bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric Processing Strategies for Lexical Decisions among Elderly Persons
Authors: Rastatter Michael P. , McGuire Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Lexical decision vocal reaction times were obtained in 1990 for 30 young adult and 18 elderly subjects to tachistoscopically presented concrete and abstract words by Rastatter and McGuire. The young adults' data suggested differential right-hemispheric processing, while the elderly subjects' data were interpreted as suggesting that the right hemisphere loses its processing function. Here we reinterpret the elderly subjects' data based on visual information-processing theory and suggest that variations in processing strategy account more completely for their data.
Replication of Response Bias in Past and Future Time Orientations: Further Comments on Bidirectional Time
Authors: Dawson Kim A.
Published: August 2011

A previous report of a bias to list distant past experiences first and distant future experiences last was replicated with 62 undergraduates. Negative correlations (-.38 to -.46) between the number of past and future experiences support the bidirectional model; however, the prediction of distant future experiences by distant past, near past, present, and by near future experiences suggests that temporal orientation is related primarily to the number of goals in the distant future.
Feedback on Job Performance and Expected Career Advancement
Authors: Greller Martin M.
Published: August 2011

The relation among four sources of job performance feedback and expected frequency of promotion showed employees focused almost exclusively on feedback from the supervisor, even though feedback from the task was more closely associated with employees' evaluations of their own performance. Employees both received and used information the organization was sending, but they used it to predict the organization's behavior not to interpret the quality of their own performance.
Preschool Children's Motor Development and Self-Concept
Authors: Boucher Barbara H. , Doescher Susan M. , Sugawara Alan I.
Published: August 2011

The relationships among age, motor age, and perceived competence of 31 preschool children were explored. The Peabody Motor Developmental Scales and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance assessed children's motor age and perceived competence, respectively. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that age followed by perceived competence contributed significantly to children's motor age. However, neither age nor motor age contributed significantly to perceived competence.
Body-Image Distortion among Male and Female American and Costa Rican Students and Female Japanese Students
Authors: Gustavson Carl R. , Pumariega Andres J. , Pate Jennifer , Hester Colleen , Gustavson Joan C. , Herrera-Amighetti L. , Gabaldon Monica P.
Published: August 2011

395 American male and female high school and college students, 286 Costa Rican male and female high school students, and 127 Japanese female college students were tested for body-image distortion using a computer-based body-image distortion task. A reliable negative relationship between stature and body-image distortion was observed. No reliable differences in body-image distortion were observed between different sex or cultural groups.
A Study with a Follow-up of the Effects of Music Education on Holistic Development of Empathy
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja , Ruokonen Inkeri
Published: August 2011

Half of the 32 children, aged 6 yr. old, took part in the 12-hr. holistic empathy education program with music exercises over three months. Others were controls. Children were tested at a pretest, 3 months later at the posttest after the training, and follow-up test, 9 months after posttest. The Feshbach and Roe Empathy Slide Test, the Weir and Duveen Prosociability Rating Scale, and the Kalliopuska Prosociability Rating Scale for Teachers were used. Empathy and prosociability increased significantly from pretest to posttest after empathy education. As hypothesized, comparison of pretest and follow-up test results showed a significant increase in empathy for the test group and a nonsignificant increase among controls.
Visitors' Movement Patterns at Conference Poster Sessions
Authors: Zucker Evan L. , Clarke Margaret R.
Published: August 2011

Visitors to educational environments (museums and zoos) show patterns of movements that often preclude seeing some exhibits. The directions of movement by 102 individuals and 31 groups entering poster sessions at professional meetings, another type of educational environment, were observed. Gender differences, perhaps influenced by the way in which posters were ordered in the rooms, were evident. Patterns of movement were similar to those reported for museum gallery visitors in the session where posters were not arranged in a particular order. Implications of movement patterns for enhanced scientific communication in poster sessions are presented.
Effects of Three Colors in an Office Interior on Mood and Performance
Authors: Ainsworth Rebecca A. , Simpson Loerna , Cassell David
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of three hues on subjects' performance and mood while in an office work environment for 1 hour. Pretest/posttest measurements were completed. Work performance was measured using words typed, typing errors, and a ratio of errors to words typed. Anxiety, depression, and arousal were measured by the Eight State Questionnaire of Curran and Cattell. A total of 45 women, ages 18 to 24 years, were tested individually in a single office space: 15 when the office walls were painted red/warm, 15 when walls were blue-green/cool, and 15 when walls were white/neutral. Analysis of covariance of posttest measurements with the pretest as a covariate showed no significant differences among the three groups on performance or scores on anxiety, depression, and arousal. If color of the environment has an effect on work performance or mood, either the effect was too small to be detected with samples of 15 subjects or longer participation than one hour was required.
Comparisons of the Vocabulary Scores and IQs on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—III and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised
Authors: Carvajal Howard , Hayes Jeff E. , Miller Holly R. , Wiebe Deloise A. , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—III and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised were given to 33 children (15 boys, 18 girls) who were enrolled in Grades 3, 4, and 5. The statistically significant correlations of .75, .76, and .60, respectively, between the Peabody Standard Score Equivalents and the Wechsler Vocabulary subtest scaled scores and the Wechsler Verbal and Full Scale IQs suggest that the Peabody appears to be a satisfactory screening test of intelligence for use with children in these grades.
Attributions (Beliefs) and Job Satisfaction Associated with Back Pain in an Industrial Setting
Authors: Linton Steven J. , Warg Lars-Erik
Published: August 2011

