bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of chiral HPLC in tandem with polarimetric detection in the determination of absolute configuration by chemical interconversion method: Example in 1‐(thi)oxothiazolinyl‐3‐(thi)oxothiazolinyl toluene atropisomer series
Authors: Roussel Christian , Hart Nicholas , Bonnet Brice , Suteu Cristina , Hirtopeanu Anca , Kravtsov Victor Ch. , Luboradzki Roman , Vanthuyne Nicolas
Published: October 2002

We report the determination of the absolute configuration of eight stereoisomers in the series of chiral 1‐(thi)oxothiazolinyl‐3‐(thi)oxothiazolinyl toluene atropisomers 1–3, from the known absolute configuration of one stereoisomer, determined by X‐ray crystallography. The method uses the affiliation between signs of rotation of polarised light during chemical transformations which preserve the absolute configuration and also during rotation around a single pivot bond producing a compound of known configuration. The use of chiral HPLC in tandem with a chirality detector gives a decisive advantage since such correlation can be performed on a mixture of a very limited quantity of compounds, without tedious purification steps. The method shown as an example in this article, which uses chiral HPLC with chirality detection, may prove useful in many other cases where the determination of the absolute configuration is necessary and where a chemical interconversion method can be used on a microscale. Chirality 14:665–673, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis and properties of Schiff bases containing (R)‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethylamine
Authors: Roje Marin , Šunjić Vitomir
Published: October 2002

Racemic 1‐(9‐anthryl)ethylamine (10), obtained in 70% overall yield from commercial 9‐cyanoanthracene, was kinetically resolved by the Candida antarctica A lipase‐catalyzed acetylation with isopropyl acetate as acyl donor, affording (R)‐(+)‐10 with 95.8% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) (E‐value 43.5), which afforded Schiff bases (R)‐4 and(R)‐8. 1H‐NMR, CD, and MM2 calculations offer a consistent picture of the conformational properties of these potential ligands and an explanation for the limited enhancement of enantioselectivity in cyclopropanation of styrene by their Cu(I) complexes, as compared with previously studied ligands in this series. Chirality 14:625–631, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell migration and proliferation are not discriminatory factors in the in vitro sociologic behavior of bronchial epithelial cell lines
Authors: Matos Manuela , Raby Béatrice Nawrocki , Zahm Jean‐Marie , Polette Myriam , Birembaut Philippe , Bonnet Noël
Published: October 2002

A model of cellular cohesion has been developed, which permits the in vitro study of the spatial and temporal distribution of two human bronchial cell lines. The spatial distribution of cells in culture was characterized from videomicroscopic recordings and analyzed using an algorithmic program of cellular sociology based on the use of three geometrical models: Voronoï's partition, Delaunay's graph, the and minimum spanning tree (MST). The results obtained suggested that the manner of cellular cohesiveness could be used to differentiate between the organizational behaviors of the cell lines: non‐invasive 16HBE14o‐ cells rapidly formed clusters with a cohesive organization, whereas invasive BZR cells remained isolated and were characterized by a non‐cohesive organization. Videomicroscopic and image analysis techniques also demonstrated that cell migration and proliferation are not discriminatory factors for explaining differences in the spatial organizations of the two cell lines. We concluded that the random nature of cell movement combined with the cell adhesion capacity are determinant factors in cell cluster formation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 53:53–65, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BPDE‐induced lymphocytic 3p21.3 aberrations may predict head and neck carcinoma risk
Authors: Zhu Yong , Spitz Margaret R. , Zheng Yun‐Ling , Hong Waun K. , Wu Xifeng
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Tobacco exposure is an established risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Benzo[α]pyrene diol expoxide (BPDE), a main metabolic product of the tobacco smoke constituent benzo[α]pyrene, induces chromosomal aberrations at specific loci. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) induced by BPDE may reflect individuals' genetic susceptibility to tobacco carcinogens.

METHODS

This study was designed to detect BPDE‐induced aberrations in PBLs at locus 3p21.3 in cultured lymphocytic cells. Our hypothesis is that the presence of BPDE‐induced 3p21.3 aberrations is a biomarker of an individual's genetic susceptibility and that individuals with these aberrations are at an increased risk for HNSCC. PBL cultures from 52 cases and 54 controls were treated with 2 μM BPDE for 24 hours before the 3p21.3 aberrations were assessed by flourescence in situ hybridization. One thousand lymphocyte interphases were scored for each sample.

