bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Test of the Social Judgment Approach to the Measurement of Commitment
Authors: Sharpe Louis K.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to test the social judgment approach to the measurement of commitment by developing behavioral measures of commitment on two issues. The behavioral measures were used as criteria against which three social judgment measures were compared. The results provided a measure of support for Sherif and Hovland's social judgment approach. Although one issue yielded no significant relationships, two of the three relationships examined in the second issue, cigarette smoking, were positive and significant (p = .05). The need for further testing of the approach by different means and with various issues was stressed.
Search for a Bilateral Kinesthetic Difference
Authors: Churchill A. V.
Published: September 2011

3 experiments were performed to measure the possible effect of bilateral kinesthetic difference (BKD) on tactual-kinesthetic judgment of size when the stimulus objects were simultaneously presented to the right and left hands for comparison. A BKD was not demonstrated.
Catecholamine Output during and after Acute Alcoholic Intoxication
Authors: Myrsten Anna-Lisa , Post Birgitta , Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: September 2011

Catecholamine secretion was examined in 16 healthy Ss after intake of 1.43 g alc/kg body wt. Adrenaline and noradrenaline output were both significantly increased during acute intoxication, and adrenaline remained at an elevated level during the post-alcohol phase.
Sensorimotor Functions in Brain-Damaged and Normal Children of Early School Age
Authors: Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

2 groups, each composed of 29 children ranging in age from 5 to 8 years, were studied. In one group each child had evidence of cerebral damage whereas each child in the other group was functioning normally. The groups were compared with regard to a series of tests of motor functions and a series of tests of tactile-perceptual functions. The results yielded significant differences between the two groups, indicating that both motor functions and tactile-perceptual functions, generally considered, were impaired in association with cerebral damage. Although results were somewhat variable for individual tests, the data permitted classification of 70 to 80% of Ss in their appropriate groups, using the median of combined distributions as the cut-off point.
Sexual Opportunity and Social Attitudes
Authors: Wilson Glenn D. , Richman Joel
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 107 traffic wardens, conservatism was more highly correlated with age for unmarried Ss (.51) than for married Ss (.18). This interaction was interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that sexual advantage/disadvantage within the context of a “permissive” trend in social behavior, can influence attitudes along the liberal-conservative dimension.
Interpretation of the Correlations between Sets of Scale Values for Stimuli Which Have Been Rated for More than a Single Attribute
Authors: Silverman Franklin H.
Published: September 2011

A partial solution is suggested to the problem of determining whether high positive correlations between sets of scale values for different attributes of a set of stimuli represent the actual situation or a failure on the part of independent panels of judges to rate the attributes differentially.
Ordinal Position of Birth, Field Dependency and Forer's Measure of Gullibility
Authors: Simon William E. , Wilde Veronica
Published: September 2011

This study investigated differences between firstborns and later borns with regard to field dependency and “gullibility” (Forer, 1949). Contrary to prediction, no such differences were found. The correlation between field dependency and gullibility was not significant.
Situational Variability of Preschoolers' Disfluency: Preliminary Study
Authors: Silverman Ellen-Marie
Published: September 2011

To determine whether preschoolers' disfluency systematically varies as a function of speaking situation, tape-recorded speech samples were obtained from 3 4-yr.-old nonstutterers in 3 different speaking situations, i.e., in a preschool classroom during free play, in a testing room while they performed certain speaking tasks, and in their homes talking with family members. Comparison of the situations showed that frequency of disfluency systematically varied across situations. This leads to the conclusion that sampling preschoolers' disfluency in only one situation is inadequate for most purposes.
Social Desirability, the Halo Effect, and Stereotypical Perception in Person Perception and Self-Perception
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

Predictions assuming that social desirability, the halo effect, and stereotypical perception are involved in perception of the self and others were tested in terms of intercorrelations among several variables, involving use of a Photograph Q Sort and an Adjective Q Sort. Findings were consistent with predictions.
Effects of Levels of Motor Activity on Visual Thresholds for Activity-Related Words and Pictographs
Authors: Russin Raymond , Teft Leon W.
Published: September 2011

5 levels of muscular activity were studied to determine their effects on identification thresholds of tachistoscopically presented words and figures that were identical, opposite, and neutral in meaning to the activity of pushing closed a spring-loaded drawer. Results showed an increase in thresholds for stimuli identical in their relation to the activity and a decrease in thresholds for stimuli opposite in relation to the activity. No significant differences were observed for the effects of levels of activity on recognition thresholds. Future directions for research are discussed.
Stimulus Function in Errorless Simultaneous Discrimination
Authors: Biederman G. B. , Colotla V. A.
Published: September 2011

