bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical Aspects of Calibration of Airborne Particle Counters According to ISO 21501-4 Standard
Authors: Kovbasyuk I Ye , Maslakov O Yu , Shakhov M N
Published: March 2022

The article reviews the practical aspects of calibration of airborne particle counters according to GOST R ISO 21501-4 (Russian equivalent of the international ISO 21501-4) standard. The authors share their gained experience and explain what difficulties can be faced during the procedure described in the standard, how to avoid and how to revise them. The article may be useful for specialists as an introduction to the standard or for particle counters’ users who want to learn more about practical metrology aspects of these devices without going into the specifics and the basis.
Prospects for the development of means for measuring the mass concentration of aerosol particles in the Russian Federation
Authors: Belenkii D I , Magomedov T M , Balakhanov D M
Published: March 2022

The paper describes the state of affairs in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the mass concentration of aerosol particles in the Russian Federation. The definition of indicative measurements is given and the world experience in the use of indicators in environmental monitoring networks is described. The necessity of adopting relevant regulatory documents in the Russian Federation in order to introduce the concept of "indicative measurements" is shown.
The problems associated with monitoring of main parameters of working areas and technological environments in high technology industry
Authors: Balakhanov M V , Balakhanov D M , Belenkii D I
Published: March 2022

Today, the matters of ensuring the safety of human life in a polluted environment, quality control of agricultural raw materials, food and the parameters of various environments is becoming increasingly urgent, especially in connection with the development of nanotechnology and nanoindustry. Therefore, high-precision measurements of aerosol parameters and the metrology of air weights are directly connected with the global problem of monitoring the safety of the use of nanotechnology. Since it’s been created the Russian State Primary Standard - GET 163 was modified two times to support the demanded measurement accuracy in this area in Russia. The standard has reproduced, maintained and transferred values of units of particle size, number particle concentration, mass concentration of aerosol particles, and, since 2020, units of electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of particles in liquid media
Optimization of Geomagnetic and Solar Reference Vector Algorithms for Micro-Nano Satellites
Authors: Ye Jingyu , Xia Guangqing , Yu Xiaozhou , Zhong Xing , Hu Xin , Pu Lingjuan , Li Luping
Published: March 2022

To optimize the geomagnetic reference vector and the solar reference vector calculation method, this paper proposes a geomagnetic fitting algorithm and simplifies the DE430 ephemeris structure to speed up the determination rate of the geomagnetic and solar reference vectors. The two optimized reference vector determination methods are simulated on the Attitude Measurement Unit (AMU). The simulation results show that the single-step elapsed time of the geomagnetic fitting algorithm is reduced by 99.5% compared with the IGRF-13 geomagnetic model algorithm, and the data capacity is reduced by 97.3% compared with the look-up table method. The data capacity of the simplified ephemeris algorithm is 66.9% lower than that of the DE430 ephemeris algorithm, and the calculation accuracy is nearly 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the approximate calculation method. This method can significantly shorten the attitude determination time and increase the attitude determination frequency, dramatically improving attitude determination accuracy and attitude control accuracy. The AMU supported by these two algorithms has sound engineering practical value.
Fast convex optimization of vehicle trajectories based on improved trust domain
Authors: Li Jin , Wang Yudong , Zhao Liangbo
Published: March 2022

The re-entry process of lift vehicles faces a variety of complex constraints and path limitations, so fast and accurate trajectory optimization for them is an important topic. This paper proposes a fast trajectory generation method based on improved sequential convex optimization, which simplifies the equations of motion with energy as the independent variable, takes the sine and cosine function of the bank angle as the control variable, and convexities multiple constraints to obtain a computational model that satisfies the optimization conditions. On this basis, the "jitter" phenomenon, which is easy to occur in the optimization process, is improved, and the method of variable trust domain and weight function is proposed to reduce the jump problem in the iterative process, and also to improve the terminal accuracy requirement. Finally, numerical simulations show that the algorithm can efficiently and rapidly solve the re-entry trajectory optimization problem under the inclusion of no-fly zone.
Research on the Particular Risk Analysis Model of Sustained Engine Imbalance on Civil Aircraft
Authors: Yang Tielian
Published: March 2022

In order to demonstrate the aircraft continued safe flight and landing after fan blade out (FBO), Sustained Engine Imbalance Particular Risk Analysis, as part of the civil aircraft safety assessment, is seriously required to implement. Under the guidance of AC25-24 “Sustained Engine Imbalance”, the specific analysis model are given, combined with engineering application experience on civil aircraft development and certification. The model and methods presented herein provide a valid approach and guidance for safety design requirements capturing in aircraft design and certification demonstration regarding Sustained Engine Imbalance.
Ballistic Coefficient Estimation Based on ODTK
Authors: Huang Xiaobin , Zhang Yan , Lu Li , Xiao Rui , OuYang Yan , Shi Binbin
Published: March 2022