RESULTS

We found that BPDE‐induced chromosome 3p21.3 aberrations occurred more frequently in cases (mean: 31.4 per 1000 cells) than in controls (mean: 22.1 per 1000 cells; P < 0.001). However, when 6q27 was selected as a control locus, no such difference was observed (P = 0.545). When the 75th percentile value of induced aberrations in the controls was used as a cutoff point to classify 3p21.3 BPDE‐induced sensitivity, 30 of the 52 cases (57.69%) and only 14 of the 54 controls (25.93%) were sensitive to BPDE exposure. This approach resulted in an odds ratio of 4.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.87–12.28) for HNSCC risk associated with BPDE‐induced 3p21.3 aberrations. There was also a dose‐response relationship between the number of BPDE‐induced aberrations at 3p21.3 and risk for HNSCC.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this study demonstrated that 3p21.3 may be a specific molecular target of tobacco carcinogens and that BPDE sensitivity at this locus may reflect an individual's genetic susceptibility to HNSCC. Cancer 2002;95:563–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10689
Late recurrence in 1263 men with testicular germ cell tumors
Authors: Shahidi Mehdi , Norman Andrew R. , Dearnaley David P. , Nicholls Judy , Horwich Alan , Huddart Robert A.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Testicular germ cell tumors are highly curable. However, 10–30% of patients have recurrence after initial treatment. The time–course of recurrence has implications for the duration of follow‐up. This study was undertaken to assess the risk and time–course of recurrence and to identify patients at higher risk of late recurrence.

METHODS

The records of 1263 patients with primary testicular germ cell tumors presenting to the Royal Marsden Hospital between December 1979 and December 1993 were reviewed. In all, 255 episodes of recurrence were documented (including 44 patients with multiple recurrences) and used to calculate recurrence‐free survivals.

RESULTS

Fifty‐three patients (15 seminomas; 38 nonseminomatous germ cell tumors [NSGCT]) had recurrence more than 2 years after initial presentation. A multivariate analysis of risk of recurrence after 2 years identified positive markers at presentation and the presence of differentiated teratomas in postchemotherapy surgical specimens as significant predictors. Very late recurrence (> 5 years) occurred mainly in patients with metastatic NSGCT (12 of 14 patients) with a 1% annual risk of recurrence between 5 and 10 years. Very late recurrence was also seen in one case of metastatic seminoma and one case of Stage I NSGCT managed by surveillance. Most late recurrences (n = 9) were detected at routine annual follow‐up visits but five had recurrences with symptoms leading to an unscheduled clinic visit.

CONCLUSION

Late recurrences are rare in patients with testicular germ cell tumors and follow‐up to detect recurrence may not be needed after 5 years, except in those presenting with metastatic NSGCTs. Cancer 2002;95:520–30. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10691
Clinical importance of serum interleukin‐18 and nitric oxide activities in breast carcinoma patients
Authors: Günel Nazan , Coşkun Uğur , Sancak Banu , Günel Uğur , Hasdemir Oğuz , Bozkurt Şükrü
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) is a novel immunoregulatory cytokine that was known previously as interferon‐γ–inducing factor. IL‐18 levels can be used as a serum indicator for monitoring the clinical course of patients with hematologic malignancies and gastric carcinoma. Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic molecule that participates in the multistep processing of carcinogenesis.

METHODS

In the current study, we measured serum IL‐18 and nitrate and nitrite levels in 38 metastatic and 26 nonmetastatic breast carcinoma patients and 16 healthy control subjects. Serum nitrate and nitrite levels were measured as an index of NO generation.

RESULTS

The levels of serum IL‐18 and nitrate and nitrite were increased significantly in breast carcinoma patients compared with control subjects (P < 0.001). Serum IL‐18 levels were significantly higher in the metastatic patients compared with the nonmetastatic patients (P < 0.001). There was no difference in serum nitrate and nitrite levels between metastatic and nonmetastatic patients (P > 0.05). Patients with bone metastasis have higher serum IL‐18 levels and lower serum nitrate and nitrite levels compared with patients with liver, lung, and local metastasis (P < 0.001). There was no correlation among serum IL‐18, nitrate and nitrite, CA 15‐3, and carcinoemybryonic antigen levels (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that serum IL‐18 and nitrate and nitrite levels may be useful markers in monitoring metastatic breast carcinoma pateints. IL‐18 and NO activities in breast carcinoma patients with bone metastasis may be more valuable in the follow‐up of these patients. Cancer 2002;95:663–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10705
Glycine and GABAA receptor subunits on Renshaw cells: Relationship with presynaptic neurotransmitters and postsynaptic gephyrin clusters
Authors: Geiman Eric J. , Zheng Wei , Fritschy Jean‐Marc , Alvarez Francisco J.
Published: October 2002

