bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cDNA-Based Random RNA Interference Library for Functional Genetic Screens in Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Jian Rui , Cheng Xiaoxing , Jiang Jing , Deng Shaoli , Hu Fuquan , Zhang Junlei
Published: March 2007

To facilitate high-throughput functional genetic screens in embryonic stem cells, a simple and efficient system to construct cDNA-based random RNA interference (RNAi) library was developed in the study. Previous studies have demonstrated that sequence-specific gene silencing could be induced by long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in mouse embryos, mouse oocytes, embryonic stem cells, and other mammalian cells. Based on these findings, a dsRNA-expressing RNAi vector system was designed. This study provided evidence that the vector design could induce efficient knockdown of expression of both exogenous egfp gene and endogenous MTM1 gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. A random RNAi library was established by cloning enzyme-digested cDNA of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into the BamHI site of the convergent dual promoter RNAi vector. Sequencing of 20 randomly selected clones from the library showed that 17 contained inserts and that all of them were unique sequences. A functional genetic screen of genes involving in self-renewal and differentiation with the random RNAi library identified ubiquitin. The ubiquitin knockdown ES cell line generated 20%–30% of undifferentiated colonies in the absence of leukemia inhibitor factor, whereas parental ES cells and control vector pDCont transfectants produced less than 5% of colonies of undifferentiated cells, suggesting that ubiquitin plays a role in ES cell differentiation. The random RNAi library provides a useful tool for investigation of molecular mechanisms of cellular development and differentiation.
Presence of Human Circulating Progenitor Cells for Cancer Stromal Fibroblasts in the Blood of Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Ishii Genichiro , Ito Ta-Kashi , Aoyagi Kazuhiko , Fujimoto Hiroshi , Chiba Haruki , Hasebe Takahiro , Fujii Satoshi , Nagai Kanji , Sasaki Hiroki , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: March 2007

Recent animal data have suggested that cancer-induced stroma consists of blood-borne fibroblasts as well as tissue-derived fibroblasts. In this study, mononuclear cells isolated from the pulmonary vein blood of lungs resected from lung cancer patients were cultured to confirm the presence of blood-borne fibroblast. In 34% (16 of 47) of the cases, spindle cells with fibroblast morphology proliferated in a disarrayed fashion and were positive for vimentin and collagen type I but negative for both specific myogenic and endothelial markers. The cDNA profiles of blood-borne fibroblasts, tissue-derived (lung) fibroblasts, human vascular smooth muscle cells (HSMCs), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were clustered with a hierarchical classification algorithm. The profiles of the blood-borne fibroblasts were clearly isolated from those of the tissue-derived fibroblasts, HSMCs, and HUVECs. When carboxyfluorescein succinyl ester (CFSE)-labeled human mononuclear cells from the blood of lung cancer patients were transferred into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice engrafted with a human lung cancer xenograft, CFSE-labeled fibroblasts were found around the cancer nests. We investigated the several clinicopathological factors of blood-borne fibroblast-positive patients. The blood-borne fibroblast-positive cases had a significantly larger central fibrotic area in primary lung cancer than in the negative cases (123 ± 29 vs. 59 ± 13 mm2; p = .02). Our results indicated that the blood in the vicinity of human lung cancer contains fibroblast progenitor cells that have the capacity to migrate into the cancer stroma and differentiate into fibroblasts having biological characteristics different from those of tissue-derived fibroblasts.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Transient and Stable Transgene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Liew Chee-Gee , Draper Jonathan S. , Walsh James , Moore Harry , Andrews Peter W.
Published: March 2007

Plasmid vectors remain a valuable yet capricious tool for the genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. We have compared the efficacy of four promoters to mediate transient and stable transfection in hES and human embryonal carcinoma cell lines with the reporter enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). In transient assays, the two mammalian promoters, UbiquitinC and Rosa26 (pUbiC and pR26), the human cytomegalovirus major immediate early promoter (HCMV-MIE; pCMV), and the HCMV-MIE/chicken β-actin/rabbit β-globin hybrid promoter (pCAGG) gave variable results that depended upon the cell line transfected but in an unpredictable way: each promoter supported strong transient expression in at least one cell line. The results for stable transfection were generally at variance with the transient assays. In each case, transgene silencing was quite marked, most notably with the pCMV, with which no eGFP-positive clones were obtained. An exception was the pCAG vector, in which the CAGG composite promoter is linked to the polyoma virus mutant enhancer PyF101; stable eGFP-positive transfectants were obtained, and these clones retained eGFP expression for over 120 passages, even in the absence of selection. However, if the PyF101 elements were removed, the resulting transfectants were also subjected to progressive gene silencing. Thus, the choice of promoter is critical for determining the desired effect of transgene expression in hES cells. Our data also demonstrate that pUbiC, pR26, pCAGG, and pCAG are more superior to the pCMV for generation of stable transfectants in hES cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Concise Review: Stem Cell Antigen-1: Expression, Function, and Enigma
Authors: Holmes Christina , Stanford William L.
Published: March 2007

