bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Natural Killer Cells in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Maghazachi A. A.
Published: October 2012

Although the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known, the consensus is that Th1 cells sensitized to myelin proteins in the periphery are recruited into the CNS and damage the myelin sheath. Natural killers (NK) are cells that spontaneously lyse tumor target cells and have immunoregulatory activity secreting multiple cytokines and chemokines, as well as interacting with cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. A great discovery in the field is the cloning of several inhibitory and activating receptors. Another important contribution is the discovery that these cells express many seven-transmembrane-spanning domain receptors which aid them in extravasations into injured tissues. Despite all this progress, the role of NK cells in autoimmune diseases including MS is still not quite clear. In this paper, I will summarize recent findings related to the effects of these cells in both MS and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Hence, I will discuss the effects of drugs used to treat MS/EAE and then explain their effects on NK cells. These include anti-CD25 or daclizumab, interferon-β(IFN-β), natalizumab, glatiramer acetate (GA), and fingolimod (FTY720). Finally, I will explain the contribution of the recently discovered NK17/NK1 cells in MS disease.
Feasibility and Validity of a Wearable GPS Device for Measuring Outings after Stroke
Authors: McCluskey Annie , Ada Louise , Dean Catherine M. , Vargas Janine
Published: October 2012

Aim. Self-report diaries are a low-cost method of measuring community participation but may be inaccurate, while the “gold standard,” observation is time consuming and costly. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and validity of a global positioning system (GPS) for measuring outings after stroke. Design. Cross-sectional cohort study. Methods. Twenty ambulant people with stroke wore a GPS device and kept a diary for 7 days, and 18 were observed for half a day. We recorded recruitment rate, user perceptions, and data extraction time. GPS data were analysed against Google maps. Percent exact agreement (PEA) with observation was calculated for GPS and diary. Results. Of 23 eligible participants, 20 consented (mean 3.6 years after stroke). GPS data recovery was high (87%). Some participants had difficulty operating the on/off switch and reading the small screen. Data extraction took an average of 5 hours per participant. PEA with observation was high for number of outings (GPS 94%; diary 89%) but lower for purpose of outings (GPS 71%; diary 82%). Conclusions. The GPS device and diary were both feasible and valid for measuring outings after stroke. Simultaneous use of GPS and diaries is recommended for comprehensive analysis of outings.
An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin
Authors: Ángeles Esteban María
Published: October 2012

The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.
The Sweet Spot: Continued Search for the Glycemic Threshold for Macrovascular Disease—A Retrospective Single Center Experience
Authors: Boguszewski Andrzej , Teklinski Andrew , Rosman Howard , Desai Devang , Ali Sajid , Szpunar Susan , Moore Ruth , Maciejko James
Published: October 2012

Background. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose (IFG). We hypothesized that the relation of fasting glucose levels to ASCVD is linear, with the prevalence of clinical ASCVD beginning to increase even among individuals currently categorized as normoglycemic. Methods. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed from our Dyslipidemic Preventive Cardiology Clinic. We evaluated the prevalence of ASCVD relative to fasting glucose levels in a cross-section of patients at high risk for ASCVD.
Results. In 558 dyslipidemic patients, ASCVD prevalence increased with increasing fasting glucose levels. A significantly higher prevalence of ASCVD was observed among patients with fasting glucose levels between 90 and 99 mg/dL versus lower levels. As glucose levels increased from 90 to 125 mg/dL, the prevalence of ASCVD continued to rise in parallel. Logistic regression analysis with forward likelihood ratio stepwise selection indicated that individuals with fasting blood glucose of 90–99 mg/dL were 2.6 times more likely to have ASCVD than those with lower levels of fasting blood glucose. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that the current cutoff for impaired fasting glucose of 100 mg/dL may be somewhat conservative and that a level above 90 mg/dL may be more appropriate as an ASCVD risk factor, particularly in patients with a lipid disorder.
Modernização, nacionalismo e a elite: a origem do jiu-jitsu brasileiro, 1905-1920
Authors: Cairus José
Published: October 2012

Este artigo é parte da minha tese de doutorado intitulada The Gracie Clan and the Making of Brazilian jiu-jitsu: National Identity, Culture and Performance, 1905-1993na qual eu trabalho com a introdução, criolização e globalização de uma arte marcial de origem japonesa conhecida como jiu-jitsu. A arte marcial híbrida desenvolvida no Brasil a partir da matriz japonesa pela família Gracie é produto do conflito entre tradição e modernidade que ao longo do século XX se transformou em um complexo ritual de hipermasculinidade baseado em violência « made in Brazil ». Meu artigo é dividido em duas partes nas quais eu analiso a introdução do jiu-jitsu no Brasil no início do século XX como parte do processo de modernização em âmbito global. Na primeira parte, a narrativa se desenrola no Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX e examina a adoção do jiu-jitsu como escola de educação física e patrocinada por militares. Esta seção está simbolizada na vinheta « 1° Round ». Na segunda parte, a narrativa se desloca para a Amazônia durante a I Guerra Mundial aonde uma versão modernizada do jiu-jitsu japonês é introduzido de forma definitiva como resultado do encontro de caráter transnacional entre uma trupe de artistas marciais japoneses e uma família de brasileiros de origem escocesa. A segunda parte do artigo esta representada na vinheta 2° Round.
Entre prédios envidraçados, uma cruz eslava: ucranianos, bens culturais e a cidade
Authors: Tamanini Paulo Augusto
Published: October 2012

