bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
الإمام الشهرستاني، ومنهجه في عرض عقائد المسلمين
Authors: علي أ. نصر مصطفي نصر , غريدة. أ. حسن محمد حسن
Published: February 2020

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى دراسة الفرق الإسلامية، من خلال كتاب الملل والنحل للإمام الشهرستاني، فدراسة هذا الكتاب في هذا الوقت الذي اختلط فيه الصحيح بالسقيم، وتشعبت فيه الآراء والأقوال في العقيدة وكفر المسلمين بعضهم البعض؛ تبين الصواب، وتشفي غليل الطلاب، في كيفية التعامل مع المخالف في ضوء الكتاب والسنة بنقاش هادئ يتضمن أدب الخلاف ويتضمن القول الصحيح الذي عن عليه الأئمة الأعلام، كالإمام مالك وأحمد بن حنبل، وعرض الآراء بموضوعية، مبتعدا عن العصبية، إضافة إلى ذلك بيان أسباب الانقسام، فدراستي توجهت إلى منهجية الشهرستاني في بيان عقائد المسلمين، ولم أتعرض لباقي العقائد، كاليهودية والنصرانية وغيرها، لضيق المبحث ن ولعلي أجعلها في بحث منفرد، وكتاب الملل من أهم مصادر كتب المقالات وأشهرها، ولا أعلم أن أحداً تناول الكتاب بالدراسة والتحليل، مما جعلني أتوجه إليه بهذه الدراسة، فدراسة الأديان والفرق من أهم الدراسات؛ إذ بها تتجلى حقيقتها، ويتبين صوابها من باطلها، ومما يؤكد ذلك أن القرآن تناول الأديان السابقة وبين ما فيها من ضلال وبطلان، وقبل أن أبدأ في منهجيته في عرض الفرق الإسلامية، بينت منهجيته في مقدمات كتابه، وكيف رتب كتابه وبوبه، ثم بدأت في بيان منهجيته في عرض الفرق الإسلامية، معقبًا على كلامه بالتحليل والتوضيح، وجعلت عنوان هذه الدراسة" الإمام الشهرستاني ومنهجه في بيان عقائد المسلمين" وختمته بخاتمة اختصرت فيها النتائج، لأنني بعد بيان عقيدة كل فرقة من الفرق أعقب عليها بالبيان والتوضيح والتحليل، وعلى الله قصد السبيل، وهو حسبي ونعم الوكيل.
طبيعة العقد المركب في التأجير التمويلي ومدى انعكاسها على التزامات الأطراف
Authors: عون عبد القادر
Published: February 2020

طبيعة العقد المركب في التأجير التمويلي ومدى انعكاسها على التزامات الأطراف
أثر ضغوط العمل علي عملية اتخاذ القارارت
Authors: الغصني أ. سوفيناج خالد , السعيطي أ. فتحي سعد
Published: February 2020

تناولت الدراسة أثر ضغوط العمل على عملية اتخاذ القرارات , وهدفت الى التعرف على أبرز ضغوط العمل التى تواجهها القيادات الادارية في المستشفيات العامة العاملة في مدينة بنغازي , وأستندت الدراسة على مجموعة من المراجع والمصادر العلمية التى أهتمت بالموضوع . وتم أختيار عينة عمدية من مدراء المستشفيات ومن ينوب عنهم في اتخاذ القرار وتم أستخدام أستمارة الأستبيان وتوزيعها على العينة المختارة , ومن أهم النتائج أن أبرز ضغوط العمل التي تواجه أفراد العينة هي المسؤولية تجاه الأخرين وتليها فرص العمل والنمو الوظيفي وأيضاً الهيكل التنظيمي . وأوصت الدراسة بالأهتمام بالجانب الأنساني لمتخذي القرارات وذلك بمعرفة المشكلات التي تواجههم والتي من شأنها التأثير على عملية اتخاذ القرارات الادارية وأيضاً الأهتمام بتقديم برامج تدريبية لتنمية المهارات القيادية وكذلك الأهتمام بالهيكل التنظيمي حيث يجب أن يتسم بالمرونة والوضوح
Antimicrobial activity of water, ethanolic extracts of Ricinus communis and Pituranthos tortuosus against pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Alorfy Asma Y. alorfy , Bogreen Rafaa H. , Alhasi Sabah M.
Published: February 2020

The study aimed to know the effect of the water and ethanolic extracts of the Ricinus communis and Pituranthos tortuosus on studied bacteria( Klebsiella- Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis ). In this study, the plant extract was prepared using a variety of solvents, namely water and ethanol. The experiment was designed randomly and with three replicates and using the spread method around the tablets. A plate of solid food medium Muller hen ton and then added tablets of filter paper saturated with water and ethanol extracts of both plants. The inhibitory potential was studied by measuring the diameter of the halo caused by inhibition of bacterial growth. The results showed that the various extracts had a wide effect on the isolates. Water extract of Ricinus communis were The best extract and the gave high dehydration effect on the all studied bacteria whereas ethanolic extract of Pituranthos tortuosus has a greater effect than the water extract on Klebsiella and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
السياسة الشرعية للخطاب الإسلامي المعتدل وأثرها في حفظ السلم الأهلي والعالمي
Authors: الصغير د. عادل سالم محمد , أبو حجر د. محمد صالح
Published: February 2020

