bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Attachment and Depression in the Confluence Model of Sexual Assault Perpetration
Authors: Nguyen David , Parkhill Michele R.
Published: August 2014

This study sought to extend the confluence model of sexual assault perpetration by examining attachment insecurity and depression as additional predictors of sexual aggression. Male college students ( N = 193) completed an online questionnaire assessing confluence model constructs in addition to attachment and history of depression. Overall, the model fit the data well, χ2(11, 193) = 19.43, p = ns; root mean square error of approximation = .063; comparative fit index = .94. Attachment and depression demonstrated both direct and indirect relationships with perpetration severity. The results contribute to elucidating the process by which certain men become susceptible to perpetrating sexual assault. Implications are discussed.
A Genomic Profile of the Immune Response to Stroke With Implications for Stroke Recovery
Authors: Barr Taura L. , VanGilder Reyna , Rellick Stephanie , Brooks Steven D. , Doll Danielle N. , Lucke-Wold Ann Noelle , Chen Dongquan , Denvir James , Warach Steven , Singleton Andrew , Matarin Mar
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to determine the change in gene expression between two time points following stroke and to identify biomarkers of stroke recovery through gene expression profiling and pathway analysis.

Methods:

Peripheral blood was collected from 34 ischemic stroke patients (confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging) ≥18 years of age, within 24 hr of symptom onset and 24–48 hr later, and from healthy controls. The Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) was used to determine 30-day recovery. Total RNA was extracted from whole blood in Paxgene RNA tubes, amplified, and hybridized to Illumina HumanRef-8v2 bead chips. Gene expression was compared in a univariate manner between stroke patients at both time points and good versus bad outcome using t-test in GeneSpring. Inflation of Type 1 error was corrected by false discovery rate (FDR), and Ingenuity Systems Pathway analysis (IPA) was performed. A secondary validation cohort was recruited from a local hospital.

Results:

Three genes were significantly downregulated over time ( LY96, IL8, and SDPR; FDR corrected p < .05). This finding was confirmed in a validation cohort of stroke patients ( n = 8). IPA revealed cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) signaling was the most significant pathway present in the peripheral whole blood of stroke patients 24–48 hr after onset. When controlling for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, high baseline expression of TLR2 and TLR4 significantly predicted worse scores on the MRS.

Conclusion:

CTLA4 signaling is a novel pathway for the study of stroke-induced immune suppression. Markers of immune dysfunction early after stroke may prove useful for identifying patients with increased risk of poor recovery.
Reviewing photoshop
Authors: Lesage Frédérik
Published: August 2014

This article provides an analysis of the application software Photoshop with a specific focus on how reviews serve as sites for mediating its cultural subjectivities. The first sections develop a conceptual framework for the research based on mediation theory followed by a more detailed discussion of how tracing Photoshop’s cultural biography can be used to analyze its mediation in a way that recognizes its status as part of technological processes and social contexts. The later sections apply this framework with a specific focus on Photoshop upgrades and how they are reviewed in magazine articles and newsgroups over the course of nearly 20 years.
Religious and sexual orientation intersections in education and media: A Canadian perspective
Authors: Shipley Heather
Published: August 2014

This article will examine and challenge the ways in which religious and sexually diverse identities are constructed as oppositional and further regulated as such within policy and legislation. Although focused on Canada, this discussion has international resonance where religion and sexual orientation debates and education policies are also a central focus of controversy. Within these rigid identity assumptions, reinforced through public and legal discourses, is the repeated notion that there is an inherent conflict or competition between religious identities and sexual identities. This assumed ‘clash’ often requires individuals to repress aspects of their identities, not as a result of an internal struggle, but as a response to external social norms.
Queer Jesus, straight angels: Complicating ‘sexuality’ and ‘religion’ in the International Raëlian Movement
Authors: Gregg Stephen E
Published: August 2014

This article highlights the central role of sexuality and the body within the International Raëlian Movement. The world's largest UFO-inspired New Religious Movement, the Raëlian Movement rejects theism and understands higher spiritual awareness to be dependent upon individual and communal sexual identity. Through a process called Sensual Meditation, Raëlians believe that harmony and peace may be facilitated, a view which also underpins their increasing profile of social campaigns and public protests centred upon rights for diverse adult sexualities. It will be argued, however, that Raëlian views of sexuality, although internally viewed as radical and subversive, are in fact predominantly heteronormative.
Sex work and violence: focusing on managers in the indoor sex industry
Authors: Büschi Eva
Published: August 2014

