bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Somatic and psychological effects of low-dose aromatase inhibition in men with obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypotestosteronemia
Authors: Loves Sandra , de Jong Jos , van Sorge Adriaan , Telting Darryl , Tack Cees J , Hermus Ad , Westerterp Klaas , de Boer Hans
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Reduced testosterone levels are frequently observed in obese men. Increased aromatase activity may be an etiological factor.

Objective

In this study, we evaluate the clinical effects of aromatase inhibition in obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypotestosteronemia (OrHH).

Methods

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month trial in 42 obese men with a BMI >35 kg/m2, and a serum total testosterone <10 nmol/l. All patients started on one tablet of 2.5 mg/week, with subsequent dose escalation every month until a serum total testosterone of 20 nmol/l was reached.

Endpoints

Psychological function, body composition, exercise capacity, and glucose, lipid, and bone metabolism.

Results

Thirty-nine patients completed the study according to protocol. Letrozole decreased serum estradiol from 119.1±10.1 to 59.2±6.1 pmol/l (P<0.001), and increased serum LH from 3.3±0.3 to 8.8±0.9 U/l (P<0.0001) and serum total testosterone from 8.6±0.7 to 21.5±1.3 nmol/l (P<0.0001). Significant effects on the predefined endpoints were not observed.

Conclusion

Despite a marked rise in serum testosterone, low-dose aromatase inhibition had no somatic or psychological effects in men with OrHH.
Farmacologia no século XX: a ciência dos medicamentos a partir da análise do livro de Goodman e Gilman
Authors: Bittencourt Silvia Cardoso , Caponi Sandra , Maluf Sônia
Published: August 2013

Analisa a apresentação da farmacologia como ciência a partir do livro-texto de Louis Goodman e Alfred Gilman reeditado e reimpresso inúmeras vezes entre 1941 e 2006. Nas primeiras edições, a farmacologia é caracterizada como a ciência das drogas, relacionando-se com outras áreas do conhecimento; a história do desenvolvimento das drogas, a inserção dessa ciência no contexto social e suas relações com a indústria são destacadas. Nas outras edições, esses aspectos são menos pontuados, quase desaparecendo na 11a (2006). A abordagem dos aspectos históricos pode contribuir para a compreensão do desenvolvimento da farmacologia, assim como a abordagem das relações com a indústria e a sociedade é importante para refletir sobre os critérios de utilização dos medicamentos.
Efeitos da agitação mecânica e matéria orgânica na análise granulométrica do solo
Authors: Miyazawa Mario , Barbosa Graziela M. de C.
Published: August 2013

A parte mineral do solo é classificada conforme a granulometria das partículas em argila, silte e areia (fina e grossa) e sua matéria orgânica pode influir no tamanho e na estabilidade dos agregados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os processos de agitação na eficiência de dispersão dos agregados do solo e a interferência da matéria orgânica na análise granulométrica do solo. Várias amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 a 40 cm. Foram determinados: tempo de agitação da mesa agitadora reciprocante, tipo de agitador, diâmetro do recipiente para agitação reciprocante, efeito do abrasivo na agitação e oxidação da matéria orgânica com H2O2 30% na determinação do teor de argila. Agitação reciprocante com areia grossa foi eficiente na desagregação dos agregados do solo e é indicada para análise em série. A oxidação prévia das substâncias húmicas cimentantes do solo com H2O2 30% não influiu na fragmentação dos agregados. O erro causado pela matéria orgânica do solo no teor de argila pode ser corrigido pelo valor da matéria orgânica determinado por Walkley-Black, dispensando oxidação prévia da amostra com H2O2 30%.
Effect of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell on New Bone Formation in High-Speed Distraction Osteogenesis
Authors: Lee Sung Joo , Kim Byung Jun , Kim Young , Sohn Chul-Ho , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Xu Lianji , Kim Sang Hyon , Kwon Sun Young , Choi Tae Hyun , Kim Suk Wha
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and osteogenically differentiated adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) on new bone formation in high-speed distraction osteogenesis of adult rabbit cranium were investigated.

Materials and Methods

A total of 41 adult rabbits were used in the study. Distraction began after a 5-day latency period at a rate of 1.5 mm twice a day until 10-mm length gain was obtained both in the control group, where a bone defect was induced, and in the experimental group, in which ADSC (group A), rhBMP-2 (group B), or both (group C) were injected in the distraction gap after distraction. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks after distraction, computed tomography analysis was done to determine the bone defect dimension and bone mineral density (BMD), while histologic examination was also done to calculate bone formation ratio.

