bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memory for Incidentally Learned Categories Evolves in the Post-Learning Interval
Authors: Gabay Yafit , Karni Avi , Holt Lori L.
Published: June 2022

Humans generate categories from complex regularities evolving across even imperfect sensory input. Here, we examined the possibility that incidental experiences can generate lasting category knowledge. Adults practiced a simple visuomotor task not dependent on acoustic input. Novel categories of acoustically complex sounds were not necessary for task success but aligned incidentally with distinct visuomotor responses in the task. Incidental sound category learning emerged robustly when within-category sound exemplar variability was closely yoked to visuomotor task demands and was not apparent in the initial session when this coupling was less robust. Nonetheless, incidentally acquired sound category knowledge was evident in both cases one day later, indicative of offline learning gains and, nine days later, learning in both cases supported explicit category labeling of novel sounds. Thus, a relatively brief incidental experience with multi-dimensional sound patterns aligned with behaviorally relevant actions and events can generate new sound categories, immediately after the learning experience or a day later. These categories undergo consolidation into long-term memory to support robust generalization of learning, rather than simply reflecting recall of specific sound-pattern exemplars previously encountered. Humans thus forage for information to acquire and consolidate new knowledge that may incidentally support behavior, even when learning is not strictly necessary for performance.
«Texas hold’em»: transition from the strategic stability matrix to the new framework of the world order
Authors: Arzamanova T.V.
Published: June 2022

The pandemic of COVID-19 became the real catalyst of global changes, having had the strongest impact on all aspects of activity, from the relationship between individuals and between society and the state to the formation of a new world order. Global inequalities have increased, including the lack of equitable access to vaccines against COVID-19, which, with competing systems competing for reputational gain, acquire the status of hybrid weapons. With regard to the emerging world order, it can already be stated that it is distinctly asymmetric and difficult to predict: the basic characteristics are global uncertainty, a large number of new world actors, including off-system players, nonlinearity, randomness and fragmentation. The author suggests that the arms control agenda is gradually losing its defining character for international relations: the principle of strategic stability ceases to be the basis of the world order. The growing tension in relations between Russia and the West is taking place against the background of a Washington-inspired unified position of the «collective West» that Russia will have to deal with, at least in the short to medium term. The basis of this position is a bet on a large-scale deterrence of Russia with the possibility of maintaining a targeted dialogue on a limited range of issues.
Overview of international COVID-19 vaccines development and administration programs
Authors: Glushchenko A.A.
Published: June 2022

The pandemic caused by the spread of the novel coronavirus has presented challenges to the international community that it has never faced before. The high rate of spread of the infection and the economic, social and political challenges associated with it have pushed individual states and international organisations to the limit in proposing the most effective methods to combat the pandemic. The article examines various examples of government support for vaccine development programs in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China and Russia, as well as the specifics of using COVID-19 vaccination programs in these countries. Based on the data presented in the article, it is concluded that government support for these programs become one of the most effective ways to increase the availability of vaccines for large-scale vaccination of citizens. Particular attention is paid to aspects of the regulatory environment for vaccine approval in a time of pandemic, the financing of vaccination programs, and international cooperation at WHO and UN level to counter the novel coronavirus pandemic. Additionally, the article analyzes contracts for the supply of vaccines in the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom. Based on the data presented in the article, a conclusion is drawn about the possible reasons for the delays in the supply of vaccines under contracts concluded by the countries of the European Union. The results of this study can be used in the future to plan other vaccine development programs and strengthen government policy in the field of combating infectious diseases, strengthening public and private partnerships in the health sector.
The role of the COVID-19 epidemic in the development of the Belarusian political crisis in 2020
Authors: Suzdaltsev A.I.
Published: June 2022

The article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the political and socio-economic situation in the Republic of Belarus in the first half of 2020. Belarus, like the UK and Sweden, at the first stage of the pandemic sought to avoid the introduction of quarantine measures. The Belarusian government refused to pursue a joint policy of countering the pandemic with Russia within the framework of the Union State. President A. Lukashenko was especially outraged by the closure of the joint border by Russia. Due to the closure of the border, Belarusian guest workers could not get to Russia, unemployment in Belarus rose sharply, which became the basis for the formation of the potential for protest voting. A. Lukashenko could not repeat the Russian measures against COVID-19 due to the lack of financial resources. As a result, he developed a program to combat coronavirus in a propagandistic vein: the Belarusian media downplayed the danger of COVID-19, criticized Russian quarantine measures, praised the Belarusian policy of «openness», positioned A. Lukashenko as the «vanquisher of the coronavirus». A. Lukashenko announced the reason for refusing quarantine: the economic interests of Belarus. On the eve of the presidential elections, he launched his own election campaign in an anti-Russian format, based on criticism of Russia’s policy on combating COVID-19. However, replacing quarantine with propaganda did not help. In the summer of 2020, the death rate in Belarus increased significantly. The attempts of the Belarusian leadership to use the COVID-19 epidemic for electoral purposes discredited A. Lukashenko’s policy towards the pandemic, and the reaction of the Belarusian civil society to the government’s failure to fight the epidemic increased the potential of protest voting in the presidential elections on August 9, 2020. The main part of the Belarusian electorate refused to support A. Lukashenko in the elections, and after the announcement of the election results, large-scale street protests began in Belarus.
Some problems of political positioning of Ukraine (2014–2021)
Authors: Mironenko V.I.
Published: June 2022

