bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of sorghum and methionine supplementation in productive performance and the quality of hatching eggs of two quail strains
Authors: Younis D. Th.
Published: May 2021

The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of corn replacement by sorghum and supplementation of methionine during growing and laying periods in productive performance and egg quality of two strains of quail (brown and black). Four hundred and eighty quails (240 of each strain) were used in this study. Birds reared on floor letter in semi opened house distributed into four treatments each with three replicates (20 birds in replicate). Experimental treatments were as follows: T1: fed on yellow corn ration (Control), T2: fed on ration in which  50% of corn replaced by sorghum , T3: fed on ration in which  50% of corn replaced by sorghum and supplemented with 0.2% methionine and T4: fed on ration in which  50% of corn replaced by sorghum and supplemented with 0.4%  methionine . Statistical analysis of data showed no significant differences (P≤0.05) between treatments and strains in live body weight, average weekly weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio dressing percentage and mortality rate. After sexual maturity age no differences were observed between the treatments and strains in egg production HD%, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, egg shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, albumin height, yolk dimension, yolk height, blood glucose, blood triglyceride, blood total protein, blood hemoglobin, ALT and AST enzymes concentration in serum through out of the experimental period which was lasted for 99 days. In conclusion, the results revealed the possibility of 50% sorghum replacement instead of yellow corn without any passive effects on productive performance which reduce the productive costs.
Effect of season, number of service and station on conception rate and calf sex for dairy cow in sulaimania region
Authors: Amin Faraidoon A. M
Published: May 2021

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of season and first, second and third services on reproductive efficiency of  1086 cows throughout the artificial insemination technique during 2012 as well as the effect of season of the year on the conception rates in cows in Sulaimani Region. The conception rate of first, second and third services were 69.3, 27.5, and 3%, respectively, with overall conception rate 45%. The total number of male calves born was 282 and the female calves were 211. The conception rate obtained at the Halabja station reaching its highest value follow Sharazoor station then Chamchamal station, while Rania station performed the lowest value. The conception rate in the Sharazoor station at the spring months reaching its highest value follow at the winter months then at the autumn months, while at the summer months performed lowest value. The results of the this work is concluded that a good season of fertility of the cows of Halabja is in winter to summer months, while in Sharazoor and Rania the fertility is better in winter to spring and in Chamchamal the good seasons of fertility are relatively similar.
Evaluation of general anesthesia induced by propofol, ketamine protocol in rabbits premedicated with diazepam
Authors: Atiyah Areej Ali
Published: May 2021

The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of diazepam-propofol-Ketamine protocol for induction of general anaesthesia in rabbits. The experiment was conducted on seventeen healthy male adult local rabbits weighting 0.9-1.5 kg. Rabbits were given protocol, Diazepam 1mg/kg B.W. by intramuscular injection then 15 minutes later propofol 10 mg/kg B.W. as bolus slow intravenous injection and ketamine 25 mg/kg BW by intramuscular injection. Several parameters included respiratory rate, body temperature and heart rate were recorded before injection of drugs and after giving the anesthetic protocol at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. The results showed that the anaesthesia with diazepam, propofol and Ketamine protocol in rabbits was suitable as it produced reliable surgical anaesthesia, good analgesia and muscle relaxation with minimal changes on the wave morphology of the cardiac muscle.
Histopathological study of cecal tonsils in broilers exposed to heat stress after treatment with lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Ebtasam, J. A. Balqees H. A.;
Published: May 2021

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus spp on the histology of cecal tonsils in broiler chicks exposed to heat stress. eighty broiler chicks were divided randomly into four groups equally and treated as follows: 1st group was administred orally with 1×108/0.1 CFU/ml of (L.B.) at one day old, 2nd group was treated as 1st group but at 21 days old, and 3rd group (control positive), all three groups were exposed to heat stress (38-40Cº) for period 10 days for three hours continuously, 4th group (control negative) was kept under natural condition. Organ samples from cecal tonsils were taken for histopathological test after 48 hrs., 120 hrs. and 240 hrs. of exposure to heat stress. The result revealed that most important lesions in 3rd group occur after 48 hrs. Cellular debri and marked cellularity (inflammatory cell) occur after 120hrs.  was vacculation and degeneration of epithelial layer cell. While the first 1st group after 48 hrs. showed moderate cellularity, after 120 hrs. showed marked lymphocyte proliferation and after 220 hrs.  Increased goblet cell in the epithelial cell and 2nd group showed after 48 hrs. mild cellarity of lamina properia, and after 120 hrs. showed moderate lymphocytic hyperplasia. In conclusion exposure to heat stress caused destructive lesion in the cecal tonsil especially after 48 hrs. and 120 hrs. and gave lactobacillus acidophilus at 21 days more effective that at one day in reducing the effect of heat stress on histology of cecal tonsils.
Direct Amplification of B1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii DNA using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Following Microwave Treatment for Whole Blood Samples
Authors: Hade Balkes Fadel
Published: May 2021

