bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geological Relations of the Oil Shales of Southern Burma
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The view from the old Moulmein Pagoda, looking either westward to the sea or eastward over the plains beside the Salween, is of exceptional geological attractiveness. At the foot of the hill the Salween River passes through a breach in the Coast Range to the Gulf of Martaban. To the east picturesque monoliths, tors, and sierras rise abruptly from a vast alluvial plain which lies between the Coast Range and the distant Dawna Mountains on the Burmese side of the Siamese frontier. The interest of the view in September, 1921, was enhanced by uncertainty as to the age of the rocks. The foundation of the Coast Range consists of a blue gneiss, which is worked in large quarries to provide road metal for Rangoon. The Dawna Range, on the eastern side of the basin, is also of coarse gneiss and schist. These Eozoic rocks of both the Coast and Dawna Ranges belong to the Martaban Group of Theobald, who described them as “true crystalline rocks undistinguishable in character from the ordinary gneissose rocks of Bengal”. The sedimentary rocks overlying the Martaban Group belong to the Moulmein Group of T. Oldham, and have been regarded as Carboniferous on the strength of his preliminary determination in 1856 of some fossils from a limestone hill known as the “Duke of York's Nose”, near Moulmein.
On some Tertiary Plants from South-East Burma
Authors: Edwards W. N.
Published: May 2009

The small collection of fossil plants from Burma here described was made in 1921 by Professor J. W. Gregory, in the neighbourhood of Tichara and the Mepale River, near the Siamese frontier, east of Moulmein. Tichara is a few miles north-west of Myawadi, on the frontier of Siam, and 14 miles to the north-east of Kawkareik. It is a little north of the Mepale River, which flows south-eastward into the Thaungyin, on which Myawadi stands.
Recent Volcanic Eruptions in the Central Alpine, so-called “Hercynian”, Zone
Authors: Sandberg C. G. S.
Published: May 2009

In a mighty curve, convex to the west and north, the Central Alpine Zone trends from the Mediterranean to the eastern confines of Switzerland in the north-east, marked by a series of granite massives, the principle of which are: Mercantour, Pelvoux, Belledonne, Mont Blanc, Aar, and St. Gotthard.
Petrological Notes on the Old Red Sandstone of the West Midlands
Authors: Fleet W. F.
Published: May 2009

As stated previously the aim of this paper is chiefly to call attention to the differences between the mineral assemblages of the Downtonian, Dittonian, and Farlow Sandstone beds of the Old Red Sandstone, particularly when the percentages of the different mineral grains are obtained by accurate counting. Further work will show how far these investigations may be correlated with the examination of the rocks in adjacent districts, and the author suggests that a similar calculation of percentage figures on the minerals of such deposits may assist in indicating more definitely the sources from which they have been derived.
Notes on the Classification of Scottish and Moravian Teschenites
Authors: Walker F.
Published: May 2009

The following notes are based upon an investigation of the teschenites of the Midland Valley of Scotland, and are an attempt to produce a working classification of the teschenitic intrusions of that area. A comparison has also been made between the Scottish examples and those from some of the type localities of Moravia.
The Riebeckite Granophyre of Ailsa Craig
Authors: Lowndes Ashley G.
Published: May 2009

During the War a considerable amount of work of a somewhat geological nature was done in the laboratories of Nobel's Explosives Co., chiefly in connexion with providing acid-resisting material for use in the sulphuric and nitric acid plants.
The Base of the Devonian, with special reference to the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Dudley Stamp L.
Published: May 2009

In 1916 the writer carried out a field survey of a district in Shropshire in which the “passage beds” between the Silurian and “Old Red Sandstone” are well developed. So apparent was the difficulty of drawing a dividing line between the two systems that a description of the district was published without a decision being reached. Shortly afterwards active service in France and Belgium brought opportunities of studying both field and museum evidence there. The writer came to conclusions which he afterwards found agreed very closely with those reached shortly before by MM. Barrois, Pruvost, and Dubois, who had approached the problem from a different standpoint. A preliminary summary was published, and in 1920 the Council of the Geological Society awarded the author the “Daniel Pidgeon Fund” for the purpose of enabling him to carry out a comparative study of the Downtonian and Gedinnian. The results were laid before the Society in November, 1921. The Council have, however, declined to publish the paper, though their decision in this matter was not communicated to the author until nine months after the reading of the paper. A short summary of the results obtained (but not of the field evidence) has been published in Belgium. The main object of the present note is to place on record the field-work on which the general conclusions are based. One of the principal objections to the writer's conclusions which was raised when the paper was read before the Geological Society was that “the question where the line between the Silurian and the Devonian was to be drawn should be primarily determined in areas in which normal marine conditions had prevailed, not in one of exceptional character, like the Welsh Borderland”.
The Facies Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The diversity in mineral composition of metamorphic rocks can be regarded as the resultant of two independent variables, first of the ultimate composition of the rocks, and secondly of the grade of metamorphism, or the particular pressure-temperature conditions under which the rocks have arisen. It is clear that these two variables may well form the basis of a classification of rocks of metamorphic origin.
On a curiously-jointed Pre-glacial Rock-surface at Rhiwbina, near Cardiff
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert , Oakes E. Cyril
Published: May 2009

