bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tubercular Capital: American Yiddish Literature at the Sanatorium
Authors: Yudkoff Sunny
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the scene of writing and fundraising that was supported by the Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society (JCRS), a sanatorium founded in Denver, Colorado for indigent Jews suffering from tuberculosis. This case study investigates the coarticulation of a medical institution and the history of Yiddish literary production and translation in America, with a specific interest in the career and medical history of the Yiddish poet known as Yehoash. Drawing on the methodological interventions of Bruno Latour and Pierre Bourdieu, I argue that there emerges a traceable, literary-philanthropic network that runs to and through the JCRS, imbricating institution and writer in an exchange of what I call "tubercular capital."
Global Health and World Literature: Translating Silences in Cambodian Writing on Sex Slavery
Authors: Thornber Karen
Published: February 2014

Increasing attention to cosmopolitanism, globalization, and transnationalism in the last two decades has led to burgeoning interest in the phenomenon of world literature. But despite the field's emphasis on literature that maintains a crucial relation to the world, scholarship on world literature has not yet examined the relationship between this corpus and many urgent matters of global significance. This article attempts to address some of these lacunae by analyzing the manipulation of silences surrounding sex slavery in different versions of the Cambodian human rights advocate Somaly Mam's Le silence de l'innocence (Silence of Innocence, 2005), including this French-language memoir's Asian-language translations. Silence of Innocence brings to the fore certain aspects of sex trafficking that remain relatively neglected in statistical and sociological accounts. Most noteworthy among these is manipulation of the voices of the abused.
(Post)Colonialism and Ideological Configurations: An Analysis of the Power Structures in Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s Ambiguous Adventure
Authors: Steemers Vivan
Published: February 2014

In Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (1996), Mahmood Mamdani provides an analysis of the obstacles to democratization in post-independence Africa whose roots reside to a large measure in the historical and institutional context of colonialism. The bifurcated colonial rule proved itself the most effective domination mode of the African colonies: a centralized exercise of colonial power combined with a decentralized, often despotic rule of tribal authorities (a hierarchy of chiefs) who enforced customary laws without checks or restraints, notably in rural areas. This two-tiered system of oppression allowed the colonizing forces to settle the “native question,” by maintaining law and order among the native people. This essay examines to what extent the ideological configurations under colonial rule as described by Mamdani are apparent in Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s classic Francophone African novel Ambiguous Adventure ( L’Aventure ambiguë , 1961) set in Futa Toro, the northern region of Senegal. In this text, it is primarily the issue concerning the foreign (French) school that reveals the power of the various local secular and Islamic authorities. Should they allow or encourage their children to attend the foreign school, acknowledged as the latest “weapon” of the colonial regime?

The relevance of this analysis is twofold: on a sociological level, it examines the force and resilience of ingrained traditional power structures in the face of political reforms, whether imposed by a domestic or an imperial administration; on a philosophical level, it deals with the question of reflection of social and/or historical reality within realist fiction.
Entrapment and Enclosure: The Poetics of Space and Time in Yu Hua’s Two Short Stories
Authors: Li Hua
Published: February 2014

Yu Hua’s two short stories, “Boy in the Twilight” and “The Boisterous Game,” are contextualized in a productive dialogue with studies of the short story genre and its narrative strategies, as well as in the context of contemporary China and its not-sodistant past. Specifically, this article focuses on the poetics of space and time in the two stories. Yu Hua conveys the characters’ tragic and fatalistic vision of life—the ubiquity of entrapment and enclosure—through his poetic use of compressed time and constricted space, thereby depicting the daily life of those alienated individuals who were swept up by China’s economic reforms and the general trend of “looking ahead to the future” of the post-Mao era.
Queering Sodomy: Interpreting the Trial of Luiz da Costa
Authors: Redekopp Julie Elizabeth
Published: February 2014

In 1743, Luiz da Costa, a Brazilian slave of African descent, stood trial for sodomy. Although the Inquisition’s process required his confession, he managed to navigate his trial successfully, receiving a light punishment given the historical context. This essay examines Luiz da Costa’s subject position within a socio-political context. I argue that he queered hegemony by transforming his passive subject position of recipient of the act of sodomia perfeita into an active discursive position. He created a strategic, discursive space from which he asserted his moral superiority over his master and thus received a more lenient verdict.
House Divided? Evangelical Catholics, Mainstream Catholics, and Attitudes toward Immigration and Life Policies
Authors: Leal David L. , Patterson Jerod
Published: February 2014

This article seeks to contribute to the scholarly understanding of both Catholicism and Latino religious beliefs. Our approach is to look within the Catholic category to test whether differing theological approaches have political implications. Using a recent Texas survey with a range of religious questions and an oversample of Latino respondents, we test whether intra-Catholic religious orientations help to structure attitudes toward immigration and life policies for Latinos and Anglos. For each group, we compare two kinds of Catholics – “Evangelical Catholics” (those who report evangelical-charismatic-literalist beliefs) and “Mainstream Catholics” (those who do not). This builds on McDaniel and Ellison’s findings by asking whether ostensibly similar religious beliefs may have different effects by race and ethnicity. Our aggregate data provide some evidence that intra-Catholic differences can influence policy opinions, and that race-ethnicity can play a mediating role.
The Catholics and the Others: The Denominational Backdrop to Modern American Politics
Authors: Shafer Byron E. , Spady Richard H.
Published: February 2014

