bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
Authors: Zulfiqar Sadia , Ajaz Humayun , Rehman Shafiq ur , Elahi Shan , Shakeel Amer , Yasmeen Farhat , Altaf Shehnila
Published: May 2020

190 children aged 7-18 years from an endemic fluorotic village “Talab Sarai (n = 130) and a non-fluorotic, control, village “Ottawa” (n = 60) were selected for comparison. Children were examined for fluoride (F-) concentration in drinking water, urine, and serum as well as Dental fluorosis (DF) and thyroid hormone levels. The mean concentration of water fluoride (WF) in the sample group was 6.23 mg/L, urine fluoride (UF) 3.38 mg/L, and serum fluoride (SF) 0.21 mg/L, while DF was 93.07%. Significant elevations (P = 0.000) in the concentration of all these four variables were observed in sample group children as compared to control. Mean Free Tetra-iodothyronine (FT4), Free Tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) concentrations in the sample group were 16.64pmol/L, 5.57 pmol /L and 4.41 mlU/L, respectively. No marked difference in FT4 (P = 0.1) was noted, while significant elevations in FT3 and TSH (P = 0.000) were found in the sample relative to the control group. 80% of the children displayed clear thyroid hormonal derangements, with 36.92% having high TSH and 43.07% with FT3 and FT4 disorders. A moderate to strong correlation among WF, UF, SF and DF (r = 0.94, 0.60, 0.60, 0.72) and a very strong correlation between WF and TSH (r = 0.9) were observed. Our results suggest that excess F- level that is four times greater than the “safe limit” is not only increasing fluoride concentration in body fluids but is also affecting thyroid hormones in 4 out of 5 children which could lead to abnormal physical and mental growth in later developmental stages.
Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
Authors: Hutnik Nina , Stanclik Anna , Piotrowski Krzysztof , Matynia Andrzej
Published: May 2020

Kinetic parameters describing continuous reaction crystallization of struvite from aqueous solutions containing also calcium ions (from 100 to 2000 mg Ca2+/kg) were estimated. Test results were compared with kinetic data of struvite manufactured from real cattle liquid manure. Kinetic model for ideal MSMPR (Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal) crystallizer was used assuming dependence of crystal growth rateGon its sizeL(size-dependent growth, SDG MSMPR model). Based on nonlinear regression and statistical analysis, one from within five consideredG(L) models was selected – Rojkowski exponential (RE) model – rendering the experimental population density distributions the best. It was concluded, that calcium ions influenced all components of struvite manufacturing process disadvantageously. A rise of Ca2+concentration in a feed from 100 to 2000 mg/kg increased nucleation rateca. 160-time, whereas growth rate of nuclei up to macroscopic sizeG0decreased more than 10-time. Linear (larger) crystal growth rateG¥was nearly two-times smaller: 1.71·10–8m/s (100 mg Ca2+/kg) – 9.10·10–9m/s (2000 mg Ca2+/kg). Resulting in a product with deteriorated quality. Mean size of the crystals decreased nearly two-times (to 18.4 μm), non-homogeneity within product population enlarged and calcium fraction in the product increased. The product, beside struvite MgNH4PO4·6H2O, also contained hydrated amorphous calcium phosphate(V) Ca3(PO4)2·nH2O (ACP). It was observed, that 5-times smaller concentration of phosphate(V) ions in a feed and magnesium ions excess in relation to phosphate(V) and ammonium ions (1.2 : 1 : 1) influenced all kinetic parameters of continuous struvite reaction crystallization advantageously.
DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
Authors: Vujović Maja , Ragavendran Venkatesan , Arsić Biljana , Kostić Emilija , Mladenović Milan
Published: May 2020

Initially made for medical treatment for Parkinsonism, obesity, and depression, cathinones have become illegal drugs for the “recreational use”. The mechanism of action of synthetic cathinones consists of the inhibition of monoamine transporters. DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations on the selected cathinones (3-FMC, 4-FMC, 4-MMC, Buphedrone, Butylone, Ethylone, MDPV, Methcathinone, and Methylone) were performed using B3LYP level of the Gaussian 09 program suite. The unscaled B3LYP/6–31G vibrational wavenumbers are in general larger than the experimental values, so the use of selective scaling was necessary. The calculated spectra of selected cathinones are in good correlation with the experimental spectra which demonstrates that DFT is a good tool for the prediction of spectra of newly synthesized and insufficiently experimentally characterised cathinones. Also, HOMO-LUMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital-Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) analysis shows that 3-FMC possesses the minimum energy gap of 3.386 eV, and the molecule 4-FMC possesses the maximum energy gap of 4.205 eV among the investigated cathinones. It indicates that 3-FMC would be highly reactive among all the cathinones under investigation.
Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
Authors: Ortega Raquel , Monzón Mario D. , Ortega Zaida C. , Cunningham Eoin
Published: May 2020

