bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to embrace uncertainty in participatory climate change risk management—A roadmap
Authors: Döll Petra , Romero‐Lankao Patricia
Published: November 2016

The Earth's future depends on how we manage the manifold risks of climate change (CC). It is state‐of‐the‐art to assume that risk reduction requires participatory management involving a broad range of stakeholders and scientists. However, there is still little knowledge about the optimal design of participatory climate change risk management processes (PRMPs), in particular with respect to considering the multitude of substantial uncertainties that are relevant for PRMPs. To support the many local to regional PRMPs that are necessary for a successful global‐scale reduction of CC risks, we present a roadmap for designing such transdisciplinary knowledge integration processes. The roadmap suggests ways in which uncertainties can be comprehensively addressed within a PRMP. We discuss the concept of CC risks and their management and propose an uncertainty framework that distinguishes epistemic, ontological, and linguistic uncertainty as well as ambiguity. Uncertainties relevant for CC risk management are identified. Communicative and modeling methods that support social learning as well as the development of risk management strategies are proposed for each of six phases of a PRMP. Finally, we recommend how to evaluate PRMPs as such evaluations and their publication are paramount for achieving a reduction of CC risks.
The activity of a yeast Family 16 methyltransferase, Efm2, is affected by a conserved tryptophan and its N‐terminal region
Authors: Hamey Joshua J. , Hart‐Smith Gene , Erce Melissa A. , Wilkins Marc R.
Published: November 2016

The Family 16 methyltransferases are a group of eukaryotic nonhistone protein methyltransferases. Sixteen of these have recently been described in yeast and human, but little is known about their sequence and structural features. Here we investigate one of these methyltransferases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae elongation factor methyltransferase 2 (Efm2), by site‐directed mutagenesis and truncation. We show that an active site‐associated tryptophan, invariant in Family 16 methyltransferases and at position 222 in Efm2, is important for methyltransferase activity. A second highly conserved tryptophan, at position 318 in Efm2, is likely involved in S‐adenosyl methionine binding but is of lesser consequence for catalysis. By truncation analysis, we show that the N‐terminal 50–200 amino acids of Efm2 are critical for its methyltransferase activity. As N‐terminal regions are variable among Family 16 methyltransferases, this suggests a possible role in determining substrate specificity. This is consistent with recently solved structures that show the core of Family 16 methyltransferases to be near‐identical but the N termini to be structurally quite different. Finally, we show that Efm2 can exist as an oligomer but that its N terminus is not necessary for oligomerisation to occur.
Site‐Selective Iron(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Arylation of 4‐Aryl‐4‐methoxy‐2,5‐cyclohexadienones for the Synthesis of Polyarylated Phenols
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Masuda Masahiro , Nakatani Ryosuke , Yokoyama Hiroki , Monguchi Yasunari , Dohi Toshifumi , Kita Yasuyuki , Sajiki Hironao
Published: November 2016

The iron(III) chloride‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts arylation of 4‐aryl‐4‐methoxy‐2,5‐cyclohexadienones, which were easily prepared by the phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA)‐mediated oxidation of 4‐arylphenols in methanol, proceeded site‐selectively to form meta‐terphenyl (2,4‐diarylphenol) derivatives in good yields. The subsequent PIDA‐mediated oxidation and iron(III) chloride‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts arylation of the resulting products gave the corresponding 2,4,6‐triarylphenol derivatives. The present method provides useful highly substituted polyarylated compounds.

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Bioreduction of α‐Acetoxymethyl Enones: Proposal for an SN2′ Mechanism Catalyzed by Enereductase
Authors: Paula Bruno R. S. , Zampieri Davila , Rodrigues J. Augusto R. , Moran Paulo J. S.
Published: November 2016

(Z)‐3‐Acetoxymethyl‐4‐R‐3‐buten‐2‐ones (R=aryl, alkyl) and (Z)‐3‐methyl‐4‐R‐3‐buten‐2‐ones (R=aryl) were synthesized and submitted to reduction by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing the (R)‐ and (S)‐4‐R‐3‐methybutan‐2‐ones, respectively. This stereochemistry control strategy was applied in the syntheses of (R)‐ and (S)‐Tropional® with moderate to high enantiomeric excesses. Other (Z)‐3‐acyloxymethyl‐4‐phenyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ones showed similar behavior to the (Z)‐3‐acetoxymethyl counterpart, and the acylated Morita–Baylis–Hillman adduct 1‐acetoxy‐2‐methylene‐1‐phenylbutan‐3‐one produced a mixture of products, with and without the acetoxy group, via three different reaction pathways. In addition to experiments employing whole cells, those in which isolated enereductases were used suggested that the main pathway through which the loss of the acetoxy group occurs during the biocatalytic cascade is an SN2′‐type reaction, rather than formal hydrogen addition followed by acetic acid elimination. Finally, related ethyl enones were reduced enantioselectively by the yeast Candida albicans, producing both (R)‐ and (S)‐reduction products, depending on the presence of the acetoxy group in the starting material.

