bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Postoperative Pain Experience
Authors: Fortin Jacqueline D. , Schwartz-Barcott Donna , Rossi Susan
Published: March 2007

In surgical nursing practice, postoperative pain is of particular concern because of its documented effect on recovery and behaviors associated with recovery. Yet, little is known about the nature of this pain, other than its intensity. In this study, a description of the nature of the postoperative pain experience was generated from analysis of patient responses to the McGill Pain Questionnaire in four nursing intervention studies. The combined sample included 246 adult cholecystectomy patients. Patient descriptions of pain on the third postoperative day suggest a circumscribed sensory experience of moderate intensity. Sensory descriptors selected reflect two levels of noxious stimulation, one at the deeper somatic level (e.g., throbbing, stabbing, cramping, pulling, and burning) and one at a more superficial level (e.g., pricking, sharp, pinching, itching, sore, and tender). Descriptors of deeper pain tended to reflect greater intensity. The overall experience was characterized by 16 descriptors, selected by more than 30% of the sample and reflecting sensory, affective, and evaluative dimensions of the pain experience. Comparison of the findings from this combined sample drawn from hospitals in the northeastern United States were remarkably similar to those reported by Taenzer in Canada. The descriptors selected support, extend, and validate the kind of "sensation information" needed in preoperative instruction used in nursing practice and for abdominal surgery and can be useful in the assessment and management of postoperative pain.
Setting a Research Agenda to Promote Nursing Research
Authors: Pinyerd Belinda J. , Blair Jamie McArdle , Chavez Ruth , Stout-Shaffer Sharon
Published: March 2007

This study is first step in the process of focusing research efforts in developing nw-sing research program. A two-round Delphi technique, a method for formulating consensus, was employed to address the aim of organizationally reaching consensus regarding nursing research priorities. Questionnaires were mailed to "experts," defined as all registered nurses within the division (N = 634). Round 1 respondents identified 609 different research items, which were then sorted and categorized into a 100-item Round 2 questionnaire. Research directives and program planning will center around the priority areas.
Time Experience of Selected Institutionalized Adult Clients
Authors: Locsin Rozzano C.
Published: March 2007

Time experiences of 25 selected institutionalized adult clients were studied using the Time Experience Scale. Subject selection criteria were age, ability to comprehend written and oral English, institutionalization, and willingness to participate in the study. The findings suggest that institutionalized adult clients experienced time moving faster as they get older. Meaning, referring to concerns about dying and "attention to death," was found to be more important than past orientation, suggesting that institutionalized older adult clients were concerned about their time experience, its meaning, and influence on death Nursing interventions could be directed toward increasing meaningful and purposeful activities, such as planned reminiscence therapy and reorientation techniques.
Focus Groups
Authors: Janelli Linda M. , Dickerson Suzanne S. , Ventura Marlene R.
Published: March 2007

A phenomenological approach was used to examine nursing staffs experiences using physical restraints. A total of 12 nurses from a tertiary hospital participated in one of three focus groups. Exploring the attitudes of nurses can contribute to a better understanding of how decisions are made concerning restraints. An analysis of the focus group data resulted in a description of the lived experiences of nurses using restraints. Seven themes emerged from the data, one of which reflected that the nurses felt ambiguous about restraints, yet they made judgments and justified their decisions after assessing patient characteristics, environmental safety, and unit traditions. Nurse clinicians could use the focus group method to sensitize themselves to the staffs needs and to allow staff the opportunity to share ideas and to dispel misconceptions about restraints.
Ten Years after A Major Malfunction...
Authors: Maier Mark
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the insights gleaned frommore than 10 years of instruction and lead ership/organizational development consulting with the Challenger case study. Little known facts about the case (including serious questions about the veracity of the Rogers Commission report) and reasons for continued intense interest in the subject are provided. Seven key elements of “the Challenger syndrome” are presented, pinpointing existing bureaucratic imperatives as a primary obstacle to the exercise of leadership and ethical decision making. Central insights for organizational leaders are reviewed, including the blinders of “corporate masculinity” and the fact that Challenger was neither an example of groupthink nor an example of excessive risk taking. The article closes with 10 central leadership lessons from the Challenger case study.
Searching for Order in an Orderly World
Authors: Wheatley Margaret
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the difference between order and control, and argues for a new appreciation of the inherent sources of order found in the natural universe. Newer scientific understandings of how natural systems maintain order are contrasted with traditional organizational methods of maintaining order through exerting control. The author suggests that rigidly controlled organizations originate from assumptions based on 17th-century Newtonian images of a machine universe. The laws of entropy, of natural decay and death, apply to machines; resisting entropy requires constant effort and careful controls. But as 20th-century scientists have explored open, dynamic systems, they have observed how order is maintained with very few controls and how order emerges as partners with change. New science concepts from several disciplines are introduced: autopoiesis, quantum physics, self-organizing systems, and chaos theory. These sciences demonstrate a fundamentally new understanding, in which order is identified in processes that only temporarily manifest in structures. As we learn more about these natural processes, we will be able to create organizations that move more gracefully in a constantly changing environment.
Rhythms of Learning
Authors: Cowan David A.
Published: March 2007

