bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noise-equivalent and signal-equivalent visual summation
of quantal events in space and time
Authors: HEMILÄ SIMO , LERBER TUOMO , DONNER KRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

Noise recorded in visual neurons, or variability
in psychophysical experiments, may be quantified in terms
of quantal fluctuations from an “equivalent”
steady illumination. The conversion requires assumptions
concerning how photon signals are pooled in space and time,
i.e. how to pass from light fluxes to numbers
of photon events relevant to the Poisson statistics describing
signal/noise. It is usual to approximate real weighting
profiles for the integration of photon events in space
and time (the sensitivity distribution of the receptive
field [RF] and the waveform of the impulse response
[IR]) by sharp-bordered apertures of “complete,”
equal-weight summation of events. Apertures based on signal-equivalence
cannot provide noise-equivalence, however, because
greater numbers of events summed with smaller weights (as
in reality) have lower variances than smaller numbers summed
with full weight. Thus sharp-bordered apertures are necessarily
smaller if defined for noise- than for signal-equivalence.
We here consider the difference for some commonly encountered
RF and IR profiles. Summation areas, expressed
as numbers of photoreceptors (cones or rods) contributing
with equal weight, are denoted NS
for signal and NN
for noise; sharply delimited summation times are
correspondingly denoted tS
and tN. We show that
the relation in space is NN
= 0.5NS for the Gaussian distribution (e.g.
for the RF center mechanism of retinal ganglion cells).
For a photoreceptor in an electrically coupled network
the difference is even larger, e.g., for rods in the toad
retina NN = 0.2NS
(NS = 13.7 rods and NN
= 2.8 rods). In time, the relation is tN ≈ 0.7tS for realistic
quantal response waveforms of photoreceptors. The surround
input in a difference-of-Gaussians RF may either decrease
or increase total noise, depending on the degree of correlation
of center and surround noise. We introduce a third useful
definition of sharp-bordered summation apertures: one that
provides the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for large-long
stimuli as the real integration profiles. The SNR-equivalent
summation area is N*
= NS 2/NN and summation time t* = tS2/tN.
Inhibition of the calcineurin-like protein phosphatase activity
in Limulus ventral eye photoreceptor cells alters
the characteristics of the spontaneous quantal bumps and
the light-mediated inward currents, and enhances arrestin
phosphorylation
Authors: KASS LEONARD , ELLIS DORETTE Z. , PELLETIER JANICE , TABLEMAN NATHAN E. , EDWARDS SAMUEL C.
Published: July 2002

Changes in intracellular calcium are involved in
phototransduction processes in both vertebrate and invertebrate
photoreceptors. During this phototransduction process in
the Limulus ventral eye, there is a biochemical
change in the protein phosphatase, calcineurin, such that
it becomes capable of activation by calcium and calmodulin.
Here we show that the calcium/calmodulin-dependent calcineurin-like
activity in light-adapted ventral eye was completely inhibited
by the CaN autoinhibitory peptide, CaN A457–482
and the Merck analog of the membrane-permeable, immunosuppressant
drug, FK 506, L-683, 590, but not an inactive analogue,
L-685, 818. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings of spontaneous
quantal bump activity present in dark-adapted photoreceptors
injected with either CaN A457–482 (500
μM) or superfused with L-683, 590 (20 μM) or L-685,
818 revealed that both CaN A457–482 and
L-683, 590, but not L-685, 818, caused rapid decreases
in quantal bump amplitude, rise time and fall time, resulting
in smaller, sharper bumps. This was correlated with enhanced
phosphorylation of arrestin in light-adapted ventral eye
photoreceptors exposed to L-683, 590 or less reliably okadaic
acid. Both CaN A457–482 and L-683, 590
markedly affected the light-stimulated inward currents
recorded from light-adapted ventral photoreceptors, causing
a “terracing” of the inward current, and an
intensity-dependent delay in the time required to reach
peak amplitude. Consequently, inhibition of calcineurin
markedly affects two major rhodopsin-dependent electrophysiological
processes, and implicates CaN as an integral component
in the phototransduction cascade.
Linear and nonlinear contributions to orientation tuning
of simple cells in the cat's striate cortex
Authors: GARDNER JUSTIN L. , ANZAI AKIYUKI , OHZAWA IZUMI , FREEMAN RALPH D.
Published: July 2002