Este artigo preocupa-se em tecer alguns apontamentos sobre o local de estabelecimento dos imigrantes ortodoxos ucranianos na cidade de Curitiba e verificar quais as estratégias adotadas, no intuito de preservar os bens culturais étnicos, durante o processo de modificação do espaço trazido pela urbanização da Avenida Cândido Hartmann (que até 1978 se chamava Vila dos Ucraínos). Para buscar as informações que dão suporte às análises que contemplem os temas ‘bens culturais e a cidade’, depoimentos tomados de imigrantes que moravam no bairro, atentam para perceber a relação dialética entre o lugar e o conjunto de crenças e práticas culturais do grupo. Se de um lado a urbanidade tende a homogeneizar lugares que se criam específicos, por outro, quando há interesse, reforça as identificações étnicas em espaços apropriados.
O melhor para quem?: o Juizado de Órfãos e o discurso de valorização e proteção aos menores de idade no início do século XX
Authors: Cardozo José Carlos da Silva
Published: October 2012

Nos anos iniciais do século XX, havia o discurso social de valorização e proteção aos menores de idade. Nesse período, muitos adultos requereram a tutela de crianças com o objetivo de zelar pela saúde, alimentação, moradia e educação dessas. A tutela era um encargo requerido por uma pessoa ao Juízo dos Órfãos para que esta gerenciasse os bens e cuidasse da integridade física do menor. Porém, se havia todo um discurso de bem-estar dos menores, por que os adultos optavam pela tutela ao invés da adoção? Este estudo procura problematizar e supor algumas respostas para essa indagação.
Screening and Characterization of Luminescent Bacterial Strain
Authors: Uzma Badar  , Erum Shoeb  , Komal Daredia  , Durr-e-Shawar  , Jameela Akhtar  , Maqsood A. Ansari
Published: October 2012

Several samples of sea water and sea organisms were collected for the isolation of luminescent bacterial strain. The samples were collected from Clifton, Hawksbay, fisheri at Landhi and Jeti at Korangi, Karachi, Pakistan, the sea organisms such as Crab, Prawn, Fish, Eel, Fish Gut, Electric Fish were collected. Three different media were used for enrichment of samples that is BOSS, Luminescent Agar (LA) and nutrient broth. A total of twenty one different bacterial strains were selected for further studies on the basis of different colonial morphologies. They were designated as DGU101 to DGU116, DGU221-DGU224 and DGU227. These strains were checked for luminescent and tolerance against antibiotics and heavy metal salts. Only one strain isolated from sea water (Clifton beach) designated as DGU227 showed luminescent on Luminescent Agar (LA) medium. It also exhibited multiple metal and antibiotic resistances. The two large plasmids were isolated from DGU227 which were more than 10 kb in size. The luminescence, growth, quorum sensing phenomenon of bioluminescent bacteria is affected by the presence of metal and antibiotics in environment, which act as inducer, and substrate in activating and enhancing these natural activities. Mostly Luminescent was observed after 24 hours of incubation it enhanced while growing in presence of antibiotic Ampicillin. The strain DGU227 was further identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis and exhibited 98% homology with Vibrio chigassi bacterial strain.
Ego Identity and Relational and Social Aggression Mediated by Elaborative and Deep Processing
Authors: Kolbert Jered B. , Crothers Laura M. , Kanyongo Gibbs Y. , Ng Helena K.Y. , Albright Charles M. , Fenclau Jr. Eric , Schmitt Ara J. , Wells Daniel
Published: October 2012

In this investigation, late adolescents’ (N = 629) ego identity status (e.g., identity achievement, identity diffusion, identity moratorium, and identity foreclosure), cognitive processing style, and self-reported use of relational aggression and social aggression were measured in order to assess potential relationships among these constructs. Four separate models were used to test these hypotheses, and the results showed support for some but not all the four hypotheses. In this sample, it appears that individuals with high levels of cognitive sophistication who lack social maturity by which to resolve relationship problems were more likely to use social aggression than those with lower levels of cognitive processing skills or with higher levels of emotional maturity.
The Importance of a Stable Home and Family Environment in the Prevention of Youth Offending in South Africa
Authors: Lutya Thozama Mandisa
Published: October 2012