Inhibitory synapses with large and gephyrin‐rich postsynaptic receptor areas are likely indicative of higher synaptic strength. We investigated the presynaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter content (GABA, glycine, or both) and the presence and subunit composition of GABAA and glycine postsynaptic receptors in one example of gephyrin‐rich synapses to determine neurochemical characteristics that could also contribute to enhance synaptic strength. Hence, we analyzed subunit receptor expression in gephyrin patches located on Renshaw cells, a type of spinal interneuron that receives powerful excitatory and inhibitory inputs and displays many large gephyrin patches on its surface. GABAA and glycine receptors were almost always colocalized inside Renshaw cell gephyrin clusters. According to the subunit‐immunoreactivities detected, the composition of GABAA receptors was inferred to be either α3β(2or3)γ2, α5β(2or3)γ2, α3α5β(2or3)γ2 or a combination of these. The types of neurotransmitters contained inside boutons presynaptic to Renshaw cell gephyrin patches were also investigated. The majority (60–75%) of terminals presynaptic to Renshaw cell gephyrin patches contained immunocytochemical markers for GABA as well as glycine, but a proportion contained markers only for glycine. Significantly, 40% of GABAA receptor clusters were opposed to presynaptic boutons that contained only glycinergic markers. We postulate that GABA and glycine corelease, and the presence of α3‐containing GABAA receptors can enhance the postsynaptic current and contribute to strengthen inhibitory input on Renshaw cells. In addition, a certain degree of imprecision in the localization of postsynaptic GABAA receptors in regard to GABA release sites onto adult Renshaw cells was also found. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:275–289, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of parvalbumin‐ and GABA transporter‐immunoreactive axon terminals in monkey prefrontal cortex
Authors: Erickson Susan L. , Lewis David A.
Published: October 2002

In the primate prefrontal cortex, the axon terminals of the chandelier class of inhibitory local circuit neurons have a distinctive time course of postnatal development. In this study, we sought to determine whether the axon terminals of other classes of local circuit neurons are also refined during postnatal development. We examined postnatal changes in the density of punctate structures immunoreactive for the calcium binding protein parvalbumin, which identifies a subset of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) ‐containing terminals, in the prefrontal cortex of 35 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from newborn to adult. In area 46, the density of parvalbumin‐ immunoreactive puncta in the superficial and middle layers was extremely low in the newborn animals, then increased more than 10‐fold to adult levels, which were achieved by 3 to 4 years of age. In layer V, a band of labeled puncta present in the newborn animals also increased in density until 3 to 4 years of age. Developmental changes of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive puncta in area 9 were similar to those in area 46. In contrast, the density of punctate structures labeled with an antibody against a GABA membrane transporter (GAT‐1) did not change across development, suggesting that the number of GABAergic terminals is stable over time, but that the level of parvalbumin protein within the terminals varies. The time course of the observed changes in these parvalbumin‐labeled terminals is markedly different from that of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive chandelier cell terminal clusters. These findings suggest that morphologically specialized classes of inhibitory interneurons assume prominence within the prefrontal cortical network at different stages of postnatal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:186–202, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related decreases in Nurr1 immunoreactivity in the human substantia nigra
Authors: Chu Yaping , Kompoliti Katie , Cochran Elizabeth J. , Mufson Elliott J. , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2002

Nuclear receptor‐related factor 1 (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is associated with the induction of dopaminergic (DA) phenotypes in developing and mature midbrain neurons. It is well established that dopaminergic nigrostriatal function decreases with age. Whether age‐related deficits in DA phenotypic markers are associated with alterations in Nurr1 expression is unknown. The present study found that virtually all of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) neurons within the young adult human substantia nigra were Nurr1‐immunoreactive (Nurr1‐ir) positive. Stereologic counts revealed a significant reduction in the number of Nurr1‐ir nigral neurons in middle‐aged (23.13%) and aged (46.33%) individuals relative to young subjects. The loss of Nurr1‐ir neurons was associated with a similar decline in TH‐ir neuron number. In this regard, TH‐ir neuronal number was decreased in middle‐aged (11.10%) and in aged (45.97%) subjects, and this loss of TH‐ir neurons was highly correlated (r = 0.92) with the loss of Nurr1‐ir neurons. In contrast, the number of melanin‐containing nigral neuron number was generally stable across age groups, indicating that changes in Nurr1 and TH reflect phenotypic age‐related changes and not frank neuronal degeneration. In support of this concept, confocal microscopic analyses of Nurr1‐ir and TH‐ir fluorescence intensity revealed parallel decreases in Nurr1‐ and TH‐immunofluorescence as a function of age. These data demonstrate that age‐related decline of DA phenotypic markers is associated with down‐regulation of Nurr1 expression in the SN. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:203–214, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypothalamic inferior lobe and lateral torus connections in a percomorph teleost, the red cichlid (Hemichromis lifalili)
Authors: Ahrens Katja , Wullimann Mario F.
Published: October 2002