This paper goes in search of the contribution of the five major religious families in American society to the ideological landscape for electoral conflict. Taking advantage of new methodological opportunities and a rich but underutilized dataset, it considers the distribution of political values within denominations, the link between these values and voting behavior, and the strategic landscape – plus strategic dilemmas – that results from that link. By considering these across the most recent quarter-century, it isolates an older world sometimes characterized as “the Protestant nation,” where Catholics offered additionally distinctive political behavior, and a new world in which the great denominations behave very differently, but where changes in Catholic behavior are arguably most critical to this change.
Henry Gaylord Wilshire
Authors: Nelson Mark W.
Published: February 2014

Henry Gaylord Wilshire, the developer and namesake of Los Angeles’s Wilshire Boulevard, has often been referred to as a “millionaire socialist.” This article explores Wilshire’s understanding of and commitment to socialism. It also looks at his attitudes toward women, race, and labor, while illuminating the contradictions implicit in the conduct of his business enterprises on the one hand and his espousal of socialism on the other.
Sequence-Controlled Vinyl Polymers by Transition Metal-Catalyzed Step-Growth and Living Radical Polymerizations
Authors: Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami
Published: February 2014

The metal-catalyzed step-growth radical polymerization was achieved to enable two systems for preparing tailored polymeric structures, i.e., sequence-regulated vinyl copolymer and periodically-functionalized polymer. The former is a novel strategy for preparing sequence-regulated vinyl copolymers by step-polymerization of sequence-regulated vinyl oligomers prepared from common vinyl monomers as building blocks. The later deals the simultaneous chain- and step-growth radical polymerization, which resulted in the polymers with periodic functional groups.
Aditivos alimentares na dieta de bovinos confinados
Authors: Barducci R.S. , Sarti L.M. , Millen D.D. , Pacheco R.D.L. , Baldin S.R. , Parra F.S. , Putarov T.C. , Martins C.L. , Arrigoni M.D.B.
Published: February 2014

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão do preparado de anticorpos policlonais (PAP) e/ou da monensina sódica (MON) sobre o desempenho, as características da carcaça, o perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça (PAG) e a concentração de lipoproteínas sanguíneas (CLS) de bovinos confinados. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo os fatores a inclusão ou não de MON e PAP avaliados em dois períodos, em que 72 bovinos machos da raça Brangus, não castrados, foram alocados em 24 baias (três animais/baia), totalizando seis repetições por tratamento. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) da inclusão do PAP para nenhuma das varáveis de desempenho e características de carcaça. Contudo, foi observado efeito (P<0,05) da inclusão de MON, em que animais que receberam MON apresentaram maiores ganho de peso diário (1,666 vs. 1,552), ganho de peso total (179,95 vs. 167,68), peso vivo final (474,86 vs. 459,61), peso de carcaça quente (248,46 vs. 240,20), melhor conversão alimentar (5,57 vs. 5,79) e reduzido custo para ganhar um quilo de peso vivo (3,06 vs. 3,18). Ainda não foi observado efeito principal (P>0,05) dos aditivos para o PAG e a CLS. Assim, a inclusão do PAP não foi boa alternativa à substituição da MON. Por outro lado, a inclusão do PAP não afetou negativamente os itens estudados.
Resposta reprodutiva de vacas de corte associada a marcadores moleculares relacionados à fertilidade
Authors: Gottschall C. , Glanzner W.G. , Almeida M.R. , Canellas L.C. , Martins C.T.D.C. , Weimer T.A. , Bittencourt H.R. , Mattos R.C. , Gregory R.M.
Published: February 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar associação entre a taxa de prenhez após inseminação e natalidade com marcadores moleculares ligados aos genes do receptor para IGF-1, LHβ, Leptina e receptores do FSH e LH. Utilizaram-se 249 vacas adultas Aberdeen Angus, das quais 199 foram submetidas a protocolos distintos para a IATF, seguida pelo repasse com touros, e 50 vacas formaram o grupo controle representado pelo acasalamento com touros. Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal (ECC) e o escore de condição ovariana (ECO) ao início da estação reprodutiva. O ECC influenciou a taxa de natalidade, respectivamente de 55,6%, 75,8% e 82,4% (P<0,05) para os animais com ECC menor que 2,5, entre 2,5 a 2,9, e maior ou igual a 3,0, por ocasião da estação reprodutiva. Os marcadores relacionados ao gene do receptor para o IGF-1 (AFZ-1 e HEL5) mostraram associação com a taxa de natalidade. Vacas homozigóticas para o marcador AFZ-1 apresentaram 84,4% de natalidade em comparação às heterozigóticas, com 71,5% (P<0,05). A presença do alelo*161 para o marcador HEL5 foi negativa sobre a natalidade, respectivamente de 33,3% e 76,5% para vacas com e sem esse alelo (P<0,05). Esses resultados demonstram uma importante associação entre os marcadores envolvidos com o receptor para o IGF-1 e desempenho reprodutivo de vacas Angus.
Estudo anatômico do plexo lombossacral de Tamandua tetradactyla
Authors: Cardoso J.R. , Souza P.R. , Cruz V.S. , Benetti E.J. , Brito e Silva M.S. , Moreira P.C. , Cardoso A.A.L. , Martins A.K. , Abreu T. , Simões K. , Guimarães F.R.
Published: February 2014

O tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) é um xenartro da família Myrmecophagidae, encontrado da Venezuela ao sul do Brasil. Estudos apontam que essa é uma das espécies de animais selvagens mais vitimadas em número de atropelamentos, e, muitas vezes, o atendimento clínico adequado aos indivíduos feridos é dificultado pela carência de informações acerca dos mesmos. Visando contribuir com o conhecimento dessa espécie, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever seu plexo lombossacral. Para tanto, foram utilizados quatro cadáveres de Tamandua tetradactyla adultos e de ambos os sexos. O plexo lombossacral dessa espécie é formado pelos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais T18, L1, L2, L3, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. Os nervos integrantes do plexo lombossacral do T. tetradactyla com suas formações mais frequentes foram os seguintes: genitofemoral (T18), cutâneo femoral lateral (T18-L1), femoral (T18, L1-L3), obturador (T18, L1-L3), glúteo cranial (L3-S1), isquiático (L3-S3), pudendo (S3-S4 ou S4-S5), retal caudal (S4 ou S5) e cutâneo femoral caudal (S4-S5). O plexo lombar e sacral dessa espécie é unido, sendo L3 o ponto de união entre eles. Devido ao pequeno número de vértebras lombares, a composição dos nervos do plexo lombossacral do T. tetradactyla apresenta características peculiares que se diferem das características das demais espécies já estudadas, quais sejam, a ausência dos nervos ílio-hipogástrico e ilioinguinal e participação de nervos torácicos na composição dos nervos do plexo lombar, presença de contribuição sacral na composição do nervo obturador e ausência de contribuição lombar na composição do nervo isquiático e um limite mais caudal na extensão do plexo sacral.
Níveis de cloro da ração sobre parâmetros sanguíneos e ósseos de codornas italianas destinadas à produção de carne
Authors: Freitas E.R. , Xavier R.P.S. , Nascimento G.A. Jerônimo do , Rodrigues A.M. , Queiroz M.G.R. , Raquel D.L. , Lima R.C.
Published: February 2014

Avaliaram-se diferentes níveis de cloro da ração sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e o desenvolvimento ósseo de codornas destinadas à produção de carne. Foram utilizadas 384 codornas italianas de um a 49 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e oito repetições de oito aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de rações isonutrientes, exceto para o nível de cloro, que foram: 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32%. Aos 49 dias, foram selecionadas duas aves por parcela para as coletas do sangue e das tíbias. Foram avaliados o pH e as concentrações de Na, Cl e K no sangue, bem como o comprimento, o diâmetro, o peso, o teor de matéria seca e cinzas, o índice de Seedor e a resistência à quebra e deformidade da tíbia. Os níveis de cloro da ração não influenciaram significativamente o pH, as concentrações de Na, Cl, K no sangue, assim como o comprimento, o diâmetro, o peso, o índice de Seedor, o teor de matéria seca e cinzas e a resistência à quebra e deformidade da tíbia. Conforme os resultados, o nível de cloro pode variar de 0,07 até 0,32%, sem alterar o pH e as concentrações de Na, Cl e K no sangue e sem prejuízos na qualidade óssea.
Resposta à seleção de características de desempenho e morfométricas de tilápia-do-nilo ao longo do período de cultivo
Authors: Yoshida G.M. , Oliveira C.A.L. , Kunita N.M. , Oliveira S.N. , Alexandre Filho L. , Resende E.K. , Lopera-Barrero N.M. , Ribeiro R.P.
Published: February 2014

Estudou-se a resposta à seleção para características de desempenho e morfométricas de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) em diferentes períodos de cultivo. Realizaram-se análises unicaracter para todas as características estudadas e as análises bicaracter, associando-se o ganho de peso diário, mensurado em quatro biometrias, com as características morfométricas obtidas ao final do período de cultivo. As herdabilidades estimadas para peso vivo, altura e comprimento de cabeça foram mais altas em análises unicaracter do que as estimadas em análises bicaracter. Os valores de correlações genéticas, fenotípicas, Pearson e Spearman foram positivas e crescentes com o avanço da idade dos animais. As respostas à seleção indireta foram 87% mais altas que as obtidas pela resposta direta, indicando que a seleção pode ser realizada precocemente, utilizando como critério de seleção o ganho de peso diário total medido em biometrias intermediárias, sem apresentar perdas expressivas no ganho genético.
Seleção de características morfofuncionais de cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador por meio da análise de componentes principais
Authors: Meira C.T. , Pereira I.G. , Farah M.M. , Pires A.V. , Garcia D.A. , Cruz V.A.R.
Published: February 2014

