bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Becoming settlers: Elements and mechanisms for surface colonization by Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Espinosa‐Urgel Manuel , Ramos‐González María Isabel
Published: April 2023

Pseudomonads are considered to be among the most widespread culturable bacteria in mesophilic environments. The evolutive success of Pseudomonas species can be attributed to their metabolic versatility, in combination with a set of additional functions that enhance their ability to colonize different niches. These include the production of secondary metabolites involved in iron acquisition or having a detrimental effect on potential competitors, different types of motility, and the capacity to establish and persist within biofilms. Although biofilm formation has been extensively studied using the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model organism, a significant body of knowledge is also becoming available for non‐pathogenic Pseudomonas. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that allow Pseudomonas putida to colonize biotic and abiotic surfaces and adapt to sessile life, as a relevant persistence strategy in the environment. This species is of particular interest because it includes plant‐beneficial strains, in which colonization of plant surfaces may be relevant, and strains used for environmental and biotechnological applications, where the design and functionality of biofilm‐based bioreactors, for example, also have to take into account the efficiency of bacterial colonization of solid surfaces. This work reviews the current knowledge of mechanistic and regulatory aspects of biofilm formation by P. putida and pinpoints the prospects in this field.
Distribution of the compression and expansion of morbidity in 194 countries and territories, 1990–2016: The role of income inequality
Authors: Chen He , Ning Jing , Hu Hongwei , He Haotian
Published: April 2023

Studies on detailed types of health changes and the associations between the types and income inequality are inadequate. This study analyses the global distribution of the compression and expansion of morbidity in 194 countries and territories between 1990 and 2016, and investigates the role of income inequality in the distribution. This study shows that all seven types of health changes coexist, despite being distributed unevenly. The relative expansion of morbidity with increased or constant life expectancy (Type 6, 54.48%) is the most popular type, followed by the relative compression of morbidity with increased or constant life expectancy (Type 3, 30.71%). Income distribution within a society matters for health changes. Societies with greater income inequality tend to have Type 6, a worse scenario of health changes. Measures to reduce income inequality or mitigate its adverse effects will contribute to the relative compression of morbidity with increased or constant life expectancy.
The association between daytime napping and risk of type 2 diabetes is modulated by inflammation and adiposity: Evidence from 435 342 UK‐Biobank participants
Authors: Zhou Rui , Chen Hao‐Wen , Huang Yi‐Ning , Zhong Qi , Li Fu‐Rong , Huang Rui‐Dian , Liu Hua‐Min , Zheng Jia‐Zhen , Xu Jia‐Wen , Wu Xian‐Bo
Published: April 2023

Background

Existing evidence concerning the relationship between daytime napping and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is inconsistent, and whether the effects of napping differ by body fat percentage (BFP) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between daytime napping frequency and T2D risk and whether such an association was modified by BFP and CRP.

Methods

We included 435 342 participants free of diabetes from the UK Biobank. Participants were categorized as nonnappers, occasional nappers, and frequent nappers based on napping frequency, and BFP/CRP was divided into quartiles. Cox proportional hazards models were used.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 9.2 years, 17 592 T2D cases occurred. Higher frequency of daytime napping was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2D. Compared with nonnappers, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for occasional nappers and habitual nappers were 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–1.32) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.41–1.57), respectively. There was a significant additive and multiplicative interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = 0.490, 95% CI 0.307–0.673; p for multiplicative interaction <.001) between napping and BFP, whereby a higher hazard of T2D associated with more frequent napping was greatest among participants in the highest BFP quartile (HR = 4.45, 95% CI: 3.92–5.06). The results for CRP were similar (RERI = 0.266, 95% CI: 0.094–0.439; p for multiplicative interaction <.001).

Conclusions

Higher daytime napping frequency is associated with an increased T2D risk, and such relationships are modified by BFP and CRP. These findings underscore the importance of adiposity and inflammation control to mitigate diabetes risk.
Enabling Politeness: Perfumers and Male Self‐Fashioning in Britain, c. 1750–1800
Authors: Withey Alun
Published: April 2023

Perfumers have long been associated with the manufacture and sale of cosmetic products for women in the eighteenth century. This article argues, however, that the place of perfumers as retailers of goods for men has been overlooked and that they were, in fact, key enablers in the construction of polite masculinity. In so doing, it also raises broader questions about the gendering both of particular types of retail and of shop spaces.
Does greater access to employees with information technology capability improve financial reporting quality?
Authors: Abernathy John L. , Klaus Jan (J.) Philipp , Le Linh , Masli Adi
Published: April 2023

Although information technology (IT) plays an essential role in financial reporting, many companies today lack sufficient human capabilities to utilize IT competently. We examine the association between a firm's access to IT‐capable labor and financial reporting quality (FRQ). We proxy for access to IT‐capable labor using workforce measures in the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) where the firm operates, including (1) the number of IT‐related college degrees relative to the total active workforce, (2) the level of education of IT graduates, (3) the income level of IT graduates, and (4) a composite measure. We find that firms in MSAs with a higher IT‐competent labor force are associated with fewer financial reporting misstatements and internal control issues. This study contributes to the emerging literature stream examining the influence of geographic labor characteristics on firm‐level outcomes and the research on the impact of IT capability on financial reporting processes. We also inform the current movement of integrating IT knowledge into the education curriculum.
Forecasting Korean Stock Returns with Machine Learning
Authors: Noh Hohsuk , Jang Hyuna , Yang Cheol‐Won
Published: April 2023