Pigeons trained to perform a simultaneous visual discrimination with few or no errors by a procedure in which the negative stimulus (S—) was gradually introduced, preferred a neutral (novel) stimulus (S°) to the S—used in the original training. Ss receiving more abrupt presentation of S— and who made more errors, chose randomly between S— and S°. These data suggest that S— may be inhibitory or aversive following errorless learning.
Social Anxiety Model of Alcoholism
Authors: Kraft T.
Published: September 2011

A new approach to treatment for alcoholism is based on the principle that social anxiety is the central feature of this disorder. When the patient has become anxiety-free in all normal social situations, using systematic desensitization, he no longer needs to drink to excess and yet can continue drinking socially.
Cognitive Style and Perception of Success and Failure
Authors: Gillies John , Bauer Rudolph
Published: September 2011

In order to test whether persons of global-passive cognitive style (Witkin) would be more influenced in perception of success or failure by a previous success- or failure-laden experience than would persons of an analytic-active cognitive style, 60 university students were tested for cognitive style and subjected to a successful, an unsuccessful or a neutral experience. Following a second experience, containing an objectively equal amount of success and failure, Ss estimated the degree of success which they had obtained on this second experience. Contrary to expectation, no effect of cognitive style was found; those Ss who had the successful first experience estimated their success on the second experience significantly higher than those who had the unsuccessful first experience.
Rehearsal and Recoding of Information from Visual Sensory-Memory
Authors: Steinheiser Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

Consonant-vowel bigrams were presented in a modification of Sperling's (1960) partial-report procedure. Delay of recall and ability to rehearse were manipulated. The results showed that accuracy of recall was poorer with disrupted rehearsal and that errors in recall could be described in terms of the articulatory features of the consonants only when rehearsal was possible. The delay X rehearsal interaction was not significant. The results indicate that the iconic image persists for at least 11 sec. and that its contents may be verbally recoded for rehearsal in short-term storage.
Effects of a Creativity Training Program on Stimulus Preferences
Authors: Renner Vivian , Renner John C.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that modifications of a person's cognitive style may be instrumental in facilitating creative behaviour. From this, it was hypothesized that effective creativity training programs, as well as improving abilities associated with creativity should necessarily influence particular aspects of an individual's cognitive style; in this case, stimulus preferences. 36 Ss participated: E Ss completed a creativity training program; controls were students who had enrolled for the creativity training program but not yet commenced it (C1), and students who had completed a developmental reading program (C2). The Alternate Uses Test was used to measure the effects of the training on fluency and flexibility; the Revised Art Scale was used to measure stimulus preferences of Ss. Description of the data by simple analyses of variance and Duncan's multiple-range test supported the hypothesis. The discussion presents suggestions for development of future creativity training programs.
Learning Mathematics by Discovery: Implications for a Creative Child
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill , Stephens Howard G.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of scores obtained from Torrance's Thinking Creatively With Words, Form A and IQ with performance scores in mathematics favors discovery as a suitable method of teaching mathematics to these 29 children with creative potential.
Successive Discrimination Learning of Children with and without Perceptual-Motor Handicaps
Authors: Wilson Lonny R.
Published: September 2011

Children with ( N = 30) and children without ( N = 30) visual-motor handicaps, defined by the Bender-Gestalt test, were matched on IQ and MA and given a successive discrimination task involving 2 stimuli varying only on spatial orientation. The handicapped Ss learned at a significantly (p < .05) slower rate with no recall deficit 3 min. after acquisition. Their slower learning may have been produced by weaknesses in verbal mediation, raising the possibility that language contributes to their limited academic progress and thus also underlies the reported correlations between school achievement and perceptual-motor scores. Similar comments could be made about limited brief-memory storage and inadequate perception of spatial orientation, both of which may have also impeded their successive discrimination learning. Thus, the frequent tacit assumption of a simple cause and effect relationship between achievement and perceptual-motor development seems questionable.
Cognitive Control Principles: An Addendum
Authors: Holzman Philip S.
Published: September 2011

The cognitive control principles of leveling-sharpening and scanning are modified somewhat with respect to the interfering effects on some types of performances of the sharpener's verbal interests, and the care, caution and meticulousness of the extensive scanner.
Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test and WPPSI Performance of Disadvantaged Preschool Children
Authors: Yater Allan C. , Barclay Allan , Leskosky Richard
Published: September 2011

Analysis of the performance of 48 disadvantaged preschool children on the Goodenough-Harris and the WPPSI showed that both tests yielded IQ estimates below the respective norm groups for both instruments. Goodenough-Harris IQs were in the dull-normal range, while WPPSI IQs were in the normal range. The Man and Woman scales were not equivalent measures and neither appeared to be an adequate predictor of WPPSI IQ levels.
Lateral Organization, Perceived Depth and Title Preference in Pictures
Authors: Nelson Thomas M. , Donald Gregory A. Mac
Published: September 2011

