bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Asylum in Germany: International Norms and Domestic Politics
Authors: Bendix John , Steiner Niklaus
Published: October 2007

Although political asylum has been at the forefront of contemporary

German politics for over two decades, it has not been much discussed

in political science. Studying asylum is important, however,

because it challenges assertions in both comparative politics and

international relations that national interest drives decision-making.

Political parties use national interest arguments to justify claims that

only their agenda is best for the country, and governments argue

similarly when questions about corporatist bargaining practices arise.

More theoretically, realists in international relations have posited

that because some values “are preferable to others … it is possible to

discover, cumulate, and objectify a single national interest.” While

initially associated with Hans Morgenthau’s equating of national

interest to power, particularly in foreign policy, this position has

since been extended to argue that states can be seen as unitary rational

actors who carefully calculate the costs of alternative courses of

action in their efforts to maximize expected utility.
Wagner as a Problem
Authors: Cohen Mitchell
Published: October 2007

Der Fliegende Holländer by Richard Wagner, at the Teatro delle Opera di Roma (April 1997).

Der Ring des Nibelungen by Richard Wagner, at the Metropolitan Opera (New York, April-May 1997).

Der Ring des Nibelungen by Richard Wagner, at the Festspielhaus (Bayreuth, July-August 1995).

Tristan und Isolde by Richard Wagner, at the Festspielhaus (Bayreuth, July 1995).

Barry Millington, “Nuremberg Trial: Is there Anti-Semitism in DieMeistersinger?” Cambridge Opera Journal 3 (3 November 1991), pp. 247-260.

Cecelia Hopkins Porter, The Rhine as a Musical Metaphor: Cultural Identity in German Romantic Music (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996).

Frederic Spotts, Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994).

Michael Tanner, Wagner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Marc A. Weiner, Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995).
To be Forever Young? Towards Reframing Corporeal Subjectivity in Maturity
Authors: Schwaiger Liz
Published: October 2007

In this paper I examine the relationship between the body in midlife and subjectivity in contemporary western cultures, drawing on both social constructionist and psychoanalytic perspectives. Referring to recent theoretical accounts, I take the position that how we are aged by culture begins in midlife, and that this period is therefore critical in understanding how the body-subject in western consumer cultures is aged and gendered through culturally normative discourses and practices. I also address the gendering of ageing bodies, and argue that, like the feminine, ageing has been marked by ambiguity and lack. This ambiguity has presented a problem for dualistic age theories, in that it has been difficult to theorize the ageing body productively since the binary language used to theorize it already devalues old age. I contend that our tacit understanding of both male and female ageing bodies is as discursively constituted as ’feminine’, based on cultural perceptions of loss of bodily control and the ambiguity of ageing bodies that become increasingly recalcitrant in the ’correct’ performance of cultural age and gender norms. Finally, I inquire whether alternative, non-dualistic perspectives might be developed that redress this problem, and disrupt the alignment of ageing with negative associations such as lack and loss, perspectives that, rather than associating gendered ageing with decline, loss or lack, associate it with the goal of living an abundant life into deep old age.
The Complexity of Ageism. A Proposed Typology
Authors: Tornstam Lars
Published: October 2007

Comparing data from a contemporary (2002) study and a study from 1984, it was found that, now as then, people display seemingly contradictory constellations of attitudes toward old people. Large proportions of respondents, now as then, advocate more influence and space for the 65+ group, at the same time as many feel that no one in the parliament should be above the age of 65. This contradiction becomes intelligible when the conceptions of and behavioral dispositions toward old people are combined in a new proposed typology of ageism, which is the result of a study conducted in 2002 and reported in this article. This new typology includes the Pitying Positive, the No Fuzz, the Consistently Negative and the Consistently Positive. These types are empirically described, and use of the typology is exemplified by focusing on ageist attitudes toward parliament membership.
Theorizing and Social Gerontology
Authors: Bengtsson Vern
Published: October 2007

Theory is increasingly important in social gerontology. Thus it is gratifying to see the debut of a new journal that encourages theorizing about age and aging. The papers in Volume 1, number 1 of the International Journal of Ageing and Later Life reflect a concern for developing theory that is laudable. I hope that in the future researchers who submit manuscripts to IJAL and the reviewers who evaluate them will share this concern for building theory. This is because we are at a tipping point, a watershed, in the development of knowledge about the social and psychological dimensions of aging.
Changing Welfare States and the “Sandwich Generation” : Increasing Burden for the Next Generation?
Authors: Künemund Harald
Published: October 2007

The burden placed on individuals aged 40 to 59 – especially on women – by competing demands from work and both older and younger family members is often addressed using the metaphor of the “sandwich generation”. Based on a systematization of the definitions used in the literature, empirical evidence on the frequency of such generational constellations and on their impact on the well-being of sandwiched adults will be presented. Analysing the second wave of the German Aging Survey shows that being sandwiched – defined as a generational constellation – is very common, but simultaneous care activities for both older and younger family members are rare, especially in combination with labour force participation, and that life satisfaction is not systematically related to being sandwiched. Implications for further research and future developments will be discussed, especially with respect to changes in family structure (e.g. the beanpole family) and changes in the amount of welfare state spending for the aged.
Newspaper portrayals of health and illness among Canadian seniors : Who ages healthily and at what cost?
Authors: Rozanova Julia
Published: October 2007

