bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-Field MR Imaging — Development in Finland
Authors: Sepponen R. E.
Published: June 2015

The development project for application of MR imaging to diagnosis of internal hemorrhages was initiated by the Instrumentarium Corporation in 1978. The goal was to develop a diagnostic tool for emergency clinics. Due to the rapid development of imaging technology, the goal was changed to a cost-effective MR unit.

During the past 16 years, several generations of low-field units have been introduced. Consequently, a vast amount of clinical and technical knowledge about low-field MR has been gained.

The interest in low-field units is rapidly increasing. A part of this may be explained by the pressure to reduce the cost of health care. There are some features which make the low-field approach clinically interesting. These include the feasibility of open magnet configurations, and the availability of unique contrast parameters such as magnetization transfer and T1ρ. One important aspect is the inherent safety of a low-field MR unit.

This article reviews the methods and devices introduced through the development of low-field technology in Finland.
Comparison between Conventional and Fast Spin-Echo Stir Sequences
Authors: Hittmair K. , Trattnig S. , Herold C. J. , Breitenseher M. , Kramer J.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To evaluate the common characteristics and differences in contrast behavior of short-TI-inversion-recovery (STIR) and short-TI-inversion-recovery fast spin-echo (TurboSTIR) sequences.

Material and Methods:

Phantoms doped with increasing doses of Gd-DTPA and a pork-fat phantom were used to evaluate the dependence of the STIR and TurboSTIR signals on the T1 relaxation time. Clinical TurboSTIR images were obtained from 30 patients with musculoskeletal abnormalities and compared to conventional STIR images in 15 cases and to postcontrast TurboSTIR images in another 15 cases.

Results:

In the phantom measurements, a significantly shorter inversion time (TI) was needed to achieve fat suppression on TurboSTIR images, and, with an identical number of signal averages, contrast-to-noise ratios were lower on TurboSTIR images. These differences between STIR and TurboSTIR can be attributed to the contribution of stimulated echoes to overall TurboSTIR signal and can be compensated by a shorter TI and a higher number of signal averages for TurboSTIR, respectively. With these adaptations, clinical TurboSTIR and STIR images showed an identical contrast behavior with fat suppression and a high sensitivity to pathological lesions but TurboSTIR saved a significant amount of scan time and reduced some types of artifacts. Contrast uptake impaired lesion conspicuity on TurboSTIR images.

Conclusion:

TurboSTIR sequences should replace conventional STIR sequences and should be performed before contrast administration.
Effect of Iomeprol on Renal Function Immediately after Abdominal Angiography
Authors: Murakami R. , Tajima H. , Kumazaki T.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To investigate the acute renal effects of 2 osmolality levels of iomeprol in a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study.

Material and Methods:

Ten patients received iomeprol 300 mg I/ml, and a further 10 received iomeprol 400 mg I/ml intraarterially at routine abdominal angiography. The mean volume of contrast medium administered was 227.3±59.3 ml in the iomeprol 300 group and 221.5±30.9 ml in the iomeprol 400 group.

Results:

The urinary minute volume increased immediately after angiography, but tended to return to baseline 120 min after the examination. No significant decrease in creatinine clearance occurred; however, the fraction excretion of sodium increased immediately after angiography. The lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and the proximal tubular brush border enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase increased up to 120 min after the procedure. Free water clearance was negative during each study period. No statistical differences in any parameter were evident between these 2 groups.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that osmotic diuresis and its acute effect on proximal tubular function are induced by the administration of iomeprol, but that these changes are reversible.
Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy
Authors: Nordenstam G. , Aspelin P. , Edsborg N. , Hallin A. , Berlin T.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To detect possible morphologic changes in the urethra in an attempt to clarify the effects of thermotherapy (TUMT).

Material and Methods:

Eighteen patients with symptomatic disturbance in micturition and a prostatic volume of 14–133 cm3 underwent voiding cystourethrogram and retrograde urethrogram before and 6 and 12 months after treatment. TUMT treatment was carried out with a Prostatron unit.

Results:

No correlation was found between subjective improvement in symptoms and morphologic changes of the urethra. There were more responders among patients who received a high microwave effect.

Conclusion:

We conclude that there is no evidence to support the view that TUMT leads to significant necrosis in the prostate with loss of tissue and retraction. Our results support the view that TUMT causes denervation of the prostate.
Painful Ankle Region in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lehtinen A. , Paimela L. , Kreula J. , Leirisalo-Repo M. , Taavitsainen M.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To establish the diagnostic usefulness of ultrasonography (US) and MR imaging in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suffering from prolonged pain in the ankle region, where plain radiography did not demonstrate any changes.

Material and Methods:

Seventeen patients were studied with 0.1 T MR imaging and with high-frequency US. Talocrural and subtalar joints (including talonavicular joints), and medial, lateral, and extensor tendons and their synovial sheaths were examined by MR and US.

