bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The War on Violence: Improving the Response to Domestic Violence in the Military
Authors: MACDONALD JUDGE PETER C. , TUCKER DEBORAH D.
Published: July 2009

The Department of Defense has taken steps in recent years to improve outcomes for victims of domestic violence who reside on military installations. In 2000, the Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence was established, a military‐civilian group of experts charged with improving the military's effectiveness in addressing domestic violence in the Armed Forces in a variety of areas including offender accountability, coordination between military and civilian communities, and changing the military climate around domestic violence. This article will provide an overview of the Task Force, its work during the past three years, and its recommendations.
Medical Treatment of Children with HIV Illness and the Need for Supportive Intervention: The Challenges for Medical Providers, Families, and the State
Authors: WEIMER DEBORAH J.
Published: July 2009

Human immuno‐deficiency virus (HIV) illness in children poses tremendous challenges to medical providers and families to work together to deliver optimal care. An alternative to filing “neglect” reports with the Department of Social Services is necessary to provide support and appropriate intervention to families and medical providers caring for HIV‐positive children.

The creation of a neutral entity that could intervene and identify barriers to treatment and communication between the medical providers and the family would benefit all the parties involved. Knowledgeable mediators could help facilitate communication and identify appropriate support for the child and family.

Intervention would not be delayed until it is demonstrated that a child has been “neglected” or is at substantial risk of harm. Assistance could be made available without a finding that a parent was guilty of wrongdoing. Involving parents as full partners in medical decision making and monitoring would benefit children living with HIV now and in the future. The creation of an alternative process will also prove valuable in assisting providers and families caring for other medically at‐risk children, e.g., children with asthma, diabetes, or mental illness.
Statewide Assessment of Response to Domestic Violence in Louisiana
Authors: MOAK STACY C.
Published: July 2009

The Louisiana statewide assessment of domestic violence attitudes and services was a cooperative effort between the Louisiana Community Policing Institute and the Criminal Justice Program at the University of Louisiana, Monroe. The research project included both surveys and focus groups from Louisiana's eight law enforcement planning districts. Results indicate that the response to domestic violence in Louisiana is generally inadequate. Furthermore, problems exist with respect to the definition of domestic violence among agencies. Finally, four basic barriers to successful intervention were identified, including lack of resources, lack of education and training, victims' lack of confidence in the system, and lack of a coordinated response to the problem. Recommendations are presented for overcoming these obstacles.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and the Role of Family Court Judges in Improving Outcomes for Children and Families
Authors: MALBIN DIANE V.
Published: July 2009

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a physical disability that is 95% underdiagnosed and 40 times over‐represented in juvenile justice. Prenatal alcohol and other drug exposure causes brain damage that affects behaviors, e.g., poor judgment, impulsivity, difficulty learning from experience, and difficulty understanding consequences, leading to multiple diagnoses such as Attention Deficit Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Emotionally Disturbed. FASD is an invisible physical disability; most people with FASD have no observable physical characteristics. The courts are in an important position to increase awareness of this problem by simply asking whether FASD is a factor that needs to be considered. The purpose of this article is to support increased recognition and efficacy of services for people with FASD in the legal system. Sections include: (1) Overview of FASD diagnostic criteria and current terminology; (2) Exploration of FASD as a physical disability with behavioral symptoms; (3) Case example illustrating common patterns of behaviors in children and adults with FASD without identification and improved outcomes following identification and implementation of appropriate treatment; and (4) Recommendations for family court judges.
Treatment Decisions for Critically Ill Infants: The Abrogation of the Best Interests Standard
Authors: CLARK FRANK I.
Published: July 2009

The issue of withholding or withdrawing medical treatment from seriously ill newborns first gained the attention of the American public in 1982 when Baby Doe was allowed to die without surgery. Since that time, the predominant ethical, medical, and legal approach has been one that allows informed parents to make a reasonable medical treatment decision in the best interests of their infant with the concurrence of the health care providers. There has always been a minority that believes every infant should receive full medical treatment without regard to pain and suffering, until that infant dies a natural death. This viewpoint is reflected in recent judicial and legislative proceedings that have either already drastically changed the prevailing standard of care or threaten do so. This article reviews the significance of these changes.
Domestic Sexual Assault: A New Opportunity for Court Response
Authors: BERMAN JUDITH
Published: July 2009

Based on research conducted for the State Justice Institute, this article examines the invisibility of domestic sexual assault—also known as intimate partner sexual assault or spousal, wife, or marital rape—from the perspective of community and court responses to domestic violence and sexual assault. The article identifies the consequences of invisibility of domestic sexual assault, including the potential for lethality, and offers suggestions to courts for improving outcomes for victims and perpetrators. Areas explored include data collection and analysis, judicial leadership, and specialization in victim response systems, law enforcement and prosecution, court management, and offender intervention.
Faith‐Based Programs for Reentry Courts: A Summary of Issues and Recommendations
Authors: HERZ DENISE C. , WALSH JENNIFER E.
Published: July 2009

