bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Predict Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Infants after Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury
Authors: Tabacaru Christa , Braimah Adebayo , Kline-Fath Beth , Parikh Nehal , Merhar Stephanie
Published: April 2023

Objective Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard of care for evaluation of brain injury after hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term newborns. This study utilizes diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to (1) identify infants at highest risk of development of cerebral palsy (CP) following HIE and to (2) identify regions of the brain critical to normal fidgety general movements (GMs) at 3 to 4 months of postterm. Absence of these normal, physiological movements is highly predictive of CP.

Study Design Term infants treated with hypothermia for HIE from January 2017 to December 2021 were consented for participation and had brain MRI with DTI after rewarming. The Prechtl's General Movements Assessment was performed at 12 to 16 weeks of age. Structural MRIs were reviewed for abnormalities, and DTI data were processed with the FMRIB Software Library. Infants underwent the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III test at 24 months.

Results Forty-five infant families were consented; three infants died prior to MRI and were excluded, and a fourth infant was excluded due to diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder. Twenty-one infants were excluded due to major movement artifact on diffusion images. Ultimately, 17 infants with normal fidgety GMs were compared with 3 infants with absent fidgety GMs with similar maternal and infant characteristics. Infants with absent fidgety GMs had decreased fractional anisotropy of several important white matter tracts, including the posterior limb of the internal capsule, optic radiations, and corpus callosum (p < 0.05). All three infants with absent fidgety GMs and two with normal GMs went on to be diagnosed with CP.

Conclusion This study identifies white matter tracts of the brain critical to development of normal fidgety GMs in infants at 3 to 4 months of postterm using advanced MRI techniques. These findings identify those at highest risk for CP among infants with moderate/severe HIE prior to hospital discharge.

Key Points
Direct α-Trifluoromethylthiolation of Carboxylic Acids
Enabled by Boron Catalysis
Authors: Huang Chung-Yang Dennis , Shimizu Yohei , Sun Kai , Sawamura Masaya
Published: April 2023

A boron-catalyzed direct α-trifluoromethylthiolation of carboxylic acids was developed. Catalytically generated boron enediolates reacts with electrophilic SCF3 reagent, N-SCF3-phthalimide, to provide α-SCF3 carboxylic acids without the need of substrate pre-activation. The method is applicable to direct modification of bioactive carboxylic acids. Data science analyses provided suitable models for substrate classification as well as yield prediction.
Efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal diverticula
Authors: Wessels Elise M. , Schuitenmaker Jeroen M. , Bastiaansen Barbara A.J. , Fockens Paul , Masclee Gwen M.C. , Bredenoord Albert J.
Published: April 2023

Background and study aims Epiphrenic diverticula are rare and mainly occur in patients with underlying esophageal motility disorders. The current standard treatment is surgical diverticulectomy often combined by myotomy and is associated with significant adverse event (AE) rates. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic myotomy in reducing esophageal symptoms in patients with esophageal diverticula.

Patients and methods We performed a retrospective cohort study including patients with an esophageal diverticulum who underwent POEM between October 2014 and December 2022. After informed consent, data were extracted from medical records and patients completed a survey by telephone. The primary outcome was treatment success, defined as Eckardt score below 4 with a minimal reduction of 2 points.

Results Seventeen patients (mean age 71 years, 41.2 % female) were included. Achalasia was confirmed in 13 patients (13 /17, 76.5 %), Jackhammer esophagus in two patients (2 /17, 11.8 %), diffuse esophageal spasm in one patient (1 /17, 5.9 %) and in one patient no esophageal motility disorder was found (1 /17, 5.9 %). Treatment success was 68.8 % and only one patient (6.3 %) underwent retreatment (pneumatic dilatation). Median Eckardt scores decreased from 7 to 1 after POEM (p < 0.001). Mean size of the diverticula decreased from 3.6 cm to 2.9 cm after POEM (p < 0.001). Clinical admission was one night for all patients. AEs occurred in two patients (11.8 %) which were classified as grade II and IIIa (AGREE classification).

Conclusions POEM is effective and safe to treat patients with esophageal diverticula and an underlying esophageal motility disorder.
Acyclic 2-Ethynylnaphthalene-Modified 8-Aza-3,7-dideaza-2′-deoxyadenosine Allows Thymine Discrimination by Probing the DNA Minor Groove Environment
Authors: Saito Yoshio , Oku Yurino , Kai Misaki , Kobayashi Saika , Katoh Ryuzi
Published: April 2023

Two novel acyclic environment-sensitive fluorescent nucleosides named
ac37zA and
an37zA are synthesized and their photophysical properties are investigated. Both
ac37zA and
an37zA exhibit dual fluorescence emission depending upon molecular coplanarity. Oligodeoxynucleotide probes containing
ac37zA clearly discriminate perfectly matched thymine in target DNA strands by strong charge transfer (CT) emission in the longer wavelength region and by strong quenching of emission from the twisted conformation in the mismatched case.
A Case for Horizontal Distribution of Activities between General Surgery and Surgical Super Specialties
Authors: Minocha Vivek R. , Gupta Sanjay , Gupta Arun
Published: April 2023

