bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3‐D ballistic transport of ellipsoidal volcanic projectiles considering horizontal wind field and variable shape‐dependent drag coefficients
Authors: Bertin Daniel
Published: February 2017

An innovative 3‐D numerical model for the dynamics of volcanic ballistic projectiles is presented here. The model focuses on ellipsoidal particles and improves previous approaches by considering horizontal wind field, virtual mass forces, and drag forces subjected to variable shape‐dependent drag coefficients. Modeling suggests that the projectile's launch velocity and ejection angle are first‐order parameters influencing ballistic trajectories. The projectile's density and minor radius are second‐order factors, whereas both intermediate and major radii of the projectile are of third order. Comparing output parameters, assuming different input data, highlights the importance of considering a horizontal wind field and variable shape‐dependent drag coefficients in ballistic modeling, which suggests that they should be included in every ballistic model. On the other hand, virtual mass forces should be discarded since they almost do not contribute to ballistic trajectories. Simulation results were used to constrain some crucial input parameters (launch velocity, ejection angle, wind speed, and wind azimuth) of the block that formed the biggest and most distal ballistic impact crater during the 1984–1993 eruptive cycle of Lascar volcano, Northern Chile. Subsequently, up to 106 simulations were performed, whereas nine ejection parameters were defined by a Latin‐hypercube sampling approach. Simulation results were summarized as a quantitative probabilistic hazard map for ballistic projectiles. Transects were also done in order to depict aerial hazard zones based on the same probabilistic procedure. Both maps combined can be used as a hazard prevention tool for ground and aerial transits nearby unresting volcanoes.
Upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath eastern and southeastern Tibet: New constraints on the Tengchong intraplate volcano and signatures of detached lithosphere under the western Yangtze Craton
Authors: Zhang Ruiqing , Wu Yan , Gao Zhanyong , Fu Yuanyuan V. , Sun Lian , Wu Qingju , Ding Zhifeng
Published: February 2017

We present new constraints on the upper mantle transition zone structure beneath eastern and southeastern Tibet based on P wave receiver functions for a large broadband data set from two very dense seismic arrays. A clear depression of both the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities is detected west of the Red River fault relative to the east. The correlated topographic variations across the Red River fault are indicative of temperature changes in the upper mantle above the transition zone, which suggests that the fault is a deep‐rooted structure that penetrates into the upper mantle and separates Indochina from South China. West of the Red River fault, the transition zone thickness under the Tengchong volcano is found to be normal compared to the global average. This strongly suggests that the intraplate volcano may originate from slab tearing of the eastward subducting Indian plate at shallow depths in the upper mantle rather than from dehydration of a flattened plate within the transition zone. Our results further show that the 660 km discontinuity is significantly depressed under the western Yangtze Craton and that the transition zone therefore thickens by up to 20 km. This thickening is suggestive of lowered temperatures associated with a remnant of detached lithosphere in response to overlying asthenospheric escape flow in and around the western Yangtze Craton. In addition, we find that the transition zone thickness beneath much of the Sichuan Basin is similar to the global average.
A nonplanar slow rupture episode during the 2000 Miyakejima dike intrusion
Authors: Cattania Camilla , Rivalta Eleonora , Hainzl Sebastian , Passarelli Luigi , Aoki Yosuke
Published: February 2017

Magmatic intrusions release extensional strain in the Earth's crust upon availability of magma. Intrusions are typically accompanied by earthquake swarms and by surface faulting that is often larger than what is expected from the magnitude of the induced earthquakes. The 2000 Miyakejima dike intrusion triggered the largest volcanic earthquake swarm monitored so far, with fiveMl>6 earthquakes. We analyze the seismicity and deformation induced by the Miyakejima dike with the aim of constraining the timescale and mechanisms of slow strain release during the episode. In six earthquake bursts lasting few hours and migrating at ∼1 km h−1we find candidates for slow earthquakes. Each burst nucleated at the tips of previous bursts, suggesting stress interaction. The variability of fault plane solutions indicates that the bursts occurred on a complex system of fractures, consistent with weakly consolidated surface layers strained by spatially inhomogneous stresses that change in time, such as those induced by a dike. Based on dislocation models, we find that deformation is best explained by aseismic slip (in addition to the seismic burst), with a moment 1.3 to 2.3 times larger than the earthquakes' seismic moment, and opening of 0.20 ± 0.07 m on the dike. The aseismic slip occurred over a few hours, with moment, duration, and migration velocity consistent with that of previously observed slow slip events. We argue that the seismic bursts are likely driven by slow slip, sharing most properties with tectonic slow slip events and swarms, but occurring on a set of nonaligned faults.
Gridded anthropogenic emissions inventory and atmospheric transport of carbonyl sulfide in the U.S.
Authors: Zumkehr Andrew , Hilton Timothy W. , Whelan Mary , Smith Steve , Campbell J. Elliott
Published: February 2017

Carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS), the most abundant sulfur‐containing gas in the troposphere, has recently emerged as a potentially important atmospheric tracer for the carbon cycle. Atmospheric inverse modeling studies may be able to use existing tower, airborne, and satellite observations of COS to infer information about photosynthesis. However, such analysis relies on gridded anthropogenic COS source estimates that are largely based on industry activity data from over three decades ago. Here we use updated emission factor data and industry activity data to develop a gridded inventory with a 0.1° resolution for the U.S. domain. The inventory includes the primary anthropogenic COS sources including direct emissions from the coal and aluminum industries as well as indirect sources from industrial carbon disulfide emissions. Compared to the previously published inventory, we found that the total anthropogenic source (direct and indirect) is 47% smaller. Using this new gridded inventory to drive the Sulfur Transport and Deposition Model/Weather Research and Forecasting atmospheric transport model, we found that the anthropogenic contribution to COS variation in the troposphere is small relative to the biosphere influence, which is encouraging for carbon cycle applications in this region. Additional anthropogenic sectors with highly uncertain emission factors require further field measurements.
Thank you to our 2016 peer reviewers
Authors: Hauck Steven A. , Baratoux David , Stanley Sabine
Published: February 2017

Peer review is one of most fundamental aspects of the modern practice of science. As scientists we hold our own work up to scrutiny by experts among our peers in order to encourage the best practices in scientific conduct and communication. Thorough consideration and review by professional colleagues of scientific papers are critical aspects of ensuring that the manuscripts published by JGR‐Planets are accurate, valuable, and clearly communicated. Peer review is an essential element of the process of refining understanding and sharing science, and the effort and expertise shared by each reviewer are crucial to the advancement of planetary science. In 2016, JGR Planets benefited from more than 451 reviews provided by 337 of our peers for papers submitted to the journal. Thank you all for your dedication to advancing planetary science.
Simulation of Short Fatigue Crack Propagation in a 3D Experimental Microstructure
Authors: Proudhon Henry , Li Jia , Ludwig Wolfgang , Roos Arjen , Forest Samuel
Published: February 2017

A three dimensional simulation of short fatigue crack propagation in a polycrystalline microstructure using a crystal plasticity finite element model is carried out. The experimental microstructure which contains several hundreds grains, was obtained via diffraction contrast tomography. A step‐by‐step short fatigue crack growth model based on capturing the plastic activity at the crack tip is used. Technical details are given and discussed in light of the compromise needed to perform such demanding calculations. The crack propagates through several grains and depicts some of the characteristic short crack features observed experimentally in the literature.
Printed Microfluidics
Authors: Dixon Christopher , Lamanna Julian , Wheeler Aaron R.
Published: February 2017

Microfluidics has become an important tool that is useful for a wide range of applications. A drawback for microfluidics is that many of the techniques that are commonly used to fabricate devices are not widely accessible, not scalable to high‐volume manufacturing processes, or both. Recently, a number of printing strategies that were originally developed for other applications have been applied to microfluidic device fabrication. These techniques, which include inkjet printing (IJP), screen printing (SP), and solid wax printing (SWP), are proposed to have a transformative effect on the field. Here microfluidics and printing, are introduced and a list of favorite examples is provided that highlights the accessibility and scalability that the combination is bringing to the field.
Two‐Color Emitting Colloidal Nanocrystals as Single‐Particle Ratiometric Probes of Intracellular pH
Authors: Bruni Francesco , Pedrini Jacopo , Bossio Caterina , Santiago‐Gonzalez Beatriz , Meinardi Francesco , Bae Wan Ki , Klimov Victor I. , Lanzani Guglielmo , Brovelli Sergio
Published: February 2017

Intracellular pH is a key parameter in many biological mechanisms and cell metabolism and is used to detect and monitor cancer formation and brain or heart diseases. pH‐sensing is typically performed by fluorescence microscopy using pH‐responsive dyes. Accuracy is limited by the need for quantifying the absolute emission intensity in living biological samples. An alternative with a higher sensitivity and precision uses probes with a ratiometric response arising from the different pH‐sensitivity of two emission channels of a single emitter. Current ratiometric probes are complex constructs suffering from instability and cross‐readout due to their broad emission spectra. Here, we overcome such limitations using a single‐particle ratiometric pH probe based on dot‐in‐bulk CdSe/CdS nanocrystals (NCs). These nanostructures feature two fully‐separated narrow emissions with different pH sensitivity arising from radiative recombination of core‐ and shell‐localized excitons. The core emission is nearly independent of the pH, whereas the shell luminescence increases in the 3–11 pH range, resulting in a cross‐readout‐free ratiometric response as strong as 600%. In vitro microscopy demonstrates that the ratiometric response in biologic media resembles the precalibralation curve obtained through far‐field titration experiments. The NCs show good biocompatibility, enabling us to monitor in real‐time the pH in living cells.
Rapid Assembly of Large Scale Transparent Circuit Arrays Using PDMS Nanofilm Shaped Coffee Ring
Authors: Li Yiwei , Zhang Weixia , Hu Jiliang , Wang Yachao , Feng Xiaojun , Du Wei , Guo Ming , Liu Bi‐Feng
Published: February 2017

