bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bespoke video vignettes – an approach to enhancing reflective learning developed by dental undergraduates and their clinical teachers
Authors: Davies B. R. , Leung A. N. , Dunne S. M. , Dillon J. , Blum I. R.
Published: November 2015

This study explores the selective use of video as a medium to support reflective processes as related to dental undergraduate learning. With the objective of developing and enhancing high‐quality adult dental care, the use of compiled video materials created in an undergraduate clinical setting was investigated. Video cameras were used to capture elements of reflection‐in‐action and reflection‐on‐action typically found during everyday clinical practice.

‘Gold standard’ or ‘textbook outcomes’ are rarely, if ever, fully achieved in dental practice. Real‐life clinical experiences offer challenges and opportunities for both teachers and students to engage with reflective learning processes.

The materials generated allowed for an experience of individual reflective learning and the creation of a data bank or archive with potential use for the benefit of a wider student cohort. Various aspects of the students’ views and comments on the process of reflection were reported and explored by means of a semi‐structured focus group moderated by a linked educational advisor.
The extended human PTPome: a growing tyrosine phosphatase family
Authors: Alonso Andrés , Pulido Rafael
Published: November 2015

Tyr phosphatases are, by definition, enzymes that dephosphorylate phospho‐Tyr (pTyr) from proteins. This activity is found in several structurally diverse protein families, including the protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP), arsenate reductase, rhodanese, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) and His phosphatase (HP) families. Most of these families include members with substrate specificity for non‐pTyr substrates, such as phospho‐Ser/phospho‐Thr, phosphoinositides, phosphorylated carbohydrates, mRNAs, or inorganic moieties. A Cys is essential for catalysis in PTPs, rhodanese and arsenate reductase enzymes, whereas this work is performed by an Asp in HAD phosphatases and by a His in HPs, via a catalytic mechanism shared by all of the different families. The category that contains most Tyr phosphatases is the PTP family, which, although it received its name from this activity, includes Ser, Thr, inositide, carbohydrate and RNA phosphatases, as well as some inactive pseudophosphatase proteins. Here, we propose an extended collection of human Tyr phosphatases, which we call the extended human PTPome. The addition of new members (SACs, paladin, INPP4s, TMEM55s, SSU72, and acid phosphatases) to the currently categorized PTP group of enzymes means that the extended human PTPome contains up to 125 proteins, of which ~ 40 are selective for pTyr. We set criteria to ascribe proteins to the extended PTPome, and summarize the more important features of the new PTPome members in the context of their phosphatase activity and their relationship with human disease.
A risk prediction model for xerostomia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Villa Alessandro , Nordio Francesco , Gohel Anita
Published: November 2015

Objective

We investigated the prevalence of xerostomia in dental patients and built a xerostomia risk prediction model by incorporating a wide range of risk factors.

Materials and methods

Socio‐demographic data, past medical history, self‐reported dry mouth and related symptoms were collected retrospectively from January 2010 to September 2013 for all new dental patients. A logistic regression framework was used to build a risk prediction model for xerostomia. External validation was performed using an independent data set to test the prediction power.

Results

A total of 12 682 patients were included in this analysis (54.3%, females). Xerostomia was reported by 12.2% of patients. The proportion of people reporting xerostomia was higher among those who were taking more medications (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08–1.13) or recreational drug users (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.9). Rheumatic diseases (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.88–2.51), psychiatric diseases (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 2.05–2.68), eating disorders (OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.55–3.36) and radiotherapy (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.43–2.80) were good predictors of xerostomia. For the test model performance, the ROC‐AUC was 0.816 and in the external validation sample, the ROC‐AUC was 0.799.

Conclusion

The xerostomia risk prediction model had high accuracy and discriminated between high‐ and low‐risk individuals. Clinicians could use this model to identify the classes of medications and systemic diseases associated with xerostomia.
The impact of oxidative stress on hair
Authors: Trüeb R. M.
Published: November 2015

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Reactive oxygen species or free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can directly damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. They are generated by a multitude of endogenous and environmental challenges, while the body possesses endogenous defense mechanisms. With age, production of free radicals increases, while the endogenous defense mechanisms decrease. This imbalance leads to progressive damage of cellular structures, presumably resulting in the aging phenotype. While the role of oxidative stress has been widely discussed in skin aging, little focus has been placed on its impact on hair condition. Moreover, most literature on age‐related hair changes focuses on alopecia, but it is equally important that the hair fibers that emerge from the scalp exhibit significant age‐related changes that have equal impact on the overall cosmetic properties of hair. Sources of oxidative stress with impact on the pre‐emerging fiber include: oxidative metabolism, smoking, UVR, and inflammation from microbial, pollutant, or irritant origins. Sources of oxidative stress with impact on the post‐emerging fiber include: UVR (enhanced by copper), chemical insults, and oxidized scalp lipids. The role of the dermatologist is recognition and treatment of pre‐ and post‐emerging factors for lifetime scalp and hair health.
The specialist nursing workforce caring for men with prostate cancer in the UK
Authors: Leary Alison , Brocksom Jane , Endacott Ruth , Fleure Louisa , Howdle Felicity , Masterton Morven , O'Connor Anita , Swift Adrian , Trevatt Paul , Aslet Philippa
Published: November 2015