Cloned 20 years ago, stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) is used extensively to enrich for murine hematopoietic stem cells. The realization that many different stem cell types share conserved biochemical pathways has led to a flood of recent research using Sca-1 as a candidate marker in the search for tissue-resident and cancer stem cells. Although surprisingly little is still known about its biochemical function, the generation and analysis of knockout mice has begun to shed light on the functions of Sca-1 in stem and progenitor cells, demonstrating that it is more than a convenient marker for stem cell biologists. This review summarizes the plethora of recent findings utilizing Sca-1 as a parenchymal stem cell marker and detailing its functional role in stem and progenitor cells and also attempts to explain the lingering mysteries surrounding its biochemical function and human ortholog.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Hydration of alkali-activated slag: thermodynamic modelling
Authors: Lothenbach B. , Gruskovnjak A.
Published: March 2007

The composition of solid and liquid phases of alkali-activated slag systems was investigated by thermodynamic modelling. The calculations predict the formation of C(–A)–S–H, stratlingite and hydrotalcite in different alkali-activated slag systems, which agrees well with experimental findings. In addition traces of FeS and ettringite are predicted to precipitate. The type of alkaline activator (Na-silicate, NaOH) has no influence on the type of hydrates formed but influences the Ca/Si ratio of the C–S–H. The addition of sodium silicate leads to the formation of C–S–H with a higher Ca/Si ratio (1.1–1.2), whereas NaOH results in a Ca/Si ratio of 0.8to1.1. In contrast, the kind and concentration of the activator has strong influence on the composition of the pore solution. Low concentrations of the alkaline activator result in lower Na, Si and Al concentrations and lower pH values. In all pore solutions a high concentration of sulphide (HS–) is expected to be present.
Characteristics, Progression, and Output of Randomized Platform Trials
Authors: Griessbach Alexandra , Schönenberger Christof Manuel , Taji Heravi Ala , Gloy Viktoria , Agarwal Arnav , Hallenberger Tim Jonas , Schandelmaier Stefan , Janiaud Perrine , Amstutz Alain , Covino Manuela , Mall David , Speich Benjamin , Briel Matthias
Published: March 2024

Importance

Platform trials have become increasingly common, and evidence is needed to determine how this trial design is actually applied in current research practice.

Objective

To determine the characteristics, progression, and output of randomized platform trials.

Evidence Review

In this systematic review of randomized platform trials, Medline, Embase, Scopus, trial registries, gray literature, and preprint servers were searched, and citation tracking was performed in July 2022. Investigators were contacted in February 2023 to confirm data accuracy and to provide updated information on the status of platform trial arms. Randomized platform trials were eligible if they explicitly planned to add or drop arms. Data were extracted in duplicate from protocols, publications, websites, and registry entries. For each platform trial, design features such as the use of a common control arm, use of nonconcurrent control data, statistical framework, adjustment for multiplicity, and use of additional adaptive design features were collected. Progression and output of each platform trial were determined by the recruitment status of individual arms, the number of arms added or dropped, and the availability of results for each intervention arm.

Findings

The search identified 127 randomized platform trials with a total of 823 arms; most trials were conducted in the field of oncology (57 [44.9%]) and COVID-19 (45 [35.4%]). After a more than twofold increase in the initiation of new platform trials at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of platform trials has since declined. Platform trial features were often not reported (not reported: nonconcurrent control, 61 of 127 [48.0%]; multiplicity adjustment for arms, 98 of 127 [77.2%]; statistical framework, 37 of 127 [29.1%]). Adaptive design features were only used by half the studies (63 of 127 [49.6%]). Results were available for 65.2% of closed arms (230 of 353). Premature closure of platform trial arms due to recruitment problems was infrequent (5 of 353 [1.4%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

This systematic review found that platform trials were initiated most frequently during the COVID-19 pandemic and declined thereafter. The reporting of platform features and the availability of results were insufficient. Premature arm closure for poor recruitment was rare.
Modifier 22 Use in Fee-for-Service Medicare
Authors: Childers Christopher P. , Manisundaram Naveen V. , Hu Chung-Yuan , Chang George J.
Published: March 2024

Importance

Modifier 22 is a mechanism designed for surgeons to identify cases that are more complex than their Current Procedural Terminology code accounts for. However, empirical studies of the use and efficacy of modifier 22 are lacking.

Objective

To assess the use of modifier 22 in common surgical procedures and the association of use with compensation.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a cross-sectional analysis of the 2021 Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Limited Data Set including all Part B carrier and durable medical equipment fee-for-service claims. Claims for 10 common surgical procedures were evaluated, including mastectomy, total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, laparoscopic right colectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, kidney transplant, laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lumbar laminectomy. Data were analyzed from August to November 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Rate of modifier 22 use, rate of claim denial, mean charges, mean payment for accepted claims, and mean payment for all claims.

