bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic Considerations in Homeland Disasters
Authors: Pretto Jr. Ernesto A.
Published: September 2013

Based on these assumptions and in keeping with the theme of this book, this chapter will focus primarily on anesthetic considerations in homeland disasters likely to require the presence of the anesthesiologist in the out-of-hospital or pre-hospital environment. Although most anesthesiologists are adept at handling multiple trauma casualties in the familiar setting of the operating room, even during disasters, this fact does not necessarily apply to anesthesiologists’ expertise in the management of casualties of earthquakes or chemical or biological incidents outside the operating room.2 In order to understand the context within which anesthesiologists might be asked to function in the out-of-operating room setting during disaster response, we will devote a part of this monograph to a brief review of the disaster management functions of prehospital emergency medical services (EMS)/trauma systems. We will also describe the reorganization of hospital and intensive care services necessary to handle a surge of incoming critically injured or ill casualties. Our focus will be the role of the anesthesiologist, working in partnership with community or local EMS/trauma system and its network of hospitals, since the local EMS/ambulance system constitutes the functional unit of disaster medical response in the United States. We will end with a brief description of the major challenges we face in the delivery of intensive care services in mass and catastrophic casualty disasters.
Health for all children?
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David
Published: September 2013

Chapter 1 summarizes the evolution of the concepts underpinning preventive child health programmes, describes the origins and definitions of the terms ‘child health surveillance’ and ‘child health promotion’ and related definitions, comments on the importance of children’s health in the context of the family and the benefits of family-centred health care, and examines the issues of inequalities, poverty, deprivation, and social exclusion, as well as the concepts of social capital, needs assessment, statutory duties in respect of child health and care, user and carer involvement, and explains the Framework for Assessment of Children in Need.
Secondary prevention: early detection and the role of screening
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David
Published: September 2013

Chapter 6 asks whether early detection matters, suggests how early detection can be achieved, considers the role of professional help in the early detection of problems, introduces the topic of screening, comments on the need for professional sensitivity, defines screening, sets out the criteria for screening programmes and screening tests, describes and explains recent changes in attitudes to screening, and explains how existing potential screening programmes have been evaluated.
Screening for vision defects
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David
Published: September 2013

Chapter 12 describes defects likely to cause disabling impairment of vision, defines the terms used to describe the common disorders such as squint, refractive error, and amblyopia, reviews the tests and procedures used for assessing vision in pre-school and school-age children, sets out the arguments for screening, gives a brief account of colour vision defects and vision problems associated with ‘dyslexia’, and makes recommendations for screening and early detection.
Identifying children with developmental and behavioural problems
Authors: Hall David M.
              B. , Elliman David
Published: September 2013

Chapter 13 deals with the definition of disablement and the epidemiology of disabling conditions, the importance of identifying, detecting, and caring for children with disabling conditions, the distinction (for convenience only) between two categories of disabling condition—low-prevalence high-severity disorders, and high-prevalence low-severity problems, the ways in which disabling conditions are identified, screening for autism, the place of developmental screening, the early identification of speech and language impairments and how they may be managed, motor disorders and specific learning disabilities, psychological, behavioural, and emotional disorders and service provision for them, and the vital importance of collaboration between health, social services, and education in the planning of early identification activities.
Field tests of fitness
Authors: Tomkinson Grant
                R. , Olds Timothy
                S.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 9 focuses on field tests which are commonly used to estimate aerobic and anaerobic fitness in children and adolescents. The discussion will be limited to field tests requiring maximal effort, such as distance running tests of aerobic fitness and jumping and sprint running tests of anaerobic fitness (see Chapters 5 and 8 for an analysis of laboratory assessment of these variables). There will also be a discussion of secular changes in aerobic and anaerobic performance.
Developmental biodynamics: the development of coordination in children
Authors: Watkins James
Published: September 2013

Human movement is brought about by the musculoskeletal system under the control of the nervous system. By coordinated activity between the various muscle groups, forces generated by the muscles are transmitted by the bones and joints to enable the individual to maintain an upright or partially upright posture and bring about voluntary controlled movements. Biomechanics of human movement is the study of the relationship between the external forces (due to body weight and physical contact with the external environment) and internal forces (active forces generated by muscles and passive forces exerted on other structures) that act on the body and the eff ect of these forces on the movement of the body. This chapter specifically addresses developmental biomechanics as it relates to the development of coordination in children.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and health: current concepts
Authors: Cumming Sean , Riddoch Chris
Published: September 2013