إن ما نعيشه اليوم من ضياع للمثل العُليا، وإهدار للمبادئ الإنسانية، وحلول الشر والكراهية محل الخير والأخلاق والقيم الإسلامية، والتعاون على الإثم والعدوان بدلاً من التعاون على البر والإحسان؛ كل ذلك تمت ترجمته على أرض الواقع بالتطاول والعدوان من قبل البعض على البعض، دولاً وأفراداً وجماعات؛ لينسب كل ذلك للإسلام والمسلمين، والإسلام من ذلك براء.
حساب ت ا ركيز عنصر الكادميوم بمياه الشرب باستعمال تقنية الامتصاص الذري الطيفي والمتشابكات العضوية ومقارنتها بتقنيات تحليل آلية أخرى
Authors: السويحلي كريمة , الفيتوري سالم , أبودية جمال , الجواشي سالم , عرفه عزالدين
Published: February 2020

من خلال نتائج هذه الدراسة تبين أنه يمكن لمركب التشابك ثنائي البنزيل ثنائي الكبريت الكركبومات (Dibenzyl Dithiocarbomate, DBDTC) استخلاص عنصرك الكادميوم (Cadmium, Cd II) من مياه الشرب وترسيبه بمركب الترسيب المساعد الفينولفثالين (Phenolphthalene, Ph.Pht.) . تبين أيضاً أن تقنية مطياف الامتصاص الذري(Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, AAS) والاستخلاص برباعي بلوريد الكركبون (Carbon Chloride, CCl4) أكثر كفاءة من طريقة التركيز المسبق Preconcentration للكادميوم (Cd II) بمركب التشابك (DBDTC-Ph.Pht) وكذلك جهاز البلازما المزدوج حثياً بمطياف الانبعاث الضوئي

(Inductively Coupled Plasms Optical Emission Spectroscopy, ICP-OES) .
مدى توافق المتطلبات التي تتضمنها برامج التعليم المحاسبي في الجامعات الليبية مع متطلبات المعيار رقم ( 3) من المعايير التعليم المحاسبي
Authors: البرغثي د. عماد عبدالله فضل الله , الفضلي د. خالد زيدان عبدالسلام
Published: February 2020

تأتي هذه الدراسة كمحاولة للوقوف على واقع التعليم المحاسبي في ليبيا و انسجامه مع جزء هام من هذه المعايير الدولية محدداً بالمعيار رقم (3) والذي يتناول أحد أهم مخرجات التعليم المحاسبي عالمياً وهو المهارات الواجب اكتسابها من قبل طالب المحاسبة، وكان هدفها اساسي إظهار مدى توافق المتطلبات التي تتضمنها برامج التعليم المحاسبي في الجامعات الليبية لمتطلبات المعيار رقم (3) من معايير التعليم المحاسبي، من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس، حيث توصلت هذه الدراسة الي ان البرنامج التعليم المحاسبي لمستوى بكالوريوس في الجامعات الليبية الواقعة تحت الدراسة، تقدم المهارات التي يتضمنها المعيار رقم (3) من معايير التعليم المحاسبي، ومن اهم توصيتها وضع برامج علمية لتطوير مهارات اعضاء هيئة التدريس في اساليب التعليم الجامعي الحديثة وتطبيقاتها وتعزيز وتنمية والابداع والتميز في ادائهم.
آثار القومية العربية في شعر محمد سعيد العباسي
Authors: حامد د. حسّان بشير حسَّان
Published: February 2020

تنحصر هذه الدراسة في البحث عن آثار القومية العربية في شعر محمد سعيد العباسي. وتكمن أهميتها في أنها بحثت قضية القومية العربية من خلال نموذج يُعد من أرفع نماذج الشعر العربي الحديث في السودان في فترة زمنية ذات أثر بالغ على تطور هذه القضية في المستقب . استعانت الدراسة بالمنهج الوصفي والمنهج التاريخي لعرض هذا الموضوع ومناقشته. وتهد لى الكشف عن آثار القومية العربية في شعره. وخلصت لى أن العباسي كان على لدراك تام بمصطلح القومية ومفومها وعناصرها، ومستوعباً لأسباب نشأتها في البلاد العربية، ومآلاتها وأهدافها.
المعهد الصادقي ودوره في الإشعاع العلمي والفكري التونسي في مطلع القرن العشرين
Authors: بوطيبي د. محمد
Published: February 2020

تعد المدرسة الصادقية واحدة من المراكز الثقافية العلمية في البلاد التونسية، إلى جانب جامع الزتيونة، والمدرسة الحربية والجمعية الخلدونية، التي ساهمت في الاشعاع الفكري والعلمي في البلاد التونسية وما جاورها خلال القرن العشرين. فالمدرسة الصادقية هي أول ثانوية حديثة تأسست في البلاد التونسية في القرن التاسع عشر، بموجب مرسوم الفاتح فبراير 1875 ، بناء على مبادرة من الوزير الأكبر على الصادق باي، بحيث ساهمت هذه المدرسة في المجالات: الثقافية ؛ العلمية والأدبية التي طبعت الحياة التونسية في أواخر القرنين التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين. لقد تم إحداث هذه المؤسسة العلمية، بغية وصول المجتمع التونسي للحداثة والتطور الأوروبي؛ وإبراز جيل تونسي وغرس فئة تونسية متشبعة بالحضارة الأوروبية بموازية للطبقة التقليدية في جامع الزيتونة. وفي النهاية، ما هو تعريف المدرسة الصادقية؟ وما هو المنهج العلمي الذي اعتمدته المؤسسة، وتأثيرها في المجتمع التونسي في القرن العشرين؟
الموروث الشعبي في مسرح إبراهيمٌ الكميلٌي
Authors: محمد د. على عياٌد محمد
Published: February 2020

