bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adding noise to Markov cohort state‐transition model in decision modeling and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Iskandar Rowan
Published: February 2020

Following its introduction over 30 years ago, the Markov cohort state‐transition model has been used extensively to model population trajectories over time in health decision modeling and cost‐effectiveness analysis studies. We recently showed that a cohort model represents the average of a continuous‐time stochastic process on a multidimensional integer lattice governed by a master equation, which represents the time‐evolution of the probability function of an integer‐valued random vector. By leveraging this theoretical connection, this study introduces an alternative modeling method using a stochastic differential equation (SDE) approach, which captures not only the mean behavior but also the variance of the population process. We show the derivation of an SDE model from first principles, describe an algorithm to construct an SDE and solve the SDE via simulation for use in practice, and demonstrate the two applications of an SDE in detail. The first example demonstrates that the population trajectories, and their mean and variance, from the SDE and other commonly used methods in decision modeling match. The second example shows that users can readily apply the SDE method in their existing works without the need for additional inputs beyond those required for constructing a conventional cohort model. In addition, the second example demonstrates that the SDE model is superior to a microsimulation model in terms of computational speed. In summary, an SDE model provides an alternative modeling framework which includes information on variance, can accommodate for time‐varying parameters, and is computationally less expensive than a microsimulation for a typical cohort modeling problem.
Numerical simulations of fatigue loads on wind turbines operating in wakes
Authors: Liu Zhenqing , Li Qiuming , Ishihara Takeshi , Peng Jie
Published: February 2020

Wake effects increase the fatigue loads on wind turbines in operation. However, the wake flow is considerably different from the traditional boundary layer flow, and poses many challenges in determining the fatigue loads on wind turbines operating in a wake. Therefore, in the present study, the actuator‐line model was adopted to numerically simulate the wake flow and an in‐house code named AOWT, which is based on a generalized coordinate method, was developed for analyzing the dynamics of wind turbines under an arbitrary distribution of the turbulent flow field varying in time and space. Using the numerically modeled instantaneous wake flow fields and AOWT, the dynamic response of a wind turbine, located at specified positions in both tandem and staggered arrangements in a wake, was examined, and the fatigue loads were determined. Furthermore, to determine the major contributions to the fatigue loads, the loads induced by the spatial variation of the mean flow fields were predicted. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no such analysis has been conducted thus far. Importantly, it was found that in the near‐wake region, the mean flow field had a significant influence on the fatigue loads, especially in the staggered layout. However, there is no analytical wake model available in the literature capable of predicting the near‐wake mean flow fields. Therefore, in this study, a near‐wake model was proposed, which yielded satisfactory predictions of the mean velocities in the near‐wake region.
Correction to: Nurturing Personal Purpose at Work
Authors: Rey Carlos , Almandoz Juan , Montaner Alex
Published: February 2020

The original version of this chapter has been revised and correction in the word “authenticity” have been incorporated in figure 8.2
Weak–Strong Uniqueness for the Navier–Stokes Equation for Two Fluids with Surface Tension
Authors: Fischer Julian , Hensel Sebastian
Published: February 2020

In the present work, we consider the evolution of two fluids separated by a sharp interface in the presence of surface tension—like, for example, the evolution of oil bubbles in water. Our main result is a weak–strong uniqueness principle for the corresponding free boundary problem for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation: as long as a strong solution exists, any varifold solution must coincide with it. In particular, in the absence of physical singularities, the concept of varifold solutions—whose global in time existence has been shown by Abels (Interfaces Free Bound 9(1):31–65, 2007) for general initial data—does not introduce a mechanism for non-uniqueness. The key ingredient of our approach is the construction of a relative entropy functional capable of controlling the interface error. If the viscosities of the two fluids do not coincide, even for classical (strong) solutions the gradient of the velocity field becomes discontinuous at the interface, introducing the need for a careful additional adaption of the relative entropy.
Ghost classes in $${\mathbb {Q}}$$-rank two orthogonal Shimura varieties
Authors: Bajpai Jitendra , Moya Giusti Matias V.
Published: February 2020

In this article, the existence of ghost classes for the Shimura varieties associated to algebraic groups of orthogonal similitudes of signature (2, n) is investigated. We make use of the study of the weights in the mixed Hodge structures associated to the corresponding cohomology spaces and results on the Eisenstein cohomology of the algebraic group of orthogonal similitudes of signature $$(1, n-1)$$

(
1
,
n
-
1
)

. For the values of $$n = 4, 5$$

n
=
4
,
5

we prove the non-existence of ghost classes for most of the irreducible representations (including most of those with an irregular highest weight). For the rest of the cases, we prove strong restrictions on the possible weights in the space of ghost classes and, in particular, we show that they satisfy the weak middle weight property.
Toll like-receptor agonist Pam3Cys modulates the immunogenicity of liposomes containing the tuberculosis vaccine candidate H56
Authors: Kennerknecht Kathrin , Noschka Reiner , Löffler Florian , Wehrstedt Stephanie , Pedersen Gabriel Kristian , Mayer Daniel , Grieshober Mark , Christensen Dennis , Stenger Steffen
Published: February 2020

