bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3-Dimensional structure of membrane-bound coagulation factor VIII: modeling of the factor VIII heterodimer within a 3-dimensional density map derived by electron crystallography
Authors: Stoilova-McPhie Svetla , Villoutreix Bruno O. , Mertens Koen , Kemball-Cook Geoffrey , Holzenburg Andreas
Published: July 2002

Despite recent studies, the organization of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) on a phospholipid (PL) membrane is not known in detail. Thus, 2-dimensional (2D) crystals of human FVIII lacking the B domain were prepared for electron microscopy onto negatively charged PL monolayers. The 3-dimensional (3D) density map of the PL-bound FVIII protein was calculated at 1.5 nm. Existing atomic data and models for FVIII domains were fitted unambiguously within the 3D density map of the molecule. FVIII domains arrangement followed a compact spiral organization with the A3 domains in close association with the C1 and C2 domains near the PL surface. Viewed toward the membrane the A domains' heterotrimer is oriented side-on with the pseudo–3-fold axis almost parallel to the PL surface and A1 fully covering C1. The C2 domain is partially overlapped by the A2 domain of an adjacent molecule in the 2D crystal, favoring close packing. Viewed parallel to the membrane, C2 is slightly inclined to the PL surface covering an area of 12 nm2. Four C2 loops are embedded within the lipid monolayer at about 0.7 to 1.0 nm depth. C1 forms almost a right angle with C2, its long axis nearly parallel to the membrane. The proposed structure for membrane-bound FVIII results from modeling of the FVIII domains within a 3D density map obtained from electron crystallography and accords with the main biochemical and structural information known to date. A model is proposed for FVIIIa and factor IXa assembly within the membrane-bound factor X-activating complex.
Long-term salvage therapy with cyclosporin A in refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Emilia Giovanni , Morselli Monica , Luppi Mario , Longo Giuseppe , Marasca Roberto , Gandini Giovanna , Ferrara Leonardo , D'Apollo Nicola , Potenza Leonardo , Bertesi Marcello , Torelli Giuseppe
Published: July 2002

Treatment of severe, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) refractory to most usual therapies is a difficult challenge. Little information exists on the clinical use of cyclosporin A (CyA) in the treatment of ITP. This report describes long-term treatment with CyA (median, 40 months) and follow-up (median, 36.8 months) in 12 adult patients with resistant ITP. CyA used in relatively low doses (2.5-3 mg/kg of body weight per day) led to a clinical improvement in 10 patients (83.3%). Five had a complete response (41.1%), 4 a complete response to maintenance therapy (33.3%), and one a partial response (8.3%). Two patients had no response. Most patients with a response (60%) had a long-term remission (mean, 28.6 months) after discontinuation of CyA. One patient had a relapse of ITP 4 years after CyA therapy was stopped. Side effects were moderate and transient, even in patients dependent on continued CyA treatment. CyA seems to represent reasonable salvage treatment in severe, potentially life-threatening, refractory ITP.
Quantitation, selection, and functional characterization of Epstein-Barr virus–specific and alloreactive T cells detected by intracellular interferon-γ production and growth of cytotoxic precursors
Authors: Koehne Guenther , Smith Katherine M. , Ferguson Teresa L. , Williams Roxanne Y. , Heller Glenn , Pamer Eric G. , Dupont Bo , O'Reilly Richard J.
Published: July 2002

Techniques for the quantitation of virus-specific and alloantigen-reactive T cells vary in their measurement of clinically relevant T-cell effector populations, their sensitivity and quantitative accuracy, and the time required to obtain measurable results. We compared frequencies of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific and major alloantigen-reactive T cells as measured by flow cytometric analysis of responding T cells producing intracellular interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and by limiting-dilution analysis (LDA) of cytotoxic T-cell precursors (CTLp) at sequential time points during the generation of EBV-specific T-cell lines. The expansion of EBV-specific T lymphocytes and the depletion of alloreactive T cells in cultures of T cells sensitized with autologous EBV-transformed targets followed similar kinetics when measured by either method. Frequencies of EBV- specific T cells generating intracellular IFN-γ exceeded by 25- to 90-fold the frequencies of responding CTLp at each stage of expansion, whereas the frequencies of alloreactive T cells generating intracellular IFN-γ exceeded by 30- to 220-fold those detected by LDA. The assay that quantitated T cells producing IFN-γ yielded more reproducible and precise results than LDA. Furthermore, frequencies detected by the enumeration of T cells responding to immunodominant EBNA 3a and EBNA 3c peptides by IFN-γ production or their capacity to bind peptide-HLA tetramers were strikingly similar and represented significant fractions of T cells generating IFN-γ in response to autologous EBV B lymphoblastoid cell line. Functional analysis of responding viable T cells, fractionated on the basis of their secretion of IFN-γ, demonstrated that EBV-specific and alloantigen cytotoxic T cells were predominately or exclusively detected in the CD8+IFN-γ+ fraction of T cells. Strikingly, the CD4+IFN-γ+ cell fractions were not cytotoxic against EBV-transformed or allogeneic targets.
Adjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer: Analysis of Stage, Sex, and Local Control—Final Report of Intergroup 0114
Authors: Tepper J.E. , O’Connell M. , Niedzwiecki D. , Hollis D.R. , Benson A.B. , Cummings B. , Gunderson L.L. , Macdonald J.S. , Martenson J.A. , Mayer R.J.
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: The gastrointestinal Intergroup studied postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in patients with T3/4 and N+ rectal cancer after potentially curative surgery to try to improve chemotherapy and to determine the risk of systemic and local failure.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients had a potentially curative surgical resection and were treated with two cycles of chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation therapy and two additional cycles of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy regimens were bolus fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-FU and leucovorin, 5-FU and levamisole, and 5-FU, leucovorin, and levamisole. Pelvic irradiation was given to a dose of 45 Gy to the whole pelvis and a boost to 50.4 to 54 Gy.

