bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of a Model for Centrifugal Compressors in Reversed Flow Regimes
Authors: Powers Katherine H. , Kennedy Ian J. , Brace Chris J. , Milewski Paul A. , Copeland Colin D.
Published: March 2021

Turbochargers are widely used to help reduce the environmental impact of automotive engines. However, a limiting factor for turbochargers is compressor surge. Surge is an instability that induces pressure and flow oscillations that often damages the turbocharger and its installation. Most predictions of the surge limit are based on low-order models, such as the Moore–Greitzer model. These models tend to rely on a characteristic curve for the compressor created by extrapolating the constant speed lines of a steady-state compressor map into the negative mass flow region. However, there is little validation of these assumptions in the public literature. In this article, we develop further the first-principles model for a compressor characteristic presented in Powers, K., Brace, C., Budd, C., Copeland, C., & Milewski, P., 2020, “Modeling Axisymmetric Centrifugal Compressor Characteristics From First Principles,” J. Turbomachinery, 142(9), with a particular emphasis on reverse flow. We then perform experiments using a 58 mm diameter centrifugal compressor provided by Cummins Turbo Technologies, where we feed air in the reverse direction though the compressor while the impeller is spinning in the forward direction to obtain data in the negative mass flow region of the compressor map. This demonstrated experimentally that there is a stable operating region in the reverse flow regime. The recorded data showed a good match with the theoretical model developed in this article. We also identified a change in characteristic behavior as the impeller speed is increased, which, to the authors’ knowledge, has not been observed in any previously published experimental work.
Ice-Crystal Icing Investigation on a Honeywell Uncertified Research Engine in an Altitude Simulation Icing Facility
Authors: Flegel Ashlie B.
Published: March 2021

A Honeywell Uncertified Research Engine was exposed to various ice-crystal conditions in the NASA Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL). Simulations using NASA's one-dimensional (1D) Icing Risk Analysis tool were used to determine potential inlet conditions that could lead to ice-crystal accretion along the inlet of the core flowpath and into the high-pressure compressor. Baseline conditions were established, and parameters were varied to observe accretion characteristics. Data were acquired at altitudes varying from 5 kft to 45 kft, at nominal ice particle median volumetric diameters from 20 µm to 100 µm, and total water contents of 1 g/m3 to 12 g/m3. Metal temperatures were acquired for the inlet guide vane and vane stators 1–2. In situ measurements of the particle size distribution were acquired upstream and downstream of the engine fan face in order to study particle breakup behavior. Cameras were installed in the engine to capture ice accretions at the leading edge of the fan stator, splitter lip, and inlet guide vane. The goal of this study was to understand the key parameters of accretion, acquire particle breakup data aft of the fan, and generate a unique icing dataset for model development. Significant particle breakup downstream of the fan in the bypass was observed. The metal temperatures on the inlet guide vanes (IGVs) and stators show a temperature increase with increasing particle size. Accretion behavior at the fan stator and splitter lip across was very similar. However, accretion decreased with increasing particle size at the IGVs.
Substrate orientation dependent current transport mechanisms in β-Ga2O3/Si based Schottky barrier diodes
Authors: Yadav Manoj K , Mondal Arnab , Sharma Satinder K. , Bag Ankush
Published: March 2021

Sapphire and gallium oxide have been used as substrates for most of the reported results on β-Ga2O3 devices. However, silicon (Si) is an abundant material on the Earth, leading to easier and low-cost availability of this substrate, along with higher thermal conductivity, which makes Si a promising and potential substrate candidate for rapid commercialization. Therefore, in order to strengthen the feasibility of Ga2O3 on Si integration technology, we have deposited β-Ga2O3 on (100) and (111) oriented p-Si substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. A single-phase (β) and polycrystalline nature of the β-Ga2O3 film is observed for both samples using x-ray diffraction. A low root mean square roughness of 3.62 nm has been measured for Ga2O3/Si(100), as compared to 5.43 nm of Ga2O3/Si(111) using atomic force microscope. Moreover, Ga2O3/Si(100) shows a smoother and uniform surface of the Ga2O3 film, whereas Ga2O3/Si(111) seems to have a rougher surface with pitlike defects. This might be due to the hexagonal projection of Si (111) that is not suitable for obtaining a good tilted cuboid or monoclinic Ga2O3 crystal unlike the rectangle projection of Si (100). The electrical parameters of the fabricated Schottky barrier diodes were extracted using current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics. The polycrystalline Ga2O3 film on Si(100) leads to fewer defects emerging from the Ga2O3/Si heterointerface due to the close symmetry of Ga2O3 and the Si(100) crystal with rectangle projections unlike Ga2O3 on Si(111). These fewer defects eventually lead to a better diode performance of Ga2O3/Si(100) where we have observed typical thermionic dominating carrier transport, whereas defect-assisted thermionic field emission has been the primary carrier transport mechanism in Ga2O3/Si(111). Hence, the Si (100) substrate is demonstrated to be a better and potential platform for Ga2O3 devices than Si (111).
Topographical selective deposition: A comparison between plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition/sputtering and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition/quasi-atomic layer etching approaches
Authors: Jaffal Moustapha , Yeghoyan Taguhi , Lefèvre Gauthier , Gassilloud Rémy , Possémé Nicolas , Vallée Christophe , Bonvalot Marceline
Published: March 2021

