bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Populism, Celebrity Politics, and Politainment
Authors: Diehl Paula
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines populist communication and its entanglements today with celebrity politics and “politainment.” It focuses on the hybridization of populism, celebrity, and media entertainment, well-known from right-wing leaders such as Trump, Salvini, and Bolsonaro. It analyzes the constitutive elements of this hybrid form, the relationship of this hybrid to earlier forms of populism, and the ways in which populism has been shaped by transformations in the media since the 1990s. It also discusses the implications of these transformations: the radicalization of celebrity politics and politainment; and the blurred borders between politics and entertainment, private and public, and, most importantly, between reality and fiction. These transformations have reshaped the relationship between media and populism. If populism is a political logic claiming to speak out the truth, politainment, by contrast, introduces hyperreality into politics. Recognizing this phenomenon’s differences from traditional populist rhetoric is essential for understanding the evolving nature of populism.
Racism, Xenophobia, and Violence Against Asian Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Liu Xiaofang , Kwong Kenny , Xu Qingwen
Published: October 2024

In the wake of COVID-19, Asian Americans have faced increased racism, microaggressions, verbal attacks, and physical violence, largely attributed to their descent and exacerbated by political rhetoric. This anti-Asian sentiment is part of a long-standing pattern of “othering” marginalized communities in the United States. Hate speech on social media has further fueled discrimination and xenophobia against Chinese and broader Asian populations, causing considerable distress and potential long-term harm to their mental well-being. This chapter provides an overview and synthesizes empirical research, self-reported data, and government statistics on this issue, emphasizing the negative impact on Asian Americans’ mental health and its broader implications as a public health crisis. The chapter explores theoretical explanations, including the role of nationalism and White supremacy in scapegoating and escalating racial discrimination and violence. In conclusion, the authors advocate for sustained efforts in policies, practices, and research to combat pandemic-fueled racism and all forms of racial prejudice.
Acculturation, the Asian American Identity, and the Impact of Anti-Asian Racism on Health and Mental Health
Authors: Chan Keith T.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an examination of the impact of anti-Asian racism on the health and mental health of Asian Americans in the context of acculturation and the evolving Asian American identity. Racism is a chronic and acute stressor which elicits psychological, physiological, and behavioral responses within individuals. In response to racism, individuals can experience a higher risk for cardiometabolic disorders and symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as intrusive thoughts, anger, hypervigilance, somatic symptoms, physiological reactivity, decreased self-esteem, and avoidance. Furthermore, the negative impacts of racism on physical and mental health can be long-lasting, and racial trauma can carry across generations. This chapter investigates how anti-Asian racism in the context of acculturation and the social determinants of health are adversely related to a wide variety of mental, physical, and behavioral health outcomes among Asian American populations.
The Intersection of Racism and Marginalized Identities Among Asian Americans
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Aaron Sofie Hana , Sangalang Cindy C. , Lee Jane J. , Kim Joong Won
Published: October 2024

The rapidly growing and diverse Asian American population in the United States is composed of individuals originating from more than 20 different countries. Yet data on this population have often been aggregated, obscuring critical within-group differences and disparities. This chapter aims to highlight the diversity of Asian identities in America and explore how intersecting identities can foster or inhibit racism experienced by Asians in the United States. The authors begin by examining the historical context of anti-Asian sentiment and discrimination in the United States. They then explore the intersectional experiences of Asians in the United States with attention to immigrant status, racism and sexism, sexual orientation and gender identity, religiosity/spirituality, and multiracial and biracial identities. Understanding the diversity of Asian identities and the intersecting forms of discrimination they face is crucial for addressing the unique challenges and disparities within this population.
Understanding and Dismantling the “Model Minority” Stereotype
Authors: Sevillano Lalaine , Macagupay Kirin
Published: October 2024

Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) individuals often find themselves in a paradox—simultaneously ostracized and valorized. On one hand, AANHPI individuals are targets of xenophobic attitudes and stigmatized as the “perpetual foreigner” responsible for the “kung-flu.” On the other hand, the model minority stereotype (MMS) is used as a weapon of anti-blackness, negating the systemic oppression that Black people experience and causing narratives that divide Peoples of Color. This chapter promotes social work’s engagement in critiquing the MMS through an overview of the origins of the MMS, examples of how the MMS impacts the health and well-being of AANHPI individuals, a critique of the MMS using critical race theory, and recommendations for how social work can disrupt the MMS across micro, meso, and macro levels.
Coping at the Margins
Authors: Vang Cindy , Sieng Michael , Thao Austin
Published: October 2024

