bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing hydrodynamic effects on jarosite dissolution rates, reaction products, and preservation on Mars
Authors: Dixon Emily M. , Elwood Madden Andrew S. , Hausrath Elisabeth M. , Elwood Madden Megan E.
Published: March 2015

Jarosite flow‐through dissolution experiments were conducted in ultrapure water (UPW), pH 2 sulfuric acid, and saturated NaCl and CaCl2 brines at 295–298 K to investigate how hydrologic variables may affect jarosite preservation and reaction products on Mars. K+‐based dissolution rates in flowing UPW did not vary significantly with flow rate, indicating that mineral surface reactions control dissolution rates over the range of flow rates investigated. In all of the solutions tested, hydrologic variables do not significantly affect extent of jarosite alteration; therefore, jarosite is equally likely to be preserved in flowing or stagnant waters on Mars. However, increasing flow rate did affect the mineralogy and accumulation of secondary reaction products. Iron release rates in dilute solutions increased as the flow rate increased, likely due to nanoscale iron (hydr)oxide transport in flowing water. Anhydrite formed in CaCl2 brine flow‐through experiments despite low temperatures, while metastable gypsum and bassanite were observed in batch experiments. Therefore, observations of the hydration state of calcium sulfate minerals on Mars may provide clues to unravel past salinity and hydrologic conditions as well as temperatures and vapor pressures.
Influence of climate and land use in carbon biogeochemistry in lower reaches of rivers in central southern Chile: Implications for the carbonate system in river‐influenced rocky shore environments
Authors: Pérez Claudia A. , DeGrandpre Michael D. , Lagos Nelson A. , Saldías Gonzalo S. , Cascales Emma‐Karin , Vargas Cristian A.
Published: March 2015

Freshwater discharge affects the biogeochemistry of river‐influenced nearshore environments by contributing with carbon and nutrients. An increase in human activities in river basins may alter the natural riverine nutrients and carbon export to coastal ecosystems. Along a wide latitudinal range (32°55′S–40°10′S), this study explores the role of climate and land use in determining the nutrient and carbon concentrations in the river mouth and fluxes to adjacent coastal areas. Between winter 2011 and fall 2012, we collected monthly samples in five river mouths in central southern Chile and at rocky shore sites affected by river plumes. Basins were characterized by different land uses and meteorological conditions along this latitudinal range. Water samples were collected for pH measurements, nutrients, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, particulate organic carbon, and isotopic signatures (δ13C). Our results show a north‐south gradient in concentrations of nutrients and carbon. The highest concentrations were observed in the Maipo basin, which presents the highest percentage of urban‐industrial activities. Nutrients and carbon contributions, in most cases, were lowest in the southern Valdivia basin, which has the least human intervention and a greater percentage of vegetation. The Biobío River had the highest nutrient and carbon fluxes, in most cases, due to its high river discharge. Our results show the influence of river plume effects on carbon and nitrogen concentrations in river‐influenced rocky shore sites. Moreover, our study suggests that land use might influence some parameters of carbonate system in rivers and river‐influenced rocky shore environments. River‐influenced rocky shore environments may exhibit suppression in aragonite saturation state with implications for calcifiers inhabiting these marine environments.
Observation of the dissolution process of Globigerina bulloides tests (planktic foraminifera) by X‐ray microcomputed tomography
Authors: Iwasaki Shinya , Kimoto Katsunori , Sasaki Osamu , Kano Harumasa , Honda Makio C. , Okazaki Yusuke
Published: March 2015

We performed a 9 day dissolution experiment with tests of the planktic foraminifer Globigerina bulloides at pH 6.7 ± 0.1 in water undersaturated with respect to calcite. The initial stage of the dissolution process, which is not recognizable from the surface structure of the tests, was quantitatively evaluated by X‐ray microcomputed tomography (XMCT). XMCT revealed three distinct test structures: early‐developed calcite formed during the juvenile stage of G. bulloides, an inner calcite layer, and an outer calcite layer. The test ultrastructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and CT number evaluated the density distribution in the test. The early‐developed calcite and inner calcite layer had low CT numbers (500–1300; low density, porous) and were sensitive to dissolution, whereas the outer calcite layer had high CT numbers (<1300; high density) and resisted dissolution. Both the modes and the frequencies of the CT numbers decreased with progress of dissolution. Changes in the CT number histogram with progress of dissolution were quantified in terms of the percentage of calcite volume accounted for by low‐density calcite (% Low‐CT‐number calcite). A clear linear relationship (R2 = 0.87) between % Low‐CT‐number calcite and % Test weight loss was found. This relationship indicates that the amount of test dissolution can be estimated from the distribution of CT numbers. We propose that XMCT measurements will be useful for quantitatively estimating the amount of carbonate loss from foraminiferal tests by dissolution.
Vertical collapse origin of Las Cañadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands) revealed by 3‐D magnetotelluric inversion
Authors: Piña‐Varas P. , Ledo J. , Queralt P. , Marcuello A. , Bellmunt F. , Ogaya X. , Pérez N. , Rodriguez‐Losada J. A.
Published: March 2015

