bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Diversification in Tamil Nadu – An Economic analysis
Authors: Narmadha N.
Published: July 2022

In comparison to other Indian states, Tamil Nadu has unique agro-climatic and cropping patterns, which have caused a lot of concern, both environmentally and in terms of food security. From 2001 to 2020, the study examines changes in land use and cropping patterns in Tamil Nadu. Secondary data on area under major crops was gathered from various sources. To assess the expansion of area under major crops over time, the compound growth rate was calculated (2001-2020). In cropping pattern, direction of changes was investigated using Markov chain analysis and for each year, crop diversification index was calculated. The results indicated that land classified as land put to non-agricultural uses and fallow land recorded positive expansion in area. The area under paddy, bajra, sugarcane, groundnut, and gingelly are growing at a negative rate, but maize, pulses, fruits, vegetables, coconut, and cotton are growing at a positive rate. It can be stated that net sown area in Tamil Nadu is declining, with shift in food crops being hurt worse than non-food crops. Based on Crop Diversification Index score, crop intensification has increased in the state over time, helping to reduce failure of crop and income loss while also creating jobs for rural people.
Economic Analysis of Open Field Capsicum Cultivation- Findings from Solan District of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Kumari Sangya
Published: July 2022

"The present study attempted to analyze the cost and returns of open field capsicum cultivation in the Solan District of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 80 farmers were selected randomly from two developmental blocks, namely Solan and Kandaghat. Findings revealed that the overall cost of capsicum cultivation was ` 134896.38 per hectare, which was ` 137509.09, 132978.89, 130986.75, and 136858.50 in the marginal, small, semi-medium, and medium farm categories. The return analysis revealed that among all the four categories, the highest per hectare-average returns were observed in the marginal farm category, i.e., ` 216609.74 and the lowest average returns were recorded in the medium farm category, i.e., ` 152319.63. The cost of production varied between ` 718.38 per quintal in the marginal farm category to ` 875.54 per quintal in medium farm category. The input-output ratio on an overall level concluded that at an investment of ` 1 on capsicum cultivation, the farmers in the study area were getting ` 2.39 as returns."
Philosophy of Striving and Making a Living in Institutions of Traditional Studies
Authors: Badri Khairul Nizam Zainal
Published: July 2022

Institutions of traditional learning (pondok) are often considered as places to acquire the sciences of the hereafter. On the other hand, the statement seems to illustrate that the students brought up in the institution are not concerned with worldly matters. The learning curriculum is said not to care about the function of the mind but instead makes students passive and only follow what is presented by the teacher. Using a content analysis approach, this study pays attention to the content of the book Ta’alim Al-Muta’allim written by Imam Al-Zarnuji. This book is a guide for the citizens of traditional educational institutions whether in terms of curriculum, aspects of teaching and learning, and ethics of life. The main objective of this study is to see whether the use of the book can influence positive thinking and lifestyle that not only think about the question of the hereafter but also perform the responsibilities that need to be fulfilled in the world. The results of the study found that the content of the book not only focuses on educational practice, but also encourages students to earn a living but with good intentions, especially to increase knowledge. In other words, students are not taught to sideline worldly affairs but still need to be aware of worldly affairs but with a high awareness that every job must be based on the importance of worship and be able to meet the needs of the hereafter.
Raylı Sistem Araçlarında Kullanılan Alüminyum Alaşımlarının Kaynak İşleminde Sıcaklık Dağılımının İki Boyutlu Sayısal Simülasyonu
Authors: ÜNAL Osman , AKKAŞ Nuri , SARIHAN Ahmet Taner
Published: July 2022

Bu çalışmada, raylı sistem araç gövdelerinde kullanılan EN AW 6005A T6 alaşımlı profillerin gaz altı kaynağı yapılırken meydana gelen ısı akışının iki boyutlu sayısal bir simülatörü geliştirilmiştir. İş parçası üzerinde oluşan sıcaklık dağılımı, düzgün olmayan hareketli ısı kaynakları ve taşınımla ısı transferi terimini içeren geçici ısı iletimi probleminin sonlu farklar yöntemi kullanılarak çözümlenmesiyle elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kaynak işlemindeki erimiş havuzun düşük sıcaklık bölgesinde sıvı metalin erken katılaşmasını önleyecek optimum sıcaklık dağılımını, geliştirilen simülasyon sayesinde araştırabilmektir. Önerilen iki boyutlu simülatör sayesinde, optimum sıcaklık dağılımını elde etmek için yapılacak olan deneylerin sayısı azaltılarak işletme maliyetleri düşürülebilecektir. Geliştirilen simülatörün en belirgin avantajları, zaman adımı boyutlarını, ızgara boyutlarını, toplam simülasyon süresini, kaynakların güç büyüklüklerini, elektrotlar arasındaki mesafeyi, kaynakların hızını değiştirebilmektir. Ayrıca bu simülatör, farklı malzemelerde tek telli kaynak ve tandem kaynak işlemleri için de kullanılabilir. İkinci olarak, sayısal sonuçları doğrulamak için Türkiye Raylı Sistem Araçları Sanayi A.Ş' de (TURASAS) Fluke Thermal Imager kullanılarak deneysel çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sayısal analizden elde edilen maksimum sıcaklığın, deneysel sonucun maksimum sıcaklığından sadece %1 farklı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuç, önerilen iki boyutlu simülatörün, deneysel çalışma ile uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Son olarak, geliştirilmiş iki boyutlu sayısal simülatör ile ilgili tüm Matlab kodları, bu çalışmanın üç boyutlu sayısal simülasyonu üzerinde çalışmak isteyen diğer araştırmacıların çalışmalarını kolaylaştırmak için makalenin sonuna eklenmiştir.
Compreendendo padrões regionais da morfologia urbana no Brasil.
Authors: TAVARES JEFERSON
Published: July 2022

