bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by Hydrous Hydrazine over Au–Cu Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on SrTiO3/TiO2 Coaxial Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Kang Qing , Wang Tao , Li Peng , Liu Lequan , Chang Kun , Li Mu , Ye Jinhua
Published: November 2014

Efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into CO and hydrocarbons by hydrous hydrazine (N2H4⋅H2O) is achieved on SrTiO3/TiO2 coaxial nanotube arrays loaded with Au–Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. The synergetic catalytic effect by the Au–Cu alloy nanoparticles and the fast electron‐transfer in SrTiO3/TiO2 coaxial nanoarchitecture are the main reasons for the efficiency, while N2H4⋅H2O as the H source and electron donor provides a reducing atmosphere to protect the surface Cu atoms from oxidation, therefore maintaining the alloying effect which is the basis for the high photocatalytic activity and stability. This approach opens a feasible route to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency, which also benefits the development of photocatalysts and co‐catalysts.
ASEAN's Leadership in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Authors: Fukunaga Yoshifumi
Published: November 2014

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) centrality was one of the biggest motivations for ASEAN's proposal of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2011. In order to gain both politically and economically, ASEAN should play proactive roles in the RCEP negotiation as the driver of substance. ASEAN has already started exercising its influence over the substances of ASEAN + 1 free trade agreements (FTAs). In order to further strengthen its leadership in the RCEP, ASEAN should utilise the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) as the model for RCEP. AEC has achieved a much deeper level of integration than the existing ASEAN + 1 FTAs by setting high ambitions with processes to induce reform initiatives of member states. By using familiar AEC measures, ASEAN can create a single and common position despite the large development gaps among its member states. If modelled after AEC, the RCEP will enforce ASEAN's reform efforts.
Development and validation of a sensitive UHPLC‐MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of tramadol, dextromethorphan chlorpheniramine and their major metabolites in human plasma in forensic context: application to pharmacokinetics
Authors: Heneedak Hala M. , Salama Ismail , Mostafa Samia , EL‐Kady Ehab , El‐Sadek Mohamed
Published: November 2014

The prerequisites for forensic confirmatory analysis by LC/MS/MS with respect to European Union guidelines are chromatographic separation, a minimum number of two MS/MS transitions to obtain the required identification points and predefined thresholds for the variability of the relative intensities of the MS/MS transitions (MRM transitions) in samples and reference standards. In the present study, a fast, sensitive and robust method to quantify tramadol, chlorpheniramine, dextromethorphan and their major metabolites, O‐desmethyltramadol, dsmethyl‐chlorpheniramine and dextrophan, respectively, in human plasma using ibuprofen as internal standard (IS) is described. The analytes and the IS were extracted from plasma by a liquid–liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate–diethyl‐ether (1:1). Extracted samples were analyzed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS). Chromatographic separation was performed by pumping the mobile phase containing acetonitrile, water and formic acid (89.2:11.7:0.1) for 2.0 min at a flow rate of 0.25 μL/min into a Hypersil‐Gold C18 column, 20 × 2.0 mm (1.9 µm) from Thermoscientific, New York, USA. The calibration curve was linear for the six analytes. The intraday precision (RSD) and accuracy (RE) of the method were 3–9.8 and −1.7–4.5%, respectively. The analytical procedure herein described was used to assess the pharmacokinetics of the analytes in 24 healthy volunteers after a single oral dose containing 50 mg of tramadol hydrochloride, 3 mg chlorpheniramine maleate and 15 mg of dextromethorphan hydrobromide. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Development of Differential Mnemonic Effects of False Denials and Forced Confabulations
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Howe Mark L. , Memon Amina , Wang Jianqin
Published: November 2014

The current experiment was designed to assess the mnemonic consequences of false denials and forced confabulations. Children (aged 6–8 and 10–12 years) and adults viewed a video and then their memory and belief about the event were tested. Participants were then divided into three groups. In the “cued recall” condition, participants were asked to answer true‐ and false‐event questions, but could choose not to respond if they did not know the answer. In the “forced confabulation” group, participants received the same set of questions, but were forced to answer all of them. In the “false denial” group, participants were instructed to falsely deny in response to each question. One week later, participants received a source memory test, and they had to provide memory and belief ratings once more. Forced confabulations resulted in false memories in the youngest group. Moreover, our analyses showed that repeated false denials led children and adults to be highly inclined to falsely deny that they had talked to the experimenter about certain presented details, when in fact they had done so. Furthermore, false denial and non‐believed memory rates were more pronounced in younger than in older children and adults. Our results imply that denying experienced events is not a good strategy in an interviewing setting, as it adversely affects memory statements about the interview. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortex particle smoke simulation with an octree data structure
Authors: Huang Zhanpeng , Gong Guanghong , Han Liang
Published: November 2014

We propose an octree‐based presentation of vortex particles to simulate smoke and gaseous phenomena in a physical way. Vortex particle method prevails over grid‐based method in terms of less numerical dissipation and more detail features, but it suffers from heavy computational overhead due to per‐particle Biot–Savart integration over the entire simulation space. To alleviate this problem, we employ an octree background grid to separate the vortex particles into individual groups. Particles in groups are aggregated as a single super vortex particle to reduce computational cost. The proposed method produces comparable visual result as previous methods with much less computational overhead. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Epoxidation of 2‐Oxoindoline‐3‐ylidene Acetaldehydes
Authors: Mukaiyama Takasuke , Ogata Kento , Ono Tsuyoshi , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: November 2014

