bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of inflammatory biomarkers from tissue biopsies by chip‐based immunoaffinity CE
Authors: Phillips Terry M. , Wellner Edward F.
Published: August 2007

To aid in the biochemical analysis of human skin biopsies, a semiautomatic chip‐based CE system has been developed for measuring inflammatory biomarkers in microdissected areas of the biopsy. Following solubilization of the dissected tissue, the desired biomarkers were isolated by immunoaffinity capture using a panel of 12 antibodies, immobilized on a disposable glass fiber disk, within the extraction port of the chip. The captured analytes were labeled with a 635 nm light‐emitting laser dye and electroeluted into the separation channel. Electrophoretic separation of all of the analytes was achieved in 2.2 min with quantification of each peak being performed by online LIF detection and integration of each peak area. Comparison of the results obtained from the chip‐based system to those obtained using commercially available high‐sensitivity immunoassays demonstrated that the chip‐based assay provides a fast, accurate procedure for studying the concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers in complex biological materials. The degree of accuracy and precision achieved by the chip‐based CE is comparable to conventional immunoassays and the system is capable of analyzing circa six samples per hour. With the ever‐expanding array of antibodies that are commercially available, this chip‐based system can be applied to a wide variety of different biomedical analyses.
HPV genotypes in CIN 2‐3 lesions and cervical cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Sigurdsson Kristjan , Taddeo Frank J. , Benediktsdottir Kristrun R. , Olafsdottir Kristrun , Sigvaldason Helgi , Oddsson Kristjan , Rafnar Thorunn
Published: August 2007

The distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) varies between countries and continents leading to different effectiveness of upcoming prophylactic HPV vaccines. This study analyses the HPV distribution in CIN 2‐3, recurrent CIN 2‐3 and cervical cancer in Iceland. About 80% of incident cases with CIN 2‐3 lesions in 1990 and 1999, 99% of cancer cases in 1990–1994 and 1999–2003, and cases with recurrent CIN 2‐3 after conization in 1990 were tested with PCR analysis for the presence of 12 oncogenic HPV types. About 95% of the CIN 2‐3 and 92% of the cancer cases tested positive for the included HPV types. HPV 16 was the most frequent type followed by HPV 33, 31, 52, 35, 18, 58, 56, 39, 45, 59 in CIN 2‐3 and by HPV 18, 33 45, 31, 39, 52, 35, 51, 56 in cancer. HPV 16 and 18 were associated with a significantly increased cancer risk and HPV 52 and 31 with decreased cancer risk compared to the risk of CIN 3. The HPV distribution differed between histological cancer types, stages and age groups. The number of HPV types was not a significant predictor of cancer. Oncogenic HPV types were found in all persistent or recurrent CIN 2‐3 disease after conization. Vaccination against HPV 16/18 is estimated to achieve a minimum 40% reduced rate of CIN 2‐3 and a minimum 60% reduced cancer rate. This rate could, however, be increased to 95% and 92% respectively by including all the 12 HPV types tested for in this study. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas in Tunisia correlates with aberrant promoter hypermethylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes
Authors: Amara Khaled , Trimeche Mounir , Ziadi Sonia , Laatiri Adnene , Hachana Mohamed , Sriha Badreddine , Mokni Moncef , Korbi Sadok
Published: August 2007

The simian virus SV40 (SV40), a potent DNA oncogenic polyomavirus, has been detected in several human tumors including lymphomas, mainly in diffuse large B‐cell type (DLBCL). However, a causative role for this virus has not been convincingly established. Hypermethylation in promoter regions is a frequent process of silencing tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in cancers, which may be induced by oncogenic viruses. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the presence of SV40 DNA sequences and the methylation status of 13 TSGs in 108 DLBCLs and 60 nontumoral samples from Tunisia. SV40 DNA presence was investigated by PCR assays targeting the large T‐antigen, the regulatory and the VP1 regions. Hypermethylation was carried out by methylation‐specific PCR. SV40 DNA was detected in 63/108 (56%) of DLBCL and in 4/60 (6%) of nontumoral samples. Hypermethylation frequencies for the tested TSGs were 74% for DAPK, 70% for CDH1, SHP1, and GSTP1, 58% for p16, 54% for APC, 50% for p14, 39% for p15, 19% for RB1, 15% for BLU, 3% for p53, and 0% for p300 and MGMT. No hypermethylation was observed in nontumoral samples. Hypermethylation of SHP1, DAPK, CDH1, GSTP1 and p16 genes were significantly higher in SV40‐positive than in SV40‐negative DLBCL samples (p values ranging from 0.0006 to <0.0001). Our findings showed a high prevalence of SV40 DNA in DLBCLs in Tunisia. The significant association of promoter hypermethylation of multiple TSGs with the presence of SV40 DNA in DLBCLs supports a functional effect of the virus in those lymphomas. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Misclassification of colorectal cancer stage and area variation in survival
Authors: Yu Xue Q. , O'Connell Dianne L. , Gibberd Robert W. , Abrahamowicz Michal , Armstrong Bruce K.
Published: August 2007

