bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW FEATURE SELECTION METHOD BASED ON CONCEPT EXTRACTION IN AUTOMATIC CHINESE TEXT CLASSIFICATION
Authors: LIAO SHASHA , JIANG MINGHU
Published: August 2007

The feature selection is an important part in automatic text classification. In this paper, we use a Chinese semantic dictionary — Hownet to extract the concepts from the word as the feature set, because it can better reflect the meaning of the text. However, as the concept definition in the dictionary sometimes cannot express the word properly, we define the expression power for every sememe and every definition of the word in further process, and define the relation degree between the sememe and the definition. A threshold is set in the sememe tree, the sememe of the little information is filtered, and the words of weak definition are reserved in expression power. By this method, we construct a combined feature set that consists of both sememes and the Chinese words. The values of sememes are given according to their expression power and relation to the word. By comparing seven feature weighing methods in text classification, we propose a CHI-MCOR weighing method according to the weighing theories and classification precision. Experimental result shows that if the words are extracted properly, not only the feature dimension is smaller but also the classification precision is higher. Our method makes a good balance between the features which occur frequently in the corpus and those which only occur in one category, the difference of the classification precision among different categories is small.
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT USING TEXTURE HISTOGRAM AND FUZZY ENTROPY
Authors: GUO YANHUI , CHENG H. D. , HUANG JIANHUA , ZHAO WEI , TANG XIANGLONG
Published: August 2007

Image enhancement is used to correct contrast deficiencies and to improve the quality of an image. It is essential and critical to extracting features and segmenting images. This paper presents a novel contrast enhancement algorithm based on newly defined texture histogram and fuzzy entropy with the ability to preserve edges and details, while avoiding noise amplification and over-enhancement. To demonstrate the performance, the proposed algorithm is tested on a variety of images and compared with other enhancement algorithms. Experimental results proved that the proposed method has better performance in enhancing images without over-enhancement and under-enhancement.
MEASURING OF SPECTRAL FRACTAL DIMENSION
Authors: BERKE JÓZSEF
Published: August 2007

There were great expectations in the 1980s in connection with the practical applications of mathematical processes which were built mainly upon the fractal dimension, mathematical basis. Results were achieved in the first times in several fields: examination of material structure, simulation of chaotic phenomena (earthquake, tornado), modeling real processing with the help of the information technology and its equipments, the definition of the length of rivers or riverbanks. Significant results were also achieved later in practical applications in the fields of information technology, certain image processing areas, data compression, and computer classification. In this paper, the well known algorithms calculating fractal dimension in a much simplified manner will be presented. The novel mathematical concepts, named by the author as 'Spectral Fractal Dimension' are also described in this paper.
METHOD OF KEY VECTORS EXTRACTION USING R-CLOUD CLASSIFIERS
Authors: BOUGAEV ANTON , URMANOV ALEKSEY , TSOUKALAS LEFTERI , GROSS KENNY
Published: August 2007

A novel method for reducing a training data set in the context of nonparametric classification is proposed. The new method is based on the method of R-clouds. The advantages of the R-cloud classification method introduced recently are being investigated. The separating boundary of the R-cloud classifier is represented using Rvachev functions. The method of key vectors extraction uses the value of the R-cloud function to quantify the disturbance of the separating boundary, which is caused by removal of one data vector from the design dataset. The R-cloud method was found instructive and practical in a number of engineering problems related to pattern classification.
Epigenetic Control of Centromere Behavior
Authors: Ekwall Karl
Published: August 2007

The centromere is the DNA region that ensures genetic stability and is therefore of vital importance. Paradoxically, centromere proteins and centromeric structural domains are conserved despite that fact that centromere DNA sequences are highly variable and are not conserved. Remarkably, heritable states at the centromere can be propagated independent of the underlying centromeric DNA sequences. This review describes the epigenetic mechanisms governing centromere behavior, i.e., the mechanisms that control centromere assembly and propagation. A centromeric histone variant, CenH3, and histone modifications play key roles at centromeric chromatin. Histone modifications and RNA interference are important in assembly of pericentric heterochromatin structures. The molecular machinery that is directly involved in epigenetic control of centromeres is shared with regulation of gene expression. Nucleosome remodeling factors, histone chaperones, histone-modifying enzymes, transcription factors, and even RNA polymerase II itself control epigenetic states at centromeres.
Diet-induced modulation of mitochondrial activity in rat muscle
Authors: Didier Laurent , Yerby Britttany , Deacon Richard , Gao Jiaping
Published: August 2007

