bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Kopec Krzysztof Lukasz , Burns David
Published: September 2011

Worldwide, there is an epidemic of obesity and overweight, with two‐thirds of Americans affected. A strong association exists between excessive body weight and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common etiology of abnormal liver function tests. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of liver disease, from a “bland” fatty infiltration to chronic hepatitis (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH), that can result in cirrhosis and organ failure. With the increasing prevalence of obesity in the world, the proportion of people affected by NAFLD is only expected to be parallel. Although primarily noted in obese individuals, NAFLD has also been associated with a number of surgical procedures, metabolic conditions, and medications. NASH is commonly underdiagnosed as most affected patients are symptom free, and routine screening is not performed. Noninvasive diagnostic testing is not sensitive in diagnosis or staging the severity of disease. Fatty infiltration and oxidative injury to the hepatocytes are believed to be the major factors behind the progression of disease from simple fatty infiltration of the liver to chronic hepatitis. Understanding the inflammatory pathways involved in NASH is a subject of extensive research. Currently, few proven treatment options exist, and controlled weight reduction is the only safe modality recommended for treatment of NASH.
Synthesis and characterization of Na-X, Na-A and Na-P zeolites and hydroxysodalite from metakaolinite
Authors: Novembre D. , di Sabatino B. , Gimeno D. , Pace C.
Published: September 2011

The present work deals with the hydrothermal synthesis of Na zeolites (Na-A, Na-X and Na-P) and hydroxysodalite using kaolinite calcined at 650°C as starting material. The focus was on definition of the most favourable conditions for the synthesis of zeolite Na-A and Na-X from metakaolin in order to economize on both energy (i.e. synthesis temperatures) and reaction time and to enlarge the field of pure and isolated synthesized phases. Metakaolin was mixed with calculated amounts of NaOH solution and sodium silicate and five sets of experiments were carried out at ambient pressure and 68±0.1°C varying the SiO2/Al2O3ratio from 2.2 to 7. Optimal conditions for crystallization of Na-A zeolite from kaolinite were reached with a SiO2/Al2O3ratio of 2.2 plus 4 M NaOH without adding sodium silicate; transformation into hydroxysodalite develops after ∼8 h. For SiO2/Al2O3ratios between 4 and 7, crystallization of the separate Na-X zeolite phase could be achieved and transformation into Na-P and hydroxysodalite occurred after 382 h and 190 h, respectively. For SiO2/Al2O3 ratios between 5 and 6, transformation of metakaolin into Na-X plus Na-A, hydroxysodalite and Na-P occurred, and the field within which Na-A and Na-X zeolite exists overlapped that of the other zeolites.

The products of synthesis were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and thermal analyses (TG-DTG-DTA).

Obtaining pure Na-A and Na-X zeolite from kaolinite treated at low metakaolinitization temperature (650°C) and low hydrothermal synthesis temperature (68°C) represents a considerable economic advantage in terms of both energy and time.
Clay mineral assemblages as palaeoclimatic indicators in a shallowing carbonate lacustrine system: Oligocene- Miocene, central Ebro Basin (NE Spain)
Authors: Mayayo M. J. , Yuste A. , Luzόn A. , Bauluz B.
Published: September 2011

This paper focuses on the clay mineralogy (using XRD, SEM and TEM methods) of the lacustrine “Calizas de Torrente de Cinca” unit that represents the Oligocene-Miocene transition in the central part of the Ebro Basin (NE Spain). Phyllosilicates are mainly detrital although Mgsmectites could have been generated in the lake.Although a temperate, relatively humid climate dominated the source area during the Oligocene-Miocene transition (Chattian-Aquitanian), as deduced by detrital phyllosilicates assemblage, mineralogical vertical trends along with sedimentological studies indicate some changes.Relatively warmer and more humid conditions during the late Chattian, that favoured increasing chemical weathering, were replaced during the early Aquitanian by drier conditions coinciding with the Mi-1 glaciation effects; this change is coeval with a transition from deeper to shallower lacustrine facies.Phyllosilicate association analysis has also permitted an improvement in the palaeogeographical sketch and infers that the Pyrenees are the main source area for the lacustrine system.
,Landschaft‘ im Mittelalter? oder: Warum die Landschaft angeblich der Moderne gehört
Authors: Pfeiffer Jens
Published: September 2011

The Middle Ages and their landscapes are the implicit, rather than the direct, subject of this essay. Through an ex negativo consideration of medieval presuppositions and perspectives on landscapes, the essay shows why the concept of ‘nature as landscape’ was only truly conceivable in the modern period: a fact which has led to certain blind spots in the scholarly examination of landscapes in both the modern and medieval periods.
Der Sturm des Lebens: Unwetterbeschreibungen bei Ovid (Tristia 1, 2 und 1, 4) und Hildebert von Lavardin (Carmina minora 22)
Authors: Bettenworth Anja
Published: September 2011

