bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographer Reporting: Discussion and Australian workplace trial
Authors: Cook Aiden P. , Oliver Tanya , Ramsay Lester
Published: October 2013

This paper reports an investigation into the accuracy and effectiveness of two (2) senior Australian radiographers in the reporting of appendicular musculo‐skeletal radiographs in the adult trauma situation. and discusses the international debate on radiographer role extension into plain film reporting.

The study of 540 patients referred to a large metropolitan emergency imaging department demonstrated high rates of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity = 98.00% specificity = 99.11%) in the assessment of appendicular musculo‐skeletal radiographs. 294 out of 300 positive examinations were identified correctly (FPR=0.88%) as were 225 out of 227 negative or normal examinations (FNR=2.00%). A discussion on relevant statistical measures and their definitions is outlined. In the study radiologist reports are used as the comparative gold standard.

The findings demonstrate an ability of clinically experienced radiographers to accurately and effectively provide diagnostic opinions on musculoskeletal radiographs. A formalised approach to radiographer reporting can be justified and a formal program to train appropriately experienced radiographers is recommended.
Patient positioning and treatment instructions used during radiation therapy of the prostate: results of an Australian and New Zealand survey
Authors: Knight Kellie
Published: October 2013

National standards for patient positioning and treatment instructions for radiation therapy of prostate cancer are non‐existent. To maximise daily reproducibility of the patient's position, immobilisation and stabilisation devices are often used. To minimise prostate motion, patients may be given instructions to regulate rectal and bladder volumes. However, the use of these patient positioning devices and the provision of patient treatment instructions vary between radiation therapy centres. In May 2003 a survey was sent to all radiation therapy chiefs throughout Australia and New Zealand requesting information regarding the treatment of prostate cancer patients. This comprehensive review of current practices clearly demonstrates differences between centres on the use of patient instructions to regulate rectal and bladder contents, however, stabilisation and immobilisation methods proved to be more consistent. The results will be discussed in light of the current international literature regarding patient positioning and patient treatment instructions used during radiation therapy of the prostate. This review has identified limited areas of consensus, and highlighted the need to develop common protocols and benchmarking of standards in order to improve treatment delivery.
Needs of cancer patients treated in rural and urban cancer departments
Authors: Mercuri Angelina , Kallady Susannah
Published: October 2013

Literature indicates that cancer patients experience high levels of unmet needs, particularly in relation to health information, psychological requirements and physical and daily living needs. It suggests that the needs of patients living in rural areas are likely to be higher than those of urban patients due to geographical factors and health service accessibility issues. This paper will explore the needs of cancer patients with particular focus on the impact of location (rural vs. urban), present the basis of these needs and identify strategies that address the needs expressed, by reviewing current literature.
A review of the benefits and rationale of viewing liver window settings for abdominal computed tomography scans
Authors: Dang Tan , Mandarano Giovanni
Published: October 2013

There have been many different opinions over the efficacy of routinely incorporating liver window settings in abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans. As a result, different clinical centres have varying protocols for incorporating liver‐windows for abdominal CT scans. This investigation aims to explore and determine whether various clinical centres throughout Victoria use liver‐window settings selectively or routinely and their justification for doing so. An additional purpose is also to assess the benefits and rationale of liver‐window settings in supplementing routine soft‐tissue‐windows for abdominal CT examinations by reviewing evidenced‐based studies.

Surveys were sent out to CT supervisors at various clinical centres, including private and public institutions. This achieved an overall response rate of 74 per cent. Results indicate that the majority of clinical centres throughout Victoria routinely incorporate liver‐window settings for all abdominal CT examinations. Forty four per cent (11/25) of respondents stated that they utilise liver‐window settings selectively for abdominal CT examinations. Most of these respondents (7/11 = 63 per cent) believed that soft‐tissue‐window settings alone are adequate to demonstrate hepatic lesions; particularly if intravenous contrast media is used and the liver is captured in the arterial, venous and/or delayed phases.

The benefits and rationale of incorporating liver‐window settings for all abdominal computed tomography scans has been questioned by two well noted studies in the United States. These evidence‐based studies suggest that such additional settings do not offer further advantages in detecting hepatic disease, when compared to soft‐tissue‐windows alone.

