bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Search for a Frequency Shift of the 21-Centimeter Line from Taurus A near Occultation by Sun
Authors: Sadeh D. , Knowles S. H. , Yaplee B. S.
Published: October 2006

The 21-centimeter absorption line from the direction of Taurus A was used for detection of a shift in frequency when the source passed near Sun. A possible decrease in frequency of 150 cycles per second was detected, which cannot be caused by general relativity or by the plasma around Sun.
Ethanol-1-C
14
Metabolism in Alcoholics and Nonalcoholics
Authors: Mendelson Jack H.
Published: October 2006

Metabolism of ethanol-1-C
14
was assessed in a group of alcoholic and nonalcoholic male subjects. All subjects were screened for absence of physical derangement. Subjects were also carefully matched by dietary, social, and environmental criteria. No differences in rate of output of C
14
CO
2
were detected after ingestion of alcohol which produced concentrations of 50 to 60 milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. These data do not support the hypothesis that alcoholics metabolize ethanol more rapidly than nonalcoholics do.
Titration Patterns of a Murine Sarcoma-Leukemia Virus Complex: Evidence for Existence of Competent Sarcoma Virions
Authors: O'Connor Timothy E. , Fischinger Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Stocks of inurine sarcoma virus show titration patterns ranging from one-to two-hit kinetics. The comparison of various titrations of this virus, both with and without added helper virus, to theoretical model systems composed of defined constituents, suggests the existence of a sarcoma virus that does not need coinfecting murine leukemia virus to be manifested as a focus-forming unit. The behavior of such nondefective particles is compatible with a postulated leukemia-sarcoma virus hybrid.
Ionospheric Composition and Reactions
Authors: Donahue T. M.
Published: October 2006

Recent measurements of ion densities in the ionosphere seem to be more or less compatible with current data for ion-molecule reaction rates in some parts of the ionosphere under conditions in which a steady state prevails. There is no such agreement for the upper ionosphere, where the densities of He
+
and H
+
are difficult to understand in terms of present concepts concerning the relevant production and loss processes. Sources of ionizing radiation are needed to explain nighttime observations in the
E
region and perhaps also in the
F
region. The
D
region remains a poorly understood laboratory of negative-ion and positive-ion chemistry, where neither observation nor theory is as yet adequate.
Blood Catalase Polymorphism: Some Immunological Aspects
Authors: Feinstein Robert N. , Suter Hedi , Jaroslow Bernard N.
Published: October 2006

The immunological properties of the erythrocyte catalase of mice—normal (wild type) strain, one lacking catalase (acatalasemic), and four with only slight catalase activity (hypocatalasemic strains)—have been investigated. Agar-diffusion tests and antigen titration of red-cell lysates against rabbit antiserum to catalase from normal mouse blood showed that immunologically identical catalase protein was present in large amounts in the acatalasemic as well as in the hypocatalasemic mutant strains. Despite lack of catalatic activity, the erythrocytes lacking catalase as well as those with only a little catalase contain catalase protein that has been modified at the site of enzyme activity, although the antigenic determinants are identical with those of normal catalase protein. This mutation is purely structural, being characterized by modification of the enzyme active site but not of the antigenic site.
Standardized Ability Tests and Testing
Authors: Goslin D. A.
Published: October 2006

At the outset a distinction was made between criticisms directed at the validity of tests and criticisms not affected by the validity of the tests. It was noted further that all criticisms of tests must take into consideration the type of test and the use to which the test is put.

Criticisms of the validity of tests involved the following issues: (i) tests may be unfair to certain groups and individuals, including the extremely gifted, the culturally disadvantaged, and those who lack experience in taking tests; (ii) tests are not perfect predictors of subsequent performance; (iii) tests may be used in overly rigid ways; (iv) tests may not measure inherent qualities of individuals; and (v) tests may contribute to their own predictive validity by serving as self-fulfilling prophecies.

Criticisms that are more or less independent of test validity included the effects of tests on (i) thinking patterns of those tested frequently; (ii) school curricula; (iii) self-image, motivation, and aspirations; (iv) groups using tests as a criterion for selection or allocation, or both; and (v) privacy. Several concluding remarks are in order:

1) This paper has focused almost entirely on
criticisms
of tests. However, the positive value of standardized tests should not be ignored. Here we must keep in mind what possible alternative measures would be used if standardized tests were abandoned.

2) We must begin thinking about tests in a much broader perspective— one that includes consideration of the social effects of tests as well as their validity and reliability.

3) Finally, an effort should be made to develop rational and systematic policies on the use of tests with the culturally disadvantaged, the dissemination of test results, and the problem of invasion of privacy. Such policies can be formulated only if we are willing to take a long hard look at the role we want testing to play in the society. Standardized tests currently are a cornerstone in the edifice of stratification in American society. It is up to the social scientist to conduct research that will enable policy makers in education, business and industry, and government to determine in a consistent and rational way the ultimate shape of this edifice.
Hydration Rind Dates Rhyolite Flows
Authors: Friedman Irving
Published: October 2006

