bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stratospheric QBO signal in the NCEP reanalysis, 1958–2001
Authors: Ribera Pedro , Gallego David , Peña‐Ortiz Cristina , Gimeno Luis , Garcia‐Herrera Ricardo , Hernandez Emiliano , Calvo Natalia
Published: July 2003

The spatiotemporal evolution of the zonal wind in the stratosphere is analyzed based on the use of the NCEP reanalysis (1958–2001). MultiTaper Method‐Singular Value Decomposition (MTM‐SVD), a frequency‐domain analysis method, is applied to isolate significant spatially‐coherent variability with narrowband oscillatory character. A quasibiennial oscillation is detected as the most intense coherent signal in the stratosphere, the signal being less intense in the lower levels. There is a clear downward propagation of the signal with time at low latitudes, not evident at mid and high latitudes. There are differences in the behavior of the signal over both hemispheres, being much weaker over the SH. In the NH an anomaly in the zonal wind field, in phase with the equatorial signal, is detected at approximately 60°N. Two different areas at subtropical latitudes are detected to be characterized by wind anomalies opposed to that of the equator.
Mars odyssey neutron sensing of the south residual polar cap
Authors: Tokar R. L. , Elphic R. C. , Feldman W. C. , Funsten H. O. , Moore K. R. , Prettyman T. H. , Wiens R. C.
Published: July 2003

Measurements from the neutron spectrometer instrument of the Mars Odyssey Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer (GRS) package for solar aereocentric longitude between 340° and 360° are used to estimate the CO2 mass, dust content, and covered area of the south residual polar cap. Two models for the cap are explored; a cap uniformly covered in dust‐free CO2 and a “Swiss cheese” model with an exposed H2O ice substrate and 8m mesas composed of CO2 and dust. A range of 1.0 to 3.0 × 1017 g is found for the mass of residual CO2 on the cap, or about 3 to 9% of the total CO2 seasonally cycled in and out of the atmosphere. For the Swiss cheese model, if the CO2 is dust‐free then 60% of the cap area must be the exposed H2O ice substrate. This area decreases with increasing dust concentration in the CO2. For example, if 45% of the cap area is exposed water ice then 224 g/cm2 of dust is in the CO2 and for a typical dust deposition rate of 0.9 × 10−3 g/cm2/yr, the dust can be deposited in ∼25,000 yrs.
Influence of centrifugal forces on phase structure in partially saturated media
Authors: Holt Robert M. , Glass Robert J. , Sigda John M. , Mattson Earl D.
Published: July 2003

Centrifugal methods are gaining increased attention for use in hydrologic experiments within partially saturated media. Through use of a Modified Invasion Percolation (MIP) model, we examine the influence of a stabilizing centrifugal (buoyancy) force on the invasion of a light non‐wetting fluid (e.g., air) into a heterogeneous porous media initially saturated with a denser, wetting fluid (e.g., water). Results show that while capillary heterogeneity controls phase structure outside of a centrifugal field, the influence of capillary heterogeneity varies with angular velocity in a centrifugal field. As the angular velocity is increased, the invasion processes and phase structure become increasingly insensitive to heterogeneity, regardless of its style or orientation. Because phase structure critically influences flow processes and petrophysical properties (pressure‐saturation, relative permeability, electrical resistivity, etc.), the design of centrifugal experiments must carefully consider this interplay between capillary heterogeneity and centrifugal force.
Holocene slip rate of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, from geodetic data: Earthquake cycle effects
Authors: Malservisi Rocco , Dixon Timothy H. , La Femina Peter C. , Furlong Kevin P.
Published: July 2003

GPS data define a broad zone of present day deformation in the eastern Basin and Range province, western US. Using finite element models with elastic upper crust over viscoelastic lower crust/upper mantle and incorporating earthquake cycle effects, we show that these data are consistent with a model whereby most contemporary fault slip is focused on the Wasatch fault zone. Modeled rates of horizontal extension are 3.0–4.5 mm/yr, in agreement with Holocene geologic data. The models are non‐unique, in part because much of the Wasatch fault is in the late stages of the earthquake cycle, when surface velocity gradients across the fault are low.
Episodic aseismic slip in a two‐degree‐of‐freedom block‐spring model
Authors: Yoshida Shingo , Kato Naoyuki
Published: July 2003

We consider a two‐degree‐of‐freedom block‐spring model, in which two blocks (Block 1 and Block 2) are connected by a spring and driven by a slowly moving driver. Assuming a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law, we set the friction parameters such that dynamic instability occurs at Block 1. Episodic aseismic slip occurs at Block 2 when its frictional parameters are near the stability transition. When the stress has accumulated to approximately a steady state level during an interseismic period, Block 2 starts a slow slip. Quasi‐static oscillation in the stress and slip velocity occurs with decaying fluctuation amplitudes leading to the steady state values. The decaying oscillation could be a plausible generation mechanism of the episodic aseismic slip observed in the Tokai district, Japan, since 2001. We also consider various slip modes on a plate boundary based on this two‐block model associated with the interaction between different frictional properties.
Links between rhinitis and asthma
Authors: Bousquet J. , Vignola A. M. , Demoly P.
Published: July 2003

