bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE BIOLOGY OF A BIRCH LEAF MINER, MESSA NANA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), NEW TO CANADA
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Thomson M. J.
Published: December 2009

Messa nana Klug, a European birch leaf miner which was previously reported in northeastern United States, was recently discovered in southeastern Ontario. Its life cycle and some immature stages are described.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY FOLLOWING FRONTAL GANGLIONECTOMY IN VIRGIN FEMALES OFMELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Gillott C. , Dogra G. S. , Ewen Al B.
Published: December 2009

The synthetic ability of type-A neurosecretory cells (NSC) and corpus allatum (CA) was investigated autoradiographically in both normal virgin females and those from which the frontal ganglion had been removed. Incorporation of3H-cystine and3H-uridine into the NSC was significantly lower in frontal ganglionectomized insects than in controls. There appeared to be no relationship between the level of isotope uptake and the amount of stainable material in the NSC. Ability of the CA to incorporate3H-uridine seemed unaffected by the operation.
REARING WOOD-BORING BEETLES (CERAMBYCIDAE) ON ARTIFICIAL DIET
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: December 2009

Over 50 species of Cerambycidae have been reared on artificial diet, 17 of them from the egg. The method, which is described, has proved useful in reducing rearing time in the production of larvae and pupae for taxonomic purposes. It has also demonstrated the occurrence of diapause in some species of Cerambycidae. Other potentially fruitful lines of investigation, made feasible by this method, are suggested.
THE IMMATURE STAGES AND PHYLETIC POSITION OF GLUTOPS ROSSI (DIPTERA: PELECORHYNCHIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

The larva and pupa of Glutops rossi Pechuman are described. Because of their remarkable similarity to the same stages of Pelecorhynchus Macquart, as well as many similarities in their adults, the genus Glutops Burgess is transferred from the Xylophagidae to the Pelecorhynchidae.
DOSE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATE OF PENETRATION OF TOPICALLY APPLIED DDT-C14 INTO THE HOUSE FLY
Authors: Poonawalla Zainab T. , Quraishi M. Sayeed
Published: December 2009

Penetration of topically applied DDT-C14, at dosages varying between 35 and 2900 nanograms, into individual house flies was studied at 2, 6, and 24 hour intervals. The rate of penetration was found to be dose dependent and not exponential even when nanogram quantities of the chemical were used.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF NORTH AMERICANIPS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): HOPPING’S GROUP IX
Authors: Lanier G. N.
Published: December 2009

Controlled mating experiments demonstrating total reproductive isolation, together with consistent differences in morphological and cytological detail, confirmed the validity of the closely related group IXIps:grandicollis,cribricollis,lecontei,montanus,confusus,paraconfusus, andhoppingi. The latter two species, new to science, were formerly considered to beconfusus.Matings betweengrandicollisfrom eastern Canada and North Carolina were subnormally fertile; other intraspecific matings between individuals of the same population or distant populations produced fully fertile progeny. Interspecific pairings usually resulted in insemination and normal-appearing egg galleries, but, with one exception, none of the eggs hatched.Onemontanusand twoconfusus, each mated by males of the same species, produced all-daughter broods. This "sex-ratio" condition appeared to be the result of a matrilineally transferred cytoplasmic factor lethal to male embryos only.At first meiotic metaphase all species had the karyotypic formula 15 AA + Xyp, and onlygrandicolliswas easily differentiated by bivalent configuration or size sequence. Most other species showed diagnostic differences at meiotic prophase or second meiotic metaphase. Pairing disruptions and anaphase bridges occurred ingrandicollisinterpopulational hybrids; meiosis was normal in progeny from interpopulational pairings ofconfusus,paraconfusus, andmontanus.Ingrandicollisthe median struts of the male genitalia were 1.5 times longer than the median lobe. The struts/lobe ratios for other species approximated 1.00 but differences for most comparisons between species were statistically significant. The shape of the pars stridens on females was different for most species and mean widths of striations thereon ranged from 0.517 μ forparaconfususto 0.876 μ forlecontei. This character provided absolute discrimination of females ofconfususfrom those ofparaconfususandhoppingibut the latter two species were most easily separated by differences in the density of punctures in the elytral declivity.It is hypothesized that contiguous allopatry and differences in host and ecological specialization, evidenced in species of group IX, is maintained by their high propensity for interspecific mating which fails completely to produce progeny.
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE GIANT FIBRE SYSTEM IN THE ABDOMINAL VENTRAL NERVE CORD OF THE DESERT LOCUST
Authors: Seabrook W. D.
Published: December 2009

