bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 45-year-old Female with an Atypical Presentation of Pharyngitis
Authors: Schander Artur , Glickman Andrew , Weber Nancy , Rodgers Brian , Carney Michael
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Emergency physicians are trained to treat a variety of ailments in the emergency department (ED), some of which are emergent, while others are not. A common complaint seen in the ED is a sore throat. While most sore throats are easily diagnosed and treated, less common causes are often not considered in the differential diagnoses. Therefore, the purpose of this case study was to present an atypical case of sore throat and discuss differential diagnoses. Case Presentation: The patient was a 45-year-old female who presented to the ED with a three-day history of sore throat that was exacerbated by eating and drinking. The patient was not on any prescription medications, but tried over-the-counter medications for the sore throat without any improvement in symptoms. Review of systems was positive for sore throat, fevers, and chills. Physical examination of her oropharynx revealed mildly dry mucous membranes with confluent plaques and white patchy ulcerative appearance involving the tongue, tonsils, hard palate, and soft palate. Rapid streptococcal antigen, mononucleosis spot test, and KOH test were performed and found to be negative. Discussion: After initial testing was negative, a follow-up complete blood count with differential and complete metabolic profile were ordered. The patient was found to have decreased lymphocytes and platelets. Based upon those results, a diagnosis was made in the ED, the patient was started on medication, and further laboratory workup was ordered to confirm the diagnosis. ED providers should consider non-infectious as well as infectious causes for a sore throat, as this might lead to a diagnosis of an underlying condition.
A Case Report of Angioedema and Anaphylactic Shock Induced by Ingestion of Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Rossi Amy , Osborn Lesley
Published: May 2020

Introduction: We report one of few documented cases of a severe anaphylactic reaction with angioedema to polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Case Report: The patient presented 30 minutes after onset of his symptoms and quickly developed hypoxia and hypotension refractory to intramuscular epinephrine, intravenous fluids, methylprednisolone, and supplemental oxygen via non-rebreather mask. He ultimately required intubation, an epinephrine infusion, and admission to the medical intensive care unit.

Discussion: This case depicts a clinical reaction to PEG, a medication rarely implicated in severe anaphylaxis or angioedema.

Conclusion: The allergenic potential of PEG-containing products should be raised, and providers should have a heightened awareness of these potential side effects.
55-year-old Male with Exertional Dyspnea
Authors: Friedman Eric , Gatz J. David , Dezman Zachary , Bontempo Laura
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Dyspnea is a common presenting complaint for many patients in the emergency department.

Case Presentation: A 55-year-old man with type I diabetes presented to the emergency department with one month of intermittent palpitations and dyspnea. His lungs were clear to auscultation, and his chest radiograph was normal.

Discussion: This case takes the reader through the differential diagnosis and systematic work-up of dyspnea with discussion of the diagnostic study, which ultimately led to this patient’s diagnosis and successful treatment.
Accidental Chlorine Gas Exposure in a Pediatric Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Antolick Ashley , Ouellette Lindsey , Judge Bryan , Riley Brad , Jones JS
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Chlorine gas is a known irritant of the respiratory tract, which may cause damage to various systems depending on time of exposure and concentration of the gas. Current treatments are mainly supportive. While no definitive studies have been completed to date, it has been noted that treatment with a sodium bicarbonate solution via nebulizer may lead to improved outcomes for patients dealing with chlorine gas exposure.

Case Report: We present a case of a nine-year-old child arriving at the emergency department after exposure to chlorine gas. Complete recovery from his symptoms occurred rapidly with the administration of nebulized sodium bicarbonate.

Discussion: Inhaled chlorine gas acts as a mucous membrane irritant, with symptoms usually beginning within minutes of exposure. Inhaled nebulized sodium bicarbonate has been suggested as a therapy for chlorine exposure. Although its mechanism of action is not well understood, it is thought that inhaled sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the hydrochloric acid formed when the chlorine gas reacts with the water in the lungs.

Conclusion: Nebulized sodium bicarbonate solution at a low concentration appeared to rapidly and effectively reverse the symptoms due to chlorine gas inhalation in a young child.
Debt as a Form of Life
Authors: Rossi Andrea ,   DePaul University
Published: May 2020

This article is a review of two recently translated books by Italian philoso­pher Elettra Stimilli: The Debt of the Living: Ascesis and Capitalism (Albany: SUNY Press, 2017; translated by Arianna Bove) and Debt and Guilt: A Political Philosophy (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018; translated by Stefania Porcelli). The essay critically engages with (1) Stimilli’s interpretation of the nexus between ascesis and capitalism; (2) her account of the ascetic dimensions of contemporary economies of debt; (3) her reflections on the subversive potential of ascesis in the context of contemporary regimes of neoliberal governance.
Density-dependent effects of omnivorous stream crayfish on benthic trophic dynamics
Authors: Ludlam John P. , Banks Brandon T. , Magoulick Daniel D.
Published: May 2020

