bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Lamination of Composite Materials on the Vibration Characteristics of Laminated Circular Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Narisawa Tetsuya
Published: July 2013

The use of Filament-Wound (FW) formed structures with fiberreinforced composite materials has increased steadily during the past three decades in weight-sensitive structure, such as aerospace vehicles and automotive applications. Since FW formed structures have different elastic properties depending upon the fibre-direction, they show various dynamic characteristics due to weaken transverse stiffnesses. In this paper, the natural frequencies of FW graphite/epoxy pipes (cylindrical shells) for simply supported at both ends are evaluated account for transverse shear deformation and transverse normal strain based on the First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). The purpose of this study is to investigate the vibration behavior of composite pipes for the convenience of dynamic design. It is shown that natural frequencies of laminated composite cylindrical shells are strongly dependent on not only shell geometry and anisotropy properties of composite materials but also stack of a number of laminates. Consequently, using knowledge in this study the structural designer can tailor the strength and other properties of a composites to meet the requirements of a given application by virtue of these knowledge of the lamination technique.
Implementation of a Level Set Interface Tracking Method in the FIDAP and CFX-4 Codes
Authors: Shepel Sergey V. , Smith Brian L. , Paolucci Samuel
Published: July 2013

A Streamline-Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) Finite Element (FE) Level Set method is presented, which may be used for solving problems involving incompressible two-phase flow with moving inter-phase boundaries. The method is three-dimensional, and can be used on both structured and unstructured grids. Two formulations are given. The first considers the coupled motion of both phases, and is implemented in the framework of the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code CFX-4. The second can be applied for gas-liquid flows when effects of the gaseous phase on the motion of the liquid phase are negligible; consequently, the gaseous phase is removed from consideration. This Level Set formulation is implemented in the commercial CFD code FIDAP. The resulting Level Set formulations are tested on sample problems involving two-phase flows with density ratio of the order of 103 and viscosity ratio as high as 105. The numerical results are compared against experimental data.
Treatment of Fast Chemistry in FDF/LES: In Situ Adaptive Tabulation
Authors: van Vliet E. , Fox R. O. , Derksen J. J. , Pope S. B.
Published: July 2013

The feasibility to implement fast-chemistry reactions in a three-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent reacting flow using a filtered density function (FDF) technique is studied. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is used as an representative reaction due to the stiff nature of the ordinary differential equation (ODE’s) describing the kinetics. In FDF/LES, the chemistry needs to be evaluated many times for a large number of fictitious particles that are tracked in the flow, and therefore a constraint is put to the CPU time needed to solve the kinetics. Pope (1997) developed an in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT) to treat complex chemistry computationally very efficiently when many evaluations of the chemistry are needed. Kolhapure and Fox (1999) successfully applied ISAT to LDPE using a quasi steady state assumption (QSSA). In the present paper, the aim is to optimize the latest version (ISAT Version 4.0, Pope, 2003) for the full LDPE reaction (i.e. without QSSA), in terms of accuracy and speed up by varying the error tolerance and the number of trees used by ISAT. For this purpose, a pairwise mixing stirred reactor (PMSR) is employed, since it forms a stringent test for the chemistry solver due to the large accessed region of composition space that can be established. For a number of trees of Ntree = 8 and an error tolerance of εtol = 10−5 the best overall performance of ISAT was obtained: compared with direct integration, a speed up factor of more than ten combined with an relative error in temperature of about 1% was found.
A 3D Virtual Reactor for Simulation of Silicon-Based Film Production
Authors: Krzhizhanovskaya V. V. , Zatevakhin M. A. , Ignatiev A. A. , Gorbachev Yu. E. , Goedheer W. J. , Sloot P. M. A.
Published: July 2013

In this paper we introduce a Grid-based Virtual Reactor, a problem-solving environment that supports detailed numerical study of industrial thin film production in Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) reactors. We describe the physics and chemistry underpinning the deposition process, the numerical approach to simulate these processes on advanced computer architectures as well as the associated software environment supporting computational experiments. In the developed 3D model we took into account all relevant chemical kinetics, plasma physics and transport processes that occur in PECVD reactors. We built an efficient problem-solving environment for scientists studying PECVD processes and end-users working in chemical industry and validated the resulting Virtual Reactor against real experiments.
Challenges in Modeling Ground Flares Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Diwakar Philip , Mehrotra Vibhor , Vallavanatt Rimon , McLean Thomas
Published: July 2013

