bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement report: Spatiotemporal variability of peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) over Mexico City from TES and CrIS satellite measurements
Authors: Shogrin Madison J. , Payne Vivienne H. , Kulawik Susan S. , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Fischer Emily V.
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) are photochemical pollutants with
implications for health and atmospheric oxidation capacity. PANs are formed
via the oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in the
presence of nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). While
urban environments are large sources of PANs, in situ observations in urban
areas are limited. Here we use satellite measurements of PANs from the
Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Suomi National
Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) to
evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of PANs over and around Mexico City.
Monthly mean maxima in PANs over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA)
occur during spring months (March–May). This time of year coincides with a
peak in local photochemistry and more frequent air stagnation. Local fire
activity also typically peaks between February and May, which leads to
strong interannual variability of PANs over the MCMA. We use S-NPP CrIS data
to probe the spatial outflow pattern of PANs produced within urban Mexico
City during the month with the largest mixing ratios of PANs (April). Peak
outflow in April occurs to the northeast of the city and over the mountains
south of the city. Outflow to the northwest appears infrequently. Using
observations during 2018 versus 2019, we also show that PANs were not
significantly reduced during a year, with a significant decrease in NOx
over Mexico City. Our analysis demonstrates that the space-based
observations provided by CrIS and TES can increase understanding of the
spatiotemporal variability of PANs over and surrounding Mexico City.
An Approach to Track Instrument Calibration and Produce Consistent Products with the Version-8 Total Column Ozone Algorithm (V8TOZ)
Authors: Zhang Zhihua , Niu Jianguo , Flynn Lawrence , Beach Eric , Beck Trevor
Published: February 2023

Abstract. The Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) has been onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite since October 2011, and was followed by an OMPS on NOAA-20 (N20) in November 2017, as part of the US Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program. The OMPS measurements are processed to yield various products of atmospheric composition data for near-real-time monitoring and off-line study, including retrievals of total column ozone (TCO) and an Ultraviolet absorbing aerosol index (AI) based on the version-8 total ozone (V8TOZ) algorithm. With the implementation of changes to employ a broadband channel approach in the NOAA OMPS V8TOZ, the retrieved TCO and AI products become more stable and consistent between S-NPP and N20. Two particular regions have been chosen for building soft-calibration adjustments for both OMPS S-NPP and N20, which force the V8TOZ retrievals to be in quite good agreement from both sensors with little change by seasons. However, bias analysis shows that some noticeable errors / differences still exist after soft-calibration, and those errors appear to be quite persistently associated with solar zenith angle (SZA) and satellite viewing angle (SVA) in the retrievals of TCO and AI for both OMPS S-NPP and N20. Comparisons of TCO and AI from NOAA OMPS retrievals with other products such as those from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC), show that, although the sensor, algorithm and solar spectra are different among them, the overall retrievals from those products are quite similar and consistent.
The Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5: an updated global fire emissions model for climate and chemistry applications
Authors: Wiedinmyer Christine , Kimura Yosuke , McDonald-Buller Elena C. , Emmons Louisa K. , Buchholz Rebecca R. , Tang Wenfu , Seto Keenan , Joseph Maxwell B. , Barsanti Kelley C. , Carlton Annmarie G. , Yokelson Robert
Published: February 2023

