bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinduction of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia with ATRA and low dose antimetabolite‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Dvorak Christopher C. , Sanders Robert P. , Dahl Gary V.H. , Donaldson Sarah S. , Razzouk Bassem I.
Published: August 2005

While the disease‐free survival of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) now approaches 75%, some children continue to experience relapses, and questions remain as to the optimal management of these patients. We describe two young children who experienced combined relapses in the bone marrow and extramedullary locations following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). An induction regimen, consisting of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA), methotrexate, and 6‐mercaptopurine (6MP), successfully and safely achieved hematologic remission in one patient and molecular remission in the other. These cases demonstrate that there is a role for ATRA plus differentiating chemotherapy other than arsenic trioxide in the treatment of relapsed APML. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:582–585. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of new photoresponsive polyesters containing norbornadiene moieties by the ring‐opening copolymerization of donor–acceptor norbornadiene dicarboxylic acid anhydride with donor–acceptor norbornadiene dicarboxylic acid monoglycidyl ester derivatives
Authors: Ono Yoshitomo , Kawashima Naoyuki , Kudo Hiroto , Nishikubo Tadatomi , Nagai Takabumi
Published: August 2005

The ring‐opening copolymerization of donor–acceptor norbornadiene (D–A NBD) dicarboxylic acid monoglycidyl ester derivatives with D–A NBD dicarboxylic acid anhydride was performed with tetraphenylphosphonium bromide as a catalyst in toluene to produce new norbornadiene (NBD) polyesters containing D–A NBD moieties in the main chain and in the side chain in one step in good yields. The photoisomerization of the D–A NBD moieties in these polyesters proceeded very smoothly to give the corresponding quadricyclane groups. Because these NBD polyesters contained many NBD moieties in the polymer chain, they had the highest capacity for heat storage in the D–A NBD polymers reported so far. The stored thermal energy of the irradiated polyesters was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry analysis to be approximately 150–190 J/g. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4412–4421, 2005
Ring‐opening polymerizations of propylene oxide by double metal cyanide catalysts prepared with ZnX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, or I)
Authors: Kim Il , Byun Seung Hoon , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: August 2005

Polymerizations of propylene oxide were carried out with double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts based on Zn3[Co(CN)6]2. Through the control of the type and amount of ZnX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) during the preparation of the catalyst, the catalytic activity, induction period, and unsaturation level in the polyether polyols could be tuned. The DMC catalysts were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction. In general, ZnBr2 was the most effective zinc halide with respect to the properties of the resulting polymers as well as the activity and induction period. The average rates of polymerizations of DMC catalysts prepared with ZnCl2, ZnBr2, and ZnI2 were 889, 1667, and 784 g of polyoxypropylene/g of catalyst h, respectively, with induction periods of about 53, 5, and 60 min, respectively, at 115 °C. The DMC catalysts produced polyoxypropylenes with an ultralow unsaturation level (0.0025–0.0057 mequiv/g) and a narrow molecular weight distribution (1.07–1.42) without high‐molecular‐weight tails; this resulted in a low viscosity (962–3950 cP). According to the results collected from catalyst characterizations and polymerizations, the active sites of DMC‐catalyzed polymerization had mainly coordinative characters. The presence of free anions accelerated the ring‐opening procedure and thus enhanced the propagation rate and shortened the induction period. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4393–4404, 2005
Topographic control of periglacial slope covers, Ślęża Massif, southwest Poland: a statistical approach
Authors: Żurawek Roman , Żyszkowski Emil , Górecki Adam
Published: August 2005

The slopes of Mt Ślęża, southwest Poland, are covered by debris covers that consist of gabbro blocks. Six classes of slope covers have been distinguished based on the concentration of blocks. A map of slope covers has been digitized and the following parameters have been defined: (i) concentration of blocks on the slope, (ii) slope inclination, (iii) altitude, and (iv) aspect. The concentration of blocks has no correlation with either aspect or altitude. Instead, a dependence upon slope inclination is found. This suggests that slopewash explains the distribution of blocks on the present surface. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A possible flip‐flop genetic mechanism for reciprocal gene expression
Authors: Chiusano Maria Luisa , Di Giaimo Rossella , Potenza Nicoletta , Russo Giuseppina M.R. , Geraci Giuseppe , del Gaudio Rosanna
Published: August 2005

Innexins are a family of transmembrane proteins involved in the formation of gap junctions, specific intercellular channels, in invertebrates. Analyses of the entire innexin family during Drosophila melanogaster embryonic development shows the occurrence of complex and specific patterns of expression of the different genes. Innexins inx‐2 and inx‐7, in general, do not appear to exhibit extensive co‐expression in different D. melanogaster cellular compartments. We propose here a new and robust mechanism, based on our analysis of the genomic organization of inx‐2 and inx‐7, that structurally justifies the reciprocal expression of genes.
Ceramide and Cholesterol: Possible Connections Between Normal Aging of the Brain and Alzheimer's Disease. Just hypotheses or molecular pathways to be identified?
Authors: Costantini Claudio , Kolasani Rekha M.K. , Puglielli Luigi
Published: August 2005