Accurate ballistic coefficients play an important role in orbit determination and target recognition of space targets. In order to quickly and effectively calculate the target’s ballistic coefficient, AGI's ODTK (Orbit Determination Tool Kit) software is introduced, detailed operation steps and parameter settings are designed, and simulation is build to verify the effectiveness of executing the task of ballistic coefficient estimation by the ODTK software. The results of this paper have reference value for researchers engaged in space target surveillance.
The Solution to galaxy rotation curve problem——Dark matter and MOND
Authors: Pan Zian
Published: March 2022

In 1932, Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort examed the Doppler shifts in the spectra of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy and first found that the stars moved faster than expected. Then people began to think and argue why that happen. Some people thought maybe the Newton’s law was only useful in the solar system. And someone thought there may be some matters that cannot be seen. Now there are two different hypotheses to explain this situation, Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) and Dark Matter. This paper will introduce the origin of these two hypotheses and the evidence supporting these hypotheses. The paper will also compare and contrast three different models to show the existence of dark matter.
Overall Design of Fine Guidance Sensor in Attitude Determination for the SVOM Satellite
Authors: Liu Shuang , Qin Genjian , Li Jinsong , Chen Binglong , Liu Bang , Li Dong
Published: March 2022

SVOM is a Sino-French cooperation project aiming at Gamma Ray Burst observation. From the top level requirement, during the observation period, the satellite platform should provide a stability of better than 1.6 arcsec/100s. Based on this severe requirement, a high precision attitude measurement device is strongly demanded. This article describes the overall design of a novel optical sensor, called Fine Guidance Sensor, for the SVOM Satellite. First, the functional and performance requirements are presented, including the extremely high measuring precision of 0.3 arcsec in y/z-axis. Second, FGS composition, including hardware and software, and processing flow design are described. Then, working mode switching logic is introduced. Next, attitude determination method and simulation result are shown. The conclusion is obtained and all the required indexes are fulfilled by current FGS design.
An Optimal Design Scheme of Missile Trajectory
Authors: Zhang Shilin
Published: March 2022

The optimization of missile trajectory is an important part of missile design. Its difficulty lies in the complex force of the missile and the different laws of the trajectory parameters in each stage. The existing trajectory simulation models have problems such as complex models, low accuracy, simplifying the initial motion state of the missile, and failing to fully reflect the characteristics of the active and passive motions. In order to solve these problems, this paper extracts important model variables on the basis of analyzing the force of the missile at different stages, and establishes a ballistic model with time-varying parameters. At the same time, according to the engineering design method of the missile flight program, the change rule of the pitch angle of the active phase of the missile with time is drawn up. Finally, an intercontinental ballistic missile is used as the object to simulate and analyze the proposed model. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can design and optimize missile trajectory well.
Monitoring the SNS basement neutron background with the MARS detector
Authors: Akimov D. , An P. , Awe C. , Barbeau P.S. , Becker B. , Belov V. , Bernardi I. , Blackston M.A. , Bock C. , Bolozdynya A. , Browning J. , Cabrera-Palmer B. , Chernyak D. , Conley E. , Daughhetee J. , Detwiler J. , Ding K. , Durand M.R. , Efremenko Y. , Elliott S.R. , Fabris L. , Febbraro M. , Gallo Rosso A. , Galindo-Uribarri A. , Green M.P. , Heath M.R. , Hedges S. , Hoang D. , Hughes M. , Johnson T. , Khromov A. , Konovalov A. , Kozlova E. , Kumpan A. , Li L. , Link J.M. , Liu J. , Mann K. , Markoff D.M. , Mastroberti J. , Mueller P.E. , Newby J. , Parno D.S. , Penttila S.I. , Pershey D. , Rapp R. , Ray H. , Raybern J. , Razuvaeva O. , Reyna D. , Rich G.C. , Ross J. , Rudik D. , Runge J. , Salvat D.J. , Salyapongse A.M. , Scholberg K. , Shakirov A. , Simakov G. , Sinev G. , Snow W.M. , Sosnovstsev V. , Suh B. , Tayloe R. , Tellez-Giron-Flores K. , Tolstukhin I. , Ujah E. , Vanderwerp J. , Varner R.L. , Virtue C.J. , Visser G. , Wongjirad T. , Yen Y.-R. , Yoo J. , Yu C.-H. , Zettlemoyer J. , Johnson B.A.
Published: March 2022

