bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid‐phase assays for the detection of alloantibody against human leukocyte antigens: Panacea or Pandora?
Authors: Roberts T. , Tumer G. , Gebel H. M. , Bray R. A.
Published: July 2014

Serological assessments of antibodies directed against human leucocyte antigens (HLA) formed the basis of early histocompatibility testing (Patel & Terasaki, 1969 N Engl J Med, 280, 735). However, over the past decade, significant advances in HLA antibody detection technologies have emerged. The development and implementation of solid‐phase assays has led to safer and more efficient allocation of organs by effectively distinguishing HLA from non‐HLA antibodies. Although solid‐phase assays are not standardized, they are widely accepted as the new ‘gold standard’. However, this technology is not without its challenges. This review is intended to provide a better understanding of solid‐phase HLA antibody testing and will focus on important caveats associated with this evolving technology. Examples of the limitations of the technology as well as common data misinterpretations will be shown. Both of which could pose potential harm to transplant recipients (Tait et al., Transplantation, 95, 19).
European worlds of inclusive activation: The organisational challenges of coordinated service provision
Authors: Heidenreich Martin , Aurich‐Beerheide Patrizia
Published: July 2014

For activation policies to succeed, the provision of social services in addition to labour‐market services is essential, as social services are a prerequisite for integrating groups with complex social problems into the labour market. Activation policies based on social services can be termed inclusive. They require not only a sufficient financial basis, but also governance structures that deal with the organisational challenges associated with coordinated service provision, including fragmented competences and conflicts between different political arenas and territorial levels. This article analyses the capacity of five countries − Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden and the UK − to provide coordinated labour‐market and social services from a multidimensional, multilevel and multi‐stakeholder perspective. The findings show that coordinated service provision requires profound changes to national and local governance structures. Future research should take into account the organisational challenges of integrating social and employment services.

Key Practitioner Message: ● The coordinated provision of employment and social services is an important precondition for integrating long‐term unemployed and other disadvantaged groups into the labour market.
Chaetal arrangement and chaetogenesis of hooded hooks in Lumbrineris (Scoletoma) fragilis and Lumbrineris tetraura (Eunicida, Annelida)
Authors: Tilic Ekin , Hausen Harald , Bartolomaeus Thomas
Published: July 2014

As the structure and arrangement of chaetae are highly specific for annelid species and higher taxonomic entities, we assume that rather conservative information guarantees formation of specific chaetae. Each chaeta of an annelid is formed within an ectodermal invagination, and the modulation of the apical microvilli pattern of the basalmost cell of this invagination determines the structure of the chaeta. Any hypothesis of the homology of chaetae could thus be tested by examining the process of chaetal formation. Investigations into the ultrastructure and formation of hooded hooks in different capitellids and spionids revealed that these chaetae can be homologized. The hood of each of their hooded hooks is formed by elongation of two rings of microvilli peripheral to the chaetal anlage, which give rise to the inner and outer layers of the hood. The hood layers are well separated and surround an empty space. Superficially similar hooded hooks are described for certain Eunicida. Presently available cladistic analyses suggest that the hooded hooks of eunicidans evolved independently of those in Capitellidae and Spionidae. Compared with the latter two families, we therefore expected to find differences in chaetogenesis of the hooded hooks in the eunicids Lumbrineris (Scoletoma) fragilis and Lumbrineris tetraura (Lumbrineridae). This was the case. In these eunicidans, the hood was formed by the bisected apical wall of the chaetoblast right after the mid‐apical section of the chaeta had been sunk deeply into the chaetoblast during its formation. The apical wall generated a brush of microvilli that preformed the hood. Because the microvilli of the hood showed some accelerated differentiation, they soon merged with those of the slowly growing setal shaft to form the broad manubrium of the hooded hook in lumbrinerids. Our study confirms the predicted differences in chaetogenesis of the superficially similar hooded hooks of capitellids and spionids compared with those of eunicids.
Three Dimensional Morphologic Analysis of the Lateral Surface of the Canine Femur
Authors: Zamprogno Helia , Nelson Nathan , Schaeffer David J. , Johnson Ann L.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Analyze the lateral plating surface of the femur to obtain bend and twist angles in dogs with non‐chondrodystrophic phenotype.

Study Design

Retrospective computed tomography (CT) morphologic analysis.

Sample Population

Historical cohort, hindlimb CT scans (n = 30).

Materials and Methods

The CT images of 30 normal femurs were uploaded to surgical planning software and 13 points of interest and their respective bend/twist angles were identified on the lateral surfaces. Mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), and range were calculated for each bend/twist angle. Hierarchal clustering and fast Fourier Analyses were used to segment the cohort. Distribution of age, breed, sex, and weight was evaluated between clusters with an exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test.

Results

The CV of bending ranged from 17% to 46% and for twisting ranged from 21% to 58%. The greater trochanter was the most pronounced bend on the lateral surface of the femur (mean ± SD 8.11 ± 1.35°, CV 17%), and the supracondylar region of the distal femur was the most marked twist (mean ± SD 48.98 ± 10.06°, CV 21%). Although there were no differences between dogs in proximal femur anatomy, 2 clusters of 9 and 21 dogs each were identified due to differences in bend/twist angles in the distal femur. There was no difference between clusters for age (P = .85), breed (P = .62), and sex (P = .15); however, weight differed (P = .03) but was not predictive.

