bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
НЕСКОЛЬКО СЛОВ О М. М. ГРОМЫКО КАК ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕ СЛАВЯНОФИЛЬСКОГО НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РУССКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ
Authors: Энеева Наталья Тимуровна
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена роли славянофильской проблематики в становлении отечественной исторической науки 1990 х – 2010-х годов. Апробированная почти двумя столетиями историософско-богословской дискуссии, эта проблематика явила себя на исходе ХХ столетия как преимущественно экклезиологическая – как насущные вопросы личностного и общественного воцерковления. Существенное значение в этом процессе имеет воссоздание адекватного научного языка и понятийного аппарата для описания роли Церкви и народной религиозности в формировании национального самосознания и религиозно-культурной общности. Подчеркивается, что в данной концепции история Церкви и народа как ее носителя – «народа-богоносца» – предстает не в качестве локальной темы, но как основной сюжет и сущностный смысл мирового исторического процесса.
The article is devoted to the role of Slavophil problems in the formation of Russian historical science in the 1990s – 2010s. Approved by almost two centuries of historiosophical and theological discussion, this problematic showed itself at the end of the twentieth century as primarily ecclesiological – as pressing issues of personal and social churching. Recreation of an adequate scientific language and conceptual apparatus for describing the role of the Church and popular religiosity in the formation of national identity and religious and cultural community is essential in this process. It is emphasized that in this concept the history of the Church and the people as its bearer – the «God-bearing people» – appears not as a local theme, but as the main plot and essential meaning of the world historical process.
ВЗГЛЯД РОССИЙСКИХ ПРАВОСЛАВНЫХ ЧИНОВНИКОВ НА РЕЛИГИОЗНУЮ СИТУАЦИЮ У ГРУЗИН-ГОРЦЕВ: ПО АРХИВНЫМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ XIX ВЕКА
Authors: Соловьева Любовь Тимофеевна
Published: December 2021

В статье на основе материалов первой половины ХIХ в. из Центрального исторического архива Грузии (ЦИАГ) рассматривается отношение российских православных чиновников к тем религиозным традициям, которые были характерны для грузин-горцев Восточной Грузии (хевсуры, пшавы, тушины). Грузия была одной из первых стран, где христианство стало государственной религией. Но к началу ХIХ в. роль православной церкви в некоторых труднодоступных горных регионах Грузии была значительно ослаблена. Грузины-горцы осознавали себя христианами, но бытование христианства здесь нередко принимало своеобразные формы. Здесь сохранялся синкретизм религиозных воззрений, а в определенной мере происходил возврат к архаичным дохристианским верованиям. После вхождения Грузии в состав Российской империи власти стали уделять значительное внимание укреплению православного христианства у грузин-горцев, строительству здесь церквей и назначению священнослужителей в эти отдаленные районы. Миссионерская проповедь должна была укрепить православие на Кавказе и способствовать более полной интеграции местного населения в пространство Российской империи.
Based on the materials of the Central Historical Archive of Georgia of the first half of the nineteenth century, the article examines the attitude of Russian Orthodox officials to the religious traditions that were characteristic of the Georgian mountaineers of Eastern Georgia (Khevsurians, Pshavs, Tushins). Georgia was one of the first countries where Christianity became the state religion. But by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the role of the Orthodox Church in some remote mountainous regions of Georgia was significantly weakened. The Georgians-Highlanders recognized themselves as Christians, but the forms of Christianity’s existence often took a very peculiar form here. Here the syncretism of religious views was preserved, and to a certain extent there was a return to archaic pre-Christian beliefs. After Georgia became part of the Russian Empire, the authorities began to pay considerable attention to strengthening Orthodox Christianity among mountain Georgians, building churches here and appointing priests to these remote areas. The missionary sermon was supposed to strengthen Orthodoxy in the Caucasus and promote a more complete integration of the local population into the space of the Russian Empire.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations Carried in Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Cargo Mirror Disease Status in Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Purcell Emma , Owen Sarah , Prantzalos Emily , Radomski Abigail , Carman Nayri , Lo Ting-Wen , Zeinali Mina , Subramanian Chitra , Ramnath Nithya , Nagrath Sunitha
Published: December 2021

Graphical Abstract

EVs are isolated from plasma collected from NSCLC patients harboring known EGFR mutations using ultracentrifugation. RNA and protein are extracted from the EV samples and tested for EGFR mutations using ddPCR and western blot, respectively.
Epicardial Fat Expansion in Diabetic and Obese Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction—A Specific HFpEF Phenotype
Authors: Elsanhoury Ahmed , Nelki Vivian , Kelle Sebastian , Van Linthout Sophie , Tschöpe Carsten
Published: December 2021