Most studies that examine patterns of individual and organizational learning stem from similar European American epistemological assumptions. To enrich this approach, this article begins with a considerably different foundation-the Native American medicine wheel- and constructs a learning framework that has distinct advantages for contexts that are dynamic, diverse, and interconnected. The frame work encourages us to perceive, to think, and to create in ways that are multifarious rather than dichotomous, circular rather than linear, longitudinal rather than cross-sectional, and integrative rather than compartmental. We are only beginning to understand how different perspectives may all contribute legitimate insight about the same phenomena; this article celebrates this growing realization.
Moving Sofas and Exhuming Woodchucks
Authors: Aldag Ramon J.
Published: March 2007

Continuing concerns about the relevance and impact of management research deserve reflection and response. In this article, the author considers ways to increase management research relevance, including rewards for relevance and mechanisms for inreach. The author argues, however, that management research is already quite relevant and that basic research and research that appears somehow "artificial" should not be sacrificed on the altar of relevance. Conversely, the author argues that seeking relevance by following fads creates an unfortunate and dangerous illusion of responsiveness. To enhance impact, the author suggests seeking channels for better communication of the relevance and applicability of management research as well as the presentation of management research to potential users in intrinsically appealing ways. This might require using more concrete examples and metaphors and telling better stories. It should not involve "dummying down" research reports or debasing the nature of the research process.
The Executive in the Year 2000
Authors: Klagge Jay
Published: March 2007

It is the assertion of this article that the role of the executive needs to change in response to the environment. The basic function of the executive-melding of individual diversities into a unified effort toward meaningful organizational ends-should remain constant. However, the role of executives-the part they play in the melding process-should move toward establishing and maintaining a decision-making process that ensures fairness and procedural justice as the open debate continues over the meaningful organizational ends and the effectual means to achieve them. The article argues that this new executive role is the natural outgrowth of greater accessibility to information, flattened structures, outsourced functions, and the inevitable expansion of empowerment that flows from these organizational and environmental changes. The article concludes by boldly predicting that emerging environmental changes may soon drive the role of the executive from the realm of organization theory to that of political theory.
Investigating the Encoding Process of Transactive Memory Development in Group Training
Authors: Rulke Diane Liang , Rau Devaki
Published: March 2007

Participants were trained to perform an assembling type of task either individually or in 3-person groups. A week later, the same participants, regardless of their training conditions, performed the task in 3-person groups. This study investigated the encoding process of transactive memory development in groups whose members were trained together and that were later found to have developed effective transactive memory systems. Transactive memory is a group memory system that details the expertise possessed by group members along with an awareness of who knows what within the group. It was found that in groups with high transactive memory, (a) group members declared domains of expertise during earlier rather than later periods of group interaction, and (b) the frequency with which members evaluated others’ expertise and competence increased over time. Further analyses of sequential patterns of conversations during group training and practice suggested that transactive encoding may include small cycles of questioning/ no expertise/declaring expertise/evaluating/coordinating.
The Boundaryless Career Experiences of Mobile Spouses in Dual-Earner Marriages
Authors: Eby Lillian T.
Published: March 2007

The boundaryless career experiences of spouses who accompany their partners in job-related relocations were examined with a heterogeneous sample of 414 spouses in dual-earner marriages. Results indicated that spouses experienced lateral interfirm mobility in terms of intrinsic job characteristics (e. g., job satisfaction, quality of work life) and downward mobility in terms of extrinsic job characteristics (e. g., pay, promotion opportunities). In addition, the quality of spouse reemployment was related to human capital variables, family power variables, role theory variables, and job search and social capital variables. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for theory and research on boundaryless careers and individual career development. Practical suggestions for career management are also provided.
Stages of Small-Group Development Revisited
Authors: Tuckman Bruce W. , Jensen Mary Ann C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this review was to examine published research on small-group development done in the last ten years that would constitute an empirical test of Tuckman's (1965) hypothesis that groups go through the stages of "forming," "storming," "norming," and "performing." Of the twenty-two studies reviewed, only one set out to directly test this hypothesis, although many of the others could be related to it. Following a review of these studies, a fifth stage, "adjourning," was added to the hypothesis, and more empirical work was recommended.
Can Team Building Increase Productivity? or How Can Something That Feels So Good Not Be Worthwhile?
Authors: Scherer John J.
Published: March 2007

