bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Determine the Weibull Parameters for Wind Energy Analysis: The Case of Galicia (Spain)
Authors: Carrillo Camilo , Cidrás José , Díaz-Dorado Eloy , Obando-Montaño Andrés
Published: April 2014

The Weibull probability density function (PDF) has mostly been used to fit wind speed distributions for wind energy applications. The goodness of fit of the results depends on the estimation method that was used and the wind type of the analyzed area. In this paper, a study on a particular area (Galicia) was performed to test the performance of several fitting methods. The goodness of fit was evaluated by well-known indicators that use the wind speed or the available wind power density. However, energy production must be a critical parameter in wind energy applications. Hence, a fitting method that accounts for the power density distribution is proposed. To highlight the usefulness of this method, indicators that use energy production values are also presented.
An Ontology of the Appropriate Assessment of Municipal Master Plans Related to Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Zoppi Corrado , Lai Sabrina
Published: April 2014

This paper discusses some key points related to the ontology of the “appropriate assessment” [1] procedure concerning plans significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites. We study this ontology by discussing its implementation into the adjustment process of the master plans of the regional municipalities of Sardinia (Italy) to the Regional Landscape Plan (RLP) and put as evidence some important general observations, coming from the case study, concerning the utility and effectiveness of the ontological conceptual framework in order to help planners and decision-makers understand and structure the assessment process of plans.
Change in Color and Volatile Composition of Skim Milk Processed with Pulsed Electric Field and Microfiltration Treatments or Heat Pasteurization
Authors: Chugh Anupam , Khanal Dipendra , Walkling-Ribeiro Markus , Corredig Milena , Duizer Lisa , Griffiths Mansel
Published: April 2014

Non-thermal processing methods, such as pulsed electric field (PEF) and tangential-flow microfiltration (TFMF), are emerging processing technologies that can minimize the deleterious effects of high temperature short time (HTST) pasteurization on quality attributes of skim milk. The present study investigates the impact of PEF and TFMF, alone or in combination, on color and volatile compounds in skim milk. PEF was applied at 28 or 40 kV/cm for 1122 to 2805 µs, while microfiltration (MF) was conducted using membranes with three pore sizes (lab-scale 0.65 and 1.2 µm TFMF, and pilot-scale 1.4 µm MF). HTST control treatments were applied at 75 or 95 °C for 20 and 45 s, respectively. Noticeable color changes were observed with the 0.65 µm TFMF treatment. No significant color changes were observed in PEF-treated, 1.2 µm TFMF-treated, HTST-treated, and 1.4 µm MF-treated skim milk (p ≥ 0.05) but the total color difference indicated better color retention with non-thermal preservation. The latter did not affect raw skim milk volatiles significantly after single or combined processing (p ≥ 0.05), but HTST caused considerable changes in their composition, including ketones, free fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and sulfur compounds (p < 0.05). The findings indicate that for the particular thermal and non-thermal treatments selected for this study, better retention of skim milk color and flavor components were obtained for the non-thermal treatments.
LIM Mineralization Protein-1 Inhibits the Malignant Phenotypes of Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Liu Huiwen , Huang Lu , Zhang Zhongzu , Zhang Zhanming , Yu Zhiming , Chen Xiang , Chen Zhuo , Zen Yongping , Yang Dong , Han Zhimin , Shu Yong , Dai Min , Cao Kai
Published: April 2014

Osteosarcoma (OS), also known as osteogenic sarcoma, is the most common primary malignancy of bone tumor in children and adolescents. However, its underlying molecular pathogenesis is still only vaguely understood. Recently, LIM mineralization protein-1 (LMP-1) was reported to be an essential positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation. In the present study, we found that the expression of LMP-1 is downregulated in OS tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, we restored the expression of LMP-1 through a recombinant adenovirus. Overexpression of LMP-1 inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, arrested cell cycle progression, and induced apoptosis in vitro. Finally, ectopic LMP-1 expression suppressed the expression of Runx2 and BMP-2 in OS cells. These data demonstrate that LMP-1 is an essential tumor suppressor in the OS pathological process, which will provide a new opportunity for discovering and identifying novel effective treatment strategies.
Twenty Years of Elfin Enumeration: Abundance Patterns of Five Species of Callophrys (Lycaenidae) in Central Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Swengel Ann , Swengel Scott
Published: April 2014

We recorded five species of elfins (Callophrys) during annual spring surveys targeting frosted elfin C. irus (state-listed as threatened) in 19 pine-oak barrens in central Wisconsin USA during 1994–2013. At the northwest end of its range here, C. irus co-varied with spring temperature, but declined significantly over time (eight sites verified extant of originally 17). Two other specialists increased significantly. The northern specialist, hoary elfin C. polios (nine sites), correlated positively with the previous year’s growing season precipitation. The southern specialist, Henry’s elfin C. henrici (11 sites), co-varied with winter precipitation and spring temperature and dryness. The two resident generalists had stable trends. For all species, the first observed date per year became earlier over time and varied more than the last observed date. Thus, flight period span increased with earlier first observed dates. Elfin abundance increased significantly with earlier first observed dates in the current and/or prior year. Three species (C. irus, C. henrici, a generalist) had more positive population trends in reserves than non-reserves. This suggests that C. irus declines correspond to habitat conditions. Thus, monitoring programs and habitat management specifically for C. irus appear necessary to obtain a long-term stable trend for this species in Wisconsin.
Biomimetic Pieris rapae’s Nanostructure and Its Use as a Simple Sucrose Sensor
Authors: Bonzon David , Martinez-Duarte Rodrigo , Renaud Philippe , Madou Marc
Published: April 2014