Despite the widespread acceptance that physical activity is generally beneficial for children’s health and improvements in the quantity and quality of evidence supporting this position, our understanding remains limited. Methodological and conceptual discrepancies still exist, including a lack of clear consensus in how to define and assess physical activity in children, a limited consideration of concurrent factors such as growth and maturation, and a general failure to address the potential interactions of biological, psychological, and social variables. As such, Chapter 24 attemps to distil the available information with a view to establishing absolute recommendations for activity and/or fitness levels that are optimal for health in children.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health
Authors: Twisk Jos , Ferreira Isabel
Published: September 2013

The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG)], blood pressure, body fatness, and diabetes, and ‘new’ CVD risk factors; that is, other lipoproteins [lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein (apo)B, and apoA-1], coagulation and inflammation markers [fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP)], homocysteine, and heart rate variability.
Physical activity, physical fitness, and bone health
Authors: Kemper Han
                C.G.
Published: September 2013

This chapter reviews (i) the different methods to measure bone mass, (ii) the growth and development of bone mass during childhood and adolescence, (iii) the effects of physical activity and exercise on physical fitness and bone health during youth, and (iv) the most effective exercise regimens to strengthen the bone.
Exercise, physical activity, and eating and weight disorders
Authors: Hills Andrew
                P. , Byrne Nuala
                M. , Wood Rachel
                E.
Published: September 2013

Consistent with trends in adults, the weight-control practices of children and adolescents appear to reflect a heightened concern with body image.7,16–20 The potential long-term consequences of inappropriate weight-control practices in young people are serious and include disordered eating practices,21–23 growth retardation, delayed menarche, amenorrhoea, osteoporosis, and psychological disturbances.12,24–26 The commonly employed weight-control practices, dietary modification, and exercise are pervasive,8 and not limited to the female population. As medical practitioners are widely consulted and held in high esteem by the general public, they are in a good position to identify potential problems in children and adolescents in their care.11 The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the range of factors contributing to inappropriate eating and activity behaviours, particularly in children and adolescents.
Exercise capacity and training in cerebral palsy and other neuromuscular diseases
Authors: Dallmeijer Annet , Schnyder Jost
Published: September 2013

Chapter 35 gives an understanding of the role of exercise in the functional assessment and clinical management of children with neuromuscular diseases, especially for children with CP and PMD. Current knowledge about exercise capacity and training possibilities with respect to the different fitness components (aerobic power, anaerobic power, muscular strength) will be described as well as the level of physical activity and training recommendations. Practical advice and suggestions are given on how to build up and execute an adapted programme for physical activity, sports, and exercise. Data will be summarized to recognize the possibilities as well as the limits of exercise, and also to permit a regular evaluation and a constant adaptation of a physical activity programme.
Upper extremity and trunk injuries
Authors: Cil Akin , Micheli Lyle
                J. , Kocher Mininder
                S.
Published: September 2013

Injuries to the trunk and upper extremity in child and adolescent athletes are increasingly being seen with expanded participation and higher competitive levels of youth sports. Injury patterns are unique to the growing musculoskeletal system and specific to the demands of the involved sport. Recognition of injury patterns with early activity modification and the initiation of efficacious treatment can prevent deformity/disability and return the youth athlete to sport. This chapter reviews the diagnosis and management of common upper extremity and trunk injuries in the paediatric athlete.
Injuries to the head and cervical spine
Authors: Cantu Robert
                C. , Cantu Robert
                V.
Published: September 2013

Chapter 48 discusses the differential diagnosis of the most common athletic head injuries, including cerebral concussion, intracranial hemorrhage, second impact syndrome or malignant brain oedema syndrome, post-concussion syndrome, , along with management guidelines for athletic head injuries, including immediate treatment, definitive treatment, what tests to order, when to refer, when to operate, and when to return to competition. Management and return to play guidelines are presented for athletic spine and spinal cord injuries, including spine fractures and spinal cord concussion/contusion and hemorrhage. Also covered are the diagnosis and management of stingers which may involve injury to the brachial plexus or cervical nerve root, vascular injuries of the neck involving either the carotid or vertebral artery, and special concerns regarding the Down’s Syndrome patient and atlantoaxial (C1–2) subluxation.
Basic Sciences for Ophthalmology
Authors: Bye Louise , Modi Neil , Stanford Miles
Published: September 2013

