bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of Airway Nerves
Authors: Myers Allen C.
Published: January 2008

Several different electrophysiological approaches have been used to study the pharmacology of the afferent, central, and efferent nervous systems in airways. This unit describes electrophysiological methods used to study nerves in these pathways and includes: (1) extracellular recording of afferent nerve activity in vivo and from the isolated airway in vitro, (2) intracellular and patch clamp recording of identified airway sensory neurons, (3) patch clamp recording of secondary afferent central nervous system neurons, (4) in vitro and in vivo intracellular recording of intact parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and (5) patch recordings of dissociated parasympathetic ganglionic neurons. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 39:11.10.1‐11.10.27. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cell Surface Morphology
Authors: Passey Samantha , Pellegrin Stéphanie , Mellor Harry
Published: January 2008

The surface of metazoan cells is a landscape not clearly visualized by light microscopy. Many cells elaborate protrusive structures such as microvilli, filopodia, lamellipodia, and surface ruffles that play important roles in the interaction between the cell and its environment. The high resolution of scanning electron microscopy makes it an ideal technique for studies of the cell surface; however, preservation of fine surface structure can be problematic. Here we highlight the critical factors in sample preparation to ensure optimal high‐resolution imaging of the surface of mammalian cells and tissues. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 37:4.17.1‐4.17.13. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorinated poly(aryl thioether)s and poly(aryl sulfone)s derived from 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzoic acid
Authors: Masaki Shunsuke , Sato Natsuko , Nishichi Ai , Yamazaki Shinichi , Kimura Kunio
Published: January 2008

Poly(aryl thioether)s (F‐PTEs) containing 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐1,4‐phenylene moiety and polar moiety, such as 1,3,4‐ozadiazole, ether ketone, and amide groups, were synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of aryl fluorides and 4,4′‐thiobisbenzenthiol. F‐PTEs were amorphous with good thermal properties including high glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability, solubility, and hydrophobicity. F‐PTEs were transformed into poly(aryl sulfone)s (F‐PSs) by the oxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. Because of the sulfone group, the Tgs of the F‐PSs were 30–40°C higher than those of the corresponding F‐PTEs. F‐PSs maintained solubility in polar aprotic solvents and exhibited hydrophobicity in spite of the content of polar sulfone groups due to the highly substituted fluorine atoms. These F‐PTEs and F‐PSs were a new class of high‐performance polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Anion Recognition and Templation in Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Vilar Ramon
Published: January 2008

The selective recognition of anionic species by molecular receptors is an area of increasing interest due to the important roles played by anions in biological systems and the environment. An attractive approach for the recognition of anions is to use metal‐based receptors, which provides some important advantages over purely organic hosts. Metallo‐hosts can combine the structural and functional properties of metal centres with the recognition capabilities of organic ligands to selectively bind anionic guests. In our group we have developed different approaches for the synthesis of this type of metallo‐receptors. One of these approaches is based on the use of the anion of interest as a templating agent to link together different organic and metal‐containing building blocks into assemblies that have high selectivity for the templating anion. This microreview aims to give an overview of the research carried out in the author's group in this area over the past few years. Relevant examples from other groups are discussed and, where appropriate, compared to the work carried out in our group.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Language and music: Differential hemispheric dominance in detecting unexpected errors in the lyrics and melody of memorized songs
Authors: Yasui Takuya , Kaga Kimitaka , Sakai Kuniyoshi L.
Published: January 2008

Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we report here the hemispheric dominance of the auditory cortex that is selectively modulated by unexpected errors in the lyrics and melody of songs (lyrics and melody deviants), thereby elucidating under which conditions the lateralization of auditory processing changes. In experiment 1 using familiar songs, we found that the dipole strength of responses to the lyrics deviants was left‐dominant at 140 ms (M140), whereas that of responses to the melody deviants was right‐dominant at 130 ms (M130). In experiment 2 using familiar songs with a constant syllable or pitch, the dipole strength of frequency mismatch negativity elicited by oddballs was left‐dominant. There were significant main effects of experiment (1 and 2) for the peak latencies and for the coordinates of the dipoles, indicating that the M140 and M130 were not the frequency mismatch negativity. In experiment 3 using newly memorized songs, the right‐dominant M130 was observed only when the presented note was unexpected one, independent of perceiving unnatural pitch transitions (i.e., perceptual saliency) and of selective attention to the melody of songs. The consistent right‐dominance of the M130 between experiments 1 and 3 suggests that the M130 in experiment 1 is due to unexpected notes deviating from well‐memorized songs. On the other hand, the left‐dominant M140 was elicited by lyrics deviants, suggesting the influence of top‐down linguistic information and the memory of the familiar songs. We thus conclude that the left‐ lateralized M140 and right‐lateralized M130 reflect the expectation based on top‐down information of language and music, respectively. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A signal network involving coactivated NF‐κB and STAT3 and altered p53 modulates BAX/BCL‐XL expression and promotes cell survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Lee Tin Lap , Yeh Jason , Friedman Jay , Yan Bin , Yang Xinping , Yeh Ning T. , Van Waes Carter , Chen Zhong
Published: January 2008

