bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Airway Epithelial KIF3A Regulates Th2 Responses to Aeroallergens
Authors: Giridhar Premkumar Vummidi , Bell Sheila M. , Sridharan Anusha , Rajavelu Priya , Kitzmiller Joseph A. , Na Cheng-Lun , Kofron Matthew , Brandt Eric B. , Ericksen Mark , Naren Anjaparavanda P. , Moon Changsuk , Khurana Hershey Gurjit K. , Whitsett Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2016

KIF3A, the gene encoding kinesin family member 3A, is a susceptibility gene locus associated with asthma; however, mechanisms by which KIF3A might influence the pathogenesis of the disorder are unknown. In this study, we deleted the mouse Kif3a gene in airway epithelial cells. Both homozygous and heterozygous Kif3a gene–deleted mice were highly susceptible to aeroallergens from Aspergillus fumigatus and the house dust mite, resulting in an asthma-like pathology characterized by increased goblet cell metaplasia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and Th2-mediated inflammation. Deletion of the Kif3a gene increased the severity of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation and expression of cytokines (Il-4, Il-13, and Il-17a) and chemokine (Ccl11) RNAs following pulmonary exposure to Aspergillus extract. Inhibition of Kif3a disrupted the structure of motile cilia and impaired mucociliary clearance, barrier function, and epithelial repair, demonstrating additional mechanisms by which deficiency of KIF3A in respiratory epithelial cells contributes to pulmonary pathology. Airway epithelial KIF3A suppresses Th2 pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness following aeroallergen exposure, implicating epithelial microtubular functions in the pathogenesis of Th2-mediated lung pathology.
IL-18 and Subcapsular Lymph Node Macrophages are Essential for Enhanced B Cell Responses with TLR4 Agonist Adjuvants
Authors: Desbien Anthony L. , Dubois Cauwelaert Natasha , Reed Steven J. , Bailor Hilton R. , Liang Hong , Carter Darrick , Duthie Malcolm S. , Fox Christopher B. , Reed Steven G. , Orr Mark T.
Published: October 2016

Designing modern vaccine adjuvants depends on understanding the cellular and molecular events that connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The synthetic TLR4 agonist glycopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) formulated in a squalene-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE) augments both cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccine Ags. This adjuvant is currently included in several vaccines undergoing clinical evaluation including those for tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and influenza. Delineation of the mechanisms of adjuvant activity will enable more informative evaluation of clinical trials. Early after injection, GLA-SE induces substantially more Ag-specific B cells, higher serum Ab titers, and greater numbers of T follicular helper (TFH) and Th1 cells than alum, the SE alone, or GLA without SE. GLA-SE augments Ag-specific B cell differentiation into germinal center and memory precursor B cells as well as preplasmablasts that rapidly secrete Abs. CD169+ SIGNR1+ subcapsular medullary macrophages are the primary cells to take up GLA-SE after immunization and are critical for the innate immune responses, including rapid IL-18 production, induced by GLA-SE. Depletion of subcapsular macrophages (SCMф) or abrogation of IL-18 signaling dramatically impairs the Ag-specific B cell and Ab responses augmented by GLA-SE. Depletion of SCMф also drastically reduces the Th1 but not the TFH response. Thus the GLA-SE adjuvant operates through interaction with IL-18–producing SCMф for the rapid induction of B cell expansion and differentiation, Ab secretion, and Th1 responses, whereas augmentation of TFH numbers by GLA-SE is independent of SCMф.
Lin28b Regulates Fetal Regulatory T Cell Differentiation through Modulation of TGF-β Signaling
Authors: Bronevetsky Yelena , Burt Trevor D. , McCune Joseph M.
Published: October 2016

Immune tolerance between the fetus and mother represents an active process by which the developing fetus must not mount immune responses to noninherited Ags on chimeric maternal cells that reside in fetal tissue. This is, in part, mediated by the suppressive influence of CD4+FOXP3+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Fetal secondary lymphoid organs have an increased frequency of Tregs and, as compared with adult T cells, fetal naive CD4+ T cells exhibit a strong predisposition to differentiate into Tregs when stimulated. This effect is mediated by the TCR and TGF-β pathways, and fetal T cells show significantly increased Treg differentiation in response to anti-CD3 and TGF-β stimulation. Naive fetal T cells also exhibit increased signaling through the TGF-β pathway, with these cells demonstrating increased expression of the signaling mediators TGF-βRI, TGF-βRIII, and SMAD2, and higher levels of SMAD2/SMAD3 phosphorylation. Increased fetal Treg differentiation is mediated by the RNA-binding protein Lin28b, which is overexpressed in fetal T cells as compared with adult cells. When Lin28b expression is decreased in naive fetal T cells, they exhibit decreased Treg differentiation that is associated with decreased TGF-β signaling and lowered expression of TGF-βRI, TGF-βRIII, and SMAD2. Lin28b regulates the maturation of let-7 microRNAs, and these TGF-β signaling mediators are let-7 targets. We hypothesize that loss of Lin28b expression in fetal T cells leads to increased mature let-7, which causes decreased expression of TGF-βRI, TGF-βRIII, and SMAD2 proteins. A reduction in TGF-β signaling leads to reduced Treg numbers.
Integrating laboratory networks, surveillance systems and public health institutes in Africa
Authors: Onyebujoh Philip C. , Thirumala Ajay K. , Ndihokubwayo Jean-Bosco
Published: October 2016

