bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEEDLOT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF STEERS OF THE HIGHLAND AND HEREFORD BREEDS AND THEIR RECIPROCAL CROSSES
Authors: LAWSON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Calves of the Hereford breed, and the Highland × Hereford and Hereford × Highland crosses surpassed those of the Highland in final feedlot weight, average daily gain in the feedlot, cold carcass weight, and dressing percentage. The fat thickness over the eye muscle was significantly less in the Highland than in the other groups; however, when considered as thickness of fat per 100 kg of cold carcass no important breed differences existed. Although area of eye muscle did not differ between any of the breeds and crosses, the Highland had greater area of eye muscle per 100 kg of cold carcass. Calves were slaughtered when the majority of the Herefords were judged, visually, to have reached "choice" or "good" grades. The percentage of animals achieving grades of choice or good was less for the Highland than for the other three groups. Heterosis effects were 6.3, 5.7, 7.1, 1.2, and 5.2% for final feedlot weight, feedlot average daily gain, cold carcass weight, dressing percent, and intramuscular fat. Although the percent heterosis for area of eye muscle and fat thickness over the eye muscle was 4.4 and 5.8, the advantage was in favor of the straightbreds over the reciprocal crosses (5.3%) when considered in terms of area of eye muscle per 100 kg of cold carcass weight. The two crossbred groups were similar to the Hereford, while the Highland was inferior to all three groups in overall performance for the traits in this study.
ENERGY COST OF EXERCISE IN PIGS
Authors: MURRAY D. M. , YOUNG B. A. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

The energy cost of exercise of four pigs (two gilts and two barrows) was determined at liveweights of 30–40 and 60–70 kg using an open circuit respiratory system for measuring oxygen consumption during exercise on a treadmill. Animals were exercised at treadmill belt slopes of +4°, 0° and −4° with the treadmill operated at speeds of 1 and 2 km/h (lighter weight) and 2 and 3 km/h (heavier weight). Increase over resting in energy expenditure during exercise was greater, and less, respectively, at +4° and −4° than at 0°. There were significant differences between animals in both resting energy expenditure levels and in the increment of energy expenditure associated with exercise. Within each liveweight range, the apparent cost of horizontal locomotion increased slightly with an increase in belt speed. The overall estimate of 0.64 cal/hor. kg m is similar to values reported for other species. Cost of vertical work (cal/vert. kg m) was significantly lower at 1 km/h than at 2 km/h at the 30- to 40-kg liveweight range. There was no significant effect of speed on the energy cost of vertical work at 60–70 kg. The overall estimate for the cost of vertical work was 5.27 cal/vert, kg m, which represents an efficiency of 44.4%.
URINARY EXCRETION OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED 35S-SULPHATE AND 14C-UREA IN SHEEP
Authors: OLDHAM J. D. , MATHISON G. W. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

Sheep were injected intravenously with either 14C-urea (76.3–86.3 μc) orNa235SO4 (72.5–120.0 μc) in physiological saline. Total urinary excretion of label and, in one trial, the disappearance of label from plasma were measured for up to 106 h. Urinary recoveries were 64.9 ± 9.7% of injected 14C and 66.9 ± 12.7% of injected 35S. 35S was recovered more slowly than 14C; 99% of recovered label was collected in 36 ± 9 h after injection for 14C and in 84 ± 12 h for 35S. Disappearance of 14C from plasma approximated first-order kinetics but this was not true for 35S, which was apparently not excreted by a simple diffusion mechanism. The time course of 35S excretion from blood and into urine is discussed with reference to the potential of using the difference between intraruminally infused 35S and urinary 35S excretion as a measure of rumen microbial retention of 35S, and hence of microbial growth. It is concluded that large errors could be introduced into measurements of microbial growth by this method if that part of 35S that enters blood, but is not excreted into urine, is recycled within the animal to sites other than the rumen and retained therein.
PERFORMANCE OF CHICKS FED FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA) DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE, SULFATE AND CYSTINE
Authors: MARQUARDT R. R. , CAMPBELL L. D.
Published: March 2010

The performance of broiler chicks fed diets (24.8% protein) containing 90% raw faba beans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) and varying levels of methionine, K2SO4 and cystine was determined. The first experiment was a 4(methionine level) × 3(K2SO level) factorial. Optimal performance was obtained for birds consuming diets containing 0.24% added methionine. The contents of total dietary methionine and sulfur amino acids were 0.46 and 0.78%, respectively. The addition of methionine (0.24%) to the basal diet improved growth rate 368% (P < 0.01) and feed:gain ratio 42% (P < 0.01). K2SO4 additions (0.14 or 0.28%) to the basal diet improved weight gain 3% (P > 0.05) and feed:gain ratio an average of 3.6% (P < 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) K2SO4 × methionine interactions were observed. The second experimental desig n was 3(methionine level) × 3 (no additions, 0.12% K2SO4, or 0.08% cystine). The addition of suboptimal amounts of methionine to the basal diet greatly improved (P < 0.01) the performance of broilers. The addition of K2SO4 and cystine to diets containing suboptimal levels of methionine improved feed:gain ratio slightly (P < 0.05), but not weight gain (P > 0.05). There was also a significant interaction (P < 0.05) in performance among methionine levels and levels of supplemental cystine. The addition of cystine (0.08%) to the basal diet that contained 0.05% added methionine decreased weight gain by 13%, whereas the addition of cystine to the basal diet that contained either 0.10 or 0.15% added methionine resulted in an average increase in weight gain of 10%. Similarly, cystine addition to the low methionine diet did not affect efficiency of feed utilization, whereas the addition of cystine to the diets containing higher levels of methionine resulted in an 8% improvement in feed:gain ratio. It may be concluded that methionine supplementation of a faba bean diet greatly stimulates performance of chicks, whereas an equivalent addition of sulfur as K2SO4 results in a slight improvement in performance. The addition of cystine either improves or depresses performance depending on relative levels of methionine in the diet.
FERTILIZATION OF BOVINE FOLLICULAR OOCYTES IN BOVINE AND PORCINE OVIDUCTS
Authors: BEDIRIAN K. N. , SHEA B. F. , BAKER R. D.
Published: March 2010

