bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupled physical/biogeochemical modeling including O2-dependent processes in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems: application in the Benguela
Authors: Gutknecht E. , Dadou I. , Le Vu B. , Cambon G. , Sudre J. , Garçon V. , Machu E. , Rixen T. , Kock A. , Flohr A. , Paulmier A. , Lavik G.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS) contribute to one fifth of the global catches in the ocean. Often associated with Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs), EBUS represent key regions for the oceanic nitrogen (N) cycle. Important bioavailable N loss due to denitrification and anammox processes as well as greenhouse gas emissions (e.g, N2O) occur also in these EBUS. However, their dynamics are currently crudely represented in global models. In the climate change context, improving our capability to properly represent these areas is crucial due to anticipated changes in the winds, productivity, and oxygen content. We developed a biogeochemical model (BioEBUS) taking into account the main processes linked with EBUS and associated OMZs. We implemented this model in a 3-D realistic coupled physical/biogeochemical configuration in the Namibian upwelling system (northern Benguela) using the high-resolution hydrodynamic ROMS model. We present here a validation using in situ and satellite data as well as diagnostic metrics and sensitivity analyses of key parameters and N2O parameterizations. The impact of parameter values on the OMZ off Namibia, on N loss, and on N2O concentrations and emissions is detailed. The model realistically reproduces the vertical distribution and seasonal cycle of observed oxygen, nitrate, and chlorophyll a concentrations, and the rates of microbial processes (e.g, NH4+ and NO2− oxidation, NO3− reduction, and anammox) as well. Based on our sensitivity analyses, biogeochemical parameter values associated with organic matter decomposition, vertical sinking, and nitrification play a key role for the low-oxygen water content, N loss, and N2O concentrations in the OMZ. Moreover, the explicit parameterization of both steps of nitrification, ammonium oxidation to nitrate with nitrite as an explicit intermediate, is necessary to improve the representation of microbial activity linked with the OMZ. The simulated minimum oxygen concentrations are driven by the poleward meridional advection of oxygen-depleted waters offshore of a 300 m isobath and by the biogeochemical activity inshore of this isobath, highlighting a spatial shift of dominant processes maintaining the minimum oxygen concentrations off Namibia. In the OMZ off Namibia, the magnitude of N2O outgassing and of N loss is comparable. Anammox contributes to about 20% of total N loss, an estimate lower than currently assumed (up to 50%) for the global ocean.
Emission of atmospherically significant halocarbons by naturally occurring and farmed tropical macroalgae
Authors: Leedham Elvidge Emma C. , Hughes C. , Keng F. S. L. , Phang S.-M. , Malin G. , Sturges W. T.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Current estimates of global halocarbon emissions highlight the tropical coastal environment as an important source of very short-lived (VSL) biogenic halocarbons to the troposphere and stratosphere, due to a combination of assumed high primary productivity in tropical coastal waters and the prevalence of deep convective transport, potentially capable of rapidly lifting surface emissions to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. However, despite this perceived importance, direct measurements of tropical coastal biogenic halocarbon emissions, notably from macroalgae (seaweeds), have not been made. In light of this, we provide the first dedicated study of halocarbon production by a range of 15 common tropical macroalgal species and compare these results to those from previous studies of polar and temperate macroalgae. Variation between species was substantial; CHBr3 production rates, measured at the end of a 24 h incubation, varied from 1.4 to 1129 pmol g FW−1 h−1 (FW = fresh weight of sample). We used our laboratory-determined emission rates to estimate emissions of CHBr3 and CH2Br2 (the two dominant VSL precursors of stratospheric bromine) from the coastlines of Malaysia and elsewhere in South East Asia (SEA). We compare these values to previous top-down model estimates of emissions from these regions and, by using several emission scenarios, we calculate an annual CHBr3 emission of 40 (6–224 Mmol Br−1 yr), a value that is lower than previous estimates. The contribution of tropical aquaculture to current emission budgets is also considered. Whilst the current aquaculture contribution to halocarbon emissions in this regional is small, the potential exists for substantial increases in aquaculture to make a significant contribution to regional halocarbon budgets.
90Sr and 89Sr in seawater off Japan as a consequence of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear accident
Authors: Casacuberta N. , Masqué P. , Garcia-Orellana J. , Garcia-Tenorio R. , Buesseler K.O.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The impact of the earthquake and tsunami on the east coast of Japan on 11 March 2011 caused a loss of power at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (NPP) that resulted in one of the most important releases of artificial radioactivity into the environment. Although several works were devoted to evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides, the impact of the discharges to the ocean has been less investigated. Here we evaluate the distribution of Fukushima-derived 90Sr (n = 57) and 89Sr (n = 19) throughout waters 30–600 km offshore in June 2011. Concentrations of 90Sr and 89Sr in both surface waters and shallow profiles ranged from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 85 ± 3 Bq m−3 and from 19 ± 6 to 265 ± 74 Bq m−3, respectively. Because of its short half-life, all measured 89Sr was due to the accident, while the 90Sr concentrations can be compared to the background levels in the Pacific Ocean of about 1.2 Bq m−3. Fukushima-derived radiostrontium was mainly detected north of Kuroshio Current, as this was acting as a southern boundary for transport. The highest activities were associated with near-shore eddies, and larger inventories were found in the closest stations to Fukushima NPP. The data evidence a major influence of direct liquid discharges of radiostrontium compared to the atmospheric deposition. Existing 137Cs data reported from the same samples allowed us to establish a 90Sr / 137Cs ratio of 0.0256 ± 0.0006 in seawater off Fukushima, being significantly different than that of the global atmospheric fallout (i.e., 0.63) and may be used in future studies to track waters coming from the east coast of Japan. Liquid discharges of 90Sr to the ocean were estimated, resulting in an inventory of 53 ± 1 TBq of 90Sr in the inshore study area in June 2011 and total releases of 90Sr ranging from 90 to 900 TBq, depending upon the reported estimates of 137Cs releases that are considered.
Present challenges for future water sustainable cities: a case study from Italy
Authors: Bonzanigo L. , Sinnona G.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The global population is increasingly concentrated in cities. Cities and urban areas face many challenges – economic, social, health and environmental – which are often exacerbated by an increase in the frequency of natural disasters. Together, these challenges call for a shift towards sustainable cities which reduce their impact on the surrounding environment, whilst at the same time succeeding to make resources available to their increasing number of inhabitants. This article explores the state of the art of water management practices of the highly urbanised Northern Italian region and plans and scope for the future development of water management. Although the region is at present not under severe water stress, recently some cities faced water scarcity problems and were forced to implement water rationing. We assessed the vulnerability of Parma and Ferrara to a water crisis, together with the regular and emergency adaptation measures already in place, and the forecast for the near future. In two workshops, the authors adapted the Australian concept of Water Sensitive Urban Design for the Italian context. Although the population remains generally unaware of the impact of the two latest severe drought events (2003 and 2006/7), many adaptation measures towards a more sustainable use of the water resource are already in place – technically, institutionally, and individually. Water managers consider however that the drastic and definite changes needed to integrate the urban water management cycle, and which minimise the ecological footprint of urban spaces, lay far in the future.
