bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
YIELD BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF DARI OPTIMASI PIROLISIS SAMPAH PLASTIK POLYPROPYLENE
Authors: LA ODE MOHAMMAD FIRMAN  , Maulana Eka , Panjaitan Gompar
Published: July 2019

Sampah plastik polypropylene yang diperoses secara pirolisis merupakan proses dekomposisi senyawa organik yang terdapat dalam plastik melalui proses pemanasan dengan sedikit atau tanpa keikutsertaan oksigen.  Senyawa hidrokarbon rantai panjang diubah menjadi rantai pendek. Suhu rata-rata plastik menjadi bahan bakar minyak 120 oC sampai 135oC dioptimasi dengan reaktor semi batch dan kondensor type vertical dimana umpan 1,000 gram menghasilkan minyak 782 ml dan konsumsi bahan bakar 0.284 kg sampai 0.3 kg tanpa pemanasan awal dan 0.15 kg sampai 0.18 kg dengan pemanasan awal. Kadar oktan 67.3 sampai 78.6 untuk hasil minyak yang dicapai. Yield proses pirolisis dipengaruhi: Jenis plastik, kebersihan plastik dan area plastik yang dimasukkan kedalam reaktor, efek suhu dan laju pemanasan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian kinerja alat pirolisis dengan menggunakan sampah plastik polypropylene yaitu panas yang hilang pada alat dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pemanas awal untuk mengurangi pemakaian awal bahan bakar, yaitu berat bahan bakar LPG yang diperlukan dari 0,284 kg menjadi 0,172 kg, Plastik polypropylene dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar minyak dengan metode destilasi vertikal dan hasil minyak setelah pengujian Lembaga yang berkompeten LEMIGAS mencapai angka oktan 78.6, Yield proses pirolisis dipengaruhi oleh jenis plastik dan kondisi plastik yang harus bersih, Minyak yang didapat mencapai 78.6 % dari kondensor 1 dan 2, Laju produksi destilasi minyak 22.46 gr/menit, Waktu pirolisis semakin lama, produk yang dihasilkan yieldnya semakin tinggi, Pressure drop -7bar yang rendah menyebabkan minyak hasil pirolisis keluar dari kondensor lebih lama dan kuantitasnya besar.
The theory of literature as a declaration of love
Authors: Mihet Marius
Published: July 2019

In Frumoasa necunoscută. Literatura și paradoxurile teoriei, Carmen Mușat analyzes and systemizes the relational character of literature and the discourses on literature. She revisits famous notions of modernity which can be capitalized on in our current context, where we speak of the death of the author and even the end of literary theory. In all of the approaches that she takes in the book, the author is certain that the theorist and his presence in the world retain a valid purpose, as they can counterargue, wherever the case may be, and justify the beauty of literature from novel points of view. Frumoasa necunoscutăpresents to us an inventory for an ideal way to look upon the world and literature. Carmen Mușat is a researcher who is up to date with the most sophisticated conceptual systems. The result of this is a narration under the form of a complex declaration of love for literature and the paradoxes of theory.
Pengaruh promosi gizi di sekolah terhadap pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku tentang konsumsi air pada anak sekolah dasar di Kota Yogyakarta
Authors: Yuliati Endri , Kandarina BJ. Istiti , Sudargo Toto
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang: Air merupakan zat gizi penyusun cairan intrasel dan ekstrasel, tetapi pemenuhan kebutuhannya sering dikesampingkan. Kurang air minum berdampak negatif pada fisik dan mental. Sekolah termasuk lingkungan terdekat anak sehingga berpotensi sebagai tempat memperbaiki perilaku anak. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh model promosi gizi di sekolah dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku terkait konsumsi air minum anak. Metode: Penelitian kuasi eksperimen ini menggunakan rancangan pre and post with control group design yang dilaksanakan di sekolah dasar di Kota Yogyakarta. Pemilihan sekolah dilakukan dengan multistage random sampling. Setiap dua sekolah menerima salah satu bentuk promosi gizi berikut: A) pendidikan gizi dengan pembelajaran aktif dan pembiasaan (n=70) dan B) pembiasaan (n=65). Pendidikan gizi disampaikan oleh peneliti selama tiga minggu dengan frekuensi 1 kali per minggu. Pembiasaan dilakukan selama dua minggu berupa meminta anak untuk membawa minuman dari rumah dan minum bersama-sama sebelum pelajaran dimulai dan ketika akan pulang sekolah. Pengetahuan dan sikap tentang minum diukur dengan kuesioner sedangkan perilaku diukur dari volume konsumsi air minum dengan tiga hari fluid record. Data prepost dianalisis dengan uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank. Perbedaan kedua kelompok diuji dengan Mann Whitney. Hasil: Peningkatan pengetahuan hanya terjadi pada kelompok A, yaitu sebesar 1,13 (p<0,05). Untuk sikap dan perilaku terkait air minum tidak mengalami peningkatan yang bermakna setelah intervensi, yaitu berturut-turut untuk kelompok A dan B dari 1.137,74+432,32 dan 1.234,10+509,51 menjadi 1.119+404,87 dan 1.170+513,63 ml. Kesimpulan: Promosi gizi dengan metode pembelajaran aktif dan pembiasaan dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa, tetapi belum dapat meningkatkan sikap dan perilaku siswa terkait konsumsi air.
Mestizaje técnico de la guitarra española y popular en el acompañamiento del pasillo canción del Ecuador
Authors: Figueroa Solano Marco Fernando
Published: July 2019

