bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Innovation and Intellectual Property
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This work is an upper-division and master’s-level text covering the economics of innovation and the ways in which it is encouraged or discouraged by intellectual property (IP) protection. The first part of the book covers the basic features of invention, innovation, diffusion, and the various IP instruments; the contribution of these to firm profits and growth; and the policies that governments use to encourage innovative activity. Part II gives more detailed information on IP rights: patents, copyright, trademarks, and the various alternatives to formal IP. Part III covers several IP (mostly patent) topics in greater detail, looking at specific sectors such as software, including artificial intelligence, and pharmaceuticals, as well as the use of IP in developing countries. It also goes into detail on topics of strategic interest to firms: patent litigation, technology standards and patents, the sharing and exchange of patents, and the strategic use of patents in general. The book’s approach is largely verbal and example-driven, but with simple mathematical models that introduce the reader to the more advanced economics literature in this area and equip them to delve further if they so wish. There is a brief mathematical appendix (Appendix A) containing material that may be unfamiliar to the reader as well as appendices containing the many abbreviations used (B) and an introduction to the data now available for studying the economics of innovation (C). The Bibliography section is large and can serve as a useful compendium of the literature in this area.
What Is Innovation?
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the innovation process as analyzed by economists and others. It presents the linear model of innovation with a couple of concrete examples from pharma and software. It then discusses the ways in which there are feedback loops in that model, where technological change downstream feeds back to scientific research. Topics also covered include learning by doing and using as well as various taxonomies of innovation type. The last part of the chapter reviews the characteristics of innovative activity that make the knowledge thus acquired a quasi-public good and suggest that a competitive market may undersupply innovation.
Innovation and Competition in Firms
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the theory and empirics of the relationship between industry market structure and innovation by firms. It begins by describing the R&D landscape with respect to industry and firm size using U.S. data. A few simple models of the relationship between market structure and innovation are presented, focusing on explaining the variation across industries as well as answering the question of which market structure (competitive or monopoly) is better at both the rate and timing of innovation. The empirical evidence on these questions is then briefly reviewed. The chapter concludes with a review of the historical evolution of new industries created by innovation, showing that such industries generally evolve in similar ways from large numbers of entrants to shakeout as the dominant design emerges.
Patents and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on the use of patents in the pharmaceutical sector. It begins by describing the basic characteristics of the industry, and the R&D and drug development process in that industry. It then reviews the role of the patent system in the industry, its effects on drug availability and pricing, and the distinction between patent and regulatory exclusivity of a particular drug. Primary and secondary patents in pharmaceuticals are explained, and the use of secondary patents to extend the scope and length of patent exclusivity is described. Other methods such as patent litigation and collusive agreements that can delay generic entry are also covered.
Honor and Political Imagination
Authors: Rahman Smita A.
Published: November 2024

Honor is often considered to be obsolete, musty, and tethered to a distant past of jousting knights and profound inequality. And yet it endures in the present, and it is its very conceptual slipperiness that allows it to inspire political action, even as it binds and blinds one to the consequences of a rigid attachment to it. Honor persists in the political imagination and generates an almost mythic source of meaning for those who draw inspiration from it for heroic (and often reckless) acts. Honor can inspire one to act with courage and conviction, but at the same time it is profoundly destructive and anesthetizes one to the terrible consequences of its pursuit. This tragic aspect of honor is often smoothed out in contemporary accounts of honor that seek to recover a more anodyne version of it for liberal and democratic politics. This book resists that impulse and argues instead that honor in the political imagination is a much more complex concept. It does so through a close reading of several visual and literary texts in popular culture, including Game of Thrones, Wolf Hall, and the Marvel Cinematic Universe’s Captain America, among others, and puts them in conversation with a range of texts in political theory on the concept of honor itself, including Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hegel, Nietzsche, Appiah, and more. In doing so, it attempts to show that while there may be a place for honor in the political imagination, it remains a contested and complicated one.
Introduction
Authors: Rahman Smita A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework of the book by articulating the conceptual slipperiness of the concept of honor itself and analyzing the contemporary and canonical literature in political theory on honor. It looks at contemporary accounts of honor that highlight its continued relevance to politics in the works of Appiah and Krause. It explores how a seemingly obsolete concept endures today in the form of honor codes, which can serve as sources of moral revolution, and as a liberal virtue, which can inspire heroic action in the face of democratic threats. It also examines Hobbes’s dismissal of honor as damaging to politics and Montesquieu’s account of honor as a defense against tyranny.
Antiblackness in Latinx Communities
Authors: Velasquez Meyleen M.
Published: November 2024

