bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serebral Palsili Çocuklarda Beslenme Alışkanlıkları ve Sorunları: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma
Authors: HIZLI GÜLDEMİR Hilal , PEHLİVAN Merve
Published: January 2023

Amaç: Serebral Palsi’li (SP) çocuklarda beslenme sorunları yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenmeye neden olmanın yanı sıra günlük yaşamı ve psikososyal gelişimi de olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; özel bir kliniğe başvuran SP tanısı almış 6-14 yaş aralığındaki çocukların beslenme alışkanlıklarını değerlendirmek ve yaşadıkları beslenme sorunlarını saptamaktır.Yöntem: Çalışma, literatür taranarak hazırlanan anket formu kullanılarak 50 SP tanılı çocuk ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket formunda tanımlayıcı bilgilerin yanı sıra çocuğun beslenmesine ayrılan süre (dk), tüketilen ara öğün ve ana öğün sayısı, tüketilen su miktarı gibi beslenme alışkanlıklarına yönelik sorular yer almaktadır. Ayrıca çocuklar Kaba Motor Fonksiyon Sınıflandırma Sistemi (KMFSS)’ne göre değerlendirilmiştir. Besin tüketim sıklığı formu ile hangi besinin ne sıklıkla tüketildiği saptanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 22.0 Programı kullanılmıştır ve p değeri 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.Bulgular: Hastaların tamamına yakınının SP’ye ek bir hastalığı bulunmakta olup en sık görülen hastalık gastroözofageal reflü (%84,0) olarak saptanmıştır. Oral yoldan normal diyetle beslenen hastaların oranı %18,0; en sık görülen beslenme sorunu yutma güçlüğüdür (%76,0). Çocukların yarısına yakını haftanın 5-6 günü süt ve süt ürünleri (%50,0), yumurta (%46,0) ve sebze (%40,0) tüketmektedir. Çalışmaya katılan SP tanılı çocukların beslenme şekilleri; cinsiyet, yaş grubu ve babanın eğitim durumu ile ilişkili bulunmazken (p>0,05), annenin eğitim durumu ve kaba motor fonksiyon sınıflandırma sistemi ile aralarında anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır (p<0,05).Sonuç: Serebral palsili çocuklar beslenme yetersizliği açısından risk altında olmaları nedeniyle diyetisyeni de içeren multidisipliner bir ekip tarafından takip edilmeli, beslenme durumları izlenmeli ve aileleri bilgilendirilmelidir.
COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Toplum Sağlığına Yönelik Sosyal Medya Platformlarında Paylaşılan Egzersiz İçerikli Videoların İncelenmesi
Authors: ÇELİK Aslı , EROĞLU Havva Sümeyye , ÇETİNKAYA Levent , KESER İlke
Published: January 2023

Amaç: COVID-19 döneminde toplumu bilgilendirmek için sosyal medya platformlarında paylaşılan egzersiz içerikli videoları incelemek amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: COVID-19 pandemisinin gündeme geldiği Ocak 2020 – Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında, sosyal medya platformlarında yayınlanan videolara ulaşmak için gelişmiş arama motorunda Türkçe dilinde ulaşılabilen egzersiz içerikli videolar analiz edilmiştir. Toplam 110 adet videoya ulaşılmış, yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda videolara ulaşmak için kullanılan anahtar kelimelere uygun içerikte, belirtilen tarihler arasında ve egzersize yönelik bilgi içermesine uygunluk gösteren 33 video çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir.Bulgular: Videoların ortalama süresi 6,29±3,91 dakikadır. Videolar egzersiz (n=33, %100) ve fiziksel aktivite (n=4; %12,12) konularını içermektedir. Videoların %78,79’u bir kurum ve %21,21’i bir kişi tarafından paylaşılmıştır. İncelenen videoların %45,45’i fizyoterapist; %27,27’si beden eğitimi uzmanı; %21,21’i hekim; %3,03’ü hemşire meslek mensupları tarafından yayınlanmış ve %3,03’i mesleğini belirtmemiştir. Videonun hedef kitlesi %60,60’ında toplum; %24,24’ünde 65 yaş üstü bireyler; %12,12’sinde özel bir tanıya sahip bireyler ve %6,06’sında çocuklardır. Videolarda egzersizlerin %45,45’inde sıklık, %33,33’ünde süre; %12,12’sinde durasyon gibi parametrelerden bahsedilmiş, videoların hiçbirinde egzersiz şiddetine yönelik bilgi verilmemiştir. Videoların %48,48’inde egzersizin parametrelerinin hiçbirinden bahsedilmemiştir. Dahil edilen videoların sadece %75,76’inde egzersizler uygulamalı olarak gösterilmiş; %21,21’inde dikkat edilmesi gereken koşullar açıklanmış; %6,06’sında güvenlik tedbirlerine uyulmuştur. Video çekimlerinde %75,76’sında ortam koşullarına; %72,73’ünde forma/önlük giyimine; %66,67’sinde profesyonel çekim yapılmasına; %48,48’inde ses kalitesine ve %45,45’inde aydınlatma koşulların özen gösterildiği belirlenmiştir.Sonuç: Sosyal medya platformları kullanılarak yapılan toplum sağlığına yönelik programlar geniş kitlelere ulaşması nedeni ile büyük sorumluluk gerektiren uygulamalardır. Bu yönüyle egzersizin parametreleri, uygulama prensipleri ve hedef kitlenin özelliklerine yönelik eğitime sahip olan meslek grupları tarafından yapılması halkın doğru bir şekilde bilinçlendirilmesini sağlayacaktır.
Sık Kullanılan Bazı Hücre Hatları için Kalite Kontrol: Mikoplazma Kontaminasyon Tespiti, Sitokrom B ve Sitokrom Oksidaz Alt Birim I Genlerinin DNA Dizi Analizlerinin Gerçekleştirilmesi
Authors: KAHYA Habibe , KARADUMAN Tugce
Published: January 2023