29 naive Ss compared 15 regular photographs of paintings with mirror image photos of the same scenes. Ss were given titles for each of the 15 stimulus pairs and asked to select the member of the pair to which the title was better suited. They consistently (Z = 3.31, p < .01) selected photographs for which titles referred specifically to the left rather than right foreground ( Z = 3.31, p < .01). These results confirm observations of Woelfflin and Gaffron, that lateral organization is important for aesthetic appreciation of two-dimensional art forms. Perceived depth is greater in the left sides of pictures than the right as shown by Bartley and colleagues, but attempts to relate left-side title preference to depth per se were not successful.
Comparative Validity of the Harris Quality and Point Scales
Authors: Schaefer Charles E. , Sternfield Melvin
Published: September 2011

The differential validity of the Harris Quality and Point Scales in assessing intellectual functioning of 40 boys (8 to 14 yr.) was examined. Although a close similarity was evident in the mean IQs of emotionally disturbed boys on the Quality, Point, and WISC Scales, the Point Scale showed a higher correlation with WISC scores (.35 vs .20).
Perceptual Conflict and Alcoholics
Authors: Nelson Thomas M. , Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

30 unselected Ss, outpatients in a clinic for alcoholics, served in a visual-recognition experiment. Positive and negative photographs of common non-motivating objects were shown under time-controlled conditions of exposure. Alcoholics as normals showed that negatives are more difficult to recognize (required a longer exposure to produce recognition) than positives and that this difference increases as a function of difficulty or object complexity. The data also suggest, however, that alcoholics are absolutely and relatively less able to process conflicting visual information than normals. The latter finding led to the hypothesis that alcohol may serve to relieve sensory discordance for the alcoholic.
Performance of Malnourished Rats on the Hebb-Williams Closed-Field Maze Learning Task
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R. , Wells Anne Marie
Published: September 2011

3 groups of rats were subjected to protein restrictions during development, while two control groups received normal diets throughout the experiment. The protein restricted groups were raised on dams that were maintained on 12% protein diets and were weaned at 21 days of age to a diet containing 3% protein. One group was maintained on the diet for 7 wk. and then rehabilitated on a 21% protein diet while a second group was maintained on the 3% protein diet for 27 wk. and then rehabilitated for 7 wk. At this time these two groups and a control group maintained on a normal dam prior to weaning and maintained on 21% protein throughout the experiment were tested on a Hebb-Williams maze for liquid reinforcement. The third diet-restricted group was maintained on the 3% protein diet throughout the experiment and was tested in the Hebb-Williams maze along with a control group raised on 21% diet when they were 6 mo. of age. The nonrehabilitated group made the most errors and differed significantly from both the control groups and the rehabilitated groups. The rehabilitated groups did not differ significantly from one another, but they made significantly more errors than the nonrehabilitated groups. The effects of early diet restriction were compared with the effects of early environmental restrictions in their effects on problem-solving behavior.
Effect of Relative Positions of Segments on Strength of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Davis Clive M. , Segall Marshall H.
Published: September 2011

Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits (1966) postulated that the Mueller-Lyer illusion results from the misapplication of normally valid visual inference habits related to depth perception. To test the hypothesis that the depth cue of the relative height of the Mueller-Lyer segments in the visual field affects susceptibility, 100 Ss were presented two identical sets of 15 slides of Mueller-Lyer stimuli, one set with the >—–< above the <——> and the other set in the reverse orientation. Placement of the >—–< above the <—–> produced significantly greater illusion susceptibility, as predicted by the depth cue hypothesis. Females were more susceptible than males, but there were no interaction effects of sex with figure orientation or trials nor a main effect for trials. The results were interpreted as supporting an empiricistic explanation of the Mueller-Lyer illusion.
Validity and Reliability of the Red-Green AO H-R-R Pseudoisochromatic Plates with Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Salvia John A. , Ysseldyke James E.
Published: September 2011

69 institutionalized mentally retarded children were examined to determine the reliability and validity of the 14 red-green plates of the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The stability of the raw score and diagnosis, and the internal consistency were evaluated in addition to the validity of the diagnosis and the validity of the individual plates. The results indicated high internal consistency but low stability and validity. Use of the H-R-R plates with mentally retarded children is not recommended.
Scores Made by Retarded Readers on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: September 2011

Responses to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique by 59 elementary and secondary school children attending a summer reading clinic were studied. They differed from responses of standardization samples on 9 of the test's 22 variables: Location, Form appropriateness, Movement, Pathognomic verbalization, Animal, Anatomy, Sex, Hostility, and Penetration.
Discrimination Learning with Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic Background Music
Authors: Bates F. C. , Horvath T.
Published: September 2011

Groups of rats learned a discrimination problem in a four-choice apparatus while exposed to one of six auditory stimulus conditions. The stimuli were: a selection of Mozart, an amelodic version of this piece, a selection of Schoenberg, an amelodic version of this piece, white noise, and quiet. None of the groups acquired the discrimination more quickly than quiet controls. Ss exposed to the Schoenberg music, the amelodic version of it, and to white noise performed more poorly than the controls. Presence of nonrhythmic auditory stimulation is detrimental to performance on a discrimination task.
Failure to Make Orthogonal Polynomial Adjustments for Unequally Spaced Intervals Yields Inaccurate F Values in Trend Tests
Authors: Roeckelein Jon E.
Published: September 2011

