bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potentiometrische Untersuchungen des [Ag(NH3)2]+‐Komplexes
Authors: Matejec R.
Published: October 2023

Das System Ag+‐Ionen/Halogenionen/NH3 wurde in wässriger Lösung potentiometrisch untersucht. In Übereinstimmung mit den Literaturangaben zeigen die Messungen, daß in der wässrigen Lösung praktisch nur der Komplex [Ag1(NH3)2]+ vorliegt; Komplexe von anderer stöchiometrischer Zusammensetzung mußten (falls überhaupt in der Lösung vorhanden) unterhalb der Erfassungsgrenze des angewendeten Verfahrens liegen.

Im Gegensatz zu den Angaben der älteren Literatur kann man aus den potentiometrischen Ergebnissen herleiten, daß bei hohen NH3‐Konzentrationen oberhalb eines Tripelpunktes ebenfalls der Komplex [Ag1(NH3)2]+‐und nicht etwa der Komplex [Ag1(NH3)2]+X auskristallisiert. Das feste [Ag1(NH3)2]+‐Halogenid enthält wahrscheinlich 2 Mole H2O.

Aus den Meßergebnissen lassen sich die Komplexkonstanten und die Sättigungskonzentrationen der [Ag1(NH3)2]+‐Halogenide für verschiedene Temperaturen berechnen. Zahlenwerte für die Bildungsenthalpie des gelosten Komplexes werden hergeleitet.
Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit von Jodkristallen bei der Kondensation aus dem Dampf
Authors: Franke G. , Heyer H.
Published: October 2023

Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit einzelner (111)‐ und (001)‐Flächen von Jodkristallen wurde beim Wachstum aus dem reinen Dampf bei 0 °C und Übersättigungen: zwischen 0,4 und 10% gemessen. Für ungestört wachsende Flachen war die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit dem Quadrat der Übersättigung proportional, für gestört wachsende Flachen wurde ein linearer Zusammenhang gefunden.
Über das Nachleuchten des Wassers. I. Qualitative Ergebnisse und Temperaturabhängigkeit beim Wasser und bei Alkalihalogenidlösungen
Authors: Stauff J. , Balzer D. , Esser A. , Ostrowski J.
Published: October 2023

Mit der Methode der zeitlich und räumlich getrennten Bestrahlung und Beobachtung findet man beim Wasser ein Nachleuchten nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen. Wird das Wasser gleichzeitig mit seinem Glasbehälter bestrahlt, tritt in jedem Fall ein Nachleuchten auf, wird es allein bestrahlt, kann dieser Effekt nur in Gegenwart bestimmter Elektrolyte beobachtet werden.

Bei den Alkalihalogeniden erreicht der Nachleuchteffekt bei Li+ und F− seine größte Intensität, bei J− und SCN− ist er Null; die anderen lonen ordnen sich entsprechend der Hofmeisterschen lyotropen Reihe. Anregungs‐ und Emissionsspektren konnten bei LiCl und KF‐Lösungen in groben Umrissen bestimmt werden, die Anregungswellenlängen sind, obwohl im gleichen Bereich (250–350 mμ), bei beiden Salzen verschieden, die Emission zeigt bei beiden gleiche Banden bei etwa 425 und 510 mμ.

Die Abklingkinetik ist in alien Fällen von 2. Ordnung, die Intensität ist der Salzkonzentration direkt proportional; im Falle des reinen Wassers nimmt sie bei Vergrößerung der Glasoberfläche zu. In allen Fallen nimmt die Intensität mit fallender Temperatur zu, bei reinem Wasser tritt zwischen 4–6 °C und 0 °C ein anomal starker Anstieg auf.
Die Reaktion von 0‐Atomen mit Methan, Chloroform und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff
Authors: Froben F. W.
Published: October 2023

In einem schnellen Strömungssystem werden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten (bei 300°K) der Reaktionen 0 + CH 0 + CHCl, und 0 + CCl, durch ESR zu 4·108,1.5 · 109 und 1.5 · 108 cm3 mol−1 sec−1 bestimmt.

Die Kondensation der Produkte an einem Kühlfinger im ESR‐Hohlraumresonator ergibt Radikale, die bei 77°K beständig sind.
Thermischer Zerfall gasförmiger Alkalihalogenide
Authors: Hartig R. , Olschewski H. A. , Troe J. , Wagner H. G.
Published: October 2023

Die thermische Dissoziation der gasförmigen Alkalichloride NaCl, KCl und CsCl im Trägergas Argon wurde hinter reflektierten Stoßwellen untersucht. Der Reaktionsablauf wurde an Hand der UV‐Absorption der zerfallenden Halogenide bei Wellenlängen zwischen 2200 und 3500 Å sowie der Emission im Sichtbaren der gebildeten Alkaliatome verfolgt. Die Abhängigkeiten der Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit von Temperatur und Druck sowie die Natur der Reaktionsprodukte wurde in den folgenden Bereichen bestimmt: 2300 < T < 4800 °K, 7 · 10−6 ≤ [Ar] ≤ 10−3 mol/cm3. An Hand der Messungen wird die Frage diskutiert, ob die Reaktion trotz kleiner Wechselwirkung der beteiligten ionischen und homöopolaren Elektronenzustände adiabatisch zu Atomen oder nichtadiabatisch zu den Ionen abläuft.
Energieübertragung bei mehratomigen Molekülen mit hohen Energieniveaudichten
Authors: Nikitin E. E. , Kohlmaier G. H.
Published: October 2023