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Nickel‐Catalyzed C–H Trifluoromethylation of Electron‐Rich Heteroarenes
Authors: Wu Yun , Zhang Hao‐Ran , Jin Ruo‐Xing , Lan Quan , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: November 2016

The first example of a nickel‐catalyzed C–H trifluoromethylation of electron‐rich heteroarenes, including imidazopyridines, indoles and thiophenes, has been developed with the commercially available and relatively inexpensive industrial raw material iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) as the trifluoromethylating reagent. The synthetic potential of this method is demonstrated by its successful application to the direct trifluoromethylation of the biologically active molecules melatonin and zolmitriptan.

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Efficient Indium‐Doped TiOx Electron Transport Layers for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Perovskite‐Silicon Tandems
Authors: Peng Jun , Duong The , Zhou Xianzhong , Shen Heping , Wu Yiliang , Mulmudi Hemant Kumar , Wan Yimao , Zhong Dingyong , Li Juntao , Tsuzuki Takuya , Weber Klaus J. , Catchpole Kylie R. , White Thomas P.
Published: November 2016

In addition to a good perovskite light absorbing layer, the hole and electron transport layers play a crucial role in achieving high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells. Here, a simple, one‐step, solution‐based method is introduced for fabricating high quality indium‐doped titanium oxide electron transport layers. It is shown that indium‐doping improves both the conductivity of the transport layer and the band alignment at the ETL/perovskite interface compared to pure TiO2, boosting the fill‐factor and voltage of perovskite cells. Using the optimized transport layers, a high steady‐state efficiency of 17.9% for CH3NH3PbI3‐based cells and 19.3% for Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3‐based cells is demonstrated, corresponding to absolute efficiency gains of 4.4% and 1.2% respectively compared to TiO2‐based control cells. In addition, a steady‐state efficiency of 16.6% for a semi‐transparent cell is reported and it is used to achieve a four‐terminal perovskite‐silicon tandem cell with a steady‐state efficiency of 24.5%.
Synthesis and study on the binding of thiazol‐2(3H)‐ylidine derivative with human serum albumin using spectroscopic and molecular docking methods
Authors: Hassan Mohammad Fahimul , Rauf Abdul
Published: November 2016

In this article, a facile and convenient synthesis of thiazol‐2(3H)‐ylidine derivatives of fatty acid (3a–c) is described. The binding of N′‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐3‐penylthiazol‐2(3H)‐ylidine)octadec‐9‐enehydrazide (3a) with human serum albumin (HSA) is explored using various spectral methods and molecular docking. Fluorescence quenching results show that 3a induces conformational changes in HSA and the polarity around the tryptophan residues is increased. Stern–Volmer quenching plots at different temperatures (298, 305 and 312 K) show that the fluorescence quenching mechanism is static quenching. Synchronous fluorescence, 3D fluorescence spectra, circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to determine the structural change in HSA on interaction with 3a. Förster resonance energy transfer analysis shows that the binding distance (r0 = 2.78 nm) between HSA (Trp214) and 3a is within the of range 2–8 nm for quenching to occur. The molecular docking study also confirms that 3a is located in subdomain IIA (site I) of HSA and is stabilized by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces.
Characterization of Different Conductive Salts in ACN‐Based Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Krummacher Jakob , Schütter Christoph , Passerini Stefano , Balducci Andrea
Published: November 2016

Herein we report a systematic investigation of the chemical and physical properties of acetonitrile‐based electrolytes that contained the salts tetraethylammonium tetrafluroroborate (Et4NBF4), tetraethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)‐ imide (Et4NTFSI), 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (Pyr14BF4), or 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI). The ionic conductivity, viscosity, density, and electrochemical stability windows of these electrolytic solutions have been considered in detail. From these results, the electrolyte Et4NTFSI (1 mol dm−3) in ACN appeared to display a promising set of properties that allow the realization of ACN‐based electrochemical double‐layer capacitors able to display stable behavior at 3.1 V.
The chemometrics revolution re‐examined
Authors: Brown Steven D.
Published: November 2016

A historical perspective of the development of chemometrics as a field is given. Special attention is given to early workers in the analysis and modeling of chemical data in an effort to show how the field evolved from a broad, mostly statistical discipline to a more narrowly focused field focused on multivariate predictive analysis. A discussion of the relationships of chemometrics with statistics, chemical modeling, and analytical chemistry is provided to show how early conflicts have shaped and continue to shape the field. The author considers the state of the field now and makes suggestions for the way in which chemometrics should change to remain vital in the rapidly changing area of data analysis.
Validation of a non‐conforming monolithic fluid‐structure interaction method using phase‐contrast MRI
Authors: Hessenthaler Andreas , Röhrle Oliver , Nordsletten David
Published: November 2016

This paper details the validation of a non‐conforming arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian fluid‐structure interaction technique using a recently developed experimental 3D fluid‐structure interaction benchmark problem. Numerical experiments for steady and transient test cases of the benchmark were conducted employing an inf‐sup stable and a general Galerkin scheme. The performance of both schemes is assessed. Spatial refinement with three mesh refinement levels and fluid domain truncation with two fluid domain lengths are studied as well as employing a sequence of increasing time step sizes for steady‐state cases. How quickly an approximate steady‐state or periodic steady‐state is reached is investigated and quantified based on error norm computations. Comparison of numerical results with experimental phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging data shows very good overall agreement including governing of flow patterns observed in the experiment.
Cloud‐aided scalable revocable identity‐based encryption scheme with ciphertext update
Authors: Wang Changji , Li Yuan , Fang Jian , Xie Jianguo
Published: November 2016