Infection with Toxoplasma gondii is a cause of fetal death since T. gondii can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta (transplacental) from an infected mother or at vaginal delivery. Blood obtained from women and sheep to confirm their infection with toxoplasmosis by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay test (ELISA) to ditective positive specific anti-Toxoplasma (IgM, IgG and IgM, or IgG) antibodies. This study used two methodes to extract DNA (the first one was a standard extraction commercial method (CM-PCR) of genomic DNA using a commercial kit (Promega, USA), and the second one was the direct heat DNA extraction using microwave oven (MW-PCR) for whole blood samples obtained from infected women and sheep. Then nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (n PCR) were used to amplify Toxoplasma B1 gene to detect T. gondii DNA in whole blood samples. The results indecated using of microwave treatment instead of commercial kit to extract DNA is low cost and short time,and complement serology for clinical studies and   diagnostic purposes of toxoplasmosis.
تأثير التغذية الملحية في تراكيز أيونات الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم في بلازما الدم وحجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة لأسماك الكارب الشائع ( Cyprinus carpio )
Authors: السعدي ضمياء عليوي عبد الحسين
Published: May 2021

أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير التغذية الملحية في بعض الصفات الفسلجية لأسماك الكارب الشائع (Cyprinus carpio).   وقد استُعمل ملح الطعام في تركيب علائق غذائية بالنسب الآتية 1 و3 و5 % فضلاً عن عليقة السيطرة الخالية من الملح. مثلت كل عليقة غذائية معاملة بنفسها إشتملت على ثلاثة مكررات. استعمل 200 سمكة من الكارب الشائع ووزعت على 12 حوضاً زجاجيا بواقع 6 أسماك / حوض بمعدل وزن30  ± 10 غم. درست تأثيرات التغذية الملحية في النسبة المئوية لحجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة ومستويات كل من أيونات الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم في بلازما الدم حيث حصلت زيادة معنوية في تركيز أيون البوتاسيوم في بلازما الدم بعد اضافة الملح بالتراكيز المذكورة اعلاه مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة وبلغ تركيز الصوديوم  111.15 ±2.30                و 127.20 ±4.04 و151.46 ±3.46 ملي مول/لتر في علائق التغذية الملحية ذات النسب 1 و3 و5 % على التوالي مقارنة بتركيزه في معاملة السيطرة2.88 ±107.22  ملي مول/لتر. كذلك سجل تركيز أيون البوتاسيوم في بلازما دم الأسماك ارتفاعا في قيمه في المجاميع T2 وT3 وT4 حيث بلغت قيمه 9.34 ±0.19 و15.77 ±0.11 و17.08 ±0.04 ملي مول/لتر في علائق التغذية الملحية 1 و3 و5 % على التوالي مقارنة بتركيزه في معاملة السيطرة والبالغ 7.16 ±0.09 ملي مول/لتر، كذلك لوحظ انخفاض حجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة بارتفاع تركيز الملح في العلائق الملحية فقد سجل القيم 21.00 ±1.00 و18.50 ±0.05      و10.50 ±0.50 % لمعاملات التغذية الملحية 1 و3 و5 % على التوالي مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 0.50±25.50  %.
Evaluation of diatomaceous earth on production, anatomical traits and quality of eggs in Japanese quail
Authors: Gilani Ali , Hajati H. , Seifi S. , Sayrafi R.
Published: May 2021

An experiment has been carried out to evaluate a diatomaceous earth on performance and egg traits of Japanese quail. The diatomaceous earth used in the current trial was food grade which produced in Germany and is listed Generally Regarded As Safe. Eighty layer Japanese quail were randomly divided into 2 treatments from 16-20 weeks of age. Each treatment consisted 4 replicates (pens) of 10 birds each. The first treatment (control) contained a standard recommended diet with no added diatomaceous earth. The second treatment was the basal diet of the first treatment plus 1.5% diatomaceous earth in the feed. Feed and water were offered ad libitum from days 1 to 140. Egg production per pen was recorded daily. Egg traits were measured at the end of each week during experimental period. Utilization of diatomaceous earth did not have a pronounced effect on the production parameters and weight of egg, albumen, and shell, but significantly improved yolk size
Spixia josei: Una nueva especie para la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Odontostomidae)
Authors: Salas Oroño Eugenia
Published: May 2021

En la actualidad la información acerca de la familia Odontostomidae en general ha sido insuficiente, limitándose a descripciones conquiológicas acotadas y en muchos casos basada en conchillas desgastadas. En el contexto de la revisión del genero Spixia que se lleva en curso, una nueva especie es descripta. El objetivo del presente estudio es proveer información de morfología externa de conchilla y anatomíainterna de S. josei; así también su distribución en la provincia de Córdoba. Para su diagnosis se comparó S. josei con material de las 35 especies de Spixia argentinas. Se logró diferenciarla principalmente por su tamaño, forma y la escultura interna de la pared peniana. La presencia de S. josei además de otras especies de gasterópodos en localidades no antes mencionadas nos señalaría la importancia de conservar áreasque están siendo constantemente disturbadas por agricultura y urbanización.
Fungsi Daak Maraa’ dalam Upacara Hudo’ Kawit pada Masyarakat Suku Dayak Bahau di Kota Samarinda
Authors: Fajriansyah Achmad Ali , Vivian Yofi Irvan , Pratama Zamrud Whidas
Published: May 2021