Rapid and precise assembly of functional nanoparticles into well‐defined structures in large scale is motivated by broad fields. In this study, large‐scale transparent conductive circuit arrays are rapidly self‐assembled by simply pipetting a gold nanoparticles suspension onto a PDMS nanofilm patterned substrate with distinct hydrophilic/hydrophobic areas. The solution firstly self‐confines into predefined hydrophilic geometries, followed by assembly of nanoparticles into well‐defined circuits with 1D patterns by coffee ring effect. Submicrometer height and submicrometer‐ to micrometer‐width circuit arrays with various shapes are precisely generated by varying the PDMS nanofilm patterns. Thousands of circuits with different geometries are self‐assembled simultaneously within 1 min. The conductive circuits show good optical transparency up to 95%. After being transferred into PDMS elastomer sheet by encapsulating, the circuits remain highly conductive during bending and stretching. With the advantages of high‐throughput, equipment‐free, scalability, and precise control, this technique will open an avenue for fabricating large‐scale functional materials for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and healthcare devices.
Conception of Stretchable Resistive Memory Devices Based on Nanostructure‐Controlled Carbohydrate‐block‐Polyisoprene Block Copolymers
Authors: Hung Chih‐Chien , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Wu Hung‐Chin , Lu Chien , Bouilhac Cécile , Otsuka Issei , Halila Sami , Borsali Redouane , Tung Shih‐Huang , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: February 2017

It is discovered that the memory‐type behaviors of novel carbohydrate‐block‐polyisoprene (MH‐b‐PI) block copolymers‐based devices, including write‐once‐read‐many‐times, Flash, and dynamic‐random‐access‐memory, can be easily controlled by the self‐assembly nanostructures (vertical cylinder, horizontal cylinder, and order‐packed sphere), in which the MH and PI blocks, respectively, provide the charge‐trapping and stretchable function. With increasing the flexible PI block length, the stretchability of the designed copolymers can be significantly improved up to 100% without forming cracks. Thus, intrinsically stretchable resistive memory devices (polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)/carbon nanotubes(CNTs)/MH‐b‐PI thin film/Al) using the MH‐b‐PI thin film as an active layer is successfully fabricated and that using the MH‐b‐PI12.6k under 100% strain exhibits an excellent ON/OFF current ratio of over 106 (reading at −1 V) with stable V
set around −2 V. Furthermore, the endurance characteristics can be maintained over 500 cycles upon 40% strain. This work establishes and represents a novel avenue for the design of green carbohydrate‐derived and stretchable memory materials.
Slow Photons for Photocatalysis and Photovoltaics
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhao Heng , Wu Min , Van der Schueren Benoit , Li Yu , Deparis Olivier , Ye Jinhua , Ozin Geoffrey A. , Hasan Tawfique , Su Bao‐Lian
Published: February 2017

Solar light is widely recognized as one of the most valuable renewable energy sources for the future. However, the development of solar‐energy technologies is severely hindered by poor energy‐conversion efficiencies due to low optical‐absorption coefficients and low quantum‐conversion yield of current‐generation materials. Huge efforts have been devoted to investigating new strategies to improve the utilization of solar energy. Different chemical and physical strategies have been used to extend the spectral range or increase the conversion efficiency of materials, leading to very promising results. However, these methods have now begun to reach their limits. What is therefore the next big concept that could efficiently be used to enhance light harvesting? Despite its discovery many years ago, with the potential for becoming a powerful tool for enhanced light harvesting, the slow‐photon effect, a manifestation of light‐propagation control due to photonic structures, has largely been overlooked. This review presents theoretical as well as experimental progress on this effect, revealing that the photoreactivity of materials can be dramatically enhanced by exploiting slow photons. It is predicted that successful implementation of this strategy may open a very promising avenue for a broad spectrum of light‐energy‐conversion technologies.
Palladium‐Catalyzed, Silver‐Assisted Direct C‐5–H Arylation of 3‐Substituted 1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Li Shan , Wan Penghui , Ai Jing , Sheng Rong , Hu Yongzhou , Hu Youhong
Published: February 2017

A direct C‐5–H arylation of 3‐substituted 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles with aryl iodides in the presence of a palladium catalyst and silver acetate is reported. This method provides a rapid, reliable way to obtain versatile 3,5‐diaryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole derivatives, which are common moieties of many biologically active molecules. The synthetic applications of this novel method have been demonstrated in the concise syntheses of Ataluren and a potent RET inhibitor Yhhu251.

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Regioselective Hydroxylation of Stilbenes by Engineered Cytochrome P450 from Thermobifida fusca YX
Authors: Rühlmann Ansgar , Antovic Dragutin , Müller Thomas J. J. , Urlacher Vlada B.
Published: February 2017

Since the past decades, the plant stilbenoid resveratrol has gained significant attention of the general public as well as the research community due to its versatile medicinal properties. Apart from resveratrol, there is also an increasing interest in other plant stilbenoids because of their different potential biological activities. In order to meet the increasing demand for stilbenoids, alternative and sustainable approaches for their production are needed. We identified the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 154E1 from Thermobifida fusca YX (CYP154E1) which enables the synthesis of (E)‐4,4′‐dihydroxystilbene via direct double hydroxylation of (E)‐stilbene. The construction of a triple mutant led to a more than six‐fold increased catalytic efficiency compared to the wild type enzyme. CYP154E1 and variants thereof accepted not only (E)‐stilbene but also possessed remarkable activity towards ortho‐ and meta‐substituted hydroxystilbenes leading to resveratrol, (E)‐2,4′‐dihydroxystilbene, (E)‐2,4′,5‐trihydroxystilbene and (E)‐3,4′‐dihydroxystilbene. The combination of protein engineering and the use of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as substrate solubilizing agent resulted in product titers of up to 4.2 g L−1 and enzyme total turnover numbers (TTN) of up to 20,000.

