bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Push‐pull tracer tests: Their information content and use for characterizing non‐Fickian, mobile‐immobile behavior
Authors: Hansen Scott K. , Berkowitz Brian , Vesselinov Velimir V. , O'Malley Daniel , Karra Satish
Published: November 2016

Path reversibility and radial symmetry are often assumed in push‐pull tracer test analysis. In reality, heterogeneous flow fields mean that both assumptions are idealizations. To understand their impact, we perform a parametric study which quantifies the scattering effects of ambient flow, local‐scale dispersion, and velocity field heterogeneity on push‐pull breakthrough curves and compares them to the effects of mobile‐immobile mass transfer (MIMT) processes including sorption and diffusion into secondary porosity. We identify specific circumstances in which MIMT overwhelmingly determines the breakthrough curve, which may then be considered uninformative about drift and local‐scale dispersion. Assuming path reversibility, we develop a continuous‐time‐random‐walk‐based interpretation framework which is flow‐field‐agnostic and well suited to quantifying MIMT. Adopting this perspective, we show that the radial flow assumption is often harmless: to the extent that solute paths are reversible, the breakthrough curve is uninformative about velocity field heterogeneity. Our interpretation method determines a mapping function (i.e., subordinator) from travel time in the absence of MIMT to travel time in its presence. A mathematical theory allowing this function to be directly “plugged into” an existing Laplace‐domain transport model to incorporate MIMT is presented and demonstrated. Algorithms implementing the calibration are presented and applied to interpretation of data from a push‐pull test performed in a heterogeneous environment. A successful four‐parameter fit is obtained, of comparable fidelity to one obtained using a million‐node 3‐D numerical model. Finally, we demonstrate analytically and numerically how push‐pull tests quantifying MIMT are sensitive to remobilization, but not immobilization, kinetics.
A generalized non‐Darcian radial flow model for constant rate test
Authors: Liu Ming‐Ming , Chen Yi‐Feng , Hong Jia‐Min , Zhou Chuang‐Bing
Published: November 2016

Models used for data interpretation of constant rate tests (CRTs) are commonly derived with the assumption of Darcian flow in an idealized geometry, hence disregarding the non‐Darcian nature of fluid flow and the complexity of flow geometry. In this study, an Izbash's law‐based analytical model is proposed by means of Laplace transform and linearization approximation for interpretation of non‐Darcian flow in a generalized radial formation where the flow dimension may become fractional between 1 and 3. The source storage and skin effects are also considered in the model development. The proposed model immediately reduces to Barker's (1988) model for Darcian flow in the generalized radial formation and to Wen et al.'s (2008a) model for non‐Darcian flow in a two‐dimensional confined aquifer. A comparison with numerical simulations shows that the proposed model behaves well in low non‐Darcian flow condition or at late times. The proposed model is finally applied for data interpretation of the constant rate pumping tests performed at Ploemeur, showing that the estimated hydraulic properties (i.e., hydraulic conductivity, specific storage coefficient, non‐Darcy exponent, and the dimension of flow geometry) are well representative of the hydrogeologic conditions on the field scale at the test site after the exploitation of groundwater. The proposed model is an extension of the generalized radial flow (GRF) model, which would be of significance in the problem of choosing an appropriate dimension of flow geometry in which non‐Darcian flow occurs.
Climate Change Impacts: Birds
Authors: Tomotani Barbara M , Ramakers Jip JC , Gienapp Phillip
Published: November 2016

Climate change can affect populations and species in various ways. Rising temperatures can shift geographical distributions and lead to (phenotypic or genetic) changes in traits, mostly phenology, which may affect demography. Most of these effects are well documented in birds. For example, the distribution of species has shifted polewards, and birds are nowadays breeding or migrating earlier. An important aspect of the observed phenological changes is whether species are thereby able to maintain synchrony with phenological changes in their environment, for example the phenology of their prey species. Disrupted synchrony, for example between predator and prey, can lead to reduced reproductive success or survival, which can negatively affect demography. Evidence for this happening in birds is – so far – limited but theoretical models predict that extinction risks could arise through insufficient adaptation to such phenological mismatches.

Key Concepts

Climate change will alter the optimal value of traits.

Populations can track a changing environment by phenotypic plasticity.

If phenotypic plasticity is not sufficient to track the environment, selection arises and an evolutionary change becomes necessary.

Maladaptation can lead to extinction due to reduced reproductive success or survival.

Genetic variation is important for evolutionary change and hence adaptation to climate change.
Metapopulation Ecology
Authors: van Nouhuys Saskya
Published: November 2016

A metapopulation is a spatially structured population that persists over time as a set of local populations with limited dispersal between them. At equilibrium, the frequencies of local extinctions and colonisations are in balance. Starting in 1969, and accelerating in the early 1990s, mathematical models of metapopulations have shown the importance of landscape connectivity and dispersal for persistence of a species in fragmented landscapes. Metapopulation ecology is a key concept in conservation ecology. Although pure metapopulations may be rare, there are many empirical studies in which metapopulation processes, primarily local colonisation and extinction, have been useful in explaining dynamics of natural, managed and experimental systems. Metapopulation structure also affects population genetics, the rate of evolution, and the evolution of traits related to habitat use. Finally, just as a population can be structured as a metapopulation, communities inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape can form a metacommunity.

