bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental research on low noise control of distributed air conditioning unit system
Authors: Zhang Liang , Jin Linhui , Gu Jialei , Lin Pan
Published: June 2024

In response to the current situation of high noise in ship air conditioning cabins, based on the design requirements of a certain type of ship, research on adaptive improvement design of distributed air conditioning unit systems was carried out. Through research on the research progress of ship air conditioning cabins at home and abroad, combined with existing technologies, in this paper, a cabin environment comfort design based on low noise control was proposed, and a simulation test chamber for distributed air conditioning unit system design verification experiments was built. We studied the low noise control of distributed air conditioning units and the noise characteristics of ship cabins in distributed air conditioning unit systems under different supply and return air types. We tested and recorded the performance parameters of different design schemes and selected the optimal scheme, providing technical basis and data for the optimization design of actual ship systems.
Research on driving condition recognition in hybrid electric vehicle energy management strategy
Authors: Ma Yue , Tian Shaopeng
Published: June 2024

The driving conditions encountered by vehicles during operation are complex and varied, and the ECMS (Equivalent fuel Consumption Minimization Strategy) based on minimum equivalent fuel consumption has poor adaptability to different driving conditions. To optimize the adaptability of the ECMS and improve the overall vehicle economy, this paper proposes an operating condition recognition model based on the Back Propagation neural network algorithm to optimize the ECMS energy management control strategy. Firstly, three types of driving conditions were identified: urban, suburban, and high-speed conditions. A complete vehicle model was constructed on the Matlab/Simulink platform. The efficacy of the strategy, before and after optimization, is verified under the WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure) driving cycle. Simulation results show that the optimized ECMS can better adjust the power apportionment among the engine and motor, reducing the fuel consumption per hundred kilometers by 4.01% and thereby enhancing the overall vehicle economy.
Reaction kinetics of CCLC process based on molecular simulation
Authors: Wang Tianshu , Li Zhe , Cui Zhe , Liu Bin , Tian Wende
Published: June 2024

In China, coal-fired power generation is still the main mode of electricity supply. However, the large amount of coal use exacerbates environmental and sustainability issues. To achieve the “dual-carbon” goal, significant reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fueled power generation will be necessary before a transition to cleaner energy can occur. Therefore, the reaction kinetics of the CCLC process was researched by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which led to the activation energies of 57.58 kJ/mol and -34.26 kJ/mol for the FR and AR reactions. This is of great significance for reducing CO2 emissions and improving energy conversion efficiency.
Decadal heatwave fluctuations in China caused by the Indian and Atlantic Oceans
Authors: Lei Nan , Xie Yongkun , Bao Zhongrui , Zhao Min , Su Zifan , Guan Xiaodan
Published: June 2024

Heatwaves have been more common in China in recent years, largely attributed to human-caused global warming. While ocean variability, notably El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influences regional heatwave fluctuations in China, the impact of other oceanic variability remains unclear. Here we show that the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (TSNAO) significantly modulate the decadal heatwave fluctuations in China. Among them, TIO has the most significant impact on northern China, while TSNAO has a greater impact on eastern China. TIO and TSNAO remotely influence heatwaves in China through abnormal sea surface temperatures (SSTs)-induced changes in atmospheric circulations involving westerlies and Rossby wave trains. Moreover, we demonstrated the physical processes responsible for heatwave fluctuations caused by TIO and TSNAO variability. The heatwave changes were determined jointly by vertical motion-related adiabatic and energy input-related diabatic temperature modifications. Our findings show that, in addition to ENSO, variability in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans is critical for understanding and predicting decadal heatwave changes in China.
Evaluating flood hazards in data-sparse coastal lowlands: highlighting the Ayeyarwady Delta (Myanmar)
Authors: Seeger Katharina , Peffeköver Andreas , Minderhoud Philip S J , Vogel Anissa , Brückner Helmut , Kraas Frauke , Oo Nay Win , Brill Dominik
Published: June 2024

Coastal lowlands and river deltas worldwide are increasingly exposed to coastal, pluvial and fluvial flooding as well as relative sea-level rise (RSLR). However, information about both single and multiple flood-type hazards, their potential impact and the characteristics of areas, population and assets at risk is often still limited as high-quality data either does not exist or is not accessible. This often constitutes a main barrier for generating sound assessments, especially for scientific and public communities in the so-called Global South. We provide a standardised, integrative approach for the first-order assessment of these single and multiple flood-type hazards and show how this can be conducted for data-sparse, hardly accessible and inaccessible coastal lowlands such as the Ayeyarwady Delta in Myanmar by using only open accessible and freely available datasets of satellite imagery, global precipitation estimates, satellite-based river discharge measurements, elevation, land use, and population data. More than 70% of the delta, mainly used for agriculture, and about 40% of its present population are prone to flooding due to either monsoon precipitation and runoff, storm surge, and RSLR, or their combination, jeopardising food security and economic development in the region. The approach allows for the integration and combination of various datasets, combined in a highly flexible workflow that performs at low computational capacities, supporting the evaluation of flood-prone areas on regional and local scale for data-sparse coastal lowlands worldwide. It thereby allows to attribute different types of flood hazards, complements concepts of vulnerability and risk, and supports risk-informed decision making and development of effective multi-flooding adaptation strategies.
Understanding bottom and surface marine heatwaves along the continental shelf of China
Authors: Cao Xinyi , Li Chao , Hu Yuwei , Yao Yulong , Li Juan
Published: June 2024

