bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-traumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against COVID-19
Authors: Cui Pan pan , Wang Pan pan , Wang Kun , Ping Zhiguang , Wang Peng , Chen Changying
Published: October 2020

Objective

To explore the level and influencing factors of frontline nurses’ post-traumatic growth (PTG) during COVID-19 epidemic.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in February 2020 in three hospitals in China. The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was used to investigate the PTG of frontline nurses. Data on related factors, including demographic characteristics and subjective variables, were collected. The Event-Related Rumination Inventory was used to assess rumination. Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation was calculated for bivariate analysis. Independent sample t-tests or one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the related factors.

Results

A total of 179 frontline nurses were recruited, and 167 were included in the analyses. The mean PTG score was 70.53±17.26. The bivariate analyses showed that deliberate rumination was modestly positively correlated with PTG (r=0.557, p<0.01), while intrusive rumination had a modest negative correlation with PTG (r=−0.413, p<0.01). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that working years, self-confidence in frontline work, awareness of risk, psychological intervention or training during the epidemic and deliberate rumination were the main influencing factors of PTG among frontline nurses and accounted for 42.5% of the variance (F=31.626, p<0.001).

Conclusions

The PTG of frontline nurses was at a medium to high level and was influenced by working years, self-confidence in frontline work, awareness of risk, psychological intervention or training and deliberate rumination. It is necessary to strengthen psychological guidance and training for frontline nurses and promote their deliberate rumination on epidemic events to improve their PTG.
Patient perspectives of nuisance bleeding and adherence to dual antiplatelet therapy: a qualitative study
Authors: Pithara Christalla , Pufulete Maria , Johnson Thomas W. , Redwood Sabi
Published: October 2020

Objective

To understand the experiences of patients with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and nuisance bleeding, and their perspectives of the impact of nuisance bleeding on medication adherence and information seeking.

Methods

We conducted focus groups with patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft and conservatively managed acute coronary syndrome patients. Two focus groups were with patients at the early stages of treatment (0–3 months), and two with patients coming to the end of treatment (9–12 months). Group discussions were audio recorded, and recordings were transcribed verbatim, anonymised and analysed using framework analysis.

Findings

Nine patients taking DAPT for up to 3 months, and 12 taking DAPT between 9 and 12 months participated in the focus groups. We found that: (1) participants adhered to treatment when they believed DAPT was important to health outcomes; (2) those who experienced nuisance bleeding reported symptoms to be mild and manageable; (3) participants’ and their family’s understanding of DAPT risks and benefits, and their ability to manage symptoms, influenced perspectives of and experiences with adherence. Factors influencing DAPT knowledge included access to medication counselling, engaging with information communicated during medication counselling, and access to timely, relevant and expert information and advice after discharge from hospital.

Conclusions

Positive attitudes towards adherence were facilitated by knowledge and understanding of DAPT and confidence in dealing with symptoms caused by DAPT, but hindered by lack of opportunities to access relevant, timely and appropriate medication counselling. Education interventions should aim to support medication literacy through family-centred approaches and involve patients and families at all stages of intervention design and evaluation.
Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults aged 18–64 years and Adults aged 65 years or older: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep
Authors: Ross Robert , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Giangregorio Lora M. , Janssen Ian , Saunders Travis J. , Kho Michelle E. , Poitras Veronica J. , Tomasone Jennifer R. , El-Kotob Rasha , McLaughlin Emily C. , Duggan Mary , Carrier Julie , Carson Valerie , Chastin Sebastien F. , Latimer-Cheung Amy E. , Chulak-Bozzer Tala , Faulkner Guy , Flood Stephanie M. , Gazendam Mary Kate , Healy Genevieve N. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Kennedy William , Lane Kirstin N. , Lorbergs Amanda , Maclaren Kaleigh , Marr Sharon , Powell Kenneth E. , Rhodes Ryan E. , Ross-White Amanda , Welsh Frank , Willumsen Juana , Tremblay Mark S.
Published: October 2020

The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology assembled a Consensus Panel representing national organizations, content experts, methodologists, stakeholders, and end-users and followed an established guideline development procedure to create the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults aged 18–64 years and Adults aged 65 years or older: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. These guidelines underscore the importance of movement behaviours across the whole 24-h day. The development process followed the strategy outlined in the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. A large body of evidence was used to inform the guidelines including 2 de novo systematic reviews and 4 overviews of reviews examining the relationships among movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, and all behaviours together) and several health outcomes. Draft guideline recommendations were discussed at a 4-day in-person Consensus Panel meeting. Feedback from stakeholders was obtained by survey (n = 877) and the draft guidelines were revised accordingly. The final guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for a healthy day (24-h), comprising a combination of sleep, sedentary behaviours, and light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity. Dissemination and implementation efforts with corresponding evaluation plans are in place to help ensure that guideline awareness and use are optimized.

