bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eating behavior and eating disorders in adults before bariatric surgery
Authors: Mitchell James E. , King Wendy C. , Courcoulas Anita , Dakin George , Elder Katherine , Engel Scott , Flum David , Kalarchian Melissa , Khandelwal Saurabh , Pender John , Pories Walter , Wolfe Bruce
Published: April 2014

Objective

To describe eating patterns, prevalence of problematic eating behaviors, and determine factors associated with binge eating disorder (BED), before bariatric surgery.

Method

Before surgery, 2,266 participants (median age 46 years; 78.6% female; 86.9% white; median body mass index 45.9 kg/m2) of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery‐2 (LABS‐2) study completed eating behavior survey items in the self‐administered LABS‐2 Behavior form. Other measures included the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, the LABS‐2 Psychiatric and Emotional Test Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List‐12, the Short Form‐36 Health Survey, and Impact of Weight Quality of Life‐Lite Survey.

Results

The majority (92.1%) of participants reported eating dinner regularly, whereas just over half (54.0%) reported eating breakfast regularly. Half of the participants reported eating at least four meals/week at restaurants; two meals/week were fast food. Loss of control eating was reported by 43.4%, night eating syndrome by 17.7%; 15.7% satisfied criteria for binge eating disorder (BED), 2% for bulimia nervosa. Factors that independently increased the odds of BED were being a college graduate, eating more times per day, taking medication for psychiatric or emotional problems, and having symptoms of alcohol use disorder, lower self‐esteem and greater depressive symptoms.

Discussion

Before undergoing bariatric surgery a substantial proportion of patients report problematic eating behaviors. Several factors associated with BED were identified, most suggesting other mental health problems, including higher levels of depressive symptomotology. The strengths of this study include the large sample size, the multi‐center design and use of standardized assessment practices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:215–222)
Preparation by Solvothermal Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Photocatalytic Performance of CuS Nanopowders
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Qiao , Zhang Bo‐Ping , Ge Zhen‐Hua , Zhu Li‐Feng , Li Yan
Published: April 2014

Various CuS nanostructures, including nanoflowers, doughnut‐shaped nanospheres, dense nanospheres, and mixtures of nanoneedles, nanoparticles, and nanoplates, were synthesized from different copper and sulfur sources by a solvothermal method. The formation mechanisms along with photocatalytic properties for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation were investigated in this study. The experimental results indicate that when the sulfur source is fixed at CS(NH2)2 in the solvothermal reaction, spherical nanoflowers, doughnut‐shaped nanospheres, and dense nanospheres could be synthesized by using CuCl2, Cu(NO3)2, and CuSO4 as the copper source, respectively. Furthermore, atypical nanoflowers and a mixture of nanoneedles, nanoparticles, and nanoplates could be obtained when the sulfur source was switched to Na2S2O3 and Na2S with a fixed copper source of CuCl2. The energy gaps calculated from the light absorption spectrum were 1.61, 1.93, 2.01, 1.70, and 1.82 eV for the spherical nanoflowers, doughnut‐shaped nanospheres, dense nanospheres, atypical nanoflowers, and the mixture of nanoneedles, nanoparticles, and nanoplates respectively. Among these five samples, three powders composed of spherical nanoflowers, atypical nanoflowers as well as a mixture of nanoneedles, nanoparticles, and nanoplates exhibited excellent photocatalytic properties and can degrade rhodamine B completely in an hour.
Chiral Self‐Sorting of trans‐Chelating Chiral Ligands upon Formation of PdII Complexes
Authors: Meyer‐Eppler Georg , Topić Filip , Schnakenburg Gregor , Rissanen Kari , Lützen Arne
Published: April 2014

Two bis(3‐pyridyl) ligands 1 and 2 based on a planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold were synthesized in enantiomerically pure forms. These ligands act as trans‐chelating ligands for square‐planar‐coordinated metal centres such as palladium(II) ions. Upon forming mononuclear homochiral [ML2] complexes, they show complete chiral self‐sorting in a narcissistic self‐recognition manner as proven by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Effect of diacylglycerols on crystallization of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)
Authors: de Oliveira Ingrid Franco , Grimaldi Renato , Gonçalves Lireny Ap. G.
Published: April 2014

The use of palm oil presents some technological problems, especially related to slow crystallization rate. In addition, the DAG content is related to quality of fruit palm. In this context, refined, bleached, and deodorized (RDB) palm oils from different regions of Brazil, Colombia, and Malaysia were characterized for fatty acid composition, TAG composition, solid fat content (SFC), isothermal crystallization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and NMR, and content of partial glycerides. The levels of DAG found in the samples 01, 02, 03, 04, and 05 were 7.8, 6.0, 8.1, 7.3, and 8.5%, respectively. The results of SFC by NMR showed the great influence of DAG, showing an increase of SFC at initial temperatures in the purified samples and this increase is related to higher crystallization rate. The reduction of time induction in the isothermal crystallization by NMR showed that the effect of DAG is directly related to initial crystallization, while in samples with high trisaturated (SSS) content no change were noted. Furthermore, the absence of DAG suggested greater homogeneity of the sample crystallization in the isothermal by DSC. The use of all associated methodologies indicated that SSS TAG and DAG levels are decisive parameters, considering the crystallization aspects of fats.