Under the current practice in organizing surgical services, proportionate representation of disciplines is provided in the curricular planning and in corresponding clinical functions. This is based on the level of competence expected by the end of training period. The disciplines as a “whole” are placed in general surgery or super specialty. The system of vertical arrangement has some serious concerns. Paradoxically, patients with diseases of simple and routine nature of discipline categorized as super specialty are neglected. Super specialist is unable to attend on account of preoccupation with serious challenging problems. The general surgeon hesitates because of privileging issues, fear of allegations of negligence and litigation. The system of vertical division is based on premise that some disciplines deal with complex procedures and others with only simple and routine nature. This premise is incorrect. Each discipline is a mix of simple and complex cases requiring specialized treatment. Alternate modified organization of surgical service is proposed. Activities of all disciplines are scrutinized according to the level of expected competence by the end of training. Categorization is shifted from the “discipline' to “activities.” Criteria applied for classification of activities are as follows: on completion, the trainee is capable to assume full responsibility-category 1; has gained sufficient experience-category 2; and is conversant with broad understanding of management-category 3. Activities of category 1 from all disciplines are assigned to general surgery and those of category 3 from all disciplines are assigned to respective super specialty. Those in the middle, comprising difficult cases but not requiring specialized training or heavy inputs in equipment, are in category 2. They are assigned to general surgery as additional/optional items, or super specialty, guided by local factors. The scope and practice of general surgery are broadened with a shift from “residual” to “comprehensive” discipline. Advantages, concerns, collateral issues of horizontal distribution of activities, its positive impact on research and education are discussed. It is concluded that the proposed organization of surgical services is a rational, logical, and practical strategy for good-quality surgical care in the society. The super specialists need to be convinced that “taking load off” is good for the specialty.
IVC Filter Retrieval before and after Implementation of IVC Filter Retrieval Alert System (IFRAS): A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Aljaziri Hassan , Salman Refaat , Shaheen Naila A. , Alaftan Mohammad
Published: April 2023

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the IVC filter retrieval alert system (IFRAS) in increasing the inferior vena cava (IVC) filter retrieval rate.

Materials and Methods This study was a case-based retrospective study, for patients who had IVC filter insertion from January 2013 to December 2019 with a sample of 756 patients. The sample was divided into two groups for filter retrieval rate: before the implementation of the tracking system (IFRAS) between 2013 and 2015 with a sample of 321 patients, and after the implementation of the tracking system (IFRAS) between 2016 and 2019 with a sample of 435 patients. This study aimed to compare the IVC filter retrieval rate before and after the implementation of the IFRAS. The tracking system (IFRAS) protocol was applied by a dedicated employee who is actively tracking patients and strictly following them up with a referred physician or interventional radiologist through the interventional radiology clinic.

Results The IVC filter retrieval before the implementation of the tracking system (2013–2015) was 38.3% (123/321), and it became 54.25% (236/435) after the implementation of the tracking system with a p-value less than 0.001. Before implementing the tracking system, patients with no follow-up after IVC filter insertion were 45.17% (145/321), and this decreased to 41.15% (179/435) after implementing the tracking system.

Conclusion The study proved a statistically significant difference in increasing the IVC filter retrieval rate after implementing the IFRAS.
Semantic noise in the Winograd Schema Challenge of pronoun disambiguation
Authors: de Jager S.
Published: April 2023

The Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) of pronoun disambiguation is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) task designed to test to what extent the reading comprehension capabilities of language models (LMs) can be compared to those of human subjects. It is generally assumed across the NLP literature that human subjects are capable of resolving this task because of their acquired commonsense knowledge, thus setting a commonsense benchmark for LMs, one which has even been proposed as an alternative to the Turing test. In the context of complex natural language communications, Shannon and Weaver observed that the act of semantic interpretation is subject tosemantic noise(Shannon and Weaver, 1964 (1949)). Semantic noise is a constraint that ensues from terms exhibiting variable interpretations across contexts, presenting a challenge to the resolution of tasks such as the WSC. However, the main argument of this paper is that rather than seeing semantic noise as a challenge to otherwise unambiguous communication, it can also be understood as a functional quality of natural language, given that it results in the conceptual negotiation of terms. Failing to theoretically attend to this linguistic matter of fact leads to unintended problems in instances where NLP applications are offered as unbiased or objectively applicable solutions. To address this, this article offers a renewed and original analysis of a series of Winograd Schemas, in order to demonstrate how they are not as straightforwardly solvable by human subjects as is commonly claimed across the NLP literature. The methodology employed is that of historical contextualisation in information theory, and qualitative cultural analysis drawing on examples from a wide variety of recent NLP literature.
Ion-driven destabilization of a toroidal electron plasma—A 3D3V PIC simulation
Authors: Khamaru S. , Ganesh R. , Sengupta M.
Published: April 2023