Abrogation of apoptosis to sustain cell survival is an essential step in development of cancer. Aberrant activation of signal transcription factors NF‐κB or STAT3, alterations in p53 status, or BCL/BAX family expression have each been reported to affect cell survival in cancer, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, molecular targeting of these alterations individually has yielded disappointing results. In our study, we examined the hypothesis that alterations in a signal network involving NF‐κB, STAT3 and p53 modulates expression of proapoptotic BAX and antiapoptotic BCL‐XL proteins, and promotes cell survival of HNSCC. We found that NF‐κB and STAT3 are coactivated together, and with cytokine stimulation or siRNA knock‐down, both modulate BAX/BCL‐XL. Greater modulation among HNSCC lines expressing low wt p53 than those over‐expressing mt p53 protein suggested that decreased p53 expression might enhance activation of NF‐κB, STAT3 and BCL‐XL. Reexpression of wt p53 suppressed NF‐κB and STAT3 nuclear binding activity, and BCL‐XL expression, while inducing p21 and BAX. Over‐expression of p53 together with inhibition of NF‐κB or STAT3 induced greater increase in the BAX/BCL‐XL ratio and apoptosis than modulation of these transcription factors individually. Conversely, NF‐κB or STAT3 inducing cytokines decreased the BAX/BCL‐XL ratio. Thus, a network involving signal coactivation of NF‐κB and STAT3, differentially modified by p53 inactivation or mutation, promotes altered BAX/BCL‐XL expression and cell survival in HNSCC. Inhibition of signal activation of both NF‐κB and STAT3 together with reexpression of p53 could be the most effective strategy to restore BAX/BCL‐XL regulation and for cytotoxic therapy of HNSCC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary β‐cyclodextrin reduces the cholesterol levels in meats and backfat of finishing pigs
Authors: Park Byung‐Sung , Jang Aera
Published: January 2008

BACKGROUND:A hypocholesterolemic effect of β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) has been recently reported in various animals. This study was performed to determine the effect of dietary βCD on hypocholesterolemic effect, and its relationship to bile acid changes of 120 finishing pigs fed a commercial diet containing 0%, 5%, 7%, or 10% βCD for 30 days before slaughter.

RESULTS:Plasma total lipids, triacylglyceride, and total cholesterol of βCD supplemented pigs were lower (P < 0.05) than the control pigs. When 5%, 7%, or 10% βCD was supplemented to pigs, cholesterol levels of the plasma were reduced by 26.0%, 28.2%, and 31.3%, respectively. Excretion of total sterol increased (P < 0.05) with increasing βCD supplementation and the composition of excreted bile acid was significantly altered in pigs fed βCD. The cholesterol levels of pig backfat, belly, loin, and ham were reduced as βCD supplementation increased (P < 0.05) in the diet.

CONCLUSION:These results suggest that supplementing the finishing diet of swine with βCD resulted in reducing not only circulating lipids and cholesterol but also cholesterol level of pork lean meat and fat, and may provide the method of low‐cholesterol pork production to the swine industry. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The Interaction Between Model Biomaterial Coatings and Nylon Microparticles as Measured with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring
Authors: Berglin Mattias , Olsson Adam , Elwing Hans
Published: January 2008

The interaction between cells and biomaterials has been mimicked using nylon microparticles as pseudo‐cells and PLMA and PIBMA as biomaterial model acrylate polymers. The shift of fundamental resonance frequencies was negative for both polymers, indicating mass‐coupling to the sensor surface. The shifts of the 3rd, 5th and 7th overtone frequencies were initially positive for both polymers, indicating a particle slip or wobbling on the surface. The QCM technique could discriminate between the two different polymers, showing increased interaction between microparticle and PLMA. The dissipation shift was positive for all overtones on both polymers, but again with faster and more prominent response for PLMA.

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Study of formation and thermal stability of the Fe/ZnO(000‐1) interface
Authors: Demund A. , Wett D. , Szargan R.
Published: January 2008

Formation and thermal stability of the Fe/ZnO(000‐1) interface have been studied by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. The results indicated a pseudo 2D growth mode for iron on ZnO. In addition, it could be shown that under ultra high vacuum conditions deposited Fe0 on a ZnO(000‐1) single crystal was partially oxidized by a small fraction of residual OH‐groups and ZnO to FeO. A strong temperature dependence of the interface reactivity was found upon annealing at temperatures up to 600 °C. Starting from 200 °C iron was first oxidized to bivalent iron oxide. After complete oxidation of Fe0 to Fe2+ at 375 °C, Fe2+ reacted to Fe3+. Above temperatures of 500 °C the deposited metallic iron was completely oxidized to trivalent iron. Further experiments with FeO on ZnO showed the oxidation state and the oxide film thickness of the deposited iron to be mainly dependent on the annealing temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method Engineering Approach for Interoperable Systems Development
Authors: Larrucea Xabier
Published: January 2008

Software integration and interoperability of systems are becoming one of the primary subjects of business managers. Interoperability problems have been a specific problem of technical managers but the globalisation and the IT era have upgraded the problem to the business domain. Managers are conscious that this new era forces them to reuse functionalities and avoid new developments. However, in the cases where they need a new development they need to architect the foreseen solution with capabilities to add new integrations and new functionalities with the existing ones.

