bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of ventricular–vascular coupling with critical care metrics: An in silico approach
Authors: Mulligan Lawrence J. , Ungerleider Justin , Friedman Adam , Sanders Benjamin , Thrash Julian , Ewert Daniel , Mitrev Ludmil , Hill Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2024

Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output provide insufficient guidance for the management of intraoperative hypotension (IOH). In silico models offer additional insights into acute changes in hemodynamic parameters that may be encountered during IOH. A computational model (CM) generated parameters quantifying ventricular–vascular coupling, and pressure–volume construct across levels of aortic compliance (CA). We studied how a loss from normal‐to‐stiff CA impacts critical care metrics of hemodynamics during vascular occlusion. Pulse pressure (PP), end‐systolic pressure (Pes), arterial compliance (Art‐ca), arterial elastance (Art‐ea), and dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn), along mechanical efficiency (ME) were measured at five levels of CA. A loss in CA impacted all variables. During steady‐state conditions, PP, Pes, and stroke work increased significantly as CA decreased. Art‐ca decreased and Art‐ea increased similarly; Eadyn increased and ME decreased. During a decrease in preload across all CA levels, arterial dynamics measures remained linear. The CM demonstrated that a loss in CA impacts measures of arterial dynamics during steady‐state and transient conditions and the model demonstrates that critical care metrics are sensitive to changes in CA. While Art‐ca and Art‐ea were sensitive to changes in preload, Eadyn did not change.
Static magnetic field stimulation enhances shunting inhibition via a SLC26 family Cl−channel, inducing intrinsic plasticity
Authors: Sinha Adya saran , Shibata Sumiya , Takamatsu Yasuyuki , Akita Tenpei , Fukuda Atsuo , Mima Tatsuya
Published: February 2024

Magnetic fields are being used for detailed anatomical and functional examination of the human brain. In addition, evidences for their efficacy in treatment of brain dysfunctions is accumulating. Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a recently developed technique for non-invasively modifying brain functions. In tSMS, a strong and small magnet when placed over the skull can temporarily suppress brain functions. Its modulatory effects persist beyond the time of stimulation. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying tSMS-induced plasticity remain unclear. Here, using acute motor cortical slice preparation obtained from male C57BL/6N mice, we show that tSMS alters the intrinsic electrical properties of neurons by altering the activity of chloride (Cl−) channels in neurons. Exposure of mouse pyramidal neurons to a static magnetic field (SMF) at a strength similar to human tSMS, temporarily decreased their excitability and induced transient neuronal swelling. The effects of SMF were blocked by DIDS and GlyH-101, but not by NPPB, consistent with the pharmacological profile of SLC26A11, a transporter protein with Cl−channel activity. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of the GlyH-101-sensitive Cl−current component showed significant enhancement of the component at both subthreshold and depolarized membrane potentials after SMF application, resulting in shunting inhibition and reduced repetitive action potential (AP) firing at the respective potentials. Thus, this study provides the first neurophysiological evidence for the inhibitory effect of tSMS on neuronal activity and advances our mechanistic understanding of non-invasive human neuromodulation.

Significance StatementTranscranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a recently developed non-invasive brain stimulation technique. In tSMS, a strong, small magnet placed over the skull temporarily suppresses brain functions, and its modulatory effects persist beyond the stimulation time. To elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms of tSMS, we evaluated the excitability of mouse pyramidal neurons exposed to a static magnetic field at a strength similar to that of human tSMS using whole-cell patch-clamp experiments. We demonstrated that the static magnetic field temporarily decreased neuronal excitability by increasing the activity of a specific type of Cl−channel in the plasma membrane, and it also induced transient neuronal swelling. This study reveals for the first time the neurophysiological mechanism of tSMS-induced suppression of brain functions.
Effect of polyhydroxybutyrate and ethyl cellulose for barrier coating of kraft paper
Authors: Lim Dong Gun , Lee Yong Ju , Lee Ji Min , Kim Jae Hyeop , Lee Tai Ju , Kim Hyoung Jin
Published: February 2024

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a biodegradable polymer, has been studied as a substitute for petroleum-based polymers used for barrier coating to improve the barrier and mechanical properties of paper. In this study, ethyl cellulose (EC), a cellulose derivative, was used to prepare a polymer blend for enhancing the barrier properties of PHB. The prepared PHB/EC blend was then applied as a paper coating material. Additionally, the barrier and mechanical properties of the PHB/EC blend-coated paper based on the PHB/EC mixing ratio and coating weight were analyzed. The results showed that the EC could act as a binder for the PHB/EC blend-coated paper. Consequently, the PHB/EC blend-coated paper exhibited significant improvements in mechanical and barrier properties, including a substantial increase of over 100% in internal bond strength, more than 20% in tensile strength, exceeding 60% enhancement in water resistance, and a remarkable increase of over 90% in air permeability.
Literature review and preliminary analysis of cassava by-products potential use in particleboards
Authors: Piccini Ana M. D. , Moura Jorge D. M. , Piccini Anderson R.
Published: February 2024

