bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An obesity‐associated risk allele within the FTO gene affects human brain activity for areas important for emotion, impulse control and reward in response to food images
Authors: Wiemerslage Lyle , Nilsson Emil K. , Solstrand Dahlberg Linda , Ence‐Eriksson Fia , Castillo Sandra , Larsen Anna L. , Bylund Simon B. A. , Hogenkamp Pleunie S. , Olivo Gaia , Bandstein Marcus , Titova Olga E. , Larsson Elna‐Marie , Benedict Christian , Brooks Samantha J. , Schiöth Helgi B.
Published: January 2016

Understanding how genetics influences obesity, brain activity and eating behaviour will add important insight for developing strategies for weight‐loss treatment, as obesity may stem from different causes and as individual feeding behaviour may depend on genetic differences. To this end, we examined how an obesity risk allele for the FTO gene affects brain activity in response to food images of different caloric content via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thirty participants homozygous for the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism were shown images of low‐ or high‐calorie food while brain activity was measured via fMRI. In a whole‐brain analysis, we found that people with the FTO risk allele genotype (AA) had increased activity compared with the non‐risk (TT) genotype in the posterior cingulate, cuneus, precuneus and putamen. Moreover, higher body mass index in the AA genotype was associated with reduced activity to food images in areas important for emotion (cingulate cortex), but also in areas important for impulse control (frontal gyri and lentiform nucleus). Lastly, we corroborate our findings with behavioural scales for the behavioural inhibition and activation systems. Our results suggest that the two genotypes are associated with differential neural processing of food images, which may influence weight status through diminished impulse control and reward processing.
Impact of Mental Illness on Parenting Capacity in A Child Custody Matter
Authors: Deutsch Robin M. , Clyman Jeremy
Published: January 2016

Recently, courts have seen an increase in cases where a parent has an alleged or documented mental illness. Understanding whether there is a mental illness and what the symptoms are and determining the meaning of this information for parenting and child functioning present a host of challenges for judges, custody evaluators, and attorneys. We offer an example of a custody evaluator's inquiry and present a functional‐contextual model for considering the significant parental capacities and vulnerabilities that impact child functioning, in order to better make decisions about parent access and treatment.

Practitioner Keypoints:

Understand how to effectively integrate mental health information into matters of custody

Identify parenting and co‐parenting tasks and behaviors that may be affected by mental illness

Identify parenting capacities that are linked to child outcomes

Review a step‐by‐step decision‐making process to effectively examine allegations of mental illness during a custody evaluation or dispute
Glycosylation‐deficient mutations in tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase impair its structure and function and are linked to infantile hypophosphatasia
Authors: Komaru Keiichi , Satou Yasuhito , Al‐Shawafi Hiba A. , Numa‐Kinjoh Natsuko , Sohda Miwa , Oda Kimimitsu
Published: January 2016

Tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) is a membrane glycoprotein with a proposed role in bone mineralization. Indeed, mutations in TNSALP have been identified in patients with hypophosphatasia (HPP), a genetic disease characterized by hypomineralization of bone and teeth and a deficiency in serum ALP activity. TNSALP has five potential N‐glycosylation sites at N140, N230, N271, N303 and N430 by standard nomenclature. A mutation at one of these sites, N430, was recently detected in a patient with infantile HPP. Using site‐directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that TNSALP has five N‐glycans in transfected COS‐1 cells and that individual single N‐glycan deletion mutants of TNSALP retain the dimeric structure required for ALP activity, excluding the possibility that any single N‐glycan plays a vital role in the structure and function of TNSALP. However, we found that TNSALP (N430Q) and TNSALP (N430E) mutants, but not a TNSALP (N430D) mutant, failed to form dimers. The TNSALP (N430S) mutant linked to infantile HPP was glycosylation‐defective and unable to dimerise, similar to TNSALP (N430Q) and TNSALP (N430E) mutants; therefore, TNSALP (N430S) was established as a severe allele without strong ALP activity. By contrast to individual single N‐glycan deletion mutants, TNSALP devoid of all five N‐glycans was present to a much lesser extent than wild‐type TNSALP in transfected cells, possibly reflecting its instability. A comprehensive analysis of a series of multiple N‐glycan depletion mutants in TNSALP revealed that three N‐glycans on N230, N271 and N303 were the minimal requirement for the structure and function of TNSALP and a prerequisite for its stable expression in a cell.
Classification of frailty using the Kihon checklist: A cluster analysis of older adults in urban areas
Authors: Kera Takeshi , Kawai Hisashi , Yoshida Hideyo , Hirano Hirohiko , Kojima Motonaga , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Ihara Kazushige , Obuchi Shuichi
Published: January 2016

Aim

Frailty is an important predictor of the need for long‐term care and hospitalization. Our aim was to categorize frailty in community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

The present study was carried out in 2011–2013, and consisted of 1380 individuals over 65 years of age. Participants completed the Kihon checklist, which is widely used to assess frailty in Japan, and their physical, cognitive and social function was evaluated. Non‐hierarchical cluster analysis was used to statistically categorize frailty. The optimum number of clusters was determined as the point at which the external reference values (instrumental activity of daily living score, grip power, 10‐m walk time, body mass index, portable fall risk index, occlusal force and Mini‐Mental State Examination score) differed.