Crayfish are abundant and important consumers in aquatic food webs and crayfish invasions have demonstrated strong effects of crayfish on multiple trophic levels. Density may be an important factor determining the role of omnivorous crayfish in benthic communities, especially if density alters the strength of trophic interactions. The effect of crayfish density on a simple benthic food web using ceramic tiles was examined in three treatments (crayfish exclusion cage, cage control (open to crayfish), and exposed ceramic tiles) in mesocosms stocked with 6, 12, or 18 crayfish·m-2. We hypothesized that at low densities crayfish consumption of herbivorous chironomids would increase algal abundance, but at high densities crayfish would reduce both periphyton and invertebrates. In the experiment, periphyton and chironomid abundance increased with declining crayfish biomass on day 30 but not day 15. The magnitude of crayfish effects on day 15 periphyton chlorophyll a abundance increased with crayfish biomass, but crayfish effects on day 30 periphyton chlorophyll a or chironomid biomass did not increase with crayfish biomass. In this experiment there was little evidence for a trophic cascade at low crayfish densities and strong omnivory by crayfish dominated trophic dynamics.
A test of DNA barcoding in crayfish of the upper James River basin, Virginia
Authors: Cabe Paul R. , Navalsky Bradleigh E. , Bloomer Ainsley K. , Doherty Ryan , Edgren Jordan , Putney Joy E. , Bezold Kelly A.
Published: May 2020

Crayfish populations in North America face many conservation threats, including habitat loss, degradation, and the introduction of non-native species. The management of biological diversity requires accurate identification of species, and for crayfish, many species are difficult to identify using standard morphological approaches. We investigated DNA barcoding using cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences to determine if this widely used method is useful in the identification of crayfish. As a test case, we sampled crayfish from the middle and upper James River basin in Virginia. This area had been recently surveyed by experienced crayfish biologists, and hosts a moderate number of species. We collected nearly 300 COI sequences, which clustered clearly into seven groups, mirroring the seven species reported for this watershed. Despite the unambiguous clustering, the range of sequence variation within species overlapped the range of variation between species; we detected no clear "barcode gap." Although this method holds promise as an aid to crayfish identification, current sequence databases (GenBank, BOLD) do not contain enough appropriate COI sequences to allow unequivocal identification in this unique and understudies fauna.
John Edward Cooper (1929-2015): biographical notes
Authors: Fetzner James W.
Published: May 2020

John Edward Cooper (1929–2015) had a great impact on the Astacological, Speleological and Herpetological fields, as can be seen by the 135 publications he produced during his long and productive scientific career. Always with a kind word and a helpful attitude, John fostered many budding astacologists and was always helpful with a constructive review of crayfish manuscripts, especially those that described new species.
„Die Lücke schließen zwischen Unterricht und Musizierpraxis“ – eine qualitative Studie zur Evaluation spezifischer pädagogischer Elemente im Bereich körperorientierter Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention bei Musikstudierenden
Authors: Spahn Claudia , Immerz Anna , Nusseck Manfred
Published: May 2020

Angestoßen durch empirische Vorbefunde, die eine Diskrepanz zwischen der Inanspruchnahme präventiver Lehrangebote im Musikstudium und der Anwendung dieser Inhalte in der Musizierpraxis der Studierenden vermuten lassen, wurden ergänzende pädagogische Elemente eines Unterrichtskonzepts entwickelt und erprobt, um Studierende darin zu unterstützen, im Seminar erlernte körperorientierte und mentale Ansätze insbesondere in der Musizierpraxis außerhalb des Seminars anzuwenden. Übergeordnete Ziele dieser Lerninhalte sind die Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention spielbezogener Beschwerden sowie die Verbesserung des Singens und Instrumentalspiels. Als neue pädagogische Elemente wurden unter Supervision einer Dozentin die Intersession-Prozesse zwischen den Seminarstunden im Gespräch mit den Studierenden in den Fokus genommen und in Lernportfolios und Wochenprotokollen von den Studierenden festgehalten. Das Üben der Studierenden wurde durch einen Übebesuch mit konstruktiven Empfehlungen für ein effektives und gesundes Üben unterstützt. Das Element des Übebesuchs wurde von den Studierenden durchweg sehr positiv angenommen und als hilfreich erlebt. In einer katamnestischen Befragung zeigte sich in den Angaben der Studierenden eine hohe Nachhaltigkeit hinsichtlich der weiteren Anwendung der im Seminar erlernten Inhalte.
Protein phosphatase 1 activity controls a balance between collective and single cell modes of migration
Authors: Chen Yujun , Kotian Nirupama , Aranjuez George , Chen Lin , Messer C Luke , Burtscher Ashley , Sawant Ketki , Ramel Damien , Wang Xiaobo , McDonald Jocelyn A
Published: May 2020

Collective cell migration is central to many developmental and pathological processes. However, the mechanisms that keep cell collectives together and coordinate movement of multiple cells are poorly understood. Using the Drosophila border cell migration model, we find that Protein phosphatase 1 (Pp1) activity controls collective cell cohesion and migration. Inhibition of Pp1 causes border cells to round up, dissociate, and move as single cells with altered motility. We present evidence that Pp1 promotes proper levels of cadherin-catenin complex proteins at cell-cell junctions within the cluster to keep border cells together. Pp1 further restricts actomyosin contractility to the cluster periphery rather than at individual internal border cell contacts. We show that the myosin phosphatase Pp1 complex, which inhibits non-muscle myosin-II (Myo-II) activity, coordinates border cell shape and cluster cohesion. Given the high conservation of Pp1 complexes, this study identifies Pp1 as a major regulator of collective versus single cell migration.
Synergistic and antagonistic drug interactions in the treatment of systemic fungal infections
Authors: Wambaugh Morgan A , Denham Steven T , Ayala Magali , Brammer Brianna , Stonhill Miekan A , Brown Jessica CS
Published: May 2020

