bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edgar en el alma y el corazón de ACIC
Authors: Petrie Henry A.
Published: October 2019

Se reconoce el legado cultural del escritor Edgard Escobar Barba en los ámbitos del trabajo que realiza Acción Creadora Intercultural, ACIC, en su aporte a la educación, cultura, y vida social nicaragüense. También se expone una propuesta novedosa y dinámica del equipo interdisciplinario que responde a la creatividad de los usuarios en el territorio Nacional
Pharmaceutical promotions and trustworthiness on new drug prescribing among physicians in public general hospitals
Authors: Abdulah Deldar Morad , Perot Karwan Ali
Published: October 2019

Objective: The interaction between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry influences physicians’ attitudes and prescribing behaviors. In this regard, physicians’ attitudes towards pharmaceutical promotions and their trustworthiness towards pharmaceutical representatives’ information on new drugs were explored in this study.Methods: The present study was an analysis of a cross-sectional survey of 183 physicians with different job and education hierarchies and from various clinical settings in Erbil-Iraqi Kurdistan in July 2018. The physicians were invited from the public sector, comprising a general, emergency, and pediatric hospital. The information was collected through an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included exposure to marketing activities, motivations to contact pharmaceutical representatives, attitudes towards promotional activities, and trustworthiness of the pharmaceutical representatives’ information on new drugs.Results: Majority of the physicians reported that the information provided by pharmaceutical representatives assisted them in staying up to date or learning about new products (76.5%), but 55.7% of them trusted their medical information. In addition, most of them reported that pharmaceutical representatives prioritized the promotion of their products over patients’ benefits (70.5%). They reported that receiving promotional material and participating in promotional activities have an effect on doctors’ behaviors to prescribe a new drug, including promotional materials (55.2%); medical samples (67.8%); funding of registration costs to conferences (60.1%); participation in industry-funded researches (69.9%); and continuing medical education (69.4%). Receiving promotional materials and participation in promotional activities were considered to be ethical.Conclusions: The present study showed that most of the physicians reported the role of promotional materials and activities on physicians’ behaviors to prescribe new drugs.
Ten Salient Practices for Mentoring Student Research in Schools: New Opportunities for Teacher Professional Development
Authors: Walkington Helen , Rushton Elizabeth A. C.
Published: October 2019

This paper proposes ten salient practices of research mentoring activity in high school settings for teachers and technicians based upon survey and interview findings from 96 English and Scottish high school teachers from STEM disciplines, working in research collaborations with scientists. Mentoring high school research provides career development, with teachers identifying new aspects to their professional roles including ‘teacher researcher’, ‘teacher scientist’ and ‘teacher mentor’. This study suggests the potential for using the ten salient practices to initiate individual teacher reflection and wider professional development, and, a way of framing and disseminating effective practice across the school sector.
Innovationen in der Polizei: Dynamische Fähigkeiten als Schlüssel zum Organisationserfolg
Authors: Thomas Verena , Vera Antonio
Published: October 2019

Der Beitrag reflektiert die nicht immer einfache Beziehung zwischen Innovationen und der Polizei. Im Kontext von Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen wird die Polizei aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln betrachtet. Um sich erfolgreich an eine dynamische Umwelt anpassen zu können, benötigt die Polizei dynamische Fähigkeiten, d.h. spezielle Fähigkeiten, deren Kern vorausschauende Planung, Lernen und die Entwicklung von Problemlösungen bilden. Da die Polizei jedoch wie die meisten Organisationen im öffentlichen Sektor ein eher stabiles Organisationsgebilde darstellt, sind auch ihre Veränderungsbereitschaft und Innovationskraft als tendenziell gering einzuschätzen, was in der sich rasant ändernden Umwelt des 21. Jahrhunderts zunehmend problematisch wird.
Fatty Liver Disease: A Practical Approach
Authors: Mostafa Mohamed , Abdelkader Amrou , Evans John J. , Hagen Catherine E. , Hartley Christopher P.
Published: October 2019

Context.—

Fatty liver disease is now one of the most commonly encountered entities in the practice of liver pathology. Distinguishing simple steatosis from steatohepatitis is critical because the latter requires follow-up because of long-term risks that include cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. An organized approach for evaluating liver biopsies with steatosis is recommended to capture all of the relevant features: (1) degree of steatosis, (2) presence or absence of ballooning degeneration, (3) lobular inflammation, and (4) fibrosis. Herein, we provide a stepwise approach that readers can use to evaluate liver biopsies with steatosis, including examples, pitfalls, differential diagnostic considerations, and suggested diagnostic phrasing.

Objective.—

To provide a stepwise approach for the evaluation of liver biopsies showing significant steatosis (involving ≥5% of liver parenchyma).

Data Sources.—

Biopsies demonstrating fatty liver disease encountered in our daily practice were examined as well as recent literature.

