bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Formal [4+1] Annulation Reactions in the Synthesis of Carbocyclic and Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Chen Jia‐Rong , Hu Xiao‐Qiang , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: August 2015

Review: 546 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective O‐Acylation of Hydroxyamino Acids and Amino Alcohols under Acidic Reaction Conditions: History, Scope and Applications
Authors: Kristensen Tor E.
Published: August 2015

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trienamines: Their Key Role in Extended Organocatalysis for Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Reboredo Silvia , Parra Alejandro , Aleman Jose
Published: August 2015

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silylations of Arenes with Hydrosilanes: From Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C—X Bond Cleavage to Environmentally Benign Transition‐Metal‐Free C—H Bond Activation
Authors: Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: August 2015

Review: [26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Vicinal Difunctionalization of Alkenes with Iodine(III) Reagents and Catalysts
Authors: Romero R. Martin , Woeste Thorsten H. , Muniz Kilian
Published: August 2015

Review: [54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Adding a Functional Handle to Nature′s Building Blocks: The Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Acids
Authors: Zhang Yinfeng , Farrants Helen , Li Xuechen
Published: August 2015

Review: [67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Prenucleation Clusters, Classical and Non‐Classical Nucleation
Authors: Zahn Dirk
Published: August 2015

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: BODIPY‐Based Probes for the Fluorescence Imaging of Biomolecules in Living Cells
Authors: Kowada Toshiyuki , Maeda Hiroki , Kikuchi Kazuya
Published: August 2015

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modification of Nucleic Acids by Azobenzene Derivatives and Their Applications in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology
Authors: Li Jing , Wang Xingyu , Liang Xingguo
Published: August 2015

Review: [69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Mathematical Modeling of Fluidized Bed Gasification
Authors: Loha Chanchal , Gu Sai , De Wilde Juray , Mahanta Pinakeswar , Chatterjee Pradip K.
Published: August 2015

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Computational Road to Better Catalysts
Authors: Jover Jesus , Fey Natalie
Published: August 2015

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Understandings on the Activation of Light Hydrocarbons over Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Zhao Zhi‐Jian , Chiu Cheng‐chau , Gong Jinlong
Published: August 2015

Review: 144 refs.
Mechanism of Incompatible Herb Pairs, Panax ginseng and Veratrum nigrum L.: Material Basis and Metabolic Profiles of Ginsenosides in Rat Intestinal Bacteria
Authors: Yang Xiudong , Li Xue , Xu Ying , Pi Zifeng , Lin Na , Liu Zhiqiang , Song Fengrui
Published: August 2015

In traditional Chinese medicine theory, Panax ginseng and Veratrum nigrum L. is an important incompatible herb pair. Studies on the content variation of main components and the influences on the metabolism in rat intestinal bacteria are useful to understand the mechanism of incompatibility of this herb pairs. In this study, the content variation of ginsenosides and their metaboltic profiles in the extracts of P. ginseng and compatibility of P. ginseng with V. nigrum L. (G‐V) were investigated using relative quantitative method of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and UPLC‐MSn, respectively. The relative contents of most ginsenosides were reduced in the extract of G‐V. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd could be metabolized to Rd, F2 and C‐K in rat intestinal bacteria. The metabolic speeds of Rb1, Rb2 and Rc in the G‐V extracts at ratios of 10:5, 10:7 and 10:10 and the metabolic rates of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2 and Rc to Rd, Rd to F2 in all compatibility extracts were lower than that in the P. ginseng extract. In conclusion, this study illustrated the mechanism of effect‐reducing by comparison of the relative contents and metabolic profiles of ginsenosides after compatibility of P. ginseng and V. nigrum L.
Chitin‐Derived Mesoporous, Nitrogen‐Containing Carbon for Heavy‐Metal Removal and Styrene Epoxidation
Authors: Gao Yongjun , Chen Xi , Zhang Jiaguang , Yan Ning
Published: August 2015

The production of a series of mesoporous, nitrogen‐containing (N‐containing) carbon materials directly from pure chitin by means of carbonization at different temperatures under template‐free conditions is reported. Thermogravimetric analysis combined with infrared spectroscopy was applied to follow the temperature‐dependent chemical events during the carbonization process, thereby shedding light on the automated pore formation mechanism. The physicochemical properties of the N‐containing carbon materials have been extensively investigated, which provided guidance and rational understanding of the application of these materials. It was found that the N‐containing carbon materials obtained at lower temperatures (400–600 °C) were enriched with amine, amide, and pyrrolic functionalities, which enables their very high efficiency as adsorbents to remove toxic heavy metals, such as CrVI, HgII, and PdII, from water. In contrast, N‐containing carbon materials prepared at higher temperatures (800–1000 °C) were enriched with graphitic N, which exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the epoxidation of styrene.
American pika in a low‐elevation lava landscape: expanding the known distribution of a temperature‐sensitive species
Authors: Shinderman Matt
Published: August 2015