Die Anwendung der Landau‐Teller‐Theorie auf mehratomige Moleküle mit hohen Energieniveaudichten führt zu keiner Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Resultaten. In der üblichen Vorstellung wird das mehratomige Molekül als System entkoppelter Oszillatoren der Normalschwingungen betrachtet. Hier wird vorgeschlagen, das Molekül in nullter Näherung als eine harmonische Kette zu behandeln, deren einzelne Kettenelemente den Bindungen des Moleküls entsprechen. Die Dynamik der Auslenkung eines Kettenelementes kann durch einen gedämpften Oszillator beschrieben werden. Auf den gedämpften Oszillator wirkt außer einer vom Stoß verursachten Kraft noch eine weitere Kraft, welche die Anharmonizität berücksichtigt. Mit dieser Modellvorstellung erhält man größere Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten als bei der Landau‐Teller‐Theorie, im Sinne einer besseren experimentellen Übereinstimmung.
Innermolekulare Umwandlung von “vibronischen Zuständen” einfacher aromatischer Moleküle
Authors: Kemper H. , Stockburger M.
Published: October 2023

Aus der Feinstruktur der optischen Emissionsspektren von Benzol, Toluol und Naphthalin im Druckbereich von 0,1 bis 2 Torr konnten wir Aussagen über die innere Umwandlung von Schwingungszuständen angeregter Singulettzustände machen. Bei Naphthalin ergibt sich für diesen Prozeß eine Übergangsrate 1. Ordnung ku, die wesentlich größer ist als die Fluoreszenzrate kF. Im Falle von Benzol ist jedoch ku << kF. Die Umwandlung kann durch Stöße induziert werden. Bei Benzol zeigte sich, daß jeder gaskinetische Stoß mit einem anderen Benzolmolekül zur Umwandlung führt. Unterhalb von 2 Torr ist im Falle von Benzol die stoßinduzierte Umwandlung der vorherrschende Prozeß und erst bei höheren Drucken macht sich die Übertragung von Schwingungsenergie auf andere Moleküle bemerkbar.
Die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Elektronenspektren von kationischen Acridinfarbstoffen
Authors: Lang H. , Löber G.
Published: October 2023

Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, die Theorie über die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der Elektronenspektren zur Bestimmung von Dipolmomenten im ersten angeregten Singulettzustand auf die Farbsalze verschiedener Acridinderivate zu übertragen. Das für Aminoacridinkationen nur wenig positivierte Ringstickstoffatom (≈ +0,28) bietet kaum einen Angriffspunkt zur komplexen Solvensbindung, so daß die Voraussetzungen der Theorie als annähernd erfüllt betrachtet werden können.

Für die symmetrisch substituierten Verbindungen 3,6‐Diaminoacridin (Proflavin), 3,6‐Diamino‐10‐methylacridin (Trypaflavin) und 9‐Aminoacridin mit C2v‐Symmetrie ergeben sich keine Dipolmomentänderungen nach erfolgter Lichtabsorption. Ihre Wechselwirkungen mit den Lösungsmittelmolekülen werden vorwiegend durch Dispersionskräfte verursacht. 3‐Aminoacridin und 3,6‐Bis‐dimethylamino‐10‐äthylacridin (N‐Äthylacridinorange) treten zusätzlich noch in Dipolwechselwirkung mit dem umgebenden Medium. Beide Verbindungen besitzen die Molekülsymmetrie Cs, N‐Äthylacridinorange bedingt durch die sterisch behinderte Rotation der Äthylgruppe. Ihr Dipolmoment im ersten angeregten Singulettzustand ist kleiner als im Grundzustand.
Über den Einfluß der Längsdiffusion auf die Kinetik der Ammoniakbildung
Authors: Brill R. , Hensel J. , Schaefer H.
Published: October 2023

Der Einfluß der Rückdiffusion des Reaktionsproduktes auf die Kinetik der Ammoniaksynthese wird für eine enge, lange (6 mm Durchmesser) sowie für eine weite, flache (24 mm Durchmesser) Katalysatorschüttung untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß im engen, langen Bett die Rückdiffusion zu vernachlässigen ist und die kinetischen Messungen mit der entsprechenden integrierten Geschwindigkeitsgleichung auszuwerten sind. Im flachen, weiten Bett dagegen ist unter gewissen Bedingungen die Rückdiffusion so schnell, daß ein fast vollständiger Konzentrationsausgleich über den Katalysator stattfindet. Messungen in dieser Anordnung sind am zweckmäßigsten wie die in einem gradientlosen Rückflußreaktor auszuwerten.
IR‐reflexionsspektroskopische Untersuchungen der Wechselwirkungen von gasförmigem NO und NOCl mit Metalloxidoberflächen. I
Authors: Kortüm G. , Quabeck H.
Published: October 2023

Mit Hilfe der Reflexionsspektroskopie im nahen Infrarot konnten die Reaktionen von gasförmigem NO und NOQ mit den Oberflächen von pulverförmigem Kieselgel, Al2O3, Crack‐Katalysator (SiO2‐Al2O3), MgO und CaO weitgehend geklärt werden. NO erwies sich wegen seiner Elektronen‐Donator‐ und Acceptoreigenschaften als besonders geeignetes Adsorptiv zur Klärung der Oberflächenzustände der Oxide. Außerdem erleichterte die Kenntnis der Adsorbatspektren NO + Oxid zum Teil wesentlich die Deutung der Spektren des an den Oxiden adsorbierten NOCL Im Teil I dieser Arbeit wird über die Adsorption von NO berichtet. Bei alien Oxiden wurden mittlere Banden bei etwa 2250 cm−1 beobachtet, die beim Kieselgel, beim Al2O3 und beim Crack‐Katalysator durch Wechselwirkung des NO mit gespannten Sauerstoffbrücken der Oberfläche unter Bildung von Me‐O− und Me•...NO+ gedeutet wurden und beim kubischen MgO und CaO auf eine Wechselwirkung mit Me2+O2– –Gruppen der Oberfläche zurückgeführt wurden. Außerdem wurden beim Al2O3 und beim Crack‐Katalysator noch längerwellige Banden beobachtet, die auf die Bindung des NO an ein Lewis‐saures Al‐Atom der Oberfläche schließen ließen.
Oxydationskinetik von Kupfer im Temperaturbereich von 300 °C bis 600 °C an Hand gleichzeitiger Gewichts‐ und Suszeptibilitätsmessungen
Authors: Heller Johannes
Published: October 2023