Orientation selectivity is one of the most conspicuous
receptive-field (RF) properties that distinguishes neurons
in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate
nucleus (LGN). It has been suggested that orientation selectivity
arises from an elongated array of feedforward LGN inputs
(Hubel & Wiesel, 1962). Others have argued that cortical
mechanisms underlie orientation selectivity (e.g. Sillito,
1975; Somers et al., 1995). However, isolation of each
mechanism is experimentally difficult and no single study
has analyzed both processes simultaneously to address their
relative roles. An alternative approach, which we have
employed in this study, is to examine the relative contributions
of linear and nonlinear mechanisms in sharpening orientation
tuning. Since the input stage of simple cells is remarkably
linear, the nonlinear contribution can be attributed solely
to cortical factors. Therefore, if the nonlinear component
is substantial compared to the linear contribution, it
can be concluded that cortical factors play a prominent
role in sharpening orientation tuning. To obtain the linear
contribution, we first measure RF profiles of simple cells
in the cat's striate cortex using a binary m-sequence
noise stimulus. Then, based on linear spatial summation
of the RF profile, we obtain a predicted orientation-tuning
curve, which represents the linear contribution. The nonlinear
contribution is estimated as the difference between the
predicted tuning curve and that measured with drifting
sinusoidal gratings. We find that measured tuning curves
are generally more sharply tuned for orientation than predicted
curves, which indicates that the linear mechanism is not
enough to account for the sharpness of orientation-tuning.
Therefore, cortical factors must play an important role
in sharpening orientation tuning of simple cells. We also
examine the relationship of RF shape (subregion aspect
ratio) and size (subregion length and width) to orientation-tuning
halfwidth. As expected, predicted tuning halfwidths are
found to depend strongly on both subregion length and subregion
aspect ratio. However, we find that measured tuning halfwidths
show only a weak correlation with subregion aspect ratio,
and no significant correlation with RF length and width.
These results suggest that cortical mechanisms not only
serve to sharpen orientation tuning, but also serve to
make orientation tuning less dependent on the size and
shape of the RF. This ensures that orientation is represented
equally well regardless of RF size and shape.
Depressive symptomatology in childhood and adolescence
Authors: DUGGAL SUNITA , CARLSON ELIZABETH A. , SROUFE L. ALAN , EGELAND BYRON
Published: July 2002

Antecedents of depressive symptomatology in childhood and adolescence were examined in a
prospective longitudinal study of at-risk youth (n = 168) from families of lower
socioeconomic status. Relations between family context factors, maternal depressive symptoms,
and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence were examined, with a focus on early
family relationship factors rarely available for analysis in longitudinal data sets. Results suggest the
possibility of etiological differences between depressive symptoms in childhood and in
adolescence. Depressive symptomatology in childhood was predicted by the overall family
context. Cumulative effects of maternal depressive symptomatology, early care lacking in
emotional supportiveness, abuse, and family stressors were observed. Depressive symptomatology
in adolescence, on the other hand, was specifically associated with maternal depression and early
care lacking in emotional supportiveness. Moreover, an intriguing sex difference emerged:
maternal depressive symptomatology was strongly associated with depressive symptomatology in
adolescence for females, but for males supportive early care appeared more relevant.
Brain maturational processes and delayed onset in schizophrenia
Authors: KESHAVAN MATCHERI S. , HOGARTY GERARD E.
Published: July 2002

The central feature of schizophrenia is its onset in adolescence. Although this clinical
observation is consistent with the view that schizophrenia may be a neurodevelopmental
disorder, debate has focused on when the proposed brain maturational deviations may begin and
what might be the nature of such defective development. Conflicting models of this illness (e.g.,
the early and late neurodevelopmental models) have been proposed. In this paper, we will first
review concepts from basic developmental neurobiology pertinent to these issues; we then
summarize aspects of the neurobiology of schizophrenia that have a particular bearing on the
adolescent onset of this illness. We propose that the schizophrenic syndrome may result from
early brain adversity and late maturational processes of brain development interacting with
adverse humoral, biochemical, and psychosocial factors during adolescence and early adulthood.
The onset of schizophrenia in adolescence may be related to the “plasticity switch”
secondary to the peripubertal brain maturational changes, perhaps involving an alteration in
glutamate receptor function. This loss of plasticity could result in social and nonsocial cognitive
deficits that are central to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; the vulnerable person may
therefore utilize prepubertal processing styles that are insufficient to the adaptive and
“gistful” abstraction requirements of adult cognition. Schizophrenia onset might
occur in the context of psychosocial developmental challenges to a delayed social cognitive
capacity among neurodevelopmentally compromised individuals. We review therapeutic
implications as well as testable predictions generated by this model, and discuss research
strategies that might further our understanding of the brain maturational abnormalities in
schizophrenia.
On the motion of particles in non-uniformly
vibrating liquid
Authors: LAVRENTEVA OLGA M.
Published: July 2002

The motion of a rigid particle in an inviscid non-uniformly vibrating ambient liquid is
considered. The vibrations are caused by a dipole changing its strength in time. This model
of a vibrator presents an asymptotic case of vibrations caused by a rigid sphere periodically
changing its position when the radius and amplitude are small and the velocity is large. It is
found that periodic oscillations with zero mean can cause the directed motion of a submerged
particle even if its density equals that of the liquid. The direction of the motion is studied.
It is shown that particles of density not less that of the ambient liquid are attracted by a
vibrator. The direction of motion of lighter particles depends on their initial position.
Perfect trees and bit-reversal permutations
Authors: HINZE RALF
Published: July 2002

One well known algorithm is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). An efficient iterative version
of the FFT algorithm performs as a first step a bit-reversal permutation of the input list. The
bit-reversal permutation swaps elements whose indices have binary representations that are
the reverse of each other. Using an amortized approach, this operation can be made to run
in linear time on a random-access machine. An intriguing question is whether a linear-time
implementation is also feasible on a pointer machine, that is, in a purely functional setting. We
show that the answer to this question is in the affirmative. In deriving a solution, we employ
several advanced programming language concepts such as nested datatypes, associated fold
and unfold operators, rank-2 types and polymorphic recursion.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF VENOM ACCORDING TO JAbar;[Hdotu]I[Zdotu]
Authors: Aarab Ahmed , Provençal Philippe , Idaomar Mohamed
Published: July 2002

