bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The friend of my enemy is my enemy: International alliances and international terrorism
Authors: PLÜMPER THOMAS , NEUMAYER ERIC
Published: October 2009

Terrorism is an instrument for groups that cannot achieve their political goals legally. One important strategic function of terrorism is to weaken the government – either directly by attacking representatives or supporters of the government or indirectly by causing a political response that is unpopular among the population. Often, however, political stability of the home government is buttressed by foreign powers. In this case, the terrorists can have a strategic interest in attacking nationals of these foreign countries. This article analyses this logic by looking at international alliances as a proxy for international support. If the friend of my enemy is my enemy, then terror entrepreneurs, which seek to overthrow their home country's government (the enemy), may find it attractive to target nationals of the foreign allies of their country (the friends of the enemy). The theory in this article predicts that attacking nationals of a foreign ally is particularly attractive if this ally is militarily more powerful than the home country. Moreover, the combined effect of alliance and relative power differentials becomes stronger the more democratic the ally and becomes weaker the more democratic the terrorists' home country. Empirical support for the hypotheses in this article is found in an analysis of a directed country dyad sample of international terrorism.
Growth in women's political representation: A longitudinal exploration of democracy, electoral system and gender quotas
Authors: PAXTON PAMELA , HUGHES MELANIE M. , PAINTER MATTHEW A.
Published: October 2009

The expansion of women's formal political representation ranks among the most significant trends in international politics of the last 100 years. Though women made steady political progress, substantial country‐level variation exists in patterns of growth and change. In this article, longitudinal theories are developed to examine how political factors affect women's political representation over time. Latent growth curve models are used to assess the growth of women in politics in 110 countries from 1975 to 2000. The article investigates how electoral systems, national‐level gender quotas and growth of democracy – both political rights and civil liberties – impact country‐level trajectories of women's legislative representation. It is found: first, national quotas do affect women's political presence, but at a lower level than legislated by law; second, the impact of a proportional representation system on women's political representation is steady over time; and third, democracy, especially civil liberties, does not affect the level of women's political representation in the earliest period, but does influence the growth of women's political representation over time. These findings both reinforce and challenge prior cross‐sectional models of women's political representation.
If things can only get worse: Anticipation of enlargement in European Union legislative politics
Authors: LEUFFEN DIRK , HERTZ ROBIN
Published: October 2009

Anticipation is a central feature of political behaviour. It has an impact on actors' choices and can change the timing of decisions. This article analyses anticipation in legislative politics. After delineating different objects as well as consequences of anticipation theoretically, a set of hypotheses about anticipatory behaviour in EU decision‐making is derived. In particular, it is asked whether the EU Council anticipates the arrival of new Member States and how this affects legislative output. The theory is tested by estimating count models using a dataset that contains information on all binding EU legislation from 1976 to 2007. Covering five enlargement rounds, evidence is presented for anticipatory behaviour in EU legislative politics.
NS11021, a novel opener of large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+channels, enhances erectile responses in rats
Authors: Kun A , Matchkov VV , Stankevicius E , Nardi A , Hughes AD , Kirkeby HJ , Demnitz J , Simonsen U
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose: Large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+channels (BKCa), located on the arterial and corporal smooth muscle, are potential targets for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). This study investigated whether NS11021 (1‐(3,5‐Bis‐trifluoromethyl‐phenyl)‐3‐[4‐bromo‐2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐phenyl]‐thiourea), a novel opener of BKCachannels, relaxes erectile tissuein vitroand enhances erectile responses in intact rats. The effects were compared with sildenafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5.

Experimental approach: Patch clamp was used to record whole cell current in rat isolated corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Isometric tension was measured in intracavernous arterial rings and corpus cavernosum strips isolated from rats and men, and simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) and tension were performed in intracavernous arteries. Erectile response was measured in anaesthetized rats.

Key results: In patch clamp recordings, NS11021 increased currents sensitive to the selective BKCachannel blocker, iberiotoxin (IbTX) in SMCs, but did not modulate K+current in HUVECs. NS11021 reduced [Ca2+]iand tension in penile arteries. IbTX inhibited the vasorelaxation induced by NS11021 and sildenafil in human erectile tissue. NS11021 and sildenafil but not vehicle increased erectile responses in anaesthetized rats, an effect which was abolished after pretreatment with tetraethylammonium.

Conclusions and implications: NS11021 leads to relaxation of both intracavernous arteries and corpus cavernosum strips primarily through opening of BKCachannels. It is also effective in facilitating erectile responses in anaesthetized rats. These results suggest a potential for use of BKCaopeners in the treatment of ED.
Beneficial effect of a hydrogen sulphide donor (sodium sulphide) in an ovine model of burn‐ and smoke‐induced acute lung injury
Authors: Esechie Aimalohi , Enkhbaatar Perenlei , Traber Daniel L , Jonkam Collette , Lange Matthias , Hamahata Atsumori , Djukom Clarisse , Whorton Elbert B , Hawkins Hal K , Traber Lillian D , Szabo Csaba
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  The present study investigated whether the pathophysiological changes induced by burn and smoke inhalation are modulated by parenteral administration of Na2S, a H2S donor.

