bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing the SwarmPAL Python package
Authors: Smith Ashley , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Balasis Georgios , Käki Sebastian , Hoppe Theresa , Vanhamäki Heikki
Published: February 2023

SwarmPAL is a new Python package under development with support from Swarm DISC (Data, Innovation, and Science Cluster). This project aims to provide the research community with a suite of tools to rapidly access, analyse, and visualise data from Swarm (and related data sources). By relying on the VirES system [1] for data access and other utilties, this greatly reduces the complexity required within SwarmPAL. By making use of HAPI [2], we can also connect to many other data sources to retrieve data from beyond Swarm. This is part of an overall strategy for integrating with the wider Python (and Jupyter) ecosystem, while being cognisant of the particular scientific landscape occupied by Swarm [3].SwarmPAL is developed by researchers and research software engineers: this ensures a close fit between the development process and the needs of researchers, as well as fostering software skills within the research community. Through several other DISC activities we bring different research teams together, working on different areas of Swarm science, to collaboratively work on the SwarmPAL system. Namely, these activities currently include the TFA (time frequency analysis), and DSECS (dipolar spherical elementary current systems) toolboxes. These toolboxes provide tools to rapidly and configurably apply analyses to Swarm data, while the SwarmPAL package provides the home for these, together with all the maintenance and documentation that this implies. The development process is made with a strong focus on sustainability and open source [4].[1] https://vires.services[2] https://hapi-server.org[3] https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.1002697[4] https://github.com/Swarm-DISC/SwarmPAL
A root hydraulic properties database: the link between experimental data and functional-structural models
Authors: Baca Cabrera Juan , Vanderborght Jan , Lobet Guillaume
Published: February 2023

Root water uptake is a central component in the modulation of water transport in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. The mechanistic description of this process, based on root hydraulics, is needed for improving predictions of water fluxes at plant, field or regional scales, and for increasing our understanding of the environmental conditions and vegetation properties affecting it. Functional-structural models can be used for this purpose, but they depend on the availability of accurate data on root hydraulic properties for their parametrization. Here, we present an open access root hydraulic properties database obtained from an extensive literature review of more than 200 studies published between 1973–2022. This includes measurements of the radial conductivity and the axial conductance of root segments and individual roots, as well as of the resulting conductance of the whole root system for multiple species, plant functional types (PFT’s) and experimental treatments. To our knowledge, this is the most extensive root hydraulic properties database that has been compiled.The database shows a very large range of variation in reported root hydraulic properties, which cannot be explained by systematic differences among PFT’s or species, alone, but rather by factors such as root system age, experimental treatments or the driving force used for measurement (hydrostatic or osmotic). Based on these observations, we used the functional-structural model CPlantBox to explore the relationship between root system age and whole root system conductance in more detail, using crop species as an example. For this, both the data needed for model parametrization (hydraulic properties of root segments) and validation (root system conductance) were extracted from the database. The results indicate a decrease in the total conductance per unit root surface area at later stages of development, which could be associated with a larger proportion of less conductive old root tissues.This analysis exemplifies the importance of the root hydraulic database in two fronts: (1) it serves as a link between experimental data and functional-structural models; and (2) it facilitates the mechanistic description of the factors affecting root hydraulic properties across species and under contrasting environmental conditions.
Seed microbial community characterisation and isolation from three species common to fire-prone Australia.
Authors: Machado de Lima Nathali Maria , Tangney Ryan , Muñoz Rojas Miriam , Ooi Mark
Published: February 2023

Microorganisms called endophytes are passed from parent plants to their offspring and play significant roles in plant growth and development. In recent years, endophytes have gained attention for their ability to help plants withstand stress and have been used in revegetation efforts. However, there is still a lack of understanding about seed endophytes in ecosystems prone to fire, where the dormancy and germination of seeds are affected by various factors that can impact the persistence of plant populations. This gap in knowledge hinders the ability to predict how plant populations will respond to selective pressures and stress caused by climate change. To address this, the present study focused on characterizing seed-borne endophytes in order to understand their potential to enhance germination and growth under stress. Mixed and pure cultures of endophytes were isolated from the fire-prone species Anigozanthos manglesii, Haemodorum planifolium and Haemodorum spicatum, all of which are native to Banksia woodlands in Western Australia and belong to the Haemodoraceae family. The bacterial community composition and diversity of each species were also analyzed using next-generation sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA. This study is unique in examining seed endophytes in fire-prone species and provides a foundation for future research on the relationship between seed microbiome composition, germination success, and seedling vigour.
Inferred Ionospheric irregularity scales from amplitude scintillation
Authors: Meziane Karim , Hamza Abdelhaq M. , Jayachandran Tayyil P.
Published: February 2023

