bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revealing the Triangular Entanglement of Hydrogen Bond Network via Kosmotropic Effect for Durable Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Chang , Xie Dan , Tao Fang‐Yu , Diao Wan‐Yue , Yu Hong , Gahungu Godefroid , Li Wen‐Liang , Wu Xing‐Long , Zhang Jing‐Ping
Published: February 2025

Regulating the H‐bond network between H2O molecules has been regarded as an effective strategy to reconfigure the chemical environment at the electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI), but the intrinsic relationship between hydrogen‐bond (H‐bond) network, solvation structure, and EEI in electrolyte remains unclear. To this end, three additives with the same carbon skeleton but different hydroxyl functional groups are chosen to unlock their triangular relationship. Experimental and theoretical calculations demonstrate that 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol (MP) molecules bearing their strong kosmotropic effect and modest steric‐hindrance effect not only form a strong and stable H‐bonds network by breaking the original H‐bond network of electrolyte but also reconstruct the solvation structure of Zn2+, predominantly inhibiting the H2O‐triggered side reactions. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of the hydroxyl functional groups in the same direction on the MP molecules ensures stable adsorption at EEI, promoting uniform Zn2+ diffusion and deposition. Consequently, the assembled Zn||Zn symmetric cell provides 3000 h of cycle life (0.5 mA cm−2, 0.5 mAh cm−2) in the ZnSO4+MP electrolyte, and Zn||Cu asymmetric cell maintains a high CE of 99.41% after 1000 cycles at 1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2. The full cell with ZnSO4+MP electrolyte exhibits excellent rate capability and satisfactory discharge‐specific capacity.
Biomimetics‐Driven Design of Micron‐Sized SiO Composites for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Weilan , Sun Zhefei , Tang Cheng , Cheng Zhongling , Sun Weiwei , Du Aijun , Zhang Qiaobao , Wu Minghong , Zhang Haijiao
Published: February 2025

Micron‐sized SiO‐based materials have attracted extensive attention in lithium‐ion batteries due to high theoretical capacity and low‐cost. However, their development is seriously hampered by the large volume change and low conductivity of SiO. Herein, by combining the theoretical prediction with biomimetics‐driven design concept, a unique chloroplast‐like SiO@N‐doped carbon‐carbon coated SnO2 (denoted as SiO‐NC@SnO2‐C) integrative composite is presented through a facile one‐pot hydrothermal route. The resultant SiO‐NC@SnO2‐C anode for lithium‐ion storage shows a high reversible capacity of 1209 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 160 cycles and an outstanding rate capability of 722.7 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1. In situ TEM technique and cross‐sectional SEM images reveal that the cavity formed in the composite, the flexible carbon interlayer, and glucose‐derived carbon outer layer together play crucial roles in alleviating the volume expansion and improving the structural stability of the electrode. In situ Raman spectra further verify that the highly reversible structure of SiO‐NC@SnO2‐C is responsible for its superior stability. Importantly, the SiO‐NC@SnO2‐C composite also shows an excellent reversible lithium storage capacity of 92.9 mA h g−1 with a 73% of capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C in full‐cells.
Integration of Boron Nitride Into Tin‐Enriched SnSe2 for a High‐performance Thermoelectric Nanocomposite with Optimized Electrical Transport and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Chen Yue‐Xing , Nisar Mohammad , Qin Wenning , Xu Zhuoming , Danish Mazhar Hussain , Li Fu , Liang Guangxing , Ge Zhen‐Hua , Luo Jingting , Zheng Zhuanghao
Published: February 2025

Thermoelectric materials with high figures of merit are essential for efficient energy conversion and cooling applications. This study integrates boron nitride (BN) into tin‐enriched SnSe₂ to form a multi‐phase composite with synergistic thermoelectric and mechanical properties. The incorporation of BN into SnSe2 offers the dual benefit of optimizing both carrier concentration and carrier mobility. Notably, the BN/SnSe2 composite exhibits a significant increase in the Seebeck coefficient, attributed to an increased bandgap and electronic density of states near the Fermi level, as corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Consequently, an impressive power factor of 940 µWm−1K−2 is achieved for the sample with a mere 0.8 wt.% BN content. This power factor enhancement, coupled with a notable ≈37% reduction in lattice thermal conductivity due to increased phonon scattering from lattice strain induced by Se vacancies, contributes to a remarkable ZTmax value of 0.68 at 767 K, exceeding the performance of pristine SnSe2 by ≈76%. Additionally, BN enhances stress distribution and deformation behavior, improving stability and reliability under diverse thermal and mechanical conditions. This study demonstrates an effective approach for advancing SnSe₂ thermoelectric materials and provides a foundation for composite design and energy band engineering to achieve high‐performance thermoelectric devices.
Improving the Scintillation Performance of PEA2PbBr4 Through Zn2+ and Sb3+ Interstitial Doping Strategy
Authors: Xiang Zehui , Chen Jian , Huang Tuchen , Shen Fengzhao , Chen Xin , Wang Jun , Wei Yuehuan , Wang Wei , Cao Hongshuai , Ouyang Xiaoping , Gao Jun
Published: February 2025

