bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building the Buddhist Revival
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam
Published: March 2020

Between 1850 and 1966, tens of thousands of Buddhist sacred sites were destroyed in China, victims of targeted destruction, accidental damage, or simply neglect. Yet hundreds if not thousands of these sites were also reconstructed during this period, events that required charismatic leadership, the reconstitution of the religious community, extensive fundraising, investments of labor and materials, and the support of local elites. This book explores the history of Chinese Buddhist monastery reconstruction from the end of the Imperial period, through the Republic of China, and into the first seventeen years of the People’s Republic. For each time period, a general overview of reconstruction activity provides the context for more detailed study of a few focus sites. Over this century of history, the nature and significance of reconstructing Buddhist monasteries changes drastically, mirroring broader changes in Chinese society. Yet this book argues that change has always been in the nature of religious communities such as Buddhist monasteries, and that reconstruction, rather than a return to the past, represents innovative and adaptive change. In this way, it helps us understand the broader significance of the Buddhist “revival” in China during this era itself as a creative reconstruction of religion upon longstanding foundations.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam
Published: March 2020

This chapter surveys the state of the field of material culture and sacred spaces in Chinese Buddhism, as well as the historical development of monastery layouts. The chapter explores how both the material and the human elements were affected by destruction events, and accordingly reconstruction of a monastery inevitably addressed both spheres. A devoted and charismatic reconstruction leader, who was often an outsider to the community, typically played a crucial role in enabling the reconstruction to occur. Building upon the work of architectural historians and scholars of modern Chinese Buddhism, this chapter establishes the theoretical and methodological basis for the chapters that follow.
The Post-Taiping Reconstruction
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the destruction of Buddhist monasteries in China during the Taiping War (1850–1864) and the first post-war wave of reconstructions. The period between the end of the war and the start of the Wuxu Reforms was highly active in terms of reconstruction of religious institutions of all types in China. The chapter includes a digital humanities survey of destruction and reconstruction records drawn from digitized local gazetteers, with the focus sites of Linggu Monastery near Nanjing and Jiangtian Monastery in Zhenjiang. The chapter argues that in spite of the widespread destruction of the war, reconstruction was still undertaken at many sites, but even rebuilt sites were not free from the long-term effects of the conflict.
National Salvation
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam
Published: March 2020

This chapter addresses the period from 1928 to 1949, spanning the Nanjing Decade and the Second Sino-Japanese War. During this era of preparation for invasion and all-out war, Buddhist monasteries come to symbolize a Chinese civilization under threat and were rebuilt in part to serve as symbols of Chinese cultural heritage. The chapter examines a number of monasteries near the new capital of Nanjing, including one transformed into a monument for the war dead, as well as Xingjiao Monastery near the wartime base of Xi’an in the northwest of China. It argues that the pressures of the war propelled Chinese Buddhist monasteries into a new level of national importance, but their perceived value was increasingly in their history rather than in any living religious community on the site.
Summoning the Ghosts of Early Cinema and Victorian Entertainment
Authors: Yeo Su-Anne
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyses the singularly arresting yet endlessly repeatable appearance via projection of the iconic British supermodel Kate Moss within the recent V&A Museum exhibition Savage Beauty: Alexander McQueen. Originally created for the late fashion designer’s 2006 Widows of Culloden show in Paris, this appearance by Moss was no less rapturously received at the V&A exhibition than it had been at the hologram’s launch almost a decade previously. Drawing upon scholarship in the fields of film history and media history, the chapter argues that the Kate Moss hologram should be conceptualized not as a ‘new’ technology, but as a remediation of older cultural forms and practices such as the Victorian entertainment known as Pepper’s ghost and the genre of early cinema known as the serpentine dance. Subsequently, the chapter examines how the exhibition’s marketing and critical reception helped to construct cultures of appreciation that reinforce dominant and idealist discourses of technology. The chapter argues that contemporary film and media culture cannot be understood without an appreciation of older forms and practices of visual entertainment and amusement.
Casting
Authors: Kang Yiyun
Published: March 2020

