bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus steatosis: Adipose tissue insulin resistance and dysfunctional response to fat ingestion predict liver injury and altered glucose and lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Musso Giovanni , Cassader Maurizio , De Michieli Franco , Rosina Floriano , Orlandi Fabio , Gambino Roberto
Published: June 2012

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from simple steatosis (SS) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Though liver-related risk seems confined to NASH, it is currently unclear whether NASH has a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes than SS as a result of the coexistence of obesity and other cardiometabolic confounders. Adipose tissue is an emerging modulator of liver disease in NAFLD and of cardiometabolic disease in the general population. We evaluated in SS and NASH (1) glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk profile and (2) the effect of adipose tissue dysfunction, assessed in fasting conditions and postprandially, on liver injury, glucose and lipoprotein metabolism, and markers of early atherosclerosis. Forty nonobese, nondiabetic, normolipidemic biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (20 with SS and 20 with NASH) and 40 healthy subjects, matched for overall/abdominal adiposity and metabolic syndrome, underwent an oral fat load test, with measurement of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, adipokines, and cytokeratin-18 fragments, and an oral glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis to yield glucose homeostasis parameters. Circulating endothelial adhesion molecules were measured, and adipose tissue insulin resistance (adipose IR) index and visceral adiposity index were calculated. Despite similar fasting values, compared to SS, NASH showed a more atherogenic postprandial lipoprotein profile, an altered adipokine response (i.e., higher resistin increase and an adiponectin fall), and hepatocyte apoptosis activation after fat ingestion. Adipose IR index, endothelial adhesion molecules, and hepatic insulin resistance progressively increased across NAFLD stages. NASH, but not SS, showed an impaired pancreatic β-cell function. On multiple regression analysis, adipose IR index and postprandial adiponectin independently predicted liver histology and altered cardiometabolic parameters.

Conclusion:

Adipose tissue dysfunction, including a maladaptive adipokine response to fat ingestion, modulates liver injury and cardiometabolic risk in NAFLD.
Liver-specific ablation of Krüppel-associated box–associated protein 1 in mice leads to male-predominant hepatosteatosis and development of liver adenoma
Authors: Bojkowska Karolina , Aloisio Fabio , Cassano Marco , Kapopoulou Adamandia , de Sio Francesca Santoni , Zangger Nadine , Offner Sandra , Cartoni Cristina , Thomas Charles , Quenneville Simon , Johnsson Kai , Trono Didier
Published: June 2012

The liver is characterized by sexually dimorphic gene expression translating into sex-specific differences in lipid, drug, steroid hormone, and xenobiotic metabolism, with distinct responses of males and females to environmental challenges. Here, we investigated the role of the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB)-associated protein 1 (KAP1) epigenetic regulator in this process. Liver-specific KAP1 knockout (KO) led to strikingly sexually dimorphic phenotypic disturbances, including male-predominant steatosis and hepatic tumors with up-regulation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. This correlated with the sex-specific transcriptional dysregulation of a wide range of metabolic genes, notably those involved in retinol and sex hormone processing as well as in detoxification. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing indicated that a number of dysregulated genes are direct targets of the KRAB/KAP1 repression system. Those genes include sexually dimorphic cytochrome P 450

Cyp

2d9

, glutathione

S

-transferase π,

Cyp2a

,

Cyp2b

, and

Cyp3a

gene clusters. Additionally, we identified a male-restricted KAP1-binding site in the fat-specific protein 27 gene, correlating with its male-predominant up-regulation upon

Kap1

deletion, suggesting that the latter might be an important trigger in the development of male-specific hepatosteatosis and secondary tumorigenesis.

Conclusion:

This work reveals KRAB/KAP1-mediated transcriptional regulation as a central event in metabolic control hormones, drugs, and xenobiotics in the liver and further links disturbances in these processes with hepatic carcinogenesis. (Hepatology 2012)
Upper Body and Finger Posture Evaluations at an Electric Iron Assembly Plant
Authors: Wang Hui , Hwang Jaejin , Lee Kyung‐Sun , Kwag Jong‐Seon , Jang Joong‐Soon , Jung Myung‐Chul
Published: June 2012

This study evaluated the postures that workers used to perform 18 different tasks at an electric iron assembly plant by classifying the common simultaneous and individual postures of eight upper body segments and the fingers. The postures of the head, upper arms, lower arms, hand, and trunk were assigned to the categories of “Neutral,” “Bend,” “Twist,” and “Invisible.” The finger postures were also assigned to 14 categories. Overall, most workers bent the head, lower arms, and hands and used power grips to wrap all fingers around parts and tools. The upper arms and trunk were in neutral positions because the workers stood at a conveyor belt. Among 18 tasks, the task of “setting temperature” seemed the lightest work because most body segments were in neutral positions for more than 54.6% of a cycle time, while the task of “palletizing” seemed the most stressful work because all body segments were bent more than 54.4% of a cycle time. These posture differences among the tasks result from the different task characteristics of workplace design, task difficulty, and work duration. It would be useful in designing workplace and evaluating physical workload. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface modification of polypropylene nonwovens with LDV peptidomimetics and their application in the leukodepletion of blood products
Authors: Gérard Estelle , Bessy Emilie , Hénard Grégory , Verpoort Thierry , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline
Published: June 2012

