bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hunter and the Life of Blood
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Coagulation I conceive to be an operation of life; and I imagine it to proceed exactly upon the same principle as the union by the first intention; it is particle uniting with particle, by the attraction of cohesion. which, in the blood, forms a solid; and it is this coagulum. uniting with the surrounding parts, which forms the union by the first intention; for union by the first intention is no more than the living parts when separated, whether naturally or by art, forming a reciprocal attraction of cohesion with the intermediate coagulum.
The Quarrel over Hunter’s Principle
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

John Hunter said in 1786 that the living principle was distinct from elemental matter. It was “something superadded” to animate parts that was manifest in their irritability; as such, life could be recognized by its “power of resisting the operations of external chemical agency” so as to prevent decomposition in the bodies where it resided Keats’s notes on anatomy and physiology (of the course he took from Astley Cooper and Henry Cline, Jr.) are marked by elements from Hunter’s theory and experiments on life: It is supposed that Ganglia are giving power to Nerves which give involuntary Action.
The Grecian Urn
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Life was wrought, according to a majority of thinkers of the early nineteenth century, in the interplay of opposing forces. In the captured motion of the frenzied figures on its surface, and in the intense, stressed quietude of its form (and in direct defiance of the old distinction between natura naturans and natura naturata), Keats’s Grecian urn presents an image of life contained, with its contraries reconciled and energized process held at bay, and of infinite power gathered up and concentrated within a finite, hollowed space. Humboldt’s myth of “The Genius of Rhodes” and the “Ode on a Grecian Urn” find common center in their portrayal of poised young lovers bound by the implicit energy of their potential union.
English Evolution
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Keats’s letters manifest an informed knowledge of all the basic concepts on evolution available to his generation from theorists in England and Europe; this knowledge extends from the simplest notions of the biological regeneration of parts to the more sophisticated systems of embryonic formation and social development, and it even ranges to Naturphilosophie’s absorbing vision of the progress of human consciousness.
The Worlds of Soviet and American Television News
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

Nations interpret themselves and the world through the presentation of news. With the era of television, and the concentration of attention on that medium, the importance of television news has increased so powerfully that in the United States it has been credited with (or blamed for) such critical national choices as the election of presidents and the conduct of wars.
And Then Came Maude …
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

Maude was in trouble. The colorful, outspoken lead character of the popular CBS television series was pregnant and she didn’t want to be. At forty-seven, she was too old to start raising another child. The distressed Maude was prepared to accept her fate-until her daughter, Carol, sophisticated, liberated, and divorced, proposed a solution to Maude’s dilemma: abortion. “We’re free,” she assured her mother. “We finally have the right to decide what we can do with our own bodies . . . and it’s as simple as going to the dentist....[Y]ou don’t have to have the baby.
Managing Advocacy Groups
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

Justicia launched its attack during the summer of 1971, knowing that all California TV licenses were up for renewal that fall. If the networks refused to comply with the demands, Justicia was prepared to file petitions with the Federal Communications Commission, asking the agency to take away the broadcast licenses of the network-owned TV stations in Los Angeles.
Cleaning Up TV
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

One evening in 1976, Donald Wildman, a quiet, middle-aged minister, sat down to watch television with his family in his home in Tupelo, Mississippi. But instead of relaxing, he became increasingly enraged. The first program he tuned in contained “an explicit sex scene.” As Wildman later explained, “We don’t live that way, so I asked the children to change the channel.” In the next program, the characters were using “earthy” language. “We don’t use that language, and teach our children not to,” he said. So the Wildmons tried yet another channel.
Packaging Controversy
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

This special pre-screening took place one week before the episode’s scheduled broadcast on November 11, 1985. Many of those in the attendance were members of the National Organization for Women, who had been invited by the show’s producer. The protesters outside the theater were from local right to-life organizations. They had not been invited to the screening, but had heard about it through the press, where leaders of the National Right to Life Committee were publicly urging CBS to cancel the controversial episode.
From Ferment to Feedback
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1986, NBC held a private conference in Tarpon Springs, a scenic resort town on the coast of Florida. The guests for this all-expenses-paid event-entitled “The Public Interest and an Interested Public”-had been carefully chosen. Leaders of over 20 organizations were there, including the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, the PTA, the Southern Baptist Convention, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. NBC had organized five of these meetings since 1979. The agenda for this one was to “further dialogue and provide a sounding board for feelings-whether positive or negative-about the role of television in American life.”
Introduction
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F
Published: November 2023