Es wird eine empfindliche Waage beschrieben, die gleichzeitig kontinuierliche Messung von Gewicht und magnetischer Suszeptibilität ermöglicht. Messungen dieser Größen an oxydierenden Kupferblechen führen auf folgende Vorstellungen: In der ersten Phase des Oxydationsvorganges bestehen die Schichten praktisch aus Cu2O. Die Bildung von CuO erscheint gehemmt, da sowohl das Wachstum von CuO an der Phasengrenze zum Gasraum als auch eine Umwandlung von Cu2O in CuO langsam gegen das Wachstum von Cu2O sind. Wird diese Umwandlung mit dem Schichtwachstum vergleichbar schnell, so setzt die Bildung einer geschlossenen Deckschicht von CuO ein. Von nun an liegen zwei Schichten aus Cu2O und CuO übereinander, deren Dickenverhältnis bei wachsender Gesamtschicht einem bestimmten, von Temperatur und Druck abhängigen Grenzwert zustrebt. In diesem letzten Stadium konstanter Schichtzusammensetzung gehorcht der Oxydationsvorgang einem parabolischen Zeitgesetz.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung kurzlebiger Zwischenprodukte der NO‐Reduktion in wäßriger Lösung
Authors: Grätzel M. , Taniguchi S. , Henglein A.
Published: October 2023

Das hydratisierte Elektron und das H‐Atom reagieren mit NO zu NO−bzw. HNO. DerpK‐Wert von HNO wurde zu 4,7 bestimmt. NO−reagiert mit NO zu N2O2−mitk= 1,7 ± 109M−1s−1± N2O2−absorbiert maximal bei 3800 Å mit η = 3,3 ± 103M−1cm−1. Die Konstante des Gleichgewichts

magnified image

beträgt 3,5 ± 10−5M. DerpK‐Wert von HN2O2→ H++ N2O2−ist gleich 3,5. Die Konstante des Gleichgewichts

magnified image

beträgt 5,8 · 10−4M. N2O2−reagiert mit NO zu N3O3−mitk= 4,9 · 106M−1s−1. N3O3−absorbiert maximal bei 3800 Å mit η = 4,0 · 103M−1cm−1. DerpK‐Wert von HN3O3· H++ N3O3−beträgt 3,1. N3O3−zerfällt in N2O + NO2−mitk= 87 s−1, HN3O3in N2O + HNO2mitk= 4600 s−1.

Es wird ferner ein Übersichtsschema über diese und die in drei vorangegangenen Untersuchungen gefundenen kurzlebigen Stickstoffoxide und Stickstoffsäuren gegeben.
Einfluß der Molekülform auf die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften binärer organischer Nichtelektrolytsysteme unpolarer Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Höpfner A. , Kreibich Ursula T. , Schäfer Kl.
Published: October 2023

Die Form und Symmetrie der Moleküle beeinflussen wesentlich die Anordnung der Komponenten in der flüssigen Mischung und damit auch ihre thermodynamischen Eigenschaften. Um Aussagen darüber treffen zu können, geht man am besten von einfach gebauten Ver‐bindungen etwa gleicher Größe und voraussichtlich kleiner Mischungswärme aus. Die niedrigen, gesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffe erscheinen in diesem Zusammenhang besonders geeignet.

Die Messungen der Gesamtdampfdrucke liefern eine große Zahl thermodynamischer Daten wie Aktivitätskoeffizienten und Exzeßfunktionen, aus deren Größe man den Einfluß des Strukturtyps entnehmen kann. Zunächst wurden Mischungen dipolfreier Komponenten bei 13 verschiedenen Temperaturen im Bereich von 20°C bis – 55°C untersucht, nämlich die Systeme: Neopentan – n‐Pentan Neopentan – Tetramethylsilan n‐Butan – n‐Hexan.
Durchstanztragverhalten von stahlfaserverstärkten Flachdecken mit Bügeln
Authors: Faustmann Sören , Fischer Oliver
Published: October 2023

Um durchstanzgefährdete Bereiche zu verstärken, werden meist Durchstanzbewehrungssysteme wie Bügel oder Doppelkopfanker verwendet. Eine Alternative dazu bietet der Einsatz von Stahlfaserbeton, wodurch ähnliche Traglaststeigerungen wie mit Bügeln erreicht werden können. In den aktuellen deutschen Regelwerken ist ein kombinierter Einsatz von Stahlfaserbeton und Durchstanzbewehrung aufgrund mangelnder experimenteller Daten zur Validierung eines Bemessungsansatzes noch ausgeschlossen. Sowohl in Model Code 2010 als auch im Anhang L der nächsten Generation des Eurocode 2 finden sich dagegen bereits Bemessungsansätze, die Stahlfasern und Durchstanzbewehrung additiv berücksichtigen. Die Eignung dieser Ansätze hinsichtlich Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit konnte jedoch aufgrund fehlender experimenteller Ergebnisse bisher nicht ausreichend validiert werden. Um die bestehende Lücke zu schließen, wurden durch den Lehrstuhl für Massivbau der Technischen Universität München (TUM) nach ersten positiven Erkenntnissen aus Tastversuchen insgesamt acht großformatige Durchstanzversuche mit kombinierter Bewehrung (Bügel, Stahlfasern) durchgeführt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Aufbau, Durchführung und die wesentlichen Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse dieser experimentellen Untersuchungen beschrieben und eingehend diskutiert.
Intelligent neuromarketing framework for consumers' preference prediction from electroencephalography signals and eye tracking
Authors: Mashrur Fazla Rabbi , Rahman Khandoker Mahmudur , Miya Mohammad Tohidul Islam , Vaidyanathan Ravi , Anwar Syed Ferhat , Sarker Farhana , Mamun Khondaker A.
Published: October 2023