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have become longer and more frequent over the past century under anthropogenic climate change, with devastating impacts on marine ecosystems. Surface MHWs (SMHWs) and their drivers have been extensively studied using satellite sea surface temperature data, yet the mechanism and characteristics of subsurface MHWs, especially bottom MHWs (BMHWs) along continental shelves, remain unclear. Based on a high-resolution ocean reanalysis dataset, we compare SMHWs and BMHWs along the continental shelf of China and find that BMHWs are typically longer (0–16 d) and more intense (0 °C–50 °C days) than SMHWs. The categorizing of both the BMHW and SMHW shows that moderate and strong events commonly occur in most areas with relatively large spatial coverage, whereas severe and extreme events occur with relatively small spatial coverage. There is a clear negative relationship between the BMHW intensity and ocean depth along the continental shelf, while the BMHW annual days and ocean depth are positively correlated in the Bohai and East China Seas. Generally, BMHWs and SMHWs occur more frequently in shallow coastal regions where the mixed layer depth is more likely to extend to the seafloor, resulting in high BMHW and SMHW synchrony. In addition to spatial coherence, there is a good temporal correspondence between BMHWs and SMHWs across the continental shelf of China from 1993 to 2020.
The Effect of Polycaprolactone Polymer Degradation in Compost on Seed Germination
Authors: Al Hosni Asma S. , Pittman Jon K. , Robson Geoffrey D.
Published: June 2024

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable synthetic polymer derived from petroleum that can be broken down by microorganisms. Due to its low melting point, it is suitable for composting. PCL has various applications, including in medicine and agriculture. This study investigates whether PCL degradation in compost affects seed germination. The study tested the effect of PCL extracts from compost with different temperatures and concentrations on the germination of seeds from four edible plant species: cress, lettuce, mustard, and rocket. The results showed that at low temperatures and low PCL concentrations, there was no effect on seed germination. However, at higher temperatures (55°C) and higher PCL concentrations (10% and 5%), there was a signiIicant negative effect on seed germination, with no germination in 10% PCL treatments and only 53.3% germination in 5% PCL treatments. This inhibition was observed across all plant species. The study concludes that high temperatures and high PCL concentrations in compost can negatively impact seed germination.
Maladaptation
Authors: Madgwick Philip G
Published: June 2024

Evolution by natural selection is widely understood to furnish organisms with adaptations that help them to survive and reproduce, but this accessible book argues that it can also do the exact opposite. Traits that are harmful to the fitness of individual organisms are synthesised together as maladaptations, giving this confusing and neglected term new meaning. Such maladaptations contradict the received understanding of what natural selection ‘does’, but become explicable with an understanding of the genetics and ecology of evolution by natural selection. A theory of maladaptation is developed to explain how it can occur. The empirical evidence of maladaptation is discussed, highlighting both diverse examples and the potential pitfalls in applying the concept. The broader scope of maladaptation is also discussed in relation to the major evolutionary transitions and the origins of life. Beyond the science, the philosophical implications of maladaptation are explored in natural theology. Therefore, overall, the book is an argument that synthesises evidence from evolution, genetics, and ecology to piece together how maladaptations are not only possible, but are a widespread occurrence in nature, having had an enormous impact on organism design—and our understanding of it.
Population ecology of natural selection
Authors: Madgwick Philip G
Published: June 2024

The chapter provides a basic theoretical explanation of maladaptation, why it has been neglected, and why the new concept of it is useful, arguing that it is a paragon of the need to incorporate population ecology into evolutionary theory. The logic of maladaptation is described with reference to analogies in sports, focusing on the nature of competition. The logic is applied to nature, identifying the reliance of the natural selection of maladaptation on an ecological effect. It is argued that the concept of maladaptation has been neglected due to the assumption of a simplistic relationship between relative fitness and population change (or absolute fitness). Further, it is argued that the concept of maladaptation is needed as a corrective for this long-standing error. In support of this argument, the conceptual structure of evolutionary theory is discussed to identify the merits of maladaptation as a concept of ‘evolutionary failure’.
Ethics for Moral Fundamentalists
Authors: Fesmire Steven
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the book’s pragmatic and pluralistic approach to checking moral fundamentalist habits that prevent us from achieving superordinate goals. We especially need to move beyond moral fundamentalism when dealing with “wicked problems.” These are situations in which problem definition across disparate groups is itself among the key problems, as is true of many problems in ethics, politics, education, and policy. Contemporary difficulties are compounded by the problem of “cultural lag,” a condition in which the historical alternatives we have on hand to think about moral and political life lag far behind the multifaceted problems that our values must now speak to. The chapter argues that the one-way monistic premise that logically underlies moral fundamentalism is unwarranted and constrictive. The chapter concludes with some technical distinctions of interest to specialists.
Dewey’s Independent Factors in Moral Action
Authors: Fesmire Steven
Published: June 2024