Part of the Oxford Specialty Training series, Basic Sciences for Ophthalmology is an indispensable and fully comprehensive resource, and the only one that candidates will need to pass the FRCOphth Part 1 exam. Directly linked to the Royal College's exam, presented in a full colour, highly illustrated, and easy-to-read format, making the basic science behind ophthalmology more approachable and accessible to improve understanding.
Anatomy
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter outlines anatomy relevant to ophthalmology, including the cranial cavity, central nervous system, orbit and adnexa, and ocular anatomy (the conjunctiva, lymphatic drainage, cornea, sclera, lens, iris, blood supply, ciliary body, choroid, and retina).
Ocular physiology
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter discusses ocular physiology, including tear production and lacrimal drainage, aqueous production and drainage, cornea and sclera, lens, vitreous, retinal physiology, phototransduction, retinal pigment epithelium, uveal tract, blood-ocular barrier, accommodation, the pupil, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, light detection and dark adaptation, colour vision, electrophysiology of the visual system, visual fields, eye movements and stereopsis, visual perception, and visual pathways (magnocellular and parvocellular pathways).
Optics
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter discusses optics for ophthalmology, including properties of light, reflection, refraction, prisms, spherical lenses, astigmatic lenses, notation of lenses, aberrations of lenses, optics of the eye, ametropia, aphakia and intraocular lens selection, accommodative problems, and low visual aids.
Therapeutics
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter discusses therapeutics for ophthalmology, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, drug-receptor interactions, drug actions, and drug toxicity.
Lasers and instrument technology
Authors: Bye Louise A.
Published: September 2013

This chapter explores lasers and instrument technology in ophthalmology, including the effect of lasers on the eye, therapeutic and diagnostic lasers in ophthalmology, laser safety, and the optics of ophthalmic instruments (direct ophthalmoscope, indirect ophthalmoscope, retinoscope, compound microscope, slit lamp and fundoscopy, applanation tonometer, pachymeter, investigation of corneal curvature).
Phenomenology of Tics and Sensory Urges: The Self Under Siege
Authors: Leckman James F. , Bloch Michael H. , Sukhodolsky Denis G. , Scahill Lawrence , King Robert A.
Published: September 2013

The origin of tics may be related to a heightened and selective sensitivity to cues from within the body or from the outside world, possibly as a result of reduced ability to suppress irrelevant information in sensory, motor, and cognitive domains. The temporal pattern of tics, which are known to occur in bouts and wax and wane in severity, and their long-term outcome might represent important clues to the neurobiology of tics. Moreover, the role played by the environmental context in modulating tic expression may be key to refining and developing novel behavioral interventions. The association of tics with comorbid behavioral problems has a very strong impact on social, emotional, and academic outcomes in adulthood. This chapter will introduce the reader to the wide phenomenological spectrum of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. The key phenomenological features of Tourette syndrome and related disorders represent crucial educational objectives for clinicians, teachers, parents, and peers and may lead to better clinical, social, and academic outcomes.
Clinical Rating Instruments in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Cavanna Andrea E. , Piedad John C. Pansaon
Published: September 2013

The complex motor and behavioral phenotype of Tourette syndrome presents a unique challenge to measurement and clinical observations. This chapter offers a systematic overview of the different clinician-, informant-, and self-report rating instruments for tics and associated phenomena that are available for use in clinical practice and/or research settings. Each of the scales available to measure tics has strengths and limitations; among the latter, the difficulty of capturing all the different dimensions of tic symptoms, such as frequency, intensity, interference, and impairment, is one of the most common and is an object of future research. Moreover, the visible and audible nature of core Tourette syndrome symptoms allows direct observation of these symptoms using specific video protocols. A wide range of psychometrically validated clinician- and self-rated measures for obsessive-compulsive behavior, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and depressive and anxiety symptoms are also available for use in clinical practice and/or research settings. The use of behavioral measures with adequate psychometric indices is recommended. Clinicians and researchers ideally should combine information from professionals and patients (as well as informants if possible) to ensure that the information gathered is comprehensive and accurate.
Peri-ictal Dysphoria and the Other Pleomorphic Manifestations of Depression in Epilepsy
Authors: Kanner Andres M.
Published: September 2013

William Gowers was one of the pioneers in the field of epilepsy to describe the close relation between this condition and psychiatric comorbidities. Paradoxically, his writings are very sparse on the relation between epilepsy and depression, the most frequent psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy (PWE), which has been confirmed by multiple investigators in the last 50 years. This close relation is manifest at multiple levels: there is a high comorbidity of the two conditions, their bidirectional relation has been confirmed in several population-based epidemiologic studies, and common pathogenic mechanisms may be operant in both conditions. At a clinical level, the peri-ictal symptoms of depression and in particular, the postictal depressive symptoms are an expression of their complex relation. These data are reviewed in this chapter.
Psychosis and Epilepsy
Authors: Flügel Dominique
Published: September 2013

