bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Step Synthesis of Spherical MoSe2 Nanoflowers@Graphene as a Photoelectrochemical Photodetector
Authors: Wang Kai , Qiao Hui , Li Jun , Qi Xiang
Published: November 2021

MoSe2, a promising candidate for electronics material due to its unique structure and the suitable band gaps, plays a vital role in the field of photoelectrochemistry. Meanwhile, it has been widely recognized that the introduction of graphene can improve the transport of electrons, which has significant implications for its applications. In this work, we fabricated spherical MoSe2 nanoflowers@graphene by using a simple one‐step hydrothermal method and used it to set up a photoelectrochemical (PEC) photodetector. The photodetector we constructed shows a prominent self‐powered property in the simulated sunlight range, which presents a maximum responsivity 15.4 μA/W at 0 V bias. Meanwhile, the performance of the equipment could still be well maintained after a 4000 s cycle measurement, which demonstrates the excellent stability and durability. In terms of this work, we have confirmed the superior photoresponse behavior of the photodetector based on MoSe2 nanoflowers@graphene.
DABCO‐based chiral ionic liquids as recoverable and reusable organocatalyst for asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction
Authors: Aalam Mohd Jubair , Deepa  , Chaudhary Pooja , Meena Dhan Raj , Yadav Geeta Devi , Singh Surendra
Published: November 2021

New DABCO‐based chiral ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated in asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes or 4‐phenyl‐3‐buten‐2‐one. Chiral ionic liquid of modified MacMillan catalyst having a DABCO cation and hexafluorophosphate anion acts as organocatalyst (5 mol%) for the Diels–Alder reaction of crotonaldehyde and cyclopentadiene producing 98% of the product and 87% ee (endo) in CH3CN/H2O (95/5) at 25°C in 2 h. The scope and limitations of the catalysis were also studied by using cyclopentadiene and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, and the Diels–Alder products were obtained in 18%–92% yields with 68%–93% ee. The catalyst was recycled and reused up to 6 cycles with a slight drop in ee and conversion of the product.
Combination of Laser and Thermal Sintering of Thermoelectric Ca3Co4O9 Films
Authors: Wolf Mario , Rehder Lena , Steinbach Frank , Abt Marvin , Hinterding Richard , Overmeyer Ludger , Feldhoff Armin
Published: November 2021

The manufacturing technology of thermoelectric materials is laborious and expensive often including complex and time‐intensive preparation steps. In this work, a laser sintering process of the oxide‐based thermoelectric material Ca3Co4O9 is investigated. Samples based on spray‐coated Ca3Co4O9 were prepared and subsequently sintered under various laser parameters and investigated in terms of the microstructure and thermoelectric properties. Here, the combination of laser sintering and subsequent thermal sintering proved to be a promising concept for the preparation of thermoelectric films. Laser sintering can thus make a great contribution in improving the processing of thermoelectric materials, especially when films are applied that cannot be sintered under pressure.
Doxorubicin in combination with cisplatin, 5‐flourouracil, and vincristine is feasible and effective in unresectable hepatoblastoma: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Katzenstein Howard M. , Malogolowkin Marcio H. , Krailo Mark D. , Piao Jin , Towbin Alexander J. , McCarville M. Beth , Tiao Gregory M. , Dunn Stephen P. , Langham Max R. , McGahren Eugene D. , Finegold Milton J. , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Weldon Christopher B. , Thompson Patrick A. , Trobaugh‐Lotrario Angela D. , O’Neill Allison F. , Furman Wayne L. , Chung Nadia , Randazzo Jessica , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Meyers Rebecka L.
Published: November 2021

Background

The Children's Oncology Group (COG) adopted cisplatin, 5‐flourouracil, and vincristine (C5V) as standard therapy after the INT‐0098 legacy study showed statistically equivalent survival but less toxicity in comparison with cisplatin and doxorubicin. Subsequent experience demonstrated doxorubicin to be effective in patients with recurrent disease after C5V, and this suggested that it could be incorporated to intensify therapy for patients with advanced disease.

Methods

In this nonrandomized, phase 3 COG trial, the primary aim was to explore the feasibility and toxicity of a novel therapeutic cisplatin, 5‐flourouracil, vincristine, and doxorubicin (C5VD) regimen with the addition of doxorubicin to C5V for patients considered to be at intermediate risk. Patients were eligible if they had unresectable, nonmetastatic disease. Patients with a complete resection at diagnosis and local pathologic evidence of small cell undifferentiated histology were also eligible for an assessment of feasibility.

Results

One hundred two evaluable patients enrolled between September 14, 2009, and March 12, 2012. Delivery of C5VD was feasible and tolerable: the mean percentages of the target doses delivered were 96% (95% CI, 94%‐97%) for cisplatin, 96% (95% CI, 94%‐97%) for 5‐fluorouracil, 95% (95% CI, 93%‐97%) for doxorubicin, and 90% (95% CI, 87%‐93%) for vincristine. Toxicity was within expectations, with death as a first event in 1 patient. The most common adverse events were febrile neutropenia (n = 55 [54%]), infection (n = 48 [47%]), mucositis (n = 31 [30%]), hypokalemia (n = 39 [38%]), and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (n = 28 [27%]). The 5‐year event‐free and overall survival rates for the 93 patients who did not have complete resection at diagnosis were 88% (95% CI, 79%‐93%) and 95% (95% CI, 87%‐98%), respectively.

