bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should Rape Kit Testing Be Prioritized by Victim–Offender Relationship?
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Pierce Steven J. , Sharma Dhruv B. , Feeney Hannah , Fehler‐Cabral Giannina
Published: April 2016

Research Summary

This study examined the DNA forensic testing outcomes from 894 previously untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) from Detroit, Michigan. At issue was how many of these SAKs would produce DNA profiles eligible for upload into CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), the national forensic DNA database maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and then how many would produce CODIS hits (DNA matches) to other crimes. Fifty‐four percent of the SAKs associated with stranger‐perpetrated sexual assaults yielded CODIS‐eligible DNA profiles, producing 156 CODIS hits (DNA matches) and 51 hits matched prior sexual assault offenses in CODIS (i.e., serial sexual assault hit). Forty percent of the SAKs from nonstranger rapes had CODIS‐eligible profiles, producing 103 CODIS hits and 18 serial sexual assault hits. CODIS entry rates and CODIS hit rates were equivalent between stranger and nonstranger SAKs; serial sexual assault hit rates were significantly higher for stranger SAKs.

Policy Implications

These results highlight the importance of testing both stranger and nonstranger SAKs as they have an equivalent likelihood of producing CODIS hits. The findings do not support policy recommendations that stranger‐perpetrated SAKs should have testing priority over nonstranger SAKs. Prioritizing stranger SAKs may have unintended negative consequences on the utility of CODIS by limiting the number and type of eligible DNA profiles that are referenced in the federal DNA database.
Outcome of three common bariatric procedures in the public sector
Authors: Clough Anthony , Hamill Daniel , Jackson Shane , Remilton Michael , Eyre Rosemarie , Callahan Rosie
Published: April 2016

Background

In Australia, over 90% of bariatric surgery is performed in the private sector by paying patients with health insurance. The demand for government funded services is overwhelming and data are needed on the efficiency, safety and effectiveness of the current range of bariatric procedures in a public hospital setting. The aim of this study was to document medium term outcomes of gastric banding (laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)), gastric bypass (Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB)) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in a publicly funded programme.

Methods

Primary cases with minimum 18 months’ follow up were included. Hospital usage, complications, weight loss and co‐morbidity outcomes were compared.

Results

A total of 229 patients (125 LAGB, 42 RYGB, 62 SG) were included. Mean weight (body mass index) for LAGB, RYGB and SG was 130.6 (46.3), 137.2 (50.5) and 162.7 (55.2) kg (kg/m2), respectively (P < 0.001). Operative time and hospital stay were longest for RYGB and intensive care stay was longest for SG. Major complications occurred at 0.0%, 11.9% and 12.9% (P < 0.001) and major reoperations occurred over 5 years 11.2%, 21.4% and 6.5% (P = 0.064). Mean (standard deviation) excess weight loss was 29.9% (33.1), 75.7% (31.8) and 52.7% (19.7) with mean follow up of 3.6 years and 79.0% complete data.

Conclusions

In our public bariatric programme, LAGB patients perform relatively poorly. An increased focus on SG may be appropriate as weight loss is more reliable, major reoperation rates are low and follow up less important. Our experience should be useful for those considering how best to structure and fund a public bariatric programme.
Blame and guilt – a mixed methods study of obstetricians' and midwives' experiences and existential considerations after involvement in traumatic childbirth
Authors: Schrøder Katja , Jørgensen Jan S. , Lamont Ronald F. , Hvidt Niels C.
Published: April 2016

Introduction

When complications arise in the delivery room, midwives and obstetricians operate at the interface of life and death, and in rare cases the infant or the mother suffers severe and possibly fatal injuries related to the birth. This descriptive study investigated the numbers and proportions of obstetricians and midwives involved in such traumatic childbirth and explored their experiences with guilt, blame, shame and existential concerns.

Material and methods

A mixed methods study comprising a national survey of Danish obstetricians and midwives and a qualitative interview study with selected survey participants.

Results

The response rate was 59% (1237/2098), of which 85% stated that they had been involved in a traumatic childbirth. We formed five categories during the comparative mixed methods analysis: the patient, clinical peers, official complaints, guilt, and existential considerations. Although blame from patients, peers or official authorities was feared (and sometimes experienced), the inner struggles with guilt and existential considerations were dominant. Feelings of guilt were reported by 36–49%, and 50% agreed that the traumatic childbirth had made them think more about the meaning of life. Sixty‐five percent felt that they had become a better midwife or doctor due to the traumatic incident.

