bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cobalt Dopant with Deep Redox Potential for Organometal Halide Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Koh Teck Ming , Dharani Sabba , Li Hairong , Prabhakar Rajiv Ramanujam , Mathews Nripan , Grimsdale Andrew C. , Mhaisalkar Subodh G.
Published: May 2014

In this work, we report a new cobalt(III) complex, tris[2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyrimidine]cobalt(III) tris[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide] (MY11), with deep redox potential (1.27 V vs NHE) as dopant for 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD). This dopant possesses, to the best of our knowledge, the deepest redox potential among all cobalt‐based dopants used in solar cell applications, allowing it to dope a wide range of hole‐conductors. We demonstrate the tuning of redox potential of the Co dopant by incorporating pyrimidine moiety in the ligand. We characterize the optical and electrochemical properties of the newly synthesized dopant and show impressive spiro‐to‐spiro+ conversion. Lastly, we fabricate high efficiency perovskite‐based solar cells using MY11 as dopant for molecular hole‐conductor, spiro‐OMeTAD, to reveal the impact of this dopant in photovoltaic performance. An overall power conversion efficiency of 12 % is achieved using MY11 as p‐type dopant to spiro‐OMeTAD.
Unique mitochondrialDNAlineages in Irish stickleback populations: cryptic refugium or rapid recolonization?
Authors: Ravinet Mark , Harrod Chris , Eizaguirre Christophe , Prodöhl Paulo A.
Published: May 2014

Repeated recolonization of freshwater environments following Pleistocene glaciations has played a major role in the evolution and adaptation of anadromous taxa. Located at the western fringe of Europe, Ireland and Britain were likely recolonized rapidly by anadromous fishes from the North Atlantic following the last glacial maximum (LGM). While the presence of unique mitochondrial haplotypes in Ireland suggests that a cryptic northern refugium may have played a role in recolonization, no explicit test of this hypothesis has been conducted. The three‐spined stickleback is native and ubiquitous to aquatic ecosystems throughout Ireland, making it an excellent model species with which to examine the biogeographical history of anadromous fishes in the region. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to examine the presence of divergent evolutionary lineages and to assess broad‐scale patterns of geographical clustering among postglacially isolated populations. Our results confirm that Ireland is a region of secondary contact for divergent mitochondrial lineages and that endemic haplotypes occur in populations in Central and Southern Ireland. To test whether a putative Irish lineage arose from a cryptic Irish refugium, we used approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). However, we found no support for this hypothesis. Instead, the Irish lineage likely diverged from the European lineage as a result of postglacial isolation of freshwater populations by rising sea levels. These findings emphasize the need to rigorously test biogeographical hypothesis and contribute further evidence that postglacial processes may have shaped genetic diversity in temperate fauna.
Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells with podoplanin expression in patients with locally advanced or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hsieh Jason Chia‐Hsun , Lin Hung‐Chih , Huang Chi‐Ya , Hsu Hsung‐Ling , Wu Tyler Min‐Hsien , Lee Chia‐Lin , Chen Min‐Chi , Wang Hung‐Ming , Tseng Ching‐Ping
Published: May 2014

Background

Podoplanin (PDPN) is a prognostic factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, PDPN expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and its prognostic value are not clear.

Methods

The PowerMag system was used to enumerate CTCs from 53 patients with HNSCC prechemotherapy and 61 healthy donors. PDPN expression was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcome, such as patient survival by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

PDPN was expressed in a subset of CTCs. Both EpCAM‐positive CTC and PDPN‐positive CTC counts were statistically different between the disease and nondisease groups (p < .0001) with no prognostic value. After a median follow‐up of 10.5 months (range, 6.6–18.5 months), the PDPN‐positive/EpCAM‐positive CTC ratio >20% was a significant prognostic factor for death within 6 months (p = .011) and was correlated with poor progression‐free survival (p = .016) and overall survival (p = .015).

Conclusion

PDPN‐positive/EpCAM‐positive CTC ratio is a prognostic factor and defining the ratio in patients with HNSCC might be valuable to clinical management. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1448–1455, 2015
Low‐frequency modulation and trend of the relationship between ENSO and precipitation along the northern to centre Peruvian Pacific coast
Authors: Bourrel Luc , Rau Pedro , Dewitte Boris , Labat David , Lavado Waldo , Coutaud Aude , Vera Andrea , Alvarado Abigail , Ordoñez Julio
Published: May 2014

The relationship between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and precipitation along the Peruvian Pacific coast is investigated over 1964–2011 on the basis of a variety of indices accounting for the different types of El Niño events and atmospheric and oceanographic manifestations of the interannual variability in the tropical Pacific. We show the existence of fluctuations in the ENSO/precipitation relationship at decadal timescales that are associated with the ENSO property changes over the recent decades. Several indices are considered in order to discriminate the influence of the two types of El Niño, namely, the eastern Pacific El Niño and the central Pacific El Niño, as well as the influence of large‐scale atmospheric variability associated to the Madden and Julian Oscillation, and of regional oceanic conditions.