En la actualidad, el pasillo canción continúa siendo el género musical preferido por la mayoría de los ecuatorianos; ha sido adaptado a versiones que han permitido nuevamente popularizarlo. La guitarra forma parte fundamental en el acompañamiento de los pasillos canción. Por ello, en la presente investigación se pretende exponer algunas características técnicas populares y académicas que contribuyeron con un mestizaje musical para la interpretación del pasillo canción en la guitarra.
Estrategia para mejorar la experiencia en calentamiento vocal para niños de ocho años inspirados en Dalcroze, Kodaly y Orff
Authors: Nazareno Moscoso Gabriela Andrea
Published: July 2019

El presente artículo tiene como finalidad proponer estrategias que propicien una mejor realización del calentamiento vocal de los niños, inspirados en las diferentes herramientas que nos proporcionan los métodos como Dalcroze, Kodaly y Orff. La combinación de los distintos métodos enriquecerá las experiencias que los niños obtengan en el calentamiento vocal, todos los mencionados métodos aportan ricamente a la enseñanza de la música, teniendo como objeto la experiencia y el desarrollo musical de los niños.
Cada uno de los seres humanos percibe y vivencia la música de diferente manera, pero al fin sigue siendo aprendizaje musical vivencial y significativo; no se puede obviar la individualidad de los niños, porque esta individualidad fortalece su aprendizaje, siendo el niño el constructor de su conocimiento, por lo tanto, el calentamiento vocal debe realizase de manera práctica, versátil y finalmente efectiva. Con el fin de que la sesión de calentamiento sea significativa, se deben preparar ejercicios que traten retos vocales y ejercicios específicos, de esta manera el calentamiento vocal se tornará divertido y ameno; el objetivo del programa debe ser planteado de manera clara, y al momento de ejecutar dichos ejercicios, estos deberán estar vinculados al mismo, con el fin de que el aprendizaje se convierta en significativo y cumpla con la enseñanza prevista.
Tendencias internacionales en materia de política educativa
Authors: Díaz Mendoza Emilio José
Published: July 2019

La globalización es uno de los fenómenos contemporáneos que han influenciado diferentes facetas de la cultura contemporánea, y la educación no se ha escapado de esta influencia, la cual ha tenido su aporte positivo, como la promoción de la calidad educativa, la promoción de estándares internacionales que permiten colocar a los países latinoamericanos a la par de los requerimientos de actualidad en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, especialistas variados concuerdan en que entre los desafíos de la región está el desarrollo de nuevas políticas educativas, tendientes al desenvolvimiento de forma equitativa de programas para alcanzar en manera global una educación digna y de calidad para los pueblos latinoamericanos.
Entre los retos actuales que enfrenta la educación están la equidad educativa, la universalización del ciclo básico de enseñanza para la población menos favorecida, la disminución de las tasas de repitencia y deserción escolar, todo sumado a la incorporación de NTIC, y el fortalecimiento de los vínculos con los mercados laborales, la apropiación de la ciudadanía de una conciencia de conciliación entre identidad local y globalización (Cornejo, 2012); por consiguiente, son muchos los desafíos a los que se enfrenta la educación.
Situación fiscal de la educación superior en Colombia. Una política de estado para apoyar la ignorancia y el desconocimiento de un derecho humano
Authors: Carreño Arroyave Edilberto
Published: July 2019

En un país como Colombia, dividido en extremas de pensamiento político, donde difícilmente no se educa para el redescubrimiento del equilibrio, es extraño que el distanciamiento de toda la sociedad se reduzca ante la crisis de la educación superior, por falta de recursos, especialmente el presupuesto que debiera destinarse para el funcionamiento e investigación propios de la educación pública dentro de un Estado Social de Derecho.
El presente artículo surge de un ejercicio de reflexión sobre la seguridad jurídica en las actuaciones del Estado desde la ausencia de recursos. Para su desarrollo se realizaron la revisión y análisis dentro de la esfera y validez del presupuesto nacional 2019, Sector Educación, y cuyo deficiente rubro conlleva una inconformidad del colectivo social, no olvidando que la educación superior por encontrarse inmersa en el derecho a la educación, goza del reconocimiento y categorización desde el derecho internacional como derecho humano.
Divers or Divas? A Market Analysis of the Mature Aged Female Diver: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Gregory Sally F. , Edney Joanne
Published: July 2019

