bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corn Production on a Subsurface‐Drained Mollisol as Affected by Fall versus Spring Application of Nitrogen and Nitrapyrin
Authors: Randall Gyles W. , Vetsch Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen management strategies that affect corn (Zea mays L.) production and loss of NO3–N to subsurface, tile drainage often include decisions of when to apply N (fall or spring) and whether to use a nitrification inhibitor. A field study was conducted from the fall of 1993 through 2000 on a tile‐drained Canisteo clay loam [fine‐loamy, mixed (calcareous), mesic Typic Endoaquolls] to determine the influence of fall vs. spring application of N and nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine] on yield of corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in rotation. Four anhydrous ammonia treatments [fall without nitrapyrin (NP), fall with NP, spring preplant without NP, and spring with NP] were replicated four times and applied at 134 kg N ha−1 (120 lb acre−1) for corn each year. Fall applications occurred between 20 October and 1 November when soil temperatures generally were ≤10°C. Six‐year average corn grain yields were least for fall N without NP [10.10 Mg ha−1 (161 bu acre−1)] and greatest for fall N with NP [10.72 Mg ha−1 (171 bu acre−1)], spring N without NP [10.82 Mg ha−1 (172 bu acre−1)], and spring N with NP treatment [11.03 Mg ha−1 (176 bu acre−1)]. Year‐to‐year variation in yield response to the treatments was great and was characterized by above‐normal May rainfall affecting the performance of the fall treatments while above‐normal June rainfall affected both fall and spring treatments. Apparent N recovery ranged from 47% for fall N without NP to 61% for spring N with NP. Annual economic return to fertilizer was greatest for spring N with or without NP. Based on the dominating effect of spring rainfall, this study suggests growers consider a spring preplant N strategy either with or without NP as an alternative to fall N for greatest economic return and least N loss to the environment on these Mollisols.
Yield and Mineral Composition of Alfalfa and Sunflowers as Influenced by the Degree of Reaction of Calcium Carbonate with Two Acid Soils
Authors: Baker Aaron , Brady N. C.
Published: July 2010

The comparative effects of reacted and unreacted CaCO3 in two acid soils on the growth and nutrient uptake of alfalfa and sunflowers were determined. The soils, both Mardin silt loams, had pH values of 4.6 and 5.5 respectively, and CaCO3 was applied at the rate of 1.35 tons per 2 × 106 lbs.

Reaction of CaCO3 with the more acid soil increased the yields and calcium contents of both alfalfa and sunflowers. On the less acid soil, reaction of the CaCO3 with the soil was not effective in increasing the yield of either plant, although the calcium content of both plants was higher where CaCO3 had been allowed to react with the soil before planting.

Plant analyses showed a better relationship between manganese content and yield than that of any other element investigated.
Available Soil Nitrogen Measurements by Microbiological Techniques and Chemical Methods
Authors: Boswell Fred C. , Richer A. C. , Casida L. E.
Published: July 2010

Microbiological and chemical techniques for assaying available soil nitrogen were evaluated using 30 soil samples selected from Georgia, Iowa, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The nitrifying capacity of these soils, as measured by incubation under controlled conditions, was used as the standard for comparison.

A microbiological techniques was devised, using a strain of the proteinaceous bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Production of a pigment, pyocyanin, by this organism during growth in a medium in which soil served as the nitrogen source was used as the criterion for measuring available soil nitrogen. With this technique, a highly significant negative correlation was obtained between pigment production and nitrifying capacity for the 30 soil samples studied. The method has the advantage that only 4 days are required for the assay, in contrast to 2 to 8 weeks for the determination of nitrifying capacity.

The microbiological technique was compared with the chemical methods of Truog and Purvis. In the Truog procedure, ammonia is distilled from soils in the presence of alkaline permanganate. The Purvis method involves hydrolysis and mild oxidation with dilute H2SO4 followed by ammonium ion determination by Nesslerization. Both chemical methods yielded highly significant correlation with nitrifying capacity. The correlation between the two chemical methods also was highly significant. The Truog method and the microbiological technique exhibited a negative correlation of high significance.
Measuring Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil With the Double‐Tube Method
Authors: Bouwer Herman
Published: July 2010

Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity, symbols Kh and Kv, respectively, of anisotropic soils in which the principal conductivity components are in the horizontal and vertical directions, can be measured with the double‐tube method. The principle is based on manipulation of flow direction in the artificially saturated soil region below the auger hole. As with the original double‐tube method, the presence of a water table is not required.

If the water levels in the inner and the outer tube differ, the streamlines in the resulting flow system below the auger hole have both horizontal and vertical portions. Thus, the hydraulic conductivity measured with the conventional double‐tube method from this flow system on the basis of assumed isotropy, symbol Kdt, is some resultant of Kh and Kv. If the water levels in the inner and the outer tube are the same, the flow in the soil below the inner tube is, initially, vertically downward. Piezometers are used to measure the vertical hydraulic gradient and knowing the intake rate, Kv can be computed. By transformation to equivalent isotropic systems, the relationship between Kdt/Kv and Kh/Kv can be determined and expressed in the form of a graph. Thus, knowing Kdt and Kv, the conductivity Kh can be evaluated from that graph.