Three main periods are identified that correspond to the interleave periods between the main climatic transitions over 1964–2011, i.e. the shifts of the 1970s and the 2000s, over which ENSO experiences significant changes in its characteristics. We show that the relationship between ENSO and precipitation along the western coast of Peru has experienced significant decadal change. Whereas El Niño events before 2000 lead to increased precipitation, in the 2000s, ENSO is associated to drier conditions. This is due to the change in the main ENSO pattern after 2000 that is associated to cooler oceanic conditions off Peru during warm events (i.e. central Pacific El Niño). Our analysis also indicates that the two extreme El Niño events of 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 have overshadowed actual trends in the relationship between interannual variability in the tropical Pacific and precipitation along the coast of Peru. Overall, our study stresses on the complexity of the hydrological cycle on the western side of the Andes with regard to its relationship with the interannual to decadal variability in the tropical Pacific. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel [4‐(1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐4‐yl)phenoxy]methylene anchored 1,3,4‐triazoles and 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles
Authors: Gadhave A. G. , Gaikar R. B. , Kuchekar S. R. , Karale B. K.
Published: May 2014

A series of novel [4‐(1,2,3‐thiadiazol‐4‐yl)phenoxy]methylene anchored 1,3,4‐triazoles (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 8f, 8g, 8h) and 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles (9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f, 9g, 9h, 9i) were synthesized from thiosemicarbazide (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, 7g, 7h, 7i, 7j). The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of IR, 1H‐NMR, mass spectral techniques, and elemental analysis. The in vitro antimicrobial screenings of the synthesized compounds were carried out against four bacterial pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus, using broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration method. The compounds 7d, 7j, 8a, 9a, 9b, and 9i exhibited promising antibacterial activity against the tested strains, whereas some compounds were found to be active against one of the tested bacterial strains.
Does the Feminisation of Agricultural Labour Empower Women? Insights from Female Labour Contractors and Workers in Northwest Syria
Authors: Abdelali‐Martini Malika , Dey de Pryck Jennie
Published: May 2014

With major socio‐economic changes in the Middle East and North Africa spurring men's exit from agriculture, women now represent over 60 per cent of the agricultural workforce in several countries. Drawing on original field research, this paper analyses the emergence of female agricultural labour contractors and female wage labour groups in north‐west Syria and compares the outcomes for the contractors' and labourers' empowerment with regard to four dimensions of power or agency: power within, power to, power over and power with. An evolving but delicate balance between continuity and transformation has permitted modest gains in women's empowerment without challenging intrahousehold gender power relations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of gypsum and anhydrite ground layers in 15th and 16th centuries Portuguese paintings by Raman Spectroscopy and other techniques
Authors: Antunes Vanessa , Candeias António , Oliveira Maria José , Longelin Stéphane , Serrão Vitor , Seruya Ana Isabel , Coroado João , Dias Luís , Mirão José , Carvalho Maria Luísa
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this work is to characterize Portuguese painting ground layers from the 15th and 16th centuries (1450–1600), focusing particularly on the Coimbra, Lisbon, and Viseu workshops. Calcium sulfate, used regularly in these layers is common in the Iberian Peninsula as a natural resource. Its use is now confirmed, as already studied in Spanish paintings, and it was prepared generally by addition of animal glue. Besides the common esthetic language to the various painting workshops at the time, chalk/calcite (calcium carbonate), gypsum (di‐hydrated calcium sulfate), and anhydrite (anhydrous calcium sulfate) ground layers have specificities that allow characterizing different compounds. The cross‐sections from a set of six groups of Portuguese paintings were examined by optical microscopy and micro‐confocal Raman and Raman spectroscopic mapping imaged the location of the different compounds in the cross‐section. Results were integrated with those obtained by micro‐X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy on the same samples. In most cases, the ground layers are made of calcium sulfate in the form of the so‐called gesso grosso (mainly anhydrite with small amounts of gypsum). Differently, the Viseu paintings have calcium carbonate ground layers. These results put in evidence differences between the examined groups giving important information on the various workshop practices and also on the possible future conservative intervention on the paintings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Insight into the Mechanism of 1,3‐Dienes Cationic Polymerization III: Polymerization of 1,3‐Pentadiene with CF3COOD/TiCl4 Initiating System: Chain‐Ends Structure and Kinetics
Authors: Rozentsvet Victor A. , Kozlov Valery G. , Korovina Nelly A. , Novakov Ivan A. , Kostjuk Sergei V.
Published: May 2014

A novel method for the investigation of the chain‐end structure of poly(1,3‐pentadiene)s synthesized using the CF3COOD/TiCl4 initiating system is developed. It is shown for the first time that the content of trans‐1,2‐structures in the first monomer unit is considerably higher than the content of trans‐1,4‐structures, whereas the content of trans‐1,4‐units is substantially higher than trans‐1,2‐units for the polymer chain as a whole. Another important observation is that chain transfer to monomer is significant even at the earlier stages of the 1,3‐pentadiene polymerization (after 1 s of reaction). The very low functionality at the ω‐end (Fn
(Cl) < 0.15) confirms the intensive chain transfer to monomer. This method is also applied for the estimation of the concentration of active species and the rate constant for propagation (k
p) for the cationic polymerization of 1,3‐pentadiene using the CF3COOD/TiCl4 initiating system: rate constants for propagation, k
p, of 1.5 × 103 and 3.3 × 103 L mol−1 min−1 are determined for 1,3‐pentadiene polymerization at 20 and –78 °C, respectively.