In 2002, the Bush Administration directed the Department of Justice to include faith‐based organizations in its distribution of funds earmarked for programs targeting the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency and substance abuse. Among the initiatives most likely to be affected by this new policy are reentry court programs that endeavor to reintegrate juvenile delinquents into their communities by placing them within local neighborhood‐based programs. However, reentry court personnel and leaders of faith‐based organizations are likely to encounter numerous challenges as they try to establish appropriate programming. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of First Amendment jurisprudence governing the federal funding of faith‐based organizations and summarize key issues identified by a National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges' workgroup on faith‐based programming that are necessary for including faith‐based organizations within a reentry court's continuum of care. We also discuss several concerns that reentry court personnel and faith‐based organizations should consider as they seek to maximize the impact of their programs.
Treating Substance‐Abusing Parents: A Study of the Pima County Family Drug Court Approach
Authors: ASHFORD JOSÉ B.
Published: July 2009

A geographical comparison‐group design was used to examine the effectiveness of the Pima County (Arizona) Court Assisted Treatment Services (CATS) program and its drug court intervention. The study compared the summary statistics for the volunteers to the family drug court (n=33) with a treatment‐refusal group (n=42) and a treatment‐as‐usual group (n=45) from a matched geographical area. The findings of this study indicate that the family drug court group had higher engagement and completion rates of residential treatment than was true of the other comparison groups. In addition, the volunteers to the family drug court group had fewer parental rights severed, a higher percentage of permanency decisions reached within one year, earlier permanency decisions, and a higher percentage of children placed with their parents. The implications of this study's findings for future evaluations of the components of a family drug court intervention are discussed.
The Impact of Trauma on Child Development
Authors: PUTNAM FRANK W.
Published: July 2009

A growing body of research links childhood experiences of abuse and neglect with serious life‐long problems including depression, suicide, alcoholism and drug abuse, and major medical problems such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Two basic processes, neurodevelopment and psychosocial development, are affected by early abuse and neglect. Scientists have begun to understand the mechanisms through which these adverse experiences alter child development and produce pernicious mental, medical, and social outcomes. These insights have opened opportunities to intervene to prevent maltreatment and to mitigate its effects. Future success depends on the greater dissemination and refinement of these interventions.
The State of the Debate About Children's Disclosure Patterns in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
Authors: OLAFSON ERNA , LEDERMAN JUDGE CINDY S.
Published: July 2009

In current research studies about the disclosure patterns of sexually abused children, experts agree that most victims delay disclosure for years, often until adulthood. Researchers disagree about disclosure rates and recantation rates among children during formal interviews. Studies of children who had not previously disclosed but are known through corroborative evidence to have been sexually abused show lower rates of disclosure than do studies of children who had disclosed prior to the formal interview. Gradual disclosures among children are common, and more than a single interview may be necessary in some cases. Prior disclosure, level of support by non‐offending parents, developmental level, and relationship to perpetrator affect children's rates of disclosure and their disclosure patterns. More research is necessary to clarify children's post‐disclosure recantation rates and predictors.
Medical Evidence and Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: FRASIER LORI D. , MAKOROFF KATHI L.
Published: July 2009

Expert medical testimony in child sexual abuse cases can be critical to the outcome of a legal case. This article will review the development of the medical knowledge and clinical expertise in child sexual abuse. Since the passage of mandatory child abuse reporting laws, the forensic medical examination of a child for evidence of sexual abuse has become standard. Until recently, many myths regarding female genital anatomy existed but were based primarily on dogma and lack of empirical research. Over the past 25 years, many research studies and accumulating clinical evidence have expanded medical knowledge and debunked old myths. Physical evidence, even in cases of alleged genital or anal penetration is rare. Sexually transmitted infections are also uncommon and often require medical interpretation as to their significance in a prepubertal child. Specialized medical knowledge, training, and clinical expertise have developed in order to evaluate children presenting with allegations of sexual abuse. Such medical expertise provides invaluable service to courts. We review criteria for evaluating such expertise in light of current medical practice.
Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Making Trauma‐Informed Custody and Visitation Decisions
Authors: VAN HORN PATRICIA , GROVES BETSY MCALISTER
Published: July 2009

This article explores the risks for young children and the challenges for courts that emerge when parents who are victims or perpetrators of intimate partner violence seek court decisions on child visitation or custody matters. We focus particularly on children age five and younger, a group that is disproportionately represented in families affected by intimate partner violence, and especially vulnerable to its traumatic impact. We examine the literature on children's response to violence between their parents and the literature on parental alienation, a counter‐charge that may arise when one parent alleges violence as a reason to limit the other parent's access to the children. We look at challenges faced by both mental health professionals and courts involved in custody determinations and make policy recommendations to help courts make trauma‐informed decisions that best serve children.
Trauma Interventions and Systems Change in Rural Areas: The Role of the Juvenile Court Judge in Collaboration with Mental Health Professionals
Authors: KLIEBERT JUDGE THOMAS , OSOFSKY JOY D. , OSOFSKY HOWARD J. , COSTA RICHARD N. , DRENNAN PATRICK , MORSE PATRICIA , MORSE EDWARD
Published: July 2009