Ion-driven destabilization of a toroidal electron plasma in a small aspect ratio axisymmetric toroidal device is reported for A r + ions of different initial density values using a high fidelity 3D3V PIC solver. Stability of a recently discovered quiescent quasi-steady state (QQS) of a toroidal electron plasma obtained from “seed” solution as a result of entropy extremization at zero inertia is addressed in the presence of a small ion population. An initial value (f0) of the ion fraction (f = n i / n e) and the corresponding secondary electrons are “preloaded” into the system after the electron plasma attains a QQS state. This procedure is regarded as a proxy to the conventional production of ions in the experimental devices via impact ionization. The resulting electron plasma exhibits destabilized “center of charge motion” (m = 1) along with higher order harmonics with dominant power in the second harmonic. Gradual loss of ions (and also electrons) is observed resulting in time varying f values. Beyond a certain value of f0 ( ≥ 0.005), growth in wall probe current is observed, which saturates at later simulation time due to the loss of particles. Trajectories of ion particles indicate ion trapping in the potential well, which is qualitatively similar to the ion resonance instability in pure electron plasmas.
Propagating spin-wave spectroscopy in a liquid-phase epitaxial nanometer-thick YIG film at millikelvin temperatures
Authors: Knauer Sebastian , Davídková Kristýna , Schmoll David , Serha Rostyslav O. , Voronov Andrey , Wang Qi , Verba Roman , Dobrovolskiy Oleksandr V. , Lindner Morris , Reimann Timmy , Dubs Carsten , Urbánek Michal , Chumak Andrii V.
Published: April 2023

Performing propagating spin-wave spectroscopy of thin films at millikelvin temperatures is the next step toward the realization of large-scale integrated magnonic circuits for quantum applications. Here, we demonstrate spin-wave propagation in a 100 nm-thick yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) film at temperatures down to 45 mK, using stripline nanoantennas deposited on YIG surface for electrical excitation and detection. The clear transmission characteristics over the distance of 10 μ m are measured and the extracted spin-wave group velocity and the YIG saturation magnetization agree well with the theoretical values. We show that the gadolinium-gallium-garnet (GGG) substrate influences the spin-wave propagation characteristics only for the applied magnetic fields beyond 75 mT, originating from a GGG magnetization up to 62 kA / m at 45 mK. Our results show that the developed fabrication and measurement methodologies enable the realization of integrated magnonic quantum nanotechnologies at millikelvin temperatures.
Lattice parameters of ScxAl1−xN layers grown on GaN(0001) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Dinh Duc V. , Lähnemann Jonas , Geelhaar Lutz , Brandt Oliver
Published: April 2023

An accurate knowledge of lattice parameters of ScxAl1−xN is essential for understanding the elastic and piezoelectric properties of this compound as well as for the ability to engineer its strain state in heterostructures. Using high-resolution x-ray diffractometry, we determine the lattice parameters of 100-nm-thick undoped ScxAl1−xN layers grown on GaN(0001) templates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The Sc content x of the layers is measured independently by both x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and it ranges from 0 to 0.25. The in-plane lattice parameter of the layers linearly increases with increasing x, while their out-of-plane lattice parameter remains constant. Layers with x≈0.09 are found to be lattice matched to GaN, resulting in a smooth surface and a structural perfection equivalent to that of the GaN underlayer. In addition, a two-dimensional electron gas is induced at the ScxAl1−xN/GaN heterointerface, with the highest sheet electron density and mobility observed for lattice-matched conditions.
Performance of piezoelectric semiconductor bipolar junction transistors and the tuning mechanism by mechanical loadings
Authors: Yang Yizhan , Yang Wanli , Wang Yunbo , Zeng Xiangbin , Hu Yuantai
Published: April 2023

A coupling model is established on piezoelectric semiconductor bipolar junction transistors (PS-BJT) subjected to mechanical loadings by abandoning depletion layer approximation and low injection assumption. Effect of base region on device performance and interaction between emitter/base junction (E/B) and base/collector junction (B/C) are investigated. It is found that too small a base width will cause B/C to extract electrons directly from emitter region, implying that an electron passageway will be excited to link from collector- to emitter-region by striding over base-region (abbreviated as “EP-CE” hereafter). We particularly clarify that the current produced by electrons flowing across EP-CE is independent of electron-hole recombination in E/B, which means that this current has not yet been bestowed on the information of base current. “Information of base current” refers to dispatching information of base current on the electrons in emitter region. Thus, a current from EP-EC cannot be reckoned in the amplification effect of base current. Our investigations show that base width should not be designed too small to avoid EP-CE, which has not been revealed before. As regards to tuning PS-BJT performance by mechanical loadings, we revealed the mechanism as follows: 1) raising electron-hole recombination rate inside E/B to reduce resistivity such that more electrons can be driven from emitter- to base-region; 2) elevating electron conductivity in base-region for easier pass of electrons; 3) promoting attractive ability of B/C on electrons such that more electrons cross the interface. Numerical results show that transmission characteristics can be greatly increased as expected by mechanical tuning.
Cryogenic magnetocaloric effect in R2GeMoO8 (R = Gd and Dy) compounds
Authors: Chen Zuhua , Wang Dunhui , Zhang Chengliang , Zhang Zhengming , Zhang Guochun , Tu Heng , Shen Jun
Published: April 2023

