bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beef Marbling and Color Score Determination by Image Processing
Authors: GERRARD D.E. , GAO X. , TAN J.
Published: August 2006

Sixty steaks with various degrees of marbling and color were subjected to sensory evaluation and image processing. Marbling and color scores were assigned to each steak with USDA marbling score cards and a lean color guide. Images were recorded for each steak under the same conditions as used for sensory analysis. Steak images were processed for color and marbling characteristics. Image processing effectively predicted the lean color (R2= 0.86) and marbling scores (R2= 0.84). Image processing was an effective tool for determining USDA quality attributes of fresh meat.
UHT‐Sterilized Peanut Beverages: Kinetics of Physicochemical Changes during Storage and Shelf‐Life Prediction Modeling
Authors: RUSTOM ISMAIL Y.S. , LÓPEZ‐LEIVA M.M. , NAIR BABOO M.
Published: August 2006

Strawberry‐flavored (S04) and chocolate‐flavored (C04 and C20) peanut beverages UHT‐sterilized (137 °C, 4 sec or 20 sec) and aseptically filled in Tetra Briks were stored for 6 mo at 5, 20 and 35 °C. Sensory characteristics and kinetics of physicochemical changes were studied. The changes were of zero (pH of S04, and sedimentation and homogenization indices of all beverages) and first (pH of C04 and C20, viscosity and color lightness of all beverages) order. Reaction rate constant and Gibb's free energy increased with temperature. Activation energy followed Arrhenius equation. Deterioration in beverage sensory qualities highly correlated with increase in sedimentation index and decrease in pH and emulsion stability. Shelf‐life prediction models were constructed based on sensory and kinetics data. The shelf‐life was estimated to be 4–7 mo for beverages stored at 30–35 °C.
Control of Bacillus cereus Spores and Spoilage Microflora in Sous Vide Chicken Breast
Authors: TURNER B.E. , FOEGEDING P.M. , LARICK D.K. , MURPHY A.H.
Published: August 2006

Safety of sous vide chicken breast with respect to Bacillus cereus and effect of processing parameters on natural microflora were evaluated. B. cereus, a facultatively anaerobic sporeformer, may cause foodborne illness and has been isolated from poultry. Product was inoculated and processed to 77°C or 94°C. Populations were reduced by 0.5‐ to 1.0‐log and by 3‐log in products heated to 77°C and 94°C, respectively. Spores germinated within 1 day at 10°C yet detectable changes in populations were not evident through 28 days storage. Lactate did not influence B. cereus populations or spore germination. Natural microflora was reduced by processing and remained low through 28 days storage at 4°C and 10°C.
Accelerated Fermentation Process for the Manufacture of Fish Sauce Using Histidine
Authors: SANCEDA NORLITA G. , KURATA TADAO , ARAKAWA NOBUHIKO
Published: August 2006

Addition of histidine accelerated hydrolysis of fish protein during fermentation in the manufacture of fish sauce and after 4 mo fermentation yielded a product typical of traditional fish sauce. The liquefaction rate of the histidine‐treated sauce was faster than that of the control. The degree of hydrolysis was much greater in the histidine‐added sauces than in the control. Most amino acids were higher in the histidine sauces compared to commercial patis sauce (as reference). Addition of histidine to the fish mixture during fermentation did not increase the histamine content of the sauces.
Continuous Fermentation of Worcestershire Sauce by Trickle Bed Bioreactor Using Comb‐Shaped Ceramic Carriers
Authors: FUKAYA T. , FURUTA Y. , ISHIGURO Y. , HORITSU H. , TAKAMIZAWA K.
Published: August 2006

A two‐step fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae OC‐2 (wine yeast) was studied. The first step, to multiply and immobilize yeast cells, was carried out by batch method (7 days) in a trickle bed bioreac‐tor. In a second step, the substrate was continuously fermented by immobilized and free yeast cells in the same bioreactor. Continuous fermentation resulted in retention of 3% (W/V) of ethanol, 50 mg/L of isoamyl alcohol and 6 mg/L of β‐phenethyl alcohol (the major aromatic components of fermented Worcestershire sauce). Maximum ethanol productivity was retained at 4.1–4.2 g/L/hr under continuous operation with immobilized yeasts, 3.2‐fold higher than with the batch system.
Qualitative and Quantitative Textural Assessment of Cooked Ground Beef Patties
Authors: SPADARO VICTORIA , KEETON JIMMY T.
Published: August 2006

Cohesiveness of extruded, sliced hamburger patties from two manufacturers was studied in relation to cooking performance. Tensile determinations of ultimate strength and toughness were related to cohesiveness as measured with an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Light and environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to relate physical and macroscopic observations. Very cohesive samples had values of ultimate strength 7>1.45N and toughness >3.70 × 10−4J, and noncohesive samples had values of ultimate strength <0.90N and toughness <1.50 × 10−4J. Tensile results allowed discrimination between levels of cohesiveness among ground beef patties and could serve as a monitoring device to ensure consistency and indicate failure of the product at the serving outlet.
Xanthan, Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and High Fructose Corn Syrup Sensory Effects in a Reduced Calorie Syrup Model
Authors: FRYER LEANN C. , ARAMOUNI FADI M. , IV EDGAR CHAMBERS
Published: August 2006

