bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of sex hormones on gingival exudation in dogs with chronic gingivitis
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Attström Rolf , Björn Anna‐Lisa
Published: July 2006

The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether or not repeated administration of estrogen and progesterone induces an increased gingival exudation in dogs.

Five female mongrel dogs constituted the experimental material. Six months prior to the start of the hormone experiments and during the experimental period the animals were given a soft gingivitisinducing diet. During the “hormone‐periods” each dog was given 1 mg estrogen every second day, and 25 mg progesterone every day. The hormones were injected intramuscularly in one of the dogs hind legs. The degree of gingival exudation was assessed by the method described by Brill (1959) and Egelberg (1964).

The results of the investigation clearly show that, in dogs with a manifest chronic gingivitis, the administration of estrogen and progesterone causes a rise in the amount of exudate obtainable on filter paper strips inserted into the gingival crevice. The termination of the hormone supply resulted in a marked and rapid decrease in exudation. This increase and decrease of the amount of gingival fluid in relation to the increase and decrease of the estrogen and progesterone level indicate that these female sex hormones affect the permeability of the dento‐gingival vessels.
Experimental gingivitis in man
Authors: Jensen S. Börglum , Löe Harald , Schiött C. Rindom , Theilade Else
Published: July 2006

Twelve male dental students with healthy gingiva were subjected to a 3 week period without oral hygiene. During this period 6 subjects rinsed their mouth 3 times daily with a 0.5 per cent solution of vancomycin, while 6 subjects rinsed with distilled water. In both groups gingival plaque accumulated rapidly and after 3 weeks all participants developed gingivitis. Clinically no difference could be detected between the two groups. The microflora of the plaque accumulating in the group rinsing with water developed according to the pattern observed in previous investigations. In the vancomycin group this pattern was not followed. Gram‐positive bacteria did not proliferate, and after 5 days rinsing with vancomycin only gram‐negative bacteria were seen in stained smears and impression preparations. Spirochetes were never observed. In cultures of bacterial plaque a few gram‐positive bacteria were found in most but not all of the samples collected at intervals during the experimental period from subjects in the vancomycin group. It is concluded that a predominantly gram‐negative bacterial flora is able to form plaque and elicit gingival inflammation in humans.
A histological study of experimental gingivitis in man
Authors: Zachrisson Björn U.
Published: July 2006

Experimental gingivitis was induced in 21 individuals. Oral hygiene was abolished on the buccal and interproximal tooth surfaces of one side of the mouth in the mandibular premolar and molar area. The other tooth surfaces served as controls and were subject to thorough oral hygiene measures. After 15–17 days, when clinically manifest gingivitis had developed in the non‐cleansing side of the majority of the subjects, biopsies were obtained from that side as well as from the control side. Histological examination of tissue from the experimental side revealed inflammatory infiltrates largely confined to the connective tissue adjacent to the pocket epithelium. The cells were mainly medium‐large and small lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts. A few neutrophilic leukocytes were observed mostly inside the vessels and adjacent to and within the pocket epithelium. Immature and mature plasma cells were seen in the central regions of the connective tissue, but were scant or absent nearer to the pocket epithelium The distribution of the different types of mononuclear cells might be consistent with a transformation of lymphocytes into plasma cells.
Electron microscopic features of chronically inflamed human gingiva
Authors: Freedman Harvey L. , Listgarten Max A. , Taichman Norton S.
Published: July 2006

Chronically inflamed human gingival was studied by electron microscopy, with particular emphasis on alterations in the tissues adjacent to the gingival sulcus. In spite of dilated intercellular spaces in the crevicular epithelium recognizable bacteria remained confined to the most superficial layers of the epithelium. Such spaces did, however, contain a variety of emigrating cell types, cellular debris, lysosomes and a granular precipitate. Lysosomes were also detected in the connective tissues and were released from disrupting neutrophils. Morphological variants of the plasma cell series formed the majority of the inflammatory cell population. The synthesis and extracellular release of proteins (immunoglobulins) was suggested in light of their morphological appearance.
A method for evaluation of small sample, short duration experiments
Authors: Betz Peter K. , Ratcliff Perry A. , Levin Joel R. , Rothman Frederic L.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to see if any statistically significant differences could be shown between groups when using small experimental samples in a short duration experiment.

Because small samples were employed and because normality and equality of variance assumptions were doubtful, the «Kruskal‐Wallis» Nonparametric «One‐Way» Analysis of Variance by Ranks was performed on the data to test for statistical significance (Siegel 1956). The data suggest that, within the severe limits of this study, any of the alterations from normal caused changes in cementum.

