bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pooled analysis of Day 100 survival for defibrotide‐treated patients with hepatic veno‐occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and ventilator or dialysis dependence following haematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Smith Angela R. , Kernan Nancy A. , Lehmann Leslie , Soiffer Robert J. , Ryan Robert J. , Tappe William , Grupp Stephan
Published: March 2020

For patients with untreated hepatic veno‐occlusive disease (VOD)/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) with multi‐organ dysfunction (MOD), mortality is >80%. We conducted a pooled analysis of three studies that assessed Day 100 survival in relationship to MOD severity, with dialysis and/or ventilator dependence representing the most severe organ dysfunction. All patients in the analysis were diagnosed using Baltimore criteria/biopsy. This analysis of patients with VOD/SOS and MOD after haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT; n = 651) demonstrated higher Day 100 survival rates amongst defibrotide‐treated patients with VOD/SOS with less versus more severe forms of MOD. Even patients with severe forms of MOD post‐HCT benefitted from defibrotide.
Post‐translational palmitoylation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in excitatory synaptic functions
Authors: Hayashi Takashi
Published: March 2020

In the mammalian CNS, glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are responsible for the glutamate‐mediated postsynaptic excitation of neurons. Regulation of glutamatergic synapses is critical for higher brain functions including neural communication, memory formation, learning, emotion, and behaviour. Many previous studies have shown that post‐translational protein S‐palmitoylation, the only reversible covalent attachment of lipid to protein, regulates synaptic expression, intracellular localization, and membrane trafficking of iGluRs and their scaffolding proteins in neurons. This modification mechanism is extremely conserved in the vertebrate lineages. The failure of appropriate palmitoylation‐dependent regulation of iGluRs leads to hyperexcitability that reduces the maintenance of network stability, resulting in brain disorders, such as epileptic seizures. This review summarizes advances in the study of palmitoylation of iGluRs, especially AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors, and describes the current understanding of palmitoylation‐dependent regulation of excitatory glutamatergic synapses.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Neurochemistry in Japan. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.4/issuetoc
Respiratory health in professional cleaners: Symptoms, lung function, and risk factors
Authors: Brooks Collin , Slater Tania , Corbin Marine , McLean Dave , Firestone Ridvan Tua , Zock Jan‐Paul , Pearce Neil , Douwes Jeroen
Published: March 2020

Background

Cleaning is associated with an increased risk of asthma symptoms, but few studies have measured functional characteristics of airway disease in cleaners.

Aims

To assess and characterize respiratory symptoms and lung function in professional cleaners, and determine potential risk factors for adverse respiratory outcomes.

Methods

Symptoms, pre‐/post‐bronchodilator lung function, atopy, and cleaning exposures were assessed in 425 cleaners and 281 reference workers in Wellington, New Zealand between 2008 and 2010.

Results

Cleaners had an increased risk of current asthma (past 12 months), defined as: woken by shortness of breath, asthma attack, or asthma medication (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.18‐2.85). Despite this, they had similar rates of current wheezing (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.65‐1.32) and were less likely to have a doctor diagnosis of asthma ever (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42‐0.92). Cleaners overall had lower lung function (FEV1, FVC; P < .05). Asthma in cleaners was associated with less atopy (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13‐0.90), fewer wheezing attacks (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.17‐0.97; >3 vs ≤3 times/year), and reduced bronchodilator response (6% vs 9% mean FEV1‐%‐predicted change, P < .05) compared to asthma in reference workers. Cleaning of cafes/restaurants/kitchens and using upholstery sprays or liquid multi‐use cleaner was associated with symptoms, whilst several exposures were also associated with lung function deficits (P < .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Cleaners are at risk of some asthma‐associated symptoms and reduced lung function. However, as it was not strongly associated with wheeze and atopy, and airway obstruction was less reversible, asthma in some cleaners may represent a distinct phenotype.
Integrated kitchen design and optimization based on the improved particle swarm intelligent algorithm
Authors: Sun Xin , Ji Xiaomin
Published: March 2020

The layout and design of the integrated kitchen can affect the efficiency of people's cooking work greatly. An excellent integrated kitchen design requires each kitchen cabinet module to meet certain constraints and reach the highest work efficiency in a certain space. In this article, we proposed an improved particle swarm intelligence algorithm (IPSO, for short) method by initializing the population chaos, dynamically improving the inertia weight and adjusting the acceleration factor, and applied in the kitchen design and optimization. This method combines the mathematical intelligent algorithm with the integrated kitchen design for the first time, and further selects the optimal design scheme from the preliminary schemes according to the fitness curve of the kitchen mathematical model, which provides the theoretical basis for the refined design of kitchen products. The method can also be used in home design, interior design, and other related areas.
Delineating greater ecosystems around protected areas to guide conservation
Authors: Belote R. Travis , Wilson Melissa B.
Published: March 2020

