bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The model magnetic Laplacian on wedges
Authors: Popoff Nicolas
Published: August 2015

The object of this paper is a class of model Schrödinger operators with constant magnetic fields on infinite wedges with natural boundary conditions. Such model operators play an important role in the semi-classical behavior of magnetic Laplacians on 3d domains with edges. We show that the ground state energy along the wedge is lower than the energy coming from the regular part of the wedge. A consequence of this is the lower semi-continuity of the local ground state energy near an edge for semi-classical Laplacians. We also show that the ground state energy is Hölder continuous with respect to the magnetic field and the wedge aperture, and even Lipschitz when the ground state energy is strictly less than the energy coming from the faces. We finally provide an upper bound for the ground state energy on wedges of small aperture. A few numerical computations illustrate the theoretical approach.
Stratospheric ozone in boreal fire plumes – the 2013 smoke season over central Europe
Authors: Trickl T. , Vogelmann H. , Flentje H. , Ries L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In July 2013 very strong boreal fire plumes were observed at the northern rim of the Alps by lidar and ceilometer measurements of aerosol, ozone and water vapour for about 3 weeks. In addition, some of the lower-tropospheric components of these layers were analysed at the Global Atmosphere Watch laboratory at the Schneefernerhaus high-altitude research station (2650 m a.s.l., located a few hundred metres south-west of the Zugspitze summit). The high amount of particles confirms our hypothesis that fires in the Arctic regions of North America lead to much stronger signatures in the central European atmosphere than the multitude of fires in the USA. This has been ascribed to the prevailing anticyclonic advection pattern during favourable periods and subsidence, in contrast to warm-conveyor-belt export, rainout and dilution frequently found for lower latitudes. A high number of the pronounced aerosol structures were positively correlated with elevated ozone. Chemical ozone formation in boreal fire plumes is known to be rather limited. Indeed, these air masses could be attributed to stratospheric air intrusions descending from remote high-latitude regions, obviously picking up the aerosol on their way across Canada. In one case, subsidence from the stratosphere over Siberia over as many as 15–20 days without increase in humidity was observed although a significant amount of Canadian smoke was trapped. These coherent air streams lead to rather straight and rapid transport of the particles to Europe.
Wintertime aerosol chemical composition, volatility, and spatial variability in the greater London area
Authors: Xu L. , Williams L. R. , Young D. E. , Allan J. D. , Coe H. , Massoli P. , Fortner E. , Chhabra P. , Herndon S. , Brooks W. A. , Jayne J. T. , Worsnop D. R. , Aiken A. C. , Liu S. , Gorkowski K. , Dubey M. K. , Fleming Z. L. , Visser S. , Prevot A. S. H. , Ng N. L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The composition of PM1 (particulate matter with diameter less than 1 μm) in the greater London area was characterized during the Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) project in winter 2012. Two High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (HR-ToF-AMS) were deployed at a rural site (Detling, Kent) and an urban site (North Kensington, London). The simultaneous and high-temporal resolution measurements at the two sites provide a unique opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of PM1. We find that the organic aerosol (OA) concentration is comparable between the rural and urban sites, but the sources of OA are distinctly different. The concentration of solid fuel OA at the urban site is about twice as high as at the rural site, due to elevated domestic heating in the urban area. While the concentrations of oxygenated OA (OOA) are well-correlated between the two sites, the OOA concentration at the rural site is almost twice that of the urban site. At the rural site, more than 70 % of the carbon in OOA is estimated to be non-fossil, which suggests that OOA is likely related to aged biomass burning considering the small amount of biogenic SOA in winter. Thus, it is possible that the biomass burning OA contributes a larger fraction of ambient OA in wintertime than what previous field studies have suggested. A suite of instruments was deployed downstream of a thermal denuder (TD) to investigate the volatility of PM1 species at the rural Detling site. After heating at 250 °C in the TD, 40 % of the residual mass is OA, indicating the presence of non-volatile organics in the aerosol. Although the OA associated with refractory black carbon (rBC, measured by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer) only accounts for < 10 % of the total OA (measured by a HR-ToF-AMS) at 250 °C, the two measurements are well-correlated, suggesting that the non-volatile organics have similar sources or have undergone similar chemical processing as rBC in the atmosphere. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the OA volatility and atomic O : C and find that particles with a wide range of O : C could have similar mass fraction remaining after heating. This analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding the distribution of volatility and O : C in bulk OA.
Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR solar spectra
Authors: Dammers E. , Vigouroux C. , Palm M. , Mahieu E. , Warneke T. , Smale D. , Langerock B. , Franco B. , Van Damme M. , Schaap M. , Notholt J. , Erisman J. W.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We present a retrieval method for ammonia (NH3) total columns from ground-based Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) observations. Observations from Bremen (53.10° N, 8.85° E), Lauder (45.04° S, 169.68° E), Reunion (20.9° S, 55.50° E) and Jungfraujoch (46.55° N, 7.98° E) were used to illustrate the capabilities of the method. NH3 mean total columns ranging three orders of magnitude were obtained with higher values at Bremen (mean of 13.47 × 1015 molecules cm−2) to the lower values at Jungfraujoch (mean of 0.18 × 1015 molecules cm−2). In conditions with high surface concentrations of ammonia, as in Bremen, it is possible to retrieve information on the vertical gradient as two layers can be discriminated. The retrieval there is most sensitive to ammonia in the planetary boundary layer, where the trace gas concentration is highest. For conditions with low concentrations only the total column can be retrieved. Combining the systematic and random errors we have a mean total error of 26 % for all spectra measured at Bremen (Number of spectra (N) = 554), 30 % for all spectra from Lauder (N =2412), 25 % for spectra from Reunion (N =1262) and 34 % for spectra measured at Jungfraujoch (N =2702). The error is dominated by the systematic uncertainties in the spectroscopy parameters. Station specific seasonal cycles were found to be consistent with known seasonal cycles of the dominant ammonia sources in the station surroundings. The developed retrieval methodology from FTIR-instruments provides a new way to obtain highly time-resolved measurements of ammonia burdens. FTIR-NH3 observations will be useful for understanding the dynamics of ammonia concentrations in the atmosphere and for satellite and model validation. It will also provide additional information to constrain the global ammonia budget.
Hygroscopic behavior of multicomponent organic aerosols and their internal mixtures with ammonium sulfate
