bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analytical Approach to CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Different Hole Transport Materials
Authors: Ntia Teneng S. , Supasai Thidarat , Tang I‐Ming , Amornkitbumrung Vittaya , Yuan Jianyu , Li Youyong , Dittrich Thomas , Rujisamphan Nopporn
Published: May 2019

Organic halide perovskite solar cells (PSC's) have achieved high efficiencies in a relatively short amount of time. In order to attain efficiency in the neighborhood of the Shockley‐Queisser (SQ) limit, additional modifications are continuously being made. A simple lumped circuit model, which had been previously used to investigate organic and inorganic thin‐film solar cells, is used in this study to gain more insight into the effects of these modifications on the performance‐related factors. It is examined that the changes in the lumped‐circuit parameters associated with the device performances when different hole transport materials (HTM's) such as PEDOT:PSS, NiOx, and PTAA or when different underneath substrates are employed. The reason for this interest is the well‐accepted fact that the defect formation greatly hinders the formation of photo‐generated charge carriers. Using the time‐resolved surface photovoltage measurements, we show that the photo‐induced charge separation and charge migration are greatly influenced by the HTM's. The resulting changes were analyzed in detail. Unlike what occurs when CH3NH3PbI3 is deposited onto bare ITO or PEDOT:PSS, the long‐lived (from micro‐millisecond) charge separations are observed when the NiOx is used as the HTL. These observations point to the need to examine other low‐cost HLM's or combinations of them, for use to improve the solar energy conversion efficiencies of the PSC's.
Catalytic Investigation of Ag Nanostructures Loaded on Porous Hematite Cubes: Infiltrated versus Exteriors
Authors: Manivannan Shanmugam , Kim Mun‐Seok , Yim Taeeun , Kim Kyuwon
Published: May 2019

Ag Nanostructures (NSs) were successfully infiltrated on porous Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) Cubes and exteriorly deposited on Prussian blue (PB) Cubes to derive two different types (Infiltrated–Ag and Exterior/Ag) of metal loaded semiconductor composites. In the Infiltrated–Ag, Ag NSs were infiltrated through the pores of Hematite Cubes whereas; it was exteriorly deposited with Exterior/Ag catalyst. Both infiltrated and exteriorly deposited Ag NSs were carefully characterized by morphological and physiological characterization tools and the prepared catalysts were applied toward reduction reaction of p‐nitrophenol (PNP) in the presence of NaBH4 by UV‐vis spectroscopy. It was found that “Infiltrated–Ag” exhibited bi‐functional properties with specific surface area and high catalytic activity toward PNP reduction. Such catalytic activity of the “Infiltrated–Ag” might be attributed to the electron enriched Hematite/Ag interface and its efficient contribution to the electron transfer between Hematite/Ag and PNP.
A Novel Ligand‐free Manganese‐catalyzed C‐O Coupling Protocol for the Synthesis of Biaryl Ethers
Authors: Rohit K. R. , Saranya Salim , Harry Nissy Ann , Anilkumar Gopinathan
Published: May 2019

Manganese catalysis is employed for the first time in the synthesis of biaryl ethers using various phenols and electron deficient aryl iodides as the coupling partners. This protocol does not require any ligand and employs relatively cheap, less toxic and easy to handle manganese chloride tetrahydrate as the metal catalyst. Aryl iodides having electron withdrawing groups provide a wide range of substrate scope for different phenols with moderate to excellent yields.
Antioxidant Change in Biosynthesis from Naringenin Chalcone to Flavonoid Apingenin
Authors: Cai Rongxin , Li Xican , Chen Ban , Xie Yulu , Xie Hong , Chen Dongfeng
Published: May 2019

Naringenin chalcone (NAC) can undergo biosynthesis to convert into dihydroflavonoid naringenin and then to flavonoid apigenin. To explore the antioxidant change during this biosynthesis, the three were comparatively analyzed using several methods. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis gave a dimer MS peak and an adduct MS peak when each of them mixing the 1,1’‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical. In antioxidant colorimetric analyses, the IC50 values increased in the order NAC < apigenin < naringenin. Thus, the three can scavenge free radicals via a chain reaction including propagation and termination steps. The propagation step involves a hydrogen‐atom‐abstraction (or electron‐transfer plus H+‐transfer) antioxidant mechanism. From NAC to naringenin, the antioxidant potential decreases, possibly due to enzymatic cyclization, which eliminates a phenolic ‐OH and saturates a C=C bond. From naringenin to apigenin, the antioxidant potential increases because the 2,3‐dehydrogenation reaction cause extended π‐π conjugation. In the termination step, each of them forms a dimer product and an adduct‐with‐radical product.
Plasmonic‐Enhanced Light Harvesting and Perovskite Solar Cell Performance Using Au Biometric Dimers with Broadband Structural Darkness
Authors: Ma Chun , Liu Changxu , Huang Jianfeng , Ma Yuhui , Liu Zhixiong , Li Lain-Jong , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Han Yu , Fratalocchi Andrea , Wu Tom
Published: May 2019

