bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eenzijdige wijzigingsmogelijkheden jegens gepensioneerden onder de PSW en de PW: van onbeschermd naar beschermd?
Authors: Van Leeuwen Anton
Published: December 2014

Eenzijdige wijzigingsmogelijkheden jegens gepensioneerden onder de PSW en de PW: van onbeschermd naar beschermd?

In de vanaf 1 januari 2007 geldende Pensioenwet (PW) is bepaald dat een onvoorwaardelijk recht op indexatie deel uitmaakt van een pensioenaanspraak. Een pensioenaanspraak is volgens de PW in beginsel niet voor wijziging vatbaar. De Hoge Raad besliste in een tweetal arresten uit 2013 impliciet dat een onvoorwaardelijk recht op indexatie onder de tot 1 januari 2007 geldende Pensioen- en Spaarfondsenwet (PSW) wel gewijzigd kon worden. Verder oordeelde de Hoge Raad dat onder de PSW een eenzijdige wijzigingsmogelijkheid jegens gepensioneerden slechts beperkt wordt door het algemeen verbintenissenrecht. Er geldt dus geen beperking, zoals bepaald in artikel 7:613 BW en artikel 19 PW. De praktijk wijst uit dat dit tot onverwachte resultaten kan leiden (zie Hof Amsterdam 23 september 2014, (ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2014:4007)). De arresten van de Hoge Raad worden in deze bijdrage kritisch besproken.
Overdracht van jaarlijkse vakantie bij ziekte: alle ambtenaren zijn gelijk, zelfs de EU-ambtenaren zijn niet langer (on)gelijker dan de ambtenaren van de lidstaten
Authors: De Becker Alexander
Published: December 2014

Overdracht van jaarlijkse vakantie bij ziekte: alle ambtenaren zijn gelijk, zelfs de EU-ambtenaren zijn niet langer (on)gelijker dan de ambtenaren van de lidstaten

Het grondrecht op jaarlijkse vakantie impliceerde, volgens eerdere rechtspraak van het Hof van Justitie, ook een grondrecht op overdracht van door ziekte niet-opgenomen vakantiedagen op basis van hetgeen was bepaald in de Arbeidstijdenrichtlijn 2003/88. Dit recht op overdracht van jaarlijkse vakantie werd niettemin nog steeds ingeperkt in het statuut van de EU-ambtenaren. De heer Strack – EU-ambtenaar – vond dat hij niettemin aanspraak kon maken op de volledige overdracht van zijn door ziekte niet-opgenomen vakantiedagen. De Europese Commissie volgde zijn redenering echter niet omdat EU-ambtenaren niet rechtstreeks onder het toepassingsgebied van de Arbeidstijdenrichtlijn 2003/88 vallen. Het Gerecht voor ambtenarenzaken stelde de Commissie in het ongelijk, maar het Gerecht van eerste aanleg beslist dat de Commissie het wel bij het rechte eind had. Uiteindelijk oordeelde het Hof van Justitie, in het belang van de eenheid van de rechtspraak, dat de EU-ambtenaren ook aanspraak dienden te kunnen maken op de overdracht van hun door ziekte niet-opgenomen vakantiedagen. Het arrest van het Hof van Justitie staat in deze bijdrage centraal.
Ere wie ere toekomt
Authors: Althoff Martina
Published: December 2014

Honour, violence and gender: a critical perspective

Honour, violence and masculinity are closely linked in traditional criminology, and are combined with an ethnic profile of the offender. This article discusses the conclusion of these assumptions as ethnocentric, but also as a simplification of the gendered idea of honour. Beliefs about honour, which are reduced to the male gender, and understood as conductive to crime, disregard insights regarding violent females, and awareness about the significance of honour in marginalized groups. Furthermore, this contribution discusses the supplementary value of a critical gender perspective, for discussion in criminology about honour and crime.
2018?
Authors: Gierveld H.A.J.
Published: December 2014

2018?

Dit redactioneel vormt de aftrap voor het themanummer over het wetsvoorstel voor een Omgevingswet.
Actualiteiten geluid: twee jaar jurisprudentie SWUNG-1
Authors: Geerdink J.H.
Published: December 2014

Actualiteiten geluid: twee jaar jurisprudentie SWUNG-1

Twee jaar geleden is de Wet modernisering instrumentarium geluidbeleid, geluidproductieplafonds in werking getreden. Daarbij is de Wet geluidhinder (Wgh) gewijzigd en hoofdstuk 11 Geluid aan de Wet milieubeheer (Wm) toegevoegd. Dit geheel aan regelgeving wordt aangeduid als SWUNG-1 (Samen Werken aan de Uitvoering van Nieuw Geluidbeleid, deel 1). Daarbij zijn geluidproductieplafonds ingevoerd in de Wm, de regels over geluidsbelastingkaarten en actieplannen van de Wgh overgeheveld naar de Wm en is de Wgh vereenvoudigd. Het is de eerste stap naar volledige integratie van de Wgh in de Wm. Dit artikel bevat een overzicht van de meest opvallende SWUNG-1-uitspraken van de afgelopen twee jaar.
Three lichen species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) new to Belarus
Authors: Tsurykau Andrei , Czarnota Paweł
Published: December 2014

Micarea elachista, M. micrococca and M. misella are reported for the first time from Belarus. Their phenotypic characters, distribution and ecological preferences are given.
Trashumancias femeninas y traslocaciones políticas : los desarrollos de un feminismo que se reivindica radical y otro
Authors: Cucó Giner Josepa
Published: December 2014