Results

Bone defect dimension significantly decreased in groups B and C, compared with the control group, at 4 and 12 weeks after distraction. BMD was significantly increased in groups B and C at 4 weeks. On histologic examination, bone formation ratio was significantly increased in group C only at 12 weeks.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the use of rhBMP-2 in combination with or without ADSC is helpful to promote bone regeneration in high-speed distraction osteogenesi s of adult rabbit cranium.
Effect of substitution and impurities on dielectric properties and resistivity of CaCu3Ti4O12
Authors: Singh Narsingh B. , Gillan Margaret , House David , Yanamaddi Ravali , Razdan Vishnu , Arnold Bradley
Published: August 2013

The authors have performed the synthesis and grain growth of pure calcium copper titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12 or CCTO) compound and its derivatives by substituting silicon CaCu3SixTi4−xO12 (CCSTO) to determine the effect on dielectric properties and resistivity. The authors observed significant increase in the resistivity even with small concentration of silicon. Concentration above 5% did not produce any significant advantages; they also observed a similar increase in resistivity when CCSTO is doped with nickel. In a separate experiment, the authors soaked the CCSTO before grain growth in an organic melt. Soaking also increased the resistivity by several orders of magnitude. The authors observed almost three orders of magnitude higher resistivity in CCSTO compared with CCTO material processed under identical conditions.
Oral Administration of All‐Trans Retinoic Acid Suppresses Experimental Periodontitis by Modulating the Th17/Treg Imbalance
Authors: Wang Linyuan , Wang Jinyan , Jin Ying , Gao Hong , Lin Xiaoping
Published: August 2013

Background: A T‐helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) imbalance has been suggested recently to play a role in the development of periodontitis. All‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been reported to modulate Th17/Treg imbalances in some diseases. However, the effect of ATRA on periodontitis remains unknown. This study observes the effect of ATRA on Th17/Treg imbalance modulation in experimental periodontitis.

Methods: Experimental periodontitis was induced in mice by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). ATRA was orally administered every other day. Alveolar bone resorption (ABR) was estimated by measuring the distance from the cemento‐enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest. CD4+ T‐cell subsets in the cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. Th17/Treg cell–related cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid expression was quantified by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The present data shows that ATRA suppressed ABR and inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration into periodontal tissues. These effects were closely associated with reduced CD4+ retinoid‐related orphan receptor γτ+ cells and increased CD4+ forkhead box P3+ cells in the CLNs. Furthermore, ATRA downregulated interleukin (IL)‐17A expression and upregulated IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β1 expression in both the CLNs and P. gingivalis–infected gingival tissues.

Conclusions: These results suggest that ATRA modulation of the Th17/Treg imbalance provides protection against periodontitis by enhancing Treg cell activation and inhibiting Th17 cell activation. These results indicate the potential for clinical prevention of periodontitis.
A Population-Based Study of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Sexual-Minority Women
Authors: Farmer Grant W. , Jabson Jennifer M. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Bowen Deborah J.
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We sought to determine if sexual-minority women were at greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than their heterosexual counterparts.

Methods. We aggregated data from the 2001–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys to examine differences in CVD risk between heterosexual and sexual-minority women by using the Framingham General CVD Risk Score to calculate a ratio of vascular and chronological age. We also examined differences in the prevalence of various CVD risk factors.

Results. Sexual-minority women were more likely to be current or former smokers, to report a history of drug use, to report risky drinking, and to report a family history of CVD. On average, sexual-minority women were 13.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.5%, 19.3%) older in vascular terms than their chronological age, which was 5.7% (95% CI = 1.5%, 9.8%) greater than that of their heterosexual counterparts. Family history of CVD and history of drug use were unrelated to increased CVD risk, and this risk was not fully explained by either risky drinking or smoking.

Conclusions. Sexual-minority women are at increased risk for CVD compared with heterosexual women.
Lessons Learned From Use of Social Network Strategy in HIV Testing Programs Targeting African American Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: McCree Donna H. , Millett Gregorio , Baytop Chanza , Royal Scott , Ellen Jonathan , Halkitis Perry N. , Kupprat Sandra A. , Gillen Sara
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We report lessons derived from implementation of the Social Network Strategy (SNS) into existing HIV counseling, testing, and referral services targeting 18- to 64-year-old Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods. The SNS procedures used in this study were adapted from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–funded, 2-year demonstration project involving 9 community-based organizations (CBOs) in 7 cities. Under the SNS, HIV-positive and HIV-negative men at high risk for HIV (recruiters) were enlisted to identify and recruit persons from their social, sexual, or drug-using networks (network associates) for HIV testing. Sites maintained records of modified study protocols for ascertaining lessons learned. The study was conducted between April 2008 and May 2010 at CBOs in Washington, DC, and New York, New York, and at a health department in Baltimore, Maryland.

Results. Several common lessons regarding development of the plan, staffing, training, and use of incentives were identified across the sites. Collectively, these lessons indicate use of SNS is resource-intensive, requiring a detailed plan, dedicated staff, and continual input from clients and staff for successful implementation.

Conclusions. SNS may provide a strategy for identifying and targeting clusters of high-risk Black MSM for HIV testing. Given the resources needed to implement the strategy, additional studies using an experimental design are needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of SNS compared with other testing strategies.
Health and Safety of Child Care Centers: An Analysis of Licensing Specialists’ Reports of Routine, Unannounced Inspections
Authors: Crowley Angela A. , Jeon Sangchoon , Rosenthal Marjorie S.
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We assessed the prevalence of regulatory noncompliance of licensed child care centers and identified factors associated with improved compliance.

