bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anzaite-(Ce), a new rare-earth mineral and structure type from the Afrikanda silicocarbonatite, Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Chakhmouradian A. R. , Cooper M. A. , Medici L. , Abdu Y. A. , Shelukhina Y. S.
Published: November 2015

Anzaite-(Ce), ideally Ce43+Fe2+Ti6O18(OH)2, is a new, structurally complex mineral occurring as scarce minute crystals in hydrothermally altered silicocarbonatites in the Afrikanda alkali-ultramafic complex of the Kola Peninsula, Russia. The mineral is a late hydrothermal phase associated with titanite, hibschite, clinochlore and calcite replacing the primary magmatic paragenesis. The rare-earth elements (REE) (dominated by Ce), Ti and Fe incorporated in anzaite-(Ce) were derived from primary Ti oxides abundant in the host rock. Anzaite-(Ce) is brittle and lacks cleavage; the density calculated on the basis of structural data is 5.054(6) g cm–3. The mineral is opaque and grey with a bluish hue in reflected light; its reflectance values range from 15–16% at 440 nm to 13–14% at 700 nm. Its infrared spectrum shows a prominent absorption band at 3475 cm–1indicative of OH–groups. The average chemical composition of anzaite-(Ce) gives the following empirical formula calculated on the basis of 18 oxygen atoms and two OH– groups: (Ce2.18Nd0.85La0.41Pr0.26Sm0.08Ca0.36Th0.01)Σ4.15Fe0.97(Ti5.68Nb0.22Si0.04)Σ5.94O18(OH)2. The mineral is monoclinic, space groupC2/m,a= 5.290(2),b= 14.575(6),c= 5.234(2) Å, β = 97.233(7)°,V= 400.4(5) Å3,Z= 1. The ten strongest lines in the X-ray micro-diffraction pattern are [dobsin Å (I)hkl]: 2.596 (100) 002; 1.935 (18) 170; 1.506 (14) 133; 1.286 (13) 1.11.0; 2.046 (12) 241; 1.730 (12) 003; 1.272 (12) 0.10.2; 3.814 (11) 111; 2.206 (9) 061; 1.518 (9) 172. The structure of anzaite-(Ce), refined by single-crystal techniques toR1= 2.1%, consists of alternating layers of type 1, populated byREE(+ minor Ca) in a square antiprismatic coordination and octahedrally coordinated Fe2+, and type 2, built of five-coordinate and octahedral Ti, stacked parallel to (001). This atomic arrangement is complicated by significant disorder affecting the Fe2+, five-coordinate Ti and two of the four anion sites. The order-disorder pattern is such that only one half of these positions in total occupy any given (010) plane, and the disordered (010) planes are separated by ordered domains comprisingREE, octahedral Ti and two anion sites occupied by O2–. Structural and stoichiometric relations between anzaite-(Ce) and otherREE-Ti (±Nb, Ta) oxides are discussed. The name anzaite-(Ce) is in honour of Anatoly N. Zaitsev of St Petersburg State University (Russia) and The Natural History Museum (UK), in recognition of his contribution to the study of carbonatites andREEminerals. The modifier reflects the prevalence of Ce over otherREEin the composition of the new mineral.
Macrophage receptor SR-AI is crucial to maintain normal plasma levels of coagulation factor X
Authors: Muczynski Vincent , Bazaa Amine , Loubière Cécile , Harel Amélie , Cherel Ghislaine , Denis Cécile V. , Lenting Peter J. , Christophe Olivier D.
Published: November 2015

Key Points

SR-AI is the major receptor of FX at the macrophage surface. Macrophages use SR-AI to control FX circulatory levels.
A fixed point result and the stability problem in Lie superalgebras
Authors: Eshaghi Madjid , Abbaszadeh Sadegh , de la Sen Manuel , Farhad Zahra
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we introduce the concept of normed Lie superalgebras and define the superhomomorphism and the superderivation in normed Lie superalgebras. We define a generalized T-orbitally complete metric space and prove a new fixed point alternative concerning the stability problem of functional equations. Consequently, we deal with the stability of the superhomomorphism and the superderivation in Lie superalgebras using that new fixed point result. In addition, we find some conditions under which an approximate superhomomorphism or superderivation is an exact superhomomorphism or superderivation.
Minimum wages and employment in China
Authors: Fang Tony , Lin Carl
Published: November 2015

Since China promulgated new minimum wage regulations in 2004, the frequency and magnitude of changes in minimum wages have been substantial. This paper uses county-level minimum wage data combined with urban household survey micro-dataset from 16 representative provinces as a merged county-level panel to estimate the employment effects of minimum wage changes in China over the 2002–2009 period. In contrast to the mixed results reported by previous studies using provincial-level data, we present evidence that minimum wage changes led to significant adverse effects on employment in the Eastern and Central regions of China, and resulted in disemployment for females, young adults, and low-skilled workers.