Tenerife island geology is one of the most complexes of the Canaries archipelago. This complexity is evidenced by the existing controversy regarding the lateral or vertical collapse origin of the Las Cañadas caldera. The resistivity structure of the Las Cañadas caldera has been determined by the 3‐D inversion of 188 broadband magnetotelluric data. The resistivity distribution obtained in the final model shows clear evidences of the presence of a vertical structure under the Teide, associated to the buried northern wall of the caldera. Additionally, the characteristics of the main resistivity structure, a ring‐shaped low‐resistivity body (<10 Ω m) interpreted as a hydrothermal clay alteration cap, would point out the presence of a handwall for the Icod Valley lateral landslide located under the Teide, but not in the southern caldera wall (current wall). All these support the vertical collapse hypothesis to explain the origin of the Las Cañadas caldera.
Two‐dimensional seismic attenuation images of Stromboli Island using active data
Authors: Prudencio J. , Del Pezzo E. , Ibáñez J. M. , Giampiccolo E. , Patané D.
Published: March 2015

In this work we present intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation 2‐D images of Stromboli Volcano. We used 21,953 waveforms from air gun shots fired by an oceanographic vessel and recorded at 33 inland and 10 ocean bottom seismometer seismic stations. Coda wave envelopes of the filtered seismic traces were fitted to the energy transport equation in the diffusion approximation, obtaining a couple of separate Qi and Qs in six frequency bands. Using numerically estimated sensitivity kernels for coda waves, separate images of each quality factor were produced. Results appear stable and robust. They show that scattering attenuation prevails over intrinsic attenuation. The scattering pattern shows a strong concordance with the tectonic lineaments in the area, while an area of high total attenuation coincides with the zone where most of the volcanic activity occurs. Our results provide evidence that the most important attenuation effects in volcanic areas are associated with the presence of geological heterogeneities.
Stressing of fault patch during seismic swarms in central Apennines, Italy
Authors: De Gori P. , Lucente F. P. , Chiarabba C.
Published: March 2015

Persistent seismic swarms originate along the normal faulting system of central Apennines (Italy). In this study, we analyze the space‐time‐energy distribution of one of the longer and more intense of these swarms, active since August 2013 in the high seismic risk area of the Gubbio basin. Our aim is to verify if information relevant to constraint short‐term earthquake occurrence scenarios is hidden in seismic swarms. During the swarm, the seismic moment release first accelerated, with a rapid migration of seismicity along the fault system, and suddenly dropped. We observe a decrease of the b‐value, along the portion of the fault system where large magnitude events concentrated, possibly indicating that a fault patch was dynamically stressed. This finding suggests that the onset of seismic swarms might help the formation of critically stressed patches.
Reactive and proactive aggression: Differential links with emotion regulation difficulties, maternal criticism in adolescence
Authors: Skripkauskaite Simona , Hawk Skyler T. , Branje Susan J. T. , Koot Hans M. , van Lier Pol A. C. , Meeus Wim
Published: March 2015

Proactive and reactive functions of aggression are thought to manifest through different familial and emotional processes, even though they often co‐occur. We investigated direct and indirect pathways through which maternal criticism and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties relate to reactive and proactive aggression in adolescence. Further, we examined how maternal criticism and emotion dysregulation interrelate, both concurrently and over time. Participants were 482 Dutch adolescents (M = 15.03, SD = 0.45, 57% boys) who self‐reported on their ER difficulties, perceived maternal criticism, and reactive/proactive aggression. Cross‐lagged panel modeling across four annual measurements revealed direct bidirectional links over time between maternal criticism and emotion dysregulation. Positive links over time from maternal criticism to proactive (but not reactive) aggression were also present. Emotion dysregulation and proactive aggression were linked only indirectly via maternal criticism. Gender did not significantly moderate these links. By revealing differential developmental pathways involving adolescents' ER and maternal criticism, the present study offers support for the dual function model of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 41:214–226, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal‐Free Direct Construction of Sulfonamides via Iodine‐ Mediated Coupling Reaction of Sodium Sulfinates and Amines at Room Temperature
Authors: Wei Wei , Liu ChunLi , Yang Daoshan , Wen Jiangwei , You Jinmao , Wang Hua
Published: March 2015

A simple, practical, and metal‐free protocol has been developed for the synthesis of sulfonamides from sodium sulfinates and various amines through an iodine‐mediated SN bond formation reaction at room temperature. This green reaction is cost‐effective, operationally straightforward, and especially proceeds under very mild conditions to afford the target products in good to excellent yields (up to 98%).

magnified image
Iron(II)‐Promoted Synthesis of 2‐Aminothiazoles via CN Bond Formation from Vinyl Azides and Potassium Thiocyanate
Authors: Zhang Guolin , Chen Binhui , Guo Xiao , Guo Shanshan , Yu Yongping
Published: March 2015

A simple protocol to prepare the privileged 2‐aminothiazoles promoted by ferrous sulfate heptahydrate via CN bond formation from vinyl azides and commercially available potassium thiocyanate has been developed. A wide range of vinyl azides are tolerated to afford the expected polysubstituted 2‐aminothiazoles in reasonably good yields. The use of the non‐toxic substrates and catalyst renders the reaction more environmentally friendly than traditional approaches.

magnified image
Hydrogen Acceptor‐ and Base‐Free N‐Formylation of Nitriles and Amines using Methanol as C1 Source
Authors: Kang Byungjoon , Hong Soon Hyeok
Published: March 2015