The effects of hypophysectomy, adrenocorticotropic hormone and somatotrophic hormone on the thickness of cementum of rat molar roots were investigated, using statistical methods which were able to show some between‐group differences when small samples were used in short experiments. Some of the anticipated changes in cementum with these hormones did not become apparent in the 32 rat molars during the 36 day experiment.
Gingival tissue physiology in vitro
Authors: Powell R. N.
Published: July 2006

Gingival explants maintained in vitro display a pattern of glycogen storage similar to that of healing wounds. Demonstrable glycogen increases in amount during the first twelve hours after excision of the explant and this is followed by a rapid decline as epithelial migration and proliferation proceed. Since most of the accumolation occurs close to the lateral borders of the explants, a specific relationship with keratinization seems unlikely.
Periodontal observations in twins
Authors: Ciancio S. G. , Hazen S. P. , Cunat J. J.
Published: July 2006

Twenty‐six groups of twins, with ages ranging from 12–17 years, were examined in this study. Seven sets of twins were monozygous and nineteen sets were dyzygous. The following observations were made on each set using a modification of the Ramfjord Periodontal Index:

1. Gingival recession was measured with a Williams‐Fox probe. 2. Crevicular depth was measured using a Williams‐Fox probe. Six measurements were made for each tooth on the mesial, distal, facial and lingual aspects. 3. Gingival health around each of six teeth (as outlined by Ramfjord) was scored on the basis of the degree of inflammation. 4. Supragingival calculus was scored on the basis of the amount of deposit. 5. Dental plaque was scored on the basis of amount of stainable plaque. The determination as to whether the twins were monozygous or dyzygous was based on an examination of blood factors. If any difference was noted, the set was considered to be dyzygous.

The results of this study can be summarized as follows:

(a) No evidence was found to support the concept that gingival recession or gingival crevice depth is an inherited characteristic.

(b) No significant difference was found between both groups for the gingival score, calculus score, and plaque score.
Alveolar bone resorption in anglo‐saxon and seventeenth century mandibles
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B. , Moore W. J.
Published: July 2006

Measurements of alveolar bone resorption were made on radiographs of 28 Anglo‐Saxon and 46 17th. century mandibles. The amount of resorption was found to be significantly greater in the mandibles of the 17th. century than in those of the Anglo‐Saxon period, this difference being most pronounced in the region of the 2nd. premolar tooth. Changes in diet, particularly in its physical consistency, are suggested as the main factors in this increase in alveolar bone loss.
An objective method of assessing the periodontal condition in human skulls
Authors: Davies D. M. , Picton D. C. A. , Alexander A. G.
Published: July 2006

An objective method is described for estimating the periodontal state of human skulls. Two measurements were made for each tooth from the alveolar crest to the amelo‐cemental junction and, from the average of these for the whole mouth, an estimate was calculated called the Tooth Cervical Height‐Index. It was found possible to repeat measurements with a considerable degree of precision. When forty skulls with varying degrees of periodontal disease were examined a significant correlation was recorded between the T.C.H.‐index and the periodontal state as estimated using clinical criteria (after Russell).
The histology of the muco‐gingival junction
Authors: Lozdan J. , Squier C. A.
Published: July 2006

Nineteen pieces of muco‐gingival tissue from man and monkey were examined by histological and histochemical methods. Neither a surface groove nor a change from keratinisation to non‐keratinisation were consistently seen in all specimens; the differing elastic tissue content of the gingiva and alveolar mucosa was therefore used to define the muco‐gingival junction. The surface groove, the keratinisation pattern, the distribution of hydrolytic enzymes and the glycogen content have been related to this junction. The gingiva and alveolar mucosa meet without a gradual transition zone suggesting that an intrinsic difference exists between them. This junction provides a useful model system for the examination of epithelial‐connective tissue interrelationships.
The influence of progestogen on gingival exudation during menstrual cycles
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Attström Rolf , Björn Anna‐Lisa
Published: July 2006

The investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect on gingival exudation of a raised level of progestogen in young females by using the exudation during the normal menstrual cycle as a reference. Fourteen female student nurses aged 19 to 24 years participated in this study. Only the buccal mesial aspect of the upper incisor and canine teeth was examined. In no case did the depth of the gingival pocket exceed three millimeters, and the gingiva in the area of observation showed clinically only slight signs of chronic inflammation. Intra‐crevicular exudate samplings were carried out once every second day for a period of around 140 days. The hormone administration was not started until a period of time containing two phases of menstrual bleedings had elapsed. The results clearly show that the regular use of chlormadinone acetate, a synthetic preparation with a specific and marked progestogen effect, induces a gradual increase in the amount of gingival exudate obtainable on filter paper strips inserted into gingival pockets. The influence of the progestogen was most marked during the menstrual phase when the production of ovarian estrogens and progesterone is low.
The effect of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on the gingiva
Authors: Bay I. , Møller I. J.
Published: July 2006

Prior to the start of the present investigation, 578 children in the 10–12 year age‐group in Ballerup‐Måløv municipality (a suburban area near Copenhagen) had participated in a 30‐months investigation of the caries‐inhibiting effect of a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate. At the end of this 30‐month study, a group of 172 children, selected at random, were examined for incidence of plaque and gingivitis. At this point the supervised toothbrushing at school ceased, as did the supplying of dentifrice to the families. One year later (i.e. 42 months after the start of the basic experiment), the children were re‐examined.

