bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WITHIN- AND AMONG-TREE VARIATION OF THE INDUCED RESPONSE OF LOBLOLLY PINE TO A FUNGUS ASSOCIATED WITH DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND STERILE WOUNDING
Authors: Paine T.D. , Stephen F.M. , Cates R.G.
Published: November 2009

The variation in response to fungal inoculation and sterile wounding within and among Pinus taeda L. was evaluated. The mean fungal-induced lesion size among the 20 trees sampled was 105.8 mm (coefficient of variation of 49.19), compared with a mean lesion size of 19.4 mm (coefficient of variation of 36.40) for the sterile control treatment. Mean lesion size for the fungal inoculation of individual trees ranged from 61 to 192 mm with a range in variances from 10 368.48 to 166.64, and the mean lesion size produced in response to sterile wounding varied from 16 to 26 mm with a range in variances from 254.28 to 0.35. The variance in response to the fungal treatment was on average 16.39-fold greater than the mean compared with only 1.97-fold greater than the mean for the control. There was no relationship between size of responses to either treatment and the position of the sample site on the tree. We suggest that intra-tree variation of the kind demonstrated in earlier studies for the chemical constituents and for physical size of the tree response to invasion may make it very difficult for arriving beetles to assess actual tree susceptibility or suitability for colonization. This may be critical as a component of tree defense in this system where successful reproduction by the insect is dependent on death of the host tree.
STUDIES OF LATHROMEROIDEA SP.NOV. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE), A PARASITOID OF GERRID EGGS
Authors: Henriquez Nidia Priscila , Spence John R.
Published: November 2009

Use of gerrids (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as primary hosts by the solitary egg parasitoid Lathromeroidea sp.nov. is established and parasitoid reproductive behaviour is described. Four species of Limnoporus (L. dissortis Drake and Harris, L. notabilis Drake and Hottes, L. rufoscutellatus Latreille, and L. esakii Miyamoto) and two of Gerris (G. buenoi Kirkaldy and G. pingreensis Drake and Hottes) were successfully parasitized in the laboratory. A greater proportion of wasps eclosed successfully from eggs of Gerris than from Limnoporus. Host size was directly proportional to both weight and body length of adult parasitoids. Sex ratios were female-biased, with males emerging before females.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE GNATHOTRICHUS RETUSUS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Liu Yong-Biao , McLean John A.
Published: November 2009

The ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is primarily univoltine. The development of brood from eggs to adult took a minimum of 40 days in Douglas-fir logs. Brood production was proportional to gallery length. Boring activities shifted from shallow sapwood to deep sapwood over time. Gallery abandonments were mainly made by females on warm days in June and July.Gnathotrichus retusus can use both Douglas-fir and western hemlock stumps equally well for brood production. Brood emergence began in late April, peaked in late May, and ceased, with rare exceptions, in late June. The seasonal flight began in late April and had one major peak in June, with occasional catches through October when the weekly mean maximum temperature dropped below 15 °C. Brood emergence, seasonal flight, and the sex ratios of captured beetles varied with temperature. Diurnal flight showed a small peak in morning and a large peak at dusk, probably entrained mainly by light intensity and also influenced by temperature and relative humidity.
TECHNIQUES FOR SEXING LIVE ADULTS OF THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL PISSODES STROBI PECK (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Lavallée R. , Albert P.J. , Kapoor N.N.
Published: November 2009

Two techniques for sexing adults of the white pine weevil Pissodes strobi Peck are described. Both techniques are based on the external anatomy of the terminal segments of the abdomen as viewed with a dissecting microscope.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MAMERSELLIDES LUNDBLAD, 1937 (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDA) WITH REMARKS ON THE FAMILY ANISITSIELLIDAE
Authors: Cramer Cristina , Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Larvae and adults of Mamersellides costenius sp.nov., from Mexico and Florida, USA, are described. The resulting new morphological data are incorporated into revised diagnoses for the genus Mamersellides, the subfamily Anisitsiellinae, and the family Anisitsiellidae. Preliminary assessment of character states exhibited by larvae and adults of Mamersellides and other genera of Lebertioidea, and by those of genera of the family Limnesiidae, suggests that a comprehensive cladistic analysis would provide a phylogenetic basis for extensive revision of the classification of these mites.
THE EFFECTS OF ALFALFA PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) FEEDING LATE IN THE SEASON ON ALFALFA SEED YIELD IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Soroka Juliana J. , Murrell Dorothy C.
Published: November 2009