The Ebola outbreak in West Africa underlined the urgent need for integration of public health  systems, including the establishment of national laboratory networks, surveillance systems, and health research institutions at all levels of service delivery. The integration schema presented here would assist in driving the immediate steps needed for integration of public health systems, particularly laboratory networks, in support of the implementation of International Health Regulations and the Global Health Security Agenda in the African region. Increased funding, political willingness from countries, and coordination through enhanced technical assistance from international partners, are critical in achieving this objective.
Pre-Ebola virus disease laboratory system and related challenges in Liberia
Authors: Kennedy Stephen B. , Dogba John B. , Wasunna Christine L. , Sahr Philip , Eastman Candace B. , Bolay Fatorma K. , Mason Gloria T. , Kieh Mark W.S.
Published: October 2016

Prior to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Liberia, the laboratory system was duplicativefragmented and minimally coordinated. The National Reference Laboratory was conceptualisedto address the existing challenges by promoting the implementation of effective and sustainablelaboratory services in Liberia. However, in a resource-limited environment such as Liberiaprogress regarding the rebuilding of the health system can be relatively slow, while efforts tosustain the transient gains remain a key challenge for the Ministry of Health. In this paper, wedescribe the pre-Ebola virus disease laboratory system in Liberia and its prevailing efforts toaddress future emerging infectious diseases, as well as current Infectious diseases, all of whichare exacerbated by poverty. We conclude that laboratory and diagnostic services in Liberiahave encountered numerous challenges regarding its efforts to strengthen the healthcaredelivery system. These challenges include limited trained human resource capacity, inadequateinfrastructure, and a lack of coordination. As with most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, whencomparing urban and rural settings, diagnostic and clinical services are generally skewedtoward urban health facilities and private, faith-based health facilities. We recommend thatstructured policy be directed at these challenges for national institutions to develop guidelinesto improve, strengthen and sustain diagnostic and curative laboratory services to effectivelyaddress current infectious diseases and prepare for future emerging and re-emerging infectiousdiseases.
Possible over-wintering of bluetongue virus in Culicoides populations in the Onderstepoort area, Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Steyn Jumari , Venter Gert J. , Labuschagne Karien , Majatladi Daphney , Boikanyo Solomon N.B. , Lourens Carina , Ebersohn Karen , Venter Estelle H.
Published: October 2016

Several studies have demonstrated the ability of certain viruses to overwinter in arthropod vectors. The over-wintering mechanism of bluetongue virus (BTV) is unknown. One hypothesis is over-wintering within adult Culicoides midges (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) that survive mild winters where temperatures seldom drop below 10 °C. The reduced activity of midges and the absence of outbreaks during winter may create the impression that the virus has disappeared from an area. Light traps were used in close association with horses to collect Culicoides midges from July 2010 to September 2011 in the Onderstepoort area, in Gauteng Province, South Africa. More than 500 000 Culicoides midges were collected from 88 collections and sorted to species level, revealing 26 different Culicoides species. Culicoides midges were present throughout the 15 month study. Nine Culicoides species potentially capable of transmitting BTV were present during the winter months. Midges were screened for the presence of BTV ribonucleic acid (RNA) with the aid of a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. In total 91.2% of midge pools tested positive for BTV RNA. PCR results were compared with previous virus isolation results (VI) that demonstrated the presence of viruses in summer and autumn months. The results indicate that BTV-infected Culicoides vectors are present throughout the year in the study area. Viral RNA-positive midges were also found throughout the year with VI positive midge pools only in summer and early autumn. Midges that survive mild winter temperatures could therefore harbour BTV but with a decreased vector capacity. When the population size, biting rate and viral replication decrease, it could stop BTV transmission. Over-wintering of BTV in the Onderstepoort region could therefore result in re-emergence because of increased vector activity rather than reintroduction from outside the region.
Die noodsaak om lyding, pyn, dood en boosheid tot betekenis te bring
Authors: Lamprecht Niekie
Published: October 2016

To make sense of suffering was always part and parcel of being human. Although the inadequacy of theodicies to provide meaningful theoretical frameworks resulted in a focus on practical responses, in this article a case has been made for the necessity to create theoretical meaning frameworks to make sense of suffering. Brain research pointed to the brain�s fundamental need for creating and maintaining meaning frameworks in the development of purposeful responses to suffering.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Brain research and the contextualisation thereof in psychology is challenging the notion that the only adequate response to suffering is a practical response. The brain�s fundamental need for meaningful frameworks is challenging systematic and practical theology to develop theoretical frameworks to guide, motivate and evaluate the adequacy of a practical response.
Identifying Contextual and Emotional Factors to Explore Weight Disparities between Obese Black and White Women
Authors: Keith NiCole R. , Xu Huiping , de Groot Mary , Hemmerlein Kimberly , Clark Daniel O.
Published: October 2016

Background

Obese black women enrolled in weight loss interventions experience 50% less weight reduction than obese white women. This suggests that current weight loss strategies may increase health disparities.