Hydration of obsidian has been used to date rhyolite flows, containing obsidian or porphyritic glass, at Glass Mountain (Medicine Lake Highlands) and Mono Lake, California. The method is simple and rapid and can be used to date flows that erupted between 200 and approximately 200,000 years ago.
Cyclic Uridine-3′,5′-Phosphate: Molecular Structure
Authors: Coulter Charles L.
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of the triethylammonium salt of cyclic uridine-3′,5′-phosphate was solved by use of the tangent formula to refine phase angles based upon the positions of six of the atoms. The two independent uracil rings are planar and in the keto form. The base-sugar torsion angles are in the anti range. The sugar puckering is C3′-endo, and the ribose conformation about the C5′-C4′ bond is transgauche.
Rat Kidney Centrioles: Vitamin E Intake and Oxygen Exposure
Authors: Hess Roberta T. , Menzel D. B.
Published: October 2006

The incidence and morphology of centrioles in the proximal convoluted tubules of the rat kidney are altered by the dietary content of vitamin E, but not vitamin A, and by an increase in the pressure of oxygen. Increases in the number of centrioles in rats depleted of vitamin E and in those exposed to oxygen suggest that an oxidative mechanism is involved in the centriole alterations. The known antisterility action of vitamin E may thus be related to the direct protection of the mitotic apparatus.
Ice Caps on Venus?
Authors: Libby W. F.
Published: October 2006

The data on Venus obtained by Mariner V and Venera 4 are interpreted as evidence of giant polar ice caps holding the water that must have come out of the volcanoes with the observed carbon dioxide, on the assumption that Earth and Venus are of similar composition and volcanic history. The measurements by Venera 4 of the equatorial surface temperature indicate that the microwave readings were high, so that the polar ice caps may be allowed to exist in the face of the 10-centimeter readings of polar temperature. Life seems to be distinctly possible at the edges of the ice sheets.
Brain Receptors Sensitive to Indole Compounds: Function in Control of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion
Authors: Fraschini F. , Mess B. , Piva F. , Martini L.
Published: October 2006

The placement of melatonin and of 5-hydroxytryptophol in the median eminence of castrated male rats is followed 5 days later by a significant decrease in pituitary stores of luteinizing hormone. Pituitary reserve of this hormone is also depleted after the implantation of melatonin, 5-hydroxytryptophol, and 5-methoxytryptophol in the reticular formation of the midbrain. It is suggested that these indole compounds, which are normally synthesized in the pineal gland, may intervene in the control of the secretion of luteinizing hormone, possibly by acting on specific receptors localized in the median eminence and in the midbrain.
Autocorrelation Functions of Noisy Electron Micrographs of Stained Polynucleotide Chains
Authors: Fiskin A. Max , Beer Michael
Published: October 2006

Polyuridylic acid was deposited on carbon films in the presence of the thallous salt of mercury-
p
-dihydroquinone-
O
,
O
-diacetic acid under conditions leading to attachment of one of these molecules to each nucleotide. In electron micrographs of the stained polynucleotide chain, detail was obscured by the noise resulting from the substrate. Optically obtained autocorrelation functions of the distribution of density along the strands revealed peaks suggesting a structural regularity of 8 angstroms; this was interpreted as the internucleotide spacing.
Mars: Retention of Ice
Authors: Smoluchowski R.
Published: October 2006

Water in the form of ice can exist on Mars as permafrost that is either in equilibrium with the water content of the atmosphere or gradually evaporating through a protective layer of soil. The latter situation is evaluated quantitatively, and the required thicknesses of the protective layers are estimated. The presence of subsurface ice may explain the higher radar reflectivity of the dark areas than of the bright areas. Observation of its seasonal variations is suggested.
Protein Synthesis in the Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells of Rats during a Behavioral Test
Authors: Hydén Holger , Lange Paul W.
Published: October 2006

Protein synthesis was studied in the pyramidal nerve cells of the CA3 region in the hippocampus of rats during a behavioral test involving transfer of handedness. A new electrophoretic technique was used for separation of 10
-7
to 10
-9
gram of protein and radiometric determination of the various protein fractions. After interventricular administration of
3
H-leucine, protein synthesis of two fast-moving fractions was significantly higher bilaterally in the hippocampus of the trained rats. There was also a trend to lateralization of the highest protein synthesis to the learning side.
Pleistocene-Recent Boundary and Wisconsin Glacial Biostratigraphy in the Northern Indian Ocean
Authors: Frerichs William E.
Published: October 2006

Two faunal criteria define the Pleistocene-Recent boundary in the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal: there is a marked decrease in the relative abundance of the
Globigerina rubescens
complex and a significant increase in the radiolarian number in sediments of the Recent epoch. The stratigraphic significance of the faunal criteria is supported by a carbon-14 date (8775 years before the present) obtained from foraminiferal tests in sediment at the faunal boundary, and previous publications on the stratigraphic significance of the radiolarian number in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The
Globigerina rubescens
complex, with greater relative abundances indicative of glacial substages, is an accurate indicator of cold and warm climatic intervals of the Wisconsin glacial stage.
High-Efficiency Expression and Solubilization of Functional T Cell Antigen Receptor Heterodimers
Authors: Engel Isaac , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Klausner Richard D.
Published: October 2006

