bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Special Section on Commercial Speech
Authors: Fort Timothy L. , Salbu Steven R.
Published: July 2012

In 1998, activist Marc Kasky sued Nike for alleged false advertising and unfair competition under California law. Kasky alleged that Nike made false statements in a variety of what we would usually consider non-advertising forums, including interviews and letters to the press. The Supreme Court of California permitted Kasky's suit to go forward, even though the statements were not a part of traditional paid commercial advertisements. The Supreme Court of the United States, which initially granted certiorari to review the case, dismissed the writ on June 26, 2003, leaving intact California's broad interpretation of its statute and narrow construction of the Constitutional speech protections that constrain that statute. What is typically referred to as “the Nike case” or “the Kasky case” can mean either Kasky v. Nike (as the case was originally filed) or Nike v. Kasky (when Nike appealed the lower court's judgment).
The Kasky-Nike Threat to Corporate Social Reporting: Implementing a Standard of Optimal Truthful Disclosure as a Solution
Authors: Hess David , Dunfee Thomas W.
Published: July 2012

In the recent case of Nike v. Kasky both sides argued that their standard for distinguishing commercial speech from political speech would create the better policy for ensuring accurate and complete disclosure of social information by corporations. Using insights from information economics, we argue that neither standard will achieve the policy goal of optimal truthful disclosure. Instead, we argue that the appropriate standard is one of optimal truthful disclosure—balancing the value of speech against the costs of misinformation. Specifically, we argue that an SEC-sanctioned safe harbor available under a closely supervised system for social reporting will bring about optimal truthful disclosure. The scheme is intended to enhance stakeholder confidence in corporate social and political commentary, while at the same time encouraging corporations to provide accurate information in a fair playing field of public debate.
Debt and Deception
Authors: Schweickart David
Published: July 2012

These are two interesting, controversial, complementary books. The authors are of different generations. John Perkins is sixty (2005). He was a college student during the Vietnam War who came to oppose the war, then joined the Peace Corps to avoid the draft. Noreena Hertz is thirty-six. She is an academic/activist, a professor of political economy who was tear-gassed at the massive Global Justice protest in Genoa (2001) at which hundreds were beaten by the Italian police and one protestor killed.
Reconsidering Instrumental Corporate Social Responsibility through the Mafia Metaphor
Authors: Gond Jean-Pascal , Palazzo Guido , Basu Kunal
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the instrumental perspective on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in practice and theory by relying on sociological analyses of a well known organization: the Italian Mafia. Legal businesses might share features of the Mafia, such as the propensity to exploit a governance vacuum in society, a strong organizational identity that demarcates the inside from the outside, and an extreme profit motive. Instrumental CSR practices have the power to accelerate a firm's transition to Mafia status through its own pathologies. The boundaries of such instrumentalism are explored and lessons for future CSR research derived, with specific emphasis on a firm's social and normative embeddedness, taking into account the inherent challenge of regulating corporate behaviour in the global economy.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: On Understanding Ethical Behavior and Decision Making: A Behavioral Ethics Approach
Authors: De Cremer David , Mayer David M. , Schminke Marshall
Published: July 2012

Behavioral ethics is an emerging field that takes an empirical, social scientific approach to the study of business ethics. In this special issue, we include six articles that fall within the domain of behavioral ethics and that focus on three themes—moral awareness, ethical decision making, and reactions to unethical behavior. Each of the articles sheds additional light on the specific issues addressed. However, we hope this special issue will have an impact beyond that of the new insights offered in these articles, by stimulating even more research in this burgeoning field.
Explaining Unfair Offers in Ultimatum Games and their Effects on Trust: An Experimental Approach
Authors: De Cremer David , van Dijk Eric , Pillutla Madan M.
Published: July 2012

Unfair offers in bargaining may have disruptive effects because they may reduce interpersonal trust. In such situations future trust may be strongly affected by social accounts (i.e., apologies vs. denials). In the current paper we investigate when people are most likely to demand social accounts for the unfair offer (Experiment 1), and when social accounts will have the highest impact (Experiment 2). We hypothesized that the need for and impact of social accounts will be highest when the intentions of the other party are uncertain. The results provided support for this reasoning.
Ethical and Unethical Leadership: Exploring New Avenues for Future Research
Authors: Brown Michael E. , Mitchell Marie S.
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to review literature that is relevant to the social scientific study of ethics and leadership, as well as outline areas for future study. We first discuss ethical leadership and then draw from emerging research on “dark side” organizational behavior to widen the boundaries of the review to includeunethical leadership. Next, three emerging trends within the organizational behavior literature are proposed for a leadership and ethics research agenda: 1) emotions, 2) fit/congruence, and 3) identity/identification. We believe each shows promise in extending current thinking. The review closes with discussion of important issues that are relevant to the advancement of research on leadership and ethics.
A Property Rights Analysis of Newly Private Firms: Opportunities for Owners to Appropriate Rents and Partition Residual Risks
Authors: Schneider Marguerite , Valenti Alix
Published: July 2012