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Cooperative Cation‐Binding Catalysis as an Efficient Approach for Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Indoles and Pyrrole
Authors: Kim Mun Jong , Xue Lu , Liu Yidong , Paladhi Sushovan , Park Si Joon , Yan Hailong , Song Choong Eui
Published: February 2017

In this study, we demonstrated the cooperative cation‐binding catalysis as an efficient approach for enantioselective Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles and pyrroles. By using highly accessible chiral oligoethylene glycol (oligoEG) as the cation‐binding catalyst and KF as the base, a highly enantioselective Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles, 4,7‐dihydroindoles, and pyrrole with bench‐stable α‐amidosulfones as in‐situ equivalents of sensitive imines was achieved. The scope of this new catalytic protocol was not limited to aromatic imines. Heteroaromatic and aliphatic substrates as well as α‐iminoethyl glyoxylate also afforded the desired products with excellent yields and ees. The enforced proximity of the catalyst and substrates in a chiral cage in situ formed by incorporation of the potassium salt enhanced the reactivity and efficiently transferred the stereochemical information, mimicking the action of enzymes.

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Synergistic effect of phosphorus‐containing silane coupling agent with alumina trihydrate in ethylene‐vinyl acetate composites
Authors: Wu Bo , Kong Weibo , Hu Kai , Fu Xiaowei , Lei Jingxin , Zhou Changlin
Published: February 2017

A new interfacial modifier containing silicon and phosphorus has been developed to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA)/alumina trihydrate (ATH) composites. The EVA/ATH composites were prepared via blending EVA pellets with different kinds of ATH particles. The results showed a synergistic effect of phosphorus‐containing silane coupling agent (DOSA) and ATH particles on the flame retardancy of EVA composites. When compared with pure EVA of 19.1, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was increased to 31.4. This was the result of the formation of a charred layer and the enhanced compatibilities between inorganic particles and polymer matrix. The experimental results also showed that the modified ATH particles by using synthesized DOSA led to an increase in mechanical properties. The improvement on the mechanical and thermal properties of EVA composites was mostly attributed to the better dispersion ability of the modified ATH particles in the polymer matrix and a synergistic effect between the DOSA and ATH particles. The char‐formation ability of EVA composites has also been analyzed and the synthesized DOSA has shown a positive effect.
Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Properties of Dithienosiloles Bearing Bulky Aryl Groups: Conjugation between a π‐Electron System and “Perpendicular” Aryl Groups
Authors: Tsurusaki Akihiro , Kobayashi Atsushi , Kyushin Soichiro
Published: February 2017

Dithienosiloles bearing 2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl (Tip) and mesityl (Mes) groups at the 2,6‐positions have been synthesized, and their structures and electronic properties have been examined. X‐ray crystallography showed that the bulky aryl groups have a nearly perpendicular orientation to dithienosilole. In the UV/Vis spectra, the lowest energy absorption bands of these dithienosiloles are shifted bathochromically compared to that of the hydrogen‐substituted analog. Theoretical calculations showed that the electronic effect of the bulky aryl groups can be explained by the σ–π and σ*–π* conjugation between the σ and σ* orbitals of the C−C bonds of the perpendicular benzene rings and the π and π* orbitals of the dithienosilole moiety. Furthermore, these dithienosiloles show intense blue fluorescence with high fluorescence quantum yields, as an effect of the perpendicular bulky aryl groups.
Human grooming in comparative perspective: People in six small‐scale societies groom less but socialize just as much as expected for a typical primate
Authors: Jaeggi Adrian V. , Kramer Karen L. , Hames Raymond , Kiely Evan J. , Gomes Cristina , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael
Published: February 2017

Objectives

Grooming has important utilitarian and social functions in primates but little is known about grooming and its functional analogues in traditional human societies. We compare human grooming to typical primate patterns to test its hygienic and social functions.

Materials and Methods

Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were used to derive expected human grooming time given the potential associations between grooming, group size, body size, terrestriality, and several climatic variables across 69 primate species. This was compared against observed times dedicated to grooming, other hygienic behavior, and conversation among the Maya, Pumé, Sanöma, Tsimane', Yanomamö, and Ye'kwana (mean number of behavioral scans = 23,514).

Results

Expected grooming time for humans was 4% (95% Credible Interval = 0.07%–14%), similar to values observed in primates, based largely on terrestriality and phylogenetic signal (mean λ = 0.56). No other covariates strongly associated with grooming across primates. Observed grooming time across societies was 0.8%, lower than 89% of the expected values. However, the observed times dedicated to any hygienic behavior (3.0%) or “vocal grooming,” that is conversation (7.3%), fell within the expected range.