The T cell receptor (TCR) ζ chain was attached to the TCR α and β extracellular domains to induce efficient expression of αβ heterodimers that can recognize complexes of antigen with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Chimeric constructs expressed in RBL-2H3 cells were efficiently transported to the cell surface uniquely as disulfide-linked heterodimers. Transfectants were activated by specific antigen-MHC complexes, which demonstrated that the expressed αβ was functional and that CD3 was not required for antigen-MHC binding. Constructs with thrombin cleavage sites were efficiently cleaved to soluble disulfide-linked heterodimers. Thus, attachment of TCR ζ domains and protease cleavage sites to TCR α and β induces expression of demonstrably functional heterodimers that can be solubilized.
Auxin and Wall Extensibility: Reversibility of Auxin-Induced Wall-Loosening Process
Authors: Cleland Robert
Published: October 2006

The reversible nature of the auxin-mediated loosening of the cell wall is shown by the ability of respiratory inhibitors to cause the loss of the auxin-induced increase in wall extensibility without affecting the basal extensibility of the wall. This reversibility makes it unlikely that wall loosening is mediated by enzymes, such as cellulase and β-glucanase, which degrade polysaccharides, since their action is essentially irreversible.
Ionization of Liquids by Radiation: Measurement by Charge Scavenging
Authors: Capellos C. , Allen A. O.
Published: October 2006

Pulse radiolysis of dilute solutions of triphenylcarbinol in saturated hydrocarbon gives spectra of the triphenylmethyl free radical, (C
6
H
5
)
3
C⋅, and cation, (C
6
H
5
)
3
C
+
. The yield of the ion is independent of the carbinol concentration, and is thought to measure the yield of free ions generated in the solvent. The relative yields of ions thus found in cyclohexane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane agree with measurements made by the clearing-field method.
Reinforcement Magnitude as a Determinant of Performance Decrement after Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: Ray Oakley S. , Bivens Lyle W.
Published: October 2006

The intensity of a foot shock may be a determinant of the rate at which an avoidance response becomes resistant to disruption by electroconvulsive shock. Mice were trained, one trial a day, in a passive avoidance learning task, with one of three foot-shock intensities. Electroconvulsive shock was administered at various intervals after each trial. At all foot-shock intensities, electroconvulsive shock given 10 seconds after each training trial was effective in disrupting learning. Where electroconvulsive shock was given at longer intervals after each trial, those animals learning at low intensities of foot shock showed greater impairment of performance than those learning at high intensities.
Transcription and Intragenic Recombination in Polar Mutants of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Herman Robert K.
Published: October 2006

Mitotic recombination within the β-galactosidase gene was followed in F′ merodiploids grown in the presence and absence of inducer. Inducer inhibited recombination when the two mutations in the merodiploid were nonpolar but had no effect when the mutations were strongly polar. These results are interpreted to mean that transcription inhibits intragenic mitotic recombination and that strongly polar mutations inhibit transcription.
Photolytic Cleavage of Sulfonamide Bonds
Authors: D'Souza Leo , Day Richard A.
Published: October 2006

It has been found that the sulfonamide bond is relatively susceptible to photolytic cleavage. The breakdown was effected either by irradiation with a source having a continuous emission above the wavelengths of 1800 angstroms or by another source emitting principally at 2537 angstroms. Less destruction of the amino acids was seen with the latter relative to the sulfonamide bond cleavage. The cleavage was not effected by irradiation at wavelengths greater than about 3000 angstroms. Side reactions were noted involving decarboxylation, demination, and destruction of certain susceptible amino acids such as tryptophan. In only one case was a product found that arose from cleavage of a carboxamide bond; glycyltyrosine gave glycine and tyrosine upon irradiation. A yield of 75 percent of the corresponding amino acid has been obtained by irradiation of tosylhistidine; yields of 75 to 100 percent have been obtained from sulfamic acid (NH
2
SO
3
H). A qualitative method for identifying sulfonylated amino acids is described.
Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds in Ocean Stagnation and Nutrient Resupply
Authors: Sen Gupta R.
Published: October 2006

The interrelations and time-dependence of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia in a deep basin of the Baltic Sea yield a measurement of stagnation history and may provide a means of prediction of resupply of nutrients to the upper productive layers.
Circadian Activity Rhythm of the Deer Mouse,
Peromyscus
: Effect of Deuterium Oxide
Authors: Suter Robert B. , Rawson Kenneth S.
Published: October 2006

Chemical modification of a vertebrate activity rhythm, the circadian (approximately 24-hour) rhythm of
Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis
, has been demonstrated. Activity in a running wheel was used to measure the rhythms of mice kept individually in conditions of continuous darkness. Deuterium oxide was presented in the drinking water. The length of the periods of rhythm increased directly and linearly with the increase in concentration of deuterium oxide. There is no threshold for this effect, and the maximum concentration of deuterium oxide (30 percent) that was presented resulted in a 6 percent lengthening of the period of circadian rhythm. The mice reverted to rhythms similar in period length to control values after deuterium oxide was withdrawn from their drinking water.
Optical Search for Pulsations from Pulsating Radio Source CP 1919
Authors: Papaliolios C. , Carleton N. P. , Horowitz P. , Liller W.
Published: October 2006

Optical observations of the 18th magnitude blue star and of the faint red object in the approximate location of the pulsating radio source CP 1919 disclose no pulsations of visible light, in a mode similar to that of the radio pulsations, of more than 0.4 percent or 0.8 percent, respectively, of the total visible output; or, for a sinusoidal modulation with the same period, no more than a 4-percent, or 8-percent, root-mean-square intensity fluctuation.
Fatty-Acid Composition of Mycoplasma Lipids: Biomembrane with Only One Fatty Acid
Authors: Rodwell Alan
Published: October 2006

