bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of camera trap and permanent recording video camera efficiency in wildlife underpasses
Authors: Jumeau Jonathan , Petrod Lana , Handrich Yves
Published: August 2017

In the current context of biodiversity loss through habitat fragmentation, the effectiveness of wildlife crossings, installed at great expense as compensatory measures, is of vital importance for ecological and socio‐economic actors. The evaluation of these structures is directly impacted by the efficiency of monitoring tools (camera traps…), which are used to assess the effectiveness of these crossings by observing the animals that use them. The aim of this study was to quantify the efficiency of camera traps in a wildlife crossing evaluation. Six permanent recording video systems sharing the same field of view as six Reconyx HC600 camera traps installed in three wildlife underpasses were used to assess the exact proportion of missed events (event being the presence of an animal within the field of view), and the error rate concerning underpass crossing behavior (defined as either Entry or Refusal). A sequence of photographs was triggered by either animals (true trigger) or artefacts (false trigger). We quantified the number of false triggers that had actually been caused by animals that were not visible on the images (“false” false triggers). Camera traps failed to record 43.6% of small mammal events (voles, mice, shrews, etc.) and 17% of medium‐sized mammal events. The type of crossing behavior (Entry or Refusal) was incorrectly assessed in 40.1% of events, with a higher error rate for entries than for refusals. Among the 3.8% of false triggers, 85% of them were “false” false triggers. This study indicates a global underestimation of the effectiveness of wildlife crossings for small mammals. Means to improve the efficiency are discussed.
The underestimated role of temperature–oxygen relationship in large‐scale studies on size‐to‐temperature response
Authors: Walczyńska Aleksandra , Sobczyk Łukasz
Published: August 2017

The observation that ectotherm size decreases with increasing temperature (temperature‐size rule; TSR) has been widely supported. This phenomenon intrigues researchers because neither its adaptive role nor the conditions under which it is realized are well defined. In light of recent theoretical and empirical studies, oxygen availability is an important candidate for understanding the adaptive role behind TSR. However, this hypothesis is still undervalued in TSR studies at the geographical level. We reanalyzed previously published data about the TSR pattern in diatoms sampled from Icelandic geothermal streams, which concluded that diatoms were an exception to the TSR. Our goal was to incorporate oxygen as a factor in the analysis and to examine whether this approach would change the results. Specifically, we expected that the strength of size response to cold temperatures would be different than the strength of response to hot temperatures, where the oxygen limitation is strongest. By conducting a regression analysis for size response at the community level, we found that diatoms from cold, well‐oxygenated streams showed no size‐to‐temperature response, those from intermediate temperature and oxygen conditions showed reverse TSR, and diatoms from warm, poorly oxygenated streams showed significant TSR. We also distinguished the roles of oxygen and nutrition in TSR. Oxygen is a driving factor, while nutrition is an important factor that should be controlled for. Our results show that if the geographical or global patterns of TSR are to be understood, oxygen should be included in the studies. This argument is important especially for predicting the size response of ectotherms facing climate warming.
Herbivore and pathogen effects on tree growth are additive, but mediated by tree diversity and plant traits
Authors: Schuldt Andreas , Hönig Lydia , Li Ying , Fichtner Andreas , Härdtle Werner , von Oheimb Goddert , Welk Erik , Bruelheide Helge
Published: August 2017

Herbivores and fungal pathogens are key drivers of plant community composition and functioning. The effects of herbivores and pathogens are mediated by the diversity and functional characteristics of their host plants. However, the combined effects of herbivory and pathogen damage, and their consequences for plant performance, have not yet been addressed in the context of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. We analyzed the relationships between herbivory, fungal pathogen damage and their effects on tree growth in a large‐scale forest‐biodiversity experiment. Moreover, we tested whether variation in leaf trait and climatic niche characteristics among tree species influenced these relationships. We found significant positive effects of herbivory on pathogen damage, and vice versa. These effects were attenuated by tree species richness—because herbivory increased and pathogen damage decreased with increasing richness—and were most pronounced for species with soft leaves and narrow climatic niches. However, herbivory and pathogens had contrasting, independent effects on tree growth, with pathogens decreasing and herbivory increasing growth. The positive herbivory effects indicate that trees might be able to (over‐)compensate for local damage at the level of the whole tree. Nevertheless, we found a dependence of these effects on richness, leaf traits and climatic niche characteristics of the tree species. This could mean that the ability for compensation is influenced by both biodiversity loss and tree species identity—including effects of larger‐scale climatic adaptations that have been rarely considered in this context. Our results suggest that herbivory and pathogens have additive but contrasting effects on tree growth. Considering effects of both herbivory and pathogens may thus help to better understand the net effects of damage on tree performance in communities differing in diversity. Moreover, our study shows how species richness and species characteristics (leaf traits and climatic niches) can modify tree growth responses to leaf damage under real‐world conditions.
Basicity of N‐(Tetramesityltetraphosphacyclopentylidene)cyclohexylamine: An Unusual Diphospha(III)guanidine Derivative
Authors: Adhikari Anup Kumar , Grell Toni , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: August 2017