Growing evidence supports the theory that mitochondrial dysfunction is an underlying cause of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation and insulin resistance. Here, we hypothesized that high dietary fat (HF) intake could trigger changes in mitochondrial activity such that fatty acid oxidation is impaired in muscle and contributes to an elevation in intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) levels. Muscle mitochondrial activity was determined in vivo through measurement of the F1 F0 ATP synthase flux, the terminal step in the oxidative phosphorylation process. An initial study comparing rats on normal chow diet with rats on an HF diet revealed strong correlations between muscle ATP synthesis rates, IMCL levels and whole body glucose tolerance. Results obtained from two latter studies showed multiphasic responses to dietary intervention. Initially, the ATP synthesis rates decreased as much as 50% within 24 h of raising the fat content in the diet to 60% of the caloric intake. These rates eventually returned to normal values after 2–3 wk on the HF regimen, seemingly to prevent further IMCL accumulation. Only beyond 1 mo on the HF diet did results consistently show ATP synthesis rates to diminish by 30–50% accompanied by steadily augmenting IMCL levels. Interestingly, switching back to a chow diet after 3 wk of HF feeding reversed the initial diet-induced changes. Although the muscle mitochondrial system may initially offer enough compliance to counteract lipid surplus, these in vivo data suggest a vicious long-term cycle among mitochondrial dysfunction, IMCL accumulation, and glucose intolerance in the rat.
Experimental estrogen-induced hyperprolactinemia results in bone-related hearing loss in the guinea pig
Authors: Horner Kathleen C. , Cazals Yves , Guieu Régis , Lenoir Marc , Sauze Nicole
Published: August 2007

Our group (Horner KC, Guieu R, Magnan J, Chays A, Cazals Y. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 135–138, 2002) has earlier described hyperprolactinemia in some patients presenting inner ear dysfunction. However, in that study, it was not possible to determine whether hyperprolactinemia was a cause or an effect of the symptoms. To investigate the effect of hyperprolactinemia on inner ear function, we first developed a model of hyperprolactinemia in estrogen-primed Fischer 344 rats and then performed functional studies on pigmented guinea pigs. Hyperprolactinemia induced, after 2 mo, a hearing loss of ∼30–40 dB across all frequencies, as indicated by the compound action potential audiogram. During the 3rd mo, the hearing loss continued to deteriorate. The threshold shifts were more substantial in males than in females. Observations under a dissection microscope revealed bone dysmorphology of the bulla and the cochlea. Light microscopy observations of cryostat sections confirmed bone-related pathology of the bony cochlear bulla and the cochlear wall and revealed morphopathology of the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. Scanning electron microscopy revealed loss of hair cells and stereocilia damage, in particular in the upper three cochlear turns and the two outermost hair cell rows. The data provide the first evidence of otic capsule and hair cell pathology associated with estrogen-induced prolonged hyperprolactinemia and suggest that conditions such as pregnancy, anti-psychotic drug treatment, aging, and/or stress might lead to similar ear dysfunctions.
Beneficial effects of GLP-1 on endothelial function in humans: dampening by glyburide but not by glimepiride
Authors: Basu Ananda , Charkoudian Nisha , Schrage William , Rizza Robert A. , Basu Rita , Joyner Michael J.
Published: August 2007

Sulfonylureas (SU) with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapy are an emerging therapeutic combination for type 2 diabetes. Prior human studies have hinted at endothelial effects of GLP-1 and SU. To study the endothelial effects of GLP-1 per se and to evaluate the modulatory effects, if any, of SU agents on GLP-1-induced changes in endothelial function, healthy, nondiabetic, normotensive, nonsmokers, age 18–50 yr with no family history of diabetes, were studied. Subjects were randomized to either placebo ( n = 10), 10 mg of glyburide ( n = 11), or 4 mg of glimepiride ( n = 8) orally. Euglycemic somatostatin pancreatic clamp with replacement basal insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone was performed for 240 min. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography with graded brachial artery infusions of acetylcholine (Ach) and nitroprusside (NTP) before and after intravenous infusion of GLP-1. GLP-1 (preinfusion 3.4 ± 0.2, postinfusion 25.5 ± 2.8 pM) enhanced ( P < 0.03) Ach-mediated vasodilatation (Δ+6.5 ± 1.1 vs. Δ+9.1 ± 1.2 ml·100 ml−1·min−1, change from baseline FBF) in those on placebo. However, in contrast, glyburide abolished GLP-1-induced Ach-mediated vasodilatation (Δ+11.7 ± 2.0 vs. Δ+11.7 ± 2.5 ml·100 ml−1·min−1). On the other hand, glimepiride did not alter the ability of GLP-1 to enhance Ach-mediated vasodilatation (Δ+7.9 ± 0.5 vs. Δ+10.2 ± 1.3 ml·100 ml−1·min−1, P < 0.04). Neither GLP-1 nor SU altered NTP-induced vasodilatation. These data demonstrate that GLP-1 per se has direct beneficial effects on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in humans that are differentially modulated by SU.
Idiopathic Organizing Pneumonia: A Relapsing Disease
Authors: Barroso Encarnacion , Hernandez Luis , Gil Joan , Garcia Raquel , Aranda Ignacio , Romero Santiago
Published: August 2007