Review of the available literature provides additional evidence suggesting that the routine use of liver‐window settings in conjunction with soft‐tissue‐windows offers no further advantages in the detection of hepatic diseases. This investigation found, however, that the majority of respondents are currently recording liver‐windows routinely for all abdominal CT scans. This is performed even though many of these respondents agreed with established literature that liver‐windows should be reserved for patients with high clinical suspicion of hepatic disease, or when a lesion is detected on the standard soft‐tissue‐window.
Myth busting — in the world of x‐rays
Authors: Piotto Lino , Gent Roger , Bibbo Giovanni
Published: October 2013

Have you seen the television show ‘MythBusters’? It was decided to carry out a radiographic version of ‘MythBusters’. The study involved the investigation of the urban myth about a female radiographer who accidentally x‐rayed her hand, only to discover that her diamond engagement ring was a fake. To prove or disprove the legend, a number of natural diamonds and cubic zirconia crystals were radiographed. Sure enough, there was a definite and consistent difference between the resultant images. The study confirmed part of the myth that radiography can differentiate between a diamond and a cubic zirconia fake diamond.
An investigation into the perceptions of radiographers in the Greater Sydney metropolitan area on performing intravenous contrast media administration
Authors: Toh Valerie , Reed Warren , Robinson John
Published: October 2013

Aim: To investigate the perceptions of radiographers in the Greater Sydney metropolitan area concerning the performance of intravenous contrast media injections by radiographers. Methods: 90 radiographers (corresponds to a 40.9% return) from five randomly selected private radiology practices and five randomly selected public hospitals within the Greater Sydney metropolitan area were surveyed. The survey was structured such that each section of the survey related to a specific objective of the study. This study focuses on training, departmental workflow and medico‐legal issues. Results: Radiographers from private practices were more in favour of performing intravenous contrast media administration, although the majority of the radiographers surveyed felt that it should be performed as part of their normal duties. They felt that it would greatly aid department workflow and patient throughput. However, there were concerns about the medico‐legal implications of this added responsibility. Conclusions: Most respondents were in favour of radiographers performing contrast media injections. Standardised and accredited training, including education on the medico‐legal coverage available to them, may be needed to allay their concerns and adequately prepare them to take on this extended role.
The current status of radiographers as screen readers in breast screening units: applications for Australia
Authors: Thompson WM , Pollard K
Published: October 2013

In the United Kingdom's National Health Service BreastScreen Program, three‐quarters of their screening units have radiographers as one of the two independent screen readers. This has been the case since the early 1990s. Multiple studies confirm the capabilities of radiographers as screen readers and the positive outcomes for the stakeholders. This is not the current practice in BreastScreen Australia, despite the chronic and increasing shortage of radiologists in general and in particular radiologists willing to be accredited in BreastScreen. This discrepancy in practice led to a qualitative investigation of the perceptions of radiographers, radiologists and directors involved in BreastScreen Australia and eligible users of the service, regarding the role of radiographers as screen readers. The perceptions of these Australian stakeholders were collected via interviews and personal correspondence. Thematic analysis was conducted on the data and then triangulated with a thematic analysis of the literature. This research demonstrated positive perceptions towards radiographers as screen readers for BreastScreen Australia by the Australian stakeholders. This was supported and reinforced by the literature review, in particular, the UK experience of radiographers as screen readers. Therefore, given the advantages of radiographer role extension and increased career opportunities, in conjunction with the increasing workload of the Australian radiologist, it would seem prudent to commence planning for the introduction of non‐radiology screen readers in to BreastScreen Australia. This paper provides an initial basis from which to commence discussion and planning by all the Stakeholders.
A 3D conformal radiation therapy class solution for dose escalated prostate irradiation
Authors: Runham Joshua , McDowall William , Bryant Daniel , Martin Jarad
Published: October 2013

Prostate cancer is a dose responsive neoplasm i.e. the higher the dose of radiation administered, the more likely it is to attain local tumour control. However, high doses without careful conformal treatment planning leads to increased complication rates. This study aims to determine the ideal dosimetric and clinically relevant 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) plan for 78 Gy dose escalated prostate treatment.

A pilot study was performed on two patients using computed tomography (CT) images previously acquired to plan their treatment. The planning target volume in one patient encompasses the prostate only (PO) while the other had the prostate and seminal vesicles (PSV) contoured. Three senior radiation therapists and a radiation oncologist evaluated 10 optimised plans and recommended the top three techniques for further investigation. The top three techniques, 5‐field (0, 90, 120, 240, 270 gantry angles), 6‐field (30, 90, 120, 240, 270, 330 gantry angles) and 8‐field (30, 60, 100, 135, 225, 260, 295, 330 gantry angles) were further applied to previously acquired CT images of another three patients, each contoured according to a standardised protocol. The median dose volume histograms (DVH) of the organs at risk (OAR) from five patients were compared to determine the best plan.