Daak maraa’ was presented in the context of the traditional activities of the Dayak Bahau tribe community that carried the ritual. Problems related to social aspects when daak maraa’ 'is not implemented, so it raises the assumption of how important daak maraa’ is for the Dayak Bahau people. This study aims to: explain the musical structure of the Hudo’ Kawit ceremonies held by the Dayak Bahau people in Samarinda; describe the function of daak maraa’ presented at the Hudo’ Kawit ceremony for the Dayak Bahau community in Samarinda. This research uses a qualitative methodology by applying observation techniques, data collection, and data analysis. Observation techniques include the object of research that is the focus of research. Data collection techniques are based on literature study, informants, interviews, and documentation. Analysis techniques by reducing data and concluding. Research results in accordance with the background of the problem and objectives. The musical structure and function have a connection, that the application of rhythmic sound daak maraa’ is presented as a accompaniment to rituals and prayers. The application of daak maraa’ is actualized with a static rhythm, namely: (a) sukat 4/4; (b) tempo (andantino) 78-83; (c) motive (literal); (d) dynamics (forte); (e) timbre (teng, pliers, tung, and dung). The research findings contain a value that the function of daak maraa’ is present and applied as an anticipation goal on the basis of the potential for bad sound (yog) which can come to disrupt and cancel the traditional ceremonial activities. Yog is believed to exist by the Dayak Bahau tribe based on legend over folk prose stories that are thought to have taken place in the real world and are bad (magi).
Nível de conhecimento de estudantes do curso de graduação em Odontologia sobre cigarros eletrônicos
Authors: Guckert Eduarda Coelho , Zimmermann Caroline , Meurer Maria Inês
Published: May 2021

O cigarro eletrônico vem despontando como uma opção ao cigarro convencional, sendo considerado por alguns como uma alternativa para quem deseja parar de fumar tabaco. Muitos jovens também têm usado o dispositivo em busca de novas experiências, sensações e diversão. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos alunos do Curso de Graduação em Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina sobre os cigarros eletrônicos, com base em um questionário. Também foram coletadas informações sobre o interesse para experimentar o dispositivo, a abordagem do assunto durante o curso de graduação e a autopercepção sobre o preparo para orientar pacientes sobre este assunto. O questionário foi aplicado em abril e maio de 2019 a 209 estudantes maiores de 18 anos, que foram divididos em 3 grupos: ingressantes (1ª e 2ª fases do curso), intermediários (4ª e 5ª fases) e concluintes (9ª e 10ª fases). A análise descritiva foi realizada em todas as questões, e na estatística analítica assumiu-se o nível de significância de 95%. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que estudantes concluintes possuem mais conhecimento sobre o cigarro eletrônico que ingressantes ou intermediários. No entanto, o nível de conhecimento foi considerado insatisfatório, pois mesmo entre os concluintes apenas cerca de 40% alcançaram o conceito considerado satisfatório (e que corresponderia a pelo menos 60% de acertos). A maioria dos estudantes relatou não ter tido contato com o tema durante o Curso de Graduação. Da mesma forma, a maioria dos concluintes declarou não se sentir preparada para orientar pacientes sobre cigarros eletrônicos. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de o currículo contemplar este conteúdo na formação dos futuros cirurgiões-dentistas, para capacitá-los a orientar seus pacientes sobre riscos e benefícios da utilização dos cigarros eletrônicos
INFORMATION ENTROPY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: A NOVEL METHODOLOGY FOR DIGITAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Authors:   Institute Petrochemistry and Catalysis, SABIROV D.SH.
Published: May 2021

The development of the computational methodology of structural descriptors, which are the basic concept of mathematical and digital chemistry, involves expanding the field of their application. In particular, the development of methods for calculating descriptors relating to the structure of the ensembles of particles is an urgent task. Information entropy is widely used to describe the chemical structures of molecules but its application to molecular assembles and chemical reactions is limited. We have proposed a new approach to calculating the information entropy of a molecular ensemble: besides the contributions of individual molecules, it takes into account the corporative entropy arising when molecules form an ensemble. This approach provides a fresh view on calculating the change in information entropy in chemical reactions approximated as the transformation of one ensemble (reactants) into another (molecular ensemble of products). The new method of calculation allows separate assessing the contributions to a chemical reaction associated with a change in the molecular structure and molecule size.
QUANTUM SIZE EFFECT IN SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors:   National Research University «Higher School of Economics», SEDOV E.A. , ZAVIALOV V.V. ,   National Research University «Higher School of Economics», Kapitza Institute for Physical Problem, ARUTYUNOV K.YU. ,   National Research University «Higher School of Economics», Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, R
Published: May 2021

In the middle of the last century, it was demonstrated that with a decrease in the size of superconducting structures, for example, the thickness of a thin film, its critical temperature TC shifts by a certain amount. It increases in aluminum, tin, and indium, and decreases in mercury, niobium, and lead. However, there is still no generally accepted theory explaining this effect. In the 1970s, during the largest volume of research on this topic, V.L. Ginzburg assumed that the transition temperature of a sufficiently pure, monocrystalline superconductor film will be exactly the same as in a bulk body. However, this assumption has not yet been verified, and the question about the nature of this effect still remains open. For the study, we chose aluminum, due to the fact that the dependence of TC of the film on its thickness is very predictable and increases with decreasing size. Despite a number of works on studying this dependence in aluminum, it is not always possible to accurately establish a correspondence with a theory. This is because characteristics vary from sample to sample, even made in the same batch. In our case, polycrystalline films were prepared, the crystallite sizes in which are comparable to the film thickness, and epitaxial samples with an atomically smooth surface. The films were fabricated using electron-beam deposition and molecular-beam epitaxy on various substrates. Within the BCS model, the critical temperature of the superconducting transition exponentially depends on the density of electronic states at the Fermi level N ( EF ) and the electron-phonon interaction constant V : TC ~ exp(-1/[ N ( EF )* V ]). It is shown in this work that, due to QSE in thin superconducting films, both parameters N ( EF ) and V change nonmonotonically with the sample thickness. This behaviour is a consequence of the form resonance theory. Presumably, the effect caused by disordering of crystallites, as well as by the surface or substrate, does not play a dominant role specifically in our case, since the aluminum films are of high quality, and their thicknesses go far beyond the limits of ultrathin objects, in which surface phenomena become of decisive importance. As a result of this study, the experimental and theoretical dependences of TC on the thickness of films prepared by different methods on different substrates were obtained.
MAGNETOELECTRIC EFFECTS IN MULTIFERROICS
Authors:   Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, GAREEVA Z.V. , BADERTDINOVA E.I. ,   Bashkir State University
Published: May 2021

