bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Body Mass Index on Coordination, Static and Dynamic Balance in Young Adults: A Case-control Study
Authors: Debnath Ankita , Kumar Manish , Dagar Mamta , Trivedi Vishwajeet , Tyagi Ashish , Moorthy AS
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Abnormal Body Mass Index (BMI), characterised by a higher percentage of fat mass, has notable effects on postural control, leading to a forward shift in posture that exceeds the Base Of Support (BOS) boundary due to increased segmental mass and a compromised ability to regain stability after a disruption caused by excess adiposity. Aim: To investigate the potential impact of BMI on the coordination, static balance and dynamic balance of young adults. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted in the Department of Physiotherapy, School of Healthcare and Allied Sciences (SoHAS), G D Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India from November 2023 to April 2024. Study was conducted among 90 subjects from the Delhi-NCR region, aged between 18 years and 30 years and including both genders, were recruited. They were categorised into three groups based on Asian Pacific BMI classifications: 29 subjects in the normal weight group (BMI 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 ), 26 subjects in the overweight group (BMI 23-24.9 kg/m2 ), and 35 subjects in the obese group (BMI >25 kg/m2 ). Body composition, balance tests and coordination tests were assessed for all subjects. The p-value and F-values were calculated to assess group differences using the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method, indicating significant results (p-value<0.01) for static and dynamic balance as well as coordination tests. Subsequently, post-hoc tests were conducted to explore specific differences among the groups. Results: The mean ages of the normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 22.10±2.38 years, 21.77±2.90 years and 21.91±2.38 years, respectively. The mean BMI of the normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 20.23±1.30 kg/ m2 , 23.99±0.68 kg/m2 and 29.69±3.09 kg/m2 , respectively. The ANOVA single factor test showed a significant difference between the normal weight, overweight and obese groups in the Single Leg Standing (SLS) test with opened and closed eyes on each leg for static balance; in the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test for dynamic balance; and in sidewalking, tandem walking, and heel walking for coordination at p-value<0.05. The posthoc test showed a significant difference in all the parameters for overweight and obese groups in comparison to the normal weight group at p-value<0.016. Conclusion: Abnormal BMI affects both static and dynamic balance along with coordination in young adults. Therefore, preventive measures should be considered to normalize BMI to prevent coordination and balance issues in overweight and obese young adults.
Role of Maternal Anogenital Distance Measurement in Prediction of Perineal Tears during Vaginal Delivery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Singh Karishma , Jain Sandhya , Agarwal Rachna , Priya Bhanu
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Almost 85% of women suffer from perineal trauma during vaginal birth, which can have long-term consequences. Anogenital Distance (AGD) is a novel and useful parameter for predicting perineal tears during vaginal delivery. Aim: To determine the accuracy and cut-off values of AGD in predicting ≥2nd degree perineal tears. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India, from January 2021 to April 2022, including 80 patients in group 1 and 80 in group 2. Group 1 consisted of patients who experienced ≥2nd degree perineal tears during vaginal delivery, while group 2 included patients with an intact perineum or up to 1st degree tears. Anthropometric data such as Anus to Clitoris Distance (AGDac) and Anus to Fourchette Distance (AGDaf) (anus to fourchette distance), as well as labour parameters like foetal position, duration of the second stage, induction of labour and birth weight, were noted. Receiver Operating Curves (ROC) were plotted to obtain cut-off values for AGDac and AGDaf in predicting ≥2nd degree perineal tears. Unpaired t-tests and Chi-square tests were used to compare quantitative and qualitative parameters, respectively. Results: The mean AGDac (75.99 vs. 77.05) and AGDaf (33.50 vs. 34.52) were lower in group 1 compared to group 2. AGDaf (75%) showed better sensitivity for predicting ≥2nd degree perineal tears and anal sphincter injury compared to AGDac (60%). The specificity of AGDaf (55%) was better for predicting ≥2nd degree perineal tears, while AGDac (51%) was more specific for sphincter injury. Foetal head position (p=0.016) and birth weight (p=0.002) were identified as the strongest risk factors for tears. Group 1 patients reported more bowel (25% vs. 10%) and prolapse symptoms (11.5% vs. 3.75%) compared to group 2 patients at six weeks postpartum. Conclusion: Perineal length, as measured antenatally by AGD (both AGDac and AGDaf), is useful in predicting the occurrence of perineal tears during vaginal delivery. If found to be short, obstetricians can exercise greater caution during delivery, potentially reducing the incidence of anal sphincter injuries and their long-term consequences.
A Decade-long Meteorological Report at the Local Scale and a Literature Review of Possible Consequences on Crops
Authors: Arunima A.S , D.Jacob
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the study was to look into how the physiology of crops are affected by climate change. The meteorological data for the most recent 10 years (2012–22) was given by the Department of Agricultural Meteorology,College of Agriculture Vellayani. These data were examined in order to comprehend weather patterns and investigated how the climate change, especially the temperature raise may affect plant growth and development. The results has been shown that the physiology of crops were severely affected by the temperature stress brought by climate change
Advancement and Effectiveness of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadense miller) and Sodium Alginate Based Natural Coatings for Extending the Shelf Life of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Ghosh Mamata , Hemanth Pappoppula , Rahman Masuma , Kardile Nilesh Balasaheb , Gaikwad Sandip T. , Kumar Sourabh
Published: November 2024