Novelty First ever 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Adults aged 18–64 years and Adults aged 65 years or older with consideration of a balanced approach to physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep Finalizes the suite of 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Canadians across the lifespan
Regioselective formation of fluorinated metallacycles from fluoroalkenes and an electron-rich Ni(0) difluorocarbene
Authors: Rochon Alexandra , Elsby Matthew R. , Baker R. Tom
Published: October 2020

The reactivity of an electron-rich Ni-difluorocarbene complex, Ni=CF2(dppe)[P(OMe)3] (1), with a variety of fluorinated alkenes was investigated (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane). Reactions of 1 with perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) give regiospecific formation of metallacyclobutanes, in which the carbene C attacks the most electron-rich carbon of the fluoroalkene. Further reaction of the CTFE-derived metallacycle in the presence of tetrahydrofuran affords a single isomer of NiCl(σ-CF2CF=CFH) (dppe), 8, proposed to be formed by Ni-mediated Cα-Cl activation followed by hydride abstraction and loss of HF. Although 1 also undergoes a cyclization reaction with trifluoroethylene (TrFE), instability of the presumed nickelacyclobutane affords the C3 fluoroalkene, F2C=CH(CF3), and subsequent formation of isomeric metallacyclopentanes from two additional TrFEs. Alternatively, reaction of 1 with hexafluoropropene forms an unexpected Ni–CF3 σ-perfluoroallyl complex.
Investigating the effects of inelastic soil–foundation interface response on the seismic demand of soil–structure systems
Authors: Homaei Farshad
Published: October 2020

The effect of inelastic response of the soil–foundation interface is explored on the seismic demand of structures attached on top of shallow foundations. An ensemble of 20 strong ground motions recorded on National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program site class D was employed for analyzing soil–structure systems with the Winkler foundation model and an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system as the superstructure. Results show that there are key parameters that control the amount of difference between the elastic and inelastic modeling of the soil at the soil–foundation interface. Depending on the structural aspect ratio, the elastic modeling leads to an overestimated result for the total lateral displacement demands. Also, more than 50% reduction in the superstructure demands is desired when nonlinear soil modeling is considered and foundation sliding is allowed. The benefits from the “shrinking-dominated rocking motion” can be acquired with inelastic soil material that limits the transferred inertial force into the superstructure.
Elastic response of cross-laminated timber panels using finite element and analytical techniques
Authors: Albostami Asad S. , Wu Zhangjian , Cunningham Lee S.
Published: October 2020

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered timber composite that is finding increasing structural application in construction today. Analysis of the structural behavior of CLT can be carried out by various analytical and numerical methods. Due to the complex behavior of CLT, use of numerical modelling such as the finite element method (FEM) offers a convenient approach to analysis. In this paper, simulation of the elastic behavior of 1-way and 2-way spanning CLT panels using the FEM program ABAQUS is presented. Various modelling choices are explored numerically with the results being evaluated against those from either a 3D analytical method known as the state space approach (SSA) or existing experimental data. Among the case studies examined is a novel boundary condition for the SSA solution. In general, the optimum finite element model produced reasonable levels of accuracy with an average relative error equal to 3% in comparison to the SSA and a maximum of 10% in comparison to the experimental results.
Lack of molecular detection of frog virus 3-like ranavirus (FV3) in mosquitoes during natural outbreak and nonoutbreak conditions
Authors: Lopez Vargas Nicole A. , Adamovicz Laura , Willeford Brittany , Allan Brian F. , Allender Matthew C.
Published: October 2020

Ranaviruses are worldwide pathogens of ectothermic vertebrates that can threaten herptile conservation efforts. Identifying transmission routes is critical for understanding disease ecology and promoting species conservation. Frog virus 3 (FV3) DNA was detected in mosquitoes during a ranavirus outbreak in semicaptive box turtles, but the role that insect vectors play under natural conditions is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we collected mosquito species known to take blood meals from reptiles and amphibians ( Aedes canadensis, Culex erraticus, Culex territans, and Uranotaenia sapphirina) from mid-May to early August, 2014, at four study sites in Vermilion County, Illinois, two of which had historic or ongoing FV3 outbreaks in box turtles and amphibians. Mosquitoes were batched by date and species, DNA was extracted, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of FV3. FV3 was not detected despite one of the sites having an active FV3 outbreak during the study period. Our findings indicate that FV3 detection is uncommon in mosquitoes during outbreak and nonoutbreak conditions at these sites in Illinois. Thus, we cannot establish that mosquitoes contribute to transmission during natural mortality events without performing further studies.
On higher dimensional self-similar axion–dilaton solutions
Authors: Hatefi Ehsan , Vanzan Eleonora
Published: October 2020

