bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study on the Evolution of Airflow Temperature and Valid Ventilation Distance Under Different Cooling Strategies in High-Temperature Tunnels for Mining Thermal Energy
Authors: Kang Fangchao , Men Jinlong , Qin Binbin , Sun Guoxi , Chen Ruzhen , Zhang Weikang , Chen Jiamei , Ye Zhenpeng
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive understanding of airflow temperature distribution within high-temperature tunnels is crucial for developing effective cooling strategies that ensure a safe environment and acceptable construction costs. In this paper, we introduce a novel cooling strategy that integrates thermal insulation layers and heat exchangers aligned along the tunnel axis (TIL-HE strategy). We investigate variations in airflow temperature and valid ventilation distance (VVD) and compare them with two other cooling strategies: natural tunnels only employing mechanical ventilation (NT strategy) and tunnels featuring thermal insulation layers (TIL strategy), through the 3D k-ε turbulence model in COMSOL Multiphysics. Our findings indicate that (1) the TIL-HE strategy demonstrates superior cooling performance, resulting in significantly lower airflow temperatures and markedly higher VVD; (2) higher water velocity and more heat exchangers contribute to lower airflow temperature and prolonged VVD; (3) positioning the heat exchangers within the surrounding rock rather than inside the insulation layer leads to even lower airflow temperature and longer VVD. Longitudinal-arranged heat exchangers present fewer construction challenges compared to traditional radial-drilled ones, ultimately reducing tunnel construction costs. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing cooling strategies and engineering parameters in high-temperature tunnel environments.
Optimization of the Meat Flavoring Production Process for Plant-Based Products Using the Taguchi Method
Authors: Sarkisyan Varuzhan , Bilyalova Anastasiya , Vorobyeva Valentina , Vorobyeva Irina , Malinkin Alexey , Zotov Vladimir , Kochetkova Alla
Published: January 2025

The development of plant-based meat substitutes is imperative for reducing animal fat intake and promoting dietary diversification. However, the flavor profiles of these products frequently fall short of consumer expectations. This study sought to optimize the production process of meat flavorings for plant-based products using the Taguchi method. The study investigated the effects of sugar type, concentration, and reaction temperature on the Maillard reaction products, sensory characteristics, and volatile organic compounds. The thermal process flavors were obtained from the flavor precursor by heating in a laboratory microwave station at 30 bar for 15 min. The variable factors were the type of sugar (fructose, glucose, xylose), its concentration (25, 50, and 100 mM), and the temperature of the reaction (140, 150, and 160 °C). The study’s findings indicated that temperature emerged as the predominant factor influencing the formation of Maillard reaction products and the sensory characteristics of the flavorings. Specifically, 25 mM xylose-based flavorings prepared at 140 °C demonstrated the most notable meat flavor and the highest level of acceptability. Moreover, the analysis of volatile organic compounds revealed the presence of a diverse array of substances, including aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols, that are characteristic of meat flavor. A heat map of the volatile content was constructed to facilitate a comparison of the samples. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Taguchi method in optimizing the production process of meat flavorings for plant-based products and provides valuable insights for the development of more balanced odor profiles.
Biocomposite Active Whey Protein Films with Thyme Reinforced by Electrospun Polylactic Acid Fiber Mat
Authors: Dorofte Andreea (Lanciu) , Bleoanca Iulia , Bucur Florentina Ionela , Mustatea Gabriel , Borda Daniela , Stan Felicia , Fetecau Catalin
Published: January 2025

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for obtaining nano/micro fibers which are able to significantly change the active properties of composite materials and bring in new dimensions to agri-food applications. Composite bio-based packaging materials obtained from whey proteins, functionalized with thyme essential oil (TEO) and reinforced by electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) fibers, represent a promising solution for developing new active food packaging using environmentally friendly materials. The aim of this study is to obtain and characterize one-side-active composite films covered with a PLA fiber mat: (i) WF/G1, WF/G2, and WF/G3 resulting from electrospinning with one needle at different electrospinning times of 90, 150, and 210 min, respectively, and (ii) WF/G4 obtained with two face-to-face needles after 210 min of electrospinning. While TEO bioactivity is mainly related to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, the PLA fiber mat uplifted the composite mechanical and barrier properties of films. The bi-layer films obtained were characterized by SEM, showing the distribution of the electrospun fiber mat and an increased thickness of the PLA layer from WF/G1 to WF/G4, while FTIR spectra showed the structural vibrations of the functional groups. The experimental results show that WF/G4 have a FTIR fingerprint resembling PLA, retained ~50% of the volatile compounds present in the uncovered film (WF/TEO), while it only had 1.41 ± 0.14 (%) of the permeability to octanol of the WF/G1 film. WF/G4 exhibited 33.73% of the WVP of WF/G1 and displayed the highest tensile strength, about 2.70 times higher than WF/TEO. All films studied revealed similar antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus, Geotrichum candidum, and Rhodotorula glutinis and good antiradical activity, thus demonstrating good prospects to be applied as food packaging materials. WF/G composite materials are good candidates to be used as bioactive flavoring primary packaging in hard cheese making.
Monitoring the Concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, and K in Sargassum fusiforme at Different Growth Stages by NIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics
Authors: Wei Sisi , Huang Jing , Niu Ying , Tong Haibin , Su Laijin , Zhang Xu , Wu Mingjiang , Yang Yue
Published: January 2025