Even though it is known that aging is the single most important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a lack of information on the molecular pathway(s) that connect normal aging of the brain to this form of neuropathology. Because of the rise in average lifespan, the number of individuals that reach the seventh or eighth decade of life and become at high risk for AD is rapidly increasing. Current estimations predict that by 2050 about 45 to 50 million individuals will be affected by AD worldwide. Here, we discuss the need for more age‐directed research to understand AD neuropathology. We also elaborate on the possible role of cholesterol and ceramide as molecular connections between aging and AD, and as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of late‐onset AD.
Bishops of the Habit in Castile, 1621–1665: A Prosopographical Approach
Authors: RAWLINGS HELEN
Published: August 2005

The seventeenth-century Spanish Church stood out among other Catholic countries of western Europe on account of the high percentage of members of the religious orders – especially Dominicans – recruited as bishops. While their authority as preachers and theologians, schooled in the post-Tridentine tradition, made them eminently suitable candidates for office, they had none of the secular experience normally required of an episcopate that worked in close alliance with the state. The political and fiscal pressures placed on this alliance under Philip IV prompted an unprecedented crisis of recruitment to the Spanish church hierarchy, of which the religious orders became the direct beneficiaries.
Secularisation and the Ministry of John R. W. Stott at All Souls, Langham Place, 1950–1970
Authors: CHAPMAN ALISTER
Published: August 2005

This article uses the parish ministry of John R. W. Stott as a case study of the resilience of evangelical churches in England in the postwar period. It situates Stott's experience at All Souls in the context of the debates over the reasons for the resilience of conservative Protestantism in the western world, and argues that closer attention to particular historical facts is necessary in order to understand this phenomenon properly. The article suggests that in England in the 1960s secularisation theory became a part of the story it was trying to tell, as it generated anxiety among Christian leaders, like Stott, who were committed to reversing the decline in church attendance in England.
Developing a Discipline: The Recent Study of Western Church History in the People's Republic of China
Authors: XIUQING LONG
Published: August 2005

The growth in the study of church history in China is one outcome of Deng Xiaoping's policy of ‘reform and opening’, as well as a result of increasing exchanges of scholars and ideas between China and the west during recent years. Since the 1980s Chinese scholars have to a great degree abandoned the Marxist interpretative framework, and gradually developed their own interpretations and methodologies for the study of church history. In consequence, academic studies in the 1990s displayed a fair, honest and objective character which marked the process of maturation in the development of church history as a discipline. In this process Professor Yu Ke played an important role, of inheriting the past and ushering in the future as the real founder of the discipline in China.
Pietro Carnesecchi and Cardinal Pole: New Perspectives
Authors: FENLON DERMOT
Published: August 2005

I processi inquisitoriali di Pietro Carnesecchi (1557–1567). Edizione critica, I: Il processo sotto Paolo IV e Pio IV (1557–1561); II: Il processo sotto Pio V (1566–1567), I: Guigno 1566–ottobre 1566; II: Novembre 1566–gennaio 1567; III: Gennaio 1567–agosto 1567. Edited by Massimo Firpo and Dario Marcatto. (Collectanea Archivi Vaticani, 43.). Pp. cxix+577; Pp. clxxix+370; 371–956; 957–1453. Vatican City: Archivio Segreto Vaticano, 1998, 2000. 88 85042 30 9; 88 85042 34 1

The correspondence of Reginald Pole, II: A calendar, 1547–1554. A power in Rome. By Thomas F. Mayer. (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History.) Pp. xvi+410. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003. £50. 0 7546 0327 X

The judicial investigation of Pietro Carnesecchi by the Roman inquisition in the years 1546–67 constitutes a major chapter in the history of the Italian peninsula and of the Church of Rome. Thanks to the indefatigable energy of Dario Marcatto, the publication of the documents from the archives of the Roman inquisition now places all the available sources at the disposal of the scholarly world. Massimo Firpo's critical introductions to these two volumes builds securely on his previously published essays, which included an account of Carnesecchi based on the edition of 1870. What he now writes confirms and extends his earlier findings.
External fields on the nightside of Mars at Mars Global Surveyor mapping altitudes
Authors: Ferguson B. B. , Cain J. C. , Crider D. H. , Brain D. A. , Harnett E. M.
Published: August 2005

More than four years of data taken from Mars Global Surveyor during its Mapping Phase Orbits (360–420 km altitude) over low field regions were examined. The nightside magnetic field data were binned according to a proxy solar wind pressure calculated from the dayside measurements. When the crustal field contribution calculated from the internal field model (FSU90) is removed, the distribution of residuals is bi‐valued in the sunward component. Pass‐by‐pass inspections of the data sometimes show a sudden reversal of field, which occur on successive passes. Analysis indicates that for these orbits MGS traverses a current sheet that separates the two lobes of Mars' magnetotail. These results indicate that on the nightside the major contributor to the external field is the draping of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field about the planet and that care must be taken when utilizing such data for modeling Mars' internal field.
Geosynchronous magnetopause crossings on 29–31 October 2003
Authors: Dmitriev A. , Chao J.‐K. , Thomsen M. , Suvorova A.
Published: August 2005

