bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OCCURRENCE OF LYMPHOCYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES AND ANTIBODIES AFTER CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: GRUNNET NIELS , KRISTENSEN TOM , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMING , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

Twentyfive recipients of penetrating corneal grafts were investigated for the presence in the peripheral blood of cytotoxic lymphocytes by the Direct Cell Mediated Lympholysis (Direct CML) test as well as for lymphocytotoxic antibodies.

Eight patients presented a positive Direct CML. Six of these patients have shown clinical signs of graft rejection, while two patients had a clinically uncomplicated course.

Only one of the 25 patients had lymphocytotoxic antibodies. This patient showed a negative Direct CML, and a clinically uncomplicated course. The findings seem to imply that recipients of corneal grafts can be immunized by their grafts and that cytotoxic lymphocytes in peripheral blood appear frequently in those patients showing graft rejection.
ON THE INTERPRETATION OF DEPTH DEPENDENT LIGHT SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS IN NORMAL CORNEAS
Authors: FARRELL RICHARD A. , McCALLY RUSSELL L.
Published: May 2009

In recent studies other investigators have presented traces of “light scattering” versus depth into the cornea. The present investigation demonstrates that these traces do not measure the actual light scatter intensity and that a proper interpretation of such traces shows that most of the scattering is from within the stroma.
OPTICAL ASPECTS OF THE MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENCES IN ELEVATION OR DEPRESSION IN THE FUNDUS OCULI
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF
Published: May 2009

The relation between differences in elevation of the fundus oculi and differences in refraction is influenced by the length of the optical axis of the eye. This influence is important when measurements are performed by accurate modern methods.
THE TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA WITH PROPRANOLOL (INDERAL®) A CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: BORTHNE ANDERS
Published: May 2009

The effect of propranolol (Inderal®) on the intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma has been measured. Twenty‐two patients completed the clinical trial. Propranolol in doses of 160 mg/d effectively lowered IOP in eyes with various types of open angle glaucoma. The test periods lasted from 4 to 6 days. The ocular hypotensive effect of propranolol was also registered in patients efficiently treated with pilocarpine and acetazolamide (Diamox®), and in glaucomas not satisfactorily controlled by this therapy. High positive correlations between mean pretreatment pressure (P1) and pressure fall (ΔP) were found (P < 0.001), and the pressure decrease induced by propranolol treatment tended to be proportional to the pressure gradient between the anterior chamber and the episcleral veins. This pressure gradient was reduced by an average of about 50 ° /o following propranolol treatment. There was no change in scleral rigidity after propranolol.
PRODUCTION OF HUMAN LENS CAPSULE ILLUSTRATED BY A CASE OF CHRONIC LENTICULAR CHALCOSIS
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

The osmiophilic capsular inclusion bodies in a case of accidental lenticular chalcosis have been used as an in vivo indicator of capsular production. Copper stimulation and hence inclusion impregnation lasted 5 years and was stopped 2 years before removal of the lens by extraction of a foreign body. The amount of capsule produced in the two year period varied at different locations in the lens but it greatly exceeded the previously measured quantities. A capsular turnover is postulated with a capsular production by the epithelial cells and a surface resorption process. The production rate is considered to be relatively high in childhood and gradually subsides with increasing age.
APPLANATION TONOMETRY IN THE CONSCIOUS CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY (MACACA FASCICULARIS)
Authors: HAHNENBERGER RUDOLPH W.
Published: May 2009

Four monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained to tolerate applanation tonometry while fully conscious. The tonometer used was the Draeger tonometer with an applanation area of 3.06 mm diameter, but with a reduced application surface (4 mm instead of 6.8 mm diameter). The reduction did not change the calibration and is applicable in this monkey species without any correction factor. The mean intraocular pressure determined was 19.12 mmHg.
STATIC PERIMETRY: ACCURACY AND FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: BEBIE HANS , FANKHAUSER FRANZ , SPAHR JÜRG
Published: May 2009

Threshold fluctuations are divided into short‐term and long‐term effects applying statistical methods. Sixteen normal and pathological visual fields were analysed in order to obtain the numerical values for the short‐term, long‐term and total fluctuation. Special attention is paid to fortuitous variations between the results obtained at successive examinations. Finally the concept of spatial correlations is introduced.

Schwellenfluktuationen werden mithilfe statistischer Methoden in Kurzzeit‐ und Langzeiteffekte zerlegt. Die numerischen Werte der Kurzzeit‐, Langzeit‐ und Totalstreuung werden angegeben, so wie sie sich aus der ausgedehnten Analyse von sechszehn gesunden und pathologischen Gesichtsfeldern ergeben haben. Spezielle Beachtung verdienen die zufälligen Aenderungen der Schwellenresultate gegenüber denjenigen einer früheren Gesichtsfelduntersuchung. Schliesslich führen wir den Begriff der räumlichen Korrelationen in die statistische Analyse von Gesichtsfeldern ein.
THE CYCLOPENTOLATE PROVOCATIVE TEST IN SUSPECTED OR UNTREATED OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: VALLE OLAVI
Published: May 2009

The mydriasis provocative test with 1 %> cyclopentolate (CPT) was performed on 218 patients with suspected or untreated open‐angle glaucoma, on 431 eyes in all. Significant IOP elevations (≥ 8 mmHg) were demonstrated in 21 eyes of 18 patients. The present paper analyses the responder group and presents some other investigation results and clinical findings to throw additional light on the mechanism of IOP elevation in responders.