Objective

We evaluated the feasibility of identifying daily contextual factors that may influence obesity.

Methods

In-home interviews with 16 obese (body mass index ≥ 30) black and white urban poor women were performed. For 14 days, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to capture emotion and social interactions every other day, and day reconstruction method surveys were used the following day to reconstruct the context of the prior day's EMA.

Results

Factors included percentage of participants without weight scales (43.8%) or fitness equipment (68.8%) in the home and exposed to food at work (55.6%). The most frequently reported location, activity, and emotion were home (19.4 ± 8.53), working (7.1 ± 8.80), and happy (6.9 ± 10.03), respectively.

Conclusion

Identifying individual contexts may lead to valuable insights about obesogenic behaviors and new interventions to improve weight management.
Anticipated Changes in Pharmacy Practice by 2025: A Survey of Hospital Pharmacy Residents
Authors: Guérin Aurélie , Bussières Jean-François
Published: October 2016

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Bar Code Medication Administration Technology: A Systematic Review of Impact on Patient Safety When Used with Computerized Prescriber Order Entry and Automated Dispensing Devices
Authors: Shah Kieran , Lo Clifford , Babich Michele , Tsao Nicole W , Bansback Nick J
Published: October 2016

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How Should Canadian Pharmacy Departments Utilize Idarucizumab?
Authors: Tangedal Kirsten , Semchuk William , Bolt Jennifer
Published: October 2016

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Effects of the Residues from the Endodontic Sealers on the Longevity of Esthetic Restorations
Authors: Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Kuga Milton C , Diniz Ana CS , Jordão-Basso Keren CF , Tonetto Mateus R
Published: October 2016

How to cite this article

Bandeca MC, Kuga MC, Diniz ACS, Jordão-Basso KCF, Tonetto MR. Effects of the Residues from the Endodontic Sealers on the Longevity of Esthetic Restorations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):615-617.
Failure Rates of Orthodontic Fixed Lingual Retainers bonded with Two Flowable Light-cured Adhesives: A Comparative Prospective Clinical Trial
Authors: Talic Nabeel F
Published: October 2016

Introduction

This comparative prospective randomized clinical trial examined the in vivo failure rates of fixed mandibular and maxillary lingual retainers bonded with two light-cured flowable composites over 6 months.

Materials and methods

Consecutive patients were divided into two groups on a 1:1 basis. Two hundred fixed lingual retainers were included, and their failures were followed for 6 months. One group (n = 50) received retainers bonded with a nano-hybrid composite based on nano-optimized technology (Tetric-N-Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent). Another group (n = 50) received retainers bonded with a low viscosity (LV) composite (Transbond Supreme LV, 3M Unitek).

Results

There was no significant difference between the overall failure rates of mandibular retainers bonded with Transbond (8%) and those bonded with Tetric-N-Flow (18%). However, the odds ratio for failure using Tetric-N-flow was 2.52-fold greater than that of Transbond. The failure rate of maxillary retainers bonded with Transbond was higher (14%), but not significantly different, than that of maxillary retainers bonded with Tetric- N-flow (10%). There was no significant difference in the estimated mean survival times of the maxillary and mandibular retainers bonded with the two composites.

Conclusion

Both types of composites tested in the current study can be used to bond fixed maxillary and mandibular lingual retainers, with low failure rates.

How to cite this article

Talic NF. Failure Rates of Orthodontic Fixed Lingual Retainers bonded with Two Flowable Light-cured Adhesives: A Comparative Prospective Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):630-634.
A Solitary Phlebolith in the Buccal Mucosa: Report of a Rare Entity and Clinicopathologic Correlation
Authors: Nagaraja A , Kumar N Govindraj , Kumar B Jambukeshwar , Naik Raghavendra M , Sangineedi Y Jyoti
Published: October 2016

Pathological conditions can give rise to calcifications within oral mucosa representing either a local or systemic disturbance. Inflammation, trauma, debris acting as nidus and vascular lesions have been attributed as principal causes for occurrence of calcifications within the oral mucosa. Occurrence of multiple calcified thrombi (phleboliths) is considered pathognomonic for hemangiomas and vascular malformations in the oral and maxillofacial region. Isolated occurrence of phlebolith in oral mucosa though very rare, especially without any underlying vascular lesions, can be diagnostically challenging. Either a traumatic association at that site or a hemangioma of childhood that has regressed once the individual became an adult are the possible explanations suggested for the occurrence of these unique solitary phleboliths. Histologically, an “onion-ring”-like concentric lamellar fibrosis around a central core with varying amounts of calcifications and presence of minute vascular channels within or around calcified lamellae is characteristic for phlebolith. There is a high propensity for misdiagnosing solitary phlebolith located in sites like the buccal mucosa where various other pathologic soft-tissue calcifications, such as sialoliths, calcified lymph nodes, traumatic myositis ossificans, etc. can occur and they too appear radiopaque in radiographs. Besides, the absence of any associated underlying vascular lesion adds to the misperception. In such cases, histopathological examination with routine hematoxylin and eosin staining alone may not be sufficient to determine the accurate diagnosis. Allied clinical history and immunohistochemistry can aid to arrive at the final diagnosis. We report such a case of nonvascular lesion-associated solitary phlebolith in the right buccal mucosa of a healthy 49-year-old male patient and discuss its differential diagnosis with emphasis on histological presentation.

