bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting seasonal and spatial distribution of native and invasive Codium seaweed revealed by targeting species‐specific eDNA
Authors: Muha Teja Petra , Skukan Roberta , Borrell Yaisel J. , Rico José M. , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos , Garcia‐Vazquez Eva , Consuegra Sofia
Published: July 2019

Aim

Codium fragile, an invasive seaweed, has spread widely during the last century, impacting on local seaweed communities through competition and disturbance. Early detection of C. fragile can help on its control and management. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has proved successful for early detection of aquatic invasive species but its potential use for seaweed remains understudied. We used a species‐specific eDNA qPCR approach to investigate the spatial distribution, abundance, and coexistence of the invasive C. fragile and three native Codium species (Codium vermilara, Codium tomentosum, and Codium decorticatum) in the Cantabrian Sea.

Location

Bay of Biscay, Northern Atlantic Coast of the Iberian Peninsula; two ports, a beach and a rocky cliff.

Methods

We designed species‐specific primers in barcoding regions targeting short fragments of the rbcL gene for the invasive Codium species, and the elongation factor Tu (tufA) gene for the native species, to assess their spatial and seasonal distributions using quantitative real‐time PCR in samples collected during summer, autumn, and winter.

Results

We found seasonal differences in the presence of the invasive Codium fragile and two of the native Codium species, but did not detect C. decorticatum at any point. Species distribution patterns produced with qPCR targeting species‐specific eDNA coincided with the known distribution based on previous conventional sampling, with a seasonal alternance of C. fragile and C. vermilara, and a marked dominance of invasive C. fragile in ports, which are known hotspots for invasive species.

Main conclusions

Our results demonstrate the utility of using eDNA for early detection and monitoring of invasive seaweed. Native and invasive Codium spp. displayed significant seasonal and spatial differentiation that needs to be taken into account in risk management. Regular monitoring of ports and adjacent areas using eDNA should help to assess the potential expansion of invasive Codium and the need for management interventions to avoid the displacement of native seaweed.
Is there coordination of leaf and fine root traits at local scales? A test in temperate forest swamps
Authors: Hu Yu‐Kun , Pan Xu , Yang Xue‐Jun , Liu Guo‐Fang , Liu Xu‐Yan , Song Yao‐Bin , Zhang Man‐Yin , Cui Li‐Juan , Dong Ming
Published: July 2019

Examining the coordination of leaf and fine root traits not only aids a better understanding of plant ecological strategies from a whole‐plant perspective, but also helps improve the prediction of belowground properties from aboveground traits. The relationships between leaf and fine root traits have been extensively explored at global and regional scales, but remain unclear at local scales. Here, we measured six pairs of analogous leaf and fine root traits related to resource economy and organ size for coexisting dominant and subordinate vascular plants at three successional stages of temperate forest swamps in Lingfeng National Nature Reserve in the Greater Hinggan Mountains, NE China. Leaf and fine root traits related to resource acquisition (e.g., specific leaf area [SLA], leaf N, leaf P, root water content, and root P) decreased with succession. Overall, we found strong linear relationships between leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and root water content, and between leaf and root C, N, and P concentrations, but only weak correlations were observed between leaf area and root diameter, and between SLA and specific root length (SRL). The strong relationships between LDMC and root water content and between leaf and root C, N, and P held at the early and late stages, but disappeared at the middle stage. Besides, C and P of leaves were significantly correlated with those of roots for woody plants, while strong linkages existed between LDMC and root water content and between leaf N and root N for herbaceous species. These results provided evidence for the existence of strong coordination between leaf and root traits at the local scale. Meanwhile, the leaf–root trait relationships could be modulated by successional stage and growth form, indicating the complexity of coordination of aboveground and belowground traits at the local scale.
Estimation of metapopulation colonization rates from disturbance history and occurrence‐pattern data
Authors: Fabritius H. , Singer A. , Pennanen J. , Snäll T.
Published: July 2019

Occurrence patterns of many sessile species in dynamic landscapes are not in equilibrium due to their slow rates of metapopulation colonization and extinction. Colonization–extinction data enable the estimation of colonization rates for such species, but collecting the necessary data may require long waiting times between sampling years. Methods for estimating colonization rates of nonequilibrium metapopulations from single occurrence‐pattern data have so far relied on additional data on patch ages and on past patch connectivities. We present an approach where metapopulation colonization rates are estimated from occurrence‐pattern data and from disturbance history data that inform of past patch dynamics and that can be collected together with occurrence‐pattern data. We estimated parameter values regulating patch and metapopulation dynamics by simulating patch network and metapopulation histories that result in present‐like patch network configurations and metapopulation occurrence patterns. We tested our approach using occurrence‐pattern data of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in Fennoscandian forests, and fire‐scar data that inform of the 400‐yr history of fires and host tree dynamics in the same landscapes. The estimated model parameters were similar to estimates obtained using colonization–extinction data. The projected L. pulmonaria occupancy into the future also agreed with the respective projections that were made using the model estimated from colonization–extinction data. Our approach accelerates the estimation of metapopulation colonization rates for sessile species that are not in metapopulation equilibrium with the current landscape structure.
Allium vegetable consumption and health: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of multiple health outcomes
Authors: Wan Qianyi , Li Ni , Du Liang , Zhao Rui , Yi Mengshi , Xu Qiushi , Zhou Yong
Published: July 2019