Sargassum fusiforme, an edible seaweed, plays a crucial role in our daily lives by providing essential nutrients, including minerals, to the human body. The detection of mineral content during different growth stages of S. fusiforme benefits the goals of ensuring product quality, meeting diverse consumer needs, and achieving quality classification. Currently, the determination of minerals in S. fusiforme primarily relies on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and other methods, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Thus, a rapid and convenient method was developed for the determination of six minerals (i.e., Na, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, and K) in S. fusiforme via near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy based on chemometrics. This study investigated the variations in minerals in S. fusiforme from different growth stages. The effects of four spectral pretreatment methods and three wavelength selection methods, including the synergy interval partial least squares (SI-PLS) algorithm, genetic algorithm (GA), and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling method (CARS) on the model optimization, were evaluated. Superior CARS-PLS models were established for Na, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, and K with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.8196 × 103 mg kg−1, 0.4370 × 103 mg kg−1, 1.544 × 103 mg kg−1, 0.9745 mg kg−1, 49.88 mg kg−1, and 7.762 × 103 mg kg−1, respectively, and coefficient of determination of prediction (RP2) values of 0.9787, 0.9371, 0.9913, 0.9909, 0.9874, and 0.9265, respectively. S. fusiforme demonstrated higher levels of Mg and Ca at the seedling stage and lower levels of Cu and Fe at the maturation stage. Additionally, S. fusiforme exhibited higher Na and lower K at the growth stage. NIR combined with CARS-PLS is a potential alternative for monitoring the concentrations of minerals in S. fusiforme at different growth stages, aiding in the convenient evaluation and further grading of the quality of S. fusiforme.
Amino Acid Profile and Mineral Content of Cultivated Snails Acusta despecta and Achatina fulica: Assessing Their Potential as Nutritional Source
Authors: Ghosh Sampat , Kim Min-Jung , Sun Sukjun , Jung Chuleui
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the nutritional potential of two cultivated snail species, Acusta despecta and Achatina fulica, sourced from commercial farms in Korea, marking the first comprehensive analysis of A. despecta. The protein content of A. despecta (70.9 g/100 g dry matter) was significantly higher than that of A. fulica (44.2 g/100 g dry matter). Similar trends were observed for ash content (6.3 vs. 4.9 g/100 g dry matter) and crude fiber (2.9 vs. 0.4 g/100 g dry matter). Reflecting the higher protein content, A. despecta contained elevated levels of most amino acids compared to A. fulica. Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid, with leucine and lysine being the predominant essential amino acids in both species. The total amino acid content was 57.6 g/100 g dry matter for A. despecta and 40.4 g/100 g for A. fulica. Mineral analysis revealed significantly higher concentrations of minerals in A. despecta, except calcium and magnesium. Notably, A. despecta provided over 100% of the RDA/AI for calcium, phosphorus, copper, and manganese and met 94.5% of the iron RDA for women. These results emphasize the potential of A. despecta as a valuable dietary source for addressing protein and mineral deficiencies, particularly in nutrient-poor diets.
Nano Silicon Modulates Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacities of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) Under Water Deficit Condition
Authors: Sobatinasab Zahra , Rahimmalek Mehdi , Etemadi Nematollah , Szumny Antoni
Published: January 2025

Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) is an important spice in the food industry, as a well as a medicinal plant with remarkable antioxidant properties. In this study, its essential oil content, chemical composition, flavonoid content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated under three irrigation regimes (50, 70, and 90% field capacity) and different amounts of nano silicon (0, 1.5, and 3 mM) in ten populations of ajowan. Based on the GC–MS analysis, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene were determined as the main components of the oil. The thymol content ranged from 34.16% in the Ardabil population (irrigation at 50% and nano silicon at 1.5 mM) to 65.71% in the Khorbir population (without nano silicon and irrigation at 50%). The highest phenolic content was in Khormo with irrigation at 90% and without nano silicon (172.3 mg TAE/g DW), while the lowest was found in Hamedan (irrigation at 50% and without nano silicon (7.2 mg TAE/g DW)). Irrigation at 50% and no nano silicon treatment led to an increase in total flavonoids in Ardabil (46.786 mg QUE/g DW). The antioxidant activity of ajowan was evaluated using the DPPH assay. Accordingly, the highest antioxidant capacity was observed in Khormo (irrigation at 90% without nano silicon; 4126 µg/mL). Moreover, the highest thymol content was observed in the Khorbir population with irrigation at 50% and without nano silicon treatment. Furthermore, correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) provide new insights into the production of ajowan from their substrates under nano silicon treatment and water deficit conditions. Finally, the results revealed information on how to improve the desired essential oil profile and antioxidant capacity of extracts for industrial producers.
New Approaches to Fractal–Fractional Bullen’s Inequalities Through Generalized Convexity
Authors: Saleh Wedad , Boulares Hamid , Moumen Abdelkader , Albala Hussien , Meftah Badreddine
Published: January 2025