In this work, we focus on the development of topographically selective deposition (TSD) leading to local deposition on the vertical sidewalls of 3D structures. A proof of concept is provided for the TSD of Ta2O5. The TSD process relies on plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) alternating with quasi-atomic layer etching (ALE). Quasi-ALE involves a fluorination treatment followed by a directional Ar+ sputtering step. We show that the fluorination treatment allows a significant decrease in the incident kinetic energy of the subsequent directional Ar+ sputtering step. Conversely, when no fluorination step is carried out, TSD requires high incident kinetic energies during the directional Ar+ sputtering step, which, in turn, leads to detrimental plasma-induced damage on horizontal surfaces, such as roughness, also promoting by-product redeposition. The benefits and shortcomings of these two TSD approaches—PEALD/quasi-ALE and PEALD/energetic Ar+ sputtering—are compared in light of potential bottom-up technological developments.
Sensitivity analysis of acoustic eigenfrequencies by using a boundary element method
Authors: Zheng Changjun , Zhao Wenchang , Gao Haifeng , Du Lei , Zhang Yongbin , Bi Chuanxing
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a boundary element-based scheme for the sensitivity analysis of acoustic eigenfrequencies of both interior and exterior acoustic systems. The nonlinear eigenvalue problem generated by the acoustic boundary element method is first reformulated into a generalized eigenvalue problem of reduced dimension through a contour integral approach. The sensitivity formulations for acoustic eigenfrequencies are then derived based on an adjoint method that uses both the right and left eigenvectors. The adaptive cross approximation in conjunction with the hierarchical matrices is used to reduce the solution burden of the boundary element systems. The Burton-Miller-type combined formulation is applied to shift the spurious eigenfrequencies and their sensitivities, and the strategies to identify the spurious results are suggested. Three numerical examples are used to verify the accuracy and applicability of the developed scheme.
SportsCenter: A Case Study of Media Framing U.S. Sport as the COVID-19 Epicenter
Authors: Bell Travis R.
Published: March 2021

When COVID-19 enveloped sport, it presentedSportsCenter, ESPN’s primary news vehicle, with an unexpected and ironic form of “March Madness,” with basketball as the sporting epicenter for a pandemic. This case study applied an ethnographic content analysis to examine how the cancellation or postponement of sport as a result of COVID-19 was framed across 22 episodes ofSportsCenterfrom March 8 to 14, 2020. More than 134 min of coverage was devoted to COVID-19-related stories, and 268 unique types of stories were produced. Descriptive statistics suggested that COVID-19 was framed as having a direct impact on U.S. men’s professional sports leagues and the National Collegiate Athletic Association men’s basketball tournament. When considering news format characteristics,SportsCenterproduced its coverage through convenience and relevance to ESPN, not sport. Even during a “breaking news” pandemic,SportsCenterretained its long-standing news process of gender bias and nationalistic favoritism. The visual difficulty of how to “show” coronavirus also presented a production challenge, but the messages and cues embedded in the visuals depicted a rapid shift in discourse that focused on basic reporting without health or global context. Instead,SportsCenteroverwhelmed viewers with how sport was ripped away from (U.S.) American society.
Arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 negatively regulates cGAS-mediated antiviral immune response
Authors: Ma Dapeng , Yang Min , Wang Qiushi , Sun Caiyu , Shi Hongbiao , Jing Weiqiang , Bi Yuxuan , Shen Xuecheng , Ma Xiaomin , Qin Zhenzhi , Lin Yueke , Zhu Lihui , Zhao Yunxue , Cheng Yeping , Han Lihui
Published: March 2021

PRMT5 directly induces methylation of cGAS and inhibits cGAS-mediated antiviral immunity.
Triggering an unexpected earthquake in an uncoupled subduction zone
Authors: Herman Matthew W. , Furlong Kevin P.
Published: March 2021

Two large earthquakes in the Aleutian subduction zone provide unexpected evidence for low plate interface coupling.
Neutrobots smuggle drugs across biological barriers
Authors: Hwang Junsun , Choi Hongsoo
Published: March 2021

Neutrophil-based microrobots accomplish the mission of crossing the blood-brain barrier for targeted drug delivery.
Coinducible Catabolism of 1-Naphthol via Synergistic Regulation of the Initial Hydroxylase Genes in
Sphingobium
sp. Strain B2
Authors: Huang Junwei , Chen Dian , Kong Xiangkun , Wu Shurui , Chen Kai , Jiang Jiandong
Published: March 2021

Cometabolism is a widely observed phenomenon, especially in the field of microbial catabolism of highly toxic xenobiotics. However, the mechanisms of cometabolism are ambiguous, and the roles of the obligately coexisting growth substrates remain largely unknown.
Near-Complete Genome Sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 Strain in Peru
Authors: Padilla-Rojas C. , Barcena-Flores L. , Vega-Chozo K. , Galarza-Perez M. , Bailon-Calderon H. , Lope-Pari P. , Balbuena-Torres J. , Huaringa-Nuñez M. , Caceres-Rey O. , Rojas-Serrano N.
Published: March 2021