We present the analysis and results of the first dataset
collected with the MARS neutron detector
deployed at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) for the purpose of
monitoring and characterizing the beam-related neutron (BRN) background
for the COHERENT collaboration. MARS was positioned
next to the COH-CsI coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering detector
in the SNS basement corridor. This is the basement location of
closest proximity to the SNS target and thus, of highest neutrino flux,
but it is also well shielded from the BRN flux by infill concrete
and gravel. These data show the detector registered roughly one BRN per day.
Using MARS' measured detection efficiency, the incoming
BRN flux is estimated to be 1.20 ± 0.56 neutrons/m^2/MWh
for neutron energies above ∼3.5 MeV and up to a few tens of MeV.
We compare our results with previous BRN measurements in the SNS basement corridor
reported by other neutron detectors.
3D printing of Ti3C2-MXene-incorporated composite scaffolds for accelerated bone regeneration
Authors: Mi Xue , Su Zhenya , Fu Yu , Li Shiqi , Mo Anchun
Published: March 2022

Grafting of bone-substitute biomaterials plays a vital role in the reconstruction of bone defects. However, the design of bioscaffolds with osteoinductive agents and biomimetic structures for regeneration of critical-sized bone defects is difficult. Ti3C2 MXene—belonging to a new class of 2D nanomaterials—exhibits excellent biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties, and promotes osteogenesis. However, its application in preparing 3D-printed tissue-engineered bone scaffolds for repairing bone defects has not been explored. In this work, Ti3C2 MXene was incorporated into composite scaffolds composed of hydroxyapatite and sodium alginate via extrusion-based 3D printing to evaluate its potential in bone regeneration. MXene composite scaffolds were fabricated and characterized by SEM, XPS, mechanical properties and porosity. The biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of MXene composite scaffolds were evaluated by cell adhesion, cell counting kit-8 test, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S tests of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). A rat calvarial defect model was performed to explore the osteogenic activity of the MXene composite scaffolds in vivo. The results showed the obtained scaffold had a uniform structure, macropore morphology, and high mechanical strength. In vitro experimental results revealed that the scaffold exhibited excellent biocompatibility with BMSCs, promoted cell proliferation, upregulated osteogenic gene expression, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and promoted mineralized-nodule formation. The experimental results confirmed that the scaffold effectively promoted bone regeneration in a model of critical-sized calvarial- bone-defect in vivo and promoted bone healing to a significantly greater degree than scaffolds without added Ti3C2 MXene did. Conclusively, the Ti3C2 MXene composite 3D-printed scaffolds are promising for clinical bone defect treatment, and the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of practical applications for tissue-engineered bone scaffolds.
Exact time evolution formulae in the XXZ spin chain with domain wall initial state
Authors: Stéphan Jean-Marie
Published: March 2022

We study the time evolution of the spin-1/2 XXZ chain initialized in a domain wall state, where all spins to the left of the origin are up, all spins to its right are down. The focus is on exact formulae, which hold for arbitrary finite (real or imaginary) time. In particular, we compute the amplitudes corresponding to the process where all but k spins come back to their initial orientation, as a k-fold contour integral. These results are obtained using a correspondence with the six vertex model, and taking a somewhat complicated Hamiltonian/Trotter-type limit. Several simple applications are studied and also discussed in a broader context.
Enhancement of mechanical properties of chitosan film by doping with sage extract-loaded niosomes
Authors: Abd-Elghany Amr A , Mohamad Ebtesam A , El-Sakhawy Mohamed A , Mansouri Sofiene , Ismail Sameh H , Elneklawi Mona S
Published: March 2022

Chitosan films are increasingly being applied in the biomedical field owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, mucoadhesive nature, hemostatic properties, antibacterial and biological activities. This study aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan films by doping niosomal sage nanoparticles (NS-SagNPs) at various concentrations (100–300 μg). The NS-SagNPs were prepared by a thin-film hydration process with an average particle size of 21.5 nm. The doped chitosan films were fabricated through a simple casting method. FTIR and DSC measurements confirmed the successful incorporation of NS-SagNPs in the chitosan films. The mechanical properties of the doped films were improved and the most significant improvement was found in tensile strength and elasticity when the NS-SagNPs loading was increased to 300 μg. Based on these results, chitosan films doped with NS-SagNPs have the advantageous feature of sage and show enhanced mechanical properties compared with pure chitosan, rendering them more suitable for biomedical applications.
Inverse synthetic aperture radar range profile compensation of plasma-sheath-enveloped reentry object
Authors: XIE Yaocong , LI Xiaoping , SHEN Fangfang , BAI Bowen , SHI Lei , CHEN Xuyang
Published: March 2022