Every year more than 2 million Americans get divorced. The divorce rate is not just a significant component of the demographics of American family life; it is also important for what it tells us about the way many Americans are introduced to the legal system. Many parties to a divorce have never before been involved in litigation, used a lawyer, or been inside a courtroom. For them, the divorce is their first serious involvement with the legal process. It is both the end of a marriage and the beginning of an education in law.
The English Experience
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

In 1754 Benjamin Franklin was performing his duties as a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, as one of two deputy postmasters general for North America, and as a delegate to the Albany Congress which adopted his proposals for uniting the colonies against the French. He was also preoccupied with the task of starting a printing business in New Haven, Connecticut. After receiving an honorary master’s degree from Yale the previous autumn, Franklin had determined, as he wrote to William Strahan, his London business associate, that the location offered “a considerable Town in which there is an University, and a Prospect that a Bookseller’s Shop with a Printing House may do pretty well.” Franklin asked Strahan to ship books, stationery, type, and a press modified to meet his specifications.
The Ideals of the Enlightenment
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Whatever its advantages may have been for libertarian press ideology, the proposition that truth would prevail in free and open de bate did not by itself say that truth should conquer falsehood. Some eighteenth-century apologists for the status quo not only questioned whether illusion and error could be eradicated, but also feared the impact new truths would have on the stability and well-being of societies. Seeing themselves as realists, thinkers from Pierre Bayle to Frederick the Great to Antoine de Rivarol excused prejudices and official lies as useful and necessary. The faith of the Enlightenment, on the other hand, was that the public could use and should have both freedom and knowledge. Individual theorists differed on how quickly the old myths could be demolished without inviting moral and governmental chaos, but agreed that religious and political tyranny relied on widespread ignorance and acquiescence.
The Enlightened Printer: Virtue and Vituperation
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

In his autobiography, Benjamin Franklin recalled how the Quakers of Pennsylvania were periodically embarrassed by their highly publicized pacifism and went along with subterfuges invented to allow them to contribute to defense preparations. He observed that he found much more prudent the conduct of a sect of German Baptists–the “Dunkers”–who refused to print any declaration of their faith for fear that they would feel bound to it and would be unwilling to receive further light from God. Franklin remarked that such modesty was perhaps unique in the history of religion since other sects supposed themselves to be in possession of all truth and thought that those who differed were just so much in the wrong.
The Prerevolutionary Printer: The Ideal of Impartiality
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

During his career as a provincial tradesman, Benjamin Franklin built a loosely structured network of fellow printers that spanned the colonies. Most of his associates had little of his ability for using journalistic artifice, and none attained anything close to his prestige, but several did hold local offices and the majority were capable publishers. They were typically his former employees and often became postmasters through his appointment. He shipped them Poor Richard almanacs and shop supplies and periodically advised them on financial and political matters. Some of his business relationships with printers were short-lived–such as those he established in attempts to start a German-language paper in Pennsylvania. Others—like his efforts to help his troublesome nephew Benjamin Mecom-involved intermittent attention to family duties.
Lonely and helpless.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

During Maria’s stay at her father’s home, Dora was much with her, and many tears and many promises consecrated their friendship. They were both down-hearted as much as it was possible for healthy women to be; no prospect of brighter days was visible.
“Trip on farther, pretty sweeting, Journeys end in lovers’ meeting.”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Maria had begun to feel the effects of the diminished prosperity of the place. There were a few who had never intended to give more than a superficial polish to their girls, which they thought could be acquired in half a year at most. And there were some who never had intended more than to send their children and to trust to Providence for the means of paying. These last were sternly dismissed at the termination of the first quarter by Miss Everard’s advice, who knew them all, and was of valuable help to Maria in this as in many other points. She no longer sent flourishing accounts to Dora, and, indeed, was rather ashamed at having done so. Had she not been told by Miss Everard a twelvemonth before that her prosperity was only temporary-that she would have a struggle to live at all? And she had buoyed up the girl with false hopes. She was much relieved by Dora’s first answer to the letter avowing her change of fortune. Dora was loving, hopeful, and full of encouragement.
Anarch custom.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

“We have to go on living whether we like it or not,” Maria said to herself, as she waited impatiently for the two little Miss Dodds to put on their bonnets after their music lesson. They were her only pupils. Mrs. Dodds had found out the necessity of their learning music when she lost all the others. Maria suspected that there was another cause, besides necessity, that brought them just at that time, and took the help gratefully, and did her best.
Eine anhang von sinnlichkeit die sich niemals concentrirt,
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

