bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized Crossover Trial of Kangaroo Care to Reduce Biobehavioral Pain Responses in Preterm Infants: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cong Xiaomei , Ludington-Hoe Susan M. , Walsh Stephen
Published: January 2011

Kangaroo care (KC), skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant, is a promising method for blunting pain responses. This crossover pilot tested KC effects on biobehavioral responses to heel stick in preterm infants (30—32 weeks’ gestational age, 2—9 days old) measured by Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) and salivary and serum cortisol. Mother—infant dyads were randomly assigned to KC heel stick (KCH) first or incubator heel stick (IH) first. Study 1 (80-min study, N = 18) tested the effect of 80 min of KC before and throughout the heel stick procedure versus incubator care. Study 2 (30-min study, N = 10) tested 30 min of KC before and throughout the heel stick versus incubator care. KCH and IH began during a premeasurement phase and continued through four data collection phases: baseline, heel warming, heel stick, and recovery. PIPP responses were measured every 30 s during data collection; salivary cortisol was measured at the end of baseline and recovery; and serum cortisol was measured during heel stick. Study 1 showed no differences between KCH and IH. Study 2 showed lower PIPP scores at four time points during recovery (p < .05 to p < .001), lower salivary cortisol at the end of recovery (p < .05), and lower serum cortisol during heel stick for the KCH condition (p < .05) as well as clinically lower PIPP scores in the KCH condition during heel stick. Thirty minutes of KC before and throughout the heel stick reduced biobehavioral responses to pain in preterm infants.
Integrating Genomics Into Biobehavioral Research
Authors: Driscoll Carolyn J. , Lyon Debra , McCain Nancy L.
Published: January 2011

Biobehavioral research is becoming more established in nursing. This research paradigm includes a focus on the interactions of biological and behavioral variables and their impact on health outcomes. Nurse researchers have incorporated genomics as a research focus. However, biobehavioral and genomic approaches have often been viewed as separate paradigms. This article provides research exemplars from the liver transplantation population to illustrate how genomics can be integrated into a biobehavioral model of nursing research. Examples of how this integrated approach may be utilized to address gaps of knowledge are provided.
Effects of Using a High-Density Foam Pad Versus a Viscoelastic Polymer Pad on the Incidence of Pressure Ulcer Development During Spinal Surgery
Authors: Wu Tsokuang , Wang Shin-Tien , Lin Pi-Chu , Liu Chien-Lin , Chao Yann-Fen C.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-density foam (HDF) pads versus viscoelastic polymer (VP) pads in the prevention of pressure ulcer formation during spinal surgery and their cost-effectiveness. Subjects were 30 patients who underwent spinal surgery for more than 3 hr in a prone position. One side of the chest and iliac crest was padded with HDF pads and the other side was padded with VP pads. An Xsensor® pressure measuring sheet was placed between the pad and the patient. Bilateral chest and iliac crest points were observed for the presence of pressure ulcers at 30 min after the operation. Results showed that a pressure ulcer had occurred at 9 of 120 compression points (7.5% of the total), 30 min after the operation. Risk evaluation showed that female gender, weight <50 kg, and body mass index (BMI) <18 kg/m2 as well as location (the iliac crest) were all risk factors for development of pressure ulcers. The most significant factor was BMI <18 kg/m2. The average and peak pressures measured at the points padded with the VP pads were significantly lower than those padded with the HDF pads. However, there was no significant difference between the VP and the HDF pads regarding ulcer prevention. Because the cost of a VP pad is 250 times greater than that of an HDF pad of similar size, the VP pad should only be considered for use in high-risk patients.
Is Childhood Abuse or Neglect Associated With Symptom Reports and Physiological Measures in Women With Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
Authors: Heitkemper Margaret M. , Cain Kevin C. , Burr Robert L. , Jun Sang-Eun , Jarrett Monica E.
Published: January 2011

Purpose. Early childhood traumatic experiences (e.g., abuse or neglect) may contribute to sleep disturbances as well as to other indicators of arousal in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This study compared women with IBS positive for a history of childhood abuse and/or neglect to women with IBS without this history on daily gastrointestinal (GI), sleep, somatic, and psychological symptom distress, polysomnographic sleep, urine catecholamines (CAs) and cortisol, and nocturnal heart rate variability (HRV). Methods. Adult women with IBS recruited from the community were divided into two groups: 21 with abuse/neglect and 19 without abuse/neglect based on responses to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; physical, emotional, sexual abuse, or neglect). Women were interviewed, maintained a 30-day symptom diary, and slept in a sleep laboratory. Polysomnographic and nocturnal HRV data were obtained. First-voided urine samples were assayed for cortisol and CA levels. Results. Women with IBS positive for abuse/neglect history were older than women without this history. Among GI symptoms, only heartburn and nausea were significantly higher in women with abuse/neglect. Sleep, somatic, and psychological symptoms were significantly higher in women in the abuse/neglect group. With the exception of percentage of time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, there were few differences in sleep-stage variables and urine hormone levels. Mean heart rate interval and the natural log of the standard deviation of RR intervals for the entire sleep interval (Ln SDNN) values were lower in those who experienced childhood abuse/neglect. Conclusion. Women with IBS who self-report childhood abuse/neglect are more likely to report disturbed sleep, somatic symptoms, and psychological distress. Women with IBS should be screened for adverse childhood events including abuse/neglect.
Remembering Ourselves, Viewing the Others: Historical Reality Television and Celebrity in the Small Nation
Authors: McElroy Ruth , Williams Rebecca
Published: January 2011