Amaç: Laboratuvarlarda sık kullanılan serviks epitelyal karsinom (HeLa), insan periferal kan promiyelösitik lösemi (HL-60), fare C3/bağ dokusu (L929), Madin Darby köpek böbrek (MDCK), fare nöroblastom (Neuro-2a) gibi bazı hücre hatlarının mikoplazma kontaminasyon kontrollerinin yapılması, kimlik doğrulamalarının gerçekleştirilmesi ve klonalitelerinin belirlenmesidir.Yöntem: Bu çalışmada üç farklı türe ait beş hücre hattı kullanılmıştır. Çalışılan tüm hatların Bisbenzimid (Hoechst 33258) ile deoksiribonükleik asit (DNA) floresan işaretlemesi yapılarak mikoplazma kontaminasyonu kontrolleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hücre hatlarından DNA izolasyonları yapılmış, elde edilen DNA örneklerinden sitokrom B (CYTB) geninin bölgesel amplifikasyonu için L14816 ve H15173 primerleri; sitokrom oksidaz alt birim I (COI) geni için ise LCO 1490 and HCO 2198 primerleri kullanılmıştır. İlgili amplifikasyonların DNA dizi analiz sonuçları, biyoinformatik araçlar kullanılarak referans dizilerle karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmada ilgili hücrelerin, Bisbenzimid (Hoechst 33258) ile üretici firmanın protokollerine göre belirlenen konsantrasyon ve sürede yapılan boyama sonucunda mikoplazma kontaminasyonuna rastlanılmamıştır. Ayrıca CYTB gen bölgesi için veritabanında yer alan referans dizi ile yapılan karşılaştırma sonucu HL-60 için %97; "HeLa, L929, MDCK, Neuro-2a” hücre hatları için ise %98 oranında benzerlik bulunmuştur. COI gen bölgesi için ise bu benzerlik oranları “HeLa, HL-60, L929, MDCK ve Neuro-2a” hücre hatları için sırasıyla %95, %99, %96, %96 ve %98 olarak bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Bu bağlamda, çalışmadan elde edilen Bisbenzimid (Hoechst 33258) işaretleme ve DNA dizi analiz sonuçları, pek çok araştırmada kullanılan bu hücre hatlarının kalitesi konusunda kabul edilebilir bir belirteç ve güven sağlamıştır.
Acute Effect of Unilateral Muscle Training Supported with Visual Feedback on Contralateral Muscle Strength and Joint Position Sense
Authors: DENİZOĞLU KÜLLİ Hilal , ALPAY Kubra , DURGUT Elif , TEMİZEL Ayşenur
Published: January 2023

Aim: Unilateral exercise training is an effective and useful technique, especially in immobilization and neurological conditions, but the effect of unilateral muscle exercise training on muscle strength is modest. Therefore, the aim of this study is to detect the acute concomitant effect of mirror therapy and unilateral exercise training on muscle strength and joint position sense in healthy adults.Method: Thirty-one participants were randomly enrolled in two groups the mirror (n=16) and control groups (n=15). Hand grip (HG), pinch grip (PG) strengths, and joint position sense (JPS) of the wrist were assessed in both hands before and after a single exercise session which include 300 repetitive ball squeezing exercises by right (exercised) hand for all groups. The participants in the mirror group were asked to watch the mirror to see the reflection of their exercised hands, the control group only watched their exercised and unexercised hands without any visual feedback support during the exercise session. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Mixed ANOVA tests were performed to analyze in- and between-group differences.Results: The statistically significant differences were determined in unexercised hand HG and PG strength in the mirror group (F=10,105; p=0,006, ηp2=0,403; F=5,341; p=0,035; ηp2=0,263, respectively). However, any group×time interaction was found in JPS, HG, or PG tests (p<0;05). Additionally, no difference was shown in JPS in-group comparisons (p<0;05).Conclusion: The result of the study suggested that unilateral exercise training should apply concomitant with visual feedback. Further studies are needed to compare the effect of different sensory feedbacks on unilateral exercise training.
Düşük veya Yüksek Karbonhidratlı Diyetlerin Beyin, Beyin-Bağırsak Aksı ve Bilişsel İşlevler Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: ERTAL Ezgi , ÖZKAYA Volkan
Published: January 2023

İntestinal mikrobiyota sağlığın korunmasında anahtar bir rol oynamaktadır. Mikrobiyota üzerine önemli etkileri olan beslenme, beyin-bağırsak aksındaki bozuklukları hafifletmek, nöroinflamasyonu ve bilişsel bozulmayı iyileştirmek için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bağırsak bakterileri, diyetle alınan besin ögelerini kullanarak çeşitli metabolitleri (örn., kısa zincirli yağ asitleri, amino asitler, vitaminler) üretebilme yeteneğine sahiptir. Üretilen bu metabolitler, periferik sinir sistemi, enteroendokrin hücreler ve merkezi sinir sistemine sinyal gönderen immün hücreler aracılığıyla beyin fonksiyonlarını ve bilişsel davranış değişikliğini etkilemektedir. Karbonhidratlar, çoğu durumda intestinal mikrobiyota tarafından substrat olarak kullanılmakta ve fermente edilmektedir. Karbonhidratların bu etkileri kimyasal yapılarına, sindirilmeden kolona ulaşıp ulaşamamalarına ve konağın karbonhidratı enerji kaynağı olarak kullanabilme yeteneğine bağlıdır. Karbonhidratın türü ve miktarı mikrobiyota, beyin bağırsak aksı ve bilişsel işlevlerdeki etkiyi belirleyen ana faktörlerden biridir. Bu derlemede, düşük veya yüksek karbonhidrat içeren diyetlerin beyin-bağırsak aksı ve bilişsel fonksiyonlara olan etkilerinin güncel literatür verileri ışığında değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
The Effect of Herbal Product Use on BMI and HbA1c in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: YILDIRIM Gülay , RASHİDİ Mahruk
Published: January 2023

