bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the Traction Control System with the Custom Electrical Control Unit for the Formula SAE Car
Authors: ENOMOTO Hiroshi , NAKAO Hitoshi , FUKUNAGA Yosuke , MAEDA Taira , SAKAI Toshiyuki , KONTANI Masahiro
Published: November 2024

The Traction Control Systems (TCS) for the FSAE car were developed with the Fuel/Ignition Cut (FIC) method and the Ignition Retard (IR) method. A slip speed was used for the TCSs and a custom Engine Control Unit (KF-ECU07) was developed with commercial devices. With the FIC TCS, the engine was stalled and the IR TCS worked better. KF-ECU07 was 7.6% of the commercial high-quality ECU in price and contributed to the cost event point gain in FSAE. The driver load was evaluated with the duration ratio of the partial throttle aperture. The duration ratio of the partial throttle aperture was 52% with the IR-TCS compared with 64% without IR-TCS and 19% driver load was decreased.
Bringing Best Practices from Web Development Into the Vehicle
Authors: Branigan James , Cunningham John , Dempsey Patrick , Hackleman Brett , VanderLei Paul
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Building embedded systems is nothing like building desktop applications,
as the hard real time requirements and relative harshness of the operating
environment further constrains design choices to meet real world needs.
Those familiar with mainframe or server farm hosted, high volume, wide
bandwidth applications know similar harsh computing environments for
application development. Given that more man-hours have been devoted to web
application development over the past decade than have been devoted to
embedded application development, there may be some valuable lessons to be
learned that can be adopted by the embedded community for in-vehicle
computing. The best web application development teams successfully apply the
notions of Representational State Transformation (REST) and Resource
Description Framework (RDF) to handle the increasing demands on their sites.
We have taken these technologies and applied them to the smaller scale
vehicle telematics platforms (PowerPC, ARM, and Atom) to test their
viability. This paper describes how we approached the design decisions that
enabled us to successfully wrap a commercial J1939 CAN bus with a miniature
web server that provides a REST API for applications to interact with an
engine control unit. The architecture has been successfully deployed for
custom mining and construction equipment.
USING RIVET FOR PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ROBOTIC
SYSTEMS
Authors: Gonzalez Juan Pablo , Dodson William , Dean Robert , Kreafle Greg , Lacaze Alberto , Sapronov Leonid , Childers Marshal
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Parametric analysis is an essential step in optimizing the performance
of any system. In robotic systems, however, its usability is often limited
by the lack of complex yet repeatable experiments required to gather
meaningful data. We propose using the Robotics Interactive Visualization and
Experimentation Toolbox (RIVET) in order to perform parametric analysis of
robotic systems.
NEAR AUTONOMOUS UNMANNED SYSTEM (NAUS) ARMY TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVE (ATO) PROGRAM RESULTS
Authors: Frederick Philip , Kania Robert , Bantz Wade , Hagner Don , Arfa Joe , Lacaze Alberto
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The NAUS ATO (2004-2009) was a follow-on program to the Robotic Follower ATO
(2000- 2004) and built on the concept of semi-autonomous leader follower
technology to achieve dynamic robotic movement in tactical formations. The NAUS
ATO also developed and tested an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Self-Security
system capable of detecting, tracking, and predicting the intent of human beings
in the vicinity of the vehicle. The ATO concluded its Engineering and Evaluation
Testing (EET) with a capstone demonstration in October 2008. This paper will
detail the technology developed and utilized under the program as well as report
on the EET results to the robotic community.
MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF TIME LAG ON DRIVING PERFORMANCE
Authors: Davis James , Smyth Christopher , McDowell Kaleb
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Time lags are known to reduce performance in human-in-the-loop control
systems. Performance decrements for human-in-the-loop control systems as a
result of time lags are generally associated with the operator’s
inability to predict the outcome of their control input and are dependent
upon the characteristics of the lag (e.g., magnitude and variability).
Further, the effects of variable time lags are not well studied or
understood, but may exacerbate the effects on human control actions observed
with fixed lags. Several studies have demonstrated mechanisms that can help
combat the effects of lag including adaptation, mathematical predictors
(e.g., filters), and predictive displays. This experiment examined the
effects of lag and lag variability on a simulated driving task, as well as a
possible mitigation (predictive display) for the effects of lag. Results
indicated that lag variability significantly reduced driving performance,
and that the predictive display significantly improved performance for both
fixed and variable lags.
DYNAMIC AUTONOMOUS GROUND VEHICLE RE-ROUTING IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
USING A PRIORI MAP INFORMATION AND LIDAR FUSION
Authors: Mentzer Christopher , McWilliams George , Kozak Kristopher
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As part of an Internal Research and Design effort to take existing
disparate technologies and integrate them into a single autonomous vehicle
to advance the state-of-the-art in unmanned ground vehicle autonomy, SwRI
has developed a data representation and routing algorithm to deal with the
complexities of interconnecting urban roadways and the static and dynamic
hazards in such an environment. The program was designed to utilize data
from a Route Network Definition File (RNDF), which contains a priori roadway
network data. Using its known location and a given destination, the vehicle
determines the shortest route to completion. If, during traversal of that
route, the vehicle detects an obstacle in its path using its on-board
sensors, it will dynamically re-route its path whether that requires
changing lanes on a multiple lane road or turning around completely and
finding a different route if the path is completely blocked.
A HUMAN FACTORS ALERTNESS MODULE STUDY VIA BRAIN
TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Hsieh Li , Ranalli RJ
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of an innovative chilling device that
intends to make subjects more alert and less sleepy. Tests were conducted
using a variety of methods including electric-encephalography (EEG) brain
tomography. A series of behavioral tests showed an increase in alertness,
changes of body temperatures, and performance indicators after usage of this
device. The device chills specific areas of the body and disrupts the
body’s ability to self-regulate core body temperature. The induced
temperature shifts may reduce the body’s capability to go to sleep.
Physiological changes and brain wave indicators of alertness were also
reviewed in this paper. A full study of alertness indicators in expanded
driver simulations is recommended. As for future application of this device
to Human Factors aspects, this device may have the potential to enhance
alertness in the human dimension of machine operation of manned and unmanned
assets with further improvement.
System Considerations in the Operation and Control of an Integrated /
Starter Generator
Authors: Brzezinski Brent , Marcel Mike , Murphree Jay
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Various system level characteristics and parameters must be considered
when incorporating an Integrated Starter / Generator (ISG) into the
electrical architecture of a ground vehicle. Three techniques will be
discussed in the context of system level performance and efficiency. Dynamic
Field Weakening will be discussed as a method to shift the operating
envelope of the machine / drive pair to dynamically manage operating
efficiency with experimental data shown. Pulse Width Modulation –
Rectification / Control (PWMRC) during generation mode will be with
simulated and experimental results presented. Finally, the impact of low
winding inductance machines, such as air core or iron-less, when operated in
a field weakening mode will be discussed along with simulated
operation.
LARGE FORMAT LITHIUM ION BATTERY MANUFACTURING
Authors: Ferguson Scott , Nechev Kamen , Kelley Dan
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Saft America, inc. Space and Defense Division (SDD), located in Cockeysville,
Maryland, is the world leader in providing state of the art lithium ion systems
for the demanding defense and space markets. Saft has been manufacturing
batteries at its facility in Cockeysville for over 26 years. The major focus of
the facility today is large format high power lithium ion cells and battery
systems for defense applications.