The rock surface to be described in this paper was discovered under boulder-clay during excavations for a new reservoir for the City of Cardiff Waterworks at Rhiwbina, 5 miles north of Cardiff. The relation of rock to boulder-clay proved so unusual, by reason of a curious jointing in the rock-surface, that it appeared to be worthy of record.
Notes on the Gravels of the Gt. Ouse Basin
Authors: Banton J. T.
Published: May 2009

For some years past I have paid much attention to the gravels of the Bedford and Cambridge areas, and believe that my observations will be of value as bearing upon palaeolithic classification and the question of correlation.
On Heptaphyllum, a New Genus of Carboniferous Coral
Authors: Clark Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

A few years ago Mr. Carruthers described an aberrant coral, Cryptophyllum hibernicum, from the Lower Carboniferous of Bundoran, Donegal. Cryptophyllum occurred in the Lower Calp shales, which are considered to be about at the horizon of Vaughan's C2 to S1 beds. Another aberrant genus, Heptaphyllum, also from the north-west of Ireland—Lower Carboniferous shales, Sligo—forms the subject of this paper. Cryptophyllum is remarkable, first for the manner in which the earlier major septa appear—irregularly, and nearly simultaneously, instead of regularly, and in consecutive pairs, as is typical for Rugose Corals; and also in the development of only five septa instead of the normal six in the earliest growth stages. Heptaphyllum, as its name implies, develops seven septa in the young corallum. It resembles Cryptophyllum in having an early aseptate corallum, and in the way in which the earlier septa appear.
On Composite Lava Flows.
Authors: Kennedy W. Q.
Published: May 2009

For many years composite minor intrusions, both sills and dykes, have been known from various parts of the world and most petrologists must have speculated as to the probable effect produced in the event of such composite intrusions having reached the surface in the form of an effusion. For obvious reasons it has not been found possible to trace a composite dyke upwards into a lava flow. However, during the revision of 1 inch Sheet 30 (Renfrewshire) for the Geological Survey, the author encountered, in the neighbourhood of Inverkip, a small village on the Firth of Clyde south of Greenock, certain peculiar lava flows which are believed to represent the effusive equivalents of composite minor intrusions. These “composite lavas”, which form the main subject of the present paper, are of Lower Carboniferous age (Calciferous Sandstone Series) and occur interbedded among the more normal flows towards the base of the volcanic group. Two distinct rock varieties, one highly porphyritic, with large phenocrysts (up to 1·5 cms. long) of basic plagioclase, and the other non-porphyritic, are associated within the same flow. The porphyritic type always forms the upper part of the flow and overlies the non-porphyritic; the junction shows unmistakable evidence that both were in a fluid state along their mutual contact at the time of emplacement.
The Metamorphic Rocks of Gunong Terendum, Kinta Valley, Federated Malay States
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

IN a previous paper in this Magazine, as well as in an official report to the Government of the Federated Malay States and in a paper in the Mining Magazine, I have discussed in some detail the geological relations of the pregranitic sedimentary rocks of the Kinta Valley, in the State of Perak, F.M.S.1 The relations of the mainly calcareous Raub Series of Permo-Carboniferous age and the rocks generally known locally and colloquially as the “ Schist Series ” (Triassic and perhaps Rhaetic), formed one of the principal subjects on which I was requested to report to the Government. My conclusions were, I think, sufficiently clearly expressed in the publications quoted, and it is unnecessary to repeat here the arguments and field evidence which led me to those conclusions.
The Heavy Mineral Correlation of Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Authors: Wells A. Kingsley
Published: May 2009

Over a period of some three years Dr. A. W. Groves has been working on the correlation of intrusions by their heavy mineral content, and the results have been published in three papers which have appeared in recent volumes of the GeologicalMagazine. The three papers read seriatim provide an interesting study of the evolution of an hypothesis which, if substantiated, would remove much, and in certain favourable cases, all of the uncertainty that usually shrouds the age of an intrusive rock-body.
River Profiles and Denudation-Chronology in Southern England
Authors: Wooldridge S. W. , Kirkaldy J. F.
Published: May 2009

THE purpose of this paper is to present briefly some conclusions drawn from a study of the longitudinal profiles of rivers in the south of England. In the view of the authors, the study of such profiles affords an important though neglected method of attack on the vexed problems of Pleistocene chronology, and it bids fair also to throw light on certain larger geophysical topics, and particularly on the theory of eustatic movements of sea-level.
On Bababudanite, a Soda-amphibole from the Banded Ferruginous Quartzites of Mysore, India
Authors: Pichamuthu Charles S.
Published: May 2009

