bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colony composition, queen behavior, specialized predation on millipedes, and exocrine glands in the ponerine antMyopias conicaraXu, 1998 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Ito Fuminori , Nguyen Duc Anh , Eguchi Katsuyuki , Toyota Ayu , Billen Johan
Published: March 2020

We collected a queenright colony of the very rareMyopias conicaraXu in Vietnam (1 dealate queen, 41 workers and 38 larvae). Both the queen and workers fed on xystodesmid millipedes. After paralyzing a millipede, its head was first removed by the workers, and then the larvae were put on the opening of the collum (anteriormost ring of the trunk). After the inner tissue of the collum was consumed, the exoskeleton of the collum was discarded. The feeding sequence was then repeated on the following rings of the trunk, until the entire prey was consumed. The ring‐shaped exoskeletons of the prey were deposited next to the nest entrance. The exocrine system of the workers (excluding the legs) contains 15 glands of which the structural features are similar to these of other ponerine ants. The presence of an oblong plate gland is interesting, as this gland had only been found previously inMyopias hollandi(Forel). However, none of the novel thoracic glands that were recently described inM. hollandioccur inM. conicara, which illustrates the variation within the genusMyopias. A unique characteristic of the class‐3 glands ofMyopiasants is the gradual widening of the ducts, which has never been found in other insects, although the functional significance remains unknown.
Genetic and morphological approach to reappraising species validity in two different Anagyrus wasps (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) attracted by cyclolavandulyl butyrate
Authors: Sugawara Yuma , Mita Toshiharu , Tabata Jun , Ueno Takatoshi
Published: March 2020

Members of the genus Anagyrus are primary endoparasitoids of mealybugs and thus include potentially important biological control agents of mealybug pests. We have previously discovered that an analogous compound of a mealybug pheromone, cyclolavandulyl butyrate (CLB), strongly attracts Anagyrus sawadai Ishii and can enhance the foraging activity of this wasp in CLB‐treated orchards. In the present study, we found two groups of Anagyrus parasitoids that differed in color were attracted to CLB. One was A. sawadai and the other type was morphologically identified as A. subalbipes Ishii, which had been considered to be synonymous with A. sawadai. We suspected these two color populations of Anagyrus must be independent species because of their different emergence patterns in the field. Our morphological and molecular analyses supported this idea. We confirmed morphologically diagnostic features to distinguish the two species. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analysis based on COI sequences revealed that A. sawadai and A. subalbipes were placed in entirely different clusters. These findings not only offered new insight into the taxonomy and phylogeny of Anagyrus spp. but also provided critical knowledge for the use of these indigenous natural enemies for biological control of mealybugs in agricultural fields.
Dominant native and non‐native graminoids differ in key leaf traits irrespective of nutrient availability
Authors: Broadbent Arthur A. D. , Firn Jennifer , McGree James M. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Buckley Yvonne M. , Harpole W. Stanley , Komatsu Kimberly J. , MacDougall Andrew S. , Orwin Kate H. , Ostle Nicholas J. , Seabloom Eric W. , Bakker Jonathan D. , Biederman Lori , Caldeira Maria C. , Eisenhauer Nico , Hagenah Nicole , Hautier Yann , Moore Joslin L. , Nogueira Carla , Peri Pablo L. , Risch Anita C. , Roscher Christiane , Schütz Martin , Stevens Carly J.
Published: March 2020

Aim

Nutrient enrichment is associated with plant invasions and biodiversity loss. Functional trait advantages may predict the ascendancy of invasive plants following nutrient enrichment but this is rarely tested. Here, we investigate (a) whether dominant native and non‐native plants differ in important morphological and physiological leaf traits, (b) how their traits respond to nutrient addition, and (c) whether responses are consistent across functional groups.

Location

Australia, Europe, North America and South Africa.

Time period

2007–2014.

Major taxa studied

Graminoids and forbs.

Methods

We focused on two types of leaf traits connected to resource acquisition: morphological features relating to light‐foraging surfaces and investment in tissue (specific leaf area, SLA) and physiological features relating to internal leaf chemistry as the basis for producing and utilizing photosynthate. We measured these traits on 503 leaves from 151 dominant species across 27 grasslands on four continents. We used an identical nutrient addition treatment of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) at all sites. Sites represented a broad range of grasslands that varied widely in climatic and edaphic conditions.

Results

We found evidence that non‐native graminoids invest in leaves with higher nutrient concentrations than native graminoids, particularly at sites where native and non‐native species both dominate. We found little evidence that native and non‐native forbs differed in the measured leaf traits. These results were consistent in natural soil fertility levels and nutrient‐enriched conditions, with dominant species responding similarly to nutrient addition regardless of whether they were native or non‐native.