لا شك أن الكاتب الليبٌي قد أدرك أهميةٌ التراث، إذ وجد فيهٌ مضامينٌ حكائيةٌ قصصيةٌ رائعة، يمٌكن الإفادة منها في مخاطبة الطفل، وتغذيةٌ عقله بها، وذلك بعد إعادة إنتاجها فنياًٌ وجمالياًٌ، مفيدٌاً من أحداثها وحواراتها وبنيتٌها الدلاليةٌ العميقٌة، مايمٌكّن الكاتب من تمريرٌ تجربة هذه النصوص، شرط ألا تخل بنضج الطفل نفسياًٌ وسلوكياًٌ، وهذا بلا شك تثري النص، وتعطيهٌ مدى أقوى على مستوى إطاره الفن الجمال .ً
إشكاليات الجغرافيا السياسية للدولة الليبية وأثرها على الاندماج والهوية
Authors: بن عمور د. خالد محمد
Published: February 2020

يعٌد من المفيدٌ تحديدٌ الخطوط العريضٌة لخصائص المكان السياٌس لليبٌياٌ من الناحيةٌ الطبيعٌةٌ وارتباطاتها بالمتغيرٌات البشريةٌ بها، لتحديدٌ عناصر الضعف الجيوٌبوليتٌيكٌيةٌ للدولة الليبٌيةٌ، لكي نستطيعٌ في النهايةٌ أن نحدد الضوابط الرئيسٌة التي تحدد الاندماج والهويةٌ للدولة الليبٌيةٌ لكي تتحقق عملياٌت الاندماج داخل الدولة.
ACROPAQUIA: DEDOS EN PALILLOS DE TAMBOR
Authors: Santa María-Ramírez Carlos , Páez Lovera Lucía
Published: February 2020

Paciente masculino de 40 años, oriundo de San Lorenzo - Paraguay, fumador crónico (índice tabáquico 12,5), con antecedentes clínicos de bronquitis de hasta 2 episodios/año. Llama la atención el crecimiento del extremo distal de los dedos y convexidad ungueal en ambas manos similares a palillos de tambor y vidrio de reloj de arena, respectivamente; sin evidencia clínica de inflamación ni dolor en los mismos. (Ver Figuras 1-2)

La acropaquia es un signo clínico caracterizado por el aumento y reblandecimiento de la curvatura ungueal en su eje transversal y longitudinal, asociado a hipertrofia de los tejidos blandos1,2,3. Puede ser familiar, idiopática o adquirida1; la primera, observable en sujetos completamente sanos2 y la tercera, asociada a patologías pulmonares (80%)1. Es más frecuente en varones (8:1); suelen comenzar en los dedos pulgares2, generalmente de forma indolora, bilateral y simétrica2,3,4. La patogenia es poco conocida5, pero se asocia con: hipoxia en casos de enfermedades cardiopulmonares, proliferación de tejidos blandos (conectivo y vascular)1,3,5 y exceso de factores tróficos como el factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial o factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas3,5.
Studi Eklesiologi GPI Papua Dan GPIB
Authors: Lewier Bayanangky Alexander , Batlajery Agustinus M.L
Published: February 2020

The aim of this article is to explore how the Protestant Church in Papua (GPI-Papua) and the Protestant Church at West Indonesia (GPIB) run their mission in the world. As representatives of the church on the earth, both churches carry the same mission. As the church they are called and sent by God to fulfill their duty which is to serve the world. The method developed in this study is the document study which mneans that the study focuses on some important documents of these churches. This study found out that the presbyterial-sinodal system which is adopted by the GPI-Papua and GPIB will create or run congregation as a family. Based on this system, the church should be developed as as family of God through which the church reflects the meaning of being a church. By being a family of God, these churches should not focus more on institutional or structural and organisation aspects of the church. In contrary, the two churches should develop functional church leadership as the basic character of the church leadership.
Atuação do profissional do Serviço Social na Educação Especial
Authors: El Abed Naila Muhammad
Published: February 2020

A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de caracterizar a atuação do profissional do serviço social na educação especial, especificamente na Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE), verificando as suas atribuições em prol da garantia dos direitos sociais da pessoa com necessidades especais. Para isso, foi realizada uma análise descritiva de projetos realizados que envolvem as pessoas com deficiências bem como suas famílias, articulando ações em prol dos estudantes que frequentam a APAE e entrevistas com duas profissionais do serviço social dessa instituição. É possível sugerir que o profissional do serviço social desempenha um papel importante na APAE sendo que as profissionais entrevistadas demonstram comprometimento com a população atendida e têm desenvolvido um trabalho ancorado no Projeto Ético-Político do Serviço Social. Seus projetos procuram atender as vulnerabilidades sociais e territoriais, as fragilidades nos vínculos afetivos e as construções de relação de poder.
Ensino de Filosofia e o lugar social da mulher no mito de Medeia
Authors: Costa Elce Nunes Nogueira da , Purificação Marcelo Máximo , Teixeira Filomena Rodrigues
Published: February 2020