The interest in natural fibre reinforced composites is growing in industrial applications due to natural fibres being an attractive alternative to synthetic fibres. However, it is necessary to improve the fire behaviour of the material because natural fibres have a high combustibility. The objective of this work is to evaluate the fire resistance of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibre fabric, using magnesium hydroxide as flame retardant for the polymeric matrix and alkali treatment for the fibre. The types of fabric are banana, banana with cotton and linen; and long banana fibre has been used for the formation of a nonwoven. The fire test is carried out based on ISO 9773 standard and the effect of the additive has been studied, chemical treatment, type of fabric and number of layers. Through statistical analysis, it is concluded that the flame propagation speed has a decreasing relation with respect to the percentage, but it decreases the mechanical properties considerably. In addition, the number of layers and type of fabric influence the fire properties. Finally, it is concluded that composites reinforced with linen fabric have the best mechanical properties, but banana nonwoven with 60% additive has the best fire behaviour.
Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
Authors: Indriani Indriani , Aminah Nanik Siti , Puspaningsih Ni Nyoman Tri
Published: May 2020

Three stigmastane steroids: 6-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (1), stigmast-4-en-3-one (2), and 3-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one (3) were successfully isolated from the acetone extract of Dryobalanps oblongifolia stem bark. The structural determination of isolated compounds was carried out on the basis of data analysis of NMR and MS spectra. In order to identify the antiplasmodial activity, the isolated compound was put to test against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. Antiplasmodial activity of the isolated compounds showed that the IC50 values of 6-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one were 37.29 μg/mL while the IC50 values of stigmast-4-en-3-one were 43.54 μg/mL and the IC50 values of 3-hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one were 13.34 μg/mL (chloroquine phosphate was used as a positive control, IC50 0.006 μg/mL). Judging from the results, the isolated compounds were proven to demonstrate mediocre antiplasmodial activity. Compound (3) indicated a better antimalarial activity than compound (1) and (2), even though there was no satisfactory activity that indicated its ability to combat chloroquine. Therefore, it might not be developed as an antimalarial drug.
Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
Authors: Rasheed Aamir , Ghous Tahseen , Mumtaz Sumaira , Zafar Muhammad Nadeem , Akhter Kalsoom , Shabir Rabia ,   Zain-ul-Abdin, Shafqat Syed Salman
Published: May 2020

In the present work, a novel continuous flow system (CFS) is developed for the preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI) usingPseudomonas aeruginosastatic biomass immobilized onto an effective and low-cost solid support of powdered eggshells. A mini glass column packed with the immobilized biosorbent is incorporated in a CFS for the preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions. The method is based on preconcentration, washing and elution steps followed by colorimetric detection with 1,5-diphenyl carbazide in sulphuric acid. The effects of several variables such as pH, retention time, flow rate, eluent concentration and loaded volume are studied. Under optimal conditions, the CFS method has a linear range between 10 and 100 μg L-1and a detection limit of 6.25 μg L-1for the determination of Cr (VI). The sampling frequency is 10 samples per hour with a preconcentration time of 5 mins. Furthermore, after washing with a 0.1 M buffer (pH 3.0), the activity of the biosorbent is regenerated and remained comparable for more than 200 cycles. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a successful immobilization of biomass on eggshells powder and precipitation of Cr (VI) on the bacterial cell surface. The proposed method proves highly sensitive and could be suitable for the determination of Cr (VI) at an ultra-trace level.
Towards a Digital IUPAC
Authors: McEwen Leah R.
Published: May 2020

Communicating chemical knowledge is at the core of the IUPAC mission and underlies the success of the chemistry enterprise. In the global economy of the 21st century, this involves exchange among computer systems along with the expert scientists who use them. To enable the application of IUPAC outputs in the digital environment, IUPAC must augment its efforts to enable accessibility and interpretation by machines as well as humans. The Union must adapt to a digital work culture to engage in its mission of sustainable development, common language and free exchange of scientific information. [Frey 2014, https://doi.org/10.1515/ci.2014.36.1.14]
The complexity of molecular processes in osteoarthritis of the knee
joint
Authors: Łęgosz Paweł , Sarzyńska Sylwia , Pulik Łukasz , Kotrych Daniel , Małdyk Paweł
Published: May 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common medical problem leading to chronic pain and physical
disability among the world’s population. Analyzing the molecular background of
the degenerative arthritis creates the potential for developing novel targeted
methods of treatment. Fifty samples of meniscus, anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs)
and articular surfaces were collected from patients who underwent total knee
arthroplasty in 2016. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the levels
of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth
factor-β1 and LUMINEX for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-13. The collected
data were correlated with the severity of radiological OA, demographic data and
clinical scales. Strong positive correlations in the concentration of
metalloproteinases and proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α (MMP-2 and MMP-13) and
IL-6 (MMP-13), were identified. MMP-13 had a positive correlation with the
concentration of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Negative correlation coefficient exists
between clinical conditions measured with the Western Ontario and McMaster
Universities Osteoarthritis Index scale and the level of TNF-α and MMP-1. The
TNF-α concentration was lower in the cartilage of the articular surface among
patients who took non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs periodically. The decrease in
MMP-2 in the cartilage of the articular surface corresponded with the severity of
radiological OA on the Kellgren–Lawrence scale. Current treatment methods for
OA do not stop disease progression. Identifying signaling pathways and molecular
particles engaged in OA and their correlations with the patient’s clinical
condition brings new therapeutic possibilities.
Assessment of content and chemical forms of arsenic, copper, lead, and chromium in sewage sludge compost as affected by various bulking agents
Authors: Saffari Mahboub , Saffari Vahid Reza , Khabazzadeh Hojatollah , Naghavi Hormazd
Published: May 2020