This chapter investigates how projection mapping reconfigures the relationship between projection surface, moving image, and space in the field of artists’ projected moving-image works. Projection mapping is a relatively new method that can be used to transform irregularly shaped objects and indoor/outdoor spaces into display surfaces. This mode of projection envelops three-dimensional surfaces with digital moving images, using complicated projection technologies. In examining this process, the author analyses various contextual reviews as well as her own piece Casting to discover projection mapping’s distinctive properties. Casting (2016) is Kang’s projection-mapping installation at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London, which was created as the culmination of Kang’s six-month artist-in-residency program at the V&A, and acquired by the institution in 2017 as its first purchase of a projection-mapping installation piece. This chapter examines how, by integrating volumetric objects and space, projection mapping dismantles the conventional notion of screen and frame that are accepted in experimental film and video installation works. The chapter introduces the concept of augmented space to understand how the spatial employment of projected moving images generates a novel type of narrative and experiences in comparison with the previous projected moving-image artworks. Accordingly, the chapter identifies how projection mapping practices can develop a distinguished type of aura in the realm of digital media art works.
Mobilized by Injustice
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Springing from decades of abuse by law enforcement and an excessive criminal justice system, members of over-policed communities lead the current movement for civil rights in the United States. Activated by injustice, individuals protested police brutality in Ferguson, campaigned to end stop-and-frisk in New York City, and advocated for restorative justice in Washington, D.C. Yet, scholars focused on the negative impact of punitive policy on material resources, and trust in government did not predict these pockets of resistance, arguing instead that marginalizing and demeaning policy teaches individuals to acquiesce and withdraw. Mobilized by Injustice excavates conditions under which, despite otherwise negative outcomes, negative criminal justice experiences catalyze political action. This book argues that when understood as resulting from a system that targets people based on race, class, or other group identifiers, contact can politically mobilize. Negative experiences with democratic institutions predicated on equality under the law, when connected to a larger, group-based struggle, can provoke action from anger. Evidence from several surveys and in-depth interviews reveals that mobilization as result of negative criminal justice experiences is broad, crosses racial boundaries, and extends to the loved ones of custodial citizens. When over half of Blacks and Latinos and a plurality of Whites know someone with personal contact, the mobilizing effect of a sense of injustice promises to have important consequences for American politics.
Performance Management at AbbVie
Authors: Gorbatov Sergey , Lane Angela M. , Richmond Timothy J.
Published: March 2020

This case study describes design and implementation of the performance management process (PMP) at AbbVie, a global, research-based biopharmaceutical company with approximately 30,000 employees worldwide; it is dedicated to developing and delivering a consistent stream of innovative new medicines. Following its separation from Abbott in 2013, over the course of 5 years AbbVie built a tailor-made PMP, guided by scientific knowledge of human behavior and the unique cultural imperatives of the new company. This case study demonstrates how traditional human resources tools can be used to create a culture of high performance and innovation. The company posits that business strategy, culture, and leadership precede any system design considerations and need to be primary drivers of these. The success of implementation is in the vertical and horizontal integration of all the elements of the performance management (PM) system. The chapter discusses the challenges and key principles of PMP design in a global matrixed organization and shares the company’s perspectives on the successes, opportunities, and future directions of the AbbVie PMP evolution.
Medtronic’s Contrarian Journey
Authors: Walter Matt , Surface Carol
Published: March 2020

Twice in the last 8 years, Medtronic has transformed its performance management (PM) practices. First in 2010, the decision was made to reengage employees in performance and development activities after the process was determined to be out of date. The priorities of the change were focused on three core elements: (1) moving to quarterly performance discussions; (2) simplifying the global process and form; and (3) eliminating performance ratings. After an initial period that demonstrated promising returns, the updated approach began to lose traction across the organization. The combination of the system design and lack of appropriate operating mechanisms eventually led to inconsistencies and lack of rigor in the application of the process. As a result, the company began to inadvertently demotivate the same employees it was trying to inspire. In 2014, the organization was going through transformational change, which would result in both a new business-operating model and doubling the size of the company. Optimizing the organization’s operating and planning mechanisms became an imperative as the company sought to fully realize the benefit of its global breadth and scale. The PM system was again identified for a restart. In this next redesign, accounting for the organization culture and business strategy was prioritized. Change management efforts included investments in training and development to improve manager capabilities, primarily focusing on core elements of what makes PM successful. Initial results from the recent design are demonstrating positive trends based on key employee and business metrics.
Context Matters
Authors: Cleveland Jeanette N.
Published: March 2020