A total of 155 follicular oocytes were recovered from 20 pregnant mare’s serum gonadotrophin–human chorionic gonadotrophin (PMSG–HCG)-treated heifers 24–30 h after the HCG injection. The oocytes were classified as stimulated if surrounded by an expanded cumulus and unstimulated if surrounded by a compact cumulus. Sixty stimulated and 25 unstimulated oocytes were transferred into bovine oviducts and 30 stimulated and 40 unstimulated oocytes were transferred into pig oviducts inseminated surgically with bovine semen. The oocytes were recovered by slaughtering the recipients 16–24 h after transfer. None of the 8 unstimulated oocytes recovered from the bovine tracts and none of the 18 unstimulated oocytes recovered from the porcine tracts were fertilized. However, 5 of the 22 stimulated oocytes and 6 of the 9 stimulated oocytes recovered from bovine and porcine tracts, respectively, were found to be fertilized as evidenced by pronuclear formation and the presence of sperm components within the cytoplasm.
COMPARISON OF FISH PROTEIN SOURCES AND MILK BY-PRODUCTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , LARMOND ELIZABETH , POWER H. E.
Published: March 2010

Three fish protein sources and milk by-products were used in milk replacers. Thirty Holstein heifer calves were fed five different milk replacers as follows: all-milk nitrogen control, and four with 65% of the nitrogen supplied by steam-dried herring meal and the remaining nitrogen from milk as: (a) skim milk powder, (b) skim milk and acid whey powders; and (c) acid whey powder partially neutralized with NaOH or (d) Ca(OH)2. Body weight gains were greater for calves fed the control milk replacer; from birth to 26 wk of age, calves weaned from this milk replacer gained 822 g/day, compared with 662, 731, 741 and 699 g/day, respectively, on diets a to d noted above (P < 0.05). A digestion and nitrogen balance trial with four bull calves fed the four herring meal milk replacers in a 4 × 4 latin square showed relatively poor utilization of the herring meal, especially for calves at 2–4 wk of age. The apparent dry matter digestibility was 75% when the acid whey in the diet was neutralized with Ca(OH)2, compared with 81% when it was neutralized with NaOH. Three milk replacers containing 62% of the total nitrogen from herring meal, isopropanol-extracted fish protein concentrate (FPC), or predigested FPC were compared using six Holstein bull calves in two 3 × 3 latin squares. Apparent digestion of dry matter and energy by the calves was similar for the three diets. Nitrogen digestibility was 82% in the herring meal and 86% in the predigested FPC diet (P < 0.05). At the end of the digestion trial, the calves were continued on the same diet to 91 kg body weight. Body weight gains by all calves averaged 1 kg/day. Loin roasts from the calves fed the herring meal diet were tougher and had an objectionable odor compared with those from calves fed the two FPC diets or whole milk. It was concluded that FPC could be a useful ingredient in calf milk replacers, and that herring meal was not well utilized by calves at 2–4 wk of age.
FATE OF POLYETHYLENE PELLETS PLACED IN THE RUMENS OF FISTULATED COWS
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF CASTRATION, SIRE AND HORMONE TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY OF RIB ROASTS FROM HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN MALES
Authors: FORREST R. J.
Published: March 2010

A total of 72 Holstein-Friesian males from 11 sire groups were reared from birth on a concentrate ration. At 136 kg, one-half of the calves were castrated (Burdizzo) and at 340 kg, one-half of the bulls and steers were implanted with hormones (200 mg progesterone plus 20 mg estradiol-17-β-benzoate). Following slaughter at 475 kg, the 9th–11th rib sections were removed from the left sides of the carcass and frozen. Later, the four treatment and 11 sire groups were compared by taste panel evaluation of these rib roasts. No significant differences in quality factors (tenderness, juiciness, and flavor) due to pre-slaughter hormone treatment were evident in rib roasts from either bulls or steers. Hormone treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05) fat deposition in steers and tended to increase fat levels in bulls. Rib roasts from bulls were significantly less desirable than roasts from steers in both treatment groups, for all quality factors. Significant sire effects for all taste panel evaluations were also noted.
INFUSION OF LYSINE PER ABOMASUM IN STEERS: DIETARY, ABOMASAL AND PLASMA LEVELS OF AMINO ACIDS OF STEERS FED CONTINUOUSLY OR TWICE A DAY
Authors: BOILA R. J. , DEVLIN T. J.
Published: March 2010