Key revocation and ciphertext update are two critical issues for identity‐based encryption schemes. Designing an identity‐based encryption scheme with key revocation and ciphertext update functionalities simultaneously is still a tricky challenge. Recently, Liang et al. introduce the notion of cloud‐based revocable identity‐based proxy re‐encryption scheme and present a concrete scheme with aim to solve the challenge. In this paper, we first showed the scheme of Liang et al. cannot resist re‐encryption key forgery attack and collusion attack. We then introduced a new cryptographic primitive, named cloud‐aided revocable identity‐based encryption scheme with ciphertext update (CA‐RIBE‐CU), to achieve both ciphertext update and key revocation for identity‐based encryption schemes. We also defined the syntax and security model of CA‐RIBE‐CU scheme and proposed a CA‐RIBE‐CU scheme from bilinear pairings. Compared with the scheme of Liang et al., our proposed scheme is collusion resistant, takes lower decryption computation, and achieves constant size re‐encrypted ciphertext. Finally, we proved the proposed scheme is adaptively secure under the decisional bilinear Diffie–Hellman assumption in the standard model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the Cyclic Voltammetry of a Poly(1,4‐phenylene‐ethynylene)‐alt‐poly(1,4‐phenylene‐vinylene) Copolymer upon Oxidation by using Spectroscopic Techniques
Authors: Enengl Christina , Enengl Sandra , Bouguerra Nassima , Havlicek Marek , Neugebauer Helmut , Egbe Daniel A. M.
Published: November 2016

Poly(1,4‐phenylene‐ethynylene)‐alt‐poly(1,4‐phenylene‐vinylene) (PPE‐PPV) copolymers have attracted quite a lot of attention in the last few years for electronic device applications owing to their enhanced fluorescence. In this work, we focus on one particular PPE‐PPV copolymer with dissymmetrically substituted 1,4‐phenylene‐ethynylene and symmetrically substituted 1,4‐phenylene‐vinylene building units. Six successively performed cyclic voltammograms are presented, measured during the oxidation reactions. As the oxidation onset of the electrochemical reaction shifts to lower potentials in each cycle, this behavior is elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques ranging from UV/Vis/near‐IR to mid‐IR including spin‐resonance techniques. Hence, these findings help to explain some of the copolymer's most advantageous properties in terms of possible oxidation products.
Psychotropic Drug Development Strategies that Target Neuropsychiatric Etiologies in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases
Authors: Van der Schyf Cornelis J.
Published: November 2016

Preclinical Research

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are currently recognized as a common burden in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and many other neurodegenerative disorders. Earlier theories positing that these symptoms emerge predominantly in patients with late‐stage disease have been largely dismissed. It is now generally accepted that many neuropsychiatric symptoms commonly manifest very early in neurodegenerative disease stages, and in many cases are even considered prodromal indicators. Despite intense research efforts, no reliable drug treatment strategies have been found for the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with AD and PD. Among the medications commonly used at this stage, many present significant risks for patients in this particular cohort. Transcriptomic tools and proteomic profiling have clearly indicated that neurodegenerative diseases and their associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities are multifactorial in origin. As such, multiple—and in many cases divergent—disease etiologies lead to the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with AD, PD, and other neurodegenerative disorders. The complexity of these pathways (initiated by a cascade of molecular events that involve several neurotransmitter systems) offer significant challenges to drug discovery efforts aimed at addressing these symptoms. In response to this complexity, a new paradigm has emerged that challenges the widely held assumption that “targeted” drug design is superior to the development of “multi‐targeted” drugs as a strategy to address the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with AD and PD. In this Overview, I offer an overview of drug discovery strategies and investigative drugs currently under development that address multiple CNS etiological targets associated with an array of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Drug Dev Res 77 : 458–468, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contribution of the coelomic epithelial cells specific to the left testis in the chicken embryo
Authors: Omotehara Takuya , Minami Kiichi , Mantani Youhei , Umemura Yuria , Nishida Miho , Hirano Tetsushi , Yoshioka Hidefumi , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Yokoyama Toshifumi , Hoshi Nobuhiko
Published: November 2016

Background: The left male gonad in the chicken embryo has a thickened cortical layer, but it eventually becomes flattened after the onset of testicular development. Because the destination of the cortical cells migrating from the left gonad remains unclear, we examined this issue herein. Results: The testis‐inducing gene doublesex‐ and mab‐3‐related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) was detected in a proportion of the columnar and cubic epithelial cells in the cortex of the left testis as well as Sertoli cells in both testes. Interestingly, some of the DMRT1‐expressing cortical cells were contiguous with Sertoli cells in the testis cord. Some cortical cells exhibited a vimentin‐positive cytoplasm that was elongated all the way to the medulla. In addition, a desmosome‐like structure was observed between the elongated cytoplasm in these cells and the adjacent Sertoli cell. After the organ culture, a few cells labeled with a fluorescent dye that stained only the cortical cells at the beginning of the culture were located in the testis cord of the left testis. Conclusions: Some cortical cells expressing DMRT1 were suggested to contribute to the Sertoli cells in the testis cord only after the onset of testicular development and only in the left testis. Developmental Dynamics 246:148–156, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic support for the heart: complementary therapy for heart failure?
Authors: Heggermont Ward A. , Papageorgiou Anna‐Pia , Heymans Stephane , van Bilsen Marc
Published: November 2016