For clinical indications and according to European standards, a depletion of the leukocytes from whole blood has to be realized before transfusion to a patient. In this study, the surface of a layer of meltblown oxygen‐plasma treated polypropylene nonwoven (O2‐PP), making part of the composition of leukodepletion filters, was modified with bioactive molecules to enhance the adhesion of leukocytes. These synthetic small molecules (called peptidomimetics) mimic the “Leu‐Asp‐Val” (LDV) tripeptide sequence recognized by the α4β1 integrin, a receptor expressed on leukocytes. Their activity, as ligands of the α4β1 integrin, was confirmed through cell adhesion assays. The peptidomimetics were covalently immobilized on O2‐PP nonwoven via activation of the hydroxyl‐ and carboxyl‐functions displayed on the polymer surface with trifluoro‐triazine reagent, or were simply deposited on the O2‐PP surface. The treated materials were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, wettability, and morphological analyses, before and after steam sterilization. Experimental filters composed of 10 layers of O2‐PP nonwovens and a last layer modified with the peptidomimetics were evaluated, using whole blood filtration assays, for their leukodepletion efficiency, the recovery of red cells and platelets and the waste of blood, with an objective to design new filters fulfilling practical and medical criteria. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 1513–1523, 2012.
Implementation of empirical dispersion corrections to density functional theory for periodic systems
Authors: Reckien Werner , Janetzko Florian , Peintinger Michael F. , Bredow Thomas
Published: June 2012

A recently developed empirical dispersion correction (Grimme et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104) to standard density functional theory (DFT‐D3) is implemented in the plane‐wave program package VASP. The DFT‐D3 implementation is compared with an implementation of the earlier DFT‐D2 version (Grimme, J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1463; Grimme, J. Comput. Chem. 2006, 27, 1787). Summation of empirical pair potential terms is performed over all atom pairs in the reference cell and over atoms in shells of neighboring cells until convergence of the dispersion energy is obtained. For DFT‐D3, the definition of coordination numbers has to be modified with respect to the molecular version to ensure convergence. The effect of three‐center terms as implemented in the original molecular DFT‐D3 version is investigated. The empirical parameters are taken from the original DFT‐D3 version where they had been optimized for a reference set of small molecules. As the coordination numbers of atoms in bulk and surfaces are much larger than in the reference compounds, this effect has to be discussed. The results of test calculations for bulk properties of metals, metal oxides, benzene, and graphite indicate that the original parameters are also suitable for solid‐state systems. In particular, the interlayer distance in bulk graphite and lattice constants of molecular crystals is considerably improved over standard functionals. With the molecular standard parameters (Grimme et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104; Grimme, J. Comput. Chem. 2006, 27, 1787) a slight overbinding is observed for ionic oxides where dispersion should not contribute to the bond. For simple adsorbate systems, such as Xe atoms and benzene on Ag(111), the DFT‐D implementations reproduce experimental results with a similar accuracy as more sophisticated approaches based on perturbation theory (Rohlfing and Bredow, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 101, 266106). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of Genistein by Flow‐injection Chemiluminescence Method Based on Ferricyanide Oxidation Sensitized by Rhodamine 6G
Authors: Wang Huili , Han Suqin
Published: June 2012

A novel flow injection chemiluminescence (FI‐CL) method for the determination of genistein was described. The method was based on the reaction between genistein and potassium ferricyanide in alkaline solution to give weak CL signal, which was dramatically enhanced by rhodamine 6G (Rh G). The CL emission allowed quantitation of genistein concentration in the range 1.0 × 10−7–4.0 × 10−5 mol/L with a detection limit (3σ) of 4.2 × 10−8 mol/L. The relative standard deviation for 11 parallel measurements of 5.0 × 10−7 mol/L, 4.0 × 10−6 mol/L and 1.0 × 10−5 mol/L genistein were 2.59%, 2.40% and 1.48%, respectively. The experimental conditions for the CL reaction were optimized and the possible reaction mechanism was discussed. The method was applied to the determination of genistein in biological fluids.
Antiangiogenic Activity and Bioassay‐guided Isolation of Aqueous Extract of Orthosiphon stamineus
Authors: Hussain Khalid , Ismail Zhari , Sadikun Amirin , Shah Amin Malik Abdual Majid , Latif Abida , Hashmi Furqan Khurshid
Published: June 2012

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Family: Lamiaceae), a famous traditional medicinal plant in tropical and sub‐tropical region, is being used for treating various ailments including inflammatory conditions. Since anti‐inflammation and antiangiogenesis involve cyclooxygenase‐II pathway, the present study is aimed to carry out antiangiogenic studies and bioassay‐guided isolation on aqueous extract of the plant. After antiangiogenic activity studies on the extract, fractions were prepared by partitioning the extract with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate, which were then evaluated for antiangiogenic activity. The most active, hexane fraction (HF) upon activity‐guided isolation gave three compounds, 1 (betulinic acid), 2 (oleanolic acid) and 3 (ursolic acid). The total contents of these three compounds were determined in the extract and its fractions using HPLC. The extract and HF exhibited 20% and 80% antiangiogenic activity, respectively, whereas, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were inactive. The three isolated compounds exhibited 100% antiangiogenic activity. Median effective concentrations (EC50s) of HF, 1, 2 and 3 were found to be 84, 32, 34 and 38 μg/mL, respectively. The results of this study indicate that hexane fraction and the isolated compounds have promising antiangiogenic activity. Additionally, the isolated compounds may be sued as analytical markers to standardize extracts and formulations prepared from O. stamineus.
Assembly of Three 2D Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Derived from Flexible Ligands, 1,4‐bis(3‐pyridyl)‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene (3‐bpd) and/or 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane (dpe)
Authors: Liu Chuan‐Yien , Wang Hsin‐Ta , Chung Wen‐Chun , Cheng Yi‐Ting , Chen Yi‐Ting , Ho Mei‐Lin , Wang Chih‐Chieh , Lee Gene‐Hsiang , Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn
Published: June 2012

