bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Hearts in Motion”
Authors: Payne Leah
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 explores how Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) professionalized and expanded, fueled by the buying power, and social concerns, of the baby-boomer generation. Self-taught evangelical “media experts” of the 1980s told white evangelical parents and teens that popular music was a key battlefield in a cosmic war for the souls of the young and the future of the United States. If mainstream music could be used by the devil to destroy American young adults, however, perhaps CCM could save them. As the market niche of CCM coalesced and grew between 1979 and 1991, the top of the CCM charts were filled with figures who fulfilled these parental wishes. While mass-media magnates mobilized conservative white Protestants to lobby for conservative public policy as part of the “Reagan revolution,” top-selling CCM created imaginative moral and spiritual visions that energized and shaped those efforts.
Introducing Double Binds of State Institutions and Linguistic Recognition
Authors: Limerick Nicholas
Published: December 2023

How do bilingual education coordinators experience double binds? The challenges and opportunities of directing the school system go beyond domination or regulation, which are more researched forms of power, and are seen and heard in the communicative norms of institutional communication, including how languages are spoken and written. This chapter develops the theory for double binds with the words of a bilingual education director, as well as with theory from linguistic anthropology and an anthropology of politics. State recognition and employment prioritize some Kichwa speakers over others, so this chapter juxtaposes analysis of double binds with an ethnographic example of Kichwa speakers comparatively excluded from intercultural efforts and how they respond to Unified Kichwa. The chapter concludes by tracing how the term intercultural emerged in the United States and mestizo-identifying worlds in Mexico and demonstrates the lengthy trajectory of state policy as double-edged for Indigenous peoples.
The Phantom Program
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 delves into the narrative that contemporaneous critics perceived in the Fifth Symphony, even though Shostakovich had offered no program. The context for this narrative is a rich tradition of literary and musical works that illustrate the difficulties the Russian intelligentsia faced in adjusting to the Soviet state. One particular literary prototype explored here is the fictitious symphony composed by “Nikita Karev,” a character in Konstantin Fedin’s novel Brothers. There is a discussion of the nearest real-world counterparts in symphonies by Myaskovsky, Shcherbachev, and Shaporin. The Fifth was also perceived as a Hamlet-like creation, saturated with doubts and questioning, an interpretation prompted by Yuri Olesha’s play The List of Benefits. Another play that entered this literary complex was Alexei Faiko’s The Concert, which became a kind of stage commentary on Shostakovich’s predicament. Alexei Tolstoy’s official endorsement of the symphony said that it provides evidence for a “maturation of personality,” and this chapter shows that Tolstoy’s description depended on his readers’ familiarity with the “intelligentsia and revolution” trope in such a way that Shostakovich’s symphonic narrative received a positive spin.
The End of the Affair
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 examines Alexander Benditsky’s recent discovery that the score of the Fifth is in constant dialogue with Bizet’s Carmen, through a richly varied range of quotations and other allusions. The inspiration came from Shostakovich’s former lover Elena (Lala), who was sent to Spain along with a documentary film-director named Karmen, whom she married. This chapter further proposes that the opening motto theme is constructed as a kind of musical acrostic, containing the essential letters from the names of the two former lovers. There is now a love narrative standing in opposition to the political narratives that have been associated with the symphony, and the book’s concluding section draws on recent literature to reflect on the nature of art that contains autobiographical and historical material, and whether or not such art should be regarded as part autobiography/history.
Safe Zone
Authors: Youdin Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 9 teaches readers that harm reduction is a general term for a variety of strategies to keep people who are abusing psychoactive substances safe, to engage them in a nonjudgmental way, and to take pragmatic approaches to reduce harm associated with high-risk behaviors that people who abuse psychoactive substances experience. Harm reduction addresses the urgent need to avoid overdoses, injection-related diseases and infections, the use of contaminated psychoactive substances, and create a gateway for transitioning to psychotherapeutic treatment. The objective of harm reduction interventions is to provide safer healthcare initiatives and to create an environment where people abusing psychoactive substances have a high probability of accepting psychotherapeutic interventions to achieve not only abstinence, but also ultimately a state of recovered.
Lessons on Anger and Love
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