Methods. We analyzed 676 routine, unannounced reports of child care centers collected by the Connecticut Department of Public Health licensing specialists over a 2-year time period, included characteristics of centers, and created categories of regulations.

Results. The sample included 41% of licensed child care centers. Of the 13 categories of regulations in the analyses, 7 categories (outdoor safety, indoor safety, indoor health, child and staff documentation, emergency preparedness, infant-toddler indoor health, and infant-toddler indoor safety) had regulations with center noncompliance greater than 10%. Playground hazard-free was the regulation with the highest frequency (48.4%) of noncompliance. Compliance with the regulation for 20 hours of continuing education per year for child care providers was the characteristic most frequently associated with regulations compliance.

Conclusions. Efforts to support continuing education of child care providers are essential to improve and sustain healthy and safe early-care and education programs. Analyses of state child care licensing inspection reports provide valuable data and findings for strategic planning efforts.
A Situated Practice of Ethics for Participatory Visual and Digital Methods in Public Health Research and Practice: A Focus on Digital Storytelling
Authors: Gubrium Aline C. , Hill Amy L. , Flicker Sarah
Published: August 2013

This article explores ethical considerations related to participatory visual and digital methods for public health research and practice, through the lens of an approach known as “digital storytelling.” We begin by briefly describing the digital storytelling process and its applications to public health research and practice. Next, we explore 6 common challenges: fuzzy boundaries, recruitment and consent to participate, power of shaping, representation and harm, confidentiality, and release of materials. We discuss their complexities and offer some considerations for ethical practice. We hope this article serves as a catalyst for expanded dialogue about the need for high standards of integrity and a situated practice of ethics wherein researchers and practitioners reflexively consider ethical decision-making as part of the ongoing work of public health.
An Assessment of the Performance of Self-Reported Vaccination Status for Hepatitis B, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008
Authors: Denniston Maxine M. , Byrd Kathy K. , Klevens R. Monina , Drobeniuc Jan , Kamili Saleem , Jiles Ruth B.
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We sought to assess the performance of self-reported vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) compared with serological status for hepatitis B markers in the general US civilian population.

Methods. Using 1999 through 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, we calculated 3 measures of agreement between self-reported HepB vaccination status and serological status: percent concordance, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of self-report. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with agreement between self-report and serological status.

Results. Overall agreement was 83% (95% CI = 82.3, 83.7), NPV of self-report was high (0.95; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.95) and PPV was low (0.53; 95% CI = 0.51, 0.54). Birth year relative to the 1991 recommendation for universal infant HepB vaccination had a strong association with agreement, however, the association was positive for those who reported receiving at least 3 doses and negative for those who reported receiving no doses.

Conclusions. Although the low PPV in our study could be attributable in part to waning of vaccine-induced anti-HBs over time, national adult HepB vaccination coverage may be lower than previously estimated because national estimates usually depend on self-report of vaccine receipt.
Nonprescribed Hormone Use and Self-Performed Surgeries: “Do-It-Yourself” Transitions in Transgender Communities in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Rotondi Nooshin Khobzi , Bauer Greta R. , Scanlon Kyle , Kaay Matthias , Travers Robb , Travers Anna
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We examined the extent of nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries among transgender or transsexual (trans) people in Ontario, Canada.

Methods. We present original survey research from the Trans PULSE Project. A total of 433 participants were recruited from 2009 to 2010 through respondent-driven sampling. We used a case series design to characterize those currently taking nonprescribed hormones and participants who had ever self-performed sex-reassignment surgeries.

Results. An estimated 43.0% (95% confidence interval = 34.9, 51.5) of trans Ontarians were currently using hormones; of these, a quarter had ever obtained hormones from nonmedical sources (e.g., friend or relative, street or strangers, Internet pharmacy, herbals or supplements). Fourteen participants (6.4%; 95% confidence interval = 0.8, 9.0) reported currently taking nonprescribed hormones. Five indicated having performed or attempted surgical procedures on themselves (orchiectomy or mastectomy).

Conclusions. Past negative experiences with providers, along with limited financial resources and a lack of access to transition-related services, may contribute to nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries. Promoting training initiatives for health care providers and jurisdictional support for more accessible services may help to address trans people’s specific needs.
Efficacy of Initiating Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Inpatient Psychiatry: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Prochaska Judith J. , Hall Stephen E. , Delucchi Kevin , Hall Sharon M.
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a motivational tobacco cessation treatment combined with nicotine replacement relative to usual care initiated in inpatient psychiatry.

Methods. We randomized participants (n = 224; 79% recruitment rate) recruited from a locked acute psychiatry unit with a 100% smoking ban to intervention or usual care. Prior to hospitalization, participants averaged 19 (SD = 12) cigarettes per day; only 16% intended to quit smoking in the next 30 days.

