bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Simulated Patients and Reflective Video Analysis to Assess Occupational Therapy Students’ Preparedness for Fieldwork
Authors: Giles Amanda K. , Carson Nancy E. , Breland Hazel L. , Coker-Bolt Patty , Bowman Peter J.
Published: October 2014

Educators must determine whether occupational therapy students are adequately prepared for Level II fieldwork once they have successfully completed the didactic portion of their coursework. Although studies have shown that students regard the use of video cameras and simulated patient encounters as useful tools for assessing professional and clinical behaviors, little has been published in the occupational therapy literature regarding the practical application of simulated patients or reflective video analysis. We describe a model for a final Comprehensive Practical Exam that uses both simulated patients and reflective video analysis to assess student preparedness for Level II fieldwork, and we report on student perceptions of these instructional modalities. We provide recommendations for designing, implementing, and evaluating simulated patient experiences in light of existing educational theory.
The Political Economy of Development in Kenya
Authors: Hope ,   Sr. Kempe Ronald
Published: October 2014

Kenya is a country of geopolitical and economic importance in East Africa. It shares borders with unstable states such as Somalia and Sudan while being a hub for trade, communication, finance, and transportation across the region. Although relatively stable since its independence in 1963, the country still faces poverty, inequality, and corruption. In addition, the contested election of 2007 led to severe ethnic strife that tested its political stability, leading to a new constitution in 2010.

This unique survey by a leading expert on the region provides a critical analysis of the socio-economic development in Kenya from a political economy perspective. It highlights Kenya’s transition from being a centralized state to having a clear separation of powers and analyzes key issues such as economic growth, urbanization, corruption, and reform.