We investigated possible differences between management and workers in attributions about the cause and prevention of industrial back pain. 145 employees from upper management, lower management, and blue-collar ranks completed several questionnaires. Age, sex, job satisfaction, and history of back pain were also examined for possible confounding effects. There were significant differences in attributions between job levels, with upper management believing more strongly in causal factors related to the individual, while blue-collar workers attributed back pain more frequently to the work environment. This difference was significant even when the effects of age, sex, job satisfaction, and pain were controlled. A history of back pain increased attributions of cause related to the work environment. Job dissatisfaction increased the risk for back pain nearly sevenfold and dissatisfied people tended to attribute the cause of their pain to the work environment. These results highlight the intricate relationship between attributions, job satisfaction, and pain. Compliance and motivation for interventions might be enhanced by taking into account differences in attributions of cause and effective prevention.
Control of Goal-Oriented, Rapid Arm Movements by Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Simmons Roger W. , Richardson Charles
Published: August 2011

Diabetic subjects completed a series of rapid, goal-directed arm movements under two conditions of unexpected external loading. Evaluation of electromyographic (EMG) patterns revealed that cocontraction and triphasic activity were predominantly associated with inertial and spring loading, respectively. During inertial load responses some EMG patterns indicated a modified cocontraction pattern. Response accuracy was unaffected by type of load but movement time was greater for the inertial load condition.
Aging and Serial List Picture Memory
Authors: Korsnes Maria S. , Gilinsky Alberta S.
Published: August 2011

List memory of 6 young and 6 older human adults was tested with lists of four visual items (black and white patterns and colored abstract paintings). We investigated the effects of varying the length of the recognition interval on the serial-position function for picture recognition in the two age groups. Increases in the retention interval showed a consistent modification of the shape of the serial-position function from a monotonically increasing function at the shortest interval to a monotonically decreasing function at the longest interval. The time course of these changes was faster for older adults than for young adults. Age differences in the length of the interval required for a shift in the serial-position functions from recency to primacy effects were strikingly similar to those previously found between young people and nonhuman species.
Teachers' Instructional Variables in Volleyball and Students' Improvement in Motor Skill
Authors: Gusthart J. Len , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teacher-related process variables as defined by the Qualitative Measures of Teacher Performance Scale and students' learning of three volleyball skills. Teachers of nine classes and 222 students were the subjects. Students were pretested and posttested on the forearm pass, underhand serve, and overhand pass. Aggregate motor scores (summed residuals) were established. Between the testing periods the students received eight lessons in the skills from their regular physical education teachers. All instruction was videotaped and later analyzed. Instructional process was based upon teachers' performance on the scale. Relationships were found between teachers' performance and students' learning for the residual serve, residual forearm pass, and summed residual scores.
Had They Attended a University: How Would They Have Liked to Have Been Remembered
Authors: Whitfield Michele , Cort Carol , Fallone Anthony , Baluch Bahman
Published: August 2011

50 women and 50 men in a town in the East of England were asked how they would have liked to have been remembered had they attended the university Women of both mature (37 to 41 years) and young ages (18 to 21 years) were more concerned about being remembered as popular than brilliant. A negligible number wished to be remembered as an athletic star. Men in young and mature groups were divided on the issues of brilliance, popularity, and athletic stars. The only statistically significant analysis concerned the differences between young men and women on the issues of brilliance and popularity. The results are discussed in relation to previous work on differences in attitudes amongst men and women in academic and nonacademic settings.
Differences in Neuropsychological Correlates between Normals and Those Experiencing “Old Hag Attacks”
Authors: Kettlewell Neil , Lipscomb Sara , Evans Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

