bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apontamentos sobre a geopolítica das mídias
Authors: Visibeli Barros Janaina , Raslan Filho Gilson Soares
Published: December 2020

Na mundialização do capital, os oligopólios de comunicação assumem papel relevante como agentes discursivos e econômicos, utilizando de suas redes de comunicação e recursos de transmissão de dados. Os bens culturais que a mídia oligopolizada produz transitam, atravessam os territórios, participando da formação de consensos sob a lógica contemporânea da acumulação flexível e da manutenção do status quo.  Por se tratar de uma articulação espacial de poderes simbólicos, econômicos e políticos (WEBER, 1999), este artigo se interessa em discutir a geopolítica das mídias, a partir dos postulados desenvolvidos pelo geógrafo Philippe Boulanger (2014). A interface entre geopolítica das mídias e a comunicação contribui para pesquisas sobre disputas de poder entre agentes nos territórios.

Palavras-chave: Comunicação. Geopolítica. Mídia. Poder.
Competência midiática e a Revista Intervalo:
Authors: Magnolo Talita Souza , Sigiliano Daiana , Musse Christina Ferraz
Published: December 2020

A revista Intervalo (1963-1972), da Abril, é considerada um dos mais importantes veículos impressos especializados no Brasil da década de 1960, por ter inovado a forma de falar sobre televisão. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as dimensões da competência midiática que estão em operação na seção de carta dos leitores chamada Intervalo para Conversa, feita pela revista, durante o III Festival de Música Popular Brasileira em 1967. A reflexão desta terá como base a proposta metodológica de Ferrés e Piscitelli (2015). Conclui-se que a seção de carta de leitores contribuiu para o fortalecimento da relação entre a revista e seu público leitor, que por sua vez, pôde utilizar o espaço para produzir seu próprio conteúdo, baseado no seu consumo de informações, através de textos informais, compreensíveis e que geraram uma aproximação com os outros leitores.
CORRELATION BETWEEN POSTOPERATIVE CARDIAC RISKS FACTORS, FUNCTIONALITY AND LENGTH OF STAY
Authors: Nascimento Micaele , York Beatriz , Oliveira Milton Antonio , Galdino Katia Elizabete , Fernandes Ana Tereza
Published: December 2020

Background: Cardiac surgery (CS) may be associated with several organic
repercussions responsible for the appearance of cardiac risk factors
during the postoperative period. These, associated with prolonged
hospital length of stay (LoS), may trigger critical manifestations in
individuals undergoing this surgical procedure. To investigate the
relationships between postoperative cardiac risk factors, LoS, and
changes in functioning state. Methods: Patients undergoing
reconstructive, substitutive, or corrective cardiac surgeries were
evaluated. The presence of postoperative cardiovascular risks was
assessed using the InsCor score, while LoS and functionality were
collected from medical records. Results: One-hundred patients with a
mean age of 59.2±12.3 years were included. Significant correlations
between functionality and both the hospital and Intensive Care Unit
(ICU) LoS (p<0.0001, ρ= 0.56; p=0.002, ρ=0.29, respectively),
as well as between hospital LoS and the number of comorbidities
(p=0.003, ρ=0.28) were found. No significant relationships were observed
between the number of postoperative risk factors and LoS. Conclusions:
Functionality and comorbidities are associated with increased hospital
and ICU LoS in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
The effects of forest edge and nest height on nest predation in a U.K. deciduous forest fragment
Authors: Atkin Noah , Banks-Leite Cris
Published: December 2020

It has been previously hypothesised that nest predation is higher at
forest edges. This has important conservation implications for the
increasingly fragmented U.K. climax community. I aimed to test the
generality of this edge effect in a mixed deciduous forest fragment
which borders open grassland. Artificial nests containing a combination
of quail and plasticine eggs were used, at ground and arboreal levels. I
found an overall edge effect on nest predation rates, however this
effect was not specifically seen in ground nests. Ground nests
experienced significantly higher levels of predation than arboreal
nests. I suggest this edge effect is due in part to the steep
productivity gradient over the ecotone.
HOW ACCURATELY CAN UROLOGISTS PREDICT ELIGIBLE PATIENTS FOR IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE INTRAVESICAL CHEMOTHERAPY IN BLADDER CANCER?
Authors: Yıldız Hüseyin Alperen , Deger Dogan , Aslan Guven
Published: December 2020