Protected areas represent a key strategy to conserve biodiversity. However, human land use and other impacts outside protected areas boundaries significantly influence species and ecosystems within protected areas. Therefore, identifying and delineating important lands surrounding protected areas may be critical to developing conservation strategies to sustain biodiversity. Here, we identify greater ecosystems of protected areas in the contiguous United States by delineating permeable wildlands located adjacent to protected area borders using the global human footprint map as the basis for estimating permeability. We evaluated how elevating the conservation status of greater ecosystems could help achieve aspirational targets for protecting additional terrestrial land area while better representing ecological diversity. We then assessed the feasibility of elevating conservation in greater ecosystems by quantifying the composition of land ownership and existing conservation status. Greater ecosystems of different protected areas often occur as large complexes that could be used to manage protected areas and monitor their status under regional conservation strategies. Elevating the conservation status of greater ecosystems could aid in achieving international targets while increasing the representation of vegetative types within conservation reserves. The most connected and permeable lands surrounding protected areas are dominated by public land (managed by the U.S. federal and state governments), though the amount of public land within greater ecosystems decreased with distance from protected areas. Public lands may provide opportunities to elevate the conservation status of greater ecosystems surrounding protected areas through policy and management changes. We focused on the contiguous United States, but our methods could be applied globally (which we demonstrate). To achieve bold international conservation goals, identifying the greater ecosystems around protected areas and developing conservation strategies of their landscape context will ultimately benefit species and ecosystems in protected areas.
A comparison of imaging software and conventional cell counting in determining melanocyte density in photodamaged control sample and melanoma in situ biopsies
Authors: Coakley Anne , Orlowski Timothy J. , Muhlbauer Aaron , Moy Lauren , Speiser Jodi J.
Published: March 2020

Background

Objective methods for distinguishing melanoma in situ (MIS) from photodamaged skin (PS) are needed to guide treatment in patients with melanocytic proliferations. Melanocyte density (MD) could serve as an objective histopathological criterion in difficult cases. Calculating MD via manual cell counts (MCC) with immunohistochemical (IHC)‐stained slides has been previously published. However, the clinical application of this method is questionable, as quantification of MD via MCC on difficult cases is time consuming, especially in high volume practices.

Methods

ImageJ is an image processing software that uses scanned slide images to determine cell count. In this study, we compared MCC to ImageJ calculated MD in microphthalmia transcription factor‐IHC stained MIS biopsies and control PS acquired from the same patients.

Results

We found a statistically significant difference in MD between PS and MIS as measured by both MCC and ImageJ software (P < 0.01). Additionally, no statistically significant difference was found when comparing MD measurements recorded by ImageJ vs those determined by the MCC method.

Conclusion

MD as determined by ImageJ strongly correlates with the MD calculated by MCC. We propose the use of ImageJ as a time‐efficient, objective, and reproducible tool to assess MD.
Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the submandibular gland: Diagnosis on a cytology sample
Authors: Fabijanić Iris , Katavić Nataša , Obad Kovačević Dragica
Published: March 2020

The article discusses a rare case of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the submandibular gland diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and ancillary methods. This case highlights important cytomorphological, immunocytochemical and imaging features that could aid accurate diagnosis and improve patient's outcome.
Gastric neoplasms in familial adenomatous polyposis: Follow‐up strategy for patients with or without atrophic gastritis
Authors: Kawaguchi Koichiro , Isomoto Hajime
Published: March 2020

This Editorial refers to the article by Nakano et al., p 547–556 of this issue.
(Un)common knowledge: Children use social relationships to determine who knows what
Authors: Liberman Zoe , Gerdin Emily , Kinzler Katherine D. , Shaw Alex
Published: March 2020

Socially savvy individuals track what they know and what other people likely know, and they use this information to navigate the social world. We examine whether children expect people to have shared knowledge based on their social relationships (e.g., expecting friends to know each other's secrets, expecting members of the same cultural group to share cultural knowledge) and we compare children's reasoning about shared knowledge to their reasoning about common knowledge (e.g., the wrongness of moral violations). In three studies, we told 4‐ to 9‐year‐olds (N = 227) about what a child knew and asked who else knew the information: The child's friend (Studies 1–3), the child's schoolmate (Study 1), another child from the same national group (Study 2), or the child's sibling (Study 3). In all three studies, older children reliably used relationships to infer what other people knew. Moreover, with age, children increasingly considered both the type of knowledge and an individual's social relationships when reporting who knew what. The results provide support for a ‘Selective Inferences’ hypothesis and suggest that children's early attention to social relationships facilitates an understanding of how knowledge transfers – an otherwise challenging cognitive process.
Characterizing the phenotypes of congenital mirror movements and other rare genetic disorders
Authors: Franz Elizabeth A
Published: March 2020

This commentary is on the case series by Spencer‐Smith et al. on pages 758–762 of this issue.
Impact of obesity on the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Buzzetti Raffaella , Zampetti Simona , Pozzilli Paolo
Published: March 2020