Authors: Jing B. , Tong S. R. , Liu Q. F. , Li K. , Wang W. G. , Zhang Y. H. , Ge M. F.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Water soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) are important components of organics in the atmospheric fine particulate matter. Although WSOCs play an important role in the hygroscopicity of aerosols, water uptake behavior of internally mixed WSOC aerosols remains limited characterization. Here, the hygroscopic properties of single component such as levoglucosan, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and phthalic acid and multicomponent WSOC aerosols mainly involving oxalic acid are investigated with the hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The coexisting hygroscopic species including levoglucosan, malonic acid and phthalic acid have strong influence on the hygroscopic growth and phase behavior of oxalic acid, even suppress its crystallization completely. The interactions between oxalic acid and levoglucosan are confirmed by infrared spectra. The discrepancies between measured growth factors and predictions from Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) with UNIFAC method and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) approach increase at medium and high relative humidity (RH) assuming oxalic acid in a solid state. For the internal mixture of oxalic acid with levoglucosan or succinic acid, there is enhanced water uptake at high RH due to positive chemical interactions between solutes. Organic mixture has more complex effect on the hygroscopicity of ammonium sulfate than single species. Although hygroscopic species such as levoglucosan accounts for a small fraction in the multicomponent aerosols, they may still strongly influence the hygroscopic behavior of ammonium sulfate by changing phase state of oxalic acid which plays the role of "intermediate" species. Considering the abundance of oxalic acid in the atmospheric aerosols, its mixtures with hygroscopic species may significantly promote water uptake under high RH conditions and thus affect the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, optical properties and chemical reactivity of atmospheric particles.
Downward particle flux and carbon export in the Beaufort Sea, Arctic Ocean; the role of zooplankton
Authors: Miquel J.-C. , Gasser B. , Martín J. , Marec C. , Babin M. , Fortier L. , Forest A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. As part of the international, multidisciplinary project Malina, downward particle fluxes were investigated by means of a drifting multi-sediment trap mooring deployed at three sites in the Canadian Beaufort Sea in late summer 2009. Mooring deployments lasted between 28 and 50 h and targeted the shelf-break and the slope along the Beaufort-Mackenzie continental margin, as well as the edge between the Mackenzie Shelf and the Amundsen Gulf. Besides analyses of C and N, the collected material was investigated for pigments, phyto- and microzooplankton, faecal pellets and swimmers. The measured fluxes were relatively low, in the range of 11–54 mg m−2 d−1 for the total mass, 1–15 mg C m−2 d−1 for organic carbon and 0.2–2.5 mg N m−2 d−1 for nitrogen. Comparison with a long-term trap data set from the same sampling area showed that the short-term measurements were at the lower end of the high variability characterizing a rather high flux regime during the study period. The sinking material consisted of aggregates and particles that were characterized by the presence of hetero- and autotrophic microzooplankters and diatoms and by the corresponding pigment signatures. Faecal pellets contribution to sinking carbon flux was important, especially at depths below 100 m, where they represented up to 25 % of the total carbon flux. The vertical distribution of different morphotypes of pellets showed a marked pattern with cylindrical faeces (produced by calanoid copepods) present mainly within the euphotic zone, whereas elliptical pellets (produced mainly by smaller copepods) were more abundant at mesopelagic depths. These features, together with the density of matter within the pellets, highlighted the role of the zooplankton community in the transformation of carbon issued from the primary production and the transition of that carbon from the productive surface zone to the Arctic Ocean's interior. Our data indicate that sinking carbon flux in this late summer period is primarily the result of a heterotrophic-driven ecosystem.
Climatic control on the occurrence of high-coercivity magnetic minerals and preservation of greigite in a 640 ka sediment sequence from Lake Ohrid (Balkans)
Authors: Just J. , Nowaczyk N. , Francke A. , Sagnotti L. , Wagner B.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The bulk magnetic mineral record from Lake Ohrid, spanning the past ca. 640 ka, shows a strong relationship to environmental conditions on glacial–interglacial and millennial time scales. During extremely cold glacials, a lower accumulation of organic matter and likely enhanced mixing of the water-column coincides with the presence of greigite, whereas greigite is absent in sediments deposited during less severe glacials. Those "non-greigite" glacial sediments are characterized by high concentration of high-coercivity magnetic minerals, which relates to enhanced erosion of soils that had formed during the preceding interglacials. In contrast, magnetite dominated magnetic mineral assemblages characterize interglacial deposits and most likely originate from detrital particles of physically weathered rocks. Superimposed on the glacial–interglacial behavior are millennial scale oscillations in the magnetic mineral composition that parallel variations in summer insolation. Likewise to the process on glacial–interglacial time-scales, low summer insolation and a retreat in vegetation resulted in enhanced erosion of soil material. Our study highlights that rock-magnetic studies, in concert with geochemical and sedimentological investigations, provide a multi-level contribution to environmental reconstructions, since the magnetic properties can mirror both, environmental conditions on land and intra-lacustrine processes.
Tracking influential haze source areas in North China using an adjoint model, GRAPES–CUACE
Authors: An X. Q. , Zhai S. X. , Jin M. , Gong S. L. , Wang Y.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Based upon the adjoint theory, the adjoint of the aerosol module in the atmospheric chemical modeling system GRAPES–CUACE (Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System coupled with the CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment) was developed and tested for its correctness. Through statistic comparison, BC (black carbon aerosol) concentrations simulated by GRAPES–CUACE were generally consistent with observations from Nanjiao (one urban observation station) and Shangdianzi (one rural observation station) stations. To track the most influential emission-sources regions and the most influential time intervals for the high BC concentration during the simulation period, the adjoint model was adopted to simulate the sensitivity of average BC concentration over Beijing at the highest concentration time point (referred to as the Objective Function) with respect to BC emission amount over Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Four types of regions were selected based on administrative division and sensitivity coefficient distribution. The adjoint model was used to quantify the effects of emission-sources reduction in different time intervals over different regions by one independent simulation. Effects of different emission reduction strategies based on adjoint sensitivity information show that the more influential regions (regions with relatively larger sensitivity coefficients) do not necessarily correspond to the administrative regions, and the influence effectiveness of sensitivity-oriented regions was greater than the administrative divisions. The influence of emissions on the objective function decreases sharply approximately for the pollutants emitted 17–18 h ago in this episode. Therefore, controlling critical emission regions during critical time intervals on the basis of adjoint sensitivity analysis is much more efficient than controlling administrative specified regions during an experiential time period.
The Demography of Royal Navy Surgeons: Some Views on the Process of Prosopography
Authors: Myers Christopher H
Published: August 2015