Conclusions.—

Effective evaluation of liver biopsies with steatosis requires careful histologic examination and correlation with clinical history, particularly regarding medications, nutrition status, and alcohol use. Examples of uniform reporting, including appropriate use of the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network Activity Score, are provided.
Educação Ambiental no Brasil: reflexões a partir da Década da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas (2005-2014)
Authors: Silva Carlos Eduardo Marques da , Teixeira Simone Ferreira
Published: October 2019

A Educação Ambiental tem sido apontada como caminho para concretização de formas renovadas na relação homem-ambiente diante dos graves problemas sociais e ambientais da atualidade. Buscou-se refletir sua institucionalização a partir da Década da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, no intuito de identificar e caracterizar a atenção dedicada à consolidação de uma Educação orientada para os princípios da Sustentabilidade, no Brasil. O artigo constitui-se num levantamento bibliográfico-documental, e procura refletir como os preceitos instituídos como pertinentes a uma Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável tem se consubstanciado na realidade brasileira, discutindo questões relativas à sua institucionalização, internalização nos currículos escolares, e financiamento público. Verifica-se, a despeito da larga produção acadêmica e institucional, que tal educação permanece marginal e secundária na realidade brasileira.
On geometry of orbits of adapted projective frame
space
Authors: Kuleshov A.
Published: October 2019

The current paper continues consideration of geometry of projective frame orbits started in the author’s article in the previous issue. The ndimensional projective space with a distinguished point (the center) is considered. The action of matrix affine group of order n on the adapted projective frame manifold is given. It is shown that the linear frames, i. e., bases of the tangent space, can be identified with the orbits of adapted projective frames under the action of some normal subgroup of this group. Two adapted frames are said to be equivalent if they belong to the same orbit. The strict perspectivity relation between two adapted frames is introduced. The proofs of the theorem on the Desargues hyperplane and of the criterion of equivalence are simplified. According to this criterion, two adapted frames in strict perspective are equivalent if and only if the Desargues hyperplane generated by these frames is passing through the center.
On some characteristics of subset of prime numbers
Authors: Malakhovsky V.
Published: October 2019

The set of prime numbers p ≥ 5 is divided into two nonoverlapping subset P1 = {6k1  1}, P2 = {6k2 + 1}, where ki ⋲ A (i = 1,2). Subsets A1, A2 of natural numbers is defined by differences Ai = N\Bi, where B1, B2 are subset {j1}, {j2} defining subsets {6j1 – 1}, {6j2 + 1} of odd composite numbers. In [1] is proved two theorems permitting easily find by means of arithmetic progression subset Bi for ji  a ⋲ N. The tables of numbers ki for a = 500 are defined and some characteristic of subsets P1, P2 are given.
Os professores de Educação Física e a conjuntura estabelecida na rede escolar de ensino do Mato Grosso
Authors: Ferreira Robson Alex
Published: October 2019

Para que possamos entender as realidades vividas pelos professores de Educação Física na educação básica, se faz necessário possibilitarmos que esses sujeitos possam se expressar. As vozes ecoadas podem retratar para além dos problemas vivenciados diariamente, apresentar algumas possibilidades didático-pedagógicas adotadas diante das situações imperfeitas. A questão-problema elaborada foi: em que contexto está inserida a Educação Física como componente curricular nas unidades escolares do Mato Grosso? O objetivo geral foi analisar o contexto escolar dos professores de Educação Física a partir da realidade apontada pelos docentes em exercício. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa descritiva qualitativa. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 21 professores de Educação Física que se encontravam em exercício na rede pública do Estado do Mato Grosso. A coleta de dados se deu por meio do questionário e, a análise dos dados pelos eixos temáticos a partir dos procedimentos adotados por Rinaldi (2009, p.14). Os principais resultados apontaram que além do espaço físico ausente ou inadequado, e da escassez de materiais pedagógicos para as vivências, que a aversão dos alunos frente aos conteúdos propostos pelos professores e a indisciplina dificultam o processo ensino aprendizagem. Para o enfrentamento da realidade vivida os professores utilizam a criatividade, as adaptações de materiais e espaços e a construção de materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, se faz urgente e necessário que os professores de Educação Física demarquem seus territórios nas unidades escolares, a partir da superação das dificuldades instaladas e do compromisso profissional que transcende o dar aulas.Palavras-chave: Professores de educação física. Escolas. Mato Grosso.
Corporeidade e educação popular: intervenção teórico-prática em ambiente hospitalar
Authors: Soares Marta Genu , Da Rosa Cruz Ingrid Rodrigues
Published: October 2019

A Educação Popular em ambiente hospitalar é o tema tratado neste estudo, que aplica o conceito freiriano do diálogo e o articula com outros dois conceitos, o da corporeidade e o do corpo consciente. Objetiva analisar o processo de compartilhamento de saberes culturais, construção de novos saberes e a busca do ser mais, no pensamento freiriano. Para isso, realiza pesquisa intervenção e, como procedimento metodológico, aplica a técnica da abordagem da ação crítica, que valoriza a relação dialógica e tematiza as ações significativas para os sujeitos envolvidos. Resulta em vivências geradas pela demanda do grupo com novas aprendizagens socioafetivas que promovem conhecimento de si e tomada de consciência das condições de vida de uma mãe em ambiente hospitalar. Conclui que o conhecimento de si pode ocorrer em práticas educativas que fazem dos sujeitos os protagonistas da própria vida, em família e na sociedade.Palavras-chave: Educação popular. Corporeidade. Pacientes hospitalizados – Cuidado e tratamento.
Indirekte objekt i moderne dansk talesprog: En korpusundersøgelse af frit indirekte objekt
Authors: Juul Nielsen Peter
Published: October 2019

