bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Provider knowledge, beliefs, and self‐efficacy to deprescribe opioids and sedative‐hypnotics
Authors: Gray Shelly L. , Fornaro Rachyl , Turner Justin , Boudreau Denise M. , Wellman Robert , Tannenbaum Cara , Marcum Zachary A. , Balderson Benjamin , Cook Andrea , Jacobsen Anna Liss , Phelan Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2022

Background

While many studies have assessed and measured patient attitudes toward deprescribing, less quantitative research has addressed the provider perspective. We thus sought to describe provider knowledge, beliefs, and self‐efficacy to deprescribe, with a focus on opioids and sedative‐hypnotics.

Methods

An electronic anonymous survey was distributed to primary care providers at Kaiser Permanente Washington. Two reminder emails were sent. The survey included 10 questions on general deprescribing, and six questions each specific to opioid and sedative‐hypnotic deprescribing. Knowledge questions used a multiple‐choice response option format. Questions addressing beliefs and self‐efficacy (i.e., confidence) used a 0–10 Likert scale. Scales were dichotomized at ≥7 to define agreement (belief questions) or confidence (self‐efficacy questions). We calculated descriptive statistics to summarize the responses.

Results

Of 370 eligible primary care providers, 95 (26%) completed the survey. For general deprescribing questions, a majority believed that lack of patient willingness, withdrawal symptoms and fear of symptom return, and time constraints impeded deprescribing. Approximately half chose the correct answers about opioid deprescribing, 21% were confident that they could alleviate patient concerns about opioid tapering, and 32% were confident managing chronic non‐cancer pain without opioids. For sedative‐hypnotics, 64%–87% of respondents correctly answered questions about risks and the relative effectiveness of alternatives, but only one‐third correctly answered a question about sedative‐hypnotic tapering. Roughly half were confident in their ability to successfully engage patients in sedative deprescribing conversations and select alternatives. Only 54% and 34% were confident in writing a tapering protocol for opioids and sedative‐hypnotics, respectively.

Conclusion

Results suggest that raising provider awareness of patient willingness to deprescribe, addressing knowledge gaps, and increasing self‐efficacy for deprescribing are important targets for improving deprescribing. Support for writing tapering protocols and prescribing evidence‐based drug and non‐drug alternatives may be important to improve care.
Inflation Expectations, Inflation Target Credibility, and the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Evidence from Germany
Authors: COLEMAN WINNIE , NAUTZ DIETER
Published: December 2022

Using the exact wording of the European Central Bank's definition of price stability, we started a representative online survey of German citizens in January 2019 that is designed to measure long‐term inflation expectations and the credibility of the inflation target. Our results indicate that credibility has decreased in our sample period, particularly in the course of the deep recession implied by the Covid‐19 pandemic. Interestingly, even though inflation rates in Germany have been clearly below 2% for several years, credibility has declined mainly because Germans increasingly expect that inflation will be much higher than 2% over the medium term. We investigate how inflation expectations and the impact of the pandemic depend on personal characteristics including age, gender, education, and political attitude.
Optimizing the vaginal microbiome as a potential strategy to reduce heterosexual HIV transmission
Authors: Armstrong Eric , Kaul Rupert , Cohen Craig R.
Published: December 2022

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a proinflammatory genital condition characterized by high vaginal bacterial diversity and a paucity of Lactobacillus species. BV has been linked to an elevated risk of HIV acquisition among HIV‐negative women and of forward HIV transmission to male sex partners among women living with HIV (adjusted hazard ratios of 1.69 and 3.17, respectively), potentially by eliciting genital inflammation in women with BV and their male sex partners. BV is also highly prevalent among women in sub‐Saharan Africa, suggesting that BV treatment may have potential as an HIV prevention strategy. BV is typically treated with antibiotics but recurrence rates are high, possibly because treatment does not directly promote Lactobacillus growth. More recently, BV treatment strategies incorporating live biotherapeutic lactobacilli have led to sustained optimization of the vaginal microbiome and a decrease in inflammatory biomarkers previously associated with HIV susceptibility. Future studies are urgently needed to evaluate BV treatment strategies that can optimize the vaginal microbiome in the long term through colonization with H2O2‐producing vaginal lactobacilli and to assess whether vaginal microbiota optimization is able to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE EASTERN ARABIAN PLATE: CHEMOMETRICS BASED ON A REVIEW OF THE GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OILS IN JURASSIC – CENOZOIC RESERVOIRS
Authors: Baniasad Alireza , Littke Ralf , Abeed Qusay
Published: December 2022

This paper presents the results of an integrated geochemical study of oils in Jurassic – Cenozoic reservoirs in the eastern region of the Arabian Plate. The main objective was to analyze the active petroleum systems at a regional scale across the study area which extends from NE Iraq to SE Oman and includes the entire Persian Gulf. The dataset for the study consisted of more than 500 crude oil samples from 112 oil fields and 11 different reservoir units. This dataset was compiled from both the literature and re‐evaluated geochemical and stable isotope analyses, augmented by new analytical studies.