Conclusions

The addition of doxorubicin to the previous standard regimen of C5V is feasible, tolerable, and efficacious, and this suggests that C5VD is a good regimen for future clinical trials.
Diagnosis and treatment of colorectal tumors: Differences between Japan and the West and future prospects
Authors: Saito Yutaka , Ono Akiko , García Victoria Alejandra Jiménez , Mizuguchi Yasuhiko , Hisada Izumi , Takamaru Hiroyuki , Yamada Masayoshi , Sekiguchi Masau , Makiguchi Mai , Sekine Shigeki , Abe Seiichiro
Published: November 2021

Dye‐based chromoendoscopy has long been used routinely for endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors including colorectal tumors in Japan. In the West, on the other hand, dye‐based chromoendoscopy was not so commonly used. However, with the development of narrow band imaging (NBI), image‐enhanced endoscopy diagnosis has rapidly increased in the West.

The most critical difference between Japan and the West is the histopathological evaluation of the lesions, which determines a major cause of differences in diagnostic and treatment strategies. In the West, intramucosal adenocarcinoma is not diagnosed until the cancer has invaded submucosal layer. In Japan, on the other hand, cancer is mainly diagnosed based on nuclear and structural atypia, and thus intramucosal adenocarcinoma is diagnosed in lesions that correspond to high‐grade adenoma in the West.

In the West, since intramucosal carcinoma is not diagnosed by pathology, all benign adenomas are treated by piecemeal endoscopic resection, and only cancer invading the superficial submucosal layer is indicated for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Because of the risk of lymph node metastasis in the deep submucosal invasion, the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines state that only superficial submucosal cancer is an indication for ESD. Unfortunately, it is impossible to selectively extract only superficial submucosal invasive cancer even with the use of magnified NBI and pit pattern observation. Therefore, we think that pathologists need to diagnose intramucosal adenocarcinoma with the potential to invade the submucosal layer based on the nuclear and structural atypia. Consequently, intramucosal adenocarcinoma and superficial submucosal cancers should be considered for en‐bloc ESD.
Development of a microplate duplex immunoassay to simplify detection of growth hormone doping: Proof of concept
Authors: Marchand Alexandre , Roy Daisy , Monsheimer Sarah A. , Lewis Jennifer , Ericsson Magnus
Published: November 2021

The World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) prohibits athletes from using recombinant growth hormone (GH). The validated method used in antidoping laboratories for the direct detection of exogenous GH in serum requires two immunoluminometric assays (ILMAs): The first mainly measures the concentration of the full‐length (22 kDa) form of GH (recGH), and the second measures concentrations of multiple GH fragments produced by the pituitary gland (22 kDa, 20 kDa and other forms) (pitGH). The tube‐by‐tube analysis is laborious. A recent development opened new possibilities to simplify the detection of recGH in serum: multiplexed immunoassays that detect multiple targets in a single well of a 96‐well plate using an ELISA‐like procedure with high sensitivity.

Our aim was to evaluate this technology by developing a customized assay for GH detection. One pair of antibodies with specificities similar to those of the recGH assay and one pair of antibodies compatible with pitGH detection were selected for a single duplex assay. Forty‐eight serum samples (negative athlete samples and positive samples following GH administration) were analyzed using the two methods. The microplate duplex assay discriminated between the negative athlete samples and the positive controls, although the rec/pit ratios from the duplex assay were lower than those obtained with the ILMAs. This new assay would offer a modern alternative to ILMAs, with fewer analytical steps and a smaller sample volume. However, an adaptation of the decision limits seems mandatory.
Loss of intermediate‐flow states only evident when considering sub‐daily flow metrics in a major tributary of the Limpopo basin
Authors: Ramulifho Pfananani A. , Rivers‐Moore Nick A. , Foord Stefan H.
Published: November 2021

As the impacts of the anthropocene intensifies, there is an increasing need to understand how these changes affect both daily and sub‐daily stream flow variability, timing and flow quantities, as these are some of the most influential drivers of spatial and temporal dynamics of stream biota. In this paper, long‐term changes in flow patterns of a strategic water source area (Luvuvhu catchment) in an arid region of southern Africa were quantified, focusing on the relation between daily and sub‐daily flow and its potential impact on fish biota of the catchment. Long‐term temporal trends in stream flow were modelled using generalized least squares (GLS), while sub‐daily and daily mean flow of the same stations were compared using a suite of metrics. Periods of similar stream flow patterns were identified using K‐means cluster analysis. A spreadsheet rule‐based model was developed linking fish communities to streamflow patterns, providing a predictive framework for fish assemblage responses to stream flow classes. Long‐term reduction in flow in the Luvuvhu catchment has a strong seasonal component, with significant decreases during the wet season, not linked to long‐term rainfall patterns. The flow regime of the Luvuvhu river system has become more variable over time. Several sub‐daily flow metrics were positively related to daily flow metrics. Oscillating flow conditions and the loss of intermediate‐flow states may permanently exclude certain fish flow guilds. However, temporal partitioning is only evident when sub‐daily metrics are considered, highlighting their importance for assessing ecological resilience.
Modeling persistence of coarse woody debris residuals in boreal forests as an ecological property
Authors: Menichetti Lorenzo , Mäkinen Harri , Stendahl Johan , Ågren Göran I. , Hyvönen Riitta
Published: November 2021