The 6‐field technique is the best option for dose escalated prostate irradiation. The 8‐field technique produced the highest rectal dose while the 5 and 6‐field techniques showed little variation (P = 0.239). The 6‐field technique produced a plan with significantly less dose to the femoral head and neck compared to the 5‐field technique (P = 0.001).
What effect does treating cancer patients have on radiation therapy students' identity development?
Authors: Dungey G M
Published: October 2013

The aim of this research was to determine what effect treating cancer patients has on the ability of radiation therapy students to develop their own identity. It is important that radiation therapists have a sense of self so they can enter fully into relationships with patients and other health professionals, and develop sound coping mechanisms to face the challenges of the clinical environment. This research was conducted utilising a qualitative case study approach, with a class of 30 Year Two young adult radiation therapy students. Twenty‐one of the 30 students completed an open‐ended questionnaire. The research findings show that this cohort of radiation therapy students is developing a new set of values, beliefs and goals, partially as a result of their interactions with cancer patients. Four main themes were identified: concern for family and friends, emotional aspects of treating cancer patients, the feeling of a sense of pride in their profession and a development of a greater awareness of themselves as individuals. Using the criteria of identity developed by James Marcia, some students expressed a strong sense of who they are as an individual with a sense of identity. However, for others, the clinical experience has caused them to actively struggle for a sense of who they are as a person as they searched for ways to cope. This research suggests that strategies such as counselling, supervision or mentorship could be useful for radiation therapy students so they can explore their feelings and be able to implement appropriate coping mechanisms.
Image and isocentre management in the paperless age: an automated decision making model
Authors: Middleton Mark , Hughes Amber , Sisson Toni , Frantzis Jim , Martin Jarad
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The introduction of sophisticated imaging and image analysis tools into daily radiotherapy has made it feasible to undertake image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) on a daily basis. The aim of this paper is to outline that the introduction of a paperless automated decision making model to assess systematic trends in field placement can enhance the efficiency of a treating radiotherapy team. Methods: Automated custom reports were written using Infomaker (Sybase, Dublin, California, USA) to integrate with the ARIA (Varian, Palo Alto, California, USA) patient information system. This allowed automated systematic trend identification in treatment field set‐up. The efficiency and accuracy of an automated approach was then compared to manual field placement analysis and a statistical model (Newcastle model). Results: The automated decision making model has been shown to reduce the amount of time taken to analyse images and systematic trend analysis, when compared to manual methods, significantly (P < 0.001). In addition to the enhanced efficiency there is no trade off in accuracy with the automated decision making model. Discussion: An automated approach to trend analysis allows the treating radiotherapy team to manage field placement in a highly efficient manner, which is paramount in the era of increased image data. A paperless approach to image analysis and field placement trend analysis places the responsibility of accurate field placement on the radiation therapist and represents a vital link in the management of an IGRT protocol. Conclusion: In the era of IGRT with increased imaging data, efficient methods must be found to analyse and manage systematic trends. An automated decision making model represents an increase in efficiency with no trade off in accuracy.
Evidence based practice: an introduction and application for radiation therapy practice
Authors: Howson D , Scutter S , Hillier S
Published: October 2013

Radiation therapists, as professionals, need to maintain personal knowledge and inform organisational best practice according to latest international research. Evidence based practice is well established in health care and has a defined methodological process for locating, appraising and applying the best available evidence to clinical practice. Conducting a comprehensive search of published research to find the best evidence requires the appropriate skills and resources, including time. Radiation therapists in clinical practice may be limited in one or more of these areas. Systematic reviews and evidence based clinical practice guidelines provide systematically developed recommendations for clinical practice and further research. Radiation therapists can retrieve this higher level evidence even with limited access to resources. This paper provides some practical tips for applying evidence based practice in radiation therapy.
Can intensity modulated radiation therapy reduce cardiac dose in left‐sided breast patients?
Authors: Abeyaratne D
Published: October 2013

Purpose: In recent years interest has grown in the investigation and clinical application of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for adjuvant treatment of early stage breast cancer. A review of the current literature was conducted to establish if IMRT can reduce doses delivered to the heart and potentially minimise the likelihood of cardiac toxicities for early stage left‐sided breast cancer patients. Methods: A literature review was undertaken to identify recent studies (1999–2009) that compared IMRT with three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT) techniques for left‐sided breast patients. Results: Based on the five reviewed articles, IMRT reduces the cardiac volume treated to high doses; however this is at the expense of an increase in the volume treated to low/intermediate doses. The maximum dose to the coronary arteries and left ventricle can be reduced with IMRT. Using radiobiological modelling some studies found a reduced risk of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for cardiac mortality with IMRT. Conclusion: The evidence provided in this review encourages the use of IMRT approaches in the treatment of early stage left‐sided breast cancer in order to minimise morbidity specifically to cardiac tissue. However, in order to ensure optimal use of resources, thought needs to be given as to which women will benefit most from complex treatment approaches.
Radiographers' ability to perceive and classify abnormalities on mammographic images — results of a pilot project
Authors: Holt JJ , Pollard K
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The literature indicates that image interpretation as a developing role for radiographers is becoming more popular overseas. However, little is known about the ability of Australian radiographers to interpret radiographic images. The aim of this study is to provide pilot data to determine how well radiographers, without formal image interpretation training, can read mammograms. Methods: Twelve radiographers employed by the BreastScreen Queensland screening service were divided into two equal groups based on years of mammographic imaging experience. Each participant was asked to interpret a purposive image set containing 60 two‐view primary screening bilateral mammographic images. The participants were asked to determine if an abnormality was perceived, indicate the location on a breast diagram and then classify the image set according to a 5 point scale; no specific finding, benign finding, probably benign finding, probably malignant finding, highly suggestive of malignancy. Sensitivity and specificity rates for each group was calculated and compared. Results: Compared to the “Gold Standard” outcomes, the sensitivity of Group A in detecting abnormalities which had resulted in a positive screening result was 82.6% as compared to Group B at 77.5%. Specificity demonstrated Group B higher than A: 79.6% compared to 75.4 %. These results were minimally lower than those found in overseas studies. Conclusion: The results indicate that further work in this area is justified to support the training and role development of radiographers in the formal reporting role of screening mammograms.
Tumour in full motion; inspiration gating versus free breathing
Authors: Rains M
Published: October 2013