This paper aims to evaluate the predictive power of financial variables by using various machine learning methods. An analysis is conducted on data for the Korean stock market, which is representative of emerging markets, over 32 years from 1987 to 2018. The study shows that median regression is  a more efficient tool than mean regression in the presence of potential heterogeneity of stocks, significantly improving performance in terms of average realized monthly return. This suggests that median regression can have better predictive performance in emerging markets where there are likely to be outliers. Additionally, a gradient boosting machine (GBM) is found to be better than a traditional linear model both in prediction accuracy and portfolio performance. The hedged return from GBM is on average 2.89% per month with an annualized Sharpe ratio of 0.93 in the median regression. The neural network (NN) is also tested and shown to perform best when the number of hidden layers is two or three. Finally, we evaluatea list of predictor variables with various measures of variable importance. Variables of risk, price trend and liquidity are found to serve as important predictors.
Default categorization of outgroup faces and the other race effect: Commentary on the special issue
Authors: Bartholow Bruce D.
Published: April 2023

This commentary addresses how studies examining the neurophysiological correlates of racial categorization can provide insight into the neurocognitive mechanisms of the other‐race effect in recognition memory. Several articles in the special issue describe how event‐related potentials (ERPs) have been used to examine processing of faces that vary according to race, some of which have concluded that larger ERP amplitudes elicited by other‐race (relative to own‐race) faces indicates less efficient visual processing of other‐race faces. I describe findings from ERP studies of race categorization that suggest an alternative interpretation–that other‐race faces elicit stronger categorization, which impedes individuation of other‐race faces. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Mending the Divide: Lessons from LGBTQ+ Movements for Latin American Studies
Authors: Santos Barreto Beatriz
Published: April 2023

Latin American has made remarkable progress in the last twenty years regarding LGBTQ+ rights. More recently, LGBTQ‐related issues have had major impacts on national and regional politics. However, most of the literature about Latin American social movements still largely ignores LGBTQ+ movements. This article argues that including LGBTQ+ movements in social movements research is essential to further our understanding of LGBTQ+ politics in the region and of Latin American politics and social movements more broadly, as well as to address the enduring lack of academic engagement with gender and sexuality as political topics.
Do Backward Associations Have Anything to Say About Language?
Authors: Chartier Thomas F. , Dautriche Isabelle
Published: April 2023

In this letter, we argue against a recurring idea that early word learning in infants is related to the low‐level capacity for backward associations—a notion that suggests a cognitive gap with other animal species. Because backward associations entail the formation of bidirectional associations between sequentially perceived stimulus pairs, they seemingly mirror the label‐referent bidirectional mental relations underlying the lexicon of natural language. This appealing but spurious resemblance has led to various speculations on language acquisition, in particular regarding early word learning, which we deconstruct here.
Effects of steroid stewardship on glycemic control in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Authors: Cole Jennifer L.
Published: April 2023

Introduction

The adverse effects of corticosteroids are dose‐dependent, and guidance is to use the lowest effective dose in most disease states. The study facility recently reported a steroid stewardship program that reduced steroid dosing in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients by 50%. The purpose of this post‐hoc analysis was to evaluate the effect of this intervention on glycemic control in hospitalized AECOPD before and after cohorts.

Methods

This was a retrospective post‐hoc review of hospitalized patients in a before and after study design (n = 27 in each group). The primary endpoint was the proportion of glucose readings >180 mg/dL. Baseline characteristics, mean glucose levels, and corrective insulin were also collected. Continuous variables were compared with a Student's t‐test (or Mann–Whitney U where appropriate) and nominal variables with a chi‐square test in R Studio.

Results

There was a significantly higher proportion of glucose >180 mg/dL readings in the pre‐intervention cohort: 38% vs. 25% (p = 0.007). The mean glucose levels were numerically lower post‐intervention but did not reach statistical significance (160 mg/dL vs. 145 mg/dL, p = 0.27) both in diabetics (192 mg/dL vs. 181 mg/dl, p = 0.69) and non‐diabetics (142 mg/dL vs. 125 mg/dL, p = 0.08). The use of correctional insulin was similar: a median of 25 units vs. 24.5 units (p = 0.92).

Conclusion

A stewardship program focused on steroid reduction in AECOPD significantly lowered the proportion of hyperglycemic readings but did not significantly affect mean glucose and corrective insulin usage while hospitalized.
Relationship between a deep learning model and liquid‐based cytological processing techniques
Authors: Ikeda Katsuhide , Sakabe Nanako , Maruyama Sayumi , Ito Chihiro , Shimoyama Yuka , Oboshi Wataru , Komene Tetsuya , Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Sato Shouichi , Nagata Kohzo
Published: April 2023

Objective

Artificial intelligence (AI)–based cytopathology studies conducted using deep learning have enabled cell detection and classification. Liquid‐based cytology (LBC) has facilitated the standardisation of specimen preparation; however, cytomorphology varies according to the LBC processing technique used. In this study, we elucidated the relationship between two LBC techniques and cell detection and classification using a deep learning model.

