bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of infection prophylaxis in Dutch patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, a web‐based case vignette questionnaire: The MINDSET study
Authors: Rozema Johanne , van Roon Eric , Vogelzang Lars , Kibbelaar Robby , Veeger Nic , van de Loosdrecht Arjan , Hoogendoorn Mels
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The objective of the MINDSET study was to evaluate haematologists' management of infection prevention in MDS patients using a case vignette study and to assess the availability of guidelines.

Methods

We conducted a web‐based, nationwide survey amongst haematologists in the Netherlands between September and December 2021. The survey included a set of case vignettes. In addition, the availability of protocols was evaluated.

Results

Sixty responses were obtained (23.6%). These responses were well distributed across hospital types as well as level of experience. No protocols regarding infection prophylaxis specifically for MDS patients were received. In the case vignette of a 75‐year‐old MDS patient, respondents would primarily prescribe infection prophylaxis in case of recurrent infections (96.7%) and neutropenia (75.0% for absolute neutrophil count [ANC] < 0.2 × 109/L and 53.3% for ANC < 0.5 × 109/L), especially in combination with hypomethylating agents (80.0%), lenalidomide (66.7%) or chemotherapy (51.7%). Respondents would predominantly choose antibacterial agents (85.0%), followed by antifungal agents (71.7%).

Conclusions

This study showed diverse reasons and considerations of haematologists regarding whether to prescribe infection prophylaxis in MDS patients. Given the seriousness of infections in MDS patients, patient‐tailored recommendations might be valuable in clinical decision‐making.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for estimating soil properties: A technology for the 21st century
Authors: Viscarra Rossel Raphael A. , Behrens Thorsten , Ben‐Dor Eyal , Chabrillat Sabine , Demattê José Alexandre Melo , Ge Yufeng , Gomez Cecile , Guerrero César , Peng Yi , Ramirez‐Lopez Leonardo , Shi Zhou , Stenberg Bo , Webster Richard , Winowiecki Leigh , Shen Zefang
Published: June 2022

Spectroscopic measurements of soil samples are reliable because they are highly repeatable and reproducible. They characterise the samples' mineral–organic composition. Estimates of concentrations of soil constituents are inevitably less precise than estimates obtained conventionally by chemical analysis. But the cost of each spectroscopic estimate is at most one‐tenth of the cost of a chemical determination. Spectroscopy is cost‐effective when we need many data, despite the costs and errors of calibration. Soil spectroscopists understand the risks of over‐fitting models to highly dimensional multivariate spectra and have command of the mathematical and statistical methods to avoid them. Machine learning has fast become an algorithmic alternative to statistical analysis for estimating concentrations of soil constituents from reflectance spectra. As with any modelling, we need judicious implementation of machine learning as it also carries the risk of over‐fitting predictions to irrelevant elements of the spectra. To use the methods confidently, we need to validate the outcomes with appropriately sampled, independent data sets. Not all machine learning should be considered ‘black boxes’. Their interpretability depends on the algorithm, and some are highly interpretable and explainable. Some are difficult to interpret because of complex transformations or their huge and complicated network of parameters. But there is rapidly advancing research on explainable machine learning, and these methods are finding applications in soil science and spectroscopy. In many parts of the world, soil and environmental scientists recognise the merits of soil spectroscopy. They are building spectral libraries on which they can draw to localise the modelling and derive soil information for new projects within their domains. We hope our article gives readers a more balanced and optimistic perspective of soil spectroscopy and its future.

Highlights

Spectroscopy is reliable because it is a highly repeatable and reproducible analytical technique.

Spectra are calibrated to estimate concentrations of soil properties with known error.

Spectroscopy is cost‐effective for estimating soil properties.

Machine learning is becoming ever more powerful for extracting accurate information from spectra, and methods for interpreting the models exist.

Large libraries of soil spectra provide information that can be used locally to aid estimates from new samples.
Enhanced hybrid neural network for automated essay scoring
Authors: Li Xia , Yang Huali , Hu Shengze , Geng Jing , Lin Keke , Li Yuhai
Published: June 2022

In an online learning system, the automatic scoring of an essay is key to providing immediate feedback on essays submitted by students. To the best of our knowledge, existing approaches ignore the multidimensional and heterogeneous characteristics of essays or rely too heavily on the manual creation of features; therefore, a more comprehensive method of scoring essays is required. To address this issue, this paper proposes an enhanced hybrid neural network for automated essay scoring that extracts and fuses the linguistic, semantic, and structural attributes of an essay to achieve a comprehensive representation. Specifically, linguistic attributes include not only lexical features extracted from the words of an essay but also syntactic features obtained from sentences and syntax trees. Semantic attributes include the dynamic textual semantic representation and topic similarity obtained by the text encoder. We also considered the structural attributes. The text encoder provides the overall structural representation, while the sentence similarity matrix provides the two spatial features of connectivity and aggregation. Finally, we fused the three attributes and six features to achieve a more objective and comprehensive automatic scoring. We found that our model improves the Kappa index by an average of 1.4% over the current best model when tested against four state‐of‐the‐art models using eight public data sets.
Community, risk assessment, prevention and control: Black American college students' information seeking on COVID‐19
Authors: Stewart J. Brenton
Published: June 2022

Background

Despite the disproportionate impact of the novel coronavirus on Black Americans, there is little research that centres Black college students' information behaviours during the pandemic.