Contexts shape the way the performance appraisal (PA) and performance management (PM) systems are designed and utilized. Yet, the analysis of situations, especially more macro-context, including cultural, economic, and political/legal values, is one of the most underresearched areas in applied psychology despite the fact that context is likely to be critical to understanding the success and the failures associated with individual and team PM in organizations. To date, most research on situations has focused on proximal factors that impinge directly on raters’ and ratees’ motivation and goals, with less attention given to variations in macro and meso context across and within organizations, nations, and cultures. In the present chapter, the current research linking context with PA and PM is reviewed. Drawing from both situational strength and institutional theories, the mechanisms (e.g., norms and constraints) by which situations can shape the design and process of PA/PM within and across organizations are discussed. The chapter concludes by translating key features from the context and situation assessment literature into action that can be taken by industrial and organizational psychologists to help improve PA/PM research and practice in organizations.
Instructional Strategies for Academic Courses
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 8 outlines strategies most commonly utilized in courses in music theory, musicology, composition, conducting, and music education. However, the suggestions for lecture, discussion, and asking questions may also provide useful information for applied instructors when considering studio class interactions. I begin the chapter with a presentation of information regarding lectures and discussion-based lessons and interactions. The second part of the chapter presents strategies for getting students to read and helping students to write. I conclude with questions for discussion and suggested activities. A key focus of the chapter is on student questioning, getting students to read, and helping students to write.
The Job Search in Higher Education
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 12 focuses on assisting the reader in finding and securing a position teaching music in higher education. It begins with an extended discussion of the postings and types of positions. Instructions are provided for preparing resumes, curriculum vitaes, cover letters, teaching philosophy statements and other materials. Protocols for communicating with references and other stakeholders. Details are provided for teaching and research. The middle section of the chapter is devoted to sample interview questions and recommended answers. Master classes and teaching presentations during the interview process are also discussed.
Story
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The first full chapter, “Story,” presents the central thesis of the book: Donald Trump has never developed an inner story in his mind to explain who he is and how he came to be. Refusing to be introspective, retrospective, or prospective, Trump lives outside of time, as an episodic man. Each moment in life presents Trump with a battle that he must win. But the battles do not add up; his psychological existence is, and always has been, continual warfare with no end in sight and no long-term reason to fight, except to win. The chapter describes psychological research on people’s inner life stories—their narrative identity—and takes the reader through early years in Trump’s life, leading up to his decision to collaborate on the writing of his first book, The Art of the Deal.
Deal
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The second chapter, “Deal,” examines Donald Trump’s unique manner of making deals, focusing ultimately on his efforts to broker a nuclear deal with North Korea’s Kim Jong-un in the summer of 2018. For Trump, deal-making is always about wielding power in the ever-present moment, operating as the quintessential episodic man who pays no heed to long-term consequences. The chapter delineates five principles of Trumpian deal-making: (i) fill a need, (ii) bend the rules, (iii) put on a show, (iv) exert maximum pressure, and (v) always win. The chapter traces the origins of the first three principles back to the deal-making displayed by Trump’s grandfather, Friedrich Trump, when he immigrated to the United States, and by his father, Fred Trump, as a builder and real estate mogul in Queens during the middle years of the 20th century. The latter two principles derive from Trump’s book, The Art of the Deal, as well as his life.
Reward
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

“Reward” explores the personality trait of extraversion in the life of Donald Trump. The chapter begins with an evolutionary account of extraversion’s powerful role in human groups, as a personality trait that enables social actors to attract and hold the attention of others. Studied for over 70 years by personality psychologists, extraversion entails social dominance, gregariousness, and the relentless seeking of reward. Donald Trump is one of the most extraverted human beings on the planet today. The chapter traces the development of this trait in Trump’s life and illustrates how it has served Trump well, infusing tremendous energy and primal charisma into many of his social moments, as he moves from one moment to the next in life. Extraversion is one of five broad and basic traits identified by personality psychologists, often called the Big Five.
Love
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