This article explores the specificity of media participation in a small nation, Wales, through empirical research on participants in historical reality television. It takes as its focus the case study of BBC Wales’s multiplatform project, Coal House (Indus, 2007) and Coal House at War (Indus, 2008), which exemplifies how public service broadcasters in the digital era seek to cultivate diverse forms of participation from national and regional audiences. Drawing on interviews, text-in-action participant observation, and online postings, the authors examine how participants and their families negotiate issues of experience and embodiment, engaging in unpaid media labor to protect and promote their own experiences and interpretations of the show. In contrast to theories of celebrity emerging from analyses of globalized formats such as Big Brother, the authors propose the concept of the “localebrity” to explain how celebrity functions in the local and regional context of the small nation.
Multidimensional Social History of Television: Social Uses of Finnish Television from the 1950s to the 2000s
Authors: Kortti Jukka
Published: January 2011

The article discusses the social uses of television from the late 1950s to the mid-2000s. In the tradition of media ethnography, it depicts both the structural and the relational uses of television. It looks at changes in watching television in social intercourse: in family viewing and social life outside the home. The primary sources for the study are two collections of written reminiscences about television in Finnish everyday life. The article shows how multidimensional the uses of television have been over the decades and how TV has often played an important role in social life. Looking broadly at the findings, one could say that despite the many technological and cultural changes in television’s history, most of the main features of television habits remain. TV is still a social family media.
Subjectivity Through Self-Education
Authors: Brady Miranda J.
Published: January 2011

This article looks at the use of digital kiosks and multimedia and multisensory presentation within the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) in Washington, D.C., to denaturalize assumptions about visitor and audience subject formation. Museums like the NMAI include numerous media technologies including multimedia presentations and digital kiosks as they vie for the attention of museum visitors. Proponents of digital kiosks in public spaces argue that they promote active engagement among visitors by encouraging “free-choice” learning, a process through which users make decisions about the content reviewed. This article argues that “free-choice” learning makes several assumptions regarding subject formation and that these assumptions constrain understanding of how media technologies shape meaning making potential in indigenous museums. It suggests that the existence of digital kiosks and multimedia presentations indicates disparate assumptions about visitor subjectivity and that these media are integral to the “techniques of the self” performed by the museum visitor as a multicultural citizen.
Memories, Temporalities, Fictions: Temporal Displacement in Contemporary Television
Authors: Booth Paul
Published: January 2011

Television scholar Jason Mittell coined the term narrative complexity to describe television shows that feature serialized plots within episodic television. In this article the author examines a specific form of narrative complexity, temporal displacement, as a salient feature of contemporary television shows. He argues that shows that rely on temporal displacement illustrate the industry’s reaction to and the audience’s resolution of post-modern schizophrenia. Furthermore, the author demonstrates how the contemporary digital media landscape not only encourages but also seemingly necessitates a complex interaction with temporality. The author concludes that temporal displacement is a palliative consequence that is beginning to inscribe people’s interaction with all media.
Isolinderanolide B, a Butanolide Extracted From the Stems of Cinnamomum subavenium, Inhibits Proliferation of T24 Human Bladder Cancer Cells by Blocking Cell Cycle Progression and Inducing Apoptosis
Authors: Shen Kun-Hung , Lin En-Shyh , Kuo Po-Lin , Chen Chung-Yi , Hsu Ya-Ling
Published: January 2011

Isolinderanolide B (IOB), a butanolide extracted from the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium, was investigated for its antiproliferative activity in T24 human bladder cancer cells. To identity the anticancer mechanism of IOB, its effect on apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and levels of p53, p21 Waf1/Cip1, Fas/APO-1 receptor, and Fas ligand was assayed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the G0/G1 phase arrest is because of increase in the expression of p21 Waf1/Cip1. An enhancement in Fas/APO-1 and membrane-bound Fas ligand (mFasL) might be responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by IOB. This study reports the novel finding that the induction of p21 Waf1/Cip1 and activity of the Fas/mFas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of IOB in T24 cells.
Rehabilitation in Neuro-Oncology: A Meta-Analysis of Published Data and a Mono-Institutional Experience
Authors: Formica Vincenzo , Del Monte Girolamo , Giacchetti Ilaria , Grenga Italia , Giaquinto Salvatore , Fini Massimo , Roselli Mario
Published: January 2011

