bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can digitalization favour the emergence of innovative and sustainable business models? A qualitative exploration in the automotive sector
Authors: Acciarini Chiara , Borelli Fernando , Capo Francesca , Cappa Francesco , Sarrocco Chiara
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of the digitalization phenomenon in the development of innovative business models that are sustainability oriented. Thus, the authors aim to understand whether the presence of digitalization forces companies to create, capture and deliver value in new ways, focusing on their social impact.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the analysis of a case study in the automotive sector, the authors provide evidence that both digitalization and sustainability need to be considered to adequately innovate business models. Moreover, these two dimensions are interrelated, and therefore digitalization sustains sustainability and vice versa.

Findings

By inductively investigating the evolutionary path along which companies tend to adapt their business models to digitalization and sustainability trends, the authors found that this innovative transformation needs to be as sustainable as possible in order to offer benefits to organizations, customers and society at large. Furthermore, the authors revealed that, at least in the automotive sector, companies and customers are aware of the remarkable consequences of digitalization; however, they are still uncertain regarding the actual adoption of new technologies.

Originality/value

The literature on business model innovation is quite extensive. However, the role of digitalization in developing sustainable business models to achieve a competitive advantage has been overlooked. This study suggests that, within a specific context, forging a value network of stakeholders is helpful when innovating a business model with a sustainability orientation.
DEMATEL method of analysing the factors influencing the decision to adopt virtual reality technology by real estate firms in Lagos property market
Authors: Adegoke Ayodele Samuel , Oladokun Timothy Tunde , Ayodele Timothy Oluwafemi , Agbato Samson Efuwape , Jinadu Ahmed Ademola
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The study analysed the factors influencing real estate firms' (REFs) decision to adopt virtual reality (VR) technology using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. This was done to enhance the practice of real estate agency in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were elicited from eight real estate experts. These experts were heads of the agency department of firms that had been in existence for a minimum of five years in the Lagos property market. The data analysed in this study were collected with the aid of a questionnaire.

Findings

The result revealed that use intention was influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value and UB. Also, facilitating conditions, habit and use intention did not influence use behaviour. Overall, six constructs, which include price value (Ri − Cj value = 0.1284), use behaviour (Ri − Cj value = 0.0666), social influence (Ri − Cj value = 0.0583), facilitating conditions (Ri − Cj value = 0.0323), performance expectancy (Ri − Cj value = 0.0196) and effort expectancy (Ri − Cj value = 0.0116), were significant predictors of the factors influencing the decision of REFs to adopt VR. Of these constructs, the Ri − Cj values indicated that price value had the highest causative influence.

Practical implications

The result of this study will bring REFs to the consciousness of the factors that could affect their adoption of VR technology. This study will also assist the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in appropriately enlightening REFs on the integration of VR technology into the agency practice especially at this time when all health protocols and guidelines need to be observed to help flatten the curve of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Originality/value

This study is the first to have an insight into the analysis of the factors influencing REFs' decision to adopt VR technology using the DEMATEL method.
Waiting for my neighbors
Authors: Gordon Sidartha , Henry Emeric , Murto Pauli
Published: May 2021

We introduce a neighborhood structure in a waiting game, where the payoff of stopping increases when neighbors stop. We show that the dynamic evolution of the network can take the form of either a shrinking network, where players at the edges stop first, or a fragmenting network where interior players do. In addition to the coordination inefficiency standard in waiting games, the neighborhood structure gives rise to an additional inefficiency linked to the order in which players stop. We discuss an application to technology adoption in networks.
Effect of APOE and a polygenic risk score on incident dementia and cognitive decline in a healthy older population
Authors: Riaz Moeen , Huq Aamira , Ryan Joanne , Orchard Suzanne G , Tiller Jane , Lockery Jessica , Woods Robyn L. , Wolfe Rory , Renton Alan E. , Goate Alison M. , Sebra Robert , Schadt Eric , Brodtmann Amy , Shah Raj C. , Storey Elsdon , Murray Anne M , McNeil John J. , Lacaze Paul
Published: May 2021

Few studies have measured the effect of genetic factors on dementia and cognitive decline in healthy older individuals followed prospectively. We studied cumulative incidence of dementia and cognitive decline, stratified by APOE genotypes and polygenic risk score (PRS) tertiles, in 12,978 participants of the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial. At enrolment, participants had no history of diagnosed dementia, cardiovascular disease, physical disability or cognitive impairment. Dementia (adjudicated trial endpoint) and cognitive decline, defined as a >1.5 standard deviation decline in test score for either global cognition, episodic memory, language/executive function or psychomotor speed, versus baseline scores. Cumulative incidence for all‐cause dementia and cognitive decline was calculated with mortality as a competing event, stratified by APOE genotypes and tertiles of a PRS based on 23 common non‐APOE variants. During a median 4.5 years of follow‐up, 324 participants developed dementia, 503 died. Cumulative incidence of dementia to age 85 years was 7.4% in all participants, 12.6% in APOE ε3/ε4 and 26.6% in ε4/ε4. APOE ε4 heterozygosity/homozygosity was associated with a 2.5/6.3‐fold increased dementia risk and 1.4/1.8‐fold cognitive decline risk, versus ε3/ε3 (p < 0.001 for both). High PRS tertile was associated with a 1.4‐fold dementia risk versus low (CI 1.04–1.76, p = 0.02), but was not associated with cognitive decline (CI 0.96–1.22, p = 0.18). Incidence of dementia among healthy older individuals is low across all genotypes; however, APOE ε4 and high PRS increase relative risk. APOE ε4 is associated with cognitive decline, but PRS is not.
The use of taxonomic relationships among species in applied ecological research: Baseline, steps forward and future challenges
Authors: Bevilacqua Stanislao , Anderson Marti J. , Ugland Karl I. , Somerfield Paul J. , Terlizzi Antonio
Published: May 2021