Dados de 14.288 animais da raça Mangalarga Marchador, nascidos de 1990 a 2005, foram utilizados para avaliar a redução da dimensionalidade do espaço multivariado para características morfofuncionais, por meio da análise de componentes principais. Foram consideradas as características: altura na cernelha, altura na garupa, comprimento da cabeça, comprimento do pescoço, comprimento do dorso, comprimento da garupa, comprimento da espádua, comprimento do corpo, largura da cabeça, largura das ancas, perímetro do tórax, perímetro da canela e a pontuação da marcha. Para tais características, obtiveram-se sete componentes principais, a partir da matriz de correlação, que apresentaram variância inferior a 0,7 (autovalor inferior a 0,7). Isso sugere sete variáveis para descarte, por apresentarem maiores coeficientes de ponderação, em valor absoluto, a partir do último componente principal. A razão para isso é que variáveis altamente correlacionadas com os componentes de menor variância representam variação praticamente insignificante. Com base nesses resultados, recomendam-se as seguintes características para serem mantidas em trabalhos futuros com esta base de dados: pontuação da marcha, altura na garupa, comprimento do dorso, comprimento da garupa, largura da cabeça e perímetro da canela.
Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR): validade fatorial e consistência interna
Authors: Sbicigo Juliana Burges , Bandeira Denise Ruschel , Dell'Aglio Débora Dalbosco
Published: February 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) para adolescentes. Participaram 4.757 adolescentes, com idades entre 14 e 18 anos (M=15,77; DP=1,22), de nove cidades brasileiras. Os participantes responderam a uma versão da EAR adaptada para o Brasil. A análise fatorial exploratória apontou uma estrutura bidimensional, com 51.4% da variância explicada, que foi sustentada pela análise fatorial confirmatória. As análises de consistência interna realizadas por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, confiabilidade composta e variância extraída indicaram bons valores de fidedignidade. Diferenças nos escores de autoestima em função do sexo e da idade não foram encontradas. Conclui-se que a EAR apresenta qualidades psicométricas satisfatórias, mostrando-se um instrumento confiável para medir autoestima em adolescentes brasileiros.
Stomatal changes induced by intermittent drought in four umbu tree genotypes
Authors: Silva Elizamar C. , Nogueira Rejane J. M. C. , Vale Fernando H. A. , Araújo Francisco P. de , Pimenta Mariana A.
Published: February 2014

Transpiration (E), diffusive resistance (r s) and anatomical parameters were measured in plants of four grafted umbu tree genotypes (GBUs 44, 48, 50 and 68) in order to evaluate alterations induced by intermittent drought and possible genotypic variations. Transpiration measurements were taken daily until stomatal closure by withholding water. Measurements were also taken, when the plants were re-watered and the watering was interrupted again. This cycle was repeated for a period of 31 days (stress period). The control plants were also irrigated daily. A regular pattern in the stomatal opening/closing mechanism was observed throughout the watering period, exhibiting intra-specific differences. Stomatal behavior of GBU 44 and GBU 68 were influenced by air temperature (Tar), relative humidity (RH) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whereas GBU 50 was influenced by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). GBU 48 was not influenced by these environmental factors. Anatomical alterations in response to drought were observed in stomatal density (SD), reductions in the stomatal index (SI) and stomatal aperture size (SA). The anatomical features of the GBU 48 genotype remained unaltered. There was an inversion in tissue proportion in GBU 44 under stress conditions, reducing the spongy parenchyma and increasing palisade parenchyma thickness. The inverse occurred with GBU 68, while the remaining genotypes were unaltered. The results found in this study suggest that GBU 68 is the most drought-sensitive genotype and anatomical changes induced by intermittent drought are not enough to explain the physiological differences between genotypes.
N‐Phenacylthiazolium Bromide Inhibits the Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE)–AGE Receptor Axis to Modulate Experimental Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Chang Po‐Chun , Tsai Sheng‐Chueh , Chong Li Yen , Kao Man‐Jung
Published: February 2014

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are involved in the inflammatory process and are considered to be etiologic factors of diabetic periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of N‐phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB), a glycated cross‐link breaker, in the modulation of periodontitis in various disease phases.

Methods: Mitogenesis and cytotoxicity of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) undergoing PTB treatment were evaluated in vitro. In vivo biomodulation was investigated by systemically administering PTB in the induction, progression, and recovery phases of ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats, with the results evaluated by microcomputed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry of the AGE and AGE receptor (RAGE), and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), RAGE, periostin, fibronectin, and type I collagen.

Results: Significantly promoted mitogenesis and reduced cytotoxicity of hPDLCs were noted with 0.05 to 0.1 mM PTB treatment at 24 hours. Systemic PTB administration significantly reduced periodontal bone loss, AGE deposition, and expressions of TNF‐α and RAGE but elevated the periostin level in all three phases of periodontitis.