“Love” traces Donald Trump’s relationships with the women he has claimed to love in his life, beginning with his mother and running through his three wives—Ivana, Marla, and Melania. Each personified a different kind of love object for Trump, with Melania coming closest to re-enacting the emotional dynamics that Trump may have experienced with his own mother, Mary MacLeod Trump. The chapter considers Trump’s love life in the context of contemporary research on attachment relationships and romantic love. The chapter also takes up accusations of sexual improprieties aimed at Trump by at least 22 different women. It is clear that Trump objectifies women, in the sense of considering them to be dehumanized objects of his desire and utility. But the surprising thing is that he looks upon himself in the same objective way. He loves himself as an object, as a beautiful thing, and not as a person.
Us
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The chapter us considers the many implications and ramifications of authoritarianism in the presidency of Donald J. Trump. The authoritarian leader pits the good us against the bad “them,” and he promulgates a doctrine that aims to defend against the them while purging all dissent within the “us.” The chapter discusses the origins of the concept of the authoritarian personality, and it examines instances of authoritarian leadership in “illiberal” democracies today, as in Poland and Hungary. Coming back to the United States, the chapter examines Trump’s authoritarian dynamic from many different perspectives, including race relations and the emergence of the alt-right in American society, the changing demographics of the United States, Trump’s appeal to evangelical white Christians, and the president’s assault on Congress, the courts, the institutions of American law enforcement, the government bureaucracy, and the press.
Primate
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

“Primate” delves into evolutionary biology and primatology to unearth the psychological roots of human leadership as they apply to the case of President Donald J. Trump. In broad terms, evolved patterns of human leadership follow one of two forms. The older form, dominance leadership, traces back over 7 million years to our common ancestor with chimpanzees. The latter form, prestige leadership, traces back about 1 million years or so, reflecting our evolution as hunters and gatherers living in migrating groups. More than any president in American history, Trump personifies the pure dominance leader. The chapter documents the uncanny similarities between the behavior of alpha male chimpanzees and the leadership style of President Donald Trump. Dominance leaders rely upon force, bluffing, intimidation, and the power of their presence, whereas prestige leaders rely upon expertise and the promulgation of a narrative to justify authority. This characterization recalls the central thesis of the book: Donald Trump is a man without a story.
Redemption
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: March 2020

The last chapter in the book, entitled “Redemption,” begins with a summary of the book’s argument up to this point and then considers the broad cultural and political role of redemptive narratives in American life. Redemptive narratives affirm triumph over suffering and adversity and they hold out hope of progress in the future. Both Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama constructed redemptive stories for their own lives, and they projected those stories onto America. By contrast, President Trump has no story for his own life—which marks the central thesis of this book—and the story he does project for America is little more than a motto: Make American Great Again (MAGA). The chapter analyses the meaning of MAGA and then considers the possibility that many Americans no longer believe in redemptive narratives. As such, Trump’s bleak view of the world and his episodic approach to life—a life without a redemptive narrative arc—may resonate with many Americans today. Nonetheless, many Americans do still see their own lives in redemptive terms; whether or not they can project that kind of narrative onto their nation remains an open question.
Epistemic Entitlement—Its Scope and Limits
Authors: Gerken Mikkel
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the nature of epistemic entitlement and its role in epistemology in relation to the epistemic internalism-externalism dispute. I argue for epistemic pluralism according to which the genus of epistemic rationality, warrant, harbors two distinct species: an internalist one, justification, and an externalist one, entitlement. On this basis, I advance a new criterion for drawing the distinction between justification and entitlement: The Reason Criterion: entitlements are warrants that do not involve the exercise of the faculty of Reason.
Pluralist Consequentialist Anti-Scepticism
Authors: Pedersen Nikolaj J. L. L.
Published: March 2020

How could it be warranted and rational to accept anti-sceptical hypotheses (I’m not a brain in a vat, There is an external world, etc.) in the absence of evidence supporting such propositions? Crispin Wright has introduced entitlement of cognitive project—a non-evidential species of warrant—as a response to the sceptic. Critics (Pritchard and Jenkins) have argued that Wright-style entitlement is not an epistemic kind of warrant and does not sustain epistemic rationality. This chapter develops a consequentialist alternative to Wright’s proposal. Acceptance of anti-sceptical hypotheses is epistemically warranted and rational because it maximizes epistemic value. This is argued within an axiological framework that incorporates pluralism about epistemic value or goods. Truth is not the only epistemic good—contra veritic monism, the most widely held view about epistemic value. Furthermore, the chapter argues that the success of the consequentialist approach eliminates the need for Wright-style entitlement.
Introduction
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

