bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal dispersal of seed‐inhabiting insects by vertebrate frugivores: a review and prospects
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ Ángel
Published: September 2011

The finding that some seed‐inhabiting insects can survive passage through the entire digestive tract of seed‐dispersing vertebrates is relatively recent, but evidence suggests that it does occur. Here, I document this phenomenon, discuss its qualitative and quantitative dimensions, and offer suggestions for further research. The few documented cases that I review include plant species belonging to different families, with varied fleshy fruit types, number of seeds per fruit and seed size. The vertebrate frugivores involved include passerines that feed on relatively small fruits, and galliforms, and perissodactyls and primates that feed on larger fruits. The seed‐inhabiting insects involved are the larvae of seed‐infesting wasps, parasitoid wasps and seed‐infesting beetles. The phenomenon has been verified in open, rural ecosystems in North America and Southern Europe, and in tropical and subtropical forests in South America. These varied scenarios suggest that the qualitative dimension of the phenomenon is considerably greater than known thus far. A simple method for detecting new events is proposed. However, research must also focus on the identity and biology of seed‐feeding insects of wild fleshy fruits and their parasitoids. High survival rates of seed‐inhabiting insects after vertebrate gut passage are predominant. This phenomenon generally appears to favor insect dispersal.
Can science save the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)? Unifying science and policy in an adaptive management paradigm
Authors: SWAISGOOD Ronald R. , WEI Fuwen , MCSHEA William J. , WILDT David E. , KOUBA Andrew J. , ZHANG Zejun
Published: September 2011

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca David, 1869) is an iconic species for global conservation, yet field research has only recently advanced to the point where adaptive management is possible. Here, we review recent developments in giant panda conservation science and propose a strategic plan for moving panda conservation forward. Because of scientific, funding, political, and logistical hurdles, few endangered species management programs have embraced adaptive management, wherein management decisions are shaped iteratively by targeted scientific research. Specific threats, such as habitat destruction, anthropogenic disturbance and fragmented nonviable populations, need to be addressed simultaneously by researchers, managers and policy‐makers working in concert to understand and overcome these obstacles to species recovery. With the backing of the Chinese Government and the conservation community, the giant panda can become a high‐profile test species for this much touted, but rarely implemented, approach to conservation management.
The role of mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase pathways in melanoma
Authors: Lopez‐Bergami Pablo
Published: September 2011

Recent discoveries have increased our comprehension of the molecular signaling events critical for melanoma development and progression. Many oncogenes driving melanoma have been identified, and most of them exert their oncogenic effects through the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways are also important in melanoma, but their precise role is not clear yet. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of the three main MAPK pathways, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, and p38, and their impact on melanoma biology. Although the results obtained with BRAF inhibitors in melanoma patients are impressive, several mechanisms of acquired resistance have emerged. To overcome this obstacle constitutes the new challenge in melanoma therapy. Given the major role that MAPKs play in melanoma, understanding their functions and the interconnection among them and with other signaling pathways represents a step forward toward this goal.
Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions Testing for Screening of Sensorineural Deafness in Puppies
Authors: McBrearty A. , Penderis J.
Published: September 2011

Background

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) are widely used for human neonatal deafness screening, but have not been reported for clinical use in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the feasibility of TEOAE testing in conscious puppies and the ability of TEOAE testing to correctly identify deaf and hearing ears, as defined by brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER).

Animals

Forty puppies from 10 litters.

Methods

Prospective study on puppies presented for hearing assessment as part of a congenital deafness BAER screening program. Hearing status was determined using BAER. TEOAE testing was performed after the BAER assessment and the results of the TEOAE testing were compared with the hearing status for each ear. Parameters were tested for normality using the D'Agostino Pearson test and comparisons between the deaf and hearing ears were made using Mann–Whitney tests.

Results

TEOAE testing was readily performed in puppies presented for congenital deafness screening. Using analysis parameters based on those used in human neonatal hearing screening, TEOAE testing correctly identified all deaf ears, as defined by BAER testing, with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 56–100%) for diagnosing deafness and specificity of 78% (95% CI: 66–87%).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

TEOAE testing is an effective screening modality for identifying congenital sensorineural deafness in dogs. In light of the simpler and less expensive equipment, TEOAE testing has the potential to improve access to hearing screening and through this reduce the prevalence of congenital deafness in the dog.
Tomography: A window on the role of sulfur in the structure of micrometeorites
Authors: TAYLOR Susan , JONES Keith W. , HERZOG Gregory F. , HORNIG Claire E.
Published: September 2011