The belief that anger and love cannot coexist amplifies the tension and pain that can follow disagreements with our loved ones. This chapter shares narratives that illustrate how the two passions can coexist, emphasizing the importance of problem-solving skills and warmth for managing late-life relationship conflicts. Noting the centrality of family anger for many adults, it draws upon personal experience, survey results, and interviews to explore “a panoply of family anger,” from the lover’s quarrel to kick the dog syndrome. The chapter touches on ancient tales of family anger and argues that myths and legends expand our emotional lexicon, enabling people to label and describe their experiences.
Aging, Angry, and Armed to the Teeth
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

This chapter is about the role of older adults in America’s raging epidemic of mass murders. Noting that the biggest mass murder in the United States was committed by a 64-year-old, the chapter offers a detailed look at some older adults (like Charles Lee “cookie” Thornton and Michael Hance) who commit such mayhem. It argues that they demonstrate a lethal combination of rage and despair, often accompanied by a deep sense of personal injustice. The chapter considers the public response to these murders, noting that it is often informed by fairly superficial (and sometimes misleading) media coverage. Often, future mass murderers signal their intentions in gestures and words that are ignored by those close to them. This suggests that, apart from the important role effective gun regulation could play, a more attentive, compassionate response to anger—particularly in men—could go a long way towards preventing the slaughter.
The “Abused Woman” and “the Invisible Man”
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter looks into case illustrations that recognize coercive control as the context for child maltreatment. It considers the willful disappearance of abusive men as the source of harm to women and children. The narrow focus of criminal and family courts on domestic violence resulted in the trivialization of the abuse-related offense of coercive control and shadowed the degree to which it encompasses children. The chapter cites the case of Hedda Nussbaum, which is considered to be a classic case in the field of child maltreatment. It notes how mothers were held equally or more responsible for a child’s harm than the men involved.
The Old Model
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on the concept of domestic violence and child abuse. It considers composite harms that emerge and develop in personal life in ways that resist single-point interventions by medicine, police, or the family court. Moreover, the act of witnessing is more often a form of children’s engagement with coercive control. The chapter elaborates on Yale medical studies that revealed the duration, scope, and prevalence of women’s abuse, which includes the extension to children. It explains how the primary goal of coercive control in the arena of sexual inequality is the continued exertion of male privilege in personal life through the establishment and maintenance of a fear-based regime of domination.
Conclusion
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses the implications of children of coercive control for policy and practice. It explains how people subjected to coercive control experience a sense of entrapment akin to enslavement, including children. The aftermath of children exposed to domestic violence range between the possibility of fronting foster care, disappearing from the system, or being murdered by an abusive parent. Since violence against women is almost always present in patterns of coercion and control, the only effective means to protect women and children from ongoing abuse is interdiction with abusers or otherwise removing the source of coercive control. The chapter highlights the significance of laws prohibiting coercive control and economic and social support to restore children's equality and autonomy as persons.
Introduction
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

“Where in the world does this come from?” is the question posed in the Introduction. It relates to a major form of Christianity that emerged in the nineteenth century: radical apocalyptic evangelicalism. The tightest, most doctrinally complete form is usually called Dispensationalism. It emerged from southern Ireland in the 1830s and passed through Great Britain and then Canada before becoming one of the main components of twentieth-century American evangelicalism. It was closely associated with the “Plymouth Brethren.” The Introduction points out that “geography counts” and that US religious history of the later nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries must be transnational in reference in order to escape the blinding parochialism of unconscious nationalism: to that end, the concept of cross-cultural “inculturation” is introduced.
Levels of Listening to Nobody Knows
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: December 2023

Chapter 2 is about understanding cinema in relation to personally transformative lifeshocks, while urging readers to hear the resonances of cinema anew on their own terms. More specifically, the chapter explains how being a mother affects how an audioviewer might hear a film like Nobody Knows. The film depicts a family of representative Japanese children in need, gently amplifying the sounds they make and the things they say, along with stressing that they matter from the humane perspective of Gontiti’s original score. This chapter combines the perspective of being a parent with Otto Scharmer’s business-based model of multilevel listening to explain the instructive, empathic, and generative possibilities of listening to Nobody Knows in a pedagogical context.
By the Numbers
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, English numerical practices underwent a complex transformation with wide-ranging impacts on English society and modes of thought. At the beginning of the early modern period, English men and women believed that God had made humans universally numerate, although numbers were not central to their everyday lives. Over the next two centuries, rising literacy rates and the increasing availability of printed books revolutionized modes of arithmetical education, upended the balance between the multiple symbolic systems used to express popular numeracy, and contributed to a wider transformation in numbers as a technology of knowledge. By the eighteenth century, English ways of knowing about the world had been fundamentally reoriented to rely on quantification and mathematical analyses in an increasingly wide array of contexts. English men and women still believed they lived in a world made by God, but it was also a world made—and made understandable—by numbers.
“It is Oddes of Many To One”: Quantifying Chance and Risk
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines the increasing quantification of chance and risk during the early modern period, and how English men and women reconciled this with their religious beliefs. In the sixteenth century, gamblers’ use of the word “odds” to describe the proportion between their wagers gradually led the word to become associated with quantified chance. As the wider population began to apply quantified chance to situations in their everyday lives, the concept came into potential conflict with established views of divine providence. In the seventeenth century, people increasingly embraced the concept and language of quantified chance to minimize their risks while still maintaining their belief in an all-knowing, all-powerful God.
Epilogue “Heau’ns Great Arithmetician”: Living in a Numerical World
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie
Published: December 2023