Anti-Black sentiment abounds in Latin America. Racist discourses and colorism are integrated into every area of the Latinx individual’s life and implicit belief system. Historical trauma from colonization and continued anti-immigrant sentiment in the United States can confuse non-Black Latinos into believing that they do not benefit from whiteness. However, it is vital to recognize that one can be part of a historically marginalized group and at the same time contribute to the harm Black communities experience. A lack of critical self-reflection and action is directly related to oppressive systems that harm Black communities. This chapter, “Antiblackness in Latinx Communities: Striving to Become Antiracist,” discusses a historical lens of antiblackness in Latinx communities and explores steps to move into an antiracist way of living.
Interracial Relationships
Authors: Maneese Liana
Published: November 2024

“Interracial Relationships: How Antiblackness Informs Kinship and Therapist Responsibility” focuses on antiblackness, specifically the importance of understanding how the culture of whiteness is inherently anti-Black and upholds anti-Black sentiment in every crevice of life. People are first exposed to this in kinship and it is later reinforced by media and culture. So what does this all mean in relationships? Can people love interracially truly if antiblackness continues to go unaddressed and unchecked in many relationships, intentionally or not? The author proposes that people employ what bell hooks calls a love ethic, or love as the practice of freedom, to reframe love as liberatory, as well as to think about integrating identity development, perceived power or lack thereof, and the role of psychotherapy in this process.
Liberatory Training and Authentic Allyship
Authors: Hurst Rebecca
Published: November 2024

“Liberatory Training and Authentic Allyship” explores the challenges and potentialities for training programs to ethically support and affirm mental health interns in their professional development. Using personal narratives and available research, this chapter discusses the experiences of trainees of color and the challenges that predominantly White training programs have in providing an ethical and liberatory training experience. This chapter interrogates the racialized dynamics embedded in these systems and the impact this has on both developing professionals and the mental health field at large. Importantly, it highlights strategies to assist training programs and clinical supervisors in engaging trainees from a liberatory, antiracist framework. This framework offers the potential for collective growth and empowerment for mental health interns and beyond.
Between Us
Authors: Victoria Ward Janie , Thompson Becky
Published: November 2024

In “Between Us: A Black and White Woman’s Conversation , About Friendship,” two senior faculty members, one Black, one White, reflect on the risks involved in telling the truth in their friendship and how they negotiated racism within their university. Engaging in the revelatory activity of honesty helped them become closer and understand what they are both up against in White-dominated spaces. The silences they broke revealed assumptions they had about each other and allowed them to think in more expansive ways about what trust can look and feel like between Black and White women.
White Fragility
Authors: Le Anh-Thuy H.
Published: November 2024