Hybrid perovskites have recently attracted enormous attention for photovoltaic applications, and various strategies related to light management and photocarrier collection are developed to enhance their performance. As an effective route toward near‐field light enhancement, metal nanostructures with subwavelength dimensions can couple incident photons with conduction electrons, giving rise to localized surface plasmon resonances. However, efficiency enhancements through plasmonic routes are limited to the short wavelength range corresponding to metal extinction wavelength. Thus, the exploration of novel plasmonic nanostructures with predesigned sizes and shapes is needed to advance this field. Herein, for the first time, a bioinspired nanostructure of Au nanorod–nanoparticle dimers with structural darkness is exploited to enhance the light harvesting and performance of perovskite solar cells. Differing from conventional metallic nanoparticles, biometric nanoparticles introduce geometric singularity to the system, providing a broadband response for energy harvesting. By embedding the core–shell gold dimers in the perovskite solar cells, a notable enhancement of broadband light absorption is observed, and sequentially, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells increases by 16%.
Ramipril and resveratrol co‐treatment attenuates RhoA/ROCK pathway‐regulated early‐stage diabetic nephropathy‐associated glomerulosclerosis in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Peng Xiang , Su Haiyan , Liang Dali , Li Jeihua , Ting Wei‐Jen , Liao Shih‐Chieh , Huang Chih‐Yang
Published: May 2019

Clinical studies have shown that hyperglycemia can induce early‐stage diabetic nephropathy (DN). Furthermore, oxidative stress, tubular epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix accumulation promote the progression of DN to chronic kidney disease and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. It is necessary to initiate treatment at the early stages of DN or even during the early stages of diabetes. In this work, rats with streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes mellitus (DM) presented early DN symptoms within 45 days, and collagen accumulation in the glomerulus of the rats was primarily mediated through the RhoA/ROCK pathway instead of the TGF‐β signaling pathway. Resveratrol (15 mg/kg/day) and ramipril (10 mg/kg/day) co‐treatment of STZ‐induced DN rats showed that glomerulosclerosis in early‐stage DN was reversible (P < .05 compared with that in STZ‐induced DM rats). The results of this study support early intervention in diabetes or DN as a more efficient therapeutic strategy.
The Color Glass Condensate density matrix: Lindblad evolution, entanglement entropy and Wigner functional
Authors: Armesto Néstor , Domínguez Fabio , Kovner Alex , Lublinsky Michael , Skokov Vladimir V.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We introduce the notion of the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) density matrix$$ \widehat{\rho} $$ρ^. This generalizes the concept of probability density for the distribution of the color charges in the hadronic wave function and is consistent with understanding the CGC as an effective theory after integration of part of the hadronic degrees of freedom. We derive the evolution equations for the density matrix and show that the JIMWLK evolution equation arises here as the evolution of diagonal matrix elements of ρ in the color charge density basis. We analyze the behavior of this density matrix under high energy evolution and show that its purity decreases with energy. We show that the evolution equation for the density matrix has the celebrated Kossakowsky-Lindblad form describing the non-unitary evolution of the density matrix of an open system. Additionally, we consider the dilute limit and demonstrate that, at large rapidity, the entanglement entropy of the density matrix grows linearly with rapidity according to$$ \frac{d}{dy}{S}_e=\gamma $$ddySe=γ, whereγis the leading BFKL eigenvalue. We also discuss the evolution of$$ \widehat{\rho} $$ρ^in the saturated regime and relate it to the Levin-Tuchin law and find that the entropy again grows linearly with rapidity, but at a slower rate. By analyzing the dense and dilute regimes of the full density matrix we are able to establish a duality between the regimes. Finally we introduce the Wigner functional derived from this density matrix and discuss how it can be used to determine the distribution of color currents, which may be instrumental in understanding dynamical features of QCD at high energy.
Event generation for beam dump experiments
Authors: Buonocore Luca , Frugiuele Claudia , Maltoni Fabio , Mattelaer Olivier , Tramontano Francesco
Published: May 2019

Abstract

A wealth of new physics models which are motivated by questions such as the nature of dark matter, the origin of the neutrino masses and the baryon asymmetry in the universe, predict the existence of hidden sectors featuring new particles. Among the possibilities are heavy neutral leptons, vectors and scalars, that feebly interact with the Standard Model (SM) sector and are typically light and long lived. Such new states could be produced in high-intensity facilities, the so-called beam dump experiments, either directly in the hard interaction or as a decay product of heavier mesons. They could then decay back to the SM or to hidden sector particles, giving rise to peculiar decay or interaction signatures in a far-placed detector. Simulating such kind of events presents a challenge, as not only short-distance new physics (hard production, hadron decays, and interaction with the detector) and usual SM phenomena need to be described but also the geometry of the detector has to be taken into account for a reliable estimate of the event yield and distributions. In this work, we describe a new plugin to the MadGraph5_aMC@NLO platform, which allows the complete simulation of new physics processes relevant for beam dump experiments, including the various mechanisms for the production of hidden particles, namely their decays or scattering off SM particles, as well as their far detection, keeping into account spatial correlations and the geometry of the experiment.
Improving an Escherichia coli-based biocatalyst for terpenol glycosylation by variation of the expression system
Authors: Rüdiger Julian , Schwab Wilfried
Published: May 2019