Sex work is defined from a liberal-feminist view as the negotiating and provision of sexual services by adults in return for payment. In Switzerland, sex work is basically legal and tolerated. The present study does not problematize the nature of sex work. It is considered here as a form of gainful employment rather than deviant behaviour, sexual risk behaviour or violence per se. In a qualitative study using problem focused guided interviews, 13 managers of brothels and contact bars in a Swiss city were questioned about their organizing of work, about working conditions, violence and its prevention. The content analysis of the data ( Mayring, 2007 ) generated a manager typology (based on Kelle and Kluge, 1999). The results project four manager types: (I) collegial all-rounders who run small establishments; (II) co-operative managers of medium-size commercial premises; (III) authoritarian managers of medium-size and large brothels or contact bars and (IV) self-sacrificing managers of medium-size brothels. In respect to violence, these four types are characterized by association with differential degrees of potential risk for sex workers. While types I and IV can be classified as more risky in relation to violence and safety due to their specific characteristics, types II and III are clearly less dangerous for the sex workers. All the managers have introduced protective measures to prevent violence, yet they do not have a specific (explicitly formulated) strategy. In conclusion, the study shows that structural basic conditions and specific organizational working conditions impact on the risk of violence.
Shaping the national social protection strategy in Cambodia: Global influence and national ownership
Authors: Kwon Huck-ju , Cook Sarah , Kim Yusun
Published: August 2014

In the wake of the global economic crisis in 2008, the Cambodian government responded actively to the impact of the crisis by initiating various policy measures for social protection. Most importantly, it launched a National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS) in 2011 with a major focus on social assistance targeted at the poor, children and the disabled. How did this social protection policy come about? Was it driven by international influence or is it an outcome of national policy ownership? In order to answer these questions, this article analyses the interactions among global and national actors in the policy dynamics of Cambodia’s NSPS; it is intended to disentangle the complex politics of global social policy at the national level.
Parenting from a distance and processes of family reunification: A research on the Italian case
Authors: Ambrosini Maurizio
Published: August 2014

A new trend has emerged over the recent years in the relationship between immigration and family structures, especially in Italy and Southern Europe: it is no longer just single men or women who emigrate first, but also mothers who leave their children at home. In relation to the departure of the mothers, the issue of so-called ‘transnational families’ has arisen. Transnational family relations and reunifications, the paths of men and women, the factors influencing choices and practices, the forms and problems of child care, are the arguments discussed in this article on the basis of research carried out in Italy. In particular, the employment of most first-migrant women in the domestic sector creates a tension with their desire to reunite their children in Italy, but it is sometimes also a resource. More specifically, the issues that will be discussed include: (1) differences in care practices from a distance between fathers and mothers; (2) the difficulties and differentiations of the processes of family reunification, always taking gender differences into account; (3) a deeper analysis of the condition of first-migrant mothers, both as single mothers and as protagonists of reunification with their husbands and children. I shall show in particular that family reunification is often not the happy end of the story, but a new beginning which creates challenges, tensions, and crises.
The invisible archaeologist: Letters from the UNESCO Secretariat 1946–1947
Authors: Källén Anna
Published: August 2014

Drawing on 81 original letters written by an executive member of staff at UNESCO’s Secretariat 1946–1947, this article aims to deneutralize the work of individual scholars and intellectuals in the officially neutral and invisible Secretariat, and situate the foundational work of UNESCO in the reality of post-war Paris. Olov R. T. Janse, a Swedish-born archaeologist who had worked in Europe, French Indochina and for US intelligence services, worked six months at the UNESCO Secretariat, from November 1946 to May 1947. The letters he sent home to his wife Ronny abound with details and information about his work and life, in and around the UNESCO Secretariat. They outline connections with pre-Second World War cosmopolitan networks and colonial structures, against a background of harsh human reality in post-war Paris, and thus situate UNESCO’s foundation at the point of intersection between pre-war nostalgia and post-war dreams of a peaceful future.
Thinking politically about crisis: A pragmatist perspective
Authors: Milstein Brian
Published: August 2014

“Crisis” is a key concept in our political lexicon. Since the beginning of the modern age, it has arguably been, as much as anything, the experience of crisis that has calibrated the aims of both politics and political theory. But as central as crisis experiences have been for the shaping of our political imaginary, the concept itself has proven difficult to incorporate into the political theory enterprise. In this article, I argue that we can think politically about crisis by taking up a “pragmatist” perspective that focuses on how we deploy crisis as a conceptual tool for guiding judgments and coordinating actions. I argue that crisis is a fundamentally reflexive concept that bridges our traditional distinctions between objective phenomena and normative experience, and whose very usage implies the active participation of those involved in it. Only by examining these crucial aspects of the crisis concept can we begin to grasp its normative political content, as well as how it may be deployed in the service of political action and social change.
Do ethics classes teach ethics?
Authors: Curzer Howard J. , Sattler Sabrina , DuPree Devin G. , Smith-Genthôs K. Rachelle
Published: August 2014

The ethics assessment industry is currently dominated by the second version of the Defining Issues Test (DIT2). In this article, we describe an alternative assessment instrument called the Sphere-Specific Moral Reasoning and Theory Survey (SMARTS), which measures the respondent’s level of moral development in several respects. We describe eight difficulties that an instrument must overcome in order to assess ethics classes successfully. We argue that the DIT2 fails to solve these problems, and that the SMARTS succeeds. The SMARTS was administered as pre-test and post-test during several semesters to ethics and non-ethics classes. Ethics students improved significantly more than non-ethics students in both moral theory choice and moral reasoning. Thus, ethics classes do indeed teach ethics.
Lobbying Regulations and Political Equality in the American States
Authors: Flavin Patrick
Published: August 2014