O presente artigo propõe problematizar sobre a mulher na Grécia antiga a partir do mito de Medeia, presente na tragédia escrita por Eurípides. Para isso, optou-se por trabalhar com o mito analisado como um documento histórico e que possibilita problematizar a situação da mulher na Grécia antiga. Algumas indagações sobre quem é Medeia foram pertinentes: uma mulher má e vingativa? Uma mulher enlouquecida pela paixão e pela traição do homem que amava e por quem havia traído a família, assassinado seu irmão, levado à morte o rei de Iolcos? Ou seria vítima da loucura do desejo carnal e ambicioso de seu esposo? Ou, ainda, uma mulher marcada pelas questões sociais, históricas e culturais, sobretudo as relacionadas ao ser do sexo feminino na sociedade antiga? Em Medeia é possível observar a representação do sexo feminino livre das normas e regras impostas pela sociedade grega.  A personagem é singular e, pelas atrocidades que comete, pode ser tida como louca e/ou vingativa, mas é uma fonte de reflexão social sobre a mulher no cenário da Grécia. Assim, tem se em Medeia características além da loucura e da maldição, a exemplo, de um olhar crítico para o ser feminino e as suas características a ela imputadas pelo patriarcado: ser dócil, mãe e retraída, que simbolizavam, perante as normas e a moral da época, a dignidade da mulher. Medeia pode ser interpretada como a busca de liberdade e autonomia, de um lugar para o “eu” do sujeito feminino que no seu contexto sócio histórico e cultural era atravessado pela exclusão e preconceito.  Também pode ser observada a relação de poder, os interesses econômicos e sociais que influenciavam as relações familiares.
Comportamento suicida: uma revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Silva Jéssica Vieira de Sousa , Motta Hinayana Leão
Published: February 2020

Este estudo tem como finalidade executar uma revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando periódicos no recorte temporal de 2000 a 2017, analisar a existência de fatores de risco para o suicídio, verificar quais as formas de intervenção psicoterápicas mais utilizadas e fornecer subsídios compilados para profissionais de saúde. Visto que a metodologia utilizada foi a revisão integrativa da literatura, visando a busca de fontes cientificas publicadas, foram incluídos artigos indexados nas seguintes bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual de Psicologia - Bvs-Psi, da Scientific Electronic Library Online – Scielo, LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) e Portal de Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PePSIC). De acordo com a análise foi possível perceber que em relação aos fatores os que mais se destacam são: diagnóstico psicopatológico, principalmente depressão e comorbidades, uso de substâncias psicoativas, sentimento de tristeza e desesperança, desemprego, ser do sexo masculino, não possuir filhos, possuir idade entre 15 a 44 anos e a partir de 65 anos, assim como a falta de fatores protetivos. Em relação as intervenções psicoterápicas mais utilizadas Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental destaca-se na literatura, porém, foi verificado por meio dos dados existentes que há uma carência de pesquisas acerca de intervenções psicoterápicas em pacientes com comportamento suicida.

Palavras-chave: Suicídio. Depressão. Fatores de risco. Tentativas de suicídio.
QUARTO DE DESPEJO: breve reflexão a partir dos conceitos de sujeito e agência de Judith Butler
Authors: Cardoso Elna Dias
Published: February 2020

A finalidade deste artigo é analisar a narrativa de Carolina Maria de Jesus descrita em Quarto de despejo: diário de uma favelada (2005), a partir dos conceitos de sujeito e agência no pensamento de Judith Butler. Trata-se de análise documental orientada pelos seguintes questionamentos: a) como a história de vida de Carolina de Jesus é apresentada no livro? b) quais os instrumentos de resistência utilizados por Carolina de Jesus para enfrentar a realidade de exclusão que lhe era imposta​? A análise foi fundamentada nos seguintes livros: Al lado de uno mismo; em lós limites de La autonomia sexual; Vida precária; Cambio Del sujeto: La política dela resignificación radical de Judith Butler; Máscaras del deseo; uma lectua del deseo em Judith Butler; e La vida psíquica del poder. O trabalho aponta para o processo de resistência e de agência construído por Carolina de Jesus, evidenciando uma escrita de empoderamento em um contexto marcado pela desigualdade social.
Improving judgment accuracy by sequential adjustment
Authors: Luan Shenghua , Schooler Lael J. , Tan Jolene H.
Published: February 2020

Judging an object’s value based on relevant cues can be challenging. We propose a simple method to improve judgment accuracy: Instead of estimating a value after seeing all available cues simultaneously, individuals view cues sequentially, one after another, making and adjusting their estimate at each step. The sequential procedure may alleviate computational difficulties in cue integration, leading to higher judgment accuracy. We tested this hypothesis in two real-world tasks in which participants judged either the price of diamonds or the fuel economy of cars. Two studies with professional jewelers and car salespeople show that most participants indeed judged more accurately with a sequential than with a simultaneous procedure. Another two studies with college students further support this finding and show additionally that the sequential procedure could raise the judgment accuracy of inexperienced students to the same level as that of professionals judging with the simultaneous procedure.
The reaction of arylmethyl isocyanides and arylmethylamines with xanthate esters: a facile and unexpected synthesis of carbamothioates
Authors: Rajeev Narasimhamurthy , Swaroop Toreshettahally R , Alrawashdeh Ahmad I , Rahman Shofiur , Alodhayb Abdullah , Anil Seegehalli M , Kiran Kuppalli R , Chandra  , Georghiou Paris E , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S , Sadashiva Maralinganadoddi P
Published: February 2020

An unexpected formation of carbamothioates by a sodium hydride-mediated reaction of arylmethyl isocyanides with xanthate esters in DMF is reported. The products thus obtained were compared with the carbamothioates obtained by the sodium hydride-mediated condensation of the corresponding benzylamines and xanthate esters in DMF. To account for these unexpected reactions, a mechanism is proposed in which the key steps are supported by quantum chemical calculations.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS AND IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: Jevsejev Roman
Published: February 2020