Objective

The objective of this study is to identify information needs, resources and use regarding the novel coronavirus pandemic among Black American college students.

Methods

This is a quantitative study among 389 college students in the USA. Data were collected using an online crowdsourced survey instrument. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data through SPSS.

Results

The most salient information needs related to Covid‐19 symptoms, personal protective equipment, vulnerable populations, and risk assessment; however, students also wanted information on Covid‐19's impact on the Black community. There were no statistically significant gender differences in students' information seeking, resources or use with one exception; male students believed the internet alone could provide all relevant information about the coronavirus in comparison to female students. Barriers related to the volume of information, information fluidity and determining the quality of information.

Conclusion

Colleges and universities can play a critical role in information dissemination during crisis events. Students need critical information literacy skills that intersect with everyday information needs, particularly health literacy.
Exploring assessment of balance using virtual reality in patients at risk of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Teng Christina , Chiarovano Elodie , Tighe David , Bui Kim Tam , Venkatesha  , Blinman Prunella L. , MacDougall Hamish G. , Vardy Janette L.
Published: June 2022

Background

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose‐limiting toxicity for people treated for cancer. Impaired balance and falls are functional consequences of CIPN. Virtual reality (VR) technology may be able to assess balance and identify patients at risk of falls.

Aims

To assess the impact of potentially neurotoxic chemotherapy on balance using VR, and explore associations between VR balance assessment, falls and CIPN.

Methods

This prospective, repeated measures longitudinal study was conducted at two Australian cancer centres. Eligible participants were commencing adjuvant chemotherapy containing a taxane for breast cancer, or oxaliplatin for colorectal cancer (CRC), per institutional guidelines. Balance assessments using VR were conducted at baseline, end of chemotherapy and 3 and 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. Participants also completed a comprehensive CIPN assessment comprising clinical and patient‐reported outcomes, and recorded falls or near falls.

Results

Out of 34 participants consented, 24 (71%) had breast cancer and 10 (29%) had CRC. Compared to baseline, balance threshold was reduced in 10/28 (36%) evaluable participants assessed at the end of chemotherapy, and persistent in 7/22 (32%) at 6 months. CIPN was identified in 86% at end of chemotherapy and persisted to 6 months after chemotherapy completion in 73%. Falls or near falls were reported by 12/34 (35%) participants, and were associated with impaired VR balance threshold (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

While VR balance assessment was no better at identifying CIPN than existing measures, it is a potential surrogate method to assess patients at risk of falls from CIPN.
Abelson tyrosine kinasecontrolsBCRsignalling and B‐cell differentiation by promoting B‐cell metabolism
Authors: Luo Li , Jiang Panpan , Chen Qianglin , Chang Jiang , Jing Yukai , Luo Xi , Gu Heng , Huang Yanmei , Chen Ran , Liu Ju , Kang Danqing , Liu Qi , Wang Yi , Fang Guofeng , Zhu Yingzi , Guan Fei , Lei Jiahui , Yang Lu , Liu Chaohong , Dai Xin
Published: June 2022

As a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Abelson tyrosine kinase (c‐Abl) was first studied in chronic myelogenous leukaemia, and its role in lymphocytes has been well characterised. c‐Abl is involved in B‐cell development and CD19‐associated B‐cell antigen receptor (BCR) signalling. Although c‐Abl regulates different metabolic pathways, the role of c‐Abl is still unknown in B‐cell metabolism. In this study, B‐cell‐specificc‐Ablknockout (KO) mice (Mb1Cre+/−c‐Ablfl/fl) were used to investigate how c‐Abl regulates B‐cell metabolism and BCR signalling. We found that the levels of activation positive BCR signalling proximal molecules, phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (pSYK) and phosphorylated Bruton tyrosine kinase (pBTK), were decreased, while the level of key negative regulator, phosphorylated SH2‐containing inositol phosphatase 1 (pSHIP1), was increased inMb1Cre+/−c‐Ablfl/flmice. Furthermore, we found c‐Abl deficiency weakened the B‐cell spreading, formation of BCR signalosomes, and the polymerisation of actin during BCR activation, and also impaired the differentiation of germinal center (GC) B‐cells both in quiescent condition and after immunisation. Moreover, B‐cell mitochondrial respiration and the expression of B‐cell metabolism‐regulating molecules were downregulated in c‐Abl deficiency mice. Overall, c‐Abl, which involved in actin remodelling and B‐cell metabolism, positively regulates BCR signalling and promotes GC differentiation.
Heat inactivated mycobacteria, alpha‐Gal and zebrafish: Insights gained from experiences with two promising trained immunity inductors and a validated animal model
Authors: Juste Ramón A. , Ferreras‐Colino Elisa , de la Fuente José , Domínguez Mercedes , Risalde María A. , Domínguez Lucas , Cabezas‐Cruz Alejandro , Gortázar Christian
Published: June 2022

