bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrinology Key questions answered
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter
Published: October 2023

Providing both MCQs and longer questions to test and challenge essential knowledge in endocrinology, this book has been written with the medical student in mind. The innovative questions integrate both the many recent advances and the new concepts in the physiological and clinical aspects of endocrinology. This approach encourages continuity between the physiology and pathophysiology of endocrine disorders, which is vital in clinical practice. Questions and answers are a vitally important for revision and for exam practice. In this book, full answers are given to aid self-directed learning which is increasingly important in the changing medical curricula, and there are key references for further reading at the end of each chapter. Invaluable to medical students in their undergraduate years and through to fellowship exams, this book has been designed to be used on its own or as a complementary volume to the third edition of Essential Endocrinology also by Drs Laycock and Wise. John Laycock is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Physiology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical school and Peter Wise is Consultant Endocrinologist in the Department of Endocrinology, also at Charing Cross Hospital, London.
Ethics and patient access to information
Authors: Maslin Anna M
Published: October 2023

It may seem dry and uninspiring to look at the impact ethics has on a patient’s ability to access information but the ethical position adopted by society and health care professionals can have a profound effect on a woman’s ability to participate in treatment decision-making. Today in the West it would appear patients automatically have the right to health care information, but this may be a false premise. The premise that underpins the right of a patient, in this case a woman with breast cancer, to access information (or be protected from it if she wishes) is based on a number of ethical principles, e.g. beneficence (a duty to do her good), non-maleficence (a duty not to do harm), and respect for autonomy, to accord to the individual the full rights of selfdetermination (Glover 1990; Waldron 1990; Gillon 1992). There are two of the main moral theories: deontology and utilitarianism (Ross 1930; Kant 1964, 1973; Mill 1962a,b, 1974).
Approaches to shared decision-making
Authors: Maslin A M
Published: October 2023

The evidence appears to support the case for a sentient adult women with breast cancer having a right to express her autonomy, if she so wishes, by accessing accurate evidence-based information relating to her disease and treatment options, and that this information should be communicated effectively to her. But how can a woman with breast cancer access the information and participate, again if she so wishes, in the shared decision-making process? This chapter reviews the common, and a selection of the less common, methods available for the sharing information with patients.
The breast care nurse
Authors: Walker J Secker
Published: October 2023

This section shares the personal views and experiences primarily of professionals when participating in the decision-making process. These accounts are complemented by short patient perspectives where possible. The views and perspectives they express are their own.
Breast cancer prevention using tamoxifen
Authors: Assersohn L , Powles T J
Published: October 2023

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in UK, with one in 12 women developing the disease at some point in their lives. Epidemiological evidence suggests that oestrogen acts as a promoter in the pathogenesis of breast cancer with factors such as early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, and delayed first pregnancy conferring an increased risk. In addition, it is known that there is a familial tendency to develop the disease with a woman’s risk especially increased if her mother or sister develop breast cancer before the age of 50. Some women have a significantly increased risk of developing breast cancer by inheriting mutations of either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. These, and other highly penetrant genes, account for 10-12% of the breast cancers which occur.
Unstable ischaemia
Authors: Jennings Kevin
Published: October 2023

Angina is held to be unstable when there is recurrent cardiac pain at rest that is more frequent, more prolonged, and more intense than usual. It is usually accompanied by ECG changes, but without cardiac enzyme release. Others will define unstable angina as the recent onset of cardiac pain which was previously stable, and which is now pre cipitated by minimal activity. Unstable cardiac pain is relatively common, and many centres report that unstable angina is a more common presenting diagnosis than evolving myocardial infarction.
Pre-hospital management
Authors: Jennings Kevin
Published: October 2023

Patients begin to die early and unpredictably after myocardial infarction; about two-thirds of the deaths associated with myocardial infarction take place out of hospital, and 50 per cent of the patients who will die do so within two hours of the onset of symptoms, mostly as a result of ventricular fibrillation. All patients with chest pain suggestive of a cardiac origin of 20 minutes’ or more duration, unrelieved by rest or nitrates, should at least be considered for prompt admission. Those patients who present later than 12 hours after infarction have less to gain from CCU admission, although admission to a medical ward will often be required.
Recovery
Authors: Jennings Kevin
Published: October 2023

It is recommended that patients should remain in bed for about the first 48 hours. Thereafter uncomplicated infarct patients are allowed to mobilize in a supervised and graded manner: on days 3–4 patients are allowed to sit out of bed and to walk a few steps around their beds. On days 5–6 slow walking around the ward can be allowed; and discharge can be from day 7.
Procedures
Authors: Jennings Kevin
Published: October 2023