The study documents regional variations and trends in the bulk and molecular properties and stable isotope ratios of the oil samples. Two overall clans and twelve genetic oil families and sub‐families were distinguished using multivariate statistical analysis (chemometrics) based on biomarker parameters. The age, lithology, depositional setting and organic matter type of the respective source rocks for each family/sub‐family was inferred from oil geochemical fingerprints.

The results provide insights into the key geological factors that control the number, size and geochemical character of oil fields in the eastern Arabian Plate. The geographical extent of the various oil families was assessed and used to evaluate charge access and to predict migration directions and migration pathways in the study area.

The results indicate the value of implementing multivariate statistical analysis on “big data” along with state‐of‐the‐art geological petroleum systems analysis and interpretation of biomarker and oil composition data to investigate complex and extended petroleum systems.
Dysphagia treatments in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheng Ivy , Sasegbon Ayodele , Hamdy Shaheen
Published: December 2022

Background

The majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) develop oropharyngeal dysphagia during the course of their disease. However, the efficacy of dysphagia treatments for these patients remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate treatment efficacy based on the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Five electronic databases were systematically searched from inception date to April 2022. Two reviewers independently extracted and analyzed the data. The outcome measures were changes in swallowing‐related characteristics based on instrumental swallowing assessments.

Key Results

An initial search identified 187 RCT studies of relevance. After screening, nine studies with a total sample size of 286 were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled effect size for all dysphagia treatments compared with control comparators was significant and medium (SMD [95% CI] = 0.58 [0.22, 0.94],p = 0.001;I2 = 50%). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant and medium pooled effect size for stimulation treatments (brain stimulation, peripheral neurostimulation and acupuncture) (SMD [95% CI] = 0.54 [0.15, 0.92];p = 0.006;I2 = 22%). Specifically, the effect sizes for the single RCTs on neuromuscular stimulation (SMD [95% CI] = 1.58 [0.49, 2.86];p = 0.005) and acupuncture (SMD [95% CI] = 0.82 [0.27, 1.37];p = 0.003) were significant and large.

Conclusions and Inferences

Our results showed that overall, dysphagia treatments, particularly stimulation treatments, can potentially benefit PD patients. However, given the limited number of small RCTs for each type of treatment, the evidence remains weak and uncertain. Further large‐scale, multicenter RCTs are warranted to fully explore their clinical efficacy in the PD population.
Trees out‐forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest
Authors: Friggens Nina L. , Hartley Iain P. , Parker Thomas C. , Subke Jens‐Arne , Wookey Philip A.
Published: December 2022

Nitrogen (N), acquired by roots and mycorrhizal fungi and supplied to plant foliage, is a growth‐limiting nutrient at the subarctic treeline. Due to this limitation, interspecific competition and acquisition of N is an important control on plant community composition and distribution. The ability of trees and shrubs to access N shapes community dynamics at this ecotone undergoing species range shifts and changes in primary productivity driven by climate change. Using 15N soil labelling we investigate the fate of soil inorganic N, and spatial distances over which trees and understorey shrubs access soil N, in a treeline forest. 15N was injected into soil rooting zones in discrete 1 m2 patches and foliar samples were collected from trees between 1 and 50 m away, and understorey shrubs between 0.5 and 11 m away from labelled soil. The 15N label was found in mountain birch trees up to 5 m, and in understorey shrubs up to 2 m, away from labelled soil. We estimate that 1.27% of pulse‐derived N was found in foliage of birch trees, compared to 1.16% in the understorey. However, mountain birch trees contributed only 31% of ecosystem leaf area index (LAI), thus there was a disproportionate allocation of added label to the birch canopy compared with its contribution to ecosystem LAI. The difference in root and mycorrhizal exploration distances and community N partitioning between mountain birch trees and understorey shrubs may confer competitive advantage to trees with respect to nitrogen and nutrient patches, which may alter plant community structures within these forests. This is particularly important considering predicted climate‐driven tree and tall shrub expansion in subarctic regions, with likely consequences for ecosystem N and carbon (C) cycling, as well as for community composition and biodiversity.
Long‐term spatially‐replicated data show no physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative plant–plant interaction
Authors: Raath‐Krüger Morgan J. , Schöb Christian , McGeoch Melodie A. , Burger Divan A. , Strydom Tanya , le Roux Peter C.
Published: December 2022