Source apportionment using LOTOS-EUROS: module description and evaluation
Authors: Kranenburg R. , Segers A. J. , Hendriks C. , Schaap M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. To design effective mitigation strategies, the origin of emissions which produce air pollutants needs to be known. Contributors to air pollutants can be emission sources, like road traffic or industry, but also be more specified to emission from one location or from a specified time. Chemistry transport models can be used to assess the origin of air pollution across a large domain. However, in traditional simulations the information on origin is lost and brute force scenario studies are performed to assess the origin. Alternatively, one can trace the origin of air pollutants throughout a simulation using a labeling approach. In this paper we document and demonstrate a newly developed labeling module for the chemistry transport model LOTOS-EUROS which tracks the source allocation for all particulate matter components and precursor gases. Dedicated simulations confirmed that the new module functions correctly. The new module provides more accurate information about the source contributions than using a brute force approach with scenario runs as the chemical regime remains unchanged. An important advantage of the new module is the reduction of computation costs and analysis work associated with the calculations. The new module was applied to assess the origin of particulate nitrate across the Netherlands. Averaged across the Dutch territory, the main contributions to nitrate are derived from road and non-road transport as well as power plants. Overall, only one-fifth of the concentration derived from sources located inside the country. The new technology enables new research directions as improved information on pollution origin is desired for policy support as well as scientific applications.
Climate-driven interannual variability of water scarcity in food production: a global analysis
Authors: Kummu M. , Gerten D. , Heinke J. , Konzmann M. , Varis O.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Interannual climatic and hydrologic variability has been substantial during the past decades in many regions. While climate variability and its impacts on precipitation and soil moisture have been rather intensively studied, less is known on its impacts on freshwater availability and further implications for global food production. In this paper we quantify effects of hydroclimatic variability on global "green" and "blue" water availability and demand in agriculture. Analysis is based on climate forcing data for the past 30 yr with demography, diet composition and land use fixed to constant reference conditions. We thus assess how observed interannual hydroclimatic variability impacts on the ability of food production units (FPUs) to produce a given diet for their inhabitants, here focused on a benchmark for hunger alleviation (3000 kilocalories per capita per day, with 80% vegetal food and 20% animal products). We applied the LPJmL vegetation and hydrology model to calculate spatially explicitly the variation in green-blue water availability and the water requirements to produce that very diet. An FPU was considered water scarce if its water availability was not sufficient to produce the diet (neglecting trade from elsewhere, i.e. assuming food self-sufficiency). We found that altogether 24% of the global population lives in areas under chronic scarcity (i.e. water is scarce every year) while an additional 19% live under occasional water scarcity (i.e. water is scarce in some years). Of these 2.6 billion people under some degree of scarcity, 55% would have to rely on international trade to reach the reference diet while for 24% domestic trade would be enough (assuming present cropland extent and management). For the remaining 21% of population under scarcity, local food storage and/or intermittent trade would be enough secure the reference diet over the occasional dry years.
On the importance of observational data properties when assessing regional climate model performance of extreme precipitation
Authors: Sunyer M. A. , Sørup H. J. D. , Christensen O. B. , Madsen H. , Rosbjerg D. , Mikkelsen P. S. , Arnbjerg-Nielsen K.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of climate studies addressing changes in extreme precipitation. A common step in these studies involves the assessment of the climate model performance. This is often measured by comparing climate model output with observational data. In the majority of such studies the characteristics and uncertainties of the observational data are neglected. This study addresses the influence of using different observational datasets to assess the climate model performance. Four different datasets covering Denmark using different gauge systems and comprising both networks of point measurements and gridded datasets are considered. Additionally, the influence of using different performance indices and metrics is addressed. A set of indices ranging from mean to extreme precipitation properties is calculated for all the datasets. For each of the observational datasets, the RCMs are ranked according to their performance using two different metrics. These are based on the error in representing the indices and the spatial correlation. In comparison to the mean, extreme precipitation indices are highly dependent on the spatial resolution of the observations. The spatial correlation also shows differences between the observational datasets. These differences have a clear impact on the ranking of the climate models, which is highly dependent on the observational dataset, the index and the metric used. The results highlight the need to be aware of the properties of observational data chosen in order to avoid overconfident and misleading conclusions with respect to climate model performance.
Changes in glacier Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA) in the western Alps over the 1984–2010 period: evaluation by remote sensing and modeling of the morpho-topographic and climate controls
Authors: Rabatel A. , Letréguilly A. , Dedieu J.-P. , Eckert N.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. We present time series of equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) measured from the end-of-summer snowline altitude computed using satellite images, for 43 glaciers in the western Alps over the 1984–2010 period. More than 120 satellite images acquired by Landsat, SPOT and ASTER were used. In parallel, changes in climate parameters (summer cumulative positive degree days, CPDD, and winter precipitation) were analyzed over the same time period using 22 weather stations located inside and around the study area. Assuming a continuous linear trend over the study period: (1) the average ELA of the 43 glaciers increased by about 170 m; (2) summer CPDD increased by about 150 PDD at 3000 m a.s.l.; and (3) winter precipitation remained rather stationary. Summer CPDD showed homogeneous spatial and temporal variability; winter precipitation showed homogeneous temporal variability, but some stations showed a slightly different spatial pattern. Regarding ELAs, temporal variability between the 43 glaciers was also homogeneous, but spatially, glaciers in the southern part of the study area differed from glaciers in the northern part, mainly due to a different precipitation pattern. A sensitivity analysis of the ELAs to climate and morpho-topographic parameters (elevation, aspect, latitude) highlighted the following: (1) the average ELA over the study period of each glacier is strongly controlled by morpho-topographic parameters; and (2) the interannual variability of the ELA is strongly controlled by climate parameters, with the observed increasing trend mainly driven by increasing temperatures, even if significant nonlinear low frequency fluctuations appear to be driven by winter precipitation anomalies. Finally, we used an expansion of Lliboutry's approach to reconstruct fluctuations in the ELA of any glacier of the study area with respect to morpho-topographic and climate parameters, by quantifying their respective weight and the related uncertainties in a consistent manner within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. This method was tested and validated using the ELA measured on the satellite images.
Constructing Syphilis and Black Motherhood: Maternal Health Care for Women of African Descent in New York’s Columbus Hill, 1915-30
Authors: Hart Tanya
Published: June 2013