The responders did not differ from the other patients of the material in age or sex. Patients with capsular glaucoma constituted the biggest group among the responders. 48 %> of the significant IOP elevations during CPT were encountered in eyes with pseudoexfoliation (PE) and open‐angle glaucoma. A positive response during CPT was statistically significantly more common in PE eyes than in eyes without PE. Capsular glaucoma was diagnosed immediately or later in all PE eyes which displayed a ≥ 5 mmHg IOP elevation during the CPT. In addition to the importance of pigment in PE eyes, PE material may play a certain role in the elevation of IOP. The mechanism of this role is not known

No correlation was established between the results of the water drinking test and the CPT. The mechanism that causes the elevation of IOP must be quite different in these two tests. Nor was a statistically significant difference observed in the incidence of cataract, the maximal variation of IOP in the 48‐h tension curve, the occurrence of cupping of the optic disc or visual field defects between the responder and non‐responder eyes in the glaucomatous group
THE OCCURRENCE OF MACROPHAGES IN THE ISCHAEMIC RABBIT EYE
Authors: JOHNSON NEIL F.
Published: May 2009

Mature macrophages involved in the removal of outer segment material were found between the visual cells and retinal pigment epithelium of the ischaemic rabbit retina. The mature macrophages were evident after only 15 min of ischaemia and the cells became progressively more numerous with increasing periods of ischaemia. A quantitative study was undertaken into the occurrence of the macrophages. These cells were probably of retinal pigment epithelial origin.
PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
Authors: RESKE‐NIELSEN EDITH , LOU HANS C. , LOWES MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Muscle biopsies from four patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and pigmentary retinopathy with symptoms and signs from other organs were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Examination revealed a marked proliferation of abnormal mitochondria with a degeneration of both muscle and nerve tissue. Blood levels of lactate and pyruvate were measured and abnormal values of these metabolites were found in the three patients with the most pronounced ultrastructural changes. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that there is a biochemical defect in pyruvate‐lactate metabolism which could be responsible for the marked proliferation of the abnormal mitochondria.
ETIDOCAINE IN RETROBULBAR ANAESTHESIA
Authors: THORBURN W. , THORN‐ALQUIST A.‐M. , EDSTRÖM H.
Published: May 2009

A new long‐acting local anaesthetic, etidocaine (Duranest®) has been compared to mepivacaine (Carbocaine®) in retrobulbar anaesthesia in a double‐blind trial including 45 patients. Solutions used were etidocaine 0.5% and 1% and mepivacaine 1%, all without adrenaline. The onset time was short and no difference was found between the solutions. The duration of analgesia and motor block was significantly longer with etidocaine 1% compared to mepivacaine 1%. In a following open study with etidocaine 1% and mepivacaine 1% about 80% of the the patients in the etidocaine group never experienced any post‐operative pain compared to about 50% in the mepivacaine group. No signs of local or systemic toxicity were noted in the studies.
UNILATERAL PROPTOSIS DUE TO MIDBRAIN TUMOUR
Authors: CHOUDHURY A. R. , TAYLOR J. C. , WHITAKER R.
Published: May 2009

A case of unilateral proptosis attributed to midbrain tumour is reported. The proptosis disappeared after release of intracranial hypertension. The postulated mechanism of the unilateral proptosis on the left side is a relative increase in orbital venous stasis on that side, consequent upon intracranial hypertension.
FURTHER DATA ON BIOMETRIC CORRELATIONS OF CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , HANSEN FINN KRUSE
Published: May 2009

Central corneal thickness measured in 126 young men aged from 18–21 years was correlated to a number of ocular and other parameters. The frequency distribution was skewed towards the lower end, but the deviation could not be statistically supported. No correlation between corneal thickness and birth weight was found. Other characteristics not correlated in this material to corneal thickness were corneal astigmatism, refraction, visual acuity, optic disc and retinal abnormalities, red‐green colour vision defects, ABO and rhesus blood‐groups, EEG abnormalities, chromosomal abnormalities, hearing defects, ear abnormalities and quality of the hair. The findings in this study, although mainly of negative character, stress the relative independence of the central corneal thickness as a biometric parameter.
TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY AND NEURO‐OPHTHALMOLOGY
Authors: JENSEN INGE , SEEDORFF H. H.
Published: May 2009

A survey is presented of the ophthalmological findings in 74 patients with drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, who underwent unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy 1960–1969 at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. At follow‐up, 1970–1971, one to ten years following the operation, 81% of the patients had no or only few seizures. The visual acuity remained unchanged in all patients ‐following the operation. Preoperatively a visual field defect was observed in 2 patients. At follow‐up 51 patients had homonymous hemianopias, in 38 of them this was limited to the upper quadrants, and in 13 patients also included the lower quadrants, but was characterized as a total homonymous hemianopia in only 6 patients. The presence and extent of the visual field defects were correlated to surgical results, age at onset of epilepsy, age at operation, preoperative duration of epilepsy, presence of grand mal, preoperative complications, and neuropathological findings, but without observing any statistically significant conclusions. On the other hand, the extent of the postoperative visual field defect was significantly influenced by the side of the operation, with more and larger defects following right‐sided lobectomies. In the 51 patients with postoperative hemianopias, this defect was either unobserved by the patient or regarded as a considerably less important handicap than the frequent and socially invalidating preoperative seizures. Preoperatively 11% of the patients had suffered from strabismus as compared to an expected frequency of 5%, but this trend just falls short of statistical significance.
MONOZYGOTIC TWINS WITH TEMPORAL ARTERITIS AND OPHTHALMIC ARTERITIS
Authors: KEMP AXEL
Published: May 2009