The Preservation of fruits and vegetable freshness is crucial in the agri-food industry to reduce postharvest losses and waste. Edible Coating emerges as a promising approach for extending the shelf life of these perishable goods. This study examines the role of edible coatings, with particular emphasis on aloe vera and sodium alginate as sustainable and natural coating agents. Studies demonstrate that these coatings effectively reduce moisture loss, control gas exchange, and inhibit microbial activity, which are critical factors in maintaining product quality. Aloe vera and sodium alginate coatings, particularly when enriched with essential oil, significantly enhance antimicrobial properties and preserve texture and color during extended storage. Through process optimization, the study investigates fine-tuning coating methods, ingredient concentrations, and storage conditions to optimize their efficacy. Additionally, quality characterization techniques are explored for quantitatively assessing the impact on freshness, sensory qualities, and overall quality. By addressing postharvest loss challenges, this review highlights aloe vera and sodium alginate coatings, and their potential for sustainable food preservation, contributing to reduced food wastage and fulfilling consumer demand for high-quality produce.
An Overview of the Developments in the Propagation of the East Indian Sandalwood, Santalum album L.
Authors: Hamalton Tresa , Khannam Almas , Pant Chandrakant
Published: November 2024

The East Indian Sandalwood is one of the most highly traded timber, also useful for the extraction of fragrant essential oil possessing medicinal values. Regardless of its vulnerable status, this forest species is now grown in the farmer’s field at a faster pace in India; thanks to policy interventions. However, the requirement of quality planting material can be met only if viable methods are made available for large scale propagation. This review summarises the various methods of propagation studied for S. album, through seeds and vegetative parts by macropropagation and micropropagation techniques, which can be employed for its mass multiplication. Recent studies are also presented along with research advances and underlying issues in the propagation methods. Although limited numbers of sandalwood plants were produced by various researchers, commercialisation of the methods is still a long way. This may be due to major bottlenecks in host compatibility, In vitro rooting and the availability of superior genotypes for clonal propagation.
Analysing Efficacy of Chemical and Mechanical Weed Control Methods to Growth and Quality Enhancement in Grapes (Vitis vinifera)
Authors: M.P.Kavitha  , J.Rajangam  , C.Parameswari  , K.Ramah  , G.Sudhakar  , Mohan M.Madhan , P.Geetharani  , R.Jeyasrinivas
Published: November 2024

Weed management is one of major agronomic practices needed for effective growth and yield of crops. The cost effective weed management practices is required for grape production with minimum cost of cultivation. Research trials were taken to evaluate the bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of Indaziflam 500 SC in vineyards at Farmers fields of Appachipannai and Anumandampatti within the Cumbum Block, Theni district, Tamil Nadu during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2018 and 2019. The field experiment was conducted utilizing a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment encompasses ten (10) treatments, namely, T1 - Untreated control, T2 - Indaziflam 500 SC @ 37.5 g a.i./ha, T3 - Indaziflam 500 SC @ 50 g a.i./ha, T4 - Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha, T5 - Diuron 80% WP @ 1600 g a.i./ha, T6 - Manual weeding, T7 - Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha + Glyphosate 41% SL @ 1230 g a.i./ha, T8 - Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha + Glufosinate Ammonium 13.5% SL @ 500 g a.i./ha, T9 - Glyphosate 41% SL @ 1230 g a.i./ha and T10 - Glufosinate Ammonium 13.5% SL @ 500 g a.i./ha. Indaziflam 500 SC was sprayed as pre-emergence and tank mix application with post emergence herbicides in grapevine before the onset of South West Monsoon and North East Monsoon. During both study seasons, pre-emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i. ha-1 resulted in a considerably decreased number of weeds on 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAA. Throughout both seasons, the untreated control showed increased weed density at every stage of crop growth. Pre-emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i. ha-1 recorded significantly lower weed DMP at 90 DAA followed by pre-emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 50 g a.i./ha during both the seasons of the study and resulted in higher weed control efficiency at all stages of observation. Significantly higher grapes yield of 15.3 and 16.5 t/ha was recorded with manual weeding during kharif and rabi respectively due to weed free condition maintained during entire growth stage of the crop and it was followed by pre-emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i./ha. Pre-emergence application of Indaziflam 500 SC @ 62.5 g a.i. ha-1 recorded significantly higher fruit yield to the tune of 14.1 and 15.3 t/ha and observed 30 % and 34.5 % increased yield over standard check Diuron 80% WP @ 1600 g a.i./ha in grapes in first and second seasons respectively.
Blockchain-enhanced Cloud Security Frameworks: Addressing Human-network Vulnerabilities in Public and Private Sector Systems
Authors: Selesi-Aina Oluwatosin
Published: November 2024