An N‐formylation method using methanol as the C1 source without a stoichiometric amount of activating reagent is described. Nitriles as well as amines can be directly used as substrates. The reaction is catalyzed by an N‐heterocyclic carbene coordinated ruthenium(II) dihydride complex, which mediates methanol dehydrogenation, nitrile reduction, and CN bond formation without any external base, hydrogen acceptor, or oxidant.

magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Benzylic CH Benzylation via Bis‐Benzylpalladium(II) Complexes in Water: An Effective Pathway for the Direct Construction of N‐(1,2‐Diphenylethyl)anilines
Authors: Hikawa Hidemasa , Izumi Kyoko , Ino Yukari , Kikkawa Shoko , Yokoyama Yuusaku , Azumaya Isao
Published: March 2015

A strategy for the N‐benzylation/benzylic CH benzylation cascade of anilines by the π‐benzylpalladium system using a water‐soluble palladium(0)/sodium diphenylphosphinobenzene‐3‐sulfonate (TPPMS) catalyst and benzyl alcohol in water has been developed. This tandem process is devised as a novel and efficient synthetic route for N‐(1,2‐diphenylethyl)anilines. Benzylic CH activation of a mono‐N‐benzylated intermediate with a π‐benzylpalladium(II) complex affords a bis‐π‐benzylated palladium(II) intermediate. The nucleophilic η1‐σ‐benzyl anion ligand attacks the electrophilic η3‐π‐benzyl ligand to give a dibenzylated product. The intermolecular competition between mono‐N‐benzylaniline and its monodeuterated form (monodeuterated at the benzylic group) with benzyl alcohol gave a KIE=4.6, suggesting that CH bond cleavage was involved in the rate‐determining step. Hammett studies on the rate constants of benzylation by various substituted anthranilic acids and mono‐N‐benzylanilines show a good correlation between the log(kX/kH) and the σ values of the respective substituents. From the slope, negative ρ values are obtained, suggesting that there is a build‐up of positive charge in the transition state. The reaction of anilines with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups affords the corresponding N‐(1,2‐diphenylethyl)anilines in moderate to good yields (54–86%). Interestingly, the reaction of anthranilic acids proceeded smoothly to give only the corresponding dibenzylated products in good to excellent yields (70–87%). The carboxyl group of the anthranilic acids acts as a directing group in the benzylic CH activation process.

magnified image
Synthesis of 3,4‐Fused 2‐Quinolones from an (ortho‐Aminophenyl)propiolate via Sequential Cycloaddition/Lactam Formation
Authors: Murayama Tsukasa , Shibuya Masatoshi , Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: March 2015

An N‐phthalimide‐protected (ortho‐aminophenyl)propiolate was prepared by the carboxylation of the corresponding silylalkyne precursor with carbon dioxide. The obtained propiolate was further transformed to various 3,4‐fused 2‐quinolones via cycloadditions and subsequent deprotection/lactam formation.

magnified image
Strained Dehydrogenative Ring Closure of Phenylcarbazoles
Authors: Jones Alexander W. , Louillat‐Habermeyer Marie‐Laure , Patureau Frederic W.
Published: March 2015

What does it take to force a rigid and strained dehydrogenative ring closure, for example, in phenylcarbazoles? Since the works of Buchwald and Fagnou, palladium‐catalysed ring‐closing dehydrogenative reactions are legion, but will not operate when the strain at the reductive elimination stage becomes too large. We propose here a “muscled up” super‐oxidative palldium‐catalysed CH activation method for the ring closure of strained phenylcarbazoles.

magnified image
Cadherin‐13 gene is associated with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Salatino‐Oliveira Angélica , Genro Julia Pasqualini , Polanczyk Guilherme , Zeni Cristian , Schmitz Marcelo , Kieling Christian , Anselmi Luciana , Menezes Ana Maria Baptista , Barros Fernando Cde , Polina Evelise Regina , Mota Nina R , Grevet Eugênio Horácio , Bau Claiton Henrique Dotto , Rohde Luis Augusto , Hutz Mara Helena
Published: March 2015

Several efforts have been made to find new genetic risk variants which explain the high heritability of ADHD. At the genome level, genes involved in neurodevelopmental pathways were pointed as candidates.CDH13andCTNNA2genes are within GWAS top hits in ADHD and there are emerging notions about their contribution to ADHD pathophysiology. The main goal of this study is to test the association between SNPs inCDH13andCTNNA2genes and ADHD across the life cycle in subjects with ADHD. This study included 1,136 unrelated ADHD cases and 946 individuals without ADHD. No significant association betweenCDH13and CTNNA2was observed between cases and controls across different samples (P ≥ 0.096 for all comparisons). No allele was significantly more transmitted than expected from parents to ADHD probands. TheCDH13 rs11150556 CCgenotype was associated with more hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in youths with ADHD (children/adolescents clinical sample: F = 7.666,P = 0.006, FDRP‐value = 0.032; Pelotas Birth Cohort sample: F = 6.711,P = 0.011, FDRP‐value = 0.032). Although there are many open questions regarding the role of neurodevelopmental genes in ADHD symptoms, the present study suggests thatCDH13is associated with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in youths with ADHD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomewide association analyses of electrophysiological endophenotypes for schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorders: A preliminary report
Authors: Hall Mei‐Hua , Chen Chia‐Yen , Cohen Bruce M. , Spencer Kevin M. , Levy Deborah L. , Öngür Dost , Smoller Jordan W.
Published: March 2015