Taxonomy is more than a mere exercise of nomenclature and classification of biological diversity: it profiles the identity of species by investigating their biological and ecological traits. Taxonomy is intimately related to ecology which, in turn, cannot be a mere exercise in describing ecological patterns, but instead requires deep knowledge of species’ biological structures, roles, interactions and functions. Thus, the study of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness of species is of paramount importance in ecological research, enabling insights into potential evolutionary patterns and processes, allowing a more comprehensive view of biodiversity, and providing opportunities to improve the assessment and monitoring of ecological changes in time and space. The work of K. Robert (‘Bob’) Clarke forged new pathways in this direction, providing new ideas and statistical tools to include and exploit taxonomic relationships in applied marine ecological studies and beyond, also inspiring the next generation of ecologists. In this short review, we synthesise the application and development of these tools and concepts in marine biodiversity research over the last three decades and suggest future pathways in this evolving field.
Detection mode of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia relapse and its effect on survival: a Nordic population‐based cohort study
Authors: Jensen Karen S. , Oskarsson Trausti , Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Flaegstad Trond , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Vedsted Peter , Albertsen Birgitte K. , Schrøder Henrik ,   the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO)
Published: May 2021

Relapse constitutes the greatest threat to event‐free survival after completion of treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). However, evidence on optimal follow‐up schedules is limited. The aims of the present population‐based cohort study were to assess the value of current follow‐up schedules after completion of Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology ALL protocol treatment and to estimate the impact of relapse detection mode on overall survival (OS). Among 3262 patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2014 and who completed treatment, 338 developed a relapse. Relapse detection was equally distributed between extra visits (50·8%) and scheduled follow‐up visits (49·2%). All cases detected at an extra visit and 64·3% of cases detected at a scheduled visit presented with symptoms or objective findings. Neither the mode of detection {adjusted hazard ratio 0·95, [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·61–1·48] for scheduled visits} nor the duration of symptoms was an independent risk factor for OS after relapse. The estimated number of scheduled blood samples needed to diagnose one subclinical relapse during the first 5 years after treatment cessation was 1269 (95% CI 902–1637). In conclusion, based on OS data, scheduled visits after cessation of therapy seem to yield no extra benefit. These results should frame future follow‐up strategies.
Infective myositis
Authors: Narayanappa Gayathri , Nandeesh Bevinahalli Nanjegowda
Published: May 2021

Myositis is inflammation especially of the voluntary muscles, characterized by localized or diffuse pain, tenderness on movement or palpation, swelling, and/or weakness. The two main categories of myositis include non‐infectious and infectious. Infective myositis may be due to a wide variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. A brief account of the various pathogens causing infective myositis is discussed.
Developmental Relations Between Home Literacy Environment, Reading Interest, and Reading Skills: Evidence From a 3‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Georgiou George K. , Inoue Tomohiro , Parrila Rauno
Published: May 2021

We examined the bidirectional relations between home literacy environment, reading interest, and children’s emergent literacy and reading skills in a sample of 172 English‐speaking Canadian children (Mage = 75.87 months) followed from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Results of cross‐lagged analysis revealed that the reading comprehension activities (RCA) at home positively predicted children's reading skills at the end of Grade 2 and the reading skills negatively predicted the RCA in Grade 3. Parent‐rated reading interest was bidirectionally related to reading skills, whereas child‐rated reading interest was only predicted by earlier reading skills, but not vice versa. These findings suggest that parents are sensitive to their children’s reading performance and modify their involvement accordingly.
Sleep, Classroom Behavior, and Achievement Among Children of Color in Historically Disinvested Neighborhoods
Authors: Ursache Alexandra , Robbins Rebecca , Chung Alicia , Dawson‐McClure Spring , Kamboukos Dimitra , Calzada Esther J. , Jean‐Louis Girardin , Brotman Laurie Miller
Published: May 2021

Children of color are more likely to have poor sleep health than White children, placing them at risk for behavioral problems in the classroom and lower academic performance. Few studies, however, have utilized standardized measures of both classroom behavior and achievement. This study examined whether children’s sleep (parent and teacher report) in first grade concurrently related to independent observations of classroom behavior and longitudinally predicted achievement test scores in second grade in a sample of primarily Black (86%) children (n = 572; age = 6.8) living in historically disinvested neighborhoods. Higher teacher‐reported child sleepiness was associated with lower adaptive behaviors and higher problem behaviors in the classroom, and predicted lower achievement. Parent‐reported bedtime resistance and disordered breathing also predicted lower achievement.
Long‐term outcomes of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy in patients with cirrhosis; before, during or after liver transplantation: A single center's experience
Authors: Yemini Renana , Nesher Eviatar , Braun Marius , Cohen Michal , Carmeli Idan , Mor Eytan , Keidar Andrei
Published: May 2021

Background

The increasing prevalence of morbid obesity (MO) results in parallel growth of obesity‐associated liver diseases necessitating liver transplantation (LT).