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK accounting for 25% of all new cases of cancer. It is predicted to become the most common cancer overall by 2030. A national survey of the specialist nursing workforce caring for men with prostate cancer was completed across the four countries of the UK during June and July 2014. In total 302 specialist nurses completed the survey and data from 285 was used in the analysis. This is the biggest whole population survey of this workforce in recent years. The most common job title was clinical nurse specialist (185) and the most common band was agenda for change band 7 (174). However in Scotland 50% of the respondents stated that they were paid on band 6. Over half the group (158) had worked in prostate cancer care for more than 10 years. Few (48) had come into specialist posts from a specific specialist nurse development role. There is wide geographic variation in the provision of specialist nursing for men with prostate cancer. This is reflected in available hours and caseload sizes. The respondents reported frozen and vacant posts across the UK. This equated to 58·3 full time equivalents. The work of specialist nurses caring for men with prostate cancer is clinically complex and appears to cover most key times in the cancer journey. However workload appears to be limiting the care that the nurses are able to provide with over half the respondents (163) saying that they left work undone for patients.
Enhanced renewal of regulatory T cells in relation to CD4+ conventional T lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment
Authors: Nogueira Jeane de Souza , Canto Fábio Barrozo do , Nunes Caroline Fraga Cabral Gomes , Vianna Pedro Henrique Oliveira , Paiva Luciana de Souza , Nóbrega Alberto , Bellio Maria , Fucs Rita
Published: November 2015

CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are necessary for the maintenance of self‐tolerance and T‐cell homeostasis. This population is kept at stable frequencies in secondary lymphoid organs for the majority of the lifetime, despite permanent thymic emigration or in the face of thymic involution. Continuous competition is expected to occur between recently thymus‐emigrated and resident Treg cells (either natural or post‐thymically induced). In the present work, we analysed the renewal dynamics of Treg cells compared with CD4+Foxp3‐ conventional T cells (Tconv), using protocols of single or successive T‐cell transfers into syngeneic euthymic or lymphopenic (nu/nu or RAG2−/−) mice, respectively. Our results show a higher turnover for Treg cells in the peripheral compartment, compared with Tconv cells, when B cell‐sufficient euthymic or nude hosts are studied. This increased renewal within the Treg pool, shown by the greater replacement of resident Treg cells by donor counterparts, correlates with augmented rates of proliferation and is not modified following temporary environmental perturbations induced by inflammatory state or microbiota alterations. Notably, the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes was not observed in RAG2−/− hosts. We showed that limited B‐cell replenishment in the RAG2−/− hosts decisively contributed to the altered peripheral T‐cell homeostasis. Accordingly, weekly transfers of B cells to RAG2−/− hosts rescued the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes. Our study discloses a new aspect of T‐cell homeostasis that depends on the presence of B lymphocytes to regulate the relative incorporation of recently arrived Treg and Tconv cells in the peripheral compartment.
Influence of Root Canal Posts on the Reattachment of Fragments to Endodontically Treated Fractured Incisors: An in vitro Experimental Comparison
Authors: Mazzoleni Sergio , Graf Francesco , Salomon Elena , Simionato Francesco , Bacci Christian , Stellini Edoardo
Published: November 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish the benefits of inserting a fiberglass post when bonding tooth fragments after complicated coronal fractures.

Methods

Thirty bovine incisors were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group of intact teeth (A), and two experimental groups (B and C). Coronal fragments were cut from the teeth in groups B and C, which then underwent root canal treatment, inserting posts in the teeth in group C. The coronal fragments were bonded to the teeth in both experimental groups using the same materials and technique, then the specimens were submitted to mechanical loading until fracture.

Results

The specimens in the experimental groups had a lower resistance to mechanical loading than the intact teeth. The mean failure load was: 352.77 (SD ± 62.22) N in group A, 151.04 (SD ± 45.76) N in group B, and 168.61 (SD ± 33.59) N in group C. The difference between group A and the other two groups was statistically significant (analysis of variance test: p < 0.0001), whereas there was no statistically significant difference in the force needed to fracture the teeth in groups B and C (Tukey's test: p = 0.34). When the failure mode under loading was examined, the fractures in group C never involved new tooth substance beneath the adhesion interface, whereas in group B, this was only true in one in two cases.

Conclusions

Inserting a post does not significantly improve the strength of restored teeth, but it may result in a more favorable fracture mode.