RESULTS: One thousand six hundred ninety-five patients were entered and fully assessable, with a median follow-up of 7.4 years. There was no difference in overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) by drug regimen. DFS and OS decreased between years 5 and 7 (from 54% to 50% and 64% to 56%, respectively), although recurrence-free rates had only a small decrease. The local recurrence rate was 14% (9% in low-risk [T1 to N2+] and 18% in high-risk patients [T3N+, T4N]). Overall, 7-year survival rates were 70% and 45% for the low-risk and high-risk groups, respectively. Males had a poorer overall survival rate than females.

CONCLUSION: There is no advantage to leucovorin- or levamisole-containing regimens over bolus 5-FU alone in the adjuvant treatment of rectal cancer when combined with irradiation. Local and distant recurrence rates are still high, especially in T3N+ and T4 patients, even with full adjuvant chemoradiation therapy.
Intraoperative Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Improves Detection of Micrometastases
Authors: Liptay Michael J. , Grondin Sean C. , Fry Willard A. , Pozdol Chris , Carson Doreine , Knop Carol , Masters Gregory A. , Perlman Reid M. , Watkin William
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Lymph node metastases are the most significant prognostic factor in localized non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nodal micrometastases may not be detected with current standard histologic methods. We performed intraoperative technetium-99m (99mTc) sentinel lymph node (SN) mapping in patients with resectable NSCLC. This study aimed to identify the first station of nodal drainage of operable lung cancers. Serial section histology and immunohistochemistry were used to validate the SN and to identify the presence of micrometastatic disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred patients with potentially resectable suspected NSCLC were enrolled. At thoracotomy, the primary tumor was injected with 0.25 to 2 mCi99mTc. Intraoperative scintigraphic readings of both the primary tumor and lymph nodes were obtained with a hand-held gamma counter. Anatomic resection with a mediastinal node dissection was then performed.

RESULTS: Nine of the 100 patients did not have NSCLC (seven benign lesions and two metastatic tumors) and were excluded. Seventy-eight (86%) of 91 patients had a SN identified and a complete resection. Sixty-nine (88.5%) out of the 78 SNs were classified as true-positive with no metastases found in other intrathoracic lymph nodes without concurrent SN involvement. In nine patients, the SN was the only positive node. In seven of these nine patients, the SN was found to harbor only micrometastatic disease.

CONCLUSION: Intraoperative SN mapping with99mTc is an accurate way to identify the first site of lymphatic tumor drainage in NSCLC. This method may also improve the precision of pathologic staging.
Medical Debt—The Canary in the Coal Mine for Health Care Affordability
Authors: Levitt Larry
Published: September 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses the issues surrounding medical debt in the US and reflects on policy efforts made in recent years to solve some of the root causes.
Drug Decriminalization, Fentanyl, and Fatal Overdoses in Oregon
Authors: Zoorob Michael J. , Park Ju Nyeong , Kral Alex H. , Lambdin Barrot H. , del Pozo Brandon
Published: September 2024

Importance

With the implementation of Measure 110 (M110) in 2021, Oregon became the first US state to decriminalize small amounts of any drug for personal use. To date, no analysis of the association of this law with overdose mortality has fully accounted for the introduction of fentanyl—a substance that is known to drive fatal overdose—to Oregon’s unregulated drug market.

Objective

To evaluate whether the decriminalization of drug possession in Oregon was associated with changes in fatal drug overdose rates after accounting for the rapid spread of fentanyl in Oregon’s unregulated drug market.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cohort study, the association between fatal overdose and enactment of M110 was analyzed using a matrix completion synthetic control method. The control group consisted of the 48 US states and Washington, DC, all of which did not decriminalize drugs. The rapid spread of fentanyl in unregulated drug markets was determined using the state-level percentage of all samples reported to the National Forensic Laboratory Information System that were identified as fentanyl or its analogues. Mortality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2022. Data analysis was performed from fall 2023 through spring 2024.

Exposures

Measure 110 took effect in Oregon on February 1, 2021.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome assessed was fatal drug overdose rates per half-year. A changepoint analysis also determined when each state experienced a rapid escalation of fentanyl in its unregulated drug market.