The asymmetric epoxidation of 2‐oxoindoline‐3‐ylidene acetaldehydes, catalyzed by diarylprolinol silyl ether, has been developed. The reaction provides oxindole derivatives possessing chiral epoxides in good yield with good diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity.
Asymmetric Tandem 1,5‐Hydride Shift/Ring Closure for the Synthesis of Chiral Spirooxindole Tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Cao Weidi , Liu Xiaohua , Guo Jing , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: November 2014

The direct functionalization of sp3 CH bonds through a tandem 1,5‐hydride shift/ring closure is described. Various optically active spirooxindole tetrahydroquinoline derivatives bearing contiguous quaternary or tertiary stereogenic carbon centers were readily synthesized. A chiral scandium complex of N,N′‐dioxide promoted the reactions in good yields (up to 97 %) with excellent diastereoselectivities (>20:1) and enantioselectivities (up to 94 % ee). Kinetic isotope effect (KIE) experiments and internal redox reactions of chiral substrates were conducted, and the results provided intriguing information that helped clarify the mechanism of the reaction.
Phenylene Ethynylene‐Tethered Perylene Bisimide Folda‐Dimer and Folda‐Trimer: Investigations on Folding Features in Ground and Excited States
Authors: Fimmel Benjamin , Son Minjung , Sung Young Mo , Grüne Matthias , Engels Bernd , Kim Dongho , Würthner Frank
Published: November 2014

In this work, we have elucidated in detail the folding properties of two perylene bisimide (PBI) foldamers composed of two and three PBI units, respectively, attached to a phenylene ethynylene backbone. The folding behaviors of these new PBI folda‐dimer and trimer have been studied by solvent‐dependent UV/Vis absorption and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, revealing facile folding of both systems in tetrahydrofuran (THF). In CHCl3 the dimer exists in extended (unfolded) conformation, whereas partially folded conformations are observed in the trimer. Temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopic studies in [D8]THF revealed intramolecular dynamic processes for both PBI foldamers due to, on the one hand, hindered rotation around CN imide bonds and, on the other hand, backbone flapping; the latter process being energetically more demanding as it was observed only at elevated temperature. The structural features of folded conformations of the dimer and trimer have been elucidated by different 2D‐NMR spectroscopy (e.g., ROESY and DOSY) in [D8]THF. The energetics of folding processes for the PBI dimer and trimer have been assessed by calculations applying various methods, particularly the semiempirical PM6‐DH2 and the more sophisticated B97D approach, in which relevant dispersion corrections are included. These calculations corroborate the results of NMR spectroscopic studies. Folding features in the excited states of these PBI foldamers have been characterized by using time‐resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy in THF and CHCl3, exhibiting similar solvent‐dependent behavior as observed for the ground state. Interestingly, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process from electron‐donating backbone to electron‐deficient PBI core for extended, but not for folded, conformations was observed, which can be explained by a fast relaxation of excited PBI stacks in the folded conformation into fluorescent excimer states.
Conformation‐Determined Through‐Bond versus Through‐Space Electronic Communication in Mixed‐Valence Systems with a Cross‐Conjugated Urea Bridge
Authors: Gong Zhong‐Liang , Zhong Yu‐Wu , Yao Jiannian
Published: November 2014

Bis‐triarylamine 2 and cyclometalated diruthenium 6(PF6)2 with a linear trans,trans‐urea bridge have been prepared, together with the bis‐triarylamine 3 and cyclometalated diruthenium 8(PF6)2 with a folded cis,cis‐N,N‐dimethylurea bridge. The linear or folded conformations of these molecules are supported by single‐crystal X‐ray structures of 2, 3, and other related compounds. These compounds display two consecutive anodic redox waves (N.+/0 or RuIII/II processes) with a potential separation of 110–170 mV. This suggests that an efficient electronic coupling is present between two redox termini through the cross‐conjugated urea bridge. The degree of electronic coupling has been investigated by using spectroelectrochemical measurements. Distinct intervalence charge‐transfer (IVCT) transitions have been observed for mixed‐valent (MV) compounds with a linear conformation. The IVCT transitions can also be identified for the folded MV compounds, albeit with a much weaker intensity. DFT results support that the electronic communication occurs by a through‐bond and through‐space pathway for the linear and folded compounds, respectively. The IVCT transitions of the MV compounds have been reproduced by TDDFT calculations. For the purpose of comparison, a bistriarylamine and a diruthenium complex with an imidazolidin‐2‐one bridge and a urea‐containing mono‐triarylamine and monoruthenium complex have been synthesized and studied.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Chiral Bidentate Unsymmetrical Unsaturated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric CC Bond Formation
Authors: Jahier‐Diallo Claire , Morin Marie S. T. , Queval Pierre , Rouen Mathieu , Artur Isabelle , Querard Pierre , Toupet Loic , Crévisy Christophe , Baslé Olivier , Mauduit Marc
Published: November 2014