Results

The sample included 625 316 surgical procedures performed in calendar year 2021. The proportion of modifier 22 coding for a procedure ranged from 5725 of 251 521 (2.3%) in total knee arthroplasty to 1566 of 18 459 (8.5%) in laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Submitted charges were 11.1% (95% CI, 9.1-13.2) to 22.8% (95% CI, 21.3-24.3) higher for claims with modifier 22, depending on the procedure. Among accepted claims, those with modifier 22 had increased payments ranging from 0.8% (95% CI, 0.7-1.0) to 4.8% (95% CI, 4.5-5.1). However, claims with modifier 22 were more likely to be denied (7.4% vs 4.0%; P < .001). As a result, overall mean payments were mixed, with 4 procedures having lower payments when modifier 22 was appended, 4 procedures having higher payments with modifier 22, and 2 procedures with no difference. The largest increase in mean payment for modifier 22 claims was for kidney transplant with an increased payment of $71.46 (95% CI, 55.32-87.60), which translates to a relative increase of 3.4% (95% CI, 2.9-4.6).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings in this study suggest that modifier 22 had little to no financial benefit when appended to claims for a diverse panel of surgical procedures. In the current system, surgeons have little reason to request modifier 22, and no mechanisms currently exist for surgeons to recoup payment for difficult operations.
Effects of a Bioengineered Allogeneic Cellularized Construct (BACC) on Primary Human Macrophage Phenotype
Authors: Steele Lindsay A. , Hernaez Estrada Beatriz , Spiller Kara L.
Published: March 2024

The mechanisms behind the pro‐healing effects of multicellular, bioengineered allogeneic cellularized constructs (BACC) are not known. Macrophages are key regulators of every phase of the wound healing process and the primary cells that mediate the response to biomaterials. It is hypothesized that cells within the BACC modulate macrophage behavior, which may contribute to the mechanism by which BACC promotes healing. To probe the influence of cells within the BACC compared to effects of the underlying collagen substrate, primary human macrophages are cultured in direct or indirect contact with BACC or with the same collagen substrate used in the BACC manufacturing. Macrophage phenotype is characterized over time via multiplex gene expression, protein secretion, multidimensional flow cytometry, and functional assays with fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The BACC causes macrophages to exhibit a predominately reparative phenotype over time compared to relevant collagen substrate controls, with multiple subpopulations expressing both pro‐inflammatory and reparative markers. Conditioned media from macrophage‐BACC co‐cultures causes distinct effects on fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and network formation. Given the critical role of the reparative macrophage phenotype in wound healing, these results suggest that modulation of macrophage phenotype may be a critical part of the mechanisms behind BACC's pro‐healing effects.
Enhancing anticorrosive performance of epoxy‐based ZnO nanocomposite coatings via 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate modification
Authors: Dam Xuan Thang , Dao Phi Hung , Nguyen Anh Hiep , Pham Thi Thu Giang , Nguyen Thi Huong , Nguyen Thuy Chinh , Ly Thi Ngoc Lien , Thai Hoang
Published: March 2024

The influence of 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPM) on the properties of epoxy‐based ZnO nanocomposite coatings was investigated, considering its impact on both modified ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and epoxy resin matrix. FTIR analysis revealed that TMSPM‐modified epoxy resin (mEP) exhibited lower hydroxyl group and epoxy group content compared to the initial epoxy resin (EP). Furthermore, the obtained results demonstrated that epoxy‐based coatings incorporating modified ZnO NPs (m‐ZnO NPs) displayed superior mechanical properties compared to those of the sample filled with the unmodified ZnO NPs (u‐ZnO NPs). However, the mechanical properties of epoxy‐based coatings loaded with m‐ZnO NPs were found to be lower than those of coatings comprising mEP resin and m‐ZnO NPs. The arrangement of anticorrosion performance of coatings followed a similar pattern. SEM analysis of the cross‐cut surface revealed better dispersion of m‐ZnO NPs compared to the u‐ZnO NPs, although small gaps were observed among the m‐ZnO NPs and the epoxy matrix. The SEM images of coatings based on mEP and m‐ZnO NPs indicated a tighter structure. This structural characteristic is considered the main reason for the highest anticorrosion performance observed in the investigated coatings incorporating both mEP and m‐ZnO NPs.
1H‐NMR revealed pyruvate as a differentially abundant metabolite in the venom glands of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera
Authors: Zheng Xing , Liu Yanjun , Wang Rongshen , Geng Mingyang , Liu Jinliang , Liu Zhenxing , Zhao Yazhou
Published: March 2024

As a common defense mechanism in Hymenoptera, bee venom has complex components. Systematic and comprehensive analysis of bee venom components can aid in early evaluation, accurate diagnosis, and protection of organ function in humans in cases of bee stings. To determine the differences in bee venom composition and metabolic pathways between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) technology was used to detect the metabolites in venom samples. A total of 74 metabolites were identified and structurally analyzed in the venom of A. cerana and A. mellifera. Differences in the composition and abundance of major components of bee venom from A. cerana and A. mellifera were mapped to four main metabolic pathways: valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These findings indicated that the synthesis and metabolic activities of proteins or polypeptides in bee venom glands were different between A. cerana and A. mellifera. Pyruvate was highly activated in 3 selected metabolic pathways in A. mellifera, being much more dominant in A. mellifera venom than in A. cerana venom. These findings indicated that pyruvate in bee venom glands is involved in various life activities, such as biosynthesis and energy metabolism, by acting as a precursor substance or intermediate product.
Does diabetes affect breast cancer survival?
Authors: Lawrenson Ross , Lao Chunhuan , Stanley James , Teng Andrea , Kuper‐Hommel Marion , Campbell Ian , Krebs Jeremy , Sika‐Paotonu Dianne , Koea Jonathan , Meredith Ineke , Gurney Jason
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of diabetes on breast cancer‐specific survival among women with breast cancer in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