Glycosides are becoming increasingly more relevant for various industries as low-cost whole-cell-biocatalysts are now available for the manufacture of glycosides. However, there is still a need to optimize the biocatalysts. The aim of this work was to increase the titre of terpenyl glucosides in biotransformation assays with E. coli expressing VvGT14ao, a glycosyltransferase gene from grape (Vitis vinifera). Seven expression plasmids differing in the resistance gene, origin of replication, promoter sequence, and fusion protein tag were generated and transformed into four different E. coli expression strains, resulting in 18 strains that were tested for glycosylation efficiency with terpenols and a phenol. E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-SUMO_VvGT14ao yielded the highest titres. The product concentration was improved 8.6-fold compared with E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS/pET29a_VvGT14ao. The selection of a small solubility-enhancing protein tag and exploitation of the T7 polymerase-induction system allowed the formation of increased levels of functional recombinant protein, thereby improving the performance of the whole-cell biocatalyst.
Subglacial sediment distribution from constrained seismic inversion, using MuLTI software: examples from Midtdalsbreen, Norway
Authors: Killingbeck Siobhan F. , Booth Adam D. , Livermore Philip W. , West Landis J. , Reinardy Benedict T. I. , Nesje Atle
Published: May 2019

Fast ice flow is associated with the deformation of subglacial sediment. Seismic shear velocities, Vs, increase with the rigidity of material and hence can be used to distinguish soft sediment from hard bedrock substrates. Depth profiles of Vs can be obtained from inversions of Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, from passive or active-sources, but these can be highly ambiguous and lack depth sensitivity. Our novel Bayesian transdimensional algorithm, MuLTI, circumvents these issues by adding independent depth constraints to the inversion, also allowing comprehensive uncertainty analysis. We apply MuLTI to the inversion of a Rayleigh wave dataset, acquired using active-source (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves) techniques, to characterise sediment distribution beneath the frontal margin of Midtdalsbreen, an outlet of Norway's Hardangerjøkulen ice cap. Ice thickness (0–20 m) is constrained using co-located GPR data. Outputs from MuLTI suggest that partly-frozen sediment (Vs 500–1000 m s−1), overlying bedrock (Vs 2000–2500 m s−1), is present in patches with a thickness of ~4 m, although this approaches the resolvable limit of our Rayleigh wave frequencies (14–100 Hz). Uncertainties immediately beneath the glacier bed are <280 m s−1, implying that MuLTI cannot only distinguish bedrock and sediment substrates but does so with an accuracy sufficient for resolving variations in sediment properties.
A TREE-BASED ALGORITHM ADAPTED TO MICROLEVEL RESERVING AND LONG DEVELOPMENT CLAIMS
Authors: Lopez Olivier , Milhaud Xavier , Thérond Pierre-E.
Published: May 2019

In non-life insurance, business sustainability requires accurate and robust predictions of reserves related to unpaid claims. To this aim, two different approaches have historically been developed: aggregated loss triangles and individual claim reserving. The former has reached operational great success in the past decades, whereas the use of the latter still remains limited. Through two illustrative examples and introducing an appropriate tree-based algorithm, we show that individual claim reserving can be really promising, especially in the context of long-term risks.
Electrical switching of a surfactant coated drop in Poiseuille flow
Authors: Poddar Antarip , Mandal Shubhadeep , Bandopadhyay Aditya , Chakraborty Suman
Published: May 2019

Electrical effects can impart a cross-stream component to drop motion in a pressure-driven flow, due to either an asymmetric charge distribution or shape deformation. However, surfactant-mediated alterations in such migration characteristics remain unexplored. By accounting for three-dimensionality in the drop motion, we analytically demonstrate here a non-trivial switching of drop migration with the aid of a surfactant coating on its surface. We establish this phenomenon as controllable by exploiting an interconnected interplay between the hydrodynamic stress, electrical stress and Marangoni stress, manifested so as to achieve a net interfacial force balance. Our results reveal that under different combinations of electrical conductivity and permittivity ratios, the relative strength of the electric stress with respect to the hydrodynamic stress, the applied electric field direction and the surfactants alter the longitudinal and cross-stream velocity components of the droplets differently. The effect of drop deformation on its speed is found to be altered with the increased sensitivity of the surface tension to the surfactant concentration, depending on the competing effects of the electrohydrodynamic flow modification and the tip stretching phenomenon. Further, with a suitable choice of electrical property ratios, the Marangoni effects can be exploited to direct the drop in reaching a final transverse position towards or away from the channel centreline. These results may turn out to be of immense consequence in providing an insight to the underlying complex physical mechanisms dictating an intricate control on the drop motion in different directions.
Super-resolution reconstruction of turbulent flows with machine learning
Authors: Fukami Kai , Fukagata Koji , Taira Kunihiko
Published: May 2019

