bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding and treating psychopathology in schools: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Davis Andrew S. , Kruczek Theresa , McIntosh David E.
Published: March 2006

Investigating psychopathology in school‐aged children is a topical discussion given the recent increased focus of the U.S. government and professional psychology on this issue. In the last 5 years, the Surgeon General of the United States (Satcher, 2000) and the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003) both addressed the need for schools to actively participate in the treatment of children's mental health disorders. Further, psychologists were charged with transforming mental health care for children and families by promoting collaboration between schools, families, and communities; identifying empirically supported interventions; and enhancing culturally competent care for children and teens (P. Tolan & K. Dodge, 2005). To achieve these goals, mental health professionals in the schools need to be able to understand and effectively treat psychopathology in the school setting. School‐based treatment of psychopathology should be based on effective collaboration and grounded within the cultural context of the student population. A comprehensive understanding takes into account the biological basis of these disorders and factors influencing risk and resiliency. Treatment needs for these students often combine traditional therapies and psychopharmacology. Within a comprehensive system of care, specific disorders such as Reactive Attachment Disorder, Early Onset Bipolar Spectrum Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, depression, and anxiety can and should be treated in schools. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 413–417, 2006.
Psychopathology in the schools: Multicultural factors that impact assessment and intervention
Authors: Suzuki Lisa A. , Alexander Charlene M. , Lin Pei‐Ying , Duffy Kathleen M.
Published: March 2006

All cultures promote specific norms of behavior that can influence the assessment and intervention process with members of racially/ethnically diverse groups who are diagnosed with various forms of psychopathology. The purpose of this article is to highlight literature on the prevalence of psychological disorders with respect to children and adolescents from different racial/ethnic groups and present variables that may impact assessment and intervention within these diverse populations (e.g., contextual factors, racial and ethnic identity, religious/spiritual beliefs, parenting factors, student attitudes). In addition, cultural issues related to the assessment process and culturally sensitive recommendations for intervention are addressed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 429–438, 2006.
Empirically supported psychotherapy interventions for internalizing disorders
Authors: Oswald Donald P. , Mazefsky Carla A.
Published: March 2006

The present article provides an overview of the best‐developed interventions for child and adolescent internalizing disorders characterized by anxiety and depression. The review emphasizes interventions that fall into established efficacy categories, but also addresses briefly several other promising treatment procedures. Research on the treatment of child and adolescent depression has not yielded interventions with clearly established efficacy, although there are a number of treatment approaches that may be characterized as possibly efficacious. The treatment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders, on the other hand, includes a number of interventions with good empirical support. While the field is clearly advancing, there remain important deficits and limitations with regard to the evidence base for interventions addressing child internalizing disorders. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 439–449, 2006.
Early onset bipolar spectrum disorder: Psychopharmacological, psychological, and educational management
Authors: McIntosh David E. , Trotter Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2006

Although published research continues to advocate medication as the first line of treatment for early onset bipolar spectrum disorder (EOBSD; N. Lofthouse & M.A. Fristad, 2004), preliminary research demonstrating the utility of cognitive, cognitive‐behavioral, and psychoeducational therapies is promising. It appears as if future treatment of EOBSD will most likely include a combination of psychosocial treatments and medications; however, additional research needs to be conducted to support this assumption. This article provides a brief overview of published research related to EOBSD, the most common medications used to treat EOBSD, and preliminary research on the effectiveness of psychological treatments with children and adolescents classified with EOBSD. Finally, due to the lack of published behavioral and educational management strategies, this article provides practical suggestions for helping children and adolescents with EOBSD within the home and school settings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 451–460, 2006.
Prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in the school setting
Authors: Kruczek Theresa , Salsman Jill
Published: March 2006

Trauma has the potential to undermine both the educational and personal achievement of students. This article will provide a review and an integration of theoretical and empirical literature on the prevention and treatment of stress disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and teens. An initial review of the biopsychosocial factors related to the development of stress disorders is followed by a comprehensive model of preventive intervention. Recommendations for best practices to prevent and treat PTSD in the school setting are guided by existing treatment‐outcome literature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 461–470, 2006.
Psychopharmacology in the schools
Authors: Abrams Laura , Flood Jillian , Phelps LeAdelle
Published: March 2006

Psychotropic medications prescribed frequently to children and adolescents for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are reviewed. Pediatric pharmacological options based on double‐blind, randomized studies are examined. We advocate that psychotropic medications be used only in conjunction with psychosocial interventions and that collaborative practices between medical and school professionals are essential. School psychologists play a critical role in medication management by monitoring behavioral, social‐emotional, and academic outcomes, coordinating the intervention team, interfacing with the prescribing physician, and providing psychosocial interventions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 493–501, 2006.
Empirical and clinical methods in the assessment of personality and psychopathology: An integrative approach for training
Authors: Flanagan Rosemary , Esquivel Giselle B.
Published: March 2006