Conclusion: PTB inhibits the induction and progression of periodontitis and facilitates its recovery via improving cellular viability and inhibiting the AGE–RAGE axis.
Impact of Methylene Chloride on Microorganisms and Phenanthrene Mineralization in Soil
Authors: Schwartz Egbert , Trinh Sinh V. , Scow Kate M.
Published: February 2014

This study investigated the effects of the quantity of methylene chloride, used as a carrier solvent for phenanthrene when added to soil, on phenanthrene mineralization kinetics, soil phospholipid fatty acid profiles (PLFA), and phenanthrene distribution. Methylene chloride dosages of 25 μL/g soil or more resulted in an enrichment of saturated PLFAs, suggesting soil microorganisms had adjusted their cell membranes in response to the solvent. A greater fraction of phenanthrene mineralized when spiked in 5 μL/g than in 25 μL/g methylene chloride suggesting that the methylene chloride became toxic to phenanthrene‐degrading organisms in soil. Phenanthrene was more equally distributed among 0.1 g soil subsamples if spiked in 25 than 5 or 1 μL methylene chloride per gram soil. Thus the amount of methylene chloride used to spike phenanthrene in soil strongly impacted the mineralization kinetics, phenanthrene distribution, and microbial community in soil. Because a variety of spiking methods are used in biodegradation research, scientists should consider the quantity of solvents used when comparing results among different studies.
Trends in Agriculture in the LEASEQ Watersheds, 1975–1995
Authors: Richards R. Peter , Baker David B. , Eckert Donald J.
Published: February 2014

County‐level agricultural statistics were aggregated at the watershed level to provide estimates of trends in land use and agricultural management in the Maumee and Sandusky River watersheds during the period 1975–1995. Average farm size increased by 40% or more, but the number of farms decreased by nearly 40%; the total land area in agriculture also decreased, but only by about 7%. Conservation tillage increased from virtually nothing to nearly 50% of cropland in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; most of the change is due to adoption of no‐till soybean. The Conservation Reserve Program has enrolled more than 75000 hectares, but this represents less than 5% of total farmland. The great majority of land classified as highly erodible has been placed under treatment during the study period. Cropland in soybean has increased; land in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and hay has decreased. Cropland in corn has decreased in the Maumee watershed and increased slightly in the Sandusky watershed. Average per‐hectare yields of corn, soybean, wheat, and hay have increased by 10 to 40%. Fertilizer phosphorus sales increased until about 1980 and have declined significantly since then; fertilizer nitrogen follows a similar but less pronounced pattern. The decreases are more substantial in the Maumee watershed than in the Sandusky. Manure use for fertilizer has also declined significantly.
Effects of Ash Application on Cadmium Concentration in Small Mammals
Authors: Lodenius Martin , Soltanpour‐Gargari Ali , Tulisalo Esa , Henttonen Heikki
Published: February 2014

In order to assess the effects of wood ash application to forests on small mammals, we collected bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) and common shrews (Sorex araneus) from a forest area in southern Finland. Part of the sample population was from sites that had been treated with ash 1.5 years earlier, part from untreated control sites. The ash increased the soil pH and gave an average cadmium load in soil of 44 g ha−1 When comparing treated and control areas, we found slightly but significantly lower Cd concentrations in vole muscle, liver, and kidney from treated plots, whereas the Cd concentrations in shrew tissues were greater in animals from treated plots. In voles we detected an increase in Cd concentrations during the 45‐d sampling period in treated and untreated plots. The relative weight of kidneys was greater from the ash‐treated areas than untreated areas for both voles and shrews. The difference in Cd concentrations between the voles and shrews could be explained by the different food habits.
Evaluating Agricultural Nonpoint‐Source Pollution Programs in Two Lake Erie Tributaries
Authors: Forster D. Lynn , Rausch Jonathan N.
Published: February 2014

During the past three decades, numerous government programs have encouraged Lake Erie basin farmers to adopt practices that reduce water pollution. The first section of this paper summarizes these state and federal government agricultural pollution abatement programs in watersheds of two prominent Lake Erie tributaries, the Maumee River and Sandusky River. Expenditures are summarized for each program, total expenditures in each county are estimated, and cost effectiveness of program expenditures (i.e., cost per metric ton of soil saved) are analyzed. Farmers received nearly $143 million as incentive payments to implement agricultural nonpoint source pollution abatement programs in the Maumee and Sandusky River watersheds from 1987 to 1997. About 95% of these funds was from federal sources. On average, these payments totaled about $7000 per farm or about $30 per farm acre (annualized equivalent of $2 per acre) within the watersheds. Our analysis raises questions about how efficiently these incentive payments were allocated. The majority of Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) funds appear to have been spent on less cost‐effective practices. Also, geographic areas with relatively low (high) soil erosion rates received relatively large (small) funding.
Bioavailable Phosphorus in Runoff from Alfalfa, Smooth Bromegrass, and Alfalfa–Smooth Bromegrass
Authors: Zemenchik Robert A. , Wollenhaupt Nyle C. , Albrecht Kenneth A.
Published: February 2014