A 4-year field cage study was conducted to determine what effects feeding of alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), late in the season had on alfalfa seed yields. When zero, one, two, or four alfalfa plant bugs were placed in sleeve cages containing stems of alfalfa at the green pod stage of growth, there was a significant decrease in the number of pods per cage and per raceme, the number of healthy seeds, and the weight of seeds with two or four bugs per cage. Increasing the duration of infestation resulted in significant increases in the number of damaged seeds per cage. An insecticide field trial was conducted in north central Saskatchewan in 1988 to determine what effects the occurrence of plant bugs had on seed yields of alfalfa. Alfalfa plant bug, lygus bug (Lygus spp.), pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)], and beneficial arthropod populations were monitored from 23 June to 1 September 1988. Seed yields were significantly greater in plots that were treated with trichlorfon in June and in June and August than in plots that were treated in August alone. The implications of a large alfalfa plant bug population late in the season to alfalfa seed production in the area are discussed.
DIAPAUSE INITIATION AND PUPATION SITE SELECTION OF THE BRACONID PARASITOID MICROPLITIS MEDIATOR (HALIDAY): A CASE OF MANIPULATION OF HOST BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Pivnick Kenneth A.
Published: November 2009

Microplitis mediator (Haliday), a braconid parasitoid reared on the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker), entered diapause at 16 °C and a 12L:12D (100%) or 14L:10D photoperiod (99%) but not at 16 °C or 21 °C under a 16L:8D photoperiod or at 21 °C and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Diapause development was accelerated by cold treatment; adults emerged from diapause more rapidly with increasing duration of cold exposure at least up to 120 days. The main pupation site was found to be on senescent canola leaves which formed a leaf litter on or near the plants. Nearly all unparasitized fourth-instar hosts (98–100%) were found on host plants, whether the conditions induced diapause or not. Only 16–23 and 0% of parasitoids pupated on host plants under conditions of non-diapause or diapause induction, respectively. Because the pupation site of the parasitoid depends on movement of the host, these results suggest that mature parasitoid larvae modify movement of their host.
DYNAMICS OF PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), POPULATIONS ON TAGGED AND UNTAGGED CATTLE IN MANITOBA
Authors: Mwangala Felix S. , Galloway Terry D.
Published: November 2009

Initially, fenvalerate and permethrin tags at two tags per animal and one tag for every other animal nearly eliminated horn flies [Haematobia irritons (L.)] at Glenlea Research Station, Manitoba. However, fly numbers increased 8 weeks post-treatment in 1987 and 6 weeks post-treatment in 1988. LC50 values of the flies to fenvalerate and permethrin increased toward the end of each season but the slope of regression lines decreased in 1987. In 1988, initial LC50 values were lower compared with those observed at the end of the 1987 season. When tags were applied in 1988, LC50 values increased from 0.42 to 3.14 μg per cm2 for fenvalerate and from 2.06 to 10.76 μg per cm2 for permethrin. Mortality observed at discriminating concentrations of fenvalerate (0.625 μg per cm2) and permethrin (5 μg per cm2) during the season decreased from 67.9 to 2.8% and from 66.8 to 5.7%, respectively. Cattle at Glenlea and in a second herd at Libau were not treated in 1989; susceptibility of flies resistant to pyrethroids did not change significantly during the season in these herds. Discontinuing use of pyrethroid-impregnated ear tags for one season was not long enough for substantial reduction in resistance to occur.
THE EFFECT OF SPRING BURNING OF SEED ALFALFA FIELDS ON LEAF CHARACTERISTICS AND ON MANDIBULAR WEAR OF FEMALE LEAFCUTTER BEES [MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (F.)] (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Schaber B.D. , Kokko E.G. , Entz T. , Richards K.W.
Published: November 2009

Increased seed yields often result when alfalfa fields are burned in spring. The main pollinator of seed alfalfa in Alberta is the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), that cuts pieces of leaves to build thimble-like cells. One hypothesis for increased seed yield is that alfalfa leaves from burned fields may be easier for the bees to cut. Cutting of leaf pieces causes progressive wear to the mandibles, which could decrease bee efficiency, resulting in reduced pollination and lower seed yields. An image analysis method was used to measure the mandibular wear of leafcutter bees from burned and unburned alfalfa fields. No consistent difference in the amount of wear between bees foraging in burned or unburned fields was found.
WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS
Authors: Palaniswamy P. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT AND PREDICTION OF HATCH OF OVERWINTERED EGGS OF THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Gardiner Mark G.T. , Thomson Donald R.
Published: November 2009

Thermal responses and temperature-dependent development of laboratory- and field-overwintered eggs of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), were described using data from constant-temperature laboratory experiments. The time required for completion of hatch of overwintering eggs declined throughout winter until the end of January, after which increasing exposure to natural or artificial cold conditions had minimal effect on median hatching time. There was little year to year variation in response to cold treatments, and thus it was concluded that diapause is terminated by 1 February. Time to hatch decreased with increasing temperature. Distributions of hatch times were near normal, with mean and median development times similar at any given temperature. Development time (days ± SD) at a mean temperature of 20 °C was similar under constant (10.7 ± 1.1) and fluctuating (9.1 ± 1.4) temperature regimes. A nonlinear, six-parameter, biophysical model, fitted (r2 = 0.99) to median hatching rates at 11 temperatures (0.5–30 °C) indicated development was nonlinear below 10 °C, increased linearly between 10 and 25 °C, was maximal at 27.5 °C, and decreased above 27.5 °C. The lower developmental threshold (± SE), estimated to be 4.95 ± 0.54 °C by linear regression (r2 = 0.98) and the x-intercept method, was used to construct a degree-day (DD) model for predicting egg hatch. Median egg development required 154 DD above 4.95 °C. Observed median egg hatch in two different field sites and years was within ± 3 days of the predicted date, using max–min air temperatures, a base temperature of 5 °C, and a starting date of 1 February for accumulating DD. This model should prove useful for scheduling management actions against fruittree leafroller on apples and pears.
BRACHYSTELES PARVICORNUS(COSTA), AN ANTHOCORIDAE NEW TO CANADA (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Lattin John D.
Published: November 2009