Results:

Abnormal findings were found by MR imaging and US in altogether 76% of the patients, by MR alone in 53%, and by US alone in 59%. In 41% of the patients, lesions were demonstrated only by one method. Talocrural and subtalar joints were the most often affected sites (41% each), followed by the peroneus tendon (23%). In the joints, the abnormal findings were interpreted as synovitis; in the tendon areas, mostly as tenosynovitis. MR and US were highly significantly concordant (p<0.0001), but correlation with clinical features was poor.

Conclusion:

In patients with pain in the ankle region, US and MR imaging can contribute to the diagnosis and localization of the abnormality when the plain radiography is normal. Easily available and inexpensive US can be recommended as the first imaging method after plain radiography. Some divergence seems to exist between US and MR, and in complicated cases both methods are recommended.
Iohexol Clearance for Renal Function Measurement in Gynaecologic Cancer Patients
Authors: Lundqvist S. , Edbom G. , Groth S. , Stendahl U. , Hietala S.-O.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To determine a valid and practical routine for glomerular filtration rate measurement in gynaecologic cancer patients.

Material and Methods:

The established method, endogenous creatinine clearance, was compared to 51Cr-EDTA clearance and contrast medium clearance in 68 women with various gynaecologic carcinomas. Contrast medium clearance was determined in association with conventional urography (iohexol 300 mg I/ml, 40 ml) for evaluation of urinary tract involvement by the tumour. Automated X-ray fluorescence analysis equipment was used for the plasma analysis of iohexol and clearance calculations. Endogenous creatinine clearance and 51Cr-EDTA clearance were determined according to standard routine procedures. Simultaneous determinations of contrast medium clearance and 51Cr-EDTA clearance (n=33), contrast medium clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance (n=50), as well as 51Cr-EDTA clearance and endogenous creatinine clearance (n=30) were compared.

Results and Conclusion:

The mean differences were −2.8 (SD 6.6), −1.8 (SD 22.3), and 2.7 (SD 18.3) ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. It is concluded that contrast medium clearance is as adequate as 51Cr-EDTA clearance for glomerular filtration rate measurement. We suggest that contrast medium clearance should replace endogenous creatinine clearance, especially in patients referred for urography.
Mr Arthrography in the Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Funke M. , Kopka L. , Vosshenrich R. , Oestmann J. W. , Grabbe E.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To examine the value of fat-suppressed images in MR arthrography of the shoulder in patients with rotator cuff tears.

Material and Methods:

MR arthrography was performed in 25 patients (9 women, 16 men) ranging from 19 to 64 years. Standard T1-weighted spin-echo images (sSE) and fat-suppressed images (FS) were obtained after intraarticular injection of contrast material. The MR studies were analyzed according to contrast, image quality and conspicuity of pathology. A diagnosis was established without knowledge of the conventional arthrographic findings on the basis of sSE versus FS techniques.

Results:

The contrast between the intraarticular fluid and the adjacent structures in FS images was increased compared to sSE images in all patients. The conspicuity of anatomical structures was improved in 8 patients. Without fat suppression, 2 false-negative and one false-positive full-thickness tears were diagnosed. With the FS technique, 14 full-thickness tears and 4 partial-thickness tears of the cuff were correctly classified.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that, if MR arthrography is chosen for a diagnosis of rotator cuff disorders, a fat suppression sequence should be included.
Value of Ultrasonography, CT and MR Imaging in the Diagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Tziakouri C. , Eracleous E. , Skannavis S. , Pierides A. , Symeonides P. , Gourtsoyiannis N.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To evaluate the significance of preoperative localization of abnormal parathyroid glands to the surgical outcome in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Material and Methods:

Thirty-nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were studied preoperatively with US (39 patients), CT (30 patients) and MR imaging (18 patients). The overall diagnostic accuracy for US was 87%, CT 66% and MR 94%. In patients with a single parathyroid adenoma US was the most cost-effective localization technique with a detection rate of 96%. CT had a lower detection rate (78%) but was of particular value for fairly large ectopic adenomas in the root of the neck. MR imaging was a good confirmatory test (93%). In patients with multiple gland disease (primary hyperplasia and multiple adenomas), no single localization study alone was sufficient. Combination of all 3 studies, however, alerted the physician to the presence of disease in more than one gland in 87% of these patients.

Conclusion:

US, CT and MR imaging followed by surgery performed by an experienced surgeon provided good clinical results in 39 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative localization was especially useful in patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia or multiple adenomas and in patients with ectopic parathyroid adenomas in the root of the neck. We recommend identification of all abnormal parathyroid glands prior to surgery.
Prognostic Significance of Pathological Chest Radiography in Transplant Patients Affected by Cytomegalovirus and/or Pneumocystis Carinii
Authors: Wilczek B. , Wilczek H. E. , Heurlin N. , Tydén G. , Aspelin P.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

In order to evaluate the prognostic significance of chest film findings in connection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and/or pneumocystis carinii infection (PC), a retrospective review was made of the pulmonary charts of 274 recipients of kidney and/or pancreatic grafts transplanted between April 1987 and December 1990.