Saft SDD has been developing lithium ion cells and batteries since 1993. Recent
efforts have focused on the industrialization of the technology for use in
military hybrid vehicles. Since 2004 Saft SDD has been developing US based
manufacturing capability of the entire cell and battery manufacturing processes.
This effort is focused under the ManTech program with TARDEC. Overall goals of
the program are aimed at improving the technology readiness to support the
production of military hybrid vehicles, with areas of focus on improved
performance, reliability, manufacturability, and overall cost.

Efforts to date have yielded improvements in performance, reliability, and cost.
Advances have been realized for improving the power and cold temperature
performance of the high power cells. Power in excess of 20kW/kg has been
realized. The improved power performance from the cells improves their use in
hybrid vehicles by improving the overall energy efficiency of energy storage.
Power efficiencies in excess of 95% have been demonstrated for typical hybrid
vehicle duty cycles. Operation at temperature less than -40°C has also
been tested. Operational improvements and design activities, with an emphasis on
manufacturability, have led to a lean production operation for the electrode,
cell, and battery manufacturing activities. These efforts have led to a dramatic
reduction in cell cost since 2004. These products are offered as complete
battery systems, fully design and manufactured and Saft SDD.
DEVELOPING A METHODOLOGY FOR THE EVALUATION OF MILITARY HYBRID
ELECTRIC VEHICLE THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Jones Stanley , Mendoza John , Frazier George , Khalil Ghassan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A method for the evaluation of military hybrid electric vehicle thermal
management systems has been developed. The approach allows for the generation of
a set of evaluation metrics for determination of the effectiveness of existing
systems and the means to assess alternative concepts and advanced approaches.
Further, through the use of a set of deterministic performance metrics the
methodology allows for evaluation of performance margins for adverse boundary
conditions and system operations.

The thermal management systems of military hybrid electric vehicles can face
challenging performance goals under the burden of unfavorable operating
conditions. The cooling requirements of engines, motors, and power electronics
impose specific requirements on thermal management system performance in terms
of threshold temperatures and heat rejection capability. In addition, vehicle
packaging concerns impose restrictions in terms of both volumetric occupancy and
system weight. Acknowledgement of these concerns has led to thermal management
system evaluation metrics in two separate classes: performance-based metrics and
packaging-based metrics.

