bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Über Thekazellentumoren aus Anlass Eines Eigenen Falles
Authors: Hammar Sture
Published: December 2009

Vortage gehalten auf dem 3. Kongress der Nordischen Gesellschaft für Obesterik und Gynäkologie in Gothenburg 29. Juli—1. Juli 1937.
Concentration of Malignant Cells from Vaginal Washings by Means of a New Type of Centrifuge
Authors: Rastgeldi S. , Turanli I.
Published: December 2009

A new type of centrifuge has been applied to the isolation and concentration of malignant cells obtained from cases of untreated invasive carcinoma of the cervix and uterus. It has been proved that the malignant cells do not lose their cytological identity during centrifugal fractionation of the solid elements obtained by vaginal washings. Diagnostically important cells have been satisfactorily separated from erythrocytes, mucus, detritus, and bacteria, and concentrated together with some other cells having the same specific gravity and/or size. Microscopic slides prepared by the technique described have facilitated identification of the malignant cells.
Obstetrical Analgesia in Norway
Authors: Lind Bjørn
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A random sample of 503 women from all parts of Norway who had given birth to a child during the last 24 months, were interviewed by the Scan‐Gallup institution. Only 31% of the women thought they had received any kind of analgesia during stage I and 55% when sutured. Nevertheless 80% were satisfied with the treatment and care given, and of the dissatisfied, 70% complained of lack of attention and only 17% of too little analgesia given.
Human Placental Transfer of an Antifibrinolytic Agent (AMCA)
Authors: Kullander Stig , Nilsson Inga Marie
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A fibrinolytic inhibitor AMCA (trans p‐aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid) was given i.v. in a dose of 0.01 g/kg bodyweight to 12 mothers about to be delivered by Caesarean section. Immediately after delivery the concentration of AMCA was determined in the maternal blood and in cord blood. AMCA was determined by a chemical method based on high voltage paper electrophoresis and photometric determination of the ninhydrin complex. It was found that AMCA passes through the placenta and that the concentration of the drug in the cord blood can be fairly high (4–31 μg per ml). The possible value of prophylaxis of the foetus with AMCA by the maternal route to check fibrinolytic bleedings (pulmonary or intracranial) sustained during premature delivery is discussed.
Urinary Excretion of Oestrogens and the Oestrogenic Effect in Vaginal Smears in Post‐Menopausal Women with Uterine Bleeding
Authors: Procopé Berndt‐Johan
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A series consisting of 145 post‐menopausal women with uterine bleeding and a control group of 55 post‐menopausal women without this symptom were investigated. The urinary excretion of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol was measured on three consecutive days. The oestrogenic effect in vaginal smears was determined and the endometrium was histologically investigated. In those patients with uterine bleeding who showed an oestrogenic effect in the endometrium or an endometrial polyp, the urinary excretion of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol and the oestrogenic effect in the vaginal smear were clearly higher than in the control group, although overlapping occurred. In those patients in the bleeding group who had atrophic or slightly proliferative endometrium or endometrial carcinoma, the urinary oestrogen excretion was low and the oestrogenic effect in the vaginal smear was poorly developed, and did not differ from the corresponding values in the control group. Of the various urinary oestrogen values (oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol and the sum of these) the total value was found to correlate most obviously with an endometrial oestrogenic effect. A positive correlation was also observed between an oestrogenic effect in the vaginal smear and an endometrial oestrogenic effect.
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Female Genital Tract
Authors: Hormia Martti , Saloheimo Atso M.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The incidence of clear cell type adenocarcinoma in the different parts of the genital canal, the age distribution of the patients, the clinical and histological picture and the theories advanced in the literature as to its histogenesis are reviewed. Four cases diagnosed in 1953–1968 at the Central Hospital of North Carelia are described. One of the tumours occurred in the vagina, two in the cervical canal and one in the ovary. The histopathological diagnosis may be difficult if a pronounced secondary infection is associated with the tumour tissue and the tumour cells are well differentiated. Clear cell adenocarcinoma and Schiller's mesonephroma are obviously two different histological manifestations of the same tumour, and they may also occur combined in the same tumour. That the site of origin is in the remnants of the mesonephric duct must be regarded as still unproved.
Recurrent Fibromyoma of the Vagina
Authors: Ingemanson Carl‐Axel , Alfredsson Jon
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This report describes a case of recurrent fibromyoma of the vagina. The symptomatology of the condition is indicated and the literature is reviewed.
Survival and Hormonal Responsiveness of Endometrial Carcinoma in Organ Culture
Authors: Nordqvist Staffan
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Explants from endometrial carcinomas survived well in organ culture during the period studied (7–8 days). The glandular architecture was similar to that in the original carcinomas. Outgrowth in the sponge matrix of cells was correlated to the degree of survival of the primary explants. Stromal disappearance was a common feature. Progesterone greatly impaired the survival, this effect being dose dependent. Estradiol potentiated the effect of progesterone, particularly with respect to less well differentiated carcinomas. The hormonal effects were histologically different from those obtained during in vivo experiments by other observers, who administered systemic progestogens to patients with endometrial carcinoma, but were similar to those obtained after intracavitary administration of progestogens. It is believed that the cytostatic effect is a more relevant factor for the evaluation of progesterone effects on tumour growth than are signs of increased differentiation, since secretory vacuoles could be seen also in cultures not treated with the hormone.
Studies on Fetal Circulation in Legal Abortions
Authors: Pehrson Sigvard L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The condition of the fetal circulation after intra‐amniotic instillation of 50% glucose solution and extra‐amniotic instillation of 20% salt solution has been studied with the aid of an ultrasonic technique. The series consisted of 64 cases of legal abortion. Thirty‐six women were given intra‐amniotic instillation and 28 women extra‐amniotic instillation. In a series, comprising 8 patients, where glucose solution was administered intra‐amniotically and the condition of the fetal circulation was recorded every 1/4 hour, the latter disappeared, on an average, after about 2 hours. In a series where the fetal circulation was recorded both before and immediately after the intervention, and then only 24 hours later, all circulation had ceased after 24 hours. In a series of 7 cases of extra‐amniotic intervention, fetal circulation ceased within 1 1/2 hours. In 2 cases it was found to be still intact after 24 hours. In a series of 21 cases where salt solution was instilled extra‐amniotically, the circulation was found to be intact after 24 hours in 7 cases. In 9 cases abortion had occurred within 24 hours of instillation. In 5 cases recordings were negative.