Methods

Cytological specimens were prepared using the ThinPrep and SurePath methods. The accuracy of cell detection and cell classification was examined using the one‐ and five‐cell models, which were trained with one and five cell types, respectively.

Results

When the same LBC processing techniques were used for the training and detection preparations, the cell detection and classification rates were high. The model trained on ThinPrep preparations was more accurate than that trained on SurePath. When the preparation types used for training and detection were different, the accuracy of cell detection and classification was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). The model trained on both ThinPrep and SurePath preparations exhibited slightly reduced cell detection and classification rates but was highly accurate.

Conclusions

For the two LBC processing techniques, cytomorphology varied according to cell type; this difference affects the accuracy of cell detection and classification by deep learning. Therefore, for highly accurate cell detection and classification using AI, the same processing technique must be used for both training and detection. Our assessment also suggests that a deep learning model should be constructed using specimens prepared via a variety of processing techniques to construct a globally applicable AI model.
Comparison of the effects of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin on time in range in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A sub‐analysis of the DIVERSITY‐CVR study
Authors: Takuma Kota , Fuchigami Ayako , Shigiyama Fumika , Kumashiro Naoki , Hirose Takahisa
Published: April 2023

Aims

To compare the effects of baseline background characteristics in patients treated with dapagliflozin and sitagliptin in the DIVERSITY‐CVR study and to analyse the time in range (TIR), a metric for glycaemic control.

Materials and methods

This prospective, randomized, multicentre study included 340 Japanese patients with early‐stage type 2 diabetes. To examine the effects of dapagliflozin and sitagliptin on glycaemic variability, we re‐examined the primary endpoint (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] < 7.0%, body weight loss ≥ 3.0%, and avoidance of hypoglycaemia) achievement rate in participants stratified by baseline background characteristics.

Results

Sitagliptin was significantly superior in achieving HbA1c level <7.0% in the lower body mass index (BMI) group (71.1% vs. 43.6%; P < 0.05), with no significant differences in other subgroups. In the lower BMI group, the rate of achievement of TIR > 70% after 24‐week treatment was significantly higher with sitagliptin than with dapagliflozin (91.9% vs. 69.4%; P < 0.05). In contrast, dapagliflozin was superior to sitagliptin in achieving TIR > 70% in the higher BMI group (85.7% vs. 52.9%; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

In Japanese patients with early‐stage type 2 diabetes, sitagliptin was associated with improved TIR in patients with a lower BMI. Dapagliflozin was effective in patients with a higher BMI.
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) catch weight estimated with a trawl‐mounted echosounder during fishing
Authors: Krafft Bjørn Arne , Krag Ludvig A. , Pedersen Ronald , Ona Egil , Macaulay Gavin
Published: April 2023

Reporting reliable catch weight estimates is important for all fisheries management. This study explores the potential for precise and direct estimation of catch weight (green weight) for the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) fishery by employing a high frequency acoustic sensor in the trawl. Trials were performed off the coast of the South Orkney Islands during February 2020 using a scientific macroplankton trawl and echosounder providing a 18° beam pointing downwards across the fishing circle at the trawl mouth. The acoustically estimated catch weight and the observed catch weight had a linear relationship (R2 = 0.87, F(1,10) = 69.6, p < 0.000) where the acoustically estimated catch weight significantly predicted actual catch weight (β = 1.20, p = 0.000). The acoustic vertical densities of krill increased toward the center of the trawl opening suggesting that krill were herded during fishing. The current study demonstrates that acoustically based catch weight monitoring has the potential to be used for reporting total krill catch weight in each trawl, potentially in real‐time, and that similar methods could also be employed in similar types of trawl fisheries.
Simulation‐Optimization Approach for Siting Injection Wells in Urban Area with Complex Hydrogeology
Authors: Mok Chin Man , Carrera Barbara , Hort Hiroko , Santi Lauren , Daus Anthony , Panday Sorab , Jones David , Partington Brian , Ferguson Everett
Published: April 2023