The importance of a stable home and family environment in the prevention of youth offending in South Africa.
This paper aims to present a strategy to prevent youth offending in South Africa. The strategy is motivated by research findings obtained from the study titled “Home and family circumstances of young offenders: A social worker’s view” in 2007. The findings of this study revealed that socio-economic factors; inept parenting and socialisation practices; exposure to inter-parental violence; sibling criminality; negative parent-child relationship; parental response to deviant behaviour of the child as well as the lack of parental interest in the rehabilitation programmes offered to their offending children increases the likelihood of a child partaking in criminal activities. This paper argues that in order to prevent youth offending South Africa should consider the importance of a stable home and family environment in the prevention of youth offending. Firstly, family planning is important. Secondly, parental involvement in a child’s activities is vital to ensure proper supervision and monitoring. Thirdly, in the absence of adequate parenting skills, efficacy and management parenting programmes could help parents learn a conforming manner of rearing their children. Lastly, once they have been caught committing a crime parents ought to take centre stage to ensure that the child’s behavioural transformation takes place.
Analysis of Tautomerism in β-Ketobuanamides by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Substituent, Temperature and Solvent Effects
Authors: Laurella Sergio , Sierra Manuel González , Furlong Jorge , Allegretti Patricia
Published: October 2012

β-ketoamides are versatile intermediates for the synthesis of several heterocycles and they are also relevant compounds in biological systems, with their tautomeric equilibria being a crucial aspect to be studied in order to understand their chemical and biological behaviour. Tautomeric equilibria of a series of β-ketobutanamides were analyzed by means of 1HNMR, determining that ketoamide and Z-enolamide are the main tautomeric species in solution, both presenting internal hydrogen bonds. Keto-enol equilibrium predominates over other possible tautomerisms (e.g. amide-imidol). The enol tautomer appears to be favoured by electron withdrawing substituents and non-protic solvents. Thermodynamic parameters ΔH and ΔS were determined in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6, showing that the keto-enol equilibria are exothermic and require a molecule order increase.
The Effect of Humic Acid on the Formation and Solubility of Secondary Solid Phases of Polyvalent Metal Ions
Authors: Antoniou Stella , Pashalidis Ioannis
Published: October 2012

The paper presents and discusses experimental data regarding the effect of natural organic matter (e.g. humic acid) on the formation and solubility of secondary solid phases of polyvalent metal ions (e.g. M(VI), M(IV), M(III)) in aqueous solutions of 0.1 M NaClO4 and under normal atmospheric conditions. The experimental work has been carried out using hexavalent uranium as analogue for M(VI), tetravalent thorium, cerium and zirconium as analogues for M(IV) and trivalent samarium and neodymium as analogues for M(III). The solid phases under investigation have been prepared by alkaline precipitation in the presence and absence of humic acid and characterized by TGA, ATR-FTIR, XRD and solubility measurements. The experimental data obtained indicate generally that the solid phases, which are formed in the absence of humic acid, are stable and remain the solubility limiting solid phases even in the presence of increased humic acid concentration (up to 0.5 g l-1) in solution. Although polyvalent metal ions form very stable complex with humic acid, upon base addition in the M(z)-humic acid system decomplexation of the previously formed M(z)-humate complexes and precipitation of two distinct phases occurs, namely, the inorganic and the organic phase. The latter is adsorbed on the particle surface of the former. However, natural organic matter (humic acid) affects the particle size of the solid phases and may lead to reduction of redox-sensitive species. Generally, increasing humic acid concentration results in decreasing crystallite size of the inorganic solid phase. The extent of the effect depends inversely on the solid phase stability.
Influence of Temperature and Salt on Association and Thermodynamic Parameters of Micellization of a Cationic Gemini Surfactant
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Parikh Kushan
Published: October 2012

Association behavior of a gemini surfactant, N,N'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))bis(N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium) chloride, has been studied conductometrically at different temperatures (293.15 to 338.15 K) in aqueous and aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solvents. The association studies were also performed in aqueous salt solution (sodium chloride, NaCl or sodium salicylate, NaSal). Critical micelle concentration (cmc) decreases and then increases with continuous increase in temperature (an U-shaped behavior). The temperature (Tm) corresponds to lowest cmc (cmcm) has been found â‰ˆ 325 K for both the solvents (water and water + EG). However, cmc increases in mixed solvent (water + EG). The Tm has been shifted to lower temperature in the presence of salt. The shifting in Tm was dependent upon the nature of the counter ion. The cmc â€“ temperature variation can be represented by a power law relationship. Relevant thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated and discussed on the basis of nature of the solvent / counter ion. The enthalpy â€“ entropy compensation plots exhibit linearity. The compensation temperature (Tc) and enthalpy change (DH*mic) have been computed for various surfactant â€“ solvent systems.
Prenatal Nutrition and Fetal Macrosomia in Medically Underserved Areas
Authors: Inegbenebor Ute , Ebomoyi Maureen
Published: October 2012