While media representations of health and illness receive growing attention from researchers, few studies have considered the newspaper portrayals of health and illness among the elderly. Yet, print media are one vehicle through which governments, in a climate of concern about population aging and the sustainability of the social safety net, emphasize individual responsibility for health and well-being in later life. By praising healthy aging, the media may, perhaps inadvertently, perpetuate new ageist stereotypes that marginalize vulnerable adults who fail to age healthily, and downplay the role of social institutions and structural inequalities (particularly gender and socio-economic status) in influencing individuals’ personal resources and lifestyle choices. This paper explores whether, and if so, how the media represent interrelations between health and aging, through thematic analysis of a pool of articles about seniors published in The Globe and Mail in 2005.
Gender and Generational Continuity: Breadwinners, Caregivers and Pension Provision in the UK
Authors: Price Debora
Published: October 2007

The UK is considered a ’male breadwinner/female part-time carer’ state due to men and women conforming to stereotypical gender roles within partnerships, and welfare policies reflecting and reinforcing this gender division. Using data from the General Household Surveys 2001 and 2002, this article shows that mothers continue to be markedly disadvantaged in participating in the accumulation of pensions compared to women who have never had children. This is mostly because they take on caring roles at the expense of paid work, but also because where women earn much less than their partners, they are more likely to depend on them for pension provision. Female breadwinners are likely to be low earners, and so, in contrast with men, their status as “breadwinner” does not usually imply pension accumulation. Consideration of the impact of the institutional framework of pension provision requires an understanding of inequalities within couples and societal expectations of mothers’ caring responsibilities.
Gender Arrangements and Pension Systems in Britain and Germany : Tracing change over five decades
Authors: Meyer Traute , Pfau-Effinger Birgit
Published: October 2007

This paper studies the modernisation of gender arrangements and the restructuring of pension systems in the United Kingdom and Germany since the 1950s. We firstly aim to pinpoint the time when pension programmes were apt components of the ’strong breadwinner model’. Secondly, we explore the assumption that pension systems are tools of stratification, by comparing the ways in which the constraints and incentives of these pension systems have been in line with typical life courses of women. Our paper argues that the constraints and incentives of pensions have altered quite significantly over time and questions whether they have appropriately been characterised as components of strong breadwinner models over the long term. In the UK the pension system only supported the strong breadwinner model until the mid-1970s, whilst the German system never fully supported it. In addition, it is shown that the impact of pensions on women’s behaviour is relatively limited. At times, women’s lives were in accordance with the male breadwinner model, and they suffered high poverty risks despite having potential access to a more modern pension regime; during other periods, their employment choices were at odds with the strong directives issued by pension regulations to stay at home. This demonstrates the importance of taking other factors, such as cultural influences and other societal institutions into account when exploring the impact of social policies on citizens’ lives; but it also poses the question of whether pensions are really important building blocks of the breadwinner model.
IJAL – An Open Access Journal
Authors: Andersson Lars , Jönsson Håkan , Torres Sandra
Published: October 2007

Not available
Blind identification of sparse Volterra systems
Authors: Tan Hong‐Zhou , Huang Yihua , Fu Jian
Published: October 2007

This paper is concerned with blind identification for single‐input single‐output Volterra systems with finite order and memory with the second‐order and the third‐order statistics. For the full‐sized Volterra system (i.e. all its kernels are nonzero) excited by unknown independently and identically distributed stationary random sequences, it is shown that blind identifiability does not hold in the second‐order moment (SOM) and the third‐order moment (TOM) domain. However, under some sufficient conditions, a class of truncated sparse Volterra systems, where some kernels are restricted to being zero, can be identified blindly and more Volterra parameters can be estimated in TOM than in SOM. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomarkers of Mn exposure in humans
Authors: Smith Donald , Gwiazda Roberto , Bowler Rosemarie , Roels Harry , Park Robert , Taicher Christopher , Lucchini Roberto
Published: October 2007

Background

Studies have reported associations between manganese (Mn) exposures and Mn levels in blood and urine, though the suitability of these biological measures as biomarkers of exposure is not well known.

Methods

We evaluated whether whole blood, plasma, and urine Mn levels reflect exposures in occupationally exposed humans.

Results

In active ferroalloy workers, blood Mn was associated with total air Mn levels in subjects currently exposed to low (median = 0.42 μg/m3, P = 0.009) and moderate (median = 4.2 μg/m3, P = 0.007) air Mn levels, but not in workers exposed to the highest Mn levels (median = 292 μg/m3, P = 0.31). In bridge welders blood Mn (P < 0.01), but not plasma or urine Mn was significantly associated with their cumulative respiratory exposure index. In welders, ∼6% (range ∼3–9%) of whole blood Mn was contained in the plasma fraction, though there was no association between whole blood and plasma Mn levels (Pearson's R = 0.258, P = 0.12). In contrast, in fresh whole blood samples spiked with Mn ex vivo ∼80% or more of added Mn partitioned in the plasma, while only ∼20% or less partitioned in the cellular fraction.