Neuromarketing uses brain‐computer interface technology to understand customer preferences in response to marketing stimuli. Every year, marketing professionals spend over $750 Billion (US dollars) on traditional marketing, which is usually behavioral and subjective, focusing on self‐reports acquired via questionnaires, focus groups, and depth interviews. Neuromarketing, on the other hand, promises to overcome such limitations. This work proposes a machine learning framework that incorporates multiple components (endorsement, offer, and slogan) in real advertisement to predict consumer preference from electroencephalography (EEG) signals. In addition, we also use eye‐tracking data to visualize consumer viewing patterns according to both advertisement type and preference. EEG signals are collected from 22 healthy volunteers while viewing the real ads as stimuli. After preprocessing the signals, three‐domain features are extracted (time, frequency, and time‐frequency). Then, using wrapper‐based approaches we choose best features which are later classified into strong and weak preferences using the support vector machine. The experimental results demonstrate the best performance using all the frontal channels with an accuracy of 96.97%, sensitivity of 96.30%, and specificity of 97.44%. Additionally, eye tracking data reveals that subjects substantially prefer an ad, when they first glance at the endorsement. In addition, people tend to blink their eyes less frequently while viewing ads with endorsements and strongly prefer these commercials too. Additionally, our work lays the door for deploying such a neuromarketing framework in a real‐world context by employing consumer‐grade EEG equipment. Therefore, it is evident that neuromarketing technology may assist brands and companies in accurately predicting future customer preferences.
Regulation of HeLa cell proliferation and apoptosis by bovine lactoferrin
Authors: Shu Xingfu , Su Jinxian , Zhao Yu , Liu Chun , Chen Yao , Ma Xiaomei , Wang Zifan , Bai Jialin , Zhang Haixia , Ma Zhongren
Published: October 2023

Cervical cancer is one of the foremost common cancers in women. Lactoferrin (LF) has many biological functions, such as antitumor. This study aimed to explore the regulatory effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer HeLa cells and to clarify the potential mechanism of action of bLF against HeLa cells. This study used CCK‐8, Trypan blue staining, and colony formation assays to verify the effect of bLF on HeLa cell proliferation. Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining, AO/EB staining, and western blotting were used to determine the effects of bLF on apoptosis and autophagy in HeLa cells. We discovered that bLF significantly reduced the proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner compared to the control group. Furthermore, bLF primarily induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by increasing the expression of the proapoptotic proteins p53, Bax, and Cleaved‐caspase‐3 and downregulating the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2. In addition, the present study also showed that bLF treatment significantly activated autophagy‐related proteins LC3B‐II and Beclin I and down regulated the autophagosome transporter protein p62, indicating that bLF treatment can induce autophagy in HeLa cells. After pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3‐MA, which markedly found that autophagy inhibition by 3‐MA reversed bLF‐induced apoptosis, indicating that bLF can induce apoptosis by activating intracellular autophagy in HeLa cells. In the present study, our results support the theory of bLF significantly inhibited the proliferation of Hela cells by promoting apoptosis and reinforcing autophagy. The study will play an important role in therapying cervical cancer.
Photocatalyzed Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation Between Glycerol and Electron‐Deficient Olefins
Authors: El‐Chami Kassem , Madsen Robert
Published: October 2023

Glycerol is produced in large quantities as a co‐product in the manufacturing of biodiesel and has received relatively little attention as a substrate for carbon−carbon bond‐forming reactions. In this work, the photocatalyzed reaction between glycerol and electron‐deficient olefins is investigated to regioselectively insert an alkyl group at C2 in the triol. The results show that the transformation is highly dependent on the nature of the photocatalyst and the olefin. In the presence of an iridium catalyst and quinuclidine, glycerol can be coupled at C2 with sterically unhindered acrylates. In the presence of tetrabutylammonium decatungstate, glycerol can be reacted with fumaronitrile, N‐methyl maleimide, methyl acrylate and itaconic anhydride where the latter two substrates require the additional presence of potassium persulfate as an oxidant. These findings give rise to several new carbon−carbon bond‐forming reactions with glycerol that allow the triol to be converted into more elaborate structures.
Engineering a Cl‐‐Modulated Light‐Driven Na+ Pump
Authors: Xiao Lan , Yang Qifan , Tan Jingjing , Ma Baofu , Chen Deliang
Published: October 2023

Microbial Na+‐pumping rhodopsin (NaR) is a promising optogenetic tool due to its unique ability to transport Na+. Like most rhodopsin‐based tools, NaR is limited to light‐based control. In this study, our objective was to develop a novel mode of modulation for NaR beyond light control. By introducing a potential Cl− binding site near the putative Na+ release cavity, we engineered Nonlabens dokdonensis rhodopsin 2 (NdR2) to be modulated by Cl−, an essential chemical in organisms. The engineered NdR2 demonstrated an approximately two‐fold increase in Na+ pump activity in the presence of 100 mM Cl− compared to Cl‐‐free solution. Increasing Cl− concentration decreased the lifetimes of the M and O intermediates accordingly. The analysis of competitive ion uptake suggested the bound Cl− may increase the Na+ affinity and selectivity. This chemical modulation allows for more diverse and precise control over cellular processes, advancing the development of next‐generation optogenetic tools. Notably, our Cl‐‐modulated NdR2 establishes an innovative mechanism for linking Cl− to Na+‐related processes, with potential applications in optogenetic therapies for related diseases.
A role for dopamine in control of the hypoxic ventilatory response via D2 receptors in the zebrafish gill
Authors: Reed Maddison , Pan Wen , Musa Lina , Arlotta Stefania , Mennigen Jan A. , Jonz Michael G.
Published: October 2023

