bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La transition de l’école à la vie adulte d’une élève ayant une déficience intellectuelle légère
Authors: Julien-Gauthier Francine , Ruel Julie , Moreau André , Martin-Roy Sarah
Published: June 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude visant à accroître la compréhension du processus de transition vers la vie adulte des élèves ayant une déficience intellectuelle et à identifier des stratégies d’intervention susceptibles de favoriser la réussite de leur transition. La méthodologie qualitative a été choisie, comprenant la tenue d’un groupe d’expérimentation de la transition itératif (d’une durée de 30 mois) et des entretiens individuels. Le groupe d’expérimentation est composé de l’élève, sa mère, sept intervenants scolaires et sociaux qui leur offrent du soutien et deux chercheuses. Les résultats montrent, d’une part, la volonté manifeste de l’élève de participer socialement, à sa façon et, d’autre part, la complexité du processus de transition vers la vie adulte, notamment les difficultés liées à la connaissance et à la collaboration entre les élèves, leur famille et les ressources de soutien. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent sept stratégies d’intervention pour favoriser la réussite de la transition vers la vie adulte : (1) des informations aux familles, (2) la participation de l’élève à des activités de travail rémunérées ou non, (3) l’évaluation des habiletés et compétences de l’élève, (4) le développement ou le maintien des apprentissages académiques, (5) l’élaboration d’un portfolio, (6) la consolidation du réseau de soutien social et (7) la planification du soutien aux activités sociales, professionnelles et communautaires.
A Subpath-based Logit Model to Capture the Correlation of Routes
Authors: Lai Xinjun , Li Jun , Li Zhi
Published: June 2016

A subpath-based methodology is proposed to capture the travellers’ route choice behaviours and their perceptual correlation of routes, because the original link-based style may not be suitable in application: (1) travellers do not process road network information and construct the chosen route by a link-by-link style; (2) observations from questionnaires and GPS data, however, are not always link-specific. Subpaths are defined as important portions of the route, such as major roads and landmarks. The cross-nested Logit (CNL) structure is used for its tractable closed-form and its capability to explicitly capture the routes correlation. Nests represent subpaths other than links so that the number of nests is significantly reduced. Moreover, the proposed method simplifies the original link-based CNL model; therefore, it alleviates the estimation and computation difficulties. The estimation and forecast validation with real data are presented, and the results suggest that the new method is practical.
Decoupling kinematics and mechanics reveals coding properties of trigeminal ganglion neurons in the rat vibrissal system
Authors: Bush Nicholas E , Schroeder Christopher L , Hobbs Jennifer A , Yang Anne ET , Huet Lucie A , Solla Sara A , Hartmann Mitra JZ
Published: June 2016

Tactile information available to the rat vibrissal system begins as external forces that cause whisker deformations, which in turn excite mechanoreceptors in the follicle. Despite the fundamental mechanical origin of tactile information, primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (Vg) have often been described as encoding the kinematics (geometry) of object contact. Here we aimed to determine the extent to which Vg neurons encode the kinematics vs. mechanics of contact. We used models of whisker bending to quantify mechanical signals (forces and moments) at the whisker base while simultaneously monitoring whisker kinematics and recording single Vg units in both anesthetized rats and awake, body restrained rats. We employed a novel manual stimulation technique to deflect whiskers in a way that decouples kinematics from mechanics, and used Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) to show that Vg neurons more directly encode mechanical signals when the whisker is deflected in this decoupled stimulus space.
Targeted Pressure on Abductor Hallucis and Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscles to Manage Moderate to Severe Primary Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Kuhn Phyllis J. , Olson Daniel J. , Sullivan John P.
Published: June 2016

Context: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) treatments have included medications with many adverse effects and limited utility. A noninvasive device would potentially have extensive use where RLS medications may not be appropriate, such as in pregnant or breastfeeding women, people with mild RLS, people who operate machinery or drive occupationally, people with severely impaired renal function, or people who are taking medications contraindicated with RLS medications.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of a device that produces targeted pressure on the abductor hallucis and the flexor hallucis brevis muscles to reduce the symptoms of moderate to severe RLS, and to compare the current findings with findings from studies of ropinirole use in patients with primary RLS.

Methods: This 8-week single-arm, open-label, clinical trial with a repeated measures design was conducted between April 2009 and August 2012 in 2 offices in Erie, Pennsylvania. Adults with moderate to severe primary RLS were recruited for the study. Mean (SD) follow-up was 15.6 (6) months. Patients wore RLS devices (1 on each foot) for set periods intermittently throughout the course of the study. The primary end point was mean change in the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale from baseline to day 56, and the secondary measure was the Clinical Global Impression scale. A meta-analysis was used to compare the RLS device findings with the findings of 3 historic studies of ropinirole vs placebo. The demographics, disease severity, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and assessment tools were similar among the 4 studies.