Experimental approach:  The study used a total of 16 chronically instrumented, adult female sheep. Na2S was administered 1 h post injury, as a bolus injection at a dose of 0.5 mg·kg−1 and subsequently, as a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.2 mg·kg−1·h−1 for 24 h. Cardiopulmonary variables (mean arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, ventricular stroke work index, vascular resistance) and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured. Lung wet‐to‐dry ratio and myeloperoxidase content and protein oxidation and nitration were also measured. In addition, lung inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cytochrome c were measured in lung homogenates via Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) respectively.

Key results:  The H2S donor decreased mortality during the 96 h experimental period, improved pulmonary gas exchange and lowered further increase in inspiratory pressure and fluid accumulation associated with burn‐ and smoke‐induced acute lung injury. Further, the H2S donor treatment reduced the presence of protein oxidation and 3‐nitrotyrosine formation following burn and smoke inhalation injury.

Conclusions and implications:  Parenteral administration of the H2S donor ameliorated the pulmonary pathophysiological changes associated with burn‐ and smoke‐induced acute lung injury. Based on the effect of H2S observed in this clinically relevant model of disease, we propose that treatment with H2S or its donors may represent a potential therapeutic strategy in managing patients with acute lung injury.
Effect of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor, on coagulation in beagle dogs
Authors: Choppin A , Irwin I , Lach L , McDonald MG , Rettie AE , Shao L , Becker C , Palme MP , Paliard X , Bowersox S , Dennis DM , Druzgala P
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  Tecarfarin (ATI‐5923) is a novel vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor that is metabolized by esterase (mainly human carboxylesterase 2) to a single major metabolite, ATI‐5900, in rats, dogs and humans. Tecarfarin is not significantly metabolized by CYP450 enzymes. The objective of this study was to test and compare the efficacy of tecarfarin with that of warfarin, when administered either intravenously or once a day orally, to produce stable anticoagulation in beagle dogs.

Experimental approach:  Effects on coagulation were assessed by measuring the activity levels of Factor VII and Factor X and thromboplastin‐induced coagulation times, reported as prothrombin time (PT).

Key results:  Continuous intravenous infusions and oral administration of tecarfarin and warfarin caused a dose‐dependent decrease in activity of Factor VII and Factor X, and associated increase in PT. Intravenous fresh frozen canine plasma or subcutaneous vitamin K1 treatment reversed the anticoagulant effects of orally administered tecarfarin. Consistent with the inhibitory effects of amiodarone on CYP2C9, co‐administration of amiodarone significantly increased the anticoagulation effect of warfarin and plasma warfarin concentrations. In contrast, amiodarone had no effect on the anticoagulation induced by tecarfarin or tecarfarin plasma concentrations in this model.

Conclusions and implications:  Overall, the data presented herein indicate that tecarfarin, via a vitamin K‐dependent mechanism, causes changes in key parameters of haemostasis in beagle dogs that are consistent with effective anticoagulation. Compared to warfarin it has a decreased potential to interact metabolically with drugs that inhibit CYP450 enzymes and, therefore, may offer an improved safety profile for patients.
Subtype‐selective targeting of voltage‐gated sodium channels
Authors: England Steve , de Groot Marcel J
Published: October 2009

Voltage‐gated sodium channels are key to the initiation and propagation of action potentials in electrically excitable cells. Molecular characterization has shown there to be nine functional members of the family, with a high degree of sequence homology between the channels. This homology translates into similar biophysical and pharmacological properties. Confidence in some of the channels as drug targets has been boosted by the discovery of human mutations in the genes encoding a number of them, which give rise to clinical conditions commensurate with the changes predicted from the altered channel biophysics. As a result, they have received much attention for their therapeutic potential. Sodium channels represent well‐precedented drug targets as antidysrhythmics, anticonvulsants and local anaesthetics provide good clinical efficacy, driven through pharmacology at these channels. However, electrophysiological characterization of clinically useful compounds in recombinant expression systems shows them to be weak, with poor selectivity between channel types. This has led to the search for subtype‐selective modulators, which offer the promise of treatments with improved clinical efficacy and better toleration. Despite developments in high‐throughput electrophysiology platforms, this has proven very challenging. Structural biology is beginning to offer us a greater understanding of the three‐dimensional structure of voltage‐gated ion channels, bringing with it the opportunity to do real structure‐based drug design in the future. This discipline is still in its infancy, but developments with the expression and purification of prokaryotic sodium channels offer the promise of structure‐based drug design in the not too distant future.
Transient receptor potential ankyrin receptor 1 is a novel target for pro‐tussive agents
Authors: Andrè E , Gatti R , Trevisani M , Preti D , Baraldi PG , Patacchini R , Geppetti P
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose: The transient receptor potential ankyrin receptor 1 (TRPA1) is a cation channel, co‐expressed with the pro‐tussive transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel in primary sensory neurons. TRPA1 is activated by a series of irritant exogenous and endogenous α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes which seem to play a role in airway diseases. We investigated whether TRPA1 agonists provoke cough in guinea pigs and whether TRPA1 antagonists inhibit this response.