Trained immunity (TRAIM) may be defined as a form of memory where innate immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells undergo an epigenetic reprogramming that enhances their primary defensive capabilities. Cross‐pathogen protective TRAIM can be triggered in different hosts by exposure to live microbes or microbe‐derived products such as heat‐inactivated Mycobacterium bovis or with the glycan α‐Gal to elicit protective responses against several pathogens. We review the TRAIM paradigm using two models representing distinct scales of immune sensitization: the whole bacterial cell and one of its building blocks, the polysaccharides or glycans. Observations point out to macrophage lytic capabilities and cytokine regulation as two key components in non‐specific innate immune responses against infections. The study of the TRAIM response deserves attention to better characterize the evolution of host–pathogen cooperation both for identifying the aetiology of some diseases and for finding new therapeutic strategies. In this field, the zebrafish provides a convenient and complete biological system that could help to deepen in the knowledge of TRAIM‐mediated mechanisms in pathogen–host interactions.
Tissue immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2: Role in protection and immunopathology*
Authors: Rybkina Ksenia , Davis‐Porada Julia , Farber Donna L.
Published: June 2022

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has demonstrated the importance of studying antiviral immunity within sites of infection to gain insights into mechanisms for immune protection and disease pathology. As SARS‐CoV‐2 is tropic to the respiratory tract, many studies of airway washes, lymph node aspirates, and postmortem lung tissue have revealed site‐specific immune dynamics that are associated with the protection or immunopathology but are not readily observed in circulation. This review summarizes the growing body of work identifying immune processes in tissues and their interplay with immune responses in circulation during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, severe disease, and memory persistence. Establishment of tissue resident immunity also may have implications for vaccination and the durability of immune memory and protection.
Children's food choices are highly dependent on patterns of parenting practices and food availability at home in families at high risk for type 2 diabetes in Europe: Cross‐sectional results from the Feel4Diabetes study
Authors: Zannidi Dimitra , Karatzi Kalliopi , Karaglani Eva , Liatis Stavros , Cardon Greet , Iotova Violeta , Tsochev Kaloyan , Chakarova Nevyana , Moreno Luis A. , Flores‐Barrantes Paloma , Radó Sándorné , Rurik Imre , Lindström Jaana , Makrilakis Konstantinos , Manios Yannis ,   the Feel4Diabetes Study Group
Published: June 2022

Background

Food parenting practices, behaviours and food availability at home are associated with children's food choices; however, these associations have been mainly studied for each parenting practice separately and focused mostly on healthy populations.

The aim of the study was to identify patterns of parenting practices (including data regarding food availability at home, food and physical activity–related behaviours and rewards) and to investigate their cross‐sectional associations with children's food choices in families at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods

Data of parents and children (n = 2278), from the Feel4Diabetes study conducted in six European countries, were collected using validated questionnaires. The data analysed included children's food choices, food availability at home and food and physical activity–related parenting practices. Four patterns of parenting practices were identified using principal component analysis, and associations between those components and children's food choices were assessed using adjusted, individual linear regressions.

Results

Parenting patterns focusing on unhealthy habits, such as allowing unhealthy snacks and unlimited screen time, providing higher availability of unhealthy foods at home, rewarding with snacks and screen time, were positively associated with children's unhealthy food choices (consumption of savoury/sweet snacks, fizzy drinks, etc.). The parenting patterns providing fruit/vegetables at home, consuming fruit, and being physically active with the child were positively associated with children's healthier food choices (consumption of fruit, vegetables, whole grain cereals, etc.).

Conclusions

Public health initiatives should focus on high‐risk families for T2D, assisting them to adopt appropriate parenting practices and behaviours to promote healthier food choices for children.
Circulating metabolites associated with incident myocardial infarction and stroke: A prospective cohort study of 90 438 participants
Authors: Guo Yu , Chen Shu‐Fen , Zhang Ya‐Ru , Wang Hui‐Fu , Huang Shu‐Yi , Chen Shi‐Dong , Deng Yue‐Ting , Wu Bang‐Sheng , Kuo Kevin , Wang Rong‐Ze , Dong Qiang , Feng Jian‐Feng , Cheng Wei , Yu Jin‐Tai
Published: June 2022

