bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term behaviour of a two-stage CW system regarding nitrogen removal
Authors: Langergraber Guenter , Pressl Alexander , Leroch Klaus , Rohrhofer Roland , Haberl Raimund
Published: September 2011

In the first two years of operation a nitrogen removal efficiency of 53% and a high average elimination rate of 1,000 g N m−2 yr−1 could be observed for a two-stage vertical flow (VF) constructed wetland (CW) system. The two-stage system consists of two VF beds with intermittent loading operated in series, each stage having a surface area of 10 m2. The first stage uses sand with a grain size of 2–3.2 mm for the 50 cm main layer and has a drainage layer that is impounded; the second stage sand with a grain size of 0.06–4 mm and a conventional drainage layer (with free drainage). The two-stage VF system was designed for and operated with an organic load of 40 g COD m−2 d−1 (i.e. 2 m2 per person equivalent). Data from the following years of operation showed that from the third year nitrogen elimination increased and stabilized. The median values of the nitrogen elimination rate in the first five years of operation have been 3.51, 2.76, 4.20, 3.84 and 4.07 g N m−2 d−1, the median value of the last three years being 3.8 g N m−2 d−1 and 1,380 g N m−2 yr−1, respectively, and the nitrogen removal >60%. It can be assumed that the vegetation as well as the biofilm development in the two-stage VF CW system plays the major role for the enhancement of the nitrogen elimination rate.
Arsenic removal by ferric-chloride coagulation – effect of phosphate, bicarbonate and silicate
Authors: Laky Dóra , Licskó István
Published: September 2011

Jar tests with synthetic water were carried out in order to investigate the effect of phosphate, bicarbonate and silicate on arsenic removal efficiency by in-situ formed ferric hydroxide. Above 12 mg C/L inorganic carbon concentration, the adverse effect of bicarbonate was definite, and resulted in higher remaining arsenic concentration. At all pH values (7.5–7.8) and coagulant dosages (0.84–3.00 mg/L Fe) tested, the negative effect of phosphate on arsenic removal was also evident. In the presence of silicate small ferric-hydroxide colloids were formed, which were able to go through the 0.45 μm pore-size membrane. Compared to silicate-free systems, 2.5–3.5 times higher coagulant dose was needed to achieve the target arsenic concentration in the presence of 14–23 mg/L Si. At higher pH values the adverse effect of silicate was even more significant. All data were merged and multiple linear regression analysis was carried out in order to build up a robust model to predict the residual arsenic concentration if the raw water contains 50–60 μg/L initial arsenic concentration. The estimation was based on the following variables: PO4-P concentration, final pH, Si concentration, Fe(III) dose. The most important influencing factors proved to be the silicate concentration and applied coagulant dosage.
A combined hydraulic and biological SBR model
Authors: Alex J. , Rönner-Holm S. G. E. , Hunze M. , Holm N. C.
Published: September 2011

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) model was developed consisting of six continuous stirred tank reactors which describe the hydraulic flow patterns occurring in different SBR phases. The model was developed using the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation studies of an SBR reactor under a selection of dynamic operational phases. Based on the CFD results, the model structure was refined and a simplified ‘driver’ model to allow one to mimic the flow pattern driven by the external operational conditions (influent, aeration, mixing) was derived. The resulting model allows the modeling of biological processes, settlement and hydraulic conditions of cylindrical SBRs.
Tracer studies and hydraulic behaviour of planted and un-planted vertical-flow constructed wetlands
Authors: Cota R. S. , von Sperling M. , Penido R. C. S.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this research was to assess the hydraulic behaviour of three intermittently-fed vertical flow wetland units operated in parallel, designed for the treatment of raw wastewater generated in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was designed to serve 100 PE (∼1 m2/PE). The first filter was planted with cattail (Typha latifolia), the second with Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) and the third was maintained without plants (control unit). NaCl tracer tests were conducted to determine the residence time distribution. The tests were done with water when the system was unused (clean media) and also after an 11-month operation period with wastewater (used media), using two different dosing regimes (lower and higher frequency). Results showed a strong tendency towards the hydraulic completely mixed regime. A great dispersion in the units and the presence of short circuiting and dead zones were observed. The unsaturated condition in a large volume of the filter, even during the draining stage, was confirmed for the three units. The dosing regime, the resting period duration, the age of the filter and the presence of plants were found to influence the hydraulic processes in the units.
Statistical assessment of seafront and beach water quality of Mumbai, India
Authors: Vijay Ritesh , Kamble Swapnil R. , Dhage S. S. , Sohony R. A. , Wate S. R.
Published: September 2011