Objective

To examine the feasibility and safety of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy in the setting of LT.

Methods

This retrospective chart review included the data on all the MO candidates before and after LT who underwent bariatric surgery (BS) in our institution between 04/2013–09/2016. The reported outcomes were weight change and early and late postoperative complications (mean follow‐up: 43 ± 11.1 months).

Results

Eighteen MO peri‐LT patients (10 females, 8 males, average age 48 years) were included in the study. Ten had cirrhosis (mean Model of End‐stage Liver Disease [MELD] score of 12.5 ± 6.42), three underwent concurrent LT and BS (mean MELD score 23.7 ± 0.58), and five had LT (mean of 56 months from LT). The mean percentage of total and excess weight loss was 31% and 81%, respectively. Six of the eight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus became normoglycemic after BS. Three patients sustained perioperative complications. Two cirrhotic patients died 1 and 4.5 years after BS with decompensation.

Conclusions

Bariatric surgery appears to effectively address obesity in cirrhotic and LT patients. The surgical risk is higher than that of the regular BS population.
Vesicle traffic in the outer hair cell
Authors: Harasztosi Csaba , Klenske Entcho , Gummer Anthony W.
Published: May 2021

The plasma‐membrane marker FM1‐43 was employed to reveal the relative significance of different types of endocytic and transcytic mechanisms in outer hair cells (OHCs) of the guinea‐pig cochlea. A double‐barrel local perfusion system was used to label independently the apical or synaptic pole of the isolated OHC to study mechanisms of vesicle uptake at the poles and of vesicle trafficking along and across the cell. Treatment with an inhibitor of macropino‐ and phagocytosis, phenylarsine oxide, or of clathrin‐mediated endocytic activity, concanavalin A, significantly reduced the dye uptake at both the apical and the synaptic poles, indicating the presence of both clathrin‐independent and clathrin‐mediated processes at both poles. However, measurement of uptake speed in the presence of the inhibitors suggested that clathrin‐independent processes contribute more extensively to endocytosis at the basal pole than the apical pole. Treatment with an inhibitor of myosin VI, 2,4,6‐triiodophenol, significantly delayed both the apicobasal and the basoapical fluorescence signals. However, treatment with an inhibitor of kinesin, monastrol, or of dynein, ciliobrevin D, significantly delayed the signals only in the basoapical direction. The myosinVI inhibitor, but neither the kinesin nor dynein inhibitors, significantly delayed the signals to the subsurface cisternae. That is, myosin VI carries vesicles in both longitudinal directions as well as radially to the subsurface cisternae, whereas kinesin and dynein participate primarily in basoapical trafficking. This fundamental information is essential for elucidating recycling mechanisms of specific proteins involved in establishing, controlling and maintaining the electromechanical action of OHCs and, therefore, is vital for understanding auditory perception.
Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems: Moving beyond the state of the art to minimize the risk of ecological surprise
Authors: Baho Didier L. , Bundschuh Mirco , Futter Martyn N.
Published: May 2021

Microplastic (plastic particles measuring <5mm) pollution is ubiquitous. Unlike in other well‐studied ecosystems, for example, marine and freshwater environments, microplastics in terrestrial systems are relatively understudied. Their potential impacts on terrestrial environments, in particular the risk of causing ecological surprise, must be better understood and quantified. Ecological surprise occurs when ecosystem behavior deviates radically from expectations and generally has negative consequences for ecosystem services. The properties and behavior of microplastics within terrestrial environments may increase their likelihood of causing ecological surprises as they (a) are highly persistent global pollutants that will last for centuries, (b) can interact with the abiotic environment in a complex manner, (c) can impact terrestrial organisms directly or indirectly and (d) interact with other contaminants and can facilitate their transport. Here, we compiled findings of previous research on microplastics in terrestrial environments. We systematically focused on studies addressing different facets of microplastics related to their distribution, dispersion, impact on soil characteristics and functions, levels of biological organization of tested terrestrial biota (single species vs. assemblages), scale of experimental study and corresponding ecotoxicological effects. Our systematic assessment of previous microplastic research revealed that most studies have been conducted on single species under laboratory conditions with short‐term exposures; few studies were conducted under more realistic long‐term field conditions and/or with multi‐species assemblages. Studies targeting multi‐species assemblages primarily considered soil bacterial communities and showed that microplastics can alter essential nutrient cycling functions. More ecologically meaningful studies of terrestrial microplastics encompassing multi‐species assemblages, critical ecological processes (e.g., biogeochemical cycles and pollination) and interactions with other anthropogenic stressors must be conducted. Addressing these knowledge gaps will provide a better understanding of microplastics as emerging global stressors and should lower the risk of ecological surprise in terrestrial ecosystems.
The complex association between migrants’ residential community choice and subjective well‐being: Evidence from urban China
Authors: Zou Jing , Deng Xiaojun
Published: May 2021