Runoff from sloping landscapes cropped with established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may contain bioavailable P (BAP) which accelerates eutrophication of surface water bodies. Such BAP exists as either dissolved reactive P (DRP) or bioavailable reactive particulate P (BPP). We hypothesized that before and after harvest, sod‐forming smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) or alfalfa–smooth bromegrass mixtures would have less BAP, DRP, and BPP runoff losses than taprooted alfalfa. Swards established in 1992 near Lancaster, WI were subjected to a 72 mm simulated rainfall applied for 1 h in 1993 and 1994 to forage regrowth at 4 and 6 wk after first harvest and immediately (0 wk) after second harvest. Hourly BAP losses for all sward types were 82% less when 1.5 Mg ha−1 of forage dry matter was present. High DRP losses (>0.050 kg ha−1) were associated with high DRP concentrations (>7.1 μmol L−1) and high surface soil P concentrations (>59 mg kg−1) resulting from broadcast maintenance P fertilizer. High BPP losses (>0.035 kg ha−1) were associated with high runoff volumes (>24 mm) and sediment concentrations (>2 g L−1). Summed over all 6 rainfall simulations, total BAP loss was only 0.07 kg ha−1 at the 6 wk stage of regrowth compared with 0.35 at 4 wk, and 0.41 at 0 wk. Moreover, there was no significant difference between sward types for DRP concentration, DRP loss, or BAP loss. We conclude that avoiding excessive defoliation was more effective at reducing BAP losses than specific forage species selection.
Tracing Sources of Sulfur in the Florida Everglades
Authors: Bates Anne L. , Orem William H. , Harvey Judson W. , Spiker Elliott C.
Published: February 2014

We examined concentrations and sulfur isotopic ratios (34S/32S, expressed as δ34S in parts per thousand [‰] units) of sulfate in surface water, ground water, and rain water from sites throughout the northern Everglades to establish the sources of sulfur to the ecosystem. The geochemistry of sulfur is of particular interest in the Everglades because of its link, through processes mediated by sulfate‐reducing bacteria, to the production of toxic methylmercury in this wetland ecosystem. Methylmercury, a neurotoxin that is bioaccumulated, has been found in high concentrations in freshwater fish from the Everglades, and poses a potential threat to fish‐eating wildlife and to human health through fish consumption. Results show that surface water in large portions of the Everglades is heavily contaminated with sulfate, with the highest concentrations observed in canals and marsh areas receiving canal discharge. Spatial patterns in the range of concentrations and δ34S values of sulfate in surface water indicate that the major source of sulfate in sulfur‐contaminated marshes is water from canals draining the Everglades Agricultural Area. Shallow ground water underlying the Everglades and rain water samples had much lower sulfate concentrations and δ34S values distinct from those found in surface water. The δ34S results implicate agricultural fertilizer as a major contributor to the sulfate contaminating the Everglades, but ground water under the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) may also be a contributing source. The contamination of the northern Everglades with sulfate from canal discharge may be a key factor in controlling the distribution and extent of methylmercury production in the Everglades.
Runoff and Drainage Losses of Atrazine, Metribuzin, and Metolachlor in Three Water Management Systems
Authors: Gaynor J.D. , Tan C.S. , Drury C.F. , Welacky T.W. , Ng H.Y.F. , Reynolds W.D.
Published: February 2014

Rainfall can transport herbicides from agricultural land to surface waters, where they become an environmental concern. Tile drainage can benefit crop production by removing excess soil water but tile drainage may also aggravate herbicide and nutrient movement into surface waters. Water management of tile drains after planting may reduce tile drainage and thereby reduce herbicide losses to surface water. To test this hypothesis we calculated the loss of three herbicides from a field with three water management systems: free drainage (D), controlled drainage (CD), and controlled drainage with subsurface irrigation (CDS). The effect of water management systems on the dissipation of atrazine (6‐chloro‐N2‐ethyl‐N4‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine), metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5(4H)‐one), and metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide] in soil was also monitored. Less herbicide was lost by surface runoff from the D and CD treatments than from CDS. The CDS treatment increased surface runoff, which transported more herbicide than that from D or CD treatments. In one year, the time for metribuzin residue to dissipate to half its initial value was shorter for CDS (33 d) than for D (43 d) and CD (46 d). The half‐life of atrazine and metolachlor were not affected by water management. Controlled drainage with subsurface irrigation may increase herbicide loss through increased surface runoff when excessive rain is received soon after herbicide application. However, increasing soil water content in CDS may decrease herbicide persistence, resulting in less residual herbicide available for aqueous transport.
The Lake Erie Agricultural Systems for Environmental Quality Project
Authors: Richards R. Peter , Calhoun Frank G. , Matisoff Gerald
Published: February 2014

In the last part of the twentieth century, recognition became widespread of the important effect of agricultural runoff on the health of aquatic ecosystems in the Lake Erie basin and elsewhere. Because of the efforts to remediate Lake Erie, the “dead lake” among the Laurentian Great Lakes, a number of research and demonstration projects were undertaken in the Lake Erie basin to evaluate and foster adoption of conservation tillage and other farming techniques that would reduce runoff while maintaining productivity. In addition, intensive water quality studies of long duration were begun on major tributaries to Lake Erie during this time. The Lake Erie Agricultural Systems for Environmental Quality (LEASEQ) project examined governmental programs, changes in agriculture, and changes in water and soil quality during the period 1975–1995, and sought to evaluate the linkages among these factors. The study area is characterized by extensive agricultural land use of soils developed from glacial materials deposited on Paleozoic sedimentary bedrock, mostly limestone. Tile drainage is extensive, particularly in slow‐draining clay‐rich lacustrine soils in the lower reaches of the watersheds. This paper introduces the study area, its geology, geography, soils, and agricultural history. In addition, we provide an overview of the LEASEQ concept and introduce the 11 other papers in this series, which provide a detailed exposition of the results of our studies.
Climatic and Agricultural Factors in Nutrient Exports from Two Watersheds in Ohio
Authors: Moog Douglas B. , Whiting Peter J.
Published: February 2014