Methods

This study included women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2005 and 2020, with their information documented in the Te Rēhita Mate Ūtaetae—Breast Cancer Foundation National Register. Breast cancer survival curves for women with diabetes and those without diabetes were generated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The hazard ratio (HR) of breast cancer‐specific mortality for women with diabetes compared to women without diabetes was estimated using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

For women with diabetes, the 5‐year and 10‐year of cancer‐specific survival were 87% (95% CI: 85%–88%) and 79% (95% CI: 76%–81%) compared to 89% (95% CI: 89%–90%) and 84% (95% CI: 83%–85%) for women without diabetes. The HR of cancer‐specific mortality for patients with diabetes compared to those without diabetes was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.89–1.11) after adjustment for patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatments. Age at cancer diagnosis and cancer stage had the biggest impact on the survival difference between the two groups. When stratified by cancer stage, the cancer‐specific mortality between the two groups was similar.

Conclusions

While differences in survival have been identified for women with diabetes when compared to women without diabetes, these are attributable to age and the finding that women with diabetes tend to present with more advanced disease at diagnosis. We did not find any difference in survival between the two groups due to differences in treatment.
The complex circuitry of interactions determining coexistence among plants and mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: McPeek Mark A. , Hicks Pries Caitlin
Published: March 2024

We present a mechanistic model of coexistence among a mycorrhizal fungus and one or two plant species that compete for a single nutrient. Plant–fungal coexistence is more likely if the fungus is better at extracting the environmental nutrient than the plant and the fungus acquires carbon from the plant above a minimum rate. When they coexist, their interaction can shift from mutualistic to parasitic at high nutrient availability. The fungus is a second nutrient source for plants and can promote the coexistence of two plant competitors if one is better at environmental nutrient extraction and the other is better at acquiring the nutrient from the fungus. Because it extracts carbon from both plants, the fungus also serves as a conduit of apparent competition between the plants. Consequently, the plant with the lower environmental nutrient extraction rate can drive the plant with the higher environmental nutrient extraction rate extinct at high carbon supply rates. This model illustrates mechanisms to explain several observed patterns, including shifts in plant–mycorrhizal growth responses and coexistence along nutrient gradients, equivocal results among experiments testing the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on plant diversity, and differences in plant diversity among ecosystems dominated by different mycorrhizal groups.
Decoding the regulatory role of ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (ATPIF1) in Wallerian degeneration and peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Qian Yun , Yan Zhiwen , Ye Tianbao , Shahin Victor , Jiang Jia , Fan Cunyi
Published: March 2024

ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (ATPIF1), a key modulator of ATP synthase complex activity, has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes. While its role is established in conditions such as hypoxia, ischemia‐reperfusion injury, apoptosis, and cancer, its involvement remains elusive in peripheral nerve regeneration. Leveraging ATPIF1 knockout transgenic mice, this study reveals that the absence of ATPIF1 impedes neural structural reconstruction, leading to delayed sensory and functional recovery. RNA‐sequencing unveils a significant attenuation in immune responses following peripheral nerve injury, which attributes to the CCR2/CCL2 signaling axis and results in decreased macrophage infiltration and activation. Importantly, macrophages, not Schwann cells, are identified as key contributors to the delayed Wallerian degeneration in ATPIF1 knockout mice, and affect the overall outcome of peripheral nerve regeneration. These results shed light on the translational potential of ATPIF1 for improving peripheral nerve regeneration.
Breast and bowel cancers diagnosed in people ‘too young to have cancer’: A blueprint for research using family and twin studies
Authors: Hopper John L. , Li Shuai , MacInnis Robert J. , Dowty James G. , Nguyen Tuong L. , Bui Minh , Dite Gillian S. , Esser Vivienne F. C. , Ye Zhoufeng , Makalic Enes , Schmidt Daniel F. , Goudey Benjamin , Alpen Karen , Kapuscinski Miroslaw , Win Aung Ko , Dugué Pierre‐Antoine , Milne Roger L. , Jayasekara Harindra , Brooks Jennifer D. , Malta Sue , Calais‐Ferreira Lucas , Campbell Alexander C. , Young Jesse T. , Nguyen‐Dumont Tu , Sung Joohon , Giles Graham G. , Buchanan Daniel , Winship Ingrid , Terry Mary Beth , Southey Melissa C. , Jenkins Mark A.
Published: March 2024