Laws that regulate the conduct of professional lobbyists in statehouses across the nation are one attempt to ensure that citizens’ opinions receive more equal consideration when elected officials make policy decisions. Do states with stricter lobbying regulations actually display more egalitarian patterns of political representation? Using public opinion measures from the National Annenberg Election Surveys and data on state policies, this article first demonstrates that state policy decisions are consistently more proximate to the opinions of affluent citizens. I then evaluate the relationship between the stringency of state lobbying regulations and representational equality across the states and find evidence that states with stricter regulations weigh citizens’ opinions more equally in the policymaking process. These findings suggest that lobbying regulations can play an important role in promoting greater political equality.
Do You Want to Organize a Multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot Clinic? We Can Help
Authors: Piaggesi Alberto , Coppelli Alberto , Goretti Chiara , Iacopi Elisabetta , Mattaliano Chiara
Published: August 2014

The diabetic foot (DF) is a complex pathology involving the lower limb of 8 to 10 million people around the world, and its prevalence is rising, creating a dramatic need for effective therapeutic answers. The multidisciplinary DF clinic has been proposed as a model to fight this complication from the International Working Group on Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) inside a more articulated 3-level organization strategy. The organization and technical aspects of this strategy, together with the characteristics of each of the 3 levels have been analyzed and described in the article, together with the aims and limitations of each of the levels to cope with a 3-dimensional pathology involving systemic, local, and logistic aspects. The implementation of this model in Europe produced positive results measured so far in at least 2 nationwide experiences, in Germany and in Italy, and it should be taken in account whenever health policies apply to the DF issue.
Distal Bypasses in Patients With Diabetes and Infrapopliteal Disease
Authors: Forsythe Rachael O. , Jones Keith G. , Hinchliffe Robert J.
Published: August 2014

The combination of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is challenging in many ways. The characteristic and complex distal distribution of PAD often encountered in patients with diabetes means that bypass surgery in this context is technically challenging. In addition, many of these patients have a burden of serious comorbidities that must be optimized and managed concurrently. While the authors acknowledge that “achieving success” in distal bypass relies on much more than technical expertise, there are some technical aspects that should be considered when planning surgery on these patients. This article outlines some important issues in the treatment pathway of a patient with diabetes and PAD requiring distal bypass surgery—from selection and optimization of the patient (in the context of a multidisciplinary team) and preoperative workup, to the operative strategy planning, technical tips, and nonoperative adjuncts. These considerations, as well as sound knowledge of the underlying disease process, confounding medical factors and awareness of the difficulty in predicting treatment outcomes, should help maximize the chances of success.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Insulin-Treated Patients in Non-ICU Settings
Authors: Gomez Ana Maria , Umpierrez Guillermo E.
Published: August 2014

Inpatient hyperglycemia, in patients with and without a history of diabetes, is associated with increased risk of complications, mortality, and longer hospital stay in medicine and surgical patients. Bedside capillary point of care testing is widely recommended as the preferred method for glucose monitoring and for guiding glycemic management of individual patients; however, the accuracy of most handheld glucose meters is far from optimal. Recent studies in the hospital setting have reported that the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can provide real-time information about glucose concentration, direction, and rate of change over a period of several days. Because it provides glucose values every 5-10 minutes 24 hours a day, CGM may have an advantage over point of care testing with respect to reducing the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in acute care. Real-time CGM technology may facilitate glycemic control and to reduce hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients. Recent guidelines, however, have recommended deferring the use of CGM in the adult hospital setting until further data on accuracy and safety become available. In this study, we review the advantages and disadvantages of the use of real-time CGM in the management of dysglycemia in the hospital setting.
America’s Other Drinking Habit
Authors: Bugos Eva , Lipman Terri H. , FitzGerald Elizabeth A. , Solomon Sara , Frasso Rosemary , Diaz Magdaline , Cannuscio Carolyn C.
Published: August 2014

Sugar-sweetened beverages contribute substantial calories to children’s diets. Aggressive marketing and promotion strategies, particularly deep discounts, may increase children’s consumption, which has been associated with unhealthy weight gain. For sugar-sweetened beverages as for tobacco, price may be an important and malleable driver of consumption. And as in the case of tobacco, a range of strategies will be necessary to curb America’s sugar-sweetened beverage habit.
Mothers’ Characteristics and Immunization Status of Under-Five Children in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyefara John Lekan
Published: August 2014