Though fetal Macrosomia is often defined as a condition in which the fetus is 4000 grams or more in weight, controversy exists on the exact birth weight that can be used as a bench mark.  Fetal macrosomia creates several diagnostic and management difficulties in developed countries. The difficulties experienced by birth attendants in medically underserved areas in developing countries are probably much more. The development of fetal macrosomia is therefore preferably prevented. This article draws attention to observed nutritional habits in Nigeria that are capable of escalating the prevalence of fetal macrosomia in areas that are least equipped to deal the associated complications. Nutritionally dependent prevention strategies that could reduce the incidence of fetal macrosomia in medically underserved areas are suggested.
Clinical Ethics and Nutrition Support
Authors: Schwartz Denise Baird
Published: October 2012

Nutrition support should be considered optional when this therapy is not in congruence with an individual's wishes based on quality of life goals, during the end-of-life period. Ethical dilemmas, dealing with nutrition therapy, are often due to lack of early communication between individuals, their family, and healthcare providers. Landmark young adult ethical court cases, dealing with nutrition therapy, reveal that this is not just a topic for the elderly. Healthcare literacy, multicultural populations, and different faiths add to the diversity of perspectives on healthcare decisions dealing with withholding or withdrawing nutrition therapy. These dilemmas are preventable if action steps are taken to improve the current healthcare clinical ethics model. Healthcare decision-making in advance should be considered by the individual and their family as an opportunity to communicate and plan for the future rather than a taboo topic. Healthcare facilities need to develop a proactive, integrated, structured process for healthcare ethical decision-making with measurable outcomes and shared best practice. Resources and toolkits are available to educate both the healthcare professional and the public on advance care planning
Las relaciones del internacionalismo científico con los orígenes del movimiento documental europeo contemporáneo (1890-1945)
Authors: Olagüe de Ros Guillermo
Published: October 2012

En los orígenes del movimiento documental europeo contemporáneo el internacionalismo científico jugó un papel determinante. En este artículo se estudian los componentes teóricos, sociales y técnicos de dicho internacionalismo científico que contribuyeron al surgimiento de una naciente ciencia documental. Tras la I Guerra Mundial, el internacionalismo científico perdió su razón de ser, pero algunos de sus elementos siguieron teniendo un peso muy relevante en la evolución de la documentación científica.
La Ciencia Documental como garantía de la Verdad Periodística
Authors: Parra Pujante Antonio
Published: October 2012

En mitad del bosque de datos y de información que los nuevos medios informativos y tecnologías de la comunicación han traído al mundo globalizado actual, el periodismo tradicional y de calidad emerge como garantía de verificación y reflejo científico y objetivo de la realidad. Sin embargo, para ello, necesita un plus de precisión que, entre otras, pueden  proporcionarle las herramientas de la Documentación, ciencia que, a la vez, resuelve sus problemas gnoseológicos y facilita su estatuto epistemológico.En mitad del bosque de datos y de información que los nuevos medios informativos y tecnologías de la comunicación han traído al mundo globalizado actual, el periodismo tradicional y de calidad emerge como garantía de verificación y reflejo científico y objetivo de la realidad. Sin embargo, para ello, necesita un plus de precisión que, entre otras, pueden proporcionarle las herramientas de la Documentación, ciencia que, a la vez, resuelve sus problemas gnoseológicos y facilita su estatuto epistemológico.
Series y subseries en un sistema de clasificación funcional
Authors: Rodríguez Acevedo José Manuel
Published: October 2012

La generalización de los sistemas de clasificación funcional que se han impuesto en la archivística actual nos demanda el replanteamiento de algunos de los tradicionales conceptos de nuestra disciplina y, en ocasiones, la incorporación de otros relativamente nuevos. La experiencia de los archiveros de la Administración Autonómica de Canarias en la construcción de un cuadro de clasificación funcional para todo el fondo de la Institución nos permite reflexionar sobre la operatividad de los conceptos de “serie genérica” y “subserie”, definidos a partir de una interpretación relativamente flexible del principio de procedencia.
Las colecciones musicales de las bibiotecas públicas de la Comunidad de Madrid en la capital: Aproximación tipológica y estadística
Authors: Burgos Bordonau Esther , Palacios Gómez José Luis
Published: October 2012

Estudio tipológico y estadístico de las colecciones musicales de las bibliotecas públicas de la Comunidad de Madrid en su capital. Para la realización de dicho estudio se hizo una consulta del catálogo general que permitió cuantificar los distintos soportes y los géneros musicales de los mismos. Los resultados del estudio revelan cuáles son los géneros musicales más demandados por los usuarios de estas bibliotecas y permiten un mayor conocimiento de sus gustos musicales. Los resultados también ponen de manifiesto que, aunque estas colecciones tienen un escaso volumen dentro del conjunto general de documentos de las bibliotecas, su uso en términos relativos es comparativamente muy superior al de las colecciones librarias.
Traitement intégré de la comorbidité toxicomanie et santé mentale chez les populations urbaines : la situation montréalaise
Authors: Dubreucq Simon , Chanut Florence , Jutras-Aswad Didier
Published: October 2012

