bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implicit Leadership Theories: Defining Leaders Described as Worthy of Influence
Authors: Kenney Robert A. , Schwartz-Kenney Beth M. , Blascovich Jim
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that followers' implicit leadership theories for appointed and elected leaders considered worthy of influence consist of expectations organized around category prototypes. An assessment of college students' leader prototypes yielded 14 key appointed leader behaviors and 19 key elected leader behaviors. Subsequent investigations provided evidence for the existence of this leader category. Participants, for whom a leader-worthy-of-influence category was suggested, seemed to rely on associated prototypes during a leader behavior recognition task. They selectively recognized category-consistent information more than did a control group. Results are discussed with relation to the synthesis of the universal and situation-contingent behavior and trait approaches for predicting leadership effectiveness, leader selection and training, and cross-situational comparisons of leader categorizations.
Cognition, Affect, and Behavior in the Prediction of Group Attitudes
Authors: Jackson Linda A. , Hodge Carole N. , Gerard Donna A. , Ingram Julie M. , Ervin Kelly S. , Sheppard Lori A.
Published: March 2007

Based on a tripartite perspective on attitudes, research was designed to identify the cognitions (stereotypes and values), affects, and behavior associated with three target groups (Afirican Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans) and to examine the contribution of each to the prediction of group attitudes. Cognitions associated with the target groups extended previous findings and indicated that current perceptions focus more on the group's relationship to the rest of society than on characteristics of group members. Less positive affect was associated with all three target groups, especially with Afiican Americans, with whom fear was also associated. Affect and behavior were the strongest predictors of group attitudes; cognition made a minor contribution for each group. Implications for conceptualization and change in group attitudes (i.e., reducing prejudice) are discussed.
Attributional Models of Depression and Marital Distress
Authors: Horneffer Karen J. , Fincham Frank D.
Published: March 2007

The authors compare the attributional models presented in depression and marital literatures by examining simultaneously their prediction of depressive symptoms and marital distress. A total of 150 married couples completed the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Relationship Attribution Measure (RAM), and measures of depression and marital distress. For both husbands and wives, a full model that included paths from depressogenic and distress-maintaining marital attributions to both depressive symptoms and marital distress provided a better fit to the data than a model that omitted paths from distress-maintaining attributions to each outcome. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Gender Stereotypes and Social Identity: How Being in the Minority Affects Judgments of Self and Others
Authors: Swan Suzanne , Wyer Robert S.
Published: March 2007

Men and women participated in groups in which they were either the only member of their sex or in the majority. Participants rated themselves along gender-stereotypic traits and then made judgments of a gender-ambiguous target person. Results for both measures supported social-identity theory, suggesting that men's consciousness of their sex made them aware of their high social status in relation to women and activated concepts about them-selves that confirmed their membership in this high-status category. In contrast, women's consciousness of their sex made them aware of their low social status relative to men and motivated them to view themselves in terms of concepts that distinguished them from other members of this low-status category.
An Individual-Difference Perspective Applied to Word Association
Authors: Stacy Alan W. , Leigh Barbara C. , Weingardt Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Most cognitive approaches to word association and some theories of social cognition converge on the notion that the performance of repetitive behaviors should predict word association responses. To study this issue, the authors examined the frequencies of free-association responses of 1, 003 subjects to ambiguous words, some of which had subdominant senses that were linked to repetitive behaviors (e.g., draft and alcohol use). Results showed that three out of four measures of individual differences in repetitive behaviors significantly predicted responses for words linked to their respective behaviors. Gender, age, and language background were controlled for in these analyses. Although cognitive approaches suggested that an experimental manipulation of item presentation (grouped vs. randomly mixed items) should influence responses, this effect was not significant. Implications are discussed in terms of theories of lexical ambiguity and implicit influences of memory for previous experiences.
An Attributional Analysis of Punishment Goals and Public Reactions to O. J. Simpson
Authors: Graham Sandra , Weiner Bernard , Zucker Gail Sahar
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the attributional determinants of punishment decisions. Study 1 investigated public reactions to 0. J. Simpson during the week following his arrest for the murder of his ex-wife. Respondents who believed Simpson was guilty were asked about their perceptions of the causes of his alleged crime, their affective reactions of anger and sympathy, how much punishment he should receive, and their endorsement of retributive and utilitarian punishment goals. In Study 2 college students made similar judgments about a hypothetical defendant accused of murder. Both studies support an attributional analysis of relations between causal controllability, stability, sympathy and anger, punishment severity, and specific punishment goals. Implications for attribution theory, as well as the distinction between retributive versus utilitarian punishment goals, are discussed.
Narcissism, Self-Knowledge Organization, and Emotional Reactivity: The Effect of Daily Experiences on Self-Esteem and Affect
Authors: Rhodewalt Frederick , Madrian Jennifer C. , Cheney Sharon
Published: March 2007