Background. Rehabilitation for cancer patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement is rarely considered and data on its use are limited. The purpose of the present study is to collect all available published data on neuro-oncology rehabilitation and perform a meta-analysis where results were presented in a comparable manner. Moreover, the authors report results on cancer patients with neurological disabilities undergoing rehabilitation at their unit. Study design. A PubMed search was performed to identify studies regarding cancer patients with CNS involvement undergoing inpatient physical rehabilitation. Studies with a complete functional evaluation at admission and discharge were selected. As the most common evaluation scales were Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and Barthel Index (BI), only articles with complete FIM and/or BI data were selected for the meta-analysis. Moreover, 23 cancer patients suffering from diverse neurological disabilities underwent standard rehabilitation program between April 2005 and December 2007 at the San Raffaele Pisana Rehabilitation Center. Patient demographics and relevant clinical data were collected. Motricity Index, Trunk Control Test score, and BI were monitored during rehabilitation to assess patient progresses. BI results of patients in this study were included in the meta-analysis. Results. The meta-analysis included results of a total of 994 patients. A statistically significant ( P < .05) improvement of both BI and FIM scores was demonstrated after rehabilitation (standardized mean difference = 0.60 and 0.75, respectively). Functional status determined by either FIM or BI improved on average by 36%. Conclusion. Published data demonstrate that patients with brain tumors undergoing inpatient rehabilitation appear to make functional gains in line with those seen in similar patients with nonneoplastic conditions.
Students and the Second Ghetto: Federal Legislation, Urban Politics, and Campus Planning at the University of Chicago
Authors: Winling LaDale
Published: January 2011

In the years after World War II, the University of Chicago (U of C) enjoyed a position as a leader in higher education with the ability to help provide for national economic growth and global security through professional education and scientific research. It also faced a dramatically changing set of neighborhood conditions that threatened its leadership status. University administrators pursued an ambitious agenda of redevelopment and neighborhood management in South East Chicago in order to fight a wave of racial transition. In doing so, the university formed and led a coalition of top urban universities that shared real estate practices and helped create federal policy that made universities integral parts of urban renewal initiatives in the 1960s. This effort to create, manage, and redevelop housing, including student housing, provoked strident opposition from the student body and set the emerging New Left against the university in an early salvo of the student movement.
At Least Nine Ways to Play: Approaching Gamer Mentalities
Authors: Kallio Kirsi Pauliina , Mäyrä Frans , Kaipainen Kirsikka
Published: January 2011

Do digital games and play mean the same things for different people? This article presents the results of a 3-year study in which we sought for new ways to approach digital games cultures and playing practices. First, the authors present the research process in brief and emphasize the importance of merging different kinds of methods and materials in the study of games cultures. Second, the authors introduce a gaming mentality heuristics that is not dedicated to a certain domain or genre of games, addressing light casual and light social gaming motivations as well as more dedicated ones in a joint framework. The analysis reveals that, in contrast to common belief, the majority of digital gaming takes place between ‘‘casual relaxing’’ and ‘‘committed entertaining,’’ where the multiplicity of experiences, feelings, and understandings that people have about their playing and digital games is wide ranging. Digital gaming is thus found to be a multifaceted social and cultural phenomenon that can be understood, practiced, and used in various ways.
Playing Games With Cultural Heritage: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of the Current Status of Digital Game Preservation
Authors: Barwick Joanna , Dearnley James , Muir Adrienne
Published: January 2011

Digital games are major part of popular culture. They are also an important part of the history of play and as such they deserve to take their rightful place in our cultural legacy. However, they have received little attention in the academic literature on preservation. Despite this lack of interest, some institutions have recognized the significance of preventing the loss of these valuable materials but to what extent is their longevity ensured? What is the current status of game preservation? What are the challenges facing institutions as they ‘‘play games with cultural heritage?’’ This article provides an overview of the current state of play and, using a comparative case study analysis, provides an insight into the issues, which lie ahead.
Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression
Authors: Law Roslyn
Published: January 2011

Interpersonal psychotherapy is an evidence-based therapy, originally developed to treat major depression. It is cited in numerous good practice guidelines. The biopsychosocial signs of depression are understood in the context of current social and interpersonal stressors, defined in terms of role transitions, disputes, bereavements and sensitivities. In therapy, the patient learns to understand the interactions between symptoms and interpersonal difficulties and the ways in which they are mutually reinforcing. Patients are helped to break this pattern and achieve a reduction in depressive symptoms and improvement in interpersonal functioning through improved communication, expression of affect and proactive engagement with the current interpersonal network. The therapeutic relationship is used as a tool for exploring and modelling external relationships. This article outlines the background to interpersonal psychotherapy, the process of therapy and the expansion of the evidence base.
Ways of working at the interface between primary and specialist mental healthcare
Authors: Gask Linda , Khanna Tarun
Published: January 2011

Ways of working at the interface between primary and specialist care are considered with discussion of the limits of available evidence and the potential for a new role for psychiatrists in providing supervision and consultation in novel models of care.
Efficacy of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in minor depression: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Barbui Corrado , Cipriani Andrea , Patel Vikram , Ayuso-Mateos José L. , van Ommeren Mark
Published: January 2011

Background

Depression is a common condition that has been frequently treated with psychotropics.