The water quality of seafronts and beaches of Mumbai is under pressure and deteriorating due to discharge of partially treated sewage and wastewater through point and nonpoint sources. The objective of the study was to assess the water quality and to correlate physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for establishing relationship, association and dependence on each other. The water quality parameters were selected as per SW II standards specified by Central Pollution Control Board, India and nutrient parameters as strong indicators of sewage pollution. Box and whisker plots were generated for evaluating spatio temporal variation of water quality which suggest influence of organic pollution mostly at Mahim and Dadar in the form of outliers and extremes. Pearson's correlations were estimated between parameters and found significant correlation with each other indicating influence of sewage on water quality. The water quality of beaches and seafronts were found unsafe for recreational purposes. The study suggested that designated water quality can be achieved by restricting nonpoint source through improvement in wastewater collection systems, appropriate level of treatment and proper disposal.
C-Peptide Response and HLA Genotypes in Subjects With Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes After Immunotherapy With DiaPep277
Authors: Buzzetti Raffaella , Cernea Simona , Petrone Antonio , Capizzi Marco , Spoletini Marialuisa , Zampetti Simona , Guglielmi Chiara , Venditti Chiara , Pozzilli Paolo ,   on behalf of the DiaPep Trialists Group
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether lower risk HLA class II genotypes would influence the efficacy of DiaPep277 therapy in protecting β-cell function evaluated by C-peptide secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetic subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were collected from type 1 diabetic subjects enrolled in multicenter phase II studies with a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled design in whom fasting and stimulated C-peptide levels were measured. HLA genotypes were classified in high, moderate, and low risk categories.

RESULTS

A total of 146 subjects (aged 4.3 to 58.5 years) were enrolled, including 76 children (<18 years old) and 70 adults. At baseline, there was a significant increase in fasting, maximal, and area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide from high to moderate and low risk HLA genotypes in adults (P for trend <0.04) but not in children. Children showed a decrease of the three parameters over time regardless of therapy and HLA genotype. DiaPep277-treated adults with low risk genotype had significantly higher maximal and AUC C-peptide versus placebo at 12 months (0.04 ± 0.07 vs. −0.28 ± 0.09 nmol/L, P < 0.01, and 0.53 ± 1.3 vs. −4.59 ± 1.5 nmol/L, P < 0.05, respectively). In the moderate risk genotype group, Δmaximal and AUC C-peptide values were significantly higher in DiaPep277-treated versus placebo-treated patients (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

This exploratory study demonstrates that type 1 diabetic adults with low and moderate risk HLA genotypes benefit the most from intervention with DiaPep277; the only subgroup with an increase of C-peptide at 12 months after diagnosis was the low risk DiaPep277-treated subgroup.
“Serum and follicular LH, pregnancy prediction and assisted reproduction”
Authors: Severinski Neda , Milaković Tamara , Mamula Ozren , Krpina Milena
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the mean serum and follicular fluid LH and estradiol values in patients treated by IVF/ET (ICSI) after completed ovarian stimulation and to determine the range of values for these hormones with higher chances of conceiving pregnancies. All patients underwent stimulation in long agonistic protocol. Collected samples of body fluids (serum n = 31, follicular fluid n = 93) were centrifuged and supernatant was separated, aliquoted, frozen and stored at − 20°C. LH and E2 were measured in serum and follicular fluids. Cutoff value of E2 determined using follicular LH and follicular E2 correlation was 2100 nmol/L. If the E2 value was lower than 2100 nmol/L the ratio of results related to pregnancy was 29,4% (15/51). If the follicular E2 values were higher than 2100 nmol/L the ratio of results related to pregnancy was (7,1%, 3/42). The observed differences were significant (p 0.03). Follicular LH values higher than 3.1 IU/L and follicular E2 values < than 2100 nmol/L indicate higher conceiving probability. Our results can be fit in previous findings on negative effects of low LH values in IVF treatment procedures.
Complete remission of primary bilateral adrenal lymphoma achieved by Rituximab-CHOP chemotherapy
Authors: Yang Yin-long , Ye Ting-ting , Wang Zhu-yin , Gao Er-li , Wang Lei-ping , Li Peng , Chen Xue-min , Zhang Xiao-hua
Published: September 2011

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is an exceedingly rare disease. Because of its rareness, uncertain etiology, variable duration of survival, unremarkable clinical presentations and unsatisfied therapeutic strategies, its treatment has always been unsatisfactory. Here we report a 50-year-old male patient with primary bilateral adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. He was treated with surgery followed by combined chemotherapy using R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone). He achieved complete remission after 3 cycles of chemotherapy. At present, he is considered free of tumor at 3 years after chemotherapy. Our case report demonstrates that patients with primary bilateral adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma may achieve a good outcome using R-CHOP chemotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, our patient who achieved complete remission after R-CHOP chemotherapy has had the longest survival as published in the literature.
Endoparasite community of Rattus norvegicus captured in a shantytown of Buenos Aires City, Argentina
Authors: Hancke D. , Navone G. , Suarez O.
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) as a potential reservoir of zoonotic parasites in an urban area of Argentina. A parasitological survey in 40 brown rats trapped in a shantytown of Buenos Aires City was carried out. 97.5 % of the analyzed rats were parasitized with at least one of the 12 species of helminth or protozoan species recorded. Among the species identified, Hymenolepis nana is recognized as one of the most common human helminthes parasites. The average number of parasite species was higher in males than females rats, and in the last case, a direct relationship between parasite species richness and host’s body size was recorded. Variations in endoparasite community throughout the year seasons were recorded, probably related to environmental factors, which limits the performance of the life cycle of different parasite species. The presence of zoonotic endoparasites confirms R. norvegicus as a reservoir for different types of pathologies, which, therefore, represents a risk to the public health in an overcrowded urban area.
Synthesis of No-Carrier-Added 4-[18F]Fluorophenol from 4-Benzyloxyphenyl-(2-thienyl)iodonium Bromide
Authors: Ross Tobias L. , Ermert Johannes , Coenen Heinz H.
Published: September 2011