We previously investigated the impact of health area of residence on colon and rectal cancer survival by estimating area‐specific relative excess risk of death (RER), stratified by stage at diagnosis. The aims of this study were to quantify errors in colorectal cancer stage obtained from an Australian population‐based cancer registry and assess the potential impact of errors in stage on these estimates. For a subset of cases, we compared the cancer registry stage with that from a survey of treating surgeons. We then randomly reallocated all cases to a simulated “corrected” stage according to the estimated misclassification probabilities and repeated the analysis of area variation stratified by simulated stage 1,000 times. We found 70% agreement between the Registry and Survey stage. This reallocation of the Registry cases by stage resulted in substantial variation in area‐specific RERs across the simulated samples. Area variation in survival for localized colon and localized rectal cancer, which were previously statistically significant when classified using Registry stage, appeared no longer to be so. Misclassification of cancer registry stage can have an important impact on estimates of spatial variation in stage‐specific colon and rectal cancer survival. If population‐based cancer registry data are to be effectively used in evaluating and improving cancer care, the quality of the stage data may need to be improved. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide‐induced DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations in primary lymphocytes, smoking, and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Xiong Ping , Hu Zhibin , Li Chunying , Wang Li‐E , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Sturgis Erich M. , Wei Qingyi
Published: August 2007

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), but only a fraction of those exposed to cigarette smoke develops SCCHN, suggesting variation in individual susceptibility. Tobacco smoke contains a number of carcinogens that cause various kinds of damage to DNA. In this study, we simultaneously measured benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide‐induced DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations by the comet assay and the mutagen sensitivity assay, respectively, in cultured primary lymphocytes from newly recruited 123 patients with SCCHN and 136 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Using the control median as the cut‐off, the elevated risk of SCCHN was 2.35 (95% CI, 1.37–4.03), 2.28 (95% CI, 1.34–3.98) and 3.25 (95% CI, 1.85–5.07) for high levels of tail extension, tail length and oliver tail moment of the comet assay, respectively, and 1.75 (95% CI, 1.04–2.94) for high levels of chromosomal aberrations of the mutagen sensitivity assay. The effects of these 2 types of measurements were additive; subjects with high levels of both DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations had a 4.77‐fold increased risk (95% CI, 2.73–8.36) of SCCHN. Cigarette smoking further elevated this risk to more than 20‐fold (OR 23.6; 95% CI, 8.92–62.3). These data support our previous finding that suboptimal repair contributed to susceptibility to SCCHN and the new data further suggests a possible gene‐environment interaction that may play an important role in the etiology of SCCHN. Further validation studies are warranted. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding the Chinese stock market
Authors: Guo Cheng , Liangyuan Yu , Changwen Ke
Published: August 2007

Stock markets are often seen as economic barometers. But until recently, the Chinese stock market hasn't reflected the growth of the Chinese economy. Why was this so? The answer lies in the peculiarities of the Chinese stock market, say the authors. And they explain what foreign investors need to know. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding abroad: What problems will you face?
Authors: Sherman Andrew J.
Published: August 2007

Want to buy a foreign company, or do business abroad? Each year, hundreds of companies consider expanding abroad. But when you develop your strategy, don't forget to plan for a host of possible obstacles. The author discusses some problems you may face—and how to handle them. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why global companies need global back‐office services
Authors: Iijima Timothy
Published: August 2007

A global company needs thoroughly global infrastructure services, argues the author of this article. He's talking about the “back office,” unseen services that support the company's delivery of products and services.

In taking a new look at those vital services, a global company must ask two key questions. First, can its internal services better support a centralized or decentralized corporate structure? And second, how much should internal services be outsourced? © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A guide to international transfer pricing
Authors: Anandarajan Asokan , McGhee Mitch , Curatola Anthony P.
Published: August 2007

More than 70 percent of global trading transactions are between companies of multinational corporations. But local tax authorities fear they may lose tax revenues, as a result of global trading and the artificial manipulation of transfer prices. So the United States, Japan, and the European Union have introduced stringent transfer pricing legislation. Companies that violate them face costly sanctions!

How can companies cope with these tough laws? The authors of this article give valuable guidance. They explain the different types of transfer pricing strategies, provide guidelines, and expose possible pitfalls for companies dealing in this complex area. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Get ready for an ASEAN stock market
Authors: Jasmon Abadan , Ismail Hishamuddin
Published: August 2007

Can countries pool their resources and create a common stock exchange? Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are doing just that. The authors discuss what is happening and look at the challenges and opportunities. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IT attestation services: What you need to know
Authors: Bayuk Jennifer
Published: August 2007

The rapid growth in outsourcing information technology (IT)—and increased reliance on software application service providers—are fueling a demand for IT attestation services. The author explains what you need to know about them. © 2007 by Information Systems Audit and Control Association.
Calcium‐induced quiescence of sperm motility in the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
Authors: Zuccarelli Micah D. , Ingermann Rolf L.
Published: August 2007

