bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health care reform in Hawaii: Its effects on home care
Authors: Kahler James F. , Hoffman Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses employer-mandated health insurance coverage in Hawaii and the soon-to- be implemented managed-care plan for the state. There is an attempt made to explain why health care costs are lower and overall health better in Hawaii when compared to other states. Ninety-eight percent of Hawaii residents have medical coverage, which means greater access to all health care, but there are still many people who do not have adequate coverage for their home health care needs. Key words: health care reform, home care, Medicaid waiver
Documentation and reimbursement of home physical therapy services
Authors: Von Nieda Kristin
Published: March 2007

Documentation has long been the basis for reimbursement decisions by third party payers. Al though reimbursement is not the sole or primary reason for good documentation, it has an influ ence on what physical therapists document. Key documentation components need to be ad dressed to insure that Medicare requirements for home physical therapy services are met. Traditional documentation often lacks sufficient reference to functional status and skilled needs of the patient, and such deficient documentation provokes denial of the claim. Physical therapy claims are selected for Medicare review based on numerous factors, such as diagnosis, number of visits or duration of care. However, the claims are judged on the basis of submitted documentation. With the implementation of non-traditional methods of documentation, such as focus charting and charting by exception, the key elements of documentation must still be evi dent to the reviewer. Regardless of payer source or charting method, complete, thorough and accurate documentation that reflects skilled services related to functional tasks is the best route to approval of claims.
The Clinical Nurse Specialist: Practice in the Home Health Care Setting
Authors: Neal Leslie Jean
Published: March 2007

Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) in the home setting are working to meet the needs of patients who are being discharged sooner and sicker and often require highly skilled nursing care. Seven CNSs working in the home care setting were informally surveyed to determine their perceptions regarding the practice of the CNS role in the home setting. Their responses and ideas concerning the potential for the future development of the role in the home setting are discussed.
Homebound Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: Shaefer Sarah J. M. , Emerling Janice M.
Published: March 2007

The toll of adolescent pregnancy on the adolescent as well as society is immense. This population presents unique challenges to the nurse. Adolescent pregnancy within a developmental context, assessment of health status, health education, parenting, and life choices for pregnant adolescents are described in this article. Resources and suggested interventions are also included. The goal of a healthy outcome for both mother and baby is achieved by collaboration between the nurse and the adolescent.
Separate and Equal: Hospice and Home Health Care
Authors: Folbrecht Debra Wood
Published: March 2007

Changes in funding and how health care is delivered are causing home health care agencies to investigate adding hospice care to the services they offer. Hospice care as a newcomer to the home care industry has found acceptance with patients and their families, physicians, government funding sources, insurance companies, and managed care organizations. Nationally more attention is being paid to end-of-life issues and the cost of care for the dying patient. Advanced directives that focus on the individual's right to choose aggressive cure or aggressive comfort care have caused society to assess how it cares for the terminally ill. This article looks at the past and future of home health care and hospice care in America as it examines the differences in providing patient care and management of hospice and home health care agencies.
Focused Nutritional Intervention in the Home Care Setting
Authors: Nusbaum Neil J. , Gant Linda
Published: March 2007

In order to determine whether more efficient diabetic management could be achieved by focused application of resources in a Hospital Based Home Care (HBHCJ program, a nonrandomized prospective intervention was made during 1995-1996 in the HBHC program of the New Orleans VA Medical Center. Greater flexibility in application of personnel resources appears to increase the benefits of the nutritional interventions. Even with focused interventions, it appeared that lack of compliance was often a barrier to improved diabetic control. Obstacles to improved diabetic management in this HBHC setting often were due not to lack of objective knowledge, but to patient and caregiver difficulties in accepting life-style changes. Nutritional intervention was particularly useful in improving patient skills at grocery shopping, and appears a useful strategy to motivate smoking cessation.
Grief: A Normal Response to Loss
Authors: Churchill Judy
Published: March 2007