Three coordination polymers, {[Cd(3‐bpd)2(NCS)2]×C2H5OH}n (1), {[Cd(3‐bpd)(dpe)(NO3)2]×(3‐bpd)}2 (2), {[Cd(dpe)2(NCS)2]×3‐bpd×2H2O}n (3) (3‐bpd = 1,4‐bis(3‐pyridyl)‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene; dpe = 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane), were prepared and structurally characterized by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction method. In compound 1, each Cd(II) ion is six‐coordinate bonded to six nitrogen atoms from four 3‐bpd and two NCS− ligands. The 3‐bpd acts as a bridging ligand connecting the Cd(II) ion to generate a 2D layered metal‐organic framework (MOF) by using a rhomboidal‐grid as the basic building units with the 44 topology. In compound 2, the Cd(II) ion is also six‐coordinate bonded to four nitrogen atoms of two 3‐bpd, two dpe and two oxygen atoms of two NO3− ligands. The 3‐bpd and dpe ligands both adopt bis‐monodentate coordination mode connecting the Cd(II) ions to generate a 2D layered MOF by using a rectangle‐grid as the basic building units with the 44 topology. In compound 3, two crystallographically independent Cd(II) ions are both coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of dpe ligands in the basal plane and two nitrogen atom of NCS− in the axial sites. The dpe acts as a bridging ligand to connect the Cd(II) ions forming a 2D interpenetrating MOFs by using a square‐grid as the basic unit with the 44 topology. All of their 2D layered MOFs in compounds 1‐3 are then arranged in a parallel non‐interpenetrating ABAB—packing manner in 1 and 2, and mutually interpenetrating manner in 3, respectively, to extend their 3D supramolecular architectures with their 1D pores intercalated with solvent (ethanol in 1 or H2O in 3) or free 3‐bpd molecules in 2 and 3, respectively. The photoluminescence measurements of 1‐3 reveal that the emission is tentatively assigned to originate from π‐π* transition for 1 and 2 and probably due to ligand‐center luminescence for compounds 3, respectively.
Sediment‐free anaerobic microbial enrichments with novel dechlorinating activity against highly chlorinated commercial PCBs
Authors: Dudková Vlasta , Demnerová Kateřina , Bedard Donna L.
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Reductive dehalogenation by anaerobic bacteria is a promising method of detoxifying polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic sediments. PCB‐contaminated sediment from Strážský Sewer river (Slovakia) was used as an inoculum to develop stable sediment‐free enrichments with dechlorination activity directed against the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1260.

RESULTS: Characterization of the PCBs at the site revealed that 45 mol% of the PCBs were dichlorobiphenyls and 62% of the chlorines were in the ortho‐position. Both findings are characteristic of extensive dechlorination in situ. Sediment‐free enrichments with stable dechlorinating activity against Aroclor 1260 were developed by a series of transfers. These enrichments targeted hexa‐ through nonachlorobiphenyls and dechlorinated them to tri‐ through hexachlorobiphenyls by removal of flanked meta‐ and para‐ chlorines when pyruvate or lactate was added as a carbon source. The known haloprimers: 4,4′‐dibromobiphenyl and 2,6‐dibromobiphenyl did not influence the rate or pattern of dechlorination. The chlorophenyl rings targeted were 2,3,4,5,6‐ (23456‐), 2346‐, 2345‐, 234‐ and 245‐.

CONCLUSION: The PCB dechlorination carried out by these enrichments is novel and does not correspond to any of the previously identified microbial PCB dechlorination processes or their combination. Natural attenuation processes may be under way at the Strážský Sewer river site. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of heating oils and fats in containers of different materials on their trans fatty acid content
Authors: Kala AL Amrutha , Joshi Vishal , Gurudutt KN
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: The nature of the container material and temperature employed for deep‐frying can have an influence on the development of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in the fat used. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of heating vegetable oils and partially hydrogenated vegetable fats with different initial TFA content in stainless steel, Hindalium (an aluminium alloy), cast iron and glass containers. Ground nut oil (oil 1), refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palmolein (oil 2) and two partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with low (fat 1) and high (fat 2) TFA content were uniformly heated at 175–185 °C over a period of 12 h.

RESULTS: An increase in TFA content to 20 g kg−1 was observed in oil 2 in the cast iron container, while a decrease in TFA content of 20–30 g kg−1 was observed in fat 2 in all containers. The heating process of fats and oils also led to an increase in Butyro refractometer reading and colour values.