Key Concepts

A metapopulation is made up of semi‐independent local populations, with interplay between local and regional population dynamics.

While few species may live as metapopulations in the strict sense, many species depend on metapopulation processes. That is, a species regional persistence depends on asynchronous local dynamics and dispersal.

Models of the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes become more realistic if the metapopulation dynamics of the species is taken into account.

Closely interacting species, such as a predator and its prey or strong competitors, may persist on a landscape scale owing to metapopulation dynamics of the species involved.

Metapopulation structure imposes genetic structure on a population, influencing its genetic viability, rate of evolution and what traits evolve.

Communities of species that are distributed in a landscape form a metacommunity. This concept shares important characteristics with metapopulations.
The Roadmap of Graphene‐Based Optical Biochemical Sensors
Authors: Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda , Yu Wenzhi , Liu Yan , Zhang Yupeng , Lin Bo , Li Shaojuan , Bao Qiaoliang
Published: November 2016

Graphene is a novel two‐dimensional material composed of a one‐atom‐thick planar sheet of sp2‐bonded carbon atoms perfectly arranged in a honeycomb lattice that has exceptional photonic and electronic properties. We believe that the true potential of graphene lies in optical sensors, especially for biochemical sensing in the diagnostics and health care sector. Graphene has extraordinary properties, such as a one‐atom thickness, extremely high surface‐to‐volume ratio, large surface area, ability to quench fluorescence, excellent biocompatibility, broadband light absorption, ultrafast response time, high mechanical strength, outstanding robustness, and flexibility. The working principle is based on whenever the biomolecules come into contact with graphene, the Fermi level shifts to either p‐type or n‐type, changing the opto‐electronic properties. The most important factors in graphene‐based optical sensing are lowering the limit of detection and increasing the specificity of label‐free biochemical sensing. This article comprehensively and critically reviews emerging graphene optical biochemical sensors. We first elaborate on their opto‐electronic properties, fabrication, numerical modeling and simulation, and then review various sensing applications, such as single‐cell detection, neural imaging and optogenetics, colorimetric multifunctional sensors, cancer diagnosis, protein and DNA sensing, and gas sensing. Finally, the roadmap of current and future trends in graphene‐based optical biochemical sensors is discussed.
Hybrid Nanostructures for Photodetectors
Authors: Tian Wei , Liu Dan , Cao Fengren , Li Liang
Published: November 2016

By combining unique properties of individual constituents, hybrid nanostructures consisting of two or more components with distinct functionality, usually exhibit optimized optoelectronic performance. Hybrid nanostructures have been widely studied and applied as building blocks to construct photodetectors, which exhibit excellent characteristics in terms of large responsivity, high sensitivity, fast response speed, and broad photoresponse. This article provides a comprehensive summary about recent progress on hybrid nanostructures containing various nanomaterials, and their performance as photodetectors. Perspectives and outlooks on the promising future directions of this research field are summarized and highlighted.
Na‐Mn‐O Nanocrystals as a High Capacity and Long Life Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jie , He Ting , Zhang Wei , Sheng Jinzhi , Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Kou Zongkui , Yang Jinlong , Mai Liqiang , Mu Shichun
Published: November 2016

Searching for a new material to build the next‐generation rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with high electrochemical performance is urgently required. Owing to the low‐cost, non‐toxicity, and high‐safety, the family of manganese oxide including the Na‐Mn‐O system is regarded as one of the most promising electrode materials for LIBs. Herein, a new strategy is carried out to prepare a highly porous and electrochemically active Na0.55Mn2O4·1.5H2O (SMOH) compound. As an anode material, the Na‐Mn‐O nanocrystal material dispersed within a carbon matrix manifests a high reversible capacity of 1015.5 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. Remarkably, a considerable capability of 546.8 mA h g−1 remains even after 2000 discharge/charge cycles at the higher current density of 4 A g−1, indicating a splendid cyclability. The exceptional electrochemical properties allow SMOH to be a promising anode material toward LIBs.
Bifurcation analysis of index infinity DAE parabolic models describing reactors and reacting flows
Authors: Ratnakar Ram R. , Balakotaiah Vemuri
Published: November 2016

We show that most steady‐state models of chemical reactors and reacting flows in which convection effects are dominant and diffusion/conduction is neglected in the flow direction but included in the transverse directions, may change from parabolic type with a unique solution to index infinity differential‐algebraic equation (DAE) type with an infinite number of steady‐state solutions depending on the values of the reaction parameters. When a model is of index infinity, standard numerical methods may find only one of the solutions corresponding to latest possible ignition. We present complete bifurcation analysis of these models, a method for finding all solutions, determine the stability and, for some simpler cases, the domain of initial conditions attracted to these states. We also demonstrate that the various steady‐state solutions of the DAE systems are best found by integrating the transient hyperbolic versions of the models with appropriately selected capacitance terms and initial conditions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 295–305, 2017
Development of new equipment for intra‐arrest brain cooling that uses cooled oxygen in the lungs: volunteer study
Authors: Sakurai Atsushi , Tagami Rumi , Ihara Shingo , Yamaguchi Junko , Sugita Atsunori , Sawada Nami , Komatsu Tomohide , Hori Satoshi , Kinoshita Kosaku
Published: November 2016

Aims

Many experimental studies have reported that intra‐arrest cooling during cardiac arrest is a promising treatment to mitigate brain injury. However, there is no clinically established method for cooling the brain during cardiac arrest. We hypothesized that, as blood flow in the lungs must be very slow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the blood could be cooled by ventilating the lungs with cooled oxygen like a radiator, and that this cooled blood would in turn cool the brain. The aim of this study was to develop equipment to cool oxygen for this purpose and to confirm its safety on a group of volunteers.