The person that most puzzled Sarah among her new acquaintances was Mrs. Overton. Since the cook at the great house had pronounced her “a cut above Turners,” Sarah had been desirous of her acquaintance, and had scrutinized her behaviour remorselessly. In the first place, Sarah saw no· reason why she should come at all; she did not belong to the parish, nor, indeed, did she come to the Sunday performances, nor care to learn what was requisite to take part in them. She presented herself in a costly dress, with numerous accompaniments, and talked and smiled a good deal. She assured the girls that this was only an old thing, looking on the rich satin or velvet; that, in fact, she had given over wearing it, it was so shabby. But she thought it would do, “for, you know, I only just come to practice,” so she hoped they would excuse it.
Every heart knoweth its own bitterness.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Poor old Mrs. Turner sat by the breakfast-room fire and meditated sorrowfully over her fallen fortunes. She was reduced to the one small room, in order to save fire and labour to the one servant, and the one daughter, who willingly put her hand to the work. She thought of the time when it had been her hand that had aided in the struggle to rise, of the slow but hopeful course of the fight, of the almost success that she had attained to, of her noble boys and beautiful daughters, of the last and best of them all, and of her failure. And then, as most people do who suffer, she asked why should she suffer so? What had she done that she should suffer so? She saw not the connection between her actions and their consequences, when she looked back over her life.
“Tearlessly, fearlessly, The day of trial bear, For gloriously, victoriously, Can courage quell despair.”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Worn and broken with misery, Mr. Turner, dragged himself about the house and the mill. He spent much time sitting by the counting-house fire, and watching Sammy, active and vigorous, pushing the work and seldom coming to him for help and advice, and Sammy, conscious that he was not trusted, let him alone. They both wondered why Thelwal did not come and make an end. Sam thought they were, at least, making something, and ought to take the opportunity as long as it lasted. Perhaps they might be able to make terms when the man came.
Scripture and the Quest for Holiness in Late Antiquity
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

The desert hermeneutic emerged in response to the pressing questions that filled the world of fourth-century Egypt. Two aspects of this world, the religious climate in which Egyptian monasticism was born and the quest for holiness that characterized the fourth century, are particularly important for situating the desert monks’ approach to Scripture in its living context. This means, first of all, placing the desert hermeneutic in relation to early Egyptian Christianity and the rise of monasticism there. Given the cultural, social, and religious complexity of the Egypt in which Christianity arose, and the wide range of possible influences on Egyptian Christianity, it is impossible to provide a simple account of monasticism’s rise and development. However, it is possible to make a rough sketch of some of the characteristic features of early Egyptian Christianity; such a picture can help to demonstrate the plausibility of strong biblical influence upon the birth and growth of Egyptian monasticism. In light of the many claims that have been made for the prominence of non-Christian influences on the origins of monasticism and for the irrelevance of the biblical tradition to the early monastic movement, such a reassessment is important and necessary. Second, we need to widen our field of vision to situate the desert hermeneutic within the debate on the holy between pagans and Christians in late antiquity. A comparison of their respective strategies for seeking holiness will reveal the extent to which the questions motivating the monastic quest were part of a larger conversation about the meaning of holiness in late antiquity. Such a comparison will also help to identify the characteristic features of the monastic quest for holiness and to suggest the significance of Scripture in shaping early monastic spirituality.
The Commandment of Love
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

Love was at the heart of the desert fathers’ world. Whatever diverse motives may have first drawn them to the desert, whatever particular struggles occupied them during their sojourn there, the end of all their longings was ultimately expressed as love. The language, the attitudes, and the actions of the desert fathers were filled with this longing, with the desire to be touched and transformed by love. Nearly every significant act in the Sayings either moved toward or grew out of the commandment to love. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the biblical commandment to love, more than any other, defined and gave shape to the world in which the desert fathers lived. The memories of that world, preserved by later generations of monks, suggest that love was seen as the hallmark of early monastic life. A brother once asked an old man why in these[latter] days the monastic life did not bear the kind of fruit it had born in earlier days. The elder answered him simply and directly: “In those days there was charity.” 1 The desire to remember the days when life in the desert was characterized by love accounts for the many stories preserved in the Sayings which portray the desert fathers’ struggles to love.
Initiation
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

Yeats thought of it as an “experiment.” In a moment of uncertainty Pound admitted that he feared his stay at Stone Cottage would “not be in the least profitable.” Neither poet knew exactly what to expect when he arrived in Sussex in the second week of November 1913. Having boasted to family and friends of his privileged position in Yeats’s coterie, Pound needed to express his doubts about the experiment in case his mentor decided it had failed.
War Poetsby the Waste Moor
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

When the first issue of Blast, the journal of the Great English Vortex, appeared early in the summer of 1914, Pound took the opportunity to satirize his own desire to establish the “Order of the Brothers Minor.” His poem “Fratres Minores” was considered too ribald for even so disreputable a venue as Blast, and before the journal was distributed, the publisher demanded that the first and last two lines of the poem be blotted out with heavy black lines.
Ghosts Patched with Histories
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