Este artículo se ocupa de una corriente del feminismo español cuyos orígenes y desarrollos se hallan ligados a los avatares de un partido de la izquierda revolucionaria española, el Movimiento Comunista, y de la red de organizaciones que le sucedieron. Se trata de un feminismo singular en el que se aúnan una praxis perseverante y un pensamiento potente, al igual que son potentes las mujeres que lo han liderado a lo largo de cuarenta años; un feminismo que además combina las tareas de difusión de la acción y pensamiento propios con una intervención decidida dentro del movimiento feminista español. Situada en este campo, la investigación focaliza cuatro aspectos consecutivos, a los que siguen unas breves conclusiones: i) sus desarrollos hasta los años noventa del pasado siglo, periodo durante el que este feminismo evoluciona en concordancia con la militancia política revolucionaria; ii) los rasgos esenciales de su actual ideario; iii) las estructuras y procesos desde donde se genera y difunde; iv) los énfasis observados en sus maneras de ser y presentarse, y las sinergias que comparte con el conjunto organizativo más amplio del que forma parte.
Ortega ante la crisis y el futuro de la Antropología
Authors: Sanmartín Arce Ricardo
Published: December 2014

Bajo la inspiración y las anticipaciones de Ortega se presentan en este ensayo ideas sobre el futuro de la Antropología Social y Cultural, abocada también al estudio de los cambios actuales en las sociedades modernas y las implicaciones metodológicas que comporta. Se presta una atención particular a la Antropología en Europa y a la obra reciente de antropólogos italianos con interesantes aportaciones que replantean el papel de los investigadores y de la etnografía misma.
Superficies que engañan: dos experiencias
Authors: Münzel Mark
Published: December 2014

Se comparan dos experiencias de trabajo de campo que a primera vista parecen muy diferentes: Por un lado, una sociedad tradicionalista que defiende su cultura y no da mucha importancia al antropólogo. Por otro lado, una comunidad dependiente de comerciantes no indígenas y que considera al antropólogo como otro invasor representante de la sociedad nacional poderosa con el que hay que colaborar. En los dos casos, el antropólogo al final debe admitir que no había comprendido muy bien la situación: debajo de las diferencias, descubre paralelos. La sociedad indígena a primera vista destruida y dependiente, a segunda vista se mantiene muy fuerte. Y es una esencia del trabajo antropológico: comprender lo aparente y lo oculto en la medida en que la sociedad a la que se visita quieran bien dejarnos comprender.
Casos heterogéneos para la comprensión de la violencia en Venezuela
Authors: Acuña Delgado Ángel
Published: December 2014

En el presente ensayo utilizamos algunos de los datos ofrecidos por el Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia, investigaciones puntuales y noticias de prensa, para establecer un amplio marco de referencia sobre el contexto espacial, temporal y circunstancial que afecta a la violencia en Venezuela. No obstante, el objetivo principal invita a reflexionar en torno a cuatro casos concretos de situaciones violentas vividas en primera persona, que por su diversidad ayudan a entender el amplio espectro en donde se desarrolla, las personas que son afectadas, sus reacciones, los motivos desencadenantes y las consecuencias que produce. Tras la introducción, hacemos una aproximación teórica a la violencia para aclarar mínimamente el concepto en su compleja heterogeneidad. Describimos a grandes trazos el contexto histórico en relación con la violencia que vive el país, como marco de referencia situacional. Ofrecemos seguidamente cuatro casos heterogéneos de comportamientos violentos basados en la propia experiencia que permiten hacer pensar. Y apoyados en dichos casos reflexionamos por último para tratar de comprender cuales son las claves del fenómeno desde una perspectiva contextual y multicausal.
Body mass index and associated physical activity levels in 7 - 10-year-old children in primary schools in Port Elizabeth
Authors: Baard M
Published: December 2014

Background. Declining levels of physical activity coupled with the rising incidence of childhood obesity in developing countries are of health concern. Current daily recommendations for preadolescent children are to accumulate 60 min of moderate physical activity per day. In South Africa, physical education forms part of the life skills curriculum, but children have limited school time to engage in physical activity. As many obesogenic behaviours are learnt in childhood and track into adulthood, physical activity should be promoted at a young age and should be a research priority. Objectives. To explore and determine the association between body mass index (BMI) and daily physical activity levels as expressed in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) in 7 - 10-year-old children in quintile-5 English-medium primary schools in Port Elizabeth. Methods. A quantitative, descriptive, one-way, cross-sectional design utilising random sampling was used. A once-off survey comprised anthropometric assessment of height and weight of 713 participants. Age- and gender-specific prevalence rates of overweight, obesity and underweight were calculated based on the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off points. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and χ2 tests were performed. A validated once-off interviewer-administered physical activity questionnaire was utilised to determine daily energy costs. Results. The BMI of the majority of children fell within the norm and was coupled with high levels of daily physical activity (average of 893 METs). No significant relationship was found for BMI and physical activity (p=0.8). Conclusion. Daily level of physical activity is not significantly related to BMI in urban children from an economically privileged setting
Déclinaisons et figures ekphrastiques
Authors: Louvel Liliane
Published: December 2014