Abstract– To determine the role played by sulfides in the formation of vesicles and FeNi metal beads, we mapped the locations and tabulated the numbers of sulfides, metal beads, and vesicles in 1583 sectioned micrometeorites (MMs) using conventional microscopy and in 190 whole MMs using synchrotron computed microtomography (SCMT). Both the section and the SCMT images show that sulfides melt, coalesce, and migrate to the MMs surface. The decomposition of sulfides may occur during all these stages. Given the sulfide morphologies and compositions that we see in section, we think the breakdown of Ni sulfides produces the FeNi beads. The SCMT images show that metal beads are common in melted MMs, >50% have them. Vesicles in porphyritic and scoriaceous MMs are also probably formed as sulfides decompose. Not only do sulfides abut the vesicles but also the temperatures at which sulfides decompose overlap those at which MM surfaces first melt and temporarily seal, suggesting that S gases could produce most of these vesicles. As the vesicle shapes and patterns of distribution differ among MM classes, tomography can be used to nondestructively screen for specific types of MMs. Tomography is a powerful tool for visualizing the three‐dimensional distribution of metal beads, sulfides, mean densities, and vesicles in MMs.
Sexual dimorphism and oestrogen regulation of KCNE3 expression modulates the functional properties of KCNQ1 K+ channels
Authors: Alzamora Rodrigo , O’Mahony Fiona , Bustos Viviana , Rapetti‐Mauss Raphael , Urbach Valérie , Cid L. Pablo , Sepúlveda Francisco V. , Harvey Brian J.
Published: September 2011

Non‐Technical Summary  High levels of oestrogen are known to cause fluid retention in fertile females. It is thought that the increase in body fluid volume is necessary for proper implantation of the fertilised egg in the uterus. We show that the activity of a potassium ion channel, which drives salt and water movement across the cell membranes of the intestine, is inhibited by oestrogen and this effect is only found in females and is maximal during the peak phase of oestrogen in the oestrous cycle (when fertilization and implantation occur). These findings help us to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the fluid retention effects of oestrogen in health and the potential adverse effects this response may have in exacerbating disease where fluid secretion is compromised such as in cystic fibrosis (the so‐called CF ‘gender gap’).
Reaching for Light
Authors: Hines Pamela J.
Published: September 2011

Postsynaptic plasticity participates in the adaptation of a sensory circuit to the environment.
Unraveling Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: September 2011

Action potential firing, initiated by HCN2 ion channels, is the basic mechanism underlying neuropathic pain.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Electricigen Acidiphilium sp. Strain PM (DSM 24941)
Authors: San Martin-Uriz Patxi , Gomez Manuel J. , Arcas Aida , Bargiela Rafael , Amils Ricardo
Published: September 2011

Acidiphilium
sp. strain PM (DSM 24941) was isolated from Rio Tinto's acidic, heavy metal-rich waters. Voltammetry experiments revealed that this strain is capable of electricity production even under aerobic conditions. Here we report the draft genome sequence of
Acidiphilium
sp. PM and a preliminary genome analysis that reveals a versatile respiratory metabolism.
Complete Genome Sequence of Leuconostoc kimchii Strain C2, Isolated from Kimchi
Authors: Lee Seung Hyeon , Jung Ji Young , Lee Se Hee , Jeon Che Ok
Published: September 2011

Leuconostoc kimchii
strain C2 was isolated from fermented kimchi in Korea. Here we announce the complete genome sequence of
Leuconostoc kimchii
strain C2, consisting of a 1,877,174-bp chromosome with a G+C content of 37.9% and no plasmid and describe major findings from its annotation.
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sulfur-Oxidizing Chemoautotroph Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis
Authors: Ghosh Wriddhiman , George Ashish , Agarwal Atima , Raj Praveen , Alam Masrure , Pyne Prosenjit , Das Gupta Sujoy Kumar
Published: September 2011

The chemolithoautotrophic betaproteobacterium
Tetrathiobacter kashmirensis
belongs to the family
Alcaligenaceae
and is phylogenetically closely related to pathogens such as
Taylorella
and
Bordetella
species. While a complete inorganic sulfur oxidation gene cluster,
soxCDYZAXWB
, is present in its genome, pathogenicity islands or genes associated with virulence, disease, cellular invasion, and/or intracellular resistance are completely absent.
Application of impulse oscillometry for within-breath analysis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pilot study
Authors: Ohishi Junichi , Kurosawa Hajime , Ogawa Hiromasa , Irokawa Toshiya , Hida Wataru , Kohzuki Masahiro
Published: September 2011

Background

The impulse oscillometry is increasingly used for assessing the oscillatory mechanics of the respiratory system. The within-breath behaviour of the oscillatory mechanics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a well-known physiological feature. The purpose of this study was to develop a new approach for assessing this feature using impulse oscillometry.

Methods

The oscillatory mechanics were assessed by a commercially available impulse oscillometry device. The respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) were measured during tidal breathing in patients with COPD (n=39) and healthy subjects (n=5). Selected data, the Rrs at 5 Hz (R5), Rrs at 20 Hz (R20), Xrs at 5 Hz (X5), and resonant frequency of Xrs (Fres) every 0.2 s, were extracted from the device. These data were divided into eight time fractions during the respiratory cycle to form averaged respiratory phases.

