bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactive alignment and prediction  in dialogue
Authors: Garrod Simon , Pickering Martin J.
Published: March 2014

In this chapter we discuss Pickering and Garrod’s (2004) interactive alignment account of dialogue processing and consider a range of evidence supporting the model. We then introduce a more nuanced account of interactive alignment than that in Pickering and Garrod (2004) based on speakers’ and listeners’ ability to predict what they are about to say or hear using forward language models (Pickering & Garrod, 2013). In this account interactive alignment comes about in part from the matching between interlocutors’ predictions. Finally, we consider how this development relates to the research reported in other chapters in this volume.
(The non-existence of) secondary stress in Hungarian
Authors: Blaho Sylvia , Szeredi Dániel
Published: March 2014

Secondary stress in Hungarian has been subject to considerable debate. Proposals include a basic quantity-insensitive trochaic pattern (Kerek 1971), a quantity-sensitive pattern (Szinnyei 1912), and a distinction between secondary and tertiary stress (Hammond 1987). These claims have been made on the basis of impressionistic transcriptions, without acoustic measurements, and they are unsupported by phonological evidence (Kálmán & Nádasdy 1994). We examine a phonological argument for the existence of secondary stress by Varga (2000), and argue that his ndings are inconclusive. We also present the results of our pilot acoustic studies, showing no correlation between non-primary stress and vowel duration, pitch or intensity. We conclude that evidence for Hungarian secondary stress is lacking.
On a type of counterfactual construction
Authors: Kiss Katalin É.
Published: March 2014

This paper analyzes a Hungarian modal construction with a counterfactual, reproaching reading. Hungarian optative, imperative and reproaching sentences involve a MoodP below their topic projection. Their Mood head is merged with a projection having a matching modal feature: a NonNeutP with a conditional or imperative verb raised to NonNeut, or a NegP having a negative particle with a modal feature (ne) in Neg. The affirmative version of this structure is similar to that of Class I languages of Rivero and Terzi (1995), involving verb movement – except that the landing site of the verb is lower than C. Since V-movement cannot cross NegP, the negative particle assumes a modal feature, whereby it satisfies the requirement of Mood being adjacent to a modal head. Hungarian also has an optative and imperative pattern typical of Class II languages, involving a mood marker in Spec,CP.
A phi-agreement constraint on subject extraction in Finnish
Authors: Huhmarniemi Saara
Published: March 2014

This paper examines the constraints on subject extraction in Finnish. It is proposed that phi-agreement between the subject and the predicate introduces a freezing effect for the subject argument in a variety of constructions in Finnish. In addition, it is shown that Finnish subject freezing cannot be accounted for by relying on case-assignment or movement to the subject position. Finnish data therefore support the hypothesis that subject extraction is sensitive to subject agreement morphology (e.g. Richards 2001, Boeckx 2003). However, this proposal requires two additional assumptions: first, that the Agree-relation may take place covertly for some subject arguments, and second, that phi-concord does not have a freezing effect.
Holophrastic protolanguage: Planning, processing, storage, and retrieval
Authors: Tallerman Maggie
Published: March 2014

This paper challenges recent assumptions that holophrastic utterances could be planned, processed, stored and retrieved from storage, focussing on three specific issues: (i) Problems in conceptual planning of multi-proposition utterances of the type proposed by Arbib (2005), Mithen (2005); (ii) The question of whether holophrastic protolanguage could have been processed by a special ‘holistic’ mode, the precursor to a projected ‘idiom mode’ in modern language; (iii) The implications for learning a holophrastic proto-lexicon in light of lexical constraints on word learning. Modern speakers only plan utterances in clause-sized units, and it is improbable that protolanguage speakers had more complex abilities. Moreover, the production and comprehension of idioms sheds no light on a putative ‘holistic’ mode of language processing, since idioms are not processed in this way. Finally, innate constraints on learning lexical items preclude the types of word meanings proposed by proponents of holophrastic protolanguage.
Closeness and distance
Authors: Luginbühl Martin
Published: March 2014

This article compares the form of TV news reporting in the American “CBS Evening News” and the Swiss “Tagesschau” from their beginning until today. It draws particular attention to the ‘culturality’ of text types — a term that will be introduced in the first part. The analysis focuses on local, temporal and emotional closeness in news packages and illustrates how the two shows stage closeness in different and changing ways. Although a partial homogenization can be observed, the notion of a continuous americanization is rejected. The results will be analysed in the perspective of the TV news shows considering factors such as the text repertoire and overall format of the show. Discussing the results I will argue that the concept of ‘journalistic culture’ is helpful to conceptualize and understand the form of news. While the analysis cannot decide to what degree single influencing factors are at work, it further develops some common assumptions (like national characteristics of text types or the influence of commercialization).
A twice-mixed creole?
Authors: Good Jeff
Published: March 2014