Material, Methods and Results:

Positive laboratory findings for CMV and/or PC were seen in 92 patients. In 77 patients only CMV was found, 13 patients had both CMV and PC, and 2 patients had only PC. In 57 patients a chest examination was performed. The films were reviewed by 2 radiologists independently. In 32 patients normal chest film findings were seen, while 25 patients demonstrated pathological changes. Of the patients with pathological changes 3 had only pleuritis while the remaining 22 demonstrated parenchymal infiltrations. No deaths occurred among patients infected with CMV and/or PC, when the chest film findings were normal or pleuritis only was seen, but there were 9 deaths in the group of patients with parenchymal infiltrations. Of the patients who died, 2 had only CMV, 5 had both CMV and PC, and 2 had only PC. The overall mortality, regardless of radiological findings, did not exceed 3% in patients with CMV only, but increased to 38% in patients with both CMV and PC. In patients with parenchymal infiltrations the corresponding mortality figures were increased to 18% and 56%, respectively.

Conclusion:

We conclude that a radiologically verified pneumonia related to the infectious agent influences the prognosis, and that CMV pneumonia has a better prognosis than PC pneumonia.
Effects of Varying Filter Kernel Sizes on the Image Quality of Interstitial Lung Diseases
Authors: Müller R.-D. , Herting D. , Hirche H. , John V. , Buddenbrock B. , Gocke P. , Wiebringhaus R. , Braunschweig R. , Voss M. , Mohnke M. , Konietzko N.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

The aim of the study was to optimize the postprocessing of digital luminescence radiographs of interstitial infiltrates of the lung.

Material and Methods:

Ninety-seven patients with established diseases of the lung parenchyma were examined: 514 pathological details were investigated, using a 200-speed screen-film system and a storage phosphor plate. In digital postprocessing, the size of the filter kernel (S) varied between S 5 and S 70. Based upon 32896 individual evaluations, the image quality was evaluated in multifactorial variance analyses.

Results:

The digital standards were significantly inferior to the tested screen-film system. The large filter kernel S 70 and the small filter kernels S 5 and S 10, as well as an algorithm for edge enhancement, showed selective advantages in the depiction of nodular or small linear structures. For micronodular and linear structures, kernel sizes of S 20 and S 40 produced equally good results (p>0.05).

Conclusion:

Whenever optimized postprocessing is involved, storage phosphor radiography is equal to a modern screen-film system and can be substituted for the latter without any loss of image quality; this is especially valid for the imaging of interstitial infiltrates of the lung.
Breast and Pectoralis Muscle Hypoplasia
Authors: Aznar J. M. Perez , Urbano J. , Laborda E. Garcia , Moreno P. Quevedo , Vergara L. Ferrer
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

Poland's syndrome is a congenital and unilateral aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM), with other anomalies of the ipsilateral upper extremity. We present 6 cases in which the only clinical expression was asymmetry of the breasts associated with partial absence of the PMM.

Material and Methods:

We reviewed 95000 mammograms (obtained 1985–1995) to find patients with asymmetrical breast size. Where the asymmetry could not be ascribed to any other cause, the patients were recalled for an examination of the PMM which was conducted at rest and with active contraction of the muscle.

Results:

Unilateral volume reduction of the PMM was found in 5 women of whom 2 were studied with MR. A 6th case was a fortuitous finding in a male patient.

Conclusion:

Mild forms of Poland's syndrome are more frequent than severe forms, and may go undiagnosed. Hypoplasia of one breast or a horizontal anterior axillary fold may be the sole clinical manifestation of this syndrome.
99mTc Tetrofosmin Uptake in Lung Cancer
Authors: Ishibashi M. , Hayashi A. , Takamori S. , Ohzono H. , Morita S. , Hayabuchi N.
Published: June 2015

This case report describes a 71-year-old man with a lung tumor in the posterior inferior segment of the right lung, detected on a screening chest radiograph. The patient underwent myocardial imaging with 99mTc tetrofosmin and 201Tl, using single photon emission CT (SPECT), and the tumor showed intense focal uptake of the radiotracer. This observation supports the recent suggestion that 99mTc tetrofosmin may be useful for oncologic imaging of lung carcinoma, and further studies may be warranted.
MR Imaging, CT and CEA Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Local Recurrence of Rectal Carcinoma
Authors: Blomqvist L. , Holm T. , Göranson H. , Jacobsson H. , Ohlsén H. , Larsson S. A.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To compare advanced imaging techniques in the diagnosis of recurrent rectal cancer.

Material and Methods:

Twenty-five consecutive patients with either suspected or verified recurrence were examined by CT (n=25), MR with phased-array capabilities (n=24) and CEA scintigraphy (n=16). Three experienced radiologists (who were blinded to results obtained at surgery and histopathology) independently evaluated the films, one observer for each modality.

Results:

The MR radiologist arrived at a correct diagnosis in 87.5% of the examinations, the CT radiologist in 76% and the CEA radiologist in 75%. The MR radiologist's results correlated more often with reported pathology than did those of the CT radiologist with regard to the relation of recurrent tumor to surrounding structures in the pelvis.