The book identifies Kenya’s key socio-development problems and offers solutions to improve both governance and economic performance, making it an essential resource to researchers, academics, and policy makers working on development issues and African politics.
Large-eddy simulation of pollutant dispersion from a ground-level area source over urban street canyons with irreversible chemical reactions
Authors: Du T. Z. , Liu C.-H. , Zhao Y. B.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In this study, the dispersion of chemically reactive pollutants is calculated by large-eddy simulation (LES) in a neutrally stratified urban canopy layer (UCL) over urban areas. As a pilot attempt, idealized street canyons of unity building-height-to-street-width (aspect) ratio are used. Nitric oxide (NO) is emitted from the ground surface of the first street canyon into the domain doped with ozone (O3). In the absence of ultraviolet radiation, this irreversible chemistry produces nitrogen dioxide (NO2), developing a reactive plume over the rough urban surface. A range of timescales of turbulence and chemistry are utilized to examine the mechanism of turbulent mixing and chemical reactions in the UCL. The Damköhler number (Da) and the reaction rate (r) are analyzed along the vertical direction on the plane normal to the prevailing flow at 10 m after the source. The maximum reaction rate peaks at an elevation where Damköhler number Da is equal or close to unity. Hence, comparable timescales of turbulence and reaction could enhance the chemical reactions in the plume.
AN IMPROVEMENT ON GEOMETRY-BASED METHODS FOR GENERATION OF NETWORK PATHS FROM POINTS
Authors: Akbari Z. , Abbaspour R. A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Determining network path is important for different purposes such as determination of road traffic, the average speed of vehicles, and other network analysis. One of the required input data is information about network path. Nevertheless, the data collected by the positioning systems often lead to the discrete points. Conversion of these points to the network path have become one of the challenges which different researchers, presents many ways for solving it. This study aims at investigating geometry-based methods to estimate the network paths from the obtained points and improve an existing point to curve method. To this end, some geometry-based methods have been studied and an improved method has been proposed by applying conditions on the best method after describing and illustrating weaknesses of them.
URBAN GROWTH MODELING USING AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK A CASE STUDY OF SANANDAJ CITY, IRAN
Authors: Mohammady S. , Delavar M. R. , Pahlavani P.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Land use activity is a major issue and challenge for town and country planners. Modelling and managing urban growth is a complex problem. Cities are now recognized as complex, non-linear and dynamic process systems. The design of a system that can handle these complexities is a challenging prospect. Local governments that implement urban growth models need to estimate the amount of urban land required in the future given anticipated growth of housing, business, recreation and other urban uses within the boundary. There are so many negative implications related with the type of inappropriate urban development such as increased traffic and demand for mobility, reduced landscape attractively, land use fragmentation, loss of biodiversity and alterations of the hydrological cycle. The aim of this study is to use the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to make a powerful tool for simulating urban growth patterns. Our study area is Sanandaj city located in the west of Iran. Landsat imageries acquired at 2000 and 2006 are used. Dataset were used include distance to principle roads, distance to residential areas, elevation, slope, distance to green spaces and distance to region centers. In this study an appropriate methodology for urban growth modelling using satellite remotely sensed data is presented and evaluated. Percent Correct Match (PCM) and Figure of Merit were used to evaluate ANN results.
A DATA DRIVEN METHOD FOR BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION FROM LiDAR POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Sajadian M. , Arefi H.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Airborne laser scanning, commonly referred to as LiDAR, is a superior technology for three-dimensional data acquisition from Earth's surface with high speed and density. Building reconstruction is one of the main applications of LiDAR system which is considered in this study. For a 3D reconstruction of the buildings, the buildings points should be first separated from the other points such as; ground and vegetation. In this paper, a multi-agent strategy has been proposed for simultaneous extraction and segmentation of buildings from LiDAR point clouds. Height values, number of returned pulse, length of triangles, direction of normal vectors, and area are five criteria which have been utilized in this step. Next, the building edge points are detected using a new method named "Grid Erosion". A RANSAC based technique has been employed for edge line extraction. Regularization constraints are performed to achieve the final lines. Finally, by modelling of the roofs and walls, 3D building model is reconstructed. The results indicate that the proposed method could successfully extract the building from LiDAR data and generate the building models automatically. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the proposed method is then provided.
Ubiquitous Total Station Development using Smartphone, RSSI and Laser Sensor providing service to Ubi-GIS
Authors: Shoushtari M. A. , Sadeghi-Niaraki H.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The growing trend in technological advances and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) has targeted for intelligent human lives. Accordingly, Ubiquitous Computing Approach was proposed by Mark Weiser. This paper proposes an ubiquitous surveying solution in Geometrics and surveying field. Ubiquitous Surveying provides cost-effective, smart and available surveying techniques while traditional surveying equipment are so expensive and have small availability specially in indoor and daily surveying jobs. In order to have a smart surveying instrument, different information technology methods and tools like Triangle method, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) method and laser sensor are used. These new ways in combine with surveying equations introduces a modern surveying equipment called Ubi-Total Station that also employed different sensors embedded in smartphone and mobile stand. RSSI-based localization and Triangle method technique are easy and well known methods to predict the position of an unknown node in indoor environments whereas additional measures are required for a sufficient accuracy. In this paper the main goal is to introduce the Ubiquitous Total Station as a development in smart and ubiquitous GIS. In order to public use of the surveying equipment, design and implementation of this instrument has been done. Conceptual model of Smartphone-based system is designed for this study and based on this model, an Android application as a first sample is developed. Finally the evaluations shows that absolute errors in X and Y calculation are 0.028 and 0.057 meter respectively. Also RMSE of 0.26 was calculated in RSSI method for distance measurement. The high price of traditional equipment and their requirement for professional surveyors has given way to intelligent surveying. In the suggested system, smartphones can be used as tools for positioning and coordinating geometric information of objects.
CLASSIFIER FUSION OF HIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL AND SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (SAR) SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR CLASSIFICATION IN URBAN AREA
Authors: Alipour Fard T. , Hasanlou M. , Arefi H.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. This study concerned with fusion of synthetic aperture radar and optical satellite imagery. Due to the difference in the underlying sensor technology, data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical sensors refer to different properties of the observed scene and it is believed that when they are fused together, they complement each other to improve the performance of a particular application. In this paper, two category of features are generate and six classifier fusion operators implemented and evaluated. Implementation results show significant improvement in the classification accuracy.
MEASURING LAND USES ACCESSIBILITY BY USING FUZZY MAJORITY GIS-BASED MULTICRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS CASE STUDY: MALAYER CITY