We show that solutions of the self-similar gravitational collapse in the Einstein-axion–dilaton system exist in higher-dimensional spacetimes. These solutions are invariant under spacetime dilation combined with internal SL(2,$$\mathbb {R}$$
R
) transformations. We rely on the recent setup of Antonelli and Hatefi (JHEP 03:074, arXiv:1912.00078 [hep-th], 2020) and use it for the three different conjugacy classes (elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic) in higher dimensions. Lastly, we identify new families of physically distinguishable self-similar solutions for all three conjugacy classes in six and seven dimensions.
Investigation of the electrical conduction mechanisms in P-type amorphous germanium electrical contacts for germanium detectors in searching for rare-event physics
Authors: Bhattarai S. , Panth R. , Wei W.-Z. , Mei H. , Mei D.-M. , Raut M.-S. , Acharya P. , Wang G.-J.
Published: October 2020

For the first time, electrical conduction mechanisms in the disordered material system is experimentally studied for p-type amorphous germanium (a-Ge) used for high-purity Ge detector contacts. The localization length and the hopping parameters in a-Ge are determined using the surface leakage current measured from three high-purity planar Ge detectors. The temperature dependent hopping distance and hopping energy are obtained for a-Ge fabricated as the electrical contact materials for high-purity Ge planar detectors. As a result, we find that the hopping energy in a-Ge increases as temperature increases while the hopping distance in a-Ge decreases as temperature increases. The localization length of a-Ge is on the order of$$2.13^{-0.05}_{+0.07}\mathrm{{A}}^\circ $$2.13+0.07-0.05A∘to$$5.07^{-0.83}_{+2.58}\mathrm{{A}}^\circ $$5.07+2.58-0.83A∘, depending on the density of states near the Fermi energy level within bandgap. Using these parameters, we predict that the surface leakage current from a Ge detector with a-Ge contacts can be much smaller than one yocto amp (yA) at helium temperature, suitable for rare-event physics searches.
A non-local expanding flow of convex closed curves in the plane
Authors: Shi Ke
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a new non-local expanding flow for convex closed curves in the Euclidean plane which increases both the perimeter of the evolving curves and the enclosed area. But the flow expands the evolving curves to a finite circle smoothly if they do not develop singularity during the evolving process. In addition, it is shown that an additional assumption about the initial curve will ensure that the flow exists on the time interval [Formula: see text]. Meanwhile, a numerical experiment reveals that this flow may blow up for some initial convex curves.
Study on dynamic effective parameters of bilayer perforated thin-plate acoustic metamaterials
Authors: Xu Yicai , Wu Jiu Hui , Cai Yongqing
Published: October 2020

In this paper, dynamic effective parameters of mass-type and stiffness-type bilayer perforated thin-plate acoustic metamaterials (MBPM and SBPM) are investigated by simulations and experiments. Dynamic effective parameters are calculated by the retrieval method, and formation mechanisms of special effective parameters are analyzed by simulated fields. Divergent effective parameters are produced by anti-resonances of coupled perforations or coupled perforated thin-plates, zero effective parameters are produced by resonances of coupled perforated thin-plates. The impacts of perforation parameters on dynamic effective parameters for symmetric and asymmetric BPMs are systemically studied, the simulated and experimental results both show that variation trends of resonance and anti-resonance frequencies of mass-type bilayer perforated thin-plate acoustic metamaterial (MBPM) are different from stiffness-type bilayer perforated thin-plate acoustic metamaterial (SBPM), because perforations mainly change system mass in MBPM and system stiffness in SBPM, respectively. Dynamic effective parameters are bi-anisotropic in asymmetric BPM, and doubly negative effective parameters are achieved by coupled perforations when plan wave normal incident from the side with smaller perforation parameters. A modified retrieval method is proposed to calculate unified effective parameters for the asymmetric BPM, and the unified effective parameters equal to averaged effective parameters of two symmetric BPMs. This work systematically studies dynamic effective parameters of bilayer perforated structures, which has a great guiding significance in design of perforated acoustic devices.
Investigation of structural and optical properties of zirconia dioxide nanoparticles by radiation and thermal methods
Authors: Imanova G. T. , Agayev T. N. , Jabarov S. H.
Published: October 2020

