bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal behaviour in peripartum influences preweaning kit mortality in cage-bred wild rabbits.
Authors: González-Redondo P.  
Published: June 2010

This study describes and models maternal nest-building and parturition behaviour in cage-bred wild rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus), and its influence on the kits pre-weaning mortality. In a total of 91 litters, perinatal mortality was 33%; mortality during the nursing period was 16.05%, and therefore the accumulated mortality up to weaning was 43.94%. These mortality rates, higher than those described in the literature among domestic breeds, were linked to failures in maternal behaviour. Such failures included the non-introduction of straw into the nest box (41.8% of births), a lack of hair lining in the nest (28.6%), births in which one or all of the kits were born outside the nest box (18.7%), and births in which one or all of the kits were cannibalised by the doe (13.2%). Maternal behaviour in relation to the kits viability was modelled by performing multiple correspondence and cluster analyses with two dimensions and a 67.2% total inertia. The fi rst dimension (inertia: 0.400) was represented by the presence of hair in the nest box; the place where the kits were born (inside or outside the nest box), and the does previous experience (primiparous or multiparous), while the total number of kits born represents the second dimension (inertia: 0.272). Three maternal behaviour types were identified: types 1 and 3 representing births in which the failure of maternal behaviour at kindling led to high kit mortality. Maternal behaviour type 1 corresponds to primiparous does of parity orders 1 and 2 with a high number of total kits born and of stillborn kits. Type 3 births were characterised by all of the kits died during peripartum, with a high incidence of cannibalism. Type 2 included births of experienced does showing successful development of maternal behaviour, as well as high kits survival rates during the peripartum and nursing periods. Although wild rabbits are subject to the same modulating factors in the development of the maternal repertoire as domestic does, showed a lower preweaning viability due to the failure to display maternal behaviour during peripartum.
 
Haematological and biochemical observations in four pure breeds of rabbits and their crosses under Egyptian environmental conditions.
Authors: Abdel-Azeem A. S. , Abdel-Azim A.M. , Darwish A.A. , Omar E.M.
Published: June 2010

The present study was conducted to evaluate 16 crosses between 4 breeds of rabbits from a physiological point of view. The breeds tested were Baladi Red (BR), Chinchilla Giganta (ChG), French Giant Papillon (FGP) and Simenwar (S). A total number of 6144 blood samples were collected to detect the effect of crossing, age of kits, month of kindling and sex effects. The traits evaluated were: haematological parameters; red blood cell count (RBCs), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit value (Ht%), biochemical parameters of plasma; total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin concentration (Glo), albumin/globulin ratio (Alb/Glo) and triglycerides (TG). BR or its crosses, using BR sires or BR dams, showed the highest value of RBCs, Hb and Ht%. Crossbred rabbits obtained from mating BR and FGP rabbits had the highest Glo values. Rabbits which were born in May-June months had the highest values of TP and its fractions (Alb and Glo). Age of kits had a highly significant effect (P<0.001) on RBCs, Hb, Ht%, TP and TG. Moreover, Glo and Alb/Glo ratio (P<0.01) and Alb (P<0.05) were also significantly affected. Sex had no significant effect on all studied parameters. Significant positive correlations were found between TP and each final body weight, total weight gain, total feed intake, carcass weight and dressing percentage, while significant negative correlation was found with feed conversion.
Study of contrail microphysics in the vortex phase with a Lagrangian particle tracking model
Authors: Unterstrasser S. , Sölch I.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Crystal sublimation/loss is a~dominant feature of the contrail evolution during the vortex phase and has a substantial impact on the later contrail-to-cirrus transition. Previous studies showed that the fraction of crystals surviving the vortex phase depends primarily on relative humidity, temperature and the aircraft type. An existing model for contrail vortex phase simulations (with a 2–moment bulk microphysics scheme) was upgraded with a newly developed state-of-the-art microphysics module (LCM) which uses Lagrangian particle tracking. This allows for explicit process-oriented modelling of the ice crystal size distribution in contrast to the bulk approach. We show that it is of great importance to employ an advanced microphysics scheme to determine the crystal loss during the vortex phase. The LCM-model shows even larger sensitivities to the above mentioned key parameters than previously estimated with the bulk model. The impact of the initial crystal number is studied and for the first time also the initial width of the crystal size distribution. Both are shown to be relevant. This corroborates the need for a realistic representation of microphysical processes and knowledge of the ice phase characteristics.
Fire dynamics during the 20th century simulated by the Community Land Model
Authors: Kloster S. , Mahowald N. M. , Randerson J. T. , Thornton P. E. , Hoffman F. M. , Levis S. , Lawrence P. J. , Feddema J. J. , Oleson K. W. , Lawrence D. M.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Fire is an integral Earth System process that interacts with climate in multiple ways. Here we assessed the parametrization of fires in the Community Land Model (CLM-CN) and improved the ability of the model to reproduce contemporary global patterns of burned areas and fire emissions. In addition to wildfires we extended CLM-CN to account for fires related to deforestation. We compared contemporary fire carbon emissions predicted by the model to satellite-based estimates in terms of magnitude and spatial extent as well as interannual and seasonal variability. Long-term trends during the 20th century were compared with historical estimates. Overall we found the best agreement between simulation and observations for the fire parametrization based on the work by Arora and Boer (2005). We obtained substantial improvement when we explicitly considered human caused ignition and fire suppression as a function of population density. Simulated fire carbon emissions ranged between 2.0 and 2.4 Pg C/year for the period 1997–2004. Regionally the simulations had a low bias over Africa and a high bias over South America when compared to satellite-based products. The net terrestrial carbon source due to land use change for the 1990s was 1.2 Pg C/year with 11% stemming from deforestation fires. During 2000–2004 this flux decreased to 0.85 Pg C/year with a similar relative contribution from deforestation fires. Between 1900 and 1960 we predicted a slight downward trend in global fire emissions caused by reduced fuels as a consequence of wood harvesting and also by increases in fire suppression. The model predicted an upward trend during the last three decades of the 20th century as a result of climate variations and large burning events associated with ENSO-induced drought conditions.
Magnetic Control of Tubular Catalytic Microbots for the Transport, Assembly, and Delivery of Micro‐objects
Authors: Solovev Alexander A. , Sanchez Samuel , Pumera Martin , Mei Yong Feng , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: June 2010