On the afternoon of Saturday, August 10, 1901, Anne Moberly and Eleanor Jourdain, the principal and vice-principal of St. Hugh’s College, Oxford, were strolling through the gardens of Versailles and found themselves transported back into the eighteenth century. At the time, neither one of them comprehended what had happened.
Reading the Tradition: The Rhetoric of Transcendentalist Scholarship
Authors: Carafiol Peter
Published: November 2023

Though it may be my particular vestige of the national chauvinism I attack in this work, I believe that the history of American Literary Scholarship displays with particular force the continuing problems of a literary historiography that is still working its way out of idealism. As a constraint on possible interpretations, the notion of “America” has always both enabled and confined the beliefs even of its adherents. That was, in fact, its purpose. The marks of that confinement appear in the peculiar shapes American literary criticism has had to twist itself into to describe its subject. The patient willingness of criticism to do so measures the power of the idea. “America” was important enough to make those rhetorical contortions worthwhile.
Lesbian and Gay Documentary: Minority Self-Imaging, Oppositional Film Practice, and the Question of Image Ethics
Authors: Waugh Thomas
Published: November 2023

Ever since Stonewall, the Greenwich Village upnsmg of street gay people against the police that symbolically inaugurated the era of gay liberation, documentary film has been a primary means by which lesbians and gay men have carried out their liberation struggle. Most of the Western industrial democracies have seen a lively proliferation of documentaries by lesbians and gay men, gaining momentum in particular in the late seventies. This proliferation has occurred both within the mainstream media and within the alternative circuits and has aimed at both general and specialized audiences, gay and non-gay.
The Poetry of Property
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

Despite his part in its composition, Wordsworth regarded the Rime as an embarrassment and held it to blame for the cool reception accorded to the Lyrical Ballads. When he reissued the volume in 1800, he removed the Rime from its position of prominence at the head of the volume to the deep obscurity of the penultimate spot, just ahead of “Tintern Abbey.” A note provided his readers with an exposition of the ambivalence the poem aroused in him:
The Heterogeneity of the Biographia Literaria
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

The Biographia Literaria represents Coleridge’s fullest response to questions about the nature of identity, the nature of imagination, and the nature of the relationship between one man’s voice and another’s. Such questions had been critical seventeen years before, when he and Wordsworth still worked together, and for Coleridge they were still urgent; but Wordsworth no longer cared what his former friend thought about it all. Had Wordsworth had the patience to read the great unwieldy mess of a book that straggled into print so long after their friendship had ended, he might not have known what he was looking at. For the Biographia’s method-if it can be called that-is indirect, even hysterical: its diseases are more eloquent than its arguments.
Red/White American
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

By the late 1960s, I had read Black Elk Speaks—a strangely troubling, still visionary story by John Neihardt about my northern plains home. During my last semester in graduate school, a Japanese-American friend lent me a new novel, House Made of Dawn, by a Kiowa writer as yet unknown (Momaday’s Pulitzer was a few months away). Then in the spring of 1969 Playboy published “Anthropologists and Other Friends,” from Vine Deloria, Jr.’s outrageously titled Custer Died For Your Sins. The line was borrowed from a bumper sticker to goad missionaries. The Playboy essay was illustrated with a casually dressed contemporary Indian pinned in a specimen box. I read it in the city engineer’s drafting room in Alliance, Nebraska, where I worked during college vacations. Alliance rednecks didn’t consider Indians funny or literate; my callow stereotypes shattered.
Comic Accommodations: Momaday and Norman
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

“It seems to me that the humor in your writing is underexamined critically,” Charles Woodard says to N. Scott Momaday in Ancestral Voice. “Yes, I think it may be difficult to perceive some of my humor because it is understated, and it doesn’t always come off as humor.” For a novel laden with pain, House Made of Dawn is counterbalanced not with Erdrich’s nurturing humor or the plains cut of Welch’s winter, but in a lyrically tempered irony. The novel’s sense of personal tragedy is mediated by a tribal sense of ceremony and historic renewal, the rebirth of spring from winter. “We may call it the drama of the green world,” Northrop Frye writes of Shakespearean comedy, “its plot beingassimilated to the ritual theme of the triumph of life and love over the waste land.” 2 House Made of Dawn cyclically dramatizes Frye’s paradigm of a “comic” spring: integration (coming home), purgation (of racism, war, and death), inverse renewal (the dawn of a new cycle). Despite sufferings, the fiction projects the “able” resurrection of Cain’s slain brother, struggling to regain a native place in his grandfather’s fields. This Adamic vision prefigures a generation of American Indians re emergent from older traditions.
Breil’s Score for The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Marks Martin Miller
Published: November 2023