Several event‐related potentials (ERP), including P3, sensory gating (P50), and gamma oscillation, are robustly impaired in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BIP). Although these ERPs are known to be heritable, little is known about the specific genetic loci involved and the degree to which they overlap with loci influencing mood and psychotic disorders. In the present study, we conducted GWAS to a) identify common variants associated with ERP endophenotypes, and b) construct polygenic risk scores (PRS) to examine overlap between genetic components of ERPs and mood and psychotic disorders. The sample consisted of 271 patients with SCZ or psychotic BIP diagnosis and 128 controls for whom ERP and genomewide data were available. GWAS were conducted using the full sample. PRS, derived from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) analyses of SCZ, BIP, and major depressive disorder were applied to each ERP phenotype. We identified a region on chromosome 14 that was significantly associated with sensory gating (peak SNP rs10132223, P = 1.27 × 10−9). This locus has not been previously associated with psychotic illness in PGC‐GWAS. In the PRS analyses, patients with a higher load of SCZ risk alleles had reduced gamma response whereas patients with a higher load of BIP risk alleles had smaller P3 amplitude. We observed a genomewide significant locus on chromosome 14 for P50. This locus may influence P50 but not psychotic illness. Among patients with psychotic illness, PRS results indicated genetic overlap between SCZ loci and gamma oscillation and between BIP loci and P3 amplitude. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RGS2 genetic variation: Association analysis with panic disorder and dimensional as well as intermediate phenotypes of anxiety
Authors: Hohoff Christa , Weber Heike , Richter Jan , Domschke Katharina , Zwanzger Peter M. , Ohrmann Patricia , Bauer Jochen , Suslow Thomas , Kugel Harald , Baumann Christian , Klauke Benedikt , Jacob Christian P. , Fritze Jürgen , Bandelow Borwin , Gloster Andrew T. , Gerlach Alexander L. , Kircher Tilo , Lang Thomas , Alpers Georg W. , Ströhle Andreas , Fehm Lydia , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Arolt Volker , Pauli Paul , Hamm Alfons , Reif Andreas , Deckert Jürgen
Published: March 2015

Accumulating evidence from mouse models points to the G protein‐coupled receptor RGS2 (regulator of G‐protein signaling 2) as a promising candidate gene for anxiety in humans. Recently, RGS2 polymorphisms were found to be associated with various anxiety disorders, e.g., rs4606 with panic disorder (PD), but other findings have been negative or inconsistent concerning the respective risk allele. To further examine the role of RGS2 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of PD, we genotyped rs4606 and five additional RGS2 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs16834831, rs10801153, rs16829458, rs1342809, rs1890397) in two independent PD samples, comprising 531 matched case/control pairs. The functional SNP rs4606 was nominally associated with PD when both samples were combined. The upstream SNP rs10801153 displayed a Bonferroni‐resistant significant association with PD in the second and the combined sample (P = 0.006 and P = 0.017). We furthermore investigated the effect of rs10801153 on dimensional anxiety traits, a behavioral avoidance test (BAT), and an index for emotional processing in the respective subsets of the total sample. In line with categorical results, homozygous risk (G) allele carriers displayed higher scores on the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ; P = 0.015) and showed significantly more defensive behavior during fear provoking situations (P = 0.001). Furthermore, significant effects on brain activation in response to angry (P = 0.013), happy (P = 0.042) and neutral faces (P = 0.032) were detected. Taken together, these findings provide further evidence for the potential role of RGS2 as a candidate gene for PD. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of transsphenoidal complications in patients with acromegaly: an analysis of inpatient data in the United States from 2002 to 2010
Authors: Raikundalia Milap D. , Pines Morgan J. , Svider Peter F. , Baredes Soly , Folbe Adam J. , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: March 2015

Background

Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is a common procedure for a variety of pituitary lesions. This procedure can be associated with complications related to the surgery or specific pathology. In this study, we evaluate inpatient postoperative complications among patients who underwent TSS for growth hormone adenomas using a nationally representative database, and compare patient characteristics and complications to patients who underwent TSS for other benign pituitary neoplasms.

Methods

Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample revealed 13,070 TSS patients (including 892 with acromegaly) between 2002 and 2010. Complication rates, outcomes, patient demographics, hospital stay, and total charges were evaluated among TSS patients with and without acromegaly.

Results

There was an increase in TSS performed in both cohorts from 2002 to 2010. Acromegaly patients were younger, had shorter hospital stays, and incurred fewer charges. Acromegaly patients had a lower occurrence of postoperative urinary/renal complications (0.2% vs 1.1%), thromboembolic events (0% vs 0.4%), fluid/electrolyte abnormalities (5.7% vs 9.1%), and iatrogenic hypopituitarism (0.3% vs 1.1%) compared to other TSS patients (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, acromegalic patients maintained a statistically lower occurrence of fluid/electrolyte abnormalities (p = 0.007). Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurrence in acromegaly patients was 2.6% vs 1.7% in non‐acromegaly patients, a result that did not reach significance (p = 0.054).