A key factor in the decision to convert a publicly owned company to private status is the expectation that value will be created, providing the firm with rent. These rents have implications regarding the property rights of the firm’s capital-contributing constituencies. We identify and analyze the types of rent associated with the newly private firm. Compared to public firms, going private allows owners the potential to partition part of the residual risk to bond holders and employees, rendering them to be co-residual risk bearers with owners. We propose that new promotion-based contracts with bond holders and employees, reflecting their particular investments, be negotiated as the firm migrates from public to private status. These contracts should acknowledge the firm’s intent to maximize shareholder value and its need to take the risks necessary to do so, but support that the firm’s survival not be undermined due to its possibly opportunistic owners.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Human Rights and Business
Authors: Cragg Wesley , Arnold Denis G. , Muchlinski Peter
Published: July 2012

We provide a brief history of the business and human rights discourse and scholarship, and an overview of the articles included in the special issue.
Ethics, Enlightened Self-Interest, and the Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights: A Critical Look at the Justificatory Foundations of the UN Framework
Authors: Cragg Wesley
Published: July 2012

Central to the United Nations Framework setting out the human rights responsibilities of corporations proposed by John Ruggie is the principle that corporations have a responsibility to respect human rights in their operations whether or not doing so is required by law and whether or not human rights laws are actively enforced. Ruggie proposes that corporations should respect this principle in their strategic management and day-to-day operations for reasons of corporate (enlightened) self-interest. This paper identifies this as a serious weakness and argues that identifying the responsibility to respect human rights as an explicitly ethical obligation to be respected for that reason would provide a much stronger justificatory foundation for respecting the principle seen from a corporate perspective, given that corporations are accountable to their shareholders for their deployment of the firm’s financial resources.
Silence as Complicity: Elements of a Corporate Duty to Speak Out Against the Violation of Human Rights
Authors: Wettstein Florian
Published: July 2012

Increasingly, global businesses are confronted with the question of complicity in human rights violations committed by abusive host governments. This contribution specifically looks at silent complicity and the way it challenges conventional interpretations of corporate responsibility. Silent complicity implies that corporations have moral obligations that reach beyond the negative realm of doing no harm. Essentially, it implies that corporations have a moral responsibility to help protect human rights by putting pressure on perpetrating host governments involved in human rights abuses. This is a controversial claim, which this contribution proposes to analyze with a view to understanding and determining the underlying conditions that need to be met in order for moral agents to be said to have such responsibilities in the category of the duty to protect human rights.
The Case for Leverage-Based Corporate Human Rights Responsibility
Authors: Wood Stepan
Published: July 2012

Should companies’ human rights responsibilities arise, in part, from their “leverage”—their ability to influence others’ actions through their relationships? Special Representative John Ruggie rejected this proposition in the United Nations Framework for business and human rights. I argue that leverage is a source of responsibility where there is a morally significant connection between the company and a rights-holder or rights-violator, the company is able to make a contribution to ameliorating the situation, it can do so at modest cost, and the threat to human rights is substantial. In such circumstances companies have a responsibility to exercise leverage even though they did nothing to contribute to the situation. Such responsibility is qualified, not categorical; graduated, not binary; context-specific; practicable; consistent with the social role of business; and not merely a negative responsibility to avoid harm but a positive responsibility to do good.
Shareholder Engagement in the Embedded Business Corporation: Investment Activism, Human Rights, and TWAIL Discourse
Authors: Dhir Aaron A.
Published: July 2012

The expansion of extractive corporations’ overseas business operations has led to serious concerns regarding human rights–related impacts. As these apprehensions grow, we see a countervailing rise in calls for government intervention and in levels of socially conscious shareholder advocacy. I focus on the latter as manifested in recent use of the shareholder proposal mechanism found in corporate law. Shareholder proposals, while under-theorized, provide a valuable lens through which to consider the argument that economic behaviour is embedded within social relations. In doing so, I situate my analysis within Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholarship. Elsewhere, I have supported the use of corporate law tools in advancing the international human rights enterprise and argued that investment activism can be an essential component of this advancement. This paper represents a reflexive pause. Using the case study of a recent proposal submitted to Goldcorp Inc., I seek to problematize the shareholder proposal as a human rights advocacy tool and to examine it as a site of contestation.
Implementing the New UN Corporate Human Rights Framework: Implications for Corporate Law, Governance, and Regulation
Authors: Muchlinski Peter
Published: July 2012