Saramaccan, a maroon creole of Suriname, shows evidence of having a split lexicon where the majority of its words are marked for pitch accent but an important minority are marked for tone. The basic origins of this split would appear to be clear: pitch-accented words represent transfer of a European-like accent system, while tonal words represent transfer of an African-like tone system. If this is the right account, its apparent simplicity raises an important question: Why didn’t it happen more often? While a definitive answer cannot yet be given, it is suggested that a likely explanation is that the split lexicon was not a product of creolization but, rather, the result of a restricted kind of language mixing, which took place after marronage, and that this mixing was employed as a means of establishing a distinct speech variety for the nascent Saramaccan community.
Chinese Pidgin Russian
Authors: Shapiro Roman
Published: March 2014

The much-understudied Chinese Pidgin Russian (CPR) has existed at the Chinese–Russian border since at least the 18th century. Unlike many Western-based pidgins, it was formed in a territory where the lexifying language (Russian) was dominant. It also uses a typical inflecting language as its lexifier and an isolating language (Chinese) as its substrate. This paper considers the influence of both ‘parent’ languages at all CPR levels. The sources of CPR include: pidgin records and descriptions; ‘Russian’ textbooks compiled for the Chinese going to Russia; and works of literature depicting contacts between the Russians and indigenous peoples of Siberia, who often spoke a variety of CPR. Some of these sources are rarely accessible to Western linguists. The paper discusses all key aspects of CPR: history (both of the pidgin and its study), phonology (segmental inventory, stress, tone), morphology (verbs vs. non-verbs, final particles), syntax (syntactic roles, sentence and phrase word order, postpositions and prepositions, comparatives), and vocabulary (synonyms, loanwords, structural and semantic calques, ‘diminutive politeness’). The study provides new translations and etymologies for ‘difficult’ CPR words and sentences.
China Coast Pidgin
Authors: Ansaldo Umberto , Matthews Stephen , Smith Geoff
Published: March 2014

In this paper we revisit some long-standing questions regarding the origins and structure of China Coast Pidgin (CCP), also known as Chinese Pidgin English. We first review the historical context of the China Trade which formed the ecology for the development of CCP. We then review the available sources, focusing on newly transcribed data from Chinese-language instructional materials. These sources provide fresh evidence for grammatical structure in CCP, and demonstrate strong influence from Cantonese as the major substrate language. Comparison with English-language sources shows systematic contrasts which point to likely variation between Anglophone and Sinophone lects, as in the case of wh-questions which show regular wh-fronting in English sources and pervasive use of wh-in-situ in Chinese sources. This conclusion helps to resolve the debate over the Sinitic features of CCP.
Bazaar Malay topics
Authors: Bao Zhiming , Aye Khin Khin
Published: March 2014

Bazaar Malay is a Malay-lexified pidgin with a Chinese substratum spoken in the marketplace of Singapore (and elsewhere in Southeast Asia). Although it is no longer a lingua franca in Singapore today, it is nevertheless still spoken by older Singaporeans. Like Chinese and Malay, Bazaar Malay is a topic-prominent language. We document three types of the Bazaar Malay topic construction and show that they are identical to the topic structures found in Chinese. The degree of convergence in the topic construction between Chinese and Bazaar Malay, and between Chinese and Singapore English, supports the systemic view of substratum transfer.
Joint attention, To the Lighthouse, and modernist representations of intersubjectivity
Authors: Tobin Vera
Published: March 2014

This paper argues that literary modernism can be productively understood as a reflection on what happens when joint attention is frustrated in its operation. Experimental fictions of the early twentieth century frequently dramatize problems of joint attention that can be traced to the ultimate relation between author, reader, and text. Analysis of these dramatizations demonstrates the importance of this joint attentional trope, and suggests a fresh reading of the famous “phantom table” in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse.
‘Where am I, lurking in what place of vantage?’
Authors: Vandelanotte Lieven
Published: March 2014

On the basis of a case study of The Book of Evidence and The Sea, this chapter looks at the linguistic means through which at different levels distance is created in the fiction of John Banville. In addition to more or less ‘local’ but frequent instances where the first-person narrator’s own discourse is metatextually commented on, or another’s discourse is evoked from his perspective, distancing effects are to be found at the broader levels of the situation of discourse, as in the case of the fictive address of judge and jury in The Book of Evidence, and of the narrator’s identity and perspective, as in The Sea, where the narrator zooms out to take an outside perspective on his own vantage point.
Intertwined voices
Authors: Sanders José
Published: March 2014

