bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Nigerian Junior Secondary School Students Perceive Internet Child Exploitation
Authors: Ahmadu Talatu Salihu , Kontagora Hafsat Lawal
Published: May 2022

The internet has altered the way we interact with other people, making the world a global village. Since the explosion of the internet, many aspects of our lives have not only been eased but aided with more harmful consequences. The secrecy of the internet has resulted in its swiftly becoming a breeding ground for illegal activities that continue to grow as internet child exploitation (ICE), a form of child abuse by their peers or adults using the internet. However, the threats children are confronted with are still indefinite. To determine this in Nigeria, a total number of 20 Nigerian children between the age range of 11 and 17 years from five junior secondary schools were interviewed using measures of internet child abuse. The study revealed that elements of internet child exploitation exist such as sexual exploitation, cyberbullying, nudity, and wasting judicious time on chatting and playing video games. These may eventually have harmful consequences on children.
Organizational Activity
Authors: Luurs Geoffrey D.
Published: May 2022

Workplace cyberbullying and online harassment are ongoing problems requiring organizational intervention. This chapter utilizes cultural-historical activity theory as a lens to examine organizational activities. Organizational activities establish the productive norms of the workplace which produce and reproduce objects that serve the needs of an organization. By examining the framework of the workplace, organizational leaders and policymakers can more effectively create prevention policies. Activities are broken down into six interrelated parts: tools, subjects, objects, rules, communities of practice, and divisions of labor. The author argues the motivations of individual actors and the motivations of the organization as key pressure points requiring further analysis in order to foster proactive, preventative workplace bullying policy and the development of positive organizational communicative norms.
Workplace Cyberbullying and Online Harassment as an Organizational Threat
Authors: Kallis Rhiannon B. , Meluch Andrea L.
Published: May 2022

With the continued growth of social media use and the development of online communication, organizations now face the challenge of maintaining a healthy working environment offline and online. Cyberbullying, online harassment, and inappropriate online content posted by employees, CEOs, social media managers, and other users can all lead to organization crises. This chapter defines types of harmful online communication, such as cyberbullying, trolling, and online harassment; explores online harassment through the lens of situational crisis communication theory; provides case studies of employees, CEOs, social media managers, and other users who engaged in inappropriate online behavior; and offers solutions and recommendations for organizational response and employee social media training.
Psychological Benefits and Detrimental Effects of Online Social Networking
Authors: Orta Irem Metin , Örücü Müge Çelik
Published: May 2022

With the growing prevalence of wireless communication technologies, social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. have become an important venues for interpersonal communication. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the current literature on online social networking with respect to its beneficial and detrimental effects on psychological wellbeing. In particular, it provides empirical evidence for the associations of SNS use with depression, self-esteem, loneliness, subjective wellbeing, social anxiety, attachment, personality traits, and addiction. Furthermore, it identifies the characteristics of individuals who are more prone to social networking, and presents possible mediators and moderators playing a role in the relationship between social networking and mental health. The chapter overall provides a comprehensive guideline to parents, researchers, educators, healthcare, and communication professionals to the issue of online social networking from a psychological perspective.
The Potential of Gaming to Ameliorate Human Factors in Information Security Compliance
Authors: Thornton David
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, the author discusses the need for appropriate training to improve information security compliance and some of the human factors that lead to non-compliance. Following is a section on theories that attempt to model and predict compliance. The author discusses the use of serious games, games-based learning, and gamification as educational tools, and their strengths in providing some of the major training needs, including emotional engagement, intrinsic motivation, repetition, discussion, reflection, and self-efficacy. This is followed by a list of some prominent games and gamification tools in the field of information security. Finally, the author concludes with guidelines and considerations for information security professionals who may be considering the use of serious games and gamification to enhance their information security awareness training.
Green Biotechnology
Authors: Singh Alok Kumar , Pandey Ashish , Kumar Devendra , Chaudhary Reshu , Sengar Rakesh Singh , Singh Ashutosh , Malik Nisha , Singh Narendra , Chatterjee Aditi , Dwivedi D. K.
Published: May 2022

In this era, agriculture is one of the central issue. In the world where scarcity and ailments associated with malnourishment is high and anticipated to extend within the future, new approaches have to be necessitated. Traditional techniques alone cannot meet the obligatory measures hence alternative measures need to be created. Thus, green biotechnology is the crucial requirement. Therefore, this paper narrates the significance of green biotechnology to cope with future challenges, emphasizing the applications of the techniques and the necessity for its implementation.
Green Chemistry and Its Role for Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Goswami Aakansha , Mungali Manjul
Published: May 2022