In 1991, Ukraine got the opportunity to provide real content to the sovereignty proclaimed in 1918 and to acquire international political subjectivity. This had to be done in the context of a change in the political system inside the country and the world order outside. Whether it manages to do this will determine both its political future and the political configuration of Eastern Europe. Since late 1980 s, political positioning of Ukraine in Europe and in the world has passed several stages. The current one, which began in 2014, is far from complete, despite the constitutional entrenchment of its objectives. Its direction and duration depend primarily on, but not only on, Russian-Ukrainian relations. Their current status actualizes for Ukraine the task of finding strategic partners and allies. Ukraine has chosen its political position, which is unlikely to change soon. The interaction of Ukraine with other states of Eastern Europe in economic and social development in a mode of conjugate modernization not only does not exclude, but also implies sine qua non the appearance of other integration projects, besides the EU and the EAEU. Finding mutually acceptable political algorithms for such conjugation is one of the most pressing political tasks for Eastern Europe, Ukraine and all other states in this part of the world.
Power and civil society in the Western Balkans, their role in foreign policy through the eyes of balkan and foreign researchers
Authors: Kaloeva E.B.
Published: June 2022

The article attempts to show the role of official authorities and civil society on the thorny path that the countries of the Western Balkans have to overcome towards mutual undestanding. Unfortunately, some tensions still persist in relations between the countries of the region, and from time to time some hotheads propose new projects for revising borders, which can lead to the resumption of armed conflicts. Such a development can be ruled out not only by the actions of sober-minded politicians, but also by civil society, which played an important role in restoring peaceful order of life after the end of the bloody Balkan conflict of the 1990 s. After all, the main cause of conflicts in the Balkans lies not in the desire to protect ethnic, cultural and religious differences between the Balkan peoples, but in the way their political and cultural elites understand national identity and use it to achieve their political goals. The article also analyzes the activities of some non-governmental organizations that emerged in the Western Balkans in the early 2000 s and still enjoying international prestige and continue their work, despite the not entirely favorable situation in the position of civil society in those countries where trends of authoritarianism and national populism are strong. Particular attention is paid to the issue of geopolitics in the Western Balkans during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Between neighborliness and the image of the «beloved enemy»: relations between Belarus and Poland in terms of «understanding sociology» (2014–2021)
Authors: Lysyuk A.I.
Published: June 2022

The article examines various aspects of the Belarusian-Polish relations through M. Weber’s «understanding sociology». Relying on it, social actions with subjective meaning (value-based and rational as well as emotional) committed by the state institutions of Belarus and Poland from 2014 to 2021 are analyzed. There are two stages in this period. The first stage (2014 – mid-2020) is positive, marked by good neighbourly relations. The second stage (second half of 2020–2021) is characterised by hostility (hybrid war): Warsaw doubts the legitimacy of the presidential elections in Belarus, supports the Belarusian opposition, official Minsk accuses the Polish leadership of initiating sanctions and information attacks. The basis of this hostility is various value orientations and civilizational choices that determine the political practices of the authorities of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Poland. Tensions in relations were also caused by accusations of leaders of the Polish national minority of extremism by the leadership of Belarus, as well as different interpretations of historical events and personalities that are sensitive for Belarus and Poland. Based on sociological empiricism, the perception of each other by Belarusians and Poles is studied. It is noted that, despite the state of cold war between the official structures of Belarus and Poland, mutual sympathy is growing among the people of both states. It is argued that in case of an redesigning of power in Belarus, economic interests, cultural values, interests in the security sector, the state of public opinion will make it possible to quickly transfer Belarusian-Polish relations to the plane of pragmatism and utilitarian (mutually beneficial) agreements.
TEXT INCOMPLETENESS AS A PART OF THE AUTHOR’S IDEA: DOSTOEVSKY AND FANTASY LITERATURE
Authors: Gumerova Anna
Published: June 2022

The article concerns the problem of the unfinished text in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov and in the fantasy literature of the 20 th century as a form of dialogue with readers. A comparison of works and remarks made by the authors whose works remained unfinished for one reason or another demonstrates that we can speak of a certain creative idea when an intentionally unfinished work is concerned, not just an incomplete one. An unfinished piece draws the reader into the creative process.
BAKHTIN AND NARRATOLOGY
Authors: Tyupa Valeriy
Published: June 2022