In this contribution, a mental space analysis model is presented to conceptualize and explain voice intertwining in journalistic texts. News text genres abound with clearly recognizable representations of source discourse, such as direct and indirect speech. In addition, blended representation types can be described, such as free indirect speech and implicit viewpoint, in which voices of journalist and source are less easy to discern. Comparison of various news texts concerned with a particular criminal case shows that news reports have a preference for direct or indirect speech and avoid the intertwined type of free indirect speech; by contrast, in feature stories and opinion contributions free indirect speech is not uncommon. Even free indirect thought, stemming from fictional genres, appears to be possible in these subgenres. Finally, blending of journalist and source voices is present in references to characters and events. Analysis of mental spaces attributed to sources in various news genres helps to explain how the intertwining of voices is established by linguistic form. Consequences for theory on functions and effects of source representation are discussed.
LIFE IS MUSIC
Authors: Górska Elżbieta
Published: March 2014

Following Blending Theory, this chapter analyses a novel metaphor LIFE IS MUSIC which formed a leitmotif of Daniel Barenboim’s BBC Reith Lectures of 2006. The main focus is on the means and techniques employed by Barenboim, and his use of “verbo-musical” metaphors in particular. Because it goes beyond verbo-pictorial modes of representation, the proposed study of verbo-musical metaphors in a dynamically evolving discourse constitutes a new contribution not only to studies of multimodal metaphor in actual language use, but also to debates on conceptual nature of metaphor, “(metaphorical) thinking for speaking”, and language and cognition.
“[T]his most unnecessary, unjust, and disgraceful war”
Authors: Rudanko Juhani
Published: March 2014

This article focuses on face-threatening attacks on the Madison Administration during the War of 1812. The discussion is framed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, with the language of the Amendment protecting freedom of speech, and also by the Sedition Act of 1798, which, if it had been made permanent, would have seriously curtailed freedom of speech. The War of 1812 was intensely unpopular among members of the Federalist Party, and their newspapers did not shy away from criticising it. This article investigates writings published in the Boston Gazette and the Connecticut Mirror during the war. It is shown that the criticism took different forms, ranging from accusing President Madison of “untruths” to painting a picture of what was claimed to be the unmitigated hopelessness of his position, both nationally and internationally, and that the criticism also included harsh personal attacks on his character and motives. It is suggested that some of the attacks may be characterised as exhibiting aggravated impoliteness. The article also considers President Madison’s attitude in the face of the attacks.
Understanding Anglo-Saxon “politeness”
Authors: Kohnen Thomas
Published: March 2014

ic wille
ic wolde
ic wolde þæt þu me sædest
ic wille
ic wolde
Dictionary of Old English Corpus
humilitas

Thus, this paper, on the one hand, confirms the picture of Anglo-Saxon England as a world “beyond politeness” (Kohnen 2008a); on the other hand, it also adds important aspects that may improve our perception of the complexities of Anglo-Saxon social interaction.
Contingency hedges in Dutch, French and English
Authors: Defrancq Bart , De Sutter Gert
Published: March 2014

This article reports on a detailed corpus-based and contrastive analysis of the syntactic, semantic and functional properties of English depend, French dépendre and Dutch afhangen, liggen and zien as markers of intersubjectivity. Based on three large-scale monolingual corpora of spoken English, French and Dutch, the results show that these intersubjectivity markers are semantically related to a conditional meaning of the verbs they are based on: viewpoints expressed or asked for in the preceding discourse are presented as valid only in particular circumstances. Furthermore, it is shown that the markers have undergone a process of decategorialisation, as they appear almost exclusively in third person present tense, and as the range of subjects that can be combined with these markers is more restricted than the non-intersubjective uses of these verbs. Finally, a detailed corpus analysis of the Dutch markers shows that their use is mainly determined by regional and functional parameters.
Exploring the cognitive infrastructure of communication
Authors: de Ruiter J.P. , Noordzij Matthijs L. , Newman-Norlund Sarah , Newman-Norlund Roger , Hagoort Peter , Levinson Stephen C. , Toni Ivan
Published: March 2014

Human communication is often thought about in terms of transmitted messages in a conventional code like a language. But communication requires a specialized interactive intelligence. Senders have to be able to perform recipient design, while receivers need to be able to do intention recognition, knowing that recipient design has taken place. To study this interactive intelligence in the lab, we developed a new task that taps directly into the underlying abilities to communicate in the absence of a conventional code. We show that subjects are remarkably successful communicators under these conditions, especially when senders get feedback from receivers. Signaling is accomplished by the manner in which an instrumental action is performed, such that instrumentally dysfunctional components of an action are used to convey communicative intentions. The findings have important implications for the nature of the human communicative infrastructure, and the task opens up a line of experimentation on human communication.
An experimental study of social selection and frequency of interaction in linguistic diversity
Authors: Roberts Gareth
Published: March 2014

