bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An eddy viscosity model with near‐wall modifications
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Siikonen T.
Published: August 2005

An extended version of the isotropic k–ε model is proposed that accounts for the distinct effects of low‐Reynolds number (LRN) and wall proximity. It incorporates a near‐wall correction term to amplify the level of dissipation in nonequilibrium flow regions, thus reducing the kinetic energy and length scale magnitudes to improve prediction of adverse pressure gradient flows, involving flow separation and reattachment. The eddy viscosity formulation maintains the positivity of normal Reynolds stresses and the Schwarz' inequality for turbulent shear stresses. The model coefficients/functions preserve the anisotropic characteristics of turbulence. The model is validated against a few flow cases, yielding predictions in good agreement with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experimental data. Comparisons indicate that the present model is a significant improvement over the standard eddy viscosity formulation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of chromosome breakpoints in neuroblastoma at sub‐kilobase resolution using fine‐tiling oligonucleotide array CGH
Authors: Selzer Rebecca R. , Richmond Todd A. , Pofahl Nathan J. , Green Roland D. , Eis Peggy S. , Nair Prakash , Brothman Arthur R. , Stallings Raymond L.
Published: August 2005

Understanding the genes and genetic pathways targeted by recurrent chromosomal imbalances in malignancy, along with the molecular mechanisms that generate the imbalances, are important problems in cancer biology. In this report, we demonstrate that oligonucleotide array CGH (oaCGH) analysis can routinely map chromosomal imbalance breakpoints at exon‐level resolution, including imbalances that are single copy number genomic alterations. Different tiling‐path array designs were used in this study: a whole‐genome array with a 6‐kb median probe spacing and fine‐tiling arrays for selected genomic regions with either 50‐ or 140‐bp median probe spacing. In both array formats, oligonucleotide probes were of isothermal design and were tiled through genic and inter‐genic regions. Whole‐genome oaCGH analysis of two neuroblastoma cell lines and three primary tumors led to the identification of 58 chromosomal breakpoints that generated 45 large‐scale partial chromosomal imbalances (>2 Mb). An unexpectedly high proportion (34%) of these breakpoint intervals mapped to regions containing segmental duplications. In addition, 88 smaller‐sized regions (<2 Mb) of imbalance were detected, the majority of which mapped to segmentally duplicated regions and may reflect constitutional copy number polymorphisms. The chromosomal breakpoints for 12 recurrent abnormalities exhibited in neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines, including MYCN amplicon boundaries, loss of 3p, loss of 11q, and gain of 17q, could be mapped to intervals ranging from 50 bp to 10 kb in size using high‐density fine‐tiling oligonucleotide microarrays. Fine‐tiling oaCGH analysis provides an unprecedented level of resolution, allowing detailed mapping of recurrent unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat/index.html. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Nav1.6 sodium channels by Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions: Role in the motor endplate disease phenotype
Authors: Musarella Magali , Alcaraz Gisèle , Caillol Ghislaine , Boudier Jean‐Louis , Couraud François , Autillo‐Touati Amapola
Published: August 2005

In addition to their role in action potential generation and fast synaptic transmission in neurons, voltage‐dependent sodium channels can also be active in glia. Terminal Schwann cells (TSCs) wrap around the nerve terminal arborization at the neuromuscular junction, which they contribute to shape during development and in the postdenervation processes. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy, we detected the neuronal Nav1.6 sodium channel transcripts and proteins in TSCs in normal adult rats and mice. Nav1.6 protein co‐localized with the Schwann cell marker S‐100 but was not detected in the SV2‐positive nerve terminals. The med phenotype in mice is due to a mutation in the SCN8A gene resulting in loss of Nav1.6 expression. It leads to early onset in postnatal life of defects in neuromuscular transmission with minimal alteration of axonal conduction. Strikingly, in mutant mice, the nonmyelinated pre‐terminal region of axons showed abundant sprouting at neuromuscular junctions, and most of the α‐bungarotoxin‐labeled endplates were devoid of S‐100‐ or GFAP‐positive TSCs. Using specific antibodies against the Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 sodium channels, ankyrin G and Caspr 1, and a pan sodium channel antibody, we found that a similar proportion of ankyrin G‐positive nodes of Ranvier express sodium channels in mutant and wild‐type animals and that nodal expression of Nav1.2 persists in med mice. Our data supports the hypothesis that the lack of expression of Nav1.6 in Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions might play a role in the med phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient methods of discharge measurements in rivers and streams based on the probability concept
Authors: Chiu Chao‐Lin , Hsu Shih‐Meng , Tung Ning‐Chien
Published: August 2005

Regularities exist in fluid flows and can be represented by a set of constants. These constants are functions of the parameter of a probability distribution that exhibits resilience and stability under various flow conditions. Together, these regularities form a network and interact with each other, such that if one is known then the others can be determined from it. The regularities and their network explain the various fluid‐flow phenomena and can be used in analysis of rivers and streams. For example, they can be used as the basis to develop simple and efficient methods of discharge measurements as presented herein, which only require velocity sampling at a single point on a water surface or a few points on a single vertical. Because of their simplicity and the short time requirement, these methods can be easily automated for collecting discharge data in unsteady, high flows that are badly needed for real‐time flow forecasting and design of flood control structures, and for advancing the fundamental, scientific knowledge in hydrology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of channel regulation on salt intrusion and residual circulation of Keelung River
Authors: Liu Wen‐Cheng
Published: August 2005