Despite their heightened vulnerabilities to loneliness, coping with this phenomenon among immigrant older adults remains understudied. The authors illuminate the experiences of Hmong older adults, an aging refugee group, coping with loneliness. This chapter examines how community-dwelling Hmong older adults experience loneliness using an intersectionality framework. Interviews were completed with 17 Hmong older adults aged 65–84. Analysis followed the processes of grounded theory. Four coping mechanisms were constructed to minimize loneliness amid challenges and losses: greater power, seeking support and community, escaping through activity, and avoidance and control. Coping mechanisms utilized by Hmong older adults in this study demonstrate the strength and resilience of cultural practices, values, and beliefs despite ongoing marginalization from the larger mainstream American community. Implications for practice, policy, and research suggest culturally sensitive approaches driven by the experiences of Hmong older adults.
Policy Initiatives on Eliminating Anti-Asian Racism
Authors: Liu Meirong , Xu Yanfeng , Si Zhanjie
Published: October 2024

This chapter calls for urgent institutional changes to address structural inequalities through advocacy and legislative action. The authors discuss macro practice methods to address racial injustice through advocacy efforts such as fostering policies eliminating anti-Asian hate and violence, advocating for nondiscriminative policies, improving language access, campaigning for narrative change, building coalitions with social justice groups, encouraging civic engagement, strengthening links with social justice organizations, and promoting policies and programs on Asian American, Native Hawai’ian, and Pacific Islander history education and awareness. Policy advocacy to protect Asian Americans against racial hate crimes is lacking but much needed. Macro social workers’ efforts can pressure policymakers to directly address anti-Asian racism and violence, provide targeted assistance, and call on national, state, and local organizations to ensure investments in culturally appropriate services to Asian American communities.
Catholics in America
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

More than 20% of Americans are Catholic, and overall membership in the Catholic Church has remained relatively steady even as increasing numbers of people claim no religious affiliation. The rising prominence of Catholics in important leadership positions and critical demographic changes to the U.S. population mirrored in the Church have brought the Catholic Church and its members into public conversations, bringing renewed attention to the country’s single largest religious organization. Yet misperceptions about who Catholics are today, their religious beliefs and practices, and their attitudes regarding important political and social issues are pervasive. Catholics in America provides a contemporary social portrait of this large, increasingly influential group that clarifies who they are and what they really believe. This volume offers extensive empirical evidence to uncover the real story of today’s Catholic. It offers a fresh, new glimpse into the reality of the family behaviors, work and economic status, and beliefs of Catholics, with particular attention to differences between those who have left, joined, and stayed with the Church, patternsthat may define the Church in coming decades. The presence of Catholics in the country’s highest positions and their voices in critical national conversations about issues such as abortion testify to the significance of their beliefs and attitudes. Catholics in America is an important guide for anyone wanting to understand the personal and religious foundations of today’s Catholic.
Catholics in America
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

More than 20% of Americans—approximately 70 million people—are members of the Catholic Church. This chapter proposes the need for a contemporary social portrait of Catholics that documents their demographic traits, religious practices and beliefs, and attitudes regarding political and social issues. It offers five reasons that an examination of Catholics is timely. First, Catholic Church membership is large and holding steady. Second, some prominent and influential Catholics have drawn attention to the Church and its teachings (e.g., President Joe Biden, nearly 30% of members of Congress, six of nine Supreme Court justices). Third, significant changes in the U.S. that are mirrored in the demographics of Catholics—including the growth of the Latino population—may have implications for the Church and the country. Fourth, misperceptions about Catholic religious beliefs, practices, and social and political attitudes are pervasive. Fifth, Catholics can provide a window into the changing American religious landscape.
Criminal Legal System
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