Conclusion

Upon comparison of inpatient hospitalizations for patients undergoing TSS for growth hormone adenomas and other benign pituitary neoplasms, acromegaly patients had a significantly lower occurrence of postoperative fluid/electrolyte abnormalities. Acromegaly patients had shorter hospitalizations and subsequently fewer total charges.
Environment‐Sensitive Fluorescent Probe: A Benzophosphole Oxide with an Electron‐Donating Substituent
Authors: Yamaguchi Eriko , Wang Chenguang , Fukazawa Aiko , Taki Masayasu , Sato Yoshikatsu , Sasaki Taeko , Ueda Minako , Sasaki Narie , Higashiyama Tetsuya , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: March 2015

Electron‐donating aryl groups were attached to electron‐accepting benzophosphole skeletons. Among several derivatives thus prepared, one benzophosphole oxide was particularly interesting, as it retained high fluorescence quantum yields even in polar and protic solvents. This phosphole‐based compound exhibited a drastic color change of its fluorescence spectrum as a function of the solvent polarity, while the absorption spectra remained virtually unchanged. Capitalizing on these features, this phosphole‐based compound was used to stain adipocytes, in which the polarity of subcellular compartments could then be discriminated on the basis of the color change of the fluorescence emission.
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyurethanes with unsaturated carbon bonds based on poly(propylene fumarate)
Authors: Hu Bin , Ye Chen , Gao Changyou
Published: March 2015

The segmented polyurethanes synthesized from biodegradable polyesters are very promising and widely applicable because of their excellent physiochemical properties. Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), a kind of linear aliphatic unsaturated and biodegradable polyesters, has been well recognized in biomedical applications. Herein novel polyurethanes (PPFUs) were synthesized based on the PPF‐diol, diisocyanates such as 1,6‐diisocyanatohexane, l‐lysine diisocyanate, and dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and chain extenders such as 1,4‐butylene glycol and l‐lysine methyl ester hydrochloride (Lys‐OMe·2HCl). By varying the types of diisocyanates, and chain extenders, and the proportion of hard segments, the PPFUs with tailored properties such as mechanical strength and degradation rate were easily obtained. The synthesized PPFUs had an amorphous structure and slight phase separation with strong hydrogen bonding between the soft segments and the hard segments. The elongation of PPFU elastomers reached over 400% with a slow deformation‐recovery ability. The PPFUs were more sensitive to alkaline (5 M, NaOH) hydrolysis than acid (2 M, HCl) and oxidative (30 vol.%, H2O2) erosion. The tensile strength, deformation‐recovery ability, and glass transition temperature of the PPFUs were improved with the increase of hard segment proportion, while the degradation rate was opposite because of the faster degradation of the soft segments. In vitro culture of smooth muscle cells in the extractant of the PPFUs or on the PPFUs film surface revealed low cytotoxicity and good cytocompatibility in terms of cell viability, adhesion, and proliferation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42065.
Investigating serendipity: How it unfolds and what may influence it
Authors: McCay‐Peet Lori , Toms Elaine G.
Published: March 2015

Serendipity is not an easy word to define. Its meaning has been stretched to apply to experiences ranging from the mundane to the exceptional. Serendipity, however, is consistently associated with unexpected and positive personal, scholarly, scientific, organizational, and societal events and discoveries. Diverse serendipitous experiences share a conceptual space; therefore, what lessons can we draw from an exploration of how serendipity unfolds and what may influence it? This article describes an investigation of work‐related serendipity. Twelve professionals and academics from a variety of fields were interviewed. The core of the semi‐structured interviews focused on participants' own work‐related experiences that could be recalled and discussed in depth. This research validated and augmented prior research while consolidating previous models of serendipity into a single model of the process of serendipity, consisting of: Trigger, Connection, Follow‐up, and Valuable Outcome, and an Unexpected Thread that runs through 1 or more of the first 4 elements. Together, the elements influence the Perception of Serendipity. Furthermore, this research identified what factors relating to the individual and their environment may facilitate the main elements of serendipity and further influence its perception.
An Efficient Numerical Scheme for Solving Multi‐Dimensional Fractional Optimal Control Problems With a Quadratic Performance Index
Authors: Bhrawy A. H. , Doha E. H. , Tenreiro Machado J. A. , Ezz‐Eldien S. S.
Published: March 2015

The shifted Legendre orthogonal polynomials are used for the numerical solution of a new formulation for the multi‐dimensional fractional optimal control problem (M‐DFOCP) with a quadratic performance index. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. The Lagrange multiplier method for the constrained extremum and the operational matrix of fractional integrals are used together with the help of the properties of the shifted Legendre orthonormal polynomials. The method reduces the M‐DFOCP to a simpler problem that consists of solving a system of algebraic equations. For confirming the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed scheme, some test problems are implemented with their approximate solutions.
Synthesis and luminescence of Eu3+‐doped in triple phosphate Ca8MgBi(PO4)7 with whitlockite structure
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐wei , Ren Yan‐jun , Liu Lu , Zhang Jian‐ping , Peng You‐shun
Published: March 2015