Computational simulations have provided evidence that the use of linguistic cues as group markers plays an important role in the development of linguistic diversity. Other simulations, however, have contradicted these findings. Similar disagreements exist in sociolinguistics. This paper describes an experimental study in which participants played an anonymous economic game using an instant-messenger-style program and an artificial ‘alien language’. The competitiveness of the game and the frequency with which players interacted were manipulated. Given frequent enough interaction with team-mates, players were able to use linguistic cues to identify themselves. In the most competitive condition, this led to divergence in the language, which did not occur in other conditions. This suggests that both frequency of interaction and a pressure to use language to mark identity play a significant role in encouraging linguistic divergence over short periods, but that neither is sufficient on its own.
Measures of phonological typicality
Authors: Monaghan Padraic , Christiansen Morten H. , Farmer Thomas A. , Fitneva Stanka A.
Published: March 2014

Phonological Typicality (PT) is a measure of the extent to which a word’s phonology is typical of other words in the lexical category to which it belongs. There is a general coherence among words from the same category in terms of speech sounds, and we have found that words that are phonologically typical of their category tend to be processed more quickly and accurately than words that are less typical. In this paper we describe in greater detail the operationalisation of measures of a word’s PT, and report validations of different parameterisations of the measure. For each variant of PT, we report the extent to which it reflects the coherence of the lexical categories of words in terms of their sound, as well as the extent to which the measure predicts naming and lexical decision response times from a database of monosyllabic word processing. We show that PT is robust to parameter variation, but that measures based on PT of uninflected words (lemmas) best predict response time data for naming and lexical decision of single words.
Stimulus norming
Authors: Wurm Lee H. , Cano Annmarie
Published: March 2014

Psycholinguists grapple with an ever-increasing list of control variables, in addition to any that are of theoretical interest. Some variables are subjective constructs like familiarity, concreteness, and semantic or affective connotations. Historically researchers approached these by having participants come to a laboratory and provide ratings for each stimulus, but the use of the Internet in data collection has increased in recent years and is likely to continue doing so. In the context of stimulus norms, the equivalence of lab-based and Internet methodologies has not been extensively examined. We discuss some of the pros and cons of online stimulus norming and touch on several issues to consider. We also highlight some important differences between norms obtained online and those obtained in-person.
Towards a localist–connectionist model of word translation
Authors: Dijkstra Ton , Rekké Steven
Published: March 2014

Word translation is among the most sophisticated skills that bilinguals can perform. Brysbaert and Duyck (2010) have argued that the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM; Kroll & Stewart, 1994), a verbal model for word translation in beginning and proficient bilinguals, should be abandoned in favor of connectionist models such as the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model (BIA+; Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002). However, the partially implemented BIA+ model for bilingual word recognition has neither been applied to bilinguals of different proficiency levels nor extended to the complex process of word translation. After considering a number of aspects of the RHM, a new localist-connectionist model, called Multilink, is formulated to account for the performance of bilinguals differing in their L2 proficiency in different tasks: lexical decision, language decision, and word translation.
A technical introduction to using speakers’ eye movements to study language
Authors: Griffin Zenzi M. , Davison Jordan C.
Published: March 2014

Everything you wanted to know about eye movement monitoring but were afraid to ask: This is a primer for researchers new to the use of eye-tracking and particularly those with an interest in language production. It summarizes the early history of eye movement monitoring in language production research, briefly reviews the relationship between visual attention and eye movements, and details the practical concerns of collecting and analyzing gaze data. In particular, the paper discusses the features and functions of available eye-tracking software and hardware systems, as well as tools for automatically processing speech. We close with a review of dependent measures that have been derived from eye movement data as well as how they were used and interpreted.
Formulaic sequences
Authors: Shaoul Cyrus , Westbury Chris
Published: March 2014

There is a new and growing interest in psycholinguistics in the mental representation of (not necessarily phrasal) multi-word sequences and in how knowledge of these sequences relates to word, phrase, and sentence knowledge. In this paper we summarize the evidence for the existence of distinct mental representations for these types of sequences. Studies of sentence processing, contextual ambiguity resolution, speech production and compound word processing provide indirect evidence for frequency effects for multi-word sequences. Recent studies of adult reading behavior have looked more directly at the effects of holistic frequency on reading performance. We end by considering the relevance of multi-word sequences to existing cognitive models of language and speculating on how they may impact on future models.
First language retention and attrition in an adult Guatemalan adoptee
Authors: Montrul Silvina
Published: March 2014