Authors: Taravat A. , Yari A. , Rajaei M. , Mousavian R.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Public spaces accessibility has become one of the important factors in urban planning. Therefore, considerable attention has been given to measure accessibility to public spaces on the UK, US and Canada, but there are few studies outside the anglophone world especially in developing countries such as Iran. In this study an attempt has been made to measure objective accessibility to public spaces (parks, school, library and administrative) using fuzzy majority GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis. This method is for defining the priority for distribution of urban facilities and utilities as the first step towards elimination of social justice. In order to test and demonstrate the presented model, the comprehensive plan of Malayer city has been considered for ranking in three objectives and properties in view of index per capital (Green space, sport facilities and major cultural centers like library and access index). The results can be used to inform the local planning process and the GIS approach can be expanded into other local authority domains. The results shows that the distribution of facilities in Malayer city has followed on the base of cost benefit law and the human aspect of resource allocation programming of facilities (from centre to suburbs of the city).
CALCULATION OF PER PARCEL PROBABILITY FOR DUD BOMBS IN GERMANY
Authors: Tavakkoli Sabour S. M. , Agarius J. , Sadidi J.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Unexploded aerial Bombs, also known as duds or unfused bombs, of the bombardments in the past wars remain explosive for decades after the war under the earth’s surface threatening the civil activities especially if dredging works are involved. Interpretation of the aerial photos taken shortly after bombardments has been proven to be useful for finding the duds. Unfortunately, the reliability of this method is limited by some factors. The chance of finding a dud on an aerial photo depends strongly on the photography system, the size of the bomb and the landcover. On the other hand, exploded bombs are considerably better detectable on aerial photos and confidently represent the extent and density of a bombardment. Considering an empirical quota of unfused bombs, the expected number of duds can be calculated by the number of exploded bombs. This can help to have a better calculation of cost-risk ratio and to classify the areas for clearance. This article is about a method for calculation of a per parcel probability of dud bombs according to the distribution and density of exploded bombs. No similar work has been reported in this field by other authors.
Landslide susceptibility mapping by combining the three methods Fuzzy Logic, Frequency Ratio and Analytical Hierarchy Process in Dozain basin
Authors: Tazik E. , Jahantab Z. , Bakhtiari M. , Rezaei A. , Kazem Alavipanah S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Landslides are among the most important natural hazards that lead to modification of the environment. Therefore, studying of this phenomenon is so important in many areas. Because of the climate conditions, geologic, and geomorphologic characteristics of the region, the purpose of this study was landslide hazard assessment using Fuzzy Logic, frequency ratio and Analytical Hierarchy Process method in Dozein basin, Iran. At first, landslides occurred in Dozein basin were identified using aerial photos and field studies. The influenced landslide parameters that were used in this study including slope, aspect, elevation, lithology, precipitation, land cover, distance from fault, distance from road and distance from river were obtained from different sources and maps. Using these factors and the identified landslide, the fuzzy membership values were calculated by frequency ratio. Then to account for the importance of each of the factors in the landslide susceptibility, weights of each factor were determined based on questionnaire and AHP method. Finally, fuzzy map of each factor was multiplied to its weight that obtained using AHP method. At the end, for computing prediction accuracy, the produced map was verified by comparing to existing landslide locations. These results indicate that the combining the three methods Fuzzy Logic, Frequency Ratio and Analytical Hierarchy Process method are relatively good estimators of landslide susceptibility in the study area. According to landslide susceptibility map about 51% of the occurred landslide fall into the high and very high susceptibility zones of the landslide susceptibility map, but approximately 26 % of them indeed located in the low and very low susceptibility zones.
AN EFFICIENT INITIALIZATION METHOD FOR K-MEANS CLUSTERING OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA
Authors: Alizade Naeini A. , Jamshidzadeh A. , Saadatseresht M. , Homayouni S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. K-means is definitely the most frequently used partitional clustering algorithm in the remote sensing community. Unfortunately due to its gradient decent nature, this algorithm is highly sensitive to the initial placement of cluster centers. This problem deteriorates for the high-dimensional data such as hyperspectral remotely sensed imagery. To tackle this problem, in this paper, the spectral signatures of the endmembers in the image scene are extracted and used as the initial positions of the cluster centers. For this purpose, in the first step, A Neyman–Pearson detection theory based eigen-thresholding method (i.e., the HFC method) has been employed to estimate the number of endmembers in the image. Afterwards, the spectral signatures of the endmembers are obtained using the Minimum Volume Enclosing Simplex (MVES) algorithm. Eventually, these spectral signatures are used to initialize the k-means clustering algorithm. The proposed method is implemented on a hyperspectral dataset acquired by ROSIS sensor with 103 spectral bands over the Pavia University campus, Italy. For comparative evaluation, two other commonly used initialization methods (i.e., Bradley & Fayyad (BF) and Random methods) are implemented and compared. The confusion matrix, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient are employed to assess the methods’ performance. The evaluations demonstrate that the proposed solution outperforms the other initialization methods and can be applied for unsupervised classification of hyperspectral imagery for landcover mapping.
MAPPING GLAUCONITE UNITES WITH USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN NORTH EAST OF IRAN
Authors: Ahmadirouhani R. , Samiee S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Glauconite is a greenish ferric-iron silicate mineral with micaceous structure, characteristically formed in shallow marine environments. Glauconite has been used as a pigmentation agent for oil paint, contaminants remover in environmental studies and a source of potassium in plant fertilizers, and other industries. Koppeh-dagh basin is extended in Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan countries and Glauconite units exist in this basin. In this research for enhancing and mapping glauconitic units in Koppeh-dagh structural zone in north east of Iran, remote sensing techniques such as Spectral Angle Mapper classification (SAM), band ratio and band composition methods on SPOT, ASTER and Landsat data in 3 steps were applied.
Data assimilation techniques and modelling uncertainty in geosciences
Authors: Darvishi M. , Ahmadi G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. "You cannot step into the same river twice". Perhaps this ancient quote is the best phrase to describe the dynamic nature of the earth system. If we regard the earth as a several mixed systems, we want to know the state of the system at any time. The state could be time-evolving, complex (such as atmosphere) or simple and finding the current state requires complete knowledge of all aspects of the system. On one hand, the Measurements (in situ and satellite data) are often with errors and incomplete. On the other hand, the modelling cannot be exact; therefore, the optimal combination of the measurements with the model information is the best choice to estimate the true state of the system. Data assimilation (DA) methods are powerful tools to combine observations and a numerical model. Actually, DA is an interaction between uncertainty analysis, physical modelling and mathematical algorithms. DA improves knowledge of the past, present or future system states. DA provides a forecast the state of complex systems and better scientific understanding of calibration, validation, data errors and their probability distributions. Nowadays, the high performance and capabilities of DA have led to extensive use of it in different sciences such as meteorology, oceanography, hydrology and nuclear cores. In this paper, after a brief overview of the DA history and a comparison with conventional statistical methods, investigated the accuracy and computational efficiency of two main classical algorithms of DA involving stochastic DA (BLUE and Kalman filter) and variational DA (3D and 4D-Var), then evaluated quantification and modelling of the errors. Finally, some of DA applications in geosciences and the challenges facing the DA are discussed.
El diario del estudiante de enfermería en la práctica clínica frente a los diarios realizados en otras disciplinas. Una revisión integradora
Authors: San Rafael Gutíerrez Sabiniana , Siles González José , Solano Ruíz Carmen
Published: October 2014