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in oxygen sensing and control of reflex hyperventilation. In aquatic vertebrates, oxygen sensing occurs in the gills via chemoreceptive neuroepithelial cells (NECs), but a mechanism for dopamine in autonomic control of ventilation has not been defined. We used immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to map the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme necessary for dopamine synthesis, in the gills of zebrafish. TH was found in nerve fibers of the gill filaments and respiratory lamellae. We further identified dopamine active transporter (dat) and vesicular monoamine transporter (vmat2) expression in neurons of the gill filaments using transgenic lines. Moreover, TH‐ and dat‐positive nerve fibers innervated NECs. In chemical screening assays, domperidone, a D2 receptor antagonist, increased ventilation frequency in zebrafish larvae in a dose‐dependent manner. When larvae were confronted with acute hypoxia, the D2 agonist, quinpirole, abolished the hyperventilatory response. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed expression of drd2a and drd2b (genes encoding D2 receptors) in the gills, and their relative abundance decreased following acclimation to hypoxia for 48 h. We localized D2 receptor immunoreactivity to NECs in the efferent gill filament epithelium, and a novel cell type in the afferent filament epithelium. We provide evidence for the synthesis and storage of dopamine by sensory nerve terminals that innervate NECs. We further suggest that D2 receptors on presynaptic NECs provide a feedback mechanism that attenuates the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia. Our studies suggest that a fundamental, modulatory role for dopamine in oxygen sensing arose early in vertebrate evolution.
Spectral Heterogeneity of Phenol Blue in Protic Solvents Revealed by Ultrafast Nonradiative Decay Dynamics
Authors: Hidaka Tsubasa , Tanaka Taketomo , Murai Takayuki , Teramoto Takahiro , Nagasawa Yutaka
Published: October 2023

Phenol blue (PhB) is a dye that exhibits positive solvatochromism which is also nonfluorescent due to its ultrashort excited state lifetime. We have conducted femtosecond time‐resolved transient absorption (TA) spectroscopic measurements of a PhB solution using two distinct excitation wavelengths, at shorter and longer wavelength sides of the visible absorption band. The results revealed that a long‐lived heterogeneity exists in protic solvents whereas, in aprotic solvents, the system rapidly returns to the original thermal equilibrium on the ultrafast timescale. Interestingly, the lifetime of the heterogeneity is longer for methanol (MeOH) compared to ethanol (EtOH) solution suggesting stronger interaction between PhB and MeOH. Additionally, since the excited state lifetime of PhB was still in the sub‐picosecond domain even in a polymer matrix, we suggest a nonradiative decay mechanism through high‐frequency vibrational modes without involving large structural reconfiguration such as twisting of the benzoquinone (BzQ) moiety.
New Principle for Simple Water Detection using Fluorescence Lifetime Triangulenium Probes
Authors: Jakobsen Rasmus K. , Laursen Bo W.
Published: October 2023

The fluorescence of phenol‐substituted ADOTA triangulenium fluorophores is quenched as function of the water content in acetonitrile. We investigate three phenol‐ADOTA derivatives in various solvent mixtures and conclude that water acts as a dynamic quencher by serving as a proton acceptor in a proton coupled electron transfer reaction with the excited ADOTA. Beyond the mechanistic insights into this quenching mechanism we demonstrate how these ADOTA dyes can probe the water content from a simple calibration free single‐point measurement of the fluorescence lifetime.
Climate‐Smart IPM: Key to U.S. Ag Resilience
Authors: Green Thomas
Published: October 2023

Farmers, ranchers, and foresters are facing increasing challenges related to changing climate and weather, manifested in rising average temperatures, more frequent extreme rainfall events, extended drought, and heat waves. These changes are also impacting pest abundance and distribution, creating new pest problems and straining current pest management options and decision‐making. Key factors for U.S. agriculture and producer resilience in tackling new environmental and pest challenges lie in the ability of producers to apply effective, economical integrated pest management (IPM) approaches and in support for research and development of new and renewed IPM tactics and systems to meet 21st century needs. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Integrated Pest Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Indole‐based aryl sulfides target the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus without detectable resistance
Authors: Lavekar Aditya G. , Thakare Ritesh , Saima  , Equbal Danish , Chopra Sidharth , Sinha Arun K.
Published: October 2023

Sulfur‐containing classes of the scaffold “Arylthioindoles” have been evaluated for antibacterial activity; they demonstrated excellent potency against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as against vancomycin‐resistant strains and a panel of clinical isolates of resistant strains. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism of action of lead compounds, wherein they target the cell wall of S. aureus. Further, S. aureus failed to develop resistance against two lead compounds tested in a serial passage experiment in the presence of the compounds over a period of 40 days. Both the compounds demonstrated comparable in vivo efficacy with vancomycin in a neutropenic mice thigh infection model. The results of these antibacterial activities emphasize the excellent potential of thioethers for developing novel antibiotics and may fill in as a target for the adjustment of accessible molecules to develop new powerful antibacterial agents with fewer side effects.
Exploring the combination of biochar‐amended soil and automated irrigation technology for water regulation and preservation in green infrastructure
Authors: Zhu Honghu , Huang Yuanxu , Song Haihong , Chen Jian , Han Songlei , Mazumder Tanwee , Garg Ankit
Published: October 2023

Biochar is a carbon sink material with the potential to improve water retention in various soils. However, for the long‐term maintenance of green infrastructure, there is an additional need to regulate the water contents in the covers to maintain vegetation growth in semiarid conditions. In this study, biochar‐amended soil was combined with subsurface drip irrigation, and the water preservation characteristics of this treatment were investigated through a series of one‐dimensional soil column tests. To ascertain the best treatment method specific to semiarid climatic conditions, the test soil was amended with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% biochar. Automatic irrigation devices equipped with soil moisture sensors were used to control the subsurface water content with the aim of enhancing vegetation growth. Each soil column test lasted 150 h, during which the volumetric water contents and soil suction data were recorded. The experimental results reveal that the soil specimen amended with 3% biochar is the most water‐saving regardless of the time cost. Soil with a higher biochar content (e.g., 5%) consumes a more significant amount of water due to the enhancement of the water‐holding capacity. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that the appropriate ratio can be determined within 1%–3%, which can reduce not only the amount of irrigated/used water but also the time cost. Such technology can be explored for water content regulation in green infrastructure and the development of barriers for protecting the environment around deep underground waste containment.
Effects of stream drying, season, and distance to refuge on macroinvertebrate community structure in an arid intermittent stream basin
Authors: Hollien Kelsey D. , Gill Brian A. , Eppehimer Drew E. , Bogan Michael T.
Published: October 2023