There is a trade‐off between leaving coarse woody debris (CWD) in the stand, providing desirable ecosystem services, and harvesting it. To consider this trade‐off, forest management needs to model describing the decomposition of CWD. When a trunk is lying on the ground, it can be attacked by microorganisms faster than when it is still standing. Current decomposition models fail to account for these local differences in processes, which may give rise to errors in the estimation of stand C balance. We extended the Q decomposition model to represent the influences of tree species and the local position of the wood. We utilized data from two studies on long‐term deadwood decomposition in forests. We first calibrated the model on the whole dataset, and then divided the data into different CWD decomposition classes, and then allowed some of the parameters to vary between different CWD decomposition classes. The calibrations were performed within a Bayesian framework, which allowed for a statistically sound comparison of the calibration results. The difference between the remaining C mass predicted by the two versions of the model, one considering one single calibration for all decomposition classes and one specific to decomposition classes, depended on the CWD class but was in general substantial. Some classes, when modeled with a specific parameterization, resulted in C stocks after 50 yr 1–5 times less than that predicted by the single parameterization model. Logs decayed faster than snags, and birch wood much faster than pine and spruce wood, with little difference between the two conifers. Russian spruce wood decomposed somewhat faster than Finnish spruce wood. Incorporating our calibration, describing specifically the processes driving the wood decay locally, into a C balance model of forests may change model estimates substantially.
A novel sampling approach to estimating abundance of low‐density and observable species
Authors: McDevitt Molly C. , Cassirer E. Frances , Roberts Shane B. , Lukacs Paul M.
Published: November 2021

Informative species abundance estimates are critical for guiding decisions around the conservation and management of ecological systems. There exist many methods for estimating abundance of frequently encountered species and populations with uniquely identifiable individuals. However, for wildlife populations with unmarked individuals that occur at low densities, there exist a variety of behaviors and characteristics that make effectively surveying and sampling challenging or uninformative. Examples of challenging characteristics include the elusive behaviors of low‐density species that occur in complex and rugged terrain. Such characteristics make detection difficult and surveys expensive, dangerous, and potentially biased. To address these challenges, we used a common, non‐invasive field survey method combined with a probability‐based study design and frequently utilized statistical model to estimate abundance of an unmarked mountain goat population in eastern Idaho. We developed a novel data analysis approach using an N‐mixture model that, together with spatially balanced random sampling and a double‐observer field data collection method, directly solves the problem of approximating statistical assumptions, including population closure. We demonstrate that a probability‐based sampling design not only is feasible, but also is important for estimating population parameters for unmarked and low‐density species. With this approach, we present a procedure that offers unbiased abundance estimates, empowering managers to track low‐density species’ population trends across time.
Enrichment of the rebaudioside A concentration in Stevia rebaudiana extract with cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13
Authors: Czinkóczky Réka , Németh Áron
Published: November 2021

Stevia rebaudiana is a sweet herbaceous perennial plant, which is frequently used in the preparation of plant‐based sweeteners. The demand for such sweeteners continues to increase due to purposeful nutrition and modern‐day metabolic syndromes. More than 20 types of steviol glycosides provide a sweet taste, which are more than 300 times sweeter than sucrose. They are formed of two main components, namely stevioside and rebaudioside A. Only a handful of studies have dealt with Stevia rebaudiana leaf extracts, the conversion of pure stevioside into the preferred rebaudioside A is more common. The aim of this study was to enrich the rebaudioside A content of Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract using enzymatic bioconversion by applying fermented cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13. Two differently processed plant materials, namely dried and lyophilized Stevia rebaudiana plants, were extracted and compared. Following the bioconversion, the rebaudioside A content was on average doubled. The maximum increase was fivefold with a 70–80% conversion of the stevioside.
Connectivity costs and price efficiency: An event study
Authors: Frino Alex , Kovacevic Ognjen , Mollica Vito , Webb Robert I.
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates the impact of changes in the speed and pricing of direct market access on market efficiency, as measured by the frequency, duration, and profitability of arbitrage strategies. Two natural experiments on the Eurex exchange are identified: an exchange‐wide improvement in technology reducing message latency, and a reduction in the direct exchange access fee. We analyze their impact on the trading of Euro Stoxx 50 Index futures and the Xtrackers Euro Stoxx 50 Ucits ETF. A decrease in the frequency and duration of arbitrages following both events is observed.
Acceptance and perception of digital health for managing nutrition in people with Parkinson's disease and their caregivers and their digital competence in the United States: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: LoBuono Dara L. , Shea Kyla S. , Tovar Alison , Leedahl Skye N. , Mahler Leslie , Xu Furong , Lofgren Ingrid E.
Published: November 2021

