bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transactive energy management systems: Mathematical models and formulations
Authors: Thangavelu Vidyamani , K Shanti Swarup
Published: February 2023

Restructuring the power system with higher penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and intelligent devices offers the potential for more efficient, reliable, and better resource utilisation of power systems through the transactive energy framework (TEF). This article provides a general overview of the mathematical models and formulations of the TEF reported in the literature. TEF concepts can be applied to various levels of the power system. Here, the TEF‐related literature is divided into individual DER‐, building‐, microgrid‐, and macrogrid‐level TEF. The mathematical models of transactive agents corresponding to each level and power system network models are presented. Furthermore, TEF models for energy management and trading of integrated multi‐energy systems are analysed. Finally, the potential challenges and future research directions for transactive energy are discussed.
Dynamic network tariffs: Current practices, key issues and challenges
Authors: Wang Kun , Lai Xinyi , Wen Fushuan , Singh Praveen Prakash , Mishra Sambeet , Palu Ivo
Published: February 2023

With the ever‐growing demand for electricity, fast development of intermittent renewable energy generation, and evolving electricity pricing mechanisms, different network tariff schemes are implemented in various countries to address emerging challenges in power system planning and operation as well as electricity market evolution. Given this background, a survey of current practices on dynamic network tariffs in some representative countries is first presented. Subsequently, key issues of dynamic network tariffs including prerequisite, implementation and effects are described. Finally, from the perspective of electricity consumers, distribution system operators and regulatory authorities, the challenges associated with the implementation of dynamic network tariffs are discussed.
Optimized planning of chargers for electric vehicles in distribution grids including PV self‐consumption and cooperative vehicle owners
Authors: Mukherjee Biswarup , Sossan Fabrizio
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a mathematical model to site and size the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) in a distribution grid to minimize the required capital investments and maximize self‐consumption of local photovoltaic generation jointly. The formulation accounts for the operational constraints of the distribution grid (nodal voltages, line currents, and transformers' ratings) and the recharging times of the EVs. It explicitly models the EV owners' flexibility in plugging and unplugging their vehicles to and from a charger to enable optimal utilization of the charging infrastructure and improve self‐consumption (cooperative EV owners). The problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer linear program, where non‐linear grid constraints are approximated with linearized grid models.
A comparative case study between shallow and deep neural networks in induction motor's fault diagnosis
Authors: Gholaminejad Azadeh , Jorkesh Saeid , Poshtan Javad
Published: February 2023

Here, performance of auto‐encoder deep neural networks in detection and isolation of induction motor states (healthy, bearing outer race fault, stator winding short circuit and broken rotor bar) in the presence of unbalanced power supply and electro‐pump dry running disturbances is investigated. Easily available three‐phase electrical current signals are denoised using independent component analysis, and then the frequency‐domain signal is used to train a neural network. A comparison is made between shallow and deep neural networks and also between the conventional structure of deep methods and the encoder–decoder structure in terms of training and test accuracy and robustness. In fact, the depth is increased and the effectiveness is investigated. At the end, it is shown that an encoder–decoder structure leads to the best result in terms of accuracy and robustness. The algorithms are examined experimentally, and the results show that the auto‐encoder deep neural network can detect the aforementioned faults with a high reliability in the presence of disturbances.
Population dynamics of the European native oyster in a Marine Conservation Zone exposed to unregulated harvesting
Authors: Smyth David , Millar Rachel , Clements Annika , McIvenny Heidi , Hayden-Hughes Maria
Published: February 2023

The implementation of closed zones as fishery management tools have been shown to be successful in the augmentation of habitat restricted species. A concerted restoration effort is currently being focused on the European native oyster throughout its natural range. This has been accompanied by an increase in oyster prices. In 2018 a native oyster for restoration purposes cost 80 pence sterling by 2021 the price had increased to £3.50. It is likely that these price increases have led to harvesting pressure on established wild populations. A number of recovering Ostrea edulis assemblages in Strangford Lough Northern Ireland are located within a closed zone which has been in operation since 2008. This research investigated the effectiveness of this restricted area in regards to protecting O. edulis assemblages. The study revealed that within policed regions of the restricted area the population increased from an estimated 1000 oysters in 2004 to >88,000 in 2021. Furthermore, the age structure and population dynamics differed considerably from non-policed areas which still experienced harvesting. The research supports the use of closed zone legislation as a conservation tool with developing O. edulis populations. As newly restored populations become established, rising market prices will place these under increased harvesting pressure. The use of closed zones may offer a means of protecting these emergent populations.
Transfusionsmedizin in der Krise
Authors: Klüter Harald
Published: February 2023

Krise ist ein produktiver Zustand. Man muss ihm nur den Beigeschmack der
Katastrophe nehmen.