A vertical (laterally integrated) two‐dimensional numerical model was applied to study the hydrodynamic characteristics, salt‐water intrusion and residual circulation in the Danshuei River estuarine system. The cross‐sectional profiles measured in 2001 and 1990 respectively represent the conditions after and before channel regulation in the Keelung River. The model was re‐verified with the available hydrological data measured in 2001. Detailed model re‐verification has been conducted with water surface elevations, tidal current, and salinity distributions measured. The overall performance of the model is in qualitative agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to investigate the change in tidal ranges, salt‐water intrusion, and residual circulation as a result of channel regulation in the Keelung River. The model simulations indicate that more tidal energy propagates into the estuarine system before channel regulation because of the substantial increase in river cross‐sections. The residual circulations before channel regulation are greater than those after channel regulation and result in the limits of the salt intrusion before channel regulation being extended farther inland than those after channel regulation. This may show that channel regulation for flood control in the Keelung River did not contribute to the expansion of the mangrove areas and the disappearance of freshwater marshes at the Kuan‐Du wetlands. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an infection‐resistant bifunctionalized Dacron biomaterial
Authors: Aggarwal Puja , Phaneuf Matthew D. , Bide Martin J. , Sousa Kerry A. , LoGerfo Frank W.
Published: August 2005

A novel infection‐resistant biomaterial was created by applying the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) to a recently developed bifunctionalized polyethylene terephthalate (“polyester,” Dacron) material using textile‐dyeing technology. Dacron was modified via exposure to ethylenediamine (EDA) to create amine and carboxylic acid sites within the polymer backbone. Cipro was applied to the bifunctionalized Dacron construct under varied experimental conditions, with resulting antimicrobial activity determined via zone of inhibition. Dacron segments treated at a liquor ratio of 20:1, with 5% Cipro on weight of fabric (owf), at pH 8 for 4 h at 70°C followed by autoclaving showed antimicrobial activity for 78 days (length of study). Segments treated similarly but without autoclaving lost activity within 1 day. Dyeing time and temperature did not significantly affect antibiotic release/activity, but segments dyed at pHs higher or lower than 8 had less antimicrobial activity. The long‐term infection resistance provided by this technique may answer major problems of infection from which implantable Dacron biomedical devices suffer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Functional polymer hydrogels for embryonic stem cell support
Authors: Kroupová Jana , Horák Daniel , Pacherník Jiří , Dvořák Petr , Šlouf Miroslav
Published: August 2005

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells with the ability to differentiate among all embryonic and adult cell lineages. Derivation of human ES cells opened up the way for treatment of many serious disorders by stem cell‐based transplantation therapy. One of the most exciting challenges in development of transplantation therapies is to repair the damaged part of the organ or tissue by transplantation of undifferentiated ES cells or their differentiated derivatives within three‐dimensional polymer scaffold. This method allows both renewal of structure and restoration of function of the organ. To address this issue, new polymer hydrogels were synthesized and tested. Cationic hydrogel slabs were synthesized by bulk radical copolymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) with ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) or 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP) with N,N′‐divinylethyleneurea (DVEU) or EDMA in the presence of saccharose or NaCl as a porogen. Swelling studies of the synthesized copolymers showed a high water content in the swollen state. Biocompatibility was studied with the use of feeder‐independent mouse ES cell line D3. Cells grown either on the surface or inside synthesized polymer slabs suggest that the tested slabs are not toxic. The ability of ES cells to proliferate was only partially limited in PHEMA slabs crosslinked with EDMA compared with standard culture conditions. When cultured for a limited period of time, ES cells retained their undifferentiated state independently of properties of the hydrogel slabs, presence or absence of surface charges, type of crosslinking agent and matrix (PHEMA or PVP). Notably, prolonged culture in superporous hydrogel slabs initiated ES cell differentiation. Compared with unmodified PHEMA, the number of proliferating ES cells was still lower in the presence of cationic polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Legal standards, ethical standards, and responses to social–sexual conduct at work
Authors: Pierce Charles A. , Aguinis Herman
Published: August 2005

When individuals investigate a sexual harassment claim that stems from a dissolved workplace romance, their responses to the claim are likely influenced by their ethical standards and legal standards. We propose a person–situation interactionist decision‐making process through which investigators' ethical standards may override legal standards when responding to social–sexual conduct at work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lying in negotiations: how individual and situational factors influence the use of neutralization strategies
Authors: Aquino Karl , Becker Thomas E.
Published: August 2005

