bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A standard operating procedure (SOP), for soil sampling, for the detection of volatile organic compounds and leachate associated with human decomposition from a shallow, unmarked, homicide grave
Authors: Donnelly Laurance
Published: April 2020

The aim of this paper is to provide a forensic geology standard operating procedure (SOP) for the collection of soil, for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and leachate associated with decomposing human remains in a shallow, unmarked, homicide grave. This assumes that human remains undergo partial or complete decomposition after burial and that the VOCs and leachate plumes generated subsequently migrate from the grave. These are expected to be influenced by several factors, including for example the cause of death, time elapsed since burial, climate and weather, topography, geological characteristics of the soils and bedrock, hydrogeology and taphonomy. This SOP has been used in a number of high-profile police and law enforcement searches (see for example Donnelly
et al.
2020. Analysis of soil following a police-led open area search and the recovery of a cold case homicide grave,
Forensic Soil Science and Geology
,
492
,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP492-2017-337
). This approach remains experimental and further research and operational test work are recommended at known (recovered) homicide graves. This might become applicable as a future reconnaissance method applied to searches taking place over large areas to help reduce the preliminary search area where VOC and leachates are detectable.
Finite Element Model for Coupled Diffusion and Elastoplastic Deformation during High-Temperature Oxidation of Fe to FeO
Authors: Wilke Stephen K. , Dunand David C.
Published: April 2020

Solid-oxide iron-air batteries are an emerging technology for large-scale energy storage, but mechanical degradation of Fe-based storage materials limits battery lifetime. Experimental studies have revealed cycling degradation due to large volume changes during oxidation/reduction (via H2O/H2 at 800 °C), but degradation has not yet been correlated with the microstructural stress and strain evolution. Here, we implement a finite element model for oxidation of a Fe lamella to FeO (74% volumetric expansion), in a lamellar Fe foam designed for battery applications. Growth of FeO at the Fe/gas interface is coupled, via an oxidation reaction and solid-state diffusion, with the shrinkage rate of the Fe lamellar core. Using isotropic linear elasticity and plastic hardening, the model simulates deformation of a continuously growing FeO layer by dynamically switching “gas” elements into new “FeO” elements along a sharp FeO/gas interface. As oxidation progresses, the effective plastic strain and von Mises stress increase in FeO. Distribution of tensile and compressive stresses along the Fe/FeO interface are validated by oxidation theory and explain interface delamination, as observed during in operando X-ray tomography experiments. The model explains the superior stability of lamellar vs dendritic foam architectures and the improved redox lifetime of Fe-Ni foams.
Shear Effects on the Anchorage Interfaces and Seismic Responses of a Rock Slope Containing a Weak Layer under Seismic Action
Authors: Long Zhe , Yan Zhi-xin , Liu Chun-bo
Published: April 2020

The shear effects on the anchorage interfaces under seismic action is a key problem requiring urgent investigation in the field of rock and soil anchorages. In this paper, the model of rock slope with a weak layer was constructed by pouring, and the large-scale shaking table model test was completed. The shear strain on the anchorage interfaces and the acceleration of the slope were collected using built measurement systems. The shear effects on the two anchorage interfaces (a bolt-grout interface and a grout-rock interface) and seismic responses of the slope under seismic action were investigated. The distribution laws of the shear stress on the two anchorage interfaces along the axial direction of the bolt under seismic action were gained. The variations of the peak acceleration amplification coefficient on the slope surface, the magnitude, and the growth rate of peak shear stress on the anchorage interfaces under seismic action with different excitation directions and intensities were obtained. Furthermore, the positive relationship between the shear effect on the anchorage interfaces and the seismic response of slope was revealed. This study provides support for theoretical research, numerical simulation analysis, and aseismic design of rock and soil anchorages under dynamic conditions.
A Review on Worldwide Ephedra History and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential
Authors: Elhadef Khaoula , Smaoui Slim , Fourati Mariam , Ben Hlima Hajer , Chakchouk Mtibaa Ahlem , Sellem Imen , Ennouri Karim , Mellouli Lotfi
Published: April 2020

Growing worldwide, the genus Ephedra (family Ephedraceae) had a medicinal, ecological, and economic value. The extraordinary morphological diversity suggests that Ephedra was survivor of an ancient group, and its antiquity is also supported by fossil data. It has recently been suggested that Ephedra appeared 8–32 million years ago, and a few megafossils document its presence in the Early Cretaceous. Recently, the high analytical power provided by the new mass spectrometry (MS) instruments is making the characterization of Ephedra metabolites more feasible, such as ephedrine series. In this regard, the chemical compounds isolated from crude extracts, fractions, and few isolated compounds of Ephedra species were characterized by MS‐based techniques (LC‐MS, LC‐ESI‐MS, HPLC‐PDA‐ESI/MS, LC‐DAD‐ESI/MSn, LC/Orbitrap MS, etc.). Moreover, we carry out an exhaustive review of the scientific literature on biomedicine and pharmacotherapy (anticancer, antiproliferative, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiarthritic, and anti‐influenza activities; proapoptotic and cytotoxic potential; and so on). Equally, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were discussed. This review is focused on all these topics, along with current studies published in the last 5 years (2015–2019) providing in‐depth information for readers.
Monodispersed LiFePO4@C Core-Shell Nanoparticles Anchored on 3D Carbon Cloth for High-Rate Performance Binder-Free Lithium Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Li Boqiao , Zhao Wei , Zhang Chen , Yang Zhe , Dang Fei , Liu YiLun , Jin Feng , Chen Xi
Published: April 2020