This article will focus on the evolution of the collaborative work of the Louisiana Rural Trauma Services Center (LRTSC), a Center within the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, and the 23rd Judicial District, a jurisdiction in south Louisiana serving three rural parishes. We will describe how the collaboration and joint efforts, and the changes that have been made in terms of availability of evaluation and treatment resources, seem to be influencing both the educational and judicial systems in St. James Parish and potential sustainability of some of the identified resources. The article will examine how the court and the LRTSC work together with emphasis on the evaluation, reporting and recommendation processes, outcomes and benefits to date, and challenges for the future.
Advancing Accountability: Moving Toward Victim Restoration
Authors: BENDER VALERIE , KING MELANIE , TORBET PATRICIA
Published: July 2009

One of the goals of Pennsylvania's juvenile justice system is the “imposition of accountability” for offenses committed. This White Paper, originally published in 2006, takes the position that true accountability requires juvenile offenders to repair the harm caused by their offending behavior and to understand and acknowledge the wrongfulness of their actions, their responsibility for causing harm, and the impact of the crime on the crime victim and community. It identifies system responsibilities, restorative practices, and outcomes relative to accountability. This White Paper was the result of debate among focus group participants under the auspices of the State Advisory Group.
The Transition to Group Decision Making in Child Protection Cases: Obtaining Better Results for Children and Families
Authors: (RET.) JUDGE LEONARD EDWARDS , SAGATUN‐EDWARDS DEAN INGER
Published: July 2009

It was only a few years ago that in most jurisdictions across the United States, decisions at each stage of a child welfare case were made by individual professionals (law enforcement, child protection workers, social workers, and judges) who were all a part of the community's response to child abuse and neglect crises. In the last decade, the development and continuing evolution of best practices have brought about many changes in how professionals approach the resolution of these issues, how they convene interested persons in the decision‐making process, and how families and children participate in decisions. This article will examine some of these changes, with a particular focus on the expanding use of groups and the inclusion of families in these groups to make better decisions in child protection cases.
Achieving Timely Permanency in Child Protection Courts: The Importance of Frontloading the Court Process
Authors: EDWARDS JUDGE LEONARD P.
Published: July 2009

Timely permanency for foster children has been an unrealized goal in our nation's juvenile courts. The goal of timely permanency is a legal mandate, it serves the needs of families, it is consistent with evolving case management standards, it is required by the Canons of Judicial Ethics, and it serves the best interests of children. Judges must take a leadership role within their courts to reduce delays in child protection courts. Through a series of changes including legislation, court rules, case management techniques, and judicial control, timely permanency for foster children can be achieved.
Guidelines for Collecting and Recording the Race and Ethnicity of Juveniles in Conjunction with Juvenile Delinquency Disposition Reporting to the Juvenile Court Judges' Commission
Authors: TORBET PATRICIA , HURST HUNTER , SOLER MARK
Published: July 2009

One of the most compelling reasons for accurate racial coding of juveniles involved in the juvenile justice system is to ensure that all youth are treated fairly, regardless of race or ethnicity. Pennsylvania juvenile courts and probation departments now have instructions and guidelines for collecting and recording race and ethnicity in compliance with Federal standards. These guidelines can be easily adopted by other states and jurisdictions.
Minor Discrepancies: Forging a Common Understanding of Adolescent Competence in Healthcare Decision‐Making and Criminal Responsibility
Authors: MUTCHERSON KIMBERLY M.
Published: July 2009

This article seeks to understand the divide between those who advocate for a broad belief in adolescent competence in the realm of healthcare decision‐making and those who advocate for a broad belief in adolescent incompetence in criminal law. After detailing various ways of understanding competence for adolescents and delineating how advocates and the Supreme Court have dealt with these issues, the article explores the possibility that contrasting views of adolescent competence are quite compatible. The author argues that the milieu in which young people make decisions, i.e., in formal versus informal settings, demonstrably affects the quality of the decision‐making process. As such, it is logical to conclude that the decision‐making process in formal healthcare settings leads to better decisions that the law should support than is the case in the informal settings in which young people decide to participate in criminal activities.
Spatial heterogeneity of methanotrophs: a geostatistical analysis of pmoA‐based T‐RFLP patterns in a paddy soil
Authors: Krause Sascha , Lüke Claudia , Frenzel Peter
Published: July 2009