Conclusion:

MR imaging is the most effective of the 3 modalities in the diagnosis of recurrent rectal cancer.
Endosonography for Preoperative Staging of Rectal Tumours
Authors: Nielsen M. B. , Qvitzau S. , Pedersen J. F. , Christiansen J.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of rectal endosonography for preoperative staging of tumour extension and lymph node involvement in rectal tumours.

Material and Methods:

Over a 4-year period 100 patients with rectal tumours were studied with sonography using 7 MHz endoprobes. Tumour spread was assessed according to the TNM classification, and the number and maximum size of perirectal lymph nodes were registered. The sonographic findings were compared with the surgical and histological findings.

Results:

The overall accuracy of endosonography in assessing local tumour extension was 85% (76–91%; 95 percent confidence limits). T4 tumours with a large contact surface to an adjacent organ tended to be nonresectable. Lymph node assessment could be made in 81 patients who underwent radical resection: sonography showed lymph nodes in 49 patients, 30 of whom had nodal metastases; the histological examination showed lymph nodes in the remaining 32 patients, 8 of whom had nodal metastases. The number of lymph nodes at the histological examination was markedly higher than the number depicted by preoperative ultrasound.

Conclusion:

This study confirmed the use of endoluminal ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of local tumour spread. However, endosonographic assessment of perirectal nodal involvement seems to be too unreliable to be used for the preoperative selection of patients.
Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema after Intravenous Administration of Non-Ionic Contrast Media
Authors: Hauggaard A.
Published: June 2015

A case of adverse respiratory reaction to the i.v. injection of iohexol (300 mg I/ml, 131 ml in 4 min) in association with abdominal CT is described.

The potentially pathogenetic mechanisms of pulmonary oedema induced by radiographic contrast media are discussed.
The Full-Scale Pacs Archive
Authors: Nissen-Meyer S. A. , Fink U. , Pleier M. , Becker C.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

Increasing percentages of digital modalities in radiology, in particular of digital image acquisition in conventional radiography, call for digital reporting, communication, and archiving techniques. These techniques are prerequisites for the “filmless” hospital. The first 2 have been covered extensively in the literature and by vendors. However, as regards online digital image archives there are still no satisfactory concepts available in the medical field. The present paper puts forward some suggestions as to how this situation could be improved.

Material and Methods:

Analyses of radiology operations consider the prevailing PACS (picture archiving and communication system) archive concepts that use optical discs to be too small, too slow and too cumbersome to manage and therefore unable to function as comprehensive image archives for filmless hospitals. We suggest borrowing and adapting the well tested archive technologies from space research and the oil and broadcasting industries which have much higher capacities and speeds and better software interfacing possibilities. With such technologies the needs of filmless hospital operations can be met.

Results:

A feasible concept for a transition strategy from conventional analog to digital archives is presented. Model calculations of the necessary investments and potential savings, including generous placement of viewing stations in the entire hospital, indicate amortization periods of 3.8–4.8 years.

Conclusion:

Alternative technologies for digital image archives already today make full-scale PACS for filmless hospitals technologically and conceptually feasible and financially mandatory.
Complicated Bone and Soft-Tissue Infections
Authors: Hovi I.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To assess the value of imaging by 0.1 T MR and by 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocytes in confirming skeletal infection in patients with soft-tissue infections and/or bone pathology.

Methods:

Thirty-nine anatomical sites (35 patients) with suspected bone infection were prospectively imaged with 0.1 T MR and 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocytes. Thirty-two infected areas were confirmed: 12 osteomyelitis (out of which 3 were spondylitis) and 27 soft-tissue infections (both bone and soft-tissue infection in 7 areas).

Results:

MR imaging showed 31 true-positive, 3 true-negative, 4 false-positive and one false-negative diagnosis of infection and scintigraphy 27, 7, 0 and 5 respectively. The sensitivity of MR for osteomyelitis was 100% (12/12) and of scintigraphy 42% (5/12), p<0.01. The specificity of MR and of scintigraphy for osteomyelitis were 81% (22/27) and 93% (25/27) respectively. The sensitivity of MR for soft-tissue infection was 96% (26/27) and specificity 75% (9/12). The correspoding figures for scintigraphy were 85% (23/27) and 100% (12/12). MR and scintigraphy were concordant with respect to the final diagnosis in 28/39 (72%) sites and discordant in 10 (26%). In one patient with Charcot osteoarthropathy a false-positive finding was found by both methods. MR detected all 3 cases of spondylitis, scintigraphy none. Nonpyogenic inflammations and neuroarthropathic joints were indistinguishable from infection by MR.

Conclusion:

Combined imaging with MR and 99mTc-labeled leukocytes is recommended in diagnostically complicated bone infections except for spondylitis where MR is the method of choice. Congruent positive findings are highly suggestive of infection, the extent of which can be determined. Congruent negative results exclude infection.
Imaging Approach to the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Sequestration
Authors: Hang J.-D. , Guo Q.-Y. , Chen C.-X. , Chen L.-Y.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To describe the characteristic features of pulmonary sequestration (PS), to evaluate the usefulness of various imaging modalities, and to find a rational approach to accurate diagnosis.