Owing to high safety, low cost, nontoxicity, and environment-friendly features, LiFePO4 that is served as the lithium ion battery cathode has attracted much attention. In this paper, a novel 3D LiFePO4@C core-shell configuration anchored on carbon cloth is synthesized by a facile impregnation sol-gel approach. Through the binder-free structure, the active materials can be directly combined with the current collector to avoid the falling of active materials and achieve the high-efficiency lithium ion and electron transfer. The traditional slurry-casting technique is applicable for pasting LiFePO4@C powders onto the 2D aluminum foil current collector (LFP-Al). By contrast, LFP-CC exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 140 mAh·g-1 and 93.3 mAh·g-1 at 1C and 10C, respectively. After 500 cycles, no obvious capacity decay can be observed at 10C while keeping the coulombic efficiency above 98%. Because of its excellent capacity, high-rate performance, stable electrochemical performance, and good flexibility, this material has great potentials of developing the next-generation high-rate performance lithium ion battery and preparing the binder-free flexible cathode.
Analysis, Synchronization, and Robotic Application of a Modified Hyperjerk Chaotic System
Authors: Moysis Lazaros , Petavratzis Eleftherios , Marwan Muhammad , Volos Christos , Nistazakis Hector , Ahmad Salman
Published: April 2020

In this work, a novel hyperjerk system, with hyperbolic sine function as the only nonlinear term, is proposed, as a modification of a hyperjerk system proposed by Leutcho et al. First, a dynamical analysis on the system is performed and interesting phenomena concerning chaos theory, such as route to chaos, antimonotonicity, crisis, and coexisting attractors, are studied. For this reason, the system’s bifurcation diagrams with respect to different parameter values are plotted and its Lyapunov exponents are computed. Afterwards, the synchronization of the system is considered, using active control. The proposed system is then applied, as a chaotic generator, to the problem of chaotic path planning, using a combination of sampling and a modulo tactic technique.
Management of Cataract in Patients with Irregular Astigmatism with Regular Central Component by Phacoemulsification Combined with Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Gao Yi , Ye Zi , Chen Wenqian , Li Jinglan , Yan Xinlin , Li Zhaohui
Published: April 2020

Purpose. To evaluate visual acuity (VA) and refractive status in patients with cataract and irregular astigmatism with a regular central component after phacoemulsification with implantation of a toric intraocular lens (IOL). Methods. Patients with cataract associated with irregular astigmatism with a regular central component were enrolled. All patients underwent phacoemulsification and toric IOL implantation. Postoperative visual acuity, residual astigmatism, toric IOL rotation, higher-order aberration, and objective and subjective visual quality were measured 3 months after surgery. Results. Twenty-three eyes were included in the study. The logMAR corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity values were decreased at 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.005). The preoperative average corneal astigmatism and postoperative residual astigmatism were 1.15–6.97 D (1.99 ± 1.26 D) and 0–2.75 D (0.65 ± 0.57 D), respectively. The average IOL rotation was 3.17 ± 2.01°. Some objective indicators of visual quality, including the modulation transfer function (p < 0.05), Strehl ratio (p < 0.005), 100% VA (p < 0.005), 20% VA (p < 0.005), and 9% VA (p < 0.005), were significantly higher than the corresponding preoperative values. The objective scatter index (p < 0.005) was significantly lower than that before surgery. The postoperative VF-14 scale score was 83.99 ± 14.58. Conclusion. Toric IOL implantation has a good corrective effect on certain specific types of corneal irregular astigmatism with cataract. This effect can be attributed to its ability to correct the regular component of irregular astigmatism. The indications for toric IOL implantation could be expanded to some extent, thereby bringing benefit to more patients.
Effect of Dietary Macronutrients on Postprandial Glucagon and Insulin Release in Obese and Normal-Weight Women
Authors: Wikarek Tomasz , Kocełak Piotr , Owczarek Aleksander J. , Chudek Jerzy , Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Magdalena
Published: April 2020