This and the next chapter contain studies of contrasting scores for two enduring silent films. The first, The Birth of a Nation (1915), is a three-hour epic with a compiled score by a minor American composer. The second, Entr’acte (1924), is a twenty-minute non-narrative comedy with an original score by an influential figure in the French avant-garde. Each composer worked in collaboration with the director of the film, an unusual arrangement during the silent period; each sought to compose music uniquely suited to a particular film, yet each employed techniques found in various scores considered above.
Erik Satie’s Score for Entr’acte
Authors: Marks Martin Miller
Published: November 2023

Entr’acte is the first original film score of consequence by an avant-garde composer; it has been highly praised and, in one published study, even termed a model of film music. In the following analysis, the case is made for hearing it not so much as a “model,” but as a unique solution to the problems posed by a nonnarrative film. In some respects the music recalls earlier scores discussed above, for, like L’Assassinat, Entr’acte is a unified, continuous piece, composed for a small orchestra and lasting about twenty minutes. But the film’s unconventional nature forced Satie (or rather, reinforced his customary desire) to compose unconventional music; and his score called into question the prevailing film music aesthetic of its time—as exemplified by The Birth of a Nation—on behalf of an avantgarde that was seeking new forms and meanings in the artful combination of music and image.
Content and Prevalence of Psychopathology in World Religions
Authors: Greenberg David , Witztum Eliezer
Published: November 2023

Religious affiliation involves a perpetual commitment to a body of beliefs and practices for all moments and situations, and includes a belief in a superior controlling being. But what are the effects of religious affiliation on mental health? Does a commitment to unprovable beliefs and the practice of repetitive rituals aid us by giving legitimized expression to irrational and compulsive elements in us? Alternatively, do these practices encourage the development of psychiatric disorders? Does participation in a close religious group protect against the stress of social and ideological isolation (e.g., Durkheim, 1972), thereby preventing mental illness, or does it precipitate disorder by subordinating the members’ individual needs to the common good? Could it be that this either-or choice is too simplistic, and that religious affiliation may be pathogenic for some while being therapeutic for others? Or could it be that these religious factors are trivial in their capacity to influence the emergence of mental illness (e.g., Siskind, 1971), in contrast to such powerful factors as heredity (Mullan & Murray, 1989) and major life events (Day et al., 1987)?
The “Literal Reading” of Biblical Narrative in the Christian Tradition: Does It Stretch or Will It Break?
Authors: Frei Hans W
Published: November 2023

An outsider to the lively, cacophonous discussion among contemporary theorists of literature is bound to wonder whether the very term “narrative tradition” isn’t one more among the hypostatized constants, like the “canon” of literature or the notion of “literariness,’’ which some of the discussants want to consign to dissolution. As a Christian theologian rather than a literary or biblical scholar, I shall not try to position the Bible in relation to this putative tradition; instead, I will comment on what I perceive to be a wide, though of course not unanimous, traditional consensus among Christians in the West on the primacy of the literal reading of the Bible, on its connection with narrative, on its present status and future outlook.

Much of the essay will be taken up with “hermeneutics,” the theory of the interpretation of texts and of the character of under standing going into that activity. The exposition will be complex because both the theory itself and the criticisms often mounted against it today are complex, not to say esoteric.
Positive Christianity versus Positivism at Noah Porter’s Yale
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

The announcement in the late 1860s that Yale’s president Theodore Dwight Woolsey would retire in the spring of 1871 sparked excited talk of turning the college into a university. Yale was the flagship evangelical college and long had been in the forefront of national trends. Cornell had opened its doors in 1868 and in 1869 Harvard inaugurated President Charles Eliot, a relatively young man clearly in the progressive camp. Yale alumni started a “Young Yale” movement centered in New York1 and called for a similar choice at their alma mater. The leading progressive candidate was Daniel Coit Gilman,2 a Yale graduate and the principal administrative officer at Yale’s Sheffield Scientific School. Gilman had already turned down two college presidencies and was known to favor transforming the college into a true university. The conservative Yale Corporation, still virtually all Connecticut clergymen, chose instead Noah Porter, the college’s professor of moral philosophy. Porter (1811-1892) had been one of the leading figures during the recent decades of Yale’s preeminence, was a champion of the classical curriculum, and promised to preserve the old-time college ideal.Modernization at Midcentury Yale Although in the 1870s Porter looked like a conservative, at midcentury he had been part of a generation of New Haven scholars who had fostered some important modernizing trends within the old-time college structures. Most significantly the midcentury Yale scholars were part of the first generation of Americans to define scholarship as a profession. In New England, theology had long dominated intellectual life. Theology in turn had led the way toward professionalization, signaled by the establishment of theological seminaries, such as Andover (1808), or separate divinity schools at colleges, such as the Theology Department of Yale (begun in 1822). The next generation of New Haven scholars, coming on the scene around midcentury, marked a new stage in professionalization.
Methodological Secularization and Its Christian Rationale at Hopkins
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