Young breast and bowel cancers (e.g., those diagnosed before age 40 or 50 years) have far greater morbidity and mortality in terms of years of life lost, and are increasing in incidence, but have been less studied. For breast and bowel cancers, the familial relative risks, and therefore the familial variances in age‐specific log(incidence), are much greater at younger ages, but little of these familial variances has been explained. Studies of families and twins can address questions not easily answered by studies of unrelated individuals alone. We describe existing and emerging family and twin data that can provide special opportunities for discovery. We present designs and statistical analyses, including novel ideas such as the VALID (Variance in Age‐specific Log Incidence Decomposition) model for causes of variation in risk, the DEPTH (DEPendency of association on the number of Top Hits) and other approaches to analyse genome‐wide association study data, and the within‐pair, ICE FALCON (Inference about Causation from Examining FAmiliaL CONfounding) and ICE CRISTAL (Inference about Causation from Examining Changes in Regression coefficients and Innovative STatistical AnaLysis) approaches to causation and familial confounding. Example applications to breast and colorectal cancer are presented. Motivated by the availability of the resources of the Breast and Colon Cancer Family Registries, we also present some ideas for future studies that could be applied to, and compared with, cancers diagnosed at older ages and address the challenges posed by young breast and bowel cancers.
Full‐thickness nasolabial facial artery flap: A modified surgical approach for reconstruction of lower lip defects
Authors: Kang Jia , Ma Ping , Xu Hanbing , Mao Minghui , Han Zhengxue
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Reconstruction of large lower lip defects remains challenging in terms of aesthetics, function and safety. The aim of this study is to explore a modified nasolabial flap to repair large lower lip defects.

Methods

The full‐thickness nasolabial facial artery flap was used for reconstruction of defects in lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients after tumor ablation. The postoperative recovery of patients was obtained through clinical review and follow‐up in the first and sixth month.

Results

There were four LSCC patients who received tumor ablation at the Beijing Stomatological Hospital of Capital Medical University from November 2022 to March 2023, were included in our study. All patients did not suffer from postoperative infection, orocutaneous fistula, flap necrosis, and flap loss. One patient had the trapdoor deformity. These patients achieved better lip closure function. One patient developed cervical lymph node metastasis 2 months after surgery.

Conclusions

The modified nasolabial flap could achieve good outcomes in terms of aesthetics, function, and safety. It provided a supplementary strategy for the using of nasolabial flap in larger defects of lower lip.
Reciprocal longitudinal relations between self‐efficacy and coping style: The explanatory mechanism of future self‐continuity
Authors: Pi Yu , Wang Yuyang , Li Xiaobao , Zhang Feng
Published: March 2024

Background

It has been demonstrated that self‐efficacy and coping styles are related. However, whether there is a reciprocal longitudinal relation between self‐efficacy and coping styles needs to be examined. In this longitudinal study, we tested the reciprocal impacts of self‐efficacy and coping styles, taking into account the role of future self‐continuity (FSC) in these effects.

Methods

The sample included 346 university students in central and southwestern China (48.3% female; Mage = 21.20). Three waves of questionnaire data were collected at half‐year intervals. Cross‐lagged models were adopted for data analysis.

Results

Self‐efficacy at Waves 1 and 2 positively predicted positive coping style at Waves 2 and 3, and positive coping style at Waves 1 and 2 positively predicted self‐efficacy at Waves 2 and 3. Self‐efficacy at Waves 1 and 2 negatively predicted negative coping style at Waves 2 and 3, while negative coping style at Waves 1 and 2 did not significantly predict self‐efficacy at Waves 2 and 3. These results indicated the reciprocal causation of self‐efficacy and coping styles. Additionally, the mediation analysis revealed that FSC at Wave 2 played a mediating role in the unidirectional association between self‐efficacy at Wave 1 and negative coping style at Wave 3.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that self‐efficacy and coping style have mutual influences over time partly explained by university students' FSC. Consequently, the results offer potential applied value for promoting positive coping strategies among university students.
Mucin and salt combination simulate typical fern‐like pattern of buffalo saliva smear at estrus
Authors: Kumar Varun , Joshi Mansi , Vats Ashutosh , Kumar Lal Krishan , Verma Surya Kant , Neeraj  , Baithalu Rubina Kumari , Veerappa Vedamurthy Gowdar , Singh Dheer , Onteru Suneel Kumar
Published: March 2024