Previously, our meta‐analysis and other studies have suggested that allium vegetable consumption is beneficial for health, but no umbrella review has been conducted to assess the evidence of the various health benefits of allium vegetable consumption. Therefore, we conducted this umbrella review on this topic. This umbrella review included a total of 16 meta‐analyses with 50 unique outcomes. The most beneficial cancer‐related outcome was shown for gastric cancer (risk ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.91). In addition, only 8 weeks of garlic consumption significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (weighted mean differences −17.20 mg/dl; 95% CI −23.10 to −11.30), and patients with dyslipidemia who consumed garlic experienced more benefits than the whole population. Diabetic patients with longer durations of garlic intake experienced more benefits in terms of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and serum fructosamine than healthy participants, and garlic intake was associated with blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients but not in normotensive participants. Limited side effects of garlic, such as garlic odor and gastrointestinal complaints, were reported among the included meta‐analyses. Our results suggested that allium vegetables might be beneficial for cancer prevention. In particular, garlic was comparatively safe and is recommended as a long‐term dietary component for patients with dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension.
Myelin degeneration induced by mutant superoxide dismutase 1 accumulation promotes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Kim Suhyun , Chung Ah‐Young , Na Ji E. , Lee Se J. , Jeong Sang H. , Kim Eunmi , Sun Woong , Rhyu Im J. , Park Hae‐Chul
Published: July 2019

Myelin is a specialized membrane that wraps around nerve fibers and is essential for normal axonal conduction in neurons. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin formation. Recent studies have reported pathological abnormalities in oligodendrocytes in human patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a mouse model of ALS expressing the G93A mutation of the human superoxide dismutase 1 (mtSOD1). However, it is unclear whether oligodendrocyte pathology in ALS represents the primary dysfunction induced by mtSOD1 and how mtSOD1 contributes to oligodendrocyte degeneration and ALS pathogenesis. We analyzed GAL4‐VP16‐UAS transgenic zebrafish selectively expressing mtSOD1 in mature oligodendrocytes. We observed that mtSOD1 directly induced oligodendrocyte degeneration by disrupting the myelin sheath and downregulating monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), thereby causing spinal motor neuron degeneration. Pathological changes observed in this transgenic zebrafish were similar to the pathology observed in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, which is characterized by expression of mtSOD1 in all cells. In addition, oligodendrocyte dysfunction induced by mtSOD1 was associated with anxiety‐related behavioral abnormalities, learning impairments, and motor defects in the early symptomatic stage. We also found that treatment with potassium channel inhibitors rescued behavioral abnormalities without rescuing MCT1 expression, suggesting that myelin disruption induces behavioral abnormalities independently of MCT1. These results indicate that mtSOD1‐induced dysfunction of mature oligodendrocytes is sufficient to induce motor neuron degeneration, thus informing future therapeutic strategies targeted at oligodendrocytes in ALS.
Spatial specificity of alpha oscillations in the human visual system
Authors: Popov Tzvetan , Gips Bart , Kastner Sabine , Jensen Ole
Published: July 2019

Alpha oscillations are strongly modulated by spatial attention. To what extent, the generators of cortical alpha oscillations are spatially distributed and have selectivity that can be related to retinotopic organization is a matter of continuous scientific debate. In the present report, neuromagnetic activity was quantified by means of spatial location tuning functions from 30 participants engaged in a visuospatial attention task. A cue presented briefly in one of 16 locations directing covert spatial attention resulted in a robust modulation of posterior alpha oscillations. The distribution of the alpha sources approximated the retinotopic organization of the human visual system known from hemodynamic studies. Better performance in terms of target identification was associated with a more spatially constrained alpha modulation. The present findings demonstrate that the generators of posterior alpha oscillations are retinotopically organized when modulated by spatial attention.
A cadaveric study quantifying the anatomical landmarks of the facial artery and its parapharyngeal branches for safe transoral surgery
Authors: Mohamed Aziza , Paleri Vinidh , George Ajith
Published: July 2019

Background

Hemorrhage remains a major potential risk when performing any form of transoral surgery. This is the first study to focus on the location of the facial artery “bulb” (FaB) and its tonsillar branches within the parapharyngeal space (PPS) from the perspective of the transoral surgeon.

Method

A total of 44 hemi‐sections were dissected via the transoral approach with endoscopic assistance: 26 from fresh‐frozen specimens and 18 formalin‐fixed hemi‐sections. The distance from the superior apex of the FaB to the pterygoid hamulus (PH) was recorded, and the arterial branching variations described.

Results

The average distance from the PH to the FaB was 4.17 ± 0.4 cm. In 90.9% of cases, the two tonsillar artery branches passed between styloglossus muscle (SGM) and stylopharyngeus muscle (SPM).