Conclusions

The results of this large, exploratory study suggest that obstetricians and midwives struggle with issues of blame, guilt and existential concerns in the aftermath of a traumatic childbirth.
The beneficial effects of horse trekking on autonomic nervous activity in experienced rider with no disability
Authors: Matsuura Akihiro , Maruta Haruhiro , Iwatake Tomohiko , Kumagai Takashi , Nakanowatari Toshihiko , Hodate Koichi
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to determine whether autonomic nervous activity of a rider with no disability was altered by one practical and applicable horse trekking (HT) exercise. Changes in autonomic nervous activity were analyzed by heart rate variability (HRV). Twenty‐three participants with no disability rode horses along a predetermined HT course at trotting and walking for 60 min. HRV was sampled at 60 min before and immediately, following 60 min, and 120 min after HT. As a control, the same measurements were performed for 22 age‐matched participants during their rest. Only in the HT group, the value of normalized unit in high frequency component (HF nu), an index of parasympathetic nervous activity, was higher at 120 min after treatment than before HT (P < 0.05). The low / high frequency ratio (LF / HF), believed to reflect sympathetic nervous activity, was lower in the HT group than those in the control group at 60 min (P < 0.05) and 120 min after treatment (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that a single HT shifted the autonomic nervous balance of a rider toward parasympathetic dominance. The results obtained by the present study could accelerate the use of horses for human health.
Genetic relationships between meat quality traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese black cattle
Authors: Inoue Keiichi , Shoji Noriaki , Honda Takeshi , Oyama Kenji
Published: April 2016

Genetic parameters were estimated to investigate the relationships between meat quality traits and fatty acid composition from 11 855 Japanese Black cattle. The meat quality traits included beef marbling score (BMS), beef color score, firmness of beef (FIR), texture of beef (TEX) and beef fat color score (BFS). The data on fatty acid composition included oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contents, the ratio of MUFA to saturated fatty acids (MUS) and the ratio of elongation. The heritability estimates for meat quality traits ranged from moderate (0.30) to high (0.72). The strong genetic correlations between them were useful for simultaneous genetic improvement. In addition, high heritability estimates of fatty acid composition, ranging from 0.60 to 0.63, indicated that they could also be improved genetically. The genetic correlations of fatty acid composition with BMS, FIR and TEX were weak and negative. In contrast, positive and stronger genetic correlations were found between BFS and fatty acid composition, in particular, related to the level of unsaturation (0.77 and 0.79 for MUFA and MUS, respectively). This implies that improving the level of unsaturation makes fat darker (more yellow) and thus requires balancing with BFS.
Comparison of international normalized ratio audit parameters in patients enrolled in GARFIELD‐AF and treated with vitamin K antagonists
Authors: Fitzmaurice David A. , Accetta Gabriele , Haas Sylvia , Kayani Gloria , Lucas Luciardi Hector , Misselwitz Frank , Pieper Karen , ten Cate Hugo , Turpie Alexander G. G. , Kakkar Ajay K. ,   the GARFIELD‐AF Investigators
Published: April 2016

Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) requires monitoring of the international normalized ratio (INR). We evaluated the agreement between two INR audit parameters, frequency in range (FIR) and proportion of time in the therapeutic range (TTR), using data from a global population of patients with newly diagnosed non‐valvular AF, the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD‐AF). Among 17 168 patients with 1‐year follow‐up data available at the time of the analysis, 8445 received VKA therapy (±antiplatelet therapy) at enrolment, and of these patients, 5066 with ≥3 INR readings and for whom both FIR and TTR could be calculated were included in the analysis. In total, 70 905 INRs were analysed. At the patient level, TTR showed higher values than FIR (mean, 56·0% vs 49·8%; median, 59·7% vs 50·0%). Although patient‐level FIR and TTR values were highly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient [95% confidence interval; CI], 0·860 [0·852–0·867]), estimates from individuals showed widespread disagreement and variability (Lin's concordance coefficient [95% CI], 0·829 [0·821–0·837]). The difference between FIR and TTR explained 17·4% of the total variability of measurements. These results suggest that FIR and TTR are not equivalent and cannot be used interchangeably.
A randomized, double‐blind trial of pegfilgrastim versus filgrastim for the management of neutropenia during CHASE(R) chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma
Authors: Kubo Kohmei , Miyazaki Yasuhiko , Murayama Tohru , Shimazaki Ryutaro , Usui Noriko , Urabe Akio , Hotta Tomomitsu , Tamura Kazuo
Published: April 2016