Conclusion

Although distal femoral lateral surfaces varied sufficiently to result in 2 population clusters, further analysis is needed to determine if the differences prevent using the mean bending and twisting parameters as a template for clinical applications.
Biomechanical Comparison of Canine Fascia Lata and Thoracolumbar Fascia: An In Vitro Evaluation of Replacement Tissues for Body Wall Reconstruction
Authors: Henderson Elisabeth R. , Friend Ed J. , Toscano Michael J. , Parsons Kevin J. , Tarlton John F.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

To compare the suitability of thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) and fascia lata (FL) for body wall defect repair in dogs, by examining their biomechanical properties and useable surface area.

Study Design

Experimental.

Animals

Dogs (n = 8).

Methods

Fresh TLF and FL grafts were obtained, surface area was calculated before testing to failure in 2 different modes: tensile testing and resistance to suture pullout, in 2 perpendicular orientations.

Results

Useable TLF surface area was significantly greater than for FL. Maximum load, energy to break, and elastic modulus of FL was significantly greater than that of TLF in tensile testing, but no apparent difference in the ultimate stress or strain was identified. There was no overall difference in suture pullout load between TLF and FL. During tensile testing, tissue orientation had a significant influence on ultimate load, stress, and elastic modulus for both tissue types, with strain and energy to break only having significant effects for TLF and FL, respectively.

Conclusions

The greater tensile strength and stiffness of FL compared to TLF was not reflected in its material properties, implying any difference was a consequence of greater thickness. Suture pullout was not significantly different between the 2 tissues, perhaps limiting the clinical significance of the tissue mechanics. Tissues were anisotropic with respect to mechanical properties, thus orientation may be an important factor.
Mechanical Comparison of 3 Anchoring Techniques in the Muscular Process for Laryngoplasty in the Equine Larynx
Authors: Lechartier Antoine , Rossignol Fabrice , Brandenberger Olivier , Vitte Amelie , Mespoulhès‐Rivière Céline , Rossignol Anthony , Boening Karl Joseph
Published: July 2014

Objective

To compare mechanical properties of 2 techniques with a conventional technique for anchoring the muscular process in a laryngoplasty procedure.

Study design

Experimentalex vivostudy.

Sample Population

Equine larynges (n = 60).

Methods

A single loop (SL), a screw (SC), and a double loop technique (DL) were compared. Constructs were subjected to cyclic loading, oscillating from 5 to 50 N for 3000 cycles, followed by a single cycle to failure test. Mean distraction, load at failure, stiffness, and failure mode were compared between groups.

Results

Mean ± SD distraction in cyclic loading was greater for DL (2.1 ± 0.7 mm) than for SL (1.9 ± 1.3 mm) and SC (1.539 ± 0.9 mm); however, there was no significant difference between SL and SC or between SL and DL. Mean ultimate failure load was greater for DL (240 ± 44.56 N) than for SC (189.59 ± 46.16 N) and SL (150.93 ± 44.43 N) and greater for SC compared with SL. Failure occurred by cartilage tearing for DL and SL, and by screw pull out (n = 13) or knot slippage (4) for SC.

Conclusion

In cyclic loading, SC is more stable than DL and at least as stable as SL. In single cycle to failure, DL is the strongest construct and SC is stronger than SL.
Transoceanic genetic similarities of kelp‐associated sea slug populations: long‐distance dispersal via rafting?
Authors: Cumming R. A. , Nikula R. , Spencer H. G. , Waters J. M.
Published: July 2014

Aim

Our aim was to test for transoceanic dispersal in direct‐developing species of Onchidella (Mollusca: Gastropoda). As these slugs are ecologically associated with buoyant bull‐kelp (Durvillaea), and are known to raft, we predicted that they would show evidence of recent genetic connectivity among isolated landmasses.

Location

Cool‐temperate and subantarctic coasts of the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, southern Chile, and the Falkland Islands).

Methods

We employed two commonly used genetic marker types – mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) – to resolve phylogeographical and population genetic structuring of Onchidella populations on a transoceanic scale.

Results

Contrary to previous taxonomic views that classify these Southern Ocean Onchidella as at least three separate species, our genetic data suggest that the studied populations belong to a single taxon, whose distribution is widespread. The analyses reveal substantial mtDNA differentiation between several mainland New Zealand populations (e.g. Kaikoura, Purakaunui Bay), apparently consistent with low rates of dispersal. However, subantarctic samples show widely shared mitochondrial haplotypes and AFLP similarity between distant populations.

