bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Timing of Reproduction in a Tropical Bird, the Seychelles Warbler: A Field Experiment Using Translocation
Authors: Komdeur Jan
Published: March 2007

Reproduction of the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), a single-island endemic species living close to the equator, is characterized by a pronounced annual rhythm. The bird usually raises only one or two clutches of one egg each per year. Observational data suggest that seasonal changes in feeding conditions are an important proximate factor controlling reproduction. This hypothesis could be tested by transferring breeding pairs from Cousin Island to islands previously unoccupied at the same latitude. These islands, Aride and Cousine, have a higher food supply but similar vegetation and climate. After translocation to Aride Island, with high food availability year-round, individual breeding pairs prolonged their reproductive season (some bred year-round), increased the annual number of broods, and improved the reproductive success per nest-building attempt. Annual production of yearlings per pair on Aride was on average 23 times higher than that of the same pair on Cousin before the transfer. After translocation to Cousine Island, where food availability varied seasonally and was intermediate between Cousin and Aride, individual pairs increased the annual number of broods, but reproductive success per nest-building attempt remained the same. Annual production of yearlings per pair on Cousine was on average 5 times higher than that of the same pair on Cousin before the transfer. Thus the experiments, controlled for group size, breeding partner, breeder age, and experience, showed that food supply can be an important proximate factor in the timing of reproduction in the tropics. The differences in reproductive timing and success by warblers on the three islands are due not to genetic differences but entirely to differences in environmental conditions.
Correlations between Sleep and Wake in Internally Synchronized and Desynchronized Circadian Rhythms in Humans under Prolonged Isolation
Authors: Chandrashekaran M.K. , Marimuthu G. , Geetha L.
Published: March 2007

The authors report the results of their experiments performed on the sleep-wake and rectal temperature rhythms of human subjects, who were held in prolonged social isolation for periods of 15-43 days in a specially constructed facility. Of 13 experiments performed with 11 subjects, the sleep-wake and rectal temperature rhythms free ran with circadian periods, remaining internally syn chronized for the entire duration of the experiments in 9 subjects. The relation ship between sleep and wake that is highlighted in this article is a trend that clearly and significantly expresses itself in four long-term experiments per formed on a male subject and a female subject in separate experiments. There was a clear-cut positive correlation between episodes of sleep and preceding episodes of wake. In all four experiments, the circabidian sleep-wake cycle and circadian rectal temperature rhythms were in a state of internal desynchroniza tion. The authors therefore attribute the differences reported in the literature and this article in the quality of correlation between sleep and wake to the phenome non of internal desynchronization. However, they do not find significant corre lation between sleep and wake episodes in 8 of their 9 subjects; in 1 35-year-female, there is a strong negative correlation between sleep and (preced ing or following) wake episodes. It is of much physiological significance that the phenomenon of internal desynchronization should so radically alter the "quality of correlation" between sleep and wake and may be of interest for models of sleep regulation.
Economic Contributions to Transportation Planning III
Authors: Viton Philip A.
Published: March 2007

This final article in the series focuses on larger-scale prescriptive modeling of urban transportation systems. Among the topics reviewed are investment in highway infrastructure, comparative costs, alternative pricing schemes, private transit, and some equity concerns.
Unanswered Questions about Public Service in the Public Research University
Authors: Checkoway Barry
Published: March 2007

Public service in the public research university is more important than ever before, but there is a need to discuss even the most basic questions about the subject. For example, what is meant by service? Who should be served? What methods should be used to evaluate service? What strategies and structures would strengthen service? What is the social responsibility of the university? This article addresses several such questions and some of the issues they raise. It draws on work in diverse fields and recognizes emerging efforts to develop knowledge in ways that serve society.
Planning for Cooperation in Environmental Dilemmas
Authors: Kartez Jack D.
Published: March 2007

Environmental planners must often attempt to manage participatory forums in which the policy issues pit individuals' selfinterests against the needfor collective cooperation. Psychologists investigate the nature of these social dilemmas both through formal models and in laboratory tests of individual choice behavior Planners have little empirical evidencefrom their own field on which to base assumptions about the basic processes motivating conflict or cooperation among different interests. Findings from the psychological research provide some insight into those motives and the conditions under which cooperation becomes more likely; for example, when communication about issues and knowledge about the impacts of noncooperation are both high. On the other hand, dilemmas researchers often assume away an important dimension of the problem-individual decisions to communicate about a conflict-fy treating it as an exogenously controlled factor Changing that and other aspects of their research models will improve the usefulness of the results for practice.
Planning for International Tourism in Less Developed Countries: Toward Sustainability?
Authors: Ioannides Dimitri
Published: March 2007