Conclusions

These data suggest a complex and limited relationship between exposure and blood Mn levels that may depend upon exposure attributes and the latency of blood sampling relative to exposure; plasma and urine Mn appear to be of little utility as exposure biomarkers. This underscores the need to fully characterize and validate these or other biomarkers for use in constructing appropriate exposure metrics and determining exposure–effect relationships. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:801–811, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feeding strategy of François' langur and white‐headed langur at Fusui, China
Authors: Huang Chengming , Wu Hua , Zhou Qihai , Li Youbang , Cai Xiangwen
Published: October 2007

We investigated the diet of a group of François' langur inhabiting a forest fragment between August 2002 and July 2003 to add to our knowledge of behavior and ecology of this langur. Our objective was to study whether the François' langur would adopt a feeding strategy similar to the white‐headed langur in the same nature reserve. Data indicated that a total of 37 plant species were eaten by François' langur; however, only ten species accounted for 90% of the total feeding time. Four species belong to the ten most dominant tree species within the vegetation quadrats. Ninety‐four percent of feeding time of François' langur was spent on leaves, whereas the remaining 6% of time was spent on fruits, flowers and twigs. Results also demonstrated that François' langur are similar to white‐headed langur in being predominantly folivorous and that Francois' langur adopted a similar strategy to white‐headed langur in diet, dietary variation and time spent on feeding. François' langur exhibited a habitat use preference for the middle zone of the forest, whereas the white‐headed langur utilized the bottom zone of the forest. Further analysis indicates that human interference and habitat fragmentation caused by agriculture also impact habitat use. Am. J. Primatol. 70:320–326, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and reactivity of thiophene palladium and thiophene dipalladium complexes with unsaturated molecules
Authors: Hamad Elgazwy Abdel‐Sattar S.
Published: October 2007

Reactions of 2,5‐dibromothiophene, 1, with [Pd2(dba)3]•dba [Pd(dba)2; dba = dibenzylideneacetone] in the presence of N‐donor ligands such as 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) and 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dtbbpy) give arylpalladium complexes of cis‐[2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)PdBrL2], 2a, b [L2 = bpy (2a), L2 = dtbbpy (2b)], and cis‐cis‐L2PdBr[2,5‐(C4H2S‐)PdBr(L2)], 3a, b [L2 = bpy (3a), L2 = dtbbpy (3b)]. Treatment of cis complexes 2a, b and 3a, b with CO causes the insertion of CO into the PdC bond to give the aroyl derivatives of palladium complexes of cis‐[2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)COPdBrL2], 4a, b [L2 = bpy (4a), L2 = dtbbpy (4b)], and cis‐cis‐[(L2)(CO)BrPdC4H2S‐PdBr(CO)(L2)], 5a, b [L2 = bpy (5a) and L2 = dtbbpy (5b)], respectively. Treating complexes 2a, b with 1 mole equivalent of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) gave iminoacyl complexes cis‐[2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)CNXyPdBrL2], 6a, b [L2 = bpy (6a), L2 = dtbbpy (6b)], and a 3‐fold excess of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) gave triiminoacyl complexes [2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)(CNXy)3 PdBr], 7. Cyclization reactions of 6a, b with 3 mole equivalents of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) or cyclization reaction of 7 with 1 mole equivalent of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) both gave tetraiminoacyl complexes of [2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)(CNXy)4PdBr], 8, which was also obtained by the reaction of 1 or 2a, b with a 4‐fold excess of isocyanide XyNC with or without add Pd(dba)2. Similarly, complexes 3a and b were also reacted with 2 mole equivalents of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) to give iminoacyl complexes cis‐cis‐[(L2)(CNXy)BrPdC4H2S‐PdBr(CNXy)(L2)], 10a, b [L2 = bpy (10a), L2 = dtbbpy (10b)] and an 8‐fold excess of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) afforded tetraiminoacyl complexes of [2,5‐(C4H2S)(CNXy)8Pd2Br2], 11. Complexes 2a, b and 3a, b reacted with TlOTf [(TfO = CF3SO3)] in CH2Cl2 to give 9a, b and 12a, b, respectively, in a moderate yield. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approximate mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for the design of water reuse/recycle networks with minimum emergy
Authors: Tan R. R. , Foo D. C. Y. , Ng D. K. S. , Chiang C. L. , Hul S. , Ku‐Pineda V.
Published: October 2007

Recent trends in process engineering have placed increased emphasis on the design of inherently clean and efficient processes. For example, a wide range of pinch analysis and mathematical programming methods have been developed for designing schemes for water reuse/recycle in industrial plants for both grassroot design and plant retrofit. In the latter case, the conventional approach is to maximize water recovery and thereby minimize fresh water demand and effluent volume. However, it is possible that with such an approach the reductions in environmental impact brought about by saving water can be offset by other impacts arising from increased use of energy and materials in the plant after retrofit. This work presents a model for minimizing the total resource consumption impact of a water reuse/recycle network. The total impact is expressed in terms of emergy—a measure of cumulative solar energy inputs into a life cycle system. A simplified model is proposed that focuses on the impact contributions of water, electrical power and material for capital goods. Two case studies illustrate the approach. Results show that the network with the lowest total impact can be found by sacrificing water recovery for savings in energy and material use. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water pinch analysis evolution towards a holistic approach for water minimization
Authors: Manan Z. A. , Alwi S. R. Wan
Published: October 2007