Since the 18th c., the Danish indirect object (IO) has undergone a narrowing of its semantic potential, and Heltoft (2014) claims that free, non-governed IOs (FIOs) are no longer possible in present-day Danish. The paper presents an empirical test of this claim based on data from the LANCHART corpus of spoken Danish. The corpus findings suggest prima facie that the FIO construction is indeed no longer an option. However, the paper shows that the very few FIOs found in the corpus call for an analysis of pragmatic preconditions. It is suggested that the FIO presupposes aspects of regulative speech acts, which are rarely found in the text types of the LANCHART corpus, and the paper points out methodical problems in quantitatively oriented corpus-based assessments of grammatical systems.
STRUKTURA NOVOG KURIKULUMA – OTVARANJE PROSTORA ZA KREATIVNOST I STVARALAČKI RAD NASTAVNIKA I UČITELJA
Authors: Lipovac Vlasta , Nikolić Sanja
Published: October 2019

U radu se razmatra teorijski konceptreformske promene kurikulumai odnos nacionalnog i školskog kurikuluma,te nova struktura školskogkurikuluma. Cilj rada je da predstavikoncept obrazovanja usmerenogna ishode i kompetencije, te na otvaranjeprostora za stvaralački radnastavnika i učitelja.Kvalitet u svetu smatra se najznačajnijimfenomenom našeg doba, sastalnim trendom njegovog poboljšanja.Reč je o novoj filozofiji življenja.Vreme koje je pred nama, posmatrajućisa aspekta obrazovanja,sve više karakteriše porast potrebaza što kvalitetnijim znanjem. Reformskipokret strukture novog kurikulumadonosi važne promene posebnou shvatanju važnosti kurikuluma.Proces kreiranja kurikuluma akcentpomera sa teorijskog modelovanjana plan prakse i konteksta – društvenazajednica, škola, razred, porodica.Reformska promena sa klasičnihnastavnih planova i programana kurikulum predstavlja premeštanjetežišta obrazovnog procesa sasadržaja na kompetencije i ishodeobrazovanja, te razvoj sistema evaluacijei samoevaluacije u obrazo-vanju i zasnivanje obrazovnih sadržajana obrazovnim oblastima.Predmet ovog rada je sagledavanjenove strukture plana i programa ukoncept evropskog kvalitetnog obrazovanja.Osnovni korak u prelaskukurikularnog koncepta obrazovanjazasnovanog na ishodima podrazumevadefinisanje ishoda obrazovanjaza znanja, umenja, stavove ivrednosti koje učenici treba da posedujunakon završetka određenognivoa obrazovanja, a nastavnikovafunkcija jeste u usmeravanju togprocesa.
NHC‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Reactions of Enals and Aminobenzaldehydes for Access to Chiral Dihydroquinolines
Authors: Wu Shuquan , Liu Changyi , Luo Guoyong , Jin Zhichao , Zheng Pengcheng , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: October 2019

An N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed reaction between α‐bromoenals and 2‐aminoaldehydes has been developed. Key steps include chemoselective reaction of the NHC catalyst with one of the aldehyde substrates (the bromoenal) to eventually generate an α,β‐unsaturated acylazolium intermediate. Addition of the nitrogen atom of aminoaldehyde to the unsaturated azolium ester intermediate followed by intramolecular aldol reaction, β‐lactone formation, and decarboxylation leads to chiral dihydroquinolines with high optical purity. The dihydroquinoline products, which are quickly prepared by using this method, can be readily transformed into a diverse set of functional molecules such as pyridines and chiral piperidines.
Synthesis and characterization of new sulfonated copolytriazoles and their proton exchange membrane properties
Authors: Roy Sambit , Saha Sayantani , Kumar Anaparthi Ganesh , Ghorai Arijit , Banerjee Susanta
Published: October 2019

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a series of new sulfonated copolytriazoles. The polymers were prepared by CuI catalyzed 1,3‐cycloaddition reaction of an equimolar amount of a dialkyne monomer, 1,3‐diethynylbenzene and a mixture of two diazide monomers, namely, 4,4′‐diazidodiphenyl ether and 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt. The copolymers showed high inherent viscosity indicating the formation of high molar mass product. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. The copolymer membranes displayed moderate water uptake, high dimensional, mechanical, and thermal stability. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs displayed excellent phase‐separated morphology along with very fine ionic clusters. The copolymer PTEOSH‐90 (90% degree of sulfonation) showed much higher proton conductivity value which is up to 196 mS cm−1 at 80 °C in completely hydrated condition compared to that of Nafion (165 mS cm−1). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48514.
Synthesis of thiazolyl hydrazonothiazolamines and 1,3,4‐thiadiazinyl hydrazonothiazolamines as a class of antimalarial agents
Authors: Sujatha Kodam , Ommi Naidu Babu , Mudiraj Anwita , Babu Phanithi Prakash , Vedula Rajeswar Rao
Published: October 2019