The aim of this paper is to present the modes of action of venom as construed by Abū 'Uthmān 'Amr ibn Ba[hdotu]r al-Jā[hdotu]i[zdotu] (780-868) in his Kitāb al-[Hdotu]ayawān (The Book of Animals). The toxicological information presented by Jā[hdotu]i[zdotu] is a synthesis of data available in his time, but Jā[hdotu]i[zdotu] complemented these early conceptions by his personal theoretical views. Jā[hdotu]i[zdotu]'s fundamental idea is that venoms act through their specific natures; this idea in a way is reminiscent of present-day theory of enzymes.
Measuring the outcomes of care in older people: a non-critical review of patient-based measures. II. Mental status, depression and psychological wellbeing instruments
Authors: Kliempt P. , Ruta D. , McMurdo M.
Published: July 2002

This is the second in a series of three papers reviewing 69 patient-based outcome measures that have been developed specifically for use with older people, or that have been administered to populations that include older people. The first paper described how the measures were identified, and provided a brief description of 17 measures of general health status and quality of life. This paper reviews nine measures of mental status and cognitive function, 10 measures of depression and anxiety, and seven psychological wellbeing measures (see Tables 1-3).
Conditions for the completeness of functional and algebraic
equational reasoning
Authors: RIECKE JON G. , SUBRAHMANYAM RAMESH
Published: July 2002

We consider the following question: in the simply-typed λ-calculus with algebraic
operations, is the set of equations valid in a particular model exactly those provable from
(β), (η) and the set of algebraic equations, E, that are valid in the model? We find
conditions for determining whether βηE-equational reasoning is complete. We demonstrate
the utility of the results by presenting a number of simple corollaries for particular models.
MONOTERPENOID DIVERSITY IN RELATION TO MORPHOLOGY OF PINUS BRUTIA AND PINUS HALEPENSIS IN AN EAST MEDITERRANEAN AREA(ATTIKI, GREECE): IMPLICATIONS FOR PINE EVOLUTION
Authors: PETRAKIS P. V. , ROUSSIS V. , ORTIZ A.
Published: July 2002

Pinus halepensis and P. brutia hybridize extensively. The analysis of monoterpenoid and morphological variability of 122 pine trees at five sites showed that the within-site heterogeneity is high while the entire provenance diversity is comparable with that of a circum-Mediterranean scale. Four morphotypes and four chemotypes were recognized. The congruence between morphological and monoterpenoid classification of pines was high (coefficient of contingency 89%) while thirteen family groups of genetically closely related trees were found by means of a specifically designed sampling scheme of continuous classification – identification and re-sampling. Putative hybrids contributed substantially to the observed diversity and there is considerable heterogeneity between sites. Low-altitude sites, presumably susceptible to sea-level fluctuations, alluvial deposition and human influence, are in general more diverse at both levels of genetic complexity than inland sites. The hybrid phenotypes were not merely intermediate forms of parental taxa, and in a multivariate sense they are located on a parabola in the space of morphological properties. The arrangement of hybrids in the monoterpenoid space did not reveal any clear-cut pattern except that three major composite axes can summarize 98.9% of the entire monoterpenoid variation. The observed pattern of variation was interpreted as a result of waves of introgressive influence of eastern P. brutia population on P. halepensis, which was caused by marine transgressions in Pliocene and eustatic sea-level fluctuations in Pleistocene. The human influence on this introgression accelerated the process, and amplified the resulted pattern, although it blurred in many instances the biogeographic routes of germplasm mixing. Its bearing on the evolution of pines is discussed, and it was found that the ‘Eocene refugia hypothesis’ of C.I. Millar holds by analogy also in central Aegean pines.
NEW AND NOTEWORTHY PLANTS FROM RECENT BOTANICAL SURVEYS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 7
Authors: TAKEUCHI W.
Published: July 2002

In the species-rich tropics, rapid assessment surveys have become a widely employed method for acquiring bioestimates of site value. Some of Papua New Guinea's most pristine habitats are currently being explored with such surveys. Five new species collected during these investigations are described here. The novelties are Psychotria kamialii sp. nov. (Rubiaceae), P. muellerdomboisii sp. nov., P. pseudomaschalodesme sp. nov., P. wiakabui sp. nov., and Solanum symonianum sp. nov. (Solanaceae). Taxonomic notes are also provided for Aglaia puberulanthera (Meliaceae), and Palmeria gracilis (Monimiaceae).
Between Religion and Politics
Authors: Dummons Bruno
Published: July 2002

Jean-Marie Mayeur, La question laïque (XIXe–XXe siècle) (Paris: Fayard, 1997), 239 pp., 95 FF. IBSN 2–213–60013–9.

Etienne Fouilloux, Les chrétiens français entre crise et libération (1937–1947) (Paris: Seuil, 1997), 293 pp, 130 FF. ISBN 2–020–28131–7.

Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996), 300 pp., £15.95. ISBN 0–8014–8320–4.

Emiel Lamberts, ed., Christian Democracy in the European Union (1945–1995) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997), 511 pp. ISBN 9–061–86808–4.