This paper is devoted to clarifying the importance of Bakhtin’s intellectual heritage for narratology, as noted by Paul Ricoeur. In particular, the following are considered: Bakhtin’s interpretations of event and consciousness in relation to the modern understanding of narrativity as the formation and retranslation of event experience, as well as Bakhtin’s position on the dual eventfulness of narrative; Bakhtin’s concept of authorship (“primary” and “secondary” authors) in relation to the modern axiom of dissociation of the figures of author and narrator; later Bakhtin’s “metalinguistics” in relation to modern research into the verbalization of narrative. The significance of Bakhtin’s theory of the deed for understanding the category of narrative ethos is noted. The relevance of Bakhtin’s contribution to historical poetics for the realization of the innovative project of historical narratology is emphasized.
THE AUTHOR’S CONTINUATION IN THE NOVEL HERO: ABOUT THE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF THE M.M. BAKHTIN’S FORMULA
Authors: Ivanitskiy Alexander
Published: June 2022

The folklore fairy ballad can show the universally psychological base of the author’s continuation in the novel hero, that was described by M.M. Bakhtin. On the one hand, the ballad had reflected the evolution of the initiatory relations with the personified fairy Nature and its agent in the various folklore genres. The result of this evolution, including under the influence of the church, would the mutual lovely attraction, that had assumed the total self-continuing in each other as the antipodes. On the other hand, the ballad lyricism had allowed the executor to identify himself in the hero and to continue himself in the hero’s face in the fairy counterparty. The hero of the social-psychological novel had replaced for the author the fairy counterparty. But the self-continuing in the hero gad lost its initiatory base and so was no more reflected.
THE SLAVISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND USA ABOUT THE IDEAS OF SLAVOPHILISM
Authors: Millionshchikova Tatiana
Published: June 2022

The present paper concentrates on the American and English Slavic studies on the philosophical, religious and cultural Russian national aspects of the Slavophilism. The present paper also focuses on the ideas are connected with the Slavophilism’s movement: Westernism, “soil science”, “Russian messianic idea”, “active love”, all-unity. The aim of the paper is to show how the Slavophilism is interpreted in the alien cultural environment -in the Slavic researches of USA and. England and to draw the typological parallels between the Russian ideas of Slavophilism / Westernism and with the analogical historical and cultural concepts of the USA: Communitarianism -Liberalism / Libertianism.
ON THE ISSUE OF THE COMPLETE COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL WORKS OF M.P. POGODIN
Authors: Logvinova Irina
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to the results of the work of the research team on the preparation for publication of the first two volumes of the complete collection of historical and philological works of M.P. Pogodin in 2019-2020 with the financial support of the Russ Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 19-012-00310 A).
“LET’S WISH EACH OTHER HOPE, MUCH AIR AND GO-AHEAD TIMES”. LETTERS FROM B.K. ZAITSEV TO E D. KUSKOVA (1928-1933)
Authors: Lyubomudrov Aleksei
Published: June 2022

For the first time letters from B.K. Zaytsev to E.D. Kuskova are introduced into scientific usage. The publication allows to clarify the details of the biographies of both correspondents. The letters illustrate Kuskova’s productive care of Russian emigrant writers who received scholarships from the “Russian Action” headed by the Czech Government. The correspondence contains estimates of the largest Russian emigrant newspapers “Vozrozhdenie” and “Poslednie Novosti” as well as their editorial policy. Some letters reflect the polemic of the two correspondents about the role of Maxim Gorky in the creation of the All-Russian Committee for Helping the Starving (Pomgol). Some details of the celebrations on the occasion of the presentation of the Nobel Prize to Ivan Bunin are also specified.
РОЛЬ РЕЛИГИИ В МЕЖКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН
Authors: Schensnovish Valentina
Published: June 2022

В поликонфессиональной и полиэтничной Республике Башкортостан проживают 160 национальностей и этнических групп. Здесь представлено около 20 различных религий и религиозных групп. Наиболее многочисленными являются ислам и православие, их объединения составляют более 90% от всех религиозных организаций. В статьях на основе социологических опросов рассматриваются межконфессиональные отношения в республике, положительные и негативные тенденции их развития.
EXTREMES OF RELIGIOUS CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE SYSTEM OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN. (ENDING. OPENING IN NO 4-2021)
Authors: Abdulagatov Zaid
Published: June 2022

The author, basing on sociological surveys of different years, showed the extremes of the religious consciousness of Moslems who studied in Islamic educational institutions of the Republic of Dagestan. The statistics of Islamic education in the republic are shown. The factors that strengthen the role of religious worldview in the socialization of Dagestan youth are revealed. The issues discussed are considered from the standpoint of the interests of the secular state in solving the problems of social stability, the formation of a secular legal culture, countering religious extremism and terrorism.
IRAN UNDER NEW US SANCTIONS
Authors: Schensnovish Valentina
Published: June 2022