Main conclusions

Our study suggests recent common ancestry for geographically separated New Zealand subantarctic and South American populations of Onchidella. Their transoceanic similarities are likely to have been driven by passive rafting mediated by circumpolar ocean currents, as previously documented for several epifaunal species strongly associated with buoyant Durvillaea.
How to Learn Pulmonary Vein Isolation with a Novel Ablation Device: Learning Curve Effects Using the Endoscopic Ablation System
Authors: PERROTTA LAURA , BORDIGNON STEFANO , DUGO DANIELA , FÜRNKRANZ ALEXANDER , CHUN KR JULIAN , SCHMIDT BORIS
Published: July 2014

Learning Curve of Laser Balloon PVI

Introduction

Novel ablation devices for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) need a careful evaluation of its efficacy and safety beyond clinical studies in a real world situation. The endoscopic ablation system (EAS) was recently approved for PVI in Europe.

We sought to determine the safety, efficacy, and learning curve effects of EAS‐PVI in a large volume single center.

Methods and Results

Between June 2010 and March 2013, all EAS guided PVI procedures were analyzed and 150 consecutive patients were divided in tertiles (T). Clinical follow‐up of 12 months assessed freedom from atrial fibrillation (AF) using 72 hour‐Holter ECG recordings.

In total, 497 of 583 PVs (85%) were isolated by visual guidance only. In T 2 and T 3, visually guided PVI rates increased from 73% to 91% (P < 0.001). After gap mapping, 96% and 99% of all PVs were isolated in T 1–3, respectively (P = 0.018). Total procedure and fluoroscopy time significantly declined over time. All major periprocedural complications occurred in the first T. In 3 patients (2 in 1st and 1 in 2nd T), phrenic nerve palsy was observed (2%).

At 12‐months follow‐up, 103 of 133 patients (77%) remained in stable sinus rhythm without significant differences between Ts.

Conclusion

With EAS even first time users may achieve acute PVI in a high number of patients with favorable clinical outcomes after 1 year. Yet, acute procedural efficacy and safety are further improved after passing a learning curve of 50 patients.
Anatomic Relationships Between the Coronary Venous System, Surrounding Structures, and the Site of Origin of Epicardial Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: CARRIGAN THOMAS P. , PATEL SMITA , YOKOKAWA MIKI , SCHMIDLIN ERIC , SWANSON SCOTT , MORADY FRED , BOGUN FRANK
Published: July 2014

Epicardial VT

Background

Epicardial left ventricular (LV) idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) can be approached via the pericardial space, the coronary venous system (CVS), or other surrounding structures. The anatomic relationships between epicardial sites of origin (SOO) of VAs and surrounding anatomic structures have not been systematically described.

Methods and Results

In 17 patients with idiopathic epicardial VAs, the relationships between the SOO and the CVS and other neighboring anatomic structures were assessed by computed tomographic angiography. Ablation was successful in 12/17 patients (71%). In 10/17 patients, the SOO was at a distance of ≤4 mm from a coronary artery. The SOO was closer to the CVS (2.1 ± 1.5 mm) than to the pericardial space (9.7 ± 3.7 mm) or the LV endocardium (7.7 ± 2.7 mm). Successful ablations were carried out from the CVS (n = 3), the CVS and LV endocardium (n = 5), the CVS and the aortic cusp (n = 1), the CVS, the LV endocardium, and the aortic cusp (n = 1), the LV endocardium (n = 1), and the CVS and the pericardial space (n = 1). In the remaining 5 patients, a subxyphoid pericardial ablation procedure was attempted and failed in all 5 patients.

Conclusion

The CVS is closer to the SOO of epicardial idiopathic VAs than the pericardial space, the ventricular endocardium, and the aortic cusps. Given the proximity to coronary arteries at the SOO, radiofrequency energy often cannot be safely delivered to eliminate a VA and ablation may also need to be performed from adjacent structures. A subxyphoid pericardial ablation procedure has a low probability of success in patients with idiopathic epicardial VAs.
Left Renal Nerves Stimulation Facilitates Ischemia‐Induced Ventricular Arrhythmia by Increasing Nerve Activity of Left Stellate Ganglion
Authors: HUANG BING , YU LILEI , SCHERLAG BENJAMIN J. , WANG SONGYUN , HE BO , YANG KANG , LIAO KAI , LU ZHIBING , HE WENBO , ZHANG LING , PO SUNNY S. , JIANG HONG
Published: July 2014

Renal Sympathetic Nerves and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Introduction

Renal sympathetic nerve (RSN) activity plays a key role in systemic sympathetic hyperactivity. Previous studies have shown that cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity, especially the left stellate ganglion (LSG), contributes to the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods and Results

Twenty‐eight dogs received 3 hours of continuous left‐sided electrical stimulation of RSN (LRS; Group‐1, n = 9), sham RSN stimulation (Group‐2, n = 9), or LSG ablation plus 3 hours of LRS (Group‐3, n = 10) were included. AMI was induced by ligating the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. LRS was performed using electrical stimulation on the adventitia of left renal artery at the voltage increasing the systolic blood pressure (BP) by 10%. BP, heart rate variability (HRV), serum norepinephrine (NE) level, and LSG function were measured at baseline and the end of each hour of LRS. C‐fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) protein expressed in the LSG were examined in Group‐1 and Group‐2. Compared with baseline, 3 hours of LRS induced a significant increase in BP, sympathetic indices of HRV, serum NE level, and LSG function. The incidence of VAs in Group‐1 was significantly higher than other groups. The expression of c‐fos and NGF protein in the LSG was significantly higher in Group‐1 than Group‐2.