Immunization is a key element of public health, a pre-requisite to social and economic development, and a crucial element that enables every child to reach his or her full physical and intellectual potential. It is a prevention against various child killer diseases such as tuberculosis (Bacillus Calmette Gurine [BCG]), tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, yellow fever, and measles. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationships between household characteristics, social mobilization, and immunization status of under-5 children in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. To achieve this objective, a non-experimental research design was adopted. The research method utilized in the design is cross-sectional survey. The sampled study location is Ojo local government area of Lagos State. A total of 265 respondents were randomly sampled for the survey using multistage random sampling technique. Generated data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical techniques. The findings of the study reveal significant relationship between women’s level of education and full immunization of their children. Specifically, 38.9% of women without any formal education had fully immunized their children compared with 86.9% of women with secondary education. In addition, 90.9% of women who assessed themselves to be average on wealth assessment compared with 45.3% of the poor had fully immunized their children. On the basis of the study’s findings, there is a need for a holistic approach that will involve all social classes and communities on child immunization to have 100% immunization coverage and minimal child morbidity and mortality in all areas of the city.
Themes of Lust and Love in Popular Music Lyrics From 1971 to 2011
Authors: Madanikia Yasaman , Bartholomew Kim
Published: August 2014

We explored themes related to sexual desire (lust) and romantic desire (love) in the lyrics of popular music over the past 40 years. We examined whether there have been changes in the prevalence of lust and love themes and changes in how these themes inter-relate in music lyrics over time. The study sample consisted of the top 40 songs of Billboard Year End Hot 100 single songs for every 5 years from 1971 to 2011 ( N = 360). There was a linear decrease over time in the proportion of songs with a love theme and in the proportion of songs with a combination of lust and love themes. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the proportion of songs with a theme focusing on lust in the absence of love. Themes of lust in the absence of love were especially prevalent in hip-hop/rap music, although music genre did not account for the changing themes over time. These shifts in themes found in popular music may both influence cultural norms and reflect a cultural shift toward acceptance of sexuality outside of love relationships.
Modified curvature method for residual thermal stress estimation in coatings
Authors: Wu S. , Guo Q. , Wu S. , Zhao C.
Published: August 2014

In the present work, a modified curvature method for residual thermal stress estimation in coating/substrate was presented. The method based on the assumption of the classical beam theory was individually applicable to the coating and the substrate; besides, they were well bonded, continuous, homogeneous and isotropic. Analyses indicated that the residual thermal stress in the coating and substrate increased with increase in the difference in Young's modulus, the average coefficient of thermal expansion and thickness of the coating and the substrate. Comparative analyses were performed according to some published experimental results. Results showed that the present estimation method is simple and valid.
A multifunctional ribonuclease A-conjugated carbon dot cluster nanosystem for synchronous cancer imaging and therapy
Authors: Liu Huiyang , Wang Qin , Shen Guangxia , Zhang Chunlei , Li Chao , Ji Weihang , Wang Chun , Cui Daxiang
Published: August 2014

Carbon dots exhibit great potential in applications such as molecular imaging and in vivo molecular tracking. However, how to enhance fluorescence intensity of carbon dots has become a great challenge. Herein, we report for the first time a new strategy to synthesize fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) with high quantum yields by using ribonuclease A (RNase A) as a biomolecular templating agent under microwave irradiation. The synthesized RNase A-conjugated carbon dots (RNase A@C-dots) exhibited quantum yields of 24.20%. The fluorescent color of the RNase A@C-dots can easily be adjusted by varying the microwave reaction time and microwave power. Moreover, the emission wavelength and intensity of RNase A@C-dots displayed a marked excitation wavelength-dependent character. As the excitation wavelength alters from 300 to 500 nm, the photoluminescence (PL) peak exhibits gradually redshifts from 450 to 550 nm, and the intensity reaches its maximum at an excitation wavelength of 380 nm. Its Stokes shift is about 80 nm. Notably, the PL intensity is gradually decreasing as the pH increases, almost linearly dependent, and it reaches the maximum at a pH = 2 condition; the emission peaks also show clearly a redshift, which may be caused by the high activity and perfective dispersion of RNase A in a lower pH solution. In high pH solution, RNase A tends to form RNase A warped carbon dot nanoclusters. Cell imaging confirmed that the RNase A@C-dots could enter into the cytoplasm through cell endocytosis. 3D confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy observation confirmed partial RNase A@C-dots located inside the nucleus. MTT and real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) analysis showed that the RNase A@C-dots could effectively inhibit the growth of MGC-803 cells. Intra-tumor injection test of RNase A@C-dots showed that RNase A@C-dots could be used for imaging in vivo gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, the as-prepared RNase A@C-dots are suitable for simultaneous therapy and in vivo fluorescence imaging of nude mice loaded with gastric cancer or other tumors.
Comparison principle and stability for a class of stochastic fractional differential equations
Authors: Lu Yuli , Yao Zhangsong , Zhu Quanxin , Yao Yi , Zhou Hongwei
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we study a class of stochastic fractional differential equations. We first establish a novel comparison principle for such equations. Then, we use the new comparison principle to obtain some stability criteria, which include the stability in probability, uniform stability in probability, asymptotic stability in probability, and p th moment exponential stability. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the obtained results.
N-glycosylation site occupancy in human prostaglandin H synthases expressed in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Kukk Kaia , Kasvandik Sergo , Samel Nigulas
Published: August 2014