School psychologists have a critical role in identifying social‐emotional problems and psychopathology in youth based on a set of personality‐assessment competencies. The development of competencies in assessing personality and psychopathology is complex, requiring a variety of integrated methods and approaches. Given the limited extent and scope of formal preparation in personality assessment in school psychology training programs, it is important to develop models using multiple methods of assessment. It is proposed that an integrated paradigm associated with a combination of empirical and clinical methods serve as a framework for the development of school psychology practice competencies in personality assessment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 513–526, 2006.
Hydroxyl chain‐end functionalization of polymeric organolithium compounds with oxetane
Authors: Quirk Roderic P. , Kim Young J. , Guo Ya , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Arnould Mark A.
Published: March 2006

Hydroxyl chain‐end functionalizations of polymeric organolithium compounds with oxetane (trimethylene oxide) were studied in benzene at 25 °C. Functionalizations of poly(styryl)lithium and polystyrene‐oligo‐butadienyllithium proceed efficiently to form the corresponding ω‐hydroxypropyl‐functionalized polymers in 98 and 97% isolated yields, respectively. No nonfunctional polymer (≤1–2%) was detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for either polymer. All functionalized polymers were characterized by 13C and 1H NMR analyses; no evidence for oxetane oligomerization at the chain end was observed. The MALDI‐TOF mass spectrum of ω‐hydroxypropylpolystyrene was consistent with the expected structure without any detectable oligomerization of oxetane. A small, but detectable series of peaks corresponding to nonfunctional polystyrene was also observed in the MALDI‐TOF mass spectrum. The functionalization of the adduct of 1,1‐diphenylethylene and PSLi produced the corresponding ω‐hydroxypropyl‐functionalized polymer in only 86% isolated yield. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2684–2693, 2006
Selective preparation of poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) by using fractional polycondensation
Authors: Kimura Kunio , Kohama Shin‐Ichiro , Kuroda Junya , Shimizu Yasuo , Ichimori Toshimitsu , Yamashita Yuhiko
Published: March 2006

Selective preparation of poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) (POB) in the copolymerization system of p‐acetoxybenzoic acid (p‐ABA) and m‐acetoxybenzoic acid (m‐ABA) was examined by using reaction‐induced crystallization of oligomers. Polymer crystals mainly composed of p‐oxybenzoyl moiety were precipitated when the content of m‐ABA in the feed was 30 mol %. The formation of the polymer crystals was attributed to both the reactivity of monomer and the phase‐separation behavior of oligomer. Reactivity of p‐ABA was twice higher than that of m‐ABA, and thereby, the homo‐oligomers of p‐oxybenzoyl moiety were more rapidly formed in solution than do co‐oligomers at the early stage in polymerization. They were selectively precipitated by crystallization to form crystals because of low miscibility. Co‐oligomers containing m‐oxybenzoyl moiety were also formed in solution, but they were unable to be phase‐separated because of higher miscibility. Further polycondensation occurred between oligomers in the precipitated crystals, leading to the formation of POB. This polymerization proceeded with selecting certain monomers by crystallization and afforded a new methodology for fractional polycondensation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2732–2743, 2006
Cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether initiated with transition‐metal ate complexes
Authors: Ihara Eiji , Yoshida Naoki , Ikeda Jun‐Ichi , Itoh Tomomichi , Inoue Kenzo
Published: March 2006

The cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether was examined with transition‐metal ate complexes with trityl cation as initiators. The initiators were generated by the reaction of triphenylmethyl chloride [trityl chloride (TrCl)] with ate complexes of Nb, Mo, and W with lithium cation, which were obtained in situ by the reaction of the transition‐metal halides with anionic reagents (organolithium or lithium amide). When the polymerization was initiated with a mixture of TrCl and Li+[NbH5(NnBuPh)]−, the resulting poly(isobutyl vinyl ether)s had narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight = 1.13–1.20). Although the polymerization was supposed to be initiated by the electrophilic attack of the trityl cation, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis of the resulting poly(isobutyl vinyl ether)s revealed the presence of H at the α‐chain end. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2636–2641, 2006
Preparation and ferromagnetic properties of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/polyaniline core–shell nanocomposites
Authors: Wu K. H. , Shin Y. M. , Yang C. C. , Ho W. D. , Hsu J. S.
Published: March 2006

Magnetic Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4‐crosslinked polyaniline composites with a core–shell structure were prepared in the presence of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic powder in a toluene solution containing iron chloride as a surfactant and dopant. Structural characterization by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy proved that Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 in the composites was responsible for the ferromagnetic behavior of the composites. The effects of the polyaniline and temperature on the magnetic properties of the Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/polyaniline composites were studied with electron paramagnetic resonance and superconducting quantum interference device techniques. A clear evolution from ferromagnetic resonance to electron paramagnetic resonance was observed as a function of temperature, which was related to the passage through the Curie point (∼420 K). The magnetic properties of the resulting composites showed ferromagnetic behavior, such as high‐saturated magnetization (saturation magnetization = 35–39 emu/g), low coercive force (coercivity = 22–28 G), and low blocking temperatures (∼23 K). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2657–2664, 2006
Characteristics of polypyrrole electrodeposited onto roughened substrates composed of gold–silver bimetallic nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Hsun‐Tsing , Liu Yu‐Chuan , Lin Li‐Huei
Published: March 2006