Graphical Abstract

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT)-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common triggers of HFpEF, frequently associated with EAT expansion. EAT plays metabolic and mechanical roles in HFpEF developmentviapara/vasocrine factors and pericardial restrain, respectively. Life-style modifications including healthy diet and regular exercise can quash the EAT expansion. Statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and fat-modulating antidiabetics including metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists can target EAT. FFA, free fatty acids; AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Ang-II, angiotensin II; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor beta; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha. Figure createdviaServier Medical Art and BioRender tools.
Blood Hemoglobin Substantially Modulates the Impact of Gender, Morbid Obesity, and Hyperglycemia on COVID-19 Death Risk: A Multicenter Study in Italy and Spain
Authors: Mayneris-Perxachs Jordi , Russo Maria Francesca , Ramos Rafel , de Hollanda Ana , Arxé Arola Armengou , Rottoli Matteo , Arnoriaga-Rodríguez María , Comas-Cufí Marc , Bartoletti Michele , Verrastro Ornella , Gudiol Carlota , Fages Ester , Giménez Marga , Gil Ariadna de Genover , Bernante Paolo , Tinahones Francisco , Carratalà Jordi , Pagotto Uberto , Hernández-Aguado Ildefonso , Fernández-Aranda Fernando , Meira Fernanda , Castro Guardiola Antoni , Mingrone Geltrude , Fernández-Real José Manuel ,   Obesity-T2DM Covid19 Study Group
Published: December 2021

Background

Hyperglycemia and obesity are associated with a worse prognosis in subjects with COVID-19 independently. Their interaction as well as the potential modulating effects of additional confounding factors is poorly known. Therefore, we aimed to identify and evaluate confounding factors affecting the prognostic value of obesity and hyperglycemia in relation to mortality and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID-19.

Methods

Consecutive patients admitted in two Hospitals from Italy (Bologna and Rome) and three from Spain (Barcelona and Girona) as well as subjects from Primary Health Care centers. Mortality from COVID-19 and risk for ICU admission were evaluated using logistic regression analyses and machine learning (ML) algorithms.

Results

As expected, among 3,065 consecutive patients, both obesity and hyperglycemia were independent predictors of ICU admission. A ML variable selection strategy confirmed these results and identified hyperglycemia, blood hemoglobin and serum bilirubin associated with increased mortality risk. In subjects with blood hemoglobin levels above the median, hyperglycemic and morbidly obese subjects had increased mortality risk than normoglycemic individuals or non-obese subjects. However, no differences were observed among individuals with hemoglobin levels below the median. This was particularly evident in men: those with severe hyperglycemia and hemoglobin concentrations above the median had 30 times increased mortality risk compared with men without hyperglycemia. Importantly, the protective effect of female sex was lost in subjects with increased hemoglobin levels.

Conclusions

Blood hemoglobin substantially modulates the influence of hyperglycemia on increased mortality risk in patients with COVID-19. Monitoring hemoglobin concentrations seem of utmost importance in the clinical settings to help clinicians in the identification of patients at increased death risk.
Volumetric MRI-Based Biomarkers in Huntington's Disease: An Evidentiary Review
Authors: Kinnunen Kirsi M. , Schwarz Adam J. , Turner Emily C. , Pustina Dorian , Gantman Emily C. , Gordon Mark F. , Joules Richard , Mullin Ariana P. , Scahill Rachael I. , Georgiou-Karistianis Nellie ,   The Huntington's Disease Regulatory Science Consortium (HD-RSC)
Published: December 2021

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by expansion of a CAG-repeat tract in the huntingtin gene and characterized by motor impairment, cognitive decline, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. Neuropathological studies show that disease progression follows a characteristic pattern of brain atrophy, beginning in the basal ganglia structures. The HD Regulatory Science Consortium (HD-RSC) brings together diverse stakeholders in the HD community—biopharmaceutical industry, academia, nonprofit, and patient advocacy organizations—to define and address regulatory needs to accelerate HD therapeutic development. Here, the Biomarker Working Group of the HD-RSC summarizes the cross-sectional evidence indicating that regional brain volumes, as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, are reduced in HD and are correlated with disease characteristics. We also evaluate the relationship between imaging measures and clinical change, their longitudinal change characteristics, and within-individual longitudinal associations of imaging with disease progression. This analysis will be valuable in assessing pharmacodynamics in clinical trials and supporting clinical outcome assessments to evaluate treatment effects on neurodegeneration.
Hologram Technology For E-Learning Arabic Language Pre-Primary And Primary School
Authors: Hassan Ismail Noor , Sitompul Nurmida Chaterine , Nurjati Nunung
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study was finding the starting grade class in pre-primary and early primary school that adjustable with e-learning hologram technology for e-learning Arabic language.This experimental design research used a mixed (1) quantitative method for score of control groups- traditional learning and experimental groups-hologram e-learning of primary school (2) qualitative method for descriptive assesement reports, interview and observation of pre-primary school. The population was taken from 2 IBS with total 68 participants. The validation quantitative data was analyzed by SPSS software: t –test and else Mann–Whitney test, meta-analysis to describe result for conclusion. The qualitative uses triangulation of descriptive data for validation. The result shows that 1st grade, the sig. (2tailed) result 1.00 > 0.05  and 2sc of primary school, the sig. (2tailed) result 0.843 > 0.05 with hologram are indicating no significant gap with traditional learning, same effectiveness, but for pre-primary school with hologram is less-classical completeness 52.5% < 85%. The conclusion is hologram technology of e-learning Arabic language subject adjustable for primary school starting 1st grade and 2sc, but yet, not for pre-primary school which lean to the content attractiveness.
EFFECT OF SKINNER'S LEARNING THEORY WITH PICTURE AND PICTURE MODEL ON THE ABILITY OF MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDING OF STUDENTS IBNU HAJAR MANDIRI
Authors: Wibisono Hendar Ahmad , Putra Hendri Eka Jaya , Muslim Suyitno
Published: December 2021

