bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Life Span of Pottery, Type Frequencies, and Archaeological Inference
Authors: David Nicholas
Published: April 2006

A sample of North Cameroon Fulani pottery for which median ages of types are known is used to show that the frequencies of types in the archaeological record are in part a function of their respective life spans. This is of some significance in interassemblage comparisons.
Recognition of Short Time Periods through Seriation
Authors: Meighan Clement W.
Published: April 2006

One aspect of the recent article by Drennan (1976) merits some additional discussion. This has to do with the units of time that can be discriminated by seriation methods. One advance claimed for the new method proposed is that it allows for time placement within 25 years or so, stated as “ … finer than most traditional seriation.” In an article published 17 years ago, I showed this degree of time discrimination, with a much simpler graphical method of seriation.
Columbia Plateau Prehistory: Some Observations
Authors: Browman David L. , Munsell David A.
Published: April 2006

In an earlier article, we presented a model for the culture history of the Columbia Plateau. In response to comment about this model, we have clarified our definition of the emergence of Plateau culture and have elaborated on the appearance of both blade and microblade industries in the area.
Archaeological Data Banks in Theory and Practice
Authors: Scholtz Sandra , Chenhall Robert G.
Published: April 2006

Although archaeologists have experimented with computers since the early 1960s, with a few exceptions, the concept of an archaeological data bank has not been readily accepted. The authors believe that data banks can be usable tools, but that they will be used only if they are designed to satisfy realistic and precisely defined needs, and only if adequate consideration is given to data structures, human problems, and theoretical issues. Just finding the right computer system is not enough.
The Aztec Marketing System and Settlement Pattern in the Valley of Mexico: A Central Place Analysis
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: April 2006

Documentary data reveal the Aztec marketing system in the Valley of Mexico to have been a highly developed and complex institution. Examination of this information shows that the Aztec regional economy fits the requirements of classical central place theory as developed by Christaller. A central place analysis of Aztec settlement locations is presented, and it is concluded that commercial factors were of primary importance in shaping the settlement pattern in the Valley of Mexico. This does not rule out political, ecological, and other factors, whose roles in the settlement system are discussed. The implications of these results in terms of the Aztec economy and its development over time are briefly considered, and comparative data are mentioned.
The Awful Truth about Statistics in Archaeology
Authors: Thomas David Hurst
Published: April 2006

The archaeology of the past two decades has become increasingly quantitative, computerized, statistical, and this is as it should be. All right-thinking archaeologists begin with samples and attempt to generalize about the populations from which their samples were drawn. Statistical theory has evolved to assist investigators in making just this important inferential step and archaeologists have increasingly turned to statistics to square their research with the canons of Science. But the statistical revolution in archaeology is not without its price. We must now face the fact that all applications of statistics to archaeology can no longer be applauded. The archaeological literature is badly polluted with misuses and outright abuses of statistical method and theory. This paper discusses some of these faulty applications and makes some recommendations which, if heeded, should improve the quality of quantitative methods in archaeology.
An Envirotechnological System for Hogup Cave
Authors: Gunn Joel
Published: April 2006

The habitat and technology of Hogup Cave, Utah, is one of the most complete, longest and well analyzed archaeological records in the world. In this paper, data from the Hogup Cave report are analyzed to determine how much cultural change in the subsistence system can be accounted for by environmental change. The model used is causal in concept. Path analysis suggests that approximately 50% of the cultural change at Hogup can be attributed to environmental change.
The “Exposed Archaeology” of China Lake, California
Authors: Lou Davis Emma
Published: April 2006

Some of the richest and most varied archaeological information in North America lies on desert surfaces of the Greater Southwest and Great Basin. Because these sites are erosional exposures, it has been common to discount them and to overlook the opportunities they afford. This article outlines procedures which have proved successful in studying an extensive area of Paleo-Indian sites at China Lake, California. These procedures may be adapted to similar desert regions elsewhere.
Borrowed Concepts: A Comment on Rhoades
Authors: Davy Douglas M.
Published: April 2006

Rhoades’ critique of the ecotone and edge effect concepts is discussed. While his conclusions about archaeological misuse of these terms are insightful, the assessment of their status in ecology and wildlife management is challenged. These constructs can be put to better use if substantive limits of their definitions are clear. More importantly, archaeologists should decide which aspects of environmental variability are meaningful to human adaptation before using them.
Borrowed Concepts: Reply to Davy
Authors: Rhoades Robert E. , Phillips David A.
Published: April 2006

Although Davy has defended the ecotone concept, it remains open to question on ecological grounds. A number of weaknesses in Davy's arguments are discussed. Davy's comments are themselves an illustration of the greater problem—the abuse of concepts borrowed from ecology.
Arrowpoint or Dart Point: An Uninteresting Answer to a Tiresome Question
Authors: Corliss David W.
Published: April 2006

In the July 1978 issue of American Antiquity, David Thomas examined the differences between the points of actual arrows and darts, and concluded that in many cases individual artifacts can be correctly identified as belonging to one or the other category on the basis of a certain combination of length, width, thickness, and neck width. His study involved a search for correlations between measurements of projectile points and measurements of the actual shafts found attached to them. In the end he was able to present a method that selects the correct propulsion mode 86 out of 100 times.