Novel thiazolyl hydrazonothiazolamines and 1,3,4‐thiadiazinyl hydrazonothiazolamines were synthesized by a facile one‐pot multicomponent approach by the reaction of 2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐5‐acetylthiazole, thiosemicarbazide or thiocarbohydrazide and phenacyl bromides or 3‐(2‐bromoacetyl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones in acetic acid with good to excellent yields. These new compounds were screened in vitro for their antimalarial activity; among them, four compounds, 4h, 4i, 4k, 4l, showed moderate activity with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 3.2, 2.7, 2.7, and 2.8 and 3.2, 3.2, 3.1, and 3.5 μM against chloroquine‐sensitive and ‐resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively. Compound 4l inhibited the ring stage growth of P. falciparum 3D7 at an IC90 concentration of 12.5 µM in a stage‐specific assay method, where the culture is incubated with specific stages of P. falciparum for 12 hr, and no activity was found against the trophozoite and schizont stages, confirming that 4l may have potent action against the ring stage of P. falciparum.
Power quality—Evaluation of safe operation of observatories
Authors: Mann Michael , Pribulla Theodor , Döhring Thorsten , Komžík Richard , Sivanič Peter
Published: October 2019

The electric power supply of astronomical observatories has to manage a conflict of interest: Observatories are situated at remote locations, they have a high consumption of electric power while measuring electric signals as sensitively as possible. Within the project SLOBATCO, the question did arise, to what extent observatories have to rely on adequate power quality, for example, the perfectly sinusoidal shape of supply voltage and current, to ensure safe operation and accurate measurement results. International power quality standards are put in perspective with requirement specifications for observatories. This contribution describes the motivation, the underlying mechanisms that lead to issues, comments on the challenge in power systems engineering, proposes the instrumentation and installation, and interprets the first results. Experimental results clearly motivate the need for further measurement campaigns, as power‐quality‐related problems are common. A summary is provided together with an outlook and a motivation for future measurement campaigns.
Probing for Thiol‐Mediated Uptake into Bacteria
Authors: Laurent Quentin , Berthet Mathéo , Cheng Yangyang , Sakai Naomi , Barluenga Sofia , Winssinger Nicolas , Matile Stefan
Published: October 2019

Cellular uptake mediated by cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) is emerging as a conceptually innovative method to penetrate mammalian cells. Their mode of action is based on dynamic covalent oligochalcogenide exchange with cellular thiols. To test thiol‐mediated uptake in bacteria, five antibiotics have been equipped with up to three different COCs: One diselenolane and two dithiolanes. We found that the COCs do not activate antibiotics in Gram‐negative bacteria. In Gram‐positive bacteria, the COCs inactivate antibiotics that act in the cytoplasm and reduce the activity of antibiotics that act on the cell surface. These results indicate that thiol‐mediated uptake operates in neither of the membranes of bacteria. COCs are likely to exchange with thiols on the inner, maybe also on the outer membrane, but do not move on. Concerning mammalian cells, the absence of a COC‐mediated uptake into bacteria observed in this study disfavors trivial mechanisms, such as passive diffusion, and supports the existence of more sophisticated, so far poorly understood uptake pathways.
A better patch for a perforation: Is your cath lab ready?
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: October 2019

Key Points

A new covered stent that is inherently easier to deliver to the area of perforation is now available under the Food and Drug Administration's Human Device Exemption regulations.

Coronary artery perforation remains a deadly complication even with a successfully delivered covered stent.

The extra paperwork required to obtain this device makes an ideal occasion to review the disaster plan the catheterization laboratory has for the next coronary perforation.
Novel predictors of late lumen enlargement in distal reference segments after successful recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusion: Do we have the answers?
Authors: Nakamura Kenta , Dean Larry S.
Published: October 2019

Key Points

The vessel distal to chronic total occlusions is negatively remodeled with impaired vasomotor function, confounding assessment of true lumen diameter following revascularization.

Late lumen gain following revascularization of chronic total occlusions is modest, averaging approximately 16%, but may be greater in select coronary substrates.

In this small, retrospective study of 134 patients, small distal lumen diameter, left anterior descending target, and absence of moderate and severe calcification on intravascular ultrasound are independently associated with late lumen gain of >19%.
Use of Alkylarsonium Directing Agents for the Synthesis and Study of Zeolites
Authors: Sáez‐Ferre Sara , Lopes Christian W. , Simancas Jorge , Vidal‐Moya Alejandro , Blasco Teresa , Agostini Giovanni , Mínguez Espallargas Guillermo , Jordá Jose L. , Rey Fernando , Oña‐Burgos Pascual
Published: October 2019

Expanding the previously known family of ‐onium (ammonium, phosphonium, and sulfonium) organic structure‐directing agents (OSDAs) for the synthesis of zeolite MFI, a new member, the arsonium cation, is used for the first time. The new group of tetraalkylarsonium cations has allowed the synthesis of the zeolite ZSM‐5 with several different chemical compositions, opening a route for the synthesis of zeolites with a new series of OSDA. Moreover, the use of As replacing N in the OSDA allows the introduction of probe atoms that facilitate the study of these molecules by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Finally, the influence of trivalent elements such as B, Al, or Ga isomorphically replacing Si atoms in the framework structure and its interaction with the As species has been studied. The suitability of the tetraalkylarsonium cation for carrying out the crystallization of zeolites is demonstrated along with the benefit of the presence of As atoms in the occluded OSDA, which allows its advanced characterization as well as the study of its evolution during OSDA removal by thermal treatments.
Fused N‐Heterocycles with Contiguous Stereogenic Centers Accessed by an Asymmetric Catalytic Cascade Reaction of Tertiary Enamides
Authors: Zhen Li , Tong Shuo , Zhu Jieping , Wang Mei‐Xiang
Published: October 2019

