bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of
in utero
odorant exposure on neuroanatomical development of the olfactory bulb and odour preferences
Authors: Todrank Josephine , Heth Giora , Restrepo Diego
Published: December 2010

Human babies and other young mammals prefer food odours and flavours of their mother's diet during pregnancy as well as their mother's individually distinctive odour. Newborn mice also prefer the individual odours of more closely related—even unfamiliar—lactating females. If exposure to
in utero
odorants—which include metabolites from the mother's diet and the foetus's genetically determined individual odour—helps shape the neuroanatomical development of the olfactory bulb, this could influence the perception of such biologically important odours that are preferred after birth. We exposed gene-targeted mice during gestation and nursing to odorants that activate GFP-tagged olfactory receptors (ORs) and then measured the effects on the size of tagged glomeruli in the olfactory bulb where axons from olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) coalesce by OR type. We found significantly larger tagged glomeruli in mice exposed to these activating odorants in amniotic fluid, and later in mother's milk, as well as significant preferences for the activating odour. Larger glomeruli comprising OSNs that respond to consistently encountered odorants should enhance detection and discrimination of these subsequently preferred odours, which in nature would facilitate selection of palatable foods and kin recognition, through similarities in individual odours of relatives.
Randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use in hospitalized Taiwanese men
Authors: Liu Shen‐Ing , Wu Shu‐I , Chen Su‐Chiu , Huang Hui‐Chun , Sun Fang‐Ju , Fang Chun‐Kai , Hsu Chien‐Chi , Huang Chiu‐Ron , Yeh Hsiao‐Mei , Shih Shou‐Chuan
Published: December 2010

Aims  To evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention in hospitalized Taiwanese men to reduce unhealthy alcohol consumption.

Design  Randomized controlled trial.

Setting  Medical/surgical wards of a medical centre in Taipei, Taiwan.

Participants  Of 3669 consecutive adult male in‐patients, 616 were identified as unhealthy alcohol users (>14 drinks/week) and assigned randomly to either usual care (n = 308) or a brief intervention (n = 308).

Measurements  Primary outcomes were changes in alcohol consumption at 4, 9 and 12 months, including self‐reported weekly alcohol consumption, drinking days and heavy drinking episodes assessed by 7‐day time‐line follow‐back. Secondary outcomes were (i) self‐reported alcohol problems, (ii) health‐care utilization (hospital days and emergency department visits), (iii) self‐reported seeking of speciality treatment for alcohol problems and (iv) 3‐month Quick Drinking Screen.

Findings  Based on intention‐to‐treat analyses, the intervention group consumed significantly less alcohol than the control group among both unhealthy drinkers and the subgroup of alcohol‐dependent participants over 12 months, on both 7‐day and 3‐month assessments. Adjunctive analyses of only those who completed all assessments found that total drinks consumed did not remain significant. Significantly more participants with alcohol use disorders in the intervention than in the control group (8.3%, 19 of 230 versus 2.1%, four of 189) consulted specialists by 12 months (P = 0.01). However, alcohol‐related problems and health‐care utilization did not differ significantly in the two groups during follow‐up.

Conclusions  Data from Taiwan confirm that brief in‐hospital intervention can result in a reduction in alcohol intake by men who drink heavily or are diagnosed with an alcohol use disorder.
Albendazole‐praziquantel interaction in healthy volunteers: kinetic disposition, metabolism and enantioselectivity
Authors: Lima Renata Monteiro , Ferreira Maria Augusta Drago , de Jesus Ponte Carvalho Teresa Maria , Dumêt Fernandes Bruno José , Takayanagui Osvaldo Massaiti , Garcia Hector Hugo , Coelho Eduardo Barbosa , Lanchote Vera Lucia
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Pharmacokinetic interactions between albendazole and praziquantel are based on plasma concentrations of the enantiomeric mixture of both drugs with contradictory data, although the antiparasitic activity arises from (−)‐(R)‐praziquantel and (+)‐albendazole sulfoxide.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• The pharmacokinetic interaction between albendazole and praziquantel is enantioselective. Praziquantel increased the plasma concentrations of (+)‐albendazole sulfoxide more than those of (−)‐albendazole sulfoxide and the administration of albendazole did not change the kinetic disposition of (+)‐(S)‐praziquantel, but increased the plasma concentration of (−)‐(R)‐praziquantel.

AIM This study investigated the kinetic disposition, metabolism and enantioselectivity of albendazole (ABZ) and praziquantel (PZQ) administered alone and in combination to healthy volunteers.

METHODS A randomized crossover study was carried out in three phases (n= 9), in which some volunteers started in phase 1 (400 mg ABZ), others in phase 2 (1500 mg PZQ), and the remaining volunteers in phase 3 (400 mg ABZ + 1500 mg PZQ). Serial blood samples were collected from 0–48 h after drug administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a monocompartmental model with lag time and were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test; P≤ 0.05.