Triple whitlockite‐type structure‐based red phosphors Ca8MgBi1−x(PO4)7:xEu3+ (x = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80 and 1.00) were synthesized by a conventional solid‐state reaction route and characterized by their X‐ray crystal structures. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Fourier transform infrared spectra, morphologies, photoluminescence spectra, UV/Vis reflectance spectra, decay times and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of Ca8MgBi1−x(PO4)7:xEu3+ were analyzed. Eu‐doped Ca8MgBi(PO4)7 phosphors exhibited strong red luminescence with peaks at 616 nm due to the 5D0 → 7 F2 electric dipole transition of Eu3+ ions after excitation at 396 nm. The UV/Vis spectra indicated that the band gap of Ca8MgBi0.30(PO4)7:0.70Eu3+ is larger than that of Ca8MgBi(PO4)7. The phosphor developed in this study has great potential as a red‐light‐emitting phosphor for UV light‐emitting diodes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wheat enolase demonstrates potential as a non‐toxic cryopreservation agent for liver and pancreatic cells
Authors: Grondin Mélanie , Chow‐Shi‐Yée Mélanie , Ouellet François , Averill‐Bates Diana A.
Published: March 2015

Cryopreservation is essential for long‐term storage of cells and tissues, which can be used for clinical applications such as drug toxicity testing, human transplantation, reproductive, regenerative and transfusion medicine. It requires use of cryoprotectants (e.g. dimethyl disulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol) that protect cells and tissues from dehydration and damage caused by formation of intracellular ice during freezing. As an alternative to these cytotoxic cryoprotectants, we are developing new technology using natural substances produced by plants that survive freezing conditions. We previously showed that soluble protein extracts such as wheat protein extract (WPE) prepared from winter wheat plants can substitute for DMSO as a cryoprotectant for certain mammalian cell types. To identify novel cryoactive proteins, WPE was separated using different chromatographic procedures and cryoactive fractions were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The analysis revealed enolase as a potential wheat protein candidate. A recombinant enolase protein was prepared and was able to successfully cryopreserve rat hepatocytes and insulin‐secreting INS832/13 pancreatic cells. Post‐thaw cells had high viability and levels of metabolic activities. Cryopreserved cells were plateable and had good adherence and morphological properties. These results indicate that individual plant proteins such as enolase have promising potential as new, non‐toxic technology for cryopreservation protocols used for clinical applications.
Development of a LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of metoprolol and its metabolites, α‐hydroxymetoprolol and O‐desmethylmetoprolol, in rat plasma: application to the herb–drug interaction study of metoprolol and breviscapine
Authors: Rao Zhi , Ma Yan‐rong , Qin Hong‐yan , Wang Ya‐feng , Wei Yu‐hui , Zhou Yan , Zhang Guo‐qiang , Wang Xing‐dong , Wu Xin‐an
Published: March 2015

A simple, specific and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol (MET), α‐hydroxymetoprolol (HMT) and O‐desmethylmetoprolol (DMT) in rat plasma. The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, then the separation of the analytes was performed on an Agilent HC‐C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and post‐column splitting (1:4) was used to give optimal interface flow rates (0.2 mL/min) for MS detection; the total run time was 8.5 min. Mass spectrometric detection was achieved using a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source interface in positive ionization mode. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, matrix effect and recovery over a concentration range of 3.42–7000 ng/mL for MET, 2.05‐4200 ng/mL for HMT and 1.95‐4000 ng/mL for DMT. The analytical method was successfully applied to herb–drug interaction study of MET and breviscapine after administration of breviscapine (12.5 mg/kg) and MET (40 mg/kg). The results suggested that breviscapine have negligible effect on pharmacokinetics of MET in rats; the information may be beneficial for the application of breviscapine in combination with MET in clinical therapy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of the clitoris and its impact on neophalloplasty (metoidioplasty) in female transgenders
Authors: Stojanovic Borko , Djordjevic Miroslav L.
Published: March 2015

The current management of female to male transgender surgery is based on the advances in neophalloplasty, perioperative care and the knowledge of the female genital anatomy, as well as the changes that occur to this anatomy with preoperative hormonal changes in transgender population. Since the clitoris plays the main role in female sexual satisfaction, its impact on the outcome in female to male transgender surgery is predictable. Although female genital anatomy was poorly described in majority of anatomical textbooks, recent studies have provided a better insight in important details such as neurovascular supply, ligaments, body configuration, and relationship with urethral/vaginal complex. This article aims to review current state of knowledge of the clitoral anatomy as well its impact on clitoral reconstruction in female to male sex reassignment surgery. Clin. Anat. 28:368–375, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of 64‐slice CT following perfusion with iohexol via the hepatopancreatic ampulla in assessing pancreaticobiliary junctions
Authors: Guo Wan‐Liang , Bai Xue‐Jie , Huang Shun‐Gen , Fang Lin , Wang Jian
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to delineate the structure of the pancreatic and biliary ducts in premature infants using a novel imaging method. The duodenal papillae of 30 premature infant cadavers were dissected. The pancreatic and biliary ducts were visualized using 64‐detector multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT). Contrast agent was injected into the duodenal papilla via the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater. MSCT scanning revealed both the pancreatic and biliary ducts as well as the common channel in 18 cases. The bile duct was visualized in the remaining 12 cases. Four patterns of the pancreaticobiliary ductal junction were noted: Y‐type (73.3%), U‐type (13.3%), V‐type (6.7%), and II‐type (6.7%). The results showed that MSCT and three‐dimensional reconstruction can be used to visualize the junction pattern and common channel of the pancreatic and biliary ducts, and the structure of the surrounding tissue, in premature infants. Clin. Anat. 28:645–648, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoparticle‐Imprinted Polymers: Shell‐Selective Recognition of Au Nanoparticles by Imprinting Using the Langmuir–Blodgett Method
Authors: Bruchiel‐Spanier Netta , Mandler Daniel
Published: March 2015

