bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated MMP‐7 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: correlation with pulmonary involvement
Authors: Moinzadeh Pia , Krieg Thomas , Hellmich Martin , Brinckmann Jürgen , Neumann Elena , Müller‐Ladner Ulf , Kreuter Alexander , Dumitrescu Daniel , Rosenkranz Stephan , Hunzelmann Nicolas
Published: June 2011

Background:  Fibrosis is characterized by an excessive accumulation of connective tissue because of an imbalance between synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a prototypic chronic inflammatory disease leading to a severe fibrosis of the skin and many internal organs.

Questions Addressed:  We investigated whether serum MMP‐7 levels reflect the activity of the fibrotic reaction in systemic sclerosis.

Experimental Design:  Serum samples were obtained from 123 patients with systemic sclerosis. MMP‐serum levels of all patients with SSc were compared with age‐matched healthy controls.

Results:  Significantly increased median serum MMP‐7 levels were found in patients with SSc when compared with controls. The median MMP‐7 serum level of patients with lung fibrosis (LF) was significantly higher compared with those without LF. Accordingly, patients with dyspnea and DLCO (diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide) levels below 60% showed significantly higher median MMP‐7 levels.

Conclusions:  Elevated MMP‐7 levels are associated with an advanced stage of SSc and LF. These data suggest that in SSc MMP‐7 is involved in the process of fibrotic tissue remodelling.
Induction of bone formation by Escherichia coli‐expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 using block‐type macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate in orthotopic and ectopic rat models
Authors: Park J‐C. , So S‐S. , Jung I‐H. , Yun J‐H. , Choi S‐H. , Cho K‐S. , Kim C‐S.
Published: June 2011

Park J‐C, So S‐S, Jung I‐H, Yun J‐H, Choi S‐H, Cho K‐S, Kim C‐S. Induction of bone formation by Escherichia coli‐expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 using block‐type macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate in orthotopic and ectopic rat models. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 682–690. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The potential of the Escherichia coli‐expressed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (ErhBMP‐2) to support new bone formation/maturation using a block‐type of macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate (bMBCP) carrier was evaluated in an orthotopic and ectopic rat model.

Material and Methods:  Critical‐size (Φ 8 mm) calvarial defects and subcutaneous pockets in 32 Sprague–Dawley rats received implants of rhBMP‐2 (2.5 μg) in a bMBCP carrier or bMBCP alone (control). Implant sites were evaluated using histological and histometric analysis following 2‐ and 8‐wk healing intervals (eight animals/group/interval).

Results:  ErhBMP‐2/bMBCP supported significantly greater bone formation at 2 and 8 wk (10.8% and 25.4%, respectively) than the control at 2 and 8 wk (5.3% and 14.0%, respectively) in calvarial defects (p < 0.01). Bone formation was only observed for the ErhBMP‐2/bMBCP ectopic sites and was significantly greater at 8 wk (7.5%) than at 2 wk (4.5%) (p < 0.01). Appositional and endochondral bone formation was usually associated with a significant increase in fatty marrow at 8 wk. The bMBCP carrier showed no evidence of bioresorption.