Abstract. We present the Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5 (FINNv2.5), a fire emissions inventory that provides publicly available emissions of trace gases and aerosols for various applications, including use in global and regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. FINNv2.5 includes numerous updates to the FINN version 1 framework to better represent burned area, vegetation burned, and chemicals emitted. Major changes include the use of active fire detections from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 375 m spatial resolution, which allows smaller fires to be included in the emissions processing. The calculation of burned area has been updated such that a more rigorous approach is used to aggregate fire detections, which better accounts for larger fires and enables using multiple satellite products simultaneously for emission estimates. Fuel characterization and emission factors have also been updated in FINNv2.5. Daily fire emissions for many trace gases and aerosols are determined for 2002–2019 (the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-only fire detections) and 2012–2019 (MODIS+VIIRS fire detections). The non-methane organic gas emissions are allocated to the species of several commonly used chemical mechanisms. We compare FINNv2.5 emissions against other widely used fire emission inventories. The performance of FINNv2.5 emissions as inputs to a chemical transport model is assessed with satellite observations. Uncertainties in the emission estimates remain, and recommendations for future evaluation and use are given.
High potential for CH4 emission mitigation from oil infrastructure in one of EU’s major production regions
Authors: Stavropoulou Foteini , Vinković Katarina , Kers Bert , de Vries Marcel , van Heuven Steven , Korbeń Piotr , Schmidt Martina , Wietzel Julia , Jagoda Pawel , Necki Jaroslav M. , Bartyzel Jakub , Maazallahi Hossein , Menoud Malika , van der Veen Carina , Walter Sylvia , Tuzson Béla , Ravelid Jonas , Morales Randulph Paulo , Emmenegger Lukas , Brunner Dominik , Steiner Michael , Hensen Arjan , Velzeboer Ilona , van den Bulk Pim , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Delre Antonio , Edjabou Maklawe Essonanawe , Scheutz Charlotte , Corbu Marius , Iancu Sebastian , Moaca Denisa , Scarlat Alin , Tudor Alexandru , Vizireanu Ioana , Calcan Andreea , Ardelean Magdalena , Ghemulet Sorin , Pana Alexandru , Constantinescu Aurel , Cusa Lucian , Nica Alexandru , Baciu Calin , Pop Cristian , Radovici Andrei , Mereuta Alexandru , Stefanie Horatiu , Hermans Bas , Schwietzke Stefan , Zavala-Araiza Daniel , Chen Huilin , Röckmann Thomas
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Ambitious methane (CH4) emissions mitigation represents one of the most effective opportunities to slow the rate of global warming over the next decades. The oil and gas (O&G) sector is a significant source of methane emissions, with technically feasible and cost-effective emission mitigation options. Romania, a key O&G producer within the EU, with one of the highest reported annual CH4 emissions from the energy sector (Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data - Comparison by Category, 2022), can play an important role towards the EU’s emission reduction targets. In this study, we quantify CH4 emissions from onshore oil production sites in Romania at source and facility level using a combination of ground-based measurement techniques. Measured emissions were characterised by heavily skewed distributions, with 10 % of the sites accounting for more than 70 % of total emissions. Integrating the results from all site-level quantifications with different approaches, we derive a central estimate of 5.4 kg h–1 site-1 of CH4 (3.6–8.4, 95 % confidence interval) for oil production sites. This estimate represents one of the highest when compared to measurement-based estimates of similar facilities from other production regions. Based on our results, we estimate a total of 120 ktons CH4 yr–1 (range: 79–180 ktons yr–1) from oil wells in our studied areas in Romania. This is approximately 2.5 times higher than the total reported emissions from the Romanian oil production sector for 2020. Based on the source level characterization, up to three quarters of the detected emissions from oil production sites are related to operational venting. Our results suggest that O&G production infrastructure in Romania holds a massive mitigation potential, specifically by implementing measures to capture the gas and minimize operational venting and leaks.
GC Insights: The crystal structures behind the optical properties of minerals – a case study of using TotBlocks in an undergraduate mineralogy lab
Authors: Leung Derek D. V. , dePolo Paige E.
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Spatial thinking represents an on-going challenge in geoscience education, but concrete manipulatives can bridge the gap by illustrating abstract concepts. In an undergraduate optical mineralogy lab session, TotBlocks were used to illustrate how mineral structures influence optical properties such as cleavage and pleochroism. More abstracted properties, e.g., extinction angles, were increasingly difficult to illustrate using this tool.
Technical note: NASAaccess – A tool for access, reformatting, and visualization of remotely sensed earth observation and climate data
Authors: Mohammed Ibrahim Nourein , Bustamante Elkin Giovanni Romero , Bolten John , Nelson E. James
Published: February 2023

Abstract. NASA has launched a new initiative; the Open-Source Science Initiative (OSSI) to enable and support science towards openness. The OSSI initiative supports open-source software development and dissemination. In this work, we present NASAaccess which is an open-source software package and web-based environmental modeling application for earth observation data accessing, reformatting, and presenting quantitative data products. The main objective of developing the NASAaccess platform is to facilitate exploration, modeling, and understanding of earth data for scientists, stakeholders, and concerned citizens whose objectives align with the new OSSI goals. The NASAaccess platform is available as software packages (i.e., R and conda packages) as well as an interactive format web-based environmental modeling application for earth observation data developed with the Tethys Platform. The NASAaccess has been envisioned to lower the technical barriers and simplify the process of accessing scalable distributed computing resources and leverage additional software for data and computationally intensive modeling frameworks. Specifically, NASAaccess is developed to meet the need for seamless earth observation remote sensing and climate data ingestion into various hydrological modeling frameworks. Moreover, NASAaccess is also contributing to keep interested parties and stakeholders engaged with environmental modeling, accessing the information available in various remote sensing products. NASAaccess current capabilities covers various NASA datasets and products that include the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) data products, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land surface states and fluxes, and the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections (NEX-GDDP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) & Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate change dataset products.
Partial melting in polycrystalline ice: Pathways identified in 3D neutron tomographic images
Authors: Wilson Christopher , Peternell Mark , Salvemini Filomena , Luzin Vladimir , Enzmann Frieder , Moravcova Olga , Hunter Nicholas
Published: February 2023