Despite the rising global importance of tourism as an economic growth tool for national, regional, and local economies, most planning academics in the United States have kept oddly silent regarding the tourist industry. This article aims primarily to inform planning academics and practitioners of the principal issues concerning tourism development in destination areas. Much of the material draws from a rich body of geographical literature that pays specific attention to tourism in less developed countries. The article addresses tourism's principal impacts on destination areas. It stresses that, to plan effectively for tourism development while lessening its negative effects, planners need to understand the sector's dynamics over time. Finally, the article puts forth a number of policies for making tourism a sustainable development option.
Requiem for the Tipping-Point Hypothesis
Authors: Ottensmann John R.
Published: March 2007

The tipping-point hypothesis asserts that racially mixed neighborhoods are unstable and will inevitably become predominantly Black. Three lines of researchfrom the past decade lead to doubts about the continuing veracity of this hypothesis: (1) levels of racial segregation have declined since 1970, (2) greater-than-expected stability has been observed in the racial composition of neighborhoods, and (3) more Whites have been moving into racially mixed neighborhoods than has been expected. The racial transition observed in earlier decades may have been caused by the large increases in Black populations in metropolitan areas. Secondary analysis ofthefindings from several of the racial segregation and neighborhood change studies supports this hypothesis.
Beyond Women's Issues: Feminism and Social Work
Authors: Freeman Miriam L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on an investigation of the nature and extent of the interaction of feminism with social work education. The study tested two hypotheses: that social work educators' views of problems that affect women vary by the degree and by the type of their feminist identification. Although the findings supported both hypotheses, differences were not evident for all problems. Therefore, the findings provide a basis for a discussion of the problems that differentiate feminists from nonfeminists and liberal, socialist, and radical femi nists from each other. Implications for social work education and issues for further research are identified.
Leaving Our Fathers' Houses: Redefining Our Religious Concepts
Authors: Golden Gail K. , Sheinkin Lynn G.
Published: March 2007

And God made the two great lights.... The two lights ascended together with the same dignity. The moon, however, was not at ease with the sun and in fact each felt mortified by the other. The moon said, "Where dost thou pasture?" (SS1, 7). The sun said, "Where dost thou make thy flock to rest at noon? How can a little candle shine at midday?" God thereupon said to her, "Go and diminish thyself." She felt humiliated and said, "Why should I be as one that veileth herself?" God then said, "Go thy way forth in the footsteps of the flock." Thereupon she diminished herself so as to be head of the lower ranks. From that time she has had no light of her own, but derives her light from the sun. (The Zohar, 1978, pp. 84, 85)
The Structure of Lesbian Relationships in Response to Oppression
Authors: DePoy Elizabeth , Noble Sandy
Published: March 2007

This article describes how three lesbian couples experienced oppression and responded to it within the structure of their relationships. The couples discussed a broad range of discrimination that resulted in both common and unique ways they chose to protect themselves from harm.
Women, Violence, and Fear: One Community's Experience
Authors: Kasper Barbara , Aponte Carmen I.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the findings of a community-based survey of violence against 781 women in the Rochester, New York, area that was generated by a social action organization and used a participatory research model. The survey assessed the prevalence of violence, the types of situations that make women feel at risk, and how women both defend themselves against potential victimization and make behav ioral changes to avoid it.
Recidivism Among Treated Sexual Offenders and Matched Controls
Authors: LOOMAN JAN , ABRACEN JEFFREY , NICHOLAICHUK TERRY P.
Published: March 2007

Follow-up data are reported on 89 sexual offenders treated at the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) and 89 untreated sexual offenders matched for pretreatment risk. The average time at risk was 9.9 years. It was found that the treated group had a sexual recidivism rate of 23.6%, whereas the untreated group had a sexual recidivism rate of 51.7% (p <.0001). The groups also differed significantly on nonsexual recidivism. Data on a new analytic technique, the Criminal Career Profile, are also reported. Results are discussed with reference to the recent outcome study of Quinsey, Khanna, and Malcolm.
Logistic Regression Analysis: When the Odds Ratio Does Not Work
Authors: McNUTT LOUISE-ANNE , HOLCOMB JOHN P. , CARLSON BONNIE E.
Published: March 2007

The odds ratio is one of the most common measures used to assess the relationship between exposure to violence and adverse health outcomes, adjusting for possible confounding factors. A reason for the odds ratio's popularity is that it is relatively easy to calculate from the coefficients of a logistic regression model. For most etiologic studies of disease, the odds ratio is a suitable estimate of risk because incidence or prevalence of disease is rare (<10%). However, health outcomes studied in violence research are often more prevalent (e.g., fatigue, insomnia, stomach pain, and shortness of breath). In these cases, the odds ratio usually overestimates the strength of association, sometimes erroneously tripling the magnitude. Data from a study measuring the health effects of intimate partner violence are used to illustrate the problem of incorrectly using odds ratios. Methods to calculate relative risks and prevalence ratios from logistic regression models are presented.
Predictive Validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ)
Authors: LOZA WAGDY , LOZA-FANOUS AMEL
Published: March 2007

The Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) is a self-report instrument for predicting violent and nonviolent release failure of adult male offenders. It is a quantitative risk/need instrument, consisting of 67 items, comprising six subscales. One hundred fifty-three federally sentenced Canadian male offenders who had completed the SAQ while incarcerated were followed for 24 months after their release to the community. Predictive criterion variables were committing parole violations, recidivating, committing new violent acts, and committing any failure on release. Results indicate that the SAQ has adequate predictive validity.
Intimate Violence Perceptions
Authors: MILLER JOANN , BUKVA KATHY
Published: March 2007

A representative sample of 1,182 students from a state university judged vignettes describing violent threats or acts perpetrated against a woman by a man. The violence varied in type, but in each case it followed an escalating verbal fight between a heterosexual couple whose relationship varied from being near strangers to married. In addition, the injury sustained by the woman, the perpetrator's prior history of intimate violence, and the research participants' background characteristics, including their own family violence histories, are examined. Judgments are analyzed to explain perceptions regarding violent acts and threats. Research hypotheses based on social learning theories and prior studies of intimate violence and abuse are examined. The analysis suggests that an explanation for the observed variations in perceptions should consider the likelihood of committing or experiencing acts of violence, a process of social learning, and the relationship in which intimate violence occurs.
Stalking
Authors: SHERIDAN LORRAINE , DAVIES GRAHAM M. , BOON JULIAN C. W.
Published: March 2007

This article aims to clarify two issues relating to stalking: how potential victims perceive the crime and the prevalence of stalking and stalking-related acts among the British female population. Three hundred forty-eight women were invited to classify which of a range of intrusive behaviors were exemplars of stalking. They were then asked to indicate whether they had first-hand experience of any of these behaviors and, if so, to describe the worst episode. Of the sample, 24% reported at least one incident of stalking. The women held clear ideas on what they felt did and did not constitute stalking behaviors. Cluster analyses provided subtypes of stalking behaviors as perceived by respondents and subtypes of actual stalking as experienced by the sample. The findings suggest that a final legislative definition of stalking may not be necessary and that the high prevalence rate requires serious academic and legal attention.
Evaluation of an Inmate-Run Alternatives to Violence Project
Authors: WALRATH CHRISTINE
Published: March 2007

The Alternatives to Violence Project (AVP), a nonviolence training program run for inmates by inmates, represents an attempt to combat institutional violence. This program provides alternatives to violent behavior; it decreases the rate of violence within and among the prison population and may translate back to the community on release. An impact evaluation of an AVP was conducted in a medium-security corrections facility in Maryland. Despite limitations, the results from this evaluation demonstrate a positive impact on anger and self-reported confrontation for inmates who completed a basic level conflict resolution workshop as compared to those who did not. The power of the institutional environment, the need for continued intervention with offenders, and future directions for correctional setting-based evaluations are discussed.
Replication of the Massachusetts Treatment Center Child Molester Typology in a Canadian Sample
Authors: LOOMAN JAN , GAUTHIER CLAUDINE , BOER DOUGLAS
Published: March 2007

Development of a comprehensive typology for the classification of sexual offenders has important implications for both risk prediction and treatment. To date, the most comprehensive typological system has been developed by Knight and Prentky (1990). These authors have developed typologies for both child molesters and rapists. The system for rapists has been replicated on at least two samples (Barbaree, Seto, Serin, Amos, & Preston, 1994; Brown & Forth, 1997); however, the child molester typology has yet to be fully replicated outside the MTC. In the present study, 109 child molesters who were assessed or treated at the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) were classified according to the MTC child molester typology. Interrater reliabilities were obtained for 20 participants and ranged from .90 to .40, which are comparable to those obtained in the MTC sample. Groups were compared on a number of meaningful variables, such as number of victims and sexual deviance.
Deviant Behavior and Victimization Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents
Authors: WHITBECK LES B. , HOYT DAN R. , YODER KEVIN A. , CAUCE ANA MARI , PARADISE MATT
Published: March 2007