In his analysis Thomas correctly points out how very little projectile points can tell us about the total arrow or dart, adding that certain investigators, myself included, should realize this. He suggests that we may be trying to reconstruct entire weapons from arrowheads; but to that charge I must plead not guilty for I confess that in my study I was perpetrating an even greater heresy than might have been dreamed of in Thomas’ philosophy.
Was Huari a State?
Authors: Isbell William H. , Schreiber Katharina J.
Published: April 2006

Pristine state government evolved among the indigenous cultures of the central Andes, but archaeologists have not demonstrated when and where. Conceptualization of the state as an integrative mechanism for gathering and processing information and for deliberating decisions provides explicit archaeological criteria for statehood. Examination of the archaeological record reveals that Middle Horizon Huari fulfills almost all of these criteria for statehood, although many data remain to be collected before the processes of prehistoric Andean state formation will be fully understood.
Cairn Burials of the California Deserts
Authors: Wilke Philip J.
Published: April 2006

The Yuha cairn burial from southeastern California is said to be more than 21,000 years old, based on radiocarbon dates and a Th-230 date obtained on soil carbonate. The burial itself is undated. Several other cairn burials are known from the California deserts, and these are dated from 5000 B.P. to historic times. Until the Yuha burial itself is dated, one must consider that it may belong to this more recent pattern of disposal of the dead.
Prehistoric Diet in Southwest Texas: The Coprolite Evidence
Authors: Bryant Vaughn M.
Published: April 2006

This report discusses the various kinds of data that are recoverable from the analysis of human coprolites and demonstrates how these techniques are applied to the specific analysis of prehistoric human coprolites recovered from site 41 VV 162 in southwest Texas. The data from these 43 coprolite samples are used to: (1) reconstruct aboriginal diet patterns in southwest Texas between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500; (2) predict specific periods of seasonal site occupancy; (3) distinguish between pollen resulting from the eating of certain plant foods and background pollen resulting from the normal pollen rain; and (4) make limited generalizations concerning the regional paleoenvironment between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500.
Combined Thermal and X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Identification of Ceramicware Temper and Paste Minerals
Authors: Isphording Wayne C.
Published: April 2006

The identification of the original paste and temper minerals present in ceramicware fragments can often be useful in determining if the fragments are indigenous to the area or whether they represent tradeware. To date, it has generally been believed that no certain means existed to identify the mineral constitutents once they were destroyed in the original kiln-firing operation. A new technique is described that permits the investigator to often identify both temper and the fine-grained paste materials as well. This method involves: (1) crushing the fragment to a fine powder; (2) heating the powder in a high temperature furnace to sufficient temperatures to cause the constituent ions present to recombine to form new, high temperature minerals; and (3) X-ray diffraction analysis to identify the new minerals. In many cases, identification of the resulting high temperature minerals will clearly indicate the composition of the original clay paste and temper. Examples are shown for the clay minerals kaolinite, montmorillonite and palygorskite. Diffractograms are also presented for comparison of ceramic fragments from Mexico and Alabama that contain the above minerals as original constituents.
The Nature of the Maya Chronological Count
Authors: Closs Michael P.
Published: April 2006

Most investigators of Maya chronology consider that the Maya measured time intervals by a modified vigesimal count of days or, alternatively, by a tun count in which the uinal and the kin were fractions of the tun. The claim is made that neither of these interpretations is satisfactory and that the Maya perceived their time count to be a composite count comprised of three distinct counts whose respective units are the tun, the uinal and the kin. Support for this contention is found in the early post-Conquest writings as well as in the representations of time counts in the inscriptions and codices. Adoption of this interpretation leads to a clearer understanding of the Maya use of positional notation and also serves to explain some peculiar epigraphic features present in several chronological counts.
The Economics of Pottery at Tikal, Guatemala: Models of Exchange for Serving Vessels
Authors: Fry Robert E.
Published: April 2006