This case study compares and evaluates two treatment techniques for a lung cancer patient diagnosed with T1N0M0 non‐small cell lung carcinoma. Radiotherapy is planned to be delivered either without gating, i.e. during the patient's normal free breathing or to be delivered gated at the inspiration portion of the patient's respiratory cycle.
Radionuclide therapy
Authors: Wheat JM , Currie GM , Davidson R , Kiat H
Published: October 2013

This article follows the article An Introduction to Nuclear Medicine published in this issue of The Radiographer. Nuclear medicine is the injection, ingestion or inhalation of a radiopharmaceutical for the purpose of diagnosis or therapy. While the previous article focussed on the fundamental principles of diagnostic imaging, this paper focuses on the role of nuclear medicine in the treatment of disease.

Radionuclide therapy differs from other forms of ionising radiation therapies, such as external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy, in that photons are not the prime means damaging the target volume. Rather beta and sometimes alpha particles are used to deliver the dose to the target. Delivery methods and biodistribution of the radionuclides are important considerations for optimising the dose to the target volume and for minimising the radiation burden to non‐target tissues. One of the benefits associated with some radionuclides used in therapy is that imaging can occur at the concurrently if the radiopharmaceuticals emits both a particle and a photon.

This article provides an overview of the mechanisms of dose delivery, types of radionuclides that are used in therapy, clinical applications, recent advances and the future of radionuclides therapies. An understanding of the technical and clinical aspects of radionuclide therapies can provide an improved understanding for medical radiation scientists and in doing so benefit the patient.
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT): an introduction
Authors: Currie GM , Iqbal B , Wheat JM , Davidson R , Kiat H
Published: October 2013

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been widely used in nuclear medicine for several decades. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s SPECT images have been combined with x‐ray computed tomography (CT) to provide complimentary information of anatomy and function for improved diagnostic outcomes. Image registration emerged to bring SPECT and CT into a combined SPECT/CT imaging modality. Despite the success of these approaches, difficulties exist with the co‐registration process; differing spatial resolutions, differing respiratory state/cardiac cycle and differing abdominal contents from examinations being performed at different times of the day. Hardware innovations, hybrid SPECT/CT, were developed to address co‐registration software limitations. Acquisition of both SPECT and CT images can be made within a few seconds of one another. Since the first commercial system became available in 1999, which used low x‐ray outputs with low quality CT images, SPECT/CT have evolved to utilise higher output diagnostic standard CT scanners such as 64 slice CT systems. The improved capability and diagnostic quality CT images has been accompanied by widespread clinical use and demand. The ability to accurately locate the functional information seen from SPECT has an incremental benefit over the SPECT and CT images alone. Clinical examples are provided to highlight these combined strengths. SPECT/CT is one example of the ‘blurring’ of traditional boundaries between radiology and nuclear medicine. An understanding of the technical and clinical aspects of SPECT/CT can provide improved clinical outcomes for the benefit of the patient and of the professional development of medical radiation scientists.
Applying project management principles to research projects in a health setting
Authors: Vachan B
Published: October 2013

Undertaking a research project can be a colossal task. The project manager is responsible for ensuring the project is on time and within scope and budget. He or she is also responsible for generating and maintaining the project's momentum from start to finish. This article demonstrates the application of project management principles of initiation, planning, monitoring, control and implementation when designing, running and completing a research project.
Ultrasound guided intravenous cannula insertion — reflection
Authors: Gilmore CA , Burnett RH , Straw RJ , Kroll WJ , Franklin IR
Published: October 2013