The relevance between circulating metabolites and vascular events remains controversial and comprehensive studies are lacking. We sought to investigate the prospective associations of plasma metabolomics with risks of incident stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), hemorrhagic stroke (HS), and myocardial infarction (MI). Within the UK Biobank cohort, 249 circulating metabolites were measured in 90 438 participants without baseline vascular diseases. Cox proportional hazards regressions were applied to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for per 1 standard deviation increment in metabolites. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm was used for selecting metabolite subsets. During a median of 9.0 years of follow‐up, we documented 833 incident stroke and 1256 MI cases. Lipid constituents, comprising cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, free cholesterol, phospholipids, and total lipids, in very low‐ (VLDL), intermediate‐ (IDL), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) particles were positively associated with MI risk (HR = 1.12 to 1.36; 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.44), while in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles showed inverse associations (HR = 0.68 to 0.81; 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.87). Similar association pattern with MI was also observed for VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL particles themselves. In contrast, triglycerides within all lipoproteins, including most HDL particles, were positively associated with MI risk (HR = 1.14 to 1.28; 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.35) and, to a slightly lesser extent, with stroke and IS. Unsaturation of fatty acids and albumin were inversely associated with risks of stroke, IS, and MI. In contrast, the linear association for HS is absent. When combining multiple metabolites, the metabolite risk score captured a drastically elevated risk of all vascular events, about twice that of any single metabolite. Taken together, circulating metabolites showed remarkably widespread associations with incident MI, but substantially weakened associations with risks of stroke and its subtypes. Exhaustive metabolomics profiling may shed light on vascular risk prediction and, in turn, guide pertinent strategies of intervention and treatment.

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Efficacy of alpha hydroxy acid combined with intense pulsed light in the treatment of acne vulgaris: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Huang Qiao , Chen Dongyu , Pan Suyue , Hu Min , Wang Pu , Wang Hongxin , Fan Wenlong , Yang Xiaoyu , He Yuqing
Published: June 2022

Background

Acne patients frequently receive combination therapy. However, there has been no rigorous review of the efficacy of combining alpha hydroxy acid with IPL for acne vulgaris treatment.

Objective

Assessing the effectiveness and safeness of alpha hydroxy acids in combination with IPL in the treatment of people with acne vulgaris.

Methods

A computer search of common biomedical databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang, CNKI, SinoMed, and VIP, was extensively conducted to identify previous studies on randomized controlled trials of alpha hydroxy acid combined with IPL in the management of acne vulgaris.

Results

A total of 18 publications were included (1435 patients with common acne met the inclusion criteria). The meta‐analysis showed that alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) combined with IPL had higher overall efficacy than the control group (OR = 4.24; 95% CI 2.66 ~ 6.74; p < 0.01). In the case of acne vulgaris, AHA combined with IPL and the AHA alone showed a remarkable difference in total efficiency (OR = 4.10; 95% CI 2.12 ~ 7.91; p < 0.01), and AHA combined with IPL were more effective than IPL alone (OR = 4.02; 95% CI 2.25 ~ 7.16; p < 0.01). In addition, the occurrence of adverse reactions that occurred in AHA combined with IPL and control groups did not differ (OR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.46 ~ 1.60; p = 0.64).

Conclusion

AHA combined with IPL therapy was superior to other therapies. Although it was slightly more expensive, it was effective and had a wide range of applications.
From ambivalence to vulnerability: Recognition and the subject
Authors: Schick Kate
Published: June 2022

Recent writings on recognition and ambivalence highlight the limits of narrowly dyadic and teleological accounts of recognition. In this article, I extend the work on ambivalent recognition by proffering a conception of recognition as vulnerable. I emphasise the need to come to know the self as part of the journey toward recognition and to interrogate the role of the privileged in the dance of recognition. I illustrate vulnerable recognition with reference to literature that highlights this more complicated reading of recognition in practice, including calls for white settlers to come to understand the way settler culture shapes relations with others and Indigenous refusal of recognition. I maintain that a vulnerable and processual conception of recognition takes seriously the demand to re‐cognise or to ‘know again’, which is at the heart of Hegel's agonistic account of recognition. A vulnerable conception of recognition enables us to better understand our interconnectedness and the place we occupy in particular histories and structures, with their ongoing legacies of privilege and oppression.
What can cold‐induced transcriptomes of Arctic Brassicaceae tell us about the evolution of cold tolerance?
Authors: Birkeland Siri , Slotte Tanja , Krag Brysting Anne , Gustafsson A. Lovisa S. , Rhoden Hvidsten Torgeir , Brochmann Christian , Nowak Michael D.
Published: June 2022

Little is known about the evolution of cold tolerance in polar plant species and how they differ from temperate relatives. To gain insight into their biology and the evolution of cold tolerance, we compared the molecular basis of cold response in three Arctic Brassicaceae species. We conducted a comparative time series experiment to examine transcriptional responses to low temperature. RNA was sampled at 22°C, and after 3, 6, and 24 at 2°C. We then identified sets of genes that were differentially expressed in response to cold and compared them between species, as well as to published data from the temperate Arabidopsis thaliana. Most differentially expressed genes were species‐specific, but a significant portion of the cold response was also shared among species. Among thousands of differentially expressed genes, ~200 were shared among the three Arctic species and A. thaliana, while ~100 were exclusively shared among the three Arctic species. Our results show that cold response differs markedly between Arctic Brassicaceae species, but probably builds on a conserved basis found across the family. They also confirm that highly polygenic traits such as cold tolerance may show little repeatability in their patterns of adaptation.
Viola kouliana (Violaceae: section Sclerosium), a new species from India
Authors: Bhellum B. L. , Magotra Rani
Published: June 2022