The article contains the analysis of the changes that occurred in Iran in 2018-2020. During this period, the US administration again began to pursue a policy of sanctions pressure on Iran. The sanctions affected Iran’s religious, political and military leaders. It should be emphasized that the sanctions are aimed primarily against the Islamic regime of Iran.
“AT HOME AMONG STRANGERS”* MIGRANTS IN GERMAN POLITICS
Authors: Belinsky Andrei
Published: June 2022

The article examines the participation of various groups of migrants in the political life of Germany. It is noted that initially the authorities and politicians of Germany, which judged from the temporality of foreign workers’ stay in the country, were not interested in their social and political integration. However, the growth of the migrant community and the liberalization of legislation on citizenship made political parties change their position gradually. First, the Union 90/Greens, and then the rest of the political parties, began to work actively with various groups of migrants. Nevertheless, the number of citizens of Germany with* migrant roots among the deputies of the Bundestag or in senior positions in the government machine is still relatively small, which is explained by a number of factors (isolation of the migrant community, prejudice in society, miscalculations of the party leadership).
Pelvic ultrasound and histopathological findings in post-menopausal patients with uterine bleeding in Western Kenya
Authors:   Resident, Moi University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology and Imaging, Allan Ayiro , Joseph Abuya ,   Senior Lecturer, Department of Radiology and Imaging, School of Medicine, Orang’o Omenge ,   Senior Lecturer, Department of Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Moi University
Published: June 2022

Background: Post-menopausal bleeding is a common gynecologic problem accounting for a significant number of yearly visits to our outpatient gynecologic clinic. Ultrasound in comparison with histopathology aids in the early diagnosis of possible causes. Objective: To ascertain the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic ultrasonography in patients with postmenopausal bleeding in our hospital. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done between July 2017 and June 2018 at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. Consecutive sampling on consenting patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of post-menopausal bleeding was done. A total of 67 participants were included. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants. Categorical data was summarized as well as continuous variables. Data analysis and statistical computing was done. Results: The mean age was at 54.6 years. The years post menopause ranged from 1-15 years with a mean age of 4.6 years. There were 31 (46.2%) participants with endometrial thickness greater than 5mm. Uterine fibroids in 2 participants while endometrial fluid was seen in 2 participamts. On histopathological diagnosis, atrophic endometritis accounted for 48% of the cases. Endometrial hyperplasia was at 22%, endometrial carcinoma at 13%, chronic endometritis 8%, endometrial polyp 6% and unremarkable (normal) diagnosis at 3%. A level of agreement for malignancy calculated was found to be 57%. Conclusion: Increase in endometrial thickness is associated with an increased risk in malignancy. The level of agreement between ultrasound and histopathology is low at 53 %.
In vitro Regeneration of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) through Gamma Irradiation
Authors:   Department of Biotechnology, Kyauk-Se, Ministry of Science and Technology, Myanmar, Thwe Aye Aye , Mon Han Su ,   Department of Biotechnology, Kyauk-Se, Ministry of Science and Technology, Myanmar, Htwe Tin Tin ,   Department of Biotechnology, Kyauk-Se, Ministry of Science and Technology, Myanmar, Sandar Aye Sandar ,   Department of Biotechnology, Kyauk-Se, Ministry of Science and Technology, Myanmar, Lwin Khin Myat ,   Department of Biotechnology, Kyauk-Se, Ministry of Science and Technology, Myanmar
Published: June 2022

The present research work was carried out employing gamma irradiation to create mutant Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and in vitro regeneration to regenerate those mutants. Sugarcane buds were exposed to three doses of gamma radiation (20, 30 and 40Gy) using 60Co and the agronomical properties of 20 Gy irradiated mutant sugarcane were the best among these dosages. Furthermore, 20 Gy irradiated mutant sugarcane had higher sugar contents (22%) than control sugarcane (18%). In contrast, standardizing of callus induction and plantlet regeneration protocols from 20 Gy irradiated sugarcane plants (M1 generation) was established through in vitro culture using young meristem as an explant. Using various concentrations and combinations of growth regulators, shoot regeneration at varying frequency was recorded. In MS media enriched with 2.5 mg/l, 2-4 D, callus induction was detected. On MS medium with BAP 2.0 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L, the best response in terms of multiple shoot induction was reported. Rooting was more profuse when in vitro shootlets were placed on halfstrength MS basal media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L NAA. Hardening shoots were transplanted into the green house after they had been rooted.
Awareness and preventive practice regarding osteoporosis among women in a community, Lalitpur
Authors: Shakya Rachana
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a major public health problem globally that can break a bone from a minor fall, or even from simple actions like sneezing. This study sim to assess the awareness and preventive practice of osteoporosis among community women.