Background and aims

This mixed‐methods study examined participants' acceptance and perception of using digital health for managing nutrition and participants' digital competence. The results will be formative for making digital nutrition education more effective and acceptable for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and their informal caregivers.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected through in‐person semi‐structured, dyadic interviews, and questionnaires from 20 dyads (20 PwPD and their caregivers) in the Northeastern United States and analyzed throughout the 2018 to 2019 academic year. Interview transcripts were deductively coded using the framework analysis method. Phrases related to acceptance of digital health were sub‐coded into accept, neutral, or reject and those related to perceptions of digital health were sub‐coded into perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and awareness of digital health. Quantitative data were analyzed using independent samples t tests and Fisher's exact tests. Qualitative codes were transformed into variables and compared to digital competence scores to integrate the data. An average acceptance rate for digital health was calculated through examining the mean percent of phrases coded as accept from interview transcripts.

Results

Twenty‐five of 40 (62.5%) participants used the internet for at least 5 health‐related purposes and the average acceptance rate was 54.4%. Dyads rejected digital health devices if they did not see the added benefit. The majority of participants reported digital health to be useful, but hard to use, and about half felt they needed education about existing digital health platforms. There was no difference in digital competence scores between PwPD and their caregivers (28.6 ± 12.6).

Conclusion

Findings suggest that dyads accept and use technology but not to its full potential as technology can be perceived as hard to use. This finding, combined with digital competence scores, revealed that education is warranted prior to providing a digital nutrition intervention.
Addressing challenges of providing remote inpatient clinical pharmacy services
Authors: Bondi Deborah S. , Alavandi Prasannaraddi , Allen John M. , Avery Lisa M. , Buatois Emily , Connor Kathryn A. , Martello Jay L. , Michienzi Sarah M. , Trujillo Toby C. , Ybarra Joseph , Chung Allison M.
Published: November 2021

Telehealth and virtual/remote inpatient clinical pharmacy services have evolved exponentially over the past year, which has underscored unique barriers and limitations. This ACCP commentary identifies challenges to providing remote inpatient clinical pharmacy services and outlines guidance on overcoming them. The main challenges discussed are broadly categorized as legal/regulatory, administrative, technology and equipment, clinical service and provider, patient/caregiver, and equity. Nevertheless, opportunities to provide equitable patient care through remote inpatient clinical pharmacy services are numerous and will likely be sustained past the pandemic. Thus, future implications and opportunities are also envisioned.
Molecular genotyping of G6PD mutations for neonates in Ningbo area
Authors: Pan Jiewen , Zhuang Danyan , Yu Qi , Pan Xiaoli , Bao Youwei , Pan Shuqing , Wang Fei , Ge Lisha , Li Haibo
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study is to determine the cut‐off value of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and the mutation spectrum of G6PD gene in neonates with G6PD deficiency at Ningbo. Around 82233 neonatal blood samples were measured to determine G6PD activity. The positive samples were further detected with gene analysis. A total of 445 neonates were confirmed as G6PD deficiency, and the incidence in Ningbo was 1/185. 17 types of G6PD gene mutations were found, including 11 single‐site mutations and 6 double‐site mutations. Considering the significant differences in G6PD activity, the cut‐off value was detected to be 2.35 and 3.65 U/gHb for males and females, respectively. Significant differences in G6PD activities were noted and found to be varied from 4.61 to 6.02 U/gHb in different seasons (p < 0.0001). G6PD deficiency screening is a significant detection test for neonatal G6PD deficiency prevention. Our study highlights that the screening should be done using different cut‐off values according to the sexes in different seasons.
Effect of self‐assessment in a removable prosthodontics preclinical course on skills and competence
Authors: Saadé Jean‐Michel , El‐Khatib Wassim , Chedid Nada R. , Makzoumé Joseph E. , El‐Halabi Mohammad Tarek , El‐Hage Fadi
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Self‐assessment is increasingly implemented in medical professions’ curricula. In this research, the authors measure the effects of self‐assessment within a preclinical removable prosthodontics course among dental students in a private dental school according to the European qualifications framework descriptors.

Materials and methods

Thirty subjects, all fourth‐year dental students, were included in this experiment. Fifteen subjects were included in each of the experimental and control groups during one semester. The experimental group subjects used the study roadmap tool in their preclinical tasks. The control group subjects executed the same preclinical tasks under instructor supervision only. All subjects were filmed, and an autonomy score was given to every subject per session. At the end of the semester, cognitive skills development was compared using the Kember et al. questionnaire while practical skills development was compared using a comparison of grades. Two focus groups were undertaken with experimental group subjects. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and statistically analyzed (p < 0.005).

Results

Subjects from the experimental group showed development in critical thinking, practical skills, autonomy, and taking responsibility, thus development in the competence level.

Conclusion

Implementation of self‐assessment within preclinical courses may develop skills and competence among dental students, yet more studies are needed.
Exploring applications of complexity theory in engineering education research: A systematic literature review
Authors: Sigahi Tiago F. A. C. , Sznelwar Laerte Idal
Published: November 2021

Background

Complexity theory (CT) has been used in response to the need for a different mindset than the classical engineering paradigm. The engineering education research (EER) community may benefit from the knowledge of how CT has been used in the field.