The cryogenic magnetocaloric effect has attracted great attention due to its application in cryogenic refrigeration technology, which is essential for space science and quantum computing. In this study, the magnetocaloric effect of Gd2GeMoO8 (GGMO) and Dy2GeMoO8 (DGMO), which were prepared by simple solid-state reactions, had been investigated. The XRD refinement analysis suggested that GGMO and DGMO crystallize in a tetragonal structure. A large magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) of −41.2 J kg−1 K−1 was observed at 1.8 K for GGMO under a magnetic field (ΔH) of 7 T. A moderate ΔSM of −14.1 J kg−1 K−1 was obtained at 4.5 K under a ΔH of 7 T in DGMO. The refrigeration capacity and relative cooling power reached 257.4 and 337.8 J kg−1 for GGMO and 133.3 and 143.7 J kg−1 for DGMO, respectively, under a ΔH of 0–7 T. Our results suggest that GGMO is a competitive cryogenic magnetic refrigeration material.
Topological aspects of system-bath Hamiltonians and a vector model for multisite systems coupled to local, correlated, or common baths
Authors: Makri Nancy
Published: April 2023

Some topological features of multisite Hamiltonians consisting of harmonic potential surfaces with constant site-to-site couplings are discussed. Even in the absence of Duschinsky rotation, such a Hamiltonian assumes the system-bath form only if severe constraints exist. The simplest case of a common bath that couples to all sites is realized when the potential minima are collinear. The bath reorganization energy increases quadratically with site distance in this case. Another frequently encountered situation involves exciton-vibration coupling in molecular aggregates, where the intramolecular normal modes of the monomers give rise to local harmonic potentials. In this case, the reorganization energy accompanying excitation transfer is independent of site-to-site separation, thus this situation cannot be described by the usual system-bath Hamiltonian. A vector system-bath representation is introduced, which brings the exciton-vibration Hamiltonian in system-bath form. In this, the system vectors specify the locations of the potential minima, which in the case of identical monomers lie on the vertices of a regular polyhedron. By properly choosing the system vectors, it is possible to couple each bath to one or more sites and to specify the desired initial density. With a collinear choice of system vectors, the coupling reverts to the simple form of a common bath. The compact form of the vector system-bath coupling generalizes the dissipative tight-binding model to account for local, correlated, and common baths. The influence functional for the vector system-bath Hamiltonian is obtained in a compact and simple form.
A review of progress of a research program for the endangered northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) in the multi-use landscapes of the Pilbara
Authors: Gibson L. A. , Moore H. A. , Cowan M. A. , Craig M. D. , Nimmo D. G. , Dunlop J. A.
Published: April 2023

Maximising conservation outcomes for threatened species in multi-use landscapes is likely to require a multi-stakeholder, coordinated approach that is tenure blind. Here, we conduct a review of a research program targeting the endangered northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia; an area with a high concentration of mining and pastoral activities. To inform ongoing investment to support northern quoll conservation, we identify future directions that either add value to research already undertaken or are based on the original priorities that have not been addressed. The original program was developed using a collaborative process involving workshops attended by multiple stakeholders to identify research priorities. To date, the program has significantly improved our knowledge of Pilbara northern quolls, particularly in relation to effective survey and monitoring techniques, the influence of habitat quantity, configuration, and composition on occupancy, movement ecology, population dynamics and structure, and the threat posed by introduced predators. The efficacy of artificial refuges that were created to replicate natural denning habitat has also been investigated. Suggested future research directions focus on refining the northern quoll regional monitoring program, understanding how interacting threats such as introduced predators, fire, and herbivore grazing influence northern quoll populations in the Pilbara, and how best to mitigate other threats such as mining associated activities and the impending cane toad invasion.
Awareness and attitudes towards the revised National Cervical Screening Program amongst women in rural New South Wales: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gosbell Elizabeth , Panambalana Alisha , Stephenson Annabelle , Vici Carissa , Dutton Tegan , Bailey Jannine
Published: April 2023