We use machine learning to perform super-resolution analysis of grossly under-resolved turbulent flow field data to reconstruct the high-resolution flow field. Two machine learning models are developed, namely, the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the hybrid downsampled skip-connection/multi-scale (DSC/MS) models. These machine learning models are applied to a two-dimensional cylinder wake as a preliminary test and show remarkable ability to reconstruct laminar flow from low-resolution flow field data. We further assess the performance of these models for two-dimensional homogeneous turbulence. The CNN and DSC/MS models are found to reconstruct turbulent flows from extremely coarse flow field images with remarkable accuracy. For the turbulent flow problem, the machine-leaning-based super-resolution analysis can greatly enhance the spatial resolution with as little as 50 training snapshot data, holding great potential to reveal subgrid-scale physics of complex turbulent flows. With the growing availability of flow field data from high-fidelity simulations and experiments, the present approach motivates the development of effective super-resolution models for a variety of fluid flows.
Embeddings for the space on sets of finite perimeter
Authors: Chemetov Nikolai V. , Mazzucato Anna L.
Published: May 2019

Given an open set with finite perimeter$\Omega \subset {\open R}^n$, we consider the space$LD_\gamma ^{p}(\Omega )$,$1\les p<\infty $, of functions withpth-integrable deformation tensor on Ω and withpth-integrable trace value on the essential boundary of Ω. We establish the continuous embedding$LD_\gamma ^{p}(\Omega )\subset L^{pN/(N-1)}(\Omega )$. The space$LD_\gamma ^{p}(\Omega )$and this embedding arise naturally in studying the motion of rigid bodies in a viscous, incompressible fluid.
Foreword
Authors: Alvarez José E.
Published: May 2019

A burgeoning literature addresses the links between the World Trade Organization and ostensibly “nontrade” issues, including corruption and bribery, health care (such as tobacco control), human rights generally or labor rights in particular, diverse environmental concerns, issues of “culture,” and even the fight against terrorism. Current WTO scholarship, at least that published in the United States, seems to be obsessed with exploring the outer boundaries of the trade regime. In the face of a vast array of potential recipes for linkage to particular nontrade issues, as well as cautionary tales against such linkage, what is to be gained from revisiting these questions?
An Asset Theory of Social Policy Preferences
Authors: Iversen Torben , Soskice David
Published: May 2019

We present a theory of social policy preferences that emphasizes the composition of people's skills. The key to our argument is that individuals who have made risky investments in skills will demand insurance against the possible future loss of income from those investments. Because the transferability of skills is inversely related to their specificity, workers with specific skills face a potentially long spell of unemployment or a significant decline in income in the event of job loss. Workers deriving most of their income from specific skills therefore have strong incentives to support social policies that protect them against such uncertainty. This is not the case for general skills workers, for whom the costs of social protection weigh more prominently. We test the theory on public opinion data for eleven advanced democracies and suggest how differences in educational systems can help explain cross-national differences in the level of social protection.
Distributive and Partisan Issues in Agriculture Policy in the 104th House
Authors: Hurwitz Mark S. , Moiles Roger J. , Rohde David W.
Published: May 2019

Distributive, informational, and partisan rationales provide contrasting accounts of legislative politics. Which of these theories best explains the decisions and policies of the House Agriculture Committee? We contend that all are appropriate, at various times, depending upon the particular issues and circumstances. By analyzing issues within the jurisdiction of the Agriculture Committee and the Agriculture and Rural Development Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee in the 104th House, we demonstrate that the issue environments of both are multidimensional (even within individual bills) and that each committee has both distributive and partisan policy dimensions. Therefore, it is impossible for either committee to be representative of the chamber on all its policy dimensions simultaneously. In addition, with regard to distributive issues salient to members, we find that both committees are homogeneous, high-demand outliers. Our study has important implications for distributive, informational, and partisan theories of legislative behavior and organization.
Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Nigeria. By Ufot B. Inamete. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 2001. 313p. $48.50.
Authors: Anda Michael
Published: May 2019

This elaborate study analyzes the Nigerian foreign policy decision-making structures and processes from 1960 (when Nigeria became an independent country) until 1999. Using Graham Allison's conceptual models of decision making (the rational-actor model, the organizational process model, and the bureaucratic politics model), Ufot Inamete examines how foreign policy decision making during the Balewa, Ironsi, Gowon, Muhammed/Obasanjo, Shagari, Buhari, Babangida, Shonekan, Abacha, Abubakar, and Obasanjo governments manifested both changes and continuities (p. 289). Importantly, theory from Allison's model is well integrated with the substantive and analytical portions of the book, and, thus, it goes beyond the theory of a strong-leader approach in Third World countries to demonstrate that developing countries do have organizational structures that deal with foreign policies.
Sanctions Beyond Borders: Multinational Corporations and U.S. Economic Statecraft. By Kenneth A. Rodman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001. 288p. $75.00 cloth, $26.95 paper.
Authors: Pegg Scott
Published: May 2019