The results of the investigation led to the following conclusions: 1. The incidence of plaque and gingivitis was identical in the fluoride group and the control group at both first and second examination. This suggests that using a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate ‐ up to three times a day ‐ for 30 months does not increase the incidence of plaque or gingivitis in children. 2. At the time of the second examination (1 year later) a significant increase in Plaque Index and Gingival Index scores occurred (P<0.05), presumable because the children now no longer brushed their teeth under supervision.
pH and depth of gingival crevices in different areas of the mouths of fasting humans.
Authors: Kleinberg I. , Hall G.
Published: July 2006

The pH and depth of gingival crevices in eighteen different regions of the human mouth were determined in 19 subjects who had not brushed their teeth for 3 days and had not eaten for at least 12 hours. The pH was measured with antimony micro‐electrodes and crevice depths were estimated simultaneously from markings along the side of the material insulating the electrodes. The crevice pH followed a similar intra‐oral pattern to that observed previously for supragingival plaque except that crevice readings averaged 0.64 pH units above corresponding plaque readings. When the crevice pH for each location was plotted against crevice depth, the pH increased up to a depth of approximately 0.7 mm and then decreased with increasing depth. A similar plot of the supragingival plaque pH (data from an earlier study) against crevice depth showed a direct linear relationship, not the rise and fall relationship observed for crevice pH. It was therefore postulated that the factors responsible for the variation in supragingival plaque pH are also responsible for the variation in crevice pH but, in the deeper crevices, fluid entering the crevices from underlying tissue favours the lowering of the crevice pH.
Relationship of salivary kininase activity to periodontal status in humans
Authors: Tonzetich J. , Eigen E. , Volpe A. R. , Weiss S.
Published: July 2006

A correlation has been observed between the rate of bradykinin inactivation by saliva and the periodontal status of 22 out of 24 subjects studied. The inactivation process proceeded at a more rapid rate in the group with definite signs of periodontal disease than in the apparently “normal” group. The increased kininase activity of the involved group is probably related to the presence of a greater number of damaged cells. Although the evaluation has been performed on a relatively small number of subjects, the differences merit consideration as being potentially useful for evaluation of the periodontal status of oral tissue.
Immunity and inflammation as synergistic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease
Authors: Dick H. M. , Trott J. R.
Published: July 2006

The local immune response to challenge antigen injection in sensitized mice was investigated. Challenge injection was administered through the maxillary labial mucosa.

The influence of non‐specific inflammation on the challenge response was studied when both were present simultaneously in a local oral tissue site. The results indicate that inflamed tissues react more violently to the presence of horse ferritin‐anti horse ferritin complexes than do non‐inflamed tissues. Although the challenge reaction in non‐inflamed tissues incited an acute inflammatory lesion, this same reaction occurring in inflamed tissue induced an Arthus reaction.
Effect of occlusal relationships on neurophysiological pathways
Authors: Butler James H. , Stallard Richard E.
Published: July 2006

This Investigation dealt with the possible neurophysiological pathways operative during functional intermaxillary relationships, particularly in regard to antagonistic masticatory muscle activity. Electromyography utilizing bipolar surface electrodes was used to monitor activity from the antagonistic opening and closing muscles of mastication. Tooth contacts were signaled by radio transmitters constructed in dental bridgework. Analysis of the data shows a difference in relationship of electromyographic activity from opening and closing muscles and a changed relationship of closing muscle activity to tooth contact when comparing mastication to command movements. These differences are suggestive of different neurophysiologic pathways being utilized in voluntary and reflex (non‐voluntary) mandibular movement.
Mucosal changes at erupting molars in germfree rats
Authors: Magnusson B.
Published: July 2006

An accumulation of inflammatory cells in the tissue adjacent to the newly established dentogingival junction of erupting teeth has been reported by several investigators. In order to elucidate the role played by bacteria in the induction of this presumed defence reaction against irritants from the oral cavity, the first and second molars were studied in seven germfree rats aged 14 to 20 days and in age‐matched control animals. After previous demineralisation and embedding in paraffin the molars on one side were serially sectioned sagittally.

Inspection of the molar areas revealed no differences in the stage of eruption between the two groups. Also, the general histologic picture was almost identical in the two groups. Before fusion of the dental and oral epithelia, only the ordinary cells of loose connective tissue were present. As soon as the molar appeared in the oral cavity, both germfree and control animals regularly showed some accumulation of inflammatory cells in the vicinity of the epithelial confluence.