In the meantime Daniel Coit Gilman had made the most of his opportunity back East. The Johns Hopkins University opened its doors in 1876 and remained under Gilman’s leadership until his retirement in 1901. Unlike his situation in California, Gilman had almost complete control over his institution. One of the legacies of the old-time colleges that the founders of the new universities typically retained was the wide discretionary power of the president. With a relatively free hand to implement his dream for a university, Gilman quickly built Johns Hopkins into America’s leading graduate university, setting the standards for others to emulate. Johns Hopkins is often thought of as a thoroughly secular institution and in many respects it was. Yet Gilman’s background of religious concerns, both at Yale and in California, cast a light on the character of that secularity. Gilman was, as we have seen, a moderately liberal Congregationalist, who had studied theology and seriously considered the ministry. If he had entered that profession, he would have been a colleague congenial to Horace Bushnell, or Henry Ward Beecher, or perhaps in later years to Beecher’s successor in Brooklyn, Lyman Abbot. As a candidate for the Yale presidency, his orthodoxy had apparently not been at issue. Subsequently he had taken as his second wife Elizabeth Dwight Woolsey, niece of Yale’s former president Woolsey, thus retaining a full Yale pedigree. He always remained active in Christian concerns, and he approached what D. G. Hart calls his “academic ministry” 1 at Hopkins with a New Englander’s sense of Christian calling. Christianity” at the university, an ideal with which he could readily concur.3
The Road to Damascus
Authors: Macneil Ian R
Published: November 2023

Looking back over the story I have told, we see that in 1925 Congress exercised its constitutional powers over federal courts and enacted the USAA as a procedural statute to govern proceedings in federal courts.1 Thirteen year later, the Supreme Court decided a case totally unrelated to the USAA, Erie RR. v. Tompkins (U.S. 1938).2 There the Court held that actions in federal courts based on diversity of citizenship of the parties should be governed by state law. Eighteen years later, in Bernhardt v. Polygraphic Co. of America, Inc. (U.S. 1956),3 the Court quite reasonably applied that principle to the state law of arbitration.4 Again, this was not a case involving the USAA.
Contracts and the Market
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

By 1900, contract doctrine had risen from this position of obscurity to become, in the eyes of most American lawyers, the center piece of the system of private law. Over the course of the intervening century, one topic after another had been swept within its ambit. Employment relations, long regulated by the law of “master and servant” (which itself had incorporated many customary norms), were now governed for the most part by the same principles used to manage sales of goods. Leases had come to be thought of as contracts (albeit as special kinds of con­ tracts) instead of as creatures of the law of property.3 The law of agency, whose practical importance had increased enormously with the proliferation of private corporations, was deemed by most commentators and courts a subset of the law of contracts.4 Many tort doctrines tradition­ ally thought to be non waivable (such as the rule that common carriers are strictly liable for damage to cargo) could now be overridden by con­ tracts.5 Finally, when economic change presented the courts with new topics for classification and resolution-such as whether an employer must compensate an employee who is injured through the negligence of another employee-they usually looked for guidance to contract theories rather than, for example, tort theories.
Legal Education and Legal Scholarship
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

While the Realist debates over educational policy concerned curriculum primarily, they fall into a broader set of arguments conducted among lawyers in the 1920s and 1930s, arguments that had themselves been ebbing and flowing over the course of a century.

Justice Story had warned a local bar association in 1835 of the “fearful calamity which threatens us, of being buried alive ... in the labyrinths of the law.” Story believed that the only way out of these catacombs was through the “habits of generalization,” to be furnished by a separate university education in law.1 By 1870, Dean Christopher Columbus Lang­ dell had begun to achieve such a school at Harvard. Langdell’s pioneering case method, while not original-instruction in the principles of law through carefully selected appellate opinions had been tried in the 1860s, notably at New York University-did permit the law, in Holmes’ words, to be “generalized and reduced to a system.”2 And it was economical: no student needed regularly to recite a lesson, thus taking up the faculty’s time; instead, all the students in a class, numbering up to two hundred, had to prepare to be asked questions each day. As practiced by Lang dell himself, however, the result was no more compelling than the old­ fashioned law lectures mocked by Flaubert and Swift. Roscoe Pound admitted that as a student he found Lang dell boring. But although Lang­ dell did all the talking, nonetheless, he “was always worried about ‘Why?’ and ‘How?’ He didn’t care particularly whether you knew a rule or could state the rule or not, but how did the court do this and why did it do it?”
Autumn 1932-December 1933: The Battle for Public Opinion and the White House
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