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of blockchain technology in enhancing cloud security frameworks by focusing on human-network vulnerabilities in public and private sector systems Utilizing data from the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report, Global Terrorism Database, and Ethereum Blockchain Dataset, the analysis incorporates descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and time series analysis to evaluate incident mitigation effectiveness, scalability, and performance. The results reveal that blockchain reduces the likelihood of successful attacks by 5.75 times compared to traditional methods, particularly in managing high-frequency incidents like phishing and credential misuse. However, challenges related to scalability, such as increased latency and network congestion under heavy loads, were identified. The study concludes that while blockchain significantly improves cloud security, performance optimizations are necessary. Recommendations include implementing layer-2 scaling solutions and adopting hybrid blockchain models to balance security and performance.
Risk for Herpes Zoster in Tofacitinib‐Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With and Without Concomitant Methotrexate and Glucocorticoids
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Xie Fenglong , Yang Shuo , Bernatsky Sasha , Chen Lang , Yun Huifeng , Winthrop Kevin
Published: October 2018

Objective

Increased incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) has been observed with JAK inhibitors such as tofacitinib. However, whether concomitant methotrexate (MTX) and/or glucocorticoids confer additional (additive or multiplicative) risk is unclear. We evaluated HZ risk in tofacitinib users with and without MTX and glucocorticoids.

Methods

Within MarketScan and Medicare data (2011–2016), we identified all patients with rheumatologist‐diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis initiating treatment with tofacitinib (index date); demographics and baseline covariates were evaluated in the year prior to the index date. HZ was ascertained using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or Tenth Revision codes with antiviral drug use (±7 days). Multivariable Cox regression was used to evaluate hazard ratios (HRs) for HZ in tofacitinib users with and without current concomitant MTX and glucocorticoids, controlling for baseline covariates.

Results

We studied 8,030 new tofacitinib users (83.3% women). The mean ± SD age was 60.3 ± 12.6 years. HZ incidence in tofacitinib users was numerically lowest in the absence of glucocorticoids (3.4 per 100 patient‐years with MTX; 3.7 per 100 patient‐years without MTX). An approximately 2‐fold increased incidence of HZ was observed for tofacitinib users receiving either glucocorticoids alone (6.0 per 100 patient‐years) or both MTX plus glucocorticoids (6.5 per 100 patient‐years). The adjusted HR for HZ in tofacitinib users was unchanged (HR 0.99 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.64–1.54]) when given only with MTX, but was increased (HR 1.96 [95% CI 1.33–2.88]) for tofacitinib plus glucocorticoids. Older age and female sex were also risk factors, while prior vaccination was associated with a strong trend for lower risk.

Conclusion

In tofacitinib users, HZ occurred at a rate of approximately 4% per year and was further doubled with glucocorticoid exposure. Concomitant MTX did not confer additional risk. Zoster vaccination may decrease risk.
Sex‐Specific Influence of Quadriceps Weakness on Worsening Patellofemoral and Tibiofemoral Cartilage Damage: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Culvenor Adam G. , Segal Neil A. , Guermazi Ali , Roemer Frank , Felson David T. , Nevitt Michael C. , Lewis Cora E. , Stefanik Joshua J.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Reports on quadriceps weakness as a risk factor for incident and progressive knee osteoarthritis are conflicting, potentially due to differing effects of muscle strength on patellofemoral and tibiofemoral compartments. This study aimed to examine the sex‐specific relation of quadriceps strength to worsening patellofemoral and tibiofemoral cartilage damage over 84 months.

Methods

The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study is a cohort study of individuals with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis. Maximal quadriceps strength was assessed at baseline. Cartilage damage was semiquantitatively assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 84‐month follow‐up using the Whole‐Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). Worsening patellofemoral and tibiofemoral cartilage damage was defined as any WORMS score increase in each subregion within medial and lateral compartments separately. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to assess the sex‐specific relation of quadriceps strength to worsening cartilage damage.

Results

A total of 1,018 participants (mean ± SD age 61 ± 8 years, and mean ± SD body mass index 29.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2; 64% female) were included. Quadriceps weakness increased the risk of worsening lateral patellofemoral cartilage damage in women (risk ratio for lowest versus highest quartile of strength 1.50 [95% confidence interval 1.03–2.20]; P = 0.007 for linear trend) but not in men. There was generally no association between quadriceps weakness and worsening cartilage damage in the medial or lateral tibiofemoral compartment for either women or men.

Conclusion

Low quadriceps strength increased the risk of worsening cartilage damage in the lateral patellofemoral joint of women, suggesting that optimizing quadriceps strength may help prevent worsening of structural damage in the patellofemoral joint in women.
Using Physical Activity Trackers in Arthritis Self‐Management: A Qualitative Study of Patient and Rehabilitation Professional Perspectives
Authors: Leese Jenny , Macdonald Graham G. , Tran Bao Chau , Wong Rosalind , Backman Catherine L. , Townsend Anne F. , Davis Aileen M. , Jones C. Allyson , Gromala Diane , Avina‐Zubieta J. Antonio , Hoens Alison M. , Li Linda C.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To compare and contrast the perspectives of patients with arthritis and those of rehabilitation professionals regarding starting and sustaining use of physical activity trackers (PATs).

Methods

We conducted focus group sessions with patients, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists in Ontario, Alberta, or British Columbia, Canada. To be eligible, patients must have self‐reported a diagnosis of inflammatory or osteoarthritis. Rehabilitation professionals reported that at least 40% of their caseload was dedicated to arthritis care. Participants had any level of experience with PATs. A thematic analytic approach was used.