Before dilution in hypoosmotic media sperm of freshwater fish are maintained quiescent by a range of factors including osmolality, K+ and pH, and the onset of motility is generally associated with an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+. In contrast, Ca2+ in conjunction with osmolality was found to inhibit motility of intact bluegill sperm. Consistent with seminal plasma composition, 0.16 mmol/L Ca2+ and greater, in conjunction with an osmotic concentration of 290 mOsm/kg, inhibited the onset of bluegill sperm motility; sperm diluted in saline at 290 mOsm/kg without Ca2+ became motile. Cations Mn2+ and Sr2+, in conjunction with osmolality, had an inhibitory effect on initiation of sperm motility similar to that of Ca2+. Sperm motility was inhibited by Ca2+ channel blockers nimodipine and nifedipine, the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter inhibitor ruthenium red and the calmodulin inhibitors W‐7 and trifluoperazine dihydrochloride. These results provide evidence that elevated cytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits sperm motility and yet low levels permit or promote motility. This study demonstrates a unique inhibitory action of Ca2+ on the motility of intact fish sperm at physiologically relevant levels. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:590–599, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A developmental staging series for the lizard genus Anolis: A new system for the integration of evolution, development, and ecology
Authors: Sanger Thomas J. , Losos Jonathan B. , Gibson‐Brown Jeremy J.
Published: August 2007

Vertebrate developmental biologists typically rely on a limited number of model organisms to understand the evolutionary bases of morphological change. Unfortunately, a typical model system for squamates (lizards and snakes) has not yet been developed leaving many fundamental questions about morphological evolution unaddressed. New model systems would ideally include clades, rather than single species, that are amenable to both laboratory studies of development and field‐based analyses of ecology and evolution. Combining an understanding of development with an understanding of ecology and evolution within and between closely related species has the potential to create a seamless understanding of how genetic variation underlies ecologically and evolutionarily relevant variation within populations and between species. Here we briefly introduce a new model system for the integration of development, evolution, and ecology, the lizard genus Anolis, a diverse group of lizards whose ecology and evolution is well understood, and whose genome has recently been sequenced. We present a developmental staging series for Anolis lizards that can act as a baseline for later comparative and experimental studies within this genus. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of gamma irradiation on osteoinduction associated with demineralized bone matrix
Authors: Han Bo , Yang Zhi , Nimni Marcel
Published: August 2007

Gamma irradiation is frequently used to sterilize implanted devices but has limitations when used on biologically active materials and composites. In this study, we have evaluated the changes of biological activity of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in the dry state and in the presence of aqueous and non‐aqueous carriers while exposed to various levels of ionizing radiation. The activity of DBM in the dry state remains relatively stable with only a small loss of activity. Composites of DBM with a carrier such as lecithin, to which no water has been added, lose activity at approximately the same rate as DBM in the anhydrous form. In composites that contain water, the loss of activity occurs even at much lower levels of radiation exposure. Gamma irradiation does not change cell attachment to the DBM matrix but has an influence on both stem cell and osteoprecursor cell proliferation rates. Because of the limitations imposed by radiation, it seems most practical to handle DBM aseptically throughout the procedures of compositing pastes, putties, or suspensions, and only if necessary exposing the inert excipients to radiation sterilization prior to mixing. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:75–82, 2008
Fallow management practices in Guatemala's Western Highlands: social drivers and biophysical impacts
Authors: Wittman H. K. , Johnson M. S.
Published: August 2007

Land pressures and environmental degradation are driving forces behind shortened fallow periods in the tropics, often resulting in reduced crop yields and increased migration from rural areas. This paper describes contemporary fallow practices in the Western Highlands of Guatemala based on interdisciplinary data collected using participatory rural appraisal and qualitative research methods in combination with a quantitative evaluation of the impacts of fallow management decisions on soil fertility. Case studies of two communities in San Marcos department illustrate contemporary and traditional land use practices. Currently, over 70 per cent of families engage in a variety of fallow management practices, with combined cropping‐fallow cycles within a field averaging 3–6 years. Despite the reduction in length of fallow cycles, new fallow practices in the study area appear to improve some aspects of soil fertility while also providing fodder and fuelwood. Calcium and magnesium concentrations in fallow soil were twice that of cropped plots, indicating that weathering reactions and atmospheric deposition during fallow periods are able to restore base cation fertility that is taken up by potato crops during cropping cycles. Soil in cropped plots, however, showed 25 per cent higher soil organic matter and five times higher nitrate concentrations than soil in fallow plots, which resulted from additions of compost and inorganic fertilizer to cropped plots. Nevertheless, the 13C/12C isotopic ratio of soil organic carbon indicated that as soil organic matter content decreases in cropped plots, the remaining carbon is increasingly degraded. Potential improvements in fallow management practices proposed by farmers and researchers are also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long lasting pure freezing of gait preceding progressive supranuclear palsy: A clinicopathological study
Authors: Compta Yaroslau , Valldeoriola Francesc , Tolosa Eduardo , Rey María Jesús , Martí María José , Valls‐Solé Josep
Published: August 2007