Method: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. The multistage sampling technique was used to select the sample from women 18-65 years from ward no. 16 of Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal. Data were collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic variables. The Osteoporosis knowledge assessment tool (OKAT) and Osteoporosis Knowledge tool (OKT) were modified to assess the level of awareness and the Likert scale was used to assess the level of preventive practice. The SPSS 16 was used for analysis. The association and correlation between variables were measured by chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficient respectively.

Result: The majority 167(74.2%) of the respondents had an adequate level of awareness. The awareness had a statistically significant association with educational status (p=0.042). More than half 119(52.9%) of respondents had a poor level of preventive practice. There is a low but significant positive correlation between the level of awareness and level of total preventive practice (r = 0.251).

Conclusion: There was an adequate level of awareness among respondents, but had a poor level of preventive practice. There was a low but positive correlation between awareness and preventive practice.
Embedding social accountability in the medical school and its curricula: Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Shrijana , Gongal Rajesh Nath , Baral Kedar Prasad , Acharya Paras Kumar , Yadav Bharat Kumar , Shah Jay Narayan
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Patan Academy of Health Sciences (PAHS) was established in 2008 with a social accountability mandate and the mission to produce competent and committed health professionals to serve the rural and underserved population. Enrolment of undergraduate medical students started from 2010.  This article describes the context and process for the establishment of the Academy, the approaches taken and some of the early outputs.

Method: The information was collected from the policy documents, PAHS website, meeting minutes/ discussions, feedbacks and medial school records. All the information were compiled and presented under different headings/subheadings in a phase wise manner.

Result: PAHS has been actively engaged in a multitude of partnerships from local to global and has chosen the best and most applicable innovations from around the world. The integrated suite of innovations the Academy has developed includes its admission policy, teaching-learning methodologies, community-based learning, scholarship-schemes and service bonds. The PAHS School of Medicine has successfully enrolled undergraduate medical students from all over the country, representing ethnic diversity, remote/rural background, underprivileged communities and gender balance. More than 50% graduates from the first five-batches are successfully deployed into primary level peripheral health facilities of the government health system.

Conclusion: The initial reports and observations confirm that the integrated measures taken by the Academy have been effective in enrolling the right students, educating them in an effective way and deploying them to address the country's need. A longer follow-up on rural retention and performance evaluation is needed to conclusively establish the outcome of the school.
Standardized acute care doctors training on the emerging pandemic of coronavirus pneumonia
Authors: Yadav Umesh , Kumar Awan , Yadav Amrita Kumari , Deo Ujwal , Yadav Bimal , Roy Sanjay , Das Jyoti , Yadav Harishankar
Published: June 2022

The novel corona virus pneumonia epidemic poses a serious challenge to the medical and health systems of all nations in the world, especially discovering the severe shortage of intensive care medical professionals. Although our country’s intensive care medicine physicians have played a primary part in the combat against the epidemic, some problems have been debunked in the training of intensive care medicine personnel; equally there is inadequacy of standardized intensive care medicine training platform, and the lack of integrated training content and training format.

Relatively single, insufficient preparations for responding to public health emergencies etc, Based on the actual experience of epidemic prevention and control and the treatment of critically ill patients, this article recommend that standardized training of resident physicians for critical care medicine should be carried out, the training content should be standardized, the combination of theory and clinical practice should be enhanced, the comprehensive quality of resident physicians should be improved, and the training methods should be expanded and strengthened. "Construction of a demand and capacity model for intensive care and hospital". These measures can make the critical care team become a professional team with a feel of social importance, which is of great acceptation for the long-term progress of critical care medicine, for the Nepalese medical system to easily respond to public health emergencies, and improve the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment capabilities of emergency and critical diseases. Excess deaths associated with COVID-19 are a direct result of the inadequate capacity of intensive care units and hospital beds.
Trends in the number of cardiac surgical procedures after the introduction of routine catheter intervention for isolated congenital shunt lesions
Authors: Gautam Navin Chandra , Basnet Nishesh , Aryal Marisha , Joshi Rheecha , Pradhan Rupak , Yadav Ramborash , Shakya Lalita , Adhikary Parash , Rajbhandari Nivesh , Timila Rabindra Bhakta
Published: June 2022

Background and Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the trends in the number of cardiac surgeries after the introduction of routine catheter intervention for isolated shunt lesions.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted which studied the trends in the total number of cardiac surgeries from 2012 to 2019 with the introduction of catheter interventions for isolated shunt lesions for the same period in Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Kathmandu, Nepal. The change in the total number of surgeries and surgeries for isolated shunt lesions after the start of the catheter intervention was evaluated. The pre-catheter intervention era and catheter intervention era spanned from 2012 to 2015 and 2016 to 2019 respectively.