The greatest number of cells as well as an absolute dominance of leucocytes was noted at the onset of the reaction. Later, lymphocytes became frequent, but then the total number of inflammatory cells, and the proportion of lymphocytes, was smaller in the germfree animals than in the controls. At this stage the numbers of inflammatory cells also varied considerably in different areas around each molar.
Oral hygiene and occlusal disharmony in Mexican‐American children
Authors: Grewe John M. , Chadha J. M. , Hagan Donald , Zermeno Jorge A.
Published: July 2006

Ninety‐five Mexican‐American children ranging in age from 5 to 13 years of age and residing in Muscatine, Iowa were examined using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‐S) and the Orthodontic Treatment Priority Index (TPI) to test the hypothesis that the children with the most severe handicapping malocclusions would also exhibit the poorest oral hygiene. An approximately equal number of males and females were divided according to age into three groups (5–7, 8–10 and 11–13). The TPI and OHI‐S scores for each child within a group were ranked so that the Spearman rank correlation coefficient could be calculated and tested for significance using the “t” test. There was observed to be no significant correlation between oral hygiene as scored by the OHI‐S. and occlusal disharmony as scored by the TPI.
The effects on the gingivae of chewing fibrous foods
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Wicén Per‐Olof
Published: July 2006

The present investigation was undertaken to study the changes in the gingivae of a group of human subjects whose only active effort at oral cleanliness was to chew raw carrots. Eighteen male dental students 20–24 years of age, were studied using the Gingival Index system (GI) of Löe and Silness (1963), the Plaque Index system (P1I) of Silness and Löe (1964) and gingival exudates measurements according to Egelberg (1964). The participants were told not to use any active oral hygiene measures for a period of eighteen days. During this time, nine of the students were given three raw carrots three times a day. These were carefully chewed for two to three minutes under supervision.

That the regular chewing of raw carrots had no influence on the degree of plaque formation, is proved by the fact that at no examination was the difference between the Plaque Index scores of the experimental and the control groups statistically significant. Thus, the active mastication of the raw carrots appeared to have no significant toothcleansing effect.

This investigation has also demonstrated that, when all active tooth cleansing is discontinued, healthy gingivae will develop chronic inflammation and pre‐existing gingivitis will gradually become aggravated. The Gingival Index scores and exudate measurements clearly indicate a gradual deterioration of the gingivae of all the subjects throughout the eighteen days of experiment.

The increases in the GI‐values and in the gingival exudation were of the same magnitude in both the experimental and the control groups. This shows that the chewing of fibrous food had no influence on the rate of deterioration of the gingivae when no tooth‐cleansing was practiced.
Carbohydrate components of the gingival exudate
Authors: Hara Kohji , Löe Harald
Published: July 2006

This paper describes the presence and amounts of free glucose, hexosamine and hexuronic acid in the gingival exudate. Exudate was sampled on filterstrips from individuals with different degrees of gingival inflammation. The strips were weighed before and after absorption of exudate and the exudate was calculated. The exudate was extracted and the content of glucose, hexosamine and hexuronic acid was determined colorimetrically. In keeping with previous studies the amount of exudate increased with the severity of inflammation. Exudate glucose varied between 1.13 and 7.09 μg/mg exudate. The hexosamine content was approximately 0.6 μg/mg and the hexuronic acid concentration varied between 50 and 60 μg/mg. The possible sources of origin of the carbohydrate components are discussed.
Determination of hyaluronidase activity in dental plaque material
Authors: Söder Per‐Östen , Nord Carl‐Erik
Published: July 2006

Hyaluronidase activity in dental plaque material was studied using hyaluronic acid as substrate and a viscosimetric method for determining the activity. Although the enzyme activity varied between different patients, two optima at pH 5.5 and 6.5 were found, suggesting the presence of more than one enzyme. A marked decrease in enzyme activity was found even after 1 day storage at ‐20°C. Gel filtration experiments on Sephadex G‐200 revealed at least 2 different fractions, one in the void volume and one close to the void volume.
The effects of inanition on the periodontal tissues of the rat
Authors: Fava‐de‐Moraes F. , Villa Nelson
Published: July 2006

The changes in the periodontal tissues of the rat, when submitted to inanition, were studied at body weight losses of 4, 8, 12, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 40 per cent. Histological and histochemical methods were used to investigate the effects.

It was possible to establish that the tissue changes started in the middle portion of the periodontal membrane, migrating in the beginning towards the alveolar bone and only in a later stage towards the cementum. There were no structural changes in the gingival mucosa. The results obtained are discussed in the light of the varying known metabolic rates of the various zones.
Ultrastructure of epithelial cells in human periodontal ligament explants
Authors: Nylen Marie U. , Grupe Harold E.
Published: July 2006

The ultrastructure of epithelial rests of Malessez from explants of human periodontal membrane has been described. They differ from the resting cells seen in vivo in areas of the epithelial‐connective tissue junction, in their abundance of cytoplasm and increased number of lateral cell processes, by the marked alterations in number, arrangement, and morphology of organelles and inclusions; evidence of pinocytotic or reverse pinocytotic processes, and random areas of apatite formation. These findings provide further proof that the cell rests may remain viable upon completion of root formation. Apparently they are able to respond to environmental stimuli through an alteration in their enzymatic and protein synthesizing machinery. The arrangement of the organelles in cultured epithelial rests suggests protein utilization by the cells themselves and possibly also as a contribution to continuing alterations of their surrounding basement lamina.
Increased susceptibility to periodontitis in mink affected by a lysosomal disease
Authors: Gustafson Gunnar T.
Published: July 2006