The question of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction has taken on a new urgency in view of the present and projected impacts of climate change on the coastal and marine environment. However, this introductory chapter argues that climate-related change is properly located within a broader category of geographical change of potential significance for entitlement to maritime space and maritime limits and boundaries. The existing literature has emphasized the novelty of climate-related change, concluding that the law as it stands is ill equipped to respond to this phenomenon and even exacerbates its harms. This chapter recalls that an awareness of the dynamic character of the coastal environment has accompanied the development of a legal order that gives coastal geography a key role in connection with entitlement to maritime space and its spatial specification. It outlines the book’s central arguments, which are grounded in a close analysis of the existing law.
Article 7(2) and the Special Case of Deltaic Coasts
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of UNCLOS Article 7(2), which provides that ‘notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line’ straight baselines on deltaic coasts ‘shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with [UNCLOS]’. Examining the treaty text, drafting history, and relevant State practice, the chapter challenges the idea that Article 7(2) exceptionally ‘fixes’ baselines that would otherwise shift with the coast. It is suggested that an alternative reading is more consistent with the ordinary meaning of Article 7(2) in context and in light of UNCLOS’s object and purpose. Turning to the drafting history for confirmation, however, reveals a surprising disjunction between (a) the proposals on which Article 7(2) is widely understood to be based, and (b) the meaning and effect of that provision. This has consequences in terms of what Article 7(2) can be said to imply about the fluidity of baselines.
Fluidity in Maritime Boundaries
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter investigates what, if anything, the law of the sea treaties have to say about the implications of geographical change for interstate maritime boundaries. It draws attention to a provision strangely neglected by proponents of the ambulatory thesis. Article 6(3) of the CSC appears to reflect a belief that baselines following the low-water line will be ambulatory, responding with measures to ensure that the location of a boundary in the continental shelf will be fixed. A closer examination of this provision and its drafting history in context shows that it cannot stand as evidence of a common understanding that baselines are ambulatory or that boundaries defined by reference to baselines require specific measures in order to be fixed. There is equally no support for such an understanding in UNCLOS.
Principles and Presumptions in an Assessment of Boundary Fluidity
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that the question of the implications of geographical change for international boundaries is properly answered by an interpretation of the boundary treaty, award, or decision in the particular case. Emphasizing the difference between the finality of the agreements or decisions establishing a boundary and the question of whether the boundary they establish is ambulatory, it seeks to clarify the legal principles and presumptions informing the latter enquiry. The chapter explains how and why the implications of geographical change for international boundaries may vary, examining both maritime and land boundaries in this regard. It interrogates and qualifies the familiar claim that a ‘rule of accretion’ governs geographical change in the case of river boundaries, which has been drawn on analogically in some versions of the ambulatory thesis. The principle of stability has an important bearing upon an assessment of the implications of geographical change for interstate boundaries.
Conditions over Time
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers what may be the most influential assumption underlying the ambulatory thesis—a belief that the conditions set out in the baselines provisions require satisfaction on a continuing basis. The same assumption is at work in claims that geographical change will precipitate a loss of entitlement to maritime space where such entitlement appertains to a feature defined in geographical terms—e.g. an island or archipelago. This (implicit) line of reasoning raises broad questions relating to intertemporality, which Max Huber’s distinction between the creation and subsistence of rights helps to both clarify and answer. This chapter explores a legal distinction between the creation and continuing existence of entitlement to maritime space and the construction and subsistence of maritime limits and boundaries. It also considers the conditions in which territorial sovereignty and statehood may be lost, offering a new analysis of the significance of effectiveness in this context.
Community and Representation
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 explores community photography and the new radicalism it brought to amateur photographic practice during the 1970s. This movement, begun in London and disseminated through the pages of Camerawork magazine, propounded the potential of photography as a form of collective action which could bring communities together and empower individuals. Through groups such as the Shankill Photographic Workshop, Derry Camerawork, and the NorthCentre City Community Action Project, activists taught photography to community organizations, as well as prisoners, the unemployed, and women’s groups. This new form of photographic activism served a variety of functions. It was a form of practice that brought people together and taught unemployed and demoralized residents of the inner-city skills and self-respect. It enabled communities that had become the object of a media gaze which turned their lives into stereotypes to create representations of themselves, which they felt more accurately reflected the reality of their lives. In these evening classes and dark rooms, photography became a mechanism of raising consciousness and building communal cohesion. Moreover, it provided a way of making sense of the agglomeration of power, class, and gaze which rendered the lives of the unemployed, or inner-city residents only as ‘types’, and so provided these new photographers with a way of critiquing—if not resisting—these processes.
Children in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Griffiths Emma M.
Published: March 2020