Pegfilgrastim is a pegylated form of the granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor, filgrastim. Herein, we report the results of a multicentre, randomized, double‐blind phase III trial comparing the efficacy and safety of pegfilgrastim with filgrastim in patients with malignant lymphoma. Patients were randomized to receive either a single subcutaneous dose of pegfilgrastim or daily subcutaneous doses of filgrastim on day 4 after the completion of cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, etoposide and dexamethasone ± rituximab (CHASE(R); day 1–3) chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was the duration of severe neutropenia (DSN), defined as the number of days with neutrophil count <0·5 × 109/l in the first cycle of chemotherapy. A total of 111 lymphoma patients were randomized to either the pegfilgrastim or filgrastim group. 109 patients received either pegfilgrastim (n = 54) or filgrastim (n = 55). Efficacy data were available for 107 patients (pegfilgrastim: n = 53, filgrastim: n = 54). Both groups were well balanced in terms of gender, age, performance status and other variables. The mean DSN (±S.D.) was 4·5 (±1·2) and 4·7 (±1·3) d in the pegfilgrastim and filgrastim groups. No significant difference in safety was observed. This trial verified the non‐inferiority of a single subcutaneous dose of pegfilgrastim compared with daily subcutaneous doses of filgrastim, considering DSN as an indicator.
MNSs genotyping by MALDI‐TOF MS shows high concordance with serology, allows gene copy number testing and reveals new St(a) alleles
Authors: Meyer Stefan , Vollmert Caren , Trost Nadine , Sigurdardottir Sonja , Portmann Claudia , Gottschalk Jochen , Ries Judith , Markovic Alexander , Infanti Laura , Buser Andreas , Amar el Dusouqui Soraya , Rigal Emmanuel , Castelli Damiano , Weingand Bettina , Maier Andreas , Mauvais Simon M. , Sarraj Amira , Braisch Monica C. , Thierbach Jutta , Hustinx Hein , Frey Beat M. , Gassner Christoph
Published: April 2016

Results of genotyping with true high‐throughput capability for MNSs antigens are underrepresented, probably because of technical issues, due to the high level of nucleotide sequence homology of the paralogous genes GYPA, GYPB and GYPE. Eight MNSs‐specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization, time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) in 5800 serologically M/N and S/s pre‐typed Swiss blood donors and 50 individuals of known or presumptive black African ethnicity. Comparison of serotype with genotype delivered concordance rates of 99·70% and 99·90% and accuracy of genotyping alone of 99·88% and 99·95%, for M/N and S/s, respectively. The area under the curve of peak signals was measured in intron 1 of the two highly homologous genes GYPB and GYPE and allowed for gene copy number variation estimates in all individuals investigated. Elevated GYPB:GYPE ratios accumulated in several carriers of two newly observed GYP*401 variants, termed type G and H, both encoding for the low incidence antigen St(a). In black Africans, reduced GYPB gene contents were proven in pre‐typed S‐s‐U‐ phenotypes and could be reproduced in unknown specimens. Quantitative gene copy number estimates represented a highly attractive supplement to conventional genotyping, solely based on MNSs SNPs.
Breaking the silence: A feminist call to action
Authors: Parizeau Kate , Shillington Laura , Hawkins Roberta , Sultana Farhana , Mountz Alison , Mullings Beverley , Peake Linda
Published: April 2016

Key Messages

Mental health and wellness are issues of growing concern on North American campuses.

A feminist geography perspective reveals that there are cultural, institutional, political, and intersectional factors that impede active engagement with mental health and wellness in the academy.

We encourage geographers to consider mental health and wellness as professional development issues of concern to us all.
Equity, race, and whiteness in Canadian geography
Authors: Choi Andrea
Published: April 2016

Key Messages

This article provides a review of faculty demographics in geography departments at Canadian universities.

Due to the complexity of racial identities, a number of challenges were encountered when working with equity data pertaining to faculty at these universities.

The lack of adequate information on faculty demographics in Canadian geography departments suggests a need for alternative methods when compiling equity data.
Addressing gaps on risk and resilience factors for alcohol use outcomes in sexual and gender minority populations
Authors: Talley Amelia E. , Gilbert Paul A. , Mitchell Jason , Goldbach Jeremy , Marshall Brandon D. L. , Kaysen Debra
Published: April 2016

Issues

In 2011, the Institute of Medicine released a report that constituted the first comprehensive effort by a federal body to understand the current state of science pertinent to the health needs of sexual and gender minority populations. This mini‐review summarises recent empirical, methodological and theoretical advances in alcohol‐related research among to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) populations and highlights progress towards addressing gaps, with a particular interest in those identified by the Institute of Medicine report.

Approach

Articles published since 2011 were identified from PsycINFO and PubMed database searches, using various combinations of keyword identifiers (alcohol, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, LGBT, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender). Reference sections of included articles were also examined for additional citations.

Key Findings

Recent empirical work has contributed to a greater understanding of sub‐group differences within this diverse population. Evidence has supported theorised influences that can account for alcohol‐related disparities, yet important gaps remain. Studies that examine the role of gender identity and its intersection with sexual identity within transgender and gender non‐conforming sub‐populations are lacking. Methodological advances in this literature have begun to allow for examinations of how minority‐specific and general risk factors of alcohol misuse may contribute to patterns of alcohol involvement over time and within social‐relational contexts

Conclusions

The recommendations made in the current mini‐review are meant to facilitate future collaborative efforts, scale development, thoughtful methodological design and analysis and theoretically driven nuanced hypotheses to better understand, and ultimately address, alcohol‐related disparities among sexual and gender minority populations. [Talley AE, Gilbert PA, Mitchell J, Goldbach J, Marshall BDL, Kaysen D. Addressing gaps on risk and resilience factors for alcohol use outcomes in sexual and gender minority populations. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:484–493]
The impact of an automatic syringe dispensing machine in inner‐city Sydney, Australia: No evidence of a ‘honey‐pot’ effect
Authors: Day Carolyn A. , White Bethany , Haber Paul S.
Published: April 2016

