, the interfacial stability of LRMOs remains challenging. To address this question, a novel armor‐like cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) model is proposed for stabilizing LRMO cathode at 4.9 V by exploring partially fluorinated electrolyte formulation. The fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and tris (trimethylsilyl) borate (TMSB) in formulated electrolyte largely contribute to the formation of 4.9 V armor‐like CEI with LiBxOy and LixPOyFz outer layer and LiF‐ and Li3PO4‐rich inner part. Such CEI effectively inhibits lattice oxygen loss and facilitates the Li+ migration smoothly for guaranteeing LRMO cathode to deliver superior cycling and rate performance. As expected, Li||LRMO batteries with such electrolyte achieve capacity retention of 85.7% with high average Coulomb efficiency (CE) of 99.64% after 300 cycles at 4.8 V/0.5 C, and even obtain capacity retention of 87.4% after 100 cycles at higher cut‐off voltage of 4.9 V. Meanwhile, the 9 Ah‐class Li||LRMO pouch cells with formulated electrolyte show over thirty‐eight stable cycling life with high energy density of 576 Wh kg−1 at 4.8 V.
Advance Chemical Mechanical Polishing Technique for Gallium Nitride Substrate
Authors: Zhao Xuanyi , Wang Shouzhi , Liu Lei , Li Qiubo , Yu Jiaoxian , Wang Guodong , Liang Chang , Wang Zhongxin , Hao Han , Xu Xiangang , Zhang Lei
Published: March 2024

As the representative of substrate material, gallium nitride (GaN) has excellent mechanical properties and high thermal stability. Achieving high surface flatness is critical for subsequent epitaxial growth and device fabrication processes. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technique of GaN is commonly one of the most effective ways to achieve atomically smooth surfaces. However, the current process is difficult to meet the needs of industrial development due to the characteristics of low material removal rate. Assisted enhanced CMP technique is deemed to possess significant potential due to its improved processing efficiency and surface topography quality. Herein, a variety of auxiliary enhanced CMP systems are designed and studied. In this review, recent advances both in conventional and assisted enhanced CMP of GaN are comprehensive presented, with a focus on their potential applications in various fields. The mechanism and design strategy of the process are discussed and summarized. The key issues in machining atomically flattened surface are outlined, and future strategies for sustainable development are also proposed. This review provides a novel perspective on GaN processing and offers more inspiration for future research to realize its development and commercial application.
Total Resource Circulation of Desalination Brine: A Review
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Han , Ho Hsing‐Jung , Chen Wei‐Sheng , Iizuka Atsushi
Published: March 2024

Desalination brine is a concentrated stream that is generated during the desalination process. Brine commonly has high salinity and TDS (total dissolved ions), which contains ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, PO43−, and some critical elements. Currently, the brine treatment mainly applies direct disposal, like surface water discharge, sewer discharge, deep‐well injection, and evaporation ponds. However, these methods can cause harm to marine ecosystems, soil, and groundwater. Therefore, brine can be regarded as a resource to be reutilized. This work then aims to highlight the novel developments of brine application. For example, Na, Ca, and Mg in brine can be employed for carbon capture and utilization with ammonia, amines, and alkaline substances. With slight adjustment, brine can also be directly used as irrigation water, aquaculture water, and the activation of biochar. Furthermore, brine holds a higher concentration of critical elements, which makes many countries and scholars start to conduct element extraction, reducing the amount of ore exploitation. At last, the major obstacles related to these advancements in sustainability, expenses, and technological aspects are outlined, and promising research trends of brine reutilization are also suggested.
Constructing Structural Isomers to Reveal and Enhance Lithium Storage in a Conducting Polymer
Authors: Dai Huichao , Chen Yuan , Gao Yanbo , Gong Lei , Fan Kun , Zou Jincheng , Wang Xiaobo , Zhang Chenyang , Fu Manli , Zhang Guoqun , Cao Yueyue , Wang Chengliang
Published: March 2024

