bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lydia Jackson Emerson’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: September 2024

Lydia Jackson Emerson (1802–92) has been almost entirely overshadowed by her famous husband, but that’s not the way her contemporaries viewed her. Elizabeth Peabody said of her, “we had a beautiful talk about a variety of most intellectual and spiritual things—And I should think she had a rare characteristic of genius—inexhaustible originality.” Another friend wrote that she was “as remarkable among women as [Emerson is] among men.” A shrewd analyst of human behavior, Lydia was one of the first to perceive transcendentalism’s limitations. She reasoned that if the self was of preeminent importance, then people could find no meaning in anything greater than themselves. She convinced her husband to redirect his rarefied philosophy toward the plight of enslaved African Americans, and her “Transcendental Bible” remains unparalleled in its portrait of transcendentalism’s smug self-satisfaction.
Organization and menstruation
Authors: Owen Lara
Published: September 2024

This chapter explains what is meant by ‘organizing’ and ‘reorganizing’ menstruation. It gives an overview of the historic and contemporary contexts to show how the organizing structures of work, consumption, and commodification are tightly interwoven with regard to menstruation, and how these are changing. The first half of the chapter explores conventional menstrual organization with a focus on how menstrual stigma has been deployed: the impact of menstrual stigma on female psychology; the role of silence and respectability codes surrounding menstrual blood and the products used to conceal it; the androcentric workplace and how menstruation has been normatively constructed at work; the interplay between medical attitudes and working life; microaggressions and workplace confidence; the impact of menstrual stigma on career development; how menstruation has been commodified and commercialized; the ways menstrual products are marketed to increase fears of transgression through leaking; and the rise in menstrual suppression through pharmaceuticals. The second part of the chapter explores the increase in menstrual activism following the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, coinciding with the rise of new technologies (including the smartphone, social media, and cycle-tracking apps) enabling menstrual communication and education, and new material technologies changing the nature of menstrual products. Accompanying these radical changes in daily life has been the impact of neoliberalism in enabling the breakdown of taboos, allowing more public conversation about the realities of menstruation and leading to the introduction of workplace policies and new laws.
Reorganizing menstruation through products and blood management
Authors: Owen Lara
Published: September 2024

This chapter details research into another way of reorganizing menstruation: the rapid rise in use of the menstrual cup, a technology for managing menstrual blood that is very different to conventional absorbent methods. This empirical study looked at uptake of the menstrual cup through a dual diary and interview study. Participants were a cohort of educated, urban-dwelling young Australian women, aged 20–24 years old. By the third cycle most participants were able to use the cup easily and had got over any early practical, physical, and psychological issues with insertion, extraction, and cleaning. But their feelings surrounding the cup and the use of it were often powerful beyond their anticipation and gave rise to diverse and often contradictory experiences. While their initial decision to try the cup was motivated by its sustainability relative to other menstrual products, there were unanticipated and often revelatory effects from the experience of seeing their menstrual blood more vividly (not absorbed into fabric) and at the same time being more free and not having to carry products with them during the day. These changes began to quickly alter not only the direct experience of menstruating, but also associated conceptualizations of menstrual blood, bleeding, and bodies, in private and in public settings. Overall, most of the study participants spoke about developing more positive feelings about an aspect of their lives they had previously identified as an inconvenience associated with embarrassment and shame.
Conclusions
Authors: Tsagalis Christos C.
Published: September 2024

Iliad 10 interacts with the rest of the Iliad by means of allusion to themes, shares phraseology with the rest of the poem in a pointed manner, and makes a significant contribution to the character-drawing of major Iliadic heroes. Speeches, clothing, and arming should be interpreted within the framework of an episode involving a pressing situation that leads to a night mission into enemy territory. The current version of the Doloneia has grown from an earlier, epic one in which the target of the failed night mission was Hector. The addition of the Rhesus episode, in which they Achaean spies triumph, aimed to instill courage to the Achaeans after Achilles’ refusal to return to the war. To this end, the Iliadic epic tradition resorted to a hero like Rhesus who could die without harming the continuation of the plot. The Mahābhārata offers an instructive example of the embedding of a story of nocturnal raid into an enemy camp in a large epic poem, and suggests that this type of story is not a self-contained, independent narrative. Comparison with the Aeneid and consideration of the cyclic features of the Rhesus story allow for the possibility that the fixed narrative pattern used by Doloneia may have been shaped under the influence of a series of cyclic episodes that probably featured (together with the story of Rhesus) in a pre-Homeric oral epic covering the events after the death of Achilles and the suicide of Ajax.
Introduction: philosophy and psychedelic psychiatry
Authors: Letheby Chris , Gerrans Philip
Published: September 2024

