bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of the numerical model of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources
Authors: Mironov V. , Bogomolov S. , Bondarchenko A. , Efremov A. , Loginov V. , Pugachev D.
Published: June 2022

Processes of the secondary electron emission (SEE) from the
walls are included into the Numerical Advanced Model of Electron
Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (NAM-ECRIS). It is found that SEE
strongly influences electron confinement time and ion
production. With the modified model, we observe reactions of the
source to changes in a gas flow into the source and in an injected
microwave power. The source performance with scaling the hexapole
magnetic field is investigated. The calculated tendencies are close
to the experimental observations.
Monte Carlo simulations of the electron — gas interactions in the KATRIN experiment
Authors: Kellerer J. , Spanier F.
Published: June 2022

At the KATRIN experiment, the electron antineutrino mass is
inferred from the shape of the β-decay spectrum of
tritium. Important systematic effects in the Windowless Gaseous
Tritium Source (WGTS) of the experiment include the energy loss by
electron scattering, and the extended starting potential. In the
WGTS, primary high-energy electrons from β-decay produce an
extended secondary spectrum of electrons through various atomic and
molecular processes including ionization, recombination, cluster
formation and scattering. In addition to providing data essential to
the simulation of energy loss processes, the electron spectrum also
provides information important in the simulation of plasma
processes. These simulations will then provide an insight on the
starting potential.

Here, a Monte Carlo approach is used to model the electron spectrum
in the source for a given magnetic and electric field
configuration. The spectrum is evaluated at different positions
within the WGTS, which allows for a direct analysis of the spectrum
close to the rear wall and detector end of the experiment. Alongside
electrons, also ions are tracked by the simulation, resulting in a
full description of the currents in the source.
Plasma simulation of hot-surface-microwave hybrid ion sources
Authors: Zhang A.L. , Peng S.X. , Wu W.B. , Ma T.H. , Cui B.J. , Jiang Y.X. , Li K. , Zhang J.F. , Zhang T. , Wen J.M. , Xu Y. , Guo Z.Y. , Chen J.E.
Published: June 2022

To generate high-current hard-to-ionize elements such as
B+, a hybrid ion source that combines electron cyclotron
resonance and thermal surface ionization, which is called a
high-temperature surface microwave source (HSMS), is under
development. A high-temperature hot surface (2000°) and
microwave heating are the essential components of an HSMS to produce
high-energy electrons for B+ generation. A helical tungsten
filament is used in the HSMS source to obtain a high temperature and
provide an axial configuration with a magnetic field of
approximately 87.5 mT for the 2.45 GHz electron cyclotron
resonance (ECR). The effects of high-temperature surface ionization
and ECR ionization were separately evaluated. The magnetic field
configuration, microwave power, and air pressure have been studied
through this plasma model. A 30% B+ improvement was achieved.
Numerical optimization of amplitude-modulated pulses in microwave-driven entanglement generation
Authors: Duwe M , Zarantonello G , Pulido-Mateo N , Mendpara H , Krinner L , Bautista-Salvador A , Vitanov N V , Hammerer K , Werner R F , Ospelkaus C
Published: June 2022

Microwave control of trapped ions can provide an implementation of high-fidelity two-qubit gates free from errors induced by photon scattering. Furthermore, microwave conductors may be embedded into a scalable trap structure, providing the chip-level integration of control that is desirable for scaling. Recent developments have demonstrated how amplitude modulation of the gate drive can permit a two-qubit entangling operation to become robust against motional mode noise and other experimental imperfections. Here, we discuss a method for the numerical optimization of the microwave pulse envelope to produce gate pulses with noise resilience, considerably faster operation and high energy efficiency.
Ehrenfest dynamics implemented in the all-electron package exciting
Authors: Pela Ronaldo Rodrigues , Draxl Claudia
Published: June 2022

Ehrenfest dynamics combined with real-time time-dependent density functional theory has proven to be a reliable tool to study non-adiabatic molecular dynamics with a reasonable computational cost. Among other possibilities, it allows for assessing in real time electronic excitations generated by ultra-fast laser pulses, as e.g., in pump–probe spectroscopy, and their coupling to the nuclear vibrations even beyond the linear regime. In this work, we present its implementation in the all-electron full-potential package exciting. Three cases are presented as examples: diamond and cubic boron nitride (BN) relaxed after an initial lattice distortion, and cubic BN exposed to a laser pulse. Comparison with the Octopus code exhibits good agreement.
Insects: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Leather Simon
Published: June 2022

Insects: A Very Short Introduction explores the insects’ evolution, behaviour, and development, highlighting their pivotal role in supporting ecosystems across the planet. It considers the threats of pesticides and climate change on the insect population, and the potentially catastrophic impact of their decline. The VSI describes insects as a fascinatingly diverse and beautiful group of animals. They are found on all continents, in caves, underground, inside other insects, in rivers, lakes, and puddles, and in our houses. To date, over a million insect species have been named. It also mentions that insects include predators, parasites, herbivores, detritivores, fungivores, and saproxylics that live on decaying wood.
Modification of substrate and product transport systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae to improve 1,3-propanediol production
Authors: Teng Yu , Guo Chao , Xie Mengmeng , Feng Ao , Lu Xinyao , Zong Hong , Zhuge Bin
Published: June 2022