In 2010, the American pika (Ochotona princeps fenisex) was denied federal protection based on limited evidence of persistence in low‐elevation environments. Studies in nonalpine areas have been limited to relatively few environments, and it is unclear whether patterns observed elsewhere (e.g., Bodie, CA) represent other nonalpine habitats. This study was designed to establish pika presence in a new location, determine distribution within the surveyed area, and evaluate influences of elevation, vegetation, lava complexity, and distance to habitat edge on pika site occupancy. In 2011 and 2012, we conducted surveys for American pika on four distinct subalpine lava flows of Newberry National Volcanic Monument, Oregon, USA. Field surveys were conducted at predetermined locations within lava flows via silent observation and active searching for pika sign. Site habitat characteristics were included as predictors of occupancy in multinomial regression models. Above and belowground temperatures were recorded at a subsample of pika detection sites. Pika were detected in 26% (2011) and 19% (2012) of survey plots. Seventy‐four pika were detected outside survey plot boundaries. Lava complexity was the strongest predictor of pika occurrence, where pika were up to seven times more likely to occur in the most complicated lava formations. Pika were two times more likely to occur with increasing elevation, although they were found at all elevations in the study area. This study expands the known distribution of the species and provides additional evidence for persistence in nonalpine habitats. Results partially support the predictive occupancy model developed for pika at Craters of the Moon National Monument, another lava environment. Characteristics of the lava environment clearly influence pika site occupancy, but habitat variables reported as important in other studies were inconclusive here. Further work is needed to gain a better understanding of the species’ current distribution and ability to persist under future climate conditions.
Bioinspired Fluorescent Dyes Based on a Conformationally Locked Chromophore of the Fluorescent Protein Kaede
Authors: Baleeva Nadezhda S. , Myannik Ksenia A. , Yampolsky Ilia V. , Baranov Mikhail S.
Published: August 2015

A novel class of fluorescent dyes based on the conformationally locked heterocyclic core of the chromophore of the fluorescent protein Kaede was discovered. Introduction of a single conformational lock at the benzylidene fragment of the Kaede chromophore resulted in an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield (FQY) by one order of magnitude and a redshift of ca. 60 nm in the emission spectrum. Imposing the second lock at the ethylene fragment of the Kaede chromophore provided a further increase in the FQY. Locked analogues demonstrated bright and redshifted emission in a broad range of solvents, which makes them good candidates for a wide spectrum of fluorescent‐labeling applications.
Synthesis of P‐Stereogenic Phosphoramidite and Phosphorodiamidite Ligands and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Schmitz Christian , Leitner Walter , Franciò Giancarlo
Published: August 2015

A series of P‐stereogenic monodentate phosphoramidite (PNO2) and phosphorodiamidite (PN2O) ligands based on chiral Betti bases has been prepared by modular synthetic procedures. The chirality at the phosphorus can be controlled to a large extent by the synthetic route, leading to stereoselective access to single P‐epimers. The absolute configuration of the P‐atom was assigned by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The new ligands were evaluated in asymmetric catalysis and the influence of the exocyclic amine or alcohol moiety as well as the interplay between the P‐chirality and the stereocenters in the backbone were investigated. Enantioselectivities of up to 85 and 83 % ee were obtained in the Rh‐catalyzed hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate and in the Pd‐catalyzed allylic amination of (rac)‐(E)‐1,3‐diphenylallyl acetate with benzylamine, respectively. In the Ni‐catalyzed hydrovinylation of styrene, ee values of up to 68 %, excellent chemoselectivities, and high activities (TOFav up to 3000 h–1) were achieved.
The circular relationship between matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and inflammation following myocardial infarction
Authors: Deleon‐Pennell Kristine Y. , Altara Raffaele , Yabluchanskiy Andriy , Modesti Alessandra , Lindsey Merry L.
Published: August 2015

Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) regulates remodeling of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction (MI) and is tightly linked to the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response serves to recruit leukocytes as part of the wound healing reaction to the MI injury, and infiltrated leukocytes produce cytokines and chemokines that stimulate MMP‐9 production and release. In turn, MMP‐9 proteolyzes cytokines and chemokines. Although in most cases, MMP‐9 cleavage of the cytokine or chemokine substrate serves to increase activity, there are cases where cleavage results in reduced activity. Global MMP‐9 deletion in mouse MI models has proven beneficial, suggesting inhibition of some aspects of MMP‐9 activity may be valuable for clinical use. At the same time, overexpression of MMP‐9 in macrophages has also proven beneficial, indicating that we still do not fully understand the complexity of MMP‐9 mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the cycle of MMP‐9 effects on cytokine production and cleavage to regulate leukocyte functions. Although we use MI as the example process, similar events occur in other inflammatory and wound healing conditions. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(8):611–618, 2015
PLACING SENSE OF COMMUNITY
Authors: Wise Nicholas
Published: August 2015

Behavioral geographers interpret cognitive associations between people and places to spatially understanding the social psychology of sense of community. This report acknowledges connections between sense of community and sense of place using Google Earth images to position experiences and meanings. Having participants identify significant spaces and places using Google Earth represents an alternative approach for researchers to understand how relationships are located in particular places—further framing this notion of sense of place with the literature on sense of community. The practical impact of this approach suggests an attempt to assist nongovernmental organization planners and community developers about the significance of further exploring social and psychological meanings embedded in space and place as a way of understanding local sense of community.
Synthesis of 2‐(Quinoxalin‐2‐ylamino‐benzotriazolyl) Pentanedioic Derivatives as Potential Anti‐Folate Agents
Authors: Briguglio I. , Piras S. , Corona P. , Pirisi M. A. , Burrai L. , Boatto G. , Gavini E. , Rassu G.
Published: August 2015