Published estimates of the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children in the last decade varies between 2% and 4% per annum. If this trend continued, the disease incidence would double in the next 20 years. The risk of developing T1D is determined by a complex interaction between multiple genes (mainly human leukocyte antigens) and environmental factors. Notwithstanding that genetic susceptibility represents a relevant element in T1D risk, genetics alone cannot explain the increase in incidence. Various environmental factors have been suggested as potential triggers for T1D, including several viruses and the hygiene hypothesis; however, none of these seems to explain the large increase in T1D incidence observed over the last decades. Several studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of childhood/adolescence overweight and obesity has risen during the past 30 years in T1D. Currently, at diagnosis, the majority of patients with T1D have normal or elevated body weight and ~50% of patients with longstanding T1D are either overweight or obese. The growing prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence offers a plausible explanation for the increase in T1D incidence observed in recent decades. Possible mechanisms of the enhancement of β‐cell autoimmunity by obesity include: a) insulin resistance‐induced β‐cell secretory demand triggering autoimmunity through cytokine release, neo‐epitope antigen formation and increase in β‐cell apoptosis, and b) obesity‐induced low‐grade inflammation with pro‐inflammatory cytokines secreted by locally infiltrating macrophages, which contribute to the presentation by islet cells of autoantigens generally not accessible to T cells. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the control of body weight can prevent or delay the current and continuing rise in T1D incidence.
Isolating the effects of ontogenetic niche shift on brain size development using pumpkinseed sunfish ecotypes
Authors: Axelrod Caleb J. , Laberge Frédéric , Robinson Beren W.
Published: March 2020

A functional relationship between relative brain size and cognitive performance has been hypothesized. However, the influence of ontogenetic niche shifts on cognitive performance is not well understood. Increases in body size can affect niche use but distinguishing nonecologically relevant brain development from effects associated with ecology is difficult. If survival is enhanced by functional changes in ecocognitive performance over ontogeny, then brain size development should track ontogenetic shifts in ecology. We control for nonecologically relevant brain size development by comparing brain growth between two ecotypes of Pumpkinseed sunfish whose ecologies diverge over ontogeny from a shared juvenile niche. Brain size differs between ecotypes from their birth year onwards even though their foraging ecology appears to diverge at age 3. This finding suggests that the eco‐cognitive requirements of adult niches shape early life brain growth more than the requirements of juvenile ecology.
Assessment of the biocontrol effects of three aromatic plants on multiple trophic levels of the arthropod community in an agroforestry ecosystem
Authors: Song Beizhou , Han Zhenhai
Published: March 2020

1. Studies have shown that plant diversity plays a major role in influencing arthropod community composition. However, the effects of increasing plant species diversity on arthropod abundance at multiple trophic levels in the presence of aromatic plants have not been well documented.

2. To explore the potential of using aromatic plants to biocontrol arthropods at multiple trophic levels, three aromatic plant species – French marigold (Tagetes patula L.), Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum Mill.) and Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) – were introduced into an apple orchard to increase ground plant species composition.

3. The aromatic plants influenced the structure of arthropod communities at multiple trophic levels, particularly the herbivores in the tree canopy and predators in ground covers. Aromatic plants negatively influenced total arthropod community abundance. Compared with the control treatment, the total arthropod community abundance in the treated areas declined 24.99–33.84% and 14.35–24.65% in the tree canopy and ground covers, respectively.

4. Aromatic plants negatively influenced herbivore abundance, both overall and relative to the total community. By contrast, aromatic plants positively influenced predator abundance, both overall and relative to the total community, in the treatments containing both ageratum and catnip. However, aromatic plants had no effect on species richness at each trophic level or on parasitoid abundance.

5. These results suggest that increasing ground plant species diversity by introducing aromatic plants into apple orchards may considerably affect arthropod community composition, and that aromatic plants are potentially effective for the biocontrol of herbivore pests in agroforestry ecosystems.
Visual seizure annotation and automated seizure detection using behind‐the‐ear electroencephalographic channels
Authors: Vandecasteele Kaat , De Cooman Thomas , Dan Jonathan , Cleeren Evy , Van Huffel Sabine , Hunyadi Borbála , Van Paesschen Wim
Published: March 2020

Objective

Seizure diaries kept by patients are unreliable. Automated electroencephalography (EEG)‐based seizure detection systems are a useful support tool to objectively detect and register seizures during long‐term video‐EEG recording. However, this standard full scalp‐EEG recording setup is of limited use outside the hospital, and a discreet, wearable device is needed for capturing seizures in the home setting. We are developing a wearable device that records EEG with behind‐the‐ear electrodes. In this study, we determined whether the recognition of ictal patterns using only behind‐the‐ear EEG channels is possible. Second, an automated seizure detection algorithm was developed using only those behind‐the‐ear EEG channels.

Methods

Fifty‐four patients with a total of 182 seizures, mostly temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and 5284 hours of data, were recorded with a standard video‐EEG at University Hospital Leuven. In addition, extra behind‐the‐ear EEG channels were recorded. First, a neurologist was asked to annotate behind‐the‐ear EEG segments containing selected seizure and nonseizure fragments. Second, a data‐driven algorithm was developed using only behind‐the‐ear EEG. This algorithm was trained using data from other patients (patient‐independent model) or from the same patient (patient‐specific model).