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Hollow Microporous Organic Capsules Loaded with Highly Dispersed Pt Nanoparticles for Catalytic Applications
Authors: Yang Xinjia , Song Kunpeng , Tan Liangxiao , Hussain Irshad , Li Tao , Tan Bien
Published: May 2014

Hollow microporous organic capsules embedded with small and monodisperse Pt nanoparticles (NPs) are designed and synthesized successfully. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that the materials with amine groups and a microporous structure act as a better support for obtaining highly dispersed Pt NPs in the micropores. After several successive catalytic reactions, the TEM and porous structure of the heterogeneous catalysts do not show any observable changes. The heterogeneous catalysts are highly stable in air and no decrease in activity is observed after the catalyst is exposed to air for several days. These heterogeneous catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity and recyclability potential, combined with mild conditions, and the possibility of using alcoholic reaction media for the nitroaromatic hydrogenation.

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Advanced Monte Carlo Model for Arborescent Polyisobutylene Production in Batch Reactor
Authors: Zhao Yutian R. , McAuley Kimberley B. , Iedema Piet D. , Puskas Judit E.
Published: May 2014

An advanced Monte Carlo (MC) model is developed to predict the molecular weight distribution and branching level for arborescent polyisobutylene produced in a batch reactor via carbocationic copolymerization of isobutylene and an inimer. This new MC model uses differential equations and random numbers to determine the detailed structure of dendritic polymer molecules. Results agree with those from a traditional MC model for the same system, but the proposed model requires considerably less computational effort. The proposed MC model is also used to obtain information about polymer segments between branch points and dangling polymer segments.
A characterization of dimension functions of a class of semi‐orthogonal Parseval frame wavelets
Authors: Li Yun‐Zhang , Lan Nan
Published: May 2014

Dimension functions play a significant role in the study of wavelets and have been attracting many waveletters’ interest. In recent years, the study of wavelet dimension functions has seen great achievements, but the study of Parseval frame wavelet (PFW) dimension functions has not. Bownik, Rzeszotnik and Speegle in 2001 and Arambašić, Bakić and Rajić in 2007 characterized ‐periodic functions that are wavelet dimension functions. But it is open what a ‐periodic function is qualified to be a dimension function of some semi‐orthogonal PFW. This paper addresses semi‐orthogonal PFW dimension functions associated with expansive matrices of determinant ± 2. We obtain a description of the ranges of semi‐orthogonal PFW dimension functions and establish a necessary and sufficient condition for an integer‐valued function to be a dimension function of some semi‐orthogonal PFW. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymptotics of the far field generated by a modulated point source in a planarly layered electromagnetic waveguide
Authors: Barrera‐Figueroa Víctor , Rabinovich Vladimir S.
Published: May 2014

In the present work, we analyze the electromagnetic field generated by a modulated point source in a planarly layered waveguide, in the far field region. On the basis of the two‐dimensional stationary phase method, we obtain expressions for the asymptotics of the field at large distance from the source and a large value of the time. The analysis relies on the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of an auxiliary one‐dimensional spectral problem, which is intimately linked to the Helmholtz equation for inhomogeneous media. In addition, from the spectral parameter power series method [Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2010; 33(4): 459‐468], we obtain an explicit representation for the dispersion relation of the waveguide, which leads us to the allowed propagation constants and the group velocities for the guided modes. Several examples show the spectral parameter power series approach of the present analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thorough understanding of the Diels–Alder reaction of 1,3‐butadiene and ethylene
Authors: Cui Cheng‐Xing , Liu Ya‐Jun
Published: May 2014

The Diels–Alder (DA) reaction is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. The controversy surrounding this reaction as to whether it follows a concerted or stepwise mechanism has existed for a long time. The reaction of 1,3‐butadiene and ethylene is the paradigmatic example of the DA reaction. We have reinvestigated the mechanism of this reaction using density functional theory. The theoretical study considered all types of possible pathways for the reaction of 1,3‐butadiene and ethylene using six functionals at different rungs of Jacob's ladder. Therefore, a complete picture is given for a thorough understanding of the iconic DA reaction, and a new stationary point during the reaction processes has been reported for the first time. The calculated results indicated that three functionals, ωB97X‐D, M06‐2X, and B2‐PLYP, of the fourth and fifth rungs of Jacob's ladder performed well in the investigation of the mechanism of this reaction and that the reliable basis set should be larger than 6‐311+G(2d,p). The cis‐1,3‐butadiene more easily reacted with ethylene compared with 1,3‐butadiene in the trans conformation. The concerted mechanism was found to be energetically favorable, whose energy barrier is around 10 kcal/mol lower than that of the stepwise mechanism. Two investigated solvents, toluene and CH3CN, had little impact on this simple DA reaction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic Opportunity and Evolution: Beyond Landscapes and Bounded Rationality
Authors: Felin Teppo , Kauffman Stuart , Koppl Roger , Longo Giuseppe
Published: May 2014