How to cite this article

Nagaraja A, Kumar NG, Kumar BJ, Naik RM, Sangineedi YJ. A Solitary Phlebolith in the Buccal Mucosa: Report of a Rare Entity and Clinicopathologic Correlation. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(8):706-710.
Select Isolated Pediatric Closed Head Injuries can be safely managed on a Nonsurgical Service
Authors: Parrish Dan , Rosati Shannon , Singh Malkit , Green Andrew , Haynes Jeffrey
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Annually in the United States, there are an estimated 474,000 traumatic brain injury (TBI) related Emergency Department (ED) visits in children under age 15 years. While their evaluation and management are not standardized, guidelines generally include a neurological examination and head computed tomography (CT) with neurosurgical and/or pediatric surgical consultation, and admission generally based on imaging as well as persistent neurological symptoms. The primary purpose of this study was to review our experience with admitted isolated closed head injuries in children. We evaluated the safety of their management on a nonsurgical service after ED pediatric neurosurgical consultation deemed the injuries nonoperative.

Study design

A retrospective review was conducted of pediatric patients with closed head injuries between 2008 and 2013 (n = 837). Inclusion criteria were isolated closed head injury, discharged within 48 hours of admission, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score greater than 13, and admission to a nonsurgical service. A total 272 patients met the inclusion criteria. These patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not they received a neurosurgical consult.

Results

Of the 272 patients, 221 received a pediatric neurosurgery consult while 51 did not. Those that received a neurosurgical consult had a higher Injury Severity Score (ISS) (7.5 vs 3.6), younger age (4.4 vs 6.9), longer length of stay, higher admission acuity, and were more likely to receive a repeat head CT. There was no difference in GCS score (14.9 vs 15), and the most common discharge symptom was a headache. With admission to nonsurgical services, no complications, readmissions, or missed injuries occurred.

Conclusion

As pediatric neurosurgery is a limited resource, we evaluated the safety of admitting patients deemed nonsurgical to a medical service for management and follow-up of the TBI, as well as the social issues which are often present. The practice resulted in no morbidity or mortality with efficient management of ancillary consult services.

How to cite this article

Parrish D, Rosati S, Singh M, Green A, Haynes J. Select Isolated Pediatric Closed Head Injuries can be safely managed on a Nonsurgical Service. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(2):65-69.
Education on Advanced Disaster Medical Response: Initial Experience in Brazil
Authors: Simões Romeo L , Dorigatti Alcir E , Pereira Bruno M , Briggs Susan M
Published: October 2016

Background

One of the most important mainstays in disaster management is preparedness. In partnership with the International Trauma & Disaster Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and the Panamerican Trauma Society (PTS), the Brazilian Society of Integrated Assistance to the Traumatized (SBAIT) has been promoting, for the last 4 years, education and training through the “Advanced Disaster Medical Response” (ADMR) course for health care providers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the ADMR course on medical staff learning.

Materials and methods

Between 2011 and 2014, 23 ADMR courses (each of 8 hours duration) were conducted in Brazil. Attendees answered a pretest and posttest survey to evaluate their experience in disaster medicine and acquired knowledge during the course. Each test consisted of the same 10 objective questions, resulting in a score of 0 to 10. Attendees had to do both tests in order to qualify for a course certificate.

Results

In 4 years, 1,398 students participated in the courses. Participants were predominantly physicians and medical students of the male gender. Posttest scores were significantly higher than those of the pretests: 9 (±1.22) and 7 (±1.67) respectively, representing an increase of 34.1% in acquired knowledge. Students with prior experience in disaster medical response (p<0.05) or participation in multiple-casualty simulations (p<0.05) or theoretical training (p<0.05) scored better on pretests than those without similar experience. For every kind of prior experience, posttest scores were higher than pretests (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The ADMR course is an effective learning tool for medical personnel and health care providers, increasing knowledge of disaster medical response.

How to cite this article

Simões RL, Dorigatti AE, Pereira BM, Calderan TRA, Briggs SM, Fraga GP. Education on Advanced Disaster Medical Response: Initial Experience in Brazil. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(2):76-82.
Implementation of a Hospital-based Trauma Registry in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: Methodology, Preliminary Results, and Lessons learned
Authors: Mata Lina V , Boeck Marissa A , Blair Kevin J , Foianini J Esteban , Perry Henry B , Haider Adil H
Published: October 2016

Aim

Five million annual global deaths are attributable to injuries. Yet, a lack of reliable data leaves the true magnitude of injuries unknown in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), like Bolivia. Trauma registries provide a means of acquiring these data. We sought to evaluate methodology, preliminary results, and lessons learned during the implementation of a pilot, hospital-based trauma registry at one facility in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.