This study is a brief social biography and demography of British naval doctors during the nineteenth century, asking why Scottish-educated surgeons were so prominent.  Understanding the demography and changing dynamics of naval surgeons’ labor illuminates the complex relationship among the military, discrimination, and nationalism that shaped this influential labor market. This study reviews how to collect demographic information from multiple types of sources: university archives, matriculation records, digitized medical journals, and student rolls.  It also uses chi-square tests to show the significance of the demographic information collected.  The results show us the entangled relationship between database conceptualization, data collection, and data analysis.
Data, Set, Match: Reflections on Database History
Authors: Drwenski Matt , Meyers Chris
Published: August 2015

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Little Data Streams to the Big Data River: Data-Based Solutions to Non-Data Questions and Their Implications for the CHIA Project
Authors: Behrendt Andrew
Published: August 2015

This article offers an example of how a “traditional” reading of an historical text can invite, and be enhanced by, a data-driven analysis. It suggests that historians who do not work primarily in data keep in mind the possibility that their research, viewed from the correct angle, may contribute to the collection of world-historical data. The data on the National Hungarian Weekend Association, overwhelmingly qualitative, nonetheless permitted construction of a useful dataset. The social composition of leadership in the organization revealed an unexpectedly narrow and clear pattern through an orderly investigation of organizational registration lists.
Col*Fusion: a Global-Scale Information Integration Infrastructure based on Crowdsourcing
Authors: Karataev Evgeny , Zadorozhny Vladimir
Published: August 2015

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Examining the Validity of EKC in Western Africa: Different Pollutants Option
Authors: Ogundipe Adeyemi A. , Olurinola Oluranti I. , Odebiyi John T.
Published: August 2015