Methods

We developed new equipment that cools oxygen by running it through a vinyl chloride coil submerged in a bottle of water and frozen at −80°C. Using this equipment, seven volunteers were given oxygen by mask, and their blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral saturation of oxygen were measured. The temperature in the mask was also measured.

Results

This equipment was able to decrease the temperature in the mask to −5°C at the Jackson Rees circuit for an oxygen flow of 10 L/min. Among the volunteer group, vital signs were unchanged and the temperature in the mask decreased from 30.1 ± 2.6°C (mean ± standard deviation) to 15.9 ± 9.6°C. No adverse effects were observed in the volunteers after experimentation.

Conclusion

We successfully developed new equipment to cool oxygen and established its safety in a volunteer study.
Synthesis of Atisine, Ajaconine, Denudatine, and Hetidine Diterpenoid Alkaloids by a Bioinspired Approach
Authors: Li Xiao‐Huan , Zhu Min , Wang Zhi‐Xiu , Liu Xiao‐Yu , Song Hao , Zhang Dan , Wang Feng‐Peng , Qin Yong
Published: November 2016

A unified approach to four different (atisine, ajaconine, denudatine, and hetidine) diterpenoid alkaloid skeletons was developed and applied to the total synthesis of the natural products dihydroajaconine (2, atisine type) and gymnandine (4, denudatine type). The synthesis features a biogenetically inspired strategy that relies on C−H oxidation, aza‐pinacol coupling, and aza‐Prins cyclization as key steps.
Synergic Effect of Active Sites in Zinc‐Modified ZSM‐5 Zeolites as Revealed by High‐Field Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Qi Guodong , Wang Qiang , Xu Jun , Trébosc Julien , Lafon Olivier , Wang Chao , Amoureux Jean‐Paul , Deng Feng
Published: November 2016

Understanding the nature of active sites in metal‐supported catalysts is of great importance towards establishing their structure–property relationships. The outstanding catalytic performance of metal‐supported catalysts is frequently ascribed to the synergic effect of different active sites, which is however not well spectroscopically characterized. Herein, we report the direct detection of surface Zn species and 1H–67Zn internuclear interaction between Zn2+ ions and Brønsted acid sites on Zn‐modified ZSM‐5 zeolites by high‐field solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The observed promotion of C−H bond activation of methane is rationalized by the enhanced Brønsted acidity generated by synergic effects arising from the spatial proximity/interaction between Zn2+ ions and Brønsted acidic protons. The concentration of synergic active sites is determined by 1H–67Zn double‐resonance solid‐state NMR spectroscopy.
Microsecond Timescale Dynamics of GDP‐Bound Ras Underlies the Formation of Novel Inhibitor‐Binding Pockets
Authors: Mao Yunyun , Yao Haijie , Wang Hui , Cheng Peng , Long Dong
Published: November 2016

The recent discovery of inhibitory compounds binding to distinct pockets on GDP‐bound Ras has renewed the view on the druggability of this crucial cancer driver. However, the origin of these pockets, which are not readily formed in the crystal structure in the absence of the compounds, is yet unclear. Herein, we explored the intrinsic flexibility of Ras⋅GDP on microsecond to millisecond timescales using relaxation‐based NMR experiments, and identified substantial slow dynamics with τex of 34 μs at 5 °C, which maps to the regions showing a high level of correlation with those displaying conformational differences between the inhibitor‐bound and free states. These findings, which have been demonstrated in both wild‐type Ras and the oncogenic mutant (G12V), support the mechanism of extended conformational selection for Ras–inhibitor interactions where the small molecules redistribute the protein conformational ensemble favoring the final bound states.
Numerical simulation of the behavior of high‐viscosity fluids falling film flow down the vertical wavy wall
Authors: Chen Shichang , Ma Jianping , Zhang Xianming , Chen Wenxing
Published: November 2016

Falling film flow with high‐viscosity fluid is used throughout in the process intensification of industry production. However, analysis of wave characteristics based on operational conditions and independent of the geometrical wall is seriously restricted to low‐fluid viscosity. A general predictability of dynamic flow behavior of highly viscous fluid falling film flow is lacking. Our work has been motivated by such a challenge. Numerical simulations of gravity‐driven two‐dimensional steady falling film flow on vertical wall with wavy pattern were performed by using high‐viscosity fluids. Changes of falling film hydrodynamics with the increase of flow rate and fluid viscosity, including local and overall film thickness characteristics and its distribution, as well as the comparison velocity distribution with typical parabolic profiles, were presented to understand the film flow behavior. Furthermore, the effect of structural parameters of wavy wall on the flow behaviors both in crest and in trough of wall was also discussed. It was found that the flow behavior of falling film with high‐viscosity fluids was partly different from the film flow with very low fluids, and the film in trough was particularly sensitive to the changes either of the amplitude of wall or of the interval between two wave nodes. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed retrieval practice promotes superior recall of anatomy information
Authors: Dobson John L. , Perez Jose , Linderholm Tracy
Published: November 2016