‘Christians and political life’ (taking the latter term in its widest sense) is a theme which continues to attract a great deal of interest among contemporary historians, in terms of both detailed research and broader surveys. René Rémond and Aline Coutrot demonstrated the interconnectedness of the two domains of religion and politics when they abandoned the restricted subject of relations between states and the Roman Catholic church and initiated the study of religion as an integral part of history, and the social sciences, as a whole. Approaches since 1966 have been greatly modified, as shown by the treatment of the material in the four works now to be reviewed.
Hygiene,
Population Sciences and Population Policy: a Totalitarian Menace?
Authors: Fijalkow Yankel
Published: July 2002

Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American
Thought 1860–1945. Nature as Model and Nature as Threat
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 348 pp., £19.95,
ISBN 0–521–57434 X.

Carl Ipsen, Dictating
Demography. The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996), 281 pp., £35, ISBN
0–521–15545–7.

Simon Szreter, Fertility,
Class and Gender in Britain 1860–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1976, 704 pp., £50, ISBN
0–521–34343–7.

Alain Desrosières, La
politique des grands nombres, histoire de la raison statistique
(Paris: La Découverte, 1993), 437 pp., FF 220; ISBN
2–707–12253–X; English translation by Camille Naish,
The Politics of Large Numbers. A History of Statistical
Reasoning (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 416 pp.,
$45, ISBN 0–674–68932–1.

Paul Weindling,
Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and
Nazism 1870–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1989), 641 pp., £22.95, ISBN 0–521–42397–X;
French translation by B. Frumer, L'Hygiène de la
race (Paris: La Découverte, 1998), 301 pp., FF 160, ISBN
2–707–12706–X.

Over the last ten years a series
of social historians have published studies of the link between the
definition of scientific categories and the implementation of
demographic policies in Europe. This discussion of the classification of
populations in terms of social class, race or location (rural, urban,
underprivileged areas) has complicated the traditional theories of the
scientist and politician, Max Weber, and the student of
‘bio-power’, Michel Foucault. Now, historians of political
ideas are finding living examples to illustrate recent advances in the
sociology of science, establishing themselves at the interface between
the history of human health and that of population policies. The aim is
to throw light on the exchange between scientists and population
management: among the themes to be treated are natalism, populationism,
hygienism and eugenics.
Response to “Commentary on Thomson's Violinist
and Conjoined Twins” by John K. Davis (CQ Vol 8, No 4)
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar
Published: July 2002

The point of Judith Jarvis Thomson's violinist
example is to establish that one person, A, can acquire
a right to use the body of another person, B, if and only
if B performs some kind of affirmative act that gives A
such a right. On her view, the reason it is permissible
for you to unplug yourself from the violinist is that you
did nothing to give the violinist a right to use your body:
the violinist was plugged into you without your consent.
Thus it follows that the mere fact that A needs use of
B's body to survive is not enough to give rise to
a right in A to use B's body. Accordingly, Thomson
concludes, the claim that the fetus has a right to life
does not imply abortion is morally impermissible.
Managed Care, Cost Control, and the Common Good
Authors: PARIS JOHN J. , POST STEPHEN G.
Published: July 2002

The Clinton administration's revised rules regulating
but not prohibiting the common practice in managed care of
linking physician compensation with cost cutting and control
of services demonstrates the complexity of ethical issues in
managed care. As originally proposed, the federal guidelines
on payment for Medicare and Medicaid services would have
precluded any interrelationship between payment to physicians
and delivery of services. Such a restriction would have gutted
the primary mechanism in managed care plans to curb the
unacceptably high cost of healthcare delivery: making physicians
directly responsible for cost control by placing them at direct
financial risk. At first blush such a linkage seems to involve an
obvious and irreconcilable conflict of interest. How can a physician
be responsible for the well-being of a patient while at the same
time aware that a proportion of his or her income is linked to
the provision of cost-conscious care?
Forming Professional Bioethicists: The Program at the University
of Tennessee, Knoxville
Authors: CARTER MICHELE , HAMLIN H. PHILLIPS , HEYL JENNIFER , GRABER GLENN C. , NELSON JAMES LINDEMANN , RANKIN LINDA A.
Published: July 2002

As a way of contributing to bioethics' understanding
of itself, and, more particularly, to invigorate conversation
about how we can best educate future colleagues, we present
here a sketch of the quarter-century-old graduate concentration
in medical ethics housed in the Department of Philosophy at the
University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Our hope is to incite other
programs to share their histories, strategies, problems, and
aspirations, so as to help the field as a whole get a clearer
sense of how we are putting together our future, and of how we
might best go about this important job.
On Helping People to Die: A Pragmatic Account
Authors: MAHOWALD MARY B.
Published: July 2002

Here is the doubt that triggers my inquiry: I have
two beliefs that are apparently at odds. The first is that
we should never kill; the second, that we should always
attempt to alleviate pain. The apparent conflict between
these beliefs arises from the fact that death may constitute
the ultimate pain relief.
Health, Human Rights, and Ethics
Authors: STOVER ERIC , WEINSTEIN HARVEY
Published: July 2002

Public health and human rights are complementary—and,
at times, conflicting—approaches to protecting and
promoting human well-being and dignity. Public health addresses
the needs of populations and seeks, through intervention
and education, to prevent the spread of disease. Enshrined
in international law, human rights describe the obligations
of governments to safeguard their citizenry from harm and
to create conditions where each individual can achieve
his or her full potential. Human rights norms lie at the
core of public health theory and practice, and their enforcement
can help to ensure an equitable distribution of health
resources.
An Introduction and Mission
Authors: McGee Glenn
Published: July 2002