Abstract. In frozen cylinders composed of deuterium ice (Tm+3.8 ºC) and 10 % water ice (Tm 0 ºC) it is possible to track melt pathways produced by increasing the temperature during deformation. Raising the temperature to +2 ºC produces water (H2O) which combines with the D2O ice to form mixtures of HDO. As a consequence of deformation, HDO and H2O meltwater are expelled along conjugate shear bands and as compactional melt segregations. Melt segregations are also associated with high porosity networks related to the location of transient reaction fronts where the passage of melt-enriched fluids is controlled by the localized ductile yielding and lowering of the effective viscosity. Accompanying the softening, the meltwater also changes and weakens the crystallographic fabric development of the ice. Our observations suggest meltwater-enriched compaction and shear band initiation provides instabilities and the driving force for an enhancement of permeability in terrestrial ice sheets and glaciers.
CHESS-SCAPE: High resolution future projections of multiple climate scenarios for the United Kingdom derived from downscaled UKCP18 regional climate model output
Authors: Robinson Emma L. , Huntingford Chris , Semeena Valyaveetil Shamsudheen , Bullock James M.
Published: February 2023

Abstract. In order to effectively model the potential impacts of future climate change, there is a requirement for climate data inputs which are a) high spatial and temporal resolution; b) explore a range of future climate change scenarios; c) are consistent with historical observations in the historical period; and d) provide an exploration of climate model uncertainty. This paper presents a suite of climate projections for the United Kingdom that conform to these requirements: CHESS-SCAPE. CHESS-SCAPE is a 1 km resolution dataset containing eleven near-surface meteorological variables that can be used to as input to many different impacts models. The variables are available at several time resolutions, from daily to decadal means, for the years 1980–2080. It was derived from the state-of the art regional climate projections in the United Kingdom Climate Projections 2018 (UKCP18) Regional Climate Model (RCM) UKCP18 12 km ensemble, downscaled to 1 km using a combination of physical and empirical methods to account for local topographic effects. CHESS-SCAPE has four ensemble members, which were chosen to span the range of temperature and precipitation change in the UKCP18 ensemble, representing the ensemble climate model uncertainty. CHESS-SCAPE consists of projections for four emissions scenarios, given by the Representative Concentration Pathways: RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5, which were derived from the UKCP18 RCM RCP8.5 scenarios using time shifting and pattern scaling. These correspond to UK annual warming projections of between 0.9–1.9 K for RCP2.6 up to 2.8–4.3 K for RCP8.5 between 1980–2000 and 2060–2080. Little change in annual precipitation is projected, but larger changes in seasonal precipitation are seen with some scenarios projecting large increases in precipitation in the winter (up to 22 %) and large decreases in the summer (up to -39 %). All four RCP scenarios and ensemble members are also provided with bias-correction, using the CHESS-met historical gridded dataset as a baseline. With high spatial and temporal resolution, extensive range of warming scenarios and multiple ensemble members, CHESS-SCAPE provides a comprehensive data resource for modellers of climate change impacts in the UK. The CHESS-SCAPE data are available for download from the NERC EDS Centre for Environmental Data Analysis: http://dx.doi.org/10.5285/8194b416cbee482b89e0dfbe17c5786c (Robinson et al., 2022).
Incorporation of aerosol into the COSPv2 satellite lidar simulator for climate model evaluation
Authors: Bonazzola Marine , Chepfer Hélène , Ma Po-Lun , Quaas Johannes , Winker David M. , Feofilov Artem , Schutgens Nick
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol has substantial impacts on climate, air
quality and biogeochemical cycles, and its concentrations are highly
variable in space and time. A key variability to evaluate within models that
simulate aerosol is the vertical distribution, which influences atmospheric
heating profiles and aerosol–cloud interactions, to help constrain aerosol
residence time and to better represent the magnitude of simulated impacts. To
ensure a consistent comparison between modeled and observed vertical
distribution of aerosol, we implemented an aerosol lidar simulator within
the Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) Observation Simulator
Package version 2 (COSPv2). We assessed the attenuated total backscattered
(ATB) signal and the backscatter ratios (SRs) at 532 nm in the U.S.
Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1
(E3SMv1). The simulator performs the computations at the same vertical
resolution as the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP),
making use of aerosol optics from the E3SMv1 model as inputs and assuming
that aerosol is uniformly distributed horizontally within each model
grid box. The simulator applies a cloud masking and an aerosol detection
threshold to obtain the ATB and SR profiles that would be observed above
clouds by CALIOP with its aerosol detection capability. Our analysis shows
that the aerosol distribution simulated at a seasonal timescale is generally
in good agreement with observations. Over the Southern Ocean, however, the
model does not produce the SR maximum as observed in the real world.
Comparison between clear-sky and all-sky SRs shows little differences,
indicating that the cloud screening by potentially incorrect model clouds
does not affect the mean aerosol signal averaged over a season. This
indicates that the differences between observed and simulated SR values are
due not to sampling errors, but to deficiencies in the representation of
aerosol in models. Finally, we highlight the need for future applications of lidar observations at multiple wavelengths to provide insights into aerosol properties and distribution and their representation in Earth system models.
Getting the leaves right matters for estimating temperature extremes
Authors: Duveiller Gregory , Pickering Mark , Muñoz-Sabater Joaquin , Caporaso Luca , Boussetta Souhail , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Cescatti Alessandro
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Atmospheric reanalyses combine observations and models through data assimilation techniques to provide spatio-temporally continuous fields of key surface variables. They can do so for extended historical periods whilst ensuring a coherent representation of the main Earth system cycles. ERA5, and its enhanced land surface component ERA5-Land, are widely used in Earth System science and form the flagship products of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European Commission. Such land surface modelling frameworks generally rely on a state variable called leaf area index (LAI), representing the amount of leaves in a grid cell at a given time, to quantify the fluxes of carbon, water and energy between the vegetation and the atmosphere. However, the LAI within the modelling framework behind ERA5 and ERA5-Land is prescribed as a climatological seasonal cycle, neglecting any inter-annual variability and the potential consequences that this uncoupling between vegetation and atmosphere may have on the surface energy balance and the climate. To evaluate the impact of this mismatch in LAI, we analyse the corresponding effect it has on land surface temperature (LST) by comparing what is simulated to satellite observations. We characterise a hysteretic behaviour between LST biases and LAI biases that evolves differently along the year depending on the background climate. We further analyse their repercussion on the reconstructed climate during the more extreme conditions in terms of LAI deviations, with a specific focus on the 2003, 2010 and 2018 heatwaves in Europe where LST mismatches are exacerbated. We anticipate that our results will assist users of ERA5 and ERA5-Land data to understand where and when the larger discrepancies can be expected, but also guide developers towards improving the modelling framework. Finally, this study could provide a blueprint for a wider benchmarking framework for land surface model evaluation that exploits the capacity of LST to integrate the effects of both radiative and non-radiative processes affecting the surface energy.