Schistocerca gregaria possess four neurones of giant fibre proportions within the abdominal ventral nerve cord. These fibres arise from single cell bodies in the terminal ganglionic mass and pass without interruption to the metathoracic ganglion. Fibres become reduced in diameter when passing through a ganglion. Branching of the giant fibres occurs in abdominal ganglia 6 and 7.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH IN PSEUDALETIA UNIPUNCTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), reared on corn foliage, were found to vary in the rate they were able to feed, grow, and attain maturity. Mortality varied inversely with the rate of food intake. In the fifth and sixth instars, there was a direct linear relationship between rate of food intake and daily growth, and rate of food intake and daily development. A variance of 78 to 96% in final weights of the two stages was explained by the combined effect of initial weights of larvae, food supply, duration of feeding, and food ingested. Fecundity increased with the rate of food intake of the larvae.When P. unipuncta feeds at a high rate, it is able to accelerate development, increase growth, and maintain a high reproductive potential. When the rate of food intake is low, development, growth, and fecundity are reduced for the sake of survival.
THE IDENTITIES OF THREE CLOSELY RELATED WESTERN SPECIES OFPROSIMULIUM(DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: December 2009

The identities of three closely related species,Prosimulium dicum,P.exigens, andP.dicentum, described by Dyar and Shannon in 1927, are clarified. Keys for the separation of the adult, pupal, and larval stages of these species are given. Also presented is a brief review of the literature for each species. A redescription of the female and first descriptions of the male, pupa, and larva ofP.dicentumare provided and important taxonomic features illustrated. A lectotype is designated forP.dicum.
BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF CHORISTONEURA LAMBERTIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON LODGEPOLE PINE IN SOUTHEASTERN IDAHO AND WESTERN MONTANA
Authors: McGregor Mark D.
Published: December 2009

The sugar pine tortrix heavily defoliated the current season’s needles on lodgepole pine during 1965–66 in southeastern Idaho, and during 1967–68 in western Montana. A brief description of the life stages, damage, and observations on the life history and habits are presented. Choristoneura lambertiana (Busck) is a univoltine insect; oviposition and eclosion occur in late July and early August; first instar larvae spin hibernacula and overwinter in bark cracks, under bark scales, and in other protected locations on the tree and emerge in late May and June. Larvae complete development in approximately 6 weeks, and pupate in July. Adults emerge from about mid-July through early August. Mating and oviposition occur within a few days after adult emergence. Five larval stadia are proposed. Sixteen species of parasites were reared from eggs, larvae, and pupae. One predator was observed feeding on larvae in the field.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF OTOPHEIDOMENIS (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) ECTOPARASITIC ON SPHINGID MOTHS, WITH A NOTE ON NOCTUISEIUS
Authors: Prasad V.
Published: December 2009

The genus Noctuiseius Prasad is synonymized with Otopheidomenis Treat. Two new species, Otopheidomenis kayosiekeri and Otopheidomenis pholusis, are described and illustrated. O. kayosiekeri is known from Honduras, Panama Canal Zone, and Peru from the sphingid moths Pachylia darceta, P. resumens, and Triptogon lugubris. O. pholusis is known from Bolivia and Honduras from the sphingid moths Pholus sp., P. anchemolis, and P. obliquus. A key to the known species of Otopheidomenis is included.
HELOPHORUS ORIENTALIS (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE), A PARTHENOGENETIC WATER BEETLE FROM SIBERIA AND NORTH AMERICA, AND A BRITISH PLEISTOCENE FOSSIL
Authors: Angus R. B.
Published: December 2009

The Helophorus species recorded by McCorkle as H. brevipalpis Bedel, and by earlier workers as H. granularis (L.) is found, on examination of the types, to be H. orientalis Motschulsky, a species widespread in eastern Siberia.The types of H. orientalis are described, and a lectotype is designated. The type of H. sahlbergi Kuwert, a species synonymous with H. orienta’is, is also described. Further Siberian and North American material is described with reference to the type, and the means of distinguishing H. orientalis from H. granularis and H. brevipalpis are discussed.Fossil prothoraces from Pleistocene deposits at Brandon, Warwickshire and Great Billing, Northamptonshire, England, are referred to H. orientalis.The life histories of the three species are compared, and differences in the egg cocoons and larvae are illustrated. H. orientalis is shown by laboratory breeding to be parthenogenetic. In the other species no maleless populations are known, and although there is no proof that they cannot breed without males, this is considered very unlikely.The ecologies of the three species are discussed.
PARASITES OF THE BLACK-HEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA
Authors: Torgersen Torolf R.
Published: December 2009

The parasites known to attack the black-headed budworm in Alaska and the relative importance of each species are presented. A key for the identification of parasite adults and notes on the bionomics of each species are given. The list of parasites includes 16 species, contrasting sharply with the 48 species reported from coastal British Columbia. Only two species, Triclistus pallipes Holmg. and Meteorus argyrotaeniae Johansen, appear in the Alaskan complex that do not also appear in the list from British Columbia. Trichogramma minutum Riley, the only egg parasite, caused up to 22% mortality. Four species attacking various larval instars caused 2 to 72% mortality within single larval collections. Two pupal parasites, Itoplectis quadricingulatus (Prov.) and Phaeogenes arcticus Cush., were reared from 10 to 31% of pupae collected in the field.
IDENTIFICATION OF COCOONS AND LAST-INSTAR LARVAL REMAINS OF SOME HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF THE ARMYWORM, PSEUDALETIA UNIPUNCTA, IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Miller C. D. F.
Published: December 2009