Results

The visual recognition study resulted in 65.7% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity. By using those seizure annotations, the automated algorithm obtained 64.1% sensitivity and 2.8 false‐positive detections (FPs)/24 hours with the patient‐independent model. The patient‐specific model achieved 69.1% sensitivity and 0.49 FPs/24 hours.

Significance

Visual recognition of ictal EEG patterns using only behind‐the‐ear EEG is possible in a significant number of patients with TLE. A patient‐specific seizure detection algorithm using only behind‐the‐ear EEG was able to detect more seizures automatically than what patients typically report, with 0.49 FPs/24 hours. We conclude that a large number of refractory TLE patients can benefit from using this device.
Flavodoxin hydroquinone provides electrons for the ATP‐dependent reactivation of protein‐bound corrinoid cofactors
Authors: Kißling Lena , Greiser Yvonne , Dürichen Hendrike , Studenik Sandra
Published: March 2020

Corrinoid‐dependent enzyme systems rely on the super‐reduced state of the protein‐bound corrinoid cofactor to be functional, for example, in methyl transfer reactions. Due to the low redox potential of the [CoII]/[CoI] couple, autoxidation of the corrinoid cofactor occurs and leads to the formation of the inactive [CoII]‐state. For the reactivation, which is an energy‐demanding process, electrons have to be transferred from a physiological donor to the corrinoid cofactor by the help of a reductive activator protein. In this study, we identified reduced flavodoxin as electron donor for the ATP‐dependent reduction of protein‐bound corrinoid cofactors of bacterial O‐demethylase enzyme systems. Reduced flavodoxin was generated enzymatically using pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase rather than hydrogenase. Two of the four flavodoxins identified in Acetobacterium dehalogenans and Desulfitobacterium hafniense DCB‐2 were functional in supplying electrons for corrinoid reduction. They exhibited a midpoint potential of about −400 mV (ESHE, pH 7.5) for the semiquinone/hydroquinone transition. Reduced flavodoxin could be replaced by reduced clostridial ferredoxin. It was shown that the low‐potential electrons of reduced flavodoxin are first transferred to the iron‐sulfur cluster of the reductive activator and finally to the protein‐bound corrinoid cofactor. This study further highlights the importance of reduced flavodoxin, which allows maintaining a variety of enzymatic reaction cycles by delivering low‐potential electrons.
Zinc modulation of proton currents in a new voltage‐gated proton channel suggests a mechanism of inhibition
Authors: Chaves Gustavo , Bungert‐Plümke Stefanie , Franzen Arne , Mahorivska Iryna , Musset Boris
Published: March 2020

The HV1 voltage‐gated proton (HV1) channel is a key component of the cellular proton extrusion machinery and is pivotal for charge compensation during the respiratory burst of phagocytes. The best‐described physiological inhibitor of HV1 is Zn2+. Externally applied ZnCl2 drastically reduces proton currents reportedly recorded in Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Rana esculenta, Helix aspersa, Ciona intestinalis, Coccolithus pelagicus, Emiliania huxleyi, Danio rerio, Helisoma trivolvis, and Lingulodinium polyedrum, but with considerable species variability. Here, we report the effects of Zn2+ and Cd2+ on HV1 from Nicoletia phytophila, NpHV1. We introduced mutations at potential Zn2+ coordination sites and measured Zn2+ inhibition in different extracellular pH, with Zn2+ concentrations up to 1000 μm. Zn2+ inhibition in NpHV1 was quantified by the slowing of the activation time constant and a positive shift of the conductance–voltage curve. Replacing aspartate in the S3‐S4 loop with histidine (D145H) enhanced both the slowing of activation kinetics and the shift in the voltage–conductance curve, such that Zn2+ inhibition closely resembled that of the human channel. Histidine is much more effective than aspartate in coordinating Zn2+ in the S3‐S4 linker. A simple Hodgkin Huxley model of NpHV1 suggests a decrease in the opening rate if it is inhibited by zinc or cadmium. Limiting slope measurements and high‐resolution clear native gel electrophoresis (hrCNE) confirmed that NpHV1 functions as a dimer. The data support the hypothesis that zinc is coordinated in between the dimer instead of the monomer. Zinc coordination sites may be potential targets for drug development.
Live Nearby, Be Different, Work Apart? Some Learnings from Action Spaces Discrepancies in Santiago de Chile
Authors: Demoraes Florent , Souris Marc , Contreras Gatica Yasna
Published: March 2020

