bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International learning: antecedents and performance implications among newly internationalizing companies in an exporting context
Authors: Yeoh Poh‐Lin
Published: September 2004

This study employs learning‐based theory to shed light on performance among newly internationalizing companies. Earlier studies have suggested that learning is an important goal for firms pursuing international diversification. Unlike previous studies which have focused their attention on one aspect of learning, this study examines three kinds of learning from internationalization: technological, market, and social. The impact of top management's prior international experience and cultural diversity on the three types of learning were also examined to understand their contingency effects. Consistent with social capital theory, external networks with suppliers and customers are a major contributor to a firm's international performance. Also, the findings for the influence of market learning on firm performance support the assumptions underlying the resource‐based view of the firm. However, mixed results were obtained for the relationship between technological learning and firm performance. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
New Zealand pathologists: a case study in occupational control
Authors: France Necia , Lawrence Stewart , Smith John F.
Published: September 2004

This paper examines the progressive exertion of external managerial control over New Zealand pathologists as the country’s New Public Management health reforms were implemented during the 1990s. Perspectives on professionalism, and its role in the effective use of resources, are discussed as part of the examination of this shift in decision‐making power from pathologists to external management. Our analysis, based on a range of archived and interview data collected over the period 1997‐2000, suggests that publicly unacceptable compromises in pathology service quality were risked by the pursuit of tight bureaucratic and free market controls over pathology practice. The paper concludes with suggestions for a health professional control model facilitative of maximal health gain.
Conflict management in a hospital ‐ Designing processing structures and intervention methods
Authors: Skjørshammer Morten
Published: September 2004

This article presents a case study describing the development, structure and operation of a comprehensive system for managing conflicts in a Norwegian city hospital. This was done in an effort to further develop the dispute mechanisms available in the hospital and to strengthen the management skills of clinical leaders and managers in general. By changing the ways managers and professionals handle their disputes, the hospital hopes to reduce the cost of conflicts and realize its benefits. The new conflict management system includes new procedures for managers and professionals to process disputes. The design process of the new system was framed according to an action research approach characterized by creating change through dialogue and the use of local expertise.
Leeds Library and Information Service in the year 2000
Authors: Kempster Grace
Published: September 2004

Discusses the Leeds Library and Information Service ‐ its background and present “transitionary” state. Makes some predictions for the Service in the year 2000. Concludes with a discussion of vital aspects for libraries.
Fire retardant unsaturated polyester resin reinforced with fiberglass
Authors: Mazrouh S.A.
Published: September 2004

Fire retardant materials made of unsaturated polyester resin containing different halides and antimony trioxide were studied. In the present work the addition of a substance rich in halogen such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and antimony trioxide Sb2O3 to the composite made of unsaturated polyester and fiberglass as a reinforced material has been studied. The addition of fire retardant material (PVC) and (Sb2O3) enhanced the fire retardancy of the product with remarkable low effect on the mechanical properties of the products. The electrical properties of the products are studied.
From tool to Gestell
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U. , Hanseth Ole
Published: September 2004

The recent managerial literature on the development of corporate infrastructures to deliver sophisticated and flexible IT capabilities is based on a set of assumptions concerning the role of management in strategy formulation, planning and control; the role of IT as a tool; the linkages between infrastructure and business processes; the implementation process. This paper deconstructs such assumptions by gradually enriching the conventional management agenda with new priorities stemming from other styles of taking care of infrastructures. The original, straightforward management agenda appears to be lacking: its foundations are irremediably shaken. The paper finally evokes a philosophy‐based agenda, the only one valuable in the uncharted territory where the usual foundations do not deliver any longer. Such an agenda speaks a language of weak agency: releasement; dwelling with mystery; capacity to drop the tools; valuing marginal practices. Will the last agenda play a key role in coping with the information infrastructures of the next millennium?
The World Wide Web’s shadow of opportunity
Authors: Cass Kimberly
Published: September 2004

This paper will examine Heidegger’s conditions for Dasein (human being) discovering its authenticity through acting in the world in such a way as to create meaning for itself through its relation to itself, others and the world. (I will follow Heidegger’s convention of using the third person singular neuter pronoun form when referring to Dasein.) First, we will consider the relevancy of Heidegger’s existential analysis and investigation of technology in the information age. We will then discuss structures of being in the world and examine inauthentic and authentic modes of being. Next, we will consider three modes of “fallenness” that prevent Dasein from realizing a meaningful relationship to itself, others, and the world, and how the World Wide Web contributes to these conditions. Finally, four principles for authentic being with the Web are proposed and discussed.
Information technology and the institution of identity
Authors: Flores Fernando
Published: September 2004