This paper reviews the evolution in water pinch analysis (WPA) research and development efforts toward a holistic and sustainable management of water resources. The paper provides a critical review of the four key areas related to the development of WPA—setting the minimum water flow rate targets, network design to achieve the targets, improvement of water networks through process change techniques and design of cost‐effective water networks. The current gaps in WPA research, the role of the urban water pinch and the holistic minimum water network technique in bridging the water pinch technology gaps are the highlights of the paper. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐carboxylic Analogues of Naproxen: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of some 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole/Thiadiazole and 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives
Authors: Amir Mohammad , Kumar Harish , Javed Sadique A.
Published: October 2007

A series of substituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (2–7 and 14–19), 1,2,4‐triazole (20–25), and 1,3,4‐thiadiazole (26–31) derivatives of naproxen have been synthesized by cyclization of 2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)propanoic acid hydrazide 1 and N1[2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl) propanoyl]‐N4‐alkyl/aryl‐thiosemicarbazides (8–13) under various reaction conditions. All the compounds were screened for their anti‐inflammatory activity by carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema test method. Compounds showing high anti‐inflammatory activity were also tested for their analgesic, ulcerogenic, and lipid peroxidation. Few of the synthesized compounds showed significant anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities along with reduced ulcerogenic effect and lipid peroxidation.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel E‐2‐(2‐Thienyl)‐ and Z‐2‐(3‐Thienyl)‐3‐Arylacrylonitriles as Antifungal and Anticancer Agents
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Cobo Débora , Insuasty Braulio , Abonía Rodrigo , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo , Vásquez Yelkaira , Gupta Mahabir , Derita Marcos , Zacchino Susana
Published: October 2007

A series of 3‐aryl‐2‐(2‐thienyl)acrylonitriles 7 and 3‐aryl‐2‐(3‐thienyl)acrylonitriles 8 were synthesized by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes 6 with 2‐ and 3‐thienylacetonitriles 4 and 5, and evaluated for antifungal and cytotoxic activities against a panel of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi and three different cancer cell lines, respectively.
Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Pyrazol‐5‐one under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zahran Magdy A.‐H. , El‐Essawy Farag A‐A. , Yassin Salah M. , Salem Tarek A‐R. , Boshta Nader M.
Published: October 2007

New heterocyclic compounds containing pyrazol‐5‐one coupled with benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, naphthyridin, and pyrazole were synthesized. Comparative investigations to synthesize these interesting classes of heterocyclic compounds through conventional heating or under microwave‐irradiation conditions were presented. Synthesized compounds 1a, 2a, 4k, 3a, c, 5a, b, 6b, 7a, b, d, 8a, and 9a were evaluated for their antitumor activity. Some of these compounds exhibited promising antitumor activity.
The new acyl‐CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor SMP‐797 does not interact with statins via OATP1B1 in human cryopreserved hepatocytes and oocytes expressing systems
Authors: Kitamura Atsushi , Imai Satoki , Yabuki Masashi , Komuro Setsuko
Published: October 2007

It is possible that SMP‐797 will be administered frequently in combination with statins to hyperlipidemic patients. OATP1B1 is thought to be the major transporter that mediates the hepatic uptake of statins. This study investigated whether SMP‐797 interacts with statins via OATP1B1 by two approaches. Firstly, the effects of SMP‐797 on OATP1B1‐mediated uptake of estrone‐3‐sulfate (ES) by human hepatocytes and by oocytes expressing OATP1B1 were examined. Since OATP1B1‐mediated uptake of ES is known to be biphasic (high‐ and low‐affinity sites), concentrations of [3H]ES were set lower than the respectiveKmvalues. Two representative statins were used to assure that statins share OATP1B1 with [3H]ES in thisin vitrosystem. Rosuvastatin inhibited OATP1B1‐mediated uptake of [3H]ES through both sites and pravastatin inhibited a high‐affinity site. The inhibition by the positive control (cyclosporin A) was significant. Thus, it is considered that this system was applicable to examine drug–drug interaction with statins on OATP1B1‐mediated uptake. In this condition, no apparent inhibition to each site by SMP‐797 was observed up to a concentration 3000‐fold higher than the clinical level. Secondly, the uptake of [14C]SMP‐797 by oocytes expressing OATP1B1 was examined and the activity was negligible. In conclusion, these data suggest that SMP‐797 has little potential to interact with statins on OATP1B1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Proteins: Selection, Binding Studies and Molecular Modeling of Antibodies with Affinity towards Hydrophobic BINOL Derivatives
Authors: Rasmussen Brian Schou , Pedersen Jan Mondrup , Sørensen Jesper , Egebjerg Janni , Schiøtt Birgit , Mortensen Kim Kusk , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: October 2007