The neuroanatomic connections of the inferior lobe and the lateral torus of the percomorph Hemichromis lifalili were investigated by 1,1′, dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindo‐carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) tracing. The inferior lobe and the lateral torus both receive afferents from the secondary gustatory nucleus. Additional afferents reach the inferior lobe from the nucleus glomerulosus, nucleus suprachiasmaticus, dorsal and central posterior thalamic nucleus, nucleus lateralis valvulae, magnocellular part of the magnocellular nucleus of the preoptic region, caudal nucleus of the preglomerular region, posterior tuberal nucleus, area dorsalis of the telencephalon, and a tegmental nucleus (T2). Efferents from the inferior lobe and the lateral torus terminate in the dorsal hypothalamic neuropil and corpus mamillare. Furthermore, the inferior lobe projects to the medial nucleus of the lateral tuberal hypothalamus and perhaps makes axo‐axonal synapses in the tractus tectobulbaris rectus. The inferior lobe and the torus lateralis have reciprocal connections with the preglomerular tertiary gustatory nucleus and posterior thalamic nucleus and are also mutually interconnected. The inferior lobe is also reciprocally connected with the medial nucleus of the preglomerular region, reticular formation and sparsely with the anterior dorsal thalamic and the ventromedial thalamic nuclei. Thus, whereas the lateral torus is exclusively connected with the gustatory system, the inferior lobe is of a multisensory nature. In comparison with the goldfish (Carassius auratus), the connectivity pattern of the inferior lobe of Hemichromis lifalili reflects its specialization with respect to the visual system, as it receives qualitative (i.e., dorsal posterior, anterior, and ventromedial thalamic nuclei) as well as quantitative (i.e., nucleus glomerulosus) additional visual input. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:43–64, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fredholm determinants, Jimbo‐Miwa‐Ueno τ‐functions, and representation theory
Authors: Borodin Alexei , Deift Percy
Published: October 2002

The authors show that a wide class of Fredholm determinants arising in the representation theory of “big” groups, such as the infinite‐dimensional unitary group, solve Painlevé equations. Their methods are based on the theory of integrable operators and the theory of Riemann‐Hilbert problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A note on the abc conjecture
Authors: Hu Pei‐Chu , Yang Chung‐Chun
Published: October 2002

In this note we have generalized the abc‐conjecture for integers and extended Mason's theorem to polynomials in ℂm by dint of Nevanlinna's value distribution theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Individual differences in psychophysiological reactivity in adults with childhood abuse
Authors: Schmahl Christian G. , Elzinga Bernet M. , Bremner J. Douglas
Published: October 2002

Little is known about the neurobiological correlates of stress‐related disorders. In particular almost nothing is known about biological correlates of specific personality disorders that have been linked to stress. We measured heart rate and blood pressure reactivity in response to personalized traumatic scripts together with subjective psychological ratings in four women with a history of childhood abuse with no disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and Histrionic Personality Disorder. Psychophysiology as well as subjective ratings differed markedly between the four women, with elevated reactions found in PTSD and histrionic personality, and extreme decline in physiological reactivity associated with a dissociative response in the borderline patient. It is concluded that reactivity to traumatic reminders can be correlated with the existence of different stress‐related diagnoses. Personality characteristics seem to have an influence on psychophysiological reactivity in patients with stress‐related psychiatric disorders. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychometric characteristics of the traumatic experiences checklist (TEC): first findings among psychiatric outpatients
Authors: Nijenhuis Ellert R. S. , Van der Hart Onno , Kruger Karlien
Published: October 2002

The objective of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of a retrospective self‐report measure of potential traumatic experiences among psychiatric outpatients. The range of evaluated experiences includes emotional neglect and abuse. Participants completed the Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC) (N = 153), a self‐report trauma questionnaire of known psychometric qualities, i.e. the Stressful Life Experiences Questionnaire (SLESQ), and self‐report measures of somatoform dissociation (SDQ‐20), psychoform dissociation (DES). A majority (N = 115) completed the TEC twice, and also completed a measure of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD‐ss). The TEC's internal consistency and test–retest reliability were good, and the TEC strongly correlated with the SLESQ. Associations between the TEC and the PTSD‐ss, DES, and SDQ‐20 supported the criterion‐related validity of the TEC. The internal consistency, test–retest reliability and criterion‐related validity of TEC trauma area presence and severity scores were also satisfactory. Preliminary findings suggest that the psychometric characteristics of the TEC are good. Future study of the TEC should include larger samples of psychiatric patients, as well as non‐clinical groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of multiple output operation for switched‐capacitor resonant converters
Authors: Yeung Y. P. B. , Cheng K. W. E. , Sutanto D.
Published: October 2002

A family of switched‐capacitor circuits using two transistors is presented. This family only requires very small inductor for resonance and therefore is suitable for hybridization. It has variable topologies which provide different voltage conversion ratios. Each of the topologies can be merged to produce multiple outputs. This paper investigates the feasibility of this circuit merger technique. Experimental and theoretical analyses are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: Potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Hodge Greg , Hodge Sandy , Han Ping
Published: October 2002

Background

Cytokines involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) direct a predominantly cell‐mediated T‐ helper‐1 (Th1) immune response. The nonspecific anti‐inflammatory treatment being used in the management of patients with IBD has not changed much since the 1970s and new therapeutic agents are keenly sought. Several compounds isolated from Allium sativum (garlic) modulate leukocyte cell proliferation and cytokine production.

Methods

To investigate the possible therapeutic effects of garlic in the treatment of patients with IBD, whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in the presence of various concentrations of garlic extract and the effect on leukocyte cytokine production was determined in vitro using multiparameter flow cytometry.