Background: Although organizing pneumonia (OP) is a common pathological finding, studies including a substantial number of patients with idiopathic forms from a unique center and a long follow-up are rare. Objectives: To determine patients with cryptogenic forms of organizing pneumonia (COP), in order to characterize their clinical course, to identify predictive factors for relapse and to assess their effect on outcome. Methods: For a 19-year period, all histopathological reports from a community teaching hospital were reviewed, and OP was found in 210 lung specimens belonging to 197 patients. Results: Thirty-three (17%) patients presented cryptogenic forms and 32 of them (97%) responded to steroid therapy. At follow-up, 14 patients presented no relapses (no-relapse group, NR) and 18 (56%) presented relapses (relapsing group, RG) that resolved with ulterior treatment. Multifocal opacities on chest X-ray (RG 83% vs. NR 36%, p = 0.02) appeared to be a predictor for relapse. Patients with relapses showed a shorter time span to chest X-ray normalization (RG 8 ± 8 weeks vs. NR 13 ± 9 weeks, p = 0.09) that became significant in patients with 3 or more relapses (multiple-relapse group, MR, 4 ± 2 weeks vs. NR 13 ± 9 weeks, p < 0.04). Although the initial prednisone dose was similar in patients with relapsing forms, its maintenance was shorter than in patients without relapses, showing a trend to significance (RG 4 ± 3 weeks, NR 7 ± 6 weeks, p = 0.09). Lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase, although always within the normal range, were found in patients with relapsing forms. Conclusion: COP is a specific but infrequent form of OP with a good response to steroid therapy. Relapses are frequent and typical characteristics of COP which resolved with ulterior treatment. Multifocal opacities on chest X-ray and a shorter maintenance of the initial steroid dose may increase the risk of relapse.
Exhaled Nitric Oxide in a Population Sample of Adults
Authors: Bommarito Luisa , Migliore Enrica , Bugiani Massimiliano , Heffler Enrico , Guida Giuseppe , Bucca Caterina , de Marco Roberto , Rolla Giovanni
Published: August 2007

Background: The relationship between exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and the diagnosis of asthma in the general adult population is not completely clear. Objectives: To investigate the association between FENO and asthma, after controlling for atopy and rhinitis, in a general population sample of adults (mean age 43 years). Methods: The cohort of subjects was a sample of subjects who gave their consent to participate in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II study. Results: Atopy, rhinitis and current asthma were positively and current smoking was negatively associated with FENO. Multivariate analysis showed that asthma had a significant predictive effect on FENO (β = 0.53; 95% CI 0.21–0.84, p = 0.001), and the increase in FENO was significantly associated with the risk of current asthma (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.00–1.14) by the logistic regression model. Receiver-operater characteristic curve showed that FENO ≧18.5 ppb had the best combination of sensitivity (69.2%) and specificity (71%), with a positive predictive value of 24% and a negative predictive value of 95%, for the diagnosis of asthma. Conclusions: Measuring FENO seems to be suitable as an adjunct to questionnaire in the evaluation of asthma in the general population.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders: Relationship with Nocturnal Parameters, Daytime Symptoms and Comorbid Diseases
Authors: Gülbay Banu Eriş , Acıcan Turan , Önen Zeynep Pınar , Yıldız Öznur Akkoca , Baççıoğlu Ayşe , Arslan Fatma , Köse Kenan
Published: August 2007

Background: Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are frequently encountered health problems in the general population. Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) constitute most SRBD diagnoses. Although the decrease in quality of life is a well-known entity in SRBD patients, there is not enough data regarding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to explain this deterioration. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate which parameters were affecting the quality of life in patients with SRBD. Methods: Medical Outcome Survey – Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used in 135 patients with SRBD (69 patients with OSAHS and 66 patients with habitual snoring), and Charlson comorbidity index was calculated. Acquired data were compared with leading symptoms and polysomnographic findings in these patients. Results: All SF-36 scores were significantly decreased in SRBD patients. However, there were no significant differences in the SF-36 scores of these patients. Also, no significant correlation was found between the severity of OSAHS and the SF-36 scores. Similarly, none of the polysomnographic parameters was found significantly correlated with SF-36 scores. In contrast, all SF-36 scores were influenced by body mass index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, mean nocturnal saturation and the presence of coexisting diseases. Conclusions: According to the results of multiple variance analysis, we concluded that the quality of life depends on a number of collaborative factors such as obesity, mean nocturnal saturation, symptoms related to SRBD and the presence of comorbid diseases, rather than only on one independent parameter in the patients with SRBD.
Interstitial Pneumonitis and Alveolar Hemorrhage Complicating Use of Rituximab
Authors: Heresi Gustavo A. , Farver Carol F. , Stoller James K.
Published: August 2007

The use of rituximab has been uncommonly associated with delayed pulmonary toxicity. We present a case of interstitial pneumonitis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, which represents the second such case reported in the literature.
Mixed Depression and the Dimensional View of Mood Disorders
Authors: Benazzi Franco
Published: August 2007