On 29–31 October 2003, numerous geosynchronous magnetopause crossings (GMCs) were identified using magnetic field data from two GOES satellites and plasma data from four Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) satellites. We can distinguish four long‐lasting intervals, when geosynchronous satellites observed GMCs in a wide range of local time: at ∼0600–0900 UT 29 October; from ∼1000 UT 29 October to 0400 UT 30 October; from ∼1700 UT 30 October to ∼0800 UT 31 October, and at ∼1100–1300 UT 31 October. During a part of those intervals the GMCs occurred in the dawn and dusk sectors under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) that indicates to magnetospheric compression by extremely high solar wind pressure. We found that at 0400–1000 UT 31 October the compression was accompanied with large‐amplitude Pc5 pulsation, which can be attributed to global magnetospheric mode (cavity resonance). Multiple GMCs were revealed for the time interval of Pc5 pulsation occasion. An amplitude of the magnetopause oscillation in noon sector was estimated of about 0.26∼0.6 RE. An application of the magnetopause models enabled us studying the magnetopause dawn–dusk asymmetry, which was revealed on the main phase and in maximum of two great geomagnetic storms on 29 and 30 October. We shown that the asymmetry can be formally represented as a shifting of the dayside magnetopause toward the dusk on average distance of 0.2∼0.3 RE. Besides, in some cases the asymmetry was larger and required a shifting of about 0.4 RE. It was shown that the magnitude of the dawn–dusk asymmetry is related to the internal geomagnetic disturbances rather than to the external conditions in the IMF.
On the magnetic topology of October/November 2003 events
Authors: Hu Qiang , Smith Charles W. , Ness Norman F. , Skoug Ruth M.
Published: August 2005

We examine the topology of several magnetic ejecta events during October–November 2003. The Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction results from ACE magnetic and plasma data show magnetic flux rope configurations. Some are large scale, with sizes of tenths of an AU, typical of magnetic clouds. Some are of sizes hundredths of an AU. Their characteristic parameters are reported. Magnetic field data from Wind spacecraft are utilized to compare the prediction from numerical modeling with the actual measurement. Poor to good agreement is achieved. The deviations are discussed, particularly in the context of extremely high‐speed solar wind flows.
On the formation of a plasma bubble
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Guzdar P. N. , Swisdak M.
Published: August 2005

A simple self‐consistent model is proposed, which describes properties of the tail current sheet after the formation of a small plasmoid on the closed field lines in the magnetotail and its quick tailward retreat. Using a theory of forced magnetic reconnection, it is shown that the flux tube that contained a plasmoid becomes a plasma bubble, with the plasmoid being replaced by a thin current sheet embedded within the original thicker sheet. The model allows for an estimate of the decrease of the plasma entropy per unit magnetic flux within the bubble. It predicts that the bubble structure may also include bifurcated current sheets.
The influence of asymmetric ionospheric Pedersen conductances on the field‐aligned phase variation of guided toroidal and guided poloidal Alfvén waves
Authors: Ozeke L. G. , Mann I. R. , Mathews J. T.
Published: August 2005

Numerical solutions of the decoupled guided toroidal and guided poloidal Alfvén wave equations in a dipole field with finite asymmetric ionospheric Pedersen conductances are used to illustrate how energy propagates along the geomagnetic field lines and into the ionosphere. We show that weakly damped second harmonic guided toroidal and guided poloidal waves can have electric and magnetic fields which are either in phase or 180° out of phase, exactly like those of traveling waves, at specific points along the magnetic field line. We show that the direction in which these locally traveling waves propagate energy is not determined by the closest ionosphere. Instead, it is dependent on the position along the field line where the time‐integrated Poynting flux is zero (called the “null point”), and this can result in energy propagating away from the closest ionosphere counter to what might be intuitively expected. We present results which illustrate how the position along the field line of the Poynting flux null point varies as a function of the ionospheric Pedersen conductivity and show that guided toroidal and guided poloidal modes in general can have null points at different positions along the field line. Importantly, we show that it is possible for the guided toroidal and guided poloidal waves to locally behave like counterpropagating traveling waves at a specific point along the magnetic field line. Our solutions are compared with the properties of a ULF wave observed by the Polar satellite and ground‐based Canadian Open Network for the OPEN Program Unified Study (CANOPUS) magnetometers. We illustrate how our results can be critically important for correctly inferring the traveling or standing nature of waves from satellite observations at a single point along the field line.
Snow effect on North American ground temperatures, 1950–2002
Authors: Bartlett Marshall G. , Chapman David S. , Harris Robert N.
Published: August 2005