Introduction and Aims

Needle and syringe automatic dispensing machines (ADM) aim to increase needle/syringe distribution to people who inject drugs. ADM implementation has been met with community concern about potential perceived increases in crime and drug use and that they will attract non‐resident drug users—the ‘honey‐pot effect’. In April 2013, an ADM commenced operation in inner‐city Sydney. We assessed the impact of the ADM on crime and examined its use by non‐resident drug users (the honey‐pot effect).

Design and Methods

Fixed‐site needle and syringe program (n = 207) and ADM clients (n = 55) were surveyed to determine whether they lived within 1 km of the ADM. Police‐recorded offences between January 2012 and March 2014 across six crime categories for the local and surrounding areas were assessed for trend to measure impact on crime.

Results

The majority (78%) of needle and syringe program clients reported residing within 1 km of the service. Most (95%) ADM users were fixed‐site service clients. The 2 year trend for crime categories remained stable or decreased, except for fraud, which increased significantly (P < 0.05).

Discussion and Conclusion

Automatic dispensing machine users were largely clients of the existing fixed‐site service and lived locally. There was no apparent concurrent increase in crime or a honey‐pot effect. It is important that services continue to be aware of community concerns and respond to them appropriately.[Day CA, White B, Haber PS. The impact of an automatic syringe dispensing machine in inner‐city Sydney, Australia: No evidence of a ‘honey‐pot’ effect. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:637–643]
The families and friends of heavy drinkers: Caught in the cross‐fire of policy change?
Authors: O'May Fiona , Whittaker Anne , Black Heather , Gill Jan
Published: April 2016

Introduction and Aims

Research highlights the need to better understand the impact of alcohol‐related harm on families and communities. Scottish policy initiatives to reduce alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related harm include the planned introduction of a minimum unit price for alcohol. We aimed to explore existing and proposed changes in alcohol policy, from the standpoint of heavy drinkers, through accounts of their involvement and repercussions for family and friends.

Design and Methods

Interviews were conducted with 20 heavy drinkers, recruited from hospital alcohol treatment centres in Scotland's two largest cities. Participants were part of a larger longitudinal mixed methods study. Interviews explored experiences of alcohol‐related harm and the impact, or potential impact, of alcohol policy changes on drinking patterns, risk‐taking, consumption and wellbeing. Data coded for ‘family and friends’ were thematically analysed using a constant comparison method.

Results

Family and friends were portrayed as important for aiding moderation and abstinence, but more often for sustaining continued heavy drinking. Heavy drinkers with complex needs and those living in deprived communities suggested that increased alcohol prices could exacerbate the detrimental effect on their health and social circumstances, and that of their family, should their consumption remain excessive.

Discussion and Conclusions

Population level policy initiatives to reduce alcohol consumption, such as minimum unit pricing, will impact on the families and social networks of heavy drinkers in addition to the drinker. The most vulnerable may be affected disproportionately. Alcohol policy changes and evaluations need to consider consequences for drinkers, families and communities. [O'May F, Whittaker A, Black H, Gill J. The families and friends of heavy drinkers: Caught in the cross‐fire of policy change? Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:192‐199]
DO GENDER‐VARIANT PREFERENCES FOR COMPETITION PERSIST IN THE ABSENCE OF PERFORMANCE?
Authors: Ifcher John , Zarghamee Homa
Published: April 2016

The well‐established gender gap in preferences for competition has been attributed to gender‐variant feelings about performing in competitive environments. Using a novel task with agency, in which subjects experience competition but cannot perform, we find evidence that performing may be sufficient but not necessary to generate gender‐variant preferences for competition. This suggests that the gender‐gap cannot be eliminated by correcting beliefs alone; that eliminating performance—for example, routinizing tasks—may not eliminate the gender gap; and that there may be heretofore unidentified determinants of preferences for competition—for example, men may prefer payment schemes that are based on social comparison. (JEL J16, C91, J24)
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION ON RETIREMENT PLANNING: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD STUDY
Authors: Collins J. Michael , Urban Carly
Published: April 2016

Many households neglect the pivotal task of planning for retirement. Proposals to stimulate employees to save for retirement in the workplace include tax subsidies, which are costly, and using automatic defaults, which may not complement the heterogeneous preferences of savers. This randomized field study shows that an information‐based intervention increases reported retirement plan participation, emergency savings, and using a budget. Employees offered access to education increased actual retirement deferrals by $26 per month. These results suggest that retirement education programs may be an effective strategy to increase retirement planning and saving behavior. (JEL J26, D14, D91)
Designing Reliable Center Systems: A Vector Assignment Center Location Problem
Authors: Lei Ting L.
Published: April 2016