The failing heart has an increased metabolic demand and at the same time suffers from impaired energy efficiency, which is a detrimental combination. Therefore, therapies targeting the energy‐deprived failing heart and rewiring cardiac metabolism are of great potential, but are lacking in daily clinical practice. Metabolic impairment in heart failure patients has been well characterized for patients with reduced ejection fraction, and is coming of age in patients with ‘preserved’ ejection fraction. Targeting cardiomyocyte metabolism in heart failure could complement current heart failure treatments that do improve cardiovascular haemodynamics, but not the energetic status of the heart. In this review, we discuss the hallmarks of normal cardiac metabolism, typical metabolic disturbances in heart failure, and past and present therapeutic targets that impact on cardiac metabolism.
Synthesis, Structure, Biological Evaluation, and Catalysis of Two Pyrazole‐Functionalized NHC–RuII Complexes
Authors: Chen Chao , Ni Shengliang , Zheng Qing , Yu Meifang , Wang Hangxiang
Published: November 2016

Two ruthenium complexes, 3a and 3b, bearing pyrazole‐functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) were prepared, and their structures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Given their promising anticancer potential, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of both complexes against a panel of human cancer cell lines, including breast cancer Bcap‐37, colorectal cancer LoVo, gastric cancer SCG7901, and cisplatin‐resistant SCG7901‐R cells. In vitro results showed that complex 3a inhibited cancer cell proliferation, which exhibited comparable cytotoxicity to that of clinically approved cisplatin. More impressively, complex 3a evoked significant rates of death of cisplatin‐resistant gastric cancer SCG7901‐R cells, displaying an approximately 13‐fold lower IC50 value in this type of cell than cisplatin (i.e., 5.8 ± 0.4 µm vs. 83.1 ± 14.5 µm). In addition, both ruthenium–NHC complexes were demonstrated to be efficient catalysts for the oxidation of various alcohols. By exploiting them as catalysts, a variety of carbonyl products were obtained in excellent yields. Collectively, these results highlighted the potential of using ruthenium–NHC complexes as highly efficient catalysts as well as promising candidates for treating cancers that are resistant to platinum‐based therapy.
Stochastic geometry model to analyze 5G energy efficiency based on a novel dynamic spectrum access scheme
Authors: Bohli Afef , Bouallegue Ridha
Published: November 2016

The communication network has to undergo a significant change to be able to keep up with the exponential demand for mobile data. The next 5G mobile generation, based essentially on the heterogeneous network architecture—a macro tier overlayed with unplanned small cell tiers—is defined as a promising solution to meet those needs. Despite the considerable increase in data rates through the small cell concept and the shared spectrum access, the most crucial challenge is the interference management issue. To overcome this limitation and establish an economical and ecological design, the need for new spectrum management concepts is triggered. Unlike the classical cell association scheme, which requires cell tier cooperations, the contribution of this paper is to conceive an efficient cell association scheme in a non coordination 5G heterogeneous network architecture, based on a novel dynamic spectrum access (DSA) approach. The suggested DSA is based on the dynamic common cognitive monitor channel—with a cognitive monitor strategy using the maximum holding time distribution—and the highest signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio–based cell association. The coverage probability and the throughput for a typical user in a two‐tier heterogeneous network (macro and small cell tiers) as well as the analytical expression of the energy efficiency are derived and analyzed using a stochastic geometry system model. The performance of the suggested DSA scheme is quantified and highlighted through detailed simulations and numerical results.
Establishment and characterization of a novel Hodgkin lymphoma cell line, AM‐HLH, carrying the Epstein‐Barr virus genome integrated into the host chromosome
Authors: Hayashida Masahiko , Daibata Masanori , Tagami Erika , Taguchi Takahiro , Maekawa Fumiyo , Takeoka Kayo , Fukutsuka Katsuhiro , Shimomura Daiki , Hayashi Takamasa , Iwatani Yoshinori , Ohno Hitoshi
Published: November 2016