The figure shows the isothermal crystallization of RDB sample (SAMPLE 01) and RDB sample without DAG (SAMPLE PURIFIED 01). It has been found that DAG change the crystallization rate, delaying the induction time of crystallization, due to the low level SSS in the sample.
Regio‐, and Stereoselective Iodobromination of Ynamides for Synthesis of (E)‐1‐Bromo‐2‐iodoenamides
Authors: Ide Masataka , Yauchi Yuta , Iwasawa Tetsuo
Published: April 2014

One‐step synthesis of vicinal bromoiodoenamides from ynamides through IBr addition is described. Two types of IBr were used: commercially available IBr, and in situ generated IBr. This simple protocol enables highly efficient regio‐ and stereoselective iodobromination of the triple bond on a gram scale in anti‐mode, and provides a potentially diverse scaffold for preparation of tetrasubstituted olefins.
3D Architectured Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Microbatteries with Large Areal Capacity
Authors: Cirigliano Nicolas , Sun Guangyi , Membreno Daniel , Malati Peter , Kim C. J. , Dunn Bruce
Published: April 2014

Progress in the miniaturization of batteries has lagged well behind that of microelectronics. Although lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) battery technology has been vital in advancing portable consumer electronics, it is not clear whether future generations of microscale devices can be powered using traditional battery designs. In this paper, we report on the fabrication and properties of battery electrodes comprised of arrays of vertically aligned carbon rods. The electrodes exhibit good reversibility and represent the first carbon arrays to achieve areal capacities greater than 5 mAh cm−2 at relatively large current densities, although the capacity does fade with cycling. The 3D battery designs based on these architectures offer the promise of achieving high energy densities within small footprint areas.
Oxidative absorption of NO by sodium persulfate coupled with Fe2+, Fe3O4, and H2O2
Authors: Gao Xu‐Chun , Ma Xiao‐Xun , Kang Xue , Shi Ya
Published: April 2014

The oxidative absorption of nitric oxide (NO) by sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) coupled with Fe2+, Fe3O4, and H2O2 was investigated in a bubble column reactor. Moreover, the effect of temperature on NO removal has been studied. At high temperatures, Fe2+ and Fe3O4 could effectively activate persulfate to form sulfate radicals, leading to high removal efficiency of NO. About 62% and 86% of NO were removed at 75 and 90°C, respectively. Also, the optimum Fe2+ concentration for 0.2 mol L−1 persulfate was 1.0 mmol L−1 at 75°C, under which the removal efficiency of NO was observed to be 89%. However, beyond 1.0 mmol L−1 Fe2+, the increase in Fe2+concentration was unfavorable to NO removal due to the scavenging of radicals by the excess Fe2+. Additionally, the presence of 2.85 mmol L−1 Fe3O4 increased the NO removal efficiency by 11% compared to that obtained in the absence of Fe3O4. It was proposed that activation ability of Fe3O4 to persulfate was attributed to Fe2+ on the Fe3O4 surface. Moreover, the addition of H2O2 led to the increase of the NO removal for some time, but followed by a drop because of the depletion of H2O2. It was suggested that H2O2 served as an oxidant rather than an activator of persulfate. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2014 © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 117–124, 2015
Für eine akustische Poetik
Authors: Binczek Natalie , Epping‐Jäger Cornelia
Published: April 2014

Bei Medienhäusern und beim Publikum stehen Hörbücher als andere Darreichung gedruckter Literatur hoch im Kurs. Literaturwissenschaftler werfen nun einen tieferen Blick auf das Erfolgsmedium. Sie sehen darin eine ganz eigene Ausdrucksform mit eigenständiger Ästhetik.
Ritual der besonderen Art
Authors: Finetti Marco
Published: April 2014

Festlich‐heiteres Zeremoniell im Einklang mit hoher Wissenschaftspolitik und aufgeregtem Kinderstaunen: In Berlin verlieh die DFG den wichtigsten deutschen Forschungspreis.
Satchmo und Superman
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: April 2014

Der Amerikanist Daniel Stein analysiert Medien der transatlantischen Populärkultur mit kulturwissenschaftlichem Esprit. „Intermedialität”︁ und „serielles Erzählen”︁ sind die Fluchtpunkte der Analysen des Heinz Maier‐Leibnitz‐Preisträgers.
Auf der Suche nach der „elektronischen Nase”︁
Authors: Boeker Peter
Published: April 2014

Der Geruchssinn ist so etwas wie der vergessene Sinn — und überaus schwer zu enträtseln. Bislang ist die Forschung dabei auf Probanden angewiesen. Nun wird mit integrativen Ansätzen stärker versucht, Geruchswahrnehmungen auch technisch‐sensorisch zu messen.
Nutritional and physical properties of organic Beauregard sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)] as influenced by broiler litter application rate
Authors: Gichuhi Peter N. , Kpomblekou‐A Kokoasse , Bovell‐Benjamin Adelia C.
Published: April 2014