Mycoplasma
strain Y grew well when elaidate was the only fatty acid added to the medium, and this acid then comprised over 97 percent of the lipid fatty acids. It also grew well when elaidate was supplied together with any one of a series of straight-chain saturated fatty acids, and the lipids then contained both in approximately equimolar proportions. The ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid remained constant.
Biosynthesis of Pectic Substance in Germinating Pollen: Labeling with Myoinositol-2-
14
C
Authors: Kroh M. , Loewus F.
Published: October 2006

Growing pollen tubes provide a convenient system for study of the biosynthesis of primary cell wall components of higher plants. Pollen of
Lilium longiflorum
(cv. Ace) which was germinated and grown for periods up to 8 hours in a medium that contained pentaerythritol, a metabolically inert substitute for sucrose, removed myoinositol from the medium and utilized this cyclitol as a precursor of galacturonosyl and pentosyl units for the biosynthesis of pectic substance in pollen tube walls.
Fluorochrome-Labeled Deoxyribonuclease: Specific Stain for Cell Nuclei
Authors: Benjaminson M. Aaron , Hunter Diane B. , Katz Irwin J.
Published: October 2006

Nuclei of cells in tissue culture may be stained with deoxyribonuclease labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate; this is a simple, rapid, and specific process which is useful in localizing DNA
in situ
.
Sleep Patterns of the Monkey and Brain Serotonin Concentration: Effect of
p
-Chlorophenylalanine
Authors: Weitzman Elliot D. , Rapport Maurice M. , McGregor Peter , Jacoby Jack
Published: October 2006

The amount of time that monkeys (
Macaca mulatta
) slept was reduced after they were given
p
-chlorophenylalanine, a selective depletor of serotonin in animal tissues. The time spent in the rapid eye movement stage of sleep was unchanged, but the time in other sleep stages decreased. Seven regions of the brain had a 31 to 46 percent decrease in serotonin content; the concentration of cerebellar serotonin increased by 44 percent.
Magnetic Ordering in the Rare-Earth Hexaborides
Authors: Geballe T. H. , Matthias B. T. , Andres K. , Maita J. P. , Cooper A. S. , Corenzwit E.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic ordering in the rare-earth hexaborides has been studied by a variety of methods, and a clear correlation with the presence of conduction electrons has been found.
Gels Composed of Sodium-Aluminum Silicate, Lake Magadi, Kenya
Authors: Eugster Hans P. , Jones Blair F.
Published: October 2006

Sodium-aluminum silicate gels are found in surficial deposits as thick as 5 centimeters in the Magadi area of Kenya. Chemical data indicate they are formed by the interaction of hot alkaline springwaters (67° to 82°C;
p
H, about 9) with alkali trachyte flows and their detritus, rather than by direct precipitation. In the process, Na
2
O is added from and silica is released to the saline waters of the springs. Algal mats protect the gels from erosion and act as thermal insulators. The gels are probably yearly accumulates that are washed into the lakes during floods. Crystallization of these gels in the laboratory yields analcite; this fact suggests that some analcite beds in lacustrine deposits may have formed from gels. Textural evidence indicates that cherts of rocks of the Pleistocene chert series in the Magadi area may have formed from soft sodium silicate gels. Similar gels may have acted as substrates for the accumulation and preservation of prebiological organic matter during the Precambrian.
The Effect of Mass on Frequency
Authors: Sadeh Dror , Knowles Stephen , Au Benjamin
Published: October 2006

Two experiments are described where an apparent decrease in frequency was detected when the optical path was in the vicinity of a mass. In the first experiment the 21-centimeter absorption line from Taurus A was observed near occultation by the sun. In the second experiment the frequency of a portable cesium clock was compared with the frequency of a similar clock which transmits its signals from Cape Fear, North Carolina. A decrease of frequency of the received signals as a function of the distance between the two clocks was apparent. Several relevant observations (the red shift of lines from the sun, the Mossbauer determination of the gravitational red shift, and the cosmological red shift, are discussed in view of the present results.
Histochemical Localization of Renal Trehalase: Demonstration of a Tubular Site
Authors: Grossman I. William , Sacktor Bertram
Published: October 2006

Trehalase activity has been localized histochemically within the cortical tubules of the human, rabbit, and mouse kidneys. The specific localization of the enzyme supports the hypothesis that trehalase, in concert with a series of other enzymes which synthesize trehalose from glucose, functions in a mechanism for the reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate.
Beta Thalassemia Trait: Detection at Birth
Authors: Kan Yuet Wai , Nathan David G.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of alpha, beta, and gamma chains in samples of cord blood was measured by the incorporation of leucine labeled with carbon-14 into these chains. In a newborn affected with beta thalassemia trait, the presence of one beta thalassemia gene was revealed on the 1st day of life by the lower specific radioactivity of the beta chain.
Interferon Inducers Protect Mice against
Plasmodium berghei
Malaria
Authors: Jahiel René I. , Vilček Jan , Nussenzweig Ruth , Vanderberg Jerome
Published: October 2006

Injection of mice with two interferon inducers, Newcastle disease virus or statolon, 20 hours after inoculation with
Plasmodium berghei
sporozoites, prevented or delayed the development of detectable malarial parasitemia and death.
Glassy Objects (Microtektites?) from Deep-Sea Sediments near the Ivory Coast
Authors: Glass Billy P.
Published: October 2006