The subjective well‐being (SWB) of migrants is an important topic, while the research from the perspective of community choice is relatively rare. Using China Migrant Dynamic Survey, this study shows that migrants’ community choice is significantly positively associated with their SWB. The SWB level of migrants living in commercial housing, work unit housing, affordable housing, and urban villages is higher than migrants living in old housing communities, even after controlling endogeneity problems by using PSM and IV estimations. Based on utility theory, social capital theory, and social stratification theory, the in‐depth analysis reveals that living in different communities has varied underlying mechanisms on migrants’ SWB. Migrants living in commercial housing, work unit, and affordable housing have more local neighbors, participate in more social or community activities, spend more on local invitations and gifts. And their self‐identity is higher. These can improve their happiness level. However, migrants living in urban villages have different mechanisms, they interact more with homogenous groups (such as relatives, compatriots, or friends who migrate and work together) and seek more help from these groups, and also increase expenditures on local invitations and gifts to increase their SWB.
Evaluation of rheological properties, microstructure and water mobility in buns dough enriched in aleurone flour modified by enzyme combinations
Authors: Yang Mei , Li Nana , Wang Aixia , Tong Litao , Wang Lili , Yue Ying , Yao Jiansen , Zhou Sumei , Liu Liya
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to explore the differences between single enzyme and combined enzymes in improving buns dough quality characterised by changes in rheological properties, microstructure and water mobility. The results indicated that xylanase (60 μg g−1)–glucose oxidase (GOX) (40 μg g−1) and xylanase (60 μg g−1)–glucose oxidase (40 μg g−1)–cellulase (30 μg g−1)‐modified dough can improve the negative effects of the single enzyme on the dough in terms of extensibility, tenacity and stability, leading to the formation of a softer gluten matrix. This may be due to xylanase (60 μg g−1)–GOX (40 μg g−1) and xylanase (60 μg g−1)–GOX (40 μg g−1)–cellulase (30 μg g−1)‐modified dough reduced the free sulfhydryl and significantly increased water‐extractable arabinoxylan content (P < 0.05) and enhanced more less‐tightly bound water availability. The microstructure observation showed that xylanase (60 μg g−1)–GOX (40 μg g−1) and xylanase (60 μg g−1)–GOX (40 μg g−1)–cellulase (30 μg g−1) modified dough exhibited a more compact and continuous gluten matrix.
Update on pediatric metabolic and bariatric surgery
Authors: Gonzalez Dani O. , Michalsky Marc P.
Published: May 2021

The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen sharply over the last several decades and poses a significant threat to the health and well‐being of today's youth. Childhood‐onset obesity is associated with a number of cardiometabolic consequences, which contribute to diminished quality of life. Metabolic and bariatric surgery offers a powerful treatment paradigm with positive long‐term health effects. A growing body of literature supports the notion that earlier intervention in younger patients results in long‐term health benefits. The development of a multidisciplinary care model and best practice guidelines are central to providing optimal care for this vulnerable patient population. Although the outcomes of metabolic and bariatric surgery in pediatric patients are reassuring and support the ongoing utilization of this important treatment paradigm, a number of significant challenges remain regarding access to care. As the literature continues to support earlier intervention for youth with severe obesity, future efforts should address these challenges to ensure that eligible patients are referred in timely fashion.
Nurses’ core emergency competencies for COVID‐19 in China: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Li Hongdan , Dong Shuju , He Li , Wang Rui , Long Shiyan , He Fengming , Tang Huairong , Feng Ling
Published: May 2021

Aim

To investigate nurses’ core emergency competencies for handling the coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) and analyse the factors associated with those competencies.

Background

COVID‐19 has become a major global public health event. Nursing staff have played an important role in COVID‐19 prevention and control. Understanding their emergency competencies for handling COVID‐19, and the potential disadvantages will help governments to develop targeted training policies and improve nurses’ capacities in relation to pandemics and emergency preparedness.

Introduction

COVID‐19 is a disastrous infectious disease, but the competencies of nurses in China to handle COVID‐19 have not been well documented.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey on nurses from 22 provinces of China in February 2020. The scores of self‐report questionnaires were used to analyse their competencies for core emergency care, and linear regression analysis was used to explore influential factors.

Results

A total of 2570 nurses participated. The study revealed that nurses had a good grasp of COVID‐19 knowledge, but the majority of nurses lacked experience in isolation ward work and emergency training. We found that age, professional title, work department, major work content, total work time, disaster rescue history, emergency training and infectious disease training were associated with core emergency competencies.

Conclusions

Chinese nurses were qualified for handling COVID‐19 but still need to strengthen the accumulation of practical experience.

Implications for nursing

Nurses should actively participate in emergencies to strengthen their operational capacity, whether in training or actual practice.