“White Fragility: A Prominent Barrier to Antiracist Progress” defines and explores the origins and outcomes of White defensiveness pertaining to race-based discussions. This chapter highlights how intertwined White fragility, White privilege, and White innocence are and the ways they are ingrained into American society. It considers how White fragility prevents genuine progress toward antiracism, as it allows White people to opt out of these important discussions and to perpetuate the myth of victimhood. Additionally, it casts Black individuals who raise these concerns in the role of aggressor, playing on negative racial stereotypes and compounding the deleterious effects of racism. Many of these points are illustrated using contemporary examples, demonstrating how timely this discussion is in light of increasingly conservative backlash. The chapter closes with an overview of ways to dismantle White fragility, from both an individual-level and systems-level approach.
Thomas Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Thomas Jefferson’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1801. Jefferson begins by expressing his appreciation for the trust of his fellow-citizens. He mentions the sacred principle “that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.” Jefferson then recognizes the dangers of religious and political intolerance, before emphasizing the strength of a republican government. He also highlights what he deems the essential principles of the United States government. These include “honest friendship with all nations”; “the support of the State governments in all their rights”; “the supremacy of the civil over the military authority”; and freedom of religion and of the press.
James Madison’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents James Madison’s Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1813. Madison begins by explaining that the war against Great Britain in 1812 “was not declared on the part of the United States until it had been long made on them, in reality though not in name.” He maintains that “on the issue of the war are staked our national sovereignty on the high seas and the security of an important class of citizens, whose occupations give the proper value to those of every other class.” He also asserts that “as the war was just in its origin and necessary and noble in its objects, we can reflect with a proud satisfaction that in carrying it on no principle of justice or honor, no usage of civilized nations, no precept of courtesy or humanity, have been infringed.”
The Era of Good Feelings
Authors: Preston Daniel F.
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the First Inaugural Address of James Monroe. Monroe assumed the reins of government during a period of peace and prosperity. The European war that had begun in the early 1790s, persisted until 1815, ensnared the United States, and led to the War of 1812 was finally ended. The American economy, which had been badly shaken by the years of maritime disruption and war, was showing a remarkable recovery, exemplified by the steady stream of revenue from land sales, import tariffs, and excise taxes flowing into the national treasury. As such, Monroe began his remarks by examining the causes of the “present happy condition” of the country. Yet, for all his faith in the American people, he still warned about complacency, particularly about peace. He then advocated for a strong national defense, the expansion of the American economy, and the construction of a network of roads and canals.
John Quincy Adams’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents John Quincy Adams’s inaugural address on March 4, 1825. Adams begins by outlining the principles by which he shall be governed in the fulfillment of his duties. He vows “to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to the people” of the United States. Adams also acknowledges how “subordinate departments have distributed the executive functions in their various relations to foreign affairs, to the revenue and expenditures, and to the military force of the Union by land and sea.” He then reviews the performance of the previous administration, before turning to the issue of public works and the construction of roads.
Andrew Jackson’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Andrew Jackson’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1829. Jackson begins by saying that he “shall keep steadily in view the limitations as well as the extent of the Executive power.” With regard to foreign nations, his approach is “to preserve peace and to cultivate friendship on fair and honorable terms.” Jackson then turns to the management of the public revenue, focusing on “the observance of a strict and faithful economy,” which “will facilitate the extinguishment of the national debt” and “counteract that tendency to public and private profligacy which a profuse expenditure of money by the Government is but too apt to engender.” Finally, Jackson addresses national defense; the “just and liberal policy” for “the Indian tribes”; and “the task of reform, which will require particularly the correction of those abuses that have brought the patronage of the Federal Government into conflict with the freedom of elections.”
William Henry Harrison’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents William Henry Harrison’s Inaugural Address on March 4, 1841. Harrison highlights the defects of the Constitution, starting with the “eligibility of the same individual to a second term of the Presidency.” He pledges “that under no circumstances will I consent to serve a second term.” Harrison then focuses on the veto power of the president, which is “repugnant to the leading democratic principle that the majority should govern.” He argues, “it was certainly a great error in the framers of the Constitution not to have made the officer at the head of the Treasury Department entirely independent of the Executive.” Harrison addresses “the control of the public press”; “the impropriety of Executive interference in the legislation of Congress”; the character of the currency; and the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress in the District of Columbia. He also discusses the management of foreign relations and the issue of political partisanship.
John Tyler’s Address upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents John Tyler’s address upon assuming the office of president of the United States on April 9, 1841. Tyler begins by acknowledging the death of William Henry Harrison. He then outlines the principles that will govern him in his administration of public affairs. With regard to foreign nations, Tyler says, “while I shall sedulously cultivate the relations of peace and amity with one and all, it will be my most imperative duty to see that the honor of the country shall sustain no blemish . . . the condition of our military defenses will become a matter of anxious solicitude.” He highlights the importance of complete separation “between the sword and the purse.” Tyler addresses the president’s right to appoint and remove from office; the maintenance of freedom of opinion and the right of suffrage; the resort to a rigid economy in all public expenditures; and financial measures.