We describe the establishment and characterization of a cell line, AM‐HLH, obtained from a patient with Epstein‐Barr virus–positive (EBV+) nodular sclerosis–type Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The cells were positive for CD2 and CD30 and negative for CD15. The immunoglobulin heavy‐ and κ light–chain genes were rearranged. The karyotype was of the triploid range. Southern blotting using the EBV terminal repeat probe detected 3 hybridizing bands that were identical to those of the parental HL material. The cells expressed EBV‐encoded RNAs as well as latent genes (EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, and LMP2A) and lytic genes (BZLF1 and BALF2). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the cosmid pJB8 clone containing a fragment of EBV DNA as a probe revealed multiple hybridization signals at a marker chromosome. Additional FISH using whole chromosome painting and centromere probes in combination with multicolor FISH determined that multiple EBV copies were clustered within the chromosome 20 materials of the marker chromosome. Culture supernatants of AM‐HLH contained IL‐10 as measured by the bead‐based immunoassay. It is possible that an integrated EBV genome and cellular genes on chromosome 20 were coamplified, leading to the enhanced expression of genes involved in cell growth control. The AM‐HLH cell line will be useful to clarify the role of cytokines in the development of EBV+ HL.
Nutlin‐3a selects for cells harbouring TP53 mutations
Authors: Kucab Jill E. , Hollstein Monica , Arlt Volker M. , Phillips David H.
Published: November 2016

TP53 mutations occur in half of all human tumours. Mutagen‐induced or spontaneous TP53 mutagenesis can be studied in vitro using the human TP53 knock‐in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblast (HUF) immortalisation assay (HIMA). TP53 mutations arise in up to 30% of mutagen‐treated, immortalised HUFs; however, mutants are not identified until TP53 sequence analysis following immortalisation (2–5 months) and much effort is expended maintaining TP53‐WT cultures. In order to improve the selectivity of the HIMA for HUFs harbouring TP53 mutations, we explored the use of Nutlin‐3a, an MDM2 inhibitor that leads to stabilisation and activation of wild‐type (WT) p53. First, we treated previously established immortal HUF lines carrying WT or mutated TP53 with Nutlin‐3a to examine the effect on cell growth and p53 activation. Nutlin‐3a induced the p53 pathway in TP53‐WT HUFs and inhibited cell growth, whereas most TP53‐mutated HUFs were resistant to Nutlin‐3a. We then assessed whether Nutlin‐3a treatment could discriminate between TP53‐WT and TP53‐mutated cells during the HIMA (n = 72 cultures). As immortal clones emerged from senescent cultures, each was treated with 10 µM Nutlin‐3a for 5 days and observed for sensitivity or resistance. TP53 was subsequently sequenced from all immortalised clones. We found that all Nutlin‐3a‐resistant clones harboured TP53 mutations, which were diverse in position and functional impact, while all but one of the Nutlin‐3a‐sensitive clones were TP53‐WT. These data suggest that including a Nutlin‐3a counter‐screen significantly improves the specificity and efficiency of the HIMA, whereby TP53‐mutated clones are selected prior to sequencing and TP53‐WT clones can be discarded.
Oxygenation dynamics of sepsis patients undergoing far‐infrared intervention based on near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Chuang Kuei‐Hung , Chuang Ming‐Lung , Sia Sung‐kien , Sun Chia‐Wei
Published: November 2016

Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS; continuous wave type) is a noninvasive tool for detecting the relative change of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. To make this change, intervention methods must be applied. This study determined the hemodynamics of 44 healthy participants and 35 patients with sepsis during exposure to FIR as a novel physical intervention approach. Local microcirculation of their brachioradialis was monitored during exposure and recovery through NIRS. The variations in blood flow and microvascular reaction were determined by conducting paired and unpaired t tests. The oxyhemoglobin levels of the healthy participants increased continuously, even during recovery. In contrast to expextations, the oxyhemoglobin levels of the patients plateaued after only 5 min of FIR illumination. The proposed method has potential applications for ensuring efficient treatment and facilitating doctors in diagnosing the functions of vessels in intensive care units.

Mapping diagrams of HbO2 in healthy males and males with sepsis illustrated unique scenarios during the process.

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Mapping diagrams of HbO2 in healthy males and males with sepsis illustrated unique scenarios during the process.
Therapeutic Potential of Small Molecule Inhibitors
Authors: Khera Nimmish , Rajput Sandeep
Published: November 2016

Within the last two decades, the advancement in cellular and cancer biology research can be defined by a few foundational pillars—one of the most important ones being the advent of small‐molecule inhibitors (SMIs). Due to their several advantages over contemporary cytotoxic drugs, these engineered molecules have not only shed light on a much deeper understanding of the cellular microenvironment and signal transduction pathways, they have also provided hope of achieving clinical benefits of better patient tolerability while surpassing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. It is, therefore, no surprise that research and development of SMIs has witness a steady surge amongst pharmaceutical industries and research institutions. It is, however, safe to assume that the current applications of SMIs are the mere tip of a yet‐inconceivable iceberg. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 959–961, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient and Reusable Sn(II)‐containing Imidazolium‐based Ionic Liquid as a Catalyst for the Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Wang Bingtong , Hu Yulin , Fang Dong , Wu Lin , Xing Rong
Published: November 2016

