bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROBLEM JASNOŚCI W JĘZYKU PRAWNYM – ASPEKTY LINGWISTYCZNE I TEORETYCZNOPRAWNE
Authors: ANDRUSZKIEWICZ Marta
Published: February 2019

The aim of this article is to present the notion of clarity as considered from the linguistic and theoretical-legal perspectives. Clarity, similarly to communicativeness and adequacy, constitutes a desirable feature of any legal text. The necessity of considering the three features has been formulated in normative regulations regarding the tenets of a legislative technique. Furthermore, the requirement is part of a constitutional principle of proper legislation. Clarity characterizes legal texts; it is required due to the editorial correctness which should be achieved in the process of the writing of a legal text. It arises from the rules for making laws according to the principles of state under the rule of law. The requirement for the consideration of the desirable features of a legal text by a legislator has both formal and ethical dimensions, because the clarity of a legal text not only constitutes a structural property but also guarantees that values such as legal certainty, legal security of citizens as well as trust in both state and law are recognised. The point is, however, that it is not always possible to achieve such clarity. The objective of this analysis is to investigate the causes which confirm that the requirement for the clarity of any legal text is complicated and not easy to meet. It is due to the fact that the requirement is conditioned not only by strictly legal factors but also linguistic, contextual as well as ethical ones.
TECHNIKA KOMUNIKOWANIA PRAWA W DECYZJACH I ZARZĄDZENIACH ADMINISTRACYJNYCH
Authors: LIZISOWA Maria Teresa
Published: February 2019

The article is a linguistic lecture on mutual relations between legal language and legislative language on the semantic, syntactic, pragmatic and stylistic planes. The author analysed decisions and official regulations with regard to the status of language as well as the linguistic understanding of communication. A decisive official act is a testimony of the primary reading of the text of a legislative act by an official, fulfilling the role of an interpreter and a decision maker in applying law. He fulfils a duty imposed on him by the norm of competence, verbalised in principles of legal acts. In the process of organizing a legal text, he makes use of the rules of language, according to both the studied and the statutorily recommended rules of the interpretations of law. Through evoking the content of legal articles in official documents, therefore through concretization of legal norms in the process of reception, the legal meanings and contexts undergo a certain kind of assimilation by an official-interpreter. Later, they become adapted in corresponding legal situations, and finally, as a consequence, a process of universalization of knowledge about the established law takes place, because an official-decision maker inscribes his personal knowledge of the legislative content into a specific legal reality of his own community.
LATYNIZMY W TEKSTACH PRAWNYCH I PRAWNICZYCH – UJĘCIE KONTRASTYWNE POLSKO-NIEMIECKIE
Authors: WOŹNIAK Joanna
Published: February 2019

Terms and Phrases of Latin origin have been incorporated into the contempo-rary Continental and Anglo-Saxon legal systems. Latin borrowings are a sign of the common cultural and social origin of European countries. Most of the bor-rowings have been adapted on the phonetic, morphological and grammatical level. Others, like Latin proverbs, terms and phrases retained their original pronunciation and orthography.The main goal of this article is to discuss the essence of Latinisms, in particular their place in the contemporary linguistics and their function in legal texts. In the second part the article presents the results of the analysis of the Latin struc-tures, used in Polish and German legal texts, available in the Eur-lex databases. The research is aimed not only at comparing the occurrence of Latin terms, phrases or proverbs in legal documents, but also at showing the way of their introducing to the text and discussing the consequences of their usage for the understanding of the law.
MISTRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGY RECONSIDERED
Authors: CHAN Clara Ho-yan
Published: February 2019

This study aims to explore different causes for the mistranslation of legal terminology in international agreements that are enforced through domestic legislation, and attempt to provide some solutions. It is said that legal training will help legal translators to render terminology correctly. This should be held true because many legal terms from different legal systems are ‘false friends’, in that even a well-trained lawyer may need to undertake extensive legal and linguistic research to render them in another language or legal system. This study, by use of a comparison of several translated legal terms from People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan, shows that besides the cause of ‘legal knowledge’, the disparities between international law and national law and different legal traditions can also lead to an improper transfer of legal terminology. Examples of these terms are “Copyright piracy” (Daoban 盗版 vs. qinhai zhuzuoquan 侵害著作权), “Good Faith” (Chengshi shouxin 诚实守信 vs. shanyi 善意), and “Inventive Step” (Famingxing de buzhou 发明性的步骤 vs. jinbuxing 进步性). In order to enhance translators’ legal knowledge, it is proposed that they be presented with some substantive laws together with simple illustrations of their structures. Translators should crosscheck their translations against a wide range of sources at work.
Signalling Sites of Contention in Judicial Discourse. An Exploratory Corpus- Based Analysis of Selected Stance Nouns in US Supreme Court Opinions and Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal Judgments
Authors: GOŹDŹ-ROSZKOWSKI Stanisław
Published: February 2019