Results

According to the Kihon checklist, 369 (26.7%) of the 1380 study participants were considered frail. When the cluster number was increased from two to six, the scores in each subdomain of the Kihon checklist significantly differed. The estimated minimum number of clusters was five, and each of the five cluster groups had distinct characteristics. The numbers of participants in cluster groups 1–5 were 105, 78, 62, 71 and 53, respectively.

Conclusions

We identified five types of frailty in community‐dwelling older adults in Japan: “experience of falling,” “pre‐frailty,” “oral frailty,” “housebound” and “severe frailty.” Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 69–77.
Social isolation and risk for malnutrition among older people
Authors: Boulos Christa , Salameh Pascale , Barberger‐Gateau Pascale
Published: January 2016

Aim

Social isolation and loneliness are emerging issues among the geriatric population. The relationships between both, and their impact on health and nutritional status in older people are complex. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between three components of social isolation: social network, feeling of loneliness, commensality and nutritional status.

Methods

A total of 1200 randomly selected elderly individuals aged ≥65 years and living in rural areas of Lebanon participated in the present study. Data were collected during a face‐to‐face interview including nutritional status (Mini‐Nutritional Assessment), measures of social isolation (Lubben Social Network Scale), subjective loneliness (Jong‐Gierveld Loneliness Scale), sociodemographic conditions, and health and functional status.

Results

Both social isolation and loneliness were independently associated with a higher risk of malnutrition (OR 1.58, P = 0.011; OR 1.15, P = 0.020, respectively). However no association was found between the frequency of sharing meals and the risk of malnutrition.

Conclusions

The present study showed that social isolation and subjective loneliness are two independent risk factors for malnutrition among older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 286–294.
Migraine Variants or Episodic Syndromes That May Be Associated With Migraine and Other Unusual Pediatric Headache Syndromes
Authors: Rothner A. David , Parikh Sumit
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To provide an overview of the clinical course for children and adolescents with migraine variants (M.V.), childhood periodic syndromes or the episodic syndromes that may be associated with migraine using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition Beta version [ICHD‐3] International Headache Society criteria for the diagnosis of each disorder.

Method

Migraine is a complex set of neurological symptoms. This review encompasses the subtypes of M.V. or episodic syndromes that may be associated with migraine within the children and adolescent population.

Conclusion

The episodic syndromes that may be associated with migraine or migraine variant is multilayered neurological disorder in young children and adolescents. Within the these generally pediatric syndromes there are associated disorders described in this review, to provide a clinical overview and including the less common forms of migraine, such as acute confusional migraine, trauma‐triggered migraine, and transient global amnesia.
Out-of-Class Project: American Teachers' Summertime Activities, 1880s–1930s
Authors: Ogren Christine A.
Published: January 2016

In March 1887, Eva Moll wrote about the previous summer in her diary: “The season was fall of rich things of course. Heard some fine violin and harp playing by two Italians. I never expect to hear ‘Nearer my God to Thee’ sweeter on this earth, than it was played by the violinist. We first went to Niagara, visiting all the points.” Moll was not a wealthy person of leisure. She was a single Kansas schoolteacher in her late twenties who struggled to make ends meet, and yet had spent nine weeks at the quintessentially middle-class Chautauqua Institution in western New York State. A slice of my larger investigation of the history of teachers' “summers off,” this essay will explore the social-class dimensions of their summertime activities during a distinctive period for both the middle class and the teaching force in the United States, the decades of the 1880s through the 1930s.
Evaluation of the stability of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 during processing and storage of functional foods
Authors: Majeed Muhammed , Majeed Shaheen , Nagabhushanam Kalyanam , Natarajan Sankaran , Sivakumar Arumugam , Ali Furqan
Published: January 2016

The study was aimed to find out the stability of Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 in functional foods during processing and storage. B. coagulans MTCC 5856 was found to be stable during baking and storage at frozen conditions of banana muffins (92% viability) and waffles (86% viability) upto 12 months. After brewing coffee at 90 °C for 2 min, there was 87% viability and retained 66% viability even after maintaining temperature at 77 °C for 4.0 h. It showed over 95% viability in chocolate fudge frosting, hot fudge toppings, peanut butter, strawberry preserve and vegetable oil at room temperature upto 12 months. It was found to be stable in apple juice upto 6 months at refrigerated condition and concentrated glucose syrup at 4 ± 3 and 25 ± 2 °C upto 24 months. B. coagulans MTCC 5856 showed promising stability during processing and storage of functional foods and could be an excellent probiotic ingredient to use in various food applications.
Effect of intimate partner violence on health of women of Palestinian origin
Authors: Al‐Modallal Hanan
Published: January 2016

Background

Intimate partner violence is a problem in women who are refugees but the relationship of this violence to physical health has not been studied well.