Conclusion:  ErhBMP‐2/bMBCP induced significant bone formation in both calvarial and ectopic sites. Further study appears to be required to evaluate the relevance of the bMBCP carrier.
Exogenous melatonin modulates apoptosis in the mouse brain induced by high‐LET carbon ion irradiation
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Luwei , Zhang Hong , Liu Bin , Wu Zhenhua , Zhao Weiping , Wang Zhenhua
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to investigate whether melatonin, a free radical scavenger and a general antioxidant, regulates the brain cell apoptosis caused by carbon ions in mice at the level of signal transduction pathway. Young Kun‐Ming mice were divided into five groups: control group, irradiation group and three melatonin (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg daily for 5 days i.p.) plus irradiation‐treated groups. An acute study was carried out to determine oxidative status, apoptotic cells, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as well as pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic protein levels in a mouse brain 12 hr after irradiation with a single dose of 4 Gy. In irradiated mice, a significant rise in oxidative stress and apoptosis (TUNEL positive) was accompanied by activated expression of Bax, cytochrome c, caspase‐3, and decreased ΔΨm level. Melatonin supplementation was better able to reduce irradiation‐induced oxidative damage marked by carbonyl or malondialdehyde content, and stimulate the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) together with total antioxidant capacity. Moreover, administration with melatonin pronouncedly elevated the expression of Nrf2 which regulates redox balance and stress. Furthermore, melatonin treatment mitigated apoptotic rate, maintained ΔΨm, diminished cytochrome c release from mitochondria, down‐regulated Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio and caspase‐3 levels, and consequently inhibited the important steps of irradiation‐induced activation of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Thus, we propose that the anti‐apoptotic action with the alterations in apoptosis regulator provided by melatonin may be responsible at least in part for its antioxidant effect by the abolishing of carbon ion–induced oxidative stress along with increasing Nrf2 expression and antioxidant enzyme activity.
mtDNA T8993G mutation‐induced mitochondrial complex V inhibition augments cardiolipin‐dependent alterations in mitochondrial dynamics during oxidative, Ca2+, and lipid insults in NARP cybrids: a potential therapeutic target for melatonin
Authors: Peng Tsung‐I , Hsiao Chia‐Wei , Reiter Russel J. , Tanaka Masashi , Lai Yiu‐Kay , Jou Mei‐Jie
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Mitochondrial dynamics including morphological fission and mitochondrial movement are essential to normal mitochondrial and cellular physiology. This study investigated how mtDNA T8993G (NARP)‐induced inhibition of mitochondrial complex V altered mitochondrial dynamics in association with a protective mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), as a potential therapeutic target. NARP cybrids harboring 98% of mtDNA T8993G genes and its parental osteosarcoma 143B cells were studied for comparison, and protection provided by melatonin, a potent mitochondrial protector, was explored. We demonstrate for the first time that NARP mutation significantly enhances apoptotic death as a result of three distinct lethal mitochondrial apoptotic insults including oxidative, Ca2+, and lipid stress. In addition, NARP significantly augmented pathological depletion of CL. NARP‐augmented depletion of CL results in enhanced retardation of mitochondrial movement and fission and later swelling of mitochondria during all insults. These results suggest that CL is a common and crucial pathological target for mitochondrial apoptotic insults. Furthermore, CL possibly plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial dynamics that are associated with NARP‐augmented mitochondrial pathologies. Intriguingly, melatonin, by differentially preserving CL during various stresses (oxidation > Ca2+ > lipid), rescues differentially CL‐altered mitochondrial dynamics and cell death (oxidation > Ca2+ > lipid). Thus, melatonin, in addition to being a mitochondrial antioxidant to antagonize mitochondrial oxidative stress, a mitochondrial permeability transition modulator to antagonize mitochondrial Ca2+ stress, may stabilize directly CL to prevent its oxidization and/or depletion and, therefore, exerts great potential in rescuing CL‐dependent mitochondrial dynamics‐associated mitochondrial pathologies for treatment of NARP‐induced pathologies and diseases.
Impact of neuropsychiatry screening in neurological in-patients: comparison with routine clinical practice
Authors: Earl Justin , Pop Olimpia , Jefferies Kate , Agrawal Niruj
Published: June 2011

Earl J, Pop O, Jefferies K, Agrawal N. Impact of neuropsychiatry screening in neurological in-patients: comparison with routine clinical practice

Background: It is now well recognised that the rate of psychiatric comorbidity is high in patients with neurological disorders. Psychiatric comorbidity has a significant impact on quality of life and often goes undetected in routine clinical practice.

Objectives: To compare the rate of detection of psychiatric illness in routine clinical practice with the prevalence of mental illness established using a dedicated screening programme at a regional neuroscience centre and to assess if the screening programme had any enduring impact on routine clinical practice after its completion.

Methods: Consecutive admissions to a neurology ward in the 3-month period before (n = 160) and after (n = 158) a dedicated neuropsychiatric screening programme was carried out were identified. Case notes were then reviewed to establish if symptoms of mental illness were identified by the treating neurologists and if patients were referred for neuropsychiatric assessment. Rates of detection of neuropsychiatric problems and rates of referral for treatment were compared with those identified during the screening programme.

Results: In routine clinical practice, over two 3-month study periods, psychiatric symptoms were identified in 23.7% of patients and only 10.6% received neuropsychiatric interventions. This is much lower as compared with rates identified (51.3%) and treated (51.3%) during dedicated screening. Detection of mood symptoms decreased from 14.7% pre-screening to 3.8% in the post-screening period.

Conclusion: Rate of detection and treatment of neuropsychiatric problems remain low in neurology in-patients in routine clinical practice. Neuropsychiatric screening is effective but does not have sustained effect once it stops. Hence we suggest that active ongoing screening should be incorporated into routine practice.
Administration of cannabidiol and imipramine induces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the rat amygdala
Authors: Réus Gislaine Z. , Stringari Roberto B. , Ribeiro Karine F. , Luft Tatiana , Abelaira Helena M. , Fries Gabriel R. , Aguiar Bianca W. , Kapczinski Flávio , Hallak Jaime E. , Zuardi Antônio W. , Crippa José A. , Quevedo João
Published: June 2011

Réus GZ, Stringari RB, Ribeiro KF, Luft T, Abelaira HM, Fries GR, Aguiar BW, Kapczinski F, Hallak JE, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Quevedo J. Administration of cannabidiol and imipramine induces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the rat amygdala.

Objective:Cannabidiol is a chemical constituent fromCannabis sativaand it has multiple mechanisms of action, including antidepressant effects. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate behavioural and molecular effects induced by administration of cannabidiol and imipramine in rats.

Methods:In the present study, rats were acutely or chronically treated for 14 days once a day with saline, cannabidiol (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) or imipramine (30 mg/kg) and the animals behaviour was assessed in forced swimming and open-field tests. Afterwards, the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent sandwich assay.