This paper adopts a comparative, corpus-based perspective to examine the language of judicial justification. Based on substantial corpus data, the study explores one of the linguistics resources, i.e. head nouns (e.g. assumption, belief, notion, etc.) followed by a nominal complement in the form of that-clause in two comparable legal settings: the opinions given in the United States Supreme Court and the judgements handed down by Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal. The findings corroborate the results of previous research which shows that nouns found in this pattern are used to perform various discourse functions but evaluation plays a central role in judicial writing and these nouns are used to signal sites of contentions. The study reveals the general similarity between the two sets of data suggesting that American and Polish judicial writing is underpinned by essentially the same epistemological assumptions. Yet, there are some differences in the way the nouns behave phraseologically. Polish nouns tend to show less collocational variation and they are found performing fewer discourse functions.
A Masterly Treatment of EU Law and Translation in a Single Book. Review of Colin D. Robertson’s Multilingual Law. A Framework for Analysis and Understanding. London and New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 273.
Authors: BEDNAROVA-GIBOVA Klaudia
Published: February 2019

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Establishing reference ranges for lymphocyte proliferation responses to phytohemagglutinin in patients with T cell dysfunction
Authors: Alsalamah Mohammad , Vong Linda , Cimpean Lorand , Dadi Harjit
Published: February 2019

Introduction: The evaluation of lymphocyte proliferation responses is a critical component of the clinical work up for patients with suspected immunodeficiencies. Those with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) have consistently low to absent responses (stimulation index, SI) to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). However, patients with combined immunodeficiency (CID) have more varied proliferative responses, and are open to a wide range of interpretations.

Aims: To establish lymphocyte proliferation response reference ranges for patients with T cell defects, especially those with CID as well as healthy controls.

Methods: Data was collected retrospectively from charts of patients with a diagnosis of SCID (n = 39), CID (n = 52), or from healthy controls (n = 440). Reference percentiles were calculated using the 95% of the distribution of the test results.

Results: The reference ranges for the control group ranged from 134 to 2220.5, whereas those with CID were distributed between 0.81 and 169.1. Patients with typical SCID had profound low proliferative responses, with SI <5.

Conclusion: Our results highlight the variability of lymphocyte proliferation responses to PHA in patients with CID as well as healthy controls. These reference ranges will assist with the critical interpretation of assay results, particularly when values fall on the extreme end of the range.

Statement of novelty: We provide reference ranges for lymphocyte proliferation responses to PHA from patients with CID and healthy controls.
Network Properties Revealed during Multi-Scale Calcium Imaging of Seizure Activity in Zebrafish
Authors: Liu Jing , Baraban Scott C.
Published: February 2019

Seizures are characterized by hypersynchronization of neuronal networks. Understanding these networks could provide a critical window for therapeutic control of recurrent seizure activity, i.e., epilepsy. However, imaging seizure networks has largely been limited to microcircuitsin vitroor small “windows”in vivo. Here, we combine fast confocal imaging of genetically encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP)-expressing larval zebrafish with local field potential (LFP) recordings to study epileptiform events at whole-brain and single-neuron levelsin vivo. Using an acute seizure model (pentylenetetrazole, PTZ), we reliably observed recurrent electrographic ictal-like events associated with generalized activation of all major brain regions and uncovered a well-preserved anterior-to-posterior seizure propagation pattern. We also examined brain-wide network synchronization and spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal activity in the optic tectum microcircuit. Brain-wide and single-neuronal level analysis of PTZ-exposed and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-exposed zebrafish revealed distinct network dynamics associated with seizure and non-seizure hyperexcitable states, respectively. Neuronal ensembles, comprised of coactive neurons, were also uncovered during interictal-like periods. Taken together, these results demonstrate that macro- and micro-network calcium motifs in zebrafish may provide a greater understanding of epilepsy.
A Resting-State Functional MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Study of the Dorsal Hippocampus in the Chronic Unpredictable Stress Rat Model
Authors: Magalhães Ricardo , Novais Ashley , Barrière David A. , Marques Paulo , Marques Fernanda , Sousa João C. , Cerqueira João J. , Cachia Arnaud , Jay Therese M. , Bottlaender Michel , Sousa Nuno , Mériaux Sébastien , Boumezbeur Fawzi
Published: February 2019

Exposure to chronic stress leads to an array of anatomical, functional, and metabolic changes in the brain that play a key role in triggering psychiatric disorders such as depression. The hippocampus is particularly well known as a target of maladaptive responses to stress. To capture stress-induced changes in metabolic and functional connectivity in the hippocampus, stress-resistant (low-responders) or -susceptible (high-responders) rats exposed to a chronic unpredictable stress paradigm (categorized according to their hormonal and behavioral responses) were assessed by multimodal neuroimaging; the latter was achieved by using localized1H MR spectroscopy and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) at 11,7T data from stressed (n= 25) but also control (n= 15) male Wistar rats.

