bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allicin enhances the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells via inhibition of NF‐κB signaling pathway
Authors: Huang Wen‐liang , Wu Shu‐fen , Xu Song‐tao , Ma Yong‐chao , Wang Rui , Jin Shaoju , Zhou Shan
Published: May 2020

Radioresistance is an important factor affecting the radiotherapy effect of colorectal cancer (CRC). Allicin is a versatile sulfur‐containing organic compound extracted from garlic (Allium sativum L.), which has many pharmacological effects. However, the effect of allicin on the sensitivity of CRC radiotherapy has not been confirmed. The present study is to observe the radiosensitivity effects of allicin and to explore its mechanism in CRC radiotherapy. The proliferation inhibition effects of allicin combined with X‐ray radiotherapy in HCT116 cells were measured by growth curve of cell and colony formation assays. The cell apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 nucleus staining assay. The migration ability of cells was detected by Transwell chamber migration assay. The animal model of CRC was established in BALB/c mice via transplantation of CT26 cell, and the radiosensitization effect of allicin on CRC was detected in vivo. The mRNA expressions of NF‐κB, IKKβ, and IκBα were analyzed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The protein expressions of NF‐κB, p‐NF‐κB, IKKβ, p‐IKKβ, IκBα, and p‐IκBα were detected by western blotting. Our results showed that allicin improves the sensitivity of X‐ray radiotherapy in CRC, and its mechanism may be associated with inhibition of NF‐κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that allicin may be used as a potential sensitizer for tumor radiotherapy in the clinic.
Cross‐sectional imaging for assessing intestinal fibrosis in Crohn's disease
Authors: Zhong Ying Kui , Lu Bao Lan , Huang Si Yun , Chen Yu Jun , Li Zi Ping , Rimola Jordi , Li Xue Hua
Published: May 2020

More than 30% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) develop fibrotic strictures in the bowel as the disease progresses. Excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in the submucosa and smooth muscle hypertrophy or hyperplasia are the main features of fibrosis in CD. Cross‐sectional imaging technology provides a wealth of information on the anatomy, histological composition, and physiological function of the bowel, allowing for a non‐invasive and complete evaluation of associated abnormalities. This review summarizes recent advances in and the potential technologies of cross‐sectional imaging for assessing intestinal fibrosis in CD, including ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Gender differences in molecular‐guided therapy recommendations for metastatic malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Taghizadeh Hossein , Zöchbauer‐Müller Sabine , Mader Robert M. , Müllauer Leonhard , Klikovits Thomas , Bachleitner‐Hofmann Thomas , Hoda Mir A. , Prager Gerald W.
Published: May 2020

Background

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer and has a poor prognosis. Here, we analyzed the feasibility, molecular and gender aspects of targeted therapy recommendations for malignant mesothelioma based on the individual molecular tumor profile.

Methods

In this single‐center, real‐world retrospective analysis of our platform for precision medicine, we evaluated the molecular profiling of malignant mesothelioma in 14 patients, including nine men and five women. Tumor samples of the patients were examined with a 50 gene next‐generation sequencing (NGS) panel, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, to detect possible molecular aberrations which may be targeted by off‐label therapy custom‐tailored to the individual patient.

Results

In total, we identified 11 mutations in six of the 14 patients, including BAP1, FANCA, NF1, NF2, PD‐L1, RAD52D, SETD2, SRC, and TP53. No mutation was detected in eight of the 14 patients. Targeted therapy was recommended for 11 out of the 14 patients. All recommendations were mainly based on the molecular characteristics determined by immunohistochemistry. Targeted therapy recommendations were significantly more often for men than women due to gender‐specific differences in PDGFRα expression. Eventually, four patients received the targeted therapy, of whom one patient subsequently achieved stable disease.

Conclusions

Our observations suggest that a molecular‐guided treatment approach is feasible for the management of advanced malignant mesothelioma. Our analysis revealed gender specific differences in PDGFRα expression that should be further evaluated in clinical trials.
The Lifespan of Ethnographic Reports: The Predicament of Returns to the Field
Authors: Shokeid Moshe
Published: May 2020

Only a minority among our colleagues enjoy the opportunity to revisit their earlier fieldwork sites, reviewing their initial observations and research conclusions. This paper presents the researcher’s experience witnessing the dramatic social transformations that have taken place owing to internal and external processes, in three fieldwork sites over twenty to thirty years. The subjects of his ethnographic monographs: Moroccan Jewish immigrants in an Israeli farming community; Israeli emigrants in the Borough of Queens; the gay and lesbian synagogue in New York City. These evolutionary changes, unconceivable during the studied period but inevitable aftereffects of most ethnographic projects, present a reality that anthropologists rarely consider in their work and teaching. Expanding ethnographic perspective involves a more sensitive assessment of fieldwork records considering the mutability of ethnographic observations and conclusions.
Impact of neoadjuvant therapy on post‐operative pancreatic fistula: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kamarajah Sivesh K. , Bundred James R. , Boyle Charles , Oo June , Pandanaboyana Sanjay , Loveday Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The use of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) for pancreatic cancer is increasing, although its impact on post‐operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is variably reported. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to assess the impact of NAT on POPF.