Reduced calorie fruit syrup model systems were prepared using xanthan (0.01–0.49%), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) (0.2–0.8%), and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) (33–43% soluble solids). A central composite design was used to formulate 15 different products for study using response surface methodology (RSM). The model syrups were tested for viscosity; pH; percent solids; and the following sensory attributes: pourability, thickness, slipperiness, absorption into pancakes, sweetness and off‐flavors. Viscosity, pourability, slipperiness, and absorption into pancakes highly correlated with each other. Higher gum levels increased viscosity and slipperiness but decreased pourability and absorption into pancakes. Increased solid levels were associated with decreased viscosity and slipperiness. Sweetness perception was not affected.
Starch Noodle Quality as Related to Potato Genotypes
Authors: KIM YOUNG S. , WIESENBORN DENNIS P.
Published: August 2006

Starch noodles were prepared using potato starch from 8 genotypes, mung bean starch, mung bean‐potato starch blends, and sweet potato starch. The cooking quality of noodles from selected potato starches compared well with commercial starch noodles. Of the unblended potato starches, Mainechip exhibited cooking quality similar to commercial starch noodles with respect to cooking loss, cooked weight, and ?rmness. Appearance and texture of starch noodles from three genotypes (E55‐35, Mainechip, and Shasta) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Noodles made from unblended potato starches had higher glossiness and transparency than those from other starches. Noodles from both un‐blended and blended Mainechip starch had the highest press and elasticity.
Posterior capsular opacification in diabetic and nondiabetic canine patients following cataract surgery
Authors: Bras I. Dineli , Colitz Carmen M. H. , Saville William J. A. , Gemensky‐Metzler Anne J. , Wilkie David A.
Published: August 2006

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common postoperative complication of contemporary cataract surgery. Limited information is available regarding PCO formation and factors that influence PCO development in the dog. Two hundred sixty‐five eyes (144 from diabetic dogs and 121 from dogs with breed‐related cataracts) were prospectively evaluated for PCO formation for up to 12 months postoperatively. The mean age of all dogs in the study was 7.77 years and diabetic dogs were significantly older than dogs with breed‐related cataracts. There were 73 males (61 neutered, 12 intact) and 74 females (70 neutered, 4 intact) in the study. Statistical analysis was performed based on age, breed/size, gender, stage of cataract at the time of surgery, PCO score at each time point, breed‐related vs. diabetic cataract, right eyes compared to left eyes, and presence/absence of uveitis. Age and gender did not significantly influence PCO formation. Small and medium‐sized breeds developed significantly more PCO in comparison to the large/giant breeds at 2 weeks and 2–4 months postoperatively, but the differences were not significant at later time points. There was an overall significant increase in PCO formation in eyes with early immature cataracts when compared to other stages of cataract up to 4 months postoperatively but not at later time points. There were no statistical differences in PCO score at 6 months or at 1 year postoperatively in eyes with breed‐related and diabetic cataracts. Right eyes did not differ from left eyes in PCO score. PCO score significantly increased over time in breed‐related and diabetic groups and in the overall population. No difference was found in the degree of PCO formation in eyes with inflammation prior to or after surgery compared with those without inflammation. In summary, age, gender, presence of inflammation, and cause of cataract (breed‐related vs. diabetes mellitus) do not influence the development of PCO in canine cataract dogs. Small and medium‐sized breeds develop significant PCO earlier than larger breeds. It is important to note that all eyes from all dogs in this study developed PCO in a time dependent manner.
The effect of elective phacofragmentation on central corneal thickness in the dog
Authors: Lynch Gwendolyn L. , Brinkis Julius L.
Published: August 2006

Objective To characterize the short‐ and intermediate‐term effects of elective phacofragmentation on central corneal thickness (CCT) in the dog.

Methods Forty‐three dogs (66 eyes) undergoing elective phacofragmentation cataract surgery over an 8‐month period at a single private ophthalmology referral clinic were enrolled in the study. Central corneal thickness was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry just prior to surgery, 1 day following surgery, 1 week postoperatively, 1 month postoperatively, and more than 2 months postoperatively. Statistical comparisons were made using descriptive and inferential statistical methods with a level of significance set atP < 0.05.

Results The initial mean CCT of 611 µm increased dramatically to 741 µm 1 day postphacofragmentation. Mean CCT remained slightly elevated (666 µm) at 1 week postoperatively, but became indistinguishable from preoperative measurements by 1 month postsurgery (626 µm) and remained so at the > 2‐month time period (618 µm). The change over time and trends remained statistically significant and remarkably similar, even when adjusted separately for age, gender, surgeon status, diabetic status, cataract type, and total surgery time (allP < 0.0001). Corneas of diabetic dogs were thicker than those of nondiabetic dogs at all time periods, and the overall effect of diabetic status was significant (P = 0.016). There was a sharper increase from the preoperative to 1‐day postoperative CCT in the diabetic group compared to the nondiabetic group. The mean CCT of the pseudophakic group took longer to return to baseline than the aphakic group. The mean CCT of the foldable intraocular lens (IOL) group took longer to return to baseline than both the rigid IOL and aphakic groups. Dogs with documented in‐hospital postoperative intraocular pressure spikes (> 25 mmHg) developed a greater 1‐day postsurgical increase in CCT. It appears that there was a sharper decrease in mean CCT from 1 month to more than 2 months postoperatively in the postoperative hypertension group.