Aims

To review systematically the evidence of efficacy and acceptability of antidepressant and benzodiazepine treatments for patients with minor depression.

Method

A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials comparing antidepressants or benzodiazepines v. placebo in adults with minor depression. Data were obtained from MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and pharmaceutical company websites. Risk of bias was assessed for the generation of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment, masking, incomplete outcome data, and sponsorship bias.

Results

Six studies met inclusion criteria. Three studies compared paroxetine with placebo; fluoxetine, amitriptyline and isocarboxazid were studied in one study each. No studies compared benzodiazepines with placebo. In terms of failures to respond to treatment (6 studies, 234 patients treated with antidepressants and 234 with placebo) no significant difference between antidepressants and placebo was found (relative risk (RR) 0.94, 95% CI 0.81–1.08). In terms of acceptability, data extracted from two studies (93 patients treated with antidepressants and 93 with placebo) showed no statistically significant difference between antidepressants and placebo (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.65–1.73). There was no statistically significant between-study heterogeneity for any of the reported analyses.

Conclusions

There is evidence showing there is unlikely to be a clinically important advantage for antidepressants over placebo in individuals with minor depression. For benzodiazepines, no evidence is available, and thus it is not possible to determine their potential therapeutic role in this condition.
Impact of compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act 1983 on future visa and insurance applications
Authors: Hurrell Rebecca , Di Mambro Ben J. , Doody Gillian A.
Published: January 2011

Aims and method

To assess the extent to which psychiatric history, with specific regard to compulsory psychiatric admission, is questioned in visa, insurance and permit applications. Application forms for the top UK destinations for immigration, work and travel visas, six types of insurance, and driving, sporting and vocational permits were analysed.

Results

Psychiatric history is questioned in some applications across all visa types. Hospital admission, but not compulsory psychiatric admission, is questioned in some immigration visas. Psychiatric history is not questioned in mortgage protection, car or pet insurance but it is questioned in some travel, life and health insurance applications, as is hospital admission. The majority of permit applications questioned psychiatric history and one vocational permit considered compulsory psychiatric admission.

Clinical implications

The majority of visa, insurance and permit application forms enquire about past medical and psychiatric history. Information concerning detention under the Mental Health Act is very rarely questioned, indicating that a direct link between detention and access restriction is not evident.
Age discrimination in mental health services needs to be understood
Authors: Anderson Dave
Published: January 2011

The ageing population presents a major challenge to health and social care services now and for decades to come. Age discrimination in mental health services is more pronounced than in other areas of healthcare. Legislation, currently being reviewed, which will make unjustified age discrimination unlawful from 2012, has implications for the organisation and delivery of mental healthcare that need to be understood.
Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Aminopropyl-Functionalized Clay as Efficient Catalysts for Phosphine-Free C–C Bond Formation via Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Ghaderi Arash , Ghavami Maryam , Hoseini S Jafar
Published: January 2011

In this study, we have used palladium nanoparticles supported on aminopropyl-functionalized clay as an efficient catalyst for Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions. By using this catalyst, the reaction of iodo- and bromoarenes with n-butyl acrylate and styrene proceeded well and smoothly to produce the desired products in good to excellent yields under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst has been recycled for ten runs without much loss of its catalytic activity. Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of structurally different aryl halides (I and Br) with phenylboronic acid by the aid of this catalyst in refluxing water or SDS micellar solution in the absence of any organic co-solvent was also performed well to give the desired biphenyl products in good to excellent yields. Production of the corresponding homocoupled products in negligible amounts was observed in these reactions. In comparison with many other reported palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions, the Pd-loading of this catalyst is one of the lowest. In the presence of this catalyst, all the reactions proceeded without using any external phosphorus ligands.
Improvement of Carbon-Based Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Sakurai Sho , Jiang Hai-qing , Takahashi Masashi , Kobayashi Koichi
Published: January 2011

A ClO4−-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-supported carbon particle (PEDOT–ClO4−/C) composite film electrode was prepared by electrophoretic deposition on transparent conductive oxide glass to improve the performance of carbon-based counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Evaluation of the electrochemical impedance demonstrated that the PEDOT–ClO4−/C composite film electrode had a lower iodide electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance than that of a simple carbon particle film electrode. As a result, a DSSC with a PEDOT–ClO4−/C composite film counter electrode had a significantly improved fill factor and photovoltaic conversion efficiency, compared to a cell based on a simple carbon particle film electrode. Furthermore, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of a DSSC with a PEDOT–ClO4−/C composite film electrode demonstrated approximately 85% of the conversion efficiency of a DSSC with a platinum-sputtered glass counter electrode.
Birmingham hip resurfacing
Authors: Treacy R. B. C. , McBryde C. W. , Shears E. , Pynsent P. B.
Published: January 2011

We report the survival, radiological and functional outcomes of a single surgeon series of his first 144 consecutive Birmingham hip resurfacing procedures (130 patients) at a minimum of ten years. There were ten revisions during this time. Although no patients were lost to follow-up some did not complete the scoring assessment or undergo radiological assessment at ten years.