Results

Monocyte interleukin (IL)‐12 production was inhibited significantly in the presence of low concentrations of garlic extract (≥0.1 μg/ml total protein). Monocyte IL‐10 production increased significantly and monocyte tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐8, T‐cell interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), IL‐2, and TNF‐α decreased significantly in the presence of ≥10 μg/ml garlic extract. Twenty to fifty percent of the immunomodulatory activity of garlic extract on cytokine production was acid labile. The inhibitory activity of methylprednisolone, a commonly used anti‐inflammatory in IBD, with garlic on leukocyte cytokine production was additive.

Conclusions

By inhibiting Th1 and inflammatory cytokines while upregulating IL‐10 production, treatment with garlic extract may help to resolve inflammation associated with IBD. An in vivo animal model study needs to be undertaken to determine the significance of these in vitro findings. Cytometry 48:209–215, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism for shaping the emitted traffic at ATM terminal‐points
Authors: Koukos A. K. , Evangelatos A. F.
Published: October 2002

A mechanism for controlling the emitted traffic to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, system design and implementation architectures are introduced. Specifically, the effective rate of a stream, defined under certain multiplexing conditions and quality‐of‐service specifications, is enforced to desired values by controlling the cell emission rate of the generated bursts. The traffic shaping mechanism is closely associated to an ATM transmitter, which is mainly responsible for ATM cell assembly and header error control. The mechanism has been designed to support data communication services. The whole system has been implemented as a VLSI circuit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A slotted multicode CDMA protocol for efficient integration of voice and data in cellular networks
Authors: Zhang H. , Gburzynski P.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a novel radio channel structure based on slotted CDMA technology intended for carrying traffic with diverse bandwidth/QoS requirements in mobile environments, e.g. personal communication systems (PCS). The essence of our approach is a combination of flexible slotting with allocation of multiple codes to high‐bandwidth mobiles. As demonstrated by our performance studies, the proposed scheme efficiently integrates multiple traffic classes into a unified CDMA system. It is highly flexible and incurs low overheads for a wide range of realistic traffic conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic utility of galectin‐3 and CD26/DPPIV as preoperative diagnostic markers for thyroid nodules
Authors: Aratake Yatsuki , Umeki Kazumi , Kiyoyama Kazuaki , Hinoura Yuji , Sato Shinya , Ohno Akinobu , Kuribayashi Tadanobu , Hirai Keisuke , Nabeshima Kazuki , Kotani Tomio
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to search for diagnostic markers that could correctly identify thyroid nodular lesions requiring urgent surgical treatment. We investigated whether galectin‐3 and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26/DPPIV) could be potential markers for improving the diagnostic accuracy of conventional cytology. Seventy‐nine patients with histologically proven thyroid diseases were analyzed. The immunocytochemical staining results showed galectin‐3 expression in neoplastic cells of all 37 papillary carcinomas, five of six follicular carcinomas, all three anaplastic carcinomas, one of three medullary carcinomas, and two of 14 follicular adenomas. All 16 adenomatous goiters were negative for galectin‐3 immunostaining. On the other hand, all 37 papillary carcinomas, all six follicular carcinomas, and one of three anaplastic carcinomas revealed CD26/DPPIV expression, whereas all three medullary carcinomas were negative. Among benign thyroid lesions, four of 14 follicular adenomas and two of 16 adenomatous goiters exhibited varying degrees of immunoreactivity for CD26/DPPIV. RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated overexpression of galectin‐3 and CD26/DPPIV mRNAs in all six papillary and all three follicular carcinomas analyzed, whereas the mRNA expressions of these molecules were barely or not detectable in benign thyroid lesions and normal thyroid tissues, except for one case of follicular adenoma. In conclusion, we demonstrate that galectin‐3 and CD26/DPPIV were consistently coexpressed at protein and mRNA levels in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. We propose that combined immunostaining for galectin‐3 and CD26/DPPIV in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules may play a role in accurate cytodiagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:366–372. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic significance of endocervical glandular cells with “golden‐yellow” mucin on pap smear
Authors: Hata Sakae , Mikami Yoshiki , Manabe Toshiaki
Published: October 2002