The 1990s saw a resurgence in demand for economic sanctions. The United States imposed extraterritorial sanctions on Cuba through the Helms-Burton Law and on Iran and Libya through the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act. Environmental and human rights activists also sought, albeit with limited success, to impose sanctions against the military regimes in Burma and Nigeria.
Gendering World Politics: Issues and Approaches in the Post–Cold War Era. By J. Ann Tickner. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 262p. $45.00 cloth, $17.50 paper.
Authors: Whitworth Sandra
Published: May 2019

J. Ann Tickner's Gendering World Politics revisits—in the best sense of the term—many of the same themes she explored in her pathbreaking 1992 book, Gender in International Relations. The current volume comes almost a decade after that first book appeared—a decade during which both the field of international relations and the subfield of feminist IR have seen dramatic change and, especially in the case of the latter, exponential growth. Gendering World Politics brings us up to date on the current state of debates within IR and provides a thoroughgoing and sophisticated introduction to what is now a very sizable feminist IR literature. Perhaps the most important contribution of this book, however, is that it allows Tickner to move forward an agenda she has been exploring for a number of years now, to encourage “conversations” between mainstream and feminist IR, and, in particular, to ask why authentic conversations, despite a decade of both turmoil and growth, have not been more forthcoming. As she writes in the Preface, “I have spent much of this time trying to understand why the intellectual gulf between different IR approaches is so wide and why conversations between proponents of these various approaches can be so difficult” (p. x).
Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989–1993. By Grzegorz Ekiert and Jan Kubik. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. 296p. $22.95. Framing Democracy: Civil Society and Civic Movements in Eastern Europe. By John K. Glenn, III. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. 289p. $45.00. Creating a Democratic Civil Society in Eastern Germany: The Case of the Citizen Movements and Alliance 90. By Christiane Olivo. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 293p. $55.00.
Authors: Markovits Andrei S.
Published: May 2019

A decade after the epochal events of the late 1980s and early 1990s, we have come to see them not as quasi miracles the way we did then but almost as prosaic way stations in the ever-present process of societal change. To be sure, there has been a stream of often pathbreaking scholarship in the fields of comparative politics and political sociology, with a special emphasis on social movements, civil society, the transition from authoritarian to democratic societies, and the complex consolidation of the latter that has rightly contributed to the demystification of these events. Yet, as citizens as well as scholars, we still remain so riveted by what happened in those few years in East Central Europe that the point of diminishing returns potentially afflicting additional research and writing on the subject remains distant.
Out of the Red: Building Capitalism and Democracy in Postcommunist Europe. By Mitchell A. Orenstein. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. 184p. $54.50 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Comisso Ellen
Published: May 2019

Nowadays, it is easy to forget just how pessimistic observers were in 1990 about the possibility of simultaneously introducing capitalism and competitive politics to the ex-socialist states of Eastern Europe. Often, debates seemed to hinge simply on which would subvert which, that is, whether the economic shocks of reform would destabilize democratic governments or whether populist appeals to the losers of economic adjustment would derail economic reform. That popularly elected government and systemic economic change could mutually reinforce each other seemed, at the time, to describe a fool's paradise. Yet now that the dust has begun to settle, this appears to have been exactly what happened.
Written Code Switching in a Medieval Document: A Comparison with Some Modern Constraints
Authors: Miller Elaine R.
Published: May 2019

Most studies of code switching have focussed on its use in informal, oral settings, but written examples also occur. The Castilian-Hebrew switching in the Jewishtaqqanot‘statutes’ of Valladolid, Spain, written in 1432, provides important data for testing the different constraints proposed in studies on code switching. Examples of switches between determiner-noun, preposition-noun, possessive-noun, quantifier-noun, andser-participle indicate that the code switches in thetaqqanotusually conform to some of the constraints already proposed: the Free Morpheme Constraint, the Equivalence Constraint, and the Closed-Class Constraint. At the same time, the analysis of these medieval switches confronts the same unresolved issues as other studies, for instance, the need to adequately distinguish between borrowings and code switches and the question of whether bilingual utterances always have an identifiable matrix language.
A Language Without a Rhyme: Syllable Structure Experiments in Korean
Authors: Yoon Yeo Bom , Derwing Bruce L.
Published: May 2019

Prior research has suggested that Korean might constitute an exception to the proposed notion of the universality of the rhyme. Five experiments were performed to test this hypothesis out with native speakers of that language. Four different experimental tasks were employed: a global sound similarity judgement task, a concept formation task, a unit reduplication task, and a list recall task. In all cases the results indicate that Korean syllables were seen to contain a cohesive CV orbodyunit, in contrast to the VC ofrhymeunit of English. The final experiment, involving list recall, was considered especially important, as it involved the testing of preliterate children, whose results could not have been influenced by knowledge of the orthography. An attempt is made to explain these findings in terms of intrinsic properties of the syllables in the two languages. The theoretical significance of this research is also discussed.
Recent active faults in Belgian Ardenne revealed in Rochefort Karstic network (Namur Province, Belgium)
Authors: Vandycke S. , Quinif Y.
Published: May 2019