The UN Framework on Human Rights and Business comprises the State’s duty to protect human rights, the corporate responsibility to respect human rights, and the duty to remedy abuses. This paper focuses on the corporate responsibility to respect. It considers how to overcome obstacles, arising out of national and international law, to the development of a legally binding corporate duty to respect human rights. It is argued that the notion of human rights due diligence will lead to the creation of binding legal duties and that principles of corporate and tort law can be adapted to this end. Furthermore, recent legal developments accept an “enlightened shareholder value” approach allowing corporate managers to consider human rights issues when making decisions. The responsibility to respect involves adaptation of shareholder based corporate governance towards a more stakeholder oriented approach and could lead to the development of a new, stakeholder based, corporate model.
Hexavalent chromium review, part 2: Chemistry, occurrence, and treatment
Authors: McNeill Laurie S. , McLean Joan E. , Parks Jeffrey L. , Edwards Marc A.
Published: July 2012

This is the second article in a two‐part review of the current state of the science regarding hexavalent chromium. Part 1 discussed chromium health effects, regulations, and analysis. This review begins by discussing the chemistry of the two predominant chromium oxidation species: trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), including soluble and particulate forms. Although Cr(VI) is the species of concern for human health effects, both forms must be considered because they can be interconverted by a variety of oxidants and reductants. Although it is generally assumed that Cr(VI) comes from anthropogenic contamination, this review highlights many reports of it naturally occurring. This article also summarizes the limited data available on chromium occurrence in drinking water sources and finished water. Finally, a range of treatment methods and limitations associated with each is listed. Utilities should also consider potential sources and sinks of chromium within the treatment plant and distribution system.
Price perception and nonprice controls under conservation rate structures
Authors: Aubuchon Craig P. , Roberson J. Alan
Published: July 2012

This research evaluates the effect of price and nonprice conservation controls on monthly water system demand and explores differences in rate design, education and outreach programs, population growth, and regional climate variables among a national cross section of utilities. Using the Shin price perception parameter, this study found that under conservation rate structures, aggregate demand was related to something other than marginal or average price. The price‐demand response increases with higher levels of consumption for both the marginal price and the total bill, which may provide preliminary evidence that the price signal of the total bill matters for demand. Nonprice controls were not found to be statistically significant in the study sample. Income elasticities were positive and slightly larger in magnitude than price elasticities, suggesting that over the long term, utility managers may need to increase rates faster than regional income growth for effective demand management.
Cyanobacterial detection using in vivo fluorescence probes: Managing interferences for improved decision‐making
Authors: Zamyadi Arash , McQuaid Natasha , Dorner Sarah , Bird David F. , Burch Mike , Baker Peter , Hobson Peter , PRÉvost Michèle
Published: July 2012

The applications of in vivo probes that can detect the fluorescence of cyanobacterial phycocyanin are emerging and widely used for cyanobacterial detection in source waters. The objectives of this project were to study the sources of interferences involved with the readings of five probes (three commercially available probes and two prototype probes) using laboratory cultures and field samples. To compare the direct readings of different probes, the probe readings were presented in the form of a biovolume equivalent of cyanobacteria. Inorganic turbidity and the presence of algal biomass interfered with probe readings. A correction factor was developed for the cyanobacteria probes using simultaneous chlorophyll a measurements. The field data demonstrate that the potential underestimation of cyanobacterial biomass that corresponds to alert levels is a major issue with the application of in vivo probes. These alert levels are used to trigger monitoring and management actions. This study shows that the correlation between a probe's reading and cell count is almost meaningless, and that the correlation to biovolume is a relevant option for management purposes. Results show that probe users should be fully aware of the sources of interferences when applying and interpreting the results. In addition, the authors offer a novel procedure that corrects for chlorophyll a interference.
Metabolomics, Metabonomics and Functional Nutrition: The Next Step in Nutritional Metabolism and Biotherapeutics
Authors: Larry H. Bernstein
Published: July 2012

Metabonomics is the newest member of the convergent "-omics" family. This multi-parametric technique is used for studying metabolites in biological fluids for the purpose of metabolic profiling for biomarker and diagnostic applications, and to study the effects of environmental stimuli (diet, weight loss, exercise) and other therapeutic applications (lifestyle modification and drug effects) on the metabolome. Metabonomics has the advantage for defining biological phenotypes, but has a close relationship to investigation of the proteome, driven by advances in NMR and MS. The technique has proved highly informative in applications that include toxicology, pharmacology, and the biomedical sciences. This review elaborates on the paradigm shift that is emerging from this discovery process.
Inhibitory Effects of Brazilian Propolis on Tumor Promotion in Two-Stage Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis
Authors: Ken Yasukawa  , So Yeon Yu  , Shigetoshi Tsutsumi  , Masahiko Kurokawa  , Yong K. Park
Published: July 2012

Propolis is produced by honeybees and has many biological properties, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-cancer actions. Five ethanol extracts of Brazilian propolis were tested for inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice. The ethanol extract of Brazilian propolis AF-08 markedly inhibited TPA-induced inflammatory ear edema in mice. This extract suppressed tumor promotion by TPA following initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in mouse skin. Moronic acid, a major component of Brazilian propolis AF-08, markedly inhibited two-stage carcinogenesis by DMBA plus TPA. These results suggest that Brazilian propolis AF-08 contributes to the prevention of cancer.
Concentrations of Bioactives and Functional Factors in Destoned Virgin Olive Oil: The Case Study of the Oil from Olivastra di Seggiano Cultivar
Authors: Federico Ranalli  , Alfonso Ranalli  , Stefania Contento  , Maria Casanovas  , Mariangela Antonucci  , Guido Di Simone
Published: July 2012

