bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 217–224 (May/June 2008)  In vivo spectrophotometric evaluation of skin barrier recovery after topical application of soybean phytosterols
Authors: Puglia C. , Bonina F.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

The skin's uppermost thin layer, stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against unwanted influences from the environment. Disruption of the stratum corneum, by tape stripping or chemical injury, results in epidermal recovery of the skin barrier. Soy phytosterols are widely used in the cosmetic field as active ingredients in creams and lipsticks. Furthermore, they deserve an important place among nutracosmeceuticals; in fact, after their absorption from the diet they are transferred from the plasma to the skin, playing an important role in the constitution of skin surface lipids. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the topical application of soybean phytosterols on skin barrier recovery in human volunteers using the extent of methyl nicotinate (MN)‐induced erythema in damaged skin as a parameter to evaluate the rate of stratum corneum recovery. MN was chosen as an erythematogenous substance for its capability to cause an erythema whose intensity and duration are proportional to the quantity of the substance that has entered the living epidermis over time. MN‐induced erythema was monitored using reflectance spectrophotometry as a non‐invasive instrumental technique. The results show clearly that soy phytosterols exert positive results on skin repair; in fact, 3 days after tape stripping, the sites treated with a formulation containing phytosterols showed an appreciable recovery of barrier function compared to those treated with a vehicle control without soy phytosterols.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 225–232 (May/June 2008) AFM capabilities in characterization of particles and surfaces: from angstroms to microns*
Authors: Starostina N. , Brodsky M. , Prikhodko S. , Hoo C. M. , Mecartney M. L. , West P.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), invented 25 years ago, is now routinely employed as a surface characterization technique. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the most widely used form of SPM, since AFM can be used in ambient conditions with minimal sample preparation. Examples of applications relevant to cosmetics include, but are not limited to, hair and skin roughness measurements and powder particle and nano‐emulsion characterization. AFM is well suited for individual particle characterization, especially for measurements of volume, height, size, shape, aspect ratio, and particle surface morphology. Statistical distributions for a large set of particles can be generated through single‐particle analysis techniques (i.e. ensemble‐like information). AFM is better capable of resolving complex particle‐size distributions than dynamic light‐scattering (DLS). Single‐particle analysis techniques with AFM can be more cost‐and time‐effective than analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, AFM offers resolution that is comparable to or greater than SEM or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and routinely allows direct measurements of the particle height and volume and produces images easily displayed in a quantified 3D format.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 233–242 (May/June 2008)  Electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol) fiber mats as carriers for extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen
Authors: Opanasopit P. , Ruktanonchai U. , Suwantong O. , Panomsuk S. , Ngawhirunpat T. , Sittisombut C. , Suksamran T. , Supaphol P.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

Electrospinning is a process used to produce ultrafine fibers with diameters in the nanometer range. Electrospun fiber mats have high potentials for biomedical uses, due to their high surface area and ease of drug incorporation into the fibers. They can be used as carriers for drug delivery and can enhance drug release and skin permeability. The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun fiber mats and to incorporate extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen. Anti‐oxidant activity and extract release were determined and compared between the extract incorporated in the electrospun fiber mats and in the cast films. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was selected as the polymer matrix. Extracts in the amount of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w, based on the weight of PVA, were incorporated with 10% w/w PVA to finally obtain electrospun fiber mats and cast films. The extract content was evaluated by anti‐oxidative activity using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1picryhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The morphology of the electrospun fiber mats was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the diameters of the fibers were in nanoscales and that no crystal of the extract was found at any concentration of the extract. The extract contents in the electrospun fiber mats prepared at 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of the extract were 9.6%, 9.7%, and 10.8% of the initial loading concentration, respectively, whereas, those in the cast films were 23.9%, 14.5%, and 21.0%, respectively. The release of the extract from the electrospun fiber mats prepared at 2.5%, 5%, and 10% w/w of the extract at 120 min were 73.2%, 83.6%, and 81.3% w/w, respectively. However, much slower release from the cast films was observed (i.e. 4.3%, 29.1%, and 40.8% w/w, respectively).
Design and application of a screening and training protocol for odour testers in the field of personal care products
Authors: Maxeiner B. , Ennen J. , Rützel‐Grünberg S. , Traupe B. , Wittern K.‐P. , Schmucker R. , Keyhani R.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