In current study, the effect of various organic substances as bulking agents (BAs) including wheat straw, pistachio hull wastes, and tree leaves at different levels (10, 25, 45% v/v) were investigated on total concentration and chemical forms of Cu, Pb, Cr, and As in sewage sludge (SS) compost prepared by windrow method. According to the results, the composting process (with/without BAs), due to losses of SS mass and volume, increased the total concentration of heavy metals (HMs) compared to the un-composted SS sample (RSS). Evaluation of HMs chemical forms in prepared compost sample without BAs application (CSS) showed that the composting process reduced the mobility factor of As (from 28% to 20%), Pb (from 11.6% to 9.3%), and Cr (from 14.5% to 9.2%) compared to the RSS. Application of three BAs considerably decreased the mobility factor of As (17.5-18.8%), Pb (4.8-7.9%), and Cr (1.4-6.8%) compared to CSS and RSS. Changes of Cu mobility in prepared compost samples showed an unclear trend, however in some treatments, due to transferred organic fraction into exchangeable and carbonate fractions, increasing of this factor was obvious. Generally, the composting appeared to reduce As, Pb, and Cr availability by stabilizing the three metals and making them more stable and less mobile. In addition, the BAs application effect on HMs behavior of SS compost samples were so different and no specific kind of BAs can be recommended as a superior BAs in SS composting process.
Predicting the effect of electric and hybrid-electric aviation on acoustic pollution
Authors: Riboldi Carlo E.D. , Trainelli Lorenzo , Mariani Luca , Rolando Alberto , Salucci Francesco
Published: May 2020

In the quest for the reduction of noise pollution, novel hybrid-electric or fully-electric power-trains promise to provide a substantial contribution. Especially closer to airfields, where acceptability issues tend to limit air operations with conventional fuel-burning engines, such novel power-trains allow to fly terminal maneuvers with a dramatically reduced impact on pollution. Considering the General Aviation (GA) field, where such new types of propulsion are more likely to gain a significant market share thanks to their favorable characteristics for this weight category, the reduction of the noise impact on ground may increase the infrastructural value of smaller airfields, often located in densely populated areas. This in turn would help in making novel power-train technologies economically advantageous at a system level. Despite these evident advantages, a methodology to quantify noise emissions of a novel type of power-train has not been identified yet – a fundamental step towards the assessment of the potential contribution of hybrid-electric or fully-electric aircraft to the global scenario of future aviation. This work introduces and discusses a possible procedure to provide such estimation. While mainly focused on the field of propeller-driven GA aircraft, the procedure presented herein can be easily scaled to cope with the specific features of heavier categories.
Organophosphate Pesticide Residue in Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Sudarsono Joko , Rahardjo Setyo Sri , Kisrini Kisrini
Published: May 2020

The use of the pesticide which does not follow the procedure may potentially cause residue of pesticide to be left on vegetables and fruits sold in supermarkets and traditional markets. We aimed to find the pattern of pesticide usage and levels of residue found in plants. This study was an analytical observation with a cross-sectional design using detailed sampling procedure. We obtained the data of the pesticide residue concentration by conducting laboratory examinations on eight samples of cabbage and eight samples of tomatoes from traditional markets and supermarkets in the city of Solo. The data were tested using simple linear regression testing. The organophosphate measurement results showed no residues were detected, because it was below the Limit of Detection (LOD). We concluded that pesticides containing active substances were not used in the vegetables we tested or the active substances were no longer contained in the vegetables after harvesting.
The Effect of Counseling on Improving Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior in Efforts to Prevent and Control Non-Communicable Diseases
Authors: Suryani Desri , Rizal Ahmad , Eliana Eliana , Darwis Darwis , Angraini Wulan , Pratiwi Bintang Agustina , Yandrizal Yandrizal
Published: May 2020

Non-communicable diseases in Bengkulu Province has been increasing from 2007 to 2013. Integrated non-communicable disease development post (Posbindu PTM) is a platform for community participation in early detection and monitoring of risk factors in an integrated and periodic manner. Counseling on Posbindu PTM activities is one of the factor that could improve knowledge, attitude and behavior towards prevention and control of non-infectious diseases (NCDs). The study aimed to investigate the influence of counseling on the improvement of knowledge, attitude and behavior towards NCDs prevention and control. Through a quantitative research with quasi-experimental design, counseling at Posbindu PTM Damai and Padang Harapan Kota Bengkulu was conducted. The population and samples were all 32 members of Posbindu PTM. We found a difference in knowledge, attitude, and behavior before and after counseling from dependent and independent t-test analysis. The Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) need to train their cadres so that they are capable to counsel Posbindu PTM members to improve their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards prevention and control of NCDs.
School Stakeholder’s Support on the Use of Youth Information and Counseling Centers (PIK-R)
Authors: Isni Khoiriyah , Matahari Ratu
Published: May 2020