Dans le prolongement de travaux antérieurs, l’auteure propose de thématiser la notion d’ekphrasis et ses modes particuliers de manifestation et de réalisation. En se référant à titre illustratif au roman House of Mirth d’Edith Wharton, elle définit ou affine le sens de notions centrales telles que l’« ekphrasis maïeutique », le « moment ekphrastique » et l’« ekphrasis monumentale ». Elle réfléchit en outre aux distinctions entre la description littéraire d’oeuvre « réelle » et la description d’oeuvre imaginaire, laquelle se rencontre notamment dans la « notional ekphrasis ». Les propositions qu’elle formule invitent à reconnaître l’amplitude intermédiale de l’ekphrasis, à en mesurer toute l’extension : du texte littéraire où elle se déploie jusqu’aux frontières de l’écrit sur l’art et de l’histoire de l’art qu’elle borde.
Toward the Decolonization of African Literature, « that now-classic manifesto of African cultural nationalism »
Authors: Ofoego Obioma
Published: December 2014

Ce texte se propose d’analyser la problématique de la construction d’un sujet collectif (noir, africain, pan-africain), qui est au centre du manifeste littéraire Toward the Decolonization of African Literature : African Fiction and Poetry and Their Critics (1980), de la troïka igbo Chinweizu, Onwuchekwa Jemie et Ihechukwu Madubuike. Il s’agira de réfléchir sur la compatibilité entre l’ambition de ce projet et les stratégies prescriptives du manifeste, dont découle une esthétique « africaine ».
Black Markets and Desertion: Soldiers' Criminality in Helsinki 1748-1757
Authors: Talvitie Petri
Published: December 2014

By combining source material from both the military and civilian courts, this article seeks to broaden our view of soldiers’ criminality during the early modern period, especially in garrison towns. Earlier research has stressed soldiers’ propensity to violence and rowdiness. This article, however, highlights soldiers’activity in the urban black markets. The research focuses on mid- eighteenth century Helsinki, which became an important garrison town and naval base after the Russo-Swedish war (1741–1743), which had unfortunate consequences for Sweden. Thousands of soldiers from nearly all corners of Sweden were transported to the town to construct a new sea fortress, Sveaborg. Soldiers were paid badly and, consequently, they had to resort to illegal means, such as stealing and selling stolen goods, to support themselves and their families. Desertion was especially high among enlisted soldiers.
The Case of Fabian Philip, Karlskrona’s First Jewish Entrepreneur: A Swedish example of the Port Jews Phenomenon?
Authors: Svensson Harry R:son
Published: December 2014

When studying a local society dominated by naval officers and the extent to which they integrated the Jewish community in their midst, a new perspective on Swedish naval history is revealed. The Swedish Royal Navy has always been internationally orientated, but previous research has not taken this into account. Furthermore, not much research has been undertaken on the Swedish Royal Navy at all. As a metropolitan outpost, Karlskrona has generally been seen, by historians and contemporaries alike, as largely peripheral to the upheavals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jews were not allowed to settle in Sweden until 1779, but in 1782 their settlement was permitted, though restricted to Stockholm, Gothenburg and Norrköping. The naval city of Karlskrona became an exception to the regulations. Previous research on the Jewish parish in Karlskrona was undertaken in the 1910s, and mistakenly concluded that it was the most unfriendly environment for Jews in early modern Sweden. This article seeks to reinterpret old sources and add newly found ones, which together engender a new perception of Jewish integration in Karlskrona. This is done by adopting the Port Jews concept and recognizing naval cities as internationally orientated production centres. In line with this, the article argues that Karlskrona, together with Gothenburg, should be interpreted as a Swedish example of the Port Jews concept.
Terrestrial Salamander Abundances along and within an Electric Power Line Right-of-Way
Authors: Brannon M. Patrick , Allan Emily C. , Silinski Matthew C.
Published: December 2014

Electric power line right-of-ways (ROWs) are a relatively understudied form of disturbance in otherwise continuous forested habitats in the southern Appalachian Mountains. At a study site within the Nantahala National Forest, Macon County, NC, we performed repeated daytime searches of natural cover objects and nighttime visual surveys within a ROW and at 15-m intervals up to 50 m into the adjacent forest to examine potential edge effects on the abundances of terrestrial salamanders. Data on a variety of microhabitat features were also collected during each sampling period, but no discernable edge effect was observed. Sunlight intensity was greater and leaf litter thinner in the ROW as compared to the adjacent forest, but no other habitat variable differed significantly. We found 218 surface-active salamanders at night and 21 beneath rotting logs during the day representing five species. Relative abundances of salamanders were similar between the ROW and the forest and did not demonstrate any significant variation with increasing distance from the edge. No salamanders were found in the ROW during the day beneath rotting logs, and those found at night were large adults. Salamanders persisting in ROWs appear to rely on availability of burrows. Although the narrowness of the canopy gaps and associated habitat features in power line right-of-ways appear to mitigate microclimate, mobility of salamanders in such areas may be restricted.
Acidic Seawater can Promote Larval Metamorphosis in the Marine Mud Snail, Nassarius obsoletus
Authors: Leise Esther M. , Washburn Jeremy T. , Long Joshua , Bridgewater Brandi , Shah Nishant
Published: December 2014

Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 have had the unintended effect of acidifying the world's oceans by at least 0.1 pH unit since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Current models of the effects of continued CO2 release anticipate a further increase in ocean acidity by 0.14 to 0.4 pH units by the end of this century. Numerous marine organisms with calcareous shells or exoskeletons are expected to undergo deleterious effects, including shell or exoskeletal dissolution or calcification with increased metabolic costs. While many studies have documented potential effects of ocean acidity on adult calcareous organisms, less work has focused on embryonic or developmental changes. Alterations in ocean biochemistry can affect metabolic processes beyond calcification, and our investigations into the development of the local intertidal mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus, led us to hypothesize that rising ocean acidity would increase incidents of larval shell decalcification, decrease larval growth rates, and induce precocious metamorphosis. As an initial study of potential effects of future acidic conditions on larval N. obsoletus, we raised larvae in seawater adjusted to lower than normal pH levels with hydrochloric acid (HCl), measured larval growth every 5 days in 15 randomly selected individuals from each culture, and conducted experiments on larval metamorphosis in physiologically competent larvae. We found no major trend in growth patterns of larvae from pH 8.2 to 7.7. However, results from a number of pharmacological experiments demonstrated that larvae grown in acidic conditions metamorphose more readily than controls. Our investigations are far from a definitive exploration of the effects of oceanic acidity on the development of this marine mollusc, but our data suggest that key developmental processes in marine invertebrates may be influenced in unexpected ways by continued climatic changes.
Enhanced removal of groundwater‐borne nitrate in heterogeneous aquatic sediments
Authors: Sawyer A. H.
Published: December 2014

Anthropogenic nitrate loads to rivers and coasts deteriorate coastal water quality. The primary sink for nitrate is denitrification in aquatic sediments. Here I show that nitrate removal rates in upwelling groundwater are as much as 60 times more efficient in heterogeneous than equivalent homogeneous aquatic sediments, even when travel times are the same. Coupled flow and reactive transport simulations were used to quantify the removal of groundwater‐borne nitrate in aquatic sediments with sand and silt structures that represent infilled burrows, rip‐up clasts, or other core‐scale features. In silt structures with greater organic carbon content and microbial biomass, aerobic respiration consumes oxygen, creating localized zones of denitrification that would not otherwise exist in homogeneous sediments. While hot spots of denitrification have previously been shown to form in organic‐rich aggregates in soils and sediments, this study is the first to quantify their potentially large influence on groundwater‐borne nitrate loads to surface waters.
Traveling slippery patches produce thickness‐scale folds in ice sheets
Authors: Wolovick Michael J. , Creyts Timothy T. , Buck W. Roger , Bell Robin E.
Published: December 2014

Large, complex stratigraphic folds that rise as high as 60% of the local ice thickness have been observed in ice sheets on Antarctica and Greenland. Here we show that ice deformation caused by heterogeneous and time‐variable basal sliding can produce the observed structures. We do this using a thermomechanical ice sheet model in which sliding occurs when the base approaches the melting point and slippery patches develop. These slippery patches emerge and travel downstream because of a feedback between ice deformation, vertical flow, and temperature. Our model produces the largest overturned structures, comparable to observations, when the patches move at about the ice column velocity. We conclude that the history of basal slip conditions is recorded in the ice sheet strata. These basal conditions appear to be dynamic and heterogeneous even in the slow‐flowing interior regions of large ice sheets.
Explanatory Notes – General
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H.
Published: December 2014

TNM Supplement. A Commentary on Uniform Use, Fourth Edition, extends and clarifies the most recent version of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, providing a monograph that amplifies and unifies the principles and practice of cancer staging. The TNM (Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis) classification remains the most widely employed system for staging of cancer and the anatomic extent of disease represented by the TNM system is the most important predictor of outcome for most tumours.

This chapter provides additional explanatory information for the general application of TNM providing more precise definitions for the general rules of the TNM system, definition of anatomical sites/ subsites, regional lymph nodes and T, N, and M categories that are generic or ambiguous.
Optional Proposals for Testing New Telescopic Ramifications of
TNM
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H.
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, various proposals for optional subdivision of the existing T, N and M categories, i.e., “telescopic” ramification, are presented. Telescoping accommodates the collection of additional data without altering the definitions of the existing TNM categories.

The concept of telescoping permits an orderly expansion of TNM elements to allow for

testing of subcategories for prognosis and

treatment planning considerations.

Telescoping accommodates “splitters” and “lumpers”, permits data from expansions to collapse into the standard categories and promotes testing of new hypotheses uniformly in different centres.

The editors recognize that staging has to be simple enough for universal use in both highly developed and developing countries and sufficiently uncomplicated so that medical professionals are not discouraged from using the system. On the other hand, for specialized institutions and for investigational purposes a relatively simple staging system is not sufficient and runs the risk of not being used. For these specialized institutions the TNM system may be made more attractive by further subdivision of the existing categories (telescopic ramification) and by including additional descriptors.