Estrus detection in buffaloes primarily relies on behavioral and physiological signs. Especially during summer, these signs are less prominent to recognize. Thus, estrus detection is a pronounced challenge within the realm of buffalo husbandry, particularly in the summer. Therefore, a simple and accurate estrus detection method is required for buffalo farmers. The observation of fern‐like salivary crystallization patterns is one such simple method to detect estrus in buffaloes, bactrian camels, beagle bitches, and cows. However, the exact mechanism for the formation of typical fern‐like is not known. We hypothesized that it might be because of the estrus‐specific mucins and salts. To test this hypothesis, we prepared the smears by combining different concentrations of mucin type ‐2 (MUC2) and ‐3 (MUC3) with sodium chloride (NaCl). Microscopic examination confirmed that fern‐like patterns resulted from a combination of the MUC3 and NaCl produced more realistic fern patterns than that of MUC2 or BSA with salt. To predict possible mucin and salt concentration showing natural fern‐like patterns at the estrus stage in buffalo saliva, we constructed a guide tree of artificially generated fern‐like patterns using an image analysis online tool. This computation analysis revealed that most of the natural buffalo estrus saliva samples showing typical fern‐like patterns clustered in the cluster 2 of the guide tree comprising of 13 clusters. In the cluster 2, MUC3 in combination with the salt concentrations of 100, 150, and 250 mM was commonly found in a close proximity to the natural typical fern‐like patterns of saliva smear of buffaloes at estrus. Conclusively, the buffalo saliva at estrus is predicted to have a gel‐forming heavily glycosylated protein such as mucin along with at least 100 mM of NaCl.

Research Highlights

Glycoprotein and salts combination replicates fern‐like pattern of buffalo saliva at estrus.

MUC3 and NaCl salt combination produces more realistic fern‐like patterns compared with MUC2 or BSA and salt combination.

MUC3 with NaCl at 100, 150, and 250 mM consistently resembled natural estrus saliva fern‐like patterns.

During estrus, buffalo saliva is expected to contain heavily glycosylated mucin and at least of 100 mM NaCl.
Exploring Bacillus subtilis: Ecology, biotechnological applications, and future prospects
Authors: Akinsemolu Adenike A. , Onyeaka Helen , Odion Samuel , Adebanjo Idris
Published: March 2024

From its early identification by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg to its current prominence in scientific research, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) has emerged as a foundational model organism in microbiology. This comprehensive review delves deep into its genetic, physiological, and biochemical intricacies, revealing a sophisticated cellular blueprint. With the incorporation of advanced techniques such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 and integrative computational methodologies, the potential applications of B. subtilis span diverse sectors. These encompass its significant contributions to biotechnology, agriculture, and medical fields and its potential for aiding environmental cleanup efforts. Yet, as we move forward, we must grapple with concerns related to safety, ethics, and the practical implementation of our lab findings in everyday scenarios. As our understanding of B. subtilis deepens, it is evident that its contributions will be central to pioneering sustainable solutions for global challenges in the years to come.
Neuromuscular Ultrasound in Polyneuropathies
Authors: Nasr‐Eldin Yasmin K. , Cartwright Michael S. , Hamed Ahmed , Ali Lamia Hamdy , Abdel‐Nasser Ahmed M.
Published: March 2024

Neuromuscular ultrasound is a painless, radiation‐free, high‐resolution imaging technique for assessing the peripheral nervous system. It can accurately depict changes in the nerves and muscles of individuals with neuromuscular conditions, and it is therefore a robust diagnostic tool for the assessment of individuals with polyneuropathies. This review will outline the typical ultrasonographic changes found in a wide variety of polyneuropathies. In general, demyelinating conditions result in greater nerve enlargement than axonal conditions, and acquired conditions result in more patchy nerve enlargement compared to diffuse nerve enlargement in hereditary conditions. This review is data‐driven, but more nuanced anecdotal findings are also described. The overall goal of this paper is to provide clinicians with an accessible review of the ultrasonographic approaches and findings in a wide variety of polyneuropathies.
Increased tibial tuberosity torsion has the greatest predictive value in patients with patellofemoral instability compared to other commonly assessed parameters
Authors: Jud Lukas , Hartmann Martin , Vlachopoulos Lazaros , Zimmermann Stefan M. , Ackermann Jakob , Fucentese Sandro F.
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The multifactorial nature of patellofemoral instability requires a comprehensive assessment of the affected patients. While an association between tibial tuberosity (TT) torsion and patellofemoral instability is known, its specific effect has not yet been investigated. This study investigated the effect of TT torsion on patellofemoral instability.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study compared patients who underwent surgical intervention for patellofemoral instability and asymptomatic controls. TT torsion was measured in addition to other commonly assessed risk factors for patellofemoral instability using standardised computed tomography (CT) data of the lower extremities. The diagnostic performances of the assessed parameters were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated.

Results

The patellofemoral instability group consisted of 79 knees, compared to 72 knees in the asymptomatic control group. Both groups differed significantly in all assessed parameters (p < 0.001), except for tibial torsion (n.s.). Among all parameters, TT torsion presented the best diagnostic performance for predicting patellar instability with an area under the curve of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–0.98; p < 0.001). A cut‐off value of 17.7° yielded a 0.87 sensitivity and 0.89 specificity to predict patellar instability (OR, 55.2; 95% CI, 20.5–148.6; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Among the evaluated risk factors, TT torsion had the highest predictive value for patellofemoral instability. Patients with TT torsions ≥ 17.7° showed a 55‐fold increased probability of patellofemoral instability. Therefore, TT torsion should be included in the assessment of patients with patellofemoral instability.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Coupling strength comparison in optical fiber with multiple sector shape stress elements
Authors: Gao Jiamin , Su Xingyi , Ji Minning
Published: March 2024

