bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not being what you claim to be: impostors as sources of group threat
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Jetten Jolanda
Published: September 2003

We examine the notion of impostors within groups, defined in this paper as people who make public claims to an identity while disguising their failure to fulfil key criteria for group membership. In Experiment 1, vegetarians showed heightened levels of negative affect toward vegetarians who ate meat occasionally compared to an authentic vegetarian. In contrast, non‐vegetarians saw the impostor to be marginally more likeable than the authentic vegetarian. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants evaluated only a vegetarian who ate meat. Evaluations of the target were influenced by group attachment, such that participants who identified strongly as vegetarians downgraded the target more strongly and experienced more negative affect than did moderate identifiers and non‐vegetarians. Participants were also sensitive to the size of the gulf between the target's claims for identity and their behaviour. Thus, targets who made public claims to being a vegetarian but ate meat were evaluated more negatively than were people who kept their claims for identity private (Experiment 2). Similarly, targets who tried to keep their deviant behaviour secret were evaluated more negatively than were people who openly admitted their deviant behaviour (Experiment 3). The reasons why impostors might threaten the integrity of group identities are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression and hypothesis testing: does suppressing stereotypes during interactions help to avoid confirmation biases?
Authors: Dumont Muriel , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Snyder Mark , Mathieu Bernard , Comblain Christine , Scaillet Nathalie
Published: September 2003

Recent work indicates that trying not to think in stereotypical terms increases the accessibility of stereotypical information, which paradoxically results in more stereotypical judgments. The present study translated the colour‐blindness ideology in general and stereotype suppression research in particular into an hypothesis testing setting. Participants who were asked to suppress their stereotypes when selecting a set of questions were indeed less guided by ambient stereotypes than control participants, thereby showing a reduction of the classical confirmation orientation in question preferences. Still, compared to control participants, suppressors also later reported more polarized impressions such that consistent targets were seen as more stereotypical and inconsistent ones as more counter‐stereotypical. Moreover, group evaluations were more stereotypical for suppressors than for controls indicating that suppression had led to stronger activation of the stereotypical representation. Results are discussed in light of the prevailing belief regarding the benefits of political correctness and colour‐blindness. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manipulating self‐esteem with subliminally presented words
Authors: Riketta Michael , Dauenheimer Dirk
Published: September 2003

A method for the unobtrusive manipulation of self‐esteem is presented. In four experiments, participants were subliminally exposed to either negative or positive adjectives paired with a self‐referring word (‘I’). The manipulation affected both self‐esteem and a probable consequence of self‐esteem (self‐serving bias) but did not affect mood or evaluation of a non‐self‐related object. When the adjectives were paired with a non‐self‐referring word, the manipulation had no effects. Together, the findings suggest that a) the method is an effective means of manipulating self‐esteem without side‐effects on mood and b) selective activation of evaluative self‐knowledge is the mediating process. Thus, the method promises to be a useful tool for the experimental investigation of the consequences of self‐esteem. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term monitoring of foredune formation on the east coast of South Africa
Authors: Olivier M. J. , Garland G. G.
Published: September 2003

Although dunes fronted by sandy beaches constitute approximately 80 per cent of South Africa's coastline, few studies have addressed the formation and life cycle of coastal foredunes, the small, ephemeral shore‐parallel dune ridges typically less than 5 m high and 20 m wide, which form seaward of the storm line. This study used regular, detailed topographic surveys of embryo and foredunes at Tugela mouth, an aggrading stretch of shoreline on the subtropical east coast of South Africa, over a 32‐month period, to gain insight into the formation and motion of these highly mobile landforms over the short term.

Average wind drift potential at Tugela mouth during the study period, at 2·35 m s−1, was an order of magnitude lower than that typical of most parts of the eastern South African coast. The dominant sand‐moving wind for the region was from the southwest to west‐southwest at 10·7 to 13·8 m s−1, with a secondary vector from north to north‐northeast at 10·8 to 13·8 m s−1.

Signiﬁcant shoreline retreat, a result of the low sediment yield of the Tugela River during the study period, was one of the main results. This provided the context for redistribution of sand from the inland to the seaward side of the study area, a consequence of the dominant wind direction, and for frequent creation and destruction of short‐lived embryo dunes. Those foredunes which survived the whole study period tended to increase in height, but there was no consistent directional trend in foredune crest movement throughout the 32 months.