Conclusions

We found (i) that human grooming may be a (recent) phylogenetic outlier when defined narrowly as parasite removal but not defined broadly as personal hygiene, (ii) there was no support for thermoregulatory functions of grooming, and (iii) no support for the “vocal grooming” hypothesis of language having evolved as a less time‐consuming means of bonding. Thus, human grooming reflects decreased hygienic needs, but similar social needs compared to primate grooming.
Pharmacogenetics of antiepileptic drug efficacy in childhood absence epilepsy
Authors: Glauser Tracy A. , Holland Katherine , O’Brien Valerie P. , Keddache Mehdi , Martin Lisa J. , Clark Peggy O. , Cnaan Avital , Dlugos Dennis , Hirtz Deborah G. , Shinnar Shlomo , Grabowski Gregory ,   for the Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group
Published: February 2017

Objective

To determine whether common polymorphisms in CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNA1I, and ABCB1 are associated with differential short‐term seizure outcome in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE).

Methods

Four hundred forty‐six CAE children in a randomized double‐blind trial of ethosuximide, lamotrigine, and valproate had short‐term seizure outcome determined. Associations between polymorphisms (minor allele frequency ≥ 15%) in 4 genes and seizure outcomes were assessed. In vitro electrophysiology on transfected CACNA1H channels determined impact of 1 variant on T‐type calcium channel responsiveness to ethosuximide.

Results

Eighty percent (357 of 446) of subjects had informative short‐term seizure status (242 seizure free, 115 not seizure free). In ethosuximide subjects, 2 polymorphisms (CACNA1H rs61734410/P640L, CACNA1I rs3747178) appeared more commonly among not–seizure‐free participants (p = 0.011, odds ratio [OR] = 2.63, 95% confidence limits [CL] = 1.25–5.56; p = 0.026, OR = 2.38, 95% CL = 1.11–5.00). In lamotrigine subjects, 1 ABCB1 missense polymorphism (rs2032582/S893A; p = 0.015, OR = 2.22, 95% CL = 1.16–4.17) was more common in not–seizure‐free participants, and 2 CACNA1H polymorphisms (rs2753326, rs2753325) were more common in seizure‐free participants (p = 0.038, OR = 0.52, 95% CL = 0.28–0.96). In valproate subjects, no common polymorphisms were associated with seizure status. In vitro electrophysiological studies showed no effect of the P640L polymorphism on channel physiology in the absence of ethosuximide. Ethosuximide's effect on rate of decay of CaV3.2 was significantly less for P640L channel compared to wild‐type channel.

Interpretation

Four T‐type calcium channel variants and 1 ABCB1 transporter variant were associated with differential drug response in CAE. The in vivo P640L variant's ethosuximide effect was confirmed by in vitro electrophysiological studies. This suggests that genetic variation plays a role in differential CAE drug response. Ann Neurol 2017;81:444–453
A preliminary survey of professionalism teaching practices in anatomy education among Indian Medical Colleges
Authors: Karunakaran Ilavenil , Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Ponniah , Nalinakumari Sheela Das
Published: February 2017

Professionalism and ethics have gained widespread recognition as competencies to be fulfilled, taught, and assessed within medical education. The role of the anatomy course in developed nations has evolved over time and now encompasses multiple domains, including knowledge, skills, and the inculcation of professionalism and ethics. The Medical Council of India recently recommended the integration of professionalism teaching in undergraduate medical curricula. The authors investigated whether the initial orientation lectures and instructions given by faculty at the outset of undergraduate medical anatomy courses throughout India served a “hidden curriculum” regarding professionalism practices, and whether these orientation messages could serve as an early exposure to medical professionalism and ethics for medical students. An online survey was carried out among 102 anatomy faculty members across India requesting details about specific professionalism protocols and instructions regarding behavior in the dissection hall that are routinely given to preclinical students, as well as the importance that they placed on professional behavior. It was found that most faculty members regularly instruct students regarding expected behavior during the anatomy course, including dissection practices. These instructions stress attributes of professionalism like humanism, accountability, and honesty. However, there needs to be a more concentrated effort by educators to prohibit such unprofessional practices like dissection hall photography, and better information is required regarding biomedical waste disposal. Despite the absence of clear guidelines for professionalism teaching in medical education in India, the existing framework of anatomy education provides an opportunity to introduce the concept of professionalism to the first‐year medical student. This opportunity may provide an early foundation for designing a professionalism‐integrated curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 10: 433–443. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Stochastic Point‐to‐Point Iterative Learning Control Based on Stochastic Approximation
Authors: Xu Yun , Shen Dong , Zhang Xiao‐Dong
Published: February 2017

An iterative learning control algorithm with iteration decreasing gain is proposed for stochastic point‐to‐point tracking systems. The almost sure convergence and asymptotic properties of the proposed recursive algorithm are strictly proved. The selection of learning gain matrix is given. An illustrative example shows the effectiveness and asymptotic trajectory properties of the proposed approach.
Aktives Verformen von ausgehärteten Betonelementen zur Herstellung von räumlich gekrümmten Betonflächen
Authors: Kromoser Benjamin , Kollegger Johann
Published: February 2017

