bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereotype, emotion, and behavior: a quasi‐experiment on the effects of Japan's earthquake
Authors: Echebarria Echabe Agustin
Published: October 2013

A quasi‐experiment was carried out to analyze the effect of the catastrophe of Japan on previous stereotypes about Japanese people. Based on the stereotype content model and behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes model, we found that the earthquake and its consequences modified participants' perception of Japanese power and influence and the compatibility between Japanese interests and goals and their own country's interests. These changes in the structural factors induced further changes in emotional and behavioral reactions toward Japanese people.
Daytime Systolic Ambulatory Blood Pressure With a Direct Switch Between Candesartan Monotherapy and the Fixed‐Dose Combination Olmesartan/Amlodipine in Patients With Uncontrolled Essential Hypertension (SEVICONTROL‐1)
Authors: Zemmrich Claudia , Lüders Stephan , Gansz Andrea , Sturm Claus‐Dieter , Fimmers Rolf , Nadal Jennifer , Schmieder Roland E. , Schrader Joachim , Bramlage Peter
Published: October 2013

A direct switch of candesartan to the fixed‐dose combination olmesartan/amlodipine in uncontrolled hypertension is a frequent clinical requirement but is not covered by current labeling. An open‐label, prospective, single‐arm phase IIIb study was performed in patients with 32 mg candesartan followed by olmesartan/amlodipine 40/10 mg. The primary endpoint was change in mean daytime systolic blood pressure (BP). Mean daytime systolic BP was reduced by 9.2±12.6 mm Hg (P<.0001) after substituting candesartan for olmesartan/amlodipine (baseline BP 140.2±9.7 mm Hg). The reduction in office BP was 9.4±18.4/4.0±9.6 mm Hg; P<.002). Overall, 61.3% of patients achieved a target BP <140/90 mm Hg using office BP and <135/85 mm Hg using ambulatory BP measurement. There were 8 adverse events with a possible relation to study drug and 1 unrelated serious adverse events. In conclusion, patients with uncontrolled moderate arterial hypertension being treated using candesartan monotherapy achieve a further reduction of BP when switched directly to a fixed‐dose combination of olmesartan 40 mg/amlodipine 10 mg.
Efficacy and 9 years' follow‐up of posterior intravaginal slingplasty for genital prolapse
Authors: Capobianco Giampiero , Donolo Ermes , Wenger Jean Marie , Madonia Massimo , Cosmi Erich , Antimi Lavinia , Dessole Margherita , Cherchi Pier Luigi
Published: October 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term efficacy and complication rates of posterior intravaginal slingplasty (IVS) in women suffering from genital prolapse.

Material and Methods

Posterior IVS or infracoccygeal sacropexy is a minimally invasive procedure for suspension of the vagina with the goal of creating new uterosacral ligaments through the insertion of a polypropylene tape. Forty‐four patients were enrolled: 25 patients, affected by uterovaginal prolapse, were subjected to vaginal hysterectomy and posterior IVS; and 19 patients, diagnosed with vaginal vault prolapse, were subjected to posterior IVS alone. The primary outcome for posterior IVS was 12‐month, 24‐month and annual 9‐year postoperative efficacy that is based on a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantitative score of −5 at point C, which describes the vaginal apex.

Results

Of the 44 patients who underwent posterior IVS, none required blood transfusions with an average reduction of perioperative hemoglobin of 1.2 ± 0.4 g/dl, and the average time of hospitalization was 4.3 ± 0.6 days. The rate of success was 93.18% (41/44) at 9 years' follow‐up. We had only one case of extrusion (2.27%) and three cases of recurrence (6.82%), such as two cases of cystocele and of rectocele.

Conclusions

Most patients interviewed confirmed that their quality of life improved after surgery, 86.36% of the operated patients reported that their sexual performance improved and that they would recommend this surgery for their friends. Posterior IVS was a minimally invasive surgical procedure with a high success rate for genital prolapse.
Use of Reverse Transcription Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Detection of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus
Authors: Kuan Cheng‐Ping , Deng Ting‐Chin , Huang Hung‐Chang , Chi Hsiang‐Hui , Lu Yi‐Lin
Published: October 2013

A Reverse Transcription Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay was employed to develop a simple and efficient system for the detection of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in squash and melon plants. The RT‐LAMP assay took 30 min under isothermal condition at 64°C by employing a set of four primers targeting ZYMV. The sensitivity of RT‐LAMP was 10‐fold greater than that of the RT‐PCR assay in the detection of ZYMV in infected tissues of squash and melon. No reaction was detected from the tissues of healthy plants by either RT‐LAMP or RT‐PCR assay. The RT‐LAMP product of the tested samples can be visualized by staining directly in the tube with SYBR Green I dye. The sensitivity of SYBR Green I staining method is similar to that analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Field‐grown squash and melon plants were tested using RT‐PCR and RT‐LAMP. Both RT‐LAMP and PCR could detect ZYMV in symptomatic or symptomless tissues of infected plants. However, the RT‐LAMP assay is superior to RT‐PCR because it is rapid, simple, and highly sensitive; therefore, RT‐LAMP is a useful and practical method for detection of ZYMV in cucurbits.
Spatial and temporal patterns of bryozoan distribution and diversity in the Scottish sea regions
Authors: Rouse Sally , Spencer Jones Mary E. , Porter Joanne S.
Published: October 2013