School stakeholder’s support greatly affects PIK-R utilization by students. The problem is that school stakeholders are often only responsible but do not play an active role in PIK-R implementation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the support of school stakeholders on the utilization of PIK-R Wijaya Kusuma SMAN 1 Srandakan. This research used qualitative research with case study approach. Key informants were principals, teachers PIK-R coach, guidance and counseling teachers, and peer counselors as triangulan. The data were collected through in-depth interviews. The results showed that the support of school stakeholders on the utilization of PIK-R wijaya kusuma was satisfactory. The support provided were in the form of active participation and involvement such as school counseling for students who experience problems, support in funding PIK-R activities, and cooperation efforts with other agencies. Some teachers were involved in health information socialization activities. Capacity building and skills related to adolescent health were also required by all teachers, so that all parties had the same understanding of PIK-R and gave full support to the utilization of PIK-R Wijaya Kusuma.
Dating and Premarital Sexual Inisiation on Adolescence in Indonesia
Authors: Oktriyanto Oktriyanto , Alfiasari Alfiasari
Published: May 2020

Adolescent is the generation that will determine the future of the nation. Indonesia has many adolescents with excellent achievement in national and international level. However, there are still many adolescents who have negative and deviant behavior such as smoking, drinking, using drugs, even to the behavior of free sex. The purpose of this analysis was to examine dating and sexual behavior of adolescents in Indonesia. This analysis was using secondary data from the Survey of Performance Indicators of National Medium Term Development Plan Program of the National Population and Family Planning Year 2015. The survey was conducted in 34 provinces throughout Indonesia. The number of the samples for this analysis were 41.885, who were adolescents aged 15-24 years and have not married yet. The analysis showed that male respondents who had girlfriend were higher than girls who had boyfriends. On average, the first dating age is 15.5 years. The most frequent activities during dating are holding hands, kissing lips, touching and stimulating the sensitive part of body. Boys were more permissive related premarital sex than adolescent girls. Furthermore, boys admitted have had sexual intercourse three times higher than girls. Adolescents who were on dating had higher chances of having premarital sex than those who were not on dating. The chance of premarital sex was likely to increase if the adolescents holding hands, kissing lips, and touching sensitive parts of body while having date.
Prediction Model and Scoring System in Prevention and Control of Stunting Problems in Under Five-Year-Olds in Indonesia
Authors: Simbolon Demsa , Suryani Desri , Yorita Epti
Published: May 2020

Prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is a cause for concern. We used IFLS 2007 as secondary data in the cross-sectional study to develop a problem-solving and prevention model of stunting. The study was conducted in 2016 to predict a model from the characteristics, parents, and health care of the child. We recruited 3589 children under-five years from IFLS 2007 data as samples. The inclusion criteria are 1-5 years old children from 15-49 years old pregnant women, living with biological parents, available data of birth weight and gestational age, and do not have chronic disease. We used multiple logistic regression for modeling, and Receiver Operation Characteristic (ROC) Curve as a diagnostic test. We found that 39.5% of children under-five have stunting. Stunting protective factors are: prevention of LBW (Low Birth Weight) in infant, limitation of number of children by three, improved parenting for the boys, prevention of young-age pregnancy and stunting in the female adolescent. Other factors are completing immunization, improving maternal education and the health services of under-five children in rural areas, and improving Fe consumption for pregnant mothers. The model was able to prevent and delay the stunting in toddler by 64%, with 61.9% sensitivity and 60.9% specificity, and AUROC 65.5%. It is necessary to counsel the pregnant women with a low height and young-age pregnancy as a high risk, as well as management of the infant with LBW to prevent stunting.
Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Increase the Risk of Stroke
Authors: Sofiana Liena , Rahmawati Dwy Desy
Published: May 2020

Stroke is one of the cause of death and major neurological disability in Indonesia. The risk of stroke increases with the number of risk factors. Stroke is the main cause of inpatient death at Panembahan Senopati General Hospital in Bantul. The independent variables in this study were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This study aim to determine the relationship of hypertension and diabetes mellitus to the incidence of stroke. The study was conducted in 2016 and was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. The number of respondents were 256 samples, where samples were taken by simple random sampling. The research instrument is observation sheet of medical records. Analysis of data was conducted using univariate and bivariate analysis using chi-square test. Bivariate analysis showed significant correlation statistically and biologically between hypertension (RP = 9.000 ; CI = 4.866-16.645 ; p value = 0.000) and diabetes mellitus (RP = 4.226 ; CI = 3.089-5.780 ; p value = 0.000) with the incidence of stroke. Efforts to increase health promotion program to improve community awareness regarding the incidence of stroke are suggested to improve the quality of life of stroke patients.
Current Evidence on the Effect of Beetroot Juice During Exercise Efforts
Authors: He Sun , Tengku-Kamalden Tengku Fadilah
Published: May 2020