The chapter undertakes three main tasks. The first is to review, briefly, the history of psychedelics in psychiatry, including the phenomenological and behavioural effects that first led to their being studied for therapeutic purposes. The second is to give an overview of recent research into the safety, efficacy, and therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The third is to summarize the contributions of each of the chapters collected in this volume and show how they address philosophical issues arising from the new wave of psychedelic psychiatry. The topics of these chapters cluster around three broad themes, in terms of which the volume is organized: ‘Self and Mind’, ‘Science and Psychiatry’, and ‘Ethics and Spirituality’.
Psychedelic visuals in context
Authors: Swanson Link Ray
Published: September 2024

The visual effects of psychedelic drugs are well known but not well understood. This chapter aims to situate psychedelic visual phenomenology within the context of what we know about everyday visual perception. Three types of open-eye visuals—common alterations to external visual appearances under psychedelic drugs—are described, and it is argued that they are caused by hypersensitivity to contextual cues. Evidence and analysis is provided to support the notion that psychedelics selectively impact contextual modulation processes at multiple levels of visual perception. This idea is then applied to explain how visual effects might link to therapeutic benefits. Finally, the practical implications of these ideas for psychedelic therapy, cognitive neuroscience, and philosophy is explored.
Belief change and agnostic frames in psychedelic research and clinical contexts
Authors: Yaden David B. , Nayak Sandeep M. , Griffiths Roland R.
Published: September 2024

The proportion of people who change their metaphysical beliefs after psychedelic experiences is not yet known with specificity. However, it appears that belief changes can occur in some cases, and evidence more precisely estimating the prevalence and magnitude of such belief changes is accruing. The evidence for metaphysical belief changes is reviewed and the potential psychological mechanisms involved are considered. Some historical and contemporary philosophical work relevant to the topic as is briefly reviewed and some relevant clinical guidelines are described. Philosophically informed recommendations are made for research and clinical contexts in which psychedelic induced belief changes of this kind may occur.
“Kindred to Treason”
Authors: Seo Sarah
Published: September 2024

This chapter challenges the presumed movement of time encompassed in a major organizing theme of recent historiography: state-building. The very term incorporates an implicit idea of the time of political economy within its contours—imagining that the history of the modern state moves forward toward modern social welfare and disciplinary state bureaucracy. The chapter offers a countervailing view in its interpretation of the early history of treason and conspiracy prosecutions in the aftermath of putative armed rebellions against the United States. In the early years of the republic, it argues, national political leaders struggled with the question of how to enforce federal authority in an era with little enforcement bureaucracy, and in which widespread flouting of federal law called into question the power of the national government. The chapter traces the evolution of treason prosecutions, and later the creation of a general federal crime of conspiracy, finally achieved in the context of the Civil War and Reconstruction, as a response to this problem. By the early twentieth century, it argues, these developments had become so uncontroversial that few questioned the existence of conspiracy as a federal crime, and the long history of its contested creation was now forgotten. The development of conspiracy as a federal crime, it argues, should be seen as an episode of state-building, achieved without the extension of bureaucratic apparatus that might attach to such a project. Indeed, it is implicit in this account that the contours of the familiar strong state/weak state debate should be completely rethought, as a state might be “strong” and “weak” along various dimensions.
“Our Experiences Make Us Who We Are”
Authors: Lowe Jessica K.
Published: September 2024

This chapter uses the famous case of State v. Mann to explore the distinction between experience, memory, and action in historical writing. Focusing on Mann, one of the two most infamous legal opinions concerning American slavery, and its equally infamous author, North Carolina Supreme Court Justice Thomas Ruffin, the chapter asks what scholars can learn of this emblematic case by questioning some of the bounds that historians still maintain in writing about it. In Mann, Ruffin reversed the criminal conviction of a white man who hired an enslaved person and then shot her, famously writing that “inherent in the relation of master and slave” is the fact that “the power of the master must be absolute to render the submission of the slave perfect.” Ruffin and Mann have long been productive vehicles for the exploration of judicial duty and moral sentiment in the context of slavery, but this chapter mines Ruffin’s life and career for another cause. Focusing on an 1804 letter that a young Ruffin wrote to his father grappling with the morality of slavery, the chapter asks questions about the relationship of the experience of Judge Ruffin, a slaveholder, writing his infamous opinion and his memory of his own letter to his father decades earlier. The chapter even goes further than this, foregrounding the author’s own experiences as a young historian grappling with trauma and simultaneously writing about young Ruffin’s encounter with his own trauma, effectively questioning the bounds that separate experience, memory and action for the historian as well as the historical subject.
Indulging Kleptocracy
Authors: Heathershaw John , Prelec Tena , Mayne and Tom
Published: September 2024