Susceptible animals displayed increased GABA–glutamine (+19%) and glutamate–glutamine (+17%) ratios and decreased levels of macromolecules (−11%); these changes were positively correlated with plasma corticosterone levels. In addition, the neurotransmitter levels showed differential associations with functional connectivity between the hippocampus and the amygdala, the piriform cortex and thalamus between stress-resistant and -susceptible animals. Our observations are consistent with previously reported stress-induced metabolomic changes that suggest overall neurotransmitter dysfunction in the hippocampus. Their association with the fMRI data in this study reveals how local adjustments in neurochemistry relate to changes in the neurocircuitry of the hippocampus, with implications for its stress-associated dysfunctions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChronic stress disrupts brain homeostasis, which may increase the vulnerability of susceptible individuals to neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Characterization of the differences between stress-resistant and -susceptible individuals on the basis of noninvasive imaging tools, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contributes to improved understanding of the mechanisms underpinning individual differences in vulnerability and can facilitate the design of new diagnostic and intervention strategies. Using a combined functional MRI/MRS approach, our results demonstrate that susceptible- and non-susceptible subjects show differential alterations in hippocampal GABA and glutamate metabolism that, in turn, associate with changes in functional connectivity.
Impacts of Zostera eelgrasses on microbial community structure in San Diego coastal waters
Authors: Webb Sahra J. , Rabsatt Tia , Erazo Natalia , Bowman Jeff S.
Published: February 2019

Marine eelgrasses are influential to their surrounding environments through their many ecosystem services, ranging from the provisioning of food and shelter for marine life to serving as a natural defense against pollution and pathogenic bacteria. In the marine waters of San Diego, CA, USA, eelgrass beds comprised of Zostera spp. are an integral part of the coastal ecosystem. To evaluate the impact of eelgrass on bacterial and archaeal community structure we collected water samples in San Diego Bay and sequenced the 16S rRNA gene from paired eelgrass-present and eelgrass-absent sites. To test the hypothesis that microbial community structure is influenced by the presence of eelgrass we applied mixed effects models to these data and to bacterial abundance data derived by flow cytometry. This approach allowed us to identify specific microbial taxa that were differentially present at eelgrass-present and eelgrass-absent sites. Principal coordinate analysis organized the samples by location (inner vs. outer bay) along the first axis, where the first two axes accounted for a 90.8% of the variance in microbial community structure among the samples. Differentially present bacterial taxa included members of the order Rickettsiales, family Flavobacteriaceae, genus Tenacibaculum and members of the order Pseudomonadales. These findings constitute a unique look into the microbial composition of San Diego Bay and examine how eelgrasses contribute to marine ecosystem health, e.g., by supporting specific microbial communities and by filtering and trapping potentially harmful bacteria to the benefit of marine organisms.
Kreativnost kao transcendentalno-aktivistička karakteristika pojedinca
Authors: Beroš Ivan
Published: February 2019

Cilj rada je razjasniti pojam transcendentalno-aktivističke kreativnosti kao i razmotriti mogućnosti i preduvjete njezine realizacije u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Rad započinje opisom 'slike' prirode učenika koja se smatra potrebnom za praktičnu realizaciju ovog oblika kreativnosti. Pritom se naglašava činjenica ljudske nesvršenost i mogućnost kontinuiranoga razvoja. Kao metoda ostvarenja transcendentalno-aktivističke kreativnosti preuzima se dijalog shvaćen kao otvoreno iskazivanje i dijeljenja vlastitih misli, ideja i težnji s drugim ljudima bez skrivanja i straha od mogućih neuspjeha ili neugodnih iskustava. Budući da se institucionalizirani odgojno-obrazovni proces odvija u učionicama, opisuje se učionica kao zajednički prostor nade koji omogućava demokratsko angažiranje i borbu za promjene situiran u kontekstu širih zajedničkih prostora demokratskoga i aktivističkoga djelovanja. Demokratizacija učionica omogućava postavljanje socijalnih pitanja, prelaženje granica te kritičko propitivanje dominantnoga neoliberalnog diskursa te je stoga neophodan element aktivistički shvaćene kreativnosti. Dijalog kao sredstvo, i dijaloški pristup kao metoda kreativnog djelovanja, usmjereni su poništavanju efekata prevladavajućega elitističkog shvaćanja koje kreativnost prikazuje izoliranu od društva i namijenjenu posebno imaginativnim pojedincima. U radu se iskazuje stav kako nije vjerojatno da će u skoroj budućnosti doći do promjene dominantnoga shvaćanja kreativnosti u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu koje kreativnost promatra kao transformaciju postojećega. Razloge za ovakvo stanje nalazimo u dominantnom ekonomsko-političkom uređenju društva u cjelini, te odgojno-obrazovnoga sustava kao jednoga od društvenih podsustava.
A unique case of ectopic Cushing’s syndrome from a thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Lawrence Lima , Zhang Peng , Choi Humberto , Ahmad Usman , Arrossi Valeria , Purysko Andrei , Makin Vinni
Published: February 2019

Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production leading to ectopic ACTH syndrome accounts for a small proportion of all Cushing’s syndrome (CS) cases. Thymic neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms that may secrete ACTH leading to rapid development of hypercortisolism causing electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities, uncontrolled hypertension and an increased risk for opportunistic infections. We present a unique case of a patient who presented with a mediastinal mass, revealed to be an ACTH-secreting thymic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) causing ectopic CS. As the diagnosis of CS from ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) remains challenging, we emphasize the necessity for high clinical suspicion in the appropriate setting, concordance between biochemical, imaging and pathology findings, along with continued vigilant monitoring for recurrence after definitive treatment.

Learning points:

Functional thymic neuroendocrine tumors are exceedingly rare.

Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome secondary to thymic neuroendocrine tumors secreting ACTH present with features of hypercortisolism including electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities, uncontrolled hypertension and hyperglycemia, and opportunistic infections.