Methods

A systematic literature search until October 2019 identified studies reporting POPF following NAT (radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) versus upfront resection. The primary outcome was overall POPF. Secondary outcomes included grade B/C POPF, delayed gastric emptying (DGE), post‐operative pancreatic haemorrhage (PPH) and overall and major complications.

Results

The search identified 24 studies: pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), 19 studies (n = 19 416) and distal pancreatectomy (DP), five studies (n = 477). Local staging was reported in 17 studies, with borderline resectable and locally advanced disease comprising 6% (0–100%) and 1% (0–33%) of the population, respectively. For PD, any NAT was significantly associated with lower rates of overall POPF (OR: 0.57, P < 0.001) and grade B/C POPF (OR: 0.55, P < 0.001). In DP, NAT was not associated with significantly lower rates of overall or grade B/C POPF.

Conclusion

NAT is associated with significantly lower rates of POPF after PD but not after DP. Further studies are required to determine whether NAT should be added to POPF risk calculators.
Who tolerates early enteral feeding after colorectal surgery?
Authors: Naresh Divya , Kefalianos John , Watters David , Stupart Douglas
Published: May 2020

Background

Early enteral feeding and avoidance of routine nasogastric tube (NGT) placement have become standard care following colorectal surgery. However, some patients require NGT decompression post‐operatively for vomiting or distension.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing elective intra‐abdominal colorectal surgery at University Hospital, Geelong, from 2014 to 2018. Failure of early feeding was defined by the placement of an NGT post‐operatively, beyond the day of surgery.

Results

A total of 754 patients were identified. Of these, 28 were excluded due to protocol violations (NGT was left in situ at the end of the operation), leaving 726 patients that were included in the analysis. Overall, 156/726 (21%) patients failed early feeding. The strongest independent predictor of failure was undergoing a total or subtotal colectomy compared with all other operations (15/28 (54%) failed versus 141/698 (20%); P < 0.001). Laparoscopic surgery was independently associated with a lower risk of failure compared with open surgery (43/278 (15%) versus 113/448 (25%); P = 0.002). Risk of failure was not associated with gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, indication for procedure, presence of anastomosis or duration of surgery.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic surgery is associated with a lower risk of failure of early feeding compared with open surgery. Patients undergoing subtotal or total colectomy have a high rate (54%) of failure. This may assist in selecting appropriate patients for early feeding after colorectal surgery.
Faecal calprotectin and gut microbiota do not predict enteropathy in very preterm infants
Authors: Campeotto Florence , Elie Caroline , Rousseau Clotilde , Giuseppi Agnès , Hachem Taymme , Gobalakichenane Ponny , Le Touzey Mathilde , de Stefano Marie , Butel Marie‐José , Kapel Nathalie
Published: May 2020

Aim

Very preterm birth is associated with a high risk of enteropathies. Diagnosis is challenging, especially in mild forms, leading to unnecessary periods of cessation of enteral feeding. This study aimed at establishing a prognosis score of enteropathy combining clinical parameters and faecal calprotectin concentration.

Methods

This prospective multicentric study included preterm neonates born at a gestational age of 33 weeks or less. Stools were collected weekly until hospital discharge, and daily in case of digestive events for calprotectin measurement (ELISA and immunochromatography) and microbiota analyses (16S rRNA gene sequencing).

Results

Among the 121 neonates included, 21 experienced at least one episode of enteropathy, mainly mild forms. By ELISA testing, median faecal calprotectin was 88 (8‐798) µg/g faeces. No statistically significant association was found between the outset of enteropathy and maternal and neonatal characteristics, and calprotectin levels. The agreement between ELISA and immunochromatography assay was moderate (intra‐class correlation coefficient 0.58, 95%CI [0.47‐0.66]). Comparison of species diversity and relative bacterial abundance profiles between infants with or without enteropathy revealed no specific alterations associated with enteropathy.

Conclusion

The study failed to propose a prognostic score of enteropathy, probably due the large inter‐ and intra‐individual variability of faecal calprotectin in very preterm neonates.
Improvement of dental prescribing practices using education and a prescribing tool: A pilot intervention study
Authors: Teoh Leanne , Stewart Kay , Marino Rodrigo J , McCullough Michael J
Published: May 2020

Aims

Antibiotic resistance is a global public health problem. Around 55% of dental antibiotic prescribing is deemed inappropriate. The aim of this multimodal interventional pilot study was to assess the effect on prescribing of education and a dentally designed prescribing website.

Methods

Twenty‐six dentists were recruited for the 12‐week study using a pre–post design. Dentists self‐recorded their prescribing of antibiotics, analgesics and anxiolytics for 6 weeks. After dentists were provided education and website access, they recorded their prescribing for a further 6 weeks. Four outcomes were measured comparing the prescribing before and after the intervention: (i) the number of inappropriate indications for which antibiotics were prescribed; (ii) the number of prescriptions; (iii) accuracy of the prescriptions according to the Australian therapeutic guidelines; and (iv) the confidence of practitioners towards the prescribing website. Participants were interviewed for feedback.