The scattering points in a plasma sheath characterized with coupled velocities can cause pulse compression mismatching, which results in displacement and energy diffusion in the one-dimension range profile. To solve this problem, we deduce the echo model of the plasma-sheath-enveloped reentry object. By estimating the coupled velocities, we propose a compensation method to correct the defocus of an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image in range dimension to improve the quality of the ISAR images. The simulation results suggest that the echoes from different regions of the surface of the reentry object have various coupling velocities, and the higher the coupled velocity, the more serious the displacement and energy diffusion in the range dimension. Our proposed method can correct the range dimension aberration. Two measurement metrics were used to evaluate the improvement of the compensation method.
Investigation on the electrode surface roughness effects on a repetitive self-breakdown gas switch
Authors: ZENG Fanzheng , LI Song , CAI Hao , ZHANG Quancai , WEI Jinhong , WANG Junting , LIU Zhaohua , WANG Lei , GAO Jingming , WAN Hong , QIAN Baoliang
Published: March 2022

In this work, the influence of the electrode surface roughness on the self-breakdown gas switch is investigated by physical analysis, computer simulation and experiment. Cu-W electrodes of different surface roughness were tested under the conditions of a pulse repetitive frequency of 50 Hz, self-breakdown voltage of ∼30 kV, and peak current of ∼2 kA for ∼93000 shots (the total charge transferred was ∼15 C). The coefficients of variation of the self-breakdown voltage of Cu-W 0.8, Cu-W 3.2 and Cu-W 12.5 electrodes were ∼2.95%, ∼1.62% and ∼1.16%, respectively. With the increase of electrode roughness, the erosion area decreased continuously, indicating that the breakdown positions were more stable and the coefficient of variation of breakdown voltage decreased. The method showed that decreasing the coefficient of variation of the self-breakdown voltage by increasing the surface roughness of electrode greatly improves the stability of the self-breakdown switch, which is significant for their application in compact high-power pulse power devices over a long time with stable operation.
All-in-one electrochromic transparency-tuning window with an integrated metal-mesh heating film
Authors: He Wenjing , Huang Chenchao , Wu Xinzhou , Su Wenming , Cui Zheng
Published: March 2022

Electrochromic (EC) smart windows with transparency-tuning capability can provide buildings with effective sun-shading and privacy to occupants at low energy consumption. The essential requirements to EC windows are fast response, dynamic tunability and low-cost. Recent development in all-in-one electrochromic devices (ECDs) which combines electrolyte, EC and ion storage functions in a single gel has the advantage of single layer structure and can be manufactured in large areas at low cost. However, the coloring voltage and time of all-in-one ECDs can be influenced by the viscosity of active gel. By raising the working temperature, the ECD may have faster response time and lower coloring voltage due to reduced gel viscosity. To enable high working temperature, a high conductivity and high transparency metal-mesh heating film was integrated to an EC window glass. The coloring performance of the EC window was investigated at different heating temperatures compared to its room temperature performance. It was found that working at 70 °C the coloring efficiency was doubled and the response speed of the device is five times faster than that at room temperature. The integrated metal-mesh heating film also brought added benefits such as defog and defrost for car windshield.
A Very Brief Survey of Twentieth-Century Latin-American Literature
Authors: Fornet Jorge
Published: March 2022

The 20th century in Latin America began, in literary terms, with the emergence of Modernism, which exerted enormous influence over both sides of the Atlantic. From then on, the literature of the region—at least the literature written in Spanish and Portuguese—has been on a long process of assimilation in favor of the best features of the universal tradition enriched with the specificities of Latin American culture and history. Impacted both by competing aesthetic trends and social and political upheaval, the literature of Latin America provides a unique place from which to observe the contradictions of the region, as well as to attempt to answer the major questions that the region poses. Some basic certitudes do not prevent one recurring question from coming up: Does a Latin American literature exist? The answer is more complex than it appears on the surface, but the truth is that the most significant and ambitious moments of that literature—Modernism, the Vanguards, and the celebrated boom of the novel in the 1960s—have been those in which Latin American writers have been recognized as belonging to a common literary space. A journey through fictional narrative, poetry, essays, and even a relatively new genre such as testimony can attest to the way in which Latin Americans see themselves and think of themselves, with their own national and regional specificities and, in contrast with the others, beyond the space of the region. In the last decade of the 20th century, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Latin America was no longer what it had been for thirty years. By then, revolutionary dreams, guerrillas, the long nights of dictatorships, and the recovery of democracy—just to mention a few of its most recognizable aspects—felt like a distant past. In this context, a new generation emerged in order to close out the 20th century, and beyond that, to begin the 21st. To read, even if it is from a bird’s eye view, the interval between the Modernists to the 21st-century generation is the aim of these pages.
European Renaissance Archives
Authors: Andreani Angela
Published: March 2022

As well as sources for the study of the period, Renaissance archives are a subject of scholarly inquiry in their own right. Early modernists have increasingly appreciated the significance of a knowledge of record-keeping practices in research, and how an understanding of archives as contingent and culturally specific warrants reading their history, organization, and uses as mirrors (perhaps distorting ones) of culture, politics, and society.