Despite numerous studies on methanotrophs, virtually nothing is known about their spatial heterogeneity in nature. These patterns, however, have strong influences on the interpretations made from analysing microbial processes and community structure. Here we report the first use of geostatistics to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of methanotrophs in a rice field soil (Vercelli, Italy). We used the gene encoding the particulate methane monooxygenase, pmoA, for terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis. The profiles obtained were compared using a pseudo‐variogram analysis to study autocorrelation as a function of distance. We demonstrated that there was no large‐scale spatial structure at this study site, but a micro‐scale spatial structure could not be excluded. A species accumulation curve with all terminal restriction fragments revealed that even 75 samples were insufficient to cover the diversity of methanotrophs in a rice field. However, a species accumulation curve of methanotrophs defined as operational taxonomic units validated from a clone library with 90% coverage demonstrated saturation after approximately 15 samples. The results of this study have consequences for studying the diversity and function of methanotrophs. In this agroecosystem population structure showed no spatial pattern implying that both a systematic and random sampling design would be adequate.
Dietary Management of Hepatic Copper Accumulation in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Hoffmann G. , Jones P.G. , Biourge V. , Van Den Ingh T.S.G.A.M. , Mesu S.J. , Bode P. , Rothuizen J.
Published: July 2009

Background:Copper‐associated chronic hepatitis (CACH) recently has been recognized in the Labrador Retriever as an inherited disorder with a late onset of clinical signs. No studies have investigated dietary management for the long‐term treatment of this disease or for its potential in delaying the onset of clinical signs in subclinical cases.

Objectives:To investigate the effects of a low‐copper diet and zinc gluconate on hepatic copper concentrations in Labrador Retrievers with abnormal hepatic copper concentrations.

Animals:Twenty‐four client‐owned Labradors that were related to patients affected with CACH and that had been diagnosed with increased hepatic copper concentrations.

Methods:Hepatic copper concentrations were assessed before and after an average of 8 and 16 months of treatment. During this time, all dogs were fed exclusively a low‐copper diet. In addition, dogs were assigned to 1 of 2 groups in a randomized double‐blind manner to receive a supplement of zinc gluconate or placebo.

Results:Twenty‐one dogs completed the study. Hepatic copper concentrations decreased in both groups at recheck 1 (n = 21; group 1,P< .001; group 2,P= .001) and at recheck 2 (n= 16; group 1,P= .03; group 2,P= .04). No difference in hepatic copper concentrations was found between the 2 groups before treatment (P= .65), at recheck 1 or at recheck 2 (P= .52–.79).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Feeding low‐copper diets to Labradors is effective in decreasing hepatic copper concentrations. Adjunctive treatment with zinc does not appear to increase the copper‐lowering effects of dietary management.
GROWTH AND MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN AN UNREGULATED FISHERY
Authors: JOHANNESEN ANNE B. , SKONHOFT ANDERS
Published: July 2009

Abstract Complete information is usually assumed in harvesting models of marine and terrestrial resources. In reality, however, complete information never exists. Fish and wildlife populations often fluctuate unpredictably in numbers, and measurement problems are frequent. In this paper, we analyze a time‐discrete fishery model that distinguishes between uncertain natural growth and measurement error and in which exploitation takes place in an unregulated manner. Depending on the parameterization of the model and at which point of time uncertainty is resolved, it is shown that expected harvest under ecological uncertainty may be below or above that of the benchmark model with no uncertainty. On the other hand, when stock measurement is uncertain, expected harvest never exceeds the benchmark level. We also demonstrate that the harvesting profit, or rent, under uncertainty may be above that of the benchmark situation of complete information. In other words, less information may be beneficial for the fishermen.
RANDOM PENALTIES AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES: A MECHANISM TO REACH OPTIMAL LANDINGS IN FISHERIES
Authors: JENSEN FRANK , KRONBAK LONE G.
Published: July 2009

Abstract Recent literature considers illegal landings a moral hazard problem that arises because individual landings are unobservable. The literature proposes incentive schemes to solve the information problem. However, most of the proposed schemes raise huge information requirements and social budget balance is not secured. In this paper, we suggest a random penalty mechanism that reduces the information requirements and secures budget balance in the case of a given number of licensed vessels. In the random penalty mechanism, aggregate landings are measured through stock sizes and the natural growth function. If aggregate landings are below optimal landings, each fisherman receives a subsidy. If aggregate catches are above optimal landings, the mechanism works such that either the fisherman is randomly selected and pays a fine or the fisherman is not selected and receives a subsidy. The fine and subsidy can be designed such that budget balance is secured. Provided risk aversion is sufficiently large and the fine is high enough, the random penalty mechanism will generate optimal individual landings. The budget balance combined with risk aversion drives the result for this advanced tax/subsidy system that does not exhaust the resource rents. The budget balance creates interdependence between fishermen that secure optimality.
DROUGHT RESILIENCE IN AGRICULTURE: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS, LAND USE DYNAMICS, AND RISK PERCEPTION
Authors: RANJAN RAM , ATHALYE SANHITA
Published: July 2009