Implications for nursing/health policy

Managers should improve relevant policies to ensure that nurses have more opportunities to participate in the practical training of health emergencies and explore effective training methods to improve the ability of nurses to respond to these.
Comparison of clockwise and counterclockwise right atrial flutter using high‐resolution mapping and automated velocity measurements
Authors: Yvorel Cedric , Da Costa Antoine , Lerebours Chloe , Guichard Jean B. , Viallon Gregory , Romeyer Cécile , Ferreira Thomas , Benali Karim , Isaaz Karl
Published: May 2021

Background

Only few studies have been performed that explore the electrophysiological differences between clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) right atrial (RA) cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)‐dependent atrial flutter (AFL) using the high‐resolution Rhythmia mapping system.

Objectives

We sought to compare CW and CCW CTI‐dependent AFL in pure right AFL patients (pts) using the ultra‐high‐definition (ultra‐HD) Rhythmia mapping system and we mathematically developed a cartography model based on automatic velocity RA measurements to identify electrophysiological AFL specificities.

Methods and Results

Thirty‐three pts were recruited. The mean age was 71 ± 13 years old. The sinus venosus (SV) block line was present in 32/33 of cases (97%) and no significant difference was found between CCW and CW CTI AFL (100% vs. 91%; p = .7). No line was localized in the region of the crista terminalis (CT). A superior gap was present in the posterior line in 14/31 (45.2%) but this was similarly present in CCW AFL, when compared to CW AFL (10/22 [45.5%] vs. 4/10 [40%]; p = .9). When present, the extension of the posterior line of block was observed in 18/31 pts (58%) without significant differences between CCW and CW CI AFL (12/22 [54.5%] vs. 6/10 [60%]; p = .9) The Eustachian ridge line of block was similarly present in both groups (82% [18/22] vs. 45.5% [5/11]; p = .2). The absence of the Eustachian ridge line of block led to significantly slowed velocity in this area (28 ± 10 cm/s; n = 8), and the velocities were similarly altered between both groups (26 ± 10 [4/22] vs. 29.8 ± 11 cm/s [4/11]; p = .6). We created mathematical, three‐dimensional RA reconstruction‐velocity model measurements. In each block localization, when the block line was absent, velocity was significantly slowed (≤20 cm/s). A systematic slowdown in conduction velocity was observed at the entrance and exit of the CTI in 100% of cases. This alteration to the conduction entrance was localized at the lateral side of the CTI for the CCW AFL and at the septal side of the CTI for CW AFL. The exit‐conduction alteration was localized at the CTI septal side for the CCW AFL and at the CTI lateral side for the CW AFL.

Conclusion

The ultra‐HD Rhythmia mapping system confirmed the absence of significant electrophysiological differences between CCW and CW AFL. The mechanistic posterior SV and Eustachian ridge block lines were confirmed in each arrhythmia. A systematic slowing down at the entrance and exit of the CTI was demonstrated in both CCW and CW AFL, but in reverse positions.
Smartphone‐based evaluation of awake bruxism behaviours in a sample of healthy young adults: findings from two University centres
Authors: Zani Alessandra , Lobbezoo Frank , Bracci Alessandro , Djukic Goran , Guarda‐Nardini Luca , Favero Riccardo , Ferrari Marco , Aarab Ghizlane , Manfredini Daniele
Published: May 2021

A smartphone‐based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) strategy was used to assess the frequency of awake bruxism behaviours, based on the report of five oral conditions (ie relaxed jaw muscles, teeth contact, mandible bracing, teeth clenching and teeth grinding). One hundred and fifty‐three (N = 153) healthy young adults (mean ± SD age = 22.9 ± 3.2 years), recruited in two different Italian Universities, used a dedicated smartphone application that sent 20 alerts/day at random times for seven days. Upon alert receipt, the subjects had to report in real‐time one of the above five possible oral conditions. Individual data were used to calculate an average frequency of the study population for each day. For each condition, a coefficient of variation (CV) of frequency data was calculated as the ratio between SD and mean values over the seven recording days. Average frequency of the different behaviours over the seven days was as follows: relaxed jaw muscle, 76.4%; teeth contact, 13.6%; mandible bracing, 7.0%; teeth clenching, 2.5%; and teeth grinding, 0.5%. No significant differences were found in frequency data between the two University samples. The relaxed jaw muscles condition was more frequent in males (80.7 ± 17.7) than in females (73.4 ± 22.2). The frequency of relaxed jaw muscles condition over the period of observation had a very low coefficient of variation (0.27), while for the different awake bruxism behaviours, CV was in a range between 1.5 (teeth contact) and 4.3 (teeth grinding). Teeth contact was the most prevalent behaviour (57.5–69.7). Findings from this investigation suggest that the average frequency of AB behaviours over one week, investigated using EMA‐approach, is around 23.6%.
Examining social support, psychological status and health‐related quality of life in people receiving haemodialysis
Authors: Hoang Van Lan , Green Theresa , Bonner Ann
Published: May 2021

Background

Being on haemodialysis can lead to many burdens on patients' lives. Social support for patients is crucial; however, whether social support affects health outcomes including both depression, anxiety and health‐related quality of life is not well understood.