“Breaking Bioethics” is the newest
section of Cambridge Quarterly. Twice each year
these pages will feature a colloquium on a breaking issue
in bioethics.
On the Circuit Cover Problem
for Mixed Graphs
Authors: LEE ORLANDO , WAKABAYASHI YOSHIKO
Published: July 2002

The circuit cover problem for mixed graphs (those containing edges and/or arcs) is defined
as follows. Given a mixed graph M with a nonnegative integer weight function p on its
edges and arcs, decide whether (M, p) has a circuit cover, that is, a list of circuits in M
such that every edge (arc) e is contained in exactly p(e) circuits of the list. In the special
case when M is a directed graph (contains only arcs), the problem is easy, but when M is
an undirected graph not many results are known. For general mixed graphs this problem
was shown to be NP-complete by Arkin and Papadimitriou in 1986. We prove that this
problem remains NP-complete for planar mixed graphs. Furthermore, we present a good
characterization for the existence of a circuit cover when M is series-parallel (a similar
result holds for the fractional version). We also describe a polynomial algorithm to find
such a circuit cover, when it exists. This is an ellipsoid-based algorithm whose separation
problem is the minimum circuit problem on series-parallel mixed graphs, which we show to
be polynomially solvable. Results on two well-known combinatorial problems, the problem
of detecting negative circuits and the problem of finding shortest paths, are also presented.
We prove that both problems are NP-hard for planar mixed graphs.
Effect of antibodies against seminal vesicle secretion on fertility in the rat
Authors: Carballada Rosa , Esponda Pedro
Published: July 2002

Fertile female Wistar rats were immunised against rat and mouse seminal vesicle secretion (SVS) to test the production of allo-antibodies and the effect of the antibodies elicited on fertility. Twenty-six per cent of the rat and mouse SVS-immunised females were infertile after the treatment. The sera were titrated by ELISA and used in Western blots to detect the proteins recognised. Although neither the antibody titres nor the proteins recognised by the sera showed a close relation with the degree of fertility, in all females the highest antibody titre in the fluids from the genital tract was found in the oviductal fluid and during the night of oestrus. This fact suggested that the site of action of the antibody could be the oviduct. Similar results were obtained using mouse SVS as immunogen – a fact that can be related to the antigenic similarity between the SVS of the two species. The antibodies react with the spermatozoa but not with eggs or embryos. Analyses performed on embryos collected from sterile females showed that there was a delay in fertilisation and normal embryogenesis. Our results suggest that SVS proteins are antigenic and that these antigens are bound to the spermatozoa and could take part in early pre-fertilisation events such as capacitation or sperm transport.
INTRODUCTION: RE-MAPPING ANGLO-JEWISH LITERARY HISTORY
Authors: Scheinberg Cynthia
Published: July 2002

[I]t is not enough to make the Jew respected, but to have JUDAISM rightly reverenced; and to do this, there must be a JEWISH LITERATURE, or the Jewish people will not advance one step.

— Grace Aguilar, The Jewish Faith (1846)

THE ESSAYS COLLECTED in this issue of Victorian Literature and Culture seek to introduce Victorianists to some of the many Anglo-Jewish writers of nineteenth-century England. What differentiates this moment in Anglo-Jewish scholarship from most previous considerations is that we do not purport to fill a falsely constructed “void” of Anglo-Jewish literary silence; on the contrary, this collection seeks to amplify the fullness of nineteenth century Anglo-Jewish literary life. In 1846, Grace Aguilar, the important Anglo-Jewish writer and theologian, called out for the production of a “Jewish literature” that would aid the “right reverence[e] of Judaism,” and “advance” the Jewish people in Victorian England. All too aware of the way exclusion from Hebrew literary and religious texts often precipitated assimilation, conversion, and more generalized alienation from Jewish religious life, Aguilar sought new tools to combat Jewish religious apathy. Detailing the subtle conversionary and theological assumptions that so-called secular — yet clearly Christian — literature often performed, Aguilar reasoned that a Jewish literature could provide Jewish readers — and especially Jewish women — with literary pleasure and a simultaneous sense of Jewish values and ethics; likewise, such a literature could recast the generally negative images of Jewish people and Judaism which pervade the long history of English literature.1 With her emphasis on a Jewish literature, then, Aguilar sought to claim the cultural and ideological power literature held in Victorian England for specifically Jewish uses. Significantly, Aguilar’s tone in the statement above suggests that she saw no such Jewish literature in past moments of Anglo-Jewish history; Aguilar’s intensive production of such a literature in a variety of genres was her own response to this desire for Jewish literature.
REPRESENTING THE NATION: POETICS, LANDSCAPE, AND EMPIRE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY CULTURE
Authors: Gibson Mary Ellis
Published: July 2002