Psychosis in epilepsy may occur in different forms, ranging from brief episodes with a clear temporal relationship to seizures (ictal or postictal psychosis) to symptoms or signs apparently independent of seizures, often manifesting decades after the onset of epilepsy (interictal psychosis). In some patients postictal psychosis develops into interictal psychosis over time. Psychosis may also be observed after epilepsy surgery despite excellent seizure control. The features of psychosis in epilepsy closely resemble those seen in schizophrenia. The prevalence of psychosis is higher in patients with epilepsy compared to the general population; it is less clear whether the prevalence of epilepsy is increased in patients with schizophrenia. Subtle structural brain anomalies have been found in both disorders, and it remains uncertain by what mechanisms schizophrenia and psychosis of epilepsy are related. In terms of treatment, the control of underlying seizure activity is most important in ictal psychosis, for instance psychosis occurring in the context of non-convulsive status epilepticus. Postictal psychosis is usually brief and self-limiting. Treatment is therefore rarely problematic. Short-acting benzodiazepines and neuroleptic drugs are recommended. The treatment of more prolonged interictal psychoses can be challenging and there are no universally accepted neuroleptic treatment regimes.
Unexpectedly broad target recognition of the CRISPR-mediated virus defence system in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Manica Andrea , Zebec Ziga , Steinkellner Julia , Schleper Christa
Published: September 2013

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus carries an extensive array of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems able to mediate DNA degradation of invading genetic elements when complementarity to the small CRISPR-derived (cr)RNAs is given. Studying virus defence in vivo with recombinant viral variants, we demonstrate here that an unexpectedly high number of mutations are tolerated between the CRISPR-derived guide RNAs (crRNAs) and their target sequences (protospacer). Up to 15 mismatches in the crRNA still led to ∼50% of DNA degradation, when these mutations were outside the ‘seed’ region. More than 15 mutations were necessary to fully abolished interference. Different from other CRISPR systems investigated in vivo, mutations outside the protospacer region indicated no need for a protospacer adjacent motif sequence to confer DNA interference. However, complementarity of only 3 nucleotides between the repeat-derived 5′ handle of the crRNA and nucleotides adjacent to the protospacer enabled self-recognition, i.e. protection of the host locus. Our findings show commonalities and differences among the various CRISPR-mediated defence systems and suggest that they should not merely be perceived as a ‘first-barrier-defence system’ but may be considered to have a broader mechanism that allows host cells to cope with viruses keeping them at reduced levels.
Accumulation of the Mycotoxin Patulin in the Presence of Gluconic Acid Contributes to Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum
Authors: Barad Shiri , Horowitz Sigal Brown , Kobiler Ilana , Sherman Amir , Prusky Dov
Published: September 2013

Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold rot, causes severe postharvest fruit maceration through secretion of D-gluconic acid (GLA) and secondary metabolites such as the mycotoxin patulin in colonized tissue. GLA involvement in pathogenicity has been suggested but the mechanism of patulin accumulation and its contribution to P. expansum pathogenicity remain unclear. The roles of GLA and patulin accumulation in P. expansum pathogenicity were studied using i) glucose oxidase GOX2-RNAi mutants exhibiting decreased GOX2 expression, GLA accumulation, and reduced pathogenicity; ii) IDH-RNAi mutants exhibiting downregulation of IDH (the last gene in patulin biosynthesis), reduced patulin accumulation, and no effect on GLA level; and iii) PACC-RNAi mutants exhibiting downregulation of both GOX2 and IDH that reduced GLA and patulin production. Present results indicate that conditions enhancing the decrease in GLA accumulation by GOX2-RNAi and PACC-RNAi mutants, and not low pH, affected patulin accumulation, suggesting GLA production as the driving force for further patulin accumulation. Thus, it is suggested that GLA accumulation may modulate patulin synthesis as a direct precursor under dynamic pH conditions modulating the activation of the transcription factor PACC and the consequent pathogenicity factors, which contribute to host-tissue colonization by P. expansum.
Increasing arboreality with altitude: a novel biogeographic dimension
Authors: Scheffers Brett R. , Phillips Ben L. , Laurance William F. , Sodhi Navjot S. , Diesmos Arvin , Williams Stephen E.
Published: September 2013

Biodiversity is spatially organized by climatic gradients across elevation and latitude. But do other gradients exist that might drive biogeographic patterns? Here, we show that rainforest's vertical strata provide climatic gradients much steeper than those offered by elevation and latitude, and biodiversity of arboreal species is organized along this gradient. In Philippine and Singaporean rainforests, we demonstrate that rainforest frogs tend to shift up in the rainforest strata as altitude increases. Moreover, a Philippine-wide dataset of frog distributions shows that frog assemblages become increasingly arboreal at higher elevations. Thus, increased arboreality with elevation at broad biogeographic scales mirrors patterns we observed at local scales. Our proposed ‘arboreality hypothesis’ suggests that the ability to exploit arboreal habitats confers the potential for larger geographical distributions because species can shift their location in the rainforest strata to compensate for shifts in temperature associated with elevation and latitude. This novel finding may help explain patterns of species richness and abundance wherever vegetation produces a vertical microclimatic gradient. Our results further suggest that global warming will ‘flatten’ the biodiversity in rainforests by pushing arboreal species towards the cooler and wetter ground. This ‘flattening’ could potentially have serious impacts on forest functioning and species survival.
Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis sp. nov., a marine polysaccharide-producing bacterium
Authors: Matsuyama Hidetoshi , Sawazaki Kazuya , Minami Hideki , Kasahara Hirokazu , Horikawa Keiji , Yumoto Isao
Published: September 2013