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the nano-ZrO2compound was drawn, the crystal structure was determined at room temperature and under normal conditions. Radiation-thermal decomposition of water on nanosized ZrO2in the temperature range of [Formula: see text]–673 K has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. It has been shown that nanosized zirconium dioxide adsorbs water via the molecular and dissociative mechanisms. Intermediate products of the radiation-induced heterogeneous decomposition of water, namely, the molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide radical ions, zirconium hydride, and hydroxyl radicals have been detected. A comparative analysis of changes in the absorption bands (ABs) of molecular water and surface hydroxyl groups with temperature has been conducted, and the stimulating role of radiation in the radiation-thermal process of water decomposition has been revealed. With the participation of nano-ZrO2during the radiation-heterogeneous decomposition of water to reveal the role of unbalanced cargo carriers that play the role of energy carriers under the influence of gamma-quantities in nano-ZrO2and nano-[Formula: see text] systems paramagnetic centers, their origin and acquisition kinetics learned by the EPR method.
Behaviors of the multiple interface states in photonic crystal heterostructure with frequency-dependent dielectric functions
Authors: Cui Xun , Zhao Li-Ming , Zhou Yun-Song , Yan Hai-Tao
Published: October 2020

In this paper, Dirac point method is used to study the interface state of one-dimensional photonic crystal heterojunction [Formula: see text] containing dispersive materials GaAs. We found that the energy levels of the interface states satisfy a simple sinusoidal function. We investigate the variation of the energy levels of the interface states with the incident angle, it is found that these interface states move toward high-frequency with the increase of the incident angle. At the same time, it is found that there is an extra localized band and it is further proved that the extra band corresponds to the defect band, and the energy levels of the defect band possess the same behavior with those of interface states.
Watermelon Disease Detection Based on Deep Learning
Authors: He Xiao , Fang Kui , Qiao Bo , Zhu Xinghui , Chen Yineng
Published: October 2020

Watermelon is a crop susceptible to diseases. Rapid and effective detection of watermelon diseases is of great significance to ensure the yield of watermelon. Aiming at the interference of the environment and obstacles in the natural environment, resulting in low target detection accuracy and poor robustness, this paper takes watermelon leaves as the research object, considering anthracnose, leaf blight, leaf spot and normal leaves as examples. A disease recognition method based on deep learning is proposed. This paper has improved the pre-selected box setting formula of the SSD model and tested it in multiple SSD models. Experiments show that the average accuracy of the final SSD768 model is 92.4%, and the average accuracy of the IOU is 88.9%. It shows that this method can be used to detect watermelon diseases in natural environment.
Two Improved Topic Word Detection Algorithms
Authors: Yu Zehao
Published: October 2020

Topic word extraction is the task of identifying single or multi-word expressions that represent the main topics of a document. In this paper, two improved algorithms for extracting and discovering topic words are proposed in the Rapid Topic word Detection (RTD) Algorithm and CategoryTextRank (CTextRank) Algorithm, which can effectively obtain information by extracting and filtering the topic words in the text. The algorithms overcome the shortcomings of traditional topic words discovering algorithms that require deep linguistic knowledge, domain or language specific annotated corpora. The two algorithms we proposed can process both short and long text. The biggest advantage of the algorithms is that they are unsupervised machine learning algorithms. They need not be trained to process text directly to get topic words. The Accuracy rate, recall rate and F-measure index have been greatly improved when using the two algorithms which show that the results obtained compare favorably with previously published results on datasets Inspec and SemEval. The first algorithm Rapid Topicword Detection improves the metrics compared to PositionRank and TextRank, the second algorithm CategoryTextRank improves the metrics compared to TextRank, SingleRank and TF-IDF.
Indecomposable orthogonal invariants of several matrices over a field of positive characteristic
Authors: Lopatin Artem
Published: October 2020

We consider the algebra of invariants of [Formula: see text]-tuples of [Formula: see text] matrices under the action of the orthogonal group by simultaneous conjugation over an infinite field of characteristic [Formula: see text] different from two. It is well known that this algebra is generated by the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of all products of generic and transpose generic [Formula: see text] matrices. We establish that in case [Formula: see text] the maximal degree of indecomposable invariants tends to infinity as [Formula: see text] tends to infinity. In other words, there does not exist a constant [Formula: see text] such that it only depends on [Formula: see text] and the considered algebra of invariants is generated by elements of degree less than [Formula: see text] for any [Formula: see text]. This result is well-known in case of the action of the general linear group. On the other hand, for the rest of [Formula: see text] the given phenomenon does not hold. We investigate the same problem for the cases of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
Genera of knots in the complex projective plane
Authors: Pichelmeyer Jake
Published: October 2020

Our goal is to systematically compute the [Formula: see text]-genus of as many prime knots up to 8-crossings as possible. We obtain upper bounds on the [Formula: see text]-genus via coherent band surgery. We obtain lower bounds by obstructing homological degrees of potential slice discs. The obstructions are pulled from a variety of sources in low-dimensional topology and adapted to [Formula: see text]. There are 27 prime knots and distinct mirrors up to 7-crossings. We now know the [Formula: see text]-genus of all of these knots. There are 64 prime knots and distinct mirrors up to 8-crossings. We now know the [Formula: see text]-genus of all but 6 of these knots, where the [Formula: see text]-genus was not determined explicitly, it was narrowed down to 2 possibilities. As a consequence of this work, we show an infinite family of knots such that the [Formula: see text]-genus of each knot differs from that of its mirror.
QUASISYMMETRICALLY MINIMAL MORAN SETS ON PACKING DIMENSION
Authors: LI YANZHE , FU XIAOHUI , YANG JIAOJIAO
Published: October 2020