The nature of economic opportunity has recently received significant attention in entrepreneurship, organization science and strategy. The notion of boundedly rational search on an (NK) opportunity landscape has been particularly relevant to these conversations and debates. We argue that the focus on bounded rationality and search is highly problematic for the fields of entrepreneurship and strategy and does not allow us to explain the origins of economic novelty. We contrast theNPproblem with the frame problem to illustrate our point, and highlight the role of adjacent possibilities and novel affordances. We discuss the entrepreneurial and economic implications of these arguments by building on unique insights from biology, the natural and computational sciences. Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.
Erectile Dysfunction in Qatar: Prevalence and Risk Factors in 1,052 Participants—A Pilot Study
Authors: Al Naimi Abdulla , Majzoub Ahmad A. , Talib Raidh A. , Canguven Onder , Al Ansari Abdulla
Published: May 2014

Aim

The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in Qatar and to determine the risk factors associated with it.

Materials and Methods

This is a cross-sectional survey study of men attending the outpatient department at Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar between February 2012 and February 2013. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaire was used for data collection. In addition to the IIEF-5 score, each participant's medical history was taken, with special emphasis on risk factors for ED, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), and smoking habits, and on their body mass index.

Results

One thousand fifty-two participants were randomly selected to fill out the IIEF-5 questionnaire. The participants' mean age (±SD) was 41.87 ± 13.24 years. Analysis of replies to the IIEF-5 showed that ED was present in 573 out of 1,052 participants (54.5%). Fifty-six (5%) participants had severe ED, 61 (6%) had moderate ED, 173 (16%) had mild to moderate ED, and 283 (27%) had mild ED. Risk factors for ED that held statistical significance were age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1–4.1, P < 0.001), DM (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–3.9, P < 0.001), HTN (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.5, P = 0.012), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.4, P = 0.024), and CAD (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.3–7.5, P = 0.009).

Conclusion

We found that the prevalence rate of ED in Qatar is quite similar to the regional reported rates. Overall, we demonstrated that nearly more than half of our participants suffered from ED. Besides age, DM, HTN, CAD, and dyslipidemia were found to be the most important risk factors for ED.
Microstructual Evolution of a Medium Carbon Advanced High Strength Steel Heat‐Treated by Quenching–Partitioning Process
Authors: Zhong Ning , Wu Qianlin , Yin Yansheng , Wang Xiaodong
Published: May 2014

The recently developed “quenching and partitioning” (Q&P) and “quenching–partitioning–tempering” heat treatment are both novel processing technologies, which are aim to achieve advanced high strength steels with good combination of high strength and ductility. Containing certain amount of ductile austenite phase is a key characteristic of the Q&P steel, and austenite phase is being enriched with carbon during the partitioning treatment. However, the microstructural evolution of the Q&P steel during the heat treatment is rather complicated. In present work, evolution of microstructure in medium carbon steel containing Cr, Mo, and Nb has been studied in detail during the Q&P process. The microstructural evolution of the steel was investigated in terms of X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope.
Nanovector‐mediated drug delivery for spinal cord injury treatment
Authors: Caron Ilaria , Papa Simonetta , Rossi Filippo , Forloni Gianluigi , Veglianese Pietro
Published: May 2014

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the result of a traumatic primary event followed by a so‐called secondary injury, which is characterized by a large spectrum of biochemical cellular pathways able to spread the lesion, worsening neurologic recovery. A growing number of potential therapeutic interventions to counteract different neurodegenerative mechanisms of SCI have been proposed, but they did not show relevant efficacy when translated as clinical treatments. Different reasons could explain these disappointing results: on one side the multifactorial evolution of SCI after the primary injury that limits the beneficial effect of just one targeted treatment and, on the other, the restricted access of pharmacological therapies to the spinal cord. For these reasons, recently, a growing interest has been shown in the development of alternative delivery strategies to administer drugs and/or biological/cellular therapies into the spine (hydrogel and nanoparticles).

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Angiogenesis in myeloproliferative neoplasms, new markers and future directions
Authors: Medinger Michael , Passweg Jakob
Published: May 2014

Tumor angiogenesis has been identified to play a critical role in tumor growth and tumor progression, and is regulated by a balance of angiogenic and antiangiogenic cytokines. This has been documented for solid tumors, and there is emerging evidence suggesting that tumor progression of hematological malignancies also depends on the induction of new blood vessel formation. Data on angiogenesis in the bone marrow of BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm patients suggest an increase of the microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and there is a relation to the JAK2-V617F status. The most important proangiogenic agent is VEGF, activating VEGF receptors 1 and 2. Inhibition of VEGF signaling by monoclonal antibodies or small molecules (kinase inhibitors) has already been successfully established for the treatment of different cancer entities, and multiple new drugs are being tested in clinical trials. Most patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) or primary myelofibrosis (PMF) that was not associated with a JAK2 or MPL alteration carried a somatic mutation in calreticulin (CALR). Thus, CALR mutations should be included in the next classification system for ET/PMF. This review summarizes recent advances in the basic understanding of the role of angiogenesis in myeloproliferative neoplasms and the translation of such basic findings into clinical studies.
Metallothionein‐III increases ADAM10 activity in association with furin, PC7, and PKCα during non‐amyloidogenic processing
Authors: Park Bong Hwan , Kim Hyung Gyun , Jin Sun Woo , Song Suk-Gil , Jeong Hye Gwang
Published: May 2014