If you ask the average person to describe a scuba diver, you would probably receive comments such as strong, young, athletic, male, and a bit of a daredevil. However, recent research into the highest growth sector of diver training reveals women over 40 are signing on for dive training
in unprecedented numbers. Dive service providers and tourist destination promoters may be missing opportunities to market effectively to attract this dynamic group, using a "one size fits all" approach and potentially losing sales opportunities for equipment, courses, dive travel, and more.
This study examines the mature aged female diver, revealing new demographic data, information about their dive travel preferences, how much they spend on diving holidays, and other information useful to dive and tourism industry stakeholders. A web-based survey was used to study 111 female
divers over age 40. The average age of participants was 51 to 55, and most had logged over 100 dives. The results depicted participants as a vibrant part of the diving community, with money to spend and the desire to travel. Safety in dive operations was identified as a priority as was small-group
travel. Spending over $500 a day on international diving trips, they represent an untapped and lucrative market segment. This study aims to contribute new insight into this dynamic and motivated market segment. Findings will assist dive tourism service providers and destination marketers
to better understand this segment, to create attractive products and services to tap into this lucrative market.
Changes: The Past, Present, and Future of the Nearby Dwarf Galaxy NGC 55∗

†
Authors: Davidge T. J.
Published: July 2019

Spectra that cover wavelengths from 0.6 to 1.1 μm are used to examine the behavior of emission and absorption features in a contiguous 22 × 300 arcsec2 region centered on the nearby dwarf galaxy NGC 55. This area includes the two largest star-forming complexes in the galaxy, as well as other star-forming structures in the little-explored northwest part of the disk. Based on the relative strengths of various emission features measured over spatial scales of many tens of parsecs, it is concluded that the ionization states and sulphur abundances in most of the star-forming regions near the center of NGC 55 are similar. A large star-forming region is identified in the northwest part of the disk at a projected distance of ∼1 kpc from the center of the galaxy that has distinct ionization properties. In addition to tracing areas of present-day star formation, the spectra are also used to identify fossil star-forming regions by mapping the depth of the near-infrared Ca triplet. One such area is identified near the intersection of the major and minor axes. There is a corresponding concentration of bright red stars in archival [3.6] and [4.5] images that are part of a mass concentration that is structurally distinct from the surrounding disk. It is suggested that the area near the intersection of the major and minor axes in NGC 55 is a proto-nucleus. The spectra of bright unresolved sources that are blended stellar asterisms, compact H ii regions, and star clusters are also discussed. The spectra of some of the H ii regions contain Ca triplet absorption lines, signaling a concentration of stars in the resolution element that span many millions of years. Six of the unresolved sources have spectroscopic characteristics that are indicative of C stars embedded in intermediate-age clusters, and these are likely compact star clusters that are analogous to those in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The peculiar properties of NGC 55 have been well documented in the literature, and it is argued that these may indicate that NGC 55 is transforming into a dwarf lenticular galaxy.
Properties of the Interstellar Medium along Sight Lines to Nearby Planet-hosting Stars*
Authors: Edelman Eric , Redfield Seth , Linsky Jeffrey L. , Wood Brian E. , Müller Hans
Published: July 2019

We analyze the high-resolution ultraviolet spectra of three nearby exoplanet host stars (HD 192310, HD 9826, and HD 206860) to study interstellar properties along their lines of sight and to search for the presence of astrospheric absorption. Using the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra of the Lyα, Mg ii, and Fe ii lines, we identify three interstellar velocity components in the lines of sight to each star. We can reliably assign eight of the nine components to partially ionized clouds found by Redfield & Linsky (2008) on the basis of the star’s location in Galactic coordinates and agreement of measured radial velocities with velocities predicted from the cloud velocity vectors. None of the stars show blueshifted absorption indicative of an astrosphere, implying that the stars are in regions of ionized interstellar gas. Coupling astrospheric and local interstellar medium measurements is necessary to evaluate the host star electromagnetic and particle flux, which have profound impacts on the atmospheres of their orbiting planets. We present a table of all known exoplanets located within 20 pc of the Sun, listing their interstellar properties and velocities predicted from the local cloud velocity vectors.
Bivariate Luminosity Function of Galaxy Pairs
Authors: Feng 冯 Shuai 帅 , Shen 沈 Shi-Yin 世银 , Yuan 袁 Fang-Ting 方婷 , Luo 罗 A-Li 阿理 , Zhang 张 Jian-Nan 健楠 , Wang 汪 Meng-Xin 梦欣 , Wang 汪 Xia 霞 , Li 李 Yin-Bi 荫碧 , Hou 侯 Wen 文 , Kong 孔 Xiao 啸 , Guo 郭 Yan-Xin 炎鑫 , Zuo 左 Fang 芳
Published: July 2019

