bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature Internal Sterilization of Medical Plastic Tubes Using a Linear Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Authors: Eto Hiroyuki , Ono Yoshihito , Ogino Akihisa , Nagatsu Masaaki
Published: February 2008

The use of a linear DBD for the internal sterilization of thin plastic tubes used in medical facilities is studied. We demonstrated that flexible, long, linear DBD plasmas were produced with a diameter of 0.2–3 mm and a length longer than 1 m. The internal sterilization experiments of medical plastic tubes were carried out using a thin, linear DBD. We confirmed that 106 Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores were killed inside the tube at room temperature after 12 min DBD irradiation under atmospheric conditions. The sterilization was attributed to UV radiation of the nitrogen molecules' second positive system, the ozone generated in the air, and/or their synergetic effect.

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Proteomic approaches for discovery of new targets for vaccine and therapeutics against visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Kumari Shraddha , Kumar Awanish , Samant Mukesh , Sundar Shyam , Singh Neeloo , Dube Anuradha
Published: February 2008

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most devastating type caused by Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania chagasi. The therapeutic mainstay is still based on the antiquated pentavalent antimonial against which resistance is now increasing. Unfortunately, due to the digenetic life cycle of parasite, there is significant antigenic diversity. There is an urgent need to develop novel drug/vaccine targets against VL for which the primary goal should be to identify and characterize the structural and functional proteins. Proteomics, being widely employed in the study of Leishmania seems to be a suitable strategy as the availability of annotated sequenced genome of Leishmania major has opened the door for dissection of both protein expression/regulation and function. Advances in clinical proteomic technologies have enable to enhance our mechanistic understanding of virulence/pathogenicity/host–pathogen interactions, drug resistance thereby defining novel therapeutic/vaccine targets. Expression proteomics exploits the differential expression of leishmanial proteins as biomarkers for application towards early diagnosis. Further using immunoproteomics efforts were also focused on evaluating responses to define parasite T‐cell epitopes as vaccine/diagnostic targets. This review has highlighted some of the relevant developments in the rapidly emerging field of leishmanial proteomics and focus on its future applications in drug and vaccine discovery against VL.
Proteomics of human cerebral microdialysate: From detection of biomarkers to clinical application
Authors: Maurer Martin H. , Haux Daniel , Unterberg Andreas W. , Sakowitz Oliver W.
Published: February 2008

Cerebral microdialysis is applied in clinical neurology and neurosurgery as monitoring tool in patients to evaluate the progression of severe diseases, such as stroke or trauma. Besides small molecules, e.g. metabolites and neurotransmitters, also the macromolecules, such as proteins and larger chemical compounds cross the dialysis membrane of the catheters implanted into the human brain parenchyma. Microdialysis can be used to extract molecules from the extracellular space of the brain in vivo, but additionally to deliver drugs, since the exchange is dependent on concentration gradients. Cerebral microdialysis may also be useful in the prediction of the clinical onset of symptoms, based on changes in the composition of pre‐symptomatic microdialysate. For example, symptomatic vasospasm, which is a complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage, may be predicted by the combination of cerebral microdialysis and a proteomics approach. We will introduce the basic concepts of cerebral microdialysis, discuss possible clinical applications, and evaluate the application of proteomic approaches. With regard to technological aspects, we describe two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, high‐pressure liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. With regard to clinical aspects, we discuss ethics, feasibility, time‐course, and therapeutic options. In conclusion, proteomics of cerebral microdialysate may be used for diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic intervention of neurological patients.
Type 2 diabetes: Gaining insight into the disease process using proteomics
Authors: Maris Michael , Overbergh Lut , Mathieu Chantal
Published: February 2008

The incidence of diabetes mellitus is growing rapidly, with an increasing disease related morbidity and mortality. This is caused by macro‐ and microvascular complications, as a consequence of the often late diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but especially by the difficulties to control glucose homeostasis due to the progressive nature of the disease. T2D is moreover a dual disease, with components of beta‐cell failure and components of insulin resistance in peripheral organs, such as liver, fat, and muscle. Understanding the pathogenesis of the disease by gaining insight into the molecular pathways involved in both phenomena is one of the major assets of proteomic approaches. Moreover, proteomics and peptidomics may provide us with robust biomarkers for beta‐cell failure, insulin resistance in pheripheral organs, but also for the development of diabetic complications. This review focuses on the knowledge gained by use of proteomic and peptidomic techniques in the study of the pathophysiology of T2D and in the attempts to discover new therapeutic targets.
Evolved glyphosate‐resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt
Authors: Powles Stephen B
Published: February 2008