Lying in negotiations can cause negative emotions, so participants may use neutralization strategies to reduce these feelings. We conducted a 2 (ethical versus non‐ethical climate) × 2 (low versus high negative consequences) experiment to examine how individual and situational factors affect the use of three such strategies: minimizing the lie, denigration of the target, and denial. Lying, psychological distress, and self‐perceived moral attributes were measured as non‐manipulated independent variables. One hundred and ninety‐two MBA students participated in a business negotiation in which they were provided with incentives to lie. As predicted, higher distress was associated with greater denial of lies. In addition, climate and consequences interacted to affect minimization and liars engaged in less minimization than did participants who merely concealed information. Climate and moral attributes interacted to affect denigration. We believe these findings support further study of neutralization strategies in the workplace. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalent Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase onto New Modified Acrylonitrile Copolymer/Silica Gel Hybrid Supports
Authors: Godjevargova Tzonka , Nenkova Ruska , Dimova Nedyalka
Published: August 2005

Summary: New polymer/silica gel hybrid supports were prepared by coating high surface area of silica gel with modified acrylonitrile copolymer. The concentrations of the modifying agent (NaOH) and the modified polymer were varied. GOD was covalently immobilized on these hybrid supports and the relative activity and the amount of bound protein were determined. The highest relative activity and sufficient amount of bound protein of the immobilized GOD were achieved in 10% NaOH and 2% solution of modified acrylonitrile copolymer. The influence of glutaraldehyde concentration and the storage time on enzyme efficiency were examined. Glutaraldehyde concentration of 0.5% is optimal for the immobilized GOD. It was shown that the covalently bound enzyme (using 0.5% glutaraldehyde) had higher relative activity than the activity of the adsorbed enzyme. Covalently immobilized GOD with 0.5% glutaraldehyde was more stable for four months in comparison with the one immobilized on pure silica gel, hybrid support with 10% glutaraldehyde and the free enzyme. The effect of the pore size on the enzyme efficiency was studied on four types of silica gel with different pore size. Silica with large pores (CPC‐Silica carrier, 375 Å) presented higher relative activity than those with smaller pore size (Silica gel with 4, 40 and 100 Å). The amount of bound protein was also reduced with decreasing the pore size. The effect of particle size was studied and it was found out that the smaller the particle size was, the greater the activity and the amount of immobilized enzyme were. The obtained results proved that these new polymer/silica gel hybrid supports were suitable for GOD immobilization.

Influence of storage time on the residual activity of GOD.

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Influence of storage time on the residual activity of GOD.
Printing Biomacromolecules on a Bovine Serum Albumin Precursor Layer
Authors: Wang Bo , Feng Jie , Gao Changyou
Published: August 2005

Summary: Various biomacromolecules including proteins and polysaccharides are printed on a substrate capped with a bovine serum albumin (BSA) precursor layer to create clear co‐patterns of these molecules. Characterizations by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrate the successful production and clear boundaries of the co‐patterns. Rinsing the BSA‐adsorbed substrate and the biomacromolecules‐inked stamp before microcontact printing (µCP) is crucial for the creation of clear and stable co‐patterns. The patterns are mainly stabilized by electrostatic interactions and van der Waals forces. Characterizations by ellipsometry, UV‐Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy reveal that printing by a flat PDMS stamp yields a denser layered structure of proteins with a higher amount than that of adsorbed proteins. By printing, however, a lower enzymatic catalytic activity for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or binding capability for avidin (both normalized to amount) is determined. A conformational transition from α‐helix to β‐sheet of HRP is observed by ATR‐IR. By contrast, a BSA precursor layer can effectively improve the functionality of the printed HRP or avidin and preserve the original conformation of the proteins, although the absolute transferred amount of these proteins is decreased.

UV‐Vis absorbance at 405 nm as a function of time showing the activity evolution of HRP on quartz slides (inset) prepared with different methods.

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UV‐Vis absorbance at 405 nm as a function of time showing the activity evolution of HRP on quartz slides (inset) prepared with different methods.
Crystal Structure and Morphology of Poly(16‐hexadecalactone) Chain‐folded Lamellar Crystals
Authors: Kim Eunju , Uyama Hiroshi , Doi Yoshiharu , Ha Chang‐Sik , Iwata Tadahisa
Published: August 2005

Summary: Solution‐grown, chain‐folded lamellar crystals of poly(16‐hexadecalactone) (PHDL) were crystallized isothermally from 1‐hexanol at 70 °C. The morphology of lozenge‐shaped crystals was studied by TEM and AFM. The lamellae are ca. 10 nm thick and the chains run orthogonal to the lamellar surface with folding along (110) and ($1\bar 10$) planes. The crystal structure of PHDL was determined by XRD and election diffraction of single crystals. The chains are in the 21 helix conformation close to all‐trans and the structure consists of an orthorhombic unit cell with a P212121 space group with the lattice constants a = 0.746 ± 0.001 nm, b = 0.504 ± 0.001 nm, and c (chain axis) = 4.116 ± 0.003 nm. There are two chains per unit cell, which exist in an antiparallel arrangement. Molecular packing structure has been studied in detail, taking into account both diffraction data and energy calculations. The setting angles, with respect to a axis, were ±40° for the corner and center chains, respectively. By using the electron and XRD data, the best molecular packing model was refined to R‐factors of 0.168 and 0.196, respectively. A brief comparison of chain‐packing structure is also made with related polymer structures.

