bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of MgO-Titanomagnetite mixture in high-temperature catalytic pyrolysis of radiata pine
Authors: Iminabo Misel , Yip Alex C. K. , Iminabo John T. , Pang Shusheng
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effect of MgO and titanomagnetite mixture on the high-temperature pyrolysis of radiata pine wood in a fluidised bed reactor at 850 °C. The catalytic performance of the MgO-titanomagnetite (MgO-TM) mixture was experimentally evaluated based on product distribution, gas composition, gas properties, and tar composition. The results revealed that addition of MgO-titanomagnetite resulted in a decrease in gas yield (67.2 wt.%) compared to addition of titanomagnetite (TM) alone (72.9 wt.%), but an improvement was found compared to addition of MgO alone (63.9 wt.%). The hydrogen concentration in the gas product was significantly enhanced (23.2 vol.%) compared to titanomagnetite alone (12.8 vol.%) or to non-catalytic (NC) pyrolysis (14.1 vol.%) but was similar to that with addition of MgO alone (22.6 vol.%). However, the addition of MgO and titanomagnetite mixture resulted in a reduction in CO concentration to 2.7 vol.% in the gas product whereas increased the CO2 and light olefins formation. It was also found that the addition of the MgO and titanomagnetite mixture significantly increased the total concentration of ethylene and propylene (18.3 vol.%) compared to addition of titanomagnetite (5.8 vol.%), MgO (9.0 vol.%), or non-catalytic pyrolysis (12.0 vol.%). The lower heating value of the gas product and the H2 to CO ratio (17.5 MJ/Nm3 and 8.7) were also improved with addition of the MgO-titanomagnetite mixture. These findings demonstrate that application of physically mixed MgO and titanomagnetite as catalyst is a promising method for converting biomass into a H2-rich gas product via high-temperature pyrolysis. This study offers a useful reference for the development of novel catalytic systems for biomass conversion.

Graphical Abstract
Measuring Food Insecurity in India: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence
Authors: McKay Fiona H. , Sims Alice , van der Pligt Paige
Published: April 2023

Purpose of Review

India is home to an estimated 200 million malnourished people, suggesting widespread food insecurity. However, variations in the methods used for determining food insecurity status mean there is uncertainty in the data and severity of food insecurity across the country. This systematic review investigated the peer-reviewed literature examining food insecurity in India to identify both the breadth of research being conducted as well as the instruments used and the populations under study.

Recent Findings

Nine databases were searched in March 2020. After excluding articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 53 articles were reviewed. The most common tool for measuring food insecurity was the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), followed by the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM), and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Reported food insecurity ranged from 8.7 to 99% depending on the measurement tool and population under investigation. This study found variations in methods for the assessment of food insecurity in India and the reliance on cross-sectional studies.

Based on the findings of this review and the size and diversity of the Indian population, there is an opportunity for the development and implementation of an Indian-specific food security measure to allow researchers to collect better data on food insecurity. Considering India’s widespread malnutrition and high prevalence of food insecurity, the development of such a tool will go part of way in addressing nutrition-related public health in India.
Fatigue design and assessment guidelines for high-frequency mechanical impact treatment applied on steel bridges
Authors: Al-Karawi Hassan
Published: April 2023

Structural
design of bridges in Europe should be carried out in accordance with Eurocode regulations. However, there is no guideline demonstrating how the fatigue design is to be conducted when high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) is used to enhance welded joints in steel bridges. The aim of this paper is to present the different design rules and equations and apply them to some example bridges enhanced by HFMI treatment. Fatigue verification of some welded details in these bridges is carried out via either “damage accumulation” or “λ-coefficients” methods in the Eurocode. Four fatigue load models are used in the fatigue verification (FLM3 and FLM4 for road bridge assessment, and LM71 and traffic mix, for railway bridge assessment). The effect of steel grade, mean stresses, self-weight, variation in stress ratios, and maximum stress on the treatment efficiency is considered in both examples. It is found that HFMI treatment causes a significant increase in fatigue lives in all studied cases.
From technique to normativity: the influence of Kant on Georges Canguilhem’s philosophy of life
Authors: Sfara Emiliano
Published: April 2023

Many historical studies tend to underline two central Kantian themes frequently emerging in Georges Canguilhem’s works: (1) a conception of activity, primarily stemming from theCritique of Pure Reason, as a mental and abstract synthesis of judgment; and (2) a notion of organism, inspired by theCritique of Judgment, as an integral totality of parts. Canguilhem was particularly faithful to the first theme from the 1920s to the first half of the 1930s, whereas the second theme became important in the early 1940s. With this article, I will attempt to show that a third important theme oftechniquearose in the second half of the 30s also in the wake of Kant’s philosophy, especially Sect. 43 of theCritique of Judgment. This section, which states that technical ability is distinguished from a theoretical faculty, led Canguilhem to a more concrete and practical conception of activity. I will then suggest that it was by considering technique that the concept of normativity, which characterizes Georges Canguilhem’s philosophy of life, also took shape.
Neue Wege in der Früherkennung des Burnout-Risikos bei Notärzten und Feldscherern in einem ukrainischen Rettungsdienst
Authors: Böckelmann I. , Perova I. G. , Lalimenko O. S. , Tymbota M. , Zabashta V. , Schwarze R. , Schumann H. , Zavgorodnij I. W. , Thielmann B.
Published: April 2023