AS I WAS FINISHING this essay — taking yet another procrastination break for tea and idling through the mail — there it was, in the middle of the September Lands’ End catalog, between the luggage and the imported cotton shirts, William Least Heat-Moon’s journey to the western isles of Scotland. In a few hundred words, beginning with Dr. Johnson’s complaint of the barrenness and “sterility” of these rocky shores, and sketching the latest economic, geographical, and demographic changes in the Shetlands, the author described a complex reconfiguration. Big petroleum had arrived some time back, along with Indian and Chinese restaurants and new houses redolent of Levittown. All this has provoked a “local fervor for things Nordic” and a “vigor of nostalgia.” The eye-catching photos accompanying the story of course contain nary an oil rig, not a single plate of stir-fry. Indeed, no inhabitants are pictured at all. Only archaeological sites and derelict crofters’ cottages.
CULTURAL STUDIES, VICTORIAN STUDIES, AND GRADUATE EDUCATION
Authors: Kucich John
Published: July 2002

LIKE MANY OTHER PEOPLE these days, I’m concerned about the speed-up in graduate education. The chief cause of our students’ premature professionalization is, of course, the terrible job market — which John Guillory has faulted for propagating intellectual shallowness among our students, by forcing them to become active scholars too soon. Guillory remarks, incidentally, that the social marginalization of literary studies reflected in the job crisis coincides with its strident politicization, which he reads as symptomatic of — and by no means a solution to — the decreased relevance of the discipline itself in contemporary society. What Guillory doesn’t mention, however, is the obvious role that cultural studies plays in the speed-up of graduate studies, and the way its simplistic political imperatives contribute to that speed-up. But it seems to me that the vast new territories cultural studies opens up to scholarship, along with the pressures it creates in all of us to find a hot new cultural topic (in Don DeLillo’s White Noise, one cultural studies professor to another: “I want to do with Elvis what you did with Hitler”), require a reductive politics to enable the quick consumption of knowledge that makes rapid professionalization possible. Our students are no longer surprised by our “commodify or die” ethos.
The linear time model in history
Authors: GLAMANN KRISTOF
Published: July 2002

Chronology has been called the backbone of history and it is true that the linear time model in the shape of a chronology is an indispensable tool always at hand in the historian's workshop. It furnishes him or her with the four parameters of sequence, duration, setting and frequency, all necessary and most useful in the deployment of the historian's material. The chronological concept of time also underlines the irreversibility of time, which is part of the historian's creed and an assumption that governs his or her ideas of causality. The influences emanating from the physical time-scale are, in fact, far-reaching and some of them may easily deceive the scholar in his interpretation of the Past. Among these are the magic of figures, the concept of continuity as well as the idea of universality and the determinist view of the Past, and, furthermore, the ideas of contemporaneity, globalization and the uniqueness of phenomena. This paper maintains that the Universe of the Past is inexhaustible and heterogeneous. It cannot be measured by a common chronological standard. Periods based on chronology alone are empty vessels in which many times and many ages roll back and forth in contrast to periods with an individuality of their own (such as the Renaissance or the Enlightenment). After all, periodization is a process involving a combination of the two dimensions of setting and sequence, this means an intriguing operation imbued with puzzles, which the historian has in common with the social scientist.
A lightweight dependency analyzer for partial parsing
Authors: SRINIVAS BANGALORE
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we present a novel approach to partial parsing that produces dependency
links between words of a sentence. The partial parser called a lightweight dependency analyzer
uses information encoded in supertags and hence can produce constituency-based as well
as dependency-based analyses. The lightweight dependency analyzer has been used for text
chunking, including noun and verb group chunking. We also present a proposal for a general
framework for parser evaluation that is applicable for evaluating both constituency-based and
dependency-based, partial and complete parsers. The performance results of the lightweight
dependency analyzer on Wall Street Journal and Brown corpus using the proposed evaluation
metrics are discussed.
Interpretation of iconic utterances based on contents representation:

Semantic analysis in the PVI system
Authors: VAILLANT PASCAL
Published: July 2002

This article focuses on the need for technological aid for agrammatics,
and presents a
system designed to meet this need. The field of Augmentative and Alternative
Communication
(AAC) explores ways to allow people with speech or language disabilities
to
communicate. The use of computers and natural language processing techniques
offers a
range of new possibilities in this direction. Yet AAC addresses speech
deficits mainly,
not linguistic disabilities. A model of aided AAC interfaces with a place
for natural
language processing is presented. The PVI system, described in this contribution,
makes use
of such advanced techniques. It has been developed at Thomson-CSF for the
use of
children with cerebral palsy. It presents a customizable interface helping
the disabled to
compose sequences of icons displayed on a computer screen. A semantic parser,
using
lexical semantics information, is used to determine the best case assignments
for
predicative icons in the sequence. It maximizes a global value, the
‘semantic harmony’ of the
sequence. The resulting conceptual graph is fed to a natural language generation
module
which uses Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) to generate French sentences.
Evaluation by
users demonstrates the system's strengths and limitations, and shows
the ways for future
developments.
Movement
Authors: Kashima Haruo
Published: July 2002

This edited book addresses the important topic of
child development in the last half of this century.
The central focus of the book is the development of skilled
motor actions by children, such as maintaining posture,
walking, reaching, and grasping. The contents are based
on the papers contributed in the first Mac Keith Meeting
held at the Royal Society of Medicine in London in 1994.
According to the preface to the book, the meeting aimed
at making connections between levels of explanation, normal
and pathological processes, basic and clinical research,
and so on. Therefore, underlying themes are linking neurophysiological
and psychological explanations, pre- and postnatal behavior,
input and output processes, ballistic and graded movements,
stability and variability, and so forth. In fact, the book
succeeds in integrating findings from clinical and basic
sciences to both normal and pathological motor development.
Simulation of cognitive disturbances by a dynamic threshold
semantic neural network
Authors: GEVA AMIR B. , PELED AVI
Published: July 2002