Changes in snow's influence on surface ground temperature (SGT) could create a bias in the borehole temperature record of climate change. Using a snow‐ground thermal model which predicts changes in the mean annual offset between SGT and surface air temperature (SAT), we calculate the response of SGT to changes in seasonal snow cover in North America from 1950 to 2002, the period for which comprehensive snow and air observations exist across the region. Daily snow and SAT observations come from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network, the Canadian Daily Climatic Dataset, and a set of National Weather Service cooperative stations in Alaska. For the period 1961–1990 the mean snow onset date in North America is 15 December, with mean snow cover duration of 81 days. There are no significant trends in either onset or duration from 1950 to 2002. Winter season air temperature, however, has warmed during this period, particularly from 1970 to 2002. The effect of the combination of a relatively stationary snow season with winter season SAT warming has been to diminish the mean annual SGT‐SAT offset by −0.05 K/decade over the past 30 years. This effect is most pronounced between 50° and 75°N in west central North America, coincident with the location of greatest winter season warming since 1970. Although comprehensive snow cover data do not exist prior to 1950, this analysis quantifies the changes in snow cover required to account for the difference between borehole temperature and multiproxy climate reconstructions.
Steps towards molecular parity violation in axially chiral molecules. I. Theory for allene and 1,3-difluoroallene
Authors: Gottselig Michael , Quack Martin
Published: August 2005

In view of exploring possibilities for an experimental investigation of molecular parity violation we report quantum-chemical calculations of the parity-conserving and parity-violating potentials in the framework of electroweak quantum chemistry in allene C3H4 and 1,3-difluoroallene C3H2F2, which is nonplanar and axially chiral in the electronic ground state but expected to be nearly planar and achiral in several electronically excited states. The parity-violating potentials Epv for allene and 1,3-difluoroallene calculated with the multiconfiguration linear-response (MC-LR) approach of Berger and Quack [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 3148 (2000)] show qualitatively similar behavior as a function of torsional angle τ with maximum values of about 0.5pJmol−1 for C3H4 and 2pJmol−1 for C3H2F2. However, in the latter case they are asymmetrically shifted around τ=90°, with a nonzero value at the chiral equilibrium geometry resulting in a parity-violating energy difference between enantiomers ΔpvE=Epv(P)−Epv(M)=1.2pJmol−1 (equivalent to about 10−13cm−1). The calculated barrier heights corresponding to the nonrigid (multiple, and in part chiral) transition states in 1,3-difluoroallene fall in the range of 180–200kJmol−1. These high barriers result in hypothetical tunneling splittings much smaller than ΔpvE and thus parity violation dominates over tunneling for the stereomutation dynamics in 1,3-difluoroallene. Therefore, ΔpvE is predicted to be a spectroscopically measurable energy difference. Two of the lower excited electronic states of C3H2F2 (A1 and A3) are calculated to be planar or quasiplanar, allowing, in principle, for spectroscopic state selection of states of well-defined parity. The results are discussed in relation to possible schemes of measuring parity violation in chiral molecules.
Theoretical study of the transfer integral and density of states in spiro-linked triphenylamine derivatives
Authors: Kirkpatrick James , Nelson Jenny
Published: August 2005

We present a method for calculating the parameters that control hopping transport in disordered molecular solids, i.e., the transfer integrals and the distribution of transport site energies. Average values of these parameters are obtained by performing quantum-chemical calculations on a large ensemble of bimolecular complexes in random relative orientations. The method is applied to triphenylamine (TPA) and three differently substituted spiro-linked phenylamine compounds, 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), 2,2′7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-diphenylhenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-TAD), and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N,N-di-m-methylphenylamino)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-m-TTB). In the case of TPA, the dependence of the root-mean-square hole transfer integral J on intermolecular separation r for the ensemble of relative orientations is compared with that obtained by performing the same calculations for a fixed, approximately cofacial, orientation of the two TPA molecules. The calculation for the disordered geometry predicts a larger localization radius r0, where J∼exp(−r∕r0), than the calculation for the fixed orientation and is in better agreement with experiment. In the case of the spiro-linked compounds, results from our method are compared with parameters extracted from time-of-flight mobility measurements analyzed with the Gaussian disorder model (GDM). We find that the highest occupied molecular-orbital (HOMO) energies of the bimolecular complexes are distributed on an asymmetric peak, whose width varies in qualitative agreement with the value of the energetic disorder σ obtained from experimental data using the GDM. The mean-square hole transfer integral varies in accordance with the experimentally determined value of the mobility prefactor μ0. The differences between the differently substituted compounds are interpreted in terms of differences in the spatial extent of the wave function. Spiro-MeOTAD was found to have a greater localization radius, which leads to both a larger transfer integral and a broader distribution of HOMO energies than either of the other compounds. For these compounds, differences in energetic disorder could not be explained in terms of differences in the permanent dipole moment. Our method is proposed as an approximate means of predicting the effect of chemical structure on the values of transport parameters in disordered molecular films.
Adsorption of argon from sub- to supercritical conditions on graphitized thermal carbon black and in graphitic slit pores: A grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation study
Authors: Do D. D. , Do H. D.
Published: August 2005