The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesized pollution as a monotonic function of income which implies that as an economy develops, pollution level starts to increase but reaching a certain threshold the relation reverses. This study investigates the relationship between GDP per capita income and environmental degradation in Western Africa region using panel data analysis for the period 1990-2012. Our specific objective was to estimate EKC for four indicators of environmental quality such as CO2 emissions, Suspended particulate matter (PM10), lack of access to sanitation facilities and lack of access to safe drinking water; and establish whether these pollutants exhibit an inverted u-shape function. Likewise, we subject our estimated relationship to sensitivity checks to ensure robustness to changes in assumption and estimation techniques, an aspect inherently lacking in most EKC literature. The study could not find an unambiguous evidence of an inverted u-shaped relationship for CO2 emissions while the other point source pollutants confirmed the EKC theory. We subjected our estimation to further robustness checks by ascertaining the statistical properties of the variables used and examined the long run sustainability; results were found to be consistent and suitable for policy inferences. 
Preliminary Study, Risk Analysis and HACCP in Cold Chain System, Frozen Yellow Fin Tuna in Moluccas
Authors: Lailossa Grasiano Warakano
Published: August 2015

The differences In cold chain system, Risk analysis and Hazard Analysis and Critical Crisis Point(HACCP) is a procedure for the identification, assessment and control of hazards in, and indirectly risks from, food. HACCP procedures focus on chemical, physical and microbiological hazards, Yellow Fin Tuna is the one of the most superior export fishery product of Moluccas, based on paper review and field observation in Molucass, this paper is a preliminary study to development HACCP framework of frozen Yellow Fin Tuna in Moluccas.
Institutionalism and the Normative Study of Politics:
Authors: Diermeier Daniel
Published: August 2015

We discuss the role of institutionalism in the normative analysis of public policy. In contrast to existing approaches to policy analysis, institutionalism focuses on the policy process rather than a specific policy outcome. Historically, institutionalism has been developed within the rational choice paradigm. This has led to sustained criticism by behaviorally oriented political scientists. We show that this dependence on rational choice is not a necessary component of institutionalism and discuss examples of behavioral approaches to institutional analysis.
On Attempts to Gerrymander “Positive” and “Normative” Political Theory:
Authors: Knight Jack , Johnson James
Published: August 2015

We aim to cast doubt on the now conventional distinction between “positive” and “normative political theory by shifting the burden of argument. We do not claim it is impossible to categorically differentiate political theory into “positive” and “normative” varieties. We do suggest the most familiar, extant strategies for approaching that task are implausible. We hope in the process to show that there are perfectly good reasons to set the task aside as counterproductive.
Behavioral Political Economy, Argumentation, and Democratic Theory
Authors: Landa Dimitri
Published: August 2015

A developing research program of behavioral political economy can help shed light on important social and political practices that fall outside the strict rational actor model but that are of central importance to democratic theory. Those practices include the deliberative activities of argumentation, information acquisition, and learning. Game theoretic models and experimental studies of collective decisions that are part of the behavioral political economy tradition offer insights into the strategic implications of these practices, linking them to ideological polarization and measures of the informational quality of individual and collective choices. In so doing, they help generate comprehensive assessments of these practices and their institutional influences, thus buttressing the normative philosophical arguments.
From the Editors
Authors: Linzey Andrew , Cohn Priscilla N.
Published: August 2015

An Ethical Oath for Veterinarians. As previous contributors have noted (Bones and Yeates, 2012), the nature of the oath that veterinarians, like doctors, should swear upon entering their profession has become increasingly topical. T he American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) adopted a revised form of their oath as recently as 2014 which emphasizes animal welfare. Here is the new oath with the additions in italics: Being admitted to the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the protection of animal health and welfare, the prevention and relief of animal suffering, the conservation of animal resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge. (AVMA, 2011, emphases in original)
Editorial
Authors: Marmontel Miriam , Palacios Daniel M.
Published: August 2015

The contents of Vol. 10, No. 1 are introduced, along with recent news for LAJAM's readership.
Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma: A Clinicopathologic Review With an Emphasis on Diagnostic Differentiation From Other T-Cell/Natural Killer–Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Shi Yang , Wang Endi
Published: August 2015

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare, aggressive T-cell lymphoma, characterized by hepatosplenic sinusoidal infiltration of monotonous, medium-sized, nonactivated cytotoxic T cells, usually of γ/δ T-cell receptor type. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients, especially in those receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Patients usually manifest hepatosplenomegaly without lymphadenopathy. The bone marrow is also involved in two-thirds of cases and is often accompanied by circulating lymphoma cells, which, along with anemia and thrombocytopenia, may raise suspicion for acute leukemia. The differential diagnosis includes aggressive natural killer–cell leukemia, T-large granular lymphocytic leukemia, T-lymphoblastic leukemia, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma type II, primary cutaneous γ/δ T-cell lymphoma, other peripheral T-cell lymphomas, myelodysplastic syndrome, and infectious mononucleosis. The diagnosis is usually established from the combination of clinical findings, histologic features, and immunophenotype, although cytogenetic/molecular studies are occasionally needed. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma exhibits a dismal clinical course with a poor response to currently available therapies.
Assessing Clinical Laboratory Quality: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of Prothrombin Time INR Structures, Processes, and Outcomes in 98 Laboratories
Authors: Howanitz Peter J. , Darcy Theresa P. , Meier Frederick A. , Bashleben Christine P.
Published: August 2015

Context

The anticoagulant warfarin has been identified as the second most frequent drug responsible for serious, disabling, and fatal adverse drug events in the United States, and its effect on blood coagulation is monitored by the laboratory test called international normalized ratio (INR).