Aim

To identify significant associations between physical health problems and partner violence by type in refugee women.

Methods

For this cross‐sectional study, data were collected from a convenience sample of 238 women attending healthcare centres of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in three Jordanian cities (Amman, Irbid and Zarqa).

Results

Victims of violence reported different health problems. However, rates of health problems were higher among victims of psychological partner violence and more health problems had significant associations with psychological violence when compared to physical and sexual partner violence. Furthermore, women's self‐rated health status was only significantly associated with psychological partner violence but not with the other types of partner violence.

Conclusion

Vulnerability to partner violence is related to life stressors women may encounter. Physical health is a fundamental target for psychological partner violence; evidenced by the resultant wide range of health problems in victims. This association occurs although psychological violence is not associated with health trauma/injury that physical and sexual partner violence usually generate. This conclusion highlights one aspect of the associated harm of psychological partner violence in victims' lives.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Empowerment of women socially, economically and psychologically, in collaboration with related community parties, should be an adopted international health policy by the governments. Screening policy for partner violence should be integrated with health and nursing services. Nurses are in a position to facilitate the implementation of health policy. Their role include helping women identify resources of help, develop required skills necessary for dealing with violence and identify their social support network.

Limitations

Social desirability and use of convenience sampling are major limitations of the study.
Differences in shifts of wintering and breeding ranges lead to changing migration distances in European birds
Authors: Potvin Dominique A. , Välimäki Kaisa , Lehikoinen Aleksi
Published: January 2016

Studies on the impact of climate change on the distributions of bird species in Europe have largely focused on one season at a time, especially concerning summer breeding ranges. We investigated whether migratory bird species show consistent range shifts over the past 55 yr in both breeding and wintering areas or if these shifts are independent. We then analyzed whether patterns in changing migration distances of Finnish breeding birds could be explained by habitat use, phylogeny or body size. We used long‐term datasets from the Finnish ringing centre to analyze the mean wintering latitudes of 29 species of Finnish breeding birds, then used breeding distribution data to make predictions as to whether certain species were migrating shorter or longer distances based on the comparative shifts in the wintering and breeding grounds. Our data reveal species‐specific differences in changing migration distances. We show that for many species, long‐term shifts in wintering ranges have not followed the same patterns as those in the breeding range, leading to differences in migration distances over time. We conclude that species are not adjusting predictably to climate change in their wintering grounds, leading to changing migration distances in some, but not all, species breeding in Finland. This research fills an important gap in the current climate change biology literature, focusing on individuals’ entire life histories and revealing new complexities in range shift patterns.
The European Union Legislature as an Agent of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Davies Gareth
Published: January 2016

The European Union is unique among jurisdictions in having constitutionalized its policy goals and methods, by embedding these in the Treaties. As a result, the legislature is far more constrained in its activities than is the case in other constitutional orders. Yet the Treaties are indeterminate, and it is the Court of Justice which interprets and delimits them, and instructs the legislature on how and to what extent it may pursue them. There is, in substance, a principal–agent relationship between the Court and the EU legislature, enforceable by the Court's capacity to annul legislation contrary to its preferences. An examination of internal market legislation shows that indeed it consists of codification of prior case law. The judicial constraints on the EU legislature are sufficiently tight that the legislature is more akin to a subordinate implementing regulator than to an autonomous political policy‐maker.
Commentary: One way attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder can be life threatening? A travelogue on Nikolas et al. (2016)
Authors: Barkley Russell A.
Published: January 2016

I provide a brief commentary on the brilliant accompanying study of Nikolas et al. concerning risky bicyclist‐automobile behavior in ADHD and typical youth. The sophistication of the simulator and procedures and the number and precision of measurements are remarkable and afford us an excellent glimpse into the specific mechanisms by which previously documented injury risk in such natural settings may be increased by ADHD in youth. I also briefly note clinically important implications of these and other research results on accident risk in ADHD.
Extraction of Onion (Allium Cepa) Essential Oil by Polystyrene Nanofibrous Membranes
Authors: Chu Lan‐Ling , Kang Xue‐Jun , Wang Yu
Published: January 2016