Biomimetics often provides efficient ways to create a product incorporating novel properties. Here we present the replication of the Pieris rapae butterfly optical structure. This butterfly has white wings with black spots. The white coloration is produced by light scattering on pterin beads ranging from 100 to 500 nm whereas black spots correspond to areas without pterin beads, thus revealing a highly pigmented layer underneath. In order to mimic the butterfly wing structure, we deposited SU-8 beads produced by electrospraying on a black absorbing layer made of black SU-8. We thereby replicated the optical effect observed on Pieris rapae. Additional experiments showed that the white coloration replication is a structural color. Finally, we further demonstrate that these optical engineered surfaces can be used for sucrose sensing in the range of 1 g/L to 250 g/L.
A Benzoic Acid Derivative and Flavokawains from Piper species as Schistosomiasis Vector Controls
Authors: Rapado Ludmila , Freitas Giovana , Polpo Adriano , Rojas-Cardozo Maritza , Rincón Javier , Scotti Marcus , Kato Massuo , Nakano Eliana , Yamaguchi Lydia
Published: April 2014

The search of alternative compounds to control tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis has pointed to secondary metabolites derived from natural sources. Piper species are candidates in strategies to control the transmission of schistosomiasis due to their production of molluscicidal compounds. A new benzoic acid derivative and three flavokawains from Piper diospyrifolium, P. cumanense and P. gaudichaudianum displayed significant activities against Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Additionally, “in silico” studies were performed using docking assays and Molecular Interaction Fields to evaluate the physical-chemical differences among the compounds in order to characterize the observed activities of the test compounds against Biomphalaria glabrata snails.
Bioactivity of a Family of Chiral Nonracemic Aminobenzylnaphthols towards Candida albicans
Authors: Capozzi Maria , Cardellicchio Cosimo , Magaletti Angela , Bevilacqua Antonio , Perricone Marianne , Corbo Maria
Published: April 2014

Chiral nonracemic aminobenzylnaphthols were obtained by a Betti multi-component reaction between 2-naphthol, aryl aldehydes and enantiopure arylethylamine. Moreover, some new aminobenzylnaphthols were synthesized by a similar reaction between 2-naphthol, aryl aldehydes and prolinol. These aminobenzylnaphthols, synthesized from different components and thus having different structural features, were tested as anti-yeast agents inhibiting Candida albicans. The effect towards the test strain was studied with a microdilution approach and three different concentrations (150, 300 and 450 µg/mL) were tested. The best results were found for the aminobenzylnaphthols obtained from 1-naphthylethylamine and from natural prolinol. The use of the two-way ANOVA highlighted the better performances of the prolinol derivative among the differently structured aminobenzylnaphthols that were screened. The activity towards C. albicans of this prolinol derivative resulted to be interesting and could represent a promising alternative to overcome the problem of the strains resistant to the traditional antifungals.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Guest-Induced Switching between “Basket Handle” Porphyrin Isomers
Authors: Deutman Alexander , Woltinge Tim , Smits Jan , De Gelder René , Elemans Johannes , Nolte Roeland , Rowan Alan
Published: April 2014

The synthesis and switching properties of two “basket handle” porphyrin isomers is described. The cis-oriented meso-phenyl groups of these porphyrins are linked at their ortho-positons via benzocrown-ether-based spacers, which as a result of slow atropisomerization are located either on the same side of the porphyrin plane (cis), or on opposite sides (trans). In solution, the cis-linked isomer slowly isomerizes in the direction of the thermodynamically more stable trans-isomer. In the presence of viologen (N,N'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) derivatives, which have different affinities for the two isomers, the isomerization equilibrium could be significantly influenced. In addition, the presence of these guests was found to enhance the rate of the switching process, which was suggested to be caused by favorable interactions between the positively charged guest and the crown ethers of the receptor, stabilizing the transition state energies of the isomerization reaction between the two isomers.
Identifying Stereoisomers by ab-initio Calculation of Secondary Isotope Shifts on NMR Chemical Shieldings
Authors: Böhm Karl-Heinz , Banert Klaus , Auer Alexander
Published: April 2014