Recently a significant amount of attention has been paid towards the development of man‐made synthetic catalytic micro‐ and nanomotors that can mimic biological counterparts in terms of propulsion power, motion control, and speed. However, only a few applications of such self‐propelled vehicles have been described. Here the magnetic control of self‐propelled catalytic Ti/Fe/Pt rolled‐up microtubes (microbots) that can be used to perform various tasks such as the selective loading, transportation, and delivery of microscale objects in a fluid is shown; for instance, it is demonstrated for polystyrene particles and thin metallic films (“nanoplates”). Microbots self‐propel by ejecting microbubbles via a platinum catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. The fuel and surfactant concentrations are optimized obtaining a maximum speed of 275 µm s−1 (5.5 body lengths per second) at 15% of peroxide fuel. The microbots exert a force of around 3.77 pN when transporting a single 5 µm diameter particle; evidencing a high propulsion power that allows for the transport of up to 60 microparticles. By the introduction of an Fe thin film into the rolled‐up microtubes, their motion can be fully controlled by an external magnetic field.
Synthetic Hydrophilic Materials with Tunable Strength and a Range of Hydrophobic Interactions
Authors: Hoy Olha , Zdyrko Bogdan , Lupitskyy Robert , Sheparovych Roman , Aulich Dennis , Wang Jiafang , Bittrich Eva , Eichhorn Klaus‐Jochen , Uhlmann Petra , Hinrichs Karsten , Müller Marcus , Stamm Manfred , Minko Sergiy , Luzinov Igor
Published: June 2010

The ability to vary, adjust, and control hydrophobic interactions is crucial in manipulating interactions between biological objects and the surface of synthetic materials in aqueous environment. To this end a grafted polymer layer (multi‐component mixed polymer brush) is synthesized that is capable of reversibly exposing nanometer‐sized hydrophobic fragments at its hydrophilic surface and of tuning, turning on, and turning off the hydrophobic interactions. The reversible switching occurs in response to changes in the environment and alters the strength and range of attractive interactions between the layer and hydrophobic or amphiphilic probes in water. The grafted layer retains its overall hydrophilicity, while local hydrophobic forces enable the grafted layer to sense and attract the hydrophobic domains of protein molecules dissolved in the aqueous environment. The hydrophobic interactions between the material and a hydrophobic probe are investigated using atomic force microscopy measurements and a long‐range attractive and contact‐adhesive interaction between the material and the probe is observed, which is controlled by environmental conditions. Switching of the layer exterior is also confirmed via protein adsorption measurements.
The effect of urea bond on structure and properties of toughened epoxy resins
Authors: Fang Jianglin , Zuo Ruilin , He Peng , Quan Yiwu , Chen Qingmin
Published: June 2010