Purpose: To assess the ability of urology residents and experienced
urologists to accurately predict pathological features of bladder tumors
based solely on cystoscopic appearance, and evaluate how accurately
urologists can decide eligible patients for postoperative intravesical
chemotherapy. Methods: 104 patients with bladder mass were included, 7
senior urologists and 4 residents joined the study. Before resection,
both specialists and residents were asked to predict the stage, grade of
the tumor, and presence of CIS. We obtained resident predictions for 104
patients and senior predictions for 72 of these patients. Based on these
predictions, eligibility of the patients for single postoperative
immediate chemotherapy were determined according to EAU NMIBC
guidelines. After final pathology report, risk scores recalculated and
compared with surgeons’ predictions. Results: In correlation analysis,
strong agreement with the pathological report could not be demonstrated
with any of the stages, grades, and presence of CIS for both senior and
resident urologists. Urology residents’ predictions were slightly more
accurate than the senior urologists’. According to senior urologists’
predictions, 14/72 (19,4%) of the patients, and according to residents’
predictions, 19/104 (18,2%) of the patients were found to be either
overtreated or undertreated. Conclusions: Cystoscopic visual prediction
is not sufficient to decide on immediate postoperative intravesical
chemotherapy regardless of the experience, and we need more objective
parameters to improve the appropriate patient selection. What’s known:
In patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), decision of
immediate postoperative chemotherapy instillation is made by urologists
according to clinical and “presumed” pathological parameters as
definitive pathology is unkown. Therefore, the concordance of this
presumption with the final pathology is important. What’s new: In our
study, we demonstrated that urologists’ predictions on pathological
features are not reliable to decide on immediate postoperative
intravesical chemotherapy instillation and better criteria for patient
selection are needed.
Observing the Existence of Low-Frequency Variability in Monthly Rainfall Data at Southeastern Brazil using R Package Tools – Neural Networks and Wavelet
Authors: Correa Cleber Souza , Campos Velho Haroldo Fraga de
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to analyze 70 years historical series in the Brazilian Southeastern region, using monthly rainfall data. Statistical modeling techniques such as cross-wavelet spectra and artificial neural networks (ANN), from the R statistical package, were used to perform the analyses. Two different types of neural networks were employed: the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and extreme learning machine (ELM). From the cited time series, the analysis shows the existence of a decadal and multi-decadal signal with cycles of 5, 11, and 22 years in the monthly rainfall in Brazilian Southeastern region, observing the existence of low-frequency variability. This shows a significant degree of modulation and association for the precipitation with solar activity. The neural networks were also used as forecasting tools, with a better performance for MLP-NN – smaller root mean square error. However, the MLP-NN presented a greater confidence interval than ELM-NN.Keywords: monthly rainfall, sunspots, multi-decadal cycles.Observando a Existência de Variabilidade de Baixa Frequência em Dados Mensais de Chuva no Sudeste do Brasil utilizando Ferramentas do Aplicativo R - Redes Neurais e OndeletasRESUMO. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar séries históricas de 70 anos no sudeste do Brasil, utilizando dados mensais de precipitação. Técnicas de análise estatística usando o pacote estatístico R, como espectros de wavelet cruzado e modelagem de redes neurais artificiais (RNA), foram usadas para realizar as análises. Duas implementações de redes neurais foram empregadas: multi-layer perceptron (MLP) e extreme learning machine (ELM). Os resultados obtidos nas análises realizadas permitem inferir que as séries temporais observadas mostram a existência de um sinal decenal e multi-decenal com ciclos de 5, 11 e 22 anos na precipitação mensal no sudeste do Brasil, observando a existência de variabilidade de baixa frequência nos dados analisados. Isso mostra um grau significativo de modulação e associação da precipitação com a atividade solar. A análise de séries temporais longas permitem a observação de variabilidades de baixa frequência, evidenciando sua grande importância e relevância. Uma significativa parcela da variância total de ciclos atmosféricos decenais é modulado pela atividade solar. As redes neurais também foram usadas como ferramentas de previsão, com melhor desempenho para a rede MLP – como mostrado pelo erro médio quadrático. A rede MLP apresentou maior amplitude no intervalor de confiança do que a rede ELM.Palavras-chave: precipitação mensal, manchas solares, ciclos multi-decenais.
Interphotoreceptor Retinol-Binding Protein Ameliorates Diabetes-induced Retinal Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration through Rhodopsin
Authors: Chen Jianglei , Shao Yan , Sasore Temmy , Moiseyev Gennadiy , Zhou Kelu , Ma Xiang , Du Yanhong , Ma Jian-xing
Published: December 2020

Diabetic patients often experience
visual defects before any retinal pathologies are detected. The molecular
mechanism for the visual defects in early diabetes has not been elucidated. Our
previous study reported that in early diabetic retinopathy (DR), rhodopsin
levels were reduced due to impaired 11-cis-retinal
regeneration. Interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein (IRBP) is a visual
cycle protein and important for 11-cis-retinal
generation. IRBP levels are decreased in the vitreous and retina of DR patients
and animal models. To determine the role of IRBP downregulation in the visual
defects in early DR, we induced diabetes in transgenic mice overexpressing IRBP
in the retina. IRBP overexpression prevented diabetes-induced decline of
retinal function. Furthermore, IRBP overexpression also prevented decreases of
rhodopsin levels and 11-cis-retinal
generation in diabetic mice. Diabetic IRBP transgenic mice also showed ameliorated
retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and retinal degeneration,
compared to diabetic WT mice. These findings suggest that diabetes-induced IRBP
downregulation impairs the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal and rhodopsin, leading to retinal dysfunction in early
DR. Furthermore, increased 11-cis-retinal-free
opsin constitutively activates the phototransduction pathway, leading to
increased oxidative stress and retinal neurodegeneration. Therefore, restored
IRBP expression in the diabetic retina may confer a protective effect against
retinal degeneration in DR.
SGLT2 Inhibition Does Not Affect Myocardial Fatty Acid Oxidation or Uptake, But Reduces Myocardial Glucose Uptake and Blood Flow in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes– a Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
Authors: Lauritsen Katrine M. , Nielsen Bent R.R. , Tolbod Lars P. , Johannsen Mogens , Hansen Jakob , Hansen Troels K. , Wiggers Henrik , Møller Niels , Gormsen Lars C. , Søndergaard Esben
Published: December 2020