4-[18F]Fluorophenol is a versatile synthon for the synthesis of more complex radiopharmaceuticals bearing a 4-[18F]fluorophenoxy moiety. In order to prepare 4-[18F]fluorophenol in no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) form only a nucleophilic labelling method starting from [18F]fluoride is suitable. In this paper a new, two step radiosynthesis starting from 4-benzyloxyphenyl-(2-thienyl)iodonium bromide and [18F]fluoride with subsequent deprotection is described, yielding n.c.a. [18F]fluorophenol in 34 to 36% radiochemical yield.
Long-Term Monitoring of Fresco Paintings in the Cathedral of Valencia (Spain) Through Humidity and Temperature Sensors in Various Locations for Preventive Conservation
Authors: Zarzo Manuel , Fernández-Navajas Angel , García-Diego Fernando-Juan
Published: September 2011

We describe the performance of a microclimate monitoring system that was implemented for the preventive conservation of the Renaissance frescoes in the apse vault of the Cathedral of Valencia, that were restored in 2006. This system comprises 29 relative humidity (RH) and temperature sensors: 10 of them inserted into the plaster layer supporting the fresco paintings, 10 sensors in the walls close to the frescoes and nine sensors measuring the indoor microclimate at different points of the vault. Principal component analysis was applied to RH data recorded in 2007. The analysis was repeated with data collected in 2008 and 2010. The resulting loading plots revealed that the similarities and dissimilarities among sensors were approximately maintained along the three years. A physical interpretation was provided for the first and second principal components. Interestingly, sensors recording the highest RH values correspond to zones where humidity problems are causing formation of efflorescence. Recorded data of RH and temperature are discussed according to Italian Standard UNI 10829 (1999).
Range Camera Self-Calibration Based on Integrated Bundle Adjustment via Joint Setup with a 2D Digital Camera
Authors: Shahbazi Mozhdeh , Homayouni Saeid , Saadatseresht Mohammad , Sattari Mehran
Published: September 2011

Time-of-flight cameras, based on Photonic Mixer Device (PMD) technology, are capable of measuring distances to objects at high frame rates, however, the measured ranges and the intensity data contain systematic errors that need to be corrected. In this paper, a new integrated range camera self-calibration method via joint setup with a digital (RGB) camera is presented. This method can simultaneously estimate the systematic range error parameters as well as the interior and external orientation parameters of the camera. The calibration approach is based on photogrammetric bundle adjustment of observation equations originating from collinearity condition and a range errors model. Addition of a digital camera to the calibration process overcomes the limitations of small field of view and low pixel resolution of the range camera. The tests are performed on a dataset captured by a PMD[vision]-O3 camera from a multi-resolution test field of high contrast targets. An average improvement of 83% in RMS of range error and 72% in RMS of coordinate residual, over that achieved with basic calibration, was realized in an independent accuracy assessment. Our proposed calibration method also achieved 25% and 36% improvement on RMS of range error and coordinate residual, respectively, over that obtained by integrated calibration of the single PMD camera.
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crops for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Hirel Bertrand , Tétu Thierry , Lea Peter J. , Dubois Frédéric
Published: September 2011

In this review, we present the recent developments and future prospects of improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops using various complementary approaches. These include conventional breeding and molecular genetics, in addition to alternative farming techniques based on no-till continuous cover cropping cultures and/or organic nitrogen (N) nutrition. Whatever the mode of N fertilization, an increased knowledge of the mechanisms controlling plant N economy is essential for improving NUE and for reducing excessive input of fertilizers, while maintaining an acceptable yield and sufficient profit margin for the farmers. Using plants grown under agronomic conditions, with different tillage conditions, in pure or associated cultures, at low and high N mineral fertilizer input, or using organic fertilization, it is now possible to develop further whole plant agronomic and physiological studies. These can be combined with gene, protein and metabolite profiling to build up a comprehensive picture depicting the different steps of N uptake, assimilation and recycling to produce either biomass in vegetative organs or proteins in storage organs. We provide a critical overview as to how our understanding of the agro-ecophysiological, physiological and molecular controls of N assimilation in crops, under varying environmental conditions, has been improved. We have used combined approaches, based on agronomic studies, whole plant physiology, quantitative genetics, forward and reverse genetics and the emerging systems biology. Long-term sustainability may require a gradual transition from synthetic N inputs to legume-based crop rotation, including continuous cover cropping systems, where these may be possible in certain areas of the world, depending on climatic conditions. Current knowledge and prospects for future agronomic development and application for breeding crops adapted to lower mineral fertilizer input and to alternative farming techniques are explored, whilst taking into account the constraints of both the current world economic situation and the environment.
Design of an Optimal Waste Utilization System: A Case Study in St. Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Rodionov Mikhail , Nakata Toshihiko
Published: September 2011