Regulating effects of mixed cultivated grasslands in surface water conservation and soil erosion reduction along with restoration of alpine degraded hillsides
Authors: Ma Yulei , Liu Yu , Rodrigo-Comino Jesús , López-Vicente Manuel , Wu Gao-Lin
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Vegetation restoration is one of the most effective measures to control runoff and sediment by human management. Nevertheless, few studies have been undertaken to objectively analyze the effectiveness of the effects of plant restoration on regional water availability, especially, in mixed-cultivated grasslands in alpine degraded hillsides. In this research, we carried out in situ monitoring using micro-plots to investigate the impact of three strategies, combining two grass species per plot (three species in total), in a 20-degree slope on the activation and volume of surface runoff and soil loss in alpine degraded hillsides for three years (2019, 2020 and 2022). A bare-soil plot was used as control. The findings indicated that mixed-cultivated grasslands can effectively conserve water and decrease soil loss along the increasing planting ages. Grass community of Deschampsia cespitosa and Poa pratensis L.cv. Qinghai was the most effective in reducing soil erosion. From 2019 to 2022, the values of the runoff reduction ratio decreased for Deschampsia cespitosa and Elymus nutans (DE), Poa pratensis L.cv. Qinghai and Elymus nutans (PE), and Poa pratensis L.cv. Qinghai and Deschampsia cespitosa and (PD) from -79.3 % to -115.4 %, from -130.4 % to -156.1 %, and from -48.5 % to -87.6 %, respectively. On the contrary, the mean soil erosion reduction ratio of the cultivated grass communities increased from -184.8 % to 18.0 % (in DE), from -231.5 % to 24.3 % (in PE), and from -139.3 % to 31.9 % (in PD), respectively, from 2019 to 2022; and the corresponding mean values of sediment concentration reduction ratio also increased from -120.9 % to 55.8 % (in DE), -from 112.4 % to 59.7 % (in PE), and from -94.3 % to 62.1 % (in PD). This implied that protection measures should be considered a priority during the initial planting stage of cultivated grassland in alpine degraded hillsides. The key factors affecting soil loss and runoff were rainfall amount, duration and intensity (60-min intensity). We conclude that the results of this study can serve as scientific guides to design efficient policy decisions for planning the most effective vegetation restoration in the severely degraded hillside alpine grasslands.
The Dilemma of Including 'Hot' Models in Climate Impact Studies: A Hydrological Study
Authors: Rahimpour Asenjan Mehrad , Brissette Francois , Martel Jean-Luc , Arsenault Richard
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Efficient adaptation strategies to climate change require estimating future impacts and the uncertainty surrounding this estimation. Over- or under-estimating future uncertainty may lead to maladaptation. Hydrological impact studies typically use a top-down approach in which multiple climate models are used to assess the uncertainty related to climate model structure and climate sensitivity. Despite ongoing debate, impact modelers have typically embraced the concept of "model democracy" in which each climate model is considered equally fit. The newer CMIP6 simulations, with several models showing a climate sensitivity larger than that of CMIP5 and larger than the likely range based on past climate information and understanding of planetary physics, have reignited the model democracy debate. Some have suggested that hot models be removed from impact studies to avoid skewing impact results toward unlikely futures. This large-sample study looks at the impact of removing hot models on the projections of future streamflow over 3,107 North American catchments. More precisely, the variability of future projections of mean, high, and low flows is evaluated using an ensemble of 19 CMIP6 GCMs, 5 of which are deemed "hot" based on their global equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). The results show that the reduced ensemble of 14 climate models provides streamflow projections with reduced future variability for Canada, Alaska, the Southwest US, and along the Pacific coast. Elsewhere, the reduced ensemble has either no impact or results in increased variability of future streamflow, indicating that outlier climate models do not necessarily provide outlier projections of future impacts. These results emphasize the delicate nature of climate model selection, especially based on global fitness metrics that may not be appropriate for local and regional assessments.
A collection of wet beam models for wave–ice interaction
Authors: Tavakoli Sasan , Babanin Alexander V.
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Theoretical models for the prediction of decay rate and dispersion process of gravity waves traveling into an integrated ice cover expanded over a long way are introduced. The term “wet beam” is chosen to refer to these models as they are developed by incorporating water-based damping and added mass forces. Presented wet beam models differ from each other according to the rheological behavior considered for the ice cover. Two-parameter viscoelastic solid models accommodating Kelvin–Voigt (KV) and Maxwell mechanisms along with a one-parameter elastic solid model are used to describe the rheological behavior of the ice layer. Quantitative comparison between the landfast ice field data and model predictions suggests that wet beam models, adopted with both KV and Maxwell mechanisms, predict the decay rate more accurately compared to a dry beam model. Furthermore, the wet beam models, adopted with both KV and Maxwell mechanisms, are found to construct decay rates of disintegrated ice fields, though they are built for a continuous ice field. Finally, it is found that wet beam models can accurately construct decay rate curves of freshwater ice, though they cannot predict the dispersion process of waves accurately. To overcome this limitation, three-parameter solid models, termed standard linear solid (SLS) mechanisms, are suggested to be used to re-formulate the dispersion relationship of wet beam models, which were seen to construct decay rates and dispersion curves of freshwater ice with an acceptable level of accuracy. Overall, the two-parameter wet beam dispersion relationships presented in this research are observed to predict decay rates and dispersion process of waves traveling into actual ice covers, though three-parameter wet beam models were seen to reconstruct the those of freshwater ice formed in a wave flume. The wet beam models presented in this research can be implemented in spectral models on a large geophysical scale.
Understanding the dependence of mean precipitation on convective treatment in tropical aquachannel experiments
Authors: Jung Hyunju , Knippertz Peter , Ruckstuhl Yvonne , Redl Robert , Janjic Tijana , Hoose Corinna
Published: February 2023