Diversity and distribution patterns of sessile benthic fauna over space and time are often incompletely known. Understanding the factors that govern these patterns is important for informing marine spatial planning, and monitoring the impacts of climate change and habitat alteration in the marine environment. Historical and contemporary records of bryozoans from Scotland were mapped to produce aGISdistribution layer and were assessed in conjunction withJNCC GISbenthic habitat layers. Bryozoans have predominantly been recorded from the west coast,Orkney,Shetland andWestern Isle archipelagos. The greatest number of bryozoan species occurred in high energy, rocky environments; few species have been identified from the continental slope, which also has the least number of records. The biodiversity, as measured by the average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness, was assessed for sampling sites and sub‐regions withinScotland. High values were concentrated around theOrkneyIsles andSouthwestScotland. This is the first known attempt at a comprehensive analysis of changes inNorthern European bryozoan diversity and distribution from the 1700s through to the present day, but overall temporal patterns remain uncertain due to differences in the availability of records through time. This study provides an example of the application of methods that may be used to assess benthic diversity to identify potential sites for marine conservation or marine protected areas. As benthic data layers improve, and sampling is extended to unstudied areas, greater insight into the relationship between the physical environment and diversity and distribution patterns of benthic fauna will be gained. This study serves as a baseline for long‐term monitoring of biodiversity changes in this poorly studied Phylum.
Bayesian phylogeographic inferences reveal contrasting colonization dynamics among European groundwater isopods
Authors: Eme D. , Malard F. , Konecny‐Dupré L. , Lefébure T. , Douady C. J.
Published: October 2013

The potentially important role of northern microrefugia during postglacial dispersal is challenging the view of southern Europe as a refuge and source area of European biota. In groundwaters, large geographic ranges of presumably good dispersers are increasingly suspected to consist of assemblages of cryptic species with narrow ranges. Moreover, a large species range, even when confirmed by molecular evidence, tells us little about the spatiotemporal dynamics of dispersal. Here, we used phylogenetic inferences, species delineation methods and Bayesian phylogeographic diffusion models to test for the likelihood of postglacial colonization from distant refugia among five morphospecies of Proasellus (Isopoda, Asellidae). All morphospecies except one were monophyletic, but they comprised a total of 15–17 cryptic species. Three cryptic species retained ranges that spanned a distance >650 km, similar to that of the nominal morphospecies. Bayesian diffusion models based on mitochondrial markers revealed considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in dispersal rates, suggesting that short‐time dispersal windows were instrumental in shaping species ranges. Only one species was found to experience a recent, presumably postglacial, range expansion. The Jura and Alpine foothills probably played a major role in maintaining diversity within Proasellus in northern regions by acting both as diversification hotspots and Pleistocene refugia. Gaining insight into the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of dispersal rates revealed contrasting colonization dynamics among species that were not consistent with a global postglacial colonization of Europe from distant refugia.
On the accumulation of deleterious mutations during range expansions
Authors: Peischl S. , Dupanloup I. , Kirkpatrick M. , Excoffier L.
Published: October 2013

We investigate the effect of spatial range expansions on the evolution of fitness when beneficial and deleterious mutations cosegregate. We perform individual‐based simulations of 1D and 2D range expansions and complement them with analytical approximations for the evolution of mean fitness at the edge of the expansion. We find that deleterious mutations accumulate steadily on the wave front during range expansions, thus creating an expansion load. Reduced fitness due to the expansion load is not restricted to the wave front, but occurs over a large proportion of newly colonized habitats. The expansion load can persist and represent a major fraction of the total mutation load for thousands of generations after the expansion. The phenomenon of expansion load may explain growing evidence that populations that have recently expanded, including humans, show an excess of deleterious mutations. To test the predictions of our model, we analyse functional genetic diversity in humans and find patterns that are consistent with our model.
Estimating relatedness and inbreeding using molecular markers and pedigrees: the effect of demographic history
Authors: Robinson S. P. , Simmons L. W. , Kennington W. J.
Published: October 2013

Estimates of inbreeding and relatedness are commonly calculated using molecular markers, although the accuracy of such estimates has been questioned. As a further complication, in many situations, such estimates are required in populations with reduced genetic diversity, which is likely to affect their accuracy. We investigated the correlation between microsatellite‐ and pedigree‐based coefficients of inbreeding and relatedness in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster that had passed through bottlenecks to manipulate their genetic diversity. We also used simulations to predict expected correlations between marker‐ and pedigree‐based estimates and to investigate the influence of linkage between loci and null alleles. Our empirical data showed lower correlations between marker‐ and pedigree‐based estimates in our control (nonbottleneck) population than were predicted by our simulations or those found in similar studies. Correlations were weaker in bottleneck populations, confirming that extreme reductions in diversity can compromise the ability of molecular estimates to detect recent inbreeding events. However, this result was highly dependent on the strength of the bottleneck and we did not observe or predict any reduction in correlations in our population that went through a relatively severe bottleneck of N = 10 for one generation. Our results are therefore encouraging, as molecular estimates appeared robust to quite severe reductions in genetic diversity. It should also be remembered that pedigree‐based estimates may not capture realized identity‐by‐decent and that marker‐based estimates may actually be more useful in certain situations.
Prize or Price? Corporate Social Responsibility Commitment and Sales Performance in the Chinese Private Sector
Authors: Cui Zhiyu , Liang Xiaoya , Lu Xiongwen
Published: October 2013

