bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parasitismo de ovos de Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em lavoura de arroz irrigado, Eldorado do Sul, RS
Authors: Idalgo Thiago Della Nina , Sant'Ana Josue , Redaelli Luiza Rodrigues , Pires Patricia Daniela da Silva
Published: October 2015

O percevejo-do-colmo, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), é uma importante praga da cultura do arroz no Brasil. O presente trabalho objetivou registrar a ocorrência de parasitoides de ovos de T. limbativentris em lavoura de arroz irrigado, situada no município de Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. A área (603 m2) foi vistoriada semanalmente, de 21/01/2010 a 03/03/2010, coletando-se posturas do percevejo-do-colmo. Constatou-se somente a ocorrência de Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) como parasitoide de ovos, sendo o índice de parasitismo de 75%. Este é o primeiro registro de T. podisi em ovos do percevejo-do-colmo em lavouras de arroz no Rio Grande do Sul.
Extrarenal Progenitor Cells Do Not Contribute to Renal Endothelial Repair
Authors: Sradnick Jan , Rong Song , Luedemann Anika , Parmentier Simon P. , Bartaun Christoph , Todorov Vladimir T. , Gueler Faikah , Hugo Christian P. , Hohenstein Bernd
Published: October 2015

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may be relevant contributors to endothelial cell (EC) repair in various organ systems. In this study, we investigated the potential role of EPCs in renal EC repair. We analyzed the major EPC subtypes in murine kidneys, blood, and spleens after induction of selective EC injury using the concanavalin A/anti-concanavalin A model and after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury as well as the potential of extrarenal cells to substitute for injured local EC. Bone marrow transplantation (BMTx), kidney transplantation, or a combination of both were performed before EC injury to allow distinction of extrarenal or BM-derived cells from intrinsic renal cells. During endothelial regeneration, cells expressing markers of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) were the most abundant EPC subtype in kidneys, but were not detected in blood or spleen. Few cells expressing markers of EC colony-forming units (EC-CFUs) were detected. In BM chimeric mice (C57BL/6 with tandem dimer Tomato-positive [tdT+] BM cells), circulating and splenic EC-CFUs were BM-derived (tdT+), whereas cells positive for ECFC markers in kidneys were not. Indeed, most BM-derived tdT+ cells in injured kidneys were inflammatory cells. Kidneys from C57BL/6 donors transplanted into tdT+ recipients with or without prior BMTx from C57BL/6 mice were negative for BM-derived or extrarenal ECFCs. Overall, extrarenal cells did not substitute for any intrinsic ECs. These results demonstrate that endothelial repair in mouse kidneys with acute endothelial lesions depends exclusively on local mechanisms.
The Vacuolar H+-ATPase B1 Subunit Polymorphism p.E161K Associates with Impaired Urinary Acidification in Recurrent Stone Formers
Authors: Dhayat Nasser A. , Schaller Andre , Albano Giuseppe , Poindexter John , Griffith Carolyn , Pasch Andreas , Gallati Sabina , Vogt Bruno , Moe Orson W. , Fuster Daniel G.
Published: October 2015

Mutations in the vacuolar–type H+-ATPase B1 subunit gene ATP6V1B1 cause autosomal–recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). We previously identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human B1 subunit (c.481G>A; p.E161K) that causes greatly diminished pump function in vitro. To investigate the effect of this SNP on urinary acidification, we conducted a genotype-phenotype analysis of recurrent stone formers in the Dallas and Bern kidney stone registries. Of 555 patients examined, 32 (5.8%) were heterozygous for the p.E161K SNP, and the remaining 523 (94.2%) carried two wild–type alleles. After adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, and dietary acid and alkali intake, p.E161K SNP carriers had a nonsignificant tendency to higher urinary pH on a random diet (6.31 versus 6.09; P=0.09). Under an instructed low–Ca and low–Na diet, urinary pH was higher in p.E161K SNP carriers (6.56 versus 6.01; P<0.01). Kidney stones of p.E161K carriers were more likely to contain calcium phosphate than stones of wild-type patients. In acute NH4Cl loading, p.E161K carriers displayed a higher trough urinary pH (5.34 versus 4.89; P=0.01) than wild-type patients. Overall, 14.6% of wild-type patients and 52.4% of p.E161K carriers were unable to acidify their urine below pH 5.3 and thus, can be considered to have incomplete dRTA. In summary, our data indicate that recurrent stone formers with the vacuolar H+-ATPase B1 subunit p.E161K SNP exhibit a urinary acidification deficit with an increased prevalence of calcium phosphate–containing kidney stones. The burden of E161K heterozygosity may be a forme fruste of dRTA.
Interaction of the EGF Receptor and the Hippo Pathway in the Diabetic Kidney
Authors: Chen Jianchun , Harris Raymond C.
Published: October 2015

Activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) or the Hippo signaling pathway can control cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and the dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to tumorigenesis. Previous studies showed that activation of EGFR signaling in renal epithelial cells can exacerbate diabetic kidney injury. Moreover, EGFR has been implicated in regulating the Hippo signaling pathway in Drosophila; thus, we examined this potential interaction in mammalian diabetic kidney disease. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional regulator regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. We found YAP protein expression and phosphorylation were upregulated in diabetic mouse renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, which were inhibited in diabetic proximal tubule EGFR-knockout mice (EGFR
ptKO
) or administration of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Furthermore, activation of an EGFR-PI3K-Akt-CREB signaling pathway mediated YAP gene expression and YAP nuclear translocation and interaction with the TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factor complex, which led to upregulated expression of two TEAD-dependent genes, the connective tissue growth factor and amphiregulin genes. In a renal proximal tubule cell line, either pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of EGFR, Akt, or CREB blunted YAP expression in response to high-glucose treatment. Additionally, knocking down YAP expression by specific siRNA inhibited cell proliferation in response to high glucose or exogenous EGF. Therefore, these results link the Hippo pathway to EGFR-mediated renal epithelial injury in diabetes.
Sustained Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Drives AKI to CKD Progression
Authors: Xiao Liangxiang , Zhou Dong , Tan Roderick J. , Fu Haiyan , Zhou Lili , Hou Fan Fan , Liu Youhua
Published: October 2015

AKI is increasingly recognized as a major risk factor for progression to CKD. However, the factors governing AKI to CKD progression are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated this issue using moderate (20 minutes) and severe (30 minutes) ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice. Moderate IRI led to acute kidney failure and transient Wnt/β-catenin activation, which was followed by the restoration of kidney morphology and function. However, severe IRI resulted in sustained and exaggerated Wnt/β-catenin activation, which was accompanied by development of renal fibrotic lesions characterized by interstitial myofibroblast activation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. To assess the role of sustained Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mediating AKI to CKD progression, we manipulated this signaling by overexpression of Wnt ligand or pharmacologic inhibition of β-catenin. In vivo, overexpression of Wnt1 at 5 days after IRI induced β-catenin activation and accelerated AKI to CKD progression. Conversely, blockade of Wnt/β-catenin by small molecule inhibitor ICG-001 at this point hindered AKI to CKD progression. In vitro, Wnt ligands induced renal interstitial fibroblast activation and promoted fibronectin expression. However, activated fibroblasts readily reverted to a quiescent phenotype after Wnt ligands were removed, suggesting that fibroblast activation requires persistent Wnt signaling. These results indicate that sustained, but not transient, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has a decisive role in driving AKI to CKD progression.
Celebrating 50 years of haemophilia care at the Royal Free Hospital
Authors: Nathwani Amit
Published: October 2015

In recent decades, few disorders have benefited more from scientific research than haemophilia. Those living with the condition have witnessed improved standards of care resulting in dramatic improvements in quality of life. The Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit has made a proud contribution to this improvement in care.
The road to cloning of factor VIII and the recombinant era
Authors: Tuddenham Edward
Published: October 2015

Use of recombinant clotting factor now represents the standard of care in haemophilia across the developed world. But the recombinant era would not have occurred without the isolation from plasma of factor VIII in sufficient quantities to allow characterisation and cloning. Much of this development work occurred at the Royal Free Hospital.
Blood borne infections and haemophilia: the worst of times
Authors: Lee Christine A.
Published: October 2015

The HIV and hepatitis C epidemics of the 1980s represent the darkest days in the history of modern haemophilia care. The haemophilia centre at the Royal Free Hospital was at the forefront of research into the natural history of both diseases. This work led directly to the widespread use of recombinant products, as well as the establishment of combined haemophilia clinics with hepatologists and HIV physicians.
Diagnosis and management of inhibitors: the need for professional collaboration
Authors: Collins Peter
Published: October 2015

Advances in the understanding of haemophilia require effective collaboration, both at the national and international levels. Such collaborations are currently playing a major role in elucidating the natural history of acquired haemophilia, and also in clarifying the issue of product-related inhibitor development in previously untreated patients with haemophilia.
Supporting outreach programmes for haemophilia diagnostics
Authors: McCraw Angus
Published: October 2015

The Katharine Dormandy haemophilia centre has played an enormous role over many years in providing outreach programmes to centres in developing countries. Doing so offers the potential to improve patient care by enhancing understanding of the need for accurate diagnosis and management.
The modern challenges of haemophilia care in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Mathias Mary , Pollard Debra
Published: October 2015

Modern haemophilia care based on good diagnosis and effective prophylaxis has allowed boys born with haemophilia to grow up leading essentially normal lives. Nevertheless, there remain challenges notably those posed by inhibitors and patient expectations. There is now a significant cohort of men in their 30s, 40s and 50s who have been looked after extremely well but many of whom now have significant ankle arthropathy because they played football, even when advised not to do so at a time when prophylaxis was limited or started late. The imminent era of longer-acting clotting factors and gene therapy will also impact on future patient expectations. Meeting and managing these challenges will be much enhanced by the development and maintenance of good relationships between the patient and the haemophilia team.
Musculoskeletal care in haemophilia: the importance of the joint team approach
Authors: Mann Haroon , McLaughlin Paul
Published: October 2015

The multidisciplinary team approach to providing comprehensive care is the cornerstone of the management of musculoskeletal issues in haemophilia. At the Royal Free the team takes a holistic approach to musculoskeletal disease management that is not just about assessment of a painful knee or having an operation. It recognises that patients sit on a spectrum of musculoskeletal disease severity that is dependent on age and the type of treatments available and the issues that may have been experienced with those treatments. The patient’s own goals sit at the heart of the team’s approach.
Gynaecological and obstetric care for women with inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: Abdul-Kadir Rezan
Published: October 2015