240 university students were given The Cognitive Laterality Battery as well as a questionnaire, the answers to which were used to identify those who had experienced an “Old Hag Attack.” This refers to a hypnagogic sleep disorder in which there is paralysis and, quite often, terrifying hallucinations. Those suffering from this disorder showed a statistically significantly different profile of scores from normal subjects on The Cognitive Laterality Battery. The implications of this finding for existing theories concerning “Old Hag Attacks” are discussed.
Firearm Deaths and the Density of Firearms Dealers in America
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The per capita density of firearms dealers in the 48 continental states in 1990 was not associated with the states' age-adjusted firearm death rates for 1979–1987.
Relationship of Field Dependence/Independence with Learning Styles and Locus of Control among Registered Nurses
Authors: Murphy Patricia Helen
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relations among scores on field dependence/ independence, learning styles, and locus of control for 199 Registered Nurses. Hypotheses were that nurses with higher scores on field independence would score higher on internal locus of control and nurses with scores on concrete learning styles would score higher on field independence and internal locus of control. The Group Embedded Figures Test, Learning Style Inventory, and the Internal-External Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were administered. Analysis showed that nurses were field dependent, used the Reflective Observation mode of learning, displayed abstract and active learning styles, and scored as internal on the measure of locus of control.
TV Game Play and Obesity in Japanese School Children
Authors: Shimai Satoshi , Masuda Kimio , Yamada Fumio , Tada Masaoki
Published: August 2011

A survey conducted in 9 cities in Japan indicated for 1517 boys and 1546 girls there was more use of TV games for longer periods when children were classified as obese than when classified as moderate or lean. More boys than girls played although most children had experience and many owned TV game machines.
The Effect of the Audience on the Home Advantage
Authors: Salminen Simo
Published: August 2011

According to a social psychological model for the home advantage, a supportive audience encourages the home team to play up to potential, while an unsupportive audience has the opposite effect. The audience's biased behavior results in an increase in penalties on the visiting team. The model was tested by conducting a content analysis of 56 matches shown on Finnish television between July 1984 and March 1986. The content analysis of each match registered the audience's clear reactions ( N = 126), goals, and penalties over a 5-minute playing time. The results did not confirm our theoretical model. When the audience supported the home team, the team scored more points and made more fouls than the visiting team. At the same time, the home team also scored more points when the audience supported the visiting team.
A Measure of Homogeneity for Nominal Categorical Data
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

When dealing with nominal categorical data, homogeneity (dominance) is a characteristic of frequent interest. The present paper proposes a new measure of this characteristic. It is claimed to be superior to other available measures, especially with respect to its empirical properties.
A Cross-Cultural Test of the Two-Part Typology of Humor
Authors: McCullough Lynette S.
Published: August 2011

Ten humorous television advertisements were shown to 44 Finnish and 68 American university students to investigate whether Freud's two-part humor typology (tendencious/nontendencious) adequately represented the perceptions of both nationalities. Confirmatory factor analysis did not confirm the two-type structure for either nationality, and subsequent exploratory factor analysis indicated different humor perceptions for Finns and Americans Second-order factor analysis yielded an aggressive and a nonsense factor, which suggests that the more reductive two-part structure may exist across cultures.
The Optical-Geometrical Illusion “Corner Poggendorff” Re-Examined
Authors: Vicario Giovanni Bruno , Zambianchi Elena
Published: August 2011

In 1988 Greene noted, if a straight pair of obliques are drawn outside of two orthogonal lines, the segments appear to be angled slightly one relative to the other. This illusion, designated as “corner Poggendorff,” is different from the Poggendorff effect (the two obliques seem to lie on a parallel path). The results of the present experiments ( N = 76 students) suggest that the general conditions for the corner Poggendorff are similar to those for the Judd illusion.
Motion Parallax, Relative Size, and Benussi Effect
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Deni James R.
Published: August 2011

Many observers perceive depth when a configuration of nonconcentric circles is rotated on a disc. While it has been suggested by a number of investigators that motion parallax has a role in generating this phenomenon, the supporting data are equivocal. The current study proposed that the ambiguity regarding the role of motion parallax may have arisen because there are contradictions between relative size cues and motion parallax cues in the configuration of rotating circles. However, with 17 undergraduate observers, apparent depth was no more reliably reported with consistent cues of motion parallax and relative size than when these cues were contradictory.
Seasonality in Suicide and Economic Growth
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The seasonality of suicide in the USA was not correlated with the gross national product per capita from 1957–1986, unlike results reported from Japan.
Self-Concepts of Preschool Girls in a Preballet Program
Authors: Kozlowski Anne E.
Published: August 2011