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the extraction of essential oils. In this article, polystyrene (PS) nanofibrous membranes (NFM) produced by electrospinning were applied as the extraction medium to extract onion essential oil. The NFM exhibited good compactness and adsorption/desorption. About 2 L of onion juice was completely passed through 500 mg PS NFM round plates of 10 cm diameters, then NFM sheet was spin‐dried 5 min at 4,500 rpm and eluted by 50 mL of 100% ethanol. The eluant was distilled at 55°C and an amber oily liquid was obtained. A total of 37 compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry from onion essential oil, and the most representative compounds were organosulfur‐containing compounds. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of the essential oil were investigated and the oil showed antioxidant activities in ABTS assay (0.67 mg/mL as IC50 value), DPPH test (IC50 value = 0.70 mg/mL), metal chelating assay (IC50 value of 0.54 mg/mL) and
assay (0.95 mg/mL as IC50 value), and the reducing power of the oil was dose‐dependent. This work firstly demonstrated the potential of NFM as extraction medium for the extraction of essential oils and the significance of relevant research work.

Practical Applications

Over the last decades, lots of research work has been done on the extraction processes of essential oil and possible industrial applications. Recently, electrospun nanofibers have the potential to serve as a good sorbent material for solid phase extraction. In this research, NFM produced by electrospinning were applied as the extraction medium to extract onion essential oil. The results of this study clearly showed that the extraction process of essential oil by NFM was feasible. Amber onion essential oil by PS NFM treatments was obtained and rich in organosulfur‐containing compounds and possessed moderate antioxidant activity via antioxidant tests in vitro and has great potential for application as a natural antioxidant agent.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neuropeptides and Their Control of Endogenous Glucose Production
Authors: Foppen E. , Tan A. A. T. , Ackermans M. T. , Fliers E. , Kalsbeek A.
Published: January 2016

Defective control of endogenous glucose production is an important factor responsible for hyperglycaemia in the diabetic individual. During the past decade, progressively more evidence has appeared indicating a strong and potentially causal relationship between disturbances of the circadian system and defects of metabolic regulation, including glucose metabolism. The detrimental effects of disturbed circadian rhythms may have their origin in disturbances of the molecular clock mechanisms in peripheral organs, such as the pancreas and liver, or in the central brain clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). To assess the role of SCN output per se on glucose metabolism, we investigated (i) the effect of several SCN neurotransmitters on endogenous glucose production and (ii) the effect of SCN neuronal activity on hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity. We show that silencing of SCN neuronal activity results in decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and increased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, both oxytocin neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and orexin neurones in the lateral hypothalamus may be important targets for the SCN control of glucose metabolism. These data further highlight the role of the central clock in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance.
Altered Hippocampal White Matter Connectivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Memory Decrements
Authors: van Bussel F. C. G. , Backes W. H. , Hofman P. A. M. , van Boxtel M. P. J. , Schram M. T. , Stehouwer C. D. A. , Wildberger J. E. , Jansen J. F. A.
Published: January 2016

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive decrements. Specifically affected cognitive domains are learning and memory, for which the hippocampus plays an essential role. The pathophysiological mechanism remains to be revealed. The present study examined whether local hippocampal microstructure and white matter connectivity are related to type 2 diabetes and memory performance. Forty participants with type 2 diabetes and 38 participants without type 2 diabetes underwent detailed cognitive assessment and 3‐Tesla diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion MRI was performed to assess microstructure (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) and white matter connectivity (tract volume) of the hippocampus, which were compared between participants with and without type 2 diabetes. No differences in hippocampal microstructure were observed. Participants with type 2 diabetes had fewer white matter connections between the hippocampus and frontal lobe (P = 0.017). Participants who scored lower on memory function, regardless of type 2 diabetes, had fewer white matter connections between the hippocampus and temporal lobe (P = 0.017). Taken together, type 2 diabetes and memory decrements appear to be associated with altered hippocampal white matter connectivity.
Prevalence and clinical significance of neutropenia discovered in routine complete blood cell counts: a longitudinal study
Authors: Andersen C. L. , Tesfa D. , Siersma V. D. , Sandholdt H. , Hasselbalch H. , Bjerrum O. W. , Felding P. , Lind B. , Olivarius Niels de. F. , Palmblad J.
Published: January 2016

Background

Neutropenia, defined as an absolute blood neutrophil count (ANC) <1.5 G L−1, may accompany a variety of diseases. However, the clinical significance of neutropenia detected in a routine complete blood cell count is poorly understood.

Methods

Using a primary care resource, comprising more than 370 000 individuals, we assessed the association with a number of previously recognized conditions as well as all‐cause mortality in the 4 years following the identification of neutropenia. By matching laboratory data with Danish nationwide health registers, risk estimates were assessed.

