bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Late Palæozoic Alkaline Igneous Rocks of the West of Scotland
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

2. Essexite. (a) Carskeoch type.—A small boss of essexite, of rather basic type, pierces the agglomerate of the Carskeoch vent, near Patna, Ayrshire. Macroscopically it is light grey, compact, and fine-grained. In thin section it shows a plexus of fluxionally-arranged plagioclase laths of the composition Ab An, the interstices being filled with subhedral augite of a nearly colourless variety, and fresh olivine. Here and there minute angular interspaces are occupied with turbid isotropic matter, the form and arrangement of the particles of which suggest the former presence of nepheline. A few broad plates of pale augite and crystals of olivine interrupt the general trachytoid fabric. Ilmenite and biotite occur sparsely, and a little orthoclase may be detected on the margins of the plagioclases, extending irregularly into the interspaces. This rock has a distinct individuality, and resembles neither the essexites of Lochend and Craigleith in the Lothians, nor the Crawfordjohn type described below. It is poor in alkali-felspars and felspathoids, is devoid of purple augite, and has a well-developed trachytoid fabric.
III.—The Drumlin Topography of South Donegal
Authors: Wright W. B.
Published: May 2009

Most people who have lived in strongly glaciated countries are familiar with the topographic features known as drumlins. They are more or less elongated hills of boulder-clay with their long axes parallel to the direction of ice-motion. The literature dealing with them is extensive, but for the most part rather unsatisfactory. Their mode of formation is entirely a matter of speculation and is likely to remain so. There is every reason to believe they are deepseated products of the ice, so that observation of the process in modern ice-sheets is impossible. The only available means of getting at the truth is by careful observation of the peculiarities of form and structure exhibited by these features in the areas where they are most characteristically developed.
V.—A Note on the Carboniferous Limestone of the Crich Inlier
Authors: Sargent H. C.
Published: May 2009

I Chanced a few weeks ago to see, for the first time, a short paper by Mr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, F.G.S., in the Geological Magazine (Dec. V, Vol. V, p. 266) on “Mottled Foraminiferous Limestone in West and North Lancashire”. In that paper Mr. Jackson thus describes specimens of mottled limestone from Silverdale: “The matrix is light-coloured and fine-grained, with irregularly shaped patches (? nodules) of a fine-grained dark-coloured limestone. The patches have no definite shape, being mostly very uneven in size, some of them being long cylindrical bodies with irregular contours.”
II.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In 1866 Salter established this species on the basis of two somewhat distorted pygidia, but the head-shield and thorax have remained undescribed and apparently unknown. The discovery therefore by Mr. V. M. Turnbull of some complete though somewhat imperfectly preserved individuals in the Arenig Beds near Haverfordwest is of not a little interest; and with the aid of several detached head-shields, in addition to those belonging to individuals with typical pygidia, we are able to give a fairly complete description of the species, which, owing to its relations to other genera, is particularly worthy of note.
V.—Some Handiworks of Early Men of various ages
Authors: Fisher Rev. O.
Published: May 2009

In the following notes I propose to chronicle a few works of early man other than chipped flints in this country, which during a long life have come under my own observation. They shall be arranged in order of antiquity, and, as might be expected, the earliest will be the most doubtful. Nevertheless, in anticipation of its being possibly confirmed by future discoveries it shall not be passed over.
I.—Radiolaria-bearing Rocks in the East Indies
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

Having read with great interest Mr. E. E. L. Dixon's remarks on the Radiolarian cherts of Gower in the November number of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, I am tempted to offer some notes on the occurrence of similar rocks in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, where Radiolaria-bearing rocks are known to be widespread.
V.—The Viscosity of Ice
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

With a view to showing that distortion under stress may take place in ice when several degrees below the freezing-point, Dr. Main made a number of experiments at St. Moritz in the Engadine during the winter of 1887. Although, as Main says, “The experiments are to be regarded rather as proving the existence of continuous extension under tensile stress than as determining its amount,” the records of his tests are sufficiently detailed to admit of the viscosity being calculated.
III.—On the Lower Jaw of a Small Mammal From the Karoo Beds of Ariwal North, South Africa
Authors: Broom R.
Published: May 2009

In the collection of Mr. Alfred Brown, of Ariwal North, which I had recently the pleasure of looking over, I came across the right lower jaw of a small mammal which Mr. Brown had discovered in sandstone near Ariwal. Though unfortunately the teeth are lost, there is evidence of there having been a large canine. The most remarkable character of the jaw is its extreme shortness, and in its general proportions it agrees much more with the jaws of some of the small carnivorous Eutherians than with those of the small carnivorous or insectivorous genera already known from the Secondary rocks. The angle is well developed and but very slightly inflected. The condyle is practically in a line with the alveolar margin.
III.—Fossiliferous Oldhaven Beds at Ipswich
Authors: Bassett Henry
Published: May 2009

In the “Geology of the Country around Ipswich, Hadleigh, and Felixstowe” Mr. Whitaker drew attention to the probable existence of Oldhaven Beds at Ipswich. On p. 11 he gives particulars of a section in Stoke brickyard. Below the London clay at this spot occurred fine buff sand separated from the Clay by a thin pebble-bed containing fragments of shells. The buff sand was doubtfully referred to the Oldhaven Beds, while it was thought that the pebble-bed should also be included with these rather than regarded as a basement-bed of the London Clay. Below this doubtful Oldhaven sand occurred sands and mottled clays of the Reading Series. It was shown in the memoir that this pebble-bed occurred over a great part of this district with an outcrop along the valleys of the Gipping and the Brett. As a rule it rests on sands referred to the Reading Series, and is classed by Mr. Whitaker sometimes as basement-bed of the London Clay and occasionally as Oldhaven Beds.

