Evolving Trends and Patterns of Utilization of Magnetic Resonance-Guided Radiotherapy at a Single Institution, 2018–2024
Authors: Herrera Robert A. , Akdemir Eyub Y. , Kotecha Rupesh , Mittauer Kathryn E. , Hall Matthew D. , Kaiser Adeel , Bassiri-Gharb Nema , Kalman Noah S. , Weiss Yonatan , Romaguera Tino , Alvarez Diane , Yarlagadda Sreenija , Tolakanahalli Ranjini , Gutierrez Alonso N. , Mehta Minesh P. , Chuong Michael D. 
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in image-guided radiotherapy (RT) particularly with the introduction of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT). However, the optimal clinical applications of MRgRT are still evolving. The intent of this analysis was to describe our institutional MRgRT utilization patterns and evolution therein, specifically as an early adopter within a center endowed with multiple other technology platforms. Materials/Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patterns of MRgRT utilization for patients treated with a 0.35-Tesla MR-Linac at our institution from April 2018 to April 2024. We analyzed changes in utilization across six annualized periods: Period 1 (April 2018–April 2019) through Period 6 (April 2023–April 2024). We defined ultra-hypofractionation (UHfx) as 5 or fewer fractions with a minimum fractional dose of 5 Gy. Electronic health records were reviewed, and data were extracted related to patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics. Results: A total of 823 treatment courses were delivered to 712 patients treated for 854 lesions. The most commonly treated sites were the pancreas (242 [29.4%]), thorax (172; 20.9%), abdominopelvic lymph nodes (107; 13.0%), liver (72; 8.7%), and adrenal glands (68; 8.3%). The median total prescribed dose of 50 Gy in five fractions (fxs) was typically delivered in consecutive days with automatic beam gating in inspiration breath hold. The median biologically effective dose (α/β = 10, BED10) was 94.4 Gy with nearly half (404, 49.1%) of all courses at a prescribed BED10 ≥ 100 Gy, which is widely regarded as a highly effective ablative dose. Courses in Period 6 vs. Period 1 more often had a prescribed BED10 ≥ 100 Gy (60.2% vs. 41.6%; p = 0.004). Of the 6036 total delivered fxs, nearly half (2643, 43.8%) required at least one fx of on-table adaptive radiotherapy (oART), most commonly for pancreatic tumors (1081, 17.9%). UHfx was used in over three quarters of all courses (630, 76.5%) with 472 (57.4%) of these requiring oART for at least one fraction. The relative utilization of oART increased significantly from Period 1 to Period 6 (37.6% to 85.0%; p < 0.001); a similar increase in the use of UHfx (66.3% to 89.5%; p < 0.001) was also observed. The median total in-room time for oART decreased from 81 min in Period 1 to 45 min in Period 6, while for non-oART, it remained stable around 40 min across all periods. Conclusions: Our institution implemented MRgRT with a priority for targeting mobile extracranial tumors in challenging anatomic locations that are frequently treated with dose escalation, require enhanced soft-tissue visualization, and could benefit from an ablative radiotherapy approach. Over the period under evaluation, the use of high-dose ablative doses (BED10 ≥ 100 Gy), oART and UHfx (including single-fraction ablation) increased significantly, underscoring both a swift learning curve and ability to optimize processes to maximize throughput and efficiency.