Material and Methods:

Twenty-four patients with PS proved by operation and pathology were reviewed retrospectively. Plain chest films were done in all patients, bronchography in 3, sonography in 14, CT in 6 (including CT angiography in 1 case), MR in 8 (including MR angiography in 1 case) and aortography in 12 (including DSA in 1 case).

Results:

Plain chest films demonstrated a solid mass in 14 patients and a cystic mass in 10. Bronchograms showed displacement of adjacent bronchi with no filling of contrast medium within the lesion in 2 cases, while another case had a blind intermediate portion of the right bronchus (hypoplasia of middle and lower lobes associated with extralobar sequestration). Sonography demonstrated a solid lung mass in 12 cases and a solid mass with cystic areas in 2, and detected vessel-like structures within the mass or in its surroundings in 12. Doppler analysis showed arterial spectral wave confirming a feeding artery. CT revealed a solid mass in all patients, a mass with low density area in 4, and emphysema surrounding the mass in 3. MR imaging depicted anomalous arteries in all patients and venous drainage in 4 cases. Aortography demonstrated anomalous systemic arterial supply to the PS in all patients. In this series, 21 cases (87.5%) were correctly diagnosed preoperatively by the imaging modalities.

Conclusion:

Plain chest films can provide a diagnostic clue to PS. Sonography, CT and MR are helpful for showing arterial blood supply and for making a definite diagnosis. We recommend a rational imaging approach for the diagnosis of PS.
Crescentic and Ring-Shaped Opacities
Authors: Voloudaki A. E. , Bouros D. E. , Froudarakis M. E. , Datseris G. E. , Apostolaki E. G. , Gourtsoyiannis N. C.
Published: June 2015

Two cases of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) with unusual CT findings are presented.

On CT both cases exhibited crescentic and ring-shaped opacities, surrounding areas of groundglass attenuation, and associated with a nodular pattern in one patient and airspace consolidations in the second patient. CT—pathologic correlation disclosed that the central areas of groundglass attenuation corresponded to alveolar septal inflammation, in contrast to the denser periphery where granulomatous tissue in peripheral airspaces predominated.

In the broad spectrum of CT findings, BOOP can exhibit specific CT features with regard to the crescentic or ring-shaped opacities with a central groundglass attenuation area. Since these features have not been described in any other disease, they might be characteristic features for the diagnosis of BOOP.
Wedge-Shaped Lesion in the Liver Seen on Postoperative CT
Authors: Yoshimitsu K. , Charnsangavej C. , Park J. Mi , Ibukuro K.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To demonstrate CT findings of a wedge-shaped lesion (WSL) in the liver following abdominopelvic surgery and to determine the etiology and incidence of WSL.

Material and Methods:

Retrospective review of teaching files in our institution revealed 18 cases showing postoperative WSL in the liver. We also retrospectively reviewed CT images of the liver in 104 patients with a recent history of abdominopelvic surgery performed during a period of 12 months, as well as in 102 patients with no history of surgery during the same period to be used as control. Three additional patients with WSL were found in the postoperative group and none in the control group. Liver CT images from the 21 patients showing WSL, along with their clinical data and follow-up CT where available, were retrospectively analyzed.

Results:

I.v. contrast-enhanced CT showed homogeneous higher attenuation of WSL than the surrounding liver in all cases; unenhanced CT showed low density in 5 patients, isodensity in 7 patients, and high density in 5 patients as compared with the surrounding liver. Density on unenhanced CT was significantly correlated with the presence or grade of fatty liver (p<0.01). In 5 cases CT demonstrated clots in the portal vein branch within the area of WSL and in 2 cases portal perfusion defects were observed on arterial portal CT, corresponding to the areas of WSL. Follow-up CT examinations were available on 15 patients: WSL became less prominent, or atrophic, or showed no change in 10, 2 and 3 patients respectively. Follow-up CT showed development of liver metastasis in only 3 cases. Only 2 of the 21 patients were clinically symptomatic; one had postoperative ileus and the other obstructive jaundice.

Conclusion:

Postoperative WSL may represent a thromboembolic phenomenon at the peripheral intrahepatic branch of the portal venous system during or after abdominopelvic surgery, resulting in a compensatory increase in the hepatic arterial flow that appears as wedge-shaped enhancement on CT. This is a clinically asymptomatic and uncommon phenomenon (occurring in 3% of abdominopelvic surgeries). It is important that this phenomenon is not confused with liver metastasis.
“Aggressive” Renal Angiomyolipoma
Authors: Cittadini G. , Mucelli F. Pozzi , Danza F. M. , Derchi L. E. , Mucelli R. S. Pozzi
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

We describe the US and CT examinations of 4 patients with renal angiomyolipoma with an “aggressive” appearance, and review the literature.