Materials and methods

Data collection occurred from January to September 2015 at Clínica Foianini, a private, 50-bed, third-level facility in Santa Cruz. A paper trauma registry form based on the Panamerican Trauma Society's (ATS's) essential elements model was utilized. Trained nurses completed forms at a trauma patient's initial hospital presentation. Results were analyzed via descriptive statistics.

Results

The registry produced 91 forms over 8 months. An ICD-10 diagnosis code search of hospital visits showed 2,816 eligible patients, with a registry capture rate of 3.2%. Most were males (59.3%) in their mid-20s with head contusions (19.8%), penetrating/lacerating upper extremity (11.0%) or head (7.7%) wounds, or upper extremity fractures (6.6%). Many forms were missing critical data, with average omissions of 12.5 per form (26.0% of questions) and 23.7 per question (26.0% of subjects). Errors averaged 1.0 per form (2.1% of questions) and 2.0 per question (2.2% of subjects).

Conclusion

Early efforts to implement a paper-based trauma registry at one Bolivian hospital highlight areas for improvement, mainly within education, training, and oversight. Lessons learned will inform long-term objectives to make the registry a standard hospital program across the city, and eventually throughout Bolivia, arming decision-makers with data for targeted trauma initiatives that save lives.

Clinical significance

These results provide insight into trauma registry implementation in LMICs, which serves to further inform the Bolivian program and can be applied to comparable initiatives in similar settings.

How to cite this article

Boeck MA, Blair KJ, Foianini JE, Perry HB, Mata LV, Aboutanos MB, Haider AH, Swaroop M. Implementation of a Hospital-based Trauma Registry in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: Methodology, Preliminary Results, and Lessons learned. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2016;5(2):101-112.
Airborne mercury species at the Råö background monitoring site in
Sweden: distribution of mercury as an effect of long-range transport
Authors: Wängberg Ingvar , Nerentorp Mastromonaco Michelle G. , Munthe John , Gårdfeldt Katarina
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Within the EU-funded project, Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) airborne mercury has been monitored at the background Råö measurement site on the western coast of Sweden from mid-May 2012 to the beginning of July 2013 and from the beginning of February 2014 to the end of May 2015. The following mercury species/fractions were measured: gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate bound mercury (PBM) and gaseous oxidised mercury (GOM) using the Tekran measurement system. The mercury concentrations measured at the Råö site were found to be low in comparison to other, comparable, European measurement sites. A back-trajectory analysis to study the origin of air masses reaching the Råö site was performed. Due to the remote location of the Råö measurement station it receives background air about 60 % of the time. However, elevated mercury concentrations arriving with air masses coming from the south-east are noticeable. GEM and PBM concentrations show a clear annual variation with the highest values occurring during winter, whereas the highest concentrations of GOM were obtained in spring and summer. An evaluation of the diurnal pattern of GOM, with peak concentrations at midday or in the early afternoon, which often is observed at remote places, shows that it is likely to be driven by local meteorology in a similar way to ozone. Evidence that a significant part of the GOM measured at the Råö site has been formed in free tropospheric air is presented.
Overview of mercury dry deposition, litterfall, and throughfall studies
Authors: Wright L. Paige , Zhang Leiming , Marsik Frank J.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The current knowledge concerning mercury dry deposition is reviewed, including dry-deposition algorithms used in chemical transport models (CTMs) and at monitoring sites and related deposition calculations, measurement methods and studies for quantifying dry deposition of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM), and measurement studies of litterfall and throughfall mercury. Measured median GOM plus PBM dry deposition in Asia (10.7 µg m−2 yr−1) is almost double that in North America (6.1 µg m−2 yr−1) due to the higher anthropogenic emissions in Asia. The measured mean GOM plus PBM dry deposition in Asia (22.7 µg m−2 yr−1), however, is less than that in North America (30.8 µg m−2 yr−1). The variations between the median and mean values reflect the influences that single extreme measurements can have on the mean of a data set. Measured median litterfall and throughfall mercury are, respectively, 34.8 and 49.0 µg m−2 yr−1 in Asia, 12.8 and 16.3 µg m−2 yr−1 in Europe, and 11.9 and 7.0 µg m−2 yr−1 in North America. The corresponding measured mean litterfall and throughfall mercury are, respectively, 42.8 and 43.5 µg m−2 yr−1 in Asia, 14.2 and 19.0 µg m−2 yr−1 in Europe, and 12.9 and 9.3 µg m−2 yr−1 in North America. The much higher litterfall mercury than GOM plus PBM dry deposition suggests the important contribution of gaseous elemental mercy (GEM) to mercury dry deposition to vegetated canopies. Over all the regions, including the Amazon, dry deposition, estimated as the sum of litterfall and throughfall minus open-field wet deposition, is more dominant than wet deposition for Hg deposition. Regardless of the measurement or modelling method used, a factor of 2 or larger uncertainties in GOM plus PBM dry deposition need to be kept in mind when using these numbers for mercury impact studies.
A model study of warming-induced phosphorus-oxygen feedbacks in open-ocean oxygen minimum zones on millennial timescales
Authors: Niemeyer Daniela , Kemena Tronje P. , Meissner Katrin J. , Oschlies Andreas
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Observations indicate an expansion of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) over the past 50 years, likely related to ongoing deoxygenation caused by reduced solubility, changes in stratification and circulation, and a potential acceleration of organic matter turnover in a warming climate. Higher temperatures also lead to enhanced weathering on land, which, in turn, increase the phosphorus and alkalinity flux into the ocean. The overall area of ocean sediments that are in direct contact with low oxygen bottom waters also increases with expanding OMZs. This leads to an additional release of phosphorus from ocean sediments and therefore raises the ocean's phosphorus inventory even further. Higher availability in phosphorus enhances biological production, remineralisation and oxygen consumption, and might therefore lead to further expansions of OMZs, representing a positive feedback. A negative feedback arises from the enhanced productivity-induced drawdown of carbon and also increased uptake of CO2 due to increased alkalinity, which, in turn, got there through weathering. This feedback leads to a decrease in atmospheric CO2 and weathering rates. Here we quantify these two competing feedbacks on millennial timescales for a high CO2 emission scenario. Using the UVic Earth System Climate Model of intermediate complexity, our model results suggest that the positive benthic phosphorus release feedback has only a minor impact on the size of OMZs in the next 1000 years, although previous studies assume that the phosphorus release feedback was the main factor for anoxic conditions during Cretaceous period. The increase in the marine phosphorus inventory under assumed business-as-usual global warming conditions originates, on millennial timescales, almost exclusively from the input via terrestrial weathering and causes a 4 to 5-fold expansion of the suboxic water volume in the model.
Collateral transgression of planetary boundaries due to climate engineering by terrestrial carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Heck Vera , Donges Jonathan F. , Lucht Wolfgang
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The planetary boundaries framework provides guidelines for defining thresholds in environmental variables. Their transgression is likely to result in a shift in Earth system functioning away from the relatively stable Holocene state. As the climate system is approaching critical thresholds of atmospheric carbon, several climate engineering methods are discussed, aiming at a reduction of atmospheric carbon concentrations to control the Earth's energy balance. Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) via afforestation or bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage are part of most climate change mitigation scenarios that limit global warming to less than 2 °C. We analyse the co-evolutionary interaction of societal interventions via tCDR and the natural dynamics of the Earth's carbon cycle. Applying a conceptual modelling framework, we analyse how the degree of anticipation of the climate problem and the intensity of tCDR efforts with the aim of staying within a "safe" level of global warming might influence the state of the Earth system with respect to other carbon-related planetary boundaries. Within the scope of our approach, we show that societal management of atmospheric carbon via tCDR can lead to a collateral transgression of the planetary boundary of land system change. Our analysis indicates that the opportunities to remain in a desirable region within carbon-related planetary boundaries only exist for a small range of anticipation levels and depend critically on the underlying emission pathway. While tCDR has the potential to ensure the Earth system's persistence within a carbon-safe operating space under low-emission pathways, it is unlikely to succeed in a business-as-usual scenario.
Folkcomunicação e Estudos de Recepção: O olhar de Roberto Benjamin
Authors: Fernandes Guilherme Moreira , Silva Anderson Lopes da
Published: October 2016