Service‐oriented architectures (SOAs) are deployed in a wide variety of organisations and it allows interoperability among stakeholders in order to improve their value chain and to provide better services to a wider range of customers.

The evolution of technologies implies not only the adoption of new technologies or changes in these technologies but also in the organisation's culture, society and the emergence of new businesses. This evolution cannot be supported with the existing life cycles and tools. They need a methodological support and a development of appropriate tools. In this article, we present a specific method engineering approach for the construction of interoperable systems based on MDA and SOA paradigms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proportion of soft tissue in selected bone cuts fed primarily as enrichments to large carnivores
Authors: Felicetti Laura , Kearney Celeste C. , Woodward Lloyd , Dierenfeld Ellen S.
Published: January 2008

Zoos often offer large bones or cuts of meat containing bone (bone cuts) to carnivores to provide oral stimulation and behavioral enrichment. Because of its abrasive action, the act of chewing on a bone can increase the oral health of large felids as well as provide an enriching activity. Unfortunately, because the quantity of edible tissue on the bones is usually unknown, when feeding these cuts one can easily miscalculate an animal's caloric and nutrient intake. To fully comprehend the contribution of bones as a dietary item as opposed to an enrichment item, we removed the soft tissue from a total of 70 samples, representing 14 types of bone cuts commonly used in managed carnivore feeding programs. Across types of cuts, soft tissue averaged 50% of wet weight, with pork knuckles averaging the lowest (23%) and horse shanks the greatest (74%) percent soft tissue. Zoo Biol 27:154–158, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Livestock methane emission and its perspective in the global methane cycle
Authors: Lassey Keith R.
Published: January 2008

Over the past three centuries, the atmospheric methane burden has grown 2.5-fold, reaching levels unprecedented in at least 650 000 years. Agricultural expansion has played a large part in this anthropogenic signal, with enterically fermented methane emitted by farmed ruminant livestock accounting for about one quarter of all anthropogenic emissions. This paper summarises the range of measurements that give confidence in estimates of the emission per animal and per unit feed intake and in their extrapolation to national and global emission inventories, while noting also some of the inherent uncertainties. Global emissions are discussed in the context of the evolving global methane cycle.
Greenhouse gas emissions from enteric fermentation of livestock in Bolivia: values for 1990 - 2000 and future projections
Authors: Garcia-Apaza E. , Paz O. , Arana I.
Published: January 2008

Gas emissions from enteric fermentation of the domestic livestock contribute to greenhouse gas inventories. Farming activities in Bolivia have nearly doubled methane emissions during the past decade. Methane was the second most important greenhouse gas emitted from human activities in Bolivia according the 1990–2000 GHG inventory. Emissions of methane from enteric fermentation of three regions of Bolivia, highland, valley and lowland, were studied. Atmospheric methane concentrations have increased by a factor of 1.1 to 1.3 in response to this increase and continue to rise. The projection of fermentation enteric gas emissions depends on the increase of the livestock, which was assumed for this study to be linear for 2001–2015 with an increment of 2.27%. In this overview, we examine past trends in the emission of methane due to the enteric fermentation and the sources and sinks that determine its growth rate.
Analysis of the Methanobrevibacter ruminantium draft genome: understanding methanogen biology to inhibit their action in the rumen
Authors: Attwood G. T. , Kelly W. J. , Altermann E. H. , Leahy S. C.
Published: January 2008

Methane is produced in the foregut (rumen) of ruminants by methanogens, which act as terminal reducers of carbon in the rumen system. The multistep methanogenesis pathway is well elucidated, mainly from the study of non-rumen methanogens, but the adaptations that allow methanogens to grow and persist in the rumen are not well understood. The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium is sequencing the genome of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, a prominent methanogen in New Zealand ruminants, as part of a project to mitigate greenhouse gases. The genome is ~3.0 Mb in size with a guanine–cytosine (GC) content of 33.68%. All of the components of the methanogenesis pathway have been identified and comparison of these gene sequences with those from Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus and Methanosphaera stadtmanae indicates that methanogenesis gene organisation is conserved within the Methanobacteriales. The genome of M. ruminantium contains a prophage sequence (designated φmru) with distinct functional modules encoding phage integration, DNA replication and packaging, capsid proteins and lysis functions. A low GC region found at the distal end of the phage sequence harbours a putative DNA restriction/modification system which might provide additional protection against foreign DNA. The genome also contains many large surface proteins with characteristics that indicate that they may mediate association with other rumen microbes. Approximately half of the genes identified within the genome have no known function. Determining the function of these new genes will assist in defining the role of M. ruminantium in methane formation in the rumen and help identify means to control methane emissions from ruminant animals.
Methane emissions from dairy cattle divergently selected for bloat susceptibility
Authors: Pinares-Patiño C. S. , Molano G. , Smith A. , Clark H.
Published: January 2008