Eight Holstein steers fitted with abomasal cannulae were used in two 4 × 4 latin square designs. A corn-based, corn gluten-meal-supplemented diet was fed to four steers continuously (part A), and to four steers twice a day (0700 h and 1900 h) (part B). Within each latin square, lysine hydrochloride was infused per abomasum to provide the equivalent of 0.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 g lysine per day. Nitrogen (N) balance decreased, urinary N (percent of N intake), and abomasal N (percent of N intake) increased as lysine infusion was increased from zero to 9 g per day (part A). In part B, N digestibility was reduced and the concentrations of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, cystine (cysteine), phenylalanine and tyrosine increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 6 g lysine per day. Lysine infused per abomasum of steers was of no benefit to the animal with respect to several of the N parameters. The presence of a relatively high leucine concentration available for absorption in the small intestine may have influenced lysine absorption. The use of continuous feeding as an experimental tool reduced the interactions encountered between lysine infusion and the concentration of amino acid (AA) in the plasma. The continuous feeding method proved useful in defining the effects of dietary N on rumen microbial metabolism and subsequently on AA metabolism in the ruminant.
TISSUE SELENIUM CONTENT OF THE GROWING PIG
Authors: DOORNENBAL H.
Published: March 2010

Selenium retention studies were made on a group of 86 pigs, ranging in weight from 10 to 132 kg. The animals were raised under a natural selenium environment in which the creep ration contained 0.69, grower–finisher ration 0.34, and the sow ration 0.46 ppm of Se on an air-dry basis. The Se content of the drinking water was 0.41 ppb. Selenium was determined in two body compartments: the offal, comprising internal organs, feet and head; and the second compartment, the dressed carcass. The average Se content per kg of offal was 189.4 ± 8.05 μg (SE), 142.2 ± 5.50 μg per kg of dressed carcass and 152.1 ± 5.30 μg per kg of warm empty body. On the basis of total protein in the empty body, (comparable to fat-free dry muscle) the Se content was 1,029.8 ± 36.0 μg per kg. On a fat-free basis, (comparable to fat-free fresh muscle) the Se content was 214.4 ± 7.60 μg per kg. Sex differences in Se content were not significant. Based on present National Research Council–National Academy of Sciences estimated requirements, the natural Se environment in this study represents a nontoxic nutritional level which is surplus to physiological requirements. The selenium levels reported are considered to represent "normal" physiological levels, resulting from an adequate, natural Se environment.
RESPONSE OF RATS AND CHICKS TO RAPESEED MEAL SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT ENZYMATIC TREATMENTS
Authors: SRIVASTAVA V. K. , PHILBRICK D. J. , HILL D. C.
Published: March 2010

Rapeseed meals (Brassica napus cv. Zephyr) were selectively prepared, either by autolysis, or treatment of meal from heated seed with mustard seed thioglucosidase, to yield products with relatively high content of nitriles or goitrin, respectively. These treated meals were incorporated into basal diets, replacing low-glucosinolate Bronowski meal on an equal weight basis, with all diets containing a total of 40% meal (14% protein). Diets were fed ad libitum to both rats and chicks. Weight gains of both rats and chicks were inversely related to the level of nitrile-rich meal in the diet. Rats were more severely affected than chicks. All rats receiving the diet containing 40% of nitrile-rich meal were dead within 7 days of receiving the diet, whereas 38% of the chicks fed comparable diets were alive after 15 days. Pale enlarged kidneys were associated in rats with the consumption of nitrile-rich diets. Both rats and chicks fed diets containing 40% of goitrin-rich meal gained weight, although the rate was less than that of the controls. Both species lost weight when fed diets containing 40% of a meal with active enzyme along with intact thioglucosides.
RAPESEED, PEANUT AND SOYBEAN MEALS AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS: PLASMA UREA CONCENTRATIONS OF PIGS ON DIFFERENT FEED INTAKES AS INDICES OF DIETARY PROTEIN QUALITY
Authors: OROK E. J. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Plasma urea measurements were taken in an experiment designed to compare rapeseed (RSM), peanut (PNM) and soybean meals (SBM) as protein supplements for growing pigs (5–15 wk of age, 7.0–26.7 kg liveweight). Eight diets were formulated to meet National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (1973) requirements of 10–20 kg pigs for crude protein and digestible energy. After 8–9 wk on test and following 24 h starvation, plasma urea concentrations of individual pigs were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 h postprandial, the 0 h measurements being those taken just before refeeding. Plasma volumes of individual pigs were predicted from an equation. From these volumes and plasma urea concentrations, the increase in plasma urea output was expressed as a percentage of nitrogen (N) ingested on the morning of blood sampling (U/N%) for postprandial intervals of 0–3 h, 0–7 h and 4–7 h. Plasma urea concentration showed no consistent inverse relationship to dietary protein quality. However, U/N% for the period 0–7 h postprandial ranked diets in the same order as average daily liveweight gain. Under conditions of varied feed intake this procedure of relating the increase in plasma urea output to grams N ingested (%) offers a possible method for evaluating protein supplements.
EFFECTS OF FAT LEVELS IN MILK REPLACERS AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN CREEP FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , MACINTYRE T. M.
Published: March 2010

Two growth trials were conducted to determine an optimum level of fat in milk replacer and an optimum level of protein in creep feed for artificially reared lambs. In experiment 1, milk replacers containing 31 or 36% fat (dry matter, DM, basis) were fed ad libitum to 58 lambs at 1 day of age. The protein was supplied by low-heat spray-dried skim milk powder and Na caseinate and the fat from a mixture of 10% coconut oil and 90% tallow. A finely ground unpelleted creep feed with 20% protein, on a DM basis, was fed ad libitum. The lambs consumed more of the 31% fat milk replacer and gained more live weight (288 vs. 254 g/day; P < 0.025) to weaning at 25–30 days of age than did lambs fed the 36% fat formula. Weight gains to 10 wk of age were 190 and 170 g/day, respectively (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 84 lambs were fed a 26% fat milk replacer ad libitum, and creep feeds with 15, 20 or 25% protein (DM basis). The supplementary protein was supplied by herring meal and soybean meal. Weight gains of lambs to weaning at 24 days of age were similar on the three creep feeds. However, gains to 10 wk of age averaged 218, 235 and 244 g/day (P < 0.05) on the 15, 20 and 25% protein diets, respectively. One and 2 kg of DM were consumed/kg lamb body weight gain to weaning and to 10 wk of age, respectively. It was concluded that the milk replacer should contain 26–31% fat, and the creep feed 20% protein or more for maximal performance of artificially reared lambs.
INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON THE ENSILING PROCESS OF WET BREWERS’ GRAINS
Authors: ALLEN W. R. , STEVENSON K. R.
Published: March 2010