The ability to undergo surgery and completeness of resection are the strongest prognostic factors for improved overall survival; however, the recurrence rate remains high.

A high degree of initial clinical suspicion followed by vigilant monitoring is required for patients with this challenging disease.
Understanding Liability Risks and Protections for Pediatric Providers During Disasters
Authors: Altman Robin L. , Santucci Karen A. , Anderson Michael R. , McDonnell William M. ,   COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL LIABILITY AND RISK MANAGEMENT, Fanaroff Jon Mark , Bondi Steven A. , Narang Sandeep K. , Oken Richard L. , Rusher John W. , Scibilia James P. , Scott Susan M. , Sigman Laura J.
Published: February 2019

Although most health care providers will go through their careers without experiencing a major disaster in their local communities, if one does occur, it can be life and career altering. The American Academy of Pediatrics has been in the forefront of providing education and advocacy on the critical importance of disaster preparedness. From experiences over the past decade, new evidence and analysis have broadened our understanding that the concept of preparedness is also applicable to addressing the unique professional liability risks that can occur when caring for patients and families during a disaster. Concepts explored in this technical report will help to inform pediatric health care providers, advocates, and policy makers about the complexities of how providers are currently protected, with a focus on areas of unappreciated liability. The timeliness of this technical report is emphasized by the fact that during the time of its development (ie, late summer and early fall of 2017), the United States went through an extraordinary period of multiple, successive, and overlapping disasters within a concentrated period of time of both natural and man-made causes. In a companion policy statement (www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2018-3892), recommendations are offered on how individuals, institutions, and governments can work together to strengthen the system of liability protections during disasters so that appropriate and timely care can be delivered with minimal fear of legal reprisal or confusion.
Effect of sowing density on yield and profitability of a hybrid corn under tropical conditions
Authors: Quevedo Yeison Mauricio , Beltrán José Isidro , Barragán-Quijano Eduardo
Published: February 2019

A high sowing density in maize is a widely used management practice for increasing crop yield; this method increases intraspecific competition for solar radiation, nutrients and water, so yield per plant is reduced, but a greater number of plants is harvested. However, different corn hybrids present a differential behavior because some are tolerant and some are susceptible to this condition, as determined by their plasticity in adjusting their morphology and phenology. The aim of this study was to identify the optimum sowing density, in technical and economic terms, of a new hybrid corn named 30K73 YG RRFlex since no information is available for tropical conditions. This study was carried out in the province of Tolima, municipality of Valle de San Juan, Colombia, using a completely randomized block design in divided plots; five sowing densities determined by six spatial arrangements, two distances between rows (0.7 and 0.8 m) and three numbers of plants per linear meter (7, 8 and 9) were assessed. The treatments did not generate a nitrogen deficiency in the plants, and the evaluated hybrid developed morphological adjustments at the leaf level in order to maintain constant solar radiation interception. For yield, there were no significant variations, so the yield was similar for all of the evaluated treatments. The best treatment was 87,500 plants ha-1, with a yield of 9,916.66 ± 1,078 kg ha-1 and a profitability of 58%.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Parra Quijano Mauricio
Published: February 2019

The Editorial Committee of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and the current and former editors wish to express our deepest and most sincere condolences on the passing of Dr. Yoav Bashan, who was part of our journal's scientific committee until last september.
Some notes on using a value chain approach to estimate the economic impacts of oil palm expansion in the territories
Authors: Dürr Jochen
Published: February 2019

This short article explains a method already used by the author in the case of Guatemala to estimate the economic consequences of the land use changes driven by oil palm plantations. The innovative method accounts not only for the direct land use change outcomes, but also the impacts on forward and backward sectors of the agricultural activities and allows for sub-national estimations, using territorial input-output-matrices. Therefore, it is suggested that this method be applied also in the case of Colombia. This would allow highlighting differences and probably also some commonalities with respect to the characteristics of the expansion of this flex crop.
La extracción de carbón en el centro del Cesar, Colombia: apuntes para la comprensión del conflicto ambiental
Authors: Montoya-Domínguez Estefanía
Published: February 2019

El conflicto ambiental por la extracción de carbón en el centro del Cesar (Colombia) es un caso prototípico de la reprimarización de la economía y de la minería a gran escala. A finales de la década de los ochenta y principios de los noventa, la política económica colombiana giró alrededor de la explotación de materias primas o bienes que pudieran generar mayores beneficios en el mercado internacional y, por tanto, la producción de este mineral fue priorizada. Por otra parte, varios de los impactos generados por la actividad minera a partir de la cual se obtienen grandes volúmenes de minerales se localizan también en los departamentos del Cesar y de La Guajira, sitios en los que se hallan emprendimientos carboníferos explotados por empresas multinacionales. Ejemplos de estos son los cambios institucionales adelantados para garantizar el extractivismo, los pasivos ambientales, las disputas por la tierra y el cambio de vocación de la misma, la reconfiguración territorial y las demandas de ciudadanos y organizaciones sociales frente a las problemáticas originadas por la minería.
Minería de oro en el Nordeste antioqueño: una disputa territorial por el desarrollo
Authors: Bernal-Guzmán Leidy-Jackelinne
Published: February 2019