A major roadblock in the development of novel vaccines is the formulation and delivery of the antigen. Liposomes composed of a dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) backbone and the adjuvant trehalose-6-6-dibehenate (TDB, termed “cationic adjuvant formulation (CAF01)”, promote immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines, most notably against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Specifically, the multicomponent antigen H56 delivered by CAF01 protects against tuberculosis in mice. Here we investigated whether the inclusion of immune-modulatory adjuvants into CAF01 modulates the immunogenicity of H56/CAF01 in vitro and in vivo. Based on our recent findings we selected the active sequence of the mycobacterial 19 kDa lipoprotein, Pam3Cys, which interacts with Toll like receptor 2 to induce an antimicrobial pathway. H56/CAF01-Pam3Cys liposomes were characterized for Pam3Cys incorporation, size, toxicity and activation of primary human macrophages. Macrophages efficiently take up H56/CAF01-Pam3Cys and trigger the release of significantly higher levels of TNF, IL-12 and IL-10 than H56/CAF01 alone. To evaluate the immunogenicity in vivo, we immunized mice with H56/CAF01-Pam3Cys and measured the release of IFN-γ and IL-17A by lymph node cells and spleen cells. While the antigen-specific production of IFN-γ was reduced by inclusion of Pam3Cys into H56/CAF01, the levels of IL-17A remained unchanged. In agreement with this finding, the concentration of the IFN-γ-associated IgG2a antibodies in the serum was lower than in H56/CAF01 immunized animals. These results provide proof of concept that Toll like-receptor agonist can be included into liposomes to modulate immune responses. The discordant results between the in vitro studies with human macrophages and in vivo studies in mice highlight the relevance and complexity of comparing immune responses in different species
Perinatal depressive symptoms often start in the prenatal rather than postpartum period: results from a longitudinal study
Authors: Wilcox Marsha , McGee Beth Ann , Ionescu Dawn F. , Leonte Marie , LaCross Lauren , Reps Jenna , Wildenhaus Kevin
Published: February 2020

Depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy confer risks for adverse outcomes in both the mother and child. Postpartum depression is traditionally diagnosed after birth of the child. Perinatal depression is a serious, prevalent heterogeneous syndrome that can occur during the period from conception through several months after childbirth. Onset and course are not well understood. There is a paucity of longitudinal studies of the disorder that include the antenatal period in population-based samples. We used an Internet panel of pregnant women recruited in 2 cohorts; 858 ascertained in the first and 322 ascertained in the third trimesters of pregnancy. We recruited the second cohort in order to assure sufficient sample to examine depressive symptoms later in pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Assessments included standard psychometric measures, health history, and pregnancy experience. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used for the assessment of depressive symptoms. Nearly 10% of women entered the pregnancy with depressive symptoms. Prevalence was about the same at 4 weeks and 3 months postpartum. During pregnancy, prevalence increased to 16% in the third trimester. Among incident cases, 80% occurred during pregnancy, with 1/3 occurring in the first trimester. We describe predictors of incident depressive symptoms and covariates associated with time-to-onset which include health history (psychiatric and medical) and social support covariates. The majority of incident depressive symptoms occur during pregnancy rather than afterward. This finding underscores the mandate for mental health screening early in pregnancy and throughout gestation. It will be important to find safe and effective interventions that prevent, mitigate, or delay the onset of depressive symptoms that can be implemented during pregnancy.
Widespread army ant aversion among East African jumping spiders (Salticidae)
Authors: Nelson Ximena J. , Aguilar-Arguello Samuel , Jackson Robert R.
Published: February 2020

Jumping spiders (Salticidae) typically prey on a variety of arthropods of similar size to themselves, but rarely on ants. Using 28 salticid species from East Africa, we first investigated vision-based aversion to ants by recording latency to enter a transparent sealed chamber flanked by chambers containing living army ants (Dorylussp.) or tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) of comparable size. For all species, entry latency was significantly longer when the stimuli were ants. In another experiment, we used dead ants and tsetse flies mounted in a life-like posture as stimuli; except forGoleba puella, a species with unusual retinal ultrastructure, we again found significantly longer entry latency when the stimuli were ants. Our findings imply that these salticids express an aversion specifically to ants even when restricted to using vision alone and, except forG. puella, even when relying on solely the static appearance of the insects. Having used salticids from laboratory cultures with no prior experience with ants, our findings are consistent with vision-based aversion to army ants being innate.
An informative path planning framework for UAV-based terrain monitoring
Authors: Popović Marija , Vidal-Calleja Teresa , Hitz Gregory , Chung Jen Jen , Sa Inkyu , Siegwart Roland , Nieto Juan
Published: February 2020