Objectives

To explore the relationship between social support, psychological status and health‐related quality of life of people undergoing haemodialysis.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Participants

Convenience sampling recruited 388 patients from one dialysis centre.

Measurements

Survey data collected included demographic and clinical data, the Medical Outcomes Social Support Survey, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales and Short‐Form Health Survey 36. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the direct and mediation effects of social support on health outcomes.

Results

Participants' ages ranged from 19 to 84 years and most had undergone haemodialysis for more than 5 years (53.2%). Overall, there was a moderate level of social support, and although tangible support was high, emotional‐oriented support functions were missing. Participants reported a high level of anxiety, moderate levels of depression, mild levels of stress and impaired physical and mental health. Greater social support independently and positively affected mental health, and also reduced the negative influences of depression on the mental health component but not the physical health component. Social support, depression, anxiety and participation in social groups explained 48% of the variance in mental health.

Conclusions

People undergoing haemodialysis require both tangible and emotional social support. When there is enough social support, there are positive effects on reducing depression and improving mental, but not physical health.
Advancing production of marine fish in the United States: Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, aquaculture
Authors: Stieglitz John D. , Hoenig Ronald H. , Baggett Jenna K. , Tudela Carlos E. , Mathur Shubham K. , Benetti Daniel D.
Published: May 2021

The potential for marine aquaculture development in the United States is significant and recent factors have highlighted the benefits of developing a shortened seafood supply chain to service domestic markets. Marine finfish in particular hold tremendous potential as technological advancements, improvements in production efficiencies, and market forces have aligned to create opportunities for growth within this sector of the aquaculture industry. Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, also commonly known as the Japanese flounder or hirame, is a candidate species for the U.S. aquaculture industry, which has a demonstrated track record of culture success and high market value. Although cultivation of the species is novel to the United States, olive flounder has been produced commercially for decades in other regions, notably Korea and Japan. With a number of favorable production characteristics, including a relatively short growout time compared with other flatfish species, an efficient food conversion ratio, and a well‐established market presence, the species has been shown to be commercially viable. This study examines the opportunities for olive flounder to be developed in the United States, while also discussing the potential for land‐based recirculating aquaculture systems culture of this species in coastal areas to provide increased resilience for working waterfront communities.
Understanding regulatory cultures: The case of water regulatory reforms in India
Authors: Srivastava Shilpi
Published: May 2021

This article uses the concept of regulatory cultures to understand the (dis)embedding of “independent” water regulation in India. It analyzes the specific case of the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority and explores how discourses and practices (1990–2015) shaped the regulatory development in the water sector. By documenting the practices of meaning‐making of “independent” regulation, the paper queries the process(es) of subnational regulatory diffusion and analyzes how water regulation is translated, negotiated, contested, and subverted as situated meanings evolve in the process. Taking an anthropological approach to studying the State and regulation, the article demonstrates how and why the State remains at the very center of the regulatory project in the water sector in India.
Child labor, social capital, and economic development*
Authors: Mizushima Atsue
Published: May 2021

Globally, 152 million children are involved in economic activities. Poverty is the main cause of child labor, and the lack of social norms and inadequate legal systems are contributing factors. In order to understand the cause of child labor and provide appropriate assistance, this paper focuses on the accumulation of human capital and social capital. The first part of the paper shows that, historically, child labor has been highly dependent on the initial endowments of human capital and social capital. We also show that the condition of bifurcation from an identical initial condition depends on the productivity derived from social capital. The second part of the paper examines the effect of development aid in recipient countries, particularly the effect of two types of programs that attempt to eliminate child labor and provide support to strengthen social capital. We show that both programs are effective at making the economy better off. However, large amounts of development aid for the program that strengthens social capital can make the economy of middle‐income countries worse off.
Are We Forgetting About IgA? A Re‐examination of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Convalescent Plasma
Authors: Verkerke Hans , Saeedi Bejan J. , Boyer Darra , Allen Jerry W. , Owens Joshua , Shin Sooncheon , Horwath Michael , Patel Kashyap , Paul Anu , Wu Shang‐Chuen , Wang Jianmei , Ho Alex , Maier Cheryl L. , Zerra Patricia E. , Chonat Satheesh , Arthur Connie M. , Roback John D. , Neish Andrew S. , Lough Christopher , Josephson Cassandra D. , Stowell Sean R.
Published: May 2021

Background

While convalescent plasma (CP) may benefit patients with COVID‐19, fundamental questions remain regarding its efficacy, including the components of CP that may contribute to its therapeutic effect. Most current serological evaluation of CP relies on examination of total immunoglobulin or IgG‐specific anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels. However, IgA antibodies, which also circulate and are secreted along the respiratory mucosa, represent a relatively uncharacterized component of CP.

Study design and methods

Residual samples from patients and CP donors were assessed for IgM, IgG, and IgA anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody titers against the receptor‐binding domain responsible for viral entry. Symptom onset was obtained by chart review.