Banded ferruginous quartzites form a conspicuous feature of many of the outcrops of Dharwar schists in Mysore. Because of their much greater hardness than the associated chloritic and hornblendic schists, these quartzites have withstood the action of weathering agencies better, and form prominent hill ranges in the schist belts. One such important range is the Bababudan hills in the Kadur district, comprising some of the highest peaks in the Mysore State, several of which are over 6,000 feet above sea-level.
The Bababudan hills are mainly composed of thick beds of haematite and magnetite quartzites which are separated by bands of chloritic and talcose schists. The high angles of dip and the intensely folded nature of these quartzites are evidences of the great disturbances to which these rocks have been subjected. The complicated tectonics of this area have not yet been satisfactorily elucidated, as geological work on these hills is heavily handicapped by the dense jungles infested with wild animals, and the thick soil cap which obscures the disposition and relationship of the rocks. The ferruginous quartzites overlie an epidiorite flow of spilitic affinities. A few dykes of epidiorite, some of which are tourmaline-bearing, have invaded the quartzites.
Anthophyllite-Cordierite-Granulites of the Lizard
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The region of Trelease Mill and Polkernogo, west of St. Keverne, forms one of the type outcrops of the Old Lizard Head Series north of the main Lizard gabbro. This small rather poorly exposed tract is distinguished not only because it has yielded the only recorded cordierite-bearing rocks among the Lizard schists but more particularly on account of the occurrence of the rarer rock types carrying anthophyllite together with abundant cordierite.
The Yellow Limestone of Jamaica and its Mollusca
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Nearly a hundred years ago the limestones in the Chapelton district of Jamaica were recognized by Sir H. de la Beche as being of the age of the Calcaire Grossier or the London Clay through the finding in them of a gigantic Cerithium whose cast resembled that of C. cornucopiae Sow. De la Beche does not employ the term. Yellow Limestone in his table of the Jamaican rocks, but he refers to beds of yellowish limestone as forming the base of the White Limestone. The term Yellow Limestone came into use at the later period of the survey under Barrett and Sawkins.
Artichthyocrinus, n.g., a Flexible Crinoid from the Carboniferous Limestone of Fife
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In the Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society (vol. x, 1912, p. 49, pl. v, f. 8) I gave a figure of an Ichthyocrinid which occurred in No. 1 Bed, Invertiel, along with other members of the family, all of which were referred to ? Forbesiocrinus. In the spring of 1913 I had the pleasure of sending my specimens of flexible crinoids to the eminent crinoid authority, Dr. Frank Springer, of the United States Museum, Washington, who was then engaged on a comprehensive study of the group. For some reason or other I did not forward this particular specimen, probably because I did not think it well enough preserved (No. 939, Fig. 3 of present paper). The other Ichthyocrinids from Invertiel were referred by Springer to his new species Amphicrinus scoticus. It so happens that No. 939 was the only specimen of its kind which I had at that time cleaned and mounted in my collection, although as the sequel will show it is evident that I had found several others in the field, but had erroneously laid them aside as Amphicrinus scoticus. This is a mistake which could easily be made, since I was not then fully aware of the special characters which distinguished A. scoticus.
The Relationship of the Pilton Beds of North Devon to their Equivalents on the Continent
Authors: Paul Henry
Published: May 2009

Having made a general study of the Devonian-Carboniferous junction in North-West Europe and a more detailed one of special areas, the author discusses here the correlation of the Pilton Beds of North Devonshire and the “K beds” of the Bristol and Forest of Dean areas with the Etroeungtian and other horizons near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary on the Continent.
An Eminent Living American Geologist and Palaeontologist
Authors: Clarke John M.
Published: May 2009

The State of New York has long been famous as the centre from which radiated, out geological life and energy to the early explorers, whose followers are now to be found spread over the vast States of America. The names of Emmons, Silliman, Dana, and Hall, and a host of other great geologists, may be cited, whose records will never die, and whose work is now being carried on by their living representatives. Such a surviving successor of James Hall now worthily fills his chair at the Albany Museum.
A Dyke Swarm and Crustal Flexure in East Greenland
Authors: Wager L. R. , Deer W. A.
Published: May 2009

As a result of three recent expeditions to East Greenland a remarkable dyke swarm, following closely the general direction of the coast, has been found to run from the neighbourhood of Scoresby Sound to Angmagssalik, a distance of 500 miles. The dykes are dolerites of various kinds and for the most part they are intruded into a thick Tertiary basalt series and the underlying metamorphic compled.
Aluminous Pyroxenes in Metamorphosed Limestones
Authors: Tilley C. E. , Vincent H. C. G.
Published: May 2009

The name “fassaite” (Werner, 1817) was originally given to the leek- to dark-green pyroxene crystals of the Fassatal, characterized by a distinct habit with the zone [110] strongly developed. Subsequent to the analytical data of Doelter (l) on the Monzoni fassaites the name has come to be applied more generally to alkali-poor aluminous pyroxenes found in metamorphosed lime-Stones and dolomites. Doelter's analyses of the Monzoni fassaites date back as far as 1877 and are chiefly remarkable for their high alumina and ferric oxide contents.
A Melt-water Hypothesis of Cirque Formation
Authors: Lewis W. V.
Published: May 2009