Old Rough and Ready
Authors: Holt Michael F.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the Inaugural Address of Zachary Taylor. The first sentence of Taylor’s address suggests that he considered it a necessary but unwelcome obligation. He was not a politician; he had never sought or held a civilian public office, attended a party meeting, or voted prior to November 1848. Rather he was a career army officer who commanded the American troops in northern Mexico during the first year of the Mexican-American War. The chapter looks at the Allison letters, in which Taylor embraced the fundamental Whig principle that it was Congress’s duty, not the president’s, to set domestic policies regarding tariffs, internal improvements, currency, and the like, and that he would never veto congressional legislation unless it were clearly unconstitutional. The chapter also considers the Wilmot Proviso and the sectional quarrel over slavery expansion that had dominated the election of 1848 and that remained unsettled as of March 1849.
Franklin Pierce’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Franklin Pierce’s Inaugural Address on March 4, 1853. Pierce first declares that “the policy of my Administration will not be controlled by any timid forebodings of evil from expansion.” He highlights that “purposes, therefore, at once just and pacific will be significantly marked in the conduct of our foreign affairs,” and he intends that his Administration “shall leave no blot upon our fair record, and trust I may safely give the assurance that no act within the legitimate scope of my constitutional control will be tolerated on the part of any portion of our citizens which cannot challenge a ready justification before the tribunal of the civilized world.” He also emphasizes the roles of the Army and the Navy in military defense; the observance of rigid economy in all departments; and the proper distribution of power between the state and federal authorities.
Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, which prominently mentioned the presence of God. It considers the partisan opinion about the ongoing civil war, clarifying that the Inaugural Address aims to save the Union without war. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. The address highlights the inevitability of war. It then cites that one-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, localized in the Southern part of the Union, and constitute a peculiar and powerful interest that would cause the war.
The End of Reconstruction
Authors: McLochlin Dustin
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the Inaugural Address of Rutherford B. Hayes. It starts with the controversy surrounding Hayes’s inauguration since he was sworn into the presidency two days early in the White House. Since the Civil War ended, the major political topic of the inauguration speech revolved around Reconstruction. While civil service reform undoubtedly created rifts within the Republican party, his stance on the economy had the potential to create rifts within the Democratic party. The chapter explains Hayes’s belief that it was time for the South to have local self-government, especially now that the nation had passed the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
“Chet Arthur? President of the United States? Good God!”
Authors: Nugent Walter
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses Chester A. Arthur’s address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. It details the death of James A. Garfield, who was shot and ultimately succumbed to blood poisoning. Arthur did not have a formal inauguration or a true inaugural address, and his speech primarily aimed to reassure the people that the road to the future would be smooth. Arthur and his administration did achieve several things, which together formed a more activist federal government, such as the Edmunds Act outlawing polygamy and the Chinese Exclusion Act cutting off migration from China for ten years. Under Arthur’s watch, the United States in 1884 became a signatory to the international treaty establishing standard time.
The Eve of War
Authors: Cooper, Jr. John Milton
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the Second Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson. It notes how the president could fairly point to the consequential, sometimes monumental, domestic legislation that he and his party had enacted during those years, at the risk of bragging. The happy state of affairs of Wilson’s presidency came to an end suddenly when the Germans unleashed their submarines and destroyed his plans to build a new international order. The chapter details Wilson’s policy of arming American merchant ships. Regardless of the time he pondered about the war, Wilson ultimately chose to go to war in an effort to build a more just and peaceful world.
Return to Normalcy
Authors: Robenalt James D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the Inaugural Address of Warren G. Harding. In his inauguration speech, Harding sought to protect America’s sovereignty and any decision to use its power, but he was solicitous of those who believed that the United States had a sacred mission in the world. Harding argues that the United States alone was the guiding example of a representative form of government, and the nation would not shrink from challenges to the international order. The chapter notes that one of the achievements of Harding’s administration was disarmament. It also considers Harding’s plans concerning the World Court, government expenditures, and taxes.
The Great Humanitarian
Authors: Clements Kendrick A.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the Inaugural Address of Herbert Hoover. It explains that the election to the presidency seemed to allow Hoover to press forward his ideas for expansion of the federal role, but Hoover was acutely aware that Calvin Coolidge’s point of view shadowed his ambitions. Hoover devoted the longest section of his speech to a discussion of lawlessness that had grown out of popular opposition to the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The chapter notes the central issue of disregard and disobedience of the law according to Hoover. It mentions the weather as an omen during the inauguration speech, despite his optimism.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Fourth Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Fourth Inaugural Address that was delivered on January 20, 1945. According to Roosevelt, Americans and Allies at the time were passing through a period of supreme test of courage, resolve, wisdom, and essential democracy. Roosevelt implores its citizens to work for a just, honorable, and durable peace after fighting for total victory in war. It mentions the Constitution of 1787, which provided a firm base upon which all manner of men, of all races and colors and creeds, could build a solid structure of democracy. In the address, Roosevelt emphasizes learning to be citizens of the world and members of the human community. According to Roosevelt, the Almighty God has blessed America in many ways and has given its people stout hearts and strong arms with which to strike mighty blows for freedom and truth.