The first book of Ovid's ‘Tristia’, apparently written by Ovid on his way into exile, contains several descriptions of a sea-storm. Two elegies dealing exclusively with the topic (Trist. 1.2 and 1.4) are located remarkably close to one another. Both sea-storms have convincingly been interpreted as reflections of the turmoil of the exile's life. But various explanations have been put forward to explain the doublet and its position in book 1. This article argues that elegies 1.2 and 1.4 contain most elements of an epic “sea storm”, except for the loss of one or more of the protagonist’s companions. The loss of the “companions” on the other hand, is a central topic in Trist. 1.3, which describes the exile’s last night in Rome. The frame provided by the two descriptions allows the storm and the farewell to Rome to function as a single unit, thus stressing its character as a reflection of the speaker’s tempestuous life. The article goes on to compare the reception of the poems by Hildebert of Lavardin (carm. min. 22) and explains some of its similarities and differences.
Der Berg als Bildmetapher in der Kunst des Mittelalters
Authors: Saurma-Jeltsch Lieselotte E.
Published: September 2011

The “rediscovery” of landscapes in the 14 th Century marks one of the great innovations in western European painting. For centuries the theme of landscape was of little interest. Of course landscapes existed as scenic or narrative elements, but painters never aspired to a mimetic description of a particular landscape. However motifs of landscape do appear as signs embedded in a long formal and also literary tradition. For example, a single mountain or a single tree can function iconically by representing as an entire forest or landscape tout court. Often a single mountain merely signifies the locus of a narrative action, but the appearance in the picture of mountain landscape opens a wider field of meanings. Mountains are – in Greek mythology as well as in the biblical tradition – places of the appearance of God, they are places of inspiration, of passion and of asceticism. Indeed, in some pictures a close relationship unfolds between actor and mountain. Nature gains vivid emotions and assumes an active role, which often surpasses that of humans. In these cases the mountain may suffer with the hero, may augment the sense of pride associated with victory, or may even vicariously outperform him. These different meanings of the mountain are explored through exemplars drawn mainly from medieval illuminated manuscripts.
Das Erlebnis der Landschaft bei Enea Silvio Piccolomini/Pius II.
Authors: Esch Arnold
Published: September 2011

The landscape descriptions in the ‘Commentarii’ of Pius II represent a characteristic element of this autobiographical text. One might ask whether his depictions of nature stem from own experience and encounters, or whether the landscapes depict a fictitious and literary world and are thus a construct of a humanist whose text abounds with classical citations. The following article addresses this topic from two directions. On the one hand the Pope’s physical presence in the open landscape is verified through reference to other sources; on the other hand his specific way of perceiving and describing nature is investigated. The letters of his entourage and the dispatches of diplomats do show that excursions took place as described by Pius, and that the journeys of this gout-ridden pope even into impassable areas convinced them of his love for nature. Pius’ companions affirm, often with a certain critical distance, his intimate bond with the landscape; they speak of picnics on the banks of a brook rather than in the neighbouring villa, of work-sessions in the forest instead of the palace, and of spectacular views from arduous mounted heights. All of this implied a logistical organization on the part of the courtiers, to which they were not accustomed. Pius’ description of views both near and far, and his desire to be in the midst of nature attest directly to a certain feeling characteristic of the early Italian Renaissance feeling, an epoch whose art too perceives landscape in a new form.
Ridge Preservation With or Without an Osteoinductive Allograft: A Clinical, Radiographic, Micro‐Computed Tomography, and Histologic Study Evaluating Dimensional Changes and New Bone Formation of the Alveolar Ridge
Authors: Brownfield Lauren A. , Weltman Robin L.
Published: September 2011

Background: The aim of this randomized, controlled clinical trial is to determine whether ridge preservation using an osteoinductive allograft (test) would prevent ridge resorption and promote bone maturation compared to extraction alone (control).

Methods: Seventeen patients (20 total sites), in need of a non‐molar extraction and delayed implant placement were randomly selected to receive either ridge preservation or extraction alone. A cone‐beam computed tomography was completed with a radiographic stent in place before extraction and 10 to 12 weeks postoperatively for dimensional and buccal plate analyses. Bone cores were taken for micro‐computed tomography (microCT) and histologic analyses.

Results: Resorption of the alveolar ridge occurred at all sites with no statistically significant differences found between test and control sites. A significant correlation was found between the initial buccal plate thickness and the loss of vertical ridge height. microCT and histologic analyses found a mean new bone volume of 44.9% with microCT and 37.4% with histology in test sites and 39% and 35.5%, respectively, in control sites. The residual graft volume was 2.4% with microCT and 4.5% with histology.