Recently in Ipswich I came across a very clear section of these beds in one of the brickfields, and as they here show a rather unusual facies it seems worth while to draw attention to the section, especially as the beds contain many fossils at one spot. The section occurs on the north side of Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin's brickfield between the Norwich and Henley Roads. The brickfield is situated almost due north of Brook's Hall, and about 100 yards south of the railway line, but apparently at the time of the Geological Survey there was no brickfield at this spot; the pebble-bed, however, was shown in another pit (which still exists) a little further westward, and was included in the basementbed of the London Clay by Mr. Whitaker.
VI.—Notes on the Witwatersrand Beds, Transvaal
Authors: Hatch Frederick H.
Published: May 2009

In discussing a paper by Mr. J. S. Curtis on the Witwatersrand Gold Deposits, Mr. George Denny has raised the point that the slates or shales of the Witwatersrand, which especially characterise, but are not confined to, the Lower Witwatersrand Beds (Hospital Hill Series), are not of sedimentary, but of igneous origin. He relies chiefly on the fact that he has observed in places that a so-called band of slate cuts across the bedding of the quartzites. I think we are all prepared to agree with him that, where he can point out that this occurs, the rock which traverses the bedded formation must be an igneous intrusion; but such cases are rare. In the vast majority of sections where the slates are exposed, they are found to occur truly bedded, and in conformable relation with the quartzites with which they are associated. It seems to me that, after all, this is in the main a petrological question, which can be easily settled by the examination of the rocks in question under the microscope.

With this end in view I have examined a number of thin sections of these rocks, in all cases prepared from the cores of boreholes, on account of the difficulty of obtaining near the surface specimens sufficiently fresh and unweathered for microscopic examination; and I have selected geological horizons which are well known on the Witwatersrand. They are (1) the band of slates which occurs in the neighbourhood of the Bird Reef Series, and (2) the slates which occur in the footwall of the Main Reef itself, in both cases in the eastern portion of the Witwatersrand, as at Van Ryn and Geduld.
I.—Notes on the GenusTrinucleus—Part II
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

As above stated, the arrangement of the pits on the lower surface of the fringe is not invariably the same as that on the upper surface, and we may now examine the degree of correspondence or difference in the better-known British species.
III.—Notes on Laterite in Western Australia
Authors: Simpson Edward S.
Published: May 2009

The following notes on the laterites of Western Australia are the outcome of a careful study of the series of articles contributed to the Geological Magazine during the latter part of 1911 by Dr. L. Leigh Fermor, entitled “What is Laterite?” These deal with the subject from the point of view of one having an intimate knowledge of Indian laterite, but not a first-hand acquaintance with those of other parts of the world. The present writer, during the last fifteen years, has devoted much time to the study of the laterite of extratropical Western Australia, both in the field and in the laboratory, and is therefore in a position to supplement some of the work of Dr. Fermor, whilst inclined to differ from him in some of his deductions.
II.—The Uppermost Silurian and Old Red Sandstone of South Staffordshire
Authors: King W. Wickham , Lewis W. J.
Published: May 2009

2. The Downton Castle or Yellow Sandstones (see Figs. 2 and 3).— These occur at Lye and Turners Hill, but the best sections are at Saltwells. There the lowest beds are 10 feet of brown yellow and blue soft sandy mudstones (see Fig. 2, Ea), seen resting on the Ludlow Bone-bed, north of the Tram Bridge. Like the same zone at Ludlow, they are practically unfossiliferous.
II.—Post-Jurassic Earth-movements in South Africa
Authors: Schwarz E. H. L.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Bullen Newton has recently determined the fossils found by my students and myself in the Alexandria Beds near Port Elizabeth to be of Mio-Pliocene age; the full memoir will shortly be published in the Records of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. Hitherto the Alexandria Beds have been regarded as Danian on the strength of the evidence afforded by the Polyzoa and casts of Lamellibranchs, but the well-preserved shells on which Mr. Newton founds his determination of the age of the beds leave no doubt but that this earlier one is wrong. If the beds had been Danian there should be some connexion between these and the Pondoland Cretaceous in regard to the conditions of their deposition, which there is not. In trying to clear the way for a better conception I endeavoured to show that as the affinities of the Pondoland fossils lay with Cenomanian forms from Tunis, the age of the Pondoland Beds was towards the lower half of the Upper Cretaceous; then the supposed Cretaceous beds of Alexandria with. Tertiary sharks’ teeth would represent transition beds between the Cretaceous and Eocene. Dr. Kitchin, however, objected to this, as the Pondoland fauna taken as a whole was Turonian, if not Senonian, and the gap between the Pondoland and the Alexandria Beds became so small that there was not time for the undoubted changes in the land to have taken place which would have allowed the deposition of these several formations in the positions we now find them.
V.—Palæontological Notes from the Manchester Museum. Archæeocidaris in the Middle Coal-measures of Lancashire; with Notes on other Species
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