Max Frisch

Sehr geehrte Leserinnen und Leser, liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen,

täglich erreichen uns Nachrichten über immer neue Krisenszenarien.
Krisen scheinen die Welt in unserer Zeit zu bestimmen. Wie sind wir diesen
Herausforderungen gewachsen?
Influence of Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on Female Reproduction
Authors: Sirotkin Alexander V.
Published: February 2023

This review describes the chemical composition of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and its general health effects, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning its action on
the female reproductive state, functions on the ovary and ovarian cells and reproductive hormones, as well as possible constituents and extra- and intracellular mediators mediating its
effects on female reproductive processes. Flaxseed contains a number of biologically active molecules, which, acting through multiple signalling pathways, can determine numerous
physiological, protective and therapeutic effects of flaxseed. The available publications demonstrate the action of flaxseed and its constituents on the female reproductive system – ovarian
growth, follicle development, the resulting puberty and reproductive cycles, ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis, oo- and embryogenesis, hormonal regulators of reproductive processes
and their dysfunctions. These effects can be determined by flaxseed lignans, alpha-linolenic acid and their products. Their actions can be mediated by changes in general metabolism,
metabolic and reproductive hormones, their binding proteins, receptors and several intracellular signalling pathways, including protein kinases, transcription factors regulating cell
proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and malignant transformation. Flaxseed and its active molecules are found potentially useful for improving farm animal reproductive efficiency and
treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian cancer.
Assessment of Rose Bengal Photodynamic Therapy on Viability and Proliferation of Human Keratolimbal Epithelial and Stromal Cells In Vitro
Authors: Chai Ning , Stachon Tanja , Nastaranpour Mahsa , Li Zhen , Seitz Berthold , Ulrich Myriam , Langenbucher Achim , Szentmáry Nóra
Published: February 2023

Purpose To investigate the effect of Rose Bengal photodynamic therapy (RB-PDT) on viability and proliferation of human limbal epithelial stem cells (T-LSCs), human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T), human limbal fibroblasts (LFCs), and human normal and keratoconus fibroblasts (HCFs and KC-HCFs) in vitro.

Methods T-LSCs and HCE-T cell lines were used in this research. LFCs were isolated from healthy donor corneal limbi (n = 5), HCFs from healthy human donor corneas (n = 5), and KC-HCFs from penetrating keratoplasties of keratoconus patients (n = 5). After cell culture, RB-PDT was performed using 0.001% RB concentration and 565 nm wavelength illumination with 0.14 to 0.7 J/cm2 fluence. The XTT and the BrdU assays were used to assess cell viability and proliferation 24 h after RB-PDT.

Results RB or illumination alone did not change cell viability or proliferation in any of the cell types (p ≥ 0.1). However, following RB-PDT, viability decreased significantly from 0.17 J/cm2 fluence in HCFs (p < 0.001) and KC-HCFs (p < 0.0001), and from 0.35 J/cm2 fluence in T-LSCs (p < 0.001), HCE-T (p < 0.05), and LFCs ((p < 0.0001). Cell proliferation decreased significantly from 0.14 J/cm2 fluence in T-LSCs (p < 0.0001), HCE-T (p < 0.05), and KC-HCFs (p < 0.001) and from 0.17 J/cm2 fluence in HCFs (p < 0.05). Regarding LFCs proliferation, no values could be determined by the BrdU assay.

Conclusions Though RB-PDT seems to be a safe and effective treatment method in vivo, its dose-dependent phototoxicity on corneal epithelial and stromal cells has to be respected. The data and experimental parameters applied in this study may provide a reliable reference for future investigations.
Developing Validated Tools to Identify Pulmonary Embolism in Electronic Databases: Rationale and Design of the PE-EHR+ Study
Authors: Bikdeli Behnood , Lo Ying-Chih , Khairani Candrika D. , Bejjani Antoine , Jimenez David , Barco Stefano , Mahajan Shiwani , Caraballo César , Secemsky Eric A. , Klok Frederikus A. , Hunsaker Andetta R. , Aghayev Ayaz , Muriel Alfonso , Wang Yun , Hussain Mohamad A. , Appah-Sampong Abena , Lu Yuan , Lin Zhenqiu , Aneja Sanjay , Khera Rohan , Goldhaber Samuel Z. , Zhou Li , Monreal Manuel , Krumholz Harlan M. , Piazza Gregory
Published: February 2023

Background Contemporary pulmonary embolism (PE) research, in many cases, relies on data from electronic health records (EHRs) and administrative databases that use International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. Natural language processing (NLP) tools can be used for automated chart review and patient identification. However, there remains uncertainty with the validity of ICD-10 codes or NLP algorithms for patient identification.

Methods The PE-EHR+ study has been designed to validate ICD-10 codes as Principal Discharge Diagnosis, or Secondary Discharge Diagnoses, as well as NLP tools set out in prior studies to identify patients with PE within EHRs. Manual chart review by two independent abstractors by predefined criteria will be the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values will be determined. We will assess the discriminatory function of code subgroups for intermediate- and high-risk PE. In addition, accuracy of NLP algorithms to identify PE from radiology reports will be assessed.

Results A total of 1,734 patients from the Mass General Brigham health system have been identified. These include 578 with ICD-10 Principal Discharge Diagnosis codes for PE, 578 with codes in the secondary position, and 578 without PE codes during the index hospitalization. Patients within each group were selected randomly from the entire pool of patients at the Mass General Brigham health system. A smaller subset of patients will also be identified from the Yale-New Haven Health System. Data validation and analyses will be forthcoming.