Facilitation is an interaction where one species (the benefactor) positively impacts another (the beneficiary). However, the reciprocal effects of beneficiaries on their benefactors are typically only documented using short‐term datasets. We use Azorella selago, a cushion plant species and benefactor, and a co‐occurring grass species, Agrostis magellanica, on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island, comparing cushion plants and the grasses growing on them over a 13‐year period using a correlative approach. We additionally compare the feedback effect of A. magellanica on A. selago identified using our long‐term dataset with data collected from a single time period. We hypothesized that A. selago size and vitality would be negatively affected by A. magellanica cover and that the effect of A. magellanica on A. selago would become more negative with increasing beneficiary cover and abiotic‐severity, due to, e.g. more intense competition for resources. We additionally hypothesized that A. magellanica cover would increase more on cushion plants with greater dead stem cover, since dead stems do not inhibit grass colonization or growth. The relationship between A. magellanica cover and A. selago size and vitality was not significant in the long‐term dataset, and the feedback effect of A. magellanica on A. selago did not vary significantly with altitude or aspect; however, data from a single time period did not consistently identify this same lack of correlation. Moreover, A. selago dead stem cover was not significantly related to an increase in A. magellanica cover over the long term; however, we observed contrasting results from short‐term datasets. Long‐term datasets may, therefore, be more robust (and practical) for assessing beneficiary feedback effects than conventional approaches, particularly when benefactors are slow‐growing. For the first time using a long‐term dataset, we show a lack of physical cost to a benefactor species in a facilitative interaction, in contrast to the majority of short‐term studies.
Test–retest reliability of human threat conditioning and generalization across a 1‐to‐2‐week interval
Authors: Cooper Samuel E. , Dunsmoor Joseph E. , Koval Kathleen A. , Pino Emma R. , Steinman Shari A.
Published: December 2022

Given the increasing use of threat conditioning and generalization for clinical‐translational research efforts, establishing test–retest reliability of these paradigms is necessary. Specifically, it is an empirical question whether the same participant evinces a similar generalization gradient of conditioned responses across two sessions with the identical contingencies and stimuli. Here, 46 human volunteers participated in an identical auditory threat acquisition and generalization protocol at two sessions separated by 1‐to‐2 weeks. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and trial‐by‐trial shock risk ratings served as primary measures. We used linear mixed effects modeling to test differential threat responses and generalization gradients, and Generalizability (G) theory coefficients as our primary formal assessment of test–retest reliability of intraindividual stability and change across time. Results showed largely invariant differential conditioning and generalization gradients across time. G coefficients indicated fair reliability for acquisition and generalization SCR. In contrast, risk rating reliabilities were mixed, and reliability was particularly low for acquisition risk ratings. Our findings generally support reliability of the threat conditioning and generalization paradigm for shorter test–retest intervals and highlight their utility for assessments of behavioral interventions in mental health research, but challenges remain and further work is needed. Threat conditioning and generalization tasks are increasingly used for translational efforts to improve behavioral interventions, and thus test–retest reliability for these tasks needs to be established. Our results support the test–retest reliability of threat conditioning and generalization over a relatively short (1‐to‐2 week) interval, but this depends on the measure used (physiological vs. self‐report). Overall, these tasks could be appropriate for repeated testing over the course of a short‐duration intervention study, but more research is needed, particularly in regard to longer‐duration studies.
The hero fallacy paradox: Cognitive dissonance and the rationalization of political violence
Authors: Pope Paul James
Published: December 2022

This research explores the theoretical underpinnings of the expressed hero narrative utilized by groups and individuals to justify their opposition and use of violence against their own government and citizens. By using narrative analysis, this research deconstructs the language used by the groups and individuals involved in the 6 January 2021, attack on the United States Capitol. What emerges is a theory of self‐radicalization and rationalization where one believes their actions are justified because they perceive themselves to be the hero. Their belief and ideology are built on a foundation of cognitive dissonance, in which they construct a paradoxical hero identity, all while engaged in destructive political violence.
Progress in Design and Performance of Modern Large Steam Turbines for Generator Drive
Authors: Warren G. B.
Published: December 2022

The first portion of this paper reviews briefly the progress of turbine and power-plant design over the last 20 years.

The second portion illustrates with numerous assembly drawings the progress of recent turbine design and shows both the standard and the special types of turbines being built to meet present requirements. In addition, it sets forth the general principles governing turbine construction and illustrates some of the new turbine constructions designed to withstand extremely high pressures and temperatures. The trend of turbine reliability and turbine economy is shown, and a number of test results of large modern turbines are made available.