The results of three experiments to study various aspects of, and treatments to improve the preservation of, wet brewers’ grain are reported. In the first experiment, brewers’ grains were sampled in a brewery from the lauter tub and holding tanks. Material from the holding tanks was also ensiled in test-tube silos and sampled at various time intervals during the 18-day study. All samples were analyzed for lactobacillus growth, organic acid and ammoniacal nitrogen content and buffering capacity. Water soluble and total non-structural carbohydrate were determined for material sampled from six separate brews. No lactobacilli were isolated from the grains sampled in the lauter tub; however, lactic acid bacteria were evident in samples from the holding tanks. The lactobacillus population increased sharply during the first 2 days of ensiling, followed by a decline over the remaining 16 days of the experiment. The results of the 18-day study suggested that a silage additive would assist in satisfactory ensiling of wet brewers’ grains. The second and third experiments were designed to study the effects of various treatments on the preservation of brewers’ grains under long-term anaerobic storage conditions. In the second experiment, the 23-liter laboratory silos were ineffective in simulating actual horizontal silo conditions in the time period allocated to the study. The lack of similarity may be related to the cool temperatures under which the laboratory silos were stored. In the third experiment, 160-ml test-tube silos were used. The control silage was poorly preserved, containing high levels of acetic and butyric acid and ammoniacal nitrogen. The material treated with both rates (0.50 and 0.75%) of formic acid and the high rate (0.75%) of the formic–propionic mixture was well preserved. The addition of molasses, although inhibiting butyric acid production, was ineffective in controlling ammoniacal nitrogen production.
EVALUATION OF TURKEY BROILER FEEDING PROGRAMS BY BIOLOGICAL ASSAY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: SALMON R. E. , O’NEIL J. B.
Published: March 2010

Five commercial and two experimental turkey broiler feeding programs were compared with a control program by feeding from day-old to market weight (5.0-kg males). The performance of the poults fed the commercial feeds varied widely in rate of growth, feed consumption, feed conversion, carcass grade and cost of meat production. Carcass composition was not greatly influenced by the feeding program, but the eviscerated carcass yield of birds requiring an extended growing period was reduced. An experimental program of progressively increasing nutrient density produced well-finished broilers at 89 days of age with improved feed consumption and conversion over the controls. Another experimental program in which the diets included dehydrated alfalfa, dried brewer’s yeast and partly delactosed whey gave no advantage over the wheat–soybean–meat meal diets of the control program. Chemical analysis of the registered commercial feeds revealed little relationship between the actual and guaranteed analyses except for crude protein. Differences in crude protein and amino acid contents accounted for part of the observed variation in early growth.
UTILIZATION OF FULL-FAT RAPESEED AND RAPESEED MEALS IN RATIONS FOR BROILER CHICKS
Authors: OLOMU J. M. , ROBBLEE A. R. , CLANDININ D. R. , HARDIN R. T.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to assess the use of full-fat rapeseed (RS) or rapeseed meal (RSM) in rations for broiler chicks. The first experiment included comparisons between Span (a low erucic acid variety) and Bronowski (a low glucosinolate variety) RS and the effects of addition of two types of fat (crude Span rapeseed oil and stabilized tallow) in the rations used. Parameters studied included rate of gain, feed conversion, size of thyroids, livers and hearts and composition of carcasses, hearts and livers. The second experiment studied the effects of protein level and amino acid supplementation on nutrient retention in broiler chicks fed Span RS. Inclusion of 20% raw Span or Bronowski RS in broiler rations resulted in depressed weight gain and feed conversion, increased thyroid size and production of leaner carcasses as compared to those obtained when a control ration or rations containing autoclaved RS were fed. Raw Bronowski RS resulted in superior weight gain and feed conversion as compared to raw Span RS. Use of 12% Span RSM with either RSO or stabilized tallow or 12% Bronowski RSM with RSO gave performance similar to that of chicks fed the control ration. When stabilized tallow was used with Bronowski RSM, performance was improved over that obtained with the control ration. The use of full-fat RS, RSM or RSO did not cause fat accumulation in the hearts and livers of chicks. The percentage of dry matter, fat and energy retained by chicks fed the control ration was significantly higher than in chicks fed raw or autoclaved RS. Protein retention was not affected by inclusion of RS in the rations.
USE OF DRIED PAUNCH RESIDUE IN RUMINANT DIETS
Authors: HIRONAKA R.
Published: March 2010

not available
GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS BETWEEN GROWTH TRAITS OF HEREFORD AND ABERDEEN ANGUS CALVES
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , HENDERSON C. R.
Published: March 2010