Results

Increased IgA anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels correlated with clinical improvement and viral clearance in an infant with COVID‐19, prompting a broader examination of IgA levels among CP donors and hospitalized patients. Significant heterogeneity in IgA levels was observed among CP donors, which correlated weakly with IgG levels or the results of a commonly employed serological test. Unlike IgG and IgM, IgA levels were also more likely to be variable in hospitalized patients and this variability persisted in some patients >14 days following symptom onset. IgA levels were also less likely to be sustained than IgG levels following subsequent CP donation.

Conclusions

IgA levels can be very heterogenous among CP donors and hospitalized patients and do not necessarily correlate with commonly employed testing platforms. Examining isotype levels in CP and COVID‐19 patients may allow for a tailored approach when seeking to fill specific gaps in humoral immunity.
AWARENESS OF PAPAL STATEMENTS AND EVOLUTION ACCEPTANCE AMONG BRAZILIAN CATHOLIC SEMINARIANS
Authors: Campos Marcio Antonio
Published: May 2021

The current generation of Catholic seminarians is among the first ones to be trained to priesthood in a fully digital age, with unlimited access to sources for news, research, and controversies about science and religion, including the one opposing creationism and Darwinian evolution, despite favorable statements on evolution by twentieth and twenty‐first century Popes. This article presents an online survey conducted in 2019 among 229 Brazilian seminarians; 48 percent of them espoused evolutionary views (below the average of Brazilians, and Brazilian Catholics, polled in 2010 and 2014), while 55.9 percent considered evolution partially or fully compatible with Catholicism. Favorable views on evolution were more frequent among seminarians with a higher knowledge of the theory, and among those aware of papal statements on the subject, although it is not certain whether such awareness is the reason for a higher acceptance of evolution. Establishing relations of causation, which requires further research, can give evolution advocates a valuable tool to improve its acceptance among Catholics.
Beatriz Sarlo, ¿una “criollita”, una “intelectual de cabotaje”?
Authors: Gerbaudoa Analía
Published: May 2021

Este artículo parte de una selección de datos puntuales respecto de la internacionalización de los estudios literarios en Argentina entre 1958 y 2015. Puntualmente, se enfoca en uno de los indicadores de la internacionalización: la traducción. Este indicador visibiliza el lugar de nuestra producción en la circulación internacional de las ideas. Con estos datos como marco, nos centramos en un “caso”: la descripción de las tensiones entre las prácticas de internacionalización y autofiguración en Beatriz Sarlo. Esto se hace con el objetivo de esbozar una hipótesis alrededor de los sentidos ético y político de su toma de posición intelectual, en sintonía con las asunciones sacrílegas que han marcado su trayectoria, en general, y su trabajo en la consolidación y en la institucionalización de los estudios literarios en Argentina, en particular.
Beatriz Sarlo en Punto de Vista
Authors: De Diego José Luis
Published: May 2021

Este trabajo ha seleccionado como corpus de análisis los más de ochenta artículos, reseñas e intervenciones en debates de Beatriz Sarlo en Punto de Vista. Con el fin de ordenar ese corpus, lo hemos dividido en cuatro apartados: 1) literatura argentina: el pasado; 2) literatura argentina: el presente; 3) intelectuales; 4) teoría literaria, teoría cultural. En dichos apartados, se reseñan artículos y se procura postular, para cada caso, algunas hipótesis interpretativas.
A Method to Compare Heterogeneous Types of Bone and Cartilage Meshes
Authors: Rooks Nynke B. , Schneider Marco T. Y. , Erdemir Ahmet , Halloran Jason P. , Laz Peter J. , Shelburne Kevin B. , Hume Donald R. , Imhauser Carl W. , Zaylor William , Elmasry Shady , Schwartz Ariel , Chokhandre Snehal K. , Abdollahi Nohouji Neda , Besier Thor F.
Published: May 2021

Accurately capturing the bone and cartilage morphology and generating a mesh remains a critical step in the workflow of computational knee joint modeling. Currently, there is no standardized method to compare meshes of different element types and nodal densities, making comparisons across research teams a significant challenge. The aim of this paper is to describe a method to quantify differences in knee joint bone and cartilages meshes, independent of bone and cartilage mesh topology. Bone mesh-to-mesh distances, subchondral bone boundaries, and cartilage thicknesses from meshes of any type of mesh are obtained using a series of steps involving registration, resampling, and radial basis function fitting after which the comparisons are performed. Subchondral bone boundaries and cartilage thicknesses are calculated and visualized in a common frame of reference for comparison. The established method is applied to models developed by five modeling teams. Our approach to obtain bone mesh-to-mesh distances decreased the divergence seen in selecting a reference mesh (i.e., comparing mesh A-to-B versus mesh B-to-A). In general, the bone morphology was similar across teams. The cartilage thicknesses for all models were calculated and the mean absolute cartilage thickness difference was presented, the articulating areas had the best agreement across teams. The teams showed disagreement on the subchondral bone boundaries. The method presented in this paper allows for objective comparisons of bone and cartilage geometry that is agnostic to mesh type and nodal density.
Investigation on the Characteristics of a New Structure Brake Distribution Valve
Authors: Wang Yu-qi , Liu Xin-hui , Chen Jin-shi , Han Ya-fang
Published: May 2021

