bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the atmospheric drivers leading to the December 2014 flood in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Authors: Schade Nils H.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Regional analyses of atmospheric conditions that may cause flooding of important transport infrastructure (railway tracks, highways/roads, rivers/channels) and subsequent adaptation measures are part of topic 1 of the network of experts initiated by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI). As an example case study, the December 2014 flood in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, was investigated. Atmospheric conditions at the onset of the flood event are described and evaluated with respect to the general weather circulation, initial wetness, and event precipitation. Persistent, predominantly westerly general weather circulations (GWCs) directed several low-pressure systems over the North Sea to Schleswig-Holstein during December 2014, accompanied by prolonged rainfall and finally a strong precipitation event in southern Schleswig-Holstein, causing several inland gauges to exceed their, by then maximum, water levels. Results show that the antecedent precipitation index (API) is able to reflect the soil moisture conditions and, in combination with the maximum 3-day precipitation sum (R3d), to capture the two main drivers finally leading to the flood: (1) the initial wetness of north-western Schleswig-Holstein and (2) strong event precipitation in southern and eastern Schleswig-Holstein from 21 to 23 December; at the same time, both indices exceeded their respective 5-year return periods. Further, trend analyses show that both API and R3d have been increasing during recent years, while regional patterns match the north-eastward shift of cyclone pathways, leading to a higher risk of flooding in Schleswig-Holstein. Within the network of experts, investigations of these and further indices/drivers for earth system changes (e.g. wind surge and sea level rise) derived from observations, reanalyses, and regional climate model data are planned for all German coastal areas. Results can be expected to lead to improved adaptation measures to floods under climate change conditions wherever catchments have to be drained and infrastructures and ecosystems may be harmed.
Hydrogeological controls on spatial patterns of
groundwater discharge in peatlands
Authors: Hare Danielle K. , Boutt David F. , Clement William P. , Hatch Christine E. , Davenport Glorianna , Hackman Alex
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Peatland environments provide important ecosystem services including water and carbon storage, nutrient processing and retention, and wildlife habitat. However, these systems and the services they provide have been degraded through historical anthropogenic agricultural conversion and dewatering practices. Effective wetland restoration requires incorporating site hydrology and understanding groundwater discharge spatial patterns. Groundwater discharge maintains wetland ecosystems by providing relatively stable hydrologic conditions, nutrient inputs, and thermal buffering important for ecological structure and function; however, a comprehensive site-specific evaluation is rarely feasible for such resource-constrained projects. An improved process-based understanding of groundwater discharge in peatlands may help guide ecological restoration design without the need for invasive methodologies and detailed site-specific investigation. Here we examine a kettle-pond peatland in southeast Massachusetts historically modified for commercial cranberry farming. During the time of our investigation, a large process-based ecological restoration project was in the assessment and design phases. To gain insight into the drivers of site hydrology, we evaluated the spatial patterning of groundwater discharge and the subsurface structure of peatland complex using heat-tracing methods and ground penetrating radar. Our results illustrate that two groundwater discharge processes contribute to the peatland hydrologic system: diffuse lower-flux marginal matrix seepage; and, discrete higher-flux preferential-flow-path seepage. Both types of groundwater discharge develop through interactions with subsurface peatland basin structure, often where the basin slope is at a high angle to the regional groundwater gradient. These field observations indicate strong correlation between subsurface structures and surficial groundwater discharge. Understanding these general patterns may allow resource managers to more efficiently predict and locate groundwater seepage, confirm these using remote sensing technologies, and incorporate this information into restoration design for these critical ecosystems.
High-temperature CO / HC gas sensors to optimize firewood combustion in low-power fireplaces
Authors: Ojha Binayak , Illyaskutty Navas , Knoblauch Jens , Balachandran Muthu Raman , Kohler Heinz
Published: June 2017