In the total material comprising 64 cases (36 intra‐amniotic and 28 extra‐amniotic interventions) fetal circulation could not be detected after 24 hours in all cases where glucose was administered intra‐amniotically. Following extra‐amniotic instillation, fetal circulation was intact in 9 fetuses. With all the intra‐amniotic interventions, abortion was obtained after one course of treatment. Ten of the extra‐amniotic interventions were unsuccessful, and a second instillation was given, which resulted in a rapid, successful effect in each case.
Incidence of Candida Albicans in Women Using Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Kålund Jensen H. , Hansen P. Å. , Blom Jens
Published: December 2009

Abstract. An attempt was made to evaluate, by means of culture investigations, the incidence of Candida albicans in 276 healthy women of fertile age. The patients were divided into three groups as follows: Group P (80 subjects), users of oral contraceptives; groups NP (158 subjects) non‐users; group AP (38 subjects), former users. Group P included 15% with Candida albicans and 56% with erosion, as against 5% and 24%, respectively, in group NP. The difference in incidence of Candida albicans and erosion between groups P and NP is significant at the 5% level. No significant difference was found between groups NP and AP. The incidence of Candida albicans, trichomonas and erosion is discussed and compared with previous reports.
Ovarian Pregnancy
Authors: Bjørn Grethe , Jensen H. Kålund
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A case of ovarian pregnancy in a 24‐year‐old patient, who had been wearing a Lippe's loop for about 12 months, is described.
Malignancy During Pregnancy
Authors: Nieminen Usko , Remes Niilo
Published: December 2009

The incidence of malignant tumours of different types during pregnancy was studied. Special attention was paid to the presence and treatment of preinvasive and invasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri. The series consisted of 100 malignancies of different types in pregnant patients treated at Departments I and II of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, during 1950–69. The total number of pregnant patients admitted during this period was 153 424 and the incidence was thus 0.07%. In 65 cases interruption of pregnancy was the sole intervention as the patient had been or was treated elsewhere. Of these cases, 63 were extragenital malignancies and two were carcinoma in situ of the cervix. The material included another 13 cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix, making an over‐rule incidence of 0.009%. Invasive carcinoma of the cervix was diagnosed in 17 patients. They were all treated at this clinic. The incidence was 0.01%. Over 5 years have elapsed from the treatment of 9 patients. Eight of these 9 patients were alive after 5 years, but one died after 7 years. The patients treated less than 5 years ago are alive and asymptomatic. In addition, four other malignant tumours of the genital tract and one mediastinal neurinoma that had metastasised into the abdominal cavity were diagnosed.
Experimental Study of a New Combination of Surgery and Radiotherapy for Treatment of Carcinoma of Cervix Uteri
Authors: Nieminen Usko
Published: December 2009

An experimental series of 12 patients consisting of 10 cases with carcinoma of the cervix uteri and 2 with carcinoma of the corpus uteri were treated by a new method combining surgery and radiotherapy. The purpose was to study the safety of the method, in other words, whether its use could be continued. It had been found to be safe theoretically. During the follow‐up period of 3 years the incidence of complications due to the new therapy was not even on the scale common with the conventional combined method of treatment.
Effect of Ethyl Alcohol on Urinary Excretion of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline in Patients with Threatened Premature Delivery
Authors: Jouppila P. , Huikko M. , Järvinen P. A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of oral intake of alcohol on noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion in 24 hour urine was studied in 18 pregnant women admitted to hospital in the second half of pregnancy for premature onset of uterine contractions. In control specimens of 24 hour urine, the mean excretion of noradrenaline was 29.6 μ per 24 hours. After ethyl alcohol administration, the excretion in the first 24 hours rose to 48.0 μ and in the second 24 hour period to 37.6 μ. The mean excretion of adrenaline in control specimens was 7.4 μ per 24 hours. In the first 24 hours of ethyl alcohol treatment it averaged 9.3 and in the second 24 hour period 7.6 μ per 24 hours.
Fibrinolytic Split Products in Serum and Urine in Pregnancy
Authors: Hedner Ulla , Åstedt Birger
Published: December 2009

