bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wages and Welfare
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: September 2018

As Russia’s firms got more productive, living standards shot up. For one thing, companies started offering far more variety. The consumer paradise that advocates of a market economy had promised long-suffering Russians finally arrived.
At the same time, higher productivity meant higher wages. Real wages increased every year of Putin’s presidency until 2014, averaging 15% per year from 2000 to 2008. At the same time, higher tax collection let the government boost pension payouts, helping older Russians, almost all of whom relied on state pensions as their primary source of retirement income. Yet higher pensions did not augur the return of an extensive welfare state, as the government eliminated many benefits. At the same time, the government kept labor protections weak, and Russia’s labor market continues to be far more flexible than many other European countries. Encouraged by his liberal economic advisers, Putin has implemented economically orthodox welfare and labor market policies, earning solid marks from the IMF. The tremendous wage growth of the 2000s, however, meant that most Russians were happy to ignore weak social protections in exchange for an ever-expanding paycheck.
Operating at Full Tilt, 1958–1968
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

Efforts to modernize the agricultural sector and address the Farm Problem were ramped up in the early 1960s with the introduction of the Orientation Laws. In particular, the newly created Société d'aménagement foncier et d'établissement rural (SAFER) promised to improve upon remembrement and make it easier for farmers to improve their holdings. This organization, however, proved to be highly controversial and many farmers argued that the SAFER was abusing its power to intervene in the real estate market. Both major farm unions, the Fédération nationale des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles (FNSEA) and the Centre national des jeunes agriculteurs (CNJA), joined the fray, alternatively defending and challenging the power of the SAFER. The inauguration of the European Economic Community heightened these tensions as foreign member-state buyers entered the French market in farmland, driving up prices and threatening French sovereignty.
Tilting at the Windmills of Modernization, 1958–1968
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

As state efforts at agricultural industrialization increased, the network of organic farming continued to expand and the first national organic organizations were established. As the movement grew, however, it also splintered. Raoul Lemaire and André Louis moved in different directions and gave rise to two separate national organizations: the Association française d'agriculture biologique (AFAB) and Nature et Progrès. Under Lemaire, organic farming was commercialized through the Lemaire-Boucher Method, while Louis appealed more to anti-capitalist leftists, like Pierre Rabhi, who were beginning to move back to the land.
Greening the Mainstream, 1968–1980
Authors: Bivar Venus
Published: September 2018