Intermittent streams are globally ubiquitous and represent a large percentage of stream networks. As climate change in many arid regions increases the frequency and intensity of drying disturbances, it is important to understand how aquatic biota will respond to such disturbances and how it would impact aquatic biodiversity. To address these topics, we sampled 10 stream reaches in the Sycamore Creek basin, an arid‐land stream in central Arizona (USA), with reach‐scale flow regimes ranging from perennial to highly intermittent. We sampled aquatic macroinvertebrates during 4 seasons to explore seasonal variability in community structure through flowing and drying phases. We also collected continuous flow data with remote data loggers to explore the impacts of intermittency and distance to perennial refuges on species richness, taxonomic composition and trait composition. Overall, richness was lower at intermittent reaches than perennial reaches, and richness values increased linearly as flow duration increased. We found no relationship between richness and distance to the nearest perennial refuge. Community assemblages differed significantly by season but were not distinct between perennial and intermittent reaches. Trait composition was also distinct between seasons and flow regimes, with traits such as a lack of diapause, longer life span and predatory feeding behaviours being indicators for perennial reaches. As climate change alters natural flow regimes, understanding the responses of macroinvertebrate community structure to drying disturbances in arid‐land streams can provide insight on aquatic community responses to climate change at larger scales.
Interleukin 23 receptor: Expression and regulation in immune cells
Authors: Mezghiche Ikram , Yahia‐Cherbal Hanane , Rogge Lars , Bianchi Elisabetta
Published: October 2023

The importance of IL‐23 and its specific receptor, IL‐23R, in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases has been established, but the underlying pathological mechanisms are not fully understood. This review focuses on IL‐23R expression and regulation in immune cells.
Is conditioned pain modulation (CPM) affected by negative emotional state?
Authors: Horn‐Hofmann Claudia , Jablonowski Lena , Madden Melanie , Kunz Miriam , Lautenbacher Stefan
Published: October 2023

Background

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is an experimental paradigm, which describes the inhibition of responses to a noxious or strong‐innocuous stimulus, the test stimulus (TS), by the additional application of a second noxious or strong‐innocuous stimulus, the conditioning stimulus (CS). As inadequate CPM efficiency has been assumed to be predisposing for clinical pain, the search for moderating factors explaining inter‐individual variations in CPM is ongoing. Psychological factors have received credits in this context. However, research concerning associations between CPM and trait factors relating to negative emotions has yielded disappointing results. Yet, the influence of anxious or fearful states on CPM has not attracted much interest despite ample evidence that negative affective states enhance pain. Our study aimed at investigating the effect of fear induction by symbolic threat on CPM.

Methods

Thirty‐seven healthy participants completed two experimental blocks: one presenting aversive pictures showing burn wounds (high‐threat block) and one presenting neutral pictures (low‐threat block). Both blocks contained a CPM paradigm with contact heat as TS and hot water as CS; subjective numerical ratings as well as contact‐heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) were assessed.

Results

We detected an overall inhibitory CPM effect for CHEPs amplitudes but not for pain ratings. However, we found no evidence for a modulation of CPM by threat despite threat ratings indicating that our manipulation was successful.

Discussion

These results suggest that heat/thermal CPM is resistant to this specific type of symbolic threat induction and further research is necessary to examine whether it is resistant to fearful states in general.

Significance

The attempt of modulating heat conditioned pain modulation (CPM) by emotional threat (fear/anxiety state) failed. Thus, heat CPM inhibition again appeared resistant to emotional influences. Pain‐related brain potentials proved to be more sensitive for CPM effects than subjective ratings.
Major, trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes systematics of mafic dykes from the Figuil (northern Cameroon) and Léré (southwestern Chad) areas
Authors: Gountié Dedzo Merlin , Klamadji Moussa Ngarena , Zangmo Tefogoum Ghislain , Chako‐Tchamabé Boris , Asaah Asobo Nkengmatia Elvis , Tchameni Rigobert
Published: October 2023

In this study, field descriptions of the dolerite dykes cross‐cutting the Pan‐African basement (DPB) and the dolerite and gabbroic dykes cross‐cutting the Cretaceous sedimentary basin (DGCSB) are used together with petrographic, bulk‐rock geochemistry, as well as Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data to constrain the geodynamic setting and origin of these mafic (basanite, basalt and basaltic andesite in composition) rocks that outcrop in the Figuil–Léré area. The DPB dykes are alkaline with SiO2 of 46.63–49.03 wt% and MgO of 3.93–7.11 wt%. In contrast, the DGCSB dykes are subalkaline with SiO2 ranging between 50.24 and 53.16 wt% and MgO fluctuating between 5.22 and 7.90 wt%, comparable to dykes described in other regions of the Cameroon Line (CL). The rocks studied belong to the tholeiitic series and were emplaced in within‐plate basalts (WPB) and mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) setting. The variations in major and trace elements from the basanite to basaltic andesite compositions are dependable with fractional crystallization (FC) of different mineral phases such as opaque minerals, olivine, clinopyroxene, amphibole and alkali feldspar. Most samples exhibit negative Nb–Ta and positive Sr anomalies, which together with the negative correlation between MgO and 87Sr/86Sr, and isotopic ratio of 206Pb/204Pb <19.5 (18.27–19.49) suggests interactions of crustal components. Nevertheless, this contamination seems limited because there is a positive correlation between SiO2 and 143Nd/144Nd plot and low Ba contents (72–210 ppm) of the samples compared to the mid‐continental crust (259–628 ppm). Trace element modelling proposes a derivation of the Figuil–Léré dykes from parental melts generated by 4%–15% partial melting of a source containing garnet peridotite in the mixed lithospheric–asthenospheric mantle. The isotopic data of the dykes studied with hybrid magma composition are characterized by more radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd and 206Pb/204Pb isotopic ratios with a dominant mixing of depleted MORB mantle (DMM)–enriched mantle 1 (EM1)–enriched mantle 2 (EM2), like those of other mafic dykes of the CL.
Detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology and provenance of Silurian, Devonian and Permian sedimentary rocks, South Qinling: Constraints on late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution history of the Qinling Orogenic Belt
Authors: Chen Hao , Zhang Chengjiang , Liu Xiaoming , Dong Yunpeng , Tan Xianfeng , Chen Qing , Zhang Zhihua , Wei Kaixing
Published: October 2023