Abstract. In order to optimize firewood combustion in low-power firewood-fuelled fireplaces, a novel combustion airstream control concept based on the signals of in situ sensors for combustion temperature, residual oxygen concentration and residual un-combusted or partly combusted pyrolysis gas components (CO and HC) has been introduced. A comparison of firing experiments with hand-driven and automated airstream-controlled furnaces of the same type showed that the average CO emissions in the high-temperature phase of the batch combustion can be reduced by about 80 % with the new control concept. Further, the performance of different types of high-temperature CO / HC sensors (mixed-potential and metal oxide types), with reference to simultaneous exhaust gas analysis by a high-temperature FTIR analysis system, was investigated over 20 batch firing experiments (∼ 80 h). The distinctive sensing behaviour with respect to the characteristically varying flue gas composition over a batch firing process is discussed. The calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficients reveals that mixed-potential sensor signals correlate more with CO and CH4; however, different metal oxide sensitive layers correlate with different gas species: 1 % Pt / SnO2 designates the presence of CO and 2 % ZnO / SnO2 designates the presence of hydrocarbons. In the case of a TGS823 sensor element, there was no specific correlation with one of the flue gas components observed. The stability of the sensor signals was evaluated through repeated exposure to mixtures of CO, N2 and synthetic air after certain numbers of firing experiments and exhibited diverse long-term signal instabilities.
Use of a remotely piloted aircraft system for hazard assessment in a
rocky mining area (Lucca, Italy)
Authors: Salvini Riccardo , Mastrorocco Giovanni , Esposito Giuseppe , Di Bartolo Silvia , Coggan John , Vanneschi Claudio
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The use of remote sensing techniques is now common practice in different working environments, including engineering geology. Moreover, in recent years the development of structure from motion (SfM) methods, together with rapid technological improvement, has allowed the widespread use of cost effective remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) for acquiring detailed and accurate geometrical information even in evolving environments, such as mining contexts. Indeed, the acquisition of remotely sensed data from hazardous areas provides accurate 3D models and high resolution orthophotos minimizing the risk for operators. The quality and quantity of the data obtainable from RPAS surveys can then be used for inspection of mining areas, audit of mining design, rock mass characterizations, stability analysis investigations and monitoring activities. Despite the widespread use of RPAS, its potential and limitations have still to be fully understood. In this paper a case study is shown where a RPAS was used for the engineering geological investigation of a closed marble mine area in Italy: direct ground based techniques couldn't be applied for safety reasons. In view of re-activation of the mining operations, high resolution images taken from different positions and heights were acquired and processed by using SfM techniques, for obtaining an accurate and detailed three-dimensional model of the area. The geometrical and radiometrical information was subsequently used for a deterministic rock mass characterization that led to the identification of two large marble blocks that pose a potential significant hazard issue for the future workforce. A preliminary stability analysis was then carried out in order to demonstrate the potential use of RPAS information in engineering geological contexts for geo-hazard identification, awareness and reduction.
Potential inheritance patterns of a prothrombin gene mutation in a 23-year-old female and ethical considerations of a positive diagnosis: a case report
Authors: Brand Hannah
Published: June 2017

Background: Prothrombin, also called Factor II, is a blood clotting protein found in all individuals that is necessary to form blood clots. In most individuals, a balance between bleeding and blood clot formation occurs. However, in individuals with a mutation in the prothrombin gene, the balance is disrupted due to excess production of prothrombin which leads to an increase in blood clot formation (1). Inherited predispositions to blood clot formation are termed hereditary thrombophilia. Prothrombin G20210A mutations are one of the most common hereditary gene associations. Case Description: This report examines the case of a 23-year-old female who has tested positive for the prothrombin gene mutation. The individual has an extensive history of blood clots including 8 deep vein thromboses (DVTs), 4 pulmonary embolisms with one complete infarction, 4 superficial clots, and a miscarried pregnancy attributed to her thrombophilia. The individual has a significant family history of the mutation and takes Coumadin daily for prevention of further clots. Practical and Ethical Implications: Despite a strong familial history of blood clots and related hospitalizations, the parents of the case individual do not want to get their other children tested for the mutation for fear that the children will be denied insurance coverage in their futures. The case individual will likely continue to be on blood thinners indefinitely. This will affect many aspects of her life, including dental treatment, as she will be at an increased risk for bleeding.
Assessment of dentofacial variations in monozygotic twins
Authors: Tu Victor
Published: June 2017

With dentofacial development being a multifactorial process, we face the question of whether genetic or environmental factors play a larger role in specific phenotypic traits. The use of twin studies allows one to employ genetic controls to the study such that one can focus solely on traits that may be more environmentally determined. This study involves retrospective as well as current analytical measurements between a set of monozygotic twins to assess genetic and outside influences on facial and intraoral development. While similarities were acknowledged, we found differences in measurements of the facial thirds, the congenital presence of mandibular third molars, and the presence of mandibular tori.
The syntax-phonology mapping of intonational phrases in complex sentences: A flexible approach
Authors: Hamlaoui Fatima , Szendrői Kriszta
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we extend to complex sentences the proposal that the notion of clause in ALIGN/MATCH constraints related to the syntax-prosody mapping of the intonational phrase should be determined in each language (and each construction) by making reference to the highest syntactic phrase whose head is overtly filled by the verb (or verbal material) (Hamlaoui & Szendrői 2015). We propose that while root-clauses have a privileged status from the syntax-to- prosody mapping perspective, all clauses are equal in the prosody-to-syntax mapping. In the spirit of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 2005), we bring in extragrammatical motivation for the proposed mapping principles from parsing and learnability. This allows us to account for the fact that, whereas in many languages like Bàsàá (Bantu) and Hungarian (Finno-Ugric), only root clauses normally map onto intonational phrases, additional intonational phrase edges can be found under the pressure of high-ranked prosodic, processing or information-structural requirements. This is the case with Hungarian embedded foci and Bàsàá embedded topics where, we argue, embedded ι edges are meant to satisfy STRESSFOCUS and ALIGNTOPIC, respectively. In languages where embedded clauses seem to map onto their own intonational phrases more generally, such as Japanese or Luganda, further independent constraints should be evoked. This article is part of the special collection: Prosody and Constituent Structure
Leadership, Culture, and Ethics in The Polish Context
Authors: Odrowąż-Coates Anna
Published: June 2017