Results

The time courses of the R5 and X5 were notably dependent on the respiratory cycles in patients with COPD, while there was little such dependency in healthy subjects. Irrespective of respiratory phase, R5 and Fres increased, and X5 fell to a more negative level in patients with COPD in a severity-dependent fashion. The increase in the R5 and negative level in the X5 were more prominent in the middle of the expiratory phase. The severity dependence in the R20 was relatively small compared with that in the R5.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that impulse oscillometry can assess the within-breath behaviour of the oscillatory mechanics with high temporal resolution, which may be helpful for evaluating the severity of COPD. Further studies are needed to reveal which biomarkers obtained with this approach would be suitable for evaluating the airway obstruction.
Estimating the prevalence of gonococcal resistance to antimicrobials in England and Wales
Authors: Hughes Gwenda , Nichols Tom , Ison Catherine A
Published: September 2011

Background

Gonorrhoea can rapidly develop resistance to antimicrobials and treatment options are becoming depleted. Treatment guidelines require robust estimates of the prevalence of resistance but sentinel surveillance systems may not be representative nationally.

Objective

To investigate the effectiveness of the sentinel Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance System (GRASP) at estimating resistance prevalence in England and Wales.

Methods

Annual cross-sectional data on reported gonorrhoea diagnoses between 2000 and 2008 were compared between GRASP (26 clinics) and national mandatory (KC60) reporting (229 clinics). Resistance prevalence estimates in GRASP were weighted according to the national distribution of relevant patient characteristics: age group, gender, sexual orientation and geographical region. Trends in actual and weighted estimates were plotted.

Results

Gonorrhoea cases reported through GRASP were more likely to be from London and to be men who have sex with men (MSM) and were less likely to be women and heterosexual men than those reported through KC60. Weighting for national distributions of demographic characteristics reduced estimates of resistance prevalence, particularly ciprofloxacin in 2006 (27% to 21%). Emerging resistance to cefixime in 2008 was reduced from 1.5% to 1.0%. Weighting did not adjust resistance prevalence above or below the 5% threshold for any antimicrobial.

Conclusions

Although over-representing MSM and under-representing women and heterosexual men, GRASP has provided reliable estimates of resistance prevalence in England and Wales. However, weighting for the national distribution of patient characteristics should be considered in future. As resistance usually emerges in MSM, enhanced surveillance of high-risk populations could enable development of more tailored (and therefore optimal) treatment strategies.
Ag‐Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles Prepared by Microemulsion Method as Catalyst for Epoxidation of Styrene
Authors: Wang Hong-Kui , Yi Chao-Yong , Tian Li , Wang Wen-Juan , Fang Jian , Zhao Ji-Hua , Shen Wei-Guo
Published: September 2011

Ag/Cu bimetallic nanocatalysts supported on reticulate‐like γ‐alumina were prepared by a microemulsion method using N2H4·H2O as the reducing agent. The catalysts were activated by calcination followed with hydrogen reduction at 873K, and the properties were confirmed using various characterization techniques. Compared with metal oxides particles, Ag‐Cu particles exhibited smaller sizes (<5 nm) after calcination in H2 at 873K. XPS results indicated that the binding energies changed with the Ag/Cu ratios, suggesting that increasing the copper content gave both metals a greater tendency to lose electrons. Furthermore, Ag‐Cu bimetallic nanoparticles supported on γ‐alumina showed better catalytic activity on the epoxidation of styrene as compared with the corresponding monometallic silver or copper. The styrene oxide selectivity could reach 76.6% at Ag/Cu molar ratio of 3/1, while the maximum conversion (up to 94.6%) appeared at Ag/Cu molar ratio of 1/1 because of the maximum interaction between silver and copper.
FOXO3a-Dependent Mechanism of E1A-Induced Chemosensitization
Authors: Su Jen-Liang , Cheng Xiaoyun , Yamaguchi Hirohito , Chang Yi-Wen , Hou Chao-Feng , Lee Dung-Fang , Ko How-Wen , Hua Kuo-Tai , Wang Ying-Nai , Hsiao Michael , Chen PoShen B. , Hsu Jung-Mao , Bast Robert C. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Hung Mien-Chie
Published: September 2011

Gene therapy trials in human breast, ovarian, and head and neck tumors indicate that adenovirus E1A can sensitize cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo. Resistance to paclitaxel has been reported to occur in cells expressing low levels of the Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a. In this article, we report that FOXO3a is critical for E1A-mediated chemosensitization to paclitaxel. RNA interference–mediated knockdown of FOXO3a abolished E1A-induced sensitivity to paclitaxel. Mechanistic investigations indicated that E1A indirectly stabilized FOXO3a by acting at an intermediate step to inhibit a ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis pathway involving the E3 ligase βTrCP and the FOXO3a inhibitory kinase IKKβ. E1A derepressed this inhibitory pathway by stimulating expression of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)/C protein phosphatases, which by binding to the TGF-β–activated kinase TAK1, inhibited its ability to activate IKKβ and, thereby, to suppress βTrCP-mediated degradation of FOXO3a. Thus, by stimulating PP2A/C expression, E1A triggers a signaling cascade that stabilizes FOXO3a and mediates chemosensitization. Our findings provide a leap forward in understanding paclitaxel chemosensitization by E1A, and offer a mechanistic rational to apply E1A gene therapy as an adjuvant for improving therapeutic outcomes in patients receiving paclitaxel treatment. Cancer Res; 71(21); 6878–87. ©2011 AACR.
Acute Hypoglycemia Decreases Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and in Healthy Humans
Authors: Rana Omar , Byrne Christopher D. , Kerr David , Coppini David V. , Zouwail Soha , Senior Roxy , Begley Joe , Walker Jeremy J. , Greaves Kim
Published: September 2011