Results. Verified smoking 7-day point prevalence abstinence was significantly higher for intervention than usual care at month 3 (13.9% vs 3.2%), 6 (14.4% vs 6.5%), 12 (19.4% vs 10.9%), and 18 (20.0% vs 7.7%; odds ratio [OR] = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 8.14; P = .018; retention > 80%). Psychiatric measures did not predict abstinence; measures of motivation and tobacco dependence did. The usual care group had a significantly greater likelihood than the intervention group of psychiatric rehospitalization (adjusted OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.06, 3.49).

Conclusions. The findings support initiation of motivationally tailored tobacco cessation treatment during acute psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric severity did not moderate treatment efficacy, and cessation treatment appeared to decrease rehospitalization risk, perhaps by providing broader therapeutic benefit.
Sexual Orientation–Related Differences in Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among US Adults Aged 20 to 59 Years: 2003–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Authors: Cochran Susan D. , Bandiera Frank C. , Mays Vickie M.
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We investigated sexual orientation–related differences in tobacco use and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

Methods. The 2003–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys assessed 11 744 individuals aged 20 to 59 years for sexual orientation, tobacco use, and SHS exposure (cotinine levels ≥ 0.05 ng/mL in a nonsmoker). We used multivariate methods to compare tobacco use prevalence and SHS exposure among gay or lesbian (n = 180), bisexual (n = 273), homosexually experienced (n = 388), and exclusively heterosexual (n = 10 903) individuals, with adjustment for demographic confounding.

Results. Lesbian and bisexual women evidenced higher rates of tobacco use than heterosexual women. Among nonsmokers, SHS exposure was more prevalent among lesbian and homosexually experienced women than among heterosexual women. Nonsmoking lesbians reported greater workplace exposure and bisexual women greater household exposure than heterosexual women did. Identical comparisons among men were not significant except for lower workplace exposure among nonsmoking gay men than among heterosexual men.

Conclusions. Nonsmoking sexual-minority women are more likely to be exposed to SHS than nonsmoking heterosexual women. Public health efforts to reduce SHS exposure in this vulnerable population are needed.
An Empirical Evaluation of the US Beer Institute’s Self-Regulation Code Governing the Content of Beer Advertising
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Xuan Ziming , Damon Donna , Noel Jonathan
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We evaluated advertising code violations using the US Beer Institute guidelines for responsible advertising.

Methods. We applied the Delphi rating technique to all beer ads (n = 289) broadcast in national markets between 1999 and 2008 during the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball tournament games. Fifteen public health professionals completed ratings using quantitative scales measuring the content of alcohol advertisements (e.g., perceived actor age, portrayal of excessive drinking) according to 1997 and 2006 versions of the Beer Institute Code.

Results. Depending on the code version, exclusion criteria, and scoring method, expert raters found that between 35% and 74% of the ads had code violations. There were significant differences among producers in the frequency with which ads with violations were broadcast, but not in the proportions of unique ads with violations. Guidelines most likely to be violated included the association of beer drinking with social success and the use of content appealing to persons younger than 21 years.

Conclusions. The alcohol industry’s current self-regulatory framework is ineffective at preventing content violations but could be improved by the use of new rating procedures designed to better detect content code violations.
Effectiveness of Case Management for Homeless Persons: A Systematic Review
Authors: de Vet Renée , van Luijtelaar Maurice J. A. , Brilleslijper-Kater Sonja N. , Vanderplasschen Wouter , Beijersbergen Mariëlle D. , Wolf Judith R. L. M.
Published: August 2013

We reviewed the literature on standard case management (SCM), intensive case management (ICM), assertive community treatment (ACT), and critical time intervention (CTI) for homeless adults. We searched databases for peer-reviewed English articles published from 1985 to 2011 and found 21 randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies comparing case management to other services.

We found little evidence for the effectiveness of ICM. SCM improved housing stability, reduced substance use, and removed employment barriers for substance users. ACT improved housing stability and was cost-effective for mentally ill and dually diagnosed persons. CTI showed promise for housing, psychopathology, and substance use and was cost-effective for mentally ill persons.

More research is needed on how case management can most effectively support rapid-rehousing approaches to homelessness.
Contribution of Maternal Age to Preterm Birth Rates in Denmark and Quebec, 1981–2008
Authors: Auger Nathalie , Hansen Anne V. , Mortensen Laust
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We sought evidence to support the hypothesis that advancing maternal age is potentially causing a rise in preterm birth (PTB) rates in high-income countries.

Methods. We assessed maternal age-specific trends in PTB using all singleton live births in Denmark (n = 1 674 308) and Quebec (n = 2 291 253) from 1981 to 2008. We decomposed the country-specific contributions of age-specific PTB rates and maternal age distribution to overall PTB rates over time.

Results. PTB rates increased from 4.4% to 5.0% in Denmark and from 5.1% to 6.0% in Quebec. Rates increased the most in women aged 20 to 29 years, whereas rates decreased or remained stable in women aged 35 years and older. The overall increase over time was driven by age-specific PTB rates, although the contribution of younger women was countered by fewer births at this age in both Denmark and Quebec.