In this work, the characteristics of polypyrrole (PPy) films electrodeposited onto an electrochemically roughened gold substrate with bimetallic silver and gold nanoparticles were first investigated. First, a silver substrate was roughened by a triangular‐wave oxidation–reduction cycle (ORC) in an aqueous solution containing 0.1 M HCl. Subsequently, a gold substrate was roughened by a similar ORC treatment in this used solution. The results revealed that the surface of the roughened gold substrate demonstrated two different kinds of deposition domains because of the modification of silver nanoparticles. Encouragingly, some novel characteristics of PPy deposited onto this substrate were observed, in comparison with those on the roughened gold substrate without the modification of silver nanoparticles. They included a denser and more compact surface morphology, higher oxidation degree, increased conductivity, and improved surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. Furthermore, the nucleation and growth mechanism for PPy electropolymerization on this silver‐modified roughened gold substrate was distinguishable from that on the unmodified one. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2724–2731, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorinated aromatic polyimides derived from 1,1‐bis(4‐amino‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐1‐(3,5‐ditrifluoromethylphenyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane and various aromatic dianhydrides
Authors: Li Hong‐Shen , Liu Jin‐Gang , Rui Jia‐Ming , Fan Lin , Yang Shi‐Yong
Published: March 2006

A novel fluorinated aromatic diamine, 1,1‐bis(4‐amino‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐1‐(3,5‐ditrifluoromethylphenyl)‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (9FMA), was synthesized by the coupling reaction of 3′,5′‐ditrifluoromethyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroacetophenone with 2,6‐dimethylaniline under the catalysis of 2,6‐dimethylaniline hydrochloride. A series of fluorinated aromatic polyimides were synthesized from 9FMA and various aromatic dianhydrides, including pyromellitic dianhydride, 3,3′4,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), and 4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride, via a high‐temperature, one‐stage imidization process. The inherent viscosities of the polyimides ranged from 0.37 to 0.74 dL/g. All the polyimides were quickly soluble in many low‐boiling‐point organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and acetone as well as some polar organic solvents such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, N,N′‐dimethylacetamide, and N,N′‐dimethylformamide. Freestanding fluorinated polyimide films could be prepared and exhibited good thermal stability with glass‐transition temperatures of 298–334 °C and outstanding mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 69–102 MPa and elongations at break of 3.3–9.9%. Moreover, the polyimide films possessed low dielectric constants of 2.70–3.09 and low moisture absorption (<0.58%). The films also exhibited good optical transparency with a cutoff wavelength of 303–351 nm. One polyimide (9FMA/BTDA) also exhibited an intrinsic negative photosensitivity, and a fine pattern could be obtained with a resolution of 5 μm after exposure at the i‐line (365‐nm) wavelength. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2665–2674, 2006
Reinforcement effect of MAA on nano‐CaCo3‐filled EPDM vulcanizates and possible mechanism
Authors: Zhou Yabin , Wang Shifeng , Zhang Yinxi , Zhang Yong
Published: March 2006

Methacrylic acid (MAA) was used as in situ surface modifier to improve the interface interaction between nano‐CaCO3 particle and ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) matrix, and hence the mechanical properties of nano‐CaCO3‐filled EPDM vulcanizates. The results showed that the incorporation of MAA improved the filler–matrix interaction, which was proved by Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Kraus equation, crosslink density determination, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The formation of carboxylate and the participation of MAA in the crosslinking of EPDM indicated the strong filler–matrix interaction from the aspect of chemical reaction. The results of Kraus equation showed that the presence of MAA enhanced the reinforcement extent of nano‐CaCO3 on EPDM vulcanizates. Crosslink density determination proved the formation of the ionic crosslinks in EPDM vulcanizates with the existence of MAA. The filler particles on tensile fracture were embedded in the matrix and could not be observed obviously, indicating that a strong interfacial interaction between the filler and the matrix had been achieved with the incorporation of MAA. Meanwhile, the presence of MAA remarkably increased the modulus and tensile strength of the vulcanizates, without negative effect on the high elongation at break. Furthermore, the ionic bond was thought to be formed only on filler surface because of the absolute deficiency of MAA, which resulted in the possible structure where filler particles were considered as crosslink points. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1226–1236, 2006
Synthesis and Raman spectra of Si‐nanowires
Authors: Su Z. X. , Sha J. , Niu J. J. , Liu J. X. , Yang D. R.
Published: March 2006