The p‐center problem is one of the most important models in location theory. Its objective is to place a fixed number of facilities so that the maximum service distance for all customers is as small as possible. This article develops a reliable p‐center problem that can account for system vulnerability and facility failure. A basic assumption is that located centers can fail with a given probability and a customer will fall back to the closest nonfailing center for service. The proposed model seeks to minimize the expected value of the maximum service distance for a service system. In addition, the proposed model is general and can be used to solve other fault‐tolerant center location problems such as the (p, q)‐center problem using appropriate assignment vectors. I present an integer programming formulation of the model and computational experiments, and then conclude with a summary of findings and point out possible future work.
Prebiotics as a modulator of gut microbiota in paediatric obesity
Authors: Nicolucci A.C. , Reimer R.A.
Published: April 2016

This review highlights our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in paediatric obesity and the potential role for dietary manipulation of the gut microbiota with prebiotics in managing paediatric obesity. The aetiology of obesity is multifactorial and is now known to include microbial dysbiosis in the gut. Prebiotics are non‐digestible carbohydrates which selectively modulate the number and/or composition of gut microbes. The goal of prebiotic consumption is to restore symbiosis and thereby confer health benefits to the host. There is convincing evidence that prebiotics can reduce adiposity and improve metabolic health in preclinical rodent models. Furthermore, there are several clinical trials in adult humans highlighting metabolic and appetite‐regulating benefits of prebiotics. In paediatric obesity, however, there are very limited data regarding the potential role of prebiotics as a dietary intervention for obesity management. As the prevalence of paediatric obesity and obesity‐associated comorbidities increases globally, interventions that target the progression of obesity from an early age are essential in slowing the obesity epidemic. This review emphasizes the need for further research assessing the role of prebiotics, particularly as an intervention in effectively managing paediatric obesity.
Assessment training: a precondition for teachers’ competencies and use of classroom assessment practices
Authors: Koloi‐Keaikitse Setlhomo
Published: April 2016

Student assessment, particularly at classroom level, remains an integral part of teaching and learning and is a driving force for the implementation of educational policies and practices in many countries. Nevertheless, problems associated with teachers’ classroom assessment practices continue to exist in schools and research shows that teachers still feel dissatisfied with the type of assessment training they receive during their pre‐service training. A survey questionnaire was administered to 691 government primary and secondary school teachers in Botswana to determine the relationship between teachers’ level of assessment training and the extent at which they used classroom assessment practices. The key research question was: how does a teacher's level of assessment training predict the extent at which they use different classroom assessment practices? Hierarchical regression results revealed that having attended an in‐service/workshop in assessment and having taken a course dedicated to assessment showed significant relationships with how teachers use different classroom assessment practices. On the other hand, having no training in assessment and merely taking an assessment topic in a course that covers other topics did not yield any significant results. These findings are an indication that intensifying teacher assessment training remains integral to assessment practices teachers are likely to use in their classroom teaching. Results from this study can be used as a framework for informing educators to re‐think their assessment training methods to focus more on building teacher competences in assessment. Practical and policy implications are discussed.
Successful treatment of areolar Fox‐Fordyce disease with surgical excision and 1550‐nm fractionated erbium glass laser
Authors: Han Hyun H , Lee Jun Y , Rhie Jong W
Published: April 2016

Fox‐Fordyce disease (FFD) is a rare chronic disorder characterised by persistent inflammation because of the obstruction of apocrine sweat glands, which is a key factor of pathogenesis. The treatment of FFD is known to be difficult, and the modalities of treatment have not yet been widely studied. We report the successful treatment of a case of bilateral areolar FFD by a combination of surgical excision and 1550‐nm fractionated erbium glass laser in an 18‐year‐old woman. The patient presented with a bilateral areolar eruption of multiple, severely pruritic, 3–4 mm skin‐ to grey‐coloured folliculocentric dome‐shaped papules. The initial treatment plan was for bilateral surgical excision of the larger and more highly elevated papules via circumferential dermal excision, which was intended to maintain the areolar contour and minimise distortion. A 1550‐nm fractional erbium glass laser was then used to control the remnant lesions. The patient was recurrence‐free at 14 months after the final laser treatment, and she was fully satisfied with the treatment results.
Husbandry, management and breeding of the Greater one‐horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis at Zoo Basel
Authors: von Houwald F.
Published: April 2016

As poaching incidents of rhinoceros species are continuously increasing in the wild, the need for zoological institutions to breed these charismatic species becomes ever more important. This article summarizes the knowledge gained about keeping, managing and breeding Greater one‐horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis at Zoo Basel, Switzerland, over the past 15 years.
Spatial patterns of extra‐pair paternity for spotted towheesPipilo maculatusin urban parks
Authors: Smith Sarah Bartos , McKay Jenny E. , Murphy Michael T. , Duffield Deborah A.
Published: April 2016