Managed aquifer recharge has become a standard water resources management practice to promote the development of locally sustainable water supplies and combat water scarcity. However, installation of injection wells for replenishment purposes in urban areas with complex hydrogeology faces many challenges, such as limited land availability, potential impacts on municipal production wells and known subsurface contamination plumes, and complex spatially variable hydraulic connections between aquifer units. To assess the feasibility and cost‐effectiveness of injecting advanced treated water (ATW) into a complex urban aquifer system, a Simulation‐Optimization (SO) model was developed to automate a systematic search for the most cost‐effective locations to install new wells for injecting various quantities of ATW, if feasible. The generalized workflow presented here uses an existing MODFLOW groundwater model—along with advanced optimization routines that are publicly available—to flexibly accommodate a multiobjective function, complex constraints, and specific project requirements. The model successfully placed wells for injection of 1 to 4 MGD of ATW in aquifers underlying the study area. The injection well placement was primarily constrained by avoiding excessive impact on environmental sites with underlying groundwater plumes. The largest costs were for well installation and piping to the wells from the existing ATW pipes. This workflow is readily adaptable to other sites with different complexities, decision variables, or constraints.
Hemoglobin levels as a surrogate marker of sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Shibamoto Akihiko , Namisaki Tadashi , Suzuki Junya , Kubo Takahiro , Iwai Satoshi , Tomooka Fumimasa , Takeda Soichi , Fujimoto Yuki , Enomoto Masahide , Murata Koji , Inoue Takashi , Tsuji Yuki , Fujinaga Yukihisa , Nishimura Norihisa , Kitagawa Koh , Takaya Hiroaki , Kaji Kosuke , Kawaratani Hideto , Akahane Takemi , Mitoro Akira , Yoshiji Hitoshi
Published: April 2023

Aim

This study aimed to elucidate a surrogate marker of sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC).

Methods

A total of 424 patients were assessed for handgrip strength (HGS) and skeletal muscle index (SMI). They were divided into two groups: sarcopenia (Group S; n = 80) and nonsarcopenia (Group NS; n = 344).

Results

Group S showed significantly lower HGS, SMI, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in males and female patients, and lower serum levels of albumin, cholinesterase, and zinc (all p < 0.001), along with significantly higher serum levels of procollagen type III‐N‐peptide and type IV collagen 7S‐domain (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0017) than Group NS. The risk factors for sarcopenia were age 65 years or older, female gender, Child–Pugh class C, and Hb levels <10.9 g/dL in women and <12.4 g/dL in men (p = 0.012, p < 0.001, p = 0.031, and p < 0.001, respectively). Significant positive correlations were found between the Hb level and the SMI and HGS (r = 0.4, p < 0.001 and r = 0.4, p < 0.001, respectively). Sarcopenia, low HGS, and low SMI were significantly associated with overall survival in patients with LC (all p < 0.001). The predictive accuracy of Hb levels for predicting sarcopenia was significantly higher than for predicting SMI and tended to be higher than for predicting HGS (p = 0.014 and p = 0.059, respectively).

Conclusion

Hemoglobin levels are predictive of sarcopenia in patients with LC and warrants further investigation as a biomarker for sarcopenia in LC.
Role of Ca additive on the effect of phase composition and microstructure of BaZrO3 refractory and its interaction with titanium alloys
Authors: Yu Feihai , Chen Guangyao , Liu Jian , Zhang Man , Hou Xiao , Li Haitao , Lv Mingrui , Feng Qisheng , Duan Baohua , Li Chonghe
Published: April 2023

In this study, the effect of different Ca additives (Ca(OH)2, CaO, and nano‐CaCO3) on the composition and microstructure of the fused BaZrO3 crucible were investigated, as well as their interaction with Ti2Ni alloy during vacuum induction melting. Results showed that the crucibles had the same phase compositions when the doping amounts of Ca additives were the same. Three kinds of Ca additives provided three different grain sizes of CaO precursors to participate in the solid solution reaction. When the doping amount of the Ca additive was 5.3 wt.%, the ZrO2 phase in the fused BaZrO3 was disappeared, and the CaZrO3 phase was founded. The composition of the crucibles doped with 7.7 wt.% Ca additives only consisted of Ba1‐xCaxZrO3 and CaZrO3 phase. The relative densities and erosion resistance of the crucibles were improved effectively with the increase of Ca additive content. Moreover, the crucible doped with 7.7 wt.% nano‐CaCO3 additive exhibited the highest density and the thinnest erosion layer. The Ba1‐xCaxZrO3 and CaZrO3 phases were dissolved by the alloy melt, according to the interaction analysis. In addition, the crucible doped with nano‐CaCO3 additive had a higher content of refractory element concentration in the alloy melts in comparision with the other two kinds of crucibles due to their higher number of pores.
Local and systemic effects of IDH mutations on primary glioma patients
Authors: Tang Feng , Wang Dan‐Wen , Xi Chen , Yang Jin‐Zhou , Liu Zhen‐Yuan , Yu Dong‐Hu , Wang Ze‐Fen , Li Zhi‐Qiang
Published: April 2023