Toxaemia and certain other complications of pregnancy appear to be accompanied by deposition of fibrin and microthrombosis in the kidneys, liver and placenta. When broken down these deposits and thrombi produce degradation products or split products. To assess the diagnostic value of determination of split products in serum and urine, 1 001 pregnant women were examined, on a single occasion during the latter part of pregnancy. 99 were found to have split products in the serum in a concentration of up to 3 mg/100 ml and 83.8% of them were found to have some complication, particularly toxaemia, hepatosis and urinary tract infections. No split products could be demonstrated in the urine in any of the women. Determination of fibrinolytic split products in serum is therefore recommended for early detection of complications and as an indicator of the effect of treatment of various complications during pregnancy.
Fetal Head Growth Measured by Ultrasound in the Last Few Weeks of Pregnancy in Normal, Toxaemic and Diabetic Women
Authors: Jouppila Pentti , Ylöstalo Pekka , Pystynen Paavo
Published: December 2009

The authors measured the fetal biparietal diameter by an ultrasound technique in 41 normally pregnant women in the 32nd, 36th, 38th and 40th weeks of gestation and found that the diameter increased by an average of 1.8 mm per week. The growth rate decreased as the calculated term approached. In addition, the weekly increase in biparietal diameter was observed in 22 patients in hospital because of toxaemia of late pregnancy and in six pregnant diabetics. Since no significant deviations from normal growth could be shown in these groups of patients, the determination of the fetal biparietal diameter was considered of value for the estimation of the “true” fetal maturity in toxaemia of late pregnancy and in diabetic pregnancy.
The Alleged Usefulness of 6‐Phosphogluc0Nate Dehydrogenase Determinations in Screening for Uterine Cancer
Authors: Sanner T. , Bentzen H. , Kolstad P. , Nordbye K. , Pihl A.
Published: December 2009

Determination of the enzyme 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in vaginal fluid has previously been suggested as a screening test for uterine cancer. In an attempt to resolve the large discrepancies in the results reported in the literature, some of the factors influencing the stability of the enzyme have been studied. It is demonstrated that the conditions under which the vaginal fluid is handled prior to the assay influence the enzyme activity to a very large extent. Under conditions minimizing denaturation of the enzyme, a considerable activity is found in most women. Evidence is presented that in vaginal fluid from women with uterine cancer the enzyme is more stable than in samples from healthy women. The large variations in the results with the conditions under which the samples are handled render measurement of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in vaginal fluid an unsuitable method for mass screening of uterine cancer.
Phlebographic Studies of the Leg Veins in the First Half of Pregnancy and During Oral Contraception
Authors: Sandström Bo , Löwegren Lars
Published: December 2009

Phlebography appearances in the legs were studied during the first half of pregnancy in 46 primi‐gravidae and were compared with those in 42 normal nulligravid women. Phlebography was also performed on 34 of the nulligravid women after 6–12 cycles of oral contraceptive therapy. No differences were demonstrated in either study.
Urinary Oestriol Excretion in Strictly Controlled Diabetic Pregnancies
Authors: Persson Bengt , Lunell Nils‐Oiov , Carlström Kjell , Furuhjelm Mirjam
Published: December 2009

Fifty‐one strictly controlled pregnancies in 49 insulinrequiring diabetic women were studied. During the last trimester serial analyses of maternal urinary oestriol excretion were performed. A non‐intervention programme was adopted, so that the pregnancies were not interrupted before term unless necessary. Serial analyses of maternal oestriol excretion were of great value for the supervision of the pregnancies and for the timing of the delivery provided that the oestriol values were obtained within 6–8 hours after sampling. No intrauterine death occurred and the perinatal mortality was 4%. The urinary oestriol excretion in these diabetic pregnancies corresponded to that in normal pregnancies. No significant differences in excretion were found when pregnancies in women with diabetes belonging to White classes B and C were compared to those with diabetes belonging to class D. Nor was any difference in urinary oestriol excretion found when comparing preeclamptic with non‐preeclamptic pregnancies. There was a significant correlation between infant birth weight at a given gestational age and the maximum maternal urinary oestriol excretion.
Cytologic Findings and their Significance in Gynaecology
Authors: Sjølin Knud‐Erik
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Detection of tumour cells in cervicovaginal secretions nearly always indicates the presence of a malignant tumour or epithelial dysplasia. Presence of suspicious cells or cells with atypical nuclei very often suggests the existence of a malignant tumour or epithelial dysplasia (46 and 14%, respectively). The great majority of the remaining patients with such cytological changes suffer from other gynaecological diseases, most often of an inflammatory nature. A cytologic differentiation between these groups is not yet possible. Other examinations are therefore indicated. Cytological changes in the cervicovaginal secretion rise in frequency with increasing age. In 9% of the patients with carcinoma of the cervix no abnormal cells were detected in the cervicovaginal secretions. The corresponding figures for severe (“carcinoma in situ”) and moderately severe epithelial atypia were 22 and 31%, respectively. No more than one third of the patients with carcinoma of the uterine body had abnormal cytology. Hence, on the slightest suspicion of malignancy we should not rely on a “negative cytology”, and especially not as the result of a single examination.