The legal tools applied in the context of IT technology development failing to solve the problems facing society.
On the other hand, the development of innovation is sometimes hindered. The intensity of the development of information systems and
technologies requires highly flexible and adaptive approaches to cybersecurity. One of these approaches is IT risk assessment.
There are currently many methodologies that can be used to effectively assess cyber threats. For institutions with multiple exposures,
the correlation between different positions may not be correctly estimated. Measuring known risk is a common problem in risk assessment
practice. In order to develop a simple IT risk assessment method, the article examines existing IT risk assessment methods, proposes IT
risk assessment solutions and presents the results of practical application.
The Pillars of the Nose-Crura Shortening for Over Projected Nose
Authors: Kopacheva-Barsova Gabriela , Davcheva-Chakar Marina , Nikolovski Nikola , Marolov Marjan , Petreska-Dukovska Vesna
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND: The over projected nose, commonly referred to as the "Pinocchio" nose is a significant challenge to the rhinoplasty surgeon. Firstly, we speak about a very large nose, and secondly, we speak about the correction of nasal cartilages (alar and triangular). Surgical correction of the over projected nose is the most difficult and least predictable component of rhinoplasty surgery.
AIM: By performing rhinoseptoplasty we aimed to achieve an ideal landmarks position according to concepts of nasal projection as well as by making preoperative analyses to determine the ideal position for the nasal tip after having understood and defined the ideal position for the nasion.
METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients who were admitted to ENT University Clinic, University Campus â€œSt. Mother Theresaâ€ Skopje, the Republic of Macedonia in the period 2011-2019. A total of 70 patients were enrolled in the study; 46 women (33%) and 24 men (33%). Operative technique rhinoseptoplasty was realised in 70 patients. All of the 70 (100%) patients underwent preoperative and postoperative evaluation during this period regularly to record the effects of various approaches on nasal projection, rotation, need for revision, and patient satisfaction.
RESULTS: All patients used one or more of the preferred methods to treat over projection. Patients who had undergone 2 previous rhino/septoplasty procedures were excluded from the study, and hence, a total of 70 patients were evaluated. Full-transfixion incisions were made in all patients. From 2011 to 2019, in 72 cases, 1 or more of the preferred methods were used to treat over projection.
CONCLUSION: The crural anatomy of the nasal tip relates to the size and shape of the lower lateral cartilages (LLC) and their relationship with the caudal septum and upper lateral cartilages (ULC). Modification of nasal tip rotation and projection should attempt to preserve or reconstruct major tip mechanisms.
Roles of Tumor Markers in Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Chang Young , Jang Jae Young
Published: February 2020

There are a wide variety of tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies are ongoing regarding the roles of tumor markers in screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic prediction of HCC. Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) can be very useful for HCC surveillance, prognostic prediction, and treatment response evaluation in high-risk patients with HCC. Other tumor markers such as PIVKA-II and AFP-L3% have also been proven to be effective in HCC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognostic prediction; these markers are increasingly used with serum AFP in clinical trials. However, the roles of tumor markers in surveillance are poorly understood and still controversial, requiring further research. HCC surveillance in at-risk population is a critical issue in management of HCC. Further data regarding the predictive value and cost-effectiveness of tumor markers could facilitate their uses in HCC surveillance.
Changes in maximal aerobic capacity, body composition, and running capacity with prolonged training and detraining in Standardbred horses
Authors: Klein D.J. , Anthony T.G. , McKeever K.H.
Published: February 2020

This study tested the hypothesis that 12 weeks of training would significantly alter maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), running capacity, and body composition in mature Standardbred horses, and that these alterations would be maintained over an additional 60 weeks of training. It was also hypothesised that there would be a reversal of the training-induced adaptations with 20 weeks of detraining. Eight rested Standardbred horses (n=4 mares, n=4 geldings, 3-8 years) were trained for 72 weeks and then undertook 20 weeks of detraining in groups of four per two-acre paddocks. Body composition, VO2max, run time to fatigue, and distance completed were assessed before training, at 12 and 72 weeks of training, and after 20 weeks of detraining (92 weeks). VO2max(P<0.05), run time to fatigue (P<0.05), and distance completed (P<0.05) increased in both sexes after 12 weeks of training. Geldings, however, had a greater run time to fatigue (P<0.05) and total work completed (P<0.05) during incremental exercise. Aerobic and running capacities were subsequently maintained over the 72-week training period, as well as the 20- week detraining period, with no significant sex differences. Body compositions were altered in both sexes (P<0.05) between 12 and 72 weeks of training and were subsequently maintained with 20 weeks of detraining. Geldings were leaner at 12 weeks and at 92 weeks compared to the mares (P<0.05). Fat-free mass remained unchanged after 72 weeks of training but decreased (P<0.05) after 20 weeks of detraining. These results document that aerobic and running capacities can be improved with training and then maintained after a prolonged training and detraining period. Further, given a long enough training period, moderate fat gain may not hinder running performance.
Changing Conceptions of Measurement Validity: An Update on the New Standards
Authors: Goodwin Laura D
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

This article serves as a follow up to a 1997 article in the Journal of Nursing Education, in which the author presented a historical overview of the ways in which views of measurement validity had changed during the past half century. The new American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, and National Council on Measurement in Education Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, released in 1999, includes a revised conceptualization of validity. The key changes, including the elimination of the old "trinity" view of validity and the operationalization of validity as five types of evidence, are described in this article, and specific ways to obtain evidence of each type are provided. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some of the major continuing issues and challenges in validity theory and practice.
The Global Diffusion of Ideas
Authors: Buera Francisco J. , Oberfield Ezra
Published: February 2020