Results

In this analysis, rapid spread of fentanyl in Oregon’s unregulated drug supply occurred in the first half of 2021, contemporaneous with enactment of M110. A positive crude association was found between drug decriminalization and fatal overdose rate per 100 000 per half year (estimate [SE], 1.83 [0.47]; P < .001). After adjusting for the spread of fentanyl as a confounder, the effect size changed signs (estimate [SE], −0.51 [0.61]; P = .41) and there was no longer an association between decriminalization and overdose mortality in Oregon. Sensitivity analyses were consistent with this result.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of fatal drug overdose and the spread of fentanyl through Oregon’s unregulated drug market, no association between M110 and fatal overdose rates was observed. Future evaluations of the health effects of drug policies should account for changes in the composition of unregulated drug markets.
Lynch Syndrome and Somatic Mismatch Repair Variants in Pancreas Cancer
Authors: O’Connor Catherine A. , Harrold Emily , Lin David , Walch Henry , Gazzo Andrea , Ranganathan Megha , Kane Sarah , Keane Fergus , Schoenfeld Joshua , Moss Drew , Thurtle-Schmidt Deborah M. , Suehnholz Sarah P. , Chakravarty Debyani , Balogun Fiyinfolu , Varghese Anna , Yu Kenneth , Kelsen David , Latham Alicia , Weigelt Britta , Park Wungki , Stadler Zsofia , O’Reilly Eileen M.
Published: September 2024

Importance

Microsatellite (MS) instability (MSI-H) occurs frequently in Lynch syndrome (LS)–associated tumors and is associated with response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. MSI-H is conferred by germline or somatic variants in mismatch repair genes. The contribution of somatic oncogenesis to MSI-H in pancreatic cancer (PC) is unknown.

Objective

To evaluate an LS-related PC cohort to define clinicogenomic features, describe somatic MSI-H cases (germline negative), characterize response to ICB, and guide preferred MS testing methods.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This single-institution, retrospective analysis was conducted from March 2012 to July 2023 at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and included 55 patients with PC and either an LS germline pathogenic variant (gPV) or somatic mismatch repair (MMR) variant.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Composite MMR and MS status determined using orthogonal methods. An artificial intelligence classifier was used to account for low-cellularity specimens. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from medical record. Zygosity status and somatic comutation landscape analyzed.

Results

Fifty-five patients (23 women [42%]) had PC and an MMR variant: 32 (58%) had LS (LS cohort) and 23 (42%) had a somatic MMR variant (no germline pathogenic variant, somatic MMR cohort). In the LS cohort, 10 (31%) had gMSH2, 9 (28%) gMSH6, 8 (25%) gPMS2, 4 (13%) gMLH1, 1 (3%) gEPCAM. The median age at diagnosis was 68 years (range, 45-88 years). For composite MS status, 17 (59%) were MSI-H, 12 (41%) MS stable, and 3 MS unknown. Five cases were reclassified as MSI-H by the artificial intelligence classifier. In the somatic MMR cohort, 11 (48%) had MSH6, 7 (30%) MLH1, 3 (13%) MSH2, and 2 (9%) PMS2. The median age at diagnosis was 72 years (range, 66-85 years). For composite MS status, 10 (43%) were MSI-H, 11 (48%) MS stable, and 2 (9%) MS indeterminate. Six cases were reclassified as MSI-H by the artificial intelligence classifier. For the LS and somatic MMR cohorts, 20 received ICB (n = 17 MSI-H). The median ICB duration was 27.7 months (95% CI, 11.5 to not reached); the disease control rate was 80%.

Conclusion

The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that MSI-H occurs due to LS or somatic oncogenesis in PC. Orthogonal MS testing is key in PC; the artificial intelligence classifier reclassified approximately 20% of cases, most of which were low cellularity. ICB for patients with LS or somatic MSI-H PC provided significant benefit.
AFI manual planning versus HyperArc auto‐planning: A head‐to‐head comparison of SRS plan quality
Authors: Desai Dharmin D. , Cordrey Ivan L. , Johnson E. Lee , Oldland Thomas A.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

HyperArc (HA) auto‐planning offers simplicity for the end user and consistently high‐quality SRS plans. The “Ask For It” (AFI) optimization strategy offers a manual planning technique that, when coupled with R50%Analytic, can be guided to deliver a plan with an intermediate dose spill “as low as reasonably achievable” and high target dose conformity. A direct comparison of SRS plan quality obtained using the manual planning AFI strategy and HA has been performed.

Methods

Using a CT data set available from the Radiosurgery Society, 54 PTVs were created and used to generate 19 individual SRS/SRT cases. Case complexity ranged from single PTV plans to multiple PTV plans with a single isocenter. PTV locations ranged from relative isolation from critical structures to lesions within 1.5 mm of the optic apparatus and abutting the brainstem. All cases were planned using both the AFI and HA optimization strategies as implemented in the Varian Medical Systems Eclipse Treatment Planning System. A range of treatment plan quality metrics were obtained including Intermediate Dose Spill (R50%), Conformity Indices CIRTOG and CIPaddick, PTV Dose Coverage (Dn%), PTV Mean Dose, and Modulation Factor. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum non‐parametric statistical method was utilized to compare the obtained plan quality metrics.

Results

Statistically significant improvements were found for the AFI strategy for metrics R50%, CIRTOG, CIPaddick, and PTV Mean Dose (p < 0.001). HA achieved superior coverage for Dn% (p = 0.018), while the Modulation Factors were not significantly different for AFI compared to HA optimization (p = 0.13).