Results

Neutropenia was observed in approximately 1% of all individuals and was associated dose dependently with viral infections, haematological malignancies (but not autoimmune disorders or solid cancers) and mortality. Neutropenia was particularly associated with HIV, acute leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. Odds ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] for viral infections were 2.32 (1.84–2.91), 2.80 (2.20–3.57) and 4.77 (3.22–7.07) for subnormal (≥1.5–1.8 G L−1), mild (≥1.0–1.5 G L−1) and moderate–severe (≥0.0–1.0 G L−1) neutropenic individuals, respectively (all P < 0.001). Likewise, odds ratios (95% CI) for haematological malignancies were 3.23 (2.35–4.45), 8.69 (6.58–11.47) and 46.03 (33.98–62.35 ), for the same neutropenia levels, respectively (all P < 0.001). Thus, the lower the ANC, the greater the likelihood of these diseases. The relative risk estimates observed for severe neutropenia corresponded to absolute risks of haematological malignancies and mortality from any cause of 40% and >50%, respectively.

Conclusions

Neutropenia is an ominous sign necessitating careful follow‐up. The risk estimates presented here support focusing attention to viral diseases and haematological malignancies when neutropenia is observed.
Travel burden and dentist bypass among dentally insured children
Authors: McKernan Susan C. , Pooley Mark J. , Momany Elizabeth T. , Kuthy Raymond A.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Using administrative data from Iowa Medicaid and a large private dental insurer, we compared distance to the nearest primary care dentist for children ages 6‐15 in 2012. Additionally, we examined rates of provider bypass in both populations as an indicator of spatial accessibility to dental care.

Methods

We calculated measures of travel burden, including distance to the nearest primary care dentist and distance to current primary care dentist. Distance outcomes and rates of bypass, traveling beyond the nearest dentist for care, were compared by insurance type.

Results

We found that Medicaid‐enrolled children lived farther from the nearest dentist and farther from their current dentist than privately insured children. However, rates of bypass were higher among the privately insured population. These results were consistent among urban and rural residents; additionally, both rural populations demonstrated greater travel distances than urban dwellers.

Conclusions

Travel burden was greater among Medicaid‐enrolled children. Lower rates of bypass, in conjunction with lower rates of dental utilization in this population, may indicate a distance threshold beyond which dental care becomes unattainable.
Effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) isolates from the Salish Sea
Authors: Bill Brian D. , Moore Stephanie K. , Hay Levi R. , Anderson Donald M. , Trainer Vera L.
Published: January 2016

Toxin‐producing blooms of dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium have plagued the inhabitants of the Salish Sea for centuries. Yet the environmental conditions that promote accelerated growth of this organism, a producer of paralytic shellfish toxins, is lacking. This study quantitatively determined the growth response of two Alexandrium isolates to a range of temperatures and salinities, factors that will strongly respond to future climate change scenarios. An empirical equation, derived from observed growth rates describing the temperature and salinity dependence of growth, was used to hindcast bloom risk. Hindcasting was achieved by comparing predicted growth rates, calculated from in situ temperature and salinity data from Quartermaster Harbor, with corresponding Alexandrium cell counts and shellfish toxin data. The greatest bloom risk, defined at μ >0.25 d−1, generally occurred from April through November annually; however, growth rates rarely fell below 0.10 d−1. Except for a few occasions, Alexandrium cells were only observed during the periods of highest bloom risk and paralytic shellfish toxins above the regulatory limit always fell within the periods of predicted bloom occurrence. While acknowledging that Alexandrium growth rates are affected by other abiotic and biotic factors, such as grazing pressure and nutrient availability, the use of this empirical growth function to predict higher risk time frames for blooms and toxic shellfish within the Salish Sea provides the groundwork for a more comprehensive biological model of Alexandrium bloom dynamics in the region and will enhance our ability to forecast blooms in the Salish Sea under future climate change scenarios.
Salivary pathogen and serum antibody to assess the progression of chronic periodontitis: a 24‐mo prospective multicenter cohort study
Authors: Morozumi T. , Nakagawa T. , Nomura Y. , Sugaya T. , Kawanami M. , Suzuki F. , Takahashi K. , Abe Y. , Sato S. , Makino‐Oi A. , Saito A. , Takano S. , Minabe M. , Nakayama Y. , Ogata Y. , Kobayashi H. , Izumi Y. , Sugano N. , Ito K. , Sekino S. , Numabe Y. , Fukaya C. , Yoshinari N. , Fukuda M. , Noguchi T. , Kono T. , Umeda M. , Fujise O. , Nishimura F. , Yoshimura A. , Hara Y. , Nakamura T. , Noguchi K. , Kakuta E. , Hanada N. , Takashiba S. , Yoshie H.
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

A diagnosis of periodontitis progression is presently limited to clinical parameters such as attachment loss and radiographic imaging. The aim of this multicenter study was to monitor disease progression in patients with chronic periodontitis during a 24‐mo follow‐up program and to evaluate the amount of bacteria in saliva and corresponding IgG titers in serum for determining the diagnostic usefulness of each in indicating disease progression and stability.