Carcinomas of the uterine body generally manifest themselves by bleeding disorders. The diagnosis is to be established on the basis of curettage.

In the present series the cytologic examination decided the diagnosis and treatment in no more than a single case of cervical carcinoma. Cytologic examination therefore seems to be of limited value for patients admitted to a gynaecological unit, where other diagnostic aids are available. On the other hand, the method is believed to be of value in practice, when we bear in mind that, like other methods, it is vitiated by a certain margin of error. On the slightest clinical suspicion of a malignant or premalignant disease we should not rest content with a single negative examination.
The Prognosis of Threatened Abortion
Authors: Johannsen A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Of 266 patients admitted with threatened abortion, 135 (50.8%) aborted, while 131 (49.2%) gave birth to 106 full term children and 25 premature children. Three of these children suffered from malformations. The risk of abortion was greater the earlier in pregnancy the symptoms occurred, and the longer and more severe the haemorrhage. In addition the frequency of abortion increased with increasing maternal age, with an increasing number of pregnancies, and if the patient had had a previous legal abortion, whereas earlier spontaneous abortion did not affect the prognosis. The frequency of abortion also rose in the lower social groups, and it was particularly high among the unmarried women. The risk of a premature child was 3 times greater after a threatened abortion than after a normal pregnancy. The perinatal mortality was not increased in full term children, but among the premature children it was found to be very high, in fact many times higher than among premature children as a whole.
An Evaluation of the Possible use of Prostaglandin E1, E2 and F2α for Induction of Labour
Authors: Roth‐Brandel U. , Adams M.
Published: December 2009

The stimulatory effect on uterine contractility of prostaglandin E1, E2 and F2α was studied in 29 term pregnant women and 4 midpregnant volunteers admitted for therapeutic abortion. The substances were administered intravenously and uterine contractility recorded by measuring the amniotic pressure. In a careful analysis of the quantitative tracings it was found that suitable doses of the prostaglandins induce efficient uterine contractions. However, these contractions are characterized by a comparatively low intensity in relation to frequency and also occurrence of incoordinated contraction complexes. The results do not support the opinion that the prostaglandins are superior to oxytocin for induction of labour at term pregnancy.
Localization of a Missing Iud with the Help of Plain X‐Ray Examination and a Second Iud
Authors: Tötterman L. Erik , Karjalainen Kaisa‐Liisa
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In cases where it is uncertain whether an inserted IUD has been expelled without the patienťs knowledge, has perforated the uterine wall, or is still in its proper intrauterine position, a plain X‐ray examination performed after insertion of a second IUD usually clarifies the situation. This technique is very simple from both the gynaecologisťs and the roentgenologisťs point of view.
The Value of Laparoscopy in the Differential Diagnosis Between Uterine Fibromyomata and Adnexal Tumours
Authors: Samuelsson Stig , Sjövall Alf
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Out of a total of 2098 laparoscopies, 90 (4.3%) were made to settle the diagnostic questions: I. fibromyomata of the uterus or adnexal tumour? and II. fibromyomata of the uterus concomitant with adnexal tumour or uterine fibromyomata only? A diagnosis was obtained in 83 patients (92%). Adnexal disease was found in 28/83 (34%) and fibromyomata of the uterus only were present in 55/83 (66%). Neoplastic tumours were found in 19/83 (24%). Doubts regarding fibromyoma of the uterus versus adnexal disease can quickly be resolved by laparoscopy. Adnexal operations can be performed immediately after the laparoscopy. When only uterine fibromyomata are found that do not require surgery, explorative laparotomy and unnecessary hysterectomies are avoided.
Placentography by Ultrasound
Authors: Sundén Bertil
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The placental location and the boundaries of the placenta were established by two‐dimensional ultrasound examination in 107 cases. In 45 of them, the result of the ultrasound placentography was correlated with the finding at Caesarean section. The reliability of this ultrasound method was 95.6%, a figure comparable with those produced by other techniques. The technique of ultrasound placentography is simple, the method does not cause any discomfort for the patient and is harmless to mother and child.
A Microangiography Study of the Fetal Arterial Vasculature in the Human Placenta in Uncomplicated Pregnancy
Authors: Krohn Kai , Ivemark Biörn I. , Salo Kalle
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The fetal arterial vasculature of 36 normal human placentas was studied by microangiography. There are two fairly readily distinguishable types of intracotyledonary artery. The first intracotyledonary artery (type A) is long and narrow and runs straight from the chorionic space towards the decidua. Its branches run within the same stem in the same or the opposite direction. The second intracotyledonary artery (type B) is thicker and twisted, and its branches extend perpendicularly from the stem. According to the distribution of these two types of arteries, three different groups of cotyledons were distinguished—those with only type A arteries, those with only type B arteries, and those with both types of intracotyledonary arteries. In these mixed cotyledons the type B arteries were always situated in the middle of the cotyledon. A fourth cotyledonary group was also distinguished; it was composed of an irregular mixture of different types of arteries, which could often only be classified with difficulty. Recurrent anchoring arteries could definitely be demonstrated. These were always branches of type B intracotyledonary arteries. In 5 of the 36 placentas spiralling involved almost all the fetal placental arteries.
Cancer of the Uterine Cervix in a Korean Biopsy Series: With a Study of the Age Distribution in 1889 Cases of Chronic Cervicitis, Dysplasia, Intra‐epithelial and Invasive Epidermoid Carcinoma
Authors: Wetteland Per
Published: December 2009