La prévalence des patients qui présentent une problématique psychiatrique et de toxicomanie (dits troubles concomitants) est élevée. Montréal, comme d’autres grands centres urbains, est un lieu d’accueil pour un nombre élevé d’entre eux. Malgré la disponibilité des ressources pour traiter chacune de ces affections, il y avait jusqu’à récemment un manque de programmes qui offraient des modalités de traitement intégré. Au cours des dernières années, le Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM) a mis en oeuvre un tel programme pour répondre aux besoins multiples d’une population vulnérable à maints égards, en plus d’être marginalisée. Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent la problématique du « double diagnostic » et son ampleur, les modèles d’intervention existants et les obstacles à l’obtention des soins pour les personnes qui souffrent de troubles concomitants. Les auteurs décrivent les étapes qui ont mené à l’instauration d’une Unité de psychiatrie des toxicomanies au CHUM, et les défis liés à la création d’un modèle d’intervention multidisciplinaire intégré en milieu urbain.
Le cinéphile : réflexions sur le traitement d’un trouble de personnalité schizoïde
Authors: Gamache Dominick , Diguer Louis
Published: October 2012

S’il est généralement admis que le traitement des troubles de la personnalité constitue une entreprise souvent parsemée d’embûches, les connaissances sur les défis et obstacles de l’intervention associés au traitement des troubles du groupe A du DSM demeurent limitées. Le présent article se propose d’illustrer ces difficultés à partir de l’étude du suivi d’un patient présentant un trouble de personnalité schizoïde, qui a bénéficié pendant plus d’un an d’un traitement psychodynamique. Les vicissitudes de ce suivi permettront d’explorer les angoisses relationnelles profondes qui peuvent compliquer le traitement de ce trouble, et comment ces angoisses doivent être prises en considération dans les interventions. Les enjeux contre-transférentiels puissants suscités par ces patients seront approfondis, en particulier ceux générés par les silences prolongés et la gestion constante de la distance thérapeutique optimale. L’article propose également une réflexion sur les limites de la conceptualisation actuelle du trouble par les modèles catégoriels comme celui du DSM, et fait ressortir comment une compréhension dynamique qui fait appel aux notions d’angoisse et d’ambivalence relationnelle peut enrichir le traitement.
Les urgences un sismographe urbain. Témoignage
Authors: Leccia Dominique
Published: October 2012

Notre hypothèse : la ville accélère ou provoque des états de stress spécifiques, et génère sa propre clinique. Les Urgences vont nous indiquer, comment l’incertitude des lieux, l’accélération des trajets et la labilité des frontières, inhérentes aux métropoles sont intériorisées en symptômes pouvant affecter durablement notre équilibre mental.
Value of a Confidant Relationship in Psychosocial Care of People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Grose Jane , Freeman Jennifer , Skirton Heather
Published: October 2012

We explored the effects of living with multiple sclerosis (MS) on a primary relationship: that between the person with MS and his or her closest confidant. We anticipated that this would enhance understanding of the meaning of psychosocial support from the perspective of people with MS. Using a phenomenological qualitative approach, we interviewed 33 people with MS and the people they identified as providing psychosocial support to them (their confidants). The results were presented to a range of health-care workers in two focus groups to explore their responses. Two additional focus groups were held with the participants with MS to add depth and clarity to the findings. Three major themes emerged from the interviews: 1) People with MS do not want to be defined by their condition and want to live as normal a life as possible. 2) The confidant helps to maintain this sense of normality. 3) Both the person with MS and the confidant value the relationship and together try to manage the realities of living with MS. The findings indicate the need to raise awareness among MS care professionals about the value of the confidant relationship. Training professionals to discuss emotional issues with clients and increasing collaboration with agencies that provide emotional support will facilitate a more holistic approach to care.
The unfolded protein response in fission yeast modulates stability of select mRNAs to maintain protein homeostasis
Authors: Kimmig Philipp , Diaz Marcy , Zheng Jiashun , Williams Christopher C , Lang Alexander , Aragón Tomas , Li Hao , Walter Peter
Published: October 2012