It is argued that effects of OD interventions depend on the type of product an organization is concerned with (end vs. process), the type of organiza tion (input us. output focused), and the field of forces in the situation (driving vs. restraining). OD results depend on accuracy of a system analysis, intervening in the correct place, and getting people to believe that positive effects will result. Those involved are classed as "troops," "managers," "resisters," "scientists," and "action researchers." OD practitioners should try to act as action researchers. Key evaluation questions are "What really happened?" "What has been learned?" and "Did the boss like it?"
Two Planning Strategies: Incremental Change and Transformational Change
Authors: Kindler Herbert S.
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies two fundamental change strategies, incremental and transformational, and the relationship between them, describes the circumstances appropriate for each strategy, and suggests steps for trans lating each strategy into action. It is directed to people responsible for organizational planning or motivated toward personal change. The posi tion is taken that both strategies are required to maintain organizational and personal effectiveness if growth and renewal are desired.
Different Strokes for Different Folks: Jung's Typology and Structured Experiences
Authors: Haber Russell Alan
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the evaluations of 175 students differentiated by Carl Jung's psychotypology when they were involved in either a session of nonverbal communication experiences or a session of fantasy experiences. The significant findings were as follows: intuitive types preferred the two experiences more than the thinking types; extraverts preferred the two experiences more than the introverts; and the feeling types preferred the nonverbal communication experiences more than the fantasy experiences. Thus, it seems evident that some of the Jungian psychological types prefer different structured experiences.
Sense of Competence: A Cross-Cultural Analysis for Managerial Application
Authors: Sekaran Uma , Wagner Francis R.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on developing a simple model of human behavior at work with a sense-of-competence concept. A sample of 545 white-collar employees in service organizations in the United States and 1,123 white- collar employees of banks in India indicates that the experienced mean ingfulness of jobs is the single most important contributor to a sense of competence for employees in both cultures. Because sense of competence has been highly correlated to job performance and the quality of work life, this finding has practical implications for organizations and calls for a redirection of managerial efforts.
Some Reflections on OD's Identity Crisis
Authors: Weisbord Marvin R.
Published: March 2007

The practice of organization development, a field of many paradoxes, is built on a philosophy about the compatibility of personal growth and organized work. This essay explores the values of science, democracy, learning, and work that underlie this philosophy; speculates on the "identity crisis" experienced by many practitioners; and suggests that thinking of OD as action research based on planned intervention will lead to greater success than thinking of OD as planned change.
A Social Psychological Approach to Coalition Membership: An Expectancy Model of Individual Choice
Authors: Cobb Anthony T.
Published: March 2007

The study of coalitions is required in order to fully understand behavior in com plex organizations. Central to the study of coalitions is the study of individual participation in them. To date, the study of coalition membership has been dominated by work constructed on the foundation of game theory. The limita tions of this approach in terms of descriptive and predictive utility have been well recognized. It is argued here that future work constructed on a social psychological foundation would overcome many of these problems. First, an expectancy model of coalition membership addressing inducements, contribu tions, and exchange in coalitions is presented. Concepts and considerations both addressed and ignored in past work are shown to be accommodated by the model. Second, a number of practical implications of the model are given by focusing on interventions into client systems.
Content and Process of Survey Feedback Sessions and Their Relation to Survey Responses: An Initial Study
Authors: Gavin James F. , Krois Paul A.
Published: March 2007

A survey feedback program in a large underground mining company provided group-level data on 11 attitude survey clusters and feedback session ratings, including participants'task/process orientations, estimates of time spent on problem-solving components, and estimates of time devoted to topical themes. The emotional direction of feedback sessions was found to be positive and problem-centered supporting the contention that feedback meetings are constructive and work-related. Comparisons of work groups at different organizational levels and in varying functions supported the hypothesis that structural factors affect the way groups behave in feedback meetings. Demographic features also showed some relationship to feedback meeting activities. Finally, relationships between survey clusters and ratings of feedback activities supported the idea that, depending on the group's survey profile, different processes and themes may emerge in feedback.
The Integrative Approach to OD: McGregor Revisited
Authors: Mendenhall Mark , Oddou Gary
Published: March 2007