Este trabalho apresenta as contribuições da Folkcomunicação para os Estudos de Recepção. A partir da concepção da “nova abrangência da Folkcomunicação”, concebida pelo professor Roberto Benjamin (2000), utilizamos quatro pontos desta concepção para pensar os estudos de recepção a partir da Folkcomunicação. Assim, acreditamos que a contribuição da Folkcomunicação para os Estudos de Recepção acontece por meio: 1) a recepção na cultura folk, de elementos de sua própria cultura, processada pela mídia folk; 2) a mediação dos canais folk para a recepção da comunicação de massa; 3) a presença de traços da cultura de massa absorvidos pela cultura folk; 4) a recepção na cultura folk de elementos de sua própria cultura reprocessada pela cultura de massa. Acreditamos, desse modo, que pensar na especificidade da Folkcomunicação e seu olhar para os grupos marginalizados e os usos comunicacionais do folclore é um ganho teórico-metodológico para repensarmos os Estudos de Recepção no âmbito da América Latina.
A transformação dos hábitos culinários da comunidade Quilombola da Fazenda Picinguaba (Serra do Mar Paulista)
Authors: Paravati Luís Carlos
Published: October 2016

Estudo sobre os processos comunicativos envoltos na transformação dos hábitos culinários da comunidade quilombola da Fazenda Picinguaba de Ubatuba/SP. O objetivo é entender as origens e as causas que provocaram alterações nos hábitos culinários da comunidade do Quilombo da Fazenda, e quais instrumentos comunicacionais são utilizados para a transmissão dos saberes e fazeres tradicionais da comunidade.
Protection of Investors’ Rights and the Long-Run Performance of Rule 144A Private Equity Offerings
Authors: Ahn Seoungpil , Hong Gwangheon
Published: October 2016