Alternative models for the exchange of serving vessels at Late Classic Lowland Maya sites are presented. These models are examined in the light of evidence on serving vessel distribution from peripheral and central Tikal, Guatemala, and adjacent intersite areas. Multidimensional scaling analysis is used to demonstrate patterning in area assemblage similarities. The revealed patterning most closely fits a model of distribution based on a fairly centralized marketing system. Changes in the organization and scale of the system between Ik and Imix complexes are examined in the light of other evidence of internal site dynamics.
Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology
Authors: Read Dwight W.
Published: April 2006

Classification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases. For continuous variables, the question is what divisions can be made, and for nominal variables, it is what divisions should be made. Two definitions for typologies are given, 1 for continuous variables and 1 for nominal variables. Cluster analysis and analysis of interaction and residuals in contingency tables are outlined as procedures for discovering types with continuous and nominal variables, respectively. Examples of each technique using archaeological data are given.
Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico: An Analysis of a Prehispanic and Contemporary Source of Sascab
Authors: Folan William J.
Published: April 2006

A recent study of a combination open and closed sascab mine in Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico revealed the techniques used to exploit its deposits of calcareous sand. Tool types used were determined by scars on the face of the deposit and the mine roof. Post production activities involving open sascaberas suggest their use as sunken gardens for both intensive horti-and arboriculture activities.
Comments on Bettinger and Baumhoff's Explanation of the “Numic Spread” in the Great Basin
Authors: Simms Steven R.
Published: April 2006

Bettinger and Baumhoff proposed an explanation for the spread of Numic language groups in the prehistoric Great Basin by appeal to models of optimal foraging and the processes of adaptive competition. In an effort to continue their discussion, I offer comments on their selection and use of Great Basin archaeological evidence, and their use of optimal foraging models. Finally, I identify other problems amenable to their general perspective.
Future Trends in Computer Applications
Authors: Gaines Sylvia W. , Gaines Warren M.
Published: April 2006

Rapidly evolving computer technology can play a significant role in all phases of future archaeological research. Technical trends are summarized, including hardware (data processing and storage), software (languages and data management), and data processing and entry. The utility and benefits of these new techniques are explored in relation to several current archaeological projects.
An Analysis of the Symbolism Expressed by the Birger Figurine
Authors: Prentice Guy
Published: April 2006

During the field season of 1979 a bauxite statuette known as the Birger figurine was uncovered at the BBB Motor site, a Middle Mississippian ceremonial site on the outskirts of Cahokia. A comparison of the figurine's compositional elements with characteristics ascribed to fertility goddesses in the myths of several historic eastern North American tribes suggests that the Birger figurine's symbolism shares many of the concepts associated with various historic fertility deities, and that it represents a Mississippian version of the Earth-Mother.
The Role of the Marketing System in Aztec Society and Economy: Reply to Evans
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: April 2006

The major disagreements between Evans and me stem from our very different characterizations of the nature of the Aztec socioeconomic system. Against her picture of a politically controlled, uncommercialized, and fragmented economy I argue for a complex, open, highly commercialized, and integrated economic system. Markets and marketplace trade played a larger role in this system than Evans would allow. From this perspective the central place analysis is elaborated and defended.
Tribe versus Chiefdom in Lower Central America
Authors: Creamer Winifred , Haas Jonathan
Published: April 2006

It has commonly been argued that chiefdoms were the dominant form of prehispanic political organization in Lower Central America. Reexamination of the data base, however, reveals that tribal forms of organization were also present in Lower Central America at the time of Spanish contact and before. The salient characteristics of both tribes and chiefdoms are discussed, and criteria for identifying tribes and chiefdoms in the archaeological record are outlined. Data from the Central Provinces of Panama and the Gulf of Nicoya are then examined in light of these criteria. We argue that while a chiefdom form of organization prevailed in Panama, the Gulf of Nicoya was occupied by tribal groups immediately prior to contact with the Spanish.
Ethnoarchaeology and Behaviorism: Comments on Gilman's Review of Ethnography by Archaeologists
Authors: Adams William Hampton
Published: April 2006

Behaviorism is but one part of the broader scope of ethnoarchaeological research and must be joined with historical approaches for proper understanding of the past.