This chapter builds on Dewey to illustrate the way a pragmatic pluralism can accommodate traditional monistic insights while delegitimizing moral fundamentalism’s single vision. Drawing on archival and published sources from 1926 to 1932, this is the culminating theoretical chapter. A primary focus is “Three Independent Factors in Morals,” Dewey’s (1930b) address at the Sorbonne. Exploring the hypothesis that problematic moral situations are heterogeneous in their origins and operations, Dewey traced traditional abstract categories of good, duty, and virtue back to their generative experiential roots. The chapter suggests that contemporary theorizing should foster a range of idioms and emphases which inform decision-making by (1) opening communication across diverse elements of moral and political life, (2) placing these elements in a wider context in which norms gain a better footing amid the discordance of nonideal conditions, and (3) expanding prospects for social inquiry and convergence on policy and action.
Efficacy of hypnotherapy in chronic idiopathic pruritus: a single-arm prospective pilot study
Authors: Bertold Clemence , Delaunay Pascal , Cathelineau Anne-Claire , Chassang Madleen , Passeron Thierry , Bahadoran Philippe
Published: June 2024

There is a large unmet need for treatment of chronic idiopathic pruritus. We show that hypnotherapy can relieve pruritus over several months.
High-dose vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcome in a cutaneous melanoma population: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (ViDMe trial)
Authors: De Smedt Julie , Van Kelst Sofie , Janssen Laudine , Marasigan Vivien , Boecxstaens Veerle , Bogaerts Kris , Belmans Ann , Vanderschueren Dirk , Vandenberghe Katleen , Bechter Oliver , Aura Claudia , Lambrechts Diether , Strobbe Tinne , Emri Gabriella , Nikkels Arjen , Garmyn Marjan
Published: June 2024

Background

Observational studies in cutaneous melanoma (CM) have indicated an inverse relationship between levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Breslow thickness, in addition to a protective effect of high 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on clinical outcome.

Objectives

To evaluate whether high-dose vitamin D supplementation in curatively resected CM reduces melanoma relapse.

Methods

In a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 436 patients with resected CM stage IA to III (8th American Joint Committee on Cancer staging) were randomized. Among them, 218 received a placebo while 218 received monthly 100 000 IU cholecalciferol for a minimum of 6 months and a maximum of 42 months (treatment arm). Following randomization, patients were followed for a median of 52 months, with a maximum follow-up of 116 months. The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival. Secondary endpoints were melanoma-related mortality, overall survival, and the evolution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels over time.

Results

In our population (mean age 55 years, 54% female sex) vitamin D supplementation increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels after 6 months of supplementation in the treatment arm by a median 17 ng mL−1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 9–26] compared with 0 ng mL−1 (95% CI 6–8) in the placebo arm (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon test) and remained at a steady state during the whole treatment period. The estimated event rate for relapse-free survival at 72 months after inclusion was 26.51% in the vitamin D supplemented arm (95% CI 19.37–35.64) vs. 20.70% (95% CI 14.26–29.52) in the placebo arm (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% CI 0.79–2.03; P = 0.32). After adjusting for confounding factors (including baseline stage, body mass index, age, sex and baseline season), the hazard ratio was 1.20 (95% CI 0.74–1.94, P = 0.46). The number of deaths from progression of CM and nonmelanoma-related deaths was similar in both the vitamin D supplemented and placebo groups (deaths from progression of CM, n = 10 and n = 11, respectively; nonmelanoma-related deaths, n = 3 and n = 2, respectively). No major adverse events were observed during the study.

Conclusions

In patients with CM, monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation was safe, resulted in a sustained increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during the treatment period, but did not improve relapse-free survival, melanoma-related death or overall survival.
A case of missing fingerprints
Authors: Eisner Mark , Rajan Neil
Published: June 2024

Congenital adermatoglyphia (a lack of fingerprints) is seen with variants in SMARCAD1 and can be associated with an increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Here we demonstrate adermatoglyphia in a patient with Huriez syndrome and compare with an unaffected volunteer.
Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans: report of a case of long duration
Authors: Di Guardo Antonio , Maretti Giulia , Ascione Andrea , Balampanos Charis G , Persechino Flavia , Giordano Domenico , De Marco Gabriella , Persechino Severino
Published: June 2024

We present the case of a 70-year-old woman with poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (PVA), which demonstrated a benign course over 35 years, raising questions about its classification as early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF) or as a distinct entity. Despite receiving no treatment, the patient’s condition remained stable, with characteristic erythematous papules observed on clinical examination. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses supported the diagnosis, emphasizing the importance of longitudinal studies and patient preferences in treatment decisions for PVA.
Characteristics and research waste of randomized controlled trials in melanoma
Authors: Chen Hongrui , Sun Bin , Hua Chen , Lin Xiaoxi
Published: June 2024

Background

Numerous large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have propelled melanoma treatment strategies. Research waste presents a significant challenge in translating the outcomes of RCTs into clinical practice. Currently, research waste has not been reported in melanoma-related RCTs.