In this paper, two large classes of Moran sets with packing dimension 1 are shown to be quasisymmetrically minimal for packing dimension.
HIGH FREQUENCY MULTIFRACTALITY IN RETURN INTERVALS FROM FADING INDUCED BY TURBULENCE
Authors: OLIVARES FELIPE , FUNES GUSTAVO , PÉREZ DARIO G.
Published: October 2020

In this work, we study the multifractal properties of the return intervals between fading events defined as laser intensity drops induced by optical turbulence. A laboratory-controlled experiment was conducted in which the irradiance fluctuations were recorded at a high sampling rate. Return intervals were obtained by identifying fading events under a threshold defined in times of the standard deviation of the measured irradiance. Using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis, we found a crossover between two different scaling regimes: a spurious multifractal slightly correlated at small scales and a monofractal correlated for large scales. Based on a surrogate analysis and numerical simulations of monofractal processes, we conclude the heavy tail of the probability distribution of the return interval is the origin of the multifractality observed at small scales.
Lifshitz tail for continuous Anderson models driven by Lévy operators
Authors: Kaleta Kamil , Pietruska-Pałuba Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

We investigate the behavior near zero of the integrated density of states for random Schrödinger operators [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a complete Bernstein function such that for some [Formula: see text], one has [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is a random nonnegative alloy-type potential with compactly supported single site potential [Formula: see text]. We prove that there are constants [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is the common cumulative distribution function of the lattice random variables [Formula: see text]. For typical examples of [Formula: see text] the constants [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be eliminated from the statement above. We combine probabilistic and analytic methods which allow to treat, in a unified manner, the large class of operator monotone functions of the Laplacian. This class includes both local and nonlocal kinetic terms such as the Laplace operator, its fractional powers, the quasi-relativistic Hamiltonians and many others.
Spontaneous, Yet Studious
Authors: Li Lingyuan , Uttarapong Jirassaya , Freeman Guo , Wohn Donghee Yvette
Published: October 2020

Esports commentating, the practice of reporting, explaining, and elaborating live competitive gameplay to spectators, is a centerpiece of esports as a rapidly growing spectator sport and an essential component of today's growing gaming/live streaming ecosystem. In particular, esports commentators face three unique challenges: the preparation for conducting real time commentating on highly dynamic esports games; the complexity of in-the-moment decisions during the game's broadcast; and the balance between personal self-presentation and professional content presentation. Yet this emerging and novel sociotechnical practice and how these challenges affect esports commentators' live performance and self-presentation practices has received relatively little research attention in HCI and CSCW. In this paper, we endeavor to address these limitations by empirically analyzing 19 esports commentators' sociotechnical practices. Our findings highlight the complex interaction dynamics involved in esports commentating as well as the importance of professionalism and social presence in esports commentators' self-presentation. In order to execute seamless and spontaneous commentary, commentators must be studious and engage in much prior research and have a clear sense of self. We contribute to the growing CSCW literature on esports commentating practices by revealing esports commentators' unique decision making process presenting information and their self-image.
Leveraging Peer Support for Mature Immigrants Learning to Write in Informal Contexts
Authors: Liaqat Amna , Munteanu Cosmin
Published: October 2020

For adult newcomers to countries such as Canada, learning language is more than an academic task. Language proficiency is their gateway to long-term economic and social stability, but limited access to resources contributes to systemic inequities which disproportionately place immigrants at socioeconomic disadvantages. Many new immigrants rely heavily on informal peer-networks to pursue avenues of success within an unfamiliar and inadequate system. To explore how we could leverage such a peer-based approach to meet their needs for feedback and support when learning to write in English, we deployed a peer-based writing app with 16 participants. Post-deployment focus groups and analysis of writing artifacts reveal that the design of writing support tools should present transparent feedback from both peers and automated sources, foster community through semi-structured discussions, incorporate guided review, and scaffold affective development. We discuss how incorporating these elements into the design of community learning platforms can address the language literacy needs of diverse immigrant learners and foster more positive experiences for newcomers as they negotiate their evolving identities.
Gender Differences in Graphic Design Q&As
Authors: Dubois Patrick Marcel Joseph , Maftouni Mahya , Chilana Parmit K. , McGrenere Joanna , Bunt Andrea
Published: October 2020