This may be required in ill patients to assess oxygen saturation and acid-base status. As with all blood-gas sampling, the laboratory should be advised of the imminent arrival of the sample before arterial puncture is performed, to ensure that the laboratory is ready to process the sample without delay. Ice should be provided for transport of the sample to the laboratory.
Surgical Anatomy Of The Bladder
Authors: Karayiannakis Anastasios J , Zbar Andrew P , Karatzas Gabriel
Published: October 2023

Surgery as the primary therapeutic modality for bladder cancer is considered in cases such as primary adenocarcinoma or squamous carcinoma, cancer consequent upon vesical schistosomiasis and bladder sarcoma, all of which have an inherent resistance to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In transitional cell carcinoma, advanced stages (T3 and T4), as well as extensive superficial carcinoma in situ or multifocal recurrence following intravesical therapy are indications for surgery (1,2). The lack of durable response when radiotherapy alone is used and the failure to demonstrate improved results with preoperative radiotherapy have redefined the role of surgery as a first alternative in bladder cancer treatment (3).
Screening Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Goldstein Martin M , Messing Edward M
Published: October 2023

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in males and eighth most common in females in the United States (1). Nearly 95% of these are transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). Prognosis is dependent on the grade and stage at the time of presentation. Superficial tumours are relatively easily treated with local therapies and have an excellent prognosis. However, once the tumour becomes muscle invasive the prognosis is quite poor despite aggressive treatment.
Surgical Treatment Of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Olumi Aria F , Richie Jerome P
Published: October 2023

Mortality related to bladder cancer is usually due to the invasive and/or metastatic disease. The greatest improvement in death rates from bladder cancer can be made from appropriate management of the invasive bladder cancer, or those superficial bladder cancers with greatest risk of progression. This chapter will focus on the surgical treatment of invasive bladder cancer. In particular, surgical technique of radical cystectomy, various options of urinary diversion and some recent molecular biology findings with clinical applications will be discussed.
Intravesical Chemotherapy Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Ziada Ali M , Crawford E David
Published: October 2023

The American Cancer Society estimates that in 1998 there will be 54 500 new cases and 11 700 bladder cancer deaths in the United States (1,2). Although we have not yet succeeded to lower the incidence of bladder cancer, we have managed to improve our approach to treatment. The survival of bladder cancer in the past decade has increased by 8% despite a rise in incidence of 36% (3,4). This suggests both stage migration towards more localized disease as well as improved treatment strategies.
Acquisition of kidneys for transplantation
Authors: Hoffenberg Raymond
Published: October 2023

Recognition of the benefits of transplantation has made it the treatment of choice for most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Its very success has created the problem of organ shortage; the supply of donor kidneys cannot keep up with demand. To cope with a growing waiting list, either the supply must be increased or the demand reduced.
Aggression
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan
Published: October 2023

Aggression is common amongst people with dementia. Aggressive behavioural problems are the single most common cause of referral into psychiatric services in old people’s homes (Margo et al. 1980, Clarke et al. 1981) and it is the commonest cause for institutionalization (Reisberg et al. 1986). Up to 20% of the families of people with dementia report physical violence as a ‘serious’ care problems (Rabins et al. 1982, Argyle et al.
The role of decision aids in promoting evidence-based patient choice
Authors: O’Connor Annette , Edwards Adrian
Published: October 2023

Health care decisions are often difficult to make. This may be because the outcomes are uncertain or because the options available to patients have different benefit and harm profiles which they value differently. Several ‘decision aids’ are being developed to supplement existing communication between professionals and patients.
Conception: how it happens
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

Most people—including many doctors! —have only a vague idea of how pregnancy occurs. And indeed, for something which is so ‘natural’ it is remarkably complicated. So we need to consider how conception happens before we can properly discuss how contraception works. The majority of a woman’s reproductive parts are to be found in her pelvis: the womb (uterus), Fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina and cervix (see Figure 1.1). The ovaries produce eggs, which pass down to the womb through the Fallopian tubes. The egg is literally sucked into the open end of the tube by finger-like processes (called fimbriae). Once inside the tube, it is wafted down towards the womb by tiny little hairs called cilia. The womb itself is really nothing more than a box designed to hold a pregnancy. Meanwhile, the vagina (front passage) and cervix (the neck of the womb) provide a way for sperm to reach the womb and fertilize an egg which might be waiting there. We all know that periods are somehow an integral part of being female and fertile. But the actual period is only the end result of a process which goes on throughout the month and is called the menstrual cycle (‘menstruum’ simply means ‘monthly’ in Latin). This cycle is under the control of the brain: of course, the brain is a long way away from the womb and ovaries, so it must have some way of communicating with them. It achieves this by means of chemical messengers, called hormones, which travel in the bloodstream and can reach all parts of the body.
Intrauterine devices
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