This chapter introduces the UK’s kleptocracy problem with s case study of Mohamed Amersi, a professional who made his money in the kleptocratic business environments of post-communist Eurasia and went on to become a philanthropist and donor to some of the UK’s most prestigious institutions. Amersi’s case is complex and illustrates the competing narratives about the kleptocracy problem, The chapter argues that kleptocracy is political, global, and professional. It is political because it typically involves a source of wealth in a particular country where business and politics are intertwined. It is global because the assets, status and influence of kleptocrats are often acquired in and/or via a third country or countries. It is professional because enablers in the financial, legal and other service sectors make kleptocracy possible. The chapter offers new definitions of kleptocracy and enabling and lays out the content and argument of the book.
The Ends of   Two Empires
Authors: Heathershaw John , Prelec Tena , Mayne and Tom
Published: September 2024

This chapter delves into the global expansion of finance from the aftermath of World War II to the rise of Londongrad, examining how the pivotal shifts of the postwar era took place in the contexts of the ends of empire. With the decline of the British Empire in the second half of the twentieth century, London transformed itself into a global hub of financial, legal, and related services catering to the demands of the super-rich, including citizenship and residency investment schemes, legal services, and reputation management. As these industries flourished, London emerged as a financial epicentre, benefiting from becoming a centre for both new postcolonial elites and global finance. In 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union led to chaotic privatizations, resulting in the rapid transfer of state-owned assets into private hands. The chapter scrutinizes the trajectory of post-communist Russia and Eastern Europe more widely, while exploring London, UK Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories which became conduits for capital flight.
Demand
Authors: Heathershaw John , Prelec Tena , Mayne and Tom
Published: September 2024

The chapter explores the demands driving transnational kleptocracy, illustrating how London’s financial and legal infrastructure not merely meet but generate demand for hiding, protecting, legitimizing, and globalizing wealth. The analysis identifies three client categories—loyalists, opponents, and fence-sitters—each engaging distinctively with UK professional services. This landscape is underpinned by a culture of capital supremacy, where UK services cater to the needs of high-risk clients, offering reputation management, legal defence, and wealth management. London’s role as a kleptocrat’s haven is thus both enabled by and constitutive of its supply of innovative, prestige-driven services, reflecting a decades-long cultural normalization of serving the global elite.
Listing Companies
Authors: Heathershaw John , Prelec Tena , Mayne and Tom
Published: September 2024

The chapter explores how companies with kleptocratic sources of wealth can secure their gains by listing themselves on the London Stock Exchange. It compares two companies from Kazakhstan, Kazakhmys and ENRC, who came to market with the aid of various accountancy firms, investment banks and lawyers. The listings of these companies not only legitimized them but entrenched the kleptocratic political economy of Kazakhstan, as the listings generated millions for the company owners, all close associates of the country’s president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and working under his auspices. This could not have been achieved without the help of British professional who whitewashed Kazakhmys’ history and obscured ENRC’s kleptocratic links.
Making Friends
Authors: Heathershaw John , Prelec Tena , Mayne and Tom
Published: September 2024

This chapter looks at the issue of political and charitable donations from individuals who have made their money in kleptocracies. It examines two individuals, firstly Dmitry Leus, a banker born in Turkmenistan but who made his money in Russia, and Liubov Chernukhin, a businesswoman whose husband served under Putin as the Russian deputy minister of finance. Leus attempted to donate to the foundation of the then Prince Charles, while Chernukhin donated extensively to the Conservative Party. The chapter questions the motivations for such donations and explores the push for such funding on behalf of the ruling Conservative Party under its then co-chairman, Ben Elliot. It was Elliot’s concierge service which offered the intimacy and access craved by these rich Russians in the UK.
Tracking Enemies
Authors: Heathershaw John , Prelec Tena , Mayne and Tom
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers the corporate intelligence sector’s provision of asset tracing, surveillance, and security services in the battles between kleptocrats and their exiles. It focuses on Arcanum Global’s relationship with the Nazarbayev regime of Kazakhstan. When the regime lost power in the country in 2022, UK corporate intelligence providers not only defended Nazarbayev allies against the new government but took action against journalists who reported on their activities. While corporate intelligence themselves claim to work with Western allies, the chapter shows how they operate as professionals for private hire, often enabling kleptocratic practices and suppressing critical reporting through legal and extra-legal means.
Gamifying the Music Classroom
Authors: Lesser Andrew
Published: September 2024