Organic farming has been on an upward trend in recent years. However, the manures used like broiler litter have variable nutrient content, making it important to establish optimal application rate, for maximum crop yield and quality. Additionally, some states like Alabama restricts the amount of broiler litter to control excessive nutrients accumulation which can lead to surface and ground water contamination. The current study evaluated the effect of broiler litter at rates 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 t ha−1 (treatments T0, T0.5, T1, T2, and T3), on the nutritional and physical properties of Beauregard sweet potato. Analyses were performed to determine moisture, ash, fiber, vitamin C, and β‐carotene contents using oven, muffler furnace, dye, and spectrophotometric methods; texture; and color using compressive strength and L, a, b system, respectively. Ash content of the samples ranged from 0.9% to 1.4% with a very strong positive linear correlation (r = 0.9) to the broiler litter rate. However, vitamin C had a quadratic relationship with the broiler litter rate with a peaking at T0.5 (15.5 mg/100 g). The yellow color (b‐value) also had a strong linear relationship with the broiler litter rate (r = 0.86). However, the other measures showed moderate, weak, or negligible correlations to the broiler litter level. T0.5 had the highest β‐carotene (262.0 μg/g), dry matter contents and had the most firm (0.040 kN) sweet potatoes with the deepest orange color (L = 60.7). Based on the study's findings, 0.5 t ha−1 appeared to be appropriate level of broiler litter, which is consistent with Alabama's law and is also advantageous in terms of low cost of farming practices and water pollution reduction.
The Impacts of Individual Day Trading Strategies on Market Liquidity and Volatility: Evidence from the Taiwan Index Futures Market
Authors: Chou Robin K. , Wang George H. K. , Wang Yun‐Yi
Published: April 2014

We investigate the investment strategies of individual day traders in the Taiwan Index Futures market, along with their impact on market liquidity and volatility. Our results indicate a tendency among most individual day traders to behave as irrational contrarian traders. We also present consistent evidence to show that most individual day traders provide market liquidity by reducing the bid‐ask spread, temporary price volatility, and the temporal price impacts. Our results, which are consistent with the experimental results of Bloomfield, O'Hara, and Saar (2009) [Review of Financial Studies, 22:2275–2302], provide no support for the general criticism that day trading destabilizes the market while also exacerbating market volatility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:399–425, 2015
Mass Transfer Effects on Viscous Flow in an Expanding or Contracting Porous Pipe with Chemical Reaction
Authors: Srinivas S. , Reddy A. Subramanyam , Ramamohan T.R.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, an analysis is performed to study the effects of mass transfer and chemical reaction on laminar flow in a porous pipe with an expanding or contracting wall. The pipe wall expands or contracts uniformly at a time dependent rate. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by using a similarity transformation. An analytical approach, namely, the homotopy analysis method is applied in order to obtain the solutions of the ordinary differential equations. The convergence of the obtained series solutions is analyzed. The effects of various parameters on flow variables have been discussed. It is noticed that the wall expansion ratio significantly increases the axial velocity and the concentration for the case of wall expansion and it decreases the axial velocity for the case of wall contraction irrespective of injection or suction. Further, it is observed that the concentration (ϕ) decreases for a destructive chemical reaction () and increases for a generative chemical reaction (). The concentration reduces as Schmidt number () increases. The corresponding problem related to the porous pipe flow with a stationary wall can be recovered from the present analysis in the limiting case where the wall expansion ratio approaches to zero (i.e., ).
The Treatment of Solvent in Multiscale Biophysical Modeling
Authors: Lazaridis Themis , Versace Rodney
Published: April 2014

Different approaches for treating the solvent in biophysical simulations are reviewed. They include explicit atomistic (classical fixed‐charge, polarizable, or ab initio), explicit coarse‐grained (polarizable or not), and implicit approaches (dielectric‐based or empirical). The solvent is usually an aqueous electrolyte solution, but it can also be an aqueous mixture or heterogeneous, as in micelles and lipid bilayers. The treatment of the solvent is tied to that of the solute, with implicit solvation exhibiting the highest versatility. Applications of implicit and coarse‐grained solvent modeling include a wide range of biological processes, such as protein folding, ligand binding, lipid self‐assembly, and transmembrane translocation. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and thoughts are offered on the optimal choice of method for different problems.
Electronic Properties of Amyloid β‐Based Peptide Filaments with Different Non‐Natural Heterocyclic Side Chains
Authors: Amit Moran , Ashkenasy Nurit
Published: April 2014

The incorporation of non‐canonical amino acids with aromatic side chains is considered to be a promising way to improve and control the electronic properties of self‐assembled peptide nanostructures. In this work, we have studied the influence of aromatic ring heteroatom on the electronic properties of amyloid β‐derived peptide fiber networks. We show that the incorporation of furan instead of thiophene side chains results in only small changes in the resistivity of the peptide network, with a threefold increase in the sheet resistance and a small decrease in the contact resistance. These changes can be explained by a twofold decrease in the diameter of the self‐assembled fibers. These characteristics open the way to the use of furan‐ instead of thiophene‐based analogues as non‐natural side‐chain modifications of peptides for electronic applications; this makes the fibrils more biodegradable and biorenewable.
Inflammatory Markers and Risk of Hip Fracture in Older White Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Barbour Kamil E , Lui Li-Yung , Ensrud Kristine E , Hillier Teresa A , LeBlanc Erin S , Ing Steven W , Hochberg Marc C , Cauley Jane A ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Research Group
Published: April 2014