Experimental approach: Animals were placed in a Perspex box, and cough sounds were recorded and counted by observers unaware of the treatment used.

Key results: Inhalation of two selective TRPA1 agonists, allyl isothiocyanate and cinnamaldehyde, dose‐dependently caused cough in control guinea pigs, but not in those with airway sensory nerves desensitized by capsaicin. Coughs elicited by TRPA1 agonists were reduced by non‐selective (camphor and gentamicin) and selective (HC‐030031) TRPA1 antagonists, whereas they were unaffected by the TRPV1 antagonist, capsazepine. Acrolein and crotonaldehyde, two α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes recently identified as TRPA1 stimulants and contained in cigarette smoke, air pollution or produced endogenously by oxidative stress, caused a remarkable tussive effect, a response that was selectively inhibited by HC‐030031. Part of the cough response induced by cigarette smoke inhalation was inhibited by HC‐030031, suggesting the involvement of TRPA1.

Conclusions and implications: A novel pro‐tussive pathway involves the TRPA1 channel, expressed by capsaicin‐sensitive airway sensory nerves and is activated by a series of exogenous (cigarette smoke) and endogenous irritants. These results suggest TRPA1 may be a novel target for anti‐tussive medicines.
Facilitation of central imidazoline I1‐site/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling mediates the hypotensive effect of ethanol in rats with acute renal failure
Authors: El‐Mas Mahmoud M , El‐Gowelli Hanan M , Ghazal Abdel‐Rheem M , Harraz Osama F , Mohy El‐Din Mahmoud M
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose: This study investigated the role of central sympathetic activity and related mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in the cardiovascular effects of ethanol in a model of acute renal failure (ARF).

Experimental approach: The effects of pharmacological interventions that inhibit peripheral or central sympathetic activity or MAPK on the cardiovascular actions of ethanol in rats with ARF induced by glycerol were evaluated.

Key results: Glycerol (50%, 10 mL·kg−1, i.m.) caused progressive increases and decreases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) respectively. Subsequent i.v. ethanol (0.25 or 1 g·kg−1) elicited dose‐related changes in BP (decreases) and HR (increases). These effects were replicated after intracisternal (i.c.) administration of ethanol. Blockade of nicotinic cholinoceptors (nAChR, hexamethonium, 20 mg·kg−1) or α1‐adrenoceptors (prazosin, 1 mg·kg−1) attenuated cardiovascular effects of ethanol. Ethanol hypotension was also attenuated after the centrally acting sympatholytic drug moxonidine (selective I1‐site agonist, 100 µg·kg−1i.v.), but not guanabenz (selective α2‐receptor agonist, 30 µg·kg−1, i.v.), suggesting involvement of central circuits of I1sites in ethanol‐evoked hypotension. Selective blockade I1sites (efaroxan) but not α2(yohimbine) adrenoceptors abolished the hypotensive response to ethanol. Intracisternal administration of PD98059 or SB203580, inhibitors of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and p38 MAPK, respectively, reduced the hypotensive action of moxonidine or ethanol. When used simultaneously, the two MAPK inhibitors produced additive attenuation of ethanol hypotension.

Conclusions and implications: Sympathoinhibitory pathways of central I1‐sites and downstream ERK/p38 MAPK signalling were involved in the hypotensive action of ethanol in ARF.
EEG spike activity precedes epilepsy after kainate‐induced status epilepticus
Authors: White Andrew , Williams Philip A. , Hellier Jennifer L. , Clark Suzanne , Edward Dudek F. , Staley Kevin J.
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  Chronic epilepsy frequently develops after brain injury, but prediction of which individual patient will develop spontaneous recurrent seizures (i.e., epilepsy) is not currently possible. Here, we use continuous radiotelemetric electroencephalography (EEG) and video monitoring along with automated computer detection of EEG spikes and seizures to test the hypothesis that EEG spikes precede and are correlated with subsequent spontaneous recurrent seizures.

Methods:  The presence and pattern of EEG spikes was studied during long recording epochs between the end of status epilepticus (SE) induced by three different doses of kainate and the onset of chronic epilepsy.

Results:  The presence of spikes, and later spike clusters, over several days after SE before the first spontaneous seizure, was consistently associated with the development of chronic epilepsy. The rate of development of epilepsy (i.e., increase in seizure frequency) was strongly correlated with the frequency of EEG spikes and the cumulative number of EEG spikes after SE.