Adult gliomas are divided into isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild‐type and IDH mutant subtypes according to the new 2021 World Health Organization classification system. However, the local and systemic effects of IDH mutations on primary glioma patients are not well illustrated. Retrospective analysis, immune‐cell infiltration analysis, meta‐analysis, and immunohistochemistry assay were applied in the present study. The results from our cohort showed that IDH mutant gliomas own a lower proliferating rate compared to that in wild‐type gliomas. Patients with mutant IDH exhibited a higher frequency of seizures in both our cohort and the cohort from the meta‐analysis. Mutations in IDH result in lower levels of intra‐tumour but higher levels of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Levels of neutrophils in both intra‐tumour and circulating blood were lower in IDH mutant gliomas. Moreover, IDH mutant glioma patients receiving radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy exhibited better overall survival with respect to radiotherapy alone. Mutations in IDH alters the local and circulating immune microenvironment, and increases the sensitivity of tumour cell to chemotherapy.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF ONCE‐DAILY ISOSORBIDE‐5‐MONONITRATE ON THE EXERCISE CAPACITY OF PATIENTS WITH ANGINA PECTORIS TREATED WITH A BETA‐BLOCKING DRUG
Authors: Eteiba H , Hutton I , Foale R A , Akhras F , Jackson G , Prescott R J , Hallam R J , Quinn K J
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Forty‐four patients with stable effort angina pectoris were included in a double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, parallel group study to compare the effect of two slow‐release forms of isosorbide‐5‐mononitrate (‘Ismo‐Retard’ 40 mg and ‘Imdur’ 60 mg) on exercise capacity when given as an adjunctive treatment to beta adrenoreceptor blocking therapy.

In a symptom‐limited exercise test performed three hours after the first dose, Ismo‐retard increased the total duration of exercise by 92 seconds (confidence interval (CI) 5.1 – 116.9) p<0.006, and the time of onset to anginal pain by 117 seconds (CI 27.8, 156.1) p<0.004. A similar improvement in total duration of exercise (by 87 seconds) was noted three hours following 15 consecutive once‐daily doses (CI 16.8 – 128) p <0.02, and in the time of onset to anginal pain by 101 seconds (CI 19.8–139.6) p <0.01. For Imdur the corresponding results were 53 seconds (CI 12.7 – 56.3), 84 seconds (CI 15.4 – 103.7), p <.02, 54 seconds (CI 1.4 – 78.4) and 85 seconds (CI 6.9 – 120.5) respectively.

These results would suggest that both active treatments were effective anti‐anginal agents.
OSTEOPOROSIS: A GROWING EPIDEMIC
Authors: Fogelman I , Ryan P
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY The osteoporosis epidemic will continue unabated unless the issue of prevention of bone loss is seriously addressed. While a continuing programme of education for both the medical profession and the general public is necessary, positive action is required. Women lose bone at an accelerated rate following the menopause and this seems to be the optimal time for intervention. Those women who enter the menopause with the lowest bone density are at greatest risk of subsequent fracture. An individual's bone density can be accurately measured and those women who have the lowest bone density should have hormone replacement therapy (HRT) recommended, but it is important to discuss fully the possible benefits and risks. It is probable that non‐hormonal agents for prevention of bone loss will be available in the near future, and cyclical diphosphonate therapy appears particularly promising. However, at the present time, long‐term HRT is the mainstay for the prevention of bone loss.
MANAGEMENT OF EARLY BREAST CANCER
Authors: Fentiman I S
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY There is a popular misconception that, despite extensive research, there has been no improvement in either quality or quantity of life for patients with early breast cancer. This may have arisen because of inadequate communication of the results of both clinical trials and laboratory experiments which have greatly excited those who are working in the field.
AN OVERVIEW OF MITOZANTRONE
Authors: Birchall LA , Bailey NP , Blackledge GRP
Published: April 2023

INTRODUCTION Mitozantrone is a member of the anthraquinone group of chemicals. Anthraquinones were used as blue dyes in the fabric industry in the early 20th century, and subsequently in ballpoint pen ink as ametantrone.1 Since the discovery of doxorubicin in 1968 searches have continued for anthracycline‐related compounds with improved efficacy and/or a different spectrum of activity with less toxicity.
HEARTBURN AND GASTRO‐OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
Authors: Bennett J R
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Heartburn is a readily recognised symptom which half the British population have experienced at some time, and a fifth have frequently. It is the predominant symptom of gastro‐oesophageal reflux, although less than two thirds of sufferers have endoscopically visible oesophagitis. Heartburn can also be associated with peptic ulcers or functional dyspepsia.

Several changes in oesophageal function contribute to the syndrome of gastro‐oesophageal reflux, the most important being inadequacy of the complex mechanism at the gastro‐oesophageal junction. Understanding the various functional failures offers a better understanding of the therapeutic possibilities.
LINGUAL ABSCESS: A RARITY
Authors: Knight L C
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY A lingual abscess is a great rarity. Only two cases have ever been reported from the United Kingdom, and only three cases have been recorded outside of India in the past fifty years.