The self-concepts of 10 5-yr.-old girls enrolled in a preballet program at a ballet school in Tulsa, Oklahoma for over one year were measured using the Purdue Self-concept Scale for Preschool Children. Their scores were compared against the scale's normative data for girls of similar age. A one-sample two-tailed t test showed girls' mean was 1 standard deviation above the normative population's mean, a significant difference. Preballet education may be an effective tool for enhancing self-concept, although selective factors may contribute also.
Children's Understanding of Facial Expression of Emotion: III. Adults' Categorical and Dimensional Responses to Children's Drawings
Authors: Moland Michael , Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: August 2011

49 adult subjects responded to 37 children's drawings of six emotions (happy, sad, angry, afraid, surprised, and disgusted) by naming the emotion depicted and by identifying the pleasantness and arousal status of each drawing. Various analyses indicated that assignment to categories could be predicted on the basis of ratings of pleasantness and arousal (the two key dimensions of a bipolar affect space). Data support the contention that emotional responses should not be assessed solely on the basis of literal accuracy but should rather be described in terms of their location in affect space.
Perception of Social Support and Blood Pressure in Young Men
Authors: Knox Sarah S.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the association between perceived social support, blood pressure, and heart rate during rest and stress. 29 men were selected from 184 students on the basis of having high and low perceived social support. During rest and two of the laboratory stressors, the low-support group had higher diastolic pressure than the high-support group. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate did not differ between the two groups during either rest or stress. The low-support group was slightly older (24.8 yr.) than the high-support group (22.4 yr.), but the groups did not differ with respect to parental history of hypertension, body mass index, smoking, anxiety, anger inhibition, or environmental stress.
Depressed Mood and Social Perception: A Cross-Cultural Replication
Authors: Bernieri Frank J. , Gillis John S.
Published: August 2011

For 49 Greek students rs of depression and accuracy of tracking the negative partner in a videotaped dyad replicated U.S. results.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXVIII: Effect of Computer Use on Depth Perception
Authors: Weiss Burton A. , Kimmel Dean , Stein Jonathan
Published: August 2011

30 computer users were tested first after work and then second both before and after periods of computer use. Subjects' depth perception ability was unaffected.
Microgenetic Process of Perception of Subjective Contour Using “Self-Sufficient”-Inducing Pattern
Authors: Takahashi Shin'ya
Published: August 2011

To investigate the operation of two figural cues of “alignment” and “incompletion” in the perception of subjective contour, the microgenetic process of perception of subjective contour was analyzed. Two inducing patterns were used, one with both “alignment” and “incompletion” cues and another with only an “alignment” cue. The latter was a simplified version of the “self-sufficient” pattern presented by Kanizsa in 1979 which induced no subjective contour under usual observation. These two patterns were tachistoscopically exposed for 10 to 70 msec, and four subjects rated the clarity of subjective contour on 240 trials. As a result, the rated clarity of subjective contour in the pattern with only an “alignment” cue showed a slight “inverted-U” function with a peak at 30 to 40 msec, as the duration of exposure increased, while that in the pattern with both cues increased monotonically. It was shown that, even in the “self-sufficient” pattern which induces no subjective contour under usual observation, the processing toward perception of subjective contour was generated at the early stage of the microgenetic process. The results also agree with this author's previous finding that “alignment” is active earlier in the processing of subjective contour than is “incompletion.”
Extraversion-Introversion and Spatial Intelligence
Authors: Dunn Annie , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether extraversion-introversion is related to spatial intelligence. First-year psychology students (58 men, 108 women) in an open-admission community college responded to a battery of black and white and color spatial ability tests, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. As hypothesized, a small but significant relationship was found between scores on extraversion and on the SEK Test (colored spatial test). Gender differences in performance on the spatial tests favored males. Scores on three of the Spatial Dimensionality Tests correlated significantly with those on the SEK Test. Recommendations include investigating the effect of a variety of spatial problems in combination with other personality variables.
Axiomatic Construction for Language Creativity and Self-Actualization
Authors: Dixon Paul W.
Published: August 2011

Piagetian theory views intellective development in children as the unfolding of the axioms which form the basis of symbolic logic through maturation and learning. The modern derivation of set theory from these axioms may be seen as a model of how we formulate valid inferences. The axiomatic construction of the aleph null as equal to 1, which may be derived from the Cantorian algebra, can be used to extend the axiomatic basis of propositional calculus seen as the epistemological root of human knowledge by Piaget. A central postulation regarding natural languages proposed by Chomsky is the creative aspect of language. This axiomatic construction for the Continuum Hypothesis of Gregor Cantor, which permits a nonconfirmatory decision regarding this hypothesis, may be generalized to account for the various aspects of creativity in personality theory, forming (as an extension to Piaget's theory) essential mechanisms of cognition, language behaviour, and self-actualization.
Effects of Elevating Blood Alcohol Levels on Tasks Related to Dart Throwing
Authors: Reilly T. , Scott J.
Published: August 2011