Este artículo tiene como objetivo la caracterización del conflicto ambiental que tiene lugar en los municipios de Segovia y Remedios -pertenecientes al Nordeste antioqueño colombiano- pues allí se desarrollan, de forma paralela, proyectos mineros de gran escala (fomentada por el Gobierno Nacional) y explotaciones auríferas de pequeña escala (que se han dado de forma tradicional en la región). La convergencia de estas dos apuestas extractivas ha exacerbado conflictos sociales entre actores locales, privados, institucionales y armados ilegales, propiciando procesos violentos de acumulación por desposesión, persecución política, y violación sistemática de derechos humanos; así como problemáticas asociadas a un déficit en salud, educación, inversión social y empleo, que se agudizan paralelamente al deterioro de los ecosistemas locales.
Mexico’s Federal Forestry Legislation: Curse or Blessing for Sustainable Resource Management by Forest Ejidos in the State of Campeche?
Authors: Petersheim Christian
Published: February 2019

This article examines the manifold relations between the use of natural forest resources by forest ejidos in southern Mexico and the territorial rights situation. By using Elinor Ostrom’s theory of common property, the land rights are analyzed from the perspective of the local population, which contradicts with the national forestry legislation. It is shown how local actors pursue their strategies to access, manage and exploit their timber resources, and what implications the federal regulations bring about in this context. The study concludes that the environmental laws, actually designed to protect the tropical forests and to curb illegal logging, in complex ways contribute to a rise in uncontrolled extraction of natural resources.
Editorial
Authors: Mora-Motta Alejandro , Garcia Arley , Toro-Calderón Javier
Published: February 2019

Este número especial de Gestión y Ambiente es organizado con ocasión del Convenio de Cooperación “Programa bilateral de apoyo a la formación doctoral (PAFD) hacia los ODS. Derechos territoriales, uso de la tierra y acceso a los recursos en Colombia: desafíos y soluciones potenciales después del Acuerdo de Paz”, celebrado entre el Center for Development Research (Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung) – ZEF –, de la Universidad de Bonn (Alemania) y el Instituto de Estudios Ambientales – IDEA – de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
Ambiente y paz hoy en Colombia
Authors: Carrizosa Julio
Published: February 2019

La construcción de la paz en Colombia es inevitablemente una cuestión ambiental. Los problemas de la violencia y la guerra en este país son de origen histórico y, por encima de todo, complejos, en cuanto constituyen una densa interrelación entre las culturas, las ideas de desarrollo y los ecosistemas. En esta breve nota problematizo dicha complejidad y los retos que trae para Colombia, específicamente proponiendo nueve ideas para el programa de investigación “ambiente, construcción de paz y desarrollo en Colombia” entre el Instituto de Estudios Ambientales (IDEA) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia -sede Bogotá- y el Center for Development Research (ZEF) de la Universidad de Bonn.
IMPACT OF HYDROGEN ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Nowotny J. , Veziroglu T. N.
Published: February 2019

The present work considers the impact of hydrogen fuel on the environment within the cycles of its generation and combustion. Hydrogen has been portrayed by the media as a fuel that is environmentally clean because its combustion results in the formation of harmless water. However, hydrogen first must be generated. The effect of hydrogen generation on the environment depends on the production process and the related byproducts. Hydrogen available on the market at present is mainly generated by using steam reforming of natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. Its byproduct is CO2, which is a greenhouse gas and its emission results in global warming and climate change. Therefore, hydrogen generated from fossil fuels is contributing to global warming to the similar extent as direct combustion of the fossil fuels. On the other hand hydrogen obtained from renewable energy, such solar energy, is environmentally clean during the cycles of its generation and combustion. Consequently, the introduction of hydrogen economy must be accompanied by the development of hydrogen that is environmentally friendly. The present work considers several aspects related to the generation and utilisation of hydrogen obtained by steam reforming and solar energy conversion (solar-hydrogen).
A kortikoszteroidtartalmú szemcseppek alkalmazása gyermekkori allergiás szembetegségek kezelésében
Authors: Csorba Anita , Soproni Anna , Maneschg Otto , Nagy Zoltán Zsolt , Szamosi Anna
Published: February 2019

Abstract:

The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing recently. Allergy has various symptoms. Allergic eye diseases (seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, contact blepharoconjunctivitis) are common in atopic patients. Treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis include local and systemic antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, dual-action agents, vasoconstrictors and corticosteroids. Treatment seems easy, but inappropriate therapy – in extreme cases – can lead to vision loss. Corticosteroid eyedrops provide effective relief of symptoms, however, their use is limited due to their severe side effects. Both steroid-induced cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma are dangerous for vision. The characteristics, frequency and risks of these side effects have been studied widely in adults, but there are very few studies focused on children. According to the present studies, the side effects of topically administered corticosteroids appear more often in children than in adults. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(9): 329–337.
Framework to assess organizational readiness for digital transformation
Authors: Sanchez Marisa Analia
Published: February 2019