We present ab-initio calculations of secondary isotope effects on NMR chemical shieldings. The change of the NMR chemical shift of a certain nucleus that is observed if another nucleus is replaced by a different isotope can be calculated by computing vibrational corrections on the NMR parameters using electronic structure methods. We demonstrate that the accuracy of the computational results is sufficient to even distinguish different conformers. For this purpose, benchmark calculations for fluoro(2-2H)ethane in gauche and antiperiplanar conformation are carried out at the HF, MP2 and CCSD(T) level of theory using basis sets ranging from double- to quadruple-zeta quality. The methodology is applied to the secondary isotope shifts for 2-fluoronorbornane in order to resolve an ambiguity in the literature on the assignment of endo- and exo-2-fluoronorbornanes with deuterium substituents in endo-3 and exo-3 positions, also yielding insight into mechanistic details of the corresponding synthesis.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectra and Quantum Chemical Study on 1-Phenyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2-thienyl)-2-pyrazoline
Authors: Guo Huan-Mei , Zhao Pu-Su , Wu Qian , Li Yu-Feng
Published: April 2014

1-Phenyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2-thienyl)-2-pyrazoline was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and X-ray single crystal diffraction. UV-Vis spectra and fluorescence spectra were measured. Density functional theory calculations on the structure of the title compound were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory. NPA atomic charge distributions indicate that, although the S atom in the thienyl ring loses coordination capacity, the title compound still may be used as a potential multi-dentate ligand to coordinate with metallic ions. The calculation of the second order optical nonlinearity was carried out. Natural bond orbital analyses indicate that the electronic absorption bands are mainly derived from the contribution of n → π* and π → π* transitions. Fluorescence spectra determination shows that the title compound is a potential orange-light emitting material.
Rice Bran Feruloylated Oligosaccharides Activate Dendritic Cells via Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 Signaling
Authors: Lin Chi , Chen Hua , Chen Yu , Chang Hung , Lin Ping , Pan I-Hong , Chen Der-Yuan , Chen Chuan , Lin Su
Published: April 2014

This work presents the effects of feruloylated oligosaccharides (FOs) of rice bran on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the potential pathway through which the effects are mediated. We found that FOs induced phenotypic maturation of DCs, as shown by the increased expression of CD40, CD80/CD86 and MHC-I/II molecules. FOs efficiently induced maturation of DCs generated from C3H/HeN or C57BL/6 mice with normal toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) or TLR-2 but not DCs from mice with mutated TLR4 or TLR2. The mechanism of action of FOs may be mediated by increased phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and increased NF-kB activity, which are important signaling molecules downstream of TLR-4 and TLR-2. These data suggest that FOs induce DCs maturation through TLR-4 and/or TLR-2 and that FOs might have potential efficacy against tumor or virus infection or represent a candidate-adjuvant approach for application in immunotherapy and vaccination.
Hyperthermia Using Antibody-Conjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Its Enhanced Effect with Cryptotanshinone
Authors: Ota Satoshi , Yamazaki Naoya , Tomitaka Asahi , Yamada Tsutomu , Takemura Yasushi
Published: April 2014

Heat dissipation by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) under an alternating magnetic field can be used to selectively treat cancer tissues. Antibodies conjugated to MNPs can enhance the therapeutic effects of hyperthermia by altering antibody-antigen interactions. Fe3O4 nanoparticles (primary diameter, 20–30 nm) coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) were prepared and conjugated with CH11, an anti-Fas monoclonal antibody. HeLa cell growth was then evaluated as a function of antibody and MNP/antibody complex doses. HeLa cell growth decreased with increased doses of the antibody and complexes. However, MNPs alone did not affect cell growth; thus, only the antibody affected cell growth. In hyperthermia experiments conducted using an alternating magnetic field frequency of 210 kHz, cell viability varied with the intensity of the applied alternating magnetic field, because the temperature increase of the culture medium with added complexes was dependent on magnetic field intensity. The HeLa cell death rate with added complexes was significantly greater as compared with that with MNPs alone. Cryptotanshinone, an anti-apoptotic factor blocker, was also added to cell cultures, which provided an additional anti-cancer cell effect. Thus, an anti-cancer cell effect using a combination of magnetic hyperthermia, an anti-Fas antibody and cryptotanshinone was established.
Synthesis Characterization and Photocatalytic Studies of Cobalt Ferrite-Silica-Titania Nanocomposites
Authors: Greene David , Serrano-Garcia Raquel , Govan Joseph , Gun'ko Yurii
Published: April 2014

In this work, CoFe2O4@SiO2@TiO2 core-shell magnetic nanostructures have been prepared by coating of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the double SiO2/TiO2 layer using metallorganic precursors. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), Vibrational Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measurements and Raman spectroscopy results confirm the presence both of the silica and very thin TiO2 layers. The core-shell nanoparticles have been sintered at 600 °C and used as a catalyst in photo-oxidation reactions of methylene blue under UV light. Despite the additional non-magnetic coatings result in a lower value of the magnetic moment, the particles can still easily be retrieved from reaction mixtures by magnetic separation. This retention of magnetism was of particular importance allowing magnetic recovery and re-use of the catalyst.
Light Signaling in Bud Outgrowth and Branching in Plants
Authors: Leduc Nathalie , Roman Hanaé , Barbier François , Péron Thomas , Huché-Thélier Lydie , Lothier Jérémy , Demotes-Mainard Sabine , Sakr Soulaiman
Published: April 2014