The intrauterine device, or IUD, is thought to have been used first by North African Arabs, who placed a stone in the womb or vagina of female camels in order to try and stop them becoming pregnant on long desert journeys. However, it was Hippocrates, over 2500 years ago, who thought of applying the method to women. Once the idea took hold, all sorts of materials were used: wood, glass, ivory, gold, and even platinum studded with diamonds! Some of these were in fact probably used to achieve abortions rather than contraception. The first of the more modern types of IUD was made in 1909 by a German doctor: it consisted of a ring made out of silkworm gut. In 1930 the next step forward occurred, when another German doctor, Ernst Grafenberg, added silver wire to the silkworm gut, creating the Grafenberg ring, which was still around in some countries until quite recently. At around the same time a Japanese doctor designed a gold and silver ring, the Ota ring. (It was the ring shape which gave rise to the other commonly used name for the IUD, the coil.) These rings had to go into the womb just as they were, so the insertion must have been very unpleasant, even though the only candidates in those days were women who had already had children. Although there was considerable initial interest, problems with infection started to appear and the devices lost their popularity.
Barrier methods: caps and condoms
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

Condoms are probably the oldest contraceptive methods recorded. They were already known in ancient Egypt, since tomb paintings show men wearing brightly coloured linen sheaths. Fashion certainly changes: it is thought these were in fact used to increase male attractiveness rather than for contraception. The word ‘condom’ is popularly held to stem from Dr Condom, a physician at the court of Charles II, who is said to have advised the King that use of condoms would prevent illegitimate children and venereal disease. However, it is not certain that any Dr Condom existed and it is rather more likely that the word originated from the Latin ‘condus’, which means ‘receptacle’.
What about men?
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

The most obvious male method of contraception is of course the condom, which has already been discussed in Chapter 9. This chapter will look at other reversible methods which can or could be used by men. And Judah said unto Onan, ‘Go in unto thy brother’s wife, and marry her, and raise up seed to thy brother.’ And Onan knew that the seed should not be his; and it came to pass, when he went in unto his brother’s wife, that he spilled it on the ground, lest that he should give seed to his brother. And the thing which he did displeased the Lord: wherefore he slew him also. (Genesis 38: 8–10)
Sterilization and vasectomy
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

In Britain sterilization is now the most popular method of contraception for couples over 35. No doubt this is at least partly because it is such a simple procedure both in men and in women. But is it really the answer? At the same time as its popularity has been increasing, so have divorce rates, and so have requests for sterilization reversal. This would not be such a problem if reversals were easy and guaranteed: in practice, they often involve quite major surgery, much heartache, and limited success. Unlike the other contraceptive options we have looked at, sterilization is a permanent method and should always be viewed as irreversible when you take the decision.
The future
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John
Published: October 2023

It takes a long time for new methods of contraception to become available to the public, since exhaustive monitoring and research are necessary to ensure that the methods are safe, effective, and free of damaging side-effects. Contraceptives are not judged like other medicines because the people who use them are not ill. If you are at risk of having a stroke because of high blood pressure, you will be very pleased that there is a medicine which lowers your blood pressure. This medicine may have some side-effects, like making you feel giddy or tired, but that is nothing compared to being an invalid after a stroke. So this medicine will continue to be available because, despite its side-effects, it prevents worse suffering and saves lives.
The concept of delirium: historical antecedents and present meanings
Authors: Rockwood Kenneth , Lindesay James
Published: October 2023

Delirium has long been recognized as a problem of human cognition, and indeed was one of the first mental disorders to be described. Despite this long history, it remains to this day an elusive concept, resisting attempts to define it with any precision. As Lipowski (1980) has observed: ‘it appears that clinicians by and large excel in observing and describing natural phenomena, but often display deplorable looseness in the use of words that are indispensable for labelling, classifying, and explaining what is observed and recorded.’ The history of describing delirium (L. delirare or ‘out of the furrow’, as characterized by Celsus) can be traced back to Hippocrates’ Book of Epidemics (Lloyd 1950). Even early descriptions contrasted phrenitis, an acute and largely transient mental disorder seen in association with physical illness, and characterized by psychomotor agitation, insomnia, and disturbances of mood and perception, with lethargus, a disorder of somnolence, inertia, and reduced response to stimuli. Whether both types can be transposed to the modern view of delirium and its subtypes is not clear, but it is evident that writers both ancient and modern have papered over much of its clinical heterogeneity by calling all acutely disordered mental states ‘delirium’. For example, it is likely that the earlier concept of lethargus included both those whom we would now recognize as having ‘hypoactive delirium’ and those that might be described as ‘pre-terminal exhaustion’ (Lipowski 1980). But what should we call the sometimes lingering, beclouded mental state seen in many people in the days to hours before death? Despite a long history of description, we still do not have consensus on this point (Casarett and Inouye 2001). Another difficulty has been the historical use of the term delirium to describe florid and raving insanity seen not just in association with physical illness or intoxication, but also with acute schizophrenia or manic episodes. As we shall see, the modern remedy to this problem (to distinguish between ‘organic’ and ‘non-organic’ mental syndromes) has not been entirely satisfactory.
The management of delirium
Authors: Marcantonio Edward
Published: October 2023