This case study illustrates the long-term effects of interrupted input and subsequent re-exposure to the first language in childhood in the adult linguistic competence of an internationally adopted individual. Alicia — the subject of the case study — is a 34-year-old Guatemalan adopted by an American family at age 9 and raised in a small Mid-America town with no Hispanic population at that time. In several sessions, Alicia completed oral production and written tasks (including interpretation, judgment and truth value judgment tasks) targeting knowledge and use of Spanish morphosyntax. On the overall proficiency measures, Alicia demonstrates native-like knowledge of English and significant attrition in Spanish, although not to the extent reported in recent studies of Korean adoptees. Alicia’s degree of L1 attrition and retention after several years of severed input challenges Pallier et al. (2003) and Ventureyra et al.’s (2004) Language Replacement and Impediment Hypothesis, and is more consistent with the view that there are age effects for L1 attrition (Hyltenstam et al. 2009; Montrul 2008).
Sociolinguistic diversity in mainstream media
Authors: Jaffe Alexandra
Published: March 2014

This chapter explores the attribution of authority and authenticity to speakers of “accented” or dialectal speech portrayed in the American documentary on dialectal diversity, “Do You Speak American?”. The focus is on the role of mediation and mediatization in this fundamentally political and ideological process: that is, the extent to which particular sequences of the documentary foreground the work of representation being done by media producers. The central claim made in the analysis is that speakers’ authenticity is produced through the backgrounding of this work of representation, but that speakers are attributed greater authority when they are depicted as having some control over how their images and speech are mediated and mediatized. Speakers who have both authority and authenticity benefit, it is argued, from media verisimilitudes: they are understood by media audiences as having control over the believable rather than the “real”.
The study of early comprehension in language development
Authors: Kail Michèle
Published: March 2014

The last twenty years have witnessed the development of promising methodologies and new paradigms that have brought substantial findings and have changed our views on early language acquisition. Focusing on early comprehension, this article is mainly devoted to a review of these new paradigms analyzing their benefits and limits. One of the main challenges is the development of reliable on-line behavioural methods coupled with neurophysiological data in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Another challenge is the extension of these new paradigms within a powerful crosslinguistic perspective. In the second part of the article, we focus on some advances in different domains directly linked to new methodologies: the evaluation of task dependence in early syntactic comprehension, some new insights on production/comprehension asymmetries and the predictive value of speed of processing language in two-year-olds for language and cognitive abilities in later childhood.
Macro- and micro-turns in translation studies
Authors: Gentzler Edwin
Published: March 2014

Definitions of translation studies are changing. While historically focused on the process or product of translation at a national European level, new definitions by scholars such as Mukherjee, Trivedi, Cheung, and Tymoczko are expanding the parameters of translation by exploring how the field is defined in international non-European contexts — in India, China, the Arab world, for example. Other scholars, such as Cronin, Simon, Apter, and Brodzki are looking at subnational locations, including within cities, diasporic communities within cities, and even between generations within individual families in those communities. This paper looks at how translation is defined and studied in such macro- and micro-contexts in the Americas, suggesting that translation is less something that happens between national cultures and more something, especially among immigrants and linguistic minorities, that comprises the very basis upon which those cultures are constructed.
Continentalism and the invention of traditions in translation studies
Authors: Delabastita Dirk
Published: March 2014

This theoretical case study starts from a brief critical discussion of Eurocentrism in translation studies, underscoring the importance of the efforts toward a more inclusive, truly global and culturally balanced approach to translation which are increasingly being made in our field, often under the banner of “the international turn.” However, the rejection of Eurocentrism leaves open a wide range of alternative models and approaches, and this paper aims to show that the search for alternatives is not without its own difficulties. For example, it might be tempting for non-European scholars to derive an alternative way of thinking about translation from translational practices and discourses in their own continent that appear to be at odds with what is perceived as the “European” model of translation. A post-colonial sensibility would seem to make this an extremely attractive proposition. This is the line of thinking which inspired Edwin Gentzler’s Translation and Identity in the Americas. New Directions in Translation Theory (2008). The paper enters into a critical dialogue with Gentzler’s book in order to argue the general thesis that the replacement of one (perceived) continent-based paradigm by another (perceived) continent-based paradigm is not the best way forward, suffering as it does from a range of methodological problems. The best way to overcome Eurocentrism is not to construct and promote an American continentalism (“translation in the American sense”) as an alternative to it, or any other nationally or continentally defined concept of translation, for that matter.
How Eurocentric is Europe?
Authors: Flynn Peter
Published: March 2014