Background—

Hypoglycemia is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, but the reason for this association is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the myocardial blood flow reserve (MBFR) is decreased during hypoglycemia using myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and in healthy control subjects.

Methods and Results—

Twenty-eight volunteers with DM and 19 control subjects underwent hyperinsulinemic clamps with maintained sequential hyperinsulinemic euglycemia (plasma glucose, 90 mg/dL [5.0 mmol/L]) followed by hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (plasma glucose, 50 mg/dL [2.8 mmol/L]) for 60 minutes each. Low-power real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed with flash impulse imaging using low-dose dipyridamole stress at baseline and during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. In control subjects, MBFR increased during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia by 0.57 U (22%) above baseline (B coefficient, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.75;
P
<0.0001) and decreased during hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia by 0.36 U (14%) below baseline values (B coefficient, −0.36; 95% confidence interval, −0.50 to −0.23;
P
<0.0001). Although MBFR was lower in patients with DM at baseline by 0.37 U (14%; B coefficient, −0.37; 95% confidence interval, −0.55 to −0.19;
P
=0.0002) compared with control subjects at baseline, the subsequent changes in MBFR during hyperinsulinemic euglycemia and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in DM patients were similar to that observed in control subjects. Finally, the presence of microvascular complications in the patients with DM was associated with a reduction in MBFR of 0.52 U (24%; B coefficient, −0.52; 95% confidence interval, −0.70 to −0.34;
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

Hypoglycemia decreases MBFR in both healthy humans and patients with DM. This finding may explain the association between hypoglycemia and increased cardiovascular mortality in susceptible individuals.
Impacts of Lapse Rates on Low-Level Rotation in Idealized Storms
Authors: Parker Matthew D.
Published: September 2011

Adiabatic lapse rates appear to be a common feature in the lower troposphere on tornado days. This article reviews physical reasons why lapse rates may influence surface vortex intensification and reports on numerical simulations designed to study the key processes. In the idealized numerical model, an initial mesocyclone-like vortex and nonvarying convection-like heat source are used in different environmental stability profiles. The scales of interest in these simulations typify those of a parent supercell, and the developing circulations constitute direct responses to the imposed heating.

Downward parcel displacements are needed for surface vortex development in environments with no preexisting surface vorticity. In the simulations, under neutral stratification there is strong heating-induced subsidence anchored near the storm edge, whereas under stable stratification there are instead gravity waves that propagate away to the far field. In addition, under weak or neutral low-level stratification there is very little resistance to downward parcel displacements. In the simulations, these two effects combine to bring high angular momentum air from aloft downward to the surface under neutral lapse rates; this in turn leads to surface vortex genesis, even without precipitation processes. When the lower troposphere is stable, surface vortex intensification is only simulated when there is already preexisting vertical vorticity at the ground. When the initial vortex is elevated (vertical vorticity falls off to zero above the ground), surface vortex intensification is only simulated under neutral low-level stability. The results are interpreted within the controlled experimental framework, after which the possible ramifications to processes in real storms are discussed.
Comparison of compounded fragrance and chitosan nanoparticles loaded with fragrance applied in cotton fabrics
Authors: Hu Jing , Xiao Zuo-Bing , Zhou Ru-Jun , Ma Shuang-Shuang , Li Zhen , Wang Ming-Xi
Published: September 2011

The long-term fragrance releasing textiles hold considerable market share in textile consumption market. Then, encapsulating fragrance in nanoparticles could reduce the evaporation of volatile components and prolong the service life of aroma finished textiles. In this paper, chitosan (CS) with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability was used to encapsulate rose fragrance to form nanoparticles via the ionic gelification. The mean diameter of spherical chitosan nanoparticles loaded with fragrance (RF-NPs) was 138 nm, zeta potential was 10.20 mV and polydispersity index (PDI) was 0.110. RF-NPs and compounded rose fragrance (RF) were applied to the cotton fabrics respectively without the adhesive agents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the number of the fragrance particles on the cotton fibres finished by RF-NPs was more than that finished by RF. Besides, after 20 cycles of washing, more RF-NPs still fixed on the surface of the cotton fabrics. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) proved that RF-NPs have been incorporated into the cotton fibres successfully. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and ultraviolet (UV) spectrum analysis showed that the fragrance loss from the cotton fabrics finished by RF-NPs was obviously lower than that by RF after 20 washing cycles. The cotton fabrics finished by chitosan nanoparticles loaded with fragrance had better sustained release property, which provided a preparation method of the green aroma fnished textiles without the resin.
Van Der Pauw method for measuring resistivities of anisotropic layers printed on textile substrates
Authors: Kazani Ilda , De Mey Gilbert , Hertleer Carla , Banaszczyk Jedrzej , Schwarz Anne , Guxho Genti , Van Langenhove Lieva
Published: September 2011