Storing municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills is the oldest and still the primary waste management strategy in many countries. Russia is the third largest methane (CH4) emitter country after USA and China, representing 5% of total global CH4 emissions from waste landfilling. Due to high economical growth, the amount of waste generated in Russia has risen sharply over the last ten years. However, waste management in Russia is mainly based on landfilling. In order to design an optimal MSW utilization system considering various aspects related to sustainable MSW management, a linear programming model was introduced for this research. The performance of the proposed MSW utilization system in the target area has been evaluated in light of energy, economic, and environmental (3Es) aspects, such as system net cost, annual energy generated from the waste, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the system. St. Petersburg city was considered as the target area for the present analysis. The results show that the introduction of the proposed MSW system with energy recovery from waste along with a high level of material recovery has energy, environmental and economic benefits compared to the conventional treatment system. This paper emphasizes the importance of introducing waste treatment methods as an alternative to landfilling, and to improve recycling activities in Russia.
Carnap 1922 – Du Chaos au Corps
Authors: Andrieu Bernard
Published: September 2011

Dans le texte de 1922 « Vom Chaos zur Wirklichkeit » («Du Chaos à la Réalité », 1922, 14 pp.), pour Carnap, la description du Chaos est inaccessible. Le chaos est « le point de départ irrationnel de notre théorie » (p. 1 du tapuscrit). La réalité est toujours déjà une construction logique. Pour autant postuler un chaos, comme degré zéro de la réalité, favorise le projet d’une description de l’étayage logique à partir du rien. La grammaire de la réalité est le postulat de la description logique évitant ainsi tout recours à un fondement métaphysique. Notre article montre comment en partant du chaos, Carnap fonde peu à peu la constitution du corps.
Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm Secondary to Infection Within the Space of Parona
Authors: Jamil Wiqqas , Khan Irfan , Robinson Paul , Thalava Ramesh
Published: September 2011

The deep midpalmar space of the hand communicates with the space of Parona in the forearm. Infection of these deep spaces can be difficult to diagnose. This article presents the first reported case of acute compartment syndrome of the forearm secondary to infection within the space of Parona. This article discusses the anatomy of the space of Parona, highlighting its communicating spaces and the importance of recognizing a deep-space infection of the hand as a possible cause of compartment syndrome of the forearm. This article also suggests a method of clinical examination to aid in the diagnosis of infection within the space of Parona to allow more specific planning of surgical intervention through early decompressive surgery, with surgical exploration to exclude and drain infection when no other clear cause for the rise in pressure within the osteofascial compartment is apparent.
Recurrent Hemarthrosis After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Asanuma Kunihiro , Ito Haruo , Ogawa Akito , Asanuma Yumiko , Yoshikawa Tomoaki , Hasegawa Masahiro , Sudo Akihiro
Published: September 2011

Recurrent hemarthrosis after knee arthroplasty can be disabling, requiring adequate and immediate diagnosis and treatment for recovery of symptoms and joint function. The most commonly reported cause is impingement of proliferative synovium between prosthetic components. Although various procedures for hemarthrosis have been reported after knee arthroplasty for patients who do not respond to conservative treatment, the recommended first-line therapy is open surgery or embolization. Although hyperplastic synovium was observed during the first and second arthrotomy, in our case, tissue impingement was not detected. We describe a rare case of recurrent hemarthrosis after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and successful treatment by open synovectomy. A 66-year-old woman presented with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in the right leg. She underwent UKA of the right knee of the medial condyle. Eighteen months after UKA, the patient developed recurrent hemarthrosis. Open arthrotomy was performed 22 months after UKA, revealing only hematoma with no obvious hemorrhage or loosening of the prosthesis. No history of trauma or use of anticoagulant medications was present. After a symptom-free period of 8 months, another 2 episodes of hemarthrosis occurred over the course of 8 months. A second open arthrotomy was performed. Hyperplastic synovium with fibrin and hemosiderin pigmentation was observed, again without hemorrhage or loosening. There were no pathological features of pigmented villonodular synovitis. Synovectomy was performed, and no hemarthrosis has recurred for 2 years.
The Pseudo A
LT
Periprosthetic Fracture: It’s Really a B2
Authors: Van Houwelingen Andrew P. , Duncan Clive P.
Published: September 2011