The collapse of the efforts to have broadcast reform legislation considered and passed by Congress in the spring of 1932 marked the beginning of an eighteen-month period in which Congress barely considered any communications legislation. During this interregnum, the broadcast reform movement basically came to abandon lobbying on Capitol Hill and directed its attention and resources in other directions. Perhaps most important, the reformers attempted to generate public recognition of and support for broadcast reform. This chapter will chronicle the various efforts of the reformers along these lines, with particular emphasis upon the battle for the allegiance of the newspaper industry and the efforts to gain favorable press coverage of the debate over radio broadcasting. In addition, the reformers attempted to win the newly elected Roosevelt administration to its cause, engaging in a ferocious fight with the commercial broadcasters for the president’s allegiance. After analyzing this confrontation, this chapter will conclude by discussing the steps taken by the Roosevelt administration in the final months of 1933 to lay the groundwork for legislation to establish the permanent regulation of radio broadcasting and all of communications.
December 1933-January 1935: The Statutory Consolidation of the Status Quo
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

Although the network-dominated, advertising-supported system of U.S. broadcasting largely had stabilized in an economic sense as an industry by 1932 or 1933, its legal status remained indeterminate considering the temporary basis of regulation mandated by the Radio Act of 1927 through the FRC. Given the generally accepted nature of the ether as a public resource subject to public control, this was hardly a tenable situation for the two major chains and the other major beneficiaries of what was routinely termed the status quo. These groups wished to see permanent legislation enacted that would crystallize commercial broadcasting, thereby removing substantive broadcast policy issues from the range of legitimate topics that could be addressed by Congress and the public in subsequent years.
Introductory note to *1946/9
Authors: Stein Howard
Published: November 2023

1The texts (see the textual notes for a full description) from which these two versions have been selected for publication herea are all preparatory to the article 1949a, published by Gödel himself, and were destined for the volume Schilpp 1949 in which that article appeared. As has been remarked in the introductory note to 1949a (these Works, Volume II, pages 199-201), these papers are in content by no means mere prelimi nary drafts of that article: they are quite extended essays on a subject rather different from that of 1949a; and, it seems fair to say, they reveal far more of Godel’s philosophic views on the physical world and our knowledge thereof (his views, that is, on the metaphysics and epistemology of natural knowledge).
“Further Liftings of the Veil”: Gender, Class, and Labor in Frances E. W.
Authors: leroy Harper’s iola , Peterson Carla L
Published: November 2023

In conjunction with other recent critical movements, black feminist criticism has emphasized the extent to which the American literary tradition has worked to silence what it has deemed “minor” writing. One of the major goals of this scholarship has consequently been the recovery of nineteenth-century texts by African-American women that have been written out of literary history and thus lost to twentieth-century readers. Prominent among these has been Frances Ellen Watkins Harper’s 1892 novel, Iola Leroy. To date, the recovery and critical appreciation of this novel have been undertaken primarily by scholars who, in reading according to familiar paradigms, have placed it within the context of sentimental culture and analyzed its heroine, Iola, as a revised “tragic mulatta” figure. In so doing, they have in turn silenced crucial aspects of the novel that are only now beginning to receive critical attention. In this essay, I join with those critics seeking to give voice to some of the silences that have been imposed on Iola Leroy by literary history and criticism as well as by an insufficiency of archival research. I also speculate on the extent to which our silences of interpretation might in fact be attributable to Harper’s own silencing in her novel of certain problematical issues surrounding black self-representation in the post-Reconstruction era. Throughout, however, I remain mindful of the fact that textual ;:;ilences can never fully be recovered and that interpretive readings are always partial.
How Many of Us Can You Hold to Your Breast?”: Mothering in the Academy
Authors: George Diana Hume
Published: November 2023

More than in any other human relationship, overwhelmingly more, motherhood means being constantly interruptible, responsive, responsible. Children need one now. The very fact that these are real needs, that one feels them as one’s own (love, not duty), that there is no one else responsible for these needs, gives them primacy. It is distraction, not meditation, that becomes habitual; interruption, not continuity.
Teaching From the Open Closet
Authors: Mark Rebecca
Published: November 2023

For those of us (few in number, for the way is punishing), their kin and descendants who begin to emerge into a more flowered and rewarded use of ourselves in ways denied to them-and by our achievement bearing witness to what was (and still is) being lost, silenced.
Cognitive Desires: An Allegory oflfor Chicana Critics
Authors: Alarc6n Norma
Published: November 2023