We measure the bivariate luminosity function (BLF) of galaxy pairs and use it to probe and characterize the galaxy–galaxy interaction between pair members. The galaxy pair sample is selected from the main galaxy sample of Sloan Digital Sky Survey and supplied with a significant number of redshifts from the LAMOST spectral and GAMA surveys. We find the BLFs depend on the projected distance d
p between pair members. At large separation d
p > 150 h
−1 kpc, the BLF degenerates into a luminosity function of single galaxies, indicating few interactions between pair members. At 100 h
−1 kpc ≤ d
p ≤ 150 h
−1 kpc, the BLF starts to show a correlation between pair members, in the sense that the shape of the conditional luminosity function (CLF) of one member galaxy starts to depend on the luminosity of the other member galaxy. Specifically, the CLF with a brighter companion has a steeper faint-end slope, which becomes even more significant at 50 h
−1 kpc ≤ d
p ≤ 100 h
−1 kpc. This behavior is consistent with the scenario—and also is the observational evidence—that dynamic friction drives massive major merger pairs to merge more quickly. At close distance d
p ≤ 50 h
−1 kpc, aside from the merging timescale effect, the BLF also shows an overall brightening of ΔM

r
 ≥ 0.04 mag, which reveals the enhanced star formation of the close-pair phase. By combining this with the statistical conclusion that the star formation rate of late-type galaxies in close pairs is enhanced at a level of about 40%, we further conclude that the average starburst timescale of close pairs is as long as 0.4 Gyr.
An Observational Link between AGN Eddington Ratio and [N ii]λ6583/Hα at 0.6 < z < 1.7
Authors: Oh Kyuseok , Ueda Yoshihiro , Akiyama Masayuki , Suh Hyewon , Koss Michael J. , Kashino Daichi , Hasinger Günther
Published: July 2019

We present an observed relationship between the Eddington ratio (λ
Edd) and the optical narrow-emission-line ratio ([N ii]λ6583/Hα) of X-ray-selected broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at 0.6 < z < 1.7. We use 27 near-infrared spectra from the Fiber Multi-Object Spectrograph along with 26 sources from the literature. We show that the λ
Edd and [N ii]λ6583/Hα ratio at 0.6 < z < 1.7 exhibits a similar anti-correlation distribution of λ
Edd−[N ii]λ6583/Hα, as has been found for local (

), ultra-hard, X-ray-selected AGNs. The observed distribution implies that there is a consistent relationship from local to z ∼ 1.7, which corresponds from the present time to 4 Gyr old. Further study of high-redshift, low-Eddington-ratio AGNs (log λ
Edd < −2) is necessary to determine fully whether the λ
Edd−[N ii]λ6583/Hα anti-correlation still holds in high-redshift AGNs at low Eddington ratios.
Energy-conserving Relativistic Corrections to Strong-shock Propagation
Authors: Coughlin Eric R.
Published: July 2019

Astrophysical explosions are accompanied by the propagation of a shockwave through an ambient medium. Depending on the mass and energy involved in the explosion, the shock velocity V can be nonrelativistic (V ≪ c, where c is the speed of light), ultrarelativistic (V ≃ c), or moderately relativistic (V ∼ few × 0.1c). While self-similar energy-conserving solutions to the fluid equations that describe the shock propagation are known in the nonrelativistic (the Sedov–Taylor blastwave) and ultrarelativistic (the Blandford–McKee blastwave) regimes, the finite speed of light violates scale invariance and self-similarity when the flow is only mildly relativistic. By treating relativistic terms as perturbations to the fluid equations, here we derive the

, energy-conserving corrections to the nonrelativistic Sedov–Taylor solution for the propagation of a strong shock. We show that relativistic terms modify the post-shock fluid velocity, density, pressure, and the shock speed itself, the latter being constrained by global energy conservation. We derive these corrections for a range of post-shock adiabatic indices γ (which we set as a fixed number for the post-shock gas) and ambient power-law indices n, where the density of the ambient medium ρ
a into which the shock advances declines with spherical radius r as ρ
a ∝ r
−n
. For Sedov–Taylor blastwaves that terminate in a contact discontinuity with diverging density, we find that there is no relativistic correction to the Sedov–Taylor solution that simultaneously satisfies the fluid equations and conserves energy. These solutions have implications for relativistic supernovae, the transition from ultra- to subrelativistic velocities in gamma-ray bursts, and other high-energy phenomena.
Self-organized Criticality in Solar and Stellar Flares: Are Extreme Events Scale-free?
Authors: Aschwanden Markus J.
Published: July 2019

We search for outliers in extreme events of statistical size distributions of astrophysical data sets, motivated by the Dragon-King hypothesis of Sornette, which suggests that the most extreme events in a statistical distribution may belong to a different population, and thus may be generated by a different physical mechanism, in contrast to the strict power-law behavior of self-organized criticality models. Identifying such disparate outliers is important for space weather predictions. Possible physical mechanisms to produce such outliers could be generated by sympathetic flaring. However, we find that Dragon-King events are not common in solar and stellar flares, identified in 4 out of 25 solar and stellar flare data sets only. Consequently, small, large, and extreme flares are essentially scale-free and can be modeled with a single physical mechanism. In very large data sets (N ≳ 104) we find significant deviations from ideal power laws in almost all data sets. Nevertheless, the fitted power-law slopes constrain physical scaling laws in terms of flare areas and volumes, which have the highest nonlinearity in their scaling laws.
Do natural disturbances have significant effects on sandy beach macrofauna of Southeastern Brazil?
Authors: Costa Leonardo Lopes , Machado Phillipe Mota , Zalmon Ilana Rosental
Published: July 2019