Health care workers are constantly exposed to the grief of patients, families of patients, and their own reactions to the deaths of those they care for. Our society provides few rituals or guidelines for dealing with loss. While the general population can send their terminally ill to hospitals and hospices to die, we are the ones who must deal with the cumulative toll of loss. The issue of personal boundaries arises constantly as health care workers try to separate their own grief issues from the grief issues of those they care for. Only by normalizing death as a part of the life cycle can we acknowledge grief as a normal and necessary response to loss.
Is the Body Essential for Ecofeminism?
Authors: Field Terri
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author argues that the body is essential, that is, indispensable, to ecofeminism. Ecofeminists have revealed the many ways in which women and nature have been devalued and dominated. Although the author follows other ecofeminists in disagreeing with a mischaracterisation of ecofeminism as reinforcing an essentialist connection between women and nature, this article’s focus is to venture into a subject that has often been dismissed as inherently essentialist: the body. In fact, it is suggested that it is in the interests of environmental philosophers to begin theorising embodiment from a specifically ecofeminist perspective. A number of useful ways in which ecofeminists have attempted to deal with issues of embodiment are outlined, highlighting the deficiencies in these approaches. By introducing the work of feminist theorists that problematises a number of long-standing and entrenched assumptions regarding embodiment, this article shows how ecofeminists might benefit from these insights and addresses the inadequacies revealed in this work through an ecofeminist analysis.
Toxic Chemicals Accidents: Crises That Can Be Prevented
Authors: Sevinsky James A.
Published: March 2007

It is important to fine-tune the emergency response mechanisms that are used in the aftermath of a toxic chemical accident. However action of this sort is no substitute for crisis prevention. Crises caused by toxic chemical accidents can be prevented through a series of measures including compre hensive legislation for emergency response and community empowerment, hazard analysis, and accident prevention planning.
Cognitive factors influencing decision making in a highly reliable organization
Authors: Halpern Jennifer J.
Published: March 2007

The functioning of highly reliable organizations depends on an understand ing of the decision making process, particularly in terms of the cognitive biases and shortcuts that affect decision makers. Although decision makers' choices are usually satisfactory in highly reliable organizations, flawed decision making in such organizations can lead to catastrophe. We illustrate some cognitive biases and their potential for creating error by references to decision situations in one highly reliable organization, an aircraft carrier. We then show how the Navy often avoids errors successfully, and suggest improvements at the inter face of the organization and the decision maker.
Technological protest in West Germany: signs of a politicization of production?
Authors: Conrad Jobst
Published: March 2007

Conrad, J., 1990. Technological protest in West Germany: signs of a politicization of produc tion ? Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 175-191.

This study deals with the question of whether the increasing number of social conflicts around technology in general, as well as around specific technological projects, can be reasonably interpreted as evidence of a substantive politiciza tion of production in advanced capitalist democracies with historically new social problems and cleavages. The socio-economic conditions and determi nants of technological protest and the characteristics of the German protest development are described. The available research results provide some sup port for the above hypothesis but do not allow any stringent conclusions to be drawn, for reasons related to the pattern of protest development hitherto ob servable, and to deficits in social science research.
Strategy And Ideology In Environmentalism: A Decentered Approach To Sustainability
Authors: Torgerson Douglas
Published: March 2007

Sustainable development has become a widely accepted goal, but what does it mean? How can it be achieved? Viewing the problem of sustainability in its historical, political, and ideological contexts, this article recommends a decentered strategic orientation. The approach, drawing critically upon both incrementalist and radical perspectives, seeks to avoid difficulties that arise with the conventional administrative response.
Technology Assessment for Participation: Experiences and Lessons
Authors: Hoppe Rob , Grin John
Published: March 2007

In the United States, technology assessment (TA) originated from misgivings about technological determinism and technocracy. Ironi cally, this early "watchdog" type of TA aimed for objective knowledge about the social implications of technology In that paradoxical respect, TA itself was a technocratic concept. Particularly in Europe, TA was revamped as a "tracker dog," used to spot promising opportunities to bridge the gap between the economic-technical and the socioinstitu tional spheres of life. In this new concept, TA was to produce usable knowledge for public and private policy-making elites. In this intro ductory article, the argument is taken one step further. On practical as well as epistemological and methodological grounds, the article advo cates the development of a full-fledged interactive approach to TA. This is a concept of TA that seriously involves proximate and indirect stakeholders, and the public at large.
Transferring Best Management Practices Across Cultural and Organizational Boundaries: Japanese and U.S. Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Yakura Elaine K.
Published: March 2007

The management of nuclear power plants is a topic of considerable practical and theoretical importance. The purpose of this article is to describe a "best practice" identified at Japanese nuclear power plants and to examine the constraints on the transplantation of this practice from Japan to the United States.
Toward an Environmentally Sensitive Ecophilosophy for Business Management
Authors: Clair Judith A. , Milliman John , Whelan Karen S.
Published: March 2007