Anti‐folate agents had a significant impact on therapeutic treatment plans for diseases such as cancer, and bacterial and parasitic infections, notably malaria. Quinoxaline derivatives showed in vitro anticancer activity and were able to inhibit both the dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase. Here, we decided to combine the chemical properties of quinoxalines and quinoxaline 1,4‐dioxides with those of benzotriazole nucleus with the aim to evaluate the resulting biological properties. Two main new series, including more than 60 compounds, were prepared. In the first one, the benzotriazole moiety was linked through the nitrogen atoms 1, 2, or 3, to a glutaric acid substituent to simulate a glutamic moiety. In the second series, the glutaric acid was substituted with acetic acid moiety to evaluate the effects of steric hindrance. Here, we describe the multistep chemical processes to obtain all titled quinoxalines starting from commercially available diamines. The classical oxidation of selected quinoxalines was unsuccessful, and we have come to an independent synthetic pathway to obtain new derivatives linked to the benzotriazole moieties starting from synthons bearing N‐oxide functionality.
Microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in a river plume and cyclonic eddy‐influenced ecosystem in the South China Sea
Authors: Wu Wenxue , Wang Lei , Liao Yu , Huang Bangqin
Published: August 2015

To evaluate microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in mesoscale processes, we investigated 18S rDNA diversity in a river plume and cyclonic eddy‐influenced ecosystem in the southwestern South China Sea (SCS). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was carried out using multiple primer sets. Relative to a wide range of previous similar studies, we observed a significantly higher proportion of sequences of pigmented taxa. Among the photosynthetic groups, Haptophyta accounted for 27.7% of the sequenced clones, which belonged primarily to Prymnesiophyceae. Unexpectedly, five operational taxonomic units of Cryptophyta were closely related to freshwater species. The Chlorophyta mostly fell within the Prasinophyceae, which was comprised of six clades, including Clade III, which is detected in the SCS for the first time in this study. Among the photosynthetic stramenopiles, Chrysophyceae was the most diverse taxon, which included seven clades. The majority of 18S rDNA sequences affiliated with the Dictyochophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Pelagophyceae were closely related to those of pure cultures. The results of redundancy analysis and the permutation Mantel test based on unweighted UniFrac distances, conducted for spatial analyses of the Haptophyta subclades suggested that the Mekong River plume and cyclonic eddy play important roles in regulating microbial eukaryotic diversity and distribution in the southwestern SCS.
In vivo magnetization transfer imaging of the lung using a zero echo time sequence at 4.7 Tesla in mice: Initial experience
Authors: Wurnig Moritz C. , Weiger Markus , Wu Mingming , Kenkel David , Jungraithmayr Wolfgang , Pruessmann Klaas P. , Boss Andreas
Published: August 2015

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of magnetization transfer‐prepared zero echo time (ZTE) imaging of the lung in vivo at high field strength [4.7 Tesla) T] in mice.

Methods

Eighteen C57BL/10 mice underwent MRI examinations in a 4.7T MR‐scanner. A three‐dimensional ZTE sequence was applied for lung imaging combined with a Gaussian MT‐prepulse, which was followed by a train of 100 ZTE imaging readouts. Degree of MT was assessed by calculation of the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). Direct saturation was estimated using Bloch equation simulations based on T1 measurements. The line‐width of pulmonary tissue was estimated using T2* measurements.

Results

Experimental MTR‐values of nonpulmonary tissues obtained with ZTE exhibited the characteristics known from conventional MT‐sequences (skeletal muscle and liver: high values; fatty tissue: low values). Lung tissue demonstrated MTR‐values in between fatty tissue and liver tissue. Direct saturation could be estimated by the Bloch simulation; however, an adequate approximation was only possible for T2 values nearly in the range of parenchymal organs.

Conclusion

Pulmonary MT measurements at high field strength using the proposed MT‐ZTE sequence is feasible; however, estimation of direct saturation remains challenging. Magn Reson Med 76:156–162, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation, Properties, and Reactivity of (Aminoferrocenyl)(ferrocenyl)carbene(pentacarbonyl)chromium(0) as Bulky Isolobal Trimetallo‐amide
Authors: Veit Philipp , Förster Christoph , Seibert Sebastian , Heinze Katja
Published: August 2015

Nucleophilic substitution of the ethoxy substituent in the Fischer carbene complex (ethoxy)(ferrocenyl)carbene(pentacarbonyl)chromium(0) (1) by ferrocenyl amide [Fc‐NH]– [2‐H]– gives the hetero trimetallic complex (aminoferrocenyl)(ferrocenyl)carbene (pentacarbonyl)chromium(0) (3). As the Cr(CO)5 fragment is isolobal to oxygen or sulfur 3 can be viewed as an isolobal metallo analogue to diferrocenylamide (Fc)(FcNH)C=O (4) and diferrocenylthioamide (Fc)(FcNH)C=S (5). The impact of the formal replacement of O/S by Cr(CO)5 in 3 is studied with respect to steric and electronic consequences as well as reactivity by spectroscopic, diffraction, electrochemical and theoretical methods.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Loop Ileostomy Reversal: Is there an Advantage to a Minimally Invasive Approach?
Authors: Young Monica T. , Hwang Grace S. , Menon Gopal , Feldmann Timothy F. , Jafari Mehraneh D. , Jafari Fariba , Perez Eden , Pigazzi Alessio
Published: August 2015

Background

Ileostomy reversals are commonly performed procedures after colon and rectal operations. Laparoscopic ileostomy reversal (LIR) with lysis of adhesions has potential benefits over conventional open surgery. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of laparoscopic and open ileostomy reversal.