Equity private placement is the newest method of corporate financing strategy. The private equity financing under SEC Rule 144A is exploding and yet not much is known about the motivation behind private equity placement by public firms. Considering that privately placed firms have no bonding benefit, private equity investors would discount their capital by the amount of expected consumption of private benefits. Therefore, the issuers are unable to lower the cost of capital nor increase managerial perquisites. One possible motivation for private placement then is that firms offering the private DR increase their private benefits with the capital raised subsequently. Our approach is new to literature by incorporating both benefit (conceal private information) and cost (informational monopoly) associated with private equity financing.
Distribution, Sorption and Desorption of Tylosin, Chlortetracycline and their Metabolites in Pig Manure
Authors: Singh Ashok K
Published: October 2016

Effects of pH on sorption, desorption and hysteresis of chlortetracycline (CTCs), tylosin (TYL) and their metabolites have been studied in pig manure samples collected from different pig farms. Approximately 36% of the samples analyzed tested positive (concentration > quantitative detection limit) for the antibiotics and metabolite residues. The degree of contamination depended upon the manure’s pH. The acidic TYL-positive manure samples contained TYL-A and TYL-B, while the basic TYL-positive samples contained TYL-A, TYL-ALD and TYL-D.  The CTC-positive manure samples contained mostly CTC, ECTC and ACTC at acidic pH, but mostly CTC, ICTC, EICTC and EACTC at basic pH. For acidic and neutral manure samples, the logKDdes values were greater than the KDs values for TYL-B, TYL-A, TYL-ALD, CTC, ACTC, ECTC and EACTC, indicating sorption-desorption hysteresis. TYL-D, ICTC and EICTC did not exhibit sorption-desorption hysteresis. At acidic and neutral pH, the residues remained solid-bound, but an increase in pH decreased hysteresis, resulting in greater leaching and contamination of the environment. Thus, environmental pH may determine the antibiotics and metabolite leaching in freshwater at or away from the site of production. In addition, analysis of the parent antibiotic residues may not provide an accurate assessment of the environmental health.
Resiliencia, sexismo y violencia de parejas en estudiantes de educación secundaria de la región de Maule, Chile
Authors: Saavedra Eugenio , Cifuentes José
Published: October 2016

El presente trabajo da cuenta de las respuestas obtenidas en 226 estudiantes, hombresy mujeres, de la Séptima Región de Chile (Maule). Las variables a considerar fueron:resiliencia, sexismo y violencia. Para ello se administraron tres instrumentos a lossujetos durante el primer semestre del año 2015. Las escalas utilizadas fueron: Escalade Resiliencia para jóvenes y adultos SV-RES (Saavedra & Villalta, 2008), Escala deDetección de Sexismo en Adolescentes DSA (Recio, Cuadrado & Ramos, 2005) y la Escalade Tácticas de Conflicto Modificada MCTS (Neidig, 1986, en Muñoz y col. 2007). Se aplicóestadística descriptiva y se correlacionó las variables. Entre los principales resultados seobtuvo un nivel de resiliencia cercano al promedio, se describe un perfil marcado por el“exitismo” y el bajo desarrollo en el área afectiva. Por otra parte, se aprecia un nivel bajode sexismo hostil y un sexismo benévolo por sobre el promedio. Referente a los estilos yestrategias de afrontamiento de conflictos, los jóvenes encuestados ocupan mayormentela “argumentación”, sin embargo algunos de ellos resuelven sus conflictos a través deagresiones físicas moderadas y graves.Revista ciencia, cultura y sociedad Vol. 3 No. 1 enero-junio 2016, pp.19-31
Research on Social Security for Migrant Workers in China
Authors: Nan Ri
Published: October 2016

The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis brought disaster to south-eastern Asian countries. It also shocked China’s social security system. In order to build a consummate social security system, China has undergone continual reform and has achieved sound results. This article analyzes the social security for migrant workers in China, points out that there are concept reasons for the lack of labor rights and social security for the current migrant workers.
Impact of College Students’ Romantic Relationship Changes on Reorientation of Mate Selection Criteria
Authors: Zhan Qisheng , Chi Wenjie , Iglesias Kevin Guzman , Yang Xiaoran , Xue Yanling , Wang Han , Zhang Jing , Lu Chuanyun , Li Miao
Published: October 2016

Students may experience two kinds of important romantic relationship changes during their transition from high school to higher education. One is a break-up between previously dating partners, and the other is the establishment of a romantic relationship between students who were single before. These two kinds of experiences also affect orientation of their mate selection criteria. This study takes samples from freshmen with different romantic relationship experiences. The freshmen’s dynamic assessment data towards mate selection criteria are obtained by means of investigative questionnaires related to mate selection criteria. Especially, reorientation to mate selection criteria is investigated after their romantic relationship changes. The results show that romantic relationship changes have a significant influence on assessment to the importance of mate selection criteria such as physiological requirements, morality, personality traits, inclusiveness, complementation, affection. Romantic relationship changes don’t have significant influence on assessment to the importance of physical and social conditions.
Affect of Uncertainty Avoidance on Venture Capital Investing Activities in Asian Countries
Authors: Tran Thi X. A. , Nguyen Thi L. A. , Nguyen Thi H. L.
Published: October 2016