New records for non-indigenous species of Hemiptera: Heteroptera continue to be reported from Canada. Schwartz et al. (1991) reported the microphysidLoricula bipunctata(Perris) from Saanichton, British Columbia, and Larivière (1992) reported the occurrence of the nabidHimacerus apterous(Fabricius) from the vicinity of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Asquith and Lattin (1990) recorded the European anthocoridBrachysteles parvicornis(Costa) from New York, and Noodline, New Jersey. Lattin and Asquith (1991) reported additional material of the species from Maine onPicea glauca(Moench) and from Massachusetts onPinus rigidaMill. With the latter specimens, the oribatid miteHumerobates rostrolamellatusGrandjean was beaten from the trees along with the bug. This is a cosmopolitan mite that occurs on trees and is found in Europe. Pericart (1972), citing Carayon, stated thatBrachysteles parvicornisfed upon oribatid mites found on trees. Pericart provided a detailed account of this species of anthocorid in Europe. Little is known of its habits in North America except that it appears to be found on conifers and seems to be associated with the oribatid mite mentioned above. Pericart (1972) reported other hosts in Europe so the bug may be found on non-conifer hosts as well. There is a brachypterous form but, thus far, only fully winged adults have been collected in North America.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES USED IN CITRUS TO APHYTIS MELINUS DEBACH (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) AND RHIZOBIUS LOPHANTHAE (BLAISD.) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Bellows T.S. , Morse J.G.
Published: November 2009

The 48-h toxicities of freshly deposited residues of 28 insecticides against Aphytis melinus DeBach and Rhizobius lophanthae (Blaisd.) were evaluated at various rates. Rates as high as 4-fold the recommended field rate of several materials (formulated plant alkaloids, amitraz, formulated Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner endotoxin or exotoxin, and cryolite) revealed little mortality to either species. Concentration–mortality regressions were quantified for the remaining materials, which included five carbamates, a macrocyclic lactone, eight organophosphates, and four pyrethroids. Of these, pyrethroids in general were most toxic, followed by carbamates, and then organophosphates, to both species. Most materials tested were more toxic to A. melinus than to R. lophanthae.
EFFICACY OF ESFENVALERATE FOR CONTROL OF INSECTS HARMFUL TO SEED PRODUCTION IN DISEASE-RESISTANT WESTERN WHITE PINES
Authors: Rappaport N.G. , Haverty M.I. , Shea P.J. , Sandquist R.E.
Published: November 2009

We tested the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate in single, double, and triple applications for control of insects affecting seed production of blister rust-resistant western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas. All treatments increased the proportion of normal seed produced and reduced the proportion of seed damaged by the western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann. Only the triple application reduced the proportion of cones killed by the pine cone beetle, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins. Other seed-damaging insect species [seed chalcids, Megastigmus sp.; the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote); and seedworms, Cydia sp.] were present but in numbers too low to test for insecticide efficacy.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER IN LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: November 2009

The relationship between temperature and pathogenesis of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki in infected larvae of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., was investigated to determine if more rapid death of larvae with an increase in temperature could be accounted for by enhanced bacterial growth. Cumulative mortality of larvae force-fed with a lethal dose of HD-1-S-1980 peaked within 2 days at 25 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C. The progress of bacterial growth in the larvae was followed from spore germination to cell lysis, and was completed within 4 days at 25 °C, 6 days at 22 °C, 12 days at 19 °C, 14 days at 16 °C, and > 28 days at 13 °C. Peak abundance of vegetative cells in the larvae was observed after 1 day at 25 °C, 2 days at 22 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C, and thus coincided almost exactly with the time required for maximum larval mortality. This correlation suggests that the observed effect of temperature on progression of larval mortality was due to its effect on the proliferation of vegetative cells in the infected larvae, and that bacterial septicemia makes an important contribution to death.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECKLED GREEN FRUITWORM, ORTHOSIA HIBISCI GUENÉE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Cossentine Joan E. , Gardiner Mark G.T. , Thomson Donald R.
Published: November 2009