Speciation of nanoparticles, that is, their differentiation based on size, shape and stabilizing shell is becoming important since their properties depend on these parameters. Nanoparticle‐imprinted polymers (NIPs) are a new approach that aims to selectively recognize nanoparticles based on their structural properties. In this study, monolayers of cellulose acetate (CA) accommodating gold nanoparticles stabilized with dodecanethiol (AuNPs/C12) are transferred onto indium tin oxide (ITO) by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. One to five monolayers are assembled. Electrochemical oxidation dissolves the AuNPs/C12 to form cavities in the films, which fit the size and shape of the AuNPs/C12. Reuptake of the nanoparticles from a solution is successful using the imprinted films, whereas the control films containing only CA layers do not reuptake the AuNPs/C12. The NIPs are highly selective and other gold nanoparticles stabilized by other thiols are not recognized by the imprinted matrix.
Partial Oxidation as a Rational Approach to Kinetic Control in Bioinspired Magnetite Synthesis
Authors: Altan Cem L. , Lenders Jos J. M. , Bomans Paul H. H. , de With Gijsbertus , Friedrich Heiner , Bucak Seyda , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M.
Published: March 2015

Biological systems show impressive control over the shape, size and organization of mineral structures, which often leads to advanced physical properties that are tuned to the function of these materials. Such control is also found in magnetotactic bacteria, which produce—in aqueous medium and at room temperature—magnetite nanoparticles with precisely controlled morphologies and sizes that are generally only accessible in synthetic systems with the use of organic solvents and/or the use of high‐temperature methods. The synthesis of magnetite under biomimetic conditions, that is, in water and at room temperature and using polymeric additives as control agents, is of interest as a green production method for magnetic nanoparticles. Inspired by the process of magnetite biomineralization, a rational approach is taken by the use of a solid precursor for the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. The conversion of a ferrous hydroxide precursor, which we demonstrate with cryo‐TEM and low‐dose electron diffraction, is used to achieve control over the solution supersaturation such that crystal growth can be regulated through the interaction with poly‐(α,β)‐dl‐aspartic acid, a soluble, negatively charged polymer. In this way, stable suspensions of nanocrystals are achieved that show remanence and coercivity at the size limit of superparamagnetism, and which are able to align their magnetic moments forming strings in solution as is demonstrated by cryo‐electron tomography.
New Phenomena in Organometallic‐Mediated Radical Polymerization (OMRP) and Perspectives for Control of Less Active Monomers
Authors: Poli Rinaldo
Published: March 2015

The impact of reversible bond formation between a growing radical chain and a metal complex (organometallic‐mediated radical polymerization (OMRP) equilibrium) to generate an organometallic intermediate/dormant species is analyzed with emphasis on the interplay between this and other one‐electron processes involving the metal complex, which include halogen transfer in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), hydrogen‐atom transfer in catalytic chain transfer (CCT), and catalytic radical termination (CRT). The challenges facing the controlled polymerization of “less active monomers” (LAMs) are outlined and, after reviewing the recent achievements of OMRP in this area, the perspectives of this technique are analyzed.
Calcium‐Catalyzed Carboarylation of Alkynes
Authors: Fu Liang , Niggemann Meike
Published: March 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Meike Niggemann at the RWTH Aachen University. The image depicts a calcium catalyst brewing a magic potion—a carefully balanced choice of ingredients results in a new one‐pot procedure for the carboarylation of internal alkynes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201406503.
Early estimates of SEER cancer incidence for 2012: Approaches, opportunities, and cautions for obtaining preliminary estimates of cancer incidence
Authors: Lewis Denise Riedel , Chen Huann‐Sheng , Midthune Douglas N. , Cronin Kathleen A. , Krapcho Martin F. , Feuer Eric J.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program collects and publishes population‐based cancer incidence data from registries covering approximately 28% (seer.cancer.gov/registries/data.html) of the US population. SEER incidence rates are released annually in April from data submitted the prior November. The time needed to identify, consolidate, clean, and submit data requires the latest diagnosis year included to be 3 years before release. Approaches, opportunities, and cautions for an earlier release of data based on a February submission are described.

METHODS

First, cases submitted in February for the latest diagnosis year represented 92% to 98% of those in the following November submission. A reporting delay model was used to statistically adjust counts in recent diagnosis years for cases projected in the future. February submissions required larger adjustment factors than November submissions. Second, trends were checked to assess the validity.

RESULTS

Most cancer sites had similar annual percent change (APC) trends for February and November 2013. Male colon and rectum cancer and female lung and bronchus cancer showed an acceleration in declining APC trends only in February. Average annual percent change (AAPC) trends for the 2 submissions were similar for all sites.