Studies on the relationship between corporate social responsibilities (CSR) and firm performance have mostly looked at large public firms in developed countries. In this study, we analyze this relationship using a sample of privately owned firms in China, a developing economy context. We hypothesize a negative relationship between commitment to CSR and average sales growth for privately-owned firms operating in weak institutional environments. Further, we hypothesize that smaller firms will show a stronger negative relationship than larger firms. CEO survey data from a sample of 630 Chinese private firms confirm the moderating role of firm size. However, the results are not entirely as expected. The negative relationship is observed in small firms (100 or fewer employees), but the relationship is positive for large firms (greater than 1000 employees), consistent with the literature. We discuss implications for public policy and future research.
Variables and Attitudes
Authors: Pickel Bryan
Published: October 2013

The phenomenon of quantification into attitude ascriptions has haunted broadly Fregean views, according to which co‐referential proper names are not always substitutable salva veritate in attitude ascriptions. Opponents of Fregeanism argue that a belief ascription containing a proper name such as ‘Michael believes that Lindsay is charitable’ is equivalent to a quantified sentence such as ‘there is someone such that Michael believes that she is charitable, and that person is Lindsay’. They conclude that the semantic contribution of a name such as ‘Lindsay’ is the same as the semantic contribution of a variable under an assignment, which these opponents suggest is merely the object assigned to that variable. However, renewed interest in variables suggests that they make a more complicated contribution to the semantic processing of sentences that contain them. In particular, a variable contributes both an assignment‐unsaturated and an assignment‐saturated semantic value. I use this dual role of the semantics of variables to develop a response to the argument from quantifying in. I take as my point of departure Cumming's () view that an attitude ascription relates the subject of an attitude to the assignment‐unsaturated semantic value of an open sentence. I argue that this approach fails. I propose an alternative, according to which the truth of a belief ascription depends on both the assignment‐saturated and the assignment‐unsaturated semantic value of the open sentence in its that‐clause. This approach reverses standard assumptions concerning the relation between quantification and substitution.
Environmental versus geographical determinants of genetic structure in two subalpine conifers
Authors: Mosca Elena , González‐Martínez Santiago C. , Neale David B.
Published: October 2013

Alpine ecosystems are facing rapid human‐induced environmental changes, and so more knowledge about tree adaptive potential is needed. This study investigated the relative role of isolation by distance (IBD) versus isolation by adaptation (IBA) in explaining population genetic structure in Abies alba and Larix decidua, based on 231 and 233 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) sampled across 36 and 22 natural populations, respectively, in the Alps and Apennines.

Genetic structure was investigated for both geographical and environmental groups, using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). For each species, nine environmental groups were defined using climate variables selected from a multiple factor analysis. Complementary methods were applied to identify outliers based on these groups, and to test for IBD versus IBA.

AMOVA showed weak but significant genetic structure for both species, with higher values in L. decidua. Among the potential outliers detected, up to two loci were found for geographical groups and up to seven for environmental groups. A stronger effect of IBD than IBA was found in both species; nevertheless, once spatial effects had been removed, temperature and soil in A. alba, and precipitation in both species, were relevant factors explaining genetic structure.

Based on our findings, in the Alpine region, genetic structure seems to be affected by both geographical isolation and environmental gradients, creating opportunities for local adaptation.
Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in a retrospective clinical, radiographic and histopathological study of 166 cystic jaw lesions
Authors: Therkildsen N.M. , Andersen K. , Blomlöf J.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To assess specificity and sensitivity of the clinical and radiographic diagnoses of cystic jaw lesions in relation to the histology‐based final diagnoses, and evaluate characteristics of cystic jaw lesions treated in a university hospital over a 6‐year period.

Material and Methods

Retrospective analyses of clinical, radiographic and histopathological records of 166 patients diagnosed with, and treated for, cystic jaw lesions at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital from 2005 to 2010.

Results

Specificity was generally high for all cystic jaw lesions, but a low diagnostic sensitivity in relation to the keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT) was revealed. The radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst and KCOT were the most frequently observed cystic jaw lesions.