Conclusions The PE-EHR+ study will help validate efficient tools for identification of patients with PE in EHRs, improving the reliability of efficient observational studies or randomized trials of patients with PE using electronic databases.
Gold-Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkynyl Heteroarenes with a Norbornene Bridge
Authors: Joo Jung Min , Jeon Ju Eun , Jeong Siyeon , Kwak Hayeon
Published: February 2023

In this study, gold(III)-catalyzed cyclization reactions of alkynyl norbornene derivatives were developed to provide benzofused (hetero)arenes with substitutions at the benzocyclic ring. The combination of Au(OAc)3 and AgNTf2 allowed for the annulation of (hetero)arenes by intramolecular hydro(hetero)arylation followed by retro-Diels–Alder reactions to afford fully conjugated benzofused (hetero)arenes in yields higher than those obtained by our previously developed Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed protocol. Furthermore, when Au(OAc)3 was replaced with AuCl3, (hetero)arenes with the norbornene bridge installed at the more electron-rich and sterically demanding position underwent a rearrangement to afford the corresponding regioisomeric products in a divergent manner. The results indicate that the rigid norbornene ring creates a steric effect, in addition to placing two reactive sites in close proximity and serving as an acetylene synthon. This illustrates the importance of steric effects in addition to the electronic effects of the catalyst and the substrate on the rearrangement.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)-Tiagabine via Asymmetric Hydrogen Atom Transfer Protocol
Authors: Jiang Jie , Zhang Yong-Qiang , Li Longfei , Chen Wanjiao , Xu Zhongyun
Published: February 2023

An enantioselective synthesis of tiagabine has been achieved utilizing an asymmetric hydrogen atom transfer protocol to construct its essential chiral tertiary carbon center. A cyclization reaction via double N-substitution is tactically orchestrated as the other key step to install the crucial alkaloid ring. Compared with the previous synthetic strategy, which used commercially available nicotinate as the starting material to ensure a short synthetic route, this strategy uses a readily modifiable and accessible alkyl-substituted acrylate as the starting material and thus provides a scenario for the facile synthesis of analogues and derivatives of tiagabine for further biological research.
Synthesis of 1,1-Disubstituted Indenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of ortho-Alkenyl Bromobenzenes and α-Aryl-α-diazoesters
Authors: Zhang Shu-Sheng , Feng Chen-Guo , Feng Xiao-Jiao , Fu Jian-Guo , Zhao Qian , Lu Yu-Han
Published: February 2023

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of ortho-alkenyl bromobenzenes and α-aryl-α-diazoesters was realized. The reactions proceeded in moderate to excellent yields with broad substrate scope, providing a straightforward method for the synthesis of 1,1-disubstituted indenes. The reaction is thought to undergo a tandem alkenyl C–H activation/carbene insertion sequence, in which a C,C-pallada(II)cycle is the key intermediate.
Visible-Light Photocatalytic Barbier-Type Reaction of Aziridines and Azetidines with Nonactivated Aldehydes
Authors: Qu Quan , Chen Lin , Gui Yong-Yuan , Yu Da-Gang , Deng Yu
Published: February 2023

Barbier-type reactions are a classic group of reactions for carbon–carbon bond formation; however, their common use of stoichiometric metals restricts their widespread application. Considering the ready availability and diversity of cyclic amines, we report a visible-light photocatalytic Barbier-type reaction of aziridines and azetidines with nonactivated aldehydes. A series of important γ- and δ-amino alcohols were synthesized in the presence of amines as electron donors. Moreover, this transition-metal-free protocol displays mild reaction conditions, broad functional-group tolerance, and a wide substrate scope. Mechanistic investigations indicated that carbon radicals and carbanions might be generated as key intermediates.
Toenail Paronychium Flap: Novel Surgical Approach for Ingrowing Toenail and Review of the Literature of Conventional Surgical Methods
Authors: Ahn Yujin , Lee Hyunrok , Eo Surak , Shin Heakyeong
Published: February 2023

Ingrown toenails are most common among school-age children and adolescents though they can be observed at any age. Causes of ingrown toenails are increased curvature, trauma, and external pressure. Treatment of ingrown toenails can be broadly characterized as conservative and surgical. Conservative treatment can be performed using various methods, such as a gutter splint, dental floss, and cotton. Surgical treatments may be divided into two main approaches; narrowing of the nail plate and debulking of periungual tissues. However, these various conservative and surgical treatments have high recurrence rates, and thus, the author used a permanent surgical method based on the use of a paronychium flap to treat a 15-year-old male adolescent with excessive periungual tissues and curved ingrown toenails who did not improve despite conservative and several surgical treatments over 4 years. Subsequently, toenail shape was maintained without recurrence 22 months after surgery, and there were no complaints of inflammation or pain while walking. This simple surgical method can be performed on patients with advanced ingrown toenails due to excessive periungual tissues and nail curvature and can be expected to have permanent effects.
Carbonyl Allylation and Crotylation: Historical Perspective, Relevance to Polyketide Synthesis, and Evolution of Enantioselective Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Auto-Transfer Processes
Authors: Krische Michael J. , Ortiz Eliezer , Saludares Connor , Wu Jessica , Cho Yoon , Santana Catherine G.
Published: February 2023

The evolution of methods for carbonyl allylation and crotylation of alcohol proelectrophiles culminating in the design of iodide-bound ruthenium-JOSIPHOS catalysts is prefaced by a brief historical perspective on asymmetric carbonyl allylation and its relevance to polyketide construction. Using gaseous allene or butadiene as precursors to allyl- or crotylruthenium nucleophiles, respectively, new capabilities for carbonyl allylation and crotylation have been unlocked, including stereo- and site-selective methods for the allylation and crotylation of 1,3-diols and related polyols.