This paper presents observations of recent faulting activity in the karstic network of the Rochefort Cave (Namur Province, Belgium, Europe). The principal recent tectonic features are bedding planes reactivated as normal faults, neo-formatted normal faults in calcite flowstone, fresh scaling, extensional features, fallen blocks and displacement of karstic tube. The seismo-tectonic aspect is expanded by the presence of fallen blocks where normally the cavity must be very stable and in equilibrium. Three main N 070° fault planes and a minor one affect, at a decimetre scale, the karst features and morphology. The faults are still active because recent fresh scaling and fallen blocks are observable. The breaking of Holocene soda straw stalactites and displacements of artificial features observed since the beginning of the tourist activity, in the last century, also suggest very recent reactivation of these faults. This recent faulting can be correlated to present-day tectonic activity, already evidenced by earthquakes in the neighbouring area. Therefore, karstic caves are favourable sites for the observation and the quantification of recent tectonic activity because they constitute a 3-D framework, protected from erosion. Fault planes with this recent faulting present slickensides. Thus a quantitative analysis in term of stress inversion, with the help of striated faults, has permitted to reconstruct the stress tensor responsible for the brittle deformation. The principal NW-SE extension (σ3 horizontal) is nearly perpendicular to that of the present regional stress as illustrated by the analysis of the last strong regional earthquake (Roermond, The Netherlands) in 1992. During the Meso-Cenozoic, the main stress tectonics recorded in this part of the European platform is similar to the present one with a NE-SW direction of extension.

The discrepancy between the regional stress field and the local stress in the Rochefort cave can be the result of the inversion of the σ2 and σ3 axes of the stress ellipsoid due to its symmetry or of a local modification at the ground surface of the crustal stress field as it has been already observed in active zones.
PREFERENCE FOR A FIRST-BORN BOY IN WESTERN SOCIETIES
Authors: MARLEAU JACQUES D. , SAUCIER JEAN-FRANÇOIS
Published: May 2019

Many studies in the last 45 years have shown that women prefer a boy to a girl for their first-born child, suggesting that this preference is universal in Western societies. A careful examination of these studies reveals, however, that the subjects were often women who were not pregnant and/or students. A review of sixteen studies with first-time-pregnant women showed that in most cases the opposite was true, namely, that a girl was desired more often than a boy, especially during the last two decades (from 1981 to 1996). Data concerning expectant fathers, however, indicate that they prefer a boy rather than a girl. A preference for a boy first was also observe for both non-expectant males and females. Women’s preference for a male child decreased and men’s preference increased slightly when the two sub-periods (before 1980 vs after 1981) were compared. A difference between men and women is, however, evident whatever the sub-period: men more often prefer a boy than women. These findings suggest that something specific about being pregnant is related to the preference for a girl first.
MALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR DURING WIFE'S PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM ABSTINENCE PERIOD IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: LAWOYIN TAIWO O. , LARSEN ULLA
Published: May 2019

The traditional proscription against sex for women during pregnancy, and particularly in the postpartum period, in south-west Nigeria leaves many men without sexual access to their wives for extended periods of time. This practice raises the question whether men abstain or seek other sexual partners. A community-based study was conducted using 3204 married men from randomly selected local government areas of the state. These men had wives who had delivered a baby in the 36 months prior to the study. Information was obtained on their sexual practices before and during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Male sexual networking was not absent outside the pregnancy and the postpartum periods. However, during pregnancy, a higher percentage of men (43·7%) had other partners compared with the period outside pregnancy and postpartum (42·1%). The difference was not significant (p>0·05). Similarly, in the postpartum abstinence period, more men (48%) had other sexual partners when compared with the period outside pregnancy and postpartum (42·1%; p<0·001). Sexual networking with non-regular and multiple partners was also more commonly observed in the postpartum period than in pregnancy (11·9% vs 10·4%; p<0·05). Significantly more rural than urban men had multiple sexual partners when their wife was pregnant (p=0·01) or in postpartum abstinence (p<0·05). Condom use with regular partners was largely absent, and consistent condom use with extramarital partners was very low among urban and rural men (6·3% vs 1·7%). The vast majority of men were having unprotected vaginal sex. Logistic regression analysis showed that polygamous men, those under 30 years in the urban area, and men with low or no education were more likely to have sex with other women when their wife was pregnant. During a wife’s postpartum abstinence period, men in higher status occupations, younger urban men (<49 years), those with more children, the polygamous, and men with a first wife under 40 years in urban area were more likely to have other partners. In light of the heterosexual mode of HIV transmission in Nigeria, there is a dire need to design and implement an intervention programme targeted at married men, which takes into consideration cultural practices. This will hopefully help check the course of the disease in a country thought to be on the verge of an HIV epidemic.
Policy Innovation and Leaders' Perceptions: Building a Reformist Consensus in Argentina
Authors: MARGHERITIS ANA
Published: May 2019