Conclusion

Understanding the FaB location and its branching patterns offers the surgeon confidence dissecting in the PPS transorally.
Improving adrenaline autoinjector adherence: A psychologically informed training for healthcare professionals
Authors: Mahoney Béré , Walklet Elaine , Bradley Eleanor , O'Hickey Steve
Published: July 2019

Background

Clinicians draw on instructional approaches when training patients with anaphylaxis to use adrenaline autoinjectors, but patient use is poor. Psychological barriers to these behaviours exist but are not considered routinely when training patients to use autoinjectors. Health Psychology principles suggest exploring these factors with patients could improve their autoinjector use.

Objective

To evaluate the impact of a 90‐minute workshop training clinicians in strategies and techniques for exploring and responding to psychological barriers to autoinjector use with patients. Attendees’ knowledge, confidence and likelihood of using the strategies were expected to improve.

Methods

Impact was evaluated using a longitudinal mixed‐method design. Twenty‐nine clinicians (general and specialist nurses, general practitioners, and pharmacists) supporting patients with anaphylaxis in UK hospitals and general practice attended. Self‐rated knowledge, confidence, and likelihood of using the strategies taught were evaluated online 1 week before, 1 to 3, and 6 to 8 weeks after the workshop. Clinicians were invited for telephone interview after attending to explore qualitatively the workshop impact.

Results

χ2 analyses were significant in most cases (P < .05), with sustained (6‐8 weeks) improvements in knowledge, confidence, and likelihood of using the strategies taught. Thematic analysis of interview data showed the workshop enhanced attendees’ knowledge of the care pathway, understanding of patient's experience of anaphylaxis as psychological not purely physical, and altered their communication with this and other patient groups. However, interviewees perceived lack of time and organisational factors as barriers to using the strategies and techniques taught in clinical contexts.

Conclusion

Training clinicians in psychologically informed strategies produce sustained improvements in their confidence and knowledge around patient autoinjector education, and their likelihood of using strategies in clinical practice.

Clinical Relevance

Exploring psychological barriers should be part of training patients with anaphylaxis in autoinjector use.
Biperiden and mepazine effectively inhibit MALT1 activity and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Konczalla Leonie , Perez Daniel R. , Wenzel Nadine , Wolters‐Eisfeld Gerrit , Klemp Clarissa , Lüddeke Johanna , Wolski Annika , Landschulze Dirk , Meier Chris , Buchholz Anika , Yao Dichao , Hofmann Bianca T. , Graß Julia K. , Spriestersbach Sarah L. , Grupp Katharina , Schumacher Udo , Betzel Christian , Kapis Svetlana , Nuguid Theresa , Steinberg Pablo , Püschel Klaus , Sauter Guido , Bockhorn Maximillian , Uzunoglu Faik G. , Izbicki Jakob R. , Güngör Cenap , El Gammal Alexander T.
Published: July 2019

MALT1 is a key mediator of NF‐κB signaling and a main driver of B‐cell lymphomas. Remarkably, MALT1 is expressed in the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) as well, but absent from normal exocrine pancreatic tissue. Following, MALT1 shows off to be a specific target in cancer cells of PDAC without affecting regular pancreatic cells. Therefore, we studied the impact of pharmacological MALT1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer and showed promising effects on tumor progression. Mepazine (Mep), a phenothiazine derivative, is a known potent MALT1 inhibitor. Newly, we described that biperiden (Bip) is a potent MALT1 inhibitor with even less pharmacological side effects. Thus, Bip is a promising drug leading to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. By compromising MALT1 activity, nuclear translocation of c‐Rel is prevented. c‐Rel is critical for NF‐κB‐dependent inhibition of apoptosis. Hence, off‐label use of Bip or Mep represents a promising new therapeutic approach to PDAC treatment. Regularly, the Anticholinergicum Bip is used to treat neurological side effects of Phenothiazines, like extrapyramidal symptoms.
Mimicking the Brain Extracellular Matrix in Vitro: A Review of Current Methodologies and Challenges
Authors: Rauti Rossana , Renous Noa , Maoz Ben M.
Published: July 2019

The brain's extracellular matrix (ECM), a 3‐dimensional macromolecular network that supports cell growth and viability, has crucial roles in homeostasis and disease. Accurate recapitulation of the chemical, structural, and mechanical properties of the ECM in brain cell cultures is essential for the development of translatable in vitro models; however, thus far, this task has proven highly challenging. This review provides an in‐depth discussion of this challenge, including an overview of the properties of the ECM that in vitro models should endeavour to capture, a survey of ECM analogues that are currently used for this purpose, and a discussion of the main hindrances to developing more effective ECM‐like coating materials.
Sitagliptin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human SH‐SY5Y cells by increasing the expression of PGC‐1α/NRF1/TFAM
Authors: Weng Guohu , Zhou Bo , Liu Tao , Huang Zhengxin , Yang Hua
Published: July 2019