Background: Mixed depression (MxD), i.e. depression plus cooccurring noneuphoric manic/hypomanic symptoms, questions the current categorical dividing of mood disorders into bipolar disorders and depressive disorders, and supports a dimensional approach. The study aim was to test a dimensional approach to mood disorders by looking for a progressive grading of age at onset and bipolar family history loading between bipolar II disorder (BP-II) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Consecutive 389 BP-II and 261 MDD major depressive episode outpatients were interviewed (off psychoactive drugs) with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Hypomania Interview Guide (to assess intradepressive noneuphoric hypomanic symptoms), and the Family History Screen, by a mood disorder specialist psychiatrist in a private practice. BP-II and MDD MxD and non-MxD were compared on age at onset and bipolar family history loading (the diagnostic validators). A dose-response was tested between the number of intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and bipolar family history loading, and a correlation was tested between the number of intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and age at onset. Results: MxD was present in 64.5% of BP-II and in 32.1% of MDD. There were significant differences in classic diagnostic validators (onset age, bipolar family history). The comparisons between BP-II and MDD MxD and non-MxD on age at onset and bipolar family history found a clear and significant grading in age at onset from BP-II MxD to MDD non-MxD (a progressive increase), and a clear and significant grading in bipolar family history loading from BP-II MxD to MDD non-MxD (a progressive decrease). A dose-response relationship was found between the number of intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and bipolar family history loading. The area under the ROC curve was small. A significant correlation was found between the number of intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and age at onset. Conclusions: The presence of MxD in a significant proportion of MDD, the progressive grading of age at onset and bipolar family history from BP-II MxD to MDD non-MxD, the dose-response relationship between intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and bipolar family history loading, and the correlation between intradepressive hypomanic symptoms and age at onset could support a dimensional approach to mood disorders (BP-II and MDD). On the other hand, the significant differences on classic diagnostic validators could support a categorical distinction. A mixed approach (dimensional and categorical) to mood disorders could be supported.
Prognostic Impact of Microvasculopathy on Survival After Heart Transplantation
Authors: Hiemann Nicola E. , Wellnhofer Ernst , Knosalla Christoph , Lehmkuhl Hans B. , Stein Julia , Hetzer Roland , Meyer Rudolf
Published: August 2007

Background—Epicardial vasculopathy has been shown to be associated with poor outcome after heart transplantation. We demonstrate that histologically proven stenotic microvasculopathy is a novel prognostic factor for long-term survival.

Methods and Results—In 9713 biopsies harvested within the first posttransplantation year from 873 patients (83% male; mean age, 49.1±0.6 years), light microscopic evaluations (×200) were performed for microvasculopathy, defined as stenotic endothelial and/or medial disease. Prevalence of severe epicardial vasculopathy was defined by presence of ≥75% luminal stenosis in coronary angiography (available in 611 of 873 patients), which was present in 118 of 611 patients (19%). For Kaplan-Meier analysis, we defined fatal cardiac events as lethal acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and graft failure. Stenotic microvasculopathy was present in 379 of 873 patients (43%) and was due to medial (345/379; 91%) rather than endothelial disease (2/379; 1%) or a combination of both (31/379; 8%;P<0.001). Endothelial disease (median [95% CI], 12.07 [10.69 to 13.44] versus 12.73 years [10.16 to 15.30];P=0.3329) and nonstenotic medial disease (12.44 [11.14 to 13.74] versus 12.43 years [10.51 to 14.35];P=0.4047) did not decrease overall survival or time to fatal cardiac event. Stenotic microvasculopathy was associated with poor overall survival (10.90 [9.16 to 12.60] versus 13.40 years [11.79 to 15.07];P=0.0374) and decreased freedom from fatal cardiac events (1, 5, 10 years, 95.6±1.4%, 86.9±2.3%, 75.5±3.1% versus 99.1±0.5%, 96.8±1.0%, 89.8±1.9%;P<0.0001). This finding was independent of epicardial transplant vasculopathy (P=0.0031).

Conclusions—Stenotic microvasculopathy is frequent in routinely processed biopsies and a new prognostic factor for long-term survival after heart transplantation.
Off-Pump Versus On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Hannan Edward L. , Wu Chuntao , Smith Craig R. , Higgins Robert S.D. , Carlson Russell E. , Culliford Alfred T. , Gold Jeffrey P. , Jones Robert H.
Published: August 2007

Background—

Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) has been performed for many years, but its use is increasing in frequency, and it remains an open question whether OPCAB is associated with better outcomes than on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods and Results—

New York State patients who underwent either OPCAB with median sternotomy (13 889 patients) or on-pump CABG surgery (35 941 patients) between 2001 and 2004 were followed up via New York databases. Short- and long-term outcomes were compared after adjustment for patient risk factors and after patients were matched on the basis of significant predictors of type of CABG surgery. OPCAB had a significantly lower inpatient/30-day mortality rate (adjusted OR 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68 to 0.97), lower rates for 2 perioperative complications (stroke: adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.86; respiratory failure: adjusted OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.93), and a higher rate of unplanned operation in the same admission (adjusted OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.15). In the matched samples, no difference existed in 3-year mortality (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.22), but OPCAB patients had higher rates of subsequent revascularization (hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.80). The 3-year OPCAB and on-pump survival rates for matched patients were 89.4% and 90.1%, respectively (
P
=0.20). For freedom from subsequent revascularization, the respective rates were 89.9% and 93.6% (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

OPCAB is associated with lower in-hospital mortality and complication rates than on-pump CABG, but long-term outcomes are comparable, except for freedom from revascularization, which favors on-pump CABG.
Increased Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Atherosclerotic Plaques Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Myoishi Masafumi , Hao Hiroyuki , Minamino Tetsuo , Watanabe Kouki , Nishihira Kensaku , Hatakeyama Kinta , Asada Yujiro , Okada Ken-ichiro , Ishibashi-Ueda Hatsue , Gabbiani Giulio , Bochaton-Piallat Marie-Luce , Mochizuki Naoki , Kitakaze Masafumi
Published: August 2007

Background—

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) responds to various stresses by upregulation of ER chaperones, but prolonged ER stress eventually causes apoptosis. Although apoptosis is considered to be essential for the progression and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, the influence of ER stress and apoptosis on rupture of unstable coronary plaques remains unclear.