The study results generally supported Psuty's model of foredune development, but could not conﬁrm his contention of landward retreat of dune forms under conditions of shoreline erosion. This may be due to the relatively short duration of the study, or possibly to low wind drift potential at the site. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Options expiration effects and the role of individual share futures contracts
Authors: Lien Donald , Yang Li
Published: September 2003

This note examines options expiration effects in the presence of individual stock futures contracts with different settlement methods. It is found
that the availability of the futures contracts attenuate the expiration effects on price volatility and trading volume of individual stocks. Also, the
stock price tends to move up near expiration days after physical delivery replaces cash settlement. These results provide empirical support to the
conjectures made in Corredor et al. (2001). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:1107–1118, 2003
A note on the derivation of Black‐Scholes hedge ratios
Authors: Su Tie
Published: September 2003

An option hedge ratio is the sensitivity of an option price with respect to price changes in the underlying stock. It measures the number of shares of
stocks to hedge an option position. This article presents a simple derivation of the hedge ratios under the Black‐Scholes option‐pricing
framework. The proof is succinct and easy to follow. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:1119–1122, 2003
Reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects by distraction osteogenesis for mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Kuriakose M. Abraham , Shnayder Yelizaveta , DeLacure Mark D.
Published: September 2003

Background.

Distraction osteogenesis is an established technique for the lengthening of long bones and correction of selected craniofacial deformities. Regenerate osteoid bone matrix formed during the distraction phase is malleable and can recreate the three‐dimensional form of native bones. Animal experiments and early clinical experience have confirmed that distraction osteogenesis can be used for the reconstruction of segmental bony defects. Herein we discuss the principles of distraction osteogenesis in reference to reconstruction of segmental bony defects and report its clinical application of the mandible continuity defects.

Patients and Methods.

Four patients (age, 7–83 years) with critical segmental mandibular defects (range, 3.5 cm–6.5 cm), resulting from ablative oncologic head and neck surgery underwent primary mandibular reconstruction by transport distraction osteogenesis. Two defects were at the angle and body region, one at the body, and the other at the parasymphysis and body region. Synthes Titanium Multi‐vector and Leibinger Multi‐guide distractors in bifocal (n = 2) and trifocal (n = 2) architecture were used after the stabilization of the segmental continuity defect using a defect‐bridging mandibular reconstruction plate. Osteodistraction was carried out at a rate of 1 mm per day, with once or twice a day rhythm, after a 1‐week latency period. The consolidation period was equal to the period of distraction.

Results.

All patients tolerated the distraction procedure. Satisfactory bone formation was observed in two patients, and partial bone formation was seen in one patient. Treatment failure was encountered in one patient who had a second oral cavity primary tumor observed during the consolidation period, requiring interruption of the treatment sequence.

Conclusions.

Mandibular reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis is a potentially useful technique in selected patients with segmental mandibular continuity defects after ablative head and neck cancer surgery. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head and Neck 25: 816–824, 2003
Motility‐related protein‐1/CD9 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Erovic Boban M. , Pammer Johannes , Hollemann David , Woegerbauer Markus , Geleff Silvana , Fischer Michael B. , Burian Martin , Frommlet Florian , Neuchrist Csilla
Published: September 2003

Introduction.

Motility‐related protein (MRP)‐1/CD9 is implicated in cell adhesion and motility and was shown to be clearly involved in tumor prognosis and angiogenesis. Elevated MRP‐1/CD9 expression on tumor cells has been linked to a favorable prognosis in breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and HNSCC. Because MRP‐1/CD9 is associated with angiogenesis, it might play a role in tumor angiogenesis as well.

Methods.

We analyzed MRP‐1/CD9 expression in HNSCC specimens and cell lines by real‐time RT‐PCR and in HNSCC biopsy specimens and stromal vessels by immunohistochemistry. Kruskal Wallis and X2 test, univariate and multivariate Cox regression, and Kaplan‐Meier methods were used for statistical analysis.

Results.

Real‐time and PCR RT showed elevated expression of MRP‐1/CD9 in one (SCC25) of four HNSCC cell lines and two of six HNSCC patients, whereas two cell lines (SCC9 and JPPA) and one HNSCC patient had lower MRP‐1/CD9 levels compared with other specimens. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong MRP‐1/CD9 IR expression on tumor cells in 13 patients (39%), whereas 21 patients (61%) had less to medium MRP‐1/CD9 IR expression. Increased MRP‐1/CD9 expression on tumor cells was correlated with prolonged patient survival (p = .02) and a longer disease‐free interval (p = .004), a diminished recurrence rate (p = .02), and lower stages of neck lymph nodes (p = .04). MRP‐1/CD9 IR was also found in a subpopulation of vessels that seem to be less in tumor specimens than in normal mucosa (p < .0001). MRP‐1/CD9+ vessels are podoplanin+ and are therefore regarded as lymphatic vessels.

Conclusions.