Current OD philosophy is compared to that espoused by Douglas McGregor over 20 years ago. The persuasive trend today toward designing training programs based upon Theory X assumptions— though they aim to communicate Theory Y concepts—is discussed and contrasted with McGregor's "integrative approach" to OD.
Contrasting Successful and Unsuccessful OD Consultation Relationships
Authors: McKinney Kellogg Diane
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to trace the development of the client-consultant relationship and isolate those characteristics that distinguish successful consultations from unsuccessful ones. Each of 20 organi zation development consultants (in two to three-hour structured interviews) described both a positive and a negative client-consul tant relationship. Transcripts from the interviews describing all these cases provided the data for the research. A content analysis of interview transcripts was done to analyze what descriptions consul tants used to describe and differentiate the two cases. The second analysis suggested a list of seven qualities that are present in the consultation cases that consultants selected as positive and less prevalent or absent in those cases judged as negative. The article concludes with a discussion of how both consultants and clients can use this information to improve relationships.
Quality and Acceptance of an Evaluative Task: The Effects of Four Group Decision-Making Formats
Authors: Erffmeyer Robert C. , Lane Irving M.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared the quality and the acceptance of group decisions on an evaluative problem (NASA Lost on the Moon Exercise). Four decision-making formats were employed: interacting, consensus, the nominal group techinique (NGT), and the Delphi technique. No idiosyncratic modifications were made in any of the formats. The results indicated that the Delphi groups produced the highest quality decisions followed by those of consensus, interacting, and NGT groups. The decisions of the consensus groups had a higher level of acceptance than did those of the other three formats, which did not differ in terms of acceptance. Predictions based on past studies using unmodified decision-making techiques were consistently supported.
The Effect of Management by Objectives on Organization Results
Authors: Kondrasuk Jack N. , Flagler Keith , Morrow Dennis , Thompson Paul
Published: March 2007

Management by Objectives (MBO) is a management approach that is frequently discussed and extensively employed, but seldom sufficiently evaluated. In this study, companies were contacted randomly from lists in Business Week's Annual Corporate Scoreboard to ascertain their use of MBO. The resulting 45 companies using MBO were compared with the 34 not using MBO on 5 quantitative organization results. Although MBO users exceeded nonusers on all five criteria, only one difference was statistically significant. Similar results were found when comparisons were made within industrial groupings. Results were related to possible limitations of the study design and of MBO itself.
Informal Influence in the Formal Organization: Psychological and Situational Correlates
Authors: Cobb Anthony T.
Published: March 2007

Two psychological and three situational variables are studied in terms of their relationship to informal influence over one's super visor and work unit peers. Simple bivariate statistics, stepwise multiple regression, and moderated regression are used to explore these relationships.
Estimating the Difference Between Group Versus Individual Performance on Problem-Solving Tasks
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Kernaghan John A.
Published: March 2007

An extensive amount of research has focused on the relative performance of groups versus individuals in problem-solving situations. The results of this research have been inconsistent. To some extent these inconsistent findings can be attributed to differences in the variables used to represent individual and group output and the methods employed to compare their performance. This research uses data from 61 groups (347 individuals) who completed a planning simulation to review, compare, and contrast alternative strategies (or "scoring algorithms") for estimating the differences between group versus individual performance on problem-solving tasks. Although the alternative strategies produced different estimates of the amount of gain that can be attributed to group interaction, they generally supported the conclusion that groups outperform their individual members. These results are discussed in terms of research on group performance, the use of simulations for training, and the role of groups in organizational problem solving and task performance.
Excused and Unexcused Absenteeism in Normative Organizations
Authors: Zaccaro Stephen J. , Collins Teresa T.
Published: March 2007

The effects of organizational commitment, organizational rank, and interaction process on two different types of absenteeism were investigated in college fraternities. Two predictions regarding the effects of organizational commitment on excused and unexcused absenteeism were contrasted. Further, the degree to which commitment mediated the effects of rank and interaction process on absenteeism was assessed. Results indicate that (a) commitment was related to unexcused absenteeism but not excused absenteeism, (b) rank had strong direct effects and weak indirect effects, mediated by organizational commitment, on absenteeism, and (c) interaction process was associated with organizational commitment and indirectly related to unexcused absenteeism. Several constraints on our conclusions and their generalizability to other types of organizations are noted.
Group Interaction Behaviors that Affect Group Performance on an I ntellective Task
Authors: Watson Warren E. , Michaelsen Larry K.
Published: March 2007