The Bergschrund Hypothesis, when it was enunciated by Willard Johnson (I) at the end of last century, was almost universally welcomed as an explanation of cirque formation. Since that time it has continued to dominate the literature on glacial sculpture. Gilbert (2) and Hobbs (3) in America, Wright (4) in this country, and Penck (5) and de Martonne (6) on the Continent follow his ideas with only very minor modifications. The essentials of this hypothesis were, however, outlined by W. M. Davis (7) contemporaneously with the publication of Johnson's 1899 paper.
The Geology of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate
Authors: Lever R. J. A. W.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication in 1887 of Dr. H. B. Guppy's book (1) very little has appeared on the geology of the Solomon Islands, and Cowper Reed's book (2) of 1921 is based on Guppy for this area. During the last four years a small representative collection of rocks has been sent to the British Museum (Natural History) and examined by Mr. W. Campbell Smith, to whom the author is much indebted for their identification.
The Classification of the Ordovician Rocks
Authors: Elles G. L.
Published: May 2009

The classification of the British Ordovician Rocks has gone through many phases of instability in the past, and at the present time seems to be passing through another such phase. There are probably many causes contributing to this state of things, two of which seem to be fundamental; the first, the differentfacies of development exhibited in different districts by the formations making up the system; the second, the varied elements entering into the composition of the shallow water faunas apart from the considerations of facies; these would seem to be governed largely by possibilities of migration into the British region of the Lower Palaeozoic geosyncline from different directions, i.e. from America, from Northern Europe, and from Central Europe, so that a different type of “shelly” fauna characterizes the north-west and south-east margins.
On a Specimen of Eusthenopteron from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland
Authors: Westoll T. S.
Published: May 2009

While examining the collection of Old Red Sandstone fishes in the Royal Scottish Museum, the writer found the frontoethmoid shield of a Crossopterygian fish, from Eoghole, on the Muckle Burn, near the boundary between Elginshire and the county of Nairn. Though imperfect, the skull fragment retains its natural shape, and at once recalled the similar region of Eusthenopteron, from the famous fish-bearing beds of Scaumenac Bay, Province of Quebec, Canada. Further comparison seems to prove the generic identification. The stratigraphical relationships of the find are known with some precision, and the implications are of considerable importance. It is especially opportune that Dr. Erik Jarvik, of Stockholm, has just finished an account of Eusthenopteron species from the Baltic and Russia, with a discussion of the stratigraphy of those localities which yield the fish. Certain features of the Canadian Eusthenopteron are discussed in the present paper for comparison with the Scottish form: this is in no way prejudicial to the monograph on the Scaumenac Bay material, now in preparation by Dr. Jarvik.
On Cycles of Sedimentation in the Eocene Strata of the Anglo–Franco–Belgian Basin
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

The Eocene deposits of the Paris region group themselves naturally into six cycles:—
The Unconformity between the Millstone Grit and the Carboniferous Limestone at Ifton, Mon.
Authors: Dixon E. E. L.
Published: May 2009

The object of the present communication is to place on record a section, apparently unique, in which the unconformity between the Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone that exists in parts of South Wales and Monmouthshire is clearly displayed. The exposure was first examined at the suggestion of the brilliant worker who threw so much light on Lower Carboniferous problems, the late Dr. Vaughan. The writer had explained1 the attenuation of the Carboniferous Limestone Series in the Newport (Mon.) district as due to unconformable overstep by the Millstone Grit, similar to an overstep at this horizon that had already been observed near Haverfordwest, at the other end of the South Wales basin, by Professor O. T. Jones.1 The value of the Ifton section in demonstrating that this overstep was widespread was recognized, and photographs, two of which are here reproduced, were secured by H.M. Geological Survey. Since then the unconformity at the eastern end of the South Wales coalfield has been confirmed by the detailed examination of a large area by Mr. F. Dixey and Dr. T. F. Sibly,2 and has been found by the writer, in the course of work not yet published, to reach its greatest known extent in the Abergavenny district. Nevertheless, it seems desirable to describe the Ifton section because it is the clearest exposure known, in the whole of the South-West Province, of the unconformity between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Millstone Grit, and also on account of the remarkable inter-relations of the two formations which it reveals.
Correlation between the Meadfoot Beds of Devonshire and the Siegenian of the Ardennes (Lower Devonian)
Authors: Asselberghs Etienne
Published: May 2009

In a study of the Lower Devonian of the “Bassin de l' Eifel” the present writer established the following sequence in the Siegenian Beds (= Siegenerstufe of the Rhine) of the southern part of the Ardennes:—
The Contaminated Gabbro of Easter Saphook near Old Meldrum in Aberdeenshire
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

In North-East Scotland the igneous rocks have been divided into two series, whose times of intrusion were separated by the movements responsible for the foliation and disposition of the crystalline schists of that area.2 With the older series, intruded prior to or during those movements, this paper is not concerned. The younger, or non-foliated, series supplies rock types ranging from peridotite to granite. Gabbro is the chief rock in the large independent basic masses formed by the younger igneous rocks; to the more important of these masses may be given the names of the Huntly, Insch, Boganloch, Haddo, Arnage, Maud, and Belhelvie Masses. For the most part they lie within Sheets 76, 77, 86, and 87 of the 1 inch Geological Survey Map of Scotland.
Tertiary Gravels of the Buchan District of Aberdeenshire
Authors: Flett J. S. , Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