The digital transformation puts to the test the sustainability of traditional business models. The aim of this research work is to formulate a framework that explains resources, capabilities and management choices necessary to respond to the new environment. The proposal is based on literature review of both theoretical and empirical research. The framework abstracts complexity to isolate a few key variables. Its specification is based on system dynamics since it naturally models forces of change in a complex system so that their influences can be better understood.La transformación digital pone a prueba la sustentabilidad de los modelos de negocio tradicionales. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es formular un marco de referencia que explique los recursos, capacidades y decisiones gerenciales necesarias para responder al nuevo ambiente. La propuesta se basa en una revisión literaria de investigaciones tanto teóricas como empíricas. El marco de referencia abstrae la complejidad para aislar unas pocas variables clave. Su especificación se basa en dinámica de sistemas dada que naturalmente modela fuerzas de cambio en un sistema complejo de modo que sus influencias pueden entenderse mejor.A transformação digital testa a sustentabilidade dos modelos de negócios tradicionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é desenvolver um modelo para explicar os recursos, capacidades e decisões de gestão necessárias para responder ao novo ambiente. A proposta é baseada em uma revisão da literatura tanto da pesquisa teórica e empírica. O modelo abstrai a complexidade para isolar algumas variáveis-chave. Sua especificação é baseada en dinâmica de sistemas dado que naturalmente modela as forças de mudança em um sistema complexo de modo que sua influência pode ser melhor compreendida.
Corrosion of carbon steel and cast iron in gas phase above salt melts used in magnesium industry
Authors: Komelin I. M. , Lysenko A. P. , Kondrat'eva D. S.
Published: February 2019

Corrosion tests of SCh15 cast iron, Steel 3 and Steel 3 with aluminized coating in some compositions of 10%MgCl2-KCl-NaCl and 10%MgCl2-KCl-Naa-Caa2 salt melts with 10 %, 25 % and 40 % CaCl2 concentrations, and also in 10MgCl2-45%KCl-20%NaCl-25%NaBr melt, and in the gas phase above these melts at 700 °C. A gravimetric method was used to determine corrosion rates of metal samples. Chemical analysis of absorption solutions was used to determine concentrations of halide and hydrogen halide impurities in air blown through the reactor with melts and samples. It was shown that carbon steel aluminizing can reduce the corrosion rate in the gas phase over the salt melt by a factor of 5 to 70. The formation mechanism of gases aggressive in relation to carbon steel and cast iron in atmospheric air in contact with salt chloride melt was considered. Accelerated hydrogen chloride and chlorine formation during the salt melt interaction with atmospheric air under the influence of iron corrosion products was found.
18S V4 tag sequencing PCR amplification and library prep (Illumina) v2
Authors: Mesrop Lisa , Sarah Hu not provided
Published: February 2019

Protocol for PCR amplification ofextracted cDNA or DNA and downstream library preparation for MiSeq sequencing. See other related protocols for extraction of RNA and/or DNA from environmental samples This protocol is specific to 18S rRNA gene tag sequencing targeting to V4 hypervariable region. We use V4 primers with Illumina adapters that then anneal to the P5 & P7 Illumina-specific indices. This barcoding step allows us to multiplex many samples for MiSeq sequencing. The V4 region is ~400bp, so we typically do MiSeq 250x250bp PE sequencing.
scTHS-seq v1
Authors: Zhang Kun , Sos Brandon , H Diep Dinh , E Duong Thu
Published: February 2019

Single cell transposome hypersensitive site sequencing (scTHS-seq) combined transposome hypersensitive site sequencing (THS-seq) with combinatorial cellular indexing using customized barcoded transposomes. Compared to a similar method, ATAC-seq, THS-seq have improved coverage of distal enhancer sites which is due to the utilization of an engineered super-mutant Tn5 transposase as well as in vitro transcription to perform linear amplification from a single insertion site of the Tn5 transposase instead of two insertion sites required in ATAC-seq. scTHS-seq was used to generate single nucleus accessibility profile of 36,869 cells with an average of 10,168 unique reads per cell that are also associated with a predicted accessible region. The doublet rate of scTHS-seq is estimated to be between 20-25% which is comparable to similar combinatorial indexing methods.
Detecting the copy number variants from microarray data v1
Authors: Frenkel Svetlana , N. Bernstein Charles , Jin YongWon , Sargent Michael , Kuang Qin , Jiang Wenxin , Wei John , Thiruvahindrapuram Bhooma , W Scherer Stephen , Hu Pingzhao
Published: February 2019

We present the detailed description of the copy number variants (CNV) calling from the Illumina Omni2.5M-8 microarray and quality control measures applied to call high-confidence CNVs. After sample quality control and population stratification analysis, we applied three different CNV detecting algorithms: PennCNV, iPattern, and QuantiSNP. The detected CNVs were filtered under stringent quality control algorithms for their size, probe content, and algorithm-specific quality score. To obtain high-confidence calls, we removed CNVs detected by only one of three algorithms; CNVs detected by two or more algorithms were merged retaining the outer boundary. Samples with extremely large number of detected CNVs were removed. Of the remaining data, CNVs with significant overlap with the repeat rich regions, such as centromeres and telomeres, segmental duplications, and immunoglobulin regions, were excluded.
Developing a Design-Led Approach for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus in Cities
Authors: Yan Wanglin , Roggema Rob
Published: February 2019