The analysis of the structure function of a GNSS signal amplitude measured on the ground has revealed that ionospheric scintillation could be considered a proxy for ionospheric turbulence. More precisely, and in a recent report, the existence of a linear range with respect to the time lag in the structure function has been highlighted. In this context, the inertial-range analog has been determined from the analysis of a large set of scintillation events collected over several days from Pond Inlet located in the northern polar region and from Sao Paolo located at 23.2 degrees South of the Equator. At high latitude, we found that the mean value of the first-order scaling exponent is H = 0.55 ± 0.07, while a low altitude H is typically larger with H = 0.84 ±.11. This result clearly indicates that the long-time lag positive correlation remains persistent in the low latitude region. At high latitude however, both negative and positive long time lag correlation can occur. In addition, the obtained results clearly show that the inertial range analog is significantly smaller at high latitude, particularly the upper bound time lags at which the structure function deviates from linearity. This distinction may pinpoint to a difference in the ionospheric irregularity drift speed.   
Cascading Hazards in a Migrating Forearc-Arc System: Earthquake and Eruption Triggering in Nicaragua
Authors: Higgins Machel , La Femina Peter C. , Saballos Armando J. , Ouertani Samantha , Fischer Karen M. , Geirsson Halldór , Strauch Wilfred , Mattioli Glen , Malservisi Rocco
Published: February 2023

Strain partitioning in the Central American convergent margin between the subducting Cocos Plate and Caribbean Plate is accommodated along the Middle America Trench and faults in the forearc-arc regions. In Nicaragua northwest-directed (margin parallel) forearc motion occurs on northeast (margin normal) and northwest (margin parallel) trending faults within the arc. The proximity of active faults and magmatic systems has historically led to magma-tectonic interactions. We investigate the active tectonics of Nicaragua, including a triggered sequence of earthquakes and a volcanic eruption. We use GPS-derived co-seismic displacements and relocated earthquake aftershocks to study the April 10, 2014 (Mw 6.1), September 15, 2016 (Mw 5.7), and September 28, 2016 (Mw 5.5) as a triggered sequence of earthquakes on faults that accommodate forearc motion. Our analyses and modeling indicate that the April 10, 2014 earthquake ruptured a previously unmapped margin parallel right-lateral strike-slip fault in Lago de Managua (Xolotlan) and that the September 2016 earthquakes ruptured mapped arc-normal, left-lateral and oblique-slip faults. The April 10, 2014 earthquake promoted failure of the September 2016 earthquake faults by imparting static Coulomb failure stress changes of 0.02 MPa to 0.07 MPa. Additionally, the September 15, 2016, earthquake promoted failure (static Coulomb failure stress change of 0.08 MPa to 0.1 MPa) on a sub-parallel fault that ruptured five hours after the mainshock. The April 10, 2014 earthquake displaced the flank of Momotombo volcano ~6 cm coseismically and dilated (10s of µStrain) the shallow magma system of Momotombo Volcano, which led to magma injection, ascent, and eruption on December 1, 2015, after ~100 years of quiescence. In total, this sequence represents the potential for cascading hazards in a forearc-arc system, with earthquake and magmatic triggering over short spatial (10’s km) and temporal (yrs) scales.
Global Hall MHD simulations of Mercury's magnetosphere: Formation and properties of flux transfer events (FTEs) under different solar wind conditions
Authors: Jia Xianzhe , Li Changkun
Published: February 2023

Mercury possesses a miniature but dynamic magnetosphere driven primarily by the solar wind through magnetic reconnection. A prominent feature of the dayside magnetopause reconnection that has been frequently observed is flux transfer events (FTEs), which are thought to be an important player in driving the global convection at Mercury. Using the BATSRUS Hall MHD model with coupled planetary interior, we have conducted a series of high-resolution global simulations to investigate the generation and characteristics of FTEs under different solar wind Alfvénic Mach numbers (MA) and IMF orientations. In all simulations driven by steady upstream conditions, FTEs are formed quasi-periodically with recurrence time ranging from 2 to 9 seconds, and their characteristics vary in time as they evolve and interact with the surrounding plasma and magnetic field. Our statistical analysis of the simulated FTEs reveals that the key properties of FTEs, including spatial size, traveling speed and core field strength, all exhibit notable dependence on the solar wind MA and IMF orientation, and the trends identified from the simulations are generally consistent with previous MESSENGER observations. It is also found that FTEs formed in the simulations contribute a significant portion of the total open flux created at the dayside magnetopause that participates in the global circulation, suggesting that FTEs indeed play an important role in driving the Dungey cycle at Mercury.
Over one million displacement products from ARIA and counting: Enabling open-science and disaster response for everyone
Authors: Sangha Simran , Bato M. Grace , Arenas Nicholas , Bekaert David , Buzzanga Brett , Gens Rudiger , Govorcin Marin , Kennedy Joseph , Johnston Andrew , Havazli Emre , Hogenson Kirk , Lu Zhong , Marshak Charlie , Meyer Franz , Short Greg , Tiampo Kristy , Wang Jiahui , Zinke Robert
Published: February 2023