Conceptualizations of translation are often cast in the literature in terms of sets of hegemonic dualities played out across lines of continuous and perhaps irresolvable dominance and resistance in all areas touched on by translation: language, power, ethnicity, gender, etc. This paper will attempt to trace trajectories of thought and inquiry within Translation Studies in order to discover to which extent certain approaches and models can be considered (strictly) as Western, Eurocentric and hence as propagating a priori such power and other imbalances. In this respect, the article argues for a situated approach to understanding the use of certain analytical concepts in given cultural spaces. It further argues that concepts and models be viewed in combination and in contrast with ethnographic studies of translation practices. It therefore asserts that translational practices should be explored on the ground in order to complement and adjust scholarly conceptualizations of translation in the broadest sense. Ethnographic studies of the field allow us to discover the impact of practices on (or in the construction of) a given cultural space or on other practices visible in the same space. This further helps us explore differences between these practices, along with their theoretical underpinnings, and those held by scholars in the same space. Data drawn from an ethnographic study of literary translators in the Netherlands and Belgium will be used to discuss some of the points outlined above.
Beyond “Eurocentrism”?
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: March 2014

This paper deals with the recurrent criticism in Translation studies in general and Anglophone Translation studies in particular that the discipline labors under a ‘Eurocentric’ bias. The author develops two arguments in relation to this. First, the charge of ‘Eurocentrism’ serves a number ends that have less to do with an actual desire to reach out to ‘non-Western’ discourses on translation (although the globalization of the discipline has definitely broadened the scope and concerns of translation scholars) than with a generation gap among translation scholars. Drawing on literature from the last two decades, the author argues that ‘Eurocentrism’ often functions as an asymmetrical counterconcept, in Reinhart Koselleck’s sense, which allows translation scholars to legitimize their scholarly project by investing it with a sense of urgency and political relevance. In a second step, the author argues that the rhetorical debate on ‘Eurocentrism’ often suffers from an overextension of identity claims, whereby translation processes are reduced to either an imposition of or reaction against hegemonic power structures. This focus on identity, however legitimate, may result in linguistic paternalism. To counteract this negative effect, the author calls for a revalorization of instrumentalist justifications of language use by drawing on linguistic justice theory, arguing that, following recent insights by political philosophers and contrary to the prevalent view held by translation scholars, when it comes to determining a just translation policy, (non-linguistic) instrumental concerns tend to override (intrinsic) identity concerns.
Recognizing sarcasm without language
Authors: Cheang Henry S. , Pell Marc D.
Published: March 2014

The goal of the present research was to determine whether certain speaker intentions conveyed through prosody in an unfamiliar language can be accurately recognized. English and Cantonese utterances expressing sarcasm, sincerity, humorous irony, or neutrality through prosody were presented to English and Cantonese listeners unfamiliar with the other language. Listeners identified the communicative intent of utterances in both languages in a crossed design. Participants successfully identified sarcasm spoken in their native language but identified sarcasm at near-chance levels in the unfamiliar language. Both groups were relatively more successful at recognizing the other attitudes when listening to the unfamiliar language (in addition to the native language). Our data suggest that while sarcastic utterances in Cantonese and English share certain acoustic features, these cues are insufficient to recognize sarcasm between languages; rather, this ability depends on (native) language experience.
The Gulf of Guinea Creoles
Authors: Hagemeijer Tjerk
Published: March 2014

Since Luis Ivens Ferraz’ work of the 1970s on the four Gulf of Guinea creoles, it has been generally accepted that we are dealing with closely related languages based on historical and linguistic data. However, Ferraz (1987: 348) considers that the Gulf of Guinea creoles share similarities because “(…) they grew up together, with slaves and settlers introduced through the central administration in São Tomé. Hence different languages developed in the archipelago rather than dialects of one contact language.” This paper will reassess the linguistic relation between the Gulf of Guinea creoles and the typological contribution of the African strata. It will be argued that there is indeed substantial linguistic evidence that the GGCs are the result of a common ancestor, a proto-Gulf of Guinea creole. Furthermore, since Ferraz (1979) it has generally been assumed that the substrate of the Gulf of Guinea creoles, in particular of Santome, is halfway Edo and Kongo. I will argue, against this claim by showing that most of the features that are shared by the GGCs or can be reconstructed to the proto-GGC relate to the Niger delta, and Edo in particular, whereas western Bantu languages only played a secondary or adstratal role.
Typology of creole phonology
Authors: Klein Thomas B.
Published: March 2014

This paper reports on the analysis of a typological database of creole phoneme inventories and surface syllables. The sample encompasses a balanced set of creole languages lexified by Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages. The results of the analysis demonstrate that most creole languages exhibit between twenty and thirty-seven contrastive segments, between five and seven phonemic vowel qualities, and between two and three stop series. No creoles show only CV, and many display CCVC surface syllables. These features are quite unremarkable in comparison with non-creole languages around the world, but they represent significant evidence against claims that the structure of creole languages is especially simple. Instead, creole languages cluster in the typological middle.
The typology of Caribbean Creole reduplication
Authors: Kouwenberg Silvia , LaCharité Darlene
Published: March 2014