Conclusions Elective phacofragmentation cataract surgery results in an increase in CCT in dogs, but this increase is transient. Particular care may be indicated to protect the endothelium of diabetic patients undergoing phacofragmentation. These data do not clearly support an advantage of the small‐incision cataract surgery made possible by the use of foldable IOLs.
The effect of a topical antioxidant formulation including N‐acetyl carnosine on canine cataract: a preliminary study
Authors: Williams David L. , Munday Patricia
Published: August 2006

Objective  To determine the efficacy of a topical antioxidant formulation including N‐acetyl carnosine in the treatment of canine cataract in a preliminary nonplacebo, controlled, unmasked study.

Animals studied  Thirty dogs of varying breeds and ages with a spectrum of lens opacities ranging from nuclear sclerosis to total mature cataract.

Methods  Dogs were treated three times daily with topical 2% N‐acetyl carnosine in a buffered vehicle containing the antioxidants glutathione, cysteine ascorbate, l‐taurine and riboflavin (Ocluvet™, Practivet, Phoenix, AZ, USA). Dogs were examined prior to treatment and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks during treatment, by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit‐lamp biomicroscopy after pharmacologic pupil dilation. Photographic documentation of lens opacity was achieved by retroillumination photography, with three photographs taken at each examination time‐point. A lens opacification index (LOI), determined by integration of the grayscale level of each pixel across the image, was evaluated by computerized image analysis of digitized images. Alteration in mean LOI was determined for each animal, having normalized the initial LOI.

Results  Fifty‐eight eyes of 30 dogs were evaluated, 22 with mature cataract, 13 with immature cataract, 9 with cataract associated with other intraocular disease such as uveitis and 14 with nuclear sclerosis alone. One dog was unilaterally anophthalmic after previous enucleation and one had a phthytic eye after previous uveitis‐induced glaucoma. Image analysis showed a reduction in mean LOI in all cataract groups (mean resolution in opacity of 2.3 ± 0.33% for all cataracts), although this was only statistically significant in those eyes with immature cataract (mean resolution of opacity 4.5 ± 0.33%) or nuclear sclerosis (mean decrease in opacity 5 ± 0.37%). Reduction in lens opacity was seen in eyes with mature cataract (0.5 ± 0.4%) and in miscellaneous cataract associated with intraocular inflammation (1.3 ± 0.4%), but these changes were not statistically significant. Owner evaluation of visual capability, however, suggested improvement in vision in 80% of cases by the end of the study.

Conclusion  This study demonstrates some marginal reduction in lens opacification in a substantial number of cases of canine cataract with the use of a topical nutritional antioxidant formulation including N‐acetyl carnosine. Lens opacification was improved with treatment in eyes with immature cataract or nuclear sclerosis while in eyes with mature cataract or cataract with associated intraocular inflammatory pathology less reduction was seen.
Keratometry, biometry and prediction of intraocular lens power in the equine eye
Authors: McMullen Richard J. , Gilger Brian C.
Published: August 2006

Objective

To determine ocular dimensions (A‐ and B‐scan ultrasound) and corneal curvature (radius of corneal diameter determined in B‐scan ultrasound) in the equine eye and to calculate the appropriate dioptric power for a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) necessary to achieve emmetropia in the eyes of horses undergoing lens extraction.

Animals Fourteen clinically normal adult horses of various breeds. Additionally, for comparison, one American Miniature colt foal, and one 2.5‐year‐old Shire gelding were examined.

Procedure B‐scan ultrasound was performed on one eye from each horse. One eye from both the Shire and the American Miniature were examined for comparison. Data from ultrasound (globe measurements and corneal curvature), and the estimated postoperative IOL positions were entered into theoretical IOL formulas (Binkhorst and Retzlaff theoretical formulas) in order to calculate the predicted IOL strength required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in horses.

Results Mean axial length of globes was 39.23 mm ± 1.26 mm, mean preoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) was 5.63 ± 0.86 mm, and mean lens thickness was 11.75 ± 0.80 mm. Predicted postoperative ACD (PACD) was calculated as the ACD plus 50% of the lens thickness. Additionally, PACD 2 mm anterior and 2 mm posterior to the center of the lens were calculated in order to evaluate the effect of IOL position on its required refractive power. Required IOL strength calculated, using the three values for the predicted postoperative ACD, was 29.91 D ± 2.50, 29 D ± 2.52 (center of lens); 27.13 D ± 2.27, 26.33 D ± 2.20 (2 mm anterior to center of lens); and 33.18 D ± 2.78, 32.24 D ± 2.68 (2 mm posterior to center of lens) with the Binkhorst and Retzlaff theoretical formulas, respectively.