The ten-year survival for male patients was 98.0% (95% confidence interval 95.2 to 100). The ten-year survival for the total cohort with aseptic revision as the endpoint was 95.5% (95% confidence interval 91.8 to 99.0) and including revisions for sepsis was 93.5% (95% confidence interval 89.2 to 97.6). The median modified Oxford hip score at ten years was 4.2% (interquartile range 0 to 19) and the median University of California, Los Angeles score was 7.0 (interquartile range 5.0 to 8.0).

This study confirms the midterm reports that metal-on-metal hip resurfacing using the Birmingham Hip provides a durable alternative to total hip replacement, particularly in younger male patients wishing to maintain a high level of function, with low risk of revision for at least ten years.
Injuries to the spinal accessory nerve
Authors: Camp S. J. , Birch R.
Published: January 2011

The integrity of the spinal accessory nerve is fundamental to thoracoscapular function and essential for scapulohumeral rhythm. This nerve is vulnerable along its superficial course. This study assessed the delay in diagnosis and referral for management of damage to this nerve, clarified its anatomical course and function, and documented the results of repair. From examination of our records, 111 patients with lesions of the spinal accessory nerve were treated between 1984 and 2007. In 89 patients (80.2%) the damage was iatropathic. Recognition and referral were seldom made by the surgeon responsible for the injury, leading to a marked delay in instituting treatment. Most referrals were made for painful loss of shoulder function. The clinical diagnosis is straightforward. There is a characteristic downward and lateral displacement of the scapula, with narrowing of the inferior scapulohumeral angle and loss of function, with pain commonly present. In all, 80 nerves were explored and 65 were repaired. The course of the spinal accessory nerve in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle was constant, with branches from the cervical plexus rarely conveying motor fibres. Damage to the nerve was predominantly posterior to this muscle.

Despite the delay, the results of repair were surprising, with early relief of pain, implying a neuropathic source, which preceded generally good recovery of muscle function.
The Delta III reverse shoulder replacement for cuff tear arthropathy
Authors: Naveed M. A. , Kitson J. , Bunker T. D.
Published: January 2011

The combination of an irreparable tear of the rotator cuff and destructive arthritis of the shoulder joint may cause severe pain, disability and loss of independence in the aged. Standard anatomical shoulder replacements depend on a functioning rotator cuff, and hence may fail in the presence of tears in the cuff. Many designs of non-anatomical constrained or semi-constrained prostheses have been developed for cuff tear arthropathy, but have proved unsatisfactory and were abandoned. The DePuy Delta III reverse prosthesis, designed by Grammont, medialises and stabilises the centre of rotation of the shoulder joint and has shown early promise. This study evaluated the mid-term clinical and radiological results of this arthroplasty in a consecutive series of 50 shoulders in 43 patients with a painful pseudoparalysis due to an irreparable cuff tear and destructive arthritis, performed over a period of seven years by a single surgeon. A follow-up of 98% was achieved, with a mean duration of 39 months (8 to 81). The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 81 years (59 to 95). The female to male ratio was 5:1. During the seven years, six patients died of natural causes. The clinical outcome was assessed using the American Shoulder and Elbow score, the Oxford Shoulder Score and the Short-form 36 score. A radiological review was performed using the Sirveaux score for scapular notching.

The mean American Shoulder and Elbow score was 19 (95% confidence interval (CI) 14 to 23) pre-operatively, and 65 (95% CI 48 to 82) (paired t-test, p < 0.001) at final follow-up. The mean Oxford score was 44 (95% CI 40 to 51) pre-operatively and 23 (95% CI 18 to 28) (paired t-test, p < 0.001) at final follow-up.

The mean maximum elevation improved from 55° pre-operatively to 105° at final follow-up. There were seven complications during the whole series, although only four patients required further surgery.
Treatment of Crowe IV high hip dysplasia with total hip replacement using the Exeter stem and shortening derotational subtrochanteric osteotomy
Authors: Charity J. A. F. , Tsiridis E. , Sheeraz A. , Howell J. R. , Hubble M. J. W. , Timperley A. J. , Gie G. A.
Published: January 2011

We evaluated all cases involving the combined use of a subtrochanteric derotational femoral shortening osteotomy with a cemented Exeter stem performed at our institution. With severe developmental dysplasia of the hip an osteotomy is often necessary to achieve shortening and derotation of the proximal femur. Reduction can be maintained with a 3.5 mm compression plate while the implant is cemented into place. Such a plate was used to stabilise the osteotomy in all cases. Intramedullary autograft helps to prevent cement interposition at the osteotomy site and promotes healing. There were 15 female patients (18 hips) with a mean age of 51 years (33 to 75) who had a Crowe IV dysplasia of the hip and were followed up for a mean of 114 months (52 to 168). None was lost to follow-up. All clinical scores were collected prospectively. The Charnley modification of the Merle D’Aubigné-Postel scores for pain, function and range of movement showed a statistically significant improvement from a mean of 2.4 (1 to 4), 2.3 (1 to 4), 3.4 (1 to 6) to 5.2 (3 to 6), 4.4 (3 to 6), 5.2 (4 to 6), respectively. Three acetabular revisions were required for aseptic loosening; one required femoral revision for access. One osteotomy failed to unite at 14 months and was revised successfully. No other case required a femoral revision. No postoperative sciatic nerve palsy was observed.

