bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety and efficacy of ranirestat in patients with mild‐to‐moderate diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy
Authors: Polydefkis Michael , Arezzo Joseph , Nash Marshall , Bril Vera , Shaibani Aziz , Gordon Robert J. , Bradshaw Kate L. , Junor Roderick W. J. ,   on behalf of the Ranirestat Study Group
Published: August 2015

We examined the efficacy and safety of ranirestat in patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN). Patients (18–75 years) with stable type 1/2 diabetes mellitus and DSPN were eligible for this global, double‐blind, phase II/III study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00927914). Patients (n = 800) were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 to placebo, ranirestat 40 mg/day or 80 mg/day (265 : 264 : 271). Change in peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (PMNCV) from baseline to 24 months was the primary endpoint with a goal improvement vs. placebo ≥1.2 m/s. Other endpoints included symptoms, quality‐of‐life, and safety. Six hundred thirty‐three patients completed the study. The PMNCV difference from placebo was significant at 6, 12, and 18 months in both ranirestat groups, but <1.2 m/s. The mean improvement from baseline at 24 months was +0.49, +0.95, and +0.90 m/s for placebo, ranirestat 40 mg and 80 mg, respectively (NS). The treatment difference vs. placebo reached significance when ranirestat groups were combined in a post hoc analysis (+0.44 m/s; p = 0.0237). There was no effect of ranirestat on safety assessments, secondary or exploratory endpoints vs. placebo. Ranirestat was well tolerated and improved PMNCV, but did not achieve any efficacy endpoints. The absence of PMNCV worsening in the placebo group underscores the challenges of DSPN studies in patients with well‐controlled diabetes.
Pregnancy outcomes among mothers aged 15 years or less
Authors: Traisrisilp Kuntharee , Jaiprom Jedsada , Luewan Suchaya , Tongsong Theera
Published: August 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine pregnancy outcomes among early adolescent women (aged ≤ 15 years) compared with those in late adolescence (16–19 years) and adults aged 20–30 years.

Material and Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on singleton pregnancies with maternal age ≤15 years (early adolescent), 16–19 years (late adolescent), and 20–30 years (adult). The primary outcomes for comparison were the rates of preterm birth, low birthweight, growth restriction and cesarean section.

Results

A total of 33 777 pregnancies, 298 early adolescent, 4456 late adolescent, and 29 023 adults, were enrolled. Most baseline characteristics were comparable but rates of pregnancy complicated by medical diseases were significantly higher in the adults, especially diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension. When compared to the adult group, the early adolescent group had significantly higher rates of preterm birth (31.9% vs 14.5%, P < 0.001), growth restriction (11.7% vs 7.1%, P = 0.002), low birthweight (28.9% vs 14.7%, P < 0.001), while maternal morbidity, such as pre‐eclampsia and placenta previa, was similar. Likewise, most of the main outcomes in early adolescents were also significantly higher than those in late adolescents, but with lesser degrees. Interestingly, the primary cesarean rate was significantly lower in early adolescent women (6.7% vs 12.3%, P = 0.005).

Conclusion

Early adolescent pregnancy was associated with higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular preterm birth and growth restriction, though most maternal morbidity was comparable with that in the control groups. Cesarean rate was significantly lower in early adolescent mothers. This information should be provided to women and their families.
First trimester interleukin‐6 levels help to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes in both thyroid autoantibody positive and negative patients
Authors: Oztas Efser , Erkenekli Kudret , Ozler Sibel , Aktas Aynur , Buyukkagnıcı Umran , Uygur Dilek , Danisman Nuri
Published: August 2015

Aim

The aim of the present study is to compare pregnancy outcomes among patients with and without thyroid antibodies and/or subclinical hypothyroidism and investigate whether there is an association between first trimester maternal plasma interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

A case‐control study was carried out including 83 pregnant women (40 thyroid antibody positive and 43 healthy controls). The predictive value of first trimester maternal plasma IL‐6 levels on adverse pregnancy outcomes were investigated. The optimal cut‐off points of IL‐6 for determining maternal and fetal outcomes were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analyses.

Results

Compared with the control, median IL‐6 levels were significantly higher in thyroid antibody positive pregnancies (median 1.58 vs 1.63 pg/mL; P = 0.047). IL‐6 levels were found to be significantly higher in women who had suffered a miscarriage (P = 0.002), preterm delivery (P < 0.001), intrauterine growth restriction (P = 0.047), preterm premature rupture of membranes (P = 0.043) and overall prenatal complications (P < 0.001). A statistically significant negative correlation between gestational week at birth and IL‐6 levels was also determined among all participants involved in the study (r = ‐0.385, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

IL‐6 levels are significantly increased in thyroid antibody positive patients and predictive for future adverse outcomes, irrespective of thyroid autoimmunity. Increased first trimester IL‐6 levels independently predict adverse pregnancy outcomes, regardless of subclinical hypothyroidism.
Pancytopenia in the first trimester: An indicator of hidden hyperthyroidism
Authors: Imai Ken , Ohkuchi Akihide , Nagayama Shiho , Saito Shinsuke , Matsubara Shigeki , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: August 2015