This study used a high-risk population of runaway and homeless adolescents to investigate the effects of a history of caretaker abuse and deviant subsistence strategies on victimization among adolescents. Based on a multisite sample of 974 homeless and runaway adolescents, logistic regression models were used first to examine factors predicting involvement in sexual and nonsexual deviant subsistence strategies and then to investigate the effects of deviant subsistence strategies on physical and sexual victimization when adolescents were on the streets. Results indicated that when controlling for all other factors, including histories of physical and sexual maltreatment in families of origin, street behaviors, sexual orientation, and informal support systems, engaging in nonsexual deviant subsistence strategies increased the likelihood of physical victimization more than two times. Engaging in sexual deviant subsistence strategies increased the likelihood of sexual victimization almost four times. The results are interpreted in terms of life course developmental theory and lifestyle exposure theories.
Factors Contributing to Levels of Burnout Among Sex Offender Treatment Providers
Authors: SHELBY REBECCA A. , STODDART REBECCA M. , TAYLOR KATHRYN L.
Published: March 2007

This study used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to examine burnout among 86 licensed mental health providers who treat sex offenders. Participants were 53.5% male, 43% worked in inpatient/prison settings, and 55.8% worked in group therapy settings. Compared to MBI subscale norms for mental health workers, sex offender treatment providers reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA). Relative to norms for social services workers, sex offender treatment providers reported higher levels of PA but similar levels of EE and DP. There were no significant differences in burnout levels by gender, number of years working with sex offenders, and percentage of clientele who were sex offenders. Relative to providers in outpatient facilities, those in inpatient/prison facilities reported higher levels of DP, PA, and EE. These findings suggest inpatient/prison providers experience greater levels of burnout relative to outpatient providers.
Reducing Domestic Violence Revictimization
Authors: MEARS DANIEL P. , CARLSON MATTHEW J. , HOLDEN GEORGE W. , HARRIS SUSAN D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of individual and contextual factors and legal interventions in reducing time to domestic violence revictimization. Drawing on current theory and research, hypotheses are deduced about the effects of these factors. Cox regression and survival analyses are employed to test the hypotheses using court, police, and census data from an urban jurisdiction in Texas. Prior drug use, race/ethnicity, and community-level income were associated with time to revictimization. However, there was little evidence either of interactive effects between race/ethnicity and community-level income or of differential effects of each of three types of legal interventions. Implications for theory, research, and domestic violence interventions are discussed.
Differential Effects Associated With Self-Reported Histories of Abuse and Neglect in a College Sample
Authors: LOOS MARY ELIZABETH , ALEXANDER PAMELA C.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to assess the unique long-term effects of parental physical abuse, verbal abuse, and emotional neglect, a sample of 247 female and 154 male undergraduates was recruited to complete retrospective questionnaires of parental maltreatment as well as current measures of anger (Brief Anger and Aggression Questionnaire), loneliness and social isolation (UCLA Loneliness Scale), and negative self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses suggested that parental physical abuse and verbal abuse predicted current anger and that emotional neglect predicted loneliness and social isolation, above and beyond the effects of other types of maltreatment. Paternal maltreatment predicted negative outcomes for men, and both paternal and maternal maltreatment predicted negative outcomes for women. Implications for future research, prevention, and intervention are considered.
Youth Maltreatment and Gang Involvement
Authors: THOMPSON KEVIN M. , BRAATEN-ANTRIM RHONDA
Published: March 2007

Although childhood maltreatment has been found to contribute to a variety of youth problem behaviors, the implications of being maltreated on gang involvement remain unclear. This research examines whether physical and sexual maltreatment raises the risk of gang involvement among secondary school students. Findings show that being maltreated increases the probability of gang involvement, independent of demographic factors. When youth are subjected to extreme levels of maltreatment, their odds of participating in gang activities differ only slightly from youth who report occasional maltreatment, suggesting that prevalence measures may be better predictors of gang involvement than incidence measures. When youth are beaten physically and molested sexually, their odds of gang involvement are four times higher than youth who do not experience maltreatment. Finally, being maltreated is a much more robust correlate of gang involvement than the level of support, communication, educational interest, and supervision youth receive from their parents.
Treatment of Sexual Abusers in Belgium
Authors: COSYNS PAUL
Published: March 2007

Violence against women and children, be it intrafamilial or extrafamilial, is obviously a matter of major concern in Belgium. In the early 1980s, the focus of interest shifted from the victims of violence in general to the more emotionally charged sexual violence in particular. This evolution led to new penal laws on rape, pornography, and pedophilia. In the 1990s, sexual offender treatment has become acknowledged by the government as a policy priority. Several initiatives have been endorsed in order to implement the treatment of sexual abusers in prison, in psychiatric units, and in the community. In this article, some controversial issues are discussed more in depth: (a) the necessary deal therapists must make with the referring penal law authorities, (b) the role of coercion in treatment, and (c) the liability of therapists with high-risk clients.
Peer and Sibling Aggression:
Authors: DUNCAN RENAE D.
Published: March 2007