The third section discusses detailed considerations of turbine design, and illustrates numerous turbine parts designed for the utilization of high pressures and high temperatures, but which may be of interest for other fields of application.
The Significance of Diesel-Exhaust-Gas Analysis
Authors: Holtz John C. , Elliott M. A.
Published: December 2022

Data on exhaust-gas composition, obtained in a study of the hazards that might attend the use of Diesel engines underground, are discussed in relation to combustion in the Diesel engine. Two engines were tested throughout a wide range of fuel-air ratios, and the results indicated that combustion was essentially complete in the normal operating range although even under these conditions low but significant concentrations of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and free carbon were present in the exhaust gases. The concentration of carbon monoxide, determined by precise analytical methods, was a minimum at a fuel-air ratio of approximately 0.03 lb per lb and was affected by engine design and to a slight extent by factors that varied with speed. The coexistence of aldehydes and free carbon indicated that direct oxidation and destructive combustion of the fuel were occurring simultaneously. The calculation of combustion efficiency from data on the products of incomplete combustion is illustrated.
Recent Developments in Burning Midwestern Coals on Water-Cooled Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Carroll H. C.
Published: December 2022

The author points out that there is an increasing trend toward one-boiler-unit operation in a single plant. This is due to a better understanding of boiler and furnace design, feedwater treatment, heat-recovery devices, and fuel-burning equipment, all tending to promote increased efficiency, greater ease of operation, and greater reliability. The application of water-cooling to underfeed stokers can properly be compared to the application of water-cooling to refractory furnace walls; and it is the author’s belief that it will prove fully as beneficial in protecting the grate structure of the stoker as has water-cooling proved its value in the protection of refractory furnace walls. The complications involved in applying water-cooling to underfeed stokers are outlined in the paper and numerous successful installations using Midwestern coals are described.
Development of a Major Principle in Pulverized-Coal Firing
Authors: Dornbrook Fred L.
Published: December 2022

Positive avoidance of the plastic-ash phase at all surfaces bounding the furnace has required emphasis upon heat-absorption performance of furnace surfaces. Evolution of the present-day furnace, which is practically self-cleaning, reliable, of high efficiency, and can operate continuously month after month under variable conditions of coal, load, and attendance, is treated in the paper from its inception in Milwaukee during 1918 to the present new installations of the author’s company.
Steam Locomotives—Notes on Ages and Proportions, With Suggestions for Improvements
Authors: Ryan J. L.
Published: December 2022

Locomotives are often built and maintained in kind for their service life, renewal parts being made according to their original design, whereas at but little if any additional cost, they might be renewed to modern design and proportions. In this paper the author discusses the high percentage of the total number of steam locomotives having road assignment which do not have modern proportions and which will be continued in service for many years. This situation leads to the suggestion that increased capacity and economy may be built into them at slight additional expense by following the practice of making required maintenance renewals according to modern proportions, with particular emphasis on adequate steam space, increased gas area through the boiler, a high degree of superheat, and valve events for speed and capacity.
Coal Resources of Washington
Authors: Daniels Joseph
Published: December 2022

Coal is the principal mineral fuel resource of Washington, overshadowed at the present time by the water-power developments at Bonneville and Grand Coulee. No petroleum is produced commercially, but there is a small production of natural gas. Wood, forest and mill, obtained largely as waste products of the lumber industry, is used extensively for heat, power, and industrial purposes. This paper discusses the location of coal regions, the characteristics of Washington coals, mining operations, transportation, cost of coal, and other factors, giving a comprehensive idea of the production and use of this fuel in the Pacific Northwest.
Burning Characteristics of Washington Coals on Domestic Overfeed and Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Yancey H. F. , Johnson K. A. , Cordiner J. B.
Published: December 2022

During the last 30 years, rapid advances have been made in the efficiency of fuel utilization in industry, but only during the last 10 years has comparable progress been realized in domestic heating. The most important advance in this field has been the development and wide application of the domestic coal stoker. The use of stokers for domestic heating originated in the Pacific Northwest, where two types, the underfeed and overfeed stokers are common. Elsewhere in the United States, the underfeed type predominates for domestic use. Studies were made and reported upon in 1938 by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the College of Mines of the University of Washington on the subject of burning Washington coals on overfeed domestic stokers. Results were given of 25 combustion trials. Since then, the authors have conducted additional tests to include Washington and Oregon coals using both overfeed and underfeed stokers. This paper describes the burning characteristics of caking and noncaking coals when fired on domestic stokers of both types installed successively in the same hot-water boiler. The results of burning trials with five coals selected from available data show the influence of variations in caking properties and ash-softening temperatures when used on both types of stokers.
The Radiation of Furnace Gases
Authors: Hottel H. C. , Egbert R. B.
Published: December 2022

Data of various investigators on the emission and absorption of radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor are reviewed critically. Recommendations of procedure in calculation of heat transmission by gas radiation are given, Fig. 3, with Equation [7] or [8] for carbon dioxide and Fig. 10 with Equation [17] for water vapor. Partial pressure Pw of water vapor, at a constant value of PwL, affects gas radiation, but probably to a much smaller extent than has been reported in previous literature. A simplified procedure is presented to allow for the effect of the gas shape on radiant heat interchange.
Speed Regulation of Kaplan Turbines
Authors: Scoville J. D.
Published: December 2022