Conclusion

In general, a high diagnostic specificity for all cystic jaw lesions was observed. A low diagnostic sensitivity for KCOT was revealed, which is the major reason why histology‐based final diagnoses should be regarded as the gold standard whenever KCOT is to be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic jaw lesions. Frequency of cystic jaw lesions in the present study was in agreement with previous studies.
Neurotoxicity of sedative and analgesia drugs in young infants with congenital heart disease: 4‐year follow‐up
Authors: Garcia Guerra Gonzalo , Robertson Charlene M.T. , Alton Gwen Y. , Joffe Ari R. , Cave Dominic A. , Yasmin Farzana , Dinu Irina A. , Creighton Dianne E. , Ross David B. , Rebeyka Ivan M. ,   Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow‐up Group
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Aim

To determine whether sedation/analgesia drugs used before, during, and after infant cardiac surgery are associated with neurocognitive and functional outcomes.

Background

Some animal models suggest neurotoxic effects of anesthetic drugs on the developing brain; however, potential human effects are unknown. Whether these results can be extrapolated to humans is unknown.

Methods/Materials

Prospective follow‐up project of all infants ≤6 weeks old having surgery for congenital heart disease between 04/03 and 12/06. Demographic, perioperative, and sedation/analgesia variables were collected. Outcomes at kindergarten age were Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence‐III, Beery‐Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI‐V), and General Adaptive Composite (GAC) of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System‐II. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify predictor variables.

Results

From 135 infants who underwent heart surgery, 19 died, 17 were excluded, 8 were lost to follow‐up, leaving 91 children for analysis. Multiple linear regression found days on chloral hydrate [3.5 (3.7) days] was associated with lower performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) (Effect size −1.03; 95% CI −1.96, −0.10; P = 0.03), and cumulative dose [54.2 (60.3) mg·kg−1] of benzodiazepines was associated with lower VMI scores (Effect size −0.07; 95% CI −0.12, −0.01; P = 0.026). No other associations were found between sedation/analgesia variables and full‐scale IQ, PIQ, Verbal IQ, VMI, or GAC.

Conclusion

Assessment of this cohort at kindergarten age found a small statistically significant association between days on chloral hydrate and PIQ, and benzodiazepine cumulative dose and lower VMI. No other association between sedation/analgesia drugs and outcomes was found.
Co‐expression of Arabidopsis transcription factor, AtMYB12, and soybean isoflavone synthase, GmIFS1, genes in tobacco leads to enhanced biosynthesis of isoflavones and flavonols resulting in osteoprotective activity
Authors: Pandey Ashutosh , Misra Prashant , Khan Mohd P. , Swarnkar Gaurav , Tewari Mahesh C. , Bhambhani Sweta , Trivedi Ritu , Chattopadhyay Naibedya , Trivedi Prabodh K.
Published: October 2013

Isoflavones, a group of flavonoids, restricted almost exclusively to family Leguminosae are known to exhibit anticancerous and anti‐osteoporotic activities in animal systems and have been a target for metabolic engineering in commonly consumed food crops. Earlier efforts based on the expression of legume isoflavone synthase (IFS) genes in nonlegume plant species led to the limited success in terms of isoflavone content in transgenic tissue due to the limitation of substrate for IFS enzyme. In this work to overcome this limitation, the activation of multiple genes of flavonoid pathway using Arabidopsis transcription factor AtMYB12 has been carried out. We developed transgenic tobacco lines constitutively co‐expressing AtMYB12 and GmIFS1 (soybean IFS) genes or independently and carried out their phytochemical and molecular analyses. The leaves of co‐expressing transgenic lines were found to have elevated flavonol content along with the accumulation of substantial amount of genistein glycoconjugates being at the highest levels that could be engineered in tobacco leaves till date. Oestrogen‐deficient (ovariectomized, Ovx) mice fed with leaf extract from transgenic plant co‐expressing AtMYB12 and GmIFS1 but not wild‐type extract exhibited significant conservation of trabecular microarchitecture, reduced osteoclast number and expression of osteoclastogenic genes, higher total serum antioxidant levels and increased uterine oestrogenicity compared with Ovx mice treated with vehicle (control). The skeletal effect of the transgenic extract was comparable to oestrogen‐treated Ovx mice. Together, our results establish an efficient strategy for successful pathway engineering of isoflavones and other flavonoids in crop plants and provide a direct evidence of improved osteoprotective effect of transgenic plant extract.
Identification of pre‐ and posthaustorial resistance to rust (Uromyces viciae‐fabae) in lentil (Lens culinaris) germplasm
Authors: Rubiales Diego , Rojas‐Molina María M. , Sillero Josefina C.
Published: October 2013

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important cool‐season legume that can be severely damaged by rust (Uromyces viciae‐fabae (Pers.) Schröt.) in many parts of the world. In this work, a collection of L. culinaris germplasm accessions was screened under growth chamber conditions for response to U. viciae‐fabae. Several sources of incomplete resistance have been identified, both of hypersensitive and of non‐hypersensitive nature. Incomplete hypersensitive resistance was due to a late‐acting host cell necrosis that resulted in an intermediate infection type (IT). Incomplete non‐hypersensitive resistance was due to a hampered cell penetration not associated with host cell necrosis, reducing the number of haustoria per colony and therefore hindering the growth of the colony and reducing and retarding disease development in spite of a high IT.
Evaluating troponin C from Psoroptes cuniculi as a diagnostic antigen for a dot‐ELISA assay to diagnose mite infestations in rabbits
Authors: Zheng W. , Zhang R. , Wu X. , Ren Y. , Nong X. , Gu X. , Wang S. , Peng X. , Yang G.
Published: October 2013