A descriptive key based on phenotypic characteristics displayed by cocoons and/or pupae is offered as a tool for identification of primary parasitoids of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), in eastern Ontario. A second key based on structural differences of the last-instar larval mouthparts and tracheae is offered as a means to differentiate secondary parasitoids associated with the above-mentioned primary forms. Photographs of the cocoons, illustrations of the last-instar larval mouthparts and tracheae, and biological notes on pre-imago habits are included as supplemental criteria for species identification.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: THEIR DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON SIZE OF AN INSECT, AGRIA AFFINIS
Authors: Singh Pritam , House H. L.
Published: December 2009

A detrimental effect on larval size in Agria affinis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) varied with the kind, among nine, and with the dietary level of antimicrobial food additives in a synthetic diet; for example, inversely with the level of streptomycin sulphate. This and other factors considered suggest need for some caution in the use of such food additives where normal insect specimens are desired.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN NORTH
AMERICA. HOPPING’S GROUP III
Authors: Lanier G. N.
Published: December 2009

Ips integer (Eichhoff) is removed from
synonymy with plastographus (Leconte), which in
turn is divided into two subspecies: p.
plastographus (Leconte) and
p. maritimus n.
subsp. The former occurs in the subalpine zone of the Sierra Nevada,
Cascade, and northern Rocky Mountain ranges; the latter is apparently
restricted to the California coast.I.
integer and p.
plastographus are partially sympatric, but
even in a mixed attack on the same host the two species were rarely found in
the same gallery systems. In field experiments females showed strong
preference for the sex pheromone of conspecific males. Laboratory-produced
hybrid males were intermediately attractive to both species.In breeding
experiments the plastographus subspecies were
fully interfertile but fertility of backcross and
F2 generations was
reduced. Egg hatchability was low in interspecific combinations of
integer and
plastographus. However, results were
different for the reciprocal pairings and the backcrosses showed increased
fertility. These data defy explanation by nuclear genetics but may result
from cytoplasmic incompatibility.Although integer
and the two plastographus subspecies have the
same karyotypic formula, 15 A A + Xyp, the three
entities can be differentiated by the size of heteropycnotic segments in
pachytene chromosomes and the shapes (centromere position) of some of the
five largest chromosomes at second metaphase. Univalents, multivalents,
bridged anaphases, and other abnormalities were common in hybrids of
plastographus and
integer. Heteromorphic bivalents, but no
other abnormalities, were observed in hybrids of the
plastographus subspecies.
OVARY DEVELOPMENT IN A SCOLYTID BEETLE DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE
(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): EFFECT OF FARNESYL METHYL ETHER
Authors: Sahota T. S. , Chapman J. A. , Nijholt W. W.
Published: December 2009

Varying degrees of ovarian development were induced in overwintered
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., put on (1)
host logs, (2) bark chips, or (3) moist glass paper. In 96 hours the ovaries
of beetles on logs reached maturation, those on bark chips showed only
slight growth, and the third group failed to show any development.Farnesyl
methyl ether induced significant ovarian development in beetles kept on bark
chips or glass paper. It appears that production or release of gonadotrophic
hormone is withheld in insects kept outside their natural gallery
environment. Sensory input associated with gallery excavation may initiate
ovary development by stimulating endocrine activity.
INFLUENCE OF HOST ON LARVAL SURVIVAL AND ADULT FECUNDITY OF
CHORISTONEURA CONFLICTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Beckwith Roy C.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory experiments indicate a diet of quaking aspen is essential to
give impetus to a population increase of the large aspen tortrix. The
effects of starvation and of five different host plants on larval survival,
pupal weights, and adult egg potential are reported.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. X
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The genus Placosaris Meyrick, type-species P. leucula Meyrick, Sangir, is redescribed. Xanthelectria Meyrick, type-species X. beatrix Meyrick of Java, is sunk as a subjective synonym of Placosaris. The following additional named species are referred to the genus as new combinations: Pyrausta cricophora West, Philippine Is.; Pyr. homoeides West, Philippine Is.; Pyr. triticalis Kenrick, New Guinea; Botys egerialis Snellen, Java, with Xanthelectria beatrix Meyrick as a new subjective synonym; Botys turiusalis Walker, Sarawak, with subjective synonyms B. eriggusalis Walker, Sarawak, B. broesialis Walker, Sarawak, and B. miniatalis Swinhoe, Sumatra; Opsibotys coorumba Hampson, Pyrausta auranticilialis Caradja, Canton; Pyr. subfuscalis Car.; Pachyzancla callistalis Hampson, Assam; Ebulea ochripunctalis Warren, Khasia Hills; Pachyzancla ustulalis Hampson, Ceylon; Ebulea intensalis Swinhoe, Khasia Hills; Psara tiawannalis Shibuya, Taiwan; Ps. intensalis rubellalis Caradja, Lienping, China; this last is considered specifically distinct from Placosaris intensalis. The following new species of Placosaris are described: P. steelei, Burma; P. swanni, Burma; P. lindgreni, Nagrispur; P. dohertyi, Assam; P. arjunoalis, Java and Bali; P. udealis, Assam; P. bornealis, Sarawak and Borneo; P. perakalis, Perak; P. apoialis, Mindanao; P. galogalis, Mindanao. Although the new species are mostly extralimital to Temperate East Asia, they are mostly related to Chinese species.
A NEW SPECIES OFBASILIA(DIPTERA: NYCTERIBIIDAE) FROM COLOMBIA
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Maa T. C.
Published: December 2009