Prostaglandin H synthases (PGHSs) are N-glycosylated membrane proteins that catalyse the committed step in prostaglandin synthesis. Unlike PGHS-2, the production of recombinant PGHS-1 in non-mammalian expression systems is complicated. The majority of the heterologous enzyme is inactive due to misfolding. Correct N-glycosylation is proposed to be obligatory for proper folding of mammalian PGHSs. In this study, human PGHS-1 and -2 (hPGHS-1 and -2) were expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Recombinant hPGHS-2 was catalytically active, whereas hPGHS-1 was inactive. Accumulation of non-glycosylated hPGHSs was not observed in the crude lysate of the yeast cells. The N-glycosylation patterns of the purified recombinant proteins were characterised using nano-LC/MS/MS. The isoforms exhibited similar N-glycosylation site occupancy. The results indicate that there are more complex grounds for the inactivity of the recombinant hPGHS-1 produced in yeast.
Buried large block revealed by gravity anomalies in the Tonankai and Nankai earthquakes regions, southwestern Japan
Authors: Honda Ryo , Kono Yoshiteru
Published: August 2014

We confirmed existence of a buried large block beneath seafloor off Cape Shionomisaki, Kii Peninsula, southwestern Japan, by improving marine gravity data. We found that the 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai earthquakes occurred close to this block. The block is characterized by high gravity anomalies of 80 mGal larger than surrounding area with a diameter of about 40 km. Center of the anomaly is located 30 km off Cape Shionomisaki, southern end of the Kii Peninsula. This high gravity anomaly can be explained by existence of a higher density body with approximate thickness of 8 km just beneath the seafloor. This block coincides with the reported high velocity zone from recent seismic refraction survey in this area. Judging from seismic velocity, density, and geologic evidences, the block presumably consists of intruded acidic rocks, not seamount.
A first paleomagnetic and rock magnetic investigation of calcareous nodules from the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Yang Tianshui , Hyodo Masayuki , Yang Zhenyu , Sun Zhiming
Published: August 2014

A detailed paleomagnetic and rock magnetic investigation was carried out on calcareous nodule layers embedded in the loess-paleosol sequences near Baoji city, southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility confirms that calcareous nodules retain the primary sedimentary fabric of original deposits. Rock magnetic properties demonstrate that calcareous nodules have the same mineralogy and grain sizes as loess-paleosol deposits. Characteristic remanent magnetizations of calcareous nodules have directions consistent with those of adjacent loess and paleosol deposits. The Punaruu event, previously found from loess deposits in the upper part of loess unit L13 in Weinan, southern Chinese Loess Plateau, is observed at the corresponding stratigraphic level in the calcareous nodule layer. These observations indicate that the calcareous nodule layers preserve primary remanent magnetizations of original deposits before calcification, and that they can contribute to paleomagnetic studies in the Chinese Loess Plateau.
Quantification of porosity and surface roughness in laboratory measurements of the bidirectional reflectance of asteroid surface analogues
Authors: Sakai Tatsuya , Nakamura Akiko M.
Published: August 2014

We studied the effects of the surface roughness and porosity of a sample layer on its light-scattering properties in laboratory experiments using fly ash, iron, graphite, and olivine powders. Three types of surface structure were prepared: compacted, knocked, and fluffy surfaces. The surface roughness is represented by the mean slope angle of small facets on the surface. We found a positive correlation between the surface roughness and the porosity of the layer. The bidirectional reflectance of the surface at the wavelength of a He-Ne laser (633 nm) was measured to illustrate the influence of surface structure on scattering properties, with the incidence angle fixed at 0°, while varying the phase angle from 2 to 80°. The reflectance of a relatively rough surface was lower than that of a relatively smooth one for all of the materials measured. The reflectance measured at 30° in phase angle decreased by between ∼25 and ∼60%. This effect may explain the discrepancy between the absolute reflectance in previous laboratory results and the observed results for C class asteroids (Kamei and Nakamura, 2002; Nakamura et al., 2002).
Distinguished seismological and electromagnetic features of the impending global failure: Did the 7/9/1999 M5.9 Athens earthquake come with a warning?
Authors: Kapiris Panayiotis , Nomicos Konstantinos , Antonopoulos George , Polygiannakis John , Karamanos Konstantinos , Kopanas John , Zissos Athanassios , Peratzakis Athanassios , Eftaxias Konstantinos
Published: August 2014

Clear VLF electromagnetic (EM) anomalies were detected prior to the Athens earthquake (EQ). We attempt to establish the hypothesis that these emissions were launched from the pre-focal area during micro-fracturing process. The spectral analysis in terms of fractal dynamics reveals that distinquished alterations in the associated scaling parameters emerge as the EQ is approached. These alterations suggests that the evolution of the Earth’s crust towards the “critical point” takes place not only in the seismological sense but also in the pre-fracture EM sense. VAN-signals and space-time TIR-signals were also detected prior to the Athens EQ. These anomalies, as well as the fault modeling of the Athens EQ obtained by interferometric combinations of ERS2 SAR images bring further support for the confidence in the reliability of our conclusions.
Curie Point Depth variations to infer thermal structure of the crust at the African-Eurasian convergence zone, SW Turkey
Authors: Dolmaz M. Nuri , Ustaömer Timur , Hisarli Z. Mumtaz , Orbay Naci
Published: August 2014