Optimiert man die Form eines Betontragwerks entsprechend den Lastpfaden beispielsweise zu einer Schale, so kann das Material Beton, charakterisiert durch eine hohe Druckfestigkeit und vergleichsweise niedrige Zugfestigkeit, bestmöglich ausgenutzt werden. Problematisch dabei ist die Herstellung der Schalung der meist komplexen freigeformten Strukturen. Ein an der TU Wien entwickelter Ansatz zur Reduktion des Her stellungsaufwands für die Schalung von Betonschalen ist, ursprünglich ebene, bewehrte Betonplatten aushärten zu lassen und diese nachträglich zu einfach und/oder zweifach gekrümmten Strukturen zu verformen. Kern des Verfahrens ist der Umformungsprozess, bei dem der ausgehärtete Beton und die Bewehrung in der Lage sein müssen, die großen Verformungen aufzunehmen. Die Verformungseigenschaften von 50 mm dicken Plattenelementen konnten bereits in vorangegangenen Versuchsreihen erforscht werden. Die praktische Anwendbarkeit des Ansatzes konnte an zwei Großversuchen an einer Kugelschale mit 13 m Durchmesser und 3,2 m Höhe und einer freigeformten Betonschale mit 10,8 m x 17,6 m und einer Höhe von 2,9 m jeweils mit 50 mm Dicke erfolgreich getestet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt weiterführende experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Biegetragverhalten von Elementen mit größerer Plattendicke von 100–120 mm und unterschiedlichen Bewehrungstypen für die Anwendung des Bauverfahrens zur Errichtung einer Wildbrücke über eine zweigleisige Bahnstrecke.
Iterative optimization of xylose catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using combinatorial expression tuning
Authors: Latimer Luke N. , Dueber John E.
Published: February 2017

A common challenge in metabolic engineering is rapidly identifying rate‐controlling enzymes in heterologous pathways for subsequent production improvement. We demonstrate a workflow to address this challenge and apply it to improving xylose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For eight reactions required for conversion of xylose to ethanol, we screened enzymes for functional expression in S. cerevisiae, followed by a combinatorial expression analysis to achieve pathway flux balancing and identification of limiting enzymatic activities. In the next round of strain engineering, we increased the copy number of these limiting enzymes and again tested the eight‐enzyme combinatorial expression library in this new background. This workflow yielded a strain that has a ∼70% increase in biomass yield and ∼240% increase in xylose utilization. Finally, we chromosomally integrated the expression library. This library enriched for strains with multiple integrations of the pathway, which likely were the result of tandem integrations mediated by promoter homology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1301–1309. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disrupted brain network functional dynamics and hyper‐correlation of structural and functional connectome topology in patients with breast cancer prior to treatment
Authors: Kesler Shelli R. , Adams Marjorie , Packer Melissa , Rao Vikram , Henneghan Ashley M. , Blayney Douglas W. , Palesh Oxana
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Several previous studies have demonstrated that cancer chemotherapy is associated with brain injury and cognitive dysfunction. However, evidence suggests that cancer pathogenesis alone may play a role, even in non‐CNS cancers.

Methods

Using a multimodal neuroimaging approach, we measured structural and functional connectome topology as well as functional network dynamics in newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer. Our study involved a novel, pretreatment assessment that occurred prior to the initiation of any cancer therapies, including surgery with anesthesia. We enrolled 74 patients with breast cancer age 29–65 and 50 frequency‐matched healthy female controls who underwent anatomic and resting‐state functional MRI as well as cognitive testing.

Results

Compared to controls, patients with breast cancer demonstrated significantly lower functional network dynamics (p = .046) and cognitive functioning (p < .02, corrected). The breast cancer group also showed subtle alterations in structural local clustering and functional local clustering (p < .05, uncorrected) as well as significantly increased correlation between structural global clustering and functional global clustering compared to controls (p = .03). This hyper‐correlation between structural and functional topologies was significantly associated with cognitive dysfunction (p = .005).

Conclusions

Our findings could not be accounted for by psychological distress and suggest that non‐CNS cancer may directly and/or indirectly affect the brain via mechanisms such as tumor‐induced neurogenesis, inflammation, and/or vascular changes, for example. Our results also have broader implications concerning the importance of the balance between structural and functional connectome properties as a potential biomarker of general neurologic deficit.
Anatomical complications of epidural anesthesia: A comprehensive review
Authors: Maddali Prasanthi , Moisi Marc , Page Jeni , Chamiraju Parthasarathi , Fisahn Christian , Oskouian Rod , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: February 2017

Epidural anesthesia is a versatile technique widely used in treating lumbar spinal pain syndromes. Complications during these procedures can arise either from needle placement or from administration of medication. Potential risks include infection, hematoma, intravascular or subdural injections of medication, direct nerve trauma, air embolism, entry into a disc space, urinary retention, radiation exposure, and hypersensitivity reactions. The objective of this article is to review the complications of lumbar epidural injections and discuss the potential pitfalls related to these procedures. We searched Medline comprehensively for relevant case reports, clinical trials, and review articles. Complications from lumbar epidural injections are extremely rare. Most if not all of them can be avoided by careful techniques with accurate needle placement, sterile precautions, and a thorough understanding of the relevant anatomy and contrast patterns on fluoroscopic imaging. Clin. Anat. 30:342–346, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Clinical anatomy of the physical examination of the abdomen: A comprehensive review
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Voin Vlad , Topale Nitsa , Iwanaga Joe , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: February 2017