O objetivo central do trabalho é problematizar as novas formas urbanas que se consolidaram no âmbito regional, no Brasil, a partir das políticas públicas federais das últimas três décadas. Teoricamente o texto demonstra a disputa no campo conceitual entre os modelos de lugar central e cidade-região e suas reverberações no debate nacional. Metodologicamente as análises estão baseadas nos resultados das pesquisas sobre investimentos em infraestrutura urbana (saneamento, mobilidade e habitação) e em desenvolvimento regional ocorridos entre 1990 e 2019, na escala nacional. Os objetos de análise são os centros e concentrações urbanas, os eixos de circulação e os arranjos sub-regionais proporcionados pelo planejamento federal desse período. Os resultados apontam para tendências de reestruturação territorial em curso que sem abandonar os polos como formas urbanas do desenvolvimento, avançam para nós urbanos, faixas urbanizadas e tessitura territorial como as novas formas urbanas que buscam responder à reestruturação produtiva global por funções inseridas num processo de urbanização regional. Conclusivamente, o texto retoma essas funções da cidade contemporânea consolidando a discussão sobre centralidade, circulação e integração por uma visão epistemológica e histórica. E comprova a importância em reconhecer as materialidades do território para tensionar os atuais paradigmas do campo urbano.
The end of the Equity Premium Puzzle? An analysis of the European Financial Markets
Authors: Damonte Marco , Cardullo Gabriele
Published: July 2022

Abstract

This paper evaluates the magnitude of the equity premium in the European financial markets of the last twenty years. We document a substantial decrease in its value, especially after the onset of Great Recession. A habit consumption model predicts a value for the equity premium much higher than observed in data. Conversely, a simple general equilibrium model in the spirit of Mehra and Prescott (1985) is now able to explain the premium without resorting to extremely high coefficients for risk aversion.

JEL classification numbers: G11, G12, G14.
Keywords: Equity premium puzzle, Habit formation: Stock returns.
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN PERAWAT DENGAN KEPATUHAN DALAM PENGISIAN BUNDLE IV LINE UNTUK MENCEGAH TERJADINYA PHLEBITIS DI SILOAM HOSPITALS SURABAYA
Authors: Widari Ni Putu , Nirmala Retty , Prama Yunita Anggie Krestiani
Published: July 2022

Masih tingginya angka kejadian phlebitis di Rumah Sakit Siloam Surabaya salah satunya dapat diakibatkan oleh kurang patuhnya perawat dalam mengisi bundle IV line. Bundle IV line sangat penting. Pengetahuan perawat yang kurang juga akan ikut menjadi faktor pemicu kurang patuhnya perawat dalam mengisi bundle IV line. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi hubungan pengetahuan perawat dengan kepatuhan dalam pengisian bundle IV line untuk mencegah terjadinya phlebitis di Siloam Hospitals Surabaya. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan desain korelasional analitik. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perawat pelaksana Di Siloam Hospitals Surabaya, dengan jumlah sampel yang memenuhi kreteria inklusi dan eksklusi sebanyak 25 orang. Tehnik sampling mempergunakan total sampling. Alat untuk proses pengumpulan data kuesioner dan lembar observasi, selanjutnya dianalisa dengan uji statistik Rank Spearman dengan p value < 0.05. Hasilnya  Diketahui hampir seluruh responden memiliki pengetahuan baik sebanyak 21 orang (84%) yang terbagi menjadi kategori patuh sebanyak 17 orang (68%) dan kategori tidak patuh sebanyak 4 orang (16%). Dari hasil uji statistic dengan menggunakan Rank Spearman dipeloreh hasil p value 0.022, yang artinya H0 ditolak. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan pengetahuan perawat dengan kepatuhan dalam pengisian bundle IV line untuk mencegah terjadinya phlebitis di Siloam Hospitals Surabaya tahun 2021. Kesimpulannya: Ada hubungan pengetahuan perawat dengan kepatuhan dalam pengisian bundle IV line untuk mencegah terjadinya phlebitis. Untuk itu perawat meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang pencegahan phlebitis dengan pelatihan yang diadakan Rumah Sakit sehingga berpengaruh pada pelaksanaan tugas di rumah sakit khususnya dalam pelaksanaan pengisian bundle IV line.
Gambaran College Adjustment Pada Mahasiswa Angkatan 2020
Authors: Herdiansyah Rido , Rahmi Fitria , Sari Liliyana
Published: July 2022