A‐disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is involved in the generation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) during amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, and has a protective effect against Aβ neurotoxicity. We explored how metallothionein‐III (MT‐III) is regulated in the non‐amyloidogenic pathway to generate soluble APPα (sAPPα). MT‐ІІІ increased sAPPα levels and reduced Aβ peptide levels, but did not affect ADAM10 expression. However, MT‐III increased the activity of ADAM10. MT‐ІІІ‐induced sAPPα secretion, and Aβ peptide formation was blocked by specific inhibitors of furin, proprotein convertase7 (PC7), and PKCα. These results demonstrate that MT‐ІІІ increases the amount of active ADAM10 in association with furin, PC7 and PKCα.
Sleep disturbance among women with chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Cosar Emine , Çakır Güngör Aysenur , Gencer Meryem , Uysal Ahmet , Hacivelioğlu Servet O. , Özkan Adile , Şen Halil Murat
Published: May 2014

Objective

To investigate the effect of chronic pelvic pain (CPP), a debilitating condition, on sleep quality.

Methods

The present case–control study enrolled women older than 18 years attending the Gynecology Clinic of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Hospital, Çanakkale, Turkey, with CPP between August 2011 and August 2012. The control group was selected from women attending the clinic for another complaint. Sleep quality was evaluated via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and differences between the groups were compared by t and χ2 tests.

Results

During the study period, 157 women were enrolled. Seventy‐two had CPP symptoms, and 85 attended the clinic for other complaints. Poor sleep quality was found in 80% (n = 58) of the women with CPP, and 55% (n = 47) of the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Women with CPP were found to have poor sleep quality. Sleep education should be recommended in psychiatry and neurology clinics to increase the awareness of sleeping problems among these women.
Resourceful Friends: An Invaluable Dimension in Family Inclusive Child Protection Practice
Authors: Thorpe Ros , Ramsden Kim
Published: May 2014

In this article we illuminate the ‘resourceful friends’ model of community social work as it has been applied in current work in the Family Inclusion Network (FIN) in Townsville, Queensland. Reflections from both parents and supporting members of FIN illustrate its very successful use in this context. This way of working is assessed, particularly in relation to its place in affording an invaluable dimension in family inclusive child protection processes. In conclusion, the contribution to building social capital and promoting greater social justice is identified.
What Parents Say About their Experience of Family Preservation Programmes
Authors: Long Maureen , Frederico Margarita
Published: May 2014

This paper outlines the findings of a study which asked parents how they experienced participating in family preservation programs (FP) in Melbourne, Australia. The study explored whether participation was influential in changing their perceptions of themselves as parents. It was expected that participation would lead to a stronger sense of self-worth and that this could be harnessed to facilitate change. The study found that parents’ sense of self as a parent was enhanced by participation in FP programs and this led to an increased sense of hopefulness in their capacity to care safely for their children.
When is Enough Enough? The Burgeoning Cost of Child Protection Services
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Hansen Patricia
Published: May 2014

The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimates that at 31 December 2011 there were 5,098,694 children and young people in Australia under the age of 18 years, while for the period 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare's report on child protection indicates that there were 48,420 substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect in Australia. The likelihood is that almost 95 (94.96) per cent of Australian children and young people were not abused or neglected in that period; and this is a cause for national celebration. These figures are good reason to praise the parents and caregivers of the 5,050,274 children who were not abused or neglected. We argue that there is a need for an emphasis in the political debate about child protection that focuses on children who are not abused, in order for the issue of child abuse and neglect to be placed in proper perspective. The lack of perspective in the current dialogue simply results in an unending demand for more resources for detection-focused services. Instead, there has to be increased emphasis on preventative services for vulnerable families who fail to meet community child-rearing standards. These exacting standards of parenting can only be achieved through parent education and the provision of intensive and extensive family support services, combined with sensitive monitoring of at-risk families. Accordingly, this article is written in a dissenting voice.
Orange Juice and Hesperidin Promote Differential Innate Immune Response in Macrophages ex vivo
Authors: Zanotti Simões Dourado Grace K. , de Abreu Ribeiro Lívia C. , Zeppone Carlos Iracilda , Borges César Thais
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to verify the immune response induced by intake of orange juice or hesperidin on macrophages through the secretion of cytokines and nitric oxide. Mice were divided in three groups treated orally with orange juice, hesperidin, or control for 2 weeks. Ex vivo macrophages from all groups of mice were cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimuli, and the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and of the cytokines IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-alpha were evaluated. Macrophages of non-LPS-stimulated, orange juice treatment increased IL-12 levels by 143 % and the other cytokines and NO levels were unchanged. Hesperidin treatment increased IL-12 levels by 72 % and strongly decreased the NO secretion. For LPS-stimulated macrophages the orange juice (OJ) treatment decreased TNF-alpha secretion by 100 % and did not alter other cytokines, while NO levels increased 41 %. Hesperidin treatment decreased NO, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-alpha levels by 56 %, 47 %, 29 %, and 63 %, respectively. In conclusion, OJ and hesperidin showed different immune responses, suggesting that hesperidin displays a suppressive effect on inflammation generated by LPS, while OJ seems to enhance the functions of macrophages associated with antimicrobial activity.
Stressbezogene Determinanten für die Aufrechterhaltung von Depressionen bei Mädchen
Authors: Schmidt Ulrike , Laessle Reinhold
Published: May 2014