There is compelling evidence of a close relationship between the upper and lower airways in asthma and rhinitis. Rhinitis is present in the majority of patients with asthma, and a significant minority of patients with rhinitis have concomitant asthma. Similarities between the two conditions occur in the nature of the inflammation present in the target tissues. A common initiating step in the inflammatory process of allergic airways disease is the presence of immunoglobulin E providing an adaptor molecule between the offending allergen and inflammatory cell activation and mediator release. Differences in the two conditions arise largely from the structural differences between the nose and the lungs. In an asthmatic, concomitant allergic rhinitis increases healthcare costs and further impairs quality of life. The presence of rhinitis should always be investigated in children and young adults with asthma. Subjects with allergic rhinitis have an increased risk of developing asthma and may form a suitable population for secondary intervention to interrupt the ‘allergic march’.
Only few workers exposed to wood dust are detected with specific IgE against pine wood
Authors: Skovsted T. A. , Schlünssen V. , Schaumburg I. , Wang P. , Staun‐olsen P. , Skov P. S.
Published: July 2003

Background: Our aim was to investigate the frequency of pine allergy in woodworkers with respiratory symptoms and to identify high molecular weight allergens in pine wood extracts.

Methods: In a cross‐sectional study we examined work‐related respiratory symptoms in 2033 furniture workers and 474 controls by questionnaires. Clinical examination was performed in 365 wood dust exposed and 116 nonexposed subjects. Blood samples were collected for measuring pine‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E by an immunoassay and Western blots.

Results: Eleven exposed and three nonexposed subjects had pine‐specific IgE. In the group with clinically defined asthma eight persons (5.4%) had pine‐specific IgE compared with six persons (1.8%) in the group without asthma (P < 0.05). In the groups with and without respiratory symptoms, 13 (3.8%) and one (0.7%) subject, respectively, had pine‐specific IgE (P = 0.06). Western blots demonstrated pine‐specific IgE to components in the molecular range of 14 – 100 kD in eight samples (all wood dust exposed). Five samples had pine‐specific IgE against components in a 43 – 59 kD zone and against two bands at 27 and 29 kD that are candidates for major allergens.

Conclusion: Some workers in the Danish furniture industry are specific IgE sensitized against pine wood dust. Pine‐specific IgE probably explains a minor part of the respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to pine wood dust.
The effect of recombinant interleukin‐8 on eosinophils’ and neutrophils’ migration in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Bocheńska‐Marciniak M. , Kupczyk M. , Górski P. , Kuna P.
Published: July 2003

Background:  Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) is a chemokine that causes chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes in vitro; however, its role as a chemoattractant in allergic inflammation is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nasal instillation of IL‐8 on the influx of inflammatory cells.

Methods:  Twelve patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis hypersensitive to grass pollens, with average age 30.1 ± 2.67 years were challenged both with diluent for IL‐8 and IL‐8 on a subsequent day, in two phases: before the pollen season (unprimed mucosa) and during the season (primed mucosa). The number of neutrophils, eosinophils and myeloperoxydase (MPO) levels in the nasal fluid collected after IL‐8 or placebo challenge were determined.

Results:  Challenge with IL‐8 of primed nasal mucosa induced a significant influx of neutrophils (29 × 104 cells/ml at 0.5 h, 251 × 104 at 2 h and 334 × 104 at 3 h). Number of eosinophils in comparison with diluent challenge was not significant. There was no difference in MPO levels in the nasal lavage between IL‐8 and diluent challenge of unprimed and primed mucosa. We did not find the relationship between MPO levels and the neutrophils number in the lavage (rank Spearman factor, RS = 0.258, P = 0.42).

Conclusion:  We have demonstrated that IL‐8 causes influx of neutrophils but not eosinophils into nasal mucosa in vivo. MPO level seems to be of little value as a marker of neutrophil influx into nasal mucosa.
Four methods of sampling for dust mite allergen: differences in ‘dust’
Authors: Tovey E. R. , Mitakakis T. Z. , Sercombe J. K. , Vanlaar C. H. , Marks G. B.
Published: July 2003

Background: Measurement of exposure to the dust mite allergen Der p 1 is important in asthma research and is potentially useful in managing asthma. As no single measure can capture all characteristics of an exposure, it is important to recognize differences in the available methods of measuring exposure to Der p 1.

Methods: Fourteen bedrooms and living rooms were sampled using four methods for 1 week. Airborne allergen was sampled by static Institute of Occupational Medicine samplers. Settling dust was collected on Petri dishes and an adhesive–membrane system (A‐book). Vacuumed reservoir dust samples were collected from floors at the end of 1 week. Der p 1 was measured in all samples by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, except A‐books, in which it was measured by Halogen immunoassay.