University students are required to adjust to a different learning system from schools. The differences would made students experience difficulties, and this situation have been worsen with the COVID-19 pandemic that demanded a shift to full online learning. The purpose of this study was to describe college adjustment among university students, specifically class of 2020 which became the first class to experience full online learning when entering the college. The study used the descriptive quantitative method. A total of 380 Andalas University students in the class of 2020 was recruited through convenience sampling. The research instrument was the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) developed by Baker & Syrik (1984) modified from Rohmah (2017). The results showed that college adjustment of university students was classified as high (68,42%). It shows that students generally have had effective behaviors in dealing with demands in the academic and social aspects, feel satisfied in college life, and have an attachment to the campus.
Rancangan Media Permainan Ular Tangga pada Materi Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan Pecahan Penyebut Berbeda di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Malik Nurika , Karlimah Karlimah
Published: July 2022

Penelitian ini berdasarkan hasil identifikasi di lapangan bahwa kurangnya ketersediaan media pembelajaran pada materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan penyebut berbeda di sekolah dasar. Penggunaan papan tulis dan buku paket dirasa belum cukup, maka diperlukan media yang dapat membantu proses pembelajaran sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan produk berupa permainan ular tangga matematika materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan penyebut berbeda di sekolah dasar. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Design Based Research (DBR) dengan model Reeves melalui dua tahap saja yaitu pertama identifikasi dan analisis masalah oleh peneliti dan praktisi secara kolaboratif dan kedua mengembangkan solusi yang didasarkan patokan teori, design principle yang ada dan inovasi teknologi. Proses perancangan media seluruhnya menggunakan aplikasi canva. Dengan adanya media permainan ular tangga materi penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan penyebut berbeda di sekolah dasar diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi terrhadap pembelajaran sehingga dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
Ergenlik Çağındaki Çocukların İnternet Oyunları Oynama Alışkanlıklarının Sosyal Medya Okuryazarlığı Bağlamında İncelenmesi.
Authors: BAŞ Miyase Nur
Published: July 2022

Yaşamımızın bir parçası haline gelen ve birçok konuda yardımına başvurduğumuz internet teknolojisi bazen ona karşı bağışıklık kazanmamış bir kitle olarak ergen bireyler üzerinde çeşitli yan etkiler yapabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, ergen bireylerin internet üzerinden online oyun oynama alışkanlıklarını ortaya koymak ve dijital medya okuryazarlığının eğitim ve önemine dikkat çekmektir.

Bu bağlamda lise düzeyindeki 13-19 yaş grubu 210 katılımcı ile Kasım 2020 - Mart 2021 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilen araştırmada, katılımcılardan istenen internet oyun oynama bozukluğu ve problemli internet kullanımına ilişkin ölçek soruları yanıtlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda; katılımcıların demografik özellikleri, internete hangi amaçlarla bağlandıkları, katılımcıların cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, olumsuz olay ya da durumlarla baş etme yöntemi vb. durumlara göre ölçek sorularına verilen yanıtların anlamlı bir şeklide farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda katılımcıların değişkenlere göre farklı davranış özellikleri gösterdiği ve uyarıcı konumundaki internetin her ergen bireyi aynı şekilde etkilemediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Toplumsal Rıza Üretimi Sürecinde Televizyon Tartışma Programlarının Etkisi ve “Fast Thinker” Kavramı
Authors: ALP Hakan , GÜZEL Meltem
Published: July 2022

Medyadaki tekelleşme tek biçimciliği, rekabet ortamının olması ise çoksesliliği getirmektedir. Ancak, rekabeti teşvik eden liberal anlayış, bu şekilde yayınların daha nitelikli olacağını varsaysa da uygulamada durum bu şekilde gerçekleşmemektedir. Temel amacı kar elde etmek olan holdingler, daha fazla izlenebilmek adına toplumun en alt beğeni düzeyini gözeterek yayınlar yapmakta ve bu da kitle medyasının belli klişe yayınların dışına çıkamamasına neden olmaktadır. Farklı özgün fikirler, yazılar medyada kendisine yer bulamamakta, yer bulabilmesi için medyatik ya da ünlü bir kişinin altına imza atması gerekmektedir. Makalemiz kapsamında; CNN Türk haber kanalında yer alan Akıl Çemberi isimli tartışma programının konuk profilleri ve konuları analiz edilecektir. Ayrıca medyadaki teksesliliğin ortaya çıkmasında önemli rol oynayan yeni medya aktörleri “fasthinkerler” eleştirel analize tabi tutulacaktır.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TECNOLOGIAS EDUCATIVAS PARA MANEJO DO PÉ DIABÉTICO NEUROPÁTICO
Authors: Vitoriano Natália Aguiar Moraes , Moreira Thereza Maria Magalhães
Published: July 2022

Dentre as complicações microvasculares graves do Diabetes, pode-se destacar o pé em risco neuropático que causa perda da sensibilidade, deformidades e traumas superficiais que podem levar a quadros de infecções, úlceras e/ou destruição dos tecidos profundos. Objetivou-se analisar as evidências científicas do desenvolvimento de tecnologias educativas para manejo do pé diabético neuropático. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada de maio a julho de 2021, através de busca nas bases de dados: MEDLINE, LILACS, WOS e SCiELO. Foram adotados como critérios de inclusão evidências publicadas entre 2016 e julho de 2021, cujo objetivo tenha sido aplicação de tecnologias educacionais voltadas para pé diabético neuropático. A amostra totalizou 75 artigos, após finalizada todas as etapas do processo de análise, foram incluídos nesta revisão 8 artigos. O resultado foi apresentado por meio de uma tabela contendo as principais características dos artigos elegíveis. Foi possível identificar, dentre as estratégias educativas desenvolvidas, a presença do álbum seriado, objeto virtual de aprendizagem, manual, aplicativo, tecnologia com metodologia mista e AVA. Sendo reforçado, por meio deste estudo, a relevância desta temática e o crescente interesse entre estudiosos da área da saúde sobre o gerenciamento do cuidado em saúde e redução de complicações advindas do Diabetes Mellitus.
Management of Financial Resource within a Family
Authors: Hazheer Abdul Wali
Published: July 2022