Trend tests on the same sets of data having unequally spaced intervals of the independent variable were conducted under conditions of adjustment and non-adjustment of the orthogonal coefficients for linear and quadratic regression. The major result was an inflated F value for the linear component and potentially spurious values for the quadratic component. It was recommended that authors explicitly cite procedures when adjustments of orthogonal coefficients have been made in trend analyses for unevenly spaced levels of the independent variable.
Item Selection and Picture-Word Differences in Recognition and Recall
Authors: Wicker Frank W.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that word superiority at an associative stage of paired-associate recall reflected differential item selection was examined. Indices of item difficulty were related to picture-word differences for each retention measure, but the word superiority effect appeared independent of item selection.
Relationships among Raven Progressive Matrices Avoidable and Atypical Errors and Bender Gestalt Errors
Authors: Beyel Virginia , Fracchia John , Sheppard Charles , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The Raven Progressive Matrices tests of 89 hospitalized, chronic schizophrenic males were scored for atypical and avoidable reasoning errors. A total error score on the Bender Gestalt was also computed for each S. Total error score on the Bender correlated .41 and .01 with atypical and avoidable errors respectively. The two Raven error indices correlated –.41. Thus, atypical errors may be assessing the influences of psychopathology on the Raven's perceptual spatial factor while avoidable errors may be reflecting the effects of the illness upon the general intellectual factor the Raven is said to measure.
Spatial Perception of Highly Skilled and Poorly Skilled Females
Authors: Meek Frances , Skubic Vera
Published: September 2011

30 Ss were classified as highly skilled in a variety of motor activities and 30 Ss as poorly skilled. The 2 groups were administered the Rod-and-frame test, taken in a standing position and requiring nine different position settings of the rod and frame. The highly skilled performers were significantly more field independent than the poorly skilled Ss.
Factor Analytic Study of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Metropolitan Readiness Test
Authors: McKinney James D.
Published: September 2011

The Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Metropolitan Readiness Test were administered to 75 kindergarten children. The data confirmed the hypothesis of Psychomotor, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Evaluation factors. A tentative Figural Transformations factor as well as a chronological age factor were identified. The results were interpretated as supporting the structure-of-intellect model as an adequate description of the factor structure of the two tests.
Effects of Increased Incentive in Corrective Therapy
Authors: Booraem Curtis D. , Seacat George F.
Published: September 2011

3 patients from a general hospital referred to corrective therapy were reinforced for exercising on Triplex pully weights. All 3 increased their rate of exercising, suggesting that the implementation of programs providing increased incentive may facilitate the objectives of the corrective therapist.
Personality Traits and Motor Ability Associated with Observed Competitiveness in Women Physical Education Majors
Authors: Higgs Susanne L.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 17 Ss, one highly competitive and the other average, were selected from 46 women physical education majors. Both groups were given 4 tests which yielded scores for 16 psychological variables, and the Humiston Motor Ability Test. No differences were found between the groups on personality or motivation. However, the good competitors were significantly higher in motor ability than the average competitors
Factor Analytic Study of Perceptual-Motor Attributes as Measured by Two Test Batteries
Authors: Geddes Dolores
Published: September 2011

This study factor analyzed the scores of 80 first and second grade level public school children on the 28 test items of the Perceptual-motor Attributes of Mentally Retarded Children and Youth battery and the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey. 10 factors were extracted and 9 were named: Visual Tracking, Visual Discrimination and Copying of Forms, Visual Discrimination and Copying of Rhythmic Patterns, Verbal Body Image, Dynamic Balance, Spatial Body Perception, Postural Maintenance, Visual Discrimination and Copying of Motor Patterns, and Gross Agility. The study indicated that the individual test items are very specific in nature, i.e., they measure very specific perceptual-motor acts.
Final Note on why Genetic Correlations are Not Squared
Authors: Frank Harry
Published: September 2011

Jensen (1971) supports his estimation of heritability from unsquared MZ twin correlations on the assertion that heritability is analogous to reliability. This plausible argument is substantiated by a mathematical proof which expresses both heritability and reliability as coefficients of determination.
Relation of F-Test Scores to Rigidity
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The California F-test and an author-designed Perceptual Rigidity test were given to 100 college girls to help clarify the specific relationship between perceptual rigidity and authoritarianism and to test the hypothesis that the perceptually rigid person will score high on the F-test. A significant correlation was obtained between scores on the two tests and the factor analysis yielded two factors: Conventionality and High Defense Utilization. Devising a test which relates traditional values with perceptual rigidity seems needed to clarify the results.
Some Effects of Perceived Size, Retinal Size, and Retinal Speed on Duration of Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Mehling Kevin D. , Collins William E. , Schroeder David J.
Published: September 2011