Although values and philosophy can influence a company's environ mental management practicees, they are overlooked by managers and business scholars. In this article, a classification scheme of three types of ecophilosophies—"unrestrained economic growth," "social con sciousness," and "environmental consciousness"— is explained. The authors propose that a company's ecophilosophy forms the basis for its behaviors toward the natural environment. Through these actions, the organization's ecophilosophy may influence its eventual environ mental performance and its effectiveness.
Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: Implications for clinical diagnosis
Authors: Murphy K. , Barkley R.A.
Published: March 2007

The present study reports on the prevalence of the DSM-IV symptoms for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a sample of 720 adults applying for or renewing their driver's licenses in central Massachusetts (ages 17-84 years). Symptoms were assessed using two self- report rating scales: One for current symptoms and a second for retrospective recall of child hood symptoms (ages 5-12 yrs.). Three age groups were created: 17-29, 30-49, and 50+ years. All scores and symptom counts for both scales declined significantly with age for both disorders. Males and females did not differ significantly on scores for current symptoms. However, for recall of childhood symptoms, males obtained higher scores than females. Requiring that DSM-IV diagnostic thresholds be met for both current and childhood symptoms, the prevalence of adult ADHD was found to be 1.3% for the Inattentive Type, 2.5% for the Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, and 0.9% for the Combined Type. The prevalence of all subtypes was below that found in most studies of children. While these results imply that ADHD subtypes may be less prevalent in adults, the lower prevalence could also have been due to DSM-IV diagnostic thresholds being too restrictive (i.e., >99th percentile) for use in the diagnosis of adults with ADHD. Further research is recommended to evaluate whether future DSMs should consider establishing thresholds that are developmentally (age) referenced rather than fixed across the lifespan.
Anger and anger expression in adults with high ADHD symptoms
Authors: Ramirez C.A. , Rosén L.A. , Deffenbacher J.L. , Hurst H. , Nicoletta C. , Rosencranz T. , Smith K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined differences in anger and anger expression between college students high in symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disordered (ADHD) and non-ADHD college students. Other emotional and psychological differences were also explored. The ADHD group exhibited significantly higher levels of trait and state anger, more dysfunctional and socially inappropriate ways of expressing anger, as well as more symptoms of psychological distress, more difficulty in interpersonal relations, more high school truancy, and more labile anxious/depressed moods than the non-ADHD group. Parents also reported that their sons and daughters high in ADHD symptoms had higher levels of anger and poorer forms of anger expression than did parents of the non-ADHD individuals. The ADHD group was not, however, more emotionally intense or more emotionally responsive to external consequences. The results are discussed with respect to anger and anger expression, general psychological functioning, and related areas of difficulty for ADHD adults. Implications for the treatment of ADHD college students are outlined.
Suggested Topics for a Civil Engineering Curriculum in Infrastructure Management
Authors: Yao James T. P. , Roesset Jose M.
Published: March 2007

Public works and infrastructure management have always been the primary domain of civil engineers. In recent decades, however, the role of the civil engineer in this field seems to have been decreasing in importance, with increasing emphasis being placed on administrative skills, management experience, and political savvy over technical expertise. If civil engineers want to regain a prominent position in the planning and management of public works, a new curriculum must be developed and implemented. This curriculum should provide students with a basic knowledge and understanding of (a) mathematics and basic science; (b) engineering science; (c) technical aspects of infrastructure systems; (d) decision analysis in the face of uncertainty; (e) management and business principles; (f) societal needs, ethics, public policy, and political science; and (g) communication skills. Furthermore, faculty members need to be exposed to practical problems so that they can bring back that experience into the classroom. A broad-based undergraduate degree should be followed with a more specialized master’s-level degree for civil engineering practice at a professional level.
Transportation
Authors: Francois Francis B.
Published: March 2007

Transportation—the moving of creatures, things, and information from one location to another—has been basic to the development of human society for thousands of years. In the past 100 years, an immense number of changes in transportation have occurred, and many more can be expected as the 21st century draws near. In this commentary, the author traces important developments in transportation and identifies some of the challenges, concluding with 10 predictions on the future of transportation.
Uncleared Homicides
Authors: REGOECZI WENDY C. , KENNEDY LESLIE W. , SILVERMAN ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

