bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Spatial Working Memory Impairment in a Group of Children With Mathematics Learning Disabilities and Poor Problem-Solving Skills
Authors: Passolunghi Maria Chiara , Mammarella Irene Cristina
Published: March 2011

This study examines visual and spatial working memory skills in 35 third to fifth graders with both mathematics learning disabilities (MLD) and poor problem-solving skills and 35 of their peers with typical development (TD) on tasks involving both low and high attentional control. Results revealed that children with MLD, relative to TD children, failed spatial working memory tasks that had either low or high attentional demands but did not fail the visual tasks. In addition, children with MLD made more intrusion errors in the spatial working memory tasks requiring high attentional control than did their TD peers. Finally, as a post hoc analysis the sample of MLD was divided in two: children with severe MLD and children with low mathematical achievement. Results showed that only children with severe MLD failed in spatial working memory (WM) tasks if compared with children with low mathematical achievement and TD. The findings are discussed on the basis of their theoretical and clinical implications, in particular considering that children with MLD can benefit from spatial WM processes to solve arithmetic word problems, which involves the ability to both maintain and manipulate relevant information.
Cognitive Processing and Mathematical Achievement
Authors: Iglesias-Sarmiento Valentín , Deaño Manuel
Published: March 2011

This investigation analyzed the relation between cognitive functioning and mathematical achievement in 114 students in fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. Differences in cognitive performance were studied concurrently in three selected achievement groups: mathematical learning disability group (MLD), low achieving group (LA), and typically achieving group (TA). For this purpose, performance in verbal memory and in the PASS cognitive processes of planning, attention, and simultaneous and successive processing was assessed at the end of the academic course. Correlational analyses showed that phonological loop and successive and simultaneous processing were related to mathematical achievement at all three grades. Regression analysis revealed simultaneous processing as a cognitive predictor of mathematical performance, although phonological loop was also associated with higher achievement. Simultaneous and successive processing were the elements that differentiated the MLD group from the LA group. These results show that, of all the variables analyzed in this study, simultaneous processing was the best predictor of mathematical performance.
Terrorism experiments
Authors: Arce Daniel G , Croson Rachel TA , Eckel Catherine C
Published: March 2011

Experimental research has a long-established tradition in psychology and sociology, and a more recent but important history as a useful methodology in economics. In this article, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of experiments as a method for studying terrorism and other national security topics. For example, given the paucity of data on counterterror policy decisions by governments, as well as for planning, targeting and selecting methods of attack by terrorist organizers, the experimental approach can substitute for this lack of field data. Experiments can also identify policy counterfactuals that might otherwise be unobservable. Hence, we begin by discussing several theoretical themes in the analysis of terrorism: interdependent security games such as airline screening; the dual nature of pre-emptive versus deterrent counterterror policies and the implications of this duality for policy coordination among targeted nations; the resurgence of interest in Colonel Blotto games when properly adjusted to reflect the asymmetric conflict between target governments and terrorist groups; and the relationship between terrorist activity and extreme punishments (or vendettas). The small but emerging literature using experiments to examine these issues is reviewed, paying particular attention to how experimental results can inform theory and policy. Finally, we propose new directions for researchers to explore.
Poverty, minority economic discrimination, and domestic terrorism
Authors: Piazza James A
Published: March 2011

Recognizing that the empirical literature of the past several years has produced an inconclusive picture, this study revisits the relationship between poverty and terrorism and suggests a new factor to explain patterns of domestic terrorism: minority economic discrimination. Central to this study is the argument that because terrorism is not a mass phenomenon but rather is undertaken by politically marginal actors with often narrow constituencies, the economic status of subnational groups is a crucial potential predictor of attacks. Using data from the Minorities at Risk project, I determine that countries featuring minority group economic discrimination are significantly more likely to experience domestic terrorist attacks, whereas countries lacking minority groups or whose minorities do not face discrimination are significantly less likely to experience terrorism. I also find minority economic discrimination to be a strong and substantive predictor of domestic terrorism vis-à-vis the general level of economic development. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings for scholarship on terrorism and for counter-terrorism policy.
Domestic versus transnational terrorism: Data, decomposition, and dynamics
Authors: Enders Walter , Sandler Todd , Gaibulloev Khusrav
Published: March 2011