CAPPING many of the hill-tops of the Buchan district of Aberdeenshire there are extensive spreads of gravel containing pebbles of white quartzite and of flint. Their north-western limit is on the Delgaty estate, near Turrifi, where, at an elevation of 350–400 feet, there is a small patch of quartzite gravel a mile and a half to the north-east of the town. Nearly eight miles to the south, on Windyhills, two miles north-east of Fyvie, a more extensive outlier occurs. These two patches are shown in Fig. 1. The Windyhills spread is nearly a square mile in area, and it occupies the summit of a low flat-topped ridgo at an elevation of 370–400 feet. Like the Delgaty gravels, it is evidently the remains of a deposit formerly much more extensive and reduced greatly in area by denudation. It consists mainly of white quartzite pebbles, flint pebbles, and white clayey sand, and its resemblance to the Delgaty gravels is so close that no doubt has been entertained that they belong to the same period and formation.
An Outline of Chinese Geology
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

BEFORE we properly discuss the geology of China a few words on the geological work in that country will not be superfluous. Let us first of all ask the Chinese themselves if they, in the course of their intellectual evolution for thousands of years, have contributed anything valuable to our science. The inquiry into this point by the writer has so far been met by a negative answer. True, in ancient Chinese literature one often finds fragmentary suggestions and allegorical statements related to geology. As a typical example we may take the well-known expression “blue seas change into mulberry fields”. This sentence is much quoted by popular writers either for depicting the ephemeral state of worldly aflairs or for illustrating the slow, mighty change that persistently takes place on the earth. It is in the latter sense that it demands our attention. Again, there are a number of volumes both extremely ancient and comparatively modern treating of the drainage systems of China, and in some cases with rough indication of changes of the sea level. The descriptions of minerals like those in the “Bên-tsao-gang-mong” are certainly a record of incipient development of mineralogical study originated in China and by the Chinese; but as to the purpose, it was anything but geologic.
The Lower Bunter Sandstones of North Worcestershire and East Shropshire
Authors: Shotton F. W.
Published: May 2009

The Composition of the Sand.

The Lower Bunter consists of sand whose average grain size is about ·2 mm. Particles below 0·05 mm. or above 1 mm. are virtually absent.

The fineness of the sand and restricted limits of size variation in the whole thickness of the deposit, and the high perfection of sorting in individual samples indicate an aeolian origin.

The False Bedding.

No true bedding exists in the Lower Bunter examined.

The false-bedding is only explicable on an aeolian origin. It is argued that it must represent cross-sections of barchan dunes advancing in a sand sea that was steadily increasing in thickness.

The frequency distribution of the values of the false-bedding dips confirms this interpretation.

The directions of different types of false-bedding indicate that transport and deposition was effected almost entirely by a prevailing east wind.

Relation of the Lower Bunter to the Mercian Highlands.

The establishment of an easterly origin for the sand indicates that the “ Mercian Highlands ” of the Birmingham district were the source of sand supply.

Arguments are adduced towards the correlation of the Barr Beacon Beds and the Lower Bunter Sandstone, the former being regarded as the thin piedmont spread of scree material fringing the desert.
On Climacograptus inuiti sp. nov. and its Development
Authors: Cox Ian
Published: May 2009

While accompanying the Oxford University Hudson Straits Expedition in 1931 to Akpatok Island in Ungava Bay, North Canada, the writer found that in the horizontally bedded limestones of Ordovician age one stratum alone was graptolitiferous. This contained a vast number of individuals in all stages of development, nevertheless all of the same species. When treated suitably with acid, specimens could be isolated from the matrix and thus a complete ontogeny has been worked out.
The Raised Beaches and Other Terraces of the Channel Islands
Authors: Mourant A. E.
Published: May 2009

Raised beaches and terraces generally are a common feature of the coast scenery of the Channel Islands. An attempt is made here to systematize them and to correlate them with other evidence of old base-levels and, very tentatively, with similar terraces elsewhere. The scattered descriptions in the literature have been brought together and detailed field-work, including measurements, has been carried out in Jersey. The main object of the paper is to give an ordered presentation of the facts as a contribution towards the attempts, now being actively pursued, to co-ordinate the drift deposits of north-western Europe. Any excursion beyond the bare facts is made chiefly in the interests of coherence, and many possible and even obvious theoretical conclusions have been omitted. The history of the subject shows that this does not matter as readers will be able to supply immediately all the ideas that have occurred to the writer and many others besides.
On the Discovery of Lower Carboniferous Tillites in the Precordillera of San Juan, Western Argentina
Authors: Keidel Juan , Harrington Horacio Jaime
Published: May 2009