Light (0.02% BAC) and moderate (0.05% BAC) doses of alcohol were administered to 10 dart throwers while effects were monitored on tasks related to dart throwing, i.e., rotary pursuit and hand steadiness. Balance and accuracy of throwing improved with the 0.02% BAC, but performance was impaired with 0 05% BAC. The higher BAC levels were linked with deteriorations on rotary pursuit and hand steadiness.
Authoritarian Attitudes and Aesthetic Preferences: A Bulgarian Replication
Authors: Schneider Johann F. , Krumov Krum , Andrejeva Ludmilla , Kibarova Elka
Published: August 2011

This report describes a Bulgarian replication with 173 students of a German study concerning the effect of stimulus properties of complexity and order and authoritarian attitudes on the perceived pleasantness of polygons. Analyses of variance yielded neither significant main effects nor significant interactions for the different measures of authoritarianism, but there were significant main effects for order and complexity.
Self-Efficacy and Anxiety and Their Relationship to Training and Race Performance
Authors: Laguardia Rick , Labbé Elise E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of task-specific and general measures of physical self-efficacy in a competitive sports setting and how these measures relate to anxiety and actual running performance. 47 members of a running club and 16 members of a university track team completed measures assessing general and task-specific self-efficacy, anxiety, and training experience and were asked to run in three running events. Associations among these variables and running performance, examined by correlational and regression analyses, indicated that race finishing time was significantly related to a number of training variables, predicted performance, and measures of self-efficacy; however, state and trait anxiety were not significantly related to pace of race. Results suggest that a task-specific measure of self-efficacy is the better predictor of performance in a race than a general measure of self-efficacy.
Visuomotor Control of the Relative Movement of Random-Dot Patterns
Authors: Wüst Raimond M. , Kappers Astrid M. L. , Koenderink Jan J.
Published: August 2011

A series of experiments were made on human performance in controlling optical relative movement. The aim was to test the influence of different kinds of relative movement on visually controlled steering tasks. Within adjacent displays on a computer screen random dot patterns moved in a fixed direction at continually changing speeds (Exp. 1) or ar constant speed and in continually changing directions (Exp. 2). The subject was required to compensate for the unpredictable modulations of the pattern movement by means of an isometric joystick. The task was to adjust relative movements involving pure translation, symmetric convergence, divergence, or shear. Analysis indicated that the task performance was not dependent on the special kind of relative movement. However, performance was significandy higher in tasks where directionally disturbed relative movement had to be controlled compared to those situations in which relative movement varied with respect to speed.
Adults' Free-Form Identification of Emotions from Children's Descriptions of Their Antecedents: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M. , D'Elia Paola
Published: August 2011

50 adult subjects identified resultant emotions for 28 children's statements of antecedents to emotion in an open-ended task. Responses were scored along the dimensions of evaluation and activation by the Dictionary of Affect in Language, and a priori expectations with respect to evaluation (happy, proud, comfortable > sad, afraid, guilty, angry) and activation (sad, comfortable < angry, happy, proud, afraid, guilty) were confirmed. The importance of a dimensional approach to the study of emotion is highlighted in the discussion.
Rates of Mental Illness and Suicide by State
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Rates of suicide and homicide were not associated with published rates of schizophrenia in 1950 over the continental states of America.
New Directions in Education Perceived by 590 Virginia Teachers
Authors: Simpson Madeline L. , Cristo Mary G. , Gibbons Robert D.
Published: August 2011

Teachers' self-assessments of professional performance were investigated, their perceptions of stress factors operating in the classroom, and their recommendations for needed remediation. 1546 teachers' self-portrait questionnaires were given in 1984 to Virginia teachers of five public school districts. Of those returned 38% were useable. 1400 of the 18-item version of Cichon and Koff's 1979 Teaching Events Stress Inventory, taken from the original self-portrait questionnaire, were redistributed in 1988 to teachers of the same school districts. Of those returned 43% were useable. Analysis showed consensus among teachers on (1) perceived teaching competence, (2) need for increasing collaboration among administrators, teachers, and parents, and (3) strategies recommended for improvement of teaching and learning.
When Children Talk about the Causes of Their Emotions, How Well Do Adults and other Children Understand Which Emotion They are Talking about?
Authors: Bortolotti Sherry , D'Elia Paola , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