The success of the productivity drive led to surplus problems by the end of the 1960s. French and European policy makers demanded even greater efficiencies, largely by way of farming less land and moving into high-value low-output niche production. The simultaneous rise of environmentalism justified the removal of land from production. By the 1970s, the SAFER was overseeing the creation of nature reserves and recreational areas, while new guidelines for remembrement required environmental planning. High-value low-output production was not only adopted by the mainstream. As part of the growing counter-cultural movement, urban youth moved to the countryside to farm. As niche markets grew, thanks to a growing demand from consumers for a greener world, the Ministry of Agriculture took notice. Along with the new Fédération nationale d'agriculture biologique (FNAB), the Ministry created official standards for organic production, institutionalizing a movement that had spent several decades at the margins.
Cleaning up our water: reducing interferences from nonhomogeneous freezing of “pure” water in droplet freezing assays of ice-nucleating particles
Authors: Polen Michael , Brubaker Thomas , Somers Joshua , Sullivan Ryan C.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Droplet freezing techniques (DFTs) have been used for half a century to
measure the concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere
and determine their freezing properties to understand the effects of INPs on
mixed-phase clouds. The ice nucleation community has recently adopted droplet
freezing assays as a commonplace experimental approach. These droplet
freezing experiments are often limited by contamination that causes
nonhomogeneous freezing of the “pure” water used to generate the droplets
in the heterogeneous freezing temperature regime that is being measured.
Interference from the early freezing of water is often overlooked and not
fully reported, or measurements are restricted to analyzing the more
ice-active INPs that freeze well above the temperature of the background
water. However, this avoidance is not viable for analyzing the freezing
behavior of less active INPs in the atmosphere that still have potentially
important effects on cold-cloud microphysics. In this work we review a number
of recent droplet freezing techniques that show great promise in reducing these
interferences, and we report our own extensive series of measurements using
similar methodologies. By characterizing the performance of different
substrates on which the droplets are placed and of different pure water
generation techniques, we recommend best practices to reduce these
interferences. We tested different substrates, water sources, droplet
matrixes, and droplet sizes to provide deeper insight into what methodologies
are best suited for DFTs. Approaches for analyzing droplet freezing
temperature spectra and accounting and correcting for the background “pure”
water control spectrum are also presented. Finally, we propose experimental
and data analysis procedures for future homogeneous and heterogeneous ice
nucleation studies to promote a more uniform and reliable methodology that
facilitates the ready intercomparison of ice-nucleating particles measured by
DFTs.
Examining the evidence for sustained transpiration during heat
extremes
Authors: De Kauwe Martin G. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Pitman Andrew J. , Drake John E. , Ukkola Anna , Griebal Anne , Pendall Elise , Prober Suzanne , Roderick Michael
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Recent experimental evidence suggests that during heat extremes, wooded ecosystems may decouple photosynthesis and transpiration: reducing photosynthesis to near zero but increasing transpiration into the boundary layer. This feedback may act to dampen, rather than amplify, heat extremes in wooded ecosystems. We examined eddy-covariance databases (OzFlux and FLUXNET2015) to identify whether there was field-based evidence to support these experimental findings. We focused on two types of heat extremes: (i) the three days leading up to a temperature extreme, defined as including a daily maximum temperature > 37 °C (similar to the widely used TXx metric) and (ii) heatwaves, defined as three or more consecutive days above 35 °C. When focussing on (i), we found some evidence of reduced photosynthesis and sustained or increased latent heat fluxes in seven Australian evergreen wooded flux sites. However, when considering the role of vapour pressure deficit and focusing on (ii), we were unable to conclusively disentangle the decoupling between photosynthesis and latent heat flux from the effect of increasing vapour pressure deficit. Outside of Australia, the Tier-1 FLUXNET2015 database provided limited scope to tackle this issue as it does not sample sufficient high temperature events with which to probe the physiological response of trees to extreme heat. Thus, further work is required to determine whether this photosynthetic decoupling occurs widely, ideally by matching experimental species with those found at eddy-covariance towers sites. Such measurements would allow this decoupling mechanism to be probed experimentally and at the ecosystem scale. Transpiration during heatwaves remains a key issue to resolve, as no land surface model includes a decoupling mechanism, and any potential dampening of the land-atmosphere amplification is thus not included in climate model projections.
Towards high-resolution climate reconstruction using an off-line data assimilation and COSMO-CLM 5.00 model
Authors: Fallah Bijan , Russo Emmanuele , Acevedo Walter , Mauri Achille , Becker Nico , Cubasch Ulrich
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) methods have been used recently to constrain the
climate model forecasts by paleo-proxy records. Both DA and climate models
are computationally very expensive. Moreover, in paleo-DA, the time step of
consequence for observations is usually too long for a dynamical model to
follow the previous analysis state and the chaotic behavior of the model
becomes dominant. The majority of recent paleoclimate studies using DA have
performed low- or intermediate-resolution global simulations along with an
“off-line” DA approach. In an off-line DA, the re-initialization cycle is
completely removed after the assimilation step. In this paper, we design a
computationally affordable DA to assimilate yearly pseudo-observations and
real observations into an ensemble of COSMO-CLM high-resolution regional
climate model (RCM) simulations over Europe, for which the ensemble members
slightly differ in boundary and initial conditions. Within a perfect model
experiment, the performance of the applied DA scheme is evaluated with
respect to its sensitivity to the noise levels of pseudo-observations. It was
observed that the injected bias in the pseudo-observations linearly impacts
the DA skill. Such experiments can serve as a tool for the selection of proxy
records, which can potentially reduce the state estimation error when they
are assimilated. Additionally, the sensitivity of COSMO-CLM to the boundary
conditions is addressed. The geographical regions where the model exhibits
high internal variability are identified. Two sets of experiments are
conducted by averaging the observations over summer and winter. Furthermore,
the effect of the spurious correlations within the observation space is
studied and a optimal correlation radius, within which the observations are
assumed to be correlated, is detected. Finally, the pollen-based
reconstructed quantities at the mid-Holocene are assimilated into the RCM and
the performance is evaluated against a test dataset. We conclude that the DA
approach is a promising tool for creating high-resolution yearly analysis
quantities. The affordable DA method can be applied to efficiently improve
climate field reconstruction efforts by combining high-resolution
paleoclimate simulations and the available proxy records.
Role of the stratospheric chemistry-climate interactions in the hot
climate conditions of the Eocene
Authors: Szopa Sophie , Thiéblemont Rémi , Bekki Slimane , Botsyun Svetlana , Sepulchre Pierre
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The stratospheric ozone layer plays a key role in atmospheric thermal structure and circulation. Although stratospheric ozone distribution is sensitive to changes in composition and climate, the modifications of stratospheric ozone are not usually considered in climate studies at geological time scales. Here, we evaluate with a chemical-climate model the potential role of stratospheric ozone chemistry in the case of the Eocene hot conditions. We show that the structure of the ozone layer is significantly different under these conditions (4×CO2 climate and high concentrations of tropospheric N2O and CH4). While at mid and high latitudes, the total column ozone is found to be enhanced, the tropical ozone column remains more or less unchanged. These ozone changes are related to the stratospheric cooling and an acceleration of stratospheric Brewer-Dobson circulation simulated under Eocene climate. The meridional distribution of the total ozone column appears also to be strongly modified, showing particularly pronounced mid-latitudes maxima and steeper negative poleward gradient from these maxima. These anomalies are consistent with changes in the seasonal evolution of the polar vortex during the winter, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Compared to a pre-industrial atmospheric composition, the changes in local ozone concentration reach up to 40 % for zonal annual mean and affect temperature by a few Kelvins in the middle stratosphere. As inter-model differences in simulating the deep past temperatures are quite high, the consideration of atmospheric chemistry, which is computationally demanding in Earth system models, may seem superfluous. However, our results suggest that using stratospheric ozone calculated by the model (and hence more physically consistent with Eocene conditions) instead of the commonly specified preindustrial ozone distribution can change the simulated global surface air temperature by 14 %. This error is of the same order as the effect of non-CO2 boundary conditions (topography, bathymetry, solar constant & vegetation). Moreover, the results highlight the sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to hot climate conditions. Since the climate sensitivity to stratospheric ozone feedback largely differs between models, it must be better constrained not only for deep past conditions but also for future climates.
Event couple spectral ratio Q method for earthquake clusters: application to North-West Bohemia
Authors: Kriegerowski Marius , Cesca Simone , Ohrnberger Matthias , Dahm Torsten , Krüger Frank
Published: September 2018