The epilogue reiterates the importance of reconstructing numeracy and quantification as a cognitive element of early modern English culture. It emphasizes the importance of Christianity for understanding early modern ideas about numbers, including the ways they were applied to abstract ideas such as time, chance, and human populations. It also argues that Anglophone scholars need to examine numbers through the lens of historical cultures, defamiliarizing themselves with Arabic numeral–based numeracy and setting aside assumptions about how numbers and cultures intersect, in order to comprehend the full range of historical numeracies. This not only enables us to identify phenomena like the numerical transformations of early modern England and the English development of a mathematical worldview but will also enable scholars to better understand how numbers came to be so influential in modern cultures and so foundational to modern ways of thinking about the world.
Self-Enhancement and Counterproductive COVID-19 Behavior
Authors: Zell Ethan , Sedikides Constantine
Published: December 2023

Self-enhancement is the motive to pursue, preserve, or amplify the positivity of self-views and results in inflated self-views. For example, people believe they rank above average across a variety of characteristics. Additionally, they believe they have an above average likelihood of experiencing positive events and avoiding negative events. The chapter argues that self-enhancement explains counterproductive behavior during the pandemic. People could believe that their ability to resist or recuperate from COVID-19 is above average, their knowledge of COVID-19 is above average, and they are less influenced by COVID-19 conspiracy theories than others. Further, they might believe that their likelihood of infection is lower than average, they would respond more favorably to treatment than others, and their country will quell the effects of COVID-19 more quickly than other countries. Such beliefs might engender less precautionary behavior such as social distancing, use of face masks, sanitizing, and vaccination. Lessons learned are summarized, and research directions are offered.
How Will Couples Adapt to Stress From the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Pietromonaco Paula R. , Overall Nickola C.
Published: December 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, married and cohabiting couples have experienced an array of challenges, such as financial losses, employment disruptions, lack of day care, school closures, and the loss of space, time, and routine. Theory and research from relationship science suggested that how the pandemic impacts couples’ relationships will depend on the severity of pandemic-related stress together with preexisting life stressors (e.g., economic status, discrimination) and personal vulnerabilities (e.g., attachment insecurity). All of these factors can impair adaptive relationship processes, such as couples’ ability to be supportive versus hostile during stressful relationship interactions, which harms relationship quality over time. Couples’ experiences during the pandemic will vary widely, and, as a result, couples will vary in their relationship trajectories. Some will show chronic, long-term distress; others will show stable resilience; and still others will fall in-between these two extremes. This chapter reviews emerging research comparing couples’ relationships before and during the pandemic that supports this framework, draws on additional research to recommend strategies for mitigating pandemic-related relationship disruptions, and suggests critical directions for future research.
Harnessing Moral Cognition to Save Lives
Authors: Landy Justin F. , Perry Alexander D.
Published: December 2023