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Evaluation of the Isoconversional Approach to Estimating the Hoffman‐Lauritzen Parameters from the Overall Rates of Non‐Isothermal Crystallization of Polymers
Authors: Achilias Dimitris S. , Papageorgiou George Z. , Karayannidis George P.
Published: August 2005

Summary: The isoconversional approach proposed by Vyazovkin for evaluating the Hoffman‐Lauritzen parameters from overall rates of non‐isothermal crystallization was critically applied to two new and fast crystallizing polymers, poly(propylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene naphthalate), which are used for the production of fibers. Non‐isothermal crystallization data were corrected for the effect of the thermal lag and the effective activation energy as a function of temperature was calculated using the method of Friedman. The estimated Hoffman‐Lauritzen parameters, U* and Kg, were consistent with corresponding values from isothermal crystallization experiments obtained either from DSC measurements or using polarized optical microscopy (POM). It was found that the proposed method could simulate the experimental data very well, and the temperature interval under consideration did not allow the detection of any critical breakpoints denoting regime transitions.

Dependence of the effective activation energy on average temperature for PPT.

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Dependence of the effective activation energy on average temperature for PPT.
Gδ‐pieces of canonical partitions of G‐spaces
Authors: Majcher‐Iwanow Barbara
Published: August 2005

Generalizing model companions from model theory we define companions of pieces of canonical partitions of Polish G‐spaces. This unifies several constructions from logic. The central problem of the paper is the existence of companions which form a G‐orbit which is a Gδ‐set. We describe companions of some typical G‐spaces. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The minimal complementation property above 0′
Authors: Lewis Andrew E. M.
Published: August 2005

Let us say that any (Turing) degree d > 0 satisfies the minimal complementation property (MCP) if for every degree 0 < a < d there exists a minimal degree b < d such that a ∨ b = d (and therefore a ∧ b = 0). We show that every degree d ≥ 0′ satisfies MCP. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
From finitary to infinitary second‐order logic
Authors: Weaver George , Penev Irena
Published: August 2005

A back and forth condition on interpretations for those second‐order languages without functional variables whose non‐logical vocabulary is finite and excludes functional constants is presented. It is shown that this condition is necessary and sufficient for the interpretations to be equivalent in the language. When applied to second‐order languages with an infinite non‐logical vocabulary, excluding functional constants, the back and forth condition is sufficient but not necessary. It is shown that there is a class of infinitary second‐order languages whose non‐logical vocabulary is infinite for which the back and forth condition is both necessary and sufficient. It is also shown that some applications of the back and forth construction for second‐order languages can be extended to the infinitary second‐order languages. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A high dimensional Open Coloring Axiom
Authors: He Bin
Published: August 2005

We prove a partition theorem for analytic sets, namely, if X is an analytic set in a Polish space and [X]n = K0 ∪ K1 with K0 open in the relative topology, and the partition satisfies a finitary condition, then either there is a perfect K0‐homogeneous subset or X is a countable union of K1‐homogeneous subsets. We also prove a partition theorem for analytic sets in the three‐dimensional case. Finally, we give some applications of the theorems. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Universal partial indestructibility and strong compactness
Authors: Apter Arthur W.
Published: August 2005

For any ordinal δ, let λδ be the least inaccessible cardinal above δ. We force and construct a model in which the least supercompact cardinal κ is indestructible under κ‐directed closed forcing and in which every measurable cardinal δ < κ is < λδ strongly compact and has its < λδ strong compactness indestructible under δ‐directed closed forcing of rank less than λδ. In this model, κ is also the least strongly compact cardinal. We also establish versions of this result in which κ is the least strongly compact cardinal but is not supercompact. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Catalytic Polymerization of Liquid Propylene: Effect of Low‐Yield Hexene Prepolymerization on Kinetics and Morphology
Authors: Pimplapure Makarand S. , Weickert Günter
Published: August 2005

Summary: A Ziegler‐Natta‐catalyst was used in ultra low‐yield slurry prepolymerization followed by liquid propylene (main) polymerizations. Complete catalyst disintegration down to 1.5–2 µm particle size is observed at prepolymerization yields of 10 g per g cat. The initial (main) polymerization rate increased up to 55% and the final average particle diameter can be controlled between 50 and 1 500 µm at main polymerization yields of 20 kg PP per g cat · hr−1. Tension generation within the particle and the absence of a polymer layer explains these results.

Surface SEM. Top: Catalyst surface covered with polyhexene. Bottom: Cracks on catalyst surface after washing with hexane.