We provide a tractable, quantitatively‐oriented theory of innovation and technology diffusion to explore the role of international trade in the process of development. We model innovation and diffusion as a process involving the combination of new ideas with insights from other industries or countries. We provide conditions under which each country's equilibrium frontier of knowledge converges to a Fréchet distribution, and derive a system of differential equations describing the evolution of the scale parameters of these distributions, that is, countries' stocks of knowledge. The model remains tractable with many asymmetric countries and generates a rich set of predictions about how the level and composition of trade affect countries' frontiers of knowledge. We use the framework to quantify the contribution of bilateral trade costs to long‐run changes in TFP and individual post‐war growth miracles. For our preferred calibration, we find that both gains from trade and the fraction of variation of TFP growth accounted for by changes in trade more than double relative to a model without diffusion.
Testing Models of Social Learning on Networks: Evidence From Two Experiments
Authors: Chandrasekhar Arun G. , Larreguy Horacio , Xandri Juan Pablo
Published: February 2020

We theoretically and empirically study an incomplete information model of social learning. Agents initially guess the binary state of the world after observing a private signal. In subsequent rounds, agents observe their network neighbors' previous guesses before guessing again. Agents are drawn from a mixture of learning types—Bayesian, who face incomplete information about others' types, and DeGroot, who average their neighbors' previous period guesses and follow the majority. We study (1) learning features of both types of agents in our incomplete information model; (2) what network structures lead to failures of asymptotic learning; (3) whether realistic networks exhibit such structures. We conducted lab experiments with 665 subjects in Indian villages and 350 students from ITAM in Mexico. We perform a reduced‐form analysis and then structurally estimate the mixing parameter, finding the share of Bayesian agents to be 10% and 50% in the Indian‐villager and Mexican‐student samples, respectively.
Forecasting With Dynamic Panel Data Models
Authors: Liu Laura , Moon Hyungsik Roger , Schorfheide Frank
Published: February 2020

This paper considers the problem of forecasting a collection of short time series using cross‐sectional information in panel data. We construct point predictors using Tweedie's formula for the posterior mean of heterogeneous coefficients under a correlated random effects distribution. This formula utilizes cross‐sectional information to transform the unit‐specific (quasi) maximum likelihood estimator into an approximation of the posterior mean under a prior distribution that equals the population distribution of the random coefficients. We show that the risk of a predictor based on a nonparametric kernel estimate of the Tweedie correction is asymptotically equivalent to the risk of a predictor that treats the correlated random effects distribution as known (ratio optimality). Our empirical Bayes predictor performs well compared to various competitors in a Monte Carlo study. In an empirical application, we use the predictor to forecast revenues for a large panel of bank holding companies and compare forecasts that condition on actual and severely adverse macroeconomic conditions.
α2β1 Integrin Is Required for Optimal NK Cell Proliferation during Viral Infection but Not for Acquisition of Effector Functions or NK Cell–Mediated Virus Control
Authors: Stotesbury Colby , Alves-Peixoto Pedro , Montoya Brian , Ferez Maria , Nair Savita , Snyder Christopher M. , Zhang Shunchuan , Knudson Cory J. , Sigal Luis J.
Published: February 2020

NK cells play an important role in antiviral resistance. The integrin α2, which dimerizes with integrin β1, distinguishes NK cells from innate lymphoid cells 1 and other leukocytes. Despite its use as an NK cell marker, little is known about the role of α2β1 in NK cell biology. In this study, we show that in mice α2β1 deficiency does not alter the balance of NK cell/ innate lymphoid cell 1 generation and slightly decreases the number of NK cells in the bone marrow and spleen without affecting NK cell maturation. NK cells deficient in α2β1 had no impairment at entering or distributing within the draining lymph node of ectromelia virus (ECTV)–infected mice or at becoming effectors but proliferated poorly in response to ECTV and did not increase in numbers following infection with mouse CMV (MCMV). Still, α2β1-deficient NK cells efficiently protected from lethal mousepox and controlled MCMV titers in the spleen. Thus, α2β1 is required for optimal NK cell proliferation but is dispensable for protection against ECTV and MCMV, two well-established models of viral infection in which NK cells are known to be important.
The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Associated Factors in Middle-school Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Park Bu Kyung
Published: February 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current level of sleep quality among Korean middle-school students using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and to analyze the factors influencing sleep quality.Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and a self-report questionnaire. The participants were 744 middle-school students. The questionnaire included the PSQI and health-related questions, such as the types of diseases they had been diagnosed with and the frequency of hospital admissions. The data were analyzed using the independent t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and linear multiple regression.Results: The global PSQI score was 4.21, which indicated good sleep quality. The major factors that were associated with the sleep quality of middle-school students were the number of diseases they had been diagnosed with (β=.54, p=.001) and atopic dermatitis (β=.32, p=.001). In addition, asthma and the frequency of hospital admissions were significant factors influencing each component of the PSQI.Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that sleep quality was associated with several health-related factors. Thus, nurses, school nurses, and nursing researchers may need to assess the health-related factors associated with adolescents’ sleep quality as part of efforts to improve their sleep quality.
Effects of a Breastfeeding Support Program on the Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Growth in Late Preterm Infants
Authors: Jang Gun Ja , Hong Yeon Ran
Published: February 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a breastfeeding support program (BSP) on the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and growth in late-preterm infants.Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted. The participants were 40 late preterm infants (LPIs), of whom 20 were assigned to the experimental group and 20 to the control group. For the mothers in the experimental group, a BSP was provided prior to the LPIs’ discharge and reinforced once a week for 4 weeks. Information on the feeding type was collected by observation and the LPIs’ body weight was measured.Results: There were significant differences in feeding type by group and time. Exclusive breastfeeding was 5.18 times more common in the experimental group than in the control group (odds ratio=5.18, 95% confidence interval=1.11~16.70). However, weekly weight gain did not show a significant relationship with group and time (F=0.40, p=.712).Conclusion: The BSP was helpful for increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in LPIs. Furthermore, the LPIs in the experimental group, which had a higher likelihood of being exclusively breastfed, showed an equivalent amount of weight gain as the LPIs in the control group, in which infants were more likely to be formula-fed.
Relationships of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium Levels with the Timing of Menarche among Korean Girls
Authors: Choi Hye Seon
Published: February 2020