Delirium is common, morbid, and costly, especially among hospitalized older patients. Nonetheless, it remains under-recognized and often poorly managed. The goals of this chapter are to review the principles of non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of delirium. The medico-legal ramifications of caring for delirious patients are also discussed. Before beginning this discussion, several key management principles that are covered in other chapters of this book should be highlighted. First and foremost, the appropriate management of delirium requires timely recognition. Failure to detect delirium entirely, misdiagnosis of delirium as dementia or a psychiatric disorder, or diagnosis too late after significant complications have supervened, are the most common errors in its management. Therefore, systematic case-finding efforts involving regular assessment of mental status and use of a standardized diagnostic algorithm such as the Confusion Assessment Method (Inouye et al. 1990), are key in identifying patients with delirium as early as possible in their course. Second, a thorough diagnostic evaluation of the delirious patient is a key step in management. This may involve a significant degree of ‘detective’ work. Often, a single clear-cut aetiology cannot be found. In older patients, delirium typically results from an interaction between predisposing and precipitating factors (Inouye and Charpentier 1996). Therefore, all potentially reversible contributing factors must be addressed. Finally, as with other geriatric syndromes, the prevention of delirium is easier and more effective than treatment and restoration of the patient after the syndrome has developed. A growing body of literature documents the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent delirium before it begins (Cole et al. 1996; Inouye et al. 1999a, Marcantonio et al. 2001). Therefore, systematic risk assessment and proactive multifactorial preventive strategies should be implemented for all high-risk patients.
Enthesitis Related Arthritis
Authors: Petty Ross E
Published: October 2023

The aims of this chapter are to describe the epidemiology, clinical features and complications of Enthesitis Related Arthritis (ERA). Similarities between ERA and seronegative enthesitis arthritis (SEA) syndrome and juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) are also discussed. for Rheumatology (ILAR) classification of childhood arthritis [1] to designate a type of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) that had previously been called juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS) [2], seronegative enthesitis arthritis (SEA) syndrome [3], or in more general terms, spondylarthropathy or seronegative spondylarthropathy (Table 2.7.1). Each of these terms has similar but different definitions.
The Transformation of the Roman Mediterranean400-900
Authors: Brown Thomas
Published: October 2023

In the late fourth century there was little sign of imminent upheaval in the Mediterranean heartlands of the Roman Empire. The disorders of the third century had been overcome by soldier-emperors whose reforms had safeguarded the frontiers and created political stability. Following the conversion of Constantine Christianity had established a firm hold and lavish programmes of artistic and architectural patronage testified to the wealth and self-confidence of a revivified empire. After the death of the Emperor Theodosius I in 395, however, divisions between the Latin and Greek halves of the empire became more evident. The east far outshone the west in intellectual achievement, prosperity, and the number and size of its cities; whereas Gaul and Britain could muster 114 civitates, more than 900 cities constituted the thriving centres of political and economic life in the east.
The Fall of Mussolini
Authors: Morgan Philip
Published: October 2023

The dramatic story of Mussolini's fall from power in July 1943, illuminating both the causes and the consequences of this momentous event. Morgan shows how Italians of all classes coped with the extraordinary pressures of wartime living, both on the military and home fronts, and how their experience of the country at war eventually distanced them from the dictator and his fascist regime. Looking beyond Mussolini's initial fall from power, Morgan examines how the Italian people responded to the invasion, occupation, and division of their country by Nazi German and Anglo-American forces - and how crucial the experience of this period was in shaping Italy's post-war sense of nationhood and transition to democracy.
The Late Victorian Army 1868–1914
Authors: Spiers Edward
Published: October 2023