This research aims to use country–level uncertainty avoidance degree to explain the variation of venture capital investing activities across different Asian countries. The analysis of venture capital activity done for 11 Asian countries in period from 2003 to 2012 shows that country-level uncertainty avoidance degree have a significant negative impact on venture capital activity. Specifically, countries with higher degree of uncertainty avoidance degree, has a less developed venture capital market (a smaller-sized market with smaller venture capital deals).
Straw Rope Furniture Design by Macramé Techniques for Housing Decorations
Authors: Soodsang Nirat
Published: October 2016

The purposes of this research were (1) to design at least 5 styles of straw rope furniture by macramé techniques for housing decorations; (2) to evaluate the straw rope furniture prototypes produced by macramé techniques based on the community products standard criteria. Development stages were employed as the research processes; which are development of furniture prototypes (State 1), experiment of innovation (Stage 2), and conclusion of experiments/ report writing (stage 3). The results offered the straw rope furniture prototypes based on macramé techniques for housing decorations on the following criteria. (1) General features should present fineness, beautiful style and shape, proper functional size without any damage (no distortion nor bending, no prominent seam nor burning mark on straw rope). (2) The straw ropes should be strong and durable and be uniformed size. (3) Weaving, intertwining, binding, and knotting should be formed in even spaces and patterns without any overhanging nor projecting rope ends. (4) Assembly should be neatly aligned between each seam without broken seams. (5) Other combined materials should be neat, tightly fastened, durable, and fit in harmony with function and work piece; additionally, metal materials should be stainless. (6) Varnishing should be smooth and even without any damage (no spot, no stain, no brittle, no fracture, no flake, nor peel) and not too thick Evaluation results of the furniture suggested excellent level in every aspect of these criteria.
The Relationship between the Knowledge Heterogeneity and Innovation Performances of the Innovation Teams of College Students
Authors: Yue Dandan , Chen Wanming
Published: October 2016

Based on the questionnaire survey of 102 innovation teams of college students, the relationship among knowledge heterogeneity, knowledge sharing and innovation performances is studied. Empirical results show that explicit knowledge heterogeneity has a direct positive impact on innovation performance; the pseudo tacit knowledge heterogeneity not only has a direct positive impact on innovation performance, but also affects the innovation performance through the mediating effect of knowledge sharing; the true tacit knowledge heterogeneity has negative impact on innovation performance, and knowledge sharing is also an intermediate variable between the two.
Non-Governmental Health Organizations in Palestine from Israeli Occupation to Palestinian Authority
Authors: Abuiyada Reem , Abdulkarim Ra’ed
Published: October 2016

The paper examined the Palestinian Non-Governmental Organisations (PNGOs) from a historical perspective with focus on their roles, the challenges they faced, and their current status after the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) in 1994.It also examined their driving motives, their contributions to the advancement and development of the Palestinian society, and the challenges they faced. The role of health in development is highlighted and an introduction to NGOs in general is offered, with emphasis on their characteristics in comparison to the public and private sectors after the establishment of the PNA in parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBG).It is clear that PNGOs in general and health NGOs in particular played an instrumental role in providing much needed health services, but also in paving the road for the establishment of a Palestinian state. The paper showed that there are three main challenges that faced NGOs, namely, political challenges, financial challenges and the unclear role of the PNA. The first two challenges faced NGOs during the Israeli occupation and continue to do so after the establishment of the PNA. The third challenge became relevant only after the establishment of the PNA in parts of the WBG.
Evaluation and Optimization of Models' Priorities in Redesigning of Urban Parks in Semi-Mountainous Areas
Authors: Baghaie Parham , Leylian Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2016

With the growing trend for semi-natural spaces in urban areas, urban parks and the related social behaviors have been faced with more interest. However, the flaw in the original design, changes in the park field and variation in living standards level of users, causes situation that lead to some inappropriate performance functions of the parks or parks unable to provide optimal quality of these functions. The main objective of this study was to address these failings and to advance the cause, using problem solving method proposed in this social-architectural research. In this context, semi-mountainous areas parks, review as case studies due to the nature of subject and locating in the particular region in the country for evaluation the priority of redesigning principles.To achieve this goal, redesigning in urban parks is defined and after studying worldwide experience and situation analysis, by using a qualitative evaluation in an urban park in Khoram-Abad, Arak and Hamadan, redesigning principles is proposed. The research method was descriptive-analytical and information collecting method have been taken by theoretical studies through library method and field studies including survey of the physical condition of the park and picked up a case study and statistical distribution of questionnaires among 224 presented persons in the park. The statistical analysis was performed on the responses of consumers by analysis program R and the frequency response is obtained. To assess the principles' priority of redesigning in the city's parks, the covariance was used.The results show that the three principles: consideration to the union, linkage and coordination between the initial layout and redesigning plan of parks, optimizing the ecological functions of Park and optimizing social functions of Park through the relevant mechanisms should be in interest and commitment in redesigning parks of semi-mountainous areas.