Results

There was a substantial reduction of 44.6% in the number of inappropriate indications for which antibiotics were prescribed after the intervention and a decrease of 40.5% in the total number of antibiotics. Paracetamol with codeine substantially reduced by 56.8%. For the 3 most commonly prescribed antibiotics (amoxicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin and metronidazole), there was the improvement in the accuracy of the prescriptions ranging from 0–64.7 to 74.2–100%.

Conclusion

This pilot study showed the intervention of targeted education and the prescribing tool was effective in improving dental prescribing, knowledge and confidence of practitioners, as well as providing an effective antibiotic stewardship tool. This context‐specific intervention shows substantial promise for implementation into dental practice.
Effect of selective IK,ACh inhibition by XAF‐1407 in an equine model of tachypacing‐induced persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Fenner Merle Friederike , Carstensen Helena , Dalgas Nissen Sarah , Melis Hesselkilde Eva , Scott Lunddahl Christine , Adler Hess Jensen Maja , Loft‐Andersen Ameli Victoria , Sattler Stefan Michael , Platonov Pyotr , El‐Haou Said , Jackson Claire , Tang Raymond , Kirby Robert , Ford John , Schotten Ulrich , Milnes James , Svane Sørensen Ulrik , Jespersen Thomas , Buhl Rikke
Published: May 2020

Background and Purpose

Inhibition of the G‐protein gated ACh‐activated inward rectifier potassium current, IK,ACh may be an effective atrial selective treatment strategy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Therefore, the anti‐arrhythmic and electrophysiological properties of a novel putatively potent and highly specific IK,ACh inhibitor, XAF‐1407 (3‐methyl‐1‐[5‐phenyl‐4‐[4‐(2‐pyrrolidin‐1‐ylethoxymethyl)‐1‐piperidyl]thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐6‐yl]azetidin‐3‐ol), were characterised for the first time in vitro and investigated in horses with persistent AF.

Experimental Approach

The pharmacological ion channel profile of XAF‐1407 was investigated using cell lines expressing relevant ion channels. In addition, eleven horses were implanted with implantable cardioverter defibrillators enabling atrial tachypacing into self‐sustained AF. The electrophysiological effects of XAF‐1407 were investigated after serial cardioversions over a period of 1 month. Cardioversion success, drug‐induced changes of atrial tissue refractoriness, and ventricular electrophysiology were assessed at baseline (day 0) and days 3, 5, 11, 17, and 29 after AF induction.

Key Results

XAF‐1407 potently and selectively inhibited Kir3.1/3.4 and Kir3.4/3.4, underlying the IK,ACh current. XAF‐1407 treatment in horses prolonged atrial effective refractory period as well as decreased atrial fibrillatory rate significantly (~20%) and successfully cardioverted AF, although with a decreasing efficacy over time. XAF‐1407 shortened atrioventricular‐nodal refractoriness, without effect on QRS duration. QTc prolongation (4%) within 15 min of drug infusion was observed, however, without any evidence of ventricular arrhythmia.

Conclusion and Implications

XAF‐1407 efficiently cardioverted sustained tachypacing‐induced AF of short duration in horses without notable side effects. This supports IK,ACh inhibition as a potentially safe treatment of paroxysmal AF in horses, suggesting potential clinical value for other species including humans.
Personalized designs of adjuvant radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer based on molecular profiles
Authors: Zhu Xiaofei , Cao Yangsen , Ju Xiaoping , Zhao Xianzhi , Jiang Lingong , Ye Yusheng , Shen Yuxin , Cao Fei , Qing Shuiwang , Zhang Huojun
Published: May 2020

This study aims to identify postoperative recurrence patterns of pancreatic cancer with different molecular profiles, which provides evidence for personalized target volumes of adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients with pathologically confirmed resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were included. Recurrences were treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy. Immunohistochemical staining of Ki‐67, P53, and programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) was carried out. Both of the intensities of Ki‐67 and P53 were classified as 10% or less, 11%‐49%, and 50% or more. Eighty‐nine patients had PD‐L1 tested, stratified as TC0 and IC0, and TC1/2 or IC1/2. Distances with significant differences among different levels or beyond 10 mm were of interest. With the increasing intensity of Ki‐67, the distance from the superior and posterior border of 80% recurrences to the celiac axis (CA) ranged from 10.1 to 13.8 mm and 9.2 to 11.0 mm. The distance from the inferior and posterior border of 80% recurrences to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) ranged from 9.4 to 9.9 mm and 9.4 to 11.0 mm. Similarly, with the increasing intensity of P53, the distance from the superior and posterior border of 80% recurrences to the CA ranged from 9.7 to 13.2 mm and 10.1 to 10.6 mm. The distance from the inferior and anterior border of 80% recurrences to the SMA ranged from 9.5 to 9.9 mm and 8.6 to 9.4 mm. Regarding the increasing level of PD‐L1, the distance from the superior border of 80% recurrences to the CA ranged from 10.9 to 13.5 mm. A biologically effective dose of more than 65 Gy to local recurrences was predictive of favorable outcomes in all levels of Ki‐67, P53, and PD‐L1. Nonuniform expansions of regions of interest based on different levels of molecular profiles to form target volumes could cover most recurrences, which might be feasible for adjuvant radiotherapy.
Peripubertal high‐fat diet promotes c‐Myc stabilization in mammary gland epithelium
Authors: Kulathunga Nilakshi , Kohno Susumu , Linn Paing , Nishimoto Yuuki , Horike Shin‐ichi , Zaraiskii Mikhail I. , Kumar Sharad , Muranaka Hayato , Takahashi Chiaki
Published: May 2020