Temporal arteritis ‐ ophthalmic arteritis occurring in a pair of monozygotic twins, who were 72 and 77 years of age respectively at the onset of symptoms, is reported. It is pointed out that it is rare to see, as in the first case, an improvement in an already existing severely reduced vision, in relation to corticosteroid treatment. The importance of genetic factors in temporal arteritis is discussed; further it is suggested that a possible association of the disease with tissue type antigens be the object of further study.
NORMAL VALUES IN CLINICAL ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY
Authors: KROGH ERIK
Published: May 2009

The distribution of the Arden ratio (A) and another dimensionless EOG quantity (G) devised by Gliem (1971) in a sample of normal human subjects are presented. The minimum, median and maximum values for A are 148–241‐449 and for G 34–88‐167. A demonstrates a smaller degree of dispersion than G, the latter resembling in this respect the EOG potential parameters of the same sample. The average accumulation of errors due to inaccurate assessment of the included potential figures is almost equal in the functions of A and G. Divergencies between the figures from the present and earlier investigations are discussed together with the general advantage of dimensionless EOG parameters. It is concluded that the present investigation has not demonstrated the need to replace or supplement the Arden ratio by the Gliem quantity.
ASPECTS ON THE TREATMENT OF GLIOMAS OF THE ANTERIOR VISUAL PATHWAY
Authors: BYNKE H. , KåGSTRÖM E. , TJERNSTRÖM K.
Published: May 2009

Partial excision of the glioma of the anterior visual pathway seemed to have no effect on the vision in 7 patients and had a negative effect in 2. These results support the opinion that no excision should be made in such tumours. However, the course of the disease in one exceptional patient raises doubts about the general validity of this rule. In this case the postulated chiasmal glioma proved to be an exophytic glioma arising in one intracranial optic nerve and compressing the other. Excision of the exophytic portion caused rapid and considerable improvement of vision in both eyes. Direct visualization by craniotomy was needed to separate this mode of growth from the common intrinsic growth of such tumours.
IN VITRO INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF PILOCARPINE ON THE METABOLISM IN PIG LENSES ILLUSTRATED WITH SOME INTERMEDIATE METABOLITES
Authors: KLAUBER ANNE
Published: May 2009

22 pairs of pig lenses were incubated in TCM 199 5 g, with pilocarpine 5 times 10‐4 M and 10‐2 m. 5 times 10‐4 M is the probable concentration in the aqueous during ordinary pilocarpine medication.

The concentration of 1‐lactate, pyruvate, RTP, RDP and AMP was determined in the lenses and the assimilation of glucose and the production of 1‐lactate and pyruvate were measured.

As far as pilocarpine 5 times 10‐4 M was concerned no significant differences were found, but pilocarpine 10‐2 M gave a significantly higher 1‐lactate concentration in the lenses (118 %) and increased the assimilation of glucose to 120 % and also augmented the production of 1‐lactate to 168 % and the pyruvate to 184%, tending to show that pilocarpine 10‐2 m increased the glycolytic activity in the lenses. The concentrations of RTP, RDP and AMP were unchanged.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL UVEITIS ON THE UPTAKE OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 IN THE RABBIT IRIS‐CILIARY BODY
Authors: BENGTSSON ELISABETH , EHINGER BERNDT
Published: May 2009

Disruption of the blood‐aqueous barrier in rabbits was elicited by infrared irradiation of the iris or by α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) given subcutaneously. One group of animals was pretreated with topical imidazole before the injection of α‐MSH. The aqueous flare response was followed and the rabbits were killed at the expected height of the uveitis. The uptake of 3H‐prostaglandin E1 in the iris with the ciliary body was then determined and found to be significantly decreased in the rabbits in which α‐MSH had caused a severe damage of the blood‐aqueous barrier. When α‐MSH caused a more moderate aqueous flare response the prostaglandin uptake was on the contrary significantly increased.

Pretreatment of the animals with topical imidazole enhanced parallelly the prostaglandin uptake and the aqueous flare response to α‐MSH. Topical imidazole per se was found to increase the accumulation of prostaglandin.

The prostaglandin uptake values were, however, unchanged in eyes in which infrared irradiation of the iris induced a moderate flare response.
THE CILIARY BODY AND THE SUSPENSION OF THE LENS IN A MONKEY (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS)
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN , RINGVOLD AMUND
Published: May 2009

The zonules of Zinn and their insertion on the ciliary body and the lens in a monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) have been studied with the scanning electron microscope. The specimens were dissected after drying by the critical point method, and the lens was separated from the ciliary body by simple traction. The pars plana was completely covered by a mat which consisted of meridionally directed zonule‐like fibers. Most of these fibers inserted at the base of the posterior end of the ciliary processes, and some of them radiated into the valleys between the processes. About two fibers for each process split off from the mat and became attached to the sides of the processes near their posterior ends. The true zonules spanned from the sides of the processes to the pre‐ and post‐equatorial region of the lens. They were clearly separated into an anterior and a posterior row with no fibers crossing over from one row to the other. Usually four true zonules joined each process, i. e. one zonule of the anterior row and one of the posterior row attached to each side of the single ciliary process.
CHANGES IN ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SHEEP PIGMENT EPITHELIUM AND RETINA INDUCED BY SODIUM IODATE1
Authors: NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , KNAVE BENGT , PERSSON HANS E.
Published: May 2009

