bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface in situ self-reconstructing hierarchical structures derived from ferrous carbonate as efficient bifunctional iron-based catalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions
Authors: Gao Taotao , Zhou Caixia , Chen Xiaojuan , Huang Zhihan , Yuan Hongyan , Xiao Dan
Published: August 2020

The FeCO3@IF electrode based on Fe2(SO4)3 as iron resource shows efficient catalytic performance for both OER and HER due to the unique in situ self-reconstructing hierarchical structures induced by the surface corrosion of FeCO3 compounds.
Reversible antibiotic loading and pH-responsive release from polymer brushes on contact lenses for therapy and prevention of corneal infections
Authors: Guo Yishun , Qian Siyuan , Wang Lu , Zeng Jiahong , Miao Renjie , Meng Yongchun , Jin Yingying , Chen Hao , Wang Bailiang
Published: August 2020

Corneal infection is an important cause of corneal damage and vision loss.
Conductive vitrimer nanocomposites enable advanced and recyclable thermo-sensitive materials
Authors: Wang Sheng , Ma Songqi , Cao Lijun , Li Qiong , Ji Qing , Huang Juncheng , Lu Na , Xu Xiwei , Liu Yanlin , Zhu Jin
Published: August 2020

Vitrimers with high thermal expansion rate were innovatively explored to produce advanced and recyclable thermo-sensitive conductive nanocomposites and sensors.
Diabetic atherosclerosis: is there a role for the hypoxia-inducible factors?
Authors: Pirri Daniela , Fragiadaki Maria , Evans Paul C.
Published: August 2020

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide and is driven by multiple risk factors, including diabetes. Diabetes is associated with either an insulin deficiency in its juvenile form or with insulin resistance and obesity in Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the latter is clustered with other comorbidities to define the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes and metabolic syndrome are complex pathologies and are associated with cardiovascular risk via vascular inflammation and other mechanisms. Several transcription factors are activated upon diabetes-driven endothelial dysfunction and drive the progression of atherosclerosis. In particular, the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor family is a master regulator of endothelial biology and is raising interest in the field of atherosclerosis. In this review, we will present an overview of studies contributing to the understanding of diabetes-driven atherosclerosis, integrating the role of HIF in this disease with the knowledge of its functions in metabolic syndrome and diabetic scenario.
Epigenetic modification and therapeutic targets of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Singh Rajveer , Chandel Shivani , Dey Dhritiman , Ghosh Arijit , Roy Syamal , Ravichandiran Velayutham , Ghosh Dipanjan
Published: August 2020

The prevalence of diabetes and its related complications are increasing significantly globally. Collected evidence suggested that several genetic and environmental factors contribute to diabetes mellitus. Associated complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and other cardiovascular complications are a direct result of diabetes. Epigenetic factors include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and histone post-translational modifications. These factors are directly related with pathological factors such as oxidative stress, generation of inflammatory mediators and hyperglycemia. These result in altered gene expression and targets cells in the pathology of diabetes mellitus without specific changes in a DNA sequence. Environmental factors and malnutrition are equally responsible for epigenetic states. Accumulated evidence suggested that environmental stimuli alter the gene expression that result in epigenetic changes in chromatin. Recent studies proposed that epigenetics may include the occurrence of ‘metabolic memory’ found in animal studies. Further study into epigenetic mechanism might give us new vision into the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and related complication thus leading to the discovery of new therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the possible epigenetic changes and mechanism that happen in diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 separately. We highlight the important epigenetic and non-epigenetic therapeutic targets involved in the management of diabetes and associated complications.
A Wavelet descriptor model of hysteresis loop phenomena
Authors: Bisht Hrishitosh , Gadre Vikram M. , Kulkarni Shrikrishna V. , Sai Ram Boggavarapu
Published: August 2020

An accurate and computationally efficient hysteresis model is required to perform transient finite element analysis of electrical machines and transformers. Numerical experiments performed in the current work suggest that there are severe limitations of the Fourier descriptor method. In this work, the authors build upon the idea of Fourier descriptors and propose a wavelet descriptor model to characterise magnetic hysteresis curves, with the advantages of Fourier descriptors while their disadvantages are mitigated. It is shown that wavelet descriptors can also be used to compute hysteresis losses. The motivation behind using a wavelet basis rather than a Fourier basis is the ability of wavelets to represent local features of the signal. The method can efficiently represent a complete B/H curve with only a few data‐points and allows for an automated representation of hysteresis loops. Wavelet descriptors are used for the first time to model a wide variety of hysteresis loops with asymmetric minor loops generated using higher‐order harmonics, and from a pulse‐width modulated source. The results obtained using the proposed method are compared with those of the Fourier descriptor method. In all cases, the proposed method outperforms the Fourier descriptor method. The proposed method is computationally efficient and simple to understand.
Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): A close low-mass companion to ET Cha
Authors: Ginski C. , Ménard F. , Rab Ch. , Mamajek E. E. , van Holstein R. G. , Benisty M. , Manara C. F. , Asensio Torres R. , Bohn A. , Birnstiel T. , Delorme P. , Facchini S. , Garufi A. , Gratton R. , Hogerheijde M. , Huang J. , Kenworthy M. , Langlois M. , Pinilla P. , Pinte C. , Ribas Á. , Rosotti G. , Schmidt T. O. B. , van den Ancker M. , Wahhaj Z. , Waters L. B. F. M. , Williams J. , Zurlo A.
Published: August 2020

Context.To understand the formation of planetary systems, it is important to understand the initial conditions of planet formation, that is, the young gas-rich planet forming disks. Spatially resolved, high-contrast observations are of particular interest since substructures in disks that are linked to planet formation can be detected. In addition, we have the opportunity to reveal close companions or even planets in formation that are embedded in the disk.