Purpose: Intravenous (IV) access is a necessity for a range of medical imaging department (MID) examinations. A number of patients who require intravenously administered therapy are difficult to cannulate using a blind approach in the hospital ward or MID. The practice of peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) insertion is a specialist field, with required skills usually obtained through dedicated clinical training programs. Established as a diagnostic tool, ultrasound is widely used to aid clinicians in gaining vascular access as it increases success and reduces complications. Non‐diagnostic application however is poorly reported by non‐medical officer or nursing professions. This study is based on the reflective experience of health practitioners with a title of Accredited Medical Sonographer (AMS). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted recounting PIVC insertions under ultrasound (US) guidance during the period 24th June 2010 to 23rd December 2011, at the MID of The Prince Charles Hospital, Australia. Results: During the study period, 957 PIVC insertion procedures were performed and 953 procedures were technically successful (99.6%). Conclusion: The necessity for venous access extends beyond medical imaging examinations in any hospital as it is a necessity for infusion therapy. An AMS with the appropriate PIVC insertion training is equipped with a unique skill set to expertly perform intravenous cannulation of the difficult to cannulate patient.
A survey to evaluate the implementation of a national clinical assessment form
Authors: Giles E , Dempsey S , Chiswell M , Wright C , Bridge P , Charlton N
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The Australian Universities Radiation Therapy Student Clinical Assessment Form (AURTSCAF) was designed to assess the clinical skills of radiation therapy (RT) students from the six universities that offer entry level RT programs. Given the AURTSCAF has now been in use for over two years, the Radiation Therapy Program Coordinators (RTPC) group initiated a post implementation evaluation survey. This formed the final phase of the AURTSCAF project and was funded by the Radiation Oncology Division of the Department of Health and Ageing. Methods: A cross‐sectional designed survey using purposive sampling was distributed via email to all RT clinical sites. The survey asked questions about the requirements of a pass grade for students at different stages of their program, and the addition of a new category of assessment related to fitness to practise. Response types included both forced choice closed ended responses and open ended responses. There was also a section for open comments about the AURTSCAF. Results: There were 100 responses (55%) from clinicians who had utilised the assessment form over the previous 12 month period. Responses highlighted several positives with regard to the utility and implementation of the form. Comments regarding areas for improvement with the standardisation of the grading of students and consensus for the addition of a new domain in fitness for practise have informed the recommended changes proposed for 2012. Conclusion: This evaluation has provided a representative sample of the views of clinicians involved in assessing students on clinical placement. Recommendations include the addition of the sixth domain of assessment: Fitness for practise, the addition of descriptors and prompts for this domain in the user guide, the addition of a consensus statement about the use of the rating scale and dissemination of the proposed changes nationally.
Educational technology in medical imaging education
Authors: Starkey D
Published: October 2013

Purpose: The emergence of digital technologies has created enthusiasm for their application to student learning. An evolving issue in medical imaging is how these technologies might be implemented within programs. Methods: A review of the literature was performed to explore applications and issues of educational technology in medical imaging Results: There are a range of applications for educational technology within medical imaging education however limitations do exist. Learners must be supported by the development of skills to utilise education technologies. The digital picture archival and communication environment presents an ideal opportunity to enhance student learning through interaction and engagement with images. Implementation of education technologies to support student placement activities is an area for future development provided equity of access is addressed. Conclusion: Education technologies have specific application to medical imaging education as part of a blended curriculum.
A comparison of Saudi Arabian and Australian radiographers' perceptions of computed tomography radiation dose
Authors: Al Mohiy H , Sim J , Annabell N , Seeram E , Davidson R
Published: October 2013

Background: Computed tomography (CT) is a powerful diagnostic tool, but the radiation delivered to paediatric patients needs to be kept to a minimum. Thus, CT education and protocols must be continuously reviewed, particularly with respect to paediatric CT examinations. Purpose: To investigate the knowledge and perceptions of paediatric CT radiographers from Australia and Saudi Arabia regarding paediatric CT dose. Methods: Interviews were conducted with CT radiographers working in dedicated paediatric hospitals during 2010. Their training and perceptions of paediatric CT radiation dose were evaluated, along with their departments' policies. Actual dose measurements from their departments were compared to their perceptions to reveal radiographers' awareness of their department's typical dose relative to those delivered by their contemporaries. Results: Almost all surveyed radiographers were willing to minimise their radiation dose, but many Saudi Arabian radiographers were not allowed to make any changes to their CT protocols. CT protocols in Saudi Arabia were wholly defined by the CT machine vendors' recommendations, whereas most Australian CT protocols were established following reviews of the appropriate literature. Conclusion: Australian and Saudi Arabian CT radiographers' training and perceptions of paediatric CT dose vary substantially, and differences exist in terms of workplace culture. Continuous professional development will assist Saudi Arabian radiographers to reduce CT radiation dose.
Physical and technical principles of sonography: A practical guide for non‐sonographers
Authors: Thoirs K
Published: October 2013