Methods

133 consecutive patients undergoing ileostomy reversal at our institution between June 2009 and August 2013 were analyzed using a retrospective database. The group comprised 53 laparoscopic cases and 80 open cases, performed by four surgeons at a single center. The data were analyzed for patient demographics, operative characteristics, postoperative outcomes, and 30‐day morbidity and mortality.

Results

The two groups had comparable mean age, gender distribution, ASA scores, and BMI. The laparoscopic group had a significantly longer duration of surgery compared to the open reversal group (109 versus 93 min, p < 0.05). However, this group underwent more lysis of adhesions (60.4 % versus 26.3 %, p < 0.01) as well as concurrent stoma site mesh reinforcement (32.1 % versus 6.3 %, p < 0.01). In the laparoscopy group, 20.7 % of patients underwent intra‐corporeal ileo‐ileal anastomosis. There were no significant differences between the laparoscopic and open groups with regard to estimated blood loss (31 versus 40 ml, respectively) or mean length of stay (5.3 vs. 5.7 days, respectively). The rates of overall 30‐day morbidity (16.9 % for laparoscopic vs. 21.3 % for open) as well as rates of specific complications were equivalent between groups. 30‐day mortalities were not noted in either group.

Conclusion

LIR is safe and effective with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. The use of laparoscopy as an option in terms of concomitant hernia repair and lysis of adhesions may be considered in selected patients.
Effect of Chain Length on the Micellization, Antibacterial, DPPC Interaction and Antioxidant Activities of l‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) Esters
Authors: Joondan Nausheen , Jhaumeer‐Laulloo Sabina , Caumul Prakashanand
Published: August 2015

l‐DOPA (l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine) has been widely used as a drug in the clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this report, the systematic study of the effect of chain length on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), antibacterial and antioxidant activity of esters derived from the aromatic amino acid l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine as surfactants are accounted for the first time. The antibacterial activity displayed a cut‐off effect at C12 with respect to both gram positive and gram negative bacteria (except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa where the cut‐off was displayed at C10). Correlation of the CMC with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) shows that the DOPA esters exist in micellar form at the MIC. An increase in chain length of the DOPA esters induces greater binding with phospholipid vesicles 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. The C12 ester possessed highest radical scavenging ability among the esters tested against both 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) showing that antioxidant activity of the DOPA esters is also affected by chain length. This study showed that DOPA esters are promising candidates as antibacterial agents as well as good antioxidants.
Feature curve extraction from point clouds via developable strip intersection
Authors: Lee Kai Wah , Bo Pengbo
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we study the problem of computing smooth feature curves from CAD type point clouds models. The proposed method reconstructs feature curves from the intersections of developable strip pairs which approximate the regions along both sides of the features. The generation of developable surfaces is based on a linear approximation of the given point cloud through a variational shape approximation approach. A line segment sequencing algorithm is proposed for collecting feature line segments into different feature sequences as well as sequential groups of data points. A developable surface approximation procedure is employed to refine incident approximation planes of data points into developable strips. Some experimental results are included to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Associations of diet quality with cognition in children – the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study
Authors: Haapala Eero A. , Eloranta Aino-Maija , Venäläinen Taisa , Schwab Ursula , Lindi Virpi , Lakka Timo A.
Published: August 2015

Evidence on the associations of dietary patterns with cognition in children is limited. Therefore, we investigated the associations of the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score with cognition in children. The present cross-sectional study sample included 428 children aged 6–8 years (216 boys and 212 girls). The BSDS and the DASH score were calculated using data from 4 d food records, higher scores indicating better diet quality. Cognition was assessed by the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) score, a higher score indicating better cognition. Among all children, the BSDS (standardised regression coefficient β = 0·122,P =0·012) and the DASH score (β = 0·121,P =0·015) were directly associated with the Raven's CPM score. Among boys, a lower BSDS (β = 0·244,P< 0·001) and a lower DASH score (β = 0·202,P= 0·003) were related to a lower Raven's CPM score. Boys in the lowest quartile of the BSDS (22·5v. 25·3,P= 0·029) and the DASH score (22·4v. 25·7,P= 0·008) had a lower Raven's CPM score than those in the highest quartile of the corresponding score. Among girls, the BSDS or the DASH score were not associated with cognition. In conclusion, a poorer diet quality was associated with worse cognition in children, and the relationship was stronger in boys than in girls.
Role of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inα-linolenic acid-induced intestinal lipid metabolism
Authors: Zhou Xihong , Chen Jingqing , Wu Weiche , Wang Xinxia , Wang Yizhen
Published: August 2015