Aims.In this study, we present the first results of the Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS), an ESO/SPHERE large program that is aimed at studying disk evolution in scattered light, mainly focusing on a sample of low-mass stars (< 1M⊙) in nearby (∼200 pc) star-forming regions. In this particular study, we present observations of the ET Cha (RECX 15) system, a nearby “old” classical T Tauri star (5−8 Myr, ∼100 pc), which is still strongly accreting.

Methods.We used SPHERE/IRDIS in theH-band polarimetric imaging mode to obtain high spatial resolution and high-contrast images of the ET Cha system to search for scattered light from the circumstellar disk as well as thermal emission from close companions. We additionally employed VLT/NACO total intensity archival data of the system taken in 2003.

Results.Here, we report the discovery, using SPHERE/IRDIS, of a low-mass (sub)stellar companion to theηCha cluster member ET Cha. We estimate the mass of this new companion based on photometry. Depending on the system age, it is either a 5 Myr, 50MJupbrown dwarf or an 8 Myr, 0.10M⊙M-type, pre-main-sequence star. We explore possible orbital solutions and discuss the recent dynamic history of the system.

Conclusions.Independent of the precise companion mass, we find that the presence of the companion likely explains the small size of the disk around ET Cha. The small separation of the binary pair indicates that the disk around the primary component is likely clearing from the outside in, which explains the high accretion rate of the system.
Spin-orbit alignment and magnetic activity in the young planetary system AU Mic
Authors: Martioli E. , Hébrard G. , Moutou C. , Donati J.-F. , Artigau É. , Cale B. , Cook N. J. , Dalal S. , Delfosse X. , Forveille T. , Gaidos E. , Plavchan P. , Berberian J. , Carmona A. , Cloutier R. , Doyon R. , Fouqué P. , Klein B. , Lecavelier des Etangs A. , Manset N. , Morin J. , Tanner A. , Teske J. , Wang S.
Published: August 2020

We present high-resolution near-infrared spectropolarimetric observations using the SPIRou instrument at Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) during a transit of the recently detected young planet AU Mic b, with supporting spectroscopic data from iSHELL at NASA InfraRed Telescope Facility. We detect Zeeman signatures in the Stokes V profiles and measure a mean longitudinal magnetic field of ¯Bℓ = 46.3 ± 0.7 G. Rotationally modulated magnetic spots likely cause long-term variations of the field with a slope of dBℓ/dt = −108.7 ± 7.7 G d−1. We apply the cross-correlation technique to measure line profiles and obtain radial velocities through CCF template matching. We find an empirical linear relationship between radial velocity and Bℓ, which allows us to estimate the radial-velocity induced by stellar activity through rotational modulation of spots for the five hours of continuous monitoring of AU Mic with SPIRou. We model the corrected radial velocities for the classical Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, using MCMC to sample the posterior distribution of the model parameters. This analysis shows that the orbit of AU Mic b is prograde and aligned with the stellar rotation axis with a sky-projected spin-orbit obliquity of λ = 0°−15°+18°. The aligned orbit of AU Mic b indicates that it formed in the protoplanetary disk that evolved into the current debris disk around AU Mic.
A new Myrmecarchaea (Araneae: Archaeidae) species from Oise amber (earliest Eocene, France)
Authors: Carbuccia Benjamin , Wood Hannah M. , Rollard Christine , Nel Andre , Garrouste Romain
Published: August 2020

Extant Archaeidae, also known as pelican or assassin spiders, have an Austral distribution (South Africa, Madagascar and Australia), but were present in Eurasia during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, as attested by fossils from Cretaceous Burmese amber (Ross A. 2019. Burmese (Myanmar) amber checklist and bibliography 2018. Palaeoentomology 2(1): 22–84) and Eocene European ambers (Wunderlich J. 2004. Fossil spiders in amber and copal: conclusions, revisions, new taxa and family diagnoses of fossil and extant taxa. Hirschberg-Leutershausen: Ed. Joerg Wunderlich, 1893 p.). They have been known to occur in Oise amber (Ypresian, early Eocene, MP7), from northern France. However, they are not abundant in Oise amber, and have been the subject of few studies until now. Here, we describe the only well-preserved, almost complete, archaeid fossil specimen. This adult male is described as Myrmecarchaea antecessor sp. nov, based on the presence of unique morphological features. The elongate petiolus and extremely long legs are characteristic of the genus Myrmecarchaea from the Middle Eocene Baltic amber. However, unique traits such as the thick, stout petiolus and the extremely elongated, posteriorly tapering cephalothorax distinguish it from the other species of Myrmecarchaea. This specimen is of high interest, as besides being a new species, it is also the first documented adult male in the genus, allowing us to observe sexual characters for the first time. Furthermore, it is the first occurrence of this genus outside Baltic amber, showing affinities between Oise and Baltic ambers, which are, otherwise, very different in their faunistic compositions, and further extends the known past range of the archaeid spiders.
Multimode fibre probe calibration
Authors: Jákl Petr , Šiler Martin , Ježek Jan , Trägårdh Johanna , Čižmár Tomáš , Zemánek Pavel
Published: August 2020