Background Research exploring awareness and attitudes towards the revised National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) amongst rural Australian women is limited. Given the increased incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in rural Australian women, this gap needs attention. This study examined awareness and attitudes of women in rural New South Wales (NSW) towards the revised NCSP. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with women aged 18–74 years currently residing in the Western NSW Primary Health Network region. The anonymous survey was distributed online via social media and email to eligible women. Results In total, 309 rural women participated. The majority were 30–39 years old (35.9%) and had completed tertiary education (73.1%), figures which are higher than average for this rural region. Of these, 51.8% (160/309) were aware there had been a change to the NCSP. This information most commonly came from their healthcare provider (57.5%; 82/160). Three-quarters reported being happy or neutral with the change (76.1%; 235/309). Those who were aware of the revised NCSP were more likely to have a positive attitude toward it (P = 0.02). Fewer participants reported that they were never/unlikely to participate in screening under the revised NCSP (4.8%, 9/309) as compared to the previous program (15.5%, 48/309) after being provided with information about the revised NCSP. Women who reported an abnormal result under the previous NCSP were more likely to be concerned about the revised NCSP (P = 0.037), in particular the starting age of 25 years (P = 0.007) and the 5-yearly screening interval (P = 0.008). Conclusion Awareness and knowledge levels play an important role in attitudes towards the revised NCSP in rural women. Strategies to increase participation rates should therefore target these areas. Healthcare professionals can take a central role in this information sharing process.
Expansion of the sagittal suture induces proliferation of skeletal stem cells and sustains endogenous calvarial bone regeneration
Authors: Aldawood Zahra A. , Mancinelli Luigi , Geng Xuehui , Yeh Shu-Chi A. , Di Carlo Roberta , C. Leite Taiana , Gustafson Jonas , Wilk Katarzyna , Yozgatian Joseph , Garakani Sasan , Bassir Seyed Hossein , Cunningham Michael L. , Lin Charles P. , Intini Giuseppe
Published: April 2023

In newborn humans, and up to approximately 2 y of age, calvarial bone defects can naturally regenerate. This remarkable regeneration potential is also found in newborn mice and is absent in adult mice. Since previous studies showed that the mouse calvarial sutures are reservoirs of calvarial skeletal stem cells (cSSCs), which are the cells responsible for calvarial bone regeneration, here we hypothesized that the regenerative potential of the newborn mouse calvaria is due to a significant amount of cSSCs present in the newborn expanding sutures. Thus, we tested whether such regenerative potential can be reverse engineered in adult mice by artificially inducing an increase of the cSSCs resident within the adult calvarial sutures. First, we analyzed the cellular composition of the calvarial sutures in newborn and in older mice, up to 14-mo-old mice, showing that the sutures of the younger mice are enriched in cSSCs. Then, we demonstrated that a controlled mechanical expansion of the functionally closed sagittal sutures of adult mice induces a significant increase of the cSSCs. Finally, we showed that if a calvarial critical size bone defect is created simultaneously to the mechanical expansion of the sagittal suture, it fully regenerates without the need for additional therapeutic aids. Using a genetic blockade system, we further demonstrate that this endogenous regeneration is mediated by the canonical Wnt signaling. This study shows that controlled mechanical forces can harness the cSSCs and induce calvarial bone regeneration. Similar harnessing strategies may be used to develop novel and more effective bone regeneration autotherapies.
Two-step devitrification of ultrastable glasses
Authors: Herrero Cecilia , Scalliet Camille , Ediger M. D. , Berthier Ludovic
Published: April 2023

The discovery of ultrastable glasses raises novel challenges about glassy systems. Recent experiments studied the macroscopic devitrification of ultrastable glasses into liquids upon heating but lacked microscopic resolution. We use molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the kinetics of this transformation. In the most stable systems, devitrification occurs after a very large time, but the liquid emerges in two steps. At short times, we observe the rare nucleation and slow growth of isolated droplets containing a liquid maintained under pressure by the rigidity of the surrounding glass. At large times, pressure is released after the droplets coalesce into large domains, which accelerates devitrification. This two-step process produces pronounced deviations from the classical Avrami kinetics and explains the emergence of a giant lengthscale characterizing the devitrification of bulk ultrastable glasses. Our study elucidates the nonequilibrium kinetics of glasses following a large temperature jump, which differs from both equilibrium relaxation and aging dynamics, and will guide future experimental studies.
Tumor progression is independent of tumor-associated macrophages in cell lineage–based mouse models of glioblastoma
Authors: Chipman Mollie E. , Wang Zilai , Sun Daochun , Pedraza Alicia M. , Bale Tejus A. , Parada Luis F.
Published: April 2023

Macrophage targeting therapies have had limited clinical success in glioblastoma (GBM). Further understanding the GBM immune microenvironment is critical for refining immunotherapeutic approaches. Here, we use genetically engineered mouse models and orthotopic transplantation-based GBM models with identical driver mutations and unique cells of origin to examine the role of tumor cell lineage in shaping the immune microenvironment and response to tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) depletion therapy. We show that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell lineage-associated GBMs (Type 2) recruit more immune infiltrates and specifically monocyte-derived macrophages than subventricular zone neural stem cell-associated GBMs (Type 1). We then devise a TAM depletion system that offers a uniquely robust and sustained TAM depletion. We find that extensive TAM depletion in these cell lineage–based GBM models affords no survival benefit. Despite the lack of survival benefit of TAM depletion, we show that Type 1 and Type 2 GBMs have unique molecular responses to TAM depletion. In sum, we demonstrate that GBM cell lineage influences TAM ontogeny and abundance and molecular response to TAM depletion.
Cross-language influences in the perception and production of L2 phonetics and phonology in young bilinguals
Authors: Kehoe Margaret M.
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides an overview of findings on cross-language influence in the phonetic and phonological domain in children exposed to two (or more) languages in early childhood. The chapter first summarizes theoretical models which have been used to account for cross-linguistic interaction. It then examines findings on speech perception and production. It reviews the acquisition of phonetic and prosodic contrasts, differentiation of acoustic features such as Voice Onset Time and rhythm, and development of syllable structure and segments. Finally, it addresses important themes in early bilingualism such as quantitative and qualitative aspects of language input, the influence of the lexicon, and differences between simultaneous and early sequential bilinguals.
Cross-language influences in the processing of L2 prosody
Authors: Calhoun Sasha , Warren Paul , Yan Mengzhu
Published: April 2023