CONCLUSIONS

For the first time, preliminary 2012 incidence rates, based on February submissions, are provided. An accelerated decline starting in 2008 for male colon and rectum cancer rates and male lung cancer rates did not persist when 2012 data were added. An earlier release of SEER data is possible. Caution must be exercised when one is interpreting changing trends. Use of the more conservative AAPC is advised. Cancer 2015;121:2053–2062. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Yoga and meditation for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cramer Holger , Rabsilber Sybille , Lauche Romy , Kümmel Sherko , Dobos Gustav
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer survivors have only very limited treatment options for menopausal symptoms. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of a 12‐week traditional Hatha yoga and meditation intervention on menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors.

METHODS

Patients were randomly assigned either to a 12‐week yoga and meditation intervention or to usual care. The primary outcome measure was total menopausal symptoms (Menopause Rating Scale [MRS] total score). Secondary outcome measures included MRS subscales, quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Breast), fatigue (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue), depression, and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Outcomes were assessed at week 12 and week 24 after randomization.

RESULTS

In total, 40 women (mean age ± standard deviation, 49.2 ± 5.9 years) were randomized to yoga (n = 19) or to usual care (n = 21). Women in the yoga group reported significantly lower total menopausal symptoms compared with the usual care group at week 12 (mean difference, −5.6; 95% confidence interval, −9.2 to −1.9; P = .004) and at week 24 (mean difference, −4.5; 95% confidence interval, −8.3 to −0.7; P = .023). At week 12, the yoga group reported less somatovegetative, psychological, and urogenital menopausal symptoms; less fatigue; and improved quality of life (all P < .05). At week 24, all effects persisted except for psychological menopausal symptoms. Short‐term effects on menopausal symptoms remained significant when only women who were receiving antiestrogen medication (n = 36) were analyzed. Six minor adverse events occurred in each group.

CONCLUSIONS

Yoga combined with meditation can be considered a safe and effective complementary intervention for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors. The effects seem to persist for at least 3 months. Cancer 2015;121:2175–2184. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
HNF1β and S100A1 are useful biomarkers for distinguishing renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in FNA and core needle biopsies
Authors: Conner James R. , Hirsch Michelle S. , Jo Vickie Y.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Morphologic overlap between renal oncocytoma (RO) and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) can pose diagnostic challenges, especially in biopsy samples in which tumor quantity may be limited, architectural features are not well represented, and gross examination is not possible. It has been demonstrated that immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HNF1α, HNF1β, and S100A1 are differentially expressed in RO and ChRCC in resection specimens. We evaluated the utility of these markers in FNA and core biopsies of RO and ChRCC.

METHODS

IHC for HNF1α, HNF1β, and S100A1 were performed on 61 RO specimens (36 FNA biopsies and 25 core biopsies) and on 14 ChRCC specimens (10 FNA biopsies and 4 core biopsies), and results were scored semiquantitatively for staining intensity (0‐3: negative, weak, moderate, strong) and staining extent (0‐4: 0%, 1‐25%, 26‐50%, 51‐75%, 76‐100%).

RESULTS

Forty‐four (44) of 60 (73%) RO displayed moderate‐to‐strong nuclear reactivity for HNF1β compared to 3 of 14 (21%) ChRCC (P < .001). Staining was present in >50% of tumor cells in 34 of 60 (57%) RO and in 2 of 14 (14%) ChRCC (P = .004). S100A1 was moderately‐to‐strongly positive in 45 of 56 (80%) RO and in 1 of 13 (8%) ChRCC (P < .001), with 39 of 56 (70%) and 2 of 13 (15%) cases, respectively showing positivity in >50% of tumor cells (P < .001). No ChRCCs were positive for both markers. There was no statistically significant difference in intensity or extent of HNF1α staining between RO and ChRCC.

CONCLUSIONS

HNF1β and S100A1 positivity was observed in a significantly greater proportion of RO than ChRCC. IHC for both markers can thus aid in the differential diagnosis. Accurate distinction is of increasing importance as tumor‐ablative procedures and active surveillance become more widely adopted. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:298–305. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
New approaches on exponential stability for continuous system with multiple additive delay components
Authors: Qiu Fang , Cao Jinde
Published: March 2015

This article studies the problem of exponential stability for continuous‐time system with multiple additive delay components. Based on the dividing of the delay and reciprocally convex combination technique, some new delay‐dependent stability conditions are derived by constructing a novel Lyapunov functional. These criteria are expressed as a set of linear matrix inequalities, which can be checked using the numerically efficient Matlab LMI Control Toolbox. Finally, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 29–41, 2016
A real‐time noise resilient data link layer mechanism for unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 networks
Authors: Okdem Selcuk
Published: March 2015

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 is a protocol operating in media access control and physical layer, and it is commonly used in low‐power and low data‐rate wireless communications. In this paper, we develop a stochastic model for unslotted operations of IEEE 802.15.4 networks. Signal fading is an important factor in mobile communications. According to the level of fading, signal‐to‐noise ratio gets dynamically changing values. Given a pair of nodes communicating to each‐other in a mobile channel, the model calculates frame sizes providing maximum data‐rate of successful IEEE 802.15.4 transmissions. The experimental results in various environments are given in the paper to discuss the success of the model. In the consideration of real‐time operations, the model is improved to be operated in a low‐complexity hardware/software unit. According to experimental results presented in the paper, the proposed model seems to be suitable in mobile environments by achieving high data‐transfer rate for unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.