Unmanned aerial vehicles represent a new frontier in a wide range of monitoring and research applications. To fully leverage their potential, a key challenge is planning missions for efficient data acquisition in complex environments. To address this issue, this article introduces a general informative path planning framework for monitoring scenarios using an aerial robot, focusing on problems in which the value of sensor information is unevenly distributed in a target area and unknown a priori. The approach is capable of learning and focusing on regions of interest via adaptation to map either discrete or continuous variables on the terrain using variable-resolution data received from probabilistic sensors. During a mission, the terrain maps built online are used to plan information-rich trajectories in continuous 3-D space by optimizing initial solutions obtained by a coarse grid search. Extensive simulations show that our approach is more efficient than existing methods. We also demonstrate its real-time application on a photorealistic mapping scenario using a publicly available dataset and a proof of concept for an agricultural monitoring task.
The Effect of Variant Selection on Texture of TWIP/TRIP Steels During Uniaxial Tensile Loading
Authors: Benke Marton , Hlavacs Adrienn , Nagy Erzsebet , Karacs Gabor , Mertinger Valeria
Published: February 2020

The aim of the present manuscript is to reveal the role of variant selection associated with the γ → εand γ → ε → α′ transformations in the resulting texture of γ, ε and α′ phases of FeMnCr steels during uniaxial loading. Tensile tests were carried out at temperatures well above and close to the martensite start temperature of the ε phase ($$ M_{\text{s}}^{\varepsilon } $$Msε). Pole figures were obtained from the cross-section of the fractured specimens by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The γ 〈111〉 texture developed regardless of test temperature. It was found that the ratio of diffracted intensity in the 0 and ~ 70 deg directions with respect to tensile axis notably changed with test temperature. The difference was caused by variant selection accompanying the γ → α′ transformation. At high temperatures, α′ martensite formed only in the ~ 70 deg directions, where the mechanical driving force is large. At lower temperatures, however, α′ martensite formed in the ~ 70 and 0 deg directions as well. It is also shown that stress/strain-induced ε martensite can only form in the ~ 70 deg directions. The results apply for all three examined steels.
Real Life Changes in Physical Activity Due to Intragastric Balloon Therapy and Their Relationship to Improving Cognitive Functions: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Gaździńska Agata P. , Mojkowska Aleksandra , Janewicz Michał , Binder Marek , Zieliński Piotr , Gazdzinski Stefan P.
Published: February 2020

Background

We evaluated if the intragastric balloon (IGB) treatment leads to the increase in physical activity (PA) and whether they are related to cognitive improvements.

Methods

Fourteen morbidly obese patients (151 ± 24 kg, BMI = 51.8 ± 6.5, 107 ± 26% excess weight, 43.3 ± 10.6 years) underwent 6-day-long, uninterrupted evaluations of PA 1 month before IGB insertion and 1 month after its removal.

Results

Active energy expenditure and physical activity duration increased by more than 80% (p < 0.001) whereas the number of steps per day by 20% (p = 0.016). There was a pattern of relationships between cognitive improvements and increases in PA (p < 0.05). In particular, working memory improvements correlated with the increase in time spent on light physical activities (r = 0.673, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

The relationships suggest that an increase in physical activity mediates cognitive improvements in bariatric patients.
A comparative study of heterogeneous ensemble methods for the identification of geological lithofacies
Authors: Tewari Saurabh , Dwivedi U. D.
Published: February 2020

Mudstone reservoirs demand accurate information about subsurface lithofacies for field development and production. Normally, quantitative lithofacies modeling is performed using well logs data to identify subsurface lithofacies. Well logs data, recorded from these unconventional mudstone formations, are complex in nature. Therefore, identification of lithofacies, using conventional interpretation techniques, is a challenging task. Several data-driven machine learning models have been proposed in the literature to recognize mudstone lithofacies. Recently, heterogeneous ensemble methods (HEMs) have emerged as robust, more reliable and accurate intelligent techniques for solving pattern recognition problems. In this paper, two HEMs, namely voting and stacking, ensembles have been applied for the quantitative modeling of mudstone lithofacies using Kansas oil-field data. The prediction performance of HEMs is also compared with four state-of-the-art classifiers, namely support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, gradient boosting, and random forest. Moreover, the contribution of each well logs on the prediction performance of classifiers has been analyzed using the Relief algorithm. Further, validation curve and grid search techniques have also been applied to obtain valid search ranges and optimum values for HEM parameters. The comparison of the test results confirms the superiority of stacking ensemble over all the above-mentioned paradigms applied in the paper for lithofacies modeling. This research work is specially designed to evaluate worst- to best-case scenarios in lithofacies modeling. Prediction accuracy of individual facies has also been determined, and maximum overall prediction accuracy is obtained using stacking ensemble.
Nanotechnologies in Food Science: Applications, Recent Trends, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Nile Shivraj Hariram , Baskar Venkidasamy , Selvaraj Dhivya , Nile Arti , Xiao Jianbo , Kai Guoyin
Published: February 2020