A near-complete genome sequence was obtained for a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern (VOC) 202012/01 strain obtained from an oropharyngeal swab sample from a Peruvian patient with coronavirus syndrome who had contact with an individual who had recently returned from England.
Complete Genome Analysis of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Strain FPRT1, Isolated from Diseased Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in South Korea
Authors: Park Jiyeon , Roh HyeongJin , Lee Yoonhang , Park Junewoo , Kim Do-Hyung
Published: March 2021

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
FPRT1, isolated from the spleen and kidney of diseased rainbow trout (
Oncorhynchus mykiss
). Whole-genome sequencing was performed using the PacBio RS II platform, which yielded a circular chromosome of 2,795,347 bp harboring 2,895 protein-coding genes.
Pituitary infundibular epidermoid cyst: a rare cause of hypopituitarism
Authors: Ahmad Sajjad , Surya Ashutosh , Hayhurst Caroline , Davies Stephen
Published: March 2021

A 53-year-old man presented with 6 months history of weight loss associated with nausea, fatigue, dizziness and headache. On arrival he was in adrenal crisis. Biochemistry revealed anterior hypopituitarism with low cortisol, thyroxine, testosterone and a slightly raised prolactin. He was commenced on steroids, thyroxine and testosterone. MRI pituitary gland was reported to have a 9.4 mm microadenoma. Cabergoline was started for a possible microprolactinoma. Follow-up MRI showed increase in the size of complex cystic lesion causing chiasmal compression raising a possibility of craniopharyngioma. Visual fields assessment was normal. In view of the rapid enlargement, to protect vision and obtain a tissue diagnosis he underwent endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery. A cystic lesion was noted intraoperatively originating from pituitary stalk with intrasellar and suprasellar extension. It was filled with white caseous material and fluid. Histology revealed epidermoid cyst. His headache resolved postoperatively.
Feasibility of an online platform delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation for individuals with chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Lewis Adam , Knight Ellena , Bland Matthew , Middleton Jack , Mitchell Esther , McCrum Kate , Conway Joy , Bevan-Smith Elaine
Published: March 2021

Introduction

SARS-CoV-2 has restricted access to face-to-face delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Evidence suggests that telehealth-PR is non-inferior to outpatient PR. However, it is unknown whether patients who have been referred to face-to-face programmes can feasibly complete an online-PR programme.

Methods

This service evaluation used a mixed-methods approach to investigate a rapid PR service remodelling using the University of Gloucestershire eLearn Moodle platform. Quantitative baseline demographic and PR outcome data were collected from online-PR participants, and semistructured interviews were completed with PR staff and participants.

Results

Twenty-five individuals were eligible from a PR waiting list. Thirteen declined participation and 14 completed PR. Significant pre-post online PR improvements were achieved in 1 min sit-to-stand (CI 2.1 to 9 (p=0.004)), Generalised Anxiety Disorder (CI −0.3 to −2.6 (p=0.023)), Primary Health Questionnaire-9 (CI −0.3 to −5.1 (p=0.029)), Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire dyspnoea (CI 0.5 to 1.3 (p=0.001)), fatigue (CI 0.7 to 2 (p=0.0004)), emotion (CI 0.7 to 1.7 (p=0.0002)), mastery (CI 0.4 to 1.3 (p=0.001)). Interviews indicated that patient PR inclusion was made possible with digital support and a PR introduction session improved participant engagement and safety. Incremental progression of exercise was perceived as more successful online compared with face-to-face PR. However, perceptions were that education sessions were less successful. Online-PR required significant staff time resource.

Discussion

Online-PR improves patient outcomes and is feasible and acceptable for individuals referred for face-to-face PR in the context of a requirement for social distancing. Face-to-face programmes can be adapted in a rapid fashion with both staff and participants perceiving benefit. Future pragmatic trials are now warranted comparing online-PR including remote assessments to centre-based PR with suitably matched outcomes, and patient and staff perceptions sought regarding barriers and facilitators of online delivery.
Safety and efficacy of catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) in elderly with pulmonary embolism (PE)
Authors: Harrison Eneida , Kim Jin Sun , Lakhter Vladimir , Lio Ka U , Alashram Rami , Zhao Huaqing , Gupta Rohit , Patel Maulin , Harrison James , Panaro Joseph , Mohrien Kerry , Bashir Riyaz , Cohen Gary , Criner Gerard , Rali Parth
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a common cause for morbidity and mortality in patients over 65 years. Given the increased risk of bleeding in the elderly population with the use of systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed therapy (CDT) is being increasingly used for the treatment of submassive PE. Nevertheless, the safety of CDT in the elderly population is not well studied. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the safety of CDT in our elderly patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients aged>65 years with a diagnosis of PE from our Pulmonary Embolism Response Team database. We compared the treatment outcomes of CDT versus anticoagulation (AC) in elderly. Propensity score matching was used to construct two matched cohorts for final outcomes analysis.

Results

Of 346 patients with acute PE, 138 were>65 years, and of these, 18 were treated with CDT. Unmatched comparison between CDT and AC cohorts demonstrated similar in-hospital mortality (11.1% vs 5.6%, p=0.37) and length of stay (LOS) (3.81 vs 5.02 days, p=0.5395), respectively. The results from the propensity-matched cohort mirrored results of the unmatched cohort with no significant difference between CDT and AC in-hospital mortality (11.8% vs 5.9%, p=0.545) or median LOS (3.76 vs 4.21 days, p=0.77), respectively.