A multicomponent strategy was applied to the synthesis of chiral bidentate unsaturated hydroxyalkyl‐ and carboxyalkyl‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors. The newly developed low‐cost chiral ligands derived from amino alcohols and amino acids were evaluated in copper‐catalyzed asymmetric conjugated addition and asymmetric allylic alkylation, which afforded the desired tertiary and quaternary carbon stereocenters with excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 99:1 e.r.).
Vibrational Circular Dichroism and Theoretical Study of the Conformational Equilibrium in (−)‐S‐Nicotine
Authors: Ortega Pilar Gema Rodríguez , Montejo Manuel , González Juan Jesus López
Published: November 2014

We report an extensive study of the molecular and electronic structure of (−)‐S‐nicotine, to deduce the phenomenon that controls its conformational equilibrium and to solve its solution‐state conformer population. Density functional theory, ab initio, and molecular mechanics calculations were used together with vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. Calculations and experiments in solution show that the structure and the conformational energy profile of (−)‐S‐nicotine are not strongly dependent on the medium, thus suggesting that the conformational equilibrium is dominated by hyperconjugative interactions rather than repulsive electronic effects. The analysis of the first recorded VCD spectra of (−)‐S‐nicotine confirmed the presence of two main conformers at room temperature. Our results provide further evidence of the hypersensitivity of vibrational optical activity spectroscopies to the three‐dimensional structure of chiral samples and prove their suitability for the elucidation of solution‐state conformer distribution.
Testing the Mediating Effects of Obsessive Beliefs in Internet‐Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Andersson Erik , Ljótsson Brjánn , Hedman Erik , Hesser Hugo , Enander Jesper , Kaldo Viktor , Andersson Gerhard , Lindefors Nils , Rück Christian
Published: November 2014

Although cognitive interventions for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have been tested in randomized trials, there are few trials that have tested the specific mechanisms of cognitive interventions, i.e. how they achieve their effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mediating effects of a short cognitive intervention in the treatment of OCD and used data from a recently conducted randomized controlled trial where 101 participants were allocated to either Internet‐based CBT (ICBT) or to a control condition. Obsessive beliefs were measured at pre‐treatment, at the time they had received the cognitive intervention, and also at post‐treatment. Weekly OCD symptoms were measured throughout the 10 weeks of treatment. We hypothesized that (1) the ICBT group would have greater reductions in obsessive beliefs (controlling for change in OCD symptoms) after completing the cognitive intervention, and that (2) this reduction would, in turn, predict greater OCD symptom reduction throughout the rest of the treatment period. Contrary to our expectations, the longitudinal mediation analysis indicated that (1) being randomized to ICBT actually increased the degree of obsessive beliefs after receiving the cognitive intervention at weeks 1–3, and (2) increase in obsessive beliefs predicted better outcome later in treatment. However, when repeating the analysis using cross‐sectional data at post‐treatment, the results were in line with the initial hypotheses. Results were replicated when the control condition received ICBT. We conclude that, although obsessive beliefs were significantly reduced at post‐treatment for the ICBT group, early increase rather than decrease in obsessive beliefs predicted favourable outcome. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

This study investigated the impact of cognitive interventions on obsessive beliefs for patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Results showed that a sudden increase in obsessive beliefs is not an indicator of worse treatment response. On the contrary, it is more likely that the patient is better off when having this sudden increase.

Clinicians should not be alarmed if the patient has a sudden increase in obsessive beliefs, but we do recommend the clinician to investigate the reasons for this further.
The Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment Methods on Cellulose Structure and Accessibility
Authors: Bali Garima , Meng Xianzhi , Deneff Jacob I. , Sun Qining , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: November 2014

The effects of different alkaline pretreatments on cellulose structural features and accessibility are compared and correlated with the enzymatic hydrolysis of Populus. The pretreatments are shown to modify polysaccharides and lignin content to enhance the accessibility for cellulase enzymes. The highest increase in the cellulose accessibility was observed in dilute sodium hydroxide, followed by methods using ammonia soaking and lime (Ca(OH)2). The biggest increase of cellulose accessibility occurs during the first 10 min of pretreatment, with further increases at a slower rate as severity increases. Low temperature ammonia soaking at longer residence times dissolved a major portion of hemicellulose and exhibited higher cellulose accessibility than high temperature soaking. Moreover, the most significant reduction of degree of polymerization (DP) occurred for dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonia pretreated Populus samples. The study thus identifies important cellulose structural features and relevant parameters related to biomass recalcitrance.
Input overload: Contributions of retinoic acid signaling feedback mechanisms to heart development and teratogenesis
Authors: D'Aniello Enrico , Waxman Joshua S.
Published: November 2014