Clinical Significance

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, reattaching the fragment of a fractured tooth does not seem to restore the tooth to its original load resistance. The findings of this study indicate that inserting a fiberglass post for reinforcement purposes in fractured teeth undergoing root canal treatment is unable to significantly improve their load‐bearing capacity by comparison with teeth repaired without inserting a post. However, the results of the present study suggest that inserting a post may result in a more favorable fracture mode in the event of further trauma.
Talking to God Among a Cloud of Witnesses: Collective Prayer as a Meaningful Performance
Authors: Fuist Todd Nicholas
Published: November 2015

There has been much work on the effects that individual prayer has on a variety of social‐psychological indicators, yet there remains a lack of research on collective prayer. While it is tempting to assume that collective prayer may be analyzed as the aggregate of individual prayers, the research presented in this article suggests that worshipers pray differently when in community than when by themselves. To understand the role of collective prayer in the practices of faith communities, I draw on work on group culture and ritual to create a framework for analyzing collective prayer. I assert that collective prayer represents a meaningful social performance that locates those conducting it within wider fields of meaning. I conclude with suggestions for future work, including examining how collective prayer acts as an element of conflict as well as unity.
Eighteen‐ to 30‐year‐olds more likely to link to hepatitis C virus care: an opportunity to decrease transmission
Authors: Young K. L. , Huang W. , Horsburgh C. R. , Linas B. P. , Assoumou S. A.
Published: November 2015

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection incidence among 18‐ to 30‐year‐olds is increasing and guidelines recommend treatment of active injection drug users to limit transmission. We aimed to : measure linkage to HCV care among 18‐ to 30‐year‐olds and identify factors associated with linkage; compare linkage among 18‐ to 30‐year‐olds to that of patients >30 years. We used the electronic medical record at an urban safety net hospital to create a retrospective cohort with reactive HCV antibody between 2005 and 2010. We report seroprevalence and demographics of seropositive patients, and used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with linkage to HCV care. We defined linkage as having evidence of HCV RNA testing after reactive antibody. Thirty two thousand four hundred and eighteen individuals were tested, including 8873 between 18 and 30 years. The seropositivity rate among those ages 18–30 was 10%. In multivariate analysis, among those 18–30, diagnosis location (Outpatient vs Inpatient/ED) (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.28–2.49) and number of visits after diagnosis (OR 5.30, 95% CI 3.91–7.19) were associated with higher odds of linking to care. When we compared linkage in patients ages 18–30 to that among those older than 30, patients in the 18–30 years age group were more likely to link to HCV care than those in the older cohort even when controlling for gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, birthplace, diagnosis location and duration of follow‐up. Eighteen‐ to 30‐year‐olds are more likely to link to HCV care than their older counterparts. During the interferon‐free treatment era, there is an opportunity to prevent further HCV transmission in this population.
The Uses of Travel: Science, Empire and Change in 18th‐Century Travel Writing
Authors: Vanek Morgan
Published: November 2015

This essay surveys recent critical approaches to 18th‐century travel writing, with an emphasis on a seeming contradiction in the way the field treats the possibility that the traveller might be changed by the experience of travel. On the one hand, the traveller's vulnerability to external influence seems to represent a threat to British imperial authority, particularly in studies of scientific travel in the service of empire – but on the other hand, recent studies on the novel's debts to travel writing insist that the traveller's capacity to change is fundamental to any argument for travel's edifying potential or contribution to civic improvement. To resolve this divide, this article will argue that reading 18th‐century travel writing for the moments in which the ‘changeable’ traveller appears in a positive light might help to open new avenues of research on the form and function of change in 18th‐century records of scientific observation. Looking ahead, this essay proposes that future studies in scientific travel might draw inspiration from recent research on sympathetic travellers as agents of empire, and continue to investigate how the traveller's capacity for change could add nuance to our history of the scientific observer as – in Captain Cook's terms – a ‘disinterested’ “eyewitness to a fact.”
Leptosphaeria maculans effector AvrLm4‐7 affects salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) signalling and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in Brassica napus
Authors: Nováková Miroslava , Šašek Vladimír , Trdá Lucie , Krutinová Hana , Mongin Thomas , Valentová Olga , Balesdent Marie‐HelEne , Rouxel Thierry , Burketová Lenka
Published: November 2015

To achieve host colonization, successful pathogens need to overcome plant basal defences. For this, (hemi)biotrophic pathogens secrete effectors that interfere with a range of physiological processes of the host plant. AvrLm4‐7 is one of the cloned effectors from the hemibiotrophic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans ‘brassicaceae’ infecting mainly oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Although its mode of action is still unknown, AvrLm4‐7 is strongly involved in L. maculans virulence. Here, we investigated the effect of AvrLm4‐7 on plant defence responses in a susceptible cultivar of B. napus. Using two isogenic L. maculans isolates differing in the presence of a functional AvrLm4‐7 allele [absence (‘a4a7’) and presence (‘A4A7’) of the allele], the plant hormone concentrations, defence‐related gene transcription and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were analysed in infected B. napus cotyledons. Various components of the plant immune system were affected. Infection with the ‘A4A7’ isolate caused suppression of salicylic acid‐ and ethylene‐dependent signalling, the pathways regulating an effective defence against L. maculans infection. Furthermore, ROS accumulation was decreased in cotyledons infected with the ‘A4A7’ isolate. Treatment with an antioxidant agent, ascorbic acid, increased the aggressiveness of the ‘a4a7’ L. maculans isolate, but not that of the ‘A4A7’ isolate. Together, our results suggest that the increased aggressiveness of the ‘A4A7’ L. maculans isolate could be caused by defects in ROS‐dependent defence and/or linked to suppressed SA and ET signalling. This is the first study to provide insights into the manipulation of B. napus defence responses by an effector of L. maculans.
The Colletotrichum graminicola striatin orthologue Str1 is necessary for anastomosis and is a virulence factor
Authors: Wang Chih‐Li , Shim Won‐Bo , Shaw Brian D.
Published: November 2015