The author’s previous work, itself based on the work of Martin Heidegger and then the Speech Act theorists grounded two important claims. First, computers are about communication, not computation or data processing. Second, communication is primarily about the coordination of commitments to act. This paper argues, as a review of the thinking inUnderstanding Computers and Cognition,that much is still to be learned about how speech acts work to structure commitments and how the interlinked structure of multiple commitments determines the kind of actions possible in any institution. The paper considers the way the Web establishes sites, virtual communities, and so forth. By referring to Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Heidegger on identity, the paper examines the sorts of identities virtual places are currently making possible and the development that virtual, identity forming practices will need to undergo if virtual sites are to act as real sites do.
Key success factors in implementation of process‐based management
Authors: Balzarova Michaela A. , Bamber Christopher J. , McCambridge Sharon , Sharp John M.
Published: September 2004

This paper explores the implementation of a process‐based management system within a service organisation that has recently achieved certification of its quality management system to the ISO 9001:2000 requirements. Many academics and business people alike consider process‐based management as a fundamental requirement of certification to ISO 9001:2000 quality management systems. Hence, this paper discusses the definition of a process‐based management system and also considers, through a literature review, theories relating to the topic. Consequently, a theoretical model is proposed that outlines the factors affecting successful implementation of a process‐based management system. The paper demonstrates that the theoretical model has been assessed within a UK housing association enterprise case study organisation. The case study organisation presented in this paper, shows the potential barriers of implementation of a process‐based management system.
Re‐engineering proves effective for reducing courier costs
Authors: Revere Lee
Published: September 2004

The success of business process re‐engineering (BPR) is dependent on the use of data‐driven methods that provide cost‐effective and optimal solutions. Today's business managers are inundated with methodologies and tools that claim to provide sustaining process improvement results. Determining the appropriate BPR method(s) to employ is a daunting task for many businesses. Understanding the technical complexities of these methods is even more overwhelming. However, with the increased availability of management science software, business managers can easily identify and employ proven management science techniques. Readily available software that provides timely results, is easily adaptable to resource changes, and does not require extensive technical competencies. This paper demonstrates how scientific management techniques, coupled with management science software (Management Scientist, Project Management and Excel), provided a feasible and achievable solution to a laboratory courier service BPR project. The solution yields a 19.5 percent reduction in annual laboratory courier specimen costs while improving service levels.
The rebirth of re‐engineering
Authors: Attaran Mohsen , Attaran Sharmin
Published: September 2004

American businesses spent billions of dollars on various re‐engineering initiatives in the last decade. Re‐engineering efforts have produced a wide range of results. While some companies labeled re‐engineering efforts as successful, it was an unfulfilled promise for many. As we enter into the digital age, information technology is playing a principal role in bringing process improvement to the forefront of business management consciousness. This rebirth of re‐engineering, called “X‐engineering,” is the process of redesigning work between a company and its customers, suppliers and partners. This paper argues that those aspiring to do business process redesign must begin to apply the capabilities of the Internet and its related technologies. As with re‐engineering, companies have no choice but to X‐engineer. How can you increase the odds for success? Here are a few lessons from the front.
Business analysis metrics for business process redesign
Authors: Valiris George , Glykas Michalis
Published: September 2004

In the existing BPR methodologies there exists a big division in business analysis techniques due to the black and white approach used in most cases. In some of them, cost is the central issue, in others generic management or the successful use of IT. As a result business analysis techniques are directed towards this central issue ignoring any other means of analysis. Agent relationship morphism analysis (ARMA) is a BRP methodology that applies different analysis techniques from various disciplines in different perspectives. These techniques are influenced from organizational theories, IS development and existing work in BPR giving business analysis a more holistic approach. The main focus of business analysis in ARMA is the analysis of the business models with a view of developing solutions for the subsequent stage of redesign. The emphasis is on why the operations and processes of the organization are performed the way they are performed. The aim is to develop solutions that enhance the levels of efficiency and effectiveness in these operations and processes. The dimensions of improvement include service, quality, timeliness or cost.
Leveraging Knowledge for Operational Excellence
Authors: Johnson Cindy
Published: September 2004

A recognition that pockets of business and process excellence existed alongside mediocrity led Texas Instruments to establish a Best Practice Sharing programme under the direction of the Office of Best Practices. The Office of Best Practices, launched in 1994, is a dedicated unit which helps Texas Instruments’ worldwide businesses to identify, access and transfer best practices. TI’s Best Practice Sharing initiative was implemented to provide a mechanism for dialogue between TI leadership and TI employees and to facilitate collaboration based on the company’s strengths and business gaps. The goal is to provide a quicker path to achieving business excellence. In addition to providing these solutions, the Best Practice Sharing project has provided TI employees with a greater sense of the synergies possible across the company and a greater feeling of shared vision. This paper reviews the TI‐BEST programme, the Best Practice Sharing initiative, and examines the lessons learnt and benefits gained from best practices knowledge sharing.
Engendering Corporate Scholarship: For Top Level Management Performance
Authors: Dealtry Richard
Published: September 2004