In this article, modified poly(oxypropylene) diamines were synthesized and used as a new flexible curing agent for epoxy resins. The purpose of modification is to introduce urea group into epoxy resins. The reaction rate, mechanical properties, glass transition temperature (Tg), and fracture surface morphology of these toughened epoxy resins were investigated. Because of urea groups, the reactivity between poly(oxypropylene) diamines and epoxy resins was significantly enhanced. At the same time, the urea groups resulted in strong intersegmental hydrogen bonding between modified poly(oxypropylene) chain, which reduced the compatibility of poly(oxypropylene) with epoxy resins and resulted in higher Tg of toughened epoxy. The modified sample had tensile strength of 15.8 MPa and ultimate elongation of 118% at room temperature, whereas the unmodified sample only had 6.2 MPa and 70%. The scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the modified system displayed tough fracture feature, whereas the unmodified system showed typical brittle fracture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Intermolecular force and thermal properties of the sulfonyl epoxy blends cured with DGEBA epoxy
Authors: Chiu Yie‐Chan , Tsai Hsieh‐Chih , Chou I‐Chen , Li Shih‐Ming , Ma Chen‐Chi M.
Published: June 2010

The sulfonyl epoxy monomer (SEP) was synthesized and further to blend with the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the SEP/DGEBA blended materials increased from 103.7 to 163.8°C. The cross‐linking density and polymer chain self‐association intra‐molecular action affected more than that the polymer–polymer intermolecular action (hydrogen bonding) in the SEP blended with the DGEBA materials. The excess stabilization energy in the overall stabilization was only 0.00145% (14.5 ppm), which indicated that the polymer‐polymer intermolecular action was weak. The thermal degradation of the SEP segments could form various sulfate derivatives at lower temperature and analyzed by the TGA/GC/Mass. The sulfate derivatives could generate the thermal stable chars, which provided the “shielding effect” and antioxidation property. Additionally, these chars could also improve the protective effect and inhibit the thermal‐oxidation decomposition under the air atmosphere. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Square pegs in round holes — the implications of shell shape variation on the translocation of adultMargaritifera margaritifera(L.)
Authors: Preston S. J. , Harrison A. , Lundy M. , Roberts D. , Beddoe N. , Rogowski D.
Published: June 2010

The freshwater pearl musselMargaritifera margaritiferais endangered throughout Europe.

Historically, mussels were described on the basis of shell characteristics. In more recent years with the advent of molecular techniques many ‘species’ of molluscs have been found to be ecophenotypes.

The pearl mussel is found in numerous rivers throughout Ireland and the UK with varying degrees of superficial differences. It is has been thought that the most divergent form is found in the Nore River, Ireland,Margaritifera m. durrovensis.

The current investigation considers shell shape differences (using morphometrics — elliptic Fourier descriptors) in mussels from a variety of rivers in Ireland in relation to river pH.

Results suggest thatM. margaritiferahas a fairly plastic phenotype, with a gradient of shape change in relation to water pH.

Margaritifera m. durrovensisdoes not appear to be morphologically unique from other populations studied, instead occurring at one end of the shell shape gradient.

Findings also suggest that shell shape may be characteristic to individual rivers. The existence of phenotypically distinct groups ofMargaritifera margaritiferahas particularly important implications for the future conservation of the species.

Ex situconservation and reintroduction efforts will need to consider both the genotypic and phenotypic suitability of mussels if translocation is to be used as a viable conservation tool in the future. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates via footwear and motor vehicles in a Mediterranean wetland area
Authors: Waterkeyn Aline , Vanschoenwinkel Bram , Elsen Sanne , Anton‐Pardo Maria , Grillas Patrick , Brendonck Luc
Published: June 2010

Several human activities, such as actions for nature conservation, research and recreational activities, are closely associated with inland aquatic habitats that are usually considered as isolated island habitats. In this study, the possibility of unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates among water bodies via footwear and motor vehicles was investigated.

Mud samples collected from boots and from the tyres and wheel cases of cars used for field work by biologists (Camargue, Southern France) were hatched under laboratory conditions and also checked for the presence of unhatched propagules. A large number of organisms hatched and invertebrate propagules from a wide range of taxa were encountered (includingArtemia, freshwater large branchiopods, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Rotifera, Turbellaria, Nematoda, etc.). The results also demonstrated that different research groups tend to transport the aquatic invertebrates typical for their respective study systems.