During the late Victorian and Edwardian years, the army had to meet steadily expanding commitments at home and in the defence of the Empire within the constraints of voluntary enlistment and tight budgetary limits. It had to adapt to the demands of small colonial warfare, the challenges of new weaponry, and the organizational requirements of dispatching expeditionary forces overseas at short notice. In garrisoning and expanding the Empire, and in ultimately preparing for service on the Continent, the army depended upon personal qualities of courage and resolution, a highly disciplined organization, and an innovative leadership, both military and civilian. During his period as Secretary of State for War (1868–74), Edward Cardwell undertook the comprehensive reform of the administration and organization of the late Victorian army. He established a statutory division of duties within the War Office, allocating military, supply, and financial matters to the Commander-in-Chief, the Surveyor-General of the Ordnance, and the Financial Secretary respectively. He also affirmed his authority over the Duke of Cambridge (Commander-in-Chief, 1856–95), by removing the latter from the Horse Guards to the War Office in Pall Mall. By these measures Cardwell largely consolidated and developed the departmental reconstruction begun by Sidney Herbert after the Crimean War. In seeking to make the army more economical and more efficient, he began by sustaining his predecessor’s policy of colonial withdrawal.
Twentieth-Century South Africa
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

An innovative examination of the forces - both destructive and dynamic - which have shaped twentieth-century South Africa. This book provides a stimulating introduction to the history of South Africa in the twentieth century. It draws on the rich and lively tradition of radical history writing on that country and, to a greater extent than previous accounts, weaves economic and cultural history into the political narrative. Apartheid and industrialization, especially mining, are central theme, as is the rise of nationalism in the Afrikaner and African communities. But the author also emphasizes the neglected significance of rural experiences and local identities in shaping political consciousness. The roles played by such key figure as Smuts, Verwoerd, de Klerk, Plaatje, and Mandela are explored, while recent historiographical trends are reflected in analyses of rural protest, white cultural politics, the vitality of black urban life, and environmental decay. The book assesses the analysis of black reactions to apartheid, the rise of the ANC. The concluding chapter brings this seminal history up-to-date, tackling the issues and events from 1994-1999 - in particular the success of Mandela and the ANC in seeing through the end of apartheid rule. It also looks at the chances of a stable future for the new-found democracy in South Africa.
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in New Zealand
Authors: wells J Elisabeth , Bushnell john a. , Joyce peter r. , Hornblow, andrew r. , Oakley-browne mark a.
Published: October 2023

New Zealand lies east of Australia and from 33 to 53 degrees south in the Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands and a number of smaller ones, with a combined land area of 268,000 square kilo meters, about the size of the British Isles or Japan. Much of the country, particularly the South Island, is mountainous; however, the temperate climate has enabled great agricultural productivity on the 54 percent of the land that is arable. New Zealand’s traditional export products have been frozen lamb carcasses, butter, and cheese, but there has been considerable diversification in the last 20 years.
The Circulatory System
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

To begin with a general view of the subject that will be examined more closely later, this chapter presents the salient features of cardiovascular physiology in broad outline. In the course of this preliminary survey, three topics are considered in some detail because they are relevant to virtually all subsequent chapters: the manifold functions of the endothelial cells that line all blood vessels, the role of cell membrane receptors as regulatory agents, and the rationale for using intricate models of the circulation as tools in research.
Autonomic and Peripheral Control Mechanisms
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

The role of the central nervous system in regulating the heart and circulation was described in Chapter 7, along with an account of the peripheral sensors that provide the brain with relevant information. Here we move on to the neural and other mechanisms that send controlling signals to the cardiovascular tis sues. These commands reach the cells of the heart and blood vessels in the form of specific substances, which may be delivered as neurotransmitters, hormones, or paracrine agents. In recent years, it has become apparent that some substances serve in all three capacities.
Regional Circulations
Authors: Milnor William R
Published: October 2023

Each organ has a characteristic vascular pattern of its own.1 The splanchnic system has two successive capillary beds connected by a portal vein, for ex ample, and the coronary vasculature contains not only prominent superficial vessels but also small intramural branches that are unique in being compressed rhythmically by external pressure. The disposition of the pulmonary microcirculation around the alveoli of the lung is discussed in Chapter 11, and the special features of other major systems are considered in this chapter.
The Divided Heart
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

This is a collection of essays, mainly written in the 1980s, by one of America’s leading historians. Bringing together in one volume May’s major interests, there are essays on the Constitution and the Enlightenment, Jefferson and the Enlightenment, the `Jefferson Moment’ in the Enlightenment, and Franklin in the Enlightenment, and on Jonathan Edwards, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Calvinism in America, Rheinhold Niebuhr, and `reflections on the uneasy relation’ between religion and American intellectual history.
When Intervention Works: Judge Morris E. Lasker and New York City Jails
Authors: Storey Ted S
Published: October 2023