The role of morphodynamic features such as grain size, swash climate and wave action on the macrofauna of beaches are well-known. However, few studies have investigated natural disturbances as potential drivers of temporal community variations. In southeastern Brazil, we sampled the intertidal macrofauna of two sandy beaches to test whether seasonal disturbances as the frequency of storm wave events (SWE) and rainfall have significant influence on their composition and abundance. The macrofauna assemblage differed significantly between the rainy and the dry seasons, but rainfall was not the main driver of community changes, although both beaches are in the vicinity of extensive river plumes. Actually, SWE explained most macrofauna richness overtime, with positive effects. Our results point to the importance of learning more about the effects of poorly studied disturbances on macrofaunal communities, and based on them we strongly recommend including these seasonal phenomena when monitoring sandy beaches.
Strategies for Meaningful Collaboration in Online Environments
Authors: Beltran Valerie , Decker Jessica C. , Matzaganian Mark , Walker Nancy T. , Elzarka Sammy
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the complexities of creating a collaborative community in online classes. A fully online Master's of Education program is studied, with students being surveyed regarding their experiences with collaboration in the online courses. Results of the study are discussed, along with recommendations for establishing a sense of community in the online environment. Recommendations include structuring introductory activities for the instructor and students, providing opportunities for authentic collaboration and communication through tools such as blogs and wikis, and following guidelines for establishing effective group projects in an online class. Suggestions for future research are also included. Overall, a case is made for the importance of creating meaningful, collaborative experiences for students within the context of class content in online courses.
The Importance of Tone and Attitude in Email and the Online Classroom
Authors: Miller Melissa A.
Published: July 2019

In the online classroom, email has emerged as a predominant communication method between students and faculty. Despite many benefits of email, including ease of use, familiarity of the technology, and rapid response times, there are numerous challenges faculty face when sending and receiving email correspondence with students. Mainly, due to the medium and format of email, with its lack of cues such as body language, inflection, and other sensory stimuli, it presents a paramount challenge to faculty. However, appropriate tone and attitude in emails can help mitigate the challenges the medium presents. When written and read effectively and purposefully, email is an effective outreach and communication tool for students and faculty.
Learning Together
Authors: Park Sue K.
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the writer unfolds and develops a fundamental praxis of collaboration. Drawing on the wisdom of Freire and Confucius, the author of this chapter on collaboration delineates it from three different perspectives: liberative, practical, and philosophical. Through these three perspectives, she discusses collaboration as a necessary component of online education and offers key principles to shape effective and successful collaborative efforts. Confucian humanism lays the foundation and context for Freire's liberative pedagogy in education; the writer brings these two theoretical practitioners into conversation to offer practical principles for collaboration between educators and students in online spaces.
If You Build It, They Will Come
Authors: Donnellan Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Students attending traditional or online universities will benefit from membership in student-run virtual clubs. This chapter provides specific information about tools used to create, administer, and motivate participation in virtual university clubs. To enhance the club experience, suggestions are offered for creating interactive clubrooms, utilizing specific social media tools, and providing unique club events all as a virtual experience. A case study is included to demonstrate how students of a major online university participate in virtual club events. Results of this case study indicate a correlation between students who can easily access club tools and events with participation. Further, students who participate in clubs report greater satisfaction with their overall university experience and increased confidence in professional skills.
Bioconversion of Seri Waste to Value-Added Products
Authors: Wani Khursheed Ahmad , Gull Azad , Dar Ashaq Ahmad , Nazir Shubeena
Published: July 2019

The conversion of waste into vermicompost is seen as an opportunity by different workers that may be advantageous in terms of improving the structure and physical conditions of the soil, increase the water retention capacity and availability of phosphorous to the growing plants, prevention of leaching loss of soluble inorganic nitrogen, and addition of nutrients/essential micro nutrients. It is observed that the vermicompost obtained from seri waste has better nutrient value as compared to conventional fertilizers. The success of sericulture industry in future will depend on sustainability of organic fertilizers both in terms of nutrient management and environmental protection. Similarly, the waste can be used for biogas production, as activated carbon, feed for the livestock, etc. are the opportunities of converting waste into value-added products. This chapter will review the different types of waste that is produced from sericulture and can be used to form value-added services.
Impacts of Food Industrial Wastes on Soil and Its Utilization as Novel Approach for Value Addition
Authors: Rashid Nowsheeba , Ashraf Ifra , Ramzan Shazia
Published: July 2019