RESULTS The administration of PZQ increased the plasma concentrations of (+)‐ASOX (albendazole sulphoxide) by 264% (AUC 0.99 vs. 2.59 µg ml−1 h), (−)‐ASOX by 358% (0.14 vs. 0.50 µg ml−1 h) and albendazole sulfone (ASON) by 187% (0.17 vs. 0.32 µg ml−1 h). The administration of ABZ did not change the kinetic disposition of (+)‐(S)‐PZQ (–)‐(R)‐4‐OHPZQ or (+)‐(S)‐4‐OHPZQ, but increased the plasma concentration of (–)‐(R)‐PZQ by 64.77% (AUC 0.52 vs. 0.86 µg ml−1 h).

CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetic interaction between ABZ and PZQ in healthy volunteers was demonstrated by the observation of increased plasma concentrations of ASON, both ASOX enantiomers and (–)‐(R)‐PZQ. Clinically, the combination of ABZ and PZQ may improve the therapeutic efficacy as a consequence of higher concentration of both active drugs. On the other hand, the magnitude of this elevation may represent an increased risk of side effects, requiring, certainly, reduction of the dosage. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this combination.
Quality use of medicines and health outcomes among a cohort of community dwelling older men: an observational study
Authors: Beer Christopher , Hyde Zoë , Almeida Osvaldo P. , Norman Paul , Hankey Graeme J. , Yeap Bu B. , Flicker Leon
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Adverse drug reactions and polypharmacy are common, particularly later in life. Suboptimal use of medicines may be associated with adverse health outcomes.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Markers of potentially suboptimal medication use (both medication over‐use and under‐use) were observed frequently among a cohort of community dwelling older men. Potentially suboptimal medication appeared to be independently associated with important adverse health outcomes.

AIM To determine the prevalence of potentially suboptimal medication use and association with adverse outcomes.

METHODS A prospective, observational cohort study of 4260 community‐dwelling older men from Perth, Western Australia (mean age of 77 ± 3.6 years) was conducted. Follow‐up was for 4.5 years (or until death, if sooner). Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore associations between suboptimal medication use and prospective clinical outcomes. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore predictors of a fall in the previous 12 months.

RESULTS Use of potentially inappropriate medicines (48.7%), polypharmacy (≥5 medications, 35.8%) and potential under‐utilization (56.7%) were highly prevalent, and overall 82.3% of participants reported some form of potentially suboptimal medication use. A self‐reported history of falls in the previous 12 months was independently associated with the number of medicines taken (odds ratio [OR]= 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 1.09) and use of one or more potentially inappropriate medicines (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.04, 1.45). After adjusting for age, co‐morbidity, smoking status, body mass index, hypertension and educational attainment, the number of medicines reported was associated with admission to hospital (hazard ratio [HR]= 1.04, 95% CI 1.03, 1.06), cardiovascular events (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06, 1.12) and all cause mortality (HR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.00, 1.07). Use of one or more potentially inappropriate medicines was associated with admission to hospital (HR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.08, 1.24). Potential under‐utilization was associated with cardiovascular events (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.03, 1.40).

CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that both medication over‐use and under‐use occur frequently among older men and may be harmful.
Cysteinyl‐leukotrienes induce vascular endothelial growth factor production in human monocytes and bronchial smooth muscle cells
Authors: Poulin S. , Thompson C. , Thivierge M. , Véronneau S. , McMahon S. , Dubois C. M. , Stankova J. , Rola‐Pleszczynski M.
Published: December 2010

Cite this as: S. Poulin, C. Thompson,M. Thivierge, S. V'eronneau,S. McMahon, C. M. Dubois, J. Stankova and M. Rola‐Pleszczynski, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 204–217.

Background
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are suggested to be implicated in the process of airway remodelling in asthma.

Objective
We investigated the potential for cysLTs to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, a growth factor involved in the angiogenesis of airway remodelling.

Methods
VEGF mRNA and protein were quantified by real‐time PCR and ELISA, respectively. VEGF promoter activation was assessed using luciferase gene‐tagged promoter constructs.

Results
We found that LTD4 induction of VEGF in human monocytes and bronchial smooth muscle cells is cysLT1 dependent. Stimulation of HEK293 cells stably expressing cysLT1 or cysLT2 with cysLTs showed a concentration‐dependent activation of the VEGF promoter and a time‐dependent increase in VEGF mRNA and protein. For the cysLT1‐mediated response, mutations of hypoxia‐induced factor‐1 (HIF‐1) sites failed to reduce cysLT‐induced VEGF promoter activation and 5′ deletions showed that the proximal region containing one AP‐1 and four specificity protein 1 (Sp1) sites was necessary. Pretreatment with inhibitors of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), but not p38, and an overexpression of dominant negative forms of c‐Jun, c‐Fos or Ras suggested the implication of mitogen‐activated protein kinases and AP‐1. Mutation of the AP‐1‐binding element failed to prevent VEGF transactivation suggesting that AP‐1 might not act directly on the promoter. Moreover, inhibition of Sp1‐dependent transcription by mithramycin completely inhibited VEGF promoter transactivation and VEGF mRNA expression by LTD4. Finally, mutations of Sp1 binding elements prevented VEGF promoter transactivation.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Our data indicate for the first time that cysLTs can transcriptionally activate VEGF production via cysLT1 receptors, with the involvement of JNK, ERK, the AP‐1 complex and Sp1. These findings suggest that cysLTs may be important in the angiogenic process of airway remodelling and potentially provide a previously unknown benefit of using cysLT1 receptor antagonists in the prevention or treatment of airway remodelling in asthma.
Deciding about sterilisation: perspectives from women with an intellectual disability and their families in Taiwan
Authors: Chou Y‐C. , Lu Z‐Y.
Published: December 2010

Background This qualitative study explores decision‐making regarding sterilisation for women with intellectual disabilities (ID) living with their families, including how such decisions are made and who is involved in the decision‐making.