Temperature-dependent development of eggs, larvae, and pupae of the speckled green fruitworm, Orthosia hibisci Guenée, at constant temperatures of 5–30.0 °C, 7.5–27.5 °C, and 0.8–20.8 °C, respectively, was described. Development times decreased with increasing temperatures and minimum developmental times in eggs, larvae, and pupae occurred at ca. 27.5, 25, and 20.8 °C, respectively. Variation in development times of all life stages was modelled accurately (R2 values 0.98–0.99) with a Weibull distribution. Relationships between temperature and developmental rates of all life stages were described by linear degree-day (DD) and nonlinear poikilotherm models. There were significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.05) among the slopes of regression equations describing developmental rates of different life stages and larval instars. Minimum developmental temperatures for eggs (3.4 °C), first- through fifth-instar larvae (4.7, 2.9, 3.6, 3.5, and 3.7 °C), and pupae (2.8 °C) were determined by extrapolation of linear regression equations to the x-intercept. Median development time of eggs, first- through fifth-instar larvae, and pupae required 99.0, 44.2, 51.5, 52.4, 57.1, 69.9, and 61.3 DD above the minimum developmental temperatures, respectively. Developmental rates of eggs and all larval instars averaged were described by six-parameter models exhibiting low- and high-temperature inhibition. Development of pupae was best described by a four-parameter model exhibiting low- but no high-temperature inhibition. This information should be useful for developing a phenology model to improve management actions against O. hibisci.
COMPARISON OF AGE STRUCTURE OF THREEMELANOPLUSSPP. (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN WINTER WHEAT AND ADJACENT RANGELAND
Authors: Gillespie Robert L. , Kemp William P.
Published: November 2009

Significant differences in age structure of grasshopper populations [Melanoplus sanguinipes(Fabricius),M.bivittatus(Say), andM.packardiiScudder] occurred in winter wheat and adjacent rangeland. In 1988, age structure differences were associated with density shifts in winter wheat between sample periods suggesting that older instars dispersed into the crop but younger instars remained in rangeland. In 1989 there was some partitioning of age classes between the two habitats, but no pattern emerged as in 1988. In 1990, significantly more older instars were collected in winter wheat than in rangeland. There were shifts in percentage density of the three grasshopper species in winter wheat but again no patterns emerged.
CONTROL OF ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH BY MATING DISRUPTION USING SEX PHEROMONE IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA, ONTARIO
Authors: Pree D.J. , Trimble R.M. , Whitty K.J. , Vickers P.M.
Published: November 2009

Disruption of mating for control of Oriental fruit moth [Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)] using Isomate M pheromone dispensers was tested from 1987 to 1990 in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario. The effectiveness of pheromone was evaluated using virgin female-baited traps, synthetic pheromone-baited traps, and by inspecting samples of twigs and fruit for evidence of G. molesta damage. No males were caught in virgin female-baited traps placed in pheromone-treated plots. Synthetic pheromone-baited trap catches of male moths were reduced by 85–100%. Pheromone provided commercially acceptable control over two consecutive growing seasons at a commercial farm with a relatively low density G. molesta population. Pheromone did not provide commercially acceptable control at an experimental farm with a relatively high density G. molesta population. The incidence of capture of males in virgin female-baited traps, in synthetic pheromone-baited traps, and the incidence of damage to peach twigs by first- and second-generation G. molesta larvae could not be used to predict the incidence of damage to fruit at harvest. The results suggest that pheromone-mediated mating disruption may have potential as a method for controlling the Oriental fruit moth in orchards with relatively low density populations.
MYCOBATES(ACARI: ORIBATIDA: MYCOBATIDAE) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

Morphology, distribution, and habitat data are presented for the known species of the oribatid mite genusMycobatesof America, north of Mexico. A revised generic diagnosis is given, and 11 new species are proposed and described on the basis of adults:M.altus,M.azaleos,M.beringianus,M.brevilamellatus,M.dryas,M.exigualis,M.hammerae,M.hylaeus,M.occidentalis,M.perates, andM.yukonensis. Three species proposed by Marie Hammer are redescribed,M.conitus,M.incurvatus, andM.punctatus, and a lectotype is designated forM.punctatus.Mycobates consimilisHammer is considered a junior subjective synonym ofM.sarekensisTrägårdh. Distribution maps are presented for these species and a diagnostic key is given to adults of species ofMycobatesrecorded from America, north of Mexico.Mycobatesis species rich in dry arctic, subarctic, and alpine microhabitats of the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions. At temperate latitudes species often are arboreal, associated with moss and lichens on tree trunks.
WARREN ROOTCOLLAR WEEVIL,HYLOBIUS WARRENIWOOD (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN CANADA: ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, DAMAGE RELATIONSHIPS, AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Cerezke H.F.
Published: November 2009

Warren rootcollar weevil,Hylobius warreniWood, is a pest of several conifer species and is distributed widely throughout the boreal forest in Canada. Literature on this weevil is reviewed and interpreted to provide comprehensive coverage of its ecology, behavior, and impacts, and the implications for its management. New information is provided to fill gaps in our knowledge ofH.warreni. These include distribution and hosts, immature stages, sex ratios, and daily and seasonal activity patterns of adults. Sex ratios, abundance, longevity, and pedestrian dispersal behavior of adults within the forest and on trees are described from mark, release, and recapture studies conducted over several years using a newly designed interception trap. Daily trap captures are correlated with previous night temperatures and this relationship is a tool for predicting adult captures. Fecundity and oviposition behavior on the host tree are described from laboratory- and field-reared adults.