Results

The following 3 themes were identified: 1) anticipating sharing objective measures of physical activity. Participants agreed that use of PATs had the potential to improve consultations between patients with arthritis and rehabilitation professionals but were uncertain how to achieve this potential; 2) perceived or experienced barriers to start or continue using a PAT. Participants shared doubts about whether existing PATs would meet specific needs of patients with arthritis and expressed concerns about possible negative impacts; and 3) bolstering motivation? Although there was agreement that use of PATs could bolster the motivation of patients who were already active, patients and rehabilitation professionals had different opinions regarding whether use of PATs alone would motivate patients to start increasing activity levels.

Conclusion

Our study highlights similarities and differences between the perspectives of patients and rehabilitation professionals regarding the potential value and risks of integrating PATs into arthritis self‐management. Despite agreement about the potential of PATs, participants were uncertain how to effectively incorporate these tools to enhance patient–clinician consultations and had differing views about whether use of PATs would support a patient's motivation to be active.
Silk Fibroin Microparticles with Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers Encapsulation for Abdominal Wall Repair
Authors: Zhao Xin , Chen Zhuoyue , Liu Yuxiao , Huang Qian , Zhang Huidan , Ji Wu , Ren Jianan , Li Jieshou , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: October 2018

Therapeutic vascularization appears to be an effective way of repairing abdominal wall defects. Attempts to implement this treatment tend to focus on the generation of featured drug carriers with the ability effectively to encapsulate the angiogenesis‐stimulating agents and control their release to maintain an appropriate concentration at the injured area. Here, a new type of composite microparticle (CM) composed of silk fibroin (SF) and hollow mesoporous silica nanocarriers (HMSNs) is presented for therapeutic agent delivery. The CMs are generated by drying microfluidic emulsion templates of HMSN‐dispersed SF solution. The resultant CMs have a distinctive micro‐nanostructure, in which two barriers control the drug release. The encapsulated HMSNs increase the drug‐carrying capacity of the CMs, and also form the first barrier via physical absorption. The microfluidic SF microparticles not only provide a shell with excellent monodispersity and biocompatibility but also form the second barrier via efficient encapsulation. Because of these superior properties of the CMs, the loaded drugs can be delivered with a satisfactory activity at the required rate, making them ideal for implementing therapeutic vascularization and repairing abdominal wall defects.
Piezoelectric Biomaterials for Sensors and Actuators
Authors: Chorsi Meysam T. , Curry Eli J. , Chorsi Hamid T. , Das Ritopa , Baroody Jeffrey , Purohit Prashant K. , Ilies Horea , Nguyen Thanh D.
Published: October 2018

Recent advances in materials, manufacturing, biotechnology, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have fostered many exciting biosensors and bioactuators that are based on biocompatible piezoelectric materials. These biodevices can be safely integrated with biological systems for applications such as sensing biological forces, stimulating tissue growth and healing, as well as diagnosing medical problems. Herein, the principles, applications, future opportunities, and challenges of piezoelectric biomaterials for medical uses are reviewed thoroughly. Modern piezoelectric biosensors/bioactuators are developed with new materials and advanced methods in microfabrication/encapsulation to avoid the toxicity of conventional lead‐based piezoelectric materials. Intriguingly, some piezoelectric materials are biodegradable in nature, which eliminates the need for invasive implant extraction. Together, these advancements in the field of piezoelectric materials and microsystems can spark a new age in the field of medicine.
The Role of Surface Recombination on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Morphology and Crystalline Phase of TiO2 Contact
Authors: Idígoras Jesús , Contreras‐Bernal Lidia , Cave James M. , Courtier Nicola E. , Barranco Ángel , Borras Ana , Sánchez‐Valencia Juan R. , Anta Juan A. , Walker Alison B.
Published: October 2018

Herein, the preparation of 1D TiO2 nanocolumnar films grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is reported as the electron selective layer (ESL) for perovskite solar devices. The impact of the ESL architecture (1D and 3D morphologies) and the nanocrystalline phase (anatase and amorphous) is analyzed. For anatase structures, similar power conversion efficiencies are achieved using an ESL either the 1D nanocolumns or the classical 3D nanoparticle film. However, lower power conversion efficiencies and different optoelectronic properties are found for perovskite devices based on amorphous 1D films. The use of amorphous TiO2 as electron selective contact produces a bump in the reverse scan of the current–voltage curve as well as an additional electronic signal, detected by impedance spectroscopy measurements. The dependence of this additional signal on the optical excitation wavelength used in the IS experiments suggests that it stems from an interfacial process. Calculations using a drift‐diffusion model which explicitly considers the selective contacts reproduces qualitatively the main features observed experimentally. These results demonstrate that for a solar cell in which the contact is working properly the open‐circuit photovoltage is mainly determined by bulk recombination, whereas the introduction of a “bad contact” shifts the balance to surface recombination.
Controllable Sandwiching of Reduced Graphene Oxide in Hierarchical Defect‐Rich MoS2 Ultrathin Nanosheets with Expanded Interlayer Spacing for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Shah Sayyar Ali , Zhu Guoxing , Shen Xiaoping , Kong Lirong , Ji Zhenyuan , Xu Keqiang , Zhou Hongbo , Zhu Jun , Song Peng , Song Chunsen , Yuan Aihua , Miao Xuli
Published: October 2018