The present investigation shows that the membrane properties of the sheep pigment epithelial cells were very rapidly and severely affected by sodium iodate, whereas the effects concerning the neuroretina were delayed. The c‐wave of the ERG was immediately abolished and replaced by a cornea‐negative potential, but the a‐ and b‐waves were preserved for about 80–100 min. Ultrastructurally the plasma membranes (particularly the basal plasma membrane) of the pigment epithelial cells were destroyed or less distinct than normally. The cell organelles were swollen and ruptured. There were indications that the pigment epithelium could no longer participate in the receptor outer segment turnover. The photoreceptor cells were morphologically undamaged, and few or no signs of injury were observed in the inner layers of the retina. The effects upon the neuroretinal functions seen after 80–100 min, consisting of a reduction of a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes, were most likely caused by an inability of the pigment epithelium to maintain in the long run its metabolic and barrier properties. It appears that at an early stage after sodium iodate injection, the present preparation may be useful for the study of the effects on the neuro‐retina proper of drugs and other agents.
SOME ESSENTIAL OPTICAL FEATURES OF THE ZEISS FUNDUS CAMERA
Authors: BENGTSSON BO , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

The imaging system of the Zeiss fundus camera comprises a front lens and a mirror with a central opening in the anterior focus of a camera objective. Focusing is achieved by changing the distance between the film and the camera objective. The principal point of the examined eye is imaged in the central opening of the mirror when the camera is correctly positioned. By applying reasoning current in elementary geometrical optics it was found

that both the absolute and the relative magnification depend on the “reduzierte Axenlängenkonvergenz” only

that it is possible to correct the influence of refraction on magnification and

that the relation between the camera extension needed to provide sharp pictures and the principal point refraction of the examined eye is linear. The validity and practical importance of those findings as well as transcleral illumination and theoretical resolving power are briefly discussed.
ON THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE VITREOUS IN THE APHAKIC EYE
Authors: ÖSTERLIN SVEN
Published: May 2009

The vitreous of aphakic and phakic eyes was assayed for hyaluronic acid. Intracapsular cataract extraction was regularly followed by decreased hyaluronic acid concentration and studies on the distribution of hyaluronic acid within the vitreous cavity showed that removal of the lens facilitates diffusion of hyaluronic acid into the anterior chamber. Based on these studies certain postoperative features of the aphakic eye are discussed.

The instability of the vitreous gel, as reflected by rupture of the anterior vitreous face and an increased incidence of vitreous detachment supports the hypothesis of hyaluronic acid as a stabilizer of the gel. The decreased adhesion of the neural retina in the aphakic eye might be caused by the loss of hyaluronic acid. Normally the high concentration of hyaluronic acid adjacent to the retina contributes to the resistance of bulk flow of fluid into the subretinal space making it possible for the active transport system of the pigment epithelium to maintain a pressure drop across the neural retina.

It is anticipated that saccades create currents in the fluid vitreous close to the eye wall after vitreous detachment. Model experiments showed that these currents were greatly enhanced, when the concentration of hyaluronic acid was lowered.
THE USE OF CONTACT LENSES IN CHILDREN WITH UNILATERAL TRAUMATIC APHAKIA
Authors: RIISE RUTH , KOLSTAD ALBERT , BRUUN STEIN , ESPELAND ANNE
Published: May 2009

Seventeen children under the age of ten years with unilateral traumatic aphakia, who had been fitted with contact lenses, were reviewed by an ophthalmologist and an orthoptist, on average three years after the injury. Thirteen children were still using their lenses. Of the seventeen, none were deeply amblyopic. Only one had orthophoria. Twelve of the seventeen had heterotropia, which in most cases was moderate. Six of the children achieved stereopsis in the synoptophore, only four by the Titmus stereotest, all of these were six years old or more at the time of the injury, and had had lenses fitted within the first six months of the injury. All the patients, as well as their parents, were motivated for lens‐wearing, and the lens played an important part in the treatment of amblyopia. It is concluded that the sooner the contact lens is supplied, the better are the changes of obtaining binocular function. Beginning with a soft lens a few weeks after achieving clear pupil is recommended.
THE DISTENDED DISC IN EARLY STAGES OF CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: KESSING SV. V. , GREGERSEN E.
Published: May 2009

In 12 out of 18 eyes operated upon for congenital glaucoma without associated diseases the preoperative glaucomatous cupping had disappeared at follow‐up 2 weeks to 3 months after the operation (trabeculotomy ab externo on 9 eyes and trabeculectomy on 3 eyes). Of the 12 eyes, 10 had had the operation performed before the age of 6 months, in contrast to the group in which glaucomatous cupping of the disc was irreversible where operation had been performed in the age range 6 months — 12 years (mean 6 years).

The mean postoperative tension value in the 18 eyes was 12 mm (range 8–20 mm) without medication, mean observation time 3 years.