Canadian Record of Performance for Beef Cattle data were used to estimate genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations between pairs of four calf growth traits: weaning weight, preweaning average daily gain (ADG), yearling weight and postweaning ADG. A total of 61,688 Hereford and 22,333 Aberdeen Angus records were studied. Average genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlation estimates, in that order, for the following growth trait combinations were:.997,.974 and.979 for weaning weight and preweaning ADG;.801,.709 and.726 for weaning weight and yearling weight;.784,.692 and.706 for preweaning ADG and yearling weight;.516, −.143 and.104 for weaning weight and postweaning ADG;.494, −.142 and.094 for preweaning ADG and postweaning ADG; and.875,.595 and.741 for yearling weight and postweaning ADG.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN EWES ON A LOW-SELENIUM DIET
Authors: MITCHELL D. , HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four Selenium (Se)-deficient ewes (group 1) and 65 Se-adequate ewes (group 2) were exposed to fertile, harnessed rams for a 42-day period (1 October–12 November 1973). Between 26 October and 7 December, approximately half of the animals in each group were slaughtered 25–30 days after their last marked mating to determine numbers of embryos and corpora lutea (CL). The percentages of ewes pregnant and CL not represented by normal embryos were 80.6 and 12.8 in group 1 and 78.8 and 34.1 in group 2 and the average number of CL/ewe was 1.57 and 1.63, respectively. The remaining ewes were kept until anticipated time of lambing. The percentage of ewes which lambed and the average number of lambs/ewe were 67.9 and 1.47 (group 1) and 71.9 and 1.44 (group 2). No group differences in sex ratio of lambs was observed. Composite conception rates for the slaughtered and lambed ewes were 76.2% for the Se-deficient and 76.6% for the Se-adequate animals. It was concluded that under the conditions of this experiment Se depletion had no adverse effect on ewe conception rates, embryonic mortality or numbers of lambs born.
EVALUATION OF METHODS OF ASSESSING TENDERNESS ON RAW AND COOKED BEEF MUSCLE
Authors: L’HIRONDELLE P. J. , MARTIN A. H.
Published: March 2010

Methods of estimating tenderness of beef muscle were evaluated on 282 steer and heifer carcasses. pH values (1 h and 2 h post-mortem) did not relate to shear values or panel tenderness scores on the cooked longissimus dorsi, evaluated after 6 days’ aging. Values obtained with the Armour tenderometer on the raw rib-eye were not useful predictors of tenderness of the cooked muscle (r2 < 6%). The Ottawa Texture Measuring System extrusion cell did not relate texture properties of the raw muscle to tenderness of the cooked meat. Marbling score explained 14% of the variance in panel tenderness scores. No satisfactory classification of carcasses into tenderness desirability groups was achieved with any of the methods examined.
BODY COMPOSITION AND ENERGY METABOLISM DURING LATE PREGNANCY IN THE AD LIBITUM-FED EWE
Authors: HEANEY D. P. , LODGE G. A.
Published: March 2010

Sixty mature ewes (Rambouillet × Columbia type) were grouped into tetrads on the basis of initial weight and paired within tetrads as a pregnant (P) and a nonpregnant (NP) for slaughter at day 105 of the pregnancy of the former, and a P and NP for slaughter at day 140 of the pregnancy of the former. All were fed a restricted allowance 20% above estimated maintenance until day 70 of the pregnancy of the P member of each pair, when they were changed over a 14-day period to ad libitum feeding with a higher energy diet. Feed intakes reached maxima for both P and NP ewes in the final week at levels approximately twice maintenance. During the final 35 days, P ewes gained more weight than NP ewes but not significantly so. Differences in fat percentages of carcass and viscera between P and NP ewes and between 105 and 140 days were not significant. There were, however, significant differences in fat percentages of liver, fleece, mammary gland and uterus between P vs. NP and 105 vs. 140. Significant differences in protein percentage occurred only in fleece, mammary gland and uterus. Total contents of fat were higher in several components at 140 than at 105 days in both P and NP ewes; total contents of protein showed significant differences only for fleece, mammary gland and uterus. Differences in total body composition, some significant, indicated that both P and NP ewes increased their fat and water contents during the final 35 days, with little or no change in protein, but that pregnancy tended to enhance water rather than fat deposition. In spite of the evidence of fat deposition during late pregnancy, plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly elevated in P ewes at day 140 compared either with previous samplings or the level in NP ewes at day 140. Efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization during the final 35 days of pregnancy for growth of concepta including mammary gland and uterus was 26.9%, and for the uterine contents alone, 21.3%.
EFFECTS OF FORMALIN ADDED TO MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH, FEED INTAKE, DIGESTION AND INCIDENCE OF ABOMASAL BLOAT IN LAMBS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , MACINTYRE T. M.
Published: March 2010