Results: All four methods intercorrelated moderately (r range = 0.40–0.64, P = 0.04), except between allergen in reservoir dust (as μg/m2 and μg/g dust) and settling dust by Petri dishes (P = 0.2). Reservoir allergen, expressed as μg/m2, did not correlate with any measure, except reservoir allergen expressed as μg/g (r = 0.39, P = 0.04). No differences in these associations occurred between bedrooms and living rooms.

Conclusions: While the four methods examined correlated moderately, all have practical advantages and difficulties. No method can be considered as ideal for measuring individual exposure. For practicality, use of vacuum cleaner and Petri dish methods are recommended.
Analysis of RPGR in a South African family with X‐linked retinitis pigmentosa: research and diagnostic implications
Authors: Rebello G , Vorster A , Greenberg J , Coutts N , Roberts L , Ehrenreich L , Gama D , Ramesar R
Published: July 2003

Analysis of exon ORF15 of the RPGR gene has revealed a novel mutation in a South African family with X‐linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP), which has implications for the rest of the family in terms of pre‐symptomatic testing. The ability to test for this mutation will be beneficial for the accurate determination of carrier status in female relatives who may have been unaware of their risk before this study was performed. This work also highlights the need to be aware of the ramifications of mutation testing in what may appear to be small families. This is the first report of an RPGR ORF15 mutation in a South African family of mixed ancestry.
Clinical, pathological and genetic features of women at high familial risk of breast cancer undergoing prophylactic mastectomy
Authors: Scott Cl , Iorgulescu DG , Thorne HJ , Henderson MA , Phillips KA ,   Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab)
Published: July 2003

Prophylactic mastectomy (PM) is a risk‐management option for women at high familial risk of breast cancer (BC). This study describes the PM experience of women enrolled in a large observational cohort study involving families with a history of hereditary breast cancer. Within 357 multiple‐case BC families [119 (33%) BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation positive], identified via family cancer clinics, 49 cases of PM [21 (43%) BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation positive] were identified and their clinical, pathological and genetic features reviewed. Families with at least one incidence of PM displayed stronger breast/ovarian cancer histories than did families without PM. Median age at time of PM was 45 years (range 28–58). Ten cases (21%) were bilateral PMs in unaffected women and 39 cases were contralateral PMs in women with prior invasive BC (71%) or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (8%). Most (88%) underwent total mastectomy. Unnecessary axillary surgery occurred in eight subjects (16%). Malignant histology was found in three PM specimens (6%). Prior to genetic testing, PM was performed in two women who were subsequently shown not to carry the mutation specific to their family. Optimal utilization of genetic testing to guide surgical decision making, appropriate surgical technique and careful pathology examination of PM specimens, are important issues to consider prior to PM in women at high familial risk of BC.
X‐linked myotubular myopathy in a family with three adult survivors
Authors: Yu S , Manson J , White S , Bourne A , Waddy H , Davis M , Haan E
Published: July 2003

We describe a family with an extremely mild form of X‐linked myotubular myopathy. Three affected males survived to adulthood with sufficient muscle strength to enable them to carry out normal daily activities. The mildness of the myopathy in this family is highlighted by the following: no neonatal or infant mortality resulting from the myopathy; one affected male who did not have neonatal asphyxia and had normal early motor milestones – this affected male was able to increase his muscle bulk and strength to normal by weightlifting; and a 55‐year‐old male who still lives an independent life. DNA sequencing identified a novel missense mutation – G469A (E157K) – in exon 7 of the MTM1 gene in this family. To our knowledge, this is the third X‐linked myotubular myopathy family, with multiple adult survivors, to be reported in the literature.
Professional artist, good Samaritan, servant and co‐ordinator: four ways of understanding the anaesthetist's work
Authors: Larsson J. , Holmström I. , Rosenqvist U.
Published: July 2003

Background:  Evaluating clinical competence among anaesthetists has so far focused mostly on theoretical knowledge and practical skills. According to theory, however, the way anaesthetists understand their own work has also greatly influenced the development of professional competence. The aim of this study was to investigate how anaesthetists understand their work.

Methods:  Nineteen Swedish anaesthetists were interviewed. The interviews were open and sought answers to three questions 1) When do you feel you have been successful in your work?; 2) What is difficult or what hinders you in your work?; and 3) What is the core of your professional anaesthesia work? Phenomenographic analysis was performed.

Results:  Four ways of understanding the anesthesiologists' professional work were found: 1) Give anaesthesia and control the patient's vital functions; 2) Help the patient, alleviate his/her pain and anxiety; 3) Give service to the whole hospital to facilitate the work of other doctors and nurses, caring for severely ill patients; and 4) Organize and direct the operation ward to make the operations list run smoothly.

Conclusions:  This study shows that anaesthetists understand their work in qualitatively different ways, which can be assumed to affect their work actions and also the way their competence develops. This has implications for the education of anaesthetists; it is important to find ways of making anaesthetists in training consciously aware of the different ways their work can be understood, as this will give them better prerequisites for future competence development.
Absence of explicit and implicit memory in unconscious patients using a TCI of propofol
Authors: Lequeux P. Y. , Cantraine F. , Levarlet M. , Barvais L.
Published: July 2003

Background:   Episodes of implicit memory have been described during propofol anaesthesia. It remains unclear whether implicit memory is caused by short periods of awareness or occurs in an unconscious subject.