In 1970 inmates in New York City’s most decrepit jail, known as the Tombs, filed a class action suit against New York City alleging that they were being held in unconstitutional conditions of confinement. Nineteen years later, all but one of New York City’s pretrial detention facilities remained under the supervision of the federal court and subject to consent decrees. The purpose of this chapter is to chronicle and evaluate the impact of the federal court’s intervention on the city’s correctional system.1
Judicial Appointment and Judicial Intervention: The Issuance of Structural Reform Decrees in Correctional Litigation
Authors: Bradley Robert C
Published: October 2023

According to a number of contemporary scholars, a new style of adjudication has developed to address certain novel and complex legal issues.1 Traditional litigation has been supplanted in some situations by a pattern of adjudication in which the judge employs certain powers that are more commonly associated with either legislators or bureaucrats. This pattern of adjudication in which judges resolve disputes more from an administrative than from a legal perspective has been given many labels-public law, structural reform, institutional reform, extended impact, and complex enforcement. I shall use the term structural reform to describe a mode
Desire and Domestic Fiction
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

In this strikingly original treatment of the rise of the novel, Nancy Armstrong argues that the novels and non- fiction written by and for women in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England paved the way for the rise of the modern English middle class. Most critical studies of the novel mistakenly locate political power exclusively in the official institutions of state, ignoring the political domain over which women hold authority, which includes courtship practices, family relations, and the use of leisure time. To remedy this, Armstrong provides a dual analysis, tracing both the rise of the novel and the evolution of female authority as part of one phenomenon.
The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

QB: LEAVE THIS COPY AS IT IS In this work, Thomas Franck, an authority on international law, considers why it is that rules within the international system are for the most part obeyed, even though they are not usually enforced. Much of his discussion is theoretical, based on discussions of laws that do not involve coercion, but Franck also makes use of many practical examples to show how international law works successfully even without formal codes or laws.
Leydig Cells: Structure and Function
Authors: Ewing* Larry L , Keeney Diane S
Published: October 2023

This is a selective review of two major issues regarding the mammalian Leydig cell. First, the newly emerging body of data shows that Leydig cell function involves the production of polypeptides and is not restricted to estosterone production. Second, there is a striking correlation between Leydig cell structure and steroidogenic function. The latter includes a discussion of the genes encoding the enzymes involved in testosterone production, the spatial organization of these steroid biosynthesizing enzymes, the movement of Leydig cell sterol/ steroid precursors and products into, about, and out of the Leydig cell, and the trophic effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) on gene expression, enzyme biosynthesis, cytoplasmic organelle biogenesis/turnover, and Leydig cell volume, number, and proliferation. We have confined ourselves largely to rodent species and, whenever possible, to discussing the earliest and latest papers on a topic. Consequently, whenever possible, we have referred the reader to important contemporary and comprehensive reviews for details.
Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Authors: Meistrich Marvin L , Beek Maria E A B van
Published: October 2023

Spermatogonial stem cells are responsible for the maintenance of spermatogenesis in the adult mammal. Knowledge of their regulation is important to understand the initiation of normal spermatogenesis, its recovery after toxic insults, and the modulation of fertility. Information regarding the identification of spermatogonial stem cells and their patterns of self-renewal is extensive and based largely on morphological studies. In contrast, very little of the biochemical and molecular characteristics of these stem cells is known. Unique gene transcripts and proteins, as have been identified in spermatocytes and spermatids (see Chapter 16), have not been described in spermatogonia. Although spermatogonial proliferation and differentiation must be regulated by paracrine and possibly endocrine factors, little is known about how such molecules are involved.
Cellular Interactions in the Seminiferous Epithelium
Authors: Wright William W
Published: October 2023

Cell-cell interactions are essential to the development, maturation, and mature function of the seminiferous tubule, the site of spermatogenesis. These interactions occur between Sertoli cells and the underlying peritubular myoid cells, between adjacent Sertoli cells, between Sertoli cells and their surrounding spermatogenic cells, and are manifest in the morphology of the seminiferous epithelium. For example, interactions between Sertoli cells and the underlying peritubular myoid cells are evident in their coordinate deposition of the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium (Skinner et al., 1985). Interactions between adjacent Sertoli cells are obvious in their formation of both tight and gap junctions (Gilula et al., 1976). Finally, interactions between Sertoli cells and germ cells are obvious in the desmosomes, ectoplasmic specializations, and the tubulobulbar complexes formed between these cells (Russell et al., 1983). These extensive cellcell interactions are also manifest in the highly ordered spatial arrangement of germ cells within the seminiferous tubule. Particular types of germ cells reside next to specific areas of Sertoli cell plasma membrane: spermatogonia and early preleptotene spermatocytes are found between the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule and the basal plasma membrane of Sertoli cells. Spermatocytes, once they cross the blood-testis barrier, reside next to them basolateral surfaces of Sertoli cells just above the blood-testis barrier, whereas spermatids are adjacent to the more apical plasma membrane domains of the Sertoli cell (Weber et al., 1983). This segregation of the particular types of germ cells along different domains of the Sertoli cell plasma membrane has led to the hypothesis that specific and different interactions between Sertoli cells and germ cells occur along the different domains of the Sertoli cell (Wright, 1988).
Telecommunications and International Relations
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