In the course of working through the large collection of Coal-measure fossils in the Manchester Museum I have recently discovered a number of interesting, and hitherto unrecorded, forms from the well-known ‘Marine Band’ in the Middle Coal-measures of Ashton-under-Lyne. The most interesting of these additions is undoubtedly Archæocidaris, a genus which is not at all common in the Coal-measures of this country, though fairly abundant in North America. Hitherto it has only been recorded from the North and South Staffordshire Coal-fields; its discovery, therefore, at Ashton constitutes the third record for the British Isles.
II.—On some Crustacea of the Division Syncarida from the English Coal-measures
Authors: Calman W. T.
Published: May 2009

Among the Crustacea from the Coal-measures of Coseley, near Dudley, which have been lent to me for examination by Mr. Walter Egginton, are a number of specimens of a form probably identical with that described by Dr. Henry Woodward as Prœanaspides prœcursor. These specimens make it possible to supplement, in some important particulars, the original account of the species, and throw fresh light on its relations to the living Syncarida. Reasons are given below for regarding the genus Prœanaspides as a synonym of Palœocaris, Meek & Worthen.
VI—Volcanic History of Iceland
Authors: Lock Wm. George
Published: May 2009

Looking carefully through Herra Thoroddsen's researchful and excellent paper, with the above heading, published in the October (1880) Number of the Geological Magazine, I notice that two or three errors have crept in.
VII.—Possible Laurentian Rocks in Ireland
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

As the Archæn geologists have turned their attention to the Old Irish rocks, perhaps it may be allowable to give a short description of them.
IV.—Allotropic Forms of Silica and their Significance as Constituents of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Johns Cosmo
Published: May 2009

That silica appears as a constituent mineral of igneous rocks in two distinct phases, viz. quartz and tridymite, has been known for some time. The writer is not aware that any explanation has been offered which would indicate the conditions determining the appearance of one or the other in a cooling fused rock-mass. He now proposes to describe certain experiments made with a view to explain why it is that though the free silica generally appears as quartz, yet occasionally, as in certain trachytes, it crystallizes out as tridymite.
VI.—A Cordierite-bearing Lava from the Lake District
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Although the volcanic rocks of the English Lake District have received notice from time to time, any systematic account of them from the petrographical side has yet to be written. The most recent contribution, by the late Mr. E. E. Walker, treated especially of the mode of occurrence of the garnet, which is so common a constituent, not only of the lavas and tuffs, but of the associated intrusive rocks, probably referable to the same Ordovician age. There can be no doubt that this mineral is sometimes a primary constituent, but very often a product of metamorphism. The object of the present note is to record the occurrence in one instance of a rarer mineral, which has not hitherto been observed in this series of rocks. Cordierite is found as a product of thermal metamorphism in the Coniston Flags near the Shap Granite, and in the Skiddaw Slates of the Skiddaw granite area. In the latter it is remarkably abundant and wide-spread. The mineral is now found to occur, as an exceptional constituent, in the volcanic series.
III.—Some Notes on Archæan Stratigraphy
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

Much has been written concerning the Archæan rocks from a petrographical point of view, but their structural relations have as a rule received little attention. I do not wish to be understood as overlooking the work that has been done in England, and especially in America, of late, and which has added so much to our knowledge of the older rock groups. But when we come to deal with formations of such high antiquity as those which chiefly concern the geologist in South Central Africa, it becomes evident that we can hope to derive little assistance from the observations that have been made in other quarters of the globe. In the European area there is so great a preponderance of sediments whose nature is obvious, and whose structural relations are only just sufficiently complicated to be interesting, that it is far too common to find the schistose rocks indiscriminately lumped together, with the intrusions that invade them, as “igneous and metamorphic,” whereas in an Archæan area the basis of all stratigraphical work (if I may use such a term) must be the distinction between the igneous rocks and those which owe their proximate characters to metamorphism, whatever their origin may be. We find, in fact, that even where much time and labour has been spent over these rocks they have resulted in so much controversy and confusion that the geologist in a region like Tropical Africa finds it necessary to discard most of his preconceived ideas and start to frame new generalisations for himself. And how important it is to have clear ideas on the subject will be realised when it is considered that in some countries nearly all the rock groups are of Archæan age. Indeed, as I have already had occasion to point out, the European area is probably unique in its vast development of sedimentary as compared with igneous and metamorphic rocks. In Africa the stratified formations may almost be looked upon in the same light as the drift deposits of England. They merely form a superficial coating through which the ‘basement rocks’ of the earth's crust constantly protrude except along the coastal fringe. If we look, for example, at the map accompanying Hatch & Corstorphine's recently issued “Geology of South Africa,” we find separate colours used for eight different sedimentary formations, which range from 5,000 to over 25,000 feet apiece in thickness. Only one of these is known to be of pre-Archæan date, and what are now admitted to be the Cape equivalents of the seven remaining groups are all officially classed as Archæan by the Cape Geological Survey, and it is certain that none are pre-Silurian. It is perhaps necessary to remind the reader that the once popular correlation of the Transvaal rocks with the Palæozoic strata of the Cape is, as was first pointed out by the writer two years ago, quite untenable, and is now thoroughly discredited.
II.—Notes on some Microzoa and Mollusca from East Crete
Authors: Bullen R. Ashington
Published: May 2009