Our results revealed that elevated MRP‐1/CD9 expression on HNSCC is linked to a favorable clinical outcome and confirmed reports of MRP‐1/CD9 expression in other carcinomas. MRP‐1/CD9+ vessels were found to be lymphatic in nature. The number and staining intensity of these vessels is decreased in tumor tissue, which suggests a stabilizing role for this protein in lymphangiogenesis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 848–857, 2003
“Danger—men at work”: Management influence on safety
Authors: Flin Rhona
Published: September 2003

Research into the factors determining the safety of industrial organizations shows clearly the influence of managerial factors on the standard of the safety climate. While investigations exploring the mechanism of this process have been rather limited, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that supervisors, site managers, and senior managers all have distinctive effects. Following a short review of ongoing research into managerial behavior and leadership styles in relation to safety, it is suggested that senior management commitment to safety should be regularly measured using safety climate surveys and upward appraisal techniques. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 261–268, 2003.
Nonlinear dynamics, complex systems, and occupational accidents
Authors: Guastello Stephen J.
Published: September 2003

This article explains how some concepts of nonlinear dynamics—attractors, bifurcations, catastrophes, chaos, and self‐organization—contribute to the explanation of deterministic processes in occupational accidents. Empirical results from factory, transportation, and health care settings are compared. The complex dynamics of chaos and self‐organization have recently become more important as work systems themselves have become more complex. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 293–304, 2003.
Social risk assessment of large technical systems
Authors: Pasman H.J. , Vrijling J.K.
Published: September 2003

A probabilistic approach to engineering advances. Since risk adhering to a technical structure can be determined quantitatively easier and more accurately than before, criteria for decision making are becoming more important. If the structure is in the public domain, and benefits are not felt, the voluntariness of being subjected to the risk becomes low. Decisions become, in such a case, a political issue on the basis of considerations of ethics, law, and social justice. For a specific case, the comparison of the economic benefits with the total costs, including risk reduction in a worst case scenario, play a major role as we have seen over and over again in, for example, planning nuclear power generation. A criterion for individual risk of 10−5 per year for the purpose of “external safety” is generally accepted. For social risk assessment, however, a group risk criterion is essential and much more difficult to define. An analysis is made. Examples of inconsistency are given. Further dialogue is encouraged. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 305–316, 2003.
Human performance in lean production environment: Critical assessment and research framework
Authors: Genaidy Ash M. , Karwowski Waldemar
Published: September 2003

In the past two decades, emerging work production systems have pervaded a diverse number of U.S. manufacturing enterprises in an attempt to achieve quantum leaps in quality and productivity and to offer customers a variety of products with different options. Because the worker is at the heart of the application of lean production strategies, this article deals with human performance in a lean production environment. First, an overview of a lean production model is presented. Second, the evidence on human performance in a lean production environment is described and appraised. Third, a research framework is described to determine optimum human performance practices in a lean production setting. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 13: 317–330, 2003.
The effects of traumatic experiences on the infant–mother relationship in the former war zones of central Mozambique: The case of madzawde in Gorongosa
Authors: Igreja Victor
Published: September 2003

This article addresses the ways in which years of war and periods of serious drought have affected the cultural representations of the populations in Gorongosa District, Mozambique. In the wake of these events different cultural and historical representations have been disrupted, leaving the members of these communities with fragmented protective and resilience factors to cope effectively. Emphasis is placed on the disruption of madzawde, a mechanism that regulates the relationship between the child (one to two years of life) and the mother, and the family in general. The war, aggravated by famine, prevented the populations from performing this child‐rearing practice. Nearly a decade after the war ended, the posttraumatic effects of this disruption are still being observed both by traditional healers and health‐care workers at the district hospital. The results suggest that this disruption is affecting and compromising the development of the child and the physical and psychological health of the mother. An in‐depth understanding of this level of trauma and posttraumatic effects is instrumental in making a culturally sensitive diagnosis and in developing effective intervention strategies based on local knowledge that has not been entirely lost but is nonetheless being questioned. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
The role of attachment security, temperament, maternal perception, and care‐giving behavior in persistent infant sleeping problems
Authors: Morrell Julian , Steele Howard
Published: September 2003

This study investigates the relationship of etiological factors to infant sleeping problems during the first year, and at follow‐up during the second year of life. The relevant factors for concurrent sleeping problems (in order of importance) were problematic maternal cognition concerning setting limits on the infant, fussy–difficult infant temperament, maternal anxiety–depression, ambivalent attachment, and certain maternal care‐giving behaviors involving the use of active physical comforting (cuddling to sleep, settling on sofa or in parental bed, and giving a feed). High initial levels of sleeping problems largely explained the continuity in infant sleeping problems over time. However, this continuity was significantly mediated by the influence of both problematic maternal cognition and infant temperament on the parental use of active physical comforting to settle infants to sleep. In addition, ambivalent attachment had a small but significant independent contribution to persistent problems. Regarding discontinuity in infant sleeping problems over time, infants who developed sleeping problems were those whose parents used high levels of active physical comforting, whereas those infants whose sleeping problems recovered were more likely to have mothers with low depression–anxiety. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to developmental models of infant sleeping problems, and the assessment and treatment of infant sleeping problems. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Coping and coping styles in personality and treatment planning: Introduction to the special series
Authors: Beutler Larry E. , Moos Rudolf H.
Published: September 2003