Sodium-glucose
cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition reduces cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Beneficial effects have been
attributed to increased ketogenesis, reduced cardiac fatty acid oxidation and
diminished cardiac oxygen consumption. We therefore studied whether SGLT2
inhibition altered cardiac oxidative substrate consumption, efficiency, and
perfusion.

13 individuals with
type 2 diabetes were studied after four weeks treatment with empagliflozin and
placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Myocardial
palmitate and glucose uptake were measured with 11C-palmitate and 18F-FDG
PET/CT. Oxygen consumption and myocardial external efficiency (MEE) were
measured with 11C-acetate PET/CT. Resting and adenosine stress myocardial
blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) were measured using 15O-H2O
PET/CT.

Empagliflozin did not
affect myocardial FFA uptake but reduced myocardial glucose uptake by 57% (p<0.001).
Empagliflozin did not change myocardial oxygen consumption or MEE. Empagliflozin
reduced resting MBF by 13% (p<0.01), but did not significantly affect stress
MBF or MFR.

In conclusion, SGLT2
inhibition did not affect myocardial FFA uptake, but channeled myocardial
substrate utilization from glucose towards other sources and reduced resting
MBF. However, the observed metabolic and hemodynamic changes were modest and
most likely contribute only partially to the cardioprotective effect of SGLT2
inhibition.
Impacto del uso de herramientas lúdicas web 2.0 y plataformas tic en el rendimiento académico y motivacional de los aprendices
Authors: Rojas Rodríguez Héctor Fabio , Zapata Toro Alexander
Published: December 2020

Un problema recurrente en muchas instituciones educativas en Colombia es el elevado porcentaje de deserción escolar, el Centro de Electricidad y Automatización Industrial del SENA no es ajeno a dicha problemática, las causas asociadas son múltiples pero dentro de ellas se encuentra la motivación y el bajo rendimiento académico. Algunas publicaciones internacionales sugieren importantes aumentos en la motivación mediante metodologías modernas como la del aprendizaje basado en juegos. Los autores pretenden replicar la experiencia en el servicio nacional de aprendizaje SENA y poder saber si se comporta de igual manera en nuestro medio, teniendo así una herramienta valiosa para la disminución de la deserción.
Gerencia social: estrategia de innovación social con enfoque economía solidaria, para el turismo comunitario en las poblaciones palafíticas de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
Authors: Polo de Lobatón Gregoria , Expósito María Yaquelìn , Lobatón Polo Daulis
Published: December 2020

El presente artículo es parte de los resultados de la investigación: “Estrategias de innovación para la oferta de productos turísticos que apunten al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en las poblaciones de Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta”, cuyo norte pretendió establecer el enfoque de la gerencia social una estrategia de innovación social con enfoque de economía solidaria para el desarrollo del turismo comunitario en esta comunidad. El abordaje de la investigación se ha dado desde la perspectiva epistemológica Hermenéutica y el método investigación acción participativa útil en las propuestas de acciones de innovación social que permitan una transformación social de los pobladores. Los resultados preliminares determinan que la gerencia social es una vía para la creación de valor público por medio de su gestión, contribuyendo así a la reducción de la pobreza y de la desigualdad con procesos de innovación social, atendiendo a principios solidarios, con fines de turismo comunitario por estos pobladores. Con la conclusión de que la práctica de la gerencia social, sobre la innovación social fundamentada en la economía solidaria, es un factor clave para la paz.
Impacto ambiental por el ciclismo de montaña en el bosque La Primavera y una propuesta de educación ambiental
Authors: Siordia Galindo Salvador , Galindo González Leticia
Published: December 2020