Aim: Patients with diabetes can use herbal products to better manage the disease. The aim of this study is to examine the rate of herbal product use and the effect of herbal product use on Body Mass Index (BMI) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values in patients with diabetes.Method: The descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetes outpatient clinic of a hospital in Istanbul with a total of 104 patients with diabetes. The data were collected using a data collection form, which questioned the patients' socio-demographic characteristics, disease information and herbal product use. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square, One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Mann Whitney U test in computer environment.Results: The mean age of patients with diabetes was 61,08±9,3 years, the mean BMI was 26,3±5,4kg/m², and the mean HbA1c value was 6,9%±1,8%. The BMI and HbA1c values of the patients using herbal products were lower than the patients not using herbal products (respectively; p=,002; p=,047). It was determined that the duration of herbal product use did not affect BMI and HbA1c values (p>,05).Conclusion: The use of herbal products was high in patients with diabetes. It was determined that olive leaf, cinnamon leaf, thyme juice, garlic, black sesame, blueberry, fenugreek seeds, French lavender and bitter almond were used as herbal products. Herbal product use decreased BMI and HbA1c values.
Los cuadernillos de trabajo como estrategia didáctica para la Enseñanza – Aprendizaje a distancia del inglés” (como lengua adicional)
Authors: Montero Castillo Sandra de Jesús
Published: January 2023

El presente artículo demuestra como el uso de los cuadernillos de trabajo se convierten en una herramienta importante de las estrategias docentes para la enseñanza y aprendizaje del inglés en el CECyTEC. El aumento en los índices de aprobación en este campo disciplinar muestran que esta estrategia tiene un impacto positivo al implementarse en los diferentes planteles y que esta metodología en un futuro pudiera ser implementada en otros estados. Se llega a esta conclusión a través de varios ensayos; se inicia con este proyecto en septiembre de 2020, no propiamente como cuadernillo sino como una compilación de actividades y ejercicios, mismos que no tuvieron un gran impacto en los estudiantes, ya que las oraciones, textos y ejemplos eran ajenos a su cotidianidad o realidad inmediata, se carecía de gráficos o imágenes que ayudaran a focalizar la atención del joven, así como también la ausencia de enlaces o links para que el estudiante siguiera practicando el contenido en cuestión. A partir del semestre febrero-junio 2021 se realizan todos estos “ajustes/modificaciones” resultando más atractivos en contenido y diseño.
Contextualización de la práctica docente
Authors: Pérez Marco
Published: January 2023

La contextualización de la práctica docente implica la realización directa de los procesos sistemáticos de enseñanza - aprendizaje, lo cual incluye el diagnóstico, la planificación, la ejecución y la evaluación de los mismos procesos y sus resultados, y de otras actividades educativas. Entonces la práctica docente es de carácter social, objetiva e intencional, así mismo intervienen los significados, percepciones y acciones de todos los involucrados en el proceso educativo: con los alumnos, con los docentes, con las autoridades, con padres, con el sistema, entre otros. Pero sin dejar de lado los aspectos político-institucionales, administrativos y normativos indicados en el proyecto educativo a nivel nacional, estatal o municipal. Al considerar la práctica docente como algo complejo de relaciones, se hace necesario distinguir algunas dimensiones para un mejor análisis y reflexión sobre ésta y son las siguientes: Dimensión Personal, Dimensión institucional, Dimensión interpersonal, Dimensión social, Dimensión Didáctica, Dimensión Valorar. Tomando en consideración lo anterior la contextualización de la práctica docente deberá diseñar estrategias y actividades que contemplen los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje que estén relacionadas con el contexto social; donde los estudiantes visualizasen la utilidad de lo aprendido con la vida diaria.
El impacto de la pandemia covid-19 en la biodiversidad del plantel
Authors: ALEGRÍA LAGUNAS ANASTACIO
Published: January 2023

La Biodiversidad biológica implica una gran responsabilidad para el ser humano, y somos quienes debemos cuidar para que no se pierda, pero a veces no está en nuestras manos protegerla, esto debido a que se presenta la pandemia del Covid-19 y el plantel tuvo que ser abandonado. Las plantas existentes en dicho plantel se secaron o están por perderse, así mismo como los animales silvestres de la región; actualmente estamos en semáforo verde y ya se pueden cuidar las plantas regándolas constantemente. Para el cuidado de la biodiversidad es necesario que toda la comunidad tanto del Municipio como los que estamos involucrados en el plantel CECYTEM Valle de Chalco Solidaridad unamos esfuerzos para preservar tanto a plantas como a animales, y que si se llegará a presentar un rebrote de la pandemia formar comisiones para el cuidado de dicha biodiversidad.
The role of roxadustat in chronic kidney disease patients complicated with anemia
Authors: Liu Jie , Yang Fan , Waheed Yousuf , Li Shulin , Liu Kun , Zhou Xinglei
Published: January 2023