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that the AFI manual planning strategy can produce high‐quality planning metrics similar to the HA auto‐planning method.
Facile Synthesis of Nanostructured Self‐Regenerative Superhydrophobic Coatings
Authors: Sharma Aaishwarika Raj , Arora Harpreet , Grewal Harpreet Singh
Published: September 2024

The current study endeavors facile synthesis of robust nanostructured superhydrophobic coatings. Different feedstock materials (Cu, Al, Zn, SS316, NiCrCSiBFe) are coated using flame‐spraying at different spraying distances and constant pressure (1 bar). The surface modulation of flame‐sprayed coating is done using 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FOTES). The coating's topology alters from multi‐order hierarchal coral reef‐like morphology for Al and Zn to flattened topology for SS316 and NiCrCSiBFe. The size and density of nanostructures show significant transition with variation in feedstock and spraying distance. The analysis of particle‐laden flames shows characteristic variations in particle temperatures and velocity profiles. The morphological alternations are related to physiochemical characteristics, resulting in in‐situ particle vaporization and nucleation. Post silanization, Al and Zn coatings deposited at higher spraying distance show significant de‐wetting traits (θ > 155°) with lowest contact angle hysteresis and sliding angle (<5°). Coatings show extremely low adhesion of 2–4 μN with water droplets, which is considerably lower than lotus leaf (18 μN). Both coatings show extreme resilience in simulated rain, withstanding droplet impacts for more than 2 h without any loss of superhydrophobicity and outstanding abrasion resistance due to self‐regeneration behavior. The present study highlights a synthesis of a viable route for the development of robust superhydrophobic coatings for various applications.
Selective Adsorption of Electrolyte Anions with Chitosan Skin Producing LiF‐Enriched Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Si‐Based Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Jiayang , Li Yuchen , Lv Linze , Wang Longfei , Xiong Weixing , Huang Lei , Qu Qunting , Wang Yan , Shen Ming , Zheng Honghe
Published: September 2024

Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. To achieve wide practical applications, it is highly desirable to build effective solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) with high stability and high Li+ conductivity. Herein, a novel interface engineering strategy is demonstrated with the assistance of a surfactant and the self‐assembly of chitosan (CS) skin on Si surface. A high coating integrity of the Si particle is obtained compared to that without surfactants. Unlike traditional surface coatings, the positive charge of the applied CS layer enables it to selectively absorb PF6− anions in the electrolyte. The PF6− aggregates in Helmholtz layer lead to the formation of anion‐derived SEI enriched in LiF species. As the result, the prepared CS‐decorated Si anode exhibits a high initial coulombic efficiency of 92.2% and a high rate capability of 2200 mAh g−1 capacity at 10 C rate. After 500 charge–discharge cycles, it is still able to retain a reversible capacity 1621.3 mAh g−1. Furthermore, the excellent electrochemical property is demonstrated in full cells against NCM811 cathode. The novel interface engineering strategy provides a new SEI mechanism and demonstrates a feasible and effective way to develop high‐performance Si‐based lithium‐ion batteries.
High Efficiency Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with Over 1 Micrometer Carrier Diffusion Length
Authors: Zhang Miao , Wu Cheng , Yin Mingyu , Yao Huanhuan , Qiu Hongju , Luo Jie , Du Jialin , Hao Feng
Published: September 2024

Sn2+ oxidation and halide migration are recognized as the major constraints for high‐performance tin halide perovskite solar cells (TPSCs), as they increase the defect state density and thus decrease the carrier lifetime and diffusion length. In this study, two chloride salts of thiophene derivatives are reported to interact with Sn2+ through ligand bonding and immobilize halide ions through hydrogen bonding. Due to the stronger interactions between 1‐(2‐thiophene)ethylamine hydrochloride (α‐TEACl) and the perovskite components, better defect passivation is realized. In addition, thanks to the coordination ability, the lattice stability of tin perovskite is enhanced, and the photoluminescence carrier lifetime and carrier diffusion length are substantially extended from 4.51 ns and 180.78 nm to 23.17 ns, and 1102.20 nm, respectively, which are both among the highest reported values for tin halide perovskites. Consequently, the target device with α‐TEACl achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 14.02%. At the same time, the α‐TEACl device showed excellent long‐term operational stability, retaining ≈92% of the initial efficiency after 2000 h aging in the N2 atmosphere. This work provides a new perspective for regulating the defect passivation and ion migration in lead‐free tin halide perovskites.
Programmed Nanosystem for Synergistic Immunogenic Cell Death Enhancing Radiotherapy‐Mediated Abscopal Effect
Authors: Wang Peiyuan , Zhao Xuan , Ying Yunfei , Huang Shuli , Liu Tao , Zheng Ruchun , Xie Fang , Sun Wen , Liu Zongjunlin
Published: September 2024

Abscopal effect often refers to the capability of localized radiation from X‐ray to provoke systemic anti‐tumor effects. Even radiation is able to prime anti‐cancer via adaptive immune responses, nevertheless, the abscopal effect is critically precluded by inadequate T‐cell infiltration in distant or non‐irradiated tumors. Here, a synergetic strategy is developed that is capable of substantially boosting radiation‐mediated immunogenic cell death for enhancing abscopal effect by fabricating programmed Au nanorod‐based core–shell nanoplatform with extracellular vesicles coating to simultaneously perform tumor‐specific radiotherapy sensitization. Subsequently, strong systematic immunity enhancement can be realized by the sensitized radiation potentiating immunogenic cell death and checkpoint inhibitor delivery. Distant and metastatic tumors are sufficiently inhibited via a strong abscopal effect including the strong antitumor immune responses and a long‐term immunological memory effect. The work thus engineers a unique nanoreactor strategy as a next‐generation radio‐immunotherapy approach to achieve synergistic efficacious whole‐body immune responses after local radiation, having great potential for clinical application.
A Photoactivated Self‐Adaptive Liquid Crystal Elastomer Oscillator From Orientation and Polymerization Guided by Nanowire Assembly
Authors: Chen Hong , Yao Xin , Qin Haili , Cong Huai‐Ping , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: September 2024