This article devises a method to separate the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) into transnational and domestic terrorist incidents. This decomposition is essential for the understanding of some terrorism phenomena when the two types of terrorism are hypothesized to have different impacts. For example, transnational terrorism may have a greater adverse effect than domestic terrorism on economic growth. Moreover, the causes of the two types of terrorism may differ. Once the data are separated, we apply a calibration method to address some issues with GTD data – namely, the missing data for 1993 and different coding procedures used before 1998. In particular, we calibrate the GTD transnational terrorist incidents to ITERATE transnational terrorist incidents to address GTD’s undercounting of incidents in much of the 1970s and its overcounting of incidents in much of the 1990s. Given our assumption that analogous errors characterize domestic terrorist events in GTD, we apply the same calibrations to adjust GTD domestic incidents. The second part of the article investigates the dynamic aspects of GTD domestic and transnational terrorist incidents, based on the calibrated data. Contemporaneous and lagged cross-correlations for the two types of terrorist incidents are computed for component time series involving casualties, deaths, assassinations, bombings, and armed attacks. We find a large cross-correlation between domestic and transnational terrorist incidents that persists over a number of periods. A key finding is that shocks to domestic terrorism result in persistent effects on transnational terrorism; however, the reverse is not true. This finding suggests that domestic terrorism can spill over to transnational terrorism, so that prime-target countries cannot ignore domestic terrorism abroad and may need to assist in curbing this homegrown terrorism.
New frontiers of terrorism research: An introduction
Authors: Sandler Todd
Published: March 2011

This article opens the special issue by identifying the main contributions to date of the empirical and theoretical literature on terrorism. Important past theoretical articles investigated the application of game theory to study interactions among adversaries (e.g. terrorists and governments) and allies (e.g. commonly targeted governments). Past empirical articles examined the effectiveness of counter-terrorism policies, the root causes of terrorism, the dynamics of terrorist attacks, and other topics. This introduction also indicates new areas of research emphasis – e.g. the study of suicide terrorism and foreign aid as a counter-terrorism tool. Next, the introduction highlights some key definitions – e.g. domestic and transnational terrorism – that are applied throughout the special issue. Each article of the special issue is then introduced and briefly discussed. These articles display a rich diversity of topics and methods; nevertheless, they enlighten the reader on the consequences of terrorism. Topics in the special issue include the social impact of interrogation methods; the consequences of aid-assisted counter-terrorism; the roots of domestic terrorism; the adverse effect of terrorism on growth; the use of experiments to study counter-terrorism; the relationship among terrorism, trust, and income; and legislative responses to transnational terrorism. The two main event datasets – International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorism Events (ITERATE) and Global Terrorism Database (GTD) – are also compared.
Listening to Faith: An Interview with Krista Tippett of “Speaking of Faith”
Authors: Mulder John M.
Published: March 2011

Mulder’s interview of Krista Tippett, host and producer of popular radio program “Speaking of Faith,” brings to light the importance of the spiritual practice of listening. Tippett observes that, “Before we can become good listeners we have to become attentive to the fear in ourselves, whatever fear we have of listening. Before you can become a good listener, you have to be present … The quality of an answer is correlated with the quality of the question. If there is a true generosity of spirit and a true curiosity in the question, then you will get a bigger answer, a more real answer … We don’t just respond to the question in a conversation. We respond to the presence of the person asking the question as well.”
The Role of Cybermediaries in Reputation Building and Price Premiums in the Online Hotel Market
Authors: Yacouel Nira , Fleischer Aliza
Published: March 2011

The advent of the Internet has changed the way in which buyers and sellers interact. Although access to information seems unlimited, nonexpert agents find it difficult to identify the information they can use with confidence. A third-party expert, or cybermediary (online intermediary), can help sort out the information for the potential buyers. In this article, we study the case of the online hotel market. We claim that online travel agents (OTAs) such as Booking.com play an important role in building hotel reputation and encourage hoteliers to put effort into service quality. We provide empirical evidence that information supplied by past guests through the OTA generates a price premium for hotels with good reputations.
Pathology of the Laboratory Mouse
Authors: Schofield Paul N. , Dubus Pierre , Klein Laurence , Moore Mark , McKerlie Colin , Ward Jerrold M. , Sundberg John P.
Published: March 2011

The fifth in a series of European workshops for veterinary and human pathologists, “Pathology of the Laboratory Mouse: An International Workshop on Challenges for High Throughput Phenotyping,” was held in Bordeaux, France, from September 30 to October 1, 2010. In this report we outline the rationale for setting up this workshop series, summarize our experience, and suggest approaches for optimizing histopathology phenotyping for gene function discovery.
Aftershocks of Chile’s Earthquake for an Ongoing, Large-Scale Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Moreno Lorenzo , Treviño Ernesto , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Mendive Susana , Reyes Joaquín , Godoy Felipe , Del Río Francisca , Snow Catherine , Leyva Diana , Barata Clara , Arbour MaryCatherine , Rolla Andrea
Published: March 2011