Research demonstrated the importance of public health behaviors (PHBs) like mask wearing and social distancing for limiting the number of deaths due to COVID-19. Despite the importance of PHBs, many people have not fully embraced these behaviors. It is thought that part of why people do not always engage in PHBs is because of the messaging surrounding them. The chapter draws on research in moral psychology and identifies three ways that messaging promoting PHBs could be improved: highlighting risks to people of all ages; drawing attention to specific, identifiable victims; and using tailored moral messaging. It is hypothesized that implementing these suggestions will make messages promoting PHBs more persuasive, thus increasing willingness to engage in PHBs and reducing the pandemic’s ultimate outcomes (e.g., death toll). This chapter presents both actionable, empirically grounded recommendations for improving messages encouraging PHBs and new hypotheses for basic and applied psychology research. Use of techniques based on these principles of moral cognition might affect ultimate outcomes of the pandemic. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
Fake News and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Linden Sander van der , Roozenbeek Jon
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed an explosion in the spread of fake news. Belief in misinformation about the virus has been linked to reduced compliance with public health guidelines and less willingness to get vaccinated against the virus. Although fact-checking initiatives are useful, their reach and impact often remain limited once people have been exposed to a falsehood. Recently, social scientists have therefore begun to explore how to prevent fake news from going viral in the first place by building psychological resistance against it, an approach known as psychological “inoculation.” This chapter details the rich history of inoculation theory and its applications during the COVID-19 “infodemic.” The chapter shows how interventions such as a simple 5-minute browser game called Go Viral! can reduce people’s susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19, improve people’s confidence in their ability to spot fake news, and reduce their willingness to share misinformation with others in their network. This chapter ends by summarizing lessons learned and exploring key open questions that surround social science research on fake news and misinformation.
Strengthening Children and Youth Exposed to Multiple Community Stressors in Zagreb
Authors: Buljan Flander Gordana , Mikloušić Igor , Brezinšćak Tea , Selak Bagarić Ella , Jeleč Vjekoslav
Published: December 2023

This chapter outlines the initiatives that arose from the voluntary contribution of experts from the city of Zagreb, Croatia, that were aimed at helping and supporting children, youth, and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic and severe earthquakes that have affected the city. The detrimental effects of uncertainty, insecurity, and numerous losses—not only home, loved ones, and health, but also a significant loss of quality of life—were addressed by establishing the Commission for the Protection of Mental Health of Children and Youth of the City of Zagreb. The commission brought together mental health experts working with children and youth, representatives of the city, and experts from the fields of education and culture. The chapter describes coordinated actions that relied on existing resources and capacities of the city of Zagreb to ensure the availability of mental health services for those who needed them, protect children and youth from side effects of crisis (e.g., the rise in family violence), and enhance their psychological resiliency.
Researching Emotional Topics During Emotional Times
Authors: Hughes Samantha , Lemon Sarah , Stonebridge Natasha , Scott Sam
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses the concept of emotional labor by exploring the personal experiences of researchers carrying out qualitative interviews with front-line workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter opens with an overview of some of the emotional aspects of the pandemic, ranging from medical providers witnessing death to more widespread experiences of the fear of losing loved ones and experiencing a dramatically changed daily life. The chapter then provides context by outlining the project from which the authors’ experiences were drawn and presents a summary of the techniques and outcomes of the interview process. The authors then share their reflections to consider the impact of emotional labor on themselves as researchers; this is particularly potent given that the interviews took place during a pandemic, and the researchers had to adapt their lives and carry on working despite experiencing similar stressors to those affecting their participants. Finally, the chapter reviews the authors’ reflections and provides recommendations for the management, support, and self-care of all those involved in the research process, whether within or without a pandemic.
Introduction
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus
Published: December 2023

Outlining the broader questions that animated our research on the world’s largest image-based social media platform, we introduce the three broad arguments this book develops on the basis of long-term, theoretically grounded inquiry. First, we argue that networks spun through Instagram are integrated. This social integration results in profound social pressures that are one of the overriding themes of this book. Second, Instagram reflects and reinforces inequality. Whether they are aware of it or not, inequality is one of the platform’s defining features, ever-present in users’ interactions with the platform. And third, social media engender minute deviations. Any challenge to the status quo mounted through the platform is laborious because it necessarily takes multiple contradictory expectations into account.
Selves and Others
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus , Peute Marije
Published: December 2023

Instagram has a reputation for shallowness and vanity, but behind the polished pictures lie emotional ambiguities and complex considerations. Drawing on in-depth interviews with frequent Instagram users, this chapter explores the doubts and anxieties that users encounter as they craft their posts, connect with others, and look at the world through Instagram. What does it mean to be confronted with stark inequalities of status and rank when scrolling through the app? How can they be true to themselves while competing with others? Why do the lives of others always seem so impressive compared to their own? No psychological diagnosis or sociological pattern on its own suffices to provide answers to these questions.
Conclusion
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus
Published: December 2023