Conclusion

Three hours of LRS induces both systemic and cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity and increases the incidence of ischemia‐induced VAs.
The Association Between ICD Interventions and Mortality is Independent of their Modality: Clinical Implications
Authors: BENCARDINO GIANLUIGI , DI MONACO ANTONIO , RIO TERESA , FRONTERA ANTONIO , SANTANGELI PASQUALE , LEO MILENA , PELARGONIO GEMMA , PERNA FRANCESCO , NARDUCCI MARIA LUCIA , GABRIELLI FRANCESCA , LANZA GAETANO ANTONIO , BELLOCCI FULVIO , REBUZZI ANTONIO , CREA FILIPPO
Published: July 2014

ICD Interventions and Mortality

Background

Patients with severe structural heart disease have increased mortality after implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) shocks. Whether this is limited to ICD shock therapy only or extends also to no‐shock therapies, such as antitachycardia pacing (ATP), is unclear. We investigated the impact of different ICD therapies on long‐term mortality.

Methods

We enrolled 573 patients who underwent ICD implantation at our institution from 2004 to 2011. The population was divided into 3 groups: no device interventions (group 1), ATP interventions (group 2), and shock interventions (group 3). The endpoint was the all‐cause mortality.

Results

Over a follow‐up period of 48 months (range 1–110), 447 (78%) had no device interventions, 71 (12%) had ATP therapy only, and 55 (10%) had at least one shock intervention. All‐cause mortality occurred in 94 patients in group 1 (21%), 23 patients (43%) in group 2, and 21 patients (38%) in group 3. At multivariable Cox regression analysis, ATP intervention (HR: 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–3; P < 0.001), shock intervention (HR: 1.39; 95% CI 1.09–1.77; P = 0.008), age (HR: 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.07; P < 0.001), and LVEF (HR: 0.95; 95% CI 0.93–0.98; P = 0.001) were predictors of all‐cause mortality. No significant difference in mortality was found between group 2 and 3.

Conclusion

Patients with ICDs who receive appropriate interventions are at increased risk of mortality. Such risk is not dependent on different types of ICD therapy, such as shocks or ATP. Our data suggest that sustained ventricular arrhythmias per se have a negative impact on prognosis rather than modality of ICD therapy.
Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Air‐Source Heat Pump and Innovative Ground‐Source Air Heat Pump in a Cold Climate
Authors: Mattinen Maija K. , Nissinen Ari , Hyysalo Sampsa , Juntunen Jouni K.
Published: July 2014

This article compares climate impacts of two heat‐pump systems for domestic heating, that is, energy consumption for space heating of a residential building. Using a life cycle approach, the study compared the energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of direct electric heating, a conventional air‐source heat pump, and a novel ground‐source air heat pump innovated by a citizen user, to assess whether such user innovation holds benefit. The energy use of the heat pumps was modeled at six temperature intervals based on duration curves of outdoor temperature. Additionally, two heat pump end‐of‐life scenarios were analyzed. Probabilistic uncertainty analysis was applied using a Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicated that, in ideal conditions, that is, assuming perfect air mixing, the conventional air‐source heat pump's emissions were over 40% lower and the ground‐air heat pump's emissions over 70% lower than in the case of direct electric heating. Although proper handling of the refrigerant is important, total leakage from the retirement of the heat‐pump appliance would increase GHG emissions by just 10%. According to the sensitivity analysis, the most influential input parameters are the emission factor related to electricity and the amount of electricity used for heating.
Eco‐efficiency Based on Social Performance and its Relationship with Financial Performance
Authors: Suh Yongyoon , Seol Hyeonju , Bae Hyerim , Park Yongtae
Published: July 2014

As corporate responsibility for environmental management has gained attention, eco‐efficiency has become recognized as an important concept for improving the social performance of the business sector as well as that of the public sector. Improving eco‐efficiency is widely accepted not only as a means of increasing economic value, but also as a means of reducing environmental effects. However, managing for eco‐efficiency should take into consideration the differences among industries, because the impact of eco‐efficiency on financial and social performance varies among industries. To explore this variation, we conducted a cross‐industry analysis of eco‐efficiency based on social performance using data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA measures relative efficiency and is a useful tool for taking into account the relative importance of industry‐specific characteristics. Using DEA, eco‐efficiency scores were derived based on the ratio of two factors of social performance: (1) value‐added inducing and production‐inducing economic spillover effects and (2) the amount of greenhouse gases emitted and energy used. Then, we identified the relationships between our eco‐efficiency score and financial performance, which is a measure of the firm's stability. The case study is based on 272 firms in 16 industries in South Korea. Results show that firms in product manufacturing and service‐intensive industries tend to have higher eco‐efficiency scores than those in raw material or chemical‐intensive industries. In addition, most of the industries reveal no relationship between traditional financial performance metrics and eco‐efficiency scores. A handful of industries had significant relationships with one or more financial performance metrics; in some cases, these relationships were negative, whereas in others they were positive. Surprisingly, almost all industries have no significant relationships between eco‐efficiency and financial performance. This result implies that government support for policies that reward firms that attempt to be eco‐efficient are needed, or that other nonfinancial metrics that influence eco‐efficiency, such as employment and brand reputation, should be considered. This article is expected to support policy makers as they formulate industry‐specific environmental strategies.
Cannabinoid receptor 1 modulates the autophagic flux independent of mTOR‐ and BECLIN1‐complex
Authors: Hiebel Christof , Kromm Tanja , Stark Marcel , Behl Christian
Published: July 2014

Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) has been initially described as the receptor for Delta‐9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in the central nervous system (CNS), mediating retrograde synaptic signaling of the endocannabinoid system. Beside its expression in various CNS regions, CB1 is ubiquituous in peripheral tissues, where it mediates, among other activities, the cell's energy homeostasis. We sought to examine the role of CB1 in the context of the evolutionarily conserved autophagic machinery, a main constituent of the regulation of the intracellular energy status. Manipulating CB1 by siRNA knockdown in mammalian cells caused an elevated autophagic flux, while the expression of autophagy‐related genes remained unaltered. Pharmacological inhibition of CB1 activity using Rimonabant likewise caused an elevated autophagic flux, which was independent of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, a major switch in the control of canonical autophagy. In addition, knocking down coiled‐coil myosin‐like BCL2‐interacting protein 1, the key‐protein of the second canonical autophagy control complex, was insufficient to reduce the elevated autophagic flux induced by Rimonabant. Interestingly, lysosomal activity is not altered, suggesting a specific effect of CB1 on the regulation of autophagic flux. We conclude that CB1 activity affects the autophagic flux independently of the two major canonic regulation complexes controlling autophagic vesicle formation.

image

Regulation of the autophagic flux in certain physiological situations such as an imbalance of nutrient supply as well as in pathological stages is of major importance for neuronal and non‐neuronal cells. CB1 (Cannabinoid receptor 1) affects the metabolism of cells directly. In this study, we provide evidence that CB1 signaling has a direct influence on autophagy which might help the cell to find the right adjustment to different metabolic states and CB1 activity exerts its modulatory action independent of the canonical mTOR‐ and BECLIN1‐complexes regulating autophagy.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of 635 nm irradiations on in vitro direct/indirect irradiation model
Authors: Lim WonBong , Choi Hongran , Kim Jisun , Kim Sangwoo , Jeon SangMi , Zheng Hui , Kim DoMan , Ko Youngjong , Kim Donghwi , Sohn HongMoon , Kim OkJoon
Published: July 2014

Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been promoted for its beneficial effects on tissue healing and pain relief. As during laser treatment it is possible to irradiate only a small area of the surface body or wound and, correspondingly, of a very small volume of the circulating blood, it is necessary to explain how its photomodification can lead to a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. To establish the experimental model for indirect irradiation, irradiation with 635 nm was performed on immortalized human gingival fibroblasts (IGFs) in the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The irradiated medium was transferred to non‐irradiated IGFs which were compared with direct irradiated IGFs. The protein expressions were assessed by Western blot, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunoassay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by DCF‐DA; cytokine profiles were assessed using a human inflammation antibody array. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) protein expression and PGE2 production were significantly increased in the LPS‐treated group and decreased in both direct and indirect irradiated IGFs. Unlike direct irradiated IGFs, ROS level in indirect irradiated IGFs was decreased by time‐dependent manners. There were significant differences of released granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), regulated on activated normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and I‐TAC level observed compared with direct and indirect irradiated IGFs. In addition, in the indirect irradiation group, phosphorylations of C‐Raf and Erk1/2 increased significantly compared with the direct irradiation group. Thus, we suggest that not only direct exposure with 635 nm light, but also indirect exposure with 635 nm light can inhibit activation of pro‐inflammatory mediators and may be clinically useful as an anti‐inflammatory tool.
Activation of TLR9‐dependent p38MAPK pathway in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome in NOD/Ltj mouse
Authors: Shi Huan , Yu Chuang‐Qi , Xie Li‐Song , Wang Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Ping , Zheng Ling‐Yan
Published: July 2014

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of Toll‐like receptor 9‐dependent p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) in NOD/Ltj mouse, aiming to identify an ideal target therapy model for human pSS.