Nanotechnology is a key advanced technology enabling contribution, development, and sustainable impact on food, medicine, and agriculture sectors. Nanomaterials have potential to lead qualitative and quantitative production of healthier, safer, and high-quality functional foods which are perishable or semi-perishable in nature. Nanotechnologies are superior than conventional food processing technologies with increased shelf life of food products, preventing contamination, and production of enhanced food quality. This comprehensive review on nanotechnologies for functional food development describes the current trends and future perspectives of advanced nanomaterials in food sector considering processing, packaging, security, and storage. Applications of nanotechnologies enhance the food bioavailability, taste, texture, and consistency, achieved through modification of particle size, possible cluster formation, and surface charge of food nanomaterials. In addition, the nanodelivery-mediated nutraceuticals, synergistic action of nanomaterials in food protection, and the application of nanosensors in smart food packaging for monitoring the quality of the stored foods and the common methods employed for assessing the impact of nanomaterials in biological systems are also discussed.
A Common Good Perspective on Diversity
Authors: Frémeaux Sandrine
Published: February 2020

Drawing upon the theoretical debate on the concept of common good involving, in particular, Sison and Fontrodona (2012), I aim to show how the common good principle can serve as the basis for a new diversity perspective. Each of the three dominant diversity approaches—equality, diversity management, and inclusion—runs the ethical risk of focusing on community or individual levels, or on particular disciplines—economic, social, or moral. This article demonstrates that the common good principle could mitigate the ethical risks inherent to each of these diversity approaches. There are three positive aspects to a comprehensive common good perspective: 1) it includes considering different community levels, which it connects by subsidiarity, 2) it embraces the moral, social, and economic fields, which it connects by teleological hierarchy, and 3) it avoids the risk of exclusion by generating a sense of solidarity.
Advertising for the People: The History of the Social Democratic Party of Sweden’s Own Advertising Company—Folkreklam and Förenade ARE-Bolagen, 1947–1997
Authors: LAKOMAA ERIK
Published: February 2020

The Social Democratic Party not only ruled Sweden for most of the twentieth century but also owned one of the country’s largest advertising groups. The company, founded in 1947 as Folkreklam and later renamed Förenade ARE-Bolagen, rapidly became dominant in outdoor advertising in Sweden and remained in that position until the late 1980s. This paper expands the previous research on party-owned enterprises, a type of businesses that is rare in the Western democratic world, covering the history of ARE from its inception to its eventual merger with JCDecaux in 1997. It is shown that the owner relationship with the party was highly beneficial for the company, as it provided preferential access to adverting space and public contracts from government agencies and municipalities without formal competition. The party benefited from the control over sensitive information pretraining to strategies in political propaganda during elections and from the financial contribution of ARE.
Crop Insurance and the New Deal Roots of Agricultural Financialization in the United States
Authors: HAMILTON SHANE
Published: February 2020

A range of private and public institutions emerged in the United States in the years before and after the Great Depression to help farmers confront the inherent uncertainty of agricultural production and marketing. This included a government-owned and operated insurance enterprise offering “all-risk” coverage to American farmers beginning in 1938. Crop insurance, initially developed as a social insurance program, was beset by pervasive problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. As managers and policy makers responded to those problems from the 1940s on, they reshaped federal crop insurance in ways that increasingly made the scheme a lever of financialization, a means of disciplining individual farmers to think of farming in abstract terms of risk management. Crop insurance became intertwined with important changes in the economic context of agriculture by the 1960s, including the emergence of the “technological treadmill,” permanently embedding financialized risk management into the political economy of American agriculture.
Supporting robust, rigorous, and reliable reviewing as the cornerstone of our profession: Introducing a competency framework for peer review
Authors: Köhler Tine , González-Morales M. Gloria , Banks George C. , O’Boyle Ernest H. , Allen Joseph A. , Sinha Ruchi , Woo Sang Eun , Gulick Lisa M. V.
Published: February 2020

Peer review is a critical component toward facilitating a robust science in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. Peer review exists beyond academic publishing in organizations, university departments, grant agencies, classrooms, and many more work contexts. Reviewers are responsible for judging the quality of research conducted and submitted for evaluation. Furthermore, they are responsible for treating authors and their work with respect, in a supportive and developmental manner. Given its central role in our profession, it is curious that we do not have formalized review guidelines or standards and that most of us never receive formal training in peer reviewing. To support this endeavor, we are proposing a competency framework for peer review. The purpose of the competency framework is to provide a definition of excellent peer reviewing and guidelines to reviewers for which types of behaviors will lead to good peer reviews. By defining these competencies, we create clarity around expectations for peer review, standards for good peer reviews, and opportunities for training the behaviors required to deliver good peer reviews. We further discuss how the competency framework can be used to improve peer reviewing and suggest additional steps forward that involve suggestions for how stakeholders can get involved in fostering high-quality peer reviewing.
Why interindividual variation in response to consumption of plant food bioactives matters for future personalised nutrition
Authors: Morand Christine , De Roos Baukje , Garcia-Conesa Maria Teresa , Gibney Eileen R. , Landberg Rikard , Manach Claudine , Milenkovic Dragan , Rodriguez-Mateos Ana , Van de Wiele Tom , Tomas-Barberan Francisco
Published: February 2020