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide and the current prevalence rate is 13.4%. There are > 120 million CKD patients in China and this number is expected to increase. One of the main abnormalities in patients with CKD and kidney impairment is decreased synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), which causes anemia and affects iron metabolism. The probability of developing is higher in anemia patients with CKD than in the general population, and the incidence increases as kidney function decreases. Deficient EPO production by the kidney is the most important cause of renal anemia. Notably, anemia in patients with CKD has multiple causes, such as bleeding caused by platelet dysfunction, iron deficiency due to digestive and absorption disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and shorter red blood cell life. Anemia is also a leading cause of hospitalization in patients with CKD. A new oral medication to treat renal anemia, the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor called roxadustat (FG-4592), regulates iron metabolism and promotes erythropoiesis. This drug has a therapeutic effect on patients with CKD. Roxadustat showed advantages over EPO in clinical experiments. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, effectiveness, and safety of roxadustat.
La artillería y los pertrechos de los galeones de la Armada de la Guarda de la Carrera de Indias, 1594-1617
Authors: Pajuelo Moreno Vicente
Published: January 2023

En 1591 se rubricó el documento que contenía las bases organizativas de la Armada de la Guarda de la Carrera de Indias, formación que realizó su primer viaje hacia América en 1594. Desde entonces hasta principios del siglo XVIII fue el convoy que transportó mayores cantidades de plata entre las colonias americanas y la metrópoli, por lo que era imprescindible que los galeones que lo integraban navegasen bien pertrechados y contasen con artillería suficiente para poder hacer frente a los posibles ataques enemigos. A partir del análisis de las Armadas que se despacharon entre 1594 y 1617, analizaremos la composición, forma y diseños de los pertrechos de artillería y las piezas de bronce que llevaban los galeones, así como la ubicación de estas últimas a bordo.
Studies of the Mechanisms of the Human Platelet Release Reaction Induced by Immunologic Stimuli
Authors: Pfueller Sharron L. , Lüscher Ernst F.
Published: January 2023

Human platelets in the presence of plasma show a biphasic response to immune complexes (IC) formed from either antigen and antibody or from aggregated immunoglobulin. Rapid release of serotonin within the 1st min is unaffected by cobra venom factor (CVF), EDTA, and agents which prevent the aggregating action of ADP, but is inhibited by complement (C) components. This release appears to be the direct interaction of platelets and IC analogous to release by washed platelets which is inhibited by C1. Aggregation follows, accompanied by a second release which requires ADP and is inhibited by CVF and EDTA. It is dependent on C, activated most probably via the classical pathway. Zymosan (Z) causes aggregation and release with the characteristics of the second phase of IC-induced release. This reaction, which occurs after an 8 to 10 minute lag phase, has an absolute requirement for C components which may be activated by the C3 shunt. Z binds the necessary components such that the resulting complex (Z-X) induces aggregation and release in a washed platelet system. Divalent metal ions and ADP are necessary for platelet response to Z-X.
Studies of the Mechanisms of the Human Platelet Release Reaction Induced by Immunologic Stimuli
Authors: Pfueller Sharron L. , Lüscher Ernst F.
Published: January 2023

Human platelets in the presence of plasma aggregate and release their granular contents when incubated with zymosan (Z), which can activate the C3 shunt. Under the same conditions other C3 shunt activators, inulin, endotoxin, and chemically aggregated immunoglobulin A had no effect on platelets. During preincubation with plasma at 37°C for 1 hr Z adsorbs plasma components such that it is active toward washed platelets. Formation of this activated Z (Z-X) was inhibited by cobra venom factor, hydrazine, heparin, EDTA (but not by EGTA), or by heating plasma at 50°C for 30 min. Combination of heat-treated and hydrazine-containing plasma restored the capacity to form Z-X. The third complement (C) component (C3) reactivated hydrazine-treated plasma. These characteristics suggest the involvement of the C3 shunt. Although an incubation temperature higher than 17°C was required for Z-X formation, factors which absorb to Z at 2°C and 17°C were also involved. Evidence was obtained that the 2°C factor was an immunoglobulin G (IgG) which, alone combined with Z, could cause an additional release reaction by the C independent mechanism. Z preincubated with serum had no effect on platelets although it activated C. Fibrinogen restored the ability of serum to form Z-X. The reaction of platelets with Z is discussed as a multi-site reaction involving IgG, C components and fibrinogen.
Fractionation of Sera from Operationally Tolerant Rats by DEAE Cellulose Chromatography; Evidence that Serum Blocking Factors Are Associated with IgG
Authors: Wright P. W. , Hargreaves R. E. , Bernstein I. D. , Hellström I.
Published: January 2023

The sera of mice and rats which are operationally tolerant to allografts of skin commonly contain factor(s) which specifically inhibit (or block) the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes sensitized to the histocompatibility antigens of the strain of the graft donor (1, 2). This finding, and the observation that the serum-blocking factors are usually promptly lost in animals in which tolerance has been intentionally terminated by the inoculation of syngeneic lymphoid cells, have suggested that these factors may be of primary importance in the maintenance of the tolerant state (3).

Relatively little is known about the nature of serum-blocking factors and their mechanism of action. A recent study has shown that blocking activity can be selectively removed from tolerant serum by absorption with allogeneic cells and subsequently eluted from the absorbing cells at low pH.
A Micro-Technique for Hemolytic Plaque Assays
Authors: Kappler John W.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for performing hemolytic plaque assays in microculture plates. The technique may be applied to assay in situ the antibody responses of cells cultured in these plates, or to assay the responses of cells obtained from other sources. The advantage of this method is that in comparison to conventional assays it is more economical both in terms of time and cost.

Materials and Methods. Mice. BDF1 mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine. They were used at 8 to 12 weeks of age.

Antigens. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC)2 were obtained from the Colorado Serum Co., Denver, Colo. Burro (BRBC) were obtained from Davis Laboratories, Davis, Calif.