Viola kouliana (Violaceae), a new species from Jammu and Kashmir State, India, is described and illustrated. The species is described and compared with the morphologically related species Viola cinerea and V. behboudiana from which it differs by having puberulous stipules, longer spur, curved style, stigma with unequal discs, an oblong or obovoid capsule which is glabrous and obtuse at apex, containing nine seeds which are 1.4 mm long and smooth.
Economic security of Ukraine: Management aspect through the prism of socio‐economic development in the context of international ratings
Authors: Somych Mykola , Opaliuk Tetiana , Potapiuk Iryna , Ovcharuk Elena , Oliinyk Alina
Published: June 2022

Recent studies focus on a new model of global process management formation and transformation. The purpose of this article is to reveal and analyze the level of economic security in Ukraine, argue the interdependence of socio‐economic development and economic security, and suggest possible ways to improve the state of things. The analysis is carried out on the basis of reliable statistical data and through the prism of the following global indices: Human Development Index, Social Progress Index, World Happiness Report, Global Innovation Index, Index of Economic Freedom, Corruption Perceptions Index. This article considers the impact of international indices of social‐economic status on economic security (the case study concerns the period of 2010–2018). The multifactor correlation‐regression analysis allows the assessment of the degree of social‐economic status indices' influence on the output results. The key findings of the study provide recommendations, the implementation of which will help Ukraine to strengthen its positions.

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Attention to climate change and downside risk: Evidence from China
Authors: Chen Xing , Chen Xian , Xu Longhao , Wen Fenghua
Published: June 2022

We explore the role of public climate attention, captured by the Baidu search volume index, in the downside risk. Using 45 keywords from five perspectives related to climate change, we construct a public climate attention index in China. We find a positive and significant relationship between climate attention and downside risk at the market‐level and firm‐level. Moreover, the risk‐increase effect of climate attention becomes more prominent for state‐owned and high‐carbon‐emission firms. Further analysis shows that excellent sustainable performance can moderate the adverse effect of rising climate attention, while the major climate disasters exacerbate the effect. Overall, our findings shed additional light on the important role of collective climate beliefs in corporate risk management and investor decision‐making.
Boom, bust, action! How communities can cope with boom‐bust cycles in unconventional oil and gas development
Authors: Arnold Gwen , Klasic Meghan , Schomburg Madline , York Abigail , Baum Melissa , Cherin Maia , Cliff Sydney , Kavousi Parisa , Miller Alexandria Tillett , Shajari Diana , Wang Yuer , Zialcita Luigi
Published: June 2022

Scholarship on boom‐busts cycles in resource extraction often assumes that affected resource‐rich communities are at best reactive, at worst helpless, in the face of the large, exogenous shocks this cycle visits upon them. Researchers infrequently examine what communities themselves can do to improve their economic prospects and residents' quality of life amidst booms and busts. In this review paper, we identify and synthesize work scattered across disparate academic and gray literature—in planning, law, community economic development, rural sociology, economics, and political science, among others—to holistically assess what we know about how communities can use local policymaking to manage impacts of booms and busts associated with unconventional oil and gas drilling (UOGD), often called “fracking.” We highlight examples of communities tackling this task using vertical and horizontal governance strategies and distill expert recommendations for how communities can build boom‐bust resiliency generally and in key areas impacted by UOGD.
Investment in visual system predicted by floral associations in sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Authors: Powell Gareth S. , Bybee Seth M.
Published: June 2022

Patterns in morphological variation are a central theme of evolution. Uncovering links between morphological character evolution and natural history, specifically feeding behaviour, is important to understanding biological diversity. Species within the sap beetles (Nitidulidae) exhibit a tremendous diversity of feeding behaviours. This immense diversity of feeding can be seen both between major lineages and very closely related taxa. Feeding behaviour diversity may drive morphological variation in several character systems (e.g., eyes). For example, in a shift from feeding on rotting fruit to flower‐visiting (anthophily), selective pressures on the visual system may vary and ultimately lead to differences in eye morphology. We tested for potential morphological shifts in relative eye size among adult beetles. We specifically tested for significant relationships between relative eye size and the following factors flower‐visiting and sex. We also tested for the influence of phylogeny on the evolution of relative eye size, implementing tests of trait correlation across a topology. We found greater relative eye size in taxa exhibiting anthophilous behaviour, regardless of phylogenetic relatedness or feeding behaviour of sister taxa. We were unable to recover a relationship between relative eye size and sex. Thus, feeding behaviour is currently the strongest predictor of eye size in sap beetles.
Current state of antimicrobial stewardship and organ transplantation in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almaziad Sultan , Bosaeed Mohammad
Published: June 2022

Background

Antimicrobial resistance constitutes a major public health issue that leads to poor outcomes and increased costs associated with healthcare. Solid organ transplant recipients are more prone due to prolonged exposure to antimicrobials.