Invasive fungal infections cause 1.6 million deaths annually, primarily in immunocompromised individuals. Mortality rates are as high as 90% due to limited treatments. The azole class antifungal, fluconazole, is widely available and has multi-species activity but only inhibits growth instead of killing fungal cells, necessitating long treatments. To improve treatment, we used our novel high-throughput method, the overlap2 method (O2M) to identify drugs that interact with fluconazole, either increasing or decreasing efficacy. We identified 40 molecules that act synergistically (amplify activity) and 19 molecules that act antagonistically (decrease efficacy) when combined with fluconazole. We found that critical frontline beta-lactam antibiotics antagonize fluconazole activity. A promising fluconazole-synergizing anticholinergic drug, dicyclomine, increases fungal cell permeability and inhibits nutrient intake when combined with fluconazole. In vivo, this combination doubled the time-to-endpoint of mice with Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. Thus, our ability to rapidly identify synergistic and antagonistic drug interactions can potentially alter the patient outcomes.
Quantification of the pace of biological aging in humans through a blood test, the DunedinPoAm DNA methylation algorithm
Authors: Belsky Daniel W , Caspi Avshalom , Arseneault Louise , Baccarelli Andrea , Corcoran David L , Gao Xu , Hannon Eiliss , Harrington Hona Lee , Rasmussen Line JH , Houts Renate , Huffman Kim , Kraus William E , Kwon Dayoon , Mill Jonathan , Pieper Carl F , Prinz Joseph A , Poulton Richie , Schwartz Joel , Sugden Karen , Vokonas Pantel , Williams Benjamin S , Moffitt Terrie E
Published: May 2020

Biological aging is the gradual, progressive decline in system integrity that occurs with advancing chronological age, causing morbidity and disability. Measurements of the pace of aging are needed as surrogate endpoints in trials of therapies designed to prevent disease by slowing biological aging. We report a blood-DNA-methylation measure that is sensitive to variation in pace of biological aging among individuals born the same year. We first modeled change-over-time in 18 biomarkers tracking organ-system integrity across 12 years of follow-up in n = 954 members of the Dunedin Study born in 1972–1973. Rates of change in each biomarker over ages 26–38 years were composited to form a measure of aging-related decline, termed Pace-of-Aging. Elastic-net regression was used to develop a DNA-methylation predictor of Pace-of-Aging, called DunedinPoAm for Dunedin(P)ace(o)f(A)ging(m)ethylation. Validation analysis in cohort studies and the CALERIE trial provide proof-of-principle for DunedinPoAm as a single-time-point measure of a person’s pace of biological aging.
Caenorhabditis elegans processes sensory information to choose between freeloading and self-defense strategies
Authors: Schiffer Jodie A , Servello Francesco A , Heath William R , Amrit Francis Raj Gandhi , Stumbur Stephanie V , Eder Matthias , Martin Olivier MF , Johnsen Sean B , Stanley Julian A , Tam Hannah , Brennan Sarah J , McGowan Natalie G , Vogelaar Abigail L , Xu Yuyan , Serkin William T , Ghazi Arjumand , Stroustrup Nicholas , Apfeld Javier
Published: May 2020

Hydrogen peroxide is the preeminent chemical weapon that organisms use for combat. Individual cells rely on conserved defenses to prevent and repair peroxide-induced damage, but whether similar defenses might be coordinated across cells in animals remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a neuronal circuit in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that processes information perceived by two sensory neurons to control the induction of hydrogen peroxide defenses in the organism. We found that catalases produced by Escherichia coli, the nematode’s food source, can deplete hydrogen peroxide from the local environment and thereby protect the nematodes. In the presence of E. coli, the nematode’s neurons signal via TGFβ-insulin/IGF1 relay to target tissues to repress expression of catalases and other hydrogen peroxide defenses. This adaptive strategy is the first example of a multicellular organism modulating its defenses when it expects to freeload from the protection provided by molecularly orthologous defenses from another species.
Role ofGlycine maxin improving drought tolerance inZanthoxylum bungeanum
Authors: Li Zilong , Tariq Akash , Pan Kaiwen , Graciano Corina , Sun Feng , Song Dagang , Abiodun Olatunji Olusanya
Published: May 2020

Intercropping may improve community stability and yield under climate change. Here, we set up a field experiment to evaluate the advantages of cultivatingZ anthoxylum bungeanumwithCapsicum annum, andZ. bungeanumwithGlycine maxas intercrops, compared with cultivatingZ. bungeanumin monoculture. Effects of extreme drought stress conditions on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of the three crop species cultivated in the three contrasting planting systems were compared. Results showed that extreme drought conditions induced negative impacts onZ.bungeanumgrown in monoculture, due to reduced growth and metabolic impairment. However, limited stomatal conductance, reduced transpiration rate (Tr), and increased water use efficiency, carotenoid content, catalase activity, and accumulation of soluble sugars inZ.bungeanumindicated its adaptive strategies for tolerance of extreme drought stress conditions. Compared with cultivation in monoculture, intercropping withC. annumhad positive effects onZ.bungeanumunder extreme drought stress conditions, as a result of improved crown diameter, leaf relative water content (LRWC), net photosynthetic rate, and proline content, while intercropping withG. maxunder extreme drought stress conditions increased net CO2assimilation rates, LRWC,Tr, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In conclusion,Z.bungeanumhas an effective defense mechanism for extreme drought stress tolerance. Intercropping withG. maxenhanced this tolerance potential primarily through its physio-biochemical adjustments, rather than as a result of nitrogen fixation byG. max.
Continuous wildlife monitoring using blimps as an aerial platform: a case study observing marine megafauna
Authors: Adams Kye , Broad Allison , Ruiz-García David , Davis Andrew R.
Published: May 2020