Multimode fibres (MMF) used in endoscopy have advantage of small diameter and flexibility, thus causing less damage to living animals. However, the imaging requires wavefront shaping techniques to obtain a sharp image despite the mode dispersion in the waveguide. We suggest version of transmission matrix calibration which uses internal modes of the waveguide and, thus, lessens requirements on the endoscopy apparatus removing the external reference path.
Introducing Full-Aperture FJP (faFJP), a Technique for Manufacturing Sub-Millimetre Aspheres
Authors: Messelink W.A.C.M. , Meeder M.
Published: August 2020

We propose a novel approach, "faFJP", to the computer controlled polishing (CCP) of mini aspheres down to 0:2 mm. The generation of locallytunable, full-aperture footprints is accomplished by applying a Fluid Jet Polishing (FJP) beam larger than the full aperture being polished and varying the incident angle.
Efficient and Innovative Polishing Processes for Smoothing Complex Surface Geometries and Internal Contours on Brittle-Hard Components
Authors: Binder Marcel , Henkel Sebastian , Schwager Anne-Marie , Letsch Christoph , Bliedtner Jens , Matusevich Vladislav , Matusevich Andrew
Published: August 2020

The material fused silica, as well as other brittle-hard materials such as glass ceramics, have great potential for use in a wide range of applications due to their special material properties. The technical advantages of these materials require sophisticated processing technologies, including polishing steps, in order to be able to use these interesting materials advantageously. In addition, a current trend in modern optical manufacturing is the use of free-form surfaces and monolithic components that combine several optical and mechanical functions in one part. Novel or improved processes are needed in order to meet future requirements for resource-saving and effective production methods at the same time.
Resonant diffraction gratings with polarization-dependent efficiencies
Authors: Wüster Julian , Feßer Patrick , Behrens Arne , Sinzinger Stefan
Published: August 2020

Subwavelength-structures with different fill factors in the lateral dimensions result in unique phase shifts for the different polarization states of transmitted light.

By using this additional degree of freedom for diffractive optical elements, we yield additional functionalities for compact optical systems with DOEs.

As a fully operable example we present a binary subwavelength-grating which acts as a polarizing beamsplitter for TE- and TM-polarization over a wide range of incidence angles. We show our design approach, the manufacturing process with Soft-UV-Nanoimprint-Technology, as well as experimental results. We will also lay out possibilities for the design and application of multilevel polarization-functionalized gratings.
Versatile architecture of ultra-narrow band absorbing photonic nanostructure
Authors: Verlhac Clément , El-Ouazzani Hasnaa , Makhsiyan Mathilde , Haidar Riad , Primot Jérôme , Bouchon Patrick
Published: August 2020

Ultra narrow-band absorbing surfaces answer a growing demand of precise control of absorption spectra. Starting from a design of guided mode resonator (GMR), we present here a versatile architecture presenting resonances of very high quality factors (up to 10 000) and spectrally adjustable. This design uses multiple slices of dielectrics to focus resonating field in the middle of a metallic waveguide, diminishing its extension in the metal and thus the loss rate of the propagating mode.
Picometer mechanical displacement measurement using heterodyne interferometer with phase-locked loop
Authors: Aketagawa Masato , Nguyen Thanh Dong
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we show picometer-order mechnical displacmment measurements using a heterodyne interferometer with a phase-locked loop (PLL). A heterodyne light source for the interferometer is implemented with a frequency stabilized HeNe laser and two acousto-optic modulators. A real time phase measurement is performed by the PLL, whose software is programmed in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). A stiff parallel spring stage combined with a high-voltage piezoelectric actuator is used to generate picometer-order mechanical motion. With the above implementations, mechanical displacement of 10 picometer or less can be measured.
Fully integrated stokes snapshot imaging polarimeter
Authors: Stock Carsten , Siefke Thomas , Hubold Martin , Gassner Christin , Brüning Robert , Zeitner Uwe D.
Published: August 2020

We present a new concept for a fully integrated nano-optical snapshot imaging polarimeter. It consists of a nano-optical retarder and polarizer array with various orientations combined with a microlens array and crosstalk module. That facilitates a fast, robust, and compact stokes imaging polarimeter without moving parts for applications at 450 nm wavelength.
Transmittance of tapered photonic crystal fibers with absorbing coatings
Authors: Salazar Sicacha Mauricio , Minkovich Vladimir P. , Sotsky Alexander B. , Shilov Artur V. , Sotskaya Luidmila I.
Published: August 2020

The interaction of the adiabatically tapered photonic crystal fiber fundamental mode with a thin-film absorbing coating, deposited on a surface of a taper waist, on transmission of a tapered fiber is studied. Examples of using this interaction in refractive index sensors and for detection of an adsorption layer with ammonia molecules upon contact of the absorbing coating with a liquid medium are presented. It is obtained that a pronounced sensory effect occurs in the case of a resonant coupling between the fundamental fiber mode and cladding modes localized between photonic crystal fiber air channels and the absorbing coating.
All-fibered high-quality 40-GHz to 200 GHz pulse sources based on nonlinear compression of besselons
Authors: Sheveleva Anastasiia , Finot Christophe
Published: August 2020