In this paper hydraulic-turbine speed-regulation data are presented and compared with calculated performance. Field tests made at the Bonneville and Guntersville power plants are cited. The effect of air admission during load rejection is discussed. Runaway-speed tests in the field are compared with model data.
Development of the Automatic Adjustable-Blade-Type Propeller Turbine
Authors: Terry R. V.
Published: December 2022

In this paper the design and testing of automatic adjustable-blade-type propeller turbine models are treated, followed by an analysis and discussion of the model-test results. Four installations are described, aggregating a rated output of about 44,000 hp in five units. Operating experience and results with field units are considered. Mention is also made of further development work now in progress. In conclusion a summary is given of the principal features of this new type hydraulic turbine.
Discharge Coefficients of Long-Radius Flow Nozzles When Used With Pipe-Wall Pressure Taps
Authors: Bean H. S. , Beitler S. R. , Sprenkle R. E.
Published: December 2022

For the last six years, the Special Research Committee on Fluid Meters has been conducting a research on flow nozzles. In previous papers relating to the program, the Committee’s plans for carrying out the research were outlined (1), and some of the results obtained have been presented (2, 3, 4). In the present paper, the results of determinations of coefficients of long-radius nozzles when used with pipe-wall taps are given, as based on a combination of separate analyses by the three authors. Later papers will extend the results to other conditions than those considered in this paper.
Flow Processes in Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Mayers Martin A.
Published: December 2022

This paper is devoted to a consideration of the types of flow of materials in underfeed multiple-retort stokers. Such flow studies include solids such as the fuel and ashy refuse; gases, such as air and the products of combustion; and heat, especially that portion which recirculates within the bed and leads to preparation and ignition of the fuel. The types of flow have a definite bearing on the maintenance of the fixed pattern in the fuel bed which has been observed at each tuyère stack and the adjacent retort. From the data compiled, the author develops the features which would be possessed by a stoker designed for much higher duty than any now in existence, and analyzes the possible results to be attained.
Lubrication of General Electric Steam Turbines
Authors: Dantsizen C.
Published: December 2022

This paper constitutes a discussion of the viscosity index, organic acids, and oxidation as related to oils used in lubricating steam turbines manufactured by the author’s company. Advisedly, responsibility for the quality of a turbine oil is placed as it should be upon the supplier of the oil. Nothing in this paper should be construed as affecting that responsibility. The lubricating-oil experience of turbines operated at the Schenectady Works powerhouse is cited.
Stress and Deflection in Reciprocating Parts of Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: Boyer R. L. , Kuivinen T. O.
Published: December 2022

A consideration of stresses and deflections in reciprocating parts of internal-combustion engines is presented in this paper, from the viewpoint of the heavy-duty-engine builder. The authors give suggested rules for design of pistons, piston pins, connecting rods and piston rods, bolts and connecting-rod caps. All recommendations given are based on what has proved to be successful practice in this classification of machinery.
Condenser Tubes and Their Corrosion
Authors: Clarke Charles W. E. , White A. E. , Upthegrove C.
Published: December 2022

The authors present a brief review of the development of condensers for steam prime movers, a discussion of some of the problems in connection with them that have been met and overcome, and a tabulation of returns from a questionnaire. They then describe and report a series of tests with a miniature condenser with tubes made of admiralty metal, aluminum brass, and cupronickel. Conditions were as closely as possible a duplication of those existing in a working condenser. In addition to corrosion tests, impingement tests were made. The authors present and discuss the results of these tests and grade the tubes tested in order of resistance to corrosion. Full information on the tubes tested is presented, with the results of metallographic examination of the materials of which the tubes were made. The conclusions arrived at as a result of a study of the tests are summarized at the end of the paper.
Heat Transfer to Hydrogen-Nitrogen Mixtures Inside Tubes
Authors: Colburn A. P. , Coghlan C. A.
Published: December 2022

This paper gives results of experiments in which data were determined on heat transfer to air, to nitrogen, and to eight mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen, ranging from 8.85 to 98 per cent hydrogen, flowing inside a steam-jacketed tube, 0.5 in. inside diam and 48.75 in. long. The data were well correlated when plotted as hCpG(Cpμk)2/3 versus DGμ with the value of Cpμk ranging from 0.45 to 0.73. The data checked heat-transfer data of Nusselt and showed deviation from friction analogies.
Combustion Explosions in Pressure Vessels Protected With Rupture Disks
Authors: Creech Merl D.
Published: December 2022

All too frequently combustion explosions occur in industrial pressure vessels, particularly compressed-air receivers, resulting in loss of life and property damage. The research described in this paper is the first step in determining means to prevent this loss of life and property damage when combustion explosions do occur in pressure vessels by protecting the vessels from excessive overpressure with suitable frangible rupture disks.
Mathematics of Surge Vessels and Automatic Averaging Control
Authors: Mason C. E. , Philbrick G. A.
Published: December 2022