AbstractSustained droughts coupled with increasing pressure from urbanization severely test the ability of farmers to continue in agriculture. Understanding farmers' resilience to such pressures is increasingly becoming a significant policy concern. In this paper, a new measure of resilience to severe and sustained droughts in agriculture is derived as the ability to continue farming by saving and carrying forward water through the adoption of water efficient technology. In addition, the role of behavioral factors—such as subjective risk perception over the probability of droughts, of the probability of land getting urbanized, and of resistance to revising beliefs over water scarcity situation—in determining farmers' resilience to droughts is explored. Findings highlight the key role played by behavioral factors in influencing the decision to adopt when the economic factors, such as the price of water, do not capture the true opportunity costs of water. The range of available technological options is found to be crucial too, as marginal improvements in technology do not encourage adoption. An empirical application to the case of lettuce farming in Western Australia reveals that in the presence of speculative benefits from land rezoning, technological adoption is done only for enhancing profits in agriculture and not for improving resilience to droughts. Land rezoning possibilities may further distort technology adoption decisions, thereby, reducing resilience to droughts.
Multiple signalling pathways redundantly control glucose transporterGLUT4gene transcription in skeletal muscle
Authors: Murgia Marta , Jensen Thomas E. , Cusinato Marzia , Garcia Marta , Richter Erik A. , Schiaffino Stefano
Published: July 2009

Increased glucose transporter GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle is an important benefit of regular exercise, resulting in improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The Ca2+–calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CaMKII), calcineurin and AMPK pathways have been implicated in GLUT4 gene regulation based on pharmacological evidence. Here, we have used a more specific genetic approach to establish the relative role of the three pathways in fast and slow muscles. Plasmids coding for protein inhibitors of CaMKII or calcineurin were co‐transfectedin vivowith a GLUT4 enhancer‐reporter construct either in normal mice or in mice expressing a kinase dead (KD) AMPK mutant. GLUT4 reporter activity was not inhibited in the slow soleus muscle by blocking either CaMKII or calcineurin alone, but was inhibited by blocking both pathways. GLUT4 reporter activity was likewise unchanged in the soleus of KD‐AMPK mice, but was significantly reduced by incapacitation of either CaMKII or calcineurin in these mice. On the other hand, in the fasttibialis anterior(TA) muscle, calcineurin appears to exert a prominent role in the control of GLUT4 reporter activity, independent of CaMKII and AMPK. The results point to a muscle type‐specific and redundant regulation ofGLUT4enhancer based on the interplay of multiple signalling pathways, all of which are known to affect myocyte enhancing factor 2 (MEF2) transcriptional activity, a point of convergence of different pathways on muscle gene regulation.
Pyramidal cells of rodent presubiculum express a tetrodotoxin‐insensitive Na+ current
Authors: Fricker Desdemona , Dinocourt Céline , Eugène Emmanuel , Wood John , Miles Richard
Published: July 2009

Presubicular neurons are activated physiologically by a specific preferred head direction. Here we show that firing in these neurones is characterized by action potentials with a large overshoot and a reduced firing frequency adaptation during repetitive firing. We found that a component of the sodium current of presubicular cells was not abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10 μm) and was activated at more depolarized voltages than TTX‐sensitive currents. This inward current was completely abolished by the removal of external sodium, suggesting that sodium is the charge carrier of this TTX‐insensitive (TTX‐I) current. The channels responsible for the TTX‐I sodium current seemed to be expressed at sites distant from the soma, giving rise to a voltage‐dependent delay in current activation. The voltage required for half‐maximal activation was −21 mV, and −36 mV for inactivation, which is similar to that reported for NaV1.8 sodium channels. However, the kinetics were considerably slower, with a time constant of current decay of 1.4 s. The current was not abolished in pyramidal cells from animals lacking either the NaV1.8 or the NaV1.9 subunit. This, possibly novel, TTX‐I sodium current could contribute to the coding functions of presubicular neurons, specifically the maintained firing associated with signalling of a stable head position.
Substrate interactions of the electroneutral Na+‐coupled inorganic phosphate cotransporter (NaPi‐IIc)
Authors: Ghezzi Chiara , Murer Heini , Forster Ian C.
Published: July 2009