Pancytopenia in the first trimester is very rare. A 33‐year‐old multiparous woman presented with nausea, loss of appetite, and bodyweight loss of 7.4 kg at 91/7 weeks of gestation due to hyperemesis gravidarum. Her laboratory data demonstrated pancytopenia involving white blood cell count of 3500/μL, a hemoglobin level of 9.8 g/dL, and a platelet count of 10.5 × 104/μL. An extensive investigation into the causes of the pancytopenia detected true hyperthyroidism: thyroid‐stimulating hormone, <0.02 μU/mL; free triiodothyronine, 11.25 pg/mL; free thyroxine, 4.74 ng/dL; and anti‐thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, 12.2 IU/L. Propylthiouracil was started at a dose of 300 mg/day at 105/7 weeks of gestation, which resulted in the normalization of her blood parameters and concomitant improvements in her free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels at 120/7 weeks of gestation. Pancytopenia in the first trimester might be indicative of hidden hyperthyroidism.
Industrial processing of condiments and seasonings and its implications for micronutrient fortification
Authors: de Mejia Elvira González , Aguilera‐Gutiérrez Yolanda , Martin‐Cabrejas Maria Angeles , Mejia Luis A.
Published: August 2015

Opportunities exist for micronutrient fortification of condiments and seasonings to combat vitamin or mineral deficiencies. This paper reviews the available technologies for industrial processing of condiments and seasonings and their fortification with micronutrients. The industrial processes to manufacture commonly consumed condiments and seasonings, such as soy sauce, bouillon cubes, fish sauce, spices, and other relevant products, are described. The impact of processing on fortification is evaluated, considering both the type of vehicle and the fortificant used. The analyzed technologies represent effective strategies for mineral fortification, particularly with iodine and iron. However, fortification with vitamins has been more challenging, owing to sensory changes of the finished product and a poor stability of the fortificant when using certain vehicles. Therefore, more studies are needed in this area in collaboration with governments, the food industry, and vitamin suppliers. Despite the technical difficulties encountered, the current processing technologies for the production of condiments and seasonings can be adapted and refined to allow their successful fortification with micronutrients.
Unilateral Hemilaminectomy for Intradural Lesions
Authors: Mobbs Ralph J , Maharaj Monish M , Phan Kevin , Rao Prashanth J
Published: August 2015

Objective

Unilateral hemilaminectomy (UHIL), an alternative surgical approach to intradural lesions, involves a unilateral approach to meningeal opening that provides an adequate window for tumor extraction while leaving most of the vertebral structures intact. The techniques and results of a modified hemilaminectomy technique with spinal endoscopy is discussed and limited unilateral hemilaminectomy for intradural tumors (UHIT) evaluated prospectively.

Methods

Relevant clinical variables, operative reports, histological findings, pre‐ and post‐operative imaging, and follow‐up data for 11 consecutive patients (five males, six females; mean age 63.36 ± 20.69 years) who underwent modified hemilaminectomy over a 3 year time period were analyzed. Contrast‐enhanced MRI was used to demonstrate the side, size and location of the suspected tumor or intradural lesion and CT to evaluate the bone anatomy. Post‐operative MRI and CT allowed evaluation of anatomy following resection.

Results

Lesions included meningiomas (n = 2), neuromas (n = 3), and metastases, cysts or gliomas (n = 6). Pre‐operative indications in order of incidence included cord compression, claudication, lower back pain, radiculopathy, paraplegia, weakness, incontinence, and generalized neuro‐deterioration. There were no major complications, and no spinal deformity or instability at final follow up (mean, 13 months; range, 3–36 months).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that there is a place for the UHIT approach. This minimally invasive approach is useful for resecting all intradural tumors. UHIL is a useful minimally invasive technique for resecting intradural spinal tumors with maximal preservation of musculoligamentous attachments and posterior bony elements and should be considered an improvement on currently employed techniques.
Effects of Ezrin and Heat Shock Protein 70 on Apoptosis and Proliferation of Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Yao Qin , Zhao Hui‐yi , Xie Bo‐zhen
Published: August 2015

Objective

To investigate the influence of knocking down ezrin expression in combination with heat shock protein (HSP)‐induced immune killing on the apoptosis and proliferation of mouse osteosarcoma cells.

Methods

The HSP70 and ezrin‐shRNA DNA fragments cloned into the expression vector pGFP‐V‐RS and the expression vectors pGFP‐V‐RS‐shRNA and pGFP‐V‐RS‐shRNA‐HSP70 constructed and transfected into MG63 cell line, where their status was observed by fluorescent microscopy. Expression of ezrin and HSP70 was determined by RT‐PCR and western blot. Changes in cell apoptosis and proliferation were assessed by flow cytometry and MTS and changes in expression of apoptosis and cell cycle‐related proteins by western blot. Specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced by HSP70 and its lethal effect on target MG63 tumor cells analyzed by MTS assay.