This work reports on the composition and bionutritional value of destoned (vs. whole) virgin olive oil from Olivastra di Seggiano cultivar, one having wild features, which is cultivated in olive areas of Tuscany Region, Italy. Removal of the stone from fruit before processing is an innovative technique that strongly enhanced the already high quality level of this oil variety. There was for this product marked interaction between genetic background and destoning. An in-depth analytical investigation from 2008 to 2010 showed how the innovated olive extraction process led to an improved product standing out for its peculiar features, related mainly to the improved biophenol and volatile composition, as well as to higher concentrations of the lipophilic and vitamin antioxidants (tocopherols and tocotrienols). It had slowly higher levels of oleocanthal (p-HPEA-EDA), which was found to be a nutraceutical factor. Its head-space aroma even displayed new volatile phytomolecules and also had higher levels of green volatiles from the LOX-pathway (having as precursors the polyunsaturated fatty acids containing a cis-cis-1,4-pentadiene system). Among the other bioactives are to be highlighted the significant levels of trans-β-carotene and xanthophylls (lutein, violaxanthin, neoxanthin and other minor carotenoids), whose amount however was not higher with respect to reference oil. Its enhanced bionutritional value was confirmed by the increased intensity of valuable tasting notes, among which stood out the artichoke flavour. Finally it showed higher resistance to autoxidation and longer shelf-life.
Cancer and Diet
Authors: Kenneth Lundstrom
Published: July 2012

Intervention in food intake has been demonstrated to play an enormous role in both prevention and treatment of disease. Numerous studies indicate a clear link between cancer and diet. The substantial development of sequencing technologies has resulted in access to enormous amounts of genomics information, which resulted in the establishment of nutrigenomics as an emerging approach to link genomics research to studies on nutrition. Increased understanding has demonstrated how nutrition can influence human health both at genetic and epigenetic levels. Dramatic dietary modifications have proven essential in reducing risk and even prevention of cancer. Moreover, intense revision of diet in cancer patients has revealed significant changes in gene expression and also has provided therapeutic efficacy even after short-term application. Obviously, a multitude of diets have been evaluated, but probably the common factor for achieving both prophylactic and therapeutic responses is to consume predominantly diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fish and fibers and reduced quantities of especially red meat. Despite encouraging findings on how dietary modifications can prevent disease and restore health, there are a number of factors which complicate the outcome. There are variations in response to dietary changes depending on age and gender. Furthermore, ethnic, social and geographic circumstances play an important role.
Methods for Studying Habitual Behavior in Mice
Authors: Rossi Mark A. , Yin Henry H.
Published: July 2012

Habit formation refers to the process by which goal‐directed behavior becomes automatized and less sensitive to changes in the value of the goal. It has clear relevance for our understanding of skill learning and addiction. Recent studies have begun to reveal the neural substrates underlying this process. This unit summarizes what is known about the experimental methods used, and provides a protocol for generating and assessing habit formation in mice. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 60:8.29.1‐8.29.9. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design and Assembly of Large Synthetic DNA Constructs
Authors: Miklos Aleksandr E. , Hughes Randall A. , Ellington Andrew D.
Published: July 2012

The availability of custom synthetic gene‐length DNA products removes numerous bottlenecks in research efforts, making gene synthesis an increasingly common commercial service. However, the assembly of synthetic oligonucleotides into large, custom DNA constructs is not especially difficult, and performing “in‐house” gene synthesis has time and cost advantages. This unit will treat both the concerns of design and physical assembly in gene synthesis, including how to design DNA sequences for synthesis and the design of overlapping oligonucleotide schemes to ensure facile assembly into the final product. Assembly is accomplished using a reliable series of PCR reactions, with a troubleshooting assembly protocol included, which not only assembles difficult sequences but allows identification of the source of a failure down to a pair of oligonucleotides. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 99:3.23.1‐3.23.18. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enrichment of Error‐Free Synthetic DNA Sequences by CEL I Nuclease
Authors: Hughes Randall A. , Miklos Aleksandr E. , Ellington Andrew D.
Published: July 2012