Results: During the catheter intervention era, out of total 2590 isolated shunt lesions, 1300 were closed by catheter intervention procedure (50%). Only 44%, 11%, and 90 % of Atrial Septal Defect, Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Ventricular Septal Defect respectively were closed surgically. Interestingly, even after introduction of catheter intervention, both the total number of surgeries and surgeries for congenital heart disease (CHD) did not decrease and remained above 1200 and 500 cases per annum respectively. The expected increment in the surgical number for most of the years was achieved following the country’s population growth remained at 1.8%, even though a large portion of isolated shunt lesions were closed by catheter intervention procedure.

Conclusion: Though a significant number of isolated shunt lesions were closed by catheter intervention procedure, the number of surgical procedures for congenital as well as total cardiac surgeries did not decrease in number.
A rare case of Atrial Myxoma presenting as stroke in a young female patient
Authors: Khan Amir , Regmi Shyam Raj , Dahal Pravakar
Published: June 2022

Atrial myxoma is one of the most common benign tumor of heart occurring mostly in left atrium. Cerebral embolization is one of the serious complication of left atrial myxoma. Stroke in young patient is a rare condition which may be overlooked in the absence of any history of cardiac problems and diagnosis may be delayed until there is functional impairment as in the case we reported here in 25 years old female. The clinical presentations along with appropriate investigations and treatment are discussed here.
A cardiac hydatid cyst; four years of postoperative follow up
Authors: Gautam Navin Chandra , Joshi Rheecha , Aryal Marisha , Pradhan Rupak , Timala Rabindra Bhakta
Published: June 2022

Hydatid disease is a parasitic disease that mainly involves liver and lung tissues. Isolated cardiac involvement is very rare. We report a 40-year-old woman who presented in our emergency department for non-specific chest pain. She had no prior history of a hydatid disease Her transthoracic echocardiography illustrated a cystic mass in the right ventricular apex. Her contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan of the chest showed a complex cystic lesion in the right ventricular wall at region of apex with enhancing thin wall and internal septations. Her immunological IgG test was positive for Echinococcosis. No other hydatid cysts were seen in the other organs such as liver and lungs by ultrasound scan of abdomen and computer tomography scan of chest respectively. After a week course of Albendazole, 400mg twice a day, she underwent cystectomy with cappitonage surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass.  The patient was discharged from the hospital after an uneventful postoperative recovery. Echocardiographic and cardiac contrast enhanced computer tomography (CECT) evaluation in fourth year of follow-up revealed no evidence of recurrence of hydatids and ventricular function remained normal.
Cardiac Society of Nepal (CSN) and World Heart Federation (WHF) Cardiovascular Diseases Scorecard Project
Authors: Prajapati Dipanker , Rajbanshi Bijoy Gopal , Adhikari Chandra Mani , Sharma Deewakar
Published: June 2022

Cardiac Society of Nepal in coordination with World Heart Federation created this scorecard or Cardiovascular profile for identification of different markers for the incidence and prevalence of heart disease in Nepal. The objective of the scorecard was to understand and assess national CVD action from a civil society perspective in an effort to complement and support official government surveillance, monitoring and reporting on CVD.
MACROSTRUCTURE OF CROSS SECTION OF BLAST-FURNCACE SLAG SAMPLES IN IRON MELTING WITH DUST-COAL FUEL INJECTION
Authors: Kuznetsov M. , Siharev Ye. , Kryachko H.
Published: June 2022

The macrostructure of blast furnace slag cross section samples during melting of pig iron with pulverized coal fuel injection on three blast furnaces with a volume of 1500 and 1386 m3 (2 units) was studied. The range of changes in the basicity of the studied slag samples (СаО/SiO2) was 0.98—1.30; corresponding to the temperature samples of cast iron and its silicon content ranged from 1324—1510 °С  and 0.13— 1.17 %. To identify blast furnace slag samples in specific operating conditions, the samples were basically divided into five groups from acidic (В1<1,0) to highly basic (В1>1,25). By its physical heating characterictics the cast iron was divided into 3 groups: cold (<1400 °С ); heated (1400—1480 °С ); hot (>1480 °С ). According to chemical heating, the division was also carried out into three groups: cold (<0.5% Si); heated (0.5—0.8) hot (> 0.8). The  look of cross section surface of acidic and low-basic slag is the same for former slag regime and the new, due to the use of coke and pulverized fuel with limited sulfur; in conditions of normal heating the cross section is vitreous, shiny dark color. When cooled, the vitreous and luster of cross section of such slags disappears — the chip becomes stone-like gray or black with some difference in the formation of macropores in the sample mass. Common for slag samples with  В1>1,1 is a decrease in the vitreous amorphous part with increasing modulus of basicity. The difference for such slags in comparison with those known for melting in other raw material conditions is the lack of clear delimitation of layers in the cross section of the samples, especially noticeable for half-slags. It is established that the macrostructure of slag samples apart from the main В1 and furnace heating is influenced by the magnitude of the alumina-magnesium modulus; this fact should be taken into account in the operational control of the blast furnace for external conditions. It was also found that the deviation of the basicity towards acidic or highly basic slags was accompanied by the absorption of coal dust particles by slag melt. The properties of samples in terms of fluidity and desulfurizing ability of corresponding slags are considered.
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BURNERS OF PARTIAL PRELIMINATION ON CHAMBER THERMAL RECIRCULATION FURNACES
Authors: Cheilytko A. , Bashliy S. , Chizhоv S.
Published: June 2022