Beginning in the 1960s, there has been a marked decline in clearance rates of homicides, a finding that has generated little interest among criminological researchers. This article presents a comparative analysis of homicide clearance in Canada and the United States using data generated by the Canadian Centre of Justice Statistics and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's Supplementary Homicide Reports. Using logistic regression, homicide clearance is predicted on the basis of specific victim and offense characteristics for cases in Canada versus the United States and in Ontario versus New York State. The results indicate that the model is a good fit for homicide clearance in both countries as a whole. Whereas the homicide weapon, circumstances surrounding the offense, age, and gender of the victim were found to be significant homicide clearance predictors in New York State, only the circumstances surrounding the offense emerged as an important predictor in Ontario.
Counting Stranger Homicides
Authors: RIEDEL MARC
Published: March 2007

Although the Uniform Crime Reports consistently reports stranger homicides as less than 20%, television and the print media frequently report that stranger homicides account for 50% or more of all homicides. This article examines how such claims are generated, including the role of the Uniform Crime Reports itself. Based on adjustment procedures and careful coding of police records, the best estimate is that stranger homicides are between 18% and 25% of all homicides. Use of the wide variety of available missing-data estimation techniques is encouraged in future research.
Comparisons among Female Homicides Occurring in Rural, Intermediate, and Urban Counties in North Carolina
Authors: SINAUER NANCY , BOWLING J. MICHAEL , MORACCO KATHRYN E. , RUNYAN CAROL W. , BUTTS JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

Whereas both popular and public health attention regarding homicide and violence have focused on urban areas and male victims, very little is known about the magnitude of female homicide in rural areas, or how the situations in which these fatalities occur may differ from urban violence. This study addresses this gap by using data abstracted from the North Carolina State Medical Examiner System to identify how the rates and circumstances of female homicide differ for women living in rural counties compared with women living in the state's urban and intermediate counties. The study identified a nonlinear pattern, with the intermediate counties having the highest female homicide rate, followed by the urban, and then the rural counties. Additional findings suggest that a greater proportion of rural female victims are killed by intimate partners, and that the effects of urban-rural status are eclipsed by race and, to a lesser extent, by age.
Methodologies for Estimating Housing Subsidy Benefits
Authors: Murray Michael P.
Published: March 2007

The traditional subsidy program benefit measurement techniques for a composite commodity ("housing services") model are reviewed and extended for use in the increasingly popular hedonic price framework in which housing is decomposed into a vector of characteristics, Since recent work has suggested that observed hedonic prices may not reflect market phenomena, a generalized approach is suggested which uses housing characteristics but is free of hedonic prices.
Foreign Indebtedness of the U.S. Government At the Close of the American Revolution
Authors: Anderson Graydon K.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to fill a gap in the public finance and economic historical literature by providing a logically consistent estimate of the foreign indebtedness of the U.S. government at the close of 1783. It recognizes that previous major studies providing estimates of this debt differ conceptually and also show some basic accounting deficiencies. The paper introduces a simple methodology for developing an estimate of the postrevolutionary debt, generates figures using this methodology, and finally updates the figures of the earlier major studies.
Estimating the Welfare Cost of Tax Preferences
Authors: Browning Jacquelene M.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops an estimate of the welfare cost of tax preferenees, or "loop-holes," in the federal individual income tax. Items given preferential treatment are considered as a composite good with a distortion in its relative price due to exclusion from taxation. In 1974, the welfare cost is estimated to be $7.9 billion, or 6.7% of tax revenue. Most of this welfare cost is borne by the higher income classes; and when this cost is considered to be part of the tax burden, the degree of progressivity of the tax is increased. An estimate of the marginal welfare cost of tax preferences is also developed.
Tax Rate Changes and the Specification of the Tax Equation
Authors: Richardson James A. , Scott Loren C.
Published: March 2007