JEL classifications:J38
The challenges facing the global south: perspectives from the Philippines
Authors: Misalucha Charmaine G.
Published: November 2015

International Relations scholarship highlights the differences of the countries in the global south. The postcolonial histories of countries herein give rise to unique experiences that push them to consolidate their states at the soonest time possible even as they are inextricably integrated in an international system that is biased towards the great powers. This double pressure either makes or break a state, and it is this tension that is the focus of the special issue. This concluding article offers a bird’s-eye view of the nuances of the differences of the global south and the problems associated with it. I argue that while the differences may indeed be unique, not seeing beyond those is problematic. In line with this, I first acknowledge the differences the global south represents. I look at how the International Relations concepts of state, rational choice, and the international system are seen as inapplicable to the workings of the global south, and how this “misfit” is detected not only in the dynamics of Philippine foreign policy, but also in its relationships with various regional powers like the United States and China. I then turn to the problems associated with seeingonlythe differences of the global south. I highlight the concepts of mimicry and hybridity before examining the cases of the Philippines’ labor conditions, human security for migrant workers, and disability-related issues. In all these, caution, mindfulness, and the need for dialogue are therefore called for.
Association of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2B with fully solubilized CXCR4
Authors: Palmesino Elena , Apuzzo Tiziana , Thelen Sylvia , Mueller Bernd , Langen Hanno , Thelen Marcus
Published: November 2015

Chemokine receptors are key regulators of leukocyte trafficking but also have an important role in development, tumor growth, and metastasis. Among the chemokine receptors, CXCR4 is the only one that leads to perinatal death when genetically ablated in mice, indicating a more-widespread function in development. To identify pathways that are activated downstream of CXCR4, a solubilization protocol was elaborated, which allows for the isolation of the endogenous receptor from human cells in its near-native conformation. Solubilized CXCR4 is recognized by the conformation-sensitive monoclonal antibody 12G5 and retains the ability to bind CXCL12 in solution, which was abolished in the presence of receptor antagonists. Mass spectrometry of CXCR4 immunoprecipitates revealed a specific interaction with the pentameric eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B. The observation that the addition of CXCL12 leads to the dissociation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B from CXCR4 suggests that stimulation of the receptor may trigger the local protein synthesis required for efficient cell movement.
Risk of Selected Cardiovascular Toxicities in Patients With Cancer Treated With MEK Inhibitors: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Omar , ElHalawani Hesham , Ahmed Hoda
Published: November 2015

Purpose

We conducted a literature-based meta-analysis of the risk of cardiovascular toxicities associated with MEK inhibitors.

Methods

Eligible trials included randomized phase II and III trials of patients with cancer who were given a mitogen activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor (trametinib, selumetinib, or cobimetinib) and that described events of hypertension and decreased ejection fraction.

Results

Our search strategy yielded 300 potentially relevant citations from PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. After ineligible studies were excluded, a total of 10 clinical trials were considered eligible for the meta-analysis. The relative risk for all grades of hypertension was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.02 to 2.32; P = .05), 1.85 (95% CI, 1.01 to 3.40; P = .05) for high-grade hypertension, and 4.92 (95% CI, 2.93 to 8.25; P < .001) for decreased ejection fraction. Subgroup analysis revealed no difference between trametinib and selumetinib for risk of hypertension.

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis demonstrated that MEK inhibitor–based treatment is associated with an increased risk of all-grade and high-grade hypertension and asymptomatic decrease in ejection fraction. Clinicians should be aware of this risk and perform regular assessment.
Technical Note: Characterisation of Loess Soils Using near Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Authors: Changwen Du , Fei Ma , Yazhen Shen , Jianmin Zhou
Published: November 2015

The photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technique has emerged as a valuable tool for the study of soil materials. The present work developed the experimental set-up for near infrared (800–2400 nm) photoacoustic spectroscopy (NIR-PAS), which consists of photoacoustic (PA) accessory, tungsten bromine lamp, monochromator, chopper and lock-in-amplifier, and this spectrometer was first applied to record the spectra of soils ( n = 50) collected from the Loess Plateau of China; partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to predict soil organic matter (SOM), clay, carbonate and available phosphorus content. The spectra varied among different soil samples; SOM played an important role in the spectral appearance, and the intensity and position of five typical absorption bands significantly shifted owing to the variances in the components and structure of SOM. The PLSR model demonstrated a good performance in the prediction of SOM with a root mean square error of 2.5 g kg−1 and a ratio of standard deviation to prediction error of 2.3. This pilot study demonstrates that NIR-PAS exhibits typical infrared absorptions and may be suitable for analysing soil samples.
Evolution of the rendering services system for support of small business at a municipal level
Authors: Хаванова Наталья , Khavanova Natalya , Бокарева Елена , Bokareva Elena
Published: November 2015

The modern economic theory, and also the realized state economic policy attach to small

business special and multidimensional significance. Thus for fuller and fast disclosure of high

potential of small business purposeful application of special measures for support of this sector

of economy, which are being carried out by the state at the different levels seniority is almost

justified. Such theoretical ideas and also based on them practical approach gained universal

acceptance and currency.