Electrically conducting layers have been screen printed on woven textile substrates. Using the Van Der Pauw method for electrical resistivity measurements in thin layers, it was observed that the screen-printed layers showed anisotropic behavior. In order to be able to interpret the measurements correctly, a mathematical analysis of the measuring method has been established. From the experimental results one is then able to find the relation between the electrical resistivity in the warp versus the weft direction.
The effect of drawing on PET filament sewing thread performance properties
Authors: Rudolf Andreja , Geršak Jelka
Published: September 2011

A drawn PET filament sewing thread for the automotive industry was used for this research. This study concerned itself with the draw ratio’s influence regarding certain physical properties of the threads, the tensile properties during sewing and the mechanical properties after sewing in order to estimate the drawn thread’s sewing performance. An increase in the draw ratio caused a decrease in the linear density, and thread twist. In addition, the tenacity, elastic modulus and tension at the yield point were increased when drawing, whilst the breaking extension decreased. It was found that tensile fatigue and heat loading during the sewing process cause changes in the threads’ mechanical properties, depending on the draw ratio. The tenacity, elastic modulus and tension at the yield point had decreased after the sewing process, whilst the breaking extension decreased for those threads drawn at lower draw ratios, and increased for those drawn at higher draw ratios. The results show that those threads drawn at higher draw ratios displayed inappropriate sewing performance, resulting from inadequate elastic and surface characteristics.
Modelling and stability analysis of MIMO networked control systems withmulti-channel random packet losses
Authors: Du Dajun , Fei Minrui , Jia Tinggang
Published: September 2011

Traditional networked control systems (NCSs) analysis and design have been based on the single closed-loop configuration. This paper studies the modelling and stability of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) networked control systems (NCSs) with multiple channels. Unlike the NCSs based on the single close-loop configuration, there exist data packet dropout, data packet out-of-order and network-induced delay in every channel, which make multi-channel MIMO NCSs more complex. In order to solve these network-related non-deterministic issues, a general switched system model with unknown switched sequence for multi-channel MIMO NCSs is first proposed, which can not only describe the MIMO NCSs where the controller communicates with sensors and actuators through distinct channels, but also can describe the NCSs based on the single closed-loop configuration. Based on Lyapunov stability theory combined with linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) techniques, a sufficient condition is then derived for multi-channel MIMO NCSs to be asymptotical stable in term of a set of bilinear matrix inequalities. Furthermore, the proposed results are easily extended to the uncertain MIMO NCSs. Finally, simulation results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
A fault detection scheme for a class of distributed discrete-time non-linear systems with abrupt and incipient faults
Authors: Zheng Zhi-Qiang , Yuan Hai-Wen , Wang Qiu-Sheng , Yuan Hai-Bin
Published: September 2011

In this note, a consensus fault detection architecture for non-linear dynamical systems is investigated in discrete-time framework. Here, the discussed faults include abrupt and incipient faults. Moreover, the unstructured modelling uncertainty is taken into account in a large-scale system, which can be modelled as a set of subsystems, and the physical interaction between subsystems is described by non-linear functions, which can be learned on-line by neural networks. A network of local fault detectors (LFDs) is built so that each LFD monitors a single subsystem. For some overlapping components of subsystems, a co-operative estimator (CE) is embedded to avoid the consensus-less or non-co-operative case with respect to the LFDs. With the help of the designed CE, LFDs can be allowed to decide collectively on the presence of faults and the capability of detecting faults affecting overlapping variables may be improved by receiving more local diagnostic information. In addition, the derivation of rigorous analytical results for detectability properties is provided. Simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Core Self-Evaluations
Authors: Chang Chu-Hsiang (Daisy) , Ferris D. Lance , Johnson Russell E. , Rosen Christopher C. , Tan James A.
Published: September 2011

Core self-evaluation (CSE) represents the fundamental appraisals individuals make about their self-worth and capabilities. CSE is conceptualized as a higher order construct composed of broad and evaluative traits (e.g., self-esteem and generalized self-efficacy). The authors review 15 years of CSE theory and research, focusing in particular on the outcomes, mediators, and moderators of CSE via qualitative and quantitative literature reviews. Meta-analytic results support the relation of CSE with various outcomes, including job and life satisfaction, in-role and extra-role job performance, and perceptions of the work environment (e.g., job characteristics and fairness). The authors conclude with a critical evaluation of CSE theory, measurement, and construct validity, highlighting areas of promise and concern for future CSE research. Key topics requiring further research include integrating CSE within an approach/avoidance framework, ruling out alternative explanations for the emergence of the higher order construct, testing the possibility of intraindividual change in CSE, evaluating the usefulness of CSE for staffing and performance management, and moving beyond CSE to also consider core external evaluations.
Improvement of a mine fire simulation program — incorporation of smoke rollback into MFIRE 3.0
Authors: Zhou Lihong , Smith Alex C
Published: September 2011