The extra‐pair (EP) mating system of birds may be influenced by food resources, such that nutritionally stressed females are unable to pursue EP fertilizations (constrained female hypothesis; CFH), or that females on poor territories acquire EP fertilizations during extra‐territorial forays in search of food (mating opportunity hypothesis; MOH). Edges of urban habitat fragments are sites of apparent high food abundance for spotted towheesPipilo maculatus, and we used distance to habitat edge in four urban parks in Portland, OR, USA (2004–2006), to test the CFH and MOH. EP paternity was independent of park identity and year; 44% of nests contained EP young and 26% of all young were EP. As predicted by the CFH, EP paternity was more common in nests of long‐tailed (presumably) high quality females. However, independently of tail length, younger females had more EP young than older females, a finding consistent with the MOH. Contrary to predictions of both hypotheses, the probability that a nest contained EP young was highest both at the habitat edge and habitat interior while the proportion of young in nests of EP origin (for nests with EP young) was highest at intermediate distances from habitat edge. We propose that high frequency of EP paternity among females in the interior occurred because, as predicted by the MOH, they ranged more widely in search of food and often encountered EP males. High probability of EP paternity near edges was likely unrelated to female quality. Instead, anthropogenic food sources may have attracted individuals to edges and increased encounters between potential EP mates. Simple opportunity seems likely to account for patterns of EP paternity in spotted towhees, suggesting that human altered environments have the potential to substantially affect EP mating behavior.
Embodied experiences of place: a study of history learning with mobile technologies
Authors: Price S. , Jewitt C. , Sakr M.
Published: April 2016

This paper reports an empirical study that takes a multimodal analytical approach to examine how mobile technologies shape students' exploration and experience of place during a history learning activity in situ. In history education, mobile technologies provide opportunities for authentic experiential learning activities that have the potential to re‐mediate students' understanding of space and place through enacted interaction, and to make the learning more memorable. A key question is how learners work with the physical and digital information in the context of that learning experience, and how this supports new experiences and understanding of space and place. Findings suggest that embodied mobile experiences foster the creation of both physical and digital markers, which were instrumental in concretizing the history experience and developing new narratives. The findings also show how different representational forms of digital information mediated interaction in specific ways and how digital augmentation can lead to conflation in student understanding of space and time. These findings inform our understanding of the value of mobile applications in supporting embodied learning experiences and provide key implications for pedagogical design, both in situ and back in the classroom.
Cigarette smoking might weaken the prognostic significance of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism in acute myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Zhang Mingyu , Liu Xiaoxia , Wang Lei , Wang Yan , Ju Li , Li Jianfei
Published: April 2016

Prognostic significance of cytochrome P450 2C19*2 polymorphism in acute myocardial infarction is still not well investigated. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the genetic polymorphism and the outcome of the acute myocardial infarction patients, and to further clarify the impact of smoking on such relationship. Six hundred acute myocardial infarction patients were enrolled. All of them provided blood samples and underwent clopidogrel treatment. The genetic polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and the platelet function was assessed using conventional aggregometry. Of the included patients, 287 carried GG wild‐type genotypes, 225 carried GA genotypes and 88 carried AA genotypes. The platelet aggregation rate was significantly elevated in the AA genotype patients, mainly in the non‐smoking patients (P < 0.001) and the former‐smoking patients (P < 0.001). During 5‐year follow‐up period, after adjusted for multiple confounding factors, AA genotypes were associated with the increase in 5‐year mortalities in the non‐smoking patients [OR: 7.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16–11.49] and the former‐smoking patients (OR: 4.38, 95% CI: 1.05–9.40), but not in the current‐smoking patients (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.60–2.31). In conclusion, the study suggested a potential role of P450 2C19*2 polymorphism as a prognostic indicator in acute myocardial infarction patients. We had also obtained some evidence that current smoking might weaken the prognostic significance of the genetic polymorphism in patients.
Identification of HLA‐A*11:01‐restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis CD8+ T cell epitopes
Authors: Liu Su‐Dong , Su Jin , Zhang Shi‐Meng , Dong Hai‐Ping , Wang Hui , Luo Wei , Wen Qian , He Jian‐Chun , Yang Xiao‐Fan , Ma Li
Published: April 2016