The periodontal conditions of standard dark mink and mink affected with Chediak‐Higashi syndrome were studied in 45 female animals, 2.5 years of age. Both animal groups suffered from chronic periodontitis. The inflammatory changes and bone loss in normal dark mink were slight. The Chediak‐Higashi mink were regularly found to have both more intense inflammatory reactions and more advanced bone loss upon histologic and radiographic examination, and by the finding of larger distances between the cemento‐enamel junction and the alveolar crest. The results of this investigation indicate that the periodontal lesion in mink is intimately related to calculus‐plaque deposits in a way similar to periodontal disease in man. Further, the finding that mink affected by a systemic lysosomal abnormality develop a more severe gingival inflammation to dental plaque than do normal animals is considered to give some support to the concept that released lysosomal enzymes may be responsible for the final destruction of tissues in periodontitis although other qualities associated with the Chediak‐Higashi syndrome may contribute.
Studies on the biology of the periodontium of marmosets
Authors: Dreizen Samuel , Levy Barnet M. , Bernick Sol
Published: July 2006

Six adult cotton ear marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) fed a vitamin C‐free synthetic diet of known composition developed overt evidence of ascorbic acid deficiency beginning 2 to 4 months after initiation of the test regimen. Three marmosets fed the identical diet plus a daily supplement of vitamin C served as controls. The animals were maintained on the vitamin C‐free diet until they became moribund and were killed and necropsied. The control animals were sacrificed following the death of the last of the test group. Comparative gross and histologic examinations of the periodontal structures revealed striking changes in the periodontal ligament of the scorbutic marmosets with relatively minor alterations in the osseous and gingival components. The periodontal involvement was largely confined to the alveolar segment and consisted of ligamental hemorrhages, loss of ligamental compactness and density, reduction in number of attachment fibers and loosening of the teeth.
The effect of divalent cations on cell adhesion
Authors: Attramadal Audun
Published: July 2006

The effect of several divalent cations on cell adhesion was estimated in monolayer cell cultures. The exclusion of the divalent cations (Ca and Mg) from Hanks' balanced salt solution resulted in rapid cell detachment from the glass substratum. Detached cells would reattach when these divalent cations again were introduced into the medium.

Other divalent cations were found to have effects similar to those of calcium or magnesium on cell detachment and reattachment, with the exception of strontium which showed no interference with cell contact abilities.
The effects of freezing human dentin and cementum before implantation in the subcutaneous tissues of the rat
Authors: Morris M. L.
Published: July 2006

Twenty‐two sections of human roots including cementum and dentin were preserved by freezing at ‐5 degrees centigrade for an average of 27 days and then implanted into the subcutaneous tissues of the rat for periods up to one year.

The reactions of the host connective tissues were compared with those previously noted around implants from freshly extracted teeth.

Freezing caused quantitative rather than qualitative differences. Tissue reactions were seen earlier and to a greater degree than with fresh implants. It was concluded that freezing is a suitable method for preserving roots to be used for experimental heteroptic implantation in rats.

The results also suggested that root resorption may consist of alternate decalcification and cellular digestion.
Histometric analysis of interradicular bone in protein deficient animals
Authors: Carranza F. A. , Cabrini R. L. , Otero R. Lopez , Stahl S. S.
Published: July 2006

A histometric analysis of bone density was made in the interradicular bone of rats fed either a powdered protein free diet, pair‐fed with an isocaloric 27 % casein diet or fed control diets, ad libitum, of either soft or hard consistencies. A marked osteoporosis was found in the two nutritionally restricted groups. The pair fed animals showed a greater osteoporosis than the protein deficient animals. These results were statistically significant (p = 0.001).
Alterations in crevicular fluid flow during healing following gingivectomy and flap procedures
Authors: Sandalli Peker , Wade A. Bryan
Published: July 2006

Gingival fluid was collected from the mesial aspects of the anterior teeth of twelve patients before initial preparation and two weeks after completion of this. All pockets from which fluid was collected were measured prior to initial preparation. On twelve occasions pockets were eliminated by conventional gingivectomy and on eight flaps were reflected followed by curettage and osteoplasties. Gingival fluid was collected immediately prior to operation and at two, three and four weeks post‐operatively. A strong correlation (r =+0.93: P < 0.001) was found between pocket depth and the amount of the gingival fluid exudate. Initial preparation reduced the amount of fluid flow, the extent of the reduction being significant (P < 0.01) where pockets were deep. No significant change in the amount of fluid flow had occurred two weeks after either type of operation but there were significant reductions (P < 0.01) between the third and fourth post‐operative weeks when flap procedures had been performed and in the fourth post‐operative week in the case of gingivectomies. The level of gingival fluid flow was the same in both groups four weeks after the operations even though it was twice as great in the flap procedures group as in the gingivectomy group before operation.
Epithelial mitotic activity after gingivectomy
Authors: Henning F. R.
Published: July 2006

Healing of gingivectomy wounds at the palatal surfaces of rat molars was stadied after administration of tritiated thymidine and subsequent radioautography. The objective was to determine levels of epithelial mitotic activity in relation to the previously ascertained timing of reattachment.