Organic electrodes have gained great interest for batteries. Conducting polymers have the merits of high conductivity, and hence are attempted as electrode materials in batteries as soon as their discoveries. However, conducting polymers showe poor electrochemical performance and are baring vague charge storage mechanisms. Here, a strategy is reported to reveal the charge storage mechanisms of conducting polymers by constructing isomers and using polypyridines as a proof‐of‐concept. Polypyridines are rarely studied and its redox activity is still not clear. The results indicate that every pyridine ring can accept one electron and the dimer unit with adjacent C═N groups can gain one more electron through chelation effects with Li ions. The electron transferred number and the chelation effects can be quantified by the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectroscopy and verified by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As a result, one of the polypyridine isomers delivers the highest capacity of 504 mAh g−1 after deducting the contribution of conductive additives. This work provides a universal way to reveal the charge storage mechanism and highlights the significance of adjacent active centers to form chelation with Li ions and hence enhance the performance of organic batteries.
Gd‐based molecular coolants: Aggregating for better magnetocaloric effect
Authors: Zhai Yuan‐Qi , Chen Wei‐Peng , Evangelisti Marco , Fu Zhendong , Zheng Yan‐Zhen
Published: March 2024

Two series of 3d‐Gd mixed‐metal phosphonate complexes with either only two gadolinium centers such as {Gd2}, {Ni2Gd2}, {Co4Gd2}, {Co8Gd2}, {Fe6Gd2}, and {Fe17Gd2} or more than two gadoliniums such as {Co8Gd4}, {Mn8Gd4}, {Co4Gd6}, {Mn4Gd6}, {Co6Gd8}, {Ni5Gd8}, {Ni6Gd6}, {Co8Gd8}, and {Mn9Gd9} have been solvothermally prepared and magnetothermally studied. The nearly identical environments of the Gd(III) dimer in the first series allow us to qualitatively analyze the effect of magnetic exchange coupling on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). By doubling, tripling, or quadrupling of the Gd(III) centers, the second series of 3d‐Gd mixed‐metal complexes was built to further test the other effects of exchange couplings on MCE in more complicated circumstances. For the antiferromagnetic coupling cases, the results are nearly identical but diversify when topological spin frustrations are created, whose massive low‐lying excited spin states help enhance MCE. For presumably ferromagnetically coupled ones, albeit are rare in phosphonate complexes, they do exhibit excellent MCE. Meanwhile, the complexes with weakly coupled metal centers serve as excellent examples for studying the effect of molecular mass on MCE when its magnitude is expressed in the unit of Joule per kilogram, from which we can see the values are directly proportional to the percentage of the Gd(III) ions in molecular weight.
Ynamide and Azaalleneyl. Acid‐Base Promoted Chelotropic and Spin‐State Rearrangements in a Versatile Heterocumulene [(Ad)NCC(tBu)]−
Authors: Russell John B. , Jafari Mehrafshan G. , Kim Jun‐Hyeong , Pudasaini Bimal , Ozarowski Andrew , Telser Joshua , Baik Mu‐Hyun , Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: March 2024

We introduce the heterocumulene ligand [(Ad)NCC(tBu)]− (Ad=1‐adamantyl (C10H15), tBu=tert‐butyl, (C4H9)), which can adopt two forms, the azaalleneyl and ynamide. This ligand platform can undergo a reversible chelotropic shift using Brønsted acid‐base chemistry, which promotes an unprecedented spin‐state change of the [VIII] ion. These unique scaffolds are prepared via addition of 1‐adamantyl isonitrile (C≡NAd) across the alkylidyne in complexes [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (A) (BDI−=ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH3)NAr), Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) and [(dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (B) (dBDI2−=ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH2)NAr). Complex A reacts with C≡NAd, to generate the high‐spin [VIII] complex with a κ1‐N‐ynamide ligand, [(BDI)V{κ1‐N‐(Ad)NCC(tBu)}(OTf)] (1). Conversely, B reacts with C≡NAd to generate a low‐spin [VIII] diamagnetic complex having a chelated κ2‐C,N‐azaalleneyl ligand, [(dBDI)V{κ2‐N,C‐(Ad)NCC(tBu)}] (2). Theoretical studies have been applied to better understand the mechanism of formation of 2 and the electronic reconfiguration upon structural rearrangement by the alteration of ligand denticity between 1 and 2.
Dipolar Chemical Bridge Induced CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with 21.86 % Efficiency
Authors: Qiu Junming , Mei Xinyi , Zhang Mingxu , Wang Guoliang , Zou Shengwen , Wen Long , Huang Jianmei , Hua Yong , Zhang Xiaoliang
Published: March 2024