Harry S. Truman’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents the Inaugural Address delivered by Harry S. Truman on January 20, 1949, wherein he asks the encouragement and support of the American people for his position as president. Truman’s inauguration marked the beginning of a new administration that was hoped to be decisive for the United States and for the world. Truman emphasizes the supreme need for men to learn to live together in peace and harmony. According to Truman, the American people must stand firm in the faith which has inspired the American nation from the beginning and must believe that all men have a right to equal justice under law and equal opportunity to share in the common good. It describes the American people’s desire for a world in which all nations and all peoples are free to govern themselves as they see fit and to achieve a decent and satisfying life.
Dwight D. Eisenhower’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Dwight D. Eisenhower’s First Inaugural Address, delivered on January 20, 1953. Eisenhower’s speech starts with a prayer asking the Almighty God that he and his future associates in the executive branch of government may be able to dedicate themselves to the service of the people. After the prayer, Eisenhower addresses the American citizens and reminds them that the country is in a midway point of a century of continuing challenge. The address includes Eisenhower’s declaration that faith defines the full view of life and establishes the gifts of the Creator as man’s inalienable rights, making all men equal in His sight. Eisenhower emphasizes that Americans must know and observe the difference between world leadership and imperialism, between firmness and truculence, and between a thoughtfully calculated goal and spasmodic reaction to the stimulus of emergencies.
The Dawn of the Great Society
Authors: Updegrove Mark K.
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyzes the Inaugural Address of Lyndon B. Johnson, which included his feelings of wanting to carry on for the assassinated President John F. Kennedy. Johnson considered himself the caretaker of both his people and policy and promulgated the Great Society as the hallmark of his term in office. While not on par with the century’s most iconic Inauguration Day oratory, Johnson’s speech reflected his prodigious commitment to deliver social change. The chapter notes the absence of any reference to the War in Vietnam in Johnson’s speech. There was also no allusion to the Cold War or the threat of the spread of communism, which had been the centerpiece of Kennedy’s celebrated “pay any price, bear any burden” rhetoric four years earlier.
Gerald Ford’s Remarks upon Taking the Oath of Office as President
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Gerald Ford’s remarks upon taking the oath of office as president, which was delivered in the shadow of a presidential resignation. Ford opened his speech by saying that what he was about to deliver was not an Inaugural Speech or a Fireside Chat, but “just a little straight talk among friends.” The speech continued along a path designed to exorcise the ghost of Nixon Past by dismissing Watergate. It includes one of the most memorable lines in modern inaugural history, wherein Ford implied to Americans that the long national nightmare is over. Ford delivered the “long national nightmare” line with both conviction and forcefulness as he proclaimed the start of his own administration.
The Great Communicator
Authors: Troy Gil
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the First Inaugural Address of Ronald Reagan, wherein he invited Americans to trust him, their country, and themselves, as one, integrated, red-white-and-blue package. Ronald Reagan used his inauguration and his first hundred days to establish a new national tone. It details how Reagan sought to restore faith in American individualism by targeting “big government.” The chapter highlights Reagan’s words insisting that America is a nation that has a government, and not the other way around. Reagan ended his speech by summoning the best effort and willingness from the American people to believe in the capacity to perform great deeds and to believe that together, with God’s help, they can resolve the problems confronted by the country.
Barack Obama’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Barack Obama’s First Inaugural Address on January 20, 2009, which picked up where “A More Perfect Union” left off. Obama, a mixed-race man who identifies as African American, understands his journey as improbable when he offers that his father less than sixty years ago might not have been served in the local restaurant. It implies that what was improbable became possible, which is a uniquely American story. Obama recounts in his speech the diversity of the American experience, of those who traveled across oceans in search of a new life and those who endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. Obama is the only other president to concede in an inaugural address the peculiar and powerful interest of enslaved Blacks as involuntary arrivals on America’s shores at its founding.
Donald Trump’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents Donald Trump’s Inaugural Address on January 20, 2017, after winning the Electoral College, although he lost the popular vote by 2.8 million ballots. The address reviews the victories of former presidents, congressional leaders, and other long-serving political dignitaries. For Trump, compromise, moderation, and restraint are not ancient virtues, but rather outdated excuses made by a small group in the American nation’s capital. Trump also describes the communities in which his movement thrived as one in a state of permanent decline, such as being trapped in poverty, deprived of knowledge, and robbed of unrealized potential. Trump portrays the crisis of the victims of American carnage as one purposely and deliberately constructed by a ruling class and which disproportionately affects the “righteous public.”
Uniquely American
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas F.
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyzes the Inaugural Address of Donald Trump, who built a personal brand around the idea that, in life and business, there are only winners or losers. It scrutinizes the contemporaneous accounts of Trump’s speech that use a variety of adjectives to describe his message: unprecedented, dismal, nationalist, authoritarian, and populist. The simplistic and unadorned notion of winning defines Trump’s address, emphasizing his public philosophy that the purpose of government is to help those that win and to help them keep winning. Despite the speech’s relative simplicity and brevity, the idea about winning captures much about the state of American politics on the eve of Trump’s inaugural and what the next four years under a Trump administration would bring. It emphasizes Trump’s perception that there are winners and losers in politics and that there is no middle ground.
Breaking Barriers
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George
Published: November 2024