This article examines macro‐level contextual parameters and individual‐based factors deemed in the literature to directly influence individuals’ daily mobility practices. It considers the urban structure, place of residence, situation in the social hierarchy, and position in the life course. Taking its inspiration from approaches highlighting segregation at destination place and studies focusing on mobility biographies, it enquires whether systematic discrepancies may be detected between the places frequented for work or study on a daily basis by the groups of individuals residing in the same neighborhood. It also looks at whether home location (in a central area, inner suburb, or outskirt) influences how action spaces are configured. The analysis relies on a three‐phase integrated method. First, a typology of individuals is assembled to put together homogenous socio‐demographic groups. Second, the action spaces of these groups are calculated and mapped. Third, the significance of spatial differences in action spaces is assessed using a bivariate colocation test, hitherto used primarily in spatial epidemiology. This three‐phase method is applied to data collected in Santiago de Chile during a survey of 1,000 households, designed to capture spatial mobility from a biographical perspective.
Fluid overload is associated with use of a higher number of antihypertensive drugs in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Morais Jyana G. , Pecoits‐Filho Roberto , Canziani Maria E. F. , Poli‐de‐Figueiredo Carlos E. , Cuvello Neto Américo L. , Barra Ana B. , Calice‐Silva Viviane , Raimann Jochen G. , Nerbass Fabiana B.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Hypertension is multifactorial, highly prevalent in the hemodialysis (HD) population and its adequate control requires, in addition to adequate volume management, often the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. We aimed to describe the use of antihypertensive agents in a group of HD patients and to evaluate the factors associated with the use of multiple classes (≥3) of antihypertensives.

Methods

We analyzed the baseline data from the HDFit study. Clinically stable patients with HD vintage between 3 and 24 months without any severe mobility limitation were recruited from sites throughout southern Brazil. Fluid status was measured pre‐dialysis with the Body Composition Monitor (BCM; Fresenius, Germany). Fluid overload (FO) was considered when the overhydration index (OH) was greater than 7% of extracellular water (OH/ECW > 7%) and overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2. Prescriptions of antihypertensive drugs were obtained from participants' reports and medical records. Logistic regression was employed to determine factors associated with excessive use of antihypertensive medication (≥3 classes).

Findings

Of 195 studied patients, 171 with complete data were included (70% male, 53 ± 15 years old, 57% of them with FO). Pre‐dialysis systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 150 ± 24 mmHg and patients used a median of 2 (1–3) antihypertensive drugs. Vasodilators (20%) were of lowest prevalence, use of other classes varied from 40% to 53%. Sixty‐two (36%) subjects used ≥3 classes and presented a higher prevalence of diabetes and FO, lower prevalence of overweight, and higher SBP. In a logistic regression model age, BMI <25 kg/m2, and OH/ECW > 7% were associated with excessive drug use.

Discussion

More than one‐third of participants used ≥3 classes of antihypertensive drugs, and it was associated with older age, BMI <25 kg/m2 and FO. Strategies that better manage FO may aid better blood pressure control and avoid the use of multiple antihypertensive medications.
Facile synthesis of doped ceria‐based oxide by co‐precipitation technique and performance evaluation in solid oxide fuel cell
Authors: Dey Shoroshi , Choudhury Debasmita , Choudhuri Mayuri , Bhattacharya Abir , Mukhopadhyay Jayanta , Das Sharma Abhijit , Mukhopadhyay Madhumita
Published: March 2020

Co‐precipitated nanocrystalline gadolinium (Gd)‐doped ceria (CeO2) has been synthesized with varying mole ratios of Gd in CeO2 from 0.1‐0.8 with intricate maintenance of solution pH. Phase pure Gd‐doped CeO2 (CGO) is obtained after calcination at 750°C and depending on the mole % dopant concentration, the typical crystallite size is found to vary in the range 9‐27 nm. Careful observation reveals that, calcined particle size decreases with the decrease in Gd content and an optimization of the particle size with exposed (111) [stable] and (100) plane [reactive] happens to occur for Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ (CG0.8). High resolution transmission electron micrograph of CG0.8 reveals highly interpenetrating lattice planes corresponding to cubic fluorite structure. The effectivity of such CG0.8 is further supported by its high electrical conductivity of 0.02 and 0.105 S/cm @ 600 and 700°C respectively. The bulk impedances exhibit ohmic (R0) and interfacial (Rp) polarizations to be 146 and 29.96 Ω cm2 at a temperature of 600 and 700°C with activation energies 0.36 and 0.8 eV respectively. The application of CG0.8 is further established as an interlayer in nickel oxide‐yittria stabilized zirconia (NiO‐YSZ)/YSZ/CGO/La‐Sr‐Co‐Fe‐based single cell with a current density of 1.2 A/cm2 @ 0.5 V and 700°C using hydrogen as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant.
Consumer preferences and physical evaluation of shortbread stored in different packaging
Authors: Kowalska Małgorzata , Janas Sławomir , Kudełka Wanda
Published: March 2020