Major geological hazards can devastate essential infrastructure and result in widespread injury and death. Understanding the underlying processes that can lead to these hazards and providing analysis-ready datasets in a timely fashion is crucial for hazard monitoring and disaster response and recovery efforts. In support of NASA's vision, we are committed to an open-source science initiative enabling the transparency, inclusivity and accessibility, and reproducibility of  Earth observation data – all fundamental to the pace and quality of scientific progress. Under a NASA ACCESS effort, we have: 1) significantly lowered the latency of delivering displacement products, i.e. the Sentinel-1 Geocoded Unwrapped (S1-GUNW) products, and 2) enabled the expansion of the displacement data archive to over one million S1-GUNW products, currently making ARIA one of the largest open InSAR archives spanning continental scales across most major active tectonic and volcanic regions (Sangha et al., 2022). The scientific analysis of these products is streamlined via the open-source ARIA-tools, which simplifies the download and preparation of S1-GUNWs for time-series analysis through the open-source MintPy software (Yunjun et al., 2019). The derived datasets can support science applications as well as timely science-driven decision-making efforts, particularly, after or during disaster and recovery periods.Here we demonstrate how our updated infrastructure, driven by an open-source Hybrid Pluggable Processing Pipeline (HyP3) cloud architecture, can be leveraged to support open science and disaster response applications ranging from analysis of volcanic unrest and earthquakes, to characterizing broader-scale tectonic processes.
The First Observations of Deimos by the Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS)
Authors: Holsclaw Gregory , Deighan Justin , Chaffin Michael , Al Matroushi Hessa , Lillis Robert , Fillingim Matthew , England Scott , Jain Sonal , Lootah Fatma , Al Mazmi Hoor , Bershenyi Gabriel , Pilinski Emily , Teil Thibaud , Parker Jeff , Sharaf Omran
Published: February 2023

The Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) Hope probe launched on 20 Jul 2020 and entered Mars orbit on 9 Feb 2021, carrying a payload of 3 complementary instruments to characterize the global atmosphere across the full range of altitudes (surface to exosphere) at diurnal and seasonal timescales.  The unique, high-altitude orbit of the Hope probe (19,970 km periapse, 42,650 km apoapse altitude, 25 deg inclination, 54.5-hour period) that enables its synoptic view of the red planet also brings the spacecraft across the orbit of Mars’ outermost moon, Deimos.  The Hope trajectory was slightly modified by two maneuvers in Aug 2022 and Jan 2023 that will allow the surface of Deimos to be observed in a series of flybys in Feb-Mar 2023.  Here we present preliminary results from the Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS), an imaging spectrograph with a wavelength range of 100-170 nm and a field of view of 10.75 x 0.18 deg (using the high-resolution slit position).  We will derive the absolute reflectance of the surface, search for any compositionally distinct spectral features (e.g. carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water ice), and examine any spatial heterogeneity across the surface.
Things we just don't talk about: ethics in mineral collection
Authors: Eriksson Susan
Published: February 2023

Minerals occupy a unique position as specimens yielding scientific information, objects with aesthetic and monetary value, and substances necessary for modern society. Aside from minerals in industrial use, a broad range of people are interested in minerals such as geologists, gemologists and jewelers, and people involved in minerals as collectors’ items including miners, dealers, private and institutional collectors, curators -- even art collectors and anthropologists. Traditionally, we have taken the extractive nature of these minerals for granted with little discussion of where and how they are obtained.Adherence to legalities, disclosure of information, and personal and institutions responsibility are among ethical considerations. Legal considerations include how a mineral specimen is obtained in its initial extraction, its movement through opaque supply chains, export and import requirements, and ownership transfer. Disclosure issues range from curators and institutions maintaining and relaying accurate information about a mineral’s authenticity, sourcing, and history. What ethical responsibilities do individuals and institutions possess to ensure acquisition policies that address these issues? And, finally, as mineral extraction becomes a more pressing issue in the world’s move from a fossil-fuel economy, where does ethics lie in educating the public in the role minerals play in the environment and society?Some of these questions raise issues which, in their complexity, have no apparent or easy solution. This paper presents the results of a literature survey on ethics of mineral specimens and raises questions for geoscientists.
Last Interglacial Saharo-Arabian palaeoclimate variability and Homo sapiens dispersal: insights from the speleothem record of Southern Arabia
Authors: Nicholson Samuel , Jacobson Matthew , Groucutt Huw , Markowska Monika , Vonhof Hubert , Hosfield Rob , Pike Alistair , Burns Stephen , Matter Albert , Fleitmann Dominik
Published: February 2023