Basilia astochianew species is described from Colombia, fromVampyrops helleriPeters. It is closely related toB.ferrisiSch. Stekh. andB.speiseri(Mir. Ribeiro) from which it differs in details of the shape and chaetotaxy of the legs, tergal plates, and sternites. These three species probably form a very closely linked "Artenkreis" occurring from Guatemala to Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
A NEW NEARCTIC CAMPOLETIS PARASITE OF PYRALIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: December 2009

Campoletis pyralidis, a new species of ichneumon fly parasite on several species of Pyralidae in Canada, is described.
PATHOGENICITY TESTS OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES INFECTING THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Cunningham J. C.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), are susceptible to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus as well as nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from the western hemlock looper, L. f. lugubrosa (Hulst), and the western oak looper, L. f. somniaria (Hulst). The pathogenicity of these viruses was similar when tested on eastern hemlock looper larvae and it is suggested that the same virus infects the three subspecies. Resistance to the virus did not increase with age; second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae were equally susceptible. The period from ingestion to death varied with concentration of virus and rearing temperature. Results of pathogenicity tests are given.
NOTES ON THE NEARCTIC AGRYPON (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Schmid J. M.
Published: December 2009

Agrypon is distinguished from other genera and is discussed in relation to Trichonotus. A new species is described, and A. alaskensis Ashmead is synonymized with A. provancheri (Dalla Torre).
HABITAT SELECTION BY THE APHID PARASITEDIAERETIELLA RAPAE(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) AND HYPERPARASITECHARIPS BRASSICAE(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE)
Authors: Read Donald P. , Feeny Paul P. , Root Richard B.
Published: December 2009

A suspected chemical means of habitat selection byDiaeretiella rapae, a primary parasite of aphids on crucifer plants, was investigated in the laboratory with the aid of an olfactometer. Females (and, to a lesser extent, males) were found to be attracted by odor to leaves and leaf juices of a crucifer host plant and to dilute solutions of the mustard oil allyl isothiocyanate. Given a choice of aphid colonies (Myzus persicae) on leaves of beet (Chenopodiaceae — mustard oils not present) and collard (Cruciferae — mustard oils present), femaleD.rapaedisplayed a marked preference to oviposit in aphids feeding on collard. It is concluded that femaleD.rapaeparasites locate their hosts initially by a response to an odor emanating from the aphid host-plant, followed by visual searching. MaleD.rapaewere attracted by odor from femaleD.rapae, suggesting the existence of a sex pheromone in this species.Neither males nor females ofCharips brassicae, a hyperparasite ofD.rapae, were attracted to collard leaves, though females showed apparent attraction to femaleD.rapae. As withD.rapae, males ofC.brassicaeare attracted by odor to females of the same species.The host finding behavior ofD.rapaeis discussed in relation to that of other insect species belonging to the fauna associated with the plant family Cruciferae.
THE MUSCLES AND ENDOSTERNUM OF HAEMOGAMASUS AMBULANS (ACARINA: HAEMOGAMASIDAE)
Authors: Young Jerry H.
Published: December 2009

The origins and insertions of the muscles of the gnathosoma, idiosoma, and appendages are illustrated and described. Idiosomal muscles are shown to be associated with external plates and in some cases with the endosternum. The articulations of all legs arc shown. The functions of most muscles are given. The principal muscles of the appendages as revealed in this study are flexor muscles but opposing muscles are shown to be much more common than previously thought. Hydrostatic pressure is apparently responsible for extension of the appendages. The position and function of the endosternum is given.
A NEW SUBFAMILY OF CYNIPOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA) FROM NEPAL
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The proposed new subfamily Himalocynipinae based on Himalocynips vigintilis n. gen., n. sp., from Nepal, is described and illustrated. Several unique characters of Himalocynipinae are discussed.
LIFE HISTORY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF PANDEMIS CERASANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Evans David
Published: December 2009

Pandemis cerasana (Hubner), a common leaf roller of deciduous trees in northern Eurasia, was found in North America for the first time at Victoria, B.C., in 1964. No other recovery points have been reported. The insect feeds on a variety of broad-leaf trees and shrubs but seems most attracted to Garry oak, and has caused sporadic defoliation. This illustrated study presents descriptions of the adult and life history in more detail than heretofore available, as well as initial descriptions of the immature stages and their habits, with discussion on local population changes. Parasitism and disease was negligible.
THE ANTENNAE AS THE SITE OF PHEROMONE RECEPTORS IN THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Albert P. J. , Seabrook W. D. , Paim U.
Published: December 2009