Conclusions An IOL of substantially lower diopter strength than that needed in either dogs or cats is required to achieve emmetropia after lens extraction in adult horses. IOL strength of approximately 30 D, depending on where the IOL ultimately comes to rest, will probably be required.
Clinical features and outcomes of phacoemulsification in 39 horses: a retrospective study (1993–2003)
Authors: Fife Tina M. , Gemensky‐Metzler Anne J. , Wilkie David A. , Colitz Carmen M. H. , Bras I. Dineli , Klages Deborah C.
Published: August 2006

Objective To identify visual outcome and postoperative complications following phacoemulsification of equine cataracts.

Animals Records of 39 horses (55 eyes) with cataracts were reviewed.

Methods Eyes with cataracts removed by phacoemulsification were included in the study. Data collected included age, breed, sex, stage and etiology of cataract, unilateral vs. bilateral involvement, and ultrasound findings. Horses were grouped by etiology of the cataract. Visual outcome and complications were evaluated for each group and the overall population.

Results Immediately postoperatively 46 out of 47 eyes (98%) were sighted. Four weeks postoperatively 23 of 29 operated eyes (79%) were sighted [13/18 (72%) eyes with congenital/juvenile onset, 6/6 (100%) eyes with traumatic and 4/5 (90%) eyes with uveitis‐induced cataracts], with 18 eyes lost to follow‐up. The most common postoperative complications included corneal edema (19 eyes/40%), fibrin in the anterior chamber (11 eyes/23%), postoperative ocular hypertension (9 eyes/19%), synechia/dyscoria (9 eyes/19%), and hyphema (7 eyes/15%).

Conclusions Prognosis for vision is favorable for horses following phacoemulsification and planned posterior continuous tear circular capsulorrhexis. Success rates depend on age of patient, cause of cataract and pre‐existing intraocular disease. The highest success rate occurred in eyes with traumatic cataracts.
Oxidation, antioxidants and cataract formation: a literature review
Authors: Williams David L.
Published: August 2006

Purpose  This review aims to provide a literature survey of the association between photo‐oxidation of lens proteins and lipid peroxidation with the genesis of age‐related cataract in laboratory studies using rodent models, in epidemiological and interventional studies in humans.

Materials and methods  A Medline search using initial search terms lens, oxidation, antioxidant, and diet was employed to search for research papers covering the areas noted above from 1995 to 2005. Literature cited in those papers was also reviewed to provide as comprehensive a coverage of research work as possible.

Results  Lens protein photo‐oxidation and lipid peroxidation are widely acknowledged as important steps in age‐related cataractogenesis. Dietary antioxidants are central in retarding cataractogenesis, although most evidence for this is gained from laboratory‐based work on relatively unphysiologic rodent cataract models, using antioxidant regimes that could not be sustained in clinical practice. Most research in humans is retrospective epidemiology although some interventional research has been undertaken, with mixed results.

Conclusions  Dietary antioxidants are likely to be important in retarding cataractogenesis in older animals and in humans. Work on companion animals could provide a valuable stepping stone between rodent‐based laboratory work and human interventional studies.
The E7 Initiative
Authors: Fleuly Jean Louis
Published: August 2006

En avril 1992, les presidents des plus grandes compagnies du monde impliquCes dans la production, le transport et la distribution d'ClectricitC, se sont rencontrCs h la Baie James au Quebec (Canada) afin de dCfinir une position commune quant h la protection de I'environnement global et h la promotion de la production et de I'utilisation efficace de I'ClectricitC. 11s creerent I'lnitiative E7 dont les membres sont aujourd'hui: Electricit6 de France (France), ENEL spa (Italie), Hydro‐QuCbec (Canada), Kansai Electric Power Company (Japon), Ontario Hydro (Canada), RWE Energie (Allemagne), Southern California Edison (Etats‐Unis) et Tokyo Electric Power Company (Japon). Les compagnies du E7 estiment qu'en plus de leurs efforts locaux pour protCger I'environnement, des mesures supplCmentaires prisesh I'Cchelle mondiale et ayant comme objectifs la protection environnementale et I'efficacitC CnergCtique, sont nCcessaires. Afin de parvenir h un rCel transfert de technologies, ces objectifs ne peuvent etre atteints que s'il y a Cchange de technologies, d'expertise et d'exphrience entre les compagnies. Ainsi, elles Cvaluent que ce transfert aidera les pays en dbveloppement h faire le pont vers I'utilisation de technologies propres et efficaces et, par consCquent, contribuer d'une maniere significative h la rhduction des Cmissions h I'Cchelle planCtaire. A cet Cgard, le E7 a mis sur pied le RCseau d'expertise E7 pour l'environnement global. Le RCseau d'expertise coordonne les projets tout en servant de groupeconseil en matieres d'environnement, d'energie et de production Clectrique aupres des institutions internationales, des compagnies Clectriques et des gouvernements nationaux des pays en dCveloppement et d'Europe de I'Est. Le E7 offre son expertise sur une base pro bono. Les projets proposCs sont soumis soit par les membres du E7 ou soit par des intervenants externes comprenant les compagnies d'ClectricitC des pays intCressCs, les banques de dheloppement, les organisations internationales gouvernementales et non‐gouvernementales. Les projets du RCseau englobent un large spectrum d'expertise, allant de la production h I'utilisation, en passant par le transport et la distribution de I'ClectricitC.
Landscapes of (Un)lawful Chaos: Conflicts Around Temperate Rainforest and Biological Diversity in Pacific Canada
Authors: Ingram Gordon Brent
Published: August 2006