The assessment of odours and in particular of human axillary odour is an integral part of the research and development of deodorant and anti‐perspirant products. One method to perform odour assessment is the odour evaluation that is carried out by experts, designated as odour testers or sniffers. Product development decisions are therefore based on human assessment. As for every scientific measurement, the influencing factors need to be standardized or regularly calibrated as effectively as possible for reasons of quality assurance. We therefore developed a screening and training concept aiming to examine the general suitability of odour testers by determining the individual odour sensitivity for relevant odours. This newly developed method is based on the national and international standards and guidelines EN 13725:2003, VDI 3882 sheet 1 and ASTM‐1207. Suitable odour testers are subsequently trained to correlate their individual odour intensity perception with an intensity calibration scale in order to achieve reproducible results. Training sessions held on a regular basis help to achieve a greater homology in the response of an existing panel. Our established screening and training protocol has already been successfully put into practice and is also subject to permanent improvement with regard to practical requirements.
Combined structural and biological activities for new polyunsaturated fatty derivatives obtained by biotechnological process
Authors: Couturier L. , Yvergnaux F.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of new polyunsaturated fatty derivatives for cutaneous applications. These new compounds present an analogue structure of cutaneous lipid, stabilize the polyunsaturated fatty acids (face to oxidation) and demonstrate specific biological activities. Three molecules described are Omega 6 fatty acid stabilized compound (O6FASC), the O3FASC and the O9FASC. The derivatives are synthesized via the same biotechnological process. This work describes the choice of final structure, the design of the biotechnological process and the free solvent enzymatic synthesis used for the synthesis of these three cutaneous lipid analogues. The restructuring effect of such analogues has been demonstrated with an in vivo study on volunteers. The stabilization of the O3FASC and O6FASC, and the biological activities of these three compounds are presented. The O6FASC shows very good results in anti‐inflammatory effects; the O3FASC has anti‐stress activities, whereas the O9FASC presents interesting results in improving elasticity and firmness. All these activity tests are presented in this work.
Antioxidant capacity of 3D human skin EpiDermTM model: effects of skin moisturizers
Authors: Grazul‐Bilska A. T. , Bilski J. J. , Redmer D. A. , Reynolds L. P. , Abdullah K. M. , Abdullah A.
Published: May 2009

Synopsis

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of skin moisturizers on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of human skin using EpiDermTM model. Three different skin moisturizers containing antioxidant ingredients (samples 1–3) or aloe vera extract were topically applied to EpiDermTM units and incubated for 2 and 24 h to determine acute and longer‐term effects of applied samples on TAC and glutathione peroxidase activity in medium and/or homogenized skin tissues. Total antioxidant capacity in medium and skin homogenates was enhanced (P < 0.0001) by gel containing antioxidant ingredients (sample 2) after 2 and 24 h of incubation. Total antioxidant capacity in medium was also enhanced (P < 0.001) by cream containing antioxidant ingredients (sample 3) after 24 h of incubation. Overall, TAC in medium was greater (P < 0.02) after 24 h than 2 h of incubation. Skin moisturizer cream with high antioxidant levels determined by using oxygen radical absorbance capacity testing (sample 1) and aloe vera extract did not affect TAC. Glutathione peroxidase activity was enhanced (P < 0.0001) in medium and skin homogenates by sample 2 but not by any other sample. These data demonstrate high potential of gel and cream (samples 2 and 3) containing antioxidant ingredients in enhancing antioxidant capacity of EpiDermTM which will likely contribute to overall skin health. Results of this experiment will help to better understand mechanisms of effects of skin moisturizers containing antioxidant ingredients on skin function at the tissue level and to establish effective strategies for skin protection and clinical treatments of skin disorders and possibly healing wounds.
Design and evaluation of a photoprotective compound able to release taurine under conditions of oxidative stress
Authors: Lafitte P. , Valenti Lionel , Casciani Lydia , Hoarau Thierry , Lomonte E. , Maccario Frédéric , Nicola Jean‐François
Published: May 2009

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (2) 105–112

Abstract:  A novel photoprotective ingredient with anti‐oxidant and electrophilic scavenging properties was designed. A structure–activity relationship study was conducted in order to optimize its bioavailability, specifically its ability to reach deep layers of the skin that may be affected by ultraviolet radiation‐induced oxidative stress. A particular characteristic of this compound is its ability to release taurine upon reaction with some reactive oxygen species. In situ taurine formation may contribute to photoprotection. Preliminary in vitro experiments provide some evidence for effective protection against UVA‐induced oxidative stress. Scavenging of the electrophilic species 4‐hydroxynonenal, a highly cytotoxic end product of membrane lipid peroxidation, seems to be 2‐oxo‐1,3‐thiazolidine major photoprotective mechanism.

Keywords:  antioxidant, electrophilic species scavenging, photoprotection, structure‐activity relationship, taurine

Paper presented at the IFSCC Conference 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
No. 1  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 185–200, 2008  A tentative mechanism of oxidative dyeing for keratin fibers
Authors: Joko K. , Yoshikatsu Y.
Published: May 2009

A number of papers have been published on the oxidation coupling reactions of the active intermediate of a dye precursor with an electron‐rich dye coupler. At the present stage, however, little information is available about the oxidative reaction mechanism to colored oxidation products and the dye distribution inside the keratin fibers. From the results of dyeing in the presence of both reducing agent and chelate agent, we found that the coupling reaction developing oxidation dyes occurred on the outer surface in the cuticle cell phase, and that not only the cell membrane complex (CMC) regions play an important role as accumulation regions of the finished dye, but also the components of CMC contribute directly to the oxidation coupling reactions. Furthermore, we suggested from the other results that the metal ions and disulphide bond presented primarily within the intercellular materials play an important role in developing the colored oxidation dye. Then, on the basis of the general scheme of the oxidation dye process, we proposed a tentative mechanistic scheme of oxidative dyeing to account for the oxidation dying phenomenon of keratin fibers. The scheme is made up of four step‐reactions.