It was concluded that the return of mitotic activity to normal levels coincides with reattachment of epithelium to the tooth surface. Possible reasons for the lag between epithelial closure of the wound and reattachment to the tooth are discussed.
Dental attitudes of primigravid women
Authors: Edwards T. S. F. , Rowntree F. St. D.
Published: July 2006

A survey of 300 primigravid women was conducted with a view to assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour affecting the dental health of themselves and their children. A considerable gap between knowledge of dental health and hygiene, and the practice of the latter, lack of awareness of the importance of the primary dentition, and an apathetic acceptance of “inevitable” loss of the natural dentition, were some of the points of interest revealed. The need for carefully planned dental health education during the ante‐natal period is stressed, so that knowledge thus acquired may favourably influence the dental health of the rising generation.
The effect of mouthrinses and topical application of chlorhexidine on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis in man
Authors: Löe Harald , Rindom Schiøtt C.
Published: July 2006

Twenty‐four male dental students with healthy gingivae and clean teeth ceased all oral hygiene procedures. (A) Four subjects rinsed, twice daily, with a 0.2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate; (B) eight students rinsed, once daily, with the same solution; (C) six students did not rinse and formed the control group and (D) six students received one daily application of a 2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate. The study confirmed previous observations (Löe and Rindom Schiött 1969, 1970) that two daily mouth rinses with a 0.2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine effectively prevent plaque formation. One daily rinse did not inhibit plaque formation in all areas of the dentition. One daily topical application of a 2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate prevented plaque formation completely. Upon discontinuation of the chlorhexidine treatment plaque formed at normal rates, suggesting that there is no appreciable effect beyond a 24 hour period. It is concluded that complete inhibition of plaque and prevention of gingivitis may be achieved by daily application of chlorhexidine, provided the agent is administered in such a way that it reaches all tooth surfaces.
The effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses on the human oral flora
Authors: Rindom Schiøtt C. , Löe Harald , Børglum Jensen S. , Kilian M. , Davies R.M. , Glavind K.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinses on the oral flora. Four students rinsed, twice daily, with 10 ml of a 0.2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine gluconate, and four students served as controls on a no oral hygiene programme. The number of bacteria in saliva was estimated by a cultural technique and impression preparations were used for the study of the bacteria on the gingiva and tooth surface. The controls showed a 300 per cent increase in bacterial counts during the experiment. In the chlorhexidine group the number of bacteria per ml saliva was reduced by 85 per cent, after 24 hours, reaching a 95 per cent reduction on day 5. An 85–90 per cent reduction was maintained throughout the experimental period. Impression preparations of the gingival area in the controls showed a heavier accummulation of bacteria than in the chlorhexidine group. In addition an increasing bacterial colonization of the tooth surfaces occurred in the controls throughout the experiment, but was never observed in the chlorhexidine group. Although the number of bacteria in saliva was markedly reduced, large numbers still persisted. It, therefore, appears unlikely that the inhibition of plaque formation is primarily the result of a reduction of the salivary flora.
The affinity of chlorhexidine for hydroxyapatite and salivary mucins
Authors: Rölla Gunnar , Löe Harald , Rindom Schiøtt C.
Published: July 2006

This study indicates that chlorhexidine gluconate adsorbs to hydroxyapatite, tooth surfaces and salivary mucins and that the adsorbed chlorhexidine is released when the concentration in the environment is low. The possible formation of reservoirs of chlorhexidine on the tooth surface in vivo from which chlorhexidine is slowly released could, therefore, prevent bacterial colonization and the development of dental plaque.
The effect of topical application of chlorhexidine on the bacterial colonization of the teeth and gingiva
Authors: Davies R.M. , Børglum Jensen S. , Rindom Schiøtt C. , Löe Harald
Published: July 2006

Six dental students participated in two experiments throughout which they ceased all active oral hygiene measures. In the first experiment a 2 per cent solution of chlorhexidine and in the second a placebo solution was applied topically each day to all teeth. Throughout both 15 day experiments the bacterial colonization of the attached gingiva, gingival margin and tooth surface was examined using impression preparations and a microcolony technique. Bacterial colonization of the tooth surface occurred rapidly using the placebo and a bacterial plaque accumulated at the gingival margin as described in previous no‐oral‐hygiene experiments. No bacterial colonization of the tooth surface was observed throughout the chlorhexidine experiment. The bacterial flora of the attached gingiva remained unaltered, but at the gingival margin an increase in the numbers of gram negative cocci and rods occurred between days 5 and 10. A tendency was noted for this flora to revert back to gram positive by the end of the experiment. It is concluded that the inhibition of plaque formation by chlorhexidine is primarily a result of its ability to interact with the organic or inorganic components of the tooth surface.
Antibodies in humans to an isolated antigen from oral fusobacteria
Authors: Kristoffersen Tore , Hofstad Tor
Published: July 2006

Sera from 31 individuals (19 females, 12 males, 23–58 years) were tested for antibodies agglutinating tanned sheep erythrocytes sensitized with two different preparations of Precipitinogen 2 from Fusobacterium. At 1:8 dilution positive reactions were found in 23 sera (74%). There appeared to be no correlation between titre levels of hemagglutinating antibody and the severity of perio‐dontal disease as measured by the Periodontal Index (Russell 1956).