Performance-based metrics allow for a means to determine whether a vehicle
thermal management system can meet maximum thermal demands at the worst case
boundary conditions. Further, this methodology establishes a design metric for
quantifying thermal management system hotel loads. Performance metrics allow for
a structured approach to identify system over-design and/or functional margin
deficiencies under a worst-case operational scenario. This approach can be used
for the evaluation of existing vehicle systems through operational data and
conceptual designs through analytical performance predictions. The proposed
methodology allows for the comparison of systems both within and across classes
of vehicles. Further, this approach allows for the evaluation of system design
maturity, identify potential areas of improvement and quantify significant
technological advancements.
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) for Military Vehicles
Authors: Humble Jeff
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

General Dynamics Land Systems has developed an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) that
provides 508A at 28VDC, for 14.2 KW. It is a stand-alone system, independent of
the vehicle systems, except for utilizing vehicle fuel and vehicle batteries.
Power is generated by a 570 amp alternator that is belt-driven by a diesel
engine. It is load following which improves fuel efficiency and eliminates the
probability of “wet stacking.” All the major components are
commercially available and the APU is ready for production.
ADVANCED LIGHTWEIGHT TURBOCHARGED 2-STROKE MULTI-FUEL VARIABLE VALVE
TIMING AND VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO MILITARY ENGINE
Authors: Chue Stephen
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The latest advancements in common rail fuel injection system, material science,
engine control strategies, and manufacturing technologies have challenged and
allowed engine designers to create a high power density, fuel efficient,
reliable, and environmental friendly multi-fuel engine. To increase power
density a novel high-speed 2-stroke turbocharged compression ignition engine
will feed the pressurized air directly into the combustion chamber without going
through the crankcase. Thus, only pressurized clean air will be used for
combustion and oil consumption will be dramatically reduced. To further improve
volumetric efficiency and reduce emissions, a computer controlled dynamic
variable valve timing system can be incorporated such that the optimum amount of
pressurized air will be available for combustion at various loads and
conditions. Combustion efficiency at different loads can be optimized by
adjusting the compression ratio dynamically through computer control. By
controlling the fuel injection strategies through advanced engine calibration
one can optimize engine horsepower, fuel economy, and emissions with multiple
fuels. Parasitic losses can be minimized by reducing friction and pumping
losses. Lightweight metal alloys and composite materials that have been well
proven in the motorsports and aerospace industries can be used to replace a
variety of engine components that are currently made of steel, iron, and
aluminum to reduce the weight-to-power ratio to be close to 1. The result is a
versatile, lightweight, high power density, reliable, fuel efficient, and
“green” multifuel engine that will enable soldiers to move faster,
go farther, have maximum fuel flexibility, and be safer in the battle field and
other operating conditions.
THE UTILITY OF RIDE MOTION SIMULATION IN A NEUROERGONOMIC APPROACH TO SYSTEMS DESIGN
Authors: Oie Kelvin S. , Paul Victor
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The complexity of the current and future security environment will impose new and
ever-changing challenges to Warfighter capabilities. Given the critical nature
of Soldier cognitive performance in meeting these increased demands, systems
should be designed to work in ways that are consistent with human cognitive
function. Here, we argue that traditional approaches to understanding the human
and cognitive dimensions of systems development cannot always provide an
adequate understanding of human cognitive performance. We suggest that
integrating neuroscience approaches and knowledge provides unique opportunities
for understanding human cognitive function. Such an approach has the potential
to enable more effective systems design – that is, neuroergonomic design
– and that it is necessary to obtain these understandings within
complex, dynamic environments. Ongoing research efforts utilizing large-scale
ride motion simulations that allow researchers to systematically constrain
environmental complexity are then discussed.
FMTV TRANSMISSION FUEL ECONOMY STUDY: EVALUATION OF AMT PERFORMANCE
USING EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
Authors: Van Benschoten Matt , Nelson Evan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Fuel economy improvements were investigated for the FMTV platform considering
alternative transmissions and final drive ratio. An FMTV-M1078 with Caterpillar
C7 engine and Allison 3700SP transmission was the target vehicle of this study.
Experimental data were collected while vehicle was operated over the FTP72 test
cycle. Base vehicle data (vehicle weight, coast-down times, etc.) were collected
to provide comparison data for establishing the baseline analytical vehicle
model.

Experimental data were processed to determine road load parameters, engine BSFC
map, transmission shift schedule and similar for populating the analytical
model. Modeling was performed using GT-Drive. The model was analyzed over the
same defined drive cycle used to collect the experimental data. Once the model
was correlated to the experimental data, updates were made for the variants in
transmission and drive-line parameters to be used in the fuel economy study.