Industrial application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are varied and many. However CFD requires the solution of complex fluid-flow problems in conjunction with equipment design, process and product development and optimization. The solution of such complex problems is possible through the coordination between industrial CFD engineers, software developers, consultants and academic scientists. In the petrochemical industry, CFD may be used for a variety of purposes such as air recirculation studies in LNG plants, burners in coker furnaces, multiphase studies in heat exchangers to name just a few. In particular combustion, flames, flares and chemical reaction are of interest because of the physics and the complex nature of the process. The topic selected for this presentation is the study of wet ground flares during a large-scale propane release and the effect of the radiation release on the environment and surrounding buildings and vegetation. The flare characteristics and radiation on the surrounding terrain form an integral part of the information required by the National standard for “Control of Major Hazard Facilities”. The study of individual flames from each burner with nozzles of the order of 1mm and the effect of 180 burners in a large area and surrounding terrain with length scales of several hundred meters make up a very intriguing problem of varying length scales. The results of this analysis are presented concentrating on the effects during the large scale conflagration event on the surrounding buildings, vegetation, aircraft, hills and mangroves.
Computational Simulation of Flow in a Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm Reconstructed From CT Images
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Matsuzawa Teruo
Published: July 2013

We have simulated blood flow through the shape of dissecting aortic aneurysm reconstructed from CT images. An aortic dissection is a tear in the inner lining of the aorta, creating a space between the inner and outer layers called a false lumen. The pipe where the usual bloodstream flows is called a true lumen. The thrombus or the bloodstream exists at the exit of the false lumen. Currently, there are not flow simulations of dissecting aortic aneurysms that use the individual patient’s shape. Under these circumstances, we thought that it would be useful to examine the stress that joins the vessel walls by numerical simulation, in order to changes after the onset of the disease. To obtain accurate simulation results, we examined a method for obtaining a highly accurate dissected aortic aneurysm shape. We assumed the maximum Reynolds number for systolic pressure. The constant flow was given by the entrance boundary. The calculation scheme is a finite volume method. The Reynolds number was about 9000. The result showed that flow in the false lumen was rotational flow and lower than that in the true lumen. Flow in the true lumen was not rotational flow. In general, MRI imagery has shown that flow in the aortic arch is rotational. The magnitude of the velocity in the true lumen was about 11 times the velocity in the false lumen. Therefore, high wall shear stress was showed three areas at wall in true lumen. Both wall shear stress and pressure values were high in the re-entry portion.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Simulate Large Mixing-Limited Fires Such as Wildfires
Authors: Linn Rodman R.
Published: July 2013

A brief qualitative description of work in progress towards using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a variety of physics models to simulate large mixing-limited fires. The assumption is made that the fine-scale details of the fuel source geometry and distribution cannot be resolved, but that average fuel loads and characteristics are known. The majority of the description and all of the results that are shown pertain to the simulations of wildfires. Wildfires have been chosen as the first focus area for this work, because they present a prime example of large mixing-limited fires that burn through fuel beds that can not be precisely numerically resolved and in most cases the details of which are not known. A number of preliminary three-dimensional simulations involving vegetation that is resolved down to the individual trees scales and vegetation that has been homogenized using average bulk characteristics are described. This objective of this text is to incite discussion and collaboration with regard to further application of this type of modeling approach.
Progress in Coupled LES-RANS Computations of Gas Turbines
Authors: Schlu¨ter Jo¨rg , Wu Xiaohua , Pitsch Heinz , Kim Sangho , Alonso Juan
Published: July 2013

The numerical prediction of the entire aero-thermal flow through an entire gas turbine is currently limited by its high computational costs. The approach presented here intends to use several specialized flow solvers based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) as well as Large Eddy Simulations (LES) running simultaneously and exchanging information at the interfaces. This study documents the development of the interface and proves its accuracy and efficiency on simple test-cases. Furthermore, its application to a turbo-machinery application is demonstrated.
Simulation of Flows in Plane Channel With a Hemisphere at the Bed by DNS and Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Dinh Thein Xuan , Ogami Y.
Published: July 2013

In order to develop an immersed boundary method for direct numerical simulation of turbulent and complicated boundary flow, we perform the method proposed by Kajishima for a fully developed turbulent channel flow with a hemisphere at the bed. The correlation between drag and lift, history of rollup moments about the specified contact axis and the distribution of pressure over the hemisphere in the plane of symmetry are presented. We also focus on instants of high rollup moment structure of the flow.
Numerical, Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Mass Outflow From a Pickling Tank
Authors: Mehrle Andreas , Gittler Philipp , Javurek Mirko , Osterkorn Andreas
Published: July 2013

The process of pickling is an important intermediate step in the production line of steel processing. The strip surface is cleaned from grease and scales before further processing by immersion into an acid bath. Problems arising at higher process speeds with increasing inclination of the free surface are reduced strip immersion length and increased mass outflow. In this paper a differential equation is derived describing the influence of the bath depth on the local surface inclination for a simplified two-dimensional case. Since it can only be solved analytically for trivial boundary conditions a numerical solution has been computed giving an estimation for the order of growth of the bath inclination and mass outflow with the strip velocity. Further, a series of CFD simulations of the complete three-dimensional geometry at different strip velocities have been carried out calibrating the formulas of mass outflow. In the course of the CFD simulations the deformation of the free surface was calculated by a VOF model with explicit reconstruction of the interface. A standard κ–ε turbulence model was applied and special considerations have been made regarding the boundary conditions. Finally the resulting formula has been verified making use of data from a small scale model. It was found that the overflow at the far end of the tank is the dominant mass transfer mechanism at process velocities of the current generation of pickling tanks. Still, due to the superior order of growth, mass drag-out via the upper side of the strip becomes important for process velocities of 8 to 10 m/s. The good accordance of the analytical solution, CFD simulation and experiment indicate that the formula derived in the first part of the paper is a good estimation for the mass outflow from the pickling tank, hence making time and resource consuming CFD simulations obsolete for the design layout. Further the validity of geometrically non similar small scale models could be showed.
Comparison of the Californian Desert Dunes With the Mediterranean Coastal Dunes at the Sea Shores
Authors: Yilmaz Levent
Published: July 2013