Dietary fat consumption during accelerated stages of mammary gland development, such as peripubertal maturation or pregnancy, is known to increase the risk for breast cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we examined the gene expression profile of mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) on exposure to a high‐fat diet (HFD) or control diet (CD). Trp53−/− female mice were fed with the experimental diets for 5 weeks during the peripubertal period (3‐8 weeks of age). The treatment showed no significant difference in body weight between the HFD‐fed mice and CD‐fed mice. However, gene set enrichment analysis predicted a significant enrichment of c‐Myc target genes in animals fed HFD. Furthermore, we detected enhanced activity and stabilization of c‐Myc protein in MMECs exposed to a HFD. This was accompanied by augmented c‐Myc phosphorylation at S62 with a concomitant increase in ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, MMECs derived from HFD‐fed Trp53−/− mouse showed increased colony‐ and sphere‐forming potential that was dependent on c‐Myc. Further, oleic acid, a major fatty acid constituent of the HFD, and TAK‐875, an agonist to G protein‐coupled receptor 40 (a receptor for oleic acid), enhanced c‐Myc stabilization and MMEC proliferation. Overall, our data indicate that HFD influences MMECs by stabilizing an oncoprotein, pointing to a novel mechanism underlying dietary fat‐mediated mammary carcinogenesis.
Applications of machine‐learning methods for the discovery of NDM‐1 inhibitors
Authors: Shi Cheng , Dong Fanyi , Zhao Guiling , Zhu Ning , Lao Xingzhen , Zheng Heng
Published: May 2020

The emergence of New Delhi metal beta‐lactamase (NDM‐1)‐producing bacteria and their worldwide spread pose great challenges for the treatment of drug‐resistant bacterial infections. These bacteria can hydrolyze most β‐lactam antibacterials. Unfortunately, there are no clinically useful NDM‐1 inhibitors. In the current work, we manually collected NDM‐1 inhibitors reported in the past decade and established the first NDM‐1 inhibitor database. Four machine‐learning models were constructed using the structural and property characteristics of the collected compounds as input training set to discover potential NDM‐1 inhibitors. In order to distinguish between high active inhibitors and putative positive drugs, a three‐classification strategy was introduced in our study. In detail, the commonly used positive and negative divisions are converted into strongly active, weakly active, and inactive. The accuracy of the best prediction model designed based on this strategy reached 90.5%, compared with 69.14% achieved by the traditional docking‐based virtual screening method. Consequently, the best model was used to virtually screen a natural product library. The safety of the selected compounds was analyzed by the ADMET prediction model based on machine learning. Seven novel NDM‐1 inhibitors were identified, which will provide valuable clues for the discovery of NDM‐1 inhibitors.
The role of Kono‐S anastomosis and mesenteric resection in reducing recurrence after surgery for Crohn’s disease: a systematic review
Authors: Alshantti A. , Hind D. , Hancock L. , Brown S. R.
Published: May 2020

Aim

Recurrence after surgery for Crohn’s disease is common. Anastomotic configuration may influence recurrence and the mesentery may be key. Recently the Kono‐S anastomosis and radical mesenteric excision have been proposed as methods of reducing recurrence. We analysed the literature pertaining to these novel techniques.

Method

We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library for, and selected, studies evaluating Kono‐S anastomosis and/or radical mesenteric excision in Crohn’s disease. We assessed methodological quality and risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials and the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for nonrandomized trials. A narrative synthesis was used to summarize the findings.

Results

Nine studies (896 patients) were identified. Apart from one randomized controlled trial with a low risk of bias the overall level of evidence was poor (Grade IV). The Kono‐S anastomosis was associated with a lower incidence of endoscopic and surgical recurrence (0%–3.4% vs 15%–24.4% respectively). Complications, particularly anastomotic leak rate, were also lower (1.8% vs 9.3% respectively). Evidence from a single poor quality study suggested that mesenteric excision may reduce surgical recurrence rates compared with mesentery preservation.