Russia didn´t become an exception, because here in the 1990th years under the conditions

of economic reforms expansion and formation of sector of small business the state development

of system for its support was started.

The question of further development of small business exists in Russia at all levels today -

federal, regional and municipal. The possibility of acceleration of economy modernization in

Russia, its transfer to an innovative way of development, is looked through in its decision.

The infrastructure for support of small and medium business entities includes commercial

and non-profit organizations, which are created, carry out the activity or being involved as

providers with the purpose of placing orders for supplies of goods, the performance of work and

the rendering of services for state and municipal requirements within implementation of federal,

regional or municipal programs of development of small and medium business entities, which

ensure the conditions for creation of small and medium business entities.
Problems and prospects of tourism development in the industrial region (the experience of the Perm region)
Authors: Огнева Светлана , Ogneva Svetlana , Кузьмина Надежда , Kuzmina Nadezhda
Published: November 2015

The development of domestic tourism - strategic goal of the state that is achieved by the implementation of the measures in various areas of tourism development, both at the federal level and regional. Of particular interest are industrial developed regions, among them the Perm region occupies a special place because has great natural resources and well-developed industrial infrastructure, unique monuments of history. The development plans of the region, the presence of a developed industry require special attention in the organization of rest and recovery workers in various industries. In the Region implementing the state program for development of infrastructure of the tourist complex with funding through public-private partnerships, promotion of tourism resources in foreign and domestic tourist markets, the creation of the scientific base for the tourism development, the introduction of innovations in tourism. Priority directions in development are conference and business tourism, active, cultural, educational and cultural event, primary wellness tourism, cruise tourism, which is confirmed by the research. The state program envisages measures to increase the attractiveness of the region as a tourist destination. The article analyses the problems and directions of tourism development on the basis of systematic approach. The analysis showed that the elements of the system approach in the program are not implemented, but the possibilities for their implementation are: the development of public-private partnership, development of selfregulation and the use of tourist information centers. Authors give the suggestions for the implementation of public-private partnerships, the strengthening of state control and attraction of public organizations in the sphere of tourism, evaluation, staff development, motivation of the travel industry in the field of quality assurance.
Service space as a part of integrated museum product
Authors: Вапнярская Ольга , Vapnyarskaya Olga
Published: November 2015

An activity of museums today experiences the growing influence of a number of factors. Museums in the modern world no longer act only as guardian of cultural and historical values and research centers. A museum today - multipurpose facility, which serves different target groups and accomplishes diversified activities. Demand from the local community enhances the sociocultural and educational function of a museum. The integration of a museum in the tourism industry actualizes the issues of support of effective tourist-excursion service. Visitors to a museum are different by gender, age, interests and needs. A museum for each visitor is a special kind of product, concerning to which, in the same way as to others, the special requirements and expectations exist, and after - the attitude is formed. Modern management concepts are grounded on the priorities of customized solutions, i.e., they support the desire to provide opportunity to the consumers to form product in accordance with their opinion with the necessary attributes and characteristics. The same position is true for museums. With the help of modern technologies and the development of the service space museums allow each visitor to see and use the correct museum product. The article presents the composition of the service space of a museum and defines its place in the integrated museum product.
Methodology of the audit service of museums
Authors: Платонова Наталья , Platonova Natalya , Вапнярская Ольга , Vapnyarskaya Olga
Published: November 2015

The article represents the proprietary methodology of audit service of museums. Urgency of the methodology relates to integration processes, which connect cultural institutions and the tourism industry. Obviously, the travel service becomes the essential component of the activities of cultural objects. This means not only an increase the number of museum visitors, but also the changing approaches to service, the use of new technical means and technologies of display. Thus, the determination the quality level of tourism services in the museum at the moment and on this basis substantiation of decision on the improvement and development in operational and strategic perspective become the important issues. The objectivity of the received information is the key issue. Therefore, the audit service, as any other, is offered to carry out by independent experts with the active use of the known method of «secret shopper». Therefore, the audit service, as any other, is offered to carry out by independent experts with the active use of the known method of «secret shopper». The article describes the methodology of the audit service of a museum and characterizes the tools of the method of “secret shopper”.
On monitoring of enhancing the efficiency of rendering the state services
Authors: Морозов Владимир , Morozov Vladimir , Хаванова Наталья , Khavanova Natalya
Published: November 2015