The fluctuating climatic conditions of the Saharo-Arabian desert belt are increasingly important for both palaeoclimatic and palaeoanthropological debates. Currently, Saharo-Arabia acts as a vast biogeographic barrier between the Afrotropical and Palaearctic realms. On orbital timescales, northward incursions of the African (ASM) and Indian (ISM) Summer Monsoons activated fluvio-lacustrine systems and led to the formation of grassland habitats. The formation of these habitats has been considered a crucial factor in Homo sapiens dispersals into the Saharo-Arabian deserts and beyond. The so-called “northern route” favours a terrestrial dispersal through green palaeohydrological corridors. However, a maritime “southern route” during the sea-level low-stand of Glacial Termination-II (T-II) has also been proposed. The precise phasing between the onset of wetter conditions and rising sea-levels may thus be a crucial factor for testing these alternative hypotheses. Here, we present a precisely dated high-resolution (<100 yrs) stalagmite record from Mukalla Cave, Yemen, at a key location on the “southern route”. Wetter conditions in Southern Arabia prevailed from ~127.7 to ~121.1 ka BP and occurred when sea-levels were already higher than at present, revealing a phase-lag of several thousand-years between sea-level rise and the onset of pluvial conditions. This lag is likely related to the colder conditions of Heinrich Stadial-11, which supressed the interhemispheric pressure gradient and the ASM and ISM throughout T-II despite rising insolation. δ18Oca values indicate rainfall intensity during the ~127.7 to ~121.1 ka BP interval 1) followed low-latitude insolation, and 2) was the greatest in the last 130,000 years.  Additionally, a mixed C3/C4 grassland environment, as revealed by stalagmite δ13Cca values, was present in the now desert interior of Yemen. Combined with archaeological evidence, we discuss the potential implications our results have for H. sapiens biogeographical shifts and dispersal processes across Saharo-Arabia during early MIS 5. 
Coupled soil biogeochemical and plant responses to experimental warming control emergent soil carbon stocks
Authors: Riley William , Tao Jing , Torn Margaret
Published: February 2023

Soil organic carbon (SOC) responses to atmospheric warming depend on soil biogeochemical and plant responses and their interactions. These processes occur over a wide range of time scales and are spatially heterogeneous, leading to difficulties in predicting emergent ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we explore coupled soil and plant responses to warming using a mechanistic model (ecosys) and observations from a whole-soil warming experiment in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California (Blodgett Forest Whole Soil Warming Experiment). ecosys represents the coupled hydrological, thermal, soil biogeochemical, and plant processes that affect ecosystem carbon cycling, and has been applied and tested in dozens of ecosystems. We briefly describe the model components relevant to the warming study and then show that it accurately simulates observed soil moisture and temperature, SOC stocks, root biomass, and experimental warming effects on soil T and moisture. Using the simulations, we then show that the emergent short-term effect of warming on respiration losses is dominated by heterotrophic respiration vs changes in plant inputs. However, multi-season to multi-year responses strongly depend on changes in N availability and plant N uptake, leading to increased soil surface CO2 emissions from heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration, increases in aboveground biomass, and relatively small changes in SOC stocks from increased litter inputs. We also explore the roles of microbial thermal adaptation and soil moisture on the SOC stock changes. Finally, we compare the short- and long-term responses to warming to evaluate how well experimental soil warming manipulations directly inform ecosystem carbon dynamics under expected long-term climate change warming. Our work highlights the need to evaluate climate change impacts on the carbon cycle for the integrated plant-soil system, and points to needed improvements in current large-scale land models.
Volcanic degassing during the recent Fagradalsfjall and Merardalir eruptions, Iceland
Authors: Scott Samuel , Pfeffer Melissa , Oppenheimer Clive , Stefánsson Andri
Published: February 2023

The recent eruptions of Fagradalsfjall and Meradalir (Iceland) marks the first eruptive episode on the Reykjanes Peninsula in nearly 800 years. Open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) measurements of major and minor gas molecular species (including H2O, CO2, SO2, HCl, HF and CO) in the gas emissions have been performed on more than twenty occasions throughout the eruptions in 2021 and 2022. Generally, the gas emissions are water-rich (60-95 mol % H2O) and show CO2/SO2 molar ratios of ~4, consistent with magma generation at >15 km depth. Comparison of measured gas emissions with geochemical models of degassing of the Fagradalsfjall basaltic melt suggest that fractional degassing is necessary to explain the high-water contents of the fountaining gas at Fagradalsfjall, implying that a significant fraction of the CO2 that has exsolved from the magma is lost at depth prior to eruption. The measured vent gas emissions display enigmatic changes as a function of time, with lowest H2O/CO2 and H2O/SO2 ratios measured early in the eruption at Fagradalsfjall in 2021 and higher ratios during later stages and during the Meradalir eruption in 2022. The chemistry of the gas emissions is significantly affected by the style of degassing, with gas emitted by surface lava flows characterized by higher H2O/CO2 and H2O/SO2 and lower SO2/HCl and SO2/HF ratios compared to gas emitted at actively erupting vents. Moreover, the data record significant short-term temporal changes in chemistry on the timescales of minutes associated with intermittent fountaining and cooling/solidification of lava flows. This study highlights the utility of OP-FTIR techniques for tracing basaltic magma degassing in space and time. 
Role of Satellite Precipitation Products in Real-Time Predictions of Urban Rainfall-Runoff by Using Machine Learning Modelling
Authors: Girotto Cristiane , Piadeh Farzad , Behzadian Kourosh , Zolgharni Massoud , Campos Luiza , Chen Albert
Published: February 2023