100 subjects from Grade 2, Grade 5, and university levels decoded statements describing the antecedents of seven emotions produced by Kindergarten and Grade 8 students. The experiment was designed to determine whether adults and different children could correctly identify the emotions whose causes were being described by the children. Accuracy in decoding increased with age of decoder, but subjects from Grade 2 were better at decoding statements made by Kindergarten children while adults were better at decoding statements produced by Grade 8 subjects. Even for statements generated by Kindergarten children, however, adults were better decoders than subjects from Grades 2 or 5. The emotions of happiness and comfort were decoded most accurately, those of anger and guilt least accurately. Several other significant effects are reported, involving the age of origin, the age of respondent, and sex of origin and emotion. A cognitive developmental theory such as Piaget's is selected as best explaining the results reported above.
Proprioceptive Responses under Rising and Falling BACs: A Test of the Mellanby Effect
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Nicholson Mary E. , Mahoney Beverly S. , Li Yuhua , Perko Mike A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined proprioceptive responses under equivalent rising and falling blood alcohol concentrations (BAC), using a repeated-measures design. Seven volunteer subjects, 21 to 35 years of age, participated in the study. After alcohol consumption, BAC readings were obtained every 5 minutes, and the proprioceptive responses were measured at the following BAC levels (in %): 0 (baseline), rising 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, falling 0.075, and 0.05. The analysis focused on the comparisons of these measures at the equivalent rising and falling 0.05% and at the 0.075% BACs. Results showed that the proprioceptive response was less accurate during the rising than the falling BACs.
Public Preferences for Residences: Precode, Code Minimum, and Avant-Garde Architectural Styles
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Previous experiments using the method of psychophysical scaling on public preferences for residential styles indicated that residences designed to meet the planning code were judged to be less pleasant than the average pleasantness of a random sample of the city's residences and just as pleasant as architectural avant-garde projects. However, the size of the stimulus sample in that previous experiment was too small to detect contrasts among precode, code minimum, and avant-garde projects. In this experiment the size of the stimulus sample was increased. Statistically significant contrasts were found, indicating that the avant-garde residences were judged to be more pleasant than the planning code minimum and the precode residences.
Gender Differences in Locus of Control Scores for Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael L.
Published: August 2011

The present investigation examined gender differences on locus of control scores for students with learning disabilities. Scores from two measures of locus of control, the adult version of the Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire, were compared for 77 boys ( M age = 16.3 yr., M IQ = 89.5) and 27 girls ( M age = 16.4 yr. and M IQ = 91.2). As groups were of unequal sizes, differences between scores were assessed by an analysis of unweighted means, creating a single harmonic mean and homogeneous subsets for all tests. Significant differences were found by gender on the Nowicki-Strickland inventory. On all assessments girls' means were more external than boys'. These results are discussed in light of recent findings concerning gender and positive adult outcomes for learners with learning disabilities and in relation to gender stereotyping and discrimination.
The Statistics of Agreement on a Single Item or Object by Multiple Raters
Authors: Szalai John Paul
Published: August 2011

Kappa on a single item Ksi is proposed as a measure of the interrater agreement when a single item or object is rated by multiple raters. A statistical test and Monte Carlo simulations are provided for testing the statistical significance of Ksi beyond chance agreement.
The Sex Ratio in Samples of Attempted and Completed Suicides over Time
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The sex ratio in 45 samples of attempted suicides in the USA from 1940 to 1980 was not associated with the sex ratio in American completed suicides for the rime periods of the samples of suicide attempters.
Ascending-Descending Threshold Difference and Internal Subjective Judgment in CFF Measurements of Depressed Patients before and after Clinical Improvement
Authors: Ghozlan A. , Widlöcher D.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure, using the method of limits, the ascending-descending threshold difference, Δ = fa - fd, in subjects with major depression. 28 patients were given two sessions, one before treatment and the other after recovery. Mean values of Δ measured in the second session were significantly smaller than those scored before treatment. The two sets of values were positively correlated. The ascending-descending threshold difference was suggested previously as likely related to the internal subjective judgment of subjects. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis of a more conservative response criterion in depressed patients before than after clinical improvement.
Analyzing a Two-Factor within-Subjects Design Using Mystat
Authors: Rein Judith A.
Published: August 2011

MYSTAT is used to analyze a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures on both factors without running out of memory. The simple solution is executing the analysis in successive batches versus a simultaneous block.
Protocol Analysis of Multistage Decision Strategies
Authors: Takemura Kazuhisa
Published: August 2011

The main purpose of this study was to examine multistage decision strategies in a decision task with different numbers of alternatives and attributes 25 university student subjects were informed about seven different decision strategies while making decisions in several experimental conditions and were asked to report the use of the strategies. A protocol analysis indicated that decision strategies changed over time and that multistage decision strategies were more frequently observed on the task for which the numbers of alternatives and attributes were larger.
The Quality of Life in Urban Areas and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