Main conclusions

Our work identifies the inherent physiological trait advantages that can be used to predict non‐native graminoid establishment, potentially because of higher efficiency at taking up crucial nutrients into their leaves. Most importantly, these inherent advantages are already present at natural soil fertility levels and are maintained following nutrient enrichment.
Retracted: An empirical model for Indian senior citizens in traffic management
Authors: Adhikari Biranchi , Behera Ajay Kumar , Mahapatra Rabindra Narayan , Das Harish Chandra
Published: March 2020

The paper explores the outcomes of an analysis on day by day task‐journey planning conduct of senior citizens by utilizing a modern dynamic model and a family unit travel overview, gathered in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, of India in 2018. The task journey planning display assumes a unique time–space‐constrained planning development. The main commitment of the article is to reveal day by day task‐journey planning conduct through a comprehensive dynamic framework. Numerous behavioural subtleties are revealed by the subsequent empirical model. These incorporate the role that income plays in directing outside time consumption decisions of senior citizens. Senior citizens in the most elevated and least salary classes will, in general, have minor varieties in time consumption decisions than those in middle pay classifications. Generally speaking, the time consumption decisions become progressively steady with expanding age, demonstrating that more task durations and lower task recurrence become progressively predominant with increasing age. Day by day task type and area decisions reveal a reasonable irregular utility‐amplifying level headed conduct of senior residents. Unmistakably expanding spatial availability to different task areas is an urgent factor in characterizing every day outside task interest of senior residents. It is likewise evident that the assorted variety of outside task type decisions decreases with the increase in age and senior citizens are more sensitive to auto journey hour than to travel or non‐mechanised journey hour.
Dermatopathic reaction of lymph nodes in HTLV‐1 carriers: a spectrum of reactive and neoplastic lesions
Authors: Chinen Shigeki , Miyagi Takuya , Murakami Yoshiya , Takatori Mitsuyoshi , Sakihama Shugo , Nakazato Iwao , Kariya Yoshiyuki , Yamaguchi Sayaka , Takahashi Kenzo , Karube Kennosuke
Published: March 2020

Aims

Dermatopathic reaction is a histopathological finding of lymph nodes that usually occurs in patients with inflammatory pruritic cutaneous lesions. However, it is sometimes seen in patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a T cell malignancy caused by infection with human T cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV‐1), which is frequently accompanied by cutaneous lesions. However, the detailed clinicopathological characteristics of the dermatopathic reaction of lymph nodes in ATLL patients and HTLV‐1 carriers, addressed in this study, remains to be clarified.

Methods and results

We retrospectively analysed 18 nodal lesions with dermatopathic reaction in HTLV‐1 carriers. Axillary and inguinal lymph nodes were the primary affected tissues. Three cases with atypical lymphoid cell infiltration were defined as ATLL with dermatopathic reaction (ATLL‐D), showing an abnormal T cell immunophenotype and T cell monoclonality. Two of the three ATLL‐D patients died 14 and 7 months after diagnosis (the third case had a very short follow‐up). The other 15 patients were indistinguishable from reactive lesions and were defined as HTLV‐1‐associated lymphadenitis with dermatopathic reaction (HAL‐D). They showed an indolent clinical course, with only one case eventually transforming to aggressive disease.

Conclusions

Lymph node lesions accompanied by dermatopathic reaction in HTLV1 carriers represent a spectrum that includes reactive and neoplastic conditions. HAL‐D should be distinguished from ATLL‐D, especially to avoid overtreatment.
IMMUNITY
Authors: Reddy Karthik , Schularick Moritz , Skreta Vasiliki
Published: March 2020

Legal provisions that protect elected politicians from prosecution have been common throughout history and still exist in most democracies. We provide the first systematic measurement of immunity and study, theoretically and empirically, its relation to corruption. Theory predicts that immunity is a double‐edged sword. To test whether immunity is a vice or a virtue, we quantify immunity enjoyed by heads of government, ministers, and legislators in 90 countries. Controlling for standard determinants of corruption, we find that stronger immunity is associated with greater corruption. Instrumental variable estimations using immunity at the first democratic constitution suggest the effect could be causal.
Two‐site evaluation of a new workflow for the detection of malignant cells on the Sysmex XN‐1000 body fluid analyzer
Authors: Favresse Julien , Boland Lidvine , Schellen Marie , Fervaille Caroline , Wuestenberghs Fabien , Camboni Alessandra , Chatelain Bernard , Mullier François , Defour Jean‐Philippe , Jacqmin Hugues
Published: March 2020

Introduction

The presence of high fluorescent cells (HF‐BF) on the Sysmex XN‐1000 hematology analyzers has gained interest regarding the prediction of malignant cells in body fluids, but lacks sensitivity. We aimed to increase this sensitivity by combining HF‐BF value, automated results, and clinical information.

Methods

We evaluated a new workflow for the management of body fluids in the hematology laboratory, including the HF‐BF criterion and clinical information. In two laboratories, 1623 serous fluids were retrospectively analyzed on the XN‐1000 BF mode. All samples were morphologically screened for malignant cells. Optimal HF‐BF cutoffs were determined to predict their presence. Thereafter, the added value of clinical information was evaluated. Other reflex testing rules (eosinophilic count >5% and presence of the WBC Abnormal Scattergram flag) were also used to refine our workflow.