Medical and health professionals who have not been trained in medical sonography are increasingly being asked to operate ultrasound equipment across a variety of niche applications. The quality of medical sonography images is very dependent on the operator. Any person who operates medical sonography equipment for any application should have a good understanding of the physical principles of sonography, and understand the controls available to them to optimise images and correct artefacts to ensure optimal patient care. This article provides a brief explanation of the physical principles of medical sonography, the controls that are available to the user to optimise images, and common artefacts that may occur.
WHO BENEFITS FROM JOB CORPS? A DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF AN ACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAM
Authors: Eren Ozkan , Ozbeklik Serkan
Published: October 2013

Using recently developed econometric techniques to estimate quantile treatment effects (QTE) and experimental data, we examine the impact of Job Corps on earnings distribution. Our results indicate a great deal of heterogeneity in the effects of Job Corps. The QTEs show an increasing pattern along the earnings distribution, with much more pronounced differences at the upper quantiles for males, whites, and ages 20–24. Moreover, we find the QTEs to be very small at quantiles below the median for males, ages 16–17 and 18–19, and non‐resident students. We propose strong economic conditions and skill hypotheses to explain the heterogeneity observed over the earnings distribution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential responses to JNJ‐37822681, a specific and fast dissociating dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, in cynomolgus monkey and Sprague–Dawley rat general toxicology studies: clinical observations, prolactin levels, mammary histopathology findings and toxicokinetics
Authors: de Waal Eric J. , Desmidt Maria , Korte Sven , Niehoff Marc , Chase Kevan , Arrowsmith Wayne , Lampo Ann
Published: October 2013

JNJ‐37822681 is a potent, specific and fast dissociating dopamine D2 receptor antagonist intended for the treatment of schizophrenia. Its nonclinical toxicological profile was investigated in a series of general repeat dose toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys and Sprague–Dawley rats. The maximum duration of treatment was 9 and 6 months, respectively. Interspecies differences were noted in the response to JNJ‐37822681 in terms of extrapyramidal (EPS)‐like clinical signs and prolactin‐mediated tissue changes in the mammary gland. Monkeys showed severe EPS‐like clinical signs such as abnormal posture, abnormal eye movements and hallucination‐like behavior at relatively low exposures compared to those associated with EPS in patients with schizophrenia. The high sensitivity of the monkey to JNJ‐37822681‐induced EPS‐like signs was unexpected based on the fast dissociating properties of the compound. Rats, however, were not prone to EPS. Elevated serum prolactin levels were found in rats and monkeys. While rats showed slight to moderate prolactin‐related tissue changes upon histopathological examination in all studies, which among others affected the mammary gland, only minor mammary gland tissue changes were noted in monkeys. Prolactin levels were only slightly increased in patients with schizophrenia receiving relatively high dose levels of JNJ‐37822681. The monkey toxicology studies did not provide an exposure‐based safety margin, while in rats adverse effects were only noted at exposures considerably higher than those achieved at efficacious plasma concentrations in the clinic. Overall, the available data suggest that the cynomolgus monkey showed better predictivity towards the nature of JNJ‐37822681‐associated adverse events in humans than the Sprague–Dawley rat. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Solid‐phase Extraction of Cu2+ by a Novel Cu(II)‐imprinted Silica Gel
Authors: Faghihian Hossein , Asghari Khadijeh
Published: October 2013

A new Cu(II)‐imprinted salen functionalized silica gel adsorbent was synthesized by surface imprinting technique and was employed as a selective solid phase extraction material for Cu2+ removal from aqueous solutions. The samples were characterized by FT‐IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, CHNS and DTG techniques. The BET surface area of the silica gel was also determined. The adsorbent was then used for removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions. It was concluded that the synthesized imprinted silica gel had higher selectivity and capacity compared to the non‐imprinted silica gel and the maximal adsorption capacity of 67.3 and 56.5 mg.g−1 was obtained respectively for ion‐imprinted and non‐imprinted adsorbents. The relative selectivity factor (β) of 50.32 and 31.94 was obtained respectively for Cu2+/Ni2+ and Cu2+/Zn2+ pairs. The dynamic adsorption capacity of the imprinted adsorbent was close to the static adsorption capacity due to the fast kinetic of adsorption. Furthermore, the ion‐imprinted adsorbent was recovered and repeatedly used and satisfactory adsorption capacity with acceptable precision was obtained. Each experiment was repeated at least for three times and the mean and the standard deviation for each measurement were calculated. The applicability of the method was examined for Zayandehrood water as real sample. Acceptabe standard deviation was obtained.
TiO2 Thin Film with Varied Porous Structure Applied on the Degradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Wang Sheng‐Hung , Wang Kuo‐Hua , Jehng Jih‐Mirn
Published: October 2013