The core purpose of the article is to discuss the Polish business leadership style in a wider perspective. It includes a broad literature review that describes management styles in Poland and draws some comparisons to other countries. The essay contains a discussion on ethics in education, business, and political leadership and their connection to social trust, social capital, and managerial practices. The author argues that a positive change in business ethics and in leadership styles may be inspired by transnational exchanges of practices and from improvements in the Polish education system.
The Impact of Educational Games-Based iPad Applications on the Development of Social Studies Achievement and Learning Retention among Sixth Grade Students in Jeddah
Authors: Najmeldeen Hanan A.
Published: June 2017

The present study aims to evaluate the impact of educational games-based iPad applications on the development ofsocial studies achievement and learning retention. Sample consisted of (48) sixth grade primary students in Jeddah.The author adopted Quasi-experimental design of the experimental and control groups. She also provided the teachera guidebook that explains teaching method using educational games-based iPad applications. Pre-post achievementtest was applied to both groups. Delayed achievement test, which evaluates learning retention, was applied fourweeks after post-test. The study showed the impact of educational games-based iPad applications on achievementand learning retention with statistically significant differences in scores means of both groups' participants in posttestand delayed test in favor of the experimental group. She recommended using iPad educational applications,which she prepared, in teaching.
Sojourner Culture Shock: Assessing the Role of Exposure in Intrapersonal Identity Conflict
Authors: Asfahani Ahmed M.
Published: June 2017

This research assesses the relationship between intercultural exposure variables—the length of time spent in the United States, the length of previous experience outside Saudi Arabia, the length of time studying English as a second language, and the frequency and nature of interactions with Americans—and intrapersonal identity conflict. To assess this relationship, the researcher conducted a survey of Saudi Arabian students studying in the United States, which collected information on exposure variables, as well as employing Leong and Ward’s (2000) Ethno-Cultural Identity Conflict Scale (EICS). A Pearson correlation test was conducted to examine the relationship between the Saudi sojourners’ intercultural exposure and their identity conflict scores to conclude that there is not a relationship between exposure and identity conflict.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS FOR VEHICLE NET SYSTEMS PROTECTING AGAINST SHAPED CHARGE PROJECTILES
Authors: Żochowski Paweł , Podgórzak Paweł
Published: June 2017

Analysis of effectiveness of two types of net systems protecting vehicles against projectiles with cumulative (shaped charge) warhead is presented in the article. Numerical models of net screens and PG7-WM projectile were created to simulate projectile penetration into the screen. Numerical analyses were used to determine a maximal distance in radial direction from projectile axis for which screen elements should come into contact with the projectile to neutralize it. Determined distances were used to calculate the probability of neutralization of pro-jectiles by net systems. Calculations were performed for elevation and azimuth angles of α = 0÷45°. The values calculated in such way were used to make graphs of PG-7WM projectile neutralization probability for both types of net systems in function of mesh size and azimuth and elevation angles at various mesh sizes. Received results may be used to optimize geometries of net systems to in-crease effectiveness of projectile neutralization.
SOLUTIONS USED FOR COMMUNICATION OF SIMULATORS WITH CONTROL UNIT IN “SNIEZNIK” SYSTEM
Authors: Chrobot Wojciech
Published: June 2017

The paper describes communication solutions used in small arms training system “Snieznik”. Some types of network topologies are presented with their detailed description and examples of deployment. The paper de-scribes various ways of communication be-tween simulators and the system and the rating of links in regard of topology. The system used for communication of mobile simulators with “Snieznik” is described in detail. System’s basic functions are presented and differences between its upgraded and basic versions are specified.
APPLICATION OF X-RAY METHOD FOR TESTING MUNITIONS
Authors: NITA Marcin , WARCHOŁ Radosław , KASPRZAK Piotr , CZERWIŃSKA Magdalena
Published: June 2017

Some results of non-destructive tests of explosive ordnance (munitions) used by the Polish Armed Forces and performed by X-ray apparatus MU-17F-225-9 from YXLON are presented in the paper. Tests were performed in diagnostic purposes as they are significant for munitions status evaluation process. Received results decide also about the selection of final testing methodology.
Padrões de Uso da Tecnologia Digital no Aprendizado de um Curso de Medicina
Authors: Biscardi Giovanna Truyts , Rondina João Marcelo
Published: June 2017