Mathematics is often considered a scourge for the field of study that is considered difficult and boring, the learning carried out is teacher-centered where students are less active and only accept the learning delivered by the teacher. Based on this background, the purpose of this research is to find out the improvement of students' mathematical understanding skills whose learning uses Skinner's learning theory through picture and picture models, to find out the differences in students' mathematical understanding abilities who use Skinner's learning theory through picture and picture models with those who do not use Skinner's learning theory but through the picture and picture model, and knowing the student's response to learning using Skinner's learning theory through the picture and picture model. The research method used is a true experimental method with a population of all eighth-grade students of Ibnu Hajar Mandiri Bekasi Junior High School for the 2020/2021 academic year. Sampling was done purposively. The instrument is a test about the description of students' mathematical understanding abilities on function material and questionnaire sheets. The results showed that learning mathematics using Skinner's learning theory through picture and picture models can improve students' mathematical understanding skills, besides that there are differences in the mathematical understanding of students whose learning uses Skinner's learning theory through picture and picture models with students whose learning does not use Skinner's learning theory but through picture and picture models. The student's response after using Skinner's learning theory through the picture and picture model was considered good. This shows that only a small number of students still consider mathematics a very difficult and boring subject.
Millî Kütüphane YzA 4466 Numarada Bulunan Bir Dua Mecmûası Üzerine
Authors: ÇAKIR Müjgan
Published: December 2021

Muhteva bakımından oldukça geniş bir konu yelpazesine sahip olan mecmûalarda toplanan metinlerden birisi de dualardır. Mecmûa mürettibleri sadece duaları biraraya getirmekle kalmaz, bunların ne gibi faydaları olacağı konusunda sıralanan bilgilere de yer verirler. Kimi dua mecmûaları duaların hem aslına hem de faydalarına yer veriyorken, kimileri de bu makalede incelenen mecmûada olduğu gibi sadece duaların faydalarını toplamış olabilir. Bu makalede Milli Kütüphane YzA 4466 numarada yer alan özel bir dua mecmûası tanıtılmış, bu mecmûada yer alan bilgiler hakkında değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuş ve mecmûanın transkripsiyonlu metnine yer verilmiştir.
Penerapan Text Mining Analisis Sentimen Mengenai Vaksin Covid - 19 Menggunakan Metode Naïve Bayes
Authors: Fathonah Fira , Herliana Asti
Published: December 2021

Sejak wabah covid-19 melanda dunia, media sosial merupakan media yang paling banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk tetap beraktivitas dan berinteraksi dengan masyarakat lainnya. Selain masyarakat umum, pemerintah utamanya pemerintah Indonesia juga memanfaatkan media ini untuk memberikan berbagai informasi dan pelayanan yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Salah satu hal yang sedang hangat diperbincangkan di media sosial utamanya twitter adalah mengenai vaksin covid-19. Berbagai komentar dilontarkan oleh para pengguna baik positif dan negatif. Dalam rangka mengetahui tanggapan masyarakat terhadap adanya vaksin covid-19 ini, maka pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan analisis sentimen terhadap vaksin covid-19 dengan menggunakan metode Naïve Bayes. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian terhadap 100 data latih yang kemudian dipilih kembali dengan menggunakan teknik data crawling menjadi 34 data, didapatkan bahwa analisis sentimen dari pengguna twitter untuk vaksin covid-19 ini didapatkan persentase accuracy sebesar 100%
Klasifikasi Tingkat Rumah Tangga Miskin Saat Pandemi Dengan Naïve Bayes Classifier
Authors: Harliana Harliana , Putra Fatra Nonggala
Published: December 2021

Secara definisi kemiskinan merupakan suatu kondisi individu ditingkat rumah tangga yang dinilai berdasarkan karaktersitik kemiskinan. Sebagai dampak dari pandemi covid-19 prosentase rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia meningkat sekitar 9,78%. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka penelitian ini akan melakukan klasifikasi dengan algoritma Naïve Bayes Classification untuk menentukan rumah tangga miskin melalui parameter survey ekonomi Nasional Tahun 2020 Modul Ketahanan Sosial yang berfokus pada pengeluaran dan konsumsi perkapita responden selama pandemic. Sedangkan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan akurasi tertinggi yang dihasilkan oleh Naïve Bayes Classification dalam penentuan rumah tangga miskin. Menurut hasil pengujian dengan confusion matrix dan 10-fold cross validation didapatkan bahwa rata-rata akurasi tertinggi terjadi pada fold ke-10 dengan nilai accuracy 93,21%; precision 86,3%; dan recall 80,11%. Hal ini berarti bahwa akurasi yang dihasilkan oleh naïve bayes classifier dalam melakukan clasifikasi rumah tangga miskin cukup tinggi
NEED FOR TRAINING OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS FROM OUTPATIENT CARE FOR BURNS INJURIES
Authors: Dimitrova Anushka
Published: December 2021