Zielsetzung

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die dimensionsrelevanten Aussagen des Maslach-Burnout-Inventory(MBI-GS)-Fragebogens zu ermitteln, um jeweils die aussagekräftigsten Items für die 3 Dimensionen (emotionale Erschöpfung, Zynismus/Depersonalisierung und Leistungsfähigkeit) zu identifizieren und ggf. als schnelles Screening im Rahmen von Präventionsprogrammen in einem ukrainischen Rettungsdienst einzusetzen.

Methodik

Es nahmen 48 Feldscherer und 37 Notärzte aus der Ukraine teil (mittleres Alter: 44,0 ± 13,4 Jahre). Mithilfe des logistischen Regressionsmodells wurde der Ausprägungstyp des beruflichen Burnouts ermittelt.

Ergebnisse

Die Aussage „Ich fühle mich durch meine Arbeit ausgebrannt“ war für die MBI-Dimension emotionale Erschöpfung relevant (−0,354), für die Dimension Zynismus/Depersonalisierung war es u. a. „Ich bezweifle die Bedeutung meiner Arbeit“ (−0,526). Für die Leistungsfähigkeit war u. a. bedeutend „Ich fühle mich gut, wenn ich Arbeitsaufgaben vollendet habe“ (+0,745).

Schlussfolgerung

Es wird ein neuer methodischer Ansatz ausprobiert, um die einflussreichsten Aussagen des MBI-GS-Fragebogens als Frühindikatoren für ein Burnout-Risiko zu nutzen.
Self-organized multi-target trapping of swarm robots with density-based interaction
Authors: Lei Xiaokang , Zhang Shuai , Xiang Yalun , Duan Mengyuan
Published: April 2023

The task of multi-target trapping in swarm robots can often be solved by global shape planning and target assignment, but it still remains a challenge to achieve fully self-organized multi-target trapping behavior based on local information. In this paper, inspired by the concept of spatial density in physics and biology, we proposed a novel density-based method to enable the swarm robots to entrap multiple targets with either single-ring, multi-ring or multi-subgroup formation in a distributed and self-organized way while neither communication among robots nor encirclement function is required. Each robot’s local spatial density is considered as the main clue for the individual’s motion decision-making and the enclosed configurations emerge from such individual-level interactions rather than being explicitly designed. Numerical simulations and real robotic experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed self-organized trapping method allows a swarm of robots to entrap multiple moving targets in a stable, flexible, noise-tolerate and size-scalable fashion.
Hellenic Headache Society Recommendations for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Pathway for the Prevention of Migraine and Cluster Headache—2023 Update
Authors: Mitsikostas D. D. , Alexoudi A. , Arvaniti C. , Giannouli E. , Kouremenos Ε. , Constantinidis T. S. , Fakas Ν. , Deligianni C. , Karapanayiotides T. , Dardiotis Ε. , Gatzonis S. , Konitsiotis S. , Tsivgoulis G. ,   Hellenic Headache Society
Published: April 2023

The confirmed involvement of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the pathophysiology of migraine has led to the development of treatments, which for the first time are specific to migraine and mechanism based, in contrast to repurposed traditional prophylactic anti-migraine medications. Thus, in the last 5 years, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved four monoclonal antibodies that target either the CGRP ligand (eptinezumab, fremanezumab, and galcanezumab) or the CGRP receptor (erenumab). These anti-CGRP therapies are indicated for use in people with migraine who have more than 4 migraine days per month. In this consensus article, the Hellenic Headache Society highlights the indications and treatment protocols of these novel anti-migraine therapies, aiming to assist Greek neurologists in the optimal management of people with migraine. The recommendations are based on data from phase 3 randomized-controlled clinical trials, the recent European Headache Federation (EHF) recommendations, a consensus article under the auspices of both the EHF and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN), recent real-world evidence studies, and the authors’ acquired clinical experience.
Aerodynamic performance improvement of a blended wing-body re-entry vehicle using ANSYS CFX
Authors: Hossan Shakil , Srinivas G.
Published: April 2023

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of a modified blended wing-bodied re-entry vehicle by computational fluid dynamics. This analysis examines the airflow properties like pressure, density, and temperature under hypersonic flow. The study of a blended wing model at different Mach speeds and angles of attack is also included in the research paper. All the simulations in this paper are performed using the computational fluid dynamics tool of ANSYS CFX. Shear stress transport (SST) turbulence computational fluid dynamics model has been used for numerical analysis. Various inlet conditions are applied to get the aerodynamic parameters. The results revealed that the best Re-entry condition is from 10 to 20 degrees angle of attack at Mach 22, and the vehicle is very stable at a high angle of attack and Mach number. The obtained results have been validated with the public domain literature. The blended wing body has been thoroughly examined in various important locations, particularly the spacecraft nose and flap sections.
Basic Geo-Spatial Data Literacy Education for Economic Applications
Authors: Juergens Carsten , Redecker Andreas P.
Published: April 2023