Results: Thirty patients (22 women, 8 men; mean age, 51.5 years [range, 30-75 years]) participated in the study. Change in mean (SD) IRLSSG score was significantly greater for the RLS device (17.22 [6.16]; P<.001) compared with the ropinirole vs placebo findings (12 [0.86] vs 8.9 [0.86], respectively; P<.05). Sleep loss significantly decreased from 119.5 (61.6) minutes to 22.1 (31.1) minutes per night (P<.001). Global Improvement Scale scores indicated significantly greater improvement with the RLS device compared with ropinirole (27 of 30 [90%] vs 293 of 464 [63%], respectively; P<.05). Mild, transient adverse effects of the device (eg, pain, paresthesia) were reported, but these effects were relieved by loosening the straps. The RLS device demonstrated none of the adverse effects associated with current dopamine agonist therapy, such as augmentation, tolerance, rebound, somnolence, and nausea.

Conclusion: Producing targeted pressure on the abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis muscles with an external RLS device reduced the symptoms of moderate to severe primary RLS without the adverse effects of medication therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02386423.) J Am Osteopath Assoc.
pVHL‐mediated degradation of HIF‐2α regulates estrogen receptor α expression in normoxic breast cancer cells
Authors: Higashimura Yasuki , Kitakaze Tomoya , Harada Naoki , Inui Hiroshi , Nakano Yoshihisa , Yamaji Ryoichi
Published: June 2016

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) functions as a transcription factor for genes involved in estrogen‐dependent development of breast cancer cells. We demonstrate here that knockdown of hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐2α, but not of HIF‐1α, increases endogenous ERα protein expression in normoxia and hypoxia. The von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL)‐dependent degradation of HIF‐2α participates in the regulation of ERα expression. Additionally, HIF‐2α forms a protein complex with ERα, and amino acids 396–823 of HIF‐2α physically interact with the ligand‐binding domain of ERα. These results indicate that HIF‐2α functions as a negative regulator of ERα expression in breast cancer, especially in normoxia.
MJO‐related intraseasonal variation of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere tropical stratosphere revealed by high‐resolution AIRS observations
Authors: Tsuchiya Chikara , Sato Kaoru , Alexander M. Joan , Hoffmann Lars
Published: June 2016

The intraseasonal variability of gravity waves (GWs) in the austral summer middle stratosphere was examined using dedicated high‐resolution temperature retrieval from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data. Composite maps were made of stratospheric GW temperature variances, large‐scale zonal winds around the tropopause, and precipitation based on the real‐time multivariate Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) index. Regional distributions of these quantities are synchronized with the MJO: The GW variances are larger for stronger precipitation and for more strongly westward wind around the tropopause at a given precipitation. These results suggest that the GWs observed by Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) in the stratosphere originate from convection. Moreover, it is shown that the zonal wind around the tropopause likely controls the GW propagation into the stratosphere by a critical level filtering mechanism and/or the GW generation by an obstacle source effect. This means that the MJO can modulate the middle atmospheric circulation by regulating the GWs in two ways, namely, generation and propagation.
Quantifying evaporation and its decadal change for Lake Nam Co, central Tibetan Plateau
Authors:   Lazhu, Yang Kun , Wang Junbo , Lei Yanbin , Chen Yingying , Zhu Liping , Ding Baohong , Qin Jun
Published: June 2016

Most lakes in the interior Tibetan Plateau have expanded rapidly since the late 1990s. Because of a lack of observations, lake water balances and their changes are far from well understood. Evaporation is a component of the lake water balance, and this study quantifies its magnitude, decadal change, and its contribution to the water balance changes in Lake Nam Co, one of the largest lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (with an area of approximately 2000 km2 and a mean depth of approximately 40 m). The lake temperature and the evaporation are simulated by the Flake model. The simulation results are validated against observed lake temperature profile from 2013 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer lake surface temperature data from 2000 to 2014. The simulated latent heat flux and sensible heat flux are validated against Bowen ratio‐derived estimates for 2013. Based on the validated simulation results, the long‐term mean annual evaporation is approximately 832 ± 69 mm, and this value is much less than the potential evaporation estimated using the Penman‐Monteith equation. The annual evaporation from 1980 to 2014 displays a complex decadal oscillation, mainly due to the changes in energy‐related terms (air temperature and radiation). The mean lake evaporation since the late 1990s is greater than previous periods; thus, this change in evaporation has suppressed the recent expansion of Nam Co.
A new Bayesian Event Tree tool to track and quantify volcanic unrest and its application to Kawah Ijen volcano
Authors: Tonini Roberto , Sandri Laura , Rouwet Dmitri , Caudron Corentin , Marzocchi Warner , Suparjan
Published: June 2016

Although most of volcanic hazard studies focus on magmatic eruptions, volcanic hazardous events can also occur when no migration of magma can be recognized. Examples are tectonic and hydrothermal unrest that may lead to phreatic eruptions. Recent events (e.g., Ontake eruption on September 2014) have demonstrated that phreatic eruptions are still hard to forecast, despite being potentially very hazardous. For these reasons, it is of paramount importance to identify indicators that define the condition of nonmagmatic unrest, in particular for hydrothermal systems. Often, this type of unrest is driven by movement of fluids, requiring alternative monitoring setups, beyond the classical seismic‐geodetic‐geochemical architectures. Here we present a new version of the probabilistic BET (Bayesian Event Tree) model, specifically developed to include the forecasting of nonmagmatic unrest and related hazards. The structure of the new event tree differs from the previous schemes by adding a specific branch to detail nonmagmatic unrest outcomes. A further goal of this work consists in providing a user‐friendly, open‐access, and straightforward tool to handle the probabilistic forecast and visualize the results as possible support during a volcanic crisis. The new event tree and tool are here applied to Kawah Ijen stratovolcano, Indonesia, as exemplificative application. In particular, the tool is set on the basis of monitoring data for the learning period 2000–2010, and is then blindly applied to the test period 2010–2012, during which significant unrest phases occurred.
Hydraulic properties of samples retrieved from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole‐1 (WFSD‐1) and the surface rupture zone: Implications for coseismic slip weakening and fault healing
Authors: Chen Jianye , Yang Xiaosong , Ma Shengli , Yang Tao , Niemeijer André
Published: June 2016