The development of synthetic chemical products has increased in the last few decades. Some synthetic chemicals are very vital (e.g., pharmaceutical products, fertilizers, textiles, etc.), and the dependency of humans on these chemicals has led to an increase in their production. Green chemistry covers the entire life cycle of a chemical product and aims to reduce hazardous substances from the design process, manufacturing, use, and final disposal. Green chemistry is also used for the removal of waste or harmful metals from water sources or for the treatment of wastewater. In this context, the elevated level of Arsenic concentrations in natural waters now becomes a global problem. It has a lethal effect on human health. The threshold concentration of Arsenic has been re-established at 0.01mg/L by WHO. The chapter focuses on green chemistry, and it describes the preparation of economic bio-sorbent for the removal of Arsenic using wood pulp and MGA-NCC bio-nanosorbent synthesis process.
Induced Resistance for Sustainable Management of Wheat Diseases
Authors: Kashyap Prem Lal , Kumar Sudheer , Jasrotia Poonam , Kumar Ravi Shekhar , Sharma Anju , Tripathi Rahul , Singh Devendra Pal , Singh Gyanendra Pratap
Published: May 2022

The concept of induced resistance (IR) in crop protection has bloomed in the past few decades as it offers improved plant protection in an environmentally safe and economically sound manner. A large number of resistance-inducing compounds of different origins have been reported and tested in different plant-pathogen systems. Several reports indicated that the mechanism of action of these compounds differs from fungicides because they restrict plant pathogen development indirectly via triggering plant defense. Additionally, resistance inducers can be combined with biological control agents and even fungicides, which could result in reduced agrochemical usage in agriculture sector. A number of biological control agents are available for field applications, but further development and effective implementation will require a better understanding of the complex interactions among plants, people, and the environment. To that end, the chapter presents an advanced survey of the nature and practice of biological control based on IR as it is applied to the suppression of wheat diseases.
Bioinformatics Resources for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Dixit Rekha , Kapoor Neelesh , Singh Naresh Pratap , Kumar Amit
Published: May 2022

Plant breeding and genetic engineering have made significant contributions in improving crops and thus addressing the problem of food security over the last few decades. However, due to continuously growing population, increasing urbanization, environmental pollution, land degradation, and global climate change, food security is still a major concern worldwide. More attention needs to be paid to sustainable crop production for ensuring enough food for current and future generations. Emergences of genomic technologies holds promise for improving crop productivity and provide solutions to the food shortage. Recent advances in high throughput technologies have led to generation of a tremendous amount of genomics data from plants that can be put to a variety of uses. Computational tools are essential to analyze this complex data generated from sequencing of genomes, determine complete set of genes, analyze transcripts and proteins encoded by an organism, and understand their interactions that bring out changes in phenotypes.
Developing Fruitful Communication
Authors: Zabin Rakha
Published: May 2022

To smoothly transition to the educational platforms and integrate into the new country, especially after the heinous impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, international students need adequate support from the leaders of educational institutions. Leaders not only refer to the administrative leaders but also include the teachers who lead these students in their regular classes. Leaders may also refer to their peers and even the students themselves, who make decisions about their own lives and lead themselves. The toolkit of emotional intelligence (EQ) is valuable for all leaders because it is a multifaceted ability that helps individuals apply the power of emotions as a source of trust, communication, and influence. This chapter focuses on an account of the learning experience of one international doctoral student's transition within a new cultural context. Self-reflection on the hurdles experienced and the importance of respectful communication during the evolution to becoming an international doctoral student in Ontario informs the analysis.
Sense of Belonging
Authors: Xiao Meng
Published: May 2022

This research offers a critical understanding of Western-dominant student engagement in terms of rethinking the sense of belonging of Chinese international graduate student populations. The Western perspective on student engagement in Canadian higher education fails to recognize the broader social and cultural inclusivity and diversities of student sense of belonging. Specifically, this research explores the challenges faced by Chinese international students engaging in Canadian graduate schools towards their sense of belonging. This study offers inclusive ways of rethinking Chinese international students' sense of belonging and engagement by deconstructing Western ideology on student experiences in Canadian higher education. Faculties, institutions, and university communities need to redefine the desired content of student engagement based on social justice values in terms of empowering democratic, inclusive, and diverse student experiences and strengthening their sense of belonging with the landscape of internationalization.
Effective Teaching Strategies for Chinese International Students at a Canadian University
Authors: Huo Xiangying , Khoo Elaine
Published: May 2022