Electrophysiological recordings are taken from the antennae of eastern spruce budworm males. These respond to crude pheromone extracts from the females. The pheromone receptors are located along the length of the antennae.
THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OFLEPTOCERA CAENOSA(DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE) IN LABORATORY CULTURES
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. , Glen G. S.
Published: December 2009

A colony ofLeptocera caenosa(R.) was self-sustaining for 60 generations in a variety of organically rich media. With a wet larval medium of green grass meal and expanded mica in equal volumes at 17 °C the life cycle was completed (female to female) in an average of 31 days (egg stage, 2 days; larval and pupal periods, 13 days each). Green grass meal was superior to a standard cereal house-fly medium (CSMA) and legume leaf meals; a low coumarin strain of sweet clover was superior to a high coumarin strain. A non-sterile nutrient solution was also successfully used. In one sample of fresh alfalfa meal the pupal period was about 2.5 times longer than that in grass meal, possibly because of the presence of an estrogenic hormone.The species survived a 3-month exposure to 7 °C but not 1.5 °C, indicating that it could not readily survive out-of-doors during the winter in Saskatchewan.
PARASITES OF THE BALSAM GALL MIDGE, DASINEURA BALSAMICOLA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Osgood E. A. , Dimond J. B.
Published: December 2009

Newly emerged adults of several species of parasites of the balsam gall midge were collected in the spring and fall. Biological notes on individual species are given.
BIOLOGY OF SULPHURETYLENCHUS ELONGATUS (NEMATODA: SPHAERULARIIDAE), AND ITS EFFECT ON ITS HOST, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Ashraf M. , Berryman A. A.
Published: December 2009

The developmental stages of Sulphuretylenchus elongatus, an abundant nematode parasite of Scolytus ventralis, are described. The life cycle was generally synchronized with its host, nematode reproduction usually occurring in the adult beetle after it had attacked a new tree. Reproduction occasionally occurred in the host larva. In these cases encapsulation of some nematode eggs and larvae was observed and the host usually died. Free-living infective stage nematodes emerged from the host, mated in the bark beetle galleries, and the female nematode reinfected bark beetle larvae by penetrating the cuticle.Parasitism by S. elongatus caused delayed emergence, limited flight, and aberrant attack behavior by infected S. ventralis. Female bark beetles were sterilized by heavy infection and partially sterilized by light or moderate infection. The effects of parasitism on males was not as severe. Some egg and larval mortality was attributed to nematode attack, and adult survival was reduced by infection.Parasitism was slightly higher in female bark beetles. The incidence of parasitism decreased somewhat in the upper levels of the tree. Host density appeared to have little effect on per cent parasitism although the degree of super-parasitism increased with host density.
INTRINSIC FACTORS CAUSING QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN POPULATIONS OFPORTHETRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Leonard David E.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented to suggest that the gypsy moth,Porthetria dispar(L.), is numerically self-regulating through a shift in the quality of individuals induced by changes in nutrition. This qualitative change affects dispersal, behavior, developmental rate, and fecundity, and this providesP.disparwith the ability to respond to intrinsic and extrinsic factors faster and more efficiently than if dependent on selection. Adaptability is further facilitated because the change in quality can be induced either in the previous generation by the amount of nutrient reserves provided the eggs, or during the current generation by hunger, crowding, or cool temperature. This change is best characterized by an increase in the number of larvae with additional instars. In these larvae, a prolongation of instar I and a shift in behavior increases their potential for dispersal. The similarities and differences betweenP.disparandMalacosoma pluviale(Dyar) are discussed.
A XENIC, PARTIALLY SYNTHETIC DIET FOR THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Laing D. Ruth , Hagen K. S.
Published: December 2009

An inexpensive, artificial diet made with carrot powder, a commercially available product of Saccharomyces fragilis, ascorbic acid, mold inhibitors, and agar gave as good or better yields of G. molesta (Busck) moths as was reared from apples. One moth per 1.25 ml of medium at a cost of.08c per moth was the best obtained.
NEW SPECIES OF FORCIPOMYIA (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) DESCRIBED IN ALL STAGES
Authors: Chan K. L. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) and three new species of Forcipomyia (Thyridomyia) are described in all stages.Saunders’ "Lasiohelea complex" is reviewed and is here suggested to be restricted to Kieffer’s Lasiohelea (s. lat.) and to comprise the following Forcipomyia subgenera: Synthyridomyia, Thyridomyia, Lasiohelea, Dacnoforcipomyia and the subgenus represented by Lane’s Lasiohelea stylifer Lutz.It is also suggested, pending further evidence, that Lasiohelea be returned to its original generic status.
THE BIOLOGICAL STATUS OF "HELIOTHIS STOMBLERI"
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

Heliothis stombleri, recently described as a new species from California, is shown to be an aberration of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The aborted condition of the genitalia in the form is probably under genetic control.
HEAD AND NECK MUSCULATURE OF THE MALE ADULT SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Albert P. J. , Seabrook W. D.
Published: December 2009