In 5 out of 8 rabbits given 160 mg human γ‐globulin (Kabi) intravenously, intradermal injections 20–45 min later of 0.1 to 0.4 mg of Precipitinogen 2 produced Arthus‐like reactions, reaching a maximum after 4–8 hours. Intradermal injections in 6 rabbits of the same quantities of Precipitinogen 2 without previous injection of γ‐globulin gave inflammation, sometimes slowly progressive and reaching a maximum after approximately 20 hours. Intravenous injection of 250 μg of endotoxin from Fusobacterium 24 hours after local injection of Precipitinogen 2 produced no change in the appearance of the lesions.
Effects of demineralization and parathyroid hormone on the availability of bone collagen to degradation by collagenase
Authors: Stern B. , Golub L. , Goldhaber P.
Published: July 2006

Calvaria were exposed to collagenase in vitro before and after demineralization to determine the effect of the mineral phase on the availability of the collagen matrix to collagenolytic degradation. Other calvaria were cultured, in the presence or absence of parathyroid hormone, in a system that supports active bone resorption but not bone formation. The residual calvaria were then treated with collagenase as described above to study the availability and susceptibility of the remaining bone collagen to enzymatic attack. The mineral phase of the calvaria was found to protect collagen in bone from degradation by collagenase. Removal of the mineral from these bones rendered the remaining pool of collagen available to collagenolytic attack. Both unmineralized and mineralized pools of collagen in the calvaria were degraded during bone resorption in culture and this process was stimulated by parathyroid hormone. Since the demineralized cultured calvaria were degraded by collagenase in vitro to a greater extent than the demineralized uncultured calvaria, it would appear that the collagen matrix, in addition to being made available to collagenolytic attack through the loss of mineral, was altered structurally during bone resorption such that it became more susceptible to enzymatic degradation.
The adhesion of mouse lymphoblastoma cells to glass beads
Authors: Attramadal Audun , Jonsen Jon
Published: July 2006

The adhesion of cultured mouse lymphoblastoma cells to glass beads was measured. The effect of some factors influencing the adhesion rate was estimated. To obtain reproducible results, the flow rate, the cell washing procedure, the time lag between the washing and the application of the cells to the glass bead columns, and the pH must be standardized.
Lack of effect of high doses of fluoride in prevention of alveolar bone loss in rats
Authors: Kristoffersen Tore , Bang Gisle , Meyer Knut
Published: July 2006

Drinking water containing 45 ppm fluoride (as sodium fluoride) was given to 15 male weanling rats for 6 months. A control group, 14 rats, received water containing 0.02 ppm fluoride. The high intake of fluoride had no preventive effect on alveolar bone resorption. Rather, there was a tendency to slightly more alveolar bone loss in the fluoridated rats, particularly in the mandible. The results are discussed in relation to possible toxic systemic effects and possible local injurious effects of high concentrations of fluoride.
Partial mouth recording of gingivitis, plaque and calculus in epidemiological surveys
Authors: Alexander A.G.
Published: July 2006

Three methods for the recording of gingivitis, plaque and supra‐ and subgingival calculus in detail, by examining only a part of the mouth were compared with results obtained from whole mouth examinations in the same individuals. The three methods assessed were anterior segment examination only; left side alternating with right side of the mouth and the examination of 4/14 /41/6as being representative of the whole mouth. Gingivitis was recorded by a modification of the PMA system of scoring. Calculus was recorded using the calculus surface index and plaque by a numerical system based on the area of plaque covering the clinical crown. All three methods of partial mouth recording gave results which were not statistically different from the results of full mouth examinations in the 400 adults investigated, with certain provisos in the case of two of the methods. The examination of the anterior segment must include both the labial and lingual gingivae and should not be restricted to the upper jaw only. The left side should be alternated with the right side in consecutive subjects, since the gingival scores obtained for the right side were consistently higher than those obtained for the left side of the mouth.
Effect of local applications of chlorhexidine on the oral mucosa of the hamster
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Heyden G. , Svanberg G. , Löe Harald , Rindom Schiøtt C.
Published: July 2006