This paper examines the nature of an emergent Learning Partnership between BAA plc and the University of Surrey. It looks at the development of action learning work‐based management qualifications at MBA, DMS and CMS levels as an interactive platform for organizational development. It illustrates how a “dynamic curriculum” and electronic Internet service infrastructure are assisting in enhancing the effectiveness of management development in this process, with special emphasis on the resourcing and facilitation of tactical and strategic knowledge creation.
The Human Organization
Authors: Palmer Joy
Published: September 2004

The Human Organization is a response to the network morphology. As networks supersede hierarchy as the predominant form of organization, fluid processes and flexible teams need to replace fixed reporting lines and familiar functions. The barriers to achieving this are more often cultural and emotional than they are commercial and technological. This paper proposes that effective knowledge‐based businesses will be built on human network connections. This requires much greater investment in social processes of integration and in our individual ability to connect with each other. Without this human agenda, the openness and learning on which the generative knowledge‐based environment depends will remain beyond our reach, together with our ability to work and transfer knowledge across complex and shifting organizational boundaries.
Knowledge Management and the Law Firm
Authors: Terrett Andrew
Published: September 2004

This paper seeks to redress the imbalance between technology and information by first examining three models of Knowledge Management with reference to the law firm context. Secondly, it examines the relationship that exists between the harnessing of corporate knowledge and the overall goals of a law firm, and in particular law firm profitability. Finally, given the existence of this relationship, it provides some signposts for the development of a Law Firm Knowledge Management Strategy.
Recognition patterns ofNeospora caninumtachyzoite antigens by bovine IgG at different IFAT titres
Authors: Okeoma C. M. , Williamson N. B. , Pomroy W. E. , Stowell K. M.
Published: September 2004

This study describes qualitative and quantitative antibody response in cows naturally infected withNeospora caninum.The study was carried out with 269 serum samples obtained from 24 cows over a period of 15 weeks. Prior to sample collection, the cows were tested with ELISA. The 269 samples were screened with IFAT and categorized into seven IFAT titre groups (< 1 : 80, 1 : 80, 1 : 200, 1 : 600, 1 : 1000, 1 : 2000, > 1 : 2000). The samples were finally analysed by Western blotting. Seven immunodominant antigens (∼18‐, ∼25‐, ∼33‐, ∼35–36‐, ∼45–46‐, ∼47‐, ∼60–62 kDa) and five minor antigens (∼25, ∼51, ∼64, ∼77, ∼116 kDa) were recognized by cow sera. The recognition of ∼46 kDa antigen by cow sera was common to samples with IFAT titre 1 : 80 and above. Another common antigen was the ∼18 kDa antigen, which was recognized by samples with IFAT titre 1 : 200 and above. The most remarkable observation was the presence of the 45–46 kDa, the 77 kDa, and absence of the 18 kDa antigenic bands in samples with IFAT titre 1 : 80. This observation was consistent even in the face of fluctuating antibody titre where serum antibody titres from an animal exceeded then failed to reach 1 : 80. Antibody fluctuation was observed across all cows (pregnant and aborted) with no discernible fluctuation pattern. However, the fluctuation in antibody titre observed appeared to be most remarkable in initially ELISA‐negative pregnant cows, and to a lesser extent in ELISA‐positive pregnant cows, and ELISA‐positive aborted cows. Although there was fluctuation in antibody titre, the banding patterns ofN. caninumtachyzoite antigens by cows within the same IFAT titre group remained similar.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DPB1 allele – DPB1*0102
Authors: Lv F. , Lin J. , Liu Z. , Gao J. , Fu Y. , Xu A.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  In this report, we describe the identification of a novel HLA‐DPB1 allele, DPB1*0102, which was first found in a 27‐year‐old woman and was later detected again in another person, from the Han population of China. According to the nucleotide alignment, DPB1*0102 was the most similar to DPB1*0202, with only one nucleotide substitution from A to G at position 192 among three closely related alleles – DPB1*0202, DPB1*2401 and DPB1*0501. This substitution was a non‐synonymous one, which caused a change of amino acid from E to K at codon 69 of DP β‐chain in the mature protein.
Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 polymorphisms in Korean patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Lee E.B. , Kim J.Y. , Kim E.H. , Nam J.H. , Park K.S. , Song Y.W.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial proliferation and the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the affected joints. Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) is readily detected in RA synovial tissues and helps recruit inflammatory cells to the joint. ICAM‐1 shows genetic polymorphisms at codons 241 (R241G) and 469 (K469E). In order to investigate the association between ICAM‐1 gene polymorphisms and RA, we genotyped ICAM‐1 R241G and ICAM‐1 K469E polymorphisms in 143 Korean patients with RA, and in 138 healthy controls, by using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method. No polymorphism of R241G was found in Korean subjects. However, the frequency of the K469 allele was found to be significantly lower in RA patients than in healthy controls. Allele frequency of K469 was lower in RA patient group, compared to that in healthy controls, regardless of the shared epitope status. Distribution of K469E allele frequencies was not different whether the patient had rheumatoid factor, radiographic erosion or extra‐articular complications. In conclusion, this study shows lower frequency of the ICAM‐1 K469E allele in Korean patients with RA than that in healthy controls.
Identification of three novel HLA class I alleles: HLA‐B*3928, HLA‐B*400104 and HLA‐B*4437
Authors: Velickovic Z. M. , Dodd R. , Velickovic M. , Hersee J. , Le T. , Taverniti A. , Wallace R. , Dunckley H.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Three new human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles have been identified in the Tissue Typing Laboratory in Sydney, Australia. Sequence analysis of exon 2 and exon 3 of the HLA‐B gene revealed the novel polymorphism. A silent substitution of C to T at nucleotide position 369 has been identified for the HLA‐B*400104 allele when compared to the closest matched allele, HLA‐B*400101. The HLA‐B*3928 allele was identified with a nucleotide substitution of G to C at position 362 when compared to the closest matched allele, HLA‐B*390101, resulting in an amino acid substitution of Arginine to Threonine. A nucleotide substitution of C to G at position 572 resulting in the amino acid change Serine to Tryptophan was identified in the new allele HLA‐B*4437, when compared to the closest matched allele HLA‐B*440301. Both amino acid substitutions implicate a different specificity and affinity of antigen binding for the alleles HLA‐B*3928 and HLA‐B*4437.
Identification of new HLA‐C alleles by polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific oligonucleotide typing: Cw*0314 and Cw*1511*
Authors: Chapman G. , Kennedy C. , Greville W. D. , Dodd R. , Hersee J. , Taverniti A. , Le T. , Wallace R. , Kennedy A. , Dunckley H.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  In this article, we report two new human leukocyte antigen‐C (HLA‐C) alleles, HLA‐Cw*0314 and Cw*1511, which were identified during routine tissue typing of donors for the Australian Bone Marrow Donor Registry and Australian Cord Blood Bank. HLA‐Cw*0314 shows six codon changes in exon 3 compared to Cw*030401 and shares some sequence homology with Cw*07 alleles. Cw*1511 has two nucleotide changes compared with Cw*150201 in exon 2, both resulting in amino acid changes in the protein sequence.
Dental caries and salivary immunoglobulin A in Down syndrome children
Authors: Lee SR , Kwon HK , Song KB , Choi YH
Published: September 2004