Conclusion

In this observational study using propensity score-matched analysis, we found that patients >65 years who were treated with CDT for management of acute PE had similar mortality and LOS compared with those treated with AC. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
Future of global regulation of human genome editing: a South African perspective on the WHO Draft Governance Framework on Human Genome Editing
Authors: Shozi Bonginkosi , Kamwendo Tamanda , Kinderlerer Julian , Thaldar Donrich W , Townsend Beverley , Botes Marietjie
Published: March 2021

WHO in 2019 established the Advisory Committee on Developing Global Standards for Governance and Oversight of Human Genome Editing, which has recently published a Draft Governance Framework on Human Genome Editing. Although the Draft Framework is a good point of departure, there are four areas of concern: first, it does not sufficiently address issues related to establishing safety and efficacy. Second, issues that are a source of tension between global standard setting and state sovereignty need to be addressed in a more nuanced fashion. Third, it fails to meaningfully engage with the extent to which the conceptualisation of human dignity may justifiably vary between jurisdictions. Fourth, the meaning of harm to the interests of a future person requires clarity. Provided these four areas of concern can be addressed, the future of the global governance of human genome editing may hold promise.
Research on stress intensity factor and fatigue crack propagation rate of the general-purpose gondola car body
Authors: Liu Wenfei , Zhang Yongju , Li Ning , Wang Libiao
Published: March 2021

In order to study the crack propagation characteristics of key parts of the general-purpose gondola car body, according to the structural characteristics and crack statistics results of the car body, the floor along the cross bearer weld was taken as the research object. The stress intensity factors under different conditions of the floor were studied, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and finite element analysis. In addition, the crack propagation rates of the floor were studied by the Paris formula. These research results will provide a reference not only for formulating maintenance procedures for the general-purpose gondola car body, but also for evaluating the safety and reliability of wagon bodies.
SMOOTHNESS AND FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL OF HIDDEN VARIABLE RECURRENT FRACTAL INTERPOLATION FUNCTION WITH FUNCTION VERTICAL SCALING FACTORS
Authors: RI MI-GYONG , YUN CHOL-HUI
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we analyze the smoothness of hidden variable recurrent fractal interpolation function (HVRFIF) with function vertical scaling factors introduced in Yun [Hidden variable recurrent fractal interpolation function with four function contractivity factors, Fractals 27(7) (2019) 950113] and study on fractional integral of bivariable HVRFIF by using its smoothness. To do it, firstly, we analyze the smoothness of one variable HVRFIF and give the result of smoothness of bivariable HVRFIF. Next, we show that partial and mixed Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals of the bivariable HVRFIF are HVRFIFs.
LARGE INTERSECTION PROPERTIES FOR LIMSUP SETS GENERATED BY RECTANGLES IN COMPACT METRIC SPACES
Authors: DING NAN
Published: March 2021

The large intersection classes in real Euclidean spaces have been introduced by Falconer in 1985. First, we generalize Falconer’s large intersection classes to compact metric spaces and show that these classes are closed under countable intersections. Next, we prove that the limsup sets generated by rectangles in a compact metric space enjoy this intersection property under certain full Hausdorff measure assumptions. We also apply our results to high-dimensional Diophantine approximation on fractals.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEMI-ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR SOLVING FRACTIONAL-ORDER CAUCHY REACTION–DIFFUSION EQUATION
Authors: CHU YU-MING , SHAH NEHAD ALI , AHMAD HIJAZ , CHUNG JAE DONG , KHALED S. M.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the Homotopy perturbation transform method and New Iterative transform method are implemented to evaluate the time-fractional Cauchy reaction–diffusion equation’s solution. In this method, Elzaki transform is combined with the Homotopy perturbation method and New Iteration method. Four problems are investigated to show, demonstrate and validate the efficacy of the current technique. The analytical results achieved by the current technique indicate that the approach is easy to implement and accurate. These solutions reveal that the suggested method is very useful and straightforward to perform the problems of engineering sciences.
Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic properties of bimetallic sulfides CoS/MnS/N-C for oxygen reduction in alkaline media
Authors: Liu Ningchao , Huang Laihai , Rong Jian , Xue Zhaoli , Ou Zhongping , Qiu Fengxian , Fang Yuanyuan
Published: March 2021

Synthesis, characterization and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic properties of bimetallic sulfides CoS/MnS/N-C catalyst was discussed. The catalyst was derived from a typical Co based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) and manganese aminoporphyrin. 5,15-Bis(4-aminophenyl)-10,20-bis(4-bromophenyl) porphyrin manganese oxoacetate loaded with ZIF-67 forms a porphyrin loaded ZIF-67. This product was then calcined at 800ˆ∘C and vulcanized with thioacetamide to obtain the bimetallic sulfide product CoS/MnS/N-C. The structure of CoS/MnS/N-C was further characterized by XRD, XPS, FESEM and HRTEM spectra which indicated a novel porous and hollow sphere structure. The electrocatalytic properties of the bimetallic material as well as its parent porphyrin and ZIF-67 were also compared in alkaline condition (0.1 M KOH) with a rotating disk electrode. The prepared catalyst CoS/MnS/N-C exhibits a higher catalytic performance than its precursors (PorMnOAc, ZIF-67 and PorMnOAc loaded ZIF-67) with almost four electron transfers under this condition.
Japan’s Policy on Net Carbon Neutrality by 2050
Authors: OHTA Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