Particle panels for construction are environmentally favorable, as they allow the combination of different components (as is the case with agro-industrial waste from the production and processing of food and products derived from agricultural activities). The objective of this article is to analyze studies focused on the use of cassava by-products in the production of panels for civil construction/furniture in the last 10 years through a bibliographical survey, as well as to present a preliminary analysis of the feasibility of using cassava by-products to manufacture particle panels in their natural state. As a result, the theoretical search detected the gap created by the scarcity of published studies on the topic. On the other hand, the experimental analysis indicated the promising potential of using the cassava by-product for panel production, provided that the weaknesses initially indicated in this research can be addressed.
Assessment of color and contact angle changes in waterborne stained wood under natural weathering condition of South Korea’s summer climate
Authors: Yang Seungmin , Kang Seoggoo
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to develop a waterborne stain (WBS) that protects against weathering and increases resistance of wood to fungi when exposed to heavy rainfall. The WBS was prepared using an antibacterial agent, insect repellent, and copper nanoparticle solution (CN) as a surface coating agent. The WBS was applied on larch and hemlock wood, and changes in color and wettability due to natural and artificial weathering were evaluated. A gray-blue spot developed on the untreated wood surface within 30 d of outdoor exposure, which then spread over the entire wood surface, and the wood eventually turned black. Resistance to fungi increased when CN alone was applied; however, the CN surface was oxidized and turned gray after 30 d and 90 d for larch and hemlock, respectively. The water contact angle was increased due to leaching. The application of CN followed by WBS prevented wood discoloration under ultraviolet light and the wood showed excellent weathering resistance capacity. The prevention of wood discoloration and resistance to fungi by CN were confirmed, which could guide the development of a paint that can prolong protection from weathering of wood exposed to heavy rainfall events.
NATURE OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND REASONS FOR THEIR APPLICATION
Authors: ZVERIEV Oleh
Published: February 2024

Economic sanctions are an important tool of international policy aimed at influencing countries that violate international standards or pursue aggressive policy. The essence of economic sanctions is to restrict trade, financial transactions, and investments to stimulate changes in political or economic behavior of the target country. Grounds for the application of economic sanctions may include human rights violations, annexation of territories, military aggression or other actions that contradict international norms. The international community bodies, such as the UN or the European Union, make decisions on the application of sanctions based on a joint assessment of the situation and the desire to preserve world peace and stability. The effectiveness of economic sanctions is a matter of debate, sometimes they can lead to changes in the country's policy, and sometimes they cause suffering to the population. Within the community of nations, it is important to balance the strategies of sanctions and diplomacy to achieve the desired results while maximizing the positive impact on the geopolitical situation.
      At the stage of searching for widely acceptable agreements in global trade and economic relations, mutual consideration of interests becomes especially important. In modern conditions, these spheres have become the object of unprecedented politicization. Considerable attention is paid to the values of free trade, which nowadays often become hostages of trade conflicts and unfair competition. Recently, sanctions have gained an important role in international economic relations. Motives for applying sanctions, including economic ones, can be diverse and depend on various factors, the main of which are political considerations. In most cases, economic sanctions are determined by political goals that are accomplished through economic pressure.
        The very term "sanctions" and their mechanism in the international sphere combine regulatory, political, and economic aspects, forming the interdisciplinary nature of this phenomenon in theoretical terms.
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ В ПРОЦЕСАХ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАМИ
Authors: ТАРАНИЧ Андрій , ПЕЛЕХАЦЬКИЙ Дмитро
Published: February 2024

Досліджено тенденції розвитку і можливості використання штучного інтелекту в процесі стратегічного управління компанією в кризових умовах для стабілізації і збереження конкурентоспроможності бізнесу. Проаналізовано сфери застосування і місце штучного інтелекту в управлінні бізнес-процесами, вплив інновацій, що використовують машинне навчання, на стратегічній аспект діяльності компанії для формування рекомендацій щодо забезпечення конкурентних переваг і оптимізації використання обмежених ресурсів.
        На основі проведеного аналізу доведено позитивний вплив упровадження інновацій на рентабельність бізнесу. Визначено основні переваги технологій на основі штучного інтелекту і драйвери їх розвитку. Розглянуто використання штучного інтелекту для предикативного аналізу з метою подальшого використання результатів у стратегічному управлінні й реалізації діяльності компанії. Проаналізовано можливості штучного інтелекту щодо оптимізації діяльності фахівців сфери маркетингу й управління. Визначено можливості дослідження конкурентних ринків і поведінкових аспектів клієнтів компанії за допомогою штучного інтелекту на основі Big Data, описано синергію технології з сучасними CRM-системами. Окреслено переваги використання штучного інтелекту при розширенні діяльності компанії завдяки можливостям технологій на основі штучного інтелекту і машинного навчання забезпечувати високо персоналізований позитивний клієнтський досвід взаємодії з компанією, навіть у мінливих умовах.  
Особливу увагу приділено основним способам використання штучного інтелекту при реалізації бізнес-моделі підприємства в кризових умовах. Проаналізовано процеси і принципи інтеграції штучного інтелекту в діяльність підприємства, визначено показники якості даних для мінімізації ризиків упровадження інновацій і умови ефективного використання даних технологій з метою формування конкурентних переваг, які дозволять швидко адаптуватися при негативному впливі зовнішнього середовища на сформовані бізнес-процеси.
Child Health Needs and the Pediatric Hospital Medicine Workforce: 2020–2040
Authors: Harrison Wade N. , Mittal Vineeta S. , O’Toole Jennifer K. , Quinonez Ricardo A. , Mink Richard , Leyenaar JoAnna K.
Published: February 2024

Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) established a new model of care for hospitalized children in the United States nearly 3 decades ago. In that time, the field experienced rapid growth while distinguishing itself through contributions to medical education, quality improvement, clinical and health services research, patient safety, and health system leadership. Hospital systems have also invested in using in-house pediatricians to manage various inpatient care settings as patient acuity has accelerated. National PHM leaders advocated for board certification in 2014, and the first certification examination was administered by the American Board of Pediatrics in 2019. In this article, we describe the development of the subspecialty, including evolving definitions and responsibilities of pediatric hospitalists. Although PHM was not included in the model forecasting future pediatric subspecialties through 2040 in this supplement because of limited historical data, in this article, we consider the current and future states of the workforce in relation to children’s health needs. Expected challenges include potential alterations to residency curriculum, changes in the number of fellowship positions, expanding professional roles, concerns related to job sustainability and burnout, and closures of pediatric inpatient units in community hospitals. We simultaneously forecast growing demand in the PHM workforce arising from the increasing prevalence of children with medical complexity and increasing comanagement of hospitalized children between pediatric hospitalists and other subspecialists. As such, our forecast incorporates a degree of uncertainty and points to the need for ongoing investments in future research to monitor and evaluate the size, scope, and needs of pediatric hospitalists and the PHM workforce.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Child Health, and the Pediatric Subspecialty Workforce
Authors: Orr Colin J. , Leslie Laurel K. , Schaechter Judy , Williams Xavier J. , Montez Kimberly G. , Deen Jason F. , Evans Yolanda N. , Russell Christopher J. , Webb Jonathan , Gaona Adriana R. , Mendoza Fernando S.
Published: February 2024

Using multiple metrics, the diversity of the pediatric population in the United States is increasing. However, recent data suggest significant disparities in both the prevalence and management of child health conditions cared for by pediatric subspecialists. These inequities occur across multiple dimensions of diversity, including race and ethnicity, country of origin, socioeconomic status, sex and gender, and disability. Research also suggests that attending to diversity, equity, and inclusion in the medical workforce may positively affect health outcomes. High-quality pediatric subspecialty care thus requires knowledge of these data, attention to the effects of social drivers, including racism and discrimination, on health and wellbeing, and interventions to improve pediatric health equity through educational, practice, policy, and research innovations. In this article, we review data on the diversity of the pediatric population and pediatric subspecialty workforce, suggest potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of current diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives in academic pediatrics, and provide recommendations across 4 domains: education and training, practice, policy, and future research. The ultimate goal of pediatrics is to improve health equity for all infants, children, adolescents, and young adults cared for in the United States by pediatric subspecialists.
Causas de deserción estudiantil universitaria en tiempos de pandemia en la Universidad Católica Boliviana
Authors: Alemán Andrade Andrea , Kunstek Salinas Luis Camilo
Published: February 2024

A pesar de los esfuerzos de la Universidad Católica Boliviana para frenar la deserción durante la cuarentena estricta del 2020 por el COVID-19, las cifras de estudiantes que dejaron la universidad, aunque parcialmente, fueron elevadas. Frente a ello, nace el objetivo de comprender las causas de deserción estudiantil en la U.C.B, Sede Cochabamba, durante el 2020. A partir de entrevistas a profundidad que parten de una investigación cualitativa, se evidenciaron cinco causas: familiares, económicas, acceso a recursos tecnológicos y conectividad, clases en modalidad remota emergente, rendimiento académico y personales. La frustración generada por estas afectó emocionalmente al alumnado, llevándolo a desertar a pesar de las estrategias universitarias. Este escenario abre la posibilidad de replantear los marcos teóricos y metodológicos sobre deserción, así como evidenciar los elementos desde una lógica relacional, siendo necesario profundizar una mirada cualitativa en la reflexión sobre deserción con investigaciones que reconstruyen las historias de vida de las y los estudiantes, reconociendo su voz en la construcción de políticas de reducción de deserción estudiantil universitaria.
Temperature- and seasonality-related infectious disease mortality among infants: A retrospective time-series study of Sweden, 1868–1892
Authors: Junkka Johan , Hiltunen Maria
Published: February 2024