Policy innovation poses a great challenge to governments to generate stable expectations about a new set of incentives. Drawing on the results of a survey conducted in mid-1999, this article explores the sources and characteristics of top leaders' perceptions about the programme of structural reforms implemented in Argentina during the last decade. In particular, it tries to assess and measure whether a reformist consensus between political and business leaders emerged around the privatisation and regulation policies, what the main issues around which that consensus revolves are, and to what extent it may translate into a source of stability and consolidation of reforms.
The waqf-endowment strategy of a Mamluk military man: the contexts, motives, and purposes of the endowments of Qijmās al-Isḥāqī (d. 1487)
Authors: Igarashi Daisuke
Published: May 2019

This study analyses the original waqf documents belonging to Qijmās al-Isḥāqī, an amir who lived in late Mamluk Egypt and Syria, from three perspectives: first, the types of assets possessed or endowed by Qijmās and the creation of these assets; second, the contexts and purposes of establishing waqfs by comparing the data obtained from the documents and the life history of Qijmās, which was reconstructed from literary sources; and third, how his personal relationships reflected the character of his waqfs. Further, this study reveals how he selectively and strategically used the waqf system for personal and/or public benefit at different stages of his life and according to the prevalent social circumstances. This case study proves that the waqf system had multi-dimensional and complex functions: in addition to realizing its universal purpose of enabling the performance of charitable deeds, the waqf system fulfilled the founder's particularistic secular intentions and expectations.
Visuo-cognitive disambiguation of occluded shapes
Authors: van Lier Rob
Published: May 2019

Pessoa et al. (1998a) underexposed the broad and rich variety of stimuli in the amodal completion domain. The disambiguation of occluded shapes depends on very specific figural properties. Elaborations on such disambiguations of rich and complex stimuli, tied up with a visuo-cognitive origin of amodal completion, further position Pessoa et al.'s considerations on neural filling-in and the personal-subpersonal distinction.
Unifying by binding: Will binding really bind?
Authors: Diedrichsen Jörn , Hazeltine Eliot
Published: May 2019

The theory of event coding by Hommel et al. proposes that feature binding is a central component of action planning. To evaluate the binding hypothesis, we consider findings from studies of action-perception interference and bimanual movements. We argue that although binding of action features may be a valuable concept, interference from partial feature overlap does not provide a parsimonious account for the observed phenomena.
Visual perception is not visual awareness
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: May 2019

O'Regan & Noë mistakenly identify visual processing with visual experience. I outline some reasons why this is a mistake, taking my data and arguments mainly from the literature on subliminal processing.
Consciousness as action: The eliminativist sirens are calling
Authors: Kurthen Martin
Published: May 2019

The sensorimotor theory of vision successfully blends in with the currently developing action-oriented account of cognition. As a theory of phenomenal consciousness, however, it suffers from the same shortcomings as the theories O'Regan & Noë (O&N) criticize. This is mainly due to the failure to avoid the explanatory gap by rejecting one notion of qualia while retaining the concept of experience with qualitative features in general.
On the distinction between “sensorimotor” and “motorsensory” contingencies
Authors: Laming Donald
Published: May 2019

An experimenter studies “sensorimotor contingencies”; the stimulus is primary and the subject's response consequential. But the subject, looking at the world from his or her distinctive viewpoint, is occupied with “motorsensory contingencies”; the response is now primary and the sensory consequential. These two categories are gathered together under the one term in the target article. This commentary disambiguates the confusion.
The event-code: Not the solution to a problem, but a problem to be solved
Authors: Richardson Michael J. , Michaels Claire F.
Published: May 2019

We commend the argument that perception and action are tightly coupled. We claim that the argument is not new, that uniting stimulus and response codes is not a problem for a cognitive system, only for psychologists who assume them, and that the Theory of Event Coding (TEC)'s event-codes are arbitrary and ungrounded. Affordances and information offer the common basis for perception-action (and even for event-codes).
Explanatory burdens and natural law: Invoking a field description of perception-action
Authors: Shaw Robert E. , Wagman Jeffrey B.
Published: May 2019

Although we agree with Hommel et al. that perception and action refer to one another, we disagree that they do so via a code. Gibson (1966; 1979) attempted to frame perception-action as a field phenomenon rather than as a particle phenomenon. From such a perspective, perception and action are adjoint, mutually interacting through an information field, and codes are unnecessary.
The existence of internal visual memory representations
Authors: Ryan Jennifer D. , Cohen Neal J.
Published: May 2019