El ciclismo de montaña es hoy uno de los deportes más practicados. A través de este, los deportistas buscan disfrutar de forma sana el paisaje y estar en contacto con la naturaleza. Sin embargo, esto ha provocado que algunas zonas protegidas se vean saturadas de visitantes, lo cual ha repercutido en el deterioro del medio ambiente. Un ejemplo de ello es el bosque La Primavera, ubicado en Jalisco, México. En sus 11 rutas ciclistas, La Primavera recibe alrededor de 1189 ciclistas por semana, de acuerdo con datos dados a conocer en 2017 (la tendencia indica que el número al día de hoy es mayor). Dicha cifra motivó a que se llevara a cabo una investigación de tipo cualitativa para conocer de manera preliminar el impacto ambiental que está sufriendo esta zona protegida, en especial en cuatro de las rutas de ciclismo y en una zona de parqueadero de automóviles para los ciclistas que asisten a este bosque. Para alcanzar esta meta, se elaboró una matriz de impacto ambiental que permitió identificar los tipos de impacto, sus indicadores y la intensidad de los mismos. Los resultados muestran que dos de las rutas tienen un impacto alto en cuanto a daño a la vegetación y compactación de suelo; de igual forma, dos de las rutas presenta un impacto alto ocasionado por la erosión; además, tres de las rutas y la zona de aparcamiento presentan un alto impacto sobre la fauna; aunado a ello, tres de las rutas y la zona de aparcamiento presentan un impacto medio causado por contaminación, y finalmente, las cuatro rutas y la zona de estacionamiento presentan un impacto medio en cuanto a la modificación del paisaje. Se concluye que no existe un control adecuado del ingreso de los ciclistas, que no se contempló la capacidad de carga que puede soportar este bosque de una manera equilibrada, que también es necesario un estudio de impacto ambiental más profundo y de tipo cuantitativo con la intención de que se tomen medidas a tiempo, antes de que los daños al ambiente de esta zona natural tan valiosa sean irreparables. También se consideró necesario modificar los reglamentos y exigir su cumplimiento. Y de igual importancia es la recomendación de capacitar a los ciclistas mediante un taller teórico-práctico sobre educación ambiental como requisito para hacer uso de las rutas de ciclismo del bosque La Primavera.
Efektivitas Pelatihan Komunikasi Interpersonal Terhadap Kepercayaan Diri dan Harga Diri Pada Remaja Panti Asuhan
Authors: Haryanti Kristiana , Reinaldi Eugenius Tintus , Hapsari Widawati , Fera Priscilla Lasty , Wijiasih Sunu Putri Pambajeng
Published: December 2020

Latar Belakang Remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dengan remaja yang tinggal bersama orang tuanya. Mereka mengalami banyak kendala fisik dan psikologis yang harus dihadapi. Situasi panti asuhan pasti memiliki suasana dan lingkungan yang berbeda dan hal ini membutuhkan perhatian, karena jika terjadi hambatan komunikasi maka akan berakibat pada kesulitan dalam menyesuaikan diri.Tujuan Penelitian Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti memberikan pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal untuk melihat efektivitas pelatihan ini terhadap kepercayaan diri dan harga diriMetode Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi eksperimen one group pretesr posttest design.  Jumlah subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah 18 orang siswa SMK di Panti Asuhan X. Hipotesis penerlitian ini ada dua yaitu 1) ada pengaruh pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal terhadap kepercayaan diri dan 2) ada pengaruh pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal terhadap harga diri. Untuk menguji hipotesis dilakukan uji analisis Wilcoxson Signed Rank Test.Hasil Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal yang signifikan terhadap kepercayaan diri yang berarti pelatihan dari pelatihan ini terbukti efektif menngkatkan kepercayaan diri. Hasil jug amenunjukkan ada Pengaruh pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal yang signifikan terhadap harga diri. Artinya, pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal ini juga terbukti efektif meningkatkan harga diri. Penelitian ini juga melakukan evalasi pelatihan dan follow up action plan yang akan dilaporakan dalam diskusi hasil penelitian. Kesimpulan Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal berpengaruh meningkatkan harga diri dan kepercayaan diri. Pelatihan komunikasi interpersonal ini terbukti efektif untuk menigkatkan kepercayaan diri dan harga diri pada remaja panti asuhan.
Escuchas terapéuticas en tramas de representación política. Un modo de construcción de Estado
Authors: Luján Verón David
Published: December 2020

En este artículo se recuperan aportes de la antropología del Estado para analizar las interacciones cara a cara entre representantes políticos y ciudadanos en Chile, a través de una metodología cualitativa y etnográfica centrada en los encuentros de dos concejales, dentro de sus oficinas de atención al público, con la población local. El objetivo recae en estudiar el vínculo entre representación política y asistencia social, los modos en que desde las interacciones sociopolíticas se construyen ideas sobre el Estado, así como los recursos, habilidades y capacidades que despliegan asistentes y asistidos para movilizar demandas. En especial, se dará cuenta del rol de las actuaciones y las emociones en la tensa construcción entre lo público y lo privado, la jerarquía y la horizontalidad, así como la formación de derechos a través del aumento de expectativas sobre el rol de los representantes políticos.
El Acuerdo de Escazú y su impacto inmediato en el derecho argentino
Authors: Sánchez Mas Carlos , Neris Geraldine
Published: December 2020