Periprosthetic fracture of the proximal femur involving the lesser trochanter (the Vancouver type A
LT
) is an uncommon occurrence. As it is basically an avulsion fracture of the attachment of the iliopsoas, it does not destabilize the stem and can be treated nonsurgically. In contrast, there is a so-called type “new B2” periprosthetic fracture of the lesser trochanter, which includes a segment of the proximal medial femoral cortex. This is usually seen within 6 weeks of the index procedure, typically following insertion of a tapered, cementless stem within a demineralized femur. This may be due to an unrecognized intraoperative fracture that subsequently displaced under load, or it may occur soon after, during rehabilitation. It is important to distinguish this fracture from the type A
LT
, because it is associated with destabilization of the stem and requires early reintervention. The principles of treatment depend on the timing of the fracture and the size of the medial fracture fragment. If recognized intraoperatively as a nonpropagated cortical crack, then extraction of the broach or stem followed by cerclage cable fixation and reinsertion of the stem is adequate in most cases, with protected weight bearing for 6 weeks. If diagnosed postoperatively, or if the fracture fragment is larger, then management with a stem that gains fixation distal to the fracture is required. This distinction between the pseudo type A
LT
and the type “new B2” is important to recognize if appropriate treatment is to be prescribed and a satisfactory outcome is to be assured.
The Dislocator, Early and Late: The 3
am
Phone Call
Authors: Brooks Peter J.
Published: September 2011

Hip dislocation is one of the most common causes of patient and surgeon dissatisfaction following hip replacement. To correctly treat dislocation, the causes must first be understood. Patient factors include age older than 70 years, medical comorbidities, female sex, musculoligamentous laxity, revision surgery, issues with the abductors and trochanter, and lack of education. Issues related to the surgeon and technique are surgical volume and experience, surgical approach and repair, adequate restoration of femoral offset and leg length, correct component position, and avoidance of soft tissue or bony impingement.

Chief among implant-related factors is the design of the head and neck region. Is the femoral head diameter sufficient, and, in concert with the prosthetic neck, is there an adequate head–neck ratio? Skirts on longer neck lengths greatly reduce the head–neck ratio and should be avoided if possible. There must be available offset choices to restore soft tissue tension. Lipped liners aid in gaining stability, yet may result in impingement and dislocation if improperly placed. Late dislocation may result from polyethylene wear, soft tissue destruction, trochanteric or abductor disruption and weakness, or infection.

Understanding the causes of hip dislocation allow prevention in a majority of instances. Proper preoperative planning includes the identification of high-offset patients in whom inadequate restoration of offset will reduce soft tissue tension and abductor efficiency. Component position must be accurate to achieve stability without impingement. Finally, patient education cannot be overemphasized, as most dislocations occur early and are preventable with proper instructions.
Mosaïcplasty
Authors: Bader Semon , Miniaci Anthony
Published: September 2011

Management of the patient with symptomatic full-thickness chondral or osteochondral defects of the knee presents a challenging problem for the orthopedic surgeon. The natural history of untreated lesions demonstrates progressive degenerative changes and deterioration in functional outcome scores. Medical management, osteotomies, lavage, and debridement procedures temporize symptoms and slow progression. Cartilage restoration procedures such as microfracture and cell-based therapies have shown promise, but there are concerns of the long-term durability of these procedures in the active population. Mosaicplasty allows for restoration of articular defects with hyaline cartilage, and has shown excellent durability. Articular defect should measure between 1 to 4 cm
2
in diameter and extend 10 mm into subchondral bone. Mosaicplasty can be challenging when attempted arthroscopically, and the threshold to convert to an open procedure should be low when adequate visualization is not achieved. Use of variable graft size maximizes defect fill with hyaline cartilage. Avoidance of graft prominence >1 mm and attention to the contour of the joint optimizes the recreation of articular surface. This is achieved by placing central grafts in a large defect slightly prouder to obtain a convex shape to the articular surface. With attention to the nuances of the surgical technique, mosaicplasty offers an excellent option for cartilage restoration in the young active patient.
Corneal Endothelial Cell Changes After Ahmed
™
Valve and Molteno
™
Glaucoma Implants
Authors: Nassiri Nariman , Nassiri Nader , Majdi-N Mercede , Salehi Mohammad , Panahi Nekoo , Djalilian Ali R. , Peyman Gholam A.
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Changes in corneal endothelial cell (CEC) indices 24 months after Ahmed valve (New World Medical, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA) and single-plate Molteno implants (Molteno Ophthalmic Limited, Dunedin, New Zealand) were evaluated.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

This cohort included Ahmed valve (29 eyes) or single-plate Molteno (28 eyes) implants. Preoperative and postoperative central CEC indices were compared. Main outcome measure was endothelial cell count.

RESULTS:

Twenty-four months postoperatively, no difference in visual acuity improvement or decrease in antiglaucoma medications was observed between groups. The Molteno group showed better postoperative intraocular pressure control (
P
< .001). An 11.52% (Ahmed) and 12.37% (Molteno) reduction in CEC density (cells/mm
2
) and 3.78 (Ahmed) and 2.48 (Molteno) increase in CEC area (mm
2
) was observed, but no significant between-group difference in CEC density and area or corneal thickness.

CONCLUSION:

Twenty-four months after Ahmed valve or Molteno implant, statistically significant quantitative (cell density) and minor qualitative (cell area) changes in central CEC were observed. Both groups appeared to have similar CEC damage.
Between-Grader Repeatability of Tear Meniscus Measurements Using Fourier-Domain OCT in Patients With Dry Eye
Authors: Tittler Ethan H. , Bujak Matthew C. , Nguyen Pho , Zhang Xinbo , Li Yan , Yiu Samuel C. , Huang David
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To examine the between-grader repeatability of height, depth, and cross-sectional area measurements of the lower tear meniscus, using a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

A total of 16 patients with dry eye had the lower tear meniscus of the right eye imaged twice in rapid succession. The tear meniscus height, depth, and cross-sectional area were measured by two masked graders using computer calipers. The between-grader variability, calculated using the pooled coefficient of variation (CV%), assessed the repeatability of the measurements.