Results

The specific vector simultaneously downregulated ezrin and upregulatedHSP70. Compared with ezrin knockdown alone, simultaneousHSP70 overexpression partially recovered the promoted cellular apoptosis and proliferation suppression by induced by ezrin knockdown; however, the apoptosis rate ofMG63 cells was significantly greater than that of a negative control. In addition, ezrin‐shRNAand ezrin‐shRNA/HSP70 promoted expression ofBax. However, expression of these agents reducesBcl‐2 andCyclinD1.The cytotoxic effects ofCTLson targetMG63 tumor cells were significantly greater in theCTL+IL‐2 +HSP70 group than theCTL+IL‐2 group.

Conclusions

Simultaneously knocking down ezrin and overexpressingHSP70 promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of osteosarcoma cells andHSP70 inducesCTL,enhancing the lethal effect on tumor cells.
Isthmus‐guided Cortical Bone Trajectory Reduces Postoperative Increases in Serum Creatinine Phosphokinase Concentrations
Authors: Ohkawa Toshika , Iwatsuki Koichi , Ohnishi Yu‐ichiro , Ninomiya Koshi , Yoshimine Toshiki
Published: August 2015

Objective

This study aimed to determine whether an isthmus‐guided cortical bone trajectory (CBT) technique provides better clinical outcomes than the original cortical bone trajectory CBT technique for screw fixation.

Methods

A consecutive series of 21 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis who had undergone CBT screw fixation using the original technique from June 2012 to February 2013 and 33 who had undergone the isthmus‐guided technique from March 2013 to August 2014 was retrospectively reviewed. The number of screws inserted, interbody fusion and screw misplacements, amount of blood loss, and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) ratios (postoperative day 1 CPK/preoperative CPK) were reviewed to evaluate clinical outcomes and compared between the original and isthmus‐guided CBT techniques.

Results

Postoperative serum CPK concentrations were significantly lower with the isthmus‐guided than the original CBT technique (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in age, blood loss, or number of screws, vertebral interbody fusions and patients with history of previous decompression surgery at the same level. There was a trend to higher incidence of screw misplacement with the original than the isthmus‐guided CBT technique; this difference was not significant (P = 0.53). There were no major intraoperative complications. In all the CBT procedures performed in our institution, almost half (47%) the screw misplacements have occurred at the level of L5, and most on the right side.

Conclusions

Right‐handed operators should take care inserting screws on the right side. From the viewpoint of screw misplacement, isthmus‐guided CBT provides superior or equivalent safety to the original CBT technique.
TRANSGOVERNMENTAL POLICY NETWORKS IN THE ANGLOSPHERE
Authors: LEGRAND TIM
Published: August 2015

Recent scholarship in public administration has drawn attention to the proliferation of transnational policy‐making processes and administrative practices. Although policy transfer and transgovernmental scholars have recognized the influence of these practices on domestic policy outcomes, little is known about how distinctive configurations of cross‐jurisdictional policy networks form. This article addresses this issue by exploring three novel transgovernmental policy networks situated in the Anglosphere: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Drawing on constructivist perspectives, the article holds culture, values and norms as critical to the coalescence of Anglosphere policy networks and an important additional explanation of how transnational policy communities emerge. These hitherto unreported networks facilitate, first, the transfer of policy ideas to resolve domestic policy problems and, second, collaborative mechanisms to resolve transnational challenges. Consideration of these novel public sector ‘assemblages’ deepens our empirical and theoretical knowledge of the new spaces of transnational administration.
Genomics of crop wild relatives: expanding the gene pool for crop improvement
Authors: Brozynska Marta , Furtado Agnelo , Henry Robert J.
Published: August 2015

Plant breeders require access to new genetic diversity to satisfy the demands of a growing human population for more food that can be produced in a variable or changing climate and to deliver the high‐quality food with nutritional and health benefits demanded by consumers. The close relatives of domesticated plants, crop wild relatives (CWRs), represent a practical gene pool for use by plant breeders. Genomics of CWR generates data that support the use of CWR to expand the genetic diversity of crop plants. Advances in DNA sequencing technology are enabling the efficient sequencing of CWR and their increased use in crop improvement. As the sequencing of genomes of major crop species is completed, attention has shifted to analysis of the wider gene pool of major crops including CWR. A combination of de novo sequencing and resequencing is required to efficiently explore useful genetic variation in CWR. Analysis of the nuclear genome, transcriptome and maternal (chloroplast and mitochondrial) genome of CWR is facilitating their use in crop improvement. Genome analysis results in discovery of useful alleles in CWR and identification of regions of the genome in which diversity has been lost in domestication bottlenecks. Targeting of high priority CWR for sequencing will maximize the contribution of genome sequencing of CWR. Coordination of global efforts to apply genomics has the potential to accelerate access to and conservation of the biodiversity essential to the sustainability of agriculture and food production.
PPR‐B‐31: a new maintainer allele in the male‐fertility restorer gene of radish (Raphanus sativus) Ogura cytoplasm
Authors: Hawliczek‐Strulak Anna , Bartoszewski Grzegorz , Słomnicka Renata , Korzeniewska Aleksandra , Delourme Régine , Bartkowiak‐Broda Iwona , Niemirowicz‐Szczytt Katarzyna
Published: August 2015