Interaction that occurs while a group completes a cooperative task describes how the group works. Group members working cooperatively on complex intellective tasks completed open-ended questionnaires that described interaction behaviors that facilitated and behaviors that interfered with their group's performance over the life of the group (four months). After considerable screening, these descriptions were adapted into behavioral items that made up a group style instrument. This instrument was administered at two points in time to an independent sample of subjects participating in similar groups. Descriptions of the facilitating and interfering interaction behaviors are provided. Group interaction is examined in terms of changes in responses to the items over time. The instrument was sensitive to levels of group performance, and descriptions of interaction behaviors that discriminated between performance levels are discussed. Applications for group feedback are described and implications for future research are given.
A Note on Leiter's Study
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T.
Published: March 2007

This note compares the model of burnout proposed by Leiter with the eight-phase model of Golembiewski and Munzenrider. Both models cannot be correct, and scientific advance typically will involve the complex processes of contrast and comparison illustrated here. Several conceptual issues get attention, including the capacity of the two models to accommodate chronic and acute onset. Moreover, Leiter's model cannot accommodate about 50% of the cases classifiable by the phase model, judging from a collection of nearly 13,000 respondents to the Maslach Burnout Inventory.
Group Decision Process Effectiveness
Authors: Reagan Patricia , Rohrbaugh John
Published: March 2007

Four standards are proposed to assess instruments designed to evaluate group decision process effectiveness. These standards were applied to a multicriteria evaluative instrument based on the Competing Values Approach to decision process effectiveness. In a study using nine groups and three types of raters (facilitators, participants, and observers) in a field setting, the instrument was found to be appropriately insensitive to role differences between raters within groups and appropriately sensitive to differences across groups. Ratings of facilitators and participants within groups were the most consistent, although their ratings diverged on four of the effectiveness scales.
An Examination of Changes in Work Group Communication Behaviors Following Installation of a Gainsharing Plan
Authors: Hanlon Susan C. , Taylor Robert R.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a study of a self-designed gainsharing plan adopted by a Fortune Service 500 firm in the priority package delivery industry. The study focused on changes in work group communication behaviors following installation of a gainsharing plan. The significant results indicate that during the early stages (first 6 months) of a successful gainsharing program, the occurrence of positive, job-related communication and idea communication increased among gainsharing participants. This is the first reported gainshanng study to use control groups and pre- and posttests in a quasi-experimental field study. A major conclusion of the study is that a fruitful approach to gainsharing research is to focus on the intervening effects of gainsharing as the process operates to produce economic outcomes for employers and employees.
Public and Private Sector Professionals
Authors: Aryee Samuel
Published: March 2007

Despite the emergence of the public and private sectors as the main employers of professionals, few empirical studies have compared the work experience of professionals in the two sectors. Data obtained from public and private sector professionals in Singapore (N = 262) were used to compare the quality of their perceived work experience in terms of realization of professional work expectations, job characteristics, job satisfaction, internal work motivation, turnover intentions, and career facilitation. All three hypotheses predicting differences in perceived experience of these variables were supported. On the whole, private sector professionals perceived a better quality of work experience than their public sector counterparts. The findings were interpreted in terms of the defining characteristics of the public-private dichotomy and the resulting internal structure and management practices. Implications of the findings for enhancing the perceived quality of work experience and thereby attracting and retaining professionals in the public sector and directions for future studies are discussed.
The Myers-Briggs Personality Indicator and its Usefulness for Problem Solving by Mining Industry Personnel
Authors: Davey J. Austin , Schell Bernadette H. , Morrison Kim
Published: March 2007

This article describes the results of a survey study in the mining industry in northeastern Ontario, Canada, to determine if the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Project Planning Situation exercise could be used to assess mining personnel's information-processing types and their problem-solving capabilities. Over a 2-year period, 610 males from a metal-mining firm and a uranium-mining firm completed these two inventories. The results of this study showed that the four-letter MBTI typings of ISTJ (introverted, sensing, thinking, and judging) and ESTJ (extroverted, sensing, thinking, and judging) were the most prevalent in the study sample. Implications of the findings for group and individual problem solving in these industries were discussed.
Changes in Employee Attitudes after an Acquisition
Authors: Newman Jerry M. , Krzystofiak Frank J.
Published: March 2007

Information on job characteristics, facet satisfaction, overall satisfaction, and organizational commitment were obtained from bank employees both before the announcement of an acquisition (n = 108) and after the actual acquisition (n = 49). Correlational analysis and a repeated measures ANOVA indicated significant declines in perceived job characteristics, satisfaction, and organizational commitment after the acquisition. The nature of these changes is discussed along with recommendations for minimizing the disruptive effect of an acquisition.
Psychological Attachment
Authors: Harris Stanley G. , Hirschfeld Robert R. , Feild Hubert S. , Mossholder Kevin W.
Published: March 2007