Conclusions. PTB rates increased among women aged 20 to 29 years, but their contribution to the overall PTB rates was offset by older maternal age over time. Women aged 20 to 29 years should be targeted to reduce PTB rates, as potential for prevention may be greater in this age group.
A Possible Role for Chemerin; a Novel Adipokine in the Haemostatic and
Atherogenic Disorders Related to Obesity in White Albino Rats
Authors: Morgan Enas N. , Edrees Husam M.
Published: August 2013

A strong link between obesity, hypercoagulability and thrombogenesis, had been recognized. Chemerin is a
novel adipokine that has been activated by the coagulation process and suggested to play an important role in the
pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. We aimed to identify the possible relationship between chemerin levels and
haemostatic changes in the high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. A total number of 20 adult male albino rats were divided into two
groups of 10 rats each. Group I, rats served as controls; Group II: rats received high fat diet (58% fat) for 8 weeks. In both
groups, serum levels of glucose, insulin, chemerin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL, LDL were measured.
As well as the bleeding time (BT), whole blood clotting time (WBCT), Prothrombin time (PT), Activated partial
thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen level and C- reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Moreover HOMA-IR was
calculated for both groups. The results of the current study revealed that chemerine level increased significantly in the
HFD- fed rats (p< 0.001). In addition, a significant positive correlation was detected for the serum chemerin levels with
body weight, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, the levels of TC, TG, LDL and CRP, while a significant negative correlation was
found between its levels and serum levels of HDL. Moreover chemerin was correlated negatively with the BT, WBCT,
PT, aPTT and positively correlated with plasma fibrinogen, while there was insignificant correlation with platelet count.
These results suggested that chemerin may represent a novel link between obesity and its haemostatic and atherogenic
complication.
Diatomaceous earths: Natural insecticides
Authors: Korunic Zlatko
Published: August 2013

The regulatory issues for diatomaceous earth (DE) cover three fields:
consumer safety, worker safety, and proof of efficacy against pests. For
consumer safety, regulatory issues are similar to those for other additives,
and a principal benefit of DEs is their removal by normal processing methods.
For worker safety, regulatory issues are similar to those for other dusts,
such as lime. The proof of potential insecticide values of DE may be assessed
by using the analysis of physical and chemical properties of DE and its
effect on grain properties and the proof of efficacy may be regulated by
bioassay of standard design. Integrated pest management (IPM), a
knowledge-based system, is rapidly providing a framework to reduce dependence
on synthetic chemical pesticides. The main principle of post-harvest IPM is
to prevent problems rather than to react to them. The specific curative
measures using synthetic pesticides should be applied only when infestation
occurs. DE and enhanced diatomaceous earth (EDE) formulations hold
significant promise to increase the effectiveness and broaden the adoption of
IPM strategies, thereby reducing the need for synthetic pesticides. By
incorporating DE in an effective IPM program, grain is protected against
infestation, loss caused by insects is prevented and grain quality is
maintained until the grain is processed. Cases study data on the use of DE
for commodity and structural treatment show that DE is already a practical
alternative to synthetic pesticides in some applications.
Biopesticide formulations, possibility of application and future trends
Authors: Gasic Slavica , Tanovic Brankica
Published: August 2013

Biopesticides are the formulated form of active ingredients based on
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes or
naturally-occurring substances, including plant extracts and semiochemicals
(e.g. insect pheromones). Application of biopesticides is still limited to
only a few percent of all pesticides used for crop protection. There are many
factors contributing to that situation, such as expensive production methods,
poor storage stability, susceptibility to environmental conditions, efficacy
problems, etc. Some of these problems can be overcome by formulation
improvements. With many pressures on product performance formulation is
becoming the most important area to enhance and extend the activity of
biopesticides. In this paper we reviewed different types of biopesticides
existing on the market and discussed possibilities for their application and
current status. The expected future trends in formulation development of
biopesticides are explained.
Efficacy of spinosad and abamectin against different populations of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst) in treated wheat grain
Authors: Andric Goran , Kljajic Petar , Prazic-Golic Marijana
Published: August 2013

The efficacy of spinosad and abamectin against T. castaneum adults from a
laboratory population with normal susceptibility to contact insecticides and
against malathion-resistant populations from Nikinci and Jakovo was tested in
the laboratory (25?1?C and 60?5% r.h.). The insecticides were applied to 500
g of untreated wheat grain for each of the following application doses: 0.25,
0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg a.i./kg. After treatment, wheat was divided into
three equal subsamples and 50 T. castaneum adults from each of the three test
populations were released the next day into jars for each dose. Mortality was
evaluated after 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure to treated wheat grain.
Generally, higher concentrations and longer exposure periods resulted in
higher efficacy of both insecticides, but abamectin was significantly more
effective than spinosad against all three tested populations. After 7 days of
exposure, mortality did not exceed 30% in any test variant. Fourteen days
after treatment with the highest dose (5 mg/kg) of spinosad, mortality was
highest (75%) in the laboratory population, while treatment with the same
dose of abamectin achieved the highest mortality (58%) in the laboratory and
Jakovo populations. After 21 days, spinosad applied at the rate of 5 mg/kg
was most effective (97% mortality) in the laboratory population, while 88%
efficacy was recorded in Jakovo population and 87% in Nikinci population.
Abamectin doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg caused high adult mortality of 94-100% in
the laboratory and Jakovo populations, and a significantly lower mortality in
Nikinci population (75 and 86%, respectively). Statistically significant
differences in the efficacy of spinosad, and particularly of abamectin, were
detected among the three tested populations, the greatest difference being
between the laboratory and Nikinci populations, which clearly indicates that
resistance of T. castaneum adults to malathion had a significant influence.
Effects of different essential oils on the acceptability and palatability of cereal-based baits for laboratory mice
Authors: Jokic Goran , Vuksa Marina , Djedovic Suzana , Stojnic Bojan , Kataranovski Dragan , Scepovic Tanja
Published: August 2013