Food phytochemicals are increasingly considered to play a key role in the cardiometabolic health effects of plant foods. However, the heterogeneity in responsiveness to their intake frequently observed in clinical trials can hinder the beneficial effects of these compounds in specific subpopulations. A range of factors, including genetic background, gut microbiota, age, sex and health status, could be involved in these interindividual variations; however, the current knowledge is limited and fragmented. The European network, European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)-POSITIVe, has analysed, in a systematic way, existing knowledge with the aim to better understand the factors responsible for the interindividual variation in response to the consumption of the major families of plant food bioactives, regarding their bioavailability and bioefficacy. If differences in bioavailability, likely reflecting differences in human subjects’ genetics or in gut microbiota composition and functionality, are believed to underpin much of the interindividual variability, the key molecular determinants or microbial species remain to be identified. The systematic analysis of published studies conducted to assess the interindividual variation in biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk suggested some factors (such as adiposity and health status) as involved in between-subject variation. However, the contribution of these factors is not demonstrated consistently across the different compounds and biological outcomes and would deserve further investigations. The findings of the network clearly highlight that the human subjects’ intervention studies published so far are not adequate to investigate the relevant determinants of the absorption/metabolism and biological responsiveness. They also emphasise the need for a new generation of intervention studies designed to capture this interindividual variation.
Divine holiness and the explanation of Christ's impeccability
Authors: MURPHY MARK C.
Published: February 2020

Supposing that Christ isimpeccable– that, necessarily, Christ does not sin – what explains that impeccability? While there have been multiple theories of how the operations of Christ's human will could be fully free while Christ's sinlessness is nevertheless guaranteed, such accounts cannot be exploited to provide the requisite explanation. And not all of the divine purposes sufficient for becoming incarnate would also be sufficient to explain why Christ must be sinless. We should instead explain Christ's impeccabilitynormatively, in terms of the reasons that God has to respond appropriately to God's own perfection by refraining from taking on a human nature with a will that ever opposes the divine will. Such reasons are reasons of divineholiness.
The Minimum Income Standard and equivalisation: reassessing relative costs of singles and couples and of adults and children
Authors: HIRSCH DONALD , CONCIALDI PIERRE , MATH ANTOINE , PADLEY MATT , PEREIRA ELVIRA , PEREIRINHA JOSE , THORNTON ROBERT
Published: February 2020

Equivalence scales, used to compare incomes across household types, strongly influence which households have low reported income, affecting public policy priorities. Yet they draw on abstract, often dated evidence and arbitrary judgements, and on comparisons across the income distribution rather than focusing on minimum requirements. Budget standards provide more tangible comparisons of the minimum required by different household types. The Minimum Income Standard (MIS) method, now established in several countries, applies a common methodological framework for compiling budgets, based on public deliberations. This article draws for the first time on results across countries. In all of the four countries examined, it identifies an under-estimation by the OECD scale of the relative cost of children compared to adults, and, in three of the four, an under-estimation of the cost of singles compared to couples. This more systematically corroborates previous, dispersed evidence, and helps explain which specific expenditure categories influence these results. These results have high policy relevance, showing greater proportions of low income households to contain children than standard income distribution data. While no single equivalence scale can be universally accurate, making use of evidence based directly on benchmarks such as MIS can help inform public priorities in tackling low income.
Laser beam self-focusing in collisional plasma with periodical density ripple
Authors: Zhang Geng , Xia Xiongping
Published: February 2020

In the paper, we applied the paraxial region theory and Wentzel–-Kramers–-Brillouin approximation to study laser beam self-focusing in the interaction of laser and collisional plasma with periodical density ripple. The results have shown that, under the influence of collision nonlinear effect, laser presents stable self-focusing, self-defocusing, and oscillational self-focusing in the plasma. Besides, the parameters of plasma with periodical density ripple have a greater impact on the effect of self-defocusing and oscillational self-focusing than stable self-focusing. In certain conditions, beam self-defocusing and oscillational self-focusing would decline and even disappear, and stable self-focusing would further be strengthened. Hence, selecting a suitable periodic plasma system is advantageous for separating self-defocusing and oscillational self-focusing, and for the formation of a more stable collisional self-focusing.
ALTERING THE PATTERN OF TRADE IN THEWEALTH OF NATIONS: ADAM SMITH AND THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY
Authors: Schumacher Reinhard
Published: February 2020

There are three different interpretations of Adam Smith’s trade theory in modern literature: first, the neoclassical theory of absolute advantage; second, an interpretation based on increasing returns; third, an interpretation of uneven development. These interpretations come to widely different conclusions, especially considering the development of the pattern of trade in Smith’s theory. I discuss how these three interpretations emerged. They do not stem from a more detailed analysis of Smith’s works itself but reflect changes within international trade theory. They all result from the fact that economists have imposed nineteenth- and twentieth-century modes of thoughts on Smith’s theory, forcing his writings into later-developed theoretical frameworks. In contrast to classical economists in the nineteenth century, these subsequent interpretations misrepresent Smith’s trade theory in order to portray him as a forerunner of later theories. The differing interpretations can thus be explained only against the backdrop of the development of international trade theory.
MILTON FRIEDMAN IN CHILE: SHOCK THERAPY, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, AND EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Edwards Sebastian , Montes Leonidas
Published: February 2020