Conclusions:  The temporal features of EEG spikes (i.e., their presence, frequency, and pattern [clusters]) when analyzed over prolonged periods, may be a predictive biomarker for the development of chronic epilepsy after brain injury. Future clinical trials using prolonged EEG recordings may reveal the diagnostic utility of EEG spikes as predictors of subsequent epilepsy in brain‐injured humans.
Value of electrical stimulation and high frequency oscillations (80–500 Hz) in identifying epileptogenic areas during intracranial EEG recordings
Authors: Jacobs Julia , Zijlmans Maeike , Zelmann Rina , Olivier André , Hall Jeffery , Gotman Jean , Dubeau François
Published: October 2009

Purpose:  Electrical stimulation (ES) is used during intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) investigations to delineate epileptogenic areas and seizure‐onset zones (SOZs) by provoking afterdischarges (ADs) or patients’ typical seizure. High frequency oscillations (HFOs—ripples, 80–250 Hz; fast ripples, 250–500 Hz) are linked to seizure onset. This study investigates whether interictal HFOs are more frequent in areas with a low threshold to provoke ADs or seizures.

Methods:  Intracranial EEG studies were filtered at 500 Hz and sampled at 2,000 Hz. HFOs were visually identified. Twenty patients underwent ES, with gradually increasing currents. Results were interpreted as agreeing or disagreeing with the intracranial study (clinical‐EEG seizure onset defined the SOZ). Current thresholds provoking an AD or seizure were correlated with the rate of HFOs of each channel.

Results:  ES provoked a seizure in 12 and ADs in 19 patients. Sixteen patients showed an ES response inside the SOZ, and 10 had additional areas with ADs. The response was more specific for mesiotemporal than for neocortical channels. HFO rates were negatively correlated with thresholds for ES responses; especially in neocortical regions; areas with low threshold and high HFO rate were colocalized even outside the SOZ.

Discussion:  Areas showing epileptic HFOs colocalize with those reacting to ES. HFOs may represent a pathologic correlate of regions showing an ES response; both phenomena suggest a more widespread epileptogenicity.
Paradigms and Novelty in Economics: The History of Economic Thought as a Source of Enlightenment
Authors: Dolfsma Wilfred , Welch Patrick J.
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Over time, economics has experienced paradigm shifts, and there is every reason to think this will continue. In economics, as in the development of technological knowledge, paradigms do not emerge from nowhere, but build on precursors, possibly from other fields. Our understanding of current economic thinking can be enhanced by paying greater attention to the role of paradigms and by using concepts such as myth, plot structure, and cultural endowment, which are typically given greater attention by literary analysts than by economists, to study paradigms. Here we argue that together these can help us better understand how ideas from other times and fields may be combined with our own to generate better research and publications, and that a greater awareness of the history of economics may well be an excellent vehicle for enhancing that understanding.
The Market, the Firm, and the Economics Profession
Authors: Sutter Daniel
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The mathematical and statistical complexity of economic research increased remarkably over the past century. While criticisms of the trend abound, the “wisdom of crowds” argument creates a presumption that the profession's acceptance of increasing mathematical sophistication is a net improvement. I provide a contrasting “market failure” argument for the excessive mathematization of economics. Academic research is not a cash‐based economy, and this limits economists' ability to contract for assistance with technical research. Consequently, production of mathematical and statistical research must use the firm—the department—instead of the market. This alters the composition of the faculty and ultimately the economics curriculum, and the resulting level of sophistication may be greater than optimal.
Erythrocyte Receptors for Two “Nonspecific” Lectins*
Authors: Boyd William C. , Waszczenko‐Zacharczenko Eugenia
Published: October 2009

A comparative study of the inhibition by various substances of (nonspecific) Bauhinia purpurea and Ricinus communis hemagglutinins reveals many similarities but some definite differences. Bauhinia extracts are made N‐specific by the presence of D‐galactose or of other sugars of Mäkelä's group 2, but Ricinus is not. Bauhinia is inhibited by some carbohydrates of group 3, and Ricinus is not. The erythrocyte receptors with which these two lectins combine are thus apparently not identical. It is suggested that all human erythrocytes contain a considerable number of such receptors, and that only some of the receptors, possibly only the terminal few units of some of them, are altered by the action of genes such as A, B, O; M, N; C, c; etc
Thymol Turbidity and Thymol Flocculation Tests As a Screening Technic to Detect Blood Donors Carrying the Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Alsever John B. , Barger James D. , Priest Doris , Love Johann
Published: October 2009

The thymol turbidity test was done by the Shank‐Hoagland (pH 7.55) method and flocculation tests were done on all lipemic serum over 5.0 T.T. units. The mean for the readings on clear (nonlipemic) sera (87%) was 3.8 units, and the standard deviation 2.1. The screening level of abnormality at the 95% confidence level was 8.0 T.T. units in clear sera (or 8.0 T.T. units with positive flocculation in lipema sera), and 10.1 T.T. units (also with T.F. in lipemic sera) at the 99% confidence level. There were 5.4% and 1.7% “abnormal” bloods, respectively. The values for all sera, including lipemic, were: mean 4.4, S.D. 2.7, or 9.9 T.T. units at the 95% confidence level and 12.5 at 99%. A parallel study of the use of inactivated sera for the T.T. test is discussed. It lowered the T.T. values an average of 3.7 units but producd a more abnormal distribution of test results. Since the donors were healthy adults representing a good cross section of the adult population and the levels of abnormality (95 and 99% confidence) found for the test were considerably higher than that reported by most authors, the validity of the use of lower levels to screen blood donors is questioned. The use of large numbers of acceptable blood donors may be a better way to establish normal and abnormal values for clinical laboratory tests. The incidence of hepatitis in transfused patients, followed for six months, is reported in Part II.
The Use of Papain and Bromelin in Blood Bank Screening Procedures: An Evaluation and Comparison with Standard Technics
Authors: Brigid Sister M.
Published: October 2009