We report in this article a cascade reaction strategy for the synthesis of complex N‐heterocyclic compounds with contiguous and tetrasubstituted stereogenic carbons. Under the sequential catalysis of a chiral binol–Ti complex and BF3, cyclopentanone‐derived tertiary enamides undergo an enantioselective enamine addition to ketone carbonyls followed by diastereoselective trapping of the resulting acyliminiums by electron‐rich aryl moieties to furnish four‐ and five‐membered ring‐fused N‐heterocyclic products as the sole diastereomers in high yields with up to 99 % ee.
A Novel Approach for Bisphosphonates: Ionic Liquids and Organic Salts from Zoledronic Acid
Authors: Teixeira Sónia , Santos Miguel M. , Ferraz Ricardo , Prudêncio Cristina , Fernandes Maria H. , Costa‐Rodrigues João , Branco Luís C.
Published: October 2019

Novel ionic liquids and organic salts based on mono‐ or dianionic zoledronate and protonated superbases, choline and n‐alkylmethylimidazolium cations, were prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and thermal analyses. Most of the prepared salts display amorphous structures and very high solubility in water and saline solutions, especially the dianionic salts. Among the zoledronate‐based ionic compounds, those containing choline [Ch] and methoxyethylmethylimidazolium [C3OMIM] cations appear to have significant cytotoxicity against human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) and low toxicity toward healthy skin fibroblast cells. Because osteosarcoma is a bone pathology characterized by an increase in bone turnover rate, the results presented herein may be a promising starting point for the development of new ionic pharmaceutical drugs against osteosarcoma.
Genome Size and Sex Chromosome Variability of Bed Bugs Feeding on Animal Hosts Compared to Cimex lectularius Parasitizing Human (Heteroptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Sadílek David , Urfus Tomáš , Vilímová Jitka
Published: October 2019

Genome size and chromosome number of five Cimicidae species were compared with the similar data recently received from Cimex lectularius parasitizing human. The average nuclear DNA content (males) was 2C = 1.47 pg in C. hemipterus, 2C = 1.61 pg in C. hirundinis, 2C = 1.80 pg in C. lectularius from bats, 2C = 1.68 pg in C. pipistrelli, and 2C = 1.22 pg in Paracimex cf. chaeturus. In the genomes of all cimicid species analyzed, the average GC content ranged from 32.74% in C. pipistrelli to 35.87% in P. cf. chaeturus. Chromosome variability with two male cytotypes, 2n = 28 + X1X2Y and 28 + X1X2X3Y, was confirmed in C. pipistrelli. In addition, intraspecific variability in chromosome number was revealed in C. lectularius from bats with 2n = 26 + X1X2Y and 26 + X1X2X3Y. We suggest that the origin of intraspecific variability in chromosome number of C. lectularius from bats and C. pipistrelli is not only the result of simple fragmentation, but additive rearrangements like duplications are probably also involved. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Tolerance of disease‐vector mosquitoes to brackish water and their osmoregulatory ability
Authors: Kengne Pierre , Charmantier Guy , Blondeau‐Bidet Eva , Costantini Carlo , Ayala Diego
Published: October 2019

Salinity tolerance is an important trait that governs the ecology of disease‐vector mosquitoes by determining their choice of larval habitat, and consequently their ecological and geographical distribution. Here, we used laboratory strains to determine the osmotic responses of larvae of obligate freshwater disease‐vector mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti,Aedes albopictus,Anopheles coluzzii,An. gambiae,Culex pipiens, andCx. quinquefasciatus) and assessed their relationship with salinity tolerance. First, we analyzed the acute dose–mortality response of fourth‐instar larvae to salinity; then, we measured their hemolymph osmolality after 24‐h exposure to varying salinities. We found thatAe. albopictuswas the most tolerant species, followed byAn. coluzzii,Ae. aegypti,Cx. quinquefasciatus, andAn. gambiae, in decreasing order.Cx. pipienswas the least tolerant species. All mosquitoes were hyper‐iso‐osmoregulators, but with species‐specific differences. Specifically, hemolymph osmolality in deionized water varied among species, andCx. pipiensand the twoAedesspecies showed the lowest and highest osmolality. Although all species were osmoconformers at higher salinity values, hemolymph osmolality approached environmental osmolality more rapidly in species of theCulexgenus, compared withAedesspecies where it increased slowly. Moreover, hemolymph osmolality in deionized water was significantly correlated with tolerance to salinity across species. This could allow predicting the salinity tolerance of untested species on the basis of their osmoregulatory ability. However, this correlation disappeared when considering the hemolymph osmolality of larvae exposed to salinities higher than deionized water.
Multiscale habitat mediates pest reduction by birds in an intensive agricultural region
Authors: Heath Sacha K. , Long Rachael F.
Published: October 2019