Abstract. We develop an amplitude spectral ratio method for event couples from clustered earthquakes to estimate seismic wave attenuation (Q−1) in the source volume. The method allows to study attenuation within the source region of earthquake swarms or aftershocks at depth, independent of wave path and attenuation between source region and surface station. We exploit the high frequency slope of phase spectra using multitaper spectral estimates. The method is tested using simulated full wavefield seismograms affected by recorded noise and finite source rupture. The synthetic tests verify the approach and show that solutions are independent of focal mechanisms, but also show that seismic noise may broaden the scatter of results. We apply the event couple spectral ratio method to North-West Bohemia, Czech Republic, a region characterized by the persistent occurrence of earthquake swarms in a confined source region at mid-crustal depth. Our method indicates a strong anomaly of high attenuation in the source region of the swarm with an averaged attenuation factor of Qp
Complexities of elder livelihoods: Changing age-inscriptions and stable norms in three villages in rural West Africa
Authors: Häberlein Tabea
Published: September 2018

The intergenerational contract seems to be a dominant social norm of senior care all over the world, in which  older adults are cared for reciprocally by those for whom they have cared. Yet in three villages in northern  Benin and northern Togo, this intergenerational norm seems to be breached, with older adults living alone  and in poverty. However, standardized surveys from a comparative research project established that kin  groups do not abandon their older adults, if one considers the kin group to be containing classificatory  children instead of the nuclear family with biological children and remittances to substitute for daily care.  This article argues that the apparent contradictions between the intergenerational contract and the actual  practices of providing care in old age are not so stark. The creative living arrangements of older adults in  response to social changes of migration do not challenge the intergenerational contract, but instead are the  ways of fulfilling it. The analytical concept of age-inscription (see Alber & Coe in this issue) helps to explain  the gap between discursive norms and individual creative solutions of senior care. The social norm of the  intergenerational contract persists through new age-inscriptions.
DIY Aging: Retirement Migration as a New Age-Script
Authors: Gambold Liesl L.
Published: September 2018

The post-retirement aging process involves making many decisions. Strained social welfare programs for the elderly have met with a generation well-versed in ‘do-it-yourself’ projects resulting in a novel script for DIY retirement, aging and dying. For decades baby boomers in North America and Europe have valorized personal freedom and independence and are now carrying these values into retirement. Some are seeking tenable, independent retirement options abroad in response to inadequate retirement savings, a fear of rising medical costs and lack of faith in local and state systems. Based on ethnographic research among diverse retirees in North America and Europe this paper argues that age-inscriptions and retirement are actively being rewritten by those compelled to DIY.
Book Review:Spirituality, Religion and Aging: Illuminations for Therapeutic Practice
Authors: Zimmer Richard
Published: September 2018

Holly Nelson-Becker. Spirituality, Religion, and Aging: Illuminations for Therapeutic Practice. Sage: Los Angeles. 2018
Student Run Biology Workshop: An Educational and Transformative Experience in Biosciences
Authors: Kedraka Katerina
Published: September 2018