Methods Eleven families including sterilised women with ID participated in the study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with family members and four of the women with ID; the interviews took place at the family homes during March 2009. The interview schedule sought information regarding decision‐making on sterilisation including the reasons for the sterilisation, the identities of those involved in the decision‐making, attitudes towards the sexuality of women with ID and the role of women with ID in decision‐making about their own sterilisation. Additionally, women with ID were asked about their experiences of sterilisation.

Results The data showed that most of the women who underwent tubal ligation were married and had mild ID; the decision to perform tubal ligation was mostly made by the husband or parents‐in‐law, and was made after the women had given birth. The reasons given by the families of these women for deciding on sterilisation included: the woman was unable to care for the children, the family could not afford to raise many children, the concern that the ID might be hereditary, or a perceived risk of pregnancy from rape. The two women who underwent hysterectomy were unmarried and had more severe ID than the married women with ID who received tubal ligation. In these two cases, the decisions were primarily made by the mothers of the women based on concerns about managing their menstruation. Almost none of the women with ID were involved in the decision‐making process, and some were not even informed of the nature of the surgery. Health professionals and service workers contacted by the families were also influential in the decision‐making. The autonomy of the women to engage in decision‐making regarding sterilisation thus was constrained by their families and professionals, without considering either sterilisation or hysterectomy a violation of the essential human rights of the women involved.

Conclusion The results suggest that with respect to sexuality and body images among women with ID, concern should exist among society in general and among professionals in particular, regarding human rights; furthermore, more information and better educational programmes must be provided to relevant professionals, as well as to women with ID and their families.
Recognition of emotion in facial expression by people with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Whittington J. , Holland T.
Published: December 2010

Background  People with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) may have mild intellectual impairments but less is known about their social cognition. Most parents/carers report that people with PWS do not have normal peer relationships, although some have older or younger friends. Two specific aspects of social cognition are being able to recognise other people's emotion and to then respond appropriately. In a previous study, mothers/carers thought that 26% of children and 23% of adults with PWS would not respond to others' feelings. They also thought that 64% could recognise happiness, sadness, anger and fear and a further 30% could recognise happiness and sadness. However, reports of emotion recognition and response to emotion were partially dissociated. It was therefore decided to test facial emotion recognition directly.

Method  The participants were 58 people of all ages with PWS. They were shown a total of 20 faces, each depicting one of the six basic emotions and asked to say what they thought that person was feeling. The faces were shown one at a time in random order and each was accompanied by a reminder of the six basic emotions.

Results  This cohort of people with PWS correctly identified 55% of the different facial emotions. These included 90% of happy faces, 55% each of sad and surprised faces, 43% of disgusted faces, 40% of angry faces and 37% of fearful faces. Genetic subtype differences were found only in the predictors of recognition scores, not in the scores themselves. Selective impairment was found in fear recognition for those with PWS who had had a depressive illness and in anger recognition for those with PWS who had had a psychotic illness.

Conclusions  The inability to read facial expressions of emotion is a deficit in social cognition apparent in people with PWS. This may be a contributing factor in their difficulties with peer relationships.
Comparison of rhyolites from continental rift, continental arc and oceanic island arc: Implication for the mechanism of silicic magma generation
Authors: Ayalew Dereje , Ishiwatari Akira
Published: December 2010

We discuss the chemical compositions of rhyolites from three distinct tectonic settings: (i) the continental rift from Ethiopia (both Oligocene–Miocene and Quaternary rhyolites); (ii) the early Miocene continental arc of Japan (the Mt Wasso rhyolites related to the rifting of the Japan Sea); and (iii) the oceanic Izu–Bonin Island Arc. The comparison reveals that the oceanic island arc rhyolites have high contents of CaO, Al2O3, and Sr, and extremely low abundance of trace elements including K2O. In contrast, the Ethiopian continental rift rhyolites are characterized by low contents of CaO, Al2O3, and Sr, and high contents of K2O, and are enriched in the whole range of trace elements. The continental arc Mt Wasso rhyolites are apparently low in Nb content, although they display similar chemical trends to those of the Ethiopian rhyolites. This obvious difference in the chemical signatures of the rhyolites from the three tectonic settings is the consequence of their derivation from different sources. The implication of this result is that fractional crystallization processes were dominant in the rift‐related rhyolites both from continental rift and continental arc regardless of the prevailing tectonic setting and the nature of the crust (age, thickness, composition), whereas the oceanic island arc rhyolites may form through partial melting of young, mafic crust.
Chemical characteristics of chromian spinel in plutonic rocks: Implications for deep magma processes and discrimination of tectonic setting
Authors: Arai Shoji , Okamura Hidenobu , Kadoshima Kazuyuki , Tanaka Chima , Suzuki Kenji , Ishimaru Satoko
Published: December 2010