Substrate uptake and product export are important for microbial growth and product synthesis. Here, the glycerol uptake facilitator (GlpF) and the members of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) type efflux system were overexpressed in Klebsiella pneumoniae to promote 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) production. Overexpression of the endogenous K. pneumoniae GlpF improved glycerol dehydratase (GDHt) activity and promoted 1,3-PDO titer from 55.6 to 65.1 g/l. RND members AcrA and the AcrE had no impact on 1,3-PDO production. RND members AcrF and the TolC increased 1,3-PDO titer from 55.6 to 68.4 g/l and 65.4 g/l, respectively. MexB significantly decreased GDHt activity and 1,3-PDO titer. Notably, MexF dramatically enhanced GDHt activity and promoted 1,3-PDO titer and glycerol conversion rate to 74.0 g/l and 0.62 mol/mol, respectively. However, coexpression of the endogenous GlpF and MexF did not further improve 1,3-PDO production. The results present here provided novel information about the applications of the uptake of glycerol and the efflux of 1,3-PDO.
Variation in the Substitution Rates among the Human Mitochondrial Haplogroup U Sublineages
Authors: Översti Sanni , Palo Jukka U
Published: June 2022

Resolving the absolute timescale of phylogenetic trees stipulates reliable estimates for the rate of DNA sequence evolution. For this end, various calibration methods have been developed and studied intensively. Intraspecific rate variation among distinct genetic lineages, however, has gained less attention. Here, we have assessed lineage-specific molecular rates of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by performing tip-calibrated Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Tip-calibration, as opposed to traditional nodal time stamps from dated fossil evidence or geological events, is based on sample ages and becoming ever more feasible as ancient DNA data from radiocarbon-dated samples accumulate. We focus on subhaplogroups U2, U4, U5a, and U5b, the data including ancient mtDNA genomes from 14C-dated samples (n = 234), contemporary genomes (n = 301), and two outgroup sequences from haplogroup R. The obtained molecular rates depended on the data sets (with or without contemporary sequences), suggesting time-dependency. More notable was the rate variation between haplogroups: U4 and U5a stand out having a substantially higher rate than U5b. This is also reflected in the divergence times obtained (U5a: 17,700 years and U5b: 29,700 years), a disparity not reported previously. After ruling out various alternative causes (e.g., selection, sampling, and sequence quality), we propose that the substitution rates have been influenced by demographic histories, widely different among populations where U4/U5a or U5b are frequent. As with the Y-chromosomal subhaplogroup R1b, the mitochondrial U4 and U5a have been associated with remarkable range extensions of the Yamnaya culture in the Bronze Age.
Artificial Intelligence and Data Protection: A Comparative Analysis of AI Regulation through the Lens of Data Protection in the EU and Brazil
Authors: Peck Pinheiro Patricia , Batista Battaglini Helen
Published: June 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) is already a major part of our daily lives. From unlocking our smartphones with our faces to receiving film recommendations on streaming platforms, AI is part of our routines. In recent years, a widespread adoption of AI technologies both by public and private agencies has been observed. Notwithstanding the many conveniences it has created, the use of AI also involves many risks for people individually and for society as a whole. For instance, it may jeopardise fundamental rights such as privacy and data protection or even intensify existing discrimination against minorities. For this reason, various nations are now facing the challenge of regulating AI without limiting its development. In terms of data protection, the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has been consistently applied and enforced in the European Union (EU) and has inspired many other data protection laws that came after it, such as the one in Brazil. In Brazil, the General Data Protection Law (LGPD) has finally come into force and is slowly being enforced. In 2021, a series of legislative initiatives concerning the development and use of AI systems drew the attention of governments, academics and the tech industry around the world. In the EU, the European Commission released a proposal for regulation in April that presents harmonised rules on AI. Meanwhile, in Brazil, in September, the Chamber of Deputies approved a rather superficial bill aiming to regulate AI in the country. Thus, one can wonder: what is the impact of data protection laws on AI regulations? And how could Brazil benefit once again from following the EU’s lead on regulating AI? In order to answer these questions, this article begins by explaining the concept of AI. It then presents the relation between AI and privacy and data protection as well as the main principles that guide privacy and data protection under both EU and Brazilian data protection laws. Subsequently, it introduces the EU legal framework for AI and focuses on the risk-based approach. Later, it presents the proposed Brazilian bill, focusing on its main principles from a comparative perspective with the EU. Finally, it will conclude how Brazil can benefit from taking inspiration from the EU experience on AI regulation.
Positive Allosteric Modulation of α5-GABAA Receptors Reverses Stress-Induced Alterations in Dopamine System Function and Prepulse Inhibition of Startle
Authors: McCoy Alexandra M , Prevot Thomas D , Mian Md Yenus , Cook James M , Frazer Alan , Sibille Etienne L , Carreno Flavia R , Lodge Daniel J
Published: June 2022

Background

Up to 64% of patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience psychosis, likely attributable to aberrant dopamine neuron activity. We have previously demonstrated that positive allosteric modulators of α5-GABAARs can selectively decrease hippocampal activity and reverse psychosis-like physiological and behavioral alterations in a rodent model used to study schizophrenia; however, whether this approach translates to a PTSD model remains to be elucidated.