In this paper we consider the adsorption of argon on the surface of graphitized thermal carbon black and in slit pores at temperatures ranging from subcritical to supercritical conditions by the method of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation. Attention is paid to the variation of the adsorbed density when the temperature crosses the critical point. The behavior of the adsorbed density versus pressure (bulk density) shows interesting behavior at temperatures in the vicinity of and those above the critical point and also at extremely high pressures. Isotherms at temperatures greater than the critical temperature exhibit a clear maximum, and near the critical temperature this maximum is a very sharp spike. Under the supercritical conditions and very high pressure the excess of adsorbed density decreases towards zero value for a graphite surface, while for slit pores negative excess density is possible at extremely high pressures. For imperfect pores (defined as pores that cannot accommodate an integral number of parallel layers under moderate conditions) the pressure at which the excess pore density becomes negative is less than that for perfect pores, and this is due to the packing effect in those imperfect pores. However, at extremely high pressure molecules can be packed in parallel layers once chemical potential is great enough to overcome the repulsions among adsorbed molecules.
High quantum efficiency ultraviolet/blue AlGaN∕InGaN photocathodes grown by molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Leopold D. J. , Buckley J. H. , Rebillot P.
Published: August 2005

Enormous technological breakthroughs have been made in optoelectronic devices through the use of advanced heteroepitaxial-semiconductor crystal-growth techniques. This technology is being extended toward enhanced ultraviolet/blue single-photon detection through the design and fabrication of atomically tailored heteroepitaxial GaAlN∕GaInN photocathode device structures. The AlGaN∕InGaN system is ideal because the band gap can be tailored over an energy range from 0.8 to 6.2 eV and epitaxial thin-film layers can be grown directly on optically transparent sapphire substrates. Although a single p-type GaN layer activated with cesium can produce reasonably high quantum efficiency in the ultraviolet wave band, a more complex design is necessary to achieve high levels extending into the blue region. In the present work, band-gap engineering concepts have been utilized to design heterostructure photocathodes. The increased level of sophistication offered by this approach has been exploited in an attempt to precisely control photoelectron transport to the photocathode surface. Thin heterostructure layers designed for transmission-mode detection were fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy. A quantum efficiency of 40% at 250 nm was achieved using a thin, compositionally graded GaN∕InGaN layer, epitaxially grown on a sapphire substrate. Further improvements are anticipated through continued optimization, defect reduction, and more complex photocathode designs.
Time-resolved infrared absorption studies of the solvent-dependent vibrational relaxation dynamics of chlorine dioxide
Authors: Bolinger Joshua C. , Bixby Teresa J. , Reid Philip J.
Published: August 2005

We report a series of time-resolved infrared absorption studies on chlorine dioxide (OClO) dissolved in H2O, D2O, and acetonitrile. Following the photoexcitation at 401 nm, the evolution in optical density for frequencies corresponding to asymmetric stretch of OClO is measured with a time resolution of 120±50fs. The experimentally determined optical-density evolution is compared with theoretical models of OClO vibrational relaxation derived from collisional models as well as classical molecular-dynamics (MD) studies. The vibrational relaxation rates in D2O are reduced by a factor of 3 relative to H2O consistent with the predictions of MD. This difference reflects modification of the frequency-dependent solvent-solute coupling accompanying isotopic substitution of the solvent. Also, the geminate-recombination quantum yield for the primary photofragments resulting in the reformation of ground-state OClO is reduced in D2O relative to H2O. It is proposed that this reduction reflects enhancement of the dissociation rate accompanying vibrational excitation along the asymmetric-stretch coordinate. In contrast to H2O and D2O, the vibrational-relaxation dynamics in acetonitrile are not well described by the theoretical models. Reproduction of the optical-density evolution in acetonitrile requires significant modification of the frequency-dependent solvent-solute coupling derived from MD. It is proposed that this modification reflects vibrational-energy transfer from the asymmetric stretch of OClO to the methyl rock of acetonitrile. In total, the results presented here provide a detailed description of the solvent-dependent geminate-recombination and vibrational-relaxation dynamics of OClO in solution.
Electron trajectories and gain in a free-electron laser with realizable helical wiggler and ion-channel guiding
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Madhi , Ebrahimi Sadollah , Saiahian Alaeddin , Willett Joseph E. , Willett Lori Jo
Published: August 2005

A theory is developed for a free-electron laser (FEL) with a three-dimensional helical wiggler and ion-channel guiding. The relativistic equation of motion for a single electron in the combined wiggler and ion-channel fields is solved in the rotating wiggler frame. With the aid of the conservation of energy, equations for the axial velocity and the Φ function (which determines the rate of change of axial velocity with energy) are studied numerically. An analysis of the electromagnetic radiation copropagating with the electron beam in the FEL interaction region is also presented. The gain formula is derived and calculations indicate that the gain of the realizable wiggler is considerably greater than the gain of the idealized one, and the gain enhancement increases with increasing wiggler magnetic field. It is shown that the gain for group-I orbits is positive, while for group-II orbits, the gain is negative in the negative mass regime (i.e., Φ<0) and positive in the positive mass regime.
Comment on “Kinetic theory of surface waves in plasma jets” [Phys. Plasmas 9, 701 (2002)]
Authors: Lee Hee J.
Published: August 2005

It is shown that the dispersion relation of electromagnetic surface waves propagating on the interface between a vacuum and drifting Maxwellian plasmas derived in recent work [Phys. Plasmas 9, 701 (2002)] is incorrect. Correct electromagnetic and electrostatic dispersion relations are obtained.
Incorporation of electroluminescence and electrochemiluminescence in one organic light-emitting device
Authors: Zhen Changgua , Chuai Yutao , Lao Chunfeng , Huang Lan , Zou Dechun , Lee Do Nam , Kim Byeong Hyo
Published: August 2005