Research of magnetoelectric effects and multiferroic materials, in which these effects are manifested, is among key areas in modern magnetism. This is associated with promising aspects of applying the results to spintronics, orbitronics, and new generation systems for information storage and processing. Despite a great many of already known materials which, in varying degrees, have magnetoelectric properties, the question regarding physical mechanisms and nature of magnetoelectric effects still remains open. Single-phase multiferroics with their magnetic and segnetoelectric properties implemented in a single crystalline phase are of especially great interest for studying. The most known "traditional multiferroics", such as bismuth ferrite, manganites, rare earthearth orthoferrites and orthochromites, fall into the class of perovskite multiferroics, i.e. the crystalline structure of ABO3 perovskites serve as their pre-phase. However, the difference between crystallographic distortions that results in the formation of various crystalline structures, for example, bismuth ferrite and rare-earth orthoferrites/orthochromites, leads to an essential difference in their physical properties, including magnetoelectric ones. Whereas bismuth ferrite characterized by the R3c symmetry space group is a segnetoelectric (i.e. it has spontaneous segnetoelectric polarization), the presence of segnetoelectric polarization in orthoferrites/orthochromites with the Pbnm symmetry space group is impossible from the symmetry standpoint. However, recent experimental and theoretical research works show that under certain conditions magnetoelectric properties are found in both classes of the said multiferroics. This paper is an overview by its nature and discusses magnetoelectric effects in various classes of single-phase multiferroics with the distorted perovskite structure: proper multiferroics exemplified by bismuth ferrite and improper multiferroics exemplified by rare-earth orthoferrites/orthochromites. Consideration is given to basic principles of the symmetry approach used to study magnetoelectric effects in multiferroics; calculations and analysis of magnetoelectric effects in rare-earth orthoferrites/orthochromites are performed through the methods of group-theoretical analysis.
VISUALIZING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPIRAL MAGNETIZATION IN THE FERROMAGNETIC LAYER OF A SUPERCONDUCTING SPIN VALVE
Authors:   National Research Institute «Higher School of Economics», DZEPAROV D.I. , GUSEV N.A. ,   Russian Quantum Centre, PUGACH N.G. ,   National Research Institute «Higher School of Economics», LVOV B.G. ,   National Research Institute «Higher School of Economics», EKOMASOV E.G. ,   Akmullah Bashkir State Pedagogical University, Bashkir State University
Published: May 2021

In this paper, we investigate the switch of a magnet-based superconducting spin valve. As a magnet, we consider the MnSi compound characterized by a complex magnetic structure with its magnetization in the form of a spiral helicoid. A model is given for a double-layered superconducting spin valve based on the spiral magnet with an adjoining superconducting thin layer. As shown previously, critical temperature of such a superconducting film depends on the direction of the spiral magnet. Calculations have been performed for magnetic dynamics of this structure, which in prospect can serve as the basis for creating memory or logic elements of low temperature nanoelectronics. Several problems have been treated with regards to mathematical simulation of switching the spin valve magnetization, research on the spin valve structure using electromagnetic simulation software to change magnetization and rotation of the spiral magnetic vector under the magnetic-field pulse, construction and analysis of 3D magnetization distributions in spiral magnets to trace the process of remagnetization. In this work, we use a Matlab-based software environment and tools for constructing distribution plots of vector fields. It is shown that the direction of the spiral magnet can be switch by pulsed magnetic field. Research has been done on the resultant magnetization distributions visualized in the form of vector fields.
ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRICALLY ACTIVE DEFECT PARAMETERS IN POLYARYLENPHTHALIDES
Authors:   Bashkir State University, Birsk Branch, MOSHELEV A.V. , PONOMAREV A.F. ,   Bashkir State University, Birsk Branch, SALAZKIN S.N. ,   Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, SHAPOSHNIKOVA V.V. ,   Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
Published: May 2021

Trapping state parameters in thin films of polyarylenephthalide polymers with different chemical structures were studied using the thermally stimulated current (TSC) method. As the objects of our research we used polyarylenephthalide polymers - polydiphenylphthalide (PDP) [1] and phthalide-based statistical co-polyarylene ether ketones (co-PAEK) [2]. It was revealed in the paper that the energy of trapping state activation essentially depends on the concentration of phhalide-containing fragments.
New exploration in Koryakia – the lichens of the Cape Goven, Bering Sea coast (Northern Kamchatka, Russia)
Authors: Himelbrant D. E. , Stepanchikova I. S. , Ahti T. , Neshataeva V. Yu.
Published: May 2021