The Qinling Orogenic Belt (QOB), formed by the subduction and collision between the North China Block (NCB) and the South China Block (SCB), is a key area for exploring the tectonic process and timing of integration between the two blocks. A range of tectonic models have been proposed with regard to the subduction and collision of the QOB, but controversy in the timing and integration process still remain debatable, especially in the late Palaeozoic orogeny. The South Qinling Belt (SQB) is located between the Shangdan and Mianlue sutures, widely dispersed sediments outcropped in the SQB provide natural ground for the detrital zircon study, that could trace the sedimentary provenance and continental crustal evolution history, thus provide important evidence for the late Palaeozoic evolutionary processes in the QOB. In this study, we applied a detailed geochronological U‐Pb zircon dating of the Silurian, Devonian and Permian sedimentary rocks from the SQB. The result of the U‐Pb isotopic data shows distinct age populations at 439–474 Ma of the Silurian samples, ca. 400–490 Ma of the Devonian samples and 260–310 Ma of the Permian samples, respectively. By comparing the regional geochronological data, we sum up that the Silurian detrital zircons are mainly derived from the SQB and the northern margin of SCB (N‐SCB), the Devonian detrital zircon age populations are dominated by the North Qinling Belt (NQB) and SQB and the Permian sediments mainly stemmed from the southern margin of the North China Block (S‐NCB) and the NQB. A mutual age population of the Devonian sediments at ca. 400–490 Ma from the NQB constrains the closure of the Shangdan Ocean between the NCB and the SCB before the middle Devonian times. Ca. 260 ~ 380 Ma age population of the Permian sediments show similarities with the age data from the northern margin of the NCB, indicating an uplift event of NQB before the late Permian, and further constrains the closure of Mianlue ocean later than Permian times.
A noninvasive multianalytical approach establishment for risk assessment and gastric cancer screening
Authors: Fan Xiao‐Han , Zhang Yang , Wang Pei , Song Qian‐Qian , Wang Mona , Mejias‐Luque Raquel , Li Zhe‐Xuan , Zhou Tong , Zhang Jing‐Ying , Liu Wei‐Dong , Zhang Lan‐Fu , Li Wen‐Qing , You Wei‐Cheng , Gerhard Markus , Jiao Yu‐Chen , Wang Xiao‐Bing , Pan Kai‐Feng
Published: October 2023

Effective screening and early detection are critical to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC). Our study aims to explore noninvasive multianalytical biomarkers and construct integrative models for preliminary risk assessment and GC detection. Whole genomewide methylation marker discovery was conducted with CpG tandems target amplification (CTTA) in cfDNA from large asymptomatic screening participants in a high‐risk area of GC. The methylation and mutation candidates were validated simultaneously using one plasma from patients at various gastric lesion stages by multiplex profiling with Mutation Capsule Plus (MCP). Helicobacter pylori specific antibodies were detected with a recomLine assay. Integrated models were constructed and validated by the combination of multianalytical biomarkers. A total of 146 and 120 novel methylation markers were found in CpG islands and promoter regions across the genome with CTTA. The methylation markers together with the candidate mutations were validated with MCP and used to establish a 133‐methylation‐marker panel for risk assessment of suspicious precancerous lesions and GC cases and a 49‐methylation‐marker panel as well as a 144‐amplicon‐mutation panel for GC detection. An integrated model comprising both methylation and specific antibody panels performed better for risk assessment than a traditional model (AUC, 0.83 and 0.63, P < .001). A second model for GC detection integrating methylation and mutation panels also outperformed the traditional model (AUC, 0.82 and 0.68, P = .005). Our study established methylation, mutation and H. pylori‐specific antibody panels and constructed two integrated models for risk assessment and GC screening. Our findings provide new insights for a more precise GC screening strategy in the future.
Spectacled Flying‐fox conflicts—tucker, totem, taunt and threat
Authors: Preece Noel
Published: October 2023

Flying‐foxes worldwide have suffered population declines and some extinctions, and due to negative attitudes to bats, achieving population recovery is challenging. The Spectacled Flying‐fox of north‐east Australia, a species vital to the wet tropics region, experienced a population crash of over 75% in <15 years. Despite this decline, little action has been taken over the last two decades to help the species recover. The scientific evidence of the continuing population decline of the Spectacled Flying‐fox has been presented to multiple levels of government, but detrimental decisions have been made despite the evidence. Scientific evidence and arguments by themselves are clearly not sufficient to change attitudes. The approach and narrative have to change to persuade people that the species is important for the rainforests and other forests that people love. Better engagement, narrative and story‐telling are required. Bringing together communication specialists, social scientists and wildlife scientists are necessary to create narratives that people understand and accept, and that persuades them that the Spectacled Flying‐fox is worth protecting. Actions to reduce impacts on the human community are essential but need to be done in tandem with changing hearts and minds. Otherwise, the Spectacled Flying‐fox will continue its decline.
Symptomatology, Pulmonary Function and Response, and T Lymphocyte β2‐Receptors During Smoking Cessation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Leader W. Greg , Wolf Karen M. , Cooper Thomas M. , Chandler Mary H.H.
Published: October 2023

Study Objectives. To characterize the effect of smoking cessation and nicotine replacement on pulmonary symptomatology, baseline pulmonary function and response to terbutaline, and purified T lymphocyte β2‐receptor regulation; and the relationship between T lymphocyte β2‐receptor density and pulmonary function.