The nitrogen atom in cyclic hetero‐oligophosphane cyclo‐P4Mes4C(NCy) (1) can be protonated with HCl or HBF4. The resulting cation was isolated as the BF4–, AlCl4– and GaCl4– salts and characterised by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography. According to quantum mechanical calculations, the basicity of compound 1 is comparable to that of methyl‐substituted monophospha(III)guanidine. The pKα value of 1 was also determined experimentally with indicator bases.
Comparison of antimicrobial peptide purification via free‐flow electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography
Authors: Xia Zhi‐Jun , Liu Zhen , Kong Fan‐Zhi , Fan Liu‐Yin , Xiao Hua , Cao Cheng‐Xi
Published: August 2017

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are usually small and cationic biomolecules with broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activities against pathogens. Purifying them from complex samples is essential to study their physiochemical properties. In this work, free‐flow zone electrophoresis (FFZE) was utilized to purify AMPs from yeast fermentation broth. Meanwhile, gel filtration chromatography (GFC) was conducted for comparison. The separation efficiency was evaluated by SDS‐PAGE analysis of the fractions from both methods. Our results demonstrated as follows: (i) FFZE had more than 30‐fold higher processing capacity as compared with GFC; (ii) FFZE could achieve 87% purity and 89% recovery rate while in GFC these parameters were about 93 and 82%, respectively; (iii) the former had ∼2‐fold dilution but the latter had ∼13‐fold dilution. Furthermore, Tricine‐SDS‐PAGE, Native‐PAGE, and gel IEF were carried out to characterize the purified AMPs. We found that two peptides existed as a pair with the molecular mass of ∼5.5 and 7.0 kDa, while the same pI 7.8. These two peptides were proved to have the antimicrobial activity through the standardized agar diffusion method. Therefore, FFZE could be used to continuously purify AMPs with high bioactivity, which will lead to its wide application in the clinical and pharmaceutical fields.
A simple, time‐saving, microwave‐assisted periodic acid–Schiff´s staining of glycoproteins on 1D electrophoretic gels
Authors: Moravec Jiri , Mares Jan
Published: August 2017

We introduce an optimized periodic acid–Schiff´s staining of glycoproteins on 1D electrophoretic gels. Thanks to heating in a household microwave oven the protocol of standard periodic acid–Schiff´s staining has been accelerated from 6 h to below 10 min employing standard chemistry. At the same time, we show that the microwave‐assisted glycoprotein staining is at least as sensitive as the conventional approach. All glycoproteins stained by the microwave‐accelerated procedure were successfully identified using MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The ensuing reduction in gel staining time and simplification of the staining protocol should significantly increase laboratory throughput when glycoprotein detection on electrophoretic gels is required in large numbers.
Acute exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of diclofenac elicits oxidative stress in the culturally important galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus
Authors: McRae Nicole K. , Glover Chris N. , Burket S. Rebekah , Brooks Bryan W. , Gaw Sally
Published: August 2017

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of growing concern in aquatic environments worldwide; nevertheless, knowledge of its effects on aquatic biota is restricted to a few model species with limited information regarding its mechanisms of impact. In the present study, diclofenac accumulation, its effects on metabolic rate, ionoregulation, and oxidative stress were examined at environmentally relevant (0.17 µg L−1) and elevated (763 µg L−1) concentrations in a culturally and economically important galaxiid fish, inanga (Galaxias maculatus), from the Southern Hemisphere. This species is among the most widespread freshwater fish in the world but its sensitivity to emerging contaminants is unknown. Following an acute 96-h exposure, bioconcentration of diclofenac was measured in the inanga whole-body, resulting in an estimated bioconcentration factor of 87 for the 0.17-µg L−1 exposure concentration, approaching values where transfer through the food chain should be considered. Lipid peroxidation in the liver was significantly elevated at both 0.17- and 763-µg L−1 exposure concentrations but lipid peroxidation in the kidney and gill decreased after diclofenac exposure. Catalase activity was also elevated in the liver of inanga but activity decreased in the gill. There were no effects of diclofenac on metabolic rate or ion (sodium and calcium) influx rates. These data indicate that toxicologically relevant adverse outcomes and bioconcentration of diclofenac at environmentally relevant levels warrant additional study in this important fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:224–235. © 2017 SETAC
Taurine up‐regulated gene 1 functions as a master regulator to coordinate glycolysis and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lin Yang‐Hsiang , Wu Meng‐Han , Huang Ya‐Hui , Yeh Chau‐Ting , Cheng Mei‐Ling , Chi Hsiang‐Cheng , Tsai Chung‐Ying , Chung I‐Hsiao , Chen Ching‐Ying , Lin Kwang‐Huei
Published: August 2017