The issue of women with bleeding disorders was first reported by Professor von Willebrand in 1926, but it is only from around the mid 1990s that the issue has been fully recognised. Much of this is due to the vision and hard work of Professor Christine Lee and colleagues at the Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre. This work has led to better diagnosis, better quality care and improved quality of life for women with bleeding disorders.
Living Within Limits: Unpleasant Experiences From the Perspective of Patients After Cardiac Surgery, a Content Analysis Study
Authors: Hosseini Mohammadali , Pourghane Parand , Mohammadi Farahnaz , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Tabari Rasoul
Published: October 2015

Background: Cardio vascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death around the world and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has proven to be the most effective treatment for ischemic coronary heart diseases when other treatments are ineffective. Despite the perceived improvement in the health of patients undergoing CABG, there are problems that result from operations after they are discharged from hospital. Provision of information is an integral part of most psychological interventions. Having a clearer understanding of patients’ experiences will be helpful to healthcare workers with respect to patients’ care and education planning. Caring science places more attention on the patient's everyday life from his/her perspective. Most of the studies conducted in Iran used a quantitative method or measured care needs according to pre-defined criteria. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of patients who have undergone cardiac surgery, in order to obtain a deeper understanding of what they experienced and what those who provide care for these patients experienced. Patients and Methods: A qualitative design, using a content analysis approach, was adapted to collect the data and analyze the experiences of 18 patients after cardiac surgery through a purposive sampling strategy. After the selection of the participants, semi structured interviews were held in order to collect the data. Scientific accuracy, and rigor of the data and research ethics were respected. Results: The data analysis revealed three main themes and 11 subthemes, categorized as conceptual and abstract, based on their nature: concern of going out therapeutic framework (Fear of the recurrence of heart attack, Fear of performing more activities than permitted, Fear of taking journeys, Fear of mass communication)/Tired of living within the confines of the therapeutic framework (Need to take various medications, Dietary restrictions, Limitations in function, Family fatigue)/Living between boundaries (Feeling caught between wanting to accept or reject treatment, Feeling caught between the sadness of having the disease and the joy of it not getting worse, Feeling caught between knowing and not knowing). Conclusions: Patients’ experiences after cardiac surgery indicated the need for the consideration of holistic care and supportive intervention programs after surgery to promote recovery and a better quality of life following cardiac surgery.
Morphological and genetic discrepancies in populations of Oreocarya paradoxa and O. revealii: The impact of edaphic selection on recent diversification in the Colorado Plateau
Authors: Bresowar Gerald E. , McGlaughlin Mitchell E.
Published: October 2015

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Investigations of recently derived and edaphically (soil) defined plant systems have provided insight into important mechanisms of ecological divergence. We investigated the impact of edaphic adaptation on recent divergence between two Colorado Plateau endemics: the gypsum facultative Oreocarya revealii (Boraginaceae) and its more generalist sister species O. paradoxa. We assessed morphological stability, genetic identity, and soil chemistry to determine whether O. revealii is a distinct lineage edaphically adapted from O. paradoxa, as has been described in the literature.

METHODS:

We genotyped 21 populations throughout the ranges of both species using 11 microsatellite markers and three plastid regions (trnL‐F, trnT‐L, trnQ‐rps16) for haplotype analysis. We compared these data with soil chemistry (Ca and S concentrations, indicating gypsum levels), location, and morphological identity of populations.

KEY RESULTS:

Soil chemistry failed to explain genetic or morphological identity in either taxon. Haplotype analysis suggests ancestral variation in the more geographically restricted O. revealii, along with regional geographic isolation. A discontinuity was identified between the morphological and genetic identity in several populations, suggesting incomplete lineage sorting and the nonfixation of identifying morphological traits.

CONCLUSIONS:

Oreocarya revealii is unlikely to have arisen via edaphic selection, because soil chemistry of population sites, morphology of individuals, and genetic identity are not strongly correlated. The nonfixation of identifying traits is likely a result of recent divergence in this system, and the potentiality of such discrepancies should be considered when investigating recently diversified gypsum‐associated groups.
MOMENTUM AND MEAN REVERSION IN REGIONAL HOUSING MARKETS: EVIDENCE FROM VARIANCE RATIO TESTS
Authors: OIKARINEN Elias , Schindler Felix
Published: October 2015

We study the persistence and reversion patterns of housing price growth by computing variance ratios applying Kim's (2006) Wild bootstrapping and using finnish data for the period 1987–2010. The momentum effect in housing price growth is found to be long-lasting and substantially greater in size than the eventual reversion. The results indicate that high-order autocorrelations are important concerning the long-horizon attractiveness of housing investments and that housing is a notably riskier asset in the long term than suggested by conventional portfolio analysis. The analysis further shows that the dynamics vary across regional housing markets and across dwelling types. The findings have important implications for investors, credit institutions, and policy makers.
INCOME APPROACH AND PROPERTY MARKET CYCLE
Authors: D’AMATO Maurizio
Published: October 2015