Renaissance archives make up a heterogeneous and dispersed panorama of sources ranging from administrative documents and official records to personal papers and private collections. Examples are the archive of the d’Este family, initiated in the mid-15th century and preserved in the 19th-century building of the Archivio di Stato di Modena, or the Archivo General de Simancas, founded in the 16th century and still located in the same 15th-century castle where it was originally established.

The unprecedented development of public and private record-keeping during the Renaissance made archives ubiquitous and an inescapable part of the lives of many. The proliferation of archives must be connected with cultural and political changes such as the spread of literacy, the growth in size and complexity of states and institutions, and developments in the organization and management of the records. War, fires, and accidental destruction have severely damaged valuable materials, while dismemberment and reorganization have compromised entire collections; however, Renaissance archives have been reintegrated into modern institutions and still shape them in many ways. Focusing on archival practices rather than on archives as products enables us to view the history of archives in Europe as a series of transformations in which to identify elements of continuity and phases of rupture.
Social Network Analysis in Organizations
Authors: Methot Jessica R. , Zaman Nazifa , Shim Hanbo
Published: March 2022

A social network is a set of actors—that is, any discrete entity in a network, such as a person, team, organization, place, or collective social unit—and the ties connecting them—that is, some type of relationship, exchange, or interaction between actors that serves as a conduit through which resources such as information, trust, goodwill, advice, and support flow. Social network analysis (SNA) is the use of graph-theoretic and matrix algebraic techniques to study the social structure, interactions, and strategic positions of actors in social networks. As a methodological tool, SNA allows scholars to visualize and analyze webs of ties to pinpoint the composition, content, and structure of organizational networks, as well as to identify their origins and dynamics, and then link these features to actors’ attitudes and behaviors. Social network analysis is a valuable and unique lens for management research; there has been a marked shift toward the use of social network analysis to understand a host of organizational phenomena. To this end, organizational network analysis (ONA) is centered on how employees, groups, and organizations are connected and how these connections provide a quantifiable return on human capital investments. Although criticisms have traditionally been leveled against social network analysis, the foundations of network science have a rich history, and ONA has evolved into a well-established paradigm and a modern-day trend in management research and practice.
The Shifting Commercial Economy of Post-Soviet Central Asia
Authors: Spector Regine , Botoeva Aisalkyn
Published: March 2022

Since 1991, commerce and trade in Central Asia have changed significantly. Prior to 1991, Soviet Central Asia had been incorporated into centralized production, distribution, and retail networks, and regional borders were formally closed to many outside products and exchanges. Upon independence in 1991, these integrated production, distribution, and supply chains collapsed, and the new Central Asian countries—to varying degrees—liberalized their economies and opened their borders to flows of goods and people. Domestic manufacturing and production slowed dramatically. Citizens of these countries initially turned to barter and trade of basic consumer goods as a survival strategy to feed themselves and their families in the midst of evaporating wages and disappearing jobs. While traders forged regional and global trading networks connecting local villages and cities in Central Asia with manufacturing and re-export hubs in China, India, United Arab Emirates, and Turkey, among other places, over time, the new post-Soviet elite gained ownership and control over lucrative bazaar land, cargo companies, airline agencies, and other logistics nodes.

Soviet-era roads and railways initially dominated trade networks; later, airline routes and new land-based infrastructure built through intergovernment agreements and international development projects afforded new commercial possibilities. China became one of the central nodes in trade networks for consumer goods and has invested significantly into building regional infrastructure, while Russia has remained an important supplier of hydrocarbon and other commodities. Amid these changes, self-understandings of trade have shifted; for example, as Soviet-era stigmas against trade have receded, religious-based and other moralities condoning trade have ascended. While commercial activity was a significant survival strategy and served as a launch pad for other businesses in the region, trade and commerce patterns have been subject to financial crises, political upheavals, and border closures in the 1990s and 2000s, and in 2020, to a global pandemic, illuminating the precarity of reliance on trade and commerce in contexts that do not otherwise have robust state-based social support mechanisms.
Transnational Film in East Asia
Authors: Carroll William
Published: March 2022

To most Western scholars, “East Asian cinema” calls to mind either a small number of globally recognized art house auteurs or specific genres that have found cult audiences in the West. However, this overlooks the enormously complex history of the popular film industries in the region. The tendency to group together films from the region as East Asian cinema can elide some important differences in the film industries and cultures in individual parts of the region, but, at the same time, the “national cinema” framework fails to appreciate the interconnectedness of these cinemas both to each other and beyond the region.