Bloat susceptibility is a genetically inherited trait and this study explored whether cattle divergently selected for this trait (low or high bloat susceptibility) also differ in methane (CH4) emissions. Twelve low bloat (402 ± 12 kg liveweight, LW) and 12 high bloat (334 ± 13 kg LW) Friesian × Jersey mixed age (2–4 years old) non-lactating and non-pregnant female cattle were used in a late autumn (June) grazing experiment involving two periods (P1 and P2). Methane emissions were measured during 5 (P1) or 4 (P2) consecutive days using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. In P1 only, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used for faecal output and feed dry matter intake (DMI) estimations and it was found that the selection lines did not differ in DMI per unit of LW (17.3 ± 1.3 v. 15.4 ± 1.3 g DMI/kg LW, P > 0.05; for low and high bloat cows, respectively). In both periods, the mean absolute CH4 emissions from low bloat cows were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than from high bloat cows (144.5 ± 6.3 v. 107.4 ± 7.2 and 147.9 ± 4.6 v. 119.6 ± 6.5 g/day for P1 and P2, respectively), but on per unit of LW basis, CH4 emissions from low and high bloat animals were not different from each other (P > 0.05) either at P1 (346 ± 16 v. 312 ± 11 mg/kg LW) or P2 (345 ± 11 v. 347 ± 10 mg/kg LW). In P1, when DMI was estimated using TiO2, the selection lines did not differ (P > 0.05) in CH4 yields per unit of intake (20.6 ± 0.8 v. 21.3 ± 1.4 g/kg DMI for low and high bloat, respectively). Previous studies with the same herd showed that the selection lines did not differ in DMI per unit of LW, which was confirmed by the present study from estimations of DMI by TiO2 dosing in P1. It is concluded that low and high bloat susceptible genotypes did not differ in their CH4 yields per unit of feed intake.
Using the SERV Applet to Detect Tandem Repeats in DNA Sequences and to Predict Their Variability: Figure 1.
Authors: Legendre Matthieu , Verstrepen Kevin J.
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION

Tandem repeats (satellite repeats) are short stretches of DNA that are repeated head-to-tail. Tandem repeats mutate at rates that are between 100- and 10,000-fold greater than normal (point) mutation rates in the rest of the genome. As a consequence of these frequent mutation events, “homologous” tandem repeats in closely related species, strains, or even individuals in the same population often contain a different number of repeat units. This heterogeneity is extensively used in today’s molecular forensics and genotyping research. However, while all repeats are unstable, precise mutation rates vary greatly between different repeat loci. This implies that not all tandem repeats are suited as markers for forensics, genotyping, or putative hypervariable functional modules. The SERV (“Sequence-Based Estimation of Repeats Variability”) applet enables finding repeats in DNA sequences and estimating their variability. Hence, it can be used to select repeats that are suitable markers for genotyping or interesting candidates for functional studies.
Studies on the tibiotarsal chaetotaxy of Collembola
Authors: LAWRENCE P. N.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A system of identifying and homologizing the tibiotarsal setae of Collembola by means of letters and numerals is described. These setae are arranged in a series of whorls, each whorl consisting of up to seven setae. The whorls are identified by letters (A, B, etc.), whorl A being the most distal. The setae are numbered from the medio‐dorsal surface and over the anterior face, that is, clockwise for left legs but anticlockwise for right legs. The setal pattern appears to be constatn within some genera, and may be of phylogenetic significance.
The Psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloida) of Alaska
Authors: HODKINSON I.D.
Published: January 2008

A key is provided for the identification of the thirty‐eight psyllid species recorded from Alaska. Additional notes on host plant and distribution are given for each species. The species are: Aphalara manitobaensis Cald.,A.nigra Cald., Craspedolepta alaskensis (Ash.), C.nebulosa (Zett.) ssp. kincaidi (Ash.), C. schwarzi (Ash.), C.subpunctata (Förster), Psylla alaskensis Ash., P.betulaenanae Oss., P.breviata Patch, P.fibulata Crawf., P.floccosa Patch, P.galeaformis Patch, P.haliaeeti sp.nov., P.hamata Tuthill, P.highwoodensis sp.nov., P.jenseni sp.nov., P.kananaskensis Hod., P.ledi Flor., P.longiforceps sp.nov., P.minor Crawf., P.macleani sp.nov., P.myrtilli Wag. ssp. canadensis Hod., P.palmeni Löw, P.phlebophyllae sp.nov., P.rara Tuthill, P.rufipennis sp.nov., P.sinuata Crawf., P.striata Patch, P.stricklandi Crawf., P.toolikensis sp.nov., P.zaecevi Sulc, Trioza albifrons Crawf., Trioza artica sp.nov., T.atkasookensis sp.nov., T.incerta Tuthill, T.salicivora Reut. (=T.maura auctt. N.Amer.), T.stylifera Patch, Trioza sp.nov. (undescribed). All the newly described species were collected on Salix.