The proposals for subdivisions and additional designations in this section are presented for investigational use and are
entirely optional
. Some proposals relate to subclassifications of M1 and are of interest to oncologists. Justification for each proposal is given based on published data or clinical experience.
Increasing the Reactivity of Amides towards Organometallic Reagents: An Overview
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Holzer Wolfgang , Olofsson Berit
Published: December 2014

The nucleophilic addition of carbon nucleophiles to amides has traditionally been a difficult task, both due to reactivity and selectivity problems. When successful, these processes would represent straightforward routes towards carbonyl‐type or amine compounds, depending on the fate of the generated tetrahedral intermediate. The direct addition of nucleophiles to amides for the preparation of ketones has been studied and applied to the syntheses of several natural products. On the other hand, the addition of nucleophiles to amides to obtain substituted amines represented a major challenge, and only scattered applications on particular substrates have appeared. Initial improvements were based on the activation of amides by introduction of particular substituents, such as in N‐methoxy amides (Weinreb amides) or electron‐withdrawing groups able to increase the carbon nucleophilicity. Although these strategies facilitate the introduction of nucleophiles, chemoselectivity issues arise when additional electrophilic moieties (i.e., carbonyls) are present, thus decreasing the versatility of the methods. In recent years, important advancements towards fully chemoselective methods have been realized. The capture of tetrahedral intermediates with acids generates highly electrophilic iminium species able to undergo chemoselective additions of various nucleophiles, thus accessing substituted amines. Alternatively, the in situ generation of an iminium triflate ion allows highly chemoselective additions of nucleophiles, yielding amines, ketones or ketimines. Also thioamides can be used as precursors of ketones or α‐substituted amines. The success of the above methodologies is further showcased by the application in various syntheses of natural products or biologically active molecules.

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Low Substrate Temperature Encapsulation for Flexible Electrodes and Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Chen Nan , Kovacik Peter , Howden Rachel M. , Wang Xiaoxue , Lee Sunghwan , Gleason Karen K.
Published: December 2014

Encapsulation is of key importance to improve the stability and lifetime of organic conductors and devices, mainly in applications such as flexible electrodes or organic photovoltaics (OPV). Here, a single‐layer conformal encapsulation method is demonstrated via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) for organic conductor, poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The accelerated degradation tests at 100 °C show that the conductivity of encapsulated PEDOT can be retained up to 17 times longer than that of the unencapsulated counterpart. PEDOT degradation and encapsulation mechanisms are also discussed. Furthermore, the versatility of the iCVD encapsulation on a top‐illuminated OPV architecture that can be used to produce low‐cost photovoltaics devices on various unconventional substrates (e.g., paper) is demonstrated. Unlike previous approaches of using solely water/oxygen barriers, the encapsulation effect of polymer films on OPV devices is improved by a thin layer capping of evaporated UV‐screening material, Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) over the iCVD polymer layer. This bilayer encapsulation strategy efficiently slows the degradation of OPVs and represents a new method to encapsulate OPV and other organic devices.
Flexible Asymmetric Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Bi2O3 and MnO2 Nanoflowers: Larger Areal Mass Promises Higher Energy Density
Authors: Xu Henghui , Hu Xianluo , Yang Huiling , Sun Yongming , Hu Chenchen , Huang Yunhui
Published: December 2014

A flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with high energy density is designed and fabricated using flower‐like Bi2O3 and MnO2 grown on carbon nanofiber (CNF) paper as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively. The lightweight (1.6 mg cm−2), porous, conductive, and flexible features make the CNF paper an ideal support for guest active materials, which permit a large areal mass of 9 mg cm−2 for Bi2O3 (≈85 wt% of the entire electrode). Thus, the optimal device with an operation voltage of 1.8 V can deliver a high energy density of 43.4 μWh cm−2 (11.3 W h kg−1, based on the total electrodes) and a maximum power density of 12.9 mW cm−2 (3370 W kg−1). This work provides an example of large areal mass and flexible electrode for ASCs with high areal capacitance and high energy density, holding great promise for future flexible electronic devices.
3‐Alkyloxycyclobutanones as Useful Synthons for Heterocycle and Carbocycle Synthesis
Authors: Chen Shi , Shan Gang , Nie Pengju , Rao Yu
Published: December 2014

Substituted 3‐alkyloxycyclobutanones are highly valuable intermediates in organic synthesis, which demonstrate interesting and rich reactivity in different types of reactions due to the strain energy. Under Lewis acid catalysis, 3‐alkyloxycyclobutanones can form zwitterionic intermediates and participate in a series of cycloaddition reactions as three‐ or four‐carbon synthons. This Focus Review will mainly discuss formal [4+2], [3+2], and [3+3] annulations as well as other types of transformations with 3‐alkyloxycyclobutanones.
Integrating cortisol and isotopic analyses of archeological hair: Reconstructing individual experiences of health and stress
Authors: Webb Emily C. , White Christine D. , Van Uum Stan , Longstaffe Fred J.
Published: December 2014

Archeological hair from 14 adults from the Nasca Region, Peru (c. AD1–1000) was analyzed for carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions and cortisol levels. We investigated the relationship between isotopic compositions, which reflect diet, and cortisol, which reflects biogenic cortisol production and chronic stress. Using a case study approach, we determined that there are consistent changes in cortisol production associated with the rapid dietary change characteristic of local mobility. Moreover, changes in nitrogen‐ and carbon‐isotope compositions, when integrated with cortisol levels, enabled inferences to be made about nitrogen metabolism and carbon routing, and elucidated the nature of potential stressors in the months before death. The isotopic and cortisol data suggested a relatively high rate of exposure to stress that is consistent with what is known about the Nasca Region social and physical environments. Of the 14 adults included in this study, six likely suffered from illness/trauma before death, and a further three experienced stress without an observable associated change in isotopic composition. Five individuals also experienced increased stress related to local mobility, inferred from co‐occurring changes in cortisol production and dietary shifting. The integration of cortisol and isotopic data revealed individual characteristics of hidden frailty and risk that would not be apparent using more traditional methods of evaluating health status. This approach will provide a powerful enhancement to the understanding of stress, morbidity, and well‐being developed through skeletal analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:577–594, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tuning Riboswitch‐Mediated Gene Regulation by Rational Control of Aptamer Ligand Binding Properties
Authors: Rode Ambadas B. , Endoh Tamaki , Sugimoto Naoki
Published: December 2014