Climate conditions, such as ambient temperatures, play a crucial role in infants' vulnerability to infectious diseases. However, little is known about how climate conditions, such as temperatures and seasonality, affect infectious disease mortality among infants in high mortality settings. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between cause-specific infant mortality and ambient temperatures and seasonality. We applied a retrospective study design using parish register data from Sweden covering the 1868–1892 period in combination with daily temperature data. Mortality due to water- and foodborne diseases, airborne infectious diseases and other causes was modelled as a function of temperature exposure in the previous 14 days using distributed lagged non-linear models. We found that airborne infectious diseasemortality was not related to cold temperatures, but rather to seasonality. The summer peaks in mortality due to water- and foodborne infections were associated with high temperatures, and not with seasonality. The increased vulnerability of infants to infectious diseases at high temperatures is a significant future risk, given that global temperatures are projected to rise in the coming decades.
Projecting environmental impacts with varying population, affluence and technology using IPAT – Climate change and land use scenarios
Authors: Engström Emma , Kolk Martin
Published: February 2024

We theoretically explore the interrelations between population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T) for various environmental impacts (I ) using IPAT-type modelling. To illustrate the differences across environmental dimensions, climate and land use impacts are modelled. We use middle-of-the-road projections for population and per capita income and different forecasting methods for technology, including extrapolations of historical trends, models based on stochastic IPAT (STIRPAT) and predictions in the literature. The different approaches are compared within the IPAT framework. We also explore the consequences of alternative trajectories for P, A and T, and we discuss the implications of these trajectories for reaching global goals based on our modelling. The findings are analysed in light of three theories in environmental sociology, each of which places a different emphasis on the different components of IPAT. We argue that the large amount of technological mitigation assumed in many forecasts makes affluence and population relatively irrelevant for climate change. However, we also consider it likely that both factors will be determinants of land use impact in the 21st century.
Doing Being on Social Media
Authors: Jensen Signe Hannibal
Published: February 2024

The present study set in Denmark explores how social media use may help to facilitate English as a second language (L2) development by means of social media literacy socialization. The data consisted of English language Ariana Grande (AG) fan TikToks made over the course of a year by a Danish girl, aged 11–12, and semi-structured interviews. Findings show that through the participant’s focus on creating a popular fan persona, she was socialized into the fan community and thereby encountered affordances for language learning and opportunities to develop her critical and digital social media skills. She communicated in English daily with fellow fans, sought English language information related to content and editing, developed a growing awareness of the language conventions in the space, and was very invested in her engagement (Norton, 2013). The study also showed that while the focus on obtaining a popular identity guided much of the participant’s engagement and thereby provided language learning affordances, it eventually resulted in a decrease in her postings and, by extension, in fewer learning opportunities. Implications for the L2 classroom are suggested.
‘Exploring Silences in the Field of Computer Assisted Language Learning’ Anwar Ahmed
Authors: Anderson Hope M.
Published: February 2024

Exploring Silences in the Field of Computer Assisted Language LearningAnwar AhmedCham: Palgrave Macmillan, US $ 39, ISBN 9783031065019 (e-book), 131 pages, 2022
Designing Writing Across the Professions (WAP) programs at the intersection of work-integrated learning and writing transfer research
Authors: Machura Ina Alexandra , DePalma Michael-John , Eady Michelle J. , Taczak Kara
Published: February 2024

In our information age, written communication has become increasingly important in many professions. As a result, university faculty and administrators need to develop specific curricula and pedagogies that will facilitate the process of equipping students with the required writing knowledge and skills to meet the demands of their workplace environments. In this article, we argue that Writing Across the Professions (WAP) as a curricular model meets that requirement, particularly in Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) contexts, which we believe are conducive to fostering writing transfer in university students. WAP foregrounds the importance of writing in workplace contexts and aims to facilitate the transfer of students’ knowledge and practices by focusing on rhetorical genre theory and analysis, discourse community theory and analysis, providing engaged feedback on students’ writing, and inviting students to critically reflect on their previous and current writing knowledge and practices. In this article, we propose four conceptual foundations that university faculty and administrators can utilize to implement WAP programs at their institutions. The first concept is that professional (writing) knowledge and practices are contextual and require lifelong learning; WIL faculty and students thus need to be informed about what is involved in learning to write across professions. Secondly, as the transfer of professional (writing) knowledge and practices goes beyond disciplinary boundaries, both faculty and students need to build contextual awareness. Thirdly, as problem-solving is an integral part of writing in the professions, faculty and students need to engage in critical reflection. Finally, professional (writing) knowledge and practices impact identities and therefore require mentoring. In outlining these shared concepts from WIL and writing transfer research, this article offers examples of how they can inform curricular approaches and pedagogical practices in WAP.
Sensory quality of brown shrimp (crangon crangon L.) stored under various freezing conditions prior to cooking
Authors: Vermeersch Xavier H.C. , Braeckman Ruben , Chiers Koen , Vlaemynck Geertrui
Published: February 2024