Methods

We utilized a 2-day inescapable foot shock (IS) procedure to induce stress-related pathophysiology in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We evaluated the effects of intra-ventral hippocampus (vHipp) administration GL-II-73, an α5-GABAAR, or viral overexpression of the α5 subunit, using in vivo electrophysiology and behavioral measures in control and IS-treated rats.

Results

IS significantly increased ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron population activity, or the number of dopamine neurons firing spontaneously (n = 6; P = .016), consistent with observation in multiple rodent models used to study psychosis. IS also induced deficits in sensorimotor gating, as measured by reduced prepulse inhibition of startle (n = 12; P = .039). Interestingly, intra-vHipp administration of GL-II-73 completely reversed IS-induced increases in dopamine neuron population activity (n = 6; P = .024) and deficits in prepulse inhibition (n = 8; P = .025), whereas viral overexpression of the α5 subunit in the vHipp was not effective.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that pharmacological intervention augmenting α5-GABAAR function, but not α5 overexpression in itself, can reverse stress-induced deficits related to PTSD in a rodent model, providing a potential site of therapeutic intervention to treat comorbid psychosis in PTSD.
Habitat characteristics of artificial oyster reefs influence female oystershell mud crab Panopeus simpsoni Rathbun, 1930 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Panopeidae)
Authors: Laroche Robert A S , Doan Thao M , Hanke Marc H
Published: June 2022

Structurally complex biogenic habitats provide foraging grounds and predation refuges for a myriad of decapod crustaceans. Many of these habitats, such as reefs formed by the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791), have been lost due to natural and anthropogenic reasons, leading to the construction of artificial reefs for habitat restoration. Previous studies have investigated the impacts of oyster reef restoration efforts on abundance patterns of decapod crustaceans, such as those of panopeid crabs, but largely ignored the influence of artificial, or created, habitat on other population characteristics such as reproductive output. We sampled five artificial reefs (constructed during 2014 or 2015) in Sweetwater Lake, Galveston Bay, Texas, USA in July-August 2016 to study the population characteristics of female panopeid mud crab Panopeus simpsoniRathbun, 1930. We quantified carapace width, counted eggs and measured dry egg mass to estimate reproductive output and determine how reef-age treatment, live-oyster abundance, and live-oyster size predicted female P. simpsoni abundance and egg production. Oyster size varied significantly (P < 0.001) by age treatment, and oyster abundance and size varied significantly (P < 0.001) between the reefs within each age treatment. The abundance of female P. simpsoni varied significantly (P < 0.001) between the two age treatments and was positively correlated with oyster size and reef age. The percentage of gravid females, which varied significantly (P = 0.027) among the reefs, was positively correlated with oyster abundance, and egg production was positively correlated with body size. These results suggest that oyster development on artificial reefs may influence the abundance and reproductive output of associated crustaceans such as P. simpsoni. We demonstrate that monitoring programs should not only consider population characteristics of reef-building organisms, but also the development of complex habitat structure and its impact on associated crustacean populations when determining the success of artificial habitats.
The cardinality of the partitions of a set in the absence of the Axiom of Choice
Authors: Phansamdaeng Palagorn , Vejjajiva Pimpen
Published: June 2022

In the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF), $|\textrm {fin}(A)|<2^{|A|}\leq |\textrm {Part}(A)|$ for any infinite set $A$, where $\textrm {fin}(A)$ is the set of finite subsets of $A$, $2^{|A|}$ is the cardinality of the power set of $A$ and $\textrm {Part}(A)$ is the set of partitions of $A$. In this paper, we show in ZF that $|\textrm {fin}(A)|<|\textrm {Part}_{\textrm {fin}}(A)|$ for any set $A$ with $|A|\geq 5$, where $\textrm {Part}_{\textrm {fin}}(A)$ is the set of partitions of $A$ whose members are finite. We also show that, without the Axiom of Choice, any relationship between $|\textrm {Part}_{\textrm {fin}}(A)|$ and $2^{|A|}$ for an arbitrary infinite set $A$ cannot be concluded.
Decrease in Pediatric Invasive Pneumococcal Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sarmiento Clemente Adriana , Kaplan Sheldon L , Barson William J , Lin Philana Ling , Romero José R , Bradley John S , Tan Tina Q , Pannaraj Pia S , Givner Laurence B , Hultén Kristina G
Published: June 2022