This paper introduces a new identity involving fractal–fractional integrals, which allow us to derive several new Bullen-type inequalities via generalized convexity. This study provides a significant advancement in the area of fractal–fractional inequalities, presenting a range of results not only for fractional integrals and fractal calculus, but also offering a refinement of the well-known Bullen-type inequality. We further explore the connections between generalized convexity and fractal–fractional integrals, showing how the concept of generalized convexity enables the establishment of error bounds for fractal–fractional integrals involving lower-order derivatives, with an emphasis on their applications in various fields. The findings expand the current understanding of fractal–fractional inequalities and offer new insights into the use of local fractional derivatives for analyzing functions with fractional-order properties.
Black Holes and Baryon Number Violation: Unveiling the Origins of Early Galaxies and the Low-Mass Gap
Authors: Gogberashvili Merab , Sakharov Alexander S.
Published: January 2025

We propose that modifications to the Higgs potential within a narrow atmospheric layer near the event horizon of an astrophysical black hole could significantly enhance the rate of sphaleron transitions, as well as transform the Chern–Simons number into a dynamic variable. As a result, sphaleron transitions in this region occur without suppression, in contrast to low-temperature conditions, and each transition may generate a substantially greater baryon number than would be produced by winding around the Higgs potential in Minkowski spacetime. This effect amplifies baryon number violation near the black hole horizon, potentially leading to a considerable generation of matter. Given the possibility of a departure from equilibrium during the absorption of matter and the formation of relativistic jets in supermassive black holes, we conjecture that this process could contribute to the creation of a significant amount of matter around such black holes. This phenomenon may offer an alternative explanation for the rapid growth of supermassive black holes and their surrounding galaxies in the early Universe, as suggested by recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope. Furthermore, this mechanism may provide insights into the low-mass gap puzzle, addressing the observed scarcity of black holes with masses near the Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit.
Consequences of Invasive Prosopis (Mesquite) on Vegetation, Soil Health, Biodiversity, and Compliance of Management Practices in South African Rangelands: A Review
Authors: Malongweni Siviwe Odwa , Mrubata Kaya , van Tol Johan , Abd Elbasit Mohamed A. M. , Harebottle Douglas M.
Published: January 2025

Prosopis glandulosa (Mesquite), an invasive alien tree species, poses major threats to soil health, native vegetation, and biodiversity in South African rangelands. The negative impacts of Prosopis on socio-economic, environmental, and ecological resources outweigh the benefits. Most South African researchers are afraid that if left uncontrolled or poorly managed, it can cause severe land degradation, reduced agricultural productivity, indigenous-species shift, and ultimately the loss of biodiversity. Consequently, this will undermine key sustainable development goals related to food security and environmental conservation. In this review we conducted a systematic review, identifying 309 peer-reviewed articles from Google Scholar and Web of Science, screening and analyzing 98 of these, and ultimately reviewing 34 publications in detail. Three key research gaps were identified: (1) insufficient research focused on Prosopis invasion in South Africa; (2) limited integration and collaboration between the agricultural sector, environmental conservation sector, and governmental bodies; and (3) challenges in policy implementation within invaded areas. The study seeks to address these gaps by highlighting the impact of this alien invasive Prosopis species on land, biodiversity, and overall ecosystem stability. It also investigates policy issues surrounding invasive species and their control. Effective management of Prosopis within the country will not only control the spread but also support the broader objectives of environmental conservation, agricultural sustainability, and socio-economic development.
The Role of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction in Recurrent Chronic Otitis Media: A Cross-Sectional Study of Anatomical and Functional Variations
Authors: Alshehri Sarah , Musleh Abdullah
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Recurrent chronic otitis media (rCOM) is a major cause of hearing impairment, often linked to Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction. Anatomical abnormalities, such as ET narrowing and obstructions, and functional impairments, including poor pressure regulation, play significant roles in rCOM recurrence. This study aimed to (1) identify anatomical variations of the ET in patients with rCOM using high-resolution imaging; (2) evaluate ET functional status using tympanometry, tubomanometry, and ET function tests; and (3) assess the correlation between anatomical variations and functional impairments in predicting rCOM recurrence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 212 patients with rCOM and 212 controls. High-resolution CT and MRI were used to assess ET anatomy, while functional status was evaluated using tympanometry, tubomanometry, and Valsalva maneuver tests. Statistical analyses, including t-tests, Pearson correlation, and Cox proportional hazards models, were applied to examine the relationship between anatomical and functional impairments and rCOM recurrence. Results: Significant anatomical differences were observed in the rCOM group, including ET narrowing (24.53% vs. 11.32%, p = 0.014) and curvature (32.08% vs. 14.15%, p < 0.001). Functional impairments were also more prominent in rCOM patients, with higher ET opening pressure (120.56 ± 14.34 dPa vs. 85.78 ± 12.98 dPa, p < 0.001) and lower Valsalva maneuver success rates (62.32% vs. 89.56%, p < 0.001). Cox regression indicated that anatomical and functional impairments significantly predicted faster recurrence (HR for tympanometry peak pressure = 1.56, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The ETs anatomical and functional impairments are significant predictors of rCOM recurrence. A combined assessment of these factors can improve diagnostic accuracy and guide more targeted interventions to prevent recurrence.
Environmental Archaeology and Heritage in Dakhla Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Kindermann Karin , Bussmann Richard
Published: January 2025