Material and Methods

A total of 163 patients with chronic periodontitis who received trimonthly follow‐up care were observed for 24 mo. The clinical parameters and salivary content of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans were assessed using the modified Invader PLUS assay, and the corresponding serum IgG titers were measured using ELISA. The changes through 24 mo were analyzed using cut‐off values calculated for each factor. One‐way ANOVA or Fisher's exact test was used to perform between‐group comparison for the data collected. Diagnostic values were calculated using Fisher's exact test.

Results

Of the 124 individuals who completed the 24‐mo monitoring phase, 62 exhibited periodontitis progression, whereas 62 demonstrated stable disease. Seven patients withdrew because of acute periodontal abscess. The ratio of P. gingivalis to total bacteria and the combination of P. gingivalis counts and IgG titers against P. gingivalis were significantly related to the progression of periodontitis. The combination of P. gingivalis ratio and P. gingivalis IgG titers was significantly associated with the progression of periodontitis (p = 0.001, sensitivity = 0.339, specificity = 0.790).

Conclusions

It is suggested that the combination of P. gingivalis ratio in saliva and serum IgG titers against P. gingivalis may be associated with the progression of periodontitis.
Ineffective hand washing and the contamination of carrots after using a field latrine
Authors: Monaghan J.M. , Hutchison M.L.
Published: January 2016

A study was undertaken to simulate the likely effects of a field worker with poor hygienic practices that had returned to work too soon after recovering from an infection by an enteric pathogen. The studies simulated a variety of hand-washing practices from no washing to washing with soap and water followed by an application of alcohol gel after using a field latrine. The numbers of generic Escherichia coli isolated from workers' hands declined with increasing thoroughness of hand-washing treatments with unwashed hands > water > water and soap > water, soap and alcohol gel. Where gloves were worn the counts obtained for the treatments were significantly reduced, but it was observed that unwashed hands contaminated gloves during the process of putting them on. Hand contamination following the use of a field latrine transferred contamination to carrots. These results suggest that if no gloves are worn it would be best practice to wash hands with water and soap and apply alcohol gel after using a field latrine. Wearing gloves reduced the risk of contaminating handled produce but workers should still wash their hands after using a field latrine before applying gloves.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study shows that inadequate hand hygiene in the field following the use of a field latrine can transfer bacterial contamination to hand-harvested carrots. Where fresh produce crops are to be handled by workers, wearing gloves reduces the risk of contaminating produce but workers should still wash their hands after using a field latrine before applying gloves. If no gloves are worn it would be best practice to wash hands with water and soap and apply alcohol gel after using a field latrine.
Dental microwear texture analysis in mammalian ecology
Authors: Calandra Ivan , Merceron Gildas
Published: January 2016

Neoecology and paleoecology both seek to answer the same questions, albeit using different material, at different time scales and with different limitations. Nevertheless, too often, neoecologists neglect paleoecology, and paleoecologists only use neoecology as a baseline for actualism. One reason for this is the lack of tools that can be applied to both fields.

This is a review of the contributions to both neoecology and paleoecology of three‐dimensional (3D) dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), a method that can act as a bridge between these fields.

DMTAstudies can be grouped according to the type of ecological questions researchers seek to answer: specific ecology, intra‐specific ecology, niche partitioning and dietary overlap, and ecology over time. The first question has been the main focus of research; the other three were only superficially studied.

In this review, selected examples will be presented to demonstrate thatDMTA, as one of the few tools that can be applied to both modern and fossil samples, has been used to address key ecological questions in mammalian neoecology and paleoecology.

With the wide range of neoecological and paleoecological questions thatDMTAcan answer, it is clear that this methodology will be used increasingly in the future, possibly in combination with other ecological proxies.
Association between tactile over‐responsivity and vegetable consumption early in the introduction of solid foods and its variation with age
Authors: Coulthard Helen , Harris Gillian , Fogel Anna
Published: January 2016

The main aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that early reactions to a vegetable in infants may be associated with sensory processing, in particular, tactile over‐responsivity. A secondary aim was to see whether the relationship between sensory over‐responsivity and vegetable consumption would be moderated by the age of the infant. A sample of 61 infants was recruited from children's centres and playgroups in South Birmingham, UK. Infant's acceptance of carrot was measured in grams during the first week of complementary feeding in one testing situation. Mothers filled in self‐report measures of infant sensory processing, as well as their own fruit and vegetable consumption. Infant carrot consumption in the first week of solid food consumption was negatively associated with total sensory over‐responsivity across different sensory domains (P < 0.01). Across the sensory domains only tactile over‐responsivity predicted carrot consumption, accounting for 10.7% of the variance in consumption scores. Across the sample as a whole, the relationship between carrot consumption and tactile over‐responsivity varied according to the age of introduction to solid foods. In particular, those who were weaned later and had high tactile over‐responsivity ate less carrot (P < 0.001). Infants who were weaned early ate a similar amount of carrot, regardless of their tactile responsivity (P > 0.05). This study constitutes some of the first evidence to suggest that sensory processing styles be associated with early vegetable acceptance; however, more research is needed to evaluate the best strategies to use when feeding infants who are sensitive to tactile information.
Working with Kwok Leung: Reflections from Four Grateful Collaborators
Authors: Bond Michael H. , van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Morris Michael W. , Gelfand Michele J.
Published: January 2016