Human dispersal of aquatic invertebrates has been studied mainly on large continental scales, such as in the case of transoceanic transport via ballast water in ships. This study provides evidence that dispersal via footwear and motor vehicles may result in frequent dispersal of aquatic invertebrates on a local scale, and we presume also occasionally over longer distances. Given the rapid spread of invasive zooplankton species (e.g.Artemia franciscanaencountered in this study), we promote caution and recommend cleaning before transport of any equipment which comes in contact with water or aquatic sediment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic and spatial models of kelp forest of Macrocystis integrifolia and Lessonia trabeculata (SE Pacific) for assessment harvest scenarios: short‐term responses
Authors: Ortiz Marco
Published: June 2010

1. Dynamic and spatial models of the kelp forest off northern Chile (SE Pacific coast) were constructed using the Ecosim and Ecospace theoretical frameworks based on a previously mass‐balanced trophic model using Ecopath II software.

2. The biomass of Macrocystis integrifolia and Lessonia trabeculata blades constituted the most relevant compartments or variables of the ecosystem studied.

3. The relative ascendency (A/C) of 35.5% suggests that this ecosystem is immature, but resistant to disturbances (e.g. fisheries).

4. The results obtained using mixed trophic impacts (MTI) show that both brown macroalgae produced relatively similar quantitative and qualitative effects, however, the predictions based on Ecosim clearly show that L. trabeculata experienced the most relevant direct and indirect effects.

5. The highest values of system recovery time obtained by Pinguipes chilensis and the other seastar group suggest that both compartments could be considered to be top predator species with strong top‐down control.

6. The exploitation of kelp blades as a new harvest strategy appears to be ecologically sustainable.

7. The Ecospace trophic‐spatially explicit model shows that exploitation exerted separately by habitat generates a similar pattern of direct and indirect effects. These results suggest that a habitat rotation of fisheries would not be justified.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzothiadiazole Containing D‐π‐A Conjugated Compounds for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Synthesis, Properties, and Photovoltaic Performances
Authors: Tang Zheng‐Ming , Lei Ting , Jiang Ke‐Jian , Song Yan‐Lin , Pei Jian
Published: June 2010

Two D‐π‐A conjugated molecules, BzTCA and BzTMCA, were developed through facile synthetic approaches for dye‐sensitized solar cells. The investigation of the photophysical properties of BzTCA and BzTMCA both in dilute solutions and in thin films indicates that their absorption exhibits a wide coverage of the solar spectrum. The absorption features for BzTCA and BzTMCA commence at about 710 nm in solution, and at about 800 nm in the solid state. The absorption maxima (λmax) for both BzTCA and BzTMCA on TiO2 film are almost the same as those in dilute solution. Their HOMOs and LUMOs were found to partly overlap at the center of these dyes, which guarantees appreciable interactions between the donors and acceptors. The investigation of the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells fabricated from BzTCA and BzTMCA indicated that the power‐conversion efficiencies are 6.04 % and 4.68 %, respectively, which could be comparable with the normal sensitizer N3. BzTMCA showed lower incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) and Jsc values relative to BzTCA, which is probably because of the weaker driving force of dye regeneration and electron injection process of BzTMCA. The IPCE responsive area reached nearly 800 nm, which provides great potential for further improvement of the photocurrent density and power‐conversion efficiency. Our investigations demonstrate that both dyes BzTCA and BzTMCA could be promising candidates for dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Ladder‐Type π‐Conjugated 4‐Hetero‐1,4‐dihydrophosphinines: A Structure–Property Study
Authors: Ren Yi , Baumgartner Thomas
Published: June 2010

π‐Conjugated six‐membered 1,4‐dihydrophosphinines containing a heteroatom (Si, P, S) at the 4 position were synthesized and systematically studied. X‐ray crystallographic analyses showed that the central six‐membered heterocyclic rings are almost planar. The sum of the angles around the phosphorus atom increases by 23° from the trivalent phosphorus to the phosphonium atom in the thiaphosphinine system, which is consistent with the NMR spectroscopic studies. UV/Vis spectroscopy and theoretical calculations revealed that the communication between the phosphorus center and the benzothiophene moiety is enhanced by the incorporation of a sulfur atom into the molecular scaffold. The increased conjugation endows the thiaphosphinines with interesting emission properties. Theoretical calculations supported the postulation that the orbital coupling between the π system and a σ* orbital could be enhanced in the thiaphosphinine system, especially through a phosphonium center. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that the thiaphosphinine oxide, thiaphosphonium, and cis‐diphosphinine oxide exhibit quasi‐reversible reduction processes, which demonstrate that simple changes in the bridge heteroatoms help to efficiently tune the redox properties of the ladder‐type 4‐hetero‐1,4‐dihydrophosphinines.
Implementation of community flood risk communication in Kumamoto, Japan
Authors: Yamada Fumihiko , Kakimoto Ryuji , Yamamoto Miyuki , Fujimi Toshio , Tanaka Naoto
Published: June 2010