Results:We observed that both acute and chronic treatments with imipramine at the dose of 30 mg/kg and cannabidiol at the dose of 30 mg/kg reduced immobility time and increased swimming time; climbing time was increased only with imipramine at the dose of 30 mg/kg, without affecting locomotor activity. In addition, chronic treatment with cannabidiol at the dose of 15 mg/kg and imipramine at the dose of 30 mg/kg increased BDNF levels in the rat amygdala.

Conclusion:In conclusion, our results indicate that cannabidiol has an antidepressant-like profile and could be a new pharmacological target for the treatment of major depression.
Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to corticosteroids
Authors: Basedow Sarah , Eigelshoven Sibylle , Homey Bernhard
Published: June 2011

Corticosteroids are therapeutic agents used in cases of allergy and intolerance. Due to the antiinflammatory effects of the corticosteroids, hypersensitivity reactions often are considered to be a paradox. However, delayed‐type reaction to corticosteroids is a frequent phenomenon in the daily routine. Non‐responding eczema, development of subacute contact eczema, systemic contact dermatitis or maculopapular exanthemas can be a clinical symptom of a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction to corticosteroids. Immediate‐type hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids remain uncommon. Nevertheless, they can take a severe clinical course. Patients react with anaphylaxis after systemic administration or with aggravation of an allergic reaction under therapy with corticosteroids. Allergologic testing is necessary for diagnosis and providing alternative corticosteroids in case of an emergency.
Perceptions and preferences on denture marking in an Indian sample
Authors: Acharya Ashith B. , Anehosur Gouri V. , Kanchi Pooja P. , Naik Medha G. , Nadiger Ramesh K.
Published: June 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00499.x

Perceptions and preferences on denture marking in an Indian sample

Aim:  Denture marking is useful in institutional settings and post‐mortem identification. Numerous markers have been developed, and their advantages and limitations assessed previously; however, patient perception to denture marking is paramount. We evaluated this in an Indian sample and also gauged their preference for different markers.

Materials and methods:  One‐hundred and one edentulous patients seeking prosthodontic treatment in our institution were shown four denture markers (stainless steel matrix band, paper strip with name inscribed on it, patient photograph and optically readable laminated bar code) and asked whether they wanted similar markers in their dentures; patients were also asked to rank the markers based on preference and indicate their satisfaction with it.

Results:  Approximately two‐thirds of patients (65/101) were uninterested in getting their dentures marked; among the 36 who agreed, 10 preferred the stainless steel band followed by photographs (9), paper strip (6) and bar code (2); nine gave multiple responses and were excluded from analyses. Sixteen patients expressed dissatisfaction with the photographic marker and bar code, while this number reduced for the stainless steel band (13) and paper strip (10).

Conclusions:  The results are in contrast to European studies wherein the majority of patients agreed to denture marking, indicating patient background (e.g. education level) may affect perception to denture marking; amongst those who agreed to marking, most preferred, or were satisfied with, the stainless steel and paper strip markers over photographic marker and a complex method such as bar‐coding, implying that simple methods harbouring basic patient information may suffice in the Indian context.
New method for determining surface roughness of tongue
Authors: Uemori Naoko , Kakinoki Yasuaki , Karaki Junichi , Kakigawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00509.x

New method for determining surface roughness of tongue

Objective:  The degree of atrophy of the lingual papillae in elderly individuals was evaluated using a quantitative method.

Subjects and methods:  One hundred and eighty‐two subjects living in nursing homes and 20 healthy adults as controls were studied. To express the degree of atrophy of the lingual papillae quantitatively, lingual surface roughness was determined by taking an impression with silicone dental material. Based on the impressions obtained from the elderly subjects, they were classified by three expert dentists into three groups: Normal, Smooth and Rough. The same determinations were also performed in the 20 healthy controls and compared with 38 of the elderly subjects who had agreement from all of the experts and without the presence of fissures (Normal, n = 6; Smooth, n = 12; Rough, n = 20).

Results:  The roughness average value for the controls was 65.0 μm, while that for the elderly subjects in the Normal, Smooth and Rough groups was 73.9 μm, 42.2 μm and 94.1 μm, respectively, which were significantly different.

Conclusion:  The present results indicate that the present technique of obtaining an impression of the tongue surface is simple and reliable for routine evaluation and quantification of the degree of atrophy as well as morphology of the lingual papillae.
Relationships between bone mass and micro‐architecture at the mandible and iliac bone in edentulous subjects: a dual X‐ray absorptiometry, computerised tomography and microcomputed tomography study
Authors: Bodic François , Amouriq Yves , Gayet‐Delacroix Marie , Maugars Yves , Hamel Luc , Baslé Michel F. , Chappard Daniel
Published: June 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00527.x

Relationships between bone mass and micro‐architecture at the mandible and iliac bone in edentulous subjects: a dual X‐ray absorptiometry, computerised tomography and microcomputed tomography study

Objectives:  To compare bone volume, bone mineral density, cortical thickness and bone micro‐architecture in a series of paired mandibular and iliac bone samples analysed by various imagery techniques to see whether relationships exist between the various techniques and between mandibular and iliac bone.