The head and neck muscles of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), are reported. Thirty-nine muscles with their origins, insertions, and functions are described. This forms part of a study on the brain and suboesophageal ganglionic mass of the same species.
THE PIAGETIELLA (MALLOPHAGA: MENOPONIDAE) OF THE PELECANIFORMES
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: December 2009

Eight species of the genus Piagetiella are discussed and illustrated. There are two new synonymies: P. africana (Bedford) (= Tetrophthalmus australis Bedford) and P. titan (Piaget) (= Tetrophthalmus subtitan Bedford). A key is given to the species.
A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSAUGINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new Chrysauginae are described: Mimetauge n. gen., type-species M. napeogenalis n. sp., a mimetic species from Peru; Zaboba unicoloralis n. sp., California; Caphys arizonensis n. sp., Arizona. Acallis mitchelli Dyar is transferred to Zaboba.
THRESHOLD TEMPERATURES FOR THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

Some individual processes, e.g., moulting, in the development of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) can proceed at temperatures as low as 7.2 °C but not at 6.3 °C. the threshold for complete postovarial development lies between 9.2° and 11.7 °C. The threshold for deposition of viable eggs is between 10.7° and 11.7 °C, though some females eclosing at 7.2 °C lay inviable eggs at 9.8 °C. Experimental values obtained in the determination of threshold temperatures can be expressed as two temperatures: the permissive, the lowest experimental temperature allowing a particular process to proceed; and the inhibitive, the highest experimental temperature (below the permissive) preventing completion of the process. The actual threshold lies between these temperatures.
THE GENUSCUERNA(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The genusCuernaMelichar as represented in Canada is reviewed.Cuerna costalis(Fabr.) is recorded for the first time. Seven new species ofCuernaare described from the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia:cuesta,fenestella,inflata,nielsoni,pseudoalba,reducta, andxyla. The identities ofC.striata(Walker),C.lugens(Walker), andC.septentrionalis(Walker) are determined. All the species are described and illustrated, and a key is provided to the species-groups and species from Canada.
A NEW SPECIES OF DENDROCTONUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM MEXICO
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Dendroctonus rhizophagus sp. n. collected from small pine trees in Mexico is described. Notes on seasonal development and habits are given.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGIES OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF IPS SPP. BARK BEETLES IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Berisford C. W. , Kulman H. M. , Pienkowski R. L.
Published: December 2009

Biological data are given for Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead), Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck, Heterospilus sp., Spathius pallidus Ashmead, Eurytoma conica Provancher, Cecidostiba polygraphi Ashmead, Heydenia unica Cook and Davis, Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg), Rhopalicus pulchripennis (Crawford), Rhopalicus tutela (Walker), and Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead. Only Coeloides pissodis was always closely associated with its host. The other larval parasites were often found disassociated from any host, suggesting an ability to seek out hosts in Ips galleries and the potential to attack more than one host. Observations indicated that pupal parasitism may be significant. Comment on the potential of some parasites as control agents is included.
IZIPHYA GRANDIPES, A NEW APHID FROM ONTARIO (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Iziphya grandipes is described and illustrated. It is a Carex-infesting species that is known only from Ontario.
NOTES ON THE PIERCING MOUTHPARTS OF THREE SPECIES OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) VIEWED WITH THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: December 2009

The piercing mouthparts of three species of mosquitoes were examined with a stereoscan scanning electron microscope. The structures observed are discussed in relation to existing morphological studies. Two pairs of peg-like organs were seen at the tip of the labrum and sensory-like structures measuring approximately 1.2 μ were shown at the tip of the hypopharynx of all species. Differences were observed in the numbers of maxillary teeth of different species. The stylets of Wyeomyia smithii appear functional despite the belief that this species does not take a blood meal.
STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF VALVAL STRUCTURE WITHIN AND BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN LIMENITIS (NYMPHALIDAE)
Authors: Platt Austin P. , Frearson Susanne D. , Graves Peter N.
Published: December 2009

The valval shapes of 314 male Nearctic Limenitis (including 15 samples from nine localities and 20 laboratory-bred hybrids) were examined for anatomical differences. Seven phenotypically different forms are included as follows: L. arthemis, astyanax, the intergrade form proserpina, L. archippus, the rare hybrid form arthechippus, L. lorquini, and L. weidemeyerii. The claspers of each specimen were dissected, mounted on slides, and photographed. Counts and measurements were made of eight larval characters (including four apical features: the number of distal teeth, distal width, and dorsal and ventral angles, as well as four basal traits: valval length and base, and the length and basal width of the inner process), and right forewing length. The data were compared between and among samples by canonical analysis and by one-way analysis of variance tests. Forms of the arthemis–astyanax complex possess no obvious morphological differences in their valvae. The apical characters are constant throughout the group, although the basal valval traits and forewing length show variation in size which is inversely correlated with latitude. The similarity of valval structure in these forms is evidence that they are conspecific. Consistent differences in the apical shapes and valval characters of arthemis, archippus, lorquini, and weidemeyerii confirm that they represent valid species. The valvae of the hybrid form arthechippus are intermediate between the two parental types. The relationships of valval structure to hybridization and genetic isolation are discussed, and consideration is given to the probable evolutionary affinities of the common forms, and how they may have arisen.
AN OUTBREAK OF A SAWFLY, PAMPHILIUS PHYLLISAE (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE), ON NORTHERN RED OAK, WITH NOTES ON LARVAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Nichols J. O.
Published: December 2009