Ιn this article we argue that integrating and self-directed knowledge across university learning can lead to critical reflections and potentially transformative learning, for both students and educators. Student Run Biology Workshop (SRBW) is an innovative, self-directed learning project, carried out by the students of the Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, in the Democritus University of Thrace-Greece. Our aim was to find out whether this educational experience was a transformative experience, as well. Qualitative research method was used; data was collected in December 2017 at the end of three feedback discussions by personally-written opinion documents and proceeded through Content Analysis. Results showed that students’ participation and consequently their teamwork within the SRBW energized them to face assumptions, to engage in new concerns, to adopt alternative learning practices, to gain a critical and comprehensive understanding of Biosciences and their role within the field. The experience gained by the students has led them to a review of roles, to the building of a new perception of knowledge, to co-operation, to self-management of educational activities, and, eventually, to a more emancipatory learning. But what if this SRBW project is something much more? Which are the key dilemmas concerning this emancipatory learning strategy deriving from this experience for the participant students- future Bioscientists? Furthermore, what about the dilemmas that we, their professors, faced when we saw our students fly so high –without needing us? And, as Brookfield (1996) underlined, can we critically approach our assumptions and assertions without experiencing the consequences of our actions?
The England Trip of 1872: Mark Twain's First Season in Hell
Authors: Csicsila Joseph
Published: September 2018

Near the end of August 1872, Mark Twain traveled to England for the first time ostensibly to gather notes for a new literary project, which he would refer to over the next several months as the “English” book. Commentators from Albert Bigelow Paine to Howard Baetzhold have described the England trip of 1872 generally as a pleasurable experience for Twain. However, the fall of 1872 was an enormously turbulent time for Twain psychologically. He was in the throes of what he remembered years later as one of the darkest, most grief-filled periods of his entire life: a two-year stretch marked by an unrelenting succession of personal misfortune and tragedy. Considered from this perspective, the England trip of 1872 looks less like an enjoyable overseas excursion and more like a season in hell.
A Populist in King Arthur's Court
Authors: Alquesta Andrew
Published: September 2018

Connecticut Yankee stands as one of Twain's most overtly political novels. Critics have read its protagonist, Hank Morgan, as anything from a progressive reformer to an authoritarian oppressor. This article attempts to explain some of Hank's contradictions by reading him as a populist in two intersecting ways. First, he serves as a figure for the workingman that was valorized by the late nineteenth-century People's Party. Second, his rhetoric suggests the lowercase-p populism that splits the political sphere into an insurgent form of “the people” and its elite “other.” Critics of populism argue that this structure is necessarily anti-democratic, and contemporary commentators often use populism as little more than a dirty word; however, this article argues that Connecticut Yankee offers further support to the claim that, at the very least, populism is an element of democracy and, at its best, can disrupt the political status quo in ways that help assert popular sovereignty.
Filmography of The Prince and the Pauper
Authors: Davis Hugh H.
Published: September 2018

The subject of filmed Mark Twain has only begun to be examined by scholars. Adaptations vary in format, production values, quality, and fidelity to the source material widely. Film versions of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn have received the bulk of critical attention, and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court seems to have inspired many filmmakers, but the Mark Twain work that appears to have produced the most adaptations is The Prince and the Pauper. In the almost 110 years since the first silent version premiered, ninety-five variations on the Tudor tale have been released, with these adaptations varying from traditional and highly faithful renditions to versions that connect by very slim similarities. The novel's plot has often been borrowed for episodes of television series, with stories involving previously unknown doubles and the switching of identities. This filmography traces and catalogs those adaptations that based on Mark Twain's novel.
The Pernicious Use of “Humorist” to Describe Mark Twain (and Other Comic Writers)
Authors: Caron James E.
Published: September 2018

This article invites a closer look at the misleading use of the term “humorist” to describe Mark Twain, as well as any other number of authors who write comic material, and to suggest the pernicious effects of that practice. The near ubiquitous use of “humorist” in critical commentary masks or at least obscures the satiric elements in laughable texts, repressing the darker shades of those texts. Light-hearted or amiable laughter has become the sign of the humorist. In a regime that assumes “humorist” as the umbrella term, what happens to the assaults of (ridiculing) laughter that are a hallmark of satirists? Two sets of examples are offered: contemporary reviews of the works of Mark Twain published at the beginning of the twentieth century and remarks taken from recent critical commentary about comic writing. This article also offers a brief description of what its author believes constitutes the core of satire.
Determinação de fatores de calibração de Dosímetros de Nêutrons, baseado na técnica de albedo, pela utilização do Espectrômetro de Bonner
Authors: Schuch Luiz Alexandre , Reis Dagmar Carneiro da Cunha
Published: September 2018

In this work, the calibration factors of Albedo Neutron Dosimeters were determined for several neutron spectra, by simulation of their responses, using a convenient combination of a number of Bonner Spheres, with diferente diameters. The fluence to dose equivalent convertion function, d(E), was also simulated. The satisfactory reproducibility obtained for each dosimeter and the linear behaviour of the total absorbed dose in function of the exposure time, observed for equivalent doses between 10 mRem to 3000 mRem, make the use of albedo Neutron. Dosimeters possible for personal or area routine monitoration.
Comparação entre a anatomia do Pecíolo ou Ráquis e da gavinha de lentilha (Lens culinaris Medic. var. DF5)
Authors: Lopes Vanoli José Xavier
Published: September 2018