Materials and methods:  Bone samples from the mandible and ilium were harvested in 20 cadavers and analysed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), computerised tomography (CT) on a conventional hospital machine and microCT.

Results:  Significant correlations were found between Hounsfield density obtained by CT, and bone mass determined by microCT but not with DXA values. Cortical thickness measurements were well correlated between CT and microCT. No relationships were found between mandibular and iliac bone, when considering mineral density, cortical thickness, bone volume or micro‐architecture.

Conclusion:  In clinical practice, CT remains the most appropriate routine means for bone qualitative and quantitative evaluation at the mandible. In this ex vivo study, these results confirm that mandibular bone status does not reflect the axial skeletal one and assist in the placement of implants with dental prostheses in old or osteoporotic patients.
Mixed Methods Evaluation Research for a Mental Health Screening and Referral Clinical Pathway
Authors: Allen Jacqui , Annells Merilyn , Clark Eileen , Lang Lyn , Nunn Russell , Petrie Eileen , Robins Alan
Published: June 2011

Rationale: This study is an exemplar of mixed method evaluation research for development of a clinical pathway.

Aim: To develop and evaluate an evidence‐based, feasible mental health screening and referral clinical pathway for Department of Veterans’ Affairs‐funded community nursing care of war veterans and war widows in the Australian context.

Methods: Mixed methods were applied to formulate and clinically evaluate an appropriate pathway. The pathway was applied at urban and rural sites for the nursing care of 97 war veteran and war widow clients. Evaluative data were collected from clients, their informal carers, community nurses, and general practitioners. Chart auditing and pre‐post measures were undertaken. Collaboration occurred with an interdisciplinary design team.

Results: The final modified six‐page pathway includes use of validated screening tools (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K10]) and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, appropriate referral information, directions for support and health‐promoting education, and evidence‐based guidelines.

Implications for Practice: The clinical pathway is a useful, tested, evidence‐based guide for generalist community nurses to identify and suitably respond to common mental healthcare needs of war veterans and war widows. The pathway provides outcomes acceptable to clients and their carers, nurses and doctors.

Conclusions: This study provides an evaluated clinical pathway for generalist community nurses to screen for mental health difficulties, make appropriate referrals as required and to support war veteran and war widow clients. However, the study also shows how research can be used to develop and evaluate practical, evidence‐based clinical pathways.
Bedside review of patient care in an emergency department: The Cow Round
Authors: Richmond Clare , Merrick Eamon , Green Timothy , Dinh Michael , Iedema Rick
Published: June 2011

Objective: Clinical handover is a critical point in medical care in the ED, which can contribute to adverse effects for patient care and staff workloads. Over a 4 and a half months in a tertiary referral hospital ED, a centralized whiteboard handover was performed followed by a multidisciplinary review of each patient. This round was referred to as the ‘Cow Round’.

Methodology: This observational study used a standardized feedback survey of clinicians leading each Cow Round. The survey asked participants in the round to report issues found, which were not handed over during the centralized whiteboard handover. Data were analysed for the number of issues identified, the type of issue identified, and to determine if there was a relationship between the number of issues reported and patients in the department.

Results: 204 surveys met inclusion criteria. Clinical issues not handed over at the standard whiteboard round were found in 64% of Cow Rounds. Of the 2411 patients reviewed on Cow Rounds, 14.1% had at least one clinical issue not handed over during the whiteboard round. A mean of 2.2 issues per round (95% CI 1.9–2.5) were found. Pearson correlation found a relationship between the number of issues identified and the total number of patients in the department (r= 0.246 P= 0.005).

Conclusion: Review of patients led by a senior member of medical staff, at the patient bedside enables the timely identification and management of issues not communicated during the whiteboard handover process. This review is important when more patients are receiving treatment in the department.
Survival from in‐hospital cardiac arrest in Auckland City Hospital
Authors: Jones Peter , Miles Jennifer , Mitchell Nancy
Published: June 2011

Objective: To describe in‐hospital resuscitation outcomes and factors associated with survival at Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand.

Methods: The Utstein template for in‐hospital cardiac arrests was used. A retrospective audit of all cardiac arrests 2004–06 determined patient demographics, resuscitation time intervals, interventions, survival and neurological outcome at 12 months. Factors associated with survival to discharge were explored with logistic regression.

Results: There were 3470 in‐hospital deaths. Resuscitation was attempted in 415 patients (12%), with survival to discharge 27.2%. Survival was higher in first rhythm VT/VF (52.7% vs 13.1%, χ2= 75.3, P < 0.001), when the arrest was ‘In‐Hours’ (41.4% vs 17%, χ2= 30.1, P < 0.001) and with younger age (mean [SD] for survivors 59.4 [7.1]vs 69.1 [14] for non‐survivors). These associations were independent predictors of survival after multivariate logistic regression, with OR 6.2 (95% CI 3.6–10.5), 3.1 (95% CI 1.8–5.4) and 1.04 (95% CI 1.02–1.06), respectively (all P < 0.001). Other univariate predictors of survival; cardiac arrest team on site, monitored arrest and time to CPR were not significant after multivariate logistic regression. Time intervals to arrest interventions were short. Twelve month neurological outcome was good (CPC1 or 2) in 97.1% (95% CI 91.6–99.4) of survivors.