Coping is a complex process. It is variously described as a situational and as a trait‐like response, as a response to stress and as a disposition to respond to change. In this article, we review the current research on coping within the context of considering the contributions of the articles presented in this series. We present two broad views of coping, the more general one under the title of “coping response” defines coping as containing emotional, behavioral, and cognitive qualitites. It is generally considered to be a stress‐specific pattern by which an individual's perceptions, emotions, and behaviors prepare for adapting and changing. The more narrow view of coping is described here as “coping style” and represents a more observable but general style of interacting. In this usage, coping is a trait‐like variable that is activated when an environment changes in some way. It resembles other personality qualities and describes dispositions to respond in certain ways. In this article, we consider the implications and extant knowledge about coping within these two definitions, with special consideration to the prediction of treatment processes and outcomes. The articles in this series are discussed both in terms of extant research on these two views of coping and in terms of their contributions to the available literature on coping and coping responses. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
A factor analytic study of coping styles and the MMPI‐2 content scales*
Authors: Endler Norman S. , Parker James D.A. , Butcher James N.
Published: September 2003

The relationships among coping styles and psychopathology were examined with the MMPI‐2 content scales and a reliable and valid coping measure—the Coping Inventory For Stressful Situations (CISS). Subjects were 167 higher‐functioning normal adult males. The results are consistent with previous research that employed the CISS; a strong positive association was found between emotion‐oriented coping strategies and various measures of psychopathology. Task‐oriented coping strategies were found to be unrelated to these measures. Results are discussed in the context of a potential model for understanding the various relationships among coping styles and psychopathology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Exploring the sociotropy‐autonomy dimensions in a sample of Turkish psychiatric inpatients*
Authors: Şahin Nesrin , Ulusoy Mustafa , Şahin Nail
Published: September 2003

The present study explored the constructs of sociotropy and autonomy with a group of Turkish depressed inpatients, who were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Sociotropy‐Autonomy Scale. A comparison group of students from three SES levels also were included in the study. Comparisons were made on the scale scores among the non‐dysphoric students, the dysphoric students, and the depressed patients. The results seem to support the relationship of sociotropy with other depression measures in both samples. However, several problems were encountered with the construct autonomy as it is conceptualized in the Sociotropy‐Autonomy Scale. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
The specificity of sociotropy‐autonomy personality dimensions to depression vs. anxiety*
Authors: Alford Brad A. , Gerrity Dina M.
Published: September 2003

Previous cognitive vulnerability studies have identified sociotropy/dependency as a personality characteristic related to depression. We evaluated sociotropy in differential prediction of depression vs. anxiety. Participants (70 females, 42 males) were tested on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at two points in time (T1 and T2), separated by an interval of 4 weeks. The Sociotropy‐Autonomy Scale (SAS) was administered at T1. Sociotropy was related moderately to the BDI at T1 and T2, but also to the BAI. Autonomy was related to neither. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses found sociotropy to predict anxiety at T2, but not depression. The issue of cognitive vulnerability marker specificity is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Differential effects of coping in mental disorders: A prospective study in psychiatric outpatients*
Authors: Vollrath Margarete , Alnæs Randolf , Torgersen Svenn
Published: September 2003

The present follow‐up study investigated the differential effects of dispositional coping styles on change in nine clinical syndromes of the Axis I spectrum of the DSM‐Ill‐R. Subjects were 155 psychiatric outpatients who were examined 6 and 7 years after their enrollment in the study. Coping accounted for up to 9% of the variance of symptom change over 1 year. As hypothesized, the effects of different coping styles varied considerably across the clinical syndromes. Active goal‐oriented coping improved symptoms of the anxiety and the dependency spectrum; seeking social support had beneficial effects on symptoms of the depressive spectrum. The effects of the coping styles distraction, use of alcohol and other drugs, and focusing on and venting of emotions were detrimental, but again in a specific way. The results suggest that the differentiation of outcome criteria for coping is important. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Fantasies, coping behavior, and psychopathology*
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F. , Harder David W.
Published: September 2003

This study assessed whether consistent relationships exist between the content of self‐reported coping behaviors, sustaining fantasies, and ordinary daydreams. A second goal was the identification of coping behaviors associated with psychopathology and an exploration of connections between coping behaviors, fantasies, and daydreams correlated with pathology. College students (N = 119) completed the Tanck and Robbins Coping Behaviors Scale, the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire, and 12 Imaginal Processes Inventory scales. Pearson correlations indicated strong support for similar content between coping behaviors and the two types of fantasy. Previously reported relationships between coping behaviors and psychopathology were replicated. Significant intercorrelations were found between sustaining fantasies, daydreams, and coping behaviors that, separately, were found to be significantly associated with psychopathology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Coping and problem solving of self‐mutilators*
Authors: Haines Janet , Williams Christopher L.
Published: September 2003