Methods

We reviewed existing programs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and pattern of drug resistance, and the extent of transplant medicine in the kingdom through published articles in databases and official documents from health authorities.

Results

A national committee for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was established to set the guidelines required for an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), especially when there is a high prevalence of AMR. A survey noted that ASPs are implemented in only 26% of Saudi Ministry of Health hospitals. Factors affecting the implementation of ASPs in Saudi hospitals included a lack of necessary staff resources and specific ASP staff/teams to advocate adopting ASP in the organizations. Specific attention should be given to transplant patients as transplantations are expected to increase in the next few years. No antimicrobial stewardship programs are currently specifically tailored to transplant centers.

Conclusion

The current healthcare system transformation in Saudi Arabia should take into consideration the urgent need for effective ASP that might help face the increasing trends in the multidrug‐resistant organisms (MDRO) prevalence rate.
Nationwide estimates of the need for prehospital blood products after injury
Authors: Hashmi Zain G. , Jansen Jan O. , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Holcomb John B.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Prehospital blood product resuscitation after injury significantly decreases risk of mortality. However, the number of patients who may potentially benefit from this life‐saving intervention is currently unknown. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the number of patients who may potentially benefit from prehospital blood product resuscitation after injury in the United States. The secondary objective was to estimate the amount of blood products needed for prehospital resuscitation of injured patients.

Methods

Patients ≥16 years with blunt/penetrating injuries included in National Emergency Medical Services Information System 2019 were identified and classified into four separate cohorts of hemodynamic instability: Cohort 1 (systolic blood pressure [SBP] <90 mmHg), Cohort 2 (SBP <90 and/or heart rate [HR] >120), Cohort 3 (SBP <90 and HR >108 or SBP <70), and Cohort 4 (shock index ≥1). The need for prehospital blood was estimated by multiplying number of patients in each cohort with average number of blood products used for prehospital resuscitation.

Results

After exclusions, 3.7 million adult trauma patients were included. The number of patients who may potentially benefit from prehospital blood products was estimated as 89,391 (Cohort 1), 901,346 (Cohort 2), 54,160 (Cohort 3), and 300,475 (Cohort 4). Assuming 1 unit of whole blood is needed per patient, a lower‐bound estimate of 54,160 additional whole blood units (0.6% of current collections) will be need for prehospital resuscitation of the injured.

Conclusions

Annually, between 54,000 and 900,000 patients may potentially benefit from prehospital blood product resuscitation after injury in the United States. Prehospital blood utilization and collection of blood products will need to be increased to scale‐up this life‐saving intervention nationwide.
β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructure Schottky diodes for improved VBR2/RON
Authors: P. Sundaram Prakash , Alema Fikadu , Osinsky Andrei , Koester Steven J.
Published: June 2022

We propose and demonstrate the use of a β-(AlxGa1–x)2O3 capping layer to achieve increased breakdown voltage, VBR, and VBR2/RON figure of merit in β-Ga2O3 Schottky diodes, where RON is the on-state resistance. We demonstrate that the addition of a 30 nm-thick β-(Al0.22Ga0.78)2O3 cap to an n-type β-Ga2O3 layer grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition increases the breakdown voltage from 246 to 387 V in diodes with Pt contacts and 3 × 1016 cm−3 n-type doping. The cap increases the surface Schottky barrier with Pt, resulting in reduced carrier injection under reverse bias. The results are in good agreement with simulations which show that the addition of the capping layer enables the peak electric field at breakdown to increase from 2.5 to 3.6 MV/cm. Simulations further show that RON penalty associated with the (AlxGa1–x)2O3 cap can be almost completely eliminated by grading the capping layer. Thus, by raising the barrier height beyond the limit imposed by the metal work function and Fermi level pinning, the proposed heterojunction helps to improve VBR by reducing the reverse leakage current in ultrawide bandgap semiconductor diodes where bipolar doping remains a challenge.
Risk Factors of Recurrent Infection in Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: a Competing Risk Analysis
Authors: Bae Seongman , Kim Eun Sil , Kim Hee Seung , Yang Eunmi , Chung Hyemin , Lee Yun Woo , Jung Jiwon , Kim Min Jae , Chong Yong Pil , Kim Sung-Han , Choi Sang-Ho , Lee Sang-Oh , Kim Yang Soo
Published: June 2022

Although several clinical variables have been reported as risk factors for recurrence of
Staphylococcus aureus
infection, most studies have not considered competing risk events that may overestimate the risk. In this study, we performed competing risk analysis to identify risk factors related to 90-day recurrence in patients with
S. aureus
bacteremia (SAB) using a large cohort data from a single tertiary hospital in South Korea.
Imaging Clostridioides difficile Spore Germination and Germination Proteins
Authors: Baloh Marko , Nerber Hailee N. , Sorg Joseph A.
Published: June 2022