A neural network model with dynamic thresholds,
asymmetric connections, and clustered memories simulates
spread activation that is hypothesized for semantic networks
in the brain. By altering the parameters of the dynamic
threshold a large range of disturbances can be generated
in the model. These disturbances show metaphorical resemblance
to certain general clinical descriptions of mental disturbances
found in psychiatric patients engaged in various cognitive
tasks. Even though the model is highly theoretical and
metaphoric, it may help to gain certain insights into the
relation between alterations of certain neural parameters,
for example, thresholds and connectivity, and clinical
symptoms in patients. (JINS, 2000, 6,
608–619.)
Neurology and Neuropathology in Living Color
Authors: Lezak Muriel D.
Published: July 2002

This small (15.5 × 23.5 cm) book summarizes
in a clear, well-organized format almost all of the most
common conditions, features, and concerns of neurological
practice. A chapter on the neurological examination precedes
the next 14 chapters which cover (2) “Headache and
Facial Pain”; (3) “Loss of Consciousness and
Coma” (beginning with epilepsy and ending with sleep
apnea, and coma); (4) “Cranial Nerve Dysfunction”
(1 through 12 with special emphasis on oculomotor disorders);
(5) “Vertigo, Dizziness and Ataxia” (including
a brief discussion of psychiatric issues); (6) “Disorders
of Higher Cortical Function” (just about all of them);
(7) “Cerebrovascular Disease” (with largest
sections on infarction, small vessel disease, and subarachnoid
hemorrhage); (8) “Parkinson's Disease and Other
Extrapyramidal Disorders”; (9) “Cerebral Tumour
and Hydrocephalus”; (10) “Multiple Sclerosis”
(more pages—12—on MS than any other condition);
(11) “Central Nervous System Infection” (HIV
is covered under the “Retrovirus” subsection);
(12) “Motor Neuron Disease and Peripheral Nerve Disorders”;
(13) “Spinal Cord Disorders”; (14) “Myasthenia
Gravis and Muscle Disease”; and (15) “The Neurology
of Cancer, Systemic Disease and Psychiatry.”
Polysubstance abuse and traumatic brain injury: Quantitative
magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological outcome
in older adolescents and young adults
Authors: BARKER LISA H. , BIGLER ERIN D. , JOHNSON STERLING C. , ANDERSON CAROL V. , RUSSO ANTONIETTA A. , BOINEAU BARBARA , BLATTER DUANE D.
Published: July 2002

Few studies have examined the consequences of alcohol
and drug abuse on TBI though they commonly co-occur. Both
TBI and substance abuse independently result in neuropathological
changes in the brain such as ventricular enlargement and
cortical atrophy, thus it is reasonable to hypothesize
that the combination of the two would result in more significant
cerebral damage. In this study, 3 groups of patients—traumatically
brain injured (TBI) with substance abuse (N = 19), TBI without substance abuse (N = 19), and substance abuse with no TBI
(N = 16)—were compared with normal controls
(N = 20) on several quantitative MRI (QMRI) measures. Since
TBI most frequently occurs in older adolescents and young men,
we examined only male participants between 16 and 30 years
of age. Comparing young substance abusers to controls resulted
in no QMRI differences. When controlling for head injury
severity, the effects of substance abuse in combination
with TBI resulted in greater atrophic changes than seen
in any other group. TBI and substance abuse patients'
neuropsychological test performances also were examined,
and no differences were found among patient groups on any
measures. These findings have implications for the deleterious
interaction of substance abuse combining with TBI to result
in greater neuropathological changes that can be detected
by QMRI techniques. (JINS, 1999, 5, 593–608.)
Well-organized conceptual domains in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: OBER BETH A. , SHENAUT GREGORY K.
Published: July 2002

We used a novel apparatus called the flags
board to elicit similarity judgments from 32 Alzheimer's
disease (AD) patients and 32 elderly normal (EN) controls
for two 12-member conceptual domains, ANIMALS and (musical)
INSTRUMENTS. Based on Pathfinder and multidimensional scaling
(MDS) analyses, performance by AD patients was nearly identical
to that of EN controls for ANIMALS. Performance differed
for INSTRUMENTS, but the AD group's Pathfinder network
was found to agree with the intuitions of a panel of 18
raters as well as the EN group's. MDS analysis showed
no deficit on abstract dimensions for the AD group, for
either domain. The results are discussed in the context
of degradation versus preservation of semantic
memory in AD. (JINS, 1999, 5, 676–684.)
MIDI and communality
Authors: COLE BRUCE
Published: July 2002

It is rare to see music and technology being used in combination in therapy and special education. This article is an account of work in a special school as part of a festival of popular music. The style of the music was dance/rave. This
was made accessible using a specialised range of MIDI devices to enable students with physical and learning disabilities to participate. There are many benefits to be derived from studying popular music. In special education this can help with physical coordination and social skills. Most important, young people with special needs are given access to youth cultures from which, traditionally, they have tended
to be excluded.
Social Workers in Child Mental Health: Securing a Future
Authors: Messent Philip
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted to investigate reductions in the numbers of social
work posts located within Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in
the UK. Results suggested that reductions in posts noted in earlier studies
are continuing. Interviewees' ideas about factors contributing to the
survival of such posts are summarised. The significance of the loss of
posts is discussed, with an account of changing ideas about the role of
social workers within CAMHS teams, and of an audit undertaken of one
service lacking such a post. Conclusions are drawn concerning ways of
ensuring the preservation of such posts.
A Multi-Agency Approach to Assessment
Authors: Sturge Claire
Published: July 2002