Keywords:  oxidation dye, oxidative dyeing, precursor, coupler, active intermediate, keratin fiber, chelate agent, cell membrane complex, intercellular materials, metal ion, disulphide bond
No. 2  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 201–217, 2008  Enhancing facial beauty: diminishing tension‐caused forehead wrinkles through upper back massage
Authors: Oba A. , Sato C. , Takahashi K. , Futagawa M.
Published: May 2009

The organs and tissues of the human body function together, and many women know that facial skin quality can be influenced by the condition of other areas. From the perspective of esthetics, the condition of other tissues and organs can have significant impact on facial skin. In our lives, increasing numbers of people experience pain and discomfort in the neck and shoulder region; this study investigates the effects of neck/shoulder pain and discomfort on facial beauty, and demonstrates that facial beauty can be improved by alleviating this pain and discomfort. Shoulder pain and discomfort are correlated to increased shoulder muscle stiffness, increased tension in the frontalis muscle (a muscle of facial expression in the forehead, and forehead wrinkling. We show that body massage aimed at alleviating muscle tension in the neck and upper back alleviate frontalis muscle tension and improve forehead wrinkles. Since other non‐facial factors are likely to affect facial beauty, our results show that measures to make the face beautiful and healthy‐looking involve the entire body.

Keywords:  facial beauty, non‐facial factors, entire body, neck/shoulder pain and discomfort, shoulder muscle stiffness, frontalis muscle tension, forehead wrinkles, body massage aimed at alleviating muscle tension
No. 3  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 218–225, 2008  Optimizing performance of makeup products by controlling surface free energy
Authors: Toyoda T. , Iyanagi H. , Mohri K. , Nakamae K.
Published: May 2009

We investigated the use of Surface Free Energy (SFE) measurements, describing coherence between surfaces of two solids, in evaluation of affinity between skin surface and foundation, a possible predictor of makeup longevity. We found that the gp values of skin varied significantly among subjects. After discovering that the SFE values of most available conventional foundation products were very different from that of skin, specially formulated experimental foundations with SFE values close to that of the skin surface were prepared using conventional powder ingredients and novel powder ingredients coated with polyethylene glycol. In our usage tests, the SFE‐controlled foundations demonstrated superior performance to that of conventional foundations and most of subjects preferred the SFE‐controlled foundations. Examination with a digital microscope revealed that SFE‐controlled foundations adhered evenly all over the skin surface, while conventional foundations tended to localize on the skin surface, offering support to the usage test result.

Keywords:  surface free energy, contact angle, adherability, skin properties, surface treatment, makeup foundation
No. 4  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 226–230, 2008  Development of longwearing lipstick using inorganic‐organic hybrid aggregate
Authors: Baba Y. , Kawamukai H. , Matsui Y. , Igarashi T. , Nakamura F. , Shibata M.
Published: May 2009

As a popular method for longwearing lipsticks, self‐organizing polymers [e.g. glyceryl ether modified dimethicone (GE)], which can form a gel with a small amount of water are used. However, these polymers have the defect that they tend to inhibit the dispersibility of pigments, especially in a lipstick containing a large amount of liquid isoparaffin that has high moisturizing properties. In this study, the compatibility of the longwearing property and the high dispersibility of pigments in isoparaffin‐rich lipstick has been investigated. The introduction of alkyl chain moieties to the GE structure markedly improved the pigment dispersibility. However, random copolymerization type structure inhibited the longwearing properties. On the other hand, the introduction of an alkyl chain to the both ends of GE did not affect the longwearing properties. For further improvement of the pigment dispersibility, fine silica particles were investigated as a dispersant. The compatibility of longwearing properties and good dispersibility of pigments was achieved with silica particles. TEM observation and 1H‐NMR measurement revealed that GE was absorbed on silica particles and the silica formed a network in the lipstick composition. We assume that this organic‐inorganic hybrid aggregate has no adverse effect on the properties of pigments in the lipstick, hence no flocculation of pigments occurs.