CONCLUSION: This study showed that the TFA 18:1t content of oil 1, oil 2 and fat 1 increased with repeated or prolonged heating. The cast iron container showed the highest increase in TFA 18:1t for RBD palmolein (oil 2). The amount of linoleic acid trans isomers formed in the heating process was negligible. Fat 2 with high initial TFA content showed a decrease in TFA 18:1 and 18:2 on heating in all containers. Oils heated in glass and stainless steel containers showed less TFA 18:1t formation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of isomaltooligosaccharides from banana flour
Authors: Chockchaisawasdee Suwimol , Poosaran Naiyatat
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Banana is one of the important crops native to tropical Southeast Asia. Since overproduction frequently leads to excessive waste of produce, alternative uses are continuously sought in order to utilise fruits at all stages of maturity. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) from banana flour.

RESULTS: Banana slurries liquefied by Termamyl SC and saccharified by either Fungamyl 800 L or barley β‐amylase were used for IMO synthesis by Transglucosidase L. After 12 h of transglucosylation, maximum IMO yields of 76.67 ± 2.71 and 70.74 ± 4.09 g L−1respectively were achieved. Although the yields were comparable, the IMO profiles obtained through the use of the two saccharification enzymes were different. Glucose and maltose were removed by 10 g L−1bakers' yeast fermentation for 12 h. Regarding total sugars, the final IMO mixture was composed of 53% isomaltotriose, 21% isomaltotetraose and 26% maltooligoheptaose and larger oligomers.

CONCLUSION: Banana flour could be used as a potential raw material for IMO synthesis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Capillary electrochromatography of three β2‐agonists in human urine using a lauryl methacrylate‐based monolithic column
Authors: Chen Zongbao , Cai Yan , Zhang Lin , Zhang Lan
Published: June 2012

A new method of online concentration capillary electrochromatography using a lauryl methacrylate‐based monolithic column was developed for determination of three β2‐agonists including salbutamol, procaterol, and formoterol. The separation parameters including acetonitrile concentration, running buffer pH, and concentration were evaluated. To improve the sensitivity, an online concentration method with combination of the chromatographic zone‐sharpening effect and field‐enhanced sample‐stacking effect has been developed in which the concentration parameters including injection voltage, injection time, as well as sample matrix were systematically studied. Under the optimized conditions, baseline separation of three β2‐agonists was achieved within 4 min. When compared to the conventional sample injection, this online concentration technique increased their corresponding sensitivities up to 45‐, 36‐, and 320‐fold, respectively. Furthermore, good repeatability was obtained with relative standard deviations (RSDs) for migration times within 0.84% and those for peak areas less than 6.35% (n = 5) in the experiment. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of above‐mentioned β2‐agonists in urine sample. The recoveries of spiked urine samples were between 82.4% and 109.1% with RSDs less than 9.97%.
Speciation analysis of triethyl‐lead and tributyl‐tin compounds in human urine by liquid–liquid extraction and gas chromatography microwave‐induced plasma atomic emission detection
Authors: Zachariadis George A. , Rosenberg Erwin
Published: June 2012

This work describes the development of a fast method for speciation analysis of triethyl‐lead and tributyl‐tin species in urine samples after in situ derivatization by tetraethyl‐ or tetrapropyl‐borate reagents. The alkylation reaction is done in the aqueous and urine medium and the less‐polar derivatives are extracted in hexane by liquid–liquid extraction. The species were extracted and the extract was efficiently collected from the aqueous phase after centrifugation. Finally, the organometallic species are separated by gas chromatography and determined from the emission signals of elemental lead and tin. Atomic lead and tin are formed from the organolead and organotin compounds during atomization of the column eluate in a microwave‐induced helium plasma source. The simultaneous measurement of lead (Pb) at 405.780 nm and tin (Sn) at 303.419 nm was achieved by an atomic emission detector. Finally, the analytes were determined with satisfactory precision (<5%) and detection limits of 0.05 μg Pb/L and 0.48 μg Sn/L, respectively, when 10 mL of urine is extracted with 1 mL of hexane and 1 μL of extract is injected.
A comparative study concerning the chromatographic behaviour and lipophilicity of certain natural toxins
Authors: Naşcu‐Briciu Rodica Domnica , Sârbu Costel
Published: June 2012

The characterization and classification of some natural toxins (mycotoxins and alkaloids) is established by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) using chemically bonded stationary phases of RP‐18, RP‐18W, RP‐8, RP‐2, RP‐NH2, RP‐CN and RP‐Diol. The used mobile phases are mixtures of methanol–water in different proportions of volume, chosen to create a suitable migration during the chromatographic process. The lipophilicity is described through different chromatographic descriptors, such as RM0, mean of RM (mRM), and scores of RM values corresponding to the first principal component (PC1/RM). The investigated compounds are characterized also by a series of computed lipophilicity descriptors (logP and logD values). The chromatographic behaviour of toxins is evidenced by graphical profiles of the lipophilicity descriptors. In addition, scores and loadings resulting from covariance matrix of retention data enable new information about similarity and differences observed between the investigated compounds. The experimental lipophilicity indices estimated from retention data are directly correlated with the computed values, via computer software and Internet module, at a high significant statistical level.
The polymorphisms and haplotypes of WWOX gene are associated with the risk of lung cancer in southern and eastern chinese populations
Authors: Huang Dongsheng , Qiu Fuman , Yang Lei , Li Yinyan , Cheng Mei , Wang Hui , Ma Guanpei , Wang Yunnan , Hu Min , Ji Weidong , Zhou Yifeng , Lu Jiachun
Published: June 2012