Glyphosate is the world's most important herbicide, with many uses that deliver effective and sustained control of a wide spectrum of unwanted (weedy) plant species. Until recently there were relatively few reports of weedy plant species evolving resistance to glyphosate. Since 1996, the advent and subsequent high adoption of transgenic glyphosate‐resistant crops in the Americas has meant unprecedented and often exclusive use of glyphosate for weed control over very large areas. Consequently, in regions of the USA where transgenic glyphosate‐resistant crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate‐resistant populations of the economically damaging weed species Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Amaranthus palmeri S Watson, Amaranthus rudis JD Sauer, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) JD Sauer and various Conyza and Lolium spp. Likewise, in areas of transgenic glyphosate‐resistant crops in Argentina and Brazil, there are now evolved glyphosate‐resistant populations of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers and Euphorbia heterophylla L. respectively. As transgenic glyphosate‐resistant crops will remain very popular with producers, it is anticipated that glyphosate‐resistant biotypes of other prominent weed species will evolve over the next few years. Therefore, evolved glyphosate‐resistant weeds are a major risk for the continued success of glyphosate and transgenic glyphosate‐resistant crops. However, glyphosate‐resistant weeds are not yet a problem in many parts of the world, and lessons can be learnt and actions taken to achieve glyphosate sustainability. A major lesson is that maintenance of diversity in weed management systems is crucial for glyphosate to be sustainable. Glyphosate is essential for present and future world food production, and action to secure its sustainability for future generations is a global imperative. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Features of self‐organization in nanostructuring PVD coatings on a base of polyvalent metal nitrides under severe tribological conditions
Authors: Kovalev A. , Wainstein D. , Fox‐Rabinovich G. , Veldhuis S. , Yamamoto K.
Published: February 2008

Applications of quaternary nitride nanomultilayered coatings result in a significant improvement in tool life as well as wear behavior of ball nose end mills under conditions of high‐speed machining of hardened steels. Features of self‐organization in the nanostructuring monolayer (Al67Ti33)N and nanolaminate multilayer (AlCrTi)N/(CrN, WN or NbN) physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings have been investigated under severe frictional conditions associated with high temperatures and stresses, which are typical for high‐speed cutting (HSC). Structure and phase transformations on wear surface have been studied using XPS. Wear behavior of the coating has been investigated under severe conditions of HSC of 1040 steel. Results show that the enhancement of nonequilibrium processes during friction leads to a dominating formation of protective triboceramics on the basis of sapphire‐like and tungsten and niobium polyvalent oxides with the structure that improves the wear performance critically. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations of SiC semiconductor nanoinclusions formed by sequential ion implantation and annealing in thermally oxidized Si
Authors: Wainstein Dmitry , Kovalev Anatoly , Tetelbaum David , Mikhaylov Alexey , Belov Alexey
Published: February 2008

The methods of X‐ray photoelectron and extended electron energy loss fine structure (EELFS) spectroscopy were used for the investigation of phase composition and structure of SiO2 layer implanted sequentially by Si+ (energy of 100 keV, dose of 7 × 1016 cm−2) and C+ (energy of 50 keV, dose of 7 × 1016 cm−2) ions and postannealed at 1000 or 1100 °C (2 h). The SiSi and SiC bonds in carbide (SiC) nanoinclusions and CC bonds of sp3 type in carbon inclusions are identified. The concentration of dangling bonds significantly decreases with elevation of annealing temperature. The distribution of SiC nanoinclusions at 1100 °C annealing corresponds to the distribution of implanted atoms, whereas sp3‐C phase is distributed nearly homogeneously over the implanted layer. The ratio of SiC to sp3‐C quantities is lower when intermediate annealing at 1100 °C is provided after Si+ implantation. The local atomic structure near the surface is determined from the EELFS. The experimental results demonstrate the physical basis of white photoluminescence, originating from the SiC nanocrystals, diamond‐like carbon particles, matrix, and interfacial defects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ni + Mo composite coatings for hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Panek J. , Budniok A.
Published: February 2008

Composite Ni + Mo coatings were obtained by electrodeposition of Ni with Mo particles on a steel substrate from the nickel bath in which metallic Mo powder was suspended by stirring. Deposits were characterized by the presence of Mo particles embedded into the crystalline nickel matrix. Incorporation of metallic powder into electrolytic nickel matrix causes an increase in the real surface area of deposits.

The composite coatings obtained were tested as electrode materials for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an alkaline environment. Electrochemical characterization of the composites was carried out by steady‐state polarization method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. It was ascertained, that Ni + Mo coatings are characterized by enhanced electrochemical activity for this process, which was confirmed by considerable decrease in the hydrogen evolution overpotential at the current density of 100 mA cm−2 − η100, by a nearly 170–260 mV compared to nickel electrode. Exchange current density j0 increases with the increase in Mo content in the coatings.