Cancer cells display altered glucose metabolism characterized by a preference for aerobic glycolysis. The aerobic glycolytic phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often correlated with tumor progression and poorer clinical outcomes. However, the issue of whether glycolytic metabolism influences metastasis in HCC remains unclear. In the current study, we showed that knockdown of taurine up‐regulated gene 1 (TUG1) induces marked inhibition of cell migration, invasion, and glycolysis through suppression of microRNA (miR)‐455‐3p. MiR‐455‐3p, which is transcriptionally repressed by p21, directly targets the 3′ untranslated region of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase subunit beta 2 (AMPKβ2). The TUG1/miR‐455‐3p/AMPKβ2 axis regulates cell growth, metastasis, and glycolysis through regulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). TUG1 is clearly associated with HK2 overexpression and unfavorable prognosis in HCC patients. Conclusion: Our data collectively highlight that novel regulatory associations among TUG1, miR‐455‐3p, AMPKβ2, and HK2 are an important determinant of glycolytic metabolism and metastasis in HCC cells and support the potential utility of targeting TUG1/HK2 as a therapeutic strategy for HCC. (Hepatology 2018;67:188‐203)
Hepatitis B Virus Pregenomic RNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Nosological and Prognostic Determinant
Authors: Halgand Boris , Desterke Christophe , Rivière Lise , Fallot Guillaume , Sebagh Mylène , Calderaro Julien , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Neuveut Christine , Buendia Marie‐Annick , Samuel Didier , Féray Cyrille
Published: August 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, very little is known about the replication of HBV in HCC tissues. We analyzed viral and cellular parameters in HCC (T) and nontumor liver (NT) samples from 99 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive, virologically suppressed patients treated by tumor resection or liver transplantation. We examined total HBV DNA and RNA as well as covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which are considered as markers of active HBV replication. Total HBV DNA and RNA were detected in both T and NT samples in a majority of cases, but only a subset of tumors harbored detectable levels of HBV cccDNA and pgRNA (39% and 67%) compared to NT livers (66% and 90%; P < 0.01). Further evidence for HBV replication in tumor tissues was provided by sequencing of the X gene derived from episomal forms, showing that HBV genotypes differed between T and matched NT samples in 11 cases. The detection of pgRNA and cccDNA in tumors was correlated to the absence of tumorous microvascular invasion and to better patient survival. Analysis of gene expression profiles by Agilent microarrays revealed that pgRNA‐positive HCCs were characterized by low levels of cell cycle and DNA repair markers and expression of the HBV receptor, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, indicating well‐differentiated tumors. Conclusion: HCC replicating HBV represents a subtype of weakly invasive HCC with a transcriptomic signature. pgRNA originating from nonintegrated, complete HBV genomes is a sensitive marker for viral replication and prognosis. (Hepatology 2018;67:86‐96).
Targeting senescent cholangiocytes and activated fibroblasts with B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large inhibitors ameliorates fibrosis in multidrug resistance 2 gene knockout (Mdr2−/− ) mice
Authors: Moncsek Anja , Al‐Suraih Mohammed S. , Trussoni Christy E. , O'Hara Steven P. , Splinter Patrick L. , Zuber Camille , Patsenker Eleonora , Valli Piero V. , Fingas Christian D. , Weber Achim , Zhu Yi , Tchkonia Tamar , Kirkland James L. , Gores Gregory J. , Müllhaupt Beat , LaRusso Nicholas F. , Mertens Joachim C.
Published: August 2017

Cholangiocyte senescence has been linked to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Persistent secretion of growth factors by senescent cholangiocytes leads to the activation of stromal fibroblasts (ASFs), which are drivers of fibrosis. The activated phenotype of ASFs is characterized by an increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Here, we examined the mechanisms of apoptotic priming in ASFs and explored a combined targeting strategy to deplete senescent cholangiocytes and ASFs from fibrotic tissue to ameliorate liver fibrosis. Using a coculture system, we determined that senescent cholangiocytes promoted quiescent mesenchymal cell activation in a platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐dependent manner. We also identified B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large (Bcl‐xL) as a key survival factor in PDGF‐activated human and mouse fibroblasts. Bcl‐xL was also up‐regulated in senescent cholangiocytes. In vitro, inhibition of Bcl‐xL by the small molecule Bcl‐2 homology domain 3 mimetic, A‐1331852, or Bcl‐xL‐specific small interfering RNA induced apoptosis in PDGF‐activated fibroblasts, but not in quiescent fibroblasts. Likewise, inhibition of Bcl‐xL reduced the survival and increased apoptosis of senescent cholangiocytes, compared to nonsenescent cells. Treatment of multidrug resistance 2 gene knockout (Mdr2−/−
) mice with A‐1331852 resulted in an 80% decrease in senescent cholangiocytes, a reduction of fibrosis‐inducing growth factors and cytokines, decrease of α‐smooth muscle actin–positive ASFs, and finally in a significant reduction of liver fibrosis. Conclusion: Bcl‐xL is a key survival factor in ASFs as well as in senescent cholangiocytes. Treatment with the Bcl‐xL‐specific inhibitor, A‐1331852, reduces liver fibrosis, possibly by a dual effect on activated fibroblasts and senescent cholangiocytes. This mechanism represents an attractive therapeutic strategy in biliary fibrosis. (Hepatology 2018;67:247‐259).
Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease
Authors: Estes Chris , Razavi Homie , Loomba Rohit , Younossi Zobair , Sanyal Arun J.
Published: August 2017