The third British case is reported and the previous literature reviewed, along with discussion of the aetiology, presentation, bacteriology and management of this rare condition.
THE MANAGEMENT OF SKIN AND SKIN STRUCTURE INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS: A REVIEW OF EMPIRIC ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
Authors: Wilson SE
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY This article reviews the diagnosis and management of mild‐to‐moderate skin and skin structure infections in children, adolescents and adults in a general practice setting. Therapies reviewed are those in current use: penicillins; beta‐lactamase stable penicillins, including flucloxacillin, oxacillin, and amoxicillin‐clavulanate; oral quinolones; macrolides; and oral cephalosporins. Consideration is given to duration of therapy, side‐effect profile and compliance.
ANTIARRHYTHMIC THERAPY IN THE POST‐INFARCTION SETTING: UPDATE FROM MAJOR AMIODARONE STUDIES
Authors: Cairns JA
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Many deaths among hospital survivors of acute myocardial infarction are due to sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. This has prompted the evaluation of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drugs and devices. Although it is widely agreed that antiarrhythmic treatment is useful, it is not certain which therapy provides optimal results. Increasing recognition of the efficacy of amiodarone has prompted the design of several trials of the drug. This paper focuses on primary prophylactic antiarryhthmic therapy in the post‐infarction setting and particularly on recent amiodarone trials.
AMIODARONE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: Levy S
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Oral amiodarone may be used in the prevention of recurrences of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) or in chronic AF following electrical cardioversion or for pharmacological cardioversion of AF. The use of amiodarone for rate control of AF is also discussed in this article. Recent reports have shown that low‐dose amiodarone is effective in preventing recurrence following cardioversion,1 but there have been no long‐term controlled or comparative studies to support this. Thus amiodarone is not recommended as a first‐line drug for preventing recurrences of AF. Results on the use of amiodarone in the prevention of paroxysmal AF have been equivocal; this may be attributed to differences in defining paroxysmal AF. The use of low‐dose amiodarone, alone or in combination with a class I agent, may be beneficial in patients with AF but long‐term studies to determine the safety and efficacy of the drug are required.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF CALCITONIN ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND FRACTURE RISK IN POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS
Authors: Hizmetli S , Elden H , Kaptanoglu E , Nacitarhan V , Kocagil S
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY A total of 107 patients were included in the study to determine the effects of different doses of intranasal calcitonin on bone mineral density and fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Patients were randomly divided into three groups. All three groups were given 1000 mg/day calcium and vitamin D in adequate doses. Two of the groups, the exception being the placebo group, were also given either 50 IU or 100 IU of calcitonin. The data of 81 patients who completed the 24 months of regular study treatment and controls were evaluated. When compared, both of the calcitonin groups were superior to the placebo group regarding increase in bone mineral density and decrease in fracture rate.
ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKADE: A NEW DEVELOPMENT IN CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY
Authors: Leary AC , MacDonald TM
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAS) plays a central role in blood pressure regulation and fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis. Blockade of this system with inhibitors of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) has been shown to benefit several groups of patients, including those with essential hypertension, congestive heart failure, and post myocardial infarction. Inhibition of ACE also slows the progression of diabetic renal disease and diabetic retinopathy. The recent development of agents that are specific antagonists of angiotensin II (All) has allowed us to block the RAS at receptor level. Inhibition of angiotensin II receptors has been shown to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients, without the side‐effect profile of ACE inhibitors. It has yet to be shown whether manipulating the RAS in this way will confer the same morbidity and mortality benefits as those seen with ACE inhibition. Ongoing research will reveal whether All antagonists are beneficial in congestive heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus. The development of this new class of agent provides an exciting opportunity for clinicians to increase their understanding of the role of the RAS in health and disease.
ADRENAL AND HYPOPHYSEAL NON‐HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA PRESENTING WITH PANHYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: Li JKY , Chow CC , Yeung VTF , Ko GTC , Cockram CS
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY We report a case of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as anterior pituitary failure and found to have involvement of two endocrine glands, the pituitary and the adrenals.
SKIN INCISION RECURRENCE OF ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX FIVE YEARS AFTER RADICAL SURGERY FOR STAGE 1A DISEASE
Authors: Selo‐Ojeme DO , Bhide M , Aggarwal VP
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY A 31‐year‐old para 1 had a radical hysterectomy for stage 1A adenocarcinoma of the cervix. She developed skin incision metastasis five years later in spite of normal regular vault smears.
Effect of pre‐drying methods on the quality aspects of explosive puffed dried beef snack
Authors: Bodruk Anıl , Elmas Feyza , Köprüalan Aydın Özgün , Arikaya Şeyma , Serdaroğlu Fatma Meltem , Koç Mehmet , Koca Nurcan , Kaymak‐Ertekin Figen
Published: April 2023

Hot air drying (HAD), freeze drying (FD), and microwave drying (MD) pretreatments were applied under different conditions to determine the effect of the pre‐drying methods on the explosive puffing drying (EPD) of beef samples. All samples were pre‐dried up to 30%, 40%, and 50% moisture contents (wb), and three different pre‐drying conditions were treated (60–75–90°C for HAD, 0.1–0.15–0.2 mbar for FD, and 180–360–540 W for MD), and EPD was applied at constant conditions until the final moisture content. The protein contents of all the samples were high, and TBARS values were below 2 mg/kg sample. FD + EPD combined application has provided lower water activity, more crispy, less hard, more expanded, and higher rehydration capacity. The most appropriate pre‐drying method was found to be FD with the conditions of 0.1 mbar and 30% moisture content [wb]) prior to EPD to obtain beef snacks having a high protein content, crispy texture, and acceptable color.