Cemented Exeter femoral components perform well in the treatment of Crowe IV dysplasia with this procedure.
Glenoplasty for complex shoulder subluxation and dislocation in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Di Mascio L. , Chin K.-F. , Fox M. , Sinisi M.
Published: January 2011

We describe the early results of glenoplasty as part of the technique of operative reduction of posterior dislocation of the shoulder in 29 children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The mean age at operation was five years (1 to 18) and they were followed up for a mean of 34 months (12 to 67).

The mean Mallet score increased from 8 (5 to 13) to 12 (8 to 15) at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean passive forward flexion was increased by 18° (p = 0.017) and the mean passive abduction by 24° (p = 0.001). The mean passive lateral rotation also increased by 54° (p < 0.001), but passive medial rotation was reduced by a mean of only 7°. One patient required two further operations. Glenohumeral stability was achieved in all cases.
The risk of peri-prosthetic fracture after primary and revision total hip and knee replacement
Authors: Meek R. M. D. , Norwood T. , Smith R. , Brenkel I. J. , Howie C. R.
Published: January 2011

Peri-prosthetic fracture after joint replacement in the lower limb is associated with significant morbidity. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of peri-prosthetic fracture after total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) over a ten-year period using a population-based linked dataset.

Between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 2008, 52 136 primary THRs, 8726 revision THRs, 44 511 primary TKRs, and 3222 revision TKRs were performed. Five years post-operatively, the rate of fracture was 0.9% after primary THR, 4.2% after revision THR, 0.6% after primary TKR and 1.7% after revision TKR. Comparison of survival analysis for all primary and revision arthroplasties showed peri-prosthetic fractures were more likely in females, patients aged > 70 and after revision arthroplasty.

Female patients aged > 70 should be warned of a significantly increased risk of peri-prosthetic fracture after hip or knee replacement. The use of adjuvant medical treatment to reduce the effect of peri-prosthetic osteoporosis may be a direction of research for these patients.
Cementless revision for infected total hip replacements
Authors: Kim Y.-H. , Kim J.-S. , Park J.-W. , Joo J.-H.
Published: January 2011

Our aim was to determine the success rate of repeated debridement and two-stage cementless revision arthroplasty according to the type of infected total hip replacement (THR). We enrolled 294 patients (294 hips) with an infected THR in the study. There were 222 men and 72 women with a mean age of 55.1 years (24.0 to 78.0). The rate of control of infection after the initial treatment and after repeated debridement and two-stage revisions was determined. The clinical (Harris hip score) and radiological results were evaluated. The mean follow-up was 10.4 years (5.0 to 14.0).

The eventual rate of control of infection was 100.0% for early superficial post-operative infection, 98.4% for early deep post-operative infection, 98.5% for late chronic infection and 91.0% for acute haematogenous infection. Overall, 288 patients (98%) maintained a functioning THR at the latest follow-up. All the allografts appeared to be united and there were no failures.

These techniques effectively controlled infection and maintained a functional THR with firm fixation in most patients. Repeated debridement and two-stage or repeated two-stage revisions further improved the rate of control of infection after the initial treatment and increased the likelihood of maintaining a functional THR.
Costo-osteochondral graft for post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the radial head in an adolescent boy
Authors: Iwai S. , Sato K. , Nakamura T. , Okazaki M. , Itoh Y. , Toyama Y. , Ikegami H.
Published: January 2011

We present a case of post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the radial head in a 13-year-old boy which was treated with costo-osteochondral grafts. A satisfactory outcome was seen at a follow-up of two years and ten months.

Although costo-osteochondral grafting has been used in the treatment of defects in articular cartilage, especially in the hand and the elbow, the extension of the technique to manage post-traumatic osteonecrosis of the radial head in a child has not previously been reported in the English language literature. Complete relief of pain was obtained and an improvement in the range of movement was observed. The long-term results remain uncertain.
Guided growth
Authors: Eastwood D. M. , Sanghrajka A. P.
Published: January 2011

Guiding growth by harnessing the ability of growing bone to undergo plastic deformation is one of the oldest orthopaedic principles. Correction of deformity remains a major part of the workload for paediatric orthopaedic surgeons and recently, along with developments in limb reconstruction and computer-directed frame correction, there has been renewed interest in surgical methods of physeal manipulation or ‘guided growth’. Manipulating natural bone growth to correct a deformity is appealing, as it allows gradual correction by non- or minimally invasive methods.