Measures to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 2020 reduced other viral infections. Among 7 US children’s hospitals, invasive pneumococcal disease cumulative incidence decreased by 46% in 2020 vs 2017-2019. Limited droplet transmission of pneumococci and preceding viral pathogens may be responsible.
Cellulosic copper nanoparticles and a hydrogen peroxide–based disinfectant trigger rapid inactivation of pseudoviral particles expressing the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV
Authors: Brault Ariane , Néré Raphael , Prados Jérôme , Boudreault Simon , Bisaillon Martin , Marchand Patrick , Couture Patrick , Labbé Simon
Published: June 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by human coronaviruses that include SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although their primary mode of transmission is through contaminated respiratory droplets from infected carriers, the deposition of expelled virus particles onto surfaces and fomites could contribute to viral transmission. Here, we use replication-deficient murine leukemia virus (MLV) pseudoviral particles expressing SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV Spike (S) protein on their surface. These surrogates of native coronavirus counterparts serve as a model to analyze the S-mediated entry into target cells. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanofibers that are combined with copper (Cu) exhibit strong antimicrobial properties. S-pseudovirions that are exposed to CMC–Cu nanoparticles (30 s) display a dramatic reduction in their ability to infect target Vero E6 cells, with ∼97% less infectivity as compared to untreated pseudovirions. In contrast, addition of the Cu chelator tetrathiomolybdate protects S-pseudovirions from CMC–Cu-mediated inactivation. When S-pseudovirions were treated with a hydrogen peroxide–based disinfectant (denoted SaberTM) used at 1:250 dilution, their infectivity was dramatically reduced by ∼98%. However, the combined use of SaberTM and CMC–Cu is the most effective approach to restrict infectivity of SARS-CoV-2-S, SARS-CoV-S, and MERS-CoV-S pseudovirions in Vero E6 cell assays. Together, these results show that cellulosic Cu nanoparticles enhance the effectiveness of diluted SaberTM sanitizer, setting up an improved strategy to lower the risk of surface- and fomite-mediated transmission of enveloped respiratory viruses.
Bauforschung and Stadtforschung
Authors: Andrews Margaret M.
Published: June 2022

Augustus’ monumental building program has been well studied among Bauforscher. The emperor devoted special attention to creating monuments and monumental ensembles in high-profile parts of the city. The extent and variety of Augustus’ transformations, from reorganizing the city into 14 regions to restoring and uniting neighborhood compital shrines into a citywide cultic network, have also attracted the interests of scholars focused on questions more pertinent to urban studies, or Stadtforschung. This chapter seeks to combine these two scales of inquiry and explore Augustus’ building program within a single region to demonstrate the variety of ways—from the monumental to the mundane—in which Augustus interacted with a typical urban neighborhood. Within an eight-year period, Augustus built or restored five structures in the upper Subura. The diversity of the projects here provides unique evidence for the full scope of Augustus’ urban interventions, including purely local ones, and reveals a sensitivity to distinct local topographical traditions in residential areas. Moreover, the chapter allows a better understanding of the logistical operations and complications of carrying out such a wide variety of projects within a short time span. In considering the seemingly disparate structures within one region in relation to each other, the methodological complementarity of Bauforschung and Stadtforschung becomes clearer.
The Augustan Aqueduct of Minturnae in Southern Latium
Authors: Bankel Hansgeorg
Published: June 2022

The Roman aqueduct of Minturnae features an unusual distribution basin (castellum aquae) that was integrated into the central pier of the city gate over the Via Appia. Such a distribution basin is not only unique in the ancient world, but it also combines the economical with the elegant. There are, however, signs that this was not the only proposed position for the distribution basin. Pairs of bricks, inserted near the top of the aqueduct’s piers and indicating the slope of the channel (specus), show that an inclination of 0.7 percent was planned at some point for the final stretch of the aqueduct. As it is built, however, the aqueduct approaches the city with a flat slope of 0.0 percent in order to reach the city wall at a sufficient height to bridge the Via Appia and arrive at the castellum aquae on top of the gate. Various interpretations are proposed for the brick markers, but the most likely scenario is that they are the relics of a heated debate between different teams about the slope of the aqueduct in this crucial section and, consequently, the shape of the castellum aquae at its end.
Introduction
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