Riboswitch‐mediated control of gene expression depends on ligand binding properties (kinetics and affinity) of its aptamer domain. A detailed analysis of interior regions of the aptamer, which affect the ligand binding properties, is important for both understanding natural riboswitch functions and for enabling rational design of tuneable artificial riboswitches. Kinetic analyses of binding reaction between flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and several natural and mutant aptamer domains of FMN‐specific riboswitches were performed. The strong dependence of the dissociation rate (52.6‐fold) and affinity (100‐fold) on the identities of base pairs in the aptamer stem suggested that the stem region, which is conserved in length but variable in base‐pair composition and context, is the tuning region of the FMN‐specific aptamer. Synthetic riboswitches were constructed based on the same aptamer domain by rationally modifying the tuning regions. The observed 9.31‐fold difference in the half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) corresponded to a 11.6‐fold difference in the dissociation constant (KD) of the aptamer domains and suggested that the gene expression can be controlled by rationally adjusting the tuning regions.
Nanoribbon‐Structured Organo Zinc Phosphite Polymorphs with White‐Light Photoluminescence
Authors: Huang Hui‐Lin , Wang Sue‐Lein
Published: December 2014

The first neutral organo zinc phosphites composed of 2.8 nm‐wide ribbons were obtained in pure phases and exhibit near‐white‐light photoluminescence (PL). By using the “mesitylene strategy”, interesting polymorphism in the system of NTHU‐14 was discovered. The S‐shaped ribbons are arranged into R and L arrays, resulting in RLR and RRR stacking for two polymorphs. π–π interactions exist within each array and hydrogen bonding between adjacent arrays. Besides a common ligand‐based emission band at 410 nm, the PL curves of polymorphs 14‐α and 14‐β are distinctly different: 14‐α gave a defect‐based emission at 565 nm, whereas 14‐β primarily shows a π‐excimer‐based emission at 535 nm. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data disclosed that radical species exist in the reaction and that the two phases were growing from different environments. Based on these results, the origin of the 565 nm band can be ascribed to lattice defects, and one possible cause of 14‐β not showing noticeable yellow emission is identified.
Wettability‐Regulated Extracellular Electron Transfer from the Living Organism of Shewanella loihica PV‐4
Authors: Ding Chun‐mei , Lv Mei‐ling , Zhu Ying , Jiang Lei , Liu Huan
Published: December 2014

C‐type cytochromes located on the outer membrane (OMCs) of genus Shewanella act as the main redox‐active species to mediate extracellular electron transfer (EET) from the inside of the outer membrane to the external environment: the central challenge that must be met for successful EET. The redox states of OMCs play a crucial role in dictating the rate and extent of EET. Here, we report that the surface wettability of the electrodes strongly influences the EET activity of living organisms of Shewanella loihica PV‐4 at a fixed external potential: the EET activity on a hydrophilic electrode is more than five times higher than that on a hydrophobic one. We propose that the redox state of OMCs varies significantly at electrodes with different wettability, resulting in different EET activities.
Heteroatom‐embedded Medium‐Sized Cycloalkynes: Concise Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Reactions
Authors: Ni Runyan , Mitsuda Naoto , Kashiwagi Takeru , Igawa Kazunobu , Tomooka Katsuhiko
Published: December 2014

A variety of medium‐sized cycloalkynes were efficiently synthesized by the double Nicholas reaction of cobalt complex and bis(hetero)substituted acyclic compound. The alkyne moiety within the ring has a unique bent structure and high reactivity toward cycloaddition reactions. Furthermore, preparation of multifunctionalized alkynes was achieved by embedding the cycloalkyne within a peptide chain.
The Efficacy of Abatacept in Reducing Synovial T Cell Activation by CD1c Myeloid Dendritic Cells Is Overruled by the Stimulatory Effects of T Cell–Activating Cytokines
Authors: Moret F. M. , Bijlsma J. W. J. , Lafeber F. P. J. G. , van Roon J. A. G.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To investigate whether the potential of abatacept to inhibit vigorous CD1c myeloid dendritic cell (MDC)–driven activation of naive and memory CD4 T cells is abrogated in the presence of T cell–activating cytokines.

Methods

CD4 T cell subsets (naive [Tn], central memory [Tcm], and effector memory [Tem] T cells) were isolated from the peripheral blood (PB) of healthy controls and the PB and synovial fluid (SF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. CD4 T cells were cocultured with autologous, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)–primed CD1c MDCs in the presence or absence of abatacept (CTLA‐4Ig) and/or interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) or IL‐15. Subsequently, T cell proliferation and cytokine production were measured.