In the current context the new paradigm of management - result orientation gets special importance. And this applies to all levels of the administrative hierarchy, including the bodies of state and municipal government and their subordinate enterprises and organizations. In this regard, one of the main tasks of management becomes activity efficiency management, and this leads to the need to developing the scoring system to measure the results of work performed, which could be used on a regular basis. Thus, monitoring of efficiency in current conditions gets increasingly actuality. Detection of features of the organization and carrying out efficiency monitoring of rendering the state services is the purpose of the article. The theoretical research carried out by authors allowed receiving the following results. Firstly, efficiency monitoring restrictions were revealed. Generally these restrictions are connected not with process of collection of information, and with its interpretation and use at development and adoption of the administrative decision. Secondly, the main indicators of the effectiveness assessment, among them efficiency, the submission to control and profitability were offered. In this regard also efficiency indicators concerning separate types of the state services are developed. Thirdly, parameters of efficiency assessment of rendering the state service, such as a waiting time and performance, the cost, reliability, number of mistakes, etc. were developed. Fourthly, the main areas of carrying out of efficiency monitoring were defined. This majority of public and private services, beginning from programs of public safety, public works and rendering of services to the population and finishing with programs of environmental protection, state regulation and national defense, and also the sphere of "internal" services.
SHORT-TERM STORAGE CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPENT PLUTONIUM–THORIUM FUEL BUNDLES
Authors: Blomeley Laura , Dugal Clifford , Masala Eugene , Tran Thuy
Published: November 2015

To support the development of advanced pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) fuel cycles, it is necessary to study short-term storage solutions for spent reactor fuel. In this paper, some representational criticality safety and shielding assessments are presented for a particular PHWR plutonium–thorium based fuel bundle concept in a hypothetical aboveground dry storage module. The criticality assessment found that the important parameters for the storage design are neutron absorber content and fuel composition, particularly in light of the high sensitivity of code results to plutonium. The shielding assessment showed that the shielding as presented in the paper would need to be redesigned to provide greater gamma attenuation. These findings can be used to aid in designing fuel storage facilities.
Structural And Electrical Properties Of The Selected Rare-Earth Oxychlorides
Authors: Dziubaniuk M. , Wyrwa J. , Bućko M. , Rękas M.
Published: November 2015

The preparation and sintering conditions of the selected rare-earth oxychlorides REOCl (Re=La, Nd, Sm, Gd) were determined. The purity of materials phase compositions was confirmed by X-ray diffraction method. Further analysis of the data enabled lattice parameters and average grain size determination. The electrical properties of the single phase REOCl materials were investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in wide temperature range in atmospheric air. The spectra were analyzed by the equivalent circuit fitting. Basing on the values of equivalent circuits parameters the specific conductivities were calculated and presented in the Arrhenius coordinates. Energies of activation were calculated. The determined structural and electrical properties of four different rare-earth oxychlorides were directly compared.
Characteristics Of Sn-Zn Cast Alloys With The Addition Of Ag And Cu
Authors: Gancarz T. , Pstruś J.
Published: November 2015

The aim of this work was to study the effects of Ag and Cu on the thermal properties and microstructure of Sn-Zn-Ag-Cu cast alloys. Solders based on eutectic Sn-Zn containing 0.5 to 1.0 at.% of Ag and Cu were developed for wave soldering. DSC measurements were performed to determine the melting temperatures of the alloys. TMA and electrical resistivity measurements were performed between −50 and 150°C and between 30 and 150°C, respectively. Small precipitates of Cu5Zn8, CuZn4, and AgZn3 were observed in the microstructures, and their presence was confirmed by XRD measurements. The inclusion of Ag and Cu improved the electrical resistivity and increased the melting temperature, as well as the CTE, of the alloys. However, tests performed to measure the mechanical properties of the alloys demonstratedthat the addition of Ag and Cu caused the mechanical properties to decrease.
The Effect Of Different Micro-Jet Streams Number On Plastic Properties Of Welds
Authors: Hadryś D. , Węgrzyn T. , Piwnik J.
Published: November 2015

The main goal of that paper was analysing of plastic properties of welds made with micro-jet cooling. New technology of micro-jet welding could be regarded as a new way to improve plastic properties of welds. It allows to obtain welds with better properties in comparison to ordinary welding method. Moreover, it is possible to steering of weld structure and properties of the weld. During research Erichsen cupping tests and bending tests were carried out for welds made by MIG method with micro-jet cooling. Argon was cooling medium. Different numbers of micro-jet streams were used to weld cooling. Different plastic properties were obtained for different numbers of micro-jet streams. In this research welds made by new method of welding (welding with micro-jet cooling) were compared with welds made by ordinary welding method.
Analysis Of Deformation And Microstructural Evolution In The Hot Forgingof The Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Kukuryk M.
Published: November 2015

The paper presents the analysis of the three-dimensional strain state for the cogging process of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy using the finite element method, assuming the rigid-plastic model of the deformed body. It reports the results of simulation studies on the metal flow pattern and thermal phenomena occurring in the hot cogging process conducted on three tool types. The computation results enable the determination of the distribution of effective strain, effective stress, mean stress and temperature within the volume of the blank. This solution has been complemented by adding the model of microstructure evolution during the cogging process. The numerical analysis was made using the DEFORM-3D consisting of a mechanical, a thermal and a microstructural parts. The comparison of the theoretical study and experimental test results indicates a potential for the developed model to be employed for predicting deformations and microstructure parameters.
Analysis Of The Austenite Grain Growth In Low-Alloy Boron Steel With High Resistance To Abrasive Wear
Authors: Białobrzeska B. , Dudziński W.
Published: November 2015