Objectives:  This study investigated the relationship between dental caries and the salivary Streptococcus mutans specific antibodies in Down syndrome children.

Methods:  Nineteen children with Down syndrome and 41 normal children aged 8−17 years were selected. The oral health status (dental caries experience, pit and fissure depth, dental arch space, and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) was examined and unstimulated saliva was collected. The total salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) and S. mutans specific salivary IgA concentrations were measured using ELISA.

Results:  The decayed and filled surface index of the deciduous teeth, and the decayed, missing, and filled surfaces index of the permanent teeth in Down syndrome children were significantly lower compared to those in normal children. The salivary S. mutans (serotype g and c) specific IgA concentrations were significantly higher in Down syndrome children than in the normal children. There was no significant difference in the tooth characteristics and oral hygiene between the two groups.

Conclusions:  The low caries prevalence in Down syndrome children appears to be due to immune protection caused by the elevated salivary S. mutans specific IgA concentrations.
Un‐real Estate: Proprietary Space and Public Gardening
Authors: Blomley Nicholas
Published: September 2004

Many contemporary neo‐liberal urban programs are enacted in order to protect private property, structured according to a logic of property, or designed to extend the workings of private property to public domains. My focus is on the latter, especially in relation to the principles of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Here, residents are encouraged to act in a proprietary way toward public space in order to expel anti‐social forms of behaviour. Drawing on Oscar Newman's analysis of “defensible space”, I document the link between CPTED and certain characterizations of property—that property is largely synonymous with private property, that it is communicated to others through clear acts, such as gardening, and that it is, or should be certain and clear. These principles, I note, echo hegemonic accounts of property. Perhaps for this reason, defensible space principles remain important to neo‐liberal urban governance. I document their significance in relation to attempts to create a “Community Greenway” in inner city Vancouver. Drawing from interviews, I demonstrate that while residents did, indeed, lay claim to public space, they did so in complicated and collectivized ways that depart from the privatized certainties of neo‐liberal notions of property. Such complications are also echoed in other accounts of defensible space. I conclude by urging geographers to take property more seriously, yet also acknowledge the overlapping and collectivized ways in which people can lay claim to urban space.
Beauty: soul or surface?
Authors: Fatović‐Ferenčić S , Dürrigl M‐A , Holubar K
Published: September 2004

It is proposed that beauty can be external or internal or both. External or physical beauty is immediately visible. Internal or inner beauty is not always immediately visible. Ideally both types of beauty are connected and spring from one another.