We experimentally demonstrate the generation of pulse trains with repetition rates of 40-GHz, 80 GHz and 200 GHz. Our approach is based on the nonlinear compression of besselon pulses in a highly-nonlinear fiber with normal dispersion. The pulses are of high quality, with a subpicosecond duration.
FDTD Modeling of double ultrashort pulse propagation in nonlinear absorbing media
Authors: Pisonero J.D. , Varela O. , García E. , Hernández I. , Ajates J. , Sagredo J.L. , Olivar M. , Albarran C. , Roso L. , Méndez C.
Published: August 2020

An approach based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is developed for simulating the dynamics of two ultrashort laser pulses inside a saturable absorbing media. This work discusses the results obtained using this numerical model for the prediction of the nonlinear absorbing media behaviour as well as how it affects the final double pulse combination. These results can be used to improve contrast cleaning conditions for high power laser chains and for synchronization studies, this last application was checked in the VEGA facility lab as a code validation.
Current effect of COVID-19 global pandemic on the professional and life profiles of the Egyptian spine surgeons
Authors: Khattab Mohamed Fawzy , Abou-Madawi Ali Mohamed
Published: August 2020

Introduction: During the recent decade, many outbreaks of infectious diseases have been reported at increasing scales and frequency. The novel COVID-19 is the most recent lethal virus and has been declared to be a pandemic disease on March 11th, 2020. It has spread from China to most of the countries around the world causing a great burden on individuals and communities. The socioeconomic and professional profiles have been affected seriously by this pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effects of COVID-19 on the socioeconomic profile of spinal surgeons in Egypt. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey study to address the effect of COVID-19 global pandemic on spine surgeons in Egypt, discussing the short-term socioeconomic effect of COVID-19 global pandemic on the professional and social profiles of the Egyptian spine surgeons. A SurveyMonkey® questionnaire was sent to 190 spine surgeons registered in the Egyptian spine association database. Results: Ninety male surgeons responded to our four-day survey. The responders included the following: 4 residents, 16 fellows, and 70 consultants working in different Egyptian hospitals. The partial country lockdown was associated with drop in monthly income and in number of both elective and emergency operations. Most surgeons either stopped surgery or limited the number of either elective or emergency surgeries as well as outpatient clinics. Most of them were not in the COVID-19 team or did not receive any training, working under immense physical and psychological stress of being exposed to transmission of infection. Discussion: COVID-19 global pandemic negatively affected spine surgeons in Egypt socioeconomically. The Health Authority and the community have to work jointly to help the health care professionals in overcoming this crisis.
Graphical evidence for the solar coronal structure during the Maunder minimum: comparative study of the total eclipse drawings in 1706 and 1715
Authors: Hayakawa Hisashi , Lockwood Mike , Owens Matthew J. , Sôma Mitsuru , Besser Bruno P. , van Driel-Gesztelyi Lidia
Published: August 2020

We discuss the significant implications of three eye-witness drawings of the total solar eclipse on 1706 May 12 in comparison with two on 1715 May 3, for our understanding of space climate change. These events took place just after what has been termed the “deep Maunder Minimum” but fall within the “extended Maunder Minimum” being in an interval when the sunspot numbers start to recover. Maria Clara Eimmert’s image in 1706 is particularly important because she was both a highly accomplished astronomical observer and an excellent artist: it was thought lost and was only re-discovered in 2012. Being the earliest coronal drawings of observational value yet identified, these drawings corroborate verbal accounts a corona without significant streamers, seen at totality of this and another eclipse event in 1652 during the Maunder Minimum. The graphical evidence implies that the coronal solar magnetic field was not lost but significantly weakened and the lack of coronal structure means there was little discernable open flux (either polar or at lower latitudes) even during the recovery phase of the Maunder Minimum. These observations provide evidence for a different state of oscillation of the solar dynamo, and hence behaviour of the Sun, in comparison with that during normal solar cycle minima (when a streamer belt between two polar coronal holes is visible) or near normal sunspot maxima (when coronal structure is caused by coronal holes at all latitudes) even to observers without a telescope.
Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris (ECF)
Authors: Weinmann Daniela , Adolf Stefanie , Meurer Andrea
Published: August 2020

Die Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris (ECF) ist die häufigste Hüftgelenkserkrankung des Jugendlichen bei steigender Tendenz. Grund dafür ist der ebenfalls steigende Body Mass Index in dieser Altersgruppe. Um Komplikationen und Folgeschäden zu minimieren, ist eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und Therapie erforderlich, um ein persistierendes Cam-Impingement mit späterer Arthroseentwicklung zu vermeiden. Es gibt sowohl offene als auch arthroskopische Operationsverfahren um eine Rekonturierung des Schenkelhalses nach Abschluss des physiologischen Remodelings zu erzielen. Zu klären bleibt weiterhin die Frage nach dem optimalen Operationsverfahren mit den bestehen Langzeitergebnissen bei Epiphyseolysis capitis femoris.
Die Syphilismoulagen der Rostocker Hautklinik in den Jahren 1902 – 1945
Authors: Dahlke C.
Published: August 2020