Population levels ofH.warreniare compared across a variety of lodgepole pine stands in Alberta. Weevil numbers within forests are described in relation to tree size and age, depth of duff material around tree bases, and stand density. Analysis of weevil feeding scars distributed at the root collar base of mature pine stems were used to describe the likely temporal pattern of population abundance and change during stand development. Information supportive of this pattern is presented from surveys in young and mature stands.

A new method of assessing stands of lodgepole pine for suitability of habitat forH.warrenitakes into account the cumulative nature of this weevil’s injury and reflects its temporal pattern of success in relation to stand conditions. The effects of a pre-commercial thinning treatment onH.warrenipopulations and its girdling injury were investigated in a 25-year-old lodgepole pine stand over an 8-year period. Compared with control plots, thinning treatment caused a 5-fold increase in weevil numbers per tree and increased the tree attack incidence by 2-fold, but resulted in an average 6% reduction in partial stem girdling of attacked trees. Information about the effects of various forest management practices onH.warreniabundance and survival is reviewed and areas requiring research are identified.
INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): THE POTENTIAL OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FOR MANAGEMENT OF GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Mason Peter G. , Erlandson Martin A.
Published: November 2009

In Canada biological control of grasshoppers has been studied since the 1930s. Previous attempts at "classical" introductions have not been successful. Native parasitoids, especially sarcophagid flies, have a significant impact on grasshopper populations during certain times but the required conditions and regulatory potential are not understood. Sarcophagids, especiallyKellymyia kellyi(Aldrich), and the mermithid nematodesAgamermis decaudateCobb, Steiner, and Christie andMermis subnigricansCobb have some potential as inundative agents. Invertebrate predators appear to impact on egg and early-instar nymphal grasshoppers, and vertebrates, especially birds, help to regulate later instars and adults. The role of microbial pathogens in the population dynamics of grasshoppers in western Canada has long been recognized, particularly with regard to entomophthoran fungi. The possibility of utilizing the microsporidanNosema locustaeCanning for suppression of grasshopper populations has been postulated since the 1970s and field evaluations of its potential have been conducted in Saskatchewan and Alberta. More recently, considerable work, both basic and applied, has demonstrated the potential of various fungus isolates pathogenic to grasshoppers as both "classical" and inundative control agents. Entomopoxvirus isolates from grasshoppers also show potential as biological control agents of grasshoppers but this potential has yet to be investigated in field situations. It is clear, however, that no single microbial pathogen will be the panacea of grasshopper control. It is suggested that future biological control research focus on acquiring a better understanding of the requirements and quantitative effects of parasitoids and predators on grasshopper populations. Emphasis should also be placed on developing integrated pest management programs that utilize local natural enemies (nematodes and microorganisms) for inundative control during outbreaks.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE APHID HYPERPARASITOID ASAPHES VULGARIS WALKER (PTEROMALIDAE): POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES ON THE EFFICACY OF THE PRIMARY PARASITOID APHIDIUS NIGRIPES ASHMEAD (APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Brodeur Jacques , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: November 2009

Aspects of the life history of the aphid hyperparasitoid Asaphes vulgaris Walker, when reared on Aphidius nigripes Ashmead, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Longevity was significantly related to temperature and to the sex of adults. Female life span was about 4 months at 15 °C compared with 46 days at 25 °C; under the same conditions male longevity was 66 and 19 days, respectively. Females started to oviposit in aphid mummies upon eclosion and lifetime fecundity was high, reaching 1433 offspring. The sex ratio (proportion of males) was low early in reproductive life but rose sharply after several weeks. The implications of these results on the efficacy of A. nigripes in the potato agrosystem are discussed. It is suggested that high hyperparasitoid fecundity and longevity might play a role in reducing the impact of the primary parasitoid.
HOST SHIFT OF THE LEAF GALLERDIPLOLEPIS POLITA(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) TO THE DOMESTIC SHRUB ROSEROSA RUGOSA
Authors: Shorthouse J.D.
Published: November 2009

The leaf gallerDiplolepis polita(Ashmead), known only fromRosa acicularisLindl. west of the Rocky Mountains, is recorded for the first time on the introduced, urban shrub roseRosa rugosaThunb. Inquilines and parasitoids commonly kill over 90% of the inducers in populations of galls found in natural habitats, whereas 55% of the galls from the urban roses contained an inducer. Differences in component communities associated with galls on domestic and wild roses are likely indicative of a recently established population in an atypical habitat. Occurrence ofD.politaon this new host also provides insight into the host specificity and vagility of cynipid wasps.
EVIDENCE FOR SUCCESSFUL OVERWINTERING OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE), IN ALBERTA
Authors: Dosdall Lloyd M.
Published: November 2009

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), commonly occurs at relatively low population densities in areas of canola (oilseed rapes, Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L.) production in western Canada, but occasionally can reach outbreak densities (Madder and Stemeroff 1988). The most severe outbreak of P. xylostella in recent years occurred in Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1985 when approximately 467 860 ha were treated with insecticide, at a cost of approximately $11.9 million (Madder and Stemeroff 1988).