Objectives

To determine research waste in RCTs for melanoma.

Methods

In January 2024, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov for phase III and phase IV RCTs registered from January 2000 to December 2023, using ‘melanoma’ as the keyword. We recorded the information listed on the website and searched PubMed and Scopus for the publication and citation status of the RCTs. A completed RCT requires at least 47 months of preparation time for publication; hence, RCTs completed after December 2019 but not yet published were excluded from the analysis of publication status.

Results

In total, 165 RCTs were included in the analysis. Melanoma RCTs primarily studied pharmacological interventions, with the registrations for immunotherapy increasing annually. In the analysis of research waste, 103 RCTs were included, of which 41 (41 of 103, 39.8%) were unpublished. Of the 62 published RCTs, 19 (19 of 62, 31%) reported insufficiently, and 19 had avoidable design flaws (19 of 62, 31%). Ultimately, 64 RCTs (64 of 103, 62.1%) were judged to have research waste. Registration after 2010, conducting studies in multiple countries, using multiple drug interventions, and having survival as the primary outcome were independent protective factors against research waste. Thirty-four RCTs (34 of 62, 55%) were cited by guidelines, and 21 RCTs (21 of 62, 34%) reused their prospective data.

Conclusions

We describe the characteristics of phase III and phase IV RCTs related to melanoma conducted over the past 2 decades. We identified a substantial degree of research waste. The protective factors against research waste revealed in this study can provide references for the rational and efficient conduct of new RCTs in the future.
Sexual dysfunction associated with isotretinoin treatment: a survey of the experiences of UK and Irish dermatologists and their approach to counselling and monitoring
Authors: Herlihy Maeve , Beatty Paula , Field Sinead
Published: June 2024

Isotretinoin is the most effective treatment for severe acne. Although there are rare reports of sexual dysfunction associated with isotretinoin, a causal association has not been established. In October 2023, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency published updated guidelines with new warnings and monitoring requirements for sexual dysfunction with regard to isotretinoin treatment. We conducted a survey of the experiences of isotretinoin prescribers in the UK and Ireland regarding sexual dysfunction during treatment and their approaches to counselling and monitoring patients. We noted significant variance in counselling practices, and in opinions on the potential association between acute and longer-term sexual adverse events and isotretinoin use.
Drug Exposure and Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study From China
Authors: Zhu Yue , Forsman Lina Davies , Chen Cheng , Zhang Haoyue , Shao Ge , Wang Sainan , Wang Shanshan , Xiong Haiyan , Bruchfeld Judith , Wang Weibing , Zhu Limei , Alffenaar Jan-Willem , Hu Yi
Published: June 2024

Background

The management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains challenging. Treatment outcome is influenced by multiple factors; the specific roles of diabetes and glycemic control remain uncertain. This study aims to assess the impact of glycemic control on drug exposure, to investigate the association between drug exposure and treatment outcomes, and to identify clinically significant thresholds predictive of treatment outcome, among patients with diabetes.

Methods

This multicenter prospective cohort study involved patients with confirmed MDR-TB and diabetes. Drug exposure level was estimated by noncompartmental analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for the individual Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. The influence of poor glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin ≥7%) on drug exposure and the associations between drug exposure and treatment outcome were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to identify the drug exposure/susceptibility thresholds.

Results

Among the 131 diabetic participants, 43 (32.8%) exhibited poor glycemic control. Poor glycemic control was independently associated with decreased exposure to moxifloxacin, linezolid, bedaquiline, and cycloserine, but not clofazimine. Additionally, a higher ratio of drug exposure to susceptibility was found to be associated with a favorable MDR-TB treatment outcome. Thresholds predictive of 6-month culture conversion and favorable outcome were bedaquiline area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)/MIC ≥245 and moxifloxacin AUC/MIC ≥67, demonstrating predictive accuracy in patients, regardless of their glycemic control status.