Conclusions: Survival from cardiac arrest in our hospital compared well to similar centres and good neurological outcome was higher than reported previously. Reduced survival during the ‘After‐Hours’ period is cause for concern, and further research into the factors underlying this is required.
Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Male Genitalia and Their Concordance Among Pregnant Spouses Participating in the Finnish Family HPV Study
Authors: Kero Katja , Rautava Jaana , Syrjänen Kari , Grenman Seija , Syrjänen Stina
Published: June 2011

Introduction

Genotype-specific concordance among human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected spouses is incompletely assessed. HPV concordance is of importance in counselling HPV-infected subjects and their partners.

Aim

To determine HPV-genotype distribution and prevalence in semen and urethral samples of young fathers and their concordance with HPV-genotypes in cervical and oral mucosal samples of their spouses.

Methods

In the Finnish Family HPV study, urethral and semen samples were collected from 131 fathers-to-be for HPV genotyping with Multimetrix assay. HPV-genotyping data were correlated with the data of the cervical and oral mucosal samples of the spouses collected at third trimester pregnancy at baseline.

Main Outcome Measure

Concordance of HPV-genotypes between the spouses.

Results

Urethral and/or semen samples tested HPV positive in 47/131 (35.9%) of the fathers-to-be, more frequently in semen (28/90; 31%) than in urethral (29/128; 23%) samples. In women, 18.8% of their cervical and 17.2% of the oral samples tested HPV-positive. Of the HPV-positive samples, HPV16 was the most frequent genotype, present in 39.3% of semen, 77.3% of mothers' oral, and 29.2% of cervical samples. Multiple-type infections were found in 24.1% of HPV-positive urethral and 21.6% of semen samples. In mothers, half of their cervical and 4.5% of oral HPV were multiple-type infections. The HPV-genotype-specific concordance among spouses ranged from 0% to 9.5%, according to the sampling sites. Altogether, eight couples disclosing such a concordance were analyzed separately for a risk-profile. Mothers of the HPV-concordant couples reported significantly higher number (>6) of life-time sexual partners than did the discordant mothers (P = 0.030).

Conclusions

Asymptomatic HPV infections were common in both parents, while the genotype-specific concordance among spouses was low. In both partners, HPV16 is the dominant genotype. HPV6 was a prevalent HPV genotype in male genitalia. Female risk profile might enhance the transmission of HPV infection to her male partner and increase the genotype-specific HPV concordance between the spouses.
Porous Silicon Carbide Scaffolds with Patterned Surfaces Obtained from the Sea Rush Juncus maritimus for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: López‐Álvarez Miriam , Pereiro Iago , Serra Julia , González Pío , de Carlos Alejandro
Published: June 2011

The fabrication of silicon carbide scaffolds from the sea rush Juncus maritimus, by its thermal decomposition and subsequent infiltration with molten silicon was detailed. The preservation in the ceramics of the patterned surface and porosity of the plant was confirmed by electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and interferometric profilometry, where an increase of the surface roughness along the pattern, as a consequence of β‐SiC crystals formation, was detected. Physicochemical characterization validated these ceramics as viable scaffolds for tissue engineering. To test the biological response, MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts were incubated on the ceramics revealing a healthy morphology with filopodia extended in the pattern direction.
Influence of Oxidation Healing for Cracks on the Strength of Hot‐Pressed ZrB2–SiC–AlN Ceramics
Authors: Liang Jun , Wang Yu , Fang Guodong , Wang Guangfei
Published: June 2011

Precracks were made using a Vickers indenter on hot‐pressed ZrB2–20 vol% SiC–10 vol% AlN ceramics (sample ZSA). The residual strength for the preindented samples oxidized at 1000°C for different durations of time was examined using a three‐point bending test. According to the analysis of SEM and EDS on the surface and cross‐section of the ZSA composite, the evolution of the oxidizing layer was obtained for the precracked samples. The influence of oxidation on the crack healing and residual strength was also investigated. The residual strength of the samples after oxidation increased with an increase of the oxidation time. The oxidation layer versus oxidation time and the crack‐healing mechanism were also studied. When the oxidation time approached 60 min, the strength reached the maximum value. With the continuous increase of the oxidation time, the residual strength began to decrease.
Tape Casting of Al203, MgO, and MgAl2O4 for the Manufacture of Multilayer Composites for Refractory Applications
Authors: Götschel Ingo , Hayashi Yusuke , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi , Roosen Andreas
Published: June 2011