Material and Methods:

The imaging findings in 4 patients with benign renal angiomyolipomas associated with thrombosis of the renal vein and/or inferior vena cava are presented. In one case, enlarged lymph nodes at the renal hilum were found.

Results:

CT demonstrated fat densities within both tumor and thrombus. In one patient, small lymph nodes with low density internal areas were detected in the para-aortic region. When considering our patients together with those reported in the literature, we found that most angiomyolipomas with venous invasion were large and centrally located within the kidney. Venous thrombosis was observed in 9 lesions of the right kidney, and in only 4 of the left one; detection of the site of origin was impossible in one case. One patient only had symptoms due to the thrombus; 10 had problems due to the tumor; and 3 were asymptomatic. Only 4 patients with pararenal enlarged lymph nodes have been reported on in the imaging literature. Fat-containing nodes were detected by CT in one case only; the others had enlarged nodes of soft-tissue density. In one patient the diagnosis of hamartomatous lymph node invasion was established by angiography.

Conclusion:

In patients with renal angiomyolipoma, demonstration of both fatty thrombus and the fatty infiltration of lymph nodes of the renal hilum cannot be regarded as an indication of malignancy, but only of local aggressive behavior. Although surgery is commonly contemplated to prevent symptoms from venous thrombosis, conservative treatment seems possible. Detection of enlarged lymph nodes of soft tissue density may cause difficult diagnostic problems, with the diagnosis addressed only by the presence of associated lesions. Increased awareness that renal angiomyolipoma can sometimes appear “aggressive” could help to prevent such lesions from being considered malignant, and thus avoid surgical confirmation of their nature.
Animal Models of Osteoarthritis
Authors: McCoy A. M.
Published: June 2015

Osteoarthritis (OA) is unquestionably one of the most important chronic health issues in humans, affecting millions of individuals and costing billions of dollars annually. Despite widespread awareness of this disease and its devastating impact, the pathogenesis of early OA is not completely understood, hampering the development of effective tools for early diagnosis and disease-modifying therapeutics. Most human tissue available for study is obtained at the time of joint replacement, when OA lesions are end stage and little can be concluded about the factors that played a role in disease development. To overcome this limitation, over the past 50 years, numerous induced and spontaneous animal models have been utilized to study disease onset and progression, as well as to test novel therapeutic interventions. Reflecting the heterogeneity of OA itself, no single “gold standard” animal model for OA exists; thus, a challenge for researchers lies in selecting the most appropriate model to answer a particular scientific question of interest. This review provides general considerations for model selection, as well as important features of species such as mouse, rat, guinea pig, sheep, goat, and horse, which researchers should be mindful of when choosing the “best” animal model for their intended purpose. Special consideration is given to key variations in pathology among species as well as recommended guidelines for reporting the histologic features of each model.
Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Caplazi P. , Baca M. , Barck K. , Carano R. A. D. , DeVoss J. , Lee W. P. , Bolon B. , Diehl L.
Published: June 2015

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by synovitis that leads to cartilage and bone erosion by invading fibrovascular tissue. Mouse models of RA recapitulate many features of the human disease. Despite the availability of medicines that are highly effective in many patient populations, autoimmune diseases (including RA) remain an area of active biomedical research, and consequently mouse models of RA are still extensively used for mechanistic studies and validation of therapeutic targets. This review aims to integrate morphologic features with model biology and cover the key characteristics of the most commonly used induced and spontaneous mouse models of RA. Induced models emphasized in this review include collagen-induced arthritis and antibody-induced arthritis. Collagen-induced arthritis is an example of an active immunization strategy, whereas antibody- induced arthritis models, such as collagen antibody–induced arthritis and K/BxN antibody transfer arthritis, represent examples of passive immunization strategies. The coverage of spontaneous models in this review is focused on the TNFΔ ARE mouse, in which arthritis results from overexpression of TNF-α, a master proinflammatory cytokine that drives disease in many patients.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Goal Setting and Cell Phone Calls on Juvenile Rearrests
Authors: Bahr Stephen J. , Cherrington David J. , Erickson Lance D.
Published: June 2015

Using a sample of 256 juvenile offenders who were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups, this study evaluates a cognitive-behavioral program that combines cognitive training, goal setting, and a phone-coach follow-up. The training involved six classroom sessions where participants received instruction and help in creating individualized goals. After attending the classes, participants received automated phone calls twice a day for up to a year. During the year following the program, the treatment and control groups were not significantly different in whether or not they were rearrested or in total rearrests. However, the total number of calls received had a significant negative association with whether or not they were rearrested for a felony and with the total number of felony rearrests.
Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures
Authors: Kelly Mick P. , Perkinson Scott G. , Ablove Robert H. , Tueting Jonathan L.
Published: June 2015

Background:

The incidence of distal biceps tendon ruptures was studied more than 10 years ago in a small patient cohort. Recent diagnostic advancements have improved the ability to detect this rare injury.