En este trabajo se plantea el análisis general del Acuerdo de Escazú y su inserción en la escena jurídica argentina con especial mención a la provincia de San Juan. Se busca determinar, mediante método cualitativo y documental, su importancia, significado, características, fuentes, efectos esperados y la posible afectación de los datos personales ambientales. Se realiza una comparación con las leyes vigentes sobre la materia. También se hace énfasis en identificar cuál es el espíritu del acuerdo por medio de sus principios. Se propone un análisis de las principales obligaciones que deben ser implementadas por los estados parte. Escazú se presenta como un tratado novedoso y de importancia para la gestión de los problemas ambientales en la región de América Latina – Caribe. Su plena aplicación dependerá de la voluntad política de los Estados en su incorporación al derecho de cada estado parte. Se estima que el avance obtenido con este tratado ambiental y de derechos humanos es trascendental.
The Role of Horticulture in the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
Authors: Rae David
Published: December 2020

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation contains 16 targets for plant conservation to be met by the year 2010. All 16 are applicable to the work of botanic gardens and at least 8 are relevant to the type of horticulture that is practiced in botanic gardens. This paper argues that the skills of botanical horticulturists are needed if the GSPC is to be successful. It encourages horticulturists in botanic gardens to join with other scientists and practitioners in helping to realise the potential of the GSPC to make a real impact in plant conservation.
Foreword
Authors: Rae David
Published: December 2020

No abstract
Are We Naïve to Think We Can Save Rare Plants from Extinction?
Authors: Burney David A.
Published: December 2020

In places such as the Hawaiian Islands, where over half the native flora may be at risk of extinction in coming decades, the criticism is sometimes raised that the situation is so hopeless that the talents, energy and money of botanical gardens and other plant conservation organizations is largely wasted in trying to save these plants. Although stories of failure abound, it is important to recognize that considerable progress is being made. Organizations such as the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) have led the way in this eleventh-hour effort, not by naïvely pursuing failed strategies, nor by pulling back and only pursuing very limited goals, but by approaching the huge challenges with an energetic pioneering spirit. By taking an innovative comprehensive approach, dealing with the crisis at the level of ecosystems and plant communities rather than merely individual species, NTBG and other organizations are making progress on a broad front that integrates a range of scales and techniques and adapts to the shifting circumstances through careful monitoring and a spirit of optimism that is coupled with scientific scepticism.
A Correlation and Regression Approach to Phenology
Authors: Harper Geoffrey
Published: December 2020

In this paper the developmental stages leading up to flowering are reviewed. It is then shown how correlation and regression methods of analysis can be used to identify the influence of air temperature at different developmental stages, using snowdrop and clover as case studies. Hypotheses are proposed to account for the findings, and it is suggested how such hypotheses could be tested. The implications for the construction of a functional phenological classification of plants are discussed.
Botanical Envelopes
Authors: Barber Sadie , Scott Steve
Published: December 2020

No abstract
The Balanced Scorecard Combined with an Alternative Costing System
Authors: McNab Alasdair , Carr Chris , Mitchell Falconer
Published: December 2020

This project investigated whether a strategy framework such as the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), linked to a Performance Management System (PMS), would, compared to a more standard model of strategic planning, improve focus and research output by botanic gardens worldwide. The focus of the project shifted as the opportunity arose to develop an objective costing system linked to the related PMS, which allowed the researchers to posit that the BSC framework could provide a more effective contribution to governance. The research output was based on an in-depth case study at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh employing documentary analysis and innovative action research techniques adopting a constructive approach. This paper has been adapted for Sibbaldia having previously been published by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) Research Project R220 (Macnab et al., 2010).
A Gladiolus with Links to St Andrews and Edinburgh
Authors: Mitchell Robert J.
Published: December 2020

No abstract
Propagation of Cycad Collections from Seed
Authors: Calonje Michael , Kay Judy , Griffith M. Patrick
Published: December 2020

Propagation of cycads from seed can aid their conservation as it helps reduce the demand for wildcollected plants. Seed-produced plants can be used for reintroduction programmes if the parent plants are from known provenance and care is taken to avoid hybridisation. This paper discusses the techniques required for successful seed propagation of cycads, including pollen collection, storage, viability testing, manual pollination, seed collection, storage and germination.
South African botany
Authors: Huntley Brian
Published: December 2020

No abstract
Horticultural Protocols to Aid the Conservation of Melampyrum sylvaticum, Orobanchaceae (Small Cow-Wheat), an Endangered Hemiparasitic Plant
Authors: Crichton Rhiannon , Dalrymple Sarah E. , Hollingsworth Peter M.
Published: December 2020

Small cow-wheat is an annual, hemiparasitic plant that is endangered in the UK. Attempts at restoration have been hampered by a lack of species-specific horticultural knowledge. This paper outlines the methods used to collect, store and germinate small cow-wheat seed, and to cultivate the plant at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. The germination rates achieved using two different approaches are reported and the factors potentially influencing germination and establishment success are discussed.
Assets and Liabilities:
Authors: Aplin Dave
Published: December 2020

The living collections of botanic gardens can be described as dynamic, varying over time to suit the demands of the institute. The majority of gardens throughout the world have insufficient resources to maintain ever-increasing collections. In order to keep collections meaningful to research and conservation activities and to distribute plant material in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) they need to be carefully directed; a mechanism to facilitate this is the process of evaluation. Evaluation is the periodic assessment of part of the collection to determine whether it remains fit for purpose. If a garden’s aim is to strive at improving the potential usefulness of its holdings then evaluation should be omnipresent.This paper outlines the necessity for evaluation and suggests tried and tested procedures to conduct such analyses. Examples from evaluations carried out at the Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan and the National Botanic Garden of Belgium (NBGB) are cited to illustrate the value of the process.
The Renovation of the Lower Woodland Garden at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Authors: Unwin Robert
Published: December 2020