In this study, we report the hydraulic properties of samples recovered from the first borehole of the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling and from outcrops associated with the surface rupture zone of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Compositional and microstructural analyses have also been performed on selected samples. Using the pore pressure oscillation method, the permeability measurements show that (1) fault gouge samples have low permeabilities, decreasing from 2 × 10−18 m2 at an effective pressure (Pe) of 10 MPa (equivalent to an in situ depth of 600 m) to 9 × 10−21 m2 at 155 MPa. (2) Intact and cemented samples are impermeable with permeabilities less than 2 × 10−20 m2 at 10 MPa. (3) Fractured samples have variable permeabilities, ranging from 3 × 10−15 to 1 × 10−20 m2 at 10 MPa, and are most insensitive to changes in the effective pressure. (4) Granitic cataclasites have a moderate permeability at low pressure (i.e., 10−16 to 10−17 m2 at 10 MPa); which decreases rapidly with increasing Pe. Hydraulic conduction of the fault is believed to be influenced by the permeability of the fractures developed, which is controlled by the density, aperture, and/or connectivity of the fractures. Microstructural and compositional analyses of the samples indicate that the fault zone heals through chemically mediated fracture closure related to mineral precipitation, possibly assisted by pressure solution of stressed fracture asperities. Although other weakening mechanisms remain possible, our laboratory measurements combined with numerical modeling reveal that thermal/thermochemical pressurization, perhaps leading to gouge fluidization, played an important role in the dynamic weakening of the Wenchuan earthquake, at least in the study area.
Fine‐pitch CdTe detector for hard X‐ray imaging and spectroscopy of the Sun with the FOXSI rocket experiment
Authors: Ishikawa Shin‐nosuke , Katsuragawa Miho , Watanabe Shin , Uchida Yuusuke , Takeda Shin'ichiro , Takahashi Tadayuki , Saito Shinya , Glesener Lindsay , Buitrago‐Casas Juan Camilo , Krucker Säm , Christe Steven
Published: June 2016

We have developed a fine‐pitch hard X‐ray (HXR) detector using a cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductor for imaging and spectroscopy for the second launch of the Focusing Optics Solar X‐ray Imager (FOXSI). FOXSI is a rocket experiment to perform high sensitivity HXR observations from 4 to 15 keV using the new technique of HXR focusing optics. The focal plane detector requires <100μm position resolution (to take advantage of the angular resolution of the optics) and ≈1 keV energy resolution (full width at half maximum (FWHM)) for spectroscopy down to 4 keV, with moderate cooling (>−30°C). Double‐sided silicon strip detectors were used for the first FOXSI flight in 2012 to meet these criteria. To improve the detectors' efficiency (66% at 15 keV for the silicon detectors) and position resolution of 75 μm for the second launch, we fabricated double‐sided CdTe strip detectors with a position resolution of 60 μm and almost 100% efficiency for the FOXSI energy range. The sensitive area is 7.67 mm × 7.67 mm, corresponding to the field of view of 791′′ × 791′′. An energy resolution of 1 keV (FWHM) and low‐energy threshold of ≈4 keV were achieved in laboratory calibrations. The second launch of FOXSI was performed on 11 December 2014, and images from the Sun were successfully obtained with the CdTe detector. Therefore, we successfully demonstrated the detector concept and the usefulness of this technique for future HXR observations of the Sun.
The microphysical contributions to and evolution of latent heating profiles in two MC3E MCSs
Authors: Marinescu P. J. , van den Heever S. C. , Saleeby S. M. , Kreidenweis S. M.
Published: June 2016

The shapes and magnitudes of latent heating profiles have been shown to be different within the convective and stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). Properly representing these distinctions has significant implications for the atmospheric responses to latent heating on various scales. This study details (1) the microphysical process contributions to latent heating profiles within MCS convective, stratiform, and anvil regions and (2) the time evolution of these profiles throughout the MCS lifetime, using cloud‐resolving model simulations. Simulations of two MCS events that occurred during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) are conducted. Several features of the simulated MCSs are compared to a suite of observations obtained during the MC3E field campaign, and it is concluded that the simulations reasonably reproduce the MCS events. The simulations show that condensation and deposition are the primary contributors to MCS latent warming, as compared to riming and nucleation processes. In terms of MCS latent cooling, sublimation, melting, and evaporation all play significant roles. It is evident that throughout the MCS lifecycle, convective regions demonstrate an approximately linear decrease in the magnitudes of latent heating rates, while latent heating within stratiform regions is associated with transitions between MCS flow regimes. Such information regarding the temporal evolution of latent heating within convective and stratiform MCS regions could be useful in developing parameterizations representing convective organization.
The total phosphorus budget of a peat‐covered catchment
Authors: Worrall Fred , Moody Catherine S. , Clay Gareth D. , Burt Tim P. , Rose Rob
Published: June 2016