Japan eventually joined the 2050 net carbon neutrality club soon after the Suga administration emerged. What are the primary drivers of Japan’s decision and why this timing? This article argues that the interactions of domestic and international factors can explain this policy change in the context of global competition over energy transition and technological breakthroughs to mitigate climate change. Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga’s move was almost an established policy line brewed during the predecessor government.
South Korea’s 2050 Carbon Neutrality Policy
Authors: OH Hyungna , HONG Inkee , OH Ilyoung
Published: March 2021

On 28 October 2020, President Moon Jae-in declared Korea’s 2050 carbon neutrality strategy as a comprehensive transformation plan towards a sustainable and green Korean economy. The key elements for the 2050 carbon neutrality are: expanding the use of clean power and hydrogen across all sectors; improving energy efficiency to a significant level; commercial development of carbon removal and other future technologies; scaling up the circular economy to improve industrial sustainability; and enhancing carbon sinks. The success of the 2050 net-zero depends on whether the energy sector can be decarbonised on schedule. More fundamentally, the strength of carbon pricing to secure private climate finance will determine the future of Korea’s vision to go carbon neutral by 2050.
EU–China Relations at a Crossroads: Decoupling or a European “Sinatra Doctrine”?
Authors: UMBACH Frank
Published: March 2021

The EU–China relations have already changed significantly since 2019. Despite the deeply intertwined technology supply chains between the European Union (EU) and China, the EU could neither ignore Beijing’s new aggressive “wolf warrior” diplomacy nor could it capitalise on just the US–Chinese rivalry and mutual sanctions policy as wider transatlantic economic and security interests are at stake. China’s economic challenges are only part of a wider systemic competition and strategic rivalry globally and even in Europe.
Chapter 5.2a Erebus Volcanic Province: volcanology
Authors: Smellie John L. , Martin Adam P.
Published: March 2021

The Erebus Volcanic Province is the largest Neogene volcanic province in Antarctica, extending
c.
450 km north–south and 170 km wide east–west. It is dominated by large central volcanoes, principally Mount Erebus, Mount Bird, Mount Terror, Mount Discovery and Mount Morning, which have sunk more than 2 km into underlying sedimentary strata. Small submarine volcanoes are also common, as islands and seamounts in the Ross Sea (Terror Rift), and there are many mafic scoria cones (Southern Local Suite) in the Royal Society Range foothills and Dry Valleys. The age of the volcanism ranges between
c.
19 Ma and present but most of the volcanism is <5 Ma. It includes active volcanism at Mount Erebus, with its permanent phonolite lava lake. The volcanism is basanite–phonolite/trachyte in composition and there are several alkaline petrological lineages. Many of the volcanoes are pristine, predominantly formed of subaerially erupted products. Conversely, two volcanoes have been deeply eroded. That at Minna Hook is mainly glaciovolcanic, with a record of the ambient mid–late Miocene eruptive environmental conditions. By contrast, Mason Spur is largely composed of pyroclastic density current deposits, which accumulated in a large mid-Miocene caldera that is now partly exhumed.
Chapter 5.5 Gaussberg: volcanology and petrology
Authors: Smellie J. L. , Collerson K. D.
Published: March 2021

Gaussberg is a nunatak composed of lamproite pillow lava situated on the coast of East Antarctica. It is the most isolated Quaternary volcanic centre in Antarctica but it is important palaeoenvironmentally and petrologically out of all proportion to its small size. The edifice has a likely low, shield-like, morphology
c.
1200 m high and possibly up to 10 km wide, which is unusually large for a lamproite construct. Gaussberg was erupted subglacially at 56 ± 5 ka, which places it late in the last glacial, close to the peak of marine isotope stage 3. The coeval ice sheet was
c.
1300 m thick, and
c.
420 m has been removed from the ice surface since Gaussberg erupted. Lamproite is a rare ultrapotassic mantle-derived magma, and Gaussberg is one of two type examples worldwide. Although traditionally considered as related in some way to the Kerguelen plume, it is more likely that the Gaussberg magma is a product of a separate magmatic event. It is ascribed to the storage and long-term (Gy) isolation of sediment emplaced by subduction in the Transition Zone of the deep mantle, followed by entrainment and subsequent melting in a plume.
Phase Separation-Induced Hierarchical Porous PVDF/PMIA Blended Separator with High Wettability and Thermal Stability for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Yinhui , Lin Quanfan , Chen Zan , Yuan Biao , Duan Cuijia , Yan Shuo , Shi Yake
Published: March 2021