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl‐peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In the current study, we report that sitagliptin increased the expression of PGC‐1α, NRF1, and TFAM in human SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells. Notably, our data indicate that sitagliptin promoted mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing the amount of mtDNA, the levels of mitochondria‐related genes such as TOMM20, TOMM40, TIMM9, NDUFS3, ATP5C1, and the expression of oxidative phosphorylation subunits complex I and complex IV. Additionally, we found that sitagliptin induced a “gain of mitochondrial function” in SH‐SY5Y cells by increasing the mitochondrial respiratory rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Significantly, our results demonstrate that sitagliptin activated the transcriptional factor CREB by inducing its phosphorylation at Ser133. Inhibition of CREB using its specific inhibitor H89 abolished the effects of sitagliptin on the expression of PGC‐1α, NRF1, and TFAM, as well as an increase in mtDNA amount and ATP production. These findings suggest that sitagliptin could become a potential agent for the treatment of neurological disorders.
Imaging depth variations in hyperspectral imaging: Development of a method to detect tumor up to the required tumor‐free margin width
Authors: Kho Esther , de Boer Lisanne L. , Post Anouk L. , Van de Vijver Koen K. , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. , Ruers Theo J.M.
Published: July 2019

Hyperspectral imaging is a promising technique for resection margin assessment during cancer surgery. Thereby, only a specific amount of the tissue below the resection surface, the clinically defined margin width, should be assessed. Since the imaging depth of hyperspectral imaging varies with wavelength and tissue composition, this can have consequences for the clinical use of hyperspectral imaging as margin assessment technique. In this study, a method was developed that allows for hyperspectral analysis of resection margins in breast cancer. This method uses the spectral slope of the diffuse reflectance spectrum at wavelength regions where the imaging depth in tumor and healthy tissue is equal. Thereby, tumor can be discriminated from healthy breast tissue while imaging up to a similar depth as the required tumor‐free margin width of 2 mm. Applying this method to hyperspectral images acquired during surgery would allow for robust margin assessment of resected specimens. In this paper, we focused on breast cancer, but the same approach can be applied to develop a method for other types of cancer.
Effect of growth media and phase on Raman spectra and discrimination of mycobacteria
Authors: Hanson Cynthia , Bishop Morgan M. , Barney Jacob T. , Vargis Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

When developing a Raman spectral library to identify bacteria, differences between laboratory and real world conditions must be considered. For example, culturing bacteria in laboratory settings is performed under conditions for ideal bacteria growth. In contrast, culture conditions in the human body may differ and may not support optimized bacterial growth. To address these differences, researchers have studied the effect of conditions such as growth media and phase on Raman spectra. However, the majority of these studies focused on Gram‐positive or Gram‐negative bacteria. This article focuses on the influence of growth media and phase on Raman spectra and discrimination of mycobacteria, an acid‐fast genus. Results showed that spectral differences from growth phase and media can be distinguished by spectral observation and multivariate analysis. Results were comparable to those found for other types of bacteria, such as Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative. In addition, the influence of growth phase and media had a significant impact on machine learning models and their resulting classification accuracy. This study highlights the need for machine learning models and their associated spectral libraries to account for various growth parameters and stages to further the transition of Raman spectral analysis of bacteria from laboratory to clinical settings.
The connected partition lattice of a graph and the reconstruction conjecture
Authors: Thatte Bhalchandra D.
Published: July 2019

Previously we showed that many invariants of a graph can be computed from its abstract induced subgraph poset, which is the isomorphism class of the induced subgraph poset, suitably weighted by subgraph counting numbers. In this paper, we study the abstract bond lattice of a graph, which is the isomorphism class of the lattice of distinct unlabelled connected partitions of a graph, suitably weighted by subgraph counting numbers. We show that these two abstract posets can be constructed from each other except in a few trivial cases. The constructions rely on certain generalisations of a lemma of Kocay in graph reconstruction theory to abstract induced subgraph posets. As a corollary, trees are reconstructible from their abstract bond lattice. We show that the chromatic symmetric function and the symmetric Tutte polynomial of a graph can be computed from its abstract induced subgraph poset. Stanley has asked if every tree is determined up to isomorphism by its chromatic symmetric function. We prove a counting lemma, and indicate future directions for a study of Stanley's question.
Comparative analysis of afferent loop obstruction between laparoscopic and open approach in pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Song Ki Byung , Yoo Daegwang , Hwang Dae Wook , Lee Jae Hoon , Kwon Jaewoo , Hong Sarang , Lee Jong Woo , Youn Woo Young , Hwang Kyungyeon , Kim Song Cheol
Published: July 2019

Background

Afferent loop obstruction (ALO) is a rare mechanical complication of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality.

Methods

Data from patients who underwent PD between May 2007 and July 2017 at a single large‐volume center were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Of the 3,223 patients who underwent PD, 67 developed ALO. More patients in the laparoscopic PD (LPD) group had developed ALO due to internal herniation than did those in the open PD (OPD) group (46.2 vs. 4.7%, P < 0.001). Patients in the LPD group also showed earlier occurrence of ALO (ALO occurrence within 60 days: 76.9 vs. 22.2%, P < 0.001) and more frequent requirement for surgical treatment (76.9 vs. 18.9%, P < 0.001) than did those in the OPD group.