Evaluation designs for social programs are developed assuming minimal or no disruption from external shocks, such as natural disasters. This is because extremely rare shocks may not make it worthwhile to account for them in the design. Among extreme shocks is the 2010 Chile earthquake. Un Buen Comienzo (UBC), an ongoing early childhood program in Chile, was directly affected by the earthquake. This article discusses (a) the factors the UBC team considered for deciding whether to put on hold or continue implementation and data collection for this experimental study; and (b) how the team reached consensus on those decisions. A lesson learned is that the use of an experimental design for UBC insured that the evaluation’s internal validity was not compromised by the earthquake’s consequences, although cohort comparisons were compromised. Other lessons can be transferred to other contexts where external shocks affect an ongoing experimental or quasi-experimental impact evaluation.
Mandatory, Preferred, or Discretionary: How the Classification of Domestic Violence Warrantless Arrest Laws Impacts Their Estimated Effects on Intimate Partner Homicide
Authors: Zeoli April M. , Norris Alexis , Brenner Hannah
Published: March 2011

Warrantless arrest laws for domestic violence (DV) are generally classified as discretionary, preferred, or mandatory, based on the level of power accorded to police in deciding whether to arrest. However, there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding how each state’s law should be categorized. Using three classification schemes, this study examined whether variations among these schemes impact research outcomes by analyzing the effects of discretionary, preferred, and mandatory warrantless arrest laws on intimate partner homicide (IPH). Variations in classification schemes and in the dates of law passage presented in the literature resulted in differing estimated effects of the laws.
Biomechanical in Vitro Validation of Intramedullary Cortical Button Fixation for Distal Biceps Tendon Repair
Authors: Siebenlist Sebastian , Lenich Andreas , Buchholz Arne , Martetschläger Frank , Eichhorn Stefan , Heinrich Petra , Fingerle Alexander , Doebele Stefan , Sandmann Gunther H. , Millett Peter J. , Stöckle Ulrich , Elser Florian
Published: March 2011

Background

Extramedullary cortical button–based fixation for distal biceps tendon ruptures exhibits maximum load to failure in vitro but cannot restore the anatomic footprint and has the potential risk for injury to the posterior interosseous nerve.

Hypothesis

Double intramedullary cortical button fixation repair provides superior fixation strength to the bone when compared with single extramedullary cortical button–based repair.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

The technique of intramedullary cortical button fixation with 1 or 2 buttons was compared with single extramedullary cortical button–based repair using 12 paired human cadaveric elbows. All specimens underwent computed tomography analysis to determine intramedullary dimensions of the radial tuberosity as well as the thickness of the anterior and posterior cortices before biomechanical testing. Maximum load to failure and failure modes were recorded. For baseline measurements, the native tendon was tested for maximum load to failure.

Results

The intramedullary area of the radial tuberosity provides sufficient space for single or double intramedullary cortical button implantation. The mean thickness of the anterior cortex was 1.13 ± 0.15 mm, and for the posterior cortex it was 1.97 ± 0.48 mm ( P < .001). We found the highest loads to failure for double intramedullary cortical button fixation with a mean load to failure of 455 ± 103 N, versus 275 ± 44 N for single intramedullary cortical button fixation ( P < .001) and 305 ± 27 N for single extramedullary cortical button–based technique ( P = .003). There were no statistically significant differences between single intramedullary and single extramedullary button fixation repair ( P = .081). The mean load to failure for the native tendon was 379 ± 87 N.

Conclusion

Double intramedullary cortical button fixation provides the highest load to failure in the specimens tested.

Clinical Relevance

Double intramedullary cortical button fixation provides reliable fixation strength to the bone for distal biceps tendon repair and potentially minimizes the risk of posterior interosseous nerve injury. Further, based on a 2-point-fixation, this method may offer a wider, more anatomic restoration of the distal biceps tendon to its anatomic footprint.
Goodwin or Kalecki in Demand? Functional Income Distribution and Aggregate Demand in the Short Run
Authors: Stockhammer Engelbert , Stehrer Robert
Published: March 2011

In a seminal paper on Marxian business cycle theory, Goodwin (1967) presented a model which assumed that a higher wage share leads to lower investment and thus a general economic slowdown. In contrast Kalecki (1971) was arguing that a higher wage share would have an expansionary effect because the consumption propensity out of wage income is higher than that out of profit income. Based on a general model that allows for wage-led as well as profit-led demand regimes, this paper estimates the effects of a change in the wage share on aggregate private domestic demand with quarterly data for 12 OECD countries.

JEL classification: E11, E12, E20, E22, E25
Adolescents’ Self-Disclosure to Parents Across Cultures: Who Discloses and Why
Authors: Hunter Sally B. , Barber Brian K. , Olsen Joseph A. , McNeely Clea A. , Bose Krishna
Published: March 2011