Organic‐inorganic halide 2D perovskite single crystals have recently emerged as promising scintillators for gamma (γ) rays and fast neutrons (nf) detection. However, their energy resolution in γ‐rays detection still significantly lags behind that of perovskite semiconductor detectors. Improving crystal defects and enhancing light yield to optimize light output detected by the photomultiplier tube are crucial strategies for addressing this issue. Herein, it is demonstrated that Zn2+ and Sb3+ cation interstitial doping strategy can effectively reduce internal defects within the phenylethylammonium lead bromide (PEA2PbBr4) crystal by regulating lattice expansion. This approach also suppresses light loss caused by exciton‐exciton annihilation and accelerates electron‐hole recombination processes, optimizing both the luminescence intensity and decay lifetime of the scintillator. The Zn2+ and Sb3+ doping PEA2PbBr4 scintillator achieve an optimal energy resolution of 4.84% and 5.65% at 662 keV for the photopeak, respectively. Additionally, in the 241Am‐Be field, effective identification of nf and γ‐rays around 1100 keVee is achieved using a pulse shape discrimination (PSD) method, with the figure of merit (FOM) being 0.85 and 1.03, respectively. This work provides a reliable new approach for optimizing the scintillation performance of 2D perovskite and promotes the application of 2D perovskite scintillator in γ‐rays and nf detection.
Stepwise Coordination Engineering of Pt1/Au25 Dual Catalytic Sites with Enhanced Electrochemical Activity and Stability
Authors: Xiao Xiangyu , Li Pei‐Hua , Tang Liang , Wu Deli , Xia Huarong , Song Zong‐Yin , Zhao Yong‐Huan , Liang Bo , Yang Meng , Tang Rui , Yao Jingyi , Huang Xing‐Jiu , Chen Xiaodong , Lei Zhendong
Published: February 2025

Dual‐site catalysts hold significant promise for accelerating complex electrochemical reactions, but a major challenge remains in balancing high loading with precise dual‐site architecture to achieve optimal activity, stability, and specificity simultaneously. Herein, a strategy of stepwise targeted coordination engineering is introduced to co‐anchor Pt single atoms (Pt1, 1.41 wt.%) and Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters (Au25, 18.92 wt.%) with high loadings on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4). This approach ensures that Pt1 and Au25 occupy distinct surface sites on the g‐C3N4 substrate, providing excellent stability and unprecedented electrochemical activity. In the catalysis of As(III), a sensitivity of 8.32 µA ppb−1 is achieved, more than double the previously reported values under neutral conditions. The enhanced detection limit (0.2 ppb) is crucial for monitoring water quality and protecting public health from arsenic contamination, a significant environmental and health risk. Furthermore, the formation of Pt─As and As─S bonds facilitates the easier breakage of As─O bonds, thereby lowering the reaction barrier energy of the rate‐determining step and significantly enhancing arsenious acid catalysis efficiency. These results not only offer an intriguing strategy for constructing highly efficient heterogeneous dual‐site catalysts but also reveal the atomic‐scale catalytic mechanisms that drive enhanced catalytic efficiency.
Aggregation‐Mediated Photoacoustic/NIR‐II and Photodynamic Properties of pH‐Reversible Thiopyrylium Agents: A Computational and Experimental Approach
Authors: Liu Yishen , Zhang Zhiyun , Hou Xiaowen , Ding Qihang , Zeng Silue , Shen Hanchen , Gong Wanxia , Ding Taotao , Mahmood Zafar , Zeng Xiaodong , Ren Bingtao , Hu Wenbo , Hong Xuechuan , Ding Dan , Xiao Yuling
Published: February 2025

Aggregation profoundly influences the photophysical properties of molecules. Here, a new series of thiopyrylium‐based hemicyanine near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) fluorophores is developed by meticulously adjusting their aggregation states. Notably, the star molecule HTPA exhibits a remarkable pH‐responsive behavior and a significant increase in photoacoustic (PA) intensity when aggregated. Additionally, their behavior and pH reversibility during aggregation formation are systematically investigated, including computational optimization, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, NMR analysis, and single crystal analysis. Finally, an innovative “off ” nanoparticle specifically is designed for effective tumor‐targeted PA/NIR‐II dual‐modal imaging and photodynamic therapy by utilizing a pH‐responsive polymer. The signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR) of PA signals significantly increased to 169 in the region of interest (ROI) in the mouse model when irradiated at 1064 nm. These findings not only provide a promising avenue for future studies of NIR‐II small molecules but also pave the way for significant advances in the field of integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Parasites of Farmed and Wild Tilapine Fishes From Selected Farms and Lake Jipe in Taita Taveta County, Kenya
Authors: Ageng'o Finnan O. , Waruiru Robert M. , Wanja Daniel W. , Nyaga Philip N. , Hamisi Mercy M. , Ndegwa Joseph M. , Ali Shimaa E. , Chadag Mohan V. , Mbuthia Paul G.
Published: February 2025