Various methods have been used to incorporate tax rate changes into the tax equation. Some economists, building on the early work by Groves and Kahn, convert all tax data to reflect the same tax rate and tax base before estimating a tax equation, while, more recently, Singer and others have used additive dummy variables in allowing for tax rate changes. In this paper a theoretical model showing that changes in tax rates affect both the slope and the intercept of the tax equation is developed. Empirical work, based on the fiscal history of Louisiana, is then presented to support the implications of the theoretical model.
The Efficacy of Bond-Financed Fiscal Policy
Authors: Shieh Yeung-Nan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to reexamine two important propositions in the familiar rock bottom model. By using simple and more straightforward comparative static and dynamic analyses, the following statements can be made: (1) if capital stock is constant and the system is stable, bond-financed deficits are more expansionary than money-financed deficits and (2) if capital stock is not constant, (1 - T' - T'FB) < 0 and (CW + IW) < 0 are two jointly sufficient conditions for the stability of the economy under the B-regime.
Environmental Control Costs and U.S. Effective Rates of Protection
Authors: Pasurka Carl A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the impact of U.S. environmental control costs on the Abstract effective rates of protection given to U.S. industrial sectors in 1977. The effective rate of protection equation is modified in order to quantify the loss of protection due to environmental control costs and compare it to the protection afforded by the tariff structure. Results are presented for the following two cases: (1) only direct environmental control costs influence the net level of protection, and (2) direct environmental control costs and environmental control costs borne by inputs influence the net level of protection. For the case with direct environmental control costs and environmental control costs borne by inputs, the loss ofprotection due to environmental control costs is 19.67% of the protection afforded by the U.S. tariff structure.
Social Security, Earnings Tests, and Age at Retirement
Authors: Burtless Gary , Moffitt Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The effect of a Social Security system on the decision to retire is a matter of considerable controversy. Among the aspects of such systems causing debate have been the existence and effects of imperfect capital markets, the purported incentives embodied in "earnings tests, "the degree of actuarial fairness in such systems, and the degree to which incentives increase or decrease at certain critical ages (62 and 65 in the United States). The present article contains an analysis of the retirement decision that illuminates many of these issues and provides new insights into the effects of Social Security on retirement. Using a straightforward labor-leisure model and associated analytical diagrams, the article shows the labor-supply effect of actuarial unfairness in the benefit formula, the impact of an earnings test in causing workers to postpone retire ment (thus increasing lifetime labor supply), and the impact of imperfect capital markets on the timing of retirement.
Perceived Government Waste and Government Structure: an Empirical Examination of Competing Explanations
Authors: Reid Gary J.
Published: March 2007

This article specifies two alternative models of how government structures affect Abstract waste—the reform government movement's underlying model and the simplest version of a transactions-cost model. Key differences in the underlying assumptions of these two models are highlighted. Employing these models, estimates of the effects of government structures on perceived government waste are empirically extracted net of systematic individual specific perceptions that might be correlated with community-related perceptions. Empirical results suggest that the transactions-cost model better explains how government structures affect citizen satisfaction with local government's performance than does the reform model. The methodology developed to accomplish these tests promises to be useful in other applications.
The Distributive Effect of Expanding the Sales Tax
Authors: Wong Lung-Fai , Michael Joel , Wilson Doug
Published: March 2007

This article examines the distributive effect of expanding the Minnesota sales tax Abstract base to include additional consumption items. Two indexes, Kakwani and the Suits, are calculated for the existing sales tax base and expansion options. The indexes consistently indicate that the existing tax base is regressive, as are the major base expansion items. Effective tax rates indicate that expanding the sales tax will widen the burden gap between low-income and high-income taxpayers. The aggregate property of the Kakwani and Suits indexes is used to examine the overall distributive effect of sales tax and other tax systems.
Property Tax Incidence in a Multijurisdictional Neoclassical Model
Authors: Case Karl E. , Grant James H.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a simple long-run multijurisdictional neoclassical model that is used to simulate the incidence of a residential property tax in a semi-open metropolitan area. Housing is produced using capital and land, and households consume housing and a composite good Capital and the composite are in perfectly elastic supply. In the model, a fixed number of households sort themselves across 25 jurisdictions. First, a uniform tax is imposed in all jurisdictions. Next, the tax is raised in one single jurisdiction. The excise effects of raising the tax turn out to be surprisingly large. In the long run, a 25% increase in the tax rate only generates 6.6% more revenue for the taxing jurisdiction. Explicit excess burdens are calculated using the indirect utility approach.
Patterns of Exclusion of Personal Property From American Property Tax Systems
Authors: Mikesell John L.
Published: March 2007

Selective and general exclusions, along with assessment practices, have made the personal property share of the general property tax base now smaller than at any time since the assumption of homogeneity emerged in the early 19th century. Of the types of tangible and intangible personal property, only business depreciable fixed assets remain taxable in a majority of states. Evidence indicates that removing personal property from the base, rather than crippling fiscal capacity, permits higher property taxation possibly because governments feel less constrained by interstate competition after extracting a physically mobile element from the base, possibly because an inequity has been removed (arguments for personal property taxation being less clear than for real property), or possibly because businesses become less vigilant when this property is excluded. Because uniform taxation of all real and personal property may have significant logical and practical problems leading to personal property exclusion, separate state taxation of such property may be appropriate.
Econometric Issues in the Analysis of Charitable Giving
Authors: McClelland Robert , Kokoski Mary F.
Published: March 2007