The development of the dunes is governed by the effects of turbulence. Turbulence is a type of fluid flow that is strongly rotational and apparently chaotic. Turbulence separates nearby parcels of air and thus mixed fluid properties. The evolution of sand dunes is determined by the interactions between the atmosphere, the surface and the transport and deposition of sand. We are concerned with this physical process and its computational simulation from three perspectives; namely, (1) flow structure; (2) sand transport and deposition and (3) interactions between flow structure and sand transport-deposition, which determine the dune morphology.
Inviscid Store Separation During Transonic Flight With Deployable Fins Using (6+) DOF
Authors: Dudley Jonathan G. , Westmoreland William
Published: July 2013

The classical rigid body 6 DOF capability at Eglin AFB has been completely rewritten. The new (6+) DOF allows moving components relative to non-inertial reference frames during time accurate CFD simulations. An inviscid computational fluid dynamics model was prepared to investigate the separation of a 2,000 lb cluster munition (CBU104) with deployable fins from an F15-E at transonic speed using (6+) DOF. The Mach effects of the store with deployable fins were studied for a given fighter aircraft configuration prior to USAF flight clearance.
Assessment Procedure for Multiple Volumetric Flaws (LTAs) in p-M Diagram
Authors: Konosu Shinji
Published: July 2013

Assessment of multiple volumetric flaws (LTAs) is one of the most common problems relating to pressure vessels and piping components. Under the current Fitness for Service (FFS) rules, such as ASME, BS and so on, multiple volumetric flaws are usually recharacterized as an enveloping volumetric flaw (defined as a single larger volumetric flaw) as well as multiple crack-like flaws, following their assessment rules. However, the rules proposed in their codes will not often agree and their justification is unknown. Furthermore, they can provide unrealistic assessment in some cases. In this paper, the interaction between two different sized non-aligned volumetric flaws such as local thin areas (LTAs) is clarified by applying the body force method. Unlike multiple crack-like flaws, the effect of biaxial stresses on the interaction is evident. Based on the interaction which indicates the magnification and shielding effects and reference stress solutions, a new procedure for multiple volumetric flaws is proposed for assessing the flaws in the p-M (pressure-moment) Diagram, which is a simple assessment procedure for vessels with LTAs.
Failure Properties of Ruptured and Unruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Raghavan Madhavan Lakshmi , Hanaoka Mauro M. , Kratzberg Jarin A. , de Lourdes Higuchi Maria , da Silva Erasmo Simao
Published: July 2013

Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a poorly understood phenomenon. Some aneurysms rupture as they grow larger, while many very large ones do not. There have been numerous reports on the failure properties of unruptured AAA [1], but similar data on ruptured AAA is scarce. Some reports suggest that greater pressure-induced tension in the AAA wall may predispose some to rupture [1]. But what of failure properties? It is conceivable that aneurysms which rupture are globally weaker than ones that do not or perhaps have very localized weak spots. Such key issues have not been explored because of lack of specimens from ruptured AAA. In this exploratory study between clinical and engineering investigators, unruptured and ruptured AAA were wholly harvested from fresh cadavers and the regional variations in wall thickness, mechanical properties and cellular content were compared.
Fabrication of high-density Si and SixGe1−x nanowire arrays based on the single step plasma etching process
Authors: Martin Mickael , Avertin Sebastien , Chevolleau Thierry , Dhalluin Florian , Ollivier Maelig , Baron Thierry , Joubert Olivier , Hartmann Jean Michel
Published: July 2013

Dense arrays of silicon and silicon germanium nanowires are fabricated using a top–down approach, which exploits the excellent patterning capabilities of inductively coupled plasmas. Using standard deep UV lithography on a previously deposited silicon oxide hard mask, silicon nanowires with straight and smooth sidewalls and a high aspect ratio greater than 60:1 can be obtained with SF6/O2/HBr/SiF4 plasma chemistries. The best results are obtained using Cl2/N2 high-density plasmas to pattern Si0.5Ge0.5 nanowires with an aspect ratio of 10:1.
Nuclear Pore Scaffold Structure Analyzed by Super-Resolution Microscopy and Particle Averaging
Authors: Szymborska Anna , de Marco Alex , Daigle Nathalie , Cordes Volker C. , Briggs John A. G. , Ellenberg Jan
Published: July 2013