Purpose

Aiming to provide a broad view of CT in EER, the following research questions guided the study: How has CT been applied in EER, and how does it contribute to addressing the challenges of classical engineering education? What are the different complexity engineering approaches, and how can they be integrated into the context of EER?

Method

A systematic literature review was conducted. The review process was divided into three stages: planning, conducting, and reporting. Fifty‐eight journal articles and five book chapters were submitted to an iterative process of organization, categorization, analysis, and synthesis.

Results

Complexity schools of thought were integrated into EER. The research was organized into thematic categories: epistemological and ontological perspectives; complex thinking and competences; pedagogical approaches; complexity, sustainability, and transdisciplinarity interdependence; engineering axiology; and systemic transformation of engineering education. For each category, main contributions were integrated, and gaps were identified. Different meanings of complexity engineering were discussed and related to complexity schools of thought.

Conclusions

Defining the type of complexity approach used is essential to advance knowledge, as there are fundamental epistemological, ontological, and methodological differences. Thematic categories help future researchers position theoretical contributions and be precise about how their findings contribute to understanding complexity applications in EER. Overcoming the limits of classical engineering requires a paradigmatic discussion, and CT proves valuable for this.
Assessing inclusion of trans people in HIV national strategic plans: a review of 60 high HIV prevalence countries
Authors: Sherwood Jennifer , Lankiewicz Elise , Castellanos Erika , O'Connor Naomhán , Theron Liesl , Restar Arjee
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Trans people are disproportionately impacted by HIV yet have not been adequately prioritized in national HIV responses or policy documents. This review aims to understand the extent of meaningful inclusion of trans people in national strategic plans (NSPs) for HIV/AIDS as an essential step in ensuring that HIV policy aligns with epidemiologic data, and trans‐specific programming is funded, implemented and sustained.

Methods

HIV NSPs from 60 countries, across five global regions, were assessed for the level of inclusion of trans populations between January and March 2021. The most recently available NSP for each country, published after 2011, was obtained through publicly accessible online sources or through researcher networks. Data were manually extracted from NSPs using a framework of indicators focusing on trans inclusion in these five major sections of NSPs: (1) narratives; (2) epidemiological data; (3) monitoring and evaluation (M&E) indicators and targets; (4) activities; and (5) budgets.

Results and discussion

Within all reviewed NSPs, 65.0% (39/60) mentioned trans people in at least one of the five key sections but only 8.3% (5/60) included trans people in all five key sections. Trans people were more commonly mentioned in the background/narratives of NSPs (61.7%, 37/60) but less commonly included NSP activities (38.3%, 23/60), in M&E indicators and targets (23.7%, 14/60), in epidemiological data (20.0% 12/60), and in NSP budgets (13.3%, 8/60). Countries in the Asia and Pacific region most frequently included trans people in all five key sections (38%, 5/13), while no countries in Eastern and Southern Africa included trans people in all NSP sections.

Conclusions

This analysis finds substantial gaps in the inclusion of trans populations in NSPs globally. Results highlight the pressing need for states, technical partners, and international funders to engage with trans communities to improve trans‐inclusion in all key sections of NSPs. Trans inclusion in NSPs is an essential step towards reaching the populations most at risk of HIV and ultimately achieving country‐level epidemic control.
Polyacrylamide/Copper‐Alginate Double Network Hydrogel Electrolyte with Excellent Mechanical Properties and Strain‐Sensitivity
Authors: Zhang Zeyu , Lin Tingrui , Li Shuangxiao , Chen Xibang , Que Xueyan , Sheng Lang , Hu Yang , Peng Jing , Ma Huiling , Li Jiuqiang , Zhang Wenjuan , Zhai Maolin
Published: November 2021

The double network (DN) hydrogel has attracted great attention due to its wide applications in daily life. However, synthesis DN hydrogel with excellent mechanical properties is still a big challenge. Here, polyacrylamide/copper‐alginate double network (PAM/Cu‐alg DN) hydrogel electrolyte is successfully synthesized by radiation‐induced polymerization and cross‐linking process of acrylamide with N, N’‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide and subsequent cupric ion (Cu2+) crosslinking of alginate. The content of sodium alginate, absorbed dose, and the concentration of Cu2+ are investigated in detail for improving the overall properties of PAM/Cu‐alg DN hydrogel electrolyte. The PAM/Cu‐alg DN hydrogel electrolyte synthesizes by radiation technique and Cu2+ crosslinking shows superior mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 2.25 ± 0.02 MPa, excellent energy dissipation mechanism, and the high ionic conductivity of 4.08 ± 0.17 mS cm−1. PAM/Cu‐alg DN hydrogel is characterized with attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses and the reason for the improvement of mechanical properties is illustrated. Furthermore, PAM/Cu‐alg DN hydrogel electrolyte exhibits excellent strain‐sensitivity, cyclic stability, and durability. This work paves for the new way for the preparation of DN hydrogel electrolytes with excellent properties.
Signs and symptoms, apart from vital signs, that trigger nurses’ concerns about deteriorating conditions in hospitalized paediatric patients: A scoping review
Authors: Jensen Claus Sixtus , Lisby Marianne , Kirkegaard Hans , Loft Mia Ingerslev
Published: November 2021

Aim

This scoping review aimed to identify and map the signs and symptoms—apart from vital signs—that trigger nurses’ concerns about the deteriorating conditions of hospitalized paediatric patients.