Randomly arrayed silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were synthesized by thermal evaporation of sulfur powders and silicon wafer; zinc sulfide and silicon; SiO powder. Orderly arrayed SiNWs were grown in the anodized aluminium oxide (AAO) template using the CVD method. The Raman spectra of the SiNWs were detected for the samples synthesized in different ways, and the temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of the samples was studied. Combining the structural analysis and Raman data of the samples, phonon‐confinement model and the anharmonic process were connected to the discussion of the Raman spectra. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Silicon‐based narrow‐bandgap thin‐film semiconductor materials: polycrystalline SiGe prepared by reactive thermal CVD
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Shimizu Kousaku , Zhao Ying , Geng Xinhua , Hanna Jun‐ichi
Published: March 2006

In this work, the mechanisms of reactive thermal CVD are discussed and the influences of various deposition parameters on crystallinity, composition, uniformity and reproducibility are clarified. Based on optimization of deposition parameters, we obtained device‐grade polycrystalline SiGe (poly‐SiGe) thin films with high crystallinity of >95%, high uniformity of >80% and high reproducibility of >85% at 450 °C. The results presented in this paper proved that polycrystalline SiGe films deposited by reactive thermal CVD are suitable for device application. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
R&D activities of silicon‐based thin‐film solar cells in China
Authors: Zhao Yuwen , Geng Xinhua , Wang Wenjing , Li Xudong , Xu Ying
Published: March 2006

The status and progress of R&D activities of silicon‐based thin‐film solar cells in China are described briefly in this paper, including amorphous Si solar cells and microcrystalline Si film solar cells based on PECVD technology and polycrystalline film solar cells based on RTCVD technology. Especially, the microcrystalline thin‐film solar cells and the tandem solar cells of amorphous Si with microcrystalline Si have made great progress. The polycrystalline film solar cells have made remarkable achievements as well. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Germanium effect on oxygen‐related defects in Czochralski silicon
Authors: Yang Deren , Chen Jiahe , Li Hong , Ma Xiangyang , Tian Daxi , Li Liben , Que Duanlin
Published: March 2006

The behaviours of germanium doped in Czochralski (CZ) silicon have attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this article, a review concerning recent processes in the study about oxygen related defects in germanium‐doped CZ (GCZ) silicon is presented. The formation of oxygen precipitates during CZ silicon growth can be improved by germanium, and the oxygen precipitation during thermal cycles can be enhanced, so that the internal gettering (IG) ability of GCZ silicon wafers for metallic impurities is improved. Meanwhile, the morphology of oxygen precipitates can be changed in GCZ silicon. Thermal donors (TDs) can be suppressed by germanium doping as the result of the reaction between germanium and point defects, while new donors (NDs) can be strongly enhanced in GCZ silicon because of a process associated with the nucleation enhancement of oxygen precipitates with germanium doping. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wafering of silicon crystals
Authors: Möller H. J.
Published: March 2006

Multi‐wire sawing is the main slicing technique for large multi‐ and monocrystalline silicon crystals in the photovoltaic and microelectronic industry. This paper describes the basic mechanisms by which slicing is achieved and develops a model for the material removal rate. It is shown that the hydrodynamic behavior of the slurry and the elastic interaction with the wire are an important aspect that has to be taken into account. The material removal occurs by the indentation of free floating SiC particles under the pressure of the wire. The microscopic fracture processes under the indented particles have been investigated and are described quantitatively. The numerical and experimental results are compared. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Semiconductor wafer bonding
Authors: Reiche M.
Published: March 2006

When mirror‐polished, flat, and clean wafers are brought into contact, they are locally attracted to each other and adhere or bond. This phenomenon is known as semiconductor wafer bonding. Different adhesion forces (van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding) are the reason for the bonding effect at room temperature. The different bonding mechanisms acting in dependence on the surface conditions (hydrophilic, hydrophobic) are reviewed. Variations of the properties of bonded interfaces (structural, mechanical, electrical) during annealing are discussed. The focus is on low‐temperature bonding techniques. Reasons for the formation of interface defects are presented. Applications of semiconductor wafer bonding for future developments are briefly summarized. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Advanced defect and impurity diagnostics in silicon based on carrier lifetime measurements
Authors: Warta W.
Published: March 2006

An overview is given on recent developments at Fraunhofer ISE in the field of diagnostic techniques based on carrier lifetime measurements. The status of the different lifetime spectroscopy methods and the diagnostic capabilities of infrared carrier lifetime imaging are outlined. A combination of short acquisition times with high spatial resolution and high dynamic range under (quasi‐)steady‐state conditions gives IR lifetime imaging a high potential for the application in material and process characterization. Measuring in the emission mode provides access to the temperature dependence of lifetime and thus spatially resolved temperature dependent lifetime spectroscopy. Images of injection dependent lifetimes may be measured. For the anomalous increase at low injection a modeling description was developed. Assuming carrier trapping as origin of the increase, spatially resolved trap parameter analysis is possible. A new approach to suppress the anomalous increase by the application of sub‐bandgap light was demonstrated. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pressure‐induced transformations of nitrogen implanted into silicon
Authors: Akhmetov V. D. , Misiuk A. , Barcz A. , Richter H.
Published: March 2006