An outbreak of a sawfly, Pamphilius phyllisae Middlekauff, was discovered on northern red oak at Linn Run State Park, Pennsylvania, in 1964. The outbreak was unusual and probably unique because this previously unknown species suddenly attained populations of over 1 million ultimate instar larvae per acre. The reasons for the outbreak are not known but it arose near the end of a period of abnormally low precipitation and at a time when nearly complete encapsulation of parasites by the sawfly larvae was observed. The insect is confined to northern red oak, Quercus rubra L., and has a life cycle of 1, 2, or more years of which about 6 weeks are spent on the host tree. The life history, the history of the infestation, and the immature stages are described.
STUDIES ON PEAR PSYLLA IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Rasmy Aly H. , MacPhee A. W.
Published: December 2009

Pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, had three generations in 1968 in Nova Scotia. Laboratory studies indicated that overwintering females require mating in the spring to produce fertile eggs. The adults started activity by the end of March, Psylla eggs and nymphs were preyed on by eight predacious species in the laboratory. These and the larvae of another six predacious species were associated with psylla in the field. A few psylla nymphs were parasitized by Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford). Psylla adults fly or are carried with the prevailing winds and a significant percentage occur above the tops of the trees.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS
Authors: Sanford K. H. , Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

Utilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.
PROTHORACIC MUSCULATURE OF THE ADULT MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA
Authors: Mitchell B. K. , Seabrook W. D.
Published: December 2009

The musculature of the prothorax and the prothoracic coxa of the adult male Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) is described in detail and is compared with three other families of the Lepidoptera.
THE STABILIMENTUM OF THE ORB WEB SPIDER, ARGIOPE ARGENTATA: AN IMPROBABLE DEFENCE AGAINST PREDATORS
Authors: Robinson Michael H. , Robinson Barbara
Published: December 2009

The stabilimentum of orb web spiders is a structure for which several functions, both mechanical and defensive, have been suggested. Argiope argentata (Fabricius) builds a stabilimentum in the form of a white diagonal cross. Analysis of over 2500 webs of this species shows that the perfect cross is seldom built and nearly two thirds of the webs contain no stabilimentum at all. Experiments with wild birds as predators show that they can use stabilimentum-like models in prey location. From these data, and a review of the defensive adaptations of orb web spiders, it is argued that the A. argentata stabilimentum is not an anti-predator device. The evidence for a mechanical function is reviewed and discussed. It is suggested that the stabilimentum provides the spider with a means of making a final adjustment to the mechanical state of the web when this is necessary.
THE BIOLOGY OF DIORYCTRIA AMATELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Franklin Rudolph T.
Published: December 2009

A model of the seasonal development of Dioryctria amatella (Hulst.) is presented. The proposed biological model considers the various habitats where D. amatella is reported to occur. Cronartium fusiforme Hedge, and Hunt cankers and second-year cones of various pine species are indicated to be the main routes necessary to the development of Dioryctria amatella.
SOME POPULATION FEATURES OF REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY IN NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

Egg production in Neodiprion swainei may be severely reduced by food quality and quantity, tachinid parasitism, and prolonged diapause. Since these and other agents may affect the sawfly both lethally and sublethally and may operate differentially against males and females, population losses are not adequately expressed in terms of numbers of individuals. However, reduction of the potential number of eggs the population could produce provides an integrated measure of these effects. One example, from an experiment in which larvae were fed various quantities and types of foliage, demonstrates that loss of reproductive potential is several times as great as the loss of individuals and indicates that the latter seriously underestimates the importance of food in population events.Cocoon diameter and fecundity are closely related. In a Saguenay Valley population, fecundity, cocoon diameter, and deviations from the regression line were bimodally distributed, indicating a mixture of two types of individuals differing in egg production characteristics. Families within a single population differed from each other by as much as 14 eggs in the elevation of the regression line; this was more than the observed difference in elevation between populations. A single regression equation satisfactorily predicted fecundity in one Quebec and a Wisconsin population, but was unsuitable for two other Quebec populations, each of which required its own equation. Among insects of common size, mean egg length varied inversely with fecundity, but it is uncertain whether differences in egg size were responsible for variation in the fecundity-cocoon diameter relationship.
HOST PLANT SPECTRUM AND TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS OF DIABROTICA BALTEATA
Authors: Saba F.
Published: December 2009