Primary progressive freezing of gait (PPFG) is the term used to designate an uncommon condition featuring freezing of gait with frequent falls, without bradykinesia, rigidity or tremor, and unresponsive to levodopa. There are very few pathological reports of patients with PPFG in the literature. We report on 2 patients (one with pathological confirmation) diagnosed initially as PPFG and evolving into clinically defined progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) more than 10 years after onset of symptoms. These 2 cases suggest that PPFG can represent the initial manifestation of a neurodegenerative disease, such as PSP, rather than a differentiated nosological entity. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Disodium cromoglycate protects dystrophin‐deficient muscle fibers from leakiness
Authors: Marques Maria Julia , Machado Rafael Ventura , Minatel Elaine , Neto Humberto Santo
Published: August 2007

In dystrophin‐deficient fibers of mdx mice and in Duchenne dystrophy, the lack of dystrophin leads to sarcolemma breakdown and muscle degeneration. We verified that cromolyn, a mast‐cell stabilizer agent, stabilized dystrophic muscle fibers using Evans blue dye as a marker of sarcolemma leakiness. Mdx mice (n = 8; 14 days of age) received daily intraperitoneal injections of cromolyn (50 mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. Untreated mdx mice (n = 8) were injected with saline. Cryostat cross‐sections of the sternomastoid, tibialis anterior, and diaphragm muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Cromolyn dramatically reduced Evans blue dye–positive fibers in all muscles (P < 0.05; Student's t‐test) and led to a significant increase in the percentage of fibers with peripheral nuclei. This study supports the protective effects of cromolyn in dystrophic muscles and further indicates its action against muscle fiber leakiness in muscles that are differently affected by the lack of dystrophin. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Altered distribution of interstitial cells in the guinea pig bladder following bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Kubota Yasue , Hashitani Hikaru , Shirasawa Nobuyuki , Kojima Yoshiyuki , Sasaki Shoichi , Mabuchi Yoshio , Soji Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Hikaru , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: August 2007

Aims

We investigated the effects of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) on the distribution of interstitial cells (ICs) in the guinea‐pig bladder.

Methods

Bladder overactivity of BOO animals was validated with urodynamic studies. Immunohistochemical analyses for Kit and vimentin as markers for ICs were performed on both BOO and control bladders. Morphological and functional properties of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) were examined with α‐smooth muscle actin staining and intracellular recording, respectively. Electron microscopy was also carried out to characterize ultrastructural morphology of ICs.

Results

Two weeks after surgery, BOO animals showed an increased voiding frequency and a reduced voiding volume. Filling cystometry demonstrated a frequent incidence of non‐voiding contractions, a reduced interval between voiding contractions and an increased voiding pressure in BOO bladders. In BOO bladders, the thickness of suburothelial and subserosal connective tissue layers was increased, whilst that of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) layer was less affected. Population of Kit or vimentin immunoreactive ICs was increased in subserosal layers, and their distribution was altered in suburotherial layer in BOO bladders. Neither α‐actin immunoreactivity nor spontaneous electrical activity of DSM was altered in BOO bladders. ICs were characterized by their numerous mitochondria and caveolae, and had a close contact with each other and with neighboring DSM or nerves.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated the increased population of ICs in the BOO guinea‐pig model for the first time, and suggest that the altered distribution of ICs may contribute to the pathophysiology of bladder overactivity. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:330–340, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does the patient's position influence the detection of detrusor overactivity?
Authors: Al‐Hayek Samih , Belal Mohammed , Abrams Paul
Published: August 2007

Aims

The demonstration of preoperative detrusor overactivity (DO) with associated overactive bladder symptoms (OAB) is known to have an adverse effect on surgery performed for stress incontinence or for prostatic obstruction. The purpose of this review is to examine the best position, when filling the bladder during urodynamics, to demonstrate detrusor overactivity and reproduce the OAB symptoms, when the demonstration of DO might be important.

Materials and Methods

MEDLINE and PUBMED literature searches were performed, spanning the period from 1956 to August 2005 using the keywords “detrusor overactivity” or “detrusor instability” combined with “posture or position or standing or sitting” and “urodynamics.” Other studies were identified by reviewing secondary references in the original citations.

Results

Sixteen studies looked at the effect of position on the detection rate of DO. There is good consistency between the studies analyzed. All but two [Ramsden et al., Br J Urol 49:633–9, 1977; Choe et al., J Urol 161:1541–4, 1999] showed a clear effect, with an increase in DO when the patient is filled in the vertical position or is asked to sit or stand, with a full bladder, after being filled supine. Performing the urodynamics (UDS) in the supine position would have missed a large proportion of DO diagnoses ranging from 33% to 100%.

Conclusions

This review confirms that the patient's position is a significant variable during urodynamics and that supine cystometry will fail to detect a significant percentage of patients with DO. We suggest that all patients should be filled sitting or standing, unless physically disabled. It seems desirable for the International Continence Society (ICS) to extend its “Good urodynamic practice guideline” [Schafer et al., Neurourol Urodyn 21:261–74, 2002] to cover this important issue. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:279–286, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adverse effects during the treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in children with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Kowala‐Piaskowska Arleta , Mozer‐Lisewska Iwona , Figlerowicz Magdalena , Służewski Wojciech
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Administration of pegylated interferon‐alpha (IFN‐alpha) and ribavirin in adults with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a recommended therapeutic standard. Nevertheless, this therapeutic regimen rises numerous controversies. The aim of this study was to analyze adverse effects during the treatment with pegylated IFN‐alpha and ribavirin in children with CHC.