In this study, porous TiO2 thin films were prepared by the sol‐gel method employing polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG 1000) as an organic template. Pore sizes were adjusted by varying the concentration of PEG 1000. The optimal PEG concentration range required to form TiO2 films with a regular porous structure was investigated and was found to be 0.01–0.015 M. As the PEG 1000 concentration increased, the surface of these films became rougher because of larger pores. Degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation was used to determine the photocatalytic activity of the films. In addition, the effect of the pH value of the MB solution on the films was evaluated by controlling its pH value at 5, 7, and 9. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity was correlated to the pore size and pore density of the thin films. TiO2 thin films possessing pore sizes in the diameter range of 35–85 nm exhibited the best conversion of 98% after 8 h of UV irradiation when the pH value was 7.
Identification of Pivotal Cellular Factors Involved in HPV‐Induced Dysplastic and Neoplastic Cervical Pathologies
Authors: Mattarocci Stefano , Abbruzzese Claudia , Mileo Anna M. , Carosi Mariantonia , Pescarmona Edoardo , Vico Carmen , Federico Antonio , Vizza Enrico , Corrado Giacomo , Arisi Ivan , Felsani Armando , Paggi Marco G.
Published: October 2013

Cervical carcinoma represents the paradigm of virus‐induced cancers, where virtually all cervical cancers come from previous “high‐risk” HPV infection. The persistent expression of the HPV viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 is responsible for the reprogramming of fundamental cellular functions in the host cell, thus generating a noticeable, yet only partially explored, imbalance in protein molecular networks and cell signaling pathways. Eighty‐eight cellular factors, identified as HPV direct or surrogate targets, were chosen and monitored in a retrospective analysis for their mRNA expression in HPV‐induced cervical lesions, from dysplasia to cancer. Real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed by using formalin‐fixed, paraffin embedded archival samples. Gene expression analysis identified 40 genes significantly modulated in LSIL, HSIL, and squamous cervical carcinoma. Interestingly, among these, the expression level of a panel of four genes, TOP2A, CTNNB1, PFKM, and GSN, was able to distinguish between normal tissues and cervical carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was also done to assess protein expression of two genes among those up‐regulated during the transition between dysplasia and carcinoma, namely E2F1 and CDC25A, and their correlation with clinical parameters. Besides the possibility of significantly enhancing the use of some of these factors in diagnostic or prognostic procedures, these data clearly outline specific pathways, and thus key biological processes, altered in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Deeper insight on how these molecular mechanisms work may help widen the spectrum of novel innovative approaches to these virus‐induced cell pathologies. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 463–470, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurogenesis of Neural Crest‐Derived Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells by EGF and bFGF
Authors: Fortino Veronica R. , Chen Ren‐Shiang , Pelaez Daniel , Cheung Herman S.
Published: October 2013

Neuroregenerative medicine is an ever‐growing field in which regeneration of lost cells/tissues due to a neurodegenerative disease is the ultimate goal. With the scarcity of available replacement alternatives, stem cells provide an attractive source for regenerating neural tissue. While many stem cell sources exist, including: mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, the limited cellular potency, technical difficulties, and ethical considerations associated with these make finding alternate sources a desirable goal. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) derived from the neural crest were induced into neural‐like cells using a combination of epidermal growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Morphological changes were evident in our treated group, seen under both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A statistically significant increase in the expression of neuron‐specific β‐tubulin III and the neural stem/progenitor cell marker nestin, along with positive immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, demonstrated the success of our treatment in inducing both neuronal and glial phenotypes. Positive staining for synaptophysin demonstrated neural connections and electrophysiological recordings indicated that when subjected to whole‐cell patch clamping, our treated cells displayed inward currents conducted through voltage‐gated sodium (Na+) channels. Taken together, our results indicate the success of our treatment in inducing PDLSCs to neural‐like cells. The ease of sourcing and expansion, their embryologic neural crest origin, and the lack of ethical implications in their use make PDLSCs an attractive source for use in neuroregenerative medicine. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 479–488, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microorganism‐mediated, CTAB‐directed synthesis of hierarchically branched Au‐nanowire/Escherichia coli nanocomposites with strong near‐infrared absorbance
Authors: Yang Haixian , Du Mingming , Odoom‐Wubah Tareque , Wang Jing , Sun Daohua , Huang Jiale , Li Qingbiao
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

The facile use of microorganisms as green templates for shape‐control of Au nanostructures can not only utilize their characteristic nanoscale dimensions and versatility, but also bridge the gap between bulk materials and Au nanostructures for technical applications.

RESULTS

Using Escherichia coli cells (ECCs), closely packed, hierarchically branched, chemically difficult‐to‐synthesize and stable Au nanowires (AuNWs) were fabricated through a seedless microorganism‐mediated, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides (CTAB)‐directed method. The ECCs played dual roles in the biosorption of Au ions and acted as preferential nucleation sites for Au nanocrystals in the formation of the AuNWs. In addition, proper CTAB concentration and just a little excessive ascorbic acid were essential to the formation of the AuNWs. The preferential nucleation sites that were simultaneously mediated by adjacent cells favored branched growth. Random growth of the same nanowire with multiple branched points gave rise to hierarchically branched AuNWs. Interestingly, the AuNW/ECC nanocomposites exhibited a noticeable absorbance at around 1900 nm in the near‐infrared (NIR) region.