Die Geschichte der Syphilis wurde in der Dermatologie in den Lehrbüchern stets mitbesprochen. Ihr „Kommen“ und „Gehen“ wird heute oft nur noch wiederholt, wie die Namen der Entdecker und Behandler. Der historische Kontext der Syphilis ist mit der Zeit jedoch verlorengegangen. In diesem Artikel soll er aus der Perspektive von Syphilismoulagen rekonstruiert werden. 7 solcher Moulagen existieren noch heute in der Rostocker Sammlung, die um 1940 hunderte Objekte in einer Sammlung von 2000 oder 3000 Moulagen zählte. Weitere historische Lehrmittel der Sammlung bilden ihren Kontext: Tafeln und Atlanten mit Moulagenabbildungen sowie Syphilismoulagen aus dem Deutschen Hygiene-Museum Dresden. Nach einer theoretischen Einführung zur materialen Medizingeschichte wird eine Syphilismoulage in einer (re-)konstruierten Vorlesung vorgestellt. Den weiteren Erzählrahmen bilden die ersten 3 Direktorate der Rostocker Hautklinik in den Jahren 1902 – 1945. Der mikrohistorische Kontext der Syphilismoulagen von Rostock wird somit rekonstruiert und für die Leser ein lebendiger Raum historischen Erfahrens geschaffen.
Therapie der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis (JIA)
Authors: Oommen Prasad T. , Hinze Claas , Holzinger Dirk , Hospach Anton , Minden Kirsten , Schütz Catharina
Published: August 2020

Die Behandlung der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis (JIA) hat sich in den vergangenen 2 Jahrzehnten u. a. durch die Verfügbarkeit neuer Substanzen entscheidend verändert. Trotz vorhandener Zulassungen, die sich teilweise aus der Behandlung der rheumatoiden Arthritis ableiten, sind zur Einordnung der vorhandenen Evidenz Leitlinien eine wichtige Entscheidungshilfe. Die 2012 publizierte AWMF-Leitlinie zur „Therapie der juvenilen idiopathischen Arthritis“ wurde zwischen 2018 und 2019 in einem mehrstufigen Prozess aktualisiert und als S2k-Leitlinie aktualisiert. Wichtige Prinzipien und Empfehlungen zur medikamentösen und nicht-medikamentösen Therapie der JIA wurden verabschiedet. Im Fokus all dieser Maßnahmen bleibt die rasche Entzündungskontrolle, der Remissionserhalt, die Vermeidung von krankheits- und therapiebedingten Folgeschäden sowie die Gewährleistung einer störungsfreien somatischen und psychosozialen Entwicklung, Lebensqualität und Teilhabe der betroffenen Kinder und Jugendlichen.
Keine signifikante Verbesserung der juvenilen idiopathisch Arthritis-assoziierten Uveitis bei subkutaner Gabe von Tocilizumab
Authors: Hospach Toni
Published: August 2020

In einer Phase-2-Studie – zur potenziellen Wirksamkeit, Sicherheit und Tolerabilität – wurden 21 Kinder und Jugendliche mit einer MTX und Tumornekrosefaktor (TNF)-Inhibitor-resistenten juvenilen idiopathisch Arthritis-assoziierten Uveitis mit subkutanem Tocilizumab behandelt. 7 von diesen 21 Patienten sprachen – gemäß einem definierten Responsescore- nach 12 Wochen an. Allerdings war diese Differenz nicht signifikant, sodass der primäre Studienendpunkt nicht erreicht werden konnte. Um eine geplante Folge-Phase-3-Studie durchführen zu können hätten mehr als 7 Patienten ansprechen müssen. Dabei hatten ein Drittel dieser Patienten mit mindestens 2 Verbesserungsstufen eines definierten Scores angesprochen und weitere 14 % mindestens 1 Stufe. 3 von 4 Patienten (75 %) hatten eine komplette Resolution ihres Makulaödems. Allerdings konnten nur 6 von 20 (30 %) die topischen Steroide auf weniger als 2 Tropfen pro Tag reduzieren.
Diabetische Polyneuropathie
Authors: Ziegler Dan
Published: August 2020

Die Auswirkungen der distal-symmetrischen sensomotorischen Polyneuropathie (DSPN) werden noch häufig unterschätzt. Die Ergebnisse der PROTECT Follow-up Studie 1 weisen auf eine mangelnde Versorgung, Adhärenz oder Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich der DSPN-Therapie hin.
Hämochromatose und Arthropathie
Authors: Schäfer Valentin S. , Hatzmann Lena
Published: August 2020

Die Hämochromatose ist eine Eisenspeicherkrankheit. Man unterscheidet zwischen der häufigen, mit einer Häufigkeit von ca. 1/200–1/400 vorkommenden hereditären Hämochromatose (HH), und der selteneren sekundären Hämochromatose als Folge anderer Erkrankungen. Dieser Review fokussiert sich auf die HH. Bei der HH finden sich Mutationen im HFE-Gen oder seltener im Transferrinrezeptor-2-Gen. Hierbei kommt es im Dünndarm zu einer vermehrten Eisenaufnahme, welches sich daraufhin in verschiedenen Organen ablagert. Unbehandelt können sich so beispielsweise Lebererkrankungen, Erkrankungen der endokrinen Drüsen, Hauterscheinungen, Arthritis oder Herzinsuffizienz entwickeln. Ungefähr die Hälfte der HH-Patienten entwickelt eine Arthritis. Eine frühe Diagnosestellung ist wichtig, um die Entstehung von Krankheiten zu verhindern. Bereits einfache Laboruntersuchungen und nativradiologische Bildgebung können erste wichtige diagnostische Hinweise liefern. Die Behandlung sollte die Prophylaxe und Behandlung der Folgekrankheiten beinhalten. Wichtigste Maßnahme sind regelmäßige Aderlässe. Chelatbildner können additiv eingesetzt werden.
The Application of the Taylor Spatial Frame for Deformity Correction at the Lower Extremity
Authors: Baumgartner Heiko , Grünwald Leonard , Ahrend Marc-Daniel
Published: August 2020