In this paper, the initial steps towards the design of novel artificial metalloenzymes that exploit proteins as a second coordination sphere for traditional metal–ligand catalysis are described. Phage display was employed to select and study antibody fragments capable of recognizing hydrophobic BINOL derivatives designed to mimic BINAP, a widely used ligand in asymmetric metal‐catalyzed reactions. The binding affinities of the selected antibodies towards a series of haptens were evaluated by using ELISA assays. A homology model of one of the most selective antibodies was constructed, and a computer‐assisted ligand‐docking study was carried out to elucidate the binding of the hapten. It was shown that, due to the hydrophobic nature of the haptens, a higher level of theoretical treatment was required to identify the correct binding modes. A small selection of the antibodies was found to discriminate between enantiomers and small structural modifications of the BINOL derivatives. The selectivities arise from hydrophobic interactions, and we propose that the identified set of antibodies provides a foundation for a novel route to artificial metalloenzymes.
Towards Configurationally Stable [4]Helicenes: Enantioselective Synthesis of 12‐Substituted 7,8‐Dihydro[4]helicene Quinones
Authors: Carreño M. Carmen , Enríquez Álvaro , García‐Cerrada Susana , Sanz‐Cuesta M. Jesús , Urbano Antonio , Maseras Feliu , Nonell‐Canals Alfons
Published: October 2007

The synthesis of enantiopure C‐12 methoxy‐ or alkyl‐substituted 5,7,8,12b‐tetrahydro[4]helicene quinones 16 and 17 and the 7,8‐dihydroaromatic analogues 4 and 5 has been achieved from (SS)‐2‐(p‐tolylsulfinyl)‐1,4‐benzoquinone. In the first series, with a structure containing both central and helical chiralities, the R absolute configuration of the stereogenic carbon atom was defined after the asymmetric cycloaddition step, whereas the P or M helicity was shown to be dependent on the nature of the C‐12 substituent. The size of this group was also defining the configurational stability of the final (P)‐7,8‐dihydro[4]helicene quinones 4 and 5. The interconversion barriers between the P and M helimers in the latter, computed with a DFT B3LYP method, matched well with the experimentally observed stability. Our study provided evidence that, in addition to steric effects, a small but significant role of electronic effects is governing the configurational stability of such helical quinones.
Metal‐Catalysed Oxidation Processes in Thiosemicarbazones: New Complexes with the Ligand N‐{2‐([4‐N‐Ethylthiosemicarbazone]methyl)phenyl}‐p‐toluenesulfonamide
Authors: Pedrido Rosa , Romero María J. , Bermejo Manuel R. , González‐Noya Ana M. , García‐Lema Iria , Zaragoza Guillermo
Published: October 2007

The coordination behaviour of a new thiosemicarbazone Schiff‐base building block, N‐{2‐([4‐N‐ethylthiosemicarbazone]methyl)phenyl}‐p‐toluenesulfonamide, H2L1 (1), incorporating a bulky tosyl group, towards MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, CdII, AgI, SnII, and PbII has been investigated by means of an electrochemical preparative procedure. Most metal complexes of L1 have the general formula [M(L1)]2⋅nX (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb; n=0–4, X=H2O or CH3CN), as confirmed by the structure of [Pb(L1)]2 (15), in which the lone pair on lead is stereochemically active. This lead(II) complex shows an intense fluorescence emission with a quantum yield of 0.13. In the case of silver, the complex formed was found to possess a stoichiometry of [Ag2(L1)]2⋅3 H2O. During reactions with manganese and copper metals, interesting catalysed processes have been found to take place, with remarkable consequences regarding the ligand skeleton structure. In synthesising the manganese complex, we obtained an unexpected dithiolate thiosemicarbazone tosyl ligand, H2L2, as a side‐product, which has been fully characterised, including by X‐ray diffraction analysis. In the case of copper, the solid complex has the formula [CuL1]2, but the crystallised product shows the copper atoms coordinated to a new cyclised thiosemicarbazone ligand, H2L3, as in the structures of the complexes [Cu(L3)]2⋅CH3CN (8) and [Cu(L3)(H2O)]2⋅CH3CN⋅H2O (9). The zinc complex [Zn(L1)]4 (12) displays a particular tetranuclear zeolite‐type structure capable of hosting small molecules or ions, presumably through hydrogen bonding.
On the Origin of the Stereoselectivity in Organocatalysed Reactions with Trimethylsilyl‐Protected Diarylprolinol
Authors: Dinér Peter , Kjærsgaard Anne , Lie Mette Alstrup , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: October 2007