Negative stereotypes of black people, and of mothers in particular, have historically had material meaning. They directly supported racialized health policies, practices, and thinking among the health care communities and inhibited black women’s capacity to protect the health and welfare of themselves and their children. This was evidenced in an early twentieth-century health experiment in New York’s Columbus Hill, 1917-30. This research examines how health care reformers and practitioners constructed narratives of black disease vis-à-vis motherhood or, alternately, sought to treat the presumed susceptibility of black women and communities to syphilis. The findings suggest that black mothers disproved negative stereotypes of inferior mothering by seeking out health care for themselves and their children-even to the point of consenting to the extreme discomfort and dangers of syphilis testing to receive prenatal care. Ironically, as their participation reflected an adherence to good mothering, their agency supported a growth in a medical industry that benefitted from the persistent negative stereotypes.
Understanding and Meeting the Needs of the Older Population: A Global Challenge
Authors: Bergman Howard , Karunananthan Sathya , Robledo Luis M.G. , Brodsky Jenny , Chan Piu , Cheung Maria , Bovet Pascal
Published: June 2013

BackgroundIn the past century, there has been a significant rise in life expectancy in almost all regions of the world, contributing to an increasingly older population. The aging of the population, in conjunction with urbanization and industrialization, has resulted in an important epidemiological transition marked by a widespread increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and their sequelae. Current trends suggest that the transition will have a greater impact on developing countries compared to developed countries. An adequate response to the transition requires a strong emphasis on primary prevention and adequate resource allocation.
Le bois de chauffage utilisé dans les campings de la Montérégie : un vecteur potentiel de propagation de l’agrile du frêne
Authors: Godmaire Hélène , Galvez Quentin
Published: June 2013

L’agrile du frêne (Agrilus planipennis) est un insecte ravageur exotique qui s’attaque et tue toutes les espèces de frênes. Depuis sa détection à Carignan en Montérégie en 2008, la région fait l’objet de surveillance, car le potentiel destructeur de l’insecte est immense. Un des plus grands risques de dispersion de l’agrile du frêne réside dans le déplacement de produits infestés, en particulier du bois de chauffage. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous sommes penchés sur les déplacements du bois de chauffage en Montérégie en interrogeant les commerçants de bois ainsi que les usagers et les propriétaires de camping. Le but de l’étude a été de documenter ces déplacements de bois de chauffage afin d’évaluer s’il existe réellement un risque et, dans l’affirmative, d’identifier des pistes de solution. L’enquête a révélé qu’il y avait un manque de connaissance de l’agrile du frêne et des risques qu’il pose tant chez les propriétaires de camping que chez les campeurs. Elle a aussi montré qu’environ 20 à 30 % des campeurs apportaient leur propre bois de chauffage, une voie potentielle de dispersion de l’insecte. Nous avons éprouvé beaucoup de difficultés à entrer en contact avec les commerçants, de sorte que nous devons revoir notre stratégie de collecte d’information pour cette catégorie d’utilisateurs. En conclusion, la mise sur pied d’une campagne d’information et de formation intensive s’avère essentielle afin de mobiliser tous les intervenants du milieu. De la même manière, la création d’un système de traçabilité du bois permettrait d’assurer qu’aucun bois infesté ne soit déplacé sur le territoire de la Montérégie.
Première mention du saltique d’Adanson, Hasarius adansoni (Savigny et Audouin, 1825) (Araneae : Salticidae : Hasariinae), au Canada
Authors: Brisson Jean Denis , Simard Claude
Published: June 2013