Although many aspects of Creole languages remain relatively unexplored, the morphology of Creole languages has been especially neglected. This is largely because it is still widely believed that Creoles have very little in the way of morphology, even compared to an inflection-poor language such as English. Moreover, the morphology that Creoles do have is often assumed to be quite similar from one Creole language to another and is further thought to be predictable and transparent. However, there is an emerging body of research on Pidgin and Creole morphology showing that the hypothesis of semantic transparency and regularity in Creole morphology does not stand up to scrutiny.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the typological characteristics of morphological reduplication in Caribbean Creole (CC) languages, and to assess these characteristics against this background. To this purpose, we will examine reduplication in a sample of CC languages of different lexifiers (Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish), with respect to their form, semantics and distribution. Our research confirms that morphological reduplication is not uniform across these languages. Moreover, it shows that reduplication is surprisingly complex within a single language.
Short stories from foreign literatures in Portugália’s series Antologias Universais
Authors: Castagna Vanessa
Published: March 2014

In the 1940s and 1950s, Portugal saw an increase in the number of short story anthologies written by foreign authors and published by houses that played an important role in the popularization of translated literature, among which Portugália Editora stood out. Consistently with the approach typically used in translation descriptive studies, the aim of this paper is to focus on a case-study by analysing the series published by Portugália Editora during those twenty years, highlighting the following aspects: the existence of specific series of short story anthologies, the foreign literatures translated into Portuguese, the selection process, the direct or indirect translation from and into different languages, the presence of introductions or prefaces possibly written by the translators, any additional information given by the titles of the series, the presence of famous writers in the number of translators. Those elements can contribute to define the position of short story anthologies in the system of translated literature in Portugal and their possible implications in the formation of a literary canon.
The reception of science fiction and horror story anthologies in the last years of Francoist Spain
Authors: Gómez Castro Cristina
Published: March 2014

An official system of censorship was established during Franco’s dictatorship in Spain in order to control the cultural sphere in the country for the duration of the political regime. In the seventies, the publishing market consisted mainly of mass literature, and the translation of anthologies of science fiction narratives and horror stories from North America was an important part of this process. These stories originated as pulps, published with titles such as Weird Tales or Terror Tales, and it is a difficult task today to trace the English versions from which they were translated, mainly due to the fact that different tales by different authors are included in these magazines. The anthologies had to follow the same control procedures as other narrative material and were closely scrutinised regarding aspects such as sexual morals and language, two of the most controversial issues during the time of the dictatorship. Some of them encountered problems because of their depiction of sexually charged scenes or immoral attitudes. This article offers a brief depiction of the kind of anthologized material translated at the time, together with an examination of some of these files, with a descriptive aim in mind. Whether they were censored or authorised or not, the main objective of the publishers of these kinds of anthologies was achieved since, thanks to them, both genres became well known in the country and encouraged Spanish writers to engage in the production of similar material, in a process of pseudotranslation that confirms their importance in the recipient culture.
Censored discourse in anthologies and collections of the Far West
Authors: Camus-Camus Marie del Carmen
Published: March 2014

This paper explores Franco’s censorship of narratives of the Far West published in collections and anthologies. The study was based on a catalogue of 727 censorship files compiled for the Western genre, TRACEniO. 55% of the files corresponded to national popular Westerns (pseudotranslations) published in a standard format in mass-produced collections. The incidence of censorship of the collections was slightly lower than for the TRACEniO overall. Although anthologies of imported American Westerns translated into Spanish were not subjected to any form of cuts or modification under the official censorship procedure, a microtextual analysis of Haycox’s short story, Mrs. Benson, reveals that the translators and/or publishers resorted to self-censorship and applied similar techniques and criteria to those used by the official censors as revealed in the TRACEniO catalogue.
Why interpreting studies matters
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz
Published: March 2014

This paper takes up the theme of the Ljubljana EST Congress from the perspective of interpreting studies. The basic assumption that the existence of a distinct research community dedicated to the study of interpreting corresponds to an epistemological need is illustrated with regard to related work in psychology and sociology. On the assumption that the research output of interpreting scholars needs a ‘market’, interpreter education, professional practice, and institutional user contexts are examined as domains for which interpreting studies might matter. With special emphasis on community settings, the potential of interpreting research to shape social practices in relevant institutional contexts is discussed with reference to recent examples. Given the obstacles to interdisciplinary publication and impact, it is suggested that interpreting scholars need to invest also in ‘D’ (development) rather than ‘R’ if they wish their findings to matter to those who shape the social practices in which (community-based) interpreting is embedded.
Manipulating the matricial norms
Authors: Lindqvist Yvonne
Published: March 2014