Smoke rollback is a dangerous threat to miners and firefighters in an underground mine fire. The ability to predict smoke rollback can greatly improve the chances for safe miner evacuation and mine fire control and firefighting. A modified semi-empirical equation based on large-scale experiments conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was developed to quantify smoke rollback during an underground mine fire. The equation was incorporated into a mine fire simulation program (MFIRE 3.0) to allow the user to predict the occurrence of smoke rollback and calculate the smoke rollback distance. This article describes the development of the equation and compares the experimental results with those predicted by MFIRE 3.0. The results indicate that the improved MFIRE 3.0 is capable of determining smoke rollback in a fire entry, not only to provide early warning for smoke rollback but also to verify the effectiveness of smoke rollback control efforts.
The genoprotective activity of resveratrol on aflatoxin B1-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Türkez Hasan , Şişman Turgay
Published: September 2011

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been consistently shown to be a potent mutagen and carcinogen in humans and animals. On the other hand, resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol, has several positive biological actions such as protection of cells against DNA damage. In the present study, the antigenotoxic effect of RSV was studied against a genotoxic dose of AFB1 using the damage parameters of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in cultured human lymphocytes. Whole blood samples from three healthy male donors were used for this experiment and the effects of various concentrations of RSV (0, 10, 15, 25, 40, 75 and 100 µM) and AFB1 (10 µM) were tested. The results revealed that the frequencies of SCEs and CAs in lymphocytes were significantly ( p < 0.05) increased by AFB1 as compared to controls. The results also showed that RSV was not genotoxic. Moreover, the number of SCEs and micronuclei induced by AFB1 could be significantly minimized by the presence of RSV. Our results suggest for the first time that RSV can antagonize the ability of AFB1 to cause DNA damage that leads to the formation of SCEs and CAs.
Optimization of micro-grinding process with compressed air using response surface methodology
Authors: Lee P-H , Chung H , Lee S W
Published: September 2011

This paper addresses the optimization of a micro-grinding process using compressed air to minimize specific grinding forces and surface roughness while maximizing specific material removal rate (MRR). The design-of-experiments (DOE) approach and response surface methodology (RSM) are introduced to obtain the optimal grinding conditions. In the DOE approach, a central composite design approach is used for experimental design. Micro-grinding experiments are conducted, and the experimental results are used to obtain response surface models of specific grinding forces and surface roughness in terms of depth of cut, feed rate and air temperature. Multi-objective optimization is then conducted by introducing desirability functions, and the optimal values of depth of cut, feed rate and air temperature are obtained for minimum specific grinding forces and surface roughness and maximum specific MRR. The experimental results under the optimal grinding conditions are similar to those estimated from the response surface models, and thus the validity of the models is verified.
Investigation of the size effect on burr formation in two-dimensional vibration-assisted micro end milling
Authors: Ding H , Chen S-J , Ibrahim R , Cheng K
Published: September 2011

In precision and micro cutting processes, the tool cutting edge radius is generally quite large compared to the undeformed chip thickness, which can cause ploughing/rubbing between the tool and the workpiece and thus affect surface finish, tool wear, and burr formation. This paper investigates the effect of the size effect on top burr formation in two-dimensional vibration-assisted micro end milling (2D VAMEM). This is achieved by studying the effects of the ratio of undeformed chip thickness to the cutting edge radius, and the ratio of the time when the undeformed chip thickness is less than the minimum chip thickness to the total cutting time on top burr formation, using a model that integrates the chip thickness model of the 2D VAMEM and the minimum chip thickness prediction model. The corresponding experiments are carried out to verify the integrated model. It is found that feed per tooth has a significant effect on the height of the top burr, and the use of vibration-assisted cutting in micro end milling can minimize the size effect and improve the cutting performance, thereby reducing the height of the top burr. In addition, selecting suitable vibration parameters can significantly decrease the height of the top burr. The integrated model can be used to optimize the machining parameters to reduce burr size and further study the size effect on cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear in 2D VAMEM.
The study of spring-back in wipe-bending processes for perforated components
Authors: Farsi M A , Arezoo B , Alizadeh V , Mirzaee S
Published: September 2011