Digital games, often referred to as video games, have the potential to act as effective educational resources in the teaching of musical concepts and skills. This book serves as an introduction to how digital games can be used in educational contexts for in-service and preservice school music teachers and shows how to successfully use digital games to create, perform, respond to, and connect musical content in a way that is engaging and relevant for students. Specific examples of over 40 digital games are included in lesson plan outlines that, along with connections to educational objectives and National Core Arts Standards, are designed to be implemented in multiple classroom technology environments. Gamifying the Music Classroom: Digital Tools for Practical Application showcases digital game-based learning technology as valuable tools not only to produce new innovative ways to teach music, but also to create meaningful experiences for all students.
Getting Started
Authors: Lesser Andrew
Published: September 2024

Chapter 2 discusses the logistical, technical, and financial considerations involved in integrating digital game-based tools into a new or existing general music environment. It begins with a description of digital game-based learning models ranging from commercial-off-the-shelf games to edutainment and nontraditional games that focus on exploration without the possibility of failure. The chapter also includes a discussion of setups that involve devices for all students, devices for some students, or a single teacher device, as well as remote learning situations. Sample rubrics will also be provided for assessment and evaluation purposes. Also illustrated are ways that specific devices, such as laptops, Chromebooks, and portable media, can be used to play games that are accessible and cost-effective. The chapter ends with a discussion of how to troubleshoot issues such as solving technical problems, navigating gaming controversies, and understanding potential legal matters.
Performing Music With Games
Authors: Lesser Andrew
Published: September 2024

The games presented in Chapter 4 emphasize the National Core Arts Standard of Performing, which involves the selection, analysis, and rehearsal of musical works. These games are sometimes categorized as “twitch” games, or games that require quick reaction times and motor dexterity. The games are organized into individual lesson templates that include learning objectives, detailed game descriptions, procedures for multiple classroom environments, differentiated instruction, assessments, and extensions. Instructional tutorial videos of each game are also available on the OUP website.
Growing Teens Who Use Stories Wisely
Authors: Reese Elaine
Published: September 2024

Adolescents read less often for pleasure in the preteen and teenage years; this “decline by nine” is critical because their fiction reading is a strong predictor of their reading comprehension and social understanding skills. The gender gap in reading skill and enjoyment widens at this age in countries all over the world, with girls outpacing boys. Instead of reading, adolescents are watching online videos, engaging in social media, and playing video games. However, parent–child reminiscing and family storytelling continue into the adolescent years and foster children’s socioemotional and identity development. Teens’ brain development also supports changes in their reasoning skills for reading and real life. Parents and teachers can continue to support adolescents’ reading comprehension, socioemotional, and cognitive skills by providing books they will enjoy reading, by talking with them sensitively about past events, and by encouraging written expression.
Relational Dignity
Authors: Bayefsky Rachel
Published: September 2024

This chapter proposes an understanding of dignity—“relational dignity”—that aims both to keep faith with dignity’s historical roots and to inform contemporary legal regimes. A common thread running through many references to dignity is protection of the social self. Dignity is social and relational; to respect dignity is to maintain the conditions that are necessary for people to occupy a certain place in a communal world. In particular, dignity involves respect for status, the absence of domination, and the ability to exercise control over one’s self-presentation to others. The chapter fleshes out several aspects of this idea of dignity.
The Antidemocratic Feedback Loop
Authors: Lewis Becca
Published: September 2024

This chapter analyzes how, in the wake of the January 6 storming of the Capitol, right-wing media outlets shifted blame for the event to members of “the left.” First, the coverage drew false equivalences between Black Lives Matter protests and the storming of the Capitol. Second, building on these claims, right-wing outlets were able to frame most “mainstream media” coverage of January 6 as biased. Third, these outlets claimed that the Democratic Party would use the events of January 6 to persecute members of the right, making themselves the true victims. Taken together, this chapter reveals an escalating feedback loop between antidemocratic actions and their media coverage. As far-right efforts against the state escalate, right-wing media attacks on opponents also continue to escalate. In this way, the right-wing media’s responses to the events of January 6 have become their own accelerating attack on democratic participation.
Musical and Dramatic Conventions in the Florentine Horse Ballets
Authors: Harness Kelley
Published: September 2024

The Ballo de’ venti of 1608 established many of the conventions that would characterize Florentine horse ballets for the remainder of the century, although, subsequent generations of librettists and composers—not to mention their Medici patrons—adapted and varied each ballet in accordance with shifts in musical taste and political realities. Over the course of the seventeenth century the genre displayed a remarkable consistency. This chapter focuses on the most important of its traditions, specifically performance locations, dramatic structure, visual spectacle, and music. Although all the music for the horse ballets is believed to be lost, similarities between the surviving texts and operas for which music does survive allows for hypothesizing as to its characteristics.
Scanning the Horizon
Authors: Armstrong Ryan M.
Published: September 2024