Aerial surveys are a powerful means of collecting ecological data in terrestrial and marine systems that may otherwise be difficult to acquire. Increasingly aerial observations are made with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), such as drones. As this technology has improved in reliability and affordability it has replaced the traditional use of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. Drones do, however, have limitations; primarily in their limited flight duration, potential to disturb wildlife and concerns over safety. Here we introduce an aerostat, a ground tethered blimp, as a logistically simple and economical alternative to drones and other aircraft. Blimps differ from drones by using helium for lift, thereby conserving battery life. This technology offers the advantage of near-continuous coverage of locations, as well as providing a safe and accessible alternative aerial platform for a range of applications. We demonstrate the viability of blimp-mounted cameras in a notoriously difficult area to conduct research: the high-energy nearshore marine zone. Specifically, we sought to determine the likelihood of encountering marine megafauna using real-time video and whether their presence was correlated with the occurrence of baitfish. Stingrays were observed more often than other species and the occurrence of seals was correlated with the presence of baitfish. The continuous coverage allowed the observation of foraging behaviour in sharks and seals for extended periods. This demonstrates the utility of this novel technique to improve human safety and enhance ecological research.
Modelling of COVID-19 Transmission in Kenya Using Compound Poisson Regression Model
Authors: Odhiambo Joab O. , Ngare Philip , Weke Patrick , Otieno Romanus Odhiambo
Published: May 2020

Since the inception of the novel Corona Virus Disease-19 in December in China, the spread has been massive leading World Health Organization to declare it a world pandemic. While epicenter of COVID-19 was Wuhan city in China mainland, Italy has been affected most due to the high number of recorded deaths as at 21st April, 2020 at the same time USA recording the highest number of virus reported cases. In addition, the spread has been experienced in many developing African countries including Kenya. The Kenyan government need to make necessary plans for those who have tested positive through self-quarantine beds at Mbagathi Hospital as a way of containing the spread of the virus. In addition, lack of a proper mathematical model that can be used to model and predict the spread of COVID-19 for adequate response security has been one of the main concerns for the government. Many mathematical models have been proposed for proper modeling and forecasting, but this paper will focus on using a generalized linear regression that can detect linear relationship between the risk factors. The paper intents to model and forecast the confirmed COVID-19 cases in Kenya as a Compound Poisson regression process where the parameter follows a generalized linear regression that is influenced by the number of daily contact persons and daily flights with the already confirmed cases of the virus. Ultimately, this paper would assist the government in proper resource allocation to deal with pandemic in terms of available of bed capacities, public awareness campaigns and virus testing kits not only in the virus hotbed within Nairobi capital city but also in the other 47 Kenyan counties.
Domain II of the translation elongation factor eEF1A is required for Gcn2 kinase inhibition
Authors: Ramesh Rashmi , Sattlegger Evelyn
Published: May 2020

The signalling pathway governing general control nonderepressible (Gcn)2 kinase allows cells to cope with amino acid shortage. Under starvation, Gcn2 phosphorylates the translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)2α, triggering downstream events that ultimately allow cells to cope with starvation. Under nutrient‐replete conditions, the translation elongation factor eEF1A binds Gcn2 to contribute to keeping Gcn2 inactive. Here, we aimed to map the regions in eEF1A involved in binding and/or regulating Gcn2. We find that eEF1A amino acids 1–221 and 222–315, containing most of domains I and II, respectively, bind Gcn2 in vitro. Overexpression of eEF1A lacking or containing domain III impairs eIF2α phosphorylation. While the latter reduces growth under starvation similarly to eEF1A lacking domain I, the former enhances growth in a Gcn2‐dependent manner. Our studies suggest that domain II is required for Gcn2 inhibition and that eEF1A lacking domain III mainly affects the Gcn2 response pathway downstream of Gcn2.
Substrate recognition by a bifunctional GH30‐7 xylanase B from Talaromyces cellulolyticus
Authors: Nakamichi Yusuke , Watanabe Masahiro , Matsushika Akinori , Inoue Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

Xylanase B, a member of subfamily 7 of the GH30 (glycoside hydrolase family 30) from Talaromyces cellulolyticus (TcXyn30B), is a bifunctional enzyme with glucuronoxylanase and xylobiohydrolase activities. In the present study, crystal structures of the native enzyme and the enzyme–product complex of TcXyn30B expressed in Pichia pastoris were determined at resolutions of 1.60 and 1.65 Å, respectively. The enzyme complexed with 22‐(4‐O‐methyl‐α‐d‐glucuronyl)‐xylobiose (U4m2X) revealed that TcXyn30B strictly recognizes both the C‐6 carboxyl group and the 4‐O‐methyl group of the 4‐O‐methyl‐α‐d‐glucuronyl side chain by the conserved residues in GH30‐7 endoxylanases. The crystal structure and site‐directed mutagenesis indicated that Asn‐93 on the β2‐α2‐loop interacts with the non‐reducing end of the xylose residue at subsite‐2 and is likely to be involved in xylobiohydrolase activity. These findings provide structural insight into the mechanisms of substrate recognition of GH30‐7 glucuronoxylanase and xylobiohydrolase.
Predicting Regioselectivity in Radical C−H Functionalization of Heterocycles through Machine Learning
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Shuo‐Qing , Xu Li‐Cheng , Hong Xin
Published: May 2020