Geospatial data literacy is of paramount importance in an increasingly digital business world. Especially in economic decision-making processes, the ability to judge the trustworthiness of pertinent data sets is inevitable for reliable decisions. Thus, geospatial competencies need to supplement the university’s teaching syllabus of economic degree programmes. Even if these programmes already have a lot of content, it is worth adding geospatial topics to educate students as skilled young experts, being geospatially literate. This contribution shows an approach on how to sensitise students and teachers with an economics background to understand the origin of geospatial data sets, their specific nature, their quality and how to gain geospatial data sets with a particular focus on sustainable economics applications. It proposes a teaching approach for educating students on geospatial characteristics of data, making them aware of spatial reasoning and spatial thinking. Especially it is vital to give them an impression of the manipulating nature of maps and geospatial visualisations. The aim is to show them the power of geospatial data and map products for research in their specific thematic field. The presented teaching concept originates from an interdisciplinary data literacy course geared to students other than geospatial sciences. It incorporates elements of a flipped classroom and a self-learning tutorial. This paper shows and discusses the results of the implementation of the course. Positive exam results imply that the teaching concept provides a suitable way to impart geospatial competencies to students belonging other than geo-related subjects.
A comparative study on the implementation of deep learning algorithms for detection of hepatic necrosis in toxicity studies
Authors: Hwang Ji-Hee , Lim Minyoung , Han Gyeongjin , Park Heejin , Kim Yong-Bum , Park Jinseok , Jun Sang-Yeop , Lee Jaeku , Cho Jae-Woo
Published: April 2023

Deep learning has recently become one of the most popular methods of image analysis. In non-clinical studies, several tissue slides are generated to investigate the toxicity of a test compound. These are converted into digital image data using a slide scanner, which is then studied by researchers to investigate abnormalities, and the deep learning method has been started to adopt in this study. However, comparative studies evaluating different deep learning algorithms for analyzing abnormal lesions are scarce. In this study, we applied three algorithms, SSD, Mask R-CNN, and DeepLabV3+, to detect hepatic necrosis in slide images and determine the best deep learning algorithm for analyzing abnormal lesions. We trained each algorithm on 5750 images and 5835 annotations of hepatic necrosis including validation and test, augmented with 500 image tiles of 448 × 448 pixels. Precision, recall, and accuracy were calculated for each algorithm based on the prediction results of 60 test images of 2688 × 2688 pixels. The two segmentation algorithms, DeepLabV3+ and Mask R-CNN, showed over 90% of accuracy (0.94 and 0.92, respectively), whereas SSD, an object detection algorithm, showed lower accuracy. The trained DeepLabV3+ outperformed all others in recall while also successfully separating hepatic necrosis from other features in the test images. It is important to localize and separate the abnormal lesion of interest from other features to investigate it on a slide level. Therefore, we suggest that segmentation algorithms are more appropriate than object detection algorithms for use in the pathological analysis of images in non-clinical studies.
Deep learning based on connected vehicles for icing pavement detection
Authors: Hu Jiajie , Huang Ming-Chun , Yu Xiong Bill
Published: April 2023

Slippery road conditions, such as snowy, icy or slushy pavements, are one of the major threats to road safety in winter. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) spends over 20% of its maintenance budget on pavement maintenance in winter. However, despite extensive research, it remains a challenging task to monitor pavement conditions and detect slippery roadways in real time. Most existing studies have mainly explored indirect estimates based on pavement images and weather forecasts. The emerging connected vehicle (CV) technology offers the opportunity to map slippery road conditions in real time. This study proposes a CV-based slippery detection system that uses vehicles to acquire data and implements deep learning algorithms to predict pavements' slippery conditions. The system classifies pavement conditions into three major categories: dry, snowy and icy. Different pavement conditions reflect different levels of slipperiness: dry surface corresponds to the least slippery condition, and icy surface to the most slippery condition. In practice, more attention should be paid to the detected icy and snowy pavements when driving or implementing pavement maintenance and road operation in winter. The classification algorithm adopted in this study is Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), which is an artificial Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The LSTM model is trained with simulated CV data in VISSIM and optimized with a Bayesian algorithm. The system can achieve 100%, 99.06% and 98.02% prediction accuracy for dry pavement, snowy pavement and icy pavement, respectively. In addition, it is observed that potential accidents can be reduced by more than 90% if CVs can adjust their driving speed and maintain a greater distance from the leading vehicle after receiving a warning signal. Simulation results indicate that the proposed slippery detection system and the information sharing function based on the CV technology and deep learning algorithm (i.e., the LSTM network implemented in this study) are expected to deliver real-time detection of slippery pavement conditions, thus significantly eliminating the potential risk of accidents.
Plasticity of wheat seedling responses to K+ deficiency highlighted by integrated phenotyping of roots and root hairs over the whole root system
Authors: Madani Ikram , Peltier Jean-Benoît , Boeglin Martin , Sentenac Hervé , Véry Anne-Aliénor
Published: April 2023