Today low-alloy steels with boron achieve high resistance to abrasive wear and high strength. These features are obtained by using advanced technology of manufacturing. This makes boron steels increasingly popular and their application more diverse. Application of these steels can extend the lifetime of very expensive machine construction in many industries such as mining, the automotive, and agriculture industries. An interesting subgroup of these materials is steel with boron intended for heat treatment. These steels are supplied by the manufacturer after cold or hot rolling so that it is possible for them to be heat treated in a suitable manner by the purchaser for its specific application. Very important factor that determines the mechanical properties of final product is austenite grain growth occurring during hot working process such us quenching or hot rolling. Investigation of the effect of heating temperature and holding time on the austenite grain size is necessary to understand the growth behavior under different conditions. This article presents the result of investigation of austenite grain growth in selected low-allow boron steel with high resistance to abrasive wear and attempts to describe the influence of chemical composition on this process.
Direct Determination Of γ′ / γ′+γ / γ Phase Boundaries In Ni-Al-Cr System Based On Enthalpy Of Formation Results Obtained By Calorimetric Solution Method
Authors: Maciąg T. , Rzyman K. , Węcki B.
Published: November 2015

The work is a continuation of the research carried out on a high-temperature calorimeter solution type on alloys from Ni-Al-Cr system. Thanks to the construction innovation introduced by authors the device allows the determination of the formation enthalpy of alloys at ambient and elevated temperatures. Experiments described in this article were carried out at three temperatures: 873K, 996K and 1150K on the alloys of the chemical compositions from the Ni75Al25÷ Ni87Cr13section of the Ni-Al-Cr system. On the basis of changes in the enthalpy of formation with increasing chromium content of the alloys, points corresponding to places of phase boundaries γ′ / γ′+γ / γ in Ni-Al-Cr system were determined. A similar relationship was observed in previous studies of alloys from Ni75Al25÷Ni75Cr25section. For precise determination of these characteristic points a statistical model was applied
Density Of The Copper-Rich Cu-Pb-Fe Alloys
Authors: Sak T. , Kucharski M.
Published: November 2015

Density of the copper-rich corner of the ternary Cu-Pb-Fe alloys was determined with the dilatometric method. Investigated alloys had constant copper content equal to 0.9, 0.8 and 0.7 mole fraction, and varied iron concentration up to 0.1 mole fraction. A model predicting the density of ternary solution from knowledge of density of pure component and the excess of molar volume for limiting binaries is proposed.
The Influence A Crucible Arrangement On The Electrical Efficiency Of The Cold Crucible Induction Furnace
Authors: Smalcerz A. , Oleksiak B. , Siwiec G.
Published: November 2015

A big interest in application of cold crucible furnace (CCF) for industrial, particularly metallurgical, processes has been observed in recent years. They are mainly utilised for melting of metal, glass and other materials. Analyses of processes that occur in such devices are performed; however, computer modelling is rarely applied. As a precise determination of the electromagnetic field distribution is essential for a proper analysis of processes in furnaces with cold crucibles, a complex 3D model development is necessary. In the paper, effects of a crucible design and current frequency on the efficiency of the induction furnace with cold crucible are presented. Numerical calculations were performed with the use of the Flux 3D professional software.
Assessment Of Usability Of Molten Salt Mixtures In Metallurgy Of Aluminum Alloys And Recycling Of Composite Materials Based On The Matrix Of Al Alloys
Authors: Jackowski J. , Suchora-Kozakiewicz M.
Published: November 2015

Effectiveness of the slags used in metallurgy of aluminum alloys and in recycling of composite materials containing these alloys depends on their surface properties at the phase boundaries they are in contact with. An index of surface properties of molten mixtures of slag-forming salts has been formulated. Its calculated values are compared with measured results of surface tension (liquid – atmosphere) and interfacial tension (liquid – liquid) in the considered systems. It was found that the index can be helpful for purposes of proper choice of the mixtures of slag-forming salts used both in Al alloys metallurgy and in recycling of composite materials based on the matrix of Al alloys.
Beneficiation Of Chromium Waste By Means Of Magnetic And Gravitational Separation
Authors: Brożek M. , Surowiak A. , Jarosiński A.
Published: November 2015