The successful designing of low‐cost and highly active electrocatalytic materials from earth‐abundant elements are favorable for the large scale production of hydrogen from water splitting. Herein, the controllable sandwiching of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in hierarchical defect‐rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets (MoSGMoS) with vertical alignment and expanded interlayer spacing is synthesized by hydrothermal method. The MoSGMoS product exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an onset overpotential of 24.3 mV, low overpotentials of 72 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 384 mV at 1300 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 44.7 mV decade−1, large exchange current density of 0.67 mA cm−2, and high durability in H2SO4 solution. The HER performance of the MoSGMoS catalyst is much better than most of the reported MoS2‐based catalysts, especially in terms of onset overpotential and cathodic current density. The synergistic effect between defect‐rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets with hierarchical structure, vertical alignment and expanded interlayer spacing, and conductive RGO is responsible for the outstanding HER activity. This method may open a new way to grow hierarchical MoS2 nanosheets on carbonaceous materials for enhanced hydrogen production from water splitting.
A Trisymmetric Magnetic Microchip Surface for Free and Two‐Way Directional Movement of Magnetic Microbeads
Authors: Sajjad Umer , Lage Enno , McCord Jeffrey
Published: October 2018

The guidance of labeled microcarriers in microfluidic environments is a prerequisite to the development of magnetic pattern assisted lab‐on‐chip technology. Square wave modulations of in‐plane applied magnetic fields enable the forward and backward locomotion of superparamagnetic microspheres on discrete hexagonally arranged ferromagnetic structures in a flowless microfluidic environment at a single bead level. By using distinct magnetic field sequences, selective directional transportation and two‐way separational motion of different ensembles of beads across a varying stray magnetic field pattern is achieved. Microbeads can be moved along different directions along spatial microcorridors. The demonstrated realization of multifunctional patterned magnetic surfaces enables the controlled positioning and sorting of mixed populations of functionalized microcarriers for biodiagnostic applications.
Intrinsic Behavior of CH3NH3PbBr3 Single Crystals under Light Illumination
Authors: Ecker Benjamin R. , Wang Congcong , Wei Haotong , Yuan Yongbo , Huang Jinsong , Gao Yongli
Published: October 2018

Single crystal CH3NH3PbBr3 samples are exposed to light illumination, with a light intensity about seven times stronger than the sun while under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, in order to investigate their chemical and structural stability from prolonged light illumination. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements show that within 10 h of illumination, about half of the initial C, N, and Br elemental concentrations leave the surface and about half of the perovskite's Pb is converted into metallic Pb. Light exposures while in the UHV system also significantly roughen the surface, and surprisingly, empty voids form ≈1 to 3 µm down in the light exposed region. A framework based on the Kirkendall effect is put forward to explain the observed void formation. This proposed model may be relevant to the slow degradation of perovskite solar cells, which is sometimes attributed to irreversible chemical reactions from undesired diffusion. These measurements and observations reveal the intrinsic behavior of the CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals under light illumination while in a UHV system where volatile species are free to leave, in contrast to existing device studies on the photostability of perovskite solar cells.
Efficient Visible–Near‐Infrared Hybrid Perovskite:PbS Quantum Dot Photodetectors Fabricated Using an Antisolvent Additive Solution Process
Authors: Zhao Dan , Huang Jiang , Qin Ruiheng , Yang Genjie , Yu Junsheng
Published: October 2018

Organometal lead‐halide perovskites demonstrate excellent photovoltaic performance in the visible (Vis) region. However, their lack of response in the near‐infrared (NIR) region limits their applications in broadband photodetectors. Herein, an efficient Vis–NIR perovskite photodetector (PePD) created by doping PbS quantum dots (QDs) in perovskite precursors via an antisolvent additive solution process is reported. By changing the volume of the antisolvent additive, perovskite hybrid films of MAPbI3:PbS QDs with good crystallinity and uniform grain size are created. The resultant Vis–NIR PePD exhibits a specific detectivity of 1012 and 1011 Jones in the visible and NIR regions, respectively. These results suggest that the antisolvent additive solution process can disperse PbS QDs between perovskite grain boundaries and control the perovskite crystallinity and morphology, providing a simple method to broaden the spectral response range of PePDs.
Biocatalytic N‐Acylation of Amines in Water Using an Acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Contente Martina Letizia , Pinto Andrea , Molinari Francesco , Paradisi Francesca
Published: October 2018

A straightforward one‐step biocatalyzed synthesis of different N‐acyl amides in water was accomplished using the versatile and chemoselective acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT). Acetylation of primary arylalkyl amines was achieved with a range of acetyl donors in biphasic systems within 1 hour and at room temperature. Vinyl acetate was the best donor which could be employed in the N‐acetylation of a large range of primary amines in excellent yields (85–99%) after just 20 minutes. Other acyl donors (including formyl‐, propionyl‐, and butyryl‐donors) were also efficiently employed in the biocatalytic N‐acylation. Finally, the biocatalyst was tested in transamidation reactions using acetamide as acetyl donor in aqueous medium, reaching yields of 60–70%. This work expands the toolbox of preparative methods for the formation of N‐acyl amides, describing a biocatalytic approach easy to accomplish under mild conditions in water.