A simple and efficient catalytic system [BBIM]Br–SnCl2
for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant has been developed. Reaction conditions such as the catalyst dose, the solvents, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the amount of hydrogen peroxide were investigated. The optimum reaction conditions identified were 0.11 g of catalyst, no solvent, 65°C, 15 min, and 2 mmol of hydrogen peroxide. Oxidation of various alcohols was also investigated under the optimized conditions. The catalyst [BBIM]Br–SnCl2
can be easily recovered and reused for six reaction runs without significant loss of catalytic activity, because the Sn species of the catalyst can be coordinated with the imidazole ring of the ionic liquid. The reused catalyst was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to evaluate its chemical properties. The results proved that the [BBIM]Br–SnCl2
catalyst was stable and reusable for the oxidation reactions. A possible mechanism for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is proposed.
Isolated intrasplenic vascular calcifications in a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus‐‐‐A case report
Authors: Patil Parag V. , Patil Manojkumar G. , Patil Abhijit M.
Published: November 2016

We report a case of vascular calcifications in the spleen of a 7‐year‐old girl who was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The possible etiology for vascular calcifications might be medial sclerosis associated with DM. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not yet been reported in the literature. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:438–440, 2017
On‐line coupling of supercritical fluid extraction and chromatographic techniques
Authors: Sánchez‐Camargo Andrea del Pilar , Parada‐Alfonso Fabián , Ibáñez Elena , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: November 2016

This review summarizes and discusses recent advances and applications of on‐line supercritical fluid extraction coupled to liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatographic techniques. Supercritical fluids, due to their exceptional physical properties, provide unique opportunities not only during the extraction step but also in the separation process. Although supercritical fluid extraction is especially suitable for recovery of non‐polar organic compounds, this technique can also be successfully applied to the extraction of polar analytes by the aid of modifiers. Supercritical fluid extraction process can be performed following “off‐line” or “on‐line” approaches and their main features are contrasted herein. Besides, the parameters affecting the supercritical fluid extraction process are explained and a “decision tree” is for the first time presented in this review work as a guide tool for method development. The general principles (instrumental and methodological) of the different on‐line couplings of supercritical fluid extraction with chromatographic techniques are described. Advantages and shortcomings of supercritical fluid extraction as hyphenated technique are discussed. Besides, an update of the most recent applications (from 2005 up to now) of the mentioned couplings is also presented in this review.
Subcortical 18F‐AV‐1451 binding patterns in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Cho Hanna , Choi Jae Yong , Hwang Mi Song , Lee Seung Ha , Ryu Young Hoon , Lee Myung Sik , Lyoo Chul Hyoung
Published: November 2016

Background

Accumulation of cortical and subcortical tau pathology is the primary pathological substrate for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). 18F‐AV‐1451, a radiotracer that binds to the pathological tau protein, may be helpful for in vivo visualization and quantitation of tau pathology in PSP.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to investigate cortical and subcortical 18F‐AV‐1451 binding patterns in patients with PSP.

Methods

We recruited 14 PSP patients and compared their cortical and subcortical binding patterns in 18F‐AV‐1451 positron emission tomography (PET) studies with those of 15 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 15 healthy controls.

Results

In both the PD and PSP groups, subcortical 18F‐AV‐1451 binding did not correlate with the severity of motor dysfunctions, and cortical binding did not differ between the controls and each patient group. However, the PSP patients showed greater 18F‐AV‐1451 binding in the putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and dentate nucleus when compared with the controls, whereas the PD patients showed lower 18F‐AV‐1451 binding in the substantia nigra than controls.

Conclusions

The PSP and PD patients showed distinct subcortical 18F‐AV‐1451 binding patterns reflecting subcortical tau pathology in PSP and reduced nigral neuromelanin in PD. However, there was no correlation with the severity of motor dysfunction, no cortical regions with increased binding in PSP patients, and variable degrees of subcortical binding even in the controls. Therefore, the 18F‐AV‐1451 PET may be less than ideal for assessing tau pathology in PSP. Further studies will be required to validate the clinical correlation and to understand the clinical utility of 18F‐AV‐1451 PET for PSP patients. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Zero‐zero‐Hopf bifurcation and ultimate bound estimation of a generalized Lorenz–Stenflo hyperchaotic system
Authors: Chen Yu‐Ming , Liang Hai‐Hua
Published: November 2016

This paper is devoted to the analysis of complex dynamics of a generalized Lorenz–Stenflo hyperchaotic system. First, on the local dynamics, the bifurcation of periodic solutions at the zero‐zero‐Hopf equilibrium (that is, an isolated equilibrium with double zero eigenvalues and a pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues) of this hyperchaotic system is investigated, and the sufficient conditions, which insure that two periodic solutions will bifurcate from the bifurcation point, are obtained. Furthermore, on the global dynamics, the explicit ultimate bound sets of this hyperchaotic system are obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of eumelanin‐inspired poly(indoylenearylenevinylene)s and poly(indoylenearyleneethynylene)s
Authors: Adhikari Santosh , Hopson RaiAnna A. , Sedai Bhishma R. , McFarland Frederick M. , Guo Song , Nelson Toby L.
Published: November 2016