Based on the results of EIS measurements, the rate constants of the HER for Ni and Ni + 44%Mo coatings were determined. The calculated values of surface roughness factor Rf allowed also to evaluate the influence of the real surface area on the electrocatalytic performance of these materials in an alkaline environment. It was stated that the improvement of the electrocatalytic performance of Ni + Mo composite coatings could be attributed to the increase in their real surface area as well as to the synergetic effect of molybdenum with the nickel matrix, as Ni/Mo materials are considered in literature, typical electrocatalysts for the HER. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption dynamics and kinetics of CO2 on Fe/FeOx nanoclusters supported on HOPG
Authors: Kadossov E. , Burghaus U.
Published: February 2008

The adsorption dynamics and kinetics of CO2 on FeOx clusters have been studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and molecular beam scattering. According to AES data, even at good vacuum conditions, the vapor‐deposited Fe clusters oxidize readily. An ensemble of metallic and oxidized Fe clusters form. Three structures at 120 K, 160 K, and 500 K are seen in CO2 TDS, which are assigned to physisorbed CO2 and carbonate decomposition. The latter structure is only present for large Fe exposures, χFe. The initial adsorption probabilities, S0, decrease with increasing impact energy. S0 increases with adsorption temperature, Ts, which is discussed in the framework of the capture‐zone model (CZM). Small effects of the cluster size on the initial adsorption probabilities, S0, as well as its coverage dependence, S(Θ), have been seen. The coverage dependence of the adsorption probabilities obeys the Kisliuk precursor model, as predicted by the CZM. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive deposition of TiNx layers in a DC‐magnetron discharge
Authors: Wrehde Stefan , Quaas Marion , Bogdanowicz Robert , Steffen Hartmut , Wulff Harm , Hippler Rainer
Published: February 2008

TiNx layers have been deposited in ‘balanced mode’ and ‘unbalanced mode’ of a reactive DC‐magnetron plasma (carrier gas argon, reactive gas nitrogen) under different conditions. Discharge power and reactive gas flow have been varied. The layers have been examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray reflectometry (XR), and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The results of the layer analyses were combined with plasma investigations carried out by means of energy resolved mass spectrometry under the same conditions. By this method, it is possible to obtain a comprehensive view on the fundamentals of layer deposition, especially on the influence of the ions on the layer properties.

Results show that the operation mode of the magnetron has a significant influence on the titanium deposition rate and the incorporation of nitrogen into the layers. The increased energy influx to the growing film in unbalanced mode results in a higher titanium deposition rate despite the lower number of sputtered particles. It also leads to an enhanced nitrogen insertion, since stoichiometric TiN could only be deposited in unbalanced mode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin black layers on aluminum substrate—electrochemical synthesis and characterization
Authors: Anicai Liana , Pertache Andreea , Visan Teodor
Published: February 2008

The article presents some preliminary experimental results dealing with electrochemical synthesis and morphological, optical characterization of various types of black layers onto Al substrates, involving both inorganic metallic salts of nickel, molybdenum, and conducting polymers, respectively, polypyrrole layers. The article discusses a new procedure for direct electrodeposition of black Ni, black layers based on Mo compounds during a cathodic process as well as black composite polypyrrole films during anodic oxidation that involves an initial anodizing in nitric acid electrolyte that proved to offer a very good adherence of the metal then plated on Al surfaces. Al surface morphology evolution against applied c.d. and duration during initial anodizing was also investigated, by SEM technique. The obtained black layers are characterized by a good throwing power, homogeneity, smoothness, and adherence. Also, black layers formed by a.c. electrochemical coloring in Ag‐ and Ni‐based solutions are discussed. Optical characterization has been also performed to evaluate their solar absorptance and thermal emittance coefficients and a comparative evaluation is presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entrapment of Enzymes and Carbon Nanotubes in Biologically Synthesized Silica: Glucose Oxidase‐Catalyzed Direct Electron Transfer
Authors: Ivnitski Dmitri , Artyushkova Kateryna , Rincón Rosalba A. , Atanassov Plamen , Luckarift Heather R. , Johnson Glenn R.
Published: February 2008

This work demonstrates a new approach for building bioinorganic interfaces by integrating biologically derived silica with single‐walled carbon nanotubes to create a conductive matrix for immobilization of enzymes. Such a strategy not only allows simple integration into biodevices but presents an opportunity to intimately interface an enzyme and manifest direct electron transfer features. Biologically synthesized silica/carbon nanotube/enzyme composites are evaluated electrochemically and characterized by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Voltammetry of the composites displayed stable oxidation and reduction peaks at an optimal potential close to that of the FAD/FADH2 cofactor of immobilized glucose oxidase. The immobilized enzyme is stable for a period of one month and retains catalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose. It is demonstrated that the resulting composite can be successfully integrated into functional bioelectrodes for biosensor and biofuel cell applications.
Multilevel determinants of subsequent FDI in China
Authors: Luo Lai‐jun , Luo Yu‐ze , Liu Chang
Published: February 2008