Hypothesis:

The incidence of distal biceps tendon ruptures will be significantly greater than previously reported.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Methods:

A query of the PearlDiver Technologies national database containing public and private insurance patients was used to estimate the national incidence of distal biceps tendon ruptures in the United States. A retrospective chart review of our local population identified demographic groups and risk factors that increased likelihood of injury.

Results:

The estimated national incidence of distal biceps tendon rupture was 2.55 per 100,000 patient-years. The local incidence was 5.35 per 100,000 patient-years. The mean and median ages of patients in our regional cohort were 46.3 and 46 years, respectively. Males composed the majority of the injured population (national 95%, regional 96%). Smoking and elevated body mass index were found to be associated with increased likelihood of injury, while diabetes mellitus showed no association.

Conclusion:

The incidence of distal biceps tendon ruptures in this study was higher than previously reported.
Migrant workers and the imaging of human infrastructure in Chinese contemporary art
Authors: Parke Elizabeth
Published: June 2015

The focus on Beijing’s speed of development and the concomitant fascination with the unchecked destruction of hutongs reveal only part of Beijing’s urban story. If we consider that migrant workers (农民工) are the ‘human infrastructure’ that enables the built infrastructure, then grappling with how contemporary artists depict, exploit, and represent this human infrastructure uncovers many previously overlooked stakeholders. Artists reflect, recombine, and reimagine the figure of the migrant worker. However, such artistic interventions, while a critical avenue for addressing the contested citizenship of urban dwellers, are only one facet of the complex visual field of Beijing. Therefore, in addition to these artists’ works, I discuss other visual elements of Beijing such as the scrawled phone numbers advertising a variety of services for migrant workers on the surfaces of Beijing’s built environment. This unsigned public calligraphic practice is considered alongside the art of globally recognized artists to probe the interconnectedness of urban visual practices, question the targeted constituencies, and examine their reception by a range of urban audiences, revealing the communicative potential of images and text in the urban context and questioning what is at stake for the networks of migrant workers in Beijing that are often invisible.
Political violence, community and its limits in Kannur, Kerala
Authors: Chaturvedi Ruchi
Published: June 2015

This article analyses communities that the blue-collar, backward caste, local-level workers of the party Left and the Hindu Right have forged amongst themselves in the Kannur district of Kerala. Its particular focus is on members of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)). For more than four decades, members of the CPI (M) and the Hindu Right have been involved in an intermittent but occasionally intense conflict. Their conflict highlights how modern practices of political mobilisation and competition condition the formation of close-knit antagonistic masculine unities regardless of the ideological affiliations in question; its violent context foregrounds affects and emotions that characterise life in such fraternal communities. While such unities have become central to the enactment of collective agency in many contexts, strong limits mark these communities. Not just those outside a community, but also those within it apprehend these limits. Violent experiences emerge as idealised modes of imagining communion with members of one’s community, as well as forces that individuate them. Biographies and narratives of Left- and Right-wing workers who once sought close integration with their respective communities but now live apart from them, illuminate the already present limits of commonality and unity possible in modern political communities.
Design of frequency-tunable mesh washer isolators using shape memory alloy actuators
Authors: Jeong Ho-Kyeong , Lee Juho , Han Jae-Hung , Wereley Norman M
Published: June 2015

This article introduces a novel frequency-tunable isolator that uses shape memory alloy wires as actuators and as an isolation material. The isolation material is a compressed mesh washer using the pseudoelasticity of the shape memory alloy. Frequency tuning of the isolator can easily be achieved using a simple electric circuit. Two improved models of frequency-tunable isolator, based on the authors’ previous model, were proposed and fabricated. This article presents detailed design procedures for adaptive shock isolators for launch vehicles that are able to achieve both shock attenuation performance and avoidance of vibration amplification. Launch vehicles experience a severe dynamic environment during the flight phase. In particular, pyroshock generated from several separation events could result in malfunctions of electrical components. Moreover, low-frequency vibration (<100 Hz) at the maximum dynamic-pressure phase could reduce the structural integrity of payloads. With this system, the resonant frequencies of the isolators are selectively controlled in two states using an adaptive mechanical system with compression of the isolation materials. Successful designs for the isolators and various test results regarding frequency tuning are presented.
Integrating Apps With the Core Arts Standards in the 21st-Century Elementary Music Classroom
Authors: Heath-Reynolds Julia , VanWeelden Kimberly
Published: June 2015

The implementation of the National Core Arts Standards has amplified the need for multiple approaches and opportunities for student responses and may compel music educators to use new tools. There are currently over one million available apps, and with the popularity of smart devices, student access to technology is increasing exponentially. Music teachers can take advantage of the apps and technology to help meet these standards and enhance the classroom experience.
Acting Independently While Living Alone
Authors: Benoot Charlotte , Deschepper Reginald , Grypdonck Maria , Saelaert Marlies , Bilsen Johan
Published: June 2015