As the availability of DNA sequence information has grown, so has the need to replicate DNA sequences synthetically. Synthetically produced DNA sequences allow the researcher to exert greater control over model systems and allow for the combinatorial design and construction of novel metabolic and regulatory pathways, as well as optimized protein‐coding sequences for biotechnological applications. This utility has made synthetically produced DNA a hallmark of the molecular biosciences and a mainstay of synthetic biology. However, synthetically produced DNA has a significant shortcoming in that it typically has an error rate that is orders of magnitude higher when compared to DNA sequences derived directly from a biological source. This relatively high error rate adds to the cost and labor necessary to obtain sequence‐verified clones from synthetically produced DNA sequences. This unit describes a protocol to enrich error‐free sequences from a population of error‐rich DNA via treatment with CEL I (Surveyor) endonuclease. This method is a straightforward and quick way of reducing the error content of synthetic DNA pools and reliably reduces the error rates by >6‐fold per round of treatment. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 99:3.24.1‐3.24.10. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Database of DNA Polymerases
Authors: Langhorst Bradley W. , Nichols Nicole M.
Published: July 2012

The DNA Polymerase Database (Polbase) is intended to compile the wealth of existing DNA polymerase information from public and private records into an open, searchable database. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 99:3.25.1‐3.25.2. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biochemical Analysis of Protein SUMOylation
Authors: Alontaga Aileen Y. , Bobkova Ekaterina , Chen Yuan
Published: July 2012

SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of Small Ubiquitin‐like MOdifier (SUMO) polypeptides to other proteins, is among the most important post‐translational modifications that regulate the functional properties of a large number of proteins. SUMOylation is broadly involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, hormone response, signal transduction, DNA repair, and nuclear transport. SUMO modification has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infection. Attachment of a SUMO protein to another protein is carried out in multiple steps catalyzed by three enzymes. This unit describes and discusses the in vitro biochemical methods used for investigating each step of the SUMOylation process. In addition, a high‐throughput screening protocol is included for the identification of inhibitors of SUMOylation. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 99:10.29.1‐10.29.29. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single Nucleotide Analysis of Cytosine Methylation by Whole‐Genome Shotgun Bisulfite Sequencing
Authors: Johnson Michelle D. , Mueller Michael , Game Laurence , Aitman Timothy J.
Published: July 2012

Unlike other methods to assess methylation, whole‐genome shotgun bisulfite sequencing is used to generate quantitative genome‐wide methylation profiles at single‐nucleotide resolution. As described in this unit, this method allows for the quantitative measurement of methylation at each cytosine base by treatment of genomic DNA with sodium bisulfite followed by sequencing and alignment of the reads to a reference genome. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 99:21.23.1‐21.23.28. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ex Vivo Imaging of Excised Tissue Using Vital Dyes and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Johnson Simon , Rabinovitch Peter
Published: July 2012

Vital dyes routinely used for staining cultured cells can also be used to stain and image live tissue slices ex vivo. Staining tissue with vital dyes allows researchers to collect structural and functional data simultaneously and can be used for qualitative or quantitative fluorescent image collection. The protocols presented here are useful for structural and functional analysis of viable properties of cells in intact tissue slices, allowing for the collection of data in a structurally relevant environment. With these protocols, vital dyes can be applied as a research tool to disease processes and properties of tissue not amenable to cell culture–based studies. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 61:9.39.1‐9.39.18. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparing a Minimum Information about a Flow Cytometry Experiment (MIFlowCyt) Compliant Manuscript Using the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC) FCS File Repository (FlowRepository.org)
Authors: Spidlen Josef , Breuer Karin , Brinkman Ryan
Published: July 2012

FlowRepository.org is a Web‐based flow cytometry data repository provided by the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC). It supports storage, annotation, analysis, and sharing of flow cytometry datasets. A fundamental tenet of scientific research is that published results should be open to independent validation and refutation. With FlowRepository, researchers can annotate their datasets in compliance with the Minimum Information about a Flow Cytometry Experiment (MIFlowCyt) standard, thus greatly facilitating third‐party interpretation of their data. In this unit, we will mainly focus on the deposition, sharing, and annotation of flow cytometry data.Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 61:10.18.1‐10.18.26. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy Illuminator for Improved Imaging of Cell Surface Events
Authors: Johnson Daniel S. , Jaiswal Jyoti K. , Simon Sanford
Published: July 2012

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a high‐contrast imaging technique suitable for observing biological events that occur on or near the cell membrane. The improved contrast is accomplished by restricting the thickness of the excitation field to over an order of a magnitude narrower than the z‐resolution of an epi‐fluorescence microscope. This technique also increases signal‐to‐noise, making it a valuable tool for imaging cellular events such as vesicles undergoing exocytosis or endocytosis, viral particle formation, cell signaling, and dynamics of membrane proteins. This protocol describes the basic procedures for setting up a through‐the‐objective TIRF illuminator and a prism‐based TIRF illuminator. In addition, an alternate protocol for incorporating an automated deflection system into through‐the‐objective TIRF is given. This system can be used to decrease aberrations in the illumination field, to quickly switch between epi‐ and TIRF illumination, and to adjust the penetration depth during multicolor TIRF applications. In the commentary, a description of the total internal reflection phenomenon is given, critical parameters of a TIRF microscope are discussed, and technical challenges and considerations are reviewed. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 61:12.29.1‐12.29.19. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Large Tunnel Magnetoresistance in Epitaxial Oxide Spin‐Filter Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Harada Takayuki , Ohkubo Isao , Lippmaa Mikk , Sakurai Yasuaki , Matsumoto Yuji , Muto Shunsuke , Koinuma Hideomi , Oshima Masaharu
Published: July 2012