Methods and Results—

Coronary artery segments were obtained at autopsy from 71 patients, and atherectomy specimens were obtained from 40 patients. Smooth muscle cells and macrophages in the fibrous caps of thin-cap atheroma and ruptured plaques, but not in the fibrous caps of thick-cap atheroma and fibrous plaques, showed a marked increase of ER chaperone expression and apoptotic cells. ER chaperones also showed higher expression in atherectomy specimens from patients with unstable angina pectoris than in specimens from those with stable angina. Expression of 7-ketocholesterol was increased in the fibrous caps of thin-cap atheroma compared with thick-cap atheroma. Treatment of cultured coronary artery smooth muscle cells or THP-1 cells with 7-ketocholesterol induced upregulation of ER chaperones and apoptosis, whereas these changes were prevented by antioxidants. We also investigated possible signaling pathways for ER-initiated apoptosis and found that the CHOP (a transcription factor induced by ER stress)-dependent pathway was activated in unstable plaques. In addition, knockdown of CHOP expression by small interfering RNA decreased ER stress-dependent death of cultured coronary artery smooth muscle cells and THP-1 cells.

Conclusions—

Increased ER stress occurs in unstable plaques. Our findings suggest that ER stress-induced apoptosis of smooth muscle cells and macrophages may contribute to plaque vulnerability.
Ventricular Preexcitation Modulates Strain and Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling in a Swine Model of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Shuros Allan C. , Salo Rodney W. , Florea Viorel G. , Pastore Joseph , Kuskowski Michael A. , Chandrashekhar Y. , Anand Inder S.
Published: August 2007

Background—

Myocardial infarction modifies the distribution of stress within the heart, increasing wall stress in ischemic and surrounding tissue, which often leads to adverse left ventricular remodeling. Electrical preexcitation pacing with appropriate timing of high-stress regions can reduce local strain and may attenuate global remodeling.

Methods and Results—

Myocardial infarction was induced in 24 swine to study the short-term (n=12) and long-term (n=12) effects of therapy. Sonomicrometry and hemodynamic measurements were used to show the mechanistic effects of preexcitation and to determine the optimal stimulation site and atrioventricular delay. Lagrangian strain was used to assess regional loading characteristics. Long-term study animals were randomized to 8 weeks of preexcitation (therapy) or no pacing (control). Echocardiograms were performed 2 days after myocardial infarction and repeated at 60 days, when tissue weights and apoptosis were assessed. Preexcitation reduced regional strain in the short term, with the best results achieved when the border region was paced at an atrioventricular delay of 50% of the intrinsic PR interval. In the long term, the changes in left ventricular internal diameter and left atrial size were decreased in therapy animals versus control animals (0.9±0.3 versus 1.5±0.5 cm,
P
=0.03, and 1.06±0.78 versus 2.32±0.88 cm,
P
<0.04, respectively). Heart weight was significantly lower in the therapy animals than in the control animals (319.8±20.8 versus 359.6±29.3 g,
P
=0.02). Although not significant, cardiomyocyte apoptosis trended lower in the therapy group.

Conclusions—

Preexcitation of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction reduced strain and stroke work in the infarct and border regions in the short term and attenuated adverse ventricular remodeling in the long term.
Aortic Diameter ≥5.5 cm Is Not a Good Predictor of Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Pape Linda A. , Tsai Thomas T. , Isselbacher Eric M. , Oh Jae K. , O’Gara Patrick T. , Evangelista Arturo , Fattori Rossella , Meinhardt Gabriel , Trimarchi Santi , Bossone Eduardo , Suzuki Toru , Cooper Jeanna V. , Froehlich James B. , Nienaber Christoph A. , Eagle Kim A.
Published: August 2007

Background—

Studies of aortic aneurysm patients have shown that the risk of rupture increases with aortic size. However, few studies of acute aortic dissection patients and aortic size exist. We used data from our registry of acute aortic dissection patients to better understand the relationship between aortic diameter and type A dissection.

Methods and Results—

We examined 591 type A dissection patients enrolled in the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection between 1996 and 2005 (mean age, 60.8 years). Maximum aortic diameters averaged 5.3 cm; 349 (59%) patients had aortic diameters <5.5 cm and 229 (40%) patients had aortic diameters <5.0 cm. Independent predictors of dissection at smaller diameters (<5.5 cm) included a history of hypertension (odds ratio, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 4.57;
P
=0.04), radiating pain (odds ratio, 2.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 4.0;
P
=0.03), and increasing age (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.05;
P
=0.03). Marfan syndrome patients were more likely to dissect at larger diameters (odds ratio, 14.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 100;
P
=0.002). Mortality (27% of patients) was not related to aortic size.

Conclusions—

The majority of patients with acute type A acute aortic dissection present with aortic diameters <5.5 cm and thus do not fall within current guidelines for elective aneurysm surgery. Methods other than size measurement of the ascending aorta are needed to identify patients at risk for dissection.
Expression of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Mice Promotes Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Authors: Tanigawa Hiroyuki , Billheimer Jeffrey T. , Tohyama Jun-ichiro , Zhang YuZhen , Rothblat George , Rader Daniel J.
Published: August 2007

Background—

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) transfers cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins to apolipoprotein (apo) B–containing lipoproteins and in humans plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism. However, the role that CETP plays in mediation of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) remains unclear. We used a validated in vivo assay of macrophage RCT to test the effect of CETP expression in mice (which naturally lack CETP) on macrophage RCT, including in mice that lack the low-density lipoprotein receptor or the scavenger receptor class B, type I.