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dietary macronutrients on circulating glucagon and insulin levels in obese and normal-weight women. Potentially, the impaired release of glucagon may proceed abnormal glucose metabolism in obese patients ahead of overt diabetes. In 20 insulin-sensitive women (11 obese and 9 normal-weight), plasma concentrations of insulin and glucagon levels were assessed before and after 3 different macronutrient test meals. AUCtotal insulin in the obese group was increased after protein and carbohydrates compared to fatty test meal consumption (3981 ± 2171 and 4869 ± 2784 vs. 2349 ± 1004 μIU∗h/m, p<0.05, respectively), but without a difference between protein and carbohydrates ingestion. However, in the normal-weight group, AUCtotal insulin was increased after carbohydrates compared to fatty test meal ingestion (3929 ± 1719 vs. 2231 ± 509 μIU∗h/ml, p<0.05) and similar after carbohydrate and protein as well as after fatty and protein test meals (3929 ± 1719 vs. 2231 ± 509 vs. 3046 ± 1406 μIU∗h/ml, respectively). However, AUCtotal insulin was significantly increased in obese compared to normal-weight women only after carbohydrate test meal ingestion (4869 ± 2784 vs. 3929 ± 1719 μIU∗h/ml, p<0.05). AUCtotal glucagon was similar after carbohydrate, protein, and fatty test meals ingestion in obese and normal-weight women (921 ± 356 vs. 957 ± 368 vs. 926 ± 262 ng∗h/ml and 1196 ± 14 vs. 1360 ± 662 vs. 1792 ± 1176 ng∗h/ml, respectively). AUCtotal glucagon was significantly lower in obese than normal-weight women after a fatty meal (926 ± 262 vs. 1792 ± 1176 ng∗h/ml, p<0.01). Postprandial glucagon secretion is not related to the macronutrient composition of the meal in normal-weight women since postprandial glucagon concentrations were stable and did not change after carbohydrate, protein, and fatty test meals. Lower glucagon secretion was observed in obese subjects after fatty meal consumption when compared to normal-weight subjects. Postprandial insulin profile was significantly higher after carbohydrate than fatty test meal intake in the obese group and did not differ between obese and normal-weight groups after carbohydrate, protein, and fatty test meals consumption. Impaired glucagon secretion after fatty meat suggests early pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction, after a carbohydrate meal is a compensatory mechanism.
Identifying Significant Cost-Influencing Factors for Sustainable Development in Construction Industry Using Structural Equation Modelling
Authors: Zhao Linlin , Mbachu Jasper , Liu Zhansheng
Published: April 2020

Construction projects are typically conducted in a complex and dynamic environment in which the accumulation of many interrelated factors causes high uncertainty. Many factors may have negative effects on construction projects and thus cause project cost overruns. The aim of this study is to identify significant cost-influencing factors for sustainable development in construction. Considering the effects of economic and environmental factors on project cost is indeed a challenging task due to the shortage of appropriate methodology. This study examines the relationships between cost-influencing factors and construction project cost by using a structural equation model based on the generalized maximum entropy (GME) and Bayesian estimation methods. The advantages of GME and Bayesian methods are discussed, and results obtained from the statistical analysis are provided for illustration. The results can enhance cost performance through the identification and evaluation of the cost-influencing factors. The improved project performance is considered as an important step to transit into a sustainable development in construction. The sustainable development may greatly affect the emission reduction target of the industry.
Study on the Influencing Factors of Insulator on the Back-Flashover Lightning Withstand Performance of ±800 kV UHVDC Transmission Lines
Authors: Jiang Wenbo , Tang Chunlin , Zhou Bo
Published: April 2020

The current research results indicate that the insulator’s insulation performance has a very important influence on the back-flashover lightning withstand performance of UHVDC transmission lines, especially for ±800 kV voltage level. However, it is not clear which factors will influence the insulation performance of the insulator, and the influencing mechanism is also not clear yet. To figure out this problem, the insulator’s insulation performance under different conditions has been deeply analyzed and considered to reveal the influence mechanism in this paper, such as the surface hydrophobicity, pollution degree, and the string type. Firstly, the insulator’s model is established using COMSOL software, and the lightning impulse voltage of insulator is calculated and verified with the corresponding experimental data. Then, the ±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines model is constructed using PSCAD software, and back-flashover lightning withstand level and back-flashover rate are calculated by considering the above lightning impulse voltage as the threshold of flashover. Finally, the back-flashover lightning withstand performance of ±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines is deeply analyzed based on different insulators. The simulation results demonstrate that the back-flashover lightning withstand performance of ±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines is obviously weakened with the increase of the pollution degree and slightly weakened with the decrease of the surface hydrophobicity. Considering the same pollution degree, the V-type string insulator has the least influence, while the II-type string insulator has the greatest influences on the back-flashover lightning withstand performance of ±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines. The research results are beneficial for providing theoretical basis for stable operation and reliable power supply of ±800 kV UHVDC transmission lines.
Microbiological Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibilities in Cases of Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis: A 15-Year Review
Authors: Liu Chunhong , Ji Jian , Wang Zhujian , Chen Huiwen , Cao Wenjun , Sun Xinghuai
Published: April 2020

Purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates in posttraumatic endophthalmitis over a 15-year period. Methods. A retrospective study of 3,163 posttraumatic endophthalmitis cases was conducted between July 2004 and July 2019. The outcome measures included the microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibilities. Chi-squared tests were conducted to detect trends in changes in antibiotic sensitivity over the 15-year period. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. Of the 3,163 cases of posttraumatic endophthalmitis, 1,003 culture-positive isolates were identified. Among these, there were 848 (84.5%) Gram-positive isolates, 109 (10.9%) Gram-negative isolates, and 46 (4.6%) fungal isolates. The most common isolates were Staphylococcal species. There was a significant increase in the percentage of fungal isolates over the 15-year period (P=0.02). Gram-positive organisms showed the greatest level of susceptibility to vancomycin (99.6%). The susceptibilities of the 109 Gram-negative isolated organisms were as follows: levofloxacin (95.8%), meropenem (95.7%), ciprofloxacin (93.5%), tobramycin (90.8%), imipenem (88.9%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (87.7%), ertapenem (80%), and ceftazidime (79.1%). The susceptibility of Gram-positive organisms to several antibiotics, including levofloxacin (P=0.004), ciprofloxacin (P<0.001), and chloramphenicol (P=0.001) decreased over time, whereas the susceptibility to TMP-SMX increased over time (P<0.001). The susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli to ceftazidime decreased over time (P=0.03). Conclusions. Over the 15-year study period, most isolates were Gram-positive cocci, especially coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Vancomycin seemed to be the most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria appeared to be most susceptible to fluoroquinolones. A number of antibiotics showed an increasing trend of microbial resistance.
Quinine Sulphate Microparticles as Treatment for Leishmaniasis
Authors: Allotey-Babington Grace Lovia , Amponsah Seth Kwabena , Nettey Thomas , Sasu Clement , Nettey Henry
Published: April 2020

Background. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the Leishmania parasite and transmitted by the female phlebotomine sandfly. The disease can affect the skin (least fatal) or internal organs (most fatal). Current treatment options for leishmaniasis have a number of adverse effects, and there appears to be resistance by the protozoan parasite (Leishmania spp.). Reports suggest that quinine sulphate, not indicated for leishmaniasis, is effective in killing the Leishmania parasite. Indeed, the efficacy of any drug is dependent on the concentration at the target site, which is also almost dependent on drug formulation. The current study assessed the pharmacokinetic profile of the microparticulate formulation of quinine sulphate and its in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Leishmania donovani. Methods. Quinine sulphate was encapsulated in bovine serum albumin by the spray-drying method. Quinine sulphate microparticles were evaluated for size, zeta potential, drug content, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release properties. Afterwards, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of quinine sulphate microparticles were estimated and in vivo efficacy studies were also conducted. Results. The size range of the quinine sulphate microparticles was between 2.0 and 5.0 µm. Microparticles had an average zeta potential of −35.2 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 94.5%. Also, Cmax, t1/2, and AUC were all significantly desirable for quinine sulphate microparticles compared to the drug powder. Quinine sulphate microparticles significantly reduced parasite load in rat organs than amphotericin B. Conclusion. Overall, quinine sulphate microparticles had better pharmacokinetic profile and showed higher efficacy against Leishmania donovani parasites in vivo. Thus, quinine sulphate microparticles have the potential, especially, in treating visceral leishmaniasis.
Feasibility of the Epiduroscopy Simulator as a Training Tool: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lee Jong Joo , Ko Junho , Yun Yeomin , Jang Seong-Wook , Ha Yoon , Kim Yoon Sang , Shin Dong Ah
Published: April 2020

Epiduroscopy is a type of spinal intervention that visualizes the epidural space through the sacral hiatus using a fiberoptic scope. However, it is technically difficult to perform compared to conventional interventions and susceptible to complications. Surgery simulator has been shown to be a promising modality for medical education. To develop the epiduroscopy simulator and prove its usefulness for epiduroscopy training, we performed a case-control study including a total of 20 physicians. The participants were classified as the expert group with more than 30 epiduroscopy experiences and the beginner group with less experience. A virtual simulator (EpiduroSIM™, BioComputing Lab, KOREATECH, Cheonan, Republic of Korea) for epiduroscopy was developed by the authors. The performance of the participants was measured by three items: time to reach a virtual target, training score, and number of times the dura and nerve are violated. The training score was better in the expert group (75.00 vs. 67.50; P<0.01). The number of violations was lower in the expert group (3.50 vs. 4.0; P<0.01). The realism of the epidural simulator was evaluated to be acceptable in 40%. Participants improved their simulator skills through repeated attempts. The epiduroscopy simulator helped participants understand the anatomical structure and actual epiduroscopy.
Thermal Insulation Performance of Radiant Barrier Roofs for Rural Buildings in the Qinba Mountains
Authors: Zhu Yiyun , Wang Xianling
Published: April 2020