We examined the thermal structure of the crust across complex deformation zones in SW Turkey using the Curie Point Depth (CPD) estimates and made comparisons of the thermal state of the crust with the seismic activity to provide insights for spatial limits of brittle failure in this region. The CPD estimates of SW Turkey from 80 overlapping blocks vary from 9 to 20 km. SW Turkey has two regions of shallow CPD. The shallow CPD region in the Uşak-Afyon zone in western part of the study area is caused by upper crustal thinning and shallowing of high conductivity lower crust. The other shallow CPD region is in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province in the eastern part of the study area and is thought to be related to the presence of silicate melts in the shallow-level crust. A NNW-SSE trending belt of deep CPD region separates these two zones and is located along the boundary of high (west) and low (east) seismic activities. It is interpreted that the regional thermal structure in SW Turkey is mainly controlled by the processes associated with the African-Eurasian plate convergence zone. The N-S lithospheric extension above the subducting slab created a thermal dome in Western Anatolia in response to upwelling of asthenosphere. Post-collisional magmatism of Neogene-Quaternary age generated another thermal dome in the eastern area. Comparison of the CPD variations with the seismic activity has shown that large earthquakes occur near the margins of the inferred regional thermal domes. Low seismic activity within the regionally active seismic areas seems to be associated with shallow CPD and high heat flow.
Direct observation of the formation of alumina phase by metallic Al solid-SiO2 solid reaction
Authors: Sasaki S. , Suzuki H. , Kimura Y. , Sato T. , Tanigaki T. , Kido O. , Kamitsuji K. , Kurumada M. , Kaito C.
Published: August 2014

The formation of Al2O3 phases by the solid-solid reaction of a metallic Al layer evaporated on a SiO2 amorphous grain has been induced by heating above 600°C in vacuum (1×10−6 Pa). The distortion process of the amorphous SiO2 grains by the formation of Al2O3 have been directly imaged by in-situ TEM observation. A partly deposited Al layer covered the SiO2 grains after heating at 750?C, and ψ -Al2O3 grains of about 25 nm diameters were formed on the SiO2 surface. Upon the growth of Al2O3, the SiO2 grain decomposed into a mixture of metallic Si and SiO2 and disappeared as a result of sublimation due to the formation of SiOx at high temperatures. The present result on dust surface dynamics will become an important field with respect to the metamorphism of grains from the astromineralogical viewpoint.
Multi-planar structures in the aftershock distribution of the Mid Niigata prefecture Earthquake in 2004
Authors: Aoki Shigeki , Nishi Masaki , Nakamura Koji , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Yoshikawa Sumio , Ito Hidemi M.
Published: August 2014

A shallow destructive inland earthquake of M6.8 occurred on Oct. 23, 2004 (JST) in the middle part of Niigata prefecture, Japan. The aftershock activity was high as compared to those of the other shallow inland earthquakes in Japan. We relocated the sources of the main shock and aftershock activity by adopting the double-difference earthquake location algorithm. The precisely relocated hypocenter distribution shows that there are a doubleplanar structure with a distance 5 km in parallel dipping in WNW with about 50 degrees and a single-planar structure dipping in ESE with about 15 degrees. The upper and lower planes of the double plane began to be formed with the main shock and the largest aftershock of M6.5, respectively, while the ESE dipping plane began to be formed with the 3rd largest aftershock of M6.1. The three planes represent the fault planes of the large events mentioned above. The aftershock distribution is found to be a superposition of the fault planes of the main shock and the large aftershocks. The high aftershock activity is attributed to the formation of the fault planes.
Coseismic deformation of the Mid Niigata prefecture Earthquake in 2004 detected by RADARSAT/InSAR
Authors: Ozawa Taku , Nishimura Sou , Wada Yutaka , Ohkura Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