The origin of the enantioselectivity in the TMS‐protected (TMS=trimethylsilyl) prolinol‐catalysed α‐heteroatom functionalisation of aldehydes has been investigated by using density functional theory calculations. Eight different reaction paths have been considered which are based on four different conformers of the TMS‐protected prolinol–enamine intermediate. Optimisation of the enamine structures gave two intermediates with nearly the same energy. These intermediates both have an E configuration at the CC bond and the double bond is positioned anti or syn, relative to the 2‐substituent in the pyrrolidine ring. For the four intermediates, the chiral TMS‐protected‐diaryl substituent effectively shields one of the faces of the reacting CC bond in the enamine intermediate. A number of transition states have been calculated for the enantioselective fluorination by N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) and based on the transition‐state energies it has been found that the enantioselectivity depends on the orientation of the CC bond, being anti or syn, relative to the 2‐substituent on the pyrrolidine ring, rather than the approach of the electrophilic fluorine to the face of the reacting carbon atom in the enamine which is less shielded relative to the face with the highest shielding. The calculated enantiomeric excess of 96 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess) for the fluorination reaction corresponds well with the experimentally found enantiomeric excess—97 % ee. The transition state for the α‐amination reaction with the same type of intermediate has also been calculated by using diethyl azodicarboxylate as the amination reagent. The implication of the intermediate structures on the stereoselection of α‐functionalisation of aldehydes is discussed.
Determination of absolute configuration of conformationally flexible cis‐dihydrodiol metabolites: Effect of diene substitution pattern on the circular dichroism spectra and optical rotations
Authors: Kwit Marcin , Sharma Narain D. , Boyd Derek R. , Gawronski Jacek
Published: October 2007

Absolute configurations of a number of cis‐dihydrodiols (cis‐1,2‐dihydroxy‐3,5‐cyclohexadienes), synthetically useful products of TDO‐catalyzed dihydroxylations of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐disubstituted benzene derivatives, have been determined by a comparison of calculated and experimental CD spectra and optical rotations and by methods involving X‐ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectra of diastereoisomeric derivatives, and by stereochemical correlations. The computations disclosed a significant effect of the substituents on conformational equilibria of cis‐dihydrodiols and chiroptical properties of individual conformers. The assigned absolute configurations of cis‐dihydrodiols have allowed the validity of a simple predictive model for TDO‐catalyzed arene dihydroxylations to be extended. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral doping of nematic phases and its application to the determination of absolute configuration
Authors: Pieraccini Silvia , Ferrarini Alberta , Spada Gian Piero
Published: October 2007

Doping nematic liquid crystals with nonracemic chiral compounds induces a twisted nematic (cholesteric) phase. The ability of solutes to twist the nematic phase may be related to the overall shape of the chiral dopant and consequently to its absolute configuration. The cholesteric induction is therefore a powerful tool complementary to chiroptical techniques to obtain stereochemical information on chiral molecules. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral mono and diamide derivatives of calix[4]arene for enantiomeric recognition of chiral amines
Authors: Kocabas Erdal , Durmaz Mustafa , Alpaydin Sabri , Sirit Abdulkadir , Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: October 2007

Novel chiral mono and diamide derivatives of calix[4]arene have been prepared from the aminolysis reaction of 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐diethoxycarbonyl‐methoxy‐26,28‐dihydroxycalix[4]arene 1 and 25,27‐diethoxycarbonyl‐methoxy‐26,28‐dihydroxycalix[4]arene 2 with chiral (S)‐(−)‐1‐phenylethylamine (PEA) and (1S,2S)‐(+)‐2‐amino‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3‐propanediol, respectively. Spectrophotometric titrations have been performed in CHCl3 at 20–30°C in order to obtain the binding constants (K) and the thermodynamic quantities (ΔH and ΔS) for the stoichiometric 1:1 inclusion complexation of various chiral amines with these new host compounds. Preliminary experiments were undertaken to confirm the complexation properties of receptors 9 and 13 with PEA by 1H NMR in CDCl3 at room temperature. The molecular recognition abilities and enantioselectivities for guests (R and S)‐α‐PEA and (R and S)‐cyclohexylethylamine (CHEA) are discussed from a thermodynamic point of view. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disentangling the effects of race on breast cancer treatment
Authors: Banerjee Mousumi , George Julie , Yee Cecilia , Hryniuk William , Schwartz Kendra
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

African Americans (AA) have higher mortality from breast cancer compared with white Americans (WA). Studies using population‐based cancer registries have attributed this to disparities in treatment after normalizing the AA and WA populations for differences in disease stage. However, those studies were hampered by lack of comorbidity data and limited information about systemic treatments. The objective of the current study was to investigate racial disparities in breast cancer treatment by conducting a comprehensive medical records review of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer at the Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) in Detroit, Michigan.

METHODS.

The study cohort consisted of 651 women who were diagnosed with primary breast cancer between 1990 and 1996 at KCI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis controlling for sociodemographic factors, tumor characteristics, comorbidities, and health insurance status was used to assess whether there were differences between WA and AA in the receipt of breast‐conserving surgery (BCS), radiation, tamoxifen, and chemotherapy.

RESULTS.

There was no significant difference between WA and AA in the receipt of BCS versus mastectomy. Patients with local‐stage disease who were enrolled in government insurance plans underwent mastectomy more often (vs BCS plus radiation) compared with patients who were enrolled in nongovernment plans. The rates of receipt of tamoxifen and chemotherapy were similar for local‐stage WA and local‐stage AA. However, WA were more likely to receive tamoxifen and/or chemotherapy for regional‐stage disease. Married women with regional disease were more likely to receive chemotherapy than nonmarried women.

CONCLUSIONS.