The aim of our study was to investigate the possibility of application of
essential oils as additives in cereal-based rodenticide baits, at rates which
prevent mould development and are applicable in humane medicine. Also, the
purpose of these oils would be to extend the utility value of baits and
reduce the use of antifungal ingredients that usually affect bait acceptance.
The effects of essential oils of ten different plant species, applied at
rates of one and two ml per kg of plain bait, on bait acceptance and
palatability in choice feeding tests for Swiss mice were studied under
controlled laboratory conditions. Baits were prepared according to relevant
EPPO standards (2004). The effects of essential oils on bait acceptance and
palatability for Swiss mice were determined in choice feeding tests using a
formula by Johnson and Prescott (1994). There was no significant statistical
difference in effects between groups and sexes regarding weight change in the
experiment. During the experiment and recovery period, neither change in mice
behavior no deaths were observed. Cinnamon and anise essential oils, commonly
used as attractants, and clove oil, were most effective because they had no
negative effect on bait acceptance and palatability, while fenchel and
bergamot oils showed repellent activity that grew as the oil content in baits
increased.
Selectivity of some herbicides to standard wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schultes) during stand establishment and seed production
Authors: Katova Aneliya , Dimitrova Tsvetanka
Published: August 2013

A study was conducted in the experimental field of the Institute of Forage
Crops - Pleven on a slightly leached chernozem soil in 2011-2012 to determine
the selectivity of some herbicides to standard wheatgrass (Agropyron
desertorum (Fisch.) Schultes) during stand establishment and its seed
production. The study had the following results: the herbicides Kambio SL
(320 g/l bentazone + 90 g/l dicamba) - 1250 ml/ha; Kalam (125 g/l
tritosulfuron + 600 g/kg dicamba) - 200 g/ha; Lintur 70 WG (4.1% triasulfuron
+ 65.9% dicamba) - 150 g/ha, and Axial 050?K (50 g/l pinoxaden) - 600 ml/ha
showed high selectivity to standard wheatgrass when applied at the stage of
3-4 leaves during the year of stand establishment; the herbicides Imaspro (69
g/l fenoxaprop-P-ethyl+antidote) and Stelar (50 g/l topramezone + 160 g/l
dicamba), each applied at the rate of 1000 ml/ha, caused phytotoxicity
(scores from 4 to 6), while Termidor (40 g/l nicosulfuron) - 1250 ml/ha
completely destroyed the crop (score 9); the herbicides Kambio SL; Kalam;
Lintur 70WG and Axial 050?K applied at the same doses at the stage from
spring growth to the beginning of shooting up in the seed production year had
a high selectivity to standard wheatgrass and could be applied in seed
production stands without negative influence on seed productivity. The
herbicide Termidor was very phytotoxic (scores from 3 to 7) and prevented the
formation of generative stems.
Efficiencies of different methods for determination of organophosphate pesticide residues in fermented wheat substrate
Authors: Djordjevic Tijana , Siler-Marinkovic Slavica , Djurovic-Pejcev Rada , Dimitrijevic-Brankovic Suzana , Gajic-Umiljendic Jelena
Published: August 2013

In the present work, the efficiencies of three different sample preparation
methods for GC/ MS determination of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl
residues in wheat (Triticum spelta) samples fermented by Lactobacillus
plantarum were compared. All three methods were based on methanol:acetone=1:1
extraction, while further purification of the obtained samples was altered.
First purification was through a column containing a mixture of aluminium
oxide and activated charcoal slurry-packed and eluted with dichlormethane,
the second was purification on a florisil column slurry-packed and eluted
with ethyl acetate:acetone=4:1, while the third was based on a combination of
the former two methods, i.e. clean-up through columns filled with a mixture
of aluminum oxide and activated charcoal slurry-packed and eluted with ethyl
acetate:acetone=4:1. The second method was found the most effective for
obtaining satisfactory recoveries at four fortification levels. For
pirimiphos-methyl, recoveries were in the range of 91.3-96.0% and had good
reproducibility, i.e. RSD ranging from 2.2-4.1%, while the corresponding
range for chlorpyrifos-methyl was 81.6-88.2%, and the RSD range 2.5-5.4%. The
chosen method was further optimized in order to establish the optimum volume
of elution solvent used during the clean-up procedures. The highest
recoveries of 93.7?3.5% for pirimiphos-methyl and 85.3?2.5% for
chlorpyrifos-methyl were obtained after elution with 25 ml volume of solvent.
Considering all, simple, efficient and reliable GC/MS detection of
pirimiphosmethyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl residues in wheat grain substrate
altered by fermentation with L. plantarum was achieved by the two-steps
extraction with 25 ml of methanol:acetone=1:1 solvent mix for 30 min,
followed by a clean-up procedure through a glass column with florisil coupled
with elution by 25 ml of ethyl acetate:acetone=4:1.
An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Accounting Expertise in Audit Committees on Non-GAAP Earnings Exclusions
Authors: Seetharaman Ananth , Wang Xu (Frank) , Zhang Sanjian (Bill)
Published: August 2013