The issue of reducing the cost of production is an urgent problem of any metallurgical enterprise. The constant strengthening of the requirements for the quality of the metal leads to the use of alloy steels with a high degree of purity, strict requirements for chemical composition and heat treatment regimes. Chamber recirculation furnaces are universal in terms of modes and types of heat treatment, shape and size of processed products, so they must ensure accurate performance of specified modes and uniformity of the temperature field throughout the working space with minimal fuel consumption.

The purpose of the study is to develop a design of the burner device that will meet the increased requirements for separation and leakage of flame.

Experimental studies of the thermal operation of thermal furnaces equipped with the proposed burners were analyzed. The technical possibility of realization of the modern pulse method of heating at modernization of heating systems of furnaces is shown. The proposed modernization of heating systems of chamber furnaces will allow to improve the technological process, which is aimed at solving current problems of increasing production productivity and reducing production costs. To do this, a new burner design has been developed that meets these requirements. The issue of reducing the cost of production is an urgent problem of any metallurgical enterprise. The constant strengthening of the requirements for the quality of the metal leads to the use of alloy steels with a high degree of purity, strict requirements for chemical composition and heat treatment regimes. Chamber recirculation furnaces are universal in terms of modes and types of heat treatment, shape and size of processed products, so they must ensure accurate performance of specified modes and uniformity of the temperature field throughout the working space with minimal fuel consumption.

The purpose of the study is to develop a design of the burner device that will meet the increased requirements for separation and leakage of flame.

Experimental studies of the thermal operation of thermal furnaces equipped with the proposed burners were analyzed. The technical possibility of realization of the modern pulse method of heating at modernization of heating systems of furnaces is shown. The proposed modernization of heating systems of chamber furnaces will allow to improve the technological process, which is aimed at solving current problems of increasing production productivity and reducing production costs. To do this, a new burner design has been developed that meets these requirements.
IMPROVEMENT OF BRUSH CHEESE RECIPES BRYNZA TYPE WITH HIGH TITER OF LACTIC BACTERIA
Authors: Neposhyvailenko N. , Kornіienko I. , Anatskyi A.
Published: June 2022

Fermented milk products made by fermenting milk with lactic acid bacteria play an important role in children's nutrition. In particular, brine cheese type "Brynza" has other advantages, including efficient use of raw materials, the ability to sell cheese without maturation or with a short maturation period (not more than 14 days), rapid return on investment. Optimization of the recipe and selection of raw materials for the production of young pickled cheeses with high titers of lactic acid bacteria is an urgent task today in the development of medium-sized businesses and craft industries in Ukraine. It was found that the increase in acidity of the product is influenced by the addition of different composition of starter cultures (Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis; Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris; Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis (bio diacetylactis); Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. effects on acid shift. It was found that organoleptic parameters do not significantly depend on the use of milk pasteurization process, so the use of an additional stage of milk preparation will contribute not only to the profitability of the recipe and raw materials, but also to potential demand for brine cheese "Brynza". It was found that the largest number of living cells of lactic acid bacteria is characteristic of cheese samples made with additional inoculation of starter cultures. Recommendations are given for the use of recipes and the choice of raw materials for the production of brine cheese type "Brynza" with a high titer of lactic acid bacteria.
BREAK OF A CABLE OF A CABLE ROPE
Authors: Belmas I. , Bilous O. , Tantsura G. , Shvachka A. , Say O. , Hupalo Yu.
Published: June 2022

Establishing the influence of changes in time properties of rubber on the stress state of the rubber-traction body with a damaged cable. The method of research consists in the analytical solution of the model of the humorous traction body taking into account the rupture of the continuity of the cable and the change in the properties of the rubber. The dependences of the change of the stress state of the traction body of the humotross with the broken structure due to the rheology of the rubber shell are established. An algorithm for determining the stress state of a rubber traction body in case of a broken one is formulated. Structure and manifestations of rubber shell rheology. It is shown that the loads on the cables caused by the discontinuity of one of them lead to a local redistribution of forces almost only between two cables - damaged and adjacent; in case of damage non-extreme cable forces change almost only in three cables - damaged and two related to it. At the same time there are no extreme values ​​of internal efforts of loading of cables depend on the change in the shear modulus of the rubber material over time. Significant rubber shifts were detected occur between the damaged rope and adjacent to the length of the rope; shear angles the rubber between other cables is much smaller relative to the displacements in the local redistribution zone forces and stresses and change slightly due to the aging of the rubber over time. The mechanism of influence of changes of properties of rubber on pressure is established the condition of the traction body, taking into account the rupture of the continuity of the cable and changes in the properties of the rubber. Taking into account the dependence of the stress-strain state of the rope with local violations of the cable base from changes in the mechanical properties of rubber provides the ability to predict the stress state of the rope to improve safety and reliability the use of rubber traction bodies that have a significant service life. Further research should focus on the development of a method of continuous automatic control of rope damage in the rope.
Failures in Relay and Solenoid-Valve Coils
Authors: Silvus Stan
Published: June 2022