Among the various agro-industries, food processing industries are the second prime generator of wastes after domestic sewage. In the current epoch of the rapid budding world, the wastes are mounting, which robustly sway the health of ecosystems and eventually the human population. For that reason, each agro-industrial sector has critical stipulation toward the secure utilization of agro-materials all the way through recycling of wastes. A crude disposal and littering of these waste materials frequently signifies a problem that is additionally provoked by different legal restrictions. Inadequate management of these solid waste constituents could lead to drastic change in physico-chemical properties of soils. The waste product, which is discarded into the environment, is loaded with valuable compounds. They are new, innate, and monetary sources of colorants, protein, dietary fiber, flavoring, antimicrobials, and antioxidants, which can be utilized in the food industry as a basis of natural food additives.
Conversion of Waste Into Different By-Products of Economic Value in India
Authors: Wani Khursheed Ahmad , Dar Ashaq Ahmad , Gull Azad , Ariana Lutfah
Published: July 2019

The management of solid waste has become a major problem even in rural areas of India, due to shrinkage of agricultural land and depletion of forest areas. During the recent past, people in rural areas were decomposing the waste, and finally, it was used as a manure in their agricultural areas. However, the trend is completely changing the Indian scenario of converting the backyard waste into manure. Now with the help of scientific knowledge, the waste is utilized as an energy resource, and waste from the rural areas is considered a raw material for this process. Different technologies in India are available to convert waste into energy apart from the technologies that have impact on the environment.
Four new species of the genusCymatodera(Coleoptera: Cleridae: Tillinae) from the Neotropics, with some taxonomic and biogeographic remarks
Authors: Burke Alan F. , Sole Catherine L. , Scholtz Clarke H.
Published: July 2019

We describe four new species in the genusCymatoderaGray (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Tillinae):Cymatodera acuminataandCymatodera unicafrom Mexico,Cymatodera parvafrom El Salvador and Honduras, andCymatodera magdalenafrom Colombia. A distribution map of the new species is given. All relevant diagnostic characters are extensively figured and discussed. Finally, we include some biogeographic and taxonomic remarks for selected species.
Risk analysis and evaluation of capital investment projects
Authors: Hall J. H.
Published: July 2019

In determining the feasibility of projects where capital investments are concerned, various methods are used. The focus of these methods is on return per se, so it is often asked to what extent any of these methods take the risk concept into account. The main objective of this study was to investigate the importance of risk with regard to capital investment projects. Secondly, with the aid of an empirical study, the study tried to establish whether risk is incorporated when South African companies evaluate capital investment projects. The empirical analysis indicated that risk analysis and evaluation in practice are to a large extent neglected by South African companies. It was found that nearly a quarter of companies estimate their annual cash flows using management subjective estimates alone.
Some perspectives on globalisation
Authors: Brink S. M.
Published: July 2019

Much has been written about globalisation. Something truly insightful rarely comes to light. This article is no such attempt, it merely attempts to reconcile disparate views and tie some loose strands on the subject of increasing international integration. More specifically, the features and implications of current trade and investment patterns are awarded attention. The prominence of technological innovation is emphasised, as is the role of FDI in the diffusion of technical progress. Globalisation has implications both for developing and developed economies; for instance, its effect on growth, the consequences for macroeconomic stability and the effect on income inequality - particularly for low-skilled workers. Trade invites arbitrage in social values; social tension and populist demands for protectionism arise from this. Also, globalisation heightens economic risk and while the pressure on governments to mitigate this rises, their ability to respond effectively is dwindling, eroding the social consensus required to maintain open markets.
Style action and emerging-market securities imperfections: An Asean study
Authors: Frank Ashley G.
Published: July 2019

This study is concerned with devising short-term switching strategies to capitalize on abnormal return opportunities by examining the interaction between style action and market phase. Thus it seeks to determine whether styles do better under different market conditions. A total of 288 stocks from five ASEAN countries over an eight-year period comprising four distinct market segments are considered. Market phases are distinguished by recursive-regression estimation while the portfolios are scored by use of a meanvariance/ tracking-error methodology. The statistical significance of the performance of each individual style, so rated, is investigated parametrically. The study concludes that value reigns under most market conditions, except for the early bull period where growth investing is superior.
Economic policy making for environmental problems as an interactive learning process
Authors: De Wit M. P.
Published: July 2019

The foremost limitation of public policy approaches is that the context of the public policy problem is not taken into account. In the case of complex and dynamic environmental problems, such as global climate change, there is a need for a framework for approaching economic policy that takes account of the complexity and changing realities of such problems. The objective of this paper is to present a framework to approach economic policy making in a case of such complex and dynamic environmental problems. The literature on economic and public policy theories, the need for a systematic policy design process and approaches to complexity and dynamics in policy making is framework available to one where the focus is on the best learning process to facilitate economic policy making on complex and dynamic environmental problems. Based on sociological models of experiential learning, a multiple-loop learning framework (MLLF) is presented. This model illustrates the importance of orchestrated science-policy interactions through interactive learning. The opportunities and limitations of this model are discussed with reference to the debate on economic policy for global climate change.
Water pricing reform, economic welfare and inequality
Authors: Moilanen Mikko , Schulz Carl-Erik
Published: July 2019