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Surface SEM. Top: Catalyst surface covered with polyhexene. Bottom: Cracks on catalyst surface after washing with hexane.
Acrylic Acid “Reversed” PolyHIPEs
Authors: Krajnc Peter , Štefanec Dejan , Pulko Irena
Published: August 2005

Summary: An oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsion consisting of acrylic acid, water, and a crosslinker (N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide) as the water phase, and toluene as the oil phase was successfully stabilised to sustain thermal initiation of radical polymerisation resulting in porous open‐cellular monolithic material. The type of initiator used influenced the average pore size ranging from approx. 708 nm to approx. 1 087 nm, as determined by mercury porosimetry.

Schematic of the preparation of an oil‐in‐water‐type polyHIPE (high internal phase emulsion).

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Schematic of the preparation of an oil‐in‐water‐type polyHIPE (high internal phase emulsion).
Validity of a modified Parkinson's disease screening questionnaire in India: Effects of literacy of participants and medical training of screeners and implications for screening efforts in developing countries
Authors: Sarangmath Nagaraja , Rattihalli Rohini , Ragothaman Mona , Gopalkrishna Gururaj , Doddaballapur Subbakrishna , Louis Elan D. , Muthane Uday B.
Published: August 2005

The prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is low among Indians, except in the Parsis. Data for Indians come from studies using different screening tools and criteria to detect PD. An epidemiological study in India, which has nearly a billion people, more than 18 spoken languages, and varying levels of literacy, requires development and validation of a screening tool for PD. The objectives of this study are to (1) validate a modified version of a widely used screening questionnaire for PD to suit the needs of the Indian population; (2) compare the use of a nonmedical assistant (NMA) with the use of a medical person during screening; and (3) compare the effect of literacy of participants on the validity of the screening tool. The validity of the questionnaire was tested on 125 participants from a home for the elderly. NMAs of similar background and medical personnel administered the modified screening questionnaire. A movement disorder neurologist blind to the responses on the questionnaire, examined participants independently and diagnosed if participants had PD. The questionnaire was validated in the movement disorders clinic, on known PD patients and their family members without PD. In the movement disorders clinic, sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire were 100% and 89%, respectively. Fifty‐seven participants were included for analysis. The questionnaire had a higher sensitivity when NMAs (75%) rather than the medical personnel (61%) administered it, and its specificity was higher with the medical personnel (61%) than with NMAs (55% and 25%). The questionnaire had a higher specificity in literates than illiterates, whereas sensitivity varied considerably. The modified questionnaire translated in a local Indian language had reasonable sensitivity and can be used to screen individuals for PD in epidemiological studies in India. This questionnaire can be administered by NMAs to screen PD and this strategy would reduce manpower costs. Literacy may influence epidemiological estimates when screening PD. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Focal dystonia in musicians: Treatment strategies and long‐term outcome in 144 patients
Authors: Jabusch Hans‐Christian , Zschucke Dorothea , Schmidt Alexander , Schuele Stephan , Altenmüller Eckart
Published: August 2005

We present the long‐term outcome of 144 musicians with focal dystonia after treatment with botulinum toxin (n = 71), trihexiphenidyl (n = 69), pedagogical retraining (n = 24), ergonomic changes (n = 51), or nonspecific exercises on the instrument (n = 78). Outcome was assessed by patients' subjective rating of cumulative treatment response and response to individual therapies. Seventy‐seven patients (54%) reported an alleviation of symptoms: 33% of the patients with trihexiphenidyl, 49% with botulinum toxin, 50% with pedagogical retraining, 56% with unmonitored technical exercises, and 63% with ergonomic changes. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Characterisation of indomethacin and nifedipine using variable‐temperature solid‐state NMR
Authors: Apperley David C. , Forster Angus H. , Fournier Romain , Harris Robin K. , Hodgkinson Paul , Lancaster Robert W. , Rades Thomas
Published: August 2005

We have characterised the stable polymorphic forms of two drug molecules, indomethacin (1) and nifedipine (2) by 13C CPMAS NMR and the resonances have been assigned. The signal for the CCl carbon of indomethacin has been studied as a function of applied magnetic field, and the observed bandshapes have been simulated. Variable‐temperature 1H relaxation measurements of static samples have revealed a T1ρ minimum for indomethacin at 17.8 °C. The associated activation energy is 38 kJ mol−1. The relevant motion is probably an internal rotation and it is suggested that this involves the COCH3 group. Since the two drug compounds are potential candidates for formulation in the amorphous state, we have examined quench‐cooled melts in detail by variable‐temperature 13C and 1H NMR. There is a change in slope for $T_{1}^{H}$ and $T_{1\rho}^{H}$ at the glass transition temperature (Tg) for indomethacin, but this occurs a few degrees below Tg for nifedipine, which is perhaps relevant to the lower real‐time stability of the amorphous form for the latter compound. Comparison of relaxation time data for the crystalline and amorphous forms of each compound reveals a greater difference for nifedipine than for indomethacin, which again probably relates to real‐time stabilities. Recrystallisation of the two drugs has been followed by proton bandshape measurements at higher temperatures. It is shown that, under the conditions of the experiments, recrystallisation of nifedipine can be detected already at 70 °C, whereas this does not occur until 110 °C for indomethacin. The effect of crushing the amorphous samples has been studied by 13C NMR; nifedipine recrystallises but indomethacin does not. The results were supported by DSC, powder XRD, FTIR and solution‐state NMR measurements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of GAS7 in childhood CNS tumors
Authors: Ebinger Martin , Senf Leonore , Wachowski Olga , Scheurlen Wolfram
Published: August 2005