Results

Optimal HF‐BF cutoffs in the two hematology centers were 108 and 45 cells/µL, yielding a sensitivity/specificity of 66.7/93.6% and 86.8/66.6% for malignant cell detection. When adding clinical information, sensitivity/specificity evolved to 100.0/68.9% and 100.0%/not determined. Of 104 samples containing malignant cells, 97 had positive clinical information; the remainder had a HF‐BF > cutoff.

Conclusion

Combining clinical information and HF‐BF reached 100% sensitivity for malignant cell detection in body fluid analysis. Lack of robustness of the optimal HF‐BF cutoff deserves the use of local cutoffs. Rapid automated results reporting from the XN‐1000 BF mode are also feasible in clinical practice. Prospective evaluation of the workflow is needed before its implementation in clinical practice.
Pediatric congenital hydronephrosis (ureteropelvic junction obstruction): Medical management guide
Authors: Kohno Miyuki , Ogawa Tetsushi , Kojima Yoshiyuki , Sakoda Akiko , Johnin Kazuyoshi , Sugita Yoshifumi , Nakane Akihiro , Noguchi Mitsuru , Moriya Kimihiko , Hattori Motoshi , Hayashi Yutaro , Kubota Masayuki
Published: March 2020

The prevalence of asymptomatic hydronephrosis, now detected by ultrasonography, has increased. However, definitive management guidelines for the management of congenital hydronephrosis have not been established. The Japanese Society of Pediatric Urology created a “medical management guide” based on new findings for physicians practicing pediatric urology. We developed a medical management guide focused on congenital hydronephrosis caused by ureteropelvic junction obstruction. This medical management guide consists of the definition, pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, classification, treatment using a clinical management algorithm of hydronephrosis and the long‐term course of the disease. The aim of hydronephrosis management is to determine whether surgery should be carried out to avoid renal dysfunction, as there is a possibility for improvement without intervention. Ultrasonography is essential to make treatment decisions. Management is determined by a comprehensive assessment, including the degree of hydronephrosis, anterior–posterior diameter of the renal pelvis and, if necessary, a nuclear medicine evaluation of the status of urine drainage and renal function.
Metabolic determinants of lupus pathogenesis
Authors: Teng Xiangyu , Brown Josephine , Choi Seung‐Chul , Li Wei , Morel Laurence
Published: March 2020

The metabolism of healthy murine and more recently human immune cells has been investigated with an increasing amount of details. These studies have revealed the challenges presented by immune cells to respond rapidly to a wide variety of triggers by adjusting the amount, type, and utilization of the nutrients they import. A concept has emerged that cellular metabolic programs regulate the size of the immune response and the plasticity of its effector functions. This has generated a lot of enthusiasm with the prediction that cellular metabolism could be manipulated to either enhance or limit an immune response. In support of this hypothesis, studies in animal models as well as human subjects have shown that the dysregulation of the immune system in autoimmune diseases is associated with a skewing of the immunometabolic programs. These studies have been mostly conducted on autoimmune CD4+ T cells, with the metabolism of other immune cells in autoimmune settings still being understudied. Here we discuss systemic metabolism as well as cellular immunometabolism as novel tools to decipher fundamental mechanisms of autoimmunity. We review the contribution of each major metabolic pathway to autoimmune diseases, with a focus on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), with the relevant translational opportunities, existing or predicted from results obtained with healthy immune cells. Finally, we review how targeting metabolic programs may present novel therapeutic venues.
Human respiratory syncytial virus and influenza seasonality patterns—Early findings from the WHO global respiratory syncytial virus surveillance
Authors: Chadha Mandeep , Hirve Siddhivinayak , Bancej Christina , Barr Ian , Baumeister Elsa , Caetano Braulia , Chittaganpitch Malinee , Darmaa Badarch , Ellis Joanna , Fasce Rodrigo , Kadjo Herve , Jackson Sandra , Leung Vivian , Pisareva Maria , Moyes Jocelyn , Naguib Amel , Tivane Almiro , Zhang Wenqing ,   the WHO RSV Surveillance Group
Published: March 2020

Background

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes illnesses among all age groups and presents a burden to healthcare services. To better understand the epidemiology and seasonality of RSV in different geographical areas, the World Health Organization (WHO) coordinated a pilot initiative to access the feasibility of establishing RSV surveillance using the existing Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) platform.

Objectives

To describe and compare RSV and influenza seasonality in countries in the northern andsouthern temperate, and tropics during the period January 2017 to April 2019.

Methods

Fourteen countries in six WHO regions participating in the GISRS were invited for the pilot. Hospitalized patients presenting with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), SARI without fever and outpatients presenting with acute respiratory illness (ARI) were enrolled from January 2017 to April 2019. The expected minimum sample size was 20 samples per week, year‐round, per country. Real‐time RT‐PCR was used to detect RSV and influenza viruses. Results were uploaded to the WHO FluMart platform.

Results

Annual seasonality of RSV was observed in all countries, which overlapped to a large extent with the influenza activity. In countries, in temperate regions RSV peaked in the autumn/winter months. In Egypt, a subtropical country, RSV activity peaked in the cooler season. In the tropical regions, RSV peaked during the rainy seasons.