The work aimed to assess the quality of crackers and sponge, vanilla and butter biscuits stored for 28 days in an original packaging, plastic box (Polypropylene 0.2 mm), food film (HDPE 10 mm) and paper bag. Sensory tests did not prove influence of packaging on the product quality. The authors observed: water desorption for sponge biscuits (ca. 5%), water absorption of 0.06%–1.84% for other biscuits, hardness increase of 20% ÷ 40% for sponge biscuits, hardness decrease by 10% ÷ 23% for vanilla biscuits, hardness increase for crackers in original packaging (+46%) and paper bag (+20%), hardness decrease for samples in food film (‐ 8%) and plastic box (−26%), hardness change for butter biscuits (from +9% to −15%). Complex assessment proved that HDPE film and PP box most effectively protected the product against the environmental influence. Lengthening the biscuit lifetime requires introduction of innovations regarding the manufacturing technology and packaging design/structure. Presented tests indicate both the advantages and disadvantages of typical packaging, seen from the consumer perspective. It must be remembered that “manufacturer”—“consumer requirements” relation is one of the most important stages of product assessment and development. The authors believe that the obtained results are useful for packaging producers that are new on the market, but also for those which are experienced.
Clinical implications of aminotransferase elevation in hospitalised infants aged 8‐90 days with respiratory virus detection
Authors: Kim Sang Gyeom , Oh Yu Na , Lee Joon Kee
Published: March 2020

Background

Fever and respiratory symptoms are the major causes of hospitalisation in infants aged 90 days or less. Respiratory viruses (RVs) are detected by multiplex reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (mRT‐PCR) in up to 70% of infants tested in this population. Aminotransferase elevation is not uncommon in RV infections, and repeat laboratory investigations are frequent due to concerns regarding the occurrence of hepatic disease.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study included 271 infants aged 8‐90 days, with positive RV mRT‐PCR results. Data were obtained on demographics, laboratory results and final diagnoses of hepatobiliary disease.

Results

Fever (73.1%) and/or respiratory symptoms (75.6%) were the major presentations among the hospitalised infants. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were elevated in 62 (22.9%) of the 271 infants. Twenty‐four of these 62 infants had their first follow‐up, and 19 (79.2%) showed persistent elevation. All 10 (100%) infants who had their second follow‐up showed persistently elevated aminotransferase levels. Eventually, none of the 10 infants were diagnosed with hepatic disease during the median follow‐up of 10 days (range 3‐232 days). Among the RVs of interest, parainfluenza virus type 1 was significantly associated with aminotransferase elevation (odds ratio: 2.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11‐7.83).

Conclusions

RV‐related non‐specific hepatitis is occasionally observed in infants aged 8‐90 days, and ALT elevation is the most common abnormality. However, a final diagnosis of primary hepatobiliary disease appears to be rare. Therefore, regular follow‐ups and targeted testing may be recommended in this specific population.
The impact of consumer behavior on preannounced pricing for a dual‐channel supply chain
Authors: Lei Qian , He Juan , Ma Chao , Jin Ziliang
Published: March 2020

This study discusses a dual‐channel supply chain in which a manufacturer sells a regular‐priced product through dual channels in the normal sales period and only sells overstocked products through the direct channel in the discounted sales period in the presence of strategic consumers. The manufacturer acts as a Stackelberg leader to adopt a preannounced pricing policy. This study first proposes demand functions for a two‐period dual‐channel model by incorporating consumer utility functions. Based on the demand functions, optimal pricing strategies for both manufacturer and retailer are established. The results show that the manufacturer prefers to raise prices in both periods for consumers with a short delivery lead time. However, counterintuitively, the selling prices set by the manufacturer do not decrease as the degree of consumer patience increases. Finally, there is a Pareto zone under a certain condition where both the manufacturer and the retailer in the two‐period dual‐channel model outperform their counterparts in terms of profit in the single‐period dual‐channel model.
The heel amelanotic melanoma, a rare subtype of skin cancer misdiagnosed as foot ulcer: A case report
Authors: Hakamifard Atousa , Mohaghegh Fatemeh , Shabib Somayeh , Larki‐Harchegani Amir , Eshraghi Samani Reza
Published: March 2020

Amelanotic melanoma (AM) of the heel is a very rare subtype of malignant melanoma in which the tumour cells, unlike other types of melanoma, are characterised by little or no melanin pigmentation. AM resembles many benign dermatological complications that often lead to late diagnosis of lesions, poor prognosis, and occasionally misdiagnosis at an early stage of the disease. We report a case of a 73‐year‐old man with a heel ulcer who was admitted to Al‐Zahra Hospital (Isfahan, Iran). Chronic osteomyelitis was considered the primary diagnosis, and several courses of antibiotics were prescribed for the patient. The ulcer failed to improve after 9 months' of therapy, and because of an increase in the size of the ulcer and the growth of two tumours in the right heel, a biopsy of the lesion was conducted. The pathology report confirmed invasive AM. The present report emphasises the necessity to biopsy all skin lesions, even with low clinical significance, to avoid wrong subsequent treatments, prevent a delay in diagnosis, reduce misdiagnosis, and improve the survival rate of patients.
Local structure investigations of accumulated damage in irradiated MgAl2O4
Authors: Yoshioka Satoru , Tsuruta Konosuke , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Yasuda Kazuhiro , Matsumura Syo , Sugiyama Takeharau , Oba Yojiro , Ishikawa Norito , Kobayashi Eiichi , Okudaira Koji
Published: March 2020