Although many studies have considered the carbon or greenhouse gas budgets of peat ecosystems, only a few have considered the nutrient budget of peat soils, and this, in turn, has limited the ability of studies to consider the impact of changes in climate and atmospheric deposition on the phosphorus budget of a peat soil. This study considered the total phosphorus (P) budget of an upland peat‐covered catchment over the period 1993 to 2012. The study has shown (i) total atmospheric deposition of phosphorus varied from 62 to 175 kg P/km2/yr; (ii) the carbon:phosphorus ratio of the peat profile declines significantly from values in the litter layer (C:P = 1326) to approximately constant at 30 cm depth (C:P = 4240); (iii) the total fluvial flux of phosphorus varied from 49 to 111 kg P/km2/yr, of which between 45 and 77% was dissolved P; and (iv) the total phosphorus sink varied from −5.6 to +71.7 kg P/km2/yr with a median of +29.4 kg P/km2/yr, which is within the range of the estimated long‐term accumulation rate of phosphorus in the peat profile of between 3 and 32 kg P/km2/yr. The phosphorus budget of the peat ecosystem relies on rapid recycling near the soil surface, and this means that any vegetation management may critically deprive the ecosystem of this nutrient.
Tree level hydrodynamic approach for resolving aboveground water storage and stomatal conductance and modeling the effects of tree hydraulic strategy
Authors: Mirfenderesgi Golnazalsadat , Bohrer Gil , Matheny Ashley M. , Fatichi Simone , de Moraes Frasson Renato Prata , Schäfer Karina V. R.
Published: June 2016

The finite difference ecosystem‐scale tree crown hydrodynamics model version 2 (FETCH2) is a tree‐scale hydrodynamic model of transpiration. The FETCH2 model employs a finite difference numerical methodology and a simplified single‐beam conduit system to explicitly resolve xylem water potentials throughout the vertical extent of a tree. Empirical equations relate water potential within the stem to stomatal conductance of the leaves at each height throughout the crown. While highly simplified, this approach brings additional realism to the simulation of transpiration by linking stomatal responses to stem water potential rather than directly to soil moisture, as is currently the case in the majority of land surface models. FETCH2 accounts for plant hydraulic traits, such as the degree of anisohydric/isohydric response of stomata, maximal xylem conductivity, vertical distribution of leaf area, and maximal and minimal xylem water content. We used FETCH2 along with sap flow and eddy covariance data sets collected from a mixed plot of two genera (oak/pine) in Silas Little Experimental Forest, NJ, USA, to conduct an analysis of the intergeneric variation of hydraulic strategies and their effects on diurnal and seasonal transpiration dynamics. We define these strategies through the parameters that describe the genus level transpiration and xylem conductivity responses to changes in stem water potential. Our evaluation revealed that FETCH2 considerably improved the simulation of ecosystem transpiration and latent heat flux in comparison to more conventional models. A virtual experiment showed that the model was able to capture the effect of hydraulic strategies such as isohydric/anisohydric behavior on stomatal conductance under different soil‐water availability conditions.
Analysis of peripheral amyloid precursor protein in Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Erickson Craig A. , Wink Logan K. , Baindu Bayon , Ray Balmiki , Schaefer Tori L. , Pedapati Ernest V. , Lahiri Debomoy K.
Published: June 2016

Angelman Syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder associated with significant developmental and communication delays, high risk for epilepsy, motor dysfunction, and a characteristic behavioral profile. While Angelman Syndrome is known to be associated with the loss of maternal expression of the ubiquitin‐protein ligase E3A gene, the molecular sequelae of this loss remain to be fully understood. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is involved in neuronal development and APP dysregulation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of other developmental disorders including fragile X syndrome and idiopathic autism. APP dysregulation has been noted in preclinical model of chromosome 15q13 duplication, a disorder whose genetic abnormality results in duplication of the region that is epigenetically silenced in Angelman Syndrome. In this duplication model, APP levels have been shown to be significantly reduced leading to the hypothesis that enhanced ubiquitin‐protein ligase E3A expression may be associated with this phenomena. We tested the hypothesis that ubiquitin‐protein ligase E3A regulates APP protein levels by comparing peripheral APP and APP derivative levels in humans with Angelman Syndrome to those with neurotypical development. We report that APP total, APP alpha (sAPPα) and A Beta 40 and 42 are elevated in the plasma of humans with Angelman Syndrome compared to neurotypical matched human samples. Additionally, we found that elevations in APP total and sAPPα correlated positively with peripheral brain derived neurotrophic factor levels previously reported in this same patient cohort. Our pilot report on APP protein levels in Angelman Syndrome warrants additional exploration and may provide a molecular target of treatment for the disorder. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Analogues through the Insertion of Carbenoids into N−H Bond of Nucleobases
Authors: Zhou Peng , Xie Ming‐Sheng , Qu Gui‐Rong , Li Ren‐Long , Guo Hai‐Ming
Published: June 2016