Much attention has been given to self-disclosure as an important component of parent—adolescent relationships. The authors address gaps in the current literature via a multimethod, multicultural design, interviewing 120 adolescents in Costa Rica, Thailand, and South Africa about their reasons for disclosing to parents, and then constructing items to represent the essence of the interview data and administering these items (along with measures of the parent—adolescent relationship and adolescent characteristics) to 2,100 adolescents in the same cultures. Analyses focus on discerning reasons for disclosure and on identifying profiles of adolescents who are more likely to disclose. Results reveal that adolescents from different cultures generally disclose for similar reasons and in similar patterns and that adolescents who disclose report social competence and, consistent with past research, positive parenting.
Effect of sub-acute exposure to acrylamide on GABAergic neurons and astrocytes in weaning rat cerebellum
Authors: Shi Jing , Ma Yuxin , Zheng Meige , Ruan Zhigang , Liu Jing , Tian Sumin , Zhang Dexing , He Xinhong , Li Guoying
Published: March 2011

Occupational exposure and experimental intoxication of acrylamide (ACR) can produce skeletal muscle weakness and ataxia. In this study, we tested whether ACR would affect cerebellar function through the regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in cerebellum. Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with ACR (5, 15, 30 mg/kg, 5 days per week) or saline for 4 weeks. Effects of ACR on the cerebellum were observed. For the 5 mg/kg group, no obvious change was observed, whereas moderate and severe ataxia were observed in the 15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg groups, respectively. For the 15 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg groups, cerebellum concentrations of glutamate and GABA were dose-dependently decreased and increased, respectively. Moreover, the expression of GABA, the GABAergic presynaptic marker glutamate acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65) and GFAP were significantly increased in those 2 groups. The results suggested that weaning rats were sensitive to ACR and that the toxic effects of ACR on the cerebellum may be associated with the increased expression of GABA and reactive astrocytes hypertrophy.
Does Nutrition Support Stimulate Tumor Growth in Humans?
Authors: Bossola Maurizio , Pacelli Fabio , Rosa Fausto , Tortorelli Antonio , Battista Doglietto Giovan
Published: March 2011

Many studies have been conducted to ascertain if nutrition support (NS), either as parenteral nutrition (PN) or enteral nutrition (EN), stimulates tumor growth and causes cancer progression, but after almost 30 years, the question remains at least in part unresolved. In this study, previous studies were reviewed to evaluate the effect of NS on tumor growth, tumor proliferation, tumor apoptosis, and cancer‐related survival in humans. MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using combinations of the following keywords: PN, EN, tumor growth, tumor proliferation, tumor apoptosis, arginine, ω‐3 fatty acids, and glutamine. Unfortunately, the effect of nutrition support on tumor growth has been assessed only in terms of tumor proliferation, whereas the interferences on tumor apoptosis have never been determined. Overall, the results seem conflicting and inconclusive. Similarly, it remains unknown if PN or EN enriched with specific nutrients such as arginine, ω‐3 fatty acids, and glutamine can affect tumor growth in humans. It is hoped that further studies will elucidate if NS with conventional or specific nutrients stimulates tumor proliferation, interferes with tumor apoptosis, and causes cancer progression.(Nutr Clin Pract. 2011;26:174–180)
Sociodemographic and Dietary Risk Factors for Excess Weight in a Greek Pediatric Population Living in Kavala, Northern Greece
Authors: Cassimos Dimitris , Sidiropoulos Haralampos , Batzios Spiros , Balodima Vassiliki , Christoforidis Athanasios
Published: March 2011

The aim of this research was to investigate the strength of potential risk factors (demography, socioeconomics, and nutrition) for childhood overweight or obesity in a pediatric population aged 11 and 12 years old from Kavala, Northern Greece. Auxologic measurements of the children included height and weight. A structured questionnaire concerning the socioeconomic status of the family, anthropometric values (weight and height) and educational status of parents, diet history, dietary habits, the availability and dietary intake of various food products and beverages at home, physical activity, time sleeping, and time watching television was completed by one of the parents of each child at home. 335 children participated (181 boys and 154 girls), with a mean age of 11.02 ± 0.60 years. The IOTF standards were used for the determination of overweight and obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 33.73% and 15.82%, respectively. A significantly higher prevalence of obesity was recorded among both fathers and mothers of obese and of overweight children compared with parents of normal‐weight children. Obese children had 3 meals or fewer per day in a significantly increased proportion compared with normal‐weight or overweight children, whereas their meal duration was significantly reduced compared with both normal and overweight children (16.63 ± 7.15 minutes vs 20.08 ± 9.94 minutes and 19.64 ± 8.38 minutes, P = .007 and P = .02). Finally, 22.64% of obese children spent more than 3 hours per day in front of a screen compared with only 8.93% and 8.85% of normal‐weight and overweight children. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2011;26:186–191)
Discovery of Gluten as the Injurious Component in Celiac Disease
Authors: Vi Lier Goh  , Werlin Steven L.
Published: March 2011

Celiac disease is a common disorder that was first identified in the early 1900s. Multiple diets were used to treat celiac disease until 1953, when Dicke, Weijers, and van de Kamer identified gluten as the cause of the symptoms. Today, gluten avoidance continues to be the only treatment for patients with celiac disease. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2011;26:160–162)
Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Issa Mazen , Saeian Kia
Published: March 2011