Appropriate levels of retinoic acid (RA) signaling are critical for normal heart development in vertebrates. A fascinating property of RA signaling is the thoroughness by which positive and negative feedback are employed to promote proper embryonic RA levels. In the present short review, we first cover the advancement of hypotheses regarding the impact of RA signaling on cardiac specification. We then discuss our current understanding of RA signaling feedback mechanisms and the implications of recent studies, which have indicated improperly maintained RA signaling feedback can be a contributing factor to developmental malformations. Developmental Dynamics 244:513–523, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Galectin‐3 in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the Aldo‐DHF trial
Authors: Edelmann Frank , Holzendorf Volker , Wachter Rolf , Nolte Kathleen , Schmidt Albrecht G. , Kraigher‐Krainer Elisabeth , Duvinage André , Unkelbach Ines , Düngen Hans‐Dirk , Tschöpe Carsten , Herrmann‐Lingen Christoph , Halle Martin , Hasenfuss Gerd , Gelbrich Götz , Stough Wendy Gattis , Pieske Burkert M.
Published: November 2014

Aims

Galectin‐3 is a marker of myocardial fibrosis and mediates aldosterone‐induced cardiovascular inflammation and fibrosis. Characteristics of galectin‐3 and its response to spironolactone have not been evaluated in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The aim of this study was to determine the association between galectin‐3 levels and patient characteristics in HFpEF; to evaluate the interaction between spironolactone and galectin‐3 levels; and to assess the association between galectin‐3 and clinical outcomes.

Methods and results

Aldo‐DHF investigated spironolactone 25 mg once daily vs. placebo for 12 months in patients with NYHA class II–III, LVEF ≥50%, grade ≥ I diastolic dysfunction, and peakVO2 ≤ 25 mL/kg/min. Galectin‐3 levels were obtained at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months. The association between baseline galectin‐3, change in galectin‐3, and all‐cause death or hospitalization was evaluated, and the interaction between galectin‐3 and treatment was assessed. Median baseline galectin‐3 was 12.1 ng/mL. After multivariable adjustment, baseline galectin‐3 inversely correlated with peak VO2 (P = 0.021), 6 min walk distance (P = 0.002), and Short Form 36 (SF‐36) physical functioning (P = 0.001), and directly correlated with NYHA class (P = 0.007). Baseline NT‐proBNP correlated with E/e' velocity ratio (P ≤ 0.001), left atrial volume index (P < 0.001), and LV mass index (P = 0.009). Increasing galectin‐3 at 6 or 12 months was associated with all‐cause death or hospitalization independent of treatment arm [hazard ratio (HR) 3.319, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.214–9.07, P = 0.019] and NT‐proBNP (HR 3.127, 95% CI 1.144–8.549, P = 0.026). Spironolactone did not influence galectin‐3 levels.

Conclusion

Galectin‐3 levels are modestly elevated in patients with stable HFpEF and relate to functional performance and quality of life. Increasing galectin‐3 was associated with worse outcome, independent of treatment or NT‐proBNP.
Platinum Diolefin Complexes – Synthesis, Structures, and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Lüning Anna , Neugebauer Michael , Lingen Verena , Krest Alexander , Stirnat Kathrin , Deacon Glen B. , Drago Penny R. , Ott Ingo , Schur Julia , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd , Klein Axel
Published: November 2014

The synthesis, spectroscopy, structures and chemical reactivity of platinum(II) diolefin complexescis‐[(∥∧∥)PtCl2],cis‐[(∥∧∥)PtCl(R)] andcis‐[(∥∧∥)Pt(R)2] [∥∧∥ = chelate diolefin ligand: 1,5‐cyclooctadiene (COD), 1,5‐dimethylocta‐1,5‐diene (Me2COD), norbornadiene (NBD), 1,5‐hexadiene (HEX), 3‐allyloxypropene (All2O, diallyl ether), diallylamine (All2NH); R = Me, Bn, C6F5, C6F4H‐4 (or ‐5), or C≡C(4‐Me)Ph] have been explored. The relative exchange rates of thecis‐[(∥∧∥)PtCl2] complexes towards the diimine ligand diisopropyl‐1,4‐diazabutadiene (iPr‐DAB) increased along the series COD < Me2COD < NBD < HEX < All2O by a factor of 4. The presumably dimeric complex [(All2NH)PtCl2]2undergoes a unique rearrangement process in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution to yield the dimeric piperazine complex [PtCl(dmso)(C6H10N)]2, which has been characterised by single‐crystal XRD. For selected platinum complexes, cytotoxic effects in HT‐29 colon carcinoma and MCF‐7 breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. For comparison, the dicationic complexes [(COD)Pt(Bn)(L)][PF6]2with the very labile coligandsN‐methyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium (MQ+) andN‐methyl‐1,4‐pyrazinium (Mpz+) were added to the study. Although the hexadiene complexes [(HEX)Pt(C6F4H‐4)2] and [(HEX)Pt(C6F4H‐5)2] show strong cytotoxicity, the introduction of labile diolefin ligands or the labile cationic MQ+or Mpz+coligands does not generally lead to markedly increased cytotoxicity.
Recruit diverse health care students with holistic admissions
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2014

Health care educators have a responsibility to prepare a workforce that can meet the needs of diverse communities.
Be ready for a new generation of students
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2014

INDIANAPOLIS, IND. — You've learned to work with millennial students and their helicopter parents. But that generation is nearing graduation, and a new generation of students is starting to enroll.
Cyclic behaviour of interior beam–column joints reinforced with plain bars
Authors: Melo José , Varum Humberto , Rossetto Tiziana
Published: November 2014