26 counties in the USA in 1980 with the highest suicide rates had a higher quality of life than 22 counties with the lowest suicide rates.
Cognitive Functioning in Male Polydrug Abusers with and without Family History of Alcoholism
Authors: Rodríguez Marina
Published: August 2011

We investigated the family history of alcoholism as a potential contributor to cognitive dysfunction in polydrug abusers. A sample of 62 male polydrug users whose main drug of use was heroin included no one with which comorbid antisocial behavior varied by family history of alcoholism. They were compared on a battery of cognitive tests. Polydrug users with positive histories tended to perform worse on several cognitive measures than those with negative family histories, but these tendencies were not statistically significant. The current findings support the hypothesis that cognitive deficiencies observed in previous studies of persons with positive family histories of alcoholism may, in part, be attributable to a failure to exclude individuals with diagnoses of antisocial behavior.
Correlations among Creativity, Intelligence, Personality, and Academic Achievement
Authors: Sen Arun K. , Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted with 300 students in Grade 11 to examine the relationships among creativity, intelligence, personality, and academic achievement. Analysis showed significant positive relations of creativity with some personality dimensions (extraversion, theoretical, and aesthetic value pattern) and scholastic achievement. The relation between creativity and intelligence was nonsignificant.
Recognizing Suicides from Photographs
Authors: Lester David , Fraser Diane , Turoff Monique
Published: August 2011

45 female and 25 male students were unable to guess from photographs with an accuracy better than chance which people had died from suicide.
Dance Experiences Associated with Body-Image and Personality among College Students: A Comparison of Dancers and Nondancers
Authors: Radell Sally A. , Adame Daniel D. , Johnson Thomas C. , Cole Steven P.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed associations among measures of body-image and locus of control for 32 college students in dance classes and 26 students enrolled in a personal health class over a 16-wk. semester. Students took the Winstead and Cash 54-item short-form Body Self-relations Questionnaire and the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale. For locus of control there was a statistically significant main effect for time. Over-all, subjects scored as more internally oriented from pretest to posttest. However, there was a significant interaction; dancers scored more internally on locus of control at pretest than nondancers, but at posttest there were no significant differences between groups. For the Fitness Evaluation subscale of body-image there was a statistically significant interaction. Dancers had lower Fitness Evaluation scores at pretest than the nondancers but at posttest there were no significant differences between the groups. For Fitness Orientation there was a significant main effect for time. Subjects at pretest had higher Fitness Orientation scores than at posttest. For the Health Evaluation subscale of body-image there was a significant main effect for time. Over-all, subjects at pretest had higher Health Evaluation scores than at post-test.
Visual Figure-Ground and Perceptual Stability
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: August 2011

A conceptual model that relates all forms of multistable figures is presented. It has the form of a tetrahedron whose faces and edges represent the variables of information contained in the ground, in the figure-ground relationship, in the extent of organization of the ground, and meaningfulness.
Comparison among Various Methods of Assessment of Impulsiveness
Authors: Carrillo-de-la-Peña M. T. , Otero J. M. , Romero E.
Published: August 2011

The current confused status of the research on impulsivity may be attributed to the lack of precise definitions, the reliance of most operationalizations on a single index, and inconsistency among different measures of the construct. Empirical measurements of impulsivity by self-reports, rating scales, or performance tasks suggest that the instruments employed measure aspects that have very little in common, a finding that throws serious doubts on the validity of the construct and implies a need for further research. To clarify this topic, we applied four different measures of impulsivity to 46 7th-grade (12 to 13 years old) schoolchildren. The children were rated by their teachers on an impulsivity behavior scale and were administered Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test, Version MFF-20, and two self-report forms, the Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Although the results confirmed the lack of convergence among these measures, high latencies on matching were associated with the cognitive aspect of the self-report scales. Treating impulsivity as a multidimensional construct is discussed.
Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric Data Documenting Shifts from Prior Norms in Field Independence of Accountants
Authors: Bernardi Richard A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the performance of 516 practicing accountants on the Group Embedded Figures Test. The present accountants scored significantly more field-independent than the published test norms and the 124 accountants in Pincus's 1985 sample. Significant differences were also noted between traditional (entry immediately following college at age 22) and delayed-entry (late entry or second career) accountants. Gender differences noted in the norms were not observed for the current sample.
Knowledge Maps and Spatial-Verbal Processing: A Temporal Analysis
Authors: Hall Richard H. , Blair Rose
Published: August 2011