The fossil or sub-fossil remains to which I propose to devote this short paper were procured from a cave-deposit in East Crete by Miss Dorothea M. A. Bate, whose valuable work among the Pleistocene Mammalia in Crete is so well known.
IV.—The Zones of the Lower Chalk
Authors: Bosworth T. O.
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to suggest some modification of the present zoning of the Lower Chalk.
II.—On two Specimens ofIchthyosaurusShowing Contained Embryos
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

For many years it has been known thatIchthyosauruswas a viviparous reptile, but until quite recently the British Museum has not possessed a specimen with contained embryos. This deficiency has now been supplied by the acquisition of two fine skeletons, which are worthy of special notice.
I.—On the Stratigraphical Relations of the Dufton Shales and Keisley Limestone of the Cross Fell Inlier
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

Notwithstanding all that has been written concerning the Keisley Limestone, its exact relations with the older Dufton Shales have never been clearly ascertained. I accordingly devoted a few days of the Easter vacation to the study of these relations in company with Messrs. W. G. Fearnsides, R. H. Rastall, and T. O. Bosworth, whose help I gratefully acknowledge.
I.—The Antarctic Ice-cap
Authors: Ferrar H. T.
Published: May 2009

In a recent number of the Geological Magazine, Dec. V, Vol. III, March, 1906, p. 120, there is an article by Prof. E. H. L. Schwarz which deals with the thickness of ice-caps during the various Glacial periods. At the outset Professor Schwarz takes the data furnished by Captain Scott's narrative of the voyage of the “Discovery” as the main support of the physicists' contention that an ice-sheet cannot exceed 1,600 feet in thickness.
IV.—Notes on the Cephalopoda Belonging to the Strachey Collection from the Himalaya. Part I: Jurassic
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In 1851 Captain (now Sir) Richard Strachey communicated to the Geological Society of London a paper ”On the Geology of Part of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibet,” based upon the observations which he had made during the years 1848 and 1849. The Palæozoic and Secondary fossils therein mentioned were described in 1865 by J. W. Salter and H. F. Blanford respectively in a work of which the title-page reads as follows: “Palæontology of Niti in the Northern Himalaya: being descriptions and figures of the Palæozoic and Secondary Fossils collected by Colonel Richard Strachey, R.E. Descriptions by J. W. Salter, F.G.S., A.L.S., and H. F. Blanford, A.R.S.M., F.G.S. Reprinted with slight corrections for private circulation from Colonel Strachey's forthcoming work on the Physical Geography of the Northern Himalaya. Calcutta: O. T. Cutter, Military Orphan Press. March, 1865.”
V.—Stevn's Klint
Authors: Hill Rev. E.
Published: May 2009

The fine cliff of Stevn's Klint on the Danish coast is seldom mentioned in English geological writings. As it presents a clean section several miles long of the uppermost Danish Chalk, and is easily visited in a day's excursion from Copenhagen, a short sketch may have some interest for readers of this Magazine. It has none of the astonishing scenery displayed by the coasts of Möen and Rügen; the land is level and bare, the cliff is not broken and not wooded: yet it possesses a prettiness of its own.
III.—Note on the Species ‘Am. Plicatilis’ and ‘Am. Biplex’ of Sowerby
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

The old question of the proper interpretation of these names, which was raised by Professors Nikitin and Pavlov, after their visit to this country for the Geological Congress in 1888 to whom no reply was made, for their conclusions could scarcely be denied, has been raised again by Miss Healy in a communication to the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Feb. 1904. As these conclusions do not appear to be well known, it may be as well to quote them. Nikitin says: “Having found in the British Museum the original of Am. biplex, Sow. (tab. 293, fig. 1), I assured myself that that original presented absolutely the Oxfordian form of Perisphinctes of the group of P. plieatilis, by the character of its numerous straight rounded ribs, by the mode of enrolment, by the constriction of its perfectly visible whorls, and lastly by the matrix; it showed no resemblance to the Kimmeridgian and Portlandian forms described in France and England under this name… Mr. Loriol had not seen the original of Sowerby… but having received from England, under the name of A. biplex, Sow., the Portlandian forms, he was justified in giving this name to the same form from Boulogne. On studying the English Kimmeridgian forms placed in the museums of England under the name of A. biplex I found amongst them the typical form of A. Pallasi, D'Orb.’
III.—Further Notes on the Mammals of the Eocene of Egypt
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

Among the collections now in Cairo I find several new mammals, the remains of which have been collected by Mr. Beadnell, for the most part during the last few months. Brief descriptions of these new forms are now given in order that the names may be included in the lists in Mr. Beadnell's forthcoming report on the geology of the Fayûm area.