The seismic damages commonly observed on beam–column joints of old reinforced concrete structures, built with plain bars and without proper detailing, justifies the need to further study the behaviour of this type of structures. The response of these structures when loaded cyclically, as occurs during the earthquakes, is partially controlled by the bond properties between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign of unidirectional cyclic tests carried out on six full‐scale beam–column joints built with plain bars. These joint specimens are representative of existing reinforced concrete structures, that is, built without adequate reinforcement detailing for seismic demands. For comparison, an additional specimen is built with deformed bars and tested. The seven specimens are designed and detailed to allow the investigation of the influence of bond properties, lapping of the longitudinal bars in columns and beams, bent‐up bars in the beams, slab contribution and concrete strength. The lateral force–drift relationships, global dissipated energy evolution, contribution of the joint, beams and columns to the global dissipated energy, ductility, equivalent damping, final damage observed, homogenized reinforced concrete damage index, displacement components, curvature evolutions and Eurocode requirements are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The egg model – a geological ensemble for reservoir simulation
Authors: Jansen J. D. , Fonseca R. M. , Kahrobaei S. , Siraj M. M. , Van Essen G. M. , Van den Hof P. M. J.
Published: November 2014

The ‘Egg Model’ is a synthetic reservoir model consisting of an ensemble of 101 relatively small three‐dimensional realizations of a channelized oil reservoir produced under water flooding conditions with eight water injectors and four oil producers. It has been used in numerous publications to demonstrate a variety of aspects related to computer‐assisted flooding optimization and history matching. Unfortunately the details of the parameter settings are not always identical and not always fully documented in several of these publications. We present a ‘standard version’ of the Egg Model which is meant to serve as a test case in future publications, and a dataset of 100 permeability realizations in addition to the permeability field used for the standard model. We implemented and tested the model in four reservoir simulators: Dynamo/Mores (Shell), Eclipse (Schlumberger), AD‐GPRS (Stanford University) and MRST (Sintef), which produced near‐identical output. This article describes the input parameters of the standard model. Together with the input files for the various simulators, it has been be uploaded in the 3TU.Datacentrum repository with free access to external users.
Grammatical analysis as a distributed neurobiological function
Authors: Bozic Mirjana , Fonteneau Elisabeth , Su Li , Marslen‐Wilson William D
Published: November 2014

Language processing engages large‐scale functional networks in both hemispheres. Although it is widely accepted that left perisylvian regions have a key role in supporting complex grammatical computations, patient data suggest that some aspects of grammatical processing could be supported bilaterally. We investigated the distribution and the nature of grammatical computations across language processing networks by comparing two types of combinatorial grammatical sequences—inflectionally complex words and minimal phrases—and contrasting them with grammatically simple words. Novel multivariate analyses revealed that they engage a coalition of separable subsystems: inflected forms triggered left‐lateralized activation, dissociable into dorsal processes supporting morphophonological parsing and ventral, lexically driven morphosyntactic processes. In contrast, simple phrases activated a consistently bilateral pattern of temporal regions, overlapping with inflectional activations in L middle temporal gyrus. These data confirm the role of the left‐lateralized frontotemporal network in supporting complex grammatical computations. Critically, they also point to the capacity of bilateral temporal regions to support simple, linear grammatical computations. This is consistent with a dual neurobiological framework where phylogenetically older bihemispheric systems form part of the network that supports language function in the modern human, and where significant capacities for language comprehension remain intact even following severe left hemisphere damage. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1190–1201, 2015. © 2014 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic shifts in brain network activation during supracapacity working memory task performance
Authors: Van Snellenberg Jared X. , Slifstein Mark , Read Christina , Weber Jochen , Thompson Judy L. , Wager Tor D. , Shohamy Daphna , Abi‐Dargham Anissa , Smith Edward E.
Published: November 2014

Despite significant advances in understanding how brain networks support working memory (WM) and cognitive control, relatively little is known about how these networks respond when cognitive capabilities are overtaxed. We used a fine‐grained manipulation of memory load within a single trial to exceed WM capacity during functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how these networks respond to support task performance when WM capacity is exceeded. Analyzing correct trials only, we observed a nonmonotonic (inverted‐U) response to WM load throughout the classic WM network (including bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and presupplementary motor areas) that peaked later in individuals with greater WM capacity. We also observed a relative increase in activity in medial anterior prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate/precuneus, and lateral temporal and parietal regions at the highest WM loads, and a set of predominantly subcortical and prefrontal regions whose activation was greatest at the lowest WM loads. At the individual subject level, the inverted‐U pattern was associated with poorer performance while expression of the early and late activating patterns was predictive of better performance. In addition, greater activation in bilateral fusiform gyrus and right occipital lobe at the highest WM loads predicted better performance. These results demonstrate dynamic and behaviorally relevant changes in the level of activation of multiple brain networks in response to increasing WM load that are not well accounted for by present models of how the brain subserves the cognitive ability to hold and manipulate information on‐line. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1245–1264, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comprehensive characterization of the genomic alterations in human gastric cancer
Authors: Cui Juan , Yin Yanbin , Ma Qin , Wang Guoqing , Olman Victor , Zhang Yu , Chou Wen‐Chi , Hong Celine S. , Zhang Chi , Cao Sha , Mao Xizeng , Li Ying , Qin Steve , Zhao Shaying , Jiang Jing , Hastings Phil , Li Fan , Xu Ying
Published: November 2014

Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent and aggressive cancers worldwide, and its molecular mechanism remains largely elusive. Here we report the genomic landscape in primary gastric adenocarcinoma of human, based on the complete genome sequences of five pairs of cancer and matching normal samples. In total, 103,464 somatic point mutations, including 407 nonsynonymous ones, were identified and the most recurrent mutations were harbored by Mucins (MUC3A and MUC12) and transcription factors (ZNF717, ZNF595 and TP53). 679 genomic rearrangements were detected, which affect 355 protein‐coding genes; and 76 genes show copy number changes. Through mapping the boundaries of the rearranged regions to the folded three‐dimensional structure of human chromosomes, we determined that 79.6% of the chromosomal rearrangements happen among DNA fragments in close spatial proximity, especially when two endpoints stay in a similar replication phase. We demonstrated evidences that microhomology‐mediated break‐induced replication was utilized as a mechanism in inducing ∼40.9% of the identified genomic changes in gastric tumor. Our data analyses revealed potential integrations of Helicobacter pylori DNA into the gastric cancer genomes. Overall a large set of novel genomic variations were detected in these gastric cancer genomes, which may be essential to the study of the genetic basis and molecular mechanism of the gastric tumorigenesis.
The Water Use of Sweet Sorghum and Development of Crop Coefficients
Authors: Martínez‐Cruz Tania E. , Slack Donald C. , Ogden Kimberly L. , Ottman Michael
Published: November 2014

Reliable estimates of crop water use are essential to economic production of sweet sorghum under irrigated conditions. In Tucson, Arizona, USA, two planting dates, May 5th and June 15th, and four sweet sorghum varieties (M81E, ST, SM and A4) were evaluated to estimate crop coefficients (kc) based on the heat unit accumulation concept (GDD). One irrigation level at 50% depletion of available water capacity prior to irrigation and its effect on juice, biomass and ethanol yields was evaluated. Results show that it was possible to develop heat unit based kc´s for two day‐neutral varieties (ST and SM) and that they required 25% less water than the photo‐sensitive varieties. Peak crop coefficients were determined as 1.13, 1.05, 1.16 and 1.22 for M81E, ST, SM and A4. Results also showed that growing degree days accumulated to flowering were 2226 and 1759 GDD for ST and SM respectively. At a P‐value of 5% there were differences in crop water use, juice yields and bagasse production among treatments. For the May planting there was a slight effect on ethanol yields but no effect for the June planting, showing that regardless of the planting date and variety they are more likely to be similar. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradation of p‐cresol and sulfide removal by a marine‐denitrifying consortium
Authors: Meza‐Escalante Edna R. , Alvarez Luis H. , Serrano Denisse , Mendoza Erika , Bonola Ramsés
Published: November 2014

The simultaneous removal of sulfide and p‐cresol was carried out by using a marine‐denitrifying consortium collected in the coastal zone of Sonora, Mexico. Different experimental conditions were used to evaluate the capacity of the consortium to simultaneously eliminate nitrate, sulfide, and p‐cresol. For instance, the first set of assays was conducted at different sulfide concentrations (20, 50, and 100 mg S2− L−1), with a fixed concentration of p‐cresol (45 mg C L−1). The second set of assays was developed at different concentrations of p‐cresol (45, 75, and 100 mg C L−1), in the presence of 20 mg S2− L−1. In all cases, the concentration of nitrate was stoichiometrically added for the complete oxidization of the substrates. The results showed removal efficiencies up to 92% for p‐cresol and nitrate at 20 and 50 mg S2− L−1; whereas at 100 mg S2− L−1 removal efficiencies were 77% and 59% for p‐cresol and nitrate, respectively. On the other hand, sulfide (20 mg L−1) was completely removed under different concentrations of p‐cresol tested, with a partial accumulation of nitrite according to the increment of p‐cresol concentration. The results obtained indicate that the marine consortium was able to simultaneously remove the pollutants studied.
The place of the osteoplastic flap in the endoscopic era: Indications and pitfalls
Authors: Ochsner Matthew C. , DelGaudio John M.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the osteoplastic flap (OPF) procedure for frontal sinus pathology at our institution, including indications, revisions, obliteration vs. nonobliteration, and obliteration materials.

Study Design

Single‐institution retrospective review from 1998 to 2013.

Methods

Current Procedural Terminology codes identified all OPF procedures. Demographic data, diagnoses, previous frontal procedures, obliteration materials, and outcomes were evaluated. Diagnoses were divided into two groups: inflammatory (refractory sinusitis, mucoceles, surgical material infections) and noninflammatory (tumors, cerebrospinal fluid leaks).

Results

Fifty‐seven patients underwent 73 OPF procedures: 36 obliterative and 37 nonobliterative/unobliterative. Inflammatory indications accounted for 76% of obliterated patients, but only 38% of nonobliterative procedures. Ten patients (17.5%) required revision, 90% of whom had an OPF for inflammatory indications. Only one patient who underwent an OPF procedure for noninflammatory pathology required revision. Twenty‐four percent of patients obliterated with bone cement ultimately required complete removal to resolve infection.