La découverte au Canada d’une espèce tropicale d’araignée à l’intérieur d’un édifice n’est pas surprenante en soi ; ce qui l’est cependant, c’est la présence d’une petite population établie depuis quelques années dans un pavillon de l’Université Laval, à Québec. Plusieurs mâles, femelles, adultes et juvéniles du saltique d’Adanson (Hasarius adansoni [Savigny et Audouin, 1825]) ont en effet été trouvés dans un aménagement intérieur de plantes tropicales de l’atrium du pavillon de l’Envirotron. Nous précisons les conditions de la découverte, la position taxinomique de l’espèce, sa répartition géographique, favorisée par les activités humaines et son mode d’alimentation possible sur des fourmis, entre autres, évoluant sur les plantes tropicales d’intérieur.
Régime alimentaire des dorés jaunes et noirs de la région de Québec : une nouvelle proie, le gobie à taches noires
Authors: L’Hérault Louis
Published: June 2013

Des données recueillies entre 1999 et 2010 sur les contenus stomacaux de dorés jaunes (Sander vitreus) et de dorés noirs (S. canadensis), capturés à la ligne dans le fleuve Saint-Laurent et aux embouchures de quelques tributaires de la région de Québec, ont permis de mettre en évidence le fait que le gobie à taches noires s’y était bien implanté depuis 2004. Une baisse de la présence de certains poissons indigènes dans les contenus stomacaux des 2 espèces de doré a été observée à partir de cette année charnière, après laquelle le gobie à taches noires a été commun en tant que proie chez le doré jaune. Cette même proie représentait plus du quart des espèces identifiées dans les estomacs de dorés noirs durant toute la période de l’étude. Les autres proies principales des 2 espèces de dorés étaient l’épinoche à 3 épines (Gasterosteusaculeatus), le fondule barré (Fundulus diaphanus) et le dard noir (Etheostomanigrum). Les classes de longueur les plus fréquentes chez les dorés jaunes échantillonnés étaient celles comprises entre 276 et 395 mm.
Imagem corporal e envelhecimento: Vicissitudes de uma tragédia moderna
Authors: De Oliveira Moreira Jacqueline
Published: June 2013

O presente artigo visa a articulação da perspectiva que anuncia um horror à imagem de envelhecimento do corpo com os ideais sociais de juventude eterna e os apelos das tecnologias biomédicas por cirurgias plásticas. Sabemos que o envelhecimento do ser humano pode serdiferenciado segundo vários conceitos: cronológico, biológico, social e psicológico. Assim, o envelhecimento do corpo, também é determinado por fatores físicos, psíquicos e sociais. Não negamos a objetividade do envelhecimento corporal, mas não podemos negar as influências psíquicas e sociais na percepção desse corpo que envelhece. Assim, buscamos situar algumas posições sobre “corpo” e trabalhar a tragédia moderna, que acredita na vontade e na liberdade da ação para se contrapor ao envelhecimento do corpo.
O sentido da vida para jovens dependentes químicos
Authors: Lemos da Silva Renata , Schroeder de Oliveira Felipe
Published: June 2013

O presente estudo trata do tema o sentido da vida para jovens dependentes químicos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar a atribuição de sentido que os jovens dependentes químicos dão às suas vidas. Participaram da pesquisa três jovens com idade entre 19 e 27 anos que têm em comum a dependência química do crack e que estão internados em tratamento numa instituição de recuperação e inserção social de jovens e adultos. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados uma entrevista individual semiestruturada e um grupo focal. Os dados foram analisados mediante o enfoque fenomenológico segundo Martins e Bicudo (1994). Os resultados apontaram pela busca de sentido na manifestação da fé e na crença em Deus que viria a ajudar na manutenção de uma vida futura livre das drogas. Demonstraram o desejo em poder trabalhar e constituir uma família, bem como o de manter a abstinência e a sobriedade. Considera-se que os participantes do estudo associam o sentido da vida às relações familiares, à fé, ao trabalho e ao seu comprometimento com o tratamento.
MAPEAMENTO PSICOSSOCIAL PARTICIPATIVO: METODOLOGIA DE FACILITAÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA
Authors: Araújo Lima Deyseane Maria , Cruz Bomfim Zulmira Áurea
Published: June 2013