The availability in the soil of potassium (K+), a poorly mobile macronutrient required in large quantities for plant growth, is generally suboptimal for crop production in the absence of fertilization, making improvement of the ability of crops to adapt to K+ deficiency stress a major issue. Increasing the uptake capacity of the root system is among the main strategies to achieve this goal. Here, we report an integrative approach to examine the effect of K+ deficiency on the development of young plant entire root system, including root hairs which are known to provide a significant contribution to the uptake of poorly mobile nutrients such as K+, in two genetically distant wheat varieties. A rhizobox-type methodology was developed to obtain highly-resolved images of root and root hairs, allowing to describe global root and root hair traits over the whole root system via image analysis procedures. The two wheat varieties responded differently to the K+ shortage: Escandia, a wheat ancestor, reduced shoot biomass in condition of K+ shortage and substantially increased the surface area of its root system, specifically by increasing the total root hair area. Oued Zenati, a landrace, conversely appeared unresponsive to the K+ shortage but was shown to constitutively express, independently of the external K+ availability, favorable traits to cope with reduced K+ availability, among which a high total root hair area. Thus, valuable information on root system adaptation to K+ deficiency was provided by global analyses including root hairs, which should also be relevant for other nutrient stresses.
Improving the bias of a pseudo-maximum likelihood estimate of the extreme value index by k-records
Authors: Louzaoui Abderrahim , El Arrouchi Mohamed
Published: April 2023

The paper focusses on the estimation of the extreme value index in terms ofk-records based on a maximum likelihood approach, which is suggested recently by Louzaoui and El Arrouchi (J Probab Stat, 2020). Its asymptotic normality is well investigated in order to propose a bias correction while ensuring that the new estimator becomes asymptotically unbiased and still normal. Some numerical studies are also provided in order to show how the proposed estimators behave in practice.
Size and composition of colloidal phosphorus across agricultural soils amended with biochar, manure and biogas slurry
Authors: Eltohamy Kamel Mohamed , Milham Paul J. , Gouda Mostafa , Menezes-Blackburn Daniel , Khan Sangar , Liu Boyi , Jin Junwei , Ye Ye , Liang Xinqiang
Published: April 2023

The long-term application of organic amendments like manure, biochar and biogas slurry can increase phosphorus (P) levels in agricultural soils; however, at present, it's not clear how this affects the P association with different mobile water-dispersible colloidal particles (Pcoll). Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of the long-term application of different organic amendments on the abundance, size and compositional characteristics of Pcoll. For this purpose, a total of 12 soils amended with the above three organic amendments were sampled from the Zhejiang Province, China, and Pcoll were fractionated into nano-sized (NC; 1–20 nm), fine-sized (FC; 20–220 nm), and medium-sized (MC; 220–450 nm) by a combination of differential centrifugation and ultrafiltration steps. These three Pcoll forms together accounted for 74 ± 14% of the total soil solution dissolved P content, indicating that Pcoll release was a key process in the overland P transport from these soils. Soils treated with biochar showed lower Pcoll contents than those treated with manure or slurry alone; this effect should be further explored in a controlled inductive research approach. Compositional analysis showed that inorganic P was the predominant Pcoll form in the NC (54 ± 20%) and FC (63 ± 28%) fractions, but not in the MC (42 ± 26%) fraction. Among the three fractions, the organic carbon (OC)–calcium (Ca) complex was the major carrier of NC-bound Pcoll, MC-bound Pcoll was better correlated with OC–manganese/iron/aluminium colloids than with OC–Ca colloids, and both of these phenomena co-occurred in the FC fraction. The current study provides novel insights into the impact of various carbon amendments on the propensity for P loss associated with different soil mobile colloidal fractions, and will therefore, inform future agronomic and environmental-related policies and studies.
Abdominal cocoon syndrome; a rare etiology of intestinal obstruction; a case report
Authors: Saleem Athary , Alenezi Ali , Alenezi Saqer , Hassan Maher , Alshammari Khaled , Alkandari Mohammed
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Introduction

and importance: The abdominal cocoon is a rare entity of intestinal obstruction. The exact etiopathogenesis of this condition is unknown. Most patients presented with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. Radiological investigations such as abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography are crucial to evaluate and diagnose abdominal cocoon syndrome, while most cases are usually identified intraoperatively.

Case presentation

A 32-year-old male patient presented to our hospital with three days of left iliac fossa pain that was associated with multiple vomiting episodes and bowel habits alterations. Physical examination showed a distended abdomen with generalized tenderness. Laboratory investigations showed abnormal values. A plain abdominal X-ray revealed multiple air-fluid levels. Then abdominal CT was performed, and the clinical picture was consistent with small bowel obstruction. So, diagnostic laparoscopy was decided after the conservative management plan failed, during which a cocoon sac was detected intraoperatively. The resected specimen was sent for histopathological studies. The postoperative period was uneventful.

Clinical discussion

Abdominal cocoon syndrome is an unusual cause of abdominal obstruction that can be categorized surgically into four types. It is considered a life-threatening surgical emergency. The clinical features of abdominal cocoon syndrome include those of intestinal obstruction. Radiological tools aid in the diagnosis demonstration but the definitive diagnosis is achieved by laparotomy and histopathology.