We summarize chemical characteristics of chromian spinels from ultramafic to mafic plutonic rocks (lherzolites, harzburgites, dunites, wehrlites, troctolites, olivine gabbros) with regard to three tectonic settings (mid‐ocean ridge, arc, oceanic hotspot). The chemical range of spinels is distinguishable between the three settings in terms of Cr# (= Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio) and Ti content. The relationships are almost parallel with those of chromian spinels in volcanic rocks, but the Ti content is slightly lower in plutonics than in volcanics at a given tectonic environment. The Cr# of spinels in plutonic rocks is highly diverse; its ranges overlap between the three settings, but extend to higher values (up to 0.8) in arc and oceanic hotspot environments. The Ti content of spinels in plutonics increases, for a given lithology, from the arc to oceanic hotspot settings by mid‐ocean ridge on average. This chemical diversity is consistent with that of erupted magmas from the three settings. If we systematically know the chemistry of chromian spinels from a series of plutonic rocks, we can estimate their tectonic environments of formation. The spinel chemistry is especially useful in dunitic rocks, in which chromian spinel is the only discriminating mineral. Applying this, discordant dunites cutting mantle peridotites were possibly precipitated from arc‐related magmas in the Oman ophiolite, and from an intraplate tholeiite in the Lizard ophiolite, Cornwall.
Exercise capacity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The effect of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: BOUTOU AFRODITI K , PITSIOU GEORGIA G. , TRIGONIS IOANNIS , PAPAKOSTA DESPINA , KONTOU PASCHALINA K. , CHAVOUZIS NIKOLAOS , NAKOU CHRYSANTHI , ARGYROPOULOU PARASKEVI , WASSERMAN KARLMAN , STANOPOULOS IOANNIS
Published: December 2010

Background and objective:  Increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) usually coexists with impaired lung function in IPF. Data on the effect of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on cardiopulmonary responses during exercise in IPF patients is very limited. We sought to investigate the impact of PH on exercise capacity and the correlation between systolic PAP (sPAP) and pulmonary function testing, as well as cardiopulmonary exercise parameters, in patients with IPF and PH.

Methods:  Eighty‐one consecutive patients with IPF, who were evaluated over a 6‐year period, were retrospectively studied. Patients underwent pulmonary function testing, Doppler echocardiography and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. PH was defined as sPAP > 35 mm Hg.

Results:  PH was diagnosed in 57% of the patients. Categorization of patients according to severity of PH indicated a significant reduction in maximum work rate, peak O2 uptake, anaerobic threshold and peak O2 pulse in those with sPAP > 50 mm Hg. In IPF patients with PH, estimated sPAP correlated with peak O2 uptake, anaerobic threshold, peak O2 pulse and end‐tidal CO2 at anaerobic threshold, while the strongest correlation was between sPAP and ventilatory equivalent for CO2 at anaerobic threshold (r = 0.611, P < 0.001). There were no differences in pulmonary function or exercise parameters indicative of lung volume reduction, across the patient categories, and none of these parameters correlated with sPAP.

Conclusions:  PH has a negative impact on exercise capacity in IPF patients. In IPF patients with PH, resting sPAP correlated with exercise parameters indicative of gas exchange and circulatory impairment, but not with defective lung mechanics.
A Method for Bayesian Monotonic Multiple Regression
Authors: SAARELA OLLI , ARJAS ELJA
Published: December 2010

Abstract.  When applicable, an assumed monotonicity property of the regression function w.r.t. covariates has a strong stabilizing effect on the estimates. Because of this, other parametric or structural assumptions may not be needed at all. Although monotonic regression in one dimension is well studied, the question remains whether one can find computationally feasible generalizations to multiple dimensions. Here, we propose a non‐parametric monotonic regression model for one or more covariates and a Bayesian estimation procedure. The monotonic construction is based on marked point processes, where the random point locations and the associated marks (function levels) together form piecewise constant realizations of the regression surfaces. The actual inference is based on model‐averaged results over the realizations. The monotonicity of the construction is enforced by partial ordering constraints, which allows it to asymptotically, with increasing density of support points, approximate the family of all monotonic bounded continuous functions.
Heuristic particle filter: applying abstraction techniques to the design of visual tracking algorithms
Authors: Pantrigo Juan José , Sánchez Ángel , Montemayor Antonio S.
Published: December 2010