The opposite situation, in which only one exists while the other is suppressed, is exemplified in this paper, using a tale from 19th century Croatian literature as a model. The main character is Tena. Initially physically beautiful, she is later disfigured by smallpox. Consequently her psyche metamorphoses through illness, distress and destitution, and she discovers an inner self that allows her full personality to develop. The story of Tena illustrates how love based only on outer appearance may end in unhappiness. Perhaps true love depends more on soul than surface.

Endless quests for external beauty are part of medical practice today more then ever before. Skin is the paradigm of this. The dermatologist needs many clinical skills, including an understanding of psychology, when addressing skin‐related problems – appearance‐related problems in particular. Sometimes the humanities (e.g. literature, poetry, etc.), may help broaden our perspective of such a complex phenomenon as beauty.
Model Rocketry in the 21st-Century Physics Classroom
Authors: Horst Ken
Published: September 2004

Model rocketry has changed since my introduction to it as an eighth-grade student. Two of these changes are important for the use of rocketry in the physics classroom. First, simulation software,1 which is relatively inexpensive and very powerful, allows students to create and fly virtual models of their rocket designs. Second, lightweight and sophisticated electronics2 are available for logging flight data and for controlling flight operations such as deploying parachutes. In this technology-rich context, designing, building, and flying model rockets can capture the interest of today's physics students.
Using the Vernier LabPro as an Ohmmeter and Multimeter
Authors: Word Robert C. , Bodegom Erik , Honohan Ian
Published: September 2004

Vernier Software and Technology's LabPro® data acquisition device1 has the cursorily documented2 ability to measure resistance. Here we describe how to build a resistance probe and how to configure Vernier's Logger Pro® data acquisition software to automatically detect and understand the probe. We discuss the range, accuracy, and limitations of this ohm-meter. When this probe is used with voltage and current probes already available from Vernier, the LabPro may be used as a digital multimeter.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Native, Oligomeric Form of Recombinant Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein
Authors: Song Hyun Chul , Seo Mi-Young , Stadler Konrad , Yoo Byoung J. , Choo Qui-Lim , Coates Stephen R. , Uematsu Yasushi , Harada Takashi , Greer Catherine E. , Polo John M. , Pileri Piero , Eickmann Markus , Rappuoli Rino , Abrignani Sergio , Houghton Michael , Han Jang H.
Published: September 2004

We have expressed and characterized the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein in cDNA-transfected mammalian cells. The full-length spike protein (S) was newly synthesized as an endoglycosidase H (endo H)-sensitive glycoprotein (gp170) that is further modified into an endo H-resistant glycoprotein (gp180) in the Golgi apparatus. No substantial proteolytic cleavage of S was observed, suggesting that S is not processed into head (S1) and stalk (S2) domains as observed for certain other coronaviruses. While the expressed full-length S glycoprotein was exclusively cell associated, a truncation of S by excluding the C-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains resulted in the expression of an endoplasmic reticulum-localized glycoprotein (gp160) as well as a Golgi-specific form (gp170) which was ultimately secreted into the cell culture medium. Chemical cross-linking, thermal denaturation, and size fractionation analyses suggested that the full-length S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV forms a higher order structure of ∼500 kDa, which is consistent with it being an S homotrimer. The latter was also observed in purified virions. The intracellular form of the C-terminally truncated S protein (but not the secreted form) also forms trimers, but with much less efficiency than full-length S. Deglycosylation of the full-length homotrimer with peptide
N-
glycosidase-F under native conditions abolished recognition of the protein by virus-neutralizing antisera raised against purified virions, suggesting the importance of the carbohydrate in the correct folding of the S protein. These data should aid in the design of recombinant vaccine antigens to prevent the spread of this emerging pathogen.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 Tax Oncoproteins Modulate Cell Cycle Progression and Apoptosis
Authors: Sieburg Michelle , Tripp Adam , Ma Jung-Woo , Feuer Gerold
Published: September 2004

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, an aggressive clonal malignancy of human CD4-bearing T lymphocytes. HTLV-2, although highly related to HTLV-1 at the molecular level, has not been conclusively linked to development of lymphoproliferative disorders. Differences between the biological activities of the respectivetaxgene products (Tax1 and Tax2) may be one factor which accounts for the differential pathogenicities associated with infection. To develop an in vitro model to investigate and compare the effects of constitutive expression of Tax1 and Tax2, Jurkat T-cell lines were infected with lentivirus vectors encoding Tax1 and Tax2 in conjunction with green fluorescent protein, and stably transduced clonal cell lines were generated by serial dilution in the absence of drug selection. Jurkat cells that constitutively express Tax1 and Tax2 (Tax1/Jurkat and Tax2/Jurkat, respectively) showed notably reduced kinetics of cellular replication, and Tax1 inhibited cellular replication to a higher degree in comparison to Tax2. Tax1 markedly activated transcription from the cdk inhibitor p21cip1/waf1promoter in comparison to Tax2, suggesting that upregulation of p21cip1/waf1may account for the differential inhibition of cellular replication kinetics displayed by Tax1/Jurkat and Tax2/Jurkat cells. The presence of binucleated and multinucleated cells, reminiscent of large lymphocytes with cleaved or cerebriform nuclei often seen in HTLV-1- and -2-seropositive patients, was noted in cultures expressing Tax1 and Tax2. Although Tax1 and Tax2 expression mediated elevated resistance to apoptosis in Jurkat cells after serum deprivation, Tax1 was unique in protection from apoptosis after exposure to camptothecin and etoposide, inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II, respectively. Characterization of the unique phenotypes displayed by Tax1 and Tax2 in vitro will provide information as to the relative roles of these oncoproteins and their contribution to HTLV-1 and -2 pathogenesis in vivo.
Human Macrophages, but Not Dendritic Cells, Are Activated and Produce Alpha/Beta Interferons in Response to Mopeia Virus Infection
Authors: Pannetier Delphine , Faure Caroline , Georges-Courbot Marie-Claude , Deubel Vincent , Baize Sylvain
Published: September 2004