The origins and history of the Lower Woodland Garden at the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh are described along with the rationale for their restoration. The concept of a Stumpery or Rootery a precursor to the Peat Walls, is also described. The method of restoration, reconstruction and replanting of the area is discussed and examples of species planted in the area are given.
Climate Ready? Exploring the Impacts and Lessons from Recent Extreme Events at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh for Climate Change Adaptation in the Horticulture Sector
Authors: Martin Suzanne
Published: December 2020

This article explores climate change and its current and potential impacts on botanic gardens. It highlights experiences of recent weather anomalies at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) and its Regional Gardens and discusses how the learning gained from these anomalies is being used to increase the resilience of the Gardens to future climate change. This understanding is set in the context of a wider range of activities being pursued in relation to climate change adaptation in the horticulture sector, highlighting challenges and opportunities, and further sources of information which can be used by the managers of botanic gardens to inspire and inform climate change resilience planning.
Ex Situ Conservation of Rafflesia patma BLUME (Rafflesiaceae)
Authors: Mursidawati Sofi , Ngatari Ngatari , Irawati Irawati , Cardinal Sarah , Kusumawati Richa
Published: December 2020

Plants in the genus Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) bear the largest flowers in the world. Almost all members of this holoparasitic plant family have limited ranges and are rare or threatened. This genus is therefore important from a scientific and conservation perspective. An ex situ conservation collection of a population of Rafflesia patma Blume has been monitored at Bogor Botanic Garden (BBG) since 2004, the first time that this has ever been done. Studies have been made, including propagation trials on both seed and vegetative material at BBG. Of all the propagation methods tested, grafting on to the host plant Tetrastigma scariosum (Blume) Planch proved to be the most successful for growing R. patma, resulting in blooming having occurred seven times since 2010. Grafting is the quickest way to propagate Rafflesia in cultivation. This cultivation process provides a new hope for the conservation of this endangered and charismatic genus. This paper describes the methods trialled including both unsuccessful techniques as well as those which resulted in blooming events.
Postcards from the Field
Authors: Cruse-Sanders Jennifer
Published: December 2020

Increasingly, botanic gardens and arboreta are highlighted as effective partners to conserve plant species diversity and restore natural communities at a time when the need for these activities has become more urgent. Capacity for restoration and conservation at botanic gardens comes directly from staff expertise for horticulture and research. Botanic gardens make good partners for connecting botanical science with conservation practice. They are in a position to communicate information about rare plant species to owners and managers of public and private lands, and they can be instrumental in creating networks for effective conservation action. Several examples from south-eastern United States of America illustrate how this has been put into practice. These examples provide evidence that efforts to expand collaboration between federal agencies, states and non-governmental organisations can lead to effective alliances to conserve plant biodiversity, especially when plants receive a disproportionately low share of resources for conservation.
Building a Global System for the Conservation of all Plant Diversity
Authors: Smith Paul
Published: December 2020

Botanic gardens and arboreta offer the opportunity to conserve and manage a wide range of plant diversity ex situ, and in situ in the broader landscape. The rationale that botanic gardens have a major role to play in preventing plant species extinctions is based on the assumptions that (1) there is no technical reason why any plant species should become extinct, and (2) that, as a professional community, botanic gardens possess a unique set of skills that encompass finding, identifying, collecting, conserving and growing plant diversity across the entire taxonomic spectrum. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) is the pivotal centre of a global network of c. 2,600 botanic gardens and arboreta, which includes living collections representing at least one-third of known plant diversity; world class seed banks, glasshouses and tissue culture infrastructures; and technical knowledge networks covering all aspects of plant conservation. Following the example of the crop conservation community, BGCI is promoting the concept of a cost-effective, rational,botanic garden-centred Global System for the conservation and management of plant diversity.This system will aim to collect, conserve, characterise and cultivate samples from all of the world’s rare and threatened plants as an insurance policy against their extinction in the wild and as a source of plant material for human innovation, adaptation and resilience.
Ex Situ Propagation of Philippine Rafflesia in the United States: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Molina Jeanmaire , McLaughlin William , Wallick Kyle , Pedales Ronniel , Marius Viviane Marcella , Tandang Danilo N. , Damatac Amor , Stuhr Nicole , Pell Susan K. , Lim Theresa Mundita , Novy Ari
Published: December 2020