The ceramic multilayer technique, which is based on tape‐cast green sheets, has the potential to generate advanced composite materials. In this work, high‐purity refractory oxides like α‐alumina, magnesia, and magnesium aluminate spinel were used for tape casting and multilayer processing. Highly porous Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 tapes were obtained with 16–36% open porosity and pore sizes <10 μm. Subsequently, increasing the grain sizes up to 1 mm led to multimodal slurries that yielded casting tapes of 3–5 mm thickness. Multilayer composites of different combination were prepared from these tapes by lamination and cofiring.
The first observation of optical pulsations from a soft gamma repeater: SGR 0501+4516
Authors: Dhillon V. S. , Marsh T. R. , Littlefair S. P. , Copperwheat C. M. , Hickman R. D. G. , Kerry P. , Levan A. J. , Rea N. , Savoury C. D. J. , Tanvir N. R. , Turolla R. , Wiersema K.
Published: June 2011

We present high-speed optical photometry of the soft gamma repeater SGR 0501+4516, obtained with ULTRACAM on two consecutive nights approximately 4 months after the source was discovered via its gamma-ray bursts. We detect SGR 0501+4516 at a magnitude of i′= 24.4 ± 0.1. We present the first measurement of optical pulsations from a SGR, deriving a period of 5.7622 ± 0.0003 s, in excellent agreement with the X-ray spin period of the neutron star. We compare the morphologies of the optical pulse profile with the X-ray and infrared pulse profiles; we find that the optical, infrared and harder X-rays share similar double-peaked morphologies, but the softer X-rays exhibit only a single-peaked morphology, indicative of a different origin. The optical pulsations appear to be in phase with the X-ray pulsations and exhibit a root-mean-square pulsed fraction of 52 ± 7 per cent, approximately a factor of 2 greater than in the X-rays. Our results find a natural explanation within the context of the magnetar model for SGRs.
Dissolved Oxygen as an Indicator of Bioavailable Dissolved Organic Carbon in Groundwater
Authors: Chapelle Francis H. , Bradley Paul M. , McMahon Peter B. , Kaiser Karl , Benner Ron
Published: June 2011

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) plotted vs. dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwater samples taken from a coastal plain aquifer of South Carolina (SC) showed a statistically significant hyperbolic relationship. In contrast, DO‐DOC plots of groundwater samples taken from the eastern San Joaquin Valley of California (CA) showed a random scatter. It was hypothesized that differences in the bioavailability of naturally occurring DOC might contribute to these observations. This hypothesis was examined by comparing nine different biochemical indicators of DOC bioavailability in groundwater sampled from these two systems. Concentrations of DOC, total hydrolysable neutral sugars (THNS), total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA), mole% glycine of THAA, initial bacterial cell counts, bacterial growth rates, and carbon dioxide production/consumption were greater in SC samples relative to CA samples. In contrast, the mole% glucose of THNS and the aromaticity (SUVA254) of DOC was greater in CA samples. Each of these indicator parameters were observed to change with depth in the SC system in a manner consistent with active biodegradation. These results are uniformly consistent with the hypothesis that the bioavailability of DOC is greater in SC relative to CA groundwater samples. This, in turn, suggests that the presence/absence of a hyperbolic DO‐DOC relationship may be a qualitative indicator of relative DOC bioavailability in groundwater systems.
Distribution of Fuel‐Grade Ethanol near a Dynamic Water Table
Authors: Stafford Brent P. , Rixey William G.
Published: June 2011

Injections of fuel‐grade ethanol (95% v/v ethanol, 5% v/v hydrocarbon mixture as a denaturant) near the water table were conducted in two‐dimensional physical models tightly packed with fine sands under varying water‐table conditions. As the fuel migrated in the porous media following injection, the denaturant phase separated leaving a residual Light Non‐Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) phase that occupied a region with a volume similar to that of an equal‐sized spill of 100% LNAPL without ethanol. When the water table was raised, as may be expected following a catastrophic release that reaches groundwater, most of the ethanol‐fuel mixture was mobilized and the vertical distribution of the generated LNAPL was increased. The lower boundary of the residual LNAPL was established during the initial spreading of the fuel and did not change when the water table was raised or lowered. When the water table was raised in increments, the remaining concentrated ethanol/hydrocarbon mixture was mobilized and multiple relatively high LNAPL‐saturated lenses were observed in the capillary zone but within the initially LNAPL‐impacted zone. The distributions of ethanol and hydrocarbon components in this zone have direct implications for risk evaluation, monitoring strategies, and site management following releases of highly concentrated ethanol fuels.
Predicting pro‐change behaviour: the role of perceived organisational justice and organisational identification
Authors: Fuchs Sebastian , Edwards Martin R.
Published: June 2011

This study sets out to determine some of the key factors that foster employees’ behavioural support for change management interventions. Specifically, we examine the relationships between organisational justice, organisational identification and employees’ pro‐change behaviour by analysing questionnaire‐based survey data from 137 market research employees. Full structural equation modelling results indicate that out of the four main organisational justice types, only interpersonal justice perceptions play a significant role in predicting pro‐change behaviour after controlling for same source bias effects. In particular, the relationship between interpersonal justice and pro‐change behaviour is partially mediated by organisational identification. The results additionally indicate that age is positively associated with pro‐change behaviour and tenure with organisational identification. The study as such indicates that while perceptions of fair treatment based on respectful and courteous interactions are important in encouraging employees’ behavioural engagement in change management interventions, key in this process is the role that they play in encouraging identification with the employing organisation.
PET/CT in diagnosis of dementia
Authors: Berti Valentina , Pupi Alberto , Mosconi Lisa
Published: June 2011