Although O'Regan & Noë (O&N) claim that the world may serve as the viewers' external visual memory, findings from the field of memory research have demonstrated the existence of internal visual representations. These representations are stored in the viewer's brain, contain information regarding visual objects and their relations, guide subsequent exploration of the visual world and promote change detection.
In search of the ultimate evidence: The fastest visual reaction adapts to environment, not retinal locations
Authors: Velichkovsky Boris M. , Pannasch Sebastian
Published: May 2019

The sensorimotor account of perception is akin to Gibsonian direct realism. Both emphasize external properties of the world, challenging views based on the analysis of internal visual processing. To compare the role of distal and retinotopic parameters, distractor effect – an optomotor reaction of midbrain origin – is considered. Even in this case, permanence in the environment, not on the retina, explains the dynamics of habituation.
Precarity and the assumption of rising insecurity in later life: a critique
Authors: Gilleard Chris , Higgs Paul
Published: May 2019

In recent years, several authors have drawn attention to signs of growing inequalities in the ageing populations of the developed economies. Such formulations have employed the concept of precariousness to suggest that a ‘new’ precarity has emerged in old age. Questioning this position and drawing on data reported over the last two decades on income and health inequalities between and within retired and working-age households, the present paper argues that evidence of this ‘precarity’ is speculative at most and relates more to imagined futures than to empirically observed trends in the present. The ageing of ageing societies – that is the growing agedness of the older population – might imply an increase in precarity or vulnerability at older ages, but this is not a result of changes in the underlying economic and social relations of society. Instead, we would contend that it is the corporeal consequences of living longer. By conflating the various meanings of ‘precarity’ there is a corresponding danger that the very real changes brought about by population ageing will be underplayed, which may be to the detriment of the most vulnerable. The idea of a new precarity in later life may thus not serve the ends to which it is intended.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS AND SPATIAL CONVERGENCE OF BIOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: THE CASE OF COLOMBIA, 1920–1990
Authors: Meisel-Roca Adolfo , Ramírez-Giraldo María Teresa , Santos-Cárdenas Daniela
Published: May 2019

This paper explores the relationship between the physical stature of Colombians born during the 20thcentury and several socio-economic and demographic variables. Using a dataset of more than 225,000 individuals built with information from judicial background certificates, we found a sustained growth of the average height of women and men during the 20thcentury. The results show significant differences in stature according to gender, level of education, occupation, and place and date of birth. Similarly, health conditions and access to aqueducts significantly affect height. We found that departmental average height disparities decreased and the gap across regions closed throughout the century.
Vague language in business and academic contexts
Authors: McCarthy Michael
Published: May 2019

Business English and academic English may perhaps be thought of as areas of language use requiring precision of expression and a quest for specific and unambiguous meaning. However, corpus evidence shows that both types of language, in their spoken contexts, exhibit noticeable use of the kinds of vague expressions found in everyday conversation. In this lecture, I focus on one type of vagueness:vague category marking (VGM). This feature involves mention of an example or examples of something followed by reference to a broad, ad hoc category of which the chosen examples are seen as typical. References to categories commonly involve expressions such asor whatever, and so on, or something (like that). In both business and academic English, vague category marking is an important projection of shared knowledge and shared identities. In business, vagueness is also a useful tool in delicate negotiations. In academic English, vague categories refer to bodies of assumed shared knowledge and are crucial in the pedagogic process of grafting new knowledge onto old. Subtle differences are drawn out by different types of vague category markers. I conclude with some implications for teaching in these specialised areas.
The relationship between genetic merit for yield and live weight, condition score, and energy balance of spring calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows on grass based systems of milk production
Authors: Buckley F. , Dillon P. , Rath M. , Veerkamp R.F.
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of genetic merit for milk yield on energy balance (EB), dry matter intake (DMI), and fertility for cows managed on three different grass based feeding systems, and to estimate possible interactions between genetic merit and feeding system. Individual animal intake estimates were obtained at pasture on 11 occasions across three grazing seasons. The data set contained 96 first lactation animals in 1995, 96 second lactation animals in 1996, and 72 third lactation animals in 1997. Half of these animals were of high (HG), and half of medium genetic merit (MG) for milk solids production. Genetic effects for the traits of interest were estimated as the contrast between the two genetic groups, and by the genetic regression of phenotypic performance on the estimated breeding value for fat and protein yield, based on pedigree information alone (PI). Significant effects of feeding system were observed on yields, DMI and EB, whereas there was no effect on live weight, condition score or reproductive performance. The interaction between genetic merit and feeding system was not significantly different from zero for any of the traits. Yields, grass DMI, and total DMI were all higher for HG than for MG, and also positively correlated (P<0.001) with PI. Furthermore, condition score, conception to first and second service, and pregnancy rate were significantly negatively correlated with PI. While at pasture, EB was positively (P<0.01) correlated with PI, although the contrast between HG and MG was not significantly different from zero. Condition score changes during very early lactation, demonstrated that HG had a more negative EB than MG. The results clearly illustrate the production potential of HG cows on grass based systems, however the reduced reproductive performance questions their suitability for seasonal calving systems.