In her review of Ethnography by Archaeologists edited by Elisabeth Tooker {American Antiquity 49:442-443), Patricia Gilman emphasized one aspect of ethnoarchaeology, behaviorism, and faulted many of the contributors for not presenting general explanations of human behavior. Gilman primarily stresses the synchronic study of modern behavior as an analog for past behavior. While this is certainly a worthwhile endeavor for ethnographers, to equate such research with all of ethnoarchaeology is, I think, unduly restricting the definition. Such research is simply ethnography, because it places the researcher as an observer and interviewer in modern communities, examining behavioral and physical relationships among modern data. Rarely do such studies place this research in any evolutionary or historical framework.
Data, Assumptions, and Models: A Reply to Dean
Authors: Berry Michael S.
Published: April 2006

Dean's review (this issue) of my recent synthesis of Anasazi prehistory clearly identifies him as a member of the school of thought I sought to criticize.
Cultural and Natural Formation Processes of a Historic Inuit Snow Dwelling Site, Somerset Island, Arctic Canada
Authors: Savelle James M.
Published: April 2006

Analysis of the remains of a historic Inuit winter site, in conjunction with information supplied by one of the original inhabitants, demonstrates that despite post-occupational disturbance in the form of snow melt and associated downslope movement, the original internal site structure was maintained. Specific activity loci are identified for two snow houses, one occupied during early winter and the other during late winter. Changes in artifact and faunal element characteristics associated with the two dwellings are shown to reflect adjustments in various hunting and domestic activities from early to late winter.
Chemical Weathering of Bone in Archaeological Soils
Authors: White E. M. , Hannus L. A.
Published: April 2006

Weathering of hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH) in bone probably is initiated by organic and carbonic acids formed by the microbial decomposition of collagen. This weathering, independent of soil properties, is caused by protons replacing Ca from hydroxyapatite. As collagen is depleted, proton production decreases and weathering may either continue if protons are available from the soil or be arrested if Ca from the soil displaces the protons previously added to the hydroxyapatite. The theoretical Ca/P weight ratio of unweathered bones is 2.15. Weathered bones that have been stabilized by Ca may have this ratio or a higher one if extra Ca has been added. A group of weathered bones from one site with a slightly acid soil had an average ratio of 1.67, which probably promotes further weathering, while bone at the same site with an average ratio of 4.09 was less weathered and apparently stabilized.
The Incorporation of Small Contract Projects into a Regional Sampling Design
Authors: Powell Shirley , Rice Glen E.
Published: April 2006

This paper evaluates the research potential of small contract surveys conducted in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area. It is argued that if the data produced by small project surveys are to be used to answer regional questions, it is necessary to treat each small survey as a sample unit within a region and to synthesize the data from several such surveys. Statistical techniques are employed to determine the representativeness of the greater Phoenix small survey sample. Preliminary archaeological results of the surveys conducted within the Phoenix area are presented and guidelines for the conduct of future surveys are suggested.
Child's Play: A Distorting Factor in Archaeological Distribution
Authors: Hammond Gawain , Hammond Norman
Published: April 2006

Recent discussions of deposit formation and disturbance in archaeology ignore the possible perturbation of artifact distribution by children's play. Experimental data indicate some results of such activity, and suggest that it should be borne in mind when reconstructing behavior patterns based on depositional history.
The Jasper Ridge Reexcavation Experiment: Rates of Artifact Mixing by Rodents
Authors: Bocek Barbara
Published: April 2006

Previous research about rodent disturbance has led to various predictions about the effects of burrowing rodents on site stratigraphy and the relation between material sizes and the degree of displacement by rodents. This brief report describes the reexcavation in 1988 of a 1-x-2-m unit originally excavated and backfilled with clean sifted sediment in 1981. New materials introduced by gophers during the seven-year hiatus help to refine earlier predictions about rodent stratigraphy and also indicate the rate at which small-sized materials may be transported by burrowing activity.
Results of Instrument Neutron-Activation Trace-Element Analysis of Human Remains from the Naknek Region, Southwest Alaska
Authors: Harritt R. K. , Radosevich S. C.
Published: April 2006

An attempt to replicate results of a previous dietary trace-element study of northwestern Alaska (Connor and Slaughter 1984) was made with human- and animal-bone samples from the Naknek region, southwest Alaska. Trace elements of special interest are strontium and zinc because of previously postulated relation of abundances of these elements to marine and terrestrial dietary foci in human remains from archaeological sites (i.e., Nelson et al. 1986; Schoeninger and Peebles 1981). Related objectives were to develop evidence supporting Harritt's (1988) proposal for the existence of separate late prehistoric inland and coastal social and territorial entities in the region, which would be reflected as a dichotomy of trace levels in human bone; differences in abundances of strontium and zinc trace elements in bones representing each group should reflect diets based on either terrestrial fauna and plants or largely of marine sea mammals and shellfish. We find that there are no characteristic trace-element patterns for differentiating historic and late prehistoric coastal or interior inhabitants of the Alaska Peninsula, in spite of historic and archaeological evidence that indicates that such patterns should be present. This lack of patterning is traced to an erroneous assumption made initially by the present authors, and by Connor and Slaughter (1984): Because 99 percent of all digested Sr is deposited in the skeleton of vertebrates (including marine), there is no direct correlation between Sr content of human bones and the proportion of sea-mammal or teleost consumption in the prehistoric human diet.
Prehistoric Diet in the Northern Southwest: Macroplant Remains from Four Corners Feces
Authors: Minnis Paul E.
Published: April 2006