In Congressional hearings, opinion articles, and Netflix documentaries, social media platforms are routinely blamed for deepening polarization and harming mental health. In our conclusion, we relate the book’s main arguments to these kinds of concerns. There are reasons to be critical, but it matters how we are critical. Sweeping critiques risk reifying social media, seeing them as evil actors rather than as vectors in broader sets of relations. Our relational and contextual approach makes it difficult to arrive at a definitive verdict, but it allows us to understand why social media’s impacts vary so widely between users, places, and groups. Finally, we explore the broader epistemological implications of our study, and outline how we might bring meaning, context, and power into computational social science.
Hardship Duty
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie
Published: December 2023

This book focuses on the puzzle of how sexual abuse remains highly prevalent in an organization that has longstanding and evolving policies, prevention strategies, and education programs that address sexual violence. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews with fifty servicewomen, Hardship Duty uncovers how masculinity and misogyny are entangled in the organization’s structure, policies, values, physical spaces, and culture in ways that create sexual abuse vulnerability. The author shows how privileging masculinity and denigrating femininity at the organizational level encourages harassment at the interpersonal level. Despite several policies designed to assist victims, servicewomen are often forced to cope with harassment and sexual abuse alone. Further, the military’s emphasis on embodying a warrior portrays military identities in opposition to victim identities, encouraging servicemembers to remain silent about victimization. Women who do report are often treated like institutional enemies, harassed more, and face resistance from the institution. For these reasons, the author argues that the military fails to create change because their solutions focus on punitive measures at the individual level and ignore the active role the organization has in facilitating victimization. Further, the policies developed to assist victims are filtered through the gendered institutional context, which can render them ineffective or can allow the policies themselves to be used as tools of harassment and ostracization.
Not Safe at Work, Not Safe at Home
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie
Published: December 2023

In this chapter the author describes how masculinity and femmephobia are built into the military’s spatial arrangements. Femmephobic, hyper-sexual, and hyper-masculine décor are built into the physical structures and geography of military spaces, which normalizes messages of inequality. Military spaces are also dominated by men, making women stand out and more easily monitored by individuals wishing to cause harm. Further, men in leadership positions can use their power to protect masculine privilege and to downplay the seriousness of sexual harassment and assault in military spaces. The author argues that the military’s blend of work, social, and personal life creates a sense for women that harassment is omnipresent. While military structures exist to reprimand, fire, or even court-marital those engaging in sexual harassment and assault, women are at times prohibited from accessing these channels or triggering these processes. Further, when women try to challenge these dynamics, they are often ignored, ostracized, or harassed for doing so, preserving men’s power and domination over military spaces.
A Failed Promise
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, the author explains how during recruitment and training the military promotes itself as a family where servicemembers protect and look out for each other. While this attracts many people, it makes the military especially appealing for young people seeking to escape neglect, abuse, and sexual violence at home. Although the organization encourages the idea that the military is family, this narrative operates in highly gendered ways. Servicewomen come to learn through interacting with other servicemembers, especially servicemen, that the military family is actually a brotherhood that excludes women. The author explores how the military values of caregiving, trust, and loyalty can be exploited in ways that make women vulnerable to sexual harm. This chapter shows how the interactional level creates severe consequences for women who use reporting streams or try to access victim-friendly policies created by the military. Due to these factors, servicewomen who have been sexually violated feel betrayed by both their attacker and the military as an institution.
Eschewing Versus Embracing a Victim Identity
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores how the military’s femmephobic and hyper-masculine culture affects how servicewomen respond to harassment. The military’s emphasis on embodying a warrior portrays military identities in opposition to victim identities. Many servicewomen do not confront harassers or use official reporting channels; rather, they develop individual strategies to manage harassment (such as seeking transfers and avoiding known harassers) to eschew the stigmatized victim label. The power of the femmephobic context and culture creates powerful interactional-level barriers for servicewomen to confront or report harassment. However, women with combat experience have enough “masculinity insurance” to wield in interaction with servicemembers who are disrespecting them and do confront harassers. Their status as a warrior gained through combat deployments means that admitting to being a victim of sexual harassment does not threaten their status as military insiders. They mobilize this power to confront and report harassers. While women make choices in how to resist harassment, these choices are constrained by the prioritization of masculinity at the institutional and interactional level.
Assessing the Pragmatists’ Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter weighs philosophical and practical arguments for and against the marketplace of ideas model, concluding that circular metaphysical discursions can be avoided by recognizing the practical utility of freedom of speech in promoting social stability. As a philosophical matter, the model is not “self-canceling,” as critics suggest, nor does it rely upon natural law premises, on which it is agnostic (although, as John Hart Ely argued, natural law theories present grave problems). As a practical matter, empirical critiques also fail. There is little reason to believe that select subsets of censors are better able to overcome cognitive biases than is the general public; many such critiques are examples of how effectively the market works, not that it is failing. In fact, the weight of empirical evidence indicates that censorship empowers suppressed speakers, amplifies their messages, discredits the censors, and drives suppressed speech underground, where it is left unrebutted.
Incitement to Law Violation or Violence
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explains why the First Amendment is correctly interpreted as protecting advocacy of law violation and violence. It traces its interpretive history to World War I–era cases such as Debs, Schenck, and Gitlow in which the Supreme Court, while purporting to apply a clear-and-present-danger test, actually applied a very different “bad tendency” test that permitted such speech to be censored. Alexander Meiklejohn’s defense of free speech during the McCarthy era, however, helped move the Supreme Court to its current approach in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1968). This landmark case construes the First Amendment as permitting the punishment of actual incitement but protecting mere advocacy. It thus mandates viewpoint neutrality. This does not fully resolve the underlying dilemma as to where the line is to be drawn with respect to the “period of incubation” of potentially dangerous speech, concerning, for example, coup plotting or insurrection. Where imminent danger can be forestalled by counterspeech rather than suppression, however, the scales still tip toward free speech.
Offensive and Hate Speech
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