Abstract:Many real‐world visual tracking applications have a high dimensionality, i.e. the system state is defined by a large number of variables. This kind of problem can be modelled as a dynamic optimization problem, which involves dynamic variables whose values change in time. Most applied research on optimization methods have focused on static optimization problems but these static methods often lack explicit adaptive methodologies. Heuristics are specific methods for solving problems in the absence of an algorithm for formal proof. Metaheuristics are approximate optimization methods which have been applied to more general problems with significant success. However, particle filters are Monte Carlo algorithms which solve the sequential estimation problem by approximating the theoretical distributions in the state space by simulated random measures called particles. However, particle filters lack efficient search strategies. In this paper, we propose a general framework to hybridize heuristics/metaheuristics with particle filters properly. The aim of this framework is to devise effective hybrid visual tracking algorithms naturally, guided by the use of abstraction techniques. Resulting algorithms exploit the benefits of both complementary approaches. As a particular example, a memetic algorithm particle filter is derived from the proposed hybridization framework. Finally, we show the performance of the memetic algorithm particle filter when it is applied to a multiple object tracking problem.
A computational intelligence‐based approach for short‐term traffic flow prediction
Authors: Zargari Shahriar Afandizadeh , Siabil Salar Zabihi , Alavi Amir Hossein , Gandomi Amir Hossein
Published: December 2010

This paper proposes alternative approaches for the prediction of short‐term traffic flow using three branches of computational intelligence techniques, namely linear genetic programming (LGP), multilayer perceptron (MLP) and fuzzy logic (FL). Different LGP, MLP and FL models are developed for estimating the 5‐ and 30‐min traffic flow rates. New LGP‐ and MLP‐based prediction equations are derived for the traffic flow rates in the 5‐ and 30‐min time intervals. The models are established upon extensive databases of the traffic flow records obtained from Iran's Rasht‐Qazvin highway. The results indicate that the proposed models are effectively capable of predicting the target values. The LGP‐based models are found to be simple, straightforward and more practical for predictive purposes compared with the other derived models.
Effects of sunscreen on human skin’s ultraviolet radiation tolerance
Authors: Chao Yuan , Xue‐min Wang , Yi‐mei Tan , Li‐jie Yang , Yin‐fen Lin , Pei‐lan Wu
Published: December 2010

Purpose  To observe the alteration ultraviolet radiation (UVR) of skin’s tolerance after its exposure to the small dose of UVR under the protection of sunscreen.

Methods  Eleven subjects who applied sunscreen were exposed to 0.75 dose minimal persistent pigment darkening (MPPD) and minimal erythema dose (MED) by the Phototherapy Unit for 4 weeks. Each week their MPPDs and MEDs were measured by solar simulator. Meanwhile, SPECTCOLOMETER® and VISIOSCAN VC98® were used to detect the test areas and control areas.

Results  The values of MPPD and MED increased significantly after the exposure to UVR. But there were no visible changes on the surface of skin’s texture.

Conclusion  With the protection of sunscreen, the UVR tolerance of skin was greatly increased after the skin’s exposure to the small dose UV.
Axillary chromhidrosis: report of a case, review of the literature and treatment considerations
Authors: Beer Kenneth , Oakley Hillary
Published: December 2010

Chromhidrosis is a rare but troubling syndrome whose cardinal feature is the appearance of colored sweat. In some instances, this may be associated with the use of drugs or ingested materials [Dermatology vol. 199 (1999) 149–52] but in others it is idiopathic. Irrespective of the etiology, the appearance of colored sweat can be profoundly psychologically disturbing. We report the case of a woman who had been affected by chromhidrosis for several years. Treatment with botulinum toxin type A resulted in a cessation of the problem with profoundly improved quality of life for this individual. This is significant because it is the first case of isolated axillary chromhidrosis treated with botulinum toxin A and, as with reports of facial chromhidrosis [Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology vol. 52 (2005) 89–91], resolution of the symptoms supports the eccrine etiology of this entity.
Narrating the postcolonial landscape: archaeologies of race at Hadrian’s Wall
Authors: Tolia‐Kelly Divya P
Published: December 2010

This paper presents research completed as part of an interdisciplinary project entitled ‘Tales of the Frontier’; both between the disciplines of geography and archaeology; and on the landscape narratives of Hadrian’s Wall. In particular, the paper unravels the currency of race‐geographies present in the collaboration, material interpretation and dissemination processes which included the curating of a public exhibition ‘An Archaeology of “Race”‘. In public museums and popular narratives of Roman Britain, black and African residents and cultures on the frontier are seemingly discordant with narratives of Hadrian and Roman Britain. In the paper, using critical antiquarian and classicist accounts, Roman history and culture as practised in Britain’s northern landscape is interrogated and as a result emerges as multicultural, particularly through the re‐narration of the Roman heritage of the Wall centred on Emperor Septimius Severus, the African Emperor. This recovered set of narratives sits as counter to narratives along heritage sites at the Wall and perceptions in the public sphere as well as enabling the critique of narratives of archaeology employed in justifications of political ambition, rule and governance of the British Empire, in the 19th century. The postcolonial orientation taken in this paper therefore contributes, first, to an evaluation of narrative as a postcolonial politics of praxis; and second, to a means of critiquing popular accounts of this landscape’s history. Here, the postcolonial narrative mode also provides a framework for producing the exhibition and a teaching pack to represent Roman British cultures of citizenship in this landscape. Overall, narrative operates as an important political tool of doing postcolonial history and heritage that is inclusive and that can be used to engage in public geographies, both materially and intellectually.
Globalization and West African Music
Authors: Salm Steven J.
Published: December 2010