Export of agricultural nutrients and sediment to lakes and oceans is of great environmental concern in many agricultural watersheds. Recent years have seen efforts to reduce loads through agricultural practices such as conservation tillage, efficient fertilization, and reservation of erodible areas. Monitoring the efficacy of such efforts is complicated by the fact they take place against a varying climatic and hydrologic background. In this study, statistical analysis was used to identify those climatic, hydrologic, and agricultural variables that best explained variations in nitrate, phosphorus, and total suspended solids over the period 1976–1995 in two large agricultural watersheds that feed Lake Erie, those of the Maumee and Sandusky Rivers. The dominant variable was stream discharge; after curvefits to remove its influence, the residual loads were tested via stepwise linear regression to reveal the most significant explanatory variables. Loads of nitrate, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus tended to decrease when previous months were wet, except in the summer, and to decrease when snow cover was extensive. It is speculated that stores of nitrate in the soil were lost during wet periods through increased crop uptake and/or leaching. Nitrogen fertilizer application in the Maumee watershed decreased following dry periods, but not enough to decrease stream loads. Soluble reactive phosphorus loads were negatively correlated to conservation tillage and reserves, and positively correlated to fertilizer and manure sources. Results for total phosphorus were similar to those for total suspended solids, on which most transported phosphorus is adsorbed.
Improvement of the multifractal method for detection of early reflections
Authors: Ristic Dragan , Pavlovic Milan , Mijic Miomir , Reljin Irini
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the research that was aimed at examining the
possibilities for improving the multifractal method for detecting early
reflections in the room impulse response. Multifractal method for the
detection of early reflections uses distribution of H?lder?s exponent
calculated for the acoustic impulse response. Modifications of algorithm
proposed in this paper perform filtering of the distribution of H?lder?s
exponent to improve the detection of significant early reflections. The
results obtained in this way provide guidance how to improve detection of
early reflections and to make it more precise.
Prevalence of antibodies against influenza A and B viruses in children in Germany, 2008 to 2010
Authors: Sauerbrei A , Langenhan T , Brandstädt A , Schmidt-Ott R , Krumbholz A , Girschick H , Huppertz H , Kaiser P , Liese J , Streng A , Niehues T , Peters J , Sauerbrey A , Schroten H , Tenenbaum T , Wirth S , Wutzler P
Published: February 2014

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Evaluation of Functional Properties of Porous Asphalt Pavements Subjected to Clogging and Densification of Air Voids
Authors: Chen Jian-Shiuh , Hsieh Weichou , Liao Min-Chih
Published: February 2014

This study was motivated by concerns that porous asphalt concrete (PAC) might not perform well under severe environmental and traffic conditions. It was feared that the drainability, friction, and noise benefits of PACs would be rapidly lost. PAC sections were constructed with three types of asphalt: nonmodified bitumen (NMB), polymer-modified bitumen (PMB), and highly modified bitumen (HMB). These sections were completed in 2008 and evaluated twice a year for their functionality. Clogging and densification were shown to be the main reason for the reduction in PAC air voids. For the NMB and PMB sections, more than 70% of the reduction in air voids resulted from traffic compaction; this reduction was less than 30% for the HMB section. The decrease in drainability corresponded well with the decrease in air voids. Cleaning of PAC mixtures did not appear to be effective for the NMB and PMB sections because most of the reduction in air voids resulted from traffic compaction. Because of the significant amount of macrotexture produced within PAC pavement surfaces, PAC layers maintained adequate frictional characteristics even after becoming clogged and condensed. The noise characteristics of PACs depended on the air void content. No rutting, raveling, cracking, or other failures have been observed to any significant extent on the three monitored sections since they opened to traffic in 2008; these results suggest that PACs may be a viable type of pavement surface for use on highways to provide good performance, including good friction, reduced splash and spray, and reduced tire–pavement noise.
Identifying Primary and Secondary Crashes from Spatiotemporal Crash Impact Analysis
Authors: Chung Younshik
Published: February 2014

The identification of secondary crashes is accompanied by the definition of the primary crash impact area. Although the crash impact area varies with the geometric characteristics of roads and periodic characteristics of traffic flow as well as with crash type, most previous studies have used a fixed boundary to identify secondary crashes and primary crashes. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop a method to define the spatiotemporally different boundaries varying with different types of crash. On the basis of the developed boundaries, the secondary crash is identified in the primary crash location as well as in its opposite direction. Secondary crashes in the same and opposite directions are identified to be 7.4% and 3.8% of total primary crashes, respectively. Also, only 0.3% of total primary crashes are connected with the secondary crash in both the same and the opposite directions. Although the proposed method seems to be complicated, the results will be useful in understanding secondary crash characteristics in a more realistic analysis through the spatiotemporal crash impact area in the crash direction as well as in the opposite direction. Specifically, the results can be used by public-sector transportation agencies in making operational strategies for reducing secondary crashes on freeways.
Assessment of Exposure Proxies for Macroscopic Road Safety Prediction
Authors: Antoniou Constantinos , Yannis George
Published: February 2014