The mite Psoroptes cuniculi is globally widespread and has a serious impact on commercial rabbit breeding. In China, diagnosis of P. cuniculi is currently based on conventional clinical methods that entail numerous disadvantages, including their failure to diagnose subclinical infections. Hence, alternative measures are required, and dot‐ELISA is one of the most promising strategies. We cloned and expressed the recombinant P. cuniculi troponin C gene for use as a basis for novel dot‐ELISA assay to detect P. cuniculi infections in rabbits. This amplified sequence encoded a 153 amino acid protein of 17·6 kDa and theoretical pI 4·18 without signal peptide. The recombinant troponin C of P. cuniculi is an outer membrane protein and may also be a new P. cuniculi allergen. Results of dot‐ELISA test showed that this novel assay had more than 90% sensitivity but low specificity in distinguishing infections with P. cuniculi or Sarcoptic scabiei, despite very high agreement between observers (97–99%; κ values ranged from 0·95 to 0·98 for inter‐ and intra‐observer variability test). This study showed that this novel method, at present, lacks diagnostic utility. Therefore, although simple serological assays such as dot‐ELISA show great promise as diagnostic tools, we suggest that troponin C is not a suitable diagnostic antigen candidate.
Suppression of glycolate oxidase causes glyoxylate accumulation that inhibits photosynthesis through deactivating Rubisco in rice
Authors: Lu Yusheng , Li Yong , Yang Qiaosong , Zhang Zhisheng , Chen Yan , Zhang Sheng , Peng Xin‐Xiang
Published: October 2013

Glycolate oxidase (GLO) is a key enzyme for photorespiration in plants. Previous studies have demonstrated that suppression of GLO causes photosynthetic inhibition, and the accumulated glycolate with the deactivated Rubisco is likely involved in the regulation. Using isolated Rubisco and chloroplasts, it has been found that only glyoxylate can effectively inactivate Rubisco and meanwhile inhibit photosynthesis, but little in vivo evidence has been acquired and reported. In this study, we have generated the transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants with GLO being constitutively silenced, and conducted the physiological and biochemical analyses on these plants to explore the regulatory mechanism. When GLO was downregulated, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was reduced and the plant growth was correspondingly stunted. Surprisingly, glyoxylate, as a product of the GLO catalysis, was accumulated in response to the GLO suppression, like its substrate glycolate. Furthermore, the glyoxylate content was found to be inversely proportional to the Pn while the Pn is directly proportional to the Rubisco activation state in the GLO‐suppressed plants. A mathematical fitting equation using least square method also demonstrated that the Rubisco activation state was inversely proportional to the glyoxylate content. Despite that the further analyses we have conducted failed to reveal how glyoxylate was accumulated in response to the GLO suppression, the current results do strongly suggest that there may exist an unidentified, alternative pathway to produce glyoxylate, and that the accumulated glyoxylate inhibits photosynthesis by deactivating Rubisco, and causes the photorespiratory phenotype in the GLO‐suppressed rice plants.
Quantification and Metaphysical Discourse
Authors: Dieveney Patrick
Published: October 2013

It is common in metaphysical discourse to make claims like “Everything is self‐identical” in which “everything” is intended to range overeverything. This sort of “unrestricted” generality appears central to metaphysical discourse. But there is debate whether such generality, which appears to involve quantification over an all‐inclusive domain, is even meaningful. To address this concern,ShaughanLavine andVannMcGee supply competing accounts of the generality expressed by this use of “everything.”Iargue that, from the perspective of the metaphysician, neither of their proposals is entirely suitable. But their central insights, as well as their shortcomings, suggest an account which is suitable for metaphysical discourse, whatIcall “genuinely unrestricted quantification.” For while genuinely unrestricted quantification does not directly supply an account of the metaphysician's “everything,” it disentangles what are properly metaphysical issues from issues concerning how we ought to understand the quantifiers. It makes clear that whether the metaphysician's “everything” is meaningful cannot simply be resolved by supplying an appropriate account of our understanding of quantification. It depends on addressing certain substantive ontological questions.
RhoD Binds the Rab5 Effector Rabankyrin‐5 and has a Role in Trafficking of the Platelet‐derived Growth Factor Receptor
Authors: Nehru Vishal , Voytyuk Oleksandr , Lennartsson Johan , Aspenström Pontus
Published: October 2013