Conclusions

The characteristics of ALO were significantly different between patients who had received LPD and OPD. The most common cause of ALO in the LPD group was internal herniation occurring in the early postoperative period. Internal herniation following LPD may be prevented by routine closure of mesocolic window and should be treated by emergency surgery if it occurs.
Appropriateness of proton pump inhibitor use in patients admitted under the general medical unit
Authors: Yap Meng H. , Yip Gary , Edwards Alex , D'Intini Vincent , Tong Erica
Published: July 2019

Background

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are extensively prescribed internationally and in Australia. However, minimal information is available on the appropriateness of PPI use in the general medical population.

Aim

This study determined the proportion of general medical unit (GMU) inpatients taking a PPI on admission and evaluated the appropriateness of these PPI prescriptions.

Methods

A single‐centre prospective observational study was conducted from 6 June to 11 July 2016. Consecutive patients were screened, and those taking a PPI prior to admission were included, whereas those not taking a PPI formed the control cohort. Appropriateness of PPI use was evaluated by: (1) reviewing for concordance with the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines and National Prescribing Service Guidelines on PPI use in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease; (2) assessment of indication, dose and treatment duration by an expert panel consisting of two general physicians and one senior pharmacist.

Results

Among 440 consecutive GMU patients, 198 (45.0%) were taking a PPI on admission. Of these, 66.2% had an inappropriate indication, dose or treatment duration. The largest category of inappropriate PPI use was excessive treatment duration (43.4%). In terms of comorbid conditions, PPI users had a higher prevalence of osteoporosis and/or history of fracture (42.9% vs 27.2%; p < 0.001) and hypomagnesaemia (10.6% vs 3.4%; p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Inappropriate PPI use is highly prevalent among GMU inpatients. Given the potential for adverse effects, unnecessary health expenditure and pill burden, strategies should be developed to aid clinicians to consistently consider the utility of continuing long‐term PPI prescriptions in each patient's situation.
Expanding the war on waste: recycling cancer drugs
Authors: Gilbar Peter J. , Sung James , Brown Vanessa J. , Kondalsany‐Chennakesavan Srinivas
Published: July 2019

Background

Cancer drug expenditure is enormous and rising rapidly. There is potential for the waste of parenteral cancer drugs, ordered from external compounding companies, if patients are delayed or have treatment discontinued. Unused drugs can be orphaned and potentially reused in the future, for the same or other patients, up to their expiry date.

Aim

This study evaluated the amount and cost of waste that could occur from orphaned cancer drugs having to be discarded, determined the amount and cost of waste that can be prevented by reuse, and identified strategies to prevent waste and optimise recycling.

Methods

A prospective study over 6 months was undertaken to document information on all drugs orphaned. Doses, expiry dates, purchase costs, reasons for orphaning, how drugs were reused and why drugs were discarded were recorded.

Results

Of 3379 drugs purchased, 412 were orphaned (12.2%), with 357 of these recycled (86.7%). The potential cost of orphaned drugs that could have been wasted was A$334,111. Of this, A$303,951 (91%) was saved via recycling, equating to 9.8% of the total expenditure on cancer drug products over 6 months.

Conclusion

This study has important consequences for the health sector, demonstrating that significant cost savings can be realised by recycling cancer drugs. This directly affects the budgets of Australian hospitals using external compounding companies, and reduces claims on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. The study highlights the amount of wastage that can occur, and identifies strategies to prevent and reduce waste.
Linking dissolved organic matter composition and bacterioplankton communities in an Amazon floodplain system
Authors: de Melo Michaela L. , Kothawala Dolly N. , Bertilsson Stefan , Amaral João Henrique , Forsberg Bruce , Sarmento Hugo
Published: July 2019

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the main substrate for aquatic prokaryotes, fuelling their metabolism and controlling community composition. Amazonian rivers transport and process large fluxes of terrestrial DOM, but little is known about the link between DOM composition and heterotrophic bacteria in the Amazon basin. The aims of this study were to characterize DOM composition and investigate the coupling between DOM and bacterial community composition (BCC) during a complete hydrological cycle in an Amazon floodplain system (lake Janauacá). Our study revealed a clear seasonal pattern in DOM composition through the flood pulse, which affected the amounts of autochthonous and allochthonous inputs and consequently the extent of humification, molecular weight, and aromaticity of the DOM. BCC was tightly coupled to DOM fluorescence, which was also driven by differences over the hydrological cycle, with distinct components and operational taxonomic units being simultaneously more abundant and correlating with a specific season. This coupling was particularly well reflected for three of the four identified fluorescence components, two terrestrial humic‐like components (C1 and C3) and an autochthonous component (C4). Despite clear changes in DOM composition, dissolved organic carbon concentrations tended to be relatively stable throughout the year. Overall, our results suggest that BCC shifts were associated with DOM quality but not with its quantity (that remains relatively constant throughout the year), and that bacteria preferably use labile and freshly produced DOM in lake Janauacá.
Evolution of a Radical‐Triggered Polymerizing High Internal Phase Emulsion into an Open‐Cellular Monolith
Authors: Li Chenhui , Jin Ming , Wan Decheng
Published: July 2019