El presente artículo es una revisión integradora de la literatura cuyo objetivo fue identificar, en revistas nacionales e internacionales indexadas en las bases de datos Isi Web of Knowledge, Eric, PubMed, EbscoHost, Scopus, SciELO, Cuiden, Cuidatge y Scirus, en el periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 2011, datos que contribuyeran a determinar cómo la escritura del diario reflexivo ayuda al estudiante de enfermería durante sus prácticas clínicas, así como a establecer diferencias y similitudes con los diarios realizados por estudiantes de otras disciplinas. Se llevó a cabo una revisión amplia de la cual se seleccionaron 54 artículos científicos con base en criterios de inclusión y exclusión, sin descartar ninguna metodología de investigación e incluyendo aquellos que analizaran el diario del estudiante, fueran o no del ámbito de la enfermería. Se concluye que la escritura del diario reflexivo que realiza el estudiante de enfermería durante sus prácticas clínicas tiene beneficios tales como la mejora de la comunicación con el paciente, fundamental para el cuidado. La escritura del diario debería ser incluida en todos los planes de estudio de grado en el ámbito de las prácticas clínicas.
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy of Mothers and the Affecting Factors
Authors: Nursan Cinar , Dilek Köse , Sevin Altinkaynak
Published: October 2014

Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la autoeficacia de las madres en cuanto a la lactancia durante el período de 0-3 meses y los factores que la afectan. Materiales y métodos: el estudio se realizó entre enero y abril de 2011. El universo del estudio estuvo compuesto por todas las madres que vivían en el centro de la provincia de Sakarya y tenían niños lactantes de 0-3 meses. La muestra utilizada en el estudio estuvo conformada por 152 madres que aceptaron participar. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas cara a cara con las madres, utilizando el "Formulario de Información Personal" desarrollado por los investigadores y el "Formulario de Escala de Autoeficacia en Lactancia - versión abreviada/ BSES-SF" desarrollado por Dennis. La validez y confiabilidad de la escala usada en Turquía fueron medidas por Tokat et al. (2010). Los datos fueron evaluados a través del programa SPSS, utilizando los porcentajes, los promedios, la prueba t, el chi-cuadrado y ANOVA. Resultados: el puntaje total promedio de la "BSES-SF tomada" se determinó como 58,61 ± 8,93, min. = 16, máx. = 70. No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre el puntaje de la escala y la edad materna (F = 0,437, p = 0,781), la educación materna (F = 0,625, p = 0,645), la situación económica (F = 0,253, p = 0,777) y el tipo de parto (t = 0,922, p = 0,358). Los puntajes promedio fueron mayores para las madres que indicaron haber recibido capacitación para la lactancia materna en comparación con otras que indicaron no haber recibido dicha formación, y la diferencia entre el puntaje de la escala fue estadísticamente significativa (X2 = 50,848, p = 0,010). Conclusiones: los requisitos para el desarrollo de un nivel adecuado de lactancia materna entre las madres fueron identificados. Las enfermeras pueden dar el apoyo necesario a las madres con bajo nivel de lactancia mediante la evaluación y la identificación de los requisitos con la ayuda de esta escala.
Validación de una escala para medir la habilidad de cuidado de cuidadores
Authors: Blanco Sánchez Jenny Paola
Published: October 2014