To enhance local flood disaster mitigation, participatory approaches for community‐based flood risk communication are proposed using the workshops based on a Plan‐Do‐Check‐Action (PDCA) cycle. In our case study, risk communication for floods due to heavy rain and river flooding was implemented at the Kosen community in Kumamoto City, Japan, during 2006–2007. A community‐based flood hazard and evacuation route map were produced during the workshops and verified through virtual desktop evacuation drills. The fundamental resident flood evacuation data was obtained through the evacuation drills and analyzed with respect to the timing of the announcement of evacuation information, walking speed during evacuation, and the locations of evacuation centers. Implementation of flood risk communication was found to be effective for the enhancement of residents' awareness of both self‐ and mutual‐help efforts in community‐based flood risk mitigation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Untersuchungen zum Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten von Holz bei Variation von Holzart und Flüssigkeit
Authors: Niemz Peter , Mannes David , Herbers Yvonne , Koch Walter
Published: June 2010

An Prüfkörpern aus Rotbuche, Robinie und Fichte wurde in den 3 Hauptschnittrichtungen längs, radial und tangential der Aufnahmekoeffizient von Flüssigkeiten (Wasser und ein hydrophobierendes wässriges Imprägniermittel mit einer Wirksubstanz aus cokondensierten nanoskaligen Silanen — Wirkstoffkonzentration 20 %) nach BS EN ISO 15148:2002 bestimmt. Es wurde eine wesentlich höhere Flüssigkeitsaufnahme in Faserrichtung als senkrecht dazu ermittelt. Rotbuche hatte die größten, Robinie die geringsten Flüssigkeitsaufnahmekoeffizienten. Die Flüssigkeitsaufnahme war bei dem hydrophobierenden Imprägniermittel geringer als bei Wasser. Dies wirkt sich auf das Imprägnierverhalten nach Druck‐ oder auch Streichimprägnierung aus.

Investigations into the water absorption coefficients of timber with variations in timber and moisture type. The absorption coefficient of liquids (water and a hydrophobic watery impregnating agent with an active agent of co‐condensed nanoscale silanes; active agent concentration 20 %) by test pieces of beech, robinia and spruce was determined in the three main cutting directions: longitudinal, radial and tangential, in accordance with BS EN ISO 15148:2002. A substantially higher moisture absorption rate was found with the grain than perpendicular to it. Beech showed the highest, robinia the lowest moisture absorption coefficients. The moisture absorption was lower for the hydrophobic impregnating agent than for water. This affects the impregnation performance both with pressure impregnation and surface‐applied impregnation.
Proposal of an empirical relationship for moisture storage function of concrete
Authors: Giarma Christina
Published: June 2010

In this paper an empirical mathematical relationship for concrete’s moisture storage function is proposed. Most of the simple relationships that are used in hygrothermal models for the approximation of building materials’ moisture storage functions cannot provide a very satisfactory estimation for concrete. In this paper, an empirical function, having three branches, is formulated to express concrete’s moisture storage function and to be used in hygrothermal calculations. The formulation of this relationship is analytically presented. The proposed expression can be adjusted to a type of concrete when only the values of free saturation moisture content (relative humidity 100 %) and of moisture content corresponding to 80% air relative humidity are known for this concrete.

Vorschlag einer empirischen Beziehung für die Feuchtespeicherfunktion von Beton. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine empirische mathematische Beziehung für die Feuchtespeicherfunktion von Beton vorgeschlagen. Die meisten der einfachen Beziehungen, die in hygrothermischen Modellen zur Approximation der Feuchtespeicherfunktionen von Baustoffen zur Anwendung kommen, können für Beton keine völlig zufriedenstellende Bewertung liefern. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zur Darstellung der Feuchtespeicherfunktion von Beton und zur Verwendung in hygrothermischen Berechnungen eine empirische Funktion mit drei Zweigen formuliert. Die Formulierung dieser Beziehung wird analytisch präsentiert. Der vorgeschlagene Ausdruck kann an einen Betonbaustoff angepasst werden, wenn für diesen Betonbaustoff lediglich die Werte für den Sättigungsfeuchtegehalt (freie Sättigung, relative Feuchte 100 %) und den Feuchtegehalt bekannt sind, der 80 % relativer Luftfeuchte entspricht.
Die wachsende Bandbreite der Gebäudetypen für LEED‐Zertifizierungen
Authors: Schäfer Jochen , Biernat Torsten
Published: June 2010

Im Bereich der Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierungen von Gebäuden ist das vom USGBC (US Green Building Council) entwickelte LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) in Europa und Deutschland ein fester Begriff [1]. Während inzwischen das System LEED‐NC, also für Neubauten und Generalsanierungen, sehr bekannt ist und am häufigsten angewandt wird, sind neun weitere LEED‐Zertifizierungssysteme entweder auf dem Markt oder in Entwicklung. Diese ermöglichen es u. a. auch, bestehende Gebäude zu zertifizieren und auf die Anforderungen spezieller Gebäudenutzungen, wie Krankenhaus, Schule oder Einzelhandel, einzugehen.