Der Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) dient u. a. zur Behandlung von Knocheninfekten, Knochendeformitäten oder Rekonstruktionen mittels Segmenttransport. Vorteile sind die von Beginn an hohe Stabilität des Systems und die Möglichkeit, dass eine Vollbelastung während der Fixateurbehandlung durchgeführt werden darf. Die korrekte Konstruktion und Anlage des TSF spielt für den Therapieerfolg eine entscheidende Rolle, sodass ein möglichst stabiles Frame-Konstrukt angelegt werden sollte, um Fehlkorrekturen, Pseudarthrosenbildung und Pinlockerungen zu vermeiden. Gerade für unerfahrene Operateure ist die TSF-Anlage sehr komplex und die Röntgeninterpretation häufig durch die zahlreiche Hardware erschwert. Im Video wird detailliert und schrittweise die Anlage eines TSF am achsdeformierten Kunstknochen präsentiert. Hierdurch soll neben der Erklärung der korrekten Anlage des TSF auch das Verständnis des TSF-Aufbaus gelehrt werden.
Asymmetric Synthesis of a Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonene Derivative Bearing a Quaternary Carbon Stereocenter: Desymmetrization of σ-Symmetrical Diketones through Intramolecular Addition of an Alkenyl Anion
Authors: Yoshimura Tomoyuki , Enami Yuki , Matsuo Jun-ichi
Published: August 2020

The enantioselective synthesis of a bicyclo[4.3.0]nonene derivative bearing a quaternary carbon stereocenter is achieved by employing a desymmetrization strategy involving an intramolecular addition. The intramolecular nucleophilic addition of a highly reactive carbanion generated from an alkenyl iodide in the presence of a chiral ligand occurs with discrimination of two keto carbonyl groups to give the corresponding bicyclic compound in 81% yield and 39% ee. Asymmetric synthesis via an intramolecular desymmetrization strategy using a chiral ligand–carbanion complex represents a complementary approach to using chiral organocatalysts or chiral ligand–transition-metal complexes.
Silylboranes as Powerful Tools in Organic Synthesis: Stereo- and Regioselective Reactions with 1,n-Enynes
Authors: Moberg Christina
Published: August 2020

Bismetalated alkenes, accessible by element–element addition to alkynes, are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis, providing wide opportunities for divergent synthesis. Silaboration of alkynes with a pendant olefinic group, catalyzed by group 10 metal complexes, and subsequent transformation of the silicon and boron functional groups give access to densely functionalized 1,3-dienes and 1,3,5-trienes with defined stereo- and regiochemistry, 1,2-dienes, and carbocyclic and heterocyclic products.

1 Introduction

2 Background

3 Reactions with 1,3-Enynes

4 Cyclization 1,6-Enynes

5 Cyclization 1,7-Enynes

6 Cyclization of 1,n-Enynes (n > 7)

7 Cyclization of Dienynes and Enediynes

8 Cyclization of 1,6-Diynes

9 Conclusions
Evaluation of a Modified SBAR Report to Physician Tool to Standardize Communication on Neonatal Transport
Authors: Shahid Shaneela , Thabane Lehana , Marrin Michael , Schattauer Karen , Silenzi Laurel , Borhan Sayem , Singh Balpreet , Thomas Cherian , Thomas Sumesh
Published: August 2020

Objective SBAR (situation, background, assessment and recommendation) is a structured format for the effective communication of critically relevant information. This tool was developed as a generic template to provide structure to the communication of clinical information between health care providers. Neonatal transport often presents clinically stressful circumstances where concise and accurate information is required to be shared clearly between multidisciplinary health care providers. A modified SBAR communication tool was designed to facilitate structured communication between nonphysician bedside care providers operating from remote sites and physicians providing decision-making support at receiving care facilities. Prospective interventional study was designed to evaluate the reliability of a “SBAR report to physician tool” in sharing clinically relevant information between multidisciplinary care providers on neonatal transport.

Study Design The study was conducted between 2011 and 2014 by a dedicated neonatal transport service based at McMaster Children's Hospital which provides care for approximately 500 infants in Southern Ontario annually. In the preintervention phase, 50 calls were randomly selected for the evaluation and 115 consecutively recorded transport calls following adoption of the reporting tool. The quality of calls prior to and after the intervention was assessed by reviewers independently. Inter-rater agreement was also assessed for both periods.

Results Inter-rater agreement between raters was moderate to perfect in most components of the SBAR “report to the physician tool” except for the assessment component, which showed fair agreement during both preintervention and postintervention periods. There was an improvement in global score (primary outcome) with a mean difference of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77–1.14; p < 0.001) and in cumulative score with a mean difference of 8.55 (95% CI: 7.26–9.84; p < 0.001) in postintervention period.

Conclusion The use of the SBAR report to physician tool improved the quality of clinical information shared between nonphysician members of the neonatal transport team and neonatal transport physicians.