The Alaskan fauna is made up of four major components: 1, true Arctic species; 2, Arctic/subarctic species; 3, subarctic/alpine species; 4, northern forest zone species. Eight of the Alaskan psyllids exhibit an holarctic distribution and there is a strong faunal affinity with similar areas in northern Scandinavia: the same four genera recur throughout the northern holarctic. There is strong circumstantial evidence that certain psyllid species are parthogenetic over part of their range, particularly in arctic/alpine situations.
The European species ofCoelopisthia(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: ASKEW R. R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Four species ofCoelopisthiaFörster are recognized from Europe, including two new species from Britain:areolata sp.n., caledonica sp.n., extenta(Walker),pachyceraMasi. These species are keyed and biological data presented.
A new genus of Symphypleona (Collembola) from West Africa
Authors: LASEBIKAN B. ADEBAYO , BETSCH J.‐M. , DALLAI R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Songhaica nigeriana gen. et sp.n. is described from tropical rain forest in Nieria. Sminthurus stylifer Murphy from wooded Savanna and cultivated soils in Gambia also belongs in this new genus.
An enigmataic fungus‐feeding Thysanopteran from Singapore
Authors: MOUND L. A. , PALMER J. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Murphythrips legalis gen. et sp.n. from dead twigs in Singapore is described and aspects of its morphology compared with other members of Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera).
The Abantis species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) of western West Africa
Authors: USHER M. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Abantis Hopffer contains eight species in western West Africa. One species, Abantis pseudonigeriana sp.n., is described as new. Distributional notes and a key are given for all species. In general the species of this genus are rare and poorly represented in collections, but there are interesting examples of pairs of very similar species (nigeriana and pseudonigeriana; elegantula and maesseni).
A new, gall‐feeding moth (Lyonetiidae: Bucculatricinae) from South Africa with comments on larval habits and phylogenetic relationships
Authors: SCOBLE M. J. , SCHOLTZ C. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new species of Lyonetiidae, Bucculatrix (Leucoedemiaj ingens subgen.n. and sp.n., is described from South Africa. Although the moth resembles members of the Cemiostominae, its ribbed cocoon is typical of Bucculatrix Zeller. The new species feeds in stem galls on Ozoroa paniculosa (Anacardiaceae) and probably induces their formation. An account of the structure, life‐history and phylogeny of the new species is presented, and the reasons for its inclusion in Bucculatrix are given.
Diagnosis and relationships of the myrmicine ant genus Ishakidris gen.n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: BOLTON BARRY
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The ant genus lshakidris from Sarawak is described as new. Its relationships with the Brasilian monotypic genus Phalacromyrmex Kempf and the Malagasy monotypic genus Pilotrochus Brown are discussed, and the Phalacromyrmex genus‐group is established to hold the three genera. The resemblances of lshakidris to the smithistrumiform dacetine genus Glamymmyrmex Wheeler and the agroecomyrmecine genus Tatuidris Brown & Kempf are discussed and the similarities are analysed as the results of convergence in the characters concerned.
Morphometric and electrophoretic study of Aphidius species (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) reared from a variety of aphid hosts
Authors: PUNGERL NATASHA B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Morphological and electrophoretic variation is evaluated in 272 female and 424 male specimens ofAphidiusreared from known hosts representing seventeen aphid‐host species. Much of this material was reared under experimental conditions in order to examine the effects of environmental conditions such as temperature and different host species, and to induce as much variation as is possible in known single populations. Multivariate analysis and electrophoresis are used to demonstrate the degree to which entities defined by morphological characters and electrophoretic bands correspond to collection from a common host.

Many characters commonly used in the identification of this group, e.g. sculpturing on the propodeum, are shown to be very variable. Despite this, several morphologically and electrophoretically definable groups ofAphidiusare demonstrated, many of them corresponding to individual aphid‐hosts, while others, especially those parasitizing pea and cereal aphids were found to occur on more than one host. The possible nominal species associated with each defined group are discussed and morphological keys given to these complexes, and to the species ofof Aphidiusknown to parasitize pea and cereal aphids.
Key to the genera of the subfamily Saltusaphidinae (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: EASTOP V. F.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A key is provided to discriminate the genera of the sedge‐feeding aphid subfamily Saltusaphidinae.
A new Australian genus of Stenosmylinae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae)
Authors: NEW T. R.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A new genus of Stenosmylinae, Carinosmylusgen.n., is described from south‐eastern Australia. The single included species, C.durussp.n., is an apparently advanced form allied to Stenosmylus Kriiger and Stenolysmus Kimmins, but shows more extensive fusion and elaboration of the posterior abdominal segments. A key to stenosmyline genera is provided.
A taxonomic description of Anopheles quadriannulatus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) from southern Africa
Authors: COETZEE MAUREEN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Very few taxonomic studies have been carried out on Anopheles quadriannulatus Theobald, a member of the An.gambiae Giles group of mosquitoes. In this paper a description of the adult, and full setal counts of the larva and pupa are given. Comparisons are made with the few published data on the morphology of this species.
Biology and phylogenetic relationships of Neophonus bruchi, an anomalous south Andean staphylinid (Coleoptera)
Authors: THAYER MARGARET K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The virtually unknown monotypic genus Neophonus Fauvel has been collected in several localities in south‐central Chile; it was previously known only from the type locality in Argentina. Field observations of the adults on forest foliage and study of their gut contents suggest that they are mycophagous and eat primarily foliicolous fungi, a habit previously unknown in Staphylinidae. Their mouthparts and tarsi show morphological specializations apparently correlated with these habits. Larvae remain unknown. The phylogenetic relationships of the genus within the omaliine‐group of Staphylinidae sensu lato are discussed.
The larva of Norfolius (Neuroptera: Nymphidae)
Authors: NEW T.R. , LAMBKIN K. J.
Published: January 2008