Measures of perceived size, perceived distance, and perceived stimulus speed of rotating spirals were obtained in addition to the duration of the spiral aftereffect. Two major conditions were used: Size Constant—a 4-in. spiral was positioned to subtend visual angles of 1/2°, 1°, 2°, 4°, or 8° with 7 rates of retinal speed (10-100 minarcs/sec.) used at each angle; Angle Constant —3 sizes of spirals were positioned so that each subtended visual angles of 2°, 4°, and 8° with physical speed held constant (75 rpm) in one case and retinal speed (45 minarcs/sec.) held constant in another. SAE durations were significantly affected by low retinal speeds, by small visual angles and by perceived size per unit of retinal size.
Re-Examination of Koppitz' Developmental Bender Scoring System
Authors: Obrzut John E. , Taylor Henry D. , Thweatt Roger C.
Published: September 2011

The Koppitz Developmental Scoring System for the Bender-Gestalt test was re-examined using 289 randomly selected children from Grades 1, 3, and 6 of the Northern Arizona area. Data were obtained for scorer reliability and scoring-system reliability. Koppitz items as predictors of the Stanford Achievement Test reading scores were checked. Although significant correlations were obtained between total Koppitz scores and reading achievement, the magnitudes were too low for individual prediction. More than half of the Koppitz items were not discriminators at any one grade, 7 were significant at Grade 1, 2 at Grade 3, and 2 at Grade 6. No items differentiated all grades. Consequently, the Koppitz items should be used carefully and not as the sole indicator of reading problems
Preschool Children's Performance on Measures of Spatial Organization, Lateral Preference, and Lateral Usage
Authors: Keogh Barbara K.
Published: September 2011

79 preschool children were tested on measures of laterality and spatial orientation. Few significant relationships were found, suggesting independence of lateral usage, lateral awareness, and ability on spatial organization tasks. Sex differences on spatial tasks were substantiated.
Measurement of Time Indifference Intervals
Authors: Irving A.
Published: September 2011

Using S's previous response as his next stimulus in a time-interval reproduction task, response series were obtained from 22 individuals which tended toward limits independent of the initial intervals. The magnitudes of the intervals at these limits may, therefore, be properly called indifference intervals. 2 Ss gave responses which did not accord with this general finding. However, these results may be accounted for either as atypical response behaviour similar to that reported by other investigators or as erroneous responses due to a possible shortcoming of the method used. The actual cause remains to be found by further work.
Self-Perceptions of Sicilian Male Youth
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Migliorino Giuseppe , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

An Italian version of the AVA was included in the test battery for a pilot study of Project Talent in Sicily. Ss were 395 male students attending a public technical school in Palermo, Sicily. Profiles of basic self and social self-concepts, as well as the composite self-concept yielded by the AVA, were analyzed for the Sicilian sample. The latter were also compared with those for an American normative sample ( N = 7732). Two heavily concentrated clusters were noted in the self-perceptions of the Sicilians in contrast to those of the American sample which are more evenly distributed throughout the personality spheroid comprising the AVA model.
Vigilance Effects for Duration Judgments with Two Levels of Task Demand
Authors: Hawkes Glenn R. , Sherman Samuel J.
Published: September 2011

Vigilance effects were investigated with a duration judgment task, with or without a requirement also to perform mental arithmetic problems. Judged duration values were larger when only vigilance was performed; addition of the arithmetic task served to improve efficiency. Habituation processes thus are involved in a wide variety of behaviors.
Methodological Studies in Paired-Associate Learning: I. Procedure, Design, and Meaningfulness
Authors: Mueller Donald J. , Chan Adrian , Gumina James M.
Published: September 2011

Design (repeated measures, completely randomized), Presentation Method (paced anticipation, discrete trials), Stimulus Complexity (CVC trigrams, dissyllables), and Stimulus-Response Meaningfulness (high-low, low-high) were varied in 3 experiments. It was shown that repeated measurements design was more directly related to the interaction of meaningfulness level with stimulus-learning than with response-learning in paired-associate learning.
Methodological Studies in Paired-Associate Learning: II. Design, Test for Learning, and Meaningfulness
Authors: Mueller Donald J. , Gumina James M. , Chan Adrian
Published: September 2011

Design (repeated measures and completely randomized) and Test (SR-recall and SR-recognition) were varied in two paired-associate experiments to explore the effects of Meaningfulness Level on stimulus and response learning. Contemporary associative learning theory was rejected in favor of a “multiple-choice strategy-selection” model in the interpretation of the results which showed that level of meaningfulness interacted more with stimulus than response learning for repeated measures design.
Reliability of the Adult Growth Examination: A Standardized Test of Individual Aging
Authors: Morgan Robert F. , Fevens Stanley K.
Published: September 2011