Glassy objects of spherical, oval, dumbbell, teardrop, and irregular shapes have been found in a deep-sea sediment core taken off the Ivory Coast. They occur in a layer of sediment that was apparently deposited about 800,000 years ago. Their geographic location, appearance, and physical properties suggest that they are microtektites and that they are related to the tektite-strewn field of the Ivory Coast.
High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Selectively Deuterated Staphylococcal Nuclease
Authors: Markley John L. , Putter Irving , Jardetzky Oleg
Published: October 2006

An analog of staphylococcal nuclease has been prepared in which all amino acids, except the six following, are fully deuterated: tryptophan; methionine; tyrosine, in ring positions 2 and 6; histidine, in ring position 2; aspartic acid and asparagine, β-methylene; and glutamic acid and glutamine, γ-methylene. The analog has a much simpler high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum than the fully protonated enzyme. The effects of calcium ion and of the inhibitor 3′,5′-thymidine diphosphate on the spectrum of the analog were readily detected.
Nuclear Localization of
Agrobacterium
VirE2 Protein in Plant Cells
Authors: Citovsky Vitaly , Zupan John , Warnick Debra , Zambryski Patricia
Published: October 2006

The
Agrobacterium
single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) intermediate T-strand is likely transferred to the plant cell nucleus as a complex with a single VirD2 molecule at its 5 ′ end and multiple VirE2 molecules along its length. VirD2 contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS); however, because the T-strand is principally coated with VirE2 molecules, VirE2 also might assist in nuclear uptake. Indeed, VirE2 fused to a reporter protein localizes to plant cell nuclei, a process mediated by two amino acid sequences with homology to the bipartite NLS of
Xenopus
nucleoplasmin. Moreover, tumorigenicity of an avirulent
virE2
mutant is restored when inoculated on transgenic plants expressing VirE2, supporting in planta function of VirE2.
Reversal of the Orientation of an Integral Protein of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane
Authors: Li Jian-Ming , Shore Gordon C.
Published: October 2006

The NH
2
-terminus of the signal-anchor sequence of an integral, bitopic protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane was extended both in amino acid length (from 11 to 38 amino acids) and net charge (from +4 to +8)—changes that confer on the NH
2
-terminus characteristics of a strong matrix-targeting signal. The protein was inserted into the outer membrane but in an inverted orientation (N
cyto
-C
in
). These findings suggest that, in common with other membrane systems, the orientation of a protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane can be determined by a signal that causes retention of the NH
2
-terminus on the cytosolic side of the membrane.
Orientation of Nuclei Produced under Nonhydrostatic Stress
Authors: Parlange J. -Y.
Published: October 2006

Recrystallization of a material involves two distinct processes: critical nuclei are produced; these then grow into much larger crystallites. The present theory predicts the distribution of nuclei in orientation and the effect of growth on this initial distribution. The results are in good qualitative agreement with experiments.
Hypothalamic Motivational Systems: Fixed or Plastic Neural Circuits?
Authors: Wise R. A.
Published: October 2006

Eating and drinking were elicited by electrical stimulation through the same electrode in the hypothalamus of a satiated rat. Intensity thresholds for eliciting eating and drinking were different, and both thresholds decreased with repeated testing. These findings suggest an alternative to the hypothesis that the neural organization of hypothalamic drive systems is modified by experience.
A Role for the Sodium Pump in Photoreception in
Limulus
Authors: Smith T. G. , Stell W. K. , Brown J. E. , Freeman J. A. , Murray G. C.
Published: October 2006

The membranes of photoreceptor cells in
Limulus
have an electrogenic sodium pump which contributes directly to membrane potential and whose activity is changed by light. These light-induced changes in pump activity underlie the receptor potential.
Pineal Gland: Influence on Development of Copulation in Male Rats
Authors: Baum Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Male rats reared in constant darkness, pinealectomized 3 days after birth, and tested for copulation starting at 24 days of age, mounted receptive females more frequently and showed pelvic thrusting at an earlier age than littermate controls.
Wedge Dislocation as the Elastic Counterpart of a Crystal Deformation Twin
Authors: Armstrong R. W.
Published: October 2006

A crystal deformation twin may be visualized to form and grow by the movement of partial dislocations only if the twinning dislocations are especially distributed to give an invariant shear. One consequence of this requirement is that, if a critical resolved twinning stress exists in the same sense for twinning as for slip, this stress depends on the reciprocal thickness of the twin. This type of model for twinning may be developed through the use of relatively unknown disclinations, in particular, the wedge dislocation.
Cognitive Capacities of Young Children: A Replication
Authors: Beilin Harry
Published: October 2006

Children between the ages of 3 years and 4 years 7 months correctly respond to the addition of objects in an array, to the numerical equality of arrays, and to their relative numbers. However, they are not able to conceptualize equality or inequality when objects are misaligned or spatially transformed. The Mehler and Bever assertion that very young children conserve the concept of number, with a decline and rise in performance, is not confirmed.
What Children Do in Spite of What They Know
Authors: Bever T. G. , Mehler J. , Epstein J. , Beilin Harry
Published: October 2006