Because in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic. Var. DF5) the tendril is a continuation of the petiole or rachis, by using permanent and temporary slides, an anatomical comparison between petiole or rachis and tendril was carried out. It was concluded that: 1. The volume of parenchymatous cells and epidermal cells, the stomatal index and the thickness of the tendril are smaller in the tendril than in the petiole; 2. there are five vascular bundles in the petiole and three in the tendril; 3. whereas the parenchyma around the vascular bundles of the tendril is lignified, this does not occur in the petiole.
Leucograma, eritograma, hemoglobina, hematócrito e tempo de coagulação após o uso oral e intraperitoneal de Heterothalamus brunioides, em ratos Wistar
Authors: Chagas Ana Maria , Saldanha Cloé Mendonça , Cunha Carlos Mario , Vieira Heleonora B. , Sitya Janice , Kurtz Filho Mario
Published: September 2018

In the present work, authors wished to observe possible blood alterations produced by oral route (98 mg/kg weight) and intraperitonial route (40 mg/kg and 98/kg weight) proIonged administrations of Heterothalamus brunioides, Less in Wistar rats. Results analysis proved that, in the estudied paramethers, was no significant alterations.
Estudo farmacológico do Heterothalamus brunioides: dose letal, atividade geral e sistema nervoso central
Authors: Santos Adriana Pizzutti dos , Lavarda Juliane , Sityá Claúdio , Führ Paulo Ricardo , Chagas Ana Maria
Published: September 2018

Heterothalamus brunioides Less is a native herb in Santaninha da Boa Vista (RS), and it is used in popular medicine to decrease toxilogical effect caused by snake bites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lethal dosis as well as the effects of the aquous extract of this plant upon the general activity and central nervous system. The lethal dosis on Wistar rats was 143,2 mg/kg of the cold aquous extract and when it was boiled none toxicological effect was observed. So, this substance is thermolabile. Since the general activity was not effects by the use of this drug, there is no non-indication for its recomendation. The effect upon the central nervous system is characterized by depression.
Teaching Human Rights through Mathematics
Authors: Izard Blair
Published: September 2018

Human Rights Education, or HRE, can be applied to allocation of scarce resources, such as food production.
Essential Advice for New Educators
Authors: Rymer Kayla R.
Published: September 2018

Increase efficiency in multiple areas, including planning, instruction, and discipline.
Effective and Efficient Use of Math Writing Tasks
Authors: Bixby Matt M.
Published: September 2018

Almost twenty years ago, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) published Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000), which recommended that teachers should incorporate more writing into their math lessons, claiming that writing helps students “consolidate their thinking” (p. 402) by causing them to reflect on their work. In recent years, various studies point to the many benefits that can be gained by writing in mathematics class (e.g., O'Connell et al. 2005; Goldsby and Cozza 2002). Much research suggests that writing activities, if implemented effectively, can help students enjoy class more (Burns 2005) and can also help them deepen their understanding of the content (Baxter et al. 2002). In addition to benefiting students, student writing benefits teachers as well by providing a clear picture of what their students understand and even deepening understanding of the content for teachers themselves (Burns 2005; Pugalee 1997).
Diamond Deposition on Graphite in Hydrogen Microwave Plasma
Authors: Zhu Jiaqi , Yao Kaili , Dai Bing , Ralchenko Victor , Shu Guoyang , Zhao Jiwen , Liu Kang , Yang Lei , Bolshakov Andrey , Han Jiecai
Published: September 2018

Hydrogen plasma etching of graphite generates radicals that can be used for diamond synthesis by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We studied the etching of polycrystalline graphite by a hydrogen microwave plasma, growth of diamond particles of the non-seeded graphite substrates, and characterized the diamond morphology, grain size distribution, growth rate, and phase purity. The graphite substrates served simultaneously as a carbon source, this being the specific feature of the process. A disorder of the graphite surface structure reduces as the result of the etching as revealed with Raman spectroscopy. The diamond growth rate of 3 – 5 µm/h was achieved, the quality of the produced diamond grains improving with growth time due to inherently nonstationary graphite etching process
The Adhesive Strength of Epoxy/Sol-Gel Materials Modified by Various Ratio of γ-Al2O3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ali Balhassn , May Mousa , Wang Heming , Akid Robert
Published: September 2018