Czochralski (CZ) Si samples implanted with nitrogen, with doses 1017 ion/cm2 and 1018 ion/cm2, at 140 keV, were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after annealing at 1130 °C/5 h under different hydrostatic pressures, from 1 bar to 10.7 kbar. It has been found for each pressure applied, that the increased nitrogen dose leads to transformation of the broadband spectra to the fine structure ones, corresponding to crystalline silicon nitride. The spectral position of observed sharp peaks in the investigated pressure region is red shifted in comparison to that for the peaks of crystalline silicon oxynitride found recently by other investigators in nitrogen‐containing poly‐Si as well as in a residual melt of nitrogen‐doped CZ‐Si. The application of the pressure during annealing results in further red shift of the nitrogen‐related bands. The observed decrease of frequency of vibrational bands is explained in terms of the pressure induced lowered incorporation of oxygen into growing oxynitride phase. Secondary ion mass spectrometry data reveal the decrease of oxygen content in implanted layer with increasing pressure during annealing. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (a) 203/4
Authors: Kittler Martin , Yang Deren
Published: March 2006

This issue of physica status solidi (a) contains the majority of papers presented at the 2nd Sino–German Symposium “The Silicon Age” which was held at the Lindner Hotel Cottbus, Germany, 19–24 September 2005. This meeting followed the 1st Symposium “Progress in Silicon Materials” held in June 2002 in Hangzhou, P.R. China. 8 Chinese and 14 German scientists from universities, research institutes and industry were invited to present their views about different aspects of silicon.

There was a continuous progress in silicon materials development during the last 40–50 years, driven by the need of the IC industry for better and larger monocrystalline silicon wafers. Moreover, low‐cost crystalline silicon now dominates the world's production of solar cells in the photovoltaics industry. Furthermore, there are intensive research activities worldwide for on‐chip integration of Si‐based photonics in CMOS technology. In addition, new areas being connected with silicon are starting to appear, namely Si‐based biochips and nanoelectronics. Silicon, one can reasonably argue, is already the most investigated of all materials. However, there is still a need for continuation of research and development regarding numerous aspects of Si and also SiGe, including related technologies, advanced diagnostics or the role of crystal defects, which are the working fields of many laboratories all over the world. This was also shown by the presentations at the symposium and can be found in the contributions contained in this issue.

The organizers would like to thank the participants for their high level contributions and discussions during the symposium. This intensive and open communication allowed the participants to create synergies between the different fields of silicon research and also to build up relationships for cooperation between Chinese and German research groups.

Finally, we would like to thank the Sino–German Science Center for the financial support of the symposium.
Spin waves of the spin‐polarized electron gas in semimagnetic quantum wells
Authors: Perez F. , Jusserand B. , Richards D. , Karczewski G.
Published: March 2006

Spin flip waves and spin density fluctuations of a two‐dimensional spin‐polarized electron‐gas in a semimagnetic Cd1–0.008Mn0.008Te quantum well are observed by Resonant Raman Scattering. Application of a magnetic field splits the spin subbands and a static spin polarization is induced. Wavevector and field experimental dispersions are very well reproduced by Local Spin Density Approximation calculations including recent Quantum Monte Carlo evaluation of coulomb correlations corrections. We show how to extract the spin polarization degree. A maximum value of 35% is deduced from measurements. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin coherence of two‐dimensional electron gas in CdTe/(Cd,Mg)Te quantum wells
Authors: Zhukov E. A. , Yakovlev D. R. , Bayer M. , Karczewski G. , Wojtowicz T. , Kossut J.
Published: March 2006

Electron spin coherence has been studied in CdTe/(Cd,Mg)Te quantum wells with a low‐dense two‐dimensional electron gas by means of pump–probe Kerr rotation technique. Spin dephasing time of 30 ns has been measured in the limit of zero magnetic fields and at a temperature of 1.9 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exchange interaction in magnetic HgMnTe quantum well structure
Authors: Liu Jian , Buhmann Hartmut , Novik Elena G. , Gui Yongsheng , Hock Volkmar , Becker Charles R. , Molenkamp Laurens W.
Published: March 2006

Low temperature magnetotransport measurements have been used to study the exchange interactions in Hg1–x Mnx Te magnetic quantum wells (QWs). An analysis of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations in conjunction with 8 × 8 k · p bandstructure calculations allow the exchange constants N 0α and N 0β , the antiferromagnetic temperature T 0, and the effective spin S 0 to be determined. The latter displays a distinct temperature dependence and appears to be enhanced compared with bulk materials of equivalent Mn concentrations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonon properties and doping of Zn1–xMnxSe epilayers grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy
Authors: Agarwal K. C. , Daniel B. , Hofmann T. , Schubert M. , Klingshirn C. , Hetterich M.
Published: March 2006