In two studies, participants preselected on their extreme scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory were assessed for self complexity and evaluative integration. Then, for 5 (Study 1) or 6 (Study 2) consecutive days, they recorded their moods, self-esteem, and daily experiences. Narcissists displayed greater positive mood variability, mood intensity, and self-esteem instability than did less narcissistic individuals. Narcissism, self-complexity, and evaluative integration were unrelated; however, narcissists who were low in evaluative integration experienced the greatest self-esteem instability. Narcissism also interacted with daily events such that relative to less narcissistic individuals, negative interpersonal events increased self-esteem instability, and positive interpersonal events decreased self-esteem instability. The findings are discussed within reference to a social-cognitive-interpersonal model of narcissistic behavior.
Suspicion, Affective Response, and Educational Benefit as a Result of Deception in Psychology Research
Authors: Epley Nicholas , Huff Chuck
Published: March 2007

This research evaluated participants' reactions to deception in experiments by having them participate in a replication of a deception experiment. Half of the participants were made aware of this deception immediately, whereas the other half were not. Participants reported little negative impact from being deceived, but significant negative effects were reported on the basis of receiving negative feedback (a manipulation in the deception experiment). Furthermore, participants who were informed of the deception became more suspicious than uninformed participants, and this effect lasted for 3 months after the initial experience. Thus, deception may not be as costly to participants as commonly believed. From a cost-benefit standpoint, other issues (e.g., suspicion and negative stimuli in experiments) should be of greater concern.
The Role of Injustice in the Elicitation of Differential Emotional Reactions
Authors: Mikula Gerold , Scherer Klaus R. , Athenstaedt Ursula
Published: March 2007

Data from a large-scale study on emotional experiences in 37 countries are used to examine correlates of emotion-antecedent events being judged as unfair or unjust. This study included 2,921 students who reported situations in which they had experienced joy, anger; fear, sadness, disgust, shame, and guilt and described their situation appraisals and reactions. Anger-producing events were most frequently perceived as very unfair followed by disgust, sadness, fear, guilt, and shame. The results showed strong main effects of the perception of injustice for all negative emotions. Events experienced as unjust were described as more immoral, more obstructive to plans and goals, and having more negative effects on personal relationships. In addition, events regarded as unjust elicited feelings that were longer in duration and more intense. It is concluded that perceived injustice plays a powerful role in the elicitation of many different negative emotions and may serve as a mediating variable in emotion-antecedent appraisal.
Unknown Words in Self-Reported Personality: Lethargic and Provincial in Texas
Authors: Graziano William G. , Jensen-Campbell Lauri A. , Steele Ric G. , Hair Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2007

Two multi method studies probed the structure and correlates of self-reports of personality when participants were permitted to admit that they did not know assessment words. The first study (1,187 college students) examined the structure of self-evaluation using Goldberg's markers for his five-factor approach. Students reported greatest familiarity with Agreeableness markers and least familiarity with Emotional Stability. The second study (317 young adolescents) used two data sources: (a) individualized, self-paced, computer-based self-evaluations and (b) teacher ratings and evaluations of adjustment. The assessment (in either English or Spanish) allowed participants to obtain definitions. Adolescents requested the least help with agreeableness markers and the most help with emotional stability. Even with unknown words, and despite differences in methodology, similar five-factor structures emerged in both studies. Computer assessment methods, in combination with a five-factor approach, may be useful for probing processes that underlie the structure and development of personality and their links to adjustment.
Affective Reactions in the Blink of an Eye: Individual Differences in Subjective Experience and Physiological Responses to Emotional Stimuli
Authors: Vanman Eric J. , Dawson Michael E. , Brennan Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

This experiment examined individual differences in emotional responsivity by recording the startle eyeblink reflex while 57 college students viewed affect-laden pictures and then rated their pleasantness. All participants first completed measures of affect intensity, alexithymia, and depression. Startleprobes were some-times presented at 120, 300, 800, or 4,500 ms after slide onset. By 300 ns, blinks elicited during negative slides were larger than those elicited during positive ones. Negative slides were also rated as more unpleasant. Moreover, all three personality variables moderated either the valence ratings, startle modification, or both. High-affect intensity was associated with diminished modulation of startle, but more extreme ratings. Alexithymia had no effect on the startle measure, but high-alexithymia participants did show more moderate ratings. Depressed participants exhibited accelerated (120 ms) modulation of startle. The results suggest the importance of measuring both physiological responses and subjective feelings in the study of individual differences in emotion.
Measures for the Study of Creativity in Scientific Problem-Solving
Authors: Frederiksen Norman , Ward William C.
Published: March 2007