SYNOPSIS

U.S. stock exchanges and lawmakers rely on audit committees to help safeguard the accuracy and reliability of corporate GAAP and non-GAAP financial information. However, there are gaps in our knowledge of how audit committees perform, especially with respect to companies' non-GAAP financial information. Unlike companies' GAAP-based financial measures, non-GAAP numbers are voluntary, not well defined, and unaudited. Non-GAAP measures thus provide a particularly rich setting to examine the efficacy of audit committee performance. In this study we examine the association between audit committee appointments of accounting experts (relative to appointments of nonaccounting experts) and the company's non-GAAP earnings numbers. We find a larger decline in non-GAAP earnings exclusions following the appointment of accounting (rather than nonaccounting) experts to audit committees. We also find that accounting experts are associated with higher-quality post-appointment non-GAAP earnings exclusions.

JEL Classifications: M4; G30.

Data Availability: Data are available from the sources indicated in the paper.
Differential Associations of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test–Derived Measures of Insulin Sensitivity and Pancreatic β-Cell Function With Coronary Artery Calcification and Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mulvey Claire K. , McNeill Ann M. , Girman Cynthia J. , Churchill Timothy W. , Terembula Karen , Ferguson Jane F. , Shah Rachana , Mehta Nehal N. , Qasim Atif N. , Rickels Michael R. , Reilly Muredach P.
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated relationships of oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT)–derived measures of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function with indices of diabetes complications in a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes who are free of overt cardiovascular or renal disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A subset of participants from the Penn Diabetes Heart Study (n = 672; mean age 59 ± 8 years; 67% male; 60% Caucasian) underwent a standard 2-h, 75-g OGTT. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI), and β-cell function was estimated using the Insulinogenic Index. Multivariable modeling was used to analyze associations between quartiles of each index with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and microalbuminuria.

RESULTS

The Insulinogenic Index and Matsuda ISI had distinct associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. The top quartile of the Matsuda ISI had a negative association with CAC that remained significant after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (Tobit ratio −0.78 [95% CI −1.51 to −0.05]; P = 0.035), but the Insulinogenic Index was not associated with CAC. Conversely, the highest quartile of the Insulinogenic Index, but not the Matsuda ISI, was associated with lower odds of microalbuminuria (OR 0.52 [95% CI 0.30–0.91]; P = 0.022); however, this association was attenuated in models that included duration of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Lower β-cell function is associated with microalbuminuria, a microvascular complication, while impaired insulin sensitivity is associated with higher CAC, a predictor of macrovascular complications. Despite these pathophysiological insights, the Matsuda ISI and Insulinogenic Index are unlikely to be translated into clinical use in type 2 diabetes beyond established clinical variables, such as obesity or duration of diabetes.
Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Among Young Twins and Singletons in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Bjerregaard-Andersen Morten , Hansen Lone , da Silva Leontina I. , Joaquím Luis C. , Hennild Ditte E. , Christiansen Lene , Aaby Peter , Benn Christine S. , Christensen Kaare , Sodemann Morten , Jensen Dorte M. , Beck-Nielsen Henning
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE

Twins in Africa may be at increased risk of metabolic disorders due to strained conditions in utero, including high exposure to infections. We studied metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) among young twins and singletons in Guinea-Bissau.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study was cross-sectional and occurred from October 2009 until August 2011 at the Bandim Health Project, a demographic surveillance site in the capital Bissau. Twins and singleton controls between 5 and 32 years were visited at home. Fasting blood samples for metabolic measurements were collected. Zygosity was established genetically for a subset. DM was defined as HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and MS by the International Diabetes Federation criteria.

RESULTS

HbA1c was available for 574 twins and 463 singletons. Mean age was 15.3 years versus 15.8 years, respectively. Eighteen percent of twins were monozygotic. There were no DM cases among twins but one among singletons. A total of 1.4% (8 of 574) of twins had elevated HbA1c (6.0–6.4%, 42–46 mmol/mol) compared with 2.4% (11 of 463) of singletons (P = 0.28). Mean HbA1c was 5.3% (34 mmol/mol) for both groups. MS data were available for 364 twins and 360 singletons. The MS prevalence was 3.0% (11 of 364) among twins and 3.6% (13 of 360) among singletons (P = 0.66). The prevalence of fasting blood glucose (F-glucose) ≥5.6 mmol/L was 34.9% (127 of 364) for twins versus 24.7% (89 of 360) for singletons (P = 0.003). Median homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance did not differ (P = 0.34).