Radical C−H bond functionalization provides a versatile approach for elaborating heterocyclic compounds. The synthetic design of this transformation relies heavily on the knowledge of regioselectivity, while a quantified and efficient regioselectivity prediction approach is still elusive. Herein, we report the feasibility of using a machine learning model to predict the transition state barrier from the computed properties of isolated reactants. This enables rapid and reliable regioselectivity prediction for radical C−H bond functionalization of heterocycles. The Random Forest model with physical organic features achieved 94.2 % site accuracy and 89.9 % selectivity accuracy in the out‐of‐sample test set. The prediction performance was further validated by comparing the machine learning results with additional substituents, heteroarene scaffolds and experimental observations. This work revealed that the combination of mechanism‐based computational statistics and machine learning model can serve as a useful strategy for selectivity prediction of organic transformations.
Stress‐Induced Domain Wall Motion in a Ferroelastic Mn3+ Spin Crossover Complex
Authors: Jakobsen Vibe B. , Trzop Elzbieta , Gavin Laurence C. , Dobbelaar Emiel , Chikara Shalinee , Ding Xiaxin , Esien Kane , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Felton Solveig , Zapf Vivien S. , Collet Eric , Carpenter Michael A. , Morgan Grace G.
Published: May 2020

Domain wall motion is detected for the first time during the transition to a ferroelastic and spin state ordered phase of a spin crossover complex. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) revealed two distinct symmetry‐breaking phase transitions in the mononuclear Mn3+ compound [Mn(3,5‐diBr‐sal2(323))]BPh4, 1. The first at 250 K, involves the space group change Cc→Pc and is thermodynamically continuous, while the second, Pc→P1 at 85 K, is discontinuous and related to spin crossover and spin state ordering. Stress‐induced domain wall mobility was interpreted on the basis of a steep increase in acoustic loss immediately below the the Pc‐P1 transition
Zweifarbiges Licht in der Durchflusssynthese für makromolekulares Design
Authors: Van De Walle Matthias , De Bruycker Kevin , Blinco James P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: May 2020

Wir beschreiben den Aufbau eines photochemischen Durchflussreaktors für λ‐orthogonale Reaktionen in sequenzieller Bestrahlung mit zwei unterschiedlichen Lichtfarben (λ1=350 nm und λ2=410 nm). Entscheidend hierbei ist, dass beide photochemisch reaktive Gruppen (ein Chalkon, das im sichtbaren Licht reagiert und ein UV‐aktivertes Dien) in der Reaktionslösung vorliegen. Wir zeigen das Vermögen der Durchflusssynthese mit zweierlei farbigem Licht durch wellenlängenselektive Endgruppenmodifikation und anschließenden Ringschluss des Polymers mittels [2+2]‐Cycloaddition. Wir zeigen zudem, dass der höher‐energetische Wellenlängenbereich keine Reaktion des Chalkons auslöst, was das wahre λ‐orthogonale Wesen der Photo‐Durchflusssynthese belegt. Die Studie eröffnet erstmalig das Gebiet der Photo‐Durchflussreaktionen für λ‐orthogonale Photochemie.
Self‐Assembled Helical Arrays for the Stabilization of the Triplet State
Authors: Nidhankar Aakash D. , Goudappagouda  , Mohana Kumari Divya S. , Chaubey Shailendra Kumar , Nayak Rashmi , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Kumar G. V. Pavan , Krishnan Retheesh , Babu Sukumaran Santhosh
Published: May 2020

Room‐temperature phosphorescence of metal and heavy atom‐free organic molecules has emerged as an area of great potential in recent years. A rational design played a critical role in controlling the molecular ordering to impart efficient intersystem crossing and stabilize the triplet state to achieve room‐temperature ultralong phosphorescence. However, in most cases, the strategies to strengthen phosphorescence efficiency have resulted in a reduced lifetime, and the available nearly degenerate singlet‐triplet energy levels impart a natural competition between delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence, with the former one having the advantage. Herein, an organic helical assembly supports the exhibition of an ultralong phosphorescence lifetime. In contrary to other molecules, 3,6‐phenylmethanone functionalized 9‐hexylcarbazole exhibits a remarkable improvement in phosphorescence lifetime (>4.1 s) and quantum yield (11 %) owing to an efficient molecular packing in the crystal state. A right‐handed helical molecular array act as a trap and exhibits triplet exciton migration to support the exceptionally longer phosphorescence lifetime.
Structure and Unprecedented Reactivity of a Mononuclear Nonheme Cobalt(III) Iodosylbenzene Complex
Authors: Yang Jindou , Seo Mi Sook , Kim Kyung Ha , Lee Yong‐Min , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Shearer Jason , Nam Wonwoo
Published: May 2020

A mononuclear nonheme cobalt(III) iodosylbenzene complex, [CoIII(TQA)(OIPh)(OH)]2+ (1), is synthesized and characterized structurally and spectroscopically. While 1 is a sluggish oxidant in oxidation reactions, it becomes a competent oxidant in oxygen atom transfer reactions, such as olefin epoxidation, in the presence of a small amount of proton. More interestingly, 1 shows a nucleophilic reactivity in aldehyde deformylation reaction, demonstrating that 1 has an amphoteric reactivity. Another interesting observation is that 1 can be used as an oxygen atom donor in the generation of high‐valent metal‐oxo complexes. To our knowledge, we present the first crystal structure of a CoIII iodosylbenzene complex and the unprecedented reactivity of metal‐iodosylarene adduct.
Influence of polymer washing on thermal conductivity enhancement of Cu nanofluids
Authors: Chandan Mohammed R. , Shaik Aabid Hussain , Kumar Hemanth , Rahaman Ariful , Bal Dharmendra K. , Ponnusami Babu A , Imran Mohd
Published: May 2020