Conclusions: Test and control sites lost similar amounts of alveolar ridge, with the loss of buccolingual width occurring predominately at the expense of the buccal bone. A thicker buccal plate was associated with less ridge loss in the vertical dimension. The percentage of new bone was not statistically significant between either the test or control sites, using either microCT or histologic analyses.
The main weed species and their control in oilseed crops in Finland
Authors: SALONEN J. , LAITINEN P. , SAASTAMOINEN M.
Published: September 2011

A survey of weeds in spring-sown oilseed crops (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera and Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) was conducted in southern and central Finland during 20072009, representing the first such extensive investigation in the country. The occurrence of the most abundant weed species in oilseeds was surveyed in 429 fields. In the fields with moderate or high weed infestation, 16 harmful weed species were recorded by visual observation according to their biomass production. About 40 weed species were recorded, the most predominant being Chenopodium album, Galeopsis spp., Galium spurium, Sonchus arvensis and Tripleurospermum inodorum. Elymus repens was the only major grass weed. Chemical weed control of broad-leaved weeds had been practised in 53% of the fields, resulting in relatively good control. In addition, both selective graminicides and glyphosate were used to control E. repens. Mechanical weed control was not practised in any field. The crop yield level was about 300 kg ha-1 higher in the fields with low weed infestation compared with in the highly infested fields. New promising options to replace the banned herbicide trifluralin are available. Thus, the most harmful weeds, such as C. album, which interferes with the production of high-quality oil for human consumption, can still be effectively controlled.;
Characteristics of dry- and brine-salted salmon later treated with liquid smoke flavouring
Authors: MARTINEZ O. , SALMERÓN J. , GUILLÉN M.D.
Published: September 2011

The use of smoke flavourings for the processing of salmon has begun to substitute traditional smoking methods. This review examines the quality issues associated with salted salmon smoked by this technique along the salting and smoking steps. Firstly, the evidence is examined to determine whether dry or brine salting is better for salmon flesh destined to be treated by liquid smoking. Secondly, influence of liquid smoking on the sensorial, physicochemical and textural characteristics of the flesh are described, as are its effects on potential spoilage organisms.;
An empirical investigation on the determinants of the saving-investment interaction
Authors: Gur Han , Erden Lutfi , Ozkan Ibrahim
Published: September 2011

This study aims to shed light on the Feldstein-Horioka (F-H) puzzle, making
use of the potential explanations put forward in the related literature. To
this end, the study takes a distinct empirical route, combining a
cointegration technique and regression analysis. In the first step, we obtain
three definitions for the dependent variable that represent the degree of the
interaction between domestic saving and investment (S-I), employing a
cointegration analysis for 86 countries in the sample. In the second step,
each definition of the dependent variable is regressed on potential
explanations for the co-movement of the S-I such as openness, country size,
productivity shocks, and real interest rate differentials. After examining a
number of potential variables for their explanatory power on this puzzle,
however, none of the posited variables are found to be statistically
significant determinants of the S-I interaction. The results indicate that
the size of the economy, productivity shocks or interest rate differentials
have almost no role in explaining the S-I behavior. Further, the findings
show that openness has no influence on the S-I interaction, suggesting that
it is not plausible to view the S-I correlation as an indicator of
international capital mobility as F-H did.
Exigency politics or new world order?
Authors: Filipovic Miroslava
Published: September 2011

Since the onset of the current crisis, numerous intergovernmental
organizations made declarations and plans, but only national packages were
implemented to minimize adverse effects to real (national) economies. Despite
the fact that capital markets have long ago become increasingly complex with
a multitude of actors, a state-level approach remains firmly in place. This
paper aims to present political responses to the crisis, identifying how
politicians envision the future of capital markets and the world economy. The
financial crisis might have been a direct motive to start a global political
interplay regarding regulation, but it was also a unique opportunity for
numerous actors to start pressing for their own agenda vis-?-vis the global
economic and political order. Reviewing the responses of several of the most
prominent actors on the scene may contribute to understanding how close the
world is to having a new financial - or even economic - structure on the
global level.
Convergence of the export structure of Romania, Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to the structure of import demand in developed countries
Authors: Nikolic Goran
Published: September 2011

The similarity coefficients of the export structures of Romania, Croatia,
Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the import structure of the EU and the U.S.
have increased since 2000, but to date, they have not reached a critical
turning point. This indicates that the qualities of exports from the observed
transitional economies have not rapidly improved, and the export structure
remains relatively unfavourable, particularly when compared to advanced
transitional countries. The most important factors in the success of advanced
transitional economies were: the inflow of foreign direct investment, imports
of modern technology (and later, their own development), innovation,
development of small and medium sized enterprises, foreign competition, the
development of a market economy and macroeconomic stability. The export
structures of Romania, Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia correlate with improvement
in the process of transition in the observed countries. In 2009 Bosnia had
the absolute lowest level of similarity coefficient among the studied
countries, followed by Serbia, Romania and Croatia, which corresponds to the
overall economic performance and foreign trade of the observed economies.
Reparability of Aged Silorane With Methacrylate-Based Resin Composite: Micro-Shear Bond Strength and Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation
Authors: Giachetti L , Russo D Scaminaci , Baldini M , Goracci C , Ferrari M
Published: September 2011

Clinical Relevance

Aged silorane composite restorations can be repaired with a methacrylate-based resin composite by using a phosphate-methacrylate–based adhesive as the intermediate layer.
Comparison of Fracture Strength of Endocrowns and Glass Fiber Post-Retained Conventional Crowns
Authors: Biacchi GR , Basting RT
Published: September 2011