CsPbI3 perovskite receives tremendous attention for photovoltaic applications due to its ideal band gap and good thermal stability. However, CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) significantly suffer from photovoltage deficits because of serious interfacial energy losses within the PSCs, which to a large extent affects the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Herein, a dipolar chemical bridge (DCB) is constructed between the perovskite and TiO2 layers to lower interfacial energy losses and thus improve the charge extraction of PSCs. The results reveal that the DCB could form a beneficial interfacial dipole between the perovskite and TiO2 layers, which could optimize the interfacial energetics of perovskite/TiO2 layers and thus improve the energy level alignment within the PSCs. Meanwhile, the constructed DCB could also simultaneously passivate the surface defects of perovskite and TiO2 layers, greatly lowering interfacial recombination. Consequently, the photovoltage deficit of CsPbI3 PSCs is largely reduced, leading to a record efficiency of 21.86 % being realized. Meanwhile, the operation stability of PSCs is also largely improved due to the high‐quality perovskite films with released interfacial tensile strain being obtained after forming the DCB within the PSCs.
Halide Superionic Conductors with Non‐Close‐Packed Anion Frameworks
Authors: Luo Jin‐Da , Zhang Yixi , Cheng Xiaobin , Li Feng , Tan Hao‐Yuan , Zhou Mei‐Yu , Wang Zi‐Wei , Hao Xu‐Dong , Yin Yi‐Chen , Jiang Bin , Yao Hong‐Bin
Published: March 2024

Halide superionic conductors (SICs) are drawing significant research attention for their potential applications in all‐solid‐state batteries. A key challenge in developing such SICs is to explore and design halide structural frameworks that enable rapid ion movement. In this work, we show that the close‐packed anion frameworks shared by traditional halide ionic conductors face intrinsic limitations in fast ion conduction, regardless of structural regulation. Beyond the close‐packed anion frameworks, we identify that the non‐close‐packed anion frameworks have great potential to achieve superionic conductivity. Notably, we unravel that the non‐close‐packed UCl3‐type framework exhibit superionic conductivity for a diverse range of carrier ions, including Li+, Na+, K+, and Ag+, which are validated through both ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and experimental measurements. We elucidate that the remarkable ionic conductivity observed in the UCl3‐type framework structure stems from its significantly more distorted site and larger diffusion channel than its close‐packed counterparts. By employing the non‐close‐packed anion framework as the key feature for high‐throughput computational screening, we also identify LiGaCl3 as a promising candidate for halide SICs. These discoveries provide crucial insights for the exploration and design of novel halide SICs.
Intramolecular Cation‐π Interactions Organize Bowl‐Shaped, Luminescent Molecular Containers
Authors: He Jia , Bai Minggui , Xiao Xuedong , Qiu Shuai , Chen Wenzhuo , Li Jiaqi , Yu Yang , Tian Wei
Published: March 2024

Molecules with nonplanar architectures are highly desirable due to their unique topological structures and functions. We report here the synthesis of two molecular containers (1 ⋅ 3Br− and 1 ⋅ 3Cl−), which utilize intramolecular cation‐π interactions to enforce macrocylic arrangements and exhibit high binding affinity and luminescent properties. Remarkably, the geometry of the cation‐π interaction can be flexibly tailored to achieve a precise ring arrangement, irrespective of the angle of the noncovalent bonds. Additionally, the C−H⋅⋅⋅Br− hydrogen bonds within the container are also conducive to stabilizing the bowl‐shaped conformation. These bowl‐shaped conformations were confirmed both in solution through NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by X‐ray studies. 1 ⋅ 3Br− shows high binding affinity and selectivity: F−>Cl−, through C−H⋅⋅⋅X− (X=F, Cl) hydrogen bonds. Additionally, these containers exhibited blue fluorescence in solution and yellow room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in the solid state. Our findings illustrate the utility of cation‐π interactions in designing functional molecules.
Pt‐Decorated Gold Nanoflares for High‐Fidelity Phototheranostics: Reducing Side‐Effects and Enhancing Cytotoxicity toward Target Cells
Authors: Quan Ke , Li Xiaoyuan , Deng Jiaqi , Chen Weiju , Zou Zhen , Chen Kun , Wu Linlin , Liu Juewen , Qing Zhihe
Published: March 2024