Effortful retrieval produces greater long‐term recall of information when compared to studying (i.e., reading), as do learning sessions that are distributed (i.e., spaced apart) when compared to those that are massed together. Although the retrieval and distributed practice effects are well‐established in the cognitive science literature, no studies have examined their additive effect with regard to learning anatomy information. The aim of this study was to determine how the benefits of retrieval practice vary with massed versus distributed learning. Participants used the following strategies to learn sets of skeletal muscle anatomy: (1) studying on three different days over a seven day period (SSSS7,2,0), (2) studying and retrieving on three different days over a seven day period (SRSR7,2,0), (3) studying on two different days over a two day period (SSSSSS2,0), (4) studying and retrieving on two separate days over a two day period (SRSRSR2,0), and (5) studying and retrieving on one day (SRx60). All strategies consisted of 12 learning phases and lasted exactly 24 minutes. Muscle information retention was assessed via free recall and using repeated measures ANOVAs. A week after learning, the recall scores were 24.72 ± 3.12, 33.88 ± 3.48, 15.51 ± 2.48, 20.72 ± 2.94, and 12.86 ± 2.05 for the SSSS7,2,0, SRSR7,2,0, SSSSSS2,0, STSTST2,0, and SRx60strategies, respectively. In conclusion, the distributed strategies produced significantly better recall than the massed strategies, the retrieval‐based strategies produced significantly better recall than the studying strategies, and the combination of distributed and retrieval practice generated the greatest recall of anatomy information. Anat Sci Educ 10: 339–347. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Neues BAW‐Merkblatt zur Bewertung der Tragfähigkeit bestehender massiver Verkehrswasserbauten
Authors: Fleischer Helmut , Kunz Claus , Ehmann Rainer , Spörel Frank
Published: November 2016

Viele massive Verkehrswasserbauwerke, also Bauwerke aus Beton, Stahlbeton oder Mauerwerk, sind in Deutschland überdurchschnittlich alt. So ist beispielsweise rund ein Drittel aller Schleusen im Bereich der Wasserstraßen‐ und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes älter als 100 Jahre, überschreitet also die heute für solche Anlagen anzusetzende planmäßige Nutzungsdauer. Wie Schleusen weisen auch etliche Wehre und Kanalbrücken statische Besonderheiten auf, darunter heute nicht mehr gebräuchliche Bauweisen und sehr mächtige Querschnittsabmessungen. Werden Änderungen an den Bauwerken vorgenommen oder Schäden sichtbar, besteht die Notwendigkeit, das Tragwerk erneut statisch zu bemessen und im Rahmen einer Nachrechnung die erforderliche Standsicherheit rechnerisch nachzuweisen. Diese Untersuchungen können mit einem neuen BAW‐Merkblatt „TbW” [1] vorgenommen werden. Im Gegensatz zum Brücken‐ und Hochbau war bisher für statische Bewertungen bestehender massiver Wasserbauwerke kein angepasstes Regelwerk verfügbar.
The light‐driven sodium ion pump: A new player in rhodopsin research
Authors: Kato Hideaki E. , Inoue Keiichi , Kandori Hideki , Nureki Osamu
Published: November 2016

Rhodopsins are one of the most studied photoreceptor protein families, and ion‐translocating rhodopsins, both pumps and channels, have recently attracted broad attention because of the development of optogenetics. Recently, a new functional class of ion‐pumping rhodopsins, an outward Na+ pump, was discovered, and following structural and functional studies enable us to compare three functionally different ion‐pumping rhodopsins: outward proton pump, inward Cl− pump, and outward Na+ pump. Here, we review the current knowledge on structure‐function relationships in these three light‐driven pumps, mainly focusing on Na+ pumps. A structural and functional comparison reveals both unique and conserved features of these ion pumps, and enhances our understanding about how the structurally similar microbial rhodopsins acquired such diverse functions. We also discuss some unresolved questions and future perspectives in research of ion‐pumping rhodopsins, including optogenetics application and engineering of novel rhodopsins.
Hold on to your friends: Dedicated chaperones of ribosomal proteins
Authors: Pillet Benjamin , Mitterer Valentin , Kressler Dieter , Pertschy Brigitte
Published: November 2016

Eukaryotic ribosomes are assembled from their components, the ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins, in a tremendously complex, multi‐step process, which primarily takes place in the nuclear compartment. Therefore, most ribosomal proteins have to travel from the cytoplasm to their incorporation site on pre‐ribosomes within the nucleus. However, due to their particular characteristics, such as a highly basic amino acid composition and the presence of unstructured extensions, ribosomal proteins are especially prone to aggregation and degradation in their unassembled state, hence specific mechanisms must operate to ensure their safe delivery. Recent studies have uncovered a group of proteins, termed dedicated chaperones, specialized in accompanying and guarding individual ribosomal proteins. In this essay, we review how these dedicated chaperones utilize different folds to interact with their ribosomal protein clients and how they ensure their soluble expression and interconnect their intracellular transport with their efficient assembly into pre‐ribosomes.
DPPH·–luminol chemiluminescence system and its application in the determination of scutellarin in pharmaceutical injections and rat plasma with flow injection analysis
Authors: Yao Hong , Huang Xiaomei , Shi Peiying , Lin Zhen , Zhu Meilan , Liu Ailin , Lin Xinhua , Tang Yuhai
Published: November 2016