Astyanax is thrown off the walls of Troy, Medeia kills her children to take revenge on her husband, and Aias reflects sadly on his son’s inheritance, yet he kills himself and leaves Eurysakes vulnerable to his enemies. The pathos created by threats to children is a notable feature of Greek tragedy, but does not explain the range of situations where the playwrights chose to employ them. Although they are largely silent, passive figures, children exert a dramatic force that goes beyond their limited onstage presence. This book proposes a new paradigm to understand the roles of children in tragedy, emphasizing their dangerous potential as the future adults of myth. Their multiple projected lives create dramatic palimpsests which are paradoxically more significant than the immediate emotional effects. Children are never killed because of their immediate weakness, but because of their potential strength. Staging considerations underpin this re-evaluation, as the embodied identities of children are central to their roles. A new examination of the evidence for child actors concludes that the physical presence of children was a significant factor in their presentation. The socio-historical context of fifth-century Athens gives some pointers, but child roles can only be fully appreciated as theatrical phenomena, utilizing the inherent ambiguities of drama.
Attentive Deviance from Standards at CraneSolutions
Authors: Gey Ronny , Langer Sarah , Fried Andrea
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, Ronny Gey, Sarah Langer, and Andrea Fried draw attention to the actual enactment of standards in organizations. They describe a software developing project of the crane manufacturer CraneSolutions which is confronted with a situation where no standards are directly suitable for its niche products. The case of CraneSolutions is a striking example of mainly attentive deviance from standards. The chapter analyses how the organization succeeds in committing to standards while deviating from them attentively. Based on a structurationist framework, the analysis of CraneSolutions enables understanding of the enactment of standards as represented in the interpretative schemes, the facilities, and the social norms of the organization. Moreover, the authors explain organizational deviance from standards as a way of how organizations deal effectively with emerging asymmetries and contradictions during the enactment of standards. This chapter represents one of the two commitment-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.
European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This book explores the interface between European data protection and the freedom of expression activities of traditional journalism, professional artists, and both academic and non-academic writers from both an empirical and normative perspective. It draws on an exhaustive examination of both historical and contemporary public domain material and a comprehensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs). Empirically it is found that, notwithstanding an often confusing statutory landscape, DPAs have sought to develop an approach to regulating the journalistic media based on contextual rights balancing. However, they have struggled to secure a clear and specified criterion of strictness as regards standard-setting or a consistent and reliable approach to enforcement. DPAs have appeared even more confused as regards other traditional publishers, largely abstaining from regulating most professional artists and writers but attempting to subject all academic disciplines to onerous statutory restrictions established for medical, scientific, and related research. From these findings, it is argued that balancing contextual rights has value and should be both generalized across all traditional publishers and systematically and sensitively developed through structured and robust co-regulation. Such co-regulation should adopt the new code of conduct and monitoring provisions included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a broad guideline. DPAs should accord strong deference to any codes and monitoring bodies which verifiably meet the accredited criteria but must engage more proactively when these are absent. In any case, DPAs should also intervene directly as regards particularly serious or systematic issues and have an increasingly important role in ensuring a joined-up approach between traditional publishing and new media activity.
Waiting on Grace
Authors: Barnes, SJ Michael
Published: March 2020