The incorporation of electroluminescence and electrochemiluminescence in one light-emitting device with the configuration of indium tin oxide (ITO)/[Ru(bpy)2(dimbpy)](PF6)2∕Alq3(30nm)∕NPB(45nm)∕Ag(60nm) is investigated. When the ITO and Ag electrodes are negatively and positively biased respectively, the color of the emission changes from green to light yellow-white within 100 s. So there is only one recombination zone in the bulk of the Alq3 at the initial stage of the operation, followed by the formation of another recombination zone in the bulk of the [Ru(bpy)2(dimbpy)](PF6)2. This directly indicates the existence of unipolar injection (electron injection) process in the ruthenium complex layer. The external quantum efficiency of the device is 1.4% compared with 0.45% of the ITO∕[Ru(bpy)2(dimbpy)](PF6)2∕Ag device, improved by twofold. Furthermore, this hybrid device provides a feasible way to control the emission of a wide spectrum of colors including red, green, yellow, and white.
Relaxation process of photoexcited carriers in GaAs structures with low-temperature-grown layers
Authors: Araya T. , Kato N. , Otsuka N.
Published: August 2005

Spatial relaxation processes of photoexcited carriers in GaAs structures are studied by means of photoluminescence spectroscopy. A single GaAs∕Al0.3Ga0.7As quantum well and a low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) layer containing a high concentration of excess arsenic are placed in a GaAs structure as optical markers; the former serves as the radiative recombination site, while the latter as the trapping site of photoexcited carriers. The photoluminescence intensity from the quantum well is significantly reduced by the presence of a LT-GaAs layer immediately next to a barrier layer. The effect of the LT-GaAs layer is exponentially enhanced as a thickness of the barrier layer decreases. The results suggest that once an excess As point defect is placed within an extent of a wave function of a photoexcited carrier, trapping of the photoexcited carrier occurs at an extremely fast rate. In a structure where a LT-GaAs is placed at a distant location from the quantum well, the photoluminescence intensity from the quantum well is weakly dependent on the location of the LT-GaAs layer as expected from thermal diffusion of photoexcited carriers to trap sites as semiclassical particles.
Self-similar imploding relativistic shock waves
Authors: Hidalgo J. C. , Mendoza S.
Published: August 2005

Self-similar solutions to the problem of a strong imploding relativistic shock wave are calculated. These solutions represent the relativistic generalization of the Newtonian Gouderley-Landau-Stanyukovich problem of a strong imploding spherical shock wave converging to a center. The solutions are found assuming that the preshocked flow has a uniform density and are accurate for sufficiently large times after the formation of the shock wave.
The ion velocity distribution function in a current-free double layer
Authors: Keesee Amy M. , Scime Earl E. , Charles Christine , Meige Albert , Boswell Rod
Published: August 2005

A portable, low-power, diode laser-based laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) diagnostic incorporating a heated iodine cell for absolute wavelength reference was installed on the Chi-Kung helicon source [K. K. Chi, T. E. Sheridan, and R. W. Boswell, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 8, 421 (1999)] to measure the ion velocity distribution function of argon ions as they transited a current-free double layer (DL) created where the solenoidal magnetic field diverges at the junction of the plasma source and the diffusion chamber. Based on LIF measurements of the transiting ion beam energy, the strength of the potential drop across the DL increases with decreasing neutral pressure and increasing magnetic field strength in the source. The location of the double layer also moves further downstream of the helicon source with increasing pressure. LIF measurements of the ion beam energy were found to be in good agreement with measurements obtained with a retarding field energy analyzer and also with numerical predictions.
Resonant detection of microwave radiation in a circular two-dimensional electron system with quantum point contacts
Authors: Dorozhkin P. S. , Tovstonog S. V. , Mikhailov S. A. , Kukushkin I. V. , Smet J. H. , von Klitzing K.
Published: August 2005

We demonstrate that a two-dimensional electron system with a circular mesa and with quantum point contacts along its periphery is an attractive device geometry for the resonant detection of electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter and microwave region. Its operation relies on the resonant excitation of edge magnetoplasmons and the quantum point contacts serve as rectifying elements. The resonant response can be tuned easily across a broad frequency range, for instance, by altering the magnetic field, the electron density or the radius of the disk shaped mesa.
Self-organization of polyaniline nanorods: Towards achieving a higher conductivity
Authors: Chaudhuri Debangshu , Datar Suwarna , Viswanatha Ranjani , Sarma D. D. , Amenitsch Heinz
Published: August 2005

We present a scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy study of polyaniline nanostructure. Our results show the possibility of achieving a high degree of self-organization in polyaniline nanorods in the undoped as well as the doped states. The spectroscopy results clearly establish a direct correlation between the extent of ordering and the density of states at the Fermi energy of the doped samples. Small angle x-ray scattering experiment helps to understand the formation of such self-organized structures.
Effect of a cashmere breeding program on fibre length traits
Authors: Redden H. , Robson D. , Rhind S. M.
Published: August 2005