Expression of growth arrest‐specific (Gas) genes is observed during growth arrest in terminally differentiating cells during development of peripheral nerves. Gas7 is expressed predominantly in the brain and is required for neurite formation. Human GAS7 is located on chromosome 17p11.3 close to or within the putative breakpoint of isochromosome 17q (i(17q)) in medulloblastoma, indicating a potential role as a tumor suppressor gene, lost by formation of i(17q). However in the present study, the expression of GAS7 was detected in 20 of 29 childhood medulloblastoma samples regardless of the presence of i(17q). Therefore, GAS7 is not likely to be a tumor suppressor gene in medulloblastoma development. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylated and pegylated PLA–PCL–PLA block copolymers via the chemical modification of di‐hydroxy PCL combined with the ring opening polymerization of lactide
Authors: Huang Ming‐Hsi , Coudane Jean , Li Suming , Vert Michel
Published: August 2005

Methylated and pegylated poly(lactide)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly(lactide) copolymers, PLA–P(CL‐co‐CLCH3)–PLA and PLA–P(CL‐co‐CLPEG)–PLA, were prepared in three steps: combining the formation of carbanion‐bearing dihydroxylated‐PCL, the coupling of iodomethane or bromoacetylated α‐hydroxyl‐ω‐methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol) onto the carbanionic PCL, and finally the ring opening polymerization of DL‐lactide initiated by the preformed grafted diOH‐PCL copolymers. The resulting block copolymers exhibited lower crystallinity, melting temperature, and hydrophobicity with respect to the original PCL. Degradation of the grafted copolymers was investigated in the presence of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase and compared with that of the triblock copolymer precursor. It is shown that the presence of the grafted substituents affected the enzymatic degradation of PCL segments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4196–4205, 2005
The role of calcium in the conformational dynamics and thermal stability of the D‐galactose/D‐glucose‐binding protein from Escherichia coli
Authors: Herman Petr , Vecer Jaroslav , Barvik Ivan , Scognamiglio Viviana , Staiano Maria , de Champdoré Marcella , Varriale Antonio , Rossi Mose' , D'Auria Sabato
Published: August 2005

We have characterized stability and conformational dynamics of the calcium depleted D‐galactose/D‐glucose‐binding protein (GGBP) from Escherichia coli. The structural stability of the protein was investigated by steady state and time resolved fluorescence, and far‐UV circular dichroism in the temperature range from 20°C to 70°C. We have found that the absence of the Ca2+ ion results in a significant destabilization of the C‐terminal domain of the protein. In particular, the melting temperature decreases by about 10°C with the simultaneous loss of the melting cooperativity. Time resolved fluorescence quenching revealed significant loosening of the protein when highly shielded Trp residue(s) became accessible to acrylamide at higher temperatures. We have documented a significant stabilizing effect of glucose that mostly reverts the effect of calcium, that is, the thermal stability of the protein increases by about 10°C and the melting cooperativity is restored. Moreover, the protein structure remains compact with low amplitude of the segmental mobility up to high temperatures. We have used molecular dynamics to identify the structural feature responsible for changes in the temperature stability. Disintegration of the Ca2+‐binding loop seems to be responsible for the loss of the stability in the absence of calcium. The new insights on the structural properties and temperature stability of the calcium depleted GGBP contribute to better understanding of the protein function and constitute important information for the development of new biotechnological applications of this class of proteins. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A membrane model of electrically remodelled atrial myocardium derived from in vivo measurements*
Authors: Goodman Amy M. , Oliver Robert A. , Henriquez Craig S. , Wolf Patrick D.
Published: August 2005

Aims

Contemporary ionic-based membrane models are computationally expensive and are not intended to match the properties of a given experimental preparation. The aim of this work was to use measured restitution properties of electrically remodelled atrial tissue to develop a simplified membrane model based on the Fenton–Karma (FK) equations amenable to large-scale simulation of chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF).

Methods

Two membrane models, the FK-CAF and FK-CNTRL parameter sets, were developed to match action potential duration (APD) and conduction velocity (CV) restitution properties of rapid-pacing-induced electrically remodelled sheep atria and healthy atria, respectively. The models were tested by inducing reentry in a two-dimensional anisotropic monodomain and comparing the resulting cycle lengths (CL) with measured CLs.

Results

Parameters for the FK models were obtained that reproduced APD and CV restitution properties measured in the CAF and healthy sheep atria. Using the FK-CAF parameters, reentry was sustained in a 2.5 by 2.5 cm sheet with a CL = 91.0 ± 3.0 ms. Reentry (CL = 113.2 ± 5.2 ms) could only be sustained in the FK-CNTRL model after the tissue was first activated at a fast rate (136.5 ms).