Urban communities are particularly vulnerable to the future demand for food, energy and water, and this vulnerability is further exacerbated by the onset of climate change at local. Solutions need to be found in urban spaces. This article based around urban design practice sees urban agriculture as a key facilitator of nexus thinking, needing water and energy to be productive. Working directly with Urban Living Labs, the project team will co-design new food futures through the moveable nexus, a participatory design support platform to mobilize natural and social resources by integrating multi-disciplinary knowledge and technology. The moveable nexus is co-developed incrementally through a series of design workshops moving around living labs with the engagement of stakeholders. The methodology and the platform will be shared outside the teams so that the knowledge can be mobilized locally and globally.
Planning for a Prosumer Future: The Case of Central Park, Sydney
Authors: McLean Lisa , Roggema Rob
Published: February 2019

Rapid convergence of utility and mobility solutions enabled by data and the Internet of Things is future-proofing economies around the world, delivering liveability, sustainability and resilience, and importantly decreases pressure on utility bills and infrastructure costs. Australians cannot miss out on the many benefits brought to families and businesses by the digitisation of infrastructure and services are bringing—not just reduced household bills but also the ability to generate income as prosumers, not consumers. Localised sustainable Next-Gen infrastructure and services are growing from within communities, creating a new class of consumer—the prosumer: where customers are more than consumers but also producers. Prosumers have the ability to generate free energy from the sun at home or office and sell the excess, recycle water and waste reaping the financial benefit, avoid the second largest household expense of a car by sharing mobility, and access shared data networks to plug in and play at little cost. Planning frameworks play a critical role in enabling a new utility prosumer future in Australia and reform of planning gateway processes is essential. This article highlights Sydney’s Central Park as a best practice urban infill development showcasing how the flows of water and energy are organised to provide enhanced sustainability, liveability and resilience for the local and neighbouring communities. Central Park proves the benefits of taking a precinct approach to utility and mobility services. It shows how these benefits can grow and be exported to neighbouring buildings and existing communities, in this case University of Technology driving inclusion and affordability. Central Park also demonstrates the opportunities to drive deeper socio/environmental benefits by enabling prosumer services through low-cost access to utility services and circular resource flows. Importantly, this article demonstrates that Central Park’s phenomenal sustainability benefits can be replicated at scale in land release communities, but planning reform is required.
Governing the City of Flows: How Urban Metabolism Approaches May Strengthen Accountability in Strategic Planning
Authors: Zengerling Cathrin
Published: February 2019

The article aims to provide an initial insight into if and how urban metabolism perspectives and approaches may strengthen accountability in urban environmental strategic planning. It argues that many of the challenges in governing urban environmental flows successfully result from accountability gaps in strategic planning. The aim of the research is to test the assumption that urban metabolism perspectives and approaches strengthen accountability in urban environmental strategic planning. Applying a four-pillar accountability analysis to the strategic climate and resource plans of New York and Zurich, two cities which put environmental sustainability high on their political agenda, the study traces the role of urban metabolism perspectives and approaches and discusses the benefits these may have for accountable strategic planning with a focus on carbon and material flows. The interim results show on the one hand that implicit urban metabolism approaches are vital for both cities’ strategic planning and that they contribute to strengthened accountability in all four pillars of the analysis: responsibility, transparency, assessment and participation. On the other hand, the analysis highlights further potential benefits of urban metabolism perspectives and approaches in urban strategic climate and resource planning.
A Modern városok program jelentősége a hazai városfejlődésben
Authors: Fekete Dávid
Published: February 2019

Magyarország kormánya 2015-ben nagyszabású városfejlesztési projektcsomagot indított el Modern városok program címmel. A fejlesztésekről a 23 megyei jogú város polgármesterei külön-külön találkozókon egyeztek meg a kormányfővel 2015 és 2017 között. A program teljes költségvetése mintegy 3400 milliárd forint, az abban szereplő fejlesztések a kormányzati tervek szerint 2022-ig befejeződnek. A programot elemző kutatásban az alábbi szempontok szerint vizsgáltuk a fejlesztési programot: a program európai és hazai területfejlesztési politikában betöltött szerepe, a központi költségvetésre és az önkormányzati forrásokra gyakorolt hatásai, a gazdaságfejlesztéshez és újraiparosításhoz való hozzájárulása, a program mint új városfejlesztési rezsim.

A hazai területfejlesztés elmúlt évszázadában nem találtunk olyan városfejlesztési programot, mely filozófiájában és költségvetési volumenében hasonlítható lenne a Modern városok programhoz. A program előképe elsősorban az 1960-as években megjelenő, de napjainkban is gyakran alkalmazott francia etatista-dirigista megközelítés, hiszen jelentős hasonlóságot mutatnak az alkalmazott eszközök és módszerek, így pl. a tervszerződések rendszere, a központi finanszírozás és döntéshozatal. A program újszerű városfejlesztési rezsimként történő értelmezése ugyanakkor nem bizonyított: az ehhez szükséges, széles körű társadalmi bevonás alapján közösen kialakított fejlesztési célkitűzések nem voltak tapasztalhatók. A program fontos fókusza a gazdaságfejlesztés: gyakorlatilag valamennyi város érintett az iparfejlesztéssel, gazdaságfejlesztéssel kapcsolatos intézkedésekben. Az elmúlt évek megyei jogú városokat érintő kormányzati döntései közül a program meghatározó fejlesztési forrásokat biztosít az érintettek számára, városonként átlagosan kb. 150 milliárd Ft értékben valósulnak meg fejlesztések.
Az új gazdaság térnyerése a budapesti irodaházak bérlői körében
Authors: Baji Péter , Csizmady Adrienne
Published: February 2019