A large corpus of data on plant remains from prehistoric feces yields patterns of prehistoricFour CornersAnasazi diet. A general stability of plant-food consumption continues from at least theBasketmaker IIIthroughPueblo IIIperiods, with corn being the one consistently common fecal remain. Other agricultural plants—both crops and weeds—are important throughout the region. There is temporal and spatial variation in the types and abundance of macroplant remains recovered from these feces. Temporally distinct assemblages from the same study area are more similar than contemporary assemblages from different areas. This indicates the importance of the local resource structure (both natural and human maintained) as a major factor influencing dietary composition, even within a relatively small region such as the Four Corners of the northern Southwest.
The Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion
Authors: Knight Vernon James
Published: April 2006

Symbolic objects for ceremonial display, or sacra, tend to be systematically related in their representational content to the cult institutions that produce and manipulate them. Cult organization is normally pluralistic among preliterate complex societies. Mississippian sacra suggest a triad of coexisting types of cult institution: (1) a communal cult type emphasizing earth/fertility and purification ritual, (2) a chiefly cult type serving to sanctify chiefly authority, and (3) a priestly cult type mediating between the other two, supervising mortuary ritual and ancestor veneration.
A Multivariate Study of Rock Art Anthropomorphs at Writing-on-Stone, Southern Alberta
Authors: Magne Martin P. R. , Klassen Michael A.
Published: April 2006

The rock art of Writing-On-Stone has been the focus of detailed interpretation relying on concepts of group migration. Indeed, results of previous research at Writing-On-Stone have been pivotal in reconstructions of northwestern Plains group distributions. It is apparent that many anthropomorphic petroglyphs and pictographs contain elements and co-associations that allow chronological ordering from prehistoric through protohistoric and historic times. Cluster analyses described in this paper offer a more objective means of assessing changes in anthropomorph depictions through time, leading to a critical evaluation of prior concepts concerning stylistic changes and Native group distributions. In particular, the analyses demonstrate that rock-art anthropomorphs at Writing-On-Stone are more strongly interrelated than previously thought. We believe there is no need to invoke a Shoshonean presence in this area to account for differences in late prehistoric and historical-period rock-art anthropomorph styles.
Hunting Hoppers
Authors: Madsen David B. , Kirkman James E.
Published: April 2006

Lakeside Cave deposits spanning the last 5,000 years contain evidence of grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) use. Abundant ethnographic/ethnohistoric data suggest the widespread use of hoppers and other insects. Procurement strategies may be unique to the Great Salt Lake area. During the summer, salted and sun-dried hoppers are washed up on beaches and form windrows up to .2 m× 1.5 m× 15 km Hoppers produce over 3,010 kcal/ kg, and return rates average 272,649 kcal/hour. Digestible proportions have not been determined, but even at a return rate well below the experimental value, optimality models suggest hopper collection should be favored over all other collected resources.
Prehistoric Clinker Use on the Cape Bathurst Peninsula, Northwest Territories, Canada: The Dynamics of Formation and Procurement
Authors: Blanc Raymond J. Le
Published: April 2006

Fieldwork conducted on the Cape Bathurst Peninsula, Northwest Territories, Canada, has resulted in the discovery of 75 sites representing occupations spanning more than 3,000 years. Nearly all of the sites are characterized by the predominant use of a distinctive rock called a “clinker.” Resembling a basalt-to-obsidian-like material, it is formed by the spontaneous combustion of local organic-rich shales. The fusing occurs in burning areas called bocannes that are common along the Horton River and the cliffs along the eastern shore of the peninsula. Despite the evidence for intensive use on Cape Bathurst and the more general Mackenzie Delta region, none of the four potential quarry sources yielded evidence of actual prehistoric use. This is attributed to the dynamic nature of the formation and erosion of the bocannes over the last several thousand years.
Big Pots for Big Shots: Feasting and Storage in a Mississippian Community
Authors: Blitz John H.
Published: April 2006

In small-scale societies, ritual feasts are often an important setting for social integration and status competition. Material evidence of feasting and food storage may be preserved in community ceremonial precincts, such as platform mounds. To identify food-consumption activities, ceramic samples from mound and village contexts at the prehistoric Lubbub Creek site in Alabama are compared. There are no significant differences in the distribution of decorated types, ware categories, or vessel shapes. However, the mound has a more restricted range of vessel sizes and disproportionately larger vessels than the village sample. These results, together with supporting feature and faunal data, suggest that mound activities included large-group feasts and food storage.
Domesticated Sunflower in Fifth Millennium B.P. Temporal Context: New Evidence from Middle Tennessee
Authors: Crites Gary D.
Published: April 2006