Some athletes consume supplements to improve the effect of training and achieve optimal performance during competition. Among the different supplements, beetroot juice has been indicative of improved nitric oxide (NO) concentration in blood, which can promote vasodilation, blood flow, gene expression, mitochondrial efficiency and gas exchange. Different methods have been proposed to classify beetroot juice as an egorgenic aid that can improve the performance of athletes. The objective of this paper is to review methods chosen to gain greater and detailed understanding regarding current issues about the effect of beetroot juice as an ergogenic aid during exercise efforts. Based on Pubmed database, conceptual keywords were input (beet or beetroot, nitrate or nitrite, supplement or supplementation, and exercise, efforts, and physical exercise), and covered literature from 2010 to 2019. Animal researches, review and meta-analyses articles, and inaccessible full-text, and studies that did not use beetroot juice supplementation were excluded, leaving 170 researches available. CiteSpace (version V) showed that the United States and several European countries occupied a dominant position in the carriers of beetroot juice research network. Current prominent research areas were effects of dietary NO3- supplementation, including blood pressure, O2 cost of submaximal exercise, and exercise performance. The optimal strategy for dietary NO3- supplementation and potential effects of dietary NO3- supplementation on intermittent exercise performance involve muscle fiber type recruited and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test..
Characteristics of Shoes with Musculoskeletal Complaints on Foot and Ankle of Sales Promotion Girl
Authors: Amaliyah Mas , Ma’rufi Isa , Indrayani Reny
Published: May 2020

Musculoskeletal complaints are a series of aches in the tendons, muscles, and nerves due to activities with high repetition rates resulting in tissue damage and pain in the muscles. Musculoskeletal complaints are experienced by many female workers due to work demands. Job demands such as the obligation to use high heels when working. Jobs related to the use of high heels are sales promotion girl (SPG). This study uses a quantitative approach. This type of research is observational analytic with cross sectional design. The assessment of musculoskeletal complaints in this study used the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Score (FAOS) questionnaire. Based on the results of the Spearman test factors associated with musculoskeletal complaints on feet and ankles of SPG at Golden Market Jember include individual factors consisting of length of work (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.617; negative direction), BMI (ρ = 0.022; r = 0.314; unidirectional), and sports habits (ρ = 0.045; r = 0.617, opposite). The work factor is static position (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.530; opposite). Shoe characteristic variables consist of shoes type (ρ = 0.022; r = 0.313, opposite), duration of use (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.547; direction), high heels (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.855; direction), and suitability shoe size (ρ = 0,000; r = 0.584; unidirectional). Factors not related to musculoskeletal complaints on the feet and ankles are age (ρ = 0.027; r = 0.850; unidirectional).
Diving into the brain: deep-brain imaging techniques in conscious animals
Authors: Campos Pauline , Walker Jamie J , Mollard Patrice
Published: May 2020

In most species, survival relies on the hypothalamic control of endocrine axes that regulate critical functions such as reproduction, growth, and metabolism. For decades, the complexity and inaccessibility of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis has prevented researchers from elucidating the relationship between the activity of endocrine hypothalamic neurons and pituitary hormone secretion. Indeed, the study of central control of endocrine function has been largely dominated by ‘traditional’ techniques that consist of studying in vitro or ex vivo isolated cell types without taking into account the complexity of regulatory mechanisms at the level of the brain, pituitary and periphery. Nowadays, by exploiting modern neuronal transfection and imaging techniques, it is possible to study hypothalamic neuron activity in situ, in real time, and in conscious animals. Deep-brain imaging of calcium activity can be performed through gradient-index lenses that are chronically implanted and offer a ‘window into the brain’ to image multiple neurons at single-cell resolution. With this review, we aim to highlight deep-brain imaging techniques that enable the study of neuroendocrine neurons in awake animals whilst maintaining the integrity of regulatory loops between the brain, pituitary and peripheral glands. Furthermore, to assist researchers in setting up these techniques, we discuss the equipment required and include a practical step-by-step guide to performing these deep-brain imaging studies.
Fixing the broken clock in adrenal disorders: focus on glucocorticoids and chronotherapy
Authors: Minnetti Marianna , Hasenmajer Valeria , Pofi Riccardo , Venneri Mary Anna , Alexandraki Krystallenia I , Isidori Andrea M
Published: May 2020

The circadian rhythm derives from the integration of many signals that shape the expression of clock-related genes in a 24-h cycle. Biological tasks, including cell proliferation, differentiation, energy storage, and immune regulation, are preferentially confined to specific periods. A gating system, supervised by the central and peripheral clocks, coordinates the endogenous and exogenous signals and prepares for transition to activities confined to periods of light or darkness. The fluctuations of cortisol and its receptor are crucial in modulating these signals. Glucocorticoids and the autonomous nervous system act as a bridge between the suprachiasmatic master clock and almost all peripheral clocks. Additional peripheral synchronizing mechanisms including metabolic fluxes and cytokines stabilize the network. The pacemaker is amplified by peaks and troughs in cortisol and their response to food, activity, and inflammation. However, when the glucocorticoid exposure pattern becomes chronically flattened at high- (as in Cushing’s syndrome) or low (as in adrenal insufficiency) levels, the system fails. While endocrinologists are well aware of cortisol rhythm, too little attention has been given to interventions aimed at restoring physiological cortisol fluctuations in adrenal disorders. However, acting on glucocorticoid levels may not be the only way to restore clock-related activities. First, a counterregulatory mechanism on the glucocorticoid receptor itself controls signal transduction, and second, melatonin and/or metabolically active drugs and nutrients could also be used to modulate the clock. All these aspects are described herein, providing some insights into the emerging role of chronopharmacology, focusing on glucocorticoid excess and deficiency disorders.
BIOFERTILIZATION WITH CHLOROPHYTA AND CYANOPHYTA: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION
Authors: Ortiz-Moreno Martha Lucia , Solarte-Murillo Laura Vanessa , Sandoval-Parra Karen Ximena
Published: May 2020

Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta are photosynthetic organisms characterized by their biochemical plasticity, which has allowed them to develop in different environments and have a faster growth rate than plants. Depending on the species and environmental conditions, these organisms can produce nitrogenous enzymes, for atmospheric nitrogen fixation; phosphatases, that solubilize phosphorus; phytohormones, that promote plant growth; and hygroscopic polysaccharides, that prevent erosion and improve soil characteristics. In this sense, the aim of this review was to analyze the available information on the use of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta as biofertilizers and their potential application in organic food production. Multiple studies and researches were found demonstrating the advantages of these microorganisms when being used to improve plants productivity, and also at the same time, leading to sustainable agriculture that is respectful to the environment. However, their high production cost has become a limiting factor for their commercialization.
Review of Scolia (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) from Central America, including seasonal flight activity in Scolia guttata
Authors: Añino Ramos Yostin Jesús , Cambra Torok Roberto , Windsor Donald , Zuñiga Ronald , Quintero Diomedes
Published: May 2020

A taxonomic revision of the genus Scolia Fabricius, 1775 (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) from Central America is presented. Two species of Scolia are present in Central America: S. (Discolia) guttata Burmeister, 1853 and S. (Hesperoscolia) rufiventris Fabricius, 1804, the latter representing the first record for Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia. The male of S. rufiventris is described and illustrated for the first time. Seasonal flight activity for S. guttata from two years of continuous Malaise trapping in Barro Colorado Island, Panama, is described.
I think therefore I am
Authors: Appiah Simon Kofi , Kodah Mawuloe
Published: May 2020

Kourouma’s narrative texts bring to the fore misery and desperation, resulting largely from human exploitation connected to ignorance and religious irrationality. Descartes’ all time famous statement “I think therefore I am” grounds the essence of human existence on thinking. Descartes’ assertion has implications for religion when it is postulated as the quest for the ultimate source of meaning in life. Kourouma’s (2000) Allah is Not Obliged establishes a link between human exploitation and unsound practice of religion, revealing his nauseating aversion to and denunciation of irrational religion. From literary and philosophy of religion perspectives, Allah is Not Obliged can be read as a narrative that raises consciousness about the potential of irrational religion becoming a source of exploitation and mental enslavement. Within the framework of such reading, Allah is Not Obliged becomes a plea for an intra-cultural critique of African religiosity.
Humanities and Religious Studies
Authors: Atkinson David W
Published: May 2020

There is particular angst expressed today about the future of the Humanities, although this concern has been with us for a long time. Many are concerned that the Humanities are dying and no longer occupy a position of importance in our universities. While there is every reason to be concerned, there has never been a time when the Humanities are more important. The Humanities must no longer accept a position at the periphery of universities and must, instead, assert their centrality. Religious Studies, as a relatively new Humanities discipline, offers a path forward. It suggests an openness that serves as a paradigm for the Humanities with regard to how to look outside themselves for new ways of doing research and teaching their students.
Correção cirúrgica de luxação mandibular recidivante com eminectomia: relato de casos clínicos
Authors: Arantes Eugênio Braz Rodrigues , Lopes Taiane Dos Santos , Corrêa Rafael Mérola , Bartholo Paulo Roberto , De Brito Resende Rodrigo Figueiredo
Published: May 2020

Objetivo: Relatar dois casos clínicos recidivantes de luxação mandibular tratados através do procedimento cirúrgico de eminectomia apresentando a previsibilidade e os resultados da técnica escolhida. Relato do caso: Dois pacientes foram atendidos no Serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Estadual Adão Pereira Nunes apresentando episódios recorrentes de luxação da articulação temporomandibular com queixas de dificuldade nos movimentos de abertura e fechamento da boca e dor intensa, ambos foram tratados pela técnica de remoção da eminência articular. Conclusão: A técnica por eminectomia demonstrou-se eficaz por restaurar a função articular adequada e proporcionar uma resposta satisfatória na abertura bucal nos dois casos descritos. Os pacientes estão em acompanhamento pós-operatório de dois anos, sem recidiva ou novos episódios de deslocamento.
Efficacy of Nonsurgical Mechanical Debridement With and Without Adjunct Low-Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Peri-Implantitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Alqahtani Fawaz , Alqhtani Nasser , Celur Sree Lalita , Divakar Darshan Devang , Al-Kheraif Abdulaziz A. , Alkhtani Fahad
Published: May 2020