Freshly caught brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) are prone to rapid degradation after death. Freezing the unprocessed shrimp shortly after catch provides a possible solution to maintain product quality until further processing. In this study, Shrimp were frozen under three conditions (individually frozen, vacuum packed or glazed), either directly at −20°C or deep frozen at −50°C for three hours and subsequently stored at −20°C. A trained sensory panel assessed the organoleptic quality of brown shrimp that were cooked after 2 and 4 months of raw-frozen storage. Shrimp cooked under the same conditions immediately after the catch, then stored at −20 for maximum 1 month were used as reference. The quality of the frozen shrimp was also visually evaluated after one year. The individually frozen shrimp remained closest to the reference samples in terms of colour and odour when stored at −20°C, and closest to the reference for taste when initially frozen at −50°C. Vacuum-packed shrimp scored less well and glazed samples were omitted from the experiments beyond 2 months of storage due to visual deterioration. In conclusion frozen storage of raw shrimp is possible for short periods up to 4 months, albeit with perceivable changes in organoleptic properties of the final cooked product.
20 Ediciones: una apuesta por la investigación y la divulgación
Authors: Pico Claudia , Wilches Jaime
Published: February 2024

Este número de la revista Punto de Vista es pues la concreción de un esfuerzo que por años ha hecho la Editorial del Politécnico Grancolombiano y sus Editores Carlos Ariel Ramírez, Eduardo Norman, Allyson Venegas, Claudia Pico y Jaime Wilches por proponer debates sobre nuestra realidad productiva y política. El número presenta toda la diversidad contenida a lo largo de la historia pues reflexiona sobre las particularidades del tejido productivo nacional, los procesos de transformación en el área de mercadeo en la era digital, comunicación y gobernanza, entre otros.
City branding como estrategia de mercadeo para la internacionalización de las ciudades
Authors: Balzan Alexander
Published: February 2024

Desde hace varias décadas las ciudades han entrado en una competencia para llamar la atención de turistas e inversionistas en todo el mundo; este fenómeno que no ha sido estudiado a profundidad hoy es denominado como “internacionalización de las ciudades” y es que es allí precisamente, en las ciudades, donde comienza a materializarse ese proceso de internacionalización (Cattan, 1995). Para poder alcanzar este objetivo de llamar la atención, de lograr visibilidad y de finalmente atraer los recursos (generar ingresos para la ciudad) se ha acudido a herramientas empresariales como el marketing y desde allí al branding proyectando una imagen y percepciones. Como ejemplo de aplicación esta estrategia se analizan los principales factores que Kavaratzis (2008; 2009) aplicó en las ciudades de Amsterdam, Atenas y Budapest. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar el uso de estrategias digitales asociadas al branding descritas en la literatura para la promoción de los destinos, se pretende ir más allá de una simple descripción de los términos pues se listan casos aplicados a nivel mundial.
Tendencias de la investigación en marketing digital en revistas de alta calidad científica y editorial de la región América Latina y el Caribe
Authors: Ladino Marín Paola Consuelo
Published: February 2024

Este artículo presenta un análisis documental sobre las tendencias investigativas en la última década del marketing digital en publicaciones científicas de alta calidad en América Latina y el Caribe. El objetivo general se centró en identificar los desarrollos y estrategias que, en términos de marketing, en particular, en el ámbito digital, han desarrollado pequeñas, medianas y grandes organizaciones de la zona que han sido objeto de estudio de los investigadores que han socializado sus hallazgos en este tipo de publicaciones. La investigación fue de tipo cualitativo, con enfoque documental, donde se construyó una matriz de registro bibliográfico de artículos asociados al objeto de estudio y que hayan sido publicados desde el 2011. Dentro de los hallazgos más relevantes se reconoce una tendencia en el uso de redes sociales para el posicionamiento y las ventas de productos y servicios online con la intención de generar mayor interacción en públicos jóvenes, necesidad de contratar especialistas en el dominio de herramientas digitales para la gestión del mercadeo en este tipo de plataformas.
El Rol de los Negocios Verdes en la Reducción de la Dependencia de los Hidrocarburos en el Departamento del Meta – Colombia
Authors: María Alexandra Castro Rico  , Diana Patricia Gutiérrez Mejía  , Adriana María Flórez Laiseca  , John Hernando Escobar Rodríguez
Published: February 2024

Este trabajo se deriva de una investigación interinstitucional que busca formular un modelo sistémico de transición económica en zonas de explotación petrolera departamento del Meta – Colombia que permita disminuir la dependencia económica de los hidrocarburos mediante proyectos productivos verdes de forma articulada con el crecimiento verde y aportando al desarrollo local y sostenible, al cuidado del medio ambiente, por medio de herramientas como la cooperación internacional, fortaleciendo la productividad lo cual generará un aporte al bienestar social de la región. Para lograr lo propuesto se plantea una metodología mixta que involucra una parte cualitativa donde se establecen categorías asociadas a las diferentes necesidades y potencialidades del departamento. En la parte cuantitativa por su parte, se acudirá a la aplicación de modelos econométricos que permitan establecer la significancia de las variables involucradas y los efectos marginales de algunas de ellas entre otros aspectos, frente a los negocios y la dependencia económica de los hidrocarburos. La investigación se encuentra en la primera fase, donde se ha podido contextualizar las afectaciones derivadas de la dependencia con la extracción petrolera, además de realizar un mapeo de las políticas existentes a nivel nacional e internacional frente al crecimiento verde junto con las políticas departamentales que generen oportunidades para la generación de negocios verde, logrando identificar las primeras variables que deben ser tenidas en cuenta en el modelo de transición económica.
Las Oportunidades del Cannabis Medicinal Colombiano en el Mercado Asiático y Europeo
Authors: Laura Marcela Maldonado Agudelo  , María Alejandra Ospino Tirado  , María Paula Alzate Jiménez
Published: February 2024