Prosodic cues play a key role in speech processing at multiple levels of linguistic structure. Despite this, research on the role of prosodic cues in second language (L2) speech processing, and on how prosody interacts with other linguistic systems, is comparatively underdeveloped. Meanwhile, our understanding of prosodic systems and their typological variation is substantially matured, making this an ideal time to grow such research. We briefly outline key models aiming to explain acquisition and use of prosody by L2 learners. We then explore cross-language influences in the processing of L2 prosody in four areas which have received the most attention to date: word segmentation, syntactic processing, information structure and pragmatics/global features. We end by highlighting key directions for future research.
Cross-language influences in L2 pre-lexical and lexical processing and acquisition
Authors: Piasecki Anna , Dijkstra Ton
Published: April 2023

We review how second language (L2) printed and spoken word recognition is affected by first language (L1) characteristics. First, sublexical word properties in bilingual word recognition are considered, in particular diacritical marks and Capital Letters in a script, script-specific letters, language-sensitive bigrams, and grapheme to phoneme correspondences (GPCs). Next, we focus on cross-language effects for words varying in orthographic neighbourhoods and morphological family size, cognates, and interlingual homographs. For both sublexical and lexical aspects, we examine if language membership information might be used to facilitate processing. Finally, we describe how cross-language similarities and differences play out during second language acquisition. A summary of sublexical and lexical cross-linguistic effects in L2 processing and acquisition concludes the chapter.
Cross-language influences in L2 semantic and conceptual representation and processing
Authors: De Deyne Simon , Brysbaert Marc , Elgort Irina
Published: April 2023

Languages come with a unique set of words to label concepts so that sometimes a word in one language does not have a semantic equivalent in another language. This lack of equivalence is multi-faceted: words in two languages can be defined at different levels of abstraction, have different senses, or have conflicting affective connotations. What factors determine semantic equivalence across languages, and how are they incorporated in current theories of bilingual semantic representation? How do bilinguals navigate conflicting meanings or leverage semantic equivalence between two languages? To address these questions, this chapter will draw on recent proposals that combine multimodal experiential and linguistic representations to capture meaning. The multimodal view provides a framework to review distinct types of semantic equivalence at the feature, word, and language level. Finally, the implications of differentiating different types of semantic equivalence for bilingual studies are discussed.
Cross-language influences on morphological processing in bilinguals
Authors: Kahraman Hasibe , Beyersmann Elisabeth
Published: April 2023

Several decades of reading research in bilinguals have revealed evidence for cross-language influences on the visual recognition of simple words (e.g., farm). However, comparatively little is known about cross-language transfer mechanisms involved when reading morphologically complex words (e.g., farmer or farmhouse). In this chapter, we provide a review of studies examining the processing of affixed and compound words in bilinguals, with a particular focus on studies directly targeting cross-language transfer. The key findings support the idea that bilinguals rapidly and simultaneously activate the morphological features in both of their languages during the early, automatic stages of visual word recognition. Implications for theoretical models of morphological processing in bilinguals and future directions are discussed.
Cross-linguistic influences in bilingual morphosyntactic acquisition
Authors: Chondrogianni Vasiliki (Vicky)
Published: April 2023

The interaction between the bilingual child’s two languages, coined as Cross-linguistic influence (CLI), is a well-reported phenomenon in bilingual language development. Although CLI has long dominated bilingualism research, issues about its nature (a representational change or by-product of language co-activation), timing and duration remain less well understood. Is CLI only observed during early bilingual development, and does it fade away as children grow older? Does it lead to qualitative and quantitative differences in language development between bilinguals and monolinguals? The present chapter addresses these questions by reviewing state-of-the-art studies reporting CLI in simultaneous and sequential bilingual children’s acquisition of morphology and syntax. We also discuss how extra-linguistic factors such as age of acquisition, dominance, input quality and quantity modulate CLI.
La phraséologie dans les interactions orales et écrites
Authors: Dostie Gaétane , Tutin Agnès
Published: April 2023

Ce texte introductif présente le contexte dans lequel s’inscrit la recherche sur la phraséologie des interactions orales. Les dix articles qui composent le volume sont également synthétisés. Ces derniers regroupent des réflexions méthodologiques et des études de cas.
Désambiguïsation et description lexicographique des formules expressives de la conversation
Authors: Grossmann Francis , Krzyżanowska Anna
Published: April 2023