The SLC34 solute carrier family comprises the electrogenic NaPi‐IIa/b and the electroneutral NaPi‐IIc, which display Na+ : Pi cotransport stoichiometries of 3 : 1 and 2 : 1, respectively. We previously proposed that NaPi‐IIc lacks one of the three Na+ interaction sites hypothesised for the electrogenic isoforms, but, unlike NaPi‐IIa/b, its substrate binding order is undetermined. By expressing NaPi‐IIc in Xenopus oocytes, isotope influx and efflux assays gave results consistent with Na+ being the first and last substrate to bind. To further investigate substrate interactions, we applied a fluorometry‐based technique that uses site‐specific labelling with a fluorophore to characterize substrate‐induced conformational changes. A novel Cys was introduced in the third extracellular loop of NaPi‐IIc that could be labelled with a reporter fluorophore (MTS‐TAMRA). Although labelling resulted in suppression of cotransport as previously reported for the electrogenic isoforms, changes in fluorescence were induced by changes in extracellular Na+ concentration in the absence of Pi and by changes in extracellular Pi concentration in presence of Na+. These data, combined with 32P uptake data, also support a binding scheme in which Na+ is the first substrate to interact. Moreover, the apparent Pi affinity from fluorometry agreed with that from 32P uptake, confirming the applicability of the fluorometric technique for kinetic studies of electroneutral carriers. Analysis of the fluorescence data showed that like the electrogenic NaPi‐IIb, 2 Na+ ions interact cooperatively with NaPi‐IIc before Pi binding, which implies that only one of these is translocated. This result provides compelling evidence that SLC34 proteins share common motifs for substrate interaction and that cotransport and substrate binding stoichiometries are not necessarily equivalent.
Modes of Wave Propagation and Dispersion Relations in a Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Liu Yu Cheng , Hwang Yun Fan , Huang Jin Huang
Published: July 2009

This paper reinvestigates the classic problem of the dispersion relations of a cylindrical shell by obtaining a complete set of analytical solutions, based on Flügge’s theory, for all orders of circular harmonics, n=0,1,2,…,∞. The traditional numerical root search process, which requires considerable computational effort, is no longer needed. Solutions of the modal patterns (eigenvectors) for all propagating (and nonpropagating) modes are particularly emphasized, because a complete set of properly normalized eigenvectors are crucial for solving the vibration problem of a finite shell under various admissible boundary conditions. The dispersion relations and the associated eigenvectors are also the means by which to construct transfer matrices used to analyze the vibroacoustic transmission in cylindrical shell structures or pipe-hose systems. The eigenvectors obtained from the conventional method in shell analysis are not as conveniently normalized as those commonly used in mathematical physics. The present research proposes a new alternative method to find eigenvectors that are normalized such that their norms equal unity. A parallel display of the dispersion curves and the associated modal patterns has been used in the discussion and shown to provide a more insightful understanding of the wave phenomena in a cylindrical shell.
Imbalance Vibration Suppression of a Supercritical Shaft via an Automatic Balancing Device
Authors: DeSmidt H. A.
Published: July 2009

This research explores the use of automatic balancing (AB) devices or “autobalancers” for imbalance vibration suppression of flexible shafts operating at supercritical speeds. Essentially, an autobalancer is a passive device consisting of several freely moving eccentric masses or balancer balls free to roll within a circular track mounted on a rotor that is to be balanced. At certain speeds, the stable equilibrium positions of the balls are such that they reduce or cancel the rotor imbalance. This “automatic balancing” phenomenon occurs as a result of the nonlinear dynamic interactions between the balancer balls and the rotor transverse vibration. Thus, autobalancer devices can passively compensate for unknown imbalance without the need for a control system and are able to naturally adjust for changing imbalance conditions. Autobalancers are currently utilized for imbalance correction in some single plane rotor applications such as computer hard-disk drives, CD-ROM drives, machine tools and energy storage flywheels. While autobalancers can effectively compensate for imbalance of planar, disk-type, rigid rotors, the use of autobalancing devices for nonplanar and flexible shafts with multiple modes of vibration has not been fully considered. This study explores the dynamics and stability of an imbalanced flexible shaft-disk system equipped with a dual-ball automatic balancing device. The system is analyzed by solving a coupled set of nonlinear equations to determine the fixed-point equilibrium conditions in rotating coordinates, and stability is assessed via eigenvalue analysis of the perturbed system about each equilibrium configuration. It is determined that regions of stable automatic balancing occur at supercritical shaft speeds between each flexible mode. Additionally, the effects of bearing support stiffness, axial mounting offset between the imbalance and autobalancer planes, and ball/track viscous damping are explored. This investigation develops a new, efficient, analysis method for calculating the fixed-point equilibrium configurations of the flexible shaft-AB system. Finally, a new effective force ratio parameter is identified, which governs the equilibrium behavior of flexible shaft/AB systems with noncollocated autobalancer and imbalance planes. This analysis yields valuable insights for balancing of flexible rotor systems operating at supercritical speeds.
Experimental Study on the Nonlinear Vibrations and n× Amplitudes of a Rotor With a Transverse Crack
Authors: Sinou Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2009

In this paper, the nonlinear response of a rotor system containing a transverse crack is analyzed experimentally in order to propose a nondestructive detection of cracks in the rotor. More particularly, the evolutions of the n× superharmonic frequency components at the various subcritical resonant peaks and the decrease in the subcritical resonant speeds are investigated for various crack depths. The experimental results that are presented in this study confirm the theoretical analysis of many researchers and provide a possible basis for an on-line monitoring system.
Vibrations of a Beam in Variable Contact With a Flat Surface
Authors: Roy Arjun , Chatterjee Anindya
Published: July 2009