The WW domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is an identified tumor suppressor gene, of which several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been reported to contribute to cancer susceptibility. We hypothesized that genetic variations in WWOX are associated with lung cancer risk. In two independent case–control studies conducted in southern and eastern Chinese, we genotyped five tagSNPs of WWOX gene (rs10220974C > T, rs3764340C > G, rs12918952G > A, rs383362G > T, and rs12828G > A) in 1,559 lung cancer cases and 1,679 controls. Logistic regression analysis showed that two tagSNPs (rs3764340C > G; rs383362G > T) were significantly associated with lung cancer risk in dominant model (rs3764340C > G, GC/GG vs. CC: adjust OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11–1.65; rs383362G > T, TG + TT vs. GG: adjust OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.14–1.55). The haplotype analysis further shown that the haplotype “G‐T” was associated with the highest increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.43–3.37). After combined these two loci, the number of the risk genotypes was associated with increased cancer risk in a dose–response manner (Ptrend = 3.16 × 10−6). In addition, a gene‐based association analysis by using VEGAS software suggested the WWOX as a susceptible gene for lung cancer (P = 0.009). However, for rs10220974C > T, rs12918952G > A, and rs12828G > A, no significant association was observed for lung cancer risk. Taken together, our data suggested that genetic variants in WWOX may be genetic biomarkers for susceptibility to lung cancer. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comprehensive mathematical approach to exotic option pricing
Authors: Agliardi Rossella
Published: June 2012

This work illustrates how several new pricing expressions for exotic options can be derived within a Lévy framework by employing a unique pricing expression. To the purpose, a unifying formula is obtained by solving some nested Cauchy problem for pseudodifferential equations generalizing Black–Scholes PDE. The main result extends (Agliardi R. The quintessential option pricing formula under Lévy processes. Applied Mathematics Letters 2009; 22:1626‐1631) and is a powerful tool for generating new valuation expressions. Several examples of pricing formulas under the Lévy processes are provided to illustrate the flexibility of the method. Some of them are new in the financial literature. Finally, many existing pricing formulas of the traditional Gaussian model are easily obtained as a by‐product. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variety of distinct kinds of multiple soliton solutions for a ( 3 + 1)‐dimensional nonlinear evolution equation
Authors: Wazwaz Abdul‐Majid
Published: June 2012

In this work, a variety of distinct kinds of multiple soliton solutions is derived for a ( 3 + 1)‐dimensional nonlinear evolution equation. The simplified form of the Hirota's method is used to derive this set of distinct kinds of multiple soliton solutions. The coefficients of the spatial variables play a major role in the existence of this variety of multiple soliton solutions for the same equation. The resonance phenomenon is investigated as well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Glu298Asp single nucleotide polymorphism in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene differentially affects the vascular response to acute consumption of fruit and vegetable puree based drinks
Authors: George Trevor W. , Waroonphan Saran , Niwat Chutamat , Gordon Michael H. , Lovegrove Julie A.
Published: June 2012

Scope

Diets low in fruits and vegetables (FV) are responsible for 2.7 million deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and certain cancers annually. Many FV and their juices contain flavonoids, some of which increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the eNOS gene, where thymine (T) replaces guanine (G) at position 894 predicting substitution of glutamate for aspartate at codon 298 (Glu298Asp), has been associated with increased CVD risk due to effects on nitric oxide synthesis and subsequently vascular reactivity. Individuals can be homozygous for guanine (GG), thymine (TT) or heterozygous (GT).

Methods and results

We investigated the effects of acute ingestion of a FV‐puree‐based‐drink (FVPD) on vasodilation and antioxidant status in subjects retrospectively genotyped for this polymorphism. Healthy volunteers (n = 24; 11 GG, 11 GT, 2 TT) aged 30–70 were recruited to a randomized, controlled, crossover, acute study. We showed that acute consumption of 400 mL FVPD differentially affected individuals depending on their genotype. There was a significant genotype interaction for endothelium‐dependent vasodilation measured by laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis (P < 0.05) and ex vivo low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation (P = 0.002). GG subjects had increased endothelium‐dependent vasodilation 180 min (P = 0.028) and reduced ex vivo LDL oxidation (P = 0.013) after 60 min after FVPD compared with control, no differences were observed in GT subjects.