Unresolved questions of land and resource ownership, that have persisted from the colonial period, are limiting rain forest conservation in many parts of the Pacific Rim. In this outline of the liquidation of the ancient temperate forests of Pacific coast of Canada, the notion of the obscuring of the ‘cognitive map’, of various perceptions and social priorities, is explored in order understand contradictions of legal systems that contribute to continued conflict and instability. The local context for forest conservation are outlined for the Haida and Nuu‐Chah‐Nulth people as well as for the Province of British Columbia and the Government of Canada
Trade and the Environment: the British Columbian Timber Trade Example
Authors: Spalding Mark J.
Published: August 2006

Trade in natural resources inherently involves environmental issues. For this reason, environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must inject themselves into trade disputes involving natural resources and primary products in order for free trade and environmental protection to be made compatible to achieve sustainable development. This article will examine the interrelationships between trade and the environment through the example of British Columbia's (BC) timber trade. Timber is a very important part of Canada's export trade, but it is an endangered natural resource which is not currently being used in a way that balances all of the environmental, economic, and social factors involved.
Modifying Land Management in Africa: National and International Efforts
Authors: Howard Eric S.
Published: August 2006

Nations have the sovereign right to control the use of resources within their borders: their forests and agricultural lands. In some cases the rights have been passed down to local governments or communities. However, these rights are balanced by international concerns regarding land degradation and subsequent transboundary impacts including declines in the beneficial functions performed by forests, land and soil. As a consequence, references to land management concerns in treaties and international agreements are becoming more frequent.

There are a variety of forest and rural land management regimes in Africa. Some lands are nationalized, some still are in the hands of traditional users, and some are being returned to communities. In nearly all cases the legal system is a mixture of colonial laws and more recent regulations. African governments are responding to internal and external calls for action by creating national resource agencies, and by undertaking action programmes aimed at forest and land conservation. Implementation is a key issue.
Environmental Regulation in the Developing World: The Case of India
Authors: Murty M. N.
Published: August 2006

Despite the emergence of environmental legislation during the 1970s and 1980s, India currently lags behind in the use of economic instruments such as pollution taxes. The policy of the Government of India to provide subsidies to the larger factories as an incentive to use effluent treatment plants is inconsistent with the basic economic tenet of taxing the polluters. However, given that pollution taxes may be ineffective in controlling pollution by the smaller factories, subsidies to these factories may be justified in order to promote collective action by them to establish a common effluent treatment plant. Collective action involving all the relevant parties (affected public, factories, NGOs and the Government) is being considered as an institutional alternative for controlling industrial pollution.
THAT WAS THEN, THIS IS NOW: FORTY YEARS OF SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CHANGE IN THE TROPICAL THIRD WORLD
Authors: Drakakis‐Smith David
Published: August 2006

Although the last 40 years have witnessed enormous changes within the Third World, many of these have been uneven in their intensity and impact. Indeed, the widening differences between developing countries beg the question as to whether they constitute a cohesive collectivity.

This essay makes a comparison between the tropical Third World of the 1950s and that of the 1990s. In many ways the former was much more set and predictable in its relationships and structure than today. However, the changes which have taken place over the last 40 years have not always been to the advantage or lasting benefit of the majority of people in the Third World. A realistic appraisal of future problems and how these might be addressed is thus a central theme of this discussion.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS: A FORTY‐YEAR REVIEW
Authors: Mathewson Kent
Published: August 2006

For a decade or so after World War II, human geographers working in the American tropics found socio‐political conditions and resultant research topics little changed from those before the war. This was in contrast to the Old World tropics where decolonization processes and the demands of economic development and new nation building produced divergent research currents, For the first half of the period under review, the American tropics continued to be the province largely of geographers with culturalhistorical questions grounded in natural historical bases. The legacy is Humboldt's; the practitioners most notably students of Carl Sauer or German counterparts such as Carl Troll. French and British regionalist approaches, strong in the region before World War II, survived less successfully. By the 1980s, however, broad pan‐tropical currents of geographic discourse and debate had become established. New practices and theories were formulated and tested as North Atlantic geographers borrowed from antipodean innovators and others working in the Asian and African tropics. Since the 1980s, there have been greater efforts at dialogue and collaboration with host country colleagues. As might be expected in this era of ‘globalization’, national research styles and agendas have become less evident.