Objective

To determine the presence of INR policies and procedures, INR practices, and completeness and timeliness of reporting critical INR results in participants' clinical laboratories.

Design

Participants reviewed their INR policies and procedure requirements, identified their practices by using a questionnaire, and studied completeness of documentation and timeliness of reporting critical value INR results for outpatients and emergency department patients.

Results

In 98 participating institutions, the 5 required policies and procedures were in place in 93% to 99% of clinical laboratories. Fifteen options for the allowable variations among duplicate results from different analyzers, 12 different timeliness goals for reporting critical values, and 18 unique critical value limits were used by participants. All required documentation elements were present in 94.8% of 192 reviewed INR validation reports. Critical value INR results were reported within the time frame established by the laboratory for 93.4% of 2604 results, but 1.0% of results were not reported. Although the median laboratories successfully communicated all critical results within their established time frames and had all the required validation elements based in their 2 most recent INR calculations, those participants at the lowest 10th percentile were successful in 80.0% and 85.7% of these requirements, respectively.

Conclusions

Significant opportunities exist for adherence to INR procedural requirements and for practice patterns and timeliness goals for INR critical results' reporting.
Review of Telemicrobiology
Authors: Rhoads Daniel D. , Mathison Blaine A. , Bishop Henry S. , da Silva Alexandre J. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: August 2015

Microbiology laboratories are continually pursuing means to improve quality, rapidity, and efficiency of specimen analysis in the face of limited resources. One means by which to achieve these improvements is through the remote analysis of digital images. Telemicrobiology enables the remote interpretation of images of microbiology specimens. To date, the practice of clinical telemicrobiology has not been thoroughly reviewed.Context.—

To identify the various methods that can be employed for telemicrobiology, including emerging technologies that may provide value to the clinical laboratory.Objective.—

Peer-reviewed literature, conference proceedings, meeting presentations, and expert opinions pertaining to telemicrobiology have been evaluated.Data Sources.—

A number of modalities have been employed for telemicroscopy, including static capture techniques, whole slide imaging, video telemicroscopy, mobile devices, and hybrid systems. Telemicrobiology has been successfully implemented for several applications, including routine primary diagnosis, expert teleconsultation, and proficiency testing. Emerging areas of telemicrobiology include digital plate reading of bacterial cultures, mobile health applications, and computer-augmented analysis of digital images. To date, static image capture techniques have been the most widely used modality for telemicrobiology, despite newer technologies being available that may produce better quality interpretations. Telemicrobiology adds value, quality, and efficiency to the clinical microbiology laboratory, and increased adoption of telemicrobiology is anticipated.Conclusions.—
Vilniaus liuteronų špitolės globotiniai XVIII a.
Authors: Jakulis Martynas
Published: August 2015

Straipsnyje analizuojami XVIII a. Vilniaus liuteronų špitolėje globotų žmonių kolektyvinio portreto bruožai. Remiantis istoriografijoje menkai panaudotais šaltiniais, aptariama priėmimo į špitolę tvarka, globotinių skaičius, aiškinamasi, kokios priežastys lemdavo moterų nuskurdimą, koks būdavo globotinių socialinis statusas iki patekimo į špitolę, taip pat aptariama kasdienio gyvenimo špitolėje tvarka.
Hairy cell leukemia with an associated lupus-type anticoagulant
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jon , Danks Roy R , Elkram Mohammed
Published: August 2015

Hairy cell leukemia is a rare, lymphoproliferative disorder usually of B-cell origin.It affects men more often than women by a ratio of 4:1, with approximately600 cases per year in the United States. Leukemias in general are knownto be associated with coagulopathies; however, the case reported here representsonly the fourth reported case of hairy cell leukemia with an associated lupusanticoagulant. The lupus anticoagulant is unusual in that it is not truly a coagulation-preventing entity, but rather may result in a hypercoagulable state. The nomenclature.for this manifestation derives from its ability to interfere with invitro phospholipid-dependent tests of coagulation. This report includes a reviewand discussion of the case presented, as well as a review of both hairy cellleukemia and the lupus anticoagulant.
Artists’ Autonomy and Professionalization in a New Cultural Policy Landscape
Authors: Flisbäck Marita , Lund Anna
Published: August 2015

Using literature on the professions, the article explores how a new political model for funding and steering may affect professional autonomy. Professional groups’ efforts to independently practice their profession during times of political change are elaborated. The professional group in questions is artists, the context is Sweden, and the new model is called the Collaborative Cultural Model. This model entails a shift in the funding and realization of cultural policy from the national to the regional level. From a situation in which civil servants with specific culture knowledge were involved, politicians, representatives of civil society, civil servants and artists are now to work together to create a regional culture plan. In the article, two different outcomes of the new model are discussed as possible. It can lead to de-professionalization process, particularly if the policy on keeping outside influences at “arm’s length” weakens. On the other hand, negotiations between different actors could result in artists’ knowledge becoming more prominent and receiving more recognition than previously. This, in turn, could promote professional artists’ status.