Certaines recherches lexicographiques pionnières telles que celles parues dans le tome IV du Dictionnaire
explicatif combinatoire du français contemporain (Mel’čuk et al. 1999) avaient proposé un traitement
formalisé de quelques unités polylexicales préfabriquées fréquemment mobilisées dans les échanges informels. De la même manière,
les expressions au centre de notre étude sont des formules expressives, utilisées couramment dans la
conversation. L’étude se propose de préciser comment il est possible d’analyser leur polyfonctionnalité, c’est-à-dire la diversité
de leurs fonctions illocutoires et de leurs rôles interactionnels, en précisant le type d’indices (co-occurrents lexicaux,
structures syntaxiques) permettant la désambiguïsation. Les formules ont été sélectionnées à partir d’un critère de fréquence,
dans la base orale ORFEO, avec en complément des exemples issus des réseaux sociaux. Après avoir analysé les problèmes posés par
la désambiguïsation pragmatique, nous proposons, à travers les exemples de bon courage et tu
m’étonnes, une démarche méthodologique reposant sur la notion de cadre pragmatique.
Ce que les phraséologismes nous apprennent sur la parole en contextede soins
Authors: Blasco Mylène , Cappeau Paul
Published: April 2023

Notre contribution s’appuie sur la notion de phraséologisme pour analyser des interactions à l’hôpital. Il s’agit de faire ressortir l’impact des situations d’entretiens et l’importance des rôles sociaux des locuteurs dans un corpus (DECLICS2016) constitué d’échanges verbaux entre un patient et un médecin et entre un patient et un psychanalyste. L’étude de ces situations différenciées permet de repérer certaines spécificités dans les usages des participants.

L’emploi d’expressions à fonction métalinguistique (quand vous dites [ça], ça veut dire) et des « familles » de constructions incluant un modal (je peux (pas) dire) reflèterait d’éventuelles difficultés ou contribuerait au contraire à optimiser les échanges entre le patient et le professionnel de santé.
Phraséologie
Authors: Martin Philippe
Published: April 2023

Les mots, groupes de mots et phrases n’existent que par leur réalisation effective dans la parole, spontanée ou préparée, orale ou silencieuse. Ce processus implique l’intonation, qui détermine la structure prosodique de la phrase, définie comme regroupement en plusieurs niveaux des unités prosodiques minimales que sont les groupes accentuels. Les groupes accentuels sont constitués de groupes de mots terminés par une seule syllabe accentuée non emphatique, en position finale en français. Dans cette optique, les phrases préfabriquées apparaissent comme des séquences syntaxiquement toutes faites ne présentant aucune relation de dépendance syntaxique ou prosodique avec les unités syntaxiques ou prosodiques voisines. Trois exemples tirés du corpus spontané français ORFEO illustrent cette propriété.
The three-dot sign in language contact
Authors: Labrenz Annika , Wiese Heike , Pashkova Tatiana , Allen Shanley
Published: April 2023

In this study, we investigate the three-dot sign as a discourse marker (DM) with textual, subjective and intersubjective discourse functions. As a graphical marker that is used across languages, the three-dot sign is especially suitable for comparative studies and dynamics in language contact. Our corpus study targeting instant messages of different languages (English, German, Greek, Russian, Turkish) and speaker groups (monolinguals and bilingual heritage speakers) suggests that graphical DMs are prone to cross-linguistic influence. This depends on the specific contact situation and does not seem to be a general effect of bilingualism. The societal status of a language might further influence the use of such markers in digital informal writing. Language-specific developments that relate to emerging functions indicate that functional versatility promotes frequent use of (graphical) DMs.
Managing turns, building common ground, planning discourse
Authors: Fedriani Chiara , Molinelli Piera
Published: April 2023

This paper discusses the discursive and interpersonal functions conveyed by the Italian negative operator
no(?) ‘no’, suggesting a possible pathway of functional enrichment that can account for its high degree of
polyfunctionality. Drawing on the KIParla corpus of contemporary spoken Italian, we chart the values of
no(?) as a discourse marker, which are all clearly connected to the incremental co-construction of discourse
in interaction, either in terms of turn management or of shared knowledge and mutual alignment. We then explore its
sociolinguistic distribution, showing that register variation plays a major role in this respect. We argue that conversational
uses of no(?) as a discourse marker, including its role as a pause-filler, are motivated by cooperative needs in
discourse construction, shaping its functional profile at the intersection of mental processes and communicative practices.
L1 and non-L1 perceptions of discourse markers in English
Authors: Buysse Lieven , Blanchard Meaghan
Published: April 2023