یک خانواده با انبوه از تصمیم گیری ها روبرو است، باید منابع محدود را به دلیل كمیابی میان خواسته های لامحدود تقسیم کند و با توجه به ارتباط درونی میان نقش شغل و خانواده، مدیریت منابع از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است، روش استفاده از منابع در خانواده در حقیقت نشان دهنده حالت و وضع خانواده است؛ مدیریت منابع قابل بررسی در این تحقیق سه جنبه دارد که شامل(تهیه، مصرف و ذخیره منابع)میشود؛ این مقاله که به شکل ترکیبی(کمی و کیفی) تدقیق یافته، مبین میزان روش استفاده علمی منابع خانواده است تا باشد تصامیم مقنع به منظور دست یابی به اهداف زندگی اتخاذ و سطح رفا را بلند برد. در این تحقیق از 100 تن باشنده گان ناحیه سوم ولایت بغلان طی پرسشنامه‎ای نمونه برداری شده، نتایج حاصله نشان میدهد که طور اوسط 83.33 فیصد از خانوار پلان اقتصادی دارند، 81.33 فیصد از آنها اعضای خانواده را در تهیه پلان سهیم میسازند.
The Physical Training Course in Village Schools in the Early Republican Period (1923-1950)
Authors: İSLAM Ahmet , DEVER Ayhan
Published: July 2022

The Republic of Turkey focused on villages and villagers and made various efforts for their prosperity. One of those efforts was revising the curriculum of village schools. The curriculum of village schools did not have a physical training course (gymnastics) in the past. However, the Republic of Turkey added it to the curriculum as a separate course. Students did physical training with music for 20 minutes in the morning. However, they did rather simple warm-up exercises because the lesson was too short and therefore unproductive. In contrast, schools focused on agriculture and handicraft courses, which were more suited to village life. The two important sources of the content of the physical training courses (gymnastics) in village schools were written by Selim Sırrı (Tarcan), a prominent name in Turkish sports, and the other by Fuat Pura, a physical training teacher. However, they rather focused on different issues. The physical training course in village schools never reached its goal.
Occupational Therapy Using Ayres Sensory Integration®: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Brazil
Authors: Omairi Claudia , Mailloux Zoe , Antoniuk Sérgio Antonio , Schaaf Roseann
Published: July 2022

Importance: Research conducted in the United States has found that occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration® is an effective evidence-based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Replication of this research in other cultures is needed.

Objective: To evaluate the outcomes of occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration in a sample of Brazilian children with ASD.

Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Occupational therapy clinic.

Participants: Seventeen children with ASD ages 5–8 yr (n = 9 in the intervention group, n = 8 in the usual-care control group) recruited from a local hospital via flyers and word-of-mouth. Completed pretreatment characterization and baseline measurement.

Interventions: The intervention group received occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration, and the control group received usual therapeutic and educational services only.

Outcomes and Measures: We conducted a pre–post assessment of self-care and socialization using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory and individualized goal ratings.

Results: Participants in the intervention group scored significantly higher on outcome measures of self-care (p = .046, rb = .57), social function (p = .036, rb = .61), and parent-identified goal attainment (p < .001, rb = .94) compared with the control group.

Conclusions and Relevance: Occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration was effective in enhancing self-care, socialization, and goal attainment for children with ASD in a Brazilian cohort.

What This Article Adds: This study contributes further support from outside the United States that occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration is an effective evidence-based intervention to improve self-care, socialization, and parent-identified goal attainment in children with ASD.
Relating Grower Perceptions and Adoption of Automated Nursery Technologies to Address Labor Needs
Authors: Warner Laura A. , Rihn Alicia L. , Fulcher Amy , Schexnayder Susan , LeBude Anthony V.
Published: July 2022

This study examined factors that shape how nursery growers perceive automated nursery technologies and evaluate how these perceptions relate to growers’ adoption. We applied Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations to understand growers’ perceptions of automated technologies to inform Extension programming serving niche audiences in the nursery and horticulture arenas. Data were collected via a mixed-mode survey and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. Nursery growers indicated fairly strong perceptions of observability, relative advantage, and compatibility. Automated nursery technologies were not perceived as being complex. Notably, perceptions of trialability were low. Compatibility, complexity, and trialability predicted growers’ current adoption of automated technologies. Relative advantage, complexity, and compatibility predicted the future adoption of automated nursery technologies. Compatibility was the most important predictor of both current use and the likelihood of adopting automated nursery technologies. Extension professionals, researchers, and others who support the nursery industry can use these findings to encourage the adoption of technological innovations. Chiefly, automated nursery technologies need to be designed with compatibility in mind (e.g., adaptable to nursery operations’ existing infrastructure, values, and goals). Uptake could be accelerated by emphasizing compatibility (e.g., conveying how these technologies can be integrated into existing systems and how the current labor force’s skillsets can be applied to new technologies). This study considered a suite of automated nursery technologies to provide a starting point in developing and diffusing these types of innovations. Future research should examine the characteristics of specific technologies to pinpoint precise strategies aimed at behavioral adoption.
Implications of Science Illumination on Student Content Knowledge of Technical Floriculture and Core Scientific Ideas
Authors: Ferand Natalie K. , DiBenedetto Catherine A. , Myers Brian E. , Barry Debra M.
Published: July 2022