Purpose: This study utilized data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to explore differences in the timing of menarche in Korean girls according to blood heavy metal concentrations.Methods: This study performed a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the sixth KNHANES. Data from 179 female children and adolescents aged 10~18 were included in this study. The relationships of blood heavy metal concentrations (lead, mercury, and cadmium) with age of menarche were analyzed using complex sample multiple logistic regression.Results: In the participants of this study, the geometric mean values of blood lead, mercury, and cadmium concentrations were 1.15±0.04 μg/dL, 1.80±0.08 μg/L, and 0.30±0.03 μg/L, respectively. Mercury poisoning (>5 μg/L) was found in 1.5% of participants. Furthermore, significant relationships were found between blood lead and mercury concentrations and age at menarche (p for trend: p<.001 and p=.015, respectively).Conclusion: Through an analysis of national big data, this study found evidence that Korean girls showed a younger age at menarche in response to higher blood lead and mercury concentrations. To prevent and manage precocious puberty in Korean children and adolescents, a systematic policy that monitors both exposure to environmental hazards and blood heavy metal concentrations is needed.
Analgesic effects and distribution of cutaneous sensory blockade of quadratus lumborum block type 2 and posterior transversus abdominis plane block: an observational comparative study
Authors: Aoyama Yuki , Sakura Shinichi , Abe Shoko , Wada Minori , Saito Yoji
Published: February 2020

Background: The posterior transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) and quadratus lumborum block (QLB) were developed for postoperative pain control after lower abdominal surgery. However, there is little data regarding their effects. Their analgesic effects and the distribution of the cutaneous sensory blockade were observed in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. Methods: After an induction of general anesthesia, patients alternately received bilateral ultrasound-guided QLB type 2 (QLB2) or posterior TAPB using 20 ml of 0.375% levobupivacaine on each side. The measurements included visual analogue pain scores (VAS), cutaneous sensory blockade in each dermatome, demands for postoperative analgesics, and complications for up to 48 h after the block. Our primary endpoint was VAS at 24 h after the block. Results: Forty patients completed the study. The VAS at rest was significantly lower after QLB2 than that after TAPB at 48 h, but not at 24 h. Neither group differed in VAS when coughing at any point in time. Postoperative demands for fentanyl and other analgesics also did not differ for either block. The majority of injections produced a cutaneous sensory blockade in the T11 and T12 dermatomes in both groups. The median number of dermatomes blocked was limited to three dermatomes after either block. No severe complication related to either block was observed. Conclusions: The analgesic effects of QLB2 and posterior TAPB did not differ in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. The cutaneous sensory blockade produced was limited to three dermatomal levels in the majority of patients. However, these findings need to be confirmed through a larger comparative study.
Education and Training in the Field of Machines and
Mechanisms (A Comparative Study)
Authors: Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Darrab Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Darrab
Published: February 2020

Machines and mechanisms have always been used as tools
to improve both the lives and lifestyles of mankind. Human beings
started using them by converting natural resources into various forms
and shapes of ancient man-made tools. Similar has been the case with
one of the most basic areas of mechanical engineering: machines and
mechanisms, a field in which human species' invention of the wheel
emerged as the foremost and basic entity. As the engineering world
progresses the upcoming engineers have to be educated and trained for
these latest technological developments and also have to be imparted
with more skills in the form of research and development (R&D)
capability. This paper gives an overview of the educational status and
training facilities in the field of ‘machines and mechanism’ in a
developing country like Saudi Arabia. The study has revealed that the
Kingdom is presently focusing on such areas as mechanics,
kinematics, machine design, machine dynamics and theory of
machines which are mostly taught in the universities across the
Kingdom. The educational and training status of universities in Saudi
Arabia compared with those of educationally developed countries like
USA in the field of 'machines and mechanism' is discussed. The study
revealed that the nature of laboratory based training work, the
coverage of the related areas and the methods of teaching these highly
technical courses in Saudi universities need to be further improved in
order to become comparable to their counterparts in the world.
Recently, the Kingdom has initiated work in the field of ‘nano
technology’. What would be its impact on the design and development
of future curricula pertaining to machines and mechanisms is
highlighted. The paper concludes with certain recommendations that
can help policy planners in the field of engineering education, in
general, and machines and mechanisms,
Up-Gradation of Power System Protection Scheme
through TCP/IP Using GUI in MATLAB/Simulink
Authors: Mohammad Ali Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2020

The paper is concerned with the Power System Protection
schemes and the resulting design requirement that enhances stability
as well as control with the implementation of TCP/IP. It discusses the
architecture that upgrades the existing scheme by controlling all the
control signals traffic between generating units, transmission system,
connected loads and protection devices that are sensitive to control
signals using TCP/IP and results are compared using Graphics User
Interface (GUI) in MATLAB/Simulink. Protection system describes
latest breakers circuit using indirect tripping command from
generating units that protects load side through load breakers that
receives action signal from local controllers that have a direct
communication linkage with main server having strong data base,
directly monitors everything through TCP/IP platform using GUI.
Generating System Wellbeing Index Evaluation Using
Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Ahmed S. Al-Abdulwahab Ahmed S. Al-Abdulwahab
Published: February 2020