Laboratory studies on artificial anisotropic soil consisting of alternating 0.5‐cm. layers of coarse and fine soil were performed to verify and exemplify the method.
Water and Chloride Movement Through Soil Columns Simulating Pedal Soils
Authors: Bouma J. , Anderson J. L.
Published: July 2010

Interpretation of dispersion phenomena in soils is complicated by many complex interactions within the highly heterogeneous pore system. Model experiments were therefore designed to investigate the specific effects on hydrodynamic dispersion of (i) vertically continuous macropores in different types of microstructure and (ii) different flow regimes. Two homogeneous microstructures were formed by mixing, puddling, and drying of sand and silty clay loam materials to sandy loam and clay loam textures. Small vertically continuous cylindrical pores were made in 30‐cm long columns that had a diameter of 10 cm to simulate macropores. Breakthrough curves, following a daily 0.5‐cm application of chloride solution, showed that identical macropores have different hydraulic functions in different soil materials. This intermittent flow resulted in much better displacement of untraced water in the more permeable sandy loam columns, but “immobile” water remained in both soils. Dispersion phenomena in both microstructures (which represented two “ideal” textural porosities) differed significantly when saturated flow was compared with flow through a crust. Implications for the physical interpretation of soil structure descriptions are discussed.
Biotite Kaolinization in Virginia Piedmont Soils: II. Zonation in Single Grains
Authors: Harris W. G. , Zelazny L. W. , Bloss F. D.
Published: July 2010

Kaolinized zones in soil biotite grains were investigated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), microprobe, and optical methods. These zones displayed microcrenulations and thus a dulled luster on (001) cleavage surfaces. Compared to unaltered biotite, kaolinized zones were lighter in reflected light but darker in transmitted light, probably because the crenulated (001) surfaces diffuse light. Kaolinized/unkaolinized interfaces in some grains were roughly perpendicular to (001) cleavage. This suggests that kaolinization proceeds inward from the grain edge along a multilayered front by a topotaxial rather than epitaxial reaction. Kaolinized zones contained islands of residual biotite and had an optic axial angle (2V) and dispersion more consistent with biotite than kaolinite. Biotite‐derived kaolinite grains contained Fe, which was either structural or occluded, and had Si/(Al + Fe + Mg + Ti) ratios >1.0. A significant vermiculite intermediate phase is not essential for kaolinization, as indicated by the lack of XRD evidence of vermiculite as well as by the simultaneous loss of K and divalent octahedral cations in examined biotite/kaolinite grains.
Preparing Soil Cores Collected by a Sampling Probe for Laboratory Analysis of Soil Hydraulic Properties
Authors: Amoozegar A.
Published: July 2010

Collection of intact soil samples from below the surface by handdriven devices is difficult and time consuming. A simple technique is presented to prepare unencased‐intact soil cores collected with a hydraulic sampling probe for laboratory physical analyses. The methodology has been used to determine the hydraulic properties of samples collected as deep as 6 m in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The hydraulic conductivity results and dye leaching tests have indicated that boundary flow does not occur at the interface of the soil and paraffin coating. The procedure has many advantages over sampling by hammer‐driven devices. It is fast and economical, and can be used to obtain high quality samples from the B and C horizons.
Comparison of Three Field Methods to Characterize Apparent Macropore Conductivity
Authors: Timlin D. J. , Ahuja L. R. , Ankeny M. D.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate some field‐oriented methods designed to characterize the flow rates of both the soil matrix and macropores near saturation. An apparent macropore conductivity was obtained by the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at −0.6 kPa of soil water pressure. Saturated conductivities were measured in double‐ring infiltrometers with tensiometers. Soil matrix conductivities were calculated from measurements of soil water pressures and drainage rate during redistribution and were also measured with a thin sand‐cement crust. Another set of data for saturated and unsaturated conductivities was obtained from unconfined ponded measurements in 76.2‐mm‐diam. rings and a tension infiltrometer. Unsaturated conductivities and calculated apparent macropore conductivities from the crust and redistribution methods were comparable. Unsaturated conductivities and apparent macropore conductivities from the tension infiltrometer and unconfined ponded measurements were greater than those from the infiltration‐redistribution method. We concluded that apparent macropore conductivity for the profile can be characterized by using ponded infiltration rates and matrix conductivities near saturation determined from redistribution data. This method accounts for the continuity of the macropore flow system in subsurface layers and involves a larger area for macropore infiltration measurement.
Influence of Oxalate and Soil Organic Matter on Sorption and Desorption of Phosphate onto a Spodic Horizon
Authors: Bhatti J. S. , Comerford N. B. , Johnston C. T.
Published: July 2010

Phosphate (PO4) availability limits the productivity of pine plantations growing on Spodosols of the southeastern USA. Oxalate has been shown to interact with both the sorption and desorption PO4 onto soil mineral surfaces. In addition, organic matter, a crucial component of many soil surfaces, affects the adsorption of PO4. We studied the effects of oxalate and organic matter on PO4 sorption and desorption onto the whole soil and clay‐sized fraction of a spodic horizon from a poorly drained Spodosol of the flatwoods region of the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA. Common batch studies and mass balance of OH‐ production and consumption were used to interpret the processes. Maximum reduction in PO4 sorption was observed in samples where organic matter and oxalate were present. The molar ratio of OH‐ ions released to PO4 sorbed supports the idea of a ligand‐exchange mechanism dominating the PO4 sorption process. Some of the sorption sites appear to be common sites for PO4, oxalate, and organic matter. Phosphorus desorption from the spodic horizon by the action of oxalate was through ligand exchange of oxalate for PO4. The presence of soil organic matter increased the amount of PO4 desorbed by oxalate. Oxalate appeared to form stable soluble complexes with Al in solution, thus inhibiting its reprecipitation.
TIME‐MASS SCALING IN SOIL TEXTURE ANALYSIS
Authors: Filgueira Roberto R. , Pachepsky Yakov A. , Fournier Lidia L.
Published: July 2010