The current study examines the prevalence of bullying in 375 U.S. American children, determines the relationship between peer bullying and sibling bullying, and examines the link between psychological difficulties and bullying. Twenty-five percent of the children reported being victims of peer bullying and 28% acknowledged being bullies. Children who were peer bullies and victims of peer bullying reported the highest frequency of sibling bullying and victimization. In addition, there were significant group effects for sibling and peer-bully involvement as well as a sibling by peer bullying interaction in level of self-reported psychological difficulties. In general, those who were both bullies and victims reported the highest level of psychological difficulty followed by victims, bullies, and those not involved in bullying, in that order.
Benefit Planning and Management in a Changing, Dynamic Labor Market
Authors: Salisbury Dallas L.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. labor market has always been in flux, and contrary to common belief, employees have not historically remained in one job for the lengths of their careers. But, in an effort to remain adaptable and efficient in the labor market, employers today are making fewer paternalistic promises; e.g., they are telling employees not to expect long-term employment nor to rely on benefits that depend on long-term service. Large employers have tried to encourage employees to protect themselves by giving them more control over-and responsibility for-planning and saving through workplace benefit programs. For employees, benefits they once took for granted may no longer be available. This article concludes with a sober look at employers' future role in offering benefits.
Conference Report:
Authors: Bennett Linda
Published: March 2007

A new, in-depth research study into what makes group incentive reward programs successful found that site variables have more than twice as much impact on how well employees respond to a group incentive reward program as do plan variables themselves, although both are important. Site variables include such factors as top management's attitude toward the group incentive reward plan at each site, the enthusiasm for the plan at each site, and methods of plan implementation at each site. This is one of the key preliminary research findings on group incentive reward programs from the most recent CARS research project. These findings were presented by Susan Murphy (SRM, Inc.), Elizabeth Hawk (Sibson and Company), and Jerry Mc Adams (Watson Wyatt) at the American Compensation Association's annual conference in Orlando, Florida, on May 7.

"CARS" is an acronym for an ongoing ACA research project into reward strategies sponsored by the Consortium for Alternative Reward Strategies research. "CARS IV, Group Plan Effectiveness: Case Study Research," consisted of an in-depth study of group incentive plans in 11 manufacturing groups in four companies. The study sought to determine the effect of the plans on all levels of employees, on business performance, and on organizational culture. The methodology included more than 70 management interviews, 1,200 employee surveys, and 22 employee focus groups, as well as quantitative data.
Case Study:
Authors: Heneman Robert L. , Eskew Don E.
Published: March 2007

While senior managers are increasingly requiring macroeconomic data to justify new pay plans, the difficulties of measuring and assessing the economic impact of a pay proposal pose a dilemma for compensation professionals. In this case study, the authors illustrate how compensation professionals can provide senior managers with some of the data they require by assessing the direct impact of pay systems on employee attitudes toward pay.

While "employee attitudes" may seem like soft, or subjective, data, a rigorously-designed employee survey can provide reliable numbers employers can use to design and evaluate pay systems. Given the established link between pay satisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, and unionization, senior management would do well not to ignore attitudinal indicators.
Sales Compensation Software: A Practical Guide
Authors: Kurlander Peter , Blackburn Jan
Published: March 2007

To keep pace with changing technologies, demographics and product life cycles, companies are constantly forced to update their sales strategies and reward structures more quickly than ever. But at the same time, the evolution of plan management tools has not kept up with the times. Companies faced with inadequate tools for many years may not have been able to improve them because there were no proven systems, there was no compelling business case for change, or there were too many risks involved. This has changed in the last couple of years with new software systems and a better understanding of the full costs of poorly managed plans. Overcoming these challenges is now within reach. This article provides some basic guidance on how to overcome these challenges.
Accommodating Innovation In A Juvenile Court
Authors: Barton William H. , Butts Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to reduce the number of adjudicated juveniles being committed to the state for placement, the juvenile court in Wayne CountyMichigan implemented three intensive supervision programs to serve as alternatives to commitment. A four-year, randomized evaluation of the programs found them to be cost-effective. An analysis of court processes, however, suggested that the programs gradually came to supplement rather than to displace commitments as intended. The results of this study illustrate how juvenile justice organizations adapt to the presence of alternative programs in ways that dilute their impact.
A Community-Based Criminology Of The Environment
Authors: Seis Mark
Published: March 2007