A set of Tests of Scientific Thinking were de veloped for possible use as criterion measures in re search on creativity. Scores on the tests describe both quality and quantity of ideas produced in for mulating hypotheses, evaluating proposals, solving methodological problems, and devising methods for measuring constructs. The tests were administered to 3,500 candidates for admission to graduate school in psychology, using an item-sampling proce dure. Reliabilities based on 45-minute tests were adequate for research purposes. Correlations with GRE scores were low, especially for scores based on number of ideas. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to students asking for information about grad uate school attendance, grades, accomplishments during the first year of graduate study, and self-ap praisals of professional skills. Scores based on quantity (number of responses, number of unusual responses, and number of unusual responses that were also of high quality) were significantly related to self-appraisals and to reports of such profes sional accomplishments as collaborating in re search, publishing scientific papers, and designing and maintaining research apparatus. The quantity scores also were related to indices reflecting the quality of the department attended and to conven tional evaluations of student performance. GRE scores were better at predicting these indices of quality but poorer as predictors of accomplishments and self-appraisals.
Biserial Weights: A New Approach to Test Item Option Weighting
Authors: Claudy John G.
Published: March 2007

Option weighting is an alternative to increasing test length as a means of improving the reliability of a test. The effects on test reliability of option weighting procedures, including two procedures not previously reported, were compared in two empiri cal studies using four independent sets of items. In all cases Guttman weights and Biserial weights (based on the Brogden Biserial or Cleman's Lambda coefficient) were superior to Number Right and Correction for Guessing weights. Overall, Biserial weights appeared to be superior to Gutt man weights.
An Examination of the Construct Validity and Reliability of the Ghiselli Self-Description Inventory as a Measure of Self-Esteem
Authors: Raben Charles S. , Snyder Robert A. , Hoffman R. Gene , Farr James L.
Published: March 2007

Two studies are reported which investigated the construct validity and reliability of the Ghiselli Self- Description Inventory as a measure of self-esteem. The first study, using a multitrait-multimethod ma trix, found little evidence for the construct validity of the instrument. The second study found a signifi cant, although low, test-retest reliability for the in strument. The degree and pattern of relationships of the instrument with other psychological measures differed for its first and second administrations. These findings are discussed relative to the con tinued use of the instrument in research and the general study of self-esteem in the context of or ganizational behavior.
Correcting "Planning an Experiment in the Company of Measurement Error"
Authors: Levin Joel R. , Subkoviak Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Comments on our earlier article are acknowl edged and appreciated. In addition, potentially mis leading notions arising from these comments are addressed and clarified.
Studies on the Measurement of Unpleasant Events and Relations with Depression
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M. , Talkington Joseph
Published: March 2007

The goal was to construct a psychometrically sound instrument for the measurement of aversive events. Hypotheses about the occurrence of aversive events and depression were also tested. The Un pleasant Events Schedule (UES) consists of 320 events generated by an extensive search of events experienced as distressing by many people. Each event was rated for frequency of occurrence (3-point scale) during the past month and for subjective aversiveness (3-point scale). The events were cate gorized into seven rational scales (Health and Wel fare, Achievement-Academic-Job, Domestic Incon veniences, Sex-Marital-Friendship, Material- Financial, and Social Exits). The UES was tested on a group (N=202) about equally divided between depressed patients and two non-depressed control groups. The depressed patients were selected using the MMPI and a clinical interview. A normal MMPI control group was selected on the basis of MMPI scores in the normal range and no history of depression. A second control group (High-MMPI Controls) was selected on the basis of elevations on clinical MMPI scales other than depression and no history of depression. The UES was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test-re- test repeatability. Construct validity was investi gated with comparisons between depressed and non-depressed groups and by the covariation be tween changes in the rate of occurrence of aversive events and changes in depression level. The UES should prove useful in future research on quantita tive relationships between stressful life events and psychopathology.
Validity and Cross-Validity of Metric and Nonmetric Multiple Regression
Authors: MacCallum Robert C. , Cornelius Edwin T. , Champney Timothy
Published: March 2007