CONCLUSIONS

The MS and DM prevalences among young individuals in Guinea-Bissau were low. Twins did not have a higher MS and DM burden than singletons, though elevated F-glucose was more common among twins.
Chronic Fatigue in Type 1 Diabetes: Highly Prevalent but Not Explained by Hyperglycemia or Glucose Variability
Authors: Goedendorp Martine M. , Tack Cees J. , Steggink Elles , Bloot Lotte , Bazelmans Ellen , Knoop Hans
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE

Fatigue is a classical symptom of hyperglycemia, but the relationship between chronic fatigue and diabetes has not been systematically studied. We investigated prevalence, impact, and potential determinants of chronic fatigue in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Out of 324 randomly selected T1DM outpatients, 214 participated in this cross-sectional observational study. Participants were compared with age- and sex-matched population-based controls. Chronic fatigue, functional impairments, current health status, comorbidity, diabetes-related factors, and fatigue-related cognitions and behaviors were assessed with questionnaires, and HbA1c values and comorbidity were assessed with medical records. Sixty-six patients underwent continuous glucose monitoring combined with an electronic fatigue diary for 5 days. Acute fatigue and four glucose parameters were determined: mean, variability, and relative time spent in hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

RESULTS

T1DM patients were significantly more often chronically fatigued (40%; 95% CI 34–47%) compared with matched controls (7%; 95% CI 3–10%; P < 0.001). Chronically fatigued patients had significantly more functional impairments. Fatigue was the most troublesome symptom. Age, depression, pain, sleeping problems, low self-efficacy concerning fatigue, and physical inactivity were significantly associated with chronic fatigue. Chronically fatigued patients spent slightly less time in hypoglycemia (proportion 0.07 ± 0.06 vs. 0.12 ± 0.10; P = 0.025). Glucose parameters were not related to acute fatigue.

CONCLUSIONS

Chronic fatigue is highly prevalent and clinically relevant in T1DM. Its significant relationship with cognitive behavioral variables and weak association with blood glucose levels suggests that behavioral interventions could be helpful in managing chronic fatigue in T1DM.
Gene expression of T lymphocytes of gravid cows during preimplantation
Authors: Maeda Yousuke , Yamamoto Kana , Ohtsuka Hiromichi , Ando Takaaki , Tomioka Michiko , Oikawa Masaaki
Published: August 2013

An interaction between the conceptus and the immune system of animals is important during implantation. The aim of this study was to clarify the gene expression of T cell subsets in gravid cows during the preimplantation period. Peripheral blood from 14 Holstein dairy cows was taken 14 days after artificial insemination. Based on the gravidity, cows were divided into gravid (n = 8) and nongravid (n = 6) groups. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin and then CD4+, CD8+, and WC1+ γδ T cell subsets were isolated using magnetic cell sorting. The expression of interferon γ, interleukin 4, and progesterone induced blocking factor were determined using real-time PCR. The expression of interleukin 4 and progesterone induced blocking factor was significantly higher in WC1+ γδ T cells from gravid cows. In addition, interleukin 4 expression in WC1+ γδ T cells from gravid cows was significantly higher than that in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This study describes for the first time the important role of WC1+ γδ T cells during the preimplantation period in cows.
Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae dried yeast on the meat performance traits and selected indicators of humoral immunity in lambs
Authors: Milewski Stanisław , Wójcik Roman , Zaleska Bożena , Małaczewska Joanna , Tański Zenon , Siwicki Andrzej Krzysztof
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the effect ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeon indicators of meat performance traits in sheep as well as on selected non-specific indicators of humoral and cellular defense. The experiment was performed on 32 suckling Kamieniec lambs divided into two equal groups (control and experimental). Over a period of 60 days, experimental group of lambs were fed a diet supplemented withSaccharomyces cerevisiaedried yeast (the yeast supplement did not change the value of the feed ration). The following meat performance indicators were determined: body weight, daily gains, growth rate, the dimensions of musculus longissimus dorsi sections, skin and subcutaneous fat thickness and fat thickness over the loin “eye” area. Selected indicators of non-specific humoral immunity (lysozyme activity, ceruloplasmin activity, total protein and gamma globulin content) were determined in the blood serum of lambs. Compared to control, yeast administered to the experimental group of lambs significantly increased the values of the analyzed meat performance traits i.e. body weight, growth rate, musculus longissimus dorsi dimensions (P≤ 0.05) and daily gains (P≤ 0.01), pointing to improved muscle development. Lambs fed the yeast showed a significant (P≤ 0.01) increase in lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity and increased serum concentrations of gamma globulins. Significant differences between the experimental and control groups were not observed only with respect to the serum concentrations of total protein. Suuplementing the lambs’ feed with yeast had a positive effect on meat performance traits and indicators of humoral immunity.