Damage to canola is the result of larval feeding. Leaves are the preferred feeding sites, and plants can withstand substantial damage before yield is affected (Philip and Mengersen 1989). However, late in the season when the leaves become senescent, larvae feed on pods and this can result in significant yield reductions. Plutella xylostella is multivoltine, capable of completing at least three generations per year in Alberta (Philip and Mengersen 1989), and four to five in Ontario (Harcourt 1986).
THE FIRST ALBERTA RECORD FOR CHEIRA CANTHIUM INCLUSUM (HENTZ) (ARANEIDA: CLUBIONIDAE), WITH OBSERVATIONS ON A HUMAN BITE REACTION
Authors: Leech Robin , Brown Thomas Maxwell
Published: November 2009

On 27 May 1993, a normal, healthy woman in her early 30s put packages of groceries just purchased on the car seat beside her. As she sat in the driver's seat, she “…felt something painful sticking into her behind her knee.” She looked and saw something there, brushed it, but when it did not come off, she grabbed it into a soft tissue paper, and folded the paper over so the animal could not escape. She went immediately for medical assistance.

The second author, a physician, examined the animal and thought it to be a dead spider, as he could not prod it into moving (many clubionids “play dead”). However, when he put it into alcohol, it writhed violently for a few moments before dying. He sent it to the Department of Entomology, University of Alberta. The spider was determined to be a female of Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz, 1847), a first record for Alberta, and only the second record for Canada.
SYSTEMATICS OF SOME SPECIES OFMICROPSECTRA(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) LIVING IN LOW-ORDER STREAMS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Oliver D.R. , Dillon M.E.
Published: November 2009

The larvae, pupae, and adult males and females ofMicropsectra dives(Johannsen),Micropsectra nigripila(Johannsen),Micropsectra polita(Malloch), and a new speciesMicropsectra geminataare described.
EVALUATION OF THE REPELLENT EFFECTS OF A NEEM INSECTICIDE ON FORAGING HONEY BEES AND OTHER POLLINATORS
Authors: Naumann Ken , Currie Rob W. , Isman Murray B.
Published: November 2009

A standardized, oil-free neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed extract (NSE) was tested for repellency to honey bees using a feeding-dish choice bioassay, and to honey bees and other pollinators in field applications on blooming canola. Foraging honey bee workers were able to discriminate between untainted sugar syrup and syrup containing formulated NSE at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm azadirachtin, the principal active ingredient of NSE. However there were no significant differences in the numbers of foraging bees collected in neem-treated, solvent-treated, or untreated canola plots. Other pollinator. species present were similarly unaffected. Our results suggest that honey bees may be successfully utilized in blooming crops that have been treated with doses of NSE sufficient to control phytophagous insect pests. The results of this study also suggest that using feeding-dish bioassays to screen potential repellent compounds, although demonstrating the ability of honey bees to detect compounds, may not yield similar results in the field.
SEMIOCHEMICAL-BASED COMMUNICATION IN INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN IPS PINI (SAY) AND PITYOGENES KNECHTELI (SWAINE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Poland Therese M. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

The pine engraver, Ips pini Say, and Pityogenes knechteli Swaine often co-exist in lodgepole pine, Pinus contoita var. latifolia Engelmann. We tested the hypotheses that P. knechteli produces an attractive pheromone and that the attraction of P. knechteli and I. pint to conspecifics is inhibited by the presence of the other species. Pityogenes knechteli males and females were attracted to bolts infested with conspecific males and to bolts infested with I. pini males; however, there was no significant cross-attraction of I. pini males or females to bolts infested with P. knechteli males. Attraction of P. knechteli and I. pint males and females to bolts infested with conspecific males was not inhibited in the presence of bolts infested with males of the other bark beetle species. Pityogenes knechteli has no potential for competitive displacement of I. pini but may enhance the adverse effect of I. pini on the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins.
LE GENREMYZOCALLISPASSERINI, 1860: CLASSIFICATION MONDIALE DES SOUS-GENRES ET NOUVELLES ESPÈCES PALÉARCTIQUES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. , Remaudière G.
Published: November 2009