Chapter 8, “Criminal Legal System,” examines the intimate ways in which the system produces unfreedom by defining, constructing, and producing “crimes,” which flattens what constitutes violence. In particular, this chapter shows that social norms may force women to conform to respectable behavior, often using rape as a front for sex, but women also resist such norms by using silence as an agentic tool of communication. This chapter assumes that violence is not broken laws of the criminal legal system, but harm caused to individuals and communities, whether or not a crime has been committed.
Infidels
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers the fate of nonbelievers in a republic committed to protecting the rights of believers. Its ill-fated protagonist is the unrepentant deist Thomas Paine. Free exercise provisions protected religious belief and worship, conferring a latitude on their exercise that was not always enjoyed by those writing about politics or engaging in secular speech. Nonetheless, contemporary criticism of the Alien and Sedition Act suggests that it was at least possible to see religious and political expression as analogues. The chapter concludes that Paine’s troubled return to America in 1802 is emblematic of deism’s rise and fall in the new nation, as well as the viability of nonbelief in an increasingly evangelical country.
Frank Parkin
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter outlines Frank Parkin’s work, who rediscovered Max Weber’s idea of open and closed social relationships and developed it into a sociological approach to address the limitations of the then-dominant Marxist class theory in analysing the structure of advanced capitalist societies. It examines the main aspects of this approach, which argued that Marxism is no longer an adequate approach for sociology to analyse the complex social relations in modern societies, as they cannot be reduced to interclass relations. The idea of social closure is introduced to address intraclass relations, such as those between ethnic or communal groups. Here, social closure is conceived of as consisting of two reciprocal strategies of action: exclusion and usurpation, which social actors can employ. This constitutes what Parkin defined as a social closure equation.
Max Weber’s Critical Basic Terms for Theorizing Social Closure Reconsidered
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins with the premise that the concept of closure (and even the term itself) has remained somewhat vague in the debate on social closure. Therefore, it examines Max Weber’s basic term open and closed social relationships in the context of other basic terms in Weber’s work to clarify their meanings. The chapter agrees with Weber’s ontological view that social life is struggle and delves into conceptual questions to explain how this term integrates with others, such as struggle itself and communal and associative relationships. Based on this analysis, the chapter highlights Weber’s distinction between closure to the outside and closure within and his important sociological idea of varying degrees of closure.
Max Weber’s Closure Analyses
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyses how Weber used his concept of open and closed social relationships to make them plausible. It argues that both Weber’s methodological individualism and his conception of closure as mainly referring to maximizing (economic) resources have narrowed social closure from the very beginning and created obstacles for making use of all its analytical capacity. Therefore, explaining how opening and closing social relationships in the contexts of the economic relationships of communities, the distribution of power within the community, and relations between ethnic groups shows that ultimately closure processes in these different contexts are reduced to a question of the maximization of resources within a status system, which is a reductionist idea that is rejected.
Power and Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter brings in the concept of power developed in Part II of this book and adapts it to a new concept of closure that takes seriously the question of how social actors can make use of different structural elements of power to fight in closure struggles. It does not conceive power to be a resource but as a medium that all social actors must use to make an impact in the social world. It argues that being able to exert power, social actors have to draw upon the structural elements of resources of power: ideological, economic, military/violence, and politico-legal power. This general approach allows to understand why a specific institutional order of a society or other social entity creates asymmetrical power relations in closure struggles.
A New Concept of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

Incorporating all the revised and new concepts, this chapter presents an entirely new conceptualization of social closure. Starting with a general definition of how to newly understand social closure, it briefly characterizes the relevance of collective action and acting in solidarity, and the critical role of the power-based approach; it specifies the three forms of social closure and their typical strategies; it characterizes the new and relational concepts of life chances / chances of survival and the opportunity structure and stresses the explanatory character of the new approach. Finally, it summarizes the critical aspects in that the new concept overcomes the problems and lacunae of the traditional sociological approach to social closure, thereby offering sociology a new tool for analysing and explaining any phenomenon of social closure.
A Typology of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter introduces the second step in developing a new theory of social closure by providing a typology of social closure. Central to this typology are three forms of social closure—exclusion, exploitation, and elimination—each paired with corresponding strategies: marginalization, extraction, and annihilation. By cross-tabulating these forms of closure and their strategies with the four dimensions of life chances / chances of survival—resources, rights, networks/institutions, and communities—a framework of twelve strategies emerges. This framework facilitates detailed empirical research into various closure processes.
Towards an Explanation of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter presents the final step in developing a new theory of social closure by outlining its explanatory framework. It argues that social closure processes unfold within the social relationships of the excluders and the excluded, the exploiters and the exploited, and the eliminators and those threatened with elimination. The powerful within these relationships employ strategies to reorganize life chances / chances of survival to their advantage, at the expense of the less powerful. This reorganization consequently transforms the socio-economic, politico-legal, socio-structural, and socio-cultural dimensions of these social relations. Viewing social closure as ongoing processes in the social world, the new approach incorporates the crucial concept of events in sociological debates. This serves as methodological bracketing to define critical events in social life that can be starting points for theorizing, and empirically analysing, and explaining social closure processes.
Introduction
Authors: Fuerstein Michael
Published: October 2024