Challenges that Chinese international students with low academic English proficiency encounter in academic reading and writing were exacerbated by remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed from an online reading-writing support program at a Canadian university to examine Chinese students' challenges, perceptions of learning, as well as the impact of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP) used in the program. The study indicates the benefits of CRP in improving language proficiency and critical thinking, facilitating student experience and satisfaction, constructing identities, promoting learner agency, and enhancing transformative inclusivity. The study also provides insights into effective online teaching pedagogies to help instructors better support low-proficiency international students in coping with academic challenges. In addition, the study suggests teaching practices for empowering international students studying remotely from various global locations, with potential applicability to different teaching contexts.
Navigating the Australian Education System Refugees and New Arrivals
Authors: Mupenzi Alfred
Published: May 2022

The chapter highlights students' initial contacts with the Australian formal education system, the deficit logic that underpins underachievement, and provides a discourse around what can be done to make the Australian education landscape more inclusive and accommodating to refugees and new arrivals. The author employs a storytelling/narrative approach that focuses on three research participants to explore factors that enable students to successfully navigate the Australian education system. The discussion explores themes drawn from the narratives of participants and are supported by scholarly research. In addition to the participants' narratives, the author provides an insider's narrative with a strong emphasis on the view that ‘no one can tell the lived experience of refugees and new arrivals in Australia more accurately than themselves'. Narratives about lived experiences of refugees have frequently been told in the third person because many of the studies that were carried out used methodologies that kept participants passive rather than active.
Perceived Learning Effectiveness and Student Satisfaction
Authors: Duarte Alexandre , Riedl Kirstie
Published: May 2022

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic turned the world upside down and forced a redesign of the work models of most organizations, including educational institutions that urgently needed to adapt their teaching practices. This chapter reports the CBBC project, an event organized by six European universities with the objective to solve a real business challenge, in international teams, via a 360º communication campaign, analyzing the student's satisfaction and discusses it in light of a unique multi-cultural, online project. The findings contribute to support the validity of the online assessment model and some insights can help education managers and marketing academics to better understand the students learning perceptions in a multi-cultural/multi-national online environment. Also, as proposed by Stallings, it is of utmost importance to identify the aspects that students feel are important in their online learning environment, so the conclusions will enhance the knowledge about how educational tools can be improved to increase overall student satisfaction.
The Role of a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) and the Special Education Referral Process for English Learners
Authors: Rinaldi Claudia Cuellar , Serpa Maria deLourdes
Published: May 2022

Multi-tiered system of support (MTSS2) is an instructional framework that supports bilingual English learners (B-ELs) with and without disabilities in both learning English as a second language and learning grade-level academic content. As populations change in the U.S. public schools and the achievement gap continues, the chapter presents how the MTSS2 framework is organized across tiers; the role of progress monitoring; and the cultural, linguistic, and research-based practices educators need to embed in the framework. MTSS2 also addresses inappropriate referrals of B-ELs for special education and related services. Recommendations include how to use research-based practices for B-ELs including culturally relevant practices, universal design for learning (UDL) principles, and English language support at each tier. The chapter ends with guidance on how MTSS2 can be used in the special education referral process for English learners with key recommendations that help disentangle language difference from language disability.
Transition Planning for Bi/Multilingual Students With Disabilities
Authors: Choiseul-Praslin Belkis , Deardorff Malarie E.
Published: May 2022

Students with disabilities (SWD) experience poor post-school outcomes. These outcomes worsen when factors of race and ethnicity are added. In response to the negative post-school outcomes, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004) mandates transition planning for all SWD by age 16. Transition planning is critical for bi/multilingual SWD who have among the worst post-school outcomes of any SWD subgroup. This chapter will (1) review transition plan requirements and considerations, (2) review the known transition status of bi/multilingual SWD, (3) present issues with traditional transition planning, (4) offer case scenarios for how to effectively transition plan for bi/multilingual SWD with mild to moderate and extensive support needs, (5) present recommendations for improving transition planning and outcomes of bi/multilingual SWD through improved educator practices, transition assessments, and increased student and family engagement, and (6) share transition planning and transition-teaching resources that support a smooth transition from school to community.
Restaurant Industry in the Tourist City of Eastern Europe
Authors: Rutynskyi Mykhailo , Kushniruk Halyna
Published: May 2022

This chapter is devoted to the issue of post-COVID-19 revitalization of the restaurant industry in Lviv – one of the most representative tourist cities in Eastern Europe. Lviv is a fashionable and inexpensive destination of international gastronomic tourism. The modern restaurant industry developed in Lviv until 2020. Statistical trends of losses of the city's restaurant industry, in 2020 to the the first half of 2021, are unprecedentedly: 27% of establishments were closed; more than 55% of staff lost their jobs. However, the status of the cultural and tourist capital saved the restaurant industry of Lviv from collapse. Thanks to the acquired image and promotional campaigns in 2020–2021, domestic tourists actively visited Lviv during periods of easing of quarantine restrictions and enjoyed original local gastronomic products. The strategic goal in the post-COVID-19 era is to complete the transformation of the traditional business partnership into an updated smart hospitality cluster in Lviv.
China's Belt and Road and the New World Order
Authors: Morris David Peter
Published: May 2022