Popular methods of textural analysis employ the relationship among time, the travel distances, and the radii of particles subject to sedimentation in a viscous liquid. The purpose of this note is to present and test an explicit relationship between time and soil suspension density in the course of the hydrometer analysis procedure applied to particles with the fractal mass‐size distribution. The relationship between the logarithms of mass of particles remaining in the solution and of the observation time is linear with the slope equal to −(3 − D)/2 where D is the fragmentation fractal dimension. This relationship was tested with samples of Typic Argiudoll and 24 soils from Imperial Valley, CA, and gave good approximation of hydrometer data on sedimentation of silt fraction 2 to 50 m. Monitoring soil mass in the solution presents a way of testing the applicability of fractal fragmentation model to particle‐size distributions (PSDs) and estimating the fragmentation fractal dimension.
Stakeholder involvement in water management: the role of the stakeholder analysis within participatory processes
Authors: Stanghellini Paola Sabina Lupo
Published: July 2010

Water is a central resource supporting human activities and ecosystems and it is required for different purposes and uses that are often conflicting. Existing water-related problems are expected to increase and conventional water resource management systems are not likely to be able to face future challenges. There is the need for an integrated water resources management, which should be participatory, technically and scientific informed and which should be based on bottom-up approach.

The Directive 2000/60/EC is based on principles of integrated planning and calls for stakeholder involvement in water management. Involving stakeholders is an important step to ensure that catchment management plans take into consideration local needs, experiences and interests. This paper presents a stakeholder analysis methodology that was developed to support stakeholder participation in water management. The methodology was implemented as a preliminary step in a stakeholder participation project in an alpine sub-catchment in Northern Italy.
Strategies to Attract Prospective Students to the Nursing Profession
Authors: Pillay Rubin
Published: July 2010

The stagnation in the supply of nurses necessitates the adoption of contextually-relevant strategies to attract recruits to the profession. The objective of this study was to understand how prospective candidates could be influenced to enter the profession, by determining what motivated current South African nurses to choose nursing as a profession. Support on entering the profession and employment security were rated as most important, while the influence of others and extrinsic rewards associated with nursing were perceived to be less important. Although private sector nurses and nurses who intended to change their employment sector were significantly more likely to rate employment security and extrinsic rewards highly, and public sector nurses and nurses from the more rural areas thought that the immediacy of support on entering the profession and intrinsic factors where more important, a homogenous approach to recruitment is possible.
J.W. Bennett's Fishes of Ceylon, dates of publication from supplementary sources with notes on copies of the book, alleged original drawings, and the author's specimens
Authors: WHEELER ALWYNE
Published: July 2010

Several sources are used to establish the dates of publication of the six parts of J.W. Bennett's Fishes of Ceylon(1828–1830). Previous datings of this uncommon work are confirmed for the year but refined dates are established for the month of publication in most cases. Attention is drawn to the number of copies available stated to be first editions, which by the dates on the plates are a mixture of editions. Bennett's specimens are no longer in existence.
A note on John Hawkins (1761–1841) and the Hawkins archive
Authors: CLEEVELY R. J.
Published: July 2010

A note dealing with the history of the Hawkins Papers, including the material relating to John Hawkins (1761–1841) presented to the West Sussex Record Office in the 1960s, recently transferred to the Cornwall County Record Office, Truro, in order to be consolidated with the major part of the Hawkins archive held there. Reference lists to the correspondence of Sibthorp-Hawkins, Hawkins-Sibthorp, and Hawkins to his mother mentioned in The Flora Graeca story (Lack, 1999) are provided.
Alexander Gordon Melville (1819–1901): the Dodo, Raphus cucullatus (L., 1758) and the genesis of a book
Authors: BAKER R. A. , BAYLISS R. A.
Published: July 2010

Alexander Gordon Melville was a significant, independent and controversial nineteenth century Irish-born academic who became the first Professor of Natural History at Queen's College (later University College) Galway. He built an early reputation as a comparative anatomist at Edinburgh and Oxford. However, it was his collaboration with Hugh Edwin Strickland which brought him to a wider audience with the publication of an important book on the Dodo and other extinct birds. After moving to Ireland he worked on marine invertebrates but published little and his early promise was never fulfilled.
Confronting and Resolving an Ethical Dilemma Associated with a Practice Based Evaluation Using Observational Methodology of Health Information Technology
Authors: Taylor H.A. , Sockolow P.S.
Published: July 2010