Key Points
Direct measurement of the recovery time of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
Authors: Autebert Claire , Gras Gaëtan , Amri Emna , Perrenoud Matthieu , Caloz Misael , Zbinden Hugo , Bussières Félix
Published: August 2020

One of the key properties of single-photon detectors is their recovery time, i.e., the time required for the detector to recover its nominal efficiency. In the case of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs), which can feature extremely short recovery times in free-running mode, a precise characterization of this recovery time and its time dynamics is essential for many quantum optics or quantum communication experiments. We introduce a fast and simple method to characterize precisely the recovery time of SNSPDs. It provides full information about the recovery of the efficiency in time for a single or several consecutive detections. We also show how the method can be used to gain insight into the behavior of the bias current inside the nanowire after a detection, which allows predicting the behavior of the detector and its efficiency in any practical experiment using these detectors.
Electronic structure and magnetic exchange interactions in Zn diluted CuFe2O4 magneto-ceramics
Authors: Kumar Jena Suchit , Chandra Joshi Deep , Yan Zhuo , Qi Yajun , Ghosh Sayandeep , Thota Subhash
Published: August 2020

We report a detailed study on the electronic structure and temperature (1.9K≤T≤900K) dependence of magnetization in Zn diluted cuprospinel [Cu1−xZnxFe2O4 (0≤x≤0.6)]. The electronic structure determined from the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Rietveld analysis of the x-ray diffraction patterns reveals the structure to be (Cu(1−x)/5ZnxFe4(1−x)/5)A [Cu4(1−x)/5Fe2−4(1−x)/5]BO4. Beyond a specific dilution limit (0.05≤xp≤0.1), a sudden phase-change from tetragonal (I41/amd) to cubic (Fd3m) is noticed with an alteration in the A–O–A (3.29%) bond angle and A–O bond length (0.67%). Our analysis shows that all these compounds order ferrimagnetically below the Néel temperature (TFN) due to dissimilar site-specific magnitudes of spins, yet, they undergo a second transition at low temperatures T1∼66K with asymptotic Curie temperature TA(=C/χ0) as high as −547.2K for the undoped case. Dilution with Zn cause quadratic decay (b2x2+b1x+yo) of the ferrimagnetic ordering temperature from 743 K to 370.5 K for x=0 and 0.6, respectively. On the contrary, a significant increase in the saturation magnetization (MS) was observed with increasing x until the critical composition xc∼0.4 beyond which MS decreases continuously (MS=1.64μB and 4.73μB for x=0 and 0.4, respectively). From the temperature dependence of inverse paramagnetic susceptibility [χ−1(T>TFN)] data and Néel’s expression for ferrimagnets, we evaluated the molecular field constants and exchange interactions (J) between the tetrahedral A- and octahedral B-sites. A systematic compositional dependence of this analysis yields that JAB (∼25kB for x=0) is the dominant exchange interaction in comparison to JBB and JAA; however, JAB decreases significantly with increasing the composition (JAB∼−5.5kB for x=0.6). The isothermal magnetization data and law of approach to saturation analysis reveals that the investigated system possesses very high anisotropy field HK ≥5.5kOe with cubic anisotropy constant K1≥1.6×106erg/cc at xc.
A new internally heated diamond anvil cell system for time-resolved optical and x-ray measurements
Authors: Mijiti Yimin , Perri Marco , Coquet Jean , Nataf Lucie , Minicucci Marco , Trapananti Angela , Irifune Tetsuo , Baudelet Francois , Di Cicco Andrea
Published: August 2020

We have developed a new internally heated diamond anvil cell (DAC) system for in situ high-pressure and high-temperature x-ray and optical experiments. We have adopted a self-heating W/Re gasket design allowing for both sample confinement and heating. This solution has been seldom used in the past but proved to be very efficient to reduce the size of the heating spot near the sample region, improving heating and cooling rates as compared to other resistive heating strategies. The system has been widely tested under high-temperature conditions by performing several thermal emission measurements. A robust relationship between electric power and average sample temperature inside the DAC has been established up to about 1500 K by a measurement campaign on different simple substances. A micro-Raman spectrometer was used for various in situ optical measurements and allowed us to map the temperature distribution of the sample. The distribution resulted to be uniform within the typical uncertainty of these measurements (5% at 1000 K). The high-temperature performances of the DAC were also verified in a series of XAS (x-ray absorption spectroscopy) experiments using both nano-polycrystalline and single-crystal diamond anvils. XAS measurements of germanium at 3.5 GPa were obtained in the 300 K–1300 K range, studying the melting transition and nucleation to the crystal phase. The achievable heating and cooling rates of the DAC were studied exploiting a XAS dispersive setup, collecting series of near-edge XAS spectra with sub-second time resolution. An original XAS-based dynamical temperature calibration procedure was developed and used to monitor the sample and diamond temperatures during the application of constant power cycles, indicating that heating and cooling rates in the 100 K/s range can be easily achieved using this device.
Equilibrium current density balancing two atomic flows in coupled problems of electromigration and thermomigration in unpassivated gold film
Authors: Kimura Yasuhiro , Ju Yang
Published: August 2020

This work studies the coupled problems of electromigration (EM)- and thermomigration (TM)-induced anomalous atomic flows through experiments for demonstrating EM and TM tests and the theoretical formulation describing the atomic behavior. A two-dimensional unpassivated Au interconnect, having a protrusion nose area where atoms are accumulated, was used for observing hillock formation under current stressing and heating of the substrates. The hillock formation locations depend on the experimental conditions, including current density and temperature involved with the driving forces of EM and TM. The relationship between coupling the EM- and TM-induced driving forces was clarified through the experimental observation of the hillock formation location and the proposition of the equilibrium current density. Considering the magnitude relationship of the EM- and TM-induced driving forces, it was proved that an equilibrium current density, below or above which EM or TM is dominant, respectively, exists. The theoretical equilibrium current density was formulated to estimate the equilibrium state of EM and TM, deducing the behavior of hillock formations by EM and TM. Hillocks form at the nose edge due to EM-induced forward flow in the case of lower current density and higher temperature. Conversely, hillocks form at an area slightly away from the nose end due to TM-induced backward flow in the case of higher current density and lower temperature.
Velocity measurements of dilute particulate suspension over and through a porous medium model
Authors: Haffner Eileen A. , Mirbod Parisa
Published: August 2020