The PPR‐B gene is responsible for male‐fertility restoration of the Ogura‐type male‐sterile radish plants, and it is located in the complex Rfo locus in the vicinity of similar PPR‐A gene and PPR‐C pseudogene. The aim of this study was to identify PPR‐B alleles and understand the structure of the Rfo locus in radish breeding lines. Five lines of radish with normal male‐fertile cytoplasm were tested. The entire PPR‐B gene was amplified, sequenced and allelic PPR‐B sequences were identified. The results indicated that the maintainer lines 7, 15 and 21 contained a non‐restoring form of PPR‐B protein. A unique PPR‐B was found in lines 24/15 and 31 that are restorer and maintainer lines, respectively. The substitutions might be responsible for the loss of a restoring function of the PPR‐B‐31 allele. Amplification of the PPR‐A/PPR‐B and PPR‐B/PPR‐C intergenic regions allowed to identify rearrangements within Rfo locus. Obtained results confirm the wide allelic variation within the Rfo locus, as well as high genetic complexity of the fertility restoration mechanism in radish.
Baseline symptom severity predicts serotonin transporter change during psychotherapy in patients with major depression
Authors: Joensuu Mikko , Ahola Pasi , Knekt Paul , Lindfors Olavi , Saarinen Pirjo , Tolmunen Tommi , Valkonen‐Korhonen Minna , Vanninen Ritva , Jääskeläinen Tuija , Virtala Esa , Kuikka Jyrki , Tiihonen Jari , Lehtonen Johannes
Published: August 2015

Aims

The role of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the pathophysiology of depression is unclear and only a few follow‐up studies exist. Our aim was to measure changes in SERT availability during psychodynamic psychotherapy in patients with major depression over a follow‐up time of 12 or 18 months.

Methods

The patients were studied with iodine‐123 labelled 2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(4‐iodophenyl) serial single‐photon emission tomography imaging and clinical rating scales of symptoms.

Results

Changes in SERT availability had no correlation with the change of symptoms, but the change of SERT availability during psychotherapy in the midbrain was predicted by the baseline severity of the clinical symptoms measured by the Symptom Checklist Depression Scale and the Symptom Checklist Global Severity Index. With cut‐off values applied, it was found that SERT availabilities increased in patients with high baseline symptoms, and decreased in patients with low baseline symptoms.

Conclusions

Together with our earlier finding of decreased SERT in patients with depression, these results indicate a state‐dependent and possibly a compensatory role of decreased SERT availability in depression.
Neonatal Meckel diverticulum: Obstruction due to a short mesodiverticular band
Authors: Kunitsu Tomoaki , Koshida Shigeki , Tanaka Katsunori , Nakahara Sayuri , Yanagi Takahide , Maruo Yoshihiro , Takeuchi Yoshihiro , Kubota Yoshihiro
Published: August 2015

This is the first report of symptomatic Meckel diverticulum in a newborn, in which direct compression by a short mesodiverticular band (MDB) caused intestinal obstruction. A short MDB can cause intestinal obstruction due to direct compression. There are two mechanisms by which Meckel diverticulum with MDB can cause intestinal obstruction: internal hernia and direct compression. Onset of intestinal obstruction due to direct compression by a short MDB might be earlier than that for internal hernia with long MDB.
Japanese family with congenital factor VII deficiency
Authors: Sakakibara Kanae , Okayama Yoshiki , Fukushima Kenji , Kaji Shunsaku , Muraoka Michiko , Arao Yujiro , Shimada Akira
Published: August 2015

Congenital factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. The present female patient was diagnosed with congenital FVII deficiency because of low hepaplastin test (HPT), although vitamin K was given. Heterozygous p.A191T mutation was detected in the peripheral blood, and the same mutation was also found in the mother and sister. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of p.A191T mutation of FVII in the literature and the first to be reported in Japan. FVII coagulation activity (FVII:C) in asymptomatic heterozygous carriers is mildly reduced. Therefore, some patients may not be accurately diagnosed with congenital FVII deficiency. In infants with low HPT without vitamin K deficiency, congenital FVII deficiency should be considered.
The Role of Consciousness in Grasping and Understanding
Authors: Bourget David
Published: August 2015

One sometimesbelievesa proposition withoutgraspingit. For example, a complete achromat might believe that ripe tomatoes are red without grasping this proposition. My aim in this paper is to shed light on the difference between merely believing a proposition and grasping it. I focus on two possible theories of grasping: the inferential theory, which explains grasping in terms of inferential role, and the phenomenal theory, which explains grasping in terms of phenomenal consciousness. I argue that the phenomenal theory is more plausible than the inferential theory.
A novel HLA allele, HLA‐DRB1*13:204, detected in a Brazilian unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Visentainer J. E. L. , Nascimento E. , Dalalio M. M. O. , Colli C. M. , Fabreti‐Oliveira R. A.
Published: August 2015

The HLA‐DRB1*13:204 allele differs from HLA*13:64 by two nucleotide substitutions at positions 181 and 189 in the exon 2.
Controlled Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation for Computer-Aided Nanomanufacturing
Authors: Wang Yan
Published: August 2015

Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) is regarded as an efficient tool for rare event simulation and has been applied in simulating bottom–up self-assembly processes of nanomanufacturing. Yet it has limitations to simulate top–down processes. In this paper, a new and generalized KMC mechanism, called controlled KMC or controlled KMC (cKMC), is proposed to simulate complete physical and chemical processes. This generalization is enabled by the introduction of controlled events. In contrast to the traditional self-assembly events in KMC, controlled events occur at certain times, locations, or directions, which allows all events to be modeled. A formal model of cKMC is also presented to show the generalization. The applications of cKMC to several top–down and bottom–up processes are demonstrated.
Hybrid Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Combination of Three-Dimensional Printing and Cell Photoencapsulation
Authors: Markovic Marica , Van Hoorick Jasper , Hölzl Katja , Tromayer Maximilian , Gruber Peter , Nürnberger Sylvia , Dubruel Peter , Van Vlierberghe Sandra , Liska Robert , Ovsianikov Aleksandr
Published: August 2015

Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers versatile possibilities for adapting the structural parameters of tissue engineering scaffolds. However, it is also essential to develop procedures allowing efficient cell seeding independent of scaffold geometry and pore size. The aim of this study was to establish a method for seeding the scaffolds using photopolymerizable cell-laden hydrogels. The latter facilitates convenient preparation, and handling of cell suspension, while distributing the hydrogel precursor throughout the pores, before it is cross-linked with light. In addition, encapsulation of living cells within hydrogels can produce constructs with high initial cell loading and intimate cell-matrix contact, similar to that of the natural extra-cellular matrix (ECM). Three dimensional scaffolds were produced from poly(lactic) acid (PLA) by means of fused deposition modeling. A solution of methacrylamide-modified gelatin (Gel-MOD) in cell culture medium containing photoinitiator Li-TPO-L was used as a hydrogel precursor. Being an enzymatically degradable derivative of natural collagen, gelatin-based matrices are biomimetic and potentially support the process of cell-induced remodeling. Preosteoblast cells MC3T3-E1 at a density of 10 × 106 cells per 1 mL were used for testing the seeding procedure and cell proliferation studies. Obtained results indicate that produced constructs support cell survival and proliferation over extended duration of our experiment. The established two-step approach for scaffold seeding with the cells is simple, rapid, and is shown to be highly reproducible. Furthermore, it enables precise control of the initial cell density, while yielding their uniform distribution throughout the scaffold. Such hybrid tissue engineering constructs merge the advantages of rigid 3D printed constructs with the soft hydrogel matrix, potentially mimicking the process of ECM remodeling.
A Novel Suspended Hydrogel Membrane Platform for Cell Culture
Authors: Chen Yong X. , Yang Shihao , Yan Jiahan , Hsieh Ming-Han , Weng Lingyan , Ouderkirk Jessica L. , Krendel Mira , Soman Pranav
Published: August 2015

Current cell-culture is largely performed on synthetic two-dimensional (2D) petri dishes or permeable supports such as Boyden chambers, mostly because of their ease of use and established protocols. It is generally accepted that modern cell biology research requires new physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platform to mimic in vivo cell responses. To that end, we report the design and development of a suspended hydrogel membrane (ShyM) platform using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel. ShyM thickness (0.25–1 mm) and mechanical properties (10–70 kPa) can be varied by controlling the size of the supporting grid and concentration of GelMA prepolymer, respectively. GelMA ShyMs, with dual media exposure, were found to be compatible with both the cell-seeding and the cell-encapsulation approach as tested using murine 10T1/2 cells and demonstrated higher cellular spreading and proliferation as compared to flat GelMA unsuspended control. The utility of ShyM was also demonstrated using a case-study of invasion of cancer cells. ShyMs, similar to Boyden chambers, are compatible with standard well-plates designs and can be printed using commonly available 3D printers. In the future, ShyM can be potentially extended to variety of photosensitive hydrogels and cell types, to develop new in vitro assays to investigate complex cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of papillary breast lesions
Authors: Ciurea Anca , Calin Adriana , Ciortea Cristiana , Dudea Sorin M
Published: August 2015

Papillary lesions are defined as an amalgam of various lesions which represent a diagnostic challenge, for both the radiolo- gist and pathologist. They are diagnosed on the basis of a combination of clinical, imaging, and pathological findings and their features carry differing prognostic implications for the affected patients. The aim of this pictorial essay is to review the clinical and pathological findings in papillary breast lesions, to show the advantages and limits of each imaging method in their diag- nosis with emphasis on the importance of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis. Also, the spectrum of ultrasound features (conventional, Doppler ultrasound and elastography) of papillary lesions of the breast will be illustrated.
Adult cervical lymphangioma â€“ ultrasonography, surgical removal, and pathology results. Case report
Authors: Costache Adrian , Dumitru Mihai , Tweedie Daniel , Sarafoleanu Codrut , Anghel Ion
Published: August 2015