We hypothesized that in the long term (6-month follow-up), nonsurgical mechanical debridement (NSMD) with adjunct low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is more effective for the treatment of peri-implantitis than NSMD alone. The aim of the present 6-month follow-up convenience-sample cohort study was to assess the efficacy of LLLT as an adjunct to NSMD in the treatment of peri-implantitis. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information. Patients with peri-implantitis in the test and control groups underwent NSMD with and without adjunct LLLT, respectively. Randomization was done by tossing a coin. In the test group, the laser was applied perpendicular to the periodontal pocket for 20 seconds at a constant distance of 15 mm and with a continuous wavelength (3.41 J/cm2 delivery with a 1.76 cm2 spot and average output of 0.3 W). In both groups, peri-implant probing depth, bleeding upon probing, and crestal bone resorption were assessed at baseline and at the 3-month and 6-month follow-up. Group comparisons were performed, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Sixty-seven individuals with peri-implantitis were included. The mean age of participants who underwent NSMD with adjunct LLLT and NSMD alone was 46.5 ± 3.4 and 45.3 ± 1.1 years, respectively. At the 3- and 6-month follow-up, peri-implant (P < .05), bleeding upon probing (P < .05), and probing depth (P < .05) were significantly higher among patients who underwent NSMD alone compared with patients who underwent NSMD with adjunct LLLT. There was no significant difference in crestal bone resorption in all patients up to the 6-month follow-up. In the short term, NSMD with adjunct LLLT was a useful treatment protocol for the treatment of peri-implant soft-tissue inflammation.
Influence of Tillage Systems on the Degree of Weeding on Agricultural Crops at ARDS Turda
Authors: ŞIMON Alina , CHEŢAN Felicia , CHEŢAN Cornel , BĂRDAŞ Marius
Published: May 2020

Plants of spontaneous flora are in constant competition with culture plants for water, nutrients and other vegetation factors. The degree of weeding was determined in 2014-2016, at four crops - winter wheat, maize, soybeans and peas, cultivated in conventional tillage system and conservation tillage. Temperatures and precipitations registered on the vegetation period in three year had a high influence on the number of weeds found in agricultural crops, so in 2015 there was a smaller number of weeds than in 2014 respectively 2016. Of the species determined in this period is noted for annual dicotyledonous (most of them Chenopodium sp., Veronica sp. and Xanthium strumarium), and among the species of monocotyledonous species Echinochloa sp. and Setaria sp. which are found in all four cultures. In the case of the application of conservative tillage systems there is an increase in the number of weeds compared to the conventional tillage system. The average yields obtained by maize, soybean and peas at application of conservative tillage systems are close to the classical tillage system, the winter wheat yield was higher in the no tillage system than in the classical tillage system.
The Influence of the Tillage System and Fertilization on Soybean Yield at ARDS Turda, 2015-2017
Authors: ŞIMON Alina , CHEŢAN Felicia , CHEŢAN Cornel , BĂRDAŞ Marius , DEAC Valeria
Published: May 2020

Soybean is currently one of the most important agricultural crops being used in human and animal nutrition, as a raw material for industry but also has agro-phyto-technical importance because it contributes to the raising of soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen by symbiosis between soybeans and Rhizobium japonicum bacteria, which forms root-nodules. To achieve the aims, a poly-factorial experience has been placed during the period 2015-2017 at ARDS Turda, with the factors: Factor A - the tillage system (a1 the classical tillage system by plowing with the return of the furrow and a2 the minimum tillage system, chisel variant; factor B- the fertilization (b1-N20P20K0 100 kg/ha, applied simultaneously with sowing, b2-N20P20K0 100 kg/ha, applied simultaneously with the sowing + N20P20K0 100 kg/ha, applied in the 4-6 leaves phenophase, b3-N20P20K0 100 kg/ha applied simultaneously with sowing + N30 100 kg/ha, applied in the 4-6 leaves phenophase and b4-N20P20K0 100 kg/ha applied simultaneously with sowing + N20 100 kg/ha, applied in the 4-6 leaves phenophase, factor C-climatic conditions in the experimental years (c1-2015; c2-2016; c3-2017). The soybean variety studied was Malina TD. Following the application of the minimum tillage system, the yield decreases with a significant difference of 86 kg/ha compared to the conventional tillage system. A very significant influence in the yield of superior quantitative yields is fertilization, in the three variants where the supplementary fertilization was applied, there were obtained very significant yield increases of over 199 kg/ha compared to the control variant which produced a yield of 2373 kg/ha.
Assessment of Biomass Production on Pastoral Meadows in the Gutai Mountains
Authors: VOȘGAN Zorica , JELEA Stela , MARIAN Monica , ROSCA Oana MARE , MIHALESCU Lucia
Published: May 2020

The mountains meadows plays a significant role in biodiversity and ecosystem functions. In the present study biomass productivity were examined in natural mounatins grassland in the region Gutai Mountains. The studied zone is being exploited by sheep and goat breeders. The determination of green mass production was established for an average of 11.6 t/ha m.v. and refusals represented 6.15 t/ha m.v. By empirical calculations we established the consumable production of 5.54 t/ha. These values of biomass production can be explained by the continuous exploitation of the pastoral resources, which affects the biodiversity. Overgrazing leads to the grassland degradation as a result of inadequate management of natural resources and, consequently, the decrease of pastoral value in the region.
Research Concerning the Fighting of Polystigma rubrum Fungi under the Climate Conditions of Șomcuta Mare Area
Authors: MIHALESCU Lucia , MARIAN Monica , JELEA Stela , POP Flavia , MAXIM Aurel , VOŞGAN Zorica
Published: May 2020