Constructing self‐adaptive oscillators that can continuously, stably, and tunably transform external stimulus into mechanical work is high demand for soft robots, energy harvesters and object conveyors. However, these systems are challenging to develop because of the single mesogenic anisotropy and simple material constituents obtained by a traditional technique. Here, a photoactivated self‐adaptive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) oscillator with controlled nanoassembly‐directed hierarchically anisotropic structure is demonstrated by developing the highly‐aligned silver nanowire (AgNW) assemblies (HAs) to guide the orientation and polymerization of LC molecules. The fabricated HAs‐LCE film exhibits tunable multiple anisotropies on mesogenic alignment, composition, density gradient across the thickness and mechanical behaviors. Combined with excellent photo‐driven bending deformation, the HAs‐LCE cantilever performs a self‐sustained, periodic and steady oscillation self‐propelled by negative feedback loops under a continuous NIR laser. Impressively, triggered by synergetic deformations of anisotropically responsive architecture, self‐adaptive oscillations are first achieved with self‐tunable frequencies spanning from 4.1 to 13.2 Hz to accommodate variable light intensity, showing enormous and distinctive potentials for optical modulation.
Tumor‐Homing Phage Nanofibers for Nanozyme‐Enhanced Targeted Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yang Tao , Zhang Qinglei , Miao Yao , Lyu Yang , Xu Yajing , Yang Mingying , Mao Chuanbin
Published: September 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) eliminates cancer cells by converting endogenous oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, its efficacy is significantly hindered by hypoxia in solid tumors. Hence, to engineer filamentous fd phage, a human‐friendly bacteria‐specific virus is proposed, into a nanozyme‐nucleating photosensitizer‐loaded tumor‐homing nanofiber for enhanced production of ROS in a hypoxic tumor. Specifically, Pt‐binding and tumor‐homing peptides are genetically displayed on the sidewall and tip of the fd phage, respectively. The Pt‐binding peptides induced nucleation and orientation of Pt nanozymes (PtNEs) on the sidewall of the phage. The resultant PtNE‐coated tumor‐homing phage exhibits significantly enhanced sustained catalytic conversion of hydrogen peroxide in hypoxic tumors into O2 for producing ROS needed for PDT, compared to non‐phage‐templated PtNE. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify the catalytic mechanism of the phage‐templated PtNE. After intravenous injection of the PtNE‐coated indocyanine green (ICG)‐loaded tumor‐homing phages into breast tumor‐bearing mice, the nanofibers home to the tumors and effectively inhibit tumor growth by the PtNE‐enhanced PDT. The nanofibers can also serve as a tumor‐homing imaging probe due to the fluorescence of ICG. This work demonstrates that filamentous phage, engineered to become tumor‐homing nanozyme‐nucleating tumor‐hypoxia‐relieving nanofibers, can act as cancer‐targeting nanozymes with improved catalytic performance for effective targeted PDT.
Photoelectrocatalytic‐Microbial Biohybrid for Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Feng Tianhang , Zhou Xue , Zhang Zhonghai
Published: September 2024

Nitrogen (N2) conversion to ammonia (NH3) in a mild condition is a big chemical challenge. The whole‐cell diazotrophs based biological NH3 synthesis is one of the most promising strategies. Herein, the first attempt of photoelectrochemical‐microbial (PEC‐MB) biohybrid is contributed for artificial N2 fixation, where Azotobacter vinelandii (A. vinelandii) is interfaced directly with polydopamine encapsulated nickel oxide (NiO) nanosheets (NiO@PDA). By virtue of excellent bio‐adhesive activity, high conductivity, and good biocompatibility of PDA layer, abundant A. vinelandii are effectively adsorbed on NiO@PDA to form NiO@PDA/A. vinelandii biohybrid, and the rationally designed biohybrid achieved a record‐high NH3 production yield of 1.85 µmol h−1/108 cells (4.14 µmol h−1 cm−2). In addition, this biohybrid can operate both under illumination with a PEC model or in dark with an electrocatalytic (EC) model to implement long‐term and successional NH3 synthesis. The enhancement mechanism of NH3 synthesis in NiO@PDA/A. vinelandii biohybrid can be ascribed to the increase of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐hydrogen (NADH) and adenosine 5‐triphosphate (ATP) concentrations and over expression of nitrogen‐fixing genes of nifH, nifD and nifK in nitrogenase. This innovative PEC‐MB biohybrid strategy sheds light on the fundamental mechanism and establishes proof of concept of biotic‐abiotic photosynthetic systems for sustainable chemical production.
Robust Chiral Metal–Organic Framework Coatings for Self‐Activating and Sustainable Biofouling Mitigation
Authors: Yu Zhiqun , Li Xiangyu , Wang Zhengxing , Fan Yongqiang , Zhao Wenjie , Li Dianzhong , Xu Dake , Gu Tingyue , Wang Fuhui
Published: September 2024