The earliest film screenings in China, Japan, and Korea were in the last decade of the 19th century, within a few years of the Lumière Brothers’ first demonstration of their new invention in Paris in 1895. Japan and China both developed robust popular film industries by the mid-1920s. Colonized by Japan in 1910, Korea nevertheless also developed a popular film industry by the mid-1920s, albeit one that was dominated by business interests (if not necessarily talent) from Japan, and subject to the censorship laws of the colonial government. It is impossible to extricate the networks of commodity and artistic exchange from the history of colonialism in the region—both the colonial designs of Western powers on East Asia, and the reach of the Japanese Empire, whose ascendance coincided precisely with the first half-century of film history, and whose shadow has continued to have implications for cultural exchange within the region ever since. Major geopolitical events such as World War II and the Cold War have also played an important role in shaping film production, and its circuits of exchange, in the region.
African America and Japan
Authors: Doan Natalia
Published: March 2022

African American and Japanese people share a rich history of nearly two hundred years of transnational engagement and activity. African American writers discussed Japan as early as 1828, and, in the African American and abolitionist press, the 1860 Japanese Embassy to the United States inspired a perception of transnational solidarity between African American and Japanese people based on the shared experience of racial prejudice and the right of all men to participate in the affairs of the world. From the 16th century to the early 19th century, Japanese ideas surrounding Blackness were very different from the racial ideologies prevalent in Europe and later the United States. Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War inspired African American admiration for Japan as a global leader in the fight against racism and imperialism, although Japan expanded its imperial activity across Asia throughout the early 20th century. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the Japanese racial equality bill made Japan even more of a symbol of the fight for racial equality to African American civil rights leaders and writers. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, many Japanese intellectuals were inspired by the African American struggle for civil rights, as well as their transnational engagement with African American people, to promote anti-imperialism within Japan. Meanwhile, in the 1930s, pro-Japanese organizations proliferated across the United States and influenced tens of thousands of African American people. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ended much, but not all, African American sympathy for Japan. The FBI was concerned that Japanese military agents would racially agitate African American people into subversive activity. As part of the war effort, the Japanese military did plan pro-Japanese racial propaganda targeted toward America’s Black people. During the Occupation period, many Japanese people adopted negative racial attitudes toward Black people. At the same time, during the postwar period, many Japanese and African American people shared transnational relationships free from the increasing racial prejudice perpetuated by the American state. Japanese and African American relations, as well as representations and perceptions of Black people in Japan, have continued to change throughout the 21st century.
The International Congress of African Historians in Dar es Salaam
Authors: Brizuela-Garcia Esperanza
Published: March 2022

The International Congress of African Historians, which took place in Dar es Salaam in October of 1965, gathered historians from Africa, Europe, and the United States who reflected on and discussed the progress and direction of the by then approximately fifteen-year-old effort to introduce and develop the study of African history in universities around the world. The Congress was a testament to the evolution of this new area of research, not just in terms of the research outputs it showcased and the gaps it identified, but also in highlighting some of the challenges the field would soon face. At the time, the Congress was hailed for producing important agreements on the progress, practice, and nature of African history and for charting an ambitious agenda for the future. In retrospect, the Congress also represented the end of an era in the development of Africanist history.
Women in Sierra Leone
Authors: Macauley Sylvia
Published: March 2022

Located on the Atlantic coast of Africa, Sierra Leone is one of the smaller countries on the African continent but with a significance to the history of Africa and the New World that truly belies its size. Its population largely consists of two indigenous groups—the Temne and the Mende—as well as a mixture of other settlers based in the Western Area. Starting in the late 18th century, these settlers were repatriated from Britain, America, and Jamaica with the goal of creating a “Province of Freedom.” West Africans liberated from outbound slave ships on the Atlantic also settled on the coast. The settlers and liberated Africans ultimately developed a new culture and became known as the Krio. Culturally, the indigenous groups had a lot more in common with each other than with the Krio, whose ways were more Western-oriented. From the time the Sierra Leone Company was created in 1790—to administer the new settlement of Freetown as a charter—through the change to Crown colony rule in 1808, the leaders of the surrounding indigenous groups were recognized as neighbors and interacted with the British colony of Freetown as trading partners. It was not until 1896, when the British annexed the areas surrounding the colony and declared them a Protectorate that the relationship between the former neighbors changed. That colonial relationship lasted until 1961, when Sierra Leone declared its independence.

Altogether there are about sixteen ethnolinguistic groups in the country, with the largest—the Temne—dominating the northern half, followed closely by the second largest—the Mende—dominating the southern half of the country. The smallest group—the Krio—are largely limited to the Western Peninsula.