O artigo a visa a análise da percepção dos jovens sobre a comunidade a partir da metodologia de facilitação comunitária denominada de Mapeamento Psicossocial Participativo com alunos do ProJovem Urbano, com base no referencial teórico da psicologia comunitária. Essa metodologia promove o conhecimento da comunidade, sensibilização com o meio, interação com os moradores e a participação em atividades, bem como o reconhecimento das dificuldades vivenciadas e os potenciais a serem desenvolvidos. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se com natureza qualitativa pautada no método dialógico vivencial. Teve como amostra dez alunos do ProJovem Urbano da Escola Papa João XXIII, no Bairro Vila União, em Fortaleza. Utilizamos a observação participante e a realização do mapeamento psicossocial participativo e de círculos de cultura.Para a análise, recorremos à construção de sentidos. Observamos, portanto, que os jovens participantes tendiam geralmente a se afastar da comunidade, não participando das atividades comunitárias e nem se sentiam pertercentes àquele meio social, necessitando de metodologias participativas para realizar a reinserção social com a comunidade. Concluímos que o mapeamento psicossocial participativo propicia uma reflexão sobre a reinserção e ressocialização dos jovens na sua comunidade, pois consistiu em uma forma de diálogo e de problematização da realidade, por meio do conhecimento e da sensibilização em relação ao contexto social.
SAVOIR-FAIRE FEMININO E SUA APROPRIAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL PELO OLHAR DAS RELAÇÕES DE GÊNERO
Authors: Diogo Maria Fernanda
Published: June 2013

A inserção de mulheres no setor produtivo é multifacetada: enquanto algumas se aventuram em profissões consideradas “masculinas”, amplo contingente de trabalhadoras ainda procura guetos femininos, como o magistério e a enfermagem. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma análise, sob a ótica das relações de gênero, do movimento sócio-histórico inerente a essas duas profissões, desmistificando algumas tramas naturalizantes e biologizantes que enredam as trabalhadoras. O acesso das mulheres à enfermagem e ao magistério foi historicamente condicionado pela domesticidade das suas relações. Em seus cotidianos, essas profissionais vivenciam“lugares híbridos”, cujas atividades produtivas se apoiam no savoir-faire transmitido intergeracionalmente no espaço reprodutivo, incluindo atividades práticas e inter-relacionais.Tais saberes e fazeres não produzem mais-valia e são depreciados econômica e socialmente,pois a lógica capitalista desconsidera que a força de trabalho só se mantém e reproduz a partir do consumo dos valores de uso e das relações interpessoais aí estabelecidas. Desvalorizar uma profissão por ser desenvolvida principalmente por mulheres e assemelhar-se aos saberes tácitos desenvolvidos no âmbito doméstico é uma deturpação que assenta no sexo dos sujeitosa valorização profissional. É preciso realizar um contradiscurso e considerar os setores produtivo e reprodutivo indissociáveis, pois ambos representam diferentes facetas do calidoscópioda experiência humana.
CPT symmetry tests with cold and antihydrogen
Authors: Yamazaki Yasunori , Ulmer Stefan
Published: June 2013

Precision comparisons of the properties of particles and their corresponding antiparticles are highly relevant because the Standard Model of elementary particle physics, a local, Lorentz‐invariant field theory, is necessarily symmetric with respect to the combined CPT operation. This symmetry defines exact equality between the fundamental properties of particles and their anti‐images. Any measured and confirmed violation constitutes a significant challenge to the Standard Model. Recent results of different CPT‐tests are summarized, with emphasis to the high‐precision measurement of the magnetic moment of the proton and the antiproton, as well as the precision investigation of antihydrogen ground state hyperfine splitting.
Nanostructured membranes based on cellulose acetate obtained by electrospinning. Part II. Controlled release profile and microbiological behavior
Authors: Nista Silvia Vaz Guerra , D'Ávila Marcos Akira , Martinez Elizabeth Ferreira , Silva Almenara de Souza Fonseca , Mei Lucia Helena Innocentini
Published: June 2013

Nanofiber membranes of cellulose acetate (CA) were produced with four mixtures of solvents, that is, acetic acid/water, acetone/water, dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/acetone, and DMAc/acetone/water, with the incorporation of the drug gentamicin sulfate at two concentrations. We evaluated the influence of the drug concentration in the electrospinning process. The best membrane produced in this stage was the membrane electrospun with the DMAc/acetone/water solvent mixture, whose process was shown to be viable and did not alter the membrane diameter or aspect with the variation of the drug concentration. Membranes prepared in this way and loaded with 50% of the drug were used for the studies of the release kinetics. Comparisons between the release profiles of the same membranes coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Eudragit L100, and electrospun CA nanofibers were carried out. The best results on the drug‐release profile were obtained with the membrane coated with nanofibers of CA, which caused a decrease of 9 h in the burst effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2772–2779, 2013
Does learning in clinical context in anatomical sciences improve examination results, learning motivation, or learning orientation?
Authors: Böckers Anja , Mayer Christian , Böckers Tobias Maria
Published: June 2013