We present far‐infrared (FIR) reflection studies for Zn1–x Mnx Se. It is found that a modified oscillator model provides improved agreement with the experimental data. Our results suggest an intermediate‐mode behavior for the optical phonon modes in Zn1–x Mnx Se. In addition to the known ZnSe‐like and MnSe‐like phonon resonances a weak defect‐related feature ‘D’ is found below the MnSe‐like phonon band. The frequency of this feature shows a temperature and Mn dependent red‐shift. Furthermore, the observation of a drastic reduction in the free‐electron concentration with increasing Mn content suggests a compensation effect related to the formation of Mn‐related defect complexes. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Concentration and size dependence of the dynamics of the Mn 3d5 luminescence in wire‐like arrangements of (Zn,Mn)S nanoparticles
Authors: Chen L. , Kampmann J. , Klar P. J. , Heimbrodt W. , Brieler F. J. , Fröba M.
Published: March 2006

(Zn,Mn)S nanoparticles with Mn concentrations ranging from 1% to 30% and in a wire‐like arrangement were formed inside mesoporous SiO2 matrices of various pore diameters. The nanoparticles were characterised using photoluminescence and excitation spectroscopy. It is found, that the Mn2+ ions are incorporated on cation lattice sites replacing Zn. The decay times of the internal Mn2+ (3d5) luminescence are studied in detail by time resolved spectroscopy over more than 5 orders of magnitude in intensity. A concentration and a remarkable size dependence of the time behaviour has been observed indicating a geometry dependence of the energy transfer processes within the Mn system. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of single ZnO nanowires
Authors: Wischmeier L. , Bekeny C. , Voss T. , Börner S. , Schade W.
Published: March 2006

The optical properties of single ZnO nanowires with diameters <200 nm are analyzed. A comparison of the photoluminescence properties of the as‐grown ensemble and of an individual nanowire is given. The temperature dependence of the individual nanowire photoluminescence shows the same behavior as that of bulk material due to the wire diameter being very large compared to the exciton Bohr radius of ZnO. Furthermore, high excitation‐density measurements performed on an individual nanowire are presented in which a sharp line is observed resulting from resonator effects inside the wire. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of ZnO (000$ \bar 1$)/Al2O3 (11$ \bar 2$0) surface morphologies using plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Xu Huaizhe , Ohtani Keita , Yamao Miyuki , Ohno Hideo
Published: March 2006

The surface morphologies of ZnO thin films grown on Al2O3 (11$ \bar 2 $0) (a‐plane sapphire) substrate by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) were systematically investigated by in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a function of Zn beam flux intensity and substrate temperature. The ZnO films are uniquely (000$ \bar 1 $) oriented with no trace of secondary orientation. A phase diagram for ZnO growth was established, which described the ZnO growth mode transition at fixed O2 flow rate of 0.3 sccm. For the growth at 750 °C with Zn beam flux of 3.6 × 10–7 Torr, the RHEED showed a (3 × 3) pattern and a smooth surface represented by atomically flat terraces and half unit cell high steps (∼0.26 nm, a charge neutral unit of ZnO) was observed corresponding to a monolayer or bilayer thickness of Zn–O along the c ‐axis of (000$ \bar 1 $) ZnO. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical investigation of non‐equilibrium carrier dynamics in differently doped VGF‐grown ZnTe single crystals
Authors: Aleksiejūnas R. , Kadys A. , Jarašiūnas K. , Lovergine N. , Asahi T.
Published: March 2006

We applied a time‐resolved FWM technique to study the dynamics of photoexcited carriers in differently doped VGF‐grown ZnTe crystals at room temperature. We observed a fast carrier trapping to deep levels in phosphorus doped and undoped samples. The measurements at below and above band‐gap excitations revealed the much higher concentration of these levels near the surface than in the bulk in both samples. The concentration of deep traps has been estimated for phosphorus doped sample N T = (1 – 2) × 1015 cm–3 in the bulk and N = (3 – 5) × 1018 cm–3 near the surface. In the undoped sample these traps are present at much higher concentration. The electron and hole mobilities μ n = (500 ± 28) cm2/Vs and μ h = (16 ± 6) cm2/Vs were estimated from the measured diffusion coefficient values D = (12.5 ± 0.7) cm2/s in the p‐type sample and D = (0.8 ± 0.3) cm2/s in the semi‐insulating one. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of the lattice constant of CrS from Mn1–xCrxS MBE epitaxial layers
Authors: David L. , Prior K. A.
Published: March 2006

A series of Mn1–x Crx S epitaxial structures have been grown with the composition ZnSe/Mn1–x Crx S/ZnSe with varying x . X‐ray Interference measurements were used to determine the layer thicknesses and compositions, and by varying the lattice parameter of CrS an improved fit was obtained. The lattice parameter of CrS was found to be 5.387 ± 0.025 Å. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Mn2+ ions in CdTe detected by coherent Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Smith L. C. , Wolverson D. , Bingham S. J. , Davies J. J.
Published: March 2006