People who self‐mutilate have been hypothesized to have deficient skills in coping and problem‐solving that leave them vulnerable to the adoption of self‐mutilation as a coping strategy. This hypothesis was tested using male incarcerated self‐mutilators with comparisons being made with non‐mutilating, prisoner, and non‐prisoner control groups. Examination of the inherent resources which enable an individual to effectively cope with stress demonstrated a depressed score for self‐mutilators on the scale measuring self‐worth and optimism about life. Assessment of the strategies used to cope with real problems demonstrated that self‐mutilators engage in more problem avoidance behaviors. Self‐mutilators also recorded less perceived control over problem‐solving options. The results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of self‐mutilation as a coping strategy and the need to adopt a multidimensional approach to the investigation of coping. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Stressful events, appraisal, coping and recurrent headache*
Authors: Marlowe Nicholas
Published: September 2003

One hundred fourteen headache sufferers recorded their headaches, stressful events, appraisal processes, and coping responses over a 28 day period. Stressful events were found to precede headache attacks more often than periods of headache freedom. Primary appraisals (how much the event mattered), levels of affective regulation coping and ratings of emotional upset were all higher for stressful events that were not associated with subsequent headache. Stressful events occurring during headache were followed by increases in the intensity of the attack. In such instances, avoidance coping was associated with higher ratings of headache intensity following the event and direct coping with lower post‐event ratings. It was concluded that stressful events may be causally related to headache and that the ways in which headache sufferers respond to these events may also have implications for the onset and intensity of attacks. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Depersonalization, fantasies, and coping behavior in clinical context*
Authors: Wolfradt Uwe , Engelmann Stefanie
Published: September 2003

The main purpose of the present study was to determine the relation between specific dissociative experiences (depersonalization, fantasies) and self‐reported coping behavior in a clinical (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia) and nonclinical sample (normal adults). Dissociative experiences were assessed with the Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation (QED) of Riley (1988) and coping behavior with the Stress‐Process Questionnaire (SPQ; Janke, Erdmann, & Boucsein, 1985). A factor analysis of the QED items revealed a two‐factor extraction: Factor 1 “depersonalization” and Factor 2 “fantasies/daydreams.” The clinical group scored higher on the QED factor “depersonalization” and had more passive forms of coping behavior (resignation, social isolation, self‐compassion, self‐blame) than the normal adults. Similar correlation patterns were found for both groups: The QED factor “depersonalization” correlated highly with the coping behaviors “resignation,” “social isolation,” “self‐blame,” “self‐compassion,” and “rumination.” No correlation between Factor 2 “fantasies/daydreams” and the coping behavior was found. Finally, correlations between depersonalization, trait anxiety, and personal need for structure were reported. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Coping style of substance‐abuse patients: Effects of anxiety and mood disorders on coping change*
Authors: Franken Ingmar H.A. , Hendriks Vincent M. , Haffmans P.M. Judith , van der Meer Chris W.
Published: September 2003

The authors studied the coping style of substance‐abuse patients during clinical cognitive‐behavioral group therapy, and the effects of mood and anxiety disorders on changes in coping style. Change in coping style was studied prospectively in a cohort of 132 residential‐drug‐abuse patients. In addition to pretreatment assessments, which included diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders and addiction severity, repeated measurements of coping style were performed at predetoxification, pretreatment, and after three and six months of treatment. Considerable change in coping style between predetoxification and pretreatment was found, suggesting that coping assessment in a predetoxification phase is confounded by state factors surrounding treatment entry. Coping style of detoxified substance abusers is related to the presence of mood and anxiety disorders. Coping style was not found to be related to the severity of drug abuse. Furthermore, maladaptive coping styles decreased after three months of inpatient‐substance‐abuse treatment, and more‐adaptive coping styles remained stable for another three months of inpatient treatment. Patients with an anxiety disorder improved less on coping style when compared to non‐anxiety patients. Presence of a mood disorder had no impact on coping‐style improvement. The results indicate that more attention should be focused on anxiety disorders during substance‐abuse treatment in order to improve coping style. Furthermore, more studies are needed on the relation between substance abuse, coping style, and psychopathology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Coping, meaning in life, and suicidal manifestations: Examining gender differences*
Authors: Edwards Melanie J. , Holden Ronald R.
Published: September 2003

Life meaning and coping strategies were investigated as statistical predictors of suicidal manifestations in a sample of 298 university undergraduates. Participants completed measures of hopelessness, sense of coherence, purpose in life, coping for stressful situations, suicide ideation, prior suicide attempts, and self‐reported likelihood of future suicidal behavior. Moderated multiple regression techniques examined the incremental validity of life meaning by coping interactions for predicting each suicide variable separately by gender. The interaction of sense of coherence and emotion‐oriented coping made a unique, significant contribution to the statistical prediction of all suicide variables for women. For men, the interaction between sense of coherence and emotion‐oriented coping contributed significantly to the statistical prediction of suicide ideation. All interactions remained significant when hopelessness was statistically controlled. The hypothesis that life meaning acts as a buffer between coping style and suicidal manifestations was partially supported. Implications for suicide prevention and intervention are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Coping, treatment planning, and treatment outcome: Discussion
Authors: Beutler Larry E. , Moos Rudolf H. , Lane Geoffrey
Published: September 2003