Conclusion

The existing literature suggests that the Kono‐S anastomosis is safe and may reduce endoscopic and surgical recurrence, but level of evidence is mainly poor. One element of the Kono‐S technique, preservation of the mesentery, may be detrimental to recurrence. Further, higher quality, studies are required to investigate these techniques. Such studies should consider the impact of the degree of mesenteric resection in addition to the anastomosis on disease recurrence.
Large‐cell lymphoma with features intermediate between Hodgkin’s, primary mediastinal B‐cell and grey‐zone lymphoma: a conundrum on fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Vitagliano Giulio , Cretella Pasquale , Zeppa Pio , Caputo Alessandro
Published: May 2020

Gray zone lymphoma (GZL) is a rare B‐cell lymphoma with features intermediate between diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma and classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The fine‐needle cytology of a GZL observed in a cervical lymph node is described and compared to the corresponding histological features. This case highlights the cytological and histological diagnostic difficulties and the need of a timely and accurate diagnosis.
Country asymmetry, trade agreements, and transfers
Authors: Kilolo Jean‐Marc Malambwe
Published: May 2020

Using a standard 2 × 2 trade agreement model, I show that the welfare effects of a free trade agreement (FTA) depend on the asymmetry on supply and demand functions. When countries are sufficiently asymmetric with respect to the size or the demand functions, the small country tends to be better off, while the large country is worse off. Thus, the small country must compensate the large country for the FTA to be incentive‐compatible. However, in the presence of sufficient asymmetry in the supply functions, the small country is worse off, while the bigger is better off. In this case, the transfer must flow from the large to the small country. This last finding helps explain why some FTAs between rich and poor countries provide for adjustment transfers to the latter.
Real‐world treatment patterns and outcomes in non‐transplant newly diagnosed multiple Myeloma in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Mohty Mohamad , Knauf Wolfgang , Romanus Dorothy , Corman Shelby , Verleger Katharina , Kwon Youngmin , Cherepanov Dasha , Cambron‐Mellott M. Janelle , Vikis Haris G. , Gonzalez Francisco , Gavini Francois , Ramasamy Karthik
Published: May 2020

Objectives

The treatment paradigm in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) is evolving toward individualized, risk‐directed, and longer duration of therapy (DOT). The objective of this study was to describe treatment patterns and outcomes in non‐transplant NDMM in four European countries.

Methods

This retrospective chart review included adults with NDMM diagnosed between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013 (early cohort), or April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2017 (recent cohort).

Results

Among 836 patients, molecular testing was performed in 21% and 35% patients of early vs recent cohorts; proteasome inhibitor (PI)/alkylator combinations were the principal first‐line (1 L) therapy (39% vs 43%). Use of immunomodulatory drug (IMID)/alkylator combinations declined from early to recent cohort (26% vs 13%) but IMID (7% vs 16%) use increased. Few patients (5%) received 1 L maintenance therapy. Two‐thirds of patients were treated with a fixed duration intent, with a median 7‐month 1 L DOT and progression‐free survival (PFS) of 32.8 months in the early cohort. Both 1 L DOT and PFS were longer with oral compared to injectable regimens.

Conclusions

Although frontline treatment patterns changed significantly, 1 L DOT is short. The uptake of molecular testing and 1 L maintenance is low. These results highlight areas of unmet need in NDMM.
Transferability of a soil variogram for sampling design: A case study of three grasslands in Ireland
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Lin , Brus Dick J.
Published: May 2020

It is commonly accepted that an estimated soil variogram can be transferred to another similar area for deriving the tolerable spacing of a sampling grid or, more generally, the sample size, given a requirement on the quality of the soil property map of the recipient area. The quality of the derived tolerable grid spacing depends on how similar the population variograms of the donor area and recipient area are. In practice we are uncertain about the variograms of both areas due to sampling errors. Ideally, the uncertainty about the variogram of the donor area is accounted for in deriving the tolerable grid spacing. To assess the transferability, we should also account for uncertainty in the estimated variogram of the recipient area. In this study the transferability of variograms of soil pH, P, Mg and K is analysed for three grassland fields in Ireland, which are similar in soil‐forming factors. One field served as donor area, the other two as recipient area. For all three fields and for each soil property, 500 variograms were sampled from the posterior distribution of the variogram parameters. Results showed that the estimated variogram parameters of the recipient fields differed largely from those of the transferred variograms. The ranges of estimated mean kriging variance values for the various grid spacings, as obtained with the two sets of variograms (one set of the donor field, one set of the recipient field), did not overlap. Even after scaling the transferred variogram with an estimate of the variance of the recipient field, the transferred variogram was of no use for determining the tolerable grid spacing. The difference in the variograms can possibly be explained by the difference in historical land use.