Surface coatings are designed to mitigate pervasive biofouling herald, a new era of surface protection in complex biological environments. However, existing strategies are plagued by persistent and recurrent biofilm attachment, despite the use of bactericidal agents. Herein, a chiral metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based coating with conformal microstructures to enable a new anti‐biofouling mode that involves spontaneous biofilm disassembly followed by bacterial eradication is developed. A facile and universal metal‐polyphenol network (MPN) is designed to robustly anchor the MOF nanoarmor of biocidal Cu2+ ions and anti‐biofilm d‐amino acid ligands to a variety of substrates across different material categories and surface topologies. Incorporating a diverse array of chiral amino acids endows the resultant coatings with widespread signals for biofilm dispersal, facilitating copper‐catalyzed chemodynamic reactions and inherent mechano‐bactericidal activities. This synergistic mechanism yields unprecedented anti‐biofouling efficacy elucidated by RNA‐sequencing transcriptomics analysis, enhancing broad‐spectrum antibacterial activities, preventing biofilm formation, and destroying mature biofilms. Additionally, the chelation‐directed amorphous/crystalline coatings can activate photoluminescent properties to inhibit the settlement of microalgae biofilms. This study provides a distinctive perspective on chirality‐enhanced antimicrobial behaviors and pioneers a rational pathway toward developing next‐generation anti‐biofouling coatings for diverse applications.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar Chiral Ferrocene Triflones
Authors: Wen Min , Erb William , Mongin Florence , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre , Blot Marielle , Roisnel Thierry , Halauko Yury S. , Matulis Vadim E. , Koike Yuta , Kitazawa Yu , Kimura Mutsumi , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: September 2024

A multi‐gram scale synthesis of ferrocenetriflone was optimised from ferrocenesulfonyl fluoride and Me3SiCF3 (Ruppert reagent). Enantioselective deprotolithiations were then optimised using alkyllithiums in the presence of catalytic (+)‐sparteine to afford 2‐substituted ferrocene triflones in 79–84% ee. The use of chiral lithium amides in the presence of in situ traps was also optimised and was found to outperform alkyllithium⋅chiral diamine chelates for the first time in the ferrocene series, with 89–93% ee. Crystallisation of derivatives afforded enantiopure compounds that were engaged in deprotolithiation‐electrophilic trapping sequences, a halogen ‘dance’ reaction and transition metal‐promoted coupling to afford a wide range of variously polysubstituted ferrocene triflones.
Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: Current Trends and Future Perspectives
Authors: Kumar Sunny , Ansari Aafreen , Basu Malini , Ghosh Sayani , Begam Sabana , Ghosh Mrinal K
Published: September 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as revolutionary tools, offering innovative approaches to both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges spanning various cancer types. CNTs serve as imaging agents for early detection through MRI, CT, and fluorescence. They provide precise results with biosensors detecting cancer biomarkers for rapid diagnosis. In cancer therapy, CNTs excel in targeted drug delivery, enhancing bioavailability and minimizing off‐target effects. Their prowess in photothermal therapy selectively eradicates cancer cells. Despite challenges, ongoing research highlights CNT's transformative potential, promising enhanced precision, efficacy, and personalized cancer care across diverse malignancies in future clinical practice.
Organic matter and nutrient content within putting green root zones in Tennessee
Authors: Kahiu Maureen M. , Woods Micah S. , Booth Jordan C. , Horvath Brandon J. , Brosnan James T.
Published: September 2024

Organic matter and soil nutrient accumulation within putting green root zones affects surface quality and performance. Research was conducted to explore differences in organic matter and nutrient content within creeping bentgrass (CBG; Agrostis stolonifera L.) and ultradwarf bermudagrass [UDBG; C. dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy] putting greens. Sampling was conducted from January 30 to February 23, 2023, on 22 putting greens (11 CBG and 11 UDBG) in Tennessee. Forty cores (1.91‐cm diameter by 10‐cm depth) were randomly collected from each putting green and analyzed for total organic material (TOM; undisturbed cores) by profile depth (0–2 cm, 2–4 cm, and 4–6 cm), TOM throughout a 10‐cm core, soil organic matter (SOM; passed through sieve with 2 mm openings) throughout a 10‐cm core, and nutrient content. All organic matter measurements were determined via loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) testing, whereas nutrient content was determined by Mehlich‐3 extraction. LOI testing at 440°C resulted in greater TOM values than 360°C; however, values from both temperatures were closely related (R2 = 0.99). TOM values from UDBG greens were greater than those recorded on CBG at all profile depths. Greens established via no‐till conversion contained more TOM than those planted in a constructed sand‐matrix root zone. While TOM and SOM were associated (R2 = 0.62), removing verdure for SOM assessments reduced the amount of organic material in each sample by 38% and increased variability. Nutrient contents were lower than sufficiency level of available nutrients benchmarks but exceeded minimum levels for sustainable nutrition.
Southern California land surface temperature differences under different landscape composition
Authors: Schiavon Marco , Shiflett Sheri , Baird James H. , Geis Leo A. , Scudiero Elia
Published: September 2024