Conclusion

Early findings from the WHO RSV surveillance pilot based on the GISRS suggest annual seasonal patterns for of RSV circulation that overlap with influenza. RSV surveillance needs to be continued for several more seasons to establish seasonality patterns to inform prevention and control strategies.
Electric field control of nonvolatile two‐state magnetoelectric coefficient at room temperature in a hexaferrite
Authors: Zhai Kun , Lu Peipei , Chang Yanfen , Nie Anmin , Yu Zhipeng , Sun Young
Published: March 2020

Cross coupling between magnetization and polarization in multiferroic materials provides a new controlling dimension for creating novel electric devices, particularly the electrical writing magnetic reading of low‐power consumption nonvolatile random access memory. Despite its importance, rare single‐phase materials that exhibit significant magnetoelectric phenomena at room temperature exist. We herein report that a spin‐driven multiferroic hexaferrite Ba1.1Sr0.9Co2Fe11AlO22 exhibits a prominent direct and converse magnetoelectric effect at room temperature. The electric field can manipulate magnetization as large as 0.1 µB/f.u. in the range of ±1 MV/m without any external magnetic field. Moreover, a feasible nonvolatile memory based on polycrystalline Ba1.1Sr0.9Co2Fe11AlO22 is realized by recording the states of magnetoelectric coefficients, which is promising for further application in magnetoelectric electronics.
Risk factors for the development of a second melanoma in patients with cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Pastor‐Tomás N. , Martínez‐Franco A. , Bañuls J. , Peñalver J.C. , Traves V. , García‐Casado Z. , Requena C. , Kumar R. , Nagore E.
Published: March 2020

Background

Cutaneous melanoma patients have an increased risk of developing other neoplasms, especially cutaneous neoplasms and other melanomas. Identifying factors associated with an increased risk might be useful in the development of melanoma guidelines.

Objectives

To identify risk factors related to the development of a second primary melanoma in a series of patients diagnosed with sporadic melanoma and to establish the estimated incidence rate.

Methods

A longitudinal study based on prospective follow‐up information of patients diagnosed with sporadic cutaneous melanoma at our centre from 2000 to 2015 was performed. Cumulative incidence was estimated based on competing risk models, and the association of characteristics with the risk of a second melanoma was performed by Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

Out of 1447 patients included in the study, after a median follow‐up of 61 months, 55 patients (3.8%) developed a second melanoma. Fair hair colour, more than 100 common melanocytic nevi and the presence of more than 50 cherry angiomas were independently associated with the development of a second melanoma. The site and the histological subtype of the first and second melanomas were not consistent. The second melanomas were thinner than the first ones.

Conclusions

Fair‐haired and multiple‐nevi patients might benefit from more intensive prevention measures. The finding of cherry angiomas as a risk factor suggests that these lesions could be markers of skin sun damage in the setting of certain degree of genetic susceptibility.
Molecular cloning and expression analysis of myd88 from oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in response to bacterial challenge
Authors: Chen Jian H. , Li Xue , Wang Meng J. , Wang Chun M. , Peng Yan Q. , Wang Hai H. , Zhu Ming
Published: March 2020

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune response. In this study, the full‐length complementary DNA (cDNA) of myd88 from Misgurnus anguillicaudatus was characterized. The myd88 cDNA is 1333 bp in length and contains an 855 bp open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 284 amino acids. The predicted protein possesses typical Myd88 domain structural features including a death domain in the N‐terminus, and box 1, 2, and 3 motifs of the Toll/IL‐1 receptor domain in the C‐terminus. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) revealed that myd88 messenger RNA (mRNA) was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, especially highly in brain, kidney, blood, intestines and liver. qRT‐PCR and western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of Myd88 after Aeromonas veronii challenge, respectively. The Myd88 was remarkably upregulated in response to infection of A. veronii. These results suggested that Myd88 may play a vital role during the immune response of M. anguillicaudatus against bacterial infection.
Assessing flash flood hazard and damages in the southeast United States
Authors: Alipour Atieh , Ahmadalipour Ali , Moradkhani Hamid
Published: March 2020

Flash floods are common natural hazards in the southeast United States (SEUS) as a consequence of frequent torrential rainfall caused by tropical storms, thunderstorms, and hurricanes. Understanding flash flood characteristics is essential for mitigating the associated risks and implementing proactive risk management strategies. In this study, flash flood characteristics including frequency, duration, and intensity are assessed in addition to their associated property damages. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Storm Events database as well as hourly precipitation data of the North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase‐2 (NLDAS‐2) are utilised, and more than 14,000 flash flood events during 1996–2017 are analysed. Flash flood hazard is investigated at county, state, and regional levels across the SEUS. Results indicate increasing pattern for the frequency and intensity of flash flooding over the SEUS. The frequency of flash flooding is found to be higher in spring and summer, whereas the duration and intensity of events are higher during winter and fall, respectively. The western parts of the SEUS are prone to more frequent and intense flash flooding compared to the eastern parts. Overall, our analyses suggest that flash flood hazard in Louisiana is higher than other states in the SEUS.
Family Structure and Early Life Mortality in the United States
Authors: Rogers Richard G. , Hummer Robert A. , Tilstra Andrea M. , Lawrence Elizabeth M. , Mollborn Stefanie
Published: March 2020

Objective

This study investigates the association between family structure and early life mortality (1–24 years of age) in the United States.