In this study, the use of sol-gel/epoxy adhesive based on the combination of organic and inorganic components within the adhesive matrix have been studied. The combination of different amounts of ᵞ-Al2O3 nano-particles to the adhesive matrix was evaluated. Mild steel specimens were prepared for lap joints, which were cured in an oven at 200°C for 16 hours.
The bond strength of the sol-gel/epoxy matrix was investigated using a universal tensile test machine. The presence of Al-OH and/or Si-OH bonds increases causing an increase in the strength of the bulk material. This process is seen through the appearance of an absorption peak shoulder which appears in the range of ~ 1088 to1100 cm-1 which corresponds to Al-O-Si or Si-O-Si. The maximum adhesive strength of composite sol-gel/epoxy adhesive recorded was 23±0.4 MPa. This was obtained when small amounts of γ-Al2O3 nano-particles (4.0 wt%), were incorporated within the matrix. However, as the level of these inorganic materials in the adhesive matrix increased further, the adhesive shear strength gradually decreased. At a high ratio of γ-Al2O3 particles, poor interfacial bonding or adhesion between the filler and the adhesive matrix is recorded. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to investigate the fracture surface with 4.0 wt% γ-Al2O3, the scanning shows a very small distance of cracks, suggesting the material may act as a barrier to crack propagation and thus increases the energy required for fracture.
Análise de conflito e dinâmica de uso da terra no município de Salto do Céu/MT
Authors: Luz Camila Calazans da Silva , Neves Ronaldo José , Neves Sandra Mara Alves da Silva , Freitas Larissa Espinosa de , Miranda Miriam Raquel da Silva , Nunes Maria Cândida Moitinho
Published: September 2018

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar, por meio de geotecnologias, os conflitos e a dinâmica do uso da terra do município de Salto do Céu – MT. Foram utilizadas as imagens do Landsat 5 e Landsat 8 dos anos de 1984, 1993, 2003 e 2013, nas quais foram empregadas as técnicas de recorte, segmentação, classificação supervisionada e pós-classificação. A metodologia constou das etapas: definição dos compartimentos morfopedológicos, gerada pela associação dos mapas de geomorfologia e pedologia; análise da capacidade de uso das terras; e avaliação dos conflitos existentes quanto ao uso atual do solo em relação à referida capacidade de uso. Por fim, foram feitas as quantificações e elaborados os mapas. A Savana Florestada foi suprimida em 12,47% no período de 20 anos. A maioria das fitofisionomias foram substituídas pela Pecuária, ocorrendo um aumento de 16,90% dessa classe ao longo do período estudado. A Influência urbana apresentou 159,81% de crescimento no período analisado, o que pode ser devido o crescimento das atividades agropecuárias regionais, dando origem a comunidades e distritos próximos. Verificou-se que o município tem 58,10% de suas terras adaptadas para pastagens e reflorestamento, com problemas simples quanto à conservação. As áreas identificadas com baixo conflito de uso da terra representaram 72,28% da área total do município. Concluiu-se que a vegetação natural foi suprimida para que ocorresse a expansão da Pecuária e da área urbana, demostrando que a alteração da paisagem está condicionada pela economia regional, em que a Pecuária constitui a principal atividade. A análise indicou que o município de Salto do Céu possui terras com alto potencial de uso para Pecuária por apresentarem aptidão para o desenvolvimento da atividade, o que sugere que essas áreas encontram-se em relativo equilíbrio entre o suporte ecológico (no que diz respeito principalmente à susceptibilidade à erosão linear) e a exploração socioeconômica. Há necessidade de readequação do uso das terras nas áreas que apresentaram atividades em que ocorre alto conflito, bem como a fiscalização e controle nas mudanças dos usos, para que não ocorram problemas futuros relacionados à erosão.
Overview
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

Relevant to targeting, space and time in language can be understood as conceptual constructs that share numerous properties — e.g., they are matrices that are straight, evenly distributed, continuous, indefinitely extensive, and stationary, and that contain boundaries, bounded-off portions, and locations. Time uniquely has the properties of progression and grading. The theoretical framework proposed here for the targeting system distinguishes itself from approaches to comparable phenomena found in construction grammar, generative linguistics, computational linguistics, linguistic anthropology, language philosophy, and semiotics. Its seemingly unique features include a trigger’s initiating a hearer’s search for cues to a target, the division of such cues into ten categories, the hearer’s processing in determining this target, and the unity of this processing whether the target is inside or outside speech.
Core Cues to a Target
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

A core cue is an element of information about the target that the trigger is lexicalized to provide to the hearer. Seemingly all triggers provide such core cues in addition to their main function of initiating the 3-stage targeting procedure in the hearer. Core cues can be divided into those that specify intrinsic as against contingent properties of the target. Intrinsic properties include a target’s ontological category, plexity, animacy and sapience, sex, gender, substantiality, domainality, and constituent type. Its ontological category, in turn, can be that of an entity, an action, an event, a spatial location, a temporal location, a path, a manner, a quality, a quantity, and a degree, among others. Contingent properties of the target that triggers’ core cues can specify include its degree of remove, direction of remove, perceivability, compactness, and syntactic location. A target’s degree of remove from a reference point, in turn, can pertain to its spatial, temporal, personal, social, or experiential remove, while this last can in turn pertain to memorial, attentional, recognitional, or affective/perspectival remove.
Other Trigger Features
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