What contributions can LGBT activists make to eliminating the inequalities that drive the HIV epidemic? In Breaking Barriers: Sexual and Gender Minority-led Advocacy to End AIDS in Africa and the Caribbean, the authors tell the story of a transnational partnership among community activists from eight countries to address the entrenched stigma and discrimination that blocks sexual and gender minority people from accessing affirming HIV care. Through their extended case study of Project ACT, the authors demonstrate how activists contributed to social progress within their country environments, despite great obstacles. Documenting the project from its inception through to its untimely demise due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the book highlights the many ups and downs endured by activists and their allies as they tried to promote access to health care in politically and culturally hostile national contexts and with limited financial resources. The authors raise questions about the role of donors and partners from the Global North in supporting progress on the ground in Global South countries. They also consider the appropriate ways of evaluating human rights–focused HIV advocacy in these environments. The book provides its readers guidance on principles of practice for human rights advocacy and for planning, carrying out, and evaluating projects that aspire to create structural change to improve access to affirming HIV care for sexual and gender minority people.
Promise Rises
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George
Published: November 2024

Chapter 5 describes how the Project ACT partners cultivated and prepared their constituents as part of mobilizing them to action. Fostering constituents’ sense of agency and readiness for action are prerequisites to activism for sexual and gender minority people. This required the Project ACT partners to counter the results of lifelong confrontations with prejudice and stigmatization on their constituents, reduce their constituents’ well-placed anxieties about public forms of engagement, enable their constituents’ proficiency in their rights, and overturn their skepticism that change was possible. The partners who took on the challenge of preparing constituents to engage in advocacy did so in varied ways. This chapter focuses on their tactical efforts to reduce internalized stigma and promote confidence in their constituents’ political agency. It illustrates how healing and empowerment guided their approaches.
Pierre Elliott Trudeau and the Re-Imagination of “Canada First,” 1968–1984
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the foreign policy of Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Joe Clark. It includes the publication of Foreign Policy for Canadians and Foreign Minister Mitchell Sharp’s Third Option paper, Canada’s entry into what became the G-7, the launch of the Canadian International Development Agency, refugee policy, UN criticism of Canada’s treatment of Indigenous people, Trudeau’s invocation of the War Measures Act and the 1980 Quebec referendum, Canada’s rescue of US hostages in Iran, and Trudeau’s peace initiative. The cases deal with Trudeau’s reviews of foreign policy, the voyages of the SS Manhattan through the Northwest Passage, Clark’s aborted plan to move the Canadian embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and Trudeau’s National Energy Program. The Beyond the Book case examines the Trudeau government’s decision to recognize the People’s Republic of China.
Justin Trudeau and an Increasingly Dangerous World, 2015–
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the foreign policy of Liberal Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. It covers the government’s declaration that Canada was back on the world stage after a decade of Conservative withdrawal, the acceptance of Syrian refugees, relations with the Obama administration, Canada’s progressive trade agenda, the release of a new Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP), engagement at the UN, relations with the Trump White House, COVID-19, and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The cases deal with the sale of light armoured vehicles to Saudi Arabia, NAFTA negotiations with the United States and Mexico, and China’s illegal detention of Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor. The Beyond the Book case concerns the Canada–US Safe Third Country Agreement.
Our Differences from Our Clients (with Jan Willer and Erin Gandelman)
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the topic of psychotherapist–client differences. The chapter introduces a framework for considering social identity and the concept of cultural humility. Microaggressions are discussed in relation to psychotherapy. The reader is advised on strategies to cope with clinical errors relating to cultural differences. The reader is guided to conceptualize and consider their own social identity. Person-first and identity-first language choices are discussed, as are the uses of the terms client and patient. Specific differences between psychotherapist and client are discussed: age and life experiences, disability status, religious differences, racial/ethnic/cultural differences, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation and gender identity, and national origin.
Boundary Crossings, Boundary Violations, and Multiple Relationships (with Jan Willer and Jeffrey Barnett)
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the concepts of boundary crossings and boundary violations with examples and issues to consider. The reader is given considerations to assist in differentiating these. The risk factors on the part of the psychotherapist that might lead to boundary violations are discussed. Sexual boundary violations are discussed. The chapter discusses that recognizing that sexual or romantic attractions toward clients—when no actions are taken in this regard—is not unethical. Yet, these feelings are complicated and confusing, so the psychotherapist should find a safe space to explore them. Various boundary challenges, such as one degree of separation from the client, multiple relationships, and small communities are discussed.
Making Clinical Observations
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter reviews the process of making and documenting clinical observations of the client. Topics discussed include the client’s appearance, hygiene, behavior, motor activity, eye contact, speech and thought processes, affect, mood, judgment, andinsight. Three case studies are discussed throughout the chapter to illustrate these observations. The clinician’s observations are a valuable tool in developing diagnostic hypotheses, as discussed throughout the chapter. Select clients should be checked for orientation as to self, place and date. Sometimes, psychotherapists wonder if a client is malingering. This diagnosis should be left to specially trained psychologists, but the psychotherapist can document clinically useful observations nonetheless.
Introduction
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