Conclusions

Glycemic control and optimal TB drug exposure are associated with improved treatment outcomes. This dual management strategy should be further validated in randomized controlled trials of patients with MDR-TB and diabetes.
Micronutrient deficiencies and anemia in the follow-up after gastroesophageal cancer surgery
Authors: Blonk L , Gooszen J A H , Fakkert R A , Eshuis W J , Rietveld S C M , Wierdsma N J , Straatman J , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Gisbertz S S
Published: June 2024

Due to insufficient dietary intake and altered digestion and absorption of nutrients, patients after gastroesophageal cancer surgery are at risk of becoming malnourished and consequently develop micronutrient deficiencies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and anemia during follow-up after gastroesophageal cancer surgery. This single-center cross-sectional study included patients after resection for esophageal or gastric cancer visiting the outpatient clinic in 2016 and 2017. Only patients without signs of recurrent disease were included. All patients were guided by a dietician in the pre- and postoperative phase. Dietary supplements or enteral tube feeding was prescribed in case of inadequate dietary intake. Blood samples were examined for possible deficiencies or abnormalities in hemoglobin, prothrombin time, iron, ferritin, folic acid, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin D and vitamin E. The percentage of patients with micronutrient deficiencies were scored. Of the 335 patients visiting the outpatient clinic, measurements were performed in 263 patients (221 after esophagectomy and 42 after gastrectomy), resulting in an inclusion rate of 79%. In the esophagectomy group, deficiencies in iron (36%), vitamin D (33%) and zinc (20%) were most prevalent. After gastric resection, deficiencies were most frequently observed in vitamin D (52%), iron (33%), zinc (28%) and ferritin (17%). Low levels of hemoglobin were found in 21% of patients after esophagectomy and 24% after gastrectomy. Despite active nutritional guidance, deficiencies in vitamin D, iron, zinc and ferritin, as well as low levels of hemoglobin, are frequently observed following gastroesophageal resection for cancer. These micronutrients should be periodically checked during follow-up and supplemented if needed.
Exploring the full potential of the electronic health record: the application of natural language processing for clinical practice
Authors: Van Bulck Liesbet , Reading Turchioe Meghan , Topaz Maxim , Song Jiyoun
Published: June 2024

The electronic health record (EHR) contains valuable patient data and offers opportunities to administer and analyse patients’ individual needs longitudinally. However, most information in the EHR is currently stored in unstructured text notations. Natural language processing (NLP), a branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language, can be used to delve into unstructured text data to uncover valuable insights and knowledge. This article discusses different types of NLP, the potential of NLP for cardiovascular nursing, and how to get started with NLP as a clinician.
Atrial fibrillation accelerates functional decline in older adults: a 15-year follow-up population-based study
Authors: Okoye Chukwuma , Qiu Chengxuan , Xia Xin , Lip Gregory Yoke Hong , Bellelli Giuseppe , Welmer Anna-Karin , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia , Vetrano Davide Liborio
Published: June 2024

Aims

Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with functional impairment. However, the role exerted by AF on the long-term trajectories of functional mobility remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of AF on functional mobility by tracing walking speed (WS) trajectories over 15 years of follow-up in a population-based cohort of individuals aged 60+ years.

Methods and results

This population-based cohort study included 3141 community-dwelling participants (mean age 73.7 years; 63.6% women) from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen, who were regularly examined from 2001–2004 to 2016–2019. Functional mobility was assessed by measuring WS in a standardized way. The association between AF and WS trajectories was assessed by multivariable joint models accounting for the longitudinal dropouts due to death. Stratified analyses by demographic and clinical factors were performed. The effect-modifying role of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC), incident heart failure (HF), and incident stroke was finally investigated. At baseline, 285 (9.1%) participants were ascertained to have AF. A faster annual WS decline was observed in persons with AF than in non-AF peers (adjusted β coefficient per year = −0.011, 95% confidence interval: −0.016 to −0.005). Incident HF and stroke were associated with greater WS decline in participants with AF. OAC use was not associated with a slower functional decline.

Conclusion

Atrial fibrillation is associated with a faster physical function decline in older individuals. Incident HF and stroke possibly accelerate WS decline over time in AF participants.
Efficacy and safety of a novel hexaspline pulsed field ablation system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the PLEASE-AF study
Authors: Wang Zulu , Tang Min , Reddy Vivek Y , Chu Huimin , Liu Xingpeng , Xue Yumei , Wang Jingfeng , Xu Jing , Liu Shaowen , Xu Wei , Zhang Zhihui , Han Bing , Hong Lang , Yang Bing , Ding Mingying , Liang Ming
Published: June 2024

Aims

Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is an emerging non-thermal ablative modality demonstrating considerable promise for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, these PFA trials have almost universally included only Caucasian populations, with little data on its effect on other races/ethnicities. The PLEASE-AF trial sought to study the 12-month efficacy and the safety of a multi-electrode hexaspline PFA catheter in treating a predominantly Asian/Chinese population of patients with drug-refractory paroxysmal AF.

Methods and results

Patients underwent pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) by delivering different pulse intensities at the PV ostium (1800 V) and atrium (2000 V). Acute success was defined as no PV potentials and entrance/exit conduction block of all PVs after a 20-min waiting period. Follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months included 12-lead electrocardiogram and 24-h Holter examinations. The primary efficacy endpoint was 12-month freedom from any atrial arrhythmias lasting at least 30 s. The cohort included 143 patients from 12 hospitals treated by 28 operators: age 60.2 ± 10.0 years, 65.7% male, Asian/Chinese 100%, and left atrial diameter 36.6 ± 4.9 mm. All PVs (565/565, 100%) were successfully isolated. The total procedure, catheter dwell, total PFA application, and total fluoroscopy times were 123.5 ± 38.8 min, 63.0 ± 30.7 min, 169.7 ± 34.6 s, and 27.3 ± 10.1 min, respectively. The primary endpoint was observed in 124 of 143 patients (86.7%). One patient (0.7%) developed a small pericardial effusion 1-month post-procedure, not requiring intervention.