Striatin family proteins are key regulators in signalling pathways in fungi and animals. These scaffold proteins contain four conserved domains: a caveolin‐binding domain, a coiled‐coil motif and a calmodulin‐binding domain at the N‐terminus, and a WD‐repeat domain at the C‐terminus. Fungal striatin orthologues are associated with sexual development, hyphal growth and plant pathogenesis. In Fusarium verticillioides, the striatin orthologue Fsr1 promotes virulence in the maize stalk. The relationship between fungal striatins and pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the Colletotrichum graminicola striatin orthologue Str1 is required for full stalk rot and leaf blight virulence in maize. Pathogenicity assays show that the striatin mutant strain (Δstr1) produces functional appressoria, but infection and colonization are attenuated. Additional phenotypes of the Δstr1 mutant include reduced radial growth and compromised hyphal fusion. In comparison with the wild‐type, Δstr1 also shows a defect in sexual development and produces fewer and shorter conidia. Together with the fact that F. verticillioides fsr1 can complement Δstr1, our results indicate that C. graminicola Str1 shares five phenotypes with striatin orthologues in other fungal species: hyphal growth, hyphal fusion, conidiation, sexual development and virulence. We propose that fungal striatins, like mammalian striatins, act as scaffolding molecules that cross‐link multiple signal transduction pathways.
Dissection of the genetic architecture of rice resistance to the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Kang Houxiang , Wang Yue , Peng Shasha , Zhang Yanli , Xiao Yinghui , Wang Dan , Qu Shaohong , Li Zhiqiang , Yan Shuangyong , Wang Zhilong , Liu Wende , Ning Yuese , Korniliev Pavel , Leung Hei , Mezey Jason , McCouch Susan R. , Wang Guo‐Liang
Published: November 2015

Resistance in rice cultivars to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is complex and is controlled by both major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We undertook a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) using the rice diversity panel 1 (RDP1) that was genotyped using a high‐density (700 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms) array and inoculated with five diverse M. oryzae isolates. We identified 97 loci associated with blast resistance (LABRs). Among them, 82 were new regions and 15 co‐localized with known blast resistance loci. The top 72 LABRs explained up to 98% of the phenotypic variation. The candidate genes in the LABRs encode nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) resistance proteins, receptor‐like protein kinases, transcription factors and defence‐related proteins. Among them, LABR_64 was strongly associated with resistance to all five isolates. We analysed the function of candidate genes underlying LABR_64 using RNA interference (RNAi) technology and identified two new resistance alleles at the Pi5 locus. We demonstrate an efficient strategy for rapid allele discovery using the power of GWAS, coupled with RNAi technology, for the dissection of complex blast resistance in rice.
Botrydial and botcinins produced by Botrytis cinerea regulate the expression of Trichoderma arundinaceum genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis
Authors: Malmierca Mónica G. , Izquierdo‐Bueno Inmaculada , Mccormick Susan P. , Cardoza Rosa E. , Alexander Nancy J. , Moraga Javier , Gomes Eriston V. , Proctor Robert H. , Collado Isidro G. , Monte Enrique , Gutiérrez Santiago
Published: November 2015

Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40837 (Ta37) and Botrytis cinerea produce the sesquiterpenes harzianum A (HA) and botrydial (BOT), respectively, and also the polyketides aspinolides and botcinins (Botcs), respectively. We analysed the role of BOT and Botcs in the Ta37–B. cinerea interaction, including the transcriptomic changes in the genes involved in HA (tri) and ergosterol biosynthesis, as well as changes in the level of HA and squalene‐ergosterol. We found that, when confronted with B. cinerea, the tri biosynthetic genes were up‐regulated in all dual cultures analysed, but at higher levels when Ta37 was confronted with the BOT non‐producer mutant bcbot2Δ. The production of HA was also higher in the interaction area with this mutant. In Ta37–bcbot2Δ confrontation experiments, the expression of the hmgR gene, encoding the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the first enzyme of the terpene biosynthetic pathway, was also up‐regulated, resulting in an increase in squalene production compared with the confrontation with B. cinerea B05.10. Botcs had an up‐regulatory effect on the tri biosynthetic genes, with BotcA having a stronger effect than BotcB. The results indicate that the interaction between Ta37 and B. cinerea exerts a stimulatory effect on the expression of the tri biosynthetic genes, which, in the interaction zone, can be attenuated by BOT produced by B. cinerea B05.10. The present work provides evidence for a metabolic dialogue between T. arundinaceum and B. cinerea that is mediated by sesquiterpenes and polyketides, and that affects the outcome of the interaction of these fungi with each other and their environment.
Assessing ocular bulbar redness: a comparison of methods
Authors: Downie Laura E. , Keller Peter R. , Vingrys Algis J.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

We consider whether quantification of ocular bulbar redness, using image processing of relative Red‐channel activity (Red‐value), can be applied to a clinical sample and how this approach compares to an automated bulbar redness grading technique (Oculus Keratograph 5M, R‐scan).