Habitat augmentation on farms is predicted to conserve biological diversity and support beneficial animals that reduce crop pests. Effectiveness of local habitat enhancement and subsequent pest reduction services can be mediated by the amount of habitat at larger scales. We tested whether the presence and increase of local and landscape scale bird habitat increased avian predator abundance and pest reduction by birds. We surveyed birds and performed a sentinel prey exclosure experiment in walnut orchards in the Sacramento Valley, California, USA—comparing predation probability between orchards with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) woody habitat in uncultivated orchard margins. We digitized seminatural habitat cover in landscapes around orchards to test the effectiveness of avian predators in reducing sentinel prey along a seminatural cover gradient of 0–38%. Experimental prey were diapausing larvae of Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; codling moth), a significant pest of walnuts, which overwinter in cocoons in orchards, emerge as adults, and produce larvae that feed on the nuts the following spring. Permitting bird access to cocoons increased larval predation from 11% (caged) to 46% (no cage), and predation increased with increasing proportions of seminatural habitat within 500‐m of orchard transects. Predation also increased as the size and bark furrow depth of walnut trees increased, likely because these characteristics were associated with increasing abundance of avian predators with functional traits specific to consuming tree‐dwelling cocoons (e.g., woodpeckers). The presence and increasing complexity of local margin habitat increased the species richness and abundance of avian predators but was not predictive of cocoon predation. Consistent with intermediate landscape‐complexity hypothesis predictions, the effect size of woodpecker abundance on predation was large in simple landscapes (1–20% seminatural cover) and low in complex landscapes (>20% cover). Contrary to predictions, effect size was large in cleared landscapes (<1% cover), suggesting that orchards supported predators in cleared landscapes, with positive effects on pest reduction. We provide evidence that increasing the abundance of avian predators with traits specific for consuming target pests—by retaining old trees and seminatural cover—can increase orchard pest reduction services in an intensive agricultural region.
Habitat structure as an alternative explanation for body‐size patterns in the deep sea
Authors: van der Grient J. M. A. , Rogers A. D.
Published: October 2019

Patterns in body size are important to study as the size of an organism correlates with many biological traits of the organism. Changes in the size distribution of a community can be indicative of environmental change and/or anthropogenic impacts. What structures body size is, however, still poorly understood, with many factors proposed and shown to influence body size, including energy, which is likely a major driver. The deep sea is a good test bed to explore the relationship between body size and the availability of energy as it is an energy‐poor system, and strong responses to energy changes are expected. Here, we test the increased packing hypothesis that states that the modal size class should increase with energy, while other size classes reduce in abundance, resulting in less variance in the distribution. This has been demonstrated to be the case in a system with discrete food resources, but here we test what happens when energy is not discretely distributed. Furthermore, we test for alternative explanations using habitat structure to explain patterns in body size. We find no support for the increased packing hypothesis for the two energy variables used, but we did find strong patterns with habitat structure. Only when habitat structure was included did we find a small effect of particulate organic carbon on the mean body size. It is likely that how energy is partitioned in an ecosystem influences its structuring effect; when energy is not distributed in a discrete way, this can obfuscate the relationship. Habitat structure influences how energy is distributed in a system, and studying body size in relation to both habitat structure and energy may further our understanding in what structures this aspect of benthic communities.
Synthesis, Thermal Stability, and Magnetic Properties of a Manganese(II) Coordination Framework Containing Bistriazolate Ligands
Authors: Bunzen Hana , Grzywa Maciej , Aljohani Reem , Krug von Nidda Hans‐Albrecht , Volkmer Dirk
Published: October 2019

By combining a bistriazole ligand, [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5‐f]benzotriazole‐4,8(2H,6H)‐dione (H2C6N6O2), and Mn(II) cations in water, we prepared a Mn(II) coordination framework having an unexpected structure. As revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P21/n and forms a 2D layered structure. The complex formula is [Mn3(C6N6O2)2(OH)2(H2O)4], and the framework is formed by bistriazolate and hydroxido ligands, Mn(II) cations (with two different coordination environments), and coordinated water molecules. The thermal stability was studied by TGA and VT XRPD. The studies reveal that the material is stable up to 250 °C. Furthermore, magnetic measurements show that the Mn(II) coordination framework undergoes ferrimagnetic order below 6.5 K.
Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework to genotoxic modes of action
Authors: Sasaki Jennifer C. , Allemang Ashley , Bryce Steven M. , Custer Laura , Dearfield Kerry L. , Dietz Yasmin , Elhajouji Azeddine , Escobar Patricia A. , Fornace Albert J. , Froetschl Roland , Galloway Sheila , Hemmann Ulrike , Hendriks Giel , Li Heng‐Hong , Luijten Mirjam , Ouedraogo Gladys , Peel Lauren , Pfuhler Stefan , Roberts Daniel J. , Thybaud Véronique , van Benthem Jan , Yauk Carole L. , Schuler Maik
Published: October 2019

In May 2017, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee hosted a workshop to discuss whether mode of action (MOA) investigation is enhanced through the application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. As AOPs are a relatively new approach in genetic toxicology, this report describes how AOPs could be harnessed to advance MOA analysis of genotoxicity pathways using five example case studies. Each of these genetic toxicology AOPs proposed for further development includes the relevant molecular initiating events, key events, and adverse outcomes (AOs), identification and/or further development of the appropriate assays to link an agent to these events, and discussion regarding the biological plausibility of the proposed AOP. A key difference between these proposed genetic toxicology AOPs versus traditional AOPs is that the AO is a genetic toxicology endpoint of potential significance in risk characterization, in contrast to an adverse state of an organism or a population. The first two detailed case studies describe provisional AOPs for aurora kinase inhibition and tubulin binding, leading to the common AO of aneuploidy. The remaining three case studies highlight provisional AOPs that lead to chromosome breakage or mutation via indirect DNA interaction (inhibition of topoisomerase II, production of cellular reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of DNA synthesis). These case studies serve as starting points for genotoxicity AOPs that could ultimately be published and utilized by the broader toxicology community and illustrate the practical considerations and evidence required to formalize such AOPs so that they may be applied to genetic toxicity evaluation schemes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:114–134, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catalytic Conversion of Methane at Low Temperatures: A Critical Review
Authors: Chen Yipei , Mu Xueliang , Luo Xiang , Shi Kaiqi , Yang Gang , Wu Tao
Published: October 2019