The time and manner by which initially discrete cells in a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) become highly interconnected by windows during/after polymerization (polyHIPE) remain a controversy. Water‐in‐oil HIPE with styrene/divinylbenzene as the oil phase is one of the most widely studied systems. Here, new evidence is presented on the evolution of polyHIPE with the aid of a macrosurfactant and new instruments. The macrosurfactant has a branched polyethylenimine as the hydrophilic head and polystyrene chains as the hydrophobic tail. It can stabilize HIPE within a wide range of dosages and lead to different polyHIPE morphologies, all of which are proven to be of open‐cellular monolith. At a low macrosurfactant dosage, the windows that interconnect the cells are sparse but large and can be effectively detected with a 3D optical microscope (3DOM) and a 2D photothermal infrared (2D PTIR) spectrometer in an open environment. 3DOM detection supports the claim that windows form during HIPE polymerization. Tests involving the extraction of pre‐colored water droplets of the polymerizing HIPE also lend support to the formation of an open‐cellular structure during polymerization. 2D PTIR provides evidence on phase separation on the surface once covered by the macrosurfactant, which favors window development.
3D Printed Composite Scaffolds Incorporating Ruthenium Complex–Loaded Liposomes as a Delivery System to Prevent the Proliferation of MG‐63 Cells
Authors: Ye Lijuan , Wang Jingguang , Liao Cancheng , Li Shuqi , Fang Yuqi , Yang Zhuohong , Hu Yang , Guo Bohong
Published: July 2019

Owing to the propensity of osteosarcoma to recur and metastasize, the administration of a topical treatment to enhance the therapeutic effect of conventional therapy is necessary. To develop a locally released drug delivery system (DDS) to inhibit the growth and recurrence of osteosarcoma, hydrophobically modified silica nanoparticles (m‐SiO2)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) porous scaffolds are fabricated by 3D printing emulsion inks. Ruthenium‐loaded PEGylated liposomes (RL) are then incorporated into the scaffolds to obtain the Ruthenium‐loaded PEGylated liposome scaffold (RLS) composite. The emulsion inks and the density, porosity, morphology, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds are characterized. The results indicate that the composite DDS has a relatively uniform porous structure with good mechanical properties. Drug is released from RLS in a relatively sustained manner over 48 h, which demonstrates the potential of RLS as a drug carrier. In addition, the MG‐63 cell viability and apoptosis rate are evaluated by MTT assays. The cell experiments reveal that RLS triggers mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in MG‐63 cell apoptosis. All the results indicate that RLS provides a promising approach for improving the treatment of osteosarcoma.
Frank–Kasper Phases Identified in PDMS‐b‐PTFEA Copolymers with High Conformational Asymmetry
Authors: Jeon Seungbae , Jun Taesuk , Jo Seongjun , Ahn Hyungju , Lee Seungwoo , Lee Byeongdu , Ryu Du Yeol
Published: July 2019

In the search for the formation of Frank–Kasper phases from diblock copolymer self‐assembly, a series of compositionally asymmetric poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐b‐poly(2,2,2‐triflouroethyl acrylate)s (PDMS‐b‐PTFEAs) are synthesized to produce PDMS‐rich phases with PDMS volume fractions (fPDMS) ranging from 0.746 to 0.869. As determined by small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis, the Frank–Kasper σ and C14 phases are identified at fPDMS = 0.796 and 0.851, respectively, plausibly due to high conformational asymmetry (ε ≈ 2.20) between the two blocks. Intriguingly, the σ phase develops during heating from a short‐range liquid‐like packing (LLP) state, whereas the C14 phase is achieved at room temperature, which are both followed by a disordering at higher temperatures. Based on thermal experiments from a super cooled disordered state, the findings further provide compelling evidence of an LLP‐hexagonally packed cylinder‐σ transition and a direct pathway to the C14 phase during heating from an LLP state.
Probabilistic model for the estimation of the consumer exposure to methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus due to cross‐contamination and recontamination
Authors: Plaza‐Rodríguez Carolina , Kaesbohrer Annemarie , Tenhagen Bernd‐Alois
Published: July 2019

The presence of multidrug‐resistant bacteria like methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail meat is one of the current concerns of the public health authorities. Bacterial cross‐contamination and recontamination during household food preparation could play an important role in the dissemination of such bacteria, and therefore could contribute to a serious health problem, more specifically for immunocompromised people. In order to evaluate the importance of such events, a probabilistic model was developed to estimate the likelihood and extent of cross‐contamination and recontamination and the burden of MRSA from contaminated raw chicken meat via hands and kitchen utensils in a serving (consisting on a slice of bread and a piece of grilled chicken meat) during a household barbecue in Germany. A modular design was used, taking into account the chronological order of the routines during the barbecue event, and Monte Carlo simulations were applied. Available data on the prevalence and burden of MRSA in chicken meat at retail in Germany were used as starting point and were incorporated in the model as probability distributions. The probabilities and extent of bacterial transfer between food items and kitchen utensils (referred to as “Objects”) and the routines performed during food preparation (referred to as “Actions”) specified by their probabilities of occurrence were incorporated as the main input parameters. The model was set up in R 3.5.0 and converted to a standardized format (FSKX file). Therefore, the code can be easily accessed, evaluated, modified, and reused for different purposes. The present study contributes to the quantification of consumer exposure to MRSA through food consumption once contaminated food has entered the household kitchen. Even when the MRSA prevalence and bacterial load in retail chicken meat in Germany are low, resistant bacteria can reach the consumer due to cross‐contamination and recontamination events. The results show that the probability of one CFU to be transferred from the contaminated raw chicken meat to the final serving and the number of MRSA bacteria transferred due to cross‐contamination and recontamination events are in general low, being the contamination of the final serving more likely to occur via bread, rather than via grilled chicken. The results show that the prevalence of MRSA at retail highly influences the probability of the final serving to be contaminated. However, this study also highlights the importance of keeping good hygiene practices during the household food manipulation for reducing the spread of MRSA. The provision of the model in a standardized data format will allow an easy incorporation of the developed model into a complete quantitative microbial risk assessment model that will greatly help to estimate the risk of consumer exposure to MRSA through the consumption of contaminated food.
TSLP and TSLP receptors variants are associated with smoking
Authors: Semlali Abdelhabib , Almutairi Mikhlid , Azzi Arezki , Reddy Parine Narasimha , AlAmri Abdullah , Alsulami Saleh , Meshal Alumri Talal , Saud Alanazi Mohammad , Rouabhia Mahmoud
Published: July 2019