Methods

Red‐values from dry eye patients (n = 25) were determined using image processing of digital photographs over the nasal bulbar conjunctiva. Red‐values were compared with subjective grades from six clinicians who graded the images using the IER scale. We considered the level of agreement between the Red‐value and automated bulbar redness scores from the commercial instrument (R‐scan). Scoring variability for each technique was assessed using the geometric coefficient of variation (gCoV, %). Agreement between techniques was considered with Bland‐Altman analyses.

Results

Red‐values showed a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.99) to the R‐scan. The Red‐value had least variability (gCoV = 0.97%, 95% CI: 0.76–1.35%). The IER grade showed a linear relationship with Red‐value (R2 = 0.99), bound by a floor effect; it did not discriminate changes in redness below a threshold of 1.75 units (Red‐value = 33.0%), after which it paralleled the redness returned by the R‐scan. Intra‐method variability for the redness returned by the R‐scan (gCoV = 9.84%, 95% CI: 7.60–13.94%) and IER grades (gCoV = 7.30%, 95% CI: 1.73–10.31%) was similar (p > 0.05). Bland‐Altman analysis showed the R‐scan was consistently biased towards lower absolute redness scores than the IER.

Conclusions

Digital imaging processing, using relative Red‐channel activity, was the least variable of the three techniques. The R‐scan and IER showed similar intra‐observer variability. The linear relationship between R‐scan and Red‐value suggests that the R‐scan could be derived using similar methods.
Genetic variants in the vitamin D pathway genes VDBP and RXRA modulate cutaneous melanoma disease‐specific survival
Authors: Yin Jieyun , Liu Hongliang , Yi Xiaohua , Wu Wenting , Amos Christopher I. , Fang Shenying , Lee Jeffrey E. , Han Jiali , Wei Qingyi
Published: November 2015

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin D pathway genes have been implicated in cutaneous melanoma (CM) risk, but their role in CM disease‐specific survival (DSS) remains obscure. We comprehensively analyzed the prognostic roles of 2669 common SNPs in the vitamin D pathway genes using data from a published genome‐wide association study (GWAS) at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and then validated the SNPs of interest in another GWAS from the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow‐up Study. Among the 2669 SNPs, 203 were significantly associated with DSS in MDACC dataset (P < 0.05 and false‐positive report probability < 0.2), of which 18 were the tag SNPs. In the replication, two of these 18 SNPs showed nominal significance: the VDBP rs12512631 T > C was associated with a better DSS [combined hazards ratio (HR) = 0.66]; and the same for RXRA rs7850212 C > A (combined HR = 0.38), which were further confirmed by the Fine and Gray competing‐risks regression model. Further bioinformatics analyses indicated that these loci may modulate corresponding gene methylation status.
Sun Exposure and Sun Protection at Primary Schools in The Netherlands: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Boog Matthijs C. , Nederend Annelies , Ultee Jetske
Published: November 2015

Background

In The Netherlands, skin cancer incidence rates have dramatically increased during the last decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the most important environmental risk factor for developing skin cancer.

Aims

The present study aimed to determine the level of sun exposure and sun protection of children at Dutch primary schools.

Materials and Methods

Registered members of an Internet panel of a private research company with a child 6 to 12 years of age completed a standardized questionnaire on sun exposure, sun protection and sunburn for their child on school days during the spring and summer.

Results

A total of 1103 parents completed the questionnaire. Most parents reported that their child spent 31 minutes to 1 hour (39.7%) or 1 hour to 1.5 hours (26.1%) outside at school during the spring and summer, 29.3% reported that sunscreen is always or often applied to the skin of their child in the morning on school days, 37% reported that they always or often paid attention to sun protection when selecting their child's outfit, 19.3% of the parents stated that their child could not play in the shade outside at school, and 19.9% of the parents reported that their child had ever had a sunburn at school.

Discussion

With most children, this consistent and repetitive pattern of sun exposure at school will probably lead to damage of exposed skin, because sun protection is insufficiently achieved among children during school days in the spring and summer.

Conclusions

Future school‐based interventions are necessary to alert and change behavior of parents, children, and primary school teachers.
Focus on the Top Ten Diagnoses Could Reduce Pediatric Dermatology Referrals
Authors: Kakande Betty , Gumedze Freedom , Hlela Carol , Khumalo Nonhlanhla P.
Published: November 2015