Hip fractures are the most devastating consequence of osteoporosis and impact 1 in 6 white women leading to a two- to threefold increased mortality risk in the first year. Despite evidence of inflammatory markers in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, few studies have examined their effect on hip fracture. To determine if high levels of inflammation increase hip fracture risk and to explore mediation pathways, a case-cohort design nested in a cohort of 4709 white women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures was used. A random sample of 1171 women was selected as the subcohort (mean age 80.1 ± 4.2 years) plus the first 300 women with incident hip fracture. Inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble receptors (SR) for IL-6 (IL-6 SR) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF SR1 and TNF SR2) were measured, and participants were followed for a median (interquartile range) of 6.3 (3.7, 6.9) years. In multivariable models, the hazard ratio (HR) of hip fracture for women in the highest inflammatory marker level (quartile 4) was 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–2.48, p trend = 0.03) for IL-6 and 2.05 (95% CI, 1.35–3.12, p trend <0.01) for TNF SR1 when compared with women in the lowest level (quartile 1). Among women with 2 and 3–4 inflammatory markers in the highest quartile, the HR of hip fracture was 1.51 (95% CI, 1.07–2.14) and 1.42 (95% CI, 0.87–2.31) compared with women with zero to one marker(s) in the highest quartile (p trend = 0.03). After individually adjusting for seven potential mediators, cystatin-C (a biomarker of renal function) and bone mineral density (BMD) attenuated HRs among women with the highest inflammatory burden by 64% and 50%, respectively, suggesting a potential mediating role. Older white women with high inflammatory burden are at increased risk of hip fracture in part due to poor renal function and low BMD. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Birth Weight Is Not Associated With Risk of Fracture: Results From Two Swedish Cohort Studies
Authors: Byberg Liisa , Michaëlsson Karl , Goodman Anna , Zethelius Björn , Koupil Ilona
Published: April 2014

Development and growth in utero has been suggested to influence bone health. However, the relationship with risk of fracture in old age is largely unknown. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we studied the association between birth weight and fractures at ages 50–94 among 10,893 men and women (48% women) from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Study (UBCoS, born 1915–29) and 1334 men from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM, born 1920–24). Measured birth weight was collected from hospital or midwives' records and fractures from the Swedish National Patient Register. We observed 2796 fractures (717 of these were hip fractures) in UBCoS and 335 fractures (102 hip fractures) in ULSAM. In UBCoS, the hazard ratio (HR) per 1 kg increase in birth weight, adjusted for sex and socioeconomic status at birth, was 1.01 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94–1.09] for any fracture and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.91–1.23) for hip fracture. Estimates in ULSAM were similar. We did not observe a differential association of birth weight with fractures occurring before age 70 or after age 70 years. Neither birth weight standardized for gestational age nor gestational duration was associated with fracture rate. In linear regression, birth weight was not associated with bone mineral density among 303 men who were 82-years-old in ULSAM but showed positive associations with total body bone mineral content (β per kg increase in birth weight, adjusted for social class and age, 133; 95% CI, 30–227). This association was attenuated after further adjustment for body mass index and height (β, 41; 95% CI, -43–126). We conclude that birth weight is associated with bone mineral content but this association does not translate into an association with risk of fracture in men and women aged 50–94 years. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Smoking Status With Bone Density and Vertebral Fractures in Male Lung Cancer Screening Participants
Authors: de Jong Werner U , de Jong Pim A , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Isgum Ivana , Lammers Jan-Willem J , Oudkerk Matthijs , van der Aalst Carlijn , de Koning Harry J , Mohamed Hoesein Firdaus A
Published: April 2014

We studied the vertebral fracture prevalence on low-dose chest computed tomography (CT) in male lung cancer screening participants and the association of fractures and bone density with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and smoking. 1140 male current and former smokers with ≥16.5 packyears from the NELSON lung cancer screening trial were included. Age, body mass index, and smoking status were registered. CT scans and pulmonary function tests were obtained on the same day. On CT, vertebral fractures and bone density were measured. The cohort had a mean age of 62.5 years (standard deviation 5.2) old; 531 (46.6%) had quit smoking; and 437 (38.3%) had COPD. Of the group, 100 (8.8%) participants had a vertebral fracture. Fracture prevalence was higher in current compared to former smokers (11.3% versus 5.8%, p = 0.001), but similar in participants with COPD compared to those without (9.6% versus 8.3%, p = 0.430). The multivariable adjusted odds ratio for fracture presence was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.13–2.84) in current smokers and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.69–1.67) in COPD participants. Bone density was lower in current compared to former smokers (103.2HU versus 108.7HU, p = 0.006) and in participants with COPD compared to those without [100.7 Hounsfield Units (HU) versus 108.9HU, p < 0.001]. In multivariate analysis, smoking status and COPD status were independently associated with bone density, corrected for age and body mass index. In conclusion, our study shows that lung cancer screening participants have a substantial vertebral fracture burden. Fractures are more common in current smokers, who also have lower bone density. We could not confirm that COPD is independently associated with vertebral fractures. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The impact of hospital‐onset Clostridium difficile infection on outcomes of hospitalized patients with sepsis
Authors: Lagu Tara , Stefan Mihaela S. , Haessler Sarah , Higgins Thomas L. , Rothberg Michael B. , Nathanson Brian H. , Hannon Nicholas S. , Steingrub Jay S. , Lindenauer Peter K.
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVE

To examine the impact of hospital‐onset Clostridium difficile infection (HOCDI) on the outcomes of patients with sepsis.