Branching determines the final shape of plants, which influences adaptation, survival and the visual quality of many species. It is an intricate process that includes bud outgrowth and shoot extension, and these in turn respond to environmental cues and light conditions. Light is a powerful environmental factor that impacts multiple processes throughout plant life. The molecular basis of the perception and transduction of the light signal within buds is poorly understood and undoubtedly requires to be further unravelled. This review is based on current knowledge on bud outgrowth-related mechanisms and light-mediated regulation of many physiological processes. It provides an extensive, though not exhaustive, overview of the findings related to this field. In parallel, it points to issues to be addressed in the near future.
Mapping Plant Functional Types over Broad Mountainous Regions: A Hierarchical Soft Time-Space Classification Applied to the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Cai Danlu , Guan Yanning , Guo Shan , Zhang Chunyan , Fraedrich Klaus
Published: April 2014

Research on global climate change requires plant functional type (PFT) products. Although several PFT mapping procedures for remote sensing imagery are being used, none of them appears to be specifically designed to map and evaluate PFTs over broad mountainous areas which are highly relevant regions to identify and analyze the response of natural ecosystems. We present a methodology for generating soft classifications of PFTs from remotely sensed time series that are based on a hierarchical strategy by integrating time varying integrated NDVI and phenological information with topography: (i) Temporal variability: a Fourier transform of a vegetation index (MODIS NDVI, 2006 to 2010). (ii) Spatial partitioning: a primary image segmentation based on a small number of thresholds applied to the Fourier amplitude. (iii) Classification by a supervised soft classification step is based on a normalized distance metric constructed from a subset of Fourier coefficients and complimentary altitude data from a digital elevation model. Applicability and effectiveness is tested for the eastern Tibetan Plateau. A classification nomenclature is determined from temporally stable pixels in the MCD12Q1 time series. Overall accuracy statistics of the resulting classification reveal a gain of about 7% from 64.4% compared to 57.7% by the MODIS PFT products.
Quantitative Damage Detection and Sparse Sensor Array Optimization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Resin Composite Laminates for Wind Turbine Blade Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Li Xiang , Yang Zhibo , Chen Xuefeng
Published: April 2014

The active structural health monitoring (SHM) approach for the complex composite laminate structures of wind turbine blades (WTBs), addresses the important and complicated problem of signal noise. After illustrating the wind energy industry’s development perspectives and its crucial requirement for SHM, an improved redundant second generation wavelet transform (IRSGWT) pre-processing algorithm based on neighboring coefficients is introduced for feeble signal denoising. The method can avoid the drawbacks of conventional wavelet methods that lose information in transforms and the shortcomings of redundant second generation wavelet (RSGWT) denoising that can lead to error propagation. For large scale WTB composites, how to minimize the number of sensors while ensuring accuracy is also a key issue. A sparse sensor array optimization of composites for WTB applications is proposed that can reduce the number of transducers that must be used. Compared to a full sixteen transducer array, the optimized eight transducer configuration displays better accuracy in identifying the correct position of simulated damage (mass of load) on composite laminates with anisotropic characteristics than a non-optimized array. It can help to guarantee more flexible and qualified monitoring of the areas that more frequently suffer damage. The proposed methods are verified experimentally on specimens of carbon fiber reinforced resin composite laminates.
Optical Sensor Based on a Single CdS Nanobelt
Authors: Li Lei , Yang Shuming , Han Feng , Wang Liangjun , Zhang Xiaotong , Jiang Zhuangde , Pan Anlian
Published: April 2014

In this paper, an optical sensor based on a cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanobelt has been developed. The CdS nanobelt was synthesized by the vapor phase transportation (VPT) method. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results revealed that the nanobelt had a hexagonal wurtzite structure of CdS and presented good crystal quality. A single nanobelt Schottky contact optical sensor was fabricated by the electron beam lithography (EBL) technique, and the device current-voltage results showed back-to-back Schottky diode characteristics. The photosensitivity, dark current and the decay time of the sensor were 4 × 104, 31 ms and 0.2 pA, respectively. The high photosensitivity and the short decay time were because of the exponential dependence of photocurrent on the number of the surface charges and the configuration of the back to back Schottky junctions.
An Accurate and Computationally Efficient Model for Membrane-Type Circular-Symmetric Micro-Hotplates
Authors: Khan Usman , Falconi Christian
Published: April 2014