In this study, our goal was to survey the influence of the climate conditions, the behavior of the Centenar and Anna Spath varieties on the attack of the Polystigma rubrum fungi during the two experimental years (2013, 2014), in order to make recommendations for new plantations. Nine fungicides were tested, being determined their biologic efficiency, in order to identify the most efficient products. The experimental research was performed during 2013 and 2014, in a fruit tree farm belonging to SC Pomicola SA trade company in Somcuta Mare, Maramures county. The attack was calculated by determining the frequency, intensity and the attack degree. The agrometeorological data were recorded using the AgroExpert system, for surveying the biology of fungi. The linear-interrupted laying method was used, each made up of 5 plants/variant in three repetitions/product. The biologic efficiency of the tested products was lower at the Anna Spath variety than at the Centenar variety due to its sensitivity; the recommended products: Folicur Solo 250EW, Dithane M45 and Syllit 400 SC were the most efficient in the fungi combating.
White Blood Cell and Serum Biochemistry of Rabbits on Varying Levels of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Extract under Two Housing Types
Authors: OLATUBOSUN Oladipo Olusegun , SOGUNLE Olajide Mark , ADEYEMI Olajide Andrew , BAMGBOSE Adeyemi Mustapha , AREMU Tolulope Sabainah
Published: May 2020

A total of ninety-six, six weeks old rabbits were grouped into two housing types (steel and wooden hutches), sex (male and female) and four inclusion levels (0 , 5, 10 and 15 ml) of oyster mushroom extract per litre of water in a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial experimental layout. One rabbit each was selected from each replicate at end of the 10th week of the experiment for white blood cell and serum biochemistry analysis. Results showed that growing rabbits on 5 ml of mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract per litre of drinking water had the lowest (P < 0.05) neutrophil (31.00 %) and the highest (P < 0.05) lymphocyte (67.25 %) in the white blood cell. Male rabbits in steel hutch have a higher (P < 0.05) eosinophil (0.75 %) in the white blood cell than the female rabbits in steel hutch (0.00 %). Rabbits in steel hutch had a lower (P < 0.05) low density lipoproteins (13.89 mg/dl) in the serum than rabbits housed in wooden hutch (16.02 mg/dl). It was concluded that housing rabbits in wooden hutch and inclusion of oyster mushroom up to 15 ml as phytobiotic for rabbits would optimize their health status.
The Influence of Feeding Level on Growth Performances of European Catfish (Silurus glanis L., 1758) Juveniles under Recirculating Water Conditions
Authors: GRECU Iulia , DEDIU Lorena , DOCAN Angelica , CRISTEA Victor
Published: May 2020

The study was carried out with one summer-old Silurus glanis juveniles, having the mean size 23.04±2.05 cm and weight 73.84±19.12 g, reared in recirculating water condition, in order to assess the impact of feeding level on growth performances and body size variation of fish. Two feeding levels were tested (R1=1.5% BW/day and R2=2.5% BW/day), in duplicate, during 6 weeks, and the biomass gain (BG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), morphometric relationship between length-weight (LWR) and coefficient of variation (CV) were assessed. Data revealed that the overall mean weight of the biomass was doubled during the trial, from 14.92 kg to 31.17 kg, and the body growth significantly increases with the increment of the feeding rate (13.48 kg in R1 and 17.70 kg in R2), underlying the good potential of the species, at this life stage, for fast-growing under intense conditions. The calculated SGR in R1 was 1.43%/day and in R2, significantly higher, as 2.05 %/day, for the almost similar values of FCR (0.74 g/g) and PER (2.50 g/g) recorded between the treatments.
Impact of Morphine on Viability of MCF-7 and T47D Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: MICLEA Ileana , PUI Ana-Maria , ZĂHAN Marius
Published: May 2020

Morphine, a highly potent analgesic, is prescribed for the treatment of severe pain associated with cancer. Several in vitro and animal studies suggest that morphine is involved both in promoting and inhibiting tumor growth. Our aim was to test the outcome of adding morphine to the culture media of cells from two of the most widely used breast cancer cell lines. MCF-7 and T47D cells were seeded into 96-well microplates and cultured for 24 hours in MEM and RPMI-1640 media respectively. Afterwards, cells were exposed for 24, 48 or 72 hours to media containing morphine at the following concentrations: 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 μM. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT colorimetric method. After exposure of MCF-7 cells to morphine for 24 and 48 hours, viability was similar to the control while, after 72 hours, this parameter was significantly enhanced at 0.75 μM and 1 μM. Survival of T47D cells in the first 24 hours was significantly (p<0.05) increased by the presence of 1 μM morphine, while an increased exposure time did not improve the outcome. Our results show that morphine can increase viability of breast cancer cells, depending on concentration, exposure time and cell origin.