Reliability assessment of generation system is a crucial task
used to be done using deterministic approaches. However, due to the
practical limitations of these approaches, they have been gradually
replaced by probabilistic techniques. Nevertheless, there is a
considerable reluctance in many electric power utilities to completely
abandon deterministic considerations. To fulfill the industry need,
wellbeing analysis has been developed to combine the deterministic
and the probabilistic approaches in a single framework. Analytical
techniques or Monte Carlo Simulation have been used to evaluate
wellbeing indices. However, analytical approaches are complicated
and mathematically demanding and simulation technique requires a
huge amount of computing time, and large memory size. This still
prevents the utilities to benefit from the wellbeing framework. This
paper presents a novel Genetic Algorithm (GA) based technique to
calculate the wellbeing indices. Hopefully, this will encourage the
industry to benefit from the wellbeing analysis. The features of the
GA are utilized to collect and identify the health, marginal and at risk
wellbeing states and to calculate the associated wellbeing indices. The
proposed technique is applied to the IEEE-RBTS and the resulting
wellbeing indices are compared to those obtained using a conventional
analytical technique. The results show that the outcome of both
techniques is virtually identical. The effect of the GA parameters on
the wellbeing indices is examined. The proposed GA based technique
in the manner applied in this study is simple, practical and valid to
calculate the wellbeing indices.
Maximum Entropy Approach for Un-Reliable Server
Vacation Queueing Model with Optional Bulk Service
Authors: Madhu Jain, Madhu Jain,
Published: February 2020

In this study, we consider a single server vacation queueing
model with optional bulk service and an un-reliable server. A single
server provides first essential service (FES) to all arriving customers
one by one; apart from essential service, he can also facilitate the
additional phase of optional service (OS) in batches of fixed size b( ≥
1), in case when the customers request for it. The server may take a
single vacation whenever he finds no customers waiting in the queue
to be served. Moreover, the server is subjected to unpredictable
breakdown while providing the first essential service. The vacation
time, service time and repair time of the server are exponentially
distributed. The steady state results are obtained in terms of
probability generating function for queue size distributions. By using
the maximum entropy analysis (MEA), we derive various system
performance measures. A comparative study is performed between the
exact and approximate waiting time of the system. By taking the
numerical illustrations, the sensitivity analysis is done to explore the
effect of different descriptors on various performance measures.
Study of the Effect of the Geometrical Correction of the
Satellite Image on the Global Positioning System Tracking
by Using Geographical Information System
Authors: صباح حسين علي صباح حسين علي
Published: February 2020

The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for geometrical
correction (rectification) of the satellite imagery aims to establish the
relation between the image coordinate system and the GPS readout
coordinate system. By using this technique, the errors existing within
satellite image can be calibrated and reduced as well.
This paper introduces application of Geographical Information
System (GIS) and image processing software in addition to GPS for
measuring the coordinates of waypoints to be as ground control points
(GCPs) for the geometrical correction process of the QuickBird
satellite image for the adopted study area (Mosul City). For
comparison purpose, the geodetic rectification process was also done
for the adopted QuickBird satellite image with respect to the IKONOS
imagery. Due to the low standards in the geometric design
characteristics of the road which badly affected the GPS
measurements, the output results show that the geodetic rectification
of the QuickBird imagery with respect to IKONOS satellite image
gives more accuracy of results than GCP acquired by GPS. The
overall procedure applied in the present study shows the ability to give
an improvement in the positional accuracy of an already
georeferenced coordinate system of the QuickBird image which in
turn gives a higher accuracy of the GPS tracking path for the purpose
of mapping, urban planning, cartography, survey and other GIS
applications .
https://marz.kau.edu.sa/Files/320/Researches/70650_43625.pdf
Authors: Khalid H. Almitani Khalid H. Almitani
Published: February 2020

A crack is a type of damage that can lead to catastrophic failure when it grows in a structure. Thus prediction of cracks is a
very important problem that has to be addressed. Some studies have been done on non-destructive techniques to identify cracks.
Research interest in this area has been growing up quickly. In this study, a beam made of aluminum was used for detecting cracks
using vibration characteristics. A method to identify cracks in an aluminum beam was derived from the equation of the dynamic
stiffness. Rotational springs were used to model the cracks in the beam and the frequency response function was calculated using a
spectral element model using Finite Element Model (FEM). This procedure provides a relationship between the frequency response
and crack structure. The inverse problem was solved repetitively for crack positions and sizes using the Newton-Raphson method.
The finite element model was formulated to simulate the results and to provide vibration overall amplitude measurements. The
results showed at certain crack size, the amplitude increases with increasing crack depth for all crack positions. At crack size of 12
mm, an increase of 4.5% in amplitude was obtained for 60 mm crack position at a depth of 1.6 mm compared to its value at a depth
of 0.16 mm. Similarly, it was 8.4% at crack size of 16 mm. Also, the amplitude varies inversely with position. Furthermore, at certain
crack position, the amplitude increases with increasing crack depth for all crack sizes. At crack position of 75 mm, an increase of
12.6% in amplitude was obtained for 20 mm crack size at a depth of 1.6 mm compared to its value at a depth of 0.16 mm. Similarly,
it was 5.4% at crack position of 150 mm. Finally, the amplitude increases as crack size increases at a certain depth.