The interplay between the forces of globalization and West African music reflects complex processes of adoption and adaptation by West African musicians and their audiences. The pace of globalization and changes in West African popular music accelerated in the latter half of the 20th century due to changes in technology that allowed for more rapid movement of people and ideas. Scholars often make a clear distinction between traditional music and popular music but, as this article shows, the processes that lead to West African musical development blur those lines by linking the past to the present, merging African and non‐African musical styles, and highlighting artists who reside in multiple localities and manage a mosaic of cultural resources in the age of globalization.
Increased expression of guanylate binding protein‐1 in lesional skin of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Naschberger Elisabeth , Wenzel Jörg , Kretz Cosima C. , Herrmann Martin , Stürzl Michael , Kuhn Annegret
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  The large GTPase human guanylate binding protein‐1 (GBP‐1) is a key mediator of angiostatic effects of inflammation and is induced by interferon (IFN)‐α and IFN‐γ in endothelial cells (ECs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether GBP‐1 is a marker of skin lesions in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Western blotting revealed that GBP‐1 was in vitro induced by IFN‐α and ‐γ in primary keratinocytes obtained from healthy controls. Moreover, we found that this protein was expressed by keratinocytes and ECs in primary and ultraviolet (UV)‐induced skin lesions from patients with various subtypes of CLE, when compared to non‐lesional skin. No GBP‐1 expression was noted in skin biopsy specimens 24 or 72 h after UV irradiation prior to lesion formation in patients with CLE or in healthy control specimens with or without UV irradiation. Initial findings suggest that GBP‐1 is not expressed in other skin diseases with different inflammatory aetiology, such as atopic dermatitis. We conclude that GBP‐1 expression is closely associated with skin lesions in patients with CLE, suggesting a contribution of GBP‐1 in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Anatomic site variability in rat skeletal uptake and desorption of fluorescently labeled bisphosphonate
Authors: Wen D , Qing L , Harrison G , Golub E , Akintoye SO
Published: December 2010

Oral Diseases(2011)17, 427–432

Objectives: Bisphosphonates commonly used to treat osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, multiple myeloma, hypercalcemia of malignancy and osteolytic lesions of cancer metastasis have been associated with bisphosphonate‐associated jaw osteonecrosis (BJON). The underlying pathogenesis of BJON is unclear, but disproportionate bisphosphonate concentration in the jaw has been proposed as one potential etiological factor. This study tested the hypothesis that skeletal biodistribution of intravenous bisphosphonate is anatomic site‐dependent in a rat model system.

Materials and Methods: Fluorescently labeled pamidronate was injected intravenously in athymic rats of equal weights followed byin vivowhole body fluorimetry,ex vivooptical imaging of oral, axial, and appendicular bones and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid bone decalcification to assess hydroxyapatite‐bound bisphosphonate.

Results: Bisphosphonate uptake and bisphosphonate released per unit calcium were similar in oral and appendicular bones but lower than those in axial bones. Hydroxyapatite‐bound bisphosphonate liberated by sequential acid decalcification was the highest in oral, relative to axial and appendicular bones (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: This study demonstrates regional differences in uptake and release of bisphosphonate from oral, axial, and appendicular bones of immune deficient rats.
Saliva: diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives
Authors: Spielmann N , Wong DT
Published: December 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 345–354

For the past two decades, salivary diagnostic approaches have been developed to monitor oral diseases such as periodontal diseases and to assess caries risk. Recently, the combination of emerging biotechnologies and salivary diagnostics has extended the range of saliva‐based diagnostics from the oral cavity to the whole physiologic system as most compounds found in blood are also present in saliva. Accordingly, saliva can reflect the physiologic state of the body, including emotional, endocrinal, nutritional and metabolic variations and acts as a source for the monitoring of oral and also systemic health. This review presents an update on the status of saliva diagnostics and delves into their applications to the discovery of biomarkers for cancer detection and therapeutic applications. Translating scientific findings of nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites in body fluids to clinical applications is a cumbersome and challenging journey. Our research group is pursuing the biology of salivary analytes and the development of technologies for detection of distinct biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. The avenue of saliva diagnostics incorporating transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic findings will enable us to connect salivary molecular analytes to monitor therapies, therapeutic outcomes, and finally disease progression in cancer.
Transgenic α‐1‐antitrypsin secreted into the bloodstream from salivary glands is biologically active
Authors: Perez P , Adriaansen J , Goldsmith CM , Zheng C , Baum BJ
Published: December 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 476–483

Objectives:  Salivary glands are potentially a valuable target for gene therapeutics. Herein, we examined the expression and biochemical activity of human alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (hA1AT) produced in rodent submandibular glands after gene transfer.