As the adoption of health information technology (HIT) has escalated, efforts to evaluate its uptake have increased. The evaluation of HIT often requires direct observation of health care practitioners interacting with the system. When in the field, the evaluator who is not a trained health care provider may observe suboptimal use of the technology. If evaluators have plans to share the results of the evaluation at the conclusion of the study, they face a decision point about whether to disclose interim results and the implications of doing so. To provide HIT evaluators with guidance about what issues to weigh when observing the implementation of HIT, this paper presents a study of an actual case and discusses the following considerations: (1) whether the evaluation of HIT is considered to be human subject research; (2) if the evaluation is human subject research, whether the Institutional Review Board will consider it exempt from review or subjected to expedited or full review; and (3) how interim disclosure to the clinic management impacts the research study. The recommendations to evaluators include use of a protocol for interim disclosures to patients, clinicians, and/or clinical management for both quality assurance initiatives and human subjects research.
A Facile Route to Polysubstituted Naphthalenes and Benzofluorenols via Scandium Triflate‐ and Triflic Acid‐ Catalyzed Benzannulation of 2‐(2‐Alkynylarylidene)‐ 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Liu Lu , Wei Lai , Zhang Junliang
Published: July 2010

This paper describes an efficient scandium triflate‐ and triflic acid‐catalyzed benzannulation of 2‐(2‐alkynylarylidene)‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds to afford polysubstituted naphthalenes and benzo[a]fluorenols. The product selectivity could be tuned by subtle choice of the catalyst. An unprecedented process between alkynes and ketones is also explored.
DNA – eine vielseitige chemische Verbindung für die Katalyse, zur Kodierung und zur Stereokontrolle
Authors: Silverman Scott K.
Published: July 2010

Die DNA (Desoxyribonukleinsäure) ist das genetische Material, das allen Organismen der Erde gemeinsam ist. Unser biologisches Verständnis der DNA ist umfangreich und wird weitreichend genutzt. In den letzten Jahren nun begannen Chemiker, die DNA auch für nicht‐biologische Anwendungen in der Katalyse, der Kodierung und zur Stereokontrolle zu erschließen. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die wichtigsten Fortschritte auf diesen drei spannenden Forschungsfeldern zusammen, von denen sich jedes einen anderen bestimmten Aspekt der chemischen Eigenschaften der DNA zu Nutze macht.
Impaired insulin sensitivity and secretion in normoglycemic patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1
Authors: Lalić Nebojša M. , Dragašević NatašA , Stefanova Elka , Jotić Aleksandra , Lalić Katarina , Miličić Tanja , Petrović Igor , Maćešić Marija , Kostić Vladimir S.
Published: July 2010

We have recently shown an impairment in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in normoglycemic patients with Huntington disease (HD). To investigate whether such observations are HD‐specific or may be common to other polyglutamine diseases, glucose homeostasis was studied in 12 unrelated, untreated normoglycemic patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), another entity from the family of polyglutamine diseases, and 24 healthy, matched controls. Metabolic investigations included (a) glucose tolerance assessment on the basis of glucose curve during oral glucose challenge; (b) insulin sensitivity assessment by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and the euglycemic insulin clamp (M value); and (c) insulin secretion by acute insulin response (AIR) and insulinogenic index. The evaluation of insulin sensitivity demonstrated higher HOMA‐insulin resistance indices, and lower M values (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), while both the AIR and the insulinogenic index were lower in patients with SCA1 compared to controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Our data suggested an impairment in insulin secretion capacity, as well as simultaneous decrease in insulin sensitivity, with an increase in insulin resistance level in patients with SCA1. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Protective effects of bovine colostrum acid proteins on bone loss of ovariectomized rats and the ingredients identification
Authors: Du Ming , Xu Weili , Yi Huaxi , Han Xue , Wang Cong , Zhang Lanwei
Published: July 2010

Scope: Milk basic proteins and bovine colostrum extracts have preventive effects on osteoporosis. However, the effects of bovine colostrum acidic proteins (BCAP) on properties of bone have not been reported. This study investigated the effect of BCAP on the prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods and results: Forty‐eight 3‐month old female Sprague–Dawley rats were OVX and another 12 rats underwent a sham operation (Sham). The OVX rats were randomly separated into four groups, i.e. OVX control, OVX plus 2 mg/day BCAP, OVX plus 10 mg/day BCAP, and OVX plus 50 mg/day BCAP, and were gavaged once per day for 12 wk. The effects on bone mineral content, bone mineral density, microarchitecture and biomechanical properties were determined. The bioactive ingredients in BCAP were isolated and identified. Results showed that BCAP increased the bone mineral content and bone mineral density of the femur in a dose‐dependent manner. Scanning electron microscope observation and mechanical testing further confirmed the positive effects of BCAP. These positive effects attribute to the fact that osteopontin, lactoferrin, epidermal growth factor and insulin‐like growth factor‐2 are the dominant proteins in BCAP. Conclusions: BCAP (2–50 mg/day) could prevent osteoporosis caused by bone loss in OVX rats.
Relationship between blood and myocardium manganese levels during manganese‐enhanced MRI (MEMRI) with T1 mapping in rats
Authors: Hu Tom C.‐C. , Chuang Kai‐Hsiang , Yanasak Nathan , Koretsky Alan
Published: July 2010