RESULTS:

The between-grader CV% was 12.1%, 15.7%, and 19.5% for height, depth, and area, respectively. The between-image variability was 17.1%, 13.4%, and 35.4% for height, depth, and area, respectively. The overall intraclass correlation was 99%. There was no systematic bias between the two graders.

CONCLUSION:

Fourier-domain OCT demonstrates good between-grader and between-image repeatability in measuring the height, depth, and cross-sectional area of the tear meniscus in patients with dry eye. Measurement variability was primarily due to the difference between images rather than graders.
Evaluación de las transformaciones estructurales en recubrimientos de WC10Ni depositados por laser cladding sobre acero para herramienta EN 12379
Authors: Candel J. J. , Amigó V. , Sampedro J. , Bonache V.
Published: September 2011

Los materiales compuestos de matriz metálica reforzados con carburos, son conocidos por su elevada resistencia a todos los tipos de desgaste, debido a la combinación de las partículas duras en una matriz metálica tenaz. Diferentes tipos de estos materiales, se han empleado en el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas de corte de altas prestaciones. La técnica de láser cladding (LC), permite obtener recubrimientos libres de defectos sobre zonas muy concretas, con un aporte de calor muy localizado. Pero en el caso de carburos de wolframio (WC), debido a la enorme absorción de energía y la diferencia de propiedades entre el metal base y la cerámica, puede producir una gran cantidad de defectos tales como grietas, poros, gran dilución de carburos, falta de adherencia, etc. El objetivo de este trabajo, es estudiar las transformaciones metalúrgicas que aparecen durante el procesado por láser de recubrimientos tipo cermet de WC10Ni, sobre acero de herramienta para trabajo en frío (EN 12379). Además se ha relacionado los parámetros de proceso con la generación de defectos. Para ello, se analiza su microestructura, composición y se obtienen perfiles de dureza en el recubrimiento y en el acero afectado por el calor. Los resultados muestran, que aunque el control de los parámetros del proceso reduce la generación de defectos, al depositar recubrimientos por solape de cordones, se produce gran cantidad de transformaciones debido a la disolución masiva de las partículas de WC y la difusión de elementos de aleación, desde el sustrato hacia el recubrimiento.
Formación de fase sigma en uniones soldadas de acero inoxidable súper dúplex fundido
Authors: Garin J. L. , Mannheim R. L. , Camus M. A.
Published: September 2011

El presente trabajo describe las características microestructurales de uniones soldadas de acero súper dúplex fundido (J93404), al ser sometidas a procesos de recocido para inducir la formación de fase sigma a altas temperaturas. Se analizó la influencia del tiempo de calentamiento a 1.073 K, 1.123 K y 1.173 K sobre la precipitación de fase sigma en la zona afectada térmicamente, metal base y zona de fusión de los conjuntos soldados. Los resultados experimentales evidenciaron la formación de este compuesto intermetálico por descomposición de la fase ferrítica en austenita y sigma. Al comienzo de la transformación la fase nuclea y crece rápidamente en los bordes de grano austenita-ferrita, extendiéndose luego masivamente hacia el seno de la zona ferrítica, con mayor efectividad en términos del aumento de la temperatura de proceso. La formación de sigma en todas las uniones soldadas obedece a un mecanismo de nucleación y crecimiento del tipo Jonson-Mehl-Avrami.
Influence of environmental factors on the dynamics of macrobenthic crustaceans on soft-bottoms of the Ebro Delta continental shelf (northwestern Mediterranean)
Authors: De Juan Silvia , Cartes Joan E.
Published: September 2011

Short-term temporal variability in infaunal crustacean communities was evaluated against environmental variability. The area of study was located at two stations at 45 and 60 m depth under the influence of the Ebro River. Differences in the relative abundance of crustacean species between sites might be related to the distance from the river, with higher organic matter supply and finer mud content near the river. There was a marked seasonal variability linked to high phytoplankton production in spring, which supplied organic matter to the benthos, inducing higher crustacean abundance. In late summer there was a reduction in the infaunal crustacean abundance and species richness that could have been caused by two factors: the establishment of the thermocline, which could limit the availability of organic matter to the seabed, and the high water temperatures, which caused the production of phytoplankton exudates and accumulation of mucilaginous aggregates over the seabed. The 45-m site was under the influence of otter-trawl fishing and precisely in this area the seasonal variability was not observed, probably masked by the effects of trawling impact.
A Study on Shift Process Control of AMT for Battery Electric Bus
Authors: Liu Hong Bo , Lei Yu Long , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xiao Lin , Li You De
Published: September 2011