New studies support the hypothesis that young children have basic cognitive capacities but utilize them inefficiently; older children aid these capacities with generally valid cognitive heuristics which produce poor performance on critical problems.
Uranium Disequilibrium in Groundwater: An Isotope Dilution Approach in Hydrologic Investigations
Authors: Osmond J. K. , Rydell H. S. , Kaufman M. I.
Published: October 2006

The distribution and environmental disequilibrium patterns of naturally occurring uranium isotopes (U
234
and U
238
) in waters of the Floridan aquifer suggest that variations in the ratios of isotopic activity and concentrations can be used quantitatively to evaluate mixing proportions of waters from differing sources. Uranium is probably unique in its potential for this approach, which seems to have general usefulness in hydrologic investigations.
Tyrosine Transaminase: Development of Daily Rhythm in Liver of Neonatal Rat
Authors: Honova Eva , Miller Sanford A. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Woo Anna
Published: October 2006

The development of the 24-hour rhythm in tyrosine transaminase activity was studied in the liver of the neonatal rat. A recognizable rhythm appears within 48 hours after birth, but it is opposite in phase to that observed in the adult rat. The reversal of the adult pattern occurs 21 to 23 days after birth and may represent a response to a change both in the eating pattern and in the amount of protein eaten.
Alveolar Macrophages: Reduced Number in Rats after Prolonged Inhalation of Lead Sesquioxide
Authors: Bingham Eula , Pfitzer Emil A. , Barkley William , Radford Edward P.
Published: October 2006

A decreased number of alveolar macrophages was found in washings from lungs of rats inhaling small particles of lead sesquioxide for 3 to 12 months, as compared with control animals exposed to filtered air. This result contrasts with that reported by others for animals given massive exposures to various dusts for short periods of time. Because the concentrations of lead were comparable to those observed in some industrial (150 μg/m
3
) or urban (10 μg/m
3
) environmental conditions, the results may be significant in terms of human lung clearance processes after such exposures.
Nondependence of Frequency on Mass: A Differential Experiment
Authors: Markowitz William
Published: October 2006

A differential Loran C experiment, which is independent of variations in clock rates, shows that the frequency of a radio transmission is not affected by the mass of the earth.
Staphylococcal Nuclease: Size and Specificity of the Active Site
Authors: Cuatrecasas Pedro , Wilchek Meir , Anfinsen Christian B.
Published: October 2006

The dissociation constants and standard free energies of complex formation determined with staphylococcal nuclease and a series of 5′-phosphoryloligothymidyl derivatives of increasing chain length suggest that maximum stability is reached with an oligonucleotide containing three nucleotide units. A proposed model of the active site that contains other knowledge of the specificity and the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme postulates the existence of three nonequivalent phosphate binding subsites and a closely related phosphodiester hydrolytic subsite.
Conformation of the TAR RNA-Arginine Complex by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Puglisi Joseph D. , Tan Ruoying , Calnan Barbara J. , Frankel Alan D. , Williamson James R.
Published: October 2006

The messenger RNAs of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) have an RNA hairpin structure, TAR, at their 5′ ends that contains a six-nucleotide loop and a three-nucleotide bulge. The conformations of TAR RNA and of TAR with an arginine analog specifically bound at the binding site for the viral protein, Tat, were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Upon arginine binding, the bulge changes conformation, and essential nucleotides for binding, U23 and A27⋅U38, form a base-triple interaction that stabilizes arginine hydrogen bonding to G26 and phosphates. Specificity in the arginine-TAR interaction appears to be derived largely from the structure of the RNA.
Preferred Centripetal Conduction of Dendritic Spikes in Alligator Purkinje Cells
Authors: Llinás Rodolfo , Nicholson Charles , Precht Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Dendritic action potentials in alligator Purkinje cells tend to have a unidirectional preference which favors centripetal over centrifugal propagation. This unidirectional tendency funnels the peripherally evoked dendritic spikes into the lower dendrites and soma of these cells, and it allows the peripheral dendritic branches to operate to a certain extent as partially independent functional units.
Hemophilia: Role of Organ Homografts
Authors: Marchioro T. L. , Hougie C. , Ragde H. , Epstein R. B. , Thomas E. D.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of factor VIII and partial thromboplastin times became normal and have remained normal for 140 days after orthotopic transplantation of a normal liver to a hemophilic dog. Transplantation of a normal spleen into a hemophilic recipient did not result in a significant increase in factor VIII although the splenic graft was viable for at least 47 days. Transplantation of normal marrow to a lethally irradiated hemophilic dog did not result in an increase in factor VIII during 34 days of observation.
Anchor Ice Formation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and Its Biological Effects
Authors: Dayton Paul K. , Robilliard Gordon A. , DeVries Arthur L.
Published: October 2006

Aggregations of ice platelets accumulate below the annual sea ice (subice platelet layer) and on the bottom (anchor ice) to depths of 33 meters. Observations of ice platelets adhering to submerged lines support the conclusion that 33 meters is the lower limit for ice formation in the water column in this area. The rising anchor ice lifts epibenthic fauna and has a pronounced effect on the distribution of the epibenthic organisms.
Archeological Evidence for Utilization of Wild Rice
Authors: Johnson Elden
Published: October 2006

The use of wild rice during the late prehistoric period is suggested by charred wild rice grains associated with fire hearths and threshing pits in historically known, specialized harvesting sites. Similar wild rice grains imbedded in the clay lining of specialized threshing pits called "jig pots" confirms the prehistoric use.
Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: A New Amoeba Isolate
Authors: Červa L. , Zimák V. , Novák K.
Published: October 2006