Pterodon macrognathus, sp. nov.

This creodont is known from the nearly complete left ramus of the mandible. The last molar, the first premolar, and the incisors are represented by the alveoli only, but the other teeth, with the exception of the canine, the crown of which is broken off, are in fairly good condition. The mandible is long and narrow from above downwards, the distance between the last tooth and the condyle being remarkably great. The transversely elongated cylindrical condyle is about on a level with the alveolar border, and is separated from the prominent angle by a deep notch; the coronoid region is imperfect.
II.—An Eocene Outcrop in Central Africa
Authors: Lelean Captain P. S.
Published: May 2009

At the heart of Africa lies a vast area, so remote, so inaccessible, and hence so little known, that for the explorer it possesses a fascination all its own. The interests of the geologist have perhaps received less recognition than those of his fellow-scientists from the pen of the traveller; and there must be much that he would wish to know lying hidden in these distant regions awaiting discovery and publication. There is thus an encouragement to make known any facts which may throw light upon the geological structure of those parts, however small the contribution may be.

While serving recently with the Anglo-French Boundary Commission (Niger-Chad) we found an outcrop of a fossil-bearing stratum in the region of the Sokoto, having, as shown in the accompanying map, giving its latitude and longitude, a position near the verge of the Great Sahara Desert. On my return, the specimens secured were submitted to the palæontologists of the British Museum, one of whom, Dr. F. A. Bather, has kindly drawn up the description which follows in a separate paper. For me it only remains to give a few particulars of the general and localized formation to supplement his account.

Generally, the country consists of sandy plains, roughly estimated as lying some 500 or 600 feet above sea-level. These plains are traversed by watercourses, which contain running water only for some five or six weeks in the year, the rainfall of 535 mm. lasting during three months. A permanent water-supply is obtained by deep wells, which in some places reach a depth of 400 feet before tapping a constant source.
V.—On the Origin of Certain Pegmatite Veins
Authors: Elsden J. Vincent
Published: May 2009

During a visit to the South of Sweden in the Summer of 1902 I noticed the frequent occurrence in granite of pegmatite veins showing a succession of small but very regular foldings, which, however, did not affect the parent rock. In sett quarries where these folded veins existed the rift of the rock was perfectly regular on each side of the pegmatite, proving conclusively to my mind that the contortion of the veins took place prior to the consolidation of the main mass. The granite of this district occupies a wide area, and possesses a very uniform mineralogical constitution, although it varies much in texture between a rather coarse-grained granitite and a fine-grained, compact, gneissose rock possessing well-marked foliation. The pegmatite veins are fairly numerous, but are generally rather insignificant in width, occasionally thinning out to mere streaks not more than a few inches in thickness.
III.—The Basement Beds of the Cambrian in Anglesea and Carnarvonshire
Authors: Roberts R. D.
Published: May 2009

The following facts were observed during a visit to Anglesea and Carnarvonshire in company with Prof. Hughes in the early part of July. They still further bear out and confirm the evidence given in a short communication to the Geological Magazine for May, 1881, bearing upon the position of the Twt Hill conglomerate. Among the arguments brought forward against the Cambrian age of that conglomerate, much stress has been laid upon the absence fromit of felsite pebbles, which are so characteristic of the Cambrian conglomerate in the neighbourhood of Bangor.
V.—On some Points in the Morphology of the Rhabdophora
Authors: Hopkinson John
Published: May 2009

Professor M'Coy, in his “British Palæzoic Fossils” (1854), speaks of transverse diaphragms being present at the base or proximal termination of the calycles (hydrothecæ) of certain graptolites, dividing the calycles from the common canal or perisarc. No further allusion appears to have been made to the presence of any diaphragms or septa until in 1868 the writer mentioned (Journ. Quek. Micros. Club, vol. i.) having observed “an impressed line between the hydrothecæ and the periderm” (perisarc), which was compared with that “at the base of the hydrothecæ in the sertulariadæ.” More recently Professor Allman (Monogr. Tubularian Hydroids, 1872), not admitting the presence of any septum or constriction, has compared the calycles of the Ehabdophora to the nematophores of the Plumularidaa.
VI.—The Glaciation of the Shetlands
Authors: Milne Home David
Published: May 2009

I have read with interest, the reply by Messrs. Peach and Horne in the August Number of the Geological Magazine, to my criticisms on their theory, that the glaciation of the Shetlands is due to a mer de glace from Scandinavia.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Blanford William Thomas
Published: May 2009

What India has been in the past 300 years to our Army as a nursery in which our soldiershave obtained experience in their profession and earned their promotion, often to the highestrank, such in a lesser degree has it been to many of our geologists, who have, in the past much shorter period of 50 or 60 years, entered the service in this vast field of scientific enterprise, and, aided by a very few amateur geologists in the Army and of civilians attached to other branches of Government employ, have covered many thousand square miles of our Indian Empire with records of their untiring energy in the geological field.
II.—On the Formation of a Species
Authors: Walker John Francis
Published: May 2009