Keywords:  longwearing lipstick, polymer, pigment, dispersibility, fine particle silica, glyceryl ether modified dimethicone, moisturizing properties, organic‐inorganic hybrid aggregate, alkyl chain
No. 5  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 231‐236, 2008  Establishment of ex vivo stratum corneum lipid ordering analysis by electron spin resonance
Authors: Yagi E. , Nakagawa K. , Sakamoto K.
Published: May 2009

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra have been used for studying stratum corneum (SC) lipid ordering. Order parameter S obtained from ESR spectra is a good index for evaluating the fluidity of SC lipids in vitro. However, the method for evaluation of ex vivo SC lipids has not been established. A glass plate using a cyanoacrylate resin was used to strip the SC lipids. A single‐chain aliphatic spin probe, 5‐Doxylstearic acid (5‐DSA), was used. The SC samples were incubated in the 0.001% 5‐DSA in a 0.1% ethanolic aqueous solution for 60 min at 37°C. After the incubation, the excess spin probe was removed with distilled water, and then an ESR glass holder with the incubated SC sample was mounted in the ESR cavity. The newly designed ESR glass holder improved accuracy and reproducibility of sample preparations as well as ESR measurements. In conclusion, we have optimized the preparation method of ex vivo SC specimen and established accurate ex vivo ESR analyses of SC lipid ordering.

Keywords:  stratum corneum, lipid ordering, electron spin resonance, ESR, 5‐Doxylstearic acid, 5‐DSA, order parameter, SC, spin probe
Efficacy of oral naltrexone on pruritus in atopic eczema: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Malekzad F , Arbabi M , Mohtasham N , Toosi P , Jaberian M , Mohajer M , Mohammadi MR , Roodsari MR , Nasiri S
Published: May 2009

Aim  The intent of our study was to determine the efficacy of oral naltrexone, an opiod antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in patients with chronic eczema.

Methods  This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study recruited 38 patients with eczema complaining from pruritus. Pruritus scores were evaluated. Patients were given placebo (n = 20) or naltrexone 50 mg (n = 18) for 2 weeks period. During the study, pruritus scores based on visual analogue scale system (VAS) were assessed three times: at the start of study, after 1 week, and after 2 weeks.

Results  In both groups, decreased VAS scores were observed, but naltrexone showed to be significantly more effective than placebo in decreasing VAS score after 1 week (P < 0.005) and 2 weeks (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  Naltrexone is more effective than placebo in the treatment of pruritus in patient with eczema. Naltrexone might be considered as an adjunct treatment in the treatment of pruritus. However, further studies in this aspect are highly fostered.

Conflicts of interest

This study and the authors were not supported by any company with a vested interest in the product being studied and the project was funded by Skin Research Center.
Behavioural Bias and Conflicts of Interest in Analyst Stock Recommendations
Authors: Mokoaleli‐Mokoteli Thabang , Taffler Richard J. , Agarwal Vineet
Published: May 2009

Abstract: This paper tests whether sell‐side analysts are prone to behavioural errors when making stock recommendations as well as the impact of investment banking relationships on their judgments. In particular, we analyse their report narratives for evidence of cognitive bias. We find first that new buy recommendations on average have no investment value whereas new sell recommendations do, and take time to be assimilated by the market. We also show that new buy recommendations are distinguished from new sells both by the level of analyst optimism and representativeness bias as well as with increased conflicts of interest. Successful new buy recommendations are characterised by lower prior returns, value stock status, smaller firms and weaker investment banking relationships. On the other hand, successful new sells do not differ from their unsuccessful counterparts in terms of these measures. As such, we provide evidence that analysts are prone both to behavioural bias as well as potential conflicts of interest in their new buy stock recommendation decisions. We also show that these two explanations of analyst behaviour are to a great extent independent of each other. Consequently, the recent attempts by regulators to address potential conflicts of interest in analyst behaviour may have only limited impact.
An International Analysis of Dividend Payment Behavior
Authors: Ferris Stephen P. , Sen Nilanjan , Unlu Emre
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  This study investigates patterns in dividend payment across nine common law and sixteen civil law countries over 1994‐2007. We begin by examining whether the recent decline in the number of dividend payers is solely a US phenomenon or part of a more global trend. We find that at the beginning of our sample period, 72% of our sample firms pay dividends, but by 2007, this percentage decreases to 55%, with the decline more acute in common law countries. Our analysis further shows that the growing incidence of non‐dividend paying firms can be explained by an increase in the percentage of firms that have never paid dividends. We find that common law firms are less likely to initiate new dividend programs than those in civil law nations, although they tend to have more abundant growth opportunities. We further establish that this global decline in the propensity to pay dividends is more pronounced in firms incorporated in common law jurisdictions. Finally, we find that both the percentage increase in aggregate dividends and the dividend payout ratio is higher in civil law countries.
The Role of Collateral in Entrepreneurial Finance
Authors: Han Liang , Fraser Stuart , Storey David J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Previous research has suggested collateral has the role of sorting entrepreneurs either by observed risk or by private information. In order to test these roles, this paper develops a model which incorporates a signalling process (sorting by observed risk) into the design of an incentive‐compatible menu of loan contracts which works as a self‐selection mechanism (sorting by private information). It then tests this Sorting by Signalling and Self‐Selection Model, using the 1998 US Survey of Small Business Finances. It reports for the first time that: high type entrepreneurs are more likely to pledge collateral and pay a lower interest rate; and entrepreneurs who transfer good signals enjoy better contracts than those transferring bad signals. These findings suggest that the Sorting by Signalling and Self‐Selection Model sheds more light on entrepreneurial debt finance than either the sorting‐by‐observed‐risk or the sorting‐by‐private information paradigms on their own.
Scale Effects in Capital Markets‐Based Accounting Research
Authors: Barth Mary E. , Clinch Greg
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Based on data simulated using a modified Ohlson (1995) valuation model, we investigate effects on inferences of five potential scale‐related effects: multiplicative and additive omitted scale factors, scale‐varying coefficients, survivorship, and heteroscedasticity. We find that diagnostics identified in prior research are not successful in detecting or distinguishing these scale effects. Thus, we investigate the effectiveness at mitigating scale effects of six specifications of regressions of equity market value on equity book value and earnings: undeflated, share‐deflated, equity book value‐deflated, lagged price‐deflated, returns, and equity market value‐deflated. For each specification, we compare frequency of correct rejection that the coefficients equal zero, coefficient bias and absolute error, and regression explanatory power. We find that share‐deflated and undeflated specifications generally perform the best, regardless of the type of scale effect.
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS IN BRITAIN, 1895–1941
Authors: Tily Geoff
Published: May 2009