The introduction presents the rationale, motive, and aims of existential media studies by first setting the scene for rethinking media, and digital media, in light of limits and the limit situations of life. Placing the mourner centrally for media studies, through an empirical focus on online grief and commemoration of the dead as well as the digital afterlife, it shows that the book contributes to death online research by offering a framework inspired by a return to existential philosophy, and in particular to Karl Jaspers’s philosophy. The introduction explains that Jaspers’s concept of the limit situation works as a privileged reality and as a heuristic concept-metaphor so as to provide an argument for why we need to think beyond the digital as limitless, despite the indisputable all-pervasiveness of media technologies in our world. It begins thereby to open up an intellectual space—that is, existential media studies—where we can think of media at the limit, as the limit, as well as of the limit. The introduction also suggests a series of coalitions and fruitful collisions between existential media studies and other fields, such as, for example, elemental media philosophy, feminist new materialism, environmental humanities, and anticipation studies.
Metric Media
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the fact that in a world of quantification, infrastructures of being are of a numerical order that has consequences for marginalized and disenfranchised groups. The chapter seeks to disclose the workings of an ontology of numbers and an ethos of quantification in the reality of the limit situation. In line with the concern in media theory to make environments visible by bringing them back from oblivion, the chapter attempts to shed light on this ontology at the evental site of suffering and loss. The chapter zooms in on the ethos of taking notice of numbers as affirming, consoling, or discomforting in the coping process. It shares research on a group of bereaved parents who built memorials to their dead children, and on two siblings who commemorate their dead brother and sister. It shows that mourners are not just enabled by the practices they participate in and coforge, but do this ambivalently, in a sociotechnological context veering forcefully toward ideals of absolute certainty that fix embodied beings to certain “truths” beyond their phenomenologically perceivable reality, and that distribute value and opportunity unevenly. This is especially disquieting in cultures of bereavement, where the ethos of quantification clashes head-on with fundamental phenomenological and existential values, needs, and insights. Here, Jaspers’s and Husserl’s skepticism about numerical reduction are brought into conversation with Steven Connors’s provocative defense of numbers, as well as the central debates on metric cultures and datafied lifeworlds.
Transcendent Media
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This chapter remains within the limit situation of loss, with a focus on contemporary expressions of after-death communication as an important aspect of caring for the dead, who today emerge as silent angels online. It posits existential media as transcendent media, verging on the threshold. While mourning is always mourning of somebody whose singular presence in the world can never be replaced, our culture has offered replacement by digital bodies of substitution. Offering a discussion on (dis)embodiment and a historicization of the relationship to the dead body, the chapter provides a philosophical context through a definition and discussion of transcendence and its crucial relationship to technology. It parses its meanings and implications in Jaspers’s philosophy, postphenomenology, and posthumanism. It pits these practices, of communicating directly with and thus caring for the dead online, against the fact that they belong to the broader emergence of a new cultural form: the digital afterlife. In the digital limit situation, the transcendence industry mines this very realm of ultimate loss and longing. The chapter balances these insights against the vernacular practices of the mourners. When we center on the latter and their practices of after-death communication, important things can be learned about alternate ways of being human in the digital age since the coexisters are involved in a postinteractive form of communication. As opposed to the spiritualists of the nineteenth century, they allow the dead to rest in peace and their dead letters to them land because they hang in midair.
W. S. Graham
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

Only in recent years has W. S. Graham come to be recognised as one of the great poets of the twentieth century. On the peripheries of UK poetry culture during his lifetime, he in many ways appears to us today as exemplary of the poetics of the mid-century: his extension of modernist explorations of rhythm and diction; his interweaving of linguistic and geographic places; his dialogue with the plastic arts; and the tensions that run through his work, between philosophical seriousness and play, between solitude and sociality, regionalism and cosmopolitanism, between the heft and evanescence of poetry’s medium. In the first concerted study of Graham’s poetics in a generation, David Nowell Smith draws on newly unearthed archival materials - poems, manuscripts, and visual/mixed-media work - to orient Graham’s poetics around the question of the ‘art object’. Graham sought throughout his work to craft his poems into honed, finished ‘objects’; yet he was also intensely aware that poems only live when released into their afterlives: the poem’s ‘finished object’ is never wholly finished. Nowell Smith situates this tension with broader debates around literary objecthood and builds up a broader reflection on language as a medium for art-making.
‘A poem is made of words’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

This chapter unpacks Graham’s dictum, ‘A poem is made of words.’ At once an entire poetic philosophy and a statement of the obvious, the phrase embodies the transformation Graham’s writing undergoes, as he shifts from understanding ‘words’ as individual materials of meaning-production, towards a thinking that approaches language as relation: he starts to explore what is ‘between’ the words, but also the role words play in setting up spaces of communication, in allowing us to orient ourselves in the world. The chapter situates Graham’s early writings within a longer modernist-aestheticist lineage, in conflict with the engaged Scottish nationalist poetry of many of his contemporaries, and in productive dialogue with the artists of the St Ives School, in order to reflect on language as a medium for art-making.
‘Speaking to you and not’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

In ‘Dear Bryan Wynter’, perhaps Graham’s most famous poem, he gives a succinct depiction not just of the elegist addressing the departed friend, but the lyric poet in general: ‘Speaking to you and not / Knowing if you are there / Is not too difficult. / My words are used to that.’ Drawing on radio scripts and mixed-media work as well as poems, this chapter situates Graham’s addresses both within the broader lyric double-bind of direct speech and textual indirection, and within the abiding concerns of Graham’s verse: his tropes of epistolarity and voicing; his networks of patronage, friendship, and circulation; and the tension in his poetic addresses between public and private speech acts.
Postscript
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