Poring Over the Nuclear Pore

The nuclear pore is a macromolecular complex that traverses the paired membranes of the nuclear envelope through which a variety of nuclear protein and RNA cargoes must traffic.Szymborskaet al.(p.655, published online 11 July) combined super-resolution microscopy with single-particle averaging to localize the proteins that make up the structural scaffold of the nuclear pore complex with a precision well below one nanometer. These molecular positional constraints clarified contradictory models for the structure of the nuclear pore and demonstrate that the structural organization of protein complexes can be studied by light microscopy in situ in whole cells.
Genome Sequence of “
Candidatus
Methanomassiliicoccus intestinalis” Issoire-Mx1, a Third
Thermoplasmatales
-Related Methanogenic Archaeon from Human Feces
Authors: Borrel Guillaume , Harris Hugh M. B. , Parisot Nicolas , Gaci Nadia , Tottey William , Mihajlovski Agnès , Deane Jennifer , Gribaldo Simonetta , Bardot Olivier , Peyretaillade Eric , Peyret Pierre , O'Toole Paul W. , Brugère Jean-François
Published: July 2013

“
Candidatus
Methanomassiliicoccus intestinalis” Issoire-Mx1 is a methanogenic archaeon found in the human gut and is a representative of the novel order of methanogens related to
Thermoplasmatales
. Its complete genome sequence is presented here.
Genome Sequences of Four Yersinia enterocolitica Bioserotype 4/O:3 Isolates from Mammals
Authors: Garzetti Debora , Heesemann Jürgen , Rakin Alexander
Published: July 2013

We report here the complete genome sequences of four European
Yersinia enterocolitica
mammalian isolates of bioserotype 4/O:3. The genomes have an average size of 4.50 Mb, a G+C content of 47%, and between 4,231 and 4,330 coding sequences (CDSs). No relevant differences were detected by genome comparison between mammalian and human isolates.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Highly Flagellated, Fast-Swimming Archaeon, Methanocaldococcus villosus Strain KIN24-T80 (DSM 22612)
Authors: Thennarasu Sugumar , Polireddy Dineshreddy , Antony Aju , Yada Madhava Rao , Algarawi Sami , Sivakumar Neelamegam
Published: July 2013

We report the draft genome sequence of a hyperthermophilic
Methanocaldococcus villosus
strain, KIN24-T80. The gene associated with its heavy flagellum formation was annotated in the 1.2-Mb draft genome sequence, and this strain may be a good model system to study the extensive functional role of flagella and their fast motor activity.
Draft Genome Sequence of Strain CBD-635, a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA100 Isolate
Authors: Carroll Ronan K. , Burda Whittney N. , Roberts Jill C. , Peak Kealy K. , Cannons Andrew C. , Shaw Lindsey N.
Published: July 2013

We present the draft genome sequence of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strain CBD-635, from the USA100 lineage. This is a sepsis isolate obtained from Tampa General Hospital. This strain is
spa
type t003 and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) type ST5, and it has been used by our group in the study of novel antimicrobial chemotherapeutics.
Perioperative medication management: expanding the role of the preadmission clinic pharmacist in a single centre, randomised controlled trial of collaborative prescribing
Authors: Hale A R , Coombes I D , Stokes J , McDougall D , Whitfield K , Maycock E , Nissen L
Published: July 2013

Objectives

Current evidence to support non-medical prescribing is predominantly qualitative, with little evaluation of accuracy, safety and appropriateness. Our aim was to evaluate a new model of service for the Australia healthcare system, of inpatient medication prescribing by a pharmacist in an elective surgery preadmission clinic (PAC) against usual care, using an endorsed performance framework.

Design

Single centre, randomised controlled, two-arm trial.

Setting

Elective surgery PAC in a Brisbane-based tertiary hospital.

Participants

400 adults scheduled for elective surgery were randomised to intervention or control.

Intervention

A pharmacist generated the inpatient medication chart to reflect the patient's regular medication, made a plan for medication perioperatively and prescribed venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. In the control arm, the medication chart was generated by the Resident Medical Officers.

Outcome measures

Primary outcome was frequency of omissions and prescribing errors when compared against the medication history. The clinical significance of omissions was also analysed. Secondary outcome was appropriateness of VTE prophylaxis prescribing.

Results

There were significantly less unintended omissions of medications: 11 of 887 (1.2%) intervention orders compared with 383 of 1217 (31.5%) control (p<0.001). There were significantly less prescribing errors involving selection of drug, dose or frequency: 2 in 857 (0.2%) intervention orders compared with 51 in 807 (6.3%) control (p<0.001). Orders with at least one component of the prescription missing, incorrect or unclear occurred in 208 of 904 (23%) intervention orders and 445 of 1034 (43%) controls (p<0.001). VTE prophylaxis on admission to the ward was appropriate in 93% of intervention patients and 90% controls (p=0.29).

Conclusions

Medication charts in the intervention arm contained fewer clinically significant omissions, and prescribing errors, when compared with controls. There was no difference in appropriateness of VTE prophylaxis on admission between the two groups.