The three larval stages of the sole species of Norfolius Navás, N.howensis (Tillyard), are described and figured. Features of possible phylogenetic value are discussed in relation to other known nymphid larvae, and differences between instars are appraised for the first time in the family.
A new subgenus and species of Glyptomorpha (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan and Yemen, with a reappraisal of the status of Teraturus
Authors: SARHAN AWAD A. , QUICKE DONALD L.J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract A new subgenus and species, Glyptomorpha (Zanporiu) egyptiaca from Egypt, Arabia, Yemen and Pakistan are described and illustrated. G. Zanporia differs from G. Glyptomorpha in the form of the scapus and the lengh of the ovipositor. The status of Teraturus Kokujev is reconsidered and it is proposed that it should be treated as a subgenus of Glyptomorpha Holmgren, The relationship of Glyptomorpha to Rhadinobracon Szépligeti and Victoroviella Tobias is also discussed.
The systematic position of Placusa Erichson and Euvira Sharp: the tribe Placusini described (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)
Authors: ASHE JAMES S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genera Placusa Mannerheim and Euvira Sharp share the 4, 4, 5 tarsal segmentation with other members of the aleocharine tribe Bolitocharini. Placusa has usually been placed together with other subcortical members of this tribe into the subtribe Homalotina or its taxonomic equivalent. Members of the very distinctive genus Euvira are not subcortical. The systematic position of this latter genus has been uncertain though it has been most often placed in the tribe (or subtribe) Autaliini. Because of the striking differences in habitus and habits of members of these two genera, they have always been considered to be, at most, distantly related within the Bolitocharini. Study of the larvae and adults of both genera has revealed that they share a diverse set of derived features (eight in adults; ten in larvae). Many of these are unique to the Aleocharinae. These features are described and illustrated and a discussion of their systematic importance is provided. Four conclusions are drawn: (1) Placusa and Euvira form a monophyletic group; (2) these two genera are misplaced in the tribe Bolitocharini; (3) these two genera do not share derived features with members of any other described tribe of aleocharines; and (4) Placusa and Euvira must be grouped into a redefined tribal level taxon, the Placusini. The tribe Placusini is defined and its composition and systematic placement discussed.
A phylogenetic analysis of theEnchenopa binotataspecies complex (Homoptera: Membracidae) using nymphal characters
Authors: PRATT GORDON , WOOD THOMAS K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Nymphal characters which distinguish the nine species of theEnchenopa binotatacomplex (key included) are delineated for future formal species descriptions. A phylogenetic tree using these characters is presented and compared to a tree derived from allozyme data. Three pairs of sister species are defined, two of these pairs meeting strict phylogenetic and biological criteria which suggest sympatric speciation through host shifts.
Revision of the endemic Australian subfamily Trachypetinae Schulz s.l. (including Cercobarconinae Tobias) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: AUSTIN A. D. , WHARTON R. A. , DANGERFIELD P. C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The subfamily Cercobarconinae is synonymized with the Trachypetinae, the constituent genera (TrachypetusGuérin de Méneville,MegalohelconTurner andCercobarconTobias) are rediagnosed and the species are revised and redescribed.RhamphobarconTobias is synonymized withMegalohelconTurner,R.mosaicusTobias is synonymized withM.torresensisTurner,M.uptoniTobias is synonymized withM.ichneumonoidesTobias, and four species are newly described:M.mouldsi, C.bilobatus, C.grossiandC.niger.Relationships within the subfamily are discussed, as are those of the Trachypetinae to other braconid subfamilies. Comments on the biology and distribution of species are provided, along with an illustrated key to genera and species.
Patterns of speciation in the genus Lopidea (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae)
Authors: ASQUITH ADAM
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Speciation in four monophyletic species groups of the mirid genus Lopidea is examined. An analysis of twelve speciation events suggests that vicariance can account for at least 50% of speciation in Lopidea, and the frequency of sympatric host plant speciation may be as high as 25%.

In examples attributable to peripheral isolate speciation, the daughter taxa typically occur in recognized areas of endemism, suggesting a common cause (vicariance) for their origins. In addition, seven zones of disjunction between subspecies and allopatric sister species were identified for Lopidea, which correspond with similar disjunctions between sister taxa in other groups of organisms.
Clambidae of Sulawesi with reference to the biogeography of the Sunda Islands (Coleoptera, Eucinetoidea)
Authors: ENDRÖDY‐YOUNGA S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Eight new species of Clambidae from Sulawesi (Celebes), and two new species and a new subspecies from Borneo and Sumatra are described. The emerging distribution patterns reflect the long‐standing isolation of Sulawesi from the rest of the Sunda Islands and from the Asian continent. The clambid fauna of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malayan Peninsula indicates close faunal‐historic contacts.
KINETICS OF A STEPWISE PHOTOXIDATION OF ASCORBIC ACID BY A MANGANESE‐FLAVIN‐CATALASE SYSTEM*
Authors: HABERMANN H. M. , Gaffron H.
Published: January 2008

1. Helianthus chloroplasts to which flavin, MnC12, catalase and ascorbic acid have been added catalyze the photoxidation in red light of ascorbic acid in a three‐step reaction with the absorption of not one but two equivalents of oxygen.

2. In white or blue light the chloroplasts can be omitted and the entire sequence of photochemical reactions occurs unchanged with flavin as the light absorbing dyestuff.