Objetivo: determinar la validez facial y de contenido de una propuesta de modificación semántica de la escala para medir habilidad de cuidado de cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica creada por Barrera. Materiales y métodos: diseño de tipo metodológico realizado en tres fases: adecuación semántica, determinación del grado de comprensibilidad y validez facial y de contenido de la propuesta de modificación de la escala. Resultados: en la adecuación semántica se revisaron uno a uno los ítems a partir de la discusión de los términos utilizados en su formulación inicial. Para el grado de comprensibilidad se aplicaron 385 formatos diseñados por la investigadora; se encontraron cinco ítems con comprensibilidad baja y diez con comprensibilidad media, que recibieron cambios a la luz de la teoría y de las observaciones de los sujetos. La validez facial y de contenido se estableció mediante el método de panel de expertos utilizando el índice de concordancia de Kappa de Fleiss; para la primera se encontró que la mayoría de los ítems fueron aceptados, y para la segunda se concluyó que la escala modificada semánticamente mide la habilidad de cuidado de cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica.
The Naukratis Project: Petrie, Greeks and Egyptians
Authors: Johnston Alan
Published: October 2014

This report outlines the general aspects of the Naukratis Project of the British
Museum both in reconstructing the body of material excavated between 1884 and
1903 at the Nile delta site, and in renewed fieldwork. In particular it
describes the material studied by the present author, including that housed in
UCL.
The Nobody: Exploring Archaeological Identity with George Horsfield (1882–1956)
Authors: Thornton Amara
Published: October 2014

This article examines George Horsfield’s life and professional career in
the Department of Antiquities in British Mandate Transjordan through his
correspondence and images in the archives of UCL Institute of Archaeology.
Through these documents, Horsfield’s multiple archaeological identities
– architect, official and foreigner – are revealed. His experience,
situated within the context of life in British Mandate Transjordan, is used to
analyse the archaeologist within a wider history of antiquities departments in
British imperial possessions.
Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease (NTMLD) in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Wilińska Ewelina , Oniszh Karina , Augustynowicz-Kopeć Ewa , Zabost Anna , Fijałkowska Anna , Kurzyna Marcin , Wieteska Maria , Torbicki Adam , Kuś Jan , Szturmowicz Monika
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases (NTMLD) occur rarely and are diagnosed mainly in patients belonging to risk groups. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has not been recognised as a risk factor for NTMLD yet. The aim of the study was to analyse the clinical course and predisposing factors of NTMLD recognised in our centre between 2002 and 2012 in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Material and Methods: Thirteen patients (10—CTEPH, 3—IPAH) entered the study. PH was recognised during right heart catheterisation. Median value of mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was 49 mm Hg (39–65 mm Hg). NTMLD was diagnosed according to ATS guidelines (2007). Results: M. kansasii was the most frequent pathogen. Most patients complained of the exaggeration of dyspnoea and productive cough. Computed tomography of the chest with angiography revealed infiltrations with cavitation in seven patients and cavities surrounded by micronodules in six patients. In all CTEPH patients, NTMLD developed in the hypoperfused lung areas. No parenchymal abnormalities preceded the development of NTMLD. After diagnosis all of the patients received antituberculous treatment; in 12/13 improvement was achieved. By the end of March 2014 seven patients died due to right heart insufficiency, no deaths due to NTMLD were noted. Conclusions: NTMLD should be suspected in patients with CTEPH or IPAH, presenting with productive cough and a new pulmonary infiltrate with cavitation. In patients with CTEPH, special attention should be paid to a new cavitary lesions without accompanying thrombus in the artery supplying the area. High mPAP (CTEPH/IPAH) and hypoperfusion (CTEPH) are predisposing to NTMLD.
The Influence of Sublingual Immunotherapy on Several Parameters of Immunological Response in Children Suffering from Atopic Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Depending on Asthma Features
Authors: Ciepiela Olga , Zawadzka-Krajewska Anna , Kotuła Iwona , Demkow Urszula
Published: October 2014

Introduction: The clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has already been proven and is known to be high. Its influence on the immunological system of patients suffering from bronchial asthma was also examined. However, it is still unclear how the polysensitisation, coexistence of other atopic disease and asthma treatment step influence the response to treatment with specific immunotherapy. Herein we evaluate the impact of one-year SLIT on selected markers of immunological response depending on different individual and clinical factors of children suffering from atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis. Material and Methods: Twenty-five patients aged 8.1 ± 3.1 years (range 5–15 years), 21 boys and 4 girls, suffering from asthma and allergic rhinitis with polysensitisation to seasonal and non-seasonal allergens, shortlisted for SLIT, were included in the study. Th1 cell and Th2 cell percentages, Bcl-2 expression in T cells, and basophil activation after allergen challenge (house dust mite and/or grass pollen antigen in solution used for skin prick tests) in peripheral blood were measured using flow cytometry. The association between clinical features of asthma and the influence of SLIT on immunological parameters was evaluated with exact Fisher test. Results: No association between the influence of one-year sublingual immunotherapy on immunological system and patients’ age, polysensitisation, asthma treatment step, or coexistence of any other atopic diseases was observed. However, an increase of the Th1 percentage in children sensitised against more than three allergens was found more often (at the limit of statistical significance) than in the group of children sensitised against three or less allergens. Conclusions: Based on our results, we cannot point to any subgroup isolated in the study, in which the response of the immunological system to sublingual immunotherapy is more satisfactory than any other. Nevertheless, the increase of Th1 cells may be more specific for polysensitised children.
Summary the First Legislative Assembly in the Principality of Serbia and the issuing of laws related to the governing bodies in 1870
Authors: Pešić Miroslav
Published: October 2014