Damaged structures in the MgAl2O4 spinel induced by swift heavy ions were investigated using the X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Increasing the fluence of 100 MeV Xe ions leads to increased SAXS intensity and XANES spectral changes on both Mg and Al K‐edges. The damaged regions of ion tracks were observed by SAXS to be cylindrical in shape with a diameter of 5 nm. The theoretical XANES spectra indicated that the changes in the experimental spectra were due to the cationic disordering between tetrahedral and octahedral sites. This disordering caused an increase in the inversion degree of the cations. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of the XANES spectra revealed the preferential occupation of cations at the octahedral sites at high fluence.
Impact of sleep restriction on affective functioning in adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Becker Stephen P. , Tamm Leanne , Epstein Jeffery N. , Beebe Dean W.
Published: March 2020

Background

Shortened sleep and affective disturbances are both prevalent in adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet the causal link between these domains has not been examined. This study investigated whether shortened sleep duration is causally linked to affective functioning in adolescents with ADHD.

Methods

Participants were 48 adolescents (75% male) aged 14–17 years with ADHD who successfully completed a three‐week sleep protocol using an experimental crossover design. The protocol included a phase stabilization week, followed, in randomized counterbalanced order, by one week of sleep restriction (6.5 hr in bed) and one week of sleep extension (9.5 hr in bed). Sleep was monitored with objective actigraphy, and all participants included in this study obtained ≥1 hr actigraphy‐measured sleep duration during extension compared to restriction. Parents and adolescents provided daily ratings of positive and negative affect during the extension and restriction conditions. Ratings of affect, internalizing symptoms, and emotion regulation were collected at laboratory visits conducted at the end of each week.

Results

Both parents and adolescents reported greater depressive symptoms and lower positive affect during restriction compared to extension. Parents also reported greater negative affect and emotion dysregulation among adolescents during sleep restriction than extension. No effects were found for parent‐ or adolescent‐reported anxiety symptoms or for adolescent‐reported emotion regulation or negative affect.

Conclusions

Findings from this study provide the first evidence that shortened sleep duration is a causal contributor to the affect and mood disturbances frequently experienced by adolescents with ADHD, particularly as observed by parents. Targeting sleep may be important to reduce affective disturbances in adolescents with ADHD.
Association between plasma irisin and glucose metabolism in pregnant women is modified by dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake
Authors: Cai Li , Wu Weijia , Lin Lizi , Chen Yajun , Gao Rui , Shi Bijun , Ma Bingjie , Chen Yuming , Jing Jin
Published: March 2020

Aims/Introduction

The role of irisin in maternal glucose metabolism and how it would respond to dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 PUFA) intake remains unclear. This study aimed to explore whether maternal plasma irisin is associated with glucose metabolism and whether this association is modified by dietary n‐3 PUFA.

Materials and Methods

A total of 932 pregnant women (20–28 weeks’ gestation) aged 20–45 years were recruited. Dietary n‐3 PUFA was estimated using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Plasma irisin and insulin were tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed with a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test. Adjusted multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were carried out to examine the associations between plasma irisin and glucose metabolism. The moderating effect of dietary n‐3 PUFA intake was determined by fully multiplicative models by including the interaction term.

Results

Maternal plasma irisin was negatively associated with HOMA‐IR and oral glucose tolerance test 0 h glucose level (β −0.250, −0.067; correctedP‐value for false discovery rate = 0.012, 0.018, respectively), positively associated with HOMA of insulin sensitivity (β 0.028; correctedP‐value for false discovery rate = 0.012), but not associated with postprandial glucose or the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, we found a moderating effect of dietary n‐3 PUFA on the relationships of plasma irisin with HOMA‐IR and HOMA of insulin sensitivity; these associations were strengthened with increased n‐3 PUFA intake (β −0.037, 0.004;P = 0.014, 0.041, respectively).

Conclusions

Plasma irisin was negatively associated with HOMA‐IR and fasting glucose, whereas it was positively associated with HOMA of insulin sensitivity in pregnant women. We first showed that these associations were modified by dietary n‐3 PUFA intake.
Designing health care: A community health science solution for reducing health disparities by integrating social determinants and the effects of place
Authors: DeHaven Mark J. , Gimpel Nora A. , Gutierrez Daniel , Kitzman‐Carmichael Heather , Revens Keri
Published: March 2020

Background

In the United States chronic illnesses have become a way of life for multiple generations – they are the number one cause of death and disability (accounting for more than 70% of deaths), 60% of American adults have at least one chronic disease, and 40% have multiple chronic conditions. Although multiple factors contribute to the growth in chronic disease prevalence, a major factor has been overreliance on health care systems for promoting health and preventing disease. Large health care systems are ill equipped for this role since they are designed to detect, treat, and manage disease, not to promote health or address the underlying causes of disease.

Methods

Improving health outcomes in the U.S. will require implementing broad‐based prevention strategies combining biological, behavioral, and societal variables that move beyond clinical care. According to community medicine, clinical care alone cannot create, support, or maintain health. Rather, health can only ensue from combining clinical care with epidemiology and community organization, because health is a social outcome resulting from a combination of clinical science, collective responsibility, and informed social action.