Question and answer (Q&A) sites can capture a range of user perspectives on using complex, feature-rich software. Little is known, however, on who is contributing to the sites. We look at contribution diversity from the perspective of gender in a domain with near gender parity: graphic design. Through content analysis of 330 answers from two popular Q&A sites and semi-structured interviews with 24 graphic designers, we examine who is contributing, what content, how the community shows appreciation towards their answers, and perceived motivations and barriers to participation. We find that despite gender balance in the field, women contribute far less frequently than men. We also see gender differences in contribution styles and user appreciation. Our interviews shed further light on how Q&A community cultures might be impacting men and women differently and how design choices made by the sites? developers might be exacerbating these differences. We suggest implications for design for improving gender inclusivity.
Tangible Privacy
Authors: Ahmad Imtiaz , Farzan Rosta , Kapadia Apu , Lee Adam J.
Published: October 2020

Sensor-enabled computers in the form of 'IoT' devices such as home security cameras and voice assistants are increasingly becoming pervasive in our environment. With the embedded cameras and microphones in these devices, this 'invasion' of our everyday spaces can pose significant threats to the privacy of bystanders. Because of their complex functionality, even when people attempt privacy measures (such as asking the owner to "turn the camera off"), these devices may still record information because of the lack of a 'real' off button. With the ambiguities of current designs, a bystander's perceived privacy can diverge from their actual privacy. Indeed, being able to assess one's actual privacy is a key aspect in managing one's privacy according to Altman's theory of boundary regulation, and current designs fall short in assuring people of their privacy. To understand how people as bystanders manage their privacy with IoT devices, we conducted an interview study about people's perceptions of and behaviors around current IoT devices. We find that although participants' behaviors line up with Altman's theory of boundary regulation, in the face of uncertainty about their privacy, they desire or engage in various 'tangible' workarounds. Based on our findings, we identify and introduce the concept of 'tangible privacy' as being essential to boundary regulation with IoT devices. We argue that IoT devices should be designed in a way that clearly and unambiguously conveys sensor states to people around them and make actionable design recommendations to provide strong privacy assurances to bystanders.
Religion and Sustainability
Authors: Rifat Mohammad Rashidujjaman , Toriq Toha , Ahmed Syed Ishtiaque
Published: October 2020

While persuasion has often been considered an important design tool for achieving sustainable behavior, a growing scholarship is criticizing it for its narrow focus on individuals and an overarching economic worldview. This criticism is often based on the limitations of economic-rationales that many persuasive design efforts hold and cannot fully capture the values of people who reside outside the modern scientific world - especially where values originate from and are shaped by religiosity and spirituality. We join this discourse and argue that such a narrow view of persuasion sidelines the theological roots. Based on our six-month long ethnography with the Islamic communities in a Bangladeshi city, Kushtia, we describe how 'motivation' and 'habit' are built there - two of the basic components of persuasion. Drawing from a rich body of literature on the sociology of religions and theology, we highlight how Islamic values are closely tied to the idea of persuasion and reflect a vision of sustainable living. We further discuss how such a deeper understanding of religious values can help design for sustainable living and broaden the scope of CSCW literature in the various domains.
On the Misinformation Beat
Authors: McClure Haughey Melinda , Muralikumar Meena Devii , Wood Cameron A. , Starbird Kate
Published: October 2020

Journalists are increasingly investigating and reporting on problematic online content such as misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories, leading to the creation of a new misinformation beat. The process of collecting, analyzing, and reporting on this kind of data is complex and nuanced. It is especially challenging as online actors attempt to undermine their work. Through in-depth interviews with twelve journalists, we explore how they investigate and report on online misinformation and disinformation. Our findings reveal some of the unique challenges of reporting on this beat, as well as the ways in which reporters overcome those challenges. We highlight and discuss how journalistic values could be better embedded into the design of tools to support their work, the power dynamics between social media companies and journalists, and the promise of collaborations as a way to support and educate journalists on this beat. This work provides contextual knowledge to researchers looking to better support investigative journalists - on the misinformation beat and beyond - as their work becomes more entangled in sociotechnical systems.
"Am I doing this all wrong?"
Authors: Sannon Shruti , Vorvoreanu Mihaela , Walker Kathleen , Fourney Adam
Published: October 2020

Running a household requires a large amount of labor, from ensuring multiple bills are paid to organizing important documents. Failure to manage such information can have critical consequences for the financial and psychological well-being of the family; however, little is known about how families manage the full scale of information encountered in the home. In this paper, we introduce family information management (FIM) as a set of overarching practices involved in managing and coordinating household-related information. To understand how families engage in FIM, we conducted in-depth interviews with members of ten families, which included guided tours of their information archives. We found that families struggle to organize, store, retrieve, and share information, and that there are significant socioemotional costs to this work. We propose opportunities for designing technologies to support FIM and argue that, given the numerous challenges and unmet needs, the understudied area of FIM deserves further investment of research and design efforts.
Countering Fake News
Authors: Kirchner Jan , Reuter Christian
Published: October 2020