Manganese ions (Mn2+) enter viable myocardial cells via voltage‐gated calcium channels. Because of its shortening of T1 and its relatively long half‐life in cells, Mn2+ can serve as an intracellular molecular contrast agent to study indirect calcium influx into the myocardium. One major concern in using Mn2+ is its sensitivity over a limited range of concentrations employing T1‐weighted images for visualization, which limits its potential in quantitative techniques. Therefore, this study assessed the implementation of a T1 mapping method for cardiac manganese‐enhanced MRI to enable a quantitative estimate of the influx of Mn2+ over a wide range of concentrations in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. This MRI method was used to compare the relationship between T1 changes in the heart as a function of myocardium and blood Mn2+ levels. Results showed a biphasic relationship between ΔR1 and the total Mn2+ infusion dose. Nonlinear relationships were observed between the total Mn2+ infusion dose versus blood levels and left ventricular free wall ΔR1. At low blood levels of Mn2+, there was proportionally less cardiac enhancement seen than at higher levels of blood Mn2+. We hypothesize that Mn2+ blood levels increase as a result of rate‐limiting excretion by the liver and kidneys at these higher Mn2+ doses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auswertung von Längsschnittdaten mit hierarchisch-linearen Modellen
Authors: Göllner Richard , Gollwitzer Mario , Heider Jens , Zaby Alexandra , Schröder Annette
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Bislang werden im Bereich der klinischen Psychologie zur Analyse von Längsschnittdaten vor allem Varianzanalysen mit Messwiederholung (RM-ANOVA) verwendet. Mehrebenenmodelle für Längsschnittdaten sind demgegenüber in ihren Voraussetzungsannahmen weniger restriktiv und in ihren Analysemöglichkeiten weitaus flexibler. Fragestellung: Wie können Mehrebenenmodelle für Längsschnittdaten in der Psychotherapieforschung sinnvoll eingesetzt werden? Methode: Aufbauend auf dem Beitrag von Keller (2003) werden Probleme klassischer Verfahren der Datenauswertung am Beispiel der Wirksamkeitsevaluation einer kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Gruppentherapie erläutert und alternativen Modellen gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse: Es wird gezeigt, wie lineare und nichtlineare Veränderungen beschrieben und getestet sowie eine zusätzliche Analyseebene im Gesamtmodell integriert werden können. Schlussfolgerung: Mehrebenenmodelle für Längsschnittdaten bieten eine adäquate Strategie, um typischen Anwendungsfällen der klinisch-psychologischen Forschung in optimaler Weise Rechnung zu tragen.
Current understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis and the acyl carrier protein
Authors: Chan David I. , Vogel Hans J.
Published: July 2010

FA (fatty acid) synthesis represents a central, conserved process by which acyl chains are produced for utilization in a number of end-products such as biological membranes. Central to FA synthesis, the ACP (acyl carrier protein) represents the cofactor protein that covalently binds all fatty acyl intermediates via a phosphopantetheine linker during the synthesis process. FASs (FA synthases) can be divided into two classes, type I and II, which are primarily present in eukaryotes and bacteria/plants respectively. They are characterized by being composed of either large multifunctional polypeptides in the case of type I or consisting of discretely expressed mono-functional proteins in the type II system. Owing to this difference in architecture, the FAS system has been thought to be a good target for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents, as exemplified by the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. There have been considerable advances in this field in recent years, including the first high-resolution structural insights into the type I mega-synthases and their dynamic behaviour. Furthermore, the structural and dynamic properties of an increasing number of acyl-ACPs have been described, leading to an improved comprehension of this central carrier protein. In the present review we discuss the state of the understanding of FA synthesis with a focus on ACP. In particular, developments made over the past few years are highlighted.
Enhancement of perpendicular coercivity for CoPt top layer in CoPt/AlN multilayer structure
Authors: Yu Youxing , Shi Ji , Nakamura Yoshio
Published: July 2010

The magnetic behavior of sputter deposited AlN20 nm/[CoPt2 nm/AlN2 nm]5/CoPt(x) (x as the thickness of the top CoPt layer) multilayer structure has been studied. It has been found that the magnetic anisotropy of the structure strongly depends on thermal annealing. With increasing the annealing temperature, the film changes from the in-plane magnetic anisotropy to the perpendicular anisotropy. Especially, for the top CoPt layer, the perpendicular coercivity increases much rapidly compared with that of the CoPt layers inside the base multilayer, when increasing the annealing temperature to 500 °C or above. The coercivity difference between the top CoPt layer and the base multilayer caused in this way results in an antiparallel alignment state during the magnetization process. The perpendicular magnetization and the coercivity enhancement for the CoPt top layer are correlated with the change in the residual stress inside this layer.
Note: Thermal properties of magnesium in the 60–150 mK range
Authors: Galeazzi M. , Bogorin D. F. , Prasai K. , Uprety Y. , McCammon D.
Published: July 2010

Refrigerators for space and other applications working around 100 mK require lightweight components with good thermal properties. We have measured the thermal properties of high-purity (99.95%) magnesium, which is five times lighter than copper, over the 60–150 mK range and found that it is well-behaved down to these temperatures. Both conductivity and heat capacity are in good agreement with extrapolations from measurements at higher temperatures. The heat capacity per unit volume is about the same as copper and the thermal conductivity about 2.7 times lower than copper of similar residual resistivity ratio, as expected from magnesium’s higher room-temperature resistivity.
The ATM–p53 pathway suppresses aneuploidy-induced tumorigenesis
Authors: Li Min , Fang Xiao , Baker Darren J. , Guo Linjie , Gao Xue , Wei Zhubo , Han Shuhua , van Deursen Jan M. , Zhang Pumin
Published: July 2010