Parasitic infections threaten the endangered Oreochromis jipe and other ichthyic populations in Lake Jipe, thereby hindering conservation efforts. Initiatives have been made to farm O. jipe as a conservation strategy. To develop effective conservation approaches and ensure the species' survival in its natural habitat and aquaculture systems, it is imperative to understand the diverse parasites in these habitats. Consequently, this cross‐sectional study was conducted to determine parasitic loads in tilapias from selected farms and Lake Jipe. A total of 111 fishes were collected (76 farmed, 35 from the lake), comprising 66 O. jipe, 34 Oreochromis niloticus and 11 hybrids of O. jipe and O. niloticus. The fish were euthanized, necropsied and examined for parasitic infections via visual inspection and light microscopy. Out of 111 fishes examined, 58 (52.3%) were infected with 212 parasites, including 135 (63.7%) and 77 (36.3%) from farm and lake habitats, respectively. The prevalence of parasitic infections in fish from the lake and farm habitats was 68.6% and 44.7%, respectively. The most frequently occurring parasite genera identified were Diplostomum (30.63%), Acanthocephalus (20.7%), Dactylogyrus (9.9%) and Contracaecum (2.7%), with mean intensities of 2.9, 3.7, 1.9 and 1.7, respectively. Contracaecum and Camallanus were exclusively found in fish from Lake Jipe, while Euclinostomum and Gyrodactylus were only observed in farmed fish. O. jipe had the highest prevalence of parasitic infections (59.1%), followed by O. niloticus (44.1%) and hybrids (36.4%) (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the examined fishes were infected with diverse parasites, which have both public health concerns (Euclinostomum and Acanthocephalus) and economic significance (Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus). Consequently, it is imperative to enhance public awareness and enforce biosecurity measures to mitigate potential health risks and to improve the productivity of the pond culture system and lake ecosystem. These measures will help reduce parasite dissemination and promote sustainable fish production and populations.
Aggregation Induced Emissive Liquid Crystals‐Polymer Composite Membrane for Dual‐Channel Analysis of Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Tong Yingping , Wang Birong , Zhao Dongyu , Li Min , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: February 2025

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an important factor in maintaining blood calcium levels in the human body. Therefore, monitoring PTH levels is essential for assessing the various diseases progression and managing overall health. In this study, a fluorescence and optical sensor based on an aggregation‐induced emissive liquid crystal photopolymer (AIE‐LC‐Poly) film was established for the qualitative and quantitative detection of PTH. The specific interaction between PTH and anti‐PTH on the substrate surface was utilized, and variations in orientation and aggregation state of the fluorescent LCs were evaluated by both optic and fluorescent means. The detection limit for PTH using optical image was above 10 µg/mL, while fluorescence detection achieved a much lower limit of 1 ng/mL. Additionally, the photopolymer further amplified the detection signals by strengthening the AIE effect of the fluorescent LCs in initiate state, and enhancing the disturbance of LCs ordered orientation upon PTH addition. Ultimately, the detection limits for PTH were reduced to 0.01 µg/mL for optical detection and 50 pg/mL for fluorescence detection. The quantitative and sensitive AIE‐LC‐Poly biosensing technology presented here sets the stage to develop LC‐based sensor for biomedical applications without labeling.
Synthesis of Polyfunctional Indazoles via Novel Rearrangement of Isatin Derivatives
Authors: Bezsonova Elena , Tafeenko Viktor , Sosonyuk Sergey , Lozinskaya Natalia
Published: February 2025

In this work we present a new method for indazole synthesis through the unexpected rearrangement of various 7‐nitroisatins during the reaction with hydrazine hydrate. The new pyrazole cycle is formed via direct metal‐free C−H amination. We demonstrate the limitations of the discovered approach and several accessible methods for functionalization of the compounds to obtain novel indazole derivatives.
Preparation of Arbitrary High‐Fidelity Decoherence‐Free States for a Four‐Qubit Hybrid System via Whispering‐Gallery‐Mode Microresonator
Authors: Du Fang‐Fang , Ma Ming , Liu Wen‐Yao
Published: February 2025

With the assistance of the practical nonlinear interaction of a nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) center coupled with whispering‐gallery‐mode (WGM) microresonator, a heralded preparation protocol of four‐qubit hybrid decoherence‐free states (logical qubits) is presented, where a single logical qubit encoded on the state of the hybrid system composed of two polarization photons and two NV centers is fully protected against collective decoherence. Compared with the three‐qubit decoherence‐free states, the four‐qubit decoherence‐free states have higher dimensions, stronger collective decoherence resistance, richer quantum coherence and higher fault tolerance. For an ideal photon‐NV interaction, the efficiencies and fidelities of the hybrid decoherence‐free states can, in principle, be close to unity. Otherwise, being directed against a nonideal interaction, the two error‐heralded quantum blocks of the preparation process make their fidelities near‐perfect at the expense of slight reductions of their efficiencies. Moreover, this hybrid decoherence‐free states work in a heralded way and may be experimentally feasible with current technique on regulating the NV‐WGM microresonator system.
Switchable Polymerization from Monomer Mixtures to Synthesize Oxygen‐Rich Block Copolymers with Dual Recyclability and Degradability
Authors: Xie Di , Jia Zhi‐Hua , Zhang Yan‐Li , Cai Xin‐Lei , Liu Long‐Nv , Yang Guan‐Wen , Kang Xiaohui , Zhang Xianming , Zhang Yao‐Yao
Published: February 2025