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and resulting nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are highly prevalent in the United States, where they are a growing cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and increasingly an indicator for liver transplantation. A Markov model was used to forecast NAFLD disease progression. Incidence of NAFLD was based on historical and projected changes in adult prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Assumptions were derived from published literature where available and validated using national surveillance data for incidence of NAFLD‐related HCC. Projected changes in NAFLD‐related cirrhosis, advanced liver disease, and liver‐related mortality were quantified through 2030. Prevalent NAFLD cases are forecasted to increase 21%, from 83.1 million (2015) to 100.9 million (2030), while prevalent NASH cases will increase 63% from 16.52 million to 27.00 million cases. Overall NAFLD prevalence among the adult population (aged ≥15 years) is projected at 33.5% in 2030, and the median age of the NAFLD population will increase from 50 to 55 years during 2015‐2030. In 2015, approximately 20% of NAFLD cases were classified as NASH, increasing to 27% by 2030, a reflection of both disease progression and an aging population. Incidence of decompensated cirrhosis will increase 168% to 105,430 cases by 2030, while incidence of HCC will increase by 137% to 12,240 cases. Liver deaths will increase 178% to an estimated 78,300 deaths in 2030. During 2015‐2030, there are projected to be nearly 800,000 excess liver deaths. Conclusion: With continued high rates of adult obesity and DM along with an aging population, NAFLD‐related liver disease and mortality will increase in the United States. Strategies to slow the growth of NAFLD cases and therapeutic options are necessary to mitigate disease burden. (Hepatology 2018;67:123‐133).
How will transitioning from cytology to HPV testing change the balance between the benefits and harms of cervical cancer screening? Estimates of the impact on cervical cancer, treatment rates and adverse obstetric outcomes in Australia, a high vaccination coverage country
Authors: Velentzis Louiza S. , Caruana Michael , Simms Kate T. , Lew Jie‐Bin , Shi Ju‐Fang , Saville Marion , Smith Megan A. , Lord Sarah J. , Tan Jeffrey , Bateson Deborah , Quinn Michael , Canfell Karen
Published: August 2017

Primary HPV screening enables earlier diagnosis of cervical lesions compared to cytology, however, its effect on the risk of treatment and adverse obstetric outcomes has not been extensively investigated. We estimated the cumulative lifetime risk (CLR) of cervical cancer and excisional treatment, and change in adverse obstetric outcomes in HPV unvaccinated women and cohorts offered vaccination (>70% coverage in 12–13 years) for the Australian cervical screening program. Two‐yearly cytology screening (ages 18–69 years) was compared to 5‐yearly primary HPV screening with partial genotyping for HPV16/18 (ages 25–74 years). A dynamic model of HPV transmission, vaccination, cervical screening and treatment for precancerous lesions was coupled with an individual‐based simulation of obstetric complications. For cytology screening, the CLR of cervical cancer diagnosis, death and treatment was estimated to be 0.649%, 0.198% and 13.4% without vaccination and 0.182%, 0.056% and 6.8%, in vaccinated women, respectively. For HPV screening, relative reductions of 33% and 22% in cancer risk for unvaccinated and vaccinated women are predicted, respectively, compared to cytology. Without the implementation of vaccination, a 4% increase in treatment risk for HPV versus cytology screening would have been expected, implying a possible increase in pre‐term delivery (PTD) and low birth weight (LBW) events of 19 to 35 and 14 to 37, respectively, per 100,000 unvaccinated women. However, in vaccinated women, treatment risk will decrease by 13%, potentially leading to 4 to 41 fewer PTD events and from 2 more to 52 fewer LBW events per 100,000 vaccinated women. In unvaccinated women in cohorts offered vaccination as 12–13 year olds, no change to lifetime treatment risk is expected with HPV screening. In unvaccinated women in cohorts offered vaccination as 12–13 year olds, no change to lifetime treatment risk is expected with HPV screening. HPV screening starting at age 25 in populations with high vaccination coverage, is therefore expected to both improve the benefits (further decrease risk of cervical cancer) and reduce the harms (reduce treatments and possible obstetric complications) associated with cervical cancer screening.
Familial associations of female breast cancer with other cancers
Authors: Zheng Guoqiao , Yu Hongyao , Hemminki Akseli , Försti Asta , Sundquist Kristina , Hemminki Kari
Published: August 2017

Familial risks of breast cancer (BC) are well established but whether BC clusters with other, i.e. discordant, cancers is less certain but of interest for the identification of common genetic and possible environmental factors contributing to a general cancer susceptibility. We apply a novel approach to search for familial associations of BC with other (discordant) cancers based on the Swedish Family‐Cancer Database. Relative risks (RRs) were calculated for BC in families with increasing numbers of patients with discordant cancer X, and conversely, familial RRs for cancer X in families with increasing numbers of BC patients. Joint p‐values were calculated from independent analyses. The total number of familial BCs was 12,266, 14.9% with one first‐degree relative with BC and 1.2% with at least 2 affected relatives. Ovarian and prostate cancers showed the strongest associations with BC (p‐value <10−11). The p‐value for melanoma was <10−6, for stomach and male colorectal cancer <2.5 × 10−6, for cancer of unknown primary <2.5 × 10−5 and for lung cancer <5 × 10−5. Significance level <5 × 10−4 was reached with pancreatic cancer. The remaining associations (p < 0.0025) included thyroid, endometrial, testicular, eye cancers (uveal melanoma), nervous system and endocrine tumors and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. The RR for BC increased by increasing numbers of patients with any cancer in family members and it reached 1.62 when three or more family members were affected. The results suggest that BC shares susceptibility with a number of other cancers. This might alert genetic counselors and challenge approaches for gene and gene–environment identification.
Cancer risk in different generations of Middle Eastern immigrants to California, 1988–2013
Authors: Ziadeh Clara , Ziogas Argyrios , Anton‐Culver Hoda
Published: August 2017