Strengthening the roof insulation is the main method for improving the indoor thermal environment of rural buildings during summer. This study proposed a radiant barrier roof with a roof insulation structure based on climatic conditions in the Qinba Mountains and the characteristics of rural buildings, in which radiant barriers were installed on the underside of the roof in the attic space to enhance roof insulation. To study the thermal insulation performance of radiant barrier roofs, aluminum foil bubble composites were installed on the underside of the roof in the attic space in the Qinba Mountains, and comparative experiments were carried out. Based on the results, the average temperature of the second-floor bedrooms dropped by 1.1°C, thus proving the effectiveness of thermal insulation with radiant barrier roofs. The thermal insulation performance of radiant barrier roofs made of aluminum foil bubble composite was studied through numerical simulation analysis. Based on the findings of this study, radiant heat transfer contributed 65% to the thermal insulation effect when aluminum foil bubble composites were applied. Based on the analysis of thermal performance and cost, it is recommended to use radiant barrier materials with an emissivity of less than 0.3 and a thermal resistance of no more than 2 m2K/W. Furthermore, the application of radiant barrier roofs made of aluminum foil bubble composites can have a positive effect on thermal insulation during winter. This facilitates the widespread use of radiant barrier roofs for rural buildings throughout hot-summer/cold-winter zones.
The Scribble Complex PDZ Proteins in Immune Cell Polarities
Authors: Barreda Dante , Gutiérrez-González Luis H. , Martínez-Cordero Erasmo , Cabello-Gutiérrez Carlos , Chacón-Salinas Rommel , Santos-Mendoza Teresa
Published: April 2020

hScrib and hDlg belong to the PDZ family of proteins. Since the identification of these highly phylogenetically conserved scaffolds, an increasing amount of experiments has elucidated the roles of hScrib and hDlg in a variety of cell functions. Remarkably, their participation during the establishment of polarity in epithelial cells is well documented. Although the role of both proteins in the immune system is scantly known, it has become a growing field of investigation. Here, we summarize the interactions and functions of hScrib and hDlg1, which participate in diverse functions involving cell polarization in immune cells, and discuss their relevance in the immune cell biology. The fundamental role of hScrib and hDlg1 during the establishment of the immunological synapse, hence T cell activation, and the recently described role of hScrib in reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and of hDlg1 in cytokine production by dendritic cells highlight the importance of both proteins in immune cell biology. The expression of these proteins in other leukocytes can be anticipated and needs to be confirmed. Due to their multiple interaction domains, there is a wide range of possible interactions of hScrib and hDlg1 that remains to be explored in the immune system.
RAB9A Plays an Oncogenic Role in Human Liver Cancer Cells
Authors: Sun Pengfei , Li Lei , Li Zhongchao
Published: April 2020

Background. RAB9, as a member of the Rab GTPase family, is required for the transport of the mannose‐6‐phosphate receptor (MPR) from late endosomes to trans‐Golgi network (TGN). However, the role of RAB9A in tumors, including liver cancer, is still unknown. Methods. We used pcDNA3.1 plasmid to upregulate the expression of RAB9A in Hep3b cells and used specific shRNA to downregulate the expression of RAB9A in HepG2 cells. Biological functions of RAB9A were performed by CCK‐8 assay, colony formation assay, apoptosis analysis, transwell assays, and wound healing assays. Finally, an in‐depth mechanism study was performed by western blot. Results. RAB9A promoted the proliferation and clonality of Hep3b and HepG2 cells. RAB9A also inhibited apoptosis and the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, RAB9A promoted the invasion and migration of Hep3b and HepG2 cells. Importantly, RAB9A activated the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in human liver cancer cells. A double‐effect inhibitor (BEZ235) significantly hindered the effect of RAB9A overexpression on the proliferation and invasion of Hep3b cells. Conclusion. Our data suggest that RAB9A plays a carcinogenic role in human liver cancer progression partially through AKT signaling pathways, suggesting that RAB9A may serve as a potential therapeutic target for liver cancer therapy.
Antiaging Activity of Peptide Identified from Fermented Trapa Japonica Fruit Extract in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Jang Jin Dong , Kim Minkyung , Nam Gun-He , Kim Young-Min , Kang Sang Moon , Lee Kee-Young , Park Young-Joon
Published: April 2020