Triggers are the linguistic constituents specialized for the targeting process, so all their features call for analysis. Their two main features — the fact that they are lexicalized to initiate the 3-stage targeting procedure and to provide core cues — were respectively addressed in the prior two chapters. This chapter addresses five additional features.
Corporal Cues to a Target
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

In the speech-external domain, a corporal cue is the location in space occupied by the speaker’s or hearer’s body. The space immediately around that location is the vicinal region, and the space surrounding that in turn is the extravicinal region — the two main corporally based regions. The discourse generally also indicates the spatial relation of a Figure to one of these regions. A trigger that requires a corporal cue for the determination of its target is a corporal trigger. Corporal triggers can have speech-internal targets of two types. The target can be an element of the narrative world that the discourse leads the hearer to construct, or of the discourse itself when metaphorized as following a path through space. In the first case, the corporal cue is the location not of the speaker but of the base — an entity in the narrative world that a nontrigger constituent refers to. In the second case, the corporal cue is the discourse location — the point in the discourse at which the trigger appears.
Targetive Cues to a Target
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

Targetive cues are properties exhibited by a speaker’s intended target itself. They help guide the hearer toward singling that target out. Where the target is speech-external, the targetive cues are sensory stimuli that the target produces and that the hearer perceives. Where the target is speech-internal, the targetive cues are phonetic, syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic properties of the target that the hearer either perceives or apprehends and then holds in short-term memory. There are three types of targetive cues, and the character of the lexical cues in the speaker’s utterance determines which one is relevant. In one case, the lexical cues ascribe features to the target that are definitive for its determination. They evoke in the hearer a category that is effective for recognizing instances of the target. The hearer under-takes a feature search over her perceivable environment to find the corresponding targetive feature cues.
Cue Conflict and Its Resolution
Authors: Talmy Leonard
Published: September 2018

Elsewhere in this book, the cues of a speaker’s communication in the speech-external domain are all compatible with each other. But such cues can also partly conflict in a well-formed pattern of constructive discrepancy, which is designed to prompt the hearer to resolve the conflict and form a coherent conceptual complex. A hearer processes a conflicted communication of this sort by putting it through an assessment and a resolution phase. In the assessment phase, the hearer first uses a consistency-checking operation to determine that the communication is indeed conflicted. This operation rests on a plausibility principle and a noncontradiction principle. If the communication is determined to be conflicted, he puts it through a clustering operation that segregates its cues into two clusters that are each internally compatible but that are incompatible with each other. He then puts these two clusters through an evaluation operation that assigns opposite states of validity to them. It designates the cues of one cluster and the target they indicate as valid, while designating the cues of the other cluster and the target they indicate as anomalous. This operation rests on a greater benefit principle and a priority principle.
Experienced Wholeness
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

An interdisciplinary account of phenomenal unity, investigating how experiential wholes can be characterized and how such characterizations can be analyzed computationally.

How can we account for phenomenal unity? That is, how can we characterize and explain our experience of objects and groups of objects, bodily experiences, successions of events, and the attentional structure of consciousness as wholes? In this book, Wanja Wiese develops an interdisciplinary account of phenomenal unity, investigating how experiential wholes can be characterized and how such characterization can be analyzed conceptually as well as computationally.

Wiese first addresses how the unity of consciousness can be characterized phenomenologically, discussing what it is like to experience wholes and what is the experiential contribution of phenomenal unity. Considering the associated conceptual and empirical issues, he draws connections to phenomenological accounts and research on Gestalt theory. The results show how the attentional structure of experience, the experience of temporal flow, and different types of experiential wholes contribute to our sense of phenomenal unity. Moreover, characterizing phenomenal unity in terms of the existence of a single global phenomenal state is neither necessary nor sufficient to adequately address the problem of phenomenal unity. Wiese then suggests that the concepts and ideas of predictive processing can be used to analyze phenomenal unity computationally. The result is both a conceptual framework and an interdisciplinary account: the regularity account of phenomenal unity. According to this account, experienced wholes correspond to a hierarchy of connecting regularities. The brain tracks these regularities by hierarchical prediction error minimization, which approximates hierarchical Bayesian inference.
Introduction
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an overview of this book, starting with a summary of the account of phenomenal unity developed here. The summary also contains pointers to all other chapters. Readers who are interested in a particular part of the account will find the reference here. The other sections outline and discuss some philosophical background assumptions (e.g., on representationalism, phenomenal consciousness, access unity, and interdisciplinary research).
What Is It Like to Experience a Third Man? The Phenomenological Bradley and How to Solve It
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter first discusses a problem that is central to accounts of phenomenal unity, which is here called the phenomenological Bradley (PB). Basically, the problem is to explain how two phenomenal parts can be connected to each other (without treating this “connectedness” as a primitive relation about which one cannot say more). This problem is structurally similar to a problem known as “Bradley’s regress” in metaphysics. Considering possible solutions to the metaphysical version of the problem is at least heuristically fruitful for the project at hand, because these solutions can, to some extent, also be applied to the phenomenological version of the problem. In particular, the chapter presents four possible solutions to PB and draws connections to historical precursors and existing accounts of phenomenal unity. After that, the mélange model is proposed, which suggests a way in which different possible solutions to PB can be integrated.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