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is essential for proper sister chromatid segregation. Defects in this checkpoint can lead to chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. An increasing body of evidence suggests that aneuploidy can play a causal role in tumorigenesis. However, mutant mice that are prone to aneuploidy have only mild tumor phenotypes, suggesting that there are limiting factors in the aneuploidy-induced tumorigenesis. Here we provide evidence that p53 is such a limiting factor. We show that aneuploidy activates p53 and that loss of p53 drastically accelerates tumor development in two independent aneuploidy models. The p53 activation depends on the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene product and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Thus, the ATM-p53 pathway safeguards not only DNA damage but also aneuploidy.
Ecto‐ATPase of Mammalian Synaptosomes: Identification and Enzymic Characterization
Authors: Nagy Agnes K. , Shuster Terrence A. , Delgado‐Escueta Antonio V.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Intact synaptosomes isolated from mammalian brain tissues (rat, mouse, gerbil, and human) have an ATP hydrolyzing enzyme activity on their external surface. The synaptosomal ecto‐ATPase(s) possesses characteristics consistent with those that have been described for ecto‐ATPases of various other cell types. The enzyme has a high affinity for ATP (the apparent Km values are in the range of 2–5 × 10−5M), and is apparently stimulated equally well by either Mg2+ or Ca2+ in the absence of any other cations. The apparent activation constant for both divalent cations is approximately 4 × 10−4M in all mammalian brain tissues studied. The involvement of a nonspecific phosphatase in the hydrolysis of externally added ATP is excluded. ATP hydrolysis is maximal in the pH range 7.4–7.8 for both divalent cation‐dependent ATPase activities. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and p‐chloromercuribenzoate (50 μM) inhibit the ecto‐ATPase, whereas ouabain (1 mM) and oligomycin (3.5 μg × mg−1 protein) show little or no inhibition of this enzyme activity. Inhibitor data suggest that the Mg2+‐ and Ca2+‐dependent ecto‐ATPase may represent two different enzymes on the surface of synaptosomes.
Studies on the Distribution and Metabolism of 14C‐dimethylnitrosamine in Foetal and Young Mice
Authors: Johansson‐Brittebo Eva , Tjälve Hans
Published: July 2010

Abstract In pregnant mice injected with 14C‐dimethylnitrosamine, whole‐body autoradiography was performed with hemisections at ‐80° (to prevent evaporation of the volatile dimethylnitrosamine) and with dry tape sections (to localize the non‐volatile metabolites). The results indicated that the non‐metabolized substance passed to the foetal tissues with a uniform distribution and without formation or accumulation of non‐volatile metabolites. Autoradiography in young (1‐10 days old) and adult mice showed a high level of metabolites in the liver already 5 min. after the administration of 14C‐dimethylnitrosamine. No metabolism of the substance could be detected at in vitro incubations of liver tissue obtained from foetuses on the last day of gestation (14CO2‐production and incorporation of radioactivity in acid‐insoluble macromolecules were used as metabolic indices). However, in vitro experiments with livers of 1‐5 days old mice indicated a rapid increase in enzymatic activity after birth. Studies in vivo showed an increased incorporation of radioactivity in the acid‐insoluble macromolecules of the liver and a decreased exhalation of 14CO2 in 10 and 14 days old mice as compared with 21 and 60 days old mice. This indicates a difference in the fate of dimethylnitrosamine in vivo between the young and older mice.
CLASSICAL PROTOCOL FOR SIMULATION OF SPIN MEASUREMENT CORRELATIONS OF BINARY SPIN-S SINGLET STATE
Authors: AHANJ ALI , JOAG PRAMOD S. , GHOSH SIBASISH
Published: July 2010

In a recent paper [A. Ahanj et al., Phys. Lett. A368 (2007) 34], we gave a classical protocol to simulate quantum correlations corresponding to the spin-s singlet state for the infinite sequence of spins satisfying 2s + 1 = 2n. In the present paper, we have generalized this result by giving a classical protocols to exactly simulate quantum correlations implied by the spin-s singlet state corresponding to all integer as well as half-integer spin values s. The class of measurements we consider here are only those corresponding to spin observables, as has been done in the above-mentioned paper. The required amount of communication is found to be ⌈ log 2(s + 1)⌉ in the worst case scenario, where ⌈x⌉ is the least integer greater than or equal to x.
Expression and Localization of an Hsp70 Protein in the MicrosporidianEncephalitozoon cuniculi
Authors: Jolly Carrie E. , Leonard Cory A. , Hayman J. Russell
Published: July 2010