Methods

Study group comprised 30 children with CHC, age 8–19 years (mean 13,6 years), 9 girls and 21 boys. All patients were administered two medication therapy with pegylated IFN‐alpha‐2b in the dose of 1.5 µg/kg of body weight 1×/week subcutaneously and daily oral ribavirin 15 mg/kg of bodyweight for 48 weeks. Blood samples were taken at baseline and every 4 weeks during the whole treatment and 24 weeks of follow‐up period. Panel of test included: cellular blood count and smear, ALT activity, bilirubin level. Patients complaints were noticed during every visit. Thyroid hormones and antibodies were checked every 3 months. Children were divided into group A that responded to treatment and group B—nonresponders.

Results

Abnormalities in laboratory tests (white blood cells, neutrophils, haemoglobin) were observed mainly during first weeks of treatment. Mean bilirubin level and platelets were normal. Mean ALT normalized during the treatment. After 12–16 weeks of the therapy somatic adverse effects decreased significantly.

Conclusions

Administration of pegylated IFN‐alpha and ribavirin in children with CHC is related to characteristic adverse effects. Periodical dose reduction was necessary. Although side effects and subjective patient complaints were present, children attended school without difficulties. Constant monitoring is required during the whole treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The US drug safety system: role of the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Gibson Brent R. , Suh Ryung , Tilson Hugh
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Despite increasingly strident calls for improved drug safety in the United States, recent events underscore the continuing gap among manufacturers, regulators, patients, and physicians. In the period leading to the recent Institute of Medicine report on the future of drug safety, representatives from industry were given an opportunity to provide input into this report. In light of continuing concerns about drug safety and pending legislation, this original perspective provides an important context.

Methods

This work consolidates the views of representatives of individual pharmaceutical companies; the large industry trade associations, the Pharmaceutical Researchers and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) and the Biotechnology Industry Association (BIO); and those of the authors with regard to the industry role of drug safety in the United States.

Results

To ensure continued protection of the public's health, manufacturers must recognize themselves as critical to ensuring safe products; maintain corporate safety functions separate from marketing functions; provide oversight by a senior medical executive; engage in structured epidemiological research, risk assessment, and risk communication; and mandate the formation and maintenance of an internal, interdisciplinary, senior level safety council.

Conclusions

The importance of aggressive and accountable drug safety will only become more salient as the public and their elected representatives demand better accountability from industry. Individual corporations now have the opportunity to move first to counter perceptions of profit over safety and to ensure that their business practices adequately protect the public's health. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individualized education programs for youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Wilczynski Susan M. , Menousek Kathryn , Hunter Melissa , Mudgal Dipti
Published: August 2007

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) present with a broad array of deficits and excesses that require educational intervention. The Individualized Education Program (IEP) serves as the blueprint for educational intervention but it can sometimes be difficult to identify which goals and objectives should be addressed with this population. It is necessary to be familiar with the defining features of ASD and the associated characteristics that youth may demonstrate in order to develop appropriate educational goals and objectives. The purpose of this article is to review the broad range of characteristics often evidenced by youth with ASD and to associate these features with specific skills to consider when developing IEP goals and objectives. This article primarily concentrates on providing an extensive list of skills and subskills that should be considered whenever children have been diagnosed or verified with an ASD. Finally, resources that may aid educators in developing IEPs are provided. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 653–666, 2007.
Discrete trials teaching
Authors: Ghezzi Patrick M.
Published: August 2007

The advantages of emphasizing discrete trials teaching over discrete trials training are presented first, followed by a discussion of discrete trials as a method of teaching that emerged historically—and as a matter of necessity for difficult learners such as those with autism—from discrete trials as a method for laboratory research. The elements of discrete trials teaching are presented next, and after that a set of guidelines for discrete trials teaching is given and elaborated upon. A final note on deciding what to teach and how best to teach it concludes the article. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 667–679, 2007.
Using naturalistic procedures to enhance learning in individuals with autism: A focus on generalized teaching within the school setting
Authors: Cowan Richard J. , Allen Keith D.
Published: August 2007

Children with autism often have difficulty successfully applying newly acquired skills to novel situations. Naturalistic teaching procedures have been developed to help address this problem with generalization. These naturalistic procedures promote generalization through the use of natural consequences, diverse training, and the incorporation of mediators. The purpose of this article is to define these tactics and then describe and review three popular naturalistic teaching approaches: incidental teaching, pivotal response training, and script‐fading. The article will also review the research support for these procedures and conclude with a discussion of implications for research and practice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 701–715, 2007.
Social skills interventions for children with autism
Authors: Scattone Dorothy
Published: August 2007