The difference between experimental average and the baseline analytical model was
approximately 3.1% or 0.2 mi/gal. With a mature base model the transmission
variants were introduced. Without changing the final drive ratio the AMT
transmissions demonstrated an average 13.4% or ~ 1.0 mi/gal improvement in fuel
consumption when compared to an optimized version of the Allison. Changing the
final drive ratio provided a more realistic model that takes full advantage of
the wider gear range of the AMT transmissions. With the revised final drive
ratio the AMT transmissions produced similar results of approximately 22% or
1.75 mi/gal improvement in fuel consumption when compared to an optimized
version of the Allison.
A MODULAR MODEL ARCHITECTURE IN MODELICA FOR RAPID VIRTUAL
PROTOTYPING OF CONVENTIONAL AND HYBRID GROUND VEHICLES
Authors: Batteh John J. , Tiller Michael M.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a flexible, modular model architecture in Modelica for system
modeling and simulation of military ground vehicles. The model platform and
implemented interfaces are flexible enough to support virtual prototyping of
conventional and hybrid vehicles with various physical architectures such as
series, parallel, hydraulic, and plug-in implementations. Several sample model
implementations of conventional and concept hybrid military ground vehicles are
presented to illustrate the usage and flexibility of the model architecture to
support systems engineering activities by maximizing model re-use throughout the
product development process from concept assessment and design through testing
and verification.
A ROBUST DURABILITY PROCESS FOR MILITARY GROUND
VEHICLES
Authors: Purushothaman Nammalwar , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Critchley James , Datta Sandip , Pisipati Venkat
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

BAE Systems has departed from traditional design rules of thumb and implemented a
full-vehicle durability fatigue life analysis process at the design concept
level to support lighter weight component designs. The durability process
includes derivation of test duty cycles, generation of virtual loads from
vehicle dynamic simulations, cascading of hundreds of channels of suspension
attachment loads, and prediction of accumulated damage/fatigue life for both
quasi-static and transient responses using a finite element vehicle structural
model. The fatigue analysis process is typically deterministic, however the
stochastic nature of the loads, material properties, and build variations should
also be considered to ensure a robust durability process. The process is
demonstrated on a heavy wheeled-vehicle platform using a generic duty cycle with
examples shown at each stage of the process. This study additionally
demonstrates the effects of variability of loads, materials, and geometry on the
overall durability performance of the structure.
A COMBAT SYSTEM INTEGRATION LAB FOR ENGINEERING LIFE CYCLE
SUPPORT
Authors: Lin TC , Chang Kevin , Johnson Christopher , Naghshineh Kasra , Kwon Sung , Li Hsi Shang
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

BAE Systems Combat Simulation and Integration Labs (CSIL) are a culmination of
more than 14 years of operational experience at our SIL facility in Santa Clara.
The SIL provides primary integration and test functions over the entire life
cycle of a combat vehicle’s development. The backbone of the SIL
operation is the Simulation-Emulation-Stimulation (SES) process. The SES process
has successfully supported BAE Systems US Combat Systems (USCS) SIL activities
for many government vehicle development programs. The process enables SIL
activities in vehicle design review, 3D virtual prototyping, human factor
engineering, and system & subsystem integration and test. This paper
describes how CSIL applies the models, software, and hardware components in a
hardware-in-the-loop environment to support USCS combat vehicle development in
the system integration lab.
Update on the Mini-VCS (Vehicle Computer System) – Leveraging Vehicle Networks & User Interfaces for CBM+ (Condition Based Maintenance Plus) Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Sensor Integration
Authors: Zachos Mark , DeGrant Kenneth
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper is a technology update of the continued leveraging of using the newest
vehicle diagnostics system, the Smart Wireless Internal Combustion Engine
(SWICE) interface as the Mini-VCS (Vehicle Computer System). The objective is to
further enhance Conditioned Based Maintenance Plus (CBM+) secure diagnostics,
data logging, prognostics and sensor integration to support improvement of the
US military ground vehicle fleet’s uptime to enhance operational
readiness.

Evolving advancements of the SWICE initiative will be presented, including how
the SWICE “At Platform” Test System can readily be deployed as a
multiple-use Mini-VCS. The application of the Mini-VCS integrates the best
practices of diagnostics and prognostics, coupled with specialized sensor
integration, into a solution that optimally benefits the military ground vehicle
fleet. These benefits include increased readiness and operational availability,
reduced maintenance costs, lower repair part inventory levels, reduced cost of
consumables, and an overall reduction in maintenance process errors.
Toward a Common Architecture for the Advanced Explosive Ordnance Disposal Robotic Systems (AEODRS) Family of Unmanned Ground Vehicles
Authors: Kozlowski Matthew V. , Hinton Mark , Johannes Matthew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Advanced Explosive Ordnance Disposal Robotic System (AEODRS) is a
Navy-sponsored acquisition program developing a new generation of open, modular
EOD Robotic Systems. This paper describes a common architecture for a family of
EOD Robotic Systems including the rationale, development, and decomposition into
common physical, electrical, and logical interfaces. The paper further describes
the role of an open standard for the interchange of information within unmanned
ground vehicle systems. The Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems (JAUS) has
enabled the development of the architecture's standards-based
interfaces, both at the extra-vehicle controller-interface level, and for the
interface and integration of vehicle payloads and subsystems. Finally, the paper
explores the contribution of the architecture's common topology,
protocols, services and infrastructure to the development of common controllers,
payloads and subsystems. Additionally, the effects of the achieved commonality
is discussed in terms of reduced field logistics footprint, increased mission
flexibility, reduced deployment time for fielding new capabilities, and extended
useful design life.
Sense & Respond Lessons learned in support of condition-based
maintenance programs through data acquisition, analysis and secure
transmission
Authors: Fortson Rick , Johnson Ken
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This presentation will review the ongoing lessons learned from a joint
Industry/DoD collaborative program to explore this area over the past 5 years.
The discussion will review the effectiveness of integrating multiple new
technologies (combined with select COTS elements) to provide a complete solution
designed to reduce spares stockpiles, maximize available manpower, reduce
maintenance downtime and reduce vehicle lifecycle costs. A number of new and
emerging technology case studies involving diagnostic sensors (such as battery
health monitors), knowledge management data accessibility, remote support-based
Telematics, secure communication, condition-based software algorithms,
browser-based user interfaces and web portal data delivery will be
presented.
NEW TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSES REAL-WORLD VEHICLE ELECTRONICS PROBLEMS:
MOTOR CHATTER CASE STUDY
Authors: Scheitrum Mark , Willhoft Mark , Smith Alan , Davis Annette
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Bradley Combat Vehicle Motor Chatter case study focuses on one aspect of a
combat vehicle program, specifically, responding to a vehicle production
situation where combat vehicles produced with in-spec components and subsystems
exhibit out-of-spec and failing system behavior. This typically results in an
extended production line-down or line-degraded situation lasting for several
quarters until the problem can be diagnosed, fixed, validated and verified.
Subsequently, adequate quantities of the modified or replaced sub-systems must
be put back into the production flow. The direct and indirect costs of an
occurrence like this in peace-time are measured in the 10’s to
100’s of Millions of dollars. The schedule, program and perception
impact to the vehicle platform can be potentially devastating. In war-time all
of these impacts are magnified greatly by the added risk to soldiers’
lives.