n-3 Long-chain PUFA up-regulate intestinal lipid metabolism. However, whether these metabolic effects of PUFA on intestine are mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) remains to be elucidated. To determine the effects ofα-linolenic acid (ALA) on intestinal fatty acid (FA) metabolism and whether these effects were affected by AMPK deletion, mice deficient in the catalytic subunit of AMPKα1 or AMPKα2 and wild-type (WT) mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HF) or HF supplemented with ALA (HF-A). The results showed that ALA supplementation decreased serum TAG content in WT mice. ALA also increased mRNA expression of genes (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 4A10 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4a) involved in intestinal lipid oxidation and mRNA expression of TAG synthesis-related genes (monoacylglycerolO-acyltransferase 2, diacylglycerolO-acyltransferases 1 and 2) in WT mice. Consistent with these, expression levels of phosphorylated AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 were also increased in WT mice after ALA addition. However, in the absence of either AMPKα1 or AMPKα2, ALA supplementation failed to increase intestinal lipid oxidation. In addition, no significant effects of either diet (HF and HF-A) or genotype (WT, AMPKα1–/–and AMPKα2–/–) on FA uptake in the intestine and faecal TAG output were observed. Our results suggest that AMPK is indispensable for the effects of ALA on intestinal lipid oxidation.
Protective effect of polyphenols in an inflammatory process associated with experimental pulmonary fibrosis in mice
Authors: Impellizzeri Daniela , Talero Elena , Siracusa Rosalba , Alcaide Antonio , Cordaro Marika , Maria Zubelia Jose , Bruschetta Giuseppe , Crupi Rosalia , Esposito Emanuela , Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Motilva Virginia
Published: August 2015

Polyphenols have been described to have a wide range of biological activities, and many reports, published during recent years, have highlighted the beneficial effects of phenolic compounds, illustrating their promising role as therapeutic tools in several acute and chronic disorders. The purpose of study was to evaluate, in an already-assessed model of lung injury caused by bleomycin (BLM) administration, the role of resveratrol and quercetin, as well as to explore the potential beneficial properties of a mango leaf extract, rich in mangiferin, and a grape leaf extract, rich in dihydroquercetin (DHQ), on the same model. Mice were subjected to intra-tracheal administration of BLM, and polyphenols were administered by oral route immediately after BLM instillation and daily for 7 d. Treatment with resveratrol, mangiferin, quercetin and DHQ inhibited oedema formation and body weight loss, as well as ameliorated polymorphonuclear infiltration into the lung tissue and reduced the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, polyphenols suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and prevented oxidative and nitroxidative lung injury, as shown by the reduced nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase levels. The degree of apoptosis, as evaluated by Bid and Bcl-2 balance, was also suppressed after polyphenol treatment. Finally, these natural products down-regulated cyclo-oxygenase-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylated expression and reduced NF-κBp65 translocation. Our findings confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol and quercetin in BLM-induced lung damage, and highlight, for the first time, the protective properties of exogenous administration of mangiferin and DHQ on experimental pulmonary fibrosis.
Effect of Ca-butyrate and Oleobiotec (a flavouring agent) supplemented starter on the performance of Holstein dairy calves
Authors: DAVARMANESH A. R. , FATHI NASRI M. H. , KALANTARI FIROUZABAD A. R. , MONTAZER-TORBATI M. B.
Published: August 2015

The effect on performance of adding calcium (Ca)-butyrate and Oleobiotec (a flavouring agent) additives to dairy calf starter diet was investigated. Thirty-two newborn Holstein calves (16 males and 16 females) were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments as: (1) diet with no additives, (2) diet containing Ca-butyrate, (3) diet containing Oleobiotec and (4) diet containing Ca-butyrate plus Oleobiotec. Milk of calves was supplemented with additives in the first 20 days of the study and then additives were top-dressed into the starter. Calcium-butyrate had no effect on starter and alfalfa intake during pre-weaning, post-weaning and over the whole trial period but it significantly increased the average daily gain and feed efficiency of calves during post-weaning and the whole trial period. Adding Oleobiotec did not change calf performance significantly. Furthermore, no synergistic effect of experimental additives on calf performance was observed.
The atoms of language
Authors: HRISTOV BOZHIL P.
Published: August 2015

The first part of this review article summarises and evaluates the contents of the book, attempting to do justice to the wealth of perspectives it offers. The book considers phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic features from the vantage points of approaches as diverse as typology, computational linguistics and formal theories like Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and Minimalism. The second part of the article discusses several of the unifying threads that run through the volume, including the internal and cross-linguistic validity and correspondence of features, as well as the boundaries between morphology, syntax and semantics. I argue for a syntactic treatment of what has been referred to as periphrastic tense constructions in Bulgarian (including the future and the perfect), which I believe ensures greater language-internal and cross-linguistic consistency in proposing features and assigning their values. After briefly examining animacy in Bulgarian, I conclude that the operation and classification of features can make drawing boundaries between semantics and morphosyntax especially difficult. Finally, a case is made for treating tense as at least partly morphosyntactic in English, in contrast to prevalent current assumptions about the strictly morphosemantic nature of tense cross-linguistically.
Asynchronous reproduction and multi-spawning in the coral-excavating sponge Cliona delitrix
Authors: Chaves-Fonnegra Andia , Maldonado Manuel , Blackwelder Patricia , Lopez Jose V.
Published: August 2015