A strain of
Naegleria
sp. was isolated repeatedly from the spinal fluid of a boy who died of acute meningoencephalitis 5 days after the onset of the first symptoms.
Collagen Has a Discrete Family of Reactive Hydroxylysyl and Lysyl Side-Chain Amino Groups
Authors: Page Roy C. , Benditt Earl P.
Published: October 2006

Several cross-linking substances which derive from lysine have been isolated from hydrolyzates of collagen and elastin. This observation suggests that certain lysyl side chains exhibiting enhanced reactivity and unique configuration may participate in cross-linking. In native collagen there is a small family of lysyl and hydroxylysyl side chains which exhibit a high propensity of Schiff base formation.
Magnetospheric Wind
Authors: Freeman John W.
Published: October 2006

An experiment designed to detect the bulk flow of cool plasma within the magnetosphere has been flown on the ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite) synchronous satellite. This experiment has yielded evidence for gusts of streaming positive ions in the magnetospheric equatorial plane. This directed ion flow is interpreted as the result of large-scale electric fields of the order of several millivolts per meter.
Do Trehalose and Trehalase Function in Renal Glucose Transport?
Authors: Van Handel Emile
Published: October 2006

Maximum catalytic capacity for renal trehalase varied from 20 micromoles (of glucose produced per minute per gram of fresh tissue) for the armadillo down to zero for the rat, the cat, most turtles, fishes, and all birds and snakes investigated. Labeled trehalose could not be demonstrated in the kidney of the rabbit and the rat after injection with labeled glucose. These data do not support the hypothesis that trehalase and trehalose function in the transport of glucose through the kidney.
Purines: Active Transport by Isolated Choroid Plexus
Authors: Berlin Richard D.
Published: October 2006

Purines are actively accumulated by the isolated rabbit choroid plexus by a specific saturable transport mechanism. In vivo this system probably serves to excrete the purine catabolities of brain from cerebrospinal fluid into blood.
Chick Interferon: Heterogeneity of Electric Charge
Authors: Fantes K. H.
Published: October 2006

Chick interferon from allantoic fluid, virus-induced and partly purified, consists of several active components of different charge. The components are separable by elution at different
p
H values from a carboxymethyl-Sephadex column; they also occupy different
p
H zones in electrofocusing gradients. Most of the interferon is, however, isoelectric near neutrality.
Free-Energy Transfer in Plants
Authors: Boyer J. S.
Published: October 2006

Free-energy transfer was used to study water transport through the soil-plant system. Resistances to free-energy transfer are proportional to resistances to water transfer. Under certain conditions, the proportionality factor is 1. For a sunflower plant in moist soil, plant resistance to free-energy transfer was 30 times the soil resistance, and root-stem-leaf resistances were in a ratio of about 2 : 1 : 1, respectively. However, root and leaf resistances were equal when considered for a unit pathlength.
Cellulose: Refutation of a Folded-Chain Structure
Authors: Mark Richard E. , Kaloni P. N. , Tang Ruen-Chiu , Gillis Peter P.
Published: October 2006

Calculations of modulus of elasticity for extended- and folded-chain configurations have been compared with the experimental observations of mechanical properties of native cellulosic fibers. A recent folded-chain proposal is incompatible with the experimental evidence.
Interpubic Ligament: Elasticity in Pregnant Free-tailed Bat
Authors: Crelin E. S.
Published: October 2006

The disparity between the size of the bony pelvis of a pregnant free-tailed bat and the single full-term fetus is so great that in order for birth to occur the interpubic ligament has to stretch to more than 15 times its original length. It is a living elastic band that contains an abundance of elastic fibers.
Circadian Rhythm of Serotonin in the Pineal Body of Immunosympathectomized Immature Rats
Authors: Machado Conceicao R. S. , Wragg Laurence E. , Machado Angelo B. M.
Published: October 2006

In the pineal body of the immature rat the circadian rhythm of serotonin persists when sympathetic innervation is abolished by the administration of nerve growth factor antiserum. This rhythm is regulated by a mechanism that does not involve the sympathetic innervation and is, therefore, fundamentally different from that in the adult.
Assembly of Protein and Nucleoprotein Particles from Extracted Tobacco Rattle Virus Protein and RNA
Authors: Semancik J. S. , Reynolds D. A.
Published: October 2006

Protein extracted from tobacco rattle virus by treatment with formic or acetic acid reassociated in vitro to form rings and tubular structures of indeterminate lengths in 0.25 molar glycine at
p
H 7.5 to 9.5. When tobacco rattle virus RNA that had been extracted with phenol was incubated with the protein at 9°C, particles with more regular lengths formed; these particles correspond in size and sedimentation properties to the short particles that normally accompany infection by tobacco rattle virus. The biological activity of the reconstituted short particles was identical to that of native short particles.
Interaction of Plant Hormones
Authors: Drury Robert E.
Published: October 2006

The usage of the word interaction by physiologists has led to a consensus that gibberellin and abscisin interact in affecting plant responses. However, no such consensus is admissible if one uses the statisticians' definition which is more physiologically sound than that used by physiologists.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurement of Oil "Unsaturation" in Single Viable Corn Kernels
Authors: Conway T. F. , Johnson L. F.
Published: October 2006