50 male residents of Nova Scotia from 20 to 70 chronological years old were paid volunteers in a test-retest study of the Adult Growth Examination (AGE) test of bodily aging. With test-retest intervals of from 1 to 8 wk., the product-moment correlations of reliability were .88 full test, .75 systolic blood pressure subtest, .92 hearing level subtest, .93 near vision subtest; the standard error of measurement of body age was 4.98 yr. AGE full-test Body-age scores correlated .81 with chronological age. Additional subtest correlations and inter-correlations are made and comparisons with results from other samples and related research are included. All correlations were high and significant ( p = .01).
Accuracy of Visual Recognition in a Complex Natural Environment
Authors: Ezinga Gerard , Rowland Guy L.
Published: September 2011

The accuracy of long-term visual memory in terms of recognition was examined in a complex natural environment, a car route through a typical suburban area. The correct recognition rate for 8 Ss compared favorably with results obtained in laboratory settings
Perception of Verticality on a Modified Portable Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Handel Amos
Published: September 2011

563 boys from Grades 7 to 11 were tested on a modified version of the portable Rod-and-frame Test (RFT). The absolute sum of RFT errors decreased progressively from Grade 7 through Grade 11 and correlated with Ss' age ( p < .001). About 90% of the total variance of these scores was accounted for by errors in the direction of the tilt of the frame. Errors toward tilt of frame decreased with increasing age, whereas the proportion of errors against the tilt of frame showed an opposite trend. Trials with the frame left off 0° produced a higher absolute sum of RFT errors and larger errors toward tilt of frame than the right-tilt trials. These findings were discussed within a developmental framework and related to studies on the effect of the frame.
Verbal Problem Solving as Related to Cerebral Damage
Authors: Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

An instrument, called the Word Finding Test, was devised to evaluate ability in discerning the meaning of a nonsense word through appreciation of its verbal context. This test consisted of 20 items and each item was made up of five sentences. In each sentence a nonsense word was used in place of an actual word which fit the context of all sentences for that item. S's task was to guess the meaning of the nonsense word, if possible, in each item. The test was administered to groups (males and females) of control Ss as well as to a group of normally functioning control Ss. Ss with cerebral lesions, who had also taken the test, were matched individually with Ss in each of the control groups on the basis of age, sex, and education. The results indicated that groups with cerebral damage consistently performed worse than their matched control groups. In total, 66 (94%) of the 70 brain-damaged Ss earned lower scores than did their matched controls. These findings indicated that the Word Finding Test appears to be especially sensitive to cerebral damage in adult Ss and suggest that problem-solving abilities, even in a verbal context, may be seriously deficient in persons with cerebral lesions.
Display Density and Judgments of Number
Authors: Class P.
Published: September 2011

The effect of dot density on judgment of numerosity by 60 Ss was studied. Density and judged number were directly related, and the effect of density increased as the number of dots to be judged increased.
Autonomic Arousal and Performance during Sixty Hours of Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Fenz Walter D. , Graig James G.
Published: September 2011

The paper reports the performance on 6 tests of the battery used by Reitan designed to evaluate brain dysfunction, as well as autonomic arousal measured by heart rate and basal skin conductance, for 12 Ss during 60 hr. of sleep deprivation. Twelve control Ss were tested at equal intervals without sleep loss. The performance on the psychological tests remained unimpaired during the early phases of sleep loss while heart rate and skin conductance increased; the deficit in performance became evident in the last phase of the deprivation period when heart rate and skin conductance declined.
Relation of Effort Ratings of CCVCS by Congenitally Deaf to Greenberg and Jenkins' S Scale
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

Congenially deaf students from the U. S. A. and the Netherlands rated the effort, e', of subvocalizing Greenberg and Jenkins' (1964) List 1 CCVCs. The hypothesis that mean scale values for e' for the 24 CCVCs would correlate significantly with S values of the CCVCs is tenable. The hypothesis that correlations would be lower than those based on ratings by Ss with normal hearing also is tenable.
Failure to Recall Dream Content: Contentless vs Dreamless Reports
Authors: Cohen David B.
Published: September 2011

Data from three separate studies support the hypothesis that contentless and dreamless reports obtained in dream-recall experiments are functionally, as well as descriptively, different phenomena. Distributions of percentages of contentless and dreamless reports (a) for different phases of the menstrual cycle, (b) over a three-day recording period, and (c) for length of total sleep time were qualitatively different. It is suggested that, at minimum, investigators should distinguish between contentless and dreamless reports rather than viewing them as a homogeneous nonrecall phenomenon.
Synthesis and Analysis of Visually Perceived Forms by Young Children
Authors: Greenberg Judith W.
Published: September 2011