The Constitution does not protect “hate speech” as such, this chapter points out. It does, however, properly protect some speech that is hateful, for three reasons. First, hatred is a viewpoint, and viewpoint discrimination—banning mere advocacy of an idea—is not permitted. Second, efforts to define hate are unavoidably vague, allowing for discriminatory enforcement of the law and chilling protected speech, thus providing insufficient notice to meet due process requirements. Third, discreet and insular minorities rely upon speech to break the shackles of subordination; disadvantaged minorities would be the first to be censored if majorities were left free to do so. Thus civil rights pioneers like Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King, and John Lewis were strong proponents of free speech.
Disinformation
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explains why publishing false information is constitutionally protected. It illustrates the reasons by examining a 2021 case decided by the Supreme Court, United States v. Alvarez. In it, the Court found that the government could not punish someone for falsely claiming to have won the Medal of Honor. The Court reaffirmed its support for the marketplace of ideas. The remedy for false speech is more speech, the Court’s plurality said, not enforced silence. The first reason to protect falsehood is that it does not in and of itself constitute incitement but advances democracy. False claims by leaders help citizens identify who they should vote for, as exemplified by Donald Trump’s claims of the size of his inaugural crowd. Second, allowing the government to weed out falsehood would require establishing a Ministry of Truth. The government is in no position to do so, having often itself been the source of false information. Third, suppressing falsehood would often involve viewpoint discrimination. Fourth, defining falsehood is in many instances difficult if not impossible, leading inevitably to vagueness problems. Social myth systems are one example.
Is the First Amendment Outdated?
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

This precatory chapter raises the questions to be addressed in this third part of the book: Why should we care about quelling incitement, hate speech, or disinformation if that’s done by private actors? The limits of the First Amendment apply only to the government. In addition, the government is entitled to its own speech, which it arguably uses to encourage private third parties such as social media platforms to carry out its wishes. How can the marketplace of ideas model be squared with these two doctrines: state action and government speech? This chapter presages the remainder of the book in answering that the First Amendment cannot mean that the speech interests of only the government and internet companies are protected, but not the speech interests of social media users or the interests of the general public. It sets the stage for the next two chapters and asks, in conclusion, why the companies ought not be left to apply international human rights law rather than the First Amendment.
Symbiotic Security and Free Speech
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

The marketplace of ideas exists today within a public square occupied mainly by social media platforms. Sheltered by the state action doctrine, which prohibits speech abridgment only by the government, and the government speech doctrine, which insulates the government’s speech from constitutional constraints, the platforms and the government’s security apparatus have joined together symbiotically to employ new tools of soft censorship, suppressing the free exchange of unwanted information and opinions on a variety of topics. These include vital issues of public health and electoral politics. Shielding the marketplace of ideas from this cartel requires retracting the reach of those doctrines to protect more fully the speech freedom of all participants within it, not merely the platforms’ and government’s speech that now floods the marketplace. The free speech interests of social media users cannot count for naught, nor can the general public’s free speech interest in hearing the speech of others. The machinery of democracy depends upon keeping open these crucial channels of political communication; when those channels are blocked, it is the duty of the courts to reopen them, a task the courts can undertake by invigorating principles already present within existing case law.
Conclusion
Authors: Glennon Michael J.
Published: December 2023