We report the first application of the coherent Raman‐detected ESR spectroscopy (CRESR) technique to a dilute magnetic semiconductor. A bulk crystal of cadmium magnanese telluride with low manganese content was chosen for this study as (Cd,Mn)Te is a well‐characterized model system for which the relevant parameters are accurately known. We consider in detail the information that the CRESR spectra contain on the hyperfine interaction of the Mn2+ 3d5 electrons with the manganese nuclei and the effects of the cubic crystal field. This work opens up the possibility of CRESR studies of other, less well‐known, magnetic semiconductors and their heterostructures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Slow‐mode degradation mechanism and its control in new bright and long‐lived ZnSe white LEDs
Authors: Adachi Masahiro , Ando Koshi , Abe Tomoki , Inoue Noboru , Urata Akihiro , Tsutsumi Sueyuki , Hashimoto Yutaka , Kasada Hirofumi , Katayama Koji , Nakamura Takao
Published: March 2006

This paper presents slow‐mode degradation mechanism of ZnSe‐based white LEDs. A systematic study has been made from a viewpoint of microscopic point defect reaction such as generation and migration in both device active layer (ZnCdSe/ZnSe MQW) and p‐type ZnMgSSe cladding layer utilizing DLTS/ ICTS, SSRM (scanning spreading resistance microscope), and EL (electroluminescence)‐imaging techniques, coupled with device aging experiments. We have found two different degradation stages (1st and 2nd stages) in the slow‐mode degradation, which are caused by quite different microscopic point defect species. The 1st stage is induced by the long‐diffusion of H0‐center (nitrogen‐complex deep hole trap in p‐cladding layer), forming high‐density dark‐spots in the MQW active layer. This active center is generated only in the stress‐stimulated condition such as thermal or device fabrication process. After controlling the initial concentration of the H0 center, we have observed no detectable new dark‐spots during device operation, leading to fairly long device‐lifetime (∼1000 h). This 2nd stage has appeared as a carrier (hole) reduction in the p‐type cladding layer. This final degradation stage is found to take place by an increase of shallow compensating donor‐like centers in p‐type cladding layer (ZnMgSSe). Based on these insights on the microscopic point defect reaction, we have developed (new) double cladding i‐ZnMgBeSe/p‐ZnMgSSe white‐LEDs, which has exhibited long device lifetime of over 10000 h. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrafast intersubband optical switching in II–VI‐based quantum well for optical fiber communications
Authors: Akimoto R. , Li B. S. , Akita K. , Hasama T.
Published: March 2006

Ultrafast all‐optical switching at optical communication wavelength has been investigated by utilizing an intersubband transition (ISBT) of II–VI‐based multiple quantum wells (MQWs) fabricated in high‐mesa waveguide devices. At first, we have achieved λ ∼ 1.55 µm ISBT absorption in (CdS/ZnSe)/BeTe QWs. The QWs consists of Cl‐doped CdS/ZnSe well and BeTe barrier. The ISBT optical nonlinearity in the wafer sample exhibits sub‐ps relaxation time and sub‐pJ/µm2 saturation energy, indicating a promising characteristic for high‐speed switching. The waveguide device fabricated consists of a CdS/ZnSe/BeTe MQWs core layer and two top and bottom ZnMgBeSe quaternary cladding layers. Ultrafast gate switching within a time window of 0.56 ps was demonstrated with pump pulse at λ = 1.57 µm and probe pulse at λ = 1.63 µm in this waveguide device. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly sensitive ultraviolet PIN photodiodes of ZnSSe n+–i–p structure/p+‐GaAs substrate grown by MBE
Authors: Miki K. , Abe T. , Naruse J. , Ikumi K. , Yamaguchi T. , Kasada H. , Ando K.
Published: March 2006

Highly sensitive and stable ultraviolet PIN photodiodes of ZnSSe junction structure on p+‐GaAs substrates are developed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth. The short‐wavelength photodiodes are grown on p‐type (100)GaAs by MBE utilizing an optimized “hetero‐interface super‐lattice (SLE) buffer” consisting of a ZnTe–ZnSe multiple quantum well, by which a large energy barrier (>1 eV) for hole ohmic conduction is overcome. ZnSSe n+–i–p photodiodes with a thin interface SLE are grown in a complete lattice‐matched condition (S = 6%). High sensitivities of 0.30 A/W (external quantum efficiency: η = 83.6%) in the blue (450 nm), 0.24 A/W (η = 75.8%) in the blue–violet (400 nm: for BlueRay and HD‐DVD systems) and 0.12 A/W (η = 50.9%) in the ultraviolet (300 nm) regions are obtained with an extremely low dark leakage current (∼sub pA/mm2) under high reverse bias (20 V) at 300 K. Because of the low dark current, a very low noise equivalent power value below 10–14 W $ \sqrt {{\rm Hz/cm}^{-2}} $ (450 nm) is proved in the blue–violet region. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Yellow–green lasing operations of ZnCdTe/MgZnSeTe laser diodes on ZnTe substrates
Authors: Nomura Ichirou , Manoshiro Asuka , Kikuchi Akihiko , Kishino Katsumi
Published: March 2006