Keywords: Cultural policy, public funding, autonomy, artistic (de)professionalization, dominated and dominating
Constructions of Professional Subjectivity at the Fine Arts College
Authors: Lindström Sofia
Published: August 2015

Higher education can function as an important marker of seriousness in fields characterized by diffuse professional standards. Using the case of a fine arts institute, the article outlines the role of higher education in promoting the interconnection of a professional and individual subjectivity; being an artist is not merely something one does but something one is. By primarily examining interview material, it explores how an ideal position of individual self-reliance relates to the alumni of the institute. Some respondents were not “in sync” with this position and needed to seek out other resources in order to construct themselves as professional artists. However, they seldom rejected the kind of subjectivity promoted by their education, but rather renegotiated it as part of the uncertainty of their chosen field.Keywords: arts professionals, artistic education, self-reliance, discursive repertoire
Ventilation and dissolved oxygen cycle in Lake Superior: Insights from a numerical model
Authors: Matsumoto Katsumi , Tokos Kathy S. , Gregory Chad
Published: August 2015

Ventilation and dissolved oxygen in Lake Superior are key factors that determine the fate of various natural and anthropogenic inputs to the lake. We employ an idealized age tracer and biogeochemical tracers in a realistically configured numerical model of Lake Superior to characterize its ventilation and dissolved O2 cycle. Our results indicate that Lake Superior is preferentially ventilated over rough bathymetry and that spring overturning following a very cold winter does not completely ventilate the lake interior. While this is unexpected for a dimictic lake, no part of the lake remains isolated from the atmosphere for more than 300 days. Our results also show that Lake Superior's oxygen cycle is dominated by solubility changes; as a result, the expected relationship between biological consumption of dissolved O2 and ventilation age does not manifest.
Electrical conductivity of lawsonite and dehydrating fluids at high pressures and temperatures
Authors: Manthilake Geeth , Mookherjee Mainak , Bolfan‐Casanova Nathalie , Andrault Denis
Published: August 2015

Lawsonite is a calcium‐aluminum bearing hydrous silicate mineral with CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2.H2O stoichiometry. It is thermodynamically stable in the hydrated oceanic crust. Low‐velocity anomalies observed in the cold subducted slabs have been related to the unusual shear wave velocities of lawsonite eclogite. However, electrical conductivity of lawsonite at high pressure and temperature remains unknown. In this study, we measured the electrical conductivity of lawsonite at 7 GPa, and temperatures ranging from 298 K–1320 K. At 1173 K, the electrical conductivity of lawsonite is around 10−1 S/m. A sharp increase of electrical conductivity is observed at temperatures exceeding the dehydration ~1258 K. The high electrical conductivity up to 101 S/m observed in our experiments is due to the presence of highly conductive fluid and could explain the low resistivity observed at 150–250 km depths in subduction zone settings such as NE Japan, northern, and central Chile.
Relationships among top‐of‐atmosphere radiation and atmospheric state variables in observations and CESM
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. , Zhang Yongxin , Fasullo John T.
Published: August 2015

A detailed examination is made in both observations and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) of relationships among top‐of‐atmosphere radiation, water vapor, temperatures, and precipitation for 2000–2014 to assess the origins of radiative perturbations and climate feedbacks empirically. The 30‐member large ensemble coupled runs are analyzed along with one run with specified sea surface temperatures for 1994 to 2005 (to avoid volcanic eruptions). The vertical structure of the CESM temperature profile tends to be top heavy in the model, with too much deep convection and not enough lower stratospheric cooling as part of the response to tropospheric heating. There is too much absorbed solar radiation (ASR) over the Southern Oceans and not enough in the tropics, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is too large in amplitude in this version of the model. However, the covariability of monthly mean anomalies produces remarkably good replication of most of the observed relationships. There is a lot more high‐frequency variability in radiative fluxes than in temperature, highlighting the role of clouds and transient weather systems in the radiation statistics. Over the Warm Pool in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, where nonlocal effects from the Walker circulation driven by the ENSO events are important, several related biases emerge: in response to high SST anomalies there is more precipitation, water vapor, and cloud and less ASR and outgoing longwave radiation in the model than observed. Different model global mean trends are evident, however, possibly hinting at too much positive cloud feedback in the model.
Performance evaluation of rainfall estimates by TRMM Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis 3B42V6 and V7 over Brazil
Authors: Melo Davi de C. D. , Xavier Alexandre C. , Bianchi Thiago , Oliveira Paulo T. S. , Scanlon Bridget R. , Lucas Murilo C. , Wendland Edson
Published: August 2015