Conclusions

The FK-CAF model is shown to approximate the restitution properties of remodelled sheep atria and can be used to simulate reentry with short CLs similar to those measured during AF episodes.
The role of PKCα and RLIP76 in transport‐mediated doxorubicin‐resistance in lung cancer
Authors: Singhal Sharad S. , Yadav Sushma , Singhal Jyotsana , Drake Kenneth , Awasthi Yogesh C. , Awasthi Sanjay
Published: August 2005

In deletion mutant analyses of potential phosphorylation sites in RLIP76, we identified T297 and S509 as targets for phosphorylation by PKCα. Phosphorylation at T297 increased doxorubicin (DOX)‐transport activity ∼2‐fold for RLIP76 purified from recombinant source, or from three small (H69, H1417, H1618) and three non‐small cell, one each derived from H226 (squamous), H358 (bronchio alveolar), and H1395 (adenocarcinoma) lung cancer cell lines. T297 phosphorylation conferred sensitivity to tryptic digestion at R293. The specific activity for DOX‐transport by RLIP76 purified from non‐small cell, which was primarily in the phosphorylated form, was approximately twice that in small cell lung cancer cell lines. These finding offer a novel explanation for the observed intrinsic differences in sensitivity to DOX between non‐small cell and small cell lung cancer cell lines.
Small-scale spatio-temporal variability in ichthyoplankton and zooplankton distribution in relation to a tidal-mixing front in the Irish Sea
Authors: Lee O. , Nash R.D.M. , Danilowicz B.S.
Published: August 2005

This study examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of fish larvae and their prey at a tidal-mixing front in the central Irish Sea. The distribution of ichthyoplankton and zooplankton was analysed in relation to environmental variables (depth, surface temperature, surface salinity, and water column stratification) using Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Significant interannual variability in the formation and position of the tidal-mixing front coincided with large differences in the species abundances of both ichthyoplankton and zooplankton. During the summer, ichthyoplankton and zooplankton communities were structured by a combination of depth and hydrography, and the variability in species composition was directly related to the average value of the stratification parameter. Several ichthyoplankton species were consistently associated with frontal waters, while fewer species were concentrated in mixed water masses throughout the sampling period. The distribution of individual zooplankton species was also examined, and water mass affinities were shown to vary with developmental stage.
Unknowable worlds: solving the problem of natural evil
Authors: MURPHY FRANK J.
Published: August 2005

This paper draws attention to the way free choice participates in the occurrence of what is usually called natural evil. While earthquakes are natural phenomena, they injure only those who have chosen to live in places where they occur. But if God could not foresee these choices, then God could not foresee much about the amount and distribution of natural evil. Combining a libertarian notion of freedom with a denial of middle knowledge allows God to be much less implicated in the occurrence of natural evil. This gives some of the familiar theistic replies to the problem, such as Hick's soul-making theodicy, enhanced plausibility.
Temporal and spatial dimensions of discourse organisation
Authors: CHAROLLES MICHEL , LE DRAOULEC ANNE , PERY-WOODLEY MARIE-PAULE , SARDA LAURE
Published: August 2005

Time is generally recognised as a ubiquitous component in the way discourse is organised: the discourse-level analysis of time has led to numerous studies, mostly focused on verb tense and temporal adverbials. The discourse role of space seems less obvious: not only is space not systematically marked in the sentence, but it does not lead in itself to any discourse relation.
Janus-Faced Federalism: State Sovereignty and Federal
Preemption in the Rehnquist Court
Authors: Conlan Timothy J. , Dudley Robert L.
Published: August 2005

The Roman god Janus had two faces, looking in opposite directions.
This split appearance is an apt metaphor for the Rehnquist Court's
decisions involving federal-state relations. One face, which has
received much attention over the past decade and a half, is
characterized by the Court's post-1990 decisions concerning state
sovereignty, sovereign immunity, and the reach of Congress's powers
under the Interstate Commerce Clause and the 14th
Amendment. All have had a devolutionary thrust, bolstering state
authority or insulating state institutions against federal law and
regulations. The second, less recognized face is distinguished by
the Court's emerging doctrines concerning federal preemption of
state and local authority. In these cases, the Supreme Court—often
led by members of the new federalist majority—has tilted
surprisingly in favor of federal authority. This article examines
both faces of contemporary judicial policy making on matters of
federalism, with a particular focus on the implications for federal
preemption.
Writing Political Theory: Lessons from an
Apprenticeship
Authors: Tampio Nicholas
Published: August 2005

In 2003–2004 I served as the assistant editor of Political
Theory. During my term I reviewed hundreds of
manuscripts, read scores of outside reviews, and communicated
regularly with Stephen White (the editor) about the criteria of a
successful manuscript and the direction of the discipline. To aid
graduate students looking to publish, as well as others, I offer
several principles to facilitate writing and submitting a political
theory essay. Nicholas Tampio defended
his dissertation on The Kantian Problematic in
Contemporary Political Theory at Johns Hopkins
University in September 2004. For comments on earlier drafts, I thank James Morone, Patricia
Nordeen, Jesse Tampio, and Stephen White.
Sliding into Home Plate: How to Use Slideware to Improve
Your Presentation (While Dodging the Bullets)
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: August 2005