We experimentally examine pressure-driven flows of 1%, 3%, and 5% dilute suspensions over and through a porous media model. The flow of non-colloidal, non-Brownian suspensions of rigid and spherical particles suspended in a Newtonian fluid is considered at very low Reynolds numbers. The model of porous media consists of square arrays of rods oriented across the flow in a rectangular channel. Systematic experiments using high-spatial-resolution planar particle image velocimetry and index-matching techniques are conducted to accurately measure the velocity measurements of both very dilute and solvent flows inside and on top of the porous media model. We found that for 1%, 3%, and 5% dilute suspensions, the fully developed velocity profile inside the free-flow region is well predicted by the exact solution derived from coupling the Navier–Stokes equation within the free flow-region and the volume-averaged Navier Stokes equation for the porous media. We further analyze the velocity and shear rate at the suspension–porous interface and compare these data with those of pure suspending fluid and the related analytical solutions. The exact solution is used to define parameters necessary to calculate key values to analyze the porous media/fluid interaction, such as Darcy velocity, penetration depth, and fractional ratios of the mass flow rate. These parameters are comparable between the solvent, dilute suspensions, and exact solution. However, we found clear effects between the solvent and the suspensions, which shows different physical phenomenon occurring when particles are introduced into a flow moving over and through a porous media.
Temperature effects on the nano-friction across exposed atomic step edges
Authors: Wang Wen , Wang Ashu , Zeng Lingyan
Published: August 2020

Despite the practical and fundamental importance of friction, there are many issues that are still needed to be explored and revealed; one of them is how friction changes across an atomic surface step edge at different temperatures. In this article, a friction force microscope under ultrahigh vacuum conditions has been used to study the temperature dependence of nanoscale friction between a silicon tip and a freshly cleaved HOPG surface with exposed single- and double-layer step edges. For the upward scanning from the lower terrace to the upper terrace, a large resistive force which is linearly dependent on the normal force is observed. A similar resistive force but with a smaller magnitude together with an assistive force is observed for the downward scanning; however, the resistive force is found to be independent of the normal force while the assistive force increases with the normal force. Besides, the resistive force for the double-layer step edge is found to be twice as high as that of the single-step edge, while the assistive force seems to be less influenced by the height of the step. Finally, the experimental results reveal that temperature has a negligible effect on the friction coefficients at the step edges, which is inconsistent with the thermal activated process where friction should decrease with temperature. Based on the theoretical studies, this observation can be explained by a process where the temperature effect is very small compared with the edge Schwoebel–Ehrlich barrier. These findings may help in understanding the temperature effects on macroscopic friction having a lot of step edges at the interface.
CO2-Responsive Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brush with Multi-Stimulation for Reversible Protein Immobilization and Release
Authors: Zhang Rui , Fu Qionglong , Zhu Di , Shen Zheqi , Zhou Keming , Yao Yuan , Zhu Xuedong
Published: August 2020

Multi-responsive materials have received extensive interest in many areas due to their smart characteristics. This paper presents rationally designed multi-responsive spherical polyelectolyte brushes composed of a solid polystyrene (PS) core and a poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) shell synthesized by photoemulsion polymerization. Based on dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential, turbidity measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry, and UV-vis spectroscopy, PS-PDMAEMA works as a good potential adsorbent for bovine serum albumin (BSA) for which the maximum adsorption capability could reach up to 5190mg g−1. Moreover, the immobilization and release of protein on the polymer brush could be adjusted with different triggers, including the pH, ionic strength, and temperature. Furthermore, the green gas triggers, CO2 and N2, could be employed in the BSA@ PS-PDMAEMA system by easily bubbling over many cycles without any salt accumulation. The main reason for the observed actions is the brushes could be switched alternately between extended and collapsed states with different stimulations. Upon comparing the circular dichroism spectra of original and released BSA after many cycles of adsorption and release, it’s clear that the protein can retain its initial biological activity after release from the PS-PDMAEMA. This work provides an effective and green way to immobilize and release proteins in biotechnology.
Target search and recognition mechanisms of glycosylase AlkD revealed by scanning FRET-FCS and Markov state models
Authors: Peng Sijia , Wang Xiaowei , Zhang Lu , He Shanshan , Zhao Xin Sheng , Huang Xuhui , Chen Chunlai
Published: August 2020

Significance

DNA glycosylase repairs DNA damage to maintain the genome integrity, and thus it is essential for the survival of all organisms. However, it remains a long-standing puzzle how glycosylase diffuses along the genomic DNA to locate the sparse and aberrant lesion sites efficiently and accurately in the genome containing numerous base pairs. Previously, only the high-speed–low-accuracy search mode has been characterized experimentally, while the low-speed–high-accuracy mode is undetectable. Here, we observed the low-speed mode of glycosylase AlkD translocating, and further dissected its molecular mechanisms. To achieve this, we developed an integrated platform by combining scanning FRET-FCS with Markov state model. We expect that this platform can be widely applied to investigate other glycosylases and DNA-binding proteins.