This paper reviews the techniques employed for guided growth in current orthopaedic practice, including the basic science and recent advances underlying mechanical physeal manipulation of both healthy and pathological physes.
Spatially Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Methane—Air Diffusion Flames
Authors: Majd Abdollah Eslami , Arabanian Atoosa Sadat , Massudi Reza , Nazeri Majid
Published: January 2011

A new setup for spatially resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SR-LIBS) is used for the first time to analyze methane–air diffusion flames. Using this configuration, background continuum emission is reduced, signal-to-background noise ratio is increased up to eight times, and spatial resolution is enhanced. The local equivalence ratio is also quantitatively estimated and the width of the secondary combustion region at a specified height above the burner is determined for two different methane flow rates. Furthermore, the threshold energy for spark formation is measured for regions inside and outside the flame. The results show that threshold energy is larger at the secondary combustion region, near the border of the flame, than inside the flame.
Removal of Surface Contamination and Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) from Silver (Ag) Nanorod Substrates by Plasma Cleaning with Argon
Authors: Negri Pierre , Marotta Nicole E. , Bottomley Lawrence A. , Dluhy Richard A.
Published: January 2011

Surface contamination of surface-enhanced Raman (SERS)-active metallic substrates has been a limitation to the utility of SERS as an analytical technique, potentially affecting surface coverage, spectral reproducibility, and analytical limits of detection. We have developed a simple and versatile cleaning method for SERS-active Ag nanorod arrays that consists of a short (4 min) exposure of the substrate to an Ar+ plasma in a low-pressure environment. The findings presented here demonstrate that this cleaning procedure essentially eliminates organic background contamination. This procedure works equally well for self-assembled monolayers of thiolates that strongly adsorb onto Au and Ag surfaces. For SERS-active surfaces composed of arrays of Ag nanorods prepared by oblique-angle vapor deposition, we investigated the (1) Raman band intensities, (2) nanorod morphology via scanning electron microscopy, and (3) surface hydrophobicity via static contact angle measurements, as a function of exposure time of the Ag nanorods to the Ar+ plasma. Short (4 min) exposure to Ar+ plasma eliminated background contamination but decreased the observed SERS intensity for re-adsorbed analytes by approximately a factor of 2 while leaving the nanorod morphology essentially unchanged. Prolonged exposure to Ar+ plasma (>10 min) resulted in substantial morphological changes of the Ag nanorod lattice and led to a decrease in the observed SERS intensities by a factor of 10. The results presented here suggest that Ar+ plasma cleaning is an efficient process for removing carbonaceous and organic contamination as well as thiolate monolayers from SERS-active Ag surfaces, as long as the plasma conditions and exposure times are carefully monitored.
Simultaneous Measurements of CO2 and CO Using a Single Distributed-Feedback (DFB) Diode Laser near 1.57 μm at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Cai Tingdong , Gao Guangzhen , Chen Weidong , Liu Gang , Gao Xiaoming
Published: January 2011

A sensor using a single distributed-feedback (DFB) diode laser at 1.57 μm for the simultaneous measurement of CO2 and CO concentration at elevated temperatures is developed. A proper line pair near 6361.250 and 6361.344 cm−1 is chosen based on absorption strength, separation of the two lines, and isolation from interference of neighboring transitions of the major combustion gases. The concentrations of CO2 and CO are inferred from their wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) 1 f/-normalized absorption-based WMS-2 f signal peak heights. The CO2 and CO concentration measurements are within 3.3% and 5% of the expected values over the full temperature range.
Infrared Monitoring of Diamond Metalization
Authors: Lovrinčić Robert , Noebel Sebastian , Pucci Annemarie
Published: January 2011

The ultra-high-vacuum growth of thin chromium and aluminum films on single diamond crystals at various temperatures was monitored by means of infrared spectroscopy, which provides instant information on electronic and morphological properties of the produced metal films. In accordance with atomic force microscopy results, spectra for Al indicate a clear island-like growth in the beginning followed by a transition to a continuous layer. Cr growth results in much smoother films because of a special growth mechanism. Analysis of infrared spectra of both kinds of ultrathin metal layers yields a high DC conductivity well above 106 S/m starting from only a few nanometers thickness for sufficiently high substrate temperatures.
Lucifer Yellow as a Live Cell Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Water Transport in Subcellular Organelles
Authors: Chaurra Adriana , Gutzman Brittany M. , Taylor Emily , Ackroyd P. Christine , Christensen Kenneth A.
Published: January 2011