The King of Hearts is the most obvious mediator in Wonderland, but his role is so subtle that it hardly makes a difference to the plot. This chapter teases out the significance of mediation in its various—and often unnoticed—forms in the book of Job. Along the way, history’s rabbis, artists, and theologians are consulted, as many of these interpreters have highlighted certain aspects of mediation in the book of Job. By surveying the book’s competing mediation models and their impact on history, their contributions to the plot are traced out across the book’s various episodes, which build to a climax when Job receives divine revelation without mediation. In each case, they highlight honesty in divine–human interaction.
Storm Insurance
Authors: Armstrong Ryan M.
Published: September 2024

The King of Hearts assumes from the outset that anyone who challenges the Queen must be guilty. This is because he has taken her side before the trial ever begins. A justice system is ineffective when inundated by such dishonesty. This chapter takes a cue from Rashbam to uncover a plotline running through the book in which Job’s friends are judged according to Levitical stipulations for mediation. Three particular passages in Job follow Lev 19:15–18 closely in both vocabulary and structure, where mediators are forbidden from giving deference to the rich and powerful. By invoking this stipulation, Job accuses his friends of maintaining a biased, dishonest loyalty to the most powerful litigant: God. In response, God says the friends have not been speaking “honestly.” The dishonest mediation of the trio provides a perfect foil to Job’s own mediation, which becomes a symbol of his honesty.
The Trial of Don Pedro León Luján
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell
Published: September 2024

In the late fall of 1851, a Latter-day Saint posse in central Utah arrested a group of New Mexican traders led by Don Pedro León Luján. The Mormons accused Luján and his companions of illegally engaging in the slave trade with members of the Ute tribe. The subsequent trial prods the territorial legislature to act. Utah law enforcement officials arrested Luján in late 1851 and charged him with trading without a license in Utah Territory. Luján was in possession of six enslaved Indigenous children and one woman when caught. Federal judge Zerubbabel Snow argued in his decision in the Luján case that without positive laws on the books legalizing unfree labor in the territory, Utah was de jure free. Thus, Luján’s trial and conviction spurs legislators to respond.
An Act in Relation to Service
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell
Published: September 2024

An Act in Relation to Service was a hotly contested bill that was greatly modified in form and effect before it was signed into law by Brigham Young in the Utah Territory. Moreover, there was a series of fundamental disagreements between members of the Latter-day Saint leadership regarding theology, race, and the nature of slavery. The debates also confirm that the law had a broader purpose than has been previously reported. It is now clear that the act authorized two related systems of indentured servitude: one for enslaved African Americans, and one for Mormon immigrants traveling from Europe and other locations. Even still, the terms of the Service Act are and were ambiguous either by design or by accident. The legislative debates indicate fundamental disagreements among the legislators about what they had created. If this was not enough, the legal context in which the statute operated shifted significantly over the next decade.
Utah’s Juneteenth
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell
Published: September 2024

On June 20, 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed into law a bill that prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude in all territories in the United States. Within a couple of weeks Congress also passed a law prohibiting polygamy in the territories as well. The Republican Party thus made good on its 1856 pledge to prohibit in the territories those “twin relics of barbarism,” slavery and polygamy. However, there is little indication to understand how news of the law might have made it into the hands of the territory’s enslavers, let alone into the hands of those whom they enslaved. Did the new law also outlaw the Native American indenture bill in Utah? Lawmakers did not seem to think so, as An Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners remained a part of Utah’s legal code until at least 1876. The legal ends to slavery and indenture in Utah Territory were thus distinct from their more ambiguous ends in practice.
Continuity and Change in Chinese Worldviews An Historical Survey
Authors: Rudd Kevin
Published: September 2024