This paper gives an account of an investigation of the Carboniferous glacial deposits that crop out along the valley of the Arroyo de las Cabeceras, which is situated in one of the western front ranges of the Precordillera of San Juan, Western Argentina. The field work was carried out by one of us (J. Keidel) and the detailed examination of the fossils collected by the other (H. J. Harrington).
Mineral Orientation in Some Olivine-rich Rocks from Rum and Skye
Authors: Phillips F. C.
Published: May 2009

The olivine-rich rocks have acquired a particular significance in petrogenetic discussions as a result of the growth ofthe realization of the difficulties involved in postulating the existence of anhydrous melts of corresponding composition.The belief that such rocks have originated through the local accumulation of olivine crystals, without significant remelting (Bowen, 2, p. 108; 3, pp. 133–174)1 has received added support from the experimental determination ofthe melting relationships of the olivines. The facts “seem susceptible of no other interpretation than that, when such masses become rich in olivine, they do so through the accumulation of crystals of that mineral, which remain as such and do not become a part of the liquid by remelting or re-solution” (4, pp. 394–5).
Carboniferous Palaeoniscids from Northumberland and Berwickshire
Authors: Moy-Thomas J. A.
Published: May 2009

The following faunal list provides a comparative summary of the Palaeoniscids of the chief Border Cementstone localities:—

Foulden.

Styracopterus ottadinicus (White).

Carboveles ovensi White

Aetheretmon valentiacum White

Aetheretmon valentiacum var. ovensi White.

Aetheretmon whitei sp. nov.

Strepheoschema fouldenensis White.
Some Aspects of the Siluro-Devonian Boundary Problem
Authors: Shirley J.
Published: May 2009

The writer made a journey recently on the Continent to study the various facies of the Lower Devonian in connection with work on a fauna from New Zealand. Although not directly concerned with the lower limit of the Devonian System he gathered certain information regarding faunas near that boundary. This was especially a consequence of an invitation to the international excursion in May, 1937, arranged by the Prussian Geological Survey to discuss the Siluro-Devonian boundary and view a series of trenches at Hüinghausen, Westphalia, which, it was hoped, would expose the passage beds between these systems. The Prussian Geological Survey generously allowed the writer to collect somewhat later from these trenches. Professor Pruvost also invited the writer to examine the collections from Liévin at Lille, and later loaned a series of specimens for more detailed examination. For all these kindnesses the writer expresses his thanks. Mr. S. H. Straw has kindly read through the manuscript and made many valuable suggestions, and the writer had the benefit of discussion with Professor Richter of Frankfurt who also helped with material for comparison. To the authorities of the British Museum, the Museum of the Geological Survey, and the Sedgwick Museum the writer is indebted for the loan of, or access to, figured specimens. He also acknowledges a grant from the Royal Society which enabled him to make a journey on the Continent.
Petrological Studies in the Harlech Grit Series of Merionethshire. I. Metamorphic Changes in the Mudstones of the Manganese Shale Group
Authors: Woodland Austin William
Published: May 2009

Themudstones of the Manganese Shale Group are very similar in their characters throughout, but in the present work, greatest stress is laid upon the mudstones of one horizon—theBluestone. This is about 5 ft. 6 in. thick, and occurs immediately above the manganese-ore band, which is 30 feet above the base of the group. From this horizon special metamorphic derivatives of the normal mudstones have been obtained from one locality—the lower end of the workings of the Hendre Mines on the north-west slopes of Moelfre, about 2¾ miles east 15 degrees south of the village of Llanbedr. There is no doubt that the types described belong to this one horizon, which is everywhere else remarkable for its uniformity of character. They always follow immediately on the manganese-ore band in the normal manner, without break, and their relationships with the succeeding strata are apparently the same as with the normal rocks. Also, with the exception of the calcite-bearing rock (p. 372), all the rock types are identical chemically.
Post-glacial Foraminifera from the English Fenlands
Authors: Macfadyen W. A.
Published: May 2009

There are three principal types, peat, fen clay (otherwise called blue buttery clay), and silt, in the post-glacial deposits of the Fenlands, which lie mainly within the shires of Cambridge and Lincoln, and Norfolk. It has long been known that Foraminifera occur in the silt and clay. The genus Lagena was recorded from the silt by Williamson in 1848, with twelve species from March, and sixteen species from Boston. In 1865, Parker and Jones listed thirty-five species of various genera from four samples of sub-Recent clay and silty clay from near Peterborough, Boston, and Wisbech. In 1870, H. B. Brady described the living brackish water Foraminifera from our coasts, and compared them with those recorded from the sub-Recent Fenland deposits by Parker and Jones. In a footnote (p. 306) he added the record of eight more species, so he presumably had a private communication from these authors, or himself studied further material. In 1881, James Green in two short papers noted the occurrence of abundant Foraminifera in layers of the March roddon, and figured nine species therefrom.
The Ifume Conglomerate, Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Stockley G. M.
Published: May 2009