This work aims at enhancing the thermal conductivity of base fluids (water and methanol) through successive washing of polymers from the surface of polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP)‐stabilized copper (Cu) nanoparticles. Cu nanofluids were successfully synthesized and characterized using transmission electron microscope and UV–vis spectrophotometer. Thermal conductivity of freshly prepared Cu nanofluid shows ~10% enhancements. The poor enhancement in thermal conductivity is due to the presence of thick polymer coating on the surface of nanoparticles. A new technique has been developed to erode the polymers from the nanoparticle surface by repeated washing and redispersion. After one‐time washing and redispersion, the thermal conductivity of nanofluid has been increased to 0.732 W/mK (~22% enhancements). Greater enhancement (~30.34%) has been achieved after three times continuous washing and redispersion. Finally, the experimental values of thermal conductivity were compared and validated against the existing Maxwell effective model.
Analysis of trap distribution of a red persistent luminescent materials using thermoluminescence
Authors: Singh L. Lovedy , Singh S. Nabadwip , Singh Th. Ranjan , Gopal E.
Published: May 2020

Trap distribution plays a crucial role in deciding the applicability of a material. The thermoluminescence (TL) parameter that describes trap distribution is η, which has never been discussed in TL analysis so far. TL analysis of a commercially available red persistent luminescent material (CaSrS:Eu) was performed using computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) in the new general order kinetics. CGCD results showed that the red persistent luminescent material in the temperature range 300–600º K was comprised of nine peaks. Activation energy ranged from 0.66–1.27 eV. Frequency factor was in the range 109 to 1011 sec−1. The major peaks of the red persistent luminescent material had lesser empty traps. The most important information provided by the analysis was that the major peaks of the red persistent luminescent material had 30–60% of the empty traps close to the filled traps, and this accounted for retrapping of thermally released electrons. This finding suggests that the occurrence of 30–60% empty traps close to the filled traps is a necessary requisite for a persistent luminescent material.
Current genetic engineering strategies for the production of antihypertensive ACEI peptides
Authors: Gomes Carolina , Ferreira Diana , Carvalho João P. F. , Barreto Carlos A. V. , Fernandes Joana , Gouveia Marisol , Ribeiro Fernando , Duque Ana S. , Vieira Sandra I.
Published: May 2020

Hypertension is a major and highly prevalent risk factor for various diseases. Among the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive first‐line drugs are synthetic angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). However, since  their use in hypertension therapy has been linked to various side effects, interest in the application of food‐derived ACEI peptides (ACEIp) as antihypertensive agents is rapidly growing. Although promising, the industrial production of ACEIp through conventional methods such as chemical synthesis or enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins has been proven troublesome. We here provide an overview of current antihypertensive therapeutics, focusing on ACEI, and illustrate how biotechnology and bioengineering can overcome the limitations of ACEIp large‐scale production. Latest advances in ACEIp research and current genetic engineering‐based strategies for heterologous production of ACEIp (and precursors) are also presented. Cloning approaches include tandem repeats of single ACEIp, ACEIp fusion to proteins/polypeptides, joining multivariate ACEIp into bioactive polypeptides, and producing ACEIp‐containing modified plant storage proteins. Although bacteria have been privileged ACEIp heterologous hosts, particularly when testing for new genetic engineering strategies, plants and microalgae‐based platforms are now emerging. Besides being generally safer, cost‐effective and scalable, these “pharming” platforms can perform therelevant posttranslational modifications and produce (and eventually deliver) biologically active protein/peptide‐based antihypertensive medicines.
Using algorithms to address trade‐offs inherent in predicting recidivism
Authors: Skeem Jennifer , Lowenkamp Christopher
Published: May 2020

Although risk assessment has increasingly been used as a tool to help reform the criminal justice system, some stakeholders are adamantly opposed to using algorithms. The principal concern is that any benefits achieved by safely reducing rates of incarceration will be offset by costs to racial justice claimed to be inherent in the algorithms themselves. But fairness trade‐offs are inherent to the task of predicting recidivism, whether the prediction is made by an algorithm or human. Based on a matched sample of 67,784 Black and White federal supervisees assessed with the Post Conviction Risk Assessment, we compared how three alternative strategies for “debiasing” algorithms affect these trade‐offs, using arrest for a violent crime as the criterion . These candidate algorithms all strongly predict violent reoffending (areas under the curve = 0.71–72), but vary in their association with race (r = 0.00–0.21) and shift trade‐offs between balance in positive predictive value and false‐positive rates. Providing algorithms with access to race (rather than omitting race or “blinding” its effects) can maximize calibration and minimize imbalanced error rates. Implications for policymakers with value preferences for efficiency versus equity are discussed.
Improved targeting of an anti‐TAG‐72 antibody drug conjugate for the treatment of ovarian cancer
Authors: Minnix Megan , Li Lin , Yazaki Paul , Chea Junie , Poku Erasmus , Colcher David , Shively John E.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Ovarian cancer has only a 17% 5‐year survival rate in patients diagnosed with late stage disease. Tumor‐associated glycoprotein‐72 (TAG72), expressed in 88% of all stages of ovarian cancer, is an excellent candidate for antibody‐targeted therapy, as it is not expressed in normal human adult tissues, except in the secretory endometrium.

Methods

Using the clinically relevant anti‐TAG72 murine monoclonal antibody CC49, we evaluated antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) incorporating the highly potent, synthetic antimitotic agent monomethylauristatin E (MMAE). MMAE was conjugated to CC49 via reduced disulfides in the hinge region, using three different types of linker chemistry, vinylsulfone (VS‐MMAE), bromoacetamido (Br‐MMAE), and maleimido (mal‐MMAE).