Methods:  Sixty patients were randomized in an experimental group (EG), a control group (CG) and a reference group (RG). Loss of consciousness (LOC) was obtained by progressive stepwise increases of propofol using a target‐controlled infusion device (Diprifusor, Alaris Medical Systems, San Diego, CA). A tape containing 20 words was played to the patients in the CG before the start of anaesthesia and to the patients in the EG at a constant calculated concentration of propofol associated with LOC. The tape was not played to the patients in the RG. Three memory tests were performed postoperatively.

Results:  Explicit and implicit memories were evidenced in the CG but not in the EG.

Conclusion:  In our group of young ASA I/II patients, in the absence of any noxious stimulus, no implicit or explicit memory was found when the calculated concentration of propofol using a Diprifusor was maintained at the level associated with LOC.
Continuous spinal anesthesia/analgesia vs. single‐shot spinal anesthesia with patient‐controlled analgesia for elective hip arthroplasty
Authors: Maurer K. , Bonvini J. M. , Ekatodramis G. , Serena S. , Borgeat A.
Published: July 2003

Background:  In total hip replacement surgery several anesthesiological techniques can be used. In this study we compared continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) and postoperative analgesia vs. single‐shot spinal anesthesia (SPA) and postoperative patient‐controlled intravenous analgesia with morphine (SPA).

Methods:  In a prospective randomized study, 68 patients, ASA I–III, between 50 and 85 years of age were allocated to these two groups. Quality of analgesia, hemodynamic stability and technical difficulties, as well as incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and post dural puncture headache (PDPH), were recorded during a 24‐h period.

Results:  Visual analog scale (VAS) scores were significantly lower in the CSA group from 3 h post operation (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure dropped by 21 ± 11 mmHg in the CSA group and 29 ± 14 in the SPA group during induction (P < 0.05). Technical difficulties and incidence of PDPH were similar in both groups. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was lower in the CSA group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Continuous spinal anesthesia/analgesia is a very practicable method providing better postoperative analgesia and better hemodynamic stability during anesthesia induction than SPA followed by morphine PCA analgesia after total hip replacement surgery.
Anaesthetic management of tracheobronchial rupture following blunt chest trauma
Authors: Naghibi K. , Hashemi S. L. , Sajedi P.
Published: July 2003

Injuries to the tracheobronchial tree are a well‐recognized sequel of massive blunt trauma to the chest, and although unusual, are life threatening. We report a 16‐year‐old‐boy who developed complete disruption of both bronchi after a motor vehicle accident. After induction of general anaesthesia and oral intubation, ventilation could not be maintained, and oxygenation worsened abruptly with peripheral oxygen saturation values less than 60%. Jet ventilation through two intrabronchial catheters, inserted via emergency thoracotomy, raised the saturation from 60% to 100%, and surgery thereafter was straightforward. The anaesthetic management of tracheobronchial repair is discussed.
Use of the laryngeal tube in 100 patients
Authors: Asai T. , Shingu K. , Cook T.
Published: July 2003

Background:  The laryngeal tube has a potential role during anaesthesia, but there have been only a few studies assessing its efficacy during the entire course of anaesthesia, and all previous studies used prototypes. We studied 100 patients to assess the efficacy of a new laryngeal tube during the entire course of anaesthesia.

Methods:  After induction of anaesthesia, the laryngeal tube was inserted (up to two times) and adequacy of ventilation was assessed. The airway pressure at which gas leaked around the device was measured. The device was used during anaesthesia, while ventilation was controlled. The device was removed after the patient had opened the mouth to verbal command. Any complications during and after anaesthesia were recorded.

Results:  Ventilation was possible at the first attempt in 90 patients, at the second attempt in another seven patients, and adequate ventilation failed after two attempts in three patients. Median (interquartile range) leak pressure was 28 (22–30) cmH2O. In all 97 patients, the laryngeal tube was used until the end of surgery. However, in two of the 97 patients the airway was partially obstructed during anaesthesia and it was necessary to reposition the device. The laryngeal tube was tolerated well during emergence from anaesthesia. No hypoxia, regurgitation, vomiting or laryngospasm occurred in any patient. On removal of the laryngeal tube, no blood was detected on the device and no apparent ischaemic changes to the tongue were observed in any patient. Post‐operatively, six patients complained of a mild sore throat, and no patient complained of difficulty in swallowing or numbness of the oropharynx.

Conclusion:  The laryngeal tube can be useful for maintaining a patent airway during anaesthesia.
The effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Kvarnström A. , Karlsten R. , Quiding H. , Emanuelsson B.‐M. , Gordh T.
Published: July 2003

Background:  Neuropathic pain is often severe and resistant to pharmacological treatment. The aims of the present study were to assess the analgesic effect of ketamine and lidocaine and to investigate if measurement of different variables of sensibility could be used to identify responders. We also wanted to study if treatment resulted in changes of sensibility.