Design

A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.

Methods

Six databases, including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, Swemed and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses databases, were searched systematically. Of 5795 citations, seven matched the inclusion criteria.

Results

Objective observations, such as the patient's colour, pain‐level changes, and behavioural observations, were identified as signs that would trigger nurses’ concerns. Nurse's intuitive feelings or gut feelings when seeing a patient was also identified as an important factor for identifying a deteriorating paediatric patient. A “gut feeling” was described as both a reaction to patient signs and a feeling based on the nurse's intuition gained through experience. The signs or symptoms that would trigger this “gut feeling” were not identified.
In‐plane shear behaviors of unbalanced 3D interlock woven reinforcement in bias extension test: Experiments and finite element modeling
Authors: Guan Liuxiang , Hao Keqian , Mei Shuo , Yang Haizhen , Lu Shiyan , Yang Yanfei
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the in‐plane shear deformation of unbalanced 3D interlock woven reinforcement (IWR) was investigated through experiments and finite element modeling. Five specimens with five layers warp (six layers weft) were designed and prepared. The warp is 792 tex carbon tows and weft is 396 tex carbon tows. This kind of reinforcement is unbalanced because that the linear density of warp is different from that of weft. The in‐plane shear deformation of unbalanced 3D IWR was tested by bias extension test. The bias extension process was simulated by finite element method from macro and meso scales. The results of simulation are basically consistent with experiments. The bias extension process can be divided into three stages: Meso scale deformation stage, multiscale deformation stage and Reinforcement failure stage. At meso scale deformation stage, the tensile load and shear angle are small when the displacement is less than 7.5 mm. There is no obvious change in the macro scale, while the weft slipping in the meso scale mainly occurs in area B. The deformation of B1 and B2 are asymmetric because the linear density of warp is different from that of weft. In the multiscale deformation stage, asymmetric deformation at the macro scale begins to appear when the displacement is between 7.5 mm and 20 mm. There is obvious in‐plane shear deformation in area C at the meso scale. In the reinforcement failure stage, A large number of weft yarns are pulled out from the reinforcement in area B.
Robust Stability of Optical and Electronic Properties of Gallium‐Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films to Gamma Ray Irradiation
Authors: Barone Claudia , Gupta Jeetendra , Martin Rodica M. , Sydoryk Ihor , Craciun Valentin , Nomoto Junichi , Makino Hisao , Yamamoto Tetsuya , Martin Catalin
Published: November 2021

Through combined measurements of broadband optical spectroscopy (10 meV to 6 eV), electrical resistivity, and Hall effect, the effects of gamma ray irradiation on electronic and optical properties of gallium‐doped ZnO (GZO) thin films, deposited by ion plating direct‐current arc discharge, are investigated. A significant number of films, deposited at various discharge currents (I
D = 100–200 A) and oxygen gas flow rates (OFR = 0–25 sccm), exposed to doses of 15 and 30 kGy of gamma rays, are studied. The results indicate strong resilience of films to irradiation: visible range transparency is reduced by 10–12% and the optical bandgap shifts to lower energies by less than 3%, while electrical resistivity, carrier concentration, and electron mobility remain nearly unchanged.
Combined analysis methods for investigating titanium and nickel surface contamination after plasma deep etching
Authors: Ettouri Rim , Tillocher Thomas , Lefaucheux Philippe , Boutaud Bertrand , Fernandez Vincent , Fairley Neal , Cardinaud Christophe , Girard Aurélie , Dussart Rémi
Published: November 2021

Plasma etching techniques can result in damage and contamination of materials, which, if not removed, can interfere with further processing. Therefore, characterisation of the etched surface is necessary to understand the basic mechanisms involved in the etching process and enable process control and cleaning procedures to be developed. A detailed investigation by means of the combined use of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical microscopy (OM) has been carried out on deep titanium trenches etched by plasma. This innovative approach has provided a further insight into the microchemical structure of the surface contamination layer on both the titanium and the nickel hard mask surfaces. The described experiments were conducted on 25 to 100‐μm wide trenches, first etched in bulk titanium by an optimisedCl2/SF6/O2‐based inductively coupled plasma process, through an electroplated nickel hard mask. The results allow to identify chlorine, fluorine and carbon as the main contaminating agents of the nickel mask and to associate three oxidation states around the etched trenches highlighting certain specific aspects related to the passivation mechanism. These observations reinforce the scientific relevance of the combined use of complementary optical and imaging analytical techniques.
Microbial Lipopeptide Supramolecular Self‐Assemblies as a Methuosis‐Like Cell Death Inducer with In Vivo Antitumor Activity
Authors: Lu Jiao Yang , Huang Wei Tao , Zhou Kexuan , Zhao Xiaoli , Yang Shuqing , Xia Liqiu , Ding Xuezhi
Published: November 2021