In the scope of a worldwide revision of the genusMyzocallis, a key of the following subgenera is presented:AgrioaphisWalker (type:Aphis myricaeKaltenbach),Californicallissubg.nov. (type:Myzocallis agrifolicolaRichards),CastaneomyzocallisQuednau and Remaudière (type:Aphis castaneaeFitch),GlobulicaudaphisHille Ris Lambers (type:G.pakistanicaH.R.L.),LineomyzocallisRichards (type:Aphis bellaWalsh),Myzocalliss.str. (type:Aphis coryliGoeze),Neodryomyzussubg.nov. (type:Myzocallis polychaetusDavid),NeomyzocallisRichards (type:Callipterus punctatusMonell),Paramyzocallissubg.nov. (type:Myzocallis tenochcaRemaudière and Quednau), andPasekiaAizenberg (type:Hoplocallis komarekiPasek). Four new species ofMyzocallisliving on various species ofQuercusin southern Europe, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan are described:M. (Neodryomyzus)naumannisp.nov.,M. (Pasekia)mediterraneussp.nov.,M. (P.)persicussp.nov., andM. (P.)tauricussp.nov., and a new subspecies,M. (Agrioaphis)castanicola leclantissp.nov., host-specific toCastaneain southern Europe. Keys are given for the species belonging to the palaearctic subgenera ofMyzocallis.
HUMAN VALUES AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: ARE WE WASTING OUR TIME?
Authors: McFadden Max W. , Parker J. Kathy
Published: November 2009

The issue of biodiversity is examined from the viewpoint of human values and three questions are posed: What kinds of human values affect biological diversity? Why do humans think about the loss and conservation of biological diversity? Does it really matter? The conclusion is that human values are contributing to the loss of biological diversity and could lead to massive extinctions in the future just as major natural events did in the past. However, as it did in the past, evolution will continue, so will speciation, and so will biological diversity.
EVOLUTION OF AEDEAGAL PARAMERES OF ALEOCHARINE STAPHYLINIDS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: ALEOCHARINAE)
Authors: Ashe James S.
Published: November 2009

The structure of the parameres (lateral lobes) of aleocharine aedeagi was examined in detail, with special attention to the basal lineages. Paramere structure was compared in the context of a hypothesis of phylogeny of the basal lineages of the Aleocharinae and the Tachyporine Group of subfamilies. The ancestor of all contemporary aleocharines had parameres with the following characteristics: dorsobasal and ventrobasal lobes of more similar size than in extant higher aleocharines; dorsobasal lobe (condylite) continuous with distal lobe (not articulated); a striated velum (velar sac), extended from near the base of the dorsobasal lobe to near the apex of the distal lobe and derived from the dorsal surface of the distal lobe; distal arm entire, without articulations or independently movable parts; and four apical setae on the distal lobe, probably with the most apical and basal ones directed mediad and the two medial ones directed more-or-less laterad. In addition, each paramere was articulated with a separate condyle of the median lobe of the aedeagus near the middle of the condylite of the paramere, and the apices of the dorsobasal lobes of the two parameres articulated with each other substantially distal to the articulation with the median lobe of the aedeagus. The most parsimonious resolution of paramere evolution suggests that aleocharine parameres were derived from structures similar to those found in Trichophyinae, Phloeocharinae, and Olisthaerinae and that they are not de novo structures. Hypotheses about homologous regions between aleocharine parameres and those of these latter three groups are suggested.
LIFE CYCLE AND PHENOLOGY OF A CONE MAGGOT, STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), ON BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P., IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Sweeney Jon D. , Turgeon Jean J.
Published: November 2009

The life cycle of Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen, a maggot exploiting black spruce seed cones, was studied in two plantations in northern Ontario in 1987 and 1988, and two seed orchards in New Brunswick in 1991 and 1992. Oviposition by S. appalachensis occurs slightly later than the white spruce cone maggot, S. neanthracina Michelsen, relative to seed cone development; otherwise the life cycles of the two species are similar. Adults were trapped near host foliage in May and early June. Eggs were laid between the scales of seed cones during early June, starting when the scales on most cones were closed and ending 1 week after cones were fully pendant. Up to five eggs per cone were observed but single eggs were most common. The first larval molt occurred within the egg chorion and second-instar larvae emerged from the egg. Second-instar larvae were found in the cones during the 2nd and 3rd week of June, and third instars from the 3rd week of June until mid to late July. Larvae tunneled around the cone axis and destroyed an average of 60% of the total seed per cone before exiting and dropping to the soil. Larval drop occurred from late June to late July and was significantly correlated with periods of rainfall. Mature larvae moved into the duff and overwintered in the soil as pupae. Aspects of the maggot’s life history are discussed in relation to pest management strategies.
YIELD OF SPRING WHEAT IN RELATION TO LEVEL OF INFESTATION BY GREENBUGS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Kieckhefer R.W. , Elliott N.C. , Riedell W.E. , Fuller B.W.
Published: November 2009