El objetivo es conocer los beneficios del Cannabis medicinal colombiano y las oportunidades de mercado a través de la exportación a Europa y Asia; Colombia puede crear un mercado representativo con el cannabis medicinal ya que este es un producto con valor agregado que ayudaría a diversificar la oferta exportable del país y a darle mayor dinamismo a la economía.

La metodología utilizada fue descriptiva de corte cualitativo, se utilizaron fuentes secundarias para la recolección de la información que posteriormente fue analizada y procesada para establecer comparativos y llegar a las conclusiones.

En los resultados se encontró que con el Decreto 811 de 2021 el marco legal colombiano abre las puertas para la comercialización del Cannabis Medicinal a nivel internacional; igualmente, se evidenciaron que paises como Holanda, Uruguay y Malta, se proyectan como mercados atractivos para las empresas colombianas de esta industria debido a su marco legal aceptable para el Cannabis medicinal y recreativo. Los paises asiáticos dada su poca apertura legal, no se muestran como atractivos para la internacionalización del Cannabis medicinal.
ESCHERICHIA COLI phenotypic characteristics and antagonistic activity in opisthorchiasis invasion
Authors: Kataeva L. V. , Karpukhina N. F. , Vakarina A. A. , Kolotova O. N. , Stepanova T. F. , Stepanova K. B.
Published: February 2024

Opisthorchis felineus invasion in human causes inflammatory and dyskinetic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract accompanied by altered phenotypic characteristics in colon microbiota. The aim of research — study an impact of the Escherichia coli isolate phenotypic characteristics on Klebsiella spp. bacteria, isolated from colonic contents of patients with diagnosed opisthorchiasis as well as E. coli antagonistic activity. Materials and methods. The phenotypic properties of 54 E. coli isolates and 8 genus Klebsiella isolates obtained from colonic contents of patients with diagnosed opisthorchiasis were assessed. Identification of isolates and analysis of proteomic profiles were performed using Maldi BioTyper 3.0 software. 204 co-cultivation datasets were analyzed investigating antagonistic activity of E. coli isolates with varying properties on Klebsiella spp. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were examined by whole genome sequencing. Results. E. coli bacteria with typical phenotypic characteristics showed significantly more prominent antagonistic activity against Klebsiella spp. A significantly higher level of antagonistic activity against K. oxytoca bacteria vs K. pneumoniae strains. The proteomic bacterial strain profiles were divided into clusters depending on the level of antagonistic activity. E. coli molecular serotyping for O- and H-antigens revealed the genes of enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive and extraintestinal pathogens in 60.0% of cases. Strains with the highest antagonistic activity index, which are carriers of the genes typical to enterotoxigenic E. coli sequence serotypes O6:H1 and O6:H5, were identified. The genome of such strains consisted of the largest number of virulence gene complexes: adhesins, invasins, toxins, bacteriocins. Multilocus sequence typing and sequence serotyping of E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains established their heterogeneity; K. oxytoca isolates were identified as ST242 and ST176. All strains were characterized by homology of antibiotic resistance markers (oqxA, oqxB, fosA) and a variety of beta-lactam resistance gene variants. Conclusion. It was found that E. coli isolates with typical phenotypic characteristics and carriers of virulence gene complexes exhibited significantly more pronounced antagonistic activity against Klebsiella spp. isolated from colonic contents of patients with diagnosed opisthorchiasis.
Molecular and genetic characterization of LEPTOSPIRA spp. collection strains from the St. Petersburg Pasteur institute based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing data
Authors: Baimova R. R. , Ostankova Yu. V. , Blinova O. V. , Stoyanova N. A. , Tokarevich N. K.
Published: February 2024