Bending is one of the processes frequently used during manufacturing of sheet-metal components. Spring-back in bending operations is an important issue when producing precision parts. This issue becomes even more important when the component has any kind of hole on the bending surface. Such components are the focus of study in this paper. Many parameters affect spring-back in the bending process; in the present work, perforated components with an oblong cut are selected, and the influence of cut size, die radius, clearance, and component material on the value of the spring-back in a wipe-bending process are studied. Four different hole sizes, three die radii and clearance, and two different steel materials (high-strength low-alloy steel and low-carbon steel) are used in experiments and finite-element simulations. Results show these parameters have effect on the amount of spring-back in the wipe-bending process.
An experimental investigation of surface generation using an integrated ultra-precision polishing process and different polishing trajectories
Authors: Ho L-T , Cheung C-F , To S
Published: September 2011

Ultra-precision freeform polishing (UPFP) is an emerging technology for the machining of ultra-precision freeform surfaces with submicrometre form accuracy and surface roughness in the nanometre range. However, our understanding of the surface generation and process planning for UPFP is still far from complete. This paper presents an experimental study of the surface generation for different polishing processes, which include mechanical polishing (MP) and fluid jet polishing (FJP). In addition, the generation of desirable structured surfaces of UPFP has also been experimentally investigated to examine if different trajectory planning affects surface hydrophobicity. The experimental results show that both MP and FJP can produce similar surface roughness but differences in surface texture after polishing. Desirable surface roughness and structured surfaces can be produced by appropriate planning and control of the combination of MP and FJP, and tool path trajectories in UPFP. The results also prove that tool path trajectories affect the hydrophobicity of polished surfaces. The results provide an important means for the development of an integrated polishing process to achieve the desirable surface roughness and surface texture based on process planning and control in UPFP.
A new method for blind extraction of cyclostationary signals
Authors: Wang Zhiyang , Chen Jin , Zhou Yu , Xiao Wenbin
Published: September 2011

This paper illustrates the significance of the purity of cyclostationary signals and presents a new method for blind extraction of these signals. The advantage of the method can not only extract the cyclostationary signals from low order to high order in turn but also perform algorithm without knowing cyclic frequencies of the extracted signals. The effectiveness of the proposed method is finally demonstrated by computer simulations and experiments.
A fatal case of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a breast cancer patient receiving weekly paclitaxel and trastuzumab
Authors: Kim Sophie , Bordeleau Louise , Tannock Ian F , Rotstein Coleman
Published: September 2011

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia (PJP) is an opportunistic infection well-recognized in patients with profound T cell immunodeficiency. It is much less common in patients with solid tumors unless they have other major predisposing factors such as prolonged treatment with corticosteroids or T4 lymphocyte counts of less than 200 cells/mm3. We present a previously unreported case of fatal PJP in a breast cancer patient with bone metastases who was receiving a first-line treatment with weekly paclitaxel, trastuzumab, and dexamethasone as premedication for paclitaxel. She had received eight doses of paclitaxel at 80 mg/m2, trastuzumab 2 mg/m2, and dexamethasone 10 mg for just over 7 weeks when she was diagnosed with PJP. While the patient’s granulocyte counts were normal throughout her treatment, the total lymphocyte counts reached the nadir of 400 cells/mm3 a few days after the eighth dose of chemotherapy – around the time of PJP diagnosis. Both dexamethasone and the total lymphocyte nadir predisposed this patient to PJP.
Effects of frozen storage and vacuum packaging on free fatty acid and volatile composition of Turkish Motal cheese
Authors: Andic S. , Tuncturk Y. , Javidipour I.
Published: September 2011

Effects of vacuum packaging and frozen storage were studied on the formation of free fatty acids (FFAs), volatile compounds and microbial counts of Motal cheese samples stored for a period of 180 days. The FFA concentration of Motal cheese samples increased throughout the storage period of 180 days. However, the FFA contents of samples stored at —18 °C showed considerably lower values than those of the samples stored at 4 °C. Palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids were the most abundant FFAs in all the treatments. The volatile compounds detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) profile of Motal cheese consisted of 16 esters, 10 acids, 6 ketones, 4 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, styrene, p-cresol and m-cresol. Results showed that storage at —18 °C can limit the excessive volatile compound formation. Samples stored at 4°C with vacuum packaging showed comparatively high concentration of esters, ketones and alcohols. Samples stored without vacuum packaging at 4°C showed 2-nonanone as the most abundant volatile compound toward the end of storage period. Storage at 4°C under vacuum packaging decreased the mold—yeast counts of samples. Frozen storage could be a suitable method for storing the Motal cheese.
A practical technique for improvement of open water propeller performance
Authors: Bal S
Published: September 2011