A comparison of 1‐cysteine activated papain and bromelin with saline, albumin and anti‐human globulin (AHG) technics in the detection of antibodies to red cells indicated that the enzyme technics are more sensitive than saline and albumin technics; are not significantly different from the AHG technic in the detection of anti‐D, anti‐C and anti‐e; are more sensitive in the detection of anti‐E, anti‐c and immune anti‐A; are less sensitive in the detection of anti‐Kell, anti‐Duffy, anti‐M and anti‐S—the corresponding antigens of which they alter to prevent a positive AHG reaction. Serum inhibition of papain was prevented by the use of 1% papain up to a dilution of 1:32; enhancement of titers resulted from the use of 0.1% enzyme thereafter. A 15‐minute incubation period was found to be optimal. Bromelin solutions were found to be much more stable than papain. It was concluded that although these enzyme technics are simple, economical and satisfactory within the limits applying to any enzyme technic, they are valuable adjuncts only and cannot replace the AHG test in prenatal and pretransfusion antibody screening.
Studies on Serum and Infectious Hepatitis Viruses of Man
Authors: Boon Vern S. , Alsever John B. , Barger James B. , Jarvis Thomas B.
Published: October 2009

A preliminary report of the results so far describe briefly the recovery of the serum hepatitis virus from five human volunteers who acquired serum hepatitis after inoculation with prototype B SH virus and from one patient acutely ill with (presumably transfusion caused) serum hepatitis, as well as the recovery of IH virus from two patients acutely ill with infectious hepatitis. In all instances the SH and IH viruses have been passaged six to 13 times in stable lung cell tissue culture with a different but characteristic cytopathologic effect for the SH and IH viruses. Titration of the SH viruses showed that the TCID50, per ml. ranged from 10‐4.5 to 10‐6.0 per ml. and the IH from 10‐5.5 to 10‐6.6. Neutralizing antibodies against two SH viruses were produced in rabbits and against one IH virus in the guinea pig. A definite serological relationship has been established by neutralization tests between the virus from one of the SH volunteers and the virus from the patient with SH; between the two IH viruses; and between the SH and the IH viruses. The identity of the SH virus isolate from one of the volunteers was demonstrated by the production of neutralizing antibodies in a rabbit inoculated with NIH plasma pool #6, although attempts to grow virus from the plasma pool failed. The SH viruses are not inactivated by heating at 60 C. for four to six hours, the IH viruses are. SH virus killed mice and was recovered in tissue culture from their livers. IH virus did not infect mice. Both viruses have been grown also in trypsinized rabbit, guinea pig and hamster kidney tissue cultures and in human embryonic tissue cultures. Neither virus will grow in monkey kidney, ruling out most other enteric and adenoviruses of human origin. Further reports will be made as the studies continue.
Febrile, Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions and the Limited Role of Leukoagglutinins in Their Etiology
Authors: Kevy Sherwin V. , Schmidt Paul J. , McGinniss Mary H. , Workman William G.
Published: October 2009

In more than ten thousand transfusions given over a four‐year period to 1,649 patients, the incidence of urticarial reactions was 1.1 per cent. There were no hemolytic transfusion reactions and none due to bacterial contamination or to bacterial pyrogens. There were 276 “Febrile Nonhemolytic” reactions for an incidence of 2.5 per cent.

The clinical picture described for reactions due to leukocyte incompatibility was extremely rare. Eighteen per cent of patients responding with fever to transfusion did so following their very first transfusion. Many patients had only one transfusion reaction despite many further transfusions and others had many successive reactions followed by numerous reaction‐free transfusions of blood from which leukocytes had not been removed.

A prospective study was made to investigate the relationship between the presence of leukoagglutinins and incidence of “Febrile Nonhemolytic” transfusion reactions. In 185 individuals who were tested and then transfused without regard to leukocyte compatibility, we did not demonstrate any correlation between the presence of leukoagglutinins and the occurrence of transfusion reactions.
Observations on Platelet Clumping and Related Phenomena: A Reappraisal and a Clarification of Terms
Authors: Anstall Harold B. , Hawkey Christine M.
Published: October 2009

Experiments were conducted to demonstrate that platelet stickiness can be induced by the cooling of a platelet suspension, and that when this system is agitated clumping occurs. The process is reversed by warming. This change is independent of metallic ions and is thus distinct from “viscous metamorphosis.” Platelet clumping in systems at 37 C. is dependent on the presence of divalent metallic ions. The clumping time is also strongly influenced by “contact activation” and by added “activation product.”