This chapter offers an overview of the book, provides a quick summary of each chapter, establishes the broader motivations for the project, and describes the book’s methodological approach. The context for this book is current cynicism about both democracy and the idea of social progress. Methodologically, the book focuses on developing a “regulative ideal”: a standard that prescribes feasible, practical steps relative to a particular set of social circumstances. Given the importance of practice and circumstances, empirical and historical examination are crucial in justifying such ideals. However, there are inherent limitations in giving a “theory” of progress. The goal is not to argue that progress in democracy always or exclusively works according to some particular paradigm. More modestly, the goal is to provide a framework which illuminates the distinctive value of democracy and, looking forward, the potential for improving it.
Barriers to Change
Authors: Fuerstein Michael
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers and rejects “power-sharing” conceptions of democracy and deliberative democracy as models of social progress. According to power-sharing models, democracy promotes progress by dispersing power among rival groups, thereby encouraging attention to diverse interests in decision-making. According to deliberative models, democracy promotes progress through mutual education, as citizens refine their attitudes through reciprocal dialogue. On their own, these models cannot explain social progress because political power and deliberation are themselves vulnerable to the consequences of structural oppression. A large body of empirical research suggests that the key to changing moral minds is transforming social emotions and identities. We need to introduce a further factor which explains how democracy does this.
What Is the Lesson of Donald Trump for Democracy?
Authors: Fuerstein Michael
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that the proper response to Trumpian populism and other similar movements is not technocratic or “epistocratic” reforms but, instead, to strengthen democratic community. Epistocracy fails to accommodate the radically egalitarian nature of moral insight, which is widely and unpredictably distributed across society. In focusing narrowly on the question of voter “competence,” it also mistakes the symptom of a problem for its cause. A large body of social science suggests that voter incompetence is driven by partisan tribal motivations and that those motivations, in turn, are linked to increasing social segregation and status inequality. A path forward requires social interventions that reduce negative social emotions and polarizing conceptions of social identity. Three potential experiments in living are sketched which could lead to progress of that kind.
Implementation
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 6 describes resistance during the fourth phase in the policy process: implementation. The one-shot quota law adopted in 2009 was implemented in the 2014 parliamentary elections. Drawing on candidate lists presented for the 2014 parliamentary elections and interview data, this chapter shows how the main parties and party factions implemented the quota law in a minimalist fashion and exploited loopholes to minimize its effects further. Resistance to quotas is evident in all three major parties, yet manifested in different ways. Party elites operate under different constraints related to ideology, voter support, and internal rules regulating candidate selection procedures—something that shapes their resistance strategies. While status quo defenders had lost the discursive battle over quotas, in this battle over positions, they are back on a playing field where they enjoy an advantage.
Conclusion
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 8 outlines the book’s main findings: how resistance strategies are adapted across time and space over the policy process and across political parties; why gender quotas are resisted and how party structures may foster different forms of resistance; and finally, how gender equity entrepreneurs can use ideas and international norms to bring about gender-equitable policy change even in cases characterized by strong resistance and stark power asymmetries. The chapter highlights the book’s contributions to the literatures on gender and politics, public policy, and feminist institutionalism and discusses the broader applicability of the resistance stage framework. The chapter ends by pointing to avenues for future research.
Hume and the Regularity View of Causation