Methods:  Twelve patients with long‐lasting peripheral neuropathic pain of traumatic origin were included. The effects of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar®, Parke Davis) 0.4 mg/kg and lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocain®, Astra) 2.5 mg/kg were investigated. Saline was used as placebo. The intensity of continuous pain was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Warm and cold perception as well as heat and cold pain thresholds were assessed. Sensibility to touch was also tested. Systemic plasma concentrations of lidocaine and ketamine were assessed.

Results:  The mean reduction in VAS‐scores was 55%, 34% and 22% for ketamine, lidocaine and placebo, respectively. A significant difference was registered between ketamine and placebo (P = 0.009). Response to treatment (50% reduction in VAS‐score during infusion) was recorded in 7/12 in the ketamine, 4/12 in the lidocaine and 2/12 in the placebo group. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) of thermal sensitivity and sensory tests for mechanical stimuli could not separate responders from non‐responders and neither were the results from these assessments changed by the infusion of the drugs. Lidocaine and particularly ketamine were associated with frequent side‐effects, the most common being somnolence and dizziness.

Conclusion:  Ketamine showed a significant analgesic effect. The clinical usefulness is, however, limited by disturbing side‐effects.
Cardiac arrest after interscalene brachial plexus block with ropivacaine and lidocaine
Authors: Reinikainen M. , Hedman A. , Pelkonen O. , Ruokonen E.
Published: July 2003

Serious adverse reactions to ropivacaine and lidocaine are rare. In this report, we describe a case of sudden cardiac arrest after an interscalene brachial plexus block with a mixture of 150 mg of ropivacaine and 360 mg of lidocaine in a previously healthy, 34‐year‐old, 97‐kg man. Severe hypotension occurred after successful resuscitation, necessitating an infusion of epinephrine. The patient developed pulmonary oedema, and was mechanically ventilated for 22 h. He eventually made a good recovery. We conclude that although ropivacaine and lidocaine are often considered relatively safe local anesthetics, serious cardiovascular complications can occur after the use of these drugs.
Reduction behavior of iron ore by reducing gas containing H2S
Authors: Lee Sang‐Beom , Rhee Peter Chang‐Hee
Published: July 2003

Effects of hydrogen sulfide (1–3%) on the reduction rate of iron oxide pellets were investigated in temperature range of 800–1100°C. It was found that the reduction rate increased slightly with the addition of 1% H2S, whereas it decreased significantly with the addition of 3% H2S. The fractured surface of partially reduced pellets was observed by an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as analyzed by an energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS). It is indicated that small amounts of sulfur may have promoted the formation of porous iron to accelerate the reduction rate, whereas the dense iron sulfide shells formed at higher H2S offered resistance to the intraparticle diffusion of reducing gas to significantly decrease the reduction rate of pellets.
Homogenization of temperature field in a steelmaking ladle with gas injection
Authors: Xia J. L. , Ahokainen T.
Published: July 2003

The present paper describes a numerical investigation of transient two‐phase flow and heat transfer in a gas‐stirred steelmaking ladle. Homogenization of thermal field in molten steel by gas injection is addressed, and the effect of heat transfer at the bubble–liquid steel interface on the flow is assessed. Predictions are evaluated by the experimental data measured in an industrial ladle by Grip. An Eulerian–Eulerian two‐fluid model is used. The flow pattern, the histories of both gas and molten steel temperatures and the thermal stratification are presented. Results show that gas injection can homogenize thermal field and result in a thermal stratification of about 2–3°C only. The different heat transfer correlations examined for the bubble–liquid steel interface have very small effect on the flow and thermal fields.
Pleiotropic effect of a locus on chromosome 4 influencing alcohol drinking and emotional reactivity in rats
Authors: Terenina‐Rigaldie E. , Jones B. C. , Mormède P.
Published: July 2003

A QTL search in a segregating F2 intercross between HEP (High‐Ethanol Preferring line) and wistar‐kyoto (WKY, a low‐alcohol consuming strain) rats identified a locus on chromosome 4 linked to the consumption of a 5% alcohol solution offered as a free choice with water (Terenina‐Rigaldie et al. submitted). In order to confirm and analyse the influence of this locus, F2 rats were selected according to their genotype at the markers flanking the QTL and bred in order to obtain two groups of rats homozygous HEP/HEP (‘HIGH’ line) or WKY/WKY (‘LOW’ line) at the QTL, the rest of the genome being randomly inherited from one or the other founder strain. These two groups of animals displayed large differences in emotional reactivity (open field, elevated‐plus maze), sensitivity to taste reinforcers (saccharin, quinine) and alcohol consumption (either forced or as a free choice with water). These results confirm the influence of this locus on alcohol intake and emotional reactivity traits, and suggest a pleiotropic effect of the gene(s) involved. Current research aims at the identification of this (these) gene(s).
Understanding mental retardation in Down's syndrome using trisomy 16 mouse models
Authors: Galdzicki Z. , J. Siarey R.
Published: July 2003