Since the emergence of so-called fake news on the internet and in social media, platforms such as Facebook have started to take countermeasures, and researchers have begun looking into this phenomenon from a variety of perspectives. A large number of scientific work has investigated ways to detect fake news automatically. Less attention has been paid to the subsequent step, i.e., what to do when you are aware of the inaccuracy of claims in social media. This work takes a user-centered approach on means to counter identified mis- and disinformation in social media. We conduct a three-step study design on how approaches in social media should be presented to respect the users' needs and experiences and how effective they are. As our first step, in an online survey representative for some factors to the German adult population, we enquire regarding their strategies on handling information in social media, and their opinion regarding possible solutions --- focusing on the approach of displaying a warning on inaccurate posts. In a second step, we present five potential approaches for countermeasures identified in related work to interviewees for qualitative input. We discuss (1) warning, (2) related articles, (3) reducing the size, (4) covering, and (5) requiring confirmation. Based on the interview feedback, as the third step of this study, we select, improve, and examine four promising approaches on how to counter misinformation. We conduct an online experiment to test their effectiveness on the perceived accuracy of false headlines and also ask for the users' preferences. In this study, we find that users welcome warning-based approaches to counter fake news and are somewhat critical with less transparent methods. Moreover, users want social media platforms to explain why a post was marked as disputed. The results regarding effectiveness are similar: Warning-based approaches are shown to be effective in reducing the perceived accuracy of false headlines. Moreover, adding an explanation to the warning leads to the most significant results. In contrast, we could not find a significant effect on one of Facebook's current approaches (reduced post size and fact-checks in related articles).
ORES
Authors: Halfaker Aaron , Geiger R. Stuart
Published: October 2020

Algorithmic systems---from rule-based bots to machine learning classifiers---have a long history of supporting the essential work of content moderation and other curation work in peer production projects. From counter-vandalism to task routing, basic machine prediction has allowed open knowledge projects like Wikipedia to scale to the largest encyclopedia in the world, while maintaining quality and consistency. However, conversations about how quality control should work and what role algorithms should play have generally been led by the expert engineers who have the skills and resources to develop and modify these complex algorithmic systems. In this paper, we describe ORES: an algorithmic scoring service that supports real-time scoring of wiki edits using multiple independent classifiers trained on different datasets. ORES decouples several activities that have typically all been performed by engineers: choosing or curating training data, building models to serve predictions, auditing predictions, and developing interfaces or automated agents that act on those predictions. This meta-algorithmic system was designed to open up socio-technical conversations about algorithms in Wikipedia to a broader set of participants. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical mechanisms of social change ORES enables and detail case studies in participatory machine learning around ORES from the 5 years since its deployment.
Designing Alternative Representations of Confusion Matrices to Support Non-Expert Public Understanding of Algorithm Performance
Authors: Shen Hong , Jin Haojian , Cabrera Ángel Alexander , Perer Adam , Zhu Haiyi , Hong Jason I.
Published: October 2020

Ensuring effective public understanding of algorithmic decisions that are powered by machine learning techniques has become an urgent task with the increasing deployment of AI systems into our society. In this work, we present a concrete step toward this goal by redesigning confusion matrices for binary classification to support non-experts in understanding the performance of machine learning models. Through interviews (n=7) and a survey (n=102), we mapped out two major sets of challenges lay people have in understanding standard confusion matrices: the general terminologies and the matrix design. We further identified three sub-challenges regarding the matrix design, namely, confusion about the direction of reading the data, layered relations and quantities involved. We then conducted an online experiment with 483 participants to evaluate how effective a series of alternative representations target each of those challenges in the context of an algorithm for making recidivism predictions. We developed three levels of questions to evaluate users' objective understanding. We assessed the effectiveness of our alternatives for accuracy in answering those questions, completion time, and subjective understanding. Our results suggest that (1) only by contextualizing terminologies can we significantly improve users' understanding and (2) flow charts, which help point out the direction of reading the data, were most useful in improving objective understanding. Our findings set the stage for developing more intuitive and generally understandable representations of the performance of machine learning models.
MixTAPE
Authors: Rahman Sajjadur , Siangliulue Pao , Marcus Adam
Published: October 2020