Debates about archaeological heritage in Egypt are commonly focused on the spectacular monuments of the Pharaonic, Greek, and Roman periods. In contrast, landscapes and the long prehistory of Northeast Africa receive far more limited attention. The Cologne Summer School (CSS), ‘Environmental archaeology: dealing with cultural and natural heritage’, organised in Dakhla Oasis (Egypt) in September 2023, brought Egyptian and German students, archaeologists and heritage professionals together to discuss how heritage management, the protection of the landscape and archaeological fieldwork can be integrated meaningfully in the region. This paper summarises the results of the discussions of the summer school, set against an outline of current site-based heritage practises in Egypt and archaeological research in and around Dakhla Oasis. A major outcome of the discussions is the realisation that a distinct narrative needs to be developed for Dakhla Oasis and the surrounding desert landscape to provide an encompassing strategy for the management and protection of its archaeological heritage, from prehistoric times through Pharaonic Egypt to the recent past.
The Role of Frontier Territories in Geopolitics
Authors: Bowden Brett
Published: January 2025

More than two-thirds of all the world’s states are involved in at least one territorial dispute. Overall, there are approximately 175 disputes involving competing claims to more than 100 distinct territories. If maritime boundaries are included, the number of disputes multiplies more than two-fold. Since at least the thirteenth century, frontier buffer zones with length and breadth have been an important mechanism in managing territorial disputes along contested borders. These historical examples have much to teach us about containing contemporary territorial disputes.
Investigating Social Vulnerability to Extreme Heat: Heat Islands and Climate Shelters in Urban Contexts: The Case of Bologna
Authors: Maccabiani Elisa , Usmani Munazza , Nanni Riccardo , Napolitano Maurizio
Published: January 2025

In this article we present three instruments: (1) a social vulnerability to extreme heat index to identify the areas of a city (and populations thereof) more vulnerable to extreme heat due to climate change (heat islands); (2) a new overall fragility index that incorporates social vulnerability to extreme heat as well as socioeconomic indicators; and (3) a climate shelter index (CSI) to identify areas within a city that can provide relief from extreme heat based on green and blue solutions. We elaborated these three indexes to measure social vulnerability to extreme heat in the municipality of Bologna, which serves as this article’s case study. By analyzing the connections between social vulnerability to extreme heat and several socio-demographic variables in Bologna, we found that a decrease in income is significantly correlated with an increase in social vulnerability to extreme heat in urban contexts. A comparison between our new overall fragility index and the existing index adopted by the municipality of Bologna (Indice di fragilità, Comune di Bologna) showed that about 75% of the statistical areas observed are worse off when social vulnerability to extreme heat is also considered. Considering social vulnerability to extreme heat shows vulnerabilities in a city (here: Bologna) that the pre-existing index did not consider. These findings and our new indexes can support the Bologna administration (and other local administrations) in addressing the consequences of climate change for their most vulnerable residents.
RETRACTED: Gu et al. Long Coding RNA XIST Contributes to Neuronal Apoptosis through the Downregulation of AKT Phosphorylation and Is Negatively Regulated by miR-494 in Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 732
Authors: Gu Shixin , Xie Rong , Liu Xiaodong , Shou Jiajun , Gu Wentao , Che Xiaoming
Published: January 2025

The journal retracts the article titled “Long Coding RNA XIST Contributes to Neuronal Apoptosis through the Downregulation of AKT Phosphorylation and Is Negatively Regulated by miR-494 in Rat Spinal Cord Injury” [...]
Physiological and Multi-Omics Integrative Analysis Provides New Insights into Tolerance to Waterlogging Stress in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Zhang Lu , Wang Suhua , Yang Xuele , He Luqiu , Hu Liqin , Tang Rui , Li Jiguang , Liu Zhongsong
Published: January 2025