Germination by
C. difficile
spores is the first step in the establishment of potentially life-threatening
C. difficile
infection (CDI). A deeper understanding of the mechanism by which spores germinate may provide insight for how to either prevent spore germination into a disease-causing vegetative form or trigger germination prematurely when the spore is either in the outside environment or in a host environment that does not support the establishment of colonization/disease.
The Capsid Precursor Protein of Astrovirus VA1 Is Proteolytically Processed Intracellularly
Authors: Aguilera-Flores Catalina , López Tomás , Zamudio Fernando , Sandoval-Jaime Carlos , Pérez Edmundo I. , López Susana , DuBois Rebecca , Arias Carlos F.
Published: June 2022

Human astrovirus VA1 has been associated with neurological disease in immunocompromised patients. Its recent propagation in cell culture has facilitated the study of its biology.
Gender-inclusive writing for epidemiological research on pregnancy
Authors: Rioux Charlie , Weedon Scott , London-Nadeau Kira , Paré Ash , Juster Robert-Paul , Roos Leslie E , Freeman Makayla , Tomfohr-Madsen Lianne M
Published: June 2022

People who have a uterus but are not cisgender women may carry pregnancies. Unfortunately, to date, academic language surrounding pregnancy remains largely (cis) woman-centric. The exclusion of gender-diverse people in the language of pregnancy research in English is pervasive. In reviewing a random sample of 500 recent articles on pregnancy or pregnant populations across health research fields, we found that only 1.2% of articles used gender-inclusive language (none of them in epidemiology), while the remaining 98.8% used (cis) woman-centric language. First and foremost, recent recommendations highlight the need to include trans, non-binary and gender-diverse people in study design. Meanwhile, there remains a lack of awareness that all research on pregnancy can contribute to inclusiveness, including in dissemination and retroactive description. We explain how the ubiquitous use of (cis) woman-centric language in pregnancy-related research contributes to (1) the erasure of gender diversity; (2) inaccurate scientific communication and (3) negative societal impacts, such as perpetuating the use of exclusionary language by students, practitioners, clinicians, policy-makers and the media. We follow with recommendations for gender-inclusive language in every section (ie, introductions, methods, results, discussions) of epidemiological articles on pregnant populations. The erasure of gender-diverse people in the rhetoric of research about pregnant people can be addressed immediately, including in the dissemination of results from ongoing studies that did not take gender diversity into consideration. This makes gender-inclusive language a crucial first step towards the inclusion of gender-diverse people in epidemiological research on pregnant people and other health research more globally.
SUSTAINABILITY-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY EXPLORATION: MANAGERIAL VALUES, AMBIDEXTROUS DESIGN, AND SEPARATION DRIFT
Authors: HANSEN ERIK G. , WICKI SAMUEL , SCHALTEGGER STEFAN
Published: June 2022

Sustainability is a key societal challenge and has become an opportunity for innovation. While start-ups are prone to enter such new territories, established companies are more hesitant to leave current trajectories and embrace uncertainty linked to sustainability-oriented exploration. We present a case of a conventional high-tech firm of an owner-manager whose strong values of universalism led him to initialise a sustainability-oriented diversification by exploring renewable energy technologies. Our longitudinal study uncovers how changes in ambidextrous organisational design and represented managerial values ultimately resulted in failed exploration. Our contribution is threefold: First, we link individual-level managerial values of universalism with organisational-level phenomena of sustainability-oriented exploration and diversification. Second, we contribute to bridging hitherto mostly separate bodies of literature on sustainability-oriented innovation and ambidexterity to better understand how conventional firms can deploy their technological capabilities for sustainability. Third, we conceptualise the “separation drift” as fading organisational separation resulting in exploration failure.
On the spectral radius of uniform weighted hypergraph
Authors: Sun Rui , Wang Wen-Huan
Published: June 2022

Let [Formula: see text] be the set of the connected [Formula: see text]-uniform weighted hypergraphs with [Formula: see text] vertices, where [Formula: see text]. For a hypergraph [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be its adjacency tensor, Laplacian tensor and signless Laplacian tensor, respectively. The spectral radii of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are investigated. Some basic properties of the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue, the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue and the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are presented. Several lower and upper bounds of the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue, the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue and the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are established. The largest [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue of [Formula: see text] and the smallest [Formula: see text]-eigenvalue of [Formula: see text] are characterized. A relationship among the [Formula: see text]-eigenvalues of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is also given.
A Subatomic Proof System for Decision Trees
Authors: Barrett Chris , Guglielmi Alessio
Published: June 2022

We design a proof system for propositional classical logic that integrates two languages for Boolean functions: standard conjunction-disjunction-negation and binary decision trees. We give two reasons to do so. The first is proof-theoretical naturalness: The system consists of all and only the inference rules generated by the single, simple, linear scheme of the recently introduced subatomic logic. Thanks to this regularity, cuts are eliminated via a natural construction. The second reason is that the system generates efficient proofs. Indeed, we show that a certain class of tautologies due to Statman, which cannot have better than exponential cut-free proofs in the sequent calculus, have polynomial cut-free proofs in our system. We achieve this by using the same construction that we use for cut elimination. In summary, by expanding the language of propositional logic, we make its proof theory more regular and generate more proofs, some of which are very efficient.