The present study extends the research on organizational commitment by examining (a) the dimensionality of O'Reilly and Chatman's (1986) psychological attachment instrument, (b) the relationships between psychological attachment and correlates of traditional organizational commitment measures, and (c) the relationships between psychological attachment and preferences regarding the early developmental experiences of newly hired, "high-potential" employees. Psychological attachment is demonstrated to be a multidimensional construct that is reasonably well-assessed with O'Reilly and Chatman's instrument. The dimensions of psychological attachment are found to relate in predictable ways to job characteristics, attitudes, and preferences for changes in an entry-level development program. Implications for management scholars and practitioners are discussed.
Anti-Nepotism Reconsidered
Authors: Werbel James D. , Hames David S.
Published: March 2007

This investigation examines employees' perceptions of paired employees-dual-career couples who work for the same organization. It examines the effects of individual differences (spouse employment status, supervisory role, and gender) and one situational difference (organizational size) upon employees' attitudes toward paired employees (PEs). The sample for this study was derived from people who traveled through a regional airport. The results suggest that males, supervisors, and employees in small organizations had negative attitudes regarding paired employment or were less willing than their counterparts to hire PEs. These findings are discussed in terms of policy implications for managing PEs.
The Effects of Ethnic Group Culture on Managerial Task Activities
Authors: Pineda Rodley C. , Vhitehead Carlton J.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses a weakness in culture-based organization research by exploring the effects of ethnic group culture on managerial behavior. Using a sample of Philippine commercial bank branch managers, the study found significant differences between ethnic Chinese and ethnic Filipino managers in their use of personal judgment when performing certain marketing tasks. Implications of these findings on managers and organizations are discussed.
Motivating Effects of Task and Outcome Interdependence in Work Teams
Authors: Van Der Vegt Gerben , Emans Ben , Van De Vliert Evert
Published: March 2007

Motivation and performance theories in organizational psychology tend to have a predominantly individualistic scope, relating characteristics of individual tasks to personal work outcomes of individuals (e.g., the Job Characteristics Model [JCM]). The present study goes beyond the realm of individual job characteristics by examining the effects of two interpersonal characteristics: task and outcome interdependence of team members. Subscales for the measurement of these social job dimensions were developed. The results support the hypothesis that, in addition to the JCM variables, the interdependence dimensions influence the employees' sense of responsibility and personal work outcomes. More specifically, the interdependence dimensions influence experienced responsibility for the others' work and thus account for a separate part of the variance in team members' personal work outcomes.
Team Orientation, Self-Orientation, and Diversity in Task Groups
Authors: Watson Warren E. , Johnson Lynn , Merritt Deanna
Published: March 2007

Members of more than 50 student groups involved in a team problem-solving environment were surveyed with the Group Style Instrument (GSI) to examine interpersonal group processes for task groups. Analyses of the GSI data resulted in team-oriented and self-oriented dimensions for both samples by comparing several factor models. In a second sample, more than 80 culturally diverse and nondiverse groups involved in a similar team problem-solving format completed the GSI at three points in time after they had completed team projects involving substantial collaborative member effort. For Sample 2, culturally diverse teams reported more self-oriented behaviors (SOBs) over time and performed better that nondiverse teams on two of the three projects. Periodic feedback regarding team performance and interpersonal processing was given to all teams. By the third team project, nondiverse teams performed better. Emphasis is given concerning the importance of managing the balance of team-orientated behaviors and SOBs within teams over time.
Transformational Leadership or Effective Managerial Practices?
Authors: Tracey J. Bruce , Hinkin Timothy R.
Published: March 2007

Over the past several years, much attention has been given to Bass and Avolio's notion of transformational leadership. However, there are striking similarities between Bass and Avolio's concepualization and several fundamental managerial practices. To examine this concern, we conducted a study that compared the transformational leadership scales from Bass and Avolio's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) with four scales from Yukl's Managerial Practices Survey (MPS). The results provided mixed support for the distinctiveness of the MQ. A confirmatory factor analysis supported a distinction between the underlying constructs measured by the MLQ and MPS scales. In addition, a composite measure of transformational leadership did account for a significant proportion of variance in ratings of leader effectiveness, beyond that accounted for by the MPS scales. However, the proposed dimensionality of the MLQ was not supported, and the MLQ scales were highly related to the MPS scales.
Synthetic Ethology and the Evolution of Cooperative Communication
Authors: MacLennan Bruce J. , Burghardt Gordon M.
Published: March 2007