A high‐performance spin filter tunnel junction composed of an epitaxial oxide heterostructure is reported. By independently controlling the magnetic orientations of ferromagnetic tunnel barrier and electrode layers, a tunnel magnetoresistance ratio exceeding 120% is obtained purely by the spin filtering effect. A newly introduced spin filter material, Pr0.8Ca0.2Mn1‐yCoyO3, is shown to be useful for building novel multibarrier spintronic tunnel devices due to its composition‐controlled magnetic hardness.
Hierarchical Calcite Crystals with Occlusions of a Simple Polyelectrolyte Mimic Complex Biomineral Structures
Authors: Schenk Anna S. , Zlotnikov Igor , Pokroy Boaz , Gierlinger Notburga , Masic Admir , Zaslansky Paul , Fitch Andrew N. , Paris Oskar , Metzger Till H. , Cölfen Helmut , Fratzl Peter , Aichmayer Barbara
Published: July 2012

Biominerals are complex inorganic‐organic structures that often show excellent mechanical properties. Here a bio‐inspired study of a remarkably simple synthetic system is presented in which only one charged polymer additive (poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)) is able to induce hierarchical structuring of calcite similar to biominerals. The interaction of the negatively charged polymer with the nucleation and growth of the mineral, in particular via selective adsorption to internal and external (001) facets of the calcite lattice, implies structural features from the micrometer down to the nanometer level. The crystals exhibit a distinct rounded morphology and a controlled orientation. Moreover, the polymer molecules are occluded within the crystals with different concentrations in well‐defined regions. This leads to the induction of a mesoscale structure based on 100 nm sized mineral building blocks with granular substructure and rough surface, as well as small modifications of the crystallographic structure. Such a combination of hierarchically organized structural features has previously only been reported for biogenic calcite, which is typically grown in a complex process involving multiple organic additives. It is also shown that the organic occlusions in the calcite‐PSS hybrid crystals strongly affect the mechanical performance, as known for some biominerals.
Copper Carbenoid, Reactant and Catalyst for One‐Pot Diazo Ester Coupling Cascade Rearrangement of Enediynes: Formation of Two Contiguous Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters
Authors: Mondal Shovan , Nechab Malek , Campolo Damien , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Bertrand Michèle P.
Published: July 2012

The copper‐catalyzed reaction of enediynes with diazo esters leads to cyclic amino esters bearing two contiguous tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers through a one‐pot, five‐step cascade. Copper iodide catalyzes the formation of an intermediate 3‐alkynoate and copper carbenoid promotes its reversible isomerization to the corresponding allenoate. The alkynoate‐allenoate equilibrium is completely shifted to the right by the rapid consumption of the allenoate by Myers–Saito cyclization. This is followed by 1,5‐H atom transfer and recombination of the resulting biradical. Memory of chirality phenomenon explains the high enantioselectivity.
Hedonic Analysis of Apple Attributes in Metropolitan Markets of Western Canada
Authors: Carew Richard , Florkowski Wojciech J. , Smith Elwin G.
Published: July 2012

Over the last decade, the level of competition in the Canadian apple industry has been affected by growing competitive pressures from increasing imports and the availability of other fresh fruits. In response to intensifying competition, the industry has introduced new apple varieties that are more desirable to consumers in terms of eating quality and improve growers’ profitability. British Columbia (BC) apple sales data were employed to examine the implicit value of apple attributes for apples sold in several metropolitan areas of western Canada (Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg). Linear hedonic price functions were estimated to determine price premiums paid for newer varieties, higher grades, and larger fruit size. In addition, the price effects of cold storage and seasonality were considered because of their association with apple quality. Wholesale prices were significantly influenced by apple fruits of newer varieties, grades, fruit sizes, and metropolitan area. Wholesalers also distinguished between Canadian and BC grades of different varieties. Wholesale prices varied across urban centers; they were relatively higher in Winnipeg and Saskatoon than in Vancouver [EconLit Classifications: Q110, Q130].
A Large‐Scale SNP‐Based Genomic Admixture Analysis of the Captive Rhesus Macaque Colony at the California National Primate Research Center
Authors: KANTHASWAMY SREETHARAN , TRASK JESSICA SATKOSKI , ROSS CODY T. , KOU ALEX , HOUGHTON PAUL , SMITH DAVID G. , LERCHE NICK
Published: July 2012