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Hume and the Regularity View of Causation’ examines Hume’s arguments about causation, and the so-called ‘regularity view of causation’ (RVC), with which he is closely associated, seeking to derive lessons for causal inquiry in International Relations (IR). Although Hume is, in one important sense, a regularity theorist, he does not in fact endorse the versions of the RVC which are most often attributed to him. Moreover, although Hume is often identified as being a causal idealist, and hence as espousing a view that causal realists must reject, his arguments are more subtle than this. Indeed, he does not subscribe either to causal idealism or to causal realism, but rather espouses causal agnosticism. He also offers some important, though under-appreciated, insights into the significance of observed regularities as evidence for the presence of causal relations. Understanding Hume’s thinking accurately helps to correct numerous common misunderstandings about causation in IR.
Bhaskar, Causal Realism, and the Conduct of Causal Inquiry
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Bhaskar, Causal Realism, and the Conduct of Causal Inquiry’ examines Bhaskar’s influential argument for causal realism, showing it to be unconvincing and explaining why this is important for debates about causation and causal inquiry in International Relations. Although he provides some valuable insights into scientific practice, especially concerning the aims and uses of controlled experiments, Bhaskar does not succeed in demonstrating that causal powers are a real feature of the world existing independently of human thought. Nevertheless, some important conceptual and methodological principles can be extracted from his arguments and used as a basis for thinking about the conduct of causal inquiry. These concern (i) the importance of the distinction between open systems and closed systems, (ii) the importance of controlled experiments in generating evidence for causal claims, and (iii) the importance of recognizing that causal theories describe causal propensities.
Causal Statements
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Causal Statements’ distinguishes between the principal kinds of causal statements, showing why this distinction matters for debates about causation and causal inquiry in International Relations and setting the scene for a fuller discussion of the logic of causal inquiry in the next chapter. The two main kinds of causal statements are often classified as being either ‘singular’ or ‘general’, but these terms are misleading. What distinguishes statements of these two kinds is not the number of events to which they relate—that is, whether they refer to single events or many events. Rather, what is crucial is that some causal statements refer, concretely, to specific events, located in space and time, while others abstract from specific events to describe causal propensities. Moreover, and contrary to common supposition, neither kind of statement implies a corresponding regularity statement. These points are crucial for understanding the logic of causal inquiry.
Causal Explanation
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Causal Explanation’ provides a review and critique of how ‘causal explanation’ is understood in the discipline of International Relations, informed by the account of the logic of causal inquiry provided in Chapter 5. Causal explanations identify the causes of events which have already occurred. In order for a causal explanation to be satisfactory, the information it provides about the causes of an event of interest must be reliable. This information must also be relevant, helping to resolve whatever puzzle motivated the request for an explanation. Recognizing the importance of this ‘pragmatic’ component of causal explanation helps to resolve a series of confusions about whether causal explanations can be complete, the form in which they should be presented, and whether they should identify causal mechanisms. The relationship between causal explanations and causal theories, the covering-law model of explanation, and the relationship between causal and constitutive explanation are also considered.
Causal Reasoning
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Causal Reasoning’ explores the kind of reasoning which can persuasively support claims (i) that a given causal statement should be accepted on the basis of the available evidence and (ii) that a given causal relation, shown to unfold fully in one situation, will also unfold fully in some other situation. These issues are usually discussed, in International Relations and in the broader social sciences, under the headings ‘internal validity’ and ‘external validity’. However, existing discussions rest on misunderstandings concerning the logic of causal inquiry, outlined in Chapter 5. Contrary to common supposition, the reasoning required to support substantive causal claims is neither inductive, nor deductive, but abductive. Generating reliable knowledge of how causal relations will unfold in situations which have not yet been studied is also more difficult than is commonly supposed. It can be achieved only through systematic theory testing, supported by sound judgement.
Examples
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