Mental retardation in Down's syndrome, human trisomy 21, is characterized by developmental delays, language and memory deficits and other cognitive abnormalities. Neurophysiological and functional information is needed to understand the mechanisms of mental retardation in Down's syndrome. The trisomy mouse models provide windows into the molecular and developmental effects associated with abnormal chromosome numbers. The distal segment of mouse chromosome 16 is homologous to nearly the entire long arm of human chromosome 21. Therefore, mice with full or segmental trisomy 16 (Ts65Dn) are considered reliable animal models of Down's syndrome. Ts65Dn mice demonstrate impaired learning in spatial tests and abnormalities in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. We hypothesize that the physiological impairments in the Ts65Dn mouse hippocampus can model the suboptimal brain function occuring at various levels of Down's syndrome brain hierarchy, starting at a single neuron, and then affecting simple and complex neuronal networks. Once these elements create the gross brain structure, their dysfunctional activity cannot be overcome by extensive plasticity and redundancy, and therefore, at the end of the maturation period the mind inside this brain remains deficient and delayed in its capabilities. The complicated interactions that govern this aberrant developmental process cannot be rescued through existing compensatory mechanisms. In summary, overexpression of genes from chromosome 21 shifts biological homeostasis in the Down's syndrome brain to a new less functional state.
Down's syndrome: a genetic disorder in biobehavioral perspective
Authors: Nadel L.
Published: July 2003

Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder that can lead to mental retardation of varying degrees. How this chromosomal abnormality causes mental retardation remains an open question. This paper reviews what is currently known about the neural and cognitive features of Down's syndrome, noting the growing evidence of disproportionate impairment of specific systems such as the hippocampal formation, the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum. The development of animal models of these defects offers a way of ultimately connecting the genetic disorder to its cognitive consequences.
Caesarean for breech: A paradigm shift?
Authors: Kaushik Vasundhara , Gudgeon Clive
Published: July 2003

The year 2001 became ‘the year of Caesarean for the breech’ after the results of the Term Breech Trial were published in October 2000. The purpose of the current paper is a retrospective observational study identifying the increase in Caesarean section rates that occurred in Fairfield Hospital after the Term Breech Trial. Fairfield Hospital is a level 2 hospital in the south‐western Sydney health area with 1800 deliveries per year.
Prenatal screening and diagnosis: A survey of health care providers’ knowledge and attitudes
Authors: Rostant Kristie , Steed Lyndall , O'Leary Peter
Published: July 2003

Aim:  To survey the knowledge and attitudes of health care providers in Western Australia, Australia towards prenatal screening and diagnostic procedures for fetal anomalies.

Design:  A self‐administered mail survey.

Sample:  30 obstetricians and 313 general practitioners (GPs).

Results:  Overall, relative to GPs, obstetricians expressed more positive attitudes towards prenatal tests. Moreover, GPs felt they had a greater need for additional information. Further group differences were found in attitudes towards the value of the tests and confidence in the availability and ease of coordination of follow‐up services according to geographical area. Female health care providers were significantly more confident about the availability of follow‐up services and had higher knowledge scores. They were also more likely to practice in the metropolitan area. Further group differences were found in attitudes according to participation in professional development.

Conclusion:  Overall, health care providers felt antenatal screening and diagnostic tests were valuable and they felt they could benefit from further information. Knowledge was high, however, it is unclear whether this knowledge is being communicated to women. Given that antenatal practices are rapidly evolving, continuing education and ongoing professional development is critical.
Genomics in obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Weston Gareth C , Ponnampalam Anna , Vollenhoven Beverley J , Healy David L , Aw Rogers Peter
Published: July 2003

With the Human Genome Project complete, and microarray technology progressing rapidly, the study of whole genomes has become a reality. The emerging field of genomics is full of promise, has become a cornerstone of commercial drug development, and looks certain to make a major contribution to clinical practice in the future. There is an increasing number of genomic studies concerned with obstetric and gynaecological conditions. Despite this, clinicians in their busy practices often lack a basic understanding of genomics and the tools involved in generating genome‐based information. In the present review, we aim to provide the clinician with a basic overview of genomics – what it is, what tools it uses, and how it may benefit our patients. The existing published reports on genomic studies in the reproductive field is reviewed.
Identification of yeasts in public hospital primary care patients with or without clinical vaginitis
Authors: Erdem Hakan , Cetin Meral , Timuroglu Timucin , Cetin Ali , Yanar Orhan , Pahsa Alaaddin
Published: July 2003

Objective:  Vaginal yeast infections are one of the most common female genital tract infections. Candida albicans is the most common infectious cause. Candida species other than C. albicans are being diagnosed with increasing frequency. The aim of the present study was to determine species of yeasts obtained from the vaginal fluid among public hospital primary care patients with or without clinical vaginitis and to evaluate the correlation of vaginal yeast colonisation with epidemiological and clinical features of applicants.