Ideally, the design of high-performance micro-hotplates would require a large number of simulations because of the existence of many important design parameters as well as the possibly crucial effects of both spread and drift. However, the computational cost of FEM simulations, which are the only available tool for accurately predicting the temperature in micro-hotplates, is very high. As a result, micro-hotplate designers generally have no effective simulation-tools for the optimization. In order to circumvent these issues, here, we propose a model for practical circular-symmetric micro-hot-plates which takes advantage of modified Bessel functions, computationally efficient matrix-approach for considering the relevant boundary conditions, Taylor linearization for modeling the Joule heating and radiation losses, and external-region-segmentation strategy in order to accurately take into account radiation losses in the entire micro-hotplate. The proposed model is almost as accurate as FEM simulations and two to three orders of magnitude more computationally efficient (e.g., 45 s versus more than 8 h). The residual errors, which are mainly associated to the undesired heating in the electrical contacts, are small (e.g., few degrees Celsius for an 800 °C operating temperature) and, for important analyses, almost constant. Therefore, we also introduce a computationally-easy single-FEM-compensation strategy in order to reduce the residual errors to about 1 °C. As illustrative examples of the power of our approach, we report the systematic investigation of a spread in the membrane thermal conductivity and of combined variations of both ambient and bulk temperatures. Our model enables a much faster characterization of micro-hotplates and, thus, a much more effective optimization prior to fabrication.
Characterization of the Anti-Influenza Activity of the Chinese Herbal Plant Paeonia lactiflora
Authors: Ho Jin-Yuan , Chang Hui-Wen , Lin Chwan-Fwu , Liu Chien-Jou , Hsieh Chung-Fan , Horng Jim-Tong
Published: April 2014

Bai Shao (BS, the root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), a common Chinese herb in many recipes used to treat viral infection and liver diseases, is recognized for its ability to nourish menstruation, its Yin convergence, and as an antiperspirant. However, the mechanism and components for its antiviral function remain to be elucidated. In this study, an ethanolic extract of BS was further partitioned into aqueous and organic parts (EAex) for in vitro functional study and in vivo efficacy testing. EAex exhibited an IC50 of 0.016 ± 0.005 mg/mL against influenza virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1), with broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against different strains of human influenza A viruses, including clinical oseltamivir-resistant isolates and an H1N1pdm strain. The synthesis of both viral RNA and protein was profoundly inhibited when the cells were treated with EAex. A time-of-addition assay demonstrated that EAex exerted its antiviral activity at various stages of the virus replication cycle. We addressed its antiviral activity at virus entry and demonstrated that EAex inhibits viral hemagglutination and viral binding to and penetration into host cells. In vivo animal testing showed that 200 mg/kg/d of EAex offered significant protection against viral infection. We conclude that BS possesses antiviral activity and has the potential for development as an anti-influenza agent.
The Use of Granulocyte Colony–Stimulating Factors in a Canadian Outpatient Setting
Authors: Fine S. , Koo M. , Gill T. , Marin M. , Poulin–Costello M. , Barron R. , Mittmann N.
Published: April 2014

Background: Data on real-life utilization of granulocyte colony– stimulating factors (g-csfs) in Canada are limited. The objective of the present study was to describe the reasons for, and the patterns of, g-csf use in selected outpatient oncology clinics in Ontario and Quebec. Methods: In a retrospective longitudinal cohort study, a review of medical records from 9 Canadian oncology clinics identified patients being prescribed filgrastim (fil) and pegfilgrastim (peg). Patient characteristics, reasons for g-csf use, and treatment patterns were descriptively analyzed. Results: Medical records of 395 patients initiating g-csf therapy between January 2008 and January 2009 were included. Of this population, 80% were women, and breast cancer was the predominant diagnosis (59%). The most commonly prescribed g-csf was fil (56% in Ontario and 98% in Quebec). The most frequent reason for g-csf use was primary prophylaxis (42% for both fil and peg), followed by secondary prophylaxis (37% fil, 41% peg). Those proportions varied by tumour type and chemotherapy regimen. Delayed g-csf administration (more than 1 day after the end of chemotherapy) was frequently observed for fil, but rarely reported for peg, and that finding was consistent across tumours and concurrent chemotherapy regimens. Conclusions: The use of g-csf varies with the malignancy type and the provincial health care setting. The most commonly prescribed g-csf agent was fil, and most first g-csf prescriptions were for primary prophylaxis. Delays were frequently observed for patients receiving fil, but were rarely reported for those receiving peg.
The Road Ahead for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control
Authors: Tota J.E. , Ramana–Kumar A.V. , El-Khatib Z. , Franco E.L.
Published: April 2014

Since the early 1950s, Papanicolaou (“Pap”) cytology screening has dramatically reduced cervical cancer mortality in most high-income settings. Currently, human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccination has the greatest potential to reduce the global burden of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions. However, as the prevalence of precancerous lesions declines, maintaining cytology as the primary screening test in settings with established programs might become less efficient. A reduction in test performance (sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value) would lead to an increase in unnecessary colposcopy referrals. Fortunately, hpv dna testing has emerged as a suitable candidate to replace cytology. Compared with the Pap test, hpv testing is less specific but much more sensitive in detecting high-grade precancerous lesions, less prone to human error, and more reproducible across settings. Linkage of hpv vaccination and screening registries could serve the added role of monitoring vaccine efficacy. As a triage test, cytology is expected to perform with sufficient accuracy because most hpv-positive smears would contain relevant abnormalities. This approach and others—for example, hpv testing followed by genotyping—are being evaluated in large population studies and have already been recommended in some settings. Other specific biomarkers that might perform well for screening and triage include hpv E6/ E7 messenger rna testing, methylation of host or viral genes, and p16INK4a staining. Considering the rapid pace of major discoveries and the anticipated arrival of a nonavalent hpv vaccine (currently in phase iii trials), the evidence base in this field has become an elusive target and will continue to be an obstacle for policymakers.
Predictors of Recurrence after Radiotherapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Khan L. , Breen D. , Zhang L. , Balogh J. , Czarnota G. , Lee J. , Tsao M.N. , Barnes E.A.
Published: April 2014