Methods

NOD/Ltj mice were chosen as a model of pSS. The Toll‐like receptor 9 and p‐p38 MAPK double‐positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 4‐, 5‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 15‐week‐old NOD/Ltj mouse were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expressions of Toll‐like receptor 9 and p‐p38 MAPK in the submandibular gland (SMG) were also examined by immunohistochemistry. The change of stimulated salivary flow rate was dynamically measured, and the histopathology of SMG was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Results

The stimulated salivary flow rate in NOD/Ltj was reduced to 50–60% of the flow rate of control mice since the fifth week onwards. The Toll‐like receptor 9 and p‐p38 MAPK double‐positive PBMCs in both groups increased gradually from 5 weeks, peaked at 8 weeks and then gradually decreased at 10 weeks, yet the percentage of Toll‐like receptor 9 and p‐p38MAPK double‐positive PBMCs in 5‐, 8‐, and 10‐week‐old NOD/Ltj mouse was significantly increased compared with those in control subjects. After the 10th week onwards, there were no significant differences in the Toll‐like receptor 9 and p‐p38 MAPK double‐positive PBMCs between NOD/Ltj mice and controls. Immunohistochemical staining showed that Toll‐like receptor 9 was positive in the acinar epithelium cells and infiltrating lymphocytes in NOD/Ltj mice. p‐p38 MAPK was detected in infiltrating lymphocytes and few ductal or acinar epithelium cells adjacent to infiltrating lymphocytes in NOD/Ltj mice.

Conclusions

From the fifth week till the tenth week, Toll‐like receptor 9 and p‐p38 MAPK double‐positive PBMCs were significantly increased in NOD/Ltj mice, accompanied with reduced stimulated salivary flow rate and Toll‐like receptor 9 or p‐p38 MAPK positive infiltrating lymphocytes observed in the SMG of NOD/Ltj mouse. Our results indicated that activation of Toll‐like receptor 9‐depended p38 MAPK signal pathway in PBMCs was an early event in pSS which made NOD/Ltj as an ideal therapy model to test the treatment effects of p38 MAPK or Toll‐like receptor 9 inhibitors on pSS.
Localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia featuring unusual p16INK4A labeling and negative human papillomavirus status by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Argyris Prokopios P. , Nelson Andrew C. , Papanakou Styliani , Merkourea Stavroula , Tosios Konstantinos I. , Koutlas Ioannis G.
Published: July 2014

Background

Localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia (LJSGH) is a distinct type of gingival hyperplastic lesion with specific clinicopathologic features. Evaluation of the morphological characteristics of LJSGH indicates the potential role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as an underlying etiopathogenetic mechanism.

Methods

All cases of LJSGH from 2008 to present were retrieved. Clinical and demographic data were collected. HPV status was investigated by p16INK4A immunohistochemistry and HPV‐Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Twenty‐one cases of LJSGH were identified, 14 (66.7%) affecting males and seven (33.3%) females (M:F = 2:1, age range: 8–36, mean: 13 years). All lesions were well‐demarcated, exophytic, erythematous, and hemorrhagic with granular or slightly papillary surface. Preponderance for the maxillary gingiva (19, 90.5%) was observed. Two (9.5%) patients presented with recurrence 20 and 21 months after excision (mean follow‐up: 18.7 months). Histopathologically, all LJSGH lesions featured epithelial hyperplasia with intense neutrophilic exocytosis and spongiosis. All cases demonstrated positivity for p16INK4A with the majority of specimens (47.6%) intensely decorated in >50% of the overlying epithelium with focal immunostaining observed in 47.6% and diffuse in 52.4%. Thirteen cases (61.9%) were negative for HPV DNA by PCR, while two (9.5%) were suspicious for the presence of low levels of HPV DNA but definitive genotyping was not possible. One case (4.8%) displayed positivity for HPV‐31. The remaining five cases failed the PCR reaction.

Conclusions

Human papillomavirus does not participate in the pathogenesis of LJSGH. P16INK4A expression in the absence of detectable HPV DNA can likely be attributed to the intense inflammation associated with LJSGH.
THE RENAL PATIENT SUPPORT GROUP: SUPPORTING PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA
Authors: Muhammad Shahid , Allan Michelle , Ali Filson , Bonacina Magda , Adams Meshia
Published: July 2014

Background

The Renal Patient Support Group (RPSG) is a voluntary Facebook group that was developed in 2009 in the UK. The RPSG now has in excess of 5000 members.

Objective

To highlight the work of the RPSG and to describe how the use of social media has helped raise awareness of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The RPSG offers online peer support internationally, with members sharing their experiences.

Methods

Since the RPSG is mainly a Facebook platform, this medium has lent itself to raising CKD awareness, also allowing group members to share real‐life stories.

Conclusion

The RPSG continues to expand and invites health professionals to gain opportunities provided by social media networks to improve the health of their patients by facilitating and getting involved in ‘real’ discussions.
The effects of nutrition‐induced abnormal food metabolism in the Southern Plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus): comparisons of variations of the Western diet
Authors: Post D. M. , Hawkins B. L. , Eldridge J. A.
Published: July 2014

We investigated the effects of several modifications of the Western diet on a medium‐sized rodent, Neotoma micropus, that lives in the area of the wildland‐urban interface. We conducted a laboratory study of the response of N. micropus to high fat‐high fructose (HFHF), high fat‐high sucrose (HFHS), high fat‐low sugar (HFLSu) and control (low fat‐low sugar) diets. We found a significant increase in hepatic lipid deposition and a significant decrease in podocytes in those animals that consumed the HFHF and HFLSu diets compared to those on the HFHS and control diets. We found no significant differences in Bowman's space or hepatic collagen formation. We predict that N. micropus in the wild, with access to anthropogenic resources, will show similar effects as a result of the consumption of anthropogenic resources.
Effect of feeding deoiled mahua (Bassia latifolia) seed cake on the growth performance, digestibility and balance of nutrients in cross‐bred calves during pre‐patent period of Fasciola gigantica infection
Authors: Jacob A. B. , Singh P. , Verma A. K.
Published: July 2014