It seems likely that during the first phases of congenital glaucoma the disc is distended, i. e. of increased diameter and depth. This form of glaucomatous cupping and the increased diameter of the disc may be due to pressure‐conditioned enlargement of the scleral canal and omnidirectional distention of the lamina cribrosa. This distention manifests itself mainly in the central areas of the lamina cribrosa and the disc, and usually disappears when the tension is normalized by surgery during the first phases of the disease.
ARGON LASER TREATMENT OF EXUDATIVE SENILE MACULOPATHY
Authors: SAND ANTON BRATBERG
Published: May 2009

Fourty‐nine eyes with exudative senile maculopathy (ESM) have been treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Fluorescein angiography studies were done pre‐ and postoperatively. The follow‐up time is 6 to 12 months after end of treatment. The results suggest a beneficial effect in selected cases of ESM.
COMPUTER TEST LOGICS FOR AUTOMATIC PERIMETRY
Authors: HEIJL ANDERS
Published: May 2009

Using an automatic computerized perimeter developed by Heijl & Krakau (1975b) three different perimetric test logics, one simple (I) and two more complicated and time‐consuming (II & III) were investigated in practical experiments on healthy normal test subjects and patients and in computer simulated tests. The patients either had a verified diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma was suspected.

The best consistency in measured thresholds was obtained with test logic II, in which an averaging procedure is used. The variation of the results was larger in pathological than in normal visual fields.

All test logics investigated readily detected the pathological field defects, but blind spots could easier pass unrecognized with the simplest logic than with the other two logics.

The conclusion is drawn that a simple test logic can be used for perimetry in glaucoma suspects if no visual field defect has previously been documented. For the follow‐up of pathological fields a fairly complicated test logic, e. g. using averaging, is preferable.
A NOTE ON FIXATION DURING PERIMETRY
Authors: HEIJL A. , KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Small eye movements in the direction of the disappearing stimulus can be observed at kinetic perimetry when the test object enters a scoto‐matous area. These may be responsible for the fact that several field defects, missed at routine manual perimetry, are spotted at automatic perimetry. In the latter case the patient cannot predict the position of next test light, since these are illuminated at random, whereas at kinetic perimetry they are exposed in systematic order.

By using two specially designed logics in automatic perimetry, it was shown that there may be a reduction of the scotoma size if the lights are exposed in an ordered sequence. This effect is avoided by using a logic with randomly exposed stimuli. It is most likely that the difference can be attributed to “malfixation”.—
PSEUDODOUBLING OF THE OPTIC DISC:
Authors: BRINK JAN KAARE , LARSEN F. ERLIN
Published: May 2009

In a woman, aged 45, with presbyopic complaints routine examination revealed pseudodoubling of the right optic disc and a colobomatous defect of the left eye. The former was studied by fluorescein angiography. The differentiation between true doubling and pseudodoubling of the optic disc is discussed.
CORNEAL THICKNESS: II. Environmental and Genetic Factors
Authors: ALSBIRK P. H.
Published: May 2009

In a material of 839 Greenland Eskimos with no corneal abnormalities, the variations of central corneal thickness (CT) were analysed from a genetic point of view.

Environmental factors were suggested by a town‐village difference in mean CT level (excess in town), by a higher CT level in families with an indoor occupation, and by a nearly significant husband‐wife CT correlation.

Using an age‐sex‐location‐independent CT deviation score (CTDS) the family variations were studied in 86 families with two parents and one to seven children, and in 187 sibships with two to seven sibs. These first degree relationships showed a fairly high level of resemblance, which seems to indicate a major genetic influence on CT, with heritability estimates about 0.6–0.7. In men an association was found between CT and Caucasian admixture, which also suggested genetic factors. However, both findings call for reservation because of the socioeconomic environmental influence.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND CLINICAL TRIAL OF A GUANETHIDINE/ADRENALINE COMBINATION, COMPARED WITH THE TWO SEPARATE COMPONENTS, IN GLAUCOMA
Authors: ELTZ H. , AESCHLIMANN J. , GLOOR B.
Published: May 2009

In a double‐blind cross‐over study, the intraocular pressure‐lowering action and side effects of a 5% guanethidine/1% adrenaline combination were studied and compared with those of the two components alone. The subjects were 63 glaucoma patients divided into three random groups given the three preparations in a different order. The pressure‐lowering effect of the combination is significantly better (P< 1%) than that of either component alone but the side effects were more severe.
ON THE INTERFIBRILLAR MATRIX OF THE PSEUDO‐EXFOLIATION MATERIAL
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

Lenses with pseudo‐exfoliation (PE) were suspended in a 10% solution of ferritin. In order to retain ferritin at the surface of the PE material during the preparation for the subsequent transmission electron microscopy, some of the lenses were coated with a thin layer of gelatin before the application of the ferritin solution. It was found that ferritin particles to a certain extent penetrated into the PE material. But the concentration of ferritin was much higher in the gelatin coating than in the PE material. The concentration changed stepwise at the interface between the gelatin and the PE material. The ferritin particles in the PE material were mainly found adjacent to the PE fibrils, and there was a certain tendency towards a linear arrangement of the particles. In some specimens, in which thin filaments were found in the interfibrillar space, the ferritin was found mainly along these filaments. The results are interpreted in light of earlier works in which other tracers have been applied. The marked lower concentration of ferritin in the PE material than in the gelatin coating, and the stepwise fall in concentration at the interface between the two materials, seem to confirm the presence of an interfibrillar matrix of the PE material.
CALIBRATION OF THE GOLDMANN PERIMETER AND ACCESSORIES USED IN SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE PERIMETRY
Authors: HANSEN EGILL , SEIM THORSTEIN
Published: May 2009