Checklists and action plans are a proven mechanism for project-based collaboration. Synthesizing project-specific plans is challenging, as project managers must consider multiple sources of information, from structured surveys to semi-structured conversations with stakeholders. In a needfinding study with project managers, we identified challenges in creating action plans for teams. We built MixTAPE, a mixed-initiative system that addressed these challenges with three components: a semi-structured note-taking interface for capturing stakeholder conversations, a plan generator for automatically combining multi-source information into action plans, and classification models for assigning and prioritizing action items. We evaluated MixTAPE in an observational study of 32 website design projects. Compared to a previously unstructured process, MixTAPE generated 1.45X as many tasks that are more consistent, while reducing the plan creation time by 33.70%. Through interviews and surveys, we found that participants rate MixTAPE highly across several measures. Based on our findings, we discuss the implications and opportunities for mixed-initiative action plan creation.
Information Summary for Chronic Disease Treatment
Authors: Fu Jiaojiao , Zhou Yangfan , Wang Xin
Published: October 2020

The electronic medical record (EMR) systems face many challenges in supporting chronic disease treatment, especially in medical information summary. Many solutions have recently been proposed for hospitals in developed countries. However, these solutions maybe not suitable for hospitals in developing countries because their workflow and patterns may be quite different due to their resource limitations, especially in shortage of physicians. Investigating the information summary alternatives in treating chronic diseases in such hospitals can shed light on EMR system design, especially on that for developing countries. We study one of the best pediatric hospitals in China. It suffers from a severe shortage of physicians. We introduce its information summary alternative, \fs. In particular, we study how and why pediatricians treat chronic diseases with the sheet. Our work unveils the intense work patterns and their corresponding information requirements of hospitals in China. We also demonstrate the characteristics of the \fs\ and accordingly discuss how EMR systems can be optimized.
Hidden Figures: Roles and Pathways of Successful OSS Contributors
Authors: Trinkenreich Bianca , Guizani Mariam , Wiese Igor , Sarma Anita , Steinmacher Igor
Published: October 2020

Open Source Software (OSS) development is a collaborative endeavor where expert developers, distributed around the globe create software solutions. Given this characteristic, OSS communities have been studied as technical communities, where stakeholders join and evolve in their careers based on their (often voluntary) code contributions to the project. However, the OSS landscape is slowly changing with more people and companies getting involved in OSS. This means that projects now need people in non-technical roles and activities to keep the project sustainable and evolving. In this paper, we focus on understanding the roles and activities that are part of the current OSS landscape and the different career pathways in OSS. By conducting and analyzing 17 interviews with OSS contributors who are well known in the community, we provide empirical evidence of the existence and importance of community-centric roles (e.g advocate, license manager, community founder) in addition to the well-known project-centric ones (e.g maintainer, core member). However, the community-centric roles typically remain hidden, since these roles may not leave traces in software repositories typically analyzed by researchers. We found that people can build a career in OSS through different roles and activities, with different backgrounds, including those not related to writing software. Furthermore, people's career pathways are fluid, moving between project and community-centric roles. Our work highlights that communities and researchers need to take action to acknowledge the importance of these varied roles, making these roles visible and well-recognized, which can ultimately help attract and retain more people in the OSS projects.
Research on a Grey Prediction Model of Population Growth Based on a Logistic Approach
Authors: Tong Mingyu , Yan Zou , Chao Liu
Published: October 2020

The classical population growth models include the Malthus population growth model and the logistic population growth model, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. To address the disadvantages of the two models, this paper establishes a grey logistic population growth prediction model, based on the modeling mechanism of the grey prediction model and the characteristics of the logistic model, which uses the least-squares method to estimate the maximum population capacity. In accordance with the data characteristics of population growth, the weakening buffer operator is used to establish the weakening buffer operator grey logistic population growth prediction model, which improves its accuracy, thus improving the classic population prediction model. Four actual case datasets are used simultaneously, and the two classical grey prediction models are compared. The results of the six evaluation indicators show that the effects of the new model demonstrate obvious advantages. Finally, the new model is applied to the population forecast of Chongqing, China. The prediction results suggest that the population may reach a peak in 2020 and decline in the future. This finding is consistent with the logistic population growth model.
Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Potential Applications of Sargassum fulvellum
Authors: Liu Jian , Luthuli Sibusiso , Wu Qifang , Wu Mingjiang , Choi Jong-il , Tong Haibin
Published: October 2020

Sargassum fulvellum is a brown seaweed of the Sargassaceae family which has been demonstrated to exhibit antipyretic, analgesic, antiedema, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, neuroprotective, anticoagulative, anti‐inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. It has been widely used as a food additive and as a medicine in oriental medicine to treat lumps, dropsy, swelling, testicular pains, and urinary problems. S. fulvellum has been identified as a potential producer of a wide spectrum of natural compounds such as carotenoids, fucoidans, and phlorotannins, showing different biological activities in various industrial applications including pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food. However, the promising health effects associated with the extracts and compounds isolated from S. fulvellum have not been reviewed to date. The present review thus focuses on the biological activity of S. fulvellum as reported by previous publications, which include antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti‐inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Thus, this review might serve to increase the utilization of this invaluable natural source as a potential component in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.