The objective of this study is to compare cancer risk among different generations of Middle Eastern immigrants (ME) and non‐Hispanic whites (NHW) in California between 1988 and 2013. We used data from the California Cancer Registry to identify invasive primary incident cancer cases in three population groups: (i) first‐generation ME immigrants, (ii) second‐ or subsequent‐generations ME immigrants, and (iii) NHW. Proportional incidence ratio (PIR) was used to compare cancer risk of the 15 selected most common cancers in the 3 population groups taking into consideration time since immigration for first‐generation ME immigrants. First generation ME immigrants were more likely to be at increased risk of stomach (PIR= 3.13) and hepatobiliary (PIR = 2.27) cancers in females and thyroid (PIR = 2.19) and stomach (PIR = 2.13) cancers in males in comparison with NHW. Second‐ or subsequent‐generations ME immigrants were at increased risk of thyroid cancer (PIR = 1.43 in females and 2.00 in males) in comparison with NHW, and malignant melanoma cancer (PIR = 4.53 in females and 4.61 in males) in comparison with first‐generation ME immigrants. The risk levels of breast, thyroid and bladder cancers in ME first generation were significantly higher compared to NHW regardless of time spent in the United States suggesting the role of genetic predisposition, and/or cultural characteristics associated with these cancers. The results suggest that differences in cancer risk between ME first‐generation immigrants and NHW change in second or subsequent generations, approaching the risk level of NHW and indicating the impact of acculturation in this immigrant population.
Dietary citrate and plasma ionized calcium: Implications for platelet donors
Authors: Haynes Stefanie , Hickson Elda , Linden Jeanne , St. Pierre Patricia , Ducharme Paula , Sulmasy Paula , Welch Linda , Zhao Yong , Greene Mindy , Vauthrin Michelle , Weinstein Robert
Published: August 2017

Background

Platelet donors receive 40 mmol or more of IV citrate anion during donation. When plasma ionized calcium ([Ca2+]) falls by ∼20%, half of the donors report symptoms of hypocalcemic toxicity. Citrus juices contain clinically relevant amounts of citrate anion. We asked whether citrus juice can lower [Ca2+] thus potentially contributing to hypocalcemic toxicity.

Method

Six volunteers were given 20.4 mmol of citrate anion as grapefruit juice or orange juice. Capillary blood obtained by fingerstick was analyzed for [Ca2+] using an iSTAT point‐of‐care blood analyzer. [Ca2+] was measured at baseline and then 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after drinking juice. Subjects were tested with the alternative juice on a subsequent day. The outcome measure was the percent change in plasma [Ca2+] from baseline.

Results

[Ca2+] fell −2.2% to −11.5% in four of six subjects 30 minutes after drinking grapefruit juice. The effect persisted up to 3 hours. [Ca2+] fell −2.1% to −12.2% in four of six subjects 30‐60 minutes after drinking orange juice. The effect abated after 2 hours. We could not correlate gender or body surface area to these findings.

Summary and Conclusions: Citrus juice may lower [Ca2+] for 2‐3 hours. This could add to the effect of IV citrate infusion during platelet donation, thus worsening the expected fall in [Ca2+]. This, in turn, would likely increase the rate and severity of hypocalcemic toxicity. It is prudent to advise platelet donors to avoid high citrate anion beverages, such as citrus juice, for at least 4 hours prior to donation.
Comparison of cleaning methods for delicate insect specimens for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Schneeberg Katharina , Bauernfeind René , Pohl Hans
Published: August 2017

The objective of the present study was to compare cleaning methods for delicate insect specimens for investigations with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As typical specimens we used aquatic larvae of mosquitoes, springtails, larvae of mayflies and caterpillars because they are very fragile and large parts of their body consist of soft tissue. Additionally their cuticle is very often covered with dirt, soil particles or other materials. Cleaning with ultrasonic sound, as the most common cleaning method used for SEM, will destroy fragile insects. Therefore we tested different procedures to remove the dirt particles. In a first approach we compared cleaning with Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Proteinase K, and Triton X in aquatic larvae of flies, which were available in numbers and kept under the same conditions. As our results showed that the treatment with KOH gives the best results we treated in a second approach springtails, larvae of mayflies and caterpillars only with KOH. The springtails and caterpillars were largely free of particles after treatment with KOH; however, the larvae of mayflies were still covered with remnants of diatoms and precipitates of calcium carbonate of the algae. KOH dissolves organic impurities, on the other hand silicon dioxide and lime crusts are not solved. With this limitation, treatment with KOH is a simple technique for routine use as cleaning method for fragile insect specimens for SEM.
Phase‐contrast hard X‐ray microscopy using synchrotron radiation for the properties of skeletal muscle in mouse hind limbs
Authors: Jang Sanghun , Lim Jaehong , Lee Onseok
Published: August 2017