Functionalized with the Au−S bond, gold nanoflares have emerged as promising candidates for theranostics. However, the presence of intracellular abundantly biothiols compromises the conventional Au−S bond, leading to the unintended release of cargoes and associated side‐effects on non‐target cells. Additionally, the hypoxic microenvironment in diseased regions limits treatment efficacy, especially in photodynamic therapy. To address these challenges, high‐fidelity photodynamic nanoflares constructed on Pt‐coated gold nanoparticles (Au@Pt PDNF) were communicated to avoid false‐positive therapeutic signals and side‐effects caused by biothiol perturbation. Compared with conventional photodynamic gold nanoflares (AuNP PDNF), the Au@Pt PDNF were selectively activated by cancer biomarkers and exhibited high‐fidelity phototheranostics while reducing side‐effects. Furthermore, the ultrathin Pt‐shell catalysis was confirmed to generate oxygen which alleviated hypoxia‐related photodynamic resistance and enhanced the antitumor effect. This design might open a new venue to advance theranostics performance and is adaptable to other theranostic nanomaterials by simply adding a Pt shell.
Electron‐Donating Conjugation Effect Modulated Zn2+ Reduction Reaction for Separator‐Free Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Sun Zhihao , Bu Fanxing , Zhang Yanyan , Zhou Wanhai , Li Xinran , Liu Xin , Jin Hongrun , Ding Shixiang , Zhang Tengsheng , Wang Lipeng , Li Hongpeng , Li Wei , Zhang Chaofeng , Zhao Dongyuan , Wang Yonggang , Chao Dongliang
Published: March 2024

Zinc‐based aqueous batteries (ZABs) are attracting extensive attention due to the low cost, high capacity, and environmental benignity of the zinc anode. However, their application is still hindered by the undesired zinc dendrites. Despite Zn‐surface modification being promising in relieving dendrites, a thick separator (i.e. glass fiber, 250–700 μm) is still required to resist the dendrite puncture, which limits volumetric energy density of battery. Here, we pivot from the traditional interphase plus extra separator categories, proposing an all‐in‐one ligand buffer layer (ca. 20 μm) to effectively modulate the Zn2+ transfer and deposition behaviors proved by in situ electrochemical digital holography. Experimental characterizations and density functional theory simulations further reveal that the catechol groups in the buffer layer can accelerate the Zn2+ reduction reaction (ZRR) through the electron‐donating p‐π conjugation effect, decreasing the negative charge in the coordination environment. Without extra separators, the elaborated system endows low polarization below 28.2 mV, long lifespan of 4950 h at 5 mA cm−2 in symmetric batteries, and an unprecedented volumetric energy density of 99.2 Wh L−1 based on the whole pouch cells. The concomitantly “separator‐free” and “dendrite‐free” conjugation effect with an accelerated ZRR process could foster the progression of metallic anodes and benefit energetic aqueous batteries.
Constructing Dynamic Anode/Electrolyte Interfaces Coupled with Regulated Solvation Structures for Long‐Term and Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Han Mei‐Chen , Zhang Jia‐Hao , Yu Chun‐Yu , Yu Jia‐Cheng , Wang Yong‐Xin , Jiang Zhi‐Guo , Yao Ming , Xie Gang , Yu Zhong‐Zhen , Qu Jin
Published: March 2024

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) show a great potential for next‐generation energy storage due to their high safety and high energy density. However, the severe side reactions of zinc negative electrode largely hinder the further application of AZIBs. Herein, trace tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) additive with rich lone‐pair‐electrons and zincophilic sites is firstly introduced to achieve long‐term and highly reversible Zn plating/stripping. Specifically, Tris not only regulates the solvation structure of Zn2+, but is also adsorbed vertically on the Zn anode surface with a changed coordination intensity during the plating/stripping process of Zn to generate an in situ dynamic adsorption layer for the first time. The dynamic adsorption layer could successively attract the solvated Zn2+ and then promote the de‐solvation of the solvated Zn2+ owing to the orientation polarization with regularly‐changed applied electric field, the volume rejection effect, and strong intermolecular force towards H2O of the vertically‐adsorbed Tris. Therefore, an improved Zn2+‐transport kinetics as well as the inhibition of side reactions of Zn anode are successfully realized. Accordingly, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell provides an ultra‐long cycle life of 2600 h. Furthermore, the Zn||MnO2 full cell with Tris could demonstrate a high capacity and structural stability for practical applications.
Nonperipherally and peripherally substituted water‐soluble magnesium (II) phthalocyanines and their DNA binding, nuclease activities
Authors: Barut Burak , Seyhan Gökçe , Keleş Turgut , Kulein Barış , Biyiklioglu Zekeriya
Published: March 2024