Several questions are raised concerning differences between traditional metric mutiple regression, which assumes all variables to be measured on in terval scales, and nonmetric multiple regression, which treats variables measured on any scale. Both models are applied to 30 derivation and cross- validation samples drawn from two sets of empiri cal data composed of ordinally scaled variables. Re sults indicate that the nonmetric model is, on the average, far superior in fitting derivation samples but that it exhibits much more shrinkage than the metric model. The metric technique fits better than the nonmetric in cross-validation samples. In ad dition, results produced by the nonmetric model are more unstable across repeated samples. A probable cause of these results is presented, and the need for further research is discussed.
An Approach to Measuring the Achievement or Proficiency of an Examinee
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: March 2007

Various school systems are developing proficiency tests which are conceptualized as representing a variety of skills with one or more items per skill. This paper discusses how certain recent technical advances might be extended to examine these tests. In contrast to previous analyses, errors at the item level are included; and it is shown that inclusion of these errors implies that a substantially longer test might be needed. One approach to this problem is described, and directions for future research are suggested.
The Nature and Use of State Mastery Models
Authors: Macready George B. , Dayton C. Mitchell
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a review of a class of prob abilistic models that has been developed for use in the assessment of trait or competency acquisition. Consideration is given to the relative merits and limitations of this class of state models, under which trait acquisition is conceived as being "all-or- none," as compared with those occurring under an alternative conceptual framework, in which trait ac quisition is assumed to be gradual. In addition, some of the applications of these state models are presented, including the establishment of mastery classification decisions and the assessment of con sistency with respect to items and classification. Finally, some extensions to the class of state models, which may be helpful in increasing the ap plicability of this class of models, are presented.
Model-Free Evaluation of Equating and Scaling
Authors: Divgi D.R.
Published: March 2007

Standardized tests are equated and scaled in or der that scores on different tests can be compared. If one test yields higher expected scaled scores than another, the scale is biased against those who take the latter test. The amount of bias, defined as the difference between expected values, depends on ability. This paper presents two methods for esti mating this relationship and the bias in the scale, using a predictor as the measure of ability. The re sulting evaluation is absolute in the sense that the scale is judged according to its own properties and not by comparison with an arbitrarily designated criterion scale. Moreover, there is no need to as sume a particular theoretical model to be correct. An application of the methods showed that the Rasch model is not suitable for vertical equating of multiple-choice tests.
Dichotomous and Multipoint Scales Using Bipolar Adjectives
Authors: King Lynda A. , King Daniel W. , Klockars Alan J.
Published: March 2007

Subjects responded to a set of self-descnptive bipo lar adjectives in either a dichotomous format or a 7-point bipolar rating scale format. In addition, each subject answered a measure of social desirability re sponding rate The responses of over 400 subjects in each format were factor analyzed, followed by a vari max rotation The factor structure for the formats were strikingly similar and closely reflected the traits repre sented by the adjectives. Social desirability was found to be of minimal influence for either format. However, the factors derived from the multipoint format were slightly clearer and accounted for more variance. In addition, trait measures produced by the sum of four adjective scales from a common content dimension were more internally consistent using the multipoint format.
Implications of Three Causal Models for the Measurement of Halo Error
Authors: Fisicaro Sebastiano A. , Lance Charles E.
Published: March 2007

The appropriateness of a traditional correla tional measure of halo error (the difference between dimensional rating intercorrelations and dimensional true score intercorrelations) is reexamined in the context of three causal models of halo error. Mathematical derivations indicate that the traditional correlational measure typically will underestimate halo error in ratings and can suggest no halo error or even "negative" halo error when positive halo error actually occurs. A corrected correlational measure is derived that avoids these problems, and the traditional and corrected measures are compared empirically. Results suggest that use of the traditional correlational measure of halo error be dis continued.
Item Selection Using an Average Growth Approximation of Target Information Functions
Authors: Luecht Richard M. , Hirsch Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The derivations of several item selection algorithms for use in fitting test items to target information functions (IFS) are described. These algorithms circumvent iterative solutions by using the criteria of moving averages of the distance to a target IF and by simultaneously considering an entire range of ability points used to condition the IFS. The algorithms were tested by generating six forms of an ACT math test, each fit to an existing target test, including content-designated item sub sets. The results indicate that the algorithms pro vided reliable fit to the target in terms of item parameters, test information functions, and expected score distributions.
Revising Item Responses in Computerized Adaptive Tests: A Comparison of Three Models
Authors: Stocking Martha L.
Published: March 2007