BACKGROUND

Most prior studies that have addressed this issue lacked adequate matching to controls, suffered from small sample size, or failed to consider time to infection.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING AND PATIENTS

We identified adults with a principal or secondary diagnosis of sepsis who received care at 1 of the institutions that participated in a large multihospital database between July 1, 2004 and December 31, 2010. Among eligible patients with sepsis, we identified patients who developed HOCDI during their hospital stay.

MEASUREMENTS

We used propensity matching and date of diagnosis to match cases to patients without Clostridium difficile infections and compared outcomes between the 2 groups.

MAIN RESULTS

Of 218,915 sepsis patients, 2368 (1.08%) developed HOCDI. Unadjusted in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in HOCDI patients than controls (25% vs 10%, P < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, in‐hospital mortality rate was 24% in cases vs. 15% in controls. In an analysis limited to survivors, adjusted length of stay (LOS) among cases with Clostridium difficile infections was 5.1 days longer than controls (95% confidence interval: 4.4–5.8) and the median‐adjusted cost increase was $4916 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

After rigorous adjustment for time to diagnosis and presenting severity, hospital‐acquired Clostridium difficile infection was associated with increased mortality, LOS, and cost. Our results can be used to assess the cost‐effectiveness of prevention programs and suggest that efforts directed toward high‐risk patient populations are needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:411–417. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Beyond warfarin: A patient‐centered approach to selecting novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Patel Keval K. , Mehdirad Ali A. , Lim Michael J. , Ferreira Scott W. , Mikolajczak Peter C. , Stolker Joshua M.
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Warfarin reduces stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, its narrow therapeutic index and need for chronic monitoring are barriers to its optimal utilization in many patients. The recent introduction of 3 novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), as alternatives to warfarin, may change the eligibility and management of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who require systemic anticoagulation.

PURPOSE

To summarize contemporary indications for anticoagulation in NVAF, and to help provide patient‐centered clinical decision making for selecting warfarin or 1 of the NOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) based on randomized trials and mechanistic data for each drug.

DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION

The primary clinical outcome trials of warfarin and the NOACs, pharmacologic studies, and briefing documents from the US Food and Drug Administration were reviewed.

DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS

In randomized trials, NOACs were consistently noninferior to warfarin for reducing stroke or systemic embolism in patients with NVAF, with reductions in intracranial bleeding as well. However, NOACs have several important drug‐drug interactions, exclusion criteria for specific patient subgroups (eg, severe renal disease), and each medication may have a different impact on other clinical outcomes such as myocardial infarction or gastrointestinal bleeding. Benefits of the new drugs are particularly pronounced when international normalized ratio levels on warfarin are labile.

CONCLUSIONS

Warfarin continues to play an important role in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism in NVAF. Among selected patients, the use of NOACs provides equal or superior benefit, without the need for chronic anticoagulation monitoring or ongoing dose titration. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:400–406. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
The effect of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐18 on articular cartilage following single impact load
Authors: Barr Lynne , Getgood Alan , Guehring Hans , Rushton Neil , Henson Frances M. D.
Published: April 2014

The aim of this in vitro study was to ascertain the effect of recombinant human Fibroblast Growth Factor‐18 (rhFGF18) on the repair response of mechanically damaged articular cartilage. Articular cartilage discs were harvested from healthy mature horses (n = 4) and subjected to single impact load (SIL). The impacted explants, together with unimpacted controls were cultured in modified DMEM ± 200 ng/ml rhFGF18 for up to 30 days. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release into the media was measured using the dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay. Aggrecan neopepitope CS846, collagen type II synthesis (CPII) and cleavage (C2C) were measured by ELISA. Histological analysis and TUNEL staining were used to assess repair cell number and cell death. Impacted explants treated with rhFGF18 showed significantly more GAG and CS846 release into the media (p < 0.05), there was also a significant decrease in C2C levels at Day 20. Loaded sections treated with rhFGF18 had more repair cells and significantly less cell death (p < 0.001) at Day 30 in culture. In an in vitro damage/repair model, rhFGF18 increases the proteoglycan synthesis, the repair cell number and prevents apoptosis at Day 30. This suggests that rhFGF18 may be a good candidate for enhancement of cartilage repair following mechanical damage. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:923–927, 2014.
Maximizing bone formation in posterior spine fusion using rhBMP‐2 and zoledronic acid in wild type and NF1 deficient mice
Authors: Bobyn Justin , Rasch Anton , Kathy Mikulec , Little David G. , Schindeler Aaron
Published: April 2014