‘Examples’ is a study of four high-quality examples of causal inquiry in International Relations, demonstrating how the analysis developed in Causal Inquiry in International Relations can be drawn upon to illuminate the strengths and occasional weaknesses of the causal reasoning which these studies employ. It demonstrates how reliable causal conclusions may be reached by applying a range of different methods for generating and analysing empirical evidence: randomized controlled trials, natural experiments, process tracing, and historical analysis. However, it also emphasizes the need for greater clarity about how causal reasoning proceeds, for greater precision in how causal language is employed, and for more critical and detailed discussion of questions of external validity.
The Poetics of Childhood
Authors: Karanika Andromache
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the elusive returns that the wedding repertoire enables through content and theme, arguing that surviving wedding-related material preserves a desire to remain a child—it is a force against maturation. The first section examines typified features—salutations, praise of the bride and groom, blessings—as they can be reconstructed primarily from Homer and Sappho. It explores the weaving motif in Sappho fr. 102 and compares wedding song imagery with epigrams and children’s lore perspectives as they have survived in ancient lexicography and other sources. It argues for an inherent ludic element and a performance setting that resembles ancient games as we know them. This chapter further explores the elusive genres, namely hymenaios, paeans, and ululations as aspects that define a nuptial performance and revisits Theocritus’s Idyll 18, an epithalamion that presents the interweaving of orality and literacy in the wedding song tradition.
Learning in a Black Box
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Nax Heinrich H. , Burton-Chellew Maxwell N. , West Stuart A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter studies strategic behavior when agents have no information about the structure of the underlying game and they cannot observe other agents’ actions or payoffs. Even when players have no such information, there are simple payoff-based learning rules that lead to Nash equilibrium in many types of games, as shown in Chapter 8. A key feature of these trial-and-error rules is that subjects search differently depending on whether their payoffs increase, stay constant, or decrease. This chapter analyzes learning behavior in a laboratory setting and finds strong empirical confirmation for these asymmetric search behaviors in the context of voluntary contribution games. By varying the amount of information, we show that these behaviors are also present even when subjects have full information about the game.
Costs
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines detailed provisions in relation to costs that are contained in the Practice Direction (Costs in Criminal Proceedings) 2015 EWCA Crim 1568 (as amended) and in Crim PR Part 45. It recounts the case of R (Spiteri) v Basildon Crown Court [2009] EWHC 665 (Admin), which indicated that a costs order could not be refused on the sole ground that the applicant had brought the proceedings upon himself. The court ruled that courts should give reasons for the refusal contemporaneously with the ruling. The chapter emphasizes that a court should not limit the amount of costs recoverable from central funds to those of the final hearing where the Crown would not have discontinued the proceedings. A magistrates’ court may order the payment of any costs incurred as a result of any unnecessary or improper act or omission by or on behalf of any party to the proceedings.
Pre-Charge Hearings
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter outlines advocacy assistance that is available for all the hearings without a means test. Pre-charge detention in police custody can be extended by issuing a warrant for further detention if the magistrates’ court is satisfied if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the further detention of the person to whom the application relates is justified. A court may not hear an application for a warrant of further detention unless the person to whom the application relates has been furnished with a copy of the information.
Remand Periods
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the power under section 128(7) and (8) MCA 1980 to remand to police custody, which does not arise until the court has decided that bail cannot be granted and must relate to allegations that are not already before the court. The court should consider whether the remand should be to custody or to a police station, depending on whether further evidence is likely to be obtained. Under section 152 Criminal Justice Act 1988, the courts have power to commit a person facing certain drugs offences to police custody for up to 192 hours. The chapter indicates how a defendant may be remanded to custody for up to 28 clear days, provided the next stage in the proceedings will be dealt with. After a case has been sent to the Crown Court, the magistrates have the power to adjourn for a period up to the date of trial.
Transfer/Remittal of Criminal Cases
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter cites section 27A MCA 1980 which provides for transfer between magistrates’ courts. A magistrates’ court adjourning a case and remanding the accused in custody may order that he be brought up for any subsequent remands before an alternate magistrates’ court nearer to the prison where he is to be confined while on remand. The order will require the accused to be brought before the alternate court at the end of the period of remand or at such earlier time as the alternate court may require. The chapter discusses the alternate court that may require the accused to be brought before the court. Provision is made for the remittal of convicted defendants by section 28 of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Age of Offender and the Position of Those Attaining 18
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the age of the offender and the position of those people attaining 18 years of age. It clarifies that the age of the offender is important in relation to the court’s power to impose different types of sentences. Thus, the court holds the duty to determine the offender's age when a young person is brought before the court. The chapter explains the circumstances wherein the youth becomes an adult amidst the course of court proceedings. It also details the definitive guidelines and principles in sentencing children and young people, which includes the significant age threshold between the commission of offence and sentence.
Bail
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the extent of bail when the defendant is a child or a young person. It explains the provisions under Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 that revolve around circumstances when a child is refused bail or remanded to local authority accommodation and youth detention accommodation. However, section 6 of the Bail Act 1976 will apply if a child, who is remanded on bail, fails to surrender to court without reasonable cause. The chapter also looks into different provisions that attend to the remands of children on bail or otherwise than on bail. It details the conditions for a remand to youth detention accommodation.
Breach of Orders, and New Offences Committed during an Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the key concepts of breach of orders and new offences committed during an order. It explains the general limitation on re-sentencing and referral orders as per the provisions of the Sentencing Act 2020. The court must be satisfied that the youth offender panel was entitled to make the finding of breach of the referral order, or that any discretion was exercised reasonably. Moreover, the court sentencing for the new offence may extend the compliance period of the referral order, which will not exceed over 12 months. The chapter also examines the extent of youth rehabilitation orders and youth rehabilitation orders made in the Crown Court under the provisions of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Summary Trials Involving Children
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on summary trials involving youths. The youth's intellectual capacity to understand proceedings must be considered due to several circumstances such as an abuse of process to continue on the ground of an unfair trial. The court has the power to allow a vulnerable young defendant to give evidence via live link, which is only made on the basis that the defendant’s ability to participate effectively is compromised by his level of intellectual ability or social functioning. The chapter considers the proceedings that involve the examination of the accused through an intermediary. It mentions how the Criminal Practice Directions give further assistance in such proceedings.
Prosecution Costs
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the provision on prosecution costs. Compensation, victim surcharge, and fines take priority over prosecution costs when the offender had insufficient means to meet all such liabilities. The chapter then looks at the principles that may be derived from the Criminal Practice Direction Divisions and R v Northallerton Magistrates’ Court, ex p Dove [2000] 1 Cr App R (S) 136. In determining the amount of costs to be paid by an offender, consideration should be given to any time that the offender has spent in custody on remand, if the court is to go on to impose any further punishment. The costs of housing an animal pending appeal cannot be classified as prosecution costs but the powers under section 41 of Animal Welfare Act 2006 are wide enough to make such a provision.
Middleton’s Deep
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: October 2024