Other observations throw doubt on the supposed relationship of “viscous (structural) metamorphosis” to thromboplastin formation. The significance of the various observations is discussed, and the phenomena associated with physical and structural changes in the blood platelets are redefined.
Simple Methods of Storage of Human Erythrocytes in Liquid Nitrogen: Comparative Study of the Agglutinability of Erythrocytes of the ABO Blood Groups Preserved by Various Methods
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , McCord Edgar B. , Collins William S. , Schrider Charles T. , Akeroyd Joseph H.
Published: October 2009

Small samples of blood for daily serological use were stored in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator either as blood‐sand pellets or on squares of wire screen in specially constructed metal storage‐cylinders. When thawed at 40 C., these samples yielded excellent recoveries of red cells generally with no evidence of hemolysis. Comparison of the agglutinability of red cells representative of the ABO groups by the 50 per cent hemagglutination end‐point assay method showed that the original hemagglutinating activity of the cell was retained 100 per cent after storage frozen in liquid nitrogen for two years and in glycerol for nine months. In contrast to this, a gradual loss of approximately 50 per cent agglutinability was noted with cells from these same donors stored in ACD or DCS (dextrose‐citrate‐sodium chloride) solutions at 10 C. for 33 days.
Prolonged Storage of Marrow and Its Use in the Treatment of Radiation Injury
Authors: Thomas E. D. , Ferrebee J. W.
Published: October 2009

Marrow was removed from the femurs of dogs and frozen in 15 per cent glycerol at 1 C. per minute. Marrow from one dog was stored at −80 C. and from the other at −180 C. for a period of 14 months. Each dog was then given 1,200 r of whole body irradiation followed by infusion of his own thawed marrow. Recovery was rapid, and the dogs were living and well two months later.
Blood for Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Hemphill Bernice M.
Published: October 2009

Open heart surgeries are increasing in our metropolitan area. The provision of adequate amounts of blood for these cases is a challenge to our blood bank. Operations of this type for which our blood bank supplied blood numbered ten in 1956, 333 in 1960 and are currently occurring at a rate of 15 cases a week.

Most of the blood for these patients is obtained from non‐paid donors recruited by the blood bank. Our blood bank checks the patient's ABO and Rh type, screens the donor sera for antibodies, and performs a crossmatch between the blood of the patient and each donor.

These services are provided at our regular processing fee and donor replacement policy without added cost to the patient.
The Preparation and Uses of Antiglobulin Reagents with Special Reference to Complement‐Fixing Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Stratton F. , Gunson H. H. , Rawlinson Violet I.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the preparation of anti‐C′, anti‐γ1and anti‐γ2antiglobulin reagents especially for use with human cells sensitized with blood group antibodies. Anti‐γ1and anti‐γ2are carefully prepared so as to be as specifically active as possible. The paper also describes the value and application of these reagents in clinical diagnostic work and their use in the detection ofγ1andγ2globulins in solution, or as they occur in the form of antibody absorbed on to erythrocytes. By the use of these sera it is possible to determine the nature of the antibody coating sensitized cells. Within the limitations described, it is possible to do this with the cells coated not only with antibody but with complement as well.

The value of these sera in experimental work, with particular reference to the demonstration of the action of human complement on red cells sensitized with blood group antibodies, is described; it is shown that the action between sensitized cells and anti‐γ1antiglobulin serum is depressed by complement activity and the significance of these observations is discussed.
A New Rh Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Chown Bruce , Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko
Published: October 2009

An antibody, anti‐Wiel, defining an antigen, Wiel, in the Rh system, was found in the blood of a white woman who had been sensitized by transfusion and possibly by pregnancy. The inheritance of the antigen was studied in two families, one white, the other Negro. In them it was transmitted by cDue or ℛo In one family this could be refined to cDac(d)e or ℛo ac(d). It was also found in the blood of an unrelated, white woman whose phenotype was R1cdr or Rh1cdrh and in that of an unrelated Negro whose phenotype was R1r. The antigen was not found on testing 2,600 random bloods, nearly all from Caucasians. It is thought it may prove to be less rare in Negroes.
Reactions of Rh‐Positive Red Cells with Anti‐Rh Sera and with Rh Antibody Fractions Separated on DEAE‐Cellulose
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Finlayson J. S. , Solomon Joel M. , Morrison Eleanor G.
Published: October 2009

Three anti‐Rho(D) sera containing different proportions of complete and incomplete antibody were fractionated by column chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose using a single, continuous gradient. Incomplete antibody separated from the column at conditions of higher pH and lower ionic strength than those required for the elution of the complete antibody. The widths of the active regions in the elution patterns were dependent on the titers of the sera fractionated and the reactivities of the cells used for testing. Agglutination, absorption and elution tests with unfractionated sera confirmed the greater reactivity of cells compared with cells of other Rh genotypes.
A New Method for Preparing Buffy Coat‐Poor Blood
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Gajewski Mieczyslaw , McKenna James L.
Published: October 2009

Patients who have been sensitized to leukocytes by transfusions and pregnancy are subject to “pyrogenic” reactions of varying severity following the administration of whole blood. Present methods for preparing buffy coat‐poor blood utilize differential centrifugation or sedimentation in the presence of dextran. They are time consuming and not uniformly dependable.