Cultures. Spleen cells were cultured by the methods of Mishell and Dutton (1) with either 35-mm Falcon disposable cultures dishes containing 106 to 107 cells in 1 ml of culture medium, or Falcon Microtest II culture plates containing 105 to 106 cells in 0.1 ml of culture medium.
Similarities of the Light Chains and the Variable Regions of the Heavy Chains of the IgG2 λ and IgA1 λ Myeloma Proteins from a Single Patient
Authors: Wolfenstein-Todel Carlota , Franklin Edward C. , Rudders Richard A.
Published: January 2023

High concentrations of an IgA1 and IgG2 myeloma proteins were found in the serum of a single individual. Both light chains were of λ type, had similar amino acid compositions, and could not be distinguished by peptide mapping. Their N-terminal amino acid sequences were identical for the first 30 residues and typical of the V λ III subclass. The heavy chains had the same N-terminal pentapeptide and a comparison of their peptide maps showed the existence of several peptides common to both heavy chains, suggesting similarity of their variable regions. These results, taken together with the previous demonstration of both γ and α chains in the same plasma cell, support the conclusion that during plasma cell differentiation a “switch” may occur which alters the expression of the CH gene although the expression of the VL, CL, and VH genes remains unchanged.
Studies on the Induction and Expression of T Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Bonavida Benjamin
Published: January 2023

Serologically defined transplantation antigens from H-2b cells impaired the ability of immune BALB/c (H-2d) thymus-derived (T) cells to mediate cytolysis of 51Cr-EL-4 cells. The blocking antigens were obtained from either C57BL/6 spleens or EL-4 cells (both H-2b) by solubilization with 3 M KCl and by homogenization techniques. The blocking activity was specific and was not observed with immunologically unrelated histocompatibility antigens. Several characteristics of the blocking phenomenon were studied and revealed the following: 1) The blocking activity persisted if the immune cells were first exposed to the antigens and washed before admixing with the labeled target cells but was absent when the target cells were pretreated with the antigens. 2) Both spleens and educated T cells (from hydrocortisone-resistant thymocytes of BALB/c mice sensitized against H-2b cells) were inhibited by the transplantation antigens. These results established that antigen alone can block cell-mediated cytolysis at the effector level and rule out blocking by potential complexes formed by the antigen and de novo synthesized antibodies. 3) Blocking of cytolysis was dependent on the concentration of the antigen used for inhibition. 4) Membrane preparations were more inhibitory than equivalent concentration of soluble antigen. 5) Blocking was dependent on the length of the cytotoxic assay; more inhibition was observed in a 90-min assay than after 180 min of incubation. All of these findings indicate that specifically activated T lymphocytes have receptors for soluble alloantigens and T antigen interaction inhibits cytolysis of the corresponding target cells.
Antibody Structure: Amino Terminal Sequences of Nurse Shark Light and Heavy Chains
Authors: Sledge Carlos , Clem L. William , Hood Leroy
Published: January 2023

The amino terminal 28 residues of light (L) and heavy (H) chains from nurse shark antibody of restricted heterogeneity to streptococcal group A variant carbohydrate are presented. The variable (V) regions of the nurse shark appear to be more closely related to mammalian κ than to mammalian λ chains. The V regions of nurse shark H chains (VH regions) are more closely related to VH regions of mammals than to their own VL regions, suggesting that VL and VH genes had diverged before the divergence of the elasmobranch and mammalian evolutionary lines approximately 400 million years ago. The V regions of the nurse shark are approximately as divergent from mammalian V regions as the V regions of differing subgroups within a species are from one another.
Bone Marrow T Cells
Authors: Claman Henry N.
Published: January 2023

Mouse bone marrow (BM) contains cells capable of responding in vitro to the T cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). These responses are less vigorous than those of spleen cells. The optimal mitogen concentrations for BM cells are different from those for spleen cells; BM cells require twice as much PHA and Con A. In terms of the relative responses to these mitogens, the mean PHA/Con A ratio for adult BM is reversed as compared with spleen; in spleen it is 0.42 whereas in BM it is 1.3. This dichotomy is even clearer in newborn (6- to 8-day-old) mice. Newborn spleen cells respond poorly to PHA and relatively well to Con A. On the contrary, newborn BM cells respond almost as well to PHA as do adult BM cells but they do not respond to Con A. These findings suggest a significant difference between BM cells and spleen cells which respond to T cell mitogens.
The acquisition of receptors for peanut agglutinin by peanut agglutinin-negative thymocytes and peripheral T cells.
Authors: Schrader J W , Chen W F , Scollay R
Published: January 2023

Using fluorescein-conjugated peanut agglutinin (PNA) and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, we have shown that the cytotoxic T cells generated by culturing thymocytes (about 85% PNA+ cells) with Con A and medium conditioned by Con A-stimulated spleen cells were mostly PNA+. Cytotoxic T cells generated in parallel cultured of PNA- thymocytes or normal lymph node cells (in which the T cells are PNA-), however, were also mostly PNA+. The development of PNA+ cells from PNA- mature peripheral T cells was confirmed by using cultures of PNA- T cells separated on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter from lymph node cells. Immunization in vivo also resulted in the appearance of PNA+ T cells in the lymph node. These results indicate that receptors for PNA can no longer be regarded as unambiguous markers of T cell immaturity, or of the origin of a T cell from a PNA+ precursor. The possibility that a variable proportion of the PNA+ cells in the thymus may be generated by intrathymic activation of PNA- medullary thymocytes is discussed.
Comparison of the Fc receptors for IgE on human lymphocytes and monocytes.
Authors: Melewicz F M , Plummer J M , Spiegelberg H L
Published: January 2023