What is phenomenal unity, and to what extent is consciousness phenomenally unified? No easy answers to these questions can be provided, because first the questions have to be formulated more perspicuously (which the first part of this book has attempted to do). This chapter presents, as succinctly as possible, the main results of this monograph. This involves explaining what the problem of phenomenal unity is, what it is not, how it can be solved, and which solutions have been explored and developed here. Finally, some important topics and problems that have not been investigated in detail are highlighted (e.g., mental action and cognitive phenomenology), thereby offering suggestions for future research.
Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Bonvillian Willian B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

The United States lost almost one-third of its manufacturing jobs between 2000 and 2010. As higher-paying manufacturing jobs are replaced by lower-paying service jobs, income inequality has been approaching third world levels. In particular, between 1990 and 2013, the median income of men without high school diplomas fell by an astonishing 20 percent, and that of men with high school diplomas fell by a painful 13 percent. Innovation has been left largely to software and IT startups, and increasingly U.S. firms operate on a system of “innovate here/produce there,” leaving the manufacturing sector behind. This book explores how to rethink innovation and revitalize America's declining manufacturing sector. It argues that advanced manufacturing, which employs such innovative technologies as 3-D printing, advanced material, photonics, and robotics in the production process, is the key. The book discusses transformative new production paradigms that could drive up efficiency and drive down costs. It describes the new processes and business models that must accompany them, and explores alternative funding methods for startups that must manufacture. The book examines the varied attitudes of mainstream economics toward manufacturing, the post-Great Recession policy focus on advanced manufacturing, and lessons from the new advanced manufacturing institutes. Finally, it considers the problem of “startup scale-up,” possible new models for training workers, and the role of manufacturing in addressing “secular stagnation” in innovation, growth, the middle classes, productivity rates, and related investment.
Introduction: Social Disruption, Legacy Barriers, and Innovation Challenges in U.S. Manufacturing
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter describes how the manufacturing sector in the United States experienced significant disruption in the first decade of the twenty-first century. The number of manufacturing jobs in the United States declined by 5.8 million between 2000 and 2010. This economic disruption resulted in growing social disruption and income inequality. Given these new realities, an effort across industry, federal and state governments, and universities materialized in the wake of the Great Recession. This effort sought to bring strong innovation back to U.S. manufacturing. Known under the broad brand of “advanced manufacturing,” it is the focus of this book. There are five basic models for the dynamics that drive innovation in different settings: the innovation pipeline, induced innovation, the extended pipeline, manufacturing-led innovation, and innovation organization. These provide a framework for approaching the twin issues in U.S. manufacturing of furthering innovation and creating jobs.
The Backdrop: Manufacturing’s Economic History
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the critical developments in U.S. production history. It begins with the lessons from James Watt's famous “walk on the Green” of Glasgow. The chapter then turns to the nineteenth-century interchangeable machine-made parts paradigm in the United States, nurtured through early War Department technology policy. This technology advance escalates through the nineteenth century into the snowstorm of true mass production, leveraging the scale advantage of the world's first continent-sized market. The story then turns to the defense innovation system. The defense innovation system subsequently birthed the foundational technologies behind the information technology innovation wave that evolved through the second half of the twentieth century. Importantly, this defense innovation role, which had its roots in production, by the mid-twentieth century had shifted almost exclusively to technologies, not the production systems behind them. This innovation/production disconnect had dramatic subsequent effects on U.S. manufacturing.
International Competition and the Decline of U.S. Manufacturing
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the U.S. manufacturing decline in the first decade of the twenty-first century, examining this from a series of dimensions, including the critical relationship between the production stage and the other parts of its innovation system. The profound challenge to U.S. production in the 1970s and 1980s from Japan's quality manufacturing model and its accompanying technology and process advances, which dramatically disrupted U.S. production practices, is the first issue that must be understood. The chapter then explores the rise of China's manufacturing economy; its innovative new production scale-up approaches knocked the United States into second place in world manufacturing output in a remarkably short period. Accompanying that rise was a parallel and related rise in distributed production by U.S. firms, with outsourcing of production stages and corresponding issues of “innovate here/produce there,” which could lead to “produce there/innovate there.”