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate the feasibility of determining iodine value and average molecular weight of oil in individual corn kernels. The procedure is rapid and nondestructive. Depending on heritability of individual fatty acids, this technique may greatly increase selection efficiency in breeding programs to alter the fatty acid composition of corn oil.
Soluble Sulfatase in Growing Bone of Rats
Authors: Hirschman Albert , Hirschman Mildred
Published: October 2006

Soluble sulfatase has been found in epiphyseal, articular, and rib cartilages and in metaphysis and bone marrow of the rat. The greatest activity in young rats is in the metaphysis. Young rats had higher levels of activity in epiphyseal and articular cartilage and in the metaphysis than did the older rats.
Antiserum to Lymphocytes and Procarbazine Compared as Immunosuppressants in Mice
Authors: Stewart P. Brian , Cohen Vivian
Published: October 2006

As an immunosuppressant procarbazine was as potent as an antiserum to lymphocytes in mice. Both agents significantly prolonged survivals of skin allografts by 4 to 6 weeks. At the maximum tolerated dosage, procarbazine suppressed both circulating hemagglutinins to sheep erythrocytes and plaque-forming cells in the spleen. The antiserum to lymphocytes reduced the numbers of circulating hemagglutinins and plaque-forming cells by 94 percent. Procarbazine was administered to mice for 3 weeks before their exposure to antigen. Exposure for only 9 days, commencing 48 hours before injection of sheep erythrocytes, was less effective in suppressing the titers of hemagglutinins.
Polyvinylsulfate: Interaction with Complexes of Morphogenetic Factors and Their Natural Inhibitors
Authors: Tiedemann Heinz , Tiedemann Hilldegard , Born Jochen
Published: October 2006

The inactivation of the mesodermalizing inducing factor by its natural inhibitor is completely abolished by low concentrations of polyvinylsulfate.
Slumping Structures Caused by Organically Derived Gases in Sediments
Authors: Monroe John N.
Published: October 2006

The interstitial waters of many sediments are saturated with methane derived from the decay of included organic material. Further generation of methane or local pressure reduction results in sediment dilation and loss of sediment stability. The grains of sediment separated by gas behave in toto as an elastic fluid, and typical "slumping structures" result.
Peanuts: Gibberellin Antagonists and Genetically Controlled Differences in Growth Habit
Authors: Halevy Abraham H. , Ashri Amram , Ben-Tal Yoseph
Published: October 2006

Treatment of peanuts with gibberellin changed the orientation of lateral branches of runners to that of erect ones, and two growth retardants changed those of the erect type to a more horizontal orientation. Little or no difference was found in amounts of endogenous gibberellin in the two types of plants, but amount of native gibberellic acid antagonists was higher in runner plants. Furthermore, runner plants contained a particular gibberellic acid inhibitor not found in erect plants. Applications of various auxins, antiauxins, and a cytokinin had no effect on tropistic growth of the side branches.
Reticulocytosis in Response to Dietary Antioxidants
Authors: March B. E. , Coates Viona , Biely Jacob
Published: October 2006

Alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 1, 2, dihydro-6-ethoxy-2, 2, 4-trimethylquinoline, and butylated hydroxytoluene increased the number of circulating reticulocytes when added to the diet of chickens. Hematocrit values were not reduced and erythrocyte life-spans were not shortened by the antioxidants. The reticulocytosis is attributed to delayed loss of reticular material from the maturing erythrocytes.
Leishmania braziliensis
Isolated from Sloths in Panama
Authors: Herrer Aristides , Telford Sam R.
Published: October 2006

Two edentates, the two-toed sloth
Choloepus hoffmanni
and the three-toed sloth
Bradypus infuscatus
, infected with
Leishmania
were found in Panama. The rates of infection were 14.1 and 1.3 percent in
Choloepus
and
Bradypus
, respectively.
Leishmania braziliensis sensu lato
was cultured from skin, blood, spleen, liver, or bone marrow of 13 sloths often from two or more tissues from the same animal. This strain is indistinguishable from
Leishmania
strains isolated from humans in Panama.
Limited Periods of Gene Expression in Immunoglobulin-Synthesizing Cells
Authors: Buell Donald N. , Fahey John L.
Published: October 2006

In synchronized human lymphoid cell lines, production of immunoglobulins G and M is greatest during the late G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. Little immunoglobulin appears immediately before, during, and immediately after mitosis. The results indicate that transcription of immunoglobulin genes takes place during a limited part of the mitotic cycle.
Global Suppression of Protein Folding Defects and Inclusion Body Formation
Authors: Mitraki Anna , Fane Bentley , Haase-Pettingell Cameron , Sturtevant Julian , King Jonathan
Published: October 2006

Amino acid substitutions at a site in the center of the bacteriophage protein P22 tailspike polypeptide chain suppress temperature-sensitive folding mutations at many sites throughout the chain. Characterization of the intracellular folding and chain assembly process reveals that the suppressors act in the folding pathway, inhibiting the aggregation of an early folding intermediate into the kinetically trapped inclusion body state. The suppressors alone increase the folding efficiency of the otherwise wild-type polypeptide chain without altering the stability or activity of the native state. These amino acid substitutions identify an unexpected aspect of the protein folding grammar—sequences within the chain that carry information inhibiting unproductive off-pathway conformations. Such mutations may serve to increase the recovery of protein products of cloned genes.