The accurate prediction of runoff features such as water level and flow is valuable for planning and operation of urban drainage systems (UDS), especially for appropriately acting as flood control mechanisms during extreme rainfall events which are constantly impacted by climate change variables [1]. In addition, cost-effective design, and operation of flood control measures such as smart UDS require highly accurate rainfall predictions across the catchment area, i.e., intensity and duration [2]. Furthermore, sufficient lead time is needed to activate the control mechanisms on the UDS without affecting the accuracy of the predictions. It seems that the emerging use of satellite precipitation products (SPPs) is promising for obtaining predictions with longer lead times [3]. Hence, more exploration of potential runoff predictions by using SPPs is worth investigating to achieve a more accurate and longer lead time.This study employs a type of SPPs i.e., global precipitation measurement-integrated multi-satellite retrieval product (GPM-IMERG) to predict rainfall-runoff duration, peak and volume, as well as changes in flow over the course of the event at 30-minute intervals. In order to train and validate the machine learning model, the data from GPM-IMERG V06 was merged with ground data from the catchment precipitation gauge and flow sensor. The methodology is demonstrated by its application to the rainfall-runoff modelling of a real-world small urban sub-catchment area and its performance is evaluated by comparing it with the runoff predictions from physically based simulation models [4].Results show that while using SPPs solely can provide accurate predictions, significant improvement can be obtained when this data is integrated with ground monitoring data. The model output can be utilised for better design, planning and management of UDS technologies as flood control tools and consequently real-time operation of UDS in urban flooding.[1] Ferrans, P., Torres, M., Temprano, J., Sánchez, J., (2022). Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) modelling supporting decision-making: A systematic quantitative review. Science of The Total Environment. 806(2), 150447.[2] Guptha, G., Swain, S., Al-Ansari, N., Taloor, A., Dayal, D. (2022). Assessing the role of SuDS in resilience enhancement of urban drainage system: A case study of Gurugram City, India. Urban Climate, 41, 101075.[3] Piadeh, F., Behzadian, K., Alani, A. (2022). A critical review of real-time modelling of flood forecasting in urban drainage systems. Journal of Hydrology, 607, 127476.[4] Broekhuizen, I., Leonhardt, G., Marsalek, J., & Viklander, M. (2020). Event selection and two-stage approach for calibrating models of green urban drainage systems. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 24(2), 869–885.
Experimental study of dissolution style of diamonds from volcaniclastic vs. hypabyssal kimberlite facies: the effect of melt composition on kimberlite eruption and geology
Authors: Fedortchouk Yana
Published: February 2023

Kimberlites are the deepest and the most enigmatic magmas that reach the surface of the Earth. Their source, origin and even composition are a subject of debates. Kimberlites form hypabyssal sills and dykes but most often occur as explosion pipes, which comprise various volcaniclastic and magmatic units. Differences in the geological composition, shape and size of kimberlite pipes worldwide arise from the differences in the eruption processes and are the base for distinguishing three kimberlite classes. However, it is not clear if these differences result from the properties of the country rocks or from variable magma composition especially H2O : CO2 ratio.During the ascent, kimberlites transport mantle fragments including diamonds to the surface and partially dissolve them. Previous studies have shown that dissolution features on diamond reflect the conditions in the host magma and especially presence and composition of fluid. Diamonds from volcaniclastic facies of different kimberlite classes all show very similar low-relief surface features indicating presence of fluid. Geometry of the trigonal etch pits on diamonds helps to deduce H2O:CO2 ratio of kimberlitic fluid. On the contrary, “corrosive” resorption styles of diamonds from hypabyssal kimberlite (HK) units are different between the three kimberlite classes allowing to examine differences in their crystallization conditions. This study aims to reproduce corrosive resorption of diamonds in controlled experiments in order to examine the composition of kimberlite magma in different kimberlite classes and its effects on magma emplacement.Experiments were conducted in piston-cylinder apparatus at pressure 0.5 – 1 GPa and temperatures 1000 – 1200oC using a range of volatile-undersaturated silicate and silico-carbonate melts. Experiments produced three specific resorption styles previously reported on natural diamonds from HK: (i) sharp pointy features common for diamonds from HK in class 3 kimberlites; (ii) corrosion sculptures common for diamonds from HK in class 1 kimberlite; (iii) deep channels – rare but prominent feature of natural diamonds. We compare our experimental results to the features of natural diamonds from HK units of class 1 kimberlites (Orapa kimberlite cluster, Botswana) and class 3 (Ekati Mine kimberlites, Canada) to compare magma composition and emplacement conditions of different kimberlite classes.
The morpho-sedimentary record of impact crater Lake Manicouagan in northeastern Canada, from an overdeepened valley to a large hydroelectric reservoir
Authors: Chassiot Léo , Lajeunesse Patrick , L'Heureux-Houde François-Xavier , Frigon Ariane , Lenz Kai-Frederik , Gebhardt Catalina , Francus Pierre
Published: February 2023