Access to water has become an important policy goal in South Africa. A tariff system including free access for the basic residential water supply, and an increasing block tariff has been introduced all over the country. Water is a necessity, but for most households the marginal consumption is used for less important options. This must be reflected both in the water demand and in the pricing policy. This article introduces three different welfare functions, all including a group of rich consumers and a group of poor ones. The standard additive utility welfare, the weighted utility welfare and the Rawlsian welfare function are all used. For each of them the block tariff system is used to find the maximum welfare. We also discuss how the 'water for free' policy affects welfare, and how to set a low price segment or a free amount of water and the block tariff in each case. For each tariff system we also do comparative statistics of the parameters to study how changes in the policy approach will influence the optimal water tariff system. In conclusion the article explains how the choice of pricing policy can reflect the underlying welfare considerations.
Greenhouse gas mitigation options in the industrial sector
Authors: Trikam A.
Published: July 2019

This report identifies the major opportunities for climate change mitigation through industrial energy efficiency and fuel switching in South Africa. The potential for greenhouse gas reduction (outlining areas of possible resultant CDM investment) in local industry, a CO2 mitigation cost curve and accounting of emissions reductions in existing and future industrial plants, will provide the basis for realising these opportunities. Greenhouse gas mitigation in the industrial sector is closely linked with 2 groups: energy efficiency improvements and fuel switching; and these options are outlined in more detail in this report.
Destination attributes affecting tourists' readiness to recommend Lagos State (Nigeria) for tourism
Authors: Madu J. C. , Madu S. N.
Published: July 2019

This is an investigation into tourists' readiness to recommend Lagos State of Nigeria as a tourist destination and the destination attributes (factors) affecting their readiness. The investigation was conducted through a survey of 378 on-site business, recreational, international and domestic tourists sampled from different tourist attraction sites. Results show that the majority of the tourists were ready to recommend the destination. However, more recreational tourists are ready to recommend the destination than the business tourists. More domestic tourists are also ready to recommend the destination than the international tourists. The authors conclude that there is an urgent need for tourism encouraging measures aimed at maximisation of the potentials of hospitality, and minimisation of maintenance of tourist infrastructures and transportation problems; and increased measures to guarantee personal safety in the State.
Analysis of the coupling of electromagnetic pulses into shielded enclosures of vulnerable systems
Authors: Fisahn Sven , Koj Sebastian , Garbe Heyno
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In order to predict the immunity to electromagnetic interference of
vulnerable systems, not only the electronic system but also its enclosure has
to be taken into consideration. In this work, the coupling behavior of
electromagnetic pulses (EMP) and continuous wave (CW) signals into the
shielded enclosure of a generic system is investigated by metrological and
numerical methods. Since this enclosure forms an unwanted or parasitic cavity
resonator, the enclosure`s resonance behavior as well as the characteristic
quantities, i.e., the resonance frequencies and corresponding quality factors
are of great interest, too. The usage of an optical field sensor reduces the
influence of the measuring setup on the investigated system and thus, enables
the analysis of the enclosure's resonance behavior, which delivers revealing
information about the dependence of the quality factor on the aperture size
of the enclosure.
At the Edge of Time: Postcolonial Temporalities in An Intimate Rebuke
Authors: Hawthorne Sîan Melvill
Published: July 2019

In this response I challenge the neglect of postcolonial theory in Laura Grillo's An Intimate Rebuke: Female Genital Power in Ritual and Politics in Côte d'Ivoire and argue instead for its inclusion as a resource for immanent critique. I argue that Grillo's text enhances and enriches the way we may think about time and politics in the postcolonial moment, but that it may in turn also be revitalised and strengthened by speaking with and to postcolonial thought, adding it to the lexicon and strategies of displacement Grillo identifies in practices of female genital power and the matri-archive they reference.
Co2 Capture and Transformation to Ethanol using Dehydrogenase Cascade at Cathode in Bioelectrochemical System (BES): Role of Carbonic Anhydrase
Authors: Pant Deepak , Srikanth Sandipam , Vanbroekhoven Karolien
Published: July 2019