The articles presented in this issue are discussed within the context of the general literature on coping and coping style. The focus of this special issue was to determine if these articles are both consistent with extant research and advance the field. We identify at least two general definitions of coping, as used in these articles. We refer to one definition as reflecting one's “coping style.” This is largely a descriptive concept and closely related to one's enduring behavioral traits. It is closely related to other personality characteristics such as introversion–extroversion, stability, etc. The other definition of “coping” in the literature is much more specific to stressful environments and to the changes noted in one's behavior and cognitions during times of stress, than the first definition. We refer to this broad stress response as one's “coping response.” Coping response, unlike coping style, includes both a cognitive and an affective component. We conclude that it may be advantageous to differentiate between these two broad definitions in future research. We also conclude that the articles in this issue provide information that advances the field's understanding of coping styles and coping responses. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol, 2003.
Anatomy and functions of brain neurosecretory cells in diptera
Authors: Siga Sakiko
Published: September 2003

In the larval brain of dipteran insects, there are two medial and three lateral groups of neurons innervating the ring gland. One lateral group extends fibers to the corpus allatum. After metamorphosis, a large cluster of the medial group in the pars intercerebralis and two lateral groups in the pars lateralis innervate the retrocerebral complex and some neurons from the lateral group and a few from the medial group extend fibers to the corpus allatum in the adults. Neuropeptides such as insulin‐like peptides, FMRFamide related peptides, Locusta‐diuretic hormone, β‐pigment dispersing hormone, Manduca sexta‐allatostatin, ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone, and proctolin have been immunocytochemically revealed in medial groups in the pars intercerebralis, and FMRFamide related peptides, β‐pigment dispersing hormone, corazonin, and M. sexta‐allatostatin in lateral groups in the pars lateralis of dipteran brains. In mosquitoes after the blood meal, ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone from 2–3 pairs of medial neurosecretory cells is released at the corpus cardiacum to stimulate the ovaries to secrete ecdysteroid to cause ovarian development. In addition to ovarian development, removal and implantation experiments have shown that neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis are involved in control of reproductive diapause, cuticular tanning, sugar metabolism, and diures. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:114–131, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel subtype of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus genotype 1 detected uniquely in patients with hemophilia in Japan
Authors: Liu Hsin‐Fu , Teng Ching‐Wen , Fukuda Yoshihide , Nakano Isao , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Takamatsu Junki , Goubau Patrick , Toyoda Hidenori
Published: September 2003

GB virus C (GBV‐C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV) has been transmitted to Japanese patients with hemophilia through the frequent use of unheated blood products. Sequence analysis showed that most of the viruses isolated from these patients belonged to GBV‐C/HGV genotype 1, which is usually found in persons from Africa. This may point to the origin of this virus in Japanese patients with hemophilia. The phylogeny of 11 GBV‐C/HGV isolates from Japanese patients with hemophilia was investigated by a detailed analysis with a fragment spanning from the 5′ non‐coding region to part of the E1 gene. Except for one that belonged to the genotype 3 cluster, all isolates were GBV‐C/HGV type 1. Five main clades exist within the GBV‐C/HGV genotype 1 sequences. These isolates are grouped in 2 defined clades. Three of the isolates are clustered in subtype 1c clade whereas the other 7 strains formed a new statistically well‐supported monophyletic group (named subtype 1e). Our results suggest that GBV‐C/HGV type 1 can at present be classified into at least 5 clades and in this group a majority of Japanese patients with hemophilia was infected with a GBV‐C/HGV of a unique and newly described subtype within genotype 1. J. Med. Virol. 71:385–390, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of HBV DNA level and HBeAg titer in hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers and their babies: HBeAg passage through the placenta and the rate of decay in babies
Authors: Wang Zhanhui , Zhang Jin , Yang Hong , Li Xiuhui , Wen Shujuan , Guo Yabing , Sun Jian , Hou Jinlin
Published: September 2003