Results

The percentages of each CD4 T cell subset from the circulation of healthy controls and RA patients were comparable and mainly consisted of Tn and Tcm cells, whereas the SF of RA patients mainly consisted of Tcm and Tem cells. Activation of CD4 T cell subsets by TSLP‐primed MDCs from the RA PB was completely blocked by abatacept. Addition of IL‐7 or IL‐15 to the cocultures strongly increased CD4 T cell activation and overruled the inhibitory capacity of abatacept. IL‐7–induced reversal was associated with robust induction of interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL‐17 secretion. Similarly, CD4 T cell proliferation induced by TSLP‐primed MDCs from the SF of RA patients was strongly blocked by abatacept, but this inhibitory effect was vigorously overruled in the presence of IL‐7.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that the presence of T cell–activating cytokines such as IL‐7 or IL‐15 in the joints of RA patients reduces the capacity of abatacept to inhibit MDC‐driven CD4 T cell activation. This mechanism may be one explanation for the partial, and sometimes absent, response to abatacept therapy in a subset of patients.
Entwicklung eines innovativen Kammerquerschnitts für die neue Schleuse Dörverden
Authors: Ebers‐Ernst Jeannette , Herbort Johannes
Published: December 2014

Nach fast fünfjähriger Bauzeit wurde Ende 2013 die neue Schleuse Dörverden an der Mittelweser für den Verkehr freigegeben. Damit wurde im Bereich der Wasser‐ und Schifffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes (WSV) erstmals eine neuartige Kammerbauweise, bestehend aus einer rückverankerten, überschnittenen Bohrpfahlwand mit Stahlbetonvorsatzschale sowie einer mit Verpresspfählen rückverankerten Unterwasserbetonsohle, realisiert. Der “Baugrubenverbau” wurde als wesentliches Tragelement für das spätere Schleusenbauwerk übernommen. Die Wasserundurchlässigkeit der Schleusenkammer wird durch eine Stahlbetonvorsatzschale realisiert, die gleichzeitig die Schleusenausrüstung aufnimmt. Die Häupter wurden in Massivbauweise geplant. Als Verschlusselement zum Oberwasser dient ein Drucksegment mit Füllmuschel und einseitigem Antrieb. Das Untertor ist als Stemmtor in Faltwerksbauweise ausgebildet. Die Entleerung der Kammer erfolgt über kurze Torumläufe.

Der Bericht erörtert die Randbedingungen, Planungsergebnisse und Entscheidungen, die im Zuge des Entwurfsprozesses im Hinblick auf Tragfähigkeit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Herstellbarkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie Nutzungsanforderungen bei einer angestrebten Lebensdauer von 100 Jahren zur Realisierung dieser neuartigen Kammerbauweise geführt haben und zeigt Ansatzpunkte für zukünftige Entwicklungen auf.

A novel chamber construction for the new lock in Dörverden

After almost five years of construction the new lock in Dörverden at the middle Weser was opened to the traffic at the end of 2013. Hereby, a novel chamber construction, consisting of a tied‐back, secant bored pile wall with reinforced concrete facing and a subaqueous concrete floor tied back by tension piles was implemented for the first time in the range of the Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration. The construction pit support system was inherited as a crucial bearing element for the final lock structure. The impermeability of the lock chamber is ensured through a reinforced concrete facing which also holds the lock equipment. The heads were planned as massive construction. A rotary segment gate with single‐sided drive serves as closing element against headwaters. The lower gate is designed as a mitre gate in tiled slab style. The emptying of the chamber is carried out via short circulations of the lock gate.

The report discusses the marginal conditions, planning results and decisions as well as the usage requirements for a life expectancy of 100 years, which have led to the development of this novel chamber style, concerning bearing capacity, useability, construction and cost efficiency. Furthermore, the report presents starting points for future developments.
miRNA and Methylation: A Multifaceted Liaison
Authors: Chhabra Ravindresh
Published: December 2014

miRNAs and DNA methylation are both critical regulators of gene expression. Aberration in miRNA expression or DNA methylation is a causal factor for numerous pathological conditions. DNA methylation can inhibit the transcription of miRNAs, just like coding genes, by methylating the CpG islands in the promoter regions of miRNAs. Conversely, certain miRNAs can directly target DNA methyltransferases and bring about their inhibition, thereby affecting the whole genome methylation pattern. Recently, methylation patterns have also been revealed in mRNA. Surprisingly, the two most commonly studied methylation states in mRNA (m6A and m5C) are found to be enriched in 3′‐UTRs (untranslated regions), the target site for the majority of miRNAs. Whereas m5C is reported to stabilise mRNA, m6A has a destabilising effect on mRNA. However, the effect of mRNA methylation on its interaction with miRNAs is largely unexplored. The review highlights the complex interplay between microRNA and methylation at DNA and mRNA level.
Engineering Transaminase for Stability Enhancement and Site‐Specific Immobilization through Multiple Noncanonical Amino Acids Incorporation
Authors: Deepankumar Kanagavel , Nadarajan Saravanan Prabhu , Mathew Sam , Lee Sun‐Gu , Yoo Tae Hyeon , Hong Eun Young , Kim Byung‐Gee , Yun Hyungdon
Published: December 2014

In general, conventional enzyme engineering utilizes 20 canonical amino acids to alter and improve the functional properties of proteins such as stability, and activity. In this study, we utilized the noncanonical amino acid incorporation technique to enhance the functional properties of ω‐transaminase (ω‐TA). Herein, we enhanced the stability of ω‐TA by residue‐specific incorporation of (4R)‐fluoroproline [(4R)‐FP] and successfully immobilized onto chitosan or polystyrene (PS) beads with site‐specifically incorporated L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) moiety. The immobilization of ω‐TAdopa and ω‐TAdp[(4R)‐FP] onto PS beads showed excellent reusability for 10 cycles in the kinetic resolution of chiral amines. Compared to the ω‐TAdopa, the ω‐TAdp[(4R)‐FP] immobilized onto PS beads exerted more stability that can serve as suitable biocatalyst for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amines.
Highly Efficient, Conjugated‐Polymer‐Based Nano‐Photosensitizers for Selectively Targeted Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging of Cancer Cells
Authors: Shen Xiaoqin , Li Shuang , Li Lin , Yao Shao Q. , Xu Qing‐Hua
Published: December 2014