We analyze Milton Friedman’s two visits to Chile, in March 1975 and November 1981. We rely on a number of sources, including Friedman’s archives, press archives in Chile and the rest of the world, interviews, and the papers and recollections of some of those who accompanied Friedman during his meeting with Pinochet. Although Friedman’s 1975 visit has been widely discussed, his 1981 visit has been largely neglected. However, this visit was particularly important as it preceded a severe currency and banking crisis, stemming from an overvalued fixed exchange rate. The crisis put at risk the influence of the “Chicago Boys” and the political and economic liberalization process. We analyze Friedman’s views regarding Chile’s pegged exchange rate strategy followed between 1979 and 1982, and his position on economic and political freedom.
Correlation of Multiplicity and Chemistry in AlxGa1−xN Heterostructure via Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Licata Olivia G. , Broderick Scott R. , Mazumder Baishakhi
Published: February 2020

In this work, the correlation between composition and relative evaporation field was investigated by tracking the statistics of multi-hit detector events in atom probe tomography (APT). This approach is applied systematically to a GaN-based nitride heterostructure with five AlxGa1−xN layers of varying Al composition. The relative field evaporation and the percentage of multi-hit events were found to increase with higher Al concentration. Furthermore, the comparison of the relative evaporation fields of AlN with respect to the constituent ions is found to be less than GaN with respect to its constituent ions. Despite equivalent compositions between opposing interfaces of the same AlxGa1−xN interlayer, the rate of change in multiplicity exhibits a consistent asymmetric trend with a steeper slope across the AlxGa1−xN/GaN interface compared to the GaN/AlxGa1−xN interface. The AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructure serves as a test structure for exploring field evaporation and neighborhood chemistry, which can be applied to any material chemistry and particularly other nitride systems.
Digital Methods for the Study of the Nineteenth-Century Orchestra
Authors: Ponchione-Bailey Cayenna , Clarke Eric F.
Published: February 2020

The nineteenth century saw a number of significant changes in European musical culture, including changes in the size and nature of the orchestra and the rise of the modern conductor. The coordination and musical leadership of orchestras has taken a variety of forms historically, but from around the middle of the nineteenth century silent conducting gradually began to supplant other forms of time keeping and instrumental leadership in opera and concert orchestras. Little or no empirical work has attempted to investigate the musical, social and perceptual consequences of this development, largely due to the technical challenges that must be addressed. This article describes the development and implementation of innovative digital methods to provide a detailed and multifaceted picture of a large ensemble in action, investigating the consequences of different distributions of individual musical agency for: 1) musicians’ playing experiences; 2) ensemble coordination and expressive timing; and 3) listeners’ evaluations. These methods include a polling application, implemented on participants’ smartphones, to provide fast-turnaround feedback from orchestral musicians about their experiences of playing under different conditions; and the use of digital methods to analyse acoustical data from the individual instruments of an orchestral string section, to facilitate a quantitative analysis of orchestral togetherness. Analyses of the experiential, quantitative and listener data from a preliminary study with an orchestra of musicians from the Royal Academy of Music, London, are presented, together with a discussion of the insights that these methods provide. The article concludes by considering the prospects of these methods for investigating nineteenth-century rehearsal and performance practices.
Spectral absorption control of femtosecond laser-treated metals and application in solar-thermal devices
Authors: Jalil Sohail A. , Lai Bo , ElKabbash Mohamed , Zhang Jihua , Garcell Erik M. , Singh Subhash , Guo Chunlei
Published: February 2020

Direct femtosecond (fs) laser processing is a maskless fabrication technique that can effectively modify the optical, electrical, mechanical, and tribological properties of materials for a wide range of potential applications. However, the eventual implementation of fs-laser-treated surfaces in actual devices remains challenging because it is difficult to precisely control the surface properties. Previous studies of the morphological control of fs-laser-processed surfaces mostly focused on enhancing the uniformity of periodic microstructures. Here, guided by the plasmon hybridisation model, we control the morphology of surface nanostructures to obtain more control over spectral light absorption. We experimentally demonstrate spectral control of a variety of metals [copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), steel and tungsten (W)], resulting in the creation of broadband light absorbers and selective solar absorbers (SSAs). For the first time, we demonstrate that fs-laser-produced surfaces can be used as high-temperature SSAs. We show that a tungsten selective solar absorber (W-SSA) exhibits excellent performance as a high-temperature solar receiver. When integrated into a solar thermoelectric generation (TEG) device, W-SSA provides a 130% increase in solar TEG efficiency compared to untreated W, which is commonly used as an intrinsic selective light absorber.
Tailoring spontaneous infrared emission of HgTe quantum dots with laser-printed plasmonic arrays
Authors: Sergeev A. A. , Pavlov D. V. , Kuchmizhak A. A. , Lapine M. V. , Yiu W. K. , Dong Y. , Ke N. , Juodkazis S. , Zhao N. , Kershaw S. V. , Rogach A. L.
Published: February 2020