Discovering new drugs and improving action mechanisms is a promising strategy to overcome chemotherapy ineffectiveness caused by cancer cell apoptosis resistance. Natural products (like cyclic lipopeptides, CLPs) are potential sources of nonapoptotic cell death inducers and can form diverse supramolecular structures, closely relating to their bioactivities. Herein, it is found for the first time that fatty chain is the key to maintain self‐assembled form and antitumor activity of microbial‐derived amphiphilic CLP bacillomycin Lb (B‐Lb). Compared with B‐Lb analogues assemblies without antitumor activity, B‐Lb supramolecular self‐assemblies (including nanomicelles, nanofibers, giant micrometer rods) can be generated in a multilevel and cross‐scale manner and served as a methuosis‐like cell death inducer triggered by cytoplasmic vacuolation through macropinocytosis in MDA‐MB‐231‐Luc and MCF‐7 cells and in vivo tumor‐bearing mice. This study will promote constructing of customized CLP micro‐/nanostructures with multipurposes and functions, and boost designing of new antitumor drugs as nonapoptotic cell death modulators based on structure–activity relationship.
Porous Au–Ag Nanoparticles from Galvanic Replacement Applied as Single‐Particle SERS Probe for Quantitative Monitoring
Authors: Wang Lu , Patskovsky Sergiy , Gauthier‐Soumis Bastien , Meunier Michel
Published: November 2021

Plasmonic nanostructures have raised the interest of biomedical applications of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). To improve the enhancement and produce sensitive SERS probes, porous Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by dealloying Au–Ag alloy NP‐precursors with Au or Ag core in aqueous colloidal environment through galvanic replacement reaction. The novel designed core–shell Au–Ag alloy NP‐precursors facilitate controllable synthesis of porous nanostructure, and dealloying degree during the reaction has significant effect on structural and spectral properties of dealloyed porous NPs. Narrow‐dispersed dealloyed NPs are obtained using NPs of Au/Ag ratio from 10/90 to 40/60 with Au and Ag core to produce solid core@porous shell and porous nanoshells, having rough surface, hollowness, and porosity around 30–60%. The clean nanostructure from colloidal synthesis exhibits a redshifted plasmon peak up to near‐infrared region, and the large accessible surface induces highly localized surface plasmon resonance and generates robust SERS activity. Thus, the porous NPs produce intensely enhanced Raman signal up to 68‐fold higher than 100 nm AuNP enhancement at single‐particle level, and the estimated Raman enhancement around 7800, showing the potential for highly sensitive SERS probes. The single‐particle SERS probes are effectively demonstrated in quantitative monitoring of anticancer drug Doxorubicin release.
Nanoprotection Against Retinal Pigment Epithelium Degeneration via Ferroptosis Inhibition
Authors: Tang Zhimin , Huo Minfeng , Ju Yahan , Dai Xiaochan , Ni Ni , Liu Yan , Gao Huiqin , Zhang Dandan , Sun Hao , Fan Xianqun , Chen Yu , Gu Ping
Published: November 2021

Lethal oxidative stress and ferrous ion accumulation‐mediated degeneration/death in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) exert an indispensable impact on retinal degenerative diseases with irreversible visual impairment, especially in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), but corresponding pathogenesis‐oriented medical intervention remains controversial. In this study, the potent iron‐binding nanoscale Prussian blue analogue KCa[FeIII(CN)6] (CaPB) with high biocompatibility is designed to inhibit RPE death and subsequently photoreceptor cell degeneration. In mice, CaPB effectively prevents RPE degeneration and ultimately fulfills superior therapeutic outcomes upon a single intravitreal injection: significant rescue of retinal structures and visual function. Through high‐throughput RNA sequencing and sophisticated biochemistry evaluations, the findings initially unveil that CaPB nanoparticles protect against RPE degradation by inhibiting ferroptotic cell fate. Together with the facile, large‐scale preparations and in vivo biosafety, it is believed that the synthesized CaPB therapeutic nanoparticles are promising for future clinical treatment of diverse retinal diseases involving pathological iron‐dependent ferroptosis, including AMD.
Long‐Term Degradation of Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact Silicon Solar Cell under Light and Heat
Authors: Xiao Chuanxiao , Johnston Steve , Jiang Chun-Sheng , LaSalvia Vincenzo , Sulas-Kern Dana B. , Kempe Michael D. , Young David L. , Jordan Dirk C. , Al-Jassim Mowafak M. , Repins Ingrid
Published: November 2021

Advanced designs enable high‐efficiency solar cells; however, more complex structures create new long‐term stability concerns. Herein, the long‐term degradation processes affecting advanced silicon solar cells using laboratory‐based illumination and heating over hundreds of hours are investigated. The activation energy for the degradation of voltage is estimated and the degradation rates to normal solar cell operating temperature ranges are extrapolated. The cell degradation observed at high temperatures in the lab is kinetically similar to the process affecting field‐deployed modules contributing to 0.37% year−1of annualized degradation. Electroluminescence and photoluminescence mapping show that the degradation is dominated by minority carrier lifetime reduction. Suns−open‐circuit voltage and light beam‐induced current results indicate that the degradation could result from passivation degradation at the surface or defect formation in the near‐subsurface region, leading to increased minority carrier recombination. This work highlights a long‐term degradation process under elevated temperature and illumination that may continue to affect cells in an irreversible manner that is separate from recoverable light‐induced degradation and light‐ and elevated temperature‐induced degradation.
Rational Design of Additive with Suitable Functional Groups Toward High‐Quality FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 Films and Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Minghao , Li Yawen , Zhao Xiangqing , Wang Wei , Chen Junwen , Zhang Wenzhu , Huang Yue , Zhang Lijun , Chen Shufen
Published: November 2021