The National Assembly of Serbia which was convened in Kragujevac in 1870 was of the great importance to the development of the parliamentary system in Serbia. For the first time in the legal history of Serbia as a state, the Assembly transformed from advisory to legislative body of the government. Despite not having the right to introduce any legislative initiatives, the Assembly passed the first laws which were passed by the national representatives elected to this body. This meant that parliamentary life in Serbia begun. Passing the set of laws in 1870, the regency additionally developed constitutional matters and in great measure filled a void made by the Constitution of 1869 which foresaw that those voids should be elaborated and supplemented by special laws. Voids in the Constitution and collapse of the regency were the main reasons for holding the first legislative Assembly session in Kragujevac in 1870. The laws relating to the governing bodies which were enacted at the Assembly in 1870, contributed to intensifying the political life in Serbia and it was emphasised some time later. Regular holding of the assembly elections had an impact on connecting political followers with their political leaders since the political prime candidates during the elections strived to make as firm and durable as possible relations with their voters. These laws confirmed that the Principality of Serbia renounced the Turkish Constitution of 1838 and that the regency came into force.
Milovan Milovanović and Serbian foreign policy from the Congress of Berlin until 1912
Authors: Palević Milan , Jerotijević Zoran , Spalević Žaklina
Published: October 2014

Beginning of XX century opened the Balkan question of Turkish presence and finally the release of Christians from centuries of Ottoman rule. Creating the alliance of Balkan states has been hampered because of the conflicting interests in terms of territory by the Turks held under occupation. At that time it was necessary to have a great diplomatic skill and make that these interests are not contradictory. The emergence of Milovan Milovanovic as leader of the Serbian diplomacy in this period was perhaps the key factor in the creation of the Balkan League. This great scholar and diplomat took on the job which was the essence of issue, which is the convergence of interests between Serbia and Bulgaria. From abroad Milovanovic was trying to secure the support of Russia, which considered then Serbia as the -nearest and most loyal allies in the Balkans. Support from Russia and France gave wings to the Milovanovic's diplomacy. The creation of the Balkan League was 'the crown' of Milovanović's diplomatic career. Unfortunately, the untimely death of this great Serbian -diplomat did not allow him to see the fruits of his labor. In a lightning war, allies expelled Turkey from the Balkans as a great power and demonstrated the power of the unity of the Balkan orthodox peoples.
Josip Bersa's Dubrovačke slike i prilike (1800. - 1880.): One textual analysis
Authors: Mladenović Jelena
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the cultural study entitled Dubrovačke slike i prilike (1880 - 1880) written by Josipa Bersa, which deals with the post-republic nineteenth-century history of -Dubrovnik, with a view to considering this text in cultural and political context. Two texts are taken into consideration: the first one about Sir Ivan Stojanović, published by Bersa in Serbian Literary -Magazine and the same text which is, on the author's own initiative, integrated in the latter book, published posthumously by Matica Hrvatska. By means of the textual analysis and the comparative study of the two texts in question, the paper seeks to highlight the problem of changing the original text, resulting from the publisher's possible -cultural policy impact. This paper brings into question the integrity of Bersa's study, written with the aim of preserving the particular -cultural identity of Dubrovnik.
Basic norms of civil judicial proceedings in the Principality of Serbia 1838-1846
Authors: Popović Miroslav
Published: October 2014

The basic idea of regime of ustavobranitelji was to insure everybody's private property, so written laws and organized judiciary were necessary. The first years after the Constitution of 1838 were fundamental, with first laws that determined and established judicial instances and jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice, and circulares, which closer defined judicial practice. The basic norms of civil judicial proceedings were defined in regulations of communal and district courts, brought in 1839 and 1840, Additional rules of civil and crimminal judicial proceedings from 1845 and their explanations from 1846, and also in many circulares concerning certain aspects of civil judicial practice.
Monaldo Viganti from Pesaro, pharmacist in medieval Dubrovnik
Authors: Pekić Radmilo
Published: October 2014