This paper is focused on a proposed valuation method including real estate market cycle analysis in real estate valuation process. Starting from early works on this field (d'Amato 2003) the work highlight the dangerous gap between academic research on property market cycles and professional practice of property valuation. The danger of this gap comes from the fact that in spite it is well documented that the property market has a “natural” cyclical behaviour, the opinions of value based on income approaches still relies on assumption of a stable or perpetually growing (or decreasing) income. This may be one generating factors of the real estate bubble and the subsequent financial markets crisis experienced recently. This paper offers a general introduction on cyclical capitalization as a further family of valuation methodologies based on income approach. This method includes in the traditional Dividend Discount Model more than one g-factor in order to plot property market cycle. An empirical application of Cyclical Capitalization is offered to the office market of the Eastern London.
A MULTI-CRITERIA FRAMEWORK FOR OFFICE TENANTS' PREFERENCES AT OFFICE BUILDINGS
Authors: ADNAN Yasmin Mohd , DAUD Md Nasir , RAZALI Muhammad Najib MOHAMED
Published: October 2015

In order to mitigate the anticipated oversupply of office space, it is necessary to gauge the preference of office occupiers, namely tenants of purpose built office buildings, since these tenants form the indicator of demand for space. In this study, a multi-criteria decision making method (MCDM) – the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) procedure was employed to analyse the relative importance of the main factors chosen by the main sectors of tenants at top grade office buildings in Kuala Lumpur city centre. This study had identified the elicitation of experts’ opinion and tenants’ selection comprises twenty-six important factors for office occupation in Kuala Lumpur city centre, grouped under four main categories: Location, Lease, Building and Financial/Cost. This study then employed AHP to assess the relative importance placed on each category, revealing the varying patterns of preferences when tested on tenants from three main business sectors occupying top grade office buildings. The findings showed that, between the three sectors (Finance/Banking, ICT & Media and Oil & Gas), differences in preference were only slight for most factors but were significant for a few. The findings from this study are insightful in informing decisions on future office provision, particularly in the context of working towards satisfying office tenants’ requirements.
HOW AUSTRALIAN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS RESPONDED TO THE ECONOMIC DOWNTURN
Authors: ZUO Jian , ZILLANTE George , XIA Bo , CHAN Albert , ZHAO Zhenyu
Published: October 2015

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008 had a significant impact on the world economy and the construction industry was no exception. This study investigates the major impacts of the 2008 GFC on the Australian construction industry and, in particular how the Australian construction contractors responded to the economic downturn. A total of 35 senior managers from the Top 100 Australian construction companies were interviewed. The findings indicate that construction companies, particularly the large ones were not affected in any significant way but are expecting some difficult financial times over the next few years and are taking actions to minimize the upcoming adverse impacts. The most common strategy adopted by Australian construction contractors is to concentrate on core business while avoiding aimless bidding. Similarly, great focus is placed on retaining human resources in order to maintain the skill set so that the company can respond quickly when market conditions improves. The research findings will provide construction contractors with insights on how to establish and sustain competitive advantages during economic slowdown and become more resilient in the future.
DOES EVA TRULY REFLECT THE PERFORMANCE OF PROPERTY COMPANIES IN CHINA?
Authors: HUI Eddie C. M. , GAO Yunzhi Orange , CHAN Ka Kwan Kevin
Published: October 2015

This study investigates the economic value added (EVA) of 18 major Chinese property companies from 2006 to 2012. We categorize the companies in two ways: 1) companies concentrating on property vs multi-functional companies and 2) state-owned enterprises (SOEs) vs privately-owned enterprises (POEs). We find that on average, the mainland property companies experienced a negative EVA during the period 2006–2012. This is due to the companies undertaking long-term projects, and the companies do not recognize capital gain from property appreciation as income. Hence the EVA of the companies is, in fact, understated. The results also reveal that POEs outperform SOEs in terms of EVA. This reflects the inefficiency of SOEs. This research has two important implications to investors. Firstly, besides looking at the EVA of the companies, investors should also understand the nature of businesses of the companies thoroughly. Secondly, investors investing in emerging markets like China should have a thorough understanding of their market characteristics. This study can act as a reference for future studies in EVA of property companies in other emerging economies in the world.
COMPANY'S PERFORMANCE SELF-ASSESSMENT (COPSA) AMONG FACILITIES OUTSOURCING FIRMS IN MALAYSIA: A FOCUS ON SERVICE DELIVERY
Authors: IMAN Abdul Hamid MAR , DOUGLAS Muhammad Umbugala , ALI Hishamuddin Mohd
Published: October 2015

Company performance self-assessment (CoPSA), whose fundamental purpose is to provide a check-and-balance mechanism for practice performance through progress-and-performance self-assessment (PaPSa) is yet to be in place in the facilities management industry. Specially needed by facilities service outsourcing firms (FSOFs), CoPSA benefits the top management from organizational introspection of company's own performance. This paper proposes and tests a CoPSA model using a parametric approach. Managers’ perceptions about service delivery performance of their firm are measured using the likert scale and then deduced into a three-equation two-step recursive model. From a total of 207 randomly chosen Malaysian outsourcing firms, sixty responses were obtained. The results indicate that more than half of the sampled managers have envisioned high performance delivery, with 80% achievement as their goal. However, this has not been adequately supported by a coherent firm's internal structure. In view of the finding, the study concludes that the service delivery strategy of small fSofs in Malaysia is perceived to be rather passive.
« L’indépendance, clé de notre influence »
Authors: Fabius Laurent
Published: October 2015