A new and efficient approach for the synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogues with different side chains has been established for the first time via the insertion of carbenoids into N−H bond of nucleobases. With Sc(OTf)3 as the catalyst, various purine bases and α‐diazoesters worked well, and gave the corresponding acyclic nucleosides in moderate‐to‐good yields (21 examples, up to 87 % yield) with good N9‐regioselectivities (up to >99:1). Moreover, other N‐heterocycles including pyrimidines, benzoimidazole, imidazole, carbazole, and pyrazole are also suitable substrates and afford the desired N−H insertion products with moderate‐to‐good yields. In addition, the enantioselective and chiral auxiliary induction N−H insertion reactions were also studied.
Radiographic characterization of the retroantral ethmoid cell
Authors: Chapurin Nikita , Honeybrook Adam , Johnson Sean , Wang Cynthia , Jang David W.
Published: June 2016

Background

The retroantral ethmoid cell (RAEC) is defined as a posterior ethmoid cell that pneumatizes inferolaterally behind the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. The RAEC can present a challenge to otolaryngologists during endoscopic ethmoidectomy due to its concealed location. It is also encountered during the endoscopic transpterygoid approach to the skull base, which requires dissection behind the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. Because the RAEC is not described in the literature, this study aims to better characterize this anatomic variant.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of 58 consecutive patients who underwent revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) within a 2‐year period at a tertiary referral center. Sinus computed tomography (CT) scans for this cohort (116 sides total) were reviewed independently by 3 authors to determine the incidence of the RAEC and the degree of surgical dissection during prior surgery.

Results

Of the 116 sides included in the study, RAEC was identified in 19 (16%). Furthermore, 14 of 19 (74%) cells were diseased with evidence mucosal thickening or neo‐osteogenesis. Of the 12 sides with RAEC that had evidence of previous posterior ethmoidectomy, 4 (33%) cells were not opened, 6 (50%) were partially opened, and only 2 (17%) were completely opened.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the relatively high prevalence of the RAEC in our patient population. The majority of RAECs showed both evidence of disease and that they were not completely opened during previous surgery. Recognition of this anatomic entity may allow for more thorough ethmoidectomy.
Determination of trace macrolide antibiotics in milk with online solid‐phase extraction with an ionic‐liquid‐based monolithic column
Authors: Liu Sha , Zong Jianxin , Wei Zhen , Zhang Hang , Bai Ligai , Liu Haiyan , Yan Hongyuan
Published: June 2016

An ionic liquid (IL)‐based monolithic poly(ionic liquid glycidylmethacrylate‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) column was prepared via in situ free‐radical polymerization with 1‐vinyl‐3‐butylimidazolium chlorine as one of the comonomers. The obtained monolithic column was used as the sorbent of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of the macrolide antibiotics roxithromycin (ROX) and acetylspiramycin (ACE) in processed pure milk. The monolithic column was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen absorption–desorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results reveal that the monolithic column exhibited a high selectivity and good permeability to the macrolide antibiotics in milk. The optimized method offered excellent linearity with a linear regression coefficient greater than 0.998. The precisions for interday and intraday were both less than 7.7%. The accuracies expressed by the recoveries for ROX and ACE were in the ranges 92.5–103.8 and 93.0–107.6%, respectively. Compared to the previous methods, this method had a low limit of detection and a good accuracy. As a result, the polymer IL based monolithic column could feasibly be used as a high‐selectivity online SPE sorbent for determining trace macrolide antibiotics in milk. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43943.
An effective intumescent flame retardancy of LDPE induced by the combination of APP and CNCO‐HA
Authors: Feng Caimin , Liang Minyi , Jiang Jiali , Zhang Yikun , Huang Jianguang , Liu Hongbo
Published: June 2016

A char‐forming agent poly(4,6‐dichloro‐N‐hydroxyethyl−1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐amine‐1,6‐diaminohexane) (CNCO‐HA) containing triazine rings was chosen for improving the flame retardant of low density polyethylene (LDPE). The synergistic effect of CNCO‐HA and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the flame retardancy and char‐forming behavior of LDPE were investigated. The limited oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL‐94) results indicated the optimal weight ratio of APP to CNCO‐HA was 3:1, and the LOI value of composite reached 31.0% with 30% intumescent flame retardant (IFR) loading. The cone calorimeter test analysis revealed that IFR presented excellent char forming and smoke suppression ability, and resulted in the efficient decrease of combustibility parameters. The thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that IFR reduced the thermal degradation rate at main stage of degradation. Scanning electron microscopy observed that IFR promoted to form a compact and continuous intumescent char layer. The Laser Raman spectroscopy spectra showed that larger graphitization degree was formed to enhance the strength of char, and Fourier transform infrared results presented that P‐O‐C and P‐O‐P structures in the residue char were formed to improve shield performance of the char layer to obtain better flame retardant properties of the composite. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43950.
Mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of lanthanum organic montmorillonite/poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposites
Authors: Yin Zhili , Chen Kai , Wang Haijiao , Wang Heyun , Wei Zhong
Published: June 2016

A dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium chloride modified organic montmorillonite (OMMT‐I.44P)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) nanocomposite and anionic‐surfactant‐modified lanthanum organic montmorillonite (La‐OMMT)/PVC nanocomposites (with three different anionic surfactants for the La‐OMMTs) were prepared via melt‐intercalation technology. The effects of the La‐OMMTs and OMMT‐I.44P on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of PVC were studied. X‐ray diffraction characterization showed that the La‐OMMTs were exfoliated in the PVC matrix. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were enhanced by the incorporation of the La‐OMMTs. Cone calorimetry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the incorporation of the La‐OMMTs enhanced the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PVC nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy photos further showed that the residual char surfaces of La‐OMMT/PVC were all intact and, thus, provided better barriers to energy and smoke transport. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43951.
Solvent‐free synthesis of 6‐deoxy‐6‐(ω‐aminoalkyl)amino cellulose
Authors: Heinze Thomas , Pfeifer Annett , Koschella Andreas , Schaller Jens , Meister Frank
Published: June 2016

Cellulose p‐toluenesulfonic acid esters (TosCell) with degree of substitution (DSTos) between 0.8 and 1.4 were converted with ethylene diamine or tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine. In contrast to procedures published, the conversion was carried out without any solvent, i.e., the reagent (amines) was used as reaction medium yielding readily soluble products. Moreover, the absence of an additional solvent makes the recycling of both not‐consumed amine and precipitant easy. Recycling experiments proofed the possibility of reusing the isolated ethylene diamine. The DS of 6‐deoxy‐6‐(ω‐aminoalkyl)amino groups is between 0.71 and 0.93, which is in accordance with the functionalization pattern of tosyl cellulose and the ability of amines to displace primary tosylate moieties only. Attention must be paid to the precipitant used for the workup procedure; 13C NMR measurements revealed a formation of imine structures in case of precipitation with acetone. Precipitation in 2‐propanol did not lead to any side product. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43987.
Amphiphilic Ditopic Bis‐Aqua Gd‐AAZTA‐like Complexes Enhance Relaxivity of Lipidic MRI Nanoprobes
Authors: Gambino Giuseppe , Tei Lorenzo , Carniato Fabio , Botta Mauro
Published: June 2016

Two amphiphilic mono‐ and dimeric GdAAZTA‐like chelates composed of stable bis‐aquo GdIII complexes (q=2) linked to one (for the monomer) or two dodecyl aliphatic chains (for the dimer) were synthesized. Both chelates showed high relaxivity when incorporated into the lipid bilayer of liposomes or after interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). The ditopic complex shows a significantly decreased internal motion relative to the monomeric complex, associated with an enhanced relaxivity (r1≈60 mm−1 s−1, at 30 MHz and 310 K). The presence of two metal‐bound water molecules in fast exchange and the restricted rotational freedom make the relaxivity of this system the highest measured for paramagnetic liposomes.
Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Tellurium Nanorods as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agents
Authors: Huang Wei , Wu Hualian , Li Xiaoling , Chen Tianfeng
Published: June 2016

Nanorods have been utilized in targeted therapy, controlled release, molecular diagnosis, and molecule imaging owing to their large surface area and optical, magnetic, electronic, and structural properties. However, low stability and complex synthetic methods have substantially limited the application of tellurium nanorods for use as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Herein, a facile one‐pot synthesis of functionalized tellurium nanorods (PTNRs) by using a hydrothermal synthetic system with a polysaccharide–protein complex (PTR), which was extracted from Pleurotus tuber‐regium, as a capping agent is described. PTNRs remained stable in water and in phosphate‐buffered saline and exhibited high hemocompatibility. Interestingly, these nanorods possessed strong antioxidant activity for scavenging 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS.+) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) free radicals and demonstrated novel anticancer activities. However, these nanorods exhibited low cytotoxicity toward normal human cells. In addition, the PTNRs effectively induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose‐dependent manner, which indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction might play an important role in PTNR‐induced apoptosis. Therefore, this study provides a one‐pot strategy for the facile synthesis of tellurium nanorods with novel antioxidant and anticancer application potentials.
Age range for inclusion affects ascertainment by birth defects registers
Authors: Gibson Catherine S. , Scott Heather , Haan Eric , Scheil Wendy
Published: June 2016

Background

The South Australian Birth Defects Register (SABDR) has collected the date of diagnosis of notified birth defects since the 2005 birth year cohort. This study aims to document the age at diagnosis for each of the main diagnostic categories of birth defects, to produce a profile of when defects are diagnosed.

Methods

Deidentified data were extracted from the SABDR for birth years 2005 to 2007. Each birth defect was assigned to a mutually exclusive date of diagnosis category (termination/stillbirth; neonatal [birth–28 days]; 1 month–1 year; 1–2 years; 2–3 years; 3–4 years; 4–5 years; unspecified). Each defect was also grouped according to the International Classification of Diseases Ninth edition–British Paediatric Association major diagnostic categories (nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, musculoskeletal, chromosomal, metabolic, hematological/immune, other).