Methods:  Vaginal swabs from 622 women who underwent vaginal examination in a women's hospital were obtained. After isolation, identification tests were carried out on 106 yeast species. Epidemiological and clinical features of women with respect to these species were evaluated.

Results:  Of 106 yeasts isolated, 67 C. albicans, 10 C. glabrata, seven C. kefyr (pseudotropicalis), six C. tropicalis, five C. parapsilosis, five C. krusei, three Saccharomyces boulardii, one C. guillermondii, one S. cerevisiae and one Trichosporon species were identified as yeast subtypes. Of the women with C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, 60, three, one, one, and one, respectively, had symptoms of vaginitis. Of women with C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and the other species, 27, four, three, two, one, one, and one, respectively, had clinical findings of vaginitis.

Conclusion:  Despite the heterogeneity of the present study group, the results support the use of vaginal culture as the most sensitive test for final diagnosis. However, a positive culture does not mean that the C. albicans is pathogenic, as it may be the normal commensal pathogen. Correlation of clinical and laboratory findings is important as it enables the administration of appropriate treatment without delay.
Preterm birth a long distance from home and its significant social and financial stress
Authors: Fry Mary Jane , Cartwright David W. , Huang Rae Chi , Davies Mark W.
Published: July 2003

The present paper reports a retrospective cohort of preterm infants admitted to our hospital who delivered outside the normal geographical catchment area of the mother's local level three neonatal nursery. Nineteen mothers had 21 preterm infants (23.1–34.9 weeks, 500–2330 g born) where 14 infants required ventilation (median 57 h, range 3–428). Eighteen survivors had a median length of stay of 41 days (range 3–91). Twelve of 19 mothers were interviewed: all described isolation, loneliness, poor social support and significant financial hardship related to getting their infants back to a local hospital or home. To avoid these problems, we recommend confining travel to within a short distance from home or local maternity unit after 22 weeks.
The role of proteolysis in R gene mediated defence in plants
Authors: Tör Mahmut , Yemm Antony , Holub Eric
Published: July 2003

Within the last 10 years, numerous R genes have been cloned from natural genetic variation in model as well as crop plants, and these have been classified according to their motifs. Some of the downstream signalling components have also been identified by artificial mutagenesis. Recently, cloning of three of these signalling genes (COI1, RAR1 and SGT1b) from Arabidopsis, barley and tobacco have helped uncover the physiological link between defence signalling and ubiquitin‐mediated protein degradation. The physical association of COI1 and SGT1b with the components of ubiquitin–ligase complexes has been shown. In addition, post‐transcriptional silencing of some of the subunits of the ubiquitin‐ligase complex has led to a loss of resistance, indicating that protein degradation may also act as a regulatory mechanism in plant defence. Over the next few years, we should expect to see more examples of the interplay between the defence response and protein degradation in plants.
Analysis of pea HMG‐I/Y expression suggests a role in defence gene regulation
Authors: Klosterman Steven J. , Choi Jane J. , Hadwiger Lee A.
Published: July 2003

HMG‐I/Y proteins are characterized by the presence of AT‐hook motifs, DNA binding domains that recognize AT‐rich tracts of DNA. By facilitating protein:protein and protein:DNA interactions in the vicinity of these AT‐rich binding sites, HMG‐I/Y positively or negatively regulates gene expression. Several pea defence gene promoters have AT‐rich tracts of DNA that are potential targets for modulation via HMG‐I/Y. In this study, a comparison of the expression of a pea defence gene (DRR206) mRNA relative to the expression of HMG‐I/Y mRNA was monitored by Northern analysis following the inoculation of a fungal pathogen, Fusarium solani or treatment with chitosan and a F. solani DNase (Fsph DNase). In pea pod endocarp tissue, HMG‐I/Y expression was observed at high levels in untreated tissue and at lower levels 6 h following inoculation or wounding of the tissue. Western blots with an antipea HMG‐I/Y polyclonal antibody also revealed that pea HMG‐I/Y is expressed at decreased levels 6 h following inoculation or elicitor treatment. HMG‐I/Y extracted from pea caused alterations in the gel migration of radio‐labelled AT‐rich sequences from the pea DRR206 promoter, suggesting that similar interactions could exist in vivo. Agroinfiltration was utilized to express the pea HMG‐I/Y gene in tobacco containing a chimeric gene fusion of a promoter from the PR gene, DRR206, and the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Transient expression of pea HMG‐I/Y led to a decrease in GUS reporter gene activity in the heterologous tobacco system. These data implicate pea HMG‐I/Y abundance in the down‐regulation of DRR206 gene expression, and possibly HMG‐I/Y depletion in the expression of defence genes in pea.
Plant pathogenic Verticillium species: how many of them are there?
Authors: Barbara Dez J. , Clewes Emily
Published: July 2003