In this paper the authors report on a practical application of the quantitative methods which they have described previously (2, 6) in connection with process and control analysis. First, the properties of surge vessels are considered from a functional point of view. The influence on these properties of externally applied controls is next discussed. Proceeding from the simpler to the more involved, control systems of various types are introduced and applied to a vessel. The performance of each of these applied systems is separately examined and illustrated under significant assumed conditions. Considerable attention is given to a definite method of control which involves, as the master instrument, one having a proportional-plus-floating characteristic, and which, it is felt, may justifiably be referred to as “automatic averaging control.”
Flow Properties of Lubricants Under High Pressure
Authors: Norton A. E. , Knott M. J. , Muenger J. R.
Published: December 2022

In this paper, results are given of a preliminary study of the rate-of-shear versus shear-stress relationship for several oils known to undergo apparent solidification when subjected to high pressure. Lard, rapeseed, sperm, and one mineral oil were tested under a temperature range of −5 C to 20 C while subjected to pressures up to 50,000 psi. Experimental curves of flow versus pressure difference were obtained for capillary flow, and these curves were transformed mathematically to the desired curves of rate of shear versus shear stress. A brief discussion of some of the problems inherent in capillary testing of plastic materials is included in this report.
A High-Temperature Bolting Material
Authors: Wheeler A. W.
Published: December 2022

In the process of providing new materials or old with improved heat-treatments to withstand the increasing temperatures employed in present-day steam turbines, many studies are being made on alloy steels and their heat-treatment which are most suitable for use as bolting material. This paper reviews a series of tests on heat-treatment, creep, rupture, and hardness, together with the application of the results to bolting-material practice.
Continuous Heat-Balance Control of Boiler-Room Operation
Authors: Murphy Benjamin S.
Published: December 2022

The author has attempted to bring out the different factors entering into boiler-room-operation control and to show that all of these factors must be synchronized before any comprehensive plan may be formulated. These factors include such apparently unrelated items as scheduling boilers for cleaning, turbine outages, and personnel, as well as incremental boiler loading and automatic control. The methods used at the Hudson Avenue Station of the Brooklyn Edison Company, Inc., constitute the basis for the presentation.
Three-dimensional nanofabrication via ultrafast laser patterning and kinetically regulated material assembly
Authors: Han Fei , Gu Songyun , Klimas Aleks , Zhao Ni , Zhao Yongxin , Chen Shih-Chi
Published: December 2022

A major challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures with desired materials. We present a strategy for fabricating arbitrary 3D nanostructures with a library of materials including metals, metal alloys, 2D materials, oxides, diamond, upconversion materials, semiconductors, polymers, biomaterials, molecular crystals, and inks. Specifically, hydrogels patterned by femtosecond light sheets are used as templates that allow for direct assembly of materials to form designed nanostructures. By fine-tuning the exposure strategy and features of the patterned gel, 2D and 3D structures of 20- to 200-nm resolution are realized. We fabricated nanodevices, including encrypted optical storage and microelectrodes, to demonstrate their designed functionality and precision. These results show that our method provides a systematic solution for nanofabrication across different classes of materials and opens up further possibilities for the design of sophisticated nanodevices.
The magmatic web beneath Hawai‘i
Authors: Wilding John D. , Zhu Weiqiang , Ross Zachary E. , Jackson Jennifer M.
Published: December 2022

The deep magmatic architecture of the Hawaiian volcanic system is central to understanding the transport of magma from the upper mantle to the individual volcanoes. We leverage advances in earthquake monitoring with deep learning algorithms to image the structures underlying a major mantle earthquake swarm of nearly 200,000 events that rapidly accelerated after the 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse. At depths of 36 to 43 kilometers, we resolve a 15-kilometers-long collection of near-horizontal sheeted structures that we identify as a sill complex. These sills connect to the lower depths of Kīlauea’s plumbing by a 25-kilometers-long belt of seismicity. Additionally, a column of seismicity links the sill complex to a shallow décollement near Mauna Loa. These findings implicate the mantle sill complex as a nexus for magma transport beneath Hawai‘i and furthermore indicate widespread magmatic connectivity in the volcanic system.
Lessons on transparency from the glassfrog
Authors: Cruz Nelly M. , White Richard M.
Published: December 2022

Transparency in glassfrogs has potential implications for human blood clotting
The final puff
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: December 2022

Public health officials have drawn on a decade of research to craft a plan to make New Zealand smoke-free
In Other Journals
Authors: Jiang Di , Stern Peter , Maroso Mattia , Szuromi Phil , McCartney Melissa , Lavine Marc S. , Uzogara Ekeoma
Published: December 2022

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
Mars’s magnetic field was long-lived, reversible
Authors: Savitsky Zack
Published: December 2022