Conclusion

Due to the rare etiologic origin of abdominal cocoon syndrome, we report the case of a 32-year-old male patient with left iliac fossa pain, found to be caused by detected abdominal cocoon syndrome.

Highlights
The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams
Authors: McNamara Patrick
Published: April 2023

The Neuroscience of Sleep and Dreams provides comprehensive coverage of the basic neuroscience of both sleep and dreams for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. It details new scientific discoveries, places those discoveries within evolutionary context, and links established findings with implications for sleep medicine. This second edition focuses on recent developments in the social nature of sleep and dreams. Coverage includes the neuroscience of all stages of sleep; the lifespan development of these sleep stages; the role of non-REM and REM sleep in health and mental health; comparative sleep; biological rhythms; sleep disorders; sleep memory; dream content; dream phenomenology, and dream functions. Students, scientists, and interested non-specialists will find this book accessible and informative.
Who Owns Outer Space?
Authors: Byers Michael , Boley Aaron
Published: April 2023

From Space debris to asteroid strikes to anti-satellite weapons, humanity's rapid expansion into Space raises major environmental, safety, and security challenges. In this book, Michael Byers and Aaron Boley, an international lawyer and an astrophysicist, identify and interrogate these challenges and propose actionable solutions. They explore essential questions from, 'How do we ensure all of humanity benefits from the development of Space, and not just the world's richest people?' to 'Is it possible to avoid war in Space?' Byers and Boley explain the essential aspects of Space science, international law, and global governance in a fully transdisciplinary and highly accessible way. Addressing the latest and emerging developments in Space, they equip readers with the knowledge and tools to engage in current and critically important legal, policy, and scientific debates concerning the future development of Space. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Global Distribution and Morphology of Small Seamounts
Authors: Gevorgian Julie , Sandwell David T. , Yu Yao , Kim Seung‐Sep , Wessel Paul
Published: April 2023

Seamounts are isolated elevations in the seafloor with circular or elliptical plans, comparatively steep slopes, and relatively small summit area (Menard, 1964). The vertical gravity gradient (VGG), which is the curvature of the ocean surface topography derived from satellite altimeter measurements, has been used to map the global distribution of seamounts (Kim & Wessel, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05076.x). We used the latest grid of VGG to update and refine the global seamount catalog; we identified 19,325 new seamounts, expanding a previously published catalog having 24,643 seamounts. Seven hundred thirty‐nine well‐surveyed seamounts, having heights ranging from 421 to 2,500 m, were used to estimate the typical radially symmetric seamount morphology. First, an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis was used to demonstrate that these small seamounts have a basal radius that is linearly related to their height—their shapes are scale invariant. Two methods were then used to compute this characteristic base to height ratio: an average Gaussian fit to the stack of all profiles and an individual Gaussian fit for each seamount in the sample. The first method combined the radial normalized height data from all 739 seamounts to form median and median‐absolute deviation. These data were fit by a 2‐parameter Gaussian model that explained 99.82% of the variance. The second method used the Gaussian function to individually model each seamount in the sample and further establish the Gaussian model. Using this characteristic Gaussian shape we show that VGG can be used to estimate the height of small seamounts to an accuracy of ∼270 m.
Unraveling the Magnetic Signal of Individual Grains in a Hawaiian Lava Using Micromagnetic Tomography
Authors: Kosters Martha E. , de Boer Rosa A. , Out Frenk , Cortés‐Ortuño David I. , de Groot Lennart V.
Published: April 2023

Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT) is a new technique that allows the determination of magnetic moments of individual grains in volcanic rocks. Current MMT studies either showed that it is possible to obtain magnetic moments of relatively small numbers of grains in ideal sample material or provided important theoretical advances in MMT inversion theory and/or its statistical framework. Here, we present a large‐scale application of MMT on a sample from the 1907‐flow from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano producing magnetic moments of 1,646 grains. We produced 261,305 magnetic moments in total for these 1,646 grains, an increase of three orders of magnitude compared to earlier studies to assess the robustness of the MMT results, and a major step toward the number of grains that is necessary for paleomagnetic applications of MMT. Furthermore, we show that the recently proposed signal strength ratio is a powerful tool to scrutinize and select MMT results. Despite this progress, still only relatively large iron‐oxide grains with diameters >1.5–2 μm can be reliably resolved, impeding a reliable paleomagnetic interpretation. To determine the magnetic moments of smaller (<1 μm) grains that may exhibit pseudo‐single domain behavior and are therefore better paleomagnetic recorders, the resolution of the microcomputed tomography and magnetic scans necessary for MMT must be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the sample size in future MMT studies. Nevertheless, our study is an important step toward making MMT a useful paleomagnetic and rock‐magnetic technique.
The Global Seismic Moment Rate of Mars After Event S1222a
Authors: Knapmeyer M. , Stähler S. , Plesa A.‐C. , Ceylan S. , Charalambous C. , Clinton J. , Dahmen N. , Durán C. , Horleston A. , Kawamura T. , Kim D. , Li J. , Plasman M. , Zenhäusern G. , Weber R. C. , Giardini D. , Panning M. P. , Lognonné P. , Banerdt W. B.
Published: April 2023