Background

To search for new prevention markers for early detection of the diseases caused by tobacco, we aimed to investigate the polymorphisms in TSLP and TSLPRs associated with cigarette smoking in the Saudi population.

Materials and methods

Samples were collected from 177 smokers and 126 healthy controls. Three TSLP SNPs [rs3806933, rs2289276, and rs10043985], three TSLPR SNPs [rs36133495, rs36177645, and rs36139698], and two IL7R SNPs rs1053496 and rs12516866 were analyzed by genotyping.

Results

Two TSLP SNPs (rs10043985 and rs3806933) and one TSLPR SNP (rs36139698) showed significant correlations with smoking behavior, but not IL7R rs12516866 and rs1053496. rs10043985 showed a clear association with long‐term smoking regardless of daily cigarette consumption. rs2289276 was associated with short‐term smoking but not with daily cigarette consumption. rs3806933 was highly associated with different smoker subgroups. Rs36139698 was highly associated with long‐term smokers who consumed ≥20 cigarettes/day, and the “T” allele was associated only with individuals who smoked ≤20 cigarettes/day. Rs36139698 corresponds to a P195L substitution and produces a TSLPR mutant with a predicted ΔΔG increase of 2.15 kcal/mol and has a more stable structure than the wild‐type variant.

Conclusions

Investigating TSLP and TSLPR polymorphisms is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms underlying tobacco‐induced diseases.
Germline pathogenic variant in PIK3CA leading to symmetrical overgrowth with marked macrocephaly and mild global developmental delay
Authors: Zollino Marcella , Ranieri Carlotta , Grossi Valentina , Leoni Chiara , Lattante Serena , Mazzà Daniela , Simone Cristiano , Resta Nicoletta
Published: July 2019

Background

Activating pathogenic variants in PIK3CA gene usually occur at a mosaic status and underlie a variety of segmental overgrowth phenotypes. Germline variants in PIK3CA have been rarely reported, described in a total of 12 patients with macrocephaly to date. Clinical and prognostic features of these germline variants have not been described in detail yet.

Methods

Targeted deep sequencing by custom panel of the 21 genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was performed in a 13‐year‐old boy with macrocephaly and physical overgrowth. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway analysis was performed in fibroblasts by Western blot. The effects of miransertib (AKT inhibitor) and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) were assessed.

Results

A de novo pathogenic variant (c.1090G>C; p.Gly364Arg) in PIK3CA gene was detected in a non‐mosaic status in peripheral blood cells, buccal smears, and skin fibroblasts. Increased levels of phosphorylated AKT residues were observed in fibroblasts, rescued by miransertib.

Conclusion

Germline variants in PIK3CA are associated to a mild phenotype characterized by overgrowth, severe macrocephaly, mild intellectual disability, and few dysmorphic features. Investigations of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway should be performed in patients with severe macrocephaly and unspecific physical overgrowth. Longitudinal studies to assess prognosis and cancer predisposition are recommended.
Plasma Metabolites Associated with Frequent Red Wine Consumption: A Metabolomics Approach within the PREDIMED Study
Authors: Hernández‐Alonso Pablo , Papandreou Christopher , Bulló Mònica , Ruiz‐Canela Miguel , Dennis Courtney , Deik Amy , Wang Dong D. , Guasch‐Ferré Marta , Yu Edward , Toledo Estefanía , Razquin Cristina , Corella Dolores , Estruch Ramon , Ros Emilio , Fitó Montserrat , Arós Fernando , Fiol Miquel , Serra‐Majem Lluís , Liang Liming , Clish Clary B. , Martínez‐González Miguel A , Hu Frank B , Salas‐Salvadó Jordi
Published: July 2019

Scope

The relationship between red wine (RW) consumption and metabolism is poorly understood. It is aimed to assess the systemic metabolomic profiles in relation to frequent RW consumption as well as the ability of a set of metabolites to discriminate RW consumers.