This paper describes the Bradley Combat Vehicle Motor Chatter case study and the
revolutionary tools and systems engineering approach utilized by CPU Tech and
BAE Systems that determined the root cause, verified and validated the fix, and
implemented the fix without impact to the Bradley Combat Vehicle production. CPU
Tech utilized a unique real-time nonintrusive (RTNI) diagnostics and
configuration port built into the TDCUII LRU and a full vehicle, real-time
Bradley Model developed for the SystemLab PS® Virtual Systems
Integration Lab (VSIL) to diagnose, replicate and fix the problem on the
production Bradley Combat Vehicles in York, PA and work with BAE Systems and the
Army to validate and verify the solution in Yuma, AZ.

CPU Tech and BAE Systems were able to upgrade 150 production Bradley Combat
Vehicles in 4 days using the RTNI port, an Ethernet cable and a laptop without
removing a single LRU.
INTEGRATED C4I ANTENNA SYSTEMS FOR TACTICAL AND COMBAT
VEHICLES
Authors: Cox Brian J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Antennas are critical to providing digital connectivity to our warfighters.
Military mobile networks are much more constrained in operation compared to
commercial wireless networks. Military vehicles are limited in size, and must
support a large number of different radios. Challenges to both the network and
the mobile vehicles require antennas to perform to higher standards. Antenna
performance tradeoffs are presented, along with a description of antenna
integration methods and emerging technologies to solve integration
challenges.
IMPACT OF INADVERTENT ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS ON ORGANIC VEHICLES
THAT AFFECT THE TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS OPERATING BANDS
Authors: Ortiz Erick , Bohn Frank A.
Published: November 2024

Abstract

This paper will discuss inadvertent electromagnetic compatibility issues between
communication systems, electrical components in tactical vehicles. These
inadvertent electromagnetic interferences (EMI) are attributed to the potential
system performance degradation to communications. This paper will provide a
practical engineering approach to mitigate EMI issues. Traditionally EMI issues
were dealt with by applying Military Standards (MIL-STD). However, it is
important to point out that meeting these MIL-STD on individual system level
doesn’t necessary imply system integrity is maintained when integrated
with other systems. The integration of multiple systems in a common platform is
why EMI issues must be evaluated as integrated by a different approach. The EMI
mitigation techniques discussed in this paper should be adopted by integrators
as standard practices and procedures used during development and integration of
new tactical vehicles. In summary this paper will highlight engineering
solutions to help lower EMI emissions and develop good practices to be
implemented in the family of tactical vehicles.
GROUND COMBAT SYSTEMS – COMMON VEHICLE ELECTRONICS
ARCHITECTURE AND APPLICATION
Authors: Jedynak David C. , Macpherson Michael , Dolbin Bradley
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Curtiss-Wright has developed an advanced, open system approach to Vehicle
Electronics, based on our vast experience in providing military electronics to
many programs for ground, sea, and air platforms. This experience has provided
Curtiss-Wright with a unique understanding of key architectural concepts which
provide for highly successful implementation of specific Vehicle Electronics
suites to meet Ground Combat System program and platform requirements. This
paper describes a Common Vehicle Electronics Architecture and key architectural
concepts. The Network Centric Reference Architecture incorporates Open Systems
approaches and leverages Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) components. Some key
concepts discussed include Interoperability, Risk Mitigation, Upgradeability /
Obsolescence Mitigation, Scalability, Space, Weight and Power, and Cost (SWaP-C)
optimization, as well as enabling technologies. Correlation with the emerging
VICTORY Architecture is shown in the Network Centric Reference Architecture.
General descriptions of the building blocks are provided, and sample
applications of the architecture are discussed.
RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND RISK RECON
Authors: Rassette Cheryl , Graf Lisa , Olsem Mike , Dmoch Barb
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Program Executive Office (PEO) Ground Combat Systems (GCS) initiated a Green Belt
project in 2007 to develop a risk management process. The Integrated Product
Team (IPT) built on Defense Acquisition University (DAU) and Department of
Defense (DoD) risk management guidance to create a process for risk analysis,
mitigation, and rules for Risk Review Board approval. To automate this process,
the IPT eventually created an Army owned, customizable tool (Risk Recon) that
matched the PEO GCS process. Risk Recon is used to track risks throughout the
acquisition life-cycle.