The brief conclusion restates the book’s thesis: that if a vibrant, inclusive marketplace of ideas is the only safe course to avoid civil strife, the courts must play an active role in protecting it. Yet judicial intervention, while necessary, will not be sufficient. Social stability and freedom’s survival depend, in the end, on individual citizens’ habits of mind, on a commitment to pre-agreed processes over preferred outcomes, on the habituated acceptance of outcomes we disagree with, on recognition that others hammer out their own provisional truths, on the awareness that we are not always right, on the conviction that an informed, deliberative, self-governing people will meld those truths into policies worthy of our respect.
Introduction
Authors: Olwage Grant
Published: December 2023

The Introduction presents the methodological practice of voice-thinking that underpins the book. Positioning voice-thinking in terms of, and differentiating it from, the concept of vocality, it emphasizes attending to the voice’s sonic materialities and its discursive symbolization. This permits a commitment to Robeson’s vocal art. Because, as the Introduction also details, there is a surprising paucity of writing on Robeson’s singing, it offers a historiographical assessment of the state of scholarship on the singer, accounting for, among other things, the disciplinary practices and prejudices that have informed writing on the singer. Voice-thinking argues that is through the aesthetic that the subject and its politics are formed; that Robeson shaped his sense of self and politics through song.
Voices Politic
Authors: Olwage Grant
Published: December 2023

Through listening to the material sounds of Robeson’s voice—accent, tone, and intonation—Chapter 5 considers the limits and possibilities of the voice vis-à-vis the domain of the political. It focuses on the contexts and influences that informed the singer’s voice: traditions of British singers’ pronunciation and theatre declamation, particularly in Robeson’s performance of Othello; his ambivalent reference of Black American dialect; and embrace of Black preaching arts and vocality; and aspects of Black vocal stylistics. The chapter explores different, sometimes contradictory, readings of the voice—official voices, heroic ones, protesting enunciations (drawing on Fred Moten’s and Steven Connor’s formulations of the voice)—showing that Robeson’s political voices operated diversely, and resonated with “the people” in different ways.
A Microphone Voice
Authors: Olwage Grant
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 considers how Robeson’s use of a variety of sound technologies—some established, others emergent and experimental—shaped the sound of his voice and his practices of singing. The chapter begins with accounts of how the media and objects of sound technologies replaced the singer, substituting for his physical absence, particularly when Robeson was prohibited from traveling outside of the United States. It then documents his relationships with recording companies, focusing on the independent recordings he made in the 1950s, and how he rethought the recording business. By giving account of how Robeson deployed sound technologies he had encountered in radio broadcasting, the recording studio, and the film sound stage, for use in song recital on the concert stage, the chapter reveals yet other ways in which the singer challenged song recital conventions. This discussion is considered in the context of developments in spatial acoustics. Robeson’s technology-informed performance practice reveals that he consumed sound technologies in a more “modern” way than is acknowledged.
Can’t I Just Meet When I Have Something I Need to Say?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 considers how often to have 1:1 meetings with team members. It suggests avoiding an ad hoc (as-needed) approach to the cadence of 1:1 meetings. Having regular 1:1 meetings would help in forming a behavior within a team and preventing problematic biases from manifesting. The chapter explains that a manager must consider what is possible and reasonable for the team to hold 1:1s, enumerating the factors of remoteness, preference, tenure, team size, technologies, and weekly staff meetings. A model for determining 1:1 frequency is provided.
Shall We Take a Walk?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 covers the importance of deciding where to conduct 1:1 meetings as characteristics of the space can influence mood, attitudes, and focus. Traditional meeting locations range between the office or conference rooms, while nontraditional meeting locations include a restaurant, coffee shop, or outside on a bench. The positional status barriers between parties may be easier to overcome when outside the traditional office environment, allowing the meeting to be more conversational, natural, and human. The chapter also mentions the option of conducting walking meetings, while also referencing research that found these types of meetings engendering high levels of engagement and creativity at work. Virtual versus in-person 1:1 meetings are discussed.
The Direct’s Job During the 1:1 Is to Do What?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 11 notes the role of the directs during the 1:1 meetings with their manager. It also considers the critical behaviors of the direct in boosting the success of 1:1 meetings. Directs play an active role in making these meetings truly effective in an effort to help build the relationship and work to get needs met. The chapter then details the ten key behaviors critical in being active during the meetings, which are highly significant for directs and managers simultaneously in an effort to increase the effectiveness of 1:1 meetings. It mentions how directs can provide feedback in a considerate way.
The Meeting Is Done, Now What?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 12 looks into the aftermath of 1:1 meetings. It expounds on the importance of creating clarity of commitments through shared documentation, which should be finalized and distributed within two days after the meeting. The documentation serves as a contract of sorts, getting every participant on the same page while simultaneously promoting accountability and increasing chances of positive actions. Moreover, both managers and their directs must follow through on the action items they committed to since breaking these commitments will only result in broken trust and working relationships that would make future 1:1 meetings less effective. The chapter considers several tactics on how to set up commitments effectively.
Wait, There Are Skip-Level 1:1s?
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 14 elaborates on the concept of skip-level 1:1 meetings, which are meetings between a team member and their manager's manager. Skip-level meetings can serve a host of purposes, such as feedback sharing, building trust, understanding circumstances, and sharing information and counsel. Moreover, scheduling skip-levels communicates that people are valuable and worth the time of skip-level leaders. Skip-levels are also a great way to get insight about your directs as managers. Strategies for not undermining them are shared so that the positives of skip-levels are ascertained without the potential negatives. The chapter then details the steps for implementing skip-level meetings, which raises parallels with 1:1 meetings between a manager and their directs.
Aesthetic Music
Authors: Kamp Michiel
Published: December 2023