Invasive cervical carcinoma is the most commonly observed primary form of cancer in Korean females. This tumour constituted 37.6% of 1820 malignant tumours of known primary site encountered in a Korean surgical series at the Scandinavian‐sponsored National Medical Center in Seoul from December 1958 to August 1967. The age at diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer averaged 43.6 years, and the estimated population peak incidence was also within the fifth decade. Ninety‐five per cent of the cases were of the epidermoid type; the range of age among patients with adenocarcinoma was significantly greater than in those with epidermoid cancer. The age distribution of 1889 cases of simple chronic cervicitis, squamous‐cell dysplasia, intra‐epithelial neoplasia and invasive epidermoid carcinoma is presented and discussed. The observations in 1033 cases of progressive epithelial abnormalities are consistent with a linear regression of age at diagnosis on histological grade of epithelial alterations ranging from slight dysplasia to late invasive epidermoid cancer. Such an interrelation constitutes one among several circumstantial pieces of evidence that the morphological evolution of invasive epidermoid carcinoma passes through a spectrum of epithelial abnormalities. The present results support this concept of a step‐wise progression in epidermoid cervical carcinogenesis.
The Vienna Method of Prophylaxis Against Complications After Radical Surgery for Cancer of the Uterus1
Authors: Gitsch Eduard , Palmrich Adolf Hans
Published: December 2009

With the help of thz Vienna method, the most important urological, intestinal and thromboembolic complications can be reduced substantially: ureterovaginal fistulae from 5 to 0.68%, residual urine from 19.28 to 3.75 %, pyelitis and pyelonephritis from 9.28 to 2.13%, whereas postoperative surgical complications, c.g. ileus and postoperative meteorism, can be avoided altogether. Thromboembolic complications dropped from 10.6% (without prophylactic Marcoumar medication) to 2.8% (with prophylactic Marcoumar medication).
Determination Of 6‐Pgdh in the Vaginal Secretions of Patients with Carcinoma of the Cervix: A New Method of Collection of Vaginal Secretions
Authors: Hasch E. , Sørensen B. , Laursen Th.
Published: December 2009

Determinations of 6‐phosphorgluconate‐dehydrogenase concentration of vaginal secretions were made in 107 women, in 37 of whom carcinoma of the cervix was, subsequently, histologically confirmed. The aim was to determine the value of this enzyme assay in the detection of carcinoma of the cervix. In normal group, there were 35% false positive findings, while in the carcinoma group there were 15% false negative findings. It is concluded that the method, at least in its present form, is not of value in the diagnosis of carcinoma. A new filter technique for collection of vaginal secretions was used, which is recommended for future similar studies.
Continuous Monitoring of the Foetal Heart Rate and Uterine Contractions During Labour
Authors: Christian Paul , Davidsen Bülow
Published: December 2009

Foetal welfare during labour may be monitored by continuous recording of the foetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine activity. The nomenclature relating to the FHR curve is outlined and the apparatus described. The FHR monitoring was based upon the foetal phonocardiogram (abdominal) or electrocardiogram (vaginal). 86 patients were monitored during labour, 34 of them because of an abnormal pregnancy or meconium‐stained amniotic fluid. In normal delivery (33 patients) early decelerations were observed during the second stage of labour in one‐half of the cases and bradycardia during the last minutes before delivery in one‐quarter. When the cord was around the neck (15 patients) variable decelerations occurred in one‐quarter and frequently deep early decelerations during the second stage of labour. In two of these cases the foetus developed hypoxia. Meconium‐stained amniotic fluid (10 patients), especially when combined with placental dysfunction, was a poor prognostic sign. One infant showing this sign died during delivery. The FHR curve showed tachycardia, minimal irregularity, and deep late decelerations. Another infant had severe brain damage and died later. Its FHR curve had shown increasing basal FHR and irregularity on the verge of the minimal. Lastly, in a case of deep late decelerations the infant was unaffected at birth. Within the total series FHR abnormalities were seen in 14 cases; 9 of the infants were unaffected, while 5 were depressed or dead. The FHR curve was normal in 72 cases; 71 of the infants were unaffected and only one depressed at birth. It is concluded that late decelerations may be a sign of hypoxia, especially when deep and combined with tachycardia. The most serious sign that the life of the foetus is in danger is cessation of the irregularity on the FHR curve.
Luteal Insufficiency and Pelvic Adhesions
Authors: Johansson Elof D. B. , Persson Bengt H. , Gemzell Carl
Published: December 2009