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease found virtually worldwide. Microscopic Agglutination Test with live leptospira (MAT) is the reference method for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis. MAT is based on assessing serum potential to agglutinate live reference serovar Leptospira maintained at a reference laboratory. At some laboratories having own collections of isolated and reference Leptospira strains applicable for serological diagnosis, those microorganisms are maintained for many years by repeated subculturing, that increases markedly a chance of strain cross-contamination. The lack of adequate quality control for reference strains may affect data of epidemiological studies. Control of Leptospira spp. reference strains purity and stability of their antigenic composition is very important for diagnosis of leptospirosis. The study objective was to compare the 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences of some Leptospira strains from the collection of the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute to with relevant sequences uploaded to GenBank. In this study, 38 Leptospira strains were investigated. Nucleotide sequences of 36 strains were deposited in the international GenBank database, inconsistencies were revealed in two strains. The study found that the control Leptospira strains from the collection of the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute had minimal dissimilarities from international control strains. The analysis of the resultant 16S rRNA sequences has shown the presence of point mutations, transitions, deletions and insertions, regardless of the strain species. The open leptospira pan-genome demonstrates high genomic variability in species due to the capability of leptospira for lateral gene transfer in order to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The massive acquisition and loss of genes give rise to an increased species diversity. The 16S rRNA gene is suitable for screening diagnostics; however, high level of the fragment similarity and close phylogenetic relationship between different species put bounds to its use in genotyping. The presence of point nucleotide mutations is most likely associated with the evolutionary mechanisms of leptospira, their ability to horizontal gene transfer and crossing-over, including ribosomal genes, but this assumption necessitates additional research. For specimen genotyping it is necessary to select alternative genes with high specificity and sufficient level of nucleotide divergence. The study shows a need for genetic analysis of collection strains in order to control the purity of cultures.
The impact of polymorphic variants of interferon receptor genes on COVID-19 severity and antibiotic resistance
Authors: Krieger E. A. , Samodova O. V. , Svitich O. A. , Samoilikov R. V. , Meremianina E. A. , Ivanova L. V. , Bebyakova N. A. , Ilina E. N. , Pavlenko A. V. , Esin Yu. I. , Arkhipova A. L. , Kovalchuk S. N. , Kudryavtsev A. V.
Published: February 2024

Single nucleotide substitutions in gene sequence associated with conformational changes in protein receptor or in expression of interferon receptors may explain variations in human susceptibility to infection and severity of COVID-19 along with other well-known risk factors. The study aimed to investigate associations between polymorphic variants of interferon receptor genes, COVID-19 severity and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota. Materials and methods. The study was conducted using a random sample of Arkhangelsk population aged 42 to 76 years (n = 305). The research involved gathering COVID-19 data from the Federal Register, conducting blood tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and polymorphic interferon receptor gene variants, and identifying antibiotic resistance genes in stool samples. Results. During the first 12–15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, 17.4% of the study participants had symptomatic COVID-19, while 32.8% were asymptomatic. By the Autumn of 2022, symptomatic COVID-19 cases rose up to 36.4%, while asymptomatic cases increased to 61.3%. We reveal an association between the CC genotype of the IFNAR1 gene rs2257167 variant, the presence of the T allele of IFNAR2 gene rs2229207 variant, the CCTT haplotype and symptomatic COVID-19. The GCTC haplotype was associated with pneumonia and COVID-19 severity. In November 2022, macrolide resistance genes were observed in 98.4% of cases, whereas those to beta-lactams and glycopeptides — in 26.9% and 13.8% cases, respectively. Resistance to three classes of antibiotics was observed in 4.9% and was more frequently detected in individuals with the ССТТ haplotype. Genes encoding beta-lactamases were more often found in individuals with the GCTC haplotype, those who had COVID-19 with pneumonia and those who received hospital treatment. Glycopeptide resistance genes were associated with the CC genotype of the rs2257167 variant of IFNAR1 gene. Conclusion. We identified genetic determinants of susceptibility, symptomatic infection and COVID-19 severity. The associations between polymorphic variants of interferon receptor genes and COVID-19 severity can be used to identify people with a genetic predisposition to severe infection and to determine priority groups for vaccination, including the prevention of antibiotic resistance in complicated course of viral infections.
Precious Metal Recovery from Spent Catalysts
Authors: Piers Grumett
Published: February 2024

A new process called AquaCat® for the recovery of precious metals from spent heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts is described. The process has two stages, the first stage is to determine the precious metal content of a spent heterogeneous catalyst using new direct sampling technology. The second stage involves supercritical water oxidation, during which the carbonaceous material is converted into less noxious compounds, leaving the precious metals as their oxides.
The London Platinum and Palladium Market
Authors: Kendall Tom
Published: February 2024

The London Platinum and Palladium Market (LPPM) oversees dealings in platinum and palladium. Twice each day, four members of the LPPM fix the bid prices. The bid price is the price at which LPPM members agree they will buy “good delivery” metal. The bid prices are benchmarks for the market and hence for the industry. Bid prices in turn affect the offer prices that customers are asked to pay for metal. The market values of platinum and palladium, as is the case for all commodities, ultimately affect manufacturing costs. Here, the background to the establishment of the LPPM is summarised and its current role in this important metal market is briefly described.
Electrochemical Properties of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Pourbaix M. J. N. , Van Muylde J. , de Zoubov N.
Published: February 2024