Clinical use of positron emission tomography (PET) is now well established in neurodegenerative disorders, especially in the diagnosis of dementia. Measurement of cerebral glucose metabolism is of significant value, and it facilitates early diagnosis, appropriate differential diagnosis, and the evaluation of drug treatment in patients with dementia. In addition, tracers offer new perspectives for studying the neuropathology of underlying dementia, such as the accumulation of amyloid proteins, tau‐proteins, or the presence of neuroinflammation. Finally, PET tracer studies of different neurotransmitter systems in dementia may not only increase the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of the different disorders, but also improve diagnostic accuracy. In conclusion, PET imaging with different tracers offers reliable biomarkers in dementia, which can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of different dementing disorders, especially in the situation of overlapping phenotypes.
PET/CT imaging in inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Al‐Nahhas Adil , Jawad Ali S. M.
Published: June 2011

Inflammatory muscle diseases are a group of muscle disorders characterized by muscle weakness, fatigue, and an association with malignancy and paraneoplastic syndrome. A diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is suggested by abnormal myometry and rising creatine kinase, but tissue diagnosis is also needed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helps localize the appropriate site of biopsy, demonstrate the extent of muscle involvement, and monitor the response to therapy. However, the sensitivity of magnetic resonance (MR) is limited, and whole‐body imaging is still far from routine. [18F]Fluoro‐desoxy‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is currently the ultimate metabolic imaging technique for the management of cancer. It has also been shown to detect inflammatory conditions and to monitor their response to treatment. The use of FDG PET in screening for underlying malignancies is widely reported and recommended in patients with paraneoplastic syndrome. Unfortunately, only a few reports have been published to show the value of FDG PET in inflammatory muscle diseases, which as we show herein, deserve further pursuit.
Positron emission tomography findings in clinical mimics of lymphoma
Authors: Aragon‐Ching Jeanny B. , Akin Esma A.
Published: June 2011

The use of positron emission tomography (PET) scans is rapidly evolving in the diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of lymphoma. However, significant challenges exist in differentiating lymphomatous from benign lesions. Herein we describe the clinical and radiographic uptake patterns seen in common clinical mimics of lymphoma, including infections such as human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis, inflammatory disorders such as sarcoidosis and connective tissue disorders, and other benign lymphoproliferative disorders such as Kikuchi's disease and Rosai‐Dorfman disease. The clinical utility of PET scans has encompassed varying fields, not just oncology. Future challenges with the use of improved radiopharmaceuticals in accurately defining and differentiating lesions that would affect clinical treatment would be of paramount importance.
PET in vasculitis
Authors: Blockmans Daniel
Published: June 2011

[18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) can be used to visualize large‐vessel inflammation in giant‐cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, and other types of aortitis. In patients with symptoms compatible with polymyalgia rheumatica, findings of increased FDG‐uptake in the shoulders, hips, as well as the spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar spine, may suggest this diagnosis. In patients with giant‐cell arteritis, there is increased metabolic activity within the aortic wall on FDG PET scintigraphy, indicating inflammation of the aorta, which may be a predictor of a higher potential for aortic dilatation.
FDG PET for rheumatoid arthritis: basic considerations and whole‐body PET/CT
Authors: Kubota Kazuo , Ito Kimiteru , Morooka Miyako , Minamimoto Ryogo , Miyata Yuko , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Takahashi Yuko , Mimori Akio
Published: June 2011

[18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a tracer for glucose metabolism. Its distribution is not specific to cancer cells but is also observed in inflammatory tissue, including macrophages, capillaries, and fibroblasts. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic inflammation of the joints resulting in synovitis. The disease is characterized by fibrovascular proliferation leading to the formation of a pannus and causing high FDG uptake. Several clinical studies of RA have demonstrated that FDG uptake in affected joints reflects the disease activity of RA, with strong correlations between uptake and various clinical parameters having been noted. Furthermore, the use of FDG PET for the sensitive detection and monitoring of the response to RA therapy has been reported. FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) enables the detailed evaluation of disease in large joints throughout the whole body, which is a unique advantage of PET/CT. FDG PET/CT can also be used to detect high‐risk disease complications, such as atlanto‐axial joint involvement, at an early stage. The possible contribution of FDG PET to the management of patients with RA remains to be studied in detail.
PET scanning in sarcoidosis
Authors: Jain Vivek , Hasselquist Susan , Delaney Morgan D.
Published: June 2011