We have previously shown that Trapa japonica fruit extract (TJE) as well as its fermented extract (FTJ) can be potentially used to treat alopecia. In the current study, a newly synthesized peptide (PEP) was detected in an active compound isolated from FTJ. Several biological assays were conducted to verify the antiaging effects of TJE, FTJ, and PEP on the skin. We examined the effects of TJE, FTJ, and PEP on cell viability, collagen synthesis, and inhibition of mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). In addition, a wound‐healing assay of the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and a clinical study of antiaging activity were conducted. The findings confirmed that PEP exerted an effect on cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. Treatment with TJE, FTJ, and PEP increased collagen synthesis but inhibited TNF‐α‐induced mRNA expression of MMPs. Compared with TJE and FTJ, PEP promoted a significant level of wound recovery in HaCaT cells and also exhibited antiaging effect, as demonstrated by a clinical study. These results suggest that PEP shows potential as a skin antiaging cosmetic product.
N-Acetyl Cysteine as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Authors: Ejigu Dawit A. , Abay Solomon M.
Published: April 2020

Oxidative stress is a common feature of tuberculosis (TB), and persons with reduced antioxidants are at more risk of TB. TB patients with relatively severe oxidative stress had also more advanced disease as measured by the Karnofsky performance index. Since adverse effects from anti-TB drugs are also mediated by free radicals, TB patients are prone to side effects, such as hearing loss. In previous articles, researchers appealed for clinical trials aiming at evaluating N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in attenuating the dreaded hearing loss during multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment. However, before embarking on such trials, considerations of NAC’s overall impact on TB treatment are crucial. Unfortunately, such a comprehensive report on NAC is missing in the literature and this manuscript reviews the broader effect of NAC on TB treatment. This paper discusses NAC’s effect on mycobacterial clearance, hearing loss, drug-induced liver injury, and its interaction with anti-TB drugs. Based on the evidence accrued to date, NAC appears to have various beneficial effects on TB treatment. However, despite the favorable interaction between NAC and first-line anti-TB drugs, the interaction between the antioxidant and some of the second-line anti-TB drugs needs further investigations.
CBS‐Induced H2S Generation in Hippocampus Inhibits EA‐Induced Analgesia
Authors: Ren Wen-Jing , Fu Jia , Yin Hai-Yan , Xu Neng-Gui , Tang Chun-Zhi , Liu Li-Zhou , Yu Shu-Guang , Tang Yong
Published: April 2020

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important mediator participating in both physiological and pathological systems and related to the inflammatory process. Acupuncture has a therapeutic effect on inflammatory pain. However, whether H2S generated in the central nervous system (CNS) is a mediator of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment for inflammatory pain is unknown. We injected complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammatory pain and applied EA treatment as an interventional strategy for pain relief. The results presented here show that S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM), an allosteric activator of cystathionine‐β‐synthetase (CBS), may reverse the therapeutic effect of EA. CBS‐induced H2S generation might get involved in the mechanism of EA‐induced analgesia in the hippocampus on chronic inflammatory pain.
Psychosocial Underpinnings of Pain and Sleep Disturbance in Safety-Net Primary Care Patients
Authors: Griffin Sarah , Tan Joseph , Perrin Paul B. , Williams Allison B. , Smith Erin R. , Rybarczyk Bruce
Published: April 2020

Objective. The aim of this study was to uncover possible psychosocial underpinnings of pain and sleep disturbance in a safety-net primary care sample. Methods. Patients (n = 210) awaiting care in a safety-net primary care clinic waiting room completed measures of cynical hostility, social support, mental health, sleep disturbance, and pain. This study was cross-sectional and observational. Results. A structural equation model suggested that higher cynical hostility was associated with lower social support, which in turn was associated with poorer mental health, which then corresponded with higher pain and sleep disturbance. All possible indirect (mediational) effects within this model were statistically significant, suggesting a possible route through which cynical hostility may shape pain and sleep, two common presenting problems in primary care. Conclusions. These findings illustrate the interplay of psychosocial factors with chronic pain and sleep disturbance in a sample of low-income, predominantly African-American patients seeking care at a safety-net primary care clinic. The findings support integrated primary care as a way to target not only behavioral health issues but also the psychosocial factors entangled with physical health.
High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrumβ-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Cross-Sectional Study at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Bitew Adane , Tsige Estifanos
Published: April 2020

Background. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers have become a major public health threat. Despite efforts to limit their spread, rates of multidrug-resistance members of the Enterobacteriaceae continue to increase throughout the world causing increased morbidity and mortality and raised costs for medical care.Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrumβ-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.Methods. Four hundred forty Enterobacteriaceae isolates from outpatients referred to Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory were identified and assessed for their antimicrobial resistance pattern by using the automated VITEK 2 compact system. Extended-spectrumβ-lactamase production was determined by the VITEK 2 automated compact system using the extended-spectrumβ-lactamase test panel as per the instruction of the manufacturer.Results. The overall resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae against cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were high. Nitrofurantoin with a resistance rate of 14.3% and piperacillin/tazobactam combination with a resistance rate of 17.3% were better active against this group of Gram-negative bacteria. Out of 440 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, 42.1% were multidrug-resistant of which 34.3% and 8.95% were extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug resistant, respectively. Among 185 multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 63.9% of the isolates produced extended-spectrumβ-lactamase of which 75.4%, 19.5%, 1.7%, 2.5%, and 0.8% wereE. coli,K. pneumoniae,C.freundii,E.cloacae, andP.mirabilis, respectively.Conclusions. The present study demonstrated high prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In order to combat these problems, infection control strategy and proper antibiotic policies should be formulated.
The Interplay of Renin-Angiotensin System and Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Inflammation of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Feng Qi , Liu Dongwei , Lu Yanfang , Liu Zhangsuo
Published: April 2020