The effects of local applications of a 2.2 mM (0.2 per cent) chlorhexidine gluconate solution on the oral mucous membranes have been evaluated by vital microscopy and histological and enzyme histochemical methods. Chlorhexidine gluconate applied onto intact or dekeratinized hamster cheek‐pouch did not induce microvascular disturbances in the underlying connective tissue. On a defective cheek‐pouch surface, however, the test solution caused hemolysis, intravascular granulo‐cytosis and thrombus formation. These observations indicate that chlorhexidine gluconate does not penetrate the undamaged oral epithelium. Daily application of 2.2 mM chlorhexidine gluconate on the palatal or sublingual mucosa did not induce reactions in the underlying connective tissue. The application of the test solution onto the oral epithelium, however, induced an increase in non‐enzymic formazan deposition in the surface layers. These staining reactions, which developed rapidly, did not appear to increase during prolonged administration.
The in‐vitro sensitivity of oral spirochaetes to metronidazole
Authors: Davies R.M. , Stirland R.M.
Published: July 2006

Ten pure strains of oral spirochaetes, having the same morphological and cultural characteristics as Treponema denticola, were isolated from 8 patients with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG). Penicillin and Metronidazole were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of these ten strains in vitro. The visual end point was 0.0–0.001 μ/ml for Penicillin and 0.1–0.01 μg/ml for Metronidazole. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the aetiology and management of ANUG.
A study of the effect of age and season on the incidence of ulcerative gingivitis
Authors: ŠKach M. , Zábrodský S. , Mrklas L.
Published: July 2006

A total of 1,179 patients, comprising 737 males and 442 females, with acute ulcerative gingivitis presented at the Stomatological Clinic in Prague during the decade 1958–1967.

The relationship between age and season and the incidence of acute ulcerative gingivitis was studied in these subjects. The highest incidence was in females between 16 and 17 years of age and in males 17 to 22 years of age. The incidence in all subjects 15 to 19 years of age was equivalent to 8.3 persons per10,000 inhabitants. The corresponding figures for the age ranges 20–24 and 25–29 were 4.8 and 2.1 respectively.

There were three seasonal peaks in incidence. The highest occurred in September and October, the next highest in December and January and the third was in June. The disease was often associated with the common cold.
The effect of different methods of interdental cleaning
Authors: Gjermo Per , Flötra Leiv
Published: July 2006

Three experimental studies were carried out to compare the effect of different implements recommended for interdental cleaning. In young adults, with healthy periodontal tissues, dental floss was superior to toothpicks in removing plaque from the lingual parts of the interproximal surfaces. The use of a single‐tufted brush as a supplement to the toothpicks compensated for the lack of effectiveness of toothpicks alone. In wide‐open interproximal areas, following periodontal destruction, the interdental brush is the most suitable implement to remove bacterial plaque.
Quantitative longitudinal study of alveolar bone tissue in man
Authors: Bergström Jan , Henrikson Carl O.
Published: July 2006

This investigation concerns the reaction of alveolar interdental tissue to periodontal surgery as observed from radiopacity changes in the region studied. The radiopacity of the tissue was determined with the aid of an Iodine125 apparatus for intraoral measurements. The radiation source is small and the energy is 27.4 keV. The precision of the method was tested over the period of investigation and found to be high. Seven flap operations were performed on four patients with periodontal disease. The radiopacity of the alveolar tissue after operation seems to bedependent on changes caused by the postoperative edema of the soft tissue, resulting in an increase in radiopacity, and changes caused by mineralization processes in the alveolar bone. A demineralization of the interdental bone is observed from about two weeks after operation and reaching its lowest value within six weeks after operation. Thereafter a secondary increase in radiopacity is recorded. This is interpreted as a remineralization of the alveolar bone.
The effect of hydrocortisone on the concentration and synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides in the rat gingiva
Authors: Kofoed J.A. , Bozzini C.E.
Published: July 2006

Treatment of adult male rats with hydrocortisone acetate in a dosis of 5 mg/Kg of body weight daily during 20 days produced a decrease in the concentration of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin‐6‐sulfate and heparin in gingiva. These effects are at least partially due to a decrease in the rate of synthesis of such compounds, as measured by incorporation of acetate‐C14 and sulfate‐S35 into mucopolysaccharides.
The origin and variation in number of leukocytes in the human saliva
Authors: Rindom Schiött C. , Löe Harald
Published: July 2006

The purpose of the present study was to determine the number and origin of leukocytes in saliva. Leukocytes were collected from saliva by a modification of the method of Klinkhamer. The‐number of leukocytes was found to vary from person to person, and for a given person during the day. There was also a slight individual variation from day to day. Starting with clean teeth and normal gingiva 18 students ceased all oral hygiene measures for a period of 3 weeks. During this time although gingivitis developed and there was a three‐fold increase of leukocytes, the number of salivary leukocytes did not reflect the gingival condition in a given subject. To prevent emanation of leukocytes through the gingival crevices, acrylic splints which covered the teeth and 5 mm of the marginal gingiva of the maxilla and mandible were made for 7 persons. The number of leukocytes accumulating under the splints indicated that the majority of salivary leukocytes enter the oral cavity via the crevices.