Information about the lives of women in Sierra Leone from the era of Company rule until independence, have been difficult to come by, and women have mostly been left out of the history of the country. The early documented entries were about European women in Sierra Leone, then settler Krio women, and eventually Mende women. Despite the numerical superiority of the Temne, it is only in recent years—largely due to the adoption of new methodologies like oral histories and comparative ethnographies—that Temne women have started attracting the attention of scholars. As a result, Sierra Leone can now move beyond references to only Krio and Mende women, like Cummings-John and Madam Yoko, and add references to a few more powerful and influential women, like Sukainatu Bangura, Mariatu Koroma, Kadi Sesay, and Zainab Bangura, from the largest ethnic group—the Temne—who have also positively impacted the history of the country in diverse ways.
Ransoming of Captives and Redemption of Slaves in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Lofkrantz Jennifer
Published: March 2022

The ransoming of captives and the redemption of slaves in precolonial and early colonial sub-Saharan Africa refer to two distinct practices. The ransoming of captives refers to the practice of paying for the release of a captive at the time of capture or soon afterwards and where the freed captive usually returns to their own society with their social status intact. In contrast, the redemption of slaves refers to the practice of the purchasing of the freedom of an enslaved person who then usually remains in a subservient status in their owner’s society. The redemption of slaves has been a well-studied subject throughout sub-Saharan Africa as both a form of indigenous African and colonial manumission policies as well as part of the growing field of social abolition of slavery. The ransoming of captives in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, unlike in North Africa, is a more recent area of research, with most research concentrated on West Africa. The existence of both ransoming and redemption practices demonstrate that people and their family and friends valued freedom and used a myriad of strategies to achieve and maintain it.
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Public Health
Authors: Unschuld Paul
Published: March 2022

In many countries, Traditional Chinese Medicine has acquired a status similar to other historical healthcare systems that are not at all or only partially legitimated by modern science, such as Ayurveda and homeopathy. They all contribute in one way or another to the health of the public. And yet, Chinese medicine eludes inclusion in modern, global public health concepts. Its focus on the individual patient-healer relationship, its diverse non-Chinese terminologies, often developed by individuals regardless of the historical meaning of the original Chinese terms, and an increasingly uncoordinated development of TCM in China and the rest of the world, with heterogenous educational standards resulting in very different skill levels of practitioners, make it impossible to draw far-reaching conclusions and contribute generalizable suggestions for the continued improvement of global public health.
Neutrality Studies
Authors: Lottaz Pascal
Published: March 2022

The study of neutrality, as an academic subject in the fields of history and the social sciences, is concerned with the politics, laws, ethics, economics, norms, and other social aspects of states and international actors that attempt to maintain friendly or impartial relations with other states who are—or might become—parties to international conflict. In this regard, neutrality studies is a subject of international politics in its broadest sense, encompassing international law and international relations. It is an open space that has been explored through various academic lenses, including (but not limited to) realism, liberalism, constructivism, and poststructuralism. Most neutrality research in the early 21st century is focused on particular periods or forms of neutrality. To discuss this topic, it is helpful to distinguish two levels of analysis. First, there is historical research that describes the observable phenomenon of neutral behavior and its related effects, in other words, specific instances when countries (or actors) remained neutral. This is mostly the domain of historians. The second level is the moral, legal, political, and ideational assessment of neutral situations, which are theoretical discussions that treat issues (including but not limited to) the underlying reasons and the larger impact of neutrality on specific conflict dynamics, security systems, identities, and norms. Ideological debates often occur on this level since theoretical assessments of neutrality depend heavily on the subjective framing of the conflicts they accompany.
Water Security and Scarcity
Authors: Wutich Amber , Beresford Melissa , Montoya Teresa , Radonic Lucero , Workman Cassandra
Published: March 2022

Anthropological thinking on water security and scarcity can be traced through four scholarly approaches: political ecology of water scarcity, water insecurity, water economics, and human-water relationality. Political ecologists argue that water scarcity a sociopolitical process and not necessarily related to physical water availability. The political ecological approach is concerned with power, global-local dynamics, and how water scarcity is unevenly distributed within and across communities. Water insecurity research is concerned with how injustice and inequity shape household and individual variability in water insecurity. Inspired by biocultural research, water insecurity scholars have used systematic methods to advance theories of how water insecurity impacts mental health, food insecurity, dehydration, and other human biological outcomes. Economic anthropologists explore how economic dynamics—including formal and capitalist economies, noncapitalist and hybridized economies, reciprocity, social reproduction, and theft—shape water scarcity and insecurity. Research priorities in economic anthropology include water valuation, meanings of water, and water as an economic good. Building from Indigenous scholars’ insights, relational approaches argue that humans have reciprocal obligations to respect and care for water as a living being. Water justice, these scholars argue, requires restoring human-water relations and upholding Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination. All four of these research areas—scarcity, insecurity, economics, and relationality—are producing cutting-edge research, with significant implications for research agendas in the anthropology of water security and scarcity.
The Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans
Authors: Dedek Peter B.
Published: March 2022