Whereas much theology of religions regards ‘the other’ as a problem to be solved, this book begins with a Church called to witness to its faith in a multicultural world by practising a generous yet risky hospitality. A theology of dialogue takes its rise from the Christian experience of being-in-dialogue. Taking its rise from the biblical narrative of encounter, call, and response, such a theology cannot be fully understood without reference to the matrix of faith that Christians share in complex ways with the Jewish people. The contemporary experience of the Shoah, the dominating religious event of the twentieth century, has complexified that relationship and left an indelible mark on the religious sensibility of both Jews and Christians. Engaging with a range of thinkers, from Heschel, Levinas, and Edith Stein who were all deeply affected by the Shoah, to Metz, Panikkar, and Rowan Williams, who are always pressing the limits of what can and cannot be said with integrity about the self-revealing Word of God, this book shows how Judaism is a necessary, if not sufficient, source of Christian self-understanding. What is commended by this foundational engagement is a hope-filled ‘waiting on grace’ made possible by virtues of empathy and patience. A theology of dialogue focuses not on metaphysical abstractions but on biblical forms of thought about God’s presence to human beings which Christians share with Jews and, under the continuing guidance of the Spirit of Christ, learn to adapt to a whole range of contested cultural and political contexts.
Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Scholz Luca
Published: March 2020

Abstract: Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire tells the history of free movement in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, one of the most fractured landscapes in human history. The boundaries that divided its hundreds of territories make the Old Reich a uniquely valuable site for studying the ordering of movement. The focus is on safe conduct, an institution that was common throughout the early modern world but became a key framework for negotiating free movement and its restriction in the Old Reich. The book shows that attempts to escort travellers, issue letters of passage, or to criminalize the use of ‘forbidden’ roads served to transform rights of passage into excludable and fiscally exploitable goods. Mobile populations—from emperors to peasants—defied attempts to govern their mobility with actions ranging from formal protest to bloodshed. Newly designed maps show that restrictions upon moving goods and people were rarely concentrated at borders before the mid-eighteenth century, but unevenly distributed along roads and rivers. In addition, the book unearths intense intellectual debates around the rulers’ right to interfere with freedom of movement. The Empire’s political order guaranteed extensive transit rights, but apologies of free movement and claims of protection could also mask aggressive attempts of territorial expansion. Drawing on sources discovered in more than twenty archives and covering the period between the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, the book offers a new perspective on the unstable relationship of political authority and human mobility in the heartlands of old-regime Europe.
Protection
Authors: Scholz Luca
Published: March 2020

The protection of roads and rivers was often a precondition of mobility, but protection could also serve as an excuse for self-interested interference with traffic flows. This was the case on the River Weser, which was contested between the City of Bremen and the counts of Oldenburg. Bremen employed armed vessels to protect the river from privateers but also impeded Oldenburg from levying customs duties, to the point of a virtual ‘toll war’. Bremen also struggled to discipline its soldiers whose exactions sparked the protest of boatmen and the riverine population. The way in which safe conduct justified self-serving economic and political goals—on the Lower Weser as elsewhere—can be understood as a dynamic of ‘securitization’, a process in which an issue is presented as existentially threatened and requiring extraordinary emergency measures. In academic debates, some jurists sublimated these tensions into an exclusionary and selective conception of free movement.
The EU Citizenship Directive: A Commentary
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan
Published: March 2020

The EU Citizenship Directive defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area. It applies to EU citizens and their family members who move to visit or reside in another Member State. This might at first seem like a straightforward definition, but immediately questions arise. Who determines if a person is an EU citizen at all? What about dual citizens of two Member States, or of one Member State and a non-Member State (a ‘third State’)? What is the position of EU citizens who move to one Member State, and then return to their home Member State? This book provides a comprehensive commentary of the EU’s Citizens’ Directive tracing the evolution of the Directive’s provisions, placing each article in its historical and legislative context. Special emphasis is placed on highlighting the connections and interactions between the Directive’s constituent provisions so as to permit a global appreciation of the system of free movement rights to which the Directive gives effect. Each provision is annotated containing a detailed analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice as well as of related measures impacting upon the Directive’s interpretation including European Commission reports and guidelines on the Directive’s implementation.
The EU Citizens’ Directive—An Introduction
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan
Published: March 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the EU Citizenship Directive. The European Union Directive 2004/38 or the EU Citizenship Directive gives effect to the right which EU law provides to all EU citizens and their family members of any nationality to move, reside, and exercise economic activities if they so choose on the territory of any EU Member State. The right to move and reside anywhere in the EU is a right which is accorded to Union citizens by virtue of Articles 20(2)(a) and 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and enshrined in Article 45 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The right of free movement of persons in their capacities as workers, self-employed persons, or service providers straddles two of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union—free movement of persons and services.
Cosmology
Authors: Kurki Milja
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces the study of cosmology—in the social and the natural sciences. We see that the study of the cosmos has deep and interesting origins but also that how we study the cosmos is no simple matter analytically, for how we think about the cosmos is also directly implicated in how we think about our own role in the universe. This chapter argues that we should think social and natural science approaches to cosmology ‘together’ rather than apart from each other. This it is suggested is necessary both to avoid an uncritical approach to scientific cosmology on the one hand and to avoid equating the cosmos to our beliefs about it.
Rural Democracy
Authors: Harding Robin
Published: March 2020