Background

Few studies have examined this association.

Method

We employed the restricted‐use 1999–2015 National Health Interview Survey‐Linked Mortality Files to reveal all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality disparities by family structure, as captured at the time of entry into the study, including married‐parent, single‐parent, and extended family structures.

Results

Family structure disparities in early life mortality were sizable. Compared to children living in married‐parent families, children living with single fathers experienced 47% higher risk of death, and children living with one or more parents and one or more grandparents experienced 54% higher risk of death during the 17‐year follow‐up period, net of all covariates. Such risks were also high for specific causes of death, particularly external causes. The elevated all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality risks for children and youth living in single‐parent and other nonmarital family structures was attenuated but persisted with controls for socioeconomic status, as well as for poor health and disability among children and other family members.

Conclusion

Family structure disparities in U.S. early life mortality are wide and most likely amenable to policy changes. Our results provide an evidence base for mortality disparities related to family structure and suggest further examination of family structure in reducing early life mortality.
Role of TiO2Nanotubes on the Surface of Implants in Osseointegration in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wang Feifan , Li Chuanjie , Zhang Shuo , Liu Hongchen
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to synthesize evidence relating to the effects of TiO2nanotubes on osseointegration in animal models.

Materials and Methods

The focused question was “Does the preparation of TiO2nanotubes on the surface of implants enhance osseointegration?” Searches were performed for relevant manuscripts up to September 2019 using the PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar databases with terms such as “TiO2nanotubes” in combination with “osseointegration”, “osteogenic”, “osteogenesis”, and “bone regeneration”. The titles, abstracts and full texts of the manuscripts were reviewed in accordance with the eligibility criteria. The meta‐analysis were then performed to analyze the effects of TiO2nanotubes in bone‐implant contact (BIC) and biomechanical tests.

Results

Fourteen manuscripts were included for the systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eleven studies showed that the results of a histological analysis, micro‐CT evaluation and biomechanical tests were significantly higher near TiO2than titanium. The meta‐analysis demonstrating similar results in the BIC and biomechanical tests were obtained. The selected studies also showed the preferable nanotube diameter (70, 80, or 100 nm) to enhance osseointegration in BIC and/or bone area (BA).

Conclusion

TiO2nanotubes, especially those with large diameters, enhanced osseointegration near titanium implants. Compared to bare nanotubes, TiO2nanotube composite coatings resulted in higher osteogenic ability.
Assessing the activity pattern overlap among leopards (Panthera pardus), potential prey and competitors in a complex landscape in Tanzania
Authors: Havmøller R. W. , Jacobsen N. S. , Scharff N. , Rovero F. , Zimmermann F.
Published: March 2020

Studying activity patterns and temporal overlap among carnivores and their putative prey is difficult because of their secretive and elusive nature. With large carnivores declining worldwide, it is imperative for conservation planning that we understand how large carnivores interact with their prey and competitors. Camera trapping offers a promising avenue to address this issue. We investigated temporal overlap between male and female leopards, their known and putative prey as well as their competitor, the spotted hyenas, in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. Data consisted of 4297 independent events from a 30 min interval criterion from 164 camera trap sites we sampled. Leopards were captured by camera traps throughout the day, with male and female leopards showing significantly different activity patterns (P < 0.001) indicating sexual segregation in activity patterns, with male leopards being more nocturnal than female leopards. Leopards had significantly different activity patterns from that of the majority of their prey, with yellow baboons, that displayed peak activity during midday, that had the least overlap. Moreover, both male and female leopards had significantly different activity patterns from that of spotted hyenas (P = <0.001), with female leopards appearing to be inactive during hours with peak hyena activity. We conclude that systematic camera trapping is a useful tool to study activity patterns and temporal niche interactions between sympatric carnivores and, to a lesser extent, their prey.
Migrants and Life Satisfaction: The Role of the Country of Origin and the Country of Residence
Authors: Berggren Niclas , Bergh Andreas , Bjørnskov Christian , Tanaka Shiori
Published: March 2020

We investigate how the life satisfaction of migrants is affected by life satisfaction in their background country and in their new country of residence. In particular, we contribute to the literature by differentiating between first‐ and second‐generation immigrants and by differentiating between types of background country. Using data from the European Social Survey on 30,000 immigrants from 200 countries in 32 European countries, we find that for first‐generation immigrants, the effect of the average life satisfaction of the background country is strong for migrants from developed countries, smaller for migrants from developing countries and zero for migrants from post‐communist countries. Moreover, the effect from the country of residence is strong for all groups, indicating that while most of these immigrants retain ties to or are still under the influence of the culture of the old country, they develop important ties to the new country. However, second‐generation immigrants are not influenced by the life‐satisfaction of the background country at all, indicating that they are strongly attuned to life in the country in which they were born.
Coordinating chartist poetry: Past, present, future
Authors: Sanders Mike
Published: March 2020