Design. Open‐label, longitudinal, 28‐week study.

Setting. A university clinical research center.

Patients. Eighteen long‐term smokers with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were enrolled and seven completed the study.

Interventions. Subjects stopped smoking with the aid of nicotine substitution and behavioral counseling. Pulmonary response (FEVi) to subcutaneous terbutaline and T lymphocyte β2‐receptor density (Bmax) and function (cAMP) were measured prior to smoking cessation (week 0), during nicotine replacement (week 8), and after nicotine cessation (week 28).

Measurements and Main Results. Serum cotinine concentrations, plasma epinephrine concentrations, and day and night cough decreased significantly after smoking cessation, whereas basal cAMP concentrations increased (p<0.05). No significant change was seen in baseline FEV1, pulmonary response to terbutaline, or Bmax over the 28 weeks; however, intrasubject changes in Bmax between visits correlated significantly (p<0.05) with intrasubject changes in pulmonary response between visits.

Conclusions. Our data indicate that smoking cessation is associated with a significant decrease in the symptomatology of COPD, and that change in T lymphocyte β2‐receptor density is a good marker of change in pulmonary response to β2‐agonists.
Evaluation of Ketorolac, Ibuprofen‐Paracetamol, and Dextropropoxyphene‐Paracetamol in Postoperative Pain
Authors: Naidu M.U.R. , Kumar T. Ramesh , Jagdishchandra U. Shobha , Babu P. Arvind , Rao M. Manimala , Babhulkar S.S. , Rao P. Tejeswar , Risbud Y. , Shah Ravindra
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To compare the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac, ibuprofen‐paracetamol (acetaminophen), and dextropropoxyphene‐paracetamol in postoperative pain.

Design. Randomized, double‐blind, parallel, single‐dose study.

Setting. Multicenter, with five centers participating.

Patients. One hundred sixty patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain requiring oral analgesics were enrolled. Seventeen patients were excluded from final analysis due to deviation from protocol.

Interventions. Ketorolac tromethamine 10 mg, a combination of ibuprofen 400 mg plus paracetamol 325 mg, or a combination of dextropropoxyphene 65 mg plus paracetamol 400 mg was given orally to patients with moderate to severe baseline pain.

Measurements and Main Results. Pain intensity and pain relief scores were rated at baseline, at 30 minutes, and hourly to 6 hours. Until the end of first hour, analgesia was similar for all three regimens. Ketorolac had a significantly higher analgesic effect than the two combinations between hours 2 and 6. Analgesia was similar for the two combinations. For all three test drugs the frequency of adverse effects was similar.

Conclusions. Ketorolac 10 mg is a superior analgesic to ibuprofen‐paracetamol or dextropropoxyphene‐paracetamol in the treatment of postoperative pain.
Thrombolytic‐Associated Cholesterol Emboli Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Geraets Douglas R. , Hoehns James D. , Burke Timothy G. , Grover‐McKay Maleah
Published: October 2023

Thrombolytics can cause cholesterol embolization syndrome (CES). This adverse effect has received less attention than other risks of thrombolytic therapy, such as systemic bleeding and hemorrhage, with only sporadic reports of CES in the literature. Risk factors have not been consistently identified and emphasized; therefore, occurrence of CES after thrombolysis remains difficult to predict, it results in substantial morbidity and mortality, and it lacks effective pharmacologic treatment. Heightened awareness of the disorder can aid in its correct identification and reporting.
Psychotropic Drug Use in Relation to Psychiatric Symptoms in Community‐Living Persons With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Semla Todd P. , Cohen Donna , Freels Sally , Paveza Gregory J. , Ashford J. Wesson , Gorelick Philip , Luchins Daniel , Eisdorfer Carl
Published: October 2023

We attempted to determine the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and psychotropic drug use in persons with Alzheimer's disease based on a multicenter patient registry of 671 community‐living persons diagnosed with the disease by published criteria. Logistic regression was performed to determine which symptoms were associated psychotropic use after controlling for age, sex, and Mini‐Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score. At least one psychotropic drug was reported by 31% of patients, and 66% had at least one psychiatric symptom. Antipsychotics were associated with a lower MMSE score (odds ratio=0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.88‐0.97), emotional lability (OR=4.52, 95% CI 1.69‐11.94), and hallucinations (OR=6.54, 95% CI 2.99‐14.26). Antidepressants were associated with depressive symptoms (OR=5.8, 95% CI 2.61‐13.46), and benzodiazepines with a lower MMSE score (OR=0.93, 95% CI 0.90‐0.97). Community‐living persons with Alzheimer's disease are frequently prescribed psychotropic drugs; however, more than 50% of patients with a psychiatric symptom did not report taking one of these agents. This suggests that alternative therapies and no treatment are also prevalent.
Train‐of‐Four: To Use or Not to Use
Authors: Tschida Suzanne J. , Hoey Lori L. , Mather Dell , Vance‐Bryan Kyle
Published: October 2023

A pattern of nerve stimulation called train‐of‐four (TOF) is frequently used to monitor therapy with nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents in patients treated in intensive care units. Based on our experience with TOF monitoring in several critically ill patients, we believe its application as an indicator of neuromuscular blockade may be problematic in this setting.