Two cashmere goat breed lines were selected, over a 5-year period, for increased mean cashmere weight (Value line; V) or reduced mean cashmere diameter (Fine line; F) and were compared with a group bred randomly (Control; C). The mean staple length of V animals increased from 42.2 to 52.0 mm (P < 0.001) between Years 1 and 5 and by Year 5 it was longer than that of F (43.9; P < 0.001) and C animals (45.2; P < 0.05). Between Years 1 and 5, the mean maximum drawn length of the V and F cashmere increased, from 50.9 to 63.1 mm (P < 0.001) and from 45.0 to 52.8 mm (P < 0.001), respectively. The mean minimum length for the V line increased from 32.5 to 49.6 mm (P < 0.001). This was attributable to an increase in cashmere length in both males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001). The mean minimum length for the F line increased (P < 0.001) primarily because of an increase in the mean minimum cashmere length of the females (P < 0.05). It is concluded that although the selection program resulted in an increase in cashmere production in the V line and no reduction in the F line animals, the associated increase in length and/or the changes in the relative length of the cashmere and guard hairs were likely to result in a reduction in fleece quality and value, particularly in the V animals.
Constitutive NF-κB activation, normal Fas-induced apoptosis, and increased incidence of lymphoma in human herpes virus 8 K13 transgenic mice
Authors: Chugh Priti , Matta Hittu , Schamus Sandra , Zachariah Sunny , Kumar Arvind , Richardson James A. , Smith Alice L. , Chaudhary Preet M.
Published: August 2005

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, also called Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus) has been linked to Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. HHV-8-encoded viral Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (vFLIP) is one of the few viral proteins to be expressed in latently infected cells and plays a key role in the survival and proliferation of primary effusion lymphoma cells. Two main functions have been ascribed to HHV-8 vFLIP, inhibition of caspase 8/Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1-converting enzyme and activation of NF-κB. In this article, we demonstrate that vFLIP-expressing transgenic mice lack any of the features seen in mice deficient in caspase 8 or Fas-associated death domain protein and are not resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, these mice display constitutive activation of classical and alternative NF-κB pathways, enhanced response to mitogenic stimuli, and increased incidence of lymphoma. Collectively, our results demonstrate that HHV-8 vFLIP is an oncogenic protein that mimics the signaling activities of caspase 8 during antigen receptor signaling and could contribute to the development of lymphoproliferative disorders via constitutive NF-κB activation independent of inhibition of Fas-induced apoptosis.
Condensed complexes in vesicles containing cholesterol and phospholipids
Authors: Radhakrishnan Arun , McConnell Harden
Published: August 2005

Animal cell membranes pose conceptual problems related to the physical chemistry of liquids. An avenue to the solution of some of these problems has been opened by the discovery of liquid–liquid immiscibility in synthetic membranes composed of cholesterol and phospholipids. This discovery has led to the development of a thermodynamic model involving condensed complexes. In this model, the phospholipids with longer fatty-acid chains react reversibly with cholesterol to form complexes. The complexes themselves can have a repulsive interaction with other phospholipids, leading to immiscibility. A striking example of this effect is revealed in the phase diagrams of ternary mixtures of cholesterol, a saturated phosphatidylcholine (or sphingomyelin), and an unsaturated phosphatidylcholine. As found by a number of investigators, all binary pairs are miscible in bilayers, whereas the ternary mixture can form two liquid phases. The model of condensed complexes accounts for this effect. Condensed complexes also have a major effect on the chemical activity of cholesterol and on the ordering of phospholipid acyl chains both in the presence and absence of phase separations. Model calculations of phospholipid order parameters account for several features of the deuterium NMR spectra of labeled phospholipid molecules in bilayer mixtures with cholesterol.
Lexical and semantic influences on item and order memory in immediate serial recognition: Evidence from a novel task
Authors: Jefferies Elizabeth , Frankish Clive , Lambon Ralph Matthew A.
Published: August 2005

Previous studies have reported that, in contrast to the effect on immediate serial recall, lexical/semantic factors have little effect on immediate serial recognition. This has been taken as evidence that linguistic knowledge contributes to verbal short-term memory in a redintegrative process at recall. Contrary to this view, we found that lexicality, frequency, and imageability all influenced matching span. The standard matching span task, requiring changes in item order to be detected, was less susceptible to lexical/semantic factors than was a novel task involving the detection of phoneme order and hence item identity changes. Therefore, in both immediate recognition and immediate serial recall, lexical/semantic knowledge makes a greater contribution to item identity than to item order memory. Task sensitivity, and not the absence of overt recall, may have underpinned previous failures to show effects of these variables in immediate recognition. We also compared matching span for pure and unpredictable mixed lists of words and nonwords. Lexicality had a larger impact on immediate recognition for pure than for mixed lists, in line with findings for immediate serial recall. List composition affected the detection of phoneme but not item order changes in matching span; similarly, in recall, mixed lists produce more frequent word phoneme migrations but not migrations of entire items. These results point to strong similarities between immediate serial recall and recognition. Lexical/semantic knowledge may contribute to phonological stability in both tasks.
Mental imagery, reasoning, and blindness
Authors: Knauff Markus , May Elisabeth
Published: August 2005