The maximum stress oscillation amplitude and maximum coupling strength of the optical fiber with multiple sector stress elements are studied. Optimized fiber structure with craft feasible is designed and the related structural parameters are given. Comparing the research results, it is found that the optical fiber with triple sector stress elements can achieve the strongest coupling strength to realize the single circular polarization state conversion by the shortest coupling distance. In addition, though the maximum coupling strength is decreased as the number of stress elements increases, it remains the same order of magnitude as the triple sector's. So from the craft perspective, whether it is an optical fiber with triple sector stress elements or the other optical fiber with more sector stress elements, the optical fiber with the property of single circular polarization transmission can be achieved if the spinning rate satisfies the phase matching condition.
Set‐membership state estimation for delayed switched systems with fading measurement and interval uncertainty
Authors: Chen Dongyan , Zhou Zhizhen , Hu Jun , Liu Junting
Published: March 2024

Considering the influence of interval uncertainty, a set‐membership state estimation algorithm based on zonotope is proposed for discrete‐time delayed switched systems subject to unknown but bounded noises. To economize on communication resources, an event‐triggered mechanism is introduced to ensure the efficient transmission of the required observation information. For the channel fading phenomenon during data transmission, an interval channel fading model applicable to the zonotope set‐emmbership state estimation is proposed. The asynchronous state observer is constructed by considering the inconsistency between event‐triggered instant and subsystem switched instant. The sufficient conditions for the existence of the state observer are given using the average dwell time method. The optimal observer gain matrix is derived by solving convex optimization. On this basis, the zonotope and the state estimation interval containing states are given by the zonotopic method. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by a numerical example with the comparison result.
Dynamically vulcanized CNC‐reinforced thermoplastic elastomer based on PP/EPDM: Morphology and mechanical properties control via interfacial compatibilization
Authors: Oyarhoseini Hoda , Katbab Ali Asghar , Abdi Roxana
Published: March 2024

In this study, dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites consisting of polypropylene (PP) as the thermoplastic matrix, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber as the dispersed phase, and needle‐like cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were investigated. The two polymers were melt blended in a ratio of 70/30 (PP/EPDM) and 60/40% w/w (PP/EPDM) together with CNC (2, 3, and 5 phr) and sulfur‐curing system. The potential of EPDM‐g‐MA and PP‐g‐MA's as interfacial compatibilizers for enhancing interfacial interactions between components and partitioning of CNC between the two polymer phases was examined by measuring the decrease in the size of EPDM particles. The resulting thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) were characterized using a melt rheometric mechanical spectrometer (RMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. The inclusion of any type of interfacial compatibilizers led to enhanced tensile properties when compared to the samples lacking compatibilizers in both TPVs and TPEs in different ratios. EPDM‐g‐MA was found to be more effective for 60/40% w/w (PP/EPDM) TPVs, while PP‐g‐MA showed higher potential for 70/30% w/w TPVs. The CNC‐reinforced TPVs displayed higher melt elasticity than their unloaded counterparts. These nanocomposites also showed reduced EPDM particle size, enhanced Young modulus, and a higher degree of crystallinity.

Highlights

Nanocomposite thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs): polypropylene (PP)/ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with matrix‐dispersed morphology.

Interfacial enhancement: Compared EPDM grafted maleic anhydride (EPDM‐g‐MA) and PP‐g‐MA potentials.

Tensile properties: EPDM‐g‐MA is more effective in higher rubber content TPVs.

Mechanical enhancements: Improved properties and Young's modulus in CNC‐filled TPVs.

Diverse applications: PP/EPDM/CNC nanocomposites in auto, electrical, electronic, and packaging industries.
Special interface structure and properties for compatible packaging film from biodegradable poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/corn starch composite
Authors: Ren Mingtian , Liu Yunguo , Koranteng Ernest , Weng Fangqing , Wu Qiangxian
Published: March 2024

Starch is an environmentally friendly, renewable, green resource and an ideal alternative to polymers from petroleum resources. The preparation of high‐performance poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT)/corn starch composite materials is of significant importance for saving production costs and expanding the application fields of PBAT plastics. This study employed novel processing techniques such as melt blending and injection molding to fabricate PBAT/corn starch composite materials with polyurethane prepolymer (PCLPU) as a compatibilizer. The impact of varying polyurethane prepolymer concentrations on the composite material's structure, mechanical properties, morphology, thermal behavior, and water absorption was scrutinized. Mechanical performance testing showed that compared to the composite material without PCLPU (P90CS10), adding 5% PCLPU can increase the material's elongation at break from 350.2% to 359.0% and the tensile strength from 12.9 to 19.8 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and water absorption results indicate that the composite material with the addition of the PCLPU compatibilizer has better compatibility, thermal stability, and water resistance than P90CS10. Additionally, the prepared composite material could be successfully blown into a thin film, further enriching the application of the composite material.

Highlights

A special interface structure was prepared to increase the compatibility of the poly (butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/corn starch composite.