This history of National Accounts in Britain is done with two specific considerations in mind. First, the role of the economist John Maynard Keynes—as theoretician, compiler, supporter and user—is addressed. This role is substantial and has been greatly misunderstood or misrepresented by a large part of the literature. Second, the pioneering contributions made at the start of the 20th century by Alfred Flux, Arthur Bowley and Josiah Stamp, and later by Colin Clark, are detailed. The debates between these men mark the emergence of National Accounts as a serious discipline. Their work was supported by the earlier theoretical contributions of Alfred Marshall, and by practical developments, in particular the instigation of a Census of Production in 1907. Taken together, the two considerations tell a good part of the story of the emergence of National Accounting on the world stage.
Soil alteration due to erosion, ploughing and levelling of vineyards in north east Spain
Authors: Martínez‐Casasnovas J. A. , Concepción Ramos M.
Published: May 2009

Since the 1970s and 1980s, the vineyard areas in the Mediterranean region of north east Spain have undergone profound transformation to allow greater mechanization. This has involved land levelling, deep ploughing and the elimination of traditional soil conservation measures. Recently the EU Common Agricultural Policy encourages this through the vineyard restructuring and conversion plans (Commission Regulation EC No 1227/2000 of 31 May 2000) by subsidizing up to 50% of the cost of soil preparation such as soil movement and land levelling. A clear example of the problems that this causes is in the Penedès vineyard region (Catalonia, north east Spain), and the present research analyses the changes in soil properties caused by erosion, deep ploughing and land levelling. The study was carried out in an area of 30 000 ha for which a Soil Information System at a scale of 1:50 000 was developed based on 394 field observations (89 soil profiles and 251 auger hole samples down to 120 cm). The results show that 74% of the described soil profiles are disturbed with evidence of soil mixing and/or profile truncation due to erosion, deep ploughing and/or land levelling. The evidence from the topsoils is mainly the presence of fragments of calcic or petrocalcic horizons, marls and sandstones. Other important properties for crops such as organic matter (OM) content and soil depth show statistically significant differences between disturbed soils and undisturbed soils (22.3–33.3% OM content depletion and 35.1% soil depth reduction). These results confirm that the soils of the region are significantly altered by mechanical operations which also influence soil erosion and contribute to global warming effect through depletion of soil OM.
Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems
Authors: Dhillon S. K. , Dhillon K. S.
Published: May 2009

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in the seleniferous region of northwestern India from 2001 to 2006 to evaluate the efficiency of four cropping systems in removing Se from contaminated soil containing 2843–4345 μg Se per kg in the surface layer (0–15 cm). Rapeseed (Brassica napus) followed by arhar (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) or cotton (Gossypium arboretum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by rice (Oryza sativa) were the four cropping systems. The total biomass generated by Brassica‐based systems ranged from 16 to 21 t/ha when harvested at maturity. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice sequence were 22–26 t/ha. Among the different crops at both the experimental sites, the highest Se content was recorded in leaves (157–209 mg/kg), grains (64–201 mg/kg) and stems (42–93 mg/kg) of Brassica and the lowest in the shoots (10–27 mg/kg), grains (5–13 mg/kg) and straw (13–20 mg/kg) of the rice crop. Except for S and P, concentrations of other nutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) were not significantly affected by variations in the Se content of plants. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between Se and S (r = 0.838, P ≤ 0.001), Se and P (r = 0.817, P ≤ 0.001) at the peak flowering stage (n = 16), and r = 0.743, P ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.498, P ≤ 0.05, respectively, at the maturity stage (n = 16). Total Se removal through harvested biomass of rapeseed‐based cropping sequences varied from 716 to 1374 g/ha/yr at peak flowering and 736–949 g/ha/yr at the maturity stage. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice system were 435–492 and 370–517 g/ha/yr, respectively. The amount of Se recycled through leaf senescence ranged from 255 to 500 g/ha/yr for Brassica‐based cropping systems. In the wheat–rice system, Se addition through irrigation varied from 170 to 243 g/ha/yr and was three to four times more than that added in Brassica‐based systems. On completion of the phytoremediation experiments at site I, Se removal through harvested biomass at maturity was 1.7–5.1% of total Se in the soil down to a depth of 120 cm and 4.8–13.2% at site II. Analysis showed that Se losses under different crop rotations were 18.5–24.5% at site I and 21–33% at site II of total soil Se. Thus, at both sites 16–20% of total Se lost from the soil was unexplained. Results show that Brassica‐based cropping systems lead to significant reductions in Se capital of contaminated soil over 2–3 years. Although a long‐term commitment is required, adoption of Brassica‐based systems as a regular agricultural practice must lead to sustainable management of seleniferous soils.
Estimation and analysis of soil hydraulic properties through infiltration experiments: comparison of BEST and DL fitting methods
Authors: Xu X. , Kiely G. , Lewis C.
Published: May 2009