Federal, state and local governments' ability to promulgate effective environmental legislation is increasingly under attack by multinational corporations and free trade agreements. Efforts to move capital around the globe unimpeded come at a cost to ecosystems, local economies and democracies. Although it is imperative to continue the struggle to prom ulgate effective and ecologically grounded environment legislation, it is equally important to acknowledge the significance of building strong restorative local ecnomies grounded in their ecosystems. This paper examines the environmental issues surrounding free trade, its impact on attenuating environmental legislation, and strategies for rebuilding local infrastructure designed to circumvent the hegemonic and umipeded flow of global capital.
Team Approach to Breastfeeding the ELBW Infant: A Case Report
Authors: Wohlberg Laura K. , Geary Bernadine F.
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant with complex medical problems presents many challenges. This case study focuses on a 24-week ELBW infant whose mother was committed to breastfeeding. The mother was supported by the Neonatal Nutrition Lactation Team composed of the neonatal nutritionist and the lactation specialist, who collaborated to optimize the breastfeeding experience while meeting the nutritional needs of this high risk infant. Numerous medical setbacks required changes in the infant's nutritional management. Creamatocrits were used to assess breastmilk and a variety of artificial infant feeding products were added as supplements. Management of the infant's complex nutritional needs while maximizing the human milk provided requires commitment from the mother and all members of the health care team.
Infant Demand and Milk Supply. Part 1: Infant Demand and Milk Production in Lactating Women
Authors: Daly Steven E.J. , Hartmann Peter E.
Published: March 2007

This first part of a two-part commentary examines evidence for the notion that human milk production is at least in part controlled by the infant's appetite. The studies that we review, of milk production by breastfeeding and expressing mothers, strongly support this hypothesis. Therefore, in established lactation and with a demand feeding regime, a mother's milk production is likely to be a reflection of her infant's appetite, rather than her ability to produce milk, which may in fact be several-fold higher. However, previous studies of human milk production have not provided a clear insight into how the lactating breast matches milk production to infant demand.
Telling the World: Low Income Women and Their Breastfeeding Experiences
Authors: Locklin Maryanne P.
Published: March 2007

This study describes the experiences of 17 educated, low-income, culturally diverse women (10 African-American and seven Latin) who were supported by peer counselors/breastfeeding advocates. In-depth interview data were analyzed, using constant comparative analysis. Study findings indicated that the perception of successful breastfeeding can have an empowering effect on women when support for their endeavors are genderand culturally appropriate. Five themes emerged as primary descriptors of the experience: Making the Discovery, Seeking a Connection, Comforting Each Other, Becoming Empowered, and Telling the World. The final theme best illustrates a substantive theory derived from the data.
The Cost of Not Breastfeeding: A Commentary
Authors: Riordan Janice M.
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding, a valuable natural resource, promotes health, helps prevent infant and childhood disease, and saves health care costs. Additional annual national health care costs, incurred for treatment of four medical conditions in infant who were not breastfed were estimated. Infant diarrhea in nonbreastfed infants costs $291.3 million; respiratory syncytial virus, $225 million; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, from $9.6 to $124.8 million; and otitis media, $660 million. Thus, these four medical diagnoses alone create just over $1 billion of extra health care costs each year. Breastfeeding may also enhance intellectual development of children according to at least one medical research study. The potential societal benefits of more intelligent children is incalculable even though it cannot be directly measured in terms of dollars. Finally, it was calculated that an additional $2,665,715 in federal funds is needed yearly in order for WIC to provide infant formula to nonbreastfeeding mothers. For the average family, the cost of purchasing formula is twice the cost of supplemental food for the breastfeeding mother. Breastfeeding education and support should be an integral part of health care, especially under managed care which rewards the prevention of health problems and reduced use of health services.
Body Weight, Body Composition, and Energy Intake Changes in Breastfeeding Mothers
Authors: AbuSabha Rayane , Greene Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

Body weight, body composition, and energy intake changes are described for 13 breastfeeding mothers followed for 18-24 months after delivery. Body weight was assessed at 1-6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months postpartum and 1 month after infant weaning, and energy intake was assessed at 2-6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months postpartum and 1 month after infant weaning. Compared to prepregnancy weight, participants were an average of 4.0 ± 6.6 kg heavier 18 months postpartum (p<0.05). The mean rate of weight loss from 1 month postpartum until termination of lactation was 0.32 ± 0.27 kg/month. Eight of the 12 women gained weight after weaning their infant. Percent body fat assessed by underwater weighing declined from 34.6 ± 2.8% at 1 month postpartum to 31.4 ± 4.8% at 1 month after infant weaning (p<0.05). Further research is needed to study the factors which affect weight loss postpartum, and how weight gain after weaning can be prevented.
Breastfeeding the Infant/Child with a Cardiac Defect: An Informal Survey
Authors: Lambert Jeanne M. , Watters Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