We study small vibrations of cantilever beams contacting a rigid surface. We study two cases: the first is a beam that sags onto the ground due to gravity, and the second is a beam that sticks to the ground through reversible adhesion. In both cases, the noncontacting length varies dynamically. We first obtain the governing equations and boundary conditions, including a transversality condition involving an end moment, using Hamilton’s principle. Rescaling the variable length to a constant value, we obtain partial differential equations with time varying coefficients, which, upon linearization, give the natural frequencies of vibration. The natural frequencies for the first case (gravity without adhesion) match that of a clamped-clamped beam of the same nominal length; frequencies for the second case, however, show no such match. We develop simple, if atypical, single degree of freedom approximations for the first modes of these two systems, which provide insights into the role of the static deflection profile, as well as the end moment condition, in determining the first natural frequencies of these systems. Finally, we consider small transverse sinusoidal forcing of the first case and find that the governing equation contains both parametric and external forcing terms. For forcing at resonance, we find that either the internal or the external forcing may dominate.
A Modeling Approach for Interlinked Feeder Pipes in CANDU® Reactors
Authors: Zobeiry Nima , Reinhardt Wolf
Published: July 2009

The feeder pipes of a typical CANDU® reactor supply each of the 380 fuel channels with coolant and are individually connected to the large bore primary piping. In some designs, the longer pipes are interlinked with spacer rods, which mitigate vibrations and prevent contact between adjacent feeder pipes. Under severe loading conditions, the spacer rods will yield, which will prevent overstressing the pipes as the stiffness of the coupling gets reduced. Spacer yielding also provides increased damping for dynamic loads. It has recently become practicable to model the entire interlinked system in a single model. This paper presents the modeling approach for seismic analysis and for the fuel channel creep (a radiation induced slow unidirectional anchor motion). Results with and without spacer bars are compared to illustrate the effect of spacers. The importance of representing spacer yielding in the model is discussed.
Assessment Procedure for Multiple Cracklike Flaws in Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD)
Authors: Konosu Shinji
Published: July 2009

Assessment of multiple discrete cracklike flaws is one of the most common problems relating to pressure vessels and piping components. Under the current fitness for service (FFS) rules, such as ASME, BS, and so on, multiple cracklike flaws are usually recharacterized as an enveloping crack (defined as a single larger crack), following their assessment rules. The procedure, however, varies significantly in these FFS codes. In this paper, the interaction between nonaligned multiple unequal cracks is clarified by applying the body force method. Based on the interaction that indicates the magnification and shielding effects and the reference stress solutions, a newly developed assessment procedure for multiple discrete cracklike flaws in the failure assessment diagram is proposed.
The Effects of Filler Metal Transformation Temperature on Residual Stresses in a High Strength Steel Weld
Authors: Francis J. A. , Stone H. J. , Kundu S. , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. , Rogge R. B. , Withers P. J. , Karlsson L.
Published: July 2009

Residual stress in the vicinity of a weld can have a large influence on structural integrity. Here the extent to which the martensite-start temperature of the weld filler metal can be adjusted to engineer the residual stress distribution in a bainitic-martensitic steel weld was investigated. Three single-pass groove welds were deposited by manual-metal-arc welding on 12 mm thick steel plates using filler metals designed to have different martensite-start temperatures. Their longitudinal, transverse, and normal residual stress distributions were then characterized across the weld cross section by neutron diffraction. It was found that tensile stresses along the welding direction can be reduced or even replaced with compressive stresses if the transformation temperature is lowered sufficiently. The results are interpreted in the context of designing better welding consumables.
Reliability of System With Hysteresis Loop Characteristic Subjected to Earthquake Excitations
Authors: Aoki Shigeru
Published: July 2009

The estimation of reliability of system subjected to earthquake excitations is an important problem for aseismic design. The reliability of such system should be evaluated in probabilistic manner. The first excursion failure is one of the most important failure modes of structures and also one factor of reliability. Many structures have nonlinear characteristics. Hysteresis loop characteristic caused by plastic deformation is one of the most common nonlinear characteristics observed in pressure vessels and piping systems. In this paper, an estimation method for the first excursion probability of structure with hysteresis loop characteristic is proposed. The first excursion probability is the function of many parameters, which is obtained by using artificial time histories. It is shown that when the tolerance level is normalized by the expected values of the maximum response of the structures, the first excursion probability can be shown to be independent of many parameters.
Sound Radiation Control Using Multiple Adaptive Vibration Neutralizers and Hierarchical Control Schemes
Authors: Kidner M. R. F. , Wright R. I.
Published: July 2009