The past few years have seen a great expansion of our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Much of the progress has been on the genetic basis of disease as well as the role of microbiota. These findings have magnified the role of the environmental component of this rather complex process. Recent advances have emanated from more in‐depth, comprehensive, and at times nontraditional inquiry into the potential role of diet through its anti‐inflammatory properties and modulation of microbiota. This concise review focuses on the novel aspects of research related to the potential role of diet in IBD. (Nutr Clin Pract . 2011;26:151–154)
Keep Your ‘N’ in Check: African American Women and the Interactive Effects of Etiquette and Emotional Labor
Authors: Durr Marlese , Harvey Wingfield Adia M.
Published: March 2011

Black professional women report that they must transform themselves to be welcomed and accepted, especially in the workplace. They speak of performance weariness in verbal and nonverbal communicative interaction-exchanges with white colleagues. Many simply state that they feel they are in a ‘parade’, being judged for appearance, personal decorum, communication skills, and emotion management in addition to productivity. The objective of this article is to describe these women’s experiences in line with promotion opportunities. For them, going to work involves a multilayered performance: (1) they must engage in racialized, gendered impression management at the generalized bureaucratic level; and (2) they rely on instructions grounded in race-based survival strategies to cope with challenges they face in unwelcoming work environments with concrete ceilings. Our analysis of these aspects of workplace behavior reveals that black women co-mingle etiquette and emotion management to gain acceptance and promotions, which strengthens race/ethnic group solidarity.
Determinants of Referral to the Public Health care and Social Sector by Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée , Grenier Guy , Bamvita Jean-Marie , Wallot Hubert , Perreault Michel
Published: March 2011

In accordance with current health care and social reforms designed to enhance service efficiency, the nonprofit and voluntary sector is playing a more prominent role in service delivery. Policy makers would benefit from greater information on ways to enhance coordination between the public health care and social sector and nonprofit organizations. This study has for aim to identify variables associated with the referral process from nonprofit organizations to the public health care and social sector. Data are based on a sample of 168 nonprofit mental health organizations in Quebec, Canada. Five variables were found to influence referrals to the public health care and social sector: (a) proportion of consumers with common mental disorders; (b) number of referrals to other nonprofit organizations; (c) referral rates to intersectorial organizations; (d) formal agreements with hospitals; and (e) participation in a mental health care regional roundtable. Implementing diversified strategies to streamline the referral process and enhance interorganizational collaboration is recommended.
Synthesis and characterization of new aliphatic polyesters containing dihydronaphthofuro[3,2-d]furan moiety
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali
Published: March 2011

A dihydronaphthofuro[3,2-d]furan containing diol monomer, viz., 2,13-dihydroxy[7a,14c] dihydro naphtho[2,1-b]naphtho[1′,2′:4,5]furo[3,2-d] furan (DDNF) was synthesized in high yield and purity through the condensation of commercially available 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene with glyoxal at room temperature. It was used as a new monomer for the synthesis of a series of novel dihydronaphthofuro-containing aliphatic polyesters by interfacial polycondensation method. Optimal conditions for polyesterification were obtained via study of the model compounds. The diol monomer and model compound were fully characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. Polyesters derived from DDNF and four aliphatic diacid chlorides had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.36 to 0.51 dL g−1. The chemical structure of the polymers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The physical properties of the polymers were studied. The glass transition temperature was in the range of 89–118 °C. All the new polymers showed good thermal stability and very good solubility in most organic solvents.
Persistence in regional voting patterns in Turkey during a period of major political realignment
Authors: Akarca Ali T. , Başlevent Cem
Published: March 2011

Using province-level data from five nationwide elections held during the past decade, we examine the main voting patterns in Turkey. By means of cluster analysis, we classify the 81 provinces according to vote shares of the major parties and independent candidates, and repeat this exercise for each election held between 1999 and 2009. We find that three-way and five-way partitions of the country adequately capture the main political cleavages in Turkey. Although the conservative right-wing parties receive a plurality of votes in all regions of the three-way partition, they receive significant challenge from left-wing and Turkish nationalist parties in the west and from the Kurdish nationalist parties in the east. In addition to these patterns, the five-way partition brings out shifts in the relative strength of the parties within each main division. Our results also show that, despite the major political realignment that occurred during the period under examination, the groupings of provinces remain mainly unchanged. Therefore, we construct ‘composite clusters’ by classifying provinces in the group in which they appear the majority of the time. The distinct socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the composite clusters suggest that differences in social and economic structures lie at the root of differing regional political tendencies and their persistence.
Macroscopic Yield Criterion for Ductile Materials Containing Randomly Oriented Spheroidal Cavities
Authors: Shen W. Q. , Lin J. , Zhu Q. Z. , Monchiet V. , Kondo D.
Published: March 2011