Autism is characterized by deficits in pretend play, perspective taking, initiating and responding to others, and other profound social impairments. As the incidence of children being identified with autism increases, so does the need for effective interventions that target social skills development. Over the last decade, social skills interventions have become more sophisticated, incorporating video technology and naturalistic teaching procedures. Many of these studies have been shown to generalize across settings, participants, and to individuals not directly involved in these studies. Although the small sample sizes make generalization of findings to the population at large somewhat problematic, continued replication of these studies and the development of increasingly sophisticated social skills interventions may lead to broader interpretation and application. This article reviews critical research conducted over the past 15 years on social skills interventions. To aid in the implementation of these interventions, suggestions for application and a list of references follow the review. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 717–726, 2007.
Social play skill enhancement of children with autism using peers and siblings as therapists
Authors: Bass Jennifer D. , Mulick James A.
Published: August 2007

Peer‐mediated approaches represent the largest and most empirically supported type of social intervention for children with autism. In this article, we discuss peer‐initiation strategies, the peer‐mediated intervention that has been most used to teach typically developing peers or siblings to improve the social play skills of children with autism. Also discussed are additional intervention strategies that have preliminary research support including: integrated play groups, peer buddy systems, and group oriented contingencies. Practical information regarding how to apply peer‐initiation strategies and peer buddy systems in the school setting is also provided. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 727–735, 2007.
100 Tesla für die Forschung. Das Hochfeld‐Magnetlabor in Dresden
Authors: Herrmannsdörfer Thomas , Wosnitza Jochen
Published: August 2007

Hohe Magnetfelder können Materialien in neue Zustände versetzen. Sie erlauben zudem Präzisionsmessungen, die unser heutiges Wissen über die elektronischen, magnetischen und thermodynamischen Materialeigenschaften entscheidend erweitern können. Das Hochfeld‐Magnetlabor Dresden besitzt eine technisch aufwendige Anlage mit einer Doppelspule, die gepulste Magnetfelder bis 100 T zerstörungsfrei produzieren soll. Die Pulslänge von etwa zehn Millisekunden ist im Vergleich zu den zu erforschenden Phänomenen so lang, dass das Magnetfeld quasistatisch ist. Erste experimentelle Resultate in gepulsten Magnetfeldern bis 70 T zeigen das Potenzial dieser Forschungsanlage, die nun der Forschung zur Verfügung steht.
Liveschaltung ins Atom. Zeitaufgelöste Attosekunden‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Uiberacker Matthias
Published: August 2007

Mit sehr kurzen Laserpulsen aus sichtbarem Licht und noch kürzeren Röntgenpulsen ist es möglich, atomare Prozesse auf der Zeitskala von wenigen hundert Attosekunden zu vermessen. Weiche Röntgenpulse mit einer Dauer von 250 Attosekunden konnten schon erzeugt werden. Sie erlauben Auflösung der Messzeit von etwa 100 Attosekunden. Mit Hilfe dieser Pulse gelang es erstmals, die einzelnen Schwingungen des elektrischen Feldes eines Laserpulses aufzuzeichnen. Damit wurden zum ersten Mal Auger‐Prozesse in Edelgasatomen abgetastet. Das gelang auch bei der Ionisation von Materie durch starke Lichtpulse.
Grundlagenforschung mit FAIR
Authors: Augustin Ingo
Published: August 2007

Die Teilchenphysik strebt keineswegs ausschließlich nach immer höheren Energien. Es gibt noch viele grundlegende Fragen in der Kern‐ und Teilchenphysik, die sich nicht mit großen Beschleunigern wie dem zukünftigen LHC beantworten lassen. Die Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) wird viele dieser Fragen angehen. Diese Anlage kann sämtliche Atomkerne vom Wasserstoff bis zum Uran bis auf etwa 99 % der Lichtgeschwindigkeit beschleunigen. Der Startschuss für diese Großforschungsanlage erfolgt am 7. November 2007, ab 2012 sollen die ersten Experimente den Betrieb aufnehmen.
“Was machen wir jetzt?”
Authors: Schaaf Michael
Published: August 2007

Ein Gespräch mit Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker aus dem Jahre 1996 über seine Mitarbeit im Uranverein und den Nationalsozialismus.
Die Frau und der Computer
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: August 2007

Im Alter von fünf Jahren stellt die Gesuchte angeblich ihrer Mutter die Frage, ob Väter und Großväter dasselbe sind. Kein Wunder, schließlich versteht die Mutter es, ihre Tochter vollkommen vom Vater abzuschotten: Die Eltern leben in Trennung. Gleichzeitig fördert die Mutter bei ihrer Tochter deren technische Interessen nach Kräften, auch wegen ihres Faibles für Mathematik.
Polymerphysikers Proteinmayonnaise
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: August 2007