The second chapter of the book considers aesthetic hearing as adopting a reflective attitude towards game music. Rather than offering an aesthetics of game music or offering aesthetic judgments of specific pieces, it attempts a phenomenology of the structure of aesthetic experience. Central to this is the idea that aesthetic moments halt the listener or player, inviting reflection or hermeneutic interpretation. After introducing the idea of a musical aesthetic moment through a case study of Minecraft, three forms of aesthetic hearing are discussed: nostalgic encounters, which are connected to Marcel Proust; musical experiences of beauty in the virtual nature of open-world video games, which are connected to the natural aesthetics of Ronald Hepburn; and aesthetic listening as hermeneutic interpretation more generally, which is illustrated through a case study of the music of John Adams in Civilization IV.
Moderate Empiricism and Machine Learning
Authors: Buckner Cameron J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter outlines the terms for a useful debate between empiricist and nativist perspectives on deep learning. It rebuts a radical caricature of empiricism that nativists have often attributed to deep learning research, and then it outlines a particular version of moderate empiricism which better fits the claims of both classical empiricists and contemporary deep learning researchers, which is dubbed the Domain General Modular Architecture (DoGMA). It outlines success conditions for a defense of the DoGMA, based in recent philosophy of science, focusing on the goal of modeling how rational faculties actually operate in a human-like cognitive architecture to extract abstractions from sensory experience.
What Is Deep Learning, and How Should We Evaluate Its Potential?
Authors: Buckner Cameron J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explains the basic methodology of deep learning research and reviews its major achievements and criticisms. It reviews methodological considerations relevant to gauging the success of the DoGMA’s defense as an analysis of deep learning’s success. It motivates a choice to focus on rationality rather than intelligence, given concerns about the history of psychometric research from which many intelligence-based approaches descend. It considers biases that could distort the evaluation such as anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism. It particularly focuses on the way that nativist assumptions may be supported by a problematic bias, dubbed “anthropofabulation,” which combines anthropocentrism with confabulation about the superiority of average human performance.
Perception
Authors: Buckner Cameron J.
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on John Locke’s views on the faculty of perception. Locke proposed several forms of perceptual abstraction in his attempts to explain how we acquired general category representations from interaction with their examples, and this chapter illustrates how some of his ideas have been realized in deep convolutional neural networks, the kind of architecture behind AlexNet. It further explains how four forms of abstraction which have sometimes been considered competitors actually cooperate in deep convolutional neural networks, through iteration of convolution and pooling nodes, to create a more powerful form of learning which is dubbed “transformational abstraction.” It concludes by reviewing challenges to the idea that deep convolutional neural networks are on their own a road to artificial intelligence such as their sample inefficiency and apparent brittleness.