Major Depression ist bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eine sehr häufige psychiatrische Erkrankung. Stressbezogene Ansätze zur Erklärung adoleszenter Depressionen gehen davon aus, dass akute und chronische Stresssituationen sowohl als Auslöser wie auch in Folge der depressiven Störung auftreten. Postuliert wird, dass solche Stresssituationen langfristig bestehen bleiben, weil depressive Jugendliche vorwiegend ungünstige Stressbewältigungsstrategien anwenden. Die vorliegende Studie prüft stressbezogene Risikofaktoren für das Fortbestehen einer Major Depression bei Mädchen. Untersucht wurden 68 15-jährige Mädchen in einem Längsschnitt Design mit zwei Messzeitpunkten. Die Stressbelastung und Stressverarbeitung wurde mit dem Fragebogen zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter (SSKJ) gemessen. Die stressinduzierte Speichelcortisolausschüttung und die Cortisol Aufwachreaktion beim ersten Messzeitpunkt dienten als Indikatoren für die Funktion der HHN-Achse. Durch eine logistische Regressionsanalyse wurde der prädiktive Beitrag der einzelnen Risikofaktoren ermittelt. Signifikante Effekte zeigten sich für stressvermeidende Bewältigungsstrategien, eine hohe psychische Stressbelastung sowie eine hohe Stressvulnerabilität, während körperliche Beschwerden oder die Funktion der HHN-Achse unerheblich waren. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen theoretische Ansätze, die Stressbelastung und Stressverarbeitung als ursächlich für das Fortbestehen einer Major Depression bei Kindern postulieren.
Störungen des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Stadler Christina
Published: May 2014

Störungen des Sozialverhaltens (DSM: Conduct Disorder) sind sowohl durch aggressive (z. B. körperliche Auseinandersetzungen) als auch nicht-aggressive Verhaltensmerkmale (z. B. Missachtung von Regeln, Schuleschwänzen) gekennzeichnet. Aussagen hinsichtlich Prognose und Verlauf oder Behandlungsempfehlungen sind aufgrund der Heterogenität der Verhaltenssymptomatik meist nicht für die Gesamtgruppe der Patienten gültig. Als mögliches prognostisches Kriterium wurde bisher im DSM-IV einzig die Subtypisierung nach dem Störungsbeginn berücksichtigt. Die Evidenzgrundlage hierfür ist jedoch nicht eindeutig, und seit Erscheinen des DSM-IV im Jahre 1994 hat sich die empirische Befundlage zu Störungen des Sozialverhaltens beträchtlich erweitert. Für die Neuauflage des DSM-5 wurde die Berücksichtigung weiterer Kriterien diskutiert, insbesondere persönlichkeitsspezifischer Risikofaktoren, mädchenspezifischer Merkmale oder dimensionaler Beurteilungskriterien bzw. die Ergänzung eines auf die Kindheit beschränkten Subtyps ( Moffitt et al., 2008 ). Jedoch sind die wesentlichen diagnostischen Kriterien im DSM-5 gleichgeblieben; eine entscheidende Änderung ist die nun mögliche Klassifikation eines CD specifiers with limited prosocial emotions. Die Frage, inwieweit die im DSM-5 vorgenommenen Modifikationen hilfreich sind, um den Anforderungen einer psychiatrischen Klassifikation gerecht zu werden, soll in diesem Beitrag auf der Basis der vorliegenden Evidenzgrundlage diskutiert werden.
Insomnie in der Hausarztpraxis: von der Diagnostik zu ersten Interventionen
Authors: Sommer Isabelle , Brühl Annette , Delsignore Aba , Weidt Steffi
Published: May 2014

Die Insomnie gilt als die häufigste Form der Schlafstörungen und ist – nach Schmerzen – das am zweithäufigsten beklagte Gesundheitsproblem in Hausarztpraxen. Die Prävalenz der Insomnie nimmt mit dem Alter zu. Eine unbehandelte Insomnie gilt als Risikofaktor für komorbid auftretende somatische oder psychische Erkrankungen. Eine ausführliche diagnostische und differenzialdiagnostische Abklärung ist deshalb unerlässlich. Insbesondere schlafhygienische Massnahmen und eine Schlafrestriktionstherapie helfen, insomnische Beschwerden zu verbessern. Eine medikamentöse Therapie ist mit pflanzlichen Präparaten, mit schlafanstossenden Antidepressiva oder kurzfristig mit Benzodiazepinhypnotika/non-Benzodiazepinhypnotika möglich.
Low-Level Laser Therapy Effectively Prevents Secondary Brain Injury Induced by Immediate Early Responsive Gene X-1 Deficiency
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhou Chang , Hamblin Michael R , Wu Mei X
Published: May 2014