A practical technique for the improvement of open water propeller performance has been described by using a vortex lattice lifting line method together with a lifting surface method. First, the optimum circulation distribution, giving the maximum thrust–torque ratio, has been computed along the radius of the propeller for given thrust and chord lengths, by adopting a vortex lattice solution to the lifting line problem. Then, by using the lifting surface method, the blade sectional properties such as pitch-to-diameter ratio and camber ratio, have been calculated for obtaining the desired circulation distribution. The effects of skew and rake on propeller performance have been ignored. The blades have been discretized by a number of panels extending from hub to tip. The radial distribution of bound circulation can be computed by a set of vortex elements having constant strengths. Discrete trailing free vortex lines are shed at each panel boundary, and their strengths are equal to the differences in strength of the adjacent bound vortices. The vortex system has been built from a set of horseshoe vortex elements, and they consist of a bound vortex segment and two free vortex lines of constant strengths. Each set of horseshoe vortex elements induces an axial and tangential velocity at a specified control point on the blades. An algebraic equation system can be formed by using the influencial coefficients. Once this equation system has been solved for unknown vortex strengths and specified thrust, the optimum circulation distribution and the forces can be computed by using Betz–Lerbs method. When the radial distributions of optimum circulation (loading) and chord lengths have been reached, the lifting surface method can be applied to determine the blade pitch and camber distribution. DTMB 4119 and DTMB 4381 propellers have been adopted for calculations and their hydrodynamic characteristics have been found in their open literature. A very good comparison has been obtained between the results of this practical technique and the experimental measurements.
Laminar flow around sharp and curved objects: the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Hayatdavoodi M
Published: September 2011

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a relatively new computational method to model fluid flows by tracking collision, advection, and propagation of mesoscopic fluid particles. LBM originated from the cellular automata combined with kinetic theory and the Boltzmann equation. The method is used to solve the explicit finite-difference scheme lattice Boltzmann equations which are second order in space and first order in time. LBM does not attempt to solve the Navier–Stokes equations directly; however, it obeys the equations.

The two-dimensional flows around square and circular cylinders are simulated with uniform and nonuniform grid structures using the LBM. The boundary layer growth and wake region physics are captured with small-scale details, and the results are validated by comparison with laboratory experiments for the Reynolds numbers between 50 and 350. Compatibility of the method in simulating flow around hydrofoil geometries and a combination of objects is also provided.
Strain monitoring of a single-lap joint with embedded fiber-optic distributed sensors
Authors: Murayama Hideaki , Kageyama Kazuro , Uzawa Kiyoshi , Ohara Kohei , Igawa Hirotaka
Published: September 2011

We have developed a fiber-optic distributed sensor which can measure strain distributions along fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with the high spatial resolution. This sensing system is based on optical frequency domain reflectometry and a long-length FBG whose length is about 100 mm can be used. We can identify the longitudinal strain at an arbitrary position along the FBG using signal processing technology. In this study, long-length FBGs were embedded into the adhesive layers of the two single-lap joints and we could successfully measure the strain distributions inside the adhesives. In one single-lap joint, the adherends were carbon fiber reinforced plastics and in another one, they were aluminum. Theadhesive was epoxy in both cases. The measured results were compared with the calculated ones by nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis in which the large displacement and the elasto–plastic response of the adherend or adhesive material were account for. We found that in most of the applied loads, the agreement between the measured results and the calculated ones obtained from an intact FE model is excellent. While the measured strain distributions inside the adhesive layer of the aluminum single-lap joint were varied at the end of the overlap in the higher applied loads and they were much different from those of the intact model, an FE model with debonding was made and it could represent such variations. We could also monitor the strain distributions inside the adhesive during the manufacturing process and we observed the perturbation in residual strain distributions after curing. Consequently, we can say that the fiber-optic distributed sensor with the high spatial resolution is very useful not only to assess the structural integrity of adhesive joints but also to improve numerical analysis techniques and manufacturing processes for them.
Structural damage assessment under varying temperature conditions
Authors: Meruane V , Heylen W
Published: September 2011

Modal parameters such as natural frequencies and mode shapes are sensitive indicators of structural damage. However, they are not only sensitive to damage, but also to the environmental conditions such as, humidity, wind and most important, temperature. For civil engineering structures, modal changes produced by environmental conditions can be equivalent or greater than the ones produced by damage. This article proposes a damage detection method which is able to deal with temperature variations. The objective function correlates mode shapes and natural frequencies, and a parallel genetic algorithm handles the inverse problem. The numerical model of the structure assumes that the elasticity modulus of the materials is temperature-dependent. The algorithm updates the temperature and damage parameters together. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish between temperature effects and real damage events. Simulated data of a three-span bridge and experimental one of the I-40 Bridge validate the proposed methodology. Results show that the proposed algorithm is able to assess the experimental damage despite of temperature variations.
Little Red Riding Hood Crime Films: Critical Variations on Criminal Themes
Authors: Kohm Steven , Greenhill Pauline
Published: September 2011

European and North American crime films since the 1990s reflect changing cinematic styles but also hardening political discourses around criminal responsibility and growing public fears of random violence and predatory strangers. The narrative structure and imagery of “Little Red Riding Hood” conventionally warns about the latter dangers, but can also offer a lesson in self-reliance and the necessity for private action to forestall them. The familiar story provides a malleable cultural referent for a number of films elucidating social, political, and criminological shifts concerning issues of crime, justice, and crime control around the turn of the millennium.