Radiation beam interface contrast X‐ray microscopy provides resolution of a few dozen nanometers from fixed whole muscle biopsies, allowing better reconstruction of the microstructure of the muscle than is currently possible with classic histological techniques. Fixed soleus muscle biopsies have been evaluated from the walk‐in mouse model using phase‐contrast X‐ray microscopy, and results presented that corroborate the accuracy of the method used, and its potential for application in physiotherapy and occupational therapy studies. We believe that this method will enhance existing morphometric methods of analysis, leading to accurate reconstruction of other thick specimens that would otherwise require thin sectioning and reconstruction through deconvolution algorithms.
Autophagy impairment by caspase‐1‐dependent inflammation mediates memory loss in response to β‐Amyloid peptide accumulation
Authors: Álvarez‐Arellano Lourdes , Pedraza‐Escalona Martha , Blanco‐Ayala Tonali , Camacho‐Concha Nohemí , Cortés‐Mendoza Javier , Pérez‐Martínez Leonor , Pedraza‐Alva Gustavo
Published: August 2017

β‐Amyloid peptide accumulation in the cortex and in the hippocampus results in neurodegeneration and memory loss. Recently, it became evident that the inflammatory response triggered by β‐Amyloid peptides promotes neuronal cell death and degeneration. In addition to inflammation, β‐Amyloid peptides also induce alterations in neuronal autophagy, eventually leading to neuronal cell death. Thus, here we evaluated whether the inflammatory response induced by the β‐Amyloid peptides impairs memory via disrupting the autophagic flux. We show that male mice overexpressing β‐Amyloid peptides (5XFAD) but lacking caspase‐1, presented reduced β‐Amyloid plaques in the cortex and in the hippocampus; restored brain autophagic flux and improved learning and memory capacity. At the molecular level, inhibition of the inflammatory response in the 5XFAD mice restored LC3‐II levels and prevented the accumulation of oligomeric p62 and ubiquitylated proteins. Furthermore, caspase‐1 deficiency reinstates activation of the AMPK/Raptor pathway while down‐regulating AKT/mTOR pathway. Consistent with this, we found an inverse correlation between the increase of autophagolysosomes in the cortex of 5XFAD mice lacking caspase‐1 and the presence of mitochondria with altered morphology. Together our results indicate that β‐Amyloid peptide‐induced caspase‐1 activation, disrupts autophagy in the cortex and in the hippocampus resulting in neurodegeneration and memory loss.
Introduction, comparison, and validation of Meta‐Essentials: A free and simple tool for meta‐analysis
Authors: Suurmond Robert , van Rhee Henk , Hak Tony
Published: August 2017

We present a new tool for meta‐analysis, Meta‐Essentials, which is free of charge and easy to use. In this paper, we introduce the tool and compare its features to other tools for meta‐analysis. We also provide detailed information on the validation of the tool. Although free of charge and simple, Meta‐Essentials automatically calculates effect sizes from a wide range of statistics and can be used for a wide range of meta‐analysis applications, including subgroup analysis, moderator analysis, and publication bias analyses. The confidence interval of the overall effect is automatically based on the Knapp‐Hartung adjustment of the DerSimonian‐Laird estimator. However, more advanced meta‐analysis methods such as meta‐analytical structural equation modelling and meta‐regression with multiple covariates are not available. In summary, Meta‐Essentials may prove a valuable resource for meta‐analysts, including researchers, teachers, and students.
Volatile composition and sensory profile of shiitake mushrooms as affected by drying method
Authors: Politowicz Joanna , Lech Krzysztof , Lipan Leontina , Figiel Adam , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

One of the best preservation method for long‐term storage is drying. In this work, the influence of different drying methods on aroma and sensory profile of shiitake mushroom was evaluated. The drying methods tested were: convective drying (CD), freeze‐drying (FD), vacuum‐microwave drying (VMD), and a combination of convective pre‐drying and vacuum–microwave finish‐drying (CPD‐VMFD).

RESULTS

The volatile composition of fresh and dried shiitake mushrooms was analysed by SPME, GC–MS and GC‐FID, and showed the presence of 71 volatile compounds, most of them present in all dried samples but with quantitative variation. The major volatile compounds in fresh shiitake were 1‐octen‐3‐ol (20.2%), 2‐octanone (20.7%), 1,2,4‐trithiolane (9.8%), and 1,2,3,5,6‐pentathiepane (8.2%). Drying of shiitake mushrooms caused significant losses of C8 compounds and cyclic sulfur compounds, such as 1,2,4‐trithiolane (V31) and 1,2,4,5‐tetrathiane (V57). Samples dried at CD 80 °C implied a relative short drying time (120 min), had the highest contents of total volatiles (1594 μg 100 g−1) and cyclic sulfur compounds (e.g. V57 126 μg 100 g−1), and the highest intensity of most of the key positive sensory attributes, such as inner colour (7.0), fresh shiitake flavour (6.7), and sponginess (6.2).

CONCLUSION

The best dehydration methods, resulting in the highest total concentrations of volatile compounds and high intensity of key sensory attributes were FD (if vacuum and liquid nitrogen facilities are available) and CD at 80 °C (for companies with vacuum and liquid nitrogen facilities). © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Duration of tracheostomy dependence and development of tracheocutaneous fistula in children
Authors: Ha Tu‐Anh , Goyal Meha , Ongkasuwan Julina
Published: August 2017

Objective

To determine whether the risk of developing a tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) increases with longer tracheostomy dependence times in children.

Study Design

Retrospective review of medical records.