The severity of the burn, as a trauma is a three-dimensional magnitude determining the localization, the vastness and depth of tissue damage. It is essential that the period from the onset of the trauma to the beginning and method of treatment. Depending on timely and adequate medical care for victims with burns, possible complications can be significantly reduced and prevented. According to the normative requirements for acquiring professional competence, health care professionals must possess special training and education in the scope of the specialty "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery" (PVEH). The purpose of this study is to study awareness of the burns and the need to train healthcare professionals from outpatient care. The study was conducted in the period March-April 2019 year among 134 health care professionals working in outpatient clinics for specialized medical care (individual or group practice), medical centers and diagnostic advisory centers on the territory of Sofia City. The study used the dokumen¬tal and sociological method through its own survey. Results. The highest relative share is the health care professionals with work experience from 21 to 30 years (38.06%) from 11 to 20 years (34.33%). The analysis of the results showed that over half (55.97%) Professionals can partly cope with a burning incident. Every fifth of respondents (20.15%) Professional preparation for medical care and 23.88% of them respond negatively. A significant share of respondents (94.77%) Want to participate in training on the topic of burns 67.16% of them giving a categorical answer "yes, completely” , 27.61% say "yes, partly". 98.05% of professionals consider it necessary to provide information to parents about the possible risk of incineration in children, with 91.79% expected to contribute to reducing incidents in their rearing. Conclusion. In recent years, health care reforms have been oriented towards improving the quality of medical care, as the main task of medical institutions to provide affordable health care. The quality of healthcare has a multi-factor modality of criteria such as safety, accessibility, adequacy, patient satisfaction, social fairness and final health care outcomes.
ACUTE VENLAFAXINE OVERDOSE WITH POSITIVE URINE IMMUNOASSAY FOR TRAMADOL – CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC OVERLAP - CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE OVERVIEW
Authors: Zanina Pereska , Janicevic-Ivanovska Danijela , Bekjarovski Niko , Simonovska Natasha , Babulovska Aleksandra
Published: December 2021

Objective. The overlapping of pharmacokinetics and/or the pharmacodynamics of medicines causes the occurrence of overlapping clinical syndromes and diagnostic issues, potentiated in overdoses. We report a case of severe venlafaxine poisoning where the clinical presentation and the results of rapid immunoassay test overlapped with tramadol intoxication.
Case presentation. An unconscious women with recurrent seizers, hypertension and supposed acute medication poisoning in suicidal attempt was transported to our clinic. Previously, she had been lavaged, rehydrated and treated with 20 mg diazepam iv, 40 mg furosemide at the local general hospital. Her regular tablet therapy consisted of losartan, levothyroxine, venlafaxine, occasionally tramadol.
At admission she was comatose, with isochoric normal pupils, BP 130/80 mm Hg, SaO2 86%, and recurrent episodes of seizures treated with 10mg diazepam iv, ocular clonus, hypertonus, temperature 38.9C, diaphoresis, facial hyperaemia, dark coloured urine, hyponatremia and rhabdomyolisis. The lateral flow immunoassay (AbuGnostR) was positive for tramadol, but the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay did not confirm it. After 36 hours of intensive treatment she became somnolent and reported ingestion of 2250 mg tbl Venlafaxine. The AbuGnost R test detects tramadol at cut off urine values 200ng/ml, but present cross reactivity with O-desmethyl-venlafaxine at cut off values up to 25000ng/ml. The following days she complained of muscular weakness, headaches and cognitive impairment, which lasted for more then one month after release from hospital.
Conclusion. High concentrations of venlafaxine metabolites induce false positive tramadol immunoassay (AbuGnostR) test. Overlapping clinical presentations and metabolic pathways of venlafaxine and tramadol should alert physicians when interpret rapid immunoassay test. The mandatory principle when making medical decisions should cover synthesis of critically interpreted toxicology analysis, interview data and clinical features of the poisoning, which may help to avoid misleading conclusions and improve the diagnostic and therapy decisions.
INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANTIBIOTICS AND THE ANTIBIOTIC RESIDENCE OF THE POPULATION FROM THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
Authors: Zdravkovska Milka , Darkovska-Serafimovska Marija , Bozinovska-Beaka Gordana , Zivkova Svetlana
Published: December 2021