Endocervical glandular cells rarely show “golden‐yellow” mucin staining using the Papanicolaou technique, whereas the cells of adenoma malignum (minimal deviation adenocarcinoma) do. To further evaluate the significance of this finding, we reviewed the Pap smears of six cases in which atypical glandular cells containing golden‐yellow mucin was identified. Microscopic examination of the hysterectomy specimens confirmed one case of adenoma malignum, whereas the other five cases were diagnosed as endocervical glandular hyperplasia with pyloric gland metaplasia. Glandular cells observed in all six cases were filled with golden‐yellow mucin. In the case of adenoma malignum the nuclei were somewhat more enlarged and the chromatin texture was coarsely granular, although a distinction between adenoma malignum and the five benign lesions was difficult. Special staining performed on tissue sections in all cases demonstrated that the intracytoplasmic mucin of the glandular cells in portion of both pyloric gland metaplasia and adenoma malignum was predominantly PAS‐positive and showed immunoreactivity for M‐GGMC‐1 (HIK1083), which reacts with pyloric gland mucin of the stomach. A review of 1,165 consecutive Pap smears failed to identify cells with golden‐yellow mucin. These observations indicate that golden‐yellow mucin on Papanicolaou smear seems to represent a gastric phenotype of endocervical glandular cells, which is a unique characteristic shared by adenoma malignum and pyloric gland metaplasia. This finding should therefore be regarded as a warning sign, raising the possibility of adenoma malignum and requiring prompt histopathologic assessment, although not of itself diagnostic of malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:80–84. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of unusual germ cell tumors of the mediastinum: Atypical seminoma and parietal yolk sac tumor
Authors: Yang Grace C.H. , Hwang Sonya J. , Yee Herman T.
Published: October 2002

A 30‐yr‐old man presented with a mediastinal germ cell tumor that combined the histologic pattern of seminoma with the immunohistochemical profile of embryonal carcinoma (β‐HCG+/PLAP−). In FNA smears, this atypical seminoma presented as fragile large cells with scanty cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, irregular and indistinct nucleoli, scattered singly and in loosely cohesive fragments without the characteristic lymphocytic or tigroid background. The cytologic features were more suggestive of a poorly differentiated carcinoma than seminoma, potentially leading to misdiagnosis and mismanagement. The second case was a 51‐yr‐old female smoker who presented with mediastinal parietal yolk sac tumor with extension to the lung, a rare occurrence, and contrary to the clinical impression of lung cancer with hilar lymph node metastasis. This case illustrates the value of using the unique cytologic features of parietal yolk sac tumor, i.e., the abundant, viscous, stringy metachromatic extracellular hyaline material associated with the tumor cells in reaching the accurate diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:69–74. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the retroperitoneum: A series of 111 cases not including specific organs
Authors: López‐Ríos Fernando , Pérez‐Barrios Andrés , Alberti Nuria , Vargas Javier , Lozano Francisco , de Agustín Pedro
Published: October 2002

We report on our experience in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the retroperitoneum: 111 FNA biopsies performed on 99 patients. Cytologic diagnoses were divided into four groups: nondiagnostic (unsatisfactory samples because of a low cellularity and/or improperly prepared smears) aspirates (20%), benign (16%), suspicious for malignancy (13%), and malignant (50%). There were no known false‐positive samples. We had two false‐negative diagnoses due to sampling errors. Among diagnostic smears, the procedure showed a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100%. The predictive value of a positive result was 100% and the predictive value of a negative result was 90%. The overall accuracy was 98%. Metastatic carcinomas accounted for the largest number of lesions in the group of malignant tumors. A primary tumor site was known for the majority of the cases before the aspiration was performed. In the remaining cases we were unable to suggest an origin. It is therefore important to emphasize the role of ancillary studies in patients that are at the first assessment of the disease or when a second intercurrent malignancy is suspected. In our limited experience, a suggestion of the correct subtype of retroperitoneal sarcoma was not possible. As in the rest of cytopathology, a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory in this setting to improve patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:85–89. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The novel nootropic compound DM232 (UNIFIRAM) ameliorates memory impairment in mice and rats
Authors: Ghelardini Carla , Galeotti Nicoletta , Gualtieri Fulvio , Manetti Dina , Bucherelli Corrado , Baldi Elisabetta , Bartolini Alessandro
Published: October 2002

The favorable pharmacological profile exhibited by piracetam stimulated the synthesis of related compounds potentially endowed with a higher nootropic potency. The antiamnesic and procognitive activity of DM232 (unifiram), a new compound structurally related to piracetam, was investigated. Mouse passive avoidance and rat Morris water maze and Social learning tests were employed. DM232 (0.001–1 mg kg−1 i.p. – 0.01–0.1 1 mg kg−1 p.o.) prevented amnesia induced by scopolamine (1.5 mg kg−1 i.p.), mecamylamine (20 mg kg−1 i.p.), baclofen (2 mg kg−1 i.p.), and clonidine (0.125 mg kg−1 i.p.). Furthermore, The antiamnesic effect of the investigated compound was comparable to that exerted by well‐known nootropic drugs such as piracetam (30–100 mg kg−1 i.p.), aniracetam (100 mg kg−1 p.o.), rolipram (30 mg kg−1 p.o.), and nicotine (5 mg kg−1 i.p). DM232 (0.1 mg kg−1 i.p.) was also able to prevent amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.8 mg kg−1 i.p.) in the rat Morris watermaze test. In the rat social learning test, DM232 (0.1 mg kg−1 i.p.) injected in adults rats reduced the duration of active exploration of the familiar partner in the second session of the test. DM232, similarly to piracetam, reduced the duration of hypnosis induced by pentobarbital. At the highest effective doses, the investigated compound did not impair motor coordination (rota rod test), nor modified spontaneous (Animex). These results indicate DM232 (unifiram) as a novel cognition enhancer, strictly related to piracetam‐like compounds, able to ameliorate memory impairment at doses about 1,000 times lower than the most active available nootropic compounds. Drug Dev. Res. 56:23–32, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in behavior and monoamine laterality following neonatal clomipramine treatment
Authors: Andersen Susan L. , Dumont Nathalie L. , Teicher Martin H.
Published: October 2002