Among developing countries, China is the world's largest foreign direct investment (FDI) destination. A significant portion of the FDI in China comes from multinational corporations' (MNCs) subsequent investments of retained earnings or additional capital contribution. However, the characteristics of MNCs' subsequent investment have not been systematically studied. This study attempts to examine MNCs' subsequent investment in China both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, the study approaches three levels of determinants: firm, location, and international, within an integrated model. Empirically, the study considers whether origin, experience, initial location, and other related factors significantly affect subsequent investment of MNCs after their initial entry into the Chinese market. Through empirical analyses, this study identifies some statistically significant factors around MNCs' subsequent investment decisions in China. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing knowledge transfer in international alliances
Authors: Inkpen Andrew C.
Published: February 2008

Although managing knowledge assets is critical for firm success, organizational knowledge is hard to capture, transfer, and make useable. Because knowledge is embedded in organizational structures, processes, procedures, and routines, it is not easy to separate knowledge from the context in which it has been created. In addition, when knowledge is highly tacit, it is difficult to transfer without moving the people who have the knowledge. Thus, even though many studies have argued that the ability to transfer knowledge is a primary source for a firm's competitive advantage, relatively little is known about how to transfer knowledge within and across organizational boundaries. This article explores organizational knowledge transfer and illustrates the discussion with two cases of successful knowledge transfer. Two related and fundamental premises anchor the article: (1) knowledge‐transfer effectiveness can be actively managed and improved upon and (2) it is possible to design organizational strategies and structures to support and enhance knowledge sharing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community YouthMapping: Female youth voices through empowerment and workforce preparation
Authors: Zedan Shoroke H.
Published: February 2008

Because of poverty, many girls and young women throughout Egypt neglect their education in order to marry early, help in the fields, gain immediate employment, or carry out domestic labor to meet family needs. In Egypt, the Academy for Educational Development's Community YouthMapping (CYM) has been structured to provide a solid foundation for a systemic approach to education reform. CYM focuses on changing communities' perceptions and behavior through its youth and mechanisms to develop transferable skills to those who have traditionally been marginalized during afterschool time.
Amplifying youth voices in the developing world
Authors: Fotenos Saori , Rohatgi Deepti
Published: February 2008

Low‐literacy youth in the slums of Brazil have been historically unequipped to share their ideas on how to improve their lives, because outside of the spoken word, it is difficult for them to express their thoughts persuasively. The Amplifying Voices afterschool video program piloted at Projeto Uerê in Rio de Janeiro shows that youth can leverage technological tools to voice their perspectives on social issues relevant to themselves and their communities.
Montreal youth use their voice to transform their lives and prevent violence in their communities: A discussion of the Leave Out Violence program
Authors: Lekes Natasha
Published: February 2008

In Montreal, the Leave Out Violence (LOVE) program uses professional journalists, photographers, and LOVE staff to equip young people with tools to develop and express their voices. Youth who have experienced violence, as perpetrators, victims, or witnesses, engage in photojournalism projects, leadership training, and community outreach.
Grassroot Soccer resiliency pilot program: Building resiliency through sport‐based education in Zambia and South Africa
Authors: Peacock‐Villada Paola , DeCelles Jeff , Banda Peter S.
Published: February 2008

Grassroot Soccer designed a curriculum and sport‐based teaching model to build resiliency, targeting boys and girls in Lusaka, Zambia, and Johannesburg, South Africa, where most children are reminded daily of the devastation caused by AIDS and where many face chronic and acute hardship. The activities that were created were designed to resonate with youths' interests in sport while teaching boys and girls between ten and eighteen years of age skills to build resiliency and prevent infection of HIV.
Density regulation in the Mediterranean leaf‐toed gecko Euleptes europaea
Authors: Salvidio Sebastiano , Oneto Fabrizio
Published: February 2008

Isolated populations are particularly prone to extinction, and understanding their temporal dynamics is relevant for conservation and management. In this study, the abundance of a population of the nocturnal leaf‐toed gecko Euleptes europaea was estimated by mark‐recapture over a 12‐year period in northwest Italy. Simulation tests showed the presence of density‐dependence, and autoregressive analyses indicated that direct density dependence was responsible for a large part of the variation in population growth rates. Density‐dependent recruitment was suggested as the main demographic mechanism controlling population dynamics, which was also affected by solar radiation measured during the active gecko season. These results may contribute to implement conservation strategies in other small and isolated leaf‐toed gecko populations.
Financial analysis of circumferential fusion versus posterior-only with thoracic pedicle screw constructs for main thoracic idiopathic curves between 70° and 100°
Authors: Luhmann Scott J. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Kim Yongjung J. , Bridwell Keith H. , Schootman Mario
Published: February 2008