Carbonized seeds of domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuusvar.macrocarpusCkll.) recovered from the Hayes site in middle Tennessee yielded an accelerator date of 4265 ± 60 B.P. This is the earliest date for domesticated sunflower, extending the known age of this eastern North American domesticate by 1,400 years.
Mortal Pots: On Use Life and Vessel Size in the Formation of Ceramic Assemblages
Authors: Shott Michael J.
Published: April 2006

We know a great deal about how prehistoric pots were made and used but surprisingly little about how long they lasted in service. Vessel use life, however, is an important component of ceramic assemblage formation. A growing body of ethnoarchaeological data shows that the directly measurable “primitive property” of vessel size—in its various dimensions—is positively related to use life and that height and weight are the most reliable predictors of use life. Results offer the provisional prospect of estimating use life of archaeological vessels from their size.
AMS Radiocarbon and Cation-Ratio Dating of Rock Art in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming and Montana
Authors: Francis Julie E. , Loendorf Lawrence L. , Dorn Ronald I.
Published: April 2006

Samples of organic matter and rock varnish from seven rock-art sites in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming and Montana were collected for dating purposes. Petroglyphs sampled include Dinwoody-style figures, shield-bearing warriors, and other well-known Plains rock-art motifs. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of 10 petroglyphs yielded dates from the Early Archaic to the Protohistoric periods. A strong numerical relation between varnish leaching and time was found for petroglyphs older than 1,000 years, permitting the derivation of a cation-leaching curve (CLC) and calibrated cation-ratio (CR) ages for 15 different petroglyphs. No clear numerical relation between varnish leaching and time was found for petroglyphs less than 1,000 years old, possibly due to historical damage or past environmental conditions. As a result, calibrated CR ages could not be derived for six petroglyphs, and they are considered to be only younger than 1,000 years. Although further research is needed to establish whether one CLC can be used for all petroglyphs in the region, these studies constitute the first numerical chronology for rock art in the Bighorn area. Results indicate the occurrence of spatially discrete, but temporally concurrent styles in the Bighorn Basin during the last 800-900 years.
The Chaco Wood Project: The Chronometric Reappraisal of Pueblo Bonito
Authors: Windes Thomas C. , Ford Dabney
Published: April 2006

The inventory and analysis of 4,294 pieces of wood remaining in Pueblo Bonito are described. This site, long a keystone for interpreting the Chacoan Phenomenon in the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico, reveals a fascinating history in the procurement, use, and reuse of wood through time. The long use of the site portrays a complex picture of wood procurement for construction from the A.D. 800s through the early A.D. 1100s, and its reuse in both prehistoric and historic times. Major construction periods are tree-ring dated to the mid-A.D. 800s, between A.D. 1047 and 1049, and between A.D. 1077 and 1082. Many of the construction events appear causally related to decade-long wet periods, when food surplus could accumulate. The use of wood at Pueblo Bonito mirrors a larger system of cultural behavior important for our interpretation of the development and demise of the Chacoan system.
Comments on the Impacts of Climatic Variability and Population Growth on Virgin Anasazi Cultural Development
Authors: Allison James R.
Published: April 2006

Larson and Michaelsen (1990) suggest that Virgin Anasazi cultural development can be explained as a response to population growth and climatic variation. They present demographic and climatic data to argue that abandonment of the Virgin Anasazi region was a response to a severe mid-twelfth century drought. Reconsideration of their data shows that Virgin Anasazi populations probably did not grow or decline as rapidly as they suggest. Further, radiocarbon dates suggest that the Virgin Anasazi occupied the area until the late thirteenth century. The Virgin Anasazi abandonment did not coincide with the twelfth-century drought, and cannot be explained solely by reference to population size and climatic change.
A Reply to A. Oyuela-Caycedo, A. Anaya, C. G. Elera, and L. M. Valdez
Authors: Patterson Thomas C.
Published: April 2006

The respondents raise interesting issues that deserve further discussion in this and other forums. I urge readers to examine my original paper published in this journal and compare it with the concerns raised here. I do note several points of agreement, including the recognition that repressive governments affect the work of archaeology both directly and indirectly; that Latin American countries differ remarkedly in their individual histories and approaches to government; and that, in general, archaeology in Latin America is dependent on the state.
Witchcraft and British Colonial Law
Authors: Browne G. St. J. Orde
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