Highlights

Transferability of variograms to derive tolerable grid spacing for mapping grassland fields is assessed

Transferability should be based on the uncertainty distributions of the tolerable grid spacings

Due to difference in historical land use, local and transferred variograms differed largely

Transferability of a variogram is very poor, even after scaling the transferred variogram
Experimental determination of sediment transport capacity of concentrated water flow over saturated soil slope
Authors: Huang Yuhan , Li Fahu , Liu Zhiqiang , Li Juan , Gao Xiaofeng
Published: May 2020

Sediment transport capacity (STC) is an important variable for characterising soil erosion on hillslopes. STC also determines the capability of sediment delivery and solute transportation. An experimental methodological strategy was developed in this study to measure the STC in eroding rills on a saturated soil slope. The STC was ensured by using a slope‐raised flume section to feed sufficient amounts of sediments into the water flow, and a flume section was used to stabilize the water flow and produce sediment concentration at the STC level for measurement. Experiments under four slope gradients of 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° and three unit‐width flow rates of 0.33, 0.67 and 1.33 × 10−3 m3 s−1 m−1 were conducted to measure the STCs on saturated soil slopes, with the experiments on STCs on non‐saturated soil slopes as control treatments. The measured STCs range from 0.16 to 1.41 kg s−1 m−1 over the saturated loess slopes. The STC measurement method for saturated soil slopes was verified as feasible by the small SDs of the measured STCs and the agreement between the trend of rill sediment delivery rate and the STC values at the slope gradient of 20° and three unit‐width discharges. The relationships between STC and slope gradient and those between STC and unit‐width flow rate over saturated soil slopes matched well with the power and linear functions, respectively. Furthermore, the STC values correlated well with the flow velocity. The STC value on the saturated loess slope was approximately 25% larger than that on the non‐saturated loess slope. An empirical power function of slope gradient and unit‐width flow rate was found to predict the STC on saturated loess slopes effectively. Therefore, the measurement method for soil erosion from saturated soil slopes can help to estimate the STC and obtain key parameters for the soil erosion prediction model.

Highlights

The sediment feeding by slope‐raised flume section was used to measure sediment transport capacity (STC) of saturated soil slope, and its feasibility was tested.

The STC value over the saturated soil slope was significantly greater than that over non‐saturated soil slope.

The STC over the saturated soil slope could be empirically expressed as the product of power functions of water flow rate and slope gradient.
Trait matching and phenological overlap increase the spatio‐temporal stability and functionality of plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Peralta Guadalupe , Vázquez Diego P. , Chacoff Natacha P. , Lomáscolo Silvia B. , Perry George L. W. , Tylianakis Jason M.
Published: May 2020

Morphology and phenology influence plant–pollinator network structure, but whether they generate more stable pairwise interactions with higher pollination success remains unknown. Here we evaluate the importance of morphological trait matching, phenological overlap and specialisation for the spatio‐temporal stability (measured as variability) of plant–pollinator interactions and for pollination success, while controlling for species' abundance. To this end, we combined a 6‐year plant–pollinator interaction dataset, with information on species traits, phenologies, specialisation, abundance and pollination success, into structural equation models. Interactions among abundant plants and pollinators with well‐matched traits and phenologies formed the stable and functional backbone of the pollination network, whereas poorly matched interactions were variable in time and had lower pollination success. We conclude that phenological overlap could be more useful for predicting changes in species interactions than species abundances, and that non‐random extinction of species with well‐matched traits could decrease the stability of interactions within communities and reduce their functioning.
Aggressive multiple sclerosis: a single‐centre, real‐world treatment experience with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and alemtuzumab
Authors: Boffa G. , Lapucci C. , Sbragia E. , Varaldo R. , Raiola A. M. , Currò D. , Roccatagliata L. , Capello E. , Laroni A. , Mikulska M. , Gualandi F. , Uccelli A. , Angelucci E. , Mancardi G. L. , Inglese M.
Published: May 2020

Background and purpose

The best therapeutic approach for aggressive relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis remains unknown. The objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) and alemtuzumab in aggressive relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis.

Methods

The time to first relapse, time to confirmed disability worsening, time to first evidence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity and time to first evidence of disease activity were compared between the two treatment groups. Secondary outcomes included the 12, 24 and 36 month annualized relapse rate (ARR) and the 6‐month confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) changes at months 12 and 24.

Results

Fifty‐seven patients treated with aHSCT (n = 25) or alemtuzumab (n = 32) were included. At baseline, aHSCT patients had a higher EDSS (median score 6 vs. 3; P < 0.001), higher ARR (mean ARR 3.2 vs. 1.7; P = 0.001) and a higher number of baseline T1 gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on MRI (mean number 15.5 vs. 1.6; P < 0.001). NEDA‐3 (no evidence of disease activity) status was more frequently achieved in aHSCT‐treated patients than in alemtuzumab‐treated patients [75% vs. 56% of patients at the end of the observation period; hazard ratio (HR) 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08–0.84; P = 0.023]. aHSCT significantly reduced the risk of relapse (relapse‐free survival 84% vs. 69%; HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.63; P = 0.012) and MRI activity (MRI‐activity‐free survival 85% vs. 59%; HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03–0.59; P = 0.009). The ARR at 36 months was significantly lower in the aHSCT group (0.05 vs. 0.35, P = 0.02). A significant effect of aHSCT in promoting EDSS improvement compared with alemtuzumab was noted (P = 0.035).