Purpose

Reports on thoracic pedicle screw (TPS) constructs have demonstrated their safety and efficacy; however, concerns exist regarding their increased cost. This is a review of adolescents with main thoracic scoliosis surgically treated with anterior release and posterior fusion or posterior fusion only. The objectives were to compare the radiographic outcomes and financial data of two surgical treatments: anterior/posterior spinal fusion (APSF) versus posterior spinal fusion (PSF-TPS) alone with TPSs, in patients with large 70–100° main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) curves.

Methods

We identified 43 patients with main thoracic Lenke type 1–4 AIS curves between 70 and 100° who had been treated with either APSF or PSF-TPS.

Results

Both groups had equivalent radiographic corrections postoperatively. The PSF-TPS group patients had higher implant charges, but the APSF group had higher surgeon procedural charges, operating room charges, anesthesia charges, and inpatient room charges. Total charges were $75,295 for the APSF group and $71,236 for the PSF-TPS group ( P > 0.05). Analyses of two subgroups of the APSF group, anterior release via thoracotomy versus VATS and same-day versus staged surgeries, failed to change any of the above findings.

Conclusion

Based on this financial analysis, there was no statistically significant differences between the APSF and PSF-TPS groups, with equivalent radiographic corrections.
Pain prevalence and characteristics in three Dutch residential homes
Authors: Boerlage Anneke A. , van Dijk Monique , Stronks Dirk L. , de Wit Rianne , van der Rijt Carin C.D.
Published: February 2008

Background: In Anglo‐Saxon countries, high prevalence rates of pain have been reported for elderly living in nursing homes, residential homes and for community‐dwelling elderly. No information on pain prevalence is available for elderly living in Dutch residential homes.

Methods: We performed an explorative study on pain prevalence, characteristics and treatment in three residential homes in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Residents were interviewed using a standardized pain questionnaire.

Results: The overall prevalence of pain was 69%. In case of pain, it was chronic in 93% of residents. Present pain and mean pain during the preceding week were substantial (numeric rating scale ≥4) in 68% and 85% of residents, respectively. Of the residents with pain, 22% did not receive any analgesics and only 3% was prescribed a strong opioid. When analgesics were prescribed, they were given only ‘as needed’ in 31% of residents. In a majority of residents, pain interfered with daily living and mood. Almost 60% of the elderly was convinced that pain is a part of ageing, 70% indicated that they did not always report their pain to the caregivers. Thirty‐seven percent was satisfied with the caregivers’ and 39% with the doctors’ attention towards pain.

Conclusions: The pain prevalence rate in Dutch residential homes is similar to rates found in other Anglo‐Saxon countries. Furthermore, they are also comparable to rates reported from European nursing homes. Pain treatment is insufficient and although pain interferes with daily activities and mood, elderly tend to accept pain as an unavoidable part of aging.
AtGRX4, an Arabidopsis chloroplastic monothiol glutaredoxin, is able to suppress yeast grx5 mutant phenotypes and respond to oxidative stress
Authors: Cheng Ning-Hui
Published: February 2008

Arabidopsis monothiol glutaredoxin (Grx), AtGRX4, was targeted to chloroplasts/plastids and had high similarity to yeast Grx5. In yeast expression assays, AtGRX4 localized to the mitochondria and suppressed the sensitivity of grx5 cells to oxidants. In addition, AtGRX4 reduced iron accumulation and rescued the lysine auxotrophy of grx5 cells. In planta, AtGRX4 RNA transcripts accumulated in growing tissues. Furthermore, AtGRX4expression was altered under various stresses. Genetic analysis revealed that seedlings of atgrx4 mutants were sensitive to oxidants. Taken together, these results suggest that AtGRX4 may have important functions in plant growth and development under extreme environments.
Is Voting Contagious? Evidence from Two Field Experiments
Authors: NICKERSON DAVID W.
Published: February 2008

Members of the same household share similar voting behaviors on average, but how much of this correlation can be attributed to the behavior of the other person in the household? Disentangling and isolating the unique effects of peer behavior, selection processes, and congruent interests is a challenge for all studies of interpersonal influence. This study proposes and utilizes a carefully designed placebo-controlled experimental protocol to overcome this identification problem. During a face-to-face canvassing experiment targeting households with two registered voters, residents who answered the door were exposed to either a Get Out the Vote message (treatment) or a recycling pitch (placebo). The turnout of the person in the household not answering the door allows for contagion to be measured. Both experiments find that 60% of the propensity to vote is passed onto the other member of the household. This finding suggests a mechanism by which civic participation norms are adopted and couples grow more similar over time.
Resisting the Global in Buddhist Nationalism: Venerable Soma's Discourse of Decline and Reform
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C.
Published: February 2008