A scheme is described that involves close collaboration and joint working
arrangements across agencies in achieving a tightly organised multi-agency specialist assessment of families in severe difficulties. It is
presented as one model of multi-agency assessment work that fits with
concepts in the new Framework document.
SEPARABILITY, AGGREGATION, AND EULER EQUATION ESTIMATION
Authors: Fleissig Adrian R. , Gallant A. Ronald , Seater John J.
Published: July 2002

We derive a seminonparametric utility function containing the
constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) function as a special case,
and we estimate the associated Euler equations with U.S. consumption
data. There is strong evidence that the CRRA function is
misspecified. The correctly specified function includes lagged
effects of durable goods and perhaps nondurable goods, is bounded as
required by Arrow's Utility Boundedness Theorem, and has a positive
rate of time preference. Constraining sample periods and separability
structure to be consistent with the generalized axiom of revealed
preference affects estimation results substantially. Using Divisia
aggregates instead of the NIPA aggregates also affects results.
EDITOR'S PREFACE TO THE SURVEYS SECTION
Authors: Barnett William A.
Published: July 2002

This survey article is the first to appear in Macroeconomic Dynamics. Other
surveys that are relevant to the objectives of the journal and are of unusual technical
sophistication will occasionally appear in this journal in its new MD Surveys
section.
A Bioinformatics-Based Strategy Identifies c-Myc and Cdc25A as Candidates for the Apmt Mammary Tumor Latency Modifiers
Authors: Cozma Diana , Lukes Luanne , Rouse Jessica , Qiu Ting Hu , Liu Edison T. , Hunter Kent W.
Published: July 2002

The epistatically interacting modifier loci (Apmt1 and Apmt2) accelerate the polyoma Middle-T (PyVT)-induced mammary tumor. To identify potential candidate genes loci, a combined bioinformatics and genomics strategy was used. On the basis of the assumption that the loci were functioning in the same or intersecting pathways, a search of the literature databases was performed to identify molecular pathways containing genes from both candidate intervals. Among the genes identified by this method were the cell cycle-associated genes Cdc25A and c-Myc, both of which have been implicated in breast cancer. Genomic sequencing revealed noncoding polymorphism in both genes, in the promoter region of Cdc25A, and in the 3′ UTR of c-Myc. Molecular and in vitro analysis showed that the polymorphisms were functionally significant. In vivo analysis was performed by generating compound PyVT/Myc double-transgenic animals to mimic the hypothetical model, and was found to recapitulate the age-of-onset phenotype. These data suggest that c-Myc and Cdc25A are Apmt1and Apmt2, and suggest that, at least in certain instances, bioinformatics can be utilized to bypass congenic construction and subsequent mapping in conventional QTL studies.
Inhibition of Passive-Avoidance Memory Formation in the Day-Old Chick by the Opioid Cytochrophin-4
Authors: Freeman Fiona M. , Young Ian G.
Published: July 2002

Cytochrophin-4 (cyt-4), a tetrapeptide with opioid-like activity, caused amnesia when injected into chick forebrain 5 hr after passive-avoidance training. Bilateral injections of cyt-4 directly into the lobus parolfactorius (LPO) resulted in the chicks being amnesic for the training task 24 hr later, whereas unilateral injections of cyt-4 were effective only when injected into the right LPO. Cyt-4-induced amnesia was reversed by the general opioid antagonist, naloxone, indicating that cyt-4 was acting via an opioid receptor. The μ- and δ-opioid receptors (but not κ-opioid or ORL1-receptors) have been shown to be involved in memory formation 5 hr after training (Freeman and Young 2000). Because an antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor inhibited memory, we attempted to reverse the effect of cyt-4 using μ-opioid receptor agonists. Met[enk] was unable to reverse the inhibition of memory formation by cyt-4 suggesting that the μ-opioid receptor is not involved in this effect. However endomorphin-2 (endo-2) reversed the effect of cyt-4. We further investigated the action of endo-2 using an irreversible antagonist of the μ-receptor, β-funaltrexamine (β-FAN), and found that endo-2 reversed β-FAN-induced amnesia indicating that endo-2 was not acting on the μ-opioid receptor in the chick. Because unilateral injections of β-FAN were not amnesic (bilateral injections were amnesic) this provided further evidence that the effect of cyt-4 was not mediated via the μ-opioid receptor. Coinjection of the δ-receptor agonist, (D-Pen2, L-Pen5)enkephalin (DPLPE), reversed the disruptive effect of cyt-4 on memory. However, memory modulation via the δ-opioid receptor was not lateralized to the right hemisphere suggesting that cyt-4 does not act via this receptor either. It was shown that an antagonist of the ε-opioid receptor inhibited memory at the 5 hr time point. We conclude that the ε-opioid receptor or an unidentified opioid receptor subtype could be involved in the action of cyt-4.