One of the biggest achievements of the second half of the last century, in the field of medicine, was the antibiotics development. Today, their uncontrolled and inappropriate usage is considered as a huge public health problem, because of the occurrence of antibiotics resistance resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Around 50% of the antibiotics prescribed during the hospitalization period of the patients are unnecessary or inappropriate. Endemic forms of occurrence and maintenance of resistant and multiresistant bacteria in hospitals, especially in intensive care units, increase morbidity, treatment costs and mortality of hospitalized patients. Aim: To confirm the information and knowledge of the antibiotics usage and antibiotics resistance among the population of the eastern region of Republic of North Macedonia. Material and Methods: The paper is a transphase study conducted in the period from 01.10.2018 30.11.2018 on the territory of the municipalities of Stip, Probistip, Kocani, Radovis and Strumica. Fur fulfilling the set goals, a specially designed questionnaire was made, and a total of 526 respondents fulfilled it voluntarily and anonymously. The descriptive and the analytical epidemiological method of work were used. Results: From the total number of 526 respondents, 230 (43,7%) were men, and 296 (56,3%) were women. The respondents were on the age from 18 to 70 years. 385 (73,2%) of them live in a city. The female population take antibiotics with a doctor's recommendation more in comparison with the male population. More than 50% of the respondents confirmed that the antibiotics affect both bacterias and viruses. 98 (42,6%) of the men, and 264 (56,1%) of the women responded that they are aware what antibiotics resistance is. From the total number of 264 respondents who said that know about antibiotics resistance, only 127 (48,1%) indicate that the doctors and tge pharmacists as the source of information. Conclusion: The population of the eastern region of our country is not informed enough for antibiotics usage and the antibiotics resistance. The information that only 127 (24,1%) respondents of a total number of 526 respondents has gained their information from doctors and pharmacists is worrying. The main reason for appearing of resistance to bacteria is excessive and unconscious use of antibiotics, their unnecessary consumption, discontinuation of the treatment before it is completed, taking inadequate (smaller) doses than necessary and disregarding the correct intervals when taking therapy.
SIMPLE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD WITH UV DETECTION FOR DETERMINATION OF BROMAZEPAM IN SOLID PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: Brcina Irena , Darkovska Serafimovska Marija , Serafimovska Tijana , Balkanov Trajan , Gjorgjeska Biljana
Published: December 2021

Bromazepam is a psychoactive drug belonging to class of benzodiazepines with well-known hypnotic and sedative effects. It acts on the central neural system as an inhibitor of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid. It is frequently prescribed for treatment of severe anxiety, to reduce tension, agitation and depression. Dissolution testing (the process by which a solid solute enters in to a solution) is a requirement for all solid oral dosage forms and is used in all phases of research and development for product release and stability testing. Tablet dissolution test is a standardized method for measuring the rate of drug release from a dosage form and it simulates the percentage of active substance that can be absorbed into the blood circulation. The direct determination of Bromazepam in pharmaceutical dosage forms using HPLC with UV detector to carry out dissolution test, have not yet been described. Development of HPLC method with UV detection for direct determination of in-vitro dissolution test of Bromazepam tablets, which can be used in the same time as method for determination of assay of Bromazepam in Bromazepam tablets, can make analytical procedure easier and quicker. A simple, selective, linear, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for assay and in-vitro dissolution test of Bromazepam tablets. The method was validated according to the guidelines set by the International Conference of Harmonization for validation of analytical procedures. The chromatographic separation was carried out using reversed phase HPLC LiChrospher RP Select B column (125 x 4.0 mm i.d.; 5μm) at temperature of 50oC. Mobile phase was consisting of the mixture of methanol, acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, adjusted with 0.5M Potassium hydroxide), with the ratio of 45:5:50 (v/v/v) and flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The detection was carried out at 239 nm. System suitability tests were performed through evaluation of different parameters (retention time, tailing factor, retention factor and selectivity) on freshly prepared standard solution of bromazepam. The retention time of bromazepam in 0,1M HCl was 3.5 min. High percentage of recovery shows that the method is free from the interferences from excipients in test samples. Linearity of response was calculated as a ratio of peak areas of bromazepam vs. concentration in 0,1M HCl and spiked tablets in the concentration range of 0.0018 – 0.016 mgmL-1. The response was linear over the concentration range of 0.0018 – 0.016 mgmL-1 and coefficient of correlation was greater than 0.99. Good linearity shows that the proposed method may be useful for quickly and routinely determination of the percentage of dissolved bromazepam from bromazepam tablets and it can be a method of choice for assay determination in the same time.
POISONOUS SNAKES OF BULGARIA: СLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Atmazhova Olimpiada , Barzashka Evgenia , Petkova Iskra
Published: December 2021