The seismic activity of a planet can be described by the corner magnitude, events larger than which are extremely unlikely, and the seismic moment rate, the long‐term average of annual seismic moment release. Marsquake S1222a proves large enough to be representative of the global activity of Mars and places observational constraints on the moment rate. The magnitude‐frequency distribution of relevant Marsquakes indicates a ‐value of 1.06. The moment rate is likely between and , with a marginal distribution peaking at . Comparing this with pre‐InSight estimations shows that these tended to overestimate the moment rate, and that 30% or more of the tectonic deformation may occur silently, whereas the seismicity is probably restricted to localized centers rather than spread over the entire planet.
Direct Observations of Electron Firehose Fluctuations in the Magnetic Reconnection Outflow
Authors: Cozzani G. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Graham D. B. , André M.
Published: April 2023

Electron temperature anisotropy‐driven instabilities such as the electron firehose instability (EFI) are especially significant in space collisionless plasmas, where collisions are so scarce that wave–particle interactions are the leading mechanisms in the isotropization of the distribution function and energy transfer. Observational statistical studies provided convincing evidence in favor of the EFI constraining the electron distribution function and limiting the electron temperature anisotropy. Magnetic reconnection is characterized by regions of enhanced temperature anisotropy that could drive instabilities—including the electron firehose instability—affecting the particle dynamics and the energy conversion. However, in situ observations of the fluctuations generated by the EFI are still lacking and the interplay between magnetic reconnection and EFI is still largely unknown. In this study, we use high‐resolution in situ measurements by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft to identify and investigate EFI fluctuations in the magnetic reconnection exhaust in the Earth's magnetotail. We find that the wave properties of the observed fluctuations largely agree with theoretical predictions of the non‐propagating EF mode. These findings are further supported by comparison with the linear kinetic dispersion relation. Our results demonstrate that the magnetic reconnection outflow can be the seedbed of EFI and provide the first direct in situ observations of EFI‐generated fluctuations.
An Updated View of the Water Masses on the Northeast Greenland Shelf and Their Link to the Laptev Sea and Lena River
Authors: Willcox E. W. , Bendtsen J. , Mortensen J. , Mohn C. , Lemes M. , Juul‐Pedersen T. , Holding J. , Møller E. F. , Sejr M. K. , Seidenkrantz M.‐S. , Rysgaard S.
Published: April 2023

The Northeast Greenland shelf is a broad Arctic shelf located between Greenland and Fram Strait. It is the principal gateway for sea ice export and sea ice‐associated freshwater from the Arctic Ocean. Sea ice thickness has decreased by 15% per decade since the early 1990s and meteoric freshwater discharge has increased. The consequence of changing sea‐ice and freshwater conditions in the region on ocean dynamics and the biological system remains unknown. Determining the source(s) of freshwater is important to be able to understand how the area will react to future upstream change. Here we present a synoptic survey of the Northeast Greenland shelf and slope with observations of hydrography, the nutrients nitrate, phosphate and silicate, and conservative tracers δ18O, δ2H, and total alkalinity during late summer 2017. We compare these to previously published values, including those which identify Pacific and Atlantic water, the Siberian shelf seas, and the six largest Arctic rivers. We show that a major source of freshwater on the Northeast Greenland shelf during late summer 2017 is the Laptev Sea and find no conclusive evidence of Pacific Water. Our observations indicate a direct link between Northeast Greenland hydrology and processes occurring on Eurasian shelves.
Ageostrophic Contribution by the Wind and Waves Induced Flow to the Lateral Stirring in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Morales‐Márquez Verónica , Hernández‐Carrasco Ismael , Fox‐Kemper Baylor , Orfila Alejandro
Published: April 2023

We study the impact of the Ekman currents and Stokes drift on the surface horizontal transport and mixing properties of the Mediterranean Sea. Finite Size Lyapunov Exponents (FSLE) at the ocean surface are computed over the whole basin using 25 years of satellite altimetry derived geostrophic currents, 10‐m wind velocity and wave fields. We find that the transport pathways unveiled by the geostrophic Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) are significantly modified by the ageostrophic currents (i.e., Ekman and Stokes induced velocities), often leading to a decrease of the retention capacity of the eddies. An exhaustive assessment of the regional and temporal variability of the FSLE shows an increase of the horizontal mixing processes, due to the ageostrophic component, up to 37% in regions such as the Gulf of Lion or the Aegean Sea, during the seasons where wind and waves are intense and persistent. Positive trends in the total FSLE (up to 1.2% of the value of FSLE per year in some regions) suggest that Mediterranean Sea has experienced a significant increase in the intensity of the mixing processes over the last decades. Ageostrophic features are considered to play a role in determining the properties of the relative dispersion. Through the analysis of the Lagrangian Anisotropy Index (LAI) using virtual and real pair of drifters, we observe that the particle dispersion is mainly dominated by the zonal flow, and that the ageostrophic currents induce meridional dispersion, particularly in regions where wind and wave are intensified.
Time‐Lapse Seafloor Surveys Reveal How Turbidity Currents and Internal Tides in Monterey Canyon Interact With the Seabed at Centimeter‐Scale
Authors: Wolfson‐Schwehr M. , Paull C. K. , Caress D. W. , Gwiazda R. , Nieminski N. M. , Talling P. J. , Carvajal C. , Simmons S. , Troni G.
Published: April 2023