The Introduction describes themes readers will encounter throughout the book: All humans are musical. Music is important. There are many ways to be musical. Being aware of their own assumptions or biases may help people understand family music-making in new ways. These four themes form the organization for the four parts of the book. Thinking about how they weave music into daily life is important because this can help people understand how music is working for their family life. Families are encouraged to consider the purposes of music in family life, which may be musical or extramusical or blended. Readers are also reminded that they are probably already doing more than they realize, a process known as intuitive parenting.
Music Listening Together
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

There are many ways to be musical, and listening to music is an important one of those ways. In my research with families, I found that music listening was in some cases the most well-developed and extensive musicking activity in which the family engaged, often across multiple generations. Recognizing this helped the families to see they were incorporating music in their family’s life through listening. Joint music listening holds important benefits, so it is important for family members to create opportunities to listen together, not just with their own headphones. Talking to grandparents or elders about the music they listen to is an opportunity for relational musicking.
Connecting with Your Infant through Music (Birth to 12 Months)
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

A baby’s first 12 months are a time of unparalleled growth and development in every domain. This is a time of great growth for the parent or caregiver as well. Infants have remarkable music perception and response abilities, far beyond what many people would guess. Music is a vital part of an infant’s life both for the musical learning as well as other benefits. Back-and-forth musical exchanges, as informal as cooing, build connections between caregivers and babies, as well as facilitating early verbal experience and development. Readers are encouraged to use music as a tool during any part of their day and night with your infant. Music can help calm the parent or caregiver as well as the baby.
Uncovering Musical Interests with Early Elementary Age Children (Ages 5 to 9 Years)
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

This chapter considers the musical world of early elementary aged students, approximately 5–9 years old, or kindergarten through third grade. While some children may start taking private music lessons during this time period, musical play and informal musicking continues to be important for all children. There are many ways for children to connect relationally with themselves, their family, friends, the world, and the divine through music. Families can incorporate musical exploration through making instruments, creating soundscapes, and exploring instrument exhibits at museums. Music is an excellent tool to help children with other areas of learning and personal growth.
How to Help Your Child Choose an Instrument or Voice Part
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