Snakes are cold-blooded, legless reptiles of the suborder Serpentes. They belong to the order - Squamates. They conjure contradictory feelings in man: fear and honor, disgust and admiration. Snake symbol is found in almost all cultures of the world. Snake is perceived variously by different nations and different religions. In one, the snake is a symbol of the environmental forces of nature, and in others it is associated with evil and chaos. Of the 3000 species of snakes in the globe, only 400 are poisonous.
The aim of the present study is to analyze the clinical course, the specific treatment and the prophylactic measures for poisonous snakes bites, the presentation of the poisonous snakes in Bulgaria and the most poisonous ones in the world. Analysis of epidemiological data in the world and in the Pleven region for the last 8 years.
This study investigates clinical cases of poisonous bites in the Pleven region. Was obtained a comparative analysis of epidemiological data and methodological justification of the results.
There are 18 species of snakes in Bulgaria, 4 of which are poisonous. Snakes that may pose a threat to human life are Vipera berus and the Vipera ammodytes.
Definitive for snake bite is a combination of local toxic damages with general toxic effects.
The bites of the Vipera berus are leading in Pleven region because of geographical peculiarities (altitude). For the period 2011 – 2018 years 63 patients with snakes bites were hospitalized. They account 1.75% of the total toxicology pathology. 52% of them are men and 48% are women. 56 % of patients were only with local symptoms, 44% were with local and general symptoms. 69% of patients were with slightly severity of the clinical course, 23% were with medium severity and 8% with high severity. Lethal cases were 0%.
According to WHO data, 5 million people are exposed to bites per year. Prior to applying modern treatment methods, lethality accounts for 20-40% and in some countries up to 70%. Now, thanks to the use of anti-virus serum, the number of deaths has decreased significantly.
Although there are no lethal snakes in Bulgaria, every bite is not to be underestimated due to the fact that complications for people with health problems are very severe.
INFLUENCE OF SUNSHINE ON THE SERUM LEVELS OF VITAMIN D
Authors: Dobreva Ivelina , Teneva Pavlina , Trencheva Valya
Published: December 2021

Vitamin D - anti-rheumatic vitamin - directly related to calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone formation. In recent years, it has been proven to be much more important because it also has an impact on cells of the immune system, heart, endocrine and muscle cells. Vitamin deficiency also involves mental illness such as depression and schizophrenia.
For the synthesis of enough vitamin D it is necessary to have a daily, all year round direct exposure to direct sunlight for at least 20-30 minutes a day.
The geographic location of Republic of Bulgaria provides the average annual sunshine duration around 2150 hours and it is about 49% of the maximum possible sunshine.
However, the majority (58.33%) of the study participants had a "deficiency" in serum levels of vitamin D, snd there is also a large percentage of those who are less often outdoors.
GEOMEDICAL TOURISM – OUTDOOR HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ANTI-GEOPATHIC STRESS TREATMENT
Authors: Staneva Krasimira
Published: December 2021

Geopathic stress and electrosmog affect on the human health in different ways. The list of symptoms is varied and very impressive, but the real problems posed for the study require a specialized approach to diagnosing the main causes of its occurrence and determines the presence of a new type of disease which described by the WHO in 2002 as "Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity Syndrome - EHS". Our attention as researchers focuses on the capabilities of geopathology (geobiology) to identify the causes of geopathic stress and to describe solutions for its neutralization. The aim of presented study was to create specialized tourism destination in pure nature for wellbeing and prevention of geopathic stress and electrosmog impact. The goal is to test the geomedical tourism as a special approach and problem solving. Objects of research: 16 famous Wellness and SPA destinations from 4 countries: Bansko, Sunny Beach, Pomorie (Bulgaria), Sulzberg- Bregenz (Austria), Ochrid (N Macedonia), Bad Griesbach (Germany) which were examined in 2010-2017. Methods: Test of differentiated self-assessment of the functional state (SAN), Applied Kinesiology Test, Geopathic stress Sequences (GSAS) and geomedical assessment of environment. Results: the core of Geomedical tourism destination management is a geomedical environment assessment of Climate recreation potential, Forest recreation potential- herbs, woods, lichens, Landscape recreation assessment, Environment assessment, Geopathic stress evaluation, Geological places assessment, Biomedical assessment of natural resources and Wellbeing effect. Some outlined benefits of outdoor recreation including post treatment geopathic stress analysis and Applied Kinesiology test-AK. Their positive results we can apply as an additional key for Geomedical tourism destination’s modelling. Our results from SAN test before and after treatment are very motivated to go over it. Conslusion. Geomedical tourism as a live style coaching including outdoor physical exercises, anti-stress massages, special nutrition menu, breathing treatment, forest meditation and geotherapy. Obviously, all forms of proactive and reactive healthcare including geomedical practices are part of health prevention tourism. Outcomes of Geomedical tourism: Creation and promotion of Individual Well Fare Guidelines for sustainability ecological and social life.
APPLICATION OF BLASTWARE SOFTWARE FOR MEASURING MICROCOLIMIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Baftiu Naim , Bytyqi Raif
Published: December 2021