In the last decade, due to prolonged and persisting drought conditions, California initially restricted water for outdoor landscape irrigation, and subsequently offered turf removal rebates to homeowners. Nevertheless, the effects of turf removal on land surface temperature (LST) in the region have not been investigated. Temperature differences between artificial and natural turf were assessed over time across four counties in Southern California using MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator (MASTER) with a spatial resolution of 5–50 m. Moreover, airborne thermal imagery (submeter spatial resolution) was acquired over selected areas of the city of Riverside, CA, during the summers of 2018 and 2019, including neighborhoods with different income levels, and temperatures for natural turf, artificial turf, and xeriscape were recorded. Environmental and socioeconomic data were compared to the LST in different neighborhoods. Results showed that the LST difference between artificial and natural turf increases in Southern California moving from coastal region to inland. Airborne thermal imagery in Riverside confirmed that University of California artificial turf fields are irrigated during the summer to allow athletes to use the pitch. No correlation between socioeconomic factors and LST of turf and artificial turf fields (and paired differences) was found. On a city scale, natural turf lawns were consistently cooler than xeriscape and artificial turf lawns, closely mirroring mean air temperature. Socioeconomic factors do not describe LST in residential lawns, as warmest and coolest lawns regardless of vegetation are found evenly distributed among different income neighborhoods. Turfgrass removal for water conservation may have unforeseen environmental side effects.
WDR44 Loss‐of‐Function Promoter Deletion in a Male Newborn With a Ciliopathy Phenotype
Authors: Sneddon Tam P. , Gilmore Kelly L. , Xiong Mai , Weck Karen E. , Powell Bradford C. , Vora Neeta L.
Published: September 2024

Gain‐of‐function variants in the WDR44 gene have recently been associated with an X‐linked ciliopathy‐related neurodevelopmental phenotype. Here, we report on a WDR44 loss‐of‐function (LOF) variant identified in the genome sequence from a male fetus enrolled in the Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis by Genomic Sequencing (PrenatalSEQ) multicenter study. The phenotype is consistent with the described X‐linked ciliopathy that includes developmental delay, microcephaly, congenital heart defects, kidney abnormalities, cryptorchidism, musculoskeletal abnormalities, craniofacial dysmorphism, and effusions. This is the first report of a WDR44 LOF variant in an affected individual with a prenatal presentation and supports LOF as a mechanism for the X‐linked WDR44 ciliopathy‐related phenotype.
Subjective cognitive decline and cognitive change among diverse middle‐aged and older Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos–Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL‐INCA)
Authors: Márquez Freddie , Tarraf Wassim , Kuwayama Sayaka , Valencia Deisha F. , Stickel Ariana M. , Morlett‐Paredes Alejandra , Guerrero Lourdes R. , Perreira Krista M. , Wassertheil‐Smoller Sylvia , Gonzalez Sara , Salazar Christian R. , Daviglus Martha L. , Gallo Linda C. , González Hector M.
Published: September 2024

INTRODUCTION

The potential utility of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) as an early risk marker of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is under consideration. We examined associations between SCD and cognitive change among middle‐aged and older Hispanic/Latino adults living in the United States.

METHODS

The short‐form Everyday Cognition Scale (ECog‐12) was assessed to generate global, executive function, and memory‐related SCD scores. We used survey generalized regressions to model the change in learning, memory, verbal fluency, executive function, and global cognitive performance over 7 years as a function of SCD (at Visit 2).

RESULTS

The mean age was 56.37 ± 8.10 years at Visit 1 (n = 6225). Higher ECog‐12 was associated with greater decline in global cognitive performance (ECog‐12 global: B = –0.17, standard error [SE] = 0.02; ECog‐12 executive: B = –0.15, SE = 0.02; ECog‐12 memory: B = –0.14, SE = 0.02, p’s < 0.001).

DISCUSSION

These results support the link between subjective reports of cognitive decline and objectively measured 7‐year cognitive decline in community‐dwelling, middle‐aged, and older Hispanic/Latino adults.

Highlights

We found that nearly two‐thirds of diverse middle‐aged and older Hispanics/Latinos reported cognitive concerns in a large and representative population study.

Self‐reported subjective experiences of cognitive decline reflect objective cognitive decline in US Hispanics/Latinos.

The relationship is stronger among men compared to women.

The relationship between subjective and objective changes to memory are stronger in those with cognitive concerns, and remain even in cognitively healthy individuals.
A Long‐Range Disordered RuO2 Catalyst for Highly Efficient Acidic Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis
Authors: Chen Guanzhen , Lu Ruihu , Ma Chao , Zhang Xuewen , Wang Ziyun , Xiong Yu , Han Yunhu
Published: September 2024

Non‐iridium acid‐stabilized electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are crucial to reducing the cost of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). Here, we report a strategy to modulate the stability of RuO2 by doping boron (B) atoms, leading to the preparation of a RuO2 catalyst with long‐range disorder (LD‐B/RuO2). The structure of long‐range disorder endowed LD‐B/RuO2 with a low overpotential of 175 mV and an ultra‐long stability, which can maintain OER for about 1.6 months at 10 mA cm−2 current density in 0.5 M H2SO4 with almost invariable performance. More importantly, a PEM electrolyzer using LD‐B/RuO2 as the anode demonstrated excellent performance, reaching 1000 mA cm−2 at 1.63 V with durability exceeding 300 h at 250 mA cm−2 current density. The introduction of B atoms induced the formation of a long‐range disordered structure and symmetry‐breaking B−Ru−O motifs, which enabled the catalyst structure to a certain toughness while simultaneously inducing the redistribution of electrons on the active center Ru, which jointly promoted and guaranteed the activity and long‐term stability of LD‐B/RuO2. This study provides a strategy to prepare long‐range disordered RuO2 acidic OER catalysts with high stability using B‐doping to perturb crystallinity, which opens potential possibilities for non‐iridium‐based PEMWE applications.
Full‐Spectrum Light‐Harvesting Solar Thermal Electrocatalyst Boosts Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Xu Mingxia , Bing Qiming , Tu Yunchuan , Zhang Yunlong , Zhang Mo , Cai Yafeng , Li Jinlei , Meng Xianguang , Zhu Jia , Yu Liang , Deng Dehui
Published: September 2024