Some breeding facilities in the United States have crossbred Chinese and Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) founders either purposefully or inadvertently. Genetic variation that reflects geographic origins among research subjects has the potential to influence experimental outcomes. The use of animals from different geographic regions, their hybrids, and animals of varying degrees of kinship in an experiment can obscure treatment effects under study because high interanimal genetic variance can increase phenotypic variance among the research subjects. The intent of this study, based on a broad genomic analysis of 2,808 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), is to ensure that only animals estimated to be of pure Indian or Chinese ancestry, based on both demographic and genetic information, are used as sources of infants for derivation and expansion of the California National Primate Research Center's (CNPRC) super‐Specific Pathogen Free (SSPF) rhesus macaque colony. Studies of short tandem repeats (STRs) in Indian and Chinese rhesus macaques have reported that heterozygosity of STRs is higher in Chinese rhesus macaques than in Indian rhesus macaques. The present study shows that heterozygosity of SNPs is actually higher in Indian than in Chinese rhesus macaques and that the Chinese SSPF rhesus macaque colony is far less differentiated from their founders compared to the Indian‐origin animals. The results also reveal no evidence of recent gene flow from long‐tailed and pig‐tailed macaques into the source populations of the SSPF rhesus macaques. This study indicates that many of the long‐tailed macaques held in the CNPRC are closely related individuals. Most polymorphisms shared among the captive rhesus, long‐tailed, and pig‐tailed macaques likely predate the divergence among these groups. Am. J. Primatol. 74:747‐757, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of MhcMafa‐DRB Alleles in a Cohort of Cynomolgus Macaques of Vietnamese Origin
Authors: LI WAI , WANG TAO , LING FEI , ZHAO HUA , WEI LIQIONG , ZHUO MIN , DU HONGLI , WANG XIAONING
Published: July 2012

Cynomolgus macaques have been used widely to build a research model of infectious and chronic diseases, as well as in transplantation studies, where disease susceptibility and/or resistance are associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). To better elucidate polymorphisms and genetic differences in the Mafa‐DRB locus, and facilitate the experimental use of cynomolgus macaques, we used pool screening combined with cloning and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products to characterize MhcMafa‐DRB gene alleles in 153 Vietnamese cynomolgus macaques. We identified 30 Mafa‐DRB alleles belonging to 17 allelic lineages, including four novel sequences that had not been documented in earlier reports. The highest frequency allele was Mafa‐DRB*W27:04, which was present in 7 of 35 (20%) monkeys. The next most frequent alleles were Mafa‐DRB*3:07 and Mafa‐DRB*W7:01, which were detected in 5 of 35 (14.3%) and 4 of 35 (11.4%) of the monkeys, respectively. The high‐frequency alleles in this Vietnamese population may be high priority targets for additional characterization of immune functions. Only the DRB1*03 and DRB1*10 lineages were also present in humans, whereas the remaining alleles were monkey‐specific lineages. We found 25 variable sites by aligning the deduced amino acid sequences of 29 identified alleles. Evolutionary and population analyses based on these sequences showed that human, rhesus, and cynomolgus macaques share several Mhc‐DRB lineages and the shared polymorphisms in the DRB region may be attributable to the existence of interbreeding between rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. This information will promote the understanding of MHC diversity and polymorphism in cynomolgus macaques and increase the value of this species as a model for biomedical research. Am. J. Primatol. 74:958‐966, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1‐(α‐Aminobenzyl)‐2‐naphthol as phosphine‐free ligand for Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki and one‐pot Wittig‐Suzuki reaction
Authors: Chaudhary A. R. , Bedekar A. V.
Published: July 2012

Air stable and easily accessible, 1‐(α‐aminobenzyl)‐2‐naphthols are used as efficient phosphine‐free ligands in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction for a variety of substrates under conventional heating as well as ultrasonic conditions. Multi‐brominated aromatic substrates were successfully converted to corresponding arylated moieties with good conversion and selectivity. A novel one‐pot two‐step cascade reaction strategy involving Wittig and Suzuki reactions is developed for efficient synthesis of 4‐styryl biphenyls (C6‐C2‐C6‐C6 unit). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of triazole ring‐containing pentol chain extender and its effect on the properties of hyperbranched polyurethane‐urea coatings
Authors: Priyanka K. G. , Mishra Aswini K. , Kantheti Sasidhar , Narayan Ramanuj , Raju K. V. S. N.
Published: July 2012

This article describes the synthesis and property evaluation of different hyperbranched polyurethane‐urea (HBPUU) coatings based on a newly synthesized triazole ring‐based pentol chain extender. For this initially, the chain extender was synthesized using acetylene azide click reaction and the structure of the intermediate compounds were confirmed by 1H‐, 13C‐NMR, FTIR, and ESI‐mass spectrometry. In the further steps, the required HBPUU coatings were prepared by a systematic three‐step reaction process. In the first step, a isocyanate terminated prepolymer resin was synthesized at NCO/OH ratio of 1.2 : 1, while the second and third step involves the partially chain extension followed by moisture curing. The excess NCO content in the prepolymer was calculated by standard dibutylamine titration method and partially (10, 20, 30, 50, and 70% of the excess NCO content) chain extended with the pentol chain extender and remaining was moisture cured. The structure property relation of different HBPUU coating films were analyzed by FTIR peak deconvulation technique using Gaussian curve fitting procedure while, their viscoelastic and thermo‐mechanical properties were measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetric, and universal testing machine instruments. These results showed that thermal stability, glass transition temperature (Tg), elongation at break increases but the storage and tensile modulus decreases with increasing the percent loading of the triazole chain extender. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Mitochondrial Division in Rat Cardiomyocytes: An Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Fujioka Hisashi , Tandler Bernard , Hoppel Charles L.
Published: July 2012