The business community from Italian cities had an important role in the development and the prosperity of medieval Dubrovnik. One of the most distinguished foreigners in Dubrovnik was the pharmacist Monaldo Viganti whose activity, based on published and unpublished materials in the Dubrovnik Archives, shown in this -paper from 30-80s of the 15th century. In addition to running pharmacy, he especially excelled in managing loan services by financing -Dubrovnik cloth producers and merchants. Viganti was a full citizen of Dubrovnik and afterwards Antunini, he intensively traded on the Apenine Peninsula and inside the Balkans. He often did business associated with other merchants. After his arrival in Dubrovnik his closest collaborator was Paolo Tomazi, pharmacist married to Viganti's sister. Later he became a member of numerous trade associations. He started his family in Dubrovnik and his heirs kept on his tradition and became prominent pharmacists in Dubrovnik. Monaldo was a link, which contributed, the prosperity of Dubrovnik and through trade activities connected Apenine and Balkan Peninsula.
'Texts' and 'signs': Criteria for choosing an analytical approach
Authors: Trocuk Irina
Published: October 2014

At least for two and a half decades the concepts 'narrative' and 'narrative analysis', 'discourse' and 'discourse analysis', 'text', 'context', 'signs' and 'semiotic analysis' have become extremely popular in humanities and social sciences but still have not received precise definitions and are interpreted quite arbitrary based on the conceptual and methodological preferences of the researcher, as well as the goals and objectives of the particular applied or fundamental sociological research project. The author proposes a way to structure the field of textual analysis in sociology that goes far beyond even the broadest interpretations of the content analysis method. Undoubtedly, we need to develop clear criteria for at least the correct naming of different formats of analytical work with textual data; otherwise, we run the risk of writing not scientific articles but rather 'original discursive collages' skillfully juggling an ambiguous and diverse terminology of textual analysis. Key words:.
Students about politics and national identification in sports
Authors: Bazić Jovan , Stanković Veroljub , Pavlović Petar
Published: October 2014

This paper discusses the results of the research on politics and national identification in the sports, which was conducted among the students of the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education at the University of Kosovska Mitrovica, Niš and Banja Luka. This study included a total of 464 students, and it was conducted in April and May 2013 in Leposavić, Niš and Banja Luka. The main goal of this research is to determine to which extent the students recognize the influence of politics in the sports at the level of everyday practice, and how they view the process of consolidation and expression of national identity in sports. This paper also points to the relevant theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding politics, sports and national identity, as well as their mutual relations. The results of the survey show that students recognize not only the impact of politics in sports but also the expression of national identification in sports competitions, as well as in the events relating to them, in which an exceptional role is played by the media of mass communication. In their responses to the questions, the students indicated that the politics has a major impact on the sports, and that sports have a significant impact on politics, noting that the success of the top sportsmen, especially in international competitions, encourage the awakening of national feelings, strengthen national identification and contribute to the strengthening of patriotism. This effect is particularly reinforced by the behavior and statements of top athletes in the media, after major sporting results, as well as the statements of the highest state officials on these occasions. That is why these achievements are of great significance for the promotion of the state and the nation, but they are, on the other hand, also very useful for personal promotion of politicians and political parties in power. The students also observed the importance of the role of the symbolic features in sports, and, in this context, claim that the emblems, coats of arms, and other national symbols on the sports gear contribute to the strengthening of national identity. Regarding the attitude that the athletes in international competitions should sing the national anthem, most students, especially from Leposavić, believe that it is their obligation to do so. It is particularly significant that almost all the students emphasize that the hooligan behavior of fans at sports events insults their national feelings.
How should the welfare of fetal and neurologically immature postnatal animals be protected?
Authors: Campbell MLH , Mellor DJ , SandØe P
Published: October 2014