Recently, Microsoft's PowerPoint has come under a series of brutal
attacks. Critics have accused the software of promoting simplistic
thinking, dumbing down presentations, and constricting interactions
between presenter and audience (Schwartz
2003; Parker 2001; Thompson 2003). One detractor went so far as
to label PowerPoint “technological cocaine” and another demanded a
ban on the software, urging that “Friends Don't Let Friends Use
PowerPoint” (Keller 2003; Stewart 2001). The most coherent exposition
of PowerPoint's weaknesses has come from Edward Tufte, Yale
Professor and visual presentation guru. Tufte (2003) argues that PowerPoint is format—rather than
content—or audience-oriented, and thus “turn[s] everything into a
sales pitch.” His list of grievances against the software is long.
PowerPoint replaces serious analysis with chartjunk, logotypes, and
corny clip art. It breaks information into small arbitrary fragments
and stacks it chronologically in a manner that inhibits analysis
through comparison. It “messes up data with systematic intensity”
through bad resolution, thin graphics, and low-information charts.
PowerPoint's “inherent defects,” so says Tufte, are “making us
stupid, degrading the quality and credibility of our communication,
turning us into bores, wasting our colleagues' time.” Ron E. Hassner is assistant professor of
political science at the University of California, Berkeley. He
remains indebted to Scott D. Sagan for introducing him to both
PowerPoint and baseball.
A Federal Deficit Reduction Simulation: Learning Politics
and Policy in a Budgetary Context
Authors: Wallin Bruce A.
Published: August 2005

I must first confess that I was long a skeptic about the use of
simulations in the classroom. I had, after all, gotten along quite
fine without them. My courses were full, my teaching evaluations
good. Bruce A. Wallin is associate
professor, department of political science, Northeastern
University. He is author of From Revenue Sharing to
Deficit Sharing: General Revenue Sharing and Cities
(Georgetown University Press, 1998), winner of the 1999 APSA
award for Best Book on Urban Politics. Most recently, he edited
a symposium on “Tax and Expenditure Limitations: A Quarter
Century after Proposition 13,” published in Public
Budgeting and Finance (vol. 24, no. 4, winter
2004). For more information on
this simulation, including the class syllabus and detailed
examples, visit PSOnline at
www.apsanet.org/ps/wallinonline.pdf.
Validation of ocean tide models around Antarctica using onshore GPS and gravity data
Authors: King Matt A. , Penna Nigel T. , Clarke Peter J. , King Ed C.
Published: August 2005

Ocean tide models around Antarctica are presently only sparsely tested against independent data. Ocean tide modeling errors, along with subsequent ocean tide loading (OTL) displacement modeling errors, alias into altimetry and time variable gravity (e.g., Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)) time series, for example. To validate various ocean tide models around Antarctica, GPS data from 15 sites have been used to derive three‐dimensional displacement estimates at eight diurnal and semidiurnal tidal frequencies. Using hundreds of days of GPS data, harmonic parameters were estimated on a daily basis then combined. These were then compared with OTL displacement estimates derived from global and regional ocean tide models. In East Antarctica, where the tides are well defined, submillimeter differences are demonstrated in each coordinate component with the lunar N2and Q1constituents in closest agreement. As found in other studies, K1and, especially, K2agree less well. The spatial variation in the misfits for these two constituents indicates a site dependency, with the K2errors also suggesting an interaction with satellite‐dependent effects. In West Antarctica, where sites are nearer the largest ice shelves, agreement with the older models (CSR3 and TPXO.2) and NAO.99b is poor for all constituents. Modeled tidal gravity variations were also compared with gravity measurements at the South Pole. Overall the GPS and gravity data agree best with newer tide models, namely, TPXO.6, CADA00.10, FES99, and CATS02.01. However, validation data are lacking at the southern extents of the large ice shelves, and hence some uncertainty still exists in all ocean tide models in these regions.
Integrin regulation of membrane domain trafficking and Rac targeting
Authors: Grande-García A. , Echarri A. , Del Pozo M.A.
Published: August 2005

Integrins are crucial regulators of essential cellular processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation and migration. Alteration of these processes is central to tumourigenesis. Integrin signals mediate anchorage dependence of cell growth, while growth of cancer cells is anchorage-independent. Integrins critically regulate Rho family GTPases, that are also involved in cell-cycle progression and oncogenesis. In addition to their effect on GTP loading, integrins independently control the translocation of GTP-bound Rac to the plasma membrane. This step is essential for Rac binding to effectors. Integrins increase membrane affinity for Rac, leading to RhoGDI dissociation and effector coupling locally, in the vicinity of activated/bound integrins. Integrin-regulated Rac binding sites are within CEMMs (cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains). Integrins control Rac signalling by preventing the internalization of its binding sites in CEMMs. Integrin regulation of signalling pathways initiated in CEMMs may be important for the spatial control of cell migration and anchorage dependence of cell growth.