There is a sense that many patients seen at referral centers could be managed at a primary health care level. The objective of the current study was to examine the range of diagnoses among consultations at the Red Cross Children's Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, to help develop a strategy for targeted education of primary health care personnel. This was a retrospective review of data for children seen at a pediatric dermatology clinic from 2005 to 2010, recorded according to International Classification of Diseases coding and compared with published data from similar clinical settings. There were 13,253 clinic visits, with 4,789 patients seen (median age 4.8 yrs, range 2 days to 18.6 yrs). The top 10 diagnoses accounted for 88.5% of consultations (59.5% atopic eczema [AE], 7.1% seborrheic dermatitis [SD], 4.2% superficial mycoses, 3.1% molluscum contagiosum, 2.8% vitiligo, 2.7% viral warts, 2.4% prurigo or scabies, 2.3% psoriasis, 2.3% hemangioma, 2.1% impetigo). Disease prevalence was somewhat different during the first year of life (AE 43.7%, SD 18.6%, hemangiomas 13.4%). Inflammatory dermatoses (76.6%) were more prevalent than infections and infestations (14.5%). The disease spectrum was similar to that in developed countries, although AE prevalence was higher in this study (followed by London 36%, Greece 35%, and Hong Kong 33%) than in 19 published studies. The top 10 diagnoses accounted for more than 70% of diagnoses in 12 studies. The retrospective nature and setting at a specialist clinic increased bias and limited generalizability. Focused education on the optimal care of common diseases, especially AE, could reduce referrals, improve access, and allow specialists at tertiary centers more time to manage complex and uncommon dermatoses.
Inconsistencies in Risk Analyses for Ambient Air Pollutant Regulations
Authors: Smith Anne E.
Published: November 2015

This article describes inconsistencies between health risk analyses that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses to support its decisions on primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and in the associated Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) that accompany each NAAQS rulemaking. Quantitative risk estimates are prepared during the NAAQS‐setting deliberations using inputs derived from statistical associations between measured pollutant concentrations and health effects. The resulting risk estimates are not directly used to set a NAAQS, but incorporated into a broader evidence‐based rationale for the standard that is intended to demonstrate conformity with the statutory requirement that primary NAAQS protect the public health with a margin of safety. In a separate process, EPA staff rely on the same risk calculations to prepare estimates of the benefits of the rule that are reported in its RIA for the standard. Although NAAQS rules and their RIAs are released simultaneously, the rationales used to set the NAAQS have become inconsistent with their RIAs’ estimates of benefits, with very large fractions of RIAs’ risk‐reduction estimates being attributed to populations living in areas that will already be attaining the respective NAAQS. This article explains the source of this inconsistency and provides a quantitative example based on the 2012 revision of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) primary NAAQS. This article also demonstrates how this inconsistency is amplified when criteria pollutant co‐benefits are calculated in RIAs for non‐NAAQS rules, using quantitative examples from the 2011 Mercury and Air Toxics Standards and the currently proposed Clean Power Plan.
Periodontal treatment in a patient with generalized idiopathic dystonia
Authors: Zuza Elizangela Partata , Campos Leonardo Carlos , Vanzelli Marcio Luiz Vidotto , Martins Alex Tadeu , Pontes Ana Emília Farias , Ribeiro Fernando Salimon , Toledo Benedicto Egbert Côrrea , Pires Juliana Rico
Published: November 2015

Dystonia is a neurological disorder that can cause constant muscle contractions and motor limitations. This work reports a clinical case of periodontal treatment in a patient with generalized idiopathic dystonia. The intraoral clinical examination was focused on the presence of caries and periodontal diseases. The plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured. Initially, oral hygiene instruction was provided using a soft conventional toothbrush and dental floss, but the clinical results achieved using these methods were inadequate. Alternative methods of plaque removal were offered, such as the use of a power toothbrush and a dental floss fork, which resulted in improvement in the PI, PD, and BOP and allowed the patient to undergo periodontal surgery for the restoration of subgingival caries. Our results suggested that generalized idiopathic dystonia leads to motor limitations that may cause difficulty with regard to plaque control, but adaptations of the methods used for oral hygiene may improve the oral health conditions in these patients.
A Philosophy of Charity and the Debates over the English and Irish Poor Laws in the 1830s
Authors: McGauran John‐Paul , Offer John
Published: November 2015

The role of charity as a provider of relief was notably little discussed in the comprehensive English Poor Law Report of 1834. By contrast, however, the debate at the time in Ireland over whether any kind of Poor Law at all was desirable ranged much more broadly, with the respective roles of statutory and voluntary provision hotly contested. In fact, beyond the confines of the English Report itself, the topic of the place of charity in relief was exercising plenty of minds on both shores of the Irish Sea. This article examines aspects of the intellectual importance accorded to the role of individual charity and wider voluntary action in welfare provision across the British Isles by some of the central figures in the English and Irish Poor Law debates in the 1830s. It is a study of how justifications were forged to underpin charitable activity and specific policy proposals as advanced by the main proponents of Christian political economy from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries, including William Paley, Thomas Robert Malthus, John Bird Sumner, Edward Copleston, James Ebenezer Bicheno, Thomas Chalmers and Richard Whately. The discussions of Irish circumstances and problems furnish new insights into the substance and reach of a ‘philosophy of charity’ which was firmly in place by the 1830s.
A single nucleotide insertion in Exon 3 produces a novel HLA‐B*58 null allele, HLA‐B*58:72N
Authors: Yang K. L. , Hung J. H. , Lin P. Y.
Published: November 2015

One nucleotide insertion in Exon 3 of HLA‐B*58:01:01:01 results in a new null allele, HLA‐B*58:72N
Prospective Epstein–Barr virus‐related post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder prevention program in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: virological monitoring and first‐line treatment
Authors: Chiereghin A. , Prete A. , Belotti T. , Gibertoni D. , Piccirilli G. , Gabrielli L. , Pession A. , Lazzarotto T.
Published: November 2015

Background

In 28 pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo‐HSCT) recipients, we aimed to evaluate: (i) the impact of routine Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA monitoring on the development of EBV‐related post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV‐PTLD); (ii) the incidence of EBV infection and the potential risk factors; and (iii) the suitability of whole blood (WB) as clinical specimen to monitor the risk of patients to develop EBV‐PTLD.