With known radiometric data of the components of the projection perimeter and its accessories it is possible to perform spectral sensitivity measurements which are essential for the performance of quantitative colour perimetry. The authors describe modifications made with the Goldmann perimeter for the performance of such measurements. The calibration data of the perimeter and accessories are given. A good fit between the CIE scotopic spectral sensitivity curve (V'λ) and our experimental results for a dark adapted eye serves as a control of the calibration.
CRYPTOPHTHALMOS, DYSCEPHALY, SYNDACTYLY AND RENAL APLASIA
Authors: VARNEK LISBETH
Published: May 2009

A danish girl with incomplete, bilateral cryptophthalmos together with associated craniofacial malformations, laryngeal hypoplasia, syndactyly, unilateral renal aplasia and slight external genital abnormalities is reported.

Chromosomal abnormalities or metabolic disorders were not demonstrated. As the condition is extremely rare, some clinical and pathological findings previously described in analogous cases are mentioned, together with a few pathogenetic mechanisms.

Finally, a discussion regarding the aetiology of the condition is presented. Most authors are convinced that the malformative pattern is a syndrome with an autosomally recessive genetic basis. Added environmental influence explains the wide range of manifestations and the varying gene expressivity.
RETINAL ARTERIOLAR TORTUOSITY WITH RETINAL HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: OLSEN ERLING GRÖNVOLD
Published: May 2009

Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal haemorrhages was first described in 1958. In the present article, a case of recurring retinal haemorrhages combined with retinal arteriolar tortuosity is reported. The medical examination and laboratory tests did not reveal pathology except for a slightly increased bleeding time. There were no similar cases in the family. The cause of the haemorrhages is still unknown.
OPHTHALMIC ARTERY PRESSURE DURING RETROBULBAR ANAESTHESIA
Authors: HØRVEN IVAR
Published: May 2009

Ophthalmic artery pressure recordings were performed before and after retrobulbar injection of 4.5 ml Xylocain‐Exadrin by the use of Stepanik Arteriotonography. A 50 % reduction in ophthalmic artery pulse pressure was found, which correlates well with the corresponding reduction in corneal indentation pulse amplitudes demonstrated by dynamic tonometry. The results demonstrate a shift from pulsatile towards non‐pulsatile ocular blood flow. In two of the eight patients a pronounced reduction was also found in ocular perfusion pressure, indicating that retrobulbar anaesthesia may be hazardous in certain cases by initiating a major reduction in ocular blood supply. In order to minimize this hazard in eyes especially vulnerable to a reduction in ocular perfusion pressure, such as glaucomatous eyes, it is probably safest to perform retrobulbar anaesthesia with 2–3 ml of Xylocain 1 % without the use of Exadrin (epinephrine).
STUDIES ON ACUTE AND LATE STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: TEXTORIUS OLA , NILSSON SVEN ERIK G. , SKOOG KLAS‐OLAV
Published: May 2009

The main positive component of thec‐wave of the ERG is generated by the pigment epithelium — receptor complex, which is supplied from the choroidal circulation. Occlusion of the central retinal artery (OCRA) causes serious morphological damage only to the inner retina. An effect on thec‐wave is therefore not primarily to be expected. In this study on five Cynomolgus monkeys with unilateral, laser‐induced OCRA the c‐wave was decreased, slightly in the early stage and markedly in the late stage. A hypothetical explanation of the reducedc‐wave amplitude, involving changes in potassium ion concentration, is discussed. The conflicting results in other reports may be explained by uncontrolled influence of slowc‐wave amplitude oscillations, by differences between acute and late stages, and by possible surgical damage to the choroidal circulation in some cases.
PROGNOSIS OF GLAUCOMA SIMPLEX AND GLAUCOMA CAPSULARE
Authors: OLIVIUS ESKIL , THORBURN WILLIAM
Published: May 2009

To study the prognosis of capsular glaucoma (102 eyes) as compared to simplex glaucoma (58) eyes), a retrospective comparison of the functional status of these diseases when first diagnosed and five years afterwards was made. At the first examination the capsular glaucoma eyes were on average more seriously damaged. After five years this tendency was more marked with several amaurotic eyes, 17% as compared to 10% of the simplex glaucoma group. Severe visual field loss in the eyes with advanced glaucoma after five years was present in 48% of the capsular glaucoma group but only 19% of the simplex glaucoma group.
CATARACT AND PSEUDOEXFOLIATION
Authors: KRAUSE U. , TARKKANEN A.
Published: May 2009

100 lenses from 98 consecutive patients with senile cataract were investigated histologically for pseudoexfoliation. The patients came from an area known for its high incidence of pseudoexfoliation. The examiner was not aware of the clinical examination at the time of histopathological study. Pseudoexfoliation was observed in 33 lenses. There seemed to be an increasing incidence of pseudoexfoliation with increasing age of the patients. Only 16 of the cases of pseudoexfoliation had been recorded preoperatively, but routine pupillary dilatation had not been carried out. The use of α‐chymotrypsin at cataract extraction did not preclude histological diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation.
OCULAR HYPERTENSION. A 15‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: SØRENSEN PER NELLEMANN , NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , NØRSKOV KNUD
Published: May 2009