The unfolded protein response (UPR) monitors the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In all organisms analyzed to date, the UPR drives transcriptional programs that allow cells to cope with ER stress. The non-conventional splicing of Hac1 (yeasts) and XBP1 (metazoans) mRNA, encoding orthologous UPR transcription activators, is conserved and dependent on Ire1, an ER membrane-resident kinase/endoribonuclease. We found that the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe lacks both a Hac1/XBP1 ortholog and a UPR-dependent-transcriptional-program. Instead, Ire1 initiates the selective decay of a subset of ER-localized-mRNAs that is required to survive ER stress. We identified Bip1 mRNA, encoding a major ER-chaperone, as the sole mRNA cleaved upon Ire1 activation that escapes decay. Instead, truncation of its 3′ UTR, including loss of its polyA tail, stabilized Bip1 mRNA, resulting in increased Bip1 translation. Thus, S. pombe uses a universally conserved stress-sensing machinery in novel ways to maintain homeostasis in the ER.
Surface Modification, Characterization and Photocatalytic Performance of Nano-Sized Titania Modified with Silver and Bentonite Clay
Authors: Divya Neetu , Bansal Ajay , Jana Asim K.
Published: October 2012

In many textile industries dyes are used as coloring agents. Advanced oxidation processes are used for degrading or removing color from dye baths. Catalysts play a key role in these industries for the treatment of water. Solid catalysts are usually composed of metals that form supports onto the surface and create metal particles with high surface areas. TiO2 composites containing transition metal ions (silver) and/or bentonite clay were prepared. Photocatalytic efficiencies have been investigated for the degradation of Orange G an azo dye. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the surface properties of nano-sized titania modified using silver and/or bentonite clay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analyses showed that TiO2 (10 ± 2 nm) and Ag (2 to 3 nm) particles were supported on the surface of the bentonite clay and the size was in the range of 100 ± 2 nm. The modified catalysts P-25 TiO2/Bentonite/Ag and P-25 TiO2/Ag were found to be very active for the photocatalytic decomposition of Orange G. The percent decolorization in 60 min was 98% with both P-25 TiO2/Ag and P-25 TiO2/Bentonite/Ag modified catalysts. Whereas mineralization achieved in 9 hr were 68% and 71% with P-25 TiO2/Bentonite/Ag and P-25 TiO2/Ag catalyst respectively. © 2009 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Transport of Carbonate Ions by Novel Cellulose Fiber Supported Solid Membrane
Authors: Gaikwad A. G.
Published: October 2012

Transport of carbonate ions was explored through fiber supported solid membrane. A novel fiber supported solid membrane was prepared by chemical modification of cellulose fiber with citric acid, 2′2-bipyridine and magnesium carbonate. The factors affecting the permeability of carbonate ions such as immobilization of citric acid-magnesium metal ion -2′2-bipyridine complex (0 to 2.5 mmol/g range) over cellulose fiber, carbon-ate ion concentration in source phase and NaOH concentration in receiving phase were investigated. Ki-netic of carbonate, sulfate, and nitrate ions was investigated through fiber supported solid membrane. Transport of carbonate ions with/without bubbling of CO2 (0 to 10 ml/min) in source phase was explored from source to receiving phase. The novel idea is to explore the adsorptive transport of CO2 from source to receiving phase through cellulose fiber containing magnesium metal ion organic framework. © 2012 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Computation and Theoretical Methods, Introduction
Authors: Sanchez Juan M.
Published: October 2012

This chapter of the second edition of Characterization of Materials is aimed at complementing and providing the basic theoretical and computational underpinnings for the experimental techniques and tools presented throughout the volume. Historically, theoretical understanding of materials properties has been a prerequisite for the development of experimental tools and, as such, there is an inextricable connection between theory and experimentation. The collection of papers in this chapter is aimed at providing some of the fundamental principles behind the characterization tools presented throughout the volume and the interpretation of the results they produce. Beyond that objective, the chapter also aims at revealing the extent to which modeling and simulation have evolved over the last few decades. Materials theory, modeling, and simulation have evolved past their traditional role of providing general guiding principles and the basis for rationalizing and understanding materials properties. At present, modeling and simulation have achieved a high level of predictive capability for a wealth of materials properties, making them almost indispensable tools to materials scientists and engineers.
Bonding in Metals
Authors: Watson Richard E. , Weinert Michael
Published: October 2012

The conditions controlling alloy phase formation have been of concern for a long time, even in the period prior to the advent of the first computer‐based electronic structure calculations in the 1950s. In those days, the role of such factors as atomic size and valence were considered, and significant insight was gained, associated with names such as Hume‐Rothery. In recent times, electronic structure calculations have yielded the total energies of systems, and hence the heats of formation of competing real and hypothetical phases. Doing this accurately has become of increasing importance as the groups capable of thermodynamic measurements have dwindled in number.