This chapter provides an historical survey of continuity and change in Chinese worldviews across the classical and modern periods. In crafting his own ideological worldview, Xi Jinping also draws from Chinese classical philosophy, its long tradition of practical statecraft, together with the complex intellectual universe of Marxism-Leninism. Classical texts on China’s centrality (the concept of “Middle Kingdom”, the cosmology of “all under Heaven”, and the hierarchical system of tributary states), in addition to those on Chinese strategic and military realism, have profoundly impacted the worldviews of generations of Chinese political leaders. Beyond Marxism, nationalism has also played a continuing role in constructing the CCP’s overall worldview and its search for long-term, sustainable political legitimacy. Finally, the chapter reviews how these various influences have been drawn upon to meet the different ideational of needs of Mao, Deng, Jiang, and Hu. .
Changes to China’s Ideological Worldview under Xi Jinping (2012–2017)
Authors: Rudd Kevin
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the changes to China’s ideological worldview under Xi Jinping including the centrality of dialectical materialism and historical materialism to Xi’s view of reality and praxis. It explains that Xi’s report to the 19th Party Congress in 2017 represented the most significant shift in the CCP’s official worldview since 1982. Xi’s interpretation of Marxist-Leninist ideology, his redefinition of the party’s “central contradiction” and his re-examination of the “primary stage of socialism” have signalled profound changes in China’s economic direction—moving policy decisively towards the Marxist left. Similarly, Xi’s rehabilitation of the disciplines of an all-powerful party have pushed the centre of gravity of Chinese politics towards the Leninist left. The chapter also underscores how Xi sees himself as engaged in an existential ideological struggle with the West.
The Impact of Ideology on Xi’s Economic Policy
Authors: Rudd Kevin
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers the impact of ideology on the overall direction of economic policy of Xi Jinping. Under Xi, economic policy settings have been pushed to the Marxist left. In ideological terms, this was achieved by Xi formally deploying the tools of dialectical materialism in adjusting the party’s “central contradiction” at the 19th Congress in 2017—with a new priority attached to dealing with the “imbalances of development” that emerged over 35 years of reform and opening. This ideological shift was underpinned by a re-examination of where China now stood within the framework of historical materialism, the “primary stage of socialism” and the need to adjust the “relations of production” (or class inequality) in response to the unleashing of the “forces of production” during the Deng, Jiang and Hu period. By adjusting the basic terms of the party’s theoretical and ideological discourse, Xi altered the underlying ideological conditions that influence China’s real-world economic policy. The chapter discusses how this underlying ideological change is reflected in a series of specific ‘banner terms’ indicating significant changes in China’s macro-policy settings. These include the rising role of state industrial policy versus the market, the role of the party versus the private sector, and the new significance to be attached to the doctrine of “common prosperity.”
Ideology, the 14th Five-Year Plan, and the Direction of Micro-Economic Policy
Authors: Rudd Kevin
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines China’s micro-economic policy in correlation with the 14th Five-Year Plan. It explains parallel movements in a number of microeconomic policy settings towards the Marxist left—away from the market and towards the state. The shift is reflected in a large-scale expansion of state industrial policy, the hardening of state-owned enterprise (SOE) policy, new requirements imposed by Xi on the private sector and a new discourse on the ‘real economy’ epitomized by manufacturing (as opposed to “fictitious economy” of property and finance). Moreover, the plethora of changes to SOE structure, mission, and party direction represents a deep reversal in the previous market-driven approach to SOE reform. Further, the chapter argues that beyond these changing directions in micro-economic policy settings, ideological change has also become a clear determinant of a new approach to China’s international economic engagement—through what Xi describes as a ‘new pattern’ of opening to the world, as distinguished from the previous era of ‘reform and opening’ under Deng.
Nationalism and the Narrative of Foreign Policy Assertiveness
Authors: Rudd Kevin
Published: September 2024

This chapter discusses Xi Jinping’s nationalism and its role in shaping his narrative of foreign policy assertiveness. In his first major foreign policy address to the party as general secretary, Xi eschewed all reference to Deng’s diplomatic guidance and replaced it with a new doctrine of ‘striving for achievement’. Under this new doctrine, China adopted a more assertive posture through its approaches to ‘neighbouring state diplomacy’ and a ‘new type of great power relations’, as well as his global mega-project to rewrite the norms, rules, and institutions of international governance under his concept of a ‘community of common destiny for all humankind’. The chapter outlines how Xi has sought to craft an ideological narrative on the inevitability of China’s national ascendancy, authorizing his diplomats and military to begin turning the real-world status quo to become more compatible with Chinese national interests and values, while carefully calibrating this new regional and global activism with the changing balance of power between China and the United States.
Xi’s Nationalist Ideology and Future Trends in Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Rudd Kevin
Published: September 2024

This chapter analyses Xi Jinping’s nationalist ideology and its relationship with future trends in Chinese foreign policy. It argues that Xi’s officially sponsored nationalist campaigns are likely to continue in parallel with his strategic resolve to pursue an increasingly assertive foreign and security policy, despite tactical adjustments from time to time. Nationalism is similarly useful for bolstering regime legitimacy at a time when other domestic political and economic pressures within China may increase. Nationalism will continue to be underpinned by a deeper ideological analysis of the state of the world and emerging global trends: within a historical materialist frame of analysis, the power of America and the collective West will continue in its relative decline; similarly, dialectical materialism will likely cause Xi’s party to conclude that the underlying ‘contradictions’ between liberal capitalist America and socialist China will continue to sharpen, making international crises more acute, and potentially more violent, over time. The chapter then discusses Xi’s foreign policy readjustment following the November 2023 ‘stabilisation’ summit with President Biden and December 2023 Central Foreign Affairs Work Conference, within a framework of tactical, ideological constraint. It underlines the contrast between Xi’s external messaging to the United States that China did not seek to replace America in the regional and global order, and his internal messaging to the Chinese system that nothing had changed in terms of China’s long-term strategy. However, Xi will be tactically constrained by the continuing reality, presence, and deterrent effect of American military, economic, and financial power. Finally, the chapter outlines the likely Chinese posture over the decade ahead towards Taiwan, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Sino-Indian border, and its campaign around global governance reform.
Invisible Losers
Authors: Hinkle Rachael K.
Published: September 2024