A novel exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium, designated strain SE3T, was isolated from Pacific Ocean sediment. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, motile, strictly aerobic, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive, and required Na+ for growth. Its major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), and its cellular fatty acid profile mainly consisted of C16 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The DNA G+C content was 46.9 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis suggested that strain SE3T is a member of the genus

Pseudoalteromonas

. Strain SE3T exhibited close phylogenetic affinity to

Pseudoalteromonas arabiensis

JCM 17292T (99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity),

Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica

LMEB 39T (98.39 %) and

Pseudoalteromonas donghaensis

HJ51T (97.65 %). The DNA–DNA reassociation values between strain SE3T and

P. arabiensis

JCM 17292T,

P. lipolytica

JCM 15903T and

P. donghaensis

LMG 24469T were 31, 26 and 44 %, respectively. Owing to the significant differences in phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA–DNA relatedness data, the new isolate merits classification as a representative of novel species, for which the name

Pseudoalteromonas

shioyasakiensis is proposed. The type strain is SE3T ( = JCM 18891T = NCIMB 14852T).
Rietveld refinement, morphology and optical properties of (Ba1−xSrx)MoO4crystals
Authors: Nogueira I. C. , Cavalcante L. S. , Pereira P. F. S. , de Jesus M. M. , Rivas Mercury J. M. , Batista N. C. , Li M. Siu , Longo E.
Published: September 2013

In this article, the structural refinement, morphology and optical properties of barium strontium molybdate [(Ba1−xSrx)MoO4withx= 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1] crystals, synthesized by the co-precipitation (drop-by-drop) method, are reported. The crystals obtained were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, and Fourier transform–Raman (FT–Raman) and Fourier transform–infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopies. The shapes of the crystals were observed by means of field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The optical properties were investigated using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns, Rietveld refinement, and FT–Raman and FT–IR spectra showed that all of the crystals are monophasic with a scheelite-type tetragonal structure. The refined lattice parameters and atomic positions were employed to model the [BaO8], [SrO8] and [MoO4] clusters in the tetragonal lattices. The FE-SEM images indicate that increasedxcontent produces a decrease in the crystal size and modifications in the crystal shape. UV–Vis spectra indicated a decrease in the optical band gap with an increase inxin the (Ba1−xSrx)MoO4crystals. Finally, a decrease in the intensity of PL emission is apparent with an increase inxup to 0.75 in the (Ba1−xSrx)MoO4crystal lattice when excited by a wavelength of 350 nm, probably associated with the degree of structural order–disorder.
A novel small-angle neutron scattering detector geometry. Corrigendum
Authors: Kanaki Kalliopi , Jackson Andrew , Hall-Wilton Richard , Piscitelli Francesco , Kirstein Oliver , Andersen Ken H.
Published: September 2013

Errors in the paper by Kanaki, Jackson, Hall-Wilton, Piscitelli, Kirstein & Andersen [J. Appl. Cryst.(2013),46, 1031–1037] are corrected.
Improving comprehension in adolescents with severe receptive language impairments: a randomized control trial of intervention for coordinating conjunctions
Authors: Ebbels Susan H. , Marić Nataša , Murphy Aoife , Turner Gail
Published: September 2013

Background

Little evidence exists for the effectiveness of therapy for children with receptive language difficulties, particularly those whose difficulties are severe and persistent.

Aims

To establish the effectiveness of explicit speech and language therapy with visual support for secondary school‐aged children with language impairments focusing on comprehension of coordinating conjunctions in a randomized control trial with an assessor blind to group status.

Methods & Procedures

Fourteen participants (aged 11;3–16;1) with severe RELI (mean standard scores: CELF4 ELS = 48, CELF4 RLS = 53 and TROG‐2 = 57), but higher non‐verbal (Matrices = 83) and visual perceptual skills (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS) = 86) were randomly assigned to two groups: therapy versus waiting controls. In Phase 1, the therapy group received eight 30‐min individual sessions of explicit teaching with visual support (Shape Coding) with their usual SLT. In Phase 2, the waiting controls received the same therapy. The participants’ comprehension was tested pre‐, post‐Phase 1 and post‐Phase 2 therapy on (1) a specific test of the targeted conjunctions, (2) the TROG‐2 and (3) a test of passives.