Fc receptors for IgE (Fc epsilon R) on human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes and cultured lymphoblastoid and macrophage-like cell lines were compared with respect to: 1) binding affinity for radiolabeled IgE, 2) inhibition of IgE-specific rosette formation and inhibition of binding of radiolabeled IgE by an antiserum raised against Fc epsilon R isolated from a lymphoblastoid cell line, and 3) m.w. of radiolabeled cell surface proteins precipitated with the anti-Fc epsilon R serum. Scatchard analysis of 125I-IgE binding to lymphocytes, monocytes, and their corresponding cell lines showed biphasic binding curves with all cell types, from which 2 binding affinities were calculated to be KA = 6.2 +/- 1.1 and 2.0 +/- 0.5 x 10(7) M-1. The anti-Fc epsilon R serum inhibited both IgE rosette formation and binding of radiolabeled IgE by lymphocytes and monocytes but did not inhibit IgE rosettes formed by basophils. The inhibitory activity of the anti-Fc epsilon R serum could be absorbed with Fc epsilon R(+) but not with Fc epsilon R(-) cell lines. The anti-Fc epsilon R serum precipitated 2 peptides having m.w. of approximately 47,000 and 23,000 daltons from lysates of both cell surface-labeled lymphocyte and macrophage cell lines. These data indicate that Fc epsilon R on normal lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as on cultured lymphoblastoid and macrophage-like cells, are related structurally, since they share antigenic determinants, bind IgE with a similar affinity, and have similar m.w. However, they differ in all 3 parameters from Fc epsilon R on basophilic granulocytes.
kappa-Chain restriction in anti-galactan antibodies.
Authors: Pawlita M , Potter M , Rudikoff S
Published: January 2023

Complete kappa-chain variable region sequences were determined for 10 light chains from anti-beta-(1,6)-D-galactan-binding monoclonal antibodies. Eight of these light chains were from IgM and two from IgG proteins. Seven of the eight IgM light chains were identical from position 1 to 95, the region encoded by the light chain variable region gene. The eighth differed at a single framework position. The two IgG light chains were identical in sequence and differed from the IgM light chains at two framework positions. All 10 light chains have an lle at position 96, as has been previously reported in 5 of 6 anti-galactan myeloma proteins. This residue is the first amino acid normally encoded by the light chain J gene. None of the germ line J genes encodes an lle at position 96, and furthermore the lle codon cannot be generated by alterations in the frame of recombination between the codon for amino acid 95 and J gene codons. These light chains are thus the product of an unusual and reproducible recombination event that appears to employ an extra codon at the 3' end of the variable region gene. Three different J segments are potentially used in these light chains J1 or J2 was found in three chains and J5 in seven.
The alloantibody response in the allogeneically pregnant rat. II. Primary pregnancy-induced anti-RT1Aa alloantibodies are not as cross-reactive as secondary pregnancy-induced or conventionally raised alloantibodies.
Authors: Smith R N , Margolias R T , Sternlicht M
Published: January 2023

We compared the cross-reactive pattern of alloantibodies from conventional anti-DA alloimmunizations with anti-RT1Aa alloantibodies brought about by secondary and primary pregnancy-induced alloimmunizations caused by pregnancies by DA males. As expected, conventional alloimmunization produces alloantibodies that are cross-reactive; secondary pregnancy-induced anti-RT1Aa alloantibodies induced by pregnancies by DA males in females previously immunized against DA were as cross-reactive as conventionally raised antibodies. But primary pregnancy-induced anti-RI1Aa alloantibodies brought about by DA pregnancies in unimmunized females were not as cross-reactive as alloantibodies from conventional or secondary pregnancy-induced alloimmunizations. The cross-reactive pattern of the alloantibodies from primary pregnancy-induced alloimmunizations was distinctive for each of the three responding strains, but the cross-reactive pattern observed for a particular strain was not uniformly seen in all the responding females of that strain. One such pattern between two congenic strains defines an Ir gene between two RT1 phenotypes that are known to be high responders to RT1Aa.
Purification and biologic characterization of a major Epstein Barr virus-induced membrane glycoprotein.
Authors: Qualtiere L F , Chase R , Pearson G R
Published: January 2023

The Epstein Barr virus membrane antigen (MA) complex is composed of three major high m.w. glycoproteins designated gp 300/350, gp 200/250, and gp 85/90. In the experiments reported in this paper, the gp 300/350 glycoprotein was purified from MA-positive extracts prepared from the B-95-8 cell line. This was accomplished by tandem combination of ion-exchange and lectin chromatography. It was routinely possible to purify this glycoprotein 400- 600-fold by this procedure. Sera from animals immunized with gp 300/350 purified by this approach neutralized EBV infectivity and mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) demonstrating that both of these important antigenic determinants were expressed on this glycoprotein. The presence of an ADCC determinant on this molecule was further substantiated by the finding that monoclonal antibody to gp 300/350 blocked ADCC mediated by a human ADCC antibody-positive reference serum.
Role of interferon in natural kill of HSV-1-infected fibroblasts.
Authors: Fitzgerald P A , von Wussow P , Lopez C
Published: January 2023