Conclusion

The novel hexaspline PFA catheter demonstrated universal acute PVI with an excellent safety profile and promising 12-month freedom from recurrent atrial arrhythmias in an Asian/Chinese population with paroxysmal AF.

Clinical trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05114954
Vision-based planting position selection system for an unmanned reforestation machine
Authors: Li Songyu , Rossander Morgan , Lideskog Håkan
Published: June 2024

Research on automated seedling planting systems in forestry is a crucial aspect of forestry automation. This paper introduces the development of a vision-based automated seedling planting position selection system, integrated with hardware and software components on an unmanned forest machine platform. Developed around object detection as the core, this research presents a comprehensive system consisting of two main functionalities: (i) A vision system that performs obstacle detection and localization, providing estimated obstacle types, sizes, and positions to the plant planner function. (ii) A plant planner function utilizes this information to plan the plantable areas and selects suitable planting locations. The integrated system has been tested in the field and we found it to effectively determine suitable planting locations on the ground of a clear-cut. The implementation of this system lays the foundation for subsequent automated planting operations. Furthermore, the automation of forest seedling planting reduces the need for manual labor and enhances planting precision, contributing to improved forest health and ecological balance. Looking ahead, this research offers insights into the future development of unmanned forestry operations, making strides in automating forest management, achieving cost-effectiveness, and facilitating ecological restoration.
Inconsistent Increase in Age at Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization of Children Aged <2 Years During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic: A Retrospective Multicenter Study in 4 European Countries
Authors: Harding Eline R , Wildenbeest Joanne G , Heikkinen Terho , Dacosta-Urbieta Ana , Martinón-Torres Federico , Cunningham Steve , Templeton Kate , Bont Louis J , Billard Marie-Noëlle ,   PROMISE investigators, Harding Eline , Billard Marie-Noëlle , Wildenbeest Joanne , Bont Louis , Pollard Andrew , Dacosta-Urbieta Ana , Martinón-Torres Federico , Heikkinen Terho , Cunningham Steve , Templeton Kate , Nair Harish , Openshaw Peter , Beutels Philippe , Nohynek Hannah , Teirlinck Anne , Paget John , Kragten Leyla , Giaquinto Carlo , Diez-Domingo Javier , Mikolajczyk Rafael , Dos Santos Gael , Htar Tin Tin , Aerssens Jeroen , Vernhes Charlotte , Kramer Rolf , Kumar Veena , Ahani Bahar , Molero Eva
Published: June 2024

Background

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic disrupted respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasonality. To optimize the use and evaluation of RSV infant immunization strategies, monitoring changes in RSV epidemiology is essential.

Methods

Hospitalizations for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and RSV-coded ARI in children <2 years were extracted in 4 European hospitals, according to predefined case definitions (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes). Prepandemic RSV seasons (2017–2018 to 2019–2020) were compared to 2021–2022 and 2022–2023.

Results

In 2021–2022 and 2022–2023, the peak number of RSV hospitalizations was higher than prepandemic peaks after short periods of RSV circulation, and lower than prepandemic peaks after long periods of RSV circulation. A greater proportion of RSV hospitalizations occurred in children 1 to <2 years in 2021–2022 in the Netherlands (18% vs 9%, P = .04). No increase in age was observed elsewhere. High-risk children represented a greater proportion of RSV hospitalizations during the pandemic. The proportion of pediatric intensive care unit admissions did not increase.

Conclusions

A decrease in population immunity has been linked to older age at RSV hospitalization. We did not observe an increase in age in 3 of the 4 participating countries. Broad age categories may have prevented detecting an age shift. Monitoring RSV epidemiology is essential as Europe implements RSV immunization.
Incidence of RSV in Adults: A Comprehensive Review of Observational Studies and Critical Gaps in Information
Authors: Doty Benjamin , Ghaswalla Parinaz , Bohn Rhonda L , Stoszek Sonia K , Panozzo Catherine A
Published: June 2024

Background

We conducted a global comprehensive literature review of observational studies reporting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) incidence in adults and determined current evidence gaps.

Methods

PubMed and Embase were searched for English-language publications (2000–2022) and congress abstracts (2019–2021) reporting RSV incidence rates/cumulative incidence. Cross-sectional studies, case series, and other designs estimating only RSV frequency were excluded. The search included all geographic areas; data were extracted by age group and underlying condition where available.