Road safety is a major global health problem, and no effort should be spared in trying to limit its impacts. Modeling road safety is a complex task that needs to consider both the quantifiable impact of specific parameters and the underlying trends that cannot always be measured or observed. Macroscopic data often are not available or not in the desired form. Therefore, consideration of alternative sources of data is often required; these sources may be correlated with the modeled phenomenon. The objective of this research was to investigate the suitability of alternative proxy variables for macroscopic road safety modeling by using three suitable exposure proxies: number of vehicles in circulation, gross domestic product, and fuel consumption. Several structural time series models were developed for each proxy for two Mediterranean countries with many similar socioeconomic characteristics: Greece and Cyprus. From the findings of this analysis, a number of observations can be drawn. Proxy variables can provide reasonable results when exposure data are not available. Furthermore, even in two countries with many similarities, the selected proxy measure differs. This finding suggests that the underlying conditions that make a variable a suitable proxy for exposure are complex and need further investigation.
On-Duty Struck-By Crashes
Authors: Yu Lang , Bill Andrea R. , Chitturi Madhav V. , Noyce David A.
Published: February 2014

On-duty struck-by crashes are defined as traffic crashes that involve police officers, roadway workers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians–first responders who are hit by a motorist while on duty assisting at an incident or in a work zone. The objective of this research was to summarize and analyze struck-by crashes on the basis of Wisconsin crash data. Crash data from 2000 to 2010 on Wisconsin's state trunk network were selected from the WisTransPortal database. Data reduction included several filtering steps and manual identification; 265 crashes were identified as struck-by crashes, and their characteristics and contributing factors were analyzed. Responder and worker struck-by crashes were analyzed separately because of their different characteristics, and all state trunk network crashes from 2000 to 2010 were used as a comparison group. Results showed that for responder crashes, police officers were the predominant victim. A large proportion of responder crashes occurred on rural Interstate highways. Speeding or driving too fast for conditions was the key driver factor that led to struck-by crashes, and adverse roadway and weather conditions were the most significant environmental factor. Most emergency responder struck-by crashes occurred when responders were assisting at traffic crashes. However, flaggers hit by surrounding traffic accounted for approximately half of all worker struck-by crashes. Worker crashes were uncorrelated with adverse weather, roadway, or lighting conditions. Inattentive driving was the most significant contributing factor. These results provide the basis for countermeasures to reduce struck-by crashes involving emergency responders and roadway workers.
Screening Naturalistic Driving Study Data for Safety-Critical Events
Authors: Wu Kun-Feng , Jovanis Paul P.
Published: February 2014

This study responds to the need to screen events observed during naturalistic driving studies to derive a set of crashes and near crashes with common etiologies; these crashes are referred to as “well-defined surrogate events.” Two factors are critical to the identification of these well-defined surrogate events: selection of screening criteria and the designation of a time window to be used for event search. Testing conducted by using an algorithm developed in a previous study is described. The algorithm allows for the use of a range of search criteria to identify events with common etiology from unrefined naturalistic driving data. A range of kinematic search criteria was used to screen events, including lateral and longitudinal accelerations averaged over different time windows and characterized by average as well as maximum values during a time window. The testing was conducted with data from road departure events collected during a concluded 100-car naturalistic driving study. Fifty-one nonintersection and 12 intersection-related run-off-road events were included in the testing. Different sets of events were identified with different search criteria and different time windows. Diagnostic tools borrowed from medicine identified the best screening criteria and time windows. The methods allowed for enhanced identification of well-defined surrogates by using covariates such as driver attribute context and driver fatigue. The research illustrates a flexible procedure that uses a variety of statistical methods shown to effectively screen crashes and near crashes.
Bicycle-Specific Traffic Signals
Authors: Thompson Sam R. , Monsere Christopher M. , Figliozzi Miguel , Koonce Peter , Obery Gary
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the results of a survey of North American jurisdictions with known installations of bicycle-specific traffic signals and a review of available engineering guidance. Surveys were sent to agencies in 21 jurisdictions (19 in the United States and two in Canada). The surveys requested details on the engineering aspects of the jurisdictions' signal designs (e.g., placement, mounting height, lens diameter, backplate color, type of actuation, interval times, use of louvers, performance). Survey responses were received for 63 intersections and 149 separate signal heads, and the results highlighted current treatments and variations in similar designs. The guidance documents that were reviewed included those produced by the National Association of City Transportation Officials, New York; AASHTO, Washington, D.C.; the Transportation Association of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario; CROW, Ede, Netherlands; and the respective manuals on uniform traffic control devices of Canada, the United States, and the State of California. A subsequent review of the documents revealed consistent guidance in general with regard to the design of bicycle-specific traffic signals. Guidance on bicycle signals has grown substantially in recent years, so future designs are likely to vary less.