Both the strength and the flexibility of the composite were successfully improved.

The processing method through which modification was conducted in the melt was convenient, green, and effective.

The prepared composite material has potential application value, and the processing method of the composite material is easy to transfer to industrial production.
Other‐cause mortality in incidental prostate cancer
Authors: Di Bello Francesco , Baudo Andrea , de Angelis Mario , Jannello Letizia Maria Ippolita , Siech Carolin , Tian Zhe , Goyal Jordan A. , Collà Ruvolo Claudia , Califano Gianluigi , La Rocca Roberto , Morra Simone , Acquati Pietro , Saad Fred , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Carmignani Luca , de Cobelli Ottavio , Briganti Alberto , Chun Felix K. H. , Longo Nicola , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: March 2024

Background

In incidental prostate cancer (IPCa), elevated other‐cause mortality (OCM) may obviate the need for active treatment. We tested OCM rates in IPCa according to treatment type and cancer grade and we hypothesized that OCM is significantly higher in not‐actively‐treated patients.

Methods

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004−2015), IPCa patients were identified. Smoothed cumulative incidence plots as well as multivariable competing risks regression models were fitted to address OCM after adjustment for cancer‐specific mortality (CSM).

Results

Of 5121 IPCa patients, 3655 (71%) were not‐actively‐treated while 1466 (29%) were actively‐treated. Incidental PCa not‐actively‐treated patients were older and exhibited higher proportion of Gleason sum (GS) 6 and clinical T1a stage. In smoothed cumulative incidence plots, 5‐year OCM was 20% for not‐actively‐treated versus 8% for actively‐treated patients. Conversely, 5‐year CSM was 5% for not‐actively‐treated versus 4% for actively‐treated patients. No active treatment was associated with 1.4‐fold higher OCM, even after adjustment for age, cancer characteristics, and CSM. According to GS, OCM reached 16%, 27%, and 35% in GS 6, 7, and 8−10 not‐actively‐treated IPCa patients, respectively and exceeded CSM recorded for the same three groups (2%, 6%, and 28%, respectively).

Conclusion

Our results quantified OCM rates, confirming that in not‐actively‐treated IPCa patients OCM is indeed significantly higher than in their actively‐treated counterparts (HR: 1.4). These observations validate the use of no active treatment in IPCa patients, in whom OCM greatly surpasses CSM (20% vs. 5%).
The use of prodrugs as drugs of abuse
Authors: Ponce Julio de Carvalho
Published: March 2024

Prodrugs are an important strategy for the development and design of therapeutic drugs. They involve the addition of an easily removable group (such as an ester) to a molecule in order to chemically protect it from metabolism, hydrolysis, or interaction with tissues. In the therapeutic drug market, prodrugs may reduce adverse effects, lead to more accurate tissue delivery, increase bioavailability and duration of effects. The same strategy has, however, been used in the illicit drug market. Internationally controlled drugs such as LSD, MDMA and benzodiazepines have been detected in the market with the addition of alkyl chain that can be removed in physiological conditions. Cyclical analogues may also be used, as is the case for 1cP‐LSD and GBL (a prodrug of GHB). Adequate detection requires increased care with extraction and analytical conditions—as the parent drugs may be formed as artifacts during these processes—and an in‐depth knowledge of metabolic pathways to avoid erroneous detection and allow for adequate identification of the drug used. Legislative updates may also be necessary to ensure prodrugs can be controlled at the same level as other illicit drugs.

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology > New Psychoactive Substances

Toxicology > Drug Analysis

Toxicology > Analytical
Correlates of mental disorder and harmful substance use in an indigenous Australian urban sample: an analysis of data from the Queensland Urban Indigenous Mental Health Survey
Authors: Basit Tabinda , Toombs Maree , Santomauro Damian , Whiteford Harvey , Ferrari Alize
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Limited data exists on the relationship between sociodemographic and cultural variables and the prevalence of specific mental and substance use disorders (MSDs) among Indigenous Australians, using diagnostic prevalence data. This paper utilises data from the Queensland Urban Indigenous Mental Health Survey (QUIMHS), a population-level diagnostic mental health survey, to identify socioeconomic and cultural correlates of psychological distress and specific MSDs in an urban Indigenous Australian sample.

Methods

Using a mixture of household sampling (door-knocking) and snowball sampling (promotion of the survey in the community), 406 participants aged 18 to 89 were recruited across key locations in Southeast Queensland. The study investigated various demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors as predictors of psychological distress (measured by the Kessler-5) and MSD diagnoses (utilising the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI 3.0) using a series of univariate logistic regressions.

Results

Individuals in unstable housing (homeless, sleeping rough) and those reporting financial distress were more likely to experience an MSD in the past 12 months and throughout their lifetime. Individuals reporting lower levels of connection and belonging, limited participation in cultural events, and lower empowerment were more likely to have a lifetime mental disorder.

Conclusion

This data emphasises the importance of addressing systemic and social determinants of health when designing and delivering community mental health services and underscores the need for holistic approaches when working with Indigenous communities.