Postnatal treatment between 8 to 21 days of age with clomipramine (15 mg/kg, twice daily) produces an animal model that has many of the behavioral hallmarks of depression. In this study, we investigated the enduring behavioral and neurochemical effects of this early treatment in adult animals. Locomotor activity was increased in clomipramine‐treated males, but not females, relative to vehicle‐treated subjects. Increases in anxiety‐like behavior in the elevated plus maze also were observed in clomipramine‐exposed adults, but no sex differences were detected. Clomipramine‐treated animals had shifts in the laterality of monoamines in limbic regions with lower serotonin levels on the right side while vehicle‐treated animals had lower serotonin on the left side. The lateralization of dopamine content demonstrated the same pattern. This decline in monoaminergic content is consistent with clinical studies demonstrating decrements in serotonin as well as alterations in the lateralization of function in individuals with major depressive order. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 50–57, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10055
Developmental expression of α4 protein phosphatase regulatory subunit in tissues affected by Opitz syndrome
Authors: Everett Allen D. , Brautigan David L.
Published: October 2002

Mutations in the Mid1 gene are responsible for X‐linked Opitz syndrome, characterized by midline defects of the brain, face, heart, and trachea. The regulatory subunit α4 binds protein phosphatase 2A to Mid1 and promotes Mid1 dephosphorylation, in opposition to MAP kinase. To examine the relationship between α4 expression and human defects in Opitz syndrome, developmental expression of α4 in embryonic day (E) 8–E16 mouse embryos was mapped by immunohistochemistry. At E10, α4 was first detected only in the heart. At E11, α4 was expressed in epithelium of the mandibular and maxillary arches and in specific subsets of mesenchymal cells within the arches. The fetal heart and brain also highly expressed α4. At E16, α4 expression broadened to include the heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and tracheal and esophageal epithelium but not smooth muscle. Consistent with immunolocalization in embryos, Western immunoblotting of adult rabbit tissues demonstrated high levels of α4 expression in brain, heart, lung, liver, and skeletal muscle with low expression in kidney, uterus, and intestine. Expression in slow type I skeletal muscle was much higher than in fast type II muscle. By using double immunohistochemical staining, α4 was coexpressed in mouse skeletal muscle cells containing slow type myosin. Expression of α4 overlaps with the tissue defects in Opitz syndrome. The α4 gene lies in the linkage interval for FG syndrome, characterized by skeletal muscle and brain defects that coincide closely to the expression pattern of α4. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of relapse following successful dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder
Authors: Safer Debra L. , Lively Teresa J. , Telch Christy F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: October 2002

Objective

To identify predictors of relapse at 6‐month follow‐up for women with binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Participants were 32 women with BED who had initially achieved abstinence from binge eating after 20 weeks of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) adapted for patients with BED. Posttreatment predictor variables included the subscales Restraint, Weight Concerns, and Shape Concerns from the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE), the Emotional Eating Scale score, the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, body mass index, and early versus late age of binge eating onset.

Results

The largest effect sizes for predicting relapse were found with early onset of binge eating and higher EDE Restraint scores.

Discussion

Previous findings that earlier age of onset (age 16 years or younger) is linked to less successful treatment outcome are now extended to the 6‐month follow‐up assessment. The finding that higher restraint scores after treatment predict relapse adds to the literature concerning the role of restraint in patients with BED. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 155–163, 2002.
High‐caloric supplements in anorexia treatment
Authors: Imbierowicz Katrin , Braks Karsten , Jacoby Georg E. , Geiser Franziska , Conrad Rupert , Schilling Guntram , Liedtke Reinhard
Published: October 2002

Objective

This study compares weight gain and therapy duration in two groups of patients with anorexia nervosa, the first receiving a normal diet aimed at promoting weight gain, the second receiving high‐caloric supplements in addition to this normal diet. The study includes patients from two clinics with comparable psychotherapeutic treatment settings except for the substitution.

Methods

Eighty‐four patients were examined. Of these, 29 patients with substitution were compared with 29 patients without substitution. In addition, 13 patients without substitution from the first clinic were compared with 13 patients without substitution from the second clinic to exclude potential differences between the two institutions independent of the substitution.

Results

Substitution leads to more rapid weight gain, to greater weight on discharge, and to shorter therapy duration. Differences could be observed between patients severely or less severely underweight on admission and between patients with restrictive or bulimic anorexia.