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious chronic kidney diseases and the major cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. The underlying mechanisms of DN are complex and required to be further investigated. Both innate immunity and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of DN. Except for traditional functions, abnormally regulated RAS has been proved to be involved in the inflammatory process of DN. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the most deeply studied pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system, and its activation has been reported to mediate the development of DN. In this review, we aim at discussing how dysregulated RAS affects TLR4 activation in the kidney that contributes to the exploration of the pathogenesis of DN. Understanding the interplay of RAS and TLR4 in inducing the progression of DN may provide new insights to develop effective treatments.
Torque Control of Electric Power Steering Systems Based on Improved Active Disturbance Rejection Control
Authors: Na Shaodan , Li Zhipeng , Qiu Feng , Zhang Chao
Published: April 2020

In the electric power steering (EPS) system, low-frequency disturbances such as road resistance, irregular mechanical friction, and changing motor parameters can cause steering wheel torque fluctuation and discontinuity. In order to improve the steering wheel torque smoothness, an improved torque control method of an EPS motor is proposed in the paper. A target torque algorithm is established, which is related to steering process parameters such as steering wheel angle and angular speed. Then, a target torque closed-loop control strategy based on the improved ADRC is designed to estimate and compensate the internal and external disturbance of the system, so as to reduce the impact of the disturbance on the steering torque. The simulation results show that the responsiveness and anti-interference ability of the improved ADRC is better than that of the conventional ADRC and PI. The vehicle experiment shows that the proposed control method has good motor current stability, steering torque smoothness, and flexibility when there is low-frequency disturbance.
Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making Approach for Measuring the Possibility of Cloud Adoption for Software Testing
Authors: Ali Sikandar , Ullah Niamat , Abrar Muhammad Faisal , Yang Zhongguo , Huang Jiwei
Published: April 2020

To reduce costs and improve organizational efficiency, the adoption of innovative services such as Cloud services is the current trend in today’s highly competitive global business venture. The aim of the study is to guide the software development organization (SDO) for Cloud-based testing (CBT) adoption. To achieve the aim, this study first explores the determinants and predictors of Cloud adoption for software testing. Grounded on the collected data, this study designs a technology acceptance model using fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) approach. For the stated model development, this study identifies a list of predictors (main criteria) and factors (subcriteria) using systematic literature review (SLR). In the results of SLR, this study identifies seventy subcriteria also known as influential factors (IFs) from a sample of 136 papers. To provide a concise understanding of the facts, this study classifies the identified factors into ten predictors. To verify the SLR results and to rank the factors and predictors, an empirical survey was conducted with ninety-five experts from twenty different countries. The application value in the industrial field and academic achievement of the present study is the development of a general framework incorporating fuzzy set theory for improving MCDM models. The model can be applied to predict organizational Cloud adoption possibility taking various IFs and predictors as assessment criteria. The developed model can be divided into two main parts, ranking and rating. To measure the success or failure contribution of the individual IFs towards successful CBT adoption, the ranking part of the model will be used, while for a complete organizational assessment in order to identify the weak area for possible improvements, the assessment part of the model will be used. Collectively, it can be used as a decision support system to gauge SDO readiness towards successful CBT.
Method of Formation of Quantitative Indicators of Complexity of the Environment by a Group of Autonomous Mobile Robots
Authors: Beloglazov Denis , Pereverzev Vladimir , Soloviev Victor , Pshikhopov Viacheslav , Roman Morozov
Published: April 2020

This article presents the methods that allow forming quantitative estimations of functional characteristics of a group of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) and local areas of the environment surrounding it. The evaluation of the environment is based on the analysis of scattering of the cloud of obstacle points and made using the information formed by the computer vision system (CVS), which every robot in the group has. The core element of CSV is 3D lidar. Quantitative data about the complexity of the environment can be used for determining the optimal methods of solving the planning tasks and forming the patterns of group formation. Such data about the complexity of local areas of the environment can also be used for determining them as insurmountable for a single robot or a group of robots. The reason for such a decision can be the violation of safety rules and breaking of the group formation. The assessment of robots’ functional characteristics is performed based on the fuzzy model that consists of separate fuzzy classifiers; each of them allows obtaining a quantitative estimation of one of the parameters. The hierarchic structure of the used fuzzy model makes it significantly easier to synthesize and analyze it.
Self-Management Education for Persons with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Care Partners: A Quasi-Experimental Case-Control Study in Clinical Practice
Authors: Hellqvist Carina , Berterö Carina , Dizdar Nil , Sund-Levander Märta , Hagell Peter
Published: April 2020