Switchable catalysis from monomer mixtures has been emerging as a powerful technique to synthesize various useful block copolymers, yet represents a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Herein, we present the synthesis of well‐defined polyacetal/polycarbonate block copolymers through switchable polymerization from mixtures of terminal epoxides, internal epoxides, o‐phthalaldehyde (OPA) and CO2. The exclusive chemoselectivity of terminal epoxide or internal epoxide was achieved by controlling the reaction atmosphere. The dynamic equilibrium of acetal anion and alkoxy anion is the key to the successful switch from terminal epoxides/OPA copolymerization to internal epoxides/CO2 copolymerization. Computational studies elucidated the kinetic and thermodynamic preferences underlying this selective polymerization. The acid/base labile nature of the block copolymers enables their sequence‐controlled chemical recycling/degradation. These novel polyacetal/polycarbonate block copolymers with facilely sequence‐controlled polymerization/depolymerization capabilities will enable their further tailored applications and contribute to the development of a circular plastic economy.
Zinc Coordination‐Polymer‐Mediated Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticles into “Brick‐and‐Mortar” Membranes for Hydrogen Separation
Authors: Li Xinxin , Jiao Chengli , Zhang Xiaoqian , Xu Xiaoya , Gul Saeed , Liang Fangyi , Caro Jürgen , Jiang Heqing
Published: February 2025

Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) with high stability and porosity is a promising candidate for hydrogen separation membranes. However, most ZIF‐8 polycrystalline membranes exhibit low H2/CO2 (kinetic diameters of 2.9/3.3 Å) mixed gas selectivity, due to the intercrystalline defects and the unprecise molecular sieving originated from framework flexibility of ZIF‐8 structure with a theoretical aperture size of 3.4 Å. Here, inspired by nacre's “brick‐and‐mortar” structure, we develop mixed matrix type composite membranes in which dominant crystalline ZIF‐8 nanoparticles (bricks) are interconnected by ultrathin zinc coordination polymer interlayers (mortar) via self‐assembling. Driven by coordination bonds between Zn2+ from precursor colloid and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), a zinc coordination polymer network is formed to connect ZIF‐8 nanoparticles through interactions between Zn2+ of coordination polymer and surface terminal groups on ZIF‐8 nanoparticles, thus eliminating intercrystalline void defects and providing a highly selective H2 transport pathway. Meanwhile, the micropores and large cavities in ZIF‐8 allow fast H2 transport. Benefitting from both highly selective pathway and fast H2 transport through porous ZIF‐8, the optimized ZIF‐8‐PEI membrane exhibits a record‐high H2 permeability of ~1.78×105 Barrer with a high mixed gas H2/CO2 selectivity of 176, surpassing state‐of‐the‐art performance. This bioinspired multifunctional membrane expands the scope of molecular sieving membrane.
Maerl Bed Conservation: Successes and Failures
Authors: Grall Jacques , Hall‐Spencer Jason M.
Published: February 2025

Most ecoregions lack data on maerl distribution and ecological status, so this needs fundamental research for conservation. Brittany, NW France, is an exception and has extensive research on maerl species, associated biodiversity, human‐induced impacts and protection efforts. Breton maerl habitats host exceptionally high species richness and functional diversity, surpassing all other coastal habitats in the region. The meiofauna and microflora of maerl beds and the role of these habitats as carbon stores remain poorly known. Bans on direct exploitation in Europe have led to environmental improvements, although maerl extraction has begun in other regions of the world. In Europe, serious maerl conservation problems persist, particularly due to scallop and clam dredging, eutrophication and mariculture impacts. Not enough has been done to curb these issues, which are proven to severely degrade maerl, its biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Conservation measures for maerl beds should be strengthened and codesigned with local stakeholders as these habitats take millennia to form and are inadequately protected by current strategies.
A Head‐Specific Transcriptomic Study Reveals Key Regulatory Pathways for Winter Diapause in the Mosquito Culex pipiens
Authors: Dhungana Prabin , Wei Xueyan , Kang David S. , Sim Cheolho
Published: February 2025

The primary vector of the West Nile virus, Culex pipiens, undergoes reproductive dormancy during the adverse winter season. While our current understanding has mainly focused on cellular signals and phenotypic shifts occurring at a global scale during diapause, information on tissue‐specific transcriptomic changes remains limited. This knowledge gap is a major challenge in interpreting the regulatory mechanisms at the tissue level. To address this, the present work utilized RNA‐seq technology to investigate the transcriptional changes in the head that house the brain and crucial endocrinal organs such as corpora allata. We obtained RNA samples from the heads of diapausing and nondiapausing female mosquitoes at two specific time intervals, ZT0 and ZT16, and then subjected them to sequencing. Our results revealed differences in differentially expressed genes between diapause and non‐diapause at ZT0 and ZT16, highlighting the phenotypic and diel variations in gene expression. We also selected twelve genes associated with the diapause phenotype and examined the transcript abundance at six different time points over 24 h. qRT‐PCR analysis showed similar up‐ and downregulation of transcripts between the diapause and nondiapause phenotypes thus validating the results of RNA‐seq. In summary, our study identified new genes with phenotypic and diel differentiation in their expression, potentially linking photoperiod to seasonal reproductive dormancy in insects. The newly presented information will significantly advance our understanding of head‐specific genes crucial for insect diapause.
Functional Nanofibres of Tb(III)‐Coupled Metal‐Organic Gel: Detection To Decontamination of Thiabendazole In Environmental Samples
Authors: Sharma Arun , Kaur Navneet , Singh Narinder
Published: February 2025