This paper offers a highly selective map of research nodes within tropical Americanist geography since the early 1950s. The selection of examples includes qualitative criteria, but more importantly, research that signify stasis or intensification as well as turning points and departures in the overall development of this literature. The contours of this history suggest some highly evolved, even idiosyncratic enterprises, but in the main, it is an unfolding that suggests broad congruencies with human geographic work elsewhere in the tropics.
A REVIEW OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Kale Vishwas S.
Published: August 2006

The development of physical geography in South Asia has generally followed the British and European trends. Diverse themes from denudational chronology to palaeoflood geomorphology have attracted the attention of geomorphologists, particularly in the last 25 years. In addition, geographers’ interest in climatology and biogeography became pronounced during the 1980s. Major methodological shifts in the late 1960s in the west have affected geographical studies in South Asia. These shifts include the use of methods of quantification, remote sensing data, and the increased importance of field and laboratory studies. The second notable aspect in recent times is the accelerating interest amongst physical geographers in environmental studies and the applied aspects of the discipline as well as an increased interaction with scientists in cognate fields. An attempt is also made to identify the key research themes that will interest physical geographers in the near future.
THE RESOURCE CURSE THESIS: MINERALS IN BOLIVIAN DEVELOPMENT, 1970–90
Authors: Auty R.M.
Published: August 2006

Rich natural resource endowments like minerals often prove to be a curse. This is because they raise over‐optimistic expectations that lead to lax economic policies which in turn retard the competitive diversification needed to sustain rapid economic growth. A clear example is provided by Bolivia during the 1974–78 and 1979–81 mineral booms. But Bolivia also shows a corollary of the resource curse thesis: in adversity (the hyperinflation and mineral price falls of the mid‐19809, tough but necessary reforms may emerge. Bolivia now needs to accelerate the re‐orientation of its economy towards the tropical lowlands.
MENTAL MAPS AND RESIDENTIAL DESIRABILITY. A SINGAPORE STUDY
Authors: Eng Teo Siew
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the perceptual images and residential desirability of public and private housing residents in Clementi housing estate in Singapore. Residents’ mental maps are established in terms of their levels of knowledgeability of activity nodes tied to various aspects of their lives, namely, workplaces, recreational and sports centres, shops and residential areas. The way the mental maps shape residents’ perceptions of what are desirable and non‐desirable places to live in are also discussed. The paper highlights the significance of socio‐economic differences, length of residence, physical proximity, levels of interaction and cultural leanings in influencing the mental maps and residential preferences of urban residents in Singapore
IDENTIFICATION OF AND RESPONSE TO DROUGHT BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN FULLADU WEST DISTRICT, THE GAMBIA
Authors: Jallow Saidou Sireh
Published: August 2006

Although the way in which local communities in The Gambia identify drought has remained predominantly traditional, their response to the hazard has undergone significant change over the past three decades. Some of the changes, even if short‐lived, have been beneficial, and have reduced the severity and duration of the hardships and penury which can accompany droughts in this part of the world. Nevertheless, other changes in the local response system, coupled with wider social, economic and political developments over the decades, are threatening to weaken the tolerance of local communities to hazards and increase their exposure to droughts. This article examines some of the strategies which local communities employ to identify and respond to drought, the extent to which responses have changed over the past decades, and the implications of some of these changes for the vulnerability of local communities in The Gambia.
THE RETREAT OF THE FOREST IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A CARTOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT
Authors: Bernard Stéphane , De Koninck Rodolphe
Published: August 2006

Rapid deforestation is a major problem throughout the tropical world. The conditions and the pace under which societies and economies of the Third World are currently evolving and growing, combined with the specificities of tropical forests, render the latter increasingly vulnerable. Among the major tropical areas of the world, Southeast Asia is perhaps the one where these conditions have had the most impact on the retreat of the forest cover over the last quarter of this century. This is illustrated through the presentation of two maps of the distribution of five basic forest formations in Southeast Asiacirca1970 andcirca1990. The maps are examined and compared, as well as confronted with statistical assessments of deforestation. Finally, the complex causes behind the retreat of the tropical forests as well as the implications of this retreat are briefly discussed.
DEVISE AND RULE: COLONIAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE BORNEO DAYAK c.1860–1920
Authors: Cleary Mark
Published: August 2006

This paper considers some of the ways in which travellers, administrators and academics in the colonial period sought to categorise the indigenous groups of Borneo. It focuses on Sarawak and North Borneo between about 1850 and 1920, and examines the use of stereotypical images of exoticism, fear and loathing in constructing different categories of peoples in the region. The paper argues that such categorisations were important in structuring the relationships between ruler and ruled, and in the development of particular regional and local identities.
DIVIDED LANDSCAPES, FRAGMENTED IDENTITIES: EAST BENGAL REFUGEES AND THEIR REHABILITATION IN INDIA, 1947–79
Authors: Kudaisya Gyanesh
Published: August 2006