Chemically synthesized near-infrared to mid-infrared (IR) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer a promising platform for the realization of devices including emitters, detectors, security, and sensor systems. However, at longer wavelengths, the quantum yield of such QDs decreases as the radiative emission rate drops following Fermi’s golden rule, while non-radiative recombination channels compete with light emission. Control over the radiative and non-radiative channels of the IR-emitting QDs is crucially important to improve the performance of IR-range devices. Here, we demonstrate strong enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of near- to mid-IR HgTe QDs coupled to periodically arranged plasmonic nanoantennas, in the form of nanobumps, produced on the surface of glass-supported Au films via ablation-free direct femtosecond laser printing. The enhancement is achieved by simultaneous radiative coupling of the emission that spectrally matches the first-order lattice resonance of the arrays, as well as more efficient photoluminescence excitation provided by coupling of the pump radiation to the local surface plasmon resonances of the isolated nanoantennas. Moreover, coupling of the HgTe QDs to the lattice plasmons reduces the influence of non-radiative decay losses mediated by the formation of polarons formed between QD surface-trapped carriers and the IR absorption bands of dodecanethiol used as a ligand on the QDs, allowing us to improve the shape of the emission spectrum through a reduction in the spectral dip related to this ligand coupling. Considering the ease of the chemical synthesis and processing of the HgTe QDs combined with the scalability of the direct laser fabrication of nanoantennas with tailored plasmonic responses, our results provide an important step towards the design of IR-range devices for various applications.
Blood platelets stimulate cancer extravasation through TGFβ-mediated downregulation of PRH/HHEX
Authors: Marcolino Eudmar , Siddiqui Yusra Hasan , van den Bosch Marion , Poole Alastair W. , Jayaraman Padma-Sheela , Gaston Kevin
Published: February 2020

Cancer cells go through a process known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) during which they acquire the ability to migrate and invade extracellular matrix. Some cells also acquire the ability to move across a layer of endothelial cells to enter and exit the bloodstream; intra- and extravasation, respectively. The transcription factor PRH/HHEX (proline-rich homeodomain/haematopoietically expressed homeobox) controls cell proliferation and cell migration/invasion in a range of cell types. Our previous work showed that PRH activity is downregulated in prostate cancer cells owing to increased inhibitory PRH phosphorylation and that this increases cell proliferation and invasion. PRH inhibits migration and invasion by prostate and breast epithelial cells in part by activating the transcription of Endoglin, a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) co-receptor. Here we show that depletion of PRH in immortalised prostate epithelial cells results in increased extravasation in vitro. We show that blood platelets stimulate extravasation of cells with depleted PRH and that inhibition of TGFβ signalling blocks the effects of platelets on these cells. Moreover, TGFβ induces changes characteristic of EMT including decreased E-Cadherin expression and increased Snail expression. We show that in prostate cells PRH regulates multiple genes involved in EMT and TGFβ signalling. However, both platelets and TGFβ increase PRH phosphorylation. In addition, TGFβ increases binding of its effector pSMAD3 to the PRH/HHEX promoter and downregulates PRH protein and mRNA levels. Thus, TGFβ signalling downregulates PRH activity by multiple mechanisms and induces an EMT that facilitates extravasation and sensitises cells to TGFβ.
Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 enhances proliferation of glioblastoma by modulating PDGFRA stability
Authors: Liao Wen-Chieh , Liao Chih-Kai , Tseng To-Jung , Ho Ying-Jui , Chen Ying-Ru , Lin Kuan-Hung , Lai Te-Jen , Lan Chyn-Tair , Wei Kuo-Chen , Liu Chiung-Hui
Published: February 2020

Chondroitin sulfate synthases, a family of enzyme involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) polymerization, are dysregulated in various human malignancies, but their roles in glioma remain unclear. We performed database analysis and immunohistochemistry on human glioma tissue, to demonstrate that the expression of CHSY1 was frequently upregulated in glioma, and that it was associated with adverse clinicopathologic features, including high tumor grade and poor survival. Using a chondroitin sulfate-specific antibody, we showed that the expression of CHSY1 was significantly associated with CS formation in glioma tissue and cells. In addition, overexpression of CHSY1 in glioma cells enhanced cell viability and orthotopic tumor growth, whereas CHSY1 silencing suppressed malignant growth. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CHSY1 selectively regulates PDGFRA activation and PDGF-induced signaling in glioma cells by stabilizing PDGFRA protein levels. Inhibiting PDGFR activity with crenolanib decreased CHSY1-induced malignant characteristics of GL261 cells and prolonged survival in an orthotopic mouse model of glioma, which underlines the critical role of PDGFRA in mediating the effects of CHSY1. Taken together, these results provide information on CHSY1 expression and its role in glioma progression, and highlight novel insights into the significance of CHSY1 in PDGFRA signaling. Thus, our findings point to new molecular targets for glioma treatment.
Synergism between Corynebacterium and Streptococcus sanguinis reveals new interactions between oral commensals
Authors: Treerat Puthayalai , Redanz Ulrike , Redanz Sylvio , Giacaman Rodrigo A , Merritt Justin , Kreth Jens
Published: February 2020