Pollutant residues such as pharmaceuticals or pesticides in water bodies pose significant environmental and health risks, necessitating the development of advanced sensing and removal techniques to ensure safe and sustainable water resources. Tb‐based luminescent sensors offer high sensitivity for pollutant residue analysis, but their application is often limited to detection. Developing Tb‐derived metal‐organic gel (ANS‐4G‐Tb) as soft supramolecular material is proposed to enhance trace contamination removal, integrating both sensing and sequestration capabilities. For the development of the self‐assembled supramolecular material, ANS‐4, a low molecular‐mass organic gelator (LMOG) with a molecular weight of just about 215 g/mole, was selected, owing to its efficient single‐step synthesis, and it was comprehensively characterized using single crystal XRD, and other routine spectroscopic techniques. Then, its nanosized ANS‐4G‐Tb metallogel was characterized using a comprehensive suite of analytical techniques to assess its structural, chemical, morphological, and optical characteristics. Upon interaction with parasiticide and fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ), a phase transformation from gel to sol is observed, enabling naked‐eye detection and simultaneous turn‐on photo‐luminescence sensing (5D4→7F5 transition). Based on novel research, our study navigates through the photo‐luminescence of lanthanide supramolecular complexes, transitioning from fundamental investigations to potential methodologies concerning analyte responsiveness and removal applications.
Metal‐free Amorphous Cross‐Linked Porous Organic Polymers for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Sarkar Madhurima , Das Debayati , Yesepu Enika , Gupta Nishesh Kumar , Patra Abhijit
Published: February 2025

The use of solar energy to produce valuable chemicals has gained significant attention in recent years. In this area, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction have become key focal points. Recently, amorphous cross‐linked porous organic polymers (CPOPs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts due to their tunable band gaps, broad light absorption range, and high porosity. In this article, we highlight recent advancements in cutting‐edge metal‐free amorphous CPOPs for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction. We examine the design principles, synthetic strategies, and structure‐property relationships of various cross‐linked porous polymers to achieve high photocatalytic performance. Additionally, we propose future research directions and offer insights to further advance CPOP‐based photocatalysts for efficient solar‐driven hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction.
Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 by H2O as an Electron Donor over NaTaO3 with Controlled Morphologies Using a Series of Cocatalysts
Authors: Xuanwen X , Wang Shuying , Wu Pengyu , Dong Pengyu , Jiang Ruiyu , Wang Zheng
Published: February 2025

The morphology of the primary semiconductor material is an essential factor for the performance of photocatalysts. In this work, we synthesized the cubic facet (100) and the anisotropic facets ((100) and (110)) of NaTaO3 as photocatalysts. They were assessed by the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 using H2O as the electron donor and a series of cocatalysts, including Ga(OH)3, Cd(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, and amorphous ZnGa2O4, relative to Ag nanoparticles as a conventional cocatalyst. The results demonstrated that the performances of studied cocatalysts depended on the morphologies of NaTaO3. Ga(OH)3 (3.0 vs. 20.1 μmol h−1), Zn(OH)2 (23.1 vs. 52.4 μmol h−1), amorphous ZnGa2O4 (37.4 vs. 85.5 μmol h−1), and Ag nanoparticles (48.9 vs. 92.4 μmol h−1) exhibited higher formation rates of CO over anisotropic NaTaO3 than the cubic ones. On the contrary, Cd(OH)2 (62.1 vs. 32.3 μmol h−1) cocatalyst exhibited higher performance over cubic NaTaO3 than the anisotropic ones.
Framing Biases in Plea Bargaining Decisions in Those With and Without Criminal Involvement: Tests of Theoretical Assumptions
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Reed Krystia , Meschkow Alisha , Calderon Vincent , Helm Rebecca K.
Published: February 2025