That design is made possible by considering atoms as superpositions of their truth values, which are connected by self-dual, non-commutative connectives. A proof can then be projected via each atom into two proofs, one for each truth value, without a need for cuts. Those projections are semantically natural and are at the heart of the constructions in this article. To accommodate self-dual non-commutativity, we compose proofs in deep inference.
Improving Office Workers’ Workspace Using a Self-adjusting Computer Screen
Authors: Kronenberg Rotem , Kuflik Tsvi , Shimshoni Ilan
Published: June 2022

With the rapid evolution of technology, computers and their users’ workspaces have become an essential part of our life in general. Today, many people use computers both for work and for personal needs, spending long hours sitting at a desk in front of a computer screen, changing their pose slightly from time to time. This phenomenon impacts people’s health negatively, adversely affecting their musculoskeletal and ocular systems. To mitigate these risks, several different ergonomic solutions have been suggested. This study proposes, demonstrates, and evaluates a technological solution that automatically adjusts the computer screen position and orientation to its user’s current pose, using a simple RGB camera and robotic arm. The automatic adjustment will reduce the physical load on users and better fit their changing poses. The user’s pose is extracted from images continuously acquired by the system’s camera. The most suitable screen position is calculated according to the user’s pose and ergonomic guidelines. Thereafter, the robotic arm adjusts the screen accordingly. The evaluation was done through a user study with 35 users who rated both the idea and the prototype system itself highly.
Electrochemical Detection of H2O2Using an Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Murugan Preethika , Nagarajan Ramila D. , Sundramoorthy Ashok K. , Ganapathy Dhanraj , Atchudan Raji , Nallaswamy Deepak , Khosla Ajit
Published: June 2022

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is extensively used for sterilization purposes in the food industries and pharmaceuticals as an antimicrobial agent. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the permissible level of H2O2in milk is in the range of 0.04 to 0.05% w/v, so it has been prohibited to use as a preservative agent. Herein, we reported the electrochemical sensing of H2O2in milk samples using an activated glassy carbon electrode (AGCE). For this purpose, activation of GCE was carried out in 0.1 M H2SO4by continuous potential sweeping between −0.7 to 1.8 V for 25 cycles. The AGCE showed a redox peak at -0.18 V in the neutral medium corresponding to the quinone functional groups present on the electrode surface. AGCE was studied in (pH 7.4) 0.1 M PBS for the electro-catalysis of H2O2. The surface of the activated electrode was analysed by Raman spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. In addition, for the activated surface, the contact angle was found to be 85° which indicated the hydrophilic nature of the surface. The different optimization parameters such as (1) effect of electrolyte ions, (2) electrooxidation cycles, and (3) oxidation potential windows were studied to improve the activation process. Finally, AGCE was used to detect H2O2from 0.1 to 10 mM and the limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.053 mM with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9633. The selectivity of the sensor towards H2O2was carried out in the presence of other interferents. The sensitivity of the AGCE sensor was calculated as 17.16μA mol cm−2. Finally, the commercial application of the sensor was verified by testing it in milk samples with H2O2in the recovery range of 95%–98%.
Construction and Analysis of Visual Communication Design Curriculum Based on Random Matrix
Authors: Zhan Sudan
Published: June 2022

Information technology and cultural education in China are constantly advancing, with more and more advanced technology and innovative teaching models, and the development of education and technology is complementing each other and progressing together. New technology has created new conditions for visual communication in the field of design, which has made great changes in the visual communication industry from form to content, making it more plastic and creative. Design is a rapidly changing profession, and every new technology may bring changes. Therefore, visual communication training must cooperate with modern development, keep up with the information age, and avoid the content and format of professional courses being too old. Visual communication design needs a new teaching form, which not only optimizes the visual communication design of teaching contents and methods but also expands the teaching depth, promotes the innovation and research of teaching mode, and provides multiple guarantees for students’ professional development.
Cubic Pythagorean Fuzzy Graphs
Authors: Muhiuddin G. , Hameed Saira , Maryam Afeefa , Ahmad Uzma
Published: June 2022

The purpose of the study is to explore graph theory based on cubic Pythagorean fuzzy sets. The concept of cubic Pythagorean fuzzy graphs (CuPFGs) is introduced in this research work. In addition, we define certain fundamental operations on CuPFGs including semistrong product, lexicographical product, and symmetric difference of two CuPFGs and demonstrate some of their key characteristics. Meanwhile, to investigate the preference of decision makers, cubic Pythagorean fuzzy preference relation is defined. Moreover, through a practical example, the applicability of our proposed work in multicriteria decision‐making is described, and to clarify the organization of the proposed method, a frame diagram is presented.