Methods

Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay was performed on WB samples for all patients. EBV DNA quantification also in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples was adopted for the patients at higher risk of developing EBV‐PTLD (≥10,000 copies/mL WB).

Results

High EBV DNAemia levels were observed in 37.5% of the actively infected recipients (57.1%). Severe aplastic anemia, matched‐unrelated donor transplant, the reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen and, to a lesser extent, the in vivo T‐cell depletion with anti‐thymocyte immunoglobulin were associated with high viral load. A significant correlation between EBV DNA levels in WB and PBMC samples was obtained (r = 0.755, P < 0.001). A similar kinetics of EBV DNA in the 2 blood compartments was observed. Clinically, both specimen types appeared to be equally informative to assess the risk of patients to develop PTLD. On the basis of EBV DNAemia levels, in 3 patients (10.7%) immunosuppressive therapy was reduced and 1 patient (3.5%) received early treatment for probable EBV disease. No patients developed EBV‐PTLD.

Conclusion

WB proved to be a suitable clinical specimen to monitor EBV DNA load after allo‐HSCT for the management of EBV infection and PTLD prevention.
Human Peroxin PEX3 Is Co‐translationally Integrated into the ER and Exits the ER in Budding Vesicles
Authors: Mayerhofer Peter U. , Bañó‐Polo Manuel , Mingarro Ismael , Johnson Arthur E.
Published: November 2015

The long‐standing paradigm that all peroxisomal proteins are imported post‐translationally into pre‐existing peroxisomes has been challenged by the detection of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In mammals, the mechanisms of ER entry and exit of PMPs are completely unknown. We show that the human PMP PEX3 inserts co‐translationally into the mammalian ER via the Sec61 translocon. Photocrosslinking and fluorescence spectroscopy studies demonstrate that the N‐terminal transmembrane segment (TMS) of ribosome‐bound PEX3 is recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP). Binding to SRP is a prerequisite for targeting of the PEX3‐containing ribosome•nascent chain complex (RNC) to the translocon, where an ordered multistep pathway integrates the nascent chain into the membrane adjacent to translocon proteins Sec61α and TRAM. This insertion of PEX3 into the ER is physiologically relevant because PEX3 then exits the ER via budding vesicles in an ATP‐dependent process. This study identifies early steps in human peroxisomal biogenesis by demonstrating sequential stages of PMP passage through the mammalian ER.
INFLUENCE OF ACCOUNTING BALANCE INDICATORS ON INVESTMENT EVALUTION
Authors: Sabauri Levan
Published: November 2015

The work considers essential matters of cash flow return on investments. The basic of CFROI® methodology  is the idea  of a company as the integrity of projects. Those projects have different moments and terms of development and effect as well as the various rates of payback. Subject to the goals of the analysis, they are represented as a single consolidated project which generates cash flows within the term of useful life of those assets to which the investments are aimed. The CFROI® is based on the main idea – to determine the inflation-adjusted cash flows in favor of every capital owner and to compare them with the inflation-adjusted historical investments which have been put in the business in consideration of the depreciated cost of non-depreciable  assets according to the internal rate. The work focuses on the detailed analysis of the CFROI® components. All components are considered separately and in connection with each other that makes the single chain determining the cash rate of return on investments. Within the analysis of cash rate of return on investments it is important to determine the duration of life cycle of strategic investments which is directly related to the establishment of the average age of the fixed depreciated tangible assets. When determining the average asset age noteworthy is by what formula it will be calculated. Based on the practical examples the work presents the cases of “artificial rejuvenation” of depreciated assets and “artificial aging” of assets. The work also determines the values of total investments and total cash flows, their effect on calculation of the cash rate of return on investments. Parallel with investments and cash flows there is also considered the role of IRR and MIRR for calculation of CFROI. Together with the investment model of calculation there has been applied calculation with CFROI coefficient which is based on the use of data of the economical depreciation of total investments. Therefore, the operating cash flows are recurrent and reiterated and they create the necessary idea of the profit to be received from a business in future. CFROI® value is measured on the annual basis. It may be subject to modification. Noteworthy is to determine the internal rate of return (IRR) of a business in the current conditions. CFROI® is of analytical predictable  nature. However, it shall be applied with a particular caution. In the final analysis, the purport of the company existence is to return all investments deposited in it and to receive the adequate revenue  which will compensate alternative expenses and bring profit to the company.
A parametric analysis of waves propagating in a porous solid saturated by a three-phase fluid
Authors: Santos Juan E. , Savioli Gabriela B.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents an analysis of a model for the propagation of waves in a poroelastic solid saturated by a three-phase viscous, compressible fluid. The constitutive relations and the equations of motion are stated first. Then a plane wave analysis determines the phase velocities and attenuation coefficients of the four compressional waves and one shear wave that propagate in this type of medium. A procedure to compute the elastic constants in the constitutive relations is defined next. Assuming the knowledge of the shear modulus of the dry matrix, the other elastic constants in the stress-strain relations are determined by employing ideal gedanken experiments generalizing those of Biot's theory for single-phase fluids. These experiments yield expressions for the elastic constants in terms of the properties of the individual solid and fluids phases. Finally the phase velocities and attenuation coefficients of all waves are computed for a sample of Berea sandstone saturated by oil, gas, and water.
Relation Between Lift Force and Ball Spin for Different Baseball Pitches
Authors: Nagami Tomoyuki , Higuchi Takatoshi , Nakata Hiroki , Yanai Toshimasa , Kanosue Kazuyuki
Published: November 2015