In jedem Kochbuch steht als Grundrezept für Mayonnaise: Man nehme zwei Eigelb, beträufle sie mit etwas Zitronensaft, schlage sie mit einem Schneebesen schaumig und gebe dabei Öl in einem feinen Strahl dazu, bis eine feste Mayonnaise entsteht. Dies funktioniert gut, denn Eigelb enthält das grenzflächenaktive Molekül Lecithin, das seinen wasserliebenden Kopf in die wässerige Phase streckt und sein fettliebendes Schwänzchen in das Öl taucht. Was aber macht man mit dem Eiklar? Ganz einfach: auch Mayonnaise – denn dessen Proteine sind ebenfalls grenzflächenaktiv. Sogar viel effektiver.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root proteome and differentially expressed root proteins between hybrid and parents
Authors: Song Xiao , Ni Zhongfu , Yao Yingyin , Xie Chaojie , Li Zhenxing , Wu Haiyan , Zhang Yinhong , Sun Qixin
Published: August 2007

To better understand the development of wheat roots, a reference map of the major soluble proteins of wheat roots was established using a combination of 2‐DE and MALDI TOF MS and MS/MS, and a total of 450 protein spots were detected with silver staining in a pH ranges of 4–7, of which 282 spots corresponding to 240 proteins were identified. These identified proteins were grouped into diverse functional categories. In comparison with a wheat leave proteome, in root, proteins involved in metabolism and transport were over‐represented, whereas proteins involved in energy, disease and defense, transcription, and signal transduction were under‐represented. To further get an insight into the molecular basis of wheat heterosis, differential proteome analysis between hybrid and parents were performed. A total of 45 differentially expressed protein spots were detected, and both quantitative and qualitative differences could be observed. Moreover, 25 of the 45 differentially expressed protein spots were identified, which were involved in metabolism, signal transduction, energy, cell growth and division, disease and defense, secondary metabolism. These results indicated that hybridization between two parental lines can cause expression differences between wheat hybrid and its parents not only at mRNA levels but also at protein abundances.
Polyacrylamide lamination enables mass spectrometry compatible staining and in‐gel digestion of proteins separated by agarose IEF
Authors: Hellman Jukka
Published: August 2007

Agarose IEF enables the separation of large proteins and protein complexes. A complication of agarose gels attached onto polyester support is the lack of sensitive protein staining methods compatible with protein analysis and identification protocols. In this study, agarose IEF gels were used to separate the proteins, followed by layering the agarose with polyacrylamide. The formed laminate gels were seamless and durable and they were readily detached from the polyester. The gels were amenable to MS compatible staining. The sensitivity obtained with the acidic silver staining method was 20–50 ng/band of myoglobin. Laminated agarose was a suitable matrix for in‐gel digestion based generation of tryptic peptides for MALDI‐MS.
Proteome map of the normal murine ventricular myocardium
Authors: Lam Lien , Arthur Jonathan , Semsarian Christopher
Published: August 2007

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The underlying mechanisms involved in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure are poorly understood. In this study, 2‐DE was utilised to map, for the first time, proteins of normal, nonfailing mouse ventricular tissues to form a basis for future comparative analysis of mouse models with cardiovascular disorders. Proteins were obtained from ventricles of C57BL6 mice, aged 18 wk, and separated by 2‐DE. A total of 150 protein spots, corresponding to 77 distinct proteins, were identified by MALDI‐TOF MS. The proteins identified in mouse ventricles covered a wide range of biological processes (e.g. cell cycle, muscle contraction and signal transduction), with the majority of proteins contributing to cardiomyocyte energetics and cell structure. This 2‐D gel map of mouse myocardial proteins will be an invaluable tool in proteomic research for the detection of protein changes and identifying cardiac biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.
Fiber‐packed channel bioreactor for microfluidic protein digestion
Authors: Fan Huizhi , Chen Gang
Published: August 2007

The fabrication and performance of a fiber‐packed channel bioreactor in microchip along with its application in protein analysis were reported. The feasibility and performance of the unique microfluidic bioreactor were demonstrated by the tryptic digestion of myoglobin (MYO) and BSA. The on‐chip digestion was carried out at a flow rate of 2.0 μL/min and the digestion time was significantly reduced to less than 5 s. The digests were identified by MALDI‐TOF MS with sequence coverages of 66% (MYO) and 40% (BSA) that were comparable to those obtained by the conventional in‐solution tryptic digestion. The present fiber‐based microchip bioreactor provides a promising platform for the high‐throughput protein identification.
Novel photochromic spiro compounds based on thieno[3,2‐b]pyrroles
Authors: Krayushkin Mikhail M. , Shirinian Valerii Z. , Shimkin Alexey A. , Mailian Arthur K. , Metelitsa Anatoly V. , Bezugliy Sergei O.
Published: August 2007

Previously unknown spiro compounds of thienopyrroline series were synthesized by a convenient method starting from easily accessible 3‐hydroxythiophene derivatives. The photochromic properties of spiro compounds of thienopyrroline series were studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary methods for optical nano structures
Authors: Hafner Ch.
Published: August 2007