Formalin (37% formaldehyde) was added at 0–0.15% (v/w) to 20% (w/w) solids milk replacers to determine its effect on utilization of nutrients, growth, feed intake and incidence of abomasal bloat in lambs. Formalin at 0.05 or 0.10% in the diet had no effect on growth, nitrogen retention and apparent digestion of dry matter, nitrogen and energy by lambs. The incidence of abomasal bloat was markedly reduced in lambs fed milk replacer twice daily to appetite when 0.10%, compared with 0 or 0.05% formalin was added. Milk replacer intake by lambs and body weight gains were reduced by the inclusion of 0.15% formalin, but there was no adverse effect on the digestive tract mucosa. Lambs fed milk replacer ad libitum at 17 C with 0.05% formalin added tended to gain more body weight to weaning than those fed refrigerated milk replacer without formalin (237 vs. 192 g/day); weight gains to 10 wk were 224 and 222 g/day, respectively. The same milk replacer containing 0.05% formalin was fed to lambs either ad libitum or restricted to 900 g/day after 8 days of age. Weight gains to weaning at 28 days were 311 and 212 g/day, and to 10 wk were 259 and 220 g/day, respectively. Milk replacer dry matter intakes per lamb were 8.8 and 5.4 kg. There was no abomasal bloating in lambs when fed ad libitum or restricted amounts of milk replacer with 0.05% formalin added.
AVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS IN WHEAT CULTIVARS USED IN DIETS FOR WEANLING RATS
Authors: SARWAR G. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen (N) and amino acid availabilities of No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring milling wheat, Neepawa; No. 1 Utility wheats, Glenlea, Norquay and unlicensed Purple PFW606A were calculated by balance trials with rats. Lysine availability values were also determined by the growth response method using regression analysis (weight gains vs. lysine consumed). Results of balance trials indicated that the availability values for N and amino acids in the different wheat cultivars were similar. The availability values for lysine (80–85%) and tyrosine (82–87%) were lower than the values (90–97%) for the other amino acids and for N (92–95%). The growth response method suggested that the lysine availability values in wheat proteins varied from 80 to 89%. The availability value for the purple wheat was about 5 and 10% lower than the values of Norquay and Glenlea or Neepawa wheat, respectively.
EFFECTS OF COPPER ON PERFORMANCE, FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF DEPOT FAT AND FATTY ACYL DESATURASE ACTIVITIES IN PIGS FED A DIET WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER
Authors: HO S. K. , ELLIOT J. I. , JONES G. M.
Published: March 2010

Twenty crossbred barrows were equalized as to litter origin into two groups, with or without 250 ppm supplemental dietary copper. The presence of supplemental copper in the diet resulted in deteriorations in both average daily gain and feed conversion. Increases in the proportions of major long-chain unsaturated acids and concomitant decreases in the proportions of saturated acids of depot fat were associated with enhanced capacities of hepatic and adipose microsomes to desaturate stearate, oleate and palmitate among copper-supplemented pigs. The increase in the copper content of the hepatic microsomal fraction of copper-supplemented pigs was small in comparison with increases in other subcellular fractions. Several levels of copper or L-histidine were added to microsomal preparations from control or from copper-supplemented pigs. These in vitro additions did not elicit significant alterations in the rates of fatty acid desaturations to the extent that one would expect if copper functioned as an activating ion. It is inferred, therefore, that copper is involved in the desaturation reactions as a component of a cuproprotein enzyme(s).
UTILIZATION OF DRIED POULTRY WASTE IN CHICK STARTER RATIONS
Authors: STAPLETON P. , BIELY JACOB
Published: March 2010

Dried poultry waste (DPW) from chicks fed a basal diet was collected, analyzed and used as a feed ingredient in diets of equivalent nutrient composition. Chicks fed rations containing 20% recycled DPW weighed, at 4 wk of age, on the average, 10% lower than the controls. The weights of chicks decreased slightly with each of five successive recycles. The feed efficiency of chicks fed the 20% protein basal was 2.05, while that of the DPW-fed chicks was 2.30. Feed efficiency decreased as DPW was recycled. The addition of 0.20% lysine and 0.20% methionine increased the weights of chicks and improved feed efficiency 6% when added to DPW and control rations. The chemical analyses of DPW recycled five times showed no major changes in the composition except that the fat level increased from 3.04 to 9.6% and the calcium and phosphorus levels decreased from 1.94 and 1.88% to 0.88 and 1.10%, respectively. The five recycles of DPW were identical in amino acid composition. Plasma uric acid levels were raised to 6.0 mg% by feeding 20% DPW, compared to 3.4 mg% in control chicks. However, there was no correlation between plasma uric acid levels and the weight of chicks. The mineral composition of the tibia was not affected by the DPW content of the rations. Mortality in all experiments was less than 1%.
LASMA AMINO ACID CONCENTRATIONS AND 35S-DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOW AND FETUS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF 35S-METHIONINE
Authors: KNIPFEL J. E. , WILLES R. F. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

Following maternal intravenous injection of 1.6 mg/kg body weight 35S-methionine, only a small proportion of the administered 35S reached fetal circulation. Fetal liver uptake of 35S was much less than that of maternal liver. A transient minor increase in the maternal plasma methionine concentration was not reflected in fetal plasma. Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine were at lower concentrations in fetal plasma than in maternal plasma, with threonine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine and tyrosine generally higher in fetal blood. The proportion of 35S reaching the fetal circulation appeared to be cleared at a slower rate than the 35S from maternal plasma. The placenta appeared to function as an effective buffer against transient minor changes in the maternal plasma methionine concentration. The extent of the buffering capacity of the placenta against maternal plasma amino acid fluctuations requires further investigation.
CRITERIA OF BELLY BACON DESIRABILITY. III. WITHIN-BELLY VARIANCE IN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , MARTIN A. H. , McANDREWS J. G.
Published: March 2010