New vaccines are needed to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections. The currently employed Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine is becoming ineffective, due in part to the emergence of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) strains and the reduced immune capacity in cases of HIV coinfection. CD8+ T cells play an important role in the protective immunity against MTB infections, and the identification of immunogenic CD8+ T cell epitopes specific for MTB is essential for the design of peptide‐based vaccines. To identify CD8+ T cell epitopes of MTB proteins, we screened a set of 94 MTB antigens for HLA class I A*11:01‐binding motifs. HLA‐A*11:01 is one of the most prevalent HLA molecules in Southeast Asians, and definition of T cell epitopes it can restrict would provide significant coverage for the Asian population. Peptides that bound with high affinity to purified HLA molecules were subsequently evaluated in functional assays to detect interferon‐γ release and CD8+ T cell proliferation in active pulmonary TB patients. We identified six novel epitopes, each derived from a unique MTB antigen, which were recognized by CD8+ T cells from active pulmonary TB patients. In addition, a significant level of epitope‐specific T cells could be detected ex vivo in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from active TB patients by an HLA‐A*11:01 dextramer carrying the peptide Rv3130c194‐204 (from the MTB triacylglycerol synthase Tgs1), which was the most frequently recognized epitope in our peptide library. In conclusion, this study identified six dominant CD8+ T cell epitopes that may be considered potential targets for subunit vaccines or diagnostic strategies against TB.
Relationship between body temperature, weight, and hematological parameters of black tufted‐ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata)
Authors: Pereira Lucas Cardoso , Barros Marilia
Published: April 2016

Background

Basal thermal values of captive adult black tufted‐ear marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) in a thermoneutral environment were measured via different methods, along with body weight and hematological parameters.

Method

Body temperatures were recorded with rectal (RC), subcutaneous (SC) microchip transponder and infrared (left and right) tympanic membrane (TM) thermometries. Thermal values were correlated with body mass and some hematological data.

Results and conclusions

Similar RC and SC temperatures were observed, these being significantly higher than the left and right TM values. SC temperature was positively correlated and in close agreement with RC measurements. Although body temperatures were not influenced by gender, capture time, or body weight, they were correlated with hematological parameters. Thus, body temperatures in this species seem to reflect some of the characteristics of the assessments' location, with SC microchip transponders being a less invasive method to assess body temperature in these small‐bodied non‐human primates.
An Integrative View of Conflict Adaptation and Active Maintenance
Authors: Kim Chobok , Shin Gyeonghee , Hur Minyoung
Published: April 2016

The conflict adaptation (CA) effect refers to the reduction in the interference effect observed in conflict tasks that follow incongruent compared to congruent trials. It has been suggested that CA is caused by the exertion of flexible cognitive control, supported by many behavioral and neuroimaging studies; however, it remains unclear how conflict‐related features of the preceding trial are conveyed to subsequent trials for following adaptation. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the top‐down modulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and passive short‐term maintenance in the posterior brain areas as mechanisms underlying CA, respectively, and to suggest a new integrated view of CA, including active maintenance in working memory. We review empirical evidences suggesting that both dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior brain regions play critical roles in CA, rather than either top‐down modulation or passive maintenance alone. Although the active maintenance view of CA appears to explain many existing findings, empirical studies are required to directly test this view.
Correlated gene expression encoding serotonin (5‐HT) receptor 4 and 5‐HT transporter in proximal colonic segments of mice across different colonization states and sexes
Authors: Reigstad C. S. , Linden D. R. , Szurszewski J. H. , Sonnenburg J. L. , Farrugia G. , Kashyap P. C.
Published: April 2016

The production and handling of serotonin (5‐HT) is an important determinant of colonic motility and has been reported to be altered in gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Recent studies suggest that the intestinal microbiota and sex of the host can influence expression of genes involved in 5‐HT biosynthesis and signaling. While expression of genes in serotonergic pathways has been shown to be variable, it remains unclear whether genes within this pathway are coregulated. As a first step in that direction, we investigated potential correlations in relative mRNA expression of serotonergic genes, in the proximal colon isolated from male and female mice in different states of microbial association: germ‐free (GF), humanized (ex‐germ‐free colonized with human gut microbiota, HM), and conventionally raised (CR) mice. Among the 10 pairwise comparisons conducted between five serotonergic transcripts, Tph1, Chga, Maoa, Slc6a4, and Htr4, we found a strong, positive correlation between colonic expression of Slc6a4 and Htr4 across different colonization states and sexes. We also identified a positive correlation between the expression of Tph1 and Chga; however, there were no correlations observed between any other tested pair of 5‐HT‐related transcripts. These data suggest that correlated expression of Slc6a4 and Htr4 likely involves coregulation of genes located on different chromosomes which modulate serotonergic activity in the gut. Further work will need to be done to understand the pathways and cell types responsible for this correlated expression, given the important role of 5‐HT in gastrointestinal physiology.
Outcomes of Same Day Pacemaker Implantation after TAVI
Authors: SIDERIS SKEVOS , BENETOS GEORGIOS , TOUTOUZAS KONSTANTINOS , DRAKOPOULOU MARIA , SOTIROPOULOS ELIAS , GATZOULIS KONSTANTINOS , LATSIOS GEORGE , SYNETOS ANDREAS , TRANTALIS GEORGE , TOUSOULIS DIMITRIS , KALLIKAZAROS IOANNIS
Published: April 2016

Background

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is often associated with conduction disturbances, followed by permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation. Because of the potential reversibility of these conduction disorders, controversy exists regarding the right timing of PPM implantation. TAVI is routinely performed under dual‐antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy, which poses an additional hemorrhagic risk on a same‐day procedure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of same‐day PPM implantation in patients undergoing TAVI.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing TAVI with Medtronic Corevalve bioprosthesis (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) in a tertiary center were divided into two study groups. Group A included patients undergoing PPM implantation the same day with TAVI, and Group B patients were implanted with a PPM later after TAVI and before hospital discharge. The two study groups were compared for all complications associated with PPM implantation.