In this article, a DPPH·–luminol chemiluminescence (CL) system was reported and the CL mechanism was discussed according to the CL kinetic properties after sequence injecting DPPH· into the DPPH·–luminol reaction mixture. It was observed that scutellarin could inhibit the CL response of the DPPH·–luminol system. Based on this observation, a simple and rapid flow injection CL method was developed for the determination of scutellarin using the inhibition effect in alkaline medium. The optimized chemical conditions for the CL reaction were 5 × 10−6 mol/L DPPH· and 1.0 × 10−4 mol/L luminol in 0.01 mol/L NaOH. Under optimized conditions, the CL intensity was inversely proportional to the concentration of scutellarin over the ranges 5–2000 and 40–3200 ng/ml in pharmaceutical injection and rat plasma, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 5 and 40 ng/ml in preparations and rat plasma, respectively. Furthermore, the precision, recovery and stability of the validated method were acceptable for the determination of scutellarin in both pharmaceutical injections and rat plasma. The presented method was successfully applied in the determination of scutellarin in pharmaceutical injections and real rat plasma samples.
Simultaneous conversion of free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel by immobilized Aspergillus oryzae expressing Fusarium heterosporum lipase
Authors: Amoah Jerome , Quayson Emmanuel , Hama Shinji , Yoshida Ayumi , Hasunuma Tomohisa , Ogino Chiaki , Kondo Akihiko
Published: November 2016

The presence of high levels of free fatty acids (FFA) in oil is a barrier to one‐step biodiesel production. Undesirable soaps are formed during conventional chemical methods, and enzyme deactivation occurs when enzymatic methods are used. This work investigates an efficient technique to simultaneously convert a mixture of free fatty acids and triglycerides (TAG). A partial soybean hydrolysate containing 73.04% free fatty acids and 24.81% triglycerides was used as a substrate for the enzymatic production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Whole‐cell Candida antarctica lipase B‐expressing Aspergillus oryzae, and Novozym 435 produced only 75.2 and 73.5% FAME, respectively. Fusarium heterosporum lipase‐expressing A. oryzae produced more than 93% FAME in 72 h using three molar equivalents of methanol. FFA and TAG were converted simultaneously in the presence of increasing water content that resulted from esterification. Therefore, F. heterosporum lipase with a noted high level of tolerance of water could be useful in the industrial production of biodiesel from feedstock that has high proportion of free fatty acids.
Breaking down Clery compliance for your campus
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: November 2016

PHOENIX — Keeping your campus safe is a full‐time job. Meeting federal requirements and mandates, while important to achieve the goal of full campus security, can feel like another separate full‐time job in and of itself. However, the guidance for complying with these mandates can provide clear actions for making your campus a safer place. Involving your entire campus in meeting these benchmarks and requirements is the best way to go about integrating compliance into effective campus safety and crime prevention programs. At the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators annual conference, Jim Moore, director of the Clery Compliance Division of the Department of Education, shared practical advice for ways to involve your entire institution in meeting the requirements of the Clery Act.
Fear of scrutiny leads to hesitation during challenging encounters
Authors: Zacarese Lawrence M.
Published: November 2016

Regardless of your opinion on the current state of law enforcement or the job you think we are doing, it may not be surprising to hear me say, “I knew it would happen; it was only a matter of time.” Knew what would happen, you might ask? In a word, second‐guessing. Street‐level hesitation that is rooted in fear. Not fear of what the armed assailant the officer is facing may do or if the individual suffering from an emotional crisis may charge while holding the knife instead of complying with orders to drop it, but rather, fear of what the incident may “look like” after the fact. I was hoping that I would be wrong when I discussed it with my colleagues, but recent events in Chicago proved that, unfortunately, my prediction was correct.
Emergency preparedness means identifying the weak points on campus
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: November 2016

Francis Manfredo spent 24 years in the fire service as a career firefighter and 20 years as a police officer before he moved to Hamilton College. “For 18 of those years, my careers overlapped,” Manfredo said. During that time, Manfredo also went back to school to earn a master's degree in public administration. Around the time he graduated, the opportunity for the position at Hamilton College as the director of campus safety came open and Manfredo applied. “Having experience in both fire service and law enforcement gave me a really well‐rounded background to present to an institution looking to be better prepared,” Manfredo said.
Know how to handle media coverage of high‐profile incidents on your campus
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2016

Handling the media during high‐profile incidents on your campus can be stressful. You can make the whole experience more manageable by establishing solid partnerships with your institution's media relations staff and learning how to work with the media. In fact, taking these steps now can help you turn potentially bad, embarrassing, or inaccurate news into a comprehensive and balanced story.
Take steps to reduce risks of study abroad programs
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2016

When students, staff, and faculty participate in study abroad programs, the sending college or university places its own reputation, image, and resources, as well as participants' safety, at risk. While students may understand the campus safety requirements at your institution, preparing them for campus safety during international travel and education is key to ensuring the well‐being of your students.
Effects of the Functionalization of the Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Support Surface on Iron Catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis of Lower Olefins
Authors: Oschatz Martin , Hofmann Jan P. , van Deelen Tom W. , Lamme Wouter S. , Krans Nynke A. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , de Jong Krijn P.
Published: November 2016

Ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK‐3) with different surface modifications is applied as a support for Fe‐based catalysts in the Fischer–Tropsch to olefins synthesis (FTO) with and without sodium and sulfur promoters. Different concentrations of functional groups do not affect the size (3–5 nm) of Fe particles in the fresh catalysts but iron (carbide) supported on N‐enriched CMK‐3 and a support with a lower concentration of functional groups show higher catalytic activity under industrially relevant FTO conditions (340 °C, 10 bar, H2/CO=2) compared to a support with an O‐enriched surface. The addition of promoters leads to more noticeable enhancements of the catalytic activity (3–5 times higher) and the selectivity to C2–C4 olefins (≈2 times higher) than surface functionalization of the support. Nitrogen surface functionalization and removal of surface groups before impregnation and calcination, however, further increase the activity of the catalysts in the presence of promoters. The confinement of the Fe nanoparticles in the mesopores of CMK‐3 restricts but does not fully prevent particle growth and, consequently, the decrease of activity under FTO conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Near‐Zero Thermal Expansion and High Ultraviolet Transparency in a Borate Crystal of Zn4B6O13.
Authors: Xing Xianran , et al.
Published: November 2016

Polycrystalline Zn4B6O13 is prepared by calcination of a stoichiometric mixture of Zn(O‐Ac)2 and B2O3 in air (800 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Honeycomb‐Like S = 5/2 Spin—Lattices in Manganese(II) Vanadates.
Authors: Sanjeewa Liurukara. D. , McGuire Michael A. , McMillen Colin D. , Willett Daniel , Chumanov George , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: November 2016

Single crystals of new complex manganese vanadate materials are hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single crystal XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Catalytic Evaluation of Ruthenium(II) Benzhydrazone Complex in Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones.
Authors: Manikandan Thimma Sambamoorthy , Saranya Sundar , Ramesh Rengan
Published: November 2016

The new Ru‐catalyst shows excellent activity in the transfer hydrogenation of various ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated 1,2‐Difunctionalization of Styrenes with Sodium Arylsulfinates and tert‐Butyl Nitrite: Facile Access to α‐Sulfonylethanone Oximes.
Authors: Yang Ji , Liu Yan‐Yun , Song Ren‐Jie , Peng Zhi‐Hong , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: November 2016

Functionalized target compounds, required as synthons of natural products, pharmaceutical agents or in material science, are available in moderate to good yields in the presence of CuBr.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Method for Synthesis of cis‐Dicarbonyl Epoxides Through DBU/LiBr‐Cocatalyzed Cyclization of α,β‐Dicarbonyl Peroxides.
Authors: Zong Zhenzhen , Bai Xiaohui , Lu Shenglin , Li Zhiping
Published: November 2016

Interestingly, substrate (VII) affords trans‐isomers as single or major products.
ChemInform Abstract: Ga(OTf)3‐Mediated Synthesis of Substituted Benzofurans.
Authors: Wang Heui‐Sin , Chan Chieh‐Kai , Chang Meng‐Yang
Published: November 2016

Starting from potassium oxygenated phenoxides and α‐bromoaryl ketones various 2‐ and 3‐substituted benzofurans are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted trans‐2,3‐Dihydrobenzofurans Using a Broensted Base/Thiourea Bifunctional Catalyst.
Authors: Barrios Antunez Diego‐Javier , Greenhalgh Mark D. , Fallan Charlene , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: November 2016

The title products are obtained in high yields and with high diastereo and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiroanthraceneoxazolidine as a Synthetic Equivalent of Methanimine in the Reaction with Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes. Synthesis of Diethyl 5‐Arylpyrrolidine‐3,3‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Buev Evgeny M. , Moshkin Vladimir S. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Y.
Published: November 2016

Yield and ease of the title transformation are well correlated with the electron‐donating nature of the aryl substituent at the cyclopropane ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Imidazolidine‐2‐thiones via Ring Expansion of Aziridine‐2‐carboxylates with Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Tabarki Mohamed Ali , Besbes Rafaa
Published: November 2016

Electronic effects and steric hindrance of the N‐substituents in aziridines and isothiocyanates lead is some cases to the epimerization of the starting aziridines and/or the formation of imidazolidin‐4‐thiones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Arylations of 1,2,3‐Triazoles by Reusable Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts in Biomass‐Derived γ‐Valerolactone.
Authors: Tian Xu , Yang Fanzhi , Rasina Dace , Bauer Michaela , Warratz Svenja , Ferlin Francesco , Vaccaro Luigi , Ackermann Lutz
Published: November 2016

Optimized conditions A) are elaborated to produce a series of fully functionalized title compounds in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,6‐trans‐ and 3,3,6‐Trisubstituted Tetrahydropyran‐4‐ones from Maitland—Japp Derived 2H‐Dihydropyran‐4‐ones: A Total Synthesis of Diospongin B.
Authors: Clarke Paul A. , Nasir Nadiah Mad , Sellars Philip B. , Peter Alejandra M. , Lawson Connor A. , Burroughs James L.
Published: November 2016