With fewer people entering agricultural career fields every year, the need for skilled workers in STEM fields continues to grow, which is an issue compounded by the growing demand for food and energy worldwide. An employment pool of skilled applicants who understand agriculture as a whole and comprehend applied concepts of STEM is needed, especially now as the world has stepped into an era of scientific and precision-based agriculture. School-based agricultural education (SBAE) provides opportunities to facilitate the application of core scientific ideas in real-world settings, as many agricultural contexts and problems typically involve numerous disciplines. This study analyzed the effects of purposeful science illumination on students' content knowledge of scientific core ideas and technical floriculture concepts. Students who received a specialized science illuminated curriculum displayed higher achievement on core science and technical floriculture content than their peers who received the standard curriculum. Further, students whose teachers received specialized training in STEM illumination outperformed the other two groups of students in both scientific core ideas and technical floriculture concepts. It is recommended that teachers seek both content-specific professional development opportunities and specialized curricula. Lastly, focus should be placed on methods of instruction to allow for students to engage with core scientific ideas within the context of agriculture.
Evaluating community-based tourism models : the case of Zulu-Mpophomeni tourism experience
Authors:   , Ndlovu Thulile Promise
Published: July 2022

The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the community-based tourism model adopted by the Zulu-Mpophomeni Tourism Experience (ZMTE). ZMTE is a community-based tourism initiative that aims to provide visitors with a combined experience encompassing the elements of culture, history and nature. It is fully owned and managed by the Mpophomeni local residents. ZMTE is made up of different service providers including cultural and township tours, accommodation, restaurants as well as arts and crafts, which are all locally owned and managed. The inception of ZMTE was influenced by the growth in demand for authentic cultural and township experience by international markets as well as the immediate need to improve the livelihood of the local community. However, increased tourism activity results in a number of positive and negative implications to the area of Mpophomeni and its residents, primarily because the local community forms part of the tourism product. ZMTE is selected as a significant area of study due to its great potential for growth and has generated increased interest from different stakeholders within the tourism industry as well as the Mpophomeni local community. Its inception has largely improved tourism in the area of Mpophomeni and the province of KwaZulu-Natal in particular (KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority: 2012). The study findings are based on a sample of 280 Mpophomeni local community members, one managing director of the ZMTE and six establishments that are service providers of the ZMTE. The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain data from the Mpophomeni local community. Face- to-face interviews were conducted to obtain data from ZMTE service providers and one managing director of this project. The results suggest the ZMTE is not beneficial to the majority of the local people and a lot still needs to be done in order to improve its viability. The major factor contributing to the lack of positive contribution of the ZMTE to the local community is due to the lack of knowledge about approaches that the local people can adopt in order to be part of the ZMTE and benefit from it. Findings derived from this study will unveil the CBT model adopted by the ZMTE. This will enable to revelation of areas that require improvement within the ZMTE so that benefits and opportunities are exploited.
Preventing violence against lone women in Pumula community, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Authors:   , Ndlovu Wakhumuzi
Published: July 2022

The purpose of the study was to assess or investigate the forms, causes and effects of violence towards lone women from Pumula Township, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In finding these it seeks to prevent violence towards these lone women. It is noted that structural male dominant culture and inequality are the major causes of violence towards lone women in Pumula; this is also similar in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many studies on lone women have been done worldwide and to the best of my knowledge, none that seeks for substantive solutions has been done in Bulawayo. This study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. This was done through a forum, focus group interviews and personal interviews. The data in the forum was collected by an advisory team and the researcher was the facilitator in all interviews. The major method of data collection was the focus group interviews. Also for triangulation purposes, and to complement the focus group interviews, individual interviews were done. Stakeholders’ workshops and lone women workshops were conducted to propose the means that could be used to reduce violence against lone women. Ethical standards were observed during the study. The findings of the study indicate that violence towards lone women is caused by a patriarchal culture and the social norms that make lone women to be stigmatised, ostracised and discriminated against because of their status. The confiscation of their property after the death of their spouses, or divorce, the struggle to shelter and care for their children often causes lone women ill-health and low self-esteem. They also find it difficult to find time for self as they are the breadwinners. It was proposed that the community and the lone women work together to curb violence against lone women and to combat all the injustices that are happening within society. Women empowerment and development can eradicate violence against the lone women.
Building friendships between Shona and Ndebele ethnic groups in Zimbabwe
Authors:   , Muchemwa Cyprian
Published: July 2022