Despite the well-established benefits of breastfeeding, there is little literature about breastfeeding the infant with a congenital cardiac defect. This paper describes the experience of 12 mothers of infants with cardiac defects. These mothers responded to an informal survey and described numerous obstacles to success such as maternal fatigue, anxiety, separation from infant, institutional policy, and lack of support from health care providers. Mothers compared sources of help and identified coping strategies. Perceived benefits of breastfeeding included decreased illness, decreased stress, feeling part of the infant's health care team, and maintaining a relationship with the infant. Recommendations for assisting the mother nursing an infant with congenital heart disease are included.
Effects of Pumping Style on Milk Production in Mothers of Non-Nursing Preterm Infants
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Aldag Jean C. , Chatterton Robert T.
Published: March 2007

Milk production was examined in 39 lactating mothers of non-nursing preterm infants from 2 tertiary care centers. The purposes of this study were (1) to compare milk production of those using sequential single (SEQ) or simultaneous double (SIM) breast-pumping regimen, and (2) to examine the relationship of selected variables to inadequate (<3500 g/week) and adequate (>3500 g/week) milk production. In multivariate analysis, mothers using SIM produced a similar amount of milk by weight during weeks 2 to 5 postpartum compared to those using SEQ. A logistic regression model including frequency of kangaroo care, frequency of pumping, high versus low income, and previous breastfeeding experience was predictive of mothers producing adequate versus inadequate milk volume 79% of the time. All of the mothers producing >3500 g at week 2 produced adequate amounts of milk at weeks 4 and 5. None of the mothers producing < 1700 g at week 2 reached adequate production by weeks 4 and 5. Of the remaining mothers who produced 1700 g to 3500 g at week 2, 54% achieved adequate production during weeks 4 and 5 postpartum.
College Women and Sororities
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Gender socialization in urban societies is acknowledged to occur primarily in preadolescence Risman's analysis of one college sorority displays additional ways in which women adopt role-specific behaviors that are formally encouraged by both official regulations and informally shaped by cultural norms. Her data suggest that the socialization processes and the consequent roles may in fact be inappropriate for facilitating women's adaptation to a changing social environment.
The Social World of Shuffleboard
Authors: Snyder Eldon E.
Published: March 2007

In this article the author examines a leisure social world among senior citizens. Specifically, the social world of shuffleboard incorporates participants from several regions of the country that share meanings, events, procedures, and forms of communication. Attention is focused on "shuffling" as an expressive leisure activity and the attendant contingencies that may enhance or detract from a commitment to and integration in the social world. Secondarily, aspects of the shuffleboard subculture are highlighted. An analysis of the shuffleboard social world, its subculture, and the career progression of "shufflers" provides a generic model of leisure that may be generalized to other spheres of activity.
HUMOR IN THE BRIEFING ROOM
Authors: POGREBIN MARK R. , POOLE ERIC D.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the strategic uses of humor in the police organization. Based upon a year-long ethnographic study of one suburban police department, we examine four types of humor characteristics of the work relations among patrol officers: jocular aggression, audience degradation, diffusion of danger/tragedy, and normative neutralization. Humor allows for a wide range of creative expressions by which specific ideas, attitudes, and behaviors may be tested. Through humor, patrol officers relate and interpret work experiences to reinforce their own perspective of policing. Institutionalized humorous communication also contributes to the maintenance of organizational relationships.
DESKILLING, DECOLLECTIVIZATION, AND DIESELS
Authors: GRZYB GERARD J.
Published: March 2007

Insufficient attention has been paid to the social dimensions of skill in the ongoing investigation of deskilling. This article seeks to stimulate critical analysis of the impact of skill changes on work-based social relationships among workers by presenting a case study of the effect of dieselization on locomotive engineers. The study shows that a particular skill made obsolete by the transition from steam to diesel locomotives had greater importance for the formation and maintenance of an occupational community among engineers than the many other skills required of them. The data also suggest that the loss may have led to a deterioration of the community. Implications for workers' collective power are considered, along with other concerns for future analyses of changing skill requirements.
INTERVIEWING IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN BIG COMPANIES
Authors: THOMAS ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

Top business executives—“important people in big companies”—are both visible and inaccessible. This situation poses unique challenges for the sociologist interested in learning about what executives think and do. To go beyond caricature or public relations imagery, researchers must devise creative strategies for getting access and data. This article offers some reflections on the barriers to access and data and how they can be surmounted, with specific attention focused on the importance of preparation—of both the researcher and the people being researched.
“NO EXIT”
Authors: EVANS CATHY , EDER DONNA
Published: March 2007