Results

During the past 20 years, our team has developed an operational community medicine approach known as community health science. Our model provides a simple framework for integrating clinical care, population health, and community organization, using community‐based participatory research (CBPR) practices for developing place‐based initiatives. In the present paper, we present a brief overview of the model and describe its evolution, applications, and outcomes in two major urban environments.

Conclusion

The paper demonstrates means for integrating the social determinants of health into collaborative place‐based approaches, for aligning community assets and reducing health disparities. It concludes by discussing how asset‐based community development can promote social connectivity and improve health, and how our approach reflects the emerging national consensus on the importance of place‐based population system change.
Navigating “Breakup Remorse”: Implications for Disrupting the On‐Again/Off‐Again Cycles in Young Adult Dating Relationships
Authors: Washburn‐Busk Michelle , Vennum Amber , McAllister Paige , Busk Paul
Published: March 2020

While the research is clear on the risks for distress associated with on‐again, off‐again romantic relationships (i.e., cyclical relationships), little is known about the change mechanisms experienced by partners in cyclical relationships or how helping professionals can assist young adults stably continue or end these relationships. Young adults (N = 21) in different stages of cyclical relationships (renewed, ended, or contemplating renewal) attended focus groups and articulated specific mechanisms that influenced their ability to make distress‐reducing decisions. Main themes for professionals working with partners in cyclical relationships centered on promoting “decision‐making resilience,” which included addressing issues around identity development, communication, power/control dynamics, and intentionality. These results inform assessments and interventions to bolster resilience and reduce distress for cyclical couples.
Diversity, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of the Prevalent Brown Algal Genus Lobophora in the Greater Caribbean Sea, Including the Description of Five New Species1
Authors: Vieira Christophe , Morrow Kathleen , D'Hondt Sofie , Camacho Olga , Engelen Aschwin H. , Payri Claude E. , De Clerck Olivier
Published: March 2020

Distributed in tropical and warm‐temperate waters worldwide, Lobophora species are found across the Greater Caribbean (i.e., Caribbean sensu stricto, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda). We presently discuss the diversity, ecology, biogeography, and evolution of the Greater Caribbean Lobophora species based on previous studies and an extensive number of samples collected across the eastern, southern, and to a lesser extent western Caribbean. A total of 18 Lobophora species are now documented from the Greater Caribbean, of which five are newly described (L. agardhii sp. nov., L. dickiei sp. nov., L. lamourouxii sp. nov., L. richardii sp. nov., and L. setchellii sp. nov.). Within the Greater Caribbean, the eastern Caribbean and the Central Province are the most diverse ecoregion and province (16 spp.), respectively. Observed distribution patterns indicate that Lobophora species from the Greater Caribbean have climate affinities (i.e., warm‐temperate vs. tropical affinities). In total, 11 Lobophora species exclusively occur in the Greater Caribbean; six are present in the western Atlantic; two in the Indo‐Pacific; and one in the eastern Pacific. Biogeographic analyses support that no speciation occurred across the Isthmus of Panama, and that the Greater Caribbean acted as a recipient region for species from the Indo‐Pacific and as a region of diversification as well as a donor region to the North‐eastern Atlantic. The Greater Caribbean is not an evolutionary dead end for Lobophora, but instead generates and exports diversity. Present results illustrate how sampling based on DNA identification is reshaping biogeographic patterns, as we know them.
Safety of percutaneous ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of adrenal lesions in dogs: Perception of the procedure by radiologists and presentation of 50 cases
Authors: Pey Pascaline , Diana Alessia , Rossi Federica , Mortier Jeremy , Kafka Ulrike , Veraa Stefanie , Groth Anna , MacLellan Megan , Marin Chiara , Fracassi Federico
Published: March 2020

Background

Percutaneous ultrasound (US)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of adrenal gland lesions is controversial in veterinary medicine.

Objective

To evaluate the frequency and radiologists' perception of the risk of the procedure as well as determining the incidence of complications.

Methods

Retrospective study. A first survey was submitted by e‐mail to all board‐certified radiologists of the American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR) and European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging (ECVDI). A second survey was sent to radiologists who declared having performed the procedure at least once in their career (observational cross‐sectional case study).

Results

The first survey was sent to 977 diplomates and answered by 138. Of 138 diplomates, 40 currently performed the procedure and 98 did not; 44 of the 98 gave the hypertensive crisis risk in pheochromocytoma as a reason. To the second survey, 12 of 65 responded positively; 50 dogs with 58 lesions were recruited, including 23 pheochromocytomas. Complications were reported in 4 of 50 dogs; 3 hemorrhages (1 mild and 1 moderate) and 1 death from acute respiratory distress syndrome (possibly related to laryngeal paralysis). No hypertensive crisis was reported. There was no relationship between the method of FNA/type of needle used and occurrence of complications. Based on the recollection of these 65 radiologists, who performed approximately 200 FNA of adrenal lesions, a death rate of approximately 1% was estimated.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Percutaneous US‐guided FNA of adrenal lesions can be considered a minimally risky procedure, despite the negative perception by radiologists.