RhoD is a member of the classical Rho GTPases and it has essential roles in the regulation of actin dynamics. RhoD localizes to early endosomes and recycling endosomes, which indicates its important role in the regulation of endosome trafficking. Here, we show that RhoD binds to the Rab5 effector Rabankyrin‐5, and RhoD and Rabankyrin‐5 colocalize to Rab5‐positive endosomes, which suggests a role for Rabankyrin‐5 in the coordination of RhoD and Rab5 in endosomal trafficking. Interestingly, depletion of RhoD using siRNA techniques interfered with the internalization of the PDGFβ receptor and the subsequent activation of the downstream signaling cascades. Our data suggest that RhoD and Rabankyrin‐5 have important roles in coordinating RhoD and Rab activities during internalization and trafficking of activated tyrosine kinase receptors.
Simple and Direct Assembly of Kymographs from Movies Using KYMOMAKER
Authors: Chiba Kyoko , Shimada Yuki , Kinjo Masataka , Suzuki Toshiharu , Uchida Seiich
Published: October 2013

In tracking analysis, the movement of cargos by motor proteins in axons is often represented by a time‐space plot termed a ‘kymograph’. Manual creation of kymographs is time‐consuming and complicated for cell biologists. Therefore, we developed KYMOMAKER, a simple system that automatically creates a kymograph from a movie without generating multiple time‐dissected movie stacks. In addition, KYMOMAKER can automatically extract faint vesicle traces, and can thereby effectively analyze cargos expressed at low levels in axons. A filter can be applied to remove traces of non‐physiological movements and to extract meaningful traces of anterograde or retrograde cargo transport. For example, only cargos that move at a speed of >0.4 µm/second for a distance of >1 µm can be included. Another function of KYMOMAKER is to create a color kymograph in which the color of the trace varies according to the position of the fluorescent particle in the axis perpendicular to the long axis of the axon. Such positional information is completely lost in conventional kymographs. KYMOMAKER is an open access program that can be easily used to analyze vesicle transport in axons by cell biologists who do not have specific knowledge of bioimage informatics.
Financial wizardry and the Golden City: tracking the financial crisis through Pforzheim, Germany
Authors: Hendrikse Reijer P , Sidaway James D
Published: October 2013

The global financial crisis is complex and uneven. This paper focuses on the propagation and mediation of the crisis via a case study of the city of Pforzheim, in southwest Germany. In 2004 the municipality signed a number of derivative contracts with Deutsche Bank, aiming to limit interest payments. However, since the early days of the crisis these contracts have produced heavy losses. Attempts to restructure them (involving the world's largest derivatives dealerJPMorgan Chase) compounded losses. This study explores the making, unfolding, interpretation, negotiation and contestation of this crisis, enabling wider critical analysis of state–finance relations across the bounded spaces of local government, through transnational firms and intersecting varieties (and scales) of capitalism.
Fine‐tuned ability to predict future competitive environment inAmbrosia artemisiifoliaseeds
Authors: Fenesi A , Albert Á‐J , Ruprecht E
Published: October 2013

Competition from native species is a key mechanism for biotic resistance to invasion. Accelerated germination to pre‐empt resources or delayed germination and induced dormancy until the next growing season are two alternative strategies for annual invasive plants to avoid the drawbacks of competition at the seed stage. InAmbrosia artemisiifolia, both of these tactics could theoretically increase its long‐term fitness. However, their relative importance has never been tested. We studied the germination pattern ofA. artemisiifoliaseeds in various competitive environments by experimentally modifying the life stage (seed, seedling, adult), density (low, high) and also the identity (intraspecific and 3 interspecific competitors) of neighbours in controlled conditions. When facing competition of seeds and seedlings at high densities or of particular identity,A. artemisiifoliaaccelerated its germination. In contrast,A. artemisiifoliafollowed a competition avoidance strategy in the presence of established adult heterospecific neighbours by delaying germination and reducing the germination fraction through induction of secondary dormancy. By testing the seedlings' performance in the same competition situations as those of seeds, we showed that the germination responses were beneficial in the case of heterospecific, but not of conspecific neighbours.
Reconciling taxonomy and phylogeny in the bristleworm family Eunicidae (polychaete, Annelida)
Authors: Zanol Joana , Halanych Kenneth M. , Fauchald Kristian
Published: October 2013

Eunicid annelids inhabit diverse marine habitats worldwide, have ecological and economic importance and have been pictured in the news as giant predator worms. They compose a traditional stable taxon recently supported as monophyletic but characterized by plesiomorphies. Most genera within the family have been recovered as paraphyletic in previous studies. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for eunicid based on molecular (COI, 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA) and morphological data (213 characters), including an explicit attempt to account for serial homology. Eunicidae as well as monophyletic genera Marphysa sensu stricto and Lysidice is redefined based on synapomorphies. Nematonereis is synonymized to Lysidice. Leodice and Nicidion are resurrected to name monophyletic groups including species previously included in Eunice and Marphysa sensu lato. Traditional diagnostic characters such as the absence/presence of peristomial cirri, lateral antennae and branchiae are homoplasies and not informative at the generic level. Different coding of traditional characters (i.e. articulation of prostomial appendages) and novel characters of prostomial features and regionalization of the body support the monophyly of the family and genera level clades. Thus, the phylogenetic hypothesis presented here and the evolution of characters provided background information for taxonomic changes yielding evolutionary meaningful classification and diagnoses for the family and genera.
Flashback and Turbulent Flame Speed Measurements in Hydrogen/Methane Flames Stabilized by a Low-Swirl Injector at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Beerer David , McDonell Vincent , Therkelsen Peter , Cheng Robert K.
Published: October 2013