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively applied in new energy vehicles and electronic products. The separators directly affect the electrochemical performances and safety of LIBs. However, the wettability and thermal stability of the separators are still an obstacle. In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with a high wettability and poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) with a high thermal stability were used to fabricate PVDF/PMIA blended separators with hierarchical porous structures by traditional non-solvent-induced phase separation. The hierarchical porous structure had a favorable effect on the absorption and retention of a carbonate-type electrolyte. Moreover, compared with commercial Polypropylene (PP) and pure PMIA separators, the PVDF/PMIA (1:10, w:w) blended separators exhibited better wettability (the contact angle to the electrolyte was 21°), higher thermal stability (the thermal shrinkage was 3.2% at 250 °C), and higher ionic conductivity (0.75 ms cm−1). Additionally, a button cell assembled using the PVDF/PMIA blended separator exhibited the best cycle capability (93.2%) and rate capability (97.9%). Consequently, the PVDF/PMIA blended separators may be promising for application in lithium-ion batteries in the future.
Assessing Reaction Mechanisms of Graphite Negative Electrodes Based on Operando Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Data
Authors: Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Kiuchi Hisao , Takagi Shigeharu , Shimoda Keiji , Okazaki Ken-ichi , Ogumi Zempachi , Abe Takeshi
Published: March 2021

Since the commercialization of rechargeable Li ion batteries in the early 1990 s, the performance of these devices has continually improved. In such batteries, graphite is typically used as the negative electrode and the present work examined the reaction mechanisms at graphite negative electrodes based on operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction analyses during charge/discharge. The resulting in-plane diffraction patterns of the Li-intercalated graphite permitted a detailed analysis of changes in the three-dimensional structure of the electrode. As the intercalation proceeded from a dilute stage 1 (with less Li intercalation) to a final stage 1 (the formation of LiC6), the material transitioned from a random in-plane structure to a p(√3 × √3)R30° in-plane structure via a superlattice based on a p(3 × 3)R0° in-plane structure. The data also indicate that a series of superlattices was formed during the reaction of the electrode as a result of successive rearrangements, depending on the amount of Li intercalated into the graphite.
Uncertainty Quantification Analysis on Mechanical Properties of the Structured Silicon Anode via Surrogate Models
Authors: Zheng Zhuoyuan , Xu Yanwen , Wang Pingfeng
Published: March 2021

Silicon anode is the most promising candidate for next generation lithium ion batteries. A major drawback limiting its application is the significant volume change during lithiation-delithiation process, which may cause material pulverization and capacity degradation. A novel 3D bi-continuous nanoporous structured Si anode, consisting of porous metal scaffolds and thin Si coating layers, was proven to be an effective method to tackle this issue; however, uncertainty and non-uniformity, inherited from the fabrication process, will be inevitably introduced as important considerations for the performances of the Si anode. In this paper, uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis is performed on the structured Si anode system to evaluate the influences of various design variables on its performances and to find the design optimization strategy. The biggest hurdle in the UQ study is the computational cost; to mitigate this challenge, a Gaussian Process based surrogate model is constructed using finite element simulation results as training data. It is found that the performances of the anode are rather sensitive to the geometric parameters, i.e. scaffold non-uniformity and Si layer thickness, whereas the mechanical properties of the materials are relatively less important. Furthermore, the optimal design is proposed to minimize the stress concentration in the Si anode.
From the Editor: Plug and Play
Authors: Rajeshwar Krishnan
Published: March 2021

Batteries have been in the media headlines in recent months. The Columbia dry-cell battery, pioneered by National Carbon Co. (the predecessor of today’s Energizer Co.), was designated an American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmark on September 27 in Cleveland, Ohio.
Reading Glasses, Bifocals, and Double Vision
Authors: Smyrl William H.
Published: March 2021

Some of you may share my dependence on reading glasses, which have become more necessary with time. Reading without them is comical, but focusing on objects or road signs at a distance is no problem. Bifocals and other corrective lenses are helpful in focusing at different distances, and we need both.
From the President: Mission Impossible?
Authors: Smyrl William H.
Published: March 2021

There was a focus on energy at the Los Angeles meeting of the Society. The plenary lecturer, Nate S. Lewis, of the California Institute of Technology, gave a sobering and compelling talk on the looming energy crunch that will be created when the petroleum runs out. Taking the “large view” of the planet as a whole, he argues that many technologies will make a contribution to the replacement of petroleum fuels, but many of them are not sufficient alone to fill the role.
Dielectrics: Out of the Gate
Authors: Deen M. Jamal
Published: March 2021

The recent explosion in wireless and information technology has been one of the most dramatic applications of semiconductor technology in the past decade. This explosive revolution is apparent in the ever increasing use of wireless products such as cell-phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), digital cameras and electronic entertainment systems.
Two Fuel Cell Cars In Every Garage?
Authors: Mathias Mark F. , Makharia Rohit , Gasteiger Hubert A. , Conley Jason J. , Fuller Tim , Gittleman Craig , Kocha Shyam S.
Published: March 2021

In 1928, U.S. presidential candidate Herbert Hoover promised growing prosperity represented by “a chicken in every pot and two cars in every garage.” We now find ourselves at a point in history wondering if and when the power for those cars will come from fuel cells instead of internal combustion engines.
An Update on Low-k Dielectrics
Authors: Beaudoin Stephen , Graham Shaun , Jaiswal Ravi , Kilroy Caitlin , Kim Brum Soo , Kumar Gautam , Smith Shanna
Published: March 2021