The results from this study may be used to target educational interventions to improve the use of adjuvant therapies among AA women who have regional‐stage disease. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Advantages of a semi‐analytical approach for the analysis of an evolving structure with contacts
Authors: Denoël V.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a semi‐analytical approach for the evolution analysis of a beam into given boundaries. The analytical description of contact locations, contact forces and beam deflections results in an exact modelling of the phenomenon (no penetration allowed). Despite the apparent complexity of the problem, the analytical relations leading to two‐point boundary and integro‐restrained differential equations are formally written. An iterative resolution of these equations is adopted by converting the problem into a single‐point boundary value one. Due to a proper selection of the global unknowns, namely the contact forces and their locations, the proposed method is particularly efficient in the context of evolving structures. The resolution is illustrated on a simple example, and comparisons with the finite element method are given as persuasive arguments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Spectroscopic Characterization of Rectifying Molecular Monolayers Self‐Assembled on Gold
Authors: Girlando Alberto , Sissa Cristina , Terenziani Francesca , Painelli Anna , Chwialkowska Anna , Ashwell Geoffrey J.
Published: October 2007

We report visible, Raman, and infrared spectra of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed by the donor‐(π‐bridge)‐acceptor chromophore, Z‐β‐[N‐(ω‐acetylthioalkyl)‐4‐quinolinium]‐α‐cyano‐4‐styryldicyanomethanide (CH3CO‐S‐CnH2n‐Q3CNQ where n=8, 10), on gold‐coated substrates. The data are compared with the spectra collected for the same compound in solution and in the solid state, and with those obtained for a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayer of C16H33‐Q3CNQ deposited on gold. Spectral analysis confirms that in solution, in the solid state and in the LB film the chromophore has a zwitterionic (D+‐π‐A−) ground state. At variance with this well‐known result, our data show that in SAMs deposited on gold the chromophore has a more neutral, quinoid ground state. We relate this difference to the different packing of the molecules in the two different films: in SAMs in fact the chromophores stand almost vertical with respect to the substrate, whereas in LB films they make an angle of about 45 degrees. The Q3CNQ molecule is a well‐known molecular rectifier, and for SAMs we were able to check the direction of electron flow at forward bias on the same samples that have been characterized spectroscopically, shedding light on the rectification mechanism.
Growth and characterization of succinic acid single crystals
Authors: Krishnan S. , Raj C. Justin , Robert R. , Ramanand A. , Das S. Jerome
Published: October 2007

Single crystals of ferroelectric succinic acid were grown from aqueous solution by low temperature solution growth technique. The cell parameters and space group are found using powder X‐ray diffraction analysis. The presence of the functional groups has been estimated qualitatively by FTIR analysis. The UV‐Visible spectrum shows the cut‐off wavelength at 240 nm. The thermal stability of the crystal was studied by TG/DTA. The dielectric constant of the crystal studied as a function of frequency shows the pyroelectric property. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Subcutaneous tumor seeding following needle core biopsy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Rowe Leslie R. , Mulvihill Sean J. , Emerson Lyska , Gopez Evelyn V.
Published: October 2007

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic tumor and one of the most common cancers worldwide. At present, there are two widely used and accepted methods for obtaining diagnostic material for establishing the likelihood of malignancy in a hepatic mass, namely fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and needle core biopsy (NCB). In recent years, however, tumor cell seeding along the needle tract has been shown to be a risk associated with using these procedures to obtain a pathologic diagnosis. We report a case of a patient who presented with a nodule in the anterior abdominal wall at the expected location of the previous NCB tract. FNA biopsy of the abdominal wall lesion confirmed the presence of malignant cells consistent with HCC. The finding of tumor seeding within a NCB tract raises the question of the role of NCB in the diagnostic workup of focal liver lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:717–721. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative analysis of core needle biopsy and fine‐needle aspiration cytology in the evaluation of palpable and mammographically detected suspicious breast lesions
Authors: Garg Shailja , Mohan Harsh , Bal Amanjit , Attri A. K. , Kochhar Suman
Published: October 2007

The present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of needle core biopsy (NCB) of the breast with fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in breast lesions (palpable and non‐palpable) in the Indian set‐up, along with the assessment of tumor grading with both the techniques. Fifty patients with suspicious breast lesions were subjected to simultaneous FNAC and ultrasound‐guided NCB following an initial mammographic evaluation. Cases were categorized into benign, benign with atypia, suspicious and malignant groups. In cases of infiltrating duct carcinomas, grading was performed on cytological smears as well as on NCB specimens. Both the techniques were compared, and findings were correlated with radiological and excision findings. Out of 50 cases, 18 were found to be benign and 32 malignant on final pathological diagnosis. Maximum number of patients with benign diagnosis was in the fourth decade (42.11%) and malignant diagnosis in the fourth as well as fifth decade (35.48% each). Sensitivity and specificity of mammography for the diagnosis of malignancy was 84.37% and 83.33%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of FNAC for malignant diagnosis was 78.15% and 94.44%, respectively, and of NCB was 96.5% and 100%, respectively. But NCB had a slightly higher specimen inadequacy rate (8%). NCB improved diagnostic categorization over FNAC by 18%. Tumor grading in cases of IDC showed high concordance rate between NCB and subsequent excision biopsy (94.44%) but low concordance rate between NCB and FNAC (59.1%). NCB is superior to FNAC in the diagnosis of breast lesions in terms of sensitivity, specificity, correct histological categorization of the lesions as well as tumor grading. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:681–689. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: Radiologic and pathologic correlation in four cases
Authors: Mercado Cecilia L. , Toth Hildegard K. , Axelrod Deborah , Cangiarella Joan
Published: October 2007

Benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast is a rare tumor in which the cytologic findings have been described in only a few cases. While benign, the imaging and pathologic features may be mistaken for malignancy. We report the aspiration biopsy findings in four cases of adenomyoepithelioma with radiologic and histologic correlation. Cytopathologists should familiarize themselves with this entity to avoid a misdiagnosis of carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:690–694. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of myxoid liposarcoma metastatic to the liver: Cytomorphologic and cytogenetic features
Authors: Elwood Hillary , Parwani Anil , Cai Guoping
Published: October 2007

Myxoid liposarcoma has characteristic cytomorphological features and carries a specific cytogenetic abnormality. Here we describe a case of myxoid liposarcoma metastatic to the liver, which was diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. The aspirate smears revealed numerous oval to round tumor cells embedded in a myxoid background admixed with arborizing capillary vasculature. Some of the tumor cells showed adipocytic differentiation and a few lipoblasts were present. A fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis using CHOP break apart probe 12q13 demonstrated the presence of chromosomal translocation involving the CHOP gene, confirming the diagnosis. The case illustrates that cytomorphological evaluation with a targeted cytogenetic study can render a definite diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma via fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:734–737. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Thermal Stabilities, and Magnetic and Luminescent Properties of 3D Heterometal Phosphonates: NaM[O3PCH(OH)CO2] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Zn)
Authors: Lai Zhuzhi , Fu Ruibiao , Hu Shengmin , Wu Xintao
Published: October 2007

Four heterometal 2‐hydroxyl(phosphono)carboxylates,NaM[O3PCH(OH)CO2] [M = Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3), Zn (4)], were synthesized hydrothermally. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data reveal that they are isostructural and crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with a = 10.1365(16)–10.4557(5) Å, b = 9.6890(9)–9.8265(4) Å, c = 10.7942(19)–10.9353(1) Å, V = 1060.2(3)–1123.22(7) Å3, and Z = 8. Each [MO6] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Zn) octahedron contacts three neighboring [NaO5] pyramids through two edges and one corner to form a Na/MO layer. The layers are further connected by O3PCH(OH)CO23– groups into an interesting 3D heterometallic framework. Thermogravimetric and powder X‐ray diffraction analysis indicate that solids 1–4 are thermally stable up to 350, 250, 340, and 350 °C, respectively. Magnetic measurements show the presence of antiferromagnetic interaction for MII ions (M = Mn, Fe, Co) in compounds 1–3. These solids exhibit bright cyan (for 1, 2, and 4) or purple (for 3) luminescence after induced by fluorescent whitener, and the luminescence can be irreversibly transformed into bright yellow (for 1 and 4) or red (for 3) simply by annealing treatment at 300 °C.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Benzylideneruthenium Complexes Bearing Pyridine‐Based Ligands and Their Influence on the Formation of Mono‐ or Bis(pyridine) Complexes
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Zhen , He Ren , Zhang Rong
Published: October 2007

Benzylideneruthenium complexes bearing the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand 1,3‐bis(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene (H2IMe) and one or two pyridine‐based ligands have been prepared by treating [RuCl2(=CHPh)(H2IMe)(PPh3)] with the corresponding pyridine derivative. X‐ray crystallographic and mass spectrometric evidence is used to investigate the interconversion between mono‐ and bis(pyridine) complexes and the influence of the pyridine ligand on the formation of these complexes. The catalytic activity of these complexes has been tested in the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of diallylmalononitrile and the cross metathesis (CM) reaction of acrylonitrile with terminal olefins.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cross‐Enyne and Ring‐Closing Metathesis Cascade: A Building‐Block Approach Suitable for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Macroheterocycles with Amino Acid Scaffolds
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Singh Kuldeep
Published: October 2007

Suitably functionalized glycine derivatives undergo a cross‐enyne and ring‐closing metathesis cascade to generate macroheterocyclic ring systems in good yield. These macrocycles, prepared on the basis of a fragment coupling strategy, consist of 13–16‐membered rings. To this end, 1,5‐hexadiene was found to be a promising cross‐coupling partner to generate macrocycles by this tandem metathesis sequence.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Appraisal ratings in diary reports of reasonable and unreasonable anger
Authors: Parkinson Brian , Roper Alison , Simons Gwenda
Published: October 2007

Forty‐eight undergraduate students completed diaries reporting on up to five episodes of anger experienced over the course of a week. Ratings of motivational relevance, motivational incongruence and other‐accountability appraisals were significantly lower for relatively less reasonable instances of anger. Multilevel modelling confirmed that rated reasonableness of anger was a significant continuous predictor of the same three appraisal dimensions, even after controlling for reported anger. These results extend earlier findings obtained using retrospective questionnaires, suggesting that reportable other‐blame‐related appraisals are generally weaker when anger is perceived as unreasonable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.