This article examines Buddhist nationalism as an effort to resist the intrusion of globalizing forces into local religious and cultural heritage. By analyzing the discourse, persona, and life of Venerable Gangodawila Soma (1948–2003), a renowned and controversial Buddhist monk from Sri Lanka, the author demonstrates that Buddhist nationalism is largely a discursive formation that affirms an essential relationship between Buddhism and nation over against external forces that threaten their existence. A charismatic and skillful preacher, Venerable Soma employed a variety of media to reverse the perceived decline of Buddhism and the nation in the face of what he saw as immoral and hostile interests—including corrupt politicians, Tamil separatists, Evangelical Christians, and nongovernmental organizations. Venerable Soma's discourse, which privileges local forms of knowledge and morality, shows how globalization stimulates both new possibilities and new contradictions in contemporary forms of Buddhist nationalism.
Worry for the Dai Nation: Sipsongpannā, Chinese Modernity, and the Problems of Buddhist Modernism
Authors: Borchert Thomas
Published: February 2008

Over the last thirty years or so, there has been a broad consensus about what constitutes modern forms of Theravāda Buddhism. “Buddhist modernism,” as it has been called, has been marked by an understanding of the Buddha's thought as in accord with scientific rationalism; increased lay participation, particularly in meditation practice and leadership of the Buddhist community; and increased participation by women in the leadership of the Sangha. In this paper, I call into question the universality of these forms by examining a contemporary Theravāda Buddhist community in southwest China, where Buddhism is best understood within the context of the modern governance practices of the Chinese state. Buddhists of the region describe their knowledge and practices not in terms of scientific rationality, for example, but within the ethnic categories of the Chinese state. I suggest that instead of understanding modern forms of Buddhism as a natural response to modernity, scholars should pay attention to how Buddhist institutions shift within the context of modern forms of state power.
Tribe, Diaspora, and Sainthood in Afghan History
Authors: Green Nile
Published: February 2008

Before the founding of the state of Afghanistan in the eighteenth century, the main centers of political and cultural gravity for the Pashtuns lay in India, where numerous Pashtuns migrated in pursuit of commerce and soldiery. Amid the cosmopolitan pressures of India and its alternative models of self-knowledge and affiliation, Pashtun elites elaborated a distinct idiom of “Afghan” identity. With the Afghans' absorption into the Mughal Empire, earlier patterns of accommodation to the Indian environment were overturned through the writing of history, whereby the Afghan past and present were carefully mapped through the organizing principle of genealogy. While the Afghan religious world was being reshaped by the impact of empire, in response, tales of expressly Afghan saints served to tribalize the ties of Islam. With the decline of Mughal power, the collective “Afghan” identity of the diaspora was transmitted to the new Afghan state, where the relationship of this tribal template of Afghan authenticity to the non-Pashtun peoples of Afghanistan remains the defining controversy of national identity.
Muslim Cosmopolitans? Transnational Life in Northern Pakistan
Authors: Marsden Magnus
Published: February 2008

This article explores the importance of transnational forms of Muslim cultural identity in northern Pakistan. By documenting the dynamism of a transnational form of Muslim identity that encompasses people belonging to a wide range of ethnic communities and Islamic doctrinal traditions, as well as extending across countries whose Muslim peoples have experienced the differential effects of their incorporation into both the Soviet Union and British India, the author seeks to challenge the work of Islam specialists who emphasize the centrality of “globalizing modernity” to the making of contemporary forms of Muslim identity. In contrast, this article builds on historical accounts of premodern forms of Muslim cosmopolitanism, notably Engseng Ho's study of Hadrami Muslim scholars who saw themselves as active creators of a universal world structured around the transregional ideals of their faith in the expansive Indian Ocean trading world. Building on this and other work on cosmopolitanism, the author documents the ways in which older experiences of mobility in this politically sensitive region of the world influence villagers' present-day engagements with globalizing processes. The ethnographic focus is on the ways in which Sunni and Shi'a Ismai'li Chitrali Muslims interacted with refugees into their region from Afghanistan and Tajikistan between 1979 and 2002, a time when both countries were experiencing violent civil and international conflict.
MESURER LE CONTINU, DANS LA TRADITION ARABE DES LIVRES V ET X DES ÉLÉMENTS
Authors: MILED MAROUANE BEN
Published: February 2008