This paper reports flashback limits and turbulent flame local displacement speed measurements in flames stabilized by a low swirl injector operated at elevated pressures and inlet temperatures with hydrogen and methane blended fuels. The goal of this study is to understand the physics that relate turbulent flame speed to flashback events at conditions relevant to gas turbine engines. Testing was conducted in an optically accessible single nozzle combustor rig at pressures ranging from 1 to 8 atm, inlet temperatures from 290 to 600 K, and inlet bulk velocities between 20 and 60 m/s for natural gas and a 90%/10% (by volume) hydrogen/methane blend. The propensity of flashback is dependent upon the proximity of the lifted flame to the nozzle that is itself dependent upon pressure, inlet temperature, and bulk velocity. Flashback occurs when the leading edge of the flame in the core of the flow ingresses within the nozzle, even in cases when the flame is attached to the burner rim. In general the adiabatic flame temperature at flashback is proportional to the bulk velocity and inlet temperature and inversely proportional to the pressure. The unburned reactant velocity field approaching the flame was measured using a laser Doppler velocimeter with water seeding. Turbulent displacement flame speeds were found to be linearly proportional to the root mean square of the velocity fluctuations about the mean velocity. For identical inlet conditions, high-hydrogen flames had a turbulent flame local displacement speed roughly twice that of natural gas flames. Pressure, inlet temperature, and flame temperature had surprisingly little effect on the local displacement turbulent flame speed. However, the flow field is affected by changes in inlet conditions and is the link between turbulent flame speed, flame position, and flashback propensity.
A Reexamination of Phonon Transport Through a Nanoscale Point Contact in Vacuum
Authors: Thompson Pettes Michael , Shi Li
Published: October 2013

Using a silicon nitride cantilever with an integral silicon tip and a microfabricated platinum–carbon resistance thermometer located close to the tip, a method is developed to concurrently measure both the heat transfer through and adhesion energy of a nanoscale point contact formed between the sharp silicon tip and a silicon substrate in an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope at near room temperature. Several models are used to evaluate the contact area critical for interpreting the interfacial resistance. Near field-thermal radiation conductance was found to be negligible compared to the measured interface thermal conductance determined based on the possible contact area range. If the largest possible contact area is assumed, the obtained thermal interface contact resistance can be explained by a nanoconstriction model that allows the transmission of phonons from the whole Brillouin zone of bulk Si with an average finite transmissivity larger than 0.125. In addition, an examination of the quantum thermal conductance expression suggests the inaccuracy of such a model for explaining measurement results obtained at above room temperature.
Large Eddy Simulation of Coflow Jet Airfoil at High Angle of Attack
Authors: Im Hong-Sik , Zha Ge-Cheng , Dano Bertrand P. E.
Published: October 2013

Large eddy simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate coflow jet (CFJ) airfoil flows at high angle of attack (AOA). The Smagorinsky model with Van Driest damping is employed to resolve the subgrid-scale stress. The fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme is used for reconstruction of the inviscid flux and the fourth-order central differencing for the viscous flux. The LES results at an AOA of 0 deg, 12 deg, 25 deg, and 30 deg with momentum coefficients of Cμ = 0.15 and 0.08 are compared with the experiment to understand the flow structure of the jet mixing and flow separation. The quantitative prediction of lift and drag and qualitative prediction of vortex structures are in good agreement with experiment.
A Critical Review on the Numerical Methods of Two-Phase Flows
Authors: Balcilar Muhammet , Dalkiliç Ahmet Selim , Çelen Ali , Kayaci Nurullah , Wongwises Somchai
Published: October 2013

The two-phase flow processes play a significant role in the heat transfer processes in the chemical and power industry, including in nuclear power plants. This study is a critical review on the determination of the heat transfer characteristics of pure refrigerants flowing in vertical and horizontal tubes. The authors’ previous publications on this issue, including the numerical analyses, are summarized here. The lengths of the vertical and horizontal test sections varied between 0.5 m and 4 m countercurrent flow double-tube heat exchangers with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and cooling water flowing in the annulus. The measured data are compared to numerical predictions based on the solution of the artificial intelligence methods and CFD analyses for the condensation and evaporation processes in the smooth and enhanced tubes. The theoretical solutions are related to the design of passive containment cooling systems (PCCS) in simplified water boiling reactors (SWBR). A genetic algorithm (GA), various artificial neural network models (ANN) such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis networks (RBFN), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and various optimization techniques such as unconstrained nonlinear minimization algorithm-Nelder-Mead method (NM), non-linear least squares error method (NLS), and Fluent CFD program are used in the numerical solution. It is shown that the heat transfer characteristics of laminar and turbulent condensing and evaporating film flows such as heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop can be predicted by means of numerical analyses reasonably well if there is a sufficient amount of reliable experimental data. Regression analysis gave convincing correlations, and the most suitable coefficients of the proposed correlations are depicted as compatible with the large number of experimental data by means of the computational numerical methods. Dependency of the output of the ANNs from various numbers of input values is also shown for condensing and evaporating flows.
Prediction of Pressure Drop of Various Refrigerants During Condensation in Horizontal Smooth and Micro-Fin Tubes by Means of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Balcilar Muhammet , Dalkiliç Ahmet Selim , Atayılmaz Şevket Özgür , Demir Hakan , Wongwises Somchai
Published: October 2013