Cancer patients who live alone place specific importance on acting independently during treatment. We want to describe what it means to act independently and which strategies patients use to continue to act independently. We used a qualitative design, based on grounded theory. We interviewed 32 patients, 17 of them a second time. Patients who live alone defined acting independently in two different ways: It meant not only doing things alone but also using the help of others in a controlled way. These two meanings lead to two types of strategies. As treatment evolves, patients needed to change their preferred type of strategies to continue acting independently. Succeeding to change led to a feeling of mastery and success. However, failing to change led to struggling, whereby patients’ needs became invisible. Health care providers should anticipate patients’ inability to change strategies during cancer treatment, thereby preventing the patient’s struggle from only becoming visible during crisis.
Myeloid Sarcoma Masquerading as Granulation Tissue
Authors: Tan Yongcheng Benjamin
Published: June 2015

Myeloid sarcoma is an uncommon neoplasm, comprising an extramedullary tumorous proliferation of immature myeloid cells. Its rarity and tendency for diverse clinical presentation contribute to difficulty in timely diagnosis. This report describes a case of a painful back lump in an elderly Chinese male, which was initially diagnosed as a carbuncle. Histology on the saucerization specimen was reported as inflamed granulation tissue. Failure of expected wound healing prompted surgical debridement; microscopic examination on the subsequent specimen revealed an immature myeloid population with an increased MIB-1 proliferative index, highlighted by myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, CD117, and CD43 immunoreactivity, in keeping with myeloid sarcoma. Despite aggressive management, the patient eventually died. This report draws attention to potential pitfalls in the pathological diagnosis of this uncommon tumor and briefly summarizes its salient features.
Construct Validity of the Social Provisions Scale
Authors: Perera Harsha N.
Published: June 2015

Extant theory posits well-differentiated dimensions of perceived social support as measured using the Social Provisions Scale (SPS). However, evidence is inconsistent with this multidimensionality perspective, with SPS factor correlations near unity and higher between-factor than within-factor item correlations. This article reports on research investigating the internal structure, gender invariance, and predictive validity of SPS scores. The analyses are conducted in a novel bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) framework, which is designed to account for presumed psychometric multidimensionality in SPS items due to (a) their fallibility as pure indicators of the constructs they are purported to measure and (b) the coexistence of general and specific factors. Based on 376 item responses, evidence was obtained for a bifactor-ESEM representation of the SPS data. In addition, support was found for the invariance of item thresholds and the latent mean invariance of six of the seven SPS factors in the retained solution. Only mean levels of Social Integration were found to differ by gender, with men scoring higher than women. Finally, evidence was obtained for the predictive validity of SPS scores with respect to loneliness and psychological well-being. Quite apart from yielding evidence validating the SPS, this research demonstrates the utility of bifactor ESEM for psychological assessment.
Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision
Authors: Lee Soomi , Lee Dongwon , Borcherding Thomas E.
Published: June 2015

We revisit the claim that ethnic heterogeneity—the degree to which different ethnic groups make up the population—reduces local government spending on various public goods. Our analysis suggests that heterogeneity does not necessarily reduce local public spending due to two factors: (1) the low price elasticity of demand for local public goods and (2) the substitution between public goods. Using data from American cities and school districts from 2000 to 2010, we find that ethnic heterogeneity has offsetting positive and negative effects on various types of local government spending. Our findings imply that local governments respond to an increase in ethnic heterogeneity by rebalancing local public spending—for instance, adopting a policy that reallocates resources from roads to police and fire protection.
Performativity, propriety and productivity: The unintended consequences of investing in the Early Years
Authors: Macfarlane Kym , Lakhani Ali
Published: June 2015

This paper examines notions of childhood development in a significant Australian policy document. Using Fairclough’s approaches to discourse analysis as guides, Foucault’s understanding of regimes of truth and discourses as systems of power relations and Nikolas Rose’s concept of ‘responsibilisation’, the paper argues that discourses of healthy childhood development as represented in this document produce definitions of ‘proper’ child development and thus, place certain children and families outside this idea. Proper development is understood through Nikolas Rose’s concept of ‘responsibilisation’ where the recognition of ‘at risk’ or ‘improper’ groups, and notions of productivity, are addressed through understandings of performativity while highlighting consequences for children and families.
Guardianship and the Potential of Supported Decision Making With Individuals With Disabilities
Authors: Jameson J. Matt , Riesen Tim , Polychronis Shamby , Trader Barbara , Mizner Susan , Martinis Jonathan , Hoyle Dohn
Published: June 2015

Guardianship is a complicated legal concept, which is further complicated by differences from state to state in the framing and implementation of distinctly different forms. Few professionals explain the long-term consequences of obtaining guardianship or provide the range of alternatives available to support an adult with disabilities. This study reports descriptive data from a national survey on guardianship and people with disabilities. The results indicate that regardless of who provides information about guardianship, and regardless of disability classification, full guardianship is consistently discussed most frequently while other options are rarely discussed. We describe implications for practice and provide recommendations. Specifically, supported decision making is described as one potential alternative to legal guardianship that, according to these data, is the least frequently discussed with parents, but which has the potential to avoid many of the legal and social pitfalls that guardianship presents. Limitations and current research needs are described.