Lassa virus
(LV) and
Mopeia virus
(MV) are closely related members of the
Arenavirus
genus, sharing 75% amino acid sequence identity. However, LV causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, whereas MV cannot induce disease. We have previously shown that antigen-presenting cells (APC)—macrophages (MP) and dendritic cells (DC)—sustain high replication rates of LV but are not activated, suggesting that they play a role in the immunosuppression observed in severe cases of Lassa fever. Here, we infected human APC with MV and analyzed the cellular responses induced. MV infection was productive in MP and even more so in DC. Apoptosis was not induced in either cell type. Moreover, unlike DC, MP were early and strongly activated in response to MV, as shown by the increased surface expression of CD86, CD80, CD54, CD40, and HLA-abc and by the production of mRNA encoding alpha interferon (IFN-α), IFN-β, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. In addition, MV-infected MP produced less of the virus than DC, which was related to the fact that these cells secreted IFN-α. Thus, the strong activation of MP is probably a major event in the control of MV infection and may be involved in the induction of an adaptive immune response in infected hosts. These results may explain the difference in pathogenicity between LV and MV.
Assessing the Roles of Endogenous Retrovirus EAV-HP in Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J Emergence and Tolerance
Authors: Sacco Melanie A. , Howes Ken , Smith Lorraine P. , Nair Venugopal K.
Published: September 2004

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup J is thought to have emerged through a recombination event between an unknown exogenous ALV and the endogenous retrovirus elements designated EAV-HP. All EAV-HP elements identified to date in the chicken genome show large deletions, including that of the entire
pol
gene. Here we report the identification of four segregating chicken EAV-HP proviruses with complete
pol
genes, one of which shows exceptionally high sequence identity and a close phylogenetic relationship with ALV-J with respect to the
env
gene. Embryonic expression of EAV-HP
env
has been suggested as a factor associated with immunological tolerance induction in a proportion of ALV-J-infected meat-type chickens. In support of this,
env
gene transcripts expressed from two of the four newly identified EAV-HP proviruses were demonstrated in chicken embryos. However, when ALV-J-infected outbred meat-type chickens were assessed, the presence of intact EAV-HP proviruses failed to directly correlate with ALV-J tolerance. This association was further examined using F
2
progeny of two inbred lines of layer chicken that differed in EAV-HP status and immunological responses to ALV-J. Immunological tolerance developed in a small proportion of F
2
progeny birds, reflecting the expected phenotypic ratio for inheritance of a double-recessive genotype; however, the status of tolerance did not show any direct correlation with the presence of the intact EAV-HP sequence. Nevertheless, identification of an intact chicken EAV-HP locus showing a uniquely close relationship to the ALV-J prototype clone HPRS-103 in the
env
region provides the strongest evidence of its contribution to the emergence of ALV-J by recombination.
Dynamics of Intermittent Viremia during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients Who Initiate Therapy during Chronic versus Acute and Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Di Mascio Michele , Markowitz Martin , Louie Michael , Hurley Arlene , Hogan Christine , Simon Viviana , Follmann Dean , Ho David D. , Perelson Alan S.
Published: September 2004

The meaning of viral blips in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients treated with seemingly effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is still controversial and under investigation. Blips might represent low-level ongoing viral replication in the presence of drug or simply release of virions from the latent reservoir. Patients treated early during HIV-1 infection are more likely to have a lower total body viral burden, a homogenous viral population, and preserved HIV-1-specific immune responses. Consequently, viral blips may be less frequent in them than in patients treated during chronic infection. To test this hypothesis, we compared the occurrence of viral blips in 76 acutely infected patients (primary HIV infection [PHI] group) who started therapy within 6 months of the onset of symptoms with that in 47 patients who started HAART therapy during chronic infection (chronic HIV infection [CHI] group). Viral blip frequency was approximately twofold higher in CHI patients (0.122 ± 0.12/viral load [VL] sample, mean ± standard deviation) than in PHI patients (0.066 ± 0.09/VL sample). However, in both groups, viral blip frequency did not increase with longer periods of observation. Also, no difference in viral blip frequency was observed between treatment subgroups, and the occurrence of a blip was not associated with a recent change in CD4
+
T-cell count. Finally, in PHI patients the VL set point was a significant predictor of blip frequency during treatment.
Genetic Bottlenecks Reduce Population Variation in an Experimental RNA Virus Population
Authors: Li Hongye , Roossinck Marilyn J.
Published: September 2004