The BEST method (Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters through infiltration experiments) appears promising and easy to estimate not only saturated hydraulic conductivity but also water retention and hydraulic characteristics. However, few tests have been conducted to test the methodology. This study involved field BEST infiltration experiments for three layers (surface, 15 and 30 cm) for each of three soils with different soil textures under grassland. By comparing BEST with DL (differentiated linearization method), we found that the DL method did not produce a good estimate of the soil hydraulic properties and neither did it identify the transient flow state. The BEST method resulted in reasonable results and is therefore promising. However, with BEST we encountered some anomalies when calculating hydraulic properties in some cases with too few data points under the transient flow state. We show that the application of BEST field experiments requires a wide range of soil water content from initial to saturated states so as to include sufficient transient flow. The soil hydraulic properties determined using the BEST method showed contrasting characteristics between different soil textures with higher saturated hydraulic conductivity under coarse texture and lower values under loam textures, especially with highly compacted soils. Vertical variation in soil hydraulic properties was significant, and the surface layer had a lower saturated hydraulic conductivity partly caused by compaction (high bulk density) or by remnants of grass plants. Further research on the effects of compaction and grass plants on soil hydraulic properties is needed.
Carbon stocks in Scottish peatlands
Authors: Chapman S. J. , Bell J. , Donnelly D. , Lilly A.
Published: May 2009

Various estimates have suggested that the peatlands of Scotland are a significant deposit of fixed carbon. However, these have been based upon rather imprecise estimates of peat depth. Using previously unused archived data, we have mapped peat depth across the country and then used these values to obtain an improved value of the total carbon stock within peatlands, as well as indicating their spatial distribution. We included peat deposits that occur in combination with other soils in soil map units other than ‘blanket’ or ‘basin’ peat. We obtained an area‐weighted mean peat depth of 2.0 m, which is slightly shallower than previous estimates. Using values of bulk density and % carbon from the Scottish soils database, the total peatland carbon stock came to 1620 Mt, which represents 56% of the total carbon in all Scottish soils.
DISTRIBUTIONALLY‐SENSITIVE INEQUALITY INDICES AND THE GB2 INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Jenkins Stephen P.
Published: May 2009

The Generalized Beta of the Second Kind (GB2) income distribution provides an excellent description of income distributions. However the degree of inequality implied by GB2 parameter estimates is typically summarized using the Gini coefficient only. This paper provides formulae for the Generalized Entropy class of inequality indices for GB2 distributions, thereby providing a full range of top‐sensitive and bottom‐sensitive measures. The usefulness of having a portfolio of distributionally‐sensitive indices is demonstrated using GB2‐based estimates of British income inequality in 1994/95 and 2004/05.
HOW HOUSEHOLD PORTFOLIOS EVOLVE AFTER RETIREMENT: THE EFFECT OF AGING AND HEALTH SHOCKS
Authors: Coile Courtney , Milligan Kevin
Published: May 2009

We study how the portfolios of U.S. households evolve after retirement, using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). In particular, we investigate the influence of aging and health shocks on a household's ownership of various assets and on the share of total assets held in each asset class. We find that households decrease their ownership of principal residences, vehicles, financial assets, businesses, and real estate as they age, while increasing the share of assets held in liquid assets and time deposits. We find that widowhood and other health shocks are associated with the same kinds of portfolio changes, and that the effect of shocks strengthens with time since the shock. Finally, we show that the effect of a shock is greatly magnified when households have physical or mental impairments. This suggests that factors other than standard risk and return considerations weigh heavily in many older households' portfolio decisions.
WHERE IS THE MISSING CREDIT CARD DEBT? CLUES AND IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Zinman Jonathan
Published: May 2009