The object of this communication is to try to give a theory of what takes place when one species ischanged into another. When the species A is converted into the species B there must be an intermediatetransitional stage in which the collection of individuals is neither the species A nor the species B. I have already defined a species as a centre round which individuals are thickly clustered, and the spaces between these centres may be either devoid of individuals or contain here and there an abnormal form (Davidson's “ Suppt. Jurassic Brachiopoda,”Pal. Soc, 1876, p. 122).
II.—On the Ashgillian Series
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

In my Address to the Geological Society in 1905 I proposed the use of the terra Ashgillian for the uppermost series of the Ordovician System, but did not discuss therein at length the exact relationship of the beds to which the term was applied, with the underlying and overlying strata. An examination of the literature treating of these rocks showed that there was a considerable amount of confusion with regard to these strata, and it is the object of this paper to clear this up and to indicate what deposits are actually referable to the Ashgillian division.
II.—The ‘Trias’ of Moray
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

The Reptiliferous Sandstone of Moray first attracted attention in 1851, on the discovery in it by Patrick Duff of a skeleton of Telerpeton elyinense at Spynie. This was described by Mantell (17), but did not raise any doubts as to the age of the bed in which it was found, which was at that time universally regarded as Upper Old Red Sandstone. This opinion was not disturbed until Huxley showed that Stagonolepis Robertsoni, Ag., was a crocodilian, the allies of which were of Triassic age (9); when Huxley showed that Hyperodapedon occurred in the undoubted Trias of Coton End, near Warwick (11), the point was generally regarded as settled. Meanwhile some footprints had been found by Captain Brickenden (6) at Cummingstone, near Elgin, which were recognized by Huxley to be similar to those described by Sir William Jardine from Annandale. The discovery by C. Moore (19) that the well-known quarry at. Linksfield, formerly supposed to be in rocks of Wealden age, was really opened in beds of Rhætic age appeared to be a strong argument in favour of the Triassic age of the reptile-bearing beds. It had, however, already been shown by Hugh Miller (18) that this mass was really a boulder resting on an ice-scratched surface of the subjacent rocks, hence the evidence drawn from the occurrence of this mass is quite inconclusive. The discovery by Professor Judd (15) that a small patch of a rock identical in physical characters with the cherty rock of Stotfield existed on the north side of the Moray Firth, which was conformably covered by an unfossiliferous series of beds which graded up into the Lower Lias, afforded further evidence of the correctness of Huxley's conclusions as to the age of these beds.
IV.—Hamster Remains from the Norfolk Forest Bed
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

Mr. A. Savin, of Cromer, has been kind enough to send me for examination a large number of small vertebrate remains which he has recently collected from the Upper Freshwater Bed of the Norfolk Forest Bed Series at West Runton. Among these there is one little specimen which deserves to be recorded, as it represents a genus not hitherto recognized in the ‘Forest Bed’. The specimen is a right maxilla with three grinders in place, indubitably belonging to the genus Cricetus; in size it is distinctly larger than the common Hamster Cricetus vulgaris (= C. frumentarius), which is the largest species of the genus living at the present day. Only once before has Cricetus been recognized in Britain, W. A. Sanford having identified from the Hutton Cave, Mendip Hills, remains of a small mouse-like species which he referred to Cricetus songarus.
VI.—Note on an Occurrence of Corundum in Rhodesia
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

Corundum is one of those rather exceptional rock-formers whose mode of origin is not fully explained, and it is, accordingly, of interest to put on record any new localities for the mineral, together with the features they present. Fragments of it have frequently been found among the old gravels of the Limpopo River, along the Transvaal-Rhodesian and Transvaal-Bechuanaland border, but although the Transvaal Geological Survey has described an occurrence in the Pietersburg district, the source of these fragments for some time remained unknown. However, last year I received from the Rhodesian side of the border, close to Rhodes' Drift on the Limpopo, and north-ward from the well-known Messina copper-mine, some rocks which included large pieces of a type rich in corundum. The area is known to comprise gneissose granulites, consisting of the contact zone and marginal modifications of a granite mass, and the specimens received included large cleavage fragments of felspar and pieces of coarse granite.
VIII.—Note on a Deposit of Allophane
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: May 2009

In a denehole at Abbey Wood, near Plumstead, there is shown in the Chalk a fault of unknown extent (but probably having a throw of only a few inches), the plane of the fault roughly coinciding with one of the chamber walls. This wall has a strongly slickensided surface for some superficial yards, and extends to the roof of the chamber where the deposit of allophane is contained between the two fault faces. In some instances this mineral may be seen adhering to the fault face, and the roof of the denehole is composed of it for a length of about 7 feet by 2 feet wide; other patches are to be observed where the roof has been broken away, so that it seems evident the allophane extends horizontally some distance between the Chalk and the Thanet Sand; this latter is about 32 feet thick here. The deposit appears to be a roughly wedge-shaped mass, the greatest width being at the top of the Chalk, and from there diminishing downwards into tongues of the mineral extending between the two boundaries of the fault. Mr. J. L. Foucar, B.Sc., F.C.S., who kindly submitted a specimen to analysis for me, says: “I find the following to represent its composition:—
V.—On Scottish Inter-Glacial Deposits
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