The procedure described removes the granulocytes from heparinized whole blood by passing it over a column of Nylon fibers in ten to 15 minutes. Only 5 per cent of the donation is retained in the column and the white blood counts of the final product are 500‐3,100/cu. mm. with 95 to 100 per cent lymphocytes. Cr51 survival studies suggest that these preparations withstand storage satisfactorily for 14 to 21 days.

Our experience with the transfusion of 82 units of this product and the relative importance of lymphocytes and granulocytes in leukoagglutination are discussed.
Blood Giving Unusual Reaction with Bauhinia Lectin*
Authors: Waszczenko‐Zacharczenko Eugenia , Boyd William C. , Gilbert P. L.
Published: October 2009

A white individual of European origin has been found whose erythrocytes, though they are diagnosed as M by a variety of absorbed rabbit sera, give a strong reaction with apparently N‐specific Bauhinia lectin. For reasons given in the text, the authors feel that this is probably not due to the presence in the erythrocytes of the individual in question of a variant of the N antigen, but of another antigen not closely related to N. The anti‐N of Vicia graminea does not agglutinate the cells of this individual.
Implementation of the Inspection and Accreditation Program of the American Association of Blood Banks: Experiences in Pennsylvania
Authors: Norris Robert F.
Published: October 2009

The circumstances which have led to the establishment of an Inspection and Accreditation Program by the American Association of Blood Banks are outlined. The need for such a program has been greater in this field of clinical laboratory practice than in other fields because of the awareness of the Public of the medical consequences from the transfusion of incompatible blood. In Pennsylvania there has been widespread cooperation in implementing inspection and accreditation of individual hospital blood banks on the part of pathologists and hospital administrators. Some of the deficiencies encountered on inspection are listed. It is possible that this voluntary program in blood banking may be extended to other areas of laboratory medicine.
A Review of Rh Serology and Presentation of a New Terminology
Authors: Rosenfield Richard E. , Allen Fred H. , Swisher Scott N. , Kochwa Shaul
Published: October 2009

The extensive accumulated literature pertaining to Rh blood group serology reveals a complexity that is to be expected in the absence of critical immunochemical data. Unfortunately the language that has been employed in scientific reports, as well as the choice of descriptive notations, has obstructed critical immunological interpretations and the opportunity to employ modern methods of dealing with large volumes of complex data. A new coding notation for Rh data has been devised to overcome these deficiencies.
Criteria for the Establishment of a Panel of High A.H.F.‐Level Donors for Use in the Treatment of Hemophilia
Authors: Hawkey Christine M. , Anstall Harold B.
Published: October 2009

The antihemophilic factor (A.H.F., Factor VIII) level in the plasma of 221 normal donors has been assayed in an attempt to set up a panel of high level A.H.F. donors for use in the treatment of patients with hemophilia. Fifteen per cent of the donors tested were unacceptable for the panel owing to A.H.F. levels of less than 90 per cent. The validity of the assay method used is discussed. The normal range of A.H.F. activity in a random population has been found to agree with that established by other investigators. The optimal conditions for collection, preparation and storage of fresh frozen plasma in order to minimize the loss of A.H.F. are listed.
A New Antibody, Anti‐Sm, Reacting with A High Incidence Antigen
Authors: Schmidt R. Pauline , Griffitts James J. , Northman Frank F.
Published: October 2009

A serum containing anti‐Rho and anti‐Sm was analyzed. Characteristics of the latter antibody are described. The Sm antigen was shown to be genetically controlled and unrelated to the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S, Lewis and Kidd systems. Over 600 random persons were found to be Sm positive.
Delayed Hemolytic Reaction Caused by Anti‐c Not Detectable Before Transfusion
Authors: Roy Ronald B. , Lotto W. N.
Published: October 2009

A patient with the phenotype CCDuEe was given ten pints of blood which were compatible on crossmatch. Five days later a moderately severe hemolytic reaction appeared. Recheck of the pretransfusion specimen revealed no antibodies but a sample taken on the ninth postoperative day contained anti‐c.
Immunization to Rho(D) Observed in Pregnancy of a Woman with Type rhG(G)
Authors: Huestis Douglas W. , Stern Kurt
Published: October 2009

A Negro woman was tested during her third pregnancy and found to have type rhG(G). When the patient was re‐tested during the sixth month of her fourth pregnancy, she was found to have a weak antibody of questionable identity. During the last two months of the pregnancy, the titer of the antibody rose sharply and it was established to be specific for Rho(D). The infant, delivered by cesarean section shortly before term, had evidence of mild hemolytic disease; it recovered without transfusion therapy. Since this indicates that isoimmunization to Rho can occur in a person of type rhG, such persons should receive only Rho‐negative blood for transfusion. They should be regarded as Rh‐negative for prenatal purposes, but it might be considered preferable not to use them as blood donors for Rh‐negative recipients.
Function and Ultrastructure of Transfused, Surviving, Human Platelets in Patients with Thrombocytopenic Complicating Disease
Authors: Arnaud S. B. , Greenwalt T. J. , Pawlowski J. M. , Johnson S. A.
Published: October 2009