Trial Registration

Registered with ANZCTR—ACTR Number ACTRN12609000426280
A longitudinal, qualitative and quantitative exploration of daily life and need for rehabilitation among patients with high-grade gliomas and their caregivers
Authors: Piil K , Jarden M , Jakobsen J , Christensen K Bang , Juhler M
Published: July 2013

Introduction

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most malignant type of brain tumours. The 5-year survival is 10% and a significant part of the ongoing research aims to increase survival through surgical and oncological treatments. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for investigating the HGG trajectory in order to recommend specific guidelines for rehabilitative and supportive interventions.

Method and analysis

This study protocol (phase I) describes a longitudinal, qualitative, explorative and descriptive interview study of the life situation and need for rehabilitation among patients and their caregivers and a quantitative evaluation of health-related quality of life. Qualitative and quantitative data are collected in parallel, analysed separately and then merged. The finding of this study will, together with the existing literature, form the background for phase II, which is a feasibility study with a pre-experimental one-group design testing a rehabilitative and supportive intervention programme. The aim of this paper was to describe the design of an upcoming study. Interviews with 30 patients and 30 caregivers will provide information about how the life situation is experienced during the first year after being diagnosed with HGG. Quantitative measurements of quality of life, well-being and physical activity will provide additional information. More precisely, both qualitative and quantitative data will support the planning of the programme regarding the type of intervention(s), with or without supervision, the appropriate time along the trajectory, frequency, localisation, endpoint measurements and eligible patients and/or caregivers.

Ethics and dissemination

According to the Research Ethics Committee, approval is not needed for phase I as it is a non-intervention part of the study. Ethical approval of phase II will be sought at the time where the content of the intervention programme has been developed. Dissemination will occur through presentation and findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Qi Xingshun , He Chuangye , Yin Zhanxin , Wang Zhengyu , Zhang Hongbo , Yao Liping , Wang Jianhong , Xia Jielai , Cai Hongwei , Yang Zhiping , Bai Ming , Guo Wengang , Niu Jing , Wu Kaichun , Fan Daiming , Han Guohong
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) increases the risk of variceal rebleeding in liver cirrhosis. However, the strategy for preventing variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with PVT has not been explored. This study aims to evaluate whether the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) or conventional therapy is preferable for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in liver cirrhosis patients with PVT.

Methods and analysis

This is a randomised controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of TIPS versus conventional therapy (ie, endoscopic therapy combined with non-selective β-blockers and anticoagulants) for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with non-tumoral PVT. A total of 50 cirrhotic patients with PVT (thrombus >50% of portal vein lumen occupancy) and a history of variceal bleeding will be stratified according to the Child-Pugh class and degree of PVT, and randomised into the TIPS and conventional therapy groups. The primary objective was to compare the incidence of variceal rebleeding between the two groups. The secondary objectives were to compare the overall mortality, variceal rebleeding-related mortality, portal vein recanalisation and complications between the two groups, and to observe the progression of PVT in patients without portal vein recanalisation.

Ethics and dissemination

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Xijing hospital (No. 20110224-5), and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01326949). All participants give written informed consent. The first patient was recruited into our study on 4 June 2011. A total of 29 patients were recruited through 5 March 2013 (14 and 15 patients assigned to the TIPS and conventional therapy groups, respectively). If TIPS is superior to conventional therapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with PVT, TIPS might be recommended as the first-line therapy in such patients. But a small sample size potentially limits the generalisation of our conclusions.

Trial registration

This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on 29 March 2011. The trial registration number isNCT01326949.

Trial status

The first patient was recruited into our study on 4 June 2011. A total of 29 patients were recruited through 5 March 2013 (14 and 15 patients assigned to the TIPS and conventional therapy groups, respectively).
DeepVision: a stereo camera system provides highly accurate counts and lengths of fish passing inside a trawl
Authors: Rosen Shale , Jörgensen Terje , Hammersland-White Darren , Holst Jens Christian
Published: July 2013

The DeepVision stereo camera system collects a continuous record of colour images of all fish passing inside the extension of a trawl. Ninety-eight percent of 1729 fish captured while trawling could be identified to species from images, and lengths could be estimated from the images of 96% of the fish identified. A landmark distance technique developed to estimate lengths from images containing incomplete, curved, or obscured fish introduced <1% error for the majority of individuals (maximum 5% error). The technology can greatly increase the scope of information collected during trawl sampling, including documenting fine-scale distribution of individual fish and species overlap. Such information can aid in interpreting acoustic data and fine-scale community composition and could be collected with an open codend trawl, greatly reducing sampling mortality. Images are easily archived, providing an opportunity to quality check the raw data and revisit datasets originally collected for different purposes. Adaptation of the technology for commercial fisheries could reduce the catch of unwanted species and sizes.
Interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in predominant biofilm or planktonic forms of existence in mixed culture with Escherichia coli in vitro
Authors: Kuznetsova Marina V. , Maslennikova Irina L. , Karpunina Tamara I. , Nesterova Larisa Yu. , Demakov Vitaly A.
Published: July 2013