1 Introduction and Historical Perspective

2 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Conversion of Lower Alcohols into Higher Alcohols

3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
Empirical Evidence on the Reliability of Lateral Supramalleolar Flap over Reverse Sural Flap for Local Soft Tissue Coverage of Dorsum of the Foot and Ankle Defects
Authors: Jaiswal Krishndhari Shankar , Gupta Samarth , Goil Pradeep , Mohammad Arbab , Gupta Prateek
Published: February 2023

Background Soft tissue coverage of the distal foot and ankle region has been an area of debate due to the paucity of local flap options. To provide empirical evidence on the reliability of an underreported local alternative for foot and ankle defects, we aim to compare the lateral supramalleolar flap (LSMF) to the reverse sural flap (RSF).

Methods During 2016–2019, 48 patients were divided randomly into two equal groups, LSMF and RSF groups respectively. The patients' demographic, surgical, and clinical outcome details were recorded and analyzed.

Results Flap necrosis was found in five patients in the group treated with RSF and none in the LSMF group. The mean total number of stages in RSF group was significantly higher than in LSMF group (p < 0.05). The mean operative time for patients in LSMF group was 85.8 ± 18.5 and 54.2 ± 11.2 in RSF group (p < 0.05). Five patients in the RSF group needed additional procedures following flap complications. Nine patients in the LSMF group reported satisfaction outcomes to be “excellent,” five patients reported “good” whereas, in the RSF group, 14 patients reported “excellent,” 5 reported “good,” 3 reported “fair,” and 2 reported “poor” outcomes. Compared to the RSF (46.4 ± 4.3) group, the LSMF group had significantly better foot function indices (34.03 ± 3.9).

Conclusion The lateral supramalleolar flap for foot and ankle defects offers better results, reduced complications as well a lesser number of stages and secondary procedures over the traditionally used reverse sural flap.
The Role of the von Willebrand Factor Collagen-Binding Assay (VWF:CB) in the Diagnosis and Treatment of von Willebrand Disease (VWD) and Way Beyond: A Comprehensive 36-Year History
Authors: Favaloro Emmanuel J.
Published: February 2023

The von Willebrand factor (VWF) collagen binding (VWF:CB) assay was first reported for use in von Willebrand diagnostics in 1986, by Brown and Bosak. Since then, the VWF:CB has continued to be used to help diagnose von Willebrand disease (VWD) (correctly) and also to help assign the correct subtype, as well as to assist in the monitoring of VWD therapy, especially desmopressin (DDAVP). However, it is important to recognize that the specific value of any VWF:CB is predicated on the use of an optimized VWF:CB, and that not all VWF:CB assays are so optimized. There are some good commercial assays available, but there are also some “not-so-good” commercial assays available, and these may continue to give the VWF:CB “a bad reputation.” In addition to VWD diagnosis and management, the VWF:CB found purpose in a variety of other applications, from assessing ADAMTS13 activity, to investigation into acquired von Willebrand syndrome (especially as associated with use of mechanical circulatory support or cardiac assist devices), to assessment of VWF activity in disease states in where an excess of high-molecular-weight VWF may accumulate, and lead to increased (micro)thrombosis risk (e.g., coronavirus disease 2019, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). The VWF:CB turns 37 in 2023. This review is a celebration of the utility of the VWF:CB over this nearly 40-year history.
Copula approach to exchange-correlation hole in many-electron systems with strong correlations
Authors: Wang JingChun , Su Yu , Cheng Haoyang , Wang Yao , Xu Rui-Xue
Published: February 2023

Electronic correlation is a fundamental topic in many-electron systems. To characterize this correlation, one may introduce the concept of exchange-correlation hole. In this work, we first briefly revisit its definition and relation to electron and geminal densities, followed by their intimate relations to copula functions in probability theory and statistics. We then propose a copula-based approach to estimate the exchange-correlation hole from the electron density. It is anticipated that the proposed scheme will become a promising ingredient towards the future development of strongly correlated electronic structure calculations.
Biological function investigated by time-resolved structure determination
Authors: Schmidt Marius
Published: February 2023

Inspired by recent progress in time-resolved x-ray crystallography and the adoption of time-resolution by cryo-electronmicroscopy, this article enumerates several approaches developed to become bigger/smaller, faster, and better to gain new insight into the molecular mechanisms of life. This is illustrated by examples where chemical and physical stimuli spawn biological responses on various length and time-scales, from fractions of Ångströms to micro-meters and from femtoseconds to hours.
Stochastic and deterministic dynamics in networks with excitable nodes
Authors: Rahimi-Majd M. , Restrepo J. G. , Najafi M. N.
Published: February 2023