I create comparable estimates of aggregate credit card use based on household data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and industry data. The two sources match up well on credit card charges and fairly well on account totals. But the SCF always yields much lower estimates of revolving debt. My estimated lower bound for the discrepancy in 2004 is half of the revolving credit card debt total implied by industry data. There is no obvious source for this remaining discrepancy and some evidence that the discrepancy has grown over time. Such growth is worrisome because it parallels substantial changes in credit card use and in the pool of credit card users, suggesting that the discrepancy could be driven by household underreporting that is correlated with unobserved heterogeneity. This correlation could confound inference on the relationship between credit card borrowing and outcomes of interest like household financial condition, consumption paths, and portfolio choice. Given this possibility it is critical to continue developing evidence on whether and why household surveys undercount credit card borrowing.
VEGFR2+PDGFRβ+ circulating precursor cells participate in capillary restoration after hyperoxia acute lung injury (HALI)
Authors: Jones Rosemary , Capen Diane E. , Jacobson Margaretha , Cohen Kenneth S. , Scadden David T. , Duda Dan G.
Published: May 2009

The in vivo morphology and phenotype of circulating cells that spontaneously contribute to new vessel formation in adults remain unclear. Here, we use high‐resolution imaging and flow cytometry to characterize the morphology and phenotype of a distinct population of circulating mononuclear cells contributing to spontaneous new vessel formation after hyperoxia acute lung injury (HALI). We identify a subpopulation of myeloid (CD11b/Mac1+) haematopoietic cells co‐expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ). Moreover, we show that these CD11b+VEGFR2+PDGFRβ+ circulating precursor cells (CPCs) contribute structurally to the luminal surface of capillaries re‐forming 2 weeks post‐HALI. This indicates that these myeloid CPCs may function, at least transiently, as putative vascular precursors, and has important implications for capillary growth and repair in injury and in pathologies of the lung and other organs.
Fluid flow after resin‐composite restoration in extracted carious teeth
Authors: Banomyong Danuchit , Palamara Joseph E. A. , Messer Harold H. , Burrow Michael F.
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate fluid flow in dentin after restoration of carious teeth with resin composite bonded with a total‐etching adhesive, with or without glass‐ionomer cement lining. The roots of extracted third molars were removed and the crowns were connected to a fluid flow‐measuring device. Each carious lesion was stained with caries detector dye and caries was removed using slow‐speed burs and spoon excavators. Caries‐excavated teeth were divided into two groups for restoration with resin composite bonded with a total‐etch adhesive: (i) without lining; and (ii) lined with glass‐ionomer cement before bonding. In non‐carious teeth, cavities of similar dimensions were prepared, divided into two groups, and restored in the same manner. Fluid flow was recorded, after restoration, for up to 1 month. Caries‐affected dentin was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the bonded interfaces were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope. No significant difference in fluid flow was observed between the two restorative procedures or between the carious and non‐carious groups. The SEM images showed that the dentinal tubules of acid‐etched, caries‐affected dentin were usually still occluded, while some were patent. Limited penetration of fluorescent dye into dentin and into the bonded interfaces of restored carious teeth was observed.
Effects of toothbrushing force on the mineral content and demineralized organic matrix of eroded dentine
Authors: Ganss Carolina , Hardt Martin , Blazek David , Klimek Joachim , Schlueter Nadine
Published: May 2009

Eroded dentine has a complex histological structure, and its organic fraction becomes increasingly exposed as a result of the continual action of acids. The present study sought to investigate the effects of brushing forces up to 4 N on mineralized and organic dentine fractions. The study was a cyclic demineralization and remineralization experiment (carried out over 9 d). Erosion was performed with HCl (6 × 2 min d−1), pH 1.6. Samples exposed to erosion alone served as controls; test samples were eroded and brushed with a powered toothbrush (2 × 15 s d−1), applying forces of 2, 3, or 4 N. Samples were analysed (using profilometry and longitudinal microradiography) before and after the removal of superficial organic material with collagenase. Randomly selected samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopy. Demineralized organic material was present on all samples regardless of brushing force. Loss values (determined using profilometry) after erosion only, and after brushing with forces of 2, 3, and 4 N, were 11.7 ± 5.1, 13.6 ± 11.2, 30.7 ± 19.0, and 25.5 ± 20.3, respectively, before treatment with collagenase, and 111.7 ± 11.6, 122.0 ± 11.8, 121.9 ± 15.7, and 123.0 ± 12.0, respectively, after treatment with collagenase. Microradiography confirmed the results. Significant effects of brushing force were only found on the demineralized organic fraction, and mineral loss was unaffected. The notion that eroded dentine is particularly prone to abrasion should be reconsidered.
Redistribution of small GTP‐binding protein, Rab27B, in rat parotid acinar cells after stimulation with isoproterenol
Authors: Imai Akane , Yoshie Sumio , Nashida Tomoko , Fukuda Mitsunori , Shimomura Hiromi
Published: May 2009