In 1974, Marc Galanter famously theorized that society’s “haves” are more likely to be successful in litigation than “have-nots” due to both their greater resources and more extensive familiarity with the legal system. Litigants such as government actors, who have more resources and experience, are more likely to be successful than litigants with fewer resources and less experience, like individuals. This chapter discusses the links between the mechanisms that might drive the resource advantage and whether the observed discrepancy in success might be either larger or smaller among cases with unpublished decisions. The data reveal that while have-nots are at a disadvantage in unpublished cases, the size of that deficit is smaller than in published cases. This finding undermines the most benign explanation for the resource advantage, that it is simply a product of uninformed litigants making bad decisions to bring weak appeals.
Methods in Malayo-Polynesian comparative-historical linguistics
Authors: Ross Malcolm , Greenhill Simon J.
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers methodological issues in the classification and subgrouping of Malayo-Polynesian (MP) languages. It compares applications of the traditional comparative method and newer Bayesian phylogenetics in Austronesian historical linguistics, arguing that they present complementary rather than competitive approaches. The comparison can be used to illuminate contentious points in the MP tree. The chapter discusses the application of methods to MP by alluding to the higher-order phylogeny of Austronesian on which most Austronesianist historical linguists agree.
Heritage languages and the study of Malayo-Polynesian diasporas
Authors: Moro Francesca R. , Slomanson Peter
Published: September 2024

This chapter starts with an overview of heritage linguistics, which is a new linguistic discipline primarily concerned with the study of heritage languages (immigrant minority languages spoken in diaspora contexts). The main goal of heritage linguistics is to describe and analyse the differences between heritage languages and their homeland counterparts, and to identify the sources or causes of divergence. One of these sources is cross-linguistic influence, as the unequal status of the majority (dominant) language and the heritage languages often leads to both lexical and structural transfer from the former to the latter. Among the Austronesian languages, there are at least a dozen languages spoken by diaspora communities. The chapter focuses on five of these Austronesian heritage languages by providing an historical and sociolinguistic background, together with some salient linguistic features showing syntactic convergence on the grammars of the majority language(s). These five heritage varieties are Sri Lankan Malay, Cocos Malay, Javanese in Suriname, Javanese in New Caledonia, and Ambon Malay in the Netherlands.
Language contact in Africa
Authors: Adelaar Alexander
Published: September 2024

This chapter discusses the linguistic contact between Austronesian and Bantu languages. Languages involved on the Austronesian side are Malagasy and, to a much lesser extent, Malay. On the Bantu side, the languages that have played a role in this contact are mainly Comorian languages and Swahili. The chapter begins by looking at how Malagasy migration history has been approached, including speculations about multiple migrations, migration routes and the presence of an earlier population in Madagascar. It distinguishes two Malagasy proto-languages, one representing the language as it was just before the migrations, and the other representing it after it had acquired a Bantu substratum. The chapter also gives an account of the actual Bantu linguistic influence on Malagasy, including a Bantu substratum and its effects on the lexicon, phonology, and grammar. Finally, it describes the influence of Malagasy and Malay on Bantu languages.
Palauan
Authors: Zobel Erik
Published: September 2024

This chapter looks into Palauan, a primary branch of Malayo-Polynesian that is spoken on the Palau Islands in the Republic of Palau in Micronesia. However, Palauan does not belong to the Oceanic subgroup despite its location as it does not display the phonological and lexical innovations that characterize the subgroup. The chapter proves that Palau and the Marianas settled independently from insular Southeast Asia at least three thousand years ago. It also expounds on Palauan’s linguistic features such as retaining its prefixes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and having similar features to Philippine-type languages. Palauan is only superficially aberrant due to drastic phonological reduction.
Agenda for Development
Authors: Schrijver Nico J
Published: September 2024

The Agenda for Development refers first of all to a policy document which former UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali submitted in 1994 to the UN General Assembly (‘UNGA’) as a supplement to the →Agenda for Peace. Together with his Agenda for Democratization, these reports form a trilogy setting out a UN policy framework based on a visionwhich underscores the interdependency between peace, development and democracy (→ Solidarity Rights [Development, Peace, Environment, Humanitarian Assistance]). In a wider sense, the Agenda for Development denotes the whole array of programmes and activities in the economic and social field within the UN system.
Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Authors: Porrata-Doria Rafael A
Published: September 2024