Networks of excitable systems provide a flexible and tractable model for various phenomena in biology, social sciences, and physics. A large class of such models undergo a continuous phase transition as the excitability of the nodes is increased. However, models of excitability that result in this continuous phase transition are based implicitly on the assumption that the probability that a node gets excited, its transfer function, is linear for small inputs. In this paper, we consider the effect of cooperative excitations, and more generally the case of a nonlinear transfer function, on the collective dynamics of networks of excitable systems. We find that the introduction of any amount of nonlinearity changes qualitatively the dynamical properties of the system, inducing a discontinuous phase transition and hysteresis. We develop a mean-field theory that allows us to understand the features of the dynamics with a one-dimensional map. We also study theoretically and numerically finite-size effects by examining the fate of initial conditions where only one node is excited in large but finite networks. Our results show that nonlinear transfer functions result in a rich effective phase diagram for finite networks, and that one should be careful when interpreting predictions of models that assume noncooperative excitations.
A diagnostic for quantifying secondary species emission from electrospray devices
Authors: Uchizono N. M. , Wirz R. E. , Collins A. L. , Marrese-Reading C. , Arestie S. M. , Ziemer J. K.
Published: February 2023

Measuring the polydisperse beam of charged species emitted by an electrospray device requires accurate measurements of current. Secondary species emission (SSE) caused by high-velocity nanodroplet or molecular ion impacts on surfaces contributes to substantial uncertainty in current measurements. SSE consists of both positive and negative species; hence, mitigating measurement uncertainty requires different considerations other than plasma diagnostic techniques. The probe and analysis methods described herein distinguish between current contributions from positive SSE, negative SSE, and primary species. Separating each contribution provides positive and negative SSE yield measurements and corrected current measurements that reflect the true primary current. Sources of measurement uncertainty in probe design are discussed, along with appropriate mitigation methods. The probe and analysis techniques are demonstrated on an ionic liquid electrospray operating in a droplet emission mode to obtain an angular distribution of positive and negative SSE yields for an ionic liquid electrospray.
Charged particle diagnostics for inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics experiments
Authors: Gatu Johnson M.
Published: February 2023

MeV-range ions generated in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high-energy-density physics experiments carry a wealth of information, including fusion reaction yield, rate, and spatial emission profile; implosion areal density; electron temperature and mix; and electric and magnetic fields. Here, the principles of how this information is obtained from data and the charged particle diagnostic suite currently available at the major US ICF facilities for making the measurements are reviewed. Time-integrating instruments using image plate, radiochromic film, and/or CR-39 detectors in different configurations for ion counting, spectroscopy, or emission profile measurements are described, along with time-resolving detectors using chemical vapor deposited diamonds coupled to oscilloscopes or scintillators coupled to streak cameras for measuring the timing of ion emission. A brief description of charged-particle radiography setups for probing subject plasma experiments is also given. The goal of the paper is to provide the reader with a broad overview of available capabilities, with reference to resources where more detailed information can be found.
Intricate structure of the plasma Rayleigh–Taylor instability in shock tubes
Authors: Sadler James D. , Louie Carlton , Zhou Ye
Published: February 2023

Spikes and bubbles grow on unstable interfaces that are accelerated in high-energy-density conditions. If a shock propagates ahead of the interface, the plasma can be heated to extreme conditions where conduction and radiation fluxes influence the hydrodynamics. For example, a National Ignition Facility experiment found reduced single-mode nonlinear mixed-width growth in conditions scaled from a supernova explosion [Kuranz et al., Nat. Commun. 9, 1564 (2018)]. We present high-resolution two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulations with the Flash code that quantitatively reproduce the experiment. Radiative fluxes are primarily responsible for ablating the spike and removing the mushroom caps. The ablated plasma increases the mixed mass and forms a low-density halo with spikes forming in both directions. This is considerably more complex than classical instability. The halo is sensitive to ablative physics, so radiographing it may aid in the verification of energy transport modeling. Although ablation changes the spike shape, it has little effect on the overall mixed width for these parameters. This is because ablation enhances the bubble velocity but it has the opposite effect on the spike. The radiation transport instead suppresses the growth via increasing the shocked foam density, thus decreasing the Atwood number. A terminal velocity model including the rarefaction expansion agrees with the experimental mixed-width growth.
High-quality thin film growth of the weak topological insulator BiSe on Si (111) substrates via pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Majhi Kunjalata , Manu Vivek K. , Ganesan R. , Anil Kumar P. S.
Published: February 2023