Abstract. The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a key circulation and precipitation feature in the tropics. There has been a large spread in the representation of the ITCZ in global weather and climate models for a long time, the reasons for which remain unclear. This manuscript presents a novel approach with which we disentangle different physical processes responsible for the changeable behavior of the ITCZ in numerical models. The diagnostic tool is based on a conceptual framework developed by Emanuel (2019) and allows for physically consistent estimates of convective mass flux and precipitation efficiency for simulations with explicit and parameterized convection. We apply our diagnostics to a set of tropical aquachannel experiments using the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model with horizontal grid resolution of 13 km and with various representations of deep and shallow convection. The channel length corresponds to the Earth's circumference and has rigid walls at 30° N/S. Zonally symmetric sea surface temperatures are prescribed. All four runs share overall similar rainfall patterns and dynamical structures. They simulate an ITCZ at the equator coinciding with the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, descending branches at 15° N/S with subtropical jets and easterly trade wind belts straddling the ITCZ. Differences are largest between runs with and without parameterized deep convection. With explicit deep convection, rainfall in the ITCZ increases by 35 % and the Hadley circulation as well as surface winds become stronger. Our diagnostic framework reveals that boundary-layer quasi-equilibrium is a key to physically understanding those differences. The stronger surface horizontal winds with explicit deep convection essentially enhance surface enthalpy fluxes and thus perturb quasi-equilibrium in the boundary layer. This is balanced by increasing convective downdraft mass flux that carries low moist static energy from the lower troposphere into the boundary layer. The downdraft strength is proportional to convective updraft mass flux, which is closely linked to rainfall, since – somewhat surprisingly – the convective treatment does not appear to influence precipitation efficiency significantly. Changes in radiative cooling are largely compensated by changes in dry stability, leading to little impact on rainfall. The results highlight the utility of our diagnostics to pinpoint processes important for rainfall differences between models, suggesting applicability for global climate model intercomparison projects.
Changes in synoptic circulations associated with documented derechos over France in the past 70 years
Authors: Fery Lucas , Faranda Davide
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Derechos are a type of severe windstorm characterized by a swath of wind damage several hundred kilometers long. They are known to cause widespread damage and can have a significant impact on human safety and infrastructure. A recent example is the European derecho of 18 August 2022 that produced damaging surface wind gusts (>200 km/h) and affected Corsica, Italy and Austria within 12 hours. The goal of this paper is to analyse recent derechos in France in the satellite era and assess the role of climate change in modifying their characteristics. We identify eleven (11) events in the past and provide their tracks retrieved using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. To detect climate change signal, we compare cyclonic atmospheric circulations (low pressure systems) that can lead to derechos in the distant past (1950–1979), when warming was just beginning, and in the recent past (1993–2022). Two of the events are found to be unprecedented, that is no good analogues can be found in at least one period and attribution statements cannot be made on the basis of the present analysis. For most of the other events, instead, we find a significant signal of increased precipitation in the recent period which, without change in circulation, is explained by higher temperatures. For these events there is also not a clear change in depth of the low pressure system trigger. Finally, we can exclude the role of climate variability of El Nino (ENSO) in most of the events, while we cannot rule out the influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in favoring low pressure systems possibly leading to derechos.
Dialogic teacher inquiry: The case of a preservice teacher learning to facilitate class discussion
Authors: Sanchez Sergio L. , Athanases Steven Z.
Published: February 2023