In the first part of their article, published in the April issue of ‘Platinum Metals Review’, the authors summarised the general basis of their method of treatment, based on thermodynamic equations, of electrochemical phenomena, and then described the characteristics of platinum from this point of view. In this concluding part of their article they deal with the electrochemical properties of other platinum group metals
Palladium Plating of Printed Circuits
Authors: Philpott J.E.
Published: February 2024

Where low and stable values of contact resistance are required in a printed circuit, the contact surfaces are locally electroplated with a noble metal. The physical properties of palladium, combined with its relatively low cost and the ease with which it can be applied, make it an ideal metal for this purpose.
Platinum in the Glass Industry
Authors: Preston Eric
Published: February 2024

In the glass industry of today platinum and its alloys are accepted as essential tools in the successful production of a wide variety of glass-ware, from the humble bottle to the finest optical glass, from the electric light bulb to the fibre glass insulating material. This article, to be published in two parts, reviews the most important of these applications of platinum and outlines some newer developments.
The Metal-clad Thermocouple
Authors: Stevenson J.A.
Published: February 2024

A new type of metal-sheathed mineral-insulated platinum thermocouple has been developed by Johnson Matthey to provide flexibility with resistance to thermal shock and corrosion. Applications are outlined in the steel, glass, engineering and nuclear energy industries.
Rhodium Plating to Specification
Authors: Benham R. R.
Published: February 2024

The Ministry of Aviation has recently issued Process Specification DTD 931, covering the rhodium plating of silver, copper, steel and aluminium components primarily for electrical and electronic applications. This article reviews the specification and outlines recommended procedures for the successful preparation of rhodium electrodeposits.
Borides, Silicides and Phosphides of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Aronsson B. , Rundqvist S.
Published: February 2024

This paper reviews some recent studies of the borides, silicides and phosphides of the platinum metals. These phases, especially those with a high metal content, have very similar properties. After some general information on the binary systems, brief comments are made on the preparation and properties of the intermediate phases while some features of their crystal chemistry are presented in more detail.
The Gaseous Oxides of the Platinum Metals
Authors: Alcock C. B.
Published: February 2024

This paper reviews the experimental techniques used in the elucidation of the thermodynamics of the volatile oxides of the platinum metals in the temperature range 1200 to 1800°C. It is shown how the molecular formulae of the gases were obtained, and free energy equations of the two- term type are given for PtO2, RhO2, IrO3, RuO3 and OsO3. At other temperatures oxides of different compositions may predominate, and approximate methods for calculating the thermodynamics of these from the present data are given.
Platinum Oxidation Catalysts in the Control of Air Pollution
Authors: Thornton D. P.
Published: February 2024

Platinum alloys supported on specially prepared alloy steel ribbons and formed into mat-like beds of various shapes and sizes have been developed for the flameless combustion of fumes from industrial processes. This article describes a number of typical installations employing catalytic combustion elements to eliminate objectionable vapours and so to avoid pollution of the atmosphere.
Ruthenium and Osmium as Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Geoffrey Webb
Published: February 2024

It has been shown in a previous article in this journal that the hitherto little studied metals ruthenium and osmium possess catalytic activities which are comparable with those of the other noble Group VIII metals for the hydrogenation of the n-butenes, buta-1,3-diene and acetylene. Further studies have now been made using alumina-supported ruthenium and osmium catalysts for the hydrogenation and deuteration of dimethylacetylene and for the deuteration of ethylene and acetylene. Some of the results from these more recent studies are given in this article and the catalytic properties of ruthenium and osmium are discussed in relation to their position in the periodic table.
The Wetting of Platinum and Its Alloys By Glass
Authors: Selman G. L. , Spender M. R. , Darling A. S.
Published: February 2024

Most of those industrial processes involving the bulk handling of molten glass would be facilitated if the platinum surfaces employed were more resistant to wetting. No reliable information on this subject has hitherto been published, and some recent work in the Johnson Matthey Research Laboratories has demonstrated the complexity of the high temperature relationships encountered. The way in which glass reacts with pure platinum is described in the first part of this paper. Subsequent parts will show how the equilibrium contact angle increases gradually with increasing rhodium content and more rapidly with the addition of small quantities of gold. The resistance to wetting of certain of the rhodium-gold-platinum alloys will then be correlated with their microstructure and physical properties.
Platinum and the Refractory Oxides
Authors: Darling A. S. , Selman G. L. , Rushforth R.
Published: February 2024

Under normal atmospheric conditions platinum is exceedingly inert with respect to the more refractory oxides. Severe reactions can occur, however, when the oxidising potential of the surrounding atmosphere is reduced below a critical level. Alumina, zirconia and thoria dissociate, oxygen is evolved and platinum extracts the metal from the refractory to form dilute alloys and low melting point phases. Magnesia is very resistant to this type of decomposition, and appears to be an excellent refractory for use in contact with platinum. This article describes in general terms the reactions of platinum with alumina, zirconia, magnesia and thoria at temperatures up to 1700°C. Subsequent articles will discuss the effects of geometry and environment on such reactions, and finally their practical implications so far as the user of platinum is concerned.