Plant growth and development require water, but excessive water hinders growth. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil crop; it is drought-tolerant but sensitive to waterlogging, and its drought tolerance has been extensively studied. However, the waterlogging tolerance of sesame still has relatively few studies. In this study, two kinds of sesame, R (waterlogging-tolerant) and S (waterlogging-intolerant), were used as materials, and they were treated with waterlogging stress for 0, 24, 72, and 120 h. Physiological analysis showed that after waterlogging, sesame plants responded to stress by increasing the contents of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione (GSH), and some other antioxidants. The results of the multi-omics analysis of sesame under waterlogging stress revealed 15,652 (R) and 12,156 (S) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 41 (R) and 47 (S) differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis), and 896 (R) and 1036 (S) differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). The combined DEMi-DEG analysis that 24 DEMis regulated 114 DEGs in response to waterlogging stress. In addition, 13 hub genes and three key pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were identified by multi-omics analysis under waterlogging stress. The results showed that sesame regulated the content of hormones and antioxidants and promoted energy conversion in the plant through the above pathways to adapt to waterlogging stress. In summary, this study further analyzed the response mechanism of sesame to waterlogging stress and provides helpful information for the breeding of plants for waterlogging tolerance and genetic improvement.
Circadian- and Light-Driven Rhythmicity of Interconnected Gene Networks in Olive Tree
Authors: Forgione Ivano , Sirangelo Tiziana Maria , Godino Gianluca , Vendramin Elisa , Salimonti Amelia , Sunseri Francesco , Carbone Fabrizio
Published: January 2025

A circadian clock (CC) has evolved in plants that synchronizes their growth and development with daily and seasonal cycles. A properly functioning circadian clock contributes to increasing plant growth, reproduction, and competitiveness. In plants, continuous light treatment has been a successful approach for obtaining novel knowledge about the circadian clock. The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean area, and, so far, limited information is available on its CC gene network. Here, we studied the behavior of circadian rhythm genes under LD (light/darkness) and LL (light/light) conditions, the relationships in this network, and the ability of the treatments to modulate gene expression in the photoprotective pigment and lipid biosynthesis pathways. One month of LL conditions increased olive growth performance, but LL exposure also caused reductions in vegetative growth and chlorophyll accumulation. A panel was designed for a study of the transcription expression levels of the genes involved in light perception, the CC, and secondary metabolite and fatty acid biosynthesis. Our results revealed that the levels of 78% of the transcripts exhibited intraday differences under LD conditions, and most of them retained this rhythmicity after exposure to one and two months of LL conditions. Furthermore, co-regulation within a complex network among genes of photoreceptors, anthocyanidins, and fatty acids biosynthesis was orchestrated by the transcription factor HY5. This research enriches our knowledge on olive trees grown under prolonged irradiation, which may be attractive for the scientific community involved in breeding programs for the improvement of this species.
Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Resistance Mechanisms of Brassica napus Against Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Zhou Cong , Xu Li , Zuo Rong , Bai Zetao , Fu Tongyu , Zeng Lingyi , Qin Li , Zhang Xiong , Shen Cuicui , Liu Fan , Gao Feng , Xie Meili , Tong Chaobo , Ren Li , Huang Junyan , Liu Lijiang , Liu Shengyi
Published: January 2025

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important crop for healthy edible oil and stockfeed worldwide. However, its growth and yield are severely hampered by black rot, a destructive disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Despite the identification of several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to black rot in Brassica crops, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated Xcc-induced transcriptomic and metabolic changes in the leaves of two rapeseed varieties: Westar (susceptible) and ZS5 (resistant). Our findings indicated that Xcc infection elicited more pronounced overall transcriptomic and metabolic changes in Westar compared to ZS5. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism were enriched in both varieties. Notably, photosynthesis was down-regulated in Westar after infection, whereas this down-regulation occurred at a later stage in ZS5. Integrated analyses of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that the tryptophan metabolism pathway was enriched in both varieties. Indolic glucosinolates and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are two metabolites derived from tryptophan. The expression of genes involved in the indolic glucosinolate pathway and the levels of indolic glucosinolates were significantly elevated in both varieties post-infection. Additionally, exogenous application of IAA promoted the development of black rot, whereas the use of an IAA synthesis inhibitor attenuated black rot development in both resistant and susceptible rapeseed varieties. These findings provide valuable molecular insights into the interactions between rapeseed and Xcc, facilitating the advancement of black rot resistance breeding in Brassica crops.
A Review of Edible Wild Plants Recently Introduced into Cultivation in Spain and Their Health Benefits
Authors: Valdes Benito , Kozuharova Ekaterina , Stoycheva Christina
Published: January 2025

Before the Bronze age, when agricultural practices spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula, the diet of the native people was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants. In spite of modern agriculture, the popular gathering of wild species for medical use, food, craftwork, etc., for centuries has left a detailed knowledge on the use of many of these species. Of the 6176 Angiosperms native to the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, over 200 species were introduced into cultivation during the Neolithic period outside the Iberian Peninsula. The names of 30 of the progenitors still popularly used as food are listed in this paper, together with the names of their derived crops. This review focuses on five wild species collected as food from ancient times, namely Borago officinalis L. Prunus spinosa L., Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garke subsp. vulgaris, Scolymus hispanicus L., and Asparagus acutifolius L. In response to great demand, they have been recently introduced into cultivation in Spain and are now harvested and commercialized as new crops. Special attention is paid to their basic bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties. The limitation of this study is that the published information about the bioactive compounds of these five plants originates from different parts of the world where they grow wild or are cultivated. Therefore, further research is needed to trace the metabolomic dynamics of these plants regarding geographical and ecological principles, as well as wild versus cultivated origins.
Current Status, Challenges, and Perspectives in the Conservation of Native Honeybees and Beekeeping in Cambodia
Authors: Guerin Eric , Chheang Chhouk , Sinpoo Chainarong , Attasopa Korrawat , Noirungsee Nuttapol , Zheng Huoqing , Ling Tial C. , Phokasem Patcharin , Disayathanoowat Terd
Published: January 2025