Developing knowledge and practice for high-quality K-12 class discussion remains challenging, especially for new teachers juggling other classroom responsibilities. Our study reports the case of a preservice teacher learning to lead discussions while enrolled in a teacher education inquiry course, simultaneous with semester-long supervised practice teaching in a seventh-grade class (12-13-year-olds) in a high-poverty urban community. The work is guided by a complex teacher learning process for developing complex practice of facilitating discussions in culturally and linguistically diverse high school English classes. Countering popular approaches to “talk moves” as useful but often generic facilitation practices, the teacher education pedagogical innovation we describe positions teachers as knowledge-generating, agentive professionals. Our conceptual framework for teacher learning features dialogic teacher inquiry, with three domains. The first domain involves moving beyond methods texts to dialoguing analytically with and among multiple print, online, and mentor resources for supporting development of a dialogic teaching stance. The second domain intentionally guides new teachers to explore classroom data and consider students as knowledge resources in shaping instruction. The third domain sustains dialogue about discussion processes and evolving conceptions of dialogism in small groups of preservice teacher collectives, enabling sharing of inquiry data, emerging findings, and dilemmas of practice. Drawing upon a larger database, we present a case study demonstrating one preservice teacher’s inquiry work with deep analysis of student talk, detailed memoing processes featuring challenges and benefits of developing dialogic teaching practices, thoughtful criticism of long-established discussion practices, and discoveries about nuances of dialogic teaching. Our case contributes to the literature by presenting an example of dialogic pedagogy for teacher education, in service of preservice teachers learning to lead classroom discussions. Additional innovative pedagogical designs are needed to assist teachers in gaining complex knowledge and practice for teaching and promoting meaningful and learning-rich talk in K-12 classrooms.
RESEARCH ON SHEARING THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK
Authors:   Caspian University of Technology and Engineering named after Sh .Yesenova, Aktau city, Republic of Kazakhstan, Brzhanov R.T.
Published: February 2023

В последние годы учеными шиpоко обсуждается пpоблема очистки днища pезеpвуаpа. Твеpдые и вязкие осады снижают полезный объем резервуаров нефти. Очищение осадков, образованных при эксплуатации резервуаров,- сложная и тpудоемкая работа. Очищение от осадков в pезеpвуаpах еще не созданы эффективные методы. Зачистка днища pезеpвуаpов большого объема трудоемкая работа, для удаления осадков днища pезеpвуаpа емкостью 5000 м3 тpебуется 6 человек. В пpомышленности известен способ удаления осадков из pезеpвуаpов, железнодоpожных цистеpн с помощью pазогpева осадка стационаpными или пеpеносными шаpовыми теплообменниками, откpытым паpом и последующей откачки осадков или слива. Этот способ хоpошо заpекомендовал себя пpи pазогpеве осадков небольшого объема (в цистеpнах, PВС 2000), когда вpемя pазогpева сpавнительно небольшое и поэтому тепловые потеpи невелики. В данной статье pассматpивается способ очистки дна pезеpвуаpов, основанный на пеpекачке pазогpетой нефти, что повышает pаботу насосов и максимальное очищение днища pезеpвуаpа.
RISE OF NETFLIX DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC & ITS IMPACT ON YOUTH
Authors: ,Utaibah Naseer Sagar Samy , Kiran Jafferani
Published: February 2023