Legal protection of the welfare of prenatal animals has not previously been addressed as a discrete subject within the academic literature on animal welfare, ethics and law. This paper aims to rectify this by reviewing the protections (or absence of protections) provided for fetuses by existing legislation in various jurisdictions, and considering the extent to which legal protection of animal fetuses can be justified on animal welfare grounds. Questions related to the need to protect the welfare of neurologically immature postnatal animals are also considered. We argue that there are reasons to protect animal fetuses, both in order to protect fetuses themselves against possible suffering, and in order to protect the animals which fetuses will become against negative welfare impacts that originate prenatally. We review the science on whether fetuses can suffer, and argue that extant regulations do not fully reflect current scientific understanding. Following the precautionary principle, we further argue that regulators should consider the possibility that fetuses and neurologically immature postnatal animals may suffer due to sub-cortically based ‘raw basic affects’ (ie relatively undifferentiated experiences of discomfort suggested to be generated by neural processing at levels below the cerebral cortex). Furthermore, we show that there are reasons for affording fetuses protection in order to safeguard the long-term welfare of future animals. However, it may be possible to provide such protection via rules or laws relating to the use of certain techniques and the management of pregnant animals, rather than via direct legal protection of fetuses themselves. In order to provide such protection effectively we need to know more about the relationship between maternal nutrition, stress, exercise, management and fetal health, and about the impact of the timing of a fetal insult on long-term postnatal welfare.
Mapping farm animal welfare education at university level in Europe
Authors: Illmann G , Keeling L , Melišová M , Šimečková M , Ilieski V , Winckler C , Košt’ál L , Meunier-Salaün M-C , Mihina Š , Spoolder H , Fthenakis G , Šárová R , Špinka M
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to map farm animal welfare university education in an enlarged Europe with emphasis on identifying existing differences and gaps. Information on 210 courses dealing with farm animal welfare from 98 universities in 26 European countries were obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out on 155 of these courses within animal science or veterinary programmes, at Bachelor and Master level and with the countries grouped into five regions (North West Europe, Mediterranean, West Central Europe, East Central Europe and Balkans). There were significantly more hours of teaching in animal welfare in the North West region of Europe. This region also had more ‘interactive’ education methods, eg group discussion and farm visits, whereas West Central Europe had most ‘transmissive’ methods, eg lecturing. A course was more likely to be given in English in North West Europe (even when the UK and the Republic of Ireland were excluded from the analysis) and East Central Europe compared to West Central Europe and the Balkans. There appeared to be no regional differences in the content of the courses although the focus was significantly more ‘applied’, ie towards welfare assessment and legislation in the veterinary education and more ‘fundamental’, ie oriented towards ethology, physiology and ethics, in the animal science education. In summary, the main differences in farm animal welfare education across Europe seem to be in the reduced number of hours of education, less interactive teaching and fewer courses in English available to students outside the North West region.
Welfare Quality®parameters do not always reflect hen behaviour across the lay cycle in non-cage laying hens
Authors: Daigle C , Siegford J
Published: October 2014

The integration of outcome-based measurements to animal welfare assessment programmes can provide a new perspective on the individual animal's experience. Identifying variability in individual experiences can facilitate understanding of animals at the periphery of the welfare spectrum, compared to those at the average. Welfare Quality®physical measurements and behavioural observations were taken from the same fifteen non-cage laying hens throughout their production cycle. The average amount of time performing each of nine behaviours and the amount of variation in each behaviour's performance was compared at four different ages: 19, 28, 48 and 66 weeks. The same analysis was performed for all Welfare Quality®physical measurements. To identify associations between a hen's behaviour and her physical condition, a cluster analysis was performed for all ages, as well as on data collated from all ages. No differences were observed among the four ages for the average amount of time performing many of the behaviours, but the amount of variability differed for most behaviours observed. Physical measurements taken at 19 weeks differed from those taken at later ages. Bodyweight consistently clustered with time spent preening, yet the patterns of clustering differed at each age. These results highlight the importance of age when conducting welfare assessments. Auditors also should report not only the average, but the variability of responses; while the average response of the flock may appear consistent across time or treatment, differences among the hens within the same flock may vary drastically.
La prévention des problèmes de jeu de hasard et d’argent chez les jeunes
Authors: Ferland Francine , Blanchette-Martin Nadine , Savard Cathy , Légaré Andrée-Anne
Published: October 2014

La littérature concernant les jeux de hasard et d’argent ainsi que la présence de problèmes de jeu chez les jeunes indique que 80 % des moins de 18 ans ont joué au moins une fois à un jeu de hasard et d’argent au cours de leur vie. Bien que la plupart de ces jeunes joueurs ne développeront pas de problème de jeu au cours de leur adolescence ou de leur vie adulte, certains développeront un tel problème. Il est donc important d’informer les jeunes concernant la pratique des jeux de hasard et d’argent afin de prévenir le développement d’éventuels problèmes et de s’assurer que le jeu demeure un jeu. Les informations transmises peuvent être incluses dans des activités de prévention visant à démystifier les pensées erronées qui pourraient se développer en jouant, à mieux connaître les conséquences liées au jeu excessif de même que ce qu’il convient de faire lors de l’apparition d’une participation plus intense au jeu, les ressources d’aide disponibles, etc. Comme l’ensemble de ces informations de même que plusieurs autres peuvent être incluses dans un programme de prévention s’adressant aux jeunes, il est important que le contenu de l’intervention soit adapté à la clientèle ciblée par celle-ci. Cet article présente trois approches préventives (universelle, sélective, indiquée) et donne aussi des exemples de programmes de prévention du jeu s’étant avérés efficaces auprès des jeunes. L’article souligne, de plus, l’importance d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces mesures préventives pour garantir leur impact positif sur les comportements de jeu des jeunes.