Time series precipitation data generated by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) have been used as a possible solution for providing rainfall information for ungauged regions. We evaluated the quality of TRMM Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) Version 6 (3B42V6) and Version 7 (3B42V7) products on a daily and monthly basis for a 14 year time series by comparing with gridded ground‐based rainfall data from ~3625 rain gauges distributed throughout Brazil. The results show that daily estimates are inaccurate for both Versions 6 and 7 (the refined index of agreement, dr, was less than 0.6 in most of the analyzed pixels). In general, both versions perform well on monthly basis (dr > 0.75), but no significant improvement between them could be identified with the exception of local areas. TMPA performed poorly in the northwest region, where rainfall depths are higher in Brazil; however, the quality of the ground‐based data is poor in this region because of low gauge density. Based on a seasonal analysis, we found that TMPA performed better during the dry seasons and that some improvements, although not significant, between successive versions took place over the northeast, southeast, and south regions. This study shows the value of remote sensing precipitation for providing reliable, spatiotemporally continuous precipitation at monthly timescales.
Rheumatologist and Primary Care Management of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Patient and Provider Perspectives
Authors: Bartels Christie M. , Roberts Tonya J. , Hansen Karen E. , Jacobs Elizabeth A. , Gilmore Andrea , Maxcy Courtney , Bowers Barbara J.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Despite increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients often lack CVD preventive care. We examined CVD preventive care processes from RA patient and provider perspectives to develop a process map for identifying targets for future interventions to improve CVD preventive care.

Methods

Thirty‐one participants (15 patients, 7 rheumatologists, and 9 primary care physicians [PCPs]) participated in interviews that were coded using NVivo software and analyzed using grounded theory techniques.

Results

Patients and providers reported that receipt of preventive care depends upon identifying and acting on risk factors, although most noted that both processes rarely occurred. Engagement in these processes was influenced by various provider‐, system‐, visit‐, and patient‐related conditions, such as patient activation or patients’ knowledge about their risk. While nearly half of patients and PCPs were unaware of RA‐CVD risk, all rheumatologists were aware of risk. Rheumatologists reported not systematically identifying risk factors, or, if identified, they described communicating about CVD risk factors via clinic notes to PCPs instead of acting directly due to perceived role boundaries. PCPs suggested that scheduling PCP visits could improve CVD risk management, and all participants viewed comanagement positively.

Conclusion

Findings from this study illustrate important gaps and opportunities to support identifying and acting on CVD risk factors in RA patients from the provider, system, visit, and patient levels. Future work should investigate professional role support through improved guidelines, patient activation, and system‐based RA‐CVD preventive care strategies.
Prognosis of Pain and Physical Functioning in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: de Rooij Mariëtte , van der Leeden Marike , Heymans Martijn W. , Holla Jasmijn F. M. , Häkkinen Arja , Lems Willem F. , Roorda Leo D. , Veenhof Cindy , Sanchez‐Ramirez Diana C. , de Vet Henrica C. W. , Dekker Joost
Published: August 2015

Objective

To systematically summarize the literature on the course of pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA), prognostic factors that predict deterioration of pain, the course of physical functioning, and prognostic factors that predict deterioration of physical functioning in persons with knee OA.

Methods

A search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Psych‐INFO, and SPORTDiscus up to January 2014. A meta‐analysis and a qualitative data synthesis were performed.

Results

Of the 58 studies included, 39 were of high quality. High heterogeneity across studies (I2 >90%) and within study populations (reflected by large SDs of change scores) was found. Therefore, the course of pain and physical functioning was interpreted to be indistinct. We found strong evidence for a number of prognostic factors predicting deterioration in pain (e.g., higher knee pain at baseline, bilateral knee symptoms, and depressive symptoms). We also found strong evidence for a number of prognostic factors predicting deterioration in physical functioning (e.g., worsening in radiographic OA, worsening of knee pain, lower knee extension muscle strength, lower walking speed, and higher comorbidity count).

Conclusion

Because of high heterogeneity across studies and within study populations, no conclusions can be drawn with regard to the course of pain and physical functioning. These findings support current research efforts to define subgroups or phenotypes within knee OA populations. Strong evidence was found for knee characteristics, clinical factors, and psychosocial factors as prognostics of deterioration of pain and physical functioning.
Cost‐Utility and Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses of Face‐to‐Face Versus Telephone‐Based Nonpharmacologic Multidisciplinary Treatments for Patients With Generalized Osteoarthritis
Authors: Cuperus Nienke , van den Hout Wilbert B. , Hoogeboom Thomas J. , van den Hoogen Frank H. J. , Vliet Vlieland Thea P. M. , van den Ende Cornelia H. M.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To evaluate, from a societal perspective, the cost utility and cost effectiveness of a nonpharmacologic face‐to‐face treatment program compared with a telephone‐based treatment program for patients with generalized osteoarthritis (GOA).