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are known to be involved in mixed communities in diverse niches. In this study we examined the influence of the predominant form of cell existence of and the exometabolite production by P. aeruginosa strains on interspecies interactions, in vitro. Bacterial numbers of P. aeruginosa and E. coli in mixed plankton cultures and biofilms compared with their numbers in single plankton cultures and biofilms changed in a different way, but were in accordance with the form of P. aeruginosa cell existence. The mass of a mixed-species biofilm was greater than the mass of a single-species biofilm. Among the mixed biofilms, the one with the “planktonic” P. aeruginosa strain had the least biomass. The total pyocyanin and pyoverdin levels were found to be lower in all mixed plankton cultures. Despite this, clinical P. aeruginosa strains irrespective of the predominant form of existence (“biofilm” or “planktonic”) had a higher total concentration of exometabolites than did the reference strain in 12–24 h mixed cultures. The metabolism of E. coli, according to its bioluminescence, was reduced in mixed cultures, and the decrease was by 20- to 100-fold greater with the clinical Pseudomonas strains than the reference Pseudomonas strain. Thus, both the predominant form of existence of and the exometabolite production by distinct P. aeruginosa strains should be considered to fully understand the interspecies relationship and bacteria survival in natural communities.
Effects of hepatitis B virus X protein on human T cell cytokines
Authors: Lou XiaoLi , Hou YanQiang , Liang DongYu
Published: July 2013

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a significant role in hepatocellular carcinoma development. To investigate the effect of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) on inflammatory cytokines of human T cell, a eukaryotic expression vector, HBx-pEGFP-C1, was constructed and transfected into the Jurkat human T-cell line. Jurkat cells were transfected transiently using Lipofectamine 2000 and activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-14 mRNA was measured. The results showed that the vector HBx-pEGFP-C1 was successfully constructed, and HBx was expressed in Jurkat cells. Compared with a control group, mRNA of IL-1β and TNF-α was significantly elevated in the HBx-pEGFP-C1 group (p < 0.05), while IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-14 mRNA was decreased (p < 0.05). Therefore, transient overexpression of HBx promoted PHA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and repressed anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human T cells.
FINDING OPTIMAL STRATEGIES IN TENNIS FROM VIDEO SEQUENCES
Authors: TERROBA ANTONIO , KOSTERS WALTER , VARONA JAVIER , MANRESA-YEE CRISTINA S.
Published: July 2013

The analysis of tennis data from broadcast video in order to identify tactical information is broadly an unexplored field, and the existing analytical approaches usually consist of simply providing general statistical information. In this paper, we present a tennis model based on Markov decision processes (MDPs), which describes the dynamic interaction between the players and we introduce a novel Monte Carlo-based method with an aim to extract optimal strategic information. In order to test the approach with real tennis data, we also present a system that transforms broadcast video tennis sequences into discrete temporal data that is fed into the model. We show that this framework, based on states, actions and rewards, allows for the identification of optimal strategies.
FINGER-KNUCKLE-PRINT RECOGNITION VIA ENCODING LOCAL-BINARY-PATTERN
Authors: SHARIATMADAR ZAHRA S. , FAEZ KARIM
Published: July 2013

Biometrics-based authentication is an effective approach which is used for automatically recognizing a person's identity. Recently, it has been found that the finger-knuckle-print (FKP), which refers to the texture pattern produced by the finger knuckle bending, is highly unique and can be used as a biometric identifier. In this paper, we present an effective FKP recognition scheme for personal identification and identity verification. This method is a new encoding scheme based on local binary pattern (LBP). Each image first is decomposed in several blocks, each block is convolved with a bank of Gabor filters and then, the LBPs histograms are extracted from the convolved images. Finally, a BioHashing approach is applied on the obtained fixed-length feature vectors. Extensive experiments conducted over the Poly-U FKP database demonstrated the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed method.
ON THE GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY–MOMENTUM VECTOR IN f(T) THEORIES
Authors: ULHOA S. C. , SPANIOL E. P.
Published: July 2013

This work is devoted to present and analyze an expression for the gravitational energy–momentum vector in the context of f(T) theories through field equations. Such theories are the analogous counterpart of the well-known f(R) theories, except using torsion instead of curvature. We obtain a general expression for the gravitational energy–momentum vector in this framework. Using the hypothesis of the isotropy of spacetime, we find the gravitational energy for a closed universe, since construction of real tetrads that do not constrain the functional form of the Lagrangian density was not possible for an open universe. Thus, we find a vanishing gravitational energy for the tetrad that we have used.
WIGNER FUNCTION APPROACH TO OSCILLATING SOLUTIONS OF THE 1D-QUINTIC NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: MAHALOV ALEX , SUSLOV SERGEI K.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we study oscillating solutions of the 1D-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the help of Wigner's quasiprobability distribution in quantum phase space. An "absolute squeezing property", namely a periodic in time total localization of wave packets at some finite spatial points without violation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is analyzed in this nonlinear model.
OPTICAL SOLITON SOLUTIONS OF THE LONG-SHORT-WAVE INTERACTION SYSTEM
Authors: BEKIR AHMET , AKSOY ESIN , GÜNER ÖZKAN
Published: July 2013