Spinal pseudarthrosis is a well described complication of spine fusion surgery in NF1 patients. Reduced bone formation and excessive resorption have been described in NF1 and anti‐resorptive agents may be advantageous in these individuals. In this study, 16 wild type and 16 Nf1+/− mice were subjected to posterolateral fusion using collagen sponges containing 5 µg rhBMP‐2 introduced bilaterally. Mice were dosed twice weekly with 0.02 mg/kg zoledronic acid (ZA) or sterile saline. The fusion mass was assessed for bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) by microCT. Co‐treatment using rhBMP‐2 and ZA produced a significant increase (p < 0.01) in BV of the fusion mass compared to rhBMP‐2 alone in both wild type mice (+229%) and Nf1+/− mice (+174%). Co‐treatment also produced a significantly higher total BMD of the fusion mass compared to rhBMP‐2 alone in both groups (p < 0.01). Despite these gains with anti‐resorptive treatment, Nf1+/− deficient mice still generated less bone than wild type controls. TRAP staining on histological sections indicated an increased osteoclast surface/bone surface (Oc.S/BS) in Nf1+/− mice relative to wild type mice, and this was reduced with ZA treatment. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1090–1094, 2014.
PROMIS evaluation for head and neck cancer patients: A comprehensive quality‐of‐life outcomes assessment tool
Authors: Stachler Robert J. , Schultz Lonni R. , Nerenz David , Yaremchuk Kathleen L.
Published: April 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measure Information System (PROMIS) in a head and neck cancer patient cohort by assessing the associations of the PROMIS instruments with the responses to the European Oncology Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) general measures, EORTC head and neck (H&N) measures, and Voice Handicap Index (VHI‐10). We hypothesized that PROMIS scores are related to the other measures and may be used as assessment tools to help determine quality‐of‐life outcomes in head and neck cancer patients.

Study Design

Prospective baseline assessment of quality‐of‐life outcomes.

Methods

Thirty‐nine head and neck cancer patients were included in the study. PROMIS (domains of fatigue, physical functioning, sleep disturbance, sleep‐related impairment, and negative perceived cognitive function, EORTC (general), EORTC H&N, and the VHI‐10 were given to all patients at the onset of their cancer diagnosis. Spearman correlation coefficients were computed to assess relationships between the measures. Correlations with corresponding P values <.0083 (Bonferroni adjustment) were considered statistically significant. Descriptive statistics of means, standard deviations, medians, and ranges were computed for all the instruments and measures.

Results

Significant correlations between the PROMIS instruments and EORTC functional scales were observed. The PROMIS instruments were also associated with some of the EORTC symptom scales, as well as some of the EORTC H&N symptoms measures. PROMIS fatigue instrument was significantly correlated with the VHI‐10 measure.

Conclusions

PROMIS instruments are reasonable measures to determine quality‐of‐life outcomes in head and neck cancer patients. Computerized adaptive testing devices can be effectively utilized in this patient population.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 124:1368–1376, 2014
Two‐step irradiance schedule versus single‐dose tramadol sustained‐release tablets for pain control during topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐photodynamic therapy of condyloma acuminatum in Chinese patients: A randomized comparative study
Authors: Mchepange Uwesu O. , Huang Chun‐Yan , Sun Yi , Tu Ya‐Ting , Tao Juan
Published: April 2014

Background and Objective

Photodynamic therapy with 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA‐PDT) offers promising results for the treatment of condyloma acuminatum. However, patients have to dwell with pain to benefit from this otherwise effective and safe “off‐label” treatment modality. Several techniques have been explored to control ALA‐PDT‐induced pain, but the desperate search for a universally accepted method is still ongoing. This study compares the two‐step irradiance approach with single‐dose administration of 100 mg tramadol sustained‐release tablets for pain induced by ALA‐PDT of condyloma acuminatum in Chinese patients.

Patients and Methods

Adult Chinese patients with condyloma acuminatum were enrolled in a randomized comparative study. Pain levels were compared using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at pre‐defined assessment points during and after irradiation.

Results

The pain was dominated by characteristics such as burning and pricking and was almost always local and superficial.

During Irradiation

The median pain scores were lower in the two‐step irradiance group at 1 minute (U = 621.5, P = 0.002) but higher at 20 minutes (U = 585.5, P = 0.002). The median pain scores between the two groups did not differ significantly at other assessment points. The pain was moderate in both groups and peaked earlier in the analgesics group (median: 5 minutes) but later in the two‐step irradiance group (median: 15 minutes).

After Irradiation

The pain was generally mild. The median pain scores were equal at each assessment point, except at 3 hours where the median was lower in the analgesics group (1.0) as compared with the two‐step irradiance group (2.0) (U = 725.0, P = 0.056).

Conclusions

Pain in the two‐step irradiance protocol is irradiance‐dependent. The two‐step irradiance approach produces significant benefits over analgesics during the initial stages of therapy but analgesics offer significant benefits thereafter. There are potential benefits of combining the two approaches in minimizing ALA‐PDT‐induced pain. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:389–395, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiresponsive Hyaluronan‐p(NiPAAm) “Click”‐Linked Hydrogels
Authors: Pasale Sharad K. , Cerroni Barbara , Ghugare Shivkumar V. , Paradossi Gaio
Published: April 2014