A young woman with a history of a septic abortion and left oophorectomy for a dermoid cyst was investigated before and after laparotomy with regard to the function of the corpus luteum. At laparotomy the remaining right ovary was surrounded and fixed by thick adhesions around the ovary. The adhesions were removed. During two regular menstrual cycles before operation, low plasma levels of progesterone were found during the luteal phase. After the removal of the adhesions normal plasma levels of progesterone were found. The urinary excretion of oestrogens also improved. Severe pelvic adhesions might be one cause of insufficient luteal function.
Mass Screening for Cancer of the Uterine Cervix in Østfold County, Norway: An Experiment
Authors: Pedersen Einar , Høeg Kari , Kolstad Per
Published: December 2009

Periodic mass screening for cervical cancer has been carried out in a defined population in Norway since 1959, the main objective being to evaluate various aspects of such a programme. The study population consists of 46 500 women, 25–59 years of age at the start of the programme. Attendance has been falling at successive screenings. Among those who never attended, the incidence of cervical cancer is high and the disease tends to be diagnosed at a late stage. Cases detected at the periodic screening are generally in an early stage and the tumours are usually of relatively low‐grade malignancy. In contrast, cases diagnosed between screenings in women who have attended at least once, are more advanced and the majority are poorly differentiated tumours. The mortality rate in this group is high. The stage distribution of invasive cases in the total study population has improved substantially whereas the effect of the programme on the incidence of the disease so far has been less striking.
Studies on Diamine Oxidase Activity During Pregnancy
Authors: Törnqvist Ake , Jonassen Fredrik , Johnson Per , Fredholm Anne‐Marie
Published: December 2009

The diamine oxidase activities (diamine: oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating), (EC 1.4.3.6)) of amniotic fluid, maternal venous plasma and fetal plasma were measured in 19 pregnant women at term. No statistically significant difference was found between the enzyme activity of the amniotic fluid and the maternal plasma. The enzyme activity in the fetal circulation was approximately one hundredth of that in the other compartments. It is suggested that passage of fluid through the amniotic membrane might be of greater importance in the formation of the amniotic fluid than believed earlier. Twenty‐seven women in the second trimester of pregnancy were also investigated, maternal venous blood and amniotic fluid being sampled. The diamine oxidase activity of the amniotic fluid was significantly lower than that of the maternal plasma. It is suggested that the mechanisms governing the production of amniotic fluid might vary in importance at different periods of gestation. Following intramuscular injection of aminoguanidine, a diamine oxidase inhibitor, in 10 pregnant women significantly lower enzyme activity was found in both maternal plasma and in amniotic fluid than in nontreated subjects.
Inhibition of Oxytocin‐Induced Uterine Activity in Midpregnancy by Combined Adrenergic α‐Blockade and β‐Stimulation
Authors: Jenssen Helge
Published: December 2009

Arrest of imminent premature labour by β‐adrenergic stimulation often fails, due to undesirable side effects or lack of effectiveness. Inhibition of oxytocin release from the neurohypophysis by ethanol also has disadvantages.

α‐adrenergic stimulation in pregnant and non‐pregnant women increases uterine contractions, while blocking of α‐receptors in non‐pregnant patients has been shown to reduce uterine activity. A combination of adrenergic α‐blockade followed by β‐stimulation therefore might be more effective than β‐stimulation alone in the treatment of premature labour.

This combined regimen was used in 6 women at 16–20 weeks of pregnancy. The response to oxytocin‐induced uterine contractions was measured.

In mid‐pregnancy, blockade of α‐receptors did not reduce oxytocin‐induced activity, β‐stimulation reduced the uterine activity; this reduction seemed to be independent of α‐blockade.

The combination of α‐blockade and β‐stimulation did not seem to be superior to β‐stimulation alone.
Changes in Uterine Volume Following the Intra‐Amniotic Injection of Hypertonic Saline
Authors: Pulkkinen Martti O. , Kivikoski Asko
Published: December 2009

A 30% increase in uterine volume during the initial 3 hours after intra‐amniotic saline injection has been calculated from 53 amniograms in 8 midtrimester patients.
Oxygen Tension, Acid–Base Status and Electrolytes in Human Amniotic Fluid
Authors: Johnell Hans E. , Nilsson Bo A.
Published: December 2009

Determinations of oxygen tension, acid–base and electrolyte components in amniotic fluid were made in 199 cases of early pregnancy (gestational age 11–24 weeks) and in 107 cases of late pregnancy (gestational age 26–40 weeks). The values of Po2, pH, sodium, chloride and osmolality decreased with advancing gestation, while those of Pco2 and potassium increased. Bicarbonate values were higher in the 12th week than later on in pregnancy. The values of calcium and lactate were fairly constant. Total protein was higher in the 5th month than in the earlier and later periods of pregnancy. In late pregnancy the Po2 values in amniotic fluid were positively correlated to maternal values of Paco2 and to base excess.
Fetal Heart Rate Variation During Uncomplicated Labour
Authors: Westin Björn , Huldt Lars
Published: December 2009

A prospective longitudinal and cross‐sectional study of FHR was performed on 110 healthy multiparae during normal labour. Auscultations during 15 second‐periods were performed immediately after a contraction and 1 min later and related to the station of the fetal head. No significant differences in mean‐FHR were found between related early and late observations during the whole process of labour.