The lichen diversity of the Cape Goven within the Koryak State Reserve counts 394 species: 373 lichens, 18 lichenicolous fungi and 3 non-lichenized saprobic fungi related to lichens. Altogether 4 species are new to Russia (Miriquidica pulvinatula, Myriolecis andrewii, Ochrolechia alaskana, Rhizocarpon sublavatum), 1 – to Asiatic Russia (Collemopsidium foveolatum), 29 other species are new to the Russian Far East, 4 – to the northern part of the Far East. Additionally, 51 other species are new to Kamchatka Territory, and 92 more are new to Koryakia. Among the new species to Russia or Russian Far East, 11 are also reported for the first time for Beringia. A total of 500 species of lichens and allied fungi are known from Koryakia now. The richest habitats in Cape Goven are rocky outcrops and tundras; unlike in the earlier explored Parapolsky Dale, shrublands, floodplain stands and bogs play relatively insignificant role in the lichen diversity. The lichens of seashore communities enrich the lichen flora of Cape Goven compared to inland areas. The lichen diversity of Cape Goven is significantly higher than in Parapolsky Dale due to its mountainous landscape and coastal position.
On the Perfect Cuboid Problem, the final chapter .
Authors: Nguhi Alex
Published: May 2021

This paper builds on a previous finding regarding the cuboid problem.It was postulated that the cuboid problem is a divisibility by 3 problem.The idea is expanded fully to display in detail the difficulty of such acuboid existing even under the most extreme circumstances. The cuboidproblem is a paradox and it shouldn’t exist at all.
A distributed heat transfer model for thermal-hydraulic considerations in sewer networks
Authors: Figueroa Alejandro , Hadengue Bruno , Leitao Joao , Rieckermann Jörg , Blumensaat Frank
Published: May 2021

Thermal-hydraulic considerations in urban drainage networks are essential to utilise available heat capacities from waste- and stormwater. However, available models are either too detailed or too coarse; fully coupled thermal-hydrodynamic modelling tools are lacking.To accurately predict water-energy dynamics across an entire urban drainage network, we suggest the SWMM-HEAT model, which extends the EPA-StormWater Management Model with a heat-balance component. This enables conducting more advanced thermal-hydrodynamic simulation at full network scale than currently possible. We demonstrate the usefulness of the model by predicting temperature dynamics in two independent real-world cases under dry weather conditions. We furthermore screen the sensitivity of the model parameters to guide the choice of suitable parameters in future studies. The results of our study shows that sewer temperatures are particularly sensitive to soil temperature, sewer headspace temperature and humidity under specific conditions. Comparison with measurements suggest that the model predicts temperature dynamics adequately, with RSR values between 0.71 and 1.1. Simulation runs were generally fast; a five-day period simulation at high temporal resolution of a network with 415 nodes during dry weather was completed in a few minutes. Future work should assess the performance of the model for different applications and perform a more comprehensive sensitivity analysis under more scenarios. To facilitate the efficient estimation of available heat budgets in sewer networks and the integration in urban planning, the SWMM-HEAT code is made publicly available.
Communicating emotion through facial expressions: Social consequences and neural correlates
Authors: Williams W. Craig , Leong Yuan Chang , Collier Eleanor A. , Nook Erik C , Son Jae-Young , zaki jamil
Published: May 2021

Individuals modulate their facial emotion expressions in the presence of other people. Does this social tuning reflect changes in emotional experiences or attempts to communicate emotions to others? Here, “target” participants underwent facial electromyography (EMG) recording while viewing emotion-inducing images, believing they were either visible or not visible to “observer” participants. In Study 1, when targets believed they were visible, they produced greater EMG activity and were more accurately perceived by observers, but did not report accompanying changes in their emotion experience. In Study 2, simultaneous facial EMG recording and fMRI scanning revealed that social tuning of targets’ facial expressions correlated with activity in brain structures associated with mentalizing. These findings speak to long-standing, competing accounts of emotion expression, and suggest that individuals actively tune their facial expressions in social settings to communicate their experiences to others.
Preschoolers do not generalize dominance roles from one situation to another
Authors: Afshordi Narges
Published: May 2021

Recognizing social rank as a third-party observer is an important social skill. With regard to dominance—the coercive form of social rank—infants expect the winner of a zero-sum conflict over one type of resource to win again when competing with the same agent over a different type of resource (Mascaro & Csibra, 2012). However, it is unclear whether preschoolers also expect dominant-subordinate roles to generalize across situations. The current study tested this question with preschoolers (3-5 years, n = 280, 140 female, USA, 80% White) and adults (n = 200, 99 female, USA, 75% White). Preschoolers and adults recognized the dominant puppet in two resource conflict situations (a toy to play with, a bench to sit on) in which one puppet won by force and the other lost (Exp. 1). Preschoolers did not expect the puppet who had been dominant in one situation (e.g. toy) to win again in a new situation (e.g. bench) (Exp. 2a and 2b). Adults, like infants, thought the dominant puppet would win again (Exp. 2b). When the concepts of dominance and fairness were primed (Exp. 3), preschoolers’ inferences about the winner diverged: Children who had been primed with dominance thought the subordinate would win, while those who had been primed with fairness responded at chance level. This finding, together with converging support from children’s justifications, suggests that preschoolers are particularly sensitive to the unfairness of dominance interactions, and indicates that this consideration affects their inferences about the stability of dominance.
Teaching Computational Social Science for All
Authors: Kim Jae Yeon , Ng Yee Man Margaret
Published: May 2021