A mild insult to the brain can sometimes trigger secondary brain injury, causing severe postconcussion syndrome, but the underlying mechanism is ill understood. We show here that secondary brain injury occurs consistently in mice lacking immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1), after a gentle impact to the head, which closely simulates mild traumatic brain injury in humans. The pathologic lesion was characterized by extensive cell death, widespread leukocyte infiltrates, and severe tissue loss. On the contrary, a similar insult did not induce any secondary injury in wild-type mice. Strikingly, noninvasive exposure of the injured head to a low-level laser at 4 hours after injury almost completely prevented the secondary brain injury in IEX-1 knockout mice. The low-level laser therapy (LLLT) suppressed proinflammatory cytokine expression like interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 but upregulated TNF-a. Moreover, although lack of IEX-1 compromised ATP synthesis, LLLT elevated its production in injured brain. The protective effect of LLLT may be ascribed to enhanced ATP production and selective modulation of proinflammatory mediators. This new closed head injury model provides an excellent tool to investigate the pathogenesis of secondary brain injury as well as the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of LLLT.
Hydrophobic radicals embedded in neutral surfactants for dynamic nuclear polarization of aqueous environments at 9.4 Tesla
Authors: Lelli Moreno , Rossini Aaron J. , Casano Gilles , Ouari Olivier , Tordo Paul , Lesage Anne , Emsley Lyndon
Published: May 2014

Large DNP enhancements of NMR signals are demonstrated from hydrophobic radicals solubilised in aqueous environments by biologically compatible neutral amphiphiles.
Spinning of carbon nanotube fibres using the floating catalyst high temperature route: purity issues and the critical role of sulphur
Authors: Gspann T. S. , Smail F. R. , Windle A. H.
Published: May 2014

The CVD process for the spinning of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibres combines the nucleation, growth and aggregation of CNTs in the form of an aerogel with fibre spinning into a single process step. The optimisation of the process requires agility in multi-dimensional parameter space, so one tends to find parameter ‘islands’ where spinning is possible, while exploration tends to follow ‘routes’ through this space. Here, we follow two such routes, one of which drastically improves fibre purity, the other changes the nature of the nanotubes comprising the fibres from multiwall to single wall. In the first case there is only a modest enhancement of the mechanical properties, but in the second a very considerable improvement is seen. In terms of the conditions required to make fibres comprising predominately single wall CNTs, the key factor appears to be the rigorous control of the sulphur addition, in trace quantities, coupled with the availability of carbon atoms at the earliest stage after injection, typically in the range 400–500 °C. A model is presented for the role of sulphur in floating catalysts CNT synthesis.
Identification of major zinc-binding proteins from a marine cyanobacterium: insight into metal uptake in oligotrophic environments
Authors: Barnett James Paul , Scanlan David John , Blindauer Claudia Andrea
Published: May 2014

The open ocean cyanobacteriumSynechococcussp. WH8102 thrives at extremely low zinc concentrations. Metalloproteomics experiments have identified an outer-membrane bound porin with zinc-binding ability that is upregulated at low zinc levels, suggesting a role for porins in highly efficient zinc uptake.
Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of carboranylmethylbenzo[b]acridones as novel agents for boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: da Silva A. Filipa F. , Seixas Raquel S. G. R. , Silva Artur M. S. , Coimbra Joana , Fernandes Ana C. , Santos Joana P. , Matos António , Rino José , Santos Isabel , Marques Fernanda
Published: May 2014

Acridone derivatives bearing carboranyl moieties as fluorescent probes for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of the glioblastoma.
Zwitterionic poly(2-oxazoline)s as promising candidates for blood contacting applications
Authors: Tauhardt Lutz , Pretzel David , Kempe Kristian , Gottschaldt Michael , Pohlers Dirk , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: May 2014

The hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of zwitterionic poly(2-oxazoline)s are investigated.
Nanofiber mats electrospun from composite proton exchange membranes prepared from poly(aryl ether sulfone)s with pendant sulfonated aliphatic side chains
Authors: Wang Limei , Zhu Jianhua , Zheng Jifu , Zhang Suobo , dou Liyan
Published: May 2014

The electrospun nanofiber mats revealed high porosity and an interconnected open pore structure. The nanofibers are clearly visible and uniform throughout the composite membrane, which was completely pore-filled.
Role of HA additive in quantum dot solar cell with Co[(bpy)3]2+/3+-based electrolyte
Authors: Chae Sang Youn , Hwang Yun Jeong , Joo Oh-Shim
Published: May 2014

In a system of TiO2/CdS QDSCs with [Co(bpy)3]2+/3+ complexes, back recombination loss between CoIII and the TiO2 nanorod surface is significantly alleviated by introducing hexanoic acid (HA) on TiO2/CdS electrode surface.
Constitutional isomers of a C3-symmetric molecule showing different piezochromic behaviours: on–off switching and colour tuning
Authors: Lim Yoonbin , Choi Insil , Lee Hyunpyo , Kim Il Won , Chang Ji Young
Published: May 2014

Two constitutional isomers of a C3-symmetric molecule having cyano-vinylene bridges and a phenyl ring core show different piezochromic behaviours, on–off switching and colour tuning upon grinding.
Enzymes of ubiquitination and deubiquitination
Authors: Neutzner Melanie , Neutzner Albert
Published: May 2014