The Y generation is understood as that born under the influence of the digital technologies. Now it’s represented by the young university students that created such a tight bond with the internet and its tools that uses them easily and frequently. Many works say that this generation of immediate young people accustomed to multitasking has developed a new kind of neuroplasticity entirely different of their antecessors and therefore possess peculiar habits and mechanisms of learning that should be respected and considered in the dynamics of teaching and learning, creating a pressure in the educational institutions to adequate in this reality. However, there are a few studies evaluating the real existence of these characteristics. Thus, we preset the conclusions of this descriptive qualitative project fulfilled with medicine students at Faculdade de Medicina de São José Rio Preto that aim to know how these students use digital technologies and the impact of their habits and behaviors regarding the involvement with technologies in their studies. The conclusion was that technologies are an important influence on student’s lifes, however continues to be one among several others, which allows the teachers to keep a fundamental role in the formation of these digital natives, especially helping and guiding them in the correct and full use of new technologies developed for learning.
Estudo Bibliográfico sobre o Processo de Construção de Jogos Digitais: A Necessidade de Sinergia entre o Educar e o Divertir
Authors: Cox Kenia Kodel , Bittencourt Roberto Almeida
Published: June 2017

According to statistics, 179 million people, 61% of the online mundial population, use digital games.  According to research, games can lead their users to favorable learning conditions, which may turn them into viable teaching tools. However, studies suggest that educational games have not been designed according to coherent scientific and methodological foundations. Hence, industry and community are producing either fun games with low educational potential or games that educate without amusing, and/or motivating.  Considering the above, this work has the objective of investigating how to promote synergy the fun and education in the construction of educational games. To this end we seek to answer the cutouts that permeate the creation of a game: what characterizes them, their types, which motivates players, and their construction process.
LibrasZap - Um Jogo Baseado em Mensagens Instantâneas para Avaliação de Conhecimentos na Língua Brasileira de Sinais
Authors: Sarinho Victor Travassos
Published: June 2017

Apply issues is a traditional approach for knowledge assessment in students. Quiz is a widespread game gender among Instant Messaging – IM users. This article presents LibrasZap, a Quiz game based on IM services able to assess Libras knowledge. For that, motivations and game logic are described together with covered IM services and final configuration of the game in the production framework. As a result, an innovative and reusable approach to develop educational IM games was obtained, an extensible resource for generating software production lines focused on educational bots.
A Atenção Voluntária na Construção de Conceitos Trigonométricos em Ambientes de Geometria Dinâmica
Authors: Medeiros Margarete Farias , Valletta Debora , Ribeiro Elizete Maria Possamai , Daboit Katelyn Luzia Dos Santos , Magagnin Evandro Bitencourt
Published: June 2017

This article presents the results of the project, obtained through didactic sequences applications. The objective was to investigate the voluntary attention span of students when subjected to Dynamic Geometry Environment (GDE) in the exploration of trigonometric concepts. To carry out the didactic sequences was used GeoGebra software, a free Dynamic Geometry Environment software that allows the identification of algebraic and geometric concepts simultaneously in an interactive interface and simples. The methodology used, regarding the approach of the problem, was defined as qualitative, regarding the objectives of exploratory form and as for the research technique, case study Para support the research used the Socio-Historical theory of Vygotsky, and to address the semiotic issues was based on the theory of Duval. From the implementation of the project highlighted the importance of using these environments to obtain the voluntary attention of students in the trigonometric concepts construction process.This article presents the results of the project, obtained through didactic sequences applications. The objective was to investigate the voluntary attention span of students when subjected to Dynamic Geometry Environment (GDE) in the exploration of trigonometric concepts. To carry out the didactic sequences was used GeoGebra software, a free Dynamic Geometry Environment software that allows the identification of algebraic and geometric concepts simultaneously in an interactive interface and simples. The methodology used, regarding the approach of the problem, was defined as qualitative, regarding the objectives of exploratory form and as for the research technique, case study Para support the research used the Socio-Historical theory of Vygotsky, and to address the semiotic issues was based on the theory of Duval. From the implementation of the project highlighted the importance of using these environments to obtain the voluntary attention of students in the trigonometric concepts construction process.
Reciprocal regulation of ARPP-16 by PKA and MAST3 kinases provides a cAMP-regulated switch in protein phosphatase 2A inhibition
Authors: Musante Veronica , Li Lu , Kanyo Jean , Lam Tukiet T , Colangelo Christopher M , Cheng Shuk Kei , Brody A Harrison , Greengard Paul , Le Novère Nicolas , Nairn Angus C
Published: June 2017