Lymphangioma is a rare pathology in children and even more exotic when encountered in adults. We review the current data on this subject underlining possible controversies and limitations. This is the case of an adult male who underwent a com- plete clinical examination and ENT performed ultrasound exam, along with contrast CT prior to complete surgical removal of the mass. The mass was 6 cm in diameter and compressed the left lobe of the thyroid gland. Pathology result confirmed the diagnosis of lymphagioma.
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse quantitative elastography: a new noninvasive technique for the evaluation of parotid glands. A preliminary study in controls and in patients with irradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Authors: Badea Iulia , Tamas-Szora Attila , Chiorean Ioana , Crisan Maria , Ciuleanu Elisabeta , Baciut Grigore , Badea Mindra
Published: August 2015

Aim: We aim to define the values of the shear wave velocity (SWV) in the normal parotid glands (PG) and to identify the modifications of tissue stiffness in patients with irradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Material and methods: Sixty normal parotid glands pertaining to 30 healthy volunteers and 40 pathological parotid glands pertaining to 20 patients who had had underwent radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma were included in this study. The patients underwent a B mode ultrasonography examination and the volume of the parotid gland was determined. A subsequent Acoustic Radiation Forde Impulse Imaging (ARFI) examination was performed and the SWV were determined for the central and the periphery of the glandular parenchyma. Results: The mean volume of the gland in the volunteers’ group (12.02±0.6 ml) was significantly higher than in the group of patients who underwent radiation therapy (10.3±0.74 ml) (p<0.0001).  The SWV values in the normal group were lower compared to the patients group (1.54±0.6 m/s vs. 1.76±0.73 m/s, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Elastography using the ARFI technique constitutes an objective method used for the evaluation of glandular stiffness in both normal and post radiotherapy glands. The SWV values determined in patients who underwent head and neck radiotherapy are increased, indicating a greater tissue stiffness thereby implying a structural transformation of the glandular parenchyma.
The role of ultrasonography in assessing disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and associated fibromyalgia
Authors: Ghib Linda Jessica , Tamas Maria Magdalena , Damian Laura Otilia , Felea Ioana , Muntean Laura Mirela , Rednic Nicolae , Rednic Simona
Published: August 2015

Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare and correlate US evaluation with clinical scores of the disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and concomitant fibromyalgia (FM). Material and methods: Ten patients diagnosed with RA according to the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria and associated FM based on the ACR 1990 classification criteria and two control groups, one with RA (10 patients) and one with FM (10 patients), were included. Clinical assessment was performed and the disease activity scores were calculated. Synovial/tenosynovial hypertrophy, fluid collections in grey scale (GS), and Power Doppler (PD) US assessed by US in the 28 joints included in the disease activity score 28 (DAS28). Results: GS US score and PD US scores were correlated with DAS28 only in patients with RA (Pearson r coefficients 0.3 and 0.5). Mean DAS28 score was significantly higher in the RA/FM group, compared to RA and FM (5.6 versus 4.6 versus 4.5, respectively). Patients with RA/FM had similar median US scores to RA patients, while in FM group significantly lower median US scores were detected (16 versus 9.5 versus 0 for GS US and 3.5 versus 1.5 versus 0 for PD US, respectively). Con- clusions: Disease activity scores should be interpreted with caution in patients with RA and FM. When available, US should be used to guide treatment decisions in patients with RA and FM.
Ultrasonography of desmoplatic fibroma of the mandible; a case report.
Authors: Gersak Mariana M. , Lenghel Lavinia M. , Baciut Grigore , Moldovan Iuliu , Mitea Horatiu , Botar-Jid Carolina , Vasilescu Dan , Botan Emil , Dudea Sorin M.
Published: August 2015

Desmoplastic fibroma (DF) is a very rare bone tumor, classified as a benign lesion. It might be locally a very aggressive tumor with a high rate of recurrence after surgical resection. We present a case of a 3-year and 6 month-old patient, with mandibular desmoplastic fibroma. The clinical, imaging, histological findings and surgical treatment are discussed and, also, a brief review of the literature of DF is presented. The purpose of this case report is to emphasize the particularity of the case, ultrasound findings and the main differential diagnostic of this rare bone tumor.
Improvement of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy outcomes by real time ultrasonography performed by a surgeon and radiologist team.
Authors: Uslukaya Omer , Gumus Metehan , Tasdemir Bekir , Goya Cemil , Kilinc Faruk , Oguz Abdullah , Turkoglu Ahmet , Bozdag Zubeyir
Published: August 2015

Aims: Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) has become the first line of treatment for primary hyperparathy- roidism caused by solitary parathyroid adenoma. In order to increase the sensitivity of high-resolution ultrasonography (hUS), surgeon performed ultrasonography (SUS) has been increasingly used preoperatively. However, a radiologist and surgeon performing ultrasonography (RSUS) has not been a usual practice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical contribution of RSUS on MIP. Material and methods: From 2012 to 2014, a total of 30 consecutive patients (4 male, 26 female, mean age 48.87±14.52 years) with solitary parathyroid adenoma, were included in the study. All patients underwent preoperative hUS and Technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. In patients, demographic characteristics, diagnostic tools used, levels of bio- chemical parameters, duration of operation, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Results: Adenomas were successfully localized by US in all patients and the surgical approach was determined according to this localization. Parathyroidectomy with MIP was successfully performed under local anesthesia in all patients. Mean operation time was 19.87±3.35 min. Post- operative PTH and calcium values were significantly decreased. All patients were discharged from the hospital in the same day. None of the patients had complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hematoma, or injury to nearby organs. None of the patients had drains placed. Conclusions: Adenoma is well localized by US and thus, MIP can be completed under local anesthesia. US provides a very important clinical contribution to the success of MIP. In addition to these, RSUS helps in determining the location of the incision and the shortest way to achieve the lesion; therefore, it provides a small incision and shortens duration of the operation with a minimal dissection.
Ganglionic eminence within the early developing brain visualized by 3D transvaginal ultrasound
Authors: Boitor-Borza Dan , Kovacs Tunde , Stamatian Florin
Published: August 2015