In this paper, boundary methods for solving Maxwell equations are outlined with a focus on the Multiple Multipole Program (MMP) that is very advanced and well suited when high reliability and accuracy of the results is required. After the presentation of the Generalized Point Matching (GPM) technique, that is currently the best method when matrices with high condition numbers shall be handled, different field expansions are given and applied to relatively simple structures for demonstrating the concept. Simple 2D and 3D simulations are shown as illustrations. After this, a method for the efficient handling of axi‐symmetric structures by means of ring multipoles is presented. Finally, the method is applied to a few illustrative structures that exhibit attractive features, namely plasmon resonances and optical nano jets. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimation of ARX parametric model in regional economic systems
Authors: Zheng Shi , Zheng Wen , Jin Xia
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this paper is to show how an economic system model can be selected that would allow a regional authority to control the economy of a region. This paper presents a new idea of system identification method based on fuzzy evaluation logic. It applies parametric estimation in analyzing the data of the inputs and the outputs in a nonlinear system, and then selects a regional economic system model from several nonlinear models by means of the system identification method. Due to the lower explanatory power of the present models, this paper focuses on the shortcomings of the present model based on a simple mechanism methodology which has a complicated structure and lots of variables. An alternative is to construct an ARX model with systematic consideration. The advantage of ARX model is simple, with few variables as well as being actually data‐based. The result is that ARX117 model is the best one, and the IV Estimation Method is the one we suggest for use. Since this ARX model can reflect the complex characteristics of a regional economic system by integration of experts' knowledge, we can design the most reasonable fuzzy controller for a regional economic system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 290–296, 2007
Hydrothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Luminescence of Two Novel Metal‐organic Frameworks
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Li , Wang Ji‐Jiang , Hu Huai‐Ming , Fu Feng , Shu Hui‐Ming , Yang Meng‐Lin , Xue Gang‐Lin , Du Chuan‐Qin , Yao Yue‐Juan
Published: August 2007

Two novel metal–organic coordination polymers, [Cd(bqdc)(phen)2]n (1), [Cd(bqdc)(phen)]n (2), (H2bqdc = 2,2′‐biquinoline‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) were obtained with different metal/ligand ratios through hydrothermal method. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In two complexes, central Cd2+ ions and (bqdc)2− ligands display completely different coordination modes. 1 is a 1‐D zigzag chain, two phen ligands chelate to one cadmium atom, which is rare in similar polymers. 2 is a 3‐D framework, exhibits an unusual eight‐coordinate structure (CdN2O6) and the coordination polyhedron can be described as distorted monocapped pentagonal bipyramid. 1 and 2 are stable in air, and show blue photoluminescence at room temperature.
Synthesis and Structures of Two One‐dimensional Coordination Polymers: [Co(NCS)2(dpds)2] and [Cu(ox)(Im)2]
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Fernández‐Hermida Nuria , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M.
Published: August 2007

Two new coordination polymers, [Co(NCS)2(dpds)2] (dpds = 4,4′‐dipyridyldisulfide) (1) and [Cu(ox)(Im)2] (Im = Imidazole) (2), were obtained and structurally characterized. Single‐crystal analyses show that both complexes have a one‐dimensional structure, which in 1 corresponds to a double‐stranded chain that gives rise to metallacyclic units. Compound 2 was serendipitously obtained by aerial oxidation of the acetate precursor in the presence of CuII and imidazole. The supramolecular organization is achieved in 1 through weak S···S interactions between chains and in 2 by means of strong NHIm···Oox hydrogen bonding.
Synthesis of Mixed‐ligand Complexes of Copper(II) with Lactate and 2,2′‐Dipyridylamine: Study of the Effect of Weak Interactions on their Crystal Packing
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Fernández‐Hermida Nuria , Lago Ana B. , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M.
Published: August 2007

Two new mononuclear mixed‐ligand complexes [Cu(HL)(OAc)(dipyam)] (1)·H2O and [Cu(HL)Cl(dipyam)] (2)·Solv (HL = monoanionic lactate and dipyam = 2,2′‐dipyridylamine) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The supramolecular association in these complexes have also been analyzed. In both cases the copper(II) ion is in a slightly distorted square‐pyramidal environment. The two complexes are extended into 3D networks, through hydrogen bonding alone in 1 and through both hydrogen bonding and π‐π interactions in 2.
Synthese und Struktur von [Au10Se5(dppa)4{Co2(CO)5}4]
Authors: Sevillano Paloma , Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter
Published: August 2007

Synthesis and Structure of [Au10Se5(dppa)4{Co2(CO)5}4]

The reaction of [(AuCl)2dppa] (dppa = 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethyne) with [Co2(CO)8] and Se(SiMe3)2 in CH2Cl2 results in the formation of [Au10Se5(dppa)4{Co2(CO)5}4] (1). This compound was characterized using elemental analysis, IR‐spectroscopy and its crystal structure determined by X‐ray diffraction. The molecular structure of 1 shows ten gold atoms bonded to selenium or to phosphorus atoms belonging to the four phosphine ligands (dppa). In all cases a [Co2(CO)5] fragment has been added across the triple bond of the phosphine ligands. Four of the selenium atoms are μ3‐bridges between gold atoms or gold and cobalt atoms, acting the fifth selenium atom as a μ4‐bridge between one cobalt and three gold atoms.