This study is devoted to a micromechanical approach of the macroscopic yield criterion of ductile porous materials made up of a perfectly plastic von Mises matrix and randomly oriented spheroidal voids (with a same shape ratio, prolate or oblate including penny-shaped crack). The approach is based on recent results established by Monchiet et al. [Monchiet, V., Charkaluk, E. and Kondo, D. (2007). An Improvement of Gurson-type Models of Porous Materials by using Eshelby-like Trial Velocity Fields, Comptes Rendus Mecanique, 335: 32–41.] for a unit cell containing a single family of spheroidal cavities. By adopting an approximation introduced by previous authors and which consists in embedding each void family in a medium submitted to the macroscopic stress, we provide for the studied class of materials closed-form expressions of the isotropic macroscopic yield function. The established results are compared with existing ones, and their interest is clearly shown.
Application of continuous time markov theory in modeling courtship behavior and copulation rate of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis
Authors: Steele Craig W , Scarfe A David
Published: March 2011

We present a simple model, derived using a continuous time Markov (CTM) technique of model formulation, for predicting the probability of a courtship resulting in copulation for a laboratory population of Eurytemora affinis. This model represents a novel use, in behavioral ecology, of CTM as a method for sequential analysis. The model results in an acceptable agreement (validated by ?2 goodness-of-fit analysis) between the predicted and observed copulation rates of the laboratory population of E. affinis. The copulation rate predicted by the model, with estimated weightings to the transition rates, is 16.7%; the observed rate was 13.0% (16 copulations out of 123 courtship bouts observed), for a discrepancy of 3.7%. Continuous time Markov theory appears to adequately describe mating behavior in this experimental population, implying ‘‘forgetfulness’’ in the courtship sequence.
Research to Practice
Authors: Cavanaugh Rebecca , Strickland C. June
Published: March 2011

The numbers of school-aged children with life-threatening allergies that cause anaphylaxis continues to increase. Many states, including Washington, have responded to this by developing specific guidelines for school districts to follow in order to provide a safe learning environment for children with medical conditions that put them at risk for anaphylaxis. School nurses require resources to assist them in providing health training for school staff on how to manage potentially life-threatening health conditions for children in their school, however, resources to address this training are limited. A search for and content analysis of currently available literature and resources about anaphylaxis and anaphylaxis training curricula revealed a lack of an integrated curriculum to train school staff. This article presents a discussion of the development of a train-the-trainer anaphylaxis education program providing school nurses with curriculum, lesson plans, teaching–learning activities, and resources for anaphylaxis education of all school staff.
Effects of Anesthetics and Terminal Procedures on Biochemical and Hormonal Measurements in Polychlorinated Biphenyl Treated Rats
Authors: Desaulniers Daniel , Yagminas Al , Chu Ih , Nakai Jamie
Published: March 2011

This investigation reports the effects of various terminal procedures, and how they modified the responses to a toxicant (polychlorinated biphenyls [A1254], 130 mg/kg/day × 5 days) administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley male rats. Terminal procedures included exsanguination via the abdominal aorta under anesthesia (isoflurane inhalation or Equithesin injection), decapitation with or without anesthesia, or narcosis induced by carbon dioxide inhalation. Effects of repeated anesthesia were also tested. Terminal procedures induced confounding stress responses, particularly when Equithesin was used. The terminal procedures modified the conclusions about effects of A1254 on the concentrations of corticosterone, insulin, glucagon, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen, from nonstatistically significant to significant changes, and in the case of luteinizing hormone from a statistically significant increase to a significant decrease. Investigations of effects of toxicants should be designed and interpreted considering potential changes induced by the selection of a terminal procedure.
Laser Capture Microdissection: Understanding the Techniques and Implications for Molecular Biology in Nursing Research Through Analysis of Breast Cancer Tumor Samples
Authors: Zanni Karen L. , Chan Garrett K.
Published: March 2011

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to review the techniques and implications of laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate tissue and DNA of interest using breast biopsy tissue as an example. Background: Tissues are a heterogeneous mix of different cell types, and molecular alterations are often specific to a single cell type. An accurate correlation of molecular and morphologic pathologies requires the ability to procure pure populations of morphologically similar cells for molecular analysis. LCM is a technique for isolating highly pure cell populations of morphologically similar cells from a heterogeneous tissue section. Method: Nine invasive, paraffin-embedded breast biopsy specimens were obtained and analyzed. Depending on the size of the lesion, 500—1,000 shots using the 7.5- or 15-µm infrared laser beam were utilized to obtain an average of 2,000 cells. DNA was isolated from normal tissue and carcinomas and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The HER2/neu gene was amplified by standard PCR. A second round of PCR using nested primers to re-amplify the HER2/neu fragment was performed. Results: Amplification of the HER2/neu gene with DNA isolated from pure cell populations by LCM was performed. The results indicated that 22% of the cases studied were positive for HER2/neu amplifications, which corresponds to the literature regarding HER2/neu amplification/overexpression. HER2/neu amplification could be detected as early as the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) stage. Conclusion: LCM is an accurate and reliable method to acquire nucleic acid and protein profiles from a specific cell population in heterogeneous tissue.
Narratives about patients with psychological problems illustrate different professional roles among general practitioners
Authors: Davidsen Annette Sofie , Reventlow Susanne
Published: March 2011