Despite all the public pretences of projecting a united country, Zimbabwe is a divided country and this has made genuine peace and unity very difficult to attain. The bruised and polarised relationship between the Shona and Ndebele ethnic groups is deeply rooted in the annals of history, which makes it a protracted social conflict. The Gukurahundi campaign between 1982 and 1987 was part of a chain of catastrophic events, which have emanated from a well-established culture of violence and intolerance between Shona and Ndebele. Efforts to address this culture using a top-down approach under the auspices of the 22 December 1987 Unity Accord did little to curb hostilities. Even though these efforts were commendable, they were not sufficient to make any significant inroads into the polarised relationship of mistrust between the two groups. This thesis applied an Action Research design and specifically used the Transcend dialogue method to explore the possibilities of building mutual respect and understanding among a small sample of young Shona and Ndebele participants. The research found that creating intentional platforms for interaction could have a positive transformative effect on relationships. It is not too late to create more spaces and transformational platforms for people to dialogue, to listen to each other, to share stories, and carry out projects together. Engagement using dialogue can create new synergies, which can make a worthwhile difference to the long journey towards (re) building broken bridges and building new bridges.
Anti-corruption education as a way of building positive peace in Rwanda
Authors:   , Basabose Jean de Dieu
Published: July 2022

Corruption has increasingly become a challenging issue that undermines peacebuilding processes. Anti-corruption efforts therefore constitute one of the ways of building and sustaining positive peace. Attempts to combat corruption generally follow one of three strategies which include: developing legal and punitive frameworks, establishing investigative and preventive mechanisms and promoting ethical values-based approaches. The present study has explored corruption in Rwanda and has highlighted the necessity of developing anti-corruption education as a way of combatting corruption. The first part of the study has used focus group discussions and interviews to collect information on corruption in Rwanda while the second part consists of experimental interventions organized to test an anti-corruption education curriculum. It has been realized that Rwanda, if compared with other African countries, has made remarkable progress in terms of fighting against corruption. However, the country still has a long way to go in order to achieve its ambition of building a corruption-free nation. The educational strategies to ensure the promotion of ethical values-based approaches have been found the weakest aspect of the anti-corruptioan campaign in Rwanda. This study has emphasized the necessity of involving children in the combat against corruption. Inspired by the Ubupfura ethical values, which are embedded in Rwandan culture, the study has proposed an anti-corruption curriculum for Rwandan children under the name of Nibakurane Ubupfura. Through the experimental interventions and preliminary evaluation of the curriculum, it has been demonstrated with evidence that the proposed anti-corruption education, applying an Ubupfura model, could significantly contribute to equipping children with the skills needed to disassociate and distance themselves from corrupt practices. With reference to the short-term impact of the experimental intervention conducted in this study, it leaves no doubt that the continous use of this education curriculum will help children to develop attitudes and behaviors that resist corruption. It is argued in this study that an effective campaign against corruption should consider promoting anti-corruption education with the aim of enabling present and future generations to maintain and live out the Ubupfura ethical values. Considering the link between anti-corruption and peacebuilding efforts, as explained in this study, it is underlined that efforts continuously made to raise such generations could undoubtedly move Rwandan society toward sustainable positive peace.
The evaluation of hydraulic reliability indices in water distribution networks under pipe failure conditions
Authors: Moghaddam Alireza , Faridhosseini Alireza , Rezaei Hossein , Peirovi-Minaee Roya , Ziaei Ali Naghi
Published: July 2022

Abstract. In this research, reliability indicators of water distribution networks were evaluated under pipe failure conditions. The case studies included two
benchmark networks and one real-life water distribution network in Iran with more hydraulic constraints. Some important reliability indicators were presented, such as resilience index, network resilience, modified resilience index, and minimum surplus head index. GANetXL was used to do the one-objective and two-objective optimization of the previously mentioned water distribution networks in order to not only minimize the cost but also maximize the reliability indicators. Moreover, the results of a statistical analysis for each pipe were used to determine the sensitive pipes that were of the most failure probability. GANetXL is an optimization tool in the Microsoft Excel environment and works based on a genetic algorithm. GANetXL has the capability of being linked to EPANET (hydraulic simulation software). The results obtained clearly showed that network resilience index was poor performance when compared with the other indexes under pipe failure conditions, especially in real-life networks that include small pipe diameters. It was also showed that if a water distribution network was optimized only in terms of cost, then there would be an unacceptable pressure drop at some nodes in case of pipe failure.
Miniaturised visible and near-infrared spectrometers for assessing soil health indicators in mine site rehabilitation
Authors: Shen Zefang , D'Agui Haylee , Walden Lewis , Zhang Mingxi , Yiu Tsoek Man , Dixon Kingsley , Nevill Paul , Cross Adam , Matangulu Mohana , Hu Yang , Viscarra Rossel Raphael A.
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Mining can cause severe disturbances to the soil, which underpins the viability of terrestrial ecosystems. Post-mining rehabilitation relies on measuring soil properties that are critical indicators of soil health. Soil visible–near-infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy is rapid, accurate, and cost-effective for estimating a range of soil properties. Recent advances in infrared detectors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) have produced miniaturised, relatively inexpensive spectrometers. Here, we evaluate the spectra from four miniaturised visible and NIR spectrometers, some combinations, and a full-range vis–NIR spectrometer for modelling 29 soil physical, chemical, and biological properties used to assess soil health at mine sites. We collected topsoil samples from reference, undisturbed native vegetation, and stockpiles from seven mines in Western Australia. We evaluated the spectrometers' repeatability and the accuracy of spectroscopic models built with seven statistical and machine learning algorithms. The spectra from the visible spectrometer could estimate sand, silt, and clay with similar or better accuracy than the NIR spectrometers. However, the spectra from the NIR spectrometers produced better estimates of soil chemical and biological properties. By combining the miniaturised visible and NIR spectrometers, we improved the accuracy of their soil property estimates, which were similar to those from the full-range spectrometer. The miniaturised spectrometers and combinations predicted 24 of the 29 soil properties with moderate or greater accuracy (Lin's concordance correlation, ρc≥0.65). The repeatability of the NIR spectrometers was similar to that of the full-range, portable spectrometer. The miniaturised NIR spectrometers produced comparably accurate soil property estimates to the full-range portable system which is an order of magnitude more expensive, particularly when combined with the visible range sensor. Thus, the miniaturised spectrometers could form the basis for a rapid, cost-effective soil diagnostic capacity to support mine site rehabilitation and deliver significant positive economic and environmental outcomes.
Effect of Smoking on Peridontal Health: A Comparative Study
Authors: Salim Faisal , Kumar Chander , Nigar Seeme , Masood Sabeen , Raz Muhammad Asif , Sarwar Bilal
Published: July 2022