An interesting paper has appeared in the Bulletin of the Eoyal Academy of Belgium, summarizing the general stratigraphy of the pre-Bukoban (i.e. pre-Devonian of Europe and pre-Katanga of Central Africa) rocks of Central Africa. It also includes a profile of the Basement Complex of Tanganyika. This note refers to the above-mentioned section of the paper only.
The Evolution of the Criffell-Dalbeattie Quartz-diorite: A Study of Granitization
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm
Published: May 2009

The transformation of sedimentary rocks to a rock of quartz-diorite aspect and mineralogy by a process of granitization, characterized by the introduction of an alkali-felspar magmatic fluid, has recently been described by the writer from the western end of the Criffell-Dalbeattie igneous complex (1937, pp. 471–7).1In the present paper the geochemistry of this process is considered in the light of supplementary analytical data.
The Form and Age of the Greenland Ice Cap
Authors: Wager L. R.
Published: May 2009

The first crossing of the Greenland Ice Cap by Fridjof Nansen in 1888 had shown that the southern part was a flattened dome rising to a height of 2,720 m. Crossings in 1912 by the Danish expedition of J. P. Koch and A. Wegener and by a Swiss expedition under de Quervain proved that there was a northern culmination, reaching to a height of at least 3,000 m., which was separated by a saddle of about 2,500 m. from the southern culmination traversed by Nansen. The form of the Ice Cap determined by these three crossings and by other expeditions near its margin of Rink, Jensen, Baron Nordenskiold, Peary, Gaarde, Mikkelsen, Rasmussen, and L. Koch, has been summarized in sketchmaps by L. Koch (1923) and de Quervain (1925). In the year 1930–31 several expeditions were simultaneously making further contributions to our knowledge of the Greenland Ice Cap. (See Fig. 1.)
Pollen Analyses of Fenland Peats at St. Germans, near King’s Lynn
Authors: Godwin H. , Godwin M. E.
Published: May 2009

The Quaternary deposits of the Fenland, consisting of silts, clays, and peats, offer several problems of correlation. Large exposures of these beds have been rare, and hitherto no attempt at dating individual beds has been made, although from the descriptive point of view the whole of the Fenland deposits were dealt with very fully by Skertchley in 1877 (1).
Note on the Beads found embedded in the top of the Two-foot Peat-bed (E) at St. Germans, near King’s Lynn.
Authors: Beck Horace C.
Published: May 2009

Seven beads were found, details of which are given below:—

Bead No. 1.—Pale cobalt-coloured annular glass bead. Weight, 5·21 g.; sp. gr., 2·412. There are two varieties of this bead which are very similar: one is of the La Tene period, and the other is Saxon. There has been a small difference of specific gravity in practically all the specimens I have examined, but it is so slight that I do not think it is safe to trust as a means of dating them. At the same time it has been fairly consistent, as in twelve specimens from different sites dated to the early period in Britain, France, and the Mediterranean the specific gravity has been below 2·46, and the only other early specimen I have tested was 2·485. On the other hand, all the beads that I have tested which I know to be Saxon have a specific gravity of 2·485 or over. I have, however, recently seen a bead from Lincolnshire with the same specific gravity as this No. 1, which, I think, is probably Saxon. Blue annular Saxon beads of this type, but usually smaller, are more common in the eastern counties than in any other part of England.
Notes on some Analyses of Egyptian Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Hume W. F. , Harwood H. F. , Theobald L. S. , Awad A. I.
Published: May 2009

1. The gneiss of the Sikait-Zabara district is in its mineral composition an aplitic granite, which has been subjected to intense pressure. It formed part of a magma of granitic composition which invaded a series of serpentines, themselves altered peridotites. The biotite-schist in many places immediately overlying the gneiss is the direct result of the assimilation of parts of the ultrabasic Tocks by the intrusive magma, the quartz, beryl, fluorite, tourmaline rock, and talc-schists associated with the biotite-schist bearing itness to the accompanying pneumatolytic action and silicification.

2. The schist from Kosha in the North Sudan most nearlyresembles the acid gneiss of Wadi Shalul in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. If the latter were originally a granite, as has been suggested from the analysis, then the Kosha schist would itself be an intensely crushed granite containing potash and soda in approximately equal amount.

3. The schist from opposite Khor Abdel Rahman in the North Sudan has been classified as fine-grained, epidote-albite-gneiss of uncertain origin.

4. The schist between Khors Abu Dom and Sila in the North Sudan has been compared with the rock from the Lewisian formations of Coll in Scotland. It may be termed a hornblende-granulite,representing an extreme case of metamorphism with crystallization under great stresses of an originally sedimentary rock.

5. The green schist from the Wadi Um Selman ravine, near the Dm Garaiat gold mine in South-East Egypt, is also regarded as an epidote-albite-gneiss, the bands being alternately quartzose and epidotic. The lime-containing minerals originally present have been altered to epidote and calcite.

6. The rock from Da'aba Island, in the Second Cataract, is an oligoclase-mica-diorite-porphyry, the felspar having been proved to be more acid than originally concluded. This name has therefore to be adopted in place of labradorite-dolerite, the term applied to it in pi. lxxx of Hume's Geology of Egypt, ii, p. i, 1934.