Outcomes & Results

After Phase 1, the therapy group showed significantly more progress than the waiting controls on the targeted conjunctions (d = 1.6) and overall TROG‐2 standard score (d = 1.4). The two groups did not differ on the passives test. After Phase 2, the waiting controls made similar progress to those in the original therapy group, who maintained their previous progress. Neither group showed progress on passives. When the two groups were combined, significant progress was found on the specific conjunctions (d = 1.3) and TROG‐2 raw (d = 1.1) and standard scores (d = 0.9). Correlations showed no measures taken (including Matrices and TVPS) correlated significantly with progress on the targeted conjunctions or the TROG‐2.

Conclusions & Implications

Four hours of Shape Coding therapy led to significant gains on comprehension of coordinating conjunctions which were maintained after 4 months. Given the significant progress at a group level and the lack of reliable predictors of progress, this approach could be offered to other children with similar difficulties to the participants. However, the intervention was delivered one‐to‐one by speech and language therapists, thus the effectiveness of this therapy method with other methods of delivery remains to be evaluated.
The Case for Anthocyanin Consumption to Promote Human Health: A Review
Authors: Pojer Elisa , Mattivi Fulvio , Johnson Dan , Stockley Creina S.
Published: September 2013

Anthocyanins belong to the flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, which are responsible for the red and blue colors of plant organs such as fruits, flowers, and leaves. Due to their frequent presence in plants, particularly berry fruits, vegetables, and grapes, they are key components of the human diet. Interest in anthocyanins has increased widely during the past decade. Numerous studies have suggested that anthocyanins have a wide range of health‐promoting properties. These compounds are therefore considered to be a functional food factor, which may have important implications in the prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of this body of work is to investigate and review the current literature on anthocyanins, and particularly their pharmacokinetics and any health‐promoting properties, in order to summarize existing knowledge and highlight any aspects that require further study and analysis.
Faith, Folie à Famille, and Mummification: A Brief Review of the Literature and a Rare Case Report
Authors: Catanesi Roberto , Punzi Giovanna , Rodriguez William C. , Solarino Biagio , Di Vella Giancarlo
Published: September 2013

Folie à deuxis a rare clinical syndrome characterized by the transference of delusional ideas from one person to one or more other people in close association with the primary affected patient. Mummification indicates the preservation of the corpse of a person for a variable period of time. A brief review of the literature in this field is presented, and an exceptional case is described, characterized by the association of both these rare phenomena. The case is an example offolie à fammillewhich developed out of a condition of extreme religiousness and seclusion of an entire family. The shared psychosis led to the horrible death of some of the family members, while the last surviving member of the family lived for more than a year and a half with their mummified remains. TheJudge commissioned a forensic psychiatry assessment to verify the survivor's ability to bear witness. The development of the psychiatric syndrome and its consequences are extensively discussed.
A Fatal Case of Hypermagnesemia Caused by Ingesting Magnesium Chloride as a Folk Remedy
Authors: Torikoshi‐Hatano Aiko , Namera Akira , Shiraishi Hiroaki , Maeno Yoshitaka , Kato Hideaki , Nagao Masataka
Published: September 2013

We report a fatal case of hypermagnesemia caused by oral ingestion of milk containing magnesium chloride as a folk remedy. The autopsy of the 75‐year‐old woman showed no injury or illness as the cause of death. Neither alcohol nor controlled drugs were found by the toxicological analysis. Her posthumous serum magnesium concentration was 10.2 mg/dL. The concentration of magnesium in serum was higher than that of the previous reports. Therefore, the cause of death was considered to be hypermagnesemia. Recently, the prescription drugs, over‐the‐counter drugs, and health foods containing magnesium are consumed as supplements in the world, and their potential toxicity should be recognized.
Bushfire Smoke: An Exemplar of Coupled Human and Natural Systems
Authors: JOHNSTON FAY , BOWMAN DAVID
Published: September 2013

Carbon‐based microscopic particles have provided a crucial line of evidence in understanding the coupling between humans and fires. Through the sedimentary record, they have informed our understandings of the patterns of climate and humans on fire activity through time. The extent of contemporary atmospheric biomass burning emissions has become apparent through satellite monitoring, motivated by concerns about the effect on the climate system. Sophisticated monitoring techniques designed to monitor industrial pollution have provided a data stream useful to determine the impacts on human health of wildfire smoke: we review this rapidly expanding field. The key findings are that biomass smoke is quantitatively and qualitatively different from urban air pollution and that there is no ‘safe’ level of biomass smoke exposure. Managing fires and smoke impacts will become increasingly challenging as the climate continues to warm and demands understanding the trade‐off between wildfire and planned burns. The health impacts from severe smoke events are substantial when large populations are affected resulting in measurable increases in illness, hospital admissions, and deaths. The health impacts are not evenly distributed, and large segments of the population fall into higher risk groups. People in these categories are also likely to be adversely affected by the comparatively minor episodes of pollution generated by smaller planned burns. Planned burns thus need active programmes of public communication and air quality monitoring to ensure that the overall public health benefits of the intervention can be achieved with the minimum possible adverse impacts on higher risk individuals.
Spray‐Dried Structured Lipid Containing Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Use in Infant Formulas
Authors: Nagachinta Supakana , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: September 2013