Crustal deformation associated with the Mid Niigata prefecture Earthquake in 2004 (MJMA = 6.8) was detected using RADARSAT SAR interferometry. A displacement of −40 cm in the line-of-sight to the satellite was observed to the west of the main shock epicenter, and a displacement of 20 cm was observed to the east of the epicenter. Fault parameters estimated from the obtained deformation were in good agreement with those of the Centroid Moment Tensor solution for the main shock provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency. In the postseismic period, a steep gradient of deformation was found around the Obiro and the Western Muikamachi Basin faults, indicating that a fault-slip occurred in the shallow part of the fault. Since the seismicity in the shallow part of the Western Muikamachi Basin fault was very low, we believe that it must have been an aseismic slip. Crustal deformation associated with an aftershock that occurred on October 27 (MJMA = 6.1) was detected, and it was ascertained that this aftershock had ruptured the conjugate plane with respect to the Obiro fault. Since locations and/or mechanisms of these faults differed significantly, it was determined that at least three faults were involved in this series of earthquakes.
Geologic fault model based on the high-resolution seismic reflection profile and aftershock distribution associated with the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake (M6.8), central Japan
Authors: Kato Naoko , Echigo Tomoo , Sato Hiroshi , Tateishi Masaaki , Ogino Sumiko , Sakai Shin’ichi , Toda Shigeru , Koshiya Shin , Ito Tanio , Toyoshima Tsuyoshi , Imaizumi Toshifumi , Kato Hajime , Abe Shintaro
Published: August 2014

The Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake in 2004 (MJMA6.8) generated surface ruptures along the eastern rim of the Uonuma Hills. To elucidate the structural linkage between the surface ruptures and the source fault at depth, the high-resolution seismic reflection profile across the surface ruptures and nearby active faults, and the data of aftershock distribution are examined. The 5.2-km-long, high-resolution, depth-converted seismic section reveals an emergent thrust beneath the surface ruptures. A two-dimensional model of the fault geometry has been constructed based on the aftershock distribution and the shallow reflection profile. The development of the main geologic structure are well explained by forward modeling using a balanced cross-section method. In detail, the fault system generated the main shock dips at a steep angle (60°) below 5 km depth and more shallowly (30°) near the surface.
Relationship between geologic structure and the source fault of the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake, central Japan
Authors: Sato Hiroshi , Kato Naoko
Published: August 2014

The geologic structure of the Uonuma Hills, the site of the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (MJMA 6.8), Japan, is examined based on published geologic maps, drill hole data and seismic reflection profiles. The Uonuma Hills are located in an active folding area on the eastern margin of the Niigata sedimentary basin, and are divided into three discrete regions from north to south based on the geologic structure. The southern extent is marked by a west-dipping homoclinal structure produced by reverse faulting of the west-dipping Muikamachi active fault. The central section exhibits a regional anticlinorium produced by west-dipping reverse faulting with a steep angle at depth (> 5 km) and a more shallow angle (30°) near the surface. This fault can be correlated with the source fault responsible for the main shock. The Muikamachi fault consists of two fault segments and the source faults of the northern and the southern segments show discrete geometry forming an step over. Thus, judging from the geologic structure, the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake ruptured to the maximum possible extent in this fault segment in the central part. Furthermore, this study reveals that the activity on the Muikamachi fault, which has an apparently continuous surface trace, is produced by two different source faults at depth, with important implications for seismic risk assessment.
Simulation of gigantic jets propagating from the top of thunderclouds to the ionosphere
Authors: Tong Lizhu , Nanbu Kenichi , Fukunishi Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

A randomly stepped leader propagation model is developed to study gigantic jets, a new type of lightning, connecting thunderclouds to the ionosphere. The thundercloud is considered as one electrode igniting gigantic jets and the ionosphere is assumed as the other. The propagation of stepped leader is considered as a field controlled random growth process. The electric field is produced due to the thundercloud charges and the self-consistently propagating leader. A leader propagation probability is proposed to determine whether the leader grows at the next step and what the step direction of the leader is in case of growth. The results show that leader propagation spans ~72 km from igniting position to the ionosphere. The simulation of leader propagation appears to be in agreement with the structure of observed gigantic jets.
The frequency variation of Pc5 ULF waves during a magnetic storm
Authors: Du A. , Sun W. , Xu W. , Gao X.
Published: August 2014

The relationship between Pc5 ULF waves and the asymmetric ring current during the magnetic storm on July 15, 2000 is studied using ground-based magnetometer data and particle observations by the LANL satellite. A frequency decreases of Pc5 is noted during the main phase, which can be attributed to injections of heavier ions (O+ and He+) into the ring current. In addition, it is observed that during the main phase of the storm, the frequency drop of the Pc5 in the IMAGE chain around the MLT midnight is larger than that in the ALASKA chain at MLT post noon. Meanwhile, the longitudinal variation ΔH with the maximum around midnight implies a highly asymmetric distribution of the ring current. These results suggested that the frequency variation of Pc5 pulsation during storms is related to the partial distribution in the ring current.
A predictive penetrative fracture mapping method from regional potential field and geologic datasets, southwest Colorado Plateau, U.S.A.
Authors: Gettings Mark E. , Bultman Mark W.
Published: August 2014