To meet increasingly demanding performance requirements, the microelectronics industry is required to deliver new technology solutions that will include new device architectures, ever-smaller feature dimensions, new high-performance materials, and novel processing schemes.
Effect of Compressive Stress on Evolution and Healing Kinetics of Artificial Voids in Highly (111)-Oriented Cu-Cu Wafer Bonding at 300 °C
Authors: Wu YewChung Sermon , Li Meiyi , Lai Tung-Yen , Lu Tsan-Feng , Wang Yu Hsiang , Chang Jiun-Wei
Published: March 2021

Cu- Cu direct bonding has attracted much attention because it has been implemented in three-dimensional integrated circuits. The interfacial voids are inevitable since atomically smooth surfaces are not available. The presence of interfacial voids might lead to degraded reliability of devices. Cu-Cu bonding usually accompanies oxide-oxide bonding to form hybrid bonding. Compressive stress can occur at Cu-Cu bonded interface at elevated temperature. In this study, artificial voids were introduced at bonded interfaces. The effect of compressive stress on the evolution and the healing kinetics of interfacial voids was investigated at 300 °C.
Vitamin D/VDR signaling inhibits colitis by suppressing HIF-1α activation in colonic epithelial cells
Authors: Xue Gang , Gao Ruifang , Liu Zhuanzhuan , Xu Na , Cao Yong , Zhao Bin , Du Jie
Published: March 2021

This study demonstrates vitamin D/VDR signaling inhibits colitis by suppressing HIF-1α activation in colonic epithelial cells. Since the effect of vitamin D/VDR signaling is only apparent on patients who seem to be vitamin D deficient, the benefits of vitamin D supplementation in patients who are not vitamin D deficient need to be proven.
The effect of long-term doxycycline treatment in a mouse model of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Hadzic Stefan , Wu Cheng-Yu , Gredic Marija , Kojonazarov Baktybek , Pak Oleg , Kraut Simone , Sommer Natascha , Kosanovic Djuro , Grimminger Friedrich , Schermuly Ralph T. , Seeger Werner , Bellusci Saverio , Weissmann Norbert
Published: March 2021

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and a still incurable disease, comprising emphysema and chronic bronchitis. In addition to airflow limitation, patients with COPD can suffer from pulmonary hypertension (PH). Doxycycline, an antibiotic from the tetracycline family, in addition to its pronounced antimicrobial activity, acts as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor and has anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, doxycycline treatment exhibited a beneficial effect in several preclinical cardiovascular disease models. In preclinical research, doxycycline is frequently employed for gene expression modulation in Tet-On/Tet-Off transgenic animal models. Therefore, it is crucial to know whether doxycycline treatment in Tet-On/Tet-Off systems has effects independent of gene expression modulation by such systems. Against this background, we assessed the possible curative effects of long-term doxycycline administration in a mouse model of chronic CS exposure. Animals were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 8 mo and then subsequently treated with doxycycline for additional 3 mo in room air conditions. Doxycycline decreased the expression of MMPs and general pro-inflammatory markers in the lungs from CS-exposed mice. This downregulation was, however, insufficient to ameliorate CS-induced emphysema or PH. Tet-On/Tet-Off induction by doxycycline in such models is a feasible genetic approach to study curative effects at least in established CS-induced emphysema and PH. However, we report several parameters that are influenced by doxycycline and use of a Tet-On/Tet-Off system when evaluating those parameters should be interpreted with caution.
Increased serum SP-D in identification of high-risk smokers at high risk of COPD
Authors: Dalgård Christine , Wang Fang , Titlestad Ingrid Louise , Kyvik Kirsten Ohm , Vestbo Jørgen , Sorensen Grith Lykke
Published: March 2021

Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) is an important component of the pulmonary innate immune system with the ability to dampen cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. However, cigarette smoking mediates translocation of SP-D from the lung to the blood, and serum SP-D (sSP-D) has therefore previously been suggested as marker for smoke-induced lung injury. In support of this notion, associations between high sSP-D and low lung function measurements have previously been demonstrated in smokers and in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). The present investigations employ a 12-yr longitudinal Danish twin study to test the hypothesis that baseline sSP-D variation has the capacity to identify smokers with normal baseline lung function who are at high risk of significant future smoke-induced lung function decline. We find that sSP-D is significantly increased in those with normal lung function at baseline who develop lung function decline during follow-up compared with those who stay lung healthy. Moreover, we demonstrate that it is the smoke-induced baseline sSP-D level, and not the constitutional level, which has capacity as biomarker, and which is linearly increased with the decline in lung function during follow-up. In conclusion, we here present first observation of increased sSP-D for identification of high-risk smokers.
Nerve transfer for restoration of lower motor neuron-lesioned bladder function. Part 2: correlation between histological changes and nerve evoked contractions
Authors: Barbe Mary F. , Testa Courtney L. , Cruz Geneva E. , Frara Nagat A. , Tiwari Ekta , Hobson Lucas J. , McIntyre Brian S. , Porreca Danielle S. , Giaddui Dania , Braverman Alan S. , Day Emily P. , Amin Mamta , Brown Justin M. , Mazzei Michael , Pontari Michel A. , Wagner Ida J. , Ruggieri Michael R.
Published: March 2021