The oral microbiome engages in a diverse array of highly sophisticated ecological interactions that are crucial for maintaining symbiosis with the host. Streptococci and corynebacteria are among the most abundant oral commensals and their interactions are critical for normal biofilm development. In this study, we discovered that Streptococcus sanguinis specifically responds to the presence of Corynebacterium durum by dramatically altering its chain morphology and improving its overall fitness. By employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, specific fatty acids were identified in C. durum supernatants that are responsible for the observed effect. Membrane vesicles (MVs) containing these fatty acids were isolated from C. durum supernatants and were able to replicate the chain morphology phenotype in S. sanguinis, suggesting MV as a mediator of interspecies interactions. Furthermore, S. sanguinis responds to C. durum lipids by decreasing the expression of key FASII genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Several of these genes are also essential for the chain elongation phenotype, which implicates a regulatory connection between lipid metabolism and chain elongation. In addition, C. durum was found to affect the growth, cell aggregation, and phagocytosis of S. sanguinis, revealing a complex association of these species that likely supports oral commensal colonization and survival.
Predictive factors for early progression during induction chemotherapy and chemotherapy-free interval: analysis from PRODIGE 9 trial
Authors:   for PRODIGE investigators/collaborators, Aparicio Thomas , Bennouna Jaafar , Le Malicot Karine , Boige Valérie , Taieb Julien , Bouché Olivier , Phelip Jean-Marc , François Eric , Borel Christian , Faroux Roger , Dahan Laetitia , Bachet Jean-Baptiste , Egreteau Joelle , Kaminsky Marie-Christine , Gornet Jean-Marc , Cojocarasu Oana , Gasmi Mohamed , Guerin-Meyer Véronique , Lepage Côme , Ghiringhelli François
Published: February 2020

Background

Identifying patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who will have an early disease progression during induction chemotherapy (IC) and identifying patients who may have a chemotherapy-free interval (CFI) after IC are two major challenges.

Methods

A logistic model was used to identify factors associated with early progression during IC and with short duration of the first CFI in 488 patients enrolled in the PRODIGE 9 trial. Independent factors were defined with a threshold 0.10.

Results

In multivariate analysis, baseline leukocytes >10 × 109/L (OR = 1.98 [1.02–3.8], p = 0.04), and stable or increasing CEA at 2 months (OR = 3.61 [1.68–7.75], p = 0.01) were independent factors associated with progression during IC. Male gender (OR = 1.725 [0.92–3.325], p = 0.09) and no tumour response at first evaluation (OR = 1.90 [0.96–3.76], p = 0.07) were significantly associated with a short CFI. The presence of BRAF V600E mutation was also associated with short CFI (OR = 4.59 [0.95; 22.3], p = 0.058).

Conclusion

High baseline leukocyte count and the lack of CEA decrease level at first evaluation were associated with early progression, and could be in favour of early chemotherapy intensification. Male gender, no tumour response at first evaluation and BRAF mutation are associated with a short CFI, and may be considered for maintenance chemotherapy after IC.

Clinical trial number

NCT00952029.
Nintedanib inhibits intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma aggressiveness via suppression of cytokines extracted from activated cancer-associated fibroblasts
Authors: Yamanaka Takahiro , Harimoto Norifumi , Yokobori Takehiko , Muranushi Ryo , Hoshino Kouki , Hagiwara Kei , Gantumur Dolgormaa , Handa Tadashi , Ishii Norihiro , Tsukagoshi Mariko , Igarashi Takamichi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Watanabe Akira , Kubo Norio , Araki Kenichiro , Shirabe Ken
Published: February 2020

Background

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a malignancy that is challenging to treat. Fibroblasts in ICC tissues have been identified as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that promote the malignant behaviour of ICC cells. An antifibrotic drug nintedanib has been reported to suppress activated hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis.

Methods

We investigated whether nintedanib could suppress the cancer-promoting effect of CAFs derived from ICC tissues in vitro and in vivo.

Results

CAFs promoted the proliferation and invasion of ICC cells. Nintedanib suppressed activated CAFs expressing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and inhibited the ICC-promoting effects of CAFs. Nintedanib greatly reduced the levels of cancer-promoting cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6) and IL-8, secreted by CAFs. An in vivo study demonstrated that nintedanib reduced xenografted ICC growth and activated CAFs expressing α-SMA, and that combination therapy with nintedanib and gemcitabine against CAFs and ICC cells showed the strongest inhibition of tumour growth compared with the control and single-treatment groups.

Conclusions

Nintedanib inhibited the cancer-promoting effect of CAFs via the suppression of CAF activation and secretion of cancer-promoting cytokines. Our findings suggest that therapeutic strategies combining conventional cytotoxic agents with nintedanib targeting CAFs are promising for overcoming refractory ICC with activated CAFs.