Conclusion

eNOS Glu298Asp genotype differentially affects vasodilation and ex vivo LDL oxidation after consumption of FV in the form of a puree‐based drink.
Dietary oats and modulation of atherogenic pathways
Authors: Andersson Kristina E. , Hellstrand Per
Published: June 2012

Consumption of oats has long been known to lower plasma total and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, an effect usually attributed to the soluble fibers β‐glucans. On the basis of this cholesterol‐lowering effect, oats are ascribed cardiovascular health‐promoting properties. However, besides cholesterol levels, effects of oats on parameters relating to atherosclerosis development have not been extensively investigated. Since oxidation of lipoproteins and inflammation are characteristics of atherosclerosis in addition to lipid accumulation in the vessel wall, micronutrients in oats (phytochemicals) with antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties may contribute to an atheroprotective action. Here, we summarize evidence on antiatherogenic properties of oats obtained from in vitro assays, animal experiments, and human studies. Possible effects involving anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative actions, as well as preservation of endothelial function, are considered in addition to those related to reduction of plasma cholesterol. Since results of in vitro assays with isolated oat components are difficult to compare with effects of whole oats in humans and experimental animals, more observational studies with isolated oat components or fractions of oats are warranted. Also, there is a lack of epidemiological studies focusing on effects of oat intake on the cardiovascular disease panorama.
Measurement of glycine in gray and white matter in the human brain in vivo by 1H MRS at 7.0 T
Authors: Banerjee Abhishek , Ganji Sandeep , Hulsey Keith , Dimitrov Ivan , Maher Elizabeth , Ghose Subroto , Tamminga Carol , Choi Changho
Published: June 2012

The concentration of glycine (Gly) was measured in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in the human brain using single‐voxel localized 1H MRS at 7 T. A point‐resolved spectroscopy sequence with echo time = 150 ms was used for measuring Gly levels in various regions of the frontal and occipital lobes in 11 healthy volunteers and one subject with a glioblastoma. The point‐resolved spectroscopy spectra were analyzed with LCModel using basis functions generated from density matrix simulations that included the effects of volume localized radio‐frequency and gradient pulses. The fraction of GM and white matter within the voxels was obtained from T1‐weighted image segmentation. The metabolite concentrations within the voxels, estimated with respect to the GM + WM water concentrations, were fitted to a linear function of fractional GM content. The Gly concentrations in pure GM and white matter were estimated to be 1.1 and 0.1 mM, with 95% confidence intervals 1.0–1.2 and 0.0–0.2, respectively. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brain metastases during follow‐up of children and adolescents with extracranial malignant germ cell tumors: Risk adapted management decision tree analysis based on data of the MAHO/MAKEI‐registry
Authors: Göbel Ulrich , von Kries Rüdiger , Teske Carmen , Schneider Dominik T. , Beyerlein Andreas , Bernbeck Benedikt , Calaminus Gabriele
Published: June 2012

Background

The overall risk for brain metastases among children and adolescents with extracranial malignant germ cell tumors (mGCT) is low but may vary between subgroups. Early identification of subgroups with an increased risk for brain metastasis is therefore important.

Procedure

We analyzed 900/2,160 patients from the German MAHO/MAKEI registry on children and adolescents with malignant extracranial GCT (pure teratomas (grade 0–3) were not included). For follow‐up evaluation, patients with brain metastases at diagnosis and those with a follow‐up shorter than 32 months after diagnosis (longest interval to brain metastases in our cohort) were excluded. Patients were censored at detection of brain metastases or death due to other causes. A decision tree analysis considering age, gender, site of primary tumor, and presence of other metastases at diagnosis as risk factors for brain metastases was performed.

Results

Among 838 eligible patients, 9 acquired brain metastases during follow‐up, accounting for death in 5. There were no brain metastases in absence of extracranial metastases at diagnosis. If extracranial metastases were detected in absence of mediastinal mGCT the risk for brain metastases was 1.2% (95% CI: 0.2–3.5.%). In contrast, risk was increased to 37.5 (95% CI 15.2–64.6%) in patients with mediastinal GCTs and extracranial metastases.

Conclusion

A high‐risk subgroup is detected with a decision tree analysis approach. These patients may benefit from an intensified chemotherapy. Close surveillance for CNS‐metastases is warranted in this high‐risk group while less close monitoring in low‐risk patients is justified. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:217–223. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concentration Kinetics of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and its Biosynthetic Precursor Coniferin in Developing Flaxseed
Authors: Fang Jingjing , Ramsay Aina , Paetz Christian , Tatsis Evangelos C. , Renouard Sullivan , Hano Christophe , Grand Eric , Fliniaux Ophélie , Roscher Albrecht , Mesnard Francois , Schneider Bernd
Published: June 2012

Introduction

In the plant kingdom, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is the richest source of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is of great interest because of its potential health benefits for human beings. The information about the kinetics of SDG formation during flaxseed development is rare and incomplete.

Objective

In this study, a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) method was developed to quantify SDG and coniferin, a key biosynthetic precursor of SDG in flaxseed.

Methodology

Seeds from different developmental stages, which were scaled by days after flowering (DAF), were harvested. After alkaline hydrolysis, the validated HPLC method was applied to determine SDG and coniferin concentrations of flaxseed from different developing stages.

Results

Coniferin was found in the entire capsule as soon as flowering started and became undetectable 20 DAF. SDG was detected 6 DAF, and the concentration increased until maturity. On the other hand, the SDG amount in a single flaxseed approached the maximum around 25 DAF, before desiccation started. Concentration increase between 25 DAF and 35 DAF can be attributed to corresponding seed weight decrease.