Results

In total, 168 patients were included in the study. PPM was implanted in 65 patients (38.7%). In 23 patients, a PPM was implanted the same day with TAVI (Group A) and in 42 patients PPM implantation was postponed at least 1 day (Group B). Cephalic vein was the access used for the leads in the majority of cases. There was only one case of pneumothorax in Group B. There were no differences in the incidence of pocket hematomas between the study groups.

Conclusions

Same‐day PPM implantation after TAVI is safe and feasible. Strategies reducing pocket hematomas are essential in such patients of high hemorrhagic risk.
Mexican American emerging adults' relationships with siblings and dimensions of familism values
Authors: KILLOREN SARAH E. , ALFARO EDNA C. , KLINE GABRIELLE
Published: April 2016

We used a person‐oriented approach to describe the profiles of Mexican American emerging adults' relationships with siblings using affective/behavioral qualities (e.g., positivity) and relationship maintenance strategies (e.g., communication frequency) and to examine how profiles of sibling relationships were related to dimensions of Mexican American emerging adults' familism values. Using data from 186 Mexican American emerging adults (Mage = 21.56), we conducted latent profile analyses and identified three profiles of emerging adults' relationships with siblings: moderate (n = 106), positive/involved (n = 64), and negative/distant (n = 16). Our findings suggest that the majority of emerging adults in our study reported close relationships with siblings and dimensions of familism values were differentially associated with profiles of sibling relationship qualities.
Peer victimization and depression in Greek preadolescents: Personality and attachment as moderators
Authors: KOKKINOS CONSTANTINOS M. , VOULGARIDOU IOANNA P. , KOUKOUTSIS NIKOLAOS D. , MARKOS ANGELOS
Published: April 2016

The study examined 2 plausible models of the predictive association between depressive symptoms and peer victimization, both physical and relational, with personality (Big Five), attachment style, and gender as moderators in a nonclinical sample of 282 Greek preadolescents. Results indicated that depressive symptoms, victimization, and Big Five traits were significantly associated. Moderation analyses indicated that only extraversion and perceived secure attachment moderated the relationship between victimization and depression. Preadolescents low on extraversion and those insecurely attached were more vulnerable to the negative effects of victimization on depression. High levels of conscientiousness moderated the negative influences of depression on victimization. Results are discussed in terms of their practical implications.
The Complexity of Covering: The Religious, Social, and Political Dynamics of Islamic Practice in the United States*
Authors: Westfall Aubrey , Welborne Bozena , Tobin Sarah , Çelik Russell Özge
Published: April 2016

Objective

Mainstream American perception often views Islamic headcovering as a controversial practice indicative of gender repression and norms violating individual rights. Practicing Muslims counter that headcovering expresses piety, modesty, and protection. Recent scholarship affirms the complexity of the practice, and reveals that the motivations behind donning the headscarf span the religious, social, and political realms for Muslim women.

Methods

We explore the motivations for the practice among American Muslims, examining the way religious, social, and political life interact and reinforce one another, using data from an online survey of 1,847 Muslim‐American women from 49 states.

Results

Our findings demonstrate that religiosity is not a monolithic factor, and religious practices interact with and enforce headcovering in complex ways. We illustrate that conventionally understood indicators of Islamic religiosity align along three dimensions: religious lifestyle, religious abstinence, and religious socialization. Elements of a religious lifestyle, such as praying and attending mosque as well as fostering connections with Islamic social networks, are more strongly associated with covering than practices related to abstinence or socialization.

Conclusions

Ultimately, our research demonstrates a more nuanced understanding of how different aspects of Muslim religiosity condition covering among Muslim‐American women.
Trade Performance of Export Processing Zones
Authors: Yücer Ayçıl , Siroën Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2016

Export processing zones (EPZs) have become widespread with the liberalisation of international trade and investment. They are key players in the deepening of the global value chain (GVC). However, little is known about their contribution to world trade due to a lack of information on their location and status. This paper sets out to improve knowledge in this area by analysing the trade performance of EPZ countries at macro‐level with a focus on EPZ externalities and distortive costs. We have built an original database of EPZs in which we define them as processing zones benefiting from import tariff incentives. We show that EPZs increase trade only by easing the negative impact of protection. As importers of components and raw materials, they raise the rest of the world's exports. This confirms the contribution of EPZs to the GVC. This result is robust to a change in the model specification, errors and bias due to data collection issues and sample composition.