Method and Results—

A vector based on adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) with a liver-specific thyroglobulin promoter was used to stably express human CETP in livers of mice and was compared with an AAV8-lacZ control vector. The RCT assay was performed 4 weeks after vector injection and involved the intraperitoneal injection of acetylated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–loaded and
3
H-cholesterol–labeled J774 macrophages in mice with plasma sampling at several time points, liver and bile sampling at 48 hours, and continuous fecal collection to measure
3
H-sterol as an integrated readout of macrophage RCT. In apobec-1–null mice, CETP expression reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels but significantly increased fecal
3
H-sterol excretion. In low-density lipoprotein receptor/apobec-1 double-null mice, CETP expression reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and had no effect on fecal
3
H-sterol excretion. Finally, in scavenger receptor class B, type I–null mice, CETP expression reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and significantly increased fecal
3
H-sterol excretion.

Conclusion—

The present results demonstrate that CETP expression promotes macrophage RCT in mice, that this effect is dependent on the low-density lipoprotein receptor, and that CETP expression restores to normal the impaired RCT in mice deficient in scavenger receptor class B, type I.
Identification of Promoter Variants in Baboon Endothelial Lipase That Regulate High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Authors: Cox Laura A. , Birnbaum Shifra , Mahaney Michael C. , Rainwater David L. , Williams Jeff T. , VandeBerg John L.
Published: August 2007

Background—

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previously we identified a quantitative trait locus on baboon chromosome 18 that regulates HDL. From positional cloning studies and expression studies, we identified the endothelial lipase gene (
LIPG
) as the primary candidate gene for the quantitative trait locus. The mechanism by which
LIPG
variation influences HDL levels has not been determined.

Methods and Results—

We identified 164
LIPG
polymorphisms in a panel of sibling baboons discordant for HDL1 and genotyped putative regulatory polymorphisms in a population of 951 pedigreed baboons. With the use of quantitative trait nucleotide analysis we identified 3 polymorphisms in the
LIPG
promoter associated with variation in serum HDL1 levels. In addition, we demonstrated that these 3 polymorphisms affect
LIPG
promoter activity in vitro. In silico analysis was used to identify putative transcription factors that differentially bind the functional promoter polymorphisms.

Conclusions—

These results reveal
LIPG
variants that specifically contribute to HDL1 levels and demonstrate mechanisms by which these polymorphisms may regulate
LIPG
promoter activity. Results from the present study provide a mechanism, namely variation in
LIPG
promoter activity possibly caused by altered transcription factor binding, by which
LIPG
variation affects HDL levels.
In Vivo Characterization of Murine Myocardial Perfusion With Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography
Authors: Raher Michael J. , Thibault Hélène , Poh Kian Keong , Liu Rong , Halpern Elkan F. , Derumeaux Geneviève , Ichinose Fumito , Zapol Warren M. , Bloch Kenneth D. , Picard Michael H. , Scherrer-Crosbie Marielle
Published: August 2007

Background—

The ability to noninvasively evaluate murine myocardial blood flow (MBF) in vivo would provide an important tool for cardiovascular research. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has been used to measure MBF; however, it has not been validated in mice. This study assesses whether MCE can evaluate MBF at rest and after vasodilation and measure the maximal augmentation (coronary reserve) of MBF in mice. Wild-type (WT) and nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3)–deficient (NOS3
−/−
) mice were studied.

Methods and Results—

MCE was performed at baseline and after intravenous infusion of acetylcholine or adenosine. Definity contrast agent was infused, and parasternal views were acquired in real-time mode. Replenishment curves of myocardial contrast were obtained, and rates of signal rise (β) and plateau intensity (A) were calculated. MBF estimated by the product of A and β (Aβ) was compared with that measured with fluorescent microspheres. MCE analysis was feasible in 98% (52/53) of mice. MBF measured by microspheres increased with adenosine and correlated closely with Aβ. There was no difference in MCE-derived MBF between WT and NOS3
−/−
mice at rest. Adenosine infusion increased MBF by 3.0±0.6-fold in NOS3
−/−
mice and 2.5±0.3-fold in WT (
P
=0.58 between genotypes). Acetylcholine induced an increase of 2.4±0.2-fold in MBF in WT mice but did not increase MBF in NOS3
−/−
mice (
P
<0.0005 versus WT).

Conclusions—

MBF, coronary reserve, and vasodilator responses can be evaluated accurately in the intact mouse by MCE. This method demonstrated a preserved coronary response to adenosine but an impaired acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in NOS3
−/−
mice compared with WT mice.
Common Genetic Variation in
KCNH2
Is Associated With QT Interval Duration
Authors: Newton-Cheh Christopher , Guo Chao-Yu , Larson Martin G. , Musone Stacy L. , Surti Aarti , Camargo Amy L. , Drake Jared A. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Levy Daniel , D’Agostino Ralph B. , Hirschhorn Joel N. , O’Donnell Christopher J.
Published: August 2007

Background—

QT prolongation is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death in the general population and in people exposed to QT-prolonging drugs. Mutations in the
KCNH2
gene encoding the HERG potassium channel cause 30% of long-QT syndrome, and binding to this channel leads to drug-induced QT prolongation. We tested common
KCNH2
variants for association with continuous QT interval duration.