Predictive factors of recurrence were examined in 448 non-melanoma skin cancers (72% basal cell carcinoma, 28% squamous cell carcinoma) treated with radiotherapy. The overall recurrence rate was 15.8% at a median follow-up of 18.4 months. In multivariate analysis, significant factors for recurrence were age (p = 0.0197), tumour size 2 cm or greater (p = 0.0095), immunosuppression (p = 0.0082), and treatment modality (p = 0.0009).
Prospective Evaluation of Unmet Needs of Rural and Aboriginal Cancer Survivors in Northern British Columbia
Authors: Olson R.A. , Howard F. , Turnbull K. , Munroe D. , Zirul C. , Manji R. , Tobin P. , Ward A.
Published: April 2014

Background: The unmet needs of cancer survivors in rural, remote, and aboriginal communities are largely unexplored. We explored potential differences between rural survivors (rss) in 4 general population (gp) and 4 First Nations (fn) communities. Methods: We approached 4 gp and 4 fn rs communities to participate in a mixed-methods project. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (hads) and the Survivor Unmet Needs Survey (suns) and provided demographic information. Each question on the suns can be scored from 0 to 4, with 0 representing “no unmet need” and 4 representing “very high unmet need.” A directed approach to content analysis of focus group and interview data was used to triangulate the hads and suns results. Results: We prospectively accrued 23 fn rss and 56 gp rss for this study. More fn rss had borderline or abnormal anxiety (5% vs. 21%, p = 0.02). Compared with gp rss, fn rss had higher unmet needs scores in all categories: Information (2.29 vs. 0.8, p < 0.001), Work and Financial (1.66 vs. 0.5, p < 0.001), Access and Continuity of Health Care (1.83 vs. 0.44, p < 0.001), Coping and Sharing (2.22 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001), and Emotional (2.12 vs. 0.63, p < 0.001). The qualitative findings provided examples and insight into the unmet needs experienced by rss. Conclusions: First Nations rss had significantly higher anxiety and unmet needs compared with their gp rs counterparts. In addition, different qualitative themes were identified in the groups. Our findings support the development of tailored approaches to survivorship for these populations.
Patient preferences for stopping tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sanford D. , Kyle R. , Lazo–Langner A. , Xenocostas A. , Chin–Yee I. , Howson–Jan K. , Hsia C.
Published: April 2014

Background: We used an interview-assisted survey of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) at a single tertiary care centre to explore patient reactions to and preferences for, and the risk-acceptability of, stopping tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tki) treatment. Methods: The study included patients with confirmed cml currently being treated with a tki. The survey was conducted by structured interview using a standard form. Patient preferences were explored in a casebased scenario using 0%–100% visual analog scales and 5-point Likert scales. Data were analyzed using proportions for dichotomous variables and medians and interquartile ranges for continuous variables. Results: Of 63 patients approached, 56 completed the survey. Participant responses suggest that the idea of stopping tki use is appealing to many patients if there is a chance of long-term stable disease and a high probability of response upon restarting a tki. Participants were more likely to stop their tki as the risk of relapse decreased. Participants reported loss of disease control and failure of disease to respond to treatment as important concerns if they chose to stop their tki. Conclusions: Given the current 60% estimated rate of relapse after discontinuation of tki therapy, most patients with cml chose to continue with tki. However, at the lower relapse rates reported with second-generation tkis, participants were more undecided, demonstrating a basic understanding of risk. Contrary to our hypothesis, neither compliance nor occurrence of side effects significantly affected patient willingness to stop their tki.
Can Oncologists Predict Survival for Patients with Progressive Disease After Standard Chemotherapies?
Authors: Taniyama T.K. , Hashimoto K. , Katsumata N. , Hirakawa A. , Yonemori K. , Yunokawa M. , Shimizu C. , Tamura K. , Ando M. , Fujiwara Y.
Published: April 2014