About 95% of criminal convictions in the United States are obtained through plea decisions, a growing global practice. Courts justify these convictions based on defendant choice—defendants, as rational agents, can freely choose to plead guilty or go to trial. However, a fundamental axiom of rational choice—descriptive invariance—has never been effectively tested for plea decisions. To test this axiom, we manipulated gain–loss framing of plea options. The shadow‐of‐trial model, the leading theory of plea decision‐making, is predicated on expected utility theory which is in turn predicated on the invariance axiom; if the axiom is falsified, the entire structure collapses. Thus, framing effects are important as a test of fundamental assumptions undergirding practice and as an empirical phenomenon revealing effects of context. We tested framing effects in students and community members including those with criminal involvement for whom plea bargaining has personal relevance. Varying subtle changes in wording of outcomes, we produced pronounced differences in choices to accept a plea rather than proceed to trial. These framing effects were robust to age, sex, educational attainment, risk propensity (DOSPERT and sensation seeking), and loss aversion. Perceived fairness of the legal system increased acceptance and risk propensity decreased it (each about 32%). However, controlling for those effects, loss (compared to gain) framing increased the odds of going to trial by 664%. Criminal involvement did not account for additional variance. These results are consistent with prospect theory and fuzzy‐trace theory, but they challenge the legal theory of bargaining in “the shadow of trial.”
Biological and Chemical Assessment of the Liposomes Carrying a Herbal MRI Contrast Agent
Authors: Yazdani Ali , Ochi Mohammad Mahdi , Hassani Nafiseh , Saber Maryam , Okhovat Ahmadreza , Soltanian‐Zadeh Hamid
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the development and characterization of liposomes as carriers for a novel herbal contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Liposomes were synthesized using phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol for the lipid bilayer membrane and a polar fraction isolated from the “Suaeda” plant for the aqueous phase. The encapsulation efficiency, size, zeta potential, stability, and morphology of the liposomes were evaluated using various techniques. Additionally, by cytotoxicity assays, we contrasted the toxicity of the encapsulated contrast agent to the nonencapsulated form. Finally, relaxivity computations were performed to assess the suitability of the liposomal agent for MRI applications. The liposomal contrast agent had suitable physical properties (stable mean size of 163 nm and zeta potential of −60 mV) and better biochemical characteristics than nonencapsulated media. The liposomal agent demonstrated increased relaxivity and acceptable cytotoxicity with a contrast‐making concentration. Therefore, the encapsulated herbal contrast agent can be useful for biological applications.
The Effects of Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) on Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms of Adult ADHD: A Randomised Pilot Study
Authors: Basiri Nooshin
Published: February 2025

Background

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder with emotional and cognitive symptoms.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) on cognitive and emotional aspects of ADHD in adults.

Materials and methods

A quasi‐experimental pre‐test/post‐test design with a control group (waiting list) was applied. Forty participants were selected for the study among the target population of adult ADHD patients. They were randomly assigned to the control and experimental (group DBT) groups. The Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS), Tower of London, Stroop test, Wisconsin sorting test, Continuous Performance Test, Eysenck Impulsivity Test, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were used for assessment purposes. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS‐23 and the MANCOVA method.

Results

The results showed that DBT was significantly effective in improving emotion regulation (31.4%), impulsivity (37.4%), Stroop scores (21.9%), attention and concentration (31.8%), and hyperactivity (41%) compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the subscales of the Tower of London, Wisconsin test and the attentional subscale of the ASRS.

Conclusion

It can be inferred from this research that DBT can significantly reduce the emotional difficulties of adults with ADHD, but may not be very helpful for the cognitive aspects of this disorder.
Oxidative Coupling of Guanidines and Isocyanides Catalyzed by Nickel(II): Access to Imidazoline Derivatives with Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Gavrilov Georgii A. , Nguyen Tuan K. , Katkova Svetlana A. , Rostovskii Nikolai V. , Rogacheva Elizaveta V. , Kraeva Liudmila A. , Kinzhalov Mikhail A.
Published: February 2025

A novel and concise approach to rare 2,3,5‐triamino‐imidazole scaffolds via Ni‐catalyzed coupling of alkylisocyanides and N,N′‐diarylguanidines has been developed. This reaction features include mild conditions (thermal or visible light activation), a wide substrate scope, and high efficiency. The coupling proceeds through a NiII/NiIV catalytic cycle, involving two‐electron aerobic oxidation and the sequential insertion of two isocyanide units into Ni−N bonds.Testing these compounds against pathogens of the ESKAPE panel showed their high activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration down to 0.38 μg/mL.
Chemokine Expression in Well‐Differentiated Liposarcoma May Be Involved in the Tumorigenesis of Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: A Case Study
Authors: Washimi Kota , Kasajima Rika , Sato Shinya , Nezu Yutaka , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Sakai Rika , Nakamura Naoya , Takagi Masayuki , Hasegawa Chie , Yoshioka Emi , Okubo Yoichiro , Katayama Kotoe , Imoto Seiya , Yokose Tomoyuki , Miyagi Yohei
Published: February 2025

Background

Liposarcoma and lymphoma are very rare tumors, and their combination is extremely rare. Moreover, there have been no reports of liposarcoma and lymphoma occurring in the same region.

Case

A 58‐year‐old man presented to Kanagawa Cancer Center with a mass in his left thigh and underwent a needle biopsy. Histological analysis showed an increase in the number of small lymphocytes and plasma cells; immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in CD20‐positive cells with Lambda light‐chain restriction; therefore, the diagnosis of B‐cell malignancy with plasma cell differentiation was made. A bone marrow biopsy specimen showed infiltration of atypical cells of the same phenotype and increased serum IgM‐M levels; therefore, a diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) was made. The needle biopsy specimen showed scattered CDK4‐positive cells in the background of the lymphoma cells and sporadic MDM2 signal amplification on fluorescence in situ hybridization, suggesting mixed well‐differentiated liposarcoma (WDL). Tumor resection was performed. The tumor contained a mixture of WDL and LPL areas. RNA sequencing revealed upregulated expression of chemokine genes, including CCL5, CCL18, and CCL19, in WDL and that of the corresponding chemokine receptor genes CCR4, CCR6, and CCR7 in the lymphoma cells.