A modification of the Maitland—Japp reaction utilizing orthoamides provides access to a range of 6‐substituted dihydropyranones.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Magnetically Separable Sulfated Boric Acid Functionalized Nanoparticles for Hantzsch Ester Synthesis.
Authors: Azizi Kobra , Azarnia Jamshid , Karimi Meghdad , Yazdani Elahe , Heydari Akbar
Published: November 2016

Sulfated boric acid nanoparticles immobilized on a silica‐coated magnetite support efficiently catalyze the condensation of aldehydes with two equivalents of a β‐keto ester in the presence of ammonium acetate furnishing dihydropyridine derivatives in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: DABCO‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Three Component Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]chromene Substituted Quinazolines and Their Evaluation Towards Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Vodnala Sumathi , Bhavani A. K. D. , Kamutam Ramakrishna , Naidu V. G. M. , Promila Promila , Prabhakar Ch.
Published: November 2016

The synthesized compounds (IV) are screened for their anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB 231 and MDA‐MB 453.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides with Diborons.
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaro , Matsubara Hiroshi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: November 2016

A broad spectrum of aromatic chlorides can be successfully transformed to the desired boron compounds, required as suitable agents in various fields of organic chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Access to Arylated Spirocyclic Bisphosphonates.
Authors: Lord Taylor M. , Casino Stephanie L. , Hartzell Susan E. , Garcia Kevin J. , Pike Robert D. , Stockland Robert A. Jr.
Published: November 2016

Transesterification of pentaerythritol (I) is followed by cross‐coupling in the presence of aryl iodides or bromides under conditions B) or C).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Cicuta virosa Linnaeus and Their Reversal Effects on Doxorubicin‐Resistant Human Myelogenous Leukemia (K562/A02) Cells.
Authors: Wang Shu‐Qi , Zhang Qing‐Wei , Wang Xiao‐Ling , Di Xia‐Xia , Wang Xiao‐Ning , Lou Hong‐Xiang
Published: November 2016

Two novel compounds 11,11‐dimer of scopoletin (I) and 11‐O‐β‐glucopyranosylhamaudol (II) are isolated and identified from the whole grass of Cicuta virosa.
ChemInform Abstract: Tin‐Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Zhao Mingming , Zhao Qunxing , Qiu Jiaqing , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: November 2016

Review: 268 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: PNP‐Pincer‐Type Phosphaalkene Complexes of Late Transition Metals
Authors: Ozawa Fumiyuki , Nakajima Yumiko
Published: November 2016

Review: [21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Update on the Stereoselective Synthesis of γ‐Amino Acids
Authors: Ordonez Mario , Cativiela Carlos , Romero‐Estudillo Ivan
Published: November 2016

Review: [242 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsaturated N‐Heterocycles by Cycloadditions of Aziridines and Alkynes
Authors: Feng Jian‐Jun , Zhang Junliang
Published: November 2016

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Materials Based on Ruthenium and Fullerene Assemblies
Authors: Barthelmes Kevin , Winter Andreas , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: November 2016

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Alkynyls in Catalysis: Alkyne Activation, Gold Cumulenes and Nuclearity
Authors: Halliday Connor J. V. , Lynam Jason. M.
Published: November 2016

Review: 154 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels—Alder “Click” Reactions
Authors: Gaso‐Sokac Dajana , Stivojevic Marija
Published: November 2016

Review: recent application of Diels‐Alder click reactions in hydrogel synthesis, polymr and material science and also medicinal chemistry
ChemInform Abstract: Halogen Bonding in Organic Ssynthesis and Organocatalysis
Authors: Bulfield David , Huber Stefan M.
Published: November 2016

Review: [88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrisation
Authors: Borissov A. , Davies T. Q. , Ellis S. R. , Fleming T. A. , Richardson M. S. W. , Dixon D. J.
Published: November 2016

Review: 247 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical O‐Glycosylations: An Overview
Authors: Das Rituparna , Mukhopadhyay Balaram
Published: November 2016

Review: [334 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rechargeable Lithium‐Air Batteries: A Perspective on the Development of Oxygen Electrodes
Authors: Jung Kyu‐Nam , Kim Jeonghun , Yamauchi Yusuke , Park Min‐Sik , Lee Jong‐Won , Kim Jung Ho
Published: November 2016

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Study on Highly Active Bifunctional Metalloporphyrin Catalysts for the Coupling Reaction of Epoxides with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Hasegawa Jun‐ya , Miyazaki Ray , Maeda Chihiro , Ema Tadashi
Published: November 2016

Review: [12 refs.
Trap design and construction for high‐power multinuclear magnetic resonance experiments
Authors: Rispoli Joseph V. , Dimitrov Ivan E. , Cheshkov Sergey , Malloy Craig , Wright Steven M. , McDougall Mary P.
Published: November 2016

Performing multinuclear experiments requires one or more radiofrequency (RF) coils operating at both the proton and second‐nucleus frequencies; however, inductive coupling between coils must be mitigated to retain proton sensitivity and coil tuning stability. The inclusion of trap circuits simplifies placement of multinuclear RF coils while maintaining inter‐element isolation. Of the commonly investigated non‐proton nuclei, perhaps the most technically demanding is carbon‐13, particularly when applying a proton decoupling scheme to improve the resulting spectra. This work presents experimental data for trap circuits withstanding high‐power broadband proton decoupling of carbon‐13 at 7 T. The advantages and challenges of building trap circuits with various inductor and capacitor components are discussed. Multiple trap designs are evaluated on the bench and utilized on an RF coil at 7 T to detect broadband proton‐decoupled carbon‐13 spectra from a lipid phantom. A particular trap design, built from a coaxial stub inductor and high‐voltage ceramic chip capacitors, is highlighted owing to both its performance and adaptability for planar array coil elements with diverse spatial orientations.
A service oriented cloud‐based architecture for mobile geolocated emergency services
Authors: Rossi C. , Heyi M. H. , Scullino F.
Published: November 2016