Although reasoning seems to be inextricably linked to seeing in the “mind's eye”, the evidence is equivocal. In three experiments, sighted, blindfolded sighted, and congenitally totally blind persons solved deductive inferences based on three sorts of relation: (a) visuo-spatial relations that are easy to envisage either visually or spatially, (b) visual relations that are easy to envisage visually but hard to envisage spatially, and (c) control relations that are hard to envisage both visually and spatially. In absolute terms, congenitally totally blind persons performed less accurately and more slowly than the sighted on all such tasks. In relative terms, however, the visual relations in comparison with control relations impeded the reasoning of sighted and blindfolded participants, whereas congenitally totally blind participants performed the same with the different sorts of relation. We conclude that mental images containing visual details that are irrelevant to an inference can even impede the process of reasoning. Persons who are blind from birth—and who thus do not tend to construct visual mental images—are immune to this visual-impedance effect.
Interactions between CLIP-170, Tubulin, and Microtubules: Implications for the Mechanism of CLIP-170 Plus-End Tracking Behavior
Authors: Folker Eric S. , Baker Brian M. , Goodson Holly V.
Published: August 2005

CLIP-170 belongs to a group of proteins (+TIPs) with the enigmatic ability to dynamically track growing microtubule plus-ends. CLIP-170 regulates microtubule dynamics in vivo and has been implicated in cargo-microtubule interactions in vivo and in vitro. Though plus-end tracking likely has intimate connections to +TIP function, little is known about the mechanism(s) by which this dynamic localization is achieved. Using a combination of biochemistry and live cell imaging, we provide evidence that CLIP-170 tracks microtubule plus-ends by a preassociation, copolymerization, and regulated release mechanism. As part of this analysis, we find that CLIP-170 has a stronger affinity for tubulin dimer than for polymer, and that CLIP-170 can distinguish between GTP- and GDP-like polymer. This work extends the previous analysis of CLIP-170 behavior in vivo and complements the existing fluorescence microscope characterization of CLIP-170 interactions with microtubules in vitro. In particular, these data explain observations that CLIP-170 localizes to newly polymerized microtubules in vitro but cannot track microtubule plus-ends in vitro. These observations have implications for the functions of CLIP-170 in regulating microtubule dynamics.
Myosin-V, Kinesin-1, and Kinesin-3 Cooperate in Hyphal Growth of the FungusUstilago maydis
Authors: Schuchardt Isabel , Aßmann Daniela , Thines Eckhard , Schuberth Christian , Steinberg Gero
Published: August 2005

Long-distance transport is crucial for polar-growing cells, such as neurons and fungal hyphae. Kinesins and myosins participate in this process, but their functional interplay is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of kinesin motors in hyphal growth of the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. Although the microtubule plus-ends are directed to the hyphal tip, of all 10 kinesins analyzed, only conventional kinesin (Kinesin-1) and Unc104/Kif1A-like kinesin (Kinesin-3) were up-regulated in hyphae and they are essential for extended hyphal growth. Δkin1 and Δkin3 mutant hyphae grew irregular and remained short, but they were still able to grow polarized. No additional phenotype was detected in Δkin1rkin3 double mutants, but polarity was lost in Δmyo5rkin1 and Δmyo5rkin3 mutant cells, suggesting that kinesins and class V myosin cooperate in hyphal growth. Consistent with such a role in secretion, fusion proteins of green fluorescent protein and Kinesin-1, Myosin-V, and Kinesin-3 accumulate in the apex of hyphae, a region where secretory vesicles cluster to form the fungal Spitzenkörper. Quantitative assays revealed a role of Kin3 in secretion of acid phosphatase, whereas Kin1 was not involved. Our data demonstrate that just two kinesins and at least one myosin support hyphal growth.
HOURS OF SLEEP AND FATIGUE IN MOTOR CARRIAGE
Authors: MONACO KRISTEN , OLSSON LINDY , HENTGES JUSTIN
Published: August 2005

Using data from the Trucking Industry Program Survey of Drivers, the article examines hours of sleep and fatigue among truck drivers. The analysis finds that hours of sleep are inversely related to work time. Using a logit model of falling asleep at the wheel, the authors find hours of sleep, time spent driving, and hours of service violations significantly affect the likelihood of dozing at the wheel. These findings suggest that altering work rules and pay schemes could mitigate the safety problems caused by fatigue. (JEL L9, I18)
ASSESSING THE VALUE OF ECONOMICS RESEARCH: THE CASE OF THE BIAS IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX
Authors: SCHIMMELPFENNIG DAVID E. , NORTON GEORGE W.
Published: August 2005

Economists provide sometimes contradictory information about economic systems that contribute to policy design. How does one value this type of knowledge? A political‐economic game is presented that allows for reinforcing and contradictory research messages. Policy makers are assumed to follow a Bayesian decision theory process and the model is tested with quantitative estimates of the value of research on the degree of bias in the Consumer Price Index. Most economists agree that a bias exists, but published estimates vary widely. A blue‐ribbon panel of economists recommended revisions to how the index is calculated, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics subsequently made revisions that differed from their original plans, but how much influence did the panel really have on the revisions? (JEL Z00)