In this study, magnesium (II) phthalocyanines (2a, 3a) and their water‐soluble derivatives (2b, 3b) were synthesized via multistep reactions. The structures of these phthalocyanines were identified by FT‐IR, NMR, MALDI‐TOF, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The ct‐DNA binding (UV–Vis absorption, competitive EB binding, and agarose electrophoresis studies) and supercoiled plasmid DNA nuclease properties (hydrolytic, photonuclease, oxidative nuclease, and photooxidative nuclease) of the water‐soluble compounds were investigated using different methods. The DNA binding constant (Kb) values of 2b and 3b were calculated as 8.45 ± (0.25) × 104 and 7.71 ± (0.13) × 104 M−1 at 25°C, respectively. The results showed that 2b had a stronger ct‐DNA binding effect than 3b according to Kb and r values. The DNA nuclease studies claimed that both compounds indicated photonuclease activity on plasmid DNA depending on the light dose. Additionally, 2b had a higher photonuclease capacity than 3b. All of these results showed that 2b had promising potential as a photosensitizer agent for photodynamic therapy.
Study on the dynamic response of aluminum‐based curved panels coated with polyurea under impact loads
Authors: Gu Meng , Song Fuchen , Wang Haozhe , Guo Hui , Yu Anfeng
Published: March 2024

Metal curved panels are commonly used in engineering structures, but they may be more susceptible to damage under impact loads compared to flat panels. Polyurea coating has been proposed as a solution to improve impact resistance. Therefore, this study investigates the impact resistance performance of curved composite panels by applying polyurea coating to aluminum‐based panels with different curvatures. First, a numerical model of polyurea‐coated aluminum composite panels was established using the finite element software LS‐DYNA, and the sensitivity of model mesh and the numerical model validity were carried out. Then, the impact resistance performance of polyurea‐coated aluminum‐based flat panels was studied from the aspects such as deformation modes and energy dissipation, and the influence of polyurea layer thickness and coating position on the impact resistance performance of polyurea‐coated aluminum composite panels was analyzed. Based on the above results, numerical models of polyurea‐coated aluminum‐based curved panels under different curvatures are further established, and the impact resistance performance of composite curved panels and the structural forms for effective protection against impact loads are comprehensively analyzed. The research results indicate that double‐sided polyurea coating is the optimal coating method for both aluminum flat panels and aluminum curved panels. After the coating thickness reaches 4 mm, there is no significant improvement in the structural impact resistance performance. The impact deformation of curved panels can be divided into four stages: dynamic buckling, plastic indentation, rebound deformation, and vibration. The concave surface has strong impact and deformation resistance, and the convex surface has strong impact resistance. The research results have important theoretical implications for the safe engineering design of protective structures using metal curved panels.
Selenized lactic acid bacteria microencapsulated by spray drying: A promising strategy for beef cattle feed supplementation
Authors: Schwingel Henn Guilherme , Cima Larissa Zago , Bettanin Beatriz Fabris , Schlabitz Cláudia , Neutzling Lehn Daniel , de Souza Claucia Fernanda Volken , Hoehne Lucélia
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of incorporating selenized Lactobacillus spp. microencapsulated via spray drying into cattle feed. Gum Arabic and maltodextrin were used as encapsulating agents. The encapsulation process was carried out with a drying air flow rate of 1.75 m3/min, inlet air temperature of 90°C, and outlet air temperature of 75°C. The viability of the encapsulated microorganisms and the technological characteristics of the obtained microparticles were evaluated. Microorganisms were incorporated into beef cattle feed to supplement their diet with up to 0.3 mg of Se per kilogram of feed. The encapsulated particles, consisting of a 50/50 ratio of gum Arabic/maltodextrin at a 1:20 proportion of selenized biomass to encapsulant mixture, exhibited superior technical viability for application in beef cattle feed. Supplemented feeds displayed suitable moisture, water activity, and hygroscopicity values, ensuring the preservation of viable microorganisms for up to 5 months of storage, with an approximate count of 4.5 log CFU/g. Therefore, supplementing beef cattle feed with selenized and microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria represents a viable technological alternative, contributing to increased animal protein productivity through proper nutrition.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in high‐grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Paradigm shift emphasizing organ preservation
Authors: Khalil Mahmoud , Fishman Andrew , Komorowski Anna , Franco Israel , Grasso Michael
Published: March 2024

Objective

The aim was to evaluate the role of immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with high‐grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who are managed endoscopically when nephroureterectomy (NU) is not feasible, such as in patients who are either not candidates for NU or decline extirpative surgery.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with high‐grade UTUC and managed endoscopically between January 1996 and August 2022 were included in the study. Subsequently, patients were categorised based on their use of ICIs into group 1 (patients who did not receive ICIs) and group 2 (patients who received ICIs). Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan–Meier analysis, while a multivariable regression model was employed to analyse the impact of clinical characteristics on survival.