Interest in the application of large-scale computerized adaptive testing has focused attention on issues that arise when theoretical advances are made operational. One such issue is that of the order in which exaniinees address questions within a test or separately timed test section. In linear testing, this order is entirely under the control of the examinee, who can look ahead at questions and return and revise answers to questions. Using simulation, this study investigated three models that permit restricted examinee control over revising previous answers in the context of adaptive testing. Even under a worstcase model of examinee revision behavior, two of the models of permitting item revisions worked well in preserving test fairness and accuracy. One model studied may also preserve some cognitive processing styles developed by examinees for a linear testing environment.
The Multidimensional Random Coefficients Multinomial Logit Model
Authors: Adams Raymond J. , Wilson Mark , Wang Wen-chung
Published: March 2007

A multidimensional Rasch-type item response model, the multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit model, is presented as an extension to the Adams & Wilson (1996) random coefficients multinomial logit model. The model is developed in a form that permits generalization to the multidimensional case of a wide class of Rasch models, including the simple logistic model, Masters' partial credit model, Wilson's ordered partition model, and Fischer's linear logistic model. Moreover, the model includes several existing multidimensional models as special cases, including Whitely's multicomponent latent trait model, Andersen's multidimensional Rasch model for repeated testing, and Embretson's multidimensional Rasch model for learning and change. Marginal maximum likelihood estimators for the model are derived and the estimation is examined using a simulation study. Implications and applications of the model are discussed and an example is given.
Appropriate Sample Size for Comparing Alpha Reliabilities
Authors: Feldt Leonard S. , Ankenmann Robert D.
Published: March 2007

In many measurement settings, it might be appropriate to test the significance of the difference between the internal consistency reliability coefficients of two competing measurement procedures. Determination of an adequate sample size is a crucial factor in the design of such studies. A graphical method was developed for determining sample size based on the power of Feldt's (1969) test of the difference between two values of Cronbach's alpha (a) coefficient. Implementation of this approach presumes that the researcher can specify a desired power for the statistical test against a particular alternative to the null hypothesis.
Optimal Assembly of Psychological and Educational Tests
Authors: van der Linden, Wim J.
Published: March 2007

The advent of computers in psychological and educational measurement has led to the need for algorithms for optimal assembly of tests from item banks. This paper reviews optimal test assembly literature and introduces the contributions to this Special Issue. Four approaches to computerized test assembly are discussed: heuristic-based test assembly, 0-1 linear programming, network-flow programming, and an optimal design approach. Ap-plications of these methods to a variety of problems are examined, including IRT-based test assembly, classical test assembly, assembling multiple test forms, item matching, observed-score equating, constrained adaptive testing, assembling tests with item sets, item bank design, and assembling tests with multiple traits. A bibliography on optimal test assembly is provided.
The Theory/Applications Balance in Management Pedagogy: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Wren Daniel A. , Buckley M. Ronald , Michaelsen Larry K.
Published: March 2007

Business schools are expected to be "professional" in the sense that their mission is primarily to prepare people to practice their skills in the business world. Various critics, however, claim that management professors overemphasize theory and research and neglect the practice and applications students need to transfer classroom theory to the world of practice. This study compared an earlier sample with a more recent sample of Academy of Management members concerning the relative emphasis they believed should be placed on theory and applications in management pedagogy and the techniques they used to bring applications into the classroom. Current respondents believed that more emphasis should be placed on applications than the earlier respondents. An unexpected finding, however, was that the more recent respondents reported a lower mean usage of pedagogical techniques that are appropriate for developing students' ability to apply course concepts than the previous group. Possible reasons for these incongruent findings are discussed as well as the implications for management pedagogy.
The Relationships among Regional Input-Output, Intersectoral Flows and Rows-Only Analysis
Authors: Clapp John M.
Published: March 2007

INTERSECTORAL FLOWS ANALYSIS IS SHOWN TO BE A VERY SPECIAL CASE OF INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS. THE MULTIPLIERS FROM INTERSECTORAL FLOWS ANALYSIS CANNOT BE USED FOR IMPACT PROJECTIONS, BUT THEY MAY HAVE LIMITED DESCRIPTIVE VALUE. INTERSECTORAL FLOWS STUDIES HAVE DEVELOPED THE USE OF ROWS DATA TO GATHER I-O INFORMATION ON A SMALL BUDGET. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES HOW THE ROWS DATA CAN BE AUGMENTED BY SOME COLUMNS DATA TO OBTAIN MORE ACCURATE, INEXPENSIVE REGIONAL I-O TABLES.
Labor Force Mobility in the United States: Migration, Unemployment, and Remigration
Authors: Herzog Henry W. , Schlottmann Alan M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationships between pre-and post-move unemployment and interstate migration of the United States labor force for the period 1965 to 1970. Multivariate analyses are conducted for several large occupation groups. The results indicate a strong link between unemployment and migration. Unemployment increases migration possibilities for each large occupation group considered. Substantial post-move unemployment exists, but there is a significant link between migration and such unemployment only for blue-collar workers who are repeat migrants.
Shifting Balances in U.S. Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Growth
Authors: Garnick Daniel H.
Published: March 2007