The expanding variety of building types for LEED certification is continuously. In Europe and Germany, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), developed by the USGBC (US Green Building Council), plays a major role in Green Building certifications [1]. Although the system LEED‐NC for new construction and major renovations is commonly known and mostly used, 9 additional LEED certification systems are either available or currently in development. Besides others, those systems allow the certification of existing buildings and account for buildings with specific requirements, such as hospitals, schools or retail.
Ethyl t‐butyl ether: review of reproductive and developmental toxicity
Authors: de Peyster Ann
Published: June 2010

Ethyl t‐butyl ether (ETBE) is a motor fuel oxygenate used in reformulated gasoline. Knowledge of developmental and reproductive toxicity potential of ETBE is critical for making informed decisions about acceptance and regulations. This review discusses toxicology studies providing information about effects on reproduction and the conceptus. Seven GLP‐compliant studies following widely accepted protocols have focused specifically on developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) in rats and rabbits exposed to ETBE by gavage with doses up to 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day, the limit specified in standardized test guidelines. Other repeat‐dose general toxicology studies have administered ETBE to rodents for up to 180 days, and included reproductive organ weights, histology, or other indications of reproductive system structure or function. DART potential of the main ETBE metabolite t‐butyl alcohol and class‐related MTBE has also been studied. More GLP‐compliant studies exist for evaluating ETBE using well‐established, currently recommended protocols than are available for many other chemicals used today. The database for determining ETBE DART potential is adequate, although not all study details are currently easily accessible for peer‐review. ETBE does not appear to be selectively toxic to reproduction or embryofetal development in the absence of other manifestations of general toxicity. Studies using recommended methods for sample preservation and analysis have shown no targeted effect on the reproductive system. No embryofetal effects were observed in rabbits. Early postnatal rat pup deaths show no clear dose‐response and have largely been attributed to total litter losses with accompanying evidence of maternal neglect or frank maternal morbidity.Birth Defects Res (Part B)89:239–263, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and validation of a HPLC method for quantification of rivastigmine in rat urine and identification of a novel metabolite in urine by LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Arumugam Karthik , Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao , Gilibili Ravindranath Reddy , Mullangi Ramesh , Ganesan Subramanian , Kar Sidhartha S , Averineni Ranjithkumar , Shavi Gopal , Udupa Nayanabhirama
Published: June 2010

A sensitive, specific and accurate HPLC method for the quantification of rivastigmine (RSM) in rat urine was developed and validated. The method involves the simple liquid–liquid extraction of RSM and pyridostigmine as an internal standard (IS) from rat urine with tertiary methyl butyl ether. The chromatographic separation of RSM and IS was achieved with 20 mm ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.5) and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) delivered at flow‐rate of 1 mL/min on a Kromasil KR‐100. The method was in linear range from 50 to 5000 ng/mL. The validation was done as per FDA guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. The method was successfully applied for the quantification of RSM in rat urine. Besides method validation, we have identified two metabolites of RSM in urine. Both the metabolites were characterized by HPLC‐PDA and LC‐MS/MS and it was found that one metabolite is novel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Dynamic Drug Design: Identification and Optimization of β‐Galactosidase Inhibitors from a Dynamic Hemithioacetal System
Authors: Caraballo Rémi , Sakulsombat Morakot , Ramström Olof
Published: June 2010

A discovery strategy relying on the identification of fragments through resolution of a constitutional dynamic system, coupled to subsequent static ligand design and optimization, is demonstrated. The strategic design and synthesis of the best molecular fragments identified from a dynamic hemithioacetal system into static ligand structures yielded a range of β‐galactosidase inhibitors. Two series of structures mimicking the hemithioacetal motif were envisaged: thioglycosides and C‐glycosides. Inhibition studies provided important structural information for the two groups, and 1‐thiobenzyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside demonstrated the best inhibitory effects.
Dead‐End Dynamic Filtration of Highly Concentrated CaCO3 Suspensions in the Presence of a Dispersant
Authors: Loginov M. , Lebovka N. , Larue O. , Ding L. H. , Vorobiev E.
Published: June 2010