Practical Application

Long drying times, noncrispy texture, and low sensorial quality are the main problems in dried meat products. EPD is a novel texturizing and drying method providing a crispy texture in a relatively short time by improving product quality. In recent years, different pre‐drying methods have been applied to improve the effect of EPD method. An acceptable beef snack with high protein content, crispy texture, and higher volumetric expansion was obtained for the first time by combining FD + EPD in this research. The method can be applicable to scale‐up studies. Thus, well‐texturized, highly nutritious, and acceptable dried beef snacks, cheese snacks, vegan products, and fortified products with some vitamins and bioactives can be produced by this method in relatively short time with high quality.
Critical infrastructure network modelling for flood risk analyses: Approach and proof of concept in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Schotten Roman , Bachmann Daniel
Published: April 2023

In flood risk analysis, it is state‐of‐the‐art to determine the direct consequences of flooding for assets and people. Flooding also disrupts critical infrastructure (CI) networks, which are vital in modern society. Cascading effects in a CI network can exceed the hydrological catchment boundaries. The effects of directly impacted CI cascade to other infrastructures, which are thus indirectly affected by a flood. A robust modelling approach of CI networks is a basis for including these effects in flood risk analysis. One challenge is to balance the simplicity of the modelling approach, the reproduction of a CI network's complexity and the decisions made based on potential model outputs. In this article, a topology‐based modelling approach of CI networks for catchment‐wide flood risk analyses is proposed. The basic model elements are points, connectors and polygons, which are utilised to represent a multisectoral and layered CI network. The newly defined approach is implemented as CI network module to the state‐of‐the‐art flood risk analysis framework ProMaIDes. It analyses the CI's direct and cascading impacts as well as the indirect disruption of CI services triggered by flooding scenarios. It quantifies the consequences by determining the number of disrupted CI users or the disruption time. A proof of concept in Accra, Ghana demonstrates the method's capabilities.
Corruption Control, Financial Development, and Growth Volatility: Cross‐Country Evidence
Authors: STRUTHMANN PHILIPP , WALLE YABIBAL M. , HERWARTZ HELMUT
Published: April 2023

We examine the effect of corruption control on the volatility of economic growth using cross‐country data that cover 131 economies worldwide for the period 1985–2018. To estimate the growth volatility model, we employ the system generalized method‐of‐moments estimator for dynamic panel data, which addresses potential endogeneity concerns using internal instruments. Our results show that corruption control significantly reduces growth volatility. This effect is robust to controlling for other measures of institutional quality. Moreover, we find some evidence for an indirect impact of corruption control on growth volatility through its role in reinforcing the volatility‐dampening effect of financial development.
Patterns of parental online health information‐seeking behaviour
Authors: Yudianto Benedicta , Caldwell Patrina HY , Nanan Ralph , Barnes Elizabeth H , Scott Karen M
Published: April 2023

Aim

This study aimed to understand parents' online health information‐seeking behaviour and the potential influence of this on their relationship with their child's physician.

Methods

A survey regarding parental online health information‐seeking behaviour was administered to parents of children aged under 18 years admitted to an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital, paediatric hospital ward and paediatric clinic, and in their social media networks. Responses were presented as frequencies and percentages. Associations between parents' trust in their child's doctor and survey responses were analysed using χ2 tests.

Results

In all, 300 surveys were completed. Most parents (89%) reported searching for online health information when their child was sick. Some (31%) followed online health information instead of going to the doctor. Parents who trusted their child's doctor were more likely to follow the doctor instead of online health information when it contained conflicting advice. Most parents (91%) wanted health‐care professionals' help in searching for online health information.

Conclusion

Almost all parents search for online health information, but most do not act on it. Parents' trust in their child's doctor influences how parents use online health information. Thus, clinicians could recommend trustworthy websites with information that complements their advice to ensure parents access reliable online health information.
Characterization of intestinal fibrosis in cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy
Authors: Bandara Yuvani , Priestnall Simon L. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Kathrani Aarti
Published: April 2023

Background

Intestinal fibrosis (IF) is commonly identified on histopathology of intestinal biopsy specimens (IBSp) from cats with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) however, its clinical relevance is unknown.

Objectives

Characterize and determine the clinical relevance of IF in cats with CIE.

Animals

Sixty‐five client‐owned cats diagnosed with CIE after gastrointestinal histopathology from a single referral hospital in the United Kingdom.

Methods

Medical records were retrospectively searched for cases of CIE on the basis of histopathology of IBSp. The IBSp from eligible cats were re‐reviewed by a single board‐certified veterinary pathologist for inclusion. Masson's trichrome (MT) stain and immunohistochemical labeling using antivimentin and anticollagen I antibodies to identify IF. For each case, various variables at the time of diagnostic investigation were recorded and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow‐up information.