The predictions of condensation pressure drops of R12, R22, R32, R125, R410A, R134a, R22, R502 and R507a flowing inside various horizontal smooth and micro-fin tubes are made using the numerical techniques of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and non-linear least squares (NLS). The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) experimental data and, Eckels’ and Pate’s experimental data, as presented in Choi et al.’s study provided by NIST, are used in our analyses.

In their experimental setups, the horizontal test sections have 1.587 m, 3.78 m, 3.81 m and 3.97 m long countercurrent flow double tube heat exchangers with refrigerant flowing in the inner smooth (8 mm, 8.01 mm and 11.1 mm i.d.) and micro-fin (5.45 mm and 7.43 mm i.d.) copper tubes as cooling water flows in the annulus. Their test runs cover a wide range of saturation pressures from 0.9 MPa to 2.9 MPa, inlet vapor qualities range from 0.19 to 1.0 and mass fluxes are from 8 kg m−2s−1 to 791 kg m−2s−1. The condensation pressure drops are predicted using 673 measured data points, together with numerical analyses of artificial neural networks and non-linear least squares.

The input of the ANNs for the best correlation are the measured and the values of the test sections are calculated, such as mass flux, tube length, inlet and outlet vapor qualities, critical pressure, latent heat of condensation, mass fraction of liquid and vapor phases, dynamic viscosities of liquid and vapor phases, hydraulic diameter, two-phase density, and the outputs of the ANNs as the experimental total pressure drops in the condensation data from independent laboratories. The total pressure drops of in-tube condensation tests are modeled using the artificial neural networks (ANNs) method of multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with a 12-40-1 architecture.

The average error rate is 7.085%, considering the cross validation tests of the 867 condensation data points. A detailed model of f(MLP) is given for direct use in MATLAB. This explanation will enable users to predict the two-phase pressure drop with high accuracy. As a result of the dependency analyses, dependency of the output of the ANNs from 12 sets of input values is shown in detail, and the pressure drops of condensation in smooth and micro-fin tubes are found to be highly dependent on mass flux, all liquid Reynolds numbers, the latent heat of condensation, outlet vapor quality, critical pressure of the refrigerant, liquid dynamic viscosity, and tube length. New ANNs based empirical pressure drop correlations are developed separately for the conditions of condensation in smooth and micro-fin tubes as a result of the analyses.
A Review of Damping Matrix Identification Methods in Structural Dynamics
Authors: Pradhan Sharad , Modak S. V.
Published: October 2013

Damping matrix modeling and identification has important applications in many engineering fields such as vibration analysis and control, modal analysis, condition monitoring and structural dynamic modifications. A damping model should represent both the mechanism and spatial distribution of the energy loss in the system. In contrast to the mass and stiffness matrices, formulation of the damping matrix still stands as a big challenge in modeling a linear dynamic system. Several methods have been proposed in the literature to identify the damping and the parameters of a damping matrix from measurements on a vibrating system. It is felt that a review of the various approaches developed would help to compare their main features and their relative advantages or limitations to allow for choosing the most suitable method for a particular application. In view of this, this paper presents a review of the methods of damping identification in general, but with more emphasis on the methods developed in the framework of finite element model updating.
Numerical Investigation on Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer of Rectangular Channels With Elliptic Scale-Roughened Walls
Authors: Zhou Feng , Catton Ivan
Published: October 2013

In the present paper, six new types of rectangular channels with elliptic scale-roughened walls for heat transfer enhancement, which include elongated scale cases (Pt/Pl = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) and squeezed scale cases (Pt/Pl = 1.43, 2, 3.33), are proposed. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for sixteen different scale-roughened models (with the scale height varying in the range from 1mm to 2.5mm) are predicted numerically using commercial CFD code, Ansys CFX, with the Reynolds number ranging from 5000 to 15000. The turbulent model employed is the k-ω based Shear-Stress-Transport (SST) model with automatic wall function treatment. It is found that the elliptic scales with their long axis oriented perpendicular to the flow direction enhance the heat transfer performance considerably, while the scales elongated in the flow direction have lower Nusselt numbers and pressure drops compared to the circular scale-roughened channels. It is also found that the scale-shaped roughness strongly spins the flow in the spanwise direction, which breaks the near wall boundary layers continuously and enhances the bulk flow mixing. With the flow marching in a spiral pattern, Nusselt number ratios between the squeezed scale-roughened and smooth channel flows (Nu/Nu∞) could be augmented to be within the range of 6.1 to 8.1, which is a 50% improvement over the circular scale-roughened channels.