Conclusions

Alemtuzumab and aHSCT are effective treatment choices for aggressive multiple sclerosis. aHSCT seems to be superior to alemtuzumab in inducing complete disease control and in promoting short‐term disability improvement.
Ligand‐centered assessment of SARS‐CoV‐2 drug target models in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Wlodawer Alexander , Dauter Zbigniew , Shabalin Ivan G. , Gilski Miroslaw , Brzezinski Dariusz , Kowiel Marcin , Minor Wladek , Rupp Bernhard , Jaskolski Mariusz
Published: May 2020

A bright spot in the SARS‐CoV‐2 (CoV‐2) coronavirus pandemic has been the immediate mobilization of the biomedical community, working to develop treatments and vaccines for COVID‐19. Rational drug design against emerging threats depends on well‐established methodology, mainly utilizing X‐ray crystallography, to provide accurate structure models of the macromolecular drug targets and of their complexes with candidates for drug development. In the current crisis, the structural biological community has responded by presenting structure models of CoV‐2 proteins and depositing them in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), usually without time embargo and before publication. Since the structures from the first‐line research are produced in an accelerated mode, there is an elevated chance of mistakes and errors, with the ultimate risk of hindering, rather than speeding up, drug development. In the present work, we have used model‐validation metrics and examined the electron density maps for the deposited models of CoV‐2 proteins and a sample of related proteins available in the PDB as of April 1, 2020. We present these results with the aim of helping the biomedical community establish a better‐validated pool of data. The proteins are divided into groups according to their structure and function. In most cases, no major corrections were necessary. However, in several cases significant revisions in the functionally sensitive area of protein–inhibitor complexes or for bound ions justified correction, re‐refinement, and eventually reversioning in the PDB. The re‐refined coordinate files and a tool for facilitating model comparisons are available at https://covid-19.bioreproducibility.org.

Database

Validated models of CoV‐2 proteins are available in a dedicated, publicly accessible web service https://covid-19.bioreproducibility.org
On Solving Groundwater Flow and Transport Models with Algebraic Multigrid Preconditioning
Authors: Sbai M. Adil , Larabi A.
Published: May 2020

Iterative solvers preconditioned with algebraic multigrid have been devised as an optimal technology to speed up the response of large sparse linear systems. In this work, this technique was implemented in the framework of the dual delineation approach. This involves a single groundwater flow linear solution and a pure advective transport solution with different right‐hand sides. The new solver was compared with other preconditioned iterative methods, the MODFLOW's GMG solver, and direct sparse solvers. Test problems include two‐ and three‐dimensional benchmarks spanning homogeneous and highly heterogeneous and anisotropic formations. For the groundwater flow problems, using the algebraic multigrid preconditioning speeds up the numerical solution by one to two orders of magnitude. The algebraic multigrid preconditioner efficiency was preserved for the three dimensional heterogeneous and anisotropic problem unlike for the MODFLOW's GMG solver. Contrarily, a sparse direct solver was the most efficient for the pure advective transport processes such as the forward travel time simulations. Hence, the best sparse solver for the more general advection‐dispersion transport equation is likely to be Péclet number dependent. When equipped with the best solvers, processing multimillion grid blocks by the dual delineation approach is a matter of seconds. This paves the way for its routine application to large geological models. The paper gives practical hints on the strategies and conditions under which algebraic multigrid preconditioning would remain competitive for the class of nonlinear and/or transient problems.
Enzyme assisted extraction of pectin and inulin enriched fractions isolated from microwave treated Cynara cardunculus tissues
Authors: Santo Domingo Cinthia , Otálora González Carlos , Navarro Diego , Stortz Carlos , Rojas Ana M. , Gerschenson Lía N. , Fissore Eliana N.
Published: May 2020

Artichoke flower heads are consumed fresh or industrialized. Agroindustrial by‐products of this plant can be used for the production of dietary fiber. A microwave heating procedure is proposed for polysaccharides concentration in the residues. It consumed less time (36 min vs 75 min) and solvent volume (110 mL vs 140 mL) and allowed the extraction of a higher amount of total carbohydrates (95 g/100g vs 83 g/100g) than the habitually used convective procedure. A subsequent stage involving buffer/enzymes allowed to isolate pectin and inulin enriched fractions. Their inulin content was 32–45 g/100g. The galacturonic acid content oscillated between 22 and 29 g/100g. The fractions were slightly yellow/red colored and formed gels in the presence of calcium ion. The procedure proposed is of importance in the frame of emerging biorefinery because it uses vegetable by‐products to produce fractions with potential for being used in the formulation of healthy foods.
Effects of winter wheat N status on assimilate and N partitioning in the mechanistic agroecosystem model DAISY
Authors: Gyldengren Jacob Glerup , Abrahamsen Per , Olesen Jørgen E. , Styczen Merete , Hansen Søren , Gislum René
Published: May 2020