Results

The drug antibody ratios (DARs) of the three ADCs were 2.3 for VS‐MMAE, 10 for Br‐MMAE, and 9.5 for mal‐MMAE. All three ADCs exhibited excellent tumor to blood ratios on PET imaging, but the absolute uptake of CC49‐mal‐MMAE (3.3%ID/g) was low compared to CC49‐Br‐MMAE (6.43%ID/g), at 142 hours. Blood clearance at 43 hours was 38% for intact CC49, about 24% for both CC49‐VS‐MMAE and CC49‐Br‐MMAE, and 7% for CC49‐mal‐MMAE. CC49‐VS‐MMAE was not further studied due to its low DAR, while CC49‐mal‐MMAE was ineffective in the OVCAR3 xenograft likely due to its rapid blood clearance. In contrast, CC49‐Br‐MMAE treated mice exhibited an average of a 15.6 day tumor growth delay and a 40% increase in survival vs controls with four doses of 7.5 or 15 mg/kg of CC49‐Br‐MMAE.

Conclusion

We conclude that CC49‐Br‐MMAE with a high DAR and stable linker performs well in a difficult to treat solid tumor model.
Click‐Chemistry (CuAAC) Trimerization of an αvβ6 Integrin Targeting Ga‐68‐Peptide: Enhanced Contrast for in‐Vivo PET Imaging of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Xenografts
Authors: Quigley Neil Gerard , Tomassi Stefano , di Leva Francesco Saverio , Di Maro Salvatore , Richter Frauke , Steiger Katja , Kossatz Susanne , Marinelli Luciana , Notni Johannes
Published: May 2020

αvβ6 Integrin is an epithelial transmembrane protein that recognizes latency‐associated peptide (LAP) and primarily activates transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β). It is overexpressed in carcinomas (most notably, pancreatic) and other conditions associated with αvβ6 integrin‐dependent TGF‐β dysregulation, such as fibrosis. We have designed a trimeric Ga‐68‐labeled TRAP conjugate of the αvβ6‐specific cyclic pentapeptide SDM17 (cyclo[RGD‐Chg‐E]‐CONH2) to enhance αvβ6 integrin affinity as well as target‐specific in‐vivo uptake. Ga‐68‐TRAP(SDM17)3 showed a 28‐fold higher αvβ6 affinity than the corresponding monomer Ga‐68‐NOTA‐SDM17 (IC50 of 0.26 vs. 7.4 nM, respectively), a 13‐fold higher IC50‐based selectivity over the related integrin αvβ8 (factors of 662 vs. 49), and a threefold higher tumor uptake (2.1 vs. 0.66 %ID/g) in biodistribution experiments with H2009 tumor‐bearing SCID mice. The remarkably high tumor/organ ratios (tumor‐to‐blood 11.2; ‐to‐liver 8.7; ‐to‐pancreas 29.7) enabled high‐contrast tumor delineation in PET images. We conclude that Ga‐68‐TRAP(SDM17)3 holds promise for improved clinical PET diagnostics of carcinomas and fibrosis.
Direct Synthesis of Ammonia from N2 and H2O on Different Iron Species Supported on Carbon Nanotubes using a Gas‐Phase Electrocatalytic Flow Reactor
Authors: Chen Shiming , Perathoner Siglinda , Ampelli Claudio , Wei Hua , Abate Salvatore , Zhang Bingsen , Centi Gabriele
Published: May 2020

Green NH3 production by direct electrocatalytic synthesis from N2 and H2O is still a challenging reaction, which requires us to better understand the nature of the active materials. We show here that iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (supported over carbon nanotubes, CNTs) become more active than the corresponding samples after reduction to form Fe‐ or Fe2N‐supported nanoparticles, both indicated as active species in the thermal catalytic reduction of N2 to ammonia. Characterization data, however, indicate that even for these Fe‐ and Fe2N−CNT samples, obtained from Fe2O3−CNT by reduction in H2 or NH3 at 500 °C, the active species responsible for N2 reduction reaction (NRR) at low applied potential (−0.5 V vs RHE) are the same, that is, small (<1–2 nm) iron oxide nanoparticles that are not detected by XRD, but evidenced by XPS and which amount could be correlated to the rate of ammonia formation. This species is stable for at least 24 h of electrocatalytic flow tests. However, at higher applied potentials, sintering/transformation of this species occurs, with loss of the electrocatalytic activity, and Fe2N nanoparticles may also be reduced in situ, forming ammonia, but with irreversible deactivation.
Bismuth Oxychloride Dispersed on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon as Catalyst for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Subramanian Siddhartha , Chukwuike V. I. , Kulandainathan M. Anbu , Barik Rakesh C.
Published: May 2020

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 has received significant interest for converting CO2 to value added products and closing the carbon cycle. Recent advances through catalyst development have aided in satisfying the requirements of achieving a high product selectivity, activity and long‐term stability. Among various industrially valuable products, formic acid has found numerous applications such asin fuel cells and textile industry. In this work, we report the synthesis of bismuth oxychloride dispersed on nitrogen‐doped carbon through a facile ion adsorption process using bismuth acetate, hydrochloric acid and urea as precursors, and discuss its performance as an electrocatalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate. The results show that bismuth oxychloride dispersed on nitrogen‐doped carbon has good catalytic activity for CO2 reduction to formate in 0.5 M KHCO3, achieving a maximum faradaic efficiency of 84.3 % at −0.87 V versus RHE. The catalyst is found to be stable for 5 h of continuous operation and achieves a turnover frequency of 146.36 h−1.
Trifluorosulfonylation Cascade in Allenols: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Bis(triflyl)enones
Authors: Lázaro‐Milla Carlos , Macicior Jon , Yanai Hikaru , Almendros Pedro
Published: May 2020