Conclusion

Chemokine–chemokine receptor axes may be involved in the pathogenesis of LPL cell‐infiltrating WDL. This is an extremely rare case, and we have reported some considerations regarding the tumorigenesis of LPL cell‐infiltrating WDL.
A Unique Case of Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma With Brain and Bilateral Adrenal Metastases
Authors: El Hajj Mouawad Carla J. , Kamar Francois Georges
Published: February 2025

Background

Small‐cell carcinoma is a highly malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm arising from cells of the endocrine and nervous systems, and usually of bronchogenic origin. When found in the retroperitoneum, these malignant cells are extremely rare and are mainly metastatic tumors. Adrenal glands are unusual sites of distant metastases, the common primary being bronchopulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We report a case of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) that was initially discovered in both adrenal glands.

Case

Our patient was a 68‐year‐old woman who presented with articular pain and severe chronic hemolytic anemia. Her workup comprised a contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, revealing a left adrenal mass lesion measuring 14 × 9 cm, and a concomitantly smaller right adrenal mass lesion arising from the gland and measuring 4 × 2 cm. In view of the size of the left adrenal mass we elected to offer her a complete resection. The patient therefore underwent a laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Histopathological examination of the specimen revealed a high‐grade, poorly differentiated NEC of the adrenal gland, small‐cell type, with tumor necrosis. A baseline evaluation comprised an FDG‐PET CT scan revealing the contralateral adrenal tumor, which was also partially resected to leave the patient with some functional adrenal tissue and not render her Addisonian. Although we found no pulmonary primary, a bleb was seen on chest CT that we hypothesized was possibly a burn‐out primary in the setting of an immunogenic tumor.

Conclusion

Surgery played a vital role in our case followed by combination of chemoimmunotherapy as per present recommendation of a small‐cell tumor especially since the patient presented with atypical clinical manifestations.
Exploring the Adsorption and Reactions of Methyl Radicals on M(111) Surfaces (M=Cu, Ag, Au): A DFT Study
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Meyerstein Dan , Mizrahi Amir , Kornweitz Haya
Published: February 2025

It was reported that adsorbed methyl radicals produce ethane with Ag0‐ and Au0‐nanoparticles in aqueous media, whereas on Cu0‐powders, the product is methanol. The source of these differences was explored computationally, using the DFT method. The results indicate that up to six radicals can be adsorbed on Ag(111) and Au(111), (top site), while only four can be adsorbed on Cu(111) (fcc site), each surface containing eight atoms. The diffusion of the radicals on the surface is very easy on silver and copper, as this is achieved with a very low barrier (0.06 eV and 0.15 eV for Ag(111) and Cu(111), respectively), while on Au(111), the barrier is higher, 0.51 eV. The formation of ethane via a reaction of two adsorbed radicals is thermodynamically plausible for all studied coverage ratios on the three surfaces, but kinetically, it is plausible at room temperature only on Au(111) and Ag(111) at full coverage. Ethane can also be produced on Au(111) and Ag(111) by a collision of a solvated radical and an adsorbed radical. This is a barrierless process. On Cu(111), the yield of such a process is CH4(aq), and an adsorbed CH2 which reacts further with a non‐adsorbed water molecule to produce adsorbed CH3OH.
Direct Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 from Industrial Flue Gases
Authors: Wen Xiaojuan , Gao Dunfeng , Wang Guoxiong
Published: February 2025

Electrochemical CO2 conversion to high‐value chemicals and fuels has been extensively investigated as a promising carbon‐neutrality technology. To date, most studies are generally performed with pure or highly concentrated CO2 feeds, however, the composition of industrial flue gases is very complex, with a low CO2 concentration and impurities like O2, CO, NOx, and SOx. Direct utilization of industrial flue gases can bypass the capture and purification steps, yet it suffers from multiple challenges. In this Concept article, we discuss scientific challenges and innovation strategies towards direct electrochemical conversion of CO2 from industrial flue gases. Selected examples on rationally designing catalytic materials and electrode structures for promoting electrochemical reduction of CO2 in the presence of N2 and impurity gases are highlighted. We end up the article with perspectives on the research opportunities and future directions in this emerging yet practical field.
Breeding fat‐tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) in captivity: Revised practices to minimize stress whilst maintaining considerations of wild biology
Authors: Scicluna Emily L. , Newton Axel H. , Hutchison Jennifer C. , Dimovski Alicia M. , Fanson Kerry V. , D'Souza Gail , Whitehead Shiralee , Pask Andrew J.
Published: February 2025

Background

The fat‐tailed dunnart is a small dasyurid marsupial which is emerging as a robust laboratory model for conservation, developmental, and reproductive biology research. While these marsupials present extremely valuable models, housing non‐domesticated animals in captivity can present a wide range of potential stressors for the animals, which need to be managed to ensure colony health. Notably, dunnarts rely on scent marking for social communication, which is important to maintain to reduce stress in artificial environments.

Results

In this study, we examine captive management techniques and provide updated recommendations which consider both scientific and conservation outcomes. Through ongoing management, we observe that recapitulating aspects of a natural environment has a significant impact on stress reduction and improving the overall reproductive fitness of captive‐bred colonies. Moreover, our study provides evidence for preferred cage base substrate types, and quantification of stress caused by the cadence of enclosure cleaning using fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels as an indicator of stress.