Changing the culture of the PEO has been the most significant challenge. Training
and follow-up of risk progress is required to keep the process from becoming
stagnant. Partnership with the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEMs)s is an
integral part of all programs and a balance is needed between how the PEO and
its OEMs perform risk management and communicate those risks. The software
requirements continue to increase. Conflicting requirements and growing
technical and developmental needs are addressed by the IPT.
MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS INTEROPERABILITY TO
DELIVER COMBAT SYSTEM CAPABILITIES
Authors: Gill John J. , Biltgen Patrick T.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Individual complex systems routinely operate with other complex systems (in a
complex environment no less!) to achieve desired military capabilities;
generally speaking, Lethality, Mobility and Survivability. While challenging in
itself, this scenario is complicated by the fact that new systems are being
deployed and retired which imposes training requirements and adaptation on the
part of users and maintainers. The author will characterize the challenge and
describe an approach to coping with the challenge and mitigating its impact.
Specifically, ground combat vehicle capabilities are undergoing a transformation
which can be accelerated by employing some of the techniques described and
improve our soldiers’ ability to meet and defeat rapidly changing
threats. The technique is generically referred to as Capability Planning and it
is supported by set of software tools and analytic techniques, commonly called a
Decision Support Framework. This paper characterizes the techniques and
generally demonstrates how engineers can better collaborate with program
managers and customers though their use. Several examples of successful
implementations will be described and clearly demonstrate the potential for the
rapid fielding of increasingly effective military capabilities by interoperable
complex systems, enabled by the use of these innovative engineering
applications. This paper focuses on communications systems that enable Command
and Control functions which are seen as key enablers for military capabilities
such as lethality and survivability. The conclusions, however, generally apply
to any systems that must interoperate.
STANDOFF DETECTION OF IEDs WHILE ON THE MOVE
Authors: Treado Patrick J. , Nelson Matthew P. , Gardner Charles W. , Mitts Steven , Schuler Rebecca L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

ChemImage’s LightGuard sensor incorporates short-wave infrared (SWIR)
hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to help address the problem of standoff detection of
IEDs. The sensor technology exploits uncooled focal plane array technology in
combination with novel liquid crystal optics and real-time machine vision
processing methods to provide high definition imagery of IED threats in highly
cluttered environments. LightGuard technology has been tested successfully at
speeds up to 15 mph and at distances up to 200 m for the detection of military
and homemade explosives, IED command wires, EFP camouflage and disturbed earth
associated with IED emplacements. A summary of validated test results will be
discussed which show LightGuard technology having unprecedented detection
capability, including high sensitivity and low false alarm rates which enhance
vehicle survivability.
ROBOTIC IED DETECTION USING SUPERVISED AUTONOMY TO REDUCE OPERATOR
STRESS AND FATIGUE
Authors: Frederick Brian , Rodgers Daniel , Martin John , Hutchison John
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Autonomous robots can maneuver into dangerous situations without endangering
Soldiers. The Soldier tasked with the supervision of a route clearing robot
vehicle must be located beyond the physical effect of an exploding IED but close
enough to understand the environment in which the robot is operating.
Additionally, mission duration requirements discourage the use of low level,
fatigue inducing, teleoperation. Techniques are needed to reduce the
Soldier’s mental stress in this demanding situation, as well as to blend
the high level reasoning of a remote human supervisor with the local autonomous
capability of a robot to provide effective, long term mission performance.

GDRS has developed an advanced supervised autonomy version of its Robotics Kit
(GDRK) under the Robotic Mounted Detection System (RMDS) program that provides a
cost effective, high-utility automation solution that overcomes the limitations
and burden of a purely teleoperated system. GDRK is a modular robotic
appliqué operated by a common controller capable of transforming any
tactical platform or payload into an optionally manned system. RMDS is a
government program to enable robotic control of a Husky route clearance vehicle
with a mine detection sensor payload.