7. The rock of Arkasa Island, also from the Second Cataract, is, judging from the analysis, probably a more acid form of the oligoclase-mica-diorite-porphyrite series.

8. The specimens Nos. 8 to 11 represent a group of rocks in which magnesite plays an interesting part in the composition.

While No. 8 from Wadi Haimur is in the main a serpentine with but little magnesite, the remaining three rocks contain a notable percentage of this mineral. Pending further investigation, it is suggested that these changes may have taken place during periods when the ancient peridotites were submerged beneath the waters of the sea at various times in the geological history of Egypt.

Dr. Hume desires to thank Mr. 0. H. Little, Director of the Geological Survey of Egypt, very warmly for having left Mr. A. I. Awad free to carry out the petrographical studies for this paper whenever circumstances allowed of his doing so. This paper is published with the approval of H.E. the Surveyor-General of Egypt.
Marginal and Contact Phenomena of the Dorback Granite
Authors: Walker Frederick , Davidson Charles F.
Published: May 2009

The granite mass of Dorback in the Braes of Abernethy, a few miles east of the village of Tomintoul, occupies an area of from 5 to 6 square miles, the plutonic rocks outcropping through the siliceous schists and granulites of the Central Highlands of Scotland. For a highland district the exposures are rather poor, since the igneous rocks only rarely appear from under a thick covering of peat and glacial drift, but towards the eastern margin of the mass the complex is well exposed in the valleys trenched by the Allt Iomadaidh and tributary streams. Here the interest of the plutonic rocks is twofold, for they form a complex of acid, intermediate, and basic types exhibiting considerable variation in petrography, and they include a series of xenoliths of quartzite, schist, and limestone which range from a few inches in diameter to a great mass of limestone 1½ miles in length. This xenolith has been mapped by the Geological Survey of Scotland, and it was the occurrence of a contact between limestone and plutonic rocks at this locality that led to the investigations of the authors.
The Glencoul Nappe and the Assynt Culmination
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

It is unnecessary to emphasize the clarity with which overthrust structures are exhibited in the North-West Highlands of Scotland. Publications by B. N. Peach, J. Home, and their colleagues on the Geological Survey, following upon others of slightly earlier date by C. Callaway and C. Lapworth, have opened up this wonderland of geology to visitors from all parts of the world. Exposures of an overthrust mountain front extend for 120 miles from Durness to Skye. They exhibit many variations of style, of which no single locality is fully representative. At the same time, for a short excursion there is one specially favoured district. It lies in and about the Assynt culmination, where erosion has cut back the Moine nappe for several miles behind the normal line of outcrop, and has thus fashioned an extensive semi-window, through which an intriguing view can be obtained of underlying complexities (Fig. 1). The most useful publications on this district are the Geological Survey maps on the scales of a ¼ inch, 1 inch, and 6 inches to the mile, coupled with the great North-West Highland memoir and the beloved penny Guide to the Assynt Model. The most convenient hotel is Inchnadamph at the head of Loch Assynt.
The Clinographic Curve
Authors: Hanson-Lowe J.
Published: May 2009

Geomokphologists seeking for bevelled surfaces and characteristic breaks of slope in large land masses have frequently utilized the Hypsographic curve to determine such features.
The Flora of the Upper Westphalian in Yorkshire
Authors: Walton James
Published: May 2009

The base of the Phillipsi Zone, which Professor Trueman has made the base of his Upper Westphalian, is taken at the horizon of the Shafton Marine Band in Yorkshire (1) 1 and in consequence the following beds are included in this zone:—
The Term “Crinanite”
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

The name crinanite was given in 1911 by Sir John Flett to a suite of N.W. analcite-dolerite dykes occurring in a fairly extensive district in Argyllshire of which Loch Crinan is the centre. A description of the type is accompanied by an analysis and a photomicrograph of a characteristic example from the island of Jura. Writing a few months later of similar dykes in Colonsay, the same author gives a concise definition of the type—“The crinanites, then, are dark coloured, fine-grained, basic rocks consisting mainly of olivine, augite, and plagioclase felspar, with a considerable amount of analoite and zeolites.” A detailed description follows, in which the very perfect ophitic structure of the rocks is emphasized, and another excellent photomicrograph is shown of an example from Colonsay. In his original description Sir John Flett states that the crinanites “present some analogies to the teschenites in mineral composition; from the latter they are distinguished by their finer grain, their perfect ophitic structure, the scarcity of hornblende and biotite, and their occurrence as thin vertical parallel dykes”.
Notes on the Shell Musculature of Gryphus vitreus (Born).
Authors: Cox Ian
Published: May 2009

In work on fossil brachiopods the present writer has found that descriptions and more particularly figures of the musculature of living froms are insufficiently explicit for parallels to be drawn with fossil specimens. These notes are the result of dissections of specimens of the living Terebratulinid Gryphus vitreus (Born) from the Marine Biological Station at Naples, and are intended primarily to elucidate the accompanying figures, which it is hoped might be of some value to palaeontologists.