Study of famed meteorite by quantum microscope hints at planet’s prolonged habitability
NIH can’t deny chimps sanctuary retirement
Authors: Grimm David
Published: December 2022

Agency violated federal law when it prevented former lab primates from entering Chimp Haven, federal judge rules
Ocean geoengineering scheme aces field test
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: December 2022

Alkaline lime powder spread in Florida estuary drew down carbon and reduced acidification
A scalable solution for running ensemble simulations for photovoltaic energy
Authors: Hu Weiming , Cervone Guido , Turilli Matteo , Merzky Andre , Jha Shantenu
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of a scalable solution for running solar energy production ensemble simulations. Generating a forecast ensemble is computationally expensive. But with the help of Analog Ensemble, forecast ensembles can be generated with a single deterministic run of a weather forecast model. Weather ensembles are then used to simulate 11 10 KW photovoltaic solar power systems to study the simulation uncertainty under a wide range of panel configurations and weather conditions. This workflow has been developed and tested at scale on the National Center for Atmospheric Research supercomputer, Cheyenne, with more than 7000 concurrent cores.

Results show that spring and summer are typically associated with greater simulation uncertainty. Optimizing the panel configuration based on the individual performance of simulations under changing weather conditions can improve the accuracy of simulations by more than 12%. This work also shows how panel configuration can be optimized based on geographic locations.
The Temperature Dependences of Mechanical Properties, Deformation Hardening, and Fracture of FeMnNiCoCr Heterophase Alloy
Authors: Astafurova E. G. , Reunova K. A. , Panchenko M. Yu. , Mel’nikov E. V. , Tumbusova I. A. , Zagibalova E. A. , Astafurov S. V.
Published: December 2022

It is established that the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of a heterophase multicomponent Cantor alloy (FeMnNiCoCr) and the mechanisms of its fracture under uniaxial static tension in the temperature range 77–300 K are determined by the mechanism of formation and distribution of dispersed phases in it. The heterogeneous formation of chromium-enriched σ‑phases and phases with an fcc crystal lattice,mainly at grain boundaries in the course of annealing of homogenized samples (when particles are inhomogeneously distributed over the structure) and at deformation defects in the course of annealing of preliminarily strained samples (when particles are distributed uniformly over the structure), takes place in the Cantor alloy as a result of annealing. It is found that the grain-boundary phases slightly affect the temperature dependence of yield stress σ0.2, the deformation behavior of the heterophase alloy and its mechanism, but contribute to a decrease in the plasticity and to the formation of brittle secondary cracks on fracture surfaces under low-temperature deformation. The complex effect of the dispersion and the grain boundary hardenings in samples with a uniform distribution of particles that are formed in the course of aging of pre-strained samples leads to a substantial increase in the strength properties of the Cantor alloy in the entire temperature range while maintaining high plasticity and a strong temperature dependence of σ0.2.
Prediction of the Destruction of Materials with Inhomogeneous Structures
Authors: Kudrya A. V. , Sokolovskaya E. A.
Published: December 2022

Structural and metallurgical factors that cause the differences in the fracture resistance of steels and alloys are studied, which is necessary for predicting the destruction of media with an inhomogeneous structure. The prospects for digitalization of measuring the parameters of the structure and fracture surfaces using Big Data algorithms are considered.
Targeted screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical, audiological and neuroimaging findings
Authors: Chung Pui Khi , Schornagel Fleurtje , Oudesluys-Murphy Anne Marie , de Vries Linda S , Soede Wim , van Zwet Erik , Vossen Ann
Published: December 2022

Objective

To evaluate clinical, audiological and neuroimaging findings in a cohort of infants diagnosed with congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection after failure at newborn hearing screening.

Methods

A prospective observational study in the Netherlands, using the existing newborn hearing screening infrastructure for well babies. Between July 2012 and November 2016, cytomegalovirus (CMV) PCR testing of neonatally obtained dried blood spots (DBS) was offered to all infants who failed newborn hearing screening. Clinical, neuroimaging and audiological data were collected.

Results

DBS of 1374 infants were successfully tested and 59 were positive for CMV (4.3%). Data of 54 infants were retrieved. Three were small for gestational age and six had microcephaly. Forty-eight (89%) had sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), of whom half had unilateral SNHL. In both unilaterally and bilaterally affected children, the majority of the impaired ears had severe or profound hearing loss. Neuroimaging abnormalities were found in 40 of 48 (83%) children who had evaluable cranial ultrasound and/or cerebral MRI. The abnormalities were mild in 34, moderate in 3 and severe in 3 infants. The degree of SNHL and the severity of neuroimaging abnormalities were found to be correlated (p=0.002).