Results

A total of 29 patients were enrolled, with 14 in group 1 and 15 in group 2. Both groups exhibited similar demographic and disease characteristics, including multifocality, laterality and initial tumour size. The median follow‐up period was 29.2 months. Notably, group 2 demonstrated significantly enhanced overall and metastasis‐free survival rates compared to group 1. At 47.8 months, the overall survival rate was 0% (all patients died) in group 1, whereas it was 85.7% in group 2. Similarly, the metastasis‐free survival rate was 0% (all patients had metastatic disease) in group 1 at 40.6 months, whereas it reached 78.0% in group 2. The multivariable analysis indicated a correlation between ICI usage and improved survival outcomes, with a hazard ratio of 0.002.

Conclusion

Utilisation of adjuvant ICIs in the setting of endoscopically treated patients with high‐grade UTUC is associated with significantly improved survival rates. ICIs should be considered in this patient population, however, more studies with larger sample size are warranted.
Advances in two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides‐based sensors for environmental, food, and biomedical analysis: A review
Authors: Raghunathan Muthukumar , Kapoor Ashish , Mohammad Akbar , Kumar Praveen , Singh Rajeev , Tripathi Subhash C. , Muzammil Khursheed , Pal Dan Bahadur
Published: March 2024

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are versatile two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials used in biosensing applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Due to biomaterial target properties, biosensors' most significant challenge is improving their sensitivity and stability. In environmental analysis, TMDCs have demonstrated exceptional pollutant detection and removal capabilities. Their high surface area, tunable electronic properties, and chemical reactivity make them ideal for sensors and adsorbents targeting various contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants. Furthermore, their unique electronic and optical properties enable sensitive detection techniques, enhancing our ability to monitor and mitigate environmental pollution. In the food analysis, TMDCs‐based nanomaterials have shown remarkable potential in ensuring food safety and quality. These nanomaterials exhibit high specificity and sensitivity for detecting contaminants, pathogens, and adulterants in various food matrices. Their integration into sensor platforms enables rapid and on‐site analysis, reducing the reliance on centralized laboratories and facilitating timely interventions in the food supply chain. In biomedical studies, TMDCs‐based nanomaterials have demonstrated significant strides in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Their biocompatibility, surface functionalization versatility, and photothermal properties have paved the way for novel disease detection, drug delivery, and targeted therapy approaches. Moreover, TMDCs‐based nanomaterials have shown promise in imaging modalities, providing enhanced contrast and resolution for various medical imaging techniques. This article provides a comprehensive overview of 2D TMDCs‐based biosensors, emphasizing the growing demand for advanced sensing technologies in environmental, food, and biomedical analysis.
Serum sodium level fluctuations following the resection of childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma
Authors: Miao Yuqi , Fan Kaiyu , Peng Xiaojiao , Li Si , Chen Jiahui , Wei Yu , Deng Yaxian , Zhao Chengsong , Wu Qingfeng , Ge Ming , Gong Jian , Wu Di
Published: March 2024

Background

Craniopharyngiomas are low‐grade malignancies (WHO I) in the sellar region. Most cases of childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma are adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, and neurosurgery is the treatment of choice. Affected patients have postoperative complications, including water and electrolyte disturbances, because these malignancies develop near the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Determining postoperative serum sodium fluctuation patterns in these patients can reduce postoperative mortality and improve prognosis.

Objective

To measure changes in serum sodium levels in pediatric patients who underwent craniopharyngioma surgery and identify influencing factors.

Methods

This retrospective study measured the serum sodium levels of 202 patients aged 0–18 years who underwent craniopharyngioma resection in Beijing Tiantan Hospital and Beijing Children's Hospital and identified predictors of severe hyponatremia and hypernatremia.