Cliona delitrix is one of the most abundant and destructive coral-excavating sponges on Caribbean reefs. However, basic aspects of its reproductive biology, which largely determine the species propagation potential, remain unknown. A 2-year study (October 2009 to September 2011) was conducted to determine the reproductive cycle and gametogenesis of a C. delitrix population located in a shallow reef in Florida, USA. Mesohyl tissue collected from randomly chosen and tagged sponge individuals was sampled one to several times a month, and analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cliona delitrix is oviparous and gonochoric, except for a few simultaneous hermaphroditic individuals. The C. delitrix reproductive cycle in Florida is from April to December, and is triggered by an increase in seawater temperature to 25°C. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis were asynchronous among individuals; with different cohorts of oocytes co-occurring in females, and spermatic cysts in males. Granulose cells acted as nurse cells, contributing to the growth and maturation of both female and male gametes. Spawning of gametes was not always synchronized with full moon phase. Unlike most other oviparous sponges, the reproductive cycle of C. delitrix is versatile and includes multiple spawning events during the summer of each year. This characteristic maximizes sponge propagation on coral reefs during the warmer months of the year, particularly when thermal stress induces coral mortality. This aspect, combined with its success on polluted areas, make C. delitrix a suitable bioindicator of coral reef health.
DECISION THEORY WITHOUT FINITE STANDARD EXPECTED VALUE
Authors: Lauwers Luc , Vallentyne Peter
Published: August 2015

We address the question, in decision theory, of how the value of risky options (gambles) should be assessed when they have no finite standard expected value, that is, where the sum of the probability-weighted payoffs is infinite or not well defined. We endorse, combine and extend (1) the proposal of Easwaran (2008) to evaluate options on the basis of their weak expected value, and (2) the proposal of Colyvan (2008) to rank options on the basis of their relative expected value.
Shall We Dance? Welfarist Incorporation and the Politics of State–Labour NGO Relations
Authors: Howell Jude
Published: August 2015

Relations between the state and labour NGOs in China have been particularly fraught. In 2012, they took an interesting turn when some local governments made overtures to labour NGOs to cooperate in providing services to migrant workers. This article argues that this shift is part of a broader strategy of “welfarist incorporation” to redraw the social contract between state and labour. There are two key elements to this strategy: first, a relaxation of the registration regulations for social organizations, and second, governmental purchasing of services from social organizations. These overtures have both a state and market logic to maintain social control and stabilize relations of production.
Powder X-ray diffraction of 3-(4-Morpholinyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinone, C15H17N3O4
Authors: Wang Qing , Tang Bin , Tang Pei Xiao , He Jia Wei , Li Hui
Published: August 2015

X-ray powder diffraction data for 3-(4-Morpholinyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridinone, C15H17N3O4, are reported [a = 7.112(1) Å, b = 33.360(2) Å, c = 6.265(1) Å, α = 90°, β = 94.037(1)°, γ = 90°, V = 1483.08 Å3, Z = 4, ρcal = 1.358 g cm−3 and space group P21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21 space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
Addictive behaviors and personality traits in adolescents
Authors: Munno Donato , Saroldi Marta , Bechon Elisa , Sterpone Sara Chiara Maria , Zullo Giuseppina
Published: August 2015

Introduction

Behavioral addictions refer to repeated dysfunctional behaviors that do not involve the ingestion of addictive substances. Studies on the association between behavioral addictions and personality traits have noted in individuals with problematic behaviors a high proclivity toward impulsivity and sensation-seeking and a low predisposition to harm avoidance. The majority of these studies have focused on adults, while far fewer have involved adolescents.

Methods

The study population was 109 high school students (age range 15–18 years) in Turin, Italy. Participants completed an assessment that comprised a demographic questionnaire and 3 self-report questionnaires: the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ), the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Multidimensional Questionnaire for Adolescents (QMA).

Results

A gender-related difference in the risk of developing an addictive behavior was observed, with a significantly higher percentage of risk seen for several addiction tendencies among the males. Statistically significant correlations emerged between some personality determinants and certain addictive behaviors.

Discussion

The study pinpoints epidemiological indicators for the extent of this growing problem among adolescents.

Conclusions

The findings have implications for identifying protection factors and risk factors for addictive behaviors and related psychiatric disorders, and the development of primary prevention strategies derived from such factors.
Characterization of logic program revision as an extension of propositional revision
Authors: SCHWIND NICOLAS , INOUE KATSUMI
Published: August 2015

We address the problem of belief revision of logic programs (LPs), i.e., how to incorporate to a LP P a new LP Q. Based on the structure of SE interpretations, Delgrande et al. (2008. Proc. of the 11th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'08), 411–421; 2013b. Proc. of the 12th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR'13), 264–276) adapted the well-known AGM framework (Alchourrón et al. 1985. Journal of Symbolic Logic 50, 2, 510–530) to LP revision. They identified the rational behavior of LP revision and introduced some specific operators. In this paper, a constructive characterization of all rational LP revision operators is given in terms of orderings over propositional interpretations with some further conditions specific to SE interpretations. It provides an intuitive, complete procedure for the construction of all rational LP revision operators and makes easier the comprehension of their semantic and computational properties. We give a particular consideration to LPs of very general form, i.e., the generalized logic programs (GLPs). We show that every rational GLP revision operator is derived from a propositional revision operator satisfying the original AGM postulates. Interestingly, the further conditions specific to GLP revision are independent from the propositional revision operator on which a GLP revision operator is based. Taking advantage of our characterization result, we embed the GLP revision operators into structures of Boolean lattices, that allow us to bring to light some potential weaknesses in the adapted AGM postulates. To illustrate our claim, we introduce and characterize axiomatically two specific classes of (rational) GLP revision operators which arguably have a drastic behavior. We additionally consider two more restricted forms of LPs, i.e., the disjunctive logic programs (DLPs) and the normal logic programs (NLPs) and adapt our characterization result to disjunctive logic program and normal logic program revision operators.
CHAPTER II: TWENTY EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY BUSINESS SESSIONS
Authors: Williams Robert
Published: August 2015