The production of interferon during natural killer (NK) assays against HSV-1-infected fibroblasts (NK(HSV-1)) was studied to determine whether this interferon was responsible for inducing the preferential lysis of herpes-virus-infected target cells over uninfected target cells. The interferon produced during NK(HSV-1) assays was analyzed and found to have the properties of HU-IFN-alpha. Little or no IFN was produced during NK assays against uninfected fibroblasts (NK(FS)) or K562 (NK(K562)) cells. Although the appearance of interferon in the culture supernatants seemed to parallel the development of cytotoxicity during NK(HSV-1) assays, the levels of cytotoxicity and IFN generated did not correlate, arguing against a strict quantitative dependence of cytotoxicity upon IFN production. NK(K562) and NK(FS) cytotoxicity developed with little or no production of IFN. When IFN-pretreated effector cells were used, there was still a preferential lysis of infected over uninfected target cells. This preferential lysis by IFN-treated effector cells of infected over uninfected targets was seen as early as 2 hr into the assay. Anti-IFN antibodies added to the NK assays, although neutralizing all the IFN produced during the assays, had no effect on NK(FS) or NK(K562) cytotoxic activity and caused a slightly reduction of NK(HSV-1) activity only in one of three experiments. We conclude that although IFN is generated during NK(HSV-1) assays, this IFN cannot solely account for the increased lysis of infected over uninfected cells and that NK(HSV-1) activity is in some other way dependent on the virus infection.
Antitumor activity and hydrogen peroxide release by macrophages elicited by trehalose diesters.
Authors: Lepoivre M , Tenu J P , Lemaire G , Petit J F
Published: January 2023

Trehalose diesters (natural 6,6'-trehalose dimycolate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis or synthetic (a 76 carbon atom analogue)), when suspended in water, give stable and well-defined emulsions. These emulsions, injected i.p. in mice significantly limit the growth of P815 syngeneic mastocytoma cells. They elicit macrophages with a cytostatic activity against P815 cells in vitro, strong enough to be expressed at low effector to target ratios (E/T = 1.4) or after a short coincubation period (2 hr). The antitumor potential of these macrophages seems to coincide with their ability to release H2O2 upon pharmacologic triggering. Depressed levels of alkaline phosphodiesterase and beta-galactosidase are proposed as other biochemical markers of cytostatic macrophages.
Thymic epithelium is programmed to induce preleukemic changes in retrovirus expression and thymocyte differentiation in leukemia susceptible mice: studies on bone marrow and thymic chimeras.
Authors: Zielinski C C , Waksal S D , Datta S K
Published: January 2023

In the leukemia-prone AKR thymus, ecotropic and xenotropic-related viruses are expressed that generate leukemogenic recombinant viruses before the onset of leukemia. We have shown previously that (AKR X NZB)F1 hybrid mice do not develop leukemia because they severely restrict the expression of these retroviruses in their thymuses. The thymic microenvironment of the (AKR X NZB)F1 mice appeared to be of particular importance in determining this restriction, which was specified by an NZB-derived genetic influence. In the present study we analyze reciprocal thymus graft and irradiation bone marrow chimeras to establish that this influence is exerted by thymic reticuloepithelial cells. Prospective studies with thymic epithelial grafts from young mice show that the AKR thymic epithelium can simultaneously induce the amplified expression of retroviral genes, and changes in patterns of thymocyte differentiation that precede the development of leukemia, whereas the (AKR X NZB)F1 thymic epithelium is deficient in this regard.
Alloantigen presentation by B cells: two types of alloreactive T cell hybridomas, B cell-reactive and B cell-nonreactive.
Authors: Minami M , Kawasaki H , Taira S , Nariuchi H
Published: January 2023

T cell-depleted, Sephadex G-10-passed unstimulated splenic B cells from C57BL/6 mice stimulated splenic T cells from CKB mice to produce IL 2 and to proliferate. The stimulatory ability of the unstimulated B cells was eliminated by 4000 rad irradiation of the unstimulated stimulator B cells. LPS-activated B cells could stimulate responder T cells more efficiently than unstimulated B cells. For further analysis of allostimulation by B cells, we established a series of alloreactive T cell hybridomas. Forty-five percent of these alloreactive T cell hybridomas could be stimulated to produce IL 2 by either macrophage-dendritic cells or unstimulated B cells. Fifty-five percent of these alloreactive T cell hybridomas could be stimulated by macrophage-dendritic cells but not by unstimulated B cells. T cell hybridomas that were not reactive with unstimulated B cells were also nonreactive to LPS-activated B cells. Analysis of two representative I-Ab-reactive T cell hybridoma clones, B cell-reactive clone CB-11.4 and B cell-nonreactive clone HTB-9.3, revealed again that the stimulatory ability of unstimulated B cells was sensitive to 4000 rad irradiation in the activation of CB-11.4 clone and that CB-11.4 could be stimulated more efficiently by LPS-activated B cells than by unstimulated B cells, but HTB-9.3 could not be stimulated by LPS-activated B cells. Thus, there may be two distinct types of T cells in the alloreaction: B-cell-reactive and B cell-nonreactive.
Analysis of the monocyte Fc receptors and antibody-mediated cellular interactions required for the induction of T cell proliferation by anti-T3 antibodies.
Authors: Clement L T , Tilden A B , Dunlap N E
Published: January 2023