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Stiffness‐Independent Toughening of Beams through Coaxial Interfaces
Authors: Mueller Jochen , Raney Jordan R. , Kochmann Dennis M. , Shea Kristina
Published: October 2018

To be of engineering relevance, it is essential for stiff and strong materials to possess also high toughness. However, as these properties are typically mutually exclusive, they are rarely found in nature and synthetic replications are extremely limited. Here, an elegant albeit simple physical principle that enables ligaments in cellular networks to possess these mechanical properties simultaneously is presented. The underlying architecture consists of multiple, coaxially aligned layers separated by interfaces that prevent crack propagation, hence increasing the energy required for complete rupture. The results show that the fracture strain and toughness can be increased by over 100%, when compared to conventional reference struts, while fully maintaining the density, stiffness, and strength. The bioinspired and highly versatile approach is scale‐independent under the absence of shear, applicable to various geometries, and complementary to existing approaches. It can, therefore, significantly improve safety and reduce cost and environmental impact in numerous applications, such as packaging, sports equipment, and transportation.
Self‐Supporting Porous CoP‐Based Films with Phase‐Separation Structure for Ultrastable Overall Water Electrolysis at Large Current Density
Authors: Yu Xiangtao , Wang Mingyong , Gong Xuzhong , Guo Zhancheng , Wang Zhi , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: October 2018

Stable non‐noble metal electrocatalysts are of essential importance for industrial water electrolysis. Powdery electrocatalysts loaded on current collectors by binders are often designed, but easily fall off due to strong attack by bubbles at an industrial large current density (>400 mA cm−2). A novel strategy is developed to construct a self‐supported dual‐phase porous Co2P–Co3O4 film for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and micro‐nanoporous Co2P film for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) based on the electrodeposition of single‐phase porous CoP film on gas–liquid–solid interface, phase separation to Co2P–Co, and selective oxidation/etching of the Co phase. The self‐supported dual‐phase Co2P–Co3O4 catalyst exhibits good electrocatalytic activity for OER. The overpotentials are 265 and 405 mV at 20 and 200 mA cm−2, respectively. In addition, the self‐supported micro‐nanoporous Co2P catalyst shows high catalytic activity for HER due to large active area and good wettability. Both dual‐phase Co2P–Co3O4 and micro‐nanoporous Co2P possess ultrastability, even at a large current density of 500 mA cm−2 due to the self‐supported structure. The cell voltage of water electrolysis using a self‐supported Co2P–Co3O4||Co2P electrolyzer at 500 mA cm−2 is only about 3.36 ± 0.01 V, which is much lower than that (4.31 ± 0.05 V) of the IrO2–Ta2O5||Pt electrolyzer.
Characteristics of myeloproliferative neoplasms in patients exposed to ionizing radiation following the Chernobyl nuclear accident
Authors: Poluben Larysa , Puligandla Maneka , Neuberg Donna , Bryke Christine R. , Hsu Yahsuan , Shumeiko Oleksandr , Yuan Xin , Voznesensky Olga , Pihan German , Adam Miriam , Fraenkel Ernest , Rasnic Roni , Linial Michal , Klymenko Sergiy , Balk Steven P. , Fraenkel Paula G.
Published: October 2018

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) driver mutations are usually found in JAK2, MPL, and CALR genes; however, 10%‐15% of cases are triple negative (TN). A previous study showed lower rate of JAK2 V617F in primary myelofibrosis patients exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) from Chernobyl accident. To examine distinct driver mutations, we enrolled 281 Ukrainian IR‐exposed and unexposed MPN patients. Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes. JAK2 V617F, MPL W515, types 1‐ and 2‐like CALR mutations were identified by Sanger Sequencing and real time polymerase chain reaction. Chromosomal alterations were assessed by oligo‐SNP microarray platform. Additional genetic variants were identified by whole exome and targeted sequencing. Statistical significance was evaluated by Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon's rank sum test (R, version 3.4.2). IR‐exposed MPN patients exhibited a different genetic profile vs unexposed: lower rate of JAK2 V617F (58.4% vs 75.4%, P = .0077), higher rate of type 1‐like CALR mutation (12.2% vs 3.1%, P = .0056), higher rate of TN cases (27.8% vs 16.2%, P = .0366), higher rate of potentially pathogenic sequence variants (mean numbers: 4.8 vs 3.1, P = .0242). Furthermore, we identified several potential drivers specific to IR‐exposed TN MPN patients: ATM p.S1691R with copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity at 11q; EZH2 p.D659G at 7q and SUZ12 p.V71 M at 17q with copy number loss. Thus, IR‐exposed MPN patients represent a group with distinct genomic characteristics worthy of further study.
Effect of crizanlizumab on pain crises in subgroups of patients with sickle cell disease: A SUSTAIN study analysis
Authors: Kutlar Abdullah , Kanter Julie , Liles Darla K. , Alvarez Ofelia A. , Cançado Rodolfo D. , Friedrisch João R. , Knight‐Madden Jennifer M. , Bruederle Andreas , Shi Michael , Zhu Zewen , Ataga Kenneth I.
Published: October 2018