In this article, several econometric problems arising from estimating models of charitable contributions are examined. An instrumental variable technique proposed by Clotfelter is used to reduce the bias of the estimated price effect and compare it with other methods. Linear dependence between price and income are reduced by including state and local tax rates and show that the degree of collinear ity is low. By using demographic characteristics, current and permanent income and contributions to different organizations in the Consumer Expenditure Survey, the results are compared with other models, and bias caused by neglecting government expenditures is examined. These comparisons show that the dummy-intercept and the first-difference model omit important permanent effects and that omitting government welfare expenditures biases price elasticities, although the degree of bias may be small.
The Implication of Efficiency Wages On Tax Evasion and Tax Collections
Authors: Chang Wen-Ya , Lai Ching-Chong
Published: March 2007

The conclusion of Peacock and Shaw's 1982 article "Tax Evasion and Tax Revenue Loss," which has received wide attention in the literature, indicates that a rise in tax evasion will definitely lead to lower tax collections. The present article makes a new attempt to reexamine the Peacock and Shaw proposition by introducing the principal tenets of the efficiency wage hypothesis. It is found that, in a context of efficiency wage model, a rise in the degree of tax evasion may enhance total tax collections rather than depress them.
Evaluation of the Hitachi S-3800 Supercomputer Using Six Benchmarks
Authors: Wong W.F. , Oyanagi Yoshio , Goto Eiichi
Published: March 2007

The S-3000 series is the third generation of Hitachi's supercomputers. It is claimed to be currently the fast est single processor supercomputer. In this paper, we introduce the S-3000 and, using six benchmarks we designed, evaluate a member of this series of super computer, the top of the range S-3800, against its pre decessor, the Hitachi HITAC S-820. Our purpose is to determine in what areas the S-3800 is an improvement over its predecessor. The suite of benchmarks include kernels for random number generation, elementary function computation, FFT, dense matrix operations, SOR, and list vector (scatter/gather) operations. The use of small- to medium-sized kernels, as opposed to large application benchmarks, helps to better under stand the behavior of the machine. Our findings sup port the claim that the S-3000 series is at least twice as fast as the previous generation of Hitachi supercomputers.
Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?
Authors: Doty D. Harold , Glick William H.
Published: March 2007

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.
Improving Productivity in a Service Business
Authors: Brown James R. , Dev Chekitan S.
Published: March 2007

Achieving increased productivity remains an important issue with many service firms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to gain insights as to how managers can improve the productivity of their service businesses. The context of the study was the hotel industry, in which the authors examined empirically the impact of labor and capital as well as selected strategic and organizational inputs on the dollar value added by the hotel. They found that regardless of hotel size, value added rose significantly with an increasing number of employees. Expanding the number of rooms available for sale as well as upscale positioning generated significantly greater value added for medium-sized hotels. The value added by large hotels was significantly enhanced when they were managed by a branded management company and were company owned. Constant returns to scale characterized the hotels. Relative to capital inputs, labor accounted for the bulk of value added.
Consumer Evaluations of Service Brand Extensions
Authors: van Riel Allard C. R. , Lemmink Jos , Ouwersloot Hans
Published: March 2007

Branding decisions are becoming increasingly important in services, but little service-specific research has focused on this domain so far. This is surprising, as the service industry accounts for an ever-growing share of the global economy, whereas service aspects have become increasingly important for all goods. Marketing managers may want to capitalize on previously acquired brand equity by extending a reputable brand to a new category. Little is known, however, about the extent to which consumerbased brand equity transfers to unrelated categories in a services context. The authors have replicated Aaker and Keller’s (1990) study and extended it to the services domain. Our data set provides evidence that in a services context, consumers use complementarity to the original category as a major cue to evaluate extensions. As a consequence, brand extension strategies could probably be used most successfully in cases where a significant similarity in service delivery processes exists.
Internal Market Structures
Authors: Mills Peter K. , Ungson Gerardo R.
Published: March 2007

A distinguishing feature of contemporary organizations is the growing number of internal employees providing services to other employees. General Electric, Hewlett Packard, Dell Computer, Cisco, and other firms have enhanced service units and functions within their organizations. Nevertheless, much of what we know about these internal services is inadequate. Moreover, control of these internal services tends to be based erroneously on traditional concepts of hierarchies. Despite the growing importance of internal services, it has been difficult to assess their value or “price.” Without proper consideration of value, goods and services may be offered at less than their appropriate value. This article introduces organizing principles based on internal market structures as an alternative perspective to rethink the impact and control of internal services. The authors also present eight specific propositions that describe the structure, functions, politics, processes, and pricing of internal market structures. Implications are provided for academicians and practicing managers.
Contemporary Latin American Perspectives on Masculinity
Authors: VIGOYA MARA VIVEROS
Published: March 2007