The paper examines the “crime fiction boom” and the cultural spaces from which translated crime fiction originates within the Swedish cultural system. This introduction contextualizes the Swedish translation through comparison with the English and French translations of the Spanish crime novel La caverna de las ideas. The study draws on the polysystem theory approach (Even-Zohar 1990; Toury 1995, 1998) and the cultural sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu 1986, 1992a; Gouanvic 1997, 1999) in putting forward the hypothesis that the meta-textual elements in the novel will be translated differently, depending on the cultural system within which the translators perform their task. It is shown that the English translator manipulates the matricial norms of the source text to a higher extent than do the Swedish and French translators. Moreover, the paper examines some of the international consecration processes within the global literary space (Casanova 1999), which made it possible for the Somoza crime novel to reach the Swedish literary system by means of translation.
Getting the ACCENT right in Translation Studies
Authors: Williams Ian A.
Published: March 2014

This paper describes a methodological approach to Translation Studies, Application of Corpus-based Contrastive Evaluation for Natural Translation (ACCENT), which is particularly suitable for non-literary texts. The approach, which employs corpus techniques to create linguistic profiles based on collocation, colligation, semantic preference and semantic prosody, is illustrated in a study of first-person verb use in the Results sections of English and Spanish biomedical research articles. In the texts containing this feature, the frequency was significantly higher in Spanish than in English (92 versus 30; P = 0.002). In English, the main associated rhetorical function was to express a non-standard procedure or a personal methodological choice, whereas the main function in Spanish was to state a result, mainly through a perception verb. Comparison of English source texts with their Spanish target texts revealed direct transfer of the source language profile rather than adaptation to the target language profile. Strategic transfer options based on the linguistic profiles proved capable of correcting the differences observed between the corpora. It is concluded that Translation Studies using corpus and contrastive techniques not only yield valuable empirical data but also provide insights into discourse patterns that may go unnoticed in routine translation practice.
Effects of short intensive practice on interpreter trainees’ performance
Authors: Bartłomiejczyk Magdalena
Published: March 2014

The performance of ten interpreting students participating in a one-week practice programme in real conference conditions was measured using two tools established in research on interpreting: propositional accuracy scores and error analysis. These tools were applied to the students’ interpretations recorded in an experimental setting before and after the practice programme. The results suggest a slight average improvement in the students’ interpreting skills, yet none in their delivery. The study has some important practical implications on how the practice programme will be run in the future.
Corpora in translator training
Authors: Kunz Kerstin , Castagnoli Sara , Kübler Natalie
Published: March 2014

Within recent years, corpora have gained considerable importance in Translation Studies, and a number of studies have also appeared which show their value for translator training (e.g. Zanettin et al. 2003). However, results from a recent survey reveal that current practising and trainee translators still have insufficient awareness of corpora and expertise in using them to help in their translation workflow. In addition, while corpus linguistics courses are offered at some universities, no materials for self-learning are available to our knowledge: such materials might not only complement traditional courses, but would also be of special interest for professional translators, who are often under serious time constraints. This paper presents a free eLearning course on “Corpora for Translators” which has been developed by the EU-funded MeLLANGE project in an attempt to fill this gap. It deals with the use of corpora for different translation-related activities (e.g. source text analysis, translation proper, revision, terminology extraction) and is tailored to the needs of professional and trainee translators alike.
Interpreting Studies and psycholinguistics
Authors: Chmiel Agnieszka
Published: March 2014

Cognitive information processing has long been an area of interest for Interpreting Studies scholars. This paper discusses the interdisciplinary relation between Interpreting Studies (IS) and psycholinguistics as a source of a possible synergy effect and explains why Interpreting Studies matters not only to interpreters and interpreting researchers, but also to psycholinguists. First, the most significant contributions of psycholinguistics to interpreting research are identified, including in particular theoretical memory models and experimental methodology in mental lexicon studies. This is followed by an overview of the potential contribution of IS to psycholinguistics and bilingual studies. Conference interpreting is a unique case of bilingual/multilingual use of languages with more frequent code switching and greater inhibitory demands as compared to the non-interpreting use of language. Therefore, ‘bidirectional’ (A into B and B into A) and ‘unidirectional’ (C into A) interpreters and trainee interpreters are interesting experimental populations for mental lexicon studies and other cognitive studies. Finally, a progress report on COGSIMO, a research project aiming at leveraging the synergy of psycholinguistics and IS, will be presented. The project seeks to examine psycholinguistic processes and the skills of conference interpreting to establish efficient aptitude testing procedures for interpreter trainees based on cognitive predictors of success.