Computational methods have become an integral part of political science research. However, helping students to acquire these new skills is challenging because programming proficiency is necessary, and most political science students have little coding experience. This article presents pedagogical strategies to make transitioning from Excel, SPSS, or Stata to R or Python for data analytics less painful and more exciting. First, it discusses two approaches for making computational methods accessible: showing the big picture and walking through the workflow. Next, a step-by-step guide for a typical course is provided through three examples: learning programming fundamentals, wrangling messy data, and communicating data analysis.
Citizens support ambitious but costly regulation against food waste
Authors: Fesenfeld Lukas Paul , Rudolph Lukas , Bernauer Thomas
Published: May 2021

About one-third of all food produced for human consumption worldwide is wasted, particularly in high-income countries. Reducing this waste is key to decreasing negative environmental impacts from the food sector and increasing food security in developing countries. Yet, achieving food waste reduction is challenging. It is widely presumed that efforts at stricter food waste regulation may increase food prices, and hence consumer and citizen opposition could render such ambitious regulation politically unfeasible. Here, we argue that appropriate policy framing, design, and feedbacks can ensure public support despite food price increases. Our empirical analysis uses survey experiments with a population-representative sample (N=3’329) from a typical high-income country, Switzerland. First, in a combined framing and conjoint experiment, we show that messages emphasizing national or international social norms in favor of reducing food waste (policy framing) can increase public support for more ambitious reduction targets. We also show that a majority of citizens support food waste regulation, even if this leads to substantial increases in food prices, but only if such policies set stringent reduction targets and are transparently monitored (policy design). Finally, in a vignette experiment, we show that voluntary industry initiatives do not crowd out individuals’ support for stricter governmental regulation, but potentially crowd-in support if industry initiatives are unambitious (policy feedback). Our research offers an analytical template for studying public support for food waste regulation and shows that there is more political room for adopting ambitious policies than hitherto presumed.
Association between Handwashing Knowledge and Practices among the Students in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Mohan Kumar , Khanal Shanti Prasad , Acharya Devaraj , Acharya Jib
Published: May 2021

Regular handwashing with soap and running water is one of the effective ways to stop spreading of germs that protects us from the disease. The aim of this study is to assess the handwashing knowledge and practice among the selected school students of Bardiya district in Nepal. To address this objective, the school-based descriptive cross-sectional design was applied. A total of 327 students including 9 to 12 grades were taken from four secondary schools using the multistage sampling technique. The validated self-administrated questionnaires were used to collect the data from the selected students. Similarly, the univariate (frequencies and percentage) and bivariate analyses (chi-square test for association) were performed to analyse the data, using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) 26 versions. Out of the total participants, 29.7% were between the ages of 15-16 years, 60.9% were male, and the majority (95.7%) were from Hindu. The study showed that 36.9% participants had the poor knowledge relating to handwashing. In contrast, it was found that 43.42% participants were found with the low practice of handwashing, which was higher than the knowledge level of handwashing. So having a good knowledge is not associated with good practices as regards to handwashing. It was noticed that the poor handwashing practice level remains higher as compared to the poor handwashing knowledge level. The study suggests that the schools have the responsibilities to give handwashing education to their students to raise the knowledge as well as the practice level of handwashing.
Impact of Firm Specific Factors on Financial Performance: A Comparative Study of Life and Non-Life Insurance Companies in Nepal
Authors: Jaishi Bhupal , Poudel Resam Lal
Published: May 2021

The empirical research has been carried out to examine the firm specific factors composition and its impact on financial performance of life and non-life insurance companies in Nepal. This paper employs the descriptive as well as causal-comparative research design. The study comprises of a panel data set of 14 insurance companies listed in Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) with 140 observations covering a period of 10 years from 2009/10 to 2018/19. The result exhibits that the insurance companies having a high debt ratio have better financial performance. It also reveals that a higher proportion of debt ratio and tangible assets increases return in assets. On the other side, a lesser proportion of equity, firm size and liquidity decreases the return on assets of the insurance companies in Nepal. The study raises understanding of impacts of firm specific factors on financial performance and provides an empirical evidence that the total debt ratio, equity to the total assets ratio, leverage, firm size, liquidity and tangibility are the significant factors in determining the financial performance of Nepal’s insurance companies. The non-life insurance companies tend to perform better in term of financial performance measured by earning per share and return on assets. The study leads to practical implications for insurance companies and regulatory bodies. The insurance companies of Nepal interested to improve their financial performance should focus on increasing their leverage and long-term investment and decreasing the proportion of equity, firm size and liquidity.
Las canchas de fútbol en Morelos, México: un espacio de socialización para las “futboleras”
Authors: Ramírez Tania Alejandra
Published: May 2021

Las canchas de fútbol privadas y las ligas femeniles de fútbol no profesional son lugares que las mujeres han peleado para poder construir espacios de autocuidado, diversión, convivencia y socialización. La liga contiene un sentido metafórico, ya que hilvana diversos aspectos de sus vidas mediante la experiencia del “gusto” por el soccer.
LÉXICO Y SINTAXIS INACERTADOS EN EL HABLA DE PROFESIONALES: UNA ANTÍTESIS DEL LENGUAJE CIENTÍFICO
Authors: López Gómez Eugenio Jesús , Cruz Camacho Lisvette , Fimia Duarte Rigoberto , Garcés Pérez Mercedes , Medina Pérez José Martín , Noda Valledor Maribel Iraida
Published: May 2021