Two of the currently widely accepted species in the section Nigrescentia of the genus Verticillium are major plant pathogens inducing wilt diseases in a wide range of mainly dicotyledonous hosts. Three species closely related to these two are less important wilt pathogens and soil saprophytes. A sixth species, V. theobromae, causes the cigar end of banana. Molecular and genetic studies have shown that these species represent a complex pool of discrete lineages of varying degrees of relatedness with unknown levels of gene flow between them. Most isolates are haploid, but some are thought to be amphihaploid interspecific hybrids. Until our understanding of this complex is much improved, it seems most appropriate to add only one new species, for wilt isolates primarily associated with potato and producing dark‐resting‐mycelium in bundles (currently known as V. albo‐atrum Grp2). It is suggested that the following be retained: (i) V. dahliae to include all isolates which produce only microsclerotia, (ii) V. albo‐atrum to cover the majority of isolates producing only dark‐resting‐mycelium (and not in bundles), and (iii) V. nigrescens, V. nubilum, V. tricorpus and V. theobromae for the minor wilt pathogens/saprophytes and the non‐wilt pathogen.
Transformation of Xylella fastidiosa with broad host range RSF1010 derivative plasmids
Authors: Guilhabert Magalie R. , Kirkpatrick Bruce C.
Published: July 2003

The Gram‐negative, fastidious bacterium Xylella fastidiosa was successfully transformed with two RSF1010 derivative plasmids belonging to the incompatibility group IncQ, using electroporation. These two derivative plasmids, pXF004 and pXF005, were found to be present as autonomous, structurally unchanged DNA molecules when propagated in X. fastidiosa. However, neither pXF004 nor pXF005 were stably maintained in X. fastidiosa without antibiotic selection. When plasmid DNAs were isolated from X. fastidiosa, or plasmid DNAs isolated from E. coli were supplemented with a TypeOne™ inhibitor, TRI, the frequency of transformation was increased by 13‐ or 5‐fold, respectively. Plasmid pXF005 was also used to transform one additional grapevine strain of X. fastidiosa.
Insulin signalling: effects of prior exercise
Authors: Wojtaszewski J. F. P. , Jørgensen S. B. , Frøsig C. , MacDonald C. , Birk J. B. , Richter E. A.
Published: July 2003

After the discovery and clinical use of insulin for treatment of diabetes it became clear that some of the biological effect of insulin was dependent on the circumstances under which it was given. Relevant for this review is the notion that physical activity, in addition to its own direct metabolic effects also markedly affects the ability of insulin to stimulate a range of metabolic processes. More specifically, during and for a prolonged period after, exercise elicits effects on processes such as insulin‐induced muscle glucose uptake and glucose metabolism which influence systemic glucose homeostasis. These phenomena are probably responsible for the improvement in glucose homeostasis and metabolic control that typically occurs with exercise in people with insulin resistance and probably contributes to the reduced risk for development of type 2 diabetes in individuals who engage in regular exercise. Here we focus on the influence of a single bout of exercise on the action of insulin on processes such as glucose uptake and glucose storage in skeletal muscle.
Regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise
Authors: Spriet L. L. , Watt M. J.
Published: July 2003

At the onset of exercise, signals from inside and outside the muscle cell increase the availability of carbohydrate (CHO) and fat to provide the fuel required for ATP production. CHO and fat oxidation are the dominant sources of aerobic ATP production and both pathways must be heavily upregulated during exercise to meet the increased energy demand. Within this paradigm, there is room for shifts between the proportion of energy that is provided from CHO and fat. It has long been known that increasing the availability of endogenous or exogenous CHO can increase the oxidation of CHO and decrease the oxidation of fat. The opposite is also true. While descriptive studies documenting these changes are numerous, the mechanisms regulating these shifts in fuel use in the face of constant energy demand have not been thoroughly elucidated. It would be expected, for example, that any fat‐induced shift in CHO metabolism would target the enzymes that play key roles in regulating CHO metabolism and oxidation. Inside the muscle these could include glucose uptake (GLUT4) and phosphorylation (hexokinase), glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase), glycolysis (phosphofructokinase) and conversion to acetyl CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase). The same would be expected for a CHO‐induced down regulation of fat metabolism and oxidation and might target transport of long chain fatty acids into the cell (fatty acid translocase CD36), release of fatty acids from intramuscular triacylglycerol (hormone sensitive lipase) and transport into the mitochondria (carnitine palmitoyl transferase complex). This review summarizes the work describing the interaction between CHO and fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise and presents the theories that may account for CHO/fat interaction during exercise.
Energy translocation across cell membranes and membrane models
Authors: Pownall H. J. , Hamilton J. A.
Published: July 2003

Fatty acid transport is an important process in cellular energy distribution and storage in both normal and pathological states, especially obesity‐linked type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fatty acid transport has been studied by the complementary approaches of cell biology and biophysics. According to the latter approach, specific proteins that enhance the uptake and storage of fatty acids are posited as fatty acid translocases, which facilitate fatty acid movement from the outer to inner leaflets of the plasma membrane. According to biophysical studies conducted in vitro, fatty acid translocation occurs by a rapid diffusive process that does not require a protein. Herein, we critically review these two mechanisms and their importance in the regulation of fatty acid uptake in vivo.