After decades of growing complex global interdependence, a new discourse of geopolitical contest has replaced optimism about globalisation and international cooperation. The likely future role of China is at the centre of this discourse. Meanwhile China is developing new forms of interdependence, constructing new trans-regional institutions, platforms, and projects, in which a central role is played by its Belt and Road Initiative. The reaction of the US and its allies has been primarily geopolitical, pursuing strategic competition with China and suspicious of China's contributions to global governance as destabilizing to world order. In this new era of uncertainty and change, risks abound for a wide range of actors seeking to benefit from and manage risks and opportunities in interdependence with China. A non-normative political risk approach is taken to examine China's Belt and Road in the context of a changing world order.
EU and EAEU Security Strategies Toward Central Asia
Authors: Karnaukhova Oxana
Published: May 2022

The 2020 Munich Security Conference (MSC) highlighted the external and internal security of the European integration project. The recent draft treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States on security guarantees and the proposed agreement on measures to ensure the security of the Russian Federation and the member states of NATO heralded a new stage of confrontation on the subject. The chapter draws on Central Asia as a focal region for the EU and EAEU security strategies in 2001-2020. It argues that the security policies of both unities are not efficient since they use the same postcolonial narrative and similar security imperatives for promoting specific values in Eurasia, exploit the ‘civilizing – unifying' element of the great power for improving security and welfare perception. and thus impose themselves to help the dependent region. This half-step approach appears equally unsatisfactory for all parties involved and needs to be reviewed from subordinate to cooperative partnership.
The Path of Human Trafficking in My Own Backyard
Authors: Simmons Janelle Christine
Published: May 2022

Human trafficking has been an ongoing global social problem for decades with nearly 40.3 million estimated victims worldwide. This chapter, therefore, spotlights human trafficking with a special interest in the author's hometown of Flushing. Sex trafficking and sex work are two emotive issues about which much has been written because they touch the core of people's beliefs about morality, justice, gender, and human rights. The study demonstrates that trafficking in persons is a human rights violation that affects the lives of millions of women, girls, men, and boys worldwide. However, a large majority of identified trafficked victims are women and girls representing 71% of all trafficked victims detected globally. Findings reveal that the harms of trafficking are known to be more severe for women than for men and boys because of their exposure to specific forms of exploitation such as sexual exploitation and violence, domestic servitude, and forced marriage.
Don't Mess With Texas
Authors: Benton Francis , Smith Wesley T. , Dittmann W. Layne , Shadwick Joshua T.
Published: May 2022

The international issue of human trafficking is an all-too-familiar issue in many parts of the state of Texas. With areas like El Paso and Houston identified as some of the largest human trafficking hubs in the United States, it is important to understand how these areas, and others like them in the state, are responding to human trafficking. Using areas identified by CEASE Texas as having high sex trafficking solicitation activity, as well as publicly released information of law enforcement and community responses in these areas via internet search engines, a holistic understanding of combating human trafficking can be seen in metropolitan areas in Texas. This chapter concludes by examining what information remains unknown in these areas, and postulates about the intertwined relationship between human trafficking and other crimes against persons in the state of Texas.
The Ugly Face of Human Trafficking in Nigeria
Authors: Ikwuegbu Therese Leo
Published: May 2022

Scholarship is replete with studies that suggest connections between several criminal forms of exploitation, such as harm and destruction of human dignity, forced labour, and modern slavery. As a complex manifestation of the global economy, human trafficking is an organized crime garbed with violations of human rights, which have serious physical and psychological effects on victims. However, despite many initiatives undertaken over the last two decades to tackle the problem, there seems to be a disproportionate emphasis on the socio-religious dimensions of the phenomenon. Thus, trafficking in persons remained a little explored area in scholarship with many inconsistencies and ambiguities yet to be attended to. Consequently, the major thrust of this chapter is to delve into the after-effect of this repulsive international enterprise on its victims, which paints a picture of a widespread human misery on the victims, their families, and the society.
Human Trafficking and Sex Work
Authors: Ojochegbe Solomon Aaron
Published: May 2022