The widely advertised growth reversal between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in the 1970s is not well understood. In this paper, area population and industrial growth patterns are reviewed. These show that the perceived growth reversal was not uniform among regions and that there are underlying industrial continuities. Tests of hypotheses associated with polarization/polar reversal theory fail to support the theories. The wage rate as the equilibrating mechanism in area growth is shown to be only weakly supportive of neoclassical theory. Where does all this leave industrial location theory? A suggestion is made toward reconstruction of the neoclassical model.
Extended Input-Output Models: Progress and Potential
Authors: Batey Peter W. J. , Rose Adam Z.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a critical survey of research on extended input-output models, emphasizing recent developments in demographic-economic and socio-economic analysis. Basic principles of model design and construction are reviewed, by reference to a representative selection of extended models. Two research themes—labor market analysis and income distribution—are pursued in greater detail as examples of the directions of current work. A comparison is made between extended models and social accounting matrices. The closing section contains a discussion of the prospects for future research.
Urban Industrial Reform in China: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Riefler Roger F.
Published: March 2007

This article places urban industrial reform in China in its broad historical context. The reform initiatives to date are a direct reaction to shortcomings of planning. While decentralization and increased reliance on markets and short-range managerial decisionmaking are more commonly noted in discussions about change in China, interpretation of current reforms should emphasize centralization of certain long-range aspects of the planning process, such as investment and basic price structure. Events prior to and following Tiananmen Square become more meaningful within this broader perspective.
The Expansion Method, Mathematical Modeling, and Spatial Econometrics
Authors: Casetti Emilio
Published: March 2007

Consider the mode of enquiry that involves thinking about thinking. The expansion methodology originates within it, from an analysis of the thought processes presiding upon the construction of any mathematical models of any realities. The focal point of this paper is a discussion of the relations between the expansion methodology, mathematical modeling, and spatial econometrics.
Estimates of Time to Economic Convergence: An Analysis of Regions of the European Union
Authors: Fingleton Bernard
Published: March 2007

According to the simplest neoclassical theory, closer integration will ultimately eliminate the current differences in per capita incomes between European Union (EU) regions. Models based on the Keynesian tradition and endogenous growth theory suggest different outcomes. This article looks at the evidence for convergence along neoclassical lines and also from a point of view that accepts the critique of neoclassical theory. Estimates are made of the time it will take for two different forms of equilibrium to be realized. From a neoclassical perspective, there is only weak evidence that EU regions are converging in terms of their output per capita, requiring more than two centuries for approximate convergence to be achieved. From a non-neoclassical perspective, stochastic equilibrium will require more than three centuries, although the hypothesis that the regions have already achieved stochastic equilibrium cannot be dismissed.
Academic-Corporate Ties in Biotechnology: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Krimsky Sheldon , Ennis James G. , Weissman Robert
Published: March 2007

The rapid commercialization of applied genetics in the mtd-1970s, accompanied by a sudden rise in academic-corporate partnerships, raised questions about the impacts these linkages have had on the social and professional norms of scientists. The extent and pattern of faculty tnvolvement in commercialization of biological research is largely an unexplored area. This article provcdes a quantitative assessment of the linkages between biology faculty in American uncverscties and the newly formed biotechnology industry. The results of thes study, covering the period 1985-88, show that academic scientists responded en masse to participating in the commercialization of genetecs research by estabhshmg formal associations with many of the new biotechnology compances. A data base consisting of 889 U.S. and Canadian biotechnology companies and 832 sccentcsts who had formal ties to them was developed over a four-year period. The patterns of academic-corporate Icnkages are revealed by institution. Three universities with the most commercially active faculty are Harvard, Stanford, and MIT. Of the 359 bcomedeca! scientists and geneteccsts who were members of the Nateonal Academy of Sceences (en 1988), at minimum, 37% had formal ties with the biotechnology industry.
On the Analysis of Large Technical Systems
Authors: Giikalp Iskender
Published: March 2007