Actualmente, existe una problemática generalizada en el contexto de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, Cuba. La situación tiene que ver con el incremento del lenguaje verboso por parte de los docentes y el empleo inacertado de un léxico y de una sintaxis que han devenido en estereotipos por el uso recurrente que se les ha dado. Este fenómeno lingüístico afecta la competencia comunicativa profesional y entra en lógica contradicción con los principios y normas de la comunicación científica. De ahí, que el objetivo propuesto haya sido analizar la contradicción entre los vicios o carencias lingüísticos mencionados y las características inherentes al lenguaje de la ciencia. Durante el proceso investigativo se emplearon métodos teóricos —análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción—, métodos empíricos —observación y revisión documental—, además del intercambio sistemático con los profesionales de la Institución. De esa manera, se pudosistematizar, analizar y percibir lo común de los datos registrados y llegar a conclusiones confiables. En la investigación se constató que entre los vicios y estereotipos léxico-sintácticos más recurrentes se encuentran: palabras y expresiones estereotipadas, palabras de moda no reconocidas por la Real Academia Española e impropiedades léxicas. En fin, la situación denota carencia cognoscitiva de normas y principios lingüísticos en el acto comunicativo de los docentes. Se observa una atmósfera viciada, tediosa, monótona…; por supuesto, ello afecta la imagen verbal y significa la antítesis de la comunicación científica, pues esta se basa en la precisión, claridad y concreción del mensaje.
VARIACIÓN ESPACIO - TEMPORAL DEL FITOPLANCTON MARINO EN LA PLATAFORMA ALBACORA, LOTE Z1, TUMBES, PERÚ
Authors: Falero-Alama Sandra , Madrid-Ibarra Flor de María
Published: May 2021

La presente investigación se realizó en la plataforma Albacora del Lote Z1, a 10 millas náuticas de la costa de losdistritos de Corrales y La Cruz, Provincia de Tumbes - Tumbes, Perú y consistió en evaluar la variación espacio–temporal trimestral del fi toplancton marino del año 2014; se tomaron las variables ambientales como temperatura superficial del mar, salinidad, pH y oxígeno disuelto. Se obtuvieron100 muestras en total. Las muestras de fitoplancton se recolectaron en superficie, mediante una red de 75 u de abertura con un diámetro de 20 cm, por arrastre superficial en una embarcación de pesca artesanal a una velocidad de 3 nudos por 5 min. Se registró un total de 201 especies entre diatomeas y dinoflagelados, predominando las diatomeas con 119 especies; obteniéndose como resultados que la variación espacio-temporal del fitoplancton registró mayor riqueza y abundancia en las estaciones E-4 (2 Km, al suroeste de la Plataforma) y E-5 (2 Km, al sureste de la Plataforma) durante el segundo trimestre, a una temperatura superficial promedio de 25,5°C, salinidad 33,2 UPS, pH 8,1 y Oxígeno Disuelto 5,9 mg·L-1, valores que se encuentran dentro de losestándares de calidad de agua (ECA), según el DS° 002-2008-MINAM (Ministerio del Ambiente) del Perú. En cuanto a los índices de diversidad del fitoplancton reconocen el dominio de las diatomeas sobre los dinoflagelados en las estaciones E-1 (a 500 m al noreste de la Plataforma, a favor de la corriente), E-2 (a 500 m al noroeste de la Plataforma, en contra de la corriente) y E-3 (Plataforma Albacora), durante todos los trimestres del año. Se reportan como bioindicadores del fitoplancton a Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder 1864, Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle in Hasle & Syvertsen 1996 y Ceratium breve (Ostenfeld & Schmidt) Schröder 1906 relacionados con el incremento de la temperatura y típicas de Aguas Ecuatoriales Superficiales (AES).
LA INFLUENCIA DEL TURISMO, LAS PRÁCTICAS DE GESTIÓN ECOLÓGICA Y LA PERSPECTIVA SOCIAL DURANTE LA OBSERVACIÓN DE LOBOS MARINOS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) (LESSON 1828) EN MAZATLÁN, MÉXICO
Authors: Díaz-Maestre Belén , Guzón-Zatarain Oscar , Mendieta-Vega Roberto , Roldán-Clarà Blanca , Grano-Maldonado Mayra I.
Published: May 2021

La bahía de Mazatlán está ubicada en el noroeste del Océano Pacífico Mexicano, es un sitio popular para las vacaciones de playa nacionales e internacionales. Hay una pequeña colonia de lobos marinos Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828) en una zona denominada “Roca Tortuga (RT)” incluida en un área natural protegida, a 2 km de la costa, que se considera una atracción turística. Los barcos recreativos realizan los encuentros de los visitantes, y entran en contacto con los lobos marinos. Sin embargo, no existe un control directo sobre las visitas turísticas a la colonia en temporada alta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la experiencia de los turistas a esta colonia de lobos marinos. Se emplearon encuestas para analizar su percepción hacia la conservación de los lobos marinos y se elaboraron observaciones directas (interacciones turista-lobo marino) para validar los resultados. Menos del 15% de las personas recibió algún tipo de información sobre la biología o conservación de los lobos marinos. Esta investigación intenta sugerir acciones de gestión turística para reducir los posibles impactos de la presencia humana en los lobos marinos que descansan en la roca, que incluyen: limitar el número total de visitantes, y de embarcaciones en los momentos pico de visitas, implementar una guía de ecoturismo que explique la importancia de este programa de educación sobre mamíferos marinos, proteger a esta especie de mamíferos marinos y establecer una presencia gubernamental más fuerte en el sitio. La evaluación de la poblaciones de fauna silvestre locales es de gran relevancia para alcanzar metas de conservación efectivas; sin embargo, resulta complejo realizar evaluaciones adecuadas cuando los sitios de estudio que son los lugares de visita turística son difícil acceso y cuando esta especie está siendo vulnerada constantemente al disturbio humano durante las observaciones turísticas.
DRÁSTICA DISMINUCIÓN DE LA COMUNIDAD DE GASTERÓPODOS EN EL REFUGIO DE VIDA SILVESTRE LOS PANTANOS DE VILLA, LIMA, PERÚ
Authors: Torres-Zevallos Uriel , Llontop Christian , Alvariño Lorena , Iannacone Jose Alberto
Published: May 2021