Herein, we report investigations embodying the first example of reversal of the native regioselectivity in the reaction of allenols with electrophiles. The effortlessness of C−C bond formation, mild reaction conditions, neither catalysts nor light irradiation, and exquisite selectivity, both in terms of functional‐group tolerance and chemo‐, site‐, and stereo‐selectivity, converts this trifluorosulfonylation‐rearrangement sequence into an appealing protocol for the preparation of novel functionalized enones. The synthetic utility of this method has been validated by the conversion of the initially prepared bis(triflyl)enones into a variety of bis(triflyl)‐functionalized molecules such as 1,3‐dienes, allylic alcohols, pyrroles, pyrazoles, and chromenes. Besides, DFT calculations have provided a reliable understanding of observed selectivity.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed α‐Arylation of Substituted α‐Bromo α‐Fluoro β‐Lactams with Diaryl Zinc Reagents: Generalization to Functionalized Bromo Derivatives
Authors: Lorion Mélanie M. , Koch Vanessa , Nieger Martin , Chen Hi‐Yung , Lei Aiwen , Bräse Stefan , Cossy Janine
Published: May 2020

A cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of α‐bromo α‐fluoro β‐lactams with diarylzinc or diallylzinc reagents is herein disclosed. The protocol proved to be general, chemoselective and operationally simple allowing the C4 functionalization of β‐lactams. The substrate scope was expanded to α‐bromo lactams and amides, α‐bromo lactones and esters as well as N‐ and O‐containing heterocycles.
A Stable Homoleptic Organometallic Iron(IV) Complex
Authors: Prakash Om , Chábera Pavel , Rosemann Nils W. , Huang Ping , Häggström Lennart , Ericsson Tore , Strand Daniel , Persson Petter , Bendix Jesper , Lomoth Reiner , Wärnmark Kenneth
Published: May 2020

A homoleptic organometallic FeIV complex that is stable in both solution and in the solid state at ambient conditions has been synthesized and isolated as [Fe(phtmeimb)2](PF6)2 (phtmeimb=[phenyl(tris(3‐methylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene))borate]−). This FeIV N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex was characterized by 1H NMR, HR‐MS, elemental analysis, scXRD analysis, electrochemistry, Mößbauer spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility. The two latter techniques unequivocally demonstrate that [Fe(phtmeimb)2](PF6)2 is a triplet FeIV low‐spin S=1 complex in the ground state, in agreement with quantum chemical calculations. The electronic absorption spectrum of [Fe(phtmeimb)2](PF6)2 in acetonitrile shows an intense absorption band in the red and near IR, due to LMCT (ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer) excitation. For the first time the excited state dynamics of a FeIV complex was studied and revealed a ≈0.8 ps lifetime of the 3LMCT excited state of [Fe(phtmeimb)2](PF6)2 in acetonitrile.
Palladium(II)‐η3‐Allyl Complexes Bearing N‐Trifluoromethyl N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: A New Generation of Anticancer Agents that Restrain the Growth of High‐Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Tumoroids
Authors: Scattolin Thomas , Bortolamiol Enrica , Visentin Fabiano , Palazzolo Stefano , Caligiuri Isabella , Perin Tiziana , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Demitri Nicola , Rizzolio Flavio , Togni Antonio
Published: May 2020

The first palladium organometallic compounds bearing N‐trifluoromethyl N‐heterocyclic carbenes have been synthesized. These η3‐allyl complexes are potent antiproliferative agents against different cancer lines (for the most part, IC50 values fall in the range 0.02–0.5 μm). By choosing 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA) as co‐ligand, we can improve the selectivity toward tumor cells, whereas the introduction of 2‐methyl substituents generally reduces the antitumor activity slightly. A series of biochemical assays, aimed at defining the cellular targets of these palladium complexes, has shown that mitochondria are damaged before DNA, thus revealing a behavior substantially different from that of cisplatin and its derivatives. We assume that the specific mechanism of action of these organometallic compounds involves nucleophilic attack on the η3‐allyl fragment. The effectiveness of a representative complex, 4 c, was verified on ovarian cancer tumoroids derived from patients. The results are promising: unlike carboplatin, our compound turned out to be very active and showed a low toxicity toward normal liver organoids.
Amphiphilic Organic Cages: Self‐Assembly into Nanotubes and Enhanced Anion‐π Interactions
Authors: Li Zi‐Ying , Li Chuanlong , Li Pan , Zuo Yong , Liu Xiaoning , Xu Shijun , Zou Lingyi , Zhuang Qixin , Gao Shan , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhang Shaodong
Published: May 2020

An amphiphilic organic cage was synthesized and used as self‐assembly synthon for the fabrication of novel functional supramolecular structures in solution. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that this amphiphilic cage self‐assembled in aqueous solution into unilamellar nanotubes with a diameter of 29±4 nm at a concentration of 0.05 mg mL−1. Interestingly, the self‐assembly of this cage significantly enhanced the anion‐π interactions as indicated by a remarkable increasement of association constant (Ka) between Cl− and this amphiphilic cage after self‐assembly. In specific, Ka was increased from 223 M−1 for discrete cages in methanol to 6800 M−1 for aggregated cages after self‐assembly in water at the same concentration of 2.26×10−5 M. A mechanism based on a synergistic effect was proposed in order to explain this self‐assembly process through enhanced anion‐π interactions.