Safety and health at work as per legislation is conceived as an integral part of the organization of work and work process and on this basis is provided every worker and every useful work, regardless of the type and complexity of the work, which is in accordance with the constitutional principle regarding the right of every worker for protection at work. Instantel Blastware software, the Windows software companion to your Instantel vibration monitor offers powerful, easy-to-use features, for event management, compliance reporting and advanced data analysis. Blastware software is designed to perform several tasks to assist with your monitoring operations. The software can be used to program any Series II, III or IV Instantel monitor, manage recorded events, remotely control monitors, as well as customize report content, language, frequency standard, and more. The program consists of two modules: the Compliance Module and the Advanced Module. The Compliance Module comes standard with each Instantel monitor. The Advanced Module, which is optional, includes powerful data analysis features and extended monitor setup options. Powerful Event Manager simplifies file transfer from monitor and file management on the computer, Operator interface is intuitive and user-friendly, Customized Event Reports with over 20 selectable National Frequency Standards to create compliance reports, Easy-to-use Frequency (FFT) Analysis and reporting, Monitoring setup utilities to configure systems for remote monitoring with modem communications, Blastware Mail automatically distributes event data to email and text messaging devices, Transfer event data to ASCII format.The purpose of this paper is the correlation of periodic measurements for the summer season in the company "Newko Balkan L.L.C." - Suharekë, with Instantel Blastware software.
APPLICATION OF BIOPRINTING IN CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE (REVIEW)
Authors: Bakova Desislava , Kilova Kristina , Semerdjieva Maria
Published: December 2021

3D printing is an advanced recent technology, which can be a revolutionary alternative with a variety of applications in the transplant and healthcare industry in general. 3D printing research is investigated in various fields within the healthcare industry; some of which are discussed in this article. 3D printing of human tissue and organs can revolutionize the healthcare industry by extending the average life expectancy and greatly improving the quality of life for millions of people. Organ recipients will no longer have to wait months or years for a donor with the correct blood type, organ transplant rejection will be abolished, illegal human trafficking for organ harvesting can be minimized, and war and accident amputees can once again gain full mobility. 3D Bioprinting may have unprecedented consequences on regenerative medicine and quality of life while minimizing social and legal issues which currently surround human embryo techniques.
CBRN EVENT - DO WE NEED MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Valkanova Elena , Kostadinov Rostislav
Published: December 2021

Nowadays the risk level for Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) events raises globally. The industrialization is leading to establishing of thousands plants, where toxic industrial materials are used into the processes or are end products. Radioactive materials are widely used into different industries, while biological and geno-modified products are found all over world. The increased use requires proper and diligent transportation and storage. If any of these processes is jeopardized a CBRN event could occur. Another grim scenario, unfortunately, present into modern world war conflicts is the use of Weapons of Mass Destruction – Iran-Iraq War, Gulf War, War in Yugoslavia, Syria etc. The aim of this study is to analyse the hospital staff awareness regarding the need of focused medical intelligence in case of CBRN event. Material and methods: By the means of descriptive and comparative methods the records from diverse CBRN events’ medical support and hospitals involvement into the process are analysed in order to highlight the significance of the promptly, adequate and timely performed medical intelligence for assuring the medical support success. Dichotomous survey among 54 medical professionals was performed in order to discover their awareness regarding medical intelligence performance in case of CBRN event.
Results and discussion: Great majority of the inquired hospital staff completely ignores the medical intelligence as first step in case of CBRN event that endangers both medical staff and casualties. Conclusion: Medical Intelligence has to be taught in greatest details during medical managers’ education.
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Authors: Emurlai Redzep
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the author presents a case of acute pancreatitis.
There was a history of chronic cholecydtitis calculosa was removed and massive steatonecrosis of the abdominal organs was succesffully surgically treated.
PALLIATIVE CARE AND EUTHANASIA – CONVERGENCE POINTS AND PUBLIC ATTITUDES
Authors: Sabev Nikola
Published: December 2021

The palliative care for patients focuses primarily on reducing suffering through all stages of the disease, regardless of its form and stage - acute, chronic (compensated and decompensated) or terminal. The palliative medicine is based on an interdisciplinary approach, including the active work of professionals from different fields - physicians, pharmacists, health care professionals, social workers, pedagogues, psychologists whose efforts are aimed at limiting physical, psycho-emotional and social deficits, accompanying mostly the advanced diseases. The palliative care is an integral part of the general health care and is aimed not only at a specific patient or condition, but also supports people and their families through the different stages of their lives. This implies a wide range of knowledge, skills, beliefs and attitudes to provide adequate and comprehensive care for all, especially in the presence of an advanced stage of illness with a focus on the quality of life, the onset of death and overcoming the grief of the loss of a close person. Many international documents on bioethics address the right to life as a human right and dignity, complementing this conclusion with the right to a dignified death. Thus, the euthanasia as a terminal approach and a means of resolving the problem of ending the life, began to penetrate into modern medicine under the influence of a number of factors - scientific, moral, legal, economic, religious, philosophical and social. This makes it more and more from a matter of death (which is inevitable for all organisms) in a managing of the process of dying and its associated unfavorable events such as fear, sorrow and loneliness. It is possible to offer a help in finalizing the life process, where the role of the patient can vary from very active to absolute passive. From the antiquity to the modern times in the different societies, there are different perceptions and attitudes about the occurrence of the death and its support. The proposed paper examines the main components of the palliative care, their organization, goals, methodologies and outcomes, offering an analysis of the awareness and the attitude of a modern Bulgarian population as well as the existing attitudes about the introduction and legalization of the euthanasia as a method of application in patients with terminal or untreated disease.
SEASONALITY IN THE APPEARANCE OF INTRA HOSPITAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Chapevska Emilija
Published: December 2021