When the telegraph was introduced in Australia in 1853, the Melbourne Argus went into an ecstasy of rhetoric: “We call the electric telegraph the most perfect invention of modem times … as anything more perfect than this is scarcely conceivable, and we really begin to wonder what will be left for the next generation, upon which to expend the restless energies of the human mind.” Such raptures, not uncommon in the nineteenth century, expressed not only the admiration of progressives for the marvels of technology that gave humans such power over nature, but also the optimistic faith that this power was a blessing for mankind.
George Kennan And The Dilemmas Of US Foreign Policy
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

One of a select group of American foreign service officers to receive specialized training on the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s, George Frost Kennan eventually became the American government ’s chief expert on Soviet affairs during the height of the Cold War. Drawing upon a wealth of original research, David Mayers ‘ fascinating life of George Kennan examines his high-level participation in foreign policy-making and interprets his political and philosophical development within a historical framework. Mayers presents an engaging and lucid account of Kennan ’s training; his rise to prominence during the late 1940s and his policy failures; and his later roles as critic of America ’s external policy, advocate of d ‘etente with the Soviet Union, and proponent of nuclear arms limitation. Mayers also explores Kennan ’s complicated relationships with such important political figures and analysts as Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, and Walter Lippmann.
Eliot, Joyce And Company
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

In this new look at Modernism, Sultan illuminates the shared enterprise of T. S. Eliot and James Joyce. The author discusses their seminal works, considering new aspects of the company they kept, and revealing their rich connection with the writers who preceeded them. Sultan combines a literary history of Modernism with objective analysis of three of its key works, Ulysses, The Waste Land, and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
A CEO’s Perspective
Authors: Stata Raymond
Published: October 2023

Today, management innovation, more than conventional technological innovation, is the highest leverage point for improving organizational performance and competitiveness. The complexity of modern organizations, coupled with rapid changes in technology and society, escalates challenges to management at a time of rising customer expectations and competitive threats. Therefore, this book addresses a desperate need of many corporate managers.
Objectivity, Bias, and Slant in the News
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

One of the major consequences of the failure to recognize the interdependence of the media, elites, and audiences is that discussions of the press’s political influence tend to become mired in heated disputes about “bias.” On one side are politicians and the public, who tend to trace episodes of unfavorable coverage to bias; on the other are scholars and journalists themselves, who insist that news workers do follow the objectivity guidelines designed to minimize bias. There the argument usually rests, un-resolved. Neither claiming that objectivity rules are violated nor certifying that they are obeyed reveals much about how the media’s messages influence politics.
A Legal Basis for the Firm
Authors: Masten Scott E
Published: October 2023

Fifty years after the publication of Ronald Coase’s seminal deliberations on the subject, economists have yet to reach a consensus on the nature of the firm. While many continue to regard the firm as a distinct institution, usually ascribing to it some superior control, information, or adaptive properties, others reject the notion that any unique governance advantages accrue to integration, noting that neither human nature nor technology or information are altered by the purely nominal act of “internalization.” For the latter, the word firm is merely descriptive, a collective noun denoting a particular cluster of otherwise ordinary contractual relationships.
Vertical Integration as Organizational Ownership: The Fisher Body—General Motors Relationship Revisited
Authors: Klein Benjamin
Published: October 2023

I have always considered my work with Armen Alchian and Robert Crawford (1978) on vertical integration to represent an extension of Coase’s classic article on “The Nature of the Firm.” By focusing on the “hold-up” potential that is created when firm-specific investments are made by transactors, or what we called the appropriation of quasi-rents, I believed we had elucidated one aspect of the Coasian concept of transaction costs associated with market exchange. We hypothesized that an increase in firm-specific investments, by increasing the market transaction costs associated with a hold-up, increased the likelihood of vertical integration. This relationship between firm-specific investments, market transaction costs, and vertical integration was illustrated by examining the contractual difficulties that existed when General Motors purchased automobile bodies from Fisher Body and the corresponding benefits that were created when the parties vertically integrated.
Scandals of the Ballad
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