Physical examination of the abdomen is an essential skill. Knowledge of its clinical anatomy and application is vital for making diagnoses. Misinterpretation of anatomy during examination can have serious consequences. This review addresses understanding of the anatomy, methodology, and complications of abdominal physical examination. It includes particular reference to modern technology and investigations. Physical examination is performed for diagnostic purposes. However, the art of physical examination is declining as more and more clinicians rely on newer technology. This can have regrettable consequences: negligence, waste of time and resources, and deterioration of clinical skills. With a sound knowledge of clinical anatomy, and realization of the importance of physical examination of the abdomen, clinician, and patients alike can benefit. Clin. Anat. 30:352–356, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modular Process Engineering: Development of Apparatuses for Transformable Production Systems
Authors: Lier Stefan , Paul Sarah , Ferdinand Dennis , Grünewald Marcus
Published: February 2017

The process industry faces the challenges of intensified, global competition with increasing market dynamics. Modular, transformable production concepts promise a better adaption to these in the dimensions of throughput, product mix, and production location. In order to unfold the full potential, modularization and transformability have to be carried out not only on the plant and logistics level, but also on the apparatus level. Characteristics like setup and scaling concepts are discussed. Examples for modular apparatuses concerning the process engineering tasks of mixing, heat exchange, reaction and separation are presented and further research needs are derived.
Coronary artery aneurysm after implantation of a bioresorbable vascular scaffold: Case report and literature review
Authors: Chua Su‐Kiat , Cheng Jun‐Jack
Published: February 2017

A 55‐year‐old man underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention for the middle left circumflex artery with a 3.5 × 28‐mm bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS). At 18 months, follow‐up coronary angiography showed ectatic change with aneurysm formation over the BVS. Optical coherence tomography revealed absence of strut continuity at the aneurysm site, in the middle of the BVS. A literature review identified nine patients with intrascaffold aneurysm, including the present patient, which developed 6–32 months after BVS implantation. Of these nine patients, four underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion. The pathogenesis of coronary artery aneurysm is multifactorial. Most patients receive no further intervention, but long‐term dual antiplatelet therapy is sometimes prescribed in conjunction with regular follow‐up. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A delayed presentation of homozygous protein C deficiency in a series of children: a report on two molecular defects
Authors: Baothman Abdullah A. , AlSobhi Enaam , Khayat Hassan A. , Alsulami Raed E. , Alkahtani Abdulaziz S. , Al‐Thobyani Abdelraheem A. , Marzouk Yousef I. , Abdelaal Mohammad A.
Published: February 2017

Key Clinical Message

Pediatric emergency visits with purpura fulminans should raise the suspicion of hereditary homozygous protein C deficiency even beyond the neonatal age. The absence of this classical finding does not role the diagnosis out as atypical presentation with isolated intraocular bleeding was observed. Premarital counseling should be offered when family history suggests.
Laparoscopic splenopancreatectomy for an endocrine tumor with cystic changes: a case report
Authors: Izumi Hideki , Yazawa Naoki , Furukawa Daisuke , Masuoka Yoshihito , Yamada Misuzu , Mashiko Taro , Kawashima Yohei , Ogawa Masami , Kawaguchi Yoshiaki , Mine Tetsuya , Hirabayashi Kenichi , Nakagohri Toshio
Published: February 2017

Key Clinical Message

The biological behavior of a cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasm is less aggressive than that of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, and its prognosis is better. Limited surgery should be considered for cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms that are not accompanied preoperatively by lymph node or distant metastasis.
Selective Reductions of N,N‐Bis{chloro(aryl)‐phosphino}‐amines Yielding Three‐, Five‐, Six‐, and Eight‐Membered Cyclic Azaphosphanes
Authors: Höhne Martha , Joksch Markus , Konieczny Katharina , Müller Bernd H. , Spannenberg Anke , Peulecke Normen , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: February 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Uwe Rosenthal at the University of Rostock. The image depicts an abstract presentation of the formation of cyclic compounds. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201605836.
Psychosexual development and satisfaction in long‐term survivors of childhood cancer: Neurotoxic treatment intensity as a risk indicator
Authors: Lehmann Vicky , Tuinman Marrit A. , Keim Madelaine C. , Winning Adrien M. , Olshefski Randal S. , Bajwa Rajinder P. S. , Hagedoorn Mariët , Gerhardt Cynthia A.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Risk factors for impairment in psychosexual development and satisfaction among adult survivors of childhood cancer are poorly understood. The authors compared psychosexual outcomes between survivors and healthy controls, and tested whether at‐risk survivors can be identified by 1) treatment neurotoxicity or 2) diagnosis.

METHODS

A total of 144 young adult survivors of childhood cancer and 144 matched controls completed questionnaires regarding psychosexual development, sexual satisfaction, and satisfaction with relationship status. Survivors were aged 20 to 40 years and were 5 to 34 years after diagnosis. Using medical chart data, survivors were divided into non‐neurotoxic (48 survivors), low‐dose (36 survivors), and high‐dose (58 survivors) neurotoxic treatment groups.

RESULTS

Apart from having fewer lifetime sex partners, survivors did not appear to differ from controls. However, survivors of brain tumors and any survivor who received high‐dose neurotoxic treatment reported the lowest rates of achieving milestones of psychosexual development, whereas sexual and relationship status satisfaction were found to be related to relationship status. Neurotoxic treatment intensity further distinguished between survivors of brain tumors with and without psychosexual impairment.