Intrahospital, clinical infections (IHI) present very significant public health problem, in our country, and worldwide. They present local or systemic infections caused by microorganisms acquired in the period of hospitalization. The infection is a result of transmission of the infective agent to the sensitive host/patient, most commonly by direct or indirect contact, at least 48 to 72 hours after hospitalization.
In order to decrease the occurrence of the intrahospital infections, which at this moment are considered as the main reason for appearing of serious complications among the patients, the authorities should take preventive measures, improve the education of the medical staff, and to create unified protocols. Well organized prevention programs can decrease the occurrence of the clinical infections by ⅓, which is very important, taking into consideration the medical, economic, and ethical aspects.
Aim of the paper: To confirm if there is a pattern in tgeoccurance of the intrahospital infections.
Materials and methods: For fulfilling the aim, analysis of all registered infections in 10 departments in the Clinic in Shtip in the period of two years have been made. The data is taken from the department of epidemiology and microbiology of the Center of Public Health in Shtip, where all the materials for analysis were being sent. It was used the descriptive epidemiological method of work.
Results: From the total number of 594 samples taken for microbiological analysis in the period of two years (2015 and 2016), 471 of the result came up negative, and in 123 samples pathogenic bacterias were found. Most of the samples for monitoring the intrahospital infections were sent by the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics -117(19,7%), Department of orthopedic diseases - 95(16%) and Department of Surgical diseases - 74(12,5), and the smallest number were sent by the hospital laboratory - 5(0,8%). According to the season of registration of the intrahospital infections, most of them, in both of the groups, were registered in July, August and September.
Conclusion: Intrahospital infections are being registered through the whole year as a sporadic and endemic in the departments of the Clinic in Shtip. According to the season, most of them, in both of the groups, were registered in July, August and September.
PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE OF MENTORS DURING THE PRE-GRADUATION TRAINEESHIP OF FUTURE NURSES
Authors: Dragusheva Snezhana , Petleshkova Penka , Paskaleva Tanya
Published: December 2021

Modern European systems of education and training in the field of healthcare are designed to train competent professionals able to provide high quality healthcare to society, and also motivated to continue improving their education and training. The job of the registered nurse requires high professionalism and participation in continuous post-graduate training and courses so that nurses can maintain a high level of competence.
The mentor of future nurses has to be able to identify the different levels of acquired knowledge, skills and competences in trainees.
Aim: The aim of this study is to establish the pedagogical competence of mentors and their readiness and preparation to participate in the process of training and education during the pre-graduation traineeship of the future registered nurse.
Methods and subjects: In order to research the opinion of mentors of their own pedagogical competence and skills to participate in the training process during pre-graduation traineeship of the trainee-nurses assigned to them, we surveyed mentors at the following university hospitals – ‘St. George’ University Hospital, Plovdiv, MPHAL AD Haskovo, ‘Dr. At. Dafovski’ MPHAT Kardzhali, University Hospital – Stara Zagora.
Findings and discussion: The questionnaire included questions to the mentors for the purpose of establishing their opinion of the required pedagogical competences and the need of further training of the mentors, and, if such need is established, the topics that should be covered. Further training of mentors shall facilitate a better quality training process during pre-graduation traineeships. By mastering pedagogical and methodological skills for working with trainees, mentors will be able to participate more fully and productively in the practical training of the students.
Conclusion: The high competence of the mentor comprises skills to communicate efficiently and demonstrate a kind and positive attitude to students and patients, and gain their confidence.
THE ROLE OF THE PATRONAGE NURSE IN THE PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF DISEASES IN CHILDREN UP TO 12 MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Kostadinova Donka , Panova Gordana
Published: December 2021

The potential of the health visitors’ home visit in prevention and early detection of diseases in children up to 12 months of age was evaluated by analysis of the correlation among the time of the neonatal death and causes of infant mortality in the Republic of North Macedonia for the period 2013-2017. It was found that the infectious diseases were the most attributable for neonatal deaths in infants older than 1 month suggesting the need for higher involvement of the health visitors in addressing this issue. The role of the health visitor is in terms of education, care, promotion of hygiene and improvement of living conditions, as well as in stimulating the exclusive breastfeeding of up to 6 months of age of the infant, and demystifying the parents' doubts regarding timely immunization. Through a cross-sectional on-line survey into the current situation in the Rep. N. Macedonia, it was found that a significant percentage of the respondents were dissatisfied with the counselling approach and the competence of the health visitor; some of them were not even visited by the service. Due to this dissatisfaction, the trust in the medical personnel is reduced, particularly regarding the immunization concerns. The survey data demonstrates the need for improvement of the health visiting service in terms of advancement in counselling skills, rigorous work monitoring, and higher level of health visitors training regarding the recognition of the symptoms of infectious diseases, the methods for successful breastfeeding, and their capability to raise awareness for timely immunization.