This article is a set of tributes about Kwok Leung, a colleague of the four colleagues who collaborated with Kwok over more than three decades and provide their reflections on working professionally with him. The four content areas of their academic contributions were justice, social axioms, and methodology in cross‐cultural research and creativity. The focus of each tribute is upon Kwok Leung's collaborative style and particular genius.
Environmental Conflict and Media Coverage of an Oil Spill in Trinidad
Authors: Steele Godfrey A.
Published: January 2016

In December 2013, local media reported an oil spill off the southwestern coast of Trinidad. Subsequent media reports generated local and international interest, statements, and commentary from company and government interests and members of the La Brea community (fisherfolk and residents directly affected by the oil spill), the national community, trade unionists, politicians, oil spill experts, and environmentalists. As the news coverage developed, various narrative themes emerged. Within these themes, various conflict issues, mainly pertaining to the nature and focus of communication, and differences over the prevention, mitigation and management of environmental disasters were manifested in the media coverage and corporate communications management of crisis and reputation. Using crisis communication theory, and content analysis of media and company texts, this study examined the extent of media coverage and organizational and corporate communications framing of the creation, escalation, and management of a significant environmental conflict situation.
User participation in district psychiatry. The social construction of ‘users’ in handovers and meetings
Authors: Mathisen Vår , Obstfelder Aud , Lorem Geir F. , Måseide Per
Published: January 2016

An ideal in mental health care is user participation. This implies inclusion and facilitation by clinicians to enable users to participate in decisions about themselves and in the design of suitable treatment. However, much of the work of clinicians consists of handovers and other meetings where patients are not present. It is therefore interesting to study how the patient perspective is handled in such meetings and whether it forms a basis for user participation. We conducted fieldwork in three different inpatient wards in Norwegian District Psychiatric Centres. We used an interactional perspective in our analysis, where speech acts, framing and footing were key concepts. The findings show that the talk in the handovers and meetings contained five main themes and that there was a clear correlation between what was said and how it was said, and whether clinicians related to the content in a decisive, person‐centred or indecisive manner. We discuss potential participation statuses for patients and their limited opportunity to influence the talk and possible decisions about themselves. Our conclusion is that handover meetings primarily function as an aid in organising clinicians' work and could ultimately be seen as counteracting user participation.
Effects of diabetes on tooth movement and root resorption after orthodontic force application in rats
Authors: Arita K. , Hotokezaka H. , Hashimoto M. , Nakano‐Tajima T. , Kurohama T. , Kondo T. , Darendeliler M. A. , Yoshida N.
Published: January 2016

Structured Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effects of diabetes on orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption in rats.

Setting and sample population

Twenty‐three 10‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats divided into control (n = 7), diabetes (n = 9), and diabetes + insulin (n = 7) groups.

Materials and methods

Diabetes was induced by administering a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Rats with a blood glucose level exceeding 250 mg/dl were assigned to the diabetes group. Insulin was administered daily to the diabetes + insulin group. A nickel–titanium closed‐coil spring of 10 g was applied for 2 weeks to the maxillary left first molar in all rats to induce mesial tooth movement. Tooth movement was measured using microcomputed tomography images. To determine the quantity of root resorption, the mesial surfaces of the mesial and distal roots of the first molar were analyzed using both scanning electron microscopy and scanning laser microscopy.

Results

After 2 weeks, the amount of tooth movement in the diabetic rats was lower than that in the control rats. Root resorption was also significantly lower in the diabetic rats. These responses of the rats caused by diabetes were mostly diminished by insulin administration.

Conclusions

Diabetes significantly reduced orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontically induced root resorption in rats. The regulation of blood glucose level through insulin administration largely reduced these abnormal responses to orthodontic force application.
Postoperative pain management in Latino families: parent beliefs about analgesics predict analgesic doses provided to children
Authors: Rosales Alvina , Fortier Michelle A. , Campos Belinda , Kain Zeev N.
Published: January 2016

Background/Objectives

The present study examined whether parental perceptions of children's pain impacted home‐based pain management following outpatient surgery in a sample of Latino families from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Methods

Latino parents of children (n = 161) who underwent outpatient surgery were recruited for this study and completed measures assessing attitudes on pain and analgesic use (Parental Pain Expression Perceptions and Medication Attitudes Questionnaire) before their child's surgery. Parents also rated their child's pain after their child's surgery using the Parent Postoperative Pain Measure and collected data on the amount of analgesics they gave to their child on the first postoperative day. Hierarchical regression analyses examined whether parental attitudes predicted pain assessment and management at home.