3. New to this reaction are the continuation beyond the oxidation to dehydroascorbic acid and the peculiar kinetics which treat successive intermediate products not as competing but as successive substrates of various photochemical steps.

4. The sequence of reactions depends specifically on the combination of flavin, manganous ion and iron porphyrin. To photoxidize dehydroascorbic acid to a 2 carbon and 4 carbon oxidative product none of the three components can be omitted from the reaction mixture.

5. Kinetics and specificity of the reaction are discussed on the basis of a complex which imitates the action of natural flavin‐iron porphyrin oxidase.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECTS IN POLYETHYLENE DURING ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION
Authors: Wintle H. J. , Charlesby A.
Published: January 2008

The current induced in polyethylene samples by ultraviolet illumination has been measured. Effects were found at 2537Å but not at 3650Å. The observed dependence upon applied voltage does not correspond to the rectifier mechanism usually proposed. The effective resistance of the material is higher than that obtained under high energy irradiation a t the same rate of deposition of energy. The mobile carrier is found to carry a positive charge.
PHOTOLYSIS AND PHOTO‐OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES—VI. A STUDY OF THE INITIATION OF DISULPHIDE INTERCHANGE BY LIGHT IRRADIATION
Authors: Eager J. E. , Savige W. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Investigations concerning the occurrence of disulphide interchange for disulphides related to cystine are made with either a single unsymmetrical disulphide or an equimolar mixture of two symmetrical disulphides. It is found that in the pH range 1–6 where spontaneous interchange can usually be disregarded, interchange can be initiated by the addition of a small amount of a thiol or by irradiation with ultraviolet light from either of two artificial sources, interchange being more rapid at pH 4–6 than at pH 1–3. Direct sunlight and, to a lesser extent, visible (filtered tungsten) light are also effective. Disulphide interchange in the solid state can also be promoted by ultraviolet light. A comparison is made between the roles' of S‐S and C‐S bond fission in the photochemistry of disulphides, with respect not only to the promotion of disulphide interchange, but to other phenomena such as the dismutation of disulphides to thioethers and trisulphides.
TRIPLET STATE STUDIES OF FLAVlNS BY ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE—II
Authors: Shiga T. , Piette L.H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The triplet states of proteins, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin and d‐amino acid oxidase, were observed by electron paramagnetic resonance at 77°K.

The triplet state of aromatic amino acids, tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine was also detected.

The protein triplet originates from the tryptophan residues of these proteins.

It is suggested that an energy transfer takes place between tyrosine and tryptophan.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECTS IN POLYETHYLENE—II.SPECTRAL STUDIES
Authors: Wintle H.J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A semiclassical calculation of the ionisation potential of solid polyethylene yields a value of 4.5 eV.A dissolution technique is employed to study the absorption spectrum in the near U.V.The absorption contains both structural and impurity components but there is no edge near 4.5 eV.Neither absorption component is correlated with the carrier trap distribution suggested for the material.It is inferred that the photoconductivity is extrinsic.
CHLOROPHYLL a FLUORESCENCE YIELD IN LIVE CELLS AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Murty N. R. , Cederstrand C. N. , Rabinowitch E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Fluorescence yields of chlorophyll a in ether and methanol solutions (Fs), on the one hand, and in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Anacystis nidulans cells (Fc), on the other hand, were determined by excitation at 600 mμ (instead of at 436 mμ, as was done in earlier research in our, and other, laboratories). The ratio of the yields Fs/Fc, was found to be 5.9 for Chlorella (compared to an ether solution of chlorophyll a), and of 4.5 (as compared to a methanol solution—not too different from the corresponding ratios of fluorescence lifetimes, τs/τc which were determined earlier as 3.1 and 4, respectively. The much higher values of the yield ratio, previously reported for Chlorella (about 13, compared to chlorophyll a in ether solution), may have been due to disregard of light absorption in carotenoids in live cells; and perhaps also to quenching of chlorophyll excitation by carotenoids. The latter can occur (as suggested in an earlier publication) when chlorophyll is excited to its second singlet excited state.