The paper presents the results of investigations of chromium recovery from the Cr waste mud, originating in the production of sodium dichromate. The differentiation of physical properties of particles of different contents of chromium and magnesium compounds is a premise for the use of physical separation methods. The investigations were performed on 2 waste samples, taken by random from the waste dump. The investigations of magnetic and gravity concentration for sample I and II were made, respectively. The results of screen and float and sink analyses of sample II indicate that it is possible to obtain Cr- and Mg-enriched products by means of a combined method of separation, i.e. hydraulic classification and, next, gravitational concentration on the shaking table. The concept of gravity concentration of the tested chromium waste was verified in the technical scale on multiboard shaking tables. The advantage of these fittings in relation to laboratory conditions is the possibility of separation of discussed waste without previous classification. The longer time of separation on the industrial shaking table as well as the respective amount of water directed to the process together with feed enabled an exact separation of initial material. The obtained concentrate in such conditions contains from 25 to 35% Cr2O3, depending on the chromium content in the initial waste material. It results from the fractional magnetic analysis of sample I that by means of the magnetic separation it is possible to obtain the magnetic concentrate of Cr2O3content minimum 20% and, simultaneously, to obtain the non-magnetic product of increased MgO content. The optimum separation conditions regarding the yield and content of Cr2O3were determined. The highest value of criterionKfor the grade of the concentrate containing over 20% of Cr2O3is obtained when the 10 mm diameter balls and the 1150 kA/m magnetic field intensity are applied. The yield of the concentrate equals about 9.5 % and recovery of Cr2O3almost 22%. In the non-magnetic product the content of Cr2O3equals 7.74% and MgO 27.36%.
Influence Of Lubricants On Wear Resistance Of Aluminum Alloy Strips Series 2XXX
Authors: Żaba K. , Kita P. , Nowosielski M. , Kwiatkowski M. , Madej M.
Published: November 2015

The article presents a properly planned and designed tests of the abrasive wear resistance 2024 aluminum alloy strips under friction conditions involving various lubricants. Test were focused on the selection of the best lubricant for use in industrial environment, especially for sheet metal forming. Three lubricants of the Orlen Oil Company and one used in the sheet metal forming industry, were selected for tests. Tests without the use of lubricant were performed for a comparison. The tester T-05 was used for testing resistance to wear. As the counter samples were used tool steel - NC6 and steel for hot working - WCL, which are typical materials used for tools for pressing. The results are presented in the form of the force friction, abrasion depth, weight loss and coefficient of friction depending on the lubricant used and the type of counter samples. The results allowed for predicting set lubricant-material for tools which can be applied to sheet metal made of aluminum alloy 2024.
Durability Of X10CrMoVNb9-1 Steel Tubes Under Low-Cycle Fatigue And Creep Conditions After Bending With Local Induction Heating
Authors: Cieśla M. , Junak G. , Tomczak J. , Findziński R. , Kawała T.
Published: November 2015

The paper contains the results of theoretical and experimental research on the tube bending process used in the manufacturing of X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel tubes with dimensions 530 × 90 mm. An innovative technology in which the tube bending is coupled with local induction heating and the results of finite-element numerical modelling of tube bending using Simufact Forming 11.0 software are presented. A change of the geometry in the cross-section of the bend area was subjected to analysis, including the ovalization of the cross-section and the wall thickness in the regions subject to tension and compression. The geometrical features of the bend determined on the basis of numerical calculations were compared with the measurement results obtained in industrial conditions. Basic mechanical properties of the tube in the as-delivered condition and of the fabricated tube bend were determined using tensile, hardness, impact, low-cycle fatigue and creep tests. It was proved that the tube bend made of the X10CrMoVNb9-1 steel, obtained by the proposed technology, meets the requirements of the applicable standards.
Possibilities Of Metals Extracton From Spent Metallic Automotive Catalytic Converters By Using Biometallurgical Method
Authors: Willner J. , Kaduková J. , Fornalczyk A. , Mrážiková A. , Marcinčáková R. , Velgosová O.
Published: November 2015

The main task of automotive catalytic converters is reducing the amount of harmful components of exhaust gases. Metallic catalytic converters are an alternative to standard ceramic catalytic converters. Metallic carriers are usually made from FeCrAl steel, which is covered by a layer of Precious Group Metals (PGMs) acting as a catalyst. There are many methods used for recovery of platinum from ceramic carriers in the world, but the issue of platinum and other metals recovery from metallic carriers is poorly described. The article presents results of preliminary experiments of metals biooxidation (Fe, Cr and Al) from spent catalytic converters with metallic carrier, using bacteria of the Acidithiobacillus genus.
Experimental And Theoretical Determination Of Forming Limit Curve
Authors: Adamus J. , Dyja K. , Motyka M.
Published: November 2015

The paper presents a method for determining forming limit curves based on a combination of experiments with finite element analysis. In the experiment a set of 6 samples with different geometries underwent plastic deformation in stretch forming till the appearance of fracture. The heights of the stamped parts at fracture moment were measured. The sheet - metal forming process for each sample was numerically simulated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The values of the calculated plastic strains at the moment when the simulated cup reaches the height of the real cup at fracture initiation were marked on the FLC. FLCs for stainless steel sheets: ASM 5504, 5596 and 5599 have been determined. The resultant FLCs are then used in the numerical simulations of sheet - metal forming. A comparison between the strains in the numerically simulated drawn - parts and limit strains gives the information if the sheet - metal forming process was designed properly.
Simulation Of The Material Softening During Hot Metal Forming
Authors: Bylya O.I. , Sarangi M.K. , Rohit N , Nayak A. , Vasin R.A. , Blackwell P.L.
Published: November 2015