Conclusions

The yield of targeted cCMV screening following newborn hearing screening failure was eight times higher than the estimated national birth prevalence of cCMV. The majority of this cohort of infants with clinically unsuspected cCMV disease had confirmed SNHL, neuroimaging abnormalities and lower than average birth weights and head circumferences. Newborns who fail newborn hearing screening should be tested for CMV to ensure appropriate clinical, neurodevelopmental and audiological follow-up.
Estimating economic-based target reference points for key species in multi-species multi-métier fisheries
Authors: Pascoe Sean , Punt André E. , Hutton Trevor , Burch Paul , Bessell-Browne Pia , Little L. Richard
Published: December 2022

Consideration of economic outcomes is commonplace in most fisheries management systems globally, although only a few jurisdictions have adopted an economic objective as the primary target for fisheries management. Such an objective has been adopted for Australia's federally managed fisheries, with maximum economic yield (MEY) identified as the primary management objective. Correspondingly, target reference points defined in terms of biomass (i.e., BMEY) are used in harvest control rules. In the absence of explicit BMEY estimates, proxy estimates based on maximum sustainable yield (i.e., BMSY) are used. Identifying BMEY in multi-species fisheries is complicated as most stock assessments are undertaken at the individual species level, but economic activity occurs across species. This is further complicated when different fishing activities using different fishing gears and targeting practices (i.e., métiers) are present in a fishery. We employ an age-structured bioeconomic model to estimate BMEY for key species in a multi-species, multi-métier fishery. We find that optimal biomass levels are substantially higher than those assumed under the current proxy-based system, and that the economic targets are sensitive to prices and fishing costs, both of which change over time.
A novel morphometry-based method for assessing maturity in male Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi
Authors: Richar Jonathan I. , Foy Robert J.
Published: December 2022

Accurate classification of maturity status and estimation of size at 50% maturity for male crabs are important to the management of North Pacific crab stocks, which form the basis of several economically valuable fisheries. We demonstrate a straightforward maturity classification approach applied to male Tanner crabs ( Chionoecetes bairdi), based on the use of log-transformed chela height distributions calculated via kernel density functions. The linear equation defining the relationship between the minima of these chela height distributions, and the midpoint of the corresponding carapace width bins is then used to estimate the incidence of maturity by size group across the population. We demonstrate the performance of this approach relative to two other currently applied methodologies. Finally, we apply this method to assess annual size at 50% maturity in eastern Bering Sea male Tanner crabs, and spatiotemporal trends in this parameter. We demonstrate the existence of high interannual and spatial variability in this population metric and find evidence of a decline in size at maturity in the western stock.
Revealing fractionality in the Rössler system by recurrence quantification analysis
Authors: Rysak Andrzej , Sedlmayr Martyna , Gregorczyk Magdalena
Published: December 2022

This study discusses the results of a Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) of the Rössler system with a fractional order ($$q_1$$

q
1

) of the derivative in the first equation. The fractional order $$q_1$$

q
1

changes slightly in the range $$q_1 \in \langle 0.9,1.0\rangle$$

q
1

∈

⟨
0.9
,
1.0
⟩

. Even with such relatively small changes in the $$q_1$$

q
1

derivative, significant changes in the dynamics of the system are observed between the bifurcation diagrams determined for the bifurcation parameter a. Nevertheless, as $$q_1$$

q
1

decreases one can notice the preservation of some structures of the bifurcation diagram, in particular the main periodic windows of the integer-order Rössler system. The RQA shows clear differences between various regular windows of the integer system and only slight changes in these windows are caused by an increase in the system’s fractionality. Nonetheless, by selecting appropriate recurrence variables it is possible to expose the changes occurring in the regular windows under the influence of the fractionality of the system. This approach allows for the detection of the fractional character of the system through a recurrence analysis of the time series taken from periodic regions.
Large-Scale Image Retrieval with Deep Attentive Global Features
Authors: Zhu Yingying , Wang Yinghao , Chen Haonan , Guo Zemian , Huang Qiang
Published: December 2022

How to obtain discriminative features has proved to be a core problem for image retrieval. Many recent works use convolutional neural networks to extract features. However, clutter and occlusion will interfere with the distinguishability of features when using convolutional neural network (CNN) for feature extraction. To address this problem, we intend to obtain high-response activations in the feature map based on the attention mechanism. We propose two attention modules, a spatial attention module and a channel attention module. For the spatial attention module, we first capture the global information and model the relation between channels as a region evaluator, which evaluates and assigns new weights to local features. For the channel attention module, we use a vector with trainable parameters to weight the importance of each feature map. The two attention modules are cascaded to adjust the weight distribution for the feature map, which makes the extracted features more discriminative. Furthermore, we present a scale and mask scheme to scale the major components and filter out the meaningless local features. This scheme can reduce the disadvantages of the various scales of the major components in images by applying multiple scale filters, and filter out the redundant features with the MAX-Mask. Exhaustive experiments demonstrate that the two attention modules are complementary to improve performance, and our network with the three modules outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on four well-known image retrieval datasets.