Clinical Relevance

Restorations of the endocrown type are options for restoring endodontically treated molar teeth with extensive loss of coronal structure. The endocrown has advantages over the conventional crown because its mechanical performance is better, it costs less, and it takes less clinical time to complete.
Handedness and Drawing: Attempting to Complete the Picture: A Comment on Bruckner, Et Al. (2011)
Authors: Vlachos Filippos , Bonoti Fotini
Published: September 2011

In a recent study, Bruckner, Kastner-Koller, Deimann, and Voracek (2011) investigated the relationship between hand preference and drawing during preschool years. The present study offers interpretations in a larger framework which could contribute to the better understanding of that relationship, and provides future directions in this area.
A Comparison of Signal Detection Theory to the Objective Threshold/Strategic Model of Unconscious Perception
Authors: Haase Steven J. , Fisk Gary D.
Published: September 2011

A key problem in unconscious perception research is ruling out the possibility that weak conscious awareness of stimuli might explain the results. In the present study, signal detection theory was compared with the objective threshold/strategic model as explanations of results for detection and identification sensitivity in a commonly used unconscious perception task. In the task, 64 undergraduate participants detected and identified one of four briefly displayed, visually masked letters. Identification was significantly above baseline (i.e., proportion correct > .25) at the highest detection confidence rating. This result is most consistent with signal detection theory's continuum of sensory states and serves as a possible index of conscious perception. However, there was limited support for the other model in the form of a predicted “looker's inhibition” effect, which produced identification performance that was significantly below baseline. One additional result, an interaction between the target stimulus and type of mask, raised concerns for the generality of unconscious perception effects.
Use of multivariate statistical techniques to optimize the separation of isoflavones by liquid chromatography
Authors: Baranowska Irena , Magiera Sylwia , Baranowski Jacek
Published: September 2011

The aim of this paper is to optimize and validate a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for separation and quantification of five isoflavones. A statistical central composite design was used to separate all peaks. These multivariate procedures were efficient in determining the optimal separation condition using resolution, capacity factor, asymmetry and number of theoretical plates. The effective separation of the examined compounds was applied on a Develosil RP Aqueous AR 5 RP-30 column with a gradient mobile phase system and a DAD detector. The isolation and preconcentration of the isoflavones from urine and plasma samples were conducted by means of the solid-phase extraction (SPE). For optimize SPE conditions various sorbents were tested. Furthermore, high recoveries and good relative standard deviations were obtained when the samples were passed through the Oasis HLB column. The developed method was validated and successfully applied for determination of isoflavones in urine and plasma.
Complexation of [2.2]paracyclophane with β- and γ-cyclodextrins studied by HPLC and NMR
Authors: Dodziuk Helena , Bielejewska Anna , Schilf Wojciech , Ueda Haruhisa
Published: September 2011

The NMR spectra of [2.2]paracyclophane with β- or γ-cyclodextrin in DMF-d7 at room temperature do not show significant complexation, while HPLC of the complexes in mixed H2O:alcohol solvents demonstrate complexation with different stoichiometries. At 243 K in DMF solution the H3 and H5 NMR signals of γ-cyclodextrin (but not β) exhibit complexation-induced chemical shifts denoting complex formation. According to HPLC, at room temperature the [2.2]paracyclophane complex with β-cyclodextrin in 20% H2O:EtOH exhibits 1:2 stoichiometry with K 1 = 1×102 ± 2, K 2 = 9.0×104 ± 2×103 (K = 9×106) while that with γ-cyclodextrin in 50% H2O:MeOH exhibits 1:1 stoichiometry with K 1 = 4×103 ± 150 M−1. Thermodynamic parameters for both complexes have been estimated from the retention time temperature dependence. For the β-cyclodextrin complexation at 25°C ΔG 0CD is −39.7 kJ mol−1 while ΔH 0CD and ΔS 0CD are −88.2 kJ mol−1 and −0.16 kJ mol−1 K−1. For γ-cyclodextrin, the corresponding values are ΔG 0CD = −20.5 kJ mol−1, ΔH 0CD = −33.5 kJ mol−1 and ΔS 0CD = −0.04 kJ mol−1 K−1.
Methodological study of extraction procedures applied to urban particulate matter
Authors: Sysalova Jirina , Szakova Jirina , Goessler Walter , Tremlova Jana
Published: September 2011

The modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure has been applied to two different samples of urban particulate matters (PM). The distribution of selected trace elements As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was investigated and, in a comparative study, the presence of common organic air filters in extraction procedures was evaluated. Analytes in separate fractions were determined by ICP-OES and GFAAS, respectively, depending on concentration levels. While, due to air filters, a significant increase of some analytes mobility in individual fractions has been observed in case of the jet-milled PM (tunnel Letna), but in case of the PKC sample such effect was not found. The analyte impurities built in some filters has been tested, and the impact on the reliability of analyte results has been discussed. The arsenic species occurrence and their stability in presence of air filters (size 47 mm) were investigated in both urban PM samples as well, using HPLC-ICP-MS technique. Water soluble and by three-step BCR procedure extractable arsenic forms are shown in chromatograms
Physicochemical characteristics of 2-, 3- and 4-methylpyridinium tetrachloroferrates(III)
Authors: Wyrzykowski Dariusz , Wera Michał , Sikorski Artur , Jacewicz Dagmara , Chmurzyński Lech
Published: September 2011