This paper, studies the long-short-wave interaction (LS) equation. An optical soliton solution is obtained by the exp-function method and the ansatz method. Subsequently, we formally derive the dark (topological) soliton solutions for this equation. By using the exp-function method, some additional solutions will be derived. The physical parameters in the soliton solutions of ansatz method: amplitude, inverse width, and velocity are obtained as functions of the dependent model coefficients.
BIOMECHANICAL MODEL FOR KINETIC AND KINEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF GAIT DURING SECOND TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF BIOMECHANICAL LOAD ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Authors: AGUIAR LILIANA , SANTOS-ROCHA RITA , BRANCO MARCO , VIEIRA FILOMENA , VELOSO ANTÓNIO
Published: July 2013

Walking is daily physical activity and a common way of exercise during pregnancy, but morphological changes can modify the gait pattern. Biomechanical models can help in evaluating joint mechanical loads and kinetics and kinematics during gait, and provide patterns. This study aimed to describe the gait pattern during the second trimester of pregnancy and give an orientation for biomechanical modeling for pregnant women. The ankle and hip joints seem to be more overloaded, mainly in the sagittal and frontal planes, respectively. Results show that pregnant women have a similar walking pattern to the normal gait. This model construction was revealed to be appropriate for describing gait during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Segmentation and growth of foothill thrust-belts adjacent to inverted grabens: the case of the Colombian Llanos foothills
Authors: Jimenez L. , Mora A. , Casallas W. , Silva A. , Tesón E. , Tamara J. , Namson J. , Higuera-Díaz I. C. , Lasso A. , Stockli D.
Published: July 2013

The geometry, kinematics and evolution of thick- and thin-skinned fold and thrust-belts have been characterized for many tectonic provinces. However, the impact of prior extension in the structural evolution of fold and thrust-belts remains under-appreciated. We use a series of balanced cross sections across areas of thin- and thick-skinned tectonics superimposed over former extensional structures in order to characterize the style of deformation, segmentation and displacement magnitude. We detect the style of fault linkage in foothill settings adjacent to inversion belts. The most relevant aspect is the presence of inherited ‘soft linkages’ generating zones of displacement deficit, which in contraction interact laterally with en-echelon inverted segments via ‘detachment linkages’. We document the temporal development and interaction between inverted faults and fault splays branching from them where both are coeval but where the frontal fault tips propagate more slowly during Oligocene and Early Miocene times. Later, during the Neogene, the frontal fault splays slip faster than the main inversion fault. The structural style of thrust-belt development displays along-strike variations, which reflect the changes in sedimentation rates and mechanical conditions of deformation. However, the timing and magnitude of shortening remain uniform along-strike.
Volcano monitoring applications of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument
Authors: McCormick Brendan T. , Edmonds Marie , Mather Tamsin A. , Campion Robin , Hayer Catherine S. L. , Thomas Helen E. , Carn Simon A.
Published: July 2013

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a satellite-based ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer with unprecedented sensitivity to atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO
2
) concentrations. Since late 2004, OMI has provided a high-quality SO
2
dataset with near-continuous daily global coverage. In this review, we discuss the principal applications of this dataset to volcano monitoring: (1) the detection and tracking of large eruption clouds, primarily for aviation hazard mitigation; and (2) the use of OMI data for long-term monitoring of volcanic degassing. This latter application is relatively novel, and despite showing some promise, requires further study into a number of key uncertainties. We discuss these uncertainties, and illustrate their potential impact on volcano monitoring with OMI through four new case studies. We also discuss potential future avenues of research using OMI data, with a particular emphasis on the need for greater integration between various monitoring strategies, instruments and datasets.
Measuring global volcanic degassing with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)
Authors: Carn S. A. , Krotkov N. A. , Yang K. , Krueger A. J.
Published: July 2013

The ultraviolet (UV) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), launched on NASA's Aura satellite in July 2004, was the first space-based sensor to provide operational sulphur dioxide (SO
2
) measurements (OMSO2) for use by the scientific community. Herein, we discuss the application of OMSO2 data for the monitoring of global volcanic SO
2
emissions, with an emphasis on lower tropospheric volcanic plumes. We review the algorithms used to produce OMSO2 data and highlight some key measurement sensitivity issues. The data processing scheme used to generate web-based OMSO2 data subsets for volcanic regions and estimate SO
2
burdens in volcanic plumes is outlined. We describe three techniques to derive SO
2
emission rates from the OMSO2 measurements, and employ one method (using single OMI pixels to estimate SO
2
fluxes) to elucidate SO
2
flux detection thresholds on a global scale. Applications of OMSO2 data to volcanic degassing studies are demonstrated using four case studies. These examples show how OMSO2 measurements correlate with changes in eruptive activity at Kilauea volcano (Hawaii), constrain small, potentially significant SO
2
releases from reawakening, historically inactive volcanoes, track long-term changes in SO
2
degassing from Nyiragongo volcano (D.R. Congo), and detect SO
2
emissions from the remote Lastarria Volcano (Chile), in the actively deforming Lazufre region.
The Supernova in the Pinwheel Galaxy
Authors: Kasen Daniel , Nugent Peter E.
Published: July 2013