A study was conducted to assess the growth performance and nutrient utilization of cross‐bred calves serially infected with Fasciola gigantica and/or supplemented with deoiled mahua seed cake (DMSC) during pre‐patent period of infection. Twenty healthy cross‐bred (Holstein Friesian × Haryana) male calves aged 6–7 months with an initial average live weight of 79.6 ± 2.71 kg were divided into four treatment groups (CON, CON‐INF, DMC and DMC‐INF) of five animals each following randomized block design. DMSC was included in the concentrate mixture of DMC and DMC‐INF groups at 100 g/kg level. Animals of groups CON‐INF and DMC‐INF were given an infection of 200 metacercariae (mc) of F. gigantica as serial infection dose of 50 mc twice weekly over a period of 2 weeks. A metabolism trial at 40–49 days post‐infection and growth trial of 145 days duration were conducted. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in CON‐INF group as compared to others. The ADG and FCR were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in DMC‐INF as compared to CON‐INF. The intake and digestibility of nutrients were not affected by serial infection with F. gigantica during pre‐patent period. However, significantly (p < 0.001) higher urinary excretion and significantly (p < 0.001) lower nitrogen balance were observed in CON‐INF group as compared to other three groups. The nitrogen balance was significantly (p < 0.001) improved in DMC‐INF group as compared to CON‐INF group. From the results, it may be deduced that the supplementation of deoiled mahua seed cake at 100 g/kg level in the concentrate mixture has improved the growth performance and nitrogen utilization in cross‐bred calves infected with F. gigantica.
Periodontopathogens and human β‐defensin‐2 expression in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontal disease in Guangxi, China
Authors: Yong X. , Chen Y. , Tao R. , Zeng Q. , Liu Z. , Jiang L. , Ye L. , Lin X.
Published: July 2014

Background and Objective

Periodontal diseases are often induced by periodontopathogens, which are always exposed to certain innate immune factors in gingival crevicular fluid, including human β‐defensin‐2 (hBD‐2). This study aims to investigate the relationship among periodontopathogens, clinical parameters and hBD‐2 expression.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐two healthy controls, 42 patients with chronic gingivitis and 95 patients with chronic periodontitis were recruited in Guangxi, China. Bleeding index, probing depth and clinical attachment level were measured for all teeth including mesiobuccal, buccal, disobuccal, mesiolingual, lingual, disolingual six sites of all patient. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the study sites. The prevalence and copy numbers (CN) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and total bacteria in gingival crevicular fluid were quantified by real‐time PCR. The hBD‐2 concentration in gingival crevicular fluid was measured by ELISA.

Results

Both the prevalence and the CN of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were higher in patients with chronic periodontitis than in healthy controls and patients with chronic gingivitis; however, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of P. intermedia among the three study groups, and the highest CN was found in patients with chronic gingivitis, rather than in patients with chronic periodontitis. The loads of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. denticola and total bacteria were positively related to probing depth, bleeding index and clinical attachment level. The concentration of hBD‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid was higher in patients with chronic gingivitis and in patients with chronic periodontitis than in healthy controls. In addition, the hBD‐2 concentration was positively related to the CN of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and total bacteria, as well as to bleeding index and probing depth.

Conclusion

The prevalence, composition and CN of periodontopathogens were closely related to the severity of periodontal disease, and the red complex was related to the severity of clinical symptoms of periodontal diseases. The concentration of hBD‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal disease sites was higher than that in gingival crevicular fluid from healthy sites, which suggests that hBD‐2 expression might be up‐regulated by periodontopathogens.
Basal Serum Cortisol Concentration as a Screening Test for Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs
Authors: Bovens C. , Tennant K. , Reeve J. , Murphy K.F.
Published: July 2014

Background

Measurement of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration is used as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs, but is not well characterized.

Objectives

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of basal serum cortisol to detect hypoadrenocorticism in a population of dogs with a clinical suspicion of hypoadrenocorticism.

Animals

Four hundred and fifty dogs with nonadrenal gland illness and 14 dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism were included.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study. The records of all dogs having had anACTHstimulation test performed between January 2005 and September 2011 at the University of Bristol were reviewed. Dogs were included if the test was performed as a screening for hypoadrenocorticism. The sensitivity and specificity of basal serum cortisol concentration to detect dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were calculated using 2 cut‐offs and compared to the gold standardACTHstimulation test.