Results

A majority of parents reported multiple misconceptions regarding children's pain and fears of side effects as well as avoidance of analgesic use. For example, over 80% reported believing that a child always tells their parents when they are in pain. Hierarchical regression analyses found that more fear and avoidance regarding analgesic use for children's pain predicted parents providing fewer doses of analgesic to their children on the first postoperative day (β = −0.21, P = 0.028).

Conclusions

Preoperative parents’ beliefs regarding analgesics for treatment of children's pain may adversely impact parent postoperative analgesic administration at home in Latino families.
Polyamine oxidase 5 loss‐of‐function mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana trigger metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming and promote salt stress tolerance
Authors: Zarza Xavier , Atanasov Kostadin E. , Marco Francisco , Arbona Vicent , Carrasco Pedro , Kopka Joachim , Fotopoulos Vasileios , Munnik Teun , Gómez‐Cadenas Aurelio , Tiburcio Antonio F. , Alcázar Rubén
Published: January 2016

The family of polyamine oxidases (PAO) in Arabidopsis (AtPAO1–5) mediates polyamine (PA) back‐conversion, which reverses the PA biosynthetic pathway from spermine and its structural isomer thermospermine (tSpm) into spermidine and then putrescine. Here, we have studied the involvement of PA back‐conversion in Arabidopsis salinity tolerance. AtPAO5 is the Arabidopsis PAO gene member most transcriptionally induced by salt stress. Two independent loss‐of‐function mutants (atpao5‐2 and atpao5‐3) were found to exhibit constitutively higher tSpm levels, with associated increased salt tolerance. Using global transcriptional and metabolomic analyses, the underlying mechanisms were studied. Stimulation of abscisic acid and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and accumulation of important compatible solutes, such as sugars, polyols and proline, as well as TCA cycle intermediates were observed in atpao5 mutants under salt stress. Expression analyses indicate that tSpm modulates the transcript levels of several target genes, including many involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of JA, some of which are already known to promote salinity tolerance. Transcriptional modulation by tSpm is isomer‐dependent, thus demonstrating the specificity of this response. Overall, we conclude that tSpm triggers metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming that promotes salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
Incident Ultraviolet Irradiances Influence Physiology, Development and Settlement of Larva in the Coral Pocillopora damicornis
Authors: Zhou Jie , Fan Tung‐Yung , Beardall John , Gao Kunshan
Published: January 2016

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) is one of the potential factors involved in the induction of coral bleaching, loss of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium or their photosynthetic pigments. However, little has been documented on its effects on the behavior and recruitment of coral larvae, which sustains coral reef ecosystems. Here, we analyzed physiological changes in larvae of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis and examined the photophysiological performance of the symbiont algae, following exposure to incident levels of UVR and subsequently observed the development of coral larvae. The endosymbiotic algae exhibited a high sensitivity to UV‐B (295–320 nm) during a 6 h exposure, showing lowered photosynthetic performance per larva and per algal cell, whereas the presence of UV‐A (320–395 nm) significantly stimulated photosynthesis. UVR decreased chlorophyll a concentration only at higher surface temperature or at the higher doses or intensities of UVR. Correlations between UV‐absorbing compound (UVAC) contents or UVR sensitivity and temperature were identified, implying that UVACs might act as a screen or antioxidants in Pocillopora damicornis larvae. Larvae reared under UVR exposures showed lower levels of survivorship, metamorphosis and settlement, with inhibition by UV‐A being much greater than that caused by UV‐B.
The Effect of Perspective‐Giving on Postconflict Reconciliation. An Experimental Approach
Authors: Ugarriza Juan E. , Nussio Enzo
Published: January 2016

Discussion groups are a promising tool for bridging the divide between former conflict antagonists. However, such groups do not always produce the desired outcome of improved attitudes, even when they meet the conditions generally seen as favoring positive interaction. In this article, we examine specific discussion protocols that mitigate polarization risks while fostering reconciliation. Using a randomized, controlled design, we formed a pool of 429 ex‐combatants and members of conflict‐affected communities in Colombia. Participants were asked to join heterogeneous groups and discuss their proposals for the future of Colombia. Overall, community members improved their attitudes towards ex‐combatants significantly, while ex‐combatants’ attitudes toward community members do not tend to polarize. Those participants who were randomly assigned to a perspective‐giving treatment protocol (where they were asked to refer to their personal experience and perspective) consistently improved their intergroup attitudes towards ex‐combatants, and by a proportionally higher percentage than those taking part under argumentation and no‐treatment control conditions.