This brief postscript documents the contributions made by many of Graham’s friends, patrons, publishers, and critics, demonstrating the role played by broader networks both in the development of Graham’s oeuvre and in the survival of his archive. Graham’s commitment to poetic autonomy, to living by poetry alone, made him particularly dependent on networks of patronage and support, and the manuscript drafts, letters, and sketches that inform this work would not have been kept were in not for particular patrons of Graham’s purchasing them and archiving them. It finishes with acknowledgements and thanks for the many friends of Graham’s, collectors and archivists, and critics, who aided the research for the book.
Women’s Ministry
Authors: Ross Susan A.
Published: June 2022

Since 1976, when the first ordained women in the Episcopal priesthood in the US were approved by the national governing body, and 1992, when women were first admitted to the priesthood in the Church of England, officials of the Catholic Church have expressed their dismay over these actions, calling them an obstacle to closer relationship between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church. For their part, many feminists within the Catholic Church have advocated for the ordination of women while also arguing for a transformation of the structure of the Catholic priesthood. This chapter builds on the historical situation but also on the possibilities for conversation among women working in parish contexts. The argument of the chapter is that focusing on the ‘official’ Catholic position is generally unproductive, but encouraging women pastoral leaders to meet, pray, and talk together offers greater possibilities for collaborative work. Paying greater attention to the common work that Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Catholic women are doing is a step forward and beyond the impasse of ordination.
Comparative Theology’s Interesting Asymmetries with Receptive Ecumenism
Authors: Clooney SJ Francis X.
Published: June 2022

At the 2014 Fairfield conference on Receptive Ecumenism, Clooney gave a paper in which he highlighted the striking resemblances between Comparative Theology and Receptive Ecumenism with respect to attentiveness, patience, and the willingness to learn and to be transformed in the learning. This chapter is a recapitulation and development of that paper. If Comparative Theology and Receptive Ecumenism are so strikingly similar, should we not be concerned that we are prescinding from doctrinal and communal issues and simply stressing the common learning process? Receptive Ecumenism presumes the commonalities of Christian belief and practice, whereas Comparative Theology, particularly regarding religions other than Judaism and Islam, should engage differences too in belief and practice. If such differences matter, we can profitably and honestly talk about them, provided we do not lose hold of the disciplines’ remarkable similarities and agility in not getting bogged down over doctrinal differences.
Green and Pleasant Land
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

During the early years of the twenty-first century, ‘Jerusalem’ has been increasingly used in the arts and popular culture to represent England, a sign of the resurgence of English nationalism that has played out in various formats from music and sport to politics. The chapter explores the differences in reception of the Blake–Parry hymn by various sports and sporting events. It is during this period (1997–2016) that the popularity of the hymn has also drawn attention to the divided nature of the country and what Blake’s words and Parry’s music represent, especially during the run-up to the European Union membership referendum in 2016 and the resulting Brexit.
The ‘Physiologists’ and Material Minds
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Beginning with Locke, many philosophers argued that experience and thinking could be powers of matter or else extra capabilities divinely imposed on matter ‘suitably organised.’ Absent a substantial soul, this raised the threat of mortalism, permanent death. ‘Simplists’ opposed the idea that complexity could give rise to the impression of an individual self and to the coherence of its experiences as belonging to it. Kant opposed simplism as a metaphysical doctrine. Cartesian thinking substance—spiritualism—was unprovable, but then so was Lockean thinking matter—materialism. Even the critical philosopher, he argued, is permitted to conceive him or herself as something unified and enduring and to hope for a post-mortem existence. Perhaps the unknowable noumenon or noumena lies or lie at the basis, not only of ‘matter’ as it manifests itself to us, but also of my ‘mind’ as it manifests itself to me.
Epilogue
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Kant’s admirers in his own time regarded him as the renewer of metaphysics, who had put deterministic science in its place and shown space, time, and causality to be illusions and faith in God to be warranted and necessary. Few modern commentators appear to venerate Kant for these reasons. Somewhat implausibly, from the intellectual and social historian’s perspective, they present him as an advocate for self-determination and equal rights, and as a progressive supporter of eighteenth century natural and social science, rather than as determined to box up science in its place preventing any spill over into moral theory. Most admirable in Kant’s theorising, in view of the author, was his conception of what makes humans different from other animal species. These differentiating features are the deeply rooted will to harm and exploit others for one’s own benefit; the feeling for morality that is the counterweight to it; and the transmissibility of acquired knowledge and practice from generation to generation.
Divinization and the Transformation of Rome from Republic to Principate
Authors: Xinyue Bobby
Published: June 2022