Although the lift force (FL) on a spinning baseball has been analyzed in previous studies, no study has analyzed such forces over a wide variety of spins. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between FL and spin for different types of pitches thrown by collegiate pitchers. Four high-speed video cameras were used to record flight trajectory and spin for 7 types of pitches. A total of 75 pitches were analyzed. The linear kinematics of the ball was determined at 0.008-s intervals during the flight, and the resultant fluid force acting on the ball was calculated with an inverse dynamics approach. The initial angular velocity of the ball was determined using a custom-made apparatus. Equations were derived to estimate the FL using the effective spin parameter (ESp), which is a spin parameter calculated using a component of angular velocity of the ball with the exception of the gyro-component. The results indicate that FL could be accurately explained from ESp and also that seam orientation (4-seam or 2-seam) did not produce a uniform effect on estimating FL from ESp.
Evaluation of a Low-Cost Pneumatic Plantar Pressure Insole for Predicting Ground Contact Kinetics
Authors: Jacobs Daniel A. , Ferris Daniel P.
Published: November 2015

Instrumented insoles could benefit locomotion research on healthy and clinical populations by providing data in natural settings outside of the laboratory. We designed a low-cost, instrumented insole with 8 pneumatic bladders to measure localized plantar pressure information. We collected gait data during treadmill walking at 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s and for sit-to-stand and stand-tosit tasks for 10 subjects. We estimated a common representation of ground kinetics (3-component force vector, 2-component center of pressure position vector, and a single-component torque vector) from the insole data. We trained an intertask neural network for each component of the kinetic data. For the walking tasks at 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s, the normalized root mean square error was between 3.1% and 12.9% and for the sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit tasks, the normalized root mean square error was between 3.3% and 21.3% Our findings suggest that the proposed low-cost, instrumented insoles could provide useful data about movement kinetics during real-world activities.
Hypoxia smells like lactate
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: November 2015

An olfactory receptor senses lactate to stimulate breathing.
An Amphipathic Undecapeptide with All
d
-Amino Acids Shows Promising Activity against Colistin-Resistant Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and a Dual Mode of Action
Authors: Oddo Alberto , Thomsen Thomas T. , Kjelstrup Susanne , Gorey Ciara , Franzyk Henrik , Frimodt-Møller Niels , Løbner-Olesen Anders , Hansen Paul R.
Published: November 2015

Multiple strains of
Acinetobacter baumannii
have developed multidrug resistance (MDR), leaving colistin as the only effective treatment. The cecropin-α–melittin hybrid BP100 (KKLFKKILKYL-NH
2
) and its analogs have previously shown activity against a wide array of plant and human pathogens. In this study, we investigated the
in vitro
antibacterial activities of 18 BP100 analogs (four known and 14 new) against the MDR
A. baumannii
strain ATCC BAA-1605, as well as against a number of other clinically relevant human pathogens. Selected peptides were further evaluated against strains of
A. baumannii
that acquired resistance to colistin due to mutations of the
lpxC
,
lpxD
,
pmrA
, and
pmrB
genes. The novel analogue BP214 showed antimicrobial activity at 1 to 2 μM and a hemolytic 50% effective concentration (EC
50
) of >150 μM. The lower activity of its enantiomer suggests a dual, specific and nonspecific mode of action. Interestingly, colistin behaved antagonistically to BP214 when
pmrAB
and
lpxC
mutants were challenged.
Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant Serotype K1 Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains in China
Authors: Zhang Rong , Lin Dachuan , Chan Edward Wai-chi , Gu Danxia , Chen Gong-Xiang , Chen Sheng
Published: November 2015

We report the emergence of five carbapenem-resistant K1 hypervirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(hvKP) strains which caused fatal infections in hospital patients in Zhejiang Province, China, upon entry through surgical wounds. Genotyping results revealed the existence of three genetically related strains which exhibited a new sequence type, ST1797, and revealed that all strains harbored the
magA
and
wcaG
virulence genes and a plasmid-borne
bla
KPC-2
gene. These findings indicate that K1 hvKP is simultaneously hypervirulent, multidrug resistant, and transmissible.