Nitrogen (N) management in modern farming needs to balance the interests of yield quantity and quality with environmental impact of reactive N lost to the atmosphere and aquatic environments. Mechanistic agroecosystem models are useful tools to analyse the combined effects of management options and natural conditions, including soil fertility and climate, site‐specific optimal N application rates and environmental impact. An important component of the system description is the crop module, including the responses to N status and N stress. To improve the description of crop growth response to N status in the DAISY model system, we implemented an empirical model for N status effects in winter wheat on the partitioning of assimilated dry matter and N between leaves and stems, originally described by Ratjen and Kage (Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2016, 202, 576s). To our knowledge, this mechanism has not been included in any of the most widespread and commonly used mechanistic agroecosystem models. We tested and compared the model performance with and without the new N status response against data from a two‐season winter wheat experiment in Denmark, where crop growth and partitioning of dry matter and N were measured. Implementation of the new N status response function improved model performance and ensured a more robust crop growth description, especially in scenarios with periods of low crop N status or N stress. The mechanism mimics an adaptation strategy, where the crop balances N stress and growth potential by dynamically adjusting the leaf‐stem ratio and thereby N demand. This behaviour opens a discussion regarding the empirical concept of a biomass driven critical N curve.
Structure and physical properties of Ba(PO3)2–AlF3–BaSO4 fluoro‐sulfo‐phosphate glasses
Authors: Xiao Yongbao , Ji Yao , Ye Yichen , Huang Shujing , Wang Weichao
Published: May 2020

Alkali‐earth‐metaphosphate‐based fluoro‐sulfo‐phosphate M(PO3)2–AlF3–MSO4 (MPFS, M = Ca, Sr, Ba) glasses have been developed via simultaneously incorporating fluoride and sulfate into metaphosphate glass. Their glass‐forming regions were efficiently determined under the guidance of thermodynamic calculation method. The physical and structural properties of BaPFS glass were investigated in detail. Furthermore, near‐infrared spectroscopic properties of Er3+‐doped BaPFS (Er–BaPFS) glass were studied. Physical parameters, such as Abbe's number νd (55‐75) and nonlinear refractive index n2 (1.17‐1.86 × 10−13 esu), of BaPFS glass are strongly depended on P/F/S ratio. The structure of BaPFS glass gradually depolymerizes and tends to become multianionic when Ba(PO3)2 is substituted by AlF3 and BaSO4. Anion‐substitution strategy effectively modulates the property and structure of glass, providing a scheme to derive glass materials. In addition, enhanced emission at ~1.5 μm has been observed from Er–BaPFS glass along with large emission cross section (5.0‐5.5 × 10−21 cm2) and long lifetime (6.7‐7.3 ms), resulting in large figure of merit (3.46‐3.84 × 10−23 cm2·s), which is a promising candidate for solid‐state laser.
Preparation of MGF phosphor by O2 postannealing and impact on luminescence properties and crystal lattice
Authors: Hasegawa Takuya , Tanaka Ryo , Ueda Tadaharu , Toda Kenji
Published: May 2020

Mn4+‐activated phosphors, Mg28Ge10O48‐δFδ:Mn4+ (MGFs), can be obtained through an oxygen postannealing process. Analyses of the crystal structure and elemental composition by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), respectively, indicated that under an O2 atmosphere, oxygen atoms were substituted with fluorine atoms in the original MGF structure to leach the fluorine atoms with germanium atoms as GeF4 by oxygen postannealing. The MGF phosphor annealed in O2 exhibited ~1.3 times higher quantum efficiency (QE) than that annealed in ambient air. The Raman spectroscopy results suggested that an increase in the content of the [Mn4+O6] octahedron led to an increase in the QE values. Additionally, the relaxation of lattice defects in the lattice interior and on the surface observed by XRD and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements could explain the change in thermal quenching behavior between the different atmospheres, and the decrease in lattice defects increased the QE. The investigation of MGF phosphors prepared by different processes provides insight into the relationships among the surface and local structures, chemical composition, and photoluminescence properties. The optimized synthetic procedure increases the Mn4+ content and decreases the Mn2+ and Mn3+ contents in the phosphor, which drastically increases the luminescence efficiency.
The impact of a modified electronic probe tip design on patient perception of discomfort during periodontal probing using standardized probing force: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Harrison Peter L. , Stuhr Sandra , Shaddox Luciana M.
Published: May 2020

Aims

This study evaluated pain associated with electronic probing comparing two commercially available probe tip designs using standardized force.

Material and Methods

Twenty adult patients with slight‐moderate chronic periodontitis received periodontal probing using controlled‐force electronic probe at 2 visits. In visit 1, a random arch was probed with either a ball‐end (0.6 mm diameter, 408 kPa; Test) or straight (0.45 mm diameter, 726 kPa; Control) probe tip. The opposing arch was then probed using the other probe tip. Discomfort associated with each probing episode was recorded using visual analogue scale (VAS). 7 days later, tip assignments were alternated from visit 1 and VAS re‐scored. VAS scores were compared by probe tip, arches and visits.

Results

Both tips provided similar VAS scores (median 13.5 for ball‐end and 14 for straight, p = .3713). However, the straight tip was associated with decreased VAS scores in the maxilla (p = .01). Overall, VAS values did not differ by arch or study visit. Individual VAS scores showed high levels of correlation between study visits and between tips used (R2 = .86 and 0.64, respectively, p < .0001).

Conclusions

Both probing approaches were associated with low levels of pain on probing. The straight tip may be perceived as more comfortable in the maxilla.