Within-belly variation (four cross-section rashers per belly) was substantially greater than the variation between bellies (n = 730) for the physical dimensions of width of rasher and depth at maximum and minimum points. Ratios among these variables has large coefficients of variation and their between-belly components of variance were negative. Correlations among measurements, both within and between rashers were small, indicating limited potential for predicting variance in any one physical dimension from knowledge of another. However, variation in width and depth measurements was associated with variation in the carcass measurements of backfat and carcass weight. Regression analyses identified carcass backfat as an important contributor to within-rasher variance in composition traits (percent fat, percent protein, lean ratios, photo grade). Accuracy of prediction was improved by enlarging the regression equation to include specific gravity of the belly, but was not influenced by either sex or weight of carcass. Variance component analyses identified a larger within-belly component for percent fat than for percent protein and, for both traits, the within-belly component was greater for castrates than for gilts. Individual pig differences contributed little to the between-belly variance for percent fat after consideration of backfat and weight. It was concluded that composition is the only aspect of belly bacon desirability that is amenable to prediction from measurements made on the carcass or the belly, that potential fat–lean ratio can be predicted from knowledge of carcass backfat, and that the accuracy of estimation can be further improved by adding specific gravity to the estimation equation.
GROWTH, MORTALITY AND MEAT QUALITY OF LAMBS FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING FULL-FAT SOYBEAN FLOUR
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , JONES J. D. , LARMOND ELIZABETH , CAMERON C. D. T. , COMEAU J. E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of incorporating full-fat soy flour (FFSF) into milk replacers on growth, mortality and meat quality of lambs were determined. In the first two experiments, the FFSF supplied 24 and 30%, respectively, of the total protein (N × 6.25), and was compared with all-milk protein (AMP) formulas. Refrigerated milk replacers at 20% (w/w) solids were fed ad libitum from nipples and a teat bar. Half the lambs on each liquid diet received only milk replacer to slaughter at 18 kg liveweight; the other half were weaned at 11 kg, and then received solid feed. The FFSF milk replacers had no significant effects on lamb weight gains or carcass evaluation (dressing per cent, fat cover and color scores, tenderness and flavor) when compared with lambs fed the AMP formulas. Meat from lambs fed only milk replacer lacked distinct lamb flavor. In the third experiment three milk replacers containing AMP or 50% of the protein from FFSF were compared: AMP (30% fat air-dry basis), FFSF (30 and 40% fat). The reconstituted milk replacers were fed twice daily at 37 ± 2 C. Liveweight gains of lambs to weaning at 4 wk old were less on the FFSF formula containing 40% fat than on the one with 30% fat. However, gains to slaughter at 41 kg were not significantly affected. Carcass data from lambs fed the three milk replacers were similar, except for increased tenderness in those fed the 40% fat formula. It was concluded that FFSF could satisfactorily supply 50% of the total protein in lamb milk replacers fed twice daily provided abomasal bloat could be prevented.
FFECTS OF DIETARY FLOUR AND OIL FROM TOWER RAPESEED ON FOOD INTAKE, WEIGHT GAINS, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, ENERGY UTILIZATION AND BODY COMPOSITION OF RATS
Authors: SEOANE J. R. , GORRILL A. D. L.
Published: March 2010

Rats were fed diets containing 15% protein, 10% fat and 4.7 kcal/g in the form of: (1) soybean flour–corn oil (SBF/CO), (2) Tower rapeseed flour–corn oil (RSF/CO) and (3) Tower rapeseed flour–Tower rapeseed oil (RSF/RSO). Rats fed the SBF/CO diet ate more and grew faster than rats fed the RSF diets (P < 0.05). However, rats fed the RSF/RSO diet converted food to weight gain more efficiently than rats receiving the SBF/CO diet (P < 0.05). The digestibility of the dry matter (92%), energy (94%) and protein (88%) of the RSF diets was higher than that of the SBF diet (P < 0.01). Digestibility of the RSO was higher than that of the CO only when SBF was used as source of dietary protein. The net protein utilization of the diets throughout the experiment was similar (43–48%). Energy retention as percent of intake was similar for all diets (20–26%); however, rats receiving the RSF/RSO diet deposited a greater proportion of the caloric intake as tissue protein than rats receiving the SBF/CO diet (10.0 vs. 8.8%, respectively, P < 0.05). Body composition after 7 days on the experimental diets was not affected by the dietary treatments. Heart weights (mg DM/g body DM) of rats fed the RSF/RSO diet were greater than those of rats receiving the SBF/CO diet (4.3 vs. 3.5 mg/g body DM, respectively, P < 0.05). After 21 days, rats fed the SBF/CO diet had deposited more body fat than rats receiving the RSF diets (12.7 vs. 9.7 and 10.1% for SBF/CO, RSF/CO and RSF/RSO respectively, P < 0.05). No other differences in body composition were observed. The nutritive value of Tower rapeseed flour and oil was higher than that of soybean flour and corn oil. No toxic effects were observed from feeding rapeseed flour or oil to rats. However, the consumption of rapeseed flour was lower than that of soybean flour, possibly due to gut fill, since the "packed volume" occupied by the RSF diet was 1.5 times larger than that of the SBF diet. Texture and palatability of the flours may have also contributed to the differences in intake.
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS AS AFFECTED BY INITIAL HARVEST DATES AND RECOVERY PERIODS
Authors: Lawrence T. , Ashford R.
Published: March 2010

The productivity of Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv., as influenced by variation in the date of initial harvest and length of recovery period between cuttings, was studied on irrigated land over a 2-year period. Ten initial cutting dates, each spaced 3 days apart, and two recovery periods of 21 days and 42 days, were used. Delaying the initial harvest date resulted in progressively greater dry-matter yields at the first cutting and progressively lower yields at the second cutting. Earlier and later initial cuttings gave higher yields than at the shotblade stage when this species seems to be in a critical phase of development. Grass given a 42-day recovery period between cuttings produced an average dry-matter yield of 3.63 tons per acre over the 2-year period, and 1.71 tons of root material per acre in the first crop year. Comparable yields in tons per acre for grass given a 21-day recovery period were 2.29 for dry matter and 1.31 for root material. Likewise, grass given a 21-day recovery period showed a rapid stand deterioration, whereas that given a 42-day recovery period did not show a reduction. Intermediate wheatgrass is high-yielding if managed properly and not abused by intensive cutting or grazing. It appears to be more suitable for hay production than for pasture.
FURTHER DATA ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BELLANI-TYPE ATMOMETERS
Authors: Carder A. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
BRANCHED RACEME IN ALFALFA
Authors: Childers W. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
HYDROXYMETHYLFURFURAL IN CANADIAN APPLE JUICE
Authors: Zubeckis E.
Published: March 2010