CONCLUSIONS

The intensity of neurotoxic treatment may be a valuable indicator of risk for psychosexual impairment relative to diagnosis alone. Health care providers should assess romantic/sexual problems among survivors at risk and make referrals if needed. Cancer 2017;123:1869–1876. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
A Robust Hybrid of SnO2 Nanoparticles Sheathed by N‐Doped Carbon Derived from ZIF‐8 as Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Dong‐Hui , Zhou Xianlong , Zhong Ming , Zhou Zhen , Bu Xian‐He
Published: February 2017

A stable structure is critical for SnO2‐based materials to achieve high performance as anodes for lithium‐ion batteries because of the huge volume change during cycling. Herein, to address this issue, a hybrid of SnO2 nanoparticles implanted into porous N‐doped carbon frameworks with rich voids was fabricated via facile pyrolysis of a kind of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, ZIF‐8, and vapor deposition of tetraphenyltin. This rationally designed material could effectively prevent the structural degradation due to the expansion and contraction during cycling, and exhibited remarkable Li storage performance. This anode material delivered a high reversible capacity of 1029.2 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and 445.0 mA h g−1 at a high rate of 5000 mA g−1, as well as stable cyclic performance of 667.1 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. Importantly, the well‐defined architecture of the hybrid was retained after long charge/discharge cycles.
Planar Anthracene–Acetylene Frameworks as a Stereogenic Motif
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Ikeda Hiroshi , Iwanaga Tetsuo
Published: February 2017

Planar and rigid frameworks that consist of two 1,8‐substituted anthracene units and two acetylene linkers were utilized as key structures for the generation of stereoisomers through the introduction of extra substituents. These compounds were synthesized from 1,8‐substituted anthracene building units by a combination of coupling reactions. We designed diastereomers, enantiomers, and topomers by modifying the combination of the two linkers and the number of substituents at sterically crowded intraannular positions. The molecular structures, stereochemistry, and properties of these compounds were investigated by means of spectroscopic techniques and theoretical calculations. A prochiral cyclic dimer with one extraannular substituent was designed to generate a stereochemical phenomenon in two dimensions. Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements revealed that the molecules formed a self‐assembled monolayer at the liquid–solid interface in a conglomerate‐type manner. The scope and potential of the macrocyclic frameworks in studies of π‐conjugated compounds are presented.
High‐Performance Supported Iridium Oxohydroxide Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts
Authors: Massué Cyriac , Pfeifer Verena , Huang Xing , Noack Johannes , Tarasov Andrey , Cap Sébastien , Schlögl Robert
Published: February 2017

The synthesis of a highly active and yet stable electrocatalyst for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a major challenge for acidic water splitting on an industrial scale. To address this challenge, we obtained an outstanding high‐performance OER catalyst by loading Ir on conductive antimony‐doped tin oxide (ATO)‐nanoparticles by a microwave (MW)‐assisted hydrothermal route. The obtained Ir phase was identified by using XRD as amorphous (XRD‐amorphous), highly hydrated IrIII/IV oxohydroxide. To identify chemical and structural features responsible for the high activity and exceptional stability under acidic OER conditions with loadings as low as 20 μgIr cm−2, we used stepwise thermal treatment to gradually alter the XRD‐amorphous Ir phase by dehydroxylation and crystallization of IrO2. This resulted in dramatic depletion of OER performance, indicating that the outstanding electrocatalytic properties of the MW‐produced IrIII/IV oxohydroxide are prominently linked to the nature of the produced Ir phase. This finding is in contrast with the often reported stable but poor OER performance of crystalline IrO2‐based compounds produced through more classical calcination routes. Our investigation demonstrates the immense potential of Ir oxohydroxide‐based OER electrocatalysts for stable high‐current water electrolysis under acidic conditions.
Porous Zirconium–Furandicarboxylate Microspheres for Efficient Redox Conversion of Biofuranics
Authors: Li Hu , Liu Xiaofang , Yang Tingting , Zhao Wenfeng , Saravanamurugan Shunmugavel , Yang Song
Published: February 2017

Biofuranic compounds, typically derived from C5 and C6 carbohydrates, have been extensively studied as promising alternatives to chemicals based on fossil resources. The present work reports the simple assembly of biobased 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) with different metal ions to prepare a range of metal–FDCA hybrids under hydrothermal conditions. The hybrid materials were demonstrated to have porous structure and acid–base bifunctionality. Zr‐FDCA‐T, in particular, showed a microspheric structure, high thermostability (ca. 400 °C), average pore diameters of approximately 4.7 nm, large density, moderate strength of Lewis‐base/acid centers (ca. 1.4 mmol g−1), and a small number of Brønsted‐acid sites. This material afforded almost quantitative yields of biofuranic alcohols from the corresponding aldehydes under mild conditions through catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH). Isotopic 1H NMR spectroscopy and kinetic studies verified that direct hydride transfer was the dominant pathway and rate‐determining step of the CTH. Importantly, the Zr‐FDCA‐T microspheres could be recycled with no decrease in catalytic performance and little leaching of active sites. Moreover, good yields of C5 (i.e., furfural) or C4 products [i.e., maleic acid and 2(5H)‐furanone] could be obtained from furfuryl alcohol without oxidation of the furan ring over these metal–FDCA hybrids. The content and ratio of Lewis‐acid/base sites were demonstrated to dominantly affect the catalytic performance of these redox reactions.