With unique aboveground tombs, massive walls of burial vaults, and a density of historic funerary structures found nowhere else in the United States, the cemeteries of New Orleans are among the most fascinating and historic aspects of the city. The cemeteries reflect the unique climate, history, and culture of New Orleans. Although New Orleans cemeteries share characteristics with burial grounds in Mediterranean and many Latin American countries, such historic “cities of the dead” are rare in the United States. Four major factors guided the evolution of the New Orleans cemetery: (a) the high South Louisiana water table; (b) a need to conserve land in a growing city surrounded by water; (c) French, Spanish, and Caribbean traditions of aboveground burial and tomb building; and (d) neoclassical and Victorian architectural fashions that prevailed during the 19th century, the period during which the cemeteries as we know them developed. New Orleans’ burial traditions contrasted with the predominantly underground interments in the cemeteries of northern Europe, England, and the United States apart from the Gulf Coast. Because of this, tourists often marvel at the exotic nature of the historic New Orleans cemeteries, expressing many of the same impressions and reactions to their architecture, layout, and general character as their 19th-century forbears. New Orleanians also value their unique historic cemeteries, most of which are still active burial grounds.
Partitive Articles in the Romance Languages
Authors: Carlier Anne , Lamiroy Béatrice
Published: March 2022

Partitive articles raise several research questions. First, whereas a vast majority of the world’s languages do not have articles at all, and only some have a definite article as well as an indefinite article for singular count nouns, why did some Romance languages develop an article for indefinite plural nouns (Fr
des hommes
art.indf.m.pl man:pl ‘men’) and singular mass or abstract nouns (It
del vino
art.indf.m.sg wine ‘wine’, Fr
du bonheur
art.indf.m.sg happiness ‘happiness’)? Secondly, unlike the definite article and the indefinite singular article, whose source is already a determiner (or pronoun), that is, the distal demonstrative and the unity numeral respectively, the partitive article derives from a preposition contracted with the definite article. How did the Latin preposition de grammaticalize into an article? And why was the grammaticalization process completed in French, but not in Italian? Thirdly, given that the source of the partitive article was available for all Romance languages, since some form of partitive construction was already attested in Late Latin, why did the process not take place in Rumanian and the Ibero-Romance languages?
Central-Southern Italo-Romance
Authors: De Angelis Alessandro
Published: March 2022

Although respective Central (= CIDs) and Southern (= SIDs) Italo-Romance dialects display peculiar linguistic features, they also share a substantial number of common isoglosses such that they can be classified as two subdivisions of the same geolinguistic unit. Some of these are simply represented by the absence of Tuscan features, such as diphthongization in open syllable or anaphonesis. Other features are idiosyncratic and are discussed within the main body of this article, such as: (a) the different types of vowel systems; (b) the two main patterns of metaphony; (c) propagation; (d) phonosyntactic doubling that is not sensitive to stress. Regarding the morphological phenomena present in these varieties, the encliticization of possessives and the loss of both of the future indicative and the present subjunctive will be discussed. With regard to (morpho)syntax, these varieties are known for: (a) the rise of a mass neuter (neo-neuter) class of nouns; (b) an alternating gender value; (c) the extensive use of a dedicated marker to encode the accusative case in highly referential nouns; (d) dual complementizer systems; (e) split intransitivity in auxiliary systems; (f) extensive participial agreement (as well as similar agreement in manner adjectives); and, (g) pseudo-coordination, among other notable phenomena.
Disasters, Climate Change, and Violence Against Women and Girls
Authors: Le Masson Virginie
Published: March 2022

Gender-based violence (GBV) is violence inflicted on someone because of their gender. It is also the worst manifestation of gender inequalities and discrimination against women and girls. Since the 1990s, the literature has increasingly documented how the combination of disaster impacts and the failure of protective systems (often unavailable in the first place) aggravates gender inequalities and violence against women and girls (VAWG). Sexual, physical, economic, psychological abuse, violence perpetrated by partners, trafficking, child marriage, and many different forms of VAWG are documented in a wide range of geographical locations at all stages of economic development. Far from being an “extraordinary” consequence of disasters, VAWG, particularly domestic abuse, reflects a continuum of a pervasive manifestation of inequality, violence, and discrimination.

GBV survivors are unlikely to report abuse or seek help, particularly when protection support is unavailable or inadequate. This discrepancy between the prevalence of violence and the lack of protection is exacerbated in the aftermath of a disaster and during crises due to environmental changes. Yet, although crucial to better examine the prevalence, trends, and consequences of VAWG during and after disasters, gender-disaggregated data are persistently missing from disaster risk assessments and vulnerability analyses of climate change impacts. Such data are also required to better support intersectional analyses of GBV occurring before, during, and after crises—that is, not just documenting the experiences of women and girls but also understanding changes in power relations and the social identities and conditions that influence the diversity of experiences among women and men, in addition to documenting the experiences of sexual and gender minorities.