In this work, we report the growth of high-quality BiSe thin films deposited on Si (111) substrates at different temperatures via pulsed laser deposition. We observe poor sample quality at a low substrate temperature (Tsub=175°C), and as the substrate temperature increases, the crystallinity of the samples increases. At a substrate temperature, Tsub=250°C, BiSe Raman modes (modes centered around 97.6 and 112.9 cm−1) start to emerge with less intensity and evolve with the increase in the substrate temperature and at Tsub=325°C closely match with that of single crystals. These modes correspond to the vibrations of Se-atoms from the Bi2Se3 quintuple layers and Bi-atoms from the Bi-bilayer. By carefully investigating the structural properties and the Raman modes of BiSe thin films at each substrate temperature, we provide an optimal condition to grow high-quality thin films of BiSe by pulsed laser deposition.
Rotation and separation of chiral active particles in a ring-shaped channel
Authors: Wu Jian-Chun , Yang Feng , Dong Tian-Wen
Published: February 2023

Transport of chiral active particles is numerically investigated in a two-dimensional ring-shaped channel. The ring-shaped channel is transversal asymmetric and can induce the directed transport (rotation) of chiral active particles. For the particles with small chirality, they slide along the outer boundary of the channel. For the particles with large chirality, the particles move along some small local circular orbits and can also exhibit directed rotation. Moreover, the rotation effect can be strongly enhanced by modifying the inner boundary geometry. Based on the study of particle rotation, we further study the separation of active particles with different chiralities. It is found that the particles with different chiralities may be distributed in different regions of the ring-shaped channel. Interestingly, these particles can be completely separated by shifting the channel’s inner boundary or adding a blocking plate in the channel. Our results may be useful for understanding relevant experimental phenomena and provide a scheme for the separation of binary mixtures.
High endurance (>1012) via optimized polarization switching ratio for Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based FeRAM
Authors: Li Jiachen , Wang He , Du Xinzhe , Luo Zhen , Wang Yuchen , Bai Weiping , Su Xingsong , Shen Shengchun , Yin Yuewei , Li Xiaoguang
Published: February 2023

The endurance degradation of HfO2-based ferroelectric films limits their development toward practical applications. In this work, we systematically investigate the ferroelectric endurance properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) film under various pulse voltages and pulse widths, and it is found that the fatigue severity increases first and then decreases with increasing pulse voltage or width. The nonmonotonic fatigue trend explains the controversial results in the literature that both faster and slower fatigues with increasing voltage were observed in HZO. Accordingly, low voltages of ±1.6 V/100 ns are applied for cycling the HZO device to achieve weaker fatigue and a sufficiently switched ferroelectric polarization (7–12 μC cm−2), and a recovery method by introducing wake-up effect is utilized to realize an enhanced endurance >1.01 × 1012 (>5.0 × 1013 in expectation). Our work provides a universal way to weaken fatigue and improve endurance performance of HfO2-based ferroelectric random access memory devices.
Delivery challenges for CRISPR—Cas9 genome editing for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Padmaswari Made Harumi , Agrawal Shilpi , Jia Mary S. , Ivy Allie , Maxenberger Daniel A. , Burcham Landon A. , Nelson Christopher E.
Published: February 2023

Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked neuromuscular disorder that affects about one in every 5000 live male births. DMD is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for dystrophin, which is required for muscle membrane stabilization. The loss of functional dystrophin causes muscle degradation that leads to weakness, loss of ambulation, cardiac and respiratory complications, and eventually, premature death. Therapies to treat DMD have advanced in the past decade, with treatments in clinical trials and four exon-skipping drugs receiving conditional Food and Drug Administration approval. However, to date, no treatment has provided long-term correction. Gene editing has emerged as a promising approach to treating DMD. There is a wide range of tools, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and, most notably, RNA-guided enzymes from the bacterial adaptive immune system clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Although challenges in using CRISPR for gene therapy in humans still abound, including safety and efficiency of delivery, the future for CRISPR gene editing for DMD is promising. This review will summarize the progress in CRISPR gene editing for DMD including key summaries of current approaches, delivery methodologies, and the challenges that gene editing still faces as well as prospective solutions.
Superdiffusion induced by complete structure in multiplex networks
Authors: Zhang Yanqi , Zhou Jin , Lu Jun-an , Li Weiqiang
Published: February 2023

After the groundbreaking work by Gómez et al., the superdiffusion phenomenon on multiplex networks begins to attract researchers’ attention. The emergence of superdiffusion means that the time scale of the diffusion process of the multiplex network is shorter than that of each layer. Using the optimization theory, the manuscript studies the greatest impact of one edge on the network diffusion speed. It is proved that by deleting any edge from a given network, the drop of the second smallest eigenvalue of its Laplacian matrix is at most 2. Based on the conclusion, the relation between the complete structure and the superdiffusible network is studied, and, further, some superdiffusion criteria on general duplex networks are proposed. Interestingly, the theoretical results indicate that the emergence of superdiffusion depends on the complete structure rather than the overlap one. Some numerical examples are shown to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Identification of stimulated Raman side scattering in near-spherical coronal plasmas on OMEGA EP
Authors: Hironaka Steven , Sivajeyan Janukan , Wang James , Rosenberg Michael J. , Solodov Andrey , Filkins Timothy , Xiao Chengzhuo , Wang Qing , Seka Wolf , Myatt Jason F.
Published: February 2023