This article traces the development of the critical debate surrounding Chartist poetry with a particular focus on work from the last decade. It situates that critical work in relation to four key areas: its relationship to Chartist historiography, the implications of Romanticism as the dominant critical frame for discussions of Chartist poetry, its contribution to the wider field of Victorian Studies, and attempts to identify the esthetic specificity of Chartist writing. The article concludes by suggesting a number of areas for further study including discussions of the particular historical knowledge/evidence provided by Chartist poetry, the antecedents of Chartist poetry in the radical working‐class press of the 1820s and 1830s, its relationship to canonical Victorian poetry, and the elaboration of an appropriate set of esthetic criteria for Chartist poetry.
Hedging nontradable risks with transaction costs and price impact
Authors: Cartea Álvaro , Donnelly Ryan , Jaimungal Sebastian
Published: March 2020

A risk‐averse agent hedges her exposure to a nontradable risk factor U using a correlated traded asset S and accounts for the impact of her trades on both factors. The effect of the agent's trades on U is referred to as cross‐impact. By solving the agent's stochastic control problem, we obtain a closed‐form expression for the optimal strategy when the agent holds a linear position in U. When the exposure to the nontradable risk factor is nonlinear, we provide an approximation to the optimal strategy in closed‐form, and prove that the value function is correctly approximated by this strategy when cross‐impact and risk‐aversion are small. We further prove that when is nonlinear, the approximate optimal strategy can be written in terms of the optimal strategy for a linear exposure with the size of the position changing dynamically according to the exposure's “Delta” under a particular probability measure.
Poor Outcomes of Children and Adolescents with Femoral Neck Fractures: A Meta‐Analysis Based on Clinical Studies
Authors: Chen Yingpu , Zhang Xiaojun , Guo Hao , Liu Na , Ren Jing , Lu Chao
Published: March 2020

Objective

To comprehensively assess the differences in outcome between open reduction and closed reduction for children and adolescents with femoral neck fractures.

Methods

Based on the predetermined strategies, eligible studies were obtained by searching Embase, the Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases (retrieval time: June 2018) and through manual retrieval for paper documents. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) and risk ratios (RR) were used as evaluation indexes. Moreover, the results of avascular necrosis, coxa vara, or non‐union were compared between open reduction and closed reduction under random or fixed effects models. After sensitivity analysis was carried out, publication bias was evaluated for the eligible studies using Egger's test.

Results

Six studies were included in our meta‐analysis. No significant heterogeneity was found among the included studies (P ≥ 0.05) and, thus, the fixed effects model was used for merging the effect sizes of avascular necrosis (RR [95% CI] = 0.50 [0.26, 0.98], P = 0.04), coxa vara (RR [95% CI] = 0.16 [0.04, 0.70], P = 0.01), and non‐union (RR [95% CI] = 0.22 [0.05, 0.93], P = 0.04). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the results of avascular necrosis were not stable (RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.25 1.17, P = 0.12), while those of coxa vara and non‐union were stable. There was no significant publication bias among the eligible studies (t = −0.70, P = 0.522).

Conclusion

Femoral neck fractures treated by open reduction had less adverse outcomes compared with those treated by closed reduction.
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Preoperative and neurocognitive considerations for perioperative management
Authors: Chandrakantan Arvind , Musso Mary F. , Floyd Thomas , Adler Adam C.
Published: March 2020

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects up to 7.5% of the pediatric population and is associated with a variety of behavioral and neurocognitive sequelae. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is critical to halting and potentially reversing these changes. Depending on the severity of the OSA and comorbid conditions, different treatment paradigms can be pursued, each of which has its own unique risk:benefit ratio. Adenotonsillectomy is first‐line recommended surgical treatment for pediatric OSA. However, it carries its own perioperative risks and the decision regarding surgical timing is therefore made in the context of procedural risk versus patient benefit. This article presents the seminal perioperative and neurocognitive risks from pediatric OSA to aid with perioperative management.
Dynamic QTL mapping for plant height in the hybrid population of Agropyron Gaertn.
Authors: Che Yonghe , Song Nan , Yang Yanping , Yang Xinming , Zhang Yan , Zhang Jinpeng , Han Haiming , Li Xiuquan , Zhou Shenghui , Li Lihui , Liu Weihua
Published: March 2020