The final chapter examines images of depth across three plays authored or co-authored by Thomas Middleton. While resembling in several respects those found in Kyd, Shakespeare, and Webster, I argue, such images are in Middleton put to different purpose: rather than deployed to indicate uncertainties concerning the operations of the cosmos or the structure of the afterlife, they hint instead at poorly understood human desires, and they are therefore bound up in social rather than cosmological matters. Beginning with brief discussions of The Lady’s Tragedy and of a single character from Women Beware Women, the chapter then offers an extended analysis of the castle plot of The Changeling, illustrating how the play’s language of depth, staging of deep architectural spaces, and allusions to Macbeth allow Middleton to suggest the unfathomable nature of Beatrice-Joanna’s relationship with De Flores.
The Victorian Novel On File
Authors: Jacob Priyanka Anne
Published: October 2024

This book argues that the ample, cluttered Victorian novel was formally shaped by the nineteenth-century information explosion—and, specifically, by the pressure to store unprecedented amounts of data. Treating the novel itself as a storage medium and an information system, this book argues that the novel’s many details are untapped bits of information: as such, they defer action, sow the novel’s pages with potential, and point to futures that may or may not arrive. The capacious Victorian novel accommodates more than it can use, declining to turn every detail to account and leaving many of its secrets intact. It thus illustrates the tension between preservation and legibility that haunts any archival project. Through an emphasis on storage, this book intervenes in literary approaches to media and information that tend to prioritize transmission and organization; likewise, the book’s emphasis on the hoard as an interruption to circulation complicates existing scholarship on material objects in Victorian fiction. Finally, this book articulates the novel’s aesthetics of deferral, using the model of the container to highlight how the novel produces layered temporalities, spatial depth, and a sense of future potential. The Victorian Novel on File includes readings of works by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Mary Elizabeth Braddon, and Rudyard Kipling, tracking residual objects like the file, the remnant, the secret, and the paper packet.
Temperance, Continence, Weakness, Indulgence, Compulsion
Authors: Bloomfield Paul
Published: October 2024