With ever increasing concerns on energy shortage and environment protection, the development of the battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has taken on an accelerated pace. In this paper, firstly, an AMT (Automatic Mechanical Transmission) without clutch and synchronizer used in battery electric bus is introduced. Then, the dynamics models of the shift process are created, and the factors that affect the shift performance are discussed. Finally, the AMT shift control strategy is designed and applied in the field buses. The on-road tests results show that the shift control strategy is valid and reliable, which meets the vehicle comfort and power requirements.
The Determination of the Clamping Finger’s Material by Magnetic-Thermal Coupled Analysis in the End Region of a Hydraulic Generator
Authors: Xia H. X. , Li Lin , Yang J.X.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a time-harmonic coupled field analysis method to calculate the eddy current, loss and temperature fields in the end region of a 15MW hydraulic generator. The magnetic-thermal coupled field under different operating modes are calculated when the clamping finger is made of carbon steel and stainless steel respectively. The distributions of eddy current loss and temperature in the clamping finger show that the highest temperature of the clamping finger is far below the limiting temperature of the insulation. The material of the clamping finger should be selected as carbon steel when considering the manufacturing cost.
The Application of Knowledge Discovery in Triggering Design Inspiration
Authors: Zhang Hui
Published: September 2011

To discover the knowledge used to trigger design inspiration in complex data, a new method, namely the method of acquiring knowledge aimed to trigger design inspiration, was proposed. According to the ways of triggering design inspiration, it firstly explains the diversity data used for stimulating inspiration, and then analyzes diversity knowledge used to aid innovation design, the process model of discovering knowledge for triggering design inspiration is constructed by means of various resources. The concerned knowledge is discovered and used for supporting product innovation in next stage. Finally, the method is demonstrated by creative design of product. The obtained result proves the validity of this method.
Modeling and Simulation of an Improved Measure of MPPT in Photovoltaic System
Authors: Cai Shou Jiang , Wang Pei Liang , Cai Zhi Duan , Mao Jian Hua
Published: September 2011

Intermittent scan tracking (IST) is a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method of photovoltaic system. The scanning approach of this method generally is order scanning. But this scanning mode has the weaknesses of the huge storage space and excessive amount of calculation. To eliminate these defects, this paper proposes a new scanning mode, i.e. nested scanning. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a simulation system was modeled based on Matlab/Simulink. In the experiment two scanning modes above were compared and the simulation results proved that, on the premise that the accuracy of results is guaranteed, nested scanning mode can effectively decrease the quantity of required scanning voltages and currents, reduce the amount of calculation and improve the scanning efficiency.
Modeling and Simulating of Multi-Rigid-Body System with Friction-Affected Translational Joints
Authors: Peng Hui Lian
Published: September 2011

In this paper, a modeling and simulating method is presented for the planar rigid multi-body system with friction-affected translational joints. The dynamical equations of the non-smooth system are formulated by the first kind of Lagrange's equations in Cartesian coordinate system. The normal forces are expressed by the Lagrange multipliers, and the frictional forces are characterized by Coulomb's friction law. The state transition problem of stick-slip and normal forces of bilateral constraints is solved by an improved trial-and-error method. Finally, the planar rigid multi-body system with two translational joints is considered as a illustrative application example.
Online Scheduling on Two Parallel Identical Machines with a Non-Clairvoyant Disruption
Authors: Zheng Fei Feng , Wei Hong Long , Xu Yin Feng , Liu Ming
Published: September 2011

This paper studies two parallel machine scheduling with a non-clairvoyantdisruption such that there happens one disruption on one machine at time 0 and its du-ration length can only be known at its end. As in [1], we introduce transportation timein the environment of disruption, aiming to minimize the maximum deviation of jobs'planned and actual completion times. We adopt online theory to describe the problemand focus on the case of unit length of job. We rst show that a greedily waiting strategyis 2-competitive. Our main result is a 3/2-competitive strategy BD which makes useof job transportation. We also prove a matching lower bound, implying that BD is anoptimal strategy.
Emulation and Analysis on the ESD Sensitive Port of High-Frequency Low-Power Silicon Dynatrons
Authors: Yang Jie , Hu You Zhi , Wu Zhan Cheng
Published: September 2011

Within former research, it has been found that Collection to Base (CB) reversal junction of partial kinds of high-frequency low-power Silicon dynatrons is the most sensitive port to ESD. It is different from what people know as usual. By the computer emulation, the failure mechanism of ESD injection is analyzed. And the difference between CB reversal junction and EB reversal junction has been discussed in detail.
A Generalized Three-Phase Multilevel Current-Source Inverter Topology
Authors: Bao Jian Yu , Bao Wei Bing , Zhang Zhong Chao
Published: September 2011

A generalized three-phase multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) topology is proposed by implanting the generalized N-level current cells into a three-phase MCSI topology which is derived from the three-phase multilevel voltage-source inverter (MVSI) topology through dual conversion. In the generalized three-phase MCSI topology, each intermediate dc-link current level can be automatically balanced without adding any external circuits, thus a true multilevel structure is provided. Output current of each phase is independently modulated because of being supplied with two DC current-sources. This allows the wealth of existing knowledge relating to the operations, modulations and control strategies of multilevel VSI to be immediately applied to such multilevel CSI. Simulation results of 5-level and 7-level CSI systems are presented to verify the proposed three-phase MCSI topology.
L1-Norm Sparse Learning and its Application
Authors: Zhu Xin Feng , Li Bin , Wang Jian Dong
Published: September 2011