The preclinical compulsory elective course “Ready for the Operating Room (OR)!?” [in German]: “Fit für den OP (FOP)”] was implemented for students in their second year, who were simultaneously enrolled in the gross anatomy course. The objective of the study was to determine whether the direct practical application of anatomical knowledge within the surgical context of the course led to any improvement in learning motivation, learning orientation, and ultimately examination results in the gross anatomy course, as compared with a control group. Within the scope of five teaching sessions, the students learned surgical hand disinfection, suturing techniques, and the identification of commonly used surgical instruments. In addition, the students attended five surgical demonstrations performed by surgical colleagues on cadavers. Successful learning of these basic skills was then assessed based on an Objectively Structured Practical Examination. Learning motivation and learning orientation in both subgroups was determined using the SELLMO‐ST motivation test and the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory test. While a significant increase in work avoidance was identified in the control group, this was not the case for FOP participants. Similarly, an increase in the “deep approach” to learning, as well as a decrease in the “surface approach,” was able to be documented among the FOP participants following completion of the course. The results suggest that students enrolled in the gross anatomy course, who were simultaneously provided with the opportunity to learn in clinical context, were more likely to be successful at maintaining learning motivation and learning orientation required for the learning process, than students who attended the gross anatomy course alone. Anat Sci Educ. 7: 3–11. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Hispanic ethnicity and acculturation, maternal age and the risk of gastroschisis in the national birth defects prevention study
Authors: Khodr Zeina G. , Lupo Philip J. , Canfield Mark A. , Chan Wenyaw , Cai Yi , Mitchell Laura E.
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Studies indicate that gastroschisis is associated with maternal age, ethnicity, and acculturation. This analysis was conducted to further define the associations between gastroschisis and parental Hispanic ethnicity and acculturation, and to determine whether such associations vary by maternal age.

Methods:

This study was based on data from mothers of 753 gastroschisis cases and 6,496 control infants in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. The relationships between gastroschisis and both parental Hispanic ethnicity and acculturation, within maternal age strata (<20 versus ≥20 years at conception), were assessed using logistic regression and principal component analyses.

Results:

The risk of gastroschisis in offspring of women <20 years old was not significantly associated with parental Hispanic ethnicity or acculturation. Among mothers ≥20 years old, US‐born non‐Hispanic white parents had a lower risk of gastroschisis in offspring as compared to either US‐born Hispanic (odds ratios [ORs] ranging from 0.55 to 0.60) or English‐speaking Hispanic (ORs ranging from 0.58 to 0.65) parents. Further, compared with US born Hispanic women ≥20 years, the risk of gastroschisis was lower for Hispanic women who had lived in the US <5 years (OR=0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17, 0.74) or who migrated to the US at ≥20 years (OR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.88).

Conclusion:

These results provide further evidence that gastroschisis risk is associated with ethnicity and some aspects of acculturation. Additionally, these associations were limited to the offspring of women who are ≥20 at the time of conception. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:538‐545, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SAR study and conformational analysis of a series of novel peptide G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibitors
Authors: Gomez‐Monterrey Isabel , Carotenuto Alfonso , Cipolletta Ersilia , Sala Marina , Vernieri Ermelinda , Limatola Antonio , Bertamino Alessia , Musella Simona , Grieco Paolo , Trimarco Bruno , Novellino Ettore , Iaccarino Guido , Campiglia Pietro
Published: June 2013

G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) plays a central role in the cellular transduction network. In particular, during chronic heart failure GRK2 is upregulated and believed to contribute to disease progression. Thereby, its inhibition offers a potential therapeutic solution to several pathological conditions. In the present study, we performed a SAR study and a NMR conformational analysis of peptides derived from HJ loop of GRK2 and able to selectively inhibit GRK2. From Ala‐scan and d‐Ala point replacement, we found that Arg residues don't affect the inhibitory properties, while a d‐amino acid at position 5 is key to the activity. Conformational analysis identified two β‐turns that involve N‐terminal residues, followed by a short extended region. These information can help the design of peptides and peptido‐mimetics with enhanced GRK2 inhibition properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 121–128, 2014.
Gib der Blüte Zucker!
Authors: Lauschke Karin
Published: June 2013

Bevor Pflanzen blühen, überprüfen sie ihre Energiereserven. Wie sie das anstellen, war lange ein Rätsel. Nun wurde das Schlüsselmolekül entdeckt: Der Zucker Trehalose‐6‐Phosphat überwacht den Energiegehalt und reguliert die Blütenbildung.
A sensitive LC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Vaka Venkata Rami Reddy , Inamadugu Jaswanth Kumar , Pilli Nageswara Rao , Ramesh Mullangi , Katreddi Hussain Reddy
Published: June 2013

An improved, simple and highly sensitive LC‐MS/MS method has been developed and validated for quantification of febuxostat with 100 μL human plasma using febuxostat‐d7 as an internal standard (IS) according to regulatory guidelines. The analyte and IS were extracted from human plasma via liquid–liquid extraction using diethyl ether. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 5 mm ammonium formate (60:40, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The total run time was 5.0 min and the elution of febuxostat and IS occurred at 1.0 and 1.5 min, respectively. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 1–6000 ng/mL (r > 0.99). The precursor to product ion transitions monitored for febuxostat and IS were m/z 317.1 → 261.1 and 324.2 → 262.1, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (%RSD) were within 1.29–9.19 and 2.85–7.69%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies in humans. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Phenylethenyl Methyl Carbonate by Methoxycarbonylation of Phenylacetaldehyde with Dimethyl Carbonate
Authors: Wu D. , Chen Z.
Published: June 2013

A novel and convenient route for the synthesis of phenylethenyl methyl carbonate by the methoxycarbonylation of phenylacetaldehyde with dimethyl carbonate was developed in the presence of solid base catalysts. The results showed that solid bases with moderate strength such as MgO favored the formation of phenylethenyl methyl carbonate, and the yield of phenylethenyl methyl carbonate could be linearly correlated with the amount of moderate basic sites. The function of basic catalysts was mainly ascribed to the activation of phenylacetaldehyde via the abstraction of α‐H by the base sites.
Systematic Selection of Metalloporphyrin‐Based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Modulation of the Donor–Acceptor Intermolecular Hardness
Authors: Masa Justus , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: June 2013