Aim: Early diagnosis of cerebral congenital anomalies requires a profound knowledge of the anatomy of the developing human brain. The ganglionic eminences (GE) are crucial structures of the brain, giving rise mostly to the basal nuclei. The aim of this explorative study is to assess the GE within the embryonic and early fetal brain by using 3D transvaginal US. Material and methods: From March 2015 to May 2015, a total of 18 singleton non-malformed embryos and fetuses at 9-13 weeks of gestation were assesed in vivo by transvaginal ultrasound using a Voluson E10, BT 15 scanner (GE Healthcare, Zipf, Austria). The 3D sonography was performed routinely as the subjects were scanned. Inter-observer agreement (concordance) was calculated using the Cohen’s kappa statistics. Results: At 9 gestational weeks, no GE was identified. At 10 gestational weeks the GE were identified as mere thickenings in the lateral wall of the cerebral hemispheres, well depicted by 3D transvaginal ultrasound using the HDlive rendering mode and the OmniView® software. Starting with 11 gestational weeks the GE are evident. The results of inter-observer agreement for GE identification were as follows: observed agreement Po=0.94, expected agreement Pe=0.76, kappa coefficient=0.83, which means a very good agreement between the observers. Conclusions: The GE can be clearly visualized by 3D transvaginal sonography, and especially by HDlive rendering mode. This method has become the “golden standard” for in vivo morphological studies of the embryonic and early fetal brain.
Computer-assisted identification of the gingival sulcus and periodontal epithelial junction on high-frequency ultrasound images
Authors: Chifor Radu , Badea Mindra Eugenia , Mitrea Delia Alexandrina , Badea Iulia Clara , Crisan Maria , Chifor Ioana , Avram Ramona
Published: August 2015

The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate that periodontal ultrasonography is a reliable method with which to identify and evaluate the attachment level of the gingival junctional epithelium. A secondary aim was to devise an automated computer-assisted method that allows the examiner to more easily identify the gingival sulcus contour on ultrasound images. Material and methods: This in vitro study was carried out on 36 sites on the lingual surface of eight pig mandibles. For each site, periodontal ultrasonography was performed by the same examiner, using DermaScan C Cortex Technology (Denmark) with a 20-MHz transducer. Subsequently, the mandibles were sectioned with a microtome and examined by direct microscopy. To facilitate identification of the gingival sulcus on ultrasound images, a computational method was adopted. Results: Computer processing of the ultrasound images slightly modified the contour of the gingival sulcus. The absolute mean differences in the linear measurements of the Dermascan-automated computer-generated values and the corresponding values of microscopy, which is the gold standard, varied between 0.06 and 1.75 mm. Statistical analysis showed that with respect to the gingival sulcus height, the correlation between the computer-processed ultrasound images and the direct microscopy images was stronger than the correlation between the non-processed ultrasound images and those from direct microscopy. Conclusions: Ultrasonographic examination of the periodontal tissues allows the examiner to localize the gingival epithelial attachment level and provides substantial data regarding the soft gingival tissues.
Can abnormal ductus venosus peak velocity index for veins in normal fetuses predictfailure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period?
Authors: Yozgat Yilmaz , Avci Muhittin Eftal , Kilic Ayhan , Ozdemir Rahmi , Demirol Mustafa , Karaarslan Utku , Mese Timur , Unal Nurettin
Published: August 2015

Aim: To investigate whether ductus venosus (DV) wave velocities and/or DV peak velocity index for veins (DV-PVIV) can predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period. Material and methods: Fetal echocardiography was performed in 455 healthy women with uneventful pregnancies between the 20-24th gestational weeks. DV blood flow and DV-PVIV data were collected prospectively. Echocardiography was repeated in healthy subjects on the 30th postnatal day. Four hundred patients met the study criteria. Newborns with clearly visible foraminal flaps, interatrial septal defects smaller than 5 mm and right-to-left shunting through the defect were accepted as patent foramen ovale (PFO) (n=91). Newborns without PFO (n=309) comprised the control group. Results: A statistically significant difference was detected between the groups with and without PFO in terms of mean DV-PVIV values, DV-D and DV-a wave velocities (p<0.05 for all). ROC analysis showed that increased DV-PVIV values were related to and predictive of PFO (AUC=0.75; p<0.001) and that a threshold value of 0.62, had a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI 78.1-93.0%) and a specificity of 51.7% (95% CI 46.1-57.5%). Conclusion: DV-PVIV values above 0.62 at the time of fetal echocardiographic examination can predict failure of functional closure of the foramen ovale in the postnatal period.
In situ atomic force microscopy imaging of structural changes in metal nanowires during feedback-controlled electromigration
Authors: Yagi Mamiko , Saito Takanari , Shirakashi Jun-ichi
Published: August 2015