Temperance is presented as the virtue by which non-cognitive conations—urges, appetites, desires, emotions, passions, etc.—are managed excellently: temperate conations are justified by their fittingness to their circumstances. Instead of being self-indulgent or wanton slaves of passion, temperate people master their conations, virtuously curating and integrating them into their well-lived lives. Continence, understood using Sripada’s (2021) model of self-control, is a developmental step toward temperance, and incontinence or weakness of will is modeled on failures of cognitive control, as found in phenomena such as the Stroop effect (1932). Contra Davidson, irrationality does not cause weakness of will, but rather weakness of will causes us to act irrationally. Finally, a Platonic model of temperance is introduced in which a temperate person’s relations to their conations can be understood through the symbiotic relations between human and canine shepherds.
Assessment of Personality and Psychopathology
Authors: Mihura Joni L. , Görner Kim J.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses key challenges and improvements needed in the assessment of personality and psychopathology, which are accompanied with recommendations. The case is made that systematic reviews and meta-analyses should be required for psychological test scales like they are for psychotherapy. The chapter encourages the field of assessment to focus more thoughtfully on the nature of the assessment methods to best target specific psychological characteristics. The chapter advocates for using tests with valid application that include the setting in which the assessment takes place. In addition, the chapter encourages closing the gap between clinicians and researchers so that researchers stay involved in clinical work to inform their research and clinicians be required to understand the psychometrics of the tests they use in their practice. The challenges that assessors face in being reimbursed by insurance companies and that academics face in obtaining grant funding for their research are summarized. The importance of and challenge in understanding and addressing diversity in psychological assessment, especially when rapid changes occur, are discussed. Challenges in the international use of psychological assessment are raised, especially when the tests need to be translated, normed, and appropriately interpreted in the client’s particular cultural context. The chapter concludes with a discussion of existing and new technologies in psychological assessment (e.g., digital phenotyping) and how artificial intelligence is likely to change psychological assessment as it is currently known.
15 Predictive validity of two developmental screening tools at the 18-month visit and neurodevelopmental consultation at an average age of 8 years
Authors: Borkhoff Cornelia M , Imsirovic Haris , Bayoumi Imaan , Macarthur Colin , Nurse Kimberly M , Feldman Mark , Lau Eddy , Knight Braden , Birken Catherine S , Maguire Jonathon L , Parkin Patricia C
Published: October 2024

Background

The Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) recommends an enhanced 18-month well-baby visit incorporating a developmental screening tool to stimulate discussion with parents, and notes that a widely used tool is the Nipissing District Developmental Screen (NDDS). For early detection of autism spectrum disorder, the CPS notes that a commonly used screening tool is the Infant Toddler Checklist (ITC).

Objectives

To examine the predictive validity of the ITC and NDDS at the 18-month visit using later neurodevelopmental consultation as the criterion measure; and examine whether positive developmental screening was associated with health care utilization (HCU).

Design/Methods

Using a prospective design, parents completed the ITC and the NDDS at the 18-month visit in primary care practices. Seven types of HCU were collected from health administrative databases, via linkage using the child’s health insurance number, including: neurodevelopmental consultation, special paediatric consultation, scheduled primary care visit billings, unscheduled primary care or minor visit billings, other non-primary care visit billings, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits. Covariates included child and family characteristics. We calculated screening test properties (using neurodevelopmental consultation as the criterion) and used multivariable negative binomial regression to estimate rate ratios (RR) for each of the 7 types of HCU.

Results

For both the ITC (n=1460) and NDDS (n=802) cohorts, mean age at screening was 18 months and mean age at follow up was 8 years. Of the ITC cohort, 11% were screen positive, 2.6% had a neurodevelopmental consultation. A positive ITC had 40% sensitivity (95% CI 24%-57%), 90% specificity (95% CI 88%-91%), 10% false positive rate (95% CI 9%-12%). A positive ITC was associated with 6 of 7 types of HCU, including neurodevelopmental consultation (RR=2.78, 95% CI 1.37-5.67). Of the NDDS cohort, 36% were screen positive, 2.5% had a neurodevelopmental consultation. A positive NDDS had a sensitivity of 50% (95% CI 27%-73%), specificity of 65% (95% CI 61%-68%), false positive rate of 35% (95% CI 31%-40%). A positive NDDS was associated with only 1 of 7 types of HCU: unscheduled primary care or minor visit billings 1.24 (95% CI 1.01, 1.53, p=0.04).

Conclusion

The predictive validity of the ITC was stronger than the NDDS due to high specificity and low false positive rates. The low sensitivity of the ITC is similar to other screening tools used at 18 months, highlighting the importance of ongoing developmental surveillance. The false positive rate of the NDDS is unacceptably high for a screening tool.