Netflix is the world's most popular video streaming network, allowing users to watch series and films in a wide range of genres based on their preferences. It has been observed that a large majority of youth, especially university-going students have shifted to Netflix during the lockdown. Since COVID-19 was relatively new at the time, and all activities suddenly ceased, a large number of people, especially those who were seeking entertainment bought a Netflix subscription on a sharing basis to start watching all-time hit series and films available on this platform. This study was conducted via survey methodology of random sampling consisting of 50 respondents. The close-ended questionnaire consisting of 12 questions was circulated via social media to the youth aged 18 to 26 years old. The findings show that Netflix has a negative impact on youth as well as society. As it promotes certain agendas to change the perception towards people and society, binge-watching is badly affecting the youth in terms of cognitive skills, social interaction, mental and physical health.
Prognostic Significance of the Criteria for Metastatic Involvement of Regional Lymph Nodes in Cervical Cancer According to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Authors: Zhuk E. G. , Kosenko I. A.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study is to assess the criteria for metastatic involvement of the LN (MLN) according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to identify the most prognostically significant. The MRI data of 159 removed LN were compared with the results of a morphological study of the resected preparations. ROC- analysis (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) was used to determine the diagnostic performance of threshold values. The test performance was evaluated depending on the area under the ROC curve — the AUC parameter (Area Under Curve). In order to evaluate the prognostic significance of MRI predictors for metastatic involvement of the LN, uni-and multivariate regression logistic analyses were performed. According to the results of multivariate analysis, the configuration index is less than or equal to 1.65, the absence of a signal from the fatty tissue of the hilum of LN, and perinodular edema are the most prognostically significant criteria for metastatic involvement of the LN (p < 0.05).
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION, CHALLENGES, AND STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURE FINANCING IN PAKISTAN: STAKEHOLDER’S PERSPECTIVE
Authors:   Department of Business Administration, Fatima Jinnah Woman University Rawalpindi, Amjad Aleena , Ayub Huma ,   Department of Business Administration, Fatima Jinnah Woman University Rawalpindi, Saddiqa Qureshi Saiqa ,   Department of Business Administration, Fatima Jinnah Woman University Rawalpindi.
Published: February 2023

Agri-financing faces challenges due to a variety of factors that are still uncovered in the context of developing countries. This study aims to explore the challenges from the perspective of stakeholders specifically bankers, farmers, and regulators to boost agriculture financing by channelizing it through commercial banks in Pakistan. The study used interviews through open-ended semi-structured questions from stakeholders. The study capitalizes on the purposive sampling technique for conducting interviews with the 16 conventional and Islamic Agri-bankers. A stratified random sampling design is used to conduct interviews with 30 farmers from the Potohar region. The study used ATLAS. ti version, 8 for thematic analysis of qualitative data. The study finds that the bankers and farmers weigh the challenges such as high-interest rates charged, lengthy and cumbersome documentation, collateral requirements by commercial banks, and socio-demographic factors of farmers (illiteracy, religiosity, poor communication skills) and exploitative role of middlemen (Aarthies). Moreover, a lack of awareness for the use of innovative ways to improve productivity by farmers inhibits the agri-equipment financing from banks. Stakeholders suggest that introducing customized regional farmers’ financial literacy programs and platforms for linking farmers with value-added companies, centralized farmers' data portal (landholding/record-keeping system) and digitalization of agriculture loan processes (one window operations) can improve the agri-financing situation in Pakistan. This study has significant implications for the policymakers of the agricultural sector to incentivize farmers and provide strategies to overcome the challenges for facilitating stakeholders in Pakistan.
AMERICAN INDIAN LITERATURE AS ‘LITERATURE OF COMBAT’
Authors:   English Department, Hazara University, Malik Shaista , Muhammad Shah Ayaz ,   English Department, Hazara University, Shakoor Abassi Abdul ,   English Department, Hazara University
Published: February 2023

The present research paper aims to explore the ways in which literature and its celluloid stepchild, the cinema, have been employed in combination with supposedly nonfictional venues to falsify the realities of Euro- American interaction with the continent’s indigenous people, both historically and in the contemporary setting. Its purpose is to shred away to some extent an elaborate shroud of misimpression and misinformation behind which the dreadful visage of Euro-American subjugation, occupation and massacre have been so prudently veiled. These all complications are accredited to ethnic and social deterioration which is outcome of intensified control of genocide, colonialism, enforced cultural and institutional accommodation, monetary reliance and racism.Keywords: Colonization, American Indian cultures, Collapse of social structures, Resistance literature, Native survival, Systematic marginalization.
BLEMS OF STUDENTS THROUGH THE EYES OF EXPERIENCED ELEMENTARY TEACHERS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors:   Department of Education, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan, Ansar Hamid Muhammad , Shafqat Ali Shah Syed ,   University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Published: February 2023