Plant height (PH) plays a very important role for plant breeding and also serves as a model trait to dynamic development study. The dynamic quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for PH of Agropyron Gaertn. was carried out in a cross‐pollination (CP) hybrid population of A. Gaertn. based on the phenotypic data of PH at different developmental stages in four year‐sites and the constructed single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic map. The results showed that 69 QTL and nine major QTL were detected by unconditional QTL mapping. A total of 107 QTL and 13 major QTL were found using conditional QTL mapping. Forty‐seven QTL were detected by two methods. Two unconditional QTL, Qph2‐5 and Qph3‐4, were expressed as major and stable QTL for PH. Four major stable conditional QTL for PH, cQph4‐1, cQph4‐8, cQph6‐2 and cQph6‐7, were detected. Two conditional PH QTL, cQph3‐5 and cQPh3‐7, were identified in four environments over multiple stages. The gene/QTL controlling PH was expressed in a certain spatiotemporal manner. These results could also provide a reference for genetic and breeding research of related plant.
Transformation from EGFR/PTEN co‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma to small cell carcinoma in lymph node metastasis
Authors: Hayashi Takuo , Takamochi Kazuya , Kohsaka Shinji , Kishikawa Satsuki , Suehara Yoshiyuki , Takahashi Fumiyuki , Suzuki Kenji , Saito Tsuyoshi , Yao Takashi
Published: March 2020

There is minimal evidence of EGFR‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma transforming to small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) without the administration of EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Here, we present a case of EGFR/PTEN co‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastases, which comprised adenocarcinoma admixed with SCLC. EGFR L858R and PTEN R130Q mutations were shared between the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, EGFR I744M mutation was shared between the adenocarcinoma and SCLC components in the lymph node metastasis, confirming spontaneous transformation from adenocarcinoma to SCLC. Furthermore, TP53 and RB1 mutations were detected only in the SCLC components of the lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemically, complete absence of Rb expression in SCLC was observed, suggesting the loss of function of RB1. Our case clearly shows that EGFR/PTEN co‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma transformed to SCLC in the lymph node without TKI‐mediated evolutionary selection pressures.
A single gene transfer of gibberellin biosynthesis gene cluster increases gibberellin production in a Fusarium fujikuroi strain with gibberellin low producibility
Authors: Bao WanXue , Nagasaka Takuya , Inagaki Shin , Tatebayashi Sho , Imazaki Iori , Fuji Shin-ichi , Tsuge Takashi , Shimizu Masafumi , Kageyama Koji , Suga Haruhisa
Published: March 2020

Fusarium fujikuroi, the causative agent of bakanae disease in rice, produces many kinds of secondary metabolites. Recently, two phylogenetic subgroups (F and G groups) of Japanese F. fujikuroi have been identified and found to have differences in their gibberellin (GA) and fumonisin production. G‐group F. fujikuroi produces large amounts of GA, but is a fumonisin nonproducer. F‐group produces large amounts of fumonisin, but is a GA low or nonproducer. We investigated the cause of low GA production in the F‐group. Genetic mapping suggests that low GA production in the F‐group strain Gfc0825009 is due to a GA gene cluster for GA biosynthesis. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the genes in the GA gene cluster showed >98.4% homology between the F‐group strain Gfc0825009 and the G‐group strain Gfc0801001. Following a 7‐day culture under low nitrogen conditions, we found that expression of P450‐1, P450‐4, and P450‐2 in the cluster increased in the G‐group strain and not in the F‐group strain. We hypothesized that complementation by GA genes in the G‐group strain would be required to increase GA production in the F‐group strain. However, we found that this occurred with a single gene complementation of DES, P450‐1, P450‐4, or P450‐2. Simultaneous increase in the expression of P450‐1, P450‐4, and P450‐2 were detected in the complementary transformants. Moreover, the same phenomenon was observed by reintegration of its own P450‐1. Our results suggest the presence of unknown regulatory mechanisms of the GA gene cluster in F. fujikuroi.
Effects of intergenerational exposure interventions on adolescent outcomes: An application of inverse probability weighting to longitudinal pre‐birth cohort data
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Han , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Kleinman Ken , Oken Emily , Young Jessica G.
Published: March 2020

Background

There is great interest in understanding whether interventions on sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption through pregnancy and early childhood affect adolescent body mass index (BMI). Without data from randomised trials, unbiased estimation of such effects might be achieved with observational data given sufficient and appropriate adjustment for both baseline and time‐varying confounders.

Objectives

To illustrate the use of inverse probability (IP) weighting of marginal structural models (MSM) for estimating the effects of SSB consumption through pregnancy and early childhood on the mean early adolescent BMI z‐score.

Methods

Our baseline sample consisted of 1584 pregnant women from a pre‐birth cohort. We defined 6 intervention intervals: early pregnancy, late pregnancy, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. We fitted a MSM via a weighted linear regression with IP exposure and censoring weights to estimate the mean difference in BMI z‐score under interventions: “maintain SSB consumption below (vs above) 0.5 servings/day in all intervals.”

Results

The estimated difference in mean BMI z‐score under interventions maintaining SSB consumption at or below (vs above) 0.5 servings/day from pregnancy to 6 years was −0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] −1.52, −0.08). The effect estimate in pregnancy, while fixing the exposure range in childhood, was −0.05 (95% CI −0.34, 0.23), and in early childhood, while fixing the range in pregnancy was −0.89 (95% CI −1.46, −0.11). The effect estimates were largely unchanged under sensitivity analyses to different implementation choices except for the choice of time interval length.