This program provides the user with standard teleoperation control of the vehicle
as well as semi-autonomous modes including cruise control, precision waypoint
navigation with operator error correction and a visual mode allowing the
operator to enter waypoints in the current video feed. The use of autonomy is
tailored to give the operator maximum control of the robotic vehicle’s
path while minimizing the effort required to maintain the desired route.
Obstacle avoidance sensors are employed to protect the mine detection sensor.
Practical issues and lessons learned during integration and testing are
presented.
BASIC TRAINING FOR ROBOTS: A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE AT DESIGNING ROBOTS FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Stehle Brian C.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Designing robots for military applications requires a greater understanding
between the engineer and the Soldier. Soldier considerations result from
experiences not common to the engineer in the lab and, when understood, can
minimize the design time and provide a more capable product that is more readily
deployed into the unit.
ACHIEVING SEMI-AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC BEHAVIORS USING THE SOAR COGNITIVE
ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Marinier Robert , Bechtel Robert , Dallas Andrew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Soar Cognitive Architecture is a reasoning system that enables
knowledge-rich, mission focused reasoning including integration of bottom-up,
sensor-driven reasoning and top-down, context-driven reasoning, and more
intelligent use of existing sensors. This reasoning is a combination of
deliberate (e.g., planning) and reactive (e.g., hard-coded) behaviors. We are
applying Soar on a current effort to (1) increase autonomy and (2) achieve
equivalent or superior performance while controlling weight, energy, and
costs.
Regenerative, Semi-active Shock Absorber Technology
“GenShock®” for Improved Ride Handling and Fuel Economy
on Combat and Tactical Vehicles
Authors: Avadhany Shakeel N. , Anderson Zack M. , Diamond David , Wendell Ross
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