General practitioners are not trained in psychotherapy. They are, however, experienced in hearing people’s stories. This qualitative interview study aimed to explore the stories GPs recounted about psychological interventions with patients. It showed that the GPs had recounted very different types of narrative, and that the same GP recounted the same type of narrative throughout the interview. Some told detailed narratives including the patient’s life situation, whereas others kept to biomedical matters. Co-creation of patients’ narratives had a therapeutic function, and patients obtained agency and power in these stories. The narrative style reflected the professional identity of the GP.
Patterns of associations between eating disordered behaviors and substance use in two non-clinical samples: A university and a community based sample
Authors: Piran Niva , Robinson Shannon R.
Published: March 2011

This study examined shared patterns of associations between disordered eating behaviors and substance use in two different non-clinical samples of young women. Participants were recruited from a university (526 women) and varied community (517 women) settings. Participants completed the Women’s Health Survey, examining engagement in a wide range of licit and illicit substances and disordered eating patterns during the past 12 months. In both samples, the cluster of bingeing, dieting and purging was significantly associated with binge drinking, drinking associated with negative consequences, and with cocaine use. The cluster of dieting and purging was associated with the use of stimulants/amphetamines. Health services, including assessment and treatment, and health promotion activities, should consider these patterns of comorbidity.
Perfectionism and other related trait measures as predictors of mortality in diabetic older adults: A six-and-a-half-year longitudinal study
Authors: Fry Prem S. , Debats Dominique L.
Published: March 2011

After baseline assessment of health and perfectionism trait measures, 385 diabetic older adults were followed for six-and-a-half years. We hypothesized that the potential for increased stress associated with perfectionism leads to an increased risk of impending mortality for diabetics. Contrary to our hypothesis, mortality risk was 29 percent lower for high scorers on the perfectionism (self-oriented) dimension, compared to low scorers. In contrast, Cox regression analysis showed that high scores on measures of dysfunctional perfectionistic attitudes and dysfunctional dependency, which in many respects parallel the perfectionism (self-oriented) measure, were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Implications of findings are discussed.
Gambling on the market: The role of for-profit provision in early childhood education and care
Authors: Penn Helen
Published: March 2011

Since 1997 there has been an unprecedented expansion of the childcare for-profit market in the UK. The repercussions of this for understanding of ‘quality’ and definitions of good practice for early education and care have barely been explored. But in the current economic recession the market is now beginning to shrink, and there is considerable turnover of nursery places. The built-in instability of the for-profit market serves to highlight its problematic nature and difficulties of relying on it as a vehicle for delivering government policies. This article explores the economic rationales for and the limitations of a market approach to early education and care services. It considers the direct and indirect research evidence about the functioning of such a market. It argues that any conceptualization of early childhood services in the UK now has to take account of the growth of the for-profit childcare market and the economic rationales of the marketplace.
Developing a Physical Activity Education Curriculum for Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Bodde Amy E. , Seo Dong-Chul , Frey Georgia C. , Lohrmann David K. , Van Puymbroeck Marieke
Published: March 2011

Adults with intellectual disabilities have high rates of physical inactivity and related chronic diseases. Researchers have called for an increase in the development and evaluation of health education programs adapted to the unique needs of this population. Formative and process evaluation strategies were applied to develop a physical activity education program. The first phase of formative evaluation included a comprehensive literature review to select educational strategies and curriculum content. The theory of planned behavior was selected as a guiding framework, and meetings with stakeholders were held to assess feasibility. The second phase of formative evaluation included an assessment of materials by an expert panel and the priority population, and pilot testing. Next, field testing was implemented, followed by process evaluation and an assessment of implementation fidelity. The final curriculum was developed as a result of the completion of the aforementioned steps and led to a successful physical activity intervention.
Facilitating Grant Proposal Writing in Health Behaviors for University Faculty
Authors: Stein L. A. R. , Clair M. , Lebeau R. , Prochaska J. O. , Rossi J. S. , Swift J.
Published: March 2011