Genetic bottlenecks are stochastic events that limit genetic variation in a population and result in founding populations that can lead to genetic drift. Evidence of past genetic bottlenecks in numerous biological systems, from mammals to viruses, has been described. In this study, we used an artificial population of
Cucumber mosaic virus
consisting of 12 restriction enzyme marker-bearing mutants. This population was inoculated onto young leaves of tobacco plants and monitored throughout the course of systemic infection. We show here that the genetic variation in a defined population of an RNA virus is significantly, stochastically, and reproducibly reduced during the systemic infection process, providing clear evidence of a genetic bottleneck.
Tête à Tête of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Sardinia Virus in Single Nuclei
Authors: Morilla Gabriel , Krenz Björn , Jeske Holger , Bejarano Eduardo R. , Wege Christina
Published: September 2004

Since 1997 two distinct geminivirus species,
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus
(TYLCSV) and
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
(TYLCV), have caused a similar yellow leaf curl disease in tomato, coexisted in the fields of southern Spain, and very frequently doubly infected single plants. Tomatoes as well as experimental test plants (e.g.,
Nicotiana benthamiana
) showed enhanced symptoms upon mixed infections under greenhouse conditions. Viral DNA accumulated to a similar extent in singly and doubly infected plants. In situ tissue hybridization showed TYLCSV and TYLCV DNAs to be confined to the phloem in both hosts, irrespective of whether they were inoculated individually or in combination. The number of infected nuclei in singly or doubly infected plants was determined by in situ hybridization of purified nuclei. The percentage of nuclei containing viral DNA (i.e., 1.4% in tomato or 6% in
N. benthamiana
) was the same in plants infected with either TYLCSV, TYLCV, or both. In situ hybridization of doubly infected plants, with probes that discriminate between both DNAs, revealed that at least one-fifth of infected nuclei harbored DNAs from both virus species. Such a high number of coinfected nuclei may explain why recombination between different geminivirus DNAs occurs frequently. The impact of these findings for epidemiology and for resistance breeding concerning tomato yellow leaf curl diseases is discussed.
Temporal Modulation of an Autoprotease Is Crucial for Replication and Pathogenicity of an RNA Virus
Authors: Lackner T. , Müller A. , Pankraz A. , Becher P. , Thiel H.-J. , Gorbalenya A. E. , Tautz N.
Published: September 2004

Pestiviruses belong to the familyFlaviviridae, and their genome is a single-stranded RNA of positive polarity encoding one large polyprotein which is further processed into mature proteins. Noncytopathogenic (noncp) strains of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can establish persistent infection. In persistently infected animals, noncp BVDVs occasionally acquire mutations in viral nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) that give rise to cytopathogenic (cp) BVDV variants, and, eventually, lead to the onset of lethal disease. A molecular marker of cp BVDV infection is a high-level expression of the replicative NS3 protease/helicase that together with NS2 is derived from NS2-3. Here, we present evidence for NS2-3 autoprocessing by a newly identified cysteine protease in NS2 that is distantly related to the NS2-3 autoprotease of hepatitis C and GB viruses. The vital role of this autoprotease in BVDV infection was established, implying an essential function for NS3 in pestiviral RNA replication which cannot be supplied by its NS2-3 precursor. Accordingly, and contrary to a current paradigm, we detected almost complete cleavage of NS2-3 in noncp BVDV at early hours of infection. At 6 to 9 h postinfection, NS2-3 autoprocessing diminished to barely detectable levels for noncp BVDV but decreased only moderately for cp BVDV. Viral RNA synthesis rates strictly correlated with different NS3 levels in noncp and cp BVDV-infected cells, implicating the NS2 autoprotease in RNA replication control. The biotype-specific modulation of NS2-3 autoprocessing indicates a crucial role of the NS2 autoprotease in the pathogenicity of BVDV.
Role of PP2C in cardiac lipid accumulation in obese rodents and its prevention by troglitazone
Authors: Wang May-yun , Unger Roger H.
Published: September 2004