Methods:  A serotype 5 adenoviral vector (Ad.hA1AT) was constructed and first characterized by dose response and time course studies using SMIE cells in vitro. hA1AT expression was analysed by ELISA and the biologic activity determined by the inhibition of human neutrophil elastase (hNE) and formation of hA1AT‐hNE complexes. Ad.hA1AT was administered to submandibular glands of rats and mice. The levels and activity of hA1AT were analysed in saliva, serum and gland extracts. Treatment with endoglycosidase H and Peptide N‐Glycosidase F was used to assess N‐linked glycosylation.

Results:  Transgenic hA1AT, expressed in submandibular glands following Ad.hA1AT administration, was secreted into the bloodstream, N‐glycosylated and biochemically active.

Conclusion:  After in vivo gene transfer, rodent salivary glands can produce a non‐hormonal, transgenic, secretory glycoprotein exhibiting complex and conformation‐dependent biologic activity.
Women’s Writing in Seventeenth‐Century Ireland
Authors: Coolahan Marie‐Louise
Published: December 2010

This essay offers a survey of the current state of scholarship in the field of women’s writing in seventeenth‐century Ireland. It begins by charting advances made in the past decade in rendering primary texts available, primarily via anthologies. It then delineates the historical, ethnic and linguistic contexts for women’s textual production in Ireland. The essay argues that genre is an apposite category of analysis for this material. It discusses Gaelic poetry, nuns’ writing, depositions, petitions, coterie poetry and autobiography. It concludes by pointing to further avenues for research and critical analysis.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED INGREDIENTS AND FAT CONTENT ON THE SENSORY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FRANKFURTER‐TYPE SAUSAGES
Authors: PETRIDIS D. , VLAZAKIS EL. , TZIVANOS IAK. , DERLIKIS EM. , RITZOULIS C.
Published: December 2010

A Plackett–Burman factorial screening test was set up to examine the effect of six key technological parameters (ascorbic acid, phosphate salts, sodium caseinate, starch, amount of fat, ratio of beef to porcine meat) on the sensory properties of frankfurters. The experiments included texture profile analysis (TPA), objective and hedonic sensory assessments, and color analysis. The TPA tests were in good agreement with the sensory tests. The presence of macromolecules such as starch and sodium caseinate increased the objective biting force, while it reduced factors related to the elasticity of the food matrix. The bovine to porcine ratio influenced mechanical gumminess and chewiness, as well as hedonic elasticity.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work contributes to the potential to reduce nonmeat additives by limiting their useful concentration ranges. These have been established in relation to the fat content and the type of meat used (beef to pork ratio). This is of putative benefit toward the production costs and consumer health. The effect of the factors studied can be of interest to the meat industry in improving existing formulations.
Typology of Finiteness
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina
Published: December 2010

The notion of finiteness inherited from the traditional grammar and based on morphological criteria has been ill defined. While some typologists doubt the universality of the finite/nonfinite distinction, others suggest that finiteness is a scalar meta‐phenomenon or a functional tendency defined by a cluster of correlating parameters. In this approach no decision is needed as to what feature is crucial for finiteness because it has different morphosyntactic manifestations across languages. The nature of finiteness has to do with the semantics of subordination (the asymmetry between dependent and independent clauses). But other research argues that the finite/nonfinite opposition is broader because it applies to independent clauses, too. The paper shows that there are different domains of grammar where the notion of finiteness may play a role. The nature of the relationship between them is to some extent arbitrary and depends on an individual language. This implies that if the universal content of this category is to be maintained, it must be decomposed. At this stage what we need is a typologically informed approach which can provide a tool for cross‐linguistic comparison and present the whole area of finiteness‐related phenomena in a structured and principled way. This is a necessary prerequisite for providing a descriptively adequate framework for further theory construction.
Language Teachers’ Philosophies of Teaching: Bases for Development and Possible Lines of Investigation
Authors: Crookes Graham
Published: December 2010

The area of philosophy of education provides resources for language teachers’ development of personal philosophies of teaching. The article reviews the need for such entities and discusses the conceptual resources available for their development as well as related research in applied linguistics. Although the field of teacher cognition is identified as a close neighbor of the area, the small amount of relevant empirical research available suggests that little is known about how language teachers develop philosophies of teaching or use resources in this area. A research agenda is advanced with an emphasis on aims in philosophies of teaching.
COI barcoding of true bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera)
Authors: JUNG SUNGHOON , DUWAL RAM K. , LEE SEUNGHWAN
Published: December 2010

Several recent studies have proposed that partial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene might serve as DNA barcodes for identifying and differentiating between animal species, such as birds, fish and insects. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of a COI barcode to identify true bugs from 139 species collected from Korea and adjacent regions (Japan, Northeastern China and Fareast Russia). All the species had a unique COI barcode sequence except for the genusApolygus(Miridae), and the average interspecific genetic distance between closely related species was about 16 times higher than the average intraspecific genetic distance. DNA barcoding identified one probable new species of true bug and revealed identical or very recently divergent species that were clearly distinguished by morphological characteristics. Therefore, our results suggest that COI barcodes can reveal new cryptic true bug species and are able to contribute for the exact identification of the true bugs.
Design of H∞ Loop-Shaping Controller for LTI System With Input Saturation: Polytopic Gain Scheduled Approach
Authors: Patra S. , Sen S. , Ray G.
Published: December 2010