Four novel conjugated polymers containing the eumelanin‐inspired indole core have been successfully synthesized using common cross coupling reactions. These polymers differed by the arylene and the carbon–carbon bond linkage. Optoelectronic experiments of these polymers suggest that the ethynylene linkage contributed to the red‐shifted absorption spectra and blue‐shifted emission spectra when compared to the vinylene linkage polymers. Furthermore, the optical bandgaps of the poly(indoylenearyleneethynylene)s (PIAEs) were smaller compared to the poly(indoylenearylenevinylene)s (PIAVs). Surprisingly, the HOMOs of these polymers were less affected by the nature of the carbon–carbon linkage. However, the LUMOs of the PIAEs were lower in comparison to the PIAVs. These eumelanin‐inspired PIAEs and PIAVs are good fluorophores with fluorescence quantum yields ranging from 0.12 to 0.67 and have good thermal stability for applications such as in organic light‐emitting diodes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 457–463
Protein charge determination and implications for interactions in cell extracts
Authors: Kyne Ciara , Jordon Kiara , Filoti Dana I. , Laue Thomas M. , Crowley Peter B.
Published: November 2016

Decades of dilute‐solution studies have revealed the influence of charged residues on protein stability, solubility and stickiness. Similar characterizations are now required in physiological solutions to understand the effect of charge on protein behavior under native conditions. Toward this end, we used free boundary and native gel electrophoresis to explore the charge of cytochrome c in buffer and in Escherichia coli extracts. We find that the charge of cytochrome c was ∼2‐fold lower than predicted from primary structure analysis. Cytochrome c charge was tuned by sulfate binding and was rendered anionic in E. coli extracts due to interactions with macroanions. Mutants in which three or four cationic residues were replaced with glutamate were charge‐neutral and “inert” in extracts. A comparison of the interaction propensities of cytochrome c and the mutants emphasizes the role of negative charge in stabilizing physiological environments. Charge–charge repulsion and preferential hydration appear to prevent aggregation. The implications for molecular organization in vivo are discussed.
Simultaneous automated design of structured QFT controller and prefilter using nonlinear programming
Authors: Purohit Harsh , Goldsztejn Alexandre , Jermann Christophe , Granvilliers Laurent , Goualard Frédéric , Nataraj P. S. V. , Patil Bhagyesh
Published: November 2016

This paper describes a nonlinear programming‐based robust design methodology for controllers and prefilters of a predefined structure for the linear time‐invariant systems involved in the quantitative feedback theory. This controller and prefilter synthesis problem is formulated as a single optimization problem with a given performance optimization objective and constraints enforcing stability and various specifications usually enforced in the quantitative feedback theory. The focus is set on providing constraints expression that can be used in standard nonlinear programming solvers. The nonlinear solver then computes in a single‐step controller and prefilter design parameters that satisfy the prescribed constraints and maximizes the performance optimization objective. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a variety of difficult design cases like resonant plants, open‐loop unstable plants, and plants with variation in the time delay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Stannyl‐Substituted d‐Glucal Derivatives via Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrostannation and Their Synthetic Applications
Authors: Shamim Anwar , Barbeiro Criatiane S. , Ali Bakhat , Stefani Hélio A.
Published: November 2016

Stannyl derivatives of 2‐alkenyl acetylated D‐glucals have been synthesized via palladium‐catalyzed regioselective hydrostannation in good yields under mild reaction conditions. Factors affecting the regioselectivity of hydrostannation including chelation by the neighbouring acetyl‐oxygen and the electronic effect of the substituent R on alkyne have been evaluated. The synthetic applications of these stannyl derivatives of D‐glucal are shown by performing Stille and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions to obtain a library of substituted 2‐alkenyl derivatives of D‐glucal.
Träger mit schlanken, wabenförmig strukturierten Stegen – Versuch und Simulation
Authors: Bartholomé Susanne , Pasternak Hartmut
Published: November 2016

Geschweißte Stahlträger mit schlanken, wabenförmig strukturierten Stegen wurden auf ihre Schubtragfähigkeit getestet. Mit Versuchen und numerischen Berechnungen mit der FEM‐Software Abaqus konnte der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter wie Wabenhöhe, Wabenausrichtung, Schlüsselweite und Fügevariante auf das Beulverhalten dieser Träger analysiert werden.

Girders with slender honeycombed structured webs – Experiment and simulation. Welded steel girders with slender, honeycombed structured webs under shear load were tested. To analyse the buckling behaviour of these girders, various parameters such as honeycomb height, orientation, key width and joining variant have been investigated by experiments and numerical calculations with the FEM software Abaqus.
Fachwerkträger mit I‐Profilen und eingeschlitzten Knotenblechen – Tragverhalten und Drucktragfähigkeit der Füllstäbe auf Basis von Großversuchen
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Kampleitner Andreas
Published: November 2016

Fachwerkträger im Industrie‐ und Anlagenbau werden heutzutage oft zur Gänze aus gewalzten I‐Profilen gefertigt. Die Füllstäbe sind dabei nicht direkt an die Gurte angeschlossen, sondern in Knotenbleche eingeschlitzt. Schwerpunkt des Aufsatzes ist die Darstellung des Tragverhaltens derartiger Fachwerkträger, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Drucktragfähigkeit der Füllstäbe, auf Basis von insgesamt vier Großversuchen an einfeldrigen Trägern. Anhand von umfangreichen numerischen Traglaststudien an repräsentativen Ausführungen wurde ein einfaches Ingenieurmodell zur Drucktragfähigkeit von Diagonalstäben entwickelt, das anhand der Großversuche kalibriert werden konnte. Dieses Ingenieurmodell wird auch in Form eines Anwendungsbeispiels dargestellt. Bei Beschränkung der freien Knotenblechlänge zwischen Diagonal‐ und Gurtstab ist ein alleiniger modifizierter Knicknachweis ausreichend. Die Ergebnisse des Großversuchs dienten ebenfalls dazu, die Treffsicherheit üblicher Stabmodelle in der Praxis zu überprüfen (Durchbiegungen, Stabnormalkräfte) – auch darüber wird berichtet.