Conclusion

The study underscores the significance of population management in captive breeding programs, advocating for maintaining genetic diversity and meticulous record‐keeping. We have further refined best practice for managing captively bred dunnart colonies, outlining guidelines for enclosure requirements, handling, cleaning, feeding, and lighting during breeding. Overall, the research aims to improve the health and productivity of captive fat‐tailed dunnarts, ensuring their continued contribution as a valuable laboratory‐based marsupial model and aiding in the conservation of related endangered species, while meeting a balance between maintenance of strict hygiene and alignment with wild‐life history.
Safe Periods and Safe Activities: Two Phenological Responses to Mortality
Authors: Constant Théo , Dobson F. Stephen , Giroud Sylvain , Habold Caroline
Published: February 2025

Phenology is often thought to evolve mainly in response to food availability, yet recent studies have focused on predation. Predation may explain apparent mismatches between phenology and resources. One type of phenological response to predation involves shifting phenology from a period of high to low predation (i.e., a safe‐period strategy). This strategy presupposes variation in predation over time due to environmental factors such as the number or diversity of predators. Predation varies not only over time but also among different activities like reproduction and dormancy. Alternative activities involve alternative behavioral or physiological states, and different locations where they take place influencing predation risk. Phenological responses to predation may involve shifting from a high risk activity to a safer one, resulting in increased survival (i.e., a «safe‐activity» strategy). This strategy may theoretically evolve under environmental conditions associated with constant predation over time, but assumes variation in predation among activities. Safe‐period and safe‐activity strategies are not mutually exclusive, but assume different conditions for their evolution. On the basis of a literature review, our goal was to: (1) propose a classification of phenological responses to predation according to their evolutionary context, including mean population responses and interindividual differences (degree of synchrony); (2) to show how these two strategies may explain the lack of support for the idea that phenology responds primarily to food availability; and (3) to propose several approaches for testing the influence of predation on phenology. Our review highlights the relevance of studying phenology on multiple scales, thereby integrating several interspecific interactions (communities scales) and multiple activities (annual scale), and studying synchronicity and the pace‐of‐life (inter‐individual scale).
Shelter Distribution and Type Affect Space Use of a Desert Reptile
Authors: Averill‐Murray Roy C. , Riedle J. Daren
Published: February 2025

Animal home ranges derive from the distribution of resources across the landscape. For example, home ranges of most tortoise species in the United States revolve around networks of burrows. However, human disturbances that damage shelters can decrease habitat suitability, individual survival, and population persistence. We investigated effects of burrow distribution and availability on space use of the Sonoran Desert Tortoise Gopherus morafkai at two populations with different habitat structures to determine the extent to which habitat capacity is defined by factors subject to management, such as vegetation, relative to more permanent features such as rock shelters. We also demonstrated the superiority of autocorrelated kernel density estimation, illustrating flawed conclusions that could arise from the use of traditional home‐range estimators. Home‐range size increased with the number of available burrows at both sites. At the Florence Military Reservation (FMR), with numerous caliche caves and few rock burrows, larger home ranges effectively compensated for one third the burrow density as that of Sugarloaf Mountain, which predominantly featured rock burrows. Female tortoises had smaller home ranges than males despite having similar burrow densities. Females revisited individual burrows more often than males at Sugarloaf, which may relate to female use of preferred nesting sites; however, lower availability led males to revisit burrows at similar rates as females at FMR. Pairs of tortoises at FMR shared 72% more burrows than pairs at Sugarloaf, and pairs of females shared 33% fewer burrows than female–male pairs across both sites. Space and burrow use at FMR and Sugarloaf are consistent with predictions of how animals choose patches for their home ranges in ways that are optimal with respect to spatially distributed resources. Populations largely reliant on pallets or soil burrows may be more subject to declines due to anthropogenic impacts from grazing or off‐highway vehicle use or due to increasing temperatures.
Rising Temperatures Advance Start and End of the Breeding Season of an Alpine Bird
Authors: Niffenegger Carole A. , Hille Sabine M. , Schano Christian , Korner‐Nievergelt Fränzi
Published: February 2025

Many bird species have advanced the start of the breeding season as a response to climate change. The duration of the breeding season and how it is affected by climate change are far less studied but are important for the re‐nesting potential. Re‐nesting includes both the replacement of a failed breeding attempt or breeding successfully multiple times within one season and can therefore impact fitness. Some species profit from an earlier start of breeding through a higher re‐nesting potential, whereas other species also advance the end of breeding season as conditions for breeding deteriorate. Here, we explored how temperature, precipitation, and snow conditions influence the start, end, and duration of the breeding season of a cold‐adapted high‐elevation songbird. We fitted generalized additive models with more than 12,000 citizen science observations of white‐winged snowfinches (Montifringilla nivalis) to estimate breeding phenology between 2006 and 2021. Our results indicate that higher prebreeding temperatures and reduced April precipitation were associated with an earlier start of breeding. However, later during the breeding season higher temperatures shortened the breeding season through an earlier end of the breeding season. Despite adjusting the timing of reproduction to prevailing environmental conditions, average temperatures during the breeding season increased over the 16‐year study period. Therefore, snowfinches need to move to higher elevations in order to track the thermal conditions. This study highlights the complex relationship between phenology and environmental conditions and illustrates how much the breeding conditions are currently changing for high‐elevation species.