ARPP-16, ARPP-19, and ENSA are inhibitors of protein phosphatase PP2A. ARPP-19 and ENSA phosphorylated by Greatwall kinase inhibit PP2A during mitosis. ARPP-16 is expressed in striatal neurons where basal phosphorylation by MAST3 kinase inhibits PP2A and regulates key components of striatal signaling. The ARPP-16/19 proteins were discovered as substrates for PKA, but the function of PKA phosphorylation is unknown. We find that phosphorylation by PKA or MAST3 mutually suppresses the ability of the other kinase to act on ARPP-16. Phosphorylation by PKA also acts to prevent inhibition of PP2A by ARPP-16 phosphorylated by MAST3. Moreover, PKA phosphorylates MAST3 at multiple sites resulting in its inhibition. Mathematical modeling highlights the role of these three regulatory interactions to create a switch-like response to cAMP. Together, the results suggest a complex antagonistic interplay between the control of ARPP-16 by MAST3 and PKA that creates a mechanism whereby cAMP mediates PP2A disinhibition.
Physical limits of flow sensing in the left-right organizer
Authors: Ferreira Rita R , Vilfan Andrej , Jülicher Frank , Supatto Willy , Vermot Julien
Published: June 2017

Fluid flows generated by motile cilia are guiding the establishment of the left-right asymmetry of the body in the vertebrate left-right organizer. Competing hypotheses have been proposed: the direction of flow is sensed either through mechanosensation, or via the detection of chemical signals transported in the flow. We investigated the physical limits of flow detection to clarify which mechanisms could be reliably used for symmetry breaking. We integrated parameters describing cilia distribution and orientation obtained in vivo in zebrafish into a multiscale physical study of flow generation and detection. Our results show that the number of immotile cilia is too small to ensure robust left and right determination by mechanosensing, given the large spatial variability of the flow. However, motile cilia could sense their own motion by a yet unknown mechanism. Finally, transport of chemical signals by the flow can provide a simple and reliable mechanism of asymmetry establishment.
Sexual selection gradients change over time in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
Authors: Hoffer Jeroen NA , Mariën Janine , Ellers Jacintha , Koene Joris M
Published: June 2017

Sexual selection is generally predicted to act more strongly on males than on females. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that this should also hold for hermaphrodites. However, measuring this strength of selection is less straightforward when both sexual functions are performed throughout the organism’s lifetime. Besides, quantifications of sexual selection are usually done during a short time window, while many animals store sperm and are long-lived. To explore whether the chosen time frame affects estimated measures of sexual selection, we recorded mating success and reproductive success over time, using a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Our results show that male sexual selection gradients are consistently positive. However, an individual’s female mating success seems to negatively affect its own male reproductive success, an effect that only becomes visible several weeks into the experiment, highlighting that the time frame is crucial for the quantification and interpretation of sexual selection measures, an insight that applies to any iteroparous mating system.
Dye-enhanced visualization of rat whiskers for behavioral studies
Authors: Rigosa Jacopo , Lucantonio Alessandro , Noselli Giovanni , Fassihi Arash , Zorzin Erik , Manzino Fabrizio , Pulecchi Francesca , Diamond Mathew E
Published: June 2017

Visualization and tracking of the facial whiskers is required in an increasing number of rodent studies. Although many approaches have been employed, only high-speed videography has proven adequate for measuring whisker motion and deformation during interaction with an object. However, whisker visualization and tracking is challenging for multiple reasons, primary among them the low contrast of the whisker against its background. Here, we demonstrate a fluorescent dye method suitable for visualization of one or more rat whiskers. The process makes the dyed whisker(s) easily visible against a dark background. The coloring does not influence the behavioral performance of rats trained on a vibrissal vibrotactile discrimination task, nor does it affect the whiskers’ mechanical properties.
Recent trends in the management of acute pain in children
Authors: Litman Ronald S.
Published: June 2017

The author provides practitioners with a summary of recent trends in the management of acute pain in children. This review encompasses pharmacologic techniques as they pertain to two common acutely painful conditions in children: postoperative and procedural pain. In the area of postoperative analgesia, reviewed are the use of regional anesthesia, spinal opioids, antagonists, preemptive analgesia, and patient-controlled analgesia. In the area of procedural pain, current standards for safety guidelines and several recently introduced sedative and analgesic medications are discussed. The author emphasizes that the proper and safe alleviation of acute pain in the pediatric population is not only feasible but is currently the standard of care in the United States.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rubin Bernard R. , Pertusi Raymond M. , Blackwell Deborah
Published: June 2017

Musculoskeletal problems account for the majority of initial complaints attended to by primary care physicians. It is likely that a child who eventually has juvenile rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed will initially be evaluated by a family physician or a pediatrician. Primary care physicians will play an increasingly important role in management of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, as the availability of specialists in many communities is limited, and access to them may be further limited by managed care initiatives. This article offers a brief review of the definition and classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and introduces a diagnostic algorithm to provide a simplified approach toward evaluating children with arthritis. Treatment and outcomes are summarized in text and graphic formats.
Saateks
Authors: Laak Marin , Labi Kanni
Published: June 2017