Two‐photon photodynamic therapy (2P‐PDT) is a promising noninvasive treatment of cancers and other diseases with three‐dimensional selectivity and deep penetration. However, clinical applications of 2P‐PDT are limited by small two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross sections of traditional photosensitizers. The development of folate receptor targeted nano‐photosensitizers based on conjugated polymers is described. In these nano‐photosensitizers, poly{9,9‐bis[6′′‐(bromohexyl)fluorene‐2,7‐ylenevinylene]‐co‐alt‐1,4‐(2,5‐dicyanophenylene)}, which is a conjugated polymer with a large TPA cross section, acts as a two‐photon light‐harvesting material to significantly enhance the two‐photon properties of the doped photosensitizer tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) through energy transfer. These nanoparticles displayed up to 1020‐fold enhancement in two‐photon excitation emission and about 870‐fold enhancement in the two‐photon‐induced singlet oxygen generation capability of TPP. Surface‐functionalized folic acid groups make these nanoparticles highly selective in targeting and killing KB cancer cells over NIH/3T3 normal cells. The 2P‐PDT activity of these nanoparticles was significantly improved, potentially up to about 1000 times, as implied by the enhancement factors of two‐photon excitation emission and singlet oxygen generation. These nanoparticles could act as novel two‐photon nano‐photosensitizers with combined advantages of low dark cytotoxicity, targeted 2P‐PDT with high selectivity, and simultaneous two‐photon fluorescence imaging capability; these are all required for ideal two‐photon photosensitizers.
Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Microspheres Derived from Microporous Polymeric Organic Frameworks for High Performance Electric Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Han Jinpeng , Xu Guiyin , Dou Hui , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: December 2014

This research presents a simple and efficient method to synthesize porous nitrogen‐doped carbon microspheres (PNCM) by the carbonization of microporous poly(terephthalaldehyde‐pyrrole) organic frameworks (PtpOF). The common KOH activation process is used to tune the porous texture of the PNCM and produce an activated‐PNCM (A‐PNCM). The PNCM and A‐PNCM with specific surface area of 921 and 1303 m2 g−1, respectively, are demonstrated as promising candidates for EDLCs. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, the specific capacitances of the PNCM and A‐PNCM are 248 and 282 F g−1, respectively. At the relatively high current density of 20 A g−1, the capacitance remaining is 95 and 154 F g−1, respectively. Capacity retention of the A‐PNCM is more than 92 % after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1.
Direct Detection of 17O in [Gd(DOTA)]− by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Fusaro Luca , Casella Girolamo , Bagno Alessandro
Published: December 2014

The 17O NMR spectrum of the non‐coordinated carboxyl oxygen in the GdIII–DOTA (DOTA=tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid) complex has been observed experimentally. Its line width is essentially unaffected by paramagnetic relaxation due to gadolinium, and is only affected by the quadrupole pathway. The results are supported by the relevant parameters (hyperfine and quadrupole coupling constants) calculated by relativistic DFT methods. This finding opens up new avenues for investigating the structure and reactivity of paramagnetic GdIII complexes used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging.
Manipulation of Phosphorescence Efficiency of Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes by Substituted o‐Carboranes
Authors: Lee Young Hoon , Park Jihyun , Jo Song‐Jin , Kim Miyoung , Lee Junseong , Lee Sang Uck , Lee Min Hyung
Published: December 2014

A series of [(C^N)2Ir(acac)] complexes [{5‐(2‐R‐CB)ppy}2Ir(acac)] (3 a–3 g; acac=acetylacetonate, CB=o‐carboran‐1‐yl, ppy=2‐phenylpyridine; R=H (3 a), Me (3 b), iPr (3 c), iBu (3 d), Ph (3 e), CF3C6H4 (3 f), C6F5 (3 g)) with various 2‐R‐substituted o‐carboranes at the 5‐position in the phenyl ring of the ppy ligand were prepared. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the carboranyl CC bond length increases with increasing steric and electron‐withdrawing effects from the 2‐R substituents. Although the absorption and emission wavelengths of the complexes are almost invariant to the change of 2‐R group, the phosphorescence quantum efficiency varies from highly emissive (ΦPL≈0.80 for R=H, alkyl) to poorly emissive (R=aryl) depending on the 2‐R group and the polarity of the medium. Theoretical studies suggest that 1) the almost nonemissive nature of the 2‐aryl‐substituted complexes is mainly attributable to the large contribution to the LUMO in the S1 excited state from an o‐carborane unit and 2) the variation in the CC bond length between the S0 and T1 state structures increases with increasing steric (2‐alkyl) and electronic effects (2‐aryl) of the 2‐R substituent and the polarity of the solvent. The solution‐processed electroluminescence (EL) devices that incorporated 3 b and 3 d as emitters displayed higher performance than the device based on the parent [(ppy)2Ir(acac)] complex. Along with the high phosphorescence efficiency, the bulkiness of the 2‐R‐o‐carborane unit is shown to play an important role in improving device performance.