L’IRIS a eu l’honneur de recevoir, mercredi 20 mai 2015, Monsieur Laurent Fabius, ministre des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international, pour une conférence-débat exceptionnelle à l’attention des étudiants d’IRIS Sup’, l’école de l’IRIS, sur le thème des enjeux de la diplomatie française. Monsieur Laurent Fabius a notamment souligné lors de son intervention le caractère changeant du monde, caractérisé par une hiérarchie nouvelle des puissances, une modification du fonctionnement du système international ainsi qu’une « dispersion » de la puissance. M. Fabius a ensuite exposé les quatre priorités qu’il a fixées à la diplomatie de la France pour qu’elle dispose d’un cadre d’action clair et cohérent : la paix et la sécurité ; l’organisation et la préservation de la planète ; la relance et la réorientation de l’Europe ; le rayonnement et le redressement économique. Il a conclu son intervention en rappelant que le principe majeur qui oriente l’ensemble de l’action extérieure de la France est l’indépendance. Il a rappelé que l’indépendance fait partie de l’histoire et de la vision que la France a de son rôle dans les relations internationales.
La Chine, première puissance économique mondiale : et maintenant ?
Authors: Courmont Barthélemy
Published: October 2015

Depuis décembre 2014, le PIB en PPA de la Chine dépasse celui des États-Unis. Ainsi le pays serait-il la première puissance économique mondiale. Toutefois, ces bons résultats se heurtent à une conjoncture qui rappelle avec force les déficiences du système chinois. Cet aboutissement doit désormais être pour la Chine l’occasion de faire une autocritique approfondie de sa situation depuis trente ans, aussi bien en interne que sur la scène internationale, car les défis restent de taille. La politique étrangère du pays, les déséquilibres sociaux qui s’accroissent, la corruption et la question des minorités sont notamment des problématiques qui, si elles ne sont pas réellement affrontées, pourraient sérieusement compromettre les accomplissements économiques de ces trois dernières décennies.
Asie centrale : un changement d’époque ?
Authors: Carcanague Samuel
Published: October 2015

La crise russo-ukrainienne et ses conséquences sont venues rebattre les cartes du jeu centrasiatique. La position de la Russie, moteur économique et figure tutélaire de l’espace post-soviétique, est, depuis 2014, fragilisée. Tandis que la Chine continue, à travers la réactivation d’une « nouvelle route de la soie », d’étendre son influence en Asie centrale, d’autres acteurs, comme l’Inde et l’Iran, souhaitent se (ré)investir dans la région. L’inconnue successorale au Kazakhstan et en Ouzbékistan ajoute un voile d’incertitude supplémentaire sur l’avenir des ex-républiques soviétiques et une crise régionale, à court ou moyen terme, n’est désormais pas exclure. Reste à savoir selon quel format serait gérée une telle crise, au vu des intérêts concurrentiels voire contradictoires des différents acteurs.
Le défi démographique africain
Authors: Cailleteau François
Published: October 2015

L’Afrique intertropicale connaît une expansion démographique sans précédent dans l’histoire de la population mondiale. Ce phénomène est dû au déséquilibre entre une fécondité qui ne baisse que très lentement et une espérance de vie qui progresse rapidement. La pression des principales religions, le progrès insuffisant de la scolarisation, l’abstention des gouvernants à s’emparer vigoureusement de ce problème permettent de l’expliquer. Les conséquences en sont potentiellement redoutables. Il sera de plus en plus difficile pour de nombreux pays de nourrir leur population. Un fort exode rural contribuera à créer de nombreuses agglomérations de plusieurs millions d’habitants, sources potentielles de désordres. L’émigration de l’intérieur de l’Afrique vers les pays côtiers se renforcera inexorablement. Et lorsqu’en 2050, l’Afrique intertropicale, aujourd’hui à peu près aussi peuplée que l’Europe, comptera 2,5 fois plus d’habitants, des phénomènes migratoires massifs seront probables. Enfin, le temps ne sera plus où avec quelques milliers d’hommes, un pays européen pouvait mener dans cette zone une action militaire efficace.
Archéologie des couleurs et imagerie numérique
Authors: Ede François
Published: October 2015

La reproduction correcte des couleurs des films anciens est une affaire délicate et complexe pour le restaurateur. La plupart du temps, les données techniques sur les films anciens sont lacunaires. Dans de nombreux cas le manque d’information sur les densités spectrales des colorants et les caractéristiques du film, conduisent à utiliser des méthodes empiriques peu satisfaisantes. Ces faits ont été mis en évidence par une récente expérimentation menée par le Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF). L’objectif de cette recherche était d’évaluer les différences dans le rendu des couleurs des films et de leur version numérique. Les résultats obtenus se sont avérés loin d’être satisfaisants.Nous avons besoin aujourd’hui d’une nouvelle approche pour la reproduction des couleurs. À cet égard, on pourrait s’inspirer de techniques actuelles utilisées pour la restauration des peintures. La spectrophotométrie, la spectroscopie et la microfluorescence pourraient être utiles pour analyser les propriétés chimiques des colorants utilisés dans les différentes couches des émulsions. Il serait alors possible d’établir des tables de conversion pour obtenir le meilleur rendu possible des couleurs.
Les couleurs ornementales du cinéma des premiers temps
Authors: Castro Teresa
Published: October 2015