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the small protein modifier ubiquitin to a substrate protein is involved in virtually all cellular processes by mediating the regulated degradation of proteins. Aside from proteasomal degradation, ubiquitination plays important roles in transcriptional regulation, protein trafficking, including endocytosis and lysosomal targeting, and activation of kinases involved in signalling processes. A three-tiered enzymatic cascade consisting of E1 or ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 or ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and E3, or ubiquitin ligases, is necessary to achieve the many forms of ubiquitination known to date. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on the enzymatic machinery necessary for ubiquitin activation and ligation, as well as its removal, and provide some insight into the complexity of regulatory processes governed by ubiquitination.
Lysine modifications and autophagy
Authors: Norris Kristi L. , Yao Tso-Pang
Published: May 2014

Nutrient deprivation or cellular stress leads to the activation of a catabolic pathway that is conserved across species, known as autophagy. This process is considered to be adaptive and plays an important role in a number of cellular processes, including metabolism, immunity and development. Autophagy has also been linked to diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, highlighting the importance of a better insight into its regulation. In the present chapter, we discuss how PTMs (post-translational modifications) of lysine residues by acetylation and ubiquitination alter the function of key proteins involved in the activation, maturation and substrate selectivity of autophagy. We also discuss the clinical potential of targeting these modifications to modulate autophagic activities.
Incidence, Etiology, and Patterns of Maxillofacial Fractures in Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt: A 4-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Mabrouk Amr , Helal Hesham , Mohamed AbdelRahman , Mahmoud Nada
Published: May 2014

Although there is a worldwide increase in maxillofacial trauma incidence; the pattern and etiology of these injuries varies from one country to another depending on socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors. This study aims to realize the epidemiological characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in our department. A retrospective cross-sectional study of all facial trauma patients admitted to our department during 2009 to 2012. Patients’ data including gender, age, etiology of trauma, the pattern and demographic distribution of fractures of maxillofacial skeleton, and associated injuries were analyzed and compared with previously published data. The chi-square test was used with a p value of less than 0.05, which was considered statistically significant. There is a significant increase in maxillofacial fractures incidence in the past 2 years than former ones. There is a male predominance with highest incidence in the age group of 20 to 40 years. Road traffic accident is the most common etiological factor followed by violence. There is increase in mandibular fracture incidence compared with midface. The significant increased incidence of maxillofacial fracture due to motor car accidents and assaults in the past 2 years reflects a behavioral change within the community.
High-electron-mobility GaN grown on free-standing GaN templates by ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Kyle Erin C. H. , Kaun Stephen W. , Burke Peter G. , Wu Feng , Wu Yuh-Renn , Speck James S.
Published: May 2014

The dependence of electron mobility on growth conditions and threading dislocation density (TDD) was studied for n−-GaN layers grown by ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy. Electron mobility was found to strongly depend on TDD, growth temperature, and Si-doping concentration. Temperature-dependent Hall data were fit to established transport and charge-balance equations. Dislocation scattering was analyzed over a wide range of TDDs (∼2 × 106 cm−2 to ∼2 × 1010 cm−2) on GaN films grown under similar conditions. A correlation between TDD and fitted acceptor states was observed, corresponding to an acceptor state for almost every c lattice translation along each threading dislocation. Optimized GaN growth on free-standing GaN templates with a low TDD (∼2 × 106 cm−2) resulted in electron mobilities of 1265 cm2/Vs at 296 K and 3327 cm2/Vs at 113 K.
Rovibrational coupling in molecular nitrogen at high temperature: An atomic-level study
Authors: Valentini Paolo , Norman Paul , Zhang Chonglin , Schwartzentruber Thomas E.
Published: May 2014

This article contains an atomic-level numerical investigation of rovibrational relaxation in molecular nitrogen at high temperature (>4000 K), neglecting dissociation. We conduct our study with the use of pure Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Classical Trajectory Calculations (CTC) Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), verified to produce statistically identical results at the conditions of interest here. MD and CTC DSMC solely rely on the specification of a potential energy surface: in this work, the site-site Ling-Rigby potential. Additionally, dissociation is prevented by modeling the N–N bond either as a harmonic or an anharmonic spring. The selected molecular model was shown to (i) recover the shear viscosity (obtained from equilibrium pure MD Green-Kubo calculations) of molecular nitrogen over a wide range of temperatures, up to dissociation; (ii) predict well the near-equilibrium rotational relaxation behavior of N2; (iii) reproduce vibrational relaxation times in excellent accordance with the Millikan-White correlation and previous semi-classical trajectory calculations in the low temperature range, i.e., between 4000 K and 10 000 K. By simulating isothermal relaxations in a periodic box, we found that the traditional two-temperature model assumptions become invalid at high temperatures (>10 000 K), due to a significant coupling between rotational and vibrational modes for bound states. This led us to add a modification to both the Jeans and the Landau-Teller equations to include a coupling term, essentially described by an additional relaxation time for internal energy equilibration. The degree of anharmonicity of the N2 bond determines the strength of the rovibrational coupling. Although neglecting N2 dissociation only provides a partial description of a nitrogen system at very high temperatures, high-energy trends for bound-bound transitions are essential to understand nonequilibrium gas flows, with possible implications on rovibration/chemistry interaction at the onset of N2 dissociation.