The President of the IAU, Prof. Robert Williams, welcomed the delegates and members to this first business session of the General Assembly. The President invited the General Secretary, Dr. Ian Corbett, to start the business session.
CHAPTER VI: REPORTS on DIVISION, COMMISSION, and WORKING GROUP MEETINGS
Authors: Kaplan George , Hohenkerk Catherine , Fukushima Toshio , Arlot Jean-Eudes , Bangert John A. , Bell Steven A. , Folkner William , Lara Martin , Pitjeva Elena V. , Urban Sean E. , Vondrak Jan
Published: August 2015

The triennial meeting of Commission 4 was attended by 16 people. All of the presentations from the meeting are provided on the commission website at http://www.iaucom4.org/c4docs.html, so this report provides only summaries.
DIVISION I: COMMISSION 19: ROTATION OF THE EARTH
Authors: Schuh Harald , Huang Chengli , Seitz Florian , Brzezinski Aleksander , Bizouard Christian , Chao Ben , Gross Richard , Kosek Wieslaw , Salstein David , Titov Oleg , Richter Bernd , Malkin Zinovy
Published: August 2015

During the XXVIII IAU General Assembly in Beijing IAU Commission 19 - Rotation of the Earth - held a business meeting and a scientific meeting. The business meeting was held on Wednesday, 29 August 2012 during session 1 (08:30-10:00). It was attended by about 35 participants, and six reports were given. First the activities of IAU Commission 19 during the past triennium (2009–2012) were highlighted by the Commission president. Afterwards, the Commission secretary presented the results of the elections for the next triennium (2012–2015) and a list of new members of the Commission. The designated Commission president provided an outlook into the next triennium, before the representatives of the international bodies and services IAG (International Association of Geodesy), IVS (International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry), and IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service) gave reports about recent activities. A summary of the business meeting is given below in Section 2. The scientific meeting was held on Thursday, 20 August 2012 during sessions 1 and 2 (08:30-12:30). Eleven presentations were given, and about 40 participants attended the sessions. Summaries of the presentations are provided below in Section 3.
DIVISION II: COMMISSION 49: INTERPLANETARY PLASMA AND THE HELIOSPHERE
Authors: Gopalswamy Natchimuthuk , Mann Ingrid , Bougeret Jean-Louis , Briand Carine , Lallement Rosine , Lario David , Manoharan P. K. , Shibata Kazunari , Webb David F.
Published: August 2015

The President of IAU Commission 49 (C49; Interplanetary Plasma and the Heliosphere), Nat Gopalswamy, chaired the business meeting of C10, which took place on August 23, 2012 in the venue of the IAU General Assembly in Beijing (2:00 - 3:30 PM, Room 405).
DIVISION III: COMMISSION 22: METEORS, METEORITES AND INTERPLANETARY DUST
Authors: Jenniskens Peter , Borovička Jiří , Watanabe Junichi , Consolmagno Guy , Jopek(Secretary) Tadeusz , Vaubaillon Jeremie , Abe Shinsuke , Janches Diego , Ryabova Galina , Ishiguro Masateru , Zhu Jin
Published: August 2015

The business meeting of commission 22 was held at the room 403 on 24 th August 2012 (14:00-15:30) in the China National Convention Center in Beijing.
DIVISION IX: COMMISSION 30: RADIAL VELOCITIES
Authors: Torres Guillermo , Pourbaix Dimitri , Udry Stephane , Marcy Geoffrey W. , Mathieu Robert D. , Mazeh Tsevi , Minniti Dante , Moutou Claire , Pepe Francesco , Turon Catherine , Zwitter Tomaz
Published: August 2015

The meeting was attended by the President and Vice-President of the Commission, along with approximately 15 other members. The President reported on the election of new officers that took place at the end of March 2012, for four new members of the Organizing Committee as well as a new Vice-President, and thanked the outgoing members. Tomaz Zwitter (Slovenia) was elected as the new VP (2012–2015), and the new OC members for the period 2012–2018 are Alceste Bonanos (Greece), Alain Jorissen (Belgium), David Katz (France), and Matthias Steinmetz (Germany). The current VP, Dimitri Pourbaix, became the President through 2015.
DIVISION XII: COMMISSION 14: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR DATA
Authors: Mashonkina Lyudmila I. , Salama Farid , Wahlgren Glenn M. , Allard France , Barklem Paul , Beiersdorfer Peter , Fraser Helen , Nave Gillian , Nilsson Hampus
Published: August 2015

The meeting was called to order by the Chair, who followed the agenda that had been sent to the membership prior to the meeting. The membership of the Commission stands at approximately 220 members, excluding the new members who will join the commission at the end of this General Assembly.
DIVISION XII: COMMISSION 46: EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT OF ASTRONOMY
Authors: Ros Rosa M. , Hearnshaw John , Stavinschi Magda , Garcia Beatriz , Gerbaldi Michele , Greve Jean-Pierre de , Guinan Edward , Haubold Hans , Jones Barrie , Marshall Laurence A. , Pasachoff Jay
Published: August 2015