For Anacystis, the yield ratios were now found to be 5.1 and 3.8, when compared to ether and methanol solutions respectively; while the previously determined lifetime ratios were 3.7 and 4.9, respectively. It remains to be seen whether the remaining differences between the lifetime ratios and the yield ratios are real and significant.
STUDIES ON PHOTOTROPISM OF YOUNG SPORANGIOPHORES OF PILOBOLUS KLEINII*
Authors: Page Robert M. , Curry George M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Young sporangiophores of the fungus, Pilobolus kleinii, respond to unilateral illumination by bending or by growing toward light of wavelengths between 312 and 530 mμ, with peaks of sensitivity near 360 and 450 mμ. Young sporangiophores exhibit a negative phototropic response to wavelengths shorter than 300 mμ, with a strong negative response at 280 mμ. Since the action spectrum did not correspond to the absorption spectrum of the pigmented zone as measured in vivo, and since colorless sporangiophores formed on media containing diphenylamine were capable of phototropic response, it is unlikely that the conspicuous orange‐yellow pigment in young sporangiophores is the photoreceptor for phototropism. The results of probing with small beams of light and the behavior of sporangiophores submerged in mineral oil, together with measurements of the refractive index of the tip and base indicate that the photosensitive region is located in the tip of the young sporangiophore.
VARIATION IN THE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF THYMINE IN THE DNA OF B. SUBTILIS SPORES, VEGETATIVE CELLS AND SPORES GERMINATED IN CHLORAMPHENICOL*,†
Authors: Smith Kendric C. , Yoshikawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The chief photoproduct of thymine produced in u.v. irradiated (2537Å) vegetative cells of B. subtilis is the cyclobutane‐type dimer while in spores very little of this dimer is produced (maximum yield 2·6 per cent of thymine) but a new photoproduct is produced in high yield (maximum of 28·4 per cent of thymine). This difference in photochemical response appears to be due, at least in part, to a difference in uydration of the DNA. The photochemistry of thymine in isolated DNA irradiated in solution is similar to that of DNA in irradiated vegetative cells, but differs markedly from that of isolated DNA irradiated dry. The yield of cyclobutane‐type thymine dimer is much reduced in isolated DNA irradiated dry but a new photoproduct of thymine. is produced which is chromatographically similar to the spore photoproduct. The yield of this photoproduct, however, is never as great as that obtained in irradiated spores.

The photochemistry of the DNA thymine of spores germinated in the presence of chloramphenicol is very similar to that of normal vegetative cells. Except for hydration, the physical state of the DNA is probably not otherwise altered by germination in the presence of chloramphenicol since DNA replication is prevented by the presence of chloramphenicol. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that the unique photochemistry of spores is due, at least in part, to the hydration state of the DNA.

The acid stability of the spore photoproduct is indicated by the fact that it is isolated from irradiated spores after hydrolysis in trifluoroacetic acid at 155°C for 60 min. It still contains the methyl group of thymine as judged by the fact that for a given dose of u.v. the same yield of photoproduct was obtained whether the spores were labeled with thymine‐2–C‐14 or ‐methyl‐C‐14. This photoproduct is stable to reirradiation (2537Å) in solution under condiditions where thymine dimers of the cyclobutane‐type are completely converted back to monomeric thymine. On a column of molecular sieve material (Sephadex‐G10), the spore photoproduct elutes in a region intermediate between the cyclobutanetype thymine dimers and monomeric thymine. Of the numerous compounds tested by paper chromatography, the spore photoproduct is most similar (but not identical) in several solvents to 5–hydroxyuracil and 5–hydroxymethyluracil. Our data do not allow us to decide if the product is a monomer or a dimer.

Although the photochemistry of thymine in the DNA of spores differs markedly from that for vegetative cells, several lines of evidence make it seem doubtful that the enhanced resistance of spores to u.v. relative to that of vegetative cells can be explained solely on the basis of this difference in the photochemistry of DNA thymine.
PHOTOCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF FLAVINS‐IV. STUDIES OF THE ANAEROBIC PHOTOLYSIS OF RIBOFLAVIN*
Authors: Song Pill‐Soon , Metzler David E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract A variety of substances which quench the fluorescence of riboflavin decrease the rate of anaerobic photobleaching (photolysis) of the flavin at concentrations which have little effect on the fluorescence. A semi‐quantitative estimate of the yield of various products of photolysis using thin layer chromatography and autoradiography with C14‐labelled riboflavin shows that at least ten radioactive products are formed. Whereas the yield of most of these is decreased by low concentrations of quenchers, such as phenol, some are decreased only at quencher concentrations high enough to decrease the fluorescence significantly. The effects of quenchers on the phosphorescence and ESR signal induced by light were also observed. It is concluded that lumichrome arises, in part, from degradation of the excited singlet state, but that 9‐formylmethylflavin and other products arise through the triplet state. A major product of anaerobic photolysis is a substance moving just ahead of riboflavin on chromatograms and which, like 9‐formylmethylflavin, is destroyed by treatment with sodium hydroxide. Effects of varying the nature of the solvent, the flavin structure and the pH are reported, and the kinetics of processes involved in the primary photochemical acts and in quenching are discussed.
EXCITED STATES OF FLAVINE COENZYMES‐III. FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE EMISSIONS
Authors: Bowd A. , Byrom P. , Hudson J. B. , Turnbull J. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of lumiflavine, riboflavine, FMN and FAD have been measured by continuous and flash excitation techniques. The differences in emission characteristics observed, show that the flavine side‐chains afect the singlet‐triplet transitions on which chemical and biological activity of flavine systems depend.
ZUM PROBLEM DER PHOTODEHYDRIERUNG MIT CHINONEN. PHOTOCHEMISCHE UND BLITZSPEKTORSKOPISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN LÖSUNGEN VON DUROCHINON, DUROHYDROCHINON UND DIDUROCHINON
Authors: Hermann H. , Schenck G. O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Duroquinone shows no or only very slight dehydrogenation of solvents on flashing or irradiating (Λ > 330 nm) solutions in ethanol, isopropanol, tert.‐butanol, cyclohexane or paraffin. Reversible reactions of excited duroquinone occur with its photochemical reaction products durohydroquinone and duroquinone dimer in preirradiated solutions. The results show the photochemical behaviour of duroquinone to be quite different from that of other quinones.