CONCLUSION

This study verifies the general strategy by combining a microorganism and CTAB for the fabrication of functional AuNW/microorganism nanocomposites. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Polycation liposomes as a vector for potential intracellular delivery of microRNA
Authors: Ando Hidenori , Okamoto Ayaka , Yokota Masafumi , Asai Tomohiro , Dewa Takehisa , Oku Naoto
Published: October 2013

Background

We previously developed a microRNA (miRNA) delivery system by using dicetyl phosphate‐tetraethylenepentamine‐based polycation liposomes (TEPA‐PCL), applied it to miR‐92a delivery, and demonstrated its gene‐silencing potential and effective anti‐angiogenic effects. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of intracellular delivery of cholesterol‐grafted miR‐92a (miR‐92a‐C) into cells.

Methods

To investigate the intracellular distribution of miR‐92a‐C/TEPA‐PCL complex, we used human umbilical vein endothelial cells and examined certain points after transfection: (i) the time‐course of miR‐92a‐uptake into the cells; (ii) the endocytosis pathway induced by miR‐92a‐C/TEPA‐PCL; (iii) the capability of miR‐92a‐C/TEPA‐PCL to escape from the endosomes; and (iv) the release of miR‐92a‐C from TEPA‐PCL in the cytoplasm.

Results

Our data indicated that miR‐92a‐C formulated in TEPA‐PCL accumulated in and was spread throughout the cytoplasm in a time‐dependent manner, and was taken up into the cells by macropinosome‐mediated endocytosis. In addition, the surface charge of miR‐92a‐C/TEPA‐PCL was neutral at pH 7.4 and was charged positively at around pH 5.5, which is the inner pH of endosomes. When the late endosomes/lysosomes were stained with Lysotracker, miR‐92a‐C/TEPA‐PCL efficiently escaped from the endosomes into the cytoplasm, possibly through the proton‐sponge effect. Furthermore, miR‐92a‐C spread throughout whole cytoplasm and did not co‐localize completely with TEPA‐PCL, indicating that some of the miR‐92a‐C was present in free form in the cytoplasm.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that TEPA‐PCL‐based lipoplexes have an excellent potential to deliver microRNAs into the cytoplasm of cells and to induce RNA silencing action mediated by microRNAs and other small RNAs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma sheet magnetic fields and flows during steady magnetospheric convection events
Authors: Pulkkinen T. I. , Partamies N. , Kissinger J. , McPherron R. L. , Glassmeier K.‐H. , Carlson C.
Published: October 2013

Inner magnetosphere magnetic field and plasma flow data are examined during 228 steady magnetospheric convection events. We find that the BZ component of the magnetic field around geostationary orbit is weaker than during average conditions and the plasma flow speeds are higher than average in the dusk sector just beyond geostationary orbit. The steady magnetospheric convection periods include more enhanced earthward and tailward flow intervals than during average conditions. The steady convection period magnetic field is not steady: The near‐geostationary nightside field grows increasingly taillike throughout the steady convection period. In the midtail, earthward flows are enhanced in a wide region around the midnight sector, which leads to enhanced magnetic flux transport toward the Earth during the steady convection periods. Compared to well‐known characteristics during magnetospheric substorms, the inner tail evolution resembles that during the substorm growth phase, while the midtail flow characteristics during steady convection periods are similar to those found during substorm recovery phases.
An impact study of updating background error covariances in the ALADIN‐France data assimilation system
Authors: Berre Loïk , Monteiro Maria , Pires Carlos
Published: October 2013

The operational ALADIN‐France 3D‐Var system is based on static background error covariances calculated off‐line during a few week past period. In this study, the impact of an online updated specification of background error covariances is evaluated in the ALADIN‐France system. This evaluation is done by comparing three experiments, respectively based on (i) covariances calculated from a monthly average over a past period, (ii) covariances calculated from a monthly average over the period of study, and (iii) covariances calculated from a sliding daily average over the period of study. First, it is shown through a comparison between experiments (i) and (ii) that updating the monthly average of error covariances has a positive impact on the short‐range forecast quality. This is related to the specification of covariances which are more representative of average weather regimes at play during the period of study. Second, a comparison between experiments (ii) and (iii) indicates that additional positive impacts of a daily update of error covariances are also visible, although they tend to be somewhat localized and modest during this period. These impacts are illustrated by case studies for humidity during an anticyclonic situation, and for wind during a cyclonic event. These results support the idea to consider an online updated specification of background error covariances.