Incisive modulation of the intermolecular hardness between metalloporphyrins and O2 can lead to the identification of promising catalysts for oxygen reduction. The dependency of the electrocatalytic reduction of O2 by metalloporphyrins on the nature of the central metal yields a volcano‐type curve, which is rationalized to be in accordance with the Sabatier principle by using an approximation of the electrophilicity of the complexes. By using electrochemical and UV/Vis data, the influence of a selection of meso‐substituents on the change in the energy for the π→π* excitation of manganese porphyrins was evaluated allowing one to quantitatively correlate the influence of the various ligands on the electrocatalysis of O2 reduction by the complexes. A manganese porphyrin was identified that electrocatalyzes the reduction of oxygen at low overpotentials without generating hydrogen peroxide. The activity of the complex became remarkably enhanced upon its pyrolysis at 650 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Chemistry, Band Engineering, and Photocatalytic Activity of the LiNb3O8—CuNb3O8 Solid Solution.
Authors: Sahoo Prangya Parimita , Maggard Paul A.
Published: June 2013

Li1‐xCuxNb3O8 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) solid solutions are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Li2CO3, Cu2O, and Nb2O5 (evacuated silica tube, 750 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of CuBi2O4/NaTaO3 Coupled Photocatalysts.
Authors: Deng Yongyong , Chen Youjian , Chen Bingang , Ma Jianhua
Published: June 2013

A series of p‐n heterojunction photocatalysts p‐CuBi2O4/n‐NaTaO3 is prepared by a grinding—annealing method.
ChemInform Abstract: Growing Crystalline Chalcogenidoarsenates in Surfactants: From Zero‐Dimensional Cluster to Three‐Dimensional Framework.
Authors: Xiong Wei‐Wei , Athresh Eashwer Umesh , Ng Yu Ting , Ding Junfeng , Wu Tom , Zhang Qichun
Published: June 2013

Crystals of new thioarsenates are prepared using three different surfactants as reaction media.
ChemInform Abstract: syn‐Selective Kobayashi Aldol Reaction Using Acetals.
Authors: Tsukada Hiroyuki , Mukaeda Yuki , Hosokawa Seijiro
Published: June 2013

Chiral silyl dienol ether (I) reacts with acetals in the presence of a Lewis acid to afford syn‐adducts such as (III) and (V) as major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Induced Synthesis of a Variety of Trifluoromethylated Alkenes from Potassium Vinyltrifluoroborates by Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Yasu Yusuke , Koike Takashi , Akita Munetaka
Published: June 2013

A new and facile visible‐light‐induced synthesis of title compounds (III)/(IV) using a Ru‐photoredox catalyst is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent Dependent Reductive Defluorination of Aliphatic C—F Bonds Employing Sm(HMDS)2.
Authors: Janjetovic Mario , Traeff Annika M. , Ankner Tobias , Wettergren Jenny , Hilmersson Goeran
Published: June 2013

Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl fluorides (I) can be efficiently reduced using stoichiometric amounts of Sm(HMDS)2 in hexane.
ChemInform Abstract: Grignard Allylic Substitution Reaction Catalyzed by 1,2,3‐Triazol‐5‐ylidene Magnesium Complexes.
Authors: Nomura Ryosuke , Tsuchiya Yuji , Ishikawa Hiroyuki , Okamoto Sentaro
Published: June 2013

The title complexes, generated in situ, efficiently catalyze the substitution reaction of allylic and propargylic compounds with Grignard reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylation of Geminally Activated Nitroethenes.
Authors: Baichurin R. I. , Aboskalova N. I. , Trukhin E. V. , Berestovitskaya V. M.
Published: June 2013

Highly electron‐deficient compounds such as cyano‐ and acylnitroethenes are suitable nitroalkylating agents for N,N‐dimethylaniline.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Homocrotylboration of Aliphatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Lin Hongkun , Pei Wenbo , Wang Hao , Houk Kendall N. , Krauss Isaac J.
Published: June 2013

The method to prepare optically pure syn‐homocrotylation products is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(OAc)2‐Catalyzed Thiolation of Acyl C—H Bonds with Thiols Using TBHP as an Oxidant.
Authors: Yuan Yan‐qin , Guo Sheng‐rong , Xiang Jian‐nan
Published: June 2013

Optimized conditions allow the coupling of formamides (I) with various thiols through direct oxidation of acyl C—H bonds to produce thiocarbamates (40 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: A PEG Bridged Tertiary Amine Functionalized Ionic Liquid Exhibiting Thermoregulated Reversible Biphasic Behavior with Cyclohexane/Isopropanol: Synthesis and Application in Knoevenagel Condensation.
Authors: Luo Jun , Xin Tantan , Wang Yinglei
Published: June 2013

A novel tertiary amine functionalized polyethylene glycol bridged dicationic ionic liquid is synthesized and used as facile and recyclable catalyst and co‐solvent in Knoevenagel condensation reactions of aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an Alkylthio‐Substituted Dibenz[a,j]anthracene with Improved Solubility via the Oxidative Photocyclization of 1,3‐Distyrylbenzene Derivatives.
Authors: Toyoshima Takuya , Yoshida Satoshi , Watanabe Soichiro
Published: June 2013