Industrial revolution, a consequence of the rapid economic growth, has contributed to ever increasing demand for energy and has resulted in about 40% rise in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 400 ppm in 2015. Abundant use of fossil fuels has become a cause of concern due to their adverse effects on the environment, particularly related to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), a major contributor of GHG. In this context, CO2 capture and is storage or transformation gained significance in the recent research scenario. Various matured CO2 capture technologies such as amine based capture, needs high energy input, especially in desorption process and are also not sustainable in nature. Alternatively, carbonic anhydrase (CA) proved to be more efficient in capturing CO2 at faster rate and also needs less energy input for desorption process. However, utilization of the captured CO2 is more important rather than its capture, to close the carbon cycle and recycle it. In this direction, bioelectrochemical system (BES) is presenting an exciting opportunity with a possibility of simultaneous CO2 capture and biotransformation to value-added products in a sustainable way. Both microbes and enzymes were studied as catalyst in BES, though the application of enzymes is less foreseen. Present study demonstrates the biotransformation of CO2 to ethanol using a cascade of dehydrogenases [formate dehydrogenase (FateDH), formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FaldDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (AlcDH)] together on the electrode of BES. Further to that, carbonic anhydrase (CA) was also included in the cascade and found that the product yield increased by 15% contributing to ethanol production rate of ∼0.6 kg/m3/h along with current density of ∼2 A/m2. When the FaldDH was excluded from the cascade also, there is no reduction in productivity of ethanol. It was surprising to get ethanol instead of methanol but based on literature, it is also possible for the production of ethanol directly from formic acid, which is economically more viable.
Exceptionally High CO2 Capturing Capacity of Porous Organic Polymers
Authors: Saleh Ruh Ullah , Atilhan Mert , Yavuz Cafer T
Published: July 2019

Pre-combustion flue gas capture has been emerged as an efficient alternative to circumvent the costly procedures of materials regeneration utilized by the energy industry for CO2 capture and separation. Stability of the porous structure and repeated use at high pressure and high temperature are among the essential requirements for the efficient materials to be used for industrial level CO2 separation. Herein we report the CO2 adsorption-desorption performance of nanoporous covalent organic polymers (COPs), which can operate efficiently and repeatedly at elevated pressure of 200 bars and above. Since, pre-combustion capture also requires removal of hydrogen along with CO2; therefore, nanoporous COP was also tested for hydrogen removal at high pressure. COP material prepared with simple technique from building block monomers of cyanuric chloride and linked with 1,3-bis(4-piperidinyl)propane has enough surface area and pore volume which makes the material capable to store large quantity of syngas at high temperature and pressure. Results indicated that the newly synthesized COP material can adsorbed exceptionally large quantity of CO2 and very little hydrogen at 200 bars and 35°C. Additionally, the adsorption isotherm was exactly matched with the desorption isotherm, suggesting the material has excellent adsorption-desorption characteristics. Similarly, the material has shown very stable performance when used repeatedly and alternatively for CO2 and hydrogen after regeneration at 50°C. The capturing performance of material was also investigated for other gases like methane and nitrogen at various pressures and temperatures. Experimental results revealed that COP material has exceptional CO2 adsorption efficiency, very good selectivity, and strong stability and can be manufacture with simple techniques. Lastly, material is economically attractive when it is compared with the commercially available materials and has exceptional performance contrary to activated carbon, metal organic frame work and monoethanole amine.
Arabian Dugongs of Qatar: Updates from a Renewed Research Initiative
Authors: Warren Christopher , Dupont Jennifer , Marshall Christopher , Al-Ansi Mehsin
Published: July 2019

Dugongs (“bugarah al bahr” or “cow of the sea”) in Qatar and the wider Arabian Gulf, are animals of both historic and cultural significance to the people in the region. Historically hunted in Qatar, today they are seen as a symbol for conservation in a country that is trying to balance rapid modernization and coastal development with protection of marine biodiversity, as outlined in the Qatar National Vision 2030.

Qatar and the Arabian Gulf are home to the largest population of dugongs outside of Australia and is the most important region for dugongs in the western portion of their range. As long-lived large mammals with low reproductive output dugongs are vulnerable to exploitation and are listed as Vulnerable to Extinction by the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). Currently, dugongs in Qatar face many threats including incidental fisheries bycatch and habitat degradation. The extreme marine and physical environment of the Arabian Gulf, as well as the northern limit of dugong distribution, likely means that their life-history differs from populations in Australia. However, there are virtually no life history data for Qatari dugongs and the species remains mostly unstudied.

A solid understanding of dugong natural history is necessary to develop a successful management and conservation program. Our knowledge of dugong natural history in Qatar and the Arabian Gulf is poor compared to our knowledge of dugongs in Australia (where the largest population exists). Although approximately 6000 dugongs were estimated to live in the Arabian Gulf including Qatar, this number has not been verified. Sporadic research has been conducted on the Qatari population, including work in 1986 which recorded the largest single dugong group of 577 individuals in the waters between Qatar and Bahrain. More recently, in 2008, the Qatar Ministry of Environment conducted surveys that expanded the area around Qatar where dugongs were observed.

Our current study applies similar techniques from the past (boat-based and beach surveys) with newer techniques (aerial surveys using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles [UAVs], histological analyses) to provide an updated understanding of when, where, and how many dugongs are present in Qatari waters, along with preliminary information on their population demographics. From our 2014–2015 surveys, we have enumerated individuals in a large herd, consistently spotted in the winter months in similar areas to the 1986 and 2008 surveys. A total of 508 individuals (including 51 cow-calf pairs) were counted using images taken from a UAV. Underwater surveys verified that the major activity was foraging upon a mixed stand of seagrasses, Halodule univernis and Halophila ovalis, in clear, shallow water (