Az utóbbi évtizedekben a kutatások homlokterébe került az ún. új gazdaság szerepe a városok megújulásában. Ez a jelenség a fejlett gazdaságok posztindusztriális átalakulásához köthető, ahol a korábbi belső városrészek lepusztult ipari zónái számára keresik a megújuláshoz vezető utat. Az egyik ilyen válaszút az új gazdaság különböző szegmenseinek (IKT-szektor, dizájn, új média stb.) vonzása volt a megújítandó területeken, de több nemzetközi kutatás rávilágított arra, hogy a siker nem univerzális és sok esetben nem is meggyőző. Az új gazdaság térnyeréséről Budapestre kevés átfogó kutatás készült, így munkánk ezt a hiányt pótolja. Mivel 2000 óta fővárosunk egyik leglátványosabb átalakulása a modern irodaház-állomány folyamatos bővülése, ezért kutatási kérdéseinkre a budapesti bérirodaházakra vonatkozó saját gyűjtésű adatbázisunk segítségével keressük a választ.

Kutatásunk fő kérdése, hogy az új gazdaság térnyerésének mintázataiban milyen különbségek találhatók, és a klaszteresedés mennyiben hozható összefüggésbe a városátalakulás spontán és tervezett folyamataival. Feltáró kutatásunk eredményei arra engednek következtetni, hogy a budapesti bérirodaház-építés célcsoportjának egyharmadába a kreatív szolgáltatásokhoz sorolható tevékenységeket végző cégek tartoznak. Közel egynegyedét pedig a pénzügyi és ingatlanokkal foglalkozó szolgáltatást kínálók adják. Habár az új gazdaság bizonyos szegmenseinek szerepe kiemelkedő az irodaházak bérlői között, a különböző irodapiaci zónákban mégsem találunk jelentős eltéréseket. Vagyis a városközponthoz közeli budai és pesti irodapiaci zónák a belvárosi területekkel együtt osztoznak mind a klasszikus városközponti üzleti negyedet képző, mind az átmeneti zónát megújító új gazdasági ágazatokban. Így a központi üzleti negyed és a kreatív funkció nem válik el élesen a különböző irodapiaci zónák szerint Budapesten.
A smart falu koncepciójának főbb összefüggései és kapcsolódása a hazai vidékgazdaság fejlesztési stratégiájához
Authors: Káposzta József , Honvári Patrícia
Published: February 2019

A smart települések fogalma, értelmezési kérdésköre már több mint tíz éve intenzív viták tárgyát képezi szakmai és kutatói körökben. A smart városok fejlesztései nem vihetők át a smart vidékgazdaságba, de vannak olyan digitális megoldások, melyek jelentősen javíthatják a vidéki lakosság jóllétét. Ennek talán legmeghatározóbb tényezője a lakosság humán tőkéjének fejlesztése. Napjainkban a vidékgazdaság fejlesztésében az agrárfejlesztések mellett egyre több olyan smart megoldás is szerepet kap, amelyek az endogén források fejlesztésével javítják a jólét helyi rendszerét, így segítik a fenntartható fejlődés megvalósulását. Tanulmányunkban áttekintjük a smart városok fejlődésének és a smart vidék fejlesztésének kapcsolódását, a vidékfejlesztési stratégiákkal alkotott rendszert.
Subjective Elicitation of Dirichlet Hyperparameters Using Past Data: A Study of Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Gupta Akanksha , Upadhyay S K
Published: February 2019

Elicitation of prior plays a very important role in Bayesian paradigm especially when dealing with rare disease problems in medical field. The reason being that we do not get enough data to draw valid inferences always. Since the subject of study is human population, one cannot do experiments with their health. The prior distribution supports the final results by some additional information gained from the experts. In any case if an appropriate expert is not available, we can use past data to get information about the prior and its hyperparameters. The present paper provides a technique of elicitation of prior hyperparameters based on a well known multinomial-Dirichlet model. Since the main focus is on medical data problems, the inferences on odds ratios and interaction parameters are also provided. Numerical illustration is based on a real dataset from Israel on patients having ovarian cancer. Although the details have been given in the context of ovarian cancer patients, the development in the paper is equally well applicable for any such disease.
Estimation and Testing Procedures of the Reliability Functions of Nakagami Distribution
Authors: Chaturvedi Ajit , Devi Bhagwati , Gupta Rahul
Published: February 2019

A very important distribution called Nakagami distribution is taken into consideration. Reliability measures R(t)=Pr(X>t) and P=Pr(X>Y) are considered. Point as well as interval procedures are obtained for estimation of parameters. Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimators (U.M.V.U.Es) and Maximum Likelihood Estimators (M.L.Es) are developed for the said parameters. A new technique of obtaining these estimators is introduced. Moment estimators for the parameters of the distribution have been found. Asymptotic confidence intervals of the parameter based on M.L.E and log(M.L.E) are also constructed. Then, testing procedures for various hypotheses are developed. At the end, Monte Carlo simulation is performed for comparing the results obtained. A real data analysis is performed to describe the procedure clearly.