When the early colonial legislators were first called upon to deal with the problem of witchcraft in Africa, the official view was the sceptical English one, but this had in practice to recognize the native's general and whole-hearted belief in the supernatural element in magical claims. The law therefore summarily dismissed the practitioner's pretentions to occult powers, but at the same time it was forced to take account of the numerous occasions on which magic furnished the powerful motive for some course of action. Certain anomalies therefore occur in the various ordinances, and some curious discrepancies are to be found in the records of cases tried under them.
Criminal Justice in Medieval Perugia and Bologna
Authors: Blanshei Sarah R.
Published: April 2006

During the past twenty years historical investigations of crime and criminal justice have increased considerably. This new subfield has been hailed enthusiastically by many of its practitioners: Douglas Hay considers it one that offers a key to ‘unlocking the meanings of eighteenth century social history.’ John Styles and John Brewer view the study of crime and law as a ‘point d'appui for a social history approach that embraces both the history of society and the issues of power and authority, an approach, in other words, that resolves the “crisis of social history.”’ Moreover, Marzio Romani describes this research as one that utilizes crime as a 'symptom,’ as a link between ‘conjuncture’ and ‘structure.’
Marriage, Property & the ‘Affective Family’
Authors: Bonfield Lloyd
Published: April 2006

Discerning transitions in the emotional content of family relationships is a daunting task. In The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800, Lawrence Stone has accepted the challenge exploiting ‘every possible type of evidence’ to detect an evolution in social attitudes. Reactions have generally been favorable; merits are thought to outweigh shortcomings. Even his most derisive critic concedes that the book is ‘important’ because it is of topical interest and attempts to illuminate an area of history which has previously remained obscure.
The Limits of Good Faith: Desegregation in Topeka, Kansas, 1950–1956
Authors: Dudziak Mary L.
Published: April 2006

In September of 1953, eight months before Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas would be decided, the Topeka Board of Education voted to abolish segregation in its schools. Some Topekans thought it curious that the school board would vote to abolish segregation when its case defending segregation was pending in the U.S. Supreme Court. When Edward Goss of the Topeka Civic Club asked the board why it hadn't waited for the Court's decision, board member Harold Conrad responded: ‘We feel that segregation is not an American practice.’
A Professional Pioneer: Myra Bradwell's Fight to Practice Law
Authors: Gilliam Nancy T.
Published: April 2006

In April of 1873, the United States Supreme Court rejected Myra Bradwell's claim that the right to practice law should be acknowledged as one of the privileges and immunities of United States citizenship. Thus, the first case of sex discrimination to be heard by the Court was resolved against the woman, as would be every subsequent claim but one for the next ninety-eight years.
Indictment for Fun and Profit: A Prosecutor's Reward at Eighteenth-Century Quarter Sessions
Authors: Landau Norma
Published: April 2006

In the early modern era, the business of England's criminal courts was founded upon charges brought and prosecuted by private individuals. And, as the English realized, private prosecutors posed a problem: how could the English ensure that private individuals would spend their own time and their own money in prosecuting an offender who had committed an offense against the peace of the realm? Parliament's solution was to proffer the carrot: sixteenth-century statute decreed that his prosecution of the thief was, in itself, action sufficient for the owner of stolen goods to recover those goods, while from 1692, statutes offered rewards to successful prosecutors of highway robbers, burglars, coiners, and other specified offenders. In contrast, England's magistrates wielded the stick, binding a plaintiff bringing an accusation of felony to prosecute an indictment against the alleged felon. As a result, private prosecutors of major offenses were both bribed and compelled to prosecute. Private prosecutors of more minor offenses were neither bribed nor compelled to prosecute, and yet they did, nonetheless, prosecute indictments. Why?
Different clients, different needs? Practice issues in community‐based treatment for sex offenders
Authors: Allam Jayne , Middleton David , Browne Kevin
Published: April 2006

In 1993, The West Midlands Probation Service set up a sex offender unit (SOU), the largest in England, with the aim of providing a specialist treatment service for sex offenders serving a community sentence. This article presents a brief description of the treatment programme and discusses some of the issues which have arisen during the design and implementation of the programme. Although cognitive‐behavioural groupwork is widely believed to be the most effective intervention for men who sexually abuse children, it is thought that there are some groups of offenders who may not derive maximum benefit from the standard programme and for whom it might be necessary to modify existing practice by providing alternative or complementary interventions. The SOU has attempted to address some of the problems identified by adapting the existing programme for clients with learning disabilities and for men who sexually abuse adult women. In addition, a victim‐to‐victimiser group is run parallel to the treatment group and is offered to clients who were themselves child victims of sexual abuse. As yet, the long‐term effectiveness of tailoring treatment to suit offender characteristics is not known. Nevertheless, client and staff feedback has been positive. Treatment providers elsewhere may not have the resources to run different groups for different categories of offender. However, sex offenders are not a homogeneous group and greater programme flexibility may be needed to provide effective treatment for clients and adequate protection to the public. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
General deviance and psychological distress: impact of family support/bonding over 12 years from adolescence to adulthood
Authors: Newcomb Michael D.
Published: April 2006