C46 is a Commission of the Executive Committee of the IAU under Division XII Union-Wide Activities. Aiming at improvement of astronomy education and research at all levels worldwide (through the various projects it initiates),maintains, develops, as well as through the dissemination of information. C46 has 332 members and it was managed by the Organizing Committee, formed by the Commission President (Rosa M. Ros, from Spain), the Vice-Presiden (John Hearnshaw, from New Zealand), the Retiring President (Magda Stavinschi, from Romania), the Vice-President of the IAU (George Miley, from Netherland) and the PG chairs:

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Worldwide Development of Astronomy WWDA: John Hearnshaw

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Teaching Astronomy for Development TAD: Edward Guinan and Laurence A. Marshall

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International Schools for Young Astronomers ISYA; chair: Jean-Pierre de Greve

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Network for Astronomy School Education NASE: Rosa M. Ros and Beatriz Garcia

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Public Understanding at the times of Solar Eclipses and transit Phenomena PUTSE: Jay Pasachoff

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National Liaison and Newsletter: Barrie Jones

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Collaborative Programs: Hans Haubold
DIVISION XII: COMMISSION 55: COMMUNICATING ASTRONOMY WITH THE PUBLIC
Authors: Christensen Lars Lindberg , Russo Pedro , Robson Ian , Arcand Kimberly Kowal , Fienberg Richard Tresch , Ödman-Govender Carolina , Sekiguchi Kazuhiro , Wheeler Pete , Zhu Jin
Published: August 2015

A good fraction of the Commission 55 (C55) Organizing Committee met in Beijing in August at the XXVIII IAU General Assembly, where C55 organized Special Session 14 (SpS14) entitled “Communicating Astronomy with the Public for Scientists.” During our C55 business meeting, and again during an impromptu gathering a few days later, we discussed changes in the IAU's organizational and programmatic structure and how these changes might affect C55. This report summarizes key points and offers some ideas about what we're calling “C55 v2.0.” For background and reference, see the C55 website at http://www.communicatingastronomy.org.
Characterization of early changes in fetoplacental hemodynamics in a diet-induced rabbit model of IUGR
Authors: López-Tello J. , Barbero A. , González-Bulnes A. , Astiz S. , Rodríguez M. , Formoso-Rafferty N. , Arias-Álvarez M. , Rebollar P. G.
Published: August 2015

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes and late-onset diseases in offspring. Eating disorders, voluntary caloric restriction and maternal undernutrition can all induce IUGR but a relevant model is required to measure all its possible consequences. In this work, pregnant rabbits were used as an IUGR model. Control females (n=4) received ad libitum diet throughout pregnancy, whereas underfed females (n=5) were restricted to 50% of their daily requirements. Offspring size was measured by ultrasonography and in vivo at birth. Hemodynamic features of the umbilical cords and middle cerebral arteries (systolic peak velocity, end diastolic velocity, pulsatility index and resistance index) were characterized by Doppler ultrasonography. At day 21, maternal underfeeding resulted in a significant reduction of fetal size (occipito-nasal length). At birth, the size of kits from the underfed group was significantly lower (lower crown-rump length, biparietal and transversal thoracic diameters) and a reduced weight with respect to the control group. Feed restriction altered blood flow perfusion compared with does fed ad libitum (significant higher systolic peak, time-averaged mean velocities and lower end diastolic velocity). Fetuses affected by IUGR presented with compensative brain-sparing effects when compared with the control group. In conclusion, the present study supports using rabbits and the underfeeding approach as a valuable model for IUGR studies. These results may help to characterize IUGR alterations due to nutrient restriction of mothers in future research.
Schlafprobleme bei Soldaten und die Rolle traumatischer Ereignisse bei Auslandseinsätzen
Authors: Heinrich Anke , Knappe Susanne , Trautmann Sebastian , Schönfeld Sabine , Hauffa Robin , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich
Published: August 2015

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Schlafprobleme, ihre Auswirkungen und Implikationen sind besonders im Kontext militärischer Missionen ein bedeutsames, jedoch wenig untersuchtes Thema. Methoden: Eine repräsentative Stichprobe von 1478 deutschen Bundeswehrsoldaten wurde 12 Monate nach Ende ihres Auslandseinsatzes mittels des Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) sowie zu psychischen Störungen (DSM-IV-TR) und traumatischen Ereignissen persönlich untersucht und mit N = 880 Soldaten ohne Auslandseinsatz verglichen. Ergebnisse: 41 % der Soldaten mit und 38 % der Soldaten ohne Auslandseinsatz erfüllten die PSQI-Kriterien für Schlafprobleme. Traumatische Einsatzereignisse waren mit mehr Schlafproblemen assoziiert (β: 0.7, 95 % KI: 0.4 – 1.0, p < .001). In Abhängigkeit der Anzahl traumatischer Einsatzereignisse wurde ein höherer PSQI-Gesamtwert bei inzidenten psychischen Störungen (β: 1.2, 95 % KI: 0.3 – 2.1, p = .011), aber auch bei Soldaten ohne psychische Störungen (β: 0.7, 95 % KI: 0.3 – 1.1, p = .001) berichtet. Schlussfolgerung: Auslandseinsätze scheinen in Abhängigkeit traumatischer Ereignisse das Ausmaß von Schlafproblemen bei Soldaten sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb des Kontextes psychischer Störungen zu erhöhen.