The current study reviews the recent development in the direct conversion of methane into syngas, methanol, light olefins, and aromatic compounds. For syngas production, nickel‐based catalysts are considered as a good choice. Methane conversion (84%) is achieved with nearly no coke formation when the 7% Ni‐1%Au/Al2O3 catalyst is used in the steam reforming of methane (SRM), whereas for dry reforming of methane (DRM), a methane conversion of 17.9% and CO2 conversion of 23.1% are found for 10%Ni/ZrOx MnOx/SiO2 operated at 500 °C. The progress of direct conversion of methane to methanol is also summarized with an insight into its selectivity and/or conversion, which shows that in liquid‐phase heterogeneous systems, high selectivity (>80%) can be achieved at 50 °C, but the conversion is low. The latest development of non‐oxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) and oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) for the production of olefins is also reviewed. The Mn2O3–TiO2–Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst is reported to show the high C2 yield (22%) and a high selectivity toward C2 (62%) during the OCM at 650 °C. For NOCM, 98% selectivity of ethane can be achieved when a tantalum hydride catalyst supported on silica is used. In addition, the Mo‐based catalysts are the most suitable for the preparation of aromatic compounds from methane.
Floral biology of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) focusing on Bornean taxa
Authors: Ooi Im‐Hin , Wong Sin‐Yeng
Published: October 2019

An overview of the floral biology including floral odour analyses of twenty‐two Bornean Scaphochlamys taxa and three ex Bornean Scaphochlamys taxa was undertaken. All Scaphochlamys species investigated bloom diurnally. Pollen is released gradually, either simultaneously with stigma secretion or later (mostly within one hour). Flowers of most Scaphochlamys species were found to emit a mild odour but a few are odourless. Stigmas and anther spurs (where present) differ among the taxa investigated. Natural fruit set percentages of all species investigated were very low, up to 14.29%. Scaphochlamys species are facultatively xenogamic as the pollen/ovule ratios (P/O ratios) were high. Analysis of floral odour revealed 102 identifiable floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs), representing 31.8% of the compounds found. The volatile fraction was characterized by the aliphatics class (21.5%), monoterpenes (3.4%), irregular terpenes (0.3%) and benzenoids and phenyl propanoids (0.6%). Two pollinator guilds were found: halictid bees and Amegilla bees.
Bacteriochlorin‐bis(spermine) conjugate affords an effective photodynamic action to eradicate microorganisms
Authors: Ballatore María B. , Milanesio María E. , Fujita Hikaru , Lindsey Jonathan S. , Durantini Edgardo N.
Published: October 2019

A novel bacteriochlorin bearing two spermine units (BCS) was synthesized from 3,13‐dibromo‐8,8,18,18‐tetramethylbacteriochlorin (BC‐Br
3,13). The synthesis involved the Suzuki coupling of BC‐Br
3,13 to obtain a bacteriochlorin‐dibenzaldehyde (BCA), which was subjected to reductive amination with spermine. The resulting bacteriochlorin BCS presents a strong near‐infrared absorption band at 747 nm, emits at 750 nm with fluorescence quantum yield of 0.14, and generates singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Δg), with a quantum yield of 0.27. Photokilling capacities mediated by BCS were evaluated in microbial cells. The viability of Staphylococcus aureus decreased 7 logs when cells were incubated with 1 μM BCS and irradiated for 15 minutes. Comparable photocytotoxic effect was obtained with Escherichia coli, when cells were treated for 30 minutes with visible light. BCS was also an effective photosensitizer to inactivate Candida albicans. In addition, this bacteriochlorin was able to eradicate bacteria at short incubation times. The structure of BCS contains eight basic amino groups that, when protonated in water, increase the binding to the cell envelope. In summary, the readily accessible bacteriochlorin BCS was highly effective at low concentrations as a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer.
NUSAP1 knockdown inhibits cell growth and metastasis of non‐small‐cell lung cancer through regulating BTG2/PI3K/Akt signaling
Authors: Xu ZheYuan , Wang Yang , Xiong Jian , Cui FengXian , Wang Lan , Peng Hao
Published: October 2019