The mean‐FHR decreased significantly during the passage of the fetus through the birth canal. During the second stage the cross‐sectional biological variation of FHR was twice as large as during the first stage. In the individual subject the maximal difference between related early and late observations following a contraction increased with 70% when the fetal head reached the pelvic floor.

The data are compared with those from a previous investigation on nulliparae. Auscultograms for practical clinical use are presented.
Oxygen Tension, Carbon Dioxide Tension and pH In Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Arterial Blood During Induced Maternal Hyperoxia and Hypoxia
Authors: Johnell H. E. , Nilsson B. A. , Tammivaara‐Hilty Ritva
Published: December 2009

The effect of maternal hyperoxia and hypoxia on Po2 Pco2, and pH in maternal arterial blood and in amniotic fluid was studied in 8 pregnant women in the second trimester. Hyperoxia with about 100% O2 gave an increase in maternal Pao2, to about 500–600 mmHg followed by a significant increase in amniotic fluid Po2. Pronounced hypoxia (10% O2) reduced maternal Pao2 to about 40 mmHg and caused a significant decrease in amniotic fluid Po2. Minor changes in Pco2, and pH of maternal arterial blood and amniotic fluid were seen during hyperoxia and hypoxia.
Cystine Aminopeptidase Activity in Pregnancy: I. A Rapid Method for Estimation of Placental Function in Clinical Practice
Authors: Rydén Gunnar
Published: December 2009

A rapid method for estimation of cystine aminopeptidase activity (CAP) in the serum of pregnant women is presented. The method takes only 3 hours and 10–15 samples can be estimated simultaneously. Using this method the CAP activity has been estimated in about 700 blood samples from non‐pregnant and pregnant women. The CAP activity was estimated to 0.12±0.012 mU/ml serum in non‐pregnant women (n=12), 0.80±0.08 mU/ml serum in the 21st week of pregnancy (n=15) and 5.72±0.29 mU/ml serum in the 40th week of pregnancy (n=36) which implies a 50‐fold increase of the enzyme activity during pregnancy. The method can be a valuable parameter in judging the length of pregnancy between 21–37 week of pregnancy and preliminary studies indicate that the method might be of value to detect placental insufficiency in the third trimester.
Aetiology of Postmenopausal Bleeding
Authors: Procopé Berndt‐Johan
Published: December 2009

A series consisting of 1,085 women with postmenopausal genital bleeding was investigated. The women were at least 45 years old and the time lapse from the last menstruation was at least one year. The bleeding was due to a malignant process in 28%. The majority of these patients had endometrial or cervical carcinoma. The ratio of these two conditions was 1:1. The median age of the patients showing malignant growth was clearly higher than the median age of those in whom the cause of bleeding was benign. The rate of malignant tumours as a cause of postmenopausal bleeding showed a definite rise with increasing age.

Atrophic endometrium was the cause of bleeding in 20.5% of the patients. A hormonal reaction in the endometrium was involved in 15.5%, an endometrial or cervical polyp in 17.2%, cervicitis with erosion in 12.1%, and senile vaginitis in 1.3%. The incidence of other benign conditions was low. The aetiology of postmenopausal genital bleeding is discussed.
The Effects and Side Effects of Diuretics in the Prophylaxis of Toxaemia of Pregnancy
Authors: Tervilä Leo , Vartiainen Eero
Published: December 2009

In a series comprising 211 pregnant patients, the prophylactic effect of chlorthalidone on the incidence of gestosis was studied by means of a single‐blind trial. The study continued from the 16th week of pregnancy until term. No beneficial effects were observed. In addition, the maternal serum potassium and sodium levels were found to be significantly lowered in the diuretic group. This made it necessary to administer potassium perorally to most of this group and to two of them even in the form of infusions. No significant differences in the parameters of the newborn infants were observed. On the other hand, the placentae in the diuretic group were definitely larger than in the control group, a fact which may be suggestive or eventual alterations in the glycogen metabolism.
Brenner Tumours: Oestrogen Activity and Coincidence with other Neoplasms
Authors: Punnonen R. , Grönroos M. , Laurén P.
Published: December 2009

Six Brenner tumours diagnosed in 1962‐1970, of which at least four were accompanied by increased oestrogen activity, are described. All the tumours were small, 5‐20 mm in diameter, and in addition to the Brenner tumour there were other genital tumours; endometrial carcinoma, granulosa‐cell carcinoma, thecoma, mucinous cystoma in four cases. The coincidence of Brenner tumour with increased cestrogen activity and with other tumours is discussed.
Induction Of The “Pregnancy Zone” Protein by Oral Contraceptives
Authors: Beckman Lars , von Schoultz Bo , Stighrand Torgny
Published: December 2009

The “pregnancy zone” serum protein was found in 73 out of 145 women (50%) taking oral contraceptive drugs. There was a significant difference with respect to the frequency with which the “pregnancy zone” was induced by different types of contraceptives. Conlunett produced the “pregnancy zone” in 64% of the women and Follinyl in 38%. This difference may reflect the composition of the pills. A history of previous pregnancies or the duration of administration of the hormones had no significant effect on the induction of the “pregnancy zone”.
Radiotherapy of Carcinoma of the Vulva
Authors: Bäckström A. , Edsmyr F. , Wicklund H.
Published: December 2009