Conclusion

The biosynthesis of coniferin is not synchronous with that of SDG. Hence, the concentrations of SDG and coniferin change during flaxseed development. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influences of compatibilization and compounding process on electrical conduction and thermal stabilities of carbon black‐filled immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends
Authors: Xu Chunfeng , Tan Yeqiang , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang
Published: June 2012

The influences of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) copolymer compatibilizer and compounding process on the electrical conduction and thermal stabilities of carbon black (CB)‐filled immiscible polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) (1/1) blends were investigated. The immiscible CB/PP/PS composite with CB homogeneously located in the PS phase exhibited the highest resistivity and the fastest variation amplitudes of electrical resistivity (ρ) and rheological parameters upon annealing. An optimal content of 5 vol% SBS could significantly lower ρ of the composites by partially trapping CB particles in the PP/PS interfacial region and by reducing the phase size. The compatibilizer markedly slowed down the variation amplitudes of ρ and rheological parameters and the phase coalescence of the composites submitted to thermal annealing. The (SBS/CB)/PP/PS composite with CB located at the PP/PS interface and in the PP phase prepared by blending a (SBS/CB) masterbatch with PP and PS exhibited lower ρ and better thermal stability in comparison with the CB/SBS/PP/PS composite with CB mainly within the PS phase and partially at the PP/PS interface prepared by direct blending. Spreading and wetting coefficients were used to explain the CB distribution and the phase morphology of the composites. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
In situ access to white light‐emitting fluorescent polymer nanocomposites via plasma‐ignited frontal polymerization
Authors: Zhou Jin , Tang Wen‐Qi , Wang Cai‐Feng , Chen Li , Chen Qiaoling , Chen Su
Published: June 2012

We describe a facile fabrication of white light‐emitting cadmium sulfide (CdS)‐poly(HEA‐co‐NVK) nanocomposites [2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and N‐vinylcarbazole (NVK)] via plasma‐ignited frontal polymerization (PIFP), a novel and rapid reaction mode of converting monomers into polymers in minutes. Frontal polymerization was initiated by igniting the upper side of the reactant with plasma. Once initiated, no additional energy was required for the polymerization to occur. The chemical functional groups of the as‐prepared nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectra. The dependence of the front velocity and front temperature on the initiator concentration and weight ratios of HEA/NVK was also investigated in detail. Perhaps more interestingly, the white light‐emitting materials synthesized by ingeniously incorporating the compensating colors of yellow emitting from 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐1‐propanethiol‐capped CdS nanocrystals and blue emitting from carbazole‐containing polymer were conveniently applied onto a commercial UV light‐emitting diode (LED) to generate white LEDs. The subtle change in the weight ratios of CdS/NVK can significantly impact the color hue. The white light becomes gradually colder with the increase of NVK, but becomes gradually warmer with the increase concentration of CdS nanocrystals. In a broad perspective, these white light‐emitting materials designed by PIFP approach will open a new pathway to develop “QD‐polymer nanocomposite down‐conversion LED” in a fast and efficient way. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Reducing the dimensionality of the protein‐folding search problem
Authors: Chellapa George D. , Rose George D.
Published: June 2012

How does a folding protein negotiate a vast, featureless conformational landscape and adopt its native structure in biological real time? Motivated by this search problem, we developed a novel algorithm to compare protein structures. Procedures to identify structural analogs are typically conducted in three‐dimensional space: the tertiary structure of a target protein is matched against each candidate in a database of structures, and goodness of fit is evaluated by a distance‐based measure, such as the root‐mean‐square distance between target and candidate. This is an expensive approach because three‐dimensional space is complex. Here, we transform the problem into a simpler one‐dimensional procedure. Specifically, we identify and label the 11 most populated residue basins in a database of high‐resolution protein structures. Using this 11‐letter alphabet, any protein's three‐dimensional structure can be transformed into a one‐dimensional string by mapping each residue onto its corresponding basin. Similarity between the resultant basin strings can then be evaluated by conventional sequence‐based comparison. The disorder → order folding transition is abridged on both sides. At the onset, folding conditions necessitate formation of hydrogen‐bonded scaffold elements on which proteins are assembled, severely restricting the magnitude of accessible conformational space. Near the end, chain topology is established prior to emergence of the close‐packed native state. At this latter stage of folding, the chain remains molten, and residues populate natural basins that are approximated by the 11 basins derived here. In essence, our algorithm reduces the protein‐folding search problem to mapping the amino acid sequence onto a restricted basin string.
Metal organic frameworks for drug delivery and environmental remediation: A molecular docking approach
Authors: Rodrigues Marcelo O. , de Paula Marcos V. , Wanderley Kaline A. , Vasconcelos Iane B. , Alves Severino , Soares Thereza A.
Published: June 2012

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials for the controlled release of drugs. Molecular docking methods have been successfully applied to the fast screening of lead compounds starting from the three‐dimensional structure of proteins. We apply molecular docking calculations to MOFs as a fast approach to distinguish between good and poor drug candidates for incorporation. The approach can predict the binding behavior of different guest molecules in agreement to experimental measurements using X‐ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, and UV–vis spectroscopy techniques. It can also identify the overall binding mode of tested compounds and estimate binding affinity differences above the error of 2 kcal mol−1 or 8.4 kJ mol−1 associated with the empirical scoring function used in the calculations. This exploratory investigation indicates that the molecular docking technique may be useful in the fast screening of drug candidates for adsorption to coordination polymers for controlled drug delivery and/or environmental remediation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density functional studies of the structural variety of the Cu2S2 core of the CuA site
Authors: Takano Yu , Okuyama Orio , Shigeta Yasuteru , Nakamura Haruki
Published: June 2012