A brake distribution valve is an important part of aircraft hydraulic systems. To realize the integration and lightweight design of traditional structure valves, boost the response speed of valves, and reduce the influence of nonwork zone and damping on valve performance, this paper presents a new structure brake distribution valve which consists of pressure reducing unit, overflow unit, and embedded shuttle valve instead of the traditional valve structure. Numerical simulations and model verification experiments of the entire valve demonstrate that the new structure valve's dynamic performance has been significantly improved on the premise of ensuring linear characteristics. The simulation results show that the response time of the new structure valve is shorter than that of the traditional structure valve, with a rate of 30.77%, in case of step response simulations, and the tracking error of the valve reduces by nearly 5% in sinusoidal response simulations.
Local conditions magnify coral loss after marine heatwaves
Authors: Donovan Mary K. , Burkepile Deron E. , Kratochwill Chelsey , Shlesinger Tom , Sully Shannon , Oliver Thomas A. , Hodgson Gregor , Freiwald Jan , van Woesik Robert
Published: May 2021

Think globally, act locally

Climate change–driven elevations in temperature over the past few decades have caused repeated coral bleaching and subsequent death. The impact is so widespread that it has been suggested that only climate change reversal can save coral reefs globally. Donovan
et al.
looked at the interaction between local conditions and coral reef health and found that poor conditions magnify climate impacts (see the Perspective by Knowlton). Furthermore, reefs where human stressors such as overfishing or pollution were minimized fared better. Such results suggest that caring for reefs locally may help them to persist in our warming world.

Science
, abd9464, this issue p.
977
; see also abi7286, p.
908
Multiscale representation of very large environments in the hippocampus of flying bats
Authors: Eliav Tamir , Maimon Shir R. , Aljadeff Johnatan , Tsodyks Misha , Ginosar Gily , Las Liora , Ulanovsky Nachum
Published: May 2021

Coding for space in the mammalian brain

Nearly all mammals navigate over large spatial scales in environments that span hundreds of meters to many kilometers. However, very little is known about the neural representations that underlie the coding of such large spaces. Eliav
et al.
recorded from place cells in the hippocampus of bats as they flew back and forth on an extremely long track (see the Perspective by Wood and Dudchenko). Many place cells had multiple place fields within this large environment. The place field sizes ranged from less than 1 meter up to 32 meters, and the sizes of the different place fields of an individual cell varied as much as 20-fold. Studying animals under naturalistic conditions can reveal new coding principles for the representation of their environment in the brain.

Science
, abg4020, this issue p.
eabg4020
; see also abi9663, p.
913
Pertussis outbreak in Austin and Travis County, Texas, 1975
Authors: Field L H , Parker C D
Published: May 2021

An outbreak of bacteriologically proven pertussis occurred in Austin and Travis County, Texas, over a 7-month period in 1975. Eighty persons were cultured for pertussis in our laboratory. A total of 62% of specimens from 34 individuals with suspected pertussis was positive for Bordetella pertussis. Diagnosis of acute cases by both culture and fluorescent antibody was attempted, and the correlation of the methods is given. Analyses of cases by age, sex, immunization status, and antibiotic treatment prior to culture are included in this report. Two asymptomatic, culture-positive adults were found.
Survival of Bacteria from Human Dental Plaque Under Various Transport Conditions
Authors: Hoover Charles I. , Newbrun Ernest
Published: May 2021

The effects of transport media, temperature, and anaerobiosis on the survival of bacteria from human supragingival dental plaque were studied. Individual samples were obtained by passing sterile, unwaxed dental floss through the interproximal spaces. The plaque-bearing portion of floss was immediately placed in vials containing reduced transport fluid, viability-preserving microbistatic medium, or reduced salt solution transport fluid. Plaque samples were dispersed by ultrasonic oscillation, serially diluted, and plated in duplicate on MM10-sucrose-blood agar, mitis salivarius bacitracin agar, and Rogosa tomato juice agar. Initial viable counts (time 0) were compared with viable count determinations after 48- and 72-h storage. Quantitative recovery (>30%) of various groups of oral bacteria was accomplished from both reduced transport fluid and viability-preserving microbistatic medium after 48- and 72-h storage. Storage of dental plaque in reduced salt solution proved unsatisfactory for most bacteria (less than 10% survival). Since growth of some bacteria may occur in viability-preserving microbistatic medium and the charcoal present interferes with colonly enumeration on low-dilution plates, we found reduced transport fluid to be the most suitable medium for transport and recovery of bacteria from supragingival dental plaque. Subzero storage (−196 and −40°C) did not enhance the survival of bacteria from dental plaque; storage at moderate (5 and 20°C) temperatures gave better recovery of viable bacteria. Survival after anaerobic or aerobic storage was comparable for total colony-forming units; however, anaerobic storage enhanced survival of
Streptococcus mutans
and
Lactobacillus
. Since these organisms are specifically associated with dental caries, anaerobic techniques are preferred for caries activity testing of plaque.