Results

In total, 528 potentially relevant records were identified, of which 37 primary studies were relevant to this review. Most evidence was from high-income regions. Approximately two-thirds of the studies reported RSV incidence in the hospital setting. Fifteen studies included or focused exclusively on RSV incidence in adult populations with underlying conditions. Studies varied in their measurement and presentation of incidence. RSV incidence estimates were highly variable within and between geographic regions. Overall, RSV incidence tended to increase with age and was highest in adults with underlying conditions.

Conclusions

Estimates of RSV incidence are highly variable across populations and geographies. Further population-based studies with well-defined, consistent case definitions and surveillance strategies are needed for accurate and comparable estimates of RSV incidence, particularly in the geographic regions identified by the gap analysis.
Osteopontin Depletion in Nonhematopoietic Cells Improves Outcomes in Septic Mice by Enhancing Antimicrobial Peptide Production
Authors: Yu Chang , Xu Dongwei , Luo Yichun , Jiao Junzhe , Liu Guanjie , Wang Fang , Gao Yueqiu , Sun Xuehua , Lv Xin , Wu Hailong , Kong Xiaoni
Published: June 2024

Osteopontin (Opn) depletion can improve septic outcomes, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that nonhematopoietic but not hematopoietic Opn depletion improved septic outcomes. When compared with wild type mice, cohoused Opn−/− mice displayed enhanced production of antibacterial peptides (AMPs), decreased bacterial loads, and a distinct bacterial composition of gut microbiota. Fecal microbiota transplantation and OPN neutralization assay showed that Opn depletion could reduce bacterial loads and improve septic inflammation. By employing an intestinal organoid culture system, we proved that OPN neutralization in wild type organoids could inactivate AKT and decrease FOXO3a phosphorylation, resulting in enhanced AMP production, whereas OPN treatment in OPN-deficient organoids could activate AKT and increase FOXO3a phosphorylation, leading to reduced AMP production. Our findings identified OPN as a novel regulatory factor of AMP production to modulate bacterial loads and composition of gut microbiota, in turn affecting sepsis outcomes.
Comparing characteristics of individuals screened for lung cancer with 2021 vs 2013 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations
Authors: Henderson Louise M , Durham Danielle D , Gruden James , Pritchard Michael , Lane Lindsay , Long Jason , Bellinger Christina , Rivera M Patricia
Published: June 2024

We conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter study to compare the demographics, clinical characteristics, and lung cancer screening results among individuals eligible for lung cancer screening per 2013 vs 2021 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. Statistical tests are 2 sided, with P less than  .05 considered statistically significant. Among 17 702 screened individuals (85.2% 2013 eligible, 14.8% 2021 newly eligible), a higher proportion of individuals screened per 2021 vs 2013 criteria were female (56.1% vs 48.1%, P < .001) and non-Hispanic Black (19.3% vs 13.4%, P < .001). The risk of developing and dying from lung cancer per 1000 people was statistically significantly higher among individuals eligible per 2013 vs 2021 criteria. A higher proportion of lung cancer screening exams had an increased suspicion of lung cancer in the 2013 vs 2021 criteria groups. Our data suggest that, as intended, updated 2021 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations are leading to a higher proportion of lung cancer screening exams among non-Hispanic Black individuals and women.
Leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel presenting as an acute small bowel obstruction
Authors: Wilt Erika , McDaniel Grant , Stiene Jennifer , Stolly Madison , Guo Rongjun , Diep David
Published: June 2024

Leiomyosarcoma is a subtype of soft-tissue sarcoma, which is a rare soft-tissue malignancy comprising < 1% of adult cancers. There are a variety of etiologies of small bowel obstruction. Infrequently, small bowel malignancies can first present as small bowel obstruction. In exceedingly rare cases, leiomyosarcomas can be the offending malignancy. A 53-year-old male presented to the emergency department with several weeks of persistent right abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Computed tomography scan revealed a central necrotic mass within the right lower quadrant originating from the small bowel. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy to relieve the obstruction and a mass was identified originating from the terminal ileum that adhered to surrounding structures. Pathological analysis determined the mass to be small bowel leiomyosarcoma. Leiomyosarcoma is definitively diagnosed after primary resection with histopathology and immunohistochemistry. As opposed to other small bowel neoplasms, surgical resection with negative margins is the only potentially curative option.
The Moral Economies of Reflexive Migration Studies
Authors: Stielike Laura , Schäfer Philipp , Stierl Maurice , Bartels Inken
Published: June 2024

Reflexive Migration Studies has emerged as a subfield of Migration Studies. Drawing on moral economy perspectives, we explore how the entanglement of, and tensions between, moral and economic rationalities shape the development of a field of knowledge production in which we ourselves partake. Clearly, Reflexive Migration Studies has not emerged in a vacuum but through socio-material practices and in a specific scientific context and community. Using the case of the Migration Studies landscape in Germany, we suggest that a moral economies perspective allows us to examine the production of knowledge infrastructures, scholarly identities, and research outputs that are key in creating a new academic field. By scrutinizing these infrastructures, identities, and outputs, we point to tensions between some of the morally charged claims and the material conditions and labour contexts of doing Reflexive Migration Studies. With our contribution, we want to raise questions regarding the direction that we, as scholars participating in the field, are taking. We see the risk that the critique brought forward in Reflexive Migration Studies falters in light of prevailing economies of scientific knowledge production and academic labour.
Impact of Serine Racemase Deletion on Nicotine Discrimination
Authors: Yu Isabel L , Coyle Joseph T , Desai Rajeev I
Published: June 2024

Introduction

The high comorbidity between schizophrenia and cigarette smoking points to a possible shared heritable factor predisposing individuals with schizophrenia to nicotine addiction. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been highly implicated in both schizophrenia and nicotine addiction.