In the new edition of his “Great Ice Age,” Professor James Geikie devotes a good deal of space to the inter-Glacial peats found in Scotland. Perhaps, as the plants from nearly all these deposits have passed through my hands, I may be allowed to venture on a criticism, though I have only had the opportunity of examining two of the localities in the field.
I.—Note on a Skeleton of a Young Plesiosaur from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

One of the most notable additions made to the Gallery of Fossil Reptilia in the Natural History Museum during the last few years is the beautifully preserved Plesiosaurian skeleton which is represented in Plate IX.
V.—Notes on Phacops Weaveri, Salter
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A re-examination of the type-specimens of Phacops Weaveri, Salter, in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, was recently rendered necessary in connection with my palæontological work on the Tortworth Silurian area, the results of which have been published in the November number of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1908 (vol. lxiv, pp. 512–545), in a joint paper by Professor S. H. Reynolds and myself. A question had arisen in the course of our work as to the occurrence of this species above the Llandovery Beds, for Salter had stated that some of his figured specimens of pygidia (Mon. Brit. Trilob., pl. iii, figs. 2, 3) came from doubtful Ludlow rocks at Horse-shoe Farm, Tortworth. The species had, however, been founded by him previously on specimens from socalled ‘Caradoc’ [= Llandovery] rocks from Long's Quarry, Tortworth, and an outline figure of the pygidium, apparently a restoration based on the three specimens in Jermyn Street (Nos. 19220, 19221, 19222), had then been given. Subsequently a head-shield from the same quarry was figured in his monograph (pl. iii, fig. 1). It is clear that Salter based the species mainly on the pygidial characters, for the head-shield is dismissed with a few inadequate remarks, its resemblance to Ph. caudatus being considered to be very close. The original description given by Salter in 1849 runs as follows:—“P. laevis, capite quam in P. caudato, nisi lobis glabellae tumidioribus;—caudâ triangulari, ferè aequilatera, convexa, apice acuto haud mucronato, axi 13–16 annulate, costis lateralibus 10–12, simplicibus, vix curvatis, ad marginem aequalem angustum abruptè terminatis.” In the diagrammatic figure of the pygidium which accompanied this description only 12 or 13 rings are indicated on the axis and 10 or 11 ribs on the lateral lobes, which might incline us to think that an immature individual was chosen for the figure, since Salter in his remarks on the species says (op. cit.) that “young specimens have not the full number of ribs”, but no mention that this is the case is found in the explanation of the plate. In Salter's subsequent work (Mon. Brit. Trilob., p. 58) the tail is described as “broad-triangular, wider than long; the sides a little convex; the apex short-mucronate; the axis narrow, conical, ribbed by about sixteen rings; the sides very convex with nine to ten arched simple ribs scarcely at all interlined; the margin [= border] narrow, smooth”. The italics in this quotation are mine, as the number of ribs is fewer than that given in his earlier definition of the species. It may here be remarked that Salter in his monograph reproduces verbatim the definition of the species published in the decades, with the addition of the word trigono with reference to the head before the word nisi, and with the insertion of the epithet multicostata after the word œquilatera in the description of the pygidium.
IV.—Note on a Model of the Skull and Mandible of Prozeuglodon atrox, Andrews
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

During the last few years several papers have been published which throw much light on the early history of the whales, a matter about which there have been great doubt and difference of opinion. Two important points appear to have been settled: first, that the Zeuglodonts (Archœceti) are descended from the primitive group of land-carnivores, usually known as the Creodonta, and, second, that the Toothed-whales (Odontoceti) are really derived from the Zeuglodonts. On this second point there may still be room for doubt, although in the opinion of the present writer the evidence brought forward by Professor Abel in several papers, is at least sufficient to demonstrate the extreme probability that the Archæoceti are really ancestors of the Odontoceti. The origin of the Baleen-whales (Mystacoceti) is still obscure, but the fact that numerous true teeth are found in the unborn young, points to the probability that these animals also may have originated from the same, or a closely related stock as that from which the Odontoceti have descended.
III.—The Gavarnie Overthrust, and other Problems in Pyrenean Geology
Authors: Dixon E. E. L.
Published: May 2009

Of the places where undidtrubed limestone trested on older rocks, the most important visited by us was the valley of Hount-Sainte on the Spanish slope. This does not appear to have been considered by Carez, nor to have been hitherto described in detail. The fololwing sequence is clearly exposed, in descending order:—

4. Palæozoic—Devonian and Carboniferous according to Bresson. Shales and limestone in the lowest part, the base evidently a plane of disturbance.
IV.—Appendix to the geology of the Gavarnie District and Pyrenean Geology
Authors: Stuart-Menteath P. W.
Published: May 2009