L’objectif de ce texte est de revisiter la pratique du coloriage des films à la lumière de la notion d’ornement. Dans ces films des débuts, les couleurs peintes à la main et au pochoir constituent littéralement un supplément, un ajout ornemental sur la surface de la pellicule. L’ornement(ation) est ici à entendre dans plusieurs sens : tout d’abord, en tant que pratique renvoyant à un débat esthétique et socioéconomique très présent dans le contexte européen au tournant du xixe siècle ; ensuite, en tant que procédure à la fois formelle et discursive ; enfin, en tant que valeur esthétique à part entière. Il s’agit, par là même, d’inscrire le cinéma dans une histoire longue de l’ornementation et d’aller au-delà d’une conception péjorative de l’ornement.
La sortie du laboratoire ou les stratégies d’exploitation du procédé trichrome de cinématographie en couleurs de la Société des Établissements Gaumont (1913-1921)
Authors: Pranchère Victor
Published: October 2015

Cet article traite de la stratégie d’exploitation du procédé trichrome de cinématographie en couleurs développé dès 1909 par la Société des Établissements Gaumont et exploité de 1913 à 1921. La faible ampleur apparente de l’exploitation mise en place à partir de 1913, contrastant avec l’exploitation industrielle alors annoncée, s’explique à la fois par le développement technique du procédé qui n’est pas encore considéré comme au point, et par la volonté de la part de Gaumont d’obtenir un catalogue suffisamment étoffé avant de proposer le procédé aux exploitants, dans lequel les fictions et les actualités princières sur le modèle de celles qui avaient fait le succès du Kinemacolor étaient censées tenir une place importante. L’interruption de l’exploitation du procédé pendant la guerre ne semble pas avoir ébranlé la confiance de Gaumont dans le procédé trichrome, puisque son développement technique reprend dès 1919, ainsi que l’enrichissement du catalogue : cependant, l’insuccès alors rencontré et les trop grandes limites du procédé mettent fin à son exploitation.
Les couleurs du point de vue des fabricants de pellicule dans la seconde moitié des années 1920 à travers deux ouvrages publicitaires : le Film vierge Pathé (1926) et New Color Moods for the Screen (c. 1929)
Authors: Martin Jessie
Published: October 2015

Cet article se propose d’examiner la terminologie de la couleur utilisée par les laboratoires dans deux ouvrages publicitaires du milieu des années 1920, le Film vierge Pathé et New Color Moods For the Screen. Il s’agira dans un premier temps de revenir sur les problèmes posés par la désignation de la couleur puis, dans un second temps, de présenter les ouvrages, leur contexte et leur finalité, afin de comprendre les choix terminologiques qui sont les leurs. Entre la conception techniciste portée par une nomenclature industrielle et l’élaboration d’un langage symbolique, on entrevoit la naissance d’une conception narrative et affective de la couleur.
L’aventure des films sonores teintés et virés aux États-Unis
Authors: L’Abbate Anthony
Published: October 2015

Il est courant de penser que l’usage du teintage et du virage s’arrêtent avec le passage au sonore, à la fin des années 1920 et que les stocks de films teintés dans la masse, tel le Sonochrome commercialisé par Eastman Kodak, furent rarement utilisés et des échecs commerciaux. Bien au contraire, l’usage du teintage et du virage non seulement se poursuivirent avec l’arrivée du son mais continuèrent aussi d’être utilisés jusque dans les années 1950 et au-delà. Cet article examine l’usage de la couleur artificielle dans les films sonores de l’industrie filmique nord-américaine.
Présentation de la copie nitrate de The Riddle of Rhodesia (Joseph Albrecht, 1933), un film sonore et teinté
Authors: Taïbi Mehdi
Published: October 2015

Restauré en 2010 par la Cinémathèque française à partir d’une copie nitrate issue de ses collections, the Riddle of Rhodesia est une curiosité à bien des égards. Au moment de son identification et de son catalogage, la copie nitrate sonore et teintée de The Riddle of Rhodesia, considérée comme disparue, a suscité un vif intérêt. Une origine géographique peu commune parmi les titres des collections de la Cinémathèque française, des procédés couleur et sonore rarement réunis sur un même support en font un vestige d’une période courte relative à une évolution des techniques. Dans le même temps, le regard et le témoignage d’une époque se sont aussi trouvés restaurés. Avec the Riddle of Rhodesia on assiste à la fabrication d’un imaginaire qui occulte un patrimoine autochtone tel que le Grand Zimbabwe. Temps révolus où l’on prétendait que l’homme africain n’était pas assez entré dans l’Histoire ?
Un nitrate composite en couleurs : le Voyage dans la Lune de Georges Méliès, reconstitué en 1929
Authors: Malthête Jacques
Published: October 2015

Après avoir rappelé brièvement les différents types de problèmes que pose la restauration des films des débuts du cinéma et mentionné les divers procédés de mise en couleurs des premières bandes cinématographiques, l'histoire et l'analyse de la copie couleurs du Voyage dans la Lune projetée au Gala Méliès nous montrent comment une restauration pouvait être envisagée en 1929.
Le Procédé Audibert présentation du fonds d’archives Maurice Audibert déposé à la Cinémathèque française
Authors: Brown Precious , Ruivo Céline
Published: October 2015

Présentation des archives papier de Maurice Audibert, inventeur du procédé Audibert, qui sont déposées à la Cinémathèque française.
Le Rouxcolor : un procédé additif de reproduction des couleurs
Authors: Martin Pascal
Published: October 2015