Grant proposal writing in the behavioral sciences is important for fiscal reasons and scientific reasons at many universities. This report describes a grant proposal–writing seminar series provided to University faculty ( N = 20) and explores factors facilitating and impeding writing. Summary statistics are provided for quantitative data. Free responses were sorted by independent raters into meaningful categories. As a consequence of the training, 45% planned to submit within 18 months; 80% of grant proposals targeted NIH. At 1-year follow-up, 40% actually submitted grants. Factors impeding grant proposal writing included competing professional demands; factors facilitating writing included regularly scheduled feedback on written proposal sections and access to expert collaborators. Obtaining grants generates financial resources, facilitates training experiences, and vastly contributes to the growth and dissemination of the knowledge base in an area.
The OPTIONS Model of Sexual Risk Assessment for Adolescents
Authors: Lusczakoski Kathryn D. , Rue Lisa A.
Published: March 2011

Typically, clinical evaluations of adolescents’ sexual risk is based on inquiring about past sexual activity, which is limited by not including an adolescent’s cognitive decision making regarding their past sexual decisions. This study describes the novel OPTIONS framework for assessing adolescent sexual risk including three general categories of risk (e.g., primary, secondary, and tertiary risk), which is designed to overcome the limitation of action-based assessment of risk and improve practitioners’ ability to assess the levels of sexual risk. A convenience sample of 201 older adolescents (18-19 years of age) completed an online version of the Relationship Options Survey (ROS), designed to measure the OPTIONS sexual risk assessment. Bivariate correlation among the subscales functioned in the hypothesized manner, with all correlations being statistically significant. Using the OPTIONS model, 22.4% participants were classified as high risk primary, 7.0% participants were classified as high risk secondary, and 27.4% participants were classified as high risk tertiary. The study provided preliminary evidence for OPTIONS model of sexual assessment, which provides a more tailored evaluation by including cognitive decisions regarding an adolescent’s sexual actions.
The Effects of Managerial Turnover
Authors: Paola Maria De , Scoppa Vincenzo
Published: March 2011

The authors use sports data to study the effects of manager replacement on firm performance. Using match results of the major Italian soccer league (“Serie A”), the effects of coach (manager) changes on team performance are analyzed. To control for the “Ashenfelter dip” and to compare similar teams facing similar opponents two alternative econometric strategies are undertaken: the estimation of a number of team-season fixed effects models and the use of a matching estimator. From team-season fixed effects estimates, it emerges that changing the coach does not produce a positive effect on team performance, with the exception of the number of goals scored. Matching estimates confirm that changing the coach does not affect team performance neither when considering as dependent variable the number of points per match nor when looking at the number of goals scored or conceded.
Own-Race Bias Among NBA Coaches
Authors: Schroffel Jesse L. , Magee Christopher S. P.
Published: March 2011

This article finds that National Basketball Association (NBA) coaches gave greater minutes per game to players of their own race during the 1996-2004 seasons after controlling for player quality using performance statistics and player fixed effects. The authors estimate that having the same race as the coach increased playing time by between 45 and 55 seconds per game on average. One possible explanation for this result is an own-race bias on the part of NBA coaches, in which they subconsciously exhibit a preference for players whose race matches their own. The estimates reveal that the impact of race on playing time was relatively strong in the late 1990s but that it has declined over time since then. The authors hypothesize that racial bias may emerge more strongly in decisions made under pressure, such as substitution patterns during the flow of the game, than in decisions made after careful consideration, such as the choice of which player to start. Empirical tests provide little evidence, however, that deliberation completely removes the own-race bias since coaches both gave more playing time and were more likely to start players of their own race.
Lower Limb Revascularization for PAD Using a Heparin-Coated PTFE Conduit
Authors: Kirkwood Melissa L. , Wang Grace J. , Jackson Benjamin M. , Golden Michael A. , Fairman Ronald M. , Woo Edward Y.
Published: March 2011

Objective: To assess the patency of the PROPATEN Graft in lower extremity bypasses. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all lower extremity bypasses with the PROPATEN Graft from 2007-2009 at a single institution. There were 68 implants—56% male; mean age 69. Comorbidities included hypertension (HTN; 81%), hyperlipidemia (72%), coronary artery disease (CAD; 74%), and smoking (59%). Most patients were Rutherford category 4 or higher. A total of 34% of patients had only 1 runoff vessel; 10% of patients required a complex concomitant procedure with sequential extremity revascularization. Statistics were via Kaplan Meier. Results: Mean follow-up was10.4 ± 8.0 months (0-30). Patency was excellent in all positions. Primary patency for all patients was 94.0% and 86.0% at 30 days and 18 months, respectively. Limb salvage at 30 days was 95%, and at 18 months was 90%. No patients developed HIT. Ten patients lost graft patency. These patients had severe Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD), with rest pain or tissue loss, poor runoff (no runoff or single vessel runoff), compromised inflow, and restored competitive flow. Fifty percent of the failed grafts were in the infrapopliteal position. Endovascular intervention and graft thrombectomy to restore patency was attempted in 2 patients and was unsuccessful. Conclusion: The GORE PROPATEN Vascular Graft demonstrates excellent patency in all arterial positions and may be the conduit of choice for all prosthetic bypasses.