Method

A retrospective chart review was conducted for all children who both underwent tracheotomy and were decannulated between 2002 and 2011 at a tertiary children's hospital. Charts were analyzed for duration of tracheostomy and evidence of TCF up to 12 months. Data for these criteria was available on 164 out of 182 patients.

Results

A significant difference in the duration of tracheostomy dependence between children with and without resultant TCF was determined by the Wilcoxon signed rank test (P = 0.0003). The relative risk (RR) of a persistent TCF was significantly increased when the duration of tracheostomy dependence was greater than 24 months (RR = 2.5217, P < 0.005) when compared to those decannulated before 12 months. The mean tracheostomy dependence times for children with and without TCF were 33.1 and 23.4 months, respectively. Overall, 94 children (57.3%) developed a TCF.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this study represents the largest collection of data for children who have been decannulated following tracheostomy placement. These data demonstrate that the risk of developing a TCF increases with longer tracheostomy dependence times in children.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2709–2712, 2017
Quality control in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics
Authors: Bittremieux Wout , Tabb David L. , Impens Francis , Staes An , Timmerman Evy , Martens Lennart , Laukens Kris
Published: August 2017

Mass spectrometry is a highly complex analytical technique and mass spectrometry‐based proteomics experiments can be subject to a large variability, which forms an obstacle to obtaining accurate and reproducible results. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic approach to quality control is an essential requirement to inspire confidence in the generated results. A typical mass spectrometry experiment consists of multiple different phases including the sample preparation, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics stages. We review potential sources of variability that can impact the results of a mass spectrometry experiment occurring in all of these steps, and we discuss how to monitor and remedy the negative influences on the experimental results. Furthermore, we describe how specialized quality control samples of varying sample complexity can be incorporated into the experimental workflow and how they can be used to rigorously assess detailed aspects of the instrument performance.
On the convergence of optimal actions for Markov decision processes and the optimality of (s, S) inventory policies
Authors: Feinberg Eugene A. , Lewis Mark E.
Published: August 2017

This article studies convergence properties of optimal values and actions for discounted and average‐cost Markov decision processes (MDPs) with weakly continuous transition probabilities and applies these properties to the stochastic periodic‐review inventory control problem with backorders, positive setup costs, and convex holding/backordering costs. The following results are established for MDPs with possibly non‐compact action sets and unbounded cost functions: (i) convergence of value iterations to optimal values for discounted problems with possibly non‐zero terminal costs, (ii) convergence of optimal finite‐horizon actions to optimal infinite‐horizon actions for total discounted costs, as the time horizon tends to infinity, and (iii) convergence of optimal discount‐cost actions to optimal average‐cost actions for infinite‐horizon problems, as the discount factor tends to 1. Being applied to the setup‐cost inventory control problem, the general results on MDPs imply the optimality of (s, S) policies and convergence properties of optimal thresholds. In particular this article analyzes the setup‐cost inventory control problem without two assumptions often used in the literature: (a) the demand is either discrete or continuous or (b) the backordering cost is higher than the cost of backordered inventory if the amount of backordered inventory is large.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 65: 619–637, 2018
Variant histology, IgD and CD30 expression in low‐risk pediatric nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Untanu Ramona Vesna , Back Jason , Appel Burton , Pei Qinglin , Chen Lu , Buxton Allen , Hodgson David C. , Ehrlich Peter F. , Constine Louis S. , Schwartz Cindy L. , Hutchison Robert E.
Published: August 2017

Background

Histologic prognostic factors have been described for nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL). This study examines histologic and immunophenotypic variants in a clinical trial for pediatric NLPHL.

Procedure

One hundred sixty‐eight cases of localized NLPHL were examined for histologic variants, CD30 and immunoglobulin D (IgD) expression, and outcome. Histologic types were scored categorically as 0 = 0, 1 ≤ 25%, and 2 > 25% of the sample.

Results

Fifty‐eight (35.1%) cases showed only typical nodular with or without serpiginous histology (types A and B). The remainder showed mixtures of histologies. The numbers of patients with score 2 are 85 (50.6%) type A, 21 (12.5%) type B, 46 (27.4%) with extranodular large B cells (type C), 3 with T‐cell‐rich nodular pattern (type D), 55 (32.7%) with diffuse T‐cell‐rich (type E) pattern, and 2 (1.2%) with diffuse B‐cell pattern (type F). Higher level of types C (P = 0.048) and D (P = 0.033) resulted in lower event‐free survival (EFS). Cytoplasmic IgD was found in 65 of 130 tested (50%), did not significantly associate with EFS but positively correlated with types C and E histology (P < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with types A (P = 0.0003) and B (P = 0.006). Seventeen (10%) expressed CD30, with no adverse effect.

Conclusions

Variant histology is common in pediatric NLPHL, especially types C and E, which are associated with IgD expression. Type C variant histology and possibly type D are associated with decreased EFS, but neither IgD nor CD30 are adverse features. Variant histology may warrant increased surveillance, but did not affect overall survival.
Implications of fetoplacental mosaicism on cell‐free DNA testing for sex chromosome aneuploidies
Authors: Grati Francesca Romana , Bajaj Komal , Zanatta Valentina , Malvestiti Francesca , Malvestiti Barbara , Marcato Livia , Grimi Beatrice , Maggi Federico , Simoni Giuseppe , Gross Susan J. , Ferreira Jose
Published: August 2017

Objective

The unique biological behavior of sex chromosomes has implications for cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing. Our purpose is to predict the (1) false positive/negative rates of cfDNA testing consequent to fetoplacental mosaicism for any sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCA) and (2) positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values of a high‐risk and low‐risk cfDNA result for any SCA.