Human milk fat (HMF) analogs are structured lipids (SLs) modified to have palmitic acid content at the sn‐2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid composition comparable to HMF. Some of these SLs are also designed to incorporate long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) because of their important role in infant development. In this study, Maillard reaction products (MRPs), obtained from heated whey protein isolates and corn syrup solids (CSS) solution, were used as encapsulants for microencapsulation of 2 enzymatically synthesized SLs for infant formula applications. The encapsulated SL powders were obtained through spray‐drying and evaluated in terms of their microencapsulation efficiency, chemical and physical properties, oxidative stability, and dispersibility. The microencapsulation efficiency of the SLs was 90%. Dispersibility test using particle size measurement demonstrated that these powders dispersed quickly into a homogeneous suspension. The encapsulated SL powders had low peroxide and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances values. Lower oxidative stability was obtained in the powder containing SL with a higher degree of unsaturation and a lower concentration of tocopherols. The results demonstrated that the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and concentration of endogenous antioxidant in starting oils influenced the oxidative stability of the encapsulated SLs.
Pharmacotherapy effects on smoking cessation vary with nicotine metabolism gene (CYP2A6)
Authors: Chen Li‐Shiun , Bloom A. Joseph , Baker Timothy B. , Smith Stevens S. , Piper Megan E. , Martinez Maribel , Saccone Nancy , Hatsukami Dorothy , Goate Alison , Bierut Laura
Published: September 2013

Background and aims

Evidence suggests that both the nicotinic receptor α5 subunit (CHRNA5) and Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) genotypes influence smoking cessation success and response to pharmacotherapy. We examine the effect of CYP2A6 genotype on smoking cessation success and response to cessation pharmacotherapy, and combine these effects with those of CHRNA5 genotypes.

Design

Placebo‐controlled randomized smoking cessation trial.

Setting

Ambulatory care facility in Wisconsin, USA.

Participants

Smokers (n = 709) of European ancestry were randomized to placebo, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy or combined bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy.

Measurements

Survival analysis was used to model time to relapse using nicotine metabolism derived from CYP2A6 genotype‐based estimates. Slow metabolism is defined as the lowest quartile of estimated metabolic function.

Findings

CYP2A6‐defined nicotine metabolic function moderated the effect of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy on smoking relapse over 90 days [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32–5.99, P = 0.0075], with pharmacotherapy significantly slowing relapse in fast (HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.28–0.55, P = 1.97 × 10−8), but not slow metabolizers (HR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.55–2.17, P = 0.80). Further, only the effect of nicotine replacement, and not bupropion, varies with CYP2A6‐defined metabolic function. The effect of nicotine replacement on continuous abstinence is moderated by the combined genetic risks from CYP2A6 and CHRNA5 (Wald = 7.44, d.f. = 1, P = 0.0064).

Conclusions

Nicotine replacement therapy is effective among individuals with fast, but not slow, CYP2A6‐defined nicotine metabolism. The effect of bupropion on relapse likelihood is unlikely to be affected by nicotine metabolism as estimated from CYP2A6 genotype. The variation in treatment responses among smokers with genes may guide future personalized smoking cessation interventions.
Endophthalmitis and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy. Epidemiology and risk factors; a single‐centre retrospective study
Authors: Wallin Örjan , Al‐ahramy Abdullah M. , Lundström Mats , Montan Per
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To study the epidemiology and risk factors of early‐ and late‐onset postoperative endophthalmitis (PE) and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy.

Methods

Retrospective, single‐centre, observational study with a case–control design in part. Patients sustaining PE and severe blebitis following trabeculectomy or a combined trabeculectomy with a cataract extraction procedure performed from 1990 through 2008 and diagnosed from 1990 through 2012 were recorded at St Erik Eye Hospital. Incidence data were calculated with help from the hospital records. Notes data of cases and of six randomly selected but procedure matched control patients for each case were compared.