This article reviews major studies carried out in recent decades on Latin American men as engendered actors—products and producers of gender relations. The materials analyzed are organized around the principal themes within which studies of masculinity in Latin America have been framed, namely the construction of masculine identity, fatherhood, practices and representations, homosocial spaces of masculinity, reproductive health, and masculine sexuality. Through an examination of the current literature, the aims are to provide information on some of the current debates that have emerged on masculinity in Latin America, to identify some of the unexplored themes, and to raise questions about the ways in which masculinity has been understood and studied.
Marxism, Not Manhood
Authors: JORDAN MATT
Published: March 2007

Despite their different immediate contexts of production and cultural affiliation, Seamus Heaney's Beowulf and Chuck Palahniuk's Fight Club participate in a larger problematic concerning the fate of masculinity in the modern world. Heaney knowingly casts his task as a translator in terms of a test of manhood in which he strives to claim a place for an ancient, implicitly masculine wisdom in contemporary world culture. Palahniuk dramatizes a situation in which contemporary culture is made responsible for a crisis in masculine identity. However, although Fight Club' s take on its protagonist's attempt to resolve this crisis is surely ironic, its logic implies that action is required against the effects of globalized capitalism, which should be understood not as emasculating but as dehumanizing and as requiring a response that goes beyond the merely cultural.
Critical Studies on Men in Ten European Countries
Authors: HEARN JEFF , PRINGLE KEITH , MÜLLER URSULA , OLEKSY ELZBIETA , LATTU EMMI , TALLBERG TEEMU , CHERNOVA JANNA , FERGUSON HARRY , HOLTER ØYSTEIN GULLVÅG , KOLGA VOLDEMAR , NOVIKOVA IRINA , VENTIMIGLIA CARMINE , OLSVIK EIVIND
Published: March 2007

This article is on the work of The European Research Network on Men in Europe project “The Social Problem and Societal Problematization of Men and Masculinities” (2000-2003), funded by the European Commission. The Network comprises women and men researchers with a range of disciplinary backgrounds from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. The Network's initial focus is on men's relations to home and work, social exclusion, violences, and health. Some of findings on the Network's second phase of work, namely the review of statistical sources on men's practices in the ten countries, are presented. This is the third of four articles reviewing critical studies on men in the ten countries through different methods and approaches.
American Psychiatrists and the Modern Man, 1900 to 1920
Authors: LUNBECK ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

This article examines two competing popular and professional constructions of masculinity in the first two decades of the century. One was the masculinity of youth, separatist and oppositional vis-à-vis women; the other was the respectable masculinity of bread-winning and married life. Drawing on psychiatric case records (from the Boston Psychopathic Hospital) as well as a range of published sources, this article argues that professionals advocated both constructions of masculinity and that men lived by both in their everyday lives. Particular attention is given to the role of sexuality in the consolidation of male identities; to “failures,” designated psychopaths; to battles over alcohol, with psychiatrists unwilling to align themselves too closely with women and prohibitionist aims; and to World War I and male hysteria.
The Fire Properties of Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Day M. , Suprunchuk T. , Wiles D.M.
Published: March 2007

The fire properties of cellulose as they relate to the potential fire hazard of cellulose insulation are examined and methods of reducing these hazards are reviewed. The suitability of various smoulder and flame resistance tests for evaluating the fire properties is also considered. The effect of water and temper ature cycling upon combustion retardant chemical migration and resultant fire properties of the material are discussed.
A Study of Boron Additives in Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the content of boron- containing additives in loose fill cellulose fiber insulation and various performance characteristics was studied. The relative tox icity of the off-gases appeared to decrease with increasing additive content, but the change was not significant at the lower additive levels. The yield of carbon monoxide tended to decrease with increasing additive. The weight of residue generally increased with increasing additive, but the difference between the weight of ini tial additive and the weight of residue varied with the additive content and with the boron compound.
Toxicity of Off-Gases From Thermal Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The rising cost of energy has increased the econom ic justification for greater use of thermal insulation. Uninten tional overheating of thermal insulation materials presents the possibility of toxic off-gases. Toxicity test data on the off-gases from various thermal insulation materials are presented in this paper.
Toxicity of Off-Gases From Thermal Insulation Materials: a Review
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Published data on toxicity of off-gases from a variety of thermal insulation materials are reviewed. The data were obtained by means of the methods used by the Product Safety Corporation and the University of Pittsburgh. Relative toxicity can be affected by the test conditions and by the basis for comparison.
The Thermal Resistance of in-Situ Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation
Authors: McFadden Peter W. , Azar Kaveh , Zebrowski Thaddeus J.
Published: March 2007