Background: Prediction of prognosis is important for patients so that they can make the most of the rest of their lives. Oncologists could predict survival, but the accuracy of such predictions is unclear. Methods: In this observational prospective cohort study, 14 oncologists treating 9 major adult solid malignancies were asked to complete questionnaires predicting survival based on performance status, oral intake, and other clinical factors when patients experienced progressive disease after standard chemotherapies. Clinically predicted survival (cps) was calculated by the oncologists from the date of progressive disease to the predicted date of death. Actual survival (as) was compared with cps using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, and factors affecting inaccurate prediction were determined by logistic regression analysis. The prediction of survival time was considered accurate when the cps/as ratio was between 0.67 and 1.33. Results: The study cohort consisted of 75 patients. Median cps was 120 days (interquartile range: 60–180 days), and median as was 121 days (interquartile range: 40–234 days). The participating oncologists accurately predicted as within a 33% range 36% of the time; the survival time was overestimated 36% of time and underestimated 28% of the time. The factors affecting the accuracy of the survival estimate were the experience of the oncologist, patient age, and information given about the palliative care unit. Conclusions: Prediction of cps was accurate for just slightly more than one third of all patients in this study. Additional investigation of putative prognostic factors with a larger sample size is warranted.
Metabolic Syndrome–Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated by Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy
Authors: Klein J. , Dawson L.A. , Tran T.H. , Adeyi O. , Purdie T. , Sherman M. , Brade A.
Published: April 2014

Hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, and its incidence is increasing in developed countries. Risk factors include cirrhosis from viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse. Metabolic syndrome is a newly recognized, but important, risk factor that is likely contributing to the increased incidence of hcc. Surgery is the therapy of choice for hcc, but local therapies are often contraindicated, usually because of advanced disease or comorbid conditions such as cardiac disease (which is associated with metabolic syndrome). Current radiation therapy techniques such as stereotactic body radiotherapy allow for treatment plans that highly conform to the target and provide excellent sparing of normal structures. Radiation therapy is emerging as a viable option in patients not eligible for surgery or other locoregional therapies. Here, we report a case of a large hcc presenting in a patient with metabolic syndrome without significant alcohol history or biochemical liver dysfunction. The patient was not a candidate for locoregional therapies because of cardiac and renal comorbidities typical of patients experiencing the long-term sequelae of metabolic syndrome. Treatment using an arc-based volumetric-modulated arc therapy technique allowed for the highest dose of radiation to be delivered to the tumour while the peripheral radiation dose was minimized. A complete local response was confirmed by computed tomography imaging 21 months after treatment completion.
Toward Successful Migration to Computerized Physician Order Entry for Chemotherapy
Authors: Jeon J. , Taneva S. , Kukreti V. , Trbovich P. , Easty A.C. , Rossos P.G. , Cafazzo J.A.
Published: April 2014

Backgroud: Computerized physician order entry (cpoe) systems allow for medical order management in a clinical setting. Use of a cpoe has been shown to significantly improve chemotherapy safety by reducing the number of prescribing errors. Usability of these systems has been identified as a critical factor in their successful adoption. However, there is a paucity of literature investigating the usability of cpoe for chemotherapy and describing the experiences of cancer care providers in implementing and using a cpoe system. Methods: A mixed-methods study, including a national survey and a workshop, was conducted to determine the current status of cpoe adoption in Canadian oncology institutions, to identify and prioritize knowledge gaps in cpoe usability and adoption, and to establish a research agenda to bridge those gaps. Survey respondents were representatives of cancer care providers from each Canadian province. The workshop participants were oncology clinicians, human factors engineers, patient safety researchers, policymakers, and hospital administrators from across Canada, with participation from the United States. Results: A variety of issues related to implementing and using a cpoe for chemotherapy were identified. The major issues concerned the need for better understanding of current practices of chemotherapy ordering, preparation, and administration; a lack of system selection and procurement guidance; a lack of implementation and maintenance guidance; poor cpoe usability and workflow support; and other cpoe system design issues. An additional three research themes for addressing the existing challenges and advancing successful adoption of cpoe for chemotherapy were identified: The need to investigate variances in workflows and practices in chemotherapy ordering and administration. The need to develop best-practice cpoe procurement and implementation guidance specifically for chemotherapy. The need to measure the effects of cpoe implementation in medical oncology. Conclusions: Addressing the existing challenges in cpoe usability and adoption for chemotherapy, and accelerating successful migration to cpoe by cancer care providers requires future research focusing on workflow variations, chemotherapy-specific cpoe procurement needs, and implementation guidance needs.
Localized Synchronous Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Esophagus and Hypopharynx Treated with Definitive Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with a Unified Radiotherapy Plan
Authors: Wallach J.B. , Rosenstein M.M. , Kalnicki S.
Published: April 2014

Because of common risk factors, synchronous squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus and head and neck are common, and their concurrent presence can significantly complicate disease eradication and survival. Here, we report the case of a patient with a history of extensive tobacco and alcohol use who was diagnosed with a localized thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and in whom positron-emission tomography–computed tomography discovered a nearby asymptomatic localized hypopharyngeal focus that was confirmed by biopsy to also be malignant. He was treated with definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy in a single unified radiotherapy plan, with surgery reserved for salvage treatment. He currently remains in remission without a need for surgical salvage. However, significant concern remains for both treatment failure and development of another primary because of “field cancerization.”
Palliative Sedation—Still a Complex Clinical Issue!
Authors: Fainsinger R.L.
Published: April 2014