The large-flowered parasitic genus Rafflesia R.Br. (Rafflesiaceae) has long fascinated naturalists and scientists and is an iconic symbol for plant conservation. Techniques to effectively propagate members of the genus outside of their natural habitat are sparse, and grafting infected Tetrastigma K.Schum.(Vitaceae) host plants has previously been reported as a successful strategy for ex situ conservation of Rafflesia. Here we report our attempts in the United States to propagate host cuttings infected with Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando and R. lagascae Blanco collectedfrom the Philippines, as well as uninfected host material. We also describe efforts to germinate R. speciosa seeds in vitro using various plant growth regulators (PGRs). After rooting, infected host cuttings survived for a maximum of 11 months, but did not produce shoots. However, an uninfected cutting of T. cf. magnum grafted onto an established Malaysian species of Tetrastigma in June 2017 has succeeded in the commencement of new growth. Three propagules of a second potential host, T. harmandii Planch., have also been vigorously growing at the United States Botanic Garden since June 2017. However, Rafflesia seeds did not germinate with the application of PGRs, even though the seeds were viable according to tetrazolium (TZ) testing.These ex situ propagation attempts have revealed challenges in propagating these species outside of their native ranges, but our incremental success in rooting infected Tetrastigma, as well as grafting interspecific Tetrastigma species, bodes well for further advances. With Philippine host species, T. harmandii and T. cf. magnum in cultivation, we can begin using these specimens for future experimentation involving grafting of infected material and Rafflesia seed inoculation trials.Furthermore, we describe new avenues of propagation techniques for Rafflesia as practised by Marius Gabin, one of the owners of the Vivian Rafflesia garden, which contains a natural Rafflesia forest habitat at Poring Springs, Sabah, Malaysia. Gabin openly shared his successes in artificially inoculating Rafflesia seeds into a mature Tetrastigma vine. Gabin’s willingness to share his experience highlights the importance of collaborating with practitioners who have developed local knowledge of Rafflesia horticulture and conservation.
The Sapotaceae of Indonesia and the Potential Role of Botanic Gardens in their Conservation
Authors: Hutabarat Prima W.K. , Wilkie Peter
Published: December 2020

Indonesia holds a large percentage of Malesian Sapotaceae taxa with an estimated 15 genera and 158 species. Bogor Botanic Gardens currently hold 12 genera and 41 species of which 29 are native to Indonesia. This represents just under 20% of Sapotaceae species currently recorded from Indonesia. The utility of these collections is dependent on the type of data associated with them and on the quality of identification of the material. Of the 29 native species only three have had a global threat assessment made and, of these, one, Madhuca boerlageana (Burck) Baehni, is considered Critically Endangered. The regional botanic gardens initiative of the Indonesian government is establishing botanic gardens in each of the 47 ecoregions of Indonesia. This new initiative is potentially very important for in situ and ex situ conservation of the Indonesian flora. So far it has brought into cultivation 39 threatened species, however none of these are Sapotaceae. The lack of global IUCN threat data is a major impediment to the prioritisation of collection, cultivation and conservation of Sapotaceae species.
Botanic Garden Profile Inverewe: gardening on the edge
Authors: Frediani Kevin
Published: December 2020

Set in the heart of the Scottish Highlands, Inverewe is one of the most spectacular garden locations in the UK. Situated beside the A382 on the North Coast 500 tourist route, the property receives over 100,000 visitors each year, drawn to see a diversity of plants and to enjoy the breathtaking backdrop of mountains and seascape it affords. Since its first plantings in 1864, the property has been a centre for experimental approaches to establishing and growing tender woody and herbaceous perennials, while a diaspora of alumni have gone on to fulfil prominent roles in the horticultural industry over the years. The garden today covers approximately 22 ha of mainly woodland gardens, renowned for the diversity of their designed elements and whose conservation management is based on a thorough understanding, appreciation and analysis of the garden’s historical development and its significance in local, regional and national contexts.In recent years, Inverewe has faced a number of challenges related to the growing impact of global change, with increased occurrences of extreme weather events, and emergent pest and disease incidents associated with climate change and the movement of plants and their vectors, which include human-aided transport of problems between sites. In this context, this article provides a lens on the drivers of change that the plant collection is facing in the early decades of the 21st century. After an introduction to the garden, its evolved collections and management approach, three case studies are highlighted as examples of emerging threats to Inverewe as a garden and work of art. Inverewe is presented as a landscape that endures through adaptation to social, economic and, increasingly, environmental challenges that shape the direction it takes as a garden and plant collection growing on the edge.
Diversity of woody-host infecting Phytophthora species in public parks and botanic gardens as revealed by metabarcoding, and opportunities for mitigation through best practice
Authors: Green Sarah , Riddell Carolyn E. , Frederickson-Matika Debbie , Armstrong April , Elliot Matt , Forster Jack , Hedley Pete E. , Morris Jenny , Thorpe Peter , Cooke David E.L. , Sharp Paul M. , Pritchard Leighton
Published: December 2020