Choosing an instrument or voice part to study informally or formally is an exciting decision. Music education research offers some helpful information when it comes to choosing instruments. Family members can support their child’s instrument selection process by introducing children to instruments in recordings or at live events and tracking children’s responses and preferences. For some families, choosing an instrument or voice part coincides with deciding to be part of a middle school or high school music program. Participating in school music, as well as extracurricular music opportunities and informal musicking, can carry big benefits for our children. It is important that these opportunities are accessible to all children in our communities. Family members can work with music educators and administrators to increase equity in music programs.
The Narrow Ontic Counterfactual Account
Authors: Povich Mark
Published: November 2024

This chapter defends an ontic account of distinctively mathematical explanation (DME) that satisfies the three desiderata presented in Chapter 2. The account, called the Narrow Ontic Counterfactual Account (NOCA), is seemingly platonistic in that it appeals to abstract mathematical objects and the instantiation relation to account for explanatory asymmetry and ground the relevant countermathematicals (i.e., counterfactuals with mathematically impossible antecedents). By placing DMEs within a counterfactual account of scientific explanation, NOCA provides a unification of the causal and the non-causal, the ontic and the modal, by identifying a common core that all explanations share and in virtue of which they are explanatory. NOCA thus falls under the generalized ontic conception.
Normativism and Its Rivals
Authors: Povich Mark
Published: November 2024

This chapter compares normativism to three similar views in the philosophy of mathematics: conventionalism, fictionalism, and neo-Fregeanism. Although Warren’s conventionalism is the closest to normativism, the chapter notes some important points of disagreement regarding the nature of explanation, the (non)conventionality of metamathematics, and how we follow the ω-rule. Field has recently argued that conventionalism is equivalent to fictionalism. The chapter raises several objections to this idea. Then it discusses Plebani’s take on a recent debate between Contessa) and Thomasson, and it offers a Carnapian way forward. Part of that debate is mirrored in a debate between Linnebo and Rayo, and the chapter offers a Carnapian way forward there too.
Telling Blackness Through Liberia
Authors: Smalls Krystal A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 “Telling Blackness Through Liberia” lays the theoretical foundation, and clears the disciplinary space, for studying Blackness and Black Diaspora through young Liberians and their peers. In particular, it takes up diaspora theory from several Black scholars from Africa, North America, the Caribbean, and Europe to spatially, temporally, and conceptually situate Liberia in a breathing Black Diaspora. This formulation of Diaspora seriously considers the political and economic dimensions of racialization on a global scale and allows us to map connections between racializing structural processes and racial identification processes across spacetimes. To that end, the chapter grapples with varied meanings of Blackness about and for people from different parts of the world. And, accompanied by a brief overview of African migration that centers movement between Liberia’s capital city and the United States’ “City of Brotherly Love,” it offers a condensed critical geography of Monrovia and Philadelphia, as storied places in Black Diaspora.
Intrusive Impartiality
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

Impartiality is a central norm in United Nations peace operations, a guiding principle that has helped legitimize multilateral intervention in dozens of armed conflicts around the world. In practice, it has long been associated with passive monitoring of cease-fires and peace agreements. In the twenty-first century, however, its meaning has been stretched to permit a range of forceful, intrusive, and ideologically prescriptive practices, all in the name of building durable peace. How did this happen? Intrusive Impartiality draws on original interview and archival data to explain how new ways of practicing impartiality emerge, spread, and become institutionalized in UN peace operations. It shows that new ways of practicing impartiality are products of contestation, learning, and the interplay between top-down pressures and bottom-up drivers of change in UN peace operations. These findings challenge top-down theories of change in international organizations by foregrounding the creativity and agency of the field staff who are responsible for translating mandates into action. Intrusive Impartiality explains why peacekeepers approach their work differently based on past experience and it shows how they adjust their day-to-day practices to suit local circumstances. The book also demonstrates that they are continuously learning from each other in real time. Combining insights from practice theory and the literature on norm contestation, Intrusive Impartiality provides an innovative framework for studying authority and change in global governance. In doing so, the book sheds light on controversial changes in peacekeeping practice and yields important insights for policymakers about leadership, staffing, hiring, and training for UN peacekeepers.