As I write this I cannot help but realize that it is 1992, the year of the quincentenary, marking the “encounter,” as the Anglo-Spanish promoters call it, between Europeans and the indigenous in the Americas for whom it is more of an agonistic than celebrative occasion. Thus for those of us who continue to exist on the downside of the “encounter,” remembrance is more the commemoration of a deadly collision that continues to kill and produce anger and grief in the context of multinational capitalist “development” and exploitation that carries over into institutions, even academic ones, in ways that we have yet to clarify. In my view, then, the academic allegory for Chicana critics refers to that woman of Mexican descent who claims the name Chicana, lives in the United States, may even be a descendant of natives or long-time residents, and, most importantly, refuses to forget that she is also the descendant of peoples, some of whose names have disappeared, who have been engaged in continuous conflict with state and institutional power structures that wish to repress the memory of the unsavory consequences of conquest, colonization, dislocation, discrimination, and their historical transformation. Though the allegory is one pertaining to an academic power structure, I would like to make the connection that the consequences of imperialisms and their multiple transformations are not only pertinent to the political economy but cognitive as well, for it is within academic institutions that knowledge production may be “recycled” into narratives that support the national(istic) status quo.
The Great Unexamined”: Silence, Speech, and Class
Authors: Robinson Lillian s.
Published: November 2023

Tillie Olsen’s San Francisco apartment is directly across the street from the Chinese consulate. In June of 1989, during the student occupation of Tienanmen Square, this location gave her a literal window on the local response to events in Beijing. “The Chinese students were alone out there today,” she reported to me, after we learned that the troops had fired, “but tomorrow there’s a much bigger demonstration. Do you have a marker I can borrow to make a poster?” She came to my apartment a block away and I gave her my red marker. The next day, as we gathered in the narrow street in front of the consulate, hers was the only sign I could read.
The Creative Product
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

Stacey Giles is seated at a word processor in a small office that could be anywhere but happens to be on the Universal lot in Los Angeles. She is one of four writers of a situation comedy called Cloud Nine. Cloud Nine is in its third year on a network. In this sense it is a success. It is not, however, a hit. It has barely survived and is in serious trouble now, in February 1994. It is considered unlikely for renewal. This means that it might not make the critical fourth season, the season that would give it enough episodes for an afterlife as a rerun in the syndication market. On that depends any kind of serious profit for its owners. Right now, Stacey is concerned only about the word processor screen in front of her. She is writing a scene for what could be the final episode of Cloud Nine. She is a skilled writer, widely read, clever, with a thorough knowledge of the medium and the form in which she is working. She has worked for Lear and Tinker and has written for Cheers, The Cosby Show, Eight Is Enough, and a lot of other shows that never got past the paper or pilot stage.
Hawthorne’s ‘‘Wakefield’’ and the Art of Self-Possession
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

To ground a view of the self in American letters on Hawthorne’s slight, wispy story “Wakefield” may seem to be a foolhardy enterprise. This odd parable of a man walking out on his wife after ten years of marriage, then settling down in a flat one block away in order to survey—for some twenty years—the effect he is having, finally to return to his hearth, is a distinct oddball in the Hawthorne corpus, a kind of radiant metaphoric narrative for which no sure key is provided.1 Mainstream Hawthorne criticism has, by and large, regarded “Wakefield” as either minor or flawed, and we are therefore justified in looking abroad, in the direction of Borges, for the revisionist reading that begins to take the measure of this strange tale. Borges, it will be recalled, singles out “Wakefield” for his highest praise, rating it above The Scarlet Letter and savoring in it the modernist concerns with identity and enigma that we associate with Gide, Kafka, and Pirandello.
Melville: Knowing Bartleby
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

Hawthorne’s story of the crafty Wakefield and his scheme of self-possession goes a long way toward positing the nineteenth-century self as riddle, indeed as construct. Hawthorne’s own sense of ghostliness, his acute understanding of what it means to be Nobody, may seem surprisingly modernist to us. But there is a line of spectral figures in the fiction of the last century—Wakefield, Poe’s Man of the Crowd, and Bartleby, to name the best known—whose antics not only call into question the conventions of the novel (how does one “plot” a figure who is trying to be real?) but also reveal some of the demiurgic energies that go into the fashioning of a self. Poe’s man, it will be remembered, is relentlessly tracked by the narrator throughout the streets of London at all hours of the day and night, only to be apotheosized as a new urban species, a “man of the crowd” who has no “private” bearings at all, who exists solely (and vampirishly) as a function of the city populace.