Adaptable vibration neutralizers (AVNs) have become common in the literature as solutions to controlling a single but variable frequency disturbance, such as the interior sound field in a turboprop aircraft. This paper presents a study of the feedback control of five AVNs to minimize tonal sound radiation from a rectangular plate with a response controlled by many modes. It is shown that the five AVNs with local feedback loops can be managed by a simple global algorithm to minimize the sound radiation from a plate. As an adaptive passive approach is used, each individual AVN can be constrained to be stable and the resulting global system is also stable. The contributions of this paper are an experimental demonstration of nongradient based control of individual AVNs, a simple hierarchical control of multiple AVNs to reduce a single global error and experimental confirmation of the physical mechanisms by which vibration neutralizers can be used to minimize noise radiation. Spatially averaged single frequency reductions of up to 22 dB are experimentally demonstrated in the radiated field.
A Statistical Measure for Wavelet Based Singularity Detection
Authors: Pakrashi Vikram , Basu Biswajit , O’ Connor Alan
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a statistical measure for the identification of the presence, the location, and the calibration of the strength of singularity in a signal or in any of its derivatives in the presence of measurement noise without the requirement of a baseline using a wavelet based detection technique. For this proposed wavelet based detection of singularities present in a signal, the problem of false alarm and its significant reduction by use of multiple measurements is presented. The importance of the proposed measure on baseline and nonbaseline damage calibration has been discussed from the aspect of structural health monitoring. The findings in this paper can also be used for cross-checking of background noise level in an observed signal. The detection of the existence, location, and extent of an open crack from the first fundamental modeshape of a simply supported beam is presented as an example problem.
Self-Powered Magnetorheological Dampers
Authors: Choi Young-Tai , Wereley Norman M.
Published: July 2009

This study addresses the feasibility and effectiveness of a self-powered magnetorheological (MR) damper using in-situ energy harvested from the vibration and shock environment in which it is deployed. To achieve this, an energy-harvesting device is designed and added to a MR damper. This energy-harvesting device consists of a stator, a permanent magnet, and a spring and operates as an energy-harvesting dynamic vibration absorber (DVA). The dynamic equation for the self-powered MR damper is derived. To evaluate the vibration isolation capability of the self-powered MR damper, a single-degree-of-freedom engine mount system using the MR damper is simulated. The governing equation of motion for the engine mount system is derived. A parametric study is conducted to find the optimal stiffness of the energy-harvesting DVA for the engine mount system. The isolation performance of the engine mount system employing the self-powered MR damper is theoretically evaluated in the frequency domain.
Optimal Positioning and Control of a MR-Squeeze Film Damper for Reducing Unbalanced Vibrations in a Rotor System With Multiple Masses
Authors: Kim Keun-Joo , Lee Chong-Won , Koo Jeong-Hoi
Published: July 2009

This paper presents a new semi-active control scheme that can reduce the unbalance responses in a flexible rotor system with multiple masses (i.e., disks) using a magnetorheological fluid based squeeze film damper (MR-SFD). The proposed control scheme is designed to effectively attenuate multiple vibration modes of the rotor system. The control algorithm begins with the determination of the optimal location of the MR squeeze film damper to maximize its control performance over several flexural critical speeds of interest. After identifying the optimal position of the damper based on the structure dynamics modification method, the singular value analysis was performed, with varying rotor speed, to determine the scheduled input current to the MR squeeze film damper at each rotational speed. Using a rotor-bearing model coupled with three disks and a MR-SFD, a series of numerical simulations was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the control algorithm. In addition to the numerical study, a test rotor system (equivalent to the numerical model) and a prototype MR squeeze film damper were constructed and tested to experimentally evaluate the performance of the prototype with the control and validate the simulation results. The numerical and test results indicate that optimal positioning of the damper alone (without implementing the control) significantly reduced the unbalance responses of the disks near the first critical speed. Activating the controller, the damper further attenuated the unbalanced vibrations of the rotor system at the second critical speed. The results show that, at this critical speed, the peak vibration magnitudes of the disks were attenuated by nearly 70%.
Enumeration, Kinematic, Static and Mechanical Efficiency Analysis of Differential Screw Mechanisms
Authors: Ciccioli G. , Pennestrì E. , Valentini P. P.
Published: July 2009

Although differential screw mechanisms are widely used in precision mechanisms to control fine relative movements, their enumeration and systematic methods of analysis seem less widespread. In this paper methods to support the preliminary design steps of these devices are proposed. In particular, has been proposed an enumeration algorithm of screw mechanisms. This method makes use of kinematic structure relationships deduced by Kraus (1951, Getriebelehre, Verlag Technik, Berlin; 1952, Gründlagen des Systematischen Getriebeaufbaus, Verlag Technik, Berlin). Kinematic and static analyses of differential screw mechanisms are described mainly in the German technical literature. However, such analyses are based on graphical constructions. In the paper graph-based analytical methods of kinematic, static and mechanical efficiency analyses are proposed. Examples of application of the suggested methods are offered.