It is well documented that perinatal transmission is the major cause of chronic HBV infection in China. However, the mechanisms of HBV perinatal transmission are not defined clearly. It is not known whether hepatitis B e antigen can cross the human placenta, and the rate of HBeAg decay in babies with and without HBV breakthrough has not been studied. In this study, HBV serological markers were investigated in 95 hepatitis B surface antigen positive pregnant women. These markers were also studied in the babies at birth and at the age of 6 months and 12 months. The data show that 7.4% (7/95) children were infected with HBV during the first year after birth despite receiving passive‐active immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. The surface gene fragment of HBV DNA was cloned and sequenced following PCR amplification in 7 cases of HBsAg positive babies and their mothers. All babies had the same sequences as their mothers, although two babies also had sequences that would produce an amino acid substitution within the “a” determinant. Furthermore, we measured HBeAg titers and HBV DNA levels by using Abbott AxSYM system and LightCycler‐based real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR in 54 mother‐infant pairs. Thirty‐three mothers were HBeAg positive, and 21 mothers were HBeAg negative. Seventy percent (23/33) of neonates from HBeAg‐positive mothers were HBeAg positive at birth compared with 0% (0/21) of neonates from HBeAg negative mothers. HBeAg was present at higher titer in the birth sera of the babies with HBV breakthrough than in babies without breakthrough. HBeAg was cleared from the serum in all 19 babies without breakthrough. In 17 of these 19 babies, the HBeAg was cleared within 6 months, and in two babies clearance took 12 months. The mean serum HBV DNA level in the mothers of the 4 infants with HBV breakthrough was significantly higher than in the mothers of babies who did not become infected. In conclusion, this data suggests that HBeAg can cross the human placenta, and disappears from serum within 6 months in most babies. HBV DNA levels in hepatitis B carrier mothers are associated with the failure of HBIG and vaccine immunization, and the additional influence of transmitted HBeAg cannot be excluded. J. Med. Virol. 71:360–366, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Actin filaments participate in West Nile (Sarafend) virus maturation process
Authors: Chu J.J.H. , Choo B.G.H. , Lee J.W.M. , Ng M.L.
Published: September 2003

West Nile (Sarafend) virus has previously been shown to egress by budding at the plasma membrane of infected cells, but relatively little is known about the mechanism involved in this mode of release. During the course of this study, it was discovered that actin filaments take part in the virus maturation process. Using dual‐labeled immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy at late infection (10 hr p.i.), co‐localization of viral structural (envelope and capsid) proteins with actin filaments was confirmed. The virus structural proteins were also immunoprecipitated with anti‐actin antibody, further demonstrating the strong association between the two components. Perturbation of actin filaments by cytochalasin B strongly inhibited the release of West Nile virus (∼10,000‐fold inhibition) when compared with the untreated cells. Infectious virus particles were recovered after the removal of cytochalasin B. Further confirmation was obtained when nucleocapsid particles were found associated with disrupted actin filaments at the periphery of cytochalasin B‐treated cells. Together, these results showed that actin filaments do indeed have a key role in the release of West Nile (Sarafend) virions. J. Med. Virol. 71:463–472, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variation of glycoproteins B and H of human herpesvirus 7 in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Paul K.S. , Li Chi‐Kong , Chik Ki‐Wai , Shing Matthew M.K. , Lee Vincent , Ng King‐Cheung , Lam Ching‐Wan , Cheung Jo L.K. , Cheng Augustine F.
Published: September 2003

Glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein H (gH) of human herpesvirus 7 (HHV‐7) are believed to play an important role in virus entry and as targets for host immune response. This study examined the genetic diversity of these glycoproteins among 90 HHV‐7 isolates collected from different individuals in Hong Kong. Overall, both the gB and gH genes were found to be highly conserved. Nucleotide polymorphism was detected only at four positions of the gB‐encoding region, and all of these were synonymous substitutions. Most (97.8%) Hong Kong isolates were of gB allele group C. Two isolates collected from a Pakistani family showed a novel sequence pattern that did not match known gB allele groups. This sequence pattern was detected consistently from serial samples collected from the same individual, indicating a stable genetic entity. The gH‐encoding region exhibited nucleotide polymorphism at six positions. Three of these were nonsynonymous substitutions (codon 271 Lys → Gln, codon 308 Gly → Glu, codon 397 Asn → Tyr). Most (84.4%) Hong Kong isolates were of the gH allele group B, and all others were of the gH allele group C. These data indicate the possibility of using gB or gH alleles as markers for studying world‐wide population movements and genetics. J. Med. Virol. 71:429–433, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genital human papillomavirus genotyping by HPV oligonucleotide microarray in Korean commercial sex workers
Authors: Choi Byeong‐Sun , Kim Okjin , Park Mi Sun , Kim Ki Soo , Jeong Jeongmi Kim , Lee Joo‐Shil
Published: September 2003