The Cambridge History goes on to explain that “no verse of this sort can be produced under the conditions of modern life” and that “the three hundred and five ballads represented by some thirteen hundred versions in F. J. Child’s collection (1882-98) set the patterns which later revivals and recoveries tended to follow.”
The Physical Setting
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

The universe is large and ancient, on scales staggering to the human mind. The earth has existed for only about a third of the history of the universe and is in comparison a mere speck in space. Our sun is a medium-sized star orbiting near the edge of the arm of an ordinary disk­shaped galaxy of stars, part of which we can see as a vast glowing band that spans the sky on a clear night ( the Milky Way). Our galaxy contains many billion stars, and the universe contains many billion such galaxies, some of which we may be able to see with the naked eye as fuzzy spots on a clear night.
The Designed World
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Throughout history, most people have had to spend a great deal of their time getting food and fuel. People began as nomadic hunters and gatherers, using as food the animals and plants they found in the environment. Gradually, they learned how to expand their food supplies by using processing technology (such as pounding, salting, cooking, and fermenting). And they also learned how to use some usually inedible parts of animals and plants to make such things as tools, clothes, and containers.
Reforming Education
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

The necessity for strengthening science education in the United States has been widely acknowledged in the numerous education studies conducted in the 1980s. (A representative selection of reports is listed in Selected References at the end of this book.) Although the most powerful argument for improving the science education of all students may be its role in liberating the human intellect, much of the public discussion has centered on more concrete, utilitarian, and immediate justifications.
Volcano Under the Snow
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

On 7 May 1975 the ABC evening news report showed an action shot of the North Vietnamese hierarchy celebrating its victory over South Vietnam. From a platform in front of the Presidential Palace in Saigon, Pham Van Dong, the North Vietnamese premier, pointed to Sr. Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, the North Vietnamese minister of defense and commander in chief of its armed forces. “There,” proclaimed Dong, “is the architect of our victory” This was not the usual hyperbole of triumph; this was a fitting tribute, for Giap commanded the North Vietnamese armed forces from 1944, when it consisted of one platoon of thirtyfour men, until 1972 or 1973, when it became the third-largest army in the world. He made war for over thirty years, and he beat the French, the South Vietnamese, and, judged by the final results, the United States of America. What is more unusual is that Giap had no prior schooling, training, or experience to fit him for the role he played.
The French Campaign 1948–1949
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

After Valluy’s failure in 1947, the military situation in Vietnam subsided into an uneasy stalemate. In the north the French retired to the Tonkin Delta, but they maintained a string of strong outposts and forts along the Chinese border. The French even held on to Bae Kan in the middle of the Viet Bae until August 1948, when• they abandoned it. It had become a useless burden, controlling nothing beyond the range of its guns, and its resupply had become a steady and costly drain of men and equipment.
The Tet Offensive 1968
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

The trigger for these historical events was Giap’s Tet offensive of late January 1968, an event long planned by the Politburo and for a short period expected by the Americans. By the beginning of 1968, both sides had completed their preparations for what each knew would be a large, and probably decisive, battle. The North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong were positioning men and supplies to launch their Great Offensive. In mid-January, specially trained commando units called sappers began to infiltrate into the cities and towns with their weapons concealed under loads of farm products. At the same time, Main and Local Force units began to move toward their objectives, the towns and cities of South Vietnam.
The Raid Too Far: Lam Son 719 1971
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

All wars are continuous scenarios in which operations are related to what went before. And so it was with Lam Son 719. Named after the village of Lam Son, the birthplace of Le Loi, a Vietnamese national hero of antiquity, it was the most important combat action of the year, and it epitomized and focused the strategies of both sides. For the United States and South Vietnam, the ARYN offensive, designed to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail and to occupy and destroy the base areas in southern Laos, bought time for continued Vietnamization and United States troop withdrawals. For North Vietnam, the South Vietnamese attacks struck directly at its greatest vulnerability: logistic support of its forces in the South.
The Sanctity Of Rural Life
Authors: Baranowski Shelley
Published: October 2023

This is a study of rural social relationships in the eastern Prussian provinces during the Weimar Republic. Using the province of Pomerania as its primary example, Baranowski assesses the contributions of rural elites, particularly Junker landlords and Protestant clergymen, to the rise of National Socialism in a region where the rural electorate’s attraction to the Hitler movement became crucial to the Nazi takeover in 1933.
Tariff Design
Authors: Wilson Robert
Published: October 2023

A nonlinear tariff represents a special kind of product line. For each increment purchased during the billing period a customer is charged a corresponding price specified in the schedule of marginal prices. Thus, the price schedule differentiates among increments. This chapter uses the product-line interpretation to construct the optimal price schedule from customers’ demands for increments.