My observations at Gavarnie commenced with the detection of the great fault of the Cirque, sketched in Bull. Soc. Géol. of 1868, and are summarized in my “Pyrenean Geology,” pp. 169, Dulau & Co., completed to 1907. The Hippurite limestone having been classed and mapped as typically metamorphosed Cambrian, on the ground that my maps and descriptions are à priori inexact, I have recently been concerned with the rectification of the simultaneously asserted Triassic age of the gypseous marls, which I have found to be Tertiary and Cretaceous, from Biarritz to Cardona. Before 1868 the Hippurites of Gavarnie and Heas were already described as anomalous by Leymerie in his Manual and papers, and by Frossard in his “Guide du Géologue.” The only specifically determined specimen mentioned by Bresson is from “near the Hourquette d'Alans,” a point touching the never-questioned Cretaceous beyond the great fault, and situated at 600 metres above the anomalous sheet in question, as it is figured on Bresson's largest sections. The only fossil of his basal Ordovician I had long previously ascertained to be in a fallen fragment from a peak to the west, outside the rocks in dispute. His ‘fundamental section’ east of Gedre is a local accident due to a fault, and his section of the Cirque is wildly in contradiction to the real stratification, as well as his section of the Spanish slope of the pass of La Canao and the Hount Sainte. All these errors are corrected on his definitive map of the French Survey, and in the report of the meeting of the Société Géologique in the Pyrenees in 1906. At that meeting the theory founded by M. Carez on the contradiction of my description of Eaux Chaudes, of Bull. Soc. Géol. of 1893, was explicitly acknowledged to be baseless and untenable by that writer himself, as well as by all present.
V.—Notes on some Rocks from the Gavarnie District of the Pyrenees
Authors: Barrow George
Published: May 2009

Mr. Dixon has handed me a small collection of rock specimens from Gavarnie (Hautes Pyrénées) and the district to the east. Microscopic sections have been made of these, with the object of ascertaining whether the structures and composition of the rocks throw any light on the vexed question of the age of the metamorphism in the two areas specially dealt with in the preceding communication.
IV.—The Volcano of Tardree, County Antrim
Authors: Grenville A. J. Cole
Published: May 2009

I Propose in the autumn of the present year to lay certain detailed observations on the rhyolites of County Antrim before the Royal Dublin Society; but meanwhile it may be of interest to give some account of the mode of occurrence of these rocks in their most central locality, the neighbourhood of Carnearney and Tardree.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Traquair Ramsay Heatley
Published: May 2009

Many sciences contribute to the progress of geology, but none is more essential to it than that of zoology. The accurate determination of fossils, which can only be done by a trained systematic zoologist, is a necessity for stratigraphical work, and the broad questions of the geography of past ages can only be discussed with the aid of those who understand the distribution of life in the existing world. Dr. Traquair, the eminent ichthyologist of Edinburgh, though scarcely a geologist in the strict sense of the term, may therefore be claimed as one of the leaders in our science, for he has devoted more than forty years to the interpretation of fossil fish-remains, and so laid the foundations of a precise knowledge of extinct fishes which is as important to the stratigraphical geologist as to the biological philosopher.
II.—Albitization of Basic Plagioclase Felspars
Authors: Bailey E. B. , Grabham G. W.
Published: May 2009

Since Cathrein in 1883 investigated the nature of saussurite, it has been well known that albite can arise from the alteration of basic plagioclase felspars. He found that the fine-grained aggregate of minerals known as saussurite has commonly been derived from basic felspar, and that the processes involved in the change have led to little more than a chemical re-arrangement within the limits of the original felspar crystal. The bulk composition of the aggregate thus agrees approximately with that of the felspar from which it has been derived, and the albite which separates out is intermingled with lime-bearing silicates such as epidote, zoisite, and garnet.
III.—The Depth and Succession of the Bovey Deposits
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

In the report of an excursion organized by the Geologists' Association to Newton Abbot in 1900, Mr. H. B. Woodward stated that a boring had been made by Messrs. Candy & Co. at Heathfield, near the middle of the Bovey Basin, and that it “had been carried to a depth of 520 feet from the surface through clays, sands, and lignites without reaching the base”.
III.—Note on the Characters of the Hinge Plate in Aviculopecten Semicosatus, Portlock, sp
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

Mr. John Smith, of Kilwinning, has been fortunate enough to obtain from the Lower Limestone series of Auchenmade, Ayrshire, a specimen of the left valve of Aviculopecten semicostatus, Portlock, sp., which shows the hinge plate and interior most perfectly preserved. Hitherto a study of the hinge plate of Aviculopecten has been made from specimens which were merely casts of the interior, and consequently it has been impossible to observe that portion of the hinge plate immediately interior to the umbo. The Auchenmade specimen advances our knowledge of the anatomy of the genus, and establishes a character denied for it by its author, M'Coy.
VII.—Radium and the Radial Shrinkage of the Earth
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

IN his Presidential Address to the British Association, South African Meeting, 1905, Professor G. H. Darwin points out that the presence of radio-active materials in small proportion in the sun would serve to explain the present radiation, and “that concentration of matter is not the only source from which the sun may draw its heat.” Professor Darwin goes on to explain how this enables us to extend the possibilities of geological time beyond that to which some physicists would limit us.