The biological CuA site functions as the proximate electron‐transfer intermediate from an electron source in cytochrome c oxidase and nitrous oxide reductase. It provides a characteristic electronic structure for rapid electron transfer. In the CuA site, two copper ions bridged with two bridging cysteinyl thiolate groups form an almost planar Cu2S2 core. Each copper ion is coordinated equatorially with a histidine residue and axially with either a methionine residue or a carbonyl group of the polypeptide backbone. Three‐dimensional X‐ray crystallographic structures show that the structural variety of the Cu2S2 core of the CuA site with a short CuCu distance of 2.34–2.59 Å and a SS distance of 3.76–4.24 Å. In the present study, we address the origin of the structural variety of the Cu2S2 core of the CuA site, using the density functional theory. Our computation demonstrated that we found the structural dependence of the energy gap between the σ and πu oxidized states, the ionization potentials, and total energies, though the structural variety is insensitive to the shape and symmetry of the σ and πu redox active molecular orbitals and the πu ground state of the Cu2S2 core of the CuA site. In addition, the σ oxidized state is more robust to the structural changes in ionization potentials and total energies than the πu oxidized state. This robustness indicates the small reorganization energy in the redox reaction between σ oxidized and reduced states of the CuA site. The optimized Cu2S2 cores have almost same structures in all the states, indicating that surrounding proteins are responsible for the structural variety of the Cu2S2 core of the CuA site. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A material design on new sodium ion conductor for sodium–sulfur battery. I. NaAlO(CN)2 and NaxAl1‐x/3(CN)3 perovskite
Authors: Onishi Taku
Published: June 2012

We theoretically designed the new sodium ion‐conductors such as NaAlO(CN)2 and NaxAl1‐x/3(CN)3 perovskite. From the viewpoint of the energetics and bonding, the sodium ion‐conductive mechanism was investigated for LaAlO3, NaAlO(CN)2, and NaxAl1‐x/3(CN)3 perovskite. It was concluded that NaAlO(CN)2 perovskite can be utilized as a sodium ion‐conductor for sodium–sulfur battery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of intermolecular interactions on spectral‐luminescent properties of a polyatomic molecule
Authors: Komarov Platon Valerievich , Plotnikov Viktor Georgievich
Published: June 2012

A dependence of spectral‐luminescent properties of heteroaromatic molecules on interactions with medium is reviewed and discussed. The nonspecific interactions modify, in some cases, an order of electronic states of a different orbital nature. It is shown that, in case of a protic solvent, the energy shift due to the nonspecific interactions is comparable with the energy shift due to the H‐bonding. The possible applications of considered concepts are suggested in the field of design of optical chemical sensors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructural characterization of U‐Zr alloy fuel slugs for sodium‐cooled fast reactor
Authors: Kim Ki‐Hwan , Oh Seok‐Jin , Kim Sun‐Ki , Lee Chong‐Tak , Lee Chan‐Bock
Published: June 2012

In order to investigate a fabrication process of metallic fuel for sodium‐cooled fast reactor, U‐Zr fuel slugs were fabricated with gravity casting and injection casting. In order to reduce the formation of radioactive wastes, and to have a fine microstructure, spherical powder of U‐Zr alloy was also fabricated by centrifugal atomization. The microstructural characteristics were investigated by using electron microscopes and energy‐dispersive electron X‐ray spectroscope. U‐10wt.%Zr fuel slugs had some dispersion phases of Zr precipitates and Zr compounds of about 5 µm in size. The matrix was composed of fine laminar structure of about 0.15 µm in thickness. U grains became finer from about 30 µm in conventionally cast fuel slug to about 2 µm in atomized powder. Laminar structure became so fine from 0.2 µm in conventionally cast fuel slug to 0.1 µm in atomized powder. It is possible for atomized metallic fuel to have a fine microstructure, resulting in a higher fission gas release rate during irradiation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principles and practices of the Circle of Trust® approach
Authors: Chadsey Terry , Jackson Marcy
Published: June 2012

This chapter describes the history, rationale, and core content of the principles and practices that define the Circle of Trust® approach as developed by Parker J. Palmer and the Center for Courage & Renewal. Courage to Teach®, Courage to Lead®, and other Courage & Renewal programs are built upon this distinctive approach.
The Circle of Trust® approach and a counselor training program: A hand in glove fit
Authors: Goodell Judith A.
Published: June 2012

This chapter describes how the principles and practices of a Circle of Trust® approach are infused into the Master's in Counseling Psychology program, marriage and family therapy emphasis, at the University of San Francisco. The interface between the Circle of Trust® approach and other on‐campus activities is described; the model is proposed as of value to all in higher education independent of role or discipline.
The power of paradox in learning to teach
Authors: Noordhoff Karen
Published: June 2012

This chapter makes the case for engaging teacher candidates with matters of personal identity and integrity, using explorations of the paradox of self and role, in teacher education programs dominated by a focus on professional knowledge and skills, based on the analysis of interviews with novice teachers.