Platelet concentrates prepared from freshly drawn blood were infused into patients with thrombocytopenic complicating disease. All exhibited a prolonged bleeding time, no clot retraction of a whole blood clot, platelet counts between 20,000 to 100,000 per cu. mm., usually, abnormal platelet ultrastructure and prothrombin consumption times under 15 seconds. Detection of platelet antibodies was attempted and the ultrastructure with a differential platelet count under the electron microscope of the patient's own platelets was documented. The platelet concentrates were given and it was possible to follow the fate of the donor's platelets by ultrastructural changes. Parallel studies of the coagulation mechanisms of the patients were followed serially. We found that some platelets survived up to seven days, although in some patients, platelets circulated but did not survive. Therefore immediate circulation of platelets cannot be equated with survival. In one patient with hypersplenism and a positive platelet agglutinin test no transfused platelets appeared to circulate. The ultrastructure of transfused platelets is greatly altered in bleeding patients. In the two patients with aplastic anemia and one with leukemia surviving platelets circulated which did not enter into the mechanisms of prothrombin activation, but which continued to circulate for some days with no improvement in the prothrombin consumption time over the pretransfusion level. Ultra‐structural studies of these platelets showed that the circulating platelets possessed their granules which contain platelet factor 3 activity. The differential platelet count under the electron miscroscope becomes abnormal as the donor platelets are stored. Our work suggests that the ultrastructure and differential platelet count of a platelet concentrate must be essentially normal for survival to be achieved.

We confirmed the work of others indicating that donor platelets do not survive if stored or, if the recipient has detectable platelet antibodies. Donor platelets did not survive in some patients for reasons we could not explain. This may be dependent on utilization of platelets in hemostatic plugs, in thrombin production or for the endothelial supporting function but to date we cannot estimate to what extent or in what fashion a thrombocytopenic patient utilizes donor platelets.
An Antibody Defining a New Blood Group Antigen, Bua*
Authors: Anderson Catherine , Hunter Joy , Zipursky Alvin , Lewis Marion , Chown Bruce
Published: October 2009

An antibody, anti‐Bua, defining a “new” antigen, Bua, is described. The antigen is of low frequency in a Caucasian population. It is inherited in a simple Mendelian manner and is demonstrable in the heterozygote. A study of three families indicates that it segregates independently of the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Kidd and Duffy systems and of the X chromosome. The antigen is apparently fully developed at birth. Both fresh and frozen cells reacted by the usual indirect Coombs technics; cells stored in the refrigerator for a month reacted by the capillary indirect Coombs technic only.
The Prevention and Treatment of Renal Failure Following Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Barry Kevin G. , Crosby William H.
Published: October 2009

Renal shutdown is a most serious complication of transfusion reactions. Urine flow is a reliable indicator of renal function in patients during stress and should be considered a vital sign. When oliguria is observed resuscitative procedures, including mannitol infusion, should be applied promptly. Even when oliguria has been present for several hours and the signs of renal shutdown are present, mannitol is capable, in many instances, of restoring sufficient renal function to prevent the complications and mortality associated with oliguric renal failure. When oliguria persists, early transport to a Renal Center is indicated.
Simultaneous Appearance of Anti‐M and Anti‐D Antibodies in a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Philipps Sylvia , Bowman J. M.
Published: October 2009

In the serum of a 33‐year‐old woman anti‐D and anti‐M simultaneously became demonstrable while she was carrying a D‐positive, M‐negative child. In view of her previous M‐positive pregnancies the authors suggest that the anti‐M is of iso‐immune origin.
Disappearance of Micro‐Emboli Transfused into Patients During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Swank Roy L. , Porter George A.
Published: October 2009

Upon standing, blood stored in ACD solution develops aggregates of platelets and leukocytes in one to ten days. Blood stored in heparin solution develops the same aggregates in 24 hours or less. When heparinized blood, containing many such aggregates (micro‐emboli) is transfused into patients during employment of the heart‐lung apparatus these micro‐emboli are very rapidly filtered from the blood by the vascular bed of the patient. It is suggested that occlusion of the many small blood vessels which must occur during such procedures is potentially harmful to the patient, and probably contributes to unexplained reactions occurring during and after employment of the heart‐lung apparatus.
Sources of Error in a Hospital Blood Bank
Authors: Schmidt Paul J. , Kevy Sherwin V.
Published: October 2009

An analysis has been made of the 12 technical and 52 clerical errors occurring in a hospital blood bank over a 21‐month period during which 5,806 transfusions were given. All but four of these errors were discovered before blood was transfused and no clinical complications resulted. In some cases, discovery of the error was quite fortuitous but the role of clinically oriented laboratory personnel in recognizing unusual situations is stressed.

Specific corrective measures are described and it is urged that a workable plan of reducing errors can only be achieved in each blood bank by an analysis based on past experience of the clinical effects of its own operation.