The present experiment served as an initial empirical investigation of the spatial-verbal processing model of Dansereau and colleagues. The model was developed as a framework for elucidating the processes associated with the acquisition of information from spatial text displays (e.g., knowledge maps). The assumptions of the model lead to the contention that main ideas (processed mainly through spatial channels) act to cross-cue details (processed mainly through verbal channels). Moreover, this main idea-detail relationship can be expected to differ as a function of the temporal nature of acquisition (i.e., initial comprehension, encoding/storage, and recall/utilization). Participants in the present experiment were divided into two experimental groups, map and text. Both groups studied a passage of information over the autonomic nervous system and completed recall tests after a 5-min. overview, after studying for 30 min., and two days after the completion of studying. Those in the map group studied the information in the form of knowledge maps, while those in the text group studied traditional text. Recall results indicated that retention of details did not decay from initial to delayed recall, while the retention of main ideas did. Further, the main idea-detail relationship was mediated by the temporal nature of recall and experimental group. Main ideas and details were strongly related initially but not on subsequent recall for the map group, while just the opposite was the case for the text group.
Conservatism and Gender in the Perception of Sex-Roles in Television Advertisements
Authors: Melville Dennis J. A. , Cornish Ian M.
Published: August 2011

On the Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory, scores of 25 men and 25 women undergraduates showed no sex difference on conservatism when judging perceptions of sex-roles in televised advertisements, although the means on Dominance for men indicated women were perceived as subordinate.
Magnitude and Reliability of Measurements of Muscle Strength across Trials for Individuals with Mental Retardation
Authors: Horvat Michael , Croce Ron , Roswal Glenn
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the magnitude and reliability of strength measures on the Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester for individuals with mental retardation. 17 subjects were given six trials with the dominant and nondominant flexor and extensor muscle groups. No significant differences were found between dominant and nondominant muscle groups by side or by muscle group. Interclass correlations ranged from .96 to .98 for six and three trials, respectively. It was concluded that the test was appropriate for reliably assessing strength in this population and that these individuals can achieve a sufficient magnitude on three trials for a reliable measure of strength.
Leaders' Gender-Role as a Correlate of Subordinates' Perceptions of Effectiveness and Satisfaction
Authors: Hackman Michael Z. , Hills Marylyn J. , Paterson Tracey J. , Furniss Alison H.
Published: August 2011

This research investigated the relationship between perceived gender-role characteristics, satisfaction with leadership, and evaluation of leadership effectiveness. Subjects were 184 students in a first-year management course at a New Zealand polytechnic. A significant positive correlation obtained between perceived feminine and masculine characteristics and satisfaction with leadership, but results were mixed for the correlation of gender-role characteristics with effectiveness. Masculinity was perceived as effective for both male and female leaders, whereas femininity was perceived as effective only when shown by male leaders. Female subordinates perceived leaders as less effective when displaying feminine gender-role characteristics.
WISC—R IQ Estimates from the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Boyd Thomas A. , Hooper Stephen R.
Published: August 2011

Multiple regression equations predicting WISC—R IQs from Luria-Nebraska T scores and subjects' chronological age were developed and cross-validated on a total sample of 152 adolescent psychiatric patients. Data from a randomly drawn subsample of 100 subjects were entered into three stepwise multiple-regression analyses to derive equations predicting WISC—R IQs. These equations were applied to the remaining subsample ( n = 52) as were the equations developed by McKay, et al. (1981) for estimating adult WAIS IQs. Mean differences, correlations, and classification hit rates between the two sets of predicted IQs and the actual WISC—R IQs were examined. Findings were similar to those of previous studies examining the predictive relationship between the Luria-Nebraska and adult intelligence. As expected, chronological age entered significantly into all three stepwise multiple-regression analyses. The newly derived equations had significantly higher correlations with the WISC—R for Verbal and Full Scale IQs and significantly better predictive accuracy for Full Scale IQ. Rates of IQ misclassification warrant caution in the use of these methods, but it is concluded that the equations derived here predict about as well as do short forms of the WISC—R.
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children Receiving Stimulant Medications
Authors: Risser Marcia G. , Bowers Thomas G.
Published: August 2011

10 children receiving stimulant medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were compared to normal children on cognitive and neuropsychological dimensions in a pilot study. When compared with 10 normal children the ADHD children showed significant differences on cognitive measures, including the Wechsler Developmental Index, the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test, and the Benton Revised Visual Retention Test. Elevated levels of polyspike EEG activity were also noted for these children. Analysis suggested that ADHD children receiving stimulant medications may have persisting neuropsychological difficulty. Further research on the neuropsychological correlates of ADHD seems warranted.
Fathers' Knowledge of Development and Involvement with Preschool Children
Authors: Bailey William T.
Published: August 2011

Knowledge of development and parental involvement of 11 fathers of 3-yr.-olds were studied. Knowledge, particularly knowledge of normal development, was related to social involvement, but involvement in routine care was not related to either measure. The direction and cause are indeterminate.