Methods and Results—

We selected 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms and rs1805123, a previously associated missense single nucleotide polymorphism, for genotyping in 1730 unrelated men and women from the Framingham Heart Study. rs3807375 genotypes were associated with continuous QT interval duration in men and women (2-
df
P
=0.002), with a dominant model suggested (
P
=0.0004). An independent sample of 871 Framingham Heart Study men and women replicated the association (1-sided dominant
P
=0.02). On combined analysis of 2123 subjects, individuals with AA or AG genotypes had a 0.14-SD (SE, 0.04) or 3.9-ms higher age-, sex- and RR-adjusted QT interval compared with GG individuals (
P
=0.00006). The previously reported association of rs1805123 (K897T) replicated under a dominant (AA/AC, 0.12 SD [SE, 0.07] or 3.1 ms higher versus CC; 1-sided
P
=0.04) or additive model (0.06 SD [SE, 0.03] or 1.6 ms higher per A allele; 1-sided
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

Two common genetic variants at the
KCNH2
locus are associated with continuous QT interval duration in an unselected community-based sample. Studies to determine the influence of these variants on risk of sudden cardiac death and drug-induced arrhythmias should be considered.
Role of Xanthine Oxidoreductase in the Reversal of Diastolic Heart Failure by Candesartan in the Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Yamamoto Eiichiro , Kataoka Keiichiro , Yamashita Takuro , Tokutomi Yoshiko , Dong Yi-Fei , Matsuba Shinji , Ogawa Hisao , Kim-Mitsuyama Shokei
Published: August 2007

The role of angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species in the exacerbation of diastolic heart failure is unknown. We examined the therapeutic effect of angiotensin blockade on hypertensive diastolic heart failure, focusing on the role of xanthine oxidoreductase and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, major enzymes producing reactive oxygen species. Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats (DS rats) with established diastolic heart failure were given vehicle, candesartan (an angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 receptor blocker), oxypurinol (a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor), apocynin (a reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor), or hydralazine (a vasodilator), and their therapeutic effects on diastolic heart failure were compared. Candesartan treatment of DS rats with established diastolic heart failure reversed cardiac remodeling, improved cardiac relaxation abnormality, and prolonged survival, being accompanied by the attenuation of the increase in cardiac superoxide, reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, and xanthine oxidoreductase activities. Thus, the beneficial effect of candesartan in DS rats appears to be mediated by the inhibition of cardiac reactive oxygen species. Cardiac xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition with oxypurinol significantly reduced cardiac superoxide, prevented the progression of cardiac remodeling, and delayed the mortality in DS rats. Apocynin, which significantly inhibited cardiac reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, prevented the exacerbation of diastolic heart failure more than hydralazine. However, compared with candesartan or oxypurinol, apocynin did not improve cardiac reactive oxygen species, remodeling, and function in DS rats. In conclusion, candesartan slowed the exacerbation of hypertensive diastolic heart failure in DS rats by causing reverse cardiac remodeling. Cardiac xanthine oxidoreductase contributed to these beneficial effects of candesartan.
Economic Development and the Common Good: Lonergan and Cobb on the Need for a New Paradigm
Authors: Hoyt-O'Connor Paul
Published: August 2007

John B. Cobb, Jr and his associates offer a critique of prevailing economic theory and practice in the hopes of contributing to the reformation of both by examining the meaning and relevance of the common good in the economic sphere. This paper examines Cobb's critique of economic theory and practice and his contribution toward an understanding of economic life that would do greater justice to environmental and communal sustainability. It also examines the contours of the new paradigm for economic theory and practice that he and Herman E. Daly propose. While that paradigm stands in need of greater elaboration, their work suggests a line of further development, one that anticipates Bernard Lonergan's macroeconomic dynamics. The latter, I argue, accounts for Cobb's concerns and criticisms and provides a basis for the formulation of moral precepts that promote economic progress in ways consonant with a fuller vision of human flourishing.
THE SYRIAN PHOENIX—THE REVIVAL OF THE SYRIAN SOCIAL NATIONAL PARTY IN SYRIA
Authors: Zisser Eyal
Published: August 2007

This article addressed the surprising revival of the Syrian Social National Party (SSNP), in Syria since the early 1990s. This revival was a result of convergence between the ruling Ba،th regime in Syria and the SSNP, its historical bitter rival. This convergence on the one hand resulted from the SSNP's recognition and acceptance of defeat in its political struggle with the Ba،th and, on the other hand, the Ba،th regime's readiness to adopt many of the SSNP's ideological precepts, mainly those of "Historic or Greater Syria" and of "Syrian Unity" or even a "Syrian Nation", as part of its efforts to reinforce its standing in Syria and its need to redefine its own ideological beliefs. Thus, alongside this political defeat, the SSNP held the upper hand ideologically, certainly in terms of the vision of the Syrian nation, although with an Arab cloak—a nation with a distinctive identity of its own that had sprung from the Syrian region. This vision was appropriated by the Ba،th regime as a useful tool, and possibly even as an authentic credo, albeit while still paying lip service to the Arabist ethos.
Concerning Ben Sira and Demotic Wisdom: A Response to Matthew J. Goff
Authors: Sanders Jack
Published: August 2007