Más de la mitad de gasterópodos dulceacuícolas se encuentran en alguna categoría de conservación a nivel mundial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la drástica disminución de la comunidad de gasterópodos del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Los Pantanos de Villa (RVSPV), Lima, Perú entre los años 2005 al 2010. Se recolectaron 8640 gasterópodos procedentes de ocho estaciones de muestreo próximas a la laguna “Marvilla” del RVSPV. Se obtuvieron las abundancias relativas por especie, familias y año de estudio. La densidad poblacional de gasterópodos (ind·m-²) entre años de estudio por familias fue analizada, además se agrupó entre especies nativas y exóticas. Se evaluó el efecto de la calidad del agua, establecida por factores fisicoquímicos, en la densidad de gasterópodos según familia y año de estudio. La diversidad alfa para la comunidad de gasterópodos abarcó los índices de diversidad alfa: S (Riqueza), H' (Shannon-Wiener), D (Simpson), DMn (Menhinick) por año de estudio. La fauna malacológica registró ocho especies de gasterópodos entre los años 2005-2010: Heleobia cumingii (d'Orbigny, 1835), Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774), Pectinidens diaphanus (King, 1832), Physella venustula (Gould, 1847), Mexinauta peruvianus (Gray, 1828), Drepanotrema kermatoides (d'Orbigny, 1835), Helisoma peruvianum Broderip, 1832) y Planorbella trivolvis (Say, 1817). H. cumingii (2005: 73%; 2010: 57%) y M. tuberculata (2005: 19%; 2010: 37%) presentaron las mayores abundancias relativas, sus densidades iniciaron en 845,8 y 217,2 ind·m-2 finalizando en 9,22 y 6,06 ind·m-2 al año 2010. Las densidades por familia y especie fueron diferentes entre los años de estudio, con una fuerte tendencia a la reducción. No se hallaron especímenes vivos de P. diaphanus, P. venustula y H. peruvianum para el año 2010. La reducción de la comunidad de gasterópodos en el periodo estudiado implica que los gasterópodos dulceacuícolas representan uno de los grupos taxonómicos más amenazados y vulnerables del RVSPV.
Recomendaciones sobre la indumentaria femenina en Charcas
Authors: Viñuales Graciela María
Published: May 2021

A finales del siglo XVIII, el nuevo obispo de Charcas se escandaliza por la forma de vestir de las chuquisaqueñas. Solicita al rey la fundación de una congregación que llamaría “Del buen ejemplo”, detallandocaracterísticas de conducta y de indumentaria. A lo largo de algunos años, el asunto es tratado por el Consejo de Indias y por el rey. Los considerandos del asunto dan noticia de las ideas que entonces corrían y de las posturas de la corona, el consejo y el prelado, llegando a puntos de jocosidad. El obispo, a pesar de su amistad con el rey, no llega a recibir el visto bueno.Palabras clave: Charcas, indumentaria, arzobispo, modestia, costumbres, mujeres

AbstractAt the end of the 18th century, the new Bishop was scandalized by how the Chuquisaqueñas dressed. He asked the king to find a congregation that he would call “Del Buen Ejemplo” (From a good example), detailing behavior and clothing characteristics. Over a few years, the matter is dealt with by the Council of the Indies and the king. The recitals of the matter give notice of the ideas that ran then and of the crown’s positions, the council, and the prelate, reaching points of jocularity. The Bishop, despite his friendship with the king, does not receive the approval.

Keywords: Charcas, clothing, archbishop, modesty, customs, women
Método gráfico por nudos, una alternativa de resolución de armaduras para estudiantes de arquitectura
Authors: Mujica Yépez Alfredo
Published: May 2021

El artículo trata sobre la implementación de un método para resolver armaduras planas, estáticamente determinadas, el cual se ha formado de la fusión de dos métodos tradicionales para resolverlas: uno es el método de nudos y el otro es un método gráfi co denominado Cremona. En el contenido se explica, mediante un ejemplo, cómo se pueden encontrar los esfuerzos dados en cada barra de la armadura con la sola grafi cación ordenada y a escala de los esfuerzos. Este método ha sido propuesto en base a las fortalezas que tienen los estudiantes de arquitectura en el campo del dibujo. Se expone también cómo este trabajo, puede derivar en la construcción de un modelo de armadura a escala, el cual, al ser probado con cargas reales, verifi car si se han determinado correctamente los esfuerzos en las barras.