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Esteetiline on oluline: kirjutamine ja kultuuriuuringud
Authors: Highmore Ben
Published: June 2017

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Assessing trends and uncertainties in satellite‐era ocean chlorophyll using space‐time modeling
Authors: Hammond Matthew L. , Beaulieu Claudie , Sahu Sujit K. , Henson Stephanie A.
Published: June 2017

The presence, magnitude, and even direction of long‐term trends in phytoplankton abundance over the past few decades are still debated in the literature, primarily due to differences in the data sets and methodologies used. Recent work has suggested that the satellite chlorophyll record is not yet long enough to distinguish climate change trends from natural variability, despite the high density of coverage in both space and time. Previous work has typically focused on using linear models to determine the presence of trends, where each grid cell is considered independently from its neighbors. However, trends can be more thoroughly evaluated using a spatially resolved approach. Here a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal model is fitted to quantify trends in ocean chlorophyll from September 1997 to December 2013. The approach used in this study explicitly accounts for the dependence between neighboring grid cells, which allows us to estimate trend by “borrowing strength” from the spatial correlation. By way of comparison, a model without spatial correlation is also fitted. This results in a notable loss of accuracy in model fit. Additionally, we find an order of magnitude smaller global trend, and larger uncertainty, when using the spatiotemporal model: −0.023 ± 0.12% yr−1 as opposed to −0.38 ± 0.045% yr−1 when the spatial correlation is not taken into account. The improvement in accuracy of trend estimates and the more complete account of their uncertainty emphasize the solution that space‐time modeling offers for studying global long‐term change.
On the nonstationarity of collisionless shocks and its impact on deriving the cross‐shock potential
Authors: Marghitu Octav , Comişel Horia , Scholer Manfred
Published: June 2017

Recently, Comişel et al. (2015) suggested an adaptation of the deHoffmann‐Teller (HT) frame, to take into account the magnetic field fluctuations observed nearby and inside a quasi‐perpendicular collisionless shock. Such fluctuations can be quite large, making the standard HT frame unsuitable for studies of the electric field, cross‐shock potential, and electron energy gain. While the HT frame is appropriate to cancel the motional electric field for steady state shocks, a similar effect is achieved with the adaptive HT (AHT) frame under time varying conditions, albeit by a local rather than global transformation. The sliding AHT motion parallel to the shock surface changes from point to point and time to time, unlike the regular motion of the HT frame. On the other hand, in both cases the electric field at each point is normal to the 1‐D shock and its integral across the shock is equal to the integral of the parallel electric field along the magnetic field line. In this paper we elaborate the concept of the AHT frame, illustrate it with a 1‐D simulation, and point out the association of magnetic field fluctuations with electron phase space structures, apparently related to electron trapping by dispersive whistler waves in the foot of the shock. The AHT frame may help assessing the relative weight of nonstationarity at shocks and other MHD discontinuities, by simulated and observed data, under various plasma regimes.
Evidence for marine biogenic influence on summertime Arctic aerosol
Authors: Willis Megan D. , Köllner Franziska , Burkart Julia , Bozem Heiko , Thomas Jennie L. , Schneider Johannes , Aliabadi Amir A. , Hoor Peter M. , Schulz Hannes , Herber Andreas B. , Leaitch W. Richard , Abbatt Jonathan P. D.
Published: June 2017

We present vertically resolved observations of aerosol composition during pristine summertime Arctic background conditions. The methansulfonic acid (MSA)‐to‐sulfate ratio peaked near the surface (mean 0.10), indicating a contribution from ocean‐derived biogenic sulfur. Similarly, the organic aerosol (OA)‐to‐sulfate ratio increased toward the surface (mean 2.0). Both MSA‐to‐sulfate and OA‐to‐sulfate ratios were significantly correlated with FLEXPART‐WRF‐predicted air mass residence time over open water, indicating marine‐influenced OA. External mixing of sea salt aerosol from a larger number fraction of organic, sulfate, and amine‐containing particles, together with low wind speeds (median 4.7 m s−1), suggests a role for secondary organic aerosol formation. Cloud condensation nuclei concentrations were nearly constant (∼120 cm−3) when the OA fraction was <60% and increased to 350 cm−3 when the organic fraction was larger and residence times over open water were longer. Our observations illustrate the importance of marine‐influenced OA under Arctic background conditions, which are likely to change as the Arctic transitions to larger areas of open water.
The effect of ilmenite viscosity on the dynamics and evolution of an overturned lunar cumulate mantle
Authors: Zhang Nan , Dygert Nick , Liang Yan , Parmentier E. M.
Published: June 2017