Discussions surrounding human trafficking and sex work in contemporary times depict it as one of the few global taboos that have transcended time and place. Persons who engage in this enterprise of sex-for-profit, particularly women, are often deemed societal undesirables, and their contribution to the workforce and the larger economy is always unrecognized. While some feminist activists recognized sex workers as victims of exploitation, others have adopted a moral shift that emphasizes sex work as an act of empowerment. This thesis, therefore, explores the history and nuances of sex work, especially within the context of human trafficking and commercial sex work. Findings divulge that in the society today, sex work and sex workers are often framed in very simplistic and stereotypical ways that erase the complexity of social realities: good or bad, forced or chosen, glamorized or exploitative.
Exploring the Values and Nuances of Survival Sex and Sexual Exploitation
Authors: Nwongo Perfect , Enang Jesse
Published: May 2022

Existing narratives and collective discourse on the phenomenon of survival sex and sexual exploitation are pervaded by the notion of victimhood, helplessness, vulnerability, and lack of agency. Available statistics on the transgression provide only an approximation of the reality. This is in addition to the fact that the ontological constitution of these practices clearly depicts a scenario of exploitation, harm, and destruction of human dignity not accompanied by concerted effort in its prevention or combat. The multidimensional and dynamic perspective of victim's vulnerability indicates that survival sex and sexual exploitation is not merely a “distant history” taught in school but a geographically and sociologically far-flung subject matter portrayed by the media and the research community culminating into the failure to protect the vulnerable and safeguard their rights. This study, therefore, is an attempt to examine the thesis that neglect and negativity attributed to the victims of this misdemeanor must be recognized as a socio-political problem and subsequently addressed.
The Place of Traditional Ethical Values in Curbing Human Trafficking and the Enhancement of Democratic Principles in Nigeria
Authors: Eton Clement Usen , Udoh Emmanuel William , Kalu Divine Nwanchege
Published: May 2022

Policy discourses regarding human trafficking nowadays increasingly link trafficking in human beings with institutional lapses such as inadequate political commitment; non-existent national legislation against trafficking in human beings; absence of a judicial framework for the perpetrators and accomplices to be punished for their acts; corruption involving immigration, judicial, and law enforcement officers; and lack of political will. Adopting content analysis and the descriptive methodology, this chapter explores the different levels of analysis and the interplay between human trafficking and traditional ethical values. The chapter explores emerging intersections between today's dominant anti-trafficking discourses and the spaces meant to be filled by values and democratic principles. Within this context, the findings reveal that human trafficking, as a symptom of exploitation, dehumanization, and devaluation of human life is an intrinsic part of everyday life affecting the entire society and not something that is just relevant for a few victims.
Transformative School Counseling
Authors: Gibson Eva M. , Sandifer Mariama Cook , Webb Thurman E. , Cox Ernest
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses identity development in connection with transformative school counseling. The authors provide a historical overview of the counseling profession as it relates to professional identity development. The authors also provide a review of related issues and highlight the importance of culturally affirming practices in creating and maintaining educational atmospheres that nurture learning, living, and personal growth. This chapter concludes by providing best practice recommendations and opportunities for future research.
Culturally Affirming Approaches for School Counselors Working With Latinx Students
Authors: Burger Albrina M. , Calder Claudia
Published: May 2022

Latinx communities in the United States now represent the country's largest racial or ethnic minority group at 17% or 53 million people. However, Latinx students continue to face racial inequities in educational institutions. Research shows the achievement gap between Latinx students and their peers remains disproportionately low in measures such as grades, test scores, high school completion rates, and college attainment. Thus, it is essential to understand the institutional factors that contribute to the experiences of Latinx students and identify ways school counselors can work to mitigate the cultural and racial barriers. This chapter highlights factors that hinder the academic success, career readiness, and social-emotional skill development of Latinx students and discusses how school counselors can transform school environments to maximize success among these students.
Bridging Into the Future Through Education
Authors: Simoes Nadia , Crespo Nuno
Published: May 2022

One of the major bottlenecks of the Portuguese labor market is the level of educational attainment of the population. Despite considerable evolution over the last decades, the country is still behind the European Union average in most education indicators. In 2009, 69.2% of the population aged between 15 and 64 had less than upper secondary education, a value that is more than double the European average. Due to the measures and reforms that have been introduced, in 2019, this proportion had dropped to 47.6%. Between 2009 and 2019, self-employed persons had education levels below the average of the working population. In 2009, 79.0% had less than upper secondary education, and in 2019, this number was still at 50.6%. The human capital of the self-employed persons has significant consequences on their entrepreneurial activities. The low educational attainment level of the population has demanded extensive reforms. This chapter discusses the main policies implemented to improve educational attainment and obtain a comprehensive overview of labor market and education indicators.
Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Small Business Startups Among Graduates in Nigeria
Authors: Adeeko Johnson Dare , Osunade Oluwaseyitanfunmi
Published: May 2022