It is my anecdotal impression that, in reviewing the recent contents of palliative care journals, it is hard not to find an article on palliative sedation [...]
Review of Security in VANETs and MANETs
Authors: Abu Baqar Mai , Aldabbas Hamza , Alwadan Tariq , Alfawair Mai , Janicke Helge
Published: April 2014

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) and Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) are autonomous systems connected by wireless communication on a peer-to-peer basis. They are self-organized, self-configured, and self-controlled infrastructure-less networks. These kinds of networks have the advantage of being able to be set-up and deployed anywhere and anytime because it has a simple infrastructure set-up and no central administration. Distributing information between these nodes over long ranges in such networks, however, is a very challenging task, since sharing information always has a risk attached to it, especially when the information is confidential. The disclosure of such information to anyone else other than the intended parties could be extremely damaging. They are explored in this chapter.
Synthesis of Supervised Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems
Authors: Lokbani Ahmed Chaouki , Lehireche Ahmed , Hamou Reda Mohamed , Amine Abdelmalek
Published: April 2014

Given the increasing number of users of computer systems and networks, it is difficult to know the profile of the latter, and therefore, intrusion has become a highly prized area of network security. In this chapter, to address the issues mentioned above, the authors use data mining techniques, namely association rules, decision trees, and Bayesian networks. The results obtained on the KDD'99 benchmark have been validated by several evaluation measures and are promising and provide access to other techniques and hybridization to improve the security and confidentiality in the field.
Web Service Security
Authors: García Elena M. Torroglosa , Millán Gabriel López
Published: April 2014

The high adoption in daily lives of services offered by the Web 2.0 has opened a wide field for the proliferation of new Web-based services and applications. Social networks, as the main exponent of this new generation of services, require security systems to ensure end user authentication and access control to shared information. Another feature that is becoming increasingly important in these scenarios is the delegation of controlled access between the different API (Application Programming Interfaces) to integrate services and information. The safe use of these Web services requires end user security credentials and different authentication and authorization technologies. This chapter provides an introduction to the most relevant protocols and standards in the area of Web service security, which are able to provide authentication and authorization mechanisms.
Botnets
Authors: Binsalleeh Hamad
Published: April 2014

Recent malicious attempts are intended to get financial benefits through a large pool of compromised hosts, which are called software robots or simply bots. A group of bots, referred to as a botnet, is remotely controllable by a server and can be used for sending spam emails, stealing personal information, and launching DDoS attacks. Growing popularity of botnets compels to find proper countermeasures, but existing defense mechanisms hardly catch up with the speed of botnet technologies. Bots are constantly and automatically changing their signatures to successfully avoid the detection. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the weaknesses of existing defense mechanisms to find the gap and then design new framework of botnet detection that integrates effective approaches. To get a deep insight into the inner-working of botnets and to understand their architecture, the authors analyze some sophisticated sample botnets. In this chapter, they propose a comprehensive botnet analysis and reporting framework that is based on sound theoretical background.
Adaptive Intrusion Detection Systems
Authors: Bensefia Hassina , Ghoualmi-Zine Nassira
Published: April 2014

This chapter deals with a challenging issue in intrusion detection research field, which is IDS adaptability. First, it introduces the intrusion detection concepts, then presents with details the two existing generations of IDSs and addresses their major problem: permanent coverage of new attacks patterns in a dynamic changing environment. Thereafter, it evokes the requirement of adaptability in IDS as a mean to remedy this deficiency. Later, it explores the most eminent approaches that are proposed for IDS adaptability. It describes their functional architecture and discusses their strong aspects and weaknesses. At the end, new trends toward the intrusion detection adaptability problematic are mentioned and followed by a conclusion.
Learning and Innovation in Uncertain Times
Authors: Akpolat Canan Katrin , Soliman Fawzy , Schweitzer Jochen
Published: April 2014

To ensure sustainable growth and survival, organisations rely on learning and innovation as vital processes and abilities. However, with increasingly unpredictable and dynamically changing business environments, it is imperative to better access and manage perceptions of uncertain environments in the context of an organisational system. In this chapter, the authors take a view at the intricacies and implications of relevant literatures and point out the yet under-researched role of perceived environmental uncertainty for learning and innovation.
Organizational Efficiency and X-Inefficiency
Authors: Amine Meryem El Alaoui , Alaoui Anass Mdaghri
Published: April 2014

The works of Leibenstein emphasize the existence of x-inefficiency in organizations that explains why firms apparently identical, with the same composition of the workforce and the same technology, are able to realize very different performance. On the basis of Leibenstein and Maital (1994), this chapter presents the sources and reasons for the persistence of x-inefficiency by mobilizing the organizational learning theory and by determining the possible strategies for the correction or the elimination of x-inefficiency by using games theory. Moreover, the establishment of a favorable climate for learning can promote knowledge transfer, which in turn helps to improve innovation, and consequently, achieving organizational efficiency.