A group of 55 subjects with ocular hypertension were followed‐up after 15 years. They were detected at a glaucoma screening on the island of Falster between 2031 volunteer blood donors, and they had an applanation pressure of ≧ 20 mmHg in one or both eyes. All the subjects were traced. Nine have died, all from general causes, and one of the deceased subjects was treated for simple glaucoma. Of the remaining 46 living subjects, 3 developed glaucomatous visual field defects despite treatment. In another 4 subjects anti‐glaucoma treatment was felt to be indicated. Of the non‐treated 39 living subjects, 20 had a decreased applanation pressure, well below 20 mmHg, and 19 had an unaltered applanation pressure. We found that neither the common blood groups nor a water provocative test performed in 1962 were of any help in predicting glaucomatous visual field defects. Central corneal thickness measurements performed in 1977 could not allocate the subjects to the groups simple glaucoma, applanation pressure > 20 mmHg or ≦ 20 mmHg.
CORTICOSTEROID RESPONSE IN DOMINANT CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
Authors: JERNDAL TORD , MUNKBY MARGARETA
Published: May 2009

The parents of six children with goniodysgenesis and hereditary infantile congenital glaucoma were tested with corticosteroid eye‐drops. Their response on provocation demonstrated a clear trend: In five families one parent of each couple responded with a tensional rise of 9 mmHg or more, whereas the other parent responded with a rise of 9 mmHg or less. Of the six parents with the greater response, five had glaucoma in their ancestry and displayed a distinct goniodysgenesis. The findings support the previously presented view that hereditary infantile congenital glaucoma is caused by a dominant goniodysgenesis with varying expressivity. The high corticosteroid response in the families of our study appears to be correlated to this goniodysgenesis. The inherited corticosteroid response is obviously not a specific genetic trait confined to families with simple glaucoma.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE ACTIVATED MUSCLE FIBERS IN THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE OF THE CAT
Authors: VILIS T. , LENNERSTRAND G. , OUTERBRIDGE J. S.
Published: May 2009

To determine the mechanical properties of the multi‐innervated fibers in inferior oblique muscle of the cat, these fibers were selectively activated by means of an intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride (Sch). For small sinusoidal length changes (± 1 mm) of low frequency, tension in the Sch activated muscle exhibited a component that was sensitive to the direction of stretch but was independent of the velocity. At higher frequencies of length change (16 Hz) a form of negative friction was observed. Negative friction had not been previously noted in mammalian muscles, although a similar friction was observed both in the muscles of insects and amphibians. These properties were expressed in the form of a simple mechanical model.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN LENS CAPSULE I. CATARACTOUS LENSES FROM EYES WITH SIMPLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: SELAND JOHAN H.
Published: May 2009

The lens capsules from five cataractous lenses removed from eyes with glaucoma simplex have been compared with capsules from five cataractous lenses removed from eyes without glaucoma. Glaucoma simplex, cataracta senilis or the treatment of the glaucoma by drug therapy or surgical intervention do not seem to influence the ultrastructure of the lens capsule. The findings are identical with those observed in the normal aging human lens.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE CONJUNCTIVA AND THE IRIS IN A CASE OF PRIMARY ACQUIRED MELANOSIS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
Authors: TINNING S.
Published: May 2009

A case of primary acquired melanosis of the conjunctiva is reported. During the 18 years of observation the patient developed a malignant melanoma in the iris, and seven years later a malignant melanoma appeared in the lower lid. The iris melanoma may be an extension from the precancerous melanosis, but the most likely explanation is that the condition represents two independent diseases.
INDOLEAMINE ACCUMULATING NEURONS IN THE RETINA OF CHICKEN AND PIGEON: A Comparison with the Dopaminergic Neurons
Authors: FLORÉN I.
Published: May 2009

Recently a special group of indoleamine accumulating neurons has been described in the retina of some mammals and goldfish. These neurons are characterized by their ability to accumulate indoleamines, whereby they become visible in the fluorescence microscope. They do not show any spontaneuos fluorescence. The indoleamine accumulating neurons are in this study shown to be present in the retina of chicken and pigeon. Their cell bodies differ from the earlier described cell bodies of the same type in other species in being larger and bottle shaped instead of round or oval, and in being situated further outwards in the inner nuclear layer. Their terminals ramify in three sublayers in the inner plexiform layer. No indoleamine containing neurons could, however, be seen to fluoresce in normal retina of chick embryos, newborn chicken, older chicken or pigeons.
INHIBITION AND FACILITATION OF LACRIMAL FLOW BY β‐ADRENERGIC DRUGS
Authors: ÅBERG G. , ADLER G. , WIKBERG J.
Published: May 2009

The effects of adrenergic β‐stimulating and β‐blocking compounds on tear flow were studied in conscious rabbits with a modified Schirmer technique. The tear flow was significantly increased by the unselective β‐adrenergic agonist isoprenaline and by the selective β1‐agonist H 80/62 (racemic Prenalterol, Hässle, Sweden). The effects of the agonists were blocked by the unselective β‐adrenergic antagonist propranolol (Inderal®) and by the selective β1‐antagonist metoprolol (Seloken®, Lopressor®). The experimental data favoured the hypothesis that the β‐receptors involved in the regulation of the tear flow were of the β1‐type. The anatomical location of these β‐receptors is at present unclear but in vitro experiments performed on the rabbit lacrimal glands indicated that the receptors were probably not located on cholinergic nerve‐endings as the release of acetylcholine was not influenced by isoprenaline.
CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY IN IRIDOCYCLITIS
Authors: SETÄLÄ KIRSI
Published: May 2009

The endothelial cells of both eyes of 60 unilateral iridocyclitic patients were photographed with a specular microscope to establish the possible effect of iridocyclitis on corneal endothelial cells.