Enabling high‐efficiency solar thermal conversion (STC) at catalytic active site is critical but challenging for harnessing solar energy to boost catalytic reactions. Herein, we report the direct integration of full‐spectrum STC and high electrocatalytic oxygen evolution activity by fabricating a hierarchical nanocage architecture composed of graphene‐encapsulated CoNi nanoparticle. This catalyst exhibits a near‐complete 98 % absorptivity of solar spectrum and a high STC efficiency of 97 %, which is superior than previous solar thermal catalytic materials. It delivers a remarkable potential decrease of over 240 mV at various current densities for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution under solar illumination, which is practically unachievable via traditionally heating the system. The high‐efficiency STC is enabled by a synergy between the regulated electronic structure of graphene via CoNi‐carbon interaction and the multiple absorption of lights by the light‐trapping nanocage. Theoretical calculations suggest that high temperature‐induced vibrational free energy gain promotes the potential‐limiting *O to *OOH step, which decreases the overpotential for oxygen evolution.
Telehealth coaching in Project ImPACT indirectly affects children's expressive language ability through parent intervention strategy use and child intentional communication: An RCT
Authors: Ingersoll Brooke , Frost Kyle M. , Straiton Diondra , Ramos Anamiguel Pomales , Casagrande Karis
Published: September 2024

Parent‐mediated, naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) are a promising approach for supporting social communication development in young autistic children. This study examined the effect of telehealth delivery of a parent‐mediated NDBI, Project ImPACT, on children's expressive language ability using a randomized control trial with intent‐to‐treat analysis. Sixty‐four young autistic children and their primary caregiver were matched on age and developmental quotient and randomly assigned to receive 6 months of therapist‐assisted Project ImPACT (i.e., telehealth coaching), self‐directed Project ImPACT, or an active control. Parent–child interactions were recorded at intake and immediately post‐treatment, and the children's expressive language skills were assessed at intake and a 9‐month follow‐up using standardized measures. Although there was no total effect of treatment group assignment on child outcomes, a serial mediation analysis revealed that therapist‐assisted ImPACT had an indirect effect on children's expressive language ability at follow‐up through their parents' use of the intervention strategies and their intentional communication immediately post‐treatment. Findings support Project ImPACT's program theory and highlight the importance of coaching in achieving positive outcomes when delivered via telehealth.
Transforming text to music using artificial intelligence improves the frontal lobe function of normal older adults
Authors: Satoh Masayuki , Inoue Jun , Ogawa Jun‐ichi , Tabei Ken‐ichi , Kamikawa Chiaki , Abe Makiko , Yoshizawa Ayaka , Kitagawa Gyo , Ota Yosinori
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have been substantial. We investigated the effectiveness of an online meeting in which normal older adults (otokai) used a music‐generative AI that transforms text to music (Music Trinity Generative Algorithm‐Human Refined [MusicTGA‐HR]).

Methods

One hundred eighteen community‐dwelling, cognitively normal older adults were recruited through the internet (64 men, 54 women; mean age: 69.4 ± 4.4 years). Using MusicTGA‐HR, the participants chose music that they thought was the most suitable to a given theme. We established 11 classes of 7–10 members and one instructor each. Each class held an online meeting once a week, and each participant presented the music they chose. The other participants and the instructor then commented on the music. Neuropsychological assessments were performed before and after the intervention for 6 months, and the results before and after the intervention were statistically analyzed.

Results

The category and letter word fluencies (WFs) were significantly improved (category WF: p = .003; letter WF: p = .036), and the time of the Trail‐Making Test‐B was also significantly shortened (p = .039). The Brain Assessment, an online cognitive test we developed, showed significant improvement in the memory of numbers (p < .001).

Conclusion

The online meeting of the otokai, which used music‐generative AI, improved the frontal lobe function and memory of independent normal older adults.
Hypoperfusion of periaqueductal gray as an imaging biomarker in chronic migraine beyond diagnosis: A 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MR imaging
Authors: Huang Pan , Wu Mei , Liu Mengqi , Li Xin , Jiang Yujiao , Chen Zhiye
Published: September 2024

Background

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is at the center of a powerful descending antinociceptive neuronal network, and is a key node in the descending pain regulatory system of pain. However, less is known about the altered perfusion of PAG in chronic migraine (CM).

Aim

To measure the perfusion of PAG matter, an important structure in pain modulation, in CM with magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion without contrast administration.

Methods

Three‐dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D‐PCASL) and brain structure imaging were performed in 13 patients with CM and 15 normal subjects. The inverse deformation field generated by brain structure image segmentation was applied to the midbrain PAG template to generate individualized PAG. Then the perfusion value of the PAG area of the midbrain was extracted based on the individual PAG mask.

Results

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) value of PAG in CM patients (47.98 ± 8.38 mL/100 mg min) was significantly lower than that of the control group (59.87 ± 14.24 mL/100 mg min). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60, 0.94), and the cutoff value for the diagnosis of CM was 54.83 mL/100 mg min with a sensitivity 84.60% and a specificity 60%.

Conclusion

Imaging evidence of the impaired pain conduction pathway in CM may be related with the decreased perfusion in the PAG, which could be considered as an imaging biomarker for the diagnosis and therapy evaluation.