Lunar cumulate mantle overturn and the subsequent upwelling of overturned mantle cumulates provide a potential framework for understanding the first‐order thermochemical evolution of the Moon. Upwelling of ilmenite‐bearing cumulates (IBCs) after the overturn has a dominant influence on the dynamics and long‐term thermal evolution of the lunar mantle. An important parameter determining the stability and convective behavior of the IBC is its viscosity, which was recently constrained through rock deformation experiments. To examine the effect of IBC viscosity on the upwelling of overturned lunar cumulate mantle, here we conduct three‐dimensional mantle convection models with an evolving core superposed by an IBC‐rich layer, which resulted from mantle overturn after magma ocean solidification. Our modeling shows that a reduction of mantle viscosity by 1 order of magnitude, due to the presence of ilmenite, can dramatically change convective planform and long‐term lunar mantle evolution. Our model results suggest a relatively stable partially molten IBC layer that has surrounded the lunar core to the present day.
Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on interannual snow accumulation in the Andes: Results from a high‐resolution 31 year reanalysis
Authors: Cortés Gonzalo , Margulis Steven
Published: June 2017

We present new insights on extratropical Andean snow climatology (27°S to 37°S) based on the results from a 31 year high‐resolution reanalysis. The snow water equivalent (SWE) estimates were generated by integrating observed snow depletion data from Landsat together with a snow model forced by the Modern‐era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications. The spatial resolution (180 m), geographic extent (175,000 km2), and temporal span (1984–2015) constitute an unprecedented data set for the region. SWE reaches annual peak volumes between 13 and 66 km3, with a climatological average of 27.7 km3. A positive correlation between SWE and the Oceanic Niño Index (R2 = 0.35) exists for the region, with a strengthening of the signal from north to south, peaking at 34°S. Although the correlation between El Niño and positive SWE anomalies is significant, La Niña was not found to drive negative anomalies beyond what is observed during non‐La Niña years.
Insolation forcing of coccolithophore productivity in the western tropical Indian Ocean over the last two glacial‐interglacial cycles
Authors: Tangunan Deborah , Baumann Karl‐Heinz , Pätzold Jürgen , Henrich Rüdiger , Kucera Michal , De Pol‐Holz Ricardo , Groeneveld Jeroen
Published: June 2017

We present a new coccolithophore productivity reconstruction spanning the last 300 ka in core GeoB12613‐1 retrieved from the western tropical Indian Ocean (IO), an area that mainly derives its warm and oligotrophic surface waters from the eastern IO. Application of a calibrated assemblage‐based productivity index indicates a reduction in estimated primary productivity (EPP) from 300 ka to the present, with reconstructed EPP values ranging from 91 to 246 g C/m2/yr. Coccolithophore assemblages and coccolith fraction Sr/Ca indicate three main phases of productivity change, with major changes at 160 and 46 ka. The productivity and water‐column stratification records show both dominant precession and obliquity periodicities, which appear to control the paleoproductivity in the study area over the last two glacial‐interglacial cycles. Shallowing of the thermocline due to strengthening of the trade winds in response to insolation maxima resulted to peaks in EPP. Comparison with the eastern IO productivity and stratification coccolithophore data reveals good correspondence with our records, indicating a strong tropical Pacific influence in our study area. Both of these records show high productivity from 300 to 160 ka, interpreted to be due to stronger Walker Circulation while the declining productivity from 160 ka to the present day is a consequence of its weakening intensity.
Clinical Practice Guidelines: Incorporating Input From a Patient Panel
Authors: Goodman Susan M. , Miller Amy S. , Turgunbaev Marat , Guyatt Gordon , Yates Adolph , Springer Bryan , Singh Jasvinder A.
Published: June 2017

Objective

To describe the integral role of a Patient Panel in the development of the 2017 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) clinical practice guideline.

Methods

We convened a Panel of 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, all of whom had undergone 1 or more arthroplasties, to review the evidence and provide guidance on recommendations for the 2017 ACR/AAHKS guideline to address the perioperative management of antirheumatic medication in patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing elective total hip or total knee arthroplasty. The guideline used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology that acknowledges the critical role of patient values and preferences when the quality of the evidence base is low or when there are important trade‐offs between benefits and harms. The Patient Panel considered the relative importance of complications including perioperative infection versus rheumatic disease flare and voted on the recommendations. Before the Voting Panel's own discussion of the recommendations, they reviewed a summary of the Patient Panel's discussion, including their perioperative experience, the relative importance they placed on infections versus flares in the perioperative period, and their votes on the recommendations.

Results

The Patient Panel placed higher importance on avoiding an infection than a disease flare despite the far greater frequency of flares than infections. The decisions of the Voting Panel were concordant with those of the Patient Panel. For the 7 recommendations that both Panels voted on, the Panels agreed on the direction as well as the strength of recommendation (which was conditional for all recommendations).