Visual synthesis and analysis of geometric figures were correlated .69, using kindergarten and first-grade Ss. Both skills were correlated with more complex visual construction and Block Design, averaging .62. All 4 tasks were correlated with age (averaging .50) and vocabulary (averaging .33) but only the complex tasks were correlated with SES (averaging .34). Types of errors were analyzed. Basic perceptual abilities evidently operate in both synthesis and analysis and these visual skills are strongly related to higher level cognitive functioning.
WISC and Nebraska Performance of Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Willis Diane J. , Wright Logan , Wolfe John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to evaluate the visual-perceptual skills of deaf and of hearing children; (2) to compare the performances of the two groups on two tests frequently used to assess intellectual functioning; and (3) to compare the performance of deaf children in a day school with those in a residential school. Results indicate deaf children are not inferior to hearing children on visual-perceptual tasks and day-school deaf children performed better than residential deaf children. Differences between the deaf and hearing on the two tests were significant on 3 of the 10 subtests. In addition, normative scores on at least one subtest of the Nebraska appear too high, and correction may be in order. Correlations between the two tests, for both deaf and hearing children, were low.
Projection of Eyes in Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Andrews Joseph
Published: September 2011

Inkblot and self-report measures of eye awareness were administered to samples of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics and neurotics. The significant negative χ2 found only within the paranoid group was interpreted as supporting a pathological projection mechanism as well as previous research which has demonstrated relationships between body attitudes and preferred modes of personality defense.
People Planning by a Fixed Resource Method
Authors: Baird John C. , Graf Virgil , Degerman Richard
Published: September 2011

Results are presented from a new method to determine a person's conception of complex stimuli. In three related experiments Ss expressed their views of ideal organisms by distributing a fixed resource among hypothetical properties of the ideal. The results from the experiments were highly correlated, lending weight to the reliability and generality of the approach. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to group the properties in two dimensions, while the mean amount allocated to a property was represented in the third dimension. A three-dimensional plot was constructed for each of four ideals: the only organism on earth, a member of the only species on earth, an organism going into outer space, and an organism coming to earth from outer space.
Visual Matching as a Function of Stimulus Complexity in Normal and Brain-Injured Persons
Authors: Mandleberg Ian A.
Published: September 2011

15 right-brain-damaged, 15 left-damaged, and 15 normal Ss were given visual matching tasks in which the target stimuli became more complex with the successive addition of discriminanda. In Task A the alternates were in the same orientation as the target, in Task B they were rotated. In both tasks, normals were superior to the brain-injured Ss ( p < .01); left-damaged were slightly inferior to right-damaged on Task A, and significantly ( p = .05) inferior on Task B. There were no differences in identification times except for the comparison normals vs left-damaged on the simpler stimuli of Task A, where the brain-damaged were slower. For left-damaged Ss, performance on Task B was correlated with education, Motor Impersistence, and verbal integrity.
Self-Paced Ergometer Performance: Effects of Pedal Resistance, Motivational Contingency and Inspired Oxygen Concentration
Authors: Gerben Martin J. , House Joyce L. , Winsmann Fred R.
Published: September 2011

6 soldiers were allowed to determine their own pedaling rates and rest periods while completing a certain amount of pedal revolutions on a bicycle ergometer. Inspired oxygen concentration (21% O2, 12% O2), pedal resistance (2 kg, 3 kg) and motivational contingency (extra pedaling required for slower performance) were varied. Decreasing oxygen concentration and increasing pedal resistance had similar effects on some aspects of self-pacing behavior and different effects on others. The motivational contingency did not significantly affect performance.
Field-Dependence and Social Responsiveness as Determinants of Spontaneously Produced Words
Authors: Goldberger Leo , Bendich Stephen
Published: September 2011

18 female Ss generated words in response to a metronome-signal under 3 conditions: baseline, after an interpolated task involving incidental stimuli, and blindfolded. Significant multiple rs were found between field-dependence measures (RFT, EFT and Fig. D) and social as opposed to neutral words, demonstrating the field-dependent Ss' general social orientation.
Vibrotactile Stimulation: An Investigation of Psychophysical Methods for Establishing Threshold
Authors: Hall Donald Elliott , Fucci Donald J. , Arnst Dennis J.
Published: September 2011

This investigation was designed to adopt and evaluate the psychophysical method of limits and method of adjustment using ascending and descending stimuli series to obtain oral vibrotactile thresholds on the anterior midline surface of the tongue. A significant difference in vibrotactile thresholds was not found with either the method of limits or the method of adjustment. The differences between ascending and descending thresholds were also not significant.
Effects of Visual Cues on the Standing Body Sway of Males and Females
Authors: Weissman Seymour , Dzendolet Ernest
Published: September 2011