Many adolescents experience feelings of social rejection and anxiety when they are not accepted by a particular peer group. However, the problems that social isolates encounter are much greater. Although the bulk of research has assumed that peer rejection is primarily due to the rejected student's poor social skills, some researchers have recently turned their attention to situational and environmental factors. In this study, ethnographic data were used to look at a range of factors that contributed to the social isolation of middle school students. All of the isolated students were found to have at least one characteristic that was viewed negatively by their peers and was partially responsible for their rejection. However, once a student was rejected on the basis of one characteristic she was assumed to have other negative characteristics as well. The rejected student was especially likely to be labeled as sexually deviant. This label contributed to further rejection and ridicule. Once a student became isolated, she experienced extraordinary difficulty as she attempted to shed her stigmatized status. The researchers discuss a variety of social processes that contributed to the cycle of isolation, only some of which were related to the behavior of the rejected individual.
THE DEMOGRAPHY OF ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: ADLER PATRICIA A. , ADLER PETER
Published: March 2007

In concluding our term as editors, we review the submissions we have received over the last eight years and offer some insight into recent demographic trends in the field of ethnography, including who is conducting research, how they are doing it, and where they are focusing their attention. We compare these findings to previous speculations and assumptions, and to demographic trends in the field more generally. We also offer an analysis of the standards by which reviewers assessed articles submitted and the characteristics of articles that were likely to yield various dispositions.
HEPATITIS C
Authors: KRUG GARY J.
Published: March 2007

Since hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified in 1989, thousands of persons in Australia and hundreds of thousands worldwide have been faced with the uncertainty that comes with a positive test for the HCV antibody. Those persons confronted with a diagnosis of HCV find that their self-stories are disrupted and that they have no place to tum either for reliable information or for meaningful discourses that would help them to make sense of their changed lives. Drawing from medical and governmental documents as well as from naturalistic observation and interviews, I attempt to map the major discursive domains circulating around the social construction of a positive diagnosis of HCV. I also examine how these persons act within the competing vortices of social forces to form their own social agencies and discursive formations in their attempts to gain control of the meaning of their conditions and of their lives.
GOING-WITH
Authors: MERTEN DON E.
Published: March 2007

Romance is an especially rich and complex theme in American culture. This article explores how a particular social form, going-with, shapes the experiences of early adolescents as they begin their enculturation into romance. Examining going-with as a social form rather than as merely an activity illuminates some of the problems created by this social form as it constitutes the context in which individuals are obliged to pursue their attraction to each other. Exploring this social form also shifts the focus away from the emphasis on individual characteristics as the source of romantic difficulties. The contention here is that the way this social form is constituted and construed in this junior high school results in patterns of interaction and meanings that negatively affect the realization of romance.
DANGER, COMMUNITY, AND THE MEANING OF CRIME WATCH
Authors: SASSON THEODORE , NELSON MARGARET K.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the meaning of neighborhood crime watch for White and African American participants. Both Whites and African Americans from crime watch groups to improve security and enhance neighborhood solidarity. They seek to accomplish these goals by becoming the “eyes and ears of the police.” African Americans, however, also form crime watch groups to restore the roles of “othermothers” and “old heads.” This race-based difference in the meaning of crime watch stems from differences in perceptions of danger and memories of what community was like in the past.
“ON EQUAL GROUND”
Authors: HOLDEN DAPHNE
Published: March 2007

How can volunteers affirm virtue through volunteering when working conditions make it hard for them to feel good about the help they are giving? A participant-observation study of well-intentioned volunteers in a homeless shelter—who found themselves cast as rule enforcers—shows how people can maintain a positive moral identity under conditions that threaten it. The volunteers used the status differences between themselves and shelter “guests” as resources for fashioning the moral identity “egalitarian.” Volunteers did this by acting like friends to guests, distancing themselves from pejorative cultural images of volunteers, and taking pride in discretionary rule enforcement. When compelled to enforce infantilizing rules, some volunteers sought to protect their identities as egalitarians by altercasting guests as children in need of rules—and thus not deserving of equal treatment. The analysis shows how identity work can both draw on and reproduce inequality.
QUEER CONNECTIONS
Authors: RIDGE DAMIEN , MINICHIELLO VICTOR , PLUMMER DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article examines assumptions behind “gay community,” contrasting them with the experiences of homosexually active men on the commercial gay scene. In-depth interviews with mainly young men in Melbourne, Australia revealed that while the informants considered “the scene” to be a central part of the gay community, they were critical of the scene with respect to attributes of “community.” Anticipated components of community including unity, support, friendliness, and acceptance were not features of the informants' accounts. Conversely, the data revealed fragmented social networks involving various social groups, categories of people, and an “in/out” culture. The article also identifies a range of social dynamics associated with the scene, including commercial pressures, sexualization, and gender negotiations. Network characteristics and dynamics tend to work against the establishment of close and supportive friendships. Social influences on the adoption of “safe sex” are also discussed.