Le Rouxcolor est un procédé de synthèse additive permettant la projection de films en couleur à partir d'un enregistrement sur pellicule Noir et Blanc. Son originalité vient non seulement du fait qu'il utilise la sélection quadrichrome à la prise de vue, mais aussi, grâce à un ingénieux système combinant quatre images dans un même photogramme, qu'il évite des problèmes de parallaxe inhérents à la plupart des appareils construits antérieurement. Le long métrage « la belle meunière » réalisé en 1948, par Marcel Pagnol a surpris par la qualité de ces couleurs « très naturelles ».
Armand Roux et le Rouxcolor : des années 1930 aux années 1970
Authors: Roux Alain J.
Published: October 2015

Armand Roux, ingénieur opticien, effectue toute sa carrière dans l'industrie du Cinéma. Il commence par mettre au point le procédé additif de cinéma des couleurs connu sous le nom de Rouxcolor. Ce procédé, au point techniquement et utilisé dans plusieurs films, se heurte à l'hostilité de grandes entreprises concurrentes en 1949. Armand Roux continue, jusqu'à son décès en 1978, de concevoir et de fabriquer des appareils pour les laboratoires de l'industrie cinématographique.
Le cinéma scientifique et l’enregistrement des couleurs naturelles : des expériences pionnières à la norme
Authors: Hamery Roxane
Published: October 2015

De tous les « genres » cinématographiques, le cinéma scientifique est sans doute le plus attentif aux progrès techniques de l'appareil de prise de vues ; il y contribue même depuis les origines. Dès l'époque pionnière, la plupart des disciplines ayant recours à l'emploi d'une caméra comme outil d'observation virent en effet s'ouvrir de nouveaux horizons de recherche et d'acquisition de connaissances avec les progrès effectués dans les principaux champs d'application cinématographique de la science comme la microcinématographie, l'accéléré et le ralenti. Cet article entend interroger l'intérêt que les scientifiques et techniciens portèrent aux progrès de l'enregistrement des couleurs naturelles dans la première moitié du vingtième siècle et rendre compte des premiers emplois des procédés d'enregistrement de la couleur en biologie, physiologie, physique, médecine, chirurgie, etc.
La couleur, naturellement ? Débats sur la couleur en France au sortir de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Le Forestier Laurent
Published: October 2015

Bien que les films à l'affiche en France pendant la guerre n'aient pas tous été en noir et blanc, la Libération est presque immédiatement perçue comme la fin de la grisaille tant cinématographique qu'idéologique. L'idée d'un cinéma en couleurs s'impose naturellement et le retour sur les écrans français des films américains paraît très vite donner corps à ce rêve de/en Technicolor. Pour autant, cette rupture n'en est pas strictement une, à double titre. D'abord parce que le cinéma en couleurs, même en Technicolor, ne constitue pas une nouveauté pour les spectateurs français, qui ont déjà connu plusieurs occasions de disserter des mérites et des limites du principe comme du procédé dans le courant des années 1930. Ensuite parce que les quelques films en couleurs exploités en France dans la seconde moitié des années 1940 ne paraissent pas avoir été envisagés comme les formes évidentes d'un renouvellement. Bref, en dépit de la relative rareté des films en couleurs sur les écrans français, l'engouement ne paraît pas alors être de mise au sujet de cette « nouveauté » technique et cet article propose donc, en remontant jusqu'aux années 1930, de comprendre les raisons de la réception ambiguë et contrastée des films en couleur, dans la France de la Libération.
Bee Venom Phospholipase A2, a Novel Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell Inducer, Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Modulating Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Chung Eun Sook , Lee Gihyun , Lee Chanju , Ye Minsook , Chung Hwan-suck , Kim Hyunseong , Bae Sung-joo S. , Hwang Deok-Sang , Bae Hyunsu
Published: October 2015

Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for maintaining immune tolerance in animal models of various immune diseases. In the present study, we demonstrated that bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) is the major BV compound capable of inducing Treg expansion and promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. We associated this neuroprotective effect of bvPLA2 with microglial deactivation and reduction of CD4+ T cell infiltration. Interestingly, bvPLA2 had no effect on mice depleted of Tregs by injecting anti-CD25 Ab. This finding indicated that Treg-mediated modulation of peripheral immune tolerance is strongly involved in the neuroprotective effects of bvPLA2. Furthermore, our results showed that bvPLA2 directly bound to CD206 on dendritic cells and consequently promoted the secretion of PGE2, which resulted in Treg differentiation via PGE2 (EP2) receptor signaling in Foxp3−CD4+ T cells. These observations suggest that bvPLA2-CD206-PGE2-EP2 signaling promotes immune tolerance through Treg differentiation and contributes to the prevention of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease.
NK Cell Proliferation Induced by IL-15 Transpresentation Is Negatively Regulated by Inhibitory Receptors
Authors: Anton Olga M. , Vielkind Susina , Peterson Mary E. , Tagaya Yutaka , Long Eric O.
Published: October 2015