Nigeria is currently going through a period of economic stagnation. There is unemployment among the educated and illiterate workforce in large numbers. Tertiary institutions reacted to this challenge by teaching students entrepreneurship courses at the undergraduate level. The entrepreneurship courses offered aimed at creating small business owners so as to reduce the dependence on white collar jobs. This study examined the role of entrepreneurship education in small business startups among the past students of University of Ibadan (UI) who took the course on Basic Entrepreneurship Education (ETR 301). The course aimed to fill the gap between entrepreneurship education and ability to be an entrepreneur. Former University of Ibadan students who had taken the course on entrepreneurship were surveyed using Google Forms. The results showed that entrepreneurship education as provided through the course ETR 301 has significant influence on entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial skills of university students, therefore, should be sustained.
Upskilling Graduates and Young Professionals Through Entrepreneurship Programmes in South Africa
Authors: Tshishonga Ndwakhulu Stephen
Published: May 2022

This chapter evaluates the youth entrepreneurship programmes aimed at upskilling and socialising both the graduates and young professionals in the world of work. Their socio-economic exclusion and marginalisation have led to the growing youth unemployment, unemployability, and discontent while among the graduates, the unemployment has become an emerging phenomenon. This chapter, therefore, argues that for youth to escape the scourge of unemployment, exclusion, and marginalisation, entrepreneurship coaching and mentoring as well as entrepreneurial education and mind-set are imperative. The chapter found that with progressive policy support, skills, and mentoring programmes, young people are able not only to create self-employment, but to also emerge as drivers of innovative entrepreneurial programmes. Thus, without requisite skills and access to the market, youth will continue to exist in the periphery of the mainstream economy. Case studies and secondary sources were used to analyse the opportunities and challenges faced by youth entrepreneurship programmes in South Africa.
Entrepreneurship as the Future Career of Graduates
Authors: Abu Rahim Mohd Amirul Rafiq , Jani Rohana , Abdul Wahab Diana
Published: May 2022

Entrepreneurship is often considered as an alternative to youth and graduate unemployment, which at the same time provides more job opportunities and stimulates economic growth. Based on previous studies, the question that emerged was whether graduates will consider entrepreneurship as their career option. This chapter aims to explore whether entrepreneurship is aspired by young people, especially graduates, in their future careers. Aspirations and perceptions of entrepreneurial skills, support, and assistance are also discussed throughout this chapter. Several practical implications and policy options in promoting entrepreneurship to graduates are proposed.
The University Environment and Graduate Entrepreneurship
Authors: Taneja Bhavna
Published: May 2022

Every individual wants to be self-sufficient and economically independent. Entrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business, taking financial risks in the hope of earning profit. Entrepreneur education provides the students with the groundwork needed to start successful commercial or non-commercial businesses, create and endorse new products and processes, engage in social entrepreneurship, and serve as leaders in organizations. This study provides the basis for understanding the entrepreneurial intentions and role of education for a college student—of interest to both researchers and policymakers. The objectives of the study are to understand what graduate entrepreneurship is. The internal factors that encourage students to choose graduate entrepreneurship are entrepreneurial intentions, attitudes, and motivation of students. The external factors that motivate students to choose graduate entrepreneurship are the educational environment of colleges, interaction with existing entrepreneurs, and government policies.
Students' Hackathon, University Business Incubator, and Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in South African Universities
Authors: Oyewo Adetola Elizabeth , Umoh Samuel Uwem
Published: May 2022

The chapter discusses how a public South African university, the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), teaches student entrepreneurship through hackathons, incubation programmes, and their impact on students' entrepreneurial journeys. Data was generated from various sources such as observation from student entrepreneurship week and a series of student elevator pitches. Interviews were conducted with 12 participants comprised of UKZN alumni, public relations manager, ENACTUS member, UKZN incubation centre managers, and students. Data also supplemented with secondary data sources such as UKZN magazine Indaba. Findings suggest that hackathons are utilized to identify students' start-ups for incubation. UKZN InQuabate has the capacity as a public research university by promoting innovation, commercialization, and entrepreneurship. Universities as business incubation also support student start-up business by bringing student entrepreneurs together in a common working space.
Entrepreneurship
Authors: Das Badal Chandra , Jana Sebak Kumar
Published: May 2022