Background. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition with both physical and mental consequences that affect many aspects of everyday life. Persons with Parkinson’s disease and their care partners want guidance from healthcare services in order to develop skills to adjust to life with a long-term condition. The Swedish National Parkinson School is a dyadic self-management programme to support both persons with Parkinson’s disease and care partners. Objective. To assess the outcomes of the Swedish National Parkinson School as reported by participants. Design. A quasi-experimental case-control study in clinical care using self-reported questionnaires. Participants. Swedish National Parkinson School was offered by health care professionals working in clinical care. Participants in the programme were also asked to participate in the study. A matched control group was recruited for a comparison of findings. In total, 92 persons with Parkinson’s disease and 55 care partners were included. Settings. Five Swedish geriatric and neurologic outpatient clinics. Method. Data were collected during 2015–2017, before and after participation in the National Parkinson School or before and after seven weeks of standard care. Outcomes were assessed using generic and Parkinson’s specific questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline characteristics. Mann–Whitney U and Chi2 tests were used to test for between-group differences and within-group differences were tested by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Results. Improvements regarding health status, constructive attitudes and approaches, and skill and technique acquisition were found after the intervention among persons with Parkinson’s disease. No changes were found among care partners. Conclusion. The findings indicate that the Swedish National Parkinson School may improve health status and self-management among persons with Parkinson’s disease, but further studies are needed to better understand the effects of the programme.
Analytical Solution for the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation in Phase Space and Wigner Function
Authors: Martins A. X. , Paiva R. A. S. , Petronilo G. , Luz R. R. , Amorim R. G. G. , Ulhoa S. C. , Filho T. M. R.
Published: April 2020

In this work, we study symplectic unitary representations for the Galilei group. As a consequence a nonlinear Schrödinger equation is derived in phase space. The formalism is based on the noncommutative structure of the star product, and using the group theory approach as a guide a physically consistent theory is constructed in phase space. The state is described by a quasi-probability amplitude that is in association with the Wigner function. With these results, we solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in phase space and obtained the Wigner function for the system considered.
The Efficacy of New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score in Screening Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Eastern China
Authors: Mao Tao , Chen Jiayan , Guo Haijian , Qu Chen , He Chu , Xu Xuepeng , Yang Guoping , Zhen Shiqi , Li Xiaoning
Published: April 2020

The New Chinese Diabetes Risk Score (NCDRS) is one of the recommended tools for screening undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in China. However, its performance in detecting undiagnosed diabetes needs to be verified in different community populations. Also, it is unknown whether NCDRS can be used in detecting prediabetes. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the performance of NCDRS in detecting undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes among the community residents in eastern China. We applied NCDRS in 7675 community residents aged 18-65 years old in Jiangsu Province. The results showed that the participants with undiagnosed diabetes reported the highest NCDRS value, followed by those with prediabetes (P<0.001). The best cut-off points of NCDRS for detecting undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes were 27 (with a sensitivity of 78.0% and a specificity of 57.7%) and 27 (with a sensitivity of 66.0% and a specificity of 62.9%). The AUCs of NCDRS for identifying undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes were 0.749 (95% CI: 0.739~0.759) and 0.694 (95% CI: 0.683~0.705). These results demonstrate the excellent performance of NCDRS in screening undiagnosed diabetes in the community population in eastern China and further provide evidence for using NCDRS in detecting prediabetes.
Model Predictive Controller-Based Optimal Slip Ratio Control System for Distributed Driver Electric Vehicle
Authors: Li Qingxian , Liu Liangjiang , Yuan Xiaofang
Published: April 2020

The slip ratio control is an important research topic in in-wheel-motored electric vehicles (EVs). Traditional control methods are usually designed for some specified modes. Therefore, the optimal slip ratio control cannot be achieved while vehicles work under various modes. In order to achieve the optimal slip ratio control, a novel model predictive controller-based optimal slip ratio control system (MPC-OSRCS) is proposed. The MPC-OSRCS includes three parts, a road surface adhesion coefficient identifier, an operation mode recognizer, and an MPC based-optimal slip ratio control. The current working road surface is identified by the road surface adhesion coefficient identifier, and a modified recursive Bayes theorem is used to compute the matching degree between current road surfaces and reference road surfaces. The current operation state is recognized by the operation mode recognizer, and a fuzzy logic method is applied to compute the matching degree between actual operation state and reference operation modes. Then, a parallel chaos optimization algorithm (PCOA)-based MPC is used to achieve the optimal control under various operation modes and different road surfaces. The MPC-OSRCS for EV is verified on simulation platform and simulation results under various conditions to show the significant performance.