Results

There were 6419 defects identified in 3676 individuals, and 98.6% of defects had a diagnosis date recorded. Terminations of pregnancy/stillbirths accounted for 20.3% of defects notified, and a further 46.7% of defects were diagnosed within the neonatal period. A total of 81.5% of defects were diagnosed by 1 year of age. An additional 17.2% of defects were diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 5 years. There were wide differences in age at diagnosis between the major diagnostic categories.

Conclusion

This study highlights the value of birth defect registers collecting information about birth defects from terminations of pregnancy, stillbirths, and live births up to a child's fifth birthday. Reviewing diagnosis date provides insight into the pattern of diagnosis of different birth defects. This provides valuable information to medical specialists and researchers regarding the interpretation of information from birth defect data collections. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:761–766, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of Cationic Liposomes for Enhanced Algicidal Efficacy of the Novel Algicidal Agent DP92
Authors: Cho Yujin , Cho Kwan Hyung , Cho Hoon , Jee Jun‐Pil
Published: June 2016

We have developed liposomes modified with various surface‐charged lipids in order to solubilize the new algicidal agent, N‐[(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)methyl]cyclohexanamine (DP92), and enhance its algicidal activity against harmful algal blooms (HABs). The effect of liposome surface charge on algicidal activity was evaluated by using positively charged and neutral liposomes. The algicidal activity of the developed liposomes was evaluated by monitoring the inhibition of the growth rates of HABs (Heterosigma circularisquama (HC) and Heterosigma akashiwo (HA)). The algicidal activity of the liposomes was 2–6 times stronger compared to that of control. The solubilization of DP92 by entrapment in liposomes increased the solubility of DP92 and improved its algicidal activity up to sixfold. The electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged cell walls of HABs and the cationic liposomes additionally enhanced the algicidal activity of DP92.
Training probation officers in case formulation for personality disordered offenders
Authors: Brown Susan , Beeley Chris , Patel Gita , Völlm Birgit
Published: June 2016

Background

The UK Strategy on Managing High Risk of Serious Harm Offenders with Severe Personality Disorder proposes an important role for offender managers in completing case formulations about such offenders. There is little evidence on whether this can be achieved.

Aim

Our primary aims were to devise, implement and evaluate training in case formulation for offender managers. A secondary aim was to assess whether the training led to changes in offender manager attitudes towards working with offenders with personality disorder.

Method

A 5‐day training programme was delivered to 20 offender managers, whose ability to carry out case formulation was assessed before and after the training using a 10‐point quality checklist. Attitudes towards personality disorder were also assessed before and after. Qualitative feedback on the training was used to provide further insight into the findings.

Results

Offender managers showed a significant improvement in their ability to carry out case formulation following training, with 7 of the 10 quality domains on the quality checklist rated as at least ‘satisfactory’ post training. Qualitative feedback highlighted reasons for some of the shortfalls in two of the three areas that did not show improvement. Improvements were shown in attitudes towards working with offenders with personality disorder in two of three domains.

Conclusion

Our findings provide further evidence for the effectiveness of training offender managers in case formulation. This is encouraging in terms of extending implementation of the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway, but a full trial is indicated, partly not only because sample sizes have been small so far, but also because the participants have been enthusiastic volunteers rather than randomly selected offender managers, and there are indications from other work that we know too little about optimal extent of training and about whether its effects are sustained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dividing‐Wall Column for Fractionation of Natural Gas Liquids in Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Plants
Authors: Halvorsen Ivar J. , Dejanović Igor , Maråk Knut Arild , Olujić Žarko , Skogestad Sigurd
Published: June 2016

The development of floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) plants has resulted in a focus on reducing the weight and size of the topside processing facilities for these units. The conventional fractionation of natural gas liquids (NGL) in LNG plants implies a direct sequence of three or more conventional distillation columns requiring different levels of refrigeration. The results of a feasibility study are described, indicating that a packed three‐product dividing‐wall column (DWC) could replace conventional de‐ethanizer and depropanizer columns. This could provide significant energy, hardware, weight, and footprint benefits, but, very likely, at the expense of an unaffordable cold utilities demand.1)
Zinc Complexes of Sequential Tetradentate Monoanionic Ligands in the Isoselective Polymerization of rac‐Lactide
Authors: Rosen Tomer , Popowski Yanay , Goldberg Israel , Kol Moshe
Published: June 2016

Zinc complexes of {ONNN}‐type sequential tetradentate monoanionic ligands reacted with diethylzinc to give the mononuclear ethylzinc complexes. The benzyloxy complexes were formed readily and were found to be highly active as well as living/immortal catalysts for ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactic acid with a clear isospecific inclination. Chiral gas chromatography analysis revealed a mild preference for a given lactide enantiomer by the chiral catalysts.
Prozesscharakterisierung der dynamischen Gefriertrocknung in einem Feststoffmischer
Authors: Pliske Roland , Haase Matthias , Müller Ulrich , Kohlus Reinhard
Published: June 2016