In a recent issue of this journal M. J. Goff took issue with my 1983 study Ben Sira and Demotic Wisdom and sought to show that some of my conclusions there were unwarranted. His procedure, however, was different from mine, in that he analyzed similarities of themes in Ben Sira and in the Demotic Wisdom Book rather than similarities of vocabulary and construction, as I had done. Unfortunately, he also ignored some of the more striking evidence that I presented originally. After renewed examination of the evidence, I must disagree with Goff and stay with my original conclusion.
Überlegungen zum Leserkreis der „Antiquitates" des Josephus
Authors: Höffken Peter
Published: August 2007

The "ideal reader" is a reader for whom the author of a work is writing. Therefore he is essential for the constitution of a text. In the case of Josephus the proem of the Antiquitates shows clearly who this ideal reader is: A member of the Greek/Greek-speaking world, interested in religion and culture of Israel (and other religions and cultures). Sometimes Josephus is also speaking of a Jewish readership, but this has not a decisive role for the constitution of the book, nor does it give the same importance to this Jewish readership. We should therefore not argue for a double readership, for which Josephus develops two different messages.
The Use of Alternative Names by Diaspora Jews in Graeco-Roman Antiquity
Authors: Williams Margaret
Published: August 2007

In contrast to Palestine, where the use by Jews of nicknames and other forms of alternative name has been extensively studied, little scholarly attention has been paid to the behaviour of Diaspora Jews in this area of onomastics. This paper aims to fill that gap by collecting and analysing all the available evidence, most of it epigraphic. It will be shown that contrary to popular belief, the use of alternative names by Diaspora Jews was relatively rare. It was also largely different in form from that found in Palestine, as it arose out of different social circumstances and was a response to different social imperatives.
Surface-to-Atmosphere Exchange in a River Valley Environment
Authors: Acevedo Otávio C. , Moraes Osvaldo L. L. , da Silva Rodrigo , Anabor Vagner , Bittencourt Daniel P. , Zimmermann Hans R. , Magnago Roberto O. , Degrazia Gervásio A.
Published: August 2007

Observations of the turbulent exchange between a river surface and the atmosphere in a mountainous area in southern Brazil are presented and discussed. A micrometeorological tower was installed directly above the surface of a 60-m-wide river. This paper describes the observed turbulent fluxes over 12 days of observations at this site. Eddy correlation sensible and latent heat fluxes are directed toward the river during daytime and from the river at night, and they are controlled by differences between water and air temperatures. The magnitude of the vertical fluxes between the river and the atmosphere increases during daytime with increasing temperature gradient up to a threshold, beyond which the increasing stability starts to dampen the fluxes. Water and air temperatures show very little variations across the width of the river, indicating that the measurements taken at one margin may be representative of the mean river exchange. Local scalar budgets show that daytime warming and moistening rates above the river are controlled by local transport from the riverbanks. The main vertical fluxes have a very small magnitude: 0.8 W m−2 for sensible heat and 1.1 W m−2 for latent heat. Events of very large sensible heat fluxes from the river to the atmosphere and very large latent heat fluxes from the atmosphere to the river happened on 3 days, following nights with a very deep fog layer in the valley. These events represented the passage of a warm and dry air mass down the river. A process to explain the occurrence of these large fluxes is suggested that is associated with differential fog dissipation over the valley.
Vorticity-Based Detection of Tropical Cyclogenesis
Authors: Gierach Michelle M. , Bourassa Mark A. , Cunningham Philip , O’Brien James J. , Reasor Paul D.
Published: August 2007

Ocean wind vectors from the SeaWinds scatterometer aboard the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery are used to develop an objective technique that can detect and monitor tropical disturbances associated with the early stages of tropical cyclogenesis in the Atlantic basin. The technique is based on identification of surface vorticity and wind speed signatures that exceed certain threshold magnitudes, with vorticity averaged over an appropriate spatial scale. The threshold values applied herein are determined from the precursors of 15 tropical cyclones during the 1999–2004 Atlantic Ocean hurricane seasons using research-quality QuikSCAT data. The choice of these thresholds is complicated by the lack of suitable validation data. The combination of GOES and QuikSCAT data is used to track the tropical disturbances that are precursors to the 15 tropical cyclones. This combination of data can be used to test detection but is not as easily used to examine false alarms. Tropical disturbances are found for these cases within a range of 19–101 h before classification as tropical cyclones by the National Hurricane Center. The 15 cases are further subdivided based upon their origination source (i.e., easterly wave, upper-level cutoff low, stagnant frontal zone, etc.). The primary focus centers on the cases associated with tropical waves, because these waves account for the majority of all Atlantic tropical cyclones. The detection technique illustrates the ability to track these tropical disturbances from near the coast of Africa. Analysis of the pretropical cyclone (pre-TC) tracks for these cases depicts stages, related to wind speed and precipitation, in the evolution of a tropical disturbance within an easterly wave to a tropical cyclone.