Commercial and laboratory apple juices were examined for hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), color, and organoleptic quality. The commercial juices contained from 0.0 to 37.5 p.p.m. of HMF. Thirty percent of the juices were dark amber in color and were rated from fair to faulty. The light-colored juices were rated generally higher. The control juices made in the laboratory did not contain HMF, were light amber in color, and were rated very good. HMF formed in heated and (or) long-stored juices. No proportionate relation was found between amounts of HMF and the color and organoleptic quality of juices. Obviously, HMF is not the sole cause of depreciated quality in apple juice, but high content was associated with low quality.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES ON THE STORAGE OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS
Authors: Lockhart C. L. , Eaves C. A.
Published: March 2010

Cavalier strawberry plants were successfully stored in controlled atmospheres varying from 2.5 to 10% CO2 and 2.5 to 12.6% O3 at −2.2 °C or at 11.9% CO2 and 6.3% O2 at 0 °C. Survival of new plantings in the field was greater for plants from controlled atmosphere storage than that from conventional storage. After 10 weeks some control plants in polyethylene-lined crates at 0 °C started to grow in storage and a trace of mold was present on the roots but neither growth nor mold occurred on the plants in controlled atmosphere at 0 °C.
PERSISTENCE OF ALFALFAS IN MIXTURE WITH GRASSES IN A SEMIARID REGION
Authors: Kilcher M. R. , Heinrichs D. H.
Published: March 2010

The creeping-rooted alfalfa strains Rambler (Medicago media Pers.) and S.C. syn. 3513 (M. media), and a very winterhardy strain of Siberian (M. falcata L.), persisted better than the variety Ladak (M. media) when grown in combination with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.), intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.), and Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.). Of the grasses, Russian wild ryegrass was the most competitive and intermediate wheatgrass the least competitive with alfalfa. It was concluded that creeping-rooted alfalfas will be more useful than branch or taprooted types in the dry prairie region of Canada.
RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ENVIRONMENT: II. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE IN CONTROLLED-ENVIRONMENT CABINETS
Authors: Stanfield B. , Ormrod D. P. , Fletcher H. F.
Published: March 2010

Effects of day/night temperature regimes from 7/4 to 32/24 °C on growth and development of Pisum sativum L. var. Dark Skin Perfection were studied in controlled-environment cabinets. Light intensity was about 1500 foot-candles and the photoperiod was 16 hours. Rate of plant development, in terms of nodes produced per day, increased steadily as the average temperature increased. Rate of stem elongation, however, was most rapid at 21/13 °C; and plant height was greatest at 16/10 °C. On a dry matter accumulation rate basis, vine growth decreased above and below a temperature optimum which shifted from 21/16 to 16/10 °C in the course of plant development. The combination of high day and high night temperatures caused an increase in the number of nodes to the first flower. Tillering was most prolific at the lower temperatures and was absent at 32 °C day temperatures. Pea yield decreased as temperature increased above 16/10 °C, due mainly to a reduction in the number of pods per plant.
THE EFFECTS OF FROST INJURY BEFORE HARVEST, ON YIELD OF MARKETABLE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Hall I. V. , Leefe J. S.
Published: March 2010

not available
PRODUCTION OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY POLLEN AND ITS GERMINATION IN VITRO AS AFFECTED BY pH AND SUCROSE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Eaton G. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
RHIZOMATOUS FORM OF FESTUCA SCABRELLA
Authors: Johnston A. , Cosby Hugh E.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON DIAPAUSE IN THE REARING OF THE BARLEY JOINTWORM, TETRAMESA HORDEI, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON SEX RATIOS
Authors: Sterling J. D. E. , MacLaren R. B.
Published: March 2010

Survival of larvae of the barley jointworm, Tetramesa hordei (Harris) (Hymenoptera:Chalcidoidea), increased with increase of rime for larval development after oviposition, with increase in temperature during diapause up to 7 °C, and with increase of time in the low temperature. The minimum larval mortality of 3.8% occurred when larvae 173 days old were subjected to 7° for 112 days. Diapause was shown to be obligate.Breeding experiments showed that the barley jointworm reproduces by thelyotoky, but males occur occasionally. Virgin females can produce uniform populations for determining resistance in barley genetic stocks. Conditions for producing males are not known.
ARSENICAL SPRAY RESIDUES ON APPLES AND IN SOME APPLE PRODUCTS
Authors: Bishop R. F. , Chisholm D.
Published: March 2010

Fruit size at time of spraying, number of sprays, and use of fungicides were important factors influencing the amount of arsenic residues on mature apples. In general, when lead arsenate was applied alone, the greater the arsenic residue on fresh fruit, the greater the residue in expressed juice, in the pomace, and in the concentrate prepared from the juice. Arsenic levels in juice, concentrate, and pomace prepared from skins and cores were very much greater than when these products were prepared from whole fruit. Lead to arsenic ratios in the residues were appreciably higher than the theoretical ratio of 2.77:1 in lead arsenate.