GenShock is an energy-harvesting, semi-active shock absorber. The device converts
vertical travel of a vehicle suspension system to useful electricity. On defense
platforms, this power ranges from a few hundred watts to several kilowatts.
Conventional shock absorbers provide damping by dissipating suspension energy as
heat, while GenShock provides damping by generating electricity. For an internal
combustion engine (ICE) vehicle, the energy harvested by GenShock is used for
reducing alternator load. The energy can also be conditioned for battery
charging to address vehicle hotel loads. GenShock is also semi-active capable,
in which each unit can stiffen or loosen in concert with the terrain, vehicle
speed and load conditions for improved maneuverability. This paper presents a
characterization of GenShock technology in its form and function of a direct
replacement shock absorber that has regenerative and semi-active
capabilities.
Nickel-Zinc Large Format Batteries for Military Ground Vehicles
Authors: Tatar Todd , Philips Jeff , Soman Salil , PowerGenix Richard Brody
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this session, PowerGenix Director of Application Development Todd Tatar will
describe the nickel-zinc (NiZn) technical solution, the properties and benefits
of NiZn batteries, potential advantages of NiZn batteries in military ground
vehicles, and a switching battery management solution to parallel batteries for
extended power.
IMPROVEMENTS TO VEHICLE TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM USING ROAD
DATA
Authors: Binns Robert , Taheri Saied , Ferris John B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Consumer demand and regulatory pressure have forced automakers to develop
features designed to increase passenger car safety regardless of road surface or
weather condition. In response, the intelligent tire, proposed in the APOLLO
report, is introduced and the parameters useful for traction control system
development are identified. Traction control system models are introduced and
discussed. A simple vehicle model based on the quarter-car is presented,
incorporating a traction control system and tire friction model. This model
utilizes the LuGre friction model to relate tractive force to slip ratio and
road surface friction level. A sliding-mode control strategy is chosen to model
traction control behavior. Three case studies are conducted on two simulated
road surfaces to show the interaction between estimated friction level in the
sliding-mode control strategy and the tire friction model. To simulate the
intelligent tire, where the road surface friction level is directly measured,
the estimated friction level and actual road surface friction are set equal.
Simulation results demonstrate that an accurate estimation of road surface
friction level, which can be directly measured using the intelligent tire,
enable the traction control model to control slip ratio to the desired level
while not intervening unnecessarily across the two surfaces studied.
How Hybrids Fit in Today’s Fight: Hybridization of Military
Vehicles for Silent Operation and Improved Efficiency
Authors: Deweerdt Thomas , Liao Gene
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will discuss via case study both military and civilian hybrid vehicle
development focusing on the processes required from the selection of the hybrid
propulsion system architecture, component down-selection using advanced modeling
and simulation tools, body/chassis development and integration, design
verification testing using an advanced dynamometer test facility, and final full
vehicle validation on the test track. The paper will incorporate results from
the FED (Fuel Efficiency Demonstrator) program where AVL is responsible in
collaboration with World Technical Services Inc., for delivering a fully
developed hybrid propulsion system integrated into the demonstrator vehicle.
DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT PIPE LOOP TECHNOLOGY FOR MILITARY VEHICLE
ELECTRONICS COOLING
Authors: Tang Xudong , Zuo Jon , Goryca Mary
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Current standard military vehicle thermal management systems are based on single
phase air/liquid cooling. To meet increasingly stringent demands for high power
electronics thermal control, two-phase cooling solutions show great potential
and can satisfy the need for compact and high heat flux heat acquisition,
transport and dissipation under vibration and shock conditions. One novel
two-phase cooling technology that has been developed in this work is a new Heat
Pipe Loop (HPL), which exploits the advantages of both heat pipes and loop heat
pipes while eliminating their shortcomings. Similar to heat pipes and loop heat
pipes, the HPL operates on evaporation and condensation of a working fluid and
uses capillary forces in the wick for the fluid circulation. Unlike in a heat
pipe, the liquid and vapor in the HPL flow in separate passages made from smooth
wall tubing. This results in a low pressure drop and consequently great heat
transfer capacity and distance over which the heat can be transferred. The
evaporator wick in a HPL is also made in-situ through a low cost manufacturing
process and has a high thermal conductance, much like the low cost traditional
heat pipe wick. To demonstrate the HPL technology, a compact 3kW HPL thermal
management system was successfully designed, built and tested in an environment
representative of military combat vehicles. This system consisted of six compact
plug-and-play HPL modules. Each HPL module was designed to transport 500W of
waste heat from two discrete high power devices on an electronics board to a
chassis level thermal bus that was a pumped liquid loop. The HPL evaporator (or
heat source) temperature was maintained below 80°C with a heat sink
temperature of 30-50°C. The advantages of the HPL technology include:
(1) Passive operation and high reliability; (2) Low cost in-situ wick
fabrication; (3) High conductivity evaporator wicks; (4) Long distance heat
transfer capability; and (5) Insensitivity to vibration/shock and gravitational
orientation.
VIRTUAL INTERFACE WITH GUARDED TELEOPERATION CONTROL OF MULTIPLE
HETEROGENEOUS ROBOTS
Authors: Lee Sam , Hunt Shawn , Cao Alex , Pandya Abhilash
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective is to develop a human-multiple robot system that is optimized for
teams of heterogeneous robots control. A new human-robot system permits to ease
the execution of remote tasks. An operator can efficiently control the physical
multi-robots using the high level command, Drag-to-Move method, on the virtual
interface. The innovative virtual interface has been integrated with Augmented
Reality that is able to track the location and sensory information from the
video feed of ground and aerial robots in the virtual and real environment. The
advanced feature of the virtual interface is guarded teleoperation that can be
used to prevent operators from accidently driving multiple robots into walls and
other objects.
UPDATED PHYSICS-BASED SIMULATION MODEL CORRELATION OF A CANNON
CONCEPT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATOR WITH UNSTABILIZED TEST FIRING
Authors: Polston Roger K.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The cannon Concept Technology Demonstrator is a U.S. military proof of concept
155 mm self-propelled howitzer platform. It demonstrated fully automated
ammunition handling, weapon stabilization, and mobility in a 24-ton test
platform. The next generation Concept Technology Demonstrator served as a
transfer mechanism of capabilities from a heavyweight howitzer platform to a
notional future lightweight self-propelled howitzer. Simulation model data of
the demonstration platform vehicle response during weapon firing was contrasted
with the initial notional lightweight system’s firing stability
analysis. The results of this comparison stimulated an updated correlation
effort. This correlation effort utilized test firings without chassis
stabilizing spades to reveal physics-based simulation model fidelity
requirements for future programs. Observations of simulation and system
performance were used to define a systematic approach to simulation model
fidelity improvements and enhancements. The resulting simulation model was shown
to correlate strongly and robustly with the Concept Technology Demonstrator
across multiple scenarios. The lessons learned from this updated correlation
effort established new modeling standards for future cannon firing stability
efforts.
SIMULATION OF VARIOUS ON-BOARD VEHICLE POWER GENERATION ARCHITECTURES
FOR STATIONARY APPLICATIONS
Authors: Young Matthew , Card Angela , Phillips Stephen , Molen G. Marshall , Gafford Jim , Mazzola Mike
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As more electrical-based systems are developed for battlefield use, the mobile
and stationary power requirements of military vehicles continue to increase.
Current power requirements of the light and medium duty class military
vehicles’ 28 VDC system are exceeding what is achievable from a single
alternator system that is belt-driven. In-service, belted alternator systems,
such as the C803 Niehoff alternator (28 VDC, 520 A), are capable of providing up
to 14.5 kW of electrical power at the maximum speed of the alternator. However,
during stationary applications, these systems are only capable of producing 7.7
kW at an engine idle speed of 700 RPM. For these systems to be able to comply
with the 10 kW plus power requirement, additional vehicle control is needed to
elevate engine speed to an appropriate level to ensure the required power output
may be achieved. For power levels above 15 kW, single-machine, belt-driven
solutions become impracticable. This paper evaluates various power generation
architectures that could meet the stationary requirements without the need for
engine speed control on otherwise conventional (non-hybrid-electric) vehicles.
Three architectures are considered in this study; all three include the
original-equipment belt-driven alternator, making legacy or vehicles currently
in production the most relevant platforms. The cases studied are as follows:
dual alternators that are belt-driven, a combination of a belt-driven alternator
and a transmission power-take-off (PTO) driven alternator, and a combination of
a belt-driven alternator and a PTO-driven Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMDC)
machine. The simulations account for power transfer efficiency for each of the
proposed architectures and derive the total power required from the power
sources to meet the desired load profile. The proposed architectures are
compared based on the total energy required by the engine for running the 28 VDC
power systems.