We determined the effect of pelvic organ decentralization and reinnervation 1 yr later on urinary bladder histology and function. Nineteen canines underwent decentralization by bilateral transection of all coccygeal and sacral (S) spinal roots, dorsal roots of lumbar (L)7, and hypogastric nerves. After exclusions, eight were reinnervated 12 mo postdecentralization with obturator-to-pelvic and sciatic-to-pudendal nerve transfers, then euthanized 8-12 mo later. Four served as long-term decentralized only animals. Before euthanasia, pelvic or transferred nerves and L1–S3 spinal roots were stimulated and maximum detrusor pressure (MDP) recorded. Bladder specimens were collected for histological and ex vivo smooth muscle contractility studies. Both reinnervated and decentralized animals showed less or denuded urothelium, fewer intramural ganglia, and more inflammation and collagen, than controls, although percent muscle was maintained. In reinnervated animals, pgp9.5+ axon density was higher compared with decentralized animals. Ex vivo smooth muscle contractions in response to KCl correlated positively with submucosal inflammation, detrusor muscle thickness, and pgp9.5+ axon density. In vivo, reinnervated animals showed higher MDP after stimulation of L1–L6 roots compared with their transected L7–S3 roots, and reinnervated and decentralized animals showed lower MDP than controls after stimulation of nerves (due likely to fibrotic nerve encapsulation). MDP correlated negatively with detrusor collagen and inflammation, and positively with pgp9.5+ axon density and intramural ganglia numbers. These results demonstrate that bladder function can be improved by transfer of obturator nerves to pelvic nerves at 1 yr after decentralization, although the fibrosis and inflammation that developed were associated with decreased contractile function.
Transcranial direct current stimulation relieves visceral hypersensitivity via normalizing GluN2B expression and neural activity in anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Xiao Ying , Xie Lei , Xu Qi-Ya , Chen Li , Chen Huan , Xu Guang-Yin , Zhang Ping-An
Published: March 2021

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disease characterized by visceral hypersensitivity. This study showed a decrease of GluN2B expression and neural activity in ACC of IBS-model rats, which could be obviously reversed by tDCS. In addition, blockade of GluN2B in rostral and caudal ACC induced VH of normal rats. Furthermore, analgesic effect of tDCS on NMD rats was reversed by GluN2B antagonist.
Eupnea and gasping in vivo are facilitated by the activation of 5-HT2Areceptors
Authors: Cummings Kevin J.
Published: March 2021

Previous in vitro studies suggest that 5-HT2Areceptors contribute to eupnea and are necessary for fictive gasping. The current study shows that the impaired gasping displayed by neonatal TPH2−/−mice deficient in CNS serotonin is restored by a 5-HT2Areceptor activation. Following 5-HT2Ablockade, wild-type mice hypoventilated and their gasping resembled that of TPH2−/−mice. This study shows that both eupnea and gasping in vivo rely on the activation of 5-HT2Areceptors.
Matching Sensor Ontologies with Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Zhu Hai , Xue Xingsi , Geng Aifeng , Ren He
Published: March 2021

In recent years, innovative positioning and mobile communication techniques have been developing to achieve Location-Based Services (LBSs). With the help of sensors, LBS is able to detect and sense the information from the outside world to provide location-related services. To implement the intelligent LBS, it is necessary to develop the Semantic Sensor Web (SSW), which makes use of the sensor ontologies to implement the sensor data interoperability, information sharing, and knowledge fusion among intelligence systems. Due to the subjectivity of sensor ontology engineers, the heterogeneity problem is introduced, which hampers the communications among these sensor ontologies. To address this problem, sensor ontology matching is introduced to establish the corresponding relationship between different sensor terms. Among all ontology matching technologies, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) can represent a contributing method to deal with the low-quality ontology alignment problem. For the purpose of further enhancing the quality of matching results, in our work, sensor ontology matching is modeled as the meta-matching problem firstly, and then based on this model, aiming at various similarity measures, a Simulated Annealing PSO (SAPSO) is proposed to optimize their aggregation weights and the threshold. In particular, the approximate evaluation metrics for evaluating quality of alignment without reference are proposed, and a Simulated Annealing (SA) strategy is applied to PSO’s evolving process, which is able to help the algorithm avoid the local optima and enhance the quality of solution. The well-known Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative’s benchmark (OAEI’s benchmark) and three real sensor ontologies are used to verify the effectiveness of SAPSO. The experimental results show that SAPSO is able to effectively match the sensor ontologies.
Research on English Movie Resource Information Mining Based on Dynamic Data Stream Classification
Authors: Duan Jinhui , Gao Rui
Published: March 2021

Massive English film and television resources will provide people with a rich content, while it has become more and more difficult for people to find the resources and information they need. Through the analysis of massive amounts of film and television data, the application system can effectively push the works that users may like. In response to this problem, we can build an English film and television resource information mining model by combining fuzzy neural network algorithms and dynamic data stream classification technology. Firstly, we use dynamic data stream classification technology to preprocess and screen English film and television resource information. Secondly, we use the fuzzy neural network algorithm to conduct data mining on related film and television resource information. The experimental results verify the superior performance of the English film and television resource information mining model established in this paper. This model can help people to find the resources and information they need.