The crystal structure of 2-methylpyridinium tetrachloroferrate(III) was determined. The iron cation is tetracoordinated by chloride anions, and it adopts a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination with three angles smaller, two almost equal and one larger than the tetrahedral. The compound is isostructural with its 3-, and 4-methylpyridinium analogues. The thermal properties of 2-, 3- and 4-methylpyridinium tetrachloroferrates(III) have been studied using TG and DSC techniques. The compounds exhibit a high stability in the melt.
Distribution of Inflammatory Cells, Adhesion Molecules, Intermediate Filaments, and Chemokine Receptors in Subgroups of Nasal Polyp Patients
Authors: Onerci Metin , Elsurer Cagdas , Guzel Elif E. , Dagdeviren Attila
Published: September 2011

Background

The pathogenesis of nasal polyps (NPs) is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of inflammatory cells, adhesion molecules, intermediate filaments, and chemokine receptors in subgroups of NP patients.

Methods

In total, 35 patients were enrolled (group 1, 10 patients with Samter syndrome; group 2, 10 patients with diffuse polyposis without signs of Samter syndrome; group 3: 5 patients with solitary nasal polyps; group 4, 10 controls). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for CD105, CD106, CD62E, CD4, CD8, CXCR4, CD147, CD90, CD104, BF45, vimentin, pancytokeratin, and muscle-specific actin (MSA) in all patients’ specimens.

Results

Expression of CD4, CD8, and CD106 were similar between the groups. Number of patients expressing CD4 in groups 1, 2, and 3 were higher than the controls. Number of patients expressing CD8 antigen were significantly higher in all three groups than in the control group. Expression of CD147 in groups 3 and 4 was significantly higher than in groups 1 and 2. CD98 expression was higher in groups 1, 2, and 3 than in group 4. The number of patients expressing vimentin in groups 1, 2, and 3 was significantly higher than in group 4. Immunostaining for pancytokeratin was positive in all patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, inflammatory cell, adhesion molecule, intermediate filament, and chemokine receptor profiles in nasal polyps differ among different patient groups and control subjects. Additional specific immunohistochemical studies are necessary for development of more specific immunotherapies.
Advancements in Computed Tomography Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Leung Randy , Chaung Katrina , Kelly Jason L. , Chandra Rakesh K.
Published: September 2011

Background

Advances in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology have allowed for reduction in radiation dosages as well as the miniaturization of CT scanner units. This has given rise to new applications for CT scanning, including point-of-care (POC) in-office and intraoperative applications.

Methods

A review of recent changes to radiological modalities as applied to otolaryngology–head and neck surgery was performed. A discussion of the physics, applications, and role of diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is conducted.

Results

The adaptation of cone beam technology has allowed for the practical implementation of CT scanning at the bedside, be it in the clinic or operating room setting.

Conclusion

Given their relative low cost, ease of storage, and low-dose radiation exposure, POC-CT scanners have become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of CRS. In the setting of increasing antibiotic costs, overtreatment with antibiotics, and fewer required return visits, POC-CT challenges the conventional role of empiric medical therapy before progression to imaging for the diagnosis of CRS.
Spirometric Parameters and Levels of Interferon Gamma and IL-5 in Induced Sputum from Patients with Allergic Rhinitis or Asthma
Authors: Marra Sheila M.G. , Borges Rosiane O. , Alves Ronaldo , Silva Deise A.O. , Taketomi Ernesto A. , Segundo Gesmar R.S.
Published: September 2011

Background

This study was designed to analyze spirometric parameters and cytokine (interferon [IFN] gamma and IL-5) levels in induced sputum from patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonatopic subjects.

Methods

Thirty-three subjects aged 18–60 years were enrolled in the present study. Eight patients had asthma without AR symptoms, 16 had AR without asthma symptoms or history, and both groups had positive skin-prick test (SPT) to aeroallergens. The nine remaining subjects were healthy nonatopic subjects with negative SPT to aeroallergens. Spirometry was performed by evaluating the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV 1 ), and forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% (FEF 25–75 ) of FVC before and after bronchodilator use. Induced sputum samples were also collected for measuring cytokine (IFN-gamma and IL-5) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Significant pre- and postbronchodilator change was observed only for FEV 1 with higher variation values in asthmatic subjects compared with patients with AR (p < 0.05) and nonatopic subjects (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in pre- and postbronchodilator spirometric parameters among the three groups, although asthmatic patients showed lower prebronchodilator FEF 25–75 values (p = 0.065). IL-5 levels were higher in induced sputum from patients with asthma and AR compared with nonatopic subjects (p = 0.020 and p = 0.032, respectively), but IFN-gamma levels showed no significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion

Spirometric measurements were not able to show any occurrence of bronchial constriction in patients with AR, but predominant IL-5 levels in induced sputum from these patients reinforce the role of Th2-type immune response in lower respiratory airways that could contribute to the concept of “one airway, one disease.”
The Characterization of IL-17A Expression in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Jiang Xiao-Dan , Li Guang-Yu , Li Lin , Dong Zhen , Zhu Dong-Dong
Published: September 2011

Background

Interleukin (IL)-17A, mainly produced by Th17 cells, was previously described as an inflammatory cytokine that induces a profile of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases. Recent studies have revealed that IL-17 is correlated with inflammatory lung disorders by triggering an accumulation of neutrophils. More recently, we have shown that the expression of IL-17 may be involved in the development of nasal polyps (NPs). Here, we describe the characterization of IL-17 expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) from northeast China.

Methods

Histopathological observations and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for IL-17, IL-17RD, myeloperoxidase, and CD68 were performed on 52 specimens (42 NPs and 10 specimens of middle turbinate as normal control). Double IHC staining was performed to determine which cells expressed IL-17. The serum expression levels of IL-17 were determined by ELISA and the mRNA expression of IL-17 and Th17 cells transcription factor retinoid acid–related orphan receptor C (RORc) was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

42.9% of CRSwNP specimens presented eosinophilic inflammation; 35.7% of CRSwNP specimens presented neutrophilic inflammation. Relatively higher mRNA expression levels of IL-17 and RORc were seen in CRSwNPs compared with the controls. A marked increase of IL-17 and IL-17RD proteins (p < 0.01) were seen in CRSwNP group. The expression levels of IL-17 and RORc did not differ between eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNPs (p > 0.05). However, high expression levels of IL-17RD were seen in noneosinophilic CRSwNPs compared with eosinophilic CRSwNPs (p < 0.05). The serum expression of IL-17 in CRSwNP patients was similar to healthy controls. The IL-17 expressing cells mainly were the macrophages as shown by double IHC staining.

Conclusion

Chinese CRSwNP patients showed an enhanced Th17 response regardless of eosinophilic or noneosinophilic inflammation. IL-17 may be involved in the development of NPs through its local immune modulation.
The Score for Allergic Rhinitis Study in Turkey
Authors: Cingi Cemal , Songu Murat , Ural Ahmet , Annesi-Maesano Isabella , Erdogmus Nagehan , Bal Cengiz , Kahya Volkan , Ozbal Koc Eltaf Ayca , Cakir Burak Omur , Selcuk Adin , Ozlugedik Samet , Onal Kazim , Midilli Rasit , Ecevit Cenk , Pinar Ercan , Akoglu Ertap , Okuyucu Semsettin , Erkan Alper Nabi
Published: September 2011

Background

The clinical definition of allergic rhinitis (AR) is difficult to use in epidemiological settings of large populations where it is impossible to obtain the laboratory evidence of each immune response. However, the standardization of the definition of AR in epidemiological studies is of crucial importance. This study was designed to estimate the prevalence of AR in an adult general population with respect to seven distinct geographical regions in Turkey.

Methods

Individuals were evaluated with the Score for Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) questionnaire for a national cross-sectional study. The Turkish version of the SFAR questionnaire was tested for clarity and sensitivity in a small sample of the general population.

Results

Among the 3967 interviewed subjects, the overall prevalence of AR was 29.6%, with regional variations (from 21.0% in the southeastern Anatolia region to 36.1% in the Marmara region). The prevalence was higher in women and in urban area of residence.

Conclusion

This national survey confirmed the elevated prevalence of AR in Turkey. Our findings may contribute to the formulation of the public health policy and development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for AR in eastern Europe.
Young People's Stigmatizing Attitudes towards People with Mental Disorders: Findings from an Australian National Survey
Authors: Reavley Nicola J. , Jorm Anthony F.
Published: September 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to carry out a national survey in order to assess young people's stigmatizing attitudes towards people with depression, anxiety disorders and psychosis/schizophrenia.

Method: In 2011, telephone interviews were carried out with 3021 Australians aged between 15 and 25 years. Participants were presented with a case vignette describing either depression, depression with suicidal thoughts, depression with alcohol misuse, psychosis/schizophrenia, social phobia or PTSD. Questions were asked about stigmatizing attitudes, including personal and perceived stigma and desire for social distance.

Results: Across all disorders, respondents were least likely to agree that they should avoid the person described in the vignette and most likely to endorse beliefs about unpredictability, particularly in the case of the psychosis/schizophrenia and depression with substance abuse vignettes. Social phobia was most likely to be seen as a sign of personal weakness or ‘not a real medical illness’. Perception of stigma in others was greater than that reported by respondents themselves. Desire for social distance was greatest for the psychosis/schizophrenia vignette and lowest for PTSD. For each vignette, respondents were most unwilling to work on a project with the person described in the vignette, while desire for social distance was generally lowest for developing a close friendship.