The oxidative photocyclization of various 2‐substituted 1,3‐distyrylbenzenes is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Carboxy‐β‐lactones from Photoinduced Ring Contraction of 3‐Diazodihydrofuran‐2,4‐diones.
Authors: Beneke Julia , Schobert Rainer
Published: June 2013

In the presence of alcohols or thiols, formation of β‐lactones via Wolff rearrangement takes place.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile, Eco‐Friendly, Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized 2‐Aminopyrroles
Authors: Yu Wanwan , Chen Wenteng , Liu Shen , Shao Jiaan , Shao Zhanying , Lin Haili , Yu Yongping
Published: June 2013

via reaction of vinyl azides with α‐cyano derivatives
ChemInform Abstract: [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of α‐Acyl Ketene Dithioacetals with Propargylamines: Pyrrole Synthesis in Water.
Authors: Ren Chuan‐Qing , Di Chong‐Hui , Zhao Yu‐Long , Zhang Jing‐Ping
Published: June 2013

Various polysubstituted pyrroles are synthesized in a single step.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Bromooxindoles as Nucleophiles in Asymmetric Organocatalytic Mannich Reactions with N‐Ts‐Imines.
Authors: Li Jianhao , Du Taiping , Zhang Gang , Peng Yungui
Published: June 2013

This direct asymmetric Mannich reaction of N‐unprotected 3‐bromooxindoles, catalyzed by a quinidine‐derived thiourea organocatalyst, affords products with vicinal tertiary and brominated quaternary stereogenic centers in good diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Transformations of Alk‐1‐enyl‐N‐phthalimidoaziridines.
Authors: Kuznetsov M. A. , Voronin V. V.
Published: June 2013

The thermal transformation of different alk‐1‐enyl‐N‐phthalimidoaziridines depends strongly on their substitution pattern.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Thiolactone Derivatives.
Authors: Liu Huan‐Huan , Chen Yi
Published: June 2013

Fluorescent bis‐thiolactone derivatives (IV) (9 examples) are synthesized by photoconversion of photochromic diarylethene derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Addition of N‐Hydroxy Heterocycles to Alkynes and Subsequent 3,3‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement.
Authors: Kumar Manish , Scobie Martin , Mashuta Mark S. , Hammond Gerald B. , Xu Bo
Published: June 2013

The two‐step procedure represents an efficient oxygen transfer protocol which incorporates a nucleophilic oxygen atom into an alkyne group.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Catalyzed Stereoselective Tandem Hydroamination—Formal Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Propargylic Amino Esters.
Authors: Fustero Santos , Bello Paula , Miro Javier , Sanchez‐Rosello Maria , Maestro Miguel A. , Gonzalez Javier , del Pozo Carlos
Published: June 2013

The overall sequence of the tandem reaction presented here leads to nitrogen‐containing tetracycles under formation of 4 bonds and five stereocenters, in most cases as single diastereoisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldol Reactions of 2‐Thioxotetrahydropyrimidin‐4(1H)‐ones: Stereoregulations from Endo‐ and Exocyclic Chiral Centers.
Authors: Kumar Varun , Kumar Kapil , Pal Anang , Khatik Gopal Lal , Nair Vipin A.
Published: June 2013

Reactions of the compounds (I) with aldehydes proceed with high anti‐stereoselectivity giving a mixture of two diastereoisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Strecker Reaction of Cyclic Trifluoromethyl‐Ketoimines.
Authors: Xie Hexin , Song Aiguo , Song Xixi , Zhang Xinshuai , Wang Wei
Published: June 2013

High yields and enantioselectivities are obtained for substrates bearing a ‐CF3 function at C‐4.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis of 7‐(Hydroxymethyl)thiepane‐3,4,5‐triols from D‐(‐)‐Quinic Acid.
Authors: Shih Tzenge‐Lien , Gao Wei‐Lin
Published: June 2013

Using D‐(‐)‐quinic acid as chiral building block, a series of novel seven‐membered‐ring thiosugars are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Xanthouroleuconaphin: A Yellowish Pigment from the Aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum and Its Total Synthesis
Authors: Horikawa Mitsuyo , et al. et al.
Published: June 2013

isolation, structural elucidation and total synthesis
ChemInform Abstract: Polyoxygenated Diterpenoids of the Eunicellin‐Type from the Chinese Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi.
Authors: Cai You‐Sheng , Yao Li‐Gong , Di Pascale Antonio , Irace Carlo , Mollo Ernesto , Taglialatela‐Scafati Orazio , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: June 2013

Four new diterpenoids (I‐III) have been isolated together with five already known, structurally related diterpenoids.
ChemInform Abstract: New Cyclic Tetrapeptides and Asteltoxins from Gorgonian‐Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076.
Authors: Bao Jie , Zhang Xiao‐Yong , Xu Xin‐Ya , He Fei , Nong Xu‐Hua , Qi Shu‐Hua
Published: June 2013

Aspergillipeptides A‐C (Ia‐c) and asteltoxin B (II) are isolated and characterized.
ChemInform Abstract: FexCo3‐xO4 Nanoporous Particles Stemmed from Metal—Organic Frameworks Fe3[Co(CN)6]2: A Highly Efficient Material for Removal of Organic Dyes from Water.
Authors: Hu Lin , Huang Yimin , Chen Qianwang
Published: June 2013

Fe3[Co(CN)6] is obtained from an aqueous solution of K3[Co(CN)6] and FeSO4 in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) at room temperature.