Conclusions

The OPF approach is still valuable for pathology refractory to or inaccessible to endoscopic approaches. Infectious etiologies have a much higher revision rate. Careful selection of pathologies can reduce revision rates, but in some cases a repeated OPF procedure is the only viable alternative. When bone cement becomes infected the only resolution is complete removal.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:801–806, 2015
Primary soft tissue reconstruction after transoral laryngeal tumor resection
Authors: Woo Peak
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Primary reconstruction by endoscopic buccal mucosal grafting can be considered in cancer patients with large defects and in patients with bilateral disease. We present our case series of primary endoscopic buccal grafting after cancer surgery.

Study Design

Seventeen cases in 16 patients treated with buccal primary reconstruction (PR) are compared to 26 subjects without reconstruction (SO) and to 18 radiation patients (RO). The Voice Handicap Index, voice grade, and acoustic analysis were used to compare voice outcomes between groups.

Methods

Case–control study.

Results

There were more European Laryngological Association type II, III, and type Va resections in the PR group. Acoustic analysis, Voice Handicap Index short form, and perceptual ratings by three expert listeners showed no differences in voice outcomes between groups. There were voice‐related differences between surgical patients, with the European Laryngological Association type I patients having better voices than European Laryngological Association type II, III, and Va groups combined. Voice outcomes showed mild to moderate dysphonia in all three groups. The presence of the buccal graft did not hinder tumor surveillance.

Conclusions

Primary reconstruction appears to be safe in patients with large soft tissue defects. There were no detectable functional differences between the PR, SO, and RO groups.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 125:1144–1148, 2015
Evidence for presence of mismatch repair gene expression positive Lynch syndrome cases in India
Authors: Bashyam Murali D. , Kotapalli Viswakalyan , Raman Ratheesh , Chaudhary Ajay K. , Yadav Brijesh K. , Gowrishankar Swarnalata , Uppin Shantveer G. , Kongara Ravikanth , Sastry Regulagadda A. , Vamsy Mohana , Patnaik Sujit , Rao Satish , Dsouza Shoba , Desai Devendra , Tester Ashavaid
Published: November 2014

Lynch syndrome (LS), the most common form of familial CRC predisposition that causes tumor onset at a young age, is characterized by the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumors due to germline inactivation of mismatch repair (MMR) system. Two MMR genes namely MLH1 and MSH2 account for majority of LS cases while MSH6 and PMS2 may account for a minor proportion. In order to identify MMR genes causing LS in India, we analyzed MSI and determined expression status of the four MMR genes in forty eight suspected LS patient colorectal tumor samples. Though a majority exhibited MSI, only 58% exhibited loss of MMR expression, a significantly low proportion compared to reports from other populations. PCR‐DNA sequencing and MLPA‐based mutation and exonic deletion/duplication screening respectively, revealed genetic lesions in samples with and without MMR gene expression. Interestingly, tumor samples with and without MMR expression exhibited significant differences with respect to histological (mucin content) and molecular (instability exhibited by mononucleotide microsatellites) features. The study has revealed for the first time a significant proportion of LS tumors not exhibiting loss of MMR expression. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathways for the cyclotetramerization of dibenz[c,e][1,2]azaborine, a BN‐phenanthryne
Authors: Bettinger Holger F. , Müller Matthias
Published: November 2014

The BN‐phenanthryne dibenz[c,e][1,2]azaborine (9) was previously inferred as a reactive intermediate in the solution phase thermolysis of 9‐azido‐9‐borafluorene by isolation of its cyclic tetramer. The mechanism of the cyclotetramerization of BN‐phenanthryne (9) is investigated using a meta‐generalized gradient approximation density functional (TPSS‐D3) in conjunction with a polarized split valence basis set and single energy points using a double‐hybrid functional (B2PYLP‐D3) with a polarized triple‐zeta basis set. The most favorable mechanism involves the dimerization of 9 to diazadiboretidine derivative 10, followed by dimerization of 10 for which two different pathways were identified computationally. The more favorable one involves a B4N4 bicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐2,4,7‐triene intermediate. An alternative mechanism, slightly higher in energy, proceeds through a B4N4 cube isomer that lies in an unexpectedly deep potential energy minimum. The low barriers of dimerization of 10 make it a short lived reactive intermediate that likely is too reactive to be trapped by the still more reactive cyclic iminoborane 9. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics of hosts and pathogens in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kamath Karthik Shantharam , Kumar Sheemal Shanista , Kaur Jashanpreet , Venkatakrishnan Vignesh , Paulsen Ian T. , Nevalainen Helena , Molloy Mark P.
Published: November 2014