Conclusions: While young people associated all mental disorders with unpredictability, patterns of stigmatizing attitudes differed according to disorder, with notable differences between psychosis/schizophrenia and social phobia. Anti-stigma interventions should focus on individual disorders rather than on ‘mental illness’ in general and may need to address beliefs about unpredictability, social phobia as due to weakness of character and dangerousness in those with more severe disorders. Interventions should also focus on bringing beliefs about public perceptions in line with personal beliefs, as the latter are much less stigmatizing.
Re-Thinking the Unthinkable: Environmental Ethics and the Presumptive Argument Against Geoengineering
Authors: Preston Christopher J.
Published: September 2011

The rapid rise in interest in geoengineering the climate as a response to global warming presents a clear and significant challenge to environmental ethics. The paper articulates what I call the 'presumptive argument' against geoengineering from environmental ethics, a presumption strong
enough to make geoengineering almost 'unthinkable' from within that tradition. Two rationales for suspending that presumption are next considered. One of them is a 'lesser evil' argument, the other makes connections between the presumptive argument, ecofacism, and the anthropocentrism/non-anthropocentrism
debate. The discussion is designed to prompt reflection on how environmental ethicists should orient themselves to the rapidly moving geoengineering debate and what they should think about the moral significance of the earth's large-scale biogeochemical processes compared to the moral significance
of individuals, species, and ecosystems.
Leprosy: International Public Health Policies and Public Health Eras
Authors: Awofeso Niyi
Published: September 2011

Public health policies continue to play important roles in national and international health reforms. However, the influence and legacies of the public health eras during which such policies are formulated remain largely underappreciated. The limited appreciation of this relationship may hinder consistent adoption of public health policies by nation-states, and encumber disinvestment from ineffective or anachronistic policies. This article reviews seven public health eras and highlights how each era has influenced international policy formulation for leprosy control—“the fertile soil for policy learning”. The author reiterates the role of health leadership and health activism in facilitating consistency in international health policy formulation and implementation for leprosy control.
Formation of Oligovesicular Vesicles by Micromanipulation
Authors: Okumura Yukihisa , Ohmiya Tohru , Yamazaki Toshiki
Published: September 2011

Cell-sized lipid bilayer membrane vesicles (giant vesicles, GVs) or semi-vesicles were formed from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine on a platinum electrode under applied electric voltage by electroformation. Micromanipulation of the semi-vesicle by first pressing its membrane with a glass microneedle and then withdrawing the needle left a GV in the interior of the vesicle. During the process, an aqueous solution of Ficoll that filled the needle was introduced into the newly formed inner vesicle and remained encapsulated. Approximately 50% of attempted micromanipulation resulted in the formation of an inner daughter vesicle, “microvesiculation”. By repeating the microvesiculation process, multiple inner GVs could be formed in a single parent semi-vesicle. A semi-vesicle with inner GVs could be detached from the electrode by scraping with a microneedle, yielding an oligovesicular vesicle (OVV) with desired inner aqueous contents. Microvesiculation of a GV held on the tip of a glass micropipette was also possible, and this also produced an OVV. Breaking the membrane of the parent semi-vesicle by micromanipulation with a glass needle after microvesiculation, released the inner GVs. This protocol may be used for controlled formation of GVs with desired contents.
Personal Heritage and Return Visits to American Colonies in Mexico
Authors: Timothy Dallen J. , Schmidt Kevin R.
Published: September 2011

This article describes a case study of one Anglo-American village in Mexico that has become a salient personal heritage tourism destination for its émigrés and the descendents of its early pioneers. Several characteristics of personal heritage tourism are established and
used to interpret the tourism situation in Colonia Juárez, Mexico, which involves varying elements of visiting friends and relatives, attending local celebrations, visiting cemeteries and doing genealogy research, undertaking religious activities, visiting historic sites, participating
in ancestral livelihood activities, and developing a bond to the community. In addition, visitors' perceptions of the potential for future tourism development are described, together with their perceived constraints to visiting the village.
Inflammation and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Are Common Features of Myasthenia Gravis Thymus: Possible Roles in Pathogenesis
Authors: Cavalcante Paola , Maggi Lorenzo , Colleoni Lara , Caldara Rosa , Motta Teresio , Giardina Carmelo , Antozzi Carlo , Berrih-Aknin Sonia , Bernasconi Pia , Mantegazza Renato
Published: September 2011

The thymus plays a major role in myasthenia gravis (MG). Our recent finding of a persistent Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus infection in some MG thymuses, combined with data showing that the thymus is in a proinflammatory state in most patients, supports a viral contribution to the pathogenesis of MG. Aim of this study was to gain further evidence for intrathymic chronic inflammation and EBV infection in MG patients. Transcriptional profiling by low density array and real-time PCR showed overexpression of genes involved in inflammatory and immune response in MG thymuses. Real-time PCR for EBV genome, latent (EBER1, EBNA1, LMP1) and lytic (BZLF1) transcripts, and immunohistochemistry for LMP1 and BZLF1 proteins confirmed an active intrathymic EBV infection, further supporting the hypothesis that EBV might contribute to onset or perpetuation of the autoimmune response in MG. Altogether, our results support a role of inflammation and EBV infection as pathogenic features of MG thymus.
The Use of Structural Allograft in Primary and Revision Knee Arthroplasty with Bone Loss
Authors: Kuchinad Raul A. , Garbedian Shawn , Rogers Benedict A. , Backstein David , Safir Oleg , Gross Allan E.
Published: September 2011