Conclusion

The Voting Panel considered the importance that the patients placed on risk of infection. The Patient Panel's values informed the direction and strength of the recommendations in the final 2017 ACR/AAHKS guideline.
Life‐Cycle Assessment of Solar Charger with Integrated Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: A. dos Reis Benatto Gisele , Espinosa Nieves , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: June 2017

Organic photovoltaics (OPV) applied in a commercial product comprising a solar charged power bank is subjected to a life cycle assessment (LCA) study. Regular power banks harvest electricity from the grid only. The solar power bank (called HeLi‐on) is however, a power bank that includes a portable OPV panel, enabling the possibility to be charged from the sun, and not only from the grid. In this paper, two well‐established power bank products using amorphous silicon solar panels (a‐Si PV) and a regular power bank without any portable solar panel is compared to HeLi‐on. The environmental impact of the products is quantified with the aim of indicate where eco‐design improvements would make a difference and to point out performance of a portable solar panel depending on the context of use (Denmark and China), realistic disposal scenarios and the recycling relevance particularly concerning metals content.
Structure–Property Relationships of Organic Electrolytes and Their Effects on Li/S Battery Performance
Authors: Kaiser Mohammad Rejaul , Chou Shulei , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue , Wang Chunsheng , Wang Jiazhao
Published: June 2017

Electrolytes, which are a key component in electrochemical devices, transport ions between the sulfur/carbon composite cathode and the lithium anode in lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). The performance of a LSB mostly depends on the electrolyte due to the dissolution of polysulfides into the electrolyte, along with the formation of a solid–electrolyte interphase. The selection of the electrolyte and its functionality during charging and discharging is intricate and involves multiple reactions and processes. The selection of the proper electrolyte, including solvents and salts, for LSBs strongly depends on its physical and chemical properties, which is heavily controlled by its molecular structure. In this review, the fundamental properties of organic electrolytes for LSBs are presented, and an attempt is made to determine the relationship between the molecular structure and the properties of common organic electrolytes, along with their effects on the LSB performance.
A highly stable metal‐organic framework with optimum aperture size for CO2 capture
Authors: Hu Zhigang , Wang Yuxiang , Farooq Shamsuzzaman , Zhao Dan
Published: June 2017

We herein report an optimal modulated hydrothermal (MHT) synthesis of a highly stable zirconium metal‐organic framework (MOF) with an optimum aperture size of 3.93 Å that is favorable for CO2 adsorption. It exhibits excellent CO2 uptake capacities of 2.50 and 5.63 mmol g−1 under 0.15 and 1 bar at 298 K, respectively, which are among the highest of all the pristine water‐stable MOFs reported so far. In addition, we have designed a lab‐scale breakthrough set‐up to study its CO2 capture performance under both dry and wet conditions. The velocity at the exit of breakthrough column for mass balance accuracy is carefully measured using argon with a fixed flow rate as the internal reference. Other factors that may affect the breakthrough dynamics, such as pressure drop and its impact on the roll‐up of the weaker component have been studied in details. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4103–4114, 2017
Anisotropic Metal Deposition on TiO2 Particles by Electric‐Field‐Induced Charge Separation
Authors: Tiewcharoen Supakit , Warakulwit Chompunuch , Lapeyre Veronique , Garrigue Patrick , Fourier Lucas , Elissalde Catherine , Buffière Sonia , Legros Philippe , Gayot Marion , Limtrakul Jumras , Kuhn Alexander
Published: June 2017

Deposition of metals on TiO2 semiconductor particles (M‐TiO2) results in hybrid Janus objects combining the properties of both materials. One of the techniques proposed to generate Janus particles is bipolar electrochemistry (BPE). The concept can be applied in a straightforward way for the site‐selective modification of conducting particles, but is much less obvious to use for semiconductors. Herein we report the bulk synthesis of anisotropic M‐TiO2 particles based on the synergy of BPE and photochemistry, allowing the intrinsic limitations, when they are used separately, to be overcome. When applying electric fields during irradiation, electrons and holes can be efficiently separated, thus breaking the symmetry of particles by modifying them selectively and in a wireless way on one side with either gold or platinum. Such hybrid materials are an important first step towards high‐performance designer catalyst particles, for example for photosplitting of water.
Janusarene: A Homoditopic Molecular Host
Authors: Li Tao , Fan Luoyi , Gong Hao , Xia Zeming , Zhu Yanpeng , Jiang Nianqiang , Jiang Long , Liu Gaofeng , Li Yang , Wang Jiaobing
Published: June 2017

A homoditopic molecular host, janusarene, is presented that has two back‐to‐back compactly arranged nanocavities for guest complexation. The unique two‐face structural feature of janusarene allows it to bind and align various guest compounds concurrently, which include spherical pristine fullerene C60 and planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as pyrene, perylene, and 9,10‐dimethylanthracene. The host–guest interactions were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. A pairwise encapsulation of the PAH guests by janusarene enables PAH dimers to be obtained that deliver spectroscopic properties distinct from those of PAHs dissolved in solution, or in the bulk state. A monotopic control host was also synthesized and used to characterize the host–guest complexing behavior in solution.