In the social science research understanding the link between entrepreneurship and unemployment has become an interesting issue of investigation. In the context of unemployment, it is the entrepreneurship, which is not just a mixture of innovation, ideas, attitudes for success, but also depends on the country specific laws and the infrastructure facilities. The countries with better entrepreneurial infrastructure are definitely more open to competition and entrepreneurial activities than others. The international economic crisis has further accelerated the flow of restructuring the entrepreneurship intervention in order to address continuous rise of unemployment. It is, therefore, necessary for each country to adopt measures to encourage people with self-employment and entrepreneurship for generating gainful income and livelihood promotion. This chapter has made an attempt to highlight the role of entrepreneurship development to combat the problem of unemployment among educated youths in India.
Graduate Employability in an African Country
Authors: Ntale Peter Dithan
Published: May 2022

Employability is a positive and competitive state arising out of psychological capital, career identity, and social capital. Three studies were administered as censuses, (N=205), (N=214), (N=232), from graduates undertaking a skills training programme from Uganda Skills Development Programme (USDP). Quantitative analysis shows that psycap contributed greatly to employability, and social capital contributed less to employability of the unemployed but more to the employed in 2019 and 2020. Career identity showed a negative but significant relationship to employability in 2018 and 2019 while positive and significant relationship with employability in 2020. Social capital partially mediated the relationship between psycap and employability while the same fully mediated the relationship between career identity and employability. These results emphasize the importance of social capital and psycap in enhancing the various graduates' capabilities for positive employability outcomes. The negative career identity results reflect a boundaryless career mindset which is characterized by high physical and psychological mobility.
Creation of Playful Learning Indicators in Relation to Motor Games in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Zamorano-García David , Plaza-Carrasco Miriam , López-Pérez Ana Belén , Aguilar-Jurado Miguel Ángel , Fernández-Bustos Juan Gregorio
Published: May 2022

The school context, and specifically the area of Physical Education, is emerging as a determinant of playful learning and children's well-being, considering that it has suffered a severe setback with a negative influence on the students due to the COVID-19 pandemic (impossibility of attending class in person). In view of this situation, the aim is to know the levels of playful learning of motor games in Early Childhood Education based on indicators placed in different categories, taking as a reference the work of the pedagogy of play of the Project Zero research group of Harvard University, in order to provide quality to the proposals proposed. A group of 41 expert teachers were then asked to evaluate the selected indicators, and differences were observed between the choice of playful learning indicators in the different age groups. Finally, they were used as an evaluation instrument for a Physical Education session in a 4-year-old class with 19 boys and girls, showing improvements in different areas worked on.
The Effect of Body Temperature Changes on Inflammation Response and Patients’ Comfort in Patients Undergoing Laparotomy with General Anesthesia
Authors: Galag Fransiskus Silvester Raymond , Senapathi Tjokorda Gde Agung , Subagiartha Made , Sutawan Ida Bagus Krisna Jaya , Ryalino Christopher , Pradhana Adinda Putra
Published: May 2022

Background:

Surgery and general anesthesia are responsible for disrupting the normal balance between heat production and loss. Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is a common complication in patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia. General anesthestic agents are known to cause suppression of thermoregulatory defense mechanisms during general anesthesia, which results in perioperative hypothermia. Hypothermia carries significant various adverse effects; patients’ discomfort and inflammatory stress response are the two variable which will be studied.

Materials and Methods:

This is a prospective observational analytic cohort study, conducted in the central operating theater of Sanglah Hospital, Bali over a period of 4 months. We included all eligible patients who underwent elective laparotomy and gave consent to the study. Body temperature was measured in three different locations: axilla, tympanic membrane, and nasopharynx, before, during, and after surgery. We measured C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) before and after the surgery. Patients’ comfort level was obtained using the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) scoring system.

Results:

A total of 60 patients were included. There was a significant increase of inflammatory markers, CRP, PLR, and NLR, before and after the surgery (P < 0.001), as well as reduced body temperature during surgery (P < 0.01); however, there was no significant relationship between the two (P > 0.05). The changes of body temperature significantly affect patients’ comfort level (P < 0.001), whereas room temperature did not show significant impact on patients’ comfort level. On linear regression, there is no significant correlation between body temperature changes and inflammatory response escalation. The increase of CRP was significantly correlated with gender, women, and blood loss, whereas the increase of PLR was related significantly with blood loss and age.