Chronic severe iridocyclitis with mutton‐fat keratic precipitates (KP) lowered the central endothelial cell count. Five patients out of the seven with mutton‐fat KPs had a distinctly lower central cell density in the affected eye. In the remaining patients, no significant difference in cell densities could be demonstrated between affected and healthy eyes. Neither the inflammatory process itself nor the round white KPs had a deleterious effect on the central corneal endothelial cell densities.
POSTMORTAL “VITAL” STAINING OF THE EXTERNAL EYE
Authors: NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Two hundred and two eyes from 112 individuals were vital‐stained from 2 to 46 h after death. Intensity and extension of staining were studied in ten regions. The staining gradually progressed after death, also within non‐exposed areas. It most often started anteriorly on the tarsus and finally included the fornix.

Microscopy revealed diffuse cell staining by rose bengal or trypan blue. The cell nucleus was most often more intensely stained than the cytoplasm. Up to five h after death, neutral red had only stained vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Later diffuse staining of cells occurred.

Tetrazolium differed from the above dyes in that the pronounced staining seen immediately after death gradually decreased in the course of time. Microscopy disclosed stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm up to 18 h after death. Then cell staining was only seen as a rare exception in relation to extracellular dye granules. However, the mucous thread in the inferior fornix showed gradually increasing postmortal tetrazolium staining. The amount of mucus was found to be the same in dead persons as in the living.

The characteristic appearance of the dead eye is due, among other things, to ruptures of the corneal epithelium (fluorescein‐stained) and cell death, and not to drying up or coating by mucus.
IMPROVED RADIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING THE LACRIMAL PATHWAYS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS
Authors: MONTANARA ARRIGO , CATALINO PIETRO , GUALDI MASSIMO
Published: May 2009

A radiological study of the lacrimal drainage apparatus was made in 50 patients with temporary or permanent epiphora. The authors state that the present radiologic technique (macrography, seriography, subtraction) allows the detection on the various lacrimal levels of not only organic lesions but also of functional disorders. They assert the definite superiority of dacryocystography over the other clinical and radiological investigations (scintigraphy, roentgencinematography) in identifying the site and the nature of the various organic lesions, in evaluating and interpreting the functional alterations as well as following and judging the effectiveness of treatments.
TEAR FLOW IN NORMAL HUMAN EYES. DETERMINATION BY MEANS OF RADIOISOTOPE AND GAMMA CAMERA
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , JENSEN F. TAAGEHØJ
Published: May 2009

Tear flow was measured in normal human eyes by means of a radioisotope (technetium as pertechnetate in a normal saline solution), a gamma camera and a computer. By “region of interest” technique the elimination was shown to have two phases: an initial rapid elimination followed by a slower elimination after 5–7 min. The mean fractional turnover rate in the initial phase was 0.197 min.‐1 (n=35, sem=0.013) and in the basal phase 0.083 min.‐1 (n=35, sem=0.003). Assuming a constant tear volume these values corresponded to a tear flow of 1.4 μl min.‐1 and 0.6 μl min.‐1, respectively. There was no significant difference between the fractional turnover rate in the upright and supine position. No difference was found in tear flow between males and females. With the eyes closed the fractional turnover rate was low with intermittently rapid outflow of tears. Irritation to the contralateral eye with a filterpaper caused a stimulated tear flow of 4.4 μl min.‐1. A nomogram facilitating background corrections was constructed.
INFANTILE GLAUCOMA: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Authors: KHVATOVA A. V. , KOVALCHUK N. A. , BOGOSLOVSKY A. I.
Published: May 2009

Thirty‐eight children with congenital infantile glaucoma (hydrophthalmia) were examined using electrophysiological methods. In contrast with adult glaucoma, hydrophthalmia is characterized by early changes in the electro‐retinogram and rise of the threshold of electrical phosphene, which points to serious pathological changes in the retinal optic nerve. In such cases surgical intervention is indicated.
AGE VARIATIONS IN NORMAL HUMAN CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
Authors: DEREFELDT GUNILLA , LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR , LUNDH BJÖRN
Published: May 2009

The visual contrast sensitivity (the reciprocal of contrast threshold) was studied as a function of age. Psychophysical measurements of binocular and monocular contrast thresholds were made for 33 normal observers at spatial frequencies within the range 0.5 to 40 cycles/degree. The observers were divided into three different age groups: young, middle‐aged, and old subjects with the age ranges 6–10 years, 20–40 years, and 60–70 years, respectively. All observers had healthy eyes, normal vision, and Snellen visual acuity of 1.0 or better in both eyes.

In all groups, contrast sensitivity for binocular and monocular viewing peaked at a spatial frequency around 3–5 cycles/degree and showed the typical attenuation at low and high spatial frequencies. The binocular contrast sensitivity was higher than the monocular.

There was no significant difference between young and middle‐aged subjects with regard to contrast sensitivity. Subjects aged 60 years or more showed significantly lower contrast sensitivity than younger subjects for most spatial frequencies above 4 cycles/degree. We may thus conclude that both the binocular and monocular contrast sensitivity seemed independent of age within the range of 6 to 40 years. For higher ages studied (above 60 years), there was a loss of sensitivity in the middle and high frequency regions.