The authors present the real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of structural changes in gold (Au) nanowires during the feedback-controlled electromigration (FCE) process. The resistance increases during the FCE process and is associated with drastic changes in the nanowire morphology, suggesting successful control of electromigration (EM) through the FCE scheme. Moreover, the AFM images taken after performing FCE indicate a redeposition of matter along the nanowire in the direction of the anode side. The grains show faceting structures at the anode side. Furthermore, to obtain quantitative information on the height of structures, cross-sections of the nanowire obtained from the AFM images during FCE were investigated. The height evolution of the narrowest part of the wire perpendicular to the electron flow was obtained, showing that void nucleation and void growth along the grain boundaries, which are located on the border of the nanowire, start in the vicinity of the nanowire constriction at the cathode side. Furthermore, a maximum relative mass transport value of 19% and a mass transport rate of 106 atoms/s were found. These results imply that the in situ AFM technique provides insight into the behavior of EM-induced voids in metal nanowires during FCE.
Direct fabrication of high aspect-ratio metal oxide nanopatterns via sequential infiltration synthesis in lithographically defined SU-8 templates
Authors: Nam Chang-Yong , Stein Aaron , Kisslinger Kim
Published: August 2015

Nanopatterning high aspect-ratio metal oxide structures remains challenging for conventional nanofabrication methods based on reactive ion etching due to marginal etch selectivity between target oxides and typical mask materials. Here, the authors report the application of sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) on lithographically defined SU-8 polymer templates for patterning arbitrarily designed, high aspect-ratio metal oxide nanostructures with sub-50 nm linewidths, smooth vertical profiles, and three-dimensional (3D) morphologies difficult to achieve by the conventional fabrication methods. As examples, various AlOx nanostructures with ∼40 nm linewidths and up to 16 aspect ratios were demonstrated, along with TiOx in-plane nanowire arrays of controlled positional registrations. Detailed scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed nanocrystalline and amorphous internal structures of respective AlOx and TiOx, as well as the swelling and contraction behaviors of polymer templates during the SIS process, which allowed the facile fabrication of high aspect-ratio, sub-50 nm-featured oxide nanopatterns with 3D morphologies. These results confirm the potential of vapor-phase material infiltration in directly nanopatterning complexly structured metal oxides.
Comodulation masking release in an off-frequency masking paradigm
Authors: Grzeschik Ramona , Lübken Björn , Verhey Jesko L.
Published: August 2015

Detection threshold of a sinusoidal signal masked by a broadband masker is lower when on- and off-frequency masker components have a correlated envelope, compared to a condition in which these masker components have different envelopes. This effect is commonly referred to as comodulation masking release (CMR). The present study investigated if there is a CMR in the absence of a masker component at the signal frequency, i.e., in an off-frequency masking paradigm. Thresholds were measured for a 500-Hz signal in the presence of a broadband masker with a spectral notch at the signal frequency. Thresholds were significantly lower for a (co-)modulated than for an unmodulated masker for all notch widths up to 400 Hz. An additional experiment showed that the particularly large CMR for the no-notch condition was due to the way the modulated masker was generated. No CMR was measured when the notched-noise masker was replaced by a pair of narrowband noises. The addition of more remote masker bands resulted in a CMR of about 3–4 dB. The notched-noise data were predicted on the basis of a modulation-filterbank model. The predictions of the narrowband noise conditions indicated that all mechanisms underlying CMR might still not be fully understood.
Methodological and Statistical Quality in Research Evaluating Nutritional Attitudes in Sports
Authors: Kouvelioti Rozalia , Vagenas George
Published: August 2015

The assessment of dietary attitudes and behaviors provides information of interest to sports nutritionists. Although there has been little analysis of the quality of research undertaken in this field, there is evidence of a number of flaws and methodological concerns in some of the studies in the available literature. This review undertook a systematic assessment of the attributes of research assessing the nutritional knowledge and attitudes of athletes and coaches. Sixty questionnaire-based studies were identified by a search of official databases using specific key terms with subsequent analysis by certain inclusion–exclusion criteria. These studies were then analyzed using 33 research quality criteria related to the methods, questionnaires, and statistics used. We found that many studies did not provide information on critical issues such as research hypotheses (92%), the gaining of ethics approval (50%) or informed consent (35%), or acknowledgment of limitations in the implementation of studies or interpretation of data (72%). Many of the samples were nonprobabilistic (85%) and rather small (42%). Many questionnaires were of unknown origin (30%), validity (72%), and reliability (70%) and resulted in low (≤ 60%) response rates (38%). Pilot testing was not undertaken in 67% of the studies. Few studies dealt with sample size (2%), power (3%), assumptions (7%), confidence intervals (3%), or effect sizes (3%). Improving some of these problems and deficits may enhance future research in this field.