The cell adhesion molecule P‐selectin plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a vaso‐occlusive crisis (VOC) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). In the double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 2 SUSTAIN study, crizanlizumab (humanized, anti‐P‐selectin monoclonal antibody) 5 mg/kg significantly lowered the rate of VOC in patients with SCD by 45% vs placebo. In SUSTAIN, patients with SCD were randomized to crizanlizumab 2.5 mg/kg, crizanlizumab 5 mg/kg, or placebo intravenously 14 times over 52 weeks. The primary endpoint was the annual rate of VOC with crizanlizumab vs placebo. This post hoc descriptive analysis evaluated the proportion of patients who did not experience a VOC during the study in the following subgroups: VOCs in the year prior to study entry (2‐4/5‐10), SCD genotype (HbSS/non‐HbSS), and concomitant hydroxyurea use (yes/no). More patients were VOC event‐free in the crizanlizumab 5 mg/kg arm than in the placebo arm, including those with more frequent prior VOCs (ie, 5‐10; 28.0% vs 4.2%), the HbSS genotype (31.9% vs 17.0%) and/or using concomitant hydroxyurea (33.3% vs 17.5%). Further analyses of secondary endpoints demonstrated that crizanlizumab treatment significantly increased time‐to‐first VOC vs placebo in these subgroups. The rates of treatment‐emergent adverse events were similar between treatment arms across all subgroups. This post hoc analysis of SUSTAIN shows that in patients with a high number of prior VOCs, on concomitant hydroxyurea and/or with the HbSS genotype, crizanlizumab treatment increases the likelihood of patients being VOC event‐free and delays time‐to‐first VOC.
Do sexual calls in female black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) vary with fertility? An acoustic analysis
Authors: Bernaldo de Quirós Ester , Wheeler Brandon C. , Hammerschmidt Kurt , Heistermann Michael , Tiddi Barbara
Published: October 2018

Females across a range of animal taxa produce vocalizations and signals uniquely associated with periods of mating. While such signals may ultimately function to increase female attractivity to males, conflicting findings challenge the extent to which these signals co‐vary in accordance with the probability of conception. Female black capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) display an elaborate repertoire of both vocal and visual components as part of their socio‐sexual behavior, and previous analyses have shown that the rates of production of visual, but not vocal, components provide graded information on female ovulation. It remains possible, however, that the acoustic parameters of these sexual calls, rather than their rate of productions, co‐vary with female fertility. To test this, we analyzed structural and temporal call parameters from estrous calls and post‐copulatory calls recorded over five consecutive mating seasons in 12 sexually mature females at Iguazú National Park, Argentina. Calls given during the fertile phase of the female ovarian cycle were compared with those given during the non‐fertile phase, as determined by profiles of female reproductive hormones. Similarly, within the fertile phase, we tested whether temporal or spectral acoustic parameters of calls gradually change with the approach of ovulation. We did not find any significant relationship between call parameters and the two measures of female fertility in either female estrous calls or post‐copulatory calls. However, some differences between pre‐ and post‐copulatory calls were apparent. Overall, our results indicate that sexual calls in black capuchin females do not provide precise information about the timing of ovulation, but may allow listeners to make probabilistic inferences about whether copulations have taken place. This, combined with previous findings, suggests that females in our study may use signals in different modalities to convey information about their fertility and sexual behavior with varying degrees of precision.
N‐acetylcysteine targets 5 lipoxygenase‐derived, toxic lipids and can synergize with prostaglandin E2 to inhibit ferroptosis and improve outcomes following hemorrhagic stroke in mice
Authors: Karuppagounder Saravanan S. , Alin Lauren , Chen Yingxin , Brand David , Bourassa Megan W. , Dietrich Kristen , Wilkinson Cassandra M. , Nadeau Colby A. , Kumar Amit , Perry Steve , Pinto John T. , Darley‐Usmar Victor , Sanchez Stephanie , Milne Ginger L. , Pratico Domenico , Holman Theodore R. , Carmichael S. Thomas , Coppola Giovanni , Colbourne Frederick , Ratan Rajiv R.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is a clinically approved thiol‐containing redox modulatory compound currently in trials for many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although generically labeled as an “antioxidant,” poor understanding of its site(s) of action is a barrier to its use in neurological practice. Here, we examined the efficacy and mechanism of action of NAC in rodent models of hemorrhagic stroke.

Methods

Hemin was used to model ferroptosis and hemorrhagic stroke in cultured neurons. Striatal infusion of collagenase was used to model intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in mice and rats. Chemical biology, targeted lipidomics, arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5) knockout mice, and viral‐gene transfer were used to gain insight into the pharmacological targets and mechanism of action of NAC.