Methods

In the present study, we used mice with a null mutation on the serine racemase gene (srr), an established risk gene for schizophrenia, which encodes the enzyme to produce the NMDA receptor co-agonist d-serine, to model the pathology of schizophrenia and to determine whether NMDA receptor hypofunction reduced the ability of srr−/− mice to identify nicotine’s subjective effects. Established nicotine discrimination procedures were used to train srr−/− and wild-type (WT) mice to discriminate 0.4 mg/kg nicotine under a 10-response fixed-ratio (FR10) schedule of food reinforcement.

Results

Results show that WT mice reliably acquired 0.4 mg/kg nicotine discrimination in about 54 training sessions, whereas srr−/− mice failed to acquire robust 0.4 mg/kg nicotine discrimination even after extended (>70) training sessions. These results show that NDMA receptor hypofunction in srr−/− mice decreased sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of nicotine.

Conclusions

Projected to humans, NMDA receptor hypofunction caused by mutations to the serine racemase gene in schizophrenia may reduce sensitivity to nicotine’s subjective effects leading to increased nicotine consumption to produce the same effects as those unaffected by schizophrenia.

Implications

There is high comorbidity between schizophrenia and nicotine dependence as well as possible shared genetic risk factors between the two. The serine racemase knockout mouse (srr−/−) with NMDA receptor hypofunction has been developed as a model for schizophrenia. We found that srr−/− mice were unable to acquire 0.4 mg/kg nicotine discrimination, while WT mice readily discriminated nicotine. These results show that decreased NMDA receptor function present in srr−/− mice and patients with schizophrenia may result in reduced sensitivity to nicotine’s interoceptive effects, leading to increased nicotine consumption to produce the same subjective effects as those unaffected by schizophrenia.
Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Shafiee Arman , Jafarabady Kyana , Seighali Niloofar , Mohammadi Ida , Rajai Firouz Abadi Shahryar , Abhari Faeze Soltani , Bakhtiyari Mahmood
Published: June 2024

Context

Saffron, a natural remedy with potential antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, has gained attention as a potential therapeutic option.

Objective

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of saffron versus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating depression and anxiety.

Data Source

Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database, were searched from inception to April 31, 2023.

Data Extraction

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing saffron intervention with SSRIs in adults with depression or anxiety were included.

Data Analysis

Random-effects meta-analysis using standardized mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratio (RRs) with their 95% CIs calculated continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Meta-analysis of 8 studies assessing depression outcomes revealed a nonsignificant difference between saffron and SSRIs in reducing depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.10l 95% CI: –0.09 to 0.29). Four studies reporting anxiety outcomes showed a nonsignificant difference between saffron and SSRIs in reducing anxiety symptoms (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI: –0.22 to 0.29). With regard to safety, participants receiving saffron had fewer adverse events than the SSRI group (risk difference: –0.06; 95% CI: –0.09, –0.04; I2: 0%).

Conclusion

Saffron could be a potential SSRI alternative to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms with fewer adverse events. Further research with larger sample sizes and in diverse populations is warranted to validate these findings and explore potential moderators of treatment response.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023443236.
How Musical Are Game Players?
Authors: Oliva Costantino
Published: June 2024

Costantino Oliva’s chapter has its theoretical foundation in John Blacking’s analysis of musical situations, whereby an intercultural understanding of music and musicality arises from an emphasis on the individual rather than the social. With this in mind, Oliva sets out to examine the musicality of the game player by focusing on the player’s creative impulse and individual experience. The player’s perspective, in this sense, is presented as a fundamental factor, capable of orientating engagement with video games toward varying and shifting musical meanings. Oliva shows that a variety of musical situations in video games challenge received elitist musical paradigms by facilitating a space of the expression of individual musicality and creative endeavor.
Intrinsically Unpleasant Sounds and Player Experience
Authors: Zlobin Denis
Published: June 2024

The game audio designer Denis Zlobin uses his chapter to put forward the view that, rather than approach such design as the creation of sounds for video games, the designer should conceive of the role as creating video games via sound. To illustrate this, Zlobin uses the example of modulating player experience through the judicious use of intrinsically unpleasant sound effects. Zlobin proposes a framework for the evaluation, from various angles, of unpleasant sounds in video games then suggests how the audio designer can best create synergies with other areas of game development when seeking to use such sounds to serve the game.