Type Ia supernovae are valuable distance indicators for cosmology and an important component in our understanding of binary stellar evolution; the elements they synthesize and eject contribute significantly to the origin of the elements. During the past year, the discovery and intensive worldwide observational follow-up of the brightest Type Ia supernova in a generation, SN 2011fe, have greatly improved our understanding of these cataclysmic stellar deaths. The supernova was discovered when it had only one one-thousandth of the brightness it would achieve at maximum light when it was observed by thousands around the world through binoculars and small telescopes. Although several long-held assumptions have been confirmed by this discovery, this supernova has forced us to question the origin of these events and to rethink and improve the way we model them through detailed simulations. We review our current understanding of Type Ia supernovae and discuss how SN 2011fe has both improved and challenged our understanding of these most spectacular explosions.
The Future of Agricultural Cooperatives
Authors: Fulton Murray , Giannakas Konstantinos
Published: July 2013

Cooperatives are of particular interest to economists because of their unique ownership structure and the incentives this structure creates. In addition to the so-called property rights problems (e.g., free-rider, horizon, and portfolio problems), the analysis of agricultural cooperatives has focused on issues of market power, agency, product quality, and increasingly producer and consumer heterogeneity. These last three elements are important features of the industrialization of the agrifood system. This article highlights the key concepts required for examination of cooperatives now and in the future and incorporates these concepts into a framework that can be used to examine the myriad situations and problem settings in which agricultural cooperatives are likely to be found. A key finding of the paper is that the procompetitive and distributional impacts of cooperatives depend critically on the sensitivity of price in the downstream retail market, the nature of the cooperative’s governance structure, and the open or closed nature of cooperative membership. The article also provides a discussion of new areas in which an understanding of cooperatives and collective action would be valuable, as well as a discussion of the applicability of the proposed framework to these areas.
Novel Ionic Liquids Based Electrolytes for Secondary Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Srour Hassan , Rouault Helene , Santini Catherine C.
Published: July 2013

This manuscript reports typical galvanostatic charge/discharge efficiency of Cgr/LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 cells. In this study, we examined the electrochemical performances of various ionic liquids C1C3RIm-NTf2 (R= -CH3 or -CN) with different carbonate additives (VC and VEC) versus different electrodes as new safe-stable electrolytes for lithium-ion secondary batteries. The cyclic performance was performed at constant (C/10) and various current rates (C/20, C/10, C/5, C/2, C, 2C, and 5C) at 60°C.
Intensive Dry and Wet Mixing Influencing the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Secondary Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Bockholt Henrike , Haselrieder Wolfgang , Kwade Arno
Published: July 2013

Different dry and wet mixing devices are investigated in this study in order to outline the importance of these often neglected process steps. Influences on structural and electrochemical properties of the manufactured electrodes, here LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes, are presented. Both, dry and wet mixing, are identified to influence the properties of all intermediate products as well as the electrodes’ structure and, essentially, electrochemical behavior during power test. Besides the interesting results for powder mixtures and resulting suspensions viscosities, three of the process variations lead to cathodes with a distinctive binder - carbon black network between the NMC particles. In contrast, high intensive dry mixing is revealed to inhibit the network formation. Mercury intrusion measurements quantify to which extent the lack of this network changes the pore size distribution in the electrode matrix. Power tests of full cells are used to identify the relation between the electrode’s electrochemical performance and the structural changes.
Structure, Disorder, and Crystallization; Lessons Learned from Analysis of Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Foley Matthew P , Worosz Christopher J , Sweely Kurt D , Haverhals Luke M. , Henderson Wesley A. , De Long Hugh C. , Trulove Paul C.
Published: July 2013

Batteries are one of the most impactful inventions humankind has ever developed. Lithium-ion energy cells represent a significant advance in battery technology. Electrolytes used in batteries are still not well understood in terms of solution structure. We investigate electrolyte solvate structure with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Here is a report on the solvate structure(s) present in mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC) and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf). Mixtures of racemic PC with LiTf form glasses whereas enantiomerically pure PC, both R and S isomers, forms mixtures with more complex phase behavior. At concentrations approaching a 1:1 molar ratio of solvent to salt, a solvate that melts at ~150 °C was detected. A crystal of the 1:1 solvate of the R-(+)-PC:LiTf was successfully grown and analyzed by X-ray diffraction. This solvate has an aggregated structure where the Li+ cations are tetrahedrally coordinated. Three directions of coordination come from Tf– anions acting as a bridging ligand between three different Li+ cations and the 4th direction of coordination comes from the carbonyl oxygen of the solvent molecule.