The four honeybee species native to Cambodia—Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis florea, and Apis andreniformis—play a vital role in ecosystem health and agricultural productivity through their pollination activities. Beekeeping in Cambodia has primarily developed around the introduced species Apis mellifera. However, it remains underdeveloped compared to neighboring countries, with wild honey collection continuing to play a significant role. Although native bees are not at immediate risk of extinction, their crucial ecological and socio-economic roles, coupled with the threats to their populations, necessitate the urgent implementation of conservation policies. The beekeeping sector in Cambodia faces numerous challenges that hinder its development. These include a lack of documentation and official data, limited access to productive apiaries, inappropriate pesticide practices, insufficient knowledge about bee health, diseases, and parasites, inadequate organization and representation of beekeepers, the high cost of Cambodian honey, and a lack of consumer awareness and trust in local bee products. This paper provides an overview of the status and distribution of honeybee species, along with the production, value chain, and trade of bee products in Cambodia. It examines the challenges of conserving native honeybees and developing the beekeeping sector while proposing strategies to strengthen bee conservation and support the growth of beekeeping in the country. Key recommendations focus on integrating bee conservation strategies with broader conservation goals, such as reducing deforestation, promoting sustainable agriculture, and regulating the consumption of wild bee brood. Key strategies for the development of beekeeping are documenting and conserving bee floral resources and habitats, reducing the use of bee-toxic pesticides, developing research and training capacities in beekeeping, regulating bee imports, and enhancing quality and authenticity testing facilities. Additionally, building capacity among honey value chain stakeholders in areas such as quality control, authenticity, processing, packaging, and marketing is essential.
Second Versus First Molar Extractions in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion Treatment: A Retrospective Longitudinal Outcome Study into Maxillary Canine, Premolar, and Molar Movement
Authors: Oostenbrink Akkelien H. A. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Booij Johan W. , Dieters Arjan J. A. , Ren Yijin , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne Marie , Bruggink Robin
Published: January 2025

Background/objectives: This retrospective longitudinal outcome study comparing orthodontic extraction modalities, including extraction of maxillary first or second molars, aimed to compare the three-dimensional tooth movement of maxillary canines (C), premolars (P1, P2), and molars (M1, M2) in Class II division 1 malocclusion treatment with fixed appliances. Methods: A sample of 98 patients (mean age 13.20 ± 1.46 years) was selected for the M1 group, and 64 patients (mean age 13.20 ± 1.36 years) were chosen for the M2 group. Tooth movement was analyzed three-dimensionally on pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) digital dental casts. Regression analyses compared the tooth movements (in mm) between the M1 and M2 groups. Results: The mean treatment duration for the M1 group was 2.51 ± 0.55 year, while, for the M2 group, it was 1.53 ± 0.37 year. The data showed limited distal movements of the C, P1, and P2 of approximately 2 mm in the M1 group and 1 mm in the M2 group during orthodontic treatment, but the M1 group exhibited significantly more distal movements than the M2 group (mean difference 1.11 to 1.24 mm). Vertical movements of the C, P1, and P2 in both groups were also minor (0.16 to 1.26 mm). The differences between groups did not exceed 0.2 mm and were not significant. Both treatment modalities resulted in a significant degree of anchorage loss with a distinct mesialization (8.40 ± 1.66 mm) of M2 in the M1 group and limited distalization (0.83 ± 0.98 mm) of M1 in the M2 group. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of thorough case evaluation when choosing between extraction modalities in Class II treatment. If a large distal movement of canines and premolars is required, additional anchorage mechanics should be considered.
Effect of Combined Proteinuria and Increased Renal Resistive Index on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Romano Giulio , Fiorini Nicholas , Bertoni Martina , Rondinella Stefania , Di Pietra Laura , Cola Marco F. , De Martin Paolo , Tonizzo Maurizio , Desinan Lorenzo , Boari Benedetta , Manfredini Roberto , Colussi GianLuca
Published: January 2025