Non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy along with high mortality rate worldwide. Recently, nucleolar and spindle‐associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) has been reported to be involved in the malignant progression of several cancers. However, in NSCLC, the biological function of NUSAP1 and its molecular mechanism have not been reported. Here, our findings indicated that the NUSAP1 messenger RNA expression level was remarkably upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with that of adjacent normal tissues. We also found that NUSAP1 gene expression was notably upregulated in NSCLC cell lines (A549, 95‐D, H358, and H1299) compared with that of normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). Subsequently, the biological function of NUSAP1 was investigated in A549 and H358 cells transfected with NUSAP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively. Results showed that NUSAP1 knockdown inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, and promoted cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the number of cell migration and invasion was significantly suppressed by NUSAP1 knockdown. In addition, our results indicated that NUSAP1 knockdown increased the gene expression of B‐cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), but decreased the expression levels of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated serine/threonine kinase (p‐AKT). BTG2 siRNA partly abrogates the effect of NUSAP1 knockdown on BTG2 gene expression. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a AKT activator, reversed the effect of NUSAP1 knockdown on the biological function in NSCLC. Taken together, NUSAP1 knockdown promotes NSCLC cell apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion, which is associated with regulating BTG2/PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Our findings suggest that NUSAP1 is a promising molecular target for NSCLC treatment.
Continuous Indirect Calorimetry in Critically Injured Patients Reveals Significant Daily Variability and Delayed, Sustained Hypermetabolism
Authors: Vasileiou Georgia , Mulder Michelle B. , Qian Sinong , Iyengar Rahul , Gass Lindsey M. , Parks Jonathan , Lineen Edward , Byers Patricia , Yeh Daniel Dante
Published: October 2019

Background

Previous studies have used using Indirect Calorimetry (IC) with solitary or sparse measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE). This “snapshot” may not capture the dynamic nature of metabolic requirements. Using continuous IC, we describe the variation of REE during the first days in the intensive care unit.

Methods

Injured adults (≥18 years) requiring mechanical ventilation from March 2018 to September 2018 were enrolled. IC was initiated within 4 days of admission and continuous REE recorded until 14 days, extubation, or death. Multiple 10‐minute periods collected during steady state were used to calculate daily REE maximum, minimum, average, and variability [(REEmax − REEmin/2)/average REE].

Results

We included 55 patients. Median age was 38 [27–58] years, 38 (69%) were male, body mass index was 28 [25–33] kg/m2, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II was 17 [14–24]. Mechanism of injury was: blunt (n = 38, 69%), penetrating (n = 9, 16%), and burn (n = 8, 15%). Average REE increased gradually from 1,663 kcal [1,435–2,143] to a maximum of 2,080 [1,701–2,336] on day 7, a relative 25% increase, which was sustained through day 14. REE variability ranged 8%–13% and was not reliably predicted by fever, tachycardia, elevated intracranial pressures, hypertension, or hypotension.

Conclusion

In critically injured patients, steady‐state REE measurements display fluctuations over a 24‐hour period and demonstrate a gradual rise over the first few days after injury. Continuous REE, if available, is recommended for more precise matching of energy delivery to metabolic requirements.
Trends in hearing rehabilitation use among vestibular schwannoma patients
Authors: Drusin Madeleine A. , Lubor Brienne , Losenegger Tasher , Selesnick Samuel
Published: October 2019

Objective

Most patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) have significant hearing loss in the affected ear as a result of either their tumor or treatment. There is a paucity of data on which hearing rehabilitation options, if any, are preferred by patients with VS. Our study analyzed the use of hearing rehabilitation devices among VS patients.

Methods

Patients with unilateral VS treated at our institution from January 2008 to August 2018 were identified. Those with bilateral VS, profound hearing loss in the contralateral ear, neurofibromatosis type 2, or inadequate follow‐up were excluded. Patients who met inclusion criteria were given two online questionnaires: an 8‐item instrument that assesses use of hearing rehabilitation devices and the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit.

Results

Of 212 eligible patients, 61 completed both surveys. The majority (88%) were able to hear “poorly” or “not at all” in the affected ear, but less than one‐third had ever used a hearing rehabilitation device. Most had used conventional hearing aids (30%) or contralateral routing of signal/bilateral contralateral routing of signal (30%), whereas only a handful had used bone‐anchored hearing devices or cochlear implant. Patients who did not pursue hearing rehabilitation were either not bothered by their deficit or were unaware of their options. Most had good functionality despite their deficit.

Conclusion

Whereas 88% of patients treated for VS had a significant hearing loss, the majority did not pursue hearing rehabilitation but maintained good functional performance. Many did not remember being counseled about hearing rehabilitation options, indicating that regular and repeated counseling may be needed to increase patient utilization of hearing rehabilitation after VS treatment.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:1558–1564, 2020
Nutrition Risk Screening in Intensive Care Units: Agreement Between NUTRIC and NRS 2002 Tools
Authors: Coruja Mariane Kubiszewski , Cobalchini Yasmini , Wentzel Cristiane , Fink Jaqueline da Silva
Published: October 2019

Background

The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommends nutrition screening in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and indicates the use of 2 tools: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) or Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (NUTRIC). This study aims to compare nutrition risk detected by NRS 2002 and NUTRIC to identify whether both tools are equivalent for clinical practice in the ICU.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 2 hospital centers in the south of Brazil. Adult patients (≥18 years old) who stayed in the ICU for >24 hours were included. NUTRIC and NRS 2002 were compared with each other for their agreement in screening for nutrition risk.

Results

The study included 208 patients, most of them male (63.5%). The comparison between both nutrition screening tools showed fair agreement (κ = 0.39). Nearly half of the patients were classified at high nutrition risk by NUTRIC (47.6%), whereas only approximately one‐third of the sample was classified similarly by NRS 2002 (35.6%).

Conclusion

Despite the ability to identify patients with high nutrition risk, NUTRIC and NRS 2002 performed differently and were not concordant, suggesting that are not equivalent for clinical practice in the ICU.