Combined reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and chemoselective “click” chemistry are used for assembling two polymeric chains into a hybrid network capable to respond simultaneously or separately to different external stimuli. An azido‐derivative of hyaluronate is clicked together with a new telechelic RAFT‐generated p(NiPAAm), carrying a propargyl function at both ends, suitable as macromolecular “clickable” cross‐linker with controlled molecular weight. This hybrid system displays a multiresponsive behavior versus temperature, pH, and ionic strength, maintaining cumulative as well as separate sensitivities to the external stimuli. Hyaluronidase catalyzed degradation of the hydrogels, mimicking the extracellular matrix degradation process, is an additional asset for the use of this class of hydrogels as scaffold. Tumor cells, HT‐29, grow on the surface of these hybrid hydrogels more than the healthy ones, as NIH3T3. This finding opens a road to micro‐ and nano‐devices based on hyaluronic acid as a promising biopolymer to pursue localized drug delivery.
Riemannian foliations of bounded geometry
Authors: López Jesús A. Álvarez , Kordyukov Yuri A. , Leichtnam Eric
Published: April 2014

Continuing the study of bounded geometry for Riemannian foliations, begun by Sanguiao, we introduce a chart‐free definition of this concept. Our main theorem states that it is equivalent to a condition involving certain normal foliation charts. For this type of charts, it is also shown that the derivatives of the changes of coordinates are uniformly bounded, and there are nice partitions of unity. Applications to a trace formula for foliated flows will be given in a forthcoming paper.
Probing the Self‐Assembled Nanostructures of Functional Polymers with Synchrotron Grazing Incidence X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Ree Moonhor
Published: April 2014

For advanced functional polymers such as biopolymers, biomimic polymers, brush polymers, star polymers, dendritic polymers, and block copolymers, information about their surface structures, morphologies, and atomic structures is essential for understanding their properties and investigating their potential applications. Grazing incidence X‐ray scattering (GIXS) is established for the last 15 years as the most powerful, versatile, and nondestructive tool for determining these structural details when performed with the aid of an advanced third‐generation synchrotron radiation source with high flux, high energy resolution, energy tunability, and small beam size. One particular merit of this technique is that GIXS data can be obtained facilely for material specimens of any size, type, or shape. However, GIXS data analysis requires an understanding of GIXS theory and of refraction and reflection effects, and for any given material specimen, the best methods for extracting the form factor and the structure factor from the data need to be established. GIXS theory is reviewed here from the perspective of practical GIXS measurements and quantitative data analysis. In addition, schemes are discussed for the detailed analysis of GIXS data for the various self‐assembled nanostructures of functional homopolymers, brush, star, and dendritic polymers, and block copolymers. Moreover, enhancements to the GIXS technique are discussed that can significantly improve its structure analysis by using the new synchrotron radiation sources such as third‐generation X‐ray sources with picosecond pulses and partial coherence and fourth‐generation X‐ray laser sources with femtosecond pulses and full coherence.

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Polymer Brushes on Planar TiO2 Substrates
Authors: Yang Jiming , Hou Liman , Xu Bin , Zhang Ning , Liang Yongjiu , Tian Wenjing , Dong Dewen
Published: April 2014

A facile and universal method is presented for the preparation of polymer brushes on amorphous TiO2 film. Homogeneous and stable poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, poly(4‐vinylpyridine), and poly(N‐vinyl imidazole) (PNVI) brushes up to 550 nm are directly created onto TiO2 via UV‐induced photopolymerization of corresponding monomers. Kinetic studies reveal a linear increase in thickness with the polymerization time. Characterization of the resulting polymer brushes by FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicates an efficient UV‐grafting reaction. Finally, we have demonstrated the possibility in converting the PNVI brushes to poly(vinyl imidazolium bromide), i.e., poly(ionic liquid) brushes by polymer–analogous reactions.

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Ambient Temperature Ligation of Diene Functional Polymer and Peptide Strands onto Cellulose via Photochemical and Thermal Protocols
Authors: Tischer Thomas , Claus Tanja K. , Oehlenschlaeger Kim K. , Trouillet Vanessa , Bruns Michael , Welle Alexander , Linkert Katharina , Goldmann Anja S. , Börner Hans G. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: April 2014

In the present contribution, two novel ambient temperature avenues are introduced to functionalize solid cellulose substrates in a modular fashion with synthetic polymer strands (poly(trifluoro ethyl methacrylate), PTFEMA, Mn = 4400 g mol−1, Đ = 1.18) and an Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) containing peptide sequence. Both protocols rely on a hetero Diels–Alder reaction between an activated thiocarbonyl functionality and a diene species. In the first—thermally activated—protocol, the cellulose features surface‐expressed thiocarbonylthio compounds, which readily react with diene terminal macromolecules at ambient temperature. In the second protocol, the reactive ene species are photochemically generated based on a phenacyl sulfide‐decorated cellulose surface, which upon irradiation expresses highly reactive thioaldehyde species. The generated functional hybrid surfaces are characterized in‐depth via ToF‐SIMS and XPS analysis, revealing the successful covalent attachment of the grafted materials, including the spatially resolved patterning of both synthetic polymers and peptide strands using the photochemical protocol. The study thus provides a versatile platform technology for solid cellulose substrate modification via efficient thermal and photochemical ligation strategies.