Manicouagan, the ‘Eye of Québec’, is an annular-shaped impact structure located in northeastern Canada (51˚N). The completion of a large hydroelectric dam in 1970 CE flooded two 60-km long lakes that were located on east and west sides of the inner ring. The drowning of the lakes under 135 m of water marked the final stage of the Late Quaternary history of Manicouagan. The morpho-sedimentary record combining sismo-acoustic imagery, swath bathymetry, and sediment cores aims to (1) reconstruct the Late Quaternary history of Manicouagan; and (2) assess the impacts of damming, in this case the drowning of a large boreal lake that used to be an indigenous cultural habitat. At the eastern end, the flooded Lake Manicouagan, has a fjord-like setting characterized by a shelf representing the lowest lake-level, steep walls > 45˚, and deep environments. The glacial-postglacial evolution, linked to the northward retreat of the Laurentian Ice Sheet, is preserved in overdeepened basins reaching 455 m deep, that is 105 m below modern sea-level. To the north, these basins are buried under a postglacial drape resulting from strong river inputs. Downstream, sedimentary units build channel-and-levee systems along a deep canyon. At mid-lake, a sill connects to southern basins displaying a hummocky topography. Postglacial conditions are characterized by a lake-wide record of gravity events originating from the shelf and above. Core-scanning techniques along with dating information (14C, 210Pb, 137Cs) on a transect of short-cores highlight the role of natural and human-induced water-level fluctuations on the generation of slope hazards. Ongoing analyses expect to (1) precise the nature, timing, extent and impacts of natural and man-made hazards; (2) reconstruct environment-climate evolution from a remote boreal region where limnogeological records are scarce.
Study of Ion Injection into the Inner Magnetosphere Using an Implicit Particle in Cell Simulation Driven by A Global MHD simulation
Authors: El Alaoui Mostafa , Lapenta Giovanni , Rusaitis Liutauras , Walker Raymond
Published: February 2023

Observations and magnetohydrodynamic simulations show that not all plasma injections from reconnection in the tail reach the inner magnetosphere to populate the ring current. We have used a self-consistent three-dimension particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation one way coupled to a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system to investigate the population of the ring current during storm time substorms. This model includes a large fraction of the inner magnetosphere and the near-Earth tail. It allows us to study of the injection of particles from the tail and the interaction of the particles with plasma waves. The calculation begins with electrons and ions propagating earthward from the tail reconnection region. The particle distributions that enter the inner magnetosphere (R < 10 RE) from the magnetotail have a suprathermal component which acts as a seed population for the ring current. We imposed a steady southward IMF with a magnitude of 8 nT at the upstream boundary of the MHD simulation domain for more than three hours. The solar wind number density was 6 cm-3, the thermal pressure was 16 pPa, and the velocity was 530 km/s in the X direction toward Earth.  After we ran the MHD simulation, we chose an interval to examine during which there were several earthward flow channels and dipolarization fronts. Then, we used the output from this time to populate a large PIC simulation domain in the inner magnetosphere. In GSM coordinates, this domain extends over -22 RE <X < 12.5 RE, -13 RE < Y <13 RE, -5 RE < Z < 5 RE. The mass ratio was 256 with realistic ions and more massive electrons. In an initial simulation, we ran the code for 16,000 cycles and found that a ring current developed. We will discuss the reasons why some particles from the tail reach the inner magnetosphere, and some do not by examining how the particles are accelerated and lost.    
High-resolution mantle flow models reveal importance of plate boundary geometry and slab pull forces on generating tectonic plate motions
Authors: Saxena Arushi , Dannberg Juliane , Gassmoeller Rene
Published: February 2023

Plate tectonics can explain several geological and geophysical phenomena on Earth, and a number of mantle flow models have been developed to investigate the underlying plate tectonic forces. However, these models have come to contradictory conclusions on the balance between the resisting and driving forces. Additionally, they have used the same simplified model to represent the geometry of the plates, and therefore the impact of plate boundary geometry on surface deformation remains unknown.To address these issues, we have developed high-resolution global instantaneous mantle convection models based on recent geophysical constraints with a heterogeneous density and viscosity distribution and weak plate boundaries prescribed using different plate boundary configurations. We find a good fit to the observed GPS data for models with plate boundaries that are 3 to 4 orders of magnitude weaker than the surrounding lithosphere and low asthenospheric viscosities between 5×1017 and 5×1018 Pa s for all plate boundary configurations. We also find that the model with plate boundaries defined by the Global Earthquake Model (GEM, Pagani et al., 2018)—featuring open plate boundaries with discrete lithospheric-depth weak zones in the oceans and distributed crustal faults within continents—achieves the best fit to the observed GPS data with a directional correlation of 95.1% and a global point-wise velocity residual of 1.87 cm/year. These results show that Earth’s plate boundaries are not uniform and better described by more discrete plate boundaries within the oceans and distributed faults within continents.Our models also quantify the contributions to the plate driving forces originating from heterogeneities in the upper mantle and the lower mantle, respectively, finding that the slab-pull in the top 300 km alone contributes ~70% of the total plate speeds. Noting the importance of slab pull as a major plate driving force, we further investigate the influence of subduction zone and slab geometry on surface plate motions and their fit to GPS data. Specifically, our models compare a simplified slab structure to a more detailed representation of slabs based on the Slab2 database (Hayes et al., 2018), and reaffirm that a realistic slab geometry is a crucial factor in the transmission of slab pull forces to the plate.
Garnet chronology: status quo
Authors: Smit Matthijs
Published: February 2023