The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 was followed by the forced uprooting of an estimated 18 million people. This paper focuses on the predicament of the minority communities in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who were uprooted and forced to seek shelter in the Indian province of West Bengal. It considers the responses of Indian federal and provincial governments to the challenge of refugee rehabilitation. A study is made of the Dandakaranya scheme which was undertaken after 1958 to resettle the refugees by colonising forest land: the project was sited in a peninsular region marked by plateaus and hill ranges which the refugees, originally from the riverine and deltaic landscape of Bengal, found hard to accept. Despite substantial official rehabilitation efforts, the refugees demanded to be resettled back in their “natural habitat” of Indian Bengal. However, this was resisted by the state. Notwithstanding this opposition, a large number of East Bengal refugees moved back into regions which formed a part of erstwhile undivided Bengal where, without any government aid and planning, they colonised lands and created their own habitats. Many preferred to become squatters in the slums that sprawled in and around Calcutta. The complex interplay of identity and landscape, of dependence and self‐help, that informed the choices which the refugees made in rebuilding their lives is analysed in the paper.
UPROOTED LIVES: GENDER, VIOLENCE AND DISPLACEMENT IN COLOMBIA
Authors: Meertens Donny , Segura‐Escobar Nora
Published: August 2006

During the last decade, more than 600,000 people have been forced to leave rural areas and migrate to regional urban centres in Colombia as a result of political violence in which guerrilla and paramilitary groups and the armed forces are the principal actors. The number of displaced people is still increasing. Nearly 60 per cent of them are women, and at least 25 per cent of the displaced households are headed by women, most of whom are widows. Focusing on three regions of the country ‐ the northern Caribbean Coast, the central Middle Magdalena region and the Eastern Plains ‐ the effects of forced displacement on women and men are analysed in terms of intra‐household relationships, survival strategies and gender identities. The paper evaluates the gains and losses for women and men in the process of displacement. It argues that displacement has the strongest impact on women during the stage of “destruction”, while men, confronted with unemployment and loss of identity, are most affected during the stage of “reconstruction”.
URBAN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND WOMEN'S STRATEGIES IN SUSTAINING FAMILY LIVELIHOODS IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE
Authors: Mudimu Godfrey D.
Published: August 2006

The growing of crops on open and undeveloped spaces within urban zones in eastern and southern African cities has become an important source of food security. Urban populations have expanded without a corresponding increase in economic opportunities for employment. Economic reforms have led to the removal of subsidies on food commodities and retrenchments in the formal employment sectors. It is reported that a result of this is that vulnerable households have resorted to urban agriculture to sustain their livelihoods. Though a widespread practice, urban agriculture is not planned for or supported by urban planners and managers as a legitimate form of urban land use in Harare, Zimbabwe. As women are the main participants in urban agriculture, their activities come into direct conflict with planning provisions for urban space. This study examines the role of women in urban agriculture and views and perceptions of the use of urban space for agricultural activities in Harare. It shows that urban agriculture is useful in meeting household food needs by those who undertake it. The study offers empirical insight on the perceptions of the use of space in an urban tropical environment for agriculture, where conflicts can arise as a result of different perceptions and alternative uses.
CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION OF MARINE MAMMALS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Authors: Hofman Robert J. , Bonner W. Nigel
Published: August 2006

Abstract

This paper reviews some of the major issues, programs and events that have led to the current state of marine mammal populations, management goals and management programs worldwide. It notes the changing focus of management issues and research needs during the past decade and attempts to forecast the kinds of research needed to deal with likely issues in the forthcoming decade.
STATUS OF STUDIES ON FOSSIL MARINE MAMMALS
Authors: Barnes Lawrence G. , Domning Daryl P. , Ray Clayton E.
Published: August 2006

A 30‐year renaissance in research on fossil marine mammals has brought advances on several fronts and suggests potential directions for future study. Gingerich and Russell have describedPakicetus, the most primitive archaeocete cetacean. Mchedlidze has described a diverse assemblage of late Oligocene/early Miocene cetaceans from the Caucasus and Georgia, S.S.R. Barnes and Fordyce, respectively, have outlined sequences of fossil cetacean assemblages in the northeast and southwest Pacific. Much remains to be done on origin and definition of cetacean suborders, diversification and systematics of families, and relationships among infra‐familial taxa.

New material has been recovered of the most primitive desmostylians, and other new specimens, especially ones from Japan studied by Inuzuka and others, give a relatively complete picture of their anatomy. Material now exists for phylogenetic analysis.

Domning has proposed a phyletic lineage of the sirenian subfamily Hydro‐damalinae and has outlined patterns of Late Cenozoic manatee evolution. With Morgan and Ray he reviewed Eocene sirenians in the northwest Atlantic. Numerous new specimens are being actively studied in attempts to reassess relationships within the Sirenia.

Mitchell and Tedford described the most primitive otariid,Enaliarctos.Repenning and Tedford reviewed the otarioids. The primitive taxa and their origin near or in the amphicynodontine ursids have been identified.

The zoogeography of true seals, the phocids, has been analyzed recently by Repenning, Ray and Grigorescu, and by de Muizon. Most taxa are based on a few fragmentary specimens, and much work needs to be done on basic descriptions, interspecific comparisons and phyletic analysis. However, major progress has been made in the southern hemisphere through description of extensive new materials from Peru and South Africa.