Behavioral problems of students are now challenging issue for all ranked school teachers in the classroom worldwide. Nature of the behavioral problems of students varies country to country, culture to culture, gender to gender and even grade to grade level. This research study explores the coping strategies that experienced elementary teachers used to deal with behavioral problems of the students in the classrooms. Research study being qualitative in nature specifically conducted through transcendental phenomenological methodology. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews from purposefully selected 10 experienced elementary teachers within the one district of province Punjab Pakistan and analyzed using qualitative method. It was recommended based on the finding of the study that traditional and conventional coping strategies to deal behavioral problems of students would be substituted with preventive and supportive coping strategies as these are much desired and effective toward securing students’ learning and teachers’ instructional time in the classroom. Keywords: Behavioral problems of students, coping strategies, experienced elementary teachers.
IRAN-CHINA DEAL: GEOSTRATEGIC-BALANCING AGAINST US
Authors:   Department of International Relations, UMT Sialkot Pakistan, Maqsood Asia , Mateen Muhammad ,   Department of International Relations, UMT Sialkot Pakistan, Husnain Muhammad ,   Department of Media and Communication, UMT Sialkot Pakistan
Published: February 2023

The signing of a $400 billion 25-year strategic and economic deal between Iran and China in March 2021 is the latest sign of the two countries' resolve to work together more closely. As a counterbalance to the US and its allies in the Middle East (ME), this bilateral deal is expected to reduce the US influence in the ME. In this context, this paper focuses on China’s strategic objectives behind the deal and explores Iran’s procures from this deal. Further, the paper also analyses the nature of regional implications incurred by the bilateral arrangement. The study underlines that by strengthening strategic connections with Iran, China will have an unaffected and uninterrupted oil supplies from the Persian Gulf. Apart from the energy supplies, the recent deal offers China a relative strategic advantage in Middle East. Owing to the mounting influence of China through its extensive investments in the Middle East, the paper examines the region as a new front for Beijing to challenge the American supremacy—this time through Iran. Unlike the US, China has taken a development-oriented approach to the region, leveraging Iran's regional power to expand economic ties with neighboring countries through what it refers to as the developmental peace, rather than the Western concept of democratic peace. On the other hand, through this strategic and economic accord, Iran has found it more profitable to pursue an eastward policy for economic and strategic dividends. Likewise, India is cautious of Beijing's two-pronged embrace, with its shrinking cooperation with Iran, notably at the Chabahar, and its recent battle with China in the Himalayas. Given that, this paper not only examines the economic and strategic gains associated with the strategic partnership but also explores its implications over the US footprints in the Middle East and South Asian regions. Keywords: Iran- China 25-year Economic and Strategic Deal, Belt and Road Initiative, Middle East, South Asia, East ward Policy, Chabahar, Gwadar
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATHEMATICAL THINKING OF TEACHERS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL
Authors:   Ph.D Scholar University of Lahore, Rasool Siddiqui Ghulam , Rashid Khalid ,   Ph.D Scholar University of Lahore
Published: February 2023

The main aim of the research was to investigate the relationship between mathematical thinking of teachers and academic achievement of students at secondary school level in Sahiwal division. The major objective of this study was to find out relationship between mathematical thinking of teacher and student’s academic achievement and explore the effect of different level of mathematical thinking of teacher on students’ academic achievements. The study was descriptive correlational study based on observational survey design. The population of the study was 518 math teachers and 50659 students who were enrolled in secondary schools in session 2018-2019. Data was collected by observational check list from 19 secondary math teachersand also from 132 male students and 80 female students by self-developed questionnairefrom Sahiwal Division. The data was analyzed by SPSS 20.0 and found that there is strong relationship between developmental mathematical thinking of teachers and students academic achievement and significant positive weak relationship exist between deductive, integrative, and abstract mathematical thinking of teachers and students’ academic achievement while no relationship exist between inductive and analogical mathematical thinking of teachers and students’ academic achievement and strong relationship was found between developmental mathematical thinking of teachers and students’ academic achievement. Keywords: Mathematical thinking, Mathematics achievement, Secondary school.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW: MEANING, FUNCTIONS AND DIFFERENCES
Authors:   School of Law, University of Gujrat, Pakistan., Majeed Nasir , Mukhtar Muhammad Ahsan ,   Department of Commerce, University of Gujrat Pakistan, Ehsan Muhammad Imran ,   Advocate High Court, Lahore
Published: February 2023

Both theoretical and conceptual frameworks play a significant role in research studies. However, majority of the researchers do not properly understand their meaning, functions and differences between them. The present study had two objectives; first, to explore the meaning, differences and functions of theoretical and conceptual framework and second, to analyze the need of theoretical framework in legal research. After the systematic review of the literature, the present study found that a theoretical framework is the map constructed with one or more theories to guide a proposed study from inception to reporting. Similarly, the study found that a conceptual framework is constructed with various ideas and concepts taken from numerous theories or empirical studies. Besides, theoretical and conceptual frameworks are similar to the extent of their function and different to the extent of their constituents elements. Moreover, the study found that doctrinal legal research needs a normative framework whereas empirical legal studies require a theoretical or conceptual framework. It is hoped that the present study will enable the researchers to properly understand the meaning, functions and differences between theoretical and conceptual framework. Keywords: Theoretical Framework, Conceptual Framework, Functions of Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, Difference between Theoretical and Conceptual Framework