This work discusses dewatering of CaCO3 suspensions in the presence of a dispersant (sodium polyacrylate). Suspensions were dewatered using the rotating disk‐aided dead‐end dynamic filtration technique. Dewatering efficiency was studied as a function of the dispersant content and operational parameters (disk rotation speed, filtration pressure). Two dewatering modes, with initial (i‐dewatering) and delayed (d‐dewatering) dispersant addition, were tested. For concentrated suspensions, the d‐dewatering allowed higher final dryness and better fluidity than i‐dewatering with minimum dispersant losses in the filtrate.
Novel Silicon‐Based Patchouli Odorants of the Trialkyl(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)silane Type: Design, Synthesis, and Olfactory Properties
Authors: Sunderkötter Astrid , Lorenzen Sabine , Tacke Reinhold , Kraft Philip
Published: June 2010

tert‐Butyl(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)dimethylsilane (5), a sila‐substituted seco derivative of the recently reported patchouli lead structure (4aR*,8aR*)‐1,1,8a‐trimethyldecahydronaphthalene‐4a‐ol (4), and a number of related trialkyl(1‐hydroxy‐1‐methylethyl)silanes and further derivatives, compounds 8–24, with different silicon‐bound substituents (Me, Et, iPr, cPr, tBu, iBu, cPent, vinyl, SiMe3) were synthesized and studied for their olfactory properties. All of the silanes studied exhibit at least one of the main patchouli odor descriptors ‘woody,’ ‘earthy,’ and ‘camphoraceous,’ and some even exhibit all of them. The silanes MeR2SiC(OH)Me2 (12) and R3SiC(OH)Me2 (14) (R=cyclopropyl) were found to resemble natural patchouli oil most closely, with an even lower odor threshold than the natural lead structure (−)‐patchoulol (1). To complete this structure–odor relationship study, the carbon analogues of 12 and 14 (Si/C exchange) were also prepared and characterized. Although they show similar olfactory properties to the silanes 12 and 14, the synthesis of the corresponding carbon analogues is far less straightforward than that of the silicon compounds, and only silanes 12 and 14 can be economically produced industrially.
Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Containing Heterocycles by Multicomponent Coupling of Silicon‐Tethered Diynes, Nitriles, and Isocyanides through Intramolecular Cyclization of IminoacylZr Intermediates
Authors: Zhang Shaoguang , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: June 2010