In order to find positive solutions for third-degree equations, which he did not know how to solve for roots, ‘Umar al-Khayyām proceeds by the intersections of conic sections. The representation of an algebraic equation by a geometrical curve is made possible by the choices of units of measure for lengths, surfaces, and volumes. These units allow a numerical quantity to be associated with a geometrical magnitude. Is there a trace of this unit in the mathematicians to whom al-Khayyām refers directly in his Algebra? How does this unit enable the measurement of quantities and rational and irrational relations? We find answers to these questions in the commentaries to Books V and X of the Elements.
AL-FĀRĀBĪ'S KITĀB AL-ḤURŪF AND HIS ANALYSIS OF THE SENSES OF BEING
Authors: MENN STEPHEN
Published: February 2008

Al-Fārābī, in the Kitāb
al-Ḥurūf, is apparently the first person to maintain that existence, in one of its senses, is a second-order concept [ma‘qūl thānī]. As he interprets Metaphysics Δ7, ‘‘being'' [mawjūd] has two meanings, second-order ‘‘being as truth'' (including existence as well as propositional truth), and first-order ‘‘being as divided into the categories.'' The paronymous form of the Arabic word ‘‘mawjūd'' suggests that things exist through some existence [wujūd] distinct from their essences: for al-Kindī, God is such a wujūd of all things. Against this, al-Fārābī argues that existence as divided into the categories is real but identical with the essence of the existing thing, and that existence as truth is extrinsic to the essence but non-real (being merely the fact that some concept is instantiated). The Ḥurūf tries to reconstruct the logical syntax of syncategorematic or transcendental concepts such as being, which are often expressed in misleading grammatical forms. Al-Fārābī thinks that Greek more appropriately expressed many such concepts, including being, by particles rather than nouns or verbs; he takes Metaphysics Δ to be discussing the meanings of such particles (comparable to the logical constants of an ideal language), and he takes these concepts to demarcate the domain of metaphysics. This explains how al-Fārābī's title can mean both ‘‘Book of Particles'' and ‘‘Aristotle's Metaphysics.''
The Statistics of the Thermal Motion of the Atoms in TEM Imaging
Authors: A Rother , H Lichte , T Gemming
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
The Calculation of Inelastic Electron Scattering in TEM within Second
Order QED Perturbation Theory
Authors: Rother A
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Chemical Patterning and Chemical Contrast Imaging with the Tip of an
Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Schimmel T
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007.
Imaging Magnetic Nanostructures by Resonant X-Ray Holography
Authors: Eisebitt S
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Measurement of Carbon Layer Thickness with EPMA and the Thin Film
Analysis Software STRATAGem
Authors: Galbert F
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Structural Investigation of a Layered Carbon Nitride Polymer by Electron
Diffraction Combined with Powder X-ray Diffraction, NMR and Theoretical
Calculations
Authors: Döblinger M , Lotsch B V , Oeckler O , Schnick W , Seyfarth L , Sehnert J , Senker J
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Evaluation of Frozen Phonons Models for Multislice Calculation of
TDS
Authors: Biskupek J , Chuvilin A , Kaiser U
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Increase of the Mean Inner Coulomb Potential of Au in Au Clusters Induced
by Surface Tension
Authors: Popescu R , Müller E , Gerthsen D , Wanner M , Böttcher A , Löffler D , Weis P , Schowalter M , Rosenauer A
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Cryo- Electron Tomography of Vitreous Sections of Epidermal
Desmosomes
Authors: Al-Amoudi A , Frangakis A
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Stereological Methods Applied To Quantification Of Gold Particle
Labelling
Authors: Lucocq J M
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Modern Analytical Electron Microscopical Methods for Confirmation of
Previously Suspected – Morphologically Established – Ultrastructural
Diagnosis of an “Inflammatory Myopathy” in Human Skeletal Muscle Tissue:
“Macrophagic Myofasciitis”.
Authors: Muss W , Zellmann E , Jonas L
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Cell Attachment Side in vitro.
Description of a new Method
Authors: Pütz N , Mestres P
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Adhesion of Ignicoccus to Surfaces: Electron Microscopy Studies,
Identification and in-vitro Expression of the corresponding 'Flagellin'
Gene
Authors: Menzel T , Meyer C , Müller D , Deutzmann R , Huber H , Wirth R , Rachel R
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Conductance Imaging of Cell-Cell Contacts with Scanning Ion Conductance
Microscopy (SICM)
Authors: Böcker M , Engbert A , Schäffer T E
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Rapid Diagnostic Thin Section Electron Microscopy
Authors: Laue M , Bannert N , Mestres P