Recent spherical-target laser–plasma interaction experiments, performed on the OMEGA EP laser, have been analyzed for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). This has been motivated by results obtained on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) that have demonstrated the importance of SRS, and in particular SRS side scatter, for directly driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF) conditions [Rosenberg et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 055001 (2018); Michel et al. Phys. Rev. E 99, 033203 (2019)]. The analysis, based on a generalized ray tracing approach, is described and is shown to explain the observed scattered light spectra: it identifies SRS convective scattering, from portions of each incident beam where the scattered electromagnetic wave is generated in the direction parallel to contours of constant density, as the dominant contribution. This result is novel, as SRS is mostly associated with plasmas of higher electron temperature (Te≳3−4 keV) and longer density scale length (≳600 μm) than those considered here (Te∼1−3 keV, Ln∼150 μm) for the relevant overlapped irradiation intensities I≲1015 W/cm2. A combination of the high single-beam intensity on OMEGA EP and the side-scattering geometry, that has been identified, is responsible for this result. It is further suggested that the OMEGA EP platform could provide a good surrogate in which to develop SRS mitigation strategies.
Azimuthal surface waves in circular metal waveguides entirely filled by two layers of plasma in axial static magnetic field
Authors: Girka Igor , Bilato Roberto , Tierens Wouter
Published: February 2023

The dispersion properties of surface-type electromagnetic waves propagating along azimuthal angles in circular metal waveguides entirely filled by two layers of plasma in an axial static magnetic field are studied. The three-component structure models plasma radial inhomogeneity and generalizes two research which was two researches which were accomplished earlier. One is a circular metal waveguide entirely filled by cold plasma in an axial static magnetic field. The other is a coaxial metal waveguide entirely filled by plasma. Introducing the additional interface between the plasma column and coaxial plasma layer causes arising of the additional root of the dispersion relation which can be of interest for practical applications. The disappearance of additional wave branches with decreasing the difference in the plasma particle densities is carefully investigated. The wave dispersion properties are demonstrated to be mostly determined by the plasma with smaller particle density.
Perspective on functional metal-oxide plasmonic metastructures
Authors: Sadeghi Seyed M. , Wing Waylin J. , Gutha Rithvik R.
Published: February 2023

Plasmonic nanostructures and metasurfaces are appealing hosts for investigation of novel optical devices and exploration of new frontiers in physical/optical processes and materials research. Recent studies have shown that these structures hold the promise of greater control over the optical and electronic properties of quantum emitters, offering a unique horizon for ultra-fast spin-controlled optical devices, quantum computation, laser systems, and sensitive photodetectors. In this Perspective, we discuss how heterostructures consisting of metal oxides, metallic nanoantennas, and dielectrics can offer a material platform wherein one can use the decay of plasmons and their near fields to passivate the defect sites of semiconductor quantum dots while enhancing their radiative decay rates. Such a platform, called functional metal-oxide plasmonic metasubstrates (FMOPs), relies on formation of two junctions at very close vicinity of each other. These include an Au/Si Schottky junction and an Si/Al oxide charge barrier. Such a double junction allows one to use hot electrons to generate a field-passivation effect, preventing migration of photo-excited electrons from quantum dots to the defect sites. Prospects of FMOP, including impact of enhancement exciton–plasmon coupling, collective transport of excitation energy, and suppression of quantum dot fluorescence blinking, are discussed.
Interplay between salt precipitation, corner liquid film flow, and gas–liquid displacement during evaporation in microfluidic pore networks
Authors: Wu Rui , Chen Feng
Published: February 2023

Visualization experiments with microfluidic pore networks are performed in this work to disclose interplay between salt precipitation, the corner liquid film flow, and gas–liquid displacement during evaporation. Two forms of salt precipitation are revealed: aggregated polycrystalline structures and large bulk crystals. It is found that gas bubbles can be formed because of imbibition of liquid into aggregated polycrystalline structures. The length of a corner liquid film can affect the direction of growth of the aggregated polycrystalline structures connected to the corner liquid film. Discontinuous corner liquid films can be transformed to continuous ones when they are touched by growing aggregated polycrystalline structures. The “sleeping” aggregated polycrystalline structures at the open surface of a microfluidic pore network, i.e., efflorescence, can grow again if they are touched by growing aggregated polycrystalline structures inside the microfluidic pore network, i.e., subflorescence. Because of efflorescence, the evaporation rate from a microfluidic pore network can increase first and then decrease. Moreover, a theoretical model is developed for the coupled transport of vapor diffusion in the gas zone and liquid flow as well as transport of dissolved salt in the corner liquid films in a capillary tube of square cross section so as to disclose the key parameters controlling the transport processes.
Supersonic water jets as point-like sources of extremely high pressure
Authors: Maler D. , Grikshtas R. , Efimov S. , Merzlikin L. , Liverts M. , Kozlov M. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: February 2023