Results

Mucosal fibrosis was identified in 51% of duodenal and 76% of colonic hematoxylin and eosin (HE)‐stained IBSp. Vimentin labeling and MT staining identified additional cases of IF in 65% and 58% of the duodenal biopsy specimens, respectively. Vimentin labeling detected IF in 79% of the colonic biopsy specimens. Positive vimentin labeling and MT staining of the colonic mucosa were associated with decreased likelihood of attaining clinical remission and increased risk of death because of CIE (P < .05).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Additional stains at initial histopathologic examination of IBSp allow for better identification of IF compared to routine HE staining. Identification of IF in colonic biopsy specimens by vimentin immunolabeling and MT staining may provide prognostic information in cats with CIE.
Therapeutic efficacy of enrofloxacin in treatment of Francisella orientalis infections in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)
Authors: de Oliveira Thaís Ferreira , de Queiróz Guilherme Alvez , Pimenta Leibowitz Marcia , Leal Carlos Augusto Gomes
Published: April 2023

Outbreaks of infections by Francisella orientalis represent one of the main obstacles to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) farming. It is responsible for acute mortality in fingerlings and juveniles. The main control measure available is oral antibiotic therapy. This study compared the therapeutic efficacy of the antibiotics enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline, the most commonly used antimicrobial, against francisellosis in juvenile Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Fish were challenged with a virulent isolate of F. orientalis and treated with medicated feed containing one of two doses of oxytetracycline (100 or 300 mg/kg of live weight (LW)) or 10 mg/kg of LW of enrofloxacin. The positive and negative control groups received feed without antibiotics; the negative control group was unchallenged. The results showed that enrofloxacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg of LW is effective against francisellosis in juvenile Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). Treatment with oxytetracycline did not eliminate the pathogen from the infected host, and the surviving fish became carriers. Enrofloxacin was able to cure the fish of infection with F. orientalis. This study suggests that enrofloxacin is a better option for treating francisellosis in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus L.). It controls mortality and avoids the carrier state in the fish, thus reducing the possibility of recurrence in the affected batches.
Licensing standard‐essential patents in artificial intelligence‐based apps: A theory on dynamic royalty pricing mechanism
Authors: Baruah Sunandan , Saikia Ankur P.
Published: April 2023

Standard‐essential patents (SEPs) are patents that are deemed essential to a specific technology standard, such as those used in wireless communication technologies. With the increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in a variety of applications, there is a greater demand for SEPs in the field of AI‐based apps. However, licencing SEPs can be a complicated process, and there is no agreement on best practises for SEP licencing in AI‐based apps. The adoption of a multifactor approach for determining FRAND royalty rates, the use of ex ante licencing to prevent patent hold‐up, and the establishment of specialized dispute resolution mechanisms for SEP disputes are some of the proposed best practices for SEP licencing in AI‐based apps. As potential solutions to the challenges associated with determining FRAND royalty rates in AI‐based apps, this study proposed alternative royalty schemes, such as the use of a per‐unit royalty rate or a revenue‐sharing scheme.
Post‐earthquake functionality assessment of subway stations considering the interdependency among sub‐systems
Authors: Wen Weiping , Hu Jie , Zhai Changhai , Pei Shunshun
Published: April 2023

This study proposes a framework for the post‐earthquake functionality assessment of subway stations, in which the effects of seismic damage of components and interdependency among sub‐systems are considered by combining the fault tree analysis and Bayesian network method, and the post‐earthquake functionality is quantified by combining multi‐agent simulation and simulation optimization methods. The effectiveness of this method is verified based on a numerical study of a typical subway station. The proposed framework can assist stakeholders of subway stations to systematically assess the functional performance of the system under different earthquake levels and provide support for the design and post‐earthquake emergency management of subway stations.
ACE and ACE2 catalytic activity in the fecal content along the gut
Authors: Ferreira‐Duarte Mariana , Oliveira Lilian Caroline Gonçalves , Quintas Clara , Esteves‐Monteiro Marisa , Duarte‐Araújo Margarida , Sousa Teresa , Casarini Dulce Elena , Morato Manuela
Published: April 2023

Background

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 are two major enzymes of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), which control the formation/degradation of angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang1‐7, regulating their opposite effects. We aimed at evaluating the catalytic activity of ACE and ACE2 in the intestinal content and corresponding intestinal tissue along the gut of Wistar Han rats.

Methods

Portions of the ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, and the corresponding intestinal content were collected from Wistar Han rats. Enzyme activity was evaluated by fluorometric assays using different substrates: Hippuryl‐His‐Leu for ACE‐C‐domain, Z‐Phe‐His‐Leu for ACE‐N‐domain, and Mca‐APK(Dnp) for ACE2. ACE and ACE2 concentration was assessed by ELISA. Ratios concerning concentrations and activities were calculated to evaluate the balance of the RAAS. Statistical analysis was performed using Friedman test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test or Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test whenever needed.

Key Results

ACE and ACE2 are catalytically active in the intestinal content along the rat gut. The ACE N‐domain shows higher activity than the C‐domain both in the intestinal content and in the intestinal tissue. ACE and ACE2 are globally more active in the intestinal content than in the corresponding intestinal tissue. There was a distal‐to‐proximal prevalence of ACE2 over ACE in the intestinal tissue.

Conclusions & Inferences

This work is the first to report the presence of catalytically active ACE and ACE2 in the rat intestinal content, supporting future research on the regulatory role of the intestinal RAAS on gut function and a putative link to the microbiome.