Method

This is a retrospective analysis of 67 030 chorionic villus sampling karyotypes, including fetoplacental mosaicism cases.

Results

Non‐mosaic 45, X is associated with cystic hygroma/increased nuchal translucency and fetal anomalies. The false positive rate consequent to confined placental mosaicism is predicted to be 0.05%. The estimated false negative rate is in the range of 0% to 5.7% for all non‐mosaic SCAs; it is 70% for mosaic 45, X with normal ultrasound. The predicted PPV on amniocytes is very high for most SCAs (94.4–99.4%). However, the stratified analysis shows that the PPV is much lower for 45, X without ultrasound anomalies compared with 45, X with abnormal scan (51% or 71%, vs 99%, respectively).

Conclusion

Mosaicism is a major issue for SCA cfDNA testing, and prenatal confirmation, preferentially with amniocentesis if there are no ultrasound anomalies, remains important in counseling. As PPV varies on the basis of the presence of an ultrasound anomaly, skilled evaluation is critical. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetoscopic tracheal occlusion for treatment of non‐isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Seravalli Viola , Jelin Eric B. , Miller Jena L. , Tekes Aylin , Vricella Luca , Baschat Ahmet A.
Published: August 2017

Fetoscopic endotracheal occlusion (FETO) is a prenatal treatment that may increase survival in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). In the USA, FETO is offered for isolated severe left‐sided CDH in the context of an FDA‐approved feasibility study. FETO in non‐isolated cases of severe CDH is only performed with a compassionate use exemption from US regulatory bodies. Anomalies frequently associated with CDH include congenital cystic lesions of the lung and cardiac defects. We describe two cases of non‐isolated severe left‐sided CDH that underwent prenatal FETO, survived after birth and underwent postnatal surgical repair. The potential benefit of FETO in this setting is discussed. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors in Variability of Serial Gabapentin Concentrations in Elderly Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Conway Jeannine M. , Eberly Lynn E. , Collins Joseph F. , Macias Flavia M. , Ramsay R. Eugene , Leppik Ilo E. , Birnbaum Angela K.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To characterize and quantify the variability of serial gabapentin concentrations in elderly patients with epilepsy.

Methods

This study included 83 patients (age ≥ 60 yrs) from an 18‐center randomized double‐blind double‐dummy parallel study from the Veterans Affairs Cooperative 428 Study. All patients were taking 1500 mg/day gabapentin. Within‐person coefficient of variation (CV) in gabapentin concentrations, measured weekly to bimonthly for up to 52 weeks, then quarterly, was computed. Impact of patient characteristics on gabapentin concentrations (linear mixed model) and CV (linear regression) were estimated.

Results

A total of 482 gabapentin concentration measurements were available for analysis. Gabapentin concentrations and intrapatient CVs ranged from 0.5 to 22.6 μg/ml (mean 7.9 μg/ml, standard deviation [SD] 4.1 μg/ml) and 2% to 79% (mean 27.9%, SD 15.3%), respectively, across all visits. Intrapatient CV was higher by 7.3% for those with a body mass index of ≥ 30 kg/m2 (coefficient = 7.3, p=0.04). CVs were on average 0.5% higher for each 1‐unit higher CV in creatinine clearance (coefficient = 0.5, p=0.03) and 1.2% higher for each 1‐hour longer mean time after dose (coefficient = 1.2, p=0.04).

Conclusions

Substantial intrapatient variability in serial gabapentin concentration was noted in elderly patients with epilepsy. Creatinine clearance, time of sampling relative to dose, and obesity were found to be positively associated with variability.
Mediating burden and stress over time: Caregivers of patients with primary brain tumor
Authors: Reblin Maija , Small Brent , Jim Heather , Weimer Jason , Sherwood Paula
Published: August 2017

There is a growing literature on the effects of cancer caregiving on the well‐being of informal family caregivers. However, there has been little longitudinal research on caregivers of patients with the complex, rapidly‐changing disease of primary malignant brain tumor.

Objective

Our objective was to model longitudinal relationships between caregiver burden, social support, and distress within caregivers of patients with primary brain tumor.

Methods

Caregiver participants were recruited from a neuro‐oncology clinic. Caregiver questionnaire data, including sociodemographics, social support, depression, anxiety, and caregiving burden, were collected at 4 time points (diagnosis, +4, +8, and +12 mo). Using the stress process model as a guide, we hypothesized that early burden would predict later depression and anxiety, and this would be mediated by social support.

Results

Using data from 147 participants, we found support for the stress process model in caregivers of patients with primary brain tumor. Greater burden at diagnosis was associated with lower social support at 4 months, and lower social support was related to higher depression and anxiety at 8 months, as well as to changes in anxiety between 8 and 12 months.

Conclusion

We found evidence of the stress process model in caregivers of primary brain tumor patients unfolding over the course of a year after diagnosis. Our findings emphasize the potential importance of early programs for caregivers to ensure low initial levels of burden, which may have a positive effect on social support, depression, and anxiety.