While the water permeability of the plasma membranes of mammalian cells has been studied extensively, water transport across membranes of subcellular compartments (e.g., lysosomes, macropinosomes) has been difficult to study. Here we demonstrate a new method for measuring water flux in late endosomes and lysosomes of intact living cells using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Cells were loaded by fluid-phase uptake with a mixture of the Lucifer Yellow dextran (LY-dex), a D2O sensitive dye, and a D2O insensitive control dye, Alexa fluor 546 dextran (AF546-dex). LY-dex responded linearly to changes in D2O concentration and the LY-dex D2O sensitivity was not affected by changes in pH, physiological salt, and protein concentrations. The co-loaded control dye, AF546-dex, showed no signal changes as a function of D2O concentration. To measure membrane water flux, the LY-dex fluorescence in labeled organelles was recorded during rapid superfusion of cells with isotonic buffers prepared in D2O. The time constant of water exchange across the lysosomal membrane of intact cells was determined by fitting the data to a single exponential function. From these data, together with the measured area of the organelles, observed water permeability for intracellular CHO-K1 lysosomes was calculated to be 5.3 × 10−3 ± 0.3 × 10−3 cm/s. This work demonstrates the feasibility of measuring water flux into subcellular organelles in live cells using LY-dex.
Time-Resolved Thermal Lens and Thermal Mirror Spectroscopy with Sample—Fluid Heat Coupling: A Complete Model for Material Characterization
Authors: Malacarne Luis C. , Astrath Nelson G. C. , Lukasievicz Gustavo V. B. , Lenzi Ervin K. , Baesso Mauro L. , Bialkowski Stephen E.
Published: January 2011

This work presents a theoretical study of a heat transfer effect, taking into account the heat transfer within the heated sample and out to the surrounding medium. The analytical solution is used to model the thermal lens and thermal mirror effects and the results are compared with the finite element analysis (FEA) software solution. The FEA modeling results were found to be in excellent agreement with the analytical solutions. Our results also show that the heat transfer between the sample surface and the air coupling fluid does not introduce an important effect over the induced phase shift in the sample when compared to the solution obtained without considering axial heat flux. On the other hand, the thermal lens created in the air coupling fluid has a significant effect on the predicted time-dependent photothermal signals. When water is used as fluid, the heat coupling leads to a more significant effect in both sample and fluid phase shift. Our results could be used to obtain physical properties of low optical absorption fluids by using a reference solid sample in both thermal lens and thermal mirror experiments.
Radiation Damage of E635 Alloy Under High Dose Irradiation in the VVER-1000 and BOR-60 Reactors
Authors: Kobylyansky G. P. , Novoselov A. E. , Obukhov A. V. , Ostrovsky Z. E. , Shishov V. N. , Peregud M. M. , Markelov V. A.
Published: January 2011

Alloy E635 is used as a material for some parts of the water-water energy reactor (VVER)-1000 fuel assemblies (FAs). The evolution of structural components and redistribution of the elementary composition that occurred between the solid solution and phase precipitates in the E635 alloy were analyzed. The correlation between these changes and the irradiation-induced deformation of FA parts was determined. The common features of the E635 alloy’s irradiation damageability was established as a result of the irradiation of model samples in the test reactor BOR-60 and the operation of products in the VVER-1000 reactor. The peculiarities of E365 alloy’s irradiation damageability under high dose irradiation were revealed. The Laves phase (Zr(Nb,Fe)2) particles were found to be the main type of secondary phase precipitates observed in the E635 alloy products with completely or partially recrystallized structures. Under irradiation, iron released from this phase causes a transformation of its crystalline structure, i.e., it changes from hexagonal-close-packed into body-centered-cubic with an Fe-enriched β-Nb phase. The Fe content in the particles decreases as the dose rises. The above transformations are not observed on those FA areas where the damage dose is low. Some bigger (up to 0.50μ) precipitates of the (Z,Nb)2Fe phase with face-centered-cubic lattices were found in the material structure. Irradiation up to high damage doses results also in the appearance of secondary fine-dispersed (up to ∼5 in size) irradiation-induced precipitates. Practically no niobium is observed in the matrix, while all tin is in the solid solution and the Fe fraction in the matrix rises as the fluence becomes higher. The generation and formation of ⟨c⟩-dislocations occur only near the β-Nb precipitates (former Laves phases); ⟨a⟩-dislocations in the form of dislocation loops 10 nm in size and black dots are observed over the whole volume of recrystallized grains. On the whole, the changes in the structural-phase state of the FA parts tested in the VVER-1000 reactor correspond to the ideas about irradiation-induced damage in E635 alloy gained in experiments on irradiation of model samples in the BOR-60 reactor.
Detecting Directional Selection in the Presence of Recent Admixture in African-Americans
Authors: Lohmueller Kirk E , Bustamante Carlos D , Clark Andrew G
Published: January 2011

We investigate the performance of tests of neutrality in admixed populations using plausible demographic models for African-American history as well as resequencing data from African and African-American populations. The analysis of both simulated and human resequencing data suggests that recent admixture does not result in an excess of false-positive results for neutrality tests based on the frequency spectrum after accounting for the population growth in the parental African population. Furthermore, when simulating positive selection, Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D, and haplotype homozygosity have lower power to detect population-specific selection using individuals sampled from the admixed population than from the nonadmixed population. Fay and Wu's H test, however, has more power to detect selection using individuals from the admixed population than from the nonadmixed population, especially when the selective sweep ended long ago. Our results have implications for interpreting recent genome-wide scans for positive selection in human populations.