Deformation softening is quite often observed during hot working of different alloys. Steels, aluminium, titanium or nickel alloys can demonstrate a decrease in flow stress under active deformation at constant temperatures and strain rates. Though the background microstructural mechanisms as well as the softening rates can be quite different, the treatment of such processes requires special attention. Deformation softening can cause significant non-uniformity of the metal flow resulting in flow localization, formation of shear bands and variation of the microstructure across the workpiece. This paper is devoted to the investigation of the specific issues which arise in this respect in FEM simulation of processes involving softening. The possible role of softening in shear band formation is studied using numerical simulation and physical modelling. The effect of the softening rate on the probability of flow localization is discussed. The interplay of deformation softening with the stain rate and temperature sensitivity is demonstrated using as an example the simulation of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). An approach to account for the deformation softening in FEM simulations via process modelling of the microstructure refinement is proposed.
The Development Of Heating Curves For Open Die Forging Of Heavy Parts
Authors: Gołdasz A. , Malinowski Z. , Telejko T. , Buczek A. , Rywotycki M. , Martynowski R. , Kowalski D.
Published: November 2015

The study presents the findings of research on developing heating curves of heavy parts for the open die forging process. Hot ingots are heated in a chamber furnace. The heating process of 10, 30, 50 Mg ingots was analyzed. In addition, bearing in mind their high susceptibility to fracture, the ingots were sorted into 3 heating groups, for which the initial furnace temperature was specified. The calculations were performed with self developed software Wlewek utilizing the finite element method for the temperature, stress and strain field computations.
Research And Characterization Of Cu – Graphene, Cu-CNT’s Composites Obtained By Mechanical Synthesis
Authors: Kwaśniewski P. , Kiesiewicz G. , Knych T. , Mamala A. , Gniełczyk M. , Kawecki A. , Smyrak B. , Ściężor W. , Smaga-Sieja E.
Published: November 2015

Currently we can observe a worldwide trend to find new materials with extraordinary properties. In particular these researches are aimed to find a method to improve electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and rheological behavior of known materials. This effect can be achieved by a synthesis of modern carbon materials with metals. In this paper authors presented research results of synthesis process for Cu-graphene and Cu-CNT’s composites obtained by the mechanical synthesis in cold drawing process. The article presents also the results of electrical conductivity measurements and structural analysis of carbon particles presence in copper matrix. The research has shown that obtained composites have electrical conductivity lower than used copper base material. Additionally, the structural analysis has shown that after the drawing process carbon materials particles are mechanically pressed into Cu in the matrix, and these particles do not participate in the current flow, creating an actual barrier for electrons transport.
Effect Of Heat Treatment Parameters On The Formation Of ADI Microstructure With Additions Of Ni, Cu, Mo
Authors: Mrzygłód B. , Kowalski A. , Olejarczyk-Wożenska I. , Adrian H. , Głowacki M. , Opaliński A.
Published: November 2015

Metallographic examinations and mechanical tests were carried out on the ductile iron with additions of Ni, Cu and Mo in as-cast state and after austempering. TTT and CCT diagrams were plotted. The heat treatment was performed in six different variants. Studies included qualitative assessment of the microstructure and testing of mechanical properties such as R0,2, Rm, A, Z, HRC, KC. An analysis of the obtained results was also presented.
The Effect Of Carbon Concentration On The Retained Austenite Content And The Mechanical Properties Of TRIP Steel Wire Rod Obtained From The Stelmor Controlled Cooling Line
Authors: Muskalski Z. , Wiewiórowska S.
Published: November 2015

The austenite content of the multiphase TRIP-structure steels depends, inter alia, on the carbon concentration and the properly selected parameters of the two-stage heat treatment.

Under the existing industrial conditions, it is possible to (approximately) reproduce approximately the optimal parameters of the two-stage wire rod heat treatment via the controlled wire rod cooling from the end temperature of rolling on the Stelmor line.

The investigation of the retained austenite content of TRIP wire rods with a varying carbon concentration, produced under industrial conditions, has been discussed and the effect of the multiphase structure of these wire rods on their mechanical properties has been determined in the paper.
Robust Multiscale Modelling Of Two-Phase Steels On Heterogeneous Hardware Infrastructures By Using Statistically Similar Representative Volume Element
Authors: Rauch Ł. , Bzowski K. , Bachniak D. , Pietrzyk M.
Published: November 2015