This chapter focuses on the poetry produced around the time of the battle of Actium, and argues that the poets’ deployment of divinizing imagery is synchronized with the dawning realization that a new political order is about to emerge in Rome. The chapter begins by examining Horace’s Epode 9 and Satire 2.1, and suggests that the language of ‘aboveness’ in these poems not only underlines the emergence of a power gap between Octavian and the rest but also reflects an attempt by Horace to work out and reconcile with the new regime. Then this chapter presents a reading of the shifting relationship between poet and Caesar in Virgil’s Georgics, and argues that the interactions between these two figures in the course of Virgil’s poem dramatize Rome unstoppable drift towards autocracy. The final part of this chapter fleshes out a recurrent theme in Horace’s and Virgil’s representations of Octavian around the time of Actium—namely Octavian’s growing stature as a legal authority. This theme is explored further with a reading of Propertius 2.7 and 4.11, both of which deal with Augustan marriage legislation. Here it is argued that Propertius’ divinizing language in these poems highlights the extent to which personal speech and individual action are increasingly coming under state control as Rome steps out of the shadows of the civil war.
Arts, Aesthetics, and Managers
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter seeks to briefly survey the perspectives of the Athenian, Western, and Eastern philosophers on arts and aesthetics. In a broad sense, approaches to arts seek to explain ‘what art is’ and ‘what art does’. It is a bare fact that artist(e)s as managers have a more intimate understanding of aesthetics in comparison to professional managers of arts organizations. Indeed, professional managers who do not understand the aesthetic significance of art forms will not be in a position to assess, present and project their organizations in a convincing manner to the outside world. Further, knowledge of aesthetics helps managers gauge the larger impact of their activities on artist(e)s as well as consumers. The chapter underscores the importance of managers of arts organizations adopting the idea of wholesomeness in their approach to arts. The chapter also highlights the importance of arts organizations adopting branding efforts to project their organizations. It is argued that by creating space for artist/artiste freedom and proactively engaging with connoisseurs and other opinion creators, it is possible for arts organizations to enhance their customer base. The chapter concludes by stating that managers need to play a major role in determining how far their organization’s offerings are in tune with the cultural and arts policies laid down by the State.
Theatres
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter takes a close look at four performing arts theatres, namely the Mariinsky Opera and Ballet Theatre in Russia, the Kabuki-za Theatre in Japan and the National Centre for Performing Arts (NCPA), and ‘Nepathya’ from India. While the first two are large repertory theatres, the NCPA is a non-repertory theatre. Nepathya, by contrast, is a micro-repertory theatre that specializes in Kutiyattom. The chapter revisits the organizational design of these theatres and closely examines the funding strategy and governance systems adopted by these theatres. The major proposition advanced in this chapter is that the size of a theatre has little bearing on its ownership structure, organizational design, or funding systems. Of the four theatres, Mariinsky and Nepathya are predominantly financed by the State. The Kabuki-za is financed by non-Government revenues and grants. The NCPA is also funded largely from non-Government sources. While the Mariinsky Theatre is State-owned, the Kabuki-za which is organized as a Company, is run by another Company (the Shochiku Company) on an agency mode. The NCPA, which is governed as an autonomous ‘Trust’, is neither Government owned nor Corporate controlled. The micro-theatre Nepathya, on the other hand, is registered as a ‘Society’ ( a variant of a ‘Trust’). In terms of their organizational design, the Mariinsky and the Kabuki-za Theatres are of the ‘open-loop’ type, while the NCPA is a linear organization. Nepathya, by contrast, is a closed-loop organization. The chapter surveys the common management challenges faced by the four types of theatres. It concludes with a discussion on the larger implications of performing arts theatres on cultural and arts policies.
Economics of the Unique
Authors: Damodaran A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter surveys the critical economic concepts of relevance to managers of arts organizations. The chapter delves on the unique character of arts resources, the difficulties of pricing intangible cultural heritage resources that do not enter the market place, and the possible manner in which non-market tools of valuation such as contingent valuation, hedonic valuation, and the travel costs method can be employed to value arts and heritage. The chapter examines how cultural and arts policies can influence consumer preferences through incentive mechanisms. Also examined is the phenomenon of asymmetric information that leads to the prevalence of trade in spurious art works. Also looked into are the systems of financing arts organizations in different parts of the world. The chapter finally explores the functioning of art auction markets, and the advent of unique financial techniques like secured lending which facilitate transactions in works of art.
From Bitesize Morsels to Thyestean Feasts
Authors: Sandis Elizabeth
Published: June 2022

Every grammar-school boy learnt the building blocks of Seneca’s Latin, but the most ambitious of those who went on to university took their learning to the next level and composed whole tragedies in the neo-Senecan style. These works were designed to wow peers, impress tutors, and compete with the fashions on the London stage. The Latin-based tradition of revenge tragedy at Oxford and Cambridge is less familiar to us than the English-based tradition, but it is equally influential in the development of English drama, not least because the majority of the London-based playwrights were scholars who had trained at the universities. In this chapter I explain how Seneca’s plays, and his Thyestes in particular, came to be regarded as symbols of competitive spirit and ambition for English playwrights right across the board, from university colleges to the London playhouses.
What Can Be Taken On?
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P.
Published: June 2022