Here we show how ultra‐high resolution seabed mapping using new technology can help to understand processes that sculpt submarine canyons. Time‐lapse seafloor surveys were conducted in the axis of Monterey Canyon, ∼50 km from the canyon head (∼1,840 m water depth) over an 18‐month period. These surveys comprised 5‐cm resolution multibeam bathymetry, 1‐cm resolution lidar bathymetry, and 2‐mm resolution stereophotographic imagery. Bathymetry data reveal centimeter‐scale textures that would be undetectable by more traditional survey methods. Upward‐looking Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers at the site recorded the flow character of internal tides and the passage of three turbidity currents, while sediment cores collected from the site record flow deposits. Combined with flow and core data, the bathymetry shows how turbidity currents and internal tides modify the seabed. The turbidity currents drape sediment across the site, infilling bedform troughs and smoothing erosional features carved by the internal tides (e.g., rippled scours). Turbidity currents with speeds of 0.9–3.3 m/s failed to cause notable bedform movement, which is surprising given that flows with similar speeds produced rapid bedform migration elsewhere, including the upper Monterey Canyon. The lack of migration may be related to the character of the underlying substrate or indicate that turbidity currents at the site lack dense, near‐bed layers. The scale of scours produced by the internal tides (≤0.7 m/s) approaches the scale of features recorded in the ancient rock record. Thus, these results illustrate how the scale gap between seabed mapping technology and the rock record may eventually be bridged.
Response of Two Glaciers in Different Climate Settings of the Tibetan Plateau to Climate Change Through Year 2100 Using a Hybrid Modeling Approach
Authors: Han Pengfei , Long Di , Zhao Fanyu , Slater Louise J.
Published: April 2023

Glaciers in High Mountain Asia (HMA) have been continuously retreating over the past four decades under global warming, affecting water availability for humans and ecosystems. However, the potential differences in mass loss and glacier runoff between maritime and continental glaciers of HMA are poorly understood. To understand the response of both types of glaciers to climate change, this study developed a hybrid modeling approach suited to data‐sparse regions, and applied the proposed approach to the Parlung No. 94 Glacier (a maritime glacier) and the Dongkemadi Glacier (a continental glacier) to project glacier change under climate change. Results show that the maritime glacier has a higher balance amplitude and more negative net balance than the continental glacier. Forced by model outputs from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, both glaciers are projected to melt almost entirely by year 2100 under the highest emission scenario (SSP585). The projected year by which the continental glacier's volume (area) is expected to halve, relative to year 2018, is about 5–11 (14) years later than that of the maritime glacier due to lower glacier retreat rates. Glacier runoff projections indicate that the peak glacier runoff occurs later and is larger for higher emission scenarios and for the continental glacier than the maritime glacier. The peak water year for the Dongkemadi Glacier is projected to occur about 24–35 years later than for the Parlung No. 94 Glacier, for which it is expected to occur by the mid‐21st‐century.
Paired Air and Stream Temperature Analysis (PASTA) to Evaluate Groundwater Influence on Streams
Authors: Hare Danielle K. , Benz Susanne A. , Kurylyk Barret L. , Johnson Zachary C. , Terry Neil C. , Helton Ashley M.
Published: April 2023

Groundwater is critical for maintaining stream baseflow and thermal stability; however, the influence of groundwater on streamflow has been difficult to evaluate at broad spatial scales. Techniques such as baseflow separation necessitate streamflow records and do not directly indicate whether groundwater inflow may be sourced from more dynamic shallow flowpaths. We present a web tool application PASTA (Paired Air and Stream Temperature Analysis; https://cuahsi.shinyapps.io/pasta/) that capitalizes on increased public stream temperature data availability and large‐scale, gridded climate observations to provide new and efficient insights regarding relative groundwater influence on streams. PASTA analyzes paired air and stream water temperature signals to evaluate spatiotemporal patterns in stream thermal sensitivity and relative groundwater influence, including inference regarding the dominant source groundwater depth (shallow or deep (i.e., approximately >6 m depth)). The tool is linked to publicly available stream temperature datasets and accepts user‐uploaded datasets. As local air temperature is not often monitored, PASTA pulls daily air temperature data from the comprehensive Daymet products when directly measured data are unavailable, allowing the repurposing of existing stream temperature data. After data are selected or uploaded, the tool (a) fits sinusoidal curves of daily stream and air temperatures by year (water or calendar) to indicate groundwater influence characteristics and (b) performs linear regressions for stream versus air temperatures to indicate stream thermal sensitivity. Results are exported in ASCII file format, creating an efficient and approachable analysis tool for the adoption of newly developed heat tracing analysis from stream reach to landscape scales.
Implementing an Integrated Psychology, Social Services, and Pediatric Diabetes Clinic
Authors: Totka Joan Pennington , Smith Jacquelyn , Brown Sandra , Singh Maharaj , Parton Elaine , Cvecko Dawn , Fortin Heather , Wolfgram Peter M.
Published: April 2023

Objective:

Integrated behavioral health services are rarely implemented as a shared space practice in pediatric diabetes specialty clinics. This paper outlines the clinical outcomes, lessons learned, facilitators, and barriers for supporting youth with diabetes and behavioral health issues whose hemoglobin A1c (A1c) was higher than the target range and their families.