Because of the diversity in human papillomavirus (HPV) distribution, according to the population and region, detailed investigations of HPV genotypes are important in designing more effective HPV vaccines for any given country. HPV DNA oligonucleotide microarray was used to investigate the distribution of HPV genotypes among commercial sex workers. The prevalence of HPV in Korean commercial sex workers was 47%, with HPV‐16 and HPV‐51 as the dominant genotypes. HPV subtypes in 148 commercial sex workers comprised 70 with one genotype, 42 with two genotypes, 17 with three genotypes, and 19 with four or more genotypes. HPV‐40, the most dominant low‐risk genotype, was not detected in single‐infection commercial sex workers. All women with multiple infections of low‐risk genotypes had the HPV‐40 genotype. This molecular epidemiological study of genital HPV will be useful for the development of a favorable strategy to prevent the spread of this potentially serious infection. J. Med. Virol. 71:440–445, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and genotyping of human herpes simplex viruses in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme by nested PCR
Authors: Sun Yongjiang , Chan Roy Kum Wah , Tan Suat Hoon , Ng Patricia Pei Lin
Published: September 2003

A subset of erythema multiforme (erythema multiforme) is associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection; viral cultures of erythema multiforme lesions are, however, usually negative and viral antigens difficult to identify. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to demonstrate the association, hence, is currently the only available sensitive diagnostic means for HSV‐associated erythema multiforme. A nested PCR, which could simultaneously detect and genotype HSV in erythema multiforme lesions and in clinical swab specimin was developed using the DNA polymerase gene of HSV as target gene because it is the only detectable HSV gene in a high proportion of erythema multiforme lesions. The PCR has demonstrated its robust sensitivity on swab samples by being able to detect further 45.3% HSV cases in comparison with virus isolation with 100% specificity in both detection and genotyping confirmed by virus isolation and DNA sequencing. This study represents the first investigation of typing HSV virus in HSV‐associated erythema multiforme patients, and the finding that 66.7% of the patients was attributed to HSV1, 27.8% to HSV2, and 5.6% to HSV1 and 2 co‐infection may reflect the distribution of HSV1 and 2 in local general population. J. Med. Virol. 71:423–428, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mice deficient in the X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease gene sap exhibit increased susceptibility to murine gammaherpesvirus‐68 and hypo‐gammaglobulinemia
Authors: Yin Luo , Al‐Alem Umaima , Liang Jun , Tong Wei‐Min , Li Cuiling , Badiali Manuela , Médard Jean Jacques , Sumegi Janos , Wang Zhao‐Qi , Romeo Giovanni
Published: September 2003

X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease is characterized by immune dysregulation and uncontrolled lymphoproliferation on exposure to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). This disease has been attributed to mutations in the SAP gene (also denominated as SH2D1A or DSHP). To delineate the role of SAP in the pathophysiology of X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease, a strain of sap‐deficient mice has been generated by deleting exon 2 of the gene. After infection with murine gammaherpesvirus‐68, which is homologous to EBV, the mutant mice exhibit more vigorous CD8+ T cell proliferation and more disseminated lymphocyte infiltration compared to their wild‐type littermates. Chronic tissue damage and hemophagocytosis were evident in sap‐deficient mice but not in their wild‐type littermates. Concordantly, murine gammaherpesvirus‐68 reactivation was observed in sap‐deficient mice, indicating an impaired control of the virus. Notably, IgE deficiency and decreased serum IgG level were observed in mutant mice prior to and after murine gammaherpesvirus‐68 infection, which reproduces hypo‐gammaglobulinemia in X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease patients. This mouse model will therefore be a useful tool for dissecting the various phenotypes of X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease. J. Med. Virol. 71:446–455, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine‐dependent anti‐viral role of CD4‐positive T cells in therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B viral infection
Authors: Ren Fenyu , Hino Keisuke , Yamaguchi Yuhki , Funatsuki Kiyomi , Hayashi Akio , Ishiko Hiroaki , Furutani Muneko , Yamasaki Takahiro , Korenaga Keiko , Yamashita Satoyoshi , Konishi Tomomi , Okita Kiwamu
Published: September 2003

There are several lines of evidence suggesting that specific vaccine therapy with a standard hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination reduces HBV replication. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti‐viral mechanism of vaccine therapy in chronic hepatitis B patients. Nineteen patients were assigned to receive either vaccine therapy (n = 13) or no treatment as a control (n = 6). Vaccinated patients were analyzed for T cell proliferative responses specific for envelope antigen and cytokine production by antigen‐specific T cells. ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assays also were carried out for limited blood samples. Serum HBV DNA levels decreased significantly at 3 months after completion of therapy and thereafter as compared to the baseline ones, and were significantly lower in vaccinated patients than in controls at 12 and 18 months after completion of therapy. Vaccination induced antigen‐specific CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in four patients (30.8%). The production of high levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by antigen‐specific T cells was found in six patients (46.0%) who showed significantly lower HBV DNA levels in serum at 6 (P = 0.04) and 18 months (P = 0.005) after completion of therapy than those without high levels of cytokine production. Vaccination did not induce antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T cells. These results suggest that envelope‐specific CD4+ T cells may control directly HBV replication by producing anti‐viral cytokines rather than providing help for cytotoxic T cells in therapeutic vaccination against chronic HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 71:376–384, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.