Belief in God’s embodiment or incarnation was fundamental to Christian faith. When Pico published a thesis about this doctrine in his Conclusions, the Pope swiftly attacked it as heretical. Pico relied on eminent authorities like Henry of Ghent and used suppo- words to defend his position. As a matter of Christian orthodoxy, who was right about the sacred dogma of incarnation: the prince or his papal opponents? Answers to this threatening question turned on suppo- words. The intemperate author of the Apology revered a Church that executed people like himself, before and after his heresy trial, because the Church’s agents condemned wrong answers to such questions as grievous sins, not just misunderstandings—as insults to God that deserved capital punishment. Mistakes about terminology could be fatal.
Knowing as you are Known
Authors: Strobel Kyle
Published: June 2022

This chapter attends to the nature of Christian prayer as a form of shared presence. How might one respond if one experiences abandonment, isolation, or condemnation in prayer? This practical question follows more theoretical material on how Christian prayer assumes a twofold presence: God’s unique presence to the Christian and the Christian’s call to reciprocate that presence with a significant personal presence. The chapter grounds prayer theologically, before addressing prayer by faith alone. Following this, first, a feature of Eleonore Stump’s profound articulation of personal presence is narrated. Second, the chapter uses the notion of faith to articulate the mode of Christian prayer, and the implications for understanding one’s experience of prayer. Finally, the chapter addresses the seemingly ubiquitous experience of alienation in prayer, utilizing two key biblical passages. Reformed theology is drawn on for various instincts and constructs that can speak into the odd reality of prayer.
‘Guard this rich trust’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the theme of human entrustedness by God, arguing that there is more language of people being entrusted, especially in the Pauline corpus and the gospels, than has been recognized. God’s and Christ’s therapeutic trust in humanity, which trusts them even though they are not yet reliably trustworthy, in the confidence that they will grow in trustworthiness, plays a vital role in the divine‒human relationship. Individuals and communities are entrusted with the gospel, with stewardship and oversight of churches, with a wide range of gifts, with teachings and traditions, with being an example for others, with care for one another, and with care for the material world. Being entrusted is both a gift and an obligation, and is strongly eschatological in focus. The relationship between trust and the spirit and between entrustedness and power are discussed, and it is argued that trust precedes the reception and gifts of the spirit, and that spiritual power depends on trust. Finally, this chapter offers an outline of an ‘ethic of entrustedness’, exploring how faithful individuals and communities might understand themselves as entrusted today, and with what implications for their behaviour and relationships.
Introduction
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

The introduction sets out the three main lines of analysis in this book: the conceptualization of algorithmic reason, the approach focused on the government of self and other, and the methodology of the scene. Algorithmic reason renders the conditions of possibility of governing practices and helps us understand how seemingly messy and mundane practices are held together and circulate globally. We approach algorithmic reason from the perspective of the government of self and other to analyse how boundaries are redrawn algorithmically, and differences recast. What had in the past required strong narratives of difference and identity is now produced through permanent algorithmic operations. The book develops a methodology of the ‘scene’ to understand how algorithmic reason and operations emerge through controversies and encounter frictions, refusal, and resistance. Finally, the introduction outlines the structure of this work in three parts: ‘Rationalities’ (Part I), ‘Materializations’ (Part II), and ‘Interventions’ (Part III).
Decision
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

How do algorithms make decisions, how do they draw lines of difference? Mobilizing the lesser-known critical theory of Günther Anders, this chapter argues that we need to approach algorithmic decision-making through the prism of production and distributed human-machine work. To this end, we develop a methodology to ‘follow an algorithm’ marketed by CivicScape, a predictive policing company. Algorithmic decisions emerge via geometrical calculations and the spatialized partitioning of data points. These decisions become difficult to trace, given what Anders calls their infra-sensible and supra-sensible character. By situating our analysis within the scene of predictive policing, we show that a new rationality of partitioning is constitutive of algorithmic reason and the government of difference.
Accountability
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

As facial recognition is increasingly deployed around the world, from the US to China, civil liberties activists and democratic actors have drawn attention to its error rates and privacy invasions. The chapter unpacks new facets of algorithmic accountability, as it emerged nationally and transnationally by producing accounts of algorithmic error and by providing trustworthy explanations of what algorithms do. An algorithmic accountability and auditing industry has emerged to answer growing concerns that humans cannot trust fast-developing algorithms. Rather than analysing accountability through techniques of verification and responsibilization, we draw on scenes of contestation of facial recognition in China to develop another form of calling to account through refusal. Attending to refusal as a form of accountability expands the political scene of algorithmic interventions and challenges how liberal and authoritarian imaginaries to technological innovation are allocated following geopolitical lines.