During the years 1957‐1966 nineteen patients with advanced carcinoma of the vulva were selected for external radiotherapy using cobalt‐60 irradiation. All patients belonged to clinical stage T4, according to UICC proposed TNM‐classification of carcinoma of the vulva in 1967. No other treatment could be given in these advanced cases. Biopsies were taken and thin‐needle aspiration biopsies were performed from suspicious inguinal nodes. The local tumour dose was in the range 5 200 rad in 37 days to 6 900 rad in 45 days. The inguinal regions were irradiated in 11 of the 19 patients. Four of the 19 patients have a symptom‐free survival time of more than 5 years. Six patients had cytologically verified lymph node metastases in one or both groins; two of these patients have no signs of tumour growth in the inguinal regions after over 6 years. We recommend the use of super‐voltage treatment for patients with advanced tumours in the vulvar region.
A Histological Study of the Effect on the Placenta of Intra‐Amniotically and Extra‐Amniotically Injected Hypertonic Saline in Therapeutic Abortion
Authors: Gustavii Björn , Brunk Ulf
Published: December 2009

The histological changes in the placenta after intra‐amniotic injection of hypertonic saline for induction of abortion were compared with those after extra‐amniotic injection. In both groups a thin zone of necrotic villi was found immediately beneath the membranes. The necrotic zone was sharply demarcated from the underlying villi, which were microscopically intact. The decidual cells underneath Nitabuch's membrane showed extensive degenerative alterations. It is suggested that decidual changes rather than damage to trophoblast play a role in the induction of abortion. The mechanism by which these changes may lead to abortion is discussed.
Blood Loss During Vacuum Aspiration in Primigravid Women
Authors: Holmberg N. G. , Sandstrom B.
Published: December 2009

Legal abortion by means of vacuum aspiration has been carried out in 78 primigravid women. The amount of blood lost per operation has been estimated. The mean hemoglobin loss during aspiration was 18.6 g. In the 35 cases where the hemoglobin percentage of peripheral blood had been determined before operation the total blood loss during the aspiration was calculated to 175 ml. There was a significantly higher hemoglobin loss at an aspiration in the 11th week of gestation than in the 10th week. No difference was found between operations in the 12th and 13th week. As a result of the above findings, which indicate only a small risk of major blood loss, we suggest that vacuum aspiration in primigravid women might be performed as an out‐patient procedure before the 11th week of gestation. In weeks 11‐13 the patients should be admitted to hospital but the operation still has more advantages than extra‐ or intra‐amniotic NaCl‐injections, at least in the hands of an experienced surgeon.
Conservative Operative Treatment of Tubal Pregnancy with Postoperative Daily Hydrotubations
Authors: Járvinen P. A. , Nummi S. , Pietila K.
Published: December 2009

Conservative surgery in the form of incision and resuture of the tube was used in the treatment of 43 tubal pregnancies. Rheomacrodex®‐Hydrocortisone®‐Chymotrypsin® solution was introduced into the patient's abdominal cavity at operation to prevent the formation of adhesions. Using a little modified solution, daily hydrotubations via a Foley catheter placed in the uterine cavity were performed during the period in hospital. At the follow‐up examination 24 of the 32 patients subjected to salpingography had completely patent tubes There were 26 pregnancies (60%) within the follow‐up period of 4‐40 months. Six of the 10 patients with only one remaining tube became pregnant during the follow‐up period, and five children were born of these pregnancies. These patients had three extra‐uterine pregnancies. The study indicated that conservative extra‐uterine therapy combined with hydrotubation therapy to prevent adhesions gives better results than conservative therapy alone as reported previously.
Fibrinolytic Activity During Labour
Authors: Åstedt Birger
Published: December 2009

The fibrinolytic activity in the blood in 60 women during labour was compared with that in 60, women at term. Both the spontaneous fibrinolytic activity and the response of fibrinolytic activity to venous occlusion were significantly higher during labour. Fibrin de‐ gradation products (FDP) (0.5‐2 mg/100 ml) appeared in 37% during labour compared with 5% in the term group., No decrease was found in the inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system. It is assumed that the rise in fibrinolytic activity during labour may be due to changes in the hormonal secretion of the placenta.
The Distribution of 125I‐Marked Bovine Prolactin and Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin in Rats with Experimental Ovarian Tumours
Authors: Carlsson Sten , Kullander Stig , Muller Edith R. A.
Published: December 2009

The distribution and fate of 125I‐labelled bovine prolactin, human chorionic gonadotropin and bovine serum albumin was studied and followed by serial gamma camera photographs, scintillation counting of blood and tissues, and autoradiography in normal pro‐oestrus rats, in oophorectomized rats and in rats with experimental ovarian tumours developed in intrasplenic ovarian grafts after bilateral oophorectomy. A high affinity for 125I‐HCG was found both in ovarian tumours and in normal ovaries. An increased active tumour uptake of 125I‐HCG was observed for 3 hours, which permitted tumour depicting with gamma‐camera technique. The 125I‐prolactin uptake was more moderate both in ovaries and ovarian tumours. 125I‐albumin showed no specific affinity. The possible application of these findings in diagnosis and therapy of human ovarian tumours is discussed.