Objective: To determine the association between smoking and calculus deposition among patients presenting at a tertiary hospital of Karachi. Study Design and Settings: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at periodontology OPD, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicin,e Karachi for six months from 15- September-2021 to 15-February-2022. Methodology: About 150 male patients of age 11 to 60 years coming for routine check-ups were included. Patients were divided into two groups on basis of their smoking status. Clinical examination was performed for each tooth and presence of calculus was evaluated using Oral Hygiene Index (OHI).The measurement of calculus was done by visual investigation and tactile examination by using periodontal probe and mirror. For each individual, one tooth was selected from each sextant and average OHI score is calculated. Supra-gingival calculus present near marginal gingiva was labeled as mild whereas supra and sub gingival calculus with gum recession along with calculus covering more than half of tooth surface was labeled as severe. Results: Among 75 smokers, 44% had mild and 56% had severe calculus deposition whereas among 75 non-smokers, 86.7% had mild and 13.3% had severe calculus deposition. Odds of smoking among patients with severe deposition is 8.27 times higher than odds of smoking among patients with mild calculus deposition (OR=8.27, 95% CI=3.69-18.53) and significant effect of smoking was observed on calculus deposition (p=0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that smoking has significant effect on calculus deposition. By taking smoking as a discriminant variable it is proved that calculus deposition is higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers
Acute Migraine Attack in Students while taking Online Classes during Pandemic
Authors: Zahir Abdul
Published: July 2022

Objectives: To determine the frequency of migraine in students taking online classes during Covid-19 pandemic. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional study design using a non-probability convenient sampling technique was conducted and carried out for a period of three months from August 2021 to November 2021 at Bolan Medical College. Total n=500 students of secondary, high school, and undergraduate students of different disciplines attending online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic were the target population. Methodology: The questionnaire comprised of four sections; students’ demography, mean duration of using digital devices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and presenting to the hospital with complaints of headache/migraine. Students willing to participate were included while students that refused to participate were excluded. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. To determine the association between mean duration usage of digital devices, presenting with headache/migraine or the use of glasses in-between pre-COVID and COVID era, a one-sample t-test was applied keeping p-<0.05 statistically significant. Results: From 500 students, the mean age was 18 ± 3.2 years. There were n=274 (54.8%) males and n=226 (45.2%) females. The mean duration of using digital devices in the pre-COVID era were 1.8 ± 0.7 hours while in the COVID era were 3.6 ± 1.9 hours. A significant difference was observed in terms of mean duration of digital device usage, frequency of migraine and use of glasses in COVID-19 era when compared with pre-COVID era. Conclusion: Increase in use of digital devices during COVID-19 pandemic caused increased complains of headache/migraine among the students. Additionally majority of students reported decrease in visual acuity during the pandemic due to which they had to wear glasses.
Assessment of Optic Nerve Changes in Patients Receiving Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs at Different Time Interval
Authors: Abbas Shakila , Sammad Sonia Abdul , Akhtar Mariyam , Zahra Syeda Tasneem , Gulzar Syeda Najam , Kiran Ayesha
Published: July 2022