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Nano‐Layered Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Materials for the Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobials
Authors: Kinninmonth Malcolm , Liauw Christopher M. , Verran Joanna , Taylor Rebecca L. , Edwards‐Jones Valerie , Shaw David
Published: April 2014

An essential oil (EO) blend has been identified that provides a broad spectrum potent antimicrobial effect. Adsorption of the EO onto porous silicate materials (Rockwood Additives: Laponite® B, Laponite® RD and Fulcat® 800) and has been analysed and it was found that Laponite® RD organically modified with dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (2HT2M) at 50% cation exchange capacity gave the highest levels of adsorption. The Laponite® RD 2HT2M with EO blend adsorbed has been added to polymer materials to produce an antimicrobial polymer. The adsorption of the EO onto the Laponite® RD was done to achieve controlled release of the EO to prolong the antimicrobial effect within the polymer.

Addition of the EO loaded substrates into silicone elastomer has resulted in successfully conferring a high level of antimicrobial activity to the polymer.
Poly(propylene)/Fly Ash Composites: Effect of Coupling Agents on Mechanical Properties and Matrix Crystallinity
Authors: Iraola‐Arregui Itziar , Liauw Christopher Mark , Potgieter Herman
Published: April 2014

Poly(propylene) homopolymer/fly ash (50%wt) composites have been prepared from two samples of fly ash. One of the samples has a greater soluble group I and II metal content. A screening study indicated that Lubrizol Solplus® C800 (an unsaturated carboxylic acid coupling agent), initiated with dicumyl peroxide (DCP), conferred the best strength–toughness balance to composites produced by small scale batch mixing followed by compression moulding, i.e. long residence time in the melt. In the latter case, however the good mechanical properties were related to detachment of the interfacial region due to possible extraction of PP‐C800 adduct‐group I and II ion reaction products. Interfacial adhesion was arguably too high in the case of the fly ash sample bearing a lower level of group I and II ions. These deductions were also supported by DSC data. However, higher shear ‐ low residence time processing, i.e. by twin screw extrusion and injection moulding, led to better mechanical properties being obtained from C800‐DCP modification when the fly ash contained a reduced level of soluble group I and II ions.
Associations between individual lower urinary tract symptoms and bacteriuria in random urine samples in women
Authors: Sorrentino Felice , Cartwright Rufus , Digesu G. Alessandro , Tolton Louise , Franklin Larissa , Singh Anand , Greco Pantaleo , Khullar Vik
Published: April 2014

Aims

Previous studies have noted an association between a diagnosis of overactive bladder and bacteriuria, but little is understood about the relationship of bacteriuria to specific LUTS. We hypothesized that bacteriuria in women would be associated with increased self‐reported symptom scores for a wide range of LUTS.

Methods

Women were recruited from general gynecology and urogynecology outpatient clinics in a secondary care setting. Women completed the 12‐item International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and provided a clean‐catch mid‐stream specimen of urine for microscopy and culture. Women with acute urinary tract infection were excluded. Three statistical approaches (Mann–Whitney U‐test, multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curves) were used to assess differences in symptom scores between women with and without bacteriuria.

Results

Two hundred forty‐seven women were recruited, aged 22–82. Sixteen of 247 urine samples (6.5%) demonstrated significant bacteriuria, growing a different range of organisms. Women with significant bacteriuria were more likely to have nocturia (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.19–10.6, P = 0.02), urgency (OR 6.66, 95% CI 1.47–30.06, P = 0.01), bladder pain (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1–7.92, P = 0.049), urgency incontinence (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.02–8.36, P = 0.046), nocturnal enuresis (OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.32–13.41, P = 0.01). After adjustment for age, parity, symptomatic prolapse, menopausal status and history of mid‐urethral sling urinary urgency, bladder pain, nocturia, and nocturnal enuresis remained significantly associated.

Conclusions

Bacteriuria is associated with a range of LUTS including nocturia, urgency, and bladder pain supporting a role for bacterial colonization in the pathogenesis of OAB symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:429–433, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical comparison of robustness of some reduction methods in rough grids
Authors: Hou Jiangyong , Sun Shuyu , Chen Zhangxin
Published: April 2014

In this article, we present three nonsymmetric mixed hybrid methods and compare with some recently developed reduction methods which are suitable for the single‐phase Darcy flow problem with full anisotropic and highly heterogeneous permeability on general quadrilateral grids. The methods reviewed are multipoint flux approximation (MPFA), multipoint flux mixed finite element method, mixed‐finite element with broken method, MPFA‐type mimetic finite difference method, and symmetric mixed‐hybrid finite element method. The numerical experiments of these methods on different distorted meshes are compared, as well as their differences in performance of fluxes are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 1484–1506, 2014
The relevance of reputation in the nonprofit sector: the moderating effect of socio‐demographic characteristics
Authors: Schloderer Matthias P. , Sarstedt Marko , Ringle Christian M.
Published: April 2014

This paper extends prior research on the reputation of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) by investigating the moderating role of socio‐demographic characteristics in forming NPO reputation and reputation's effects on donating and volunteering behavior. The findings offer new insights into the role an NPO's reputation plays and its effects on key outcomes such as willingness to donate and work as a voluntary member in specific subgroups. The results show that successful reputation management is specifically important for male, older, highly educated, and affluent respondents. Communicational measures aimed at strengthening an organization's social responsibility are particularly promising regarding triggering favorable donor behavior and voluntary support. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.