The induction of human T cell proliferation by antibodies that cross-link T3 antigens is dependent on functional interactions of anti-T3 antibodies with monocyte Fc receptors. In this report, we used a panel of anti-T3 antibodies of differing heavy chain isotype and a variety of other monoclonal antibodies to analyze several features of the antibody-mediated interactions between T cells and monocytes that are required for mitogenesis. Whereas three IgG2a anti-T3 antibodies were mitogenic for cells from all individuals, IgM and IgG2b anti-T3 antibodies did not induce T cell proliferation in any donor and could block the proliferative responses induced by other mitogenic anti-T3 antibodies. Dose-response analyses with four IgG1 anti-T3 antibodies demonstrated donor heterogeneity as reported by other investigators. However, in contrast to these previous reports, high concentrations of IgG1 anti-T3 antibodies were found to be mitogenic for all donors, indicating that this heterogeneity is based on relative rather than absolute defects in low responder monocytes. Cell mixing experiments in which monocytes from two different low responder donors were co-cultured with T cells and IgG1 anti-T3 antibodies did not identify any complementary defects, suggesting that the low responder phenotype results from a relatively restricted polymorphism. To assess the nature of the signals required for inducing T cell proliferation, nonmitogenic anti-T3 antibodies were co-cultured with other pan-T cell antibodies having the IgG2a isotype. The combination of signals from T3 antigen cross-linkage and those independently generated by other IgG2a antibodies bound to monocyte Fc receptors did not induce T cell proliferation. Hence, it appears that the T3 antigen or closely associated structures must be clustered at the monocyte membrane for mitogenesis. Finally, in competitive inhibition experiments, the isotype specificity of monocyte Fc receptors involved in the induction of T cell proliferation was examined. Two distinct Fc receptor sites, one that binds murine IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies and a second that binds murine IgG1 antibodies, were identified. Murine IgM or IgG2b did not appear to bind either of these receptor sites. Taken together, these data indicate that human monocytes have two distinct Fc receptor sites, which must specifically and directly interact with T cell-bound anti-T3 antibodies for mitogenesis.
Developmental abnormalities of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase positive bone marrow cells and thymocytes in New Zealand mice: effects of prostaglandin E1.
Authors: Whittum J , Goldschneider I , Greiner D , Zurier R
Published: January 2023

The enzyme TdT was used as a marker with which to study the ontogeny of primitive lymphopoietic cells in NZ strain mice. A marked accumulation of abnormally large, rapidly proliferating TdT+ cells was seen in the subcapsular region of the thymus cortex in the NZB and NZB/W mice. This abnormal accumulation of TdT+ thymocytes was most pronounced in the NZB/W hybrid and persisted for at least the first 16 wk of life. In addition, significantly elevated percentages of TdT+ bone marrow cells (presumptive prothymocytes) were present in NZB, NZW, and NZB/W mice between 1 and 4 wk of age, with the highest mean peak levels occurring in the NZB strain. Treatment of both normal and adrenalectomized BALB/c and NZB/W mice with pharmacologic doses (7 to 10 mg/kg) of PGE1 caused a marked, dose-dependent decrease in thymus weight and thymus cell number within 12 to 18 hr. Histologic and cell separation studies showed that this was due to the selective depletion of PNA+ TdT+ cortical thymocytes. Similarly, PGE1 caused a reversible, dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of TdT+ bone marrow cells. In contrast, PGF2 alpha, which is not therapeutically active against autoimmunity in NZB/W mice, had no detectable effect on TdT+ bone marrow cells or thymocytes in BALB/c or NZB/W mice. These results directly document the existence of abnormalities in the development of lymphopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow and thymus cortex of NZ strain mice prior to the onset of autoimmune phenomena. The results also raise the possibility that the therapeutic efficacy of exogenous PGE1 in autoimmune NZ strain mice may be related, at least in part, to its ability to rectify the abnormal development of these early lymphoid cells.
Characterization of monoclonal anti-fluorescein antibodies from autoimmune New Zealand mice.
Authors: Ballard D W , Bates R M , Voss E W
Published: January 2023

Previous studies of murine IgM hybridoma protein 18-2-3, derived from an (NZB/NZW)F1 secondary response to fluorescein (FL) presented on T-dependent carrier, demonstrated a high binding affinity for FL (KA = 2.9 X 10(10) M-1) and cryoprecipitation, which could be abrogated upon FL binding. Based on these unusual properties and their possible association with defective immune regulation in lupus-prone mice, further studies were carried out to evaluate the basis of 18-2-3 cryoprecipitation, expression of characteristics related to the 18-2-3 clonotype, and structure/function aspects of additional homogeneous IgM and IgG antibodies of similar origin and specificity. Solubility experiments in which the effect of ionic strength on macroscopic aggregation was measured indicated that 18-2-3 intrinsically possessed both cryoglobulin and euglobulin properties in the absence of auxiliary gamma-globulin components. Rates of hapten fluorescence quenching by 18-2-3 were limited by factors other than diffusion and were dependent on solution temperature and ionic strength. Thirty-seven additional IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies were shown to possess normal low-temperature solubility and hapten fluorescence-quenching properties, suggesting that 18-2-3 was derived from a relatively rare B cell progenitor. Collective results from FL binding and spectrotype analyses indicated that the majority of proteins were diverse with respect to variable region structure and binding mechanisms but unusually restricted in binding affinities (KA less than 5 X 10(6) M-1). Relative subclass frequencies for 30 monoclonal IgG proteins (IgG1 greater than IgG2b greater than IgG2a greater than IgG3) were consistent with polyclonal IgG subclass expression in normal mice in response to T-dependent immunogen.
Anti-IgE autoantibody in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Authors: Nawata Y , Koike T , Hosokawa H , Tomioka H , Yoshida S
Published: January 2023

The anti-IgE autoantibody in the IgG class was detected in 39/45 (86.7%) patients with atopic dermatitis by using a newly established solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The epsilon-chain specificity of the anti-IgE autoantibody was confirmed by competitive inhibition by using human IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, and heat-denatured IgE protein. Significant correlations were observed between the levels of the anti-IgE autoantibody and the serum IgE. Gel filtration studies indicated that the anti-IgE autoantibody in sera from atopic dermatitis was mainly present in the form of an immune complex with self IgE. The role of the IgE-anti-IgE immune complex and the role of the anti-IgE autoantibody in the modulation of the IgE-mediated immune system in atopic dermatitis are discussed.