How have African rulers responded to the introduction of democratic electoral competition? Despite the broadly negative picture painted by the prevailing focus on electoral fraud, clientelism, and ethnic conflict, Rural Democracy argues that the full story is somewhat more promising. While these unfortunate practices may be widespread, African rulers also seek to win votes through the provision and distribution of public goods and services. The central argument in Rural Democracy is that in predominantly rural countries the introduction of competitive elections leads governments to implement pro-rural policies, in order to win the votes of the rural majority. As a result, across much of Africa the benefits of democratic electoral competition have accrued primarily in terms of rural development. This broad claim is supported by cross-national evidence, both from public opinion surveys and from individual level data on health and education outcomes. The argument’s core assumptions about voting behavior are supported with quantitative evidence from Ghana, and qualitative historical evidence from Botswana provides further support for the underlying theoretical mechanism. Taken together, this body of evidence provides reasons to be optimistic about the operation of electoral accountability in Africa. African governments are responding to the accountability structures provided by electoral competition; in that sense, democracy in Africa is working.
The Construction Sector in Ghana
Authors: Owoo Nkechi Srodah , Lambon-Quayefio Monica P.
Published: March 2020

The research explores the structure and performance of Ghana’s construction subsector, in light of the country’s 2007 oil discovery. Using primary and secondary data resources, we discuss how marginal costs and expenditure shocks may vary within the construction sector for subsectors such as housing, roads, and other important social infrastructure such as drainage. We analyse expenditure shocks that may result from inflation and price dynamics, finding that construction sector costs are closely related to exchange rate movements. We identify key bottlenecks to the supply response of the sector and recommend institutional and policy reforms to improve performance and output.
Sovereignty: Seventeenth-Century England and the Making of the Modern Political Imaginary
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G.
Published: March 2020

Sovereignty is the first-order question of a politics attaching itself to the state, and seventeenth-century England provides an important case study in the roots of its modern iterations. With these central claims in view, this book explores the thought of Thomas Hobbes, John Milton, and Andrew Marvell, as well as lesser-known figures, such as William Fiennes, Lord Saye and Sele, and John Barclay. In addition to political philosophy and literary studies, it also takes account of the period’s legal history, such as the exercise of the crown’s feudal rights through the Court of Wards and Liveries, the status of corporations and contracts, debates over habeas rights, and the contested jurisdiction of prerogative courts. Theorizing sovereignty in a way that points forward to later modernity, the book critiques key concepts in the thought of Carl Schmitt: the mechanization of the state; land appropriation and legal order; the concept of the “people”; the pluralist state; and the protection–obedience axiom.
The Sign of Four
Authors: Predelli Stefano
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 lays down the general traits of the Radical Fictionalist analysis of fiction, focusing on the case of homodiegetic narrative. In particular, this chapter stresses the distinction between empty names and fictional names, it explains the role of impartations in fictional discourse, and it motivates the primacy of fictional tellers for a Radical Fictionalist take on fiction. Radical Fictionalism is then compared with some alternative views on the semantics of fictional discourse, with particular attention to Pragmatic Millianism and to theories of semantic ascent. The final sections pause on the Radical Fictionalist approach to speech acts in fiction, and they criticize the idea of a dedicated illocutionary force of fiction-making.