The wish to obtain age data from garnet became reality in 1980 when Griffin and Brueckner1 published the first-ever Sm-Nd garnet ages. The Silurian Sm-Nd ages that they obtained for eclogites, which until then had been considered Precambrian in age, showed the tremendous potential of this technique. Following analytical developments and constraints on chronometer systematics2, the technique became widely used in various metamorphic systems and settings, including in rocks from the upper mantle. Following the first successful attempt at Lu-Hf garnet dating3 and calibration of the 176Lu decay constant4,5, the Lu-Hf system was established as an alternative to Sm-Nd in garnet chronology, with possible advantages, including higher P/D, shorter half-life and lower daughter-element diffusivity.Like other radiometric techniques that use isotope dilution, these techniques have the advantage of high precision, but are time-intensive and provide grain-averaged ages. Dating of individual garnet zones with either technique is possible, but only in specific cases6-8. Novel approaches to in-situ garnet chronology by combining laser ablation micro-sampling with U-Pb analysis by MC-ICP-MS9 or Lu-Hf analysis by ICP-MS/MS10 provide an exciting addition to garnet chronology, with advantages and disadvantages inverted compared to convention techniques: lower precision, but rapid throughput and high spatial resolution.The field of garnet chronology is now at an exciting point, where applications of the technique have greatly diversified, new techniques are emerging, and improvements are ongoing – in sample-size requirements for conventional techniques, and accuracy and precision for in-situ techniques. How do these techniques compare, and which approach is best, or "good enough", in a given case? This presentation will focus on the status-quo anno 2023, and will explore frontier applications of Lu-Hf garnet dating in the crust and mantle.1 Griffin, W.L., Brueckner, H.K. (1980) Nature 285, 319-321.2 Mezger, K., Essene, E.J., Halliday, A.N. (1992) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 113, 397-409.3 Duchêne, S., Blichert-Toft, J., Luais, B., Télouk, P., Lardeaux, J.-M., Albarède, F. (1997) Nature 387, 586-589.4 Scherer, E.E., Münker, C., Mezger, K. (2001) Science 293, 683-687.5 Söderlund, U., Patchett, P.J., Vervoort, J.D., Isachsen, C.E. (2004) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 219, 311-324.6 Pollington, A.D., Baxter, E.F., (2010) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 293, 63-71.7 Dragovic, B., Baxter, E.F., Caddick, M.J. (2015) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 413, 111-122.8 Tual, L., Smit, M.A., Cutts, J.A., Kooijman, E., Kielman-Schmitt, M., Majka, J., Foulds, I. (2022) Chem. Geol. 607, 121003.9 Millonig, L.J., Albert, R., Gerdes, A., Avigad, D., Dietsch, C. (2020) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 552, 116589.10 Simpson, A., Gilbert, S., Tamblyn, R., Hand, M., Spandler, C., Gillespie, J., Nixon, A., Glorie, S. (2021) Chem. Geol. 577, 120299.
Identifying compound weather prototypes of forest mortality with β-VAE
Authors: Anand Mohit , Bohn Friedrich , Sweet Lily-belle , Camps-Valls Gustau , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: February 2023

Forest health is affected by many interacting and correlated weather variables over multiple temporal scales. Climate change affects weather conditions and their dependencies. To better understand future forest health and status, an improved scientific  understanding of the complex relationships between weather conditions and forest mortality is required. Explainable AI (XAI) methods are increasingly used to understand and simulate physical processes in complex environments given enough data. In this work, an hourly weather generator (AWE-GEN) is used  to simulate 200,000 years of daily weather conditions representative of central Germany. It is capable of simulating low and high-frequency characteristics of weather variables and also captures the inter-annual variability of precipitation. These data are then used to drive an individual-based forest model (FORMIND) to simulate the dynamics of a beech, pine, and spruce forest. A variational autoencoder β-VAE is used to learn representations of the generated weather conditions, which include radiation, precipitation and temperature. We learn shared and specific variable latent representations using a decoder network which remains the same for all the weather variables. The representation learning is completely unsupervised. Using the output of the forest model, we identify single and compounding weather prototypes that are associated with extreme forest mortality. We find that the prototypes associated with extreme mortality are similar for pine and spruce forests and slightly different for beech forests. Furthermore, although the compounding weather prototypes represent a larger sample size (2.4%-3.5%) than the single prototypes (1.7%-2.2%), they are associated with higher levels of mortality on average. Overall, our research illustrates how deep learning frameworks can be used to identify weather patterns that are associated with extreme impacts. 
Towards an integrated anthropogenic emission inventory for China
Authors: Zhang Yijuan , Brasseur Guy , Granier Claire , Daskalakis Nikos , Poulidis Alexandros Panagiotis , Qu Kun , Dai Jianing , Vrekoussis Mihalis
Published: February 2023

The implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Action Plan (2013–2017) in China has led to a significant decrease in anthropogenic emissions. However, at the same time, ozone (O­3), a secondary pollutant formed from nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight, has increased in the large urban agglomerations of China. To better understand the reasons behind this increase, high-quality anthropogenic emission inventories are needed. In this study, we compared ozone precursor emissions in China from various anthropogenic emission inventories (EIs), including the national EI, Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), and three global EIs from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMs), Community Emission Data System (CEDS), and Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution project (HTAP). Differences in emission magnitudes, trends, and spatial distributions were investigated. Global-scale and regional EIs were homogenized by sector and specie to obtain ‘harmonized’ EIs. These harmonized inventories were then used to drive WRF-Chem simulations for the winter and summer of 2017, and the results for each EI were evaluated against observations from the air quality monitoring network developed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. The outcome of this study denotes that using harmonized regional and global EIs can significantly improve the performance of the numerical models when simulating the atmospheric composition of large agglomerations in China. 
Instrumenting good modelling practice as common practice
Authors: Jakeman Anthony , Elsawah Sondoss , Hamilton Serena
Published: February 2023

Good modelling practice has many requirements. Above all, the process should be complete and transparent enough so that the credibility of its conclusions can be comprehended, or even assessed, by its intended audience. And the more complex, uncertain and cross-sectoral the problem being modelled, or potentially devastating its consequences may be, the more the need for good practice. Consequently, good modelling practice is essential in addressing not just climate change issues, but also cross-sectoral issues such as occurs with water, energy, agriculture and the socio-economy. Yet despite widespread acknowledgment of the grand socio-environmental challenges facing the planet, practices as seen in the major literature largely remain meagre, and most often are pathetically inadequate.The presentation begins with a list of specific technical complaints around poor practice, ones that could be easily remedied by modellers, to concede this unnecessary state of affairs. We argue for a suitable ontology around concepts for anchoring good modelling practice, including trustworthiness, assurance, robustness, reproducibility and credibility, along with fitness-for-purpose notions of usability, reliability and feasibility. We also emphasize the often-overlooked role of human factors in the modelling process, including assumptions and choices made by the modeller, and consider how consequent biases or uncertainties can be reduced. We then synthesize the steps in the modelling process as recognized in the scientific and grey literature, and provide examples of checklists of questions that merit addressing for each step. Many of these questions prompt consideration of methodological choices, especially around uncertainty and scale. Good modelling practice warrants greater transparency in documenting, justifying and, wherever possible, comparing methodological choices and related assumptions. We argue that the level of robustness to choices be made clearer.The modelling community must however address how to advance modelling so that good practice becomes not just well-known but common practice. Instruments for achieving this are posited around: regulation by journals in terms of standards that they require for relevant papers published; developing incentives for following good practice; promoting an institutional/community culture around it, and expanding education and capacity building in modelling that focusses from the start on good practice as being fundamental.
The effect of an evolving Greenland ice sheet in NorESM2 projections
Authors: Haubner Konstanze , Goelzer Heiko , Langebroek Petra , Born Andreas
Published: February 2023

The Greenland ice sheet's mass loss is increasing and so is its impact to the climate system. Yet, Earth System models mostly keep ice sheets at a constant extent or treat interactions with the ice sheets fairly simple.Here, we present the first simulations of NorESM2 coupled to the ice sheet model CISM over Greenland. We compare NorESM2 simulations from 1850 to 2300 with and without an evolving ice sheet over Greenland based on the ssp585 scenario and its extension to 2300. Ocean and atmosphere horizontal resolution are on 1deg, while the coupled ice sheet module CISM is running on 4km. The coupling setup is based on CESM2. Ice extent and elevation are provided to the atmosphere every 5years and the land model every year. Whereas the ice sheet receives updated surface mass balance every year.We show the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet and changes in atmosphere, ocean and sea ice.Overall global mean surface air temperatures (SAT) change from 14°C to 24°C by 2300 with the steepest increase between 2070-2200.Over the Southern ocean and Antarctica, SAT are increasing by 10°C, while over the Northern hemisphere we see a change of 15-28°C by 2300. At the end of the simulations (year 2300), SAT over Greenland are 6°C warmer when including an evolving ice sheet. In contrast, the ocean surrounding Greenland shows SAT that are 2°C colder in the coupled system, compared to the simulation with a fixed Greenland ice sheet. Sea surface temperatures show the same ~2°C difference around Greenland in coupled and uncoupled simulation. The overall change in sea surface temperatures is 12°C.Minimum and maximum sea ice extent differs only slightly with and without the coupling, indicating that the overall warming seems to dictate speed of the sea ice retreat.