Comorbidity occurs within and across various domains of human pathology and may be diverse manifestations of a single, general dysfunction in early family support and bonding. Family socialisation, pseudomaturity, and self‐derogation theories were tested using cross‐sectional and 12‐year prospective data from a community sample assessed in late adolescence (age 18) and again in adulthood (age 30). All of the hypotheses and expected findings received some support in the data analyses. these have confirmed that: (1) general deviance and psychological distress were significantly correlated for both men and women and therefore are overlapping and comorbid disorders; (2) both general distress and psychological distress were significantly predicted by family support/bonding in cross‐sectional analyses for men and women; (3) family support/bonding fully accounted for the cross‐sectional association between general deviance and psychological distress for men and substantially reduced the association between these constructs for the women; (4) over time family support/bonding reduced psychological distress for the women and general deviance for the men; (5) both theories of pseudomaturity and self‐derogation explained many of the prospective effects from late adolescence into adulthood; (6) sexual involvement, although an indicator of general deviance, related negatively with indicators of psychological distress; (7) different patterns were evident for the developmental periods of adolescence compared with adulthood; and (8) many of the processes differed by sex. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Synthesis of the Long Sought After Compound Pentafluoronitrosulfane, SF5NO2.
Authors: Lu Norman , Kumar H. P. Sampath , Fye James L. , Blanks Jian Sun , Thrasher Joseph S. , Willner Helge , Oberhammer Heinz
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Compounds Containing the Mixed Germanium—Vanadium Polyoxothioanion [V14Ge8O42S8]12‐.
Authors: Pitzschke Dragan , Wang Jing , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dimethylsulfoxide/Iodine‐Catalyzed Deprotection of Allyl Carboxylic Esters.
Authors: Taksande Kiran N. , Sakate Sachin S. , Lokhande Pradeep D.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reversal of Enantioselectivity by Catalyst Protonation: Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of Imines with Oxazaborolidines.
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Mukherjee Santanu , Lex Johann
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Organization of Amphiphilic [60]Fullerene Derivatives in Nanorod‐Like Morphologies.
Authors: Brough Peter , Bonifazi Davide , Prato Maurizio
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Sunden Henrik , Ibrahem Ismail , Cordova Armando
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Derivatives of Benzofuran. Part 1. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of (Benzofuran‐2‐yl)(3‐phenyl‐3‐methylcyclobutyl) Ketoxime Derivatives.
Authors: Koca Murat , Servi Sueleyman , Kirilmis Cumhur , Ahmedzade Misir , Kazaz Cavit , Oezbek Berna , Oetuek Guelten
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CAN‐ and Iodine‐Catalyzed Reaction of Indole or 1‐Methylindole with α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone or Aldehyde.
Authors: Ko Shengkai , Lin Chunchi , Tu Zhijay , Wang Yi‐Fu , Wang Chieh‐Chieh , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Efficient One Step Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles Utilizing Polymer‐Supported Reagents and Microwave Heating.
Authors: Wang Ying , Sauer Daryl R. , Djuric Stevan W.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Novel Heterocyclic System: 3‐Chloro‐7,8‐dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2“.3”:4′,5′]benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c] [1,2,3]thiadiazole.
Authors: Labanauskas L. , Bucinskaite V. , Brukstus A. , Urbelis G. , Sharlauskas I.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Transformations of Higher Terpenoids. Part 10. Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Allyl‐ and N‐Propargyl‐16‐dialkylammoniomethyl‐12‐furfuryl‐13,14,15,16‐tetranorlabd anoid Bromides.
Authors: Kharitonov Yu. V. , Shults E. E. , Shakirov M. M. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the Tricyclic Core of the Marine Natural Product Labiatin A.
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Baxter Carl A. , Castro Jose L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formal Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Pinnaic Acid (I) and (.+‐.)‐Halichlorine (II).
Authors: Andrade Rodrigo B. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conversion of A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists into Selective Antagonists by Modification of the 5′‐Ribofuran‐uronamide Moiety.
Authors: Gao Zhan‐Guo , Joshi Bhalchandra V. , Klutz Athena M. , Kim Soo‐Kyung , Lee Hyuk Woo , Kim Hea Ok , Jeong Lak Shin , Jacobson Kenneth A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.