Small GTP‐binding protein, Rab27, has been implicated in the regulation of different types of membrane trafficking, including melanosome transport in melanocytes and regulated secretion events in a wide variety of secretory cells. We have previously shown that Rab27 is involved in the control of isoproterenol (IPR)‐induced amylase release from rat parotid acinar cells. Although Rab27 is predominantly localized on secretory granules under resting conditions, changes to its intracellular localization after β‐stimulation have never been elucidated. The present study investigated IPR‐induced redistribution of Rab27B in the parotid acinar cells, revealing translocation from secretory granules to the subapical region after 5 min of IPR treatment and then diffusion into the cytosol after 30 min of IPR treatment. Dissociation of Rab27B from the apical plasma membrane is probably mediated through the Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) in the cytosol extracting GDP‐bound Rab protein from membranes, as a dramatic increase in the amount of the Rab27B–GDI complex in the cytosol was observed 30 min after stimulation with IPR. These results indicate that, in parotid acinar cells, Rab27B is translocated, in a time‐dependent manner, from secretory granules into the apical plasma membrane as a result of exposure to IPR, and then into the cytosol through binding with the GDI.
Healing of extraction sockets in collagenase‐2 (matrix metalloproteinase‐8)‐deficient mice
Authors: Korpi Jarkko T. , Åström Pirjo , Lehtonen Niko , Tjäderhane Leo , Kallio‐Pulkkinen Soili , Siponen Maria , Sorsa Timo , Pirilä Emma , Salo Tuula
Published: May 2009

Matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) participates in skin wound healing and inflammation. We hypothesized that MMP‐8 plays a role in wound healing after tooth extraction and in periapical inflammation. Bone formation, collagen metabolism, and inflammation in tooth extraction socket and in periapical lesions were analyzed in wild‐type mice and in MMP‐8‐deficient (MMP‐8−/−) mice. New trabecular bone area in the extraction sockets and in periapical lesions were similar in both groups. In extraction sockets significantly more type III procollagen was synthesized, and the neutrophil and MMP‐9 levels were lower in MMP‐8−/− mice. The amount of Fas ligand, identified as a substrate for MMP‐8, was lower in alveolar mucosa but higher in alveolar bone of MMP‐8−/− mice. These results indicate that MMP‐8 can modulate inflammation and collagen metabolism of alveolar bone and mucosa.
Factorial structure and cross‐cultural invariance of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances
Authors: Åstrøm A. N. , Mtaya M.
Published: May 2009

The issue of cross‐cultural construct validation and measurement invariance of the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) questionnaire is important. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), this study evaluated a proposed three‐factor structure of the OIDP questionnaire in Tanzanian adolescents and adults and assessed whether this model would be replicated in Ugandan adolescents. Between 2004 and 2007, OIDP data were collected from 1,601 Tanzanian adolescents, 1,031 Tanzanian adults, and 1,146 Ugandan adolescents. Model generation analysis was restricted to Tanzanian adolescents, and the model achieved was tested, without modification, in Tanzanian adults and in Ugandan adolescents. A modified three‐factor solution with cross‐loadings improved the fit of the OIDP model to the data compared with a one‐factor model and the original three‐factor model within the Tanzanian [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.99] and Ugandan (CFI = 0.98) samples. Cross‐validation in Tanzanian adults provided a reasonable fit (CFI = 0.98). Multiple‐group CFA demonstrated acceptable fit [χ2 = 140.829, degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 24, CFI = 0.98] for the unconstrained model, whereas unconstrained and constrained models were statistically significantly different. Factorial validity was confirmed for the three‐factor OIDP model. The results provide evidence for cross‐cultural equivalence of the OIDP, suggesting that this measure is comparable, at least to some extent, across Tanzanian and Ugandan adolescents.
Marginal accuracy of four‐unit zirconia fixed dental prostheses fabricated using different computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing systems
Authors: Kohorst Philipp , Brinkmann Henrike , Li Jiang , Borchers Lothar , Stiesch Meike
Published: May 2009

Besides load‐bearing capacity, marginal accuracy is a further crucial factor influencing the clinical long‐term reliability of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal fit of four‐unit zirconia bridge frameworks fabricated using four different computer‐aided design (CAD)/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) systems. Ten frameworks were manufactured using each fabricating system. Three systems (inLab, Everest, Cercon) processed white‐stage zirconia blanks, which had to be sintered to final density after milling, while with one system (Digident) restorations were directly milled from a fully sintered material. After manufacturing, horizontal and vertical marginal discrepancies, as well as the absolute marginal discrepancy, were determined by means of a replica technique. The absolute marginal discrepancy, which is considered to be the most suitable parameter reflecting restorations’ misfit in the marginal area, had a mean value of 58 μm for the Digident system. By contrast, mean absolute marginal discrepancies for the three other systems, processing presintered blanks, differed significantly and ranged between 183 and 206 μm. Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that the marginal fit of zirconia FDPs is significantly dependent on the CAD/CAM system used, with restorations processed of fully sintered zirconia showing better fitting accuracy.