Two interacting supersonic water jets and collisions of a water jet with an aluminum target are studied experimentally and by hydrodynamic simulations. Supersonic water jets form, when shocks generated by underwater electrical explosions of conical wire arrays converge. The arrays are supplied by a ∼250 kA, ∼1 μs rise time current pulse. Underwater explosion of two conical arrays placed face to face produces jets propagating in air with velocities of ∼2.5×103 m/s leading to hot plasma formation at a temperature of ∼2200–3000 K, pressure ∼1.7×1010 Pa, and density >1029 m−3. When a single array explodes underwater in front of an aluminum target, the collision of the jet with the target produces a local pressure of ∼3×1010 Pa on the surface of the target.
Selective breaking and re-joining of CuO nanowires by nanosecond laser irradiation
Authors: Soleimani Maryam , Peng Peng , Duley Walter , Zhou Y. Norman
Published: February 2023

Nanostructures incorporating copper oxide (CuO), a narrow bandgap p-type semiconductor, are well suited for applications such as gas/biosensors, field emission devices, and photodetectors. However, the use of CuO nanocomponents in these applications is currently limited by the availability of fabrication and in situ processing techniques. In this paper, we show that the electrical and mechanical properties of CuO nanowire (NW) networks can be adjusted through sequential processing with nanosecond laser radiation. This new two-stage process involves selective breakage/cleaving of CuO NWs with an initial set of laser pulses, followed by irradiation with a second set of laser pulses applied in an optimized orientation to tailor bonding and junction formation between pairs and bundles of previously separated CuO NWs. We find that stage one processing introduces a high concentration of oxygen vacancies in NWs leading to the nucleation of dislocations and high strain. This localized strain is responsible for the breaking of individual NWs, while the high oxygen vacancy concentration modifies the electrical conductivity within each NW. The second stage involves re-orientation of the laser beam, followed by additional laser irradiation of the NW network. This has been found to result in the bonding of NWs and the creation of junctions in regions where CuO NWs are in contact. Laser-induced heating under these conditions produces melting in the contact areas between NWs and is accompanied by the reduction of CuO to form Cu2O as verified via XPS and Raman analysis. XRD and TEM observations demonstrate that plastic deformation within CuO NWs dominates in stage one laser processing. The enhancement of electrical conductivity observed, following stage two processing, is attributed due to an increase in the concentration of laser-induced oxygen vacancies as well as the formation of localized bridging and junction sites in the overall NW network.
Comparison between the acoustic signatures of a conventional propeller and a tip-loaded propeller with winglets
Authors: Posa A.
Published: February 2023

The Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy is utilized to reconstruct the acoustic signature of two marine propellers with and without winglets at the tip of their blades. The database from a large-eddy simulation study is exploited and conducted on a computational grid consisting of about 5 × 109 points. The results of this study demonstrate that tip-loading of the propeller with winglets successfully improves its performance in terms of thrust and efficiency of propulsion. Meanwhile, despite the use of winglets at the tip of the propeller blades, its acoustic signature is reinforced. This result is mainly found attributable to the loading component of sound, originating from the fluctuations of hydrodynamic pressure on the surface of the propellers, in particular at their outer radii: they are significantly higher in the tip-loaded case. In contrast, the non-linear component of sound is similar between the two cases, as a result of the similarity between wake developments and instability behaviors of the structures shed by the conventional and tip-loaded propellers. However, also in this case, the sound coming from the latter is slightly higher, due to the acoustic signature of its stronger tip vortices.
Tuning magnetism by electric field in MnPS3/Sc2CO2 van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Kang Lili , Zheng Xiaohong , Jiang Peng , Feng Zhenzhen , Zhao Gaofeng
Published: February 2023

Combining a two-dimensional (2D) antiferromagnetic (AFM) material, MnPS3 and a 2D ferroelectric material, Sc2CO2, we propose 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure multiferroics to realize strong magnetoelectric coupling, which is important for designing high-performance magnetoelectric devices. By using first-principles simulations, it is found that the transition from an AFM state to a ferromagnetic (FM) state of a MnPS3 layer could be realized by reversing the polarization direction of a Sc2CO2 layer. We further reveal that such strong magnetoelectric effects originate from the large inter-layer charge transfer due to the competitive interaction between the difference of the interface work functions between MnPS3 and Sc2CO2 and the strong electronegativity of the O atom interface in the Sc2CO2 layer. Our results suggest a feasible scheme for constructing 2D vdW heterostructure multiferroics with very strong inter-layer magnetoelectric coupling effect.
Magnon flatband effect in antiferromagnetically coupled magnonic crystals
Authors: Cheng C. , Yan Z. R. , Xing Y. W. , Dong J. , Zhang Y. , Wan C. H. , Yu G. Q. , Xia Z. C. , Li L. , Han X. F.
Published: February 2023

The dispersion relationships in antiferromagnetically coupled magnonic crystals (MCs) were investigated using micromagnetic simulations. In contrast to traditional MCs, antiferromagnetically coupled MCs have two oppositely polarized modes, enabling the realization of synthetic ferrimagnetic and synthetic antiferromagnetic MCs. The magnon flatband effect was discovered, and a large bandgap of the dispersion relation was also realized in this structure. We found that the center frequency and width of the dispersion bands with a specific polarization were influenced by the thickness and thickness ratio of the spin-up and spin-down magnetic sublattices. Based on these results, spin-wave filtering devices were proposed. Our study uncovered the magnon dispersion relations of a type of MC, which provides fresh insights into the development of ultra-efficient magnonic devices.