The effect of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), infestations on yield components of early- and late-planted spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L., were measured in 2 successive years in eastern South Dakota. Greenbug populations in plots generally increased rapidly and peaked when wheat plants were in boot stage. Populations then began a steady decrease until anthesis, at which time they were near zero. The number of seeds per spikelet and the number of spikelets per square metre were consistently significantly negatively correlated with aphid-days, whereas average seed weight was significantly negatively correlated with aphid-days for only one planting. A linear regression model that included different intercepts for each spring wheat planting and a common slope relating yield to greenbug feeding days (aphid-days) provided a good fit to the data. Based on the model, a loss of 41 kg of grain per hectare is expected for each 100 aphid-days that accumulate per tiller.
A REDEFINITION OF ARADOPHAGUS (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE), WITH A. KEY TO DESCRIBED SPECIES
Authors: García José Luis , Masner Lubomír
Published: November 2009

A new, broader concept of the genus Aradophagus Ashmead is presented to include Abuko Masner and Huggert and Ladora Masner and Huggert (new synonyms). The extent of the tribe Aradophagini is discussed and some character states re-evaluated. Ladora maura Masner and Huggert is synonymized under Apegus squamosus Dodd (new synonym). The distribution of some species of Aradophagus is discussed. The first fossil member of the genus is reported from late Tertiary amber of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic). Aradophagus diazisp.n ov. is described from Venezuela as the first member of the genus and the tribe in South America. A key to described world species of Aradophagus is presented.
DESCRIPTIONS AND SUBFAMILY CLASSIFICATION OF SOME UNUSUAL PHORIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Brown Brian V.
Published: November 2009

A new species, Platydipteron balli (type locality near San José, Costa Rica), and first male specimens of Platydipteron are described. Based on these specimens, the genus is transferred from the Aenigmatiinae to the Metopininae. Male terminalia of Postoptica platypezoidea are described, and the genus is placed in the subfamily Phorinae.
TAXONOMY, VARIATION, AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF TENTHREDO MAXIMA (NORTON) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Goulet Henri , Dumouchel Louise
Published: November 2009

Tenthredo retura Ross is here placed in synonymy under T. maxima (Norton) as the subspecies T. maxima retura Ross (syn.nov., stat.nov.). The range of T. maxima is associated with montane meadows or semi-open forest habitats in the montane zone of the Rockies, the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada. Following the analysis of 24 characters from 2405 specimens, we recognized 12 geographically distinct populations, clustered into two subspecies, T. m. maxima and T. m. retura. Originally included in the originalis group of the genus Tenthredo, T. maxima is characterized as a group of its own with no close relatives in North America. We describe the species and its subspecies, give their distribution, discuss their geographical variation, and attempt to reconstruct their zoogeographical history during the Pleistocene.
SEX-LINKED GENES AND SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Sperling Felix A.H.
Published: November 2009

I review reports on the genetic basis for species differences in the Lepidoptera. In the six best-studied species complexes, more than half of all ecological, behavioral, or physiological differences among species are controlled by X-linked genes. Because Lepidoptera have about 30 pairs of chromosomes, this finding clearly indicates strong bias toward X-linkage of genes for species differences. The proportion of X-linked species differences ranges from complete X-linkage inColiasbutterflies, to almost none inYponomeutamoths. Four other complexes all have at least one X-linked gene that is crucial to species differences, including theChoristoneura fumiferanaClemens,Papilio glaucusL., andPapilio machaonL. species groups, andOstrinia nubilalisHübner pheromone strains. The mechanisms that account for this phenomenon are open to speculation. Nonetheless, an interesting implication of disproportionate X-linkage is that reproductive isolation may frequently arise by selection on linkage complexes, rather than as a random byproduct of evolution in geographically isolated populations. If confirmed, the bias toward X-linked species differences may also help efforts to find characters that distinguish host races and sibling species, as well as provide an avenue by which genes crucial to speciation can be more easily mapped and characterized at the molecular level.
CARABHYDRUS MUBBOONUS, A NEW SPECIES OF RHEOPHILIC WATER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE) FROM QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Larson David J. , Storey Ross I.
Published: November 2009

Carabhydrus mubboonus, new species (Coleopiera; Dytiscidae; Hydroporinae) from small. closed, forest streams of the Great Dividing Range of northern Queensland. Australia, is described. A key to the five described species ofCarabhydrusis presented. The systematic position of the genusCarabhydrusWatts is reviewed. Although it resembles members of the Bidessini Sharp in some characters, others indicate the genus belongs in the tribe Hydroporini Erichson (1837) and has affinities with the subtribe Sternopriscina Van den Branden, However, no clear synapomorphy was discovered that unequivocally identifies the sister taxon.
REVIEW OF THE GENUS SALIGNUS KELTON AND A CHARACTER DISCUSSION OF RELATED GENERA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: MIRINAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D.
Published: November 2009

Salignus distinguendus tahoensis (Knight) is raised to species status. All published records of the name S. distinguendus (Reuter) from North America are in error and are correctly associated with the name S. tahoensis. A diagnosis and key are provided to distinguish S. tahoensis from the Palearctic S. distinguendus and S. duplicatus (Reuter). The male and female genitalia and distribution of S. tahoensis are illustrated. The relationship between Oreolygus Linnavuori, Orthops Fieber, Pinalitus Kelton, and Salignus is discussed.