The need on finding sparse representations has attracted more and more people to research it. Researchers have developed many approaches (such as nonnegative constraint, l1-norm sparsity regularization and sparse Bayesian learning with independent Gaussian prior) for encouraging sparse solutions and established some conditions under which the feasible solutions could be found by those approaches. This paper commbined the L1-norm regularization and bayesian learning, called L1-norm sparse bayesian learning, which was inspired by RVM (relative vector machine). L1-norm sparse bayesian learning has found its applications in many fields such as MCR (multivariate curve resolution) and so on. We proposed a new method called BSMCR (bayesian sparse MCR) to enhance the quality of resolve result.
Research of Key Nodes of Botnet Based on P2P
Authors: Gao Jian , Zheng Kang Feng , Yang Yi Xian , Niu Xin Xin
Published: September 2011

The paper applies the segmentation of peer-to- peer network to the defense process of P2P-based botnet, in order to cause the greatest damage on the P2P network. A lot of papers have been researching how to find the key nodes in P2P networks. To solve this problem, this paper proposes distributed detection algorithm NEI and centralized detection algorithm COR for detecting cut vertex, NEI algorithm not only apply to detect cut vertex of directed graph but also to the undirected graph. COR algorithm can reduce the additional communication. Then, this paper carries out simulation on P2P botnet, the simulation results show that the maximum damage on the botnet can be achieved by destructing key nodes.
Simulation of Concrete Temperature Cracking Process Based on EFGM
Authors: Liu Xing Hong , Chang Xiao Lin , Zhou Wei
Published: September 2011

This paper introduces the simulation method of concrete temperature cracking propagation process by element-free Galerkin method (EFGM). Due to its no-remeshing property, EFGM is very suitable for cracking problem. The governing equation of EFGM is presented for concrete heat conduction problem. A numerical simulating program is developed and an example including an initial crack is computed to validate the program. Result shows good accuracy and reliability of this method and cracking process may be simulated effectively by EFGM.
The Impact Factors of Numerical Computation to Cavitating Flow
Authors: Xu Wei Bao , Wang Chao , He Miao , Huang Sheng , Chang Xin
Published: September 2011

Steady cavity flow of 2-D hydrofoil is simulated by CFD software. The impacts of different cavitation models, turbulence models and wall functions to the numerical simulation results are analyzed. The pressure distributing curve and volume fraction distributing map are obtained through detailed analysis to cavity flow under different cavity number. The analysis results show that those cavitation models simulate the origination and forming process of cavity preferably, which match experiment values closely. However, there are some differences among the results of those different cavitation models in the cavity closing area. The results of RNGmodel and the RSM model are more uniformity with the experiment values, but there is large distinctive between the result of the standard and the experiment values. The results of the standard wall function and the non-equilibrium wall function which have distinction with the experiment values are closed, but the enhanced wall function is the most accurate.
A Preliminary Study of Ecopath with Ecosim to the Shrimp Pond Ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Tian Wen , Su Yue Peng , Ma Shen
Published: September 2011

Marine aquaculture is an important growing worldwide industry. An ecosystem approach to study the effects of aquaculture on shrimp ponds was implemented by using a trophic mass-balance model in order to estimate the potential effects of aquaculture and, therefore, to identify the species playing a key-role in ecosystem. Furthermore, the use of mass-balance models can provide important information to improve shrimp culture.
Research on Integrated Navigation Algorithm Based on ANFIS
Authors: Xu Tian Lai , Tian Yang
Published: September 2011

Combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) can improve the navigation performance that is superior to either one. This paper proposed and discussed an INS/GPS integrated navigation method based on adaptive neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to fuse INS and GPS data. In this method, an ANFIS network was trained to mimic the error dynamical model of INS when GPS signals were available. If GPS outages occur, the trained ANFIS network is utilized to bridge the GPS outages. Simulations in INS/GPS integrated navigation system show the proposed method can reduce the positioning error during GPS outages.
Construction of Coal Mine Comprehensive Informatization Based on Kilomega Fiber-Optic Industry Ether Ring Network
Authors: Zhong Tao , Lou Pei Jie , Ruan Hong Xin , Zhang Bo
Published: September 2011

Based on the enhancement of coal mine integrated automation, building safety in automatical production and scheduling control system are increasingly improving with advanced technology, higher informatization level and powerful processing ability. This paper foucs on the comprehensive industry network of kilomega fiber-optic industry ether ring network, and presents synthesized automation software platform which is object-oriented and possesses the function of distributed processing, which aims to achieve data collection, processing, storage and browsing for every subsystem of coal mine production. On this basis, we design a set of scheduling control system in terms of comprehensive display for monitor information of coal mine production and various kinds of office equipment applied to scheduling control centre. It provides a high quality platform for coal mine comprehensive informatization in Bao Dian.