Rearing of Diabrotica balteata LeConte is possible throughout the year at temperatures between 10° and 30 °C. Adults feed on a very large variety of host plants. Good edibility combined with pronounced oviposition and egg viability are found in Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, and Cruciferae. However, cases of good edibility with no oviposition are also established in several families. Optimal adult longevity lies between 17° and 24 °C and oviposition indicates two high peaks within the female life span.Temperatures below 0 °C are detrimental to all stages and those between 0° and 4 °C mainly to larval and pupal stages. No diapause is found in any stage and this explains the limited distribution within warmer regions of the Americas. Precautions not to introduce this species into other continents should be taken.
NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORY, FECUNDITY, LONGEVITY, AND ATTACK PATTERN OF AGATHIS PUMILA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Agathis pumila (Ratzeburg) is a host-specific univoltine solitary internal braconid parasite attacking the first- and second-instar larvae of the larch case-bearer. Descriptions and illustrations of all developmental stages are given. The adults mated in the laboratory when 1-day-old females were exposed to 5-day-old males. The reproductive system of the female is discussed. The inherent fecundity is over 300 eggs and in tests at 75°F the average number of eggs laid per female was 139.8. Average longevity is 22.0 days. The average number of hosts destroyed with the ovipositor was 15.2 per female. The incubation period of the parasite’s egg was 7 days at 77°F. The attack pattern of A. pumila is described. In finding hosts the parasite was guided by chemotaxis and vibrotaxis. Longevity of honey-fed A. pumila females, without hosts, at constant temperatures ranging from 50° to 95°F was, on the average, highest at 60°F (45.6 days) and lowest at 95°F (10.6 days). Superparasitism occurs in the field and laboratory.
OBSERVATIONS ON HOST PLANT INDUCED BEHAVIOR OF SCALE INSECTS AND THEIR ENDOPARASITES
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

Differences in the behavior of scale insects induced by their host plants has been observed, principally, in uniparental, bisexual, univoltine species. Behavior in endoparasites of such species also may be thus modified. The phenomena involved, reproductivity, sexuality, voltinism and, with the parasites, host-regulation, are related to the environmentally induced immunity of the host plant to its indigenous scale insects.This immunity, when not a regional phenomenon, is necessarily sporadic. When operative, it may he as complete as generic-immunity. Periodic host plant non-susceptibility is considered to he a physiological response to meteorological and edaphic conditions, a response usually rendering the plant temporarily unsuitable for coccid development. The interpolation of immune periods in the life of a coccid’s normal host plant necessarily disrupts the continuity of the host-regulative action of the coccid’s parasites. Host plant pheno-immunity was first clearly manifested in regions where Lecanium corni Bouché, L. tiliae (Linnaeus), and Saissetia oleae (Bernard) free of their regulative parasites, reproduced in great abundance. In regions to which these coccids are indigenous the limitation of their outbreaks to artificial monocultures attested to the obscure nature of host plant pheno-immunity. The cessation of host plant immunity to coccids, the subsequent heavy reinfestation, and then the parasitic elimination of the outbreak attested to the host-regulative power of parasitization.
HERITABILITY OF DIAPAUSE INTENSITY IN HYPHANTRIA CUNEA AND CORRELATED FITNESS RESPONSES
Authors: Morris R. F. , Fulton W. C.
Published: December 2009

The heat requirements for diapause termination in pupae of Hyphantria cunea are subject to a high degree of generic control. Offspring–parent regression analysis based on a positively assortative mating pattern, which is the normal pattern in field populations of this species, provides a slope of 0.60. Positive skewness in the distribution of heat requirements can be reduced by conversion to logarithms. The inheritance of heat requirements is sex-linked, with the female being the heterogametic sex. Fitness characters that are significantly correlated with heat requirements affect larval and pupal survival rates and the weight of both male and female pupae. When the effects of these correlated survival rates are removed mathematically, the slope of the offspring–parent regression is increased to 0.80.Changes in the heat requirements of natural populations, in relation to the amount of heat available each year, influence their survival rates. The comparison of actual and calculated changes, based on models for heritability and selection pressures, will be the subject of a later paper in this series on H. cunea.
A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE WEB-SPINNING SAWFLY PAMPHILIUS OCHREIPES (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Harnden A. A.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the web-spinning sawfly Pamphilius ochreipes (Cresson) have been collected widely in North America in the past. The immature stages and food plants were unknown until a recent study was made in southern Ontario where the larvae fed in leaf rolls on cultivated Viburnum opulus L., in June. The sawfly is univoltine and overwinters as a larva in the soil with adult emergence in late May and early June.
CROP LIFE TABLES AS A PEST MANAGEMENT TOOL
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Cohort life tables are seen to provide the basis for an analytic and insightful approach to the rational management of crop pests. A life table is presented for a typical planting of early market cabbage, and dx values appraised in the light of potential dollar revenues.
EFFECTS OF WATER AND HIGH HUMIDITY ON THE EUROPEAN RED MITE,PANONYCHUS ULMI(ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

Water deposited on peach leaves as a constantly replenished film for 48 hr killed few European red mites,Panonychus ulmi(Koch), by drowning. Considerably more, especially of larvae, were lost by their coming loose from the water-covered leaf surface and floating off; the proportion thus lost did not differ greatly between 6- and 48-hr treatments. Relative humidity of 100% and to a lesser degree, 96–99%, inhibited activity and development.