Synthetic ethology is proposed as a means of conducting controlled experiments investigating the mechanisms and evolution of communication. After a discussion of the goals and methods of synthetic ethology, two series of experiments are described based on at least 5000 breeding cycles. The first demonstrates the evolution of cooperative communication in a population of simple machines. The average fitness of the population and the organization of its use of signals are compared under three conditions: communication suppressed, communication permitted, and communication permitted in the presence of learning. Where communication is permitted, the fitness increases approximately 26 times faster than when communication is suppressed; with communication and learning, the rate of fitness increase is nearly 100-fold The second series of experiments illustrates the evolution of a syntactically simple language, in which a pair of signals is required for effective communication.
An Agent-based Architecture for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Goldstein David
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a reference architecture for a concurrent engineering environment. The architecture embeds applications in wrappers to treat the applications as individual reasoning agents. Embedded applications have included planning, vision, simulation, and robotic control modules. These agents negotiate from various perspectives to arrive at globally acceptable solutions. The agents transmit information and negotiate using a canonical vocabulary based upon an international standard for data exchange. Because our implementation of the architecture explicitly considers real-world issues, such as heterogeneous systems, distributed processing, faults, meeting real-time deadlines, and communication delays, the implementation of architecture facilitates rapid transferral from laboratory experiments to field systems.
A Constraint-Based System for Product Design
Authors: Hashemian M. , Gu P.
Published: March 2007

Concurrent Engineering (CE) emphasizes the simultaneous consideration of downstream aspects of product design (e.g., production, maintenance, recycling, and disposal) at the design stage. Representing these considerations at the design stage is one of the principal problems of CE. This paper explores the use of constraint networks to modeling such information for effective use during the design process. A constraint- based system has been developed in which the functional requirements of a product and other concerns about its life cycle are modeled as con straints. The system includes an interactive user interface, a constraint management module for the propagation and checking of design deci sions, and a constraint pool which supports different types of constraints from multiple knowledge sources. This system is a core part of a larger design assistance tool which is capable of mapping design requirements to multiple design alternatives. Main elements of the constraint-based system are explained and a parametric design case study is provided to illustrate the performance of the system in a practical mechanical design problem. Advantages and limitations of using constraint networks for modeling design knowledge and future research directions are also briefly discussed.
An Information Support System for Enterprise Integration
Authors: Lim Soon Huat , Juster Neal , de Pennington Alan
Published: March 2007

Many manufacturing organizations have embraced the philosophy of Simultaneous Engineering (SE) as a way of working in the highly volatile and competitive business world of today This has occurred because SE methodologies are known to have improved quality, reduced time-to-market, provided greater customer satisfaction, minimized waste, and increased product reliability
A Hierarchical System of Performance Measures for Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Ganapathy Bopana K. , Goh Chon-Huat
Published: March 2007

As firms respond to increased competitive pressures by adopting new strategies, it becomes necessary to identify and measure factors that reflect the successes or failures of such strategies In this paper, we address the issue of performance measures for one such strategy—con current engineering Traditional accounting-based performance measures are inappropriate for monitoring and diagnosing deficiencies at the operational (or process) level Here, we propose a three level hierarchical system of process based metrics for the product delivery performance achieved with concurrent engineering Metrics at the primary level monitor performance and serve as a basis for benchmarking Metrics at the secondary and tertiary levels diagnose performance, that is, they help explain results obtained at the primary level
Women Coping with a Partner’s Sexual Avoidance
Authors: Renshaw Domeena C.
Published: March 2007

Causes and cures for sexual dysfunctions have preoccupied both charlatans and scientists for centuries. When in 1970 gynecologist William Masters studied normal men and women’s sexual responses in a lab setting, he also evolved brief (14 days) behavioral sex therapy, trained professionals, and recorded the technique in a bestseller. It was a true advancement in an arena where previously there was little knowledge or hope for improvement for problems of long duration. At the time, the symptom lack of sexual desire, sexual avoidance, or hypoactive sexual desire (HSD) was not defined, classified, or included. It was perhaps a decade later, after terms like frigidity and inhibited sexual desire were discarded as pejorative, that the 1987 DSM-III-R coded HSD applicable to both sexes. A separate code, female sexual arousal, was continued in the 1994 DSM-IV without a male component, although there are literally hundreds of males who present for treatment with this symptom.
Infertility and the Search for Family
Authors: Eriksen Karen
Published: March 2007