Although critical reception of discourse markers (DMs) such as like and
you know has often been noted, surprisingly little research has actually investigated this attitudinal
perspective on usage. Moreover, a recent, rapidly expanding body of research on non-L1 speakers’ use of discourse markers in
English has suggested that their more or less frequent use of specific markers may be due to familiarity with these markers and
positive or negative marker perceptions. The present study presents the results of a survey measuring British English L1 speakers’, English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners’, and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) speakers’ perceptions
of the discourse markers so, like, well and you know and their
reactions to either abundance or lack of DMs. The survey measured speaker attitudes by asking participants to evaluate the usage
of other DMs. We found that L1, EFL, and ELF have varying attitudes about certain markers, and these markers are perceived
differently for traits like politeness and friendliness. Generally speaking, L1 speakers were more positively disposed towards
markers than either of the other groups, who in their turn rated the propositional functions of the markers as more acceptable
than interactional functions.
Linguistic and paralinguistic constraints on the function of(eu) acho queas DM in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Freitag Raquel Meister Ko. , Cardoso Paloma Batista , Tejada Julian
Published: April 2023

LikeI thinkin English,(eu) acho quein Brazilian Portuguese can function as a discourse marker (DM) with more than one meaning, and these meanings are curiously diametrically opposed. Certainty, doubt or uncertainty is inferred by hearers in an interactional context. In a sample of audio-video recorded interviews, the occurrences of this DM were classified by meaning, and association tests between meanings and linguistic factors (pronoun realization, polarity, position in utterance), real-world features (type of evidence from which the speaker says something, and discursive topic), prosody (F0, intensity and duration), and facial expressions were carried out. Differences that distinguish these factors were identified among certainty, doubt and uncertainty uses. The certainty meaning of(eu) acho quewas associated with pronoun presence, more formality and topics in which the speaker had direct evidence. Uncertainty and doubt were associated with pronoun absence, less formality and topics in which the speaker did not have direct evidence. Patterns of intensity and duration acted to distinguish the certainty, doubt and uncertainty meanings of(eu) acho que. In a conditional decision tree, the position in utterance, presence of a pronoun, type of speaker’s evidence, discursive topic, and duration helped to disambiguate the meanings of(eu) acho que. These results suggest the relevance of a multilevel approach to describe DM, in different languages, at least with respect to mental state verbs.
Between placeholder and filler
Authors: Hennecke Inga , Mihatsch Wiltrud
Published: April 2023

French truc and machin (‘thing’) can function as placeholders, fillers or in
general extender constructions. The aim of our paper is to investigate whether the prosodic characteristics of these three
different uses may give a clue as to their respective status. For our analysis, we extracted 112 occurrences of
truc and 57 occurrences of machin from the audio data of the PFC Corpus, which were analysed
using Praat, focusing on the acoustic duration, the individual pitch contour and the integration of machin and
truc into the intonation contour of the utterance. As in previous studies, our results show that the prosodic
patterns vary remarkably and show a highly heterogeneous picture so that the use of prosodic properties as cues for disambiguation
is problematic. However, we are able to show some weak tendencies which point to a close functional link between placeholders and
fillers reflecting their pragmatic functions. There is no evidence for prosodic weakening or even phonetic reduction in
placeholders. Furthermore, we detect some evidence for the detachment typical of pragmatic markers in the case of fillers. The
prosodic characteristics of truc and machin in general extender constructions diverge from both
the placeholder and the filler functions. Their prosody seems to be largely determined by the particular respective construction into which
both forms are strongly integrated.
Self-help and masculinity
Authors: Krendel Alexandra
Published: April 2023

This study investigates the interactional norms of a manosphere discussion forum known as The Red Pill
(TRP), and asks whether it can be conceptualised as a self-help group. 2104 posts and comments from regular users and
high-status users in the community were analysed qualitatively to determine how the community is characterised by certain speech
acts, and how these speech acts correspond to face-enhancement and face-threat as well as to certain impression management
strategies.

Since personal disclosure, advice-giving, and face-enhancement are key characteristics of TRP, it
could be argued that TRP shares some functional characteristics with self-help communities. However, much of the
advice given is unsolicited, a disproportionately high rate of face-enhancement is directed towards high-status users, and speech
acts such as elaborating, and some advice-giving and personal disclosure seem to be used for self-promotion purposes. Furthermore,
the prevalence of unhedged face-threats sets TRP apart from traditional supportive communities.
Multi-Mode Bus Coupling Architecture of Superconducting Quantum Processor
Authors: Zhao Changhao , He Yongcheng , Geng Xiao , He Kaiyong , Dai Genting , Liu Jianshe , Chen Wei
Published: April 2023

Resonators in circuit quantum electrodynamics systems naturally carry multiple modes, which may have non-negligible influence on qubit parameters and device performance. While new theories and techniques are under investigation to deal with the multi-mode effects in circuit quantum electrodynamics systems, researchers have proposed novel engineering designs featuring multi-mode resonators to achieve enhanced functionalities of superconducting quantum processors. Here, we propose multi-mode bus coupling architecture, in which superconducting qubits are coupled to multiple bus resonators to gain larger coupling strength. Applications of multi-mode bus couplers can be helpful for improving iSWAP gate fidelity and gate speed beyond the limit of single-mode scenario. The proposed multi-mode bus coupling architecture is compatible with a scalable variation of the traditional bus coupling architecture. It opens up new possibilities for realization of scalable superconducting quantum computation with circuit quantum electrodynamics systems.