There is a little known failure mechanism that affects dc coils, particularly those used in low-side-switched circuits. This mechanism involves electrolytic transport of copper from the winding in conjunction with chemical corrosion. For this phenomenon to occur, several conditions must exist simultaneously. This article discusses the conditions under which such failures occur and explains how to minimize their effects if not prevent them.
Test-Based Failure Analysis – Part 1: Fault Models
Authors: Aitken Robert C.
Published: June 2022

Although much traditional FA depends on physical observation to localize failures, electrical techniques are also important, particularly with advances in design for testability (DFT) on modern ICs. DFT structures combined with automated test equipment and algorithmic fault diagnosis facilitate a test-based fault localization (TBFL) approach to identify defect locations on ICs based on scan test patterns. This article and a companion piece in the November 2001 issue of EDFA provide an overview these methods and show how they can reduce the number of potential defect sites on a chip and, in some cases, identify defects that would be missed by other techniques.
Theory of SEM Voltage Contrast and Applications to IC Failure Analysis
Authors: Rao Valluri
Published: June 2022

Voltage contrast, a phenomenon that occurs in scanning electron microscopes, produces brightness variations in SEM images that correspond to potential variations on the test sample. Through appropriate processing, voltage contrast signals can reveal an extensive amount of information about the functionality of ICs. Voltage contrast can be used, for example, to map electrical logic levels and timing waveforms from internal nodes of the chip as it operates inside the SEM chamber. This article describes the fundamentals of voltage contrast and its applications in IC failure analysis.
Ask the Experts: Electrolytic Capacitor Failure and Hot Spot Location Determination
Authors: Davis Brennan
Published: June 2022

This installment of Ask the Expert discusses the causes of electrolytic capacitor failures and how they are determined. It also addresses a question regarding hot spots caused by latch-up and how to locate them in the presence of background current.
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glikoproteinlerinin Farklı Ülkelerde Karşılaştırmalı Biyoinformatik Analizleri
Authors: KURT Barış
Published: June 2022

In this study, 27 protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein from 23 different countries were analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. In this context, post-translational modifications, sequence and domain analyses, phylogenetic analysis, and 3D structure analysis of the spike glycoprotein proteins were performed. Also, molecular docking analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 receptor-binding domain (SS1) with human ACE2 protein was conducted. It was found that although all SARS-CoV-2s include Spike_rec_bind (PF09408) and Corona_S2 (PF01601) domain structures, the C-terminal S2 region was more diverse than the S1 region. The predicted N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites were determined to be between 17 and 19 and 136 and 168, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, SARS-CoV-2s were found to have more similarity with bat RaTG13 and pangolin CoV-2 than MERS CoV and bat SARS CoV. The predicted 3D protein structures of human SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 showed high similarity, ranging from 0.76 to 0.78. The docking analyses revealed that Asp30, Lys31, His34, Glu35, Glu37, Asp38, Asn330, and Gln325 residues were binding residues in the ACE2 protein for the N-terminal S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2. The findings are particularly important for the studies of drug development and drug design.
EVALUASI EFEKTIFITAS PENERAPAN 5S DI PT TRIDI OASIS GROUP
Authors: Sukarno Iwan , Aisyah Ade Asriani
Published: June 2022

PT Tridi Oasis Group merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan limbah sampah botol plastik PET menjadi produk jadi berupa cacahan plastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan dalam menerapkan 5S. Observasi, pengumpulan data, dokumentasi serta fishbone diagram digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Lingkup penelitian difokuskan pada 3 area, gudang by product, gudang bahan baku, dan gudang barang jadi. Hasil evaluasi memperlihatkan kurangnya kesadaran dan pengetahuan pekerja sehingga implementasi belum dilaksanakan secara konsisten. Penyimpanan barang di gudang masih tercampur dengan yang lainnya. Kondisi area kerja belum menunjukkan telah diterapkanya budaya 5S dengan baik. Hasil penilaian audit juga memperlihatkan komponen 5S yang dijalankan perusahaan hanya Seiri, Seiton dan Seiso, sedangkan Seiketsu dan Shitsuke belum diterapkan. Hasil penilaian terhadap komponen Seiton dan Seiso masih sangat rendah dibandingkan standar perusahaan.