Results

The joint rate of infection was 0.46% or 34 incidents in 7402 procedures. The frequency of early (occurring <6 weeks after surgery) onset PE was 0.19%, late PE was 0.19% and severe blebitis was 0.08%. Dominating aetiologies were staphylococci and streptococci. Overall, the infection severely impaired the visual function. Combined cataract and fistulating operations were less prone to develop late infections, p = 0.04, but no other decisive factors were identified in the case–control study. Data collection for all trabeculectomy surgeries from 1998 and onward identified an increased rate for late infection with the use of mitomycin C (MMC), 8 in 1171 surgeries or 0.7%, versus no such use, 0 case of late PE in 2136 surgeries, p < 0.001.

Conclusions

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a devastating complication after trabeculectomy. The use of MMC increases the risk for delayed infection. Early PE after trabeculectomy is clearly more common than PE after cataract surgery. Developing efficacious prophylactic antibiotic regimens to reduce early PE after penetrating filtering procedures should be a major priority in ophthalmic surgery.
In vivo confocal microscopy of conjunctiva in preservative‐free timolol 0.1% gel formulation therapy for glaucoma
Authors: Frezzotti Paolo , Fogagnolo Paolo , Haka Gentiana , Motolese Ilaria , Iester Michele , Bagaglia Simone A. , Mittica Pietro , Menicacci Cristina , Rossetti Luca , Motolese Eduardo
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the effects at 1 year of preservative‐free timolol gel and preserved timolol eye drops on conjunctiva and tear parameters.

Methods

Forty patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to the two treatment groups and compared with 20 healthy age‐matched controls. Clinical tests (IOP, Schirmer I test, and lacrimal film break‐up time BUT) and in vivo conjunctival confocal microscopy (IVCM) were performed in all patients at baseline and after 12 months. IVCM (HRT II Rostock Cornea Module; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was performed after topical anaesthesia in the four cardinal locations and at the corresponding limbus to analyse conjunctiva cells. The main IVCM outcomes were goblet cell density and epithelial regularity.

Results

IVCM and clinical parameters were similar in the three groups at baseline. After 12 months, intra‐epithelial goblet cell density was significantly lower in the preserved (48.25 ± 7.70) than in the preservative‐free beta‐blocker group (86.83 ± 22.17, p < 0.001) and controls (88.9 ± 18.33, p < 0.001). The epithelial layer was significantly more regular in the preserved beta‐blocker medication group than in the preservative‐free beta‐blocker group (p < 0.001) and the control group (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in both Schirmer I and BUT was found in the group of preserved timolol (respectively, 11.3 ± 2.97 and 8.12 ± 0.99) compared with preservative‐free timolol (16.8 ± 1.83 and 11.27 ± 1.27, p < 0.001) and controls (17.8 ± 1.87 and 12.10 ± 1.28, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Based on our IVCM data, preservative‐free beta‐blocker gel induces less changes at ocular surface than preserved beta‐blockers, a fact that should be considered to obtain less adverse effects and maximal adherence to treatment in a chronic condition such as glaucoma.
Towards Neoliberal Trade Unionism: Decline, Renewal and Transformation inNorthAmerican Labour Movements
Authors: MacDonald Ian Thomas
Published: September 2013

The article argues that ‘renewal’ and ‘crisis’ are inadequate descriptors of the current state of the American and Canadian labour movements. Many of the structural and strategic shifts that have remade labour unions in North America over the past two decades — including new organizing strategies, bargaining outcomes and political strategies — speak rather to a contradictory reconstitution of organized labour along neoliberal lines and the impasse of the renewal project. If there is a crisis in the labour movement, it is a crisis in the nature of trade unions as working‐class organizations. The article builds this argument through, in turn, a historical overview, a critical reading of the labour renewal literature and a discussion of current trade union practice.
Inflammation and prostate cancer: the role of interleukin 6 (IL‐6)
Authors: Nguyen Daniel P. , Li Jinyi , Tewari Ashutosh K.
Published: September 2013

Environmental and genetic aspects are reflected in the development of prostate cancer. In this context, there is growing evidence that chronic inflammation is involved in the regulation of cellular events in prostate carcinogenesis, including disruption of the immune response and regulation of the tumour microenvironment.

One of the best surrogates of chronic inflammation in prostate cancer is interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Serum IL‐6 levels are elevated in patients with untreated metastatic or castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and correlate negatively with tumour survival and response to chemotherapy. Via multiple signal pathways including the Janus tyrosine family kinase (JAK)‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)‐mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) pathway, IL‐6 is able to promote prostate cancer cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.

IL‐6 is associated with aggressive prostate cancer phenotype and may be involved in the metastatic process through regulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and homing of cancer cells to the bone.

A substantial body of evidence suggests that IL‐6 plays a major role in the transition from hormone‐dependent to CRPC, most notably through accessory activation of the androgen receptor.

Collectively, these data have stimulated the development of agents targeting IL‐6 signalling pathways. A chimeric anti‐IL‐6 monoclonal antibody has been tested in clinical trials, with mixed results.