The coupled finite element multiscale simulations (FE2) require costly numerical procedures in both macro and micro scales. Attempts to improve numerical efficiency are focused mainly on two areas of development, i.e. parallelization/distribution of numerical procedures and simplification of virtual material representation. One of the representatives of both mentioned areas is the idea of Statistically Similar Representative Volume Element (SSRVE). It aims at the reduction of the number of finite elements in micro scale as well as at parallelization of the calculations in micro scale which can be performed without barriers. The simplification of computational domain is realized by transformation of sophisticated images of material microstructure into artificially created simple objects being characterized by similar features as their original equivalents. In existing solutions for two-phase steels SSRVE is created on the basis of the analysis of shape coefficients of hard phase in real microstructure and searching for a representative simple structure with similar shape coefficients. Optimization techniques were used to solve this task. In the present paper local strains and stresses are added to the cost function in optimization. Various forms of the objective function composed of different elements were investigated and used in the optimization procedure for the creation of the final SSRVE. The results are compared as far as the efficiency of the procedure and uniqueness of the solution are considered. The best objective function composed of shape coefficients, as well as of strains and stresses, was proposed. Examples of SSRVEs determined for the investigated two-phase steel using that objective function are demonstrated in the paper. Each step of SSRVE creation is investigated from computational efficiency point of view. The proposition of implementation of the whole computational procedure on modern High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructures is described. It includes software architecture of the solution as well as presentation of the middleware applied for data farming purposes.
The Influence Of Burner Locations In The Heating Furnace On The Charge Temperature Field
Authors: Rywotycki M. , Szajding A. , Malinowski Z. , Telejko T. , Gołdasz A. , Beneš M.
Published: November 2015

Charge heating in industrial furnaces is a difficult and complex process. There are many physical phenomena which influence heat transfer. At the charge surface heat transfer takes place by radiation and convection. In order to ensure correct operation of the technological system, it is necessary to achieve the required charge temperature in the whole volume and ensure its uniformity.

The influence of selected burner locations inside the furnace on the charge temperature has been analysed. The temperature field and its uniformity in the round charge made of steel for hot open die forging have been analysed. The model and numerical calculations were performed with the ANSYS-Fluent 14.5 package.
The Effect Of Two-Stage Age Hardening Treatment Combined With Shot Peening On Stress Distribution In The Surface Layer Of 7075 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Kaczmarek Ł. , Zawadzki P. , Stegliński M. , Wójcik R. , Klich M. , Kyzioł K. , Kottfer D. , Januszewicz B. , Pawłowski W.
Published: November 2015

The article present the results of the study on the improvement of mechanical properties of the surface layer of 7075 aluminum alloy via two-stage aging combined with shot peening. The experiments proved that thermo-mechanical treatment may significantly improve hardness and stress distribution in the surface layer. Compressive stresses of 226 MPa±5.5 MPa and hardness of 210±2 HV were obtained for selected samples.
Microscopic And Spectroscopic Research Of The MWCNTs-Re Nanocomposites
Authors: Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A.D. , Wolany W. , Cichocki D. , Łukowiec D.
Published: November 2015

The combination of TEM research and Raman spectroscopy to characterization of MWNTs-Re nanocomposites gives a new notion about the structure and quality of materials obtained. TEM studies indicate that the functionalization method significantly influences the morphology of obtained MWCNTs-Re nanocomposites. Due to the specific spectrum recorded for the MWCNTs they can be distinguished from other forms of carbon, furthermore comparative analysis of the results at different stages of the manufacturing process confirms the covalent modification of the MWCNTs structure.

The D-band intensity compared to the G-band intensity provides valuable information about the quality of the sample, in particular indicates the existence of contamination and/or the presence of structural defects. Preliminary results suggest that the high-temperature manufacturing process of MWCNTs-Re nanocomposite improves the quality of the carbon material intended for the experiment.
Mechanical Spectroscopy Of Bearing Steel
Authors: Lu Xiaohui , Li Wei , Lu Xianwen , Jin Mingjiang , Min Na , Jin Xuejun
Published: November 2015

This study presents mechanical spectroscopy of bearing steel subjected to different heat treatments. A non-thermally activated maximum, P1, was found at 130°C, in quenched martensitic samples, which were austenitized at 1050°C and 860°C, and presented twin martensite microstructures. It is suggested that the mechanism of the P1 maximum, observed on the low-temperature side of Snoek-Köster peak, is related to the change of defect configurations in twinned martensite assisted with high mobility of the solute carbon atoms under an external harmonic stress field applied during mechanical loss measurements.
Deposition Of Oxide And Intermetallic Thin Films By Pulsed Laser (PLD) And Electron Beam (PED) Methods
Authors: Kusiński J. , Kopia A. , Cieniek Ł. , Kąc S. , Radziszewska A.
Published: November 2015

In this work the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and the pulsed electron beam deposition (PED) techniques were used for fabrication of Mo-Bi2O3, La1−xSrxCoO3, La1−xCaxCoO3 and Al-Mg thin films. An influence of ablation process basic parameters on the coatings structure and properties was discussed. Two types of laser ablation systems were applied: one equipped with a KrF excimer and second with a Q-switched Nd:YAG. Films were deposited on Si and MgO substrates. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for structural analysis. Investigations focused on structure and chemical composition showed that smooth and dense thin films with nanocrystalline structure, preserving the composition of the bulk target, could be obtained by the both PLD and PED techniques. Research study showed that by a proper selection of PLD and PED process parameters it was possible to deposit films with significantly decreased amount and size of undesirably nanoparticulates.