Objectives: To assess optic nerve changes in patients receiving anti-tuberculosis drugs and to assess optic nerve changes at different time intervals of therapy. Study design and settings: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2021 to November 2021 in Madinah Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad. Methodology: 200 eyes of 100 patients receiving anti-tuberculosis therapy since 2-month, 4-month, 6 month and 8 months were taken. Patients did not have any systemic disease other than Tuberculosis. Indirect Ophthalmoscopy was performed to assess changes in fundus and optic nerve head. Optical Coherence Tomography was performed for assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and cup to disc ratio. Data was analysed by using descriptive statistics and chi-square test with SPSS version 20. Results: In 2 months there was 16(66.66%) normal fundus, 8(33.33%) glaucomatous optic disc cupping. In 4 months, there was 12(15.38%) normal fundus, 16(20%) optic atrophy, 16(20%) optic neuropathy, 4.00(5%) optic neuritis and 30(38%) glaucomatous optic disc cupping. In 6 months, there was 7(21%) normal fundus, 4(12.5%) optic atrophy and 21(50%) optic neuropathy. In 8 months, there was 24(36%) optic atrophy, 34(51.5%) optic neuropathy, 4(6%) optic neuritis and 4(6%) Glaucomatous optic dis cupping (P 0.00). Result of this study also shows that retinal nerve fiber layer thickness is normal in 83(41.5%), increase in 4(2.0%) and decrease in 113(56.5%). Conclusions: This study concluded that anti-tuberculosis drugs responsible for optic nerve changes and severity of optic nerve changes increase when duration of therapy increases
Rancang Bangun Miniatur Alat Perontok Sorgum
Authors: Budriyadi Syefi , Nata Yudi
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this research is to make it easier for farmers to harvest sorghum and avoid crop failure due to lack of supporting technology to produce ready-to-sell sorghum seeds. The method used in the process of designing the machine with the engineering process, namely the activity of designing a sorghum thresher machine, a miniature sorghum thresher machine was successfully designed with the main components: Hopper, threshing unit, threshing room, driving motor, frame, seed outlet and sorghum panicle. And with a machine capacity capable of threshing 10kg/hour sorghum seeds with a rotation speed of 2800rpm.
RANCANG BANGUN PEMBUATAN BANGKU DAN MEJA TAMAN
Authors: Mulya Encep , Maryoni  , Fidril Marta
Published: July 2022

Environmental comfort is one of the important aspects in the world of education, one of which is the manufacture of park benches and chairs. Making garden benches and chairs is made by designing a picture of the product you want to make, then selecting a suitable material, then taking measurements, cutting the material. Then the material is assembled and welded. The production cost used in making this product is Rp. 1.072.000 and has a selling price of Rp. 1.400.000.
RANCANG BANGUN MESIN PARUT KELAPA SKALA RUMAH TANGGA
Authors: Nata Yudi , Aziz Abdul , Nanjarullah Adin , Gunawan Egi , Yaman Suaryo Abdul Nur , Juliana Yoga
Published: July 2022

To facilitate grating and maintain hygiene and increase grating capacity in households and small industries, tools or coconut grating machines have been made, many coconut grater machines are designed or made with various models and prices vary. One of the designs or designs circulating in the market is a grate engine that uses a motorized engine with gasoline fuel. This machine is designed in such a way as to increase safety for users, speed up the coconut grating process, increase capacity, and maintain the hygiene of grated coconut. However, coconut grating machine tools for household and small industries are still relatively expensive. In this design a tool is made with a redesign of the mini coconut grater machine to reduce material costs and manufacturing costs. Make changes to shape and dimensions for frames and supports. Besides that, there are also changes to engine components with household-scale electric motors with a power of 220 volts.
Analisis Pengaruh Fraksi Berat Pengisi Komposit PANi/n-SiO2 terhadap Sifat Elektrokimia dengan Metode Polarisasi Potensiodinamik
Authors: Pratama Dian Sandi , Lazuardi Akmal Islami  , Dani Mardiyana  , Dwi Mardika Lestari
Published: July 2022

The study of the effect of the weight fraction of the filler on the PANi/n-SiO2 composite was carried out in a high salinity medium. Nanosilica (n-SiO2) was synthesized from amorphous silica coprecipitation of Bancar Tuban natural sand using calcination method at 900oC for 6 hours. The synthesized nanosilica was mixed with paint using a variation of filler weight 0.25; 0.5; and 0.75 grams, then coated on SS304 steel. Corrosion experiments consist of two methods, namely polarization to determine the corrosion rate and immersion to identify corrosion products. The experimental results show that the PS50 sample has the lowest rate of 1.04x10-5 mpy
ANALISIS KEKUATAN IMPACT BAHAN MIXER BLADE AKIBAT PENGARUH HEAT TREATMENT
Authors: Ihya Sulaima Muhammad Yusril n , Hamdani R. Aam , Wardaya  , Komaro Mumu
Published: July 2022

Mixer blade is one of the tools used in the cement industry as a tool to mix the composition of raw cement into ready-to-use cement. However, in its use, damage is often caused when the mixing process takes place, there is material that is too hard and makes the blade break. Based on these problems, the author made a study entitled "Analysis of the Difference in Impact Strength of Mixer Blade Materials Due to the Heat Treatment Process". This study aims to determine the difference in impact strength received by the mixer blade material after the heat treatment process. The Heat Treatment processes carried out are Quenching, Carburizing, and Tempering. The method used in this research is the experimental method. The process of making specimens is carried out in the UPI Mechanical Engineering Education Design Production lab. The Heat Treatment process is carried out at the POLMAN Manufacturing Process Lab. And for the process of testing material properties, it is carried out at the Metallurgical Lab of UPI Mechanical Engineering Education. The material of this mixer blade is low carbon steel so that the carburizing process is chosen. The carburizing process was carried out with a carburizing medium (carburizer) a mixture of 60% coconut shell charcoal and 40% NaCo3 (weight ratio) at a temperature of 850°C and held for 90 minutes. Cooling is done by storing the specimen in the furnace so that cooling is slow. Followed by a tempering process at a temperature of 500°C and held for 60 minutes and carried out a quenching process with free air. There is a difference in the impact strength of the object from 1.84 J/mm2 to 0.81 J/mm2 and a difference in surface hardness from 85.67 HRB to 92.83 HRB.