Many important phylogenetic gaps in the fossil record of marine mammals have been filled recently, and further advances continue at a rapid rate. Studies of zoogeography, functional anatomy and paleoecology, in addition to phylogeny, are coming into their own and promise an exciting series of discoveries in the coming years.
ESTIMATION OF PREY DENSITIES REQUIRED BY WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES
Authors: Kenney Robert D. , Hyman Martin A. M. , Owen Ralph E. , Scott Gerald P. , Winn Howard E.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

The apparent lack of significant recovery of western North Atlantic right whale populations may be related to the availability of prey in exploitable densities. We have attempted to estimate the concentration of zooplankton required by right whales to obtain a net energetic benefit over the long term, using estimated values for body weight, metabolic rate, assimilation efficiency, time spent feeding, mouth size and swimming speed. The estimated range of required energy densities is 7.57 to 2,394 kcal m−3 (3.17 × 104 to 1.00 × 107 joule m−3). These values are from one to more than three orders of magnitude greater than the densest concentration sampled in the vicinity of right whale aggregations in the Great South Channel. Right whales must seek out and exploit extremely dense patches of prey organisms in order to feed efficiently. The presence of such dense patches of zooplankton is likely to be a primary characteristic of spring, summer and fall right whale habitats.
INCIDENTAL MORTALITY OF NORTHERN SEA LIONS IN SHELIKOF STRAIT, ALASKA
Authors: Loughlin Thomas R. , Nelson Russell
Published: August 2006

Abstract

The incidental catch of northern sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) joint‐venture fishery in Shelikof Strait, Alaska, was studied during 1982–1984 to assess the nature and magnitude of the catch. Data were obtained by placing U.S. observers on foreign processing vessels. Dead sea lions recovered from trawl nets were counted, sexed and measured, teeth were removed for age determination by dental laminae; and stomach contents were analyzed. Although the fishery has continued to expand both in number of boats and estimated total catch (74,136 metric tons [t] in 1982 to 171,539 t in 1984), the estimated incidental catch of northern sea lions has declined (ranging from 958 to 1,436 in 1982, 216 to 324 in 1983 and 237 to 355 in 1984). Of the sea lions processed, 73 percent were caught between 2000 and 0500 h, probably during net retrieval. Most caught sea lions were females ranging in age from 1–25 yr with a mean age of 6.43 yr; 79 percent of the females were sexually mature and probably part of the reproducing population. Males had a mean age of 4.8 yr and only 12 percent were old enough to obtain and defend territories. Analysis of stomach contents showed that the sea lions consumed pollock the same size as that taken by the commercial fishery. The impact of the incidental catch on the Gulf of Alaska sea lion population is unknown.
INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN MANATEES (SIRENIA: TRICHECHUS)
Authors: Domning Daryl P. , Hayek Lee‐Ann C.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

The three living species of Trichechus are clearly defined and well exemplify the degree of variability and taxonomic value of morphological characters in a well‐understood mammalian genus. Statistical analysis of the largest sample of manatee skulls yet studied has allowed us to identify small suites of characters that effectively distinguish these species. The two subspecies of T. manatus proposed by Hatt (1934) can likewise be distinguished, and their use as taxonomic categories seems justified. This suggests that the cool winters of the northern Gulf Coast, on the one hand, and the deep water and strong currents of the Straits of Florida, on the other, are effective barriers to gene flow between Florida and Antillean manatees. Alleged taxonomic distinctions within T. senegalensis, however, have no demonstrated basis. No significant sexual dimorphism was detected in skulls of any of the species. Many interspecific differences can be correlated with feeding ecology, but others remain unexplained. Features of tooth crown morphology are among the most constant characters examined, but some osteological characters are equally good. T. manatas and T. senegalensis (which are phenetically the most similar) also seem to share a more recent common ancestor than either does with T. inunguis. However, the three species probably separated from each other at nearly the same time. T. inunguis has since become the most derived species, while T. senegalensis has changed the least.
WEIGHTS AND ANATOMICAL MEASUREMENTS OF NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC FIN (BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS, LINNAEUS) AND SEI (B. BOREALIS, LESSON) WHALES
Authors: Lockyer Christina , Waters Timothy
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Piecemeal body weights of eleven fin and four sei whales and intact weights of three foetuses, obtained from Iceland, are compared with published weight data. The Icelandic fin are similar to other northern hemisphere animals but are significantly leaner than their Antarctic counterparts. The Icelandic sei appear heavier than the North Pacific sei whales. Their weights cannot be predicted from a North Pacific sei whale weight/length formula. Length, girth and blubber thickness measurements indicate changes in relative body dimensions in the early fin whale foetus compared with juveniles and adults; however, the midterm sei whale foetus is similar to the adult and juvenile sei whales. The blubber appears to form a major component even in the foetal body. The integration of a standard series of lengths, girths and blubber thicknesses in juveniles and adults can provide an estimate of the blubber component. Both girth and length are significant parameters in estimating body weight, a simple weight/length formula being found to be inadequate to allow for variability in body fatness. Evaluation of such a multiple parameter formula for calculating weight appears satisfactory for both fin and sei whales. Apparent weight/length differences between species and stocks may thus be partly due to variations in body fatness.