Despite the growing development of space‐based systems aimed at monitoring and studying natural hazards, they continue to harm humankind worldwide, causing enormous human and economic losses. In a view of improving the effectiveness and the timeliness of existing emergency systems, we propose a service‐oriented cloud‐based software architecture for mobile sensing applications. Exploiting existing Global Navigation Satellite Systems and public Cloud Computing services, we implement a set of mobile geolocated services enabling mobile devices to send real‐time in‐field observations. Such observations could be used by authorities and first responders for both Early Warning and Emergency Response services complementing in real time the situational assessment provided by existing means, eg, remote sensed information and in‐situ sensors. We propose a Service Oriented Architecture that can be used as a reference for implementing the back end of mobile applications requiring to send crowdsourced geolocated reports. We fully implement a real application, and we evaluate its performances with Microsoft Azure varying the user load and the main deployment parameters. Our results can be taken as reference to assess the capability of future applications with similar requirements.
High‐Purity Hybrid Organolead Halide Perovskite Nanoparticles Obtained by Pulsed‐Laser Irradiation in Liquid
Authors: Amendola Vincenzo , Fortunati Ilaria , Marega Carla , Abdelhady Ahmed L. , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Bakr Osman M.
Published: November 2016

Nanoparticles of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have attracted a great deal of attention due to their variety of optoelectronic properties, their low cost, and their easier integration into devices with complex geometry, compared with microcrystalline, thin‐film, or bulk metal halides. Here we present a novel one‐step synthesis of organolead bromide perovskite nanocrystals based on pulsed‐laser irradiation in a liquid environment (PLIL). Starting from a bulk CH3NH3PbBr3 crystal, our PLIL procedure does not involve the use of high‐boiling‐point polar solvents or templating agents, and runs at room temperature. The resulting nanoparticles are characterized by high crystallinity and are completely free of any microscopic product or organic coating layer. We also demonstrate the straightforward inclusion of laser‐generated perovskite nanocrystals in a polymeric matrix to form a nanocomposite with single‐ and two‐photon luminescence properties.
Linking Diffusion–Viscosity Decoupling and Jump Dynamics in a Hydroxyl‐Functionalized Ionic Liquid: Realization of Microheterogeneous Nature of the Medium
Authors: Das Sudhir Kumar , Majhi Debashis , Sahu Prabhat Kumar , Sarkar Moloy
Published: November 2016

Analysis of time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy data in light of the Stokes–Einstein–Debye hydrodynamic description reveals significant decoupling of rotational motion of the solute and the viscosity of the medium for a hydroxyl‐functionalized ionic liquid (IL). This behavior and NMR experiments indicate that the hydroxyl‐functionalized IL is more heterogeneous than other structurally similar ILs. Considering that recent theoretical investigations have demonstrated that the jump dynamics and hydrogen‐bond fluctuations are closely related in viscous media, in such a case the hydrodynamic description can provide inconsistent results, and the present inapplicability of the hydrodynamics description in explaining solute rotation in a viscous hydroxyl‐functionalized IL perhaps provides experimental support to the role of orientational jumps and hydrogen bond formation in that event.
New Method to Study Ion–Molecule Reactions at Low Temperatures and Application to the Reaction
Authors: Allmendinger Pitt , Deiglmayr Johannes , Schullian Otto , Höveler Katharina , Agner Josef A. , Schmutz Hansjürg , Merkt Frédéric
Published: November 2016

The front cover artwork is provided by Dr. Johannes Deiglmayr (ETH Zurich). The image shows the setup developed to study the fundamental ion–neutral reaction H2++H2→H3++H at collision energies encountered in outer space and the measured energy dependence of the cross section. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201600828.
Model‐Informed Development and Registration of a Once‐Daily Regimen of Extended‐Release Tofacitinib
Authors: Lamba M , Hutmacher MM , Furst DE , Dikranian A , Dowty ME , Conrado D , Stock T , Nduaka C , Cook J , Krishnaswami S
Published: November 2016

Extended‐release (XR) formulations enable less frequent dosing vs. conventional (e.g., immediate release (IR)) formulations. Regulatory registration of such formulations typically requires pharmacokinetic (PK) and clinical efficacy data. Here we illustrate a model‐informed, exposure–response (E‐R) approach to translate controlled trial data from one formulation to another without a phase III trial, using a tofacitinib case study. Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). E‐R analyses were conducted using validated clinical endpoints from phase II dose–response and nonclinical dose fractionation studies of the IR formulation. Consistent with the delay in clinical response dynamics relative to PK, average concentration was established as the relevant PK parameter for tofacitinib efficacy and supported pharmacodynamic similarity. These evaluations, alongside demonstrated equivalence in total systemic exposure between IR and XR formulations, provided the basis for the regulatory approval of tofacitinib XR once daily by the US Food and Drug Administration.