Methods:

Using the Iowa Model of implementation, we redesigned the “Regular Engagement And Connection for Health” (REACH) program to integrate health psychology and social services in a shared space clinic for monthly or bimonthly diabetes visits (REACH+). This clinic focused on partnering with families, screening for behavioral and social determinants of health (SDOH), and identifying goals to provide holistic care. This paper presents program evaluation data from the first 50 youth–parent dyads.

Results:

A team in which all roles were respected and valued was critical to successfully implementing REACH+. Youth in the REACH+ clinic decreased their A1c, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations. Forty percent of youth returned to the standard diabetes clinic. Parents reported fewer resource needs associated with SDOH.

Conclusions:

A structured implementation process for the planning, delivery, and evaluation of a fully integrated shared space pediatric diabetes clinic promoted team cohesion, consensus, and ongoing administrative support along with positive patient and family outcomes.

Implications for Impact Statement

Using an implementation process to build a shared space healthcare team, including psychology and social services, was key to supporting patient and family health outcomes for youth with diabetes. Outcomes included improved A1c, and fewer emergency health and resource needs. Forty percent of youth returned to standard diabetes care.
A Randomized Pilot Trial of a Text Messaging Intervention for Sleep Improvement and Weight Control in Emerging Adults
Authors: Jensen Chad D. , Duraccio Kara M. , Barnett Kimberly A. , Zaugg Kelsey K. , Fortuna Christopher , Giraud-Carrier Christophe , Woolford Susan J.
Published: April 2023

Objective:

Text messaging is a promising weight loss intervention modality for emerging adults who are overweight, but few studies exist to guide intervention development. Furthermore, sleep is emerging as a salient intervention target for weight management. This study examines feasibility and acceptability of two text messaging interventions for weight control in emerging adults, one of which includes sleep intervention content.

Methods:

Forty-three emerging adults who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 < 30; ages 18–21) were randomized to receive either a text messaging intervention focused on diet and physical activity change, or a text messaging intervention designed to modify sleep behavior plus diet and physical activity. The interventions included motivational interviewing, education around health behaviors, physical activity, and dietary goal setting, as well as sleep goals for those in the sleep condition. All participants self-monitored diet, physical activity, and weight via text message for 3 months; those in the sleep intervention monitored nightly sleep duration.

Results:

Intervention acceptability and engagement were high for both conditions. In exploratory analyses, we observed that body mass index remained stable across assessments, regardless of condition. Participants in the sleep modification condition showed significantly greater sleep duration from pre- to post-intervention than those in the standard intervention.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that a weight loss intervention delivered by text messaging, including components designed to improve sleep, is acceptable and feasible for emerging adults who are overweight, and that extended sleep duration may be a benefit of the sleep modification intervention.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study provides support for the feasibility and acceptability of a text messaging intervention combining traditional behavioral weight loss strategies with sleep intervention in emerging adults. Results also suggest that a weight loss intervention targeting sleep improvements may increase sleep duration.
The Tip60/Ep400 chromatin remodeling complex impacts basic cellular functions in cranial neural crest-derived tissue during early orofacial development
Authors: Gehlen-Breitbach Sebastian , Schmid Theresa , Fröb Franziska , Rodrian Gabriele , Weider Matthias , Wegner Michael , Gölz Lina
Published: April 2023

The cranial neural crest plays a fundamental role in orofacial development and morphogenesis. Accordingly, mutations with impact on the cranial neural crest and its development lead to orofacial malformations such as cleft lip and palate. As a pluripotent and dynamic cell population, the cranial neural crest undergoes vast transcriptional and epigenomic alterations throughout the formation of facial structures pointing to an essential role of factors regulating chromatin state or transcription levels. Using CRISPR/Cas9-guided genome editing and conditional mutagenesis in the mouse, we here show that inactivation of Kat5 or Ep400 as the two essential enzymatic subunits of the Tip60/Ep400 chromatin remodeling complex severely affects carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in cranial neural crest cells. The resulting decrease in protein synthesis, proliferation and survival leads to a drastic reduction of cranial neural crest cells early in fetal development and a loss of most facial structures in the absence of either protein. Following heterozygous loss of Kat5 in neural crest cells palatogenesis was impaired. These findings point to a decisive role of the Tip60/Ep400 chromatin remodeling complex in facial morphogenesis and lead us to conclude that the orofacial clefting observed in patients with heterozygous KAT5 missense mutations is at least in part due to disturbances in the cranial neural crest.