Results

NAC prevented hemin‐induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate‐dependent ALOX5 activity. NAC efficacy required increases in glutathione and is correlated with suppression of reactive lipids by glutathione‐dependent enzymes such as glutathione S‐transferase. Accordingly, its protective effects were mimicked by chemical or molecular lipid peroxidation inhibitors. NAC delivered postinjury reduced neuronal death and improved functional recovery at least 7 days following ICH in mice and can synergize with clinically approved prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Interpretation

NAC is a promising, protective therapy for ICH, which acted to inhibit toxic arachidonic acid products of nuclear ALOX5 that synergized with exogenously delivered protective PGE2 in vitro and in vivo. The findings provide novel insight into a target for NAC, beyond the generic characterization as an antioxidant, resulting in neuroprotection and offer a feasible combinatorial strategy to optimize efficacy and safety in dosing of NAC for treatment of neurological disorders involving ferroptosis such as ICH. Ann Neurol 2018;84:854–872
Surface modification of polyamide reverses osmosis membrane by phosphonic acid group with improved performance
Authors: Zhao Yali , Dai Lei , Zhang Qifeng , Zhang Suobo
Published: October 2018

A facial method for preparing reverse osmosis polyamide (PA) membranes of excellent antifouling and separation performance was developed via covalently grafting phosphonic acid on membrane surface. First, a pristine PA layer was synthesized by interfacial polymerization between m‐phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride. Then, a second interfacial reaction was implemented between ethylenediamine and the residual acryl chloride on the pristine PA layer, generating an active layer enriched by primary amine. Finally, the amine‐rich surface treated by formaldehyde and phosphorous acid to produce a membrane surface modified by phosphonic acid groups. Surface characterization by attenuated total reflectance infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and zeta‐potential measurements illustrated the presence of phosphonic acid group. The lowest contact angle of modified membrane was 26°, demonstrating the membrane possessed an outstandingly wettable surface. The optimal separation performance was 88 L m−2 h−1 of water flux and 99.4% of salt rejection under 1.55 MPa. In addition, bovine serum albumin was used as organic foulant to measure the antifouling property of membranes. The result of dynamic fouling experiments indicated that the modified membrane exhibited better antifouling (of which the irreversible fouling degree was 7.1%) compared with commercial membrane BW30 (of which the irreversible fouling degree was 13.5%). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46931.
Application of the response surface methodology for optimizing the adsorptive removal of chromate using a magnetic crosslinked chitosan nanocomposite
Authors: Zeraatkar Moghaddam Ali , Ghiamati E. , Ayati A. , Ganjali M. R.
Published: October 2018

Experimental design was used to optimize the adsorptive removal of chromate using a synthesized crosslinked chitosan with a magnetic NiFe2O4 core. In this regard, the response surface methodology which is based on central composite design, was used to determine the relation between the parameters influencing the adsorption efficiency. The statistical parameters of the resulting model were R2 = 0.9922, and F‐value = 164.48. As a final step, a nonlinear optimization was performed and the respective optimal values for pH, amount of the adsorbent, initial concentration of the pollutant, and contact time were determined as 4, 0.8 g L−1, 150 ppm, and 25 min, and the predicted removal efficiency at a 95% confidence level was determined as 100.8 ± 1.8%, which was in good agreement with the experimental value (i.e., 95.5 ± 5.7%). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47077.
Enhanced high‐temperature dielectric and microwave absorption properties of SiC fiber‐reinforced oxide matrix composites
Authors: Gao Hui , Luo Fa , Wen Qinlong , Jia Hongyao , Zhou Wancheng , Zhu Dongmei
Published: October 2018

Because of outstanding performances of the SiC fiber‐reinforced ceramic matrix composites in aircraft/aerospace systems, two silicon carbide fiber‐reinforced oxide matrices (SiCf/oxides) composites have been prepared by a precursor infiltration and sintering method. Results indicate that the flexural strength of the SiCf/Al2O3–SiO2 composite reaches 159 MPa, whereas that of the SiCf/Al2O3 composite is only 50 MPa. The high‐temperature microwave absorption properties of the composite are significantly enhanced due to choosing Al2O3 and SiO2 as the hybrid matrices. Particularly, the minimum reflection loss (RL) value of the SiCf/Al2O3–SiO2 composite reaches −37 dB in the temperature of 200 °C at 8.6 GHz, and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ −5 dB) is 4.2 GHz (8.2–12.4 GHz) below 400 °C. The superior microwave absorption properties at high temperatures indicate that the SiCf/Al2O3–SiO2 composite has promising applications in civil and military areas. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47097.
Construction of continuous proton‐conduction channels through polyvinylimidazole nanotubes to enhance proton conductivity of polymer electrolyte membrane
Authors: Hou Jinghe , Sun Xiang , Gu Xinxin , Liu Shanshan , Xiao Zhenyu , Liu Gang , Ding Huili
Published: October 2018

Proton‐exchange membranes (PEMs) with high proton conductivity and low cost are crucial for the commercial promotion of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells. In this study, inspired by the mechanism of plant ducts transporting moisture and biological proton transfer, polyvinylimidazole nanotubes (PVINTs) are prepared by a simple template method and then incorporated into a sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) (SPES) matrix to fabricate composite membranes (SPES/PVINTs‐X, where X is PVINT content in percent). The membranes were fully characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical testing. The results indicated that the incorporation of PVINTs could improve the mechanical performance and dimensional stability of the membranes. In particular, the SPES/PVINTs‐7.5 composite membrane achieves remarkable results of proton conductivity of 0.212 S/cm under fully hydrated conditions at 80 °C, which is 56% higher than that of the SPES membrane. The construction of proton‐transfer channels through polymer nanotubes described in this paper may provide new insights into the preparation of composite proton‐exchange membranes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47106.