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a congenital disease that results in great morbidity and mortality mainly in the Caucasian population. Although CF is a monogenic disease caused by mutation in the CF conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, most of the related mortality can be attributed to infection mediated by opportunistic bacterial and fungal pathogens. Over the past decade, advancements in the field of proteomics have helped to gain insight into the repertoire of host and pathogen proteins involved in CF pathophysiology. This review provides an overview of the contributions of proteomic studies in advancing our knowledge of the biology of CF and disease progression associated with pathogen infection and host defense responses.
Calcium Sulfate as a Possible Oxidant in “Green” Silicon‐based Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions
Authors: Tichapondwa Shepherd M. , Focke Walter W. , Del Fabbro Olinto , Kelly Cheryl
Published: November 2014

Chemical time delay detonators are used to control blasting operations in mines and quarries. Slow burning SiBaSO4 pyrotechnic delay compositions are employed for long time delays. However, soluble barium compounds may pose environmental and health risks. Hence inexpensive anhydrous calcium sulfate was investigated as an alternative “green” oxidant. EKVI simulations indicated that stoichiometry corresponds to a composition that contains less than 30 wt‐% Si. However combustion was only supported in the range of 30–70 wt‐% Si. In this range the bomb calorimeter data and burn tests indicate that the reaction rate and energy output decrease with increasing silicon content. The measured burning rates in rigid aluminum elements ranged from 6.9 to 12.5 mm s−1. The reaction product was a complex mixture that contained crystalline phases in addition to an amorphous calcium containing silicate phase. A reaction mechanism consistent with these observations is proposed.
Gelatinization and rheological properties of starch
Authors: Ai Yongfeng , Jane Jay‐lin
Published: November 2014

Native and modified starches are important raw materials used in the industry. Gelatinization and rheological properties of starch are primary physicochemical properties to determine its applications. Starch gelatinization refers to a process that starch loses the native order and crystalline structure of the granules and becomes amorphous. Key rheological properties of starch include pasting property, viscosity of starch paste, and rheological features of starch gel. In this review, gelatinization and rheological properties of native starches from different botanical sources are compared and impacts of other ingredients, including sugars, salts, and lipids, on the properties are summarized. The review also covers current understandings of the gelatinization and rheological properties of modified starches with different structures. The information provided will be useful for the applications of starch in the industry as well as fundamental research in this field.
Brief report: Danish emerging adults' conceptions of adulthood
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen , Padilla‐Walker Laura M.
Published: November 2014

Four hundred Danish emerging adults ages 17–29 were surveyed regarding their conceptions of adulthood and their self‐assessments of their adult status. A majority of the 17–24‐year‐olds and nearly half the 25–29‐year‐olds viewed themselves as being adults in some ways but not others. Participants reported feeling most adult when with co‐workers or romantic partners, and least adult with mothers, fathers, or friends. The most widely‐endorsed criteria for adulthood were accepting responsibility for one's self, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent. Among the least‐endorsed criteria were the traditional transition events of entering marriage and parenthood, as well as “avoid becoming drunk.”
Effects of the July 1997 Floods in the Czech Republic on Cardiac Mortality
Authors: Obrová Jana , Sovová Eliška , Ivanová Kateřina , Táborský Miloš , Loyka Svatopluk
Published: November 2014

Objective

An excess of deaths from cardiac causes are reported after many natural disasters. Despite the fact that floods are the most common and most destructive natural disaster worldwide, little is known about their effect on human health. We analyzed the influence of the greatest floods in the Czech Republic on cardiac mortality in the affected area.

Methods

This was a retrospective case-control study. We analyzed persons whose autopsies proved they had died of cardiac causes during the month of the flood, 2 months before the flood, 1 month after the flood, and during the same period in the 3 previous years.

Results

A total of 207 of 985 autopsy reports met the criteria for inclusion in the study. There were no significant differences in the proportions of men and women (P=0.819) or in age (P=0.577). During the month of the flood, an increase in cardiac mortality was observed; however, the increase was not statistically significant (P=0.088).

Conclusions

According to our findings, the 1997 Central European flood did not significantly affect cardiac mortality. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:492-496)
Use of Cross-Correlation Function to Study Formation Mechanism of Massive Elliptical Galaxies
Authors: De Tuli , Chattopadhyay Tanuka , Chattopadhyay Asis Kumar
Published: November 2014

Spatial clustering nature of galaxies has been studied previously through auto correlation function. The same type of cross-correlation function has been used in the present work to investigate parametric clustering nature of galaxies with respect to masses and sizes of galaxies. Here, formation and evolution of several components of nearby massive early type galaxies (M*≥ 1.3 × 1011M⊙have been envisaged through cross-correlations, in the mass-size parametric plane, with high redshift (0.2 ⩽z⩽ 7) ETGs. It is found that the inner most components of nearby ETGs have significant correlation (~ 0.5 ± (0.02–0.07)) with ETGs in the highest redshift range (2 ⩽z⩽ 7) called ‘red nuggets’ whereas intermediate components are highly correlated (~ 0.65 ± (0.03–0.07)) with ETGs in the redshift range 0.5 ⩽z⩽ 0.75. The outermost part has no correlation in any range, suggesting a scenario throughin situaccretion. The above formation scenario is consistent with the previous results obtained for NGC5128 and to some extent for nearby elliptical galaxies after considering a sample of ETGs at high redshift with stellar masses greater than or equal to 108.73M⊙. So the present work indicates a three phase formation instead of two as discussed in previous works.