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Correlation between Cell Substrate Impedance and Attachment and Spreading
of Cells Growing on Artificial Surfaces. Scanning Electron Microscopy
Studies
Authors: Morguet A , Pütz N , Mestres P , Heras S García Gómez de las
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Advantages of Study of Amber Fossils with Ionization Detector in Variable
Pressure SEM
Authors: Nedela V , Weyda F , Cernoch P
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Characterization of the Microstructure of Al-rich TiAl-Alloys by Combined
TEM Imaging Techniques
Authors: Kelm K , Irsen S , Paninski M , Drevermann A , Schmitz G J , Palm M , Stein F , Engberding N , Heilmaier M , Saage H , Sturm D
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Study of oxide precipitates in PM 2000 steel
Authors: Klimenkov M , Lindau R , Möslang A
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Characterization of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Cold Deformed Brass
Alloy (CuZn37) Using EBSD
Authors: Nissen J , Gall S , Reimers W
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Twinning in Clathrate-II Germanium
Authors: Ramlau R
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Composition Analysis of Ternary Semiconductors by Combined Application of
Conventional TEM and HRTEM
Authors: Häusler I , Kirmse H , Neumann W
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Mapping Grain Boundary Potentials by Inline Electron Holography
Authors: Koch C T , Rahmati B , Aken P A van , Rühle M , Bäurer M , Hoffmann M
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Microstructure of Sol-Gel deposited La1 xSrxCoO3-£_ Thin Films
Authors: Dieterle L , Bach D , Schneider R , Störmer H , Gerthsen D , Peters C , Weber A , Ivers-Tiffée E , Guntow U
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Stress, strain and electric field calculation for dislocations and their
contrast under two-beam conditions: implementation in Matlab
Authors: Eibl O , Peranio N
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
EBSD-Analysis of Nanoparticles Embedded in High-Tc
Superconductors
Authors: Koblischka-Veneva A , Koblischka M R , Mücklich F , Babu N H , Cardwell D A
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Electron Diffraction (50keV) on BaTiO3 Single Crystals: Phase Transition
at 120 C
Authors: Wall A
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Quantitative EELS Analysis of Niobium Oxides
Authors: Bach D , Störmer H , Schneider R , Gerthsen D
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Real Structures and Structural Modifications of Ag2+xSe Thin
Films
Authors: Kienle L , Duppel V , Mogwitz B , Korte C , Kreutzbruck M v , Janek J
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
TEM investigation of sputtered and epitaxial grown indium oxide layers
for ozone sensors
Authors: Kups T , Wang C , Gubisch M , Spiess L , Ambacher O
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
TEM and SEM characterizations of Aligned ZnO Nanorods on Si
Substrates
Authors: Liu F , Jäger W , Zhang X , Zeng Y , Zhu L , Ye Z
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7-δ/SrTiO3/BaZrO3 Multilayer Films on MgO
Substrates
Authors: Mi S B , Jia C L , Faley M I , Poppe U , Urban K
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
High-resolution TEM and diffraction study of layer stacking and
long-period undulations in the incommensurate misfit layer compound
(PbS)1.14NbS2
Authors: Spiecker E , Gabrecht M , Dieker C , Jäger W , Dahmen U
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Measurement of the ratio of substitutional to interstitial
dopant-incorporation in nanostructures
Authors: Niermann T , Mai D , Zenneck J , Roever M , Malindretos J , Rizzi A , Seibt M
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
STEM, EDXS and EFTEM Investigations of Sn-Pd and Co-Ni Nanoparticles with
Core-Shell Structures
Authors: Häussler D , Jäger W , Liu F , Rechberger W , Hofer F , Zhang X B
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Chemical Analysis of Tungsten Tips by EDX Line Scan Tomography
Authors: Saghi Z , Xu X , Peng Y , Inkson B J , Möbus G
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Electrospun Nanofibers of High Performance Electret Polymers
Authors: Lovera D , Bilbao C , Altstädt V , Schmidt H W , Giesa R
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Investigation of Electric Fields and Lattice Distortions in
Ferroelectrics by means of High-Resolution TEM and Electron
Holography
Authors: Geiger D , Rother A , Matzeck C , Lichte H , Gemming S , Chaplygin I
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
SEM-EBSD, EDX and HRTEM Observation of the Microstructure in
Nd35Co20Fe30Al10B5 and Nd40Co15Fe30Al10C5 Alloys
Authors: Hung L T , Schulze S , Falke M , Dan N H , Vong V , Hietschold M
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007
Coating of Aluminum Particles with Tin Deposits in Their Self-Convective
Motion by DC Sputtering
Authors: Sonoda T , Katou K , Asahina T
Published: February 2008

Extended abstract of a paper presented at MC 2007, 33rd DGE Conference
in Saarbrücken, Germany, September 2 – September 7, 2007