IL-15 bound to the IL-15Rα–chain (IL-15Rα) is presented in trans to cells bearing the IL-2Rβ–chain and common γ-chain. As IL-15 transpresentation occurs in the context of cell-to-cell contacts, it has the potential for regulation by and of other receptor–ligand interactions. In this study, human NK cells were tested for the sensitivity of IL-15 transpresentation to inhibitory receptors. Human cells expressing HLA class I ligands for inhibitory receptors KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2/3, or CD94-NKG2A were transfected with IL-15Rα. Proliferation of primary NK cells in response to transpresented IL-15 was reduced by engagement of either KIR2DL1 or KIR2DL2/3 by cognate HLA-C ligands. Inhibitory KIR–HLA-C interactions did not reduce the proliferation induced by soluble IL-15. Therefore, transpresentation of IL-15 is subject to downregulation by MHC class I–specific inhibitory receptors. Similarly, proliferation of the NKG2A+ cell line NKL induced by IL-15 transpresentation was inhibited by HLA-E. Coengagement of inhibitory receptors, either KIR2DL1 or CD94-NKG2A, did not inhibit phosphorylation of Stat5 but inhibited selectively phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein. IL-15Rα was not excluded from, but was evenly distributed across, inhibitory synapses. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism to attenuate IL-15–dependent NK cell proliferation and suggest that inhibitory NK cell receptors contribute to NK cell homeostasis.
Ectopic Aire Expression in the Thymic Cortex Reveals Inherent Properties of Aire as a Tolerogenic Factor within the Medulla
Authors: Nishijima Hitoshi , Kitano Satsuki , Miyachi Hitoshi , Morimoto Junko , Kawano Hiroshi , Hirota Fumiko , Morita Ryoko , Mouri Yasuhiro , Masuda Kiyoshi , Imoto Issei , Ikuta Koichi , Matsumoto Mitsuru
Published: October 2015

Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play essential roles in the positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes, respectively. Aire in mTECs plays an essential role in the latter process through expression of broad arrays of tissue-restricted Ags. To determine whether the location of Aire within the medulla is absolutely essential or whether Aire could also function within the cortex for establishment of self-tolerance, we used bacterial artificial chromosome technology to establish a semiknockin strain of NOD-background (β5t/Aire-transgenic) mice expressing Aire under control of the promoter of β5t, a thymoproteasome expressed exclusively in the cortex. Although Aire was expressed in cTECs as typical nuclear dot protein in β5t/Aire-Tg mice, cTECs expressing Aire ectopically did not confer transcriptional expression of either Aire-dependent or Aire-independent tissue-restricted Ag genes. We then crossed β5t/Aire-Tg mice with Aire-deficient NOD mice, generating a strain in which Aire expression was confined to cTECs. Despite the presence of Aire+ cTECs, these mice succumbed to autoimmunity, as did Aire-deficient NOD mice. The thymic microenvironment harboring Aire+ cTECs, within which many Aire-activated genes were present, also showed no obvious alteration of positive selection, suggesting that Aire’s unique property of generating a self-tolerant T cell repertoire is functional only in mTECs.
The Quantity of Autocrine IL-2 Governs the Expansion Potential of CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Redeker Anke , Welten Suzanne P. M. , Baert Miranda R. M. , Vloemans Sandra A. , Tiemessen Machteld M. , Staal Frank J. T. , Arens Ramon
Published: October 2015

Adequate responsiveness of CD8+ T cell populations is of utmost importance for the efficacy of many vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against intracellular pathogens and cancer. In this study, we show in mouse models that the relative number of IL-2–producing cells within Ag-specific CD8+ T cell populations predicts the population expansion capacity upon challenge. We further demonstrate that IL-2 producers constitute the best responding subset. Notably, we show that elevated production of IL-2 by CD8+ T cells results in concomitant improved population expansion capacity and immunity. The amount of IL-2 produced on a per-cell basis essentially connects directly to the superior CD8+ T cell population expansion. Together, our findings identified that autocrine IL-2 production operates in a dose-dependent fashion to facilitate the expansion potential of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell populations, which may instigate ways to augment therapies depending on fit CD8+ T cells.
Dectin-1 Activation by a Natural Product β-Glucan Converts Immunosuppressive Macrophages into an M1-like Phenotype
Authors: Liu Min , Luo Fengling , Ding Chuanlin , Albeituni Sabrin , Hu Xiaoling , Ma Yunfeng , Cai Yihua , McNally Lacey , Sanders Mary Ann , Jain Dharamvir , Kloecker Goetz , Bousamra Michael , Zhang Huang-ge , Higashi Richard M. , Lane Andrew N. , Fan Teresa W.-M. , Yan Jun
Published: October 2015

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) with an alternatively activated phenotype have been linked to tumor-elicited inflammation, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapies in cancer, thus representing an attractive target for an effective cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we demonstrate that particulate yeast-derived β-glucan, a natural polysaccharide compound, converts polarized alternatively activated macrophages or immunosuppressive TAM into a classically activated phenotype with potent immunostimulating activity. This process is associated with macrophage metabolic reprograming with enhanced glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and glutamine utilization. In addition, particulate β-glucan converts immunosuppressive TAM via the C-type lectin receptor dectin-1–induced spleen tyrosine kinase–Card9–Erk pathway. Further in vivo studies show that oral particulate β-glucan treatment significantly delays tumor growth, which is associated with in vivo TAM phenotype conversion and enhanced effector T cell activation. Mice injected with particulate β-glucan–treated TAM mixed with tumor cells have significantly reduced tumor burden with less blood vascular vessels compared with those with TAM plus tumor cell injection. In addition, macrophage depletion significantly reduced the therapeutic efficacy of particulate β-glucan in tumor-bearing mice. These findings have established a new paradigm for macrophage polarization and immunosuppressive TAM conversion and shed light on the action mode of β-glucan treatment in cancer.