An efficient multicomponent synthesis of 5‐azaindoles and dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]azepines was achieved by zirconocene‐mediated coupling of silicon‐tethered diynes, nitriles, and isocyanides. The synthesis, structures, and intramolecular cyclization of mono‐ and bis(iminoacyl)Zr intermediates were investigated to elucidate the reaction process. Upon hydrolysis, the isolated mono(iminoacyl)Zr intermediates underwent intramolecular cyclization to afford tetrasubstituted 5‐azaindoles, whereas intramolecular cyclization of bis(iminoacyl)Zr intermediates led to the formation of dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]azepines. The structure of a bis(iminoacyl)Zr intermediate, formed through insertion of two molecules of CyNC into the ZrC bond, and structures of two dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐c]azepines were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective [1,2] Wittig Rearrangement Using an External Chiral Ligand.
Authors: Tomooka Katsuhiko , Yamamoto Kyoko , Nakai Takeshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selected Topics from Recent NMR Studies of Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Gunther Harald
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Rb3PbCl5.
Authors: Beck H. P. , Monzel H. , Haberkorn R. , Stephens P. W. , Dinnebier R.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Assistance of Electron Transfer from Heteroatom Compounds. Electrochemical Oxidation of 2‐(2‐Pyridyl)ethyl‐Substituted Ethers, Sulfides, and Selenides.
Authors: Watanabe Mitsuru , Suga Seiji , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Conjugate Addition Promoted by the Copper(I) Monothiobinaphthol System. Part 3. Comparison of Three Thiolate‐Based Catalytic Systems.
Authors: Bennett Simon M. W. , Brown Stephen M. , Conole Grainne , Dennis Michael R. , Fraser Paul K. , Radojevic Sanja , McPartlin Mary , Topping Chris M. , Woodward Simon
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 4,4‐Dimethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,2‐dithiolo[3,4‐c]quinoline‐1‐thiones in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions with Acetylenic Dipolarophiles.
Authors: Shikhaliev Kh. S. , Medvedeva S. M. , Ermolova G. I. , Shatalov G. V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxy‐Cope Rearrangements of Fluorinated Divinylcyclohexanols: A Modular Method for the Construction of Selectively Fluorinated Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Dimartino Gianluca , Gelbrich Thomas , Hursthouse Michael B. , Light Mark E. , Percy Jonathan M. , Spencer Neil S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Allylation of Pyrrole with Allylboranes. Synthesis of trans‐ and cis‐2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Bubnov Yu. N. , Klimkina E. V. , Lavrinovich L. I. , Zykov A. Yu. , Ignatenko A. V.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (‐)‐Sparteine‐Mediated Stereoselective Intramolecular Carbolithiation of 4‐Substituted 5‐Hexynyl Carbamates. Synthesis of Enantiopure 1,3‐Difunctionalized Alkylidene Cyclopentanes.
Authors: Oestreich Martin , Froehlich Roland , Hoppe Dieter
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsaturated Oxo—Nitriles: Stereoselective, Chelation‐Controlled Conjugate Additions.
Authors: Fleming Fraser F. , Guo Jianping , Wang Qunzhao , Weaver Douglas
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Detailed Investigation of the Reaction of 5,9‐Diphenylbenz[a]azulene with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates Leading to Dialkyl 8,12‐Diphenylbenzo[a]heptalene‐6,7‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Linden Anthony , Meyer Markus , Mohler Peter , Rippert Andreas J. , Hansen Hans‐Juergen
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of the Nitrogen—Thiocarbonyl Systems. Part 34. Pyridine Ring Formation Through the Photoreaction of Arenecarbothioamides with Diene‐Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Oda Kazuaki , Nakagami Rikiji , Nishizono Naozumi , Machida Minoru
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Selective Preparation of Ethyl 7‐Aminopteridine‐6‐carboxylate Derivatives and Related Compound.
Authors: Yamada Yoichi , Yasuda Heinosuke , Yoshihara Yuichi , Yoshizawa Kazue
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Functionalization of the Cholestane Side‐Chain by Chromyl Acetates.
Authors: Parish Edward J. , Aksara Nida , Boos Terrence L. , Kaneshiro Edna S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral and Antineoplastic Activities of Some Novel Carbocyclic Guanosine Analogues with a Cyclobutane Ring.
Authors: Blanco Jose M. , Caamano Olga , Fernandez Franco , Garcia‐Mera Xerardo , Hergueta Antonio R. , Lopez Carmen , Rodriguez‐Borges Jose E. , Balzarini Jan , de Clercq Eric
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Unique Distortion in K1/3Ba2/3AgTe2: X‐Ray Diffraction Determination and Electronic Band Structure Analysis of Its Incommensurately Modulated Structure.
Authors: Gourdon O. , Hanko Jason , Boucher F. , Petricek V. , Whangbo M.‐H. , Kanatzidis M. G. , Evain M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkali Metal Nitrido Tecto Metalates(VI) with Networks of Six‐Membered Rings of Corner‐Sharing Tetrahedra [(MNN3/2)6] with M: Mo, W of the Unexpected Composition A9+x[M6N15] with A: Rb, Cs, and 0 < x < 1.
Authors: Stegen H. , Jacobs H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Structure of SCl3[Re2Cl9] and Its Relation to the RuBr3 Type.
Authors: Rabe Susanne , Mueller Ulrich
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cadmium Copper Tetrachloride Tetrahydrate.
Authors: Kortz Ulrich , Dickman Michael H.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Monoclinic and Cubic Phases of Metaboric Acid (Precise Redeterminations).
Authors: Freyhardt Clemens C. , Wiebcke Michael , Felsche Juergen
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Excitation of Er3+ Emission in Er, Yb Codoped Thin Silica Films.
Authors: Kozanecki A. , Sealy B. J. , Homewood K.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preliminary Report on Growth, Structure and Optical Properties of K5LaLi2F10:Ln3+ (Ln3+: Pr3+, Nd3+, Er3+) Crystals.
Authors: Dominiak‐Dzik G. , Sokolska I. , Golab S. , Baluka M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Emission Spectra of Ba4In1.98Nd0.02O7 and Ba4In1.98Er0.02O7.
Authors: Golab S. , Zygmunt A. , Ryba‐Romanowski W.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Dimensional Open‐Framework Cobalt(II) Phosphates by Novel Routes.
Authors: Natarajan Srinivasan , Neeraj S. , Choudhury Amitava , Rao C. N. R.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hindered Inversion/Rotation in Diheteroaryl Alkyl Amines with a N‐(1‐Pyrazolyl) Group: Dynamic NMR and Molecular Modeling Studies.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Franco Maria Isabel , Dorronsoro Isabel , Castro Ana , Martinez Ana
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.