Conclusions

Under assumptions that include no unmeasured confounding and selection bias, and no model misspecification, results of this IP weighting application are in line with a lower mean BMI z‐score in early adolescence under interventions ensuring lower, vs greater, SSB consumption in early life. This application provides a resource for researchers working with longitudinal birth cohort studies and interested in similar causal questions.
Association between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception in Australian children: A record linkage study
Authors: Fathima Parveen , Moore Hannah C. , Blyth Christopher C. , Snelling Thomas L.
Published: March 2020

Background

Post‐licensure surveillance studies have shown a small but increased risk of intussusception among infants in the days following rotavirus vaccination (RV).

Objectives

We assessed the temporal trends of intussusception‐coded hospitalisations before and after the commencement of a universal rotavirus vaccination programme in Western Australia (WA) in 2007. We also assessed the perinatal factors and pathogens associated with these hospitalisations.

Methods

Intussusception‐coded hospitalisations occurring in a cohort of 367 476 WA‐born children (2000‐2012) aged <5 years were probabilistically linked to perinatal and pathology records. Age‐specific incidence rates for overall and pathogen‐specific intussusception‐coded hospitalisations were calculated before (2000‐2006) and after (2008‐2012) RV introduction. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess perinatal risk factors for intussusception.

Results

The overall rate of intussusception‐coded hospitalisation was 26.4 per 100 000 child‐years (95% confidence interval [CI] 24.0, 29.0) among children aged <5 years, with rates being 70% higher (95% CI 39, 107) in the RV period than in the pre‐RV period. Compared with the pre‐RV period, rates were higher among those aged 12‐23 months (by 55%, 95% CI 5, 127) and 2‐4 years (by 84%, 95% CI 20, 182) in the RV period. However, the risk of intussusception‐coded hospitalisations associated with intussusception management‐related procedure code(s) was similar among all age groups in both birth periods. Among infants aged <12 months, male sex, non‐Aboriginal status, birth to multiparous mothers, and birth in RV era were independent risk factors associated with intussusception‐coded hospitalisations. Adenovirus was strongly associated with intussusception (6.7 per 100 000 child‐years, 95% CI 5.3, 9.3).

Conclusions

The risk of intussusception‐coded hospitalisations was higher post‐RV introduction, but not for intussusception‐coded hospitalisations associated with procedure code(s). The increase was no higher in the vaccine‐eligible age group than in older age groups, suggesting that the apparent increase is likely to be attributable to causes other than vaccination.
Shoreline infrastructure degradation and increasing littoral naturalization accommodates juvenile fish and crab assemblages in heavily urbanized Upper New York Harbor
Authors: Grothues Thomas M. , Able Kenneth W.
Published: March 2020

Many estuarine shorelines are influenced by urbanization. Extensive shoreline modification in Upper New York Harbor (UNYH) included port development, landfilling marshes, and armoring. Recent sedimentation in constructed shipping terminal embayments, abandonment of shoreline structure maintenance, subsequent recruitment of upland and intertidal vegetation, and restoration projects have naturalized some shorelines in this urban setting. We determined the species composition and relative abundance of fishes and crabs in shallow shoreline habitats in constructed embayments of UNYH with seine sampling to determine the potential for restoring similar isolated shallow water sites as functional habitats. Twenty‐seven identified species of fishes and crabs, including seasonally transient and resident marsh species, were represented in samples dominated by Menidia menidia, but marsh resident and coastal ocean species were also periodically abundant. Differences in assemblage structure among the sampled embayments as measured by principal components analysis were weak despite some differences in the slope and colonization of vegetation along shorelines. The mere presence of shallow shorelines was sufficient to recruit numerous species. Assemblage differences relative to a nearby relatively unaltered estuary revealed a lack of southern, warm affiliated species reflecting a natural clinal gradient. Marsh resident species dominated in UNYH, but not as strongly as at the reference estuary. Together with a previously published evaluation of life cycle connectivity for several sentinel species, this study shows that even small, isolated projects seeking to restore shallow shorelines add value to the estuarine landscape and are worth pursuing.
Adoption and use of mobile banking by low‐income individuals in Senegal
Authors: Fall François Seck , Orozco Luis , Akim Al‐Mouksit
Published: March 2020

The wide use of mobile phones increases low‐income individuals’ access to a large range of services. One of these services is mobile banking (m‐banking). Today, m‐banking represents a key vector of financial inclusion in many countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, especially Senegal. Based on technology adoption theories applied to households in developing countries, this paper studies the determinants of the adoption and use of m‐banking. We distinguish between possession or adoption and actual use of m‐banking and examine the interdependence between these two decisions by using the Heckman sample selection model, through a sample of 1,052 individuals in the suburbs of Dakar. Our main results are that the two decisions (adoption and use) are not independent of each other. Individual characteristics, such as education, possession of a bank account, and family network effects, are determinants of the adoption, and age, gender, and being a member of a tontine are determinants of the use. A major result of this study concerns women’s low propensity to adopt m‐banking because of their low levels of education. However, compared with men, when women adopt m‐banking, they have a stronger propensity to use it.