This paper demonstrates the design of H∞ loop-shaping controller for a linear time invariant (LTI) system with input saturation constraint. The design problem has been formulated in the four-block H∞ synthesis framework, which is equivalent to normalized coprime factor robust stabilization problem. The shaped plant is represented as a polytopic linear parameter varying (LPV) system while saturation nonlinearity is considered. For a polytopic model, the LTI H∞ loop-shaping controllers have been designed at each vertex of the polytope using linear matrix inequalities, and subsequently controllers are scheduled by adopting a certain interpolation procedure. The proposed controller ensures the stability and robust L2-performance of the closed-loop system due to vertex property of the polytopic LPV shaped plant. The effectiveness of the design method has been illustrated through a numerical example.
Permeation of Lubricant Trapped Within Pocket Into Real Contact Area on the End Surface of Cylinder
Authors: Azushima Akira , Yanagida Akira , Tani Shojiro
Published: December 2010

Knowledge on the behavior of lubricant trapped in a surface pocket is important for improving metal forming technology, since the trapped lubricant affects friction and surface finishing. The permeation phenomena at higher reduction in height were quantitatively observed during the upsetting of cylinders with a central conical dent using the new fluorescence direct observation apparatus developed by the authors. Moreover, the permeation phenomena were estimated using a rigid-plastic finite element analysis model incorporating the compressibility of the lubricant. From the experimental results, it was quantitatively observed that over a reduction in height of 37%, the outline of the central conical dent became blurred, and the lubricant trapped within the conical dent permeated into the peripheral real contact area. It was also quantitatively observed that the volume of the lubricant trapped within the conical dent decreased gradually and abruptly with increasing reduction in height up to and above 36%, respectively. From the numerical results, it was estimated that the trapped lubricant permeated when the hydrostatic pressure generated within the lubricant pocket exceeded the die pressure at higher reduction in height.
Development of a simple, compact, low-cost interference lithography system
Authors: Korre Hasan , Fucetola Corey P. , Johnson Jeremy A. , Berggren Karl K.
Published: December 2010

Interference lithography (IL) has proven itself to be an enabling technology for nanofabrication. Within IL, issues of spatial phase distortion, fringe stability, and substrate development have been explored and addressed. However, IL tools are still unnecessarily expensive, large, and complex. To address these issues, the authors previously built a simple IL tool that used a blue laser diode to produce ∼300 nm pitch structures. The resulting patterned areas (∼mm2) were limited by both the temporal and spatial coherence of the laser. Here, the authors report on the advancement of their low-cost interference lithography tool that makes use of newly available blue laser diodes and a simplified spatial filter to print larger-area (∼cm2) patterns. With this configuration, the authors have designed and implemented a small-footprint (∼0.2 m2) Lloyd’s mirror IL tool that can be assembled for less than ∼6000 USD.
Structure and properties of polymer core-shell systems: Helium ion microscopy and electrical conductivity studies
Authors: Bliznyuk Valery , Pud Alexander , Scipioni Larry , Huynh Chuong , Ogurtsov Nikolay , Ferranti David
Published: December 2010

Peculiarities of the structural organization and electrical properties of two core-shell polymer systems under different fabrication protocols have been studied with a combination of helium ion microscopy (HIM) and current-voltage characterization. The systems under study included a submicrometer core of a ferroelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride and a shell of intrinsically conducting or semiconducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) or poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT). Application of HIM allowed identification of the polymer components, visualization of the electrically conductive percolation network of PANI or P3MT, and its variation due to thermal annealing and/or interaction with the environment. HIM is proved to be a powerful tool for characterization of not only the morphology but also of the charge distribution and conductivity properties on the nanoscale. The specific contrast formation in HIM imaging is due to differences in local electrical conductivity of the components. The authors have demonstrated that the polymer core-shell systems under study can serve as a universal platform for development of nanostructured multifunctional materials. Specifically, it is shown that they can be used for preparation of conducting and semiconducting polymer films or layers having promising nonlinear electrical and sensor properties.
Plasma etch fabrication of 60:1 aspect ratio silicon nanogratings with 200 nm pitch
Authors: Mukherjee Pran , Bruccoleri Alexander , Heilmann Ralf K. , Schattenburg Mark L. , Kaplan Alex F. , Guo L. Jay
Published: December 2010

The authors present a breakthrough multistage dry-etch process to create 100 nm half-pitch gratings in silicon with depths up to 6 μm. Interference lithography was used to pattern gratings in an optically matched stack of materials to form a 400-nm-thick silicon oxide hard-mask. The oxide was then used to mask the subsequent deep reactive-ion etching of silicon. In this article, the authors describe their grating patterning, pattern transfer, and deep etch processes, and present progress toward combining this technique with coarser scale lithography steps designed to form an integrated mechanical support structure to produce freestanding x-ray diffraction gratings.