Stability and efficiency issues are closely related with poor perovskite film quality in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, 2‐aminophenol (C6H7NO) and 2‐amino‐4‐fluorophenol (C6H6FNO) are introduced to improve film quality of FA0.75MA0.25SnI3, both of which consist of —NH2 and —OH groups, and the latter also contains —F group. The experimental and theoretical analyses show both —NH2 and —OH groups interact with I of the SnI64− octahedron via hydrogen bond and fluorinated group with low surface energy causes spontaneous migration of C6H6FNO to solution–air surface and induces initial crystal nucleation and growth from surface, both of which contribute to improved film morphology and crystallinity and suppressed Sn2+ oxidation via reducing defect‐state density and nonradiative recombination. The F atom of C6H6FNO facing outward protects FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 from water penetration due to its hydrophobic feature. The C6H6FNO‐doped PSC acquires a champion efficiency of 9.50% and a long‐term stability of >800 h (80% efficiency remained in N2).
Starburst Carbazole Derivatives as Efficient Hole Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jegorovė Aistė , Truong Minh Anh , Murdey Richard , Daskeviciene Maryte , Malinauskas Tadas , Kantminiene Kristina , Jankauskas Vygintas , Getautis Vytautas , Wakamiya Atsushi
Published: November 2021

Five new star‐shaped carbazole‐based molecules are successfully synthesized from low‐cost, commercially available reagents via a simple one‐step synthesis route. All carbazole derivatives comprise a 3,6‐diaminocarbazole core with carbazole peripheral groups substituted at the 2‐ or 3‐positions and various aliphatic side chains. These molecules are evaluated as hole transporting materials to replace 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) in perovskite solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies of the devices with these carbazole hole transporting layers reach 19.0%, comparable with 19.7% obtained with the spiro‐OMeTAD‐based device. The thermal and operational stability of the candidate molecules are found to depend on the side chain substituents. Two candidate molecules with ethyl side chains show superior thermal stability compared with that of the reference solar cells prepared with spiro‐OMeTAD.
Macrophages at the Nexus of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Potency: The Emerging Role of Chemokine Cooperativity
Authors: Galipeau Jacques
Published: November 2021

Pharmacological depletion of macrophages in vivo with liposomal clodronate renders mice unresponsive to adoptive transfer of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for affecting outcomes of acute inflammatory pathology. This experimental observation identifies host macrophages as necessary in mediating the salutary anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs as a cellular pharmaceutical. This theory is supported by the observation that transfusion of MSCs leads to the prompt phagocytosis of nearly half of lung entrapped MSCs by lung resident macrophages, triggering an interleukin (IL)-10 suppressive efferocytotic response. In addition, non-phagocytosed MSCs with COX2 competency shape the immune milieu by inducing tissue macrophages to express IL-10. Additional experimental evidence identifies MSC-borne IL-6, IDO and TSG-6 as directly involved in macrophage polarization. Along similar lines of functional convergence, implantation of CCL2+ MSCs in the extravascular space where interaction with lung resident perivascular macrophages is not operative, also leads to IL-10 polarization of CCR2+ macrophages within acute injured tissue far removed from MSC depot. Intriguingly, MSC-derived CCL2 on its own is not sufficient to polarize macrophages and requires heterodimerization with MSC-borne CXCL12 to trigger macrophage IL-10 polarization via CCR2, but not CXCR4. Such chemokine cooperativity opens a new venue for analysis of MSC potency especially considering the rich chemokine secretome of MSC exposed to inflammatory stimulus. As an aggregate, these data highlight a necessary MSC and host macrophage functional dyad that may inform potency attribute analysis of MSCs—including the chemokine interactome—that may be directly linked to in vivo clinical anti-inflammatory and regenerative response.
Cancer Stem Cell-Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Overcoming Trastuzumab Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Qiu Yan , Yang Libo , Liu Honghong , Luo Xiaobo
Published: November 2021

Application of the anti-HER2 drug trastuzumab has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with the HER2-positive subtype of breast cancer. However, 50% of patients with HER2 amplification relapse due to trastuzumab resistance. Accumulating evidence indicates that breast cancer is driven by a small subset of cancer-initiating cells or breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate to regenerate the tumor cell hierarchy. Increasing data suggest that BCSCs are resistant to conventional therapy, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy, which drives distant metastasis and breast cancer relapse. In recent years, the trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer has been closely related to the prevalence of BCSCs. Here, our primary focus is to discuss the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BCSCs in the setting of trastuzumab resistance and approaches of reducing or eradicating BCSCs in HER2-positive breast cancer.