ZnCdTe/MgZnSeTe laser diodes (LDs) were fabricated on ZnTe substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The LDs were characterized under single short pulse current injections at low temperature. Yellow–green single‐mode lasing emissions at 564 nm were successfully obtained, for the first time. The threshold current density (J th) at 100 K was 2.8 kA/cm2. The full width at half maximum value of the lasing emission peak was 1.1 meV (0.29 nm). From the temperature dependency of the J th, it was confirmed that the lasing operations were obtained up to 170 K. The characteristic temperature value was estimated to be 228 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ZnxCd1–xSe/Znx′Cdy′Mg1–x′–y′Se multi‐quantum well structures for intersubband devices grown by MBE
Authors: Lu H. , Shen A. , Muñoz M. , Perez‐Paz M. N. , Sohel M. , Zhang S. K. , Alfano R. R. , Tamargo M. C.
Published: March 2006

Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) from wide bandgap II–VI compounds are promising as high quantum efficiency detectors in the mid‐IR. A series of Cl‐doped ZnxCd(1–x)Se/Znx′Cdy′Mg(1–x′–y′)Se multiple‐quantum‐wells (MQW) with different quantum well (QW) thicknesses have been grown by MBE lattice‐matched to InP substrates. The high material quality of the samples was demonstrated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), steady‐state photoluminescence (PL), and time‐resolved photoluminescence (t‐PL) measurements. Contactless electroreflectance (CER) measurements were performed to investigate high order transitions within the QWs. From these transitions, intersubband transition energies were predicted and compared with the theoretical calculations, a very useful result for device design. Our results indicate that this material system is very promising for intersubband device applications such as QWIPs operating in the 3–5 µm region. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto‐optical spectroscopy of (Zn,Co)O epilayers
Authors: Pacuski W. , Ferrand D. , Cibert J. , Deparis C. , Kossacki P. , Morhain C.
Published: March 2006

We present a magneto‐optical study of (Zn,Co)O layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We observed sharp lines related to 4A2–2E intra‐ionic Co2+ transitions, and to the A , B and C excitons. Intra‐ionic transitions observed by absorption and photoluminescence were used to determine the values of the parameters describing the isolated Co ions, such as the easy‐plane magnetic anisotropy and the g ‐factor of the S = 3/2 Cobalt spin. Excitonic transitions observed in reflectivity were used to determine the giant Zeeman splitting and to estimate the effective coupling 〈N 0(α – β )〉A ,B = 0.4 eV between excitons and Cobalt spins. Due to the electron–hole exchange within the exciton, this effective spin–exciton coupling is much weaker than the exchange integrals for free carriers, estimated to be N 0|α – β | ≈ 0.8 eV, with a positive value of (α – β ) if the normal ordering of the valence band of ZnO is assumed. The Zeeman splitting of diluted samples and the magnetic circular dichroism (for a higher Co content) are proportional to the magnetization of the paramagnetic, isolated Cobalt ions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stimulated emission from ZnO nanorods
Authors: Hauschild R. , Lange H. , Priller H. , Klingshirn C. , Kling R. , Waag A. , Fan H. J. , Zacharias M. , Kalt H.
Published: March 2006

The authors of our Editor's Choice [1] investigate ZnO nanorods by means of time resolved spectroscopy. Resonator and waveguide properties as well as the influence of gold nanoparticles at the nanorod/substrate interface are evaluated using numerical simulations.

Part a) of the cover figure shows the intensity distribution of the electric field. As demonstrated in the right part of a), a higher refraction index step at the interface gold/GaN leads to an improved light confinement. Part b) is the cross section perpendicular to the growth direction, and c) a TEM picture of the interface with gold particles appearing as dark droplets.

The first author Robert Hauschild is currently a member of the Graduate College “Collective Phenomena in Solids” to pursue a Ph.D. at the University of Karlsruhe (TH). Among his research interests are the optical properties of nano‐ and mesoscopic systems, including excitonic processes in ZnO nanorods and waveguides.

This issue of physica status solidi (b) contains a collection of articles presented at The Twelfth International Conference on II–VI Compounds held in Warsaw, Poland, 12–16 September 2005. Further papers from II–VI 2005 are published in phys. stat. sol. (c) 3, No. 4 (2006).
Detection and characterization by high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of two truncated goat αs2‐caseins
Authors: Cunsolo Vincenzo , Muccilli Vera , Saletti Rosaria , Marletta Donata , Foti Salvatore
Published: March 2006

The identification and characterization of truncated forms of goat αs2‐Cn variants A and E are reported. The two proteins, which have experimental Mr values of 24 183 and 24 227 Da, were detected as minor components in a goat milk sample from an autochthonous breed of southern Italy, ‘Rossa Mediterranea’, by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP‐HPLC/ESI‐MS). Characterization of the amino acid sequences, performed by coupling trypsin digestion with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS), RP‐HPLC/ESI‐MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), demonstrated that the polypeptide chains correspond to the 1‐204 sequence of mature αs2‐Cn variant A (component with Mr of 24 183 Da) and E (component with Mr of 24 227 Da), respectively. These components seem to be the product of a differential splicing of pre‐messenger RNA during the translation process of the αs2‐Cn variants A and E. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.