In this article, large technical systems (LTSs) are analyaed from three perspectives. First, the global characteristics of LTSs are emphasized, Second, LTSs are identified as those technical systems that are able to structure social perception of space and time. Finally, LTSs are defined as systems constituted at the interface of several subsystems. These claims are illustrated with several examples. More attention should be devoted to the interaction mechanisms between the various factors that shape the development patterns of LTSs. An approach based on composition of factors is therefore stressed.
Technological Dramas
Authors: Pfaffenberger Bryan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the technological construction of political power, as well as resistance to political power, by means of an "ideal-typical" model called a technolog ical drama. In technological regularization, a design constituency creates artifacts whose features reveal an intention to shape the distribution of wealth, power, or status in society. The design constituency also creates myths, social contexts, and rituals to legitimate its intention and constitute the artifact's political impact. In reply, the people adversely affected by regularization engage in myth-, context-, or artifact-altering strate gies that represent an accommodation to the system (technological adjustment) or a conscious attempt to change it (technological reconstitution). A technological drama, in short, is a specifically technological form of political discourse. A key point is that throughout all three processes, political "intentions," no less than the facticity and hardness of the technology's "impact," are themselves constituted and constructed in reciprocal and discursive interaction with technological activities. Technology is not politics pursued by other means; it is politics constructed by technological means.
Striking Gold in the 1990s: The Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductivity and Its Impact on the Science System
Authors: Felt Ulrike , Nowotny Helga
Published: March 2007

The article retraces the social and institutional circumstances that in 1986 led two researchers at the IBM laboratory near Zurich, Müller and Bednorz, to discover high-temperature superconductivity. After confirmation of the unexpected breakthrough an unprecedented mobilization of research groups all over the world took place while simul taneously high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) turned into a subject of intense media interest. The authors discuss these events under three perspectives: the closer interlinkage capacity of researchers and the relationship between the social organization of research and unforeseen cases of scientific creativity.
The Many Faces of RU486: Tales of Situated Knowledges and Technological Contestations
Authors: Clarke Adele , Montini Theresa
Published: March 2007

In the highly contentious abortion arena, the new oral abortifacient technology RU486 is one among many actors. This article offers an arena analysis of the heterogeneous constructions of RU486 by various actors, including scientists, pharmaceutical compa nies, medical groups, antiabortion groups, women's health movement groups, and others who have produced situated knowledges. Conceptually, we find not only that the identity of the nonhuman actor-RU486 -is unstable and multiple but also that, in practice, there are other (previously invisible) implicated actors—the downstream users and consumers of the technology. If we try to follow all the actors, we find a fuller and more historicized arena, and, ironically, we too can be construed as implicated actors in it.
Layers of Interests, Layers of Influence: Business and the Genesis of the National Science Foundation
Authors: Kleinman Daniel Lee
Published: March 2007

Historical analyses of the genesis of the National Science Foundation (NSF) have given insufficient attention to the role of business in the legislative struggle to establish a postwar research policy agency. This has led to an incomplete understanding of the defining characteristics of the final NSF legislation. Agency focus on basic research has heretofore been interpreted largely as a response to scientists' interests rather than to those of scientists and business. Moreover, the concern of industry with the intellectual property provisions of the legislation has also been underappreciated. In this article, the standard history of the genesis of the National Science Foundation is revised by dissecting the concerns of business with NSF legislation and the role of business in shaping the legislation. The character and influence of industry on proposals for a National Science Foundation are clarified through an examination of three distinct ways in which industry shaped National Science Foundation legislation. The article concludes that in the debate over the establishment of the NSF, interests and influence must be seen as layered, overlapping, and blurred.
The Construction of Lay Expertise: AIDS Activism and the Forging of Credibility in the Reform of Clinical Trials
Authors: Epstein Steven
Published: March 2007

In an unusual instance of lay participation in biomedical research, U.S. AIDS treatment activists have constituted themselves as credible participants in the process of knowledge construction, thereby bringing about changes in the epistemic practices of biomedical research. This article examines the mechanisms or tactics by which these lay activists have constructed their credibility in the eyes of AIDS researchers and government officials. It considers the inwlications of such interventions for the conduct of medical research; examines some of the ironies, tensions, and limitations in the process; and argues for the importance of studying social movements that engage with expert knowledge.
Speaking for the Dead: Forensic Pathologists and Criminal Justice in the United States
Authors: Johnson-McGrath Julie
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the efforts of forensic pathologists in the United States to establish the intellectual and social territory of their specialty, both inside and outside of medicine, and to control the institutional context of its practice. This process pitted forensic pathologists againstpowerful political machines for control of the coroner's office, where the application of medical knowledge legitimized social policy; against the legal profession for control of the application of forensic science in the courts; and against fellow members of the American medical profession for control of entry to the specialty.
Gadgets, Gizmos, and Instruments: Science for the Tinkering
Authors: Nutch Frank
Published: March 2007