Some aquifers of the southwest Colorado Plateau, U.S.A., are deeply buried and overlain by several impermeable units, and thus recharge to the aquifer is probably mainly by seepage down penetrative fracture systems. This purpose of this study was to develop a method to map the location of candidate deep penetrative fractures over a 120,000 km2 area using gravity and aeromagnetic anomaly data together with surficial fracture data. The resulting database constitutes a spatially registered estimate of recharge location. Candidate deep fractures were obtained by spatial correlation of horizontal gradient and analytic signal maxima of gravity and magnetic anomalies vertically with major surficial lineaments obtained from geologic, topographic, side-looking airborne radar, and satellite imagery. The maps define a sub-set of possible penetrative fractures because of limitations of data coverage and the analysis technique. The data and techniques employed do not yield any indication as to whether fractures are open or closed. Correlations were carried out using image processing software in such a way that every pixel on the resulting grids was coded to uniquely identify which datasets correlated. The technique correctly identified known deep fracture systems and many new ones. Maps of the correlations also define in detail the tectonic fabrics of the southwestern Colorado Plateau.
Tectonic and magmatic patterns in the Jutulstraumen rift (?) region, East Antarctica, as imaged by high-resolution aeromagnetic data
Authors: Ferraccioli F. , Jones P. C. , Curtis M. L. , Leat P. T. , Riley T. R.
Published: August 2014

The Jutulstraumen ice stream in western Dronning Maud Land may conceal a Jurassic continental rift. Delineating the geometry and the magmatic patterns of this inferred glaciated rift in East Antarctica is important to improve our understanding of the regional tectonic and magmatic processes associated with Gondwana break-up. A high-resolution aeromagnetic survey provides new insights over the largely buried tectonic and magmatic patterns of the Jutulstraumen area. Prominent NE-SW oriented aeromagnetic trends are detected over the Jutulstraumen. These trends delineate major inherited structural boundaries, active in Grenvillian (about 1.1 Ga) and Pan-African times (about 500 Ma), which appear to strongly control the location of the later Jurassic rift. The postulated eastern flank of the rift is marked by a broad positive anomaly over H. U. Sverdrupfjella. Buried Grenvillian age rocks may be the source of the long-wavelength anomaly. However, the higher frequency components correlate with granitoids of late Pan-African age. The inferred western flank of the rift features short-wavelength anomalies over the Borgmassivet and Ahlmannryggen areas, indicating a considerably greater extent of mid-Proterozoic tholeiitic sills than apparent in outcrop. In contrast, aeromagnetic signatures suggest that alkaline plutons, which relate to Jurassic rifting, are restricted to outcrop areas along the eastern rift flank. The prominent magnetic low over the Jutulstraumen indicates either a largely amagmatic rift, or perhaps subglacial sediments within the rift basin.
Magnetic fabric and rock magnetic studies of metasedimentary rocks in the central Okcheon Metamorphic Belt, Korea
Authors: Park Yong-Hee , Doh Seong-Jae , Kim Wonnyon , Suk Dongwoo
Published: August 2014

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and rock magnetic studies have been carried out for the metasedimentary rocks in the central Okcheon Metamorphic Belt. The study area is divided into three metamorphic zones: the biotite zone, the garnet zone, and the sillimanite+andalusite zone from southeast to northwest. Magnetic foliation dipping to the northwest is the dominant magnetic fabric in the biotite zone. Magnetic lineation plunging down-dip of the vertical cleavage plane is appeared in the southeastern part of the garnet zone, while magnetic lineation plunging to southeast prevails in the middle and northwestern parts of the garnet zone. It is interpreted that this apparent synform structure, defined by AMS fabric data, was formed by successive top-to-the-southeast vergent thrusting followed by back-steepening process during the regional metamorphism in the Late Paleozoic. In the sillimanite + andalusite zone, AMS fabric is clearly defined and may reflect a tectonic fabric, recorded during the thermal metamorphism in the middle Jurassic, despite the scarcity of rock fabric in the field. The spatial distribution of magnetic mineralogy, defined by the rock magnetic results, implies the 500°C isotherm at the boundary between the biotite and garnet zones, which is associated with the transformation of pyrrhotite into magnetite above 500°C under the oxidizing condition.
Short time-scale heating of the Earth’s mantle by ice-sheet dynamics
Authors: Hanyk Ladislav , Matyska Ctirad , Yuen David A.
Published: August 2014

We have studied the possibility of short time-scale energy transfer from the ice sheet loading and unloading processes to the Earth’s interior via viscous dissipation associated with the transient viscoelastic flow in the mantle. We have focussed on the magnitude of glacially induced deformations and the corresponding shear heating for an ice sheet of the spatial extent of Laurentide region in Maxwellian viscoelastic compressible models with a Newtonian viscosity. We have used a discretization method based on the method of lines for integrating the time-dependent evolutionary equations of self-gravitational, viscoelastic flow. We have found that shear heating from the transient viscoelastic flow can represent a non-negligible mantle energy source with cryogenic origins. Volumetric heating by viscous deformation associated with these flows can be locally greater than chondritic heating by radioactivity. In the presence of an abrupt change in the ice loading history, the time average of the integral of the dissipation over depth corresponds to a mantle heat flow of the order of magnitude of mW/m2 below the periphery of ancient ice sheets or below their central areas. However, the peak values of this integral in time are almost two orders higher. Our results would suggest that some degree of volcanism may be associated with dramatic episodes in ice loading.