The thermal resistance of a standard stud wall foamed with urea formaldehyde foam insulation has been measured in an in-situ test under field conditions. Using a steady state model for thermal resistance and assuming that average temperatures adequately describe the changing out side temperature during the heating season, the thermal resistance of the wall was found to be 11.9 hr ft2 F/ B after the foam shrinkage had stabilized at 6 percent. This result is in reasonable agreement with similar results found under con trolled laboratory conditions [4]. If foam shrinkage can be predicted, the thermal resistance of a wall with this insulation and minimal air infiltration can be adequately predicted.
Thermal Protection System for the Space Shuttle External Tank: Applications of Instrumental Methods of Analysis
Authors: Matienzo L.J. , Shah T.K. , Gibbs A.J. , Stanley J.R.
Published: March 2007

External Tanks (ET's) for Space Shuttle missions are coated with isocyanurate foams. These materials must perform as an insulator for cryogenic propellants and as an ablator during ascent conditions. Because of the limited high- temperature stability of conventional urethane foams, qualification of Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI) systems was undertaken early in the Shuttle program. The criteria used to chemically evaluate the individual components of the in sulation and the flame retardancy tests correlating composition, radiant reces sion rate and bond tension of the finished product are described in this paper. Laboratory methods to measure and control predefined component ratios for production units are also discussed.
Fiber Glass for Use in Evacuated Thermal Insulations
Authors: Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Various forms of glass fibers arc available which provide advantages over microporous powders in evacuated thermal insulations. The main advantage is that evacuated thermal insulation made from glass fibers can provide thermal resis tivities well in excess of 50 (F.ft2.h/Btu.in.) as compared to microporous powders which are typically limited to maximum resistivities of 35.
An Analysis of Edge Heat Transfer in Residential Windows
Authors: Arasteh Dariush
Published: March 2007

New window technologies are reducing heat transfer through the glazed areas of windows. Low-emissivity (low-E) coatings reduce radiative heat transfer and low-conductivity gas fills (which replace the air between glazing layers) reduce conductive heat transfer. Given these advantages in insulating glass technol ogy. researchers and manufacturers are now beginning to focus their attention on re ducing heat transfer through window edges. Old edge designs are now under scru tiny and new designs are being proposed.
Forced Convective-Diffusive Heat Flow in Insulations: A New Analytical Technique Applied to Air Leakage through a Slit
Authors: Claesson Johan , Hellström Göran
Published: March 2007

Forced convective-diffusive heat flow in porous insulation materials is governed by an equation for the air pressure distribution with an ensuing air flow and a heat equation with convection and diffusion. The pressure equation for a ho mogeneous material may be solved analytically with simple geometries and bound ary conditions.

The new technique uses a transformed form of the convective-diffusive equation for which the awkward first-order derivatives of the temperature (the convective part) are removed. New explicit solutions for certain two-dimensional, steady-state cases may be derived.

The considered example concerns air leakage through an insulation which is open on one side and airtight on the other except for an open slit. Air infiltrates through the slit and leaves through the open side. The solution gives the complete pressure and temperature fields. The extra heat loss due to air leakage is given by an explicit expression which contains only a single, dimensionless parameter.
Wood Frame Walls in Cold Climate —Vapour Barrier Requirements
Authors: Thue Jan Vincent , Skogstad Hans Boye , Homb Anders
Published: March 2007

In Norway, it is common practice to use a polyethylene foil as a vapour barrier on the warm side of the thermal insulation in wood frame construc tions. The question has been raised whether such a vapour barrier is really necessary. It has been claimed that so-called "breathing constructions" would contribute to bet ter indoor climate conditions and have just as good moisture performance as tradi tional constructions, even in a cold climate.

The paper summarises the results from two laboratory test series with wood frame walls having barriers with different water vapour resistance on warm and cold sides of the heat insulation. The results are discussed and some preliminary requirements regarding the vapour resistance of the barriers are outlined. The subject will be fol lowed up in further research in the laboratory and in a test house.