Introduction: An increased renal resistive index (RRI) and proteinuria can predict an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) of various causes. This study hypothesized that the RRI and proteinuria interact to determine disease progression in patients with CKDs of unknown origin. Patients and Methods: One hundred and fifty six patients (age 76.0 ± 8.1 years, 63.5% males) were analyzed for anthropometric, kidney morphology, blood pressure, 24 h urinary protein excretion, and RRI. The CKD-EPI equation was used to calculate the eGFR at baseline and after a two-year follow-up. Patients with an elevated (≥0.80) or normal (<0.80) RRI and significant (≥150 mg/day) or physiological (<150 mg/day) proteinuria were evaluated for the likelihood of at least a 30% drop in the eGFR or the onset of end-stage kidney disease (endpoint). Results: Hypertension and diabetes were the predominant cardiovascular risk factors (90.4%). Fifty patients (32%) met the endpoint. Elevated RRIs (odds ratio, OR, 4.28; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.82–10.6; p = 0.001) and significant proteinuria (OR 3.59, 95% CI 1.59–8.48, p = 0.003) were independent predictors of the endpoint in a multivariate logistic model. Patients with an elevated RRI and significant proteinuria were more likely to meet the endpoint (R1P1: 65.2%) compared to those with only proteinuria (R0P1: 39.5%, p = 0.043) or both normal factors (R0P0: 10.9%, p < 0.001) but not to those with only an elevated RRI (R1P0: 42.3%, p = 0.094). Continuous RRIs (partial correlation r = −0.245, p < 0.001) and 24 h urinary protein excretion (partial r = −0.226, p = 0.003) were inversely and independently correlated with eGFR% change. R1P1 showed a higher eGFR% reduction (−38.0% ± 20.4%) compared to R0P1 (−25.3% ± 19.0%, p = 0.043) and R0P0 (−8.8% ± 25.1%, p < 0.001) but not to R1P0 (−29.6% ± 21.0%, p = 0.192). Conclusions: An increased RRI and proteinuria were independent predictors of disease progression. When interaction was considered, the negative effect of an elevated RRI on CKD progression was evident in both proteinuric and non-proteinuric patients, whereas the negative effect of proteinuria on disease progression was only significant in patients with no elevated RRIs.
Clinical Profiles, Survival, and Lung Function Outcomes in ANCA-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: An Observational Study
Authors: Valero-Martínez Cristina , Valenzuela Claudia , Baldivieso Achá Juan Pablo , Martínez-Besteiro Elisa , Quiroga-Colina Patricia , Alfranca Arantzazu , Vicente-Rabaneda Esther F. , Muñiz Susana Hernández , Castañeda Santos , García-Vicuña Rosario
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) have been found in interstitial lung disease (ILD) in recent years, although its impact on ILD prognosis is less known. To date, ANCAs are not included in the interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) definition criteria. Therefore, ANCA-ILD, in the absence of known ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), could be underdiagnosed. Our aim was to analyze the clinical profile and prognosis of ANCA-ILD patients. Methods: Patients diagnosed with ILD and positive ANCA were enrolled in a retrospective, monocentric cohort study. Lung function outcomes and mortality were assessed according to clinical, serological, radiological, and treatment characteristics. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models. Results: A total of 23 patients were included, mostly women, with a median time from ILD diagnosis of 36 (24–68) months and a predominant anti-MPO pattern (56.5%). Nearly half of the patients had AAV, mostly microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). The presence of AAV was significantly associated with anti-MPO antibodies and an NSIP radiographic pattern. Overall, the fibrotic pattern (either UIP or fibrotic NSIP) was the most common (73.9%), mainly UIP (51.2%). However, it appeared less frequently in the AAV-ILD group. During follow-up, lung function impairment or radiological progression was observed in 65.2% of patients. Cumulative mortality incidence was high (43.4%), largely due to ILD itself (80%). A UIP pattern was associated with a higher and earlier mortality (HR 34.4 [1.36–132]), while the use of immunosuppressants showed a trend towards lower ILD-related death. Conclusions: In our cohort, ANCA-ILD patients mostly presented with fibrotic patterns, with AAV in almost half of the cases and a high and early mortality rate, which suggests the need to assess ANCA in all ILD patients.
Sexual and Urinary Dysfunction Following Isolated Acetabulum Fractures: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Wakefield Sophia M. , Kanakaris Nikolaos K. , Giannoudis Peter V.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Acetabular fractures are rare fractures of the pelvis which usually result from trauma. Whilst data are reported on sexual and genitourinary function in those with pelvic fractures, less is known about those with isolated acetabulum fractures. This systematic review aimed to determine, first, the frequency of sexual and genitourinary dysfunction following isolated acetabulum fractures and, second, the nature of these complications. Methods: A PRISMA strategy was used. Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and EMBASE library databases were interrogated using pre-defined MeSH terms and Boolean operators. Quality of evidence was evaluated based on OCEBM and GRADE systems. Results: Seven studies based on 648 individuals were identified with a mean follow-up time of 33.6 ± 22.4 months. Five papers described sexual functional outcomes, and two reported genitourinary function. Acetabulum fractures were noted to have an impact on sexual function ranging from 20.0% to 39.8% within the groups analysed. With respect to genitourinary outcomes, incidence of lower urinary tract injury and spontaneous voiding failure was quite low, but due to the existence of little data, firm conclusions cannot be made. Conclusions: This review has highlighted a paucity of data related to outcomes of sexual and genitourinary function in patients who are post-acetabulum fracture. The limited available data suggests that acetabular fractures have an impact on sexual function, but the impact on genitourinary function is less clear. Further prospective work is required to better understand the relationship between baseline demographics, injury characteristics, injury mechanism and concurrent injuries, and surgical fixation and acetabular-fracture outcomes.
Surgical Treatment of Pectus Excavatum: The Boundary Between Pathologic and Aesthetic Need
Authors: Ciriaco Paola
Published: January 2025