Results

The mean age of the cohort was 8.35 ± 4.35 years. The prevalence of hypernatremia, hyponatremia, and their severe forms (serum Na+ > 150 mmol/L and serum Na+ < 130 mmol/L) within 14 days after surgery was 66.3%, 72.8%, 37.1%, and 40.6%, respectively. The mean postoperative serum sodium level showed a triphasic pattern, characterized by two peaks separated by a nadir. Sodium levels peaked on days 2 (143.6 ± 7.6 mmol/L) and 14 (143.2 ± 6.7 mmol/L) and reached their lowest on day 6 (135.5 ± 7.5 mmol/L). A total of 31 (15.3%) patients met the diagnostic threshold for hyponatremia and hypernatremia of the triphase response, whereas 116 (57.4%) patients presented this pattern, regardless of met the diagnostic criteria or not. The prevalence of severe hyponatremia varied depending on preoperative endocrine hormone deficiency, tumor status (primary or recurrent), and surgical approach.

Conclusions

Serum sodium levels after craniopharyngioma resection in children showed a triphasic pattern in most cases. The risk of postoperative hyponatremia varied depending on preoperative endocrine hormone deficiency, tumor status (primary or recurrent), and surgical approach.
Quick‐cooking beans technology: Effects of the drying temperature on end‐product quality
Authors: Pedone Isabel S. , Narita Isabela M. P. , da Silveira Miriã Miranda , Bassinello Priscila Z. , Vanier Nathan L. , Colussi Rosana
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives

This study investigated different drying temperatures (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) during the preparation of dehydrated quick‐cooking beans and verified the physical and chemical effects and digestibility of the grains. Two genotypes (BRS Esteio and BRS Estilo), freshly harvested and with hard‐to‐cook (HTC) defects, were used.

Findings

Lower drying temperature favors producing quick‐cooking beans with reduced cooking times. As the temperature increases, there is an increase in grain browning. Higher temperature (60°C) promotes the most significant damage, reaching 36.35% in BRS Estilo. Phytic acid content reduced considerably at drying temperatures of 50°C and 60°C in HTC beans, and the lower content of tannin was obtained after drying at 40°C (0.45 and 0.60 mg/100 g). All quick‐cooking beans had over 90% protein digestibility. The development of quick‐cooking beans using a drying temperature of 40°C provided higher starch digestibility after 180 min of simulated intestinal digestion.

Conclusions

The drying process at 40°C improved the technological, physical, and nutritional characteristics of quick‐cooking dehydrated beans.

Significance and Novelty

The drying temperature directly influences the final quality of quick‐cooking beans; so, it is important to consider the use of low temperatures.
Biomechanical gait parameters change with increasing virtual height in a child with spastic cerebral palsy: A case report
Authors: Lohss Regine , Winter Rebecca , Göpfert Beat , Visscher Rosa M. S. , Sangeux Morgan , Zentai Norbert , Viehweger Elke
Published: March 2024

Key Clinical Message

Virtual height exposure coupled with motion capture is feasible to elicit changes in spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameters in a child with cerebral palsy and should be considered when investigating gait in real‐world‐scenarios.
Increasing Ligand Denticity and Stability for a Water Oxidation Electrocatalyst using P(V) as Connecting Element
Authors: Saeedifard Farzaneh , Breyer Colton J. , Chi Cao Thomas , Kamdar Jayneil M. , Kerkhof Jake , Smith Diane K. , Cooksy Andrew L. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Moore Curtis E. , Gu Jing , Grotjahn Douglas B.
Published: March 2024

Carboxylate complexes have risen to prominence in the field of water oxidation catalysis. Here for the first time we use the higher valence of phosphinates [P(V)] relative to that of carboxylates [C(IV)] to increase ligand denticity. We describe the synthesis and characterization of a new dianionic pentadentate ligand, bcpq2− that contains a tridentate 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6‐carboxylato moiety, in addition to a 6’‐phosphinato substituent that acts as fourth ligand and bears a side arm containing a quinoline, the fifth ligand. The new bcpq ligand allows formation of [Ru(II)(bcpq)(L)] (2 a–b, L=picoline or isoquinoline) and in preliminary results, of a Co(II) complex. NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse and square wave voltammetry were used to characterize 2 a–b, with 2 b being characterized more extensively as a catalyst. Bulk electrolysis over 15 h at pH 7 was also used, showing that 2 b gave 100±5 % faradaic efficiency and remained completely homogeneous, whereas 1 b was no longer homogeneous; this comparison conclusively shows the advantage of the added denticity in the electrocatalytic context. Replacing carboxylate with P(V) phosphinate with an added arm may be used in other ligand systems to enhance the durability of homogeneous catalysts.
Proton‐Conducting Polymers: Key to Next‐Generation Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, Batteries, Actuators, and Sensors
Authors: Nagao Yuki
Published: March 2024