Universal, scientific knowledge emerges from research practices. Scientists tinker with and align local conditions to produce scientific knowledge. Research equipment and scientific instruments are essential tools for knowledge production. Scientists differ, however, in their ability to handle these material resources of research. One type of scientist, who also represents a way of handling resources, is referred to by field scientists as a "gadget-man." Drawing upon a participant observation study of a marine labora tory in the Caribbean and a study in which the author traced the development of photographic identification of cetacean, this article characterizes "gadget-scientists" in their research quest for scientific knowledge.
Degrees of Freedom: The Interaction of Standards of Practice and Engineering Judgment
Authors: Shapiro Stuart
Published: March 2007

While the issue of standards has received attention from analysts in science and technology studies, this attention has tended to focus on either units of measurement or compatibility standards. Much less attention has been devoted to equally important standards of practice. These are the procedural or process standards which govern how technologists go about designing and constructing artifacts. Such standards have a substantial documented history in the form of engineering codes of practice. As the embodiment of judgments rendered by a particular community of technological practi tioners, these standards both reflect and shape the exercise of practitioner judgment. This article explores both these functions through examples drawn from structural and software engineering. These examples yield insights regarding both the role of formal procedural standards in technological practice and the unusual nature of software technology.
A Child Psychiatric Hospital's First and Second Admissions:
Authors: Sankar D.V. Siva
Published: March 2007

This article compares first and second admissions (readmissions) to a Child Psychiatric Hospital to identify some demographic factors related to readmissions. Male children and children who were vounger at the time of the initial (first) admission were more predominant in readmissions. Interestingly, the most com mon denominator in readmissions, irre spective of gender, race and psychiatric diagnosis, is the length of hospitalization at the time of the initial admission. Initial hospital stay was shorter in second admissions than in first admissions. This finding raises questions as to the value of early discharge of the child psychiatric patient from a hospital without providing a continuum of psychiatric care.
Professionals and Unionization
Authors: Engel Gloria V. , Schulman Marion L. , Patchel Caroline , Kaplan H. Roy
Published: March 2007

This research surveyed 135 housestaff physicians in 1973 and a second cohort of 90 housestaff physicians in 1976 in order to study the relationship between their professional motivation and their advocacy of unionization. The findings indicated that for the 1973 cohort: (1) Respondents who hold higher attitudes toward patient care are greater in their advocacy of unionization, if they have professional fathers. (2) Respondents who hold lower attitudes toward patient care are weaker in their advocacy of unionization when only older respondents are considered. (3) Those who perceived themselves to be high in autonomy and whose fathers are nonprofessionals were lowest in their advocacy of unionization. For the 1976 cohort it was concluded that age was related to union advocacy, with older housestaff being highest in union advocacy. It was concluded that the union movement was not shown to be associated with deprofessionalizing motivation.
Concurrent Undergraduate and Preclinical Education
Authors: Niemi Richard G. , Phillips James E.
Published: March 2007

In order to integrate medical and nonmed ical education, the University of Rochester recently established a so-called Early Selec tion Program. Students are chosen after their sophomore year and spend the next four years concurrently enrolled in undergraduate and preclinical courses. An initial assessment of the first three cohorts (25 students) shows that they perform success fully in both their undergraduate and medical school coursework. In their nonmedical courses the Early Selection students achieve slightly greater depth and less breadth than two comparison groups of " regular" premedical students.
The Development of Performance Standards for Medical Students
Authors: Gjerde Craig , Sheehan T. Joseph
Published: March 2007

This is a report of a project to identify behavioral objectives (performance standards) for medical students and to develop and implement a systematic, data-based approach for rating curriculum objectives. Topics addressed in the report include: a description of the educational environment , a review of the identified uses for explicit objectives, an explanation of the format and rating processd for objectives, and a description of the process of working with faculty. Results of thisproject include: (1)a set of behavioral objectives for all 23 courses in the undergraduate medical school curriculum, and (2) a rational system for determining which curricular content best meets the needs of future physicians.
The Effects of Test-Wiseness in Medical Education
Authors: Sarnacki Randolph E.
Published: March 2007

This study considered the effects of Test-Wiseness (TW) training and level of TW on multiple-choice item type performance, on both standardized and teacher-made examinations in undergraduate medical education. Medical student subjects trained m TW skills obtained significantly higher mean scores on one of four multiple-choice formats employed on the Part I National Board Examination. However, no significant differences were evidenced on either of two in-house teacher-made examinations. As a result it was concluded that certain conditions, inherent only in standardized tests, must be present before a suscepti bility to the extraneous source of variance of TW is evidenced. Level of TW, and the interaction of TW training and TW level did not result in any consistently significant differences in item type performance on either standardized or teacher-made tests.