In cardiomyocytes of rats, two distinct mitochondrial division processes are in operation. The predominant process involves extension of a single crista until it spans the full width of a mitochondrion. Ingrowth of the outer membrane ultimately results in scission. The second division process involves “pinching,” in which narrowing of the organelle at specific surface locations leads to its attenuation. When limiting membranes from opposite sides meet, mitochondrial fission ensues. When pinching is the operative mode, elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum always are associated with the membrane constrictions. The nuclear control mechanisms that determine which modality of mitochondrial division will prevail are unknown. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trending Twitter topics in English: An international comparison
Authors: Wilkinson David , Thelwall Mike
Published: July 2012

The worldwide span of the microblogging service Twitter provides an opportunity to make international comparisons of trending topics of interest, such as news stories. Previous international comparisons of news interests have tended to use surveys and may bypass topics not well covered in the mainstream media. This study uses 9 months of English‐language Tweets from the United Kingdom, United States, India, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. Based upon the top 50 trending keywords in each country from the 0.5 billion Tweets collected, festivals or religious events are the most common, followed by media events, politics, human interest, and sports. U.S. trending topics have the most interest in the other countries and Indian trending topics the least. Conversely, India is the most interested in other countries’ trending topics and the United States the least. This gives evidence of an international hierarchy of perceived importance or relevance with some issues, such as the international interest in U.S. Thanksgiving celebrations, apparently not being directly driven by the media. This hierarchy echoes, and may be caused by, similar news coverage trends. Although the current imbalanced international news coverage does not seem to be out of step with public news interests, the political implication is that the Twitter‐using public reflects, and hence seems to implicitly accept, international imbalances in news media agenda setting rather than combating them. This is an issue for those believing that these imbalances make the media too powerful.
Menscheninduzierte Schwingungen: Methoden, Ansätze und Beispiele zur Bewertung der Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Bauwerken
Authors: Sadegh‐Azar Hamid , Wörndle Pierre
Published: July 2012

Menscheninduzierte Schwingungen von Baustrukturen sind kein neues Phänomen, gewinnen aber infolge immer höherer architektonischer Anforderungen (z. B. in Bezug auf Schlankheit) und Gebrauchstauglichkeitsanforderungen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Insbesondere beim Bau von Konzertsälen, Stadien, Turn‐ und Sporthallen, Fußgängerbrücken und anderen leichten Konstruktionen ist die Beurteilung des Schwingungsverhaltens ein nicht zu vernachlässigender Bestandteil der gesamten Bemessung. Durch Menschen angeregte Schwingungen (z. B. durch Gehen, Wippen, Hüpfen und Springen) können bei diesen Bauwerken die Gebrauchstauglichkeit und ggf. sogar die Tragsicherheit empfindlich beeinträchtigen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist das Aufzeigen der theoretischen Grundlagen einer menscheninduzierten Anregung sowie der Beurteilungsmöglichkeiten für Gebrauchstauglichkeit und Tragsicherheit, insbesondere für Tribünen und dem hier maßgebenden Lastfall “Hüpfen”. Dies wird für ein konkretes Beispiel aus der Praxis angewendet. Für die Abschätzung der menscheninduzierten Lasten und der zu erwartenden Schwingungen wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren aus dem Erdbebeningenieurwesen adaptiert, welches hier vorgestellt und diskutiert wird.

Human‐induced Vibrations: Methods, procedures and examples for the assessment of structural serviceability

Human‐induced vibrations are not a new phenomenon for building structures, but due to increasing architectonical and serviceability requirements (e.g. with respect to slenderness) their influence and importance are growing. In particular, for the construction of concert halls, stadiums, gymnasiums and sports halls, pedestrian bridges and other slender and light structures the assessment and evaluation of the vibrational behavior is an essential part of the overall design. Human‐induced vibrations (e.g. by walking, swaying, hopping and jumping) in these buildings can affect the serviceability, and even the structural safety. The intension of this paper is to point out the theoretical basis and the methods and procedures for the evaluation of structural serviceability and safety for human induced vibrations, especially for stand structures and the corresponding dominant load case “jumping”. Also the application of these methods and procedures is demonstrated on a practical example. For the estimation of expected vibrations and human‐induced loads, a simplified procedure, which originates from earthquake engineering, has been developed. This procedure and its application are presented and discussed.