Methods

An economic evaluation was carried out alongside a randomized clinical trial involving 147 patients with GOA. Program costs were estimated from time registrations. One‐year medical and nonmedical costs were estimated using cost questionnaires. Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated using the EuroQol (EQ) classification system, EQ rating scale, and the Short Form 6D (SF‐6D). Daily function was measured using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI). Cost and QALY/effect differences were analyzed using multilevel regression analysis and cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves.

Results

Medical costs of the face‐to‐face treatment and telephone‐based treatment were estimated at €387 and €252, respectively. The difference in total societal costs was nonsignificantly in favor of the face‐to‐face program (difference €708; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −€5,058, €3,642). QALYs were similar for both groups according to the EQ, but were significantly in favor of the face‐to‐face group, according to the SF‐6D (difference 0.022 [95% CI 0.000, 0.045]). Daily function was similar according to the HAQ DI. Since both societal costs and QALYs/effects were in favor of the face‐to‐face program, the economic assessment favored this program, regardless of society's willingness to pay. There was a 65–90% chance that the face‐to‐face program had better cost utility and a 60–70% chance of being cost effective.

Conclusion

This economic evaluation from a societal perspective showed that a nonpharmacologic, face‐to‐face treatment program for patients with GOA was likely to be cost effective, relative to a telephone‐based program.
Rapid and Controllable Digital Microfluidic Heating by Surface Acoustic Waves
Authors: Shilton Richie J. , Mattoli Virgilio , Travagliati Marco , Agostini Matteo , Desii Andrea , Beltram Fabio , Cecchini Marco
Published: August 2015

Fast and controllable surface acoustic wave (SAW) driven digital microfluidic temperature changes are demonstrated. Within typical operating conditions, the direct acoustic heating effect is shown to lead to a maximum temperature increase of about 10 °C in microliter water droplets. The importance of decoupling droplets from other on‐chip heating sources is demonstrated. Acoustic‐heating‐driven temperature changes reach a highly stable steady‐state value in ≈3 s, which is an order of magnitude faster than previously published. This rise time can even be reduced to ≈150 ms by suitably tailoring the applied SAW‐power excitation profile. Moreover, this fast heating mechanism can lead to significantly higher temperature changes (over 40 °C) with higher viscosity fluids and can be of much interest for on‐chip control of biological and/or chemical reactions.
Nucleus‐Targeting Gold Nanoclusters for Simultaneous In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging, Gene Delivery, and NIR‐Light Activated Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Vankayala Raviraj , Kuo Chien‐Lin , Nuthalapati Karthik , Chiang Chi‐Shiun , Hwang Kuo Chu
Published: August 2015

The nucleus is one of the most important cellular organelles and molecular anticancer drugs, such as cisplatin and doxorubicin, that target DNA inside the nucleus, are proving to be more effective at killing cancer cells than those targeting at cytoplasm. Nucleus‐targeting nanomaterials are very rare. It is a grand challenge to design highly efficient nucleus‐targeting multifunctional nanomaterials that are able to perform simultaneous bioimaging and therapy for the destruction of cancer cells. Here, unique nucleus‐targeting gold nanoclusters (TAT peptide–Au NCs) are designed to perform simultaneous in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging, gene delivery, and near‐infrared (NIR) light activated photodynamic therapy for effective cancer cell killing. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observations reveal that TAT peptide–Au NCs are distributed throughout the cytoplasm region with a significant fraction entering into the nucleus. The TAT peptide–Au NCs can also act as DNA nanocargoes to achieve very high gene transfection efficiencies (≈81%) in HeLa cells and in zebrafish. Furthermore, TAT peptide–Au NCs are also able to sensitize formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) without the co‐presence of organic photosensitizers for the destruction of cancer cells upon NIR light photoexcitation.
Copper Hydroxyl Nitrate/Graphite Oxide Composite as Superoxidant for the Decomposition/Mineralization of Organophosphate‐Based Chemical Warfare Agent Surrogate
Authors: Arcibar‐Orozco Javier A. , Giannakoudakis Dimitrios A. , Bandosz Teresa J.
Published: August 2015

Dimethyl chlorophosphate (DMCP) is a surrogate of G‐series organophosphate nerve agents. The destruction of DMCP over copper hydroxyl nitrate (CuON) and copper hydroxyl nitrate/graphite oxide composite (CuONGO) is studied. The extent of interactions between DMCP and the adsorbent surface is monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in a total attenuated reflectance mode at several predetermined time exposures. Thermal analysis/mass spectrometry is also used to determine the reactive adsorption process. Here, a gradual replacement of NO3− groups by Cl− and/or CO3− indicating the mineralization of DMCP to form CuCl2 and CuCO3 is shown. Even though more DMCP is reactively adsorbed on CuON, its decomposition is faster on CuONGO. Detected NO2, which is formed as an intermediate, causes the conversion of an unevaporated DMCP liquid to H3PO4, as supported by MS results. This mineralization of DMCP happens via an indirect contact with the catalyst. Thus, CuON and CuONGO are considered as highly powerful media for the decontamination of chlorophosphate‐based nerve agents.