Methods and results

A cross‐sectional analysis of 1157 participants is carried out. Subjects are divided as non‐RW consumers versus RW consumers (>1 glass per day RW [100 mL per day]). Plasma metabolomics analysis is performed using LC–MS. Associations between 386 identified metabolites and RW consumption are assessed using elastic net regression analysis taking into consideration baseline significant covariates. Ten‐cross‐validation (CV) is performed and receiver operating characteristic curves are constructed in each of the validation datasets based on weighted models. A subset of 13 metabolites is consistently selected and RW consumers versus nonconsumers are discriminated. Based on the multi‐metabolite model weighted with the regression coefficients of metabolites, the area under the curve is 0.83 (95% CI: 0.80–0.86). These metabolites mainly consisted of lipid species, some organic acids, and alkaloids.

Conclusions

A multi‐metabolite model identified in a Mediterranean population appears useful to discriminate between frequent RW consumers and nonconsumers. Further studies are needed to assess the contribution of these metabolites in health and disease.
An adaptive material point method coupled with a phase‐field fracture model for brittle materials
Authors: Cheon Young‐Jo , Kim Hyun‐Gyu
Published: July 2019

In this study, a new adaptive method for crack propagation analysis is developed by using the material point method coupled with a phase‐field fracture model for brittle materials. A background grid of material particles is adaptively refined based on the amount of material damage to resolve the length scale in the phase‐field evolution equation. A division process of the material particles associated with the refined background cells is also performed to increase the resolution of solutions near the crack tip. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is assessed through several numerical examples for crack propagation in brittle materials.
Morality and a Mosbi Market
Authors: Hukula Fiona
Published: July 2019

Markets in Port Moresby like elsewhere in the world provide a space for economic activity and social interaction. This article engages with two moral concerns that arise from the market. Firstly, I present a description of how the ban of the sale of betel nut is being negotiated by vendors and customers alike in the face of threats of violence from enforcement officials such as police. Secondly, I present concerns that arise at the local Village Court, which is also housed at the market. Both activities invoke debate about morality as they raise discussion about citizen and government responsibility, ideas of place and ways of being.
Effect of nucleating agent supported on zeolite via the impregnation on the crystallization ability of isotactic polypropylene and its mechanism
Authors: Li Chao , Tong Chuangchuang , Meng Xin , Xin Zhong , Shi Yaoqi
Published: July 2019

Addition of an α‐nucleating agent is the simple and effective method to increase nucleation efficiency of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). However, severe agglomeration and poor dispersibility of sodium 2,2′‐methylene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tertbutylphenyl) phosphate (NA11) decrease the nucleation efficiency in the iPP, and much more nucleating agent is needed to maintain the nucleating property. As a result, it becomes the key how to decrease the size of NA11 and increase the nucleating property. In this paper, zeolite 4A (Z4A) was firstly supported by NA11 through solution impregnation, and NA11 was dispersed by Z4A depending on the dispersion of zeolite as carrier for the second component. Then, the dispersed NA11 system (NA11‐Z4A) exhibited a superior nucleation behavior during the crystallization of the iPP matrix when it was used with iPP together. The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics indicated that the NA11‐Z4A/iPP system had the best crystallization effect. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that the size of NA11 decreased obviously when it was adsorbed on the surface of Z4A, which leads a better dispersibility of the nucleating agent and thus an accelerated nucleation process in the iPP matrix. In the end, the mechanism for the excellent dispersibility of NA11‐Z4A, which was based on hydrogen bonding between NA11 and Z4A, was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Based on the research work, the solution impregnation strategy can potentially be applied to other systems to inhibit the agglomeration and improve the dispersibility of additives in iPP.
A systematic review on the use of the emotion thermometer in individuals diagnosed with cancer
Authors: Harju Erika , Michel Gisela , Roser Katharina
Published: July 2019

Objective

Physiological and psychological sequelae are frequent after a cancer diagnosis and also on the long term. Screening could help detect psychological distress early and thus enable timely provision of adequate treatment. The emotion thermometer (ET) is a validated screening tool including five dimensions (distress, anxiety, depression, anger, and need‐for‐help). Reviewing the literature, we aimed to describe (a) the validity and (b) the application of the ET.

Methods

Six databases were systematically searched for studies using the ET in individuals diagnosed with cancer. Included studies were critically appraised for methodological quality. ET validity and application were narratively synthesized.

Results

We identified 580 records eligible for title‐abstract screening. Seventeen studies based on 13 different populations were included. Validation studies (5 of 17) concluded that the ET is sensitive to distress detection, delivering prompt and accurate results with no negative impact on clinic visit time. Furthermore, its use is accepted in patients and clinicians. The remaining 12 exploratory studies applied the ET for screening purposes (3 of 12), as outcome measure (6 of 12), or as predictor variable measure (3 of 12). Most studies were conducted in Europe (11 of 17), and 7 of the 12 exploratory studies used the recommended cutoff (greater than or equal to 4). Study populations were mostly female (9 of 13) with a mean age greater than 50 years (12 of 13) at study.

Conclusions

Publications on distress screening with the ET are scarce, especially among young populations. However, research and studies' recommendations support the ET's utility as a valid and feasible tool for distress screening including anxiety and depression and suggest its implementation as part of a structured program for early screening in cancer care.