The idea that the nations of Latin America should undertake political and economic integration is not recent (see also → Regional Co-operation and Organization: American States). For a number of reasons, including the lack of commonalities among the countries seeking political or economic integration, these efforts have tended to be unsuccessful. The consensus is that the modern attempts at Latin American economic integration were spearheaded by the development, import substitution and integration theories, and initiatives of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (‘ECLA’). Given the small size of most of the countries of Latin America, economic development as anticipated by ECLA would require economic integration on a regional scale.
Andean Community of Nations, Court of Justice
Authors: Porrata-Doria Rafael A
Published: September 2024

The Andean Community Court of Justice (‘Court’) is currently the principal mechanism of the → Andean Community of Nations (CAN) for the interpretation of the Cartagena Agreement and CAN law, and for the resolution of disputes involving or affecting the Community. The Cartagena Agreement did not originally provide for a court but instead provided first for the informal resolution of disputes involving the treaty by the Community’s Commission and, in the event that this process was unsuccessful, by arbitration under the Latin American Free Trade Association (‘LAFTA’) Dispute Settlement Protocol (7 ILM 747; see also → Latin American Integration Association [ALADI]).
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
Authors: Fuchs Christine
Published: September 2024

The organization originated with the Pact of Mutual Cooperation which became known as the Baghdad Pact. The pact was concluded by Iraq and Turkey in Baghdad on 24 February 1955 with the purpose of establishing an alliance for collective self-defence (→ Alliances; → Self-Defence, Collective). The pact’s antecedent was the Saadabad Pact, a non-aggression pact (→ Non-Aggression Pacts) which was signed by Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan in July 1937 as a reaction to the Italo-Ethiopian crises of 1934–35. The United Kingdom (‘UK’), Pakistan and Iran became parties to the Baghdad Pact on 5 April 1955, on 23 September, and on 21 October of the same year respectively. The United States of America (‘US’) did not adhere to it, but demonstrated its approval of the pact through participation in the military, economic, and counter-subversion committees and by signing several bilateral agreements with Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan. On 24 March 1959, however, Iraq withdrew from the pact following the anti-monarchy coup d’état of 14 August 1958 and the ensuing tensions between Iraq and the other parties to the pact. The pact’s headquarters were subsequently transferred from Baghdad to Ankara, Turkey and the alignment was renamed the Central Treaty Organization (‘CENTO’) on 19 August 1959.
Decolonization: Portuguese Territories
Authors: Fischer Matthias , Klatte Saskia
Published: September 2024

Portugal being the first European country to entertain colonies was also the last one to leave them. When other countries were letting go of their colonies in the aftermath of World War II Portugal chose to cling to them even tighter. In contrast to the situation of other colonial powers (→ Decolonization: Belgian Territories; → Decolonization: Spanish Territories), Portugal did not release its colonies in a gradual manner; rather, → decolonization of Portuguese territories occurred as a sudden process. This was due to the fact that during the regime from 1926 to 1974 the maintenance of the so-called ‘overseas provinces’ (provícias ultramarinas) was considered a major goal. In the time of President General Salazar and his successor Caetano the country’s leading motto was: ‘Portugal uno e indivisível do Minho a Timor’ (‘Portugal one and undividable from Minho [province in Northern Portugal] to Timor’).
Delalić Case
Authors: Kees Alexander
Published: September 2024

Between 1997 and 2003 the → International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) presided over the trial of four members of Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat military and paramilitary forces, who were charged with having committed violations of international humanitarian law directed against members of the Serb population at a prison camp in 1992. The accused Delalić, Delić, Landžo, and Mucić had different positions within the organization of the Čelebići camp, working as guards or commanders. The camp, located in south-west → Bosnia-Herzegovina, had been established by local Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat forces.
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Authors: Berger Antje C , Hamady Omar Ould D
Published: September 2024

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS/Communauté Économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, CEDEAO) is a regional economic community (‘REC’) of 15 West African States founded in 1975 by the Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (Treaty of Lagos). ECOWAS is one of the pillars of regional integration in Africa along with the other RECs, in particular the → Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the → Economic Community of Central African States (‘ECCAS’), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (‘IGAD’), the → Southern African Development Community (SADC), the → East African Community (EAC), the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (‘CEN-SAD’), and the → Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) (see also → Regional Co-operation and Organization: African States). The establishment of ECOWAS marked a breakthrough in regional integration in Africa as it embraced for the first time former French, British, and Portuguese colonies.