6 male and 6 female Ss, in a standing position, were exposed for 4 min. to the following conditions: eyes closed, vertical luminous red, horizontal luminous rod, diagonal right luminous rod, eyes closed—body lean left, and eyes open with view of experimental room. Each student was tested in a single session, with the six conditions presented according to their position in a Latin square design. Power spectral density analysis of body sway showed little influence of the visual system in the maintenance of static equilibrium. Possible effects of the visual system in more active or stressful body conditions were discussed.
Manipulation of Projected Afterimages by Means of the Physiological Theory Imposed on the Observer
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Sjoeholm Lena
Published: September 2011

3 previous experiments have shown that Ss presented with a theory of visual afterimages (AIs) emphasizing their outside origin produce more “immature” images than Ss presented with the opposite, subject-centered type of theory. In the present experiment with 29 20-yr.-old students, one subgroup (Retinal) was told that the AI is an exclusively retinal affair, the other subgroup (CNS) that it is shaped by the same parts of CNS as control central mental functions. The results indicated that possibilities of individual expression via the AI were constricted by the retinal theory and broadened by the CNS theory. The personal experience mobilized by the CNS Ss included anxiety to some extent, but their reactions above all implied an increased sensitivity to primitive modes of experiencing which were allowed to penetrate the afterimage in the form of positive color elements.
Apparatus for Programmed Oral Administration of Drugs to Large Primates in Altered Environments
Authors: Wynne Louis , Koestler Alfred G.
Published: September 2011

This apparatus was designed to administer chronic and high-level doses of clinical drugs (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, allopurinol, clofibrate) to primates by suspending the drugs in a liquid reinforcer in order to assess their effects on operant baselines. Since nausea, drowsiness, and other common side effects might well be more pronounced in experimental vibration and altered gravity—conditions of interest to flying personnel—the apparatus was designed to be able to withstand such conditions without degradation of the reinforcement delivery mechanism.
Bender-Gestalt Protocols of Adult Negro Male Offenders: Normative Data
Authors: Matranga James T. , Jensen Diana E. , Prandoni Jogues R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to develop norms for adult, Negro male offenders on the Bender-Gestalt test. The Bender-Gestalt reproductions of 224 Ss were scored according to Koppitz's Developmental Scoring System and then divided into seven IQ ranges. Normative data are listed for each of these ranges.
The “Orienting Reflex” as an Input Indicator in “Subliminal” Perception
Authors: Kleespies Phillip , Wiener Morton
Published: September 2011

This study explored (1) for evidence of visual input at so-called “subliminal” exposure durations, and (2) whether the response, if any, was a function of the thematic content of the stimulus. Thematic content (threatening versus non-threatening) and stimulus structure (angular versus curved) were varied independently under “subliminal,” “part-cue,” and “identification” exposure conditions. With Ss' reports and the frequency and latency of first eye movements (“orienting reflex”) as input indicators, there was no evidence of input differences which are a function of thematic content at any exposure duration, and the “report” data were consistent with the eye-movement data.
Effects of Field-Dependency on Weight Comparisons
Authors: Blasi E. R. , Cross Henry A. , Hebert John A.
Published: September 2011

20 field-independent and 20 field-dependent Ss were selected on the basis of performance on the Rod-and-frame Test and were asked to estimate a comparison weight in the context of two different original weights. Visual cues were controlled. 10 Ss in each group estimated a heavier weight which was paired on 2 consecutive trials with 1 of 2 lighter weights and the remaining Ss estimated a lighter weight in the context of two heavier weights. The difference in estimates of the same comparison weights served as an indication of contextual influence. The field-dependent Ss, estimating lighter weights, were influenced by context to a significantly greater extent than the other groups. The field-dependency dimension may affect performance on a variety of different perceptual tasks.
Lateral Preference and Ability to Conserve Multiple Spatial Relations by Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Kershner John R.
Published: September 2011

31 trainable mentally retarded children were divided into lateralized and mixed-dominant groups and were then tested for their ability to perform a spatial task requiring short-term memory and reversible visual imagery. Retarded children with inconsistent and crossed laterality patterns were better in visual-spatial ability than retarded children whose sided preferences were unilateral in eye, hand, ear and foot modalities. The results support the developmental importance of bilateral sensory and motor functioning.
Structural Models and Embedded-Figure Difficulty for Normal and Retarded Children
Authors: Reed Stephen K. , Angaran A. J.
Published: September 2011

60 normal and 20 mentally retarded children were tested on an embedded-figures task to determine what stimulus variables correlate with the difficulty of finding a figure hidden in a larger pattern. The number of shared contours, the complexity of the ground, and analysis complexity (defined as the amount by which the total complexity of the parts exceeds the complexity of the whole pattern) resulted in significant, positive correlations with the difficulty of finding an embedded figure. The complexity of the figure, the complexity of the complete pattern, and the number of overlapping lines resulted in nonsignificant, positive correlations with the difficulty in finding the figure. The task was discussed within the theoretical framework of the structural model advocated by Narasimhan and Sutherland. The results suggested how a pattern might be analyzed into a hiearchy of articulations with each articulation consisting of a hierarchy of component parts.