Conclusion:

Surgery and general anesthesia are causing hypothermia and escalation of inflammatory response. This study result supports prior publication in which both surgery and general anesthesia are the cause of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia; yet, hypothermia does not induce significant rise in all of inflammatory responses measured in this study. It is believed that the major surgery stress response is the cause of significant increase in inflammatory responses.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Leaves Essential Oil Ameliorates GluR1 Receptor Expression, TNF-α Level, and Pain-like Behaviors in Post-operative Pain Setting
Authors: Dewi Dewa Ayu Mas Shintya , Jawi Made , Astawa Nyoman Mantik , Ryalino Christopher
Published: May 2022

Background:

Unrelieved post-operative pain is an emerging healthcare concern with ever increasing global volume of surgical procedures. GluR1 subunit coupled with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression plays a major role in the development of post-operative pain mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor. There was no existing evidence on the analgesic potential of basil essential oil (BEO) in post-operative settings, despite its well-established antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.

Materials and Methods:

BEO was subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis to identify the active ingredients. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of orally administrated basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil were tested in a rat model of post-operative pain using hindpaw surgical incision as noxious stimuli. TNF-α and GluR1 subunit expressions were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry methods. Spontaneous pain and mechanical hyperalgesia were measured using mouse grimace scale and Von Frey monofilament test, respectively. All outcomes were evaluated in acute post-operative pain timeframe.

Results:

Chemical analysis identified 14 terpenoids predominated with caryophyllene and citral. BEO administration caused a significant reduction of TNF-α (67.23 ± 2.46 vs. 70.45 ± 4.89; P = 0.019) and GluR1 (3.03 ± 0.56 vs. 3.90 ± 1.12; P = 0.005) levels at 24 h after surgical incision when compared with the control group. Significant spontaneous pain, pain threshold, and pain-like behaviors frequency reduction at 1-, 4-, and 24-h post-surgical incision were also noted.

Conclusion:

Effective antinociceptive activity of BEO through modulation of GluR1 and TNF-α levels was further confirmed in the behavioral outcome. Advancement into clinical translation necessitates BEO pharmacological profiling, especially given the diversity of chemotypes.
Neutrophil and Platelet Count Upon Hospital Admission as Predictors of Severe COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Bagiada I Made , Widiana I Gde Raka
Published: May 2022

Background:

The severity of COVID-19 infection may depend on severe inflammation and hypercoagulability mechanisms. These processes may be rapidly identified in peripheral blood tests. This study aims to determine whether components of complete blood counts are able to predict the severity of COVID-19 infection.

Materials and Methods:

This is a prospective, observational analytical study carried out in the Indonesian population. We included all patients admitted to our hospital for COVID-19 during a 3-month period. We obtained blood samples for complete blood count examinations upon hospital admission. Confirmation of COVID-19 infection was based on a polymerase chain reaction test. Severe COVID-19 infection was determined if the patients had a Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (SCAP) score of >10. We collected blood samples upon hospital admission for leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts.

Results:

We included 131 patients consisting of 77 (58.8%) males and 54 (41.2%) females. There were significant associations between neutrophil count and SCAP score (r = 0.28; P = 0.001) and platelet count (r = 0.023; P = 0.007). Upon regression analysis, we found that every 1,000 declines in platelet count was associated with increased risk (0.8%) of severe COVID-19, whereas every 1,000 declines in the neutrophil count was associated with decreased risk (18%) of severe COVID-19.

Conclusion:

There is a significant, weak positive correlation between neutrophil and platelet counts and the severity of COVID-19 infection as expressed by the SCAP score.
As a Member of the Surgical Team, the Nurse Anesthetist’s View of Using the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in Swedish Health Care
Authors: Krupic Ferid , Rahim Yassir Abdul , Grbic Kemal , Lindström Parvaneh
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

In Sweden, during specialty training, the nurse anesthetist learns how to ensure patient safety in a health-care setting by implementing the surgical checklist measures during perioperative care. To date, there are still considerable shortcomings when it comes to implementing these patient safety measures in Swedish hospitals.

Aim:

The purpose of this study is to describe the use of the WHO surgical safety checklist (WHOSSC) by surgical teams, with special emphasis on nurse anesthetists to increase patient safety.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive questionnaire-based study was performed between September 2018 and March 2019 and included 196 health-care professionals who completed the questionnaire. The survey was carried out among all the health-care professionals at two surgical units at a university hospital during the data collection period.

Results:

The results reveal that the majority of health-care staff in this study agree with the need to implement the WHOSSC during surgery and the necessity of doing so to ensure patient safety. However, it is not clear whether this checklist needs to be made a matter of routine at the clinics and whether this is possible in emergency situations.

Conclusion:

The nurse anesthetists, as members of the surgical team, use the list all the time in emergency situations and conclude, like other members of the team, that the list improves patient safety. Clearer procedures are needed during surgery regarding the usage of the checklist in practice, and there should be a designated person in the surgical team responsible for implementing the checklist.