Results

Using a cut‐off of ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity of basal cortisol to detect hypoadrenocorticism were 100% and 63.3%, respectively, whereas for a cut‐off of ≤1 μg/dL (≤28 nmol/L), the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 91.8%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Measurement of basal serum cortisol is useful as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs using a cut‐off of ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L), and the disease is unlikely with a basal serum cortisol >2 μg/dL (>55 nmol/L). A basal serum cortisol ≤2 μg/dL (≤55 nmol/L) cannot be used to diagnose hypoadrenocorticism, and an ACTH stimulation test should be performed in these cases.
Genomics of invasion: diversity and selection in introduced populations of monkeyflowers (Mimulus guttatus)
Authors: Puzey Joshua , Vallejo‐Marín Mario
Published: July 2014

Global trade and travel is irreversibly changing the distribution of species around the world. Because introduced species experience drastic demographic events during colonization and often face novel environmental challenges from their native range, introduced populations may undergo rapid evolutionary change. Genomic studies provide the opportunity to investigate the extent to which demographic, historical and selective processes shape the genomic structure of introduced populations by analysing the signature that these processes leave on genomic variation. Here, we use next‐generation sequencing to compare genome‐wide relationships and patterns of diversity in native and introduced populations of the yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus). Genome resequencing data from 10 introduced populations from the United Kingdom (UK) and 12 native M. guttatus populations in North America (NA) demonstrated reduced neutral genetic diversity in the introduced range and showed that UK populations are derived from a geographic region around the North Pacific. A selective‐sweep analysis revealed site frequency changes consistent with selection on five of 14 chromosomes, with genes in these regions showing reduced silent site diversity. While the target of selection is unknown, genes associated with flowering time and biotic and abiotic stresses were located within the swept regions. The future identification of the specific source of origin of introduced UK populations will help determining whether the observed selective sweeps can be traced to unsampled native populations or occurred since dispersal across the Atlantic. Our study demonstrates the general potential of genome‐wide analyses to uncover a range of evolutionary processes affecting invasive populations.
Turning Points and Negotiation: The Case of the 2007–2008 Writers' Strike
Authors: Putnam Linda L. , Fuller Ryan P.
Published: July 2014

Extant communication research on negotiation typically focuses on the microprocesses of interaction without much attention to the larger context in which these conflicts occur. However, public campaigns related to labor‐management conflicts impinge on the way negotiations are enacted. This study focuses on the turning points and conflict framing in the 2007–2008 conflict between the Writers Guild of America and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers. Using media coverage and press releases, it examines turning points across critical events, communicative framing, and the role of a simultaneous corporate campaign in shaping the outcome of this negotiation. Overall, it demonstrates that procedural precipitants in combination with the corporate campaign triggered departures that escalated the conflict, while procedural and external precipitants shaped departures that led to an agreement. Writers Guild of America's particular brand of a soft corporate campaign played an important role in solidifying the labor union and garnering public support for the strike.
Prevalence of and risk factors for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Raphael Kalani L , Zhang Yingying , Ying Jian , Greene Tom
Published: July 2014

Aim

The prevalence of metabolic acidosis increases as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, most patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease have normal serum bicarbonate concentration while some with stage 3 chronic kidney disease have low serum bicarbonate, suggesting that other factors contribute to generation of acidosis. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors, other than reduced glomerular filtration rate, for reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to relate predictor variables to the odds of low serum bicarbonate (<22 mM) compared with normal serum bicarbonate (22–30 mM) and the coefficients of Δ serum bicarbonate concentration.

Results

The prevalence of low serum bicarbonate at baseline was 17.3%. Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate had the strongest relationship with low serum bicarbonate. Factors associated with higher odds of low serum bicarbonate, independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate, were urinary albumin/creatinine ≥10 mg/g, smoking, anaemia, hyperkalaemia, non‐diuretic use and higher serum albumin. These and younger age, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers associated with negative Δ serum bicarbonate in linear regression models.

Conclusions

Several factors not typically considered to associate with reduced serum bicarbonate in chronic kidney disease were identified including albuminuria ≥10 mg/g, anaemia, smoking, higher serum albumin, higher waist circumference, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Future studies should explore the longitudinal effect of these factors on serum bicarbonate concentration.
How multidrug resistance in typhoid fever affects treatment options
Authors: Tatavarthy Aparna , Luna Vicki A. , Amuso Philip T.
Published: July 2014

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) is an enteric pathogen that causes typhoid fever. The infection can be severe, with significant morbidity and mortality, requiring antimicrobial therapy. Cases of S. Typhi infection in the United States and other developed countries are often associated with travel to endemic regions. The empirical use of first‐line drugs for therapy, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, has resulted in transmissible multidrug resistance. With the global increase in multidrug‐resistant S. Typhi, use of ciprofloxacin, with excellent oral absorption, few side effects, and cost‐effectiveness, has become popular for treatment. However, decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility due to point mutations in the S. Typhi genes gyrA and/or parC has caused treatment failures, necessitating alternative therapeutic options. S. Typhi is typically genetically homogenous, with phylogenetic and epidemiological studies showing that identical clones and diverse S. Typhi types often coexist in the same geographic region. Studies investigating point mutations have demonstrated that selective pressure from empirical use of first‐line drugs and fluoroquinolones has led to the global emergence of haplotype H‐58. Antibiotic resistance is subject to high selective pressure in S. Typhi and thus demands careful use of antimicrobials.