This article concentrates on the alloys of the transition metals and considers both the old and the new. In the first part, some of the ideas concerning metallic bonding that derive from the early days are inspected. Many of these ideas are still applicable and offer insights into alloy phase behavior that are computationally cheaper, and in some cases rather different, from those obtainable from detailed computation. In the second part, the present‐day total‐energy calculations are presented. Comparisons between theoretical and experimental heats of formation are not made, because the spreads between experimental heats and their computed counterparts are not altogether satisfying for metallic systems. Instead, the factors controlling the accuracy of the computational methods and the precision with which they are carried out are inspected. All too often, consideration of computational costs leads to results that are less precisely defined than is needed.
Molecular‐Dynamics Simulation of Surface Phenomena
Authors: Rahman Talat S.
Published: October 2012

Molecular‐dynamics (MD) simulation is a well‐developed numerical technique that involves the use of a suitable algorithm to solve the classical equations of motion for atoms interacting with a known interatomic potential. This method has been used for several decades now to illustrate and understand the temperature and pressure dependencies of dynamical phenomena in liquids, solids, and liquid‐solid interfaces.

MD simulation techniques are also well suited for studying surface phenomena, as they provide a qualitative understanding of surface structure and dynamics. This article considers the use of MD techniques to better understand surface disorder and premelting. Specifically, it examines the temperature dependence of structure and vibrational dynamics at surfaces of face‐centered cubic (fcc) metals‐mainly Ag, Cu, and Ni. It also makes contact with results from other theoretical and experimental methods.

While the emphasis in this article is on metal surfaces, the MD technique has been applied over the years to a wide variety of surfaces including those of semiconductors, insulators, alloys, glasses, and simple or binary liquids. A full review of the pros and cons of the method as applied to these very interesting systems is beyond the scope of this article. However, it is worth pointing out that the success of the classical MD simulation depends to a large extent on the exactness with which the forces acting on the ion cores can be determined. On semiconductor and insulator surfaces, the success of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations has made them more suitable for such calculations rather than classical MD simulations.
Magnetism In Alloys
Authors: Razee S. S. A. , Pinski F. J. , Staunton J. B. , Johnson D. D.
Published: October 2012

This article reviews first‐principles theoretical works that describe the properties of metallic magnetic materials containing ferromagnetic transition metals (Fe, Co and Ni) as a component. We discuss magnetism and its relation to the structure and composition of the alloys in the ground state as well as at finite temperatures. The magnetic phase transition, the Curie temperature and other parameters can be calculated from first‐principles theories and we detail some of the results. The relationship between the magnetism and atomic short range order also has been discussed. Finally, we have discussed the calculation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy of alloys as well as its relationship with atomic short‐range order.
Computation of Diffuse Intensities in Alloys
Authors: Johnson Duane D.
Published: October 2012

Diffuse intensities in alloys are measured by a variety of techniques, such as x‐ray,electron and neutron scattering. Above a structural phase transformation boundary, typically in the solid‐solution phasewhere most materials processing takes place, the diffuse intensities yield valuable information regarding analloy's tendency to order. This has been a main stay characterization technique for binary alloys for over a half a century. Although multicomponent metallic alloys are the most technologically important, they also pose a great experimental and theoretical challenge. For this reason, a vast majority of experimental and theoretical effort has been on binary systems, and most investigated “ternary” systems are either limited to a small percentage of ternary solute (say, to investigate electron‐per‐atom effects) or they are pseudo‐binary systems.

This article discusses an electronic‐based theoretical method for calculating the structural ordering in multicomponent alloys and understanding the electronic origin for this chemical ordering behavior. This theory is based on the ideas of concentration waves using a modern electronic‐structure method. We give examples that show how we determined the electronic origin behind the unusual ordering behavior in a few binary and ternary alloy systems that were not understood prior to our work. The theoretical approach is compared to other complimentary techniques for completeness. In addition, some details are given about the theory and its underpinnings. In particular, it has been explained only recently how important a proper representation of charge density is when applying various approximations to represent ordered and, especially, disordered alloys, which we provide some examples.
Mechanical Testing, Introduction
Authors: Abbaschian Reza
Published: October 2012

Basic mechanical property and materials strength measurements are obtained by standardized mechanical tests, many of which are described in this chapter. Each article in this chapter not only covers details, principles, and practical aspects of the various tests, but also provides comprehensive reference to the standard procedures and sample geometries dictated by the ASTM or other standards agencies. This chapter also covers additional mechanical testing techniques such as high‐strain‐rate testing, measurements under pressure, and tribological and wear testing. As such, the chapter covers a broad spectrum of techniques used to assess materials behavior in a variety of engineering applications.
Thermal Analysis, Introduction
Authors: Cook Lawrence P.
Published: October 2012

Thermal analysis includes a number of important techniques which have in common the characterization of materials by describing their properties, or changes in their properties, as a function of temperature and time. In this chapter the authors summarize techniques that can be used for characterization of many of the thermochemical and thermophysical properties important in materials research and development. These properties include thermal stability, enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of formation, heat capacity, temperature and enthalpy of phase changes and phase transitions, equilibrium as a function of partial pressure of gaseous species, mass fraction of volatile components, and thermal diffusivity. Additionally, quantitative kinetic information regarding rates of many materials processes, such as phase changes or devolatization, can be obtained using appropriate methods.
Simultaneous Techniques Including Analysis of Gaseous Products
Authors: Lineberry Quentin , Pan Wei‐Ping
Published: October 2012