Zur Prozesscharakterisierung der dynamischen Gefriertrocknung in einem Feststoffmischer wurde ein effektiver Wärmeübergangskoeffizient bestimmt und separat der spezifische Energieeintrag durch die Bewegung des Rührwerkzeugs berechnet. Durch die erzwungene Bewegung der Schüttung findet ein mechanischer Energieeintrag von bis zu 9,7 kW m−3 in die Schüttung statt, der zur Deckung der Sublimationsenthalpie dient und die Trocknungszeit weiter reduziert. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Milch und einer Laktoselösung als Modellsubstanz durchgeführt.
Heat‐pipe‐based thermal management and temperature characteristics of Li‐ion batteries
Authors: Yuan Wei , Yan Zhiguo , Tan Zhenhao , Chen Wei , Tang Yong
Published: June 2016

Thermal management of a Li‐ion battery is a critical issue affecting its performance, endurance, and operation security. This paper focuses on the effects of a self‐designed thermal management module (TMM) on the temperature characteristics of the Li‐ion battery. This TMM uses heat pipes as the main elements for heat transfer with the aid of a heat collecting plate and cooling fins. The thermal issues and necessity of using this TMM are evaluated. The influences of heat collecting plate, heat pipe layout, and air‐blowing operation are all discussed. The influential factors and related mechanisms are accordingly analyzed. Results indicate that the use of a heat collecting plate, the setup of a dual heat pipe, and forced air convection are all helpful to reduce the battery temperature. The simulation results based on Icepak also suggest that this heat‐pipe‐based TMM is able to depress the temperature rise of the battery pack at an appropriate level.
Optimal synthesis of a heat‐integrated petroleum refinery configuration
Authors: Khor Cheng Seong , Elkamel Ali
Published: June 2016

The conceptual design of a petroleum refinery that satisfies multiple economics and operating constraints is a highly complex task. Coupled with the ever‐rising cost of designing and constructing a new refinery and the increasing demand for energy and fuels, there is incentive to optimize the energy recovery and energy efficiency of such a facility. This work addresses the flowsheet optimization of the synthesis of a petroleum refinery to attain an optimal heat‐integrated configuration or topology. A sequential two‐step strategy is employed that first performs simultaneous flowsheet optimization and heat integration to obtain an optimal refinery topology with minimum utility cost. Subsequently, the fixed optimal topology with minimum utility loads is optimized to arrive at a configuration with the fewest heat exchanger units. A mixed‐integer linear program (MILP) is formulated based on a superstructure representation that considers many alternative feasible refinery topologies. The computational results show meaningful reduction in the total annualized capital and operating costs as compared to a non‐heat‐integrated configuration.
Substituent‐Stabilized Organic Dianions in the Gas Phase and Their Potential Use as Electrolytes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Hongmin , Zhou Jian , Jena Puru
Published: June 2016

Using density functional theory and a hybrid exchange‐correlation functional, a systematic study of the stability and electronic structure of neutral and multiply charged organic molecules, BnC6−nX6 (n=0, 1, 2; X=H, F, CN) and BnC5−nX5 (n=0, 1; X=H, F, CN) is performed. The results show that in addition to the aromaticity of the molecules, substituents play an important role in stabilizing the organic dianion complexes. In particular, it is demonstrated that CN groups are responsible for the stability of organic dianions as it has recently been found to be the case in B‐cage compounds such as B12(CN)122− and CB11(CN)122−. It is also shown that the stable organic dianions B2C4(CN)62− and BC4(CN)52− might be halogen‐free electrolytes in Li‐ion batteries.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Labeled with an Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Dye
Authors: de Oliveira Elisa M. N. , Coelho Felipe L. , Zanini Mara L. , Papaléo Ricardo M. , Campo Leandra F.
Published: June 2016

Excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is a particularly well known reaction that has been very little studied in magnetic environments. In this work, we report on the photophysical behavior of a known ESIPT dye of the benzothiazole class, when in solution with uncoated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, and when grafted to silica‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles promoted the fluorescence quenching of the ESIPT dye, resulting from collisions during the lifetime of the excited state. The assembly of iron oxide nanoparticles with a shell of silica provided recovery of the ESIPT emission, due to the isolation promoted by the silica shell. The silica network gives protection against the fluorescence quenching of the dye, allowing the nanoparticles to act as a bimodal (optical and magnetic) imaging contrast agent with a large Stokes shift.
Local Geometric Effects on Stability and Energy Gap of Thiolate‐Protected Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Bu YiFan , Zhao Ming , He Yuquan , Gao Wang , Jiang Qing
Published: June 2016

Thiolate‐protected gold nanoclusters, Aum(SR)n, have potential applications in many fields due to their high stability and remarkable electronic properties. However, the controlling factors in determining the stability and HOMO–LUMO gap of Aum(SR)n remain controversial, despite decades of work on the topic. Through DFT calculations, including nonlocal many‐body dispersion (MBD) interactions, the geometric and electronic properties of Aum(SR)n clusters are investigated. Calculations demonstrate that the MBD interactions are essential for correctly describing the geometry and energy of the clusters. Greater anisotropic polarization and more atoms distributed in the shell of the clusters lead to more pronounced MBD interactions and higher stability of the clusters. Furthermore, the HOMO–LUMO gap of the clusters strongly depends on the gold core. These results provide critical clues for understanding and designing Aum(SR)n clusters.