Conclusion

Within the framework of inpatient psychosomatic treatment involving a psychotherapeutic treatment setting, substitution facilitates weight gain. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 135–145, 2002.
Numerical calculation of human‐body capacitance by surface charge method
Authors: Fujiwara Osamu , Ikawa Takanori
Published: October 2002

Transient electromagnetic noise generated by ESD (ElectroStatic Discharge) is considered to cause serious electromagnetic interference to high‐tech devices. One of the main causes of this ESD is known to be charging of the human body. Hence, the static capacitance of the human body, which is deeply related to the human body potential, has been measured. However, the body capacitance is strongly dependent on the relationship between the ground plane and the body posture. It is therefore not clear what factors govern the body capacitance. In this paper, the static capacitance of a body standing on a ground plane is calculated by means of the surface charge method. The human body consists of polyhedra in the calculation. In this paper, three types of polyhedra, with 765, 917, and 1529 surfaces, are used. It is found that the capacitance increases as the backs of the soles of the shoes approach the ground plane, that the body capacitance at the same height (10 mm) as the soles of the shoes is 120 to 130 pF, and that it is about 60 pF if the location of the soles is sufficiently high. The computational findings are confirmed by measurement of the body capacitance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 38–44, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10025
Image restoration by the family of M‐N‐norm parametric projection filters
Authors: Tanaka Akira , Imai Hideyuki , Miyakoshi Masaaki
Published: October 2002

In image restoration, if knowledge about the unknown original image could be used, reflecting that knowledge in the restoration process would enable effective restoration. However, in statistical image restoration that employs the family of projection filters or the family of parametric projection filters, the knowledge cannot be information other than information that limits the range in which the original image belongs to a linear subspace and limits the spatial measures to decisions based on the variance structure of the image population. We propose a family of signal‐adaptive parametric projection filters that introduces knowledge about the image that should solve this problem in the form of Pareto optimization. In this paper, we construct a family of filters that can reflect knowledge about the image in the spatial measures as a new approach. We also present an example illustrating the construction of the measures and prove the effectiveness of these filters through numerical examples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(11): 9–17, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10008
Performance analysis of a Fourier coefficient estimation method using IIR‐BPFs and an LMS algorithm and improvement of its performance
Authors: Kudoh Norimasa , Tadokoro Yoshiaki
Published: October 2002

In many areas, it is extremely important to accurately estimate the amplitude and phase of a signal even if the frequency contained in the signal to be analyzed is known. For cases in which the signal frequencies to be analyzed are in a nonharmonic relation and white noise and interference are superposed on the signal, a method (BPLMS method) combining the IIR type BPF and the LMS algorithm has been proposed to derive the Fourier coefficients of the signal components accurately. In the present paper, in order to investigate a method of improving the BPLMS method, an approximate equation for the estimated accuracy is derived. Also, the validity of the approximate equation is confirmed by computer simulations under various conditions. As a result of the approximate analysis, it is shown that the normalized frequency difference between the signal and the interference can be increased by combining a downsampling process so that the estimation accuracy can be improved. Finally, by simulation, the proposed method and the BPLMS method are compared in terms of estimation accuracy. An example of application to the pitch estimation of musical sounds is given. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 19‐28, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10010
Evaluation of the autonomic nervous activity during parabolic flight by pupillary flash response
Authors: Yamaji Kazutsuna , Hirata Yutaka , Usui Shiro
Published: October 2002

Evaluating the modulations of the autonomic nervous activity occurring due to gravity changes is an important task in space medicine. In this paper, results of evaluating the autonomic nervous activity in the states of hypergravity (excessive gravity) and hypogravity (very little gravity) during a parabolic flight of an aircraft are reported. A noninvasive pupil monitoring method proposed by the authors has been adopted in evaluating the autonomic nervous activity. This method allows evaluating the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities independently by simple experimental and data processing. In these experiments, only the simple parasympathetic nervous activities are evaluated by experimental protocols, and then the activities of the two nervous systems were simultaneously evaluated after verifying that stable data can be obtained via the experiments. Three males participated in the first experiment and one male in the second experiment. The results of the two experiments suggest that parasympathetic nervous activity is inhibited in one of the three subjects in the state of hypergravity and in all subjects in the state of hypogravity. On the other hand, there are no changes in the state of hypergravity and slight increases in the state of hypogravity in the sympathetic nervous activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(11): 56–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10054
Local balance of electron energy gain and loss in SST condition
Authors: Takeda Akihide , Ikuta Nobuaki
Published: October 2002

Spatially resolved steady state (SST) transport properties of electrons in Ne including the electron flux and the energy flow under a high reduced electric field E/N of 300 Td are investigated with the numerical data obtained by SST‐FTI method. It is confirmed that the local net energy gain is always the same as the sum of the local energy loss and the divergence of energy flow. That is, the local conservation of energy and the continuity of energy flow are both explicitly verified. The features of SST and PT (pulsed Townsend) transport properties in conservative and nonconservative conditions for the electron number are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 1–8, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10000