Background: Pectus excavatum, also known as sunken chest or funnel chest, is a structural deformity of the anterior chest wall, characterized by an inward sternum. This condition can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular issues, although it is often addressed for aesthetic reasons. This perspective article reviews the experiences of multiple centers in treating pectus excavatum, to explore whether a clear boundary exists between pathological and aesthetic needs. Methods: The research was conducted on PubMed, using the following targeted search queries to identify relevant studies: “pectus excavatum and surgery”, and “pectus excavatum and conservative treatment.” Additional searches were performed for articles related to the psychological and emotional state of patients with pectus excavatum. Results: Over 2000 articles related to the topic were identified in the literature. Only primary studies from the past 20 years were included, with a focus on centers reporting a minimum of 30 to 50 cases annually. Nearly 60% of these centers perform the Nuss procedure, exclusively. Major complications occurred in 1–2% of cases, particularly when the procedure was performed without videothoracoscopy. Post-surgery, improvements in lung function and exercise capacity were reported, along with significant reductions in depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The decision to pursue surgical correction of pectus excavatum requires a thorough evaluation of both therapeutic and aesthetic factors. A patient-centered approach, considering both the physical and emotional aspects of the condition, is essential for achieving the best possible outcome.
Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fracture: When Should We Surgically Treat? A Case-Series
Authors: Familiari Filippo , Zappia Andrea , Gasparini Giorgio , Mercurio Michele , Tedesco Giuseppe , Riccelli Daria Anna , Perticone Livio , Carlisi Giovanni , Testa Gianluca , Lucenti Ludovico , Pavone Vito , Vescio Andrea
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHFs) are the most common pediatric elbow injuries and often require surgical intervention. Despite guidelines, optimal timing for surgical management, particularly for cases without neurovascular compromise, remains unclear. This study evaluates the influence of surgical timing on short-term outcomes, focusing on fracture reduction quality and surgical parameters. Methods: In total, 62 pediatric patients who had been treated for Gartland type II and III SCHF between 2018 and 2023 were retrospectively assessed. Patients were grouped based on time of admission (morning, afternoon, early evening, and night shifts) and time to surgery (<12 h vs. >12 h). Primary outcomes included immediate radiological reduction, assessed via the Baumann’s angle (BA) and shaft-condylar angle (SCA). Secondary outcomes encompassed surgery duration and radiation exposure. Statistical analyses used ANOVA and chi-square tests, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: No significant differences were observed in BA (p = 0.84) or SCA (p = 0.79) between early and delayed surgical groups. Similarly, surgical timing (shift or delay >12 h) did not significantly affect surgery duration (p = 0.92) or radiation exposure (p = 0.12). The complication rate was 6.45%. Conclusions: Surgical timing, including delays beyond 12 h, does not adversely affect short-term outcomes in SCHFs. However, after-hours procedures may pose practical challenges, emphasizing the importance of surgeon experience and institutional protocols. Larger prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and examine them in the long term.
Bayesian Sequential Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial Design for PrEventive Effect of MEditerranean Diet in Children: PEMED Trial Research Protocol
Authors: Azzolina Danila , Auricchio Salvatore , Greco Luigi , Auricchio Renata
Published: January 2025

Background: Childhood nutrition plays an important role in the promotion of long-term health. Introducing solid foods in alignment with the Mediterranean Diet during weaning fosters a preference for healthy foods early in life. However, access to nutritious diets remains a challenge in underserved communities. Scampia, a socioeconomically disadvantaged district in Naples, Italy, exemplifies a community where barriers to healthy eating persist. This research reports a trial protocol that plans for a study to evaluate the impact of the Mediterranean Diet on child health and to establish preventive strategies for chronic diseases. Methods: The PEMED (PrEventive effect of MEditerranean Diet in Children) trial is a Bayesian Sequential Pragmatic Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. Family Pediatricians (FPs) are randomized to deliver either Mediterranean Diet-based dietary guidance starting at weaning or standard dietary practices using typical baby foods. Children will be followed up for six years, with regular assessments of growth, microbiome composition, and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, using validated tools. Interim analyses will be conducted at three-year intervals to evaluate the efficacy and monitor adverse events. Saliva and stool samples will be collected for genetic and microbiome analyses, and adherence will be monitored through quarterly dietary recalls and biomarkers. Results: This trial will consider Italy’s established FP network for implementing innovative dietary intervention in a real-world setting. Conclusions: This study will address nutritional disparities in the underserved Scampia community and provide a scalable model for early dietary interventions. The results will shed light on the role of the Mediterranean Diet in improving childhood health and informing public health strategies globally.