The diversity of Phytophthora species in soils collected from 14 highly disturbed sites in northern Britain, including botanic gardens, arboreta, public parks and other amenity woodland sites, was analysed using a molecular technique known as DNA metabarcoding. This technique enables the identification of multiple species present in a single environmental sample based on a DNA ‘barcode’ unique to each species. The genus Phytophthora was targeted in this study due to its increasing impact on Britain’s forests and woodlands over thelast 20 years. The introduction and spread of new Phytophthora species into Britain has been strongly associated with the movement of traded containerised plants, with a number of Phytophthora outbreaks reported on host trees located in public gardens and parks that had recently undergone planting or landscape regeneration schemes. This study was undertaken to assess the extent to which these highly disturbed sites with extensive planting regimes act as harbours for woody-host infecting Phytophthora species. A total of 23 Phytophthora species, the majority of which are known to be pathogens of woody hosts, were detected across the 14 sites sampled. These included four quarantine-regulated pathogens and four species notpreviously recorded in Britain. Also detected were three as-yet undescribed Phytophthora species and nine oomycete sequences with no clear match to any known genus. There was no effect of geographical location, elevation, underlying soil type, host family or host health status on the Phytophthora assemblages at each site, suggesting that the Phytophthora communities detected are likely to comprise introduced species associated with planting programmes. P. austrocedri and P. pseudosyringae were two of the most abundant Phytophthoraspecies detected, both of which cause serious damage to trees and are regarded as fairly recent introductions to Britain. The practical implications of the findings in terms of mitigating Phytophthora introduction, spread and impact at botanic gardens, arboreta and urban parks are discussed.
Botanic gardens and plant pathogens: a risk-based approach at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Authors: Hayden Katherine
Published: December 2020

Introduced and emerging plant diseases as a result of live plant movements are increasingly recognised as a global environmental and economic threat. This presents a fundamental challenge to botanic gardens and other ex situ plant conservation organisations: how to continue this important work while recognising and mitigating the plant health risks. The approach taken by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is presented as a case study, showing how we have reduced ecological and evolutionary opportunities for pests in ex situ conservation and are monitoring the success of these efforts. We have developed protocols in quarantine and horticultural practice, expanded visitor engagement and public education, and taken a precautionary approach towards plant distribution supported by in-house diagnostics and working closely with statutory authorities. We hope that by sharing activities as well as difficulties, botanic gardens can acknowledge and address the new biosecurity landscape.
Psychosocial Stress and Attitudes Toward Substance Use Among College Students: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kornely Dominique , Halfmann Kameko
Published: December 2020

Substance use occurs on college campuses nationwide and is among the top threats to college-student health. The present study aimed to explore the impact of stress on substance use attitudes. The independent variable was acute psychosocial stress, induced using the Trier Social Stress Test. We measured chronic stress using the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire. The Alcohol Purchase Task (i.e., alcohol demand, alcohol breakpoint, alcohol expenditure) and the Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events-Revised questionnaire (i.e., expected involvement with substances and expected benefits and consequences of using substances) were the dependent variables. We predicted that participants who completed the acute stress task would report greater attitudes toward substance use behaviors and this would be more pronounced for those with higher levels of chronic stress. Acute stress did not affect willingness to pay for alcohol, F(3, 85) = 0.55, p = .65, ηp2 = 0.02, or expected positive or negative consequences from engaging in substance use, F(3, 85) = 0.44, p = .73, ηp2 = 0.02. There was a small positive association between chronic stress, as measured by adverse childhood experiences, and expected use, ρ(89) = .22, p = .04. In exploratory analyses, we found expected positive benefits of substance use to be significantly associated with expected future involvement, whereas expected negative consequences of substance use was associated with expected future involvement. Our results imply that acute and chronic stress were not significant in predicting substance use behaviors. Rather, those who expect benefits are more likely to use substances.
Satisfaction of pharmaceutical specialists with the material and moral side of their job: a study
Authors:   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv, Hromovyk B.P. , Kremin Yu.I. ,   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv
Published: December 2020

Aim. Study of the opinion of pharmaceutical specialists working at pharmacies on the role of material and moral incentives and obstacles in their implementation in the process of motivating professionals to work. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in the period from June 26 to August 26, 2020 via an anonymous online survey of 348 pharmaceutical specialists working at pharmacies in Ukraine on a questionnaire developed in Google form and posted in nine pharmaceutical groups on Facebook social network. The respondents represented all regions of Ukraine, except for the annexed Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The marginal sampling error was 5.1%. Results and Discussion. It was found that the vast majority of respondents believe they should be paid higher salaries for that the amount of work they do. The ratio of the average salary of Ukrainian pharmaceutical specialists to the minimum wage in the country is at least twofold less than that of their European counterparts. It was found that among the incentives, employers primarily use the accrual of interest on sales and the bonus system. It is determined that respect on the part of colleagues and visitors of pharmacies, a proper moral climate in the team and good working conditions are important for the respondents. At the same time, the concern of pharmaceutical specialists with a high degree of carried responsibility, very hard work, inexpediency of management requirements, and penalties at the pharmacy was revealed. Conclusion. It is established that pharmaceutical professionals do not receive the desired material and moral satisfaction from working at pharmacies, and employers underuse the existing forms of incentives for work achievements, which leads to disappointment of pharmaceutical professionals in the chosen profession and to the high staff turnover at pharmacies. Key words: pharmaceutical specialist, salary, material and moral incentives