This article tells the story of one woman’s search for a family through having a child. This personal journey through infertility, assisted reproductive technology (ART), other efforts to overcome infertility, and the delivery of a child includes the woman’s trials, joys, relationships, and experiences with ART, as well as the doctors delivering it.
The Children’s War: Their Reactions to Devastating Events
Authors: Atwood Joan D. , Donnelly Joseph W.
Published: March 2007

A thorough review of the literature reveals that there is little or no information on children’s psychological reactions to devastating events, such as the Oklahoma City bombing, the Gulf War, or the recent destruction of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon that were witnessed on television. The present article explores children’s psychological reactions in light of Piagetian theory. Suggestions for mental health counselors are then presented.
Family Counseling and Childhood Obesity: A Review of Approaches
Authors: Morrissette Patrick J. , Taylor Daniel
Published: March 2007

Childhood obesity continues to be one of the most refractory and resistant problems encountered by children, their families, and helping professionals. Despite this challenge, however, new information regarding the treatment of this problem has not been forthcoming in the family counseling literature. To rekindle clinical interest and discussion, this background article provides a comprehensive review of the literature and addresses the presumed influence of family members in relation to childhood obesity. Directions for future family counseling research into childhood obesity are also suggested.
Relationship Enhancement Therapy with Borderline Personality
Authors: Waldo Michael , Harman Marsha J.
Published: March 2007

Relationship enhancement (RE) therapy with couples in which one spouse has been identified as having borderline personality disorder is hypothesized to increase communication skills and individual differentiation. A case study is provided in which RE skills are used along with a transcript that illustrates RE's effectiveness in initiating differentiation and changing interpersonal patterns within a relationship.
Incest: Personal Perspectives
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Figures and statistics present a grim, but all-too-impersonal perspective on the prevalence of incest in today's society. Several recent offerings in the literature provide a more personal picture of this violation.
Developmental Issues for Long-Term Stepfamilies
Authors: Bray James H.
Published: March 2007

This column presents issues that affect families undergoing separation, divorce, and remarriage, including single parent and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column, please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbriar, Houston, TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
Michael White and the Narrative Perspective in Therapy
Authors: Bubenzer Donald L. , West John D. , Boughner Shelly R.
Published: March 2007

Michael White is a leading theorist, teacher, and practitioner of the narrative perspective in counseling/therapy. In this interview he reflects on the thought underlying the narrative perspective, the uses of this perspective in counseling/therapy, and the narrative perspective and the change process.
Infusing Diversity into Family and Couples Counseling
Authors: Hayes Stuart F.
Published: March 2007

Several recent resources affirm the importance of culturally sensitive family practice and training. Two multidisciplinary anthologies are reviewed and their applications to family and couples counseling are discussed.
The Clinical Report: Integrating Family Assessment Instruments into Family Counseling Practice
Authors: Thomas Volker
Published: March 2007

Family counselors have viewed the use of standardized family assessment instruments with considerable ambivalence. This article briefly describes this ambivalence and argues that the use of self-report questionnaires and observational rating scales can enhance a practitioner's clinical assessment in three ways. First, it complements the practitioner's initial assessment; second, it helps in the development of treatment goals; and third, it provides information for evaluating treatment effectiveness. Furthermore, the author contends that the use of assessment instruments can create a collaborative working relationship between client and family counselor. The clinical report and its instruments are discussed, and a case example illustrates the application of the clinical report.
Dual Trauma Couples
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

A recent article from the family counseling literature is reviewed, offeringfamily counselors an overview of the "dual trauma couple. " Common themes these couples experience, characteristics they display, and general treatment guidelines from which to construct systemic interventions are discussed.
Therapy with Unmarried Heterosexual Couples: Clinical and Ethical Issues
Authors: Searight H. Russell , Bennett Susan , Clansy Carolyn , Heine Barb , Horn Gordon J. , Klocek John , Rankin Christine , Richardson Patrick , Tschannen Theresa , Williams Lydia , Williams Tom
Published: March 2007

Unmarried heterosexual couples are increasingly presenting for conjoint therapy. Although these couples share many problems with maried heterosexual couples, such as communication andfamily of origin issues, cohabitation often raises a distinctive set of issues. These dimensions involve the meaning of living together, the relationship's future, the presence of children, and interactions with extended family. Three case examples illustrate therapeutic dilemmas arising with unmarried couples. Treatment approaches include family of origin, feminist, and structural interventions. Conflicts may also arisefrom the absence of legal recognitionfor many cohabiting relationships.