Microsporidia spore surface proteins are an important, under investigated aspect of spore/host cell attachment and infection. For comparison analysis of surface proteins, we required an antibody control specific for an intracellular protein. An endoplasmic reticulum-associated heat shock protein 70 family member (Hsp70; ECU02_0100; “C1”) was chosen for further analysis. DNA encoding the C1 hsp70 was amplified, cloned and used to heterologously express the C1 Hsp70 protein, and specific antiserum was generated. Two-dimensional Western blotting analysis showed that the purified antibodies were monospecific. Immunoelectron microscopy of developing and matureE. cuniculispores revealed that the protein localized to internal structures and not to the spore surface. In spore adherence inhibition assays, the anti-C1 antibodies did not inhibit spore adherence to host cell surfaces, whereas antibodies to a known surface adhesin (EnP1) did so. In future studies, the antibodies to the ‘C1’ Hsp70 will be used to delineate spore surface protein expression.
Death in 12–24-Year-Old Youth in Nova Scotia: High Risk of Preventable Deaths for Males, Socially Deprived and Rural Populations—A Report from the NSYOUTHS Program
Authors: Dummer T. J. B. , Bellemare S. , MacDonald N. , Parker L.
Published: July 2010

Deaths from avoidable causes represent the largest component of deaths in young people in Canada and have a considerable social cost in relation to years of potential life lost. We evaluated social and demographic determinants of deaths in youth aged 12–24 years in Nova Scotia for the period 1995–2004. Youth most at risk of death were males, the more socially deprived, and those living in rural areas. There was a five-fold increase in suicides and a three-fold increase in injury deaths in males compared to females and a substantial component of these deaths were amongst males living in rural areas. Initiatives and prevention policies should be targeted towards specific at-risk groups, particularly males living in rural areas. Published vital statistics hide these important trends and thus provide only limited evidence with which to base-prevention initiatives.
Selective and Potent Raf Inhibitors Paradoxically Stimulate Normal Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth
Authors: Carnahan Josette , Beltran Pedro J. , Babij Carol , Le Quynh , Rose Mark J. , Vonderfecht Steven , Kim Joseph L. , Smith Adrian L. , Nagapudi Karthik , Broome Martin A. , Fernando Manory , Kha Hue , Belmontes Brian , Radinsky Robert , Kendall Richard , Burgess Teresa L.
Published: July 2010

Raf inhibitors are under clinical investigation, specifically in patients with tumor types harboring frequent activating mutations in B-Raf. Here, we show that cell lines and tumors harboring mutant B-Raf were sensitive to a novel series of Raf inhibitors (e.g., V600EB-Raf A375, IC50 on cells = 2 nmol/L; ED50 on tumor xenografts = 1.3 mg/kg). However, in cells and tumors with wild-type B-Raf, exposure to Raf inhibitors resulted in a dose-dependent and sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. In some of these cell lines, Raf inhibition led to entry into the cell cycle, enhanced proliferation, and significantly stimulated tumor growth in vivo. Inhibition with structurally distinct Raf inhibitors or isoform-specific small interfering RNA knockdown of Raf showed that these effects were mediated directly through Raf. Either A-Raf or C-Raf mediated the Raf inhibitor–induced mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation in an inhibitor-specific manner. These paradoxical effects of Raf inhibition were seen in malignant and normal cells in vitro and in vivo. Hyperplasia of normal epithelial cells in the esophagus and the stomach was evident in mice with all efficacious Raf inhibitors (n = 8) tested. An implication of these results is that Raf inhibitors may induce unexpected normal cell and tumor tissue proliferation in patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(8); 2399–410. ©2010 AACR.
Pupil Diameter Predicts Changes in the Exploration–Exploitation Trade-off: Evidence for the Adaptive Gain Theory
Authors: Jepma Marieke , Nieuwenhuis Sander
Published: July 2010

The adaptive regulation of the balance between exploitation and exploration is critical for the optimization of behavioral performance. Animal research and computational modeling have suggested that changes in exploitative versus exploratory control state in response to changes in task utility are mediated by the neuromodulatory locus coeruleus–norepinephrine (LC–NE) system. Recent studies have suggested that utility-driven changes in control state correlate with pupil diameter, and that pupil diameter can be used as an indirect marker of LC activity. We measured participants' pupil diameter while they performed a gambling task with a gradually changing payoff structure. Each choice in this task can be classified as exploitative or exploratory using a computational model of reinforcement learning. We examined the relationship between pupil diameter, task utility, and choice strategy (exploitation vs. exploration), and found that (i) exploratory choices were preceded by a larger baseline pupil diameter than exploitative choices; (ii) individual differences in baseline pupil diameter were predictive of an individual's tendency to explore; and (iii) changes in pupil diameter surrounding the transition between exploitative and exploratory choices correlated with changes in task utility. These findings provide novel evidence that pupil diameter correlates closely with control state, and are consistent with a role for the LC–NE system in the regulation of the exploration–exploitation trade-off in humans.
E-cadherin regulates MAL-SRF-mediated transcription in epithelial cells
Authors: Busche Stephan , Kremmer Elisabeth , Posern Guido
Published: July 2010