Lattice girders with I‐section and slotted gusset plates – Load carrying behaviour and ultimate capacity of compression members based on full scale tests. Nowadays trusses are often designed with I‐sections only and no direct connection between the diagonal members and the chords. For the truss joints gusset plates – welded to the chords – are used, which are slotted for the welding connection to the diagonal member. The main focus in this paper is the specific stability behaviour of such diagonal members in compression, leading to an interaction behaviour of member buckling out of plane and local buckling of the gusset plates. The results of four full scale tests on a lattice girder are presented in detail. The compression member capacity of the tests is compared with the results of a FE‐model, considering the measured geometric imperfections. Based on comprehensive FE‐studies a simple design model for the prediction of the ultimate capacity of the compression members was developed. This model, with an example to show how to use it, is also presented. Finally the overall load carrying behaviour of the truss in the test is analysed and compared with simplified models for global analyses, both for the load – deformation behaviour and for the relationship between load and member axial force.
Sichtprüfungen und Dämmschichtbildner auf Stahl
Authors: Brux Gunther
Published: November 2016

Brandschutzbeschichtungen wurden schon vor über 50 Jahren erfolgreich im Bauwesen eingesetzt, um die Auswirkungen von Bränden wesentlich zu verringern. Die zu erwartende Lebensdauer von Beschichtungen und Bauteilen von Gebäuden im Bestand sind im Allgemeinen nur grobe Schätzungen (Bilder 1 und 2). Im Mittel haben die Tragsysteme selbst eine Lebenserwartung von etwa 60 bis 100 Jahren. Näher eingegangen wird auf die Möglichkeit, Schäden an solchen Beschichtungen möglichst frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu beseitigen, um die Lebensdauer der Beschichtungen und Bauwerke zu verlängern.
Impact of ghosts on the mechanical, optical, and barrier properties of corn starch films
Authors: Garcia‐Hernandez Angeles , Vernon‐Carter E. Jaime , Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose
Published: November 2016

Ghosts are insoluble materials remaining after the gelatinization of starch dispersions. The role of ghosts on the properties of starch films has not been fully characterized. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the impact of ghosts on the mechanical, optical, and barrier properties of starch films. To this end, an aqueous corn starch dispersion (5% w/w), with glycerol added as plasticizer (1.5% w/w), was formed, and heated at 90°C for 20 min. The resulting gelatinized starch dispersion (GSD) was sonicated (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 min). The amount of ghosts phase fraction (GPF) in the GSD decreased with sonication time (ca. 80% after 8 min). The sonicated GSDs were cast and dried, and the resulting films were characterized by means of SEM, TGA, FTIR, elongation at break, and WVP techniques. The results showed that GPF affected positively and negatively the films. The elongation at break and tensile strength were enhanced, the higher was the GPF in the starch films, whereas film opacity and water vapour permeability decreased as GPF decreased. Thus, the presence of ghosts imposes a trade‐off problem between mechanical stability and other film properties (e.g., opacity and WVP). It was found that GPF of about 20–30% provided films with good overall properties.
Knowledge and Self‐Esteem of Individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
Authors: Rosnau Kayla , Hashmi S. Shahrukh , Northrup Hope , Slopis John , Noblin Sarah , Ashfaq Myla
Published: November 2016

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a progressive genetic disorder characterized by physical findings such as café‐au‐lait macules, Lisch nodules, and neurofibromas in addition to other medical complications. Learning and social problems are more prevalent among individuals affected with NF1. It has been reported that people with NF1 have lower self‐esteem (SE) when compared to the general population. Additionally, a study published over 20 years ago found that overall knowledge of NF1 was lacking in individuals affected with the condition. The goals of our study were to evaluate NF1 knowledge in adolescents and adults with the condition, as well as to determine if there is a link between patient knowledge and SE. Furthermore, we explored the impact of other factors, such as attendance at a NF1 support group and having a family history of NF1, on knowledge and SE. A survey comprised of knowledge‐based questions and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale was distributed to individuals with NF1 through the Texas NF Foundation. Overall, the 49 respondents (13 to 73 years of age) had a mean knowledge score of 77.9 % correct answers. Consistent with previous studies, the SE of our study population was lower when compared to general population norms. Although no correlation between knowledge and SE was observed, SE scores were on average higher if a person reported the following: having friends with NF1 (p = 0.009); attending a NF1 support group (p = 0.006); receiving care at a NF clinic (p = 0.049); or having received genetic counseling (p = 0.008). Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between these factors and SE in the NF1 population.