In obese rodents, excess myocardial lipid accumulation (lipotoxicity) of myocardium may cause cardiomyopathy that in the obese Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) fa/fa rat can be prevented by treatment with troglitazone (TGZ). To determine the underlying mechanisms, we measured total 5′-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) protein and its activated, phosphorylated form, P-AMPK. P-AMPK was significantly reduced in both ZDF fa/fa rat and ob/ob mouse hearts compared with lean, wild-type controls. TGZ treatment of obese ZDF rats, which lowered cardiac lipid content, increased P-AMPK. Expression of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), which inactivates AMPK activity by dephosphorylation, was increased in untreated ZDF fa/fa rat hearts, but fell with TGZ treatment, suggesting that PP2C can influence AMPK activity. In cultured myocardiocytes, fatty acids reduced P-AMPK, suggesting a feed-forward effect of lipid overload. Our findings highlight a role of PP2C and AMPK in the derangements of cardiac lipid metabolism in obesity and provide new insights as to the mechanisms of the liporegulatory disorder leading to lipotoxic cardiomyopathy.
Probucol Protects Against Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Upregulating Heme Oxygenase-1
Authors: Deng Yi-Mo , Wu Ben J. , Witting Paul K. , Stocker Roland
Published: September 2004

Background—

Evidence suggests that induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and intimal thickening after arterial injury, and therapeutic molecules induce HO-1. Probucol is the only oral drug that inhibits restenosis in humans and intimal thickening in animals, although its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Methods and Results—

Aortas were harvested from New Zealand White rabbits fed normal or 0.75% (wt/wt) probucol-fortified chow, with or without endothelial denudation of the abdominal aorta on day 21, and analyzed for heme oxygenase and apoptosis. Uninjured aortas were harvested on day 21 and balloon-injured aortas on days 22 and 25. Probucol significantly increased mRNA of HO-1 assessed by real-time PCR and HO activity in aortas at all time points. Probucol also enhanced apoptosis of medial cells in the injured aorta, as evidenced by the TUNEL assay. Furthermore, probucol (100 μmol/L) increased HO-1 mRNA and HO activity when added to rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) cultured in serum-free medium for 24 hours. Induction of HO-1 mRNA was inhibited by actinomycin D and was associated with inhibition of RASMC proliferation. This probucol-induced increase in HO-1 mRNA and inhibition of RASMC proliferation was prevented by the HO inhibitor Sn(IV) protoporphyrin or transfection with small interference RNA (siRNA) to knockdown HO-1, but not by inactive Cu(II) protoporphyrin or scrambled siRNA.

Conclusions—

Probucol induces HO-1, and this contributes to the inhibition of vascular SMC proliferation. This novel finding may explain how probucol inhibits restenosis and highlights HO-1 as a target for therapeutic intervention against occlusive vascular disease.
Why Do Individuals Seek Conversion Therapy?
Authors: Tozer Erinn E. , Hayes Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2004

This study examined the potential influence of religiosity, sexual orientation identity development, and internalized homonegativity on the propensity to seek conversion therapy to change one’s sexual orientation. An Internet sample of 76 women and 130 men who were gay-identified, lesbian-identified, same-sex attracted, and “questioning” was studied. Results indicated that two types of religious orientations, intrinsic and quest, predicted a propensity to seek conversion therapy, although in different directions. Further more, internalized homonegativity fully mediated the relationships between religious orientation and propensity to seek conversion therapy. Additionally, there was a significant inverse relationship between sexual orientation identity development and propensity to seek conversion therapy. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Managerial elites making rhetorical and linguistic ‘moves’ for a moving (emotional) display
Authors: Samra-Fredericks Dalvir
Published: September 2004

This article contributes to sociological studies of emotions in organizations. It resides upon an innovative move to extend the ethnographic approach to include audio-recording, in this case managerial elites’ naturally occurring interactions, to provide the basis for an ‘empirical filling out’ of emotions research. Furthermore, theoretically to develop this field in ways that encompass the simultaneous speaking of emotionality and rationality, Nash’s account of rhetoric as emotion is drawn upon. In particular, the four discursive constituents which orators are said to need for ‘moving an audience’ are deployed to analytically trace how elites intertwine emotional expressiveness and a rhetoric of rationality to influence management/strategic processes. These four constituents are empathetic matter/great theme, stance, utterance design ( taxis) and utterance relation ( lexis). Three brief transcribed extracts of elites-at-talk are reproduced from one ethnography to illustrate the scope of a fine-grained analysis of elites’ assembly of emotional displays – two are abstracted from the ebband-flow of interaction to illustrate everyday ‘mini-speeches’ of ‘great’ oratory and the third specifically illustrates the intricate nature of inter action revealing the ways emotion can be likened to a ‘barometer of moral and relational ethics’.
Job satisfaction and life satisfaction revisited: A longitudinal test of an integrated model
Authors: Rode Joseph C.
Published: September 2004

Research indicates that job satisfaction is significantly related to life satisfaction. However, previous studies have not included variables that may confound the relationship. Furthermore, the vast majority of studies have relied on cross-sectional data. I tested a comprehensive model that examined the relationship between job and life satisfaction and a broad personality construct called ‘core self-evaluations’, as well as nonwork satisfaction and environmental variables, using a nationally representative (US), longitudinal data set. Results indicated that core self-evaluations was significantly related to both job satisfaction and life satisfaction over time, and that the relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction was not significant after taking into account the effects of core self-evaluations and nonwork satisfaction. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.