Epithelial junctions are dynamically and functionally linked to the actin cytoskeleton, and their disassembly is a key event during physiological and pathological processes. We recently showed that epithelial disintegration facilitates transcriptional activation via Rac, G-actin, MAL (also known as MRTF) and serum response factor (SRF). Here, we investigate which specific component of the epithelial junction is essential for this MAL-SRF-mediated transcription. The Ca2+-dependent dissociation of polarised epithelial cells depleted of ZO proteins – which form adherens junctions (AJs) but completely lack tight junctions (TJs) – fully activated SRF. By contrast, AGS gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, which form TJs but are deficient in E-cadherin, and therefore also in AJs, failed to activate SRF. The introduction of wild-type E-cadherin in AGS cells restored AJ formation and MAL-SRF inducibility. To gain further insight into the membrane-proximal signalling, AGS cells were stably transfected with E-cadherin–α-catenin fusions. Despite restored formation of cell-cell contacts containing the nectin-afadin complex and p120-catenin, these cells did not activate SRF upon junction dissociation, suggesting that signal transmission depends on the C-terminal tail of E-cadherin. We conclude that the dissociation of intercellular E-cadherin interactions from AJs, and signals originating from the C-terminal region covering the β-catenin-binding site of E-cadherin, are essential for transcriptional activation via Rac, MAL and SRF, whereas TJs are not involved.
Occludin is required for cytokine-induced regulation of tight junction barriers
Authors: Van Itallie Christina M. , Fanning Alan S. , Holmes Jennifer , Anderson James M.
Published: July 2010

The function of occludin remains elusive. Proposed roles include maintenance of tight junction barriers, signaling and junction remodeling. To investigate a potential role in mediating cytokine-induced changes in barrier properties, we measured barrier responses to interferon-γ plus TNFα in control, occludin-overexpressing and occludin knockdown MDCK II monolayers. MDCK cells show a complex response to cytokines characterized by a simultaneous increase in the transepithelial electrical resistance and a decrease in the barrier for large solutes. We observed that overexpression of occludin increased and occludin knockdown decreased sensitivity to cytokines as assessed by both these parameters. It is known that caveolin-1 interacts with occludin and is implicated in several models of cytokine-dependent barrier disruption; we found that occludin knockdown altered the subcellular distribution of caveolin-1 and that partitioning of caveolin into detergent-insoluble lipid rafts was influenced by changing occludin levels. Knockdown of caveolin decreased the cytokine-induced flux increase, whereas the increase in the electrical barrier was unaltered; the effect of double knockdown of occludin and caveolin was similar to that of occludin single knockdown, consistent with the possibility that they function in the same pathway. These results demonstrate that occludin is required for cells to transduce cytokine-mediated signals that either increase the electrical barrier or decrease the large solute barrier, possibly by coordinating the functions of caveolin-1.
Influence of Interplanting of Corn and Ladino Clover on the Yields of Corn1
Authors: Stivers Russell K.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Ladino clover adjacent to corn reduced corn yields. There was also a trend toward reduced ear weights. Nitrogen leaf deficiency symptoms and response to fertilization of corn indicated competition for soil nitrogen. Clover grew an average < 6 inches toward cultivated corn rows after cultivation ceased.
Resistance of Seedlings to Frost Heaving Injury1
Authors: Kinbacher E. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Stem and leaf breakage were the major types of injury from frost heaving to 14‐day old seedlings of Hardinggrass, Perennial ryegrass, and 2 winter wheats. The lower the injury on the plant, the less the chance for survival. Ryegrass was more resistant than Hardinggrass at plant lifts less than 10 mm. Wheats were more resistant than the grasses. Depth of planting adversely affected grass seedlings at a greater degree than with wheat, but shallower planting caused greater root injury than deep planting in both grasses and wheats.
Influence of Fall Cutting in the Seeding Year on the Dry Matter and Nitrogen Yields of Legumes1
Authors: Smith Dale
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

At Madison, Wis., in 1951 and 1952, cutting top growth in September and October reduced the dry matter and nitrogen yields in the fall of the seeding year from alfalfa, red clover, and alsike clover. Reduction was especially marked in 1952 for alfalfa strains which were weakened by crown and root rot. Largest reductions from fall cutting were with the Arizona alfalfa.
Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on the Incidence of Stalk Rot of Corn1
Authors: Otto Harley J. , Everett Herbert L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The severity of stalk rot in corn was found to increase with increased applications of nitrogen and decrease with increased potassium applications. All corn hybrids did not respond to fertilizer treatments to the same degree.
Cytogenetics of Progenies of 35‐Chromosome Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)1
Authors: Carnahan H. L. , Hill Helen D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Progenies of natural pentaploid reed canarygrass possessed from 28 to 56 chromosomes. Non‐reduction was presumably a factor in the origin of octoploids. Hexaploids, though less regular meiotically than normal tetraploids, were more regular and fertile than octoploids. Chromosome number was not significantly correlated with leaf width but was correlated with date of anthesis (r = 0.62**). Leaves of euploids tended to be darker green than those of aneuploids. Seeds of hexaploids and octoploids were generally heavier than tetraploid seeds.
Factors Affecting Resistance to Pythium Seedling Blight of Maize Incited by Pythium ultimum1
Authors: Crane Paul L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Evidence presented indicates that a portion of the resistance to Pythium ultimum in corn seedlings resides in the maternal pericarp tissues and a portion is within the germinating embryo. The two are distinct and genetically independent. No evidence of cytoplasmic influence on resistance was found. Ear to ear variation was found to be closely associated, inversely, with variations in reducing sugar content of the kernels.
The Objective and Essay Examinations in Agronomy
Authors: Burger A. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Correlation coefficients of grades from objective examinations and essay examinations were significant in five semesters. Coefficients of determination on the semesters ranged from 6.3 to 19.3%. These were higher when there was wider choice of questions in the essay examinations.