Bone loss around the knee in the setting of total knee arthroplasty remains a difficult and challenging problem for orthopaedic surgeons. There are a number of options for dealing with smaller and contained bone loss; however, massive segmental bone loss has fewer options. Small, contained defects can be treated with cement, morselized autograft/allograft or metal augments. Segmental bone loss cannot be dealt with through simple addition of cement, morselized autograft/allograft, or metal augments. For younger or higher demand patients, the use of allograft is a good option as it provides a durable construct with high rates of union while restoring bone stock for future revisions. Older patients, or those who are low demand, may be better candidates for a tumour prosthesis, which provides immediate ability to weight bear and mobilize.
Local Reference Ranges of Thyroid Volume in Sudanese Normal Subjects Using Ultrasound
Authors: Yousef Mohamed , Sulieman Abdelmoneim , Ahmed Bushra , Abdella Alsafi , Eltom Khaled
Published: September 2011

This study aimed to establish a local reference of thyroid volume in Sudanese normal subjects using ultrasound. A total of 103 healthy subjects were studied, 28 (27.18%) females and 75 (72.82%) males. Thyroid volume was estimated usingellipsoid formula. The mean age and range of the subjects was 21.8 (19–29) years; the mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.3 (16.46–26.07) kg/m2. The overall mean volume ± SD volume of the thyroid gland for both lobes in all the patients studied was 6.44 ± 2.44 mL. The mean volume for both lobes in females and males were 5.78 ± 1.96 mL and 6.69 ± 2.56 mL, respectively. The males' thyroid volume was greater than the females'. The mean volume of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland in males and females were 3.38 ± 1.37 mL and 3.09 ± 1.24 mL, respectively. The right thyroid lobe volume was greater than the left. The values obtained in this study were lower than those reported from previous studies.
On lower eigenvalue bounds for Toeplitz operators with radial symbols in Bergman spaces
Authors: Rozenblum Grigori
Published: September 2011

We consider Toeplitz operators in different Bergman type spaces, having radial symbols with variable sign. We show that if the symbol has compact support or decays rapidly, the eigenvalues of such operators cannot decay too fast, essentially faster than for a sign-definite symbol of the same kind. On the other hand, if the symbol decays not sufficiently rapidly, the eigenvalues of the corresponding operator may decay faster than for the operator corresponding to the absolute value of the symbol.
Risks with Older Adults in Acute Care Settings: Occupational Therapists' and Physiotherapists' Perceptions
Authors: Atwal Anita , Wiggett Claire , McIntyre Anne
Published: September 2011

Introduction:

In acute care hospitals, risk assessments are integral to therapy practice. However, to date, this area has not been explored in any specific depth within occupational therapy or physiotherapy, although there is evidence that the management of risk causes uncertainty and anxiety among professionals. Different perspectives of risks may have an influence on the discharge end point.

Method:

This study explored the self-reported risk-taking behaviours of occupational therapists and physiotherapists. A qualitative approach was taken, with reflective diaries used to record the self-reported risk-taking behaviours of therapists in a teaching hospital. Eight therapists recorded 16 reflections in total, which were analysed using template analysis.

Findings:

The findings suggest that support from members of the team, collegiality and clinical confidence were important to manage risks. Therapists were willing to take risks in order to meet patient goals, to facilitate the rehabilitation process or to enhance the patient's quality of life. However, there may be instances of interprofessional differences that need to be managed.

Conclusion:

This research has highlighted the need for therapists to reflect continually upon risk situations in professional practice. There is a need for support and guidance to be put in place to enable positive risk taking.
The Lived Experience of Australian Retirees: ‘I'm Retired, What Do I Do Now?’
Authors: Pepin Genevieve , Deutscher Brianna
Published: September 2011

Introduction:

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experience of retirement in a context where it is not compulsory, and to understand consequent changes in roles, identity and occupational adaptation from the perspective of Australian retirees.

Method:

Five people aged between 61 and 68 years, who had retired during the previous 18 months, were interviewed. Data analysis included transcription and coding of data, data aggregation and identification of themes.

Findings:

The themes that emerged from the data analysis were related to time structure and meaningful occupations, ageing and performance capacity, role changes, emotional adjustment to retirement and preparation for retirement.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that engagement in meaningful occupations and valued roles, along with the emergence of grandparenting as a significant role, the development of new interests and engagement in retirement planning activities, and support in restructuring the use of time are essential to maintain a positive identity and to adapt successfully to retirement.