Simultaneous techniques utilize the application of two or more techniques to the same sample at the same time. This technique has greatly improved the understanding of numerous materials. One of the most common forms of a simultaneous technique is the combination of thermogravimetry with differential scanning calorimetry or differential thermal analysis to produce a simultaneous DTA/DSC‐TGA (SDT). This combination allows the weight and heat flow of a material to be monitored simultaneously. Another simultaneous technique that is widely used is the analysis of gaseous products, which is commonly referred to as evolved gas analysis (EGA). EGA usually employs a mass spectrometer or an infrared spectrometer combined to a thermal analysis instrument. This setup allows the gasses to be monitored as they are evolved. This article details the SDT and EGA techniques and provides references to more detailed descriptions.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements, Introduction
Authors: Barnes Peter A.
Published: October 2012

Electrical and electronic measurements of materials are among the most powerful techniques available for materials characterization. These measurements can reveal information that completely characterizes the electrical transport properties of the material. Furthermore, modern instrumentation makes precision measurements and computer interfacing straightforward at reasonable cost.
Hall Effect and Conductivity Measurements in Semiconductor Crystals and Thin Films
Authors: Ellmer Klaus
Published: October 2012

The principle of the Hall effect and its application to the characterization of semiconductors are described. The physical origin of the Hall effect, discovered by Edwin H. Hall in 1879, is the Lorentz force acting on the charge carriers in a solid. The Hall voltage, which is generated perpendicular to the current flow in the sample, is proportional to the carrier mobility in the sample. Its sign depends on the type of the (majority) charge carrier (electrons or holes) and can be used to determine if a semiconductor is n‐ or p‐type. From the measured Hall voltage, the carrier concentrationnof the Hall sample can be determined. In combination with a conductivity (σ) measurement, the Hall mobility μHof the sample can be calculated according to μ = σ/(qn). Though in principle simple, the preparation of the Hall measurement samples and the interpretation of the measurements needs some care and the appropriate theory for the charge carrier transport in semiconductors. The normal Hall effect can be explained by a semiclassical theory, while the quantum Hall effect, discovered by von Klitzing in 1980, is a true quantum effect, which occurs only at very high fields at low temperatures in two‐dimensional electron gases. The so‐called von Klitzing constantRK = h/e2 = 25812.807557(18) Ω, which is extracted from a quantum Hall measurement, can be used for the definition of the international standard for resistance. Today, the (normal) Hall effect finds applications for the characterization of semiconductors and mainly for Hall sensors (produced in numbers of billions/year) for the measurement of magnetic fields, for noncontact (proximity) switches, speed detectors, position, and current sensors.
Electrochemical Techniques, Introduction
Authors: Bocarsly Andrew B.
Published: October 2012

Modern electrochemistry provides both a synthetic methodology to the materials scientist and an analytical tool for the evaluation of compositions and the kinetics of charge transfer processes. On the one hand, a variety of bulk materials and functional surfaces are prepared electrochemically. Historically this includes the electrorefining of materials such as aluminum, gold, and copper; surface preparation as illustrated in the anodization of aluminum, the electroetching of semiconductors, and the electroplating of thick metallic films. Similarly, the electrosynthesis of soft materials, for example, conducting organic polymers is an important route in select cases. More recently, the electrosynthesis of quantum structures either by direct deposition as in the case of ultra‐thin film layered metal structures, or by electroetching as exemplified in the synthesis of porous silicon has become an important application of electrochemistry. On the other hand, electroanalytical chemistry has been developed as an extremely sensitive physical characterization technique for the quantification of conducting and semiconducting surfaces and interfaces. The corrosion properties/processes of metallic surfaces and semiconductor electronic properties are two key areas where electrochemical characterization has had high impact. In keeping with the central analytical theme of this work, this chapter details the class of electrochemical techniques specifically aimed at characterizing materials and their interfaces.
Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry
Authors: J. Anz Samir , M. Fajardo Arnel , J. Royea William , S. Lewis Nathan , J. Morris Amanda
Published: October 2012

This article discusses methods and experimental protocols in semiconductor electrochemistry. We first discuss the basic principles that govern the energetics and kinetics of charge flow at a semiconductor‐liquid contact. The principal electrochemical techniques of photocurrent and photovoltage measurements used to obtain important interfacial energetic and kinetic quantities of such contacts are then described in detail. After this basic description of concepts and methods in semiconductor electrochemistry, we describe methods for characterizing the optical, electrical, and chemical properties of semiconductors through use of the electrochemical properties of semiconductor‐liquid interfaces.