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that most commonly presents with pulmonary involvement. The diagnosis is suggested on the basis of clinical and radiologic manifestations and is supported by the histological demonstration of noncaseating granulomas in affected tissues. Different imaging modalities, including chest radiography, X‐rays, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 67Ga scintigraphy are currently employed to help diagnose and help plan treatment strategy in sarcoidosis patients. Here, we discuss the potential role of positron emission tomography in the diagnosis, assessment of disease activity, and management of patients with sarcoidosis. We also point out some of the limitations of this technique.
Fundamentals of PET and PET/CT imaging
Authors: Basu Sandip , Kwee Thomas C. , Surti Suleman , Akin Esma A. , Yoo Don , Alavi Abass
Published: June 2011

In this review, the fundamental principles of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging have been described. The basic physics of PET instrumentation, radiotracer chemistry, and the artifacts, as well as normal physiological or benign pathological variants, have been described and presented to the readers in a lucid manner to enable them an easy grasp of the fundamentals of the subject. Finally, we have outlined the current developments in quantitative PET imaging, including dual time point and delayed PET imaging, time‐of‐flight technology in PET imaging and partial volume correction, and global disease assessment with their potential of being incorporated into the assessment of benign and malignant disorders.
Acute Murine H5N1 Influenza A Encephalitis
Authors: Bissel Stephanie J. , Giles Brendan M. , Wang Guoji , Olevian Dane C. , Ross Ted M. , Wiley Clayton A.
Published: June 2011

Avian influenza A virus H5N1 has the proven capacity to infect humans through cross‐species transmission, but to date, efficient human‐to‐human transmission is limited. In natural avian hosts, animal models and sporadic human outbreaks, H5N1 infection has been associated with neurological disease. We infected BALB/c mice intranasally with H5N1 influenza A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 to study the immune response during acute encephalitis. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we compared the time course of viral infection with activation of immunity. By 5 days postinfection (DPI), mice had lost substantial body weight and required sacrifice by 7 DPI. H5N1 influenza was detected in the lung as early as 1 DPI, whereas infected neurons were not observed until 4 DPI. H5N1 infection of BALB/c mice developed into severe acute panencephalitis. Infected neurons lacked evidence of a perineuronal net and exhibited signs of apoptosis. Whereas lung influenza infection was associated with an early type I interferon (IFN) response followed by a reduction in viral burden concordant with appearance of IFN‐γ, the central nervous system environment exhibited a blunted type I IFN response.
Angiotensin‐I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Egg Protein Hydrolysates Produced with Gastrointestinal and Nongastrointestinal Enzymes
Authors: You Sun‐Jong , Wu Jianping
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Egg is a well‐known rich source of bioactive peptides. In this study, egg protein (egg white and egg yolk proteins) hydrolysates were produced with gastrointestinal enzymes (pepsin and pancreatin) or nongastrointestinal enzymes (thermolysin and alcalase), and fractionated by ultrafiltration and cation exchange chromatography. Angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities, amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution were studied, and the physicochemical properties were related with the bioactivities. Our results showed that egg protein hydrolysates produced with non‐GI enzymes (thermolysin and alcalase) showed significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity, whereas similar or even lower antioxidative activities, than those of hydrolysates produced with GI enzymes. ACE‐inhibitory activity significantly correlated with the amino acid composition, especially the proportion of positively charged amino acid, whereas antioxidant activities correlated with the proportion of low molecular weight peptides under 500 Da. Understanding the relationship between the bioactivities and physicochemical properties of the hydrolysates/fractions is important to facilitate the development technologies for preparing fractions with improved bioactivities.
UVA, UVB and UVC Induce Differential Response Signaling Pathways Converged on the eIF2α Phosphorylation
Authors: Zhong Julia Li , Yang Li , Lü Fenglin , Xiao Han , Xu Ruoqi , Wang Lijuan , Zhu Feng , Zhang Yiguo
Published: June 2011

It is clear that solar UV irradiation is a crucial environmental factor resulting in skin diseases partially through activation of cell signaling toward altered gene expression and reprogrammed protein translation. Such a key translational control mechanism is executed by the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α subunit (eIF2α) and the downstream events provoked by phosphorylation of eIF2α at Ser51 are clearly understood, but the upstream signaling mechanisms on the eIF2α‐Ser51 phosphorylation responses to different types of UV irradiations, namely UVA, UVB and UVC, are still not well elucidated. Herein, our evidence reveals that UVA, UVB and UVC all induce a dose‐ and time‐dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α‐Ser51 through distinct signaling mechanisms. UVA‐induced eIF2α phosphorylation occurs through MAPKs, including ERKs, JNKs and p38 kinase, and phosphatidylinositol (PI)‐3 kinase. By contrast, UVB‐induced eIF2α phosphorylation is through JNKs and p38 kinase, but not ERKs or PI‐3 kinase, whereas UVC‐stimulated response to eIF2α phosphorylation is via JNKs alone. Furthermore, we have revealed that ATM is involved in induction of the intracellular responses to UVA and UVB, rather than UVC. These findings demonstrate that wavelength‐specific UV irradiations activate differential response signaling pathways converged on the eIF2α phosphorylation. Importantly, we also show evidence that a direct eIF2α kinase PKR is activated though phosphorylation by either RSK1 or MSK1, two downstream kinases of MAPKs/PI‐3 kinase‐mediated signaling pathways.