The author summarized recent diverse applications and advancements for proton‐conducting polymers since 2018, emphasizing their importance in various technological areas. These polymers are integral to fuel cells, water electrolysis, energy storage systems, actuators, and sensors, offering high proton conductivity, chemical stability, and adaptability. The review elucidated aspects of specific applications, highlighting their roles in optimizing fuel cell efficiency and enhancing water electrolysis for hydrogen production, improving energy storage in supercapacitors and batteries, and explaining their emerging use in smart materials and robotics. Additionally, the paper presented discussion of the latest research trends, particularly from environmental and cost perspectives, specifically addressing the chemical modification of these polymers to enhance their functionality and to broaden their scope of application.
First Potassium Fluoroaluminate Ionic Exchanger for Rapid and Selective Removal of Sr2+ with High Capacity
Authors: Hao Yucheng , Chen Yongjian , Cao Xin , Chen Changlin , Xu Min , Lin Yuan , Li Haijian , Hu Kunhong
Published: March 2024

90Sr, as a typical artificial radionuclide, poses a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. The selective removal of this radionuclide from industrial nuclear waste is crucial for our environment. Here we report a novel potassium fluoroaluminate, K2[(AlF5)H2O], which was synthesized by a simple low‐temperature one‐step method. It adopts a 1D AlF6‐chain structure, which consists of exchangeable potassium ions in between the infinite chains of octahedral Al centers. As a remarkable inorganic ionic exchanger, K2[(AlF5)H2O] has a high chemical stability (resistance of pH=~3‐12) and thermal stability (≥~300 °C). It possesses an excellent adsorption selectivity (Kd=~6.1×104 mL ⋅ g−1) and a maximum adsorption capacity of qm=~120.32 mg ⋅ g−1 for Sr2+. Importantly, it still keep a very good selectivity for Sr2+ ions even in the presence of competing Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ aqueous solutions. K2[(AlF5)H2O] is the first example of fluoroaluminate ionic exchange materials that can capture Sr2+. This result opens up a new way to design and synthesize inorganic ionic exchangers for the selective removal of Sr2+ ions from radioactive waste water.
Non‐Conventional Methodologies for the Synthesis of N‐Nitrosamines
Authors: Ali Rojan , Wolfe Campbell S. , Wirth Thomas
Published: March 2024

N‐Nitrosamines acting as contaminants in our environment is a topic of increasing concern. Detection methods are required, necessitating analytical standards. Herein, we discuss some conventional methodologies to prepare N‐nitrosamines and compare them with unconventional pathways towards their synthesis. These methods are often more environmentally benign and safer.
Visual afferents from an eye in the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus
Authors: Matsuo Yuko , Kawakami Airi , Matsuo Ryota
Published: March 2024

Terrestrial gastropods have a lens‐bearing eye on the tip of their tentacles. There are two morphologically distinct photoreceptors, called Type‐I and Type‐II photoreceptors, in the retina. Type‐I photoreceptors are equipped with highly developed photoreceptive microvilli in their outer rhabdomeric segment, whereas Type‐II photoreceptors have short and fewer microvilli. Although both types of photoreceptors send afferent projections directly to the brain, their destinations in the brain, called optic neuropiles, have not been sufficiently investigated. Our recent studies revealed that there are commissural fibers in the cerebral ganglia that transmit photic information acquired by bilateral eyes. Moreover, some of the retinal photoreceptors are connected by gap junctions to the photosensitive brain neurons, suggesting the functional interaction of the photic information between the eye and brain photoreceptors, as well as between bilateral eyes. However, it has not been clarified which type of retinal photoreceptors send commissural projections to the contralateral hemiganglion nor interact with the brain photoreceptors. In the present study, we demonstrated by molecular histological analyses and tracer injections that (1) Type‐I and Type‐II photoreceptors send glutamatergic afferent projections to the medial and lateral lobes of the ipsilateral optic neuropile, respectively, (2) direct synaptic interaction between bilateral optic nerves occurs in the medial lobe of the optic neuropile, and (3) brain photosensory neurons form gap junctions with the medial lobe of the contralateral optic neuropile. These results reveal an ordered pattern of afferent projections from the retina and provide insight into the different functional roles of retinal photoreceptors.