bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational identification among virtual workers: the role of need for affiliation and perceived work-based social support
Authors: Wiesenfeld Batia M. , Raghuram Sumita , Garud Raghu
Published: June 2011

Organizational identification, which reflects how individuals define the self with respect to their organization, may be called into question in the context of virtual work. Virtual work increases employees’ isolation and independence, threatening to fragment the organization. This study finds that virtual workers’ need for affiliation and the work-based social support they experience are countervailing forces associated with stronger organizational identification. Furthermore, perceived work-based social support moderates the relationship between virtual workers’ need for affiliation and their strength of organizational identification. Thus, when work-based social support is high, even workers with lower need for affiliation may strongly identify with the organization.
Communicating trustworthiness and building trust in interorganizational virtual organizations
Authors: Kasper-Fuehrera Eva C. , Ashkanasy Neal M.
Published: June 2011

We propose a theory of trust in 1nterorganizational virtual organizations that focuses on how trustworthiness can be communicated and trust built in this environment. The theory highlights three issues that must be dealt with if the potential obstacles to the development of trust in the virtual context are to be overcome. These are communication of trustworthiness facilitated by reliable Information and Communication Technology (ICT), establishment of a common business understanding, and strong business ethics. We propose four specific propositions relating to these issues, and suggest topics to be explored in future research.
Reputation and e-commerce: eBay auctions and the asymmetrical impact of positive and negative ratings
Authors: Standifird Stephen S.
Published: June 2011

This analysis explores the impact and nature of reputation as related to e-commerce by looking at the importance of a seller’s reputational rating on the final bid price associated with eBay auctions. Positive reputational ratings emerged as mildly influential in determining final bid price. However, negative reputational ratings emerged as highly influential and detrimental. Thus, we find strong evidence for the importance of reputation when engaging in e-commerce and equally strong evidence concerning the exaggerated influence of negative reputation.
Virtual internet communities and commercial success: individual and community-level theory grounded in the atypical case of TimeZone.com
Authors: Rothaermel Frank T. , Sugiyama Stephen
Published: June 2011

One potentially powerful way of organizing in the new Internet world is through the medium of the virtual Internet community. An effectively managed virtual community provides economic gains to the community organizer and to its members. We attempt to build theory grounded in the study of TimeZone.com, a virtual Internet community devoted to wristwatch hobbyists and enthusiasts. We argue that a member’s off-site communication, experience, perceived value of site management, content, and collectively held knowledge are positively associated with a member’s e-based economic transactions within this virtual community. Building on our theorizing attempts at the individual level, we develop propositions at the organizational level that relate characteristics of virtual Internet communities (membership size, scalability, and level of site management) to commercial success.
The effects of videoconference, telephone, and face-to-face media on interviewer and applicant judgments in employment interviews
Authors: Straus Susan G. , Miles Jeffrey A. , Levesque Laurie L.
Published: June 2011

We examined the effects of communication media on judgments in job interviews. Fifty-nine MBA students (applicants) had mock interviews in face-to-face meetings and either by videoconference or telephone. Results show that interviewers evaluated applicants more favorably in telephone versus face-to-face interviews. This difference was stronger for less physically attractive applicants, which suggests that the telephone filtered negative, visual cues. Although interviewers reported more difficulty regulating and understanding discussions by videoconference versus face-to-face, they did not evaluate applicants less favorably by videoconference. In contrast to interviewers, applicants had less favorable reactions in videoconference versus face-to-face interviews for most measures. Implications for media use in employee selection and recruiting are discussed.
Women and Racial Minorities in the Boardroom: How Do Directors Differ?
Authors: Hillman Amy J. , Cannella Albert A. , Harris Ira C.
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we examine how the attributes of female and racial minority directors differ from those of white males. We track a sample of white male, white female, African-American female and African-American male directors who serve on Fortune 1000 boards and find differences in occupational background, education, and patterns of board affiliation. Female and African-American directors are more likely to come from non-business backgrounds, are more likely to hold advanced degrees, and join multiple boards at a faster rate than white male directors.
Using Self-Definition to Predict the Influence of Procedural Justice on Organizational-, Interpersonal-, and Job/Task-Oriented Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Brebels Lieven , De Cremer David , Van Dijke Marius
Published: June 2011

An integrative self-definition model is proposed to improve our understanding of how procedural justice affects different outcome modalities in organizational behavior. Specifically, it is examined whether the strength of different levels of self-definition (collective, relational, and individual) each uniquely interact with procedural justice to predict organizational, interpersonal, and job/task-oriented citizenship behaviors, respectively. Results from experimental and (both single and multisource) field data consistently revealed stronger procedural justice effects (1) on organizational-oriented citizenship behavior among those who define themselves strongly in terms of organizational characteristics, (2) on interpersonal-oriented citizenship behavior among those who define themselves strongly in terms of their interpersonal relationships, and (3) on job/task-oriented citizenship behavior among those who define themselves weakly in terms of their distinctiveness or uniqueness. We discuss the relevance of these results with respect to how employees can be motivated most effectively in organizational settings.
Social Influence and Interpersonal Power in Organizations
Authors: Treadway Darren C. , Breland Jacob W. , Williams Lisa M. , Cho Jeewon , Yang Jun , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: June 2011

This two-study investigation framed performance as one potential form of influence that interacts with political skill to affect power assessments. It was hypothesized that favorable performance is more likely to be leveraged into higher levels of interpersonal power when individuals possess high levels of political skill but not for individuals low in political skill. Study 1 ( N = 97) demonstrated that individuals with positive performance were more likely to possess higher levels of interpersonal power if they were high in political skill. Furthermore, higher levels of performance were not related to power for individuals low in political skill. Thus, these results from Study 1 established support for the hypothesis. Study 2 ( N = 384), using a multisource design, constructively replicated these findings. Contributions to theory and research, strengths and limitations, directions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.
Structural Properties and Psychometric Qualities of Organizational Self-Reports: Field Tests of Connections Predicted by Cognitive Theory
Authors: Harrison David A. , McLaughlin Mary E.
Published: June 2011

Recent cognitive theories about question interpretation, information retrieval, and judgment-response mapping were used to develop hypotheses about how structural properties of the context of self-report items affects psychometric qualities. The hypotheses were tested in three experiments. In Study 1, a field experiment with 366 security firm employees, manipulation of the evaluative (positive vs. null vs. negative) context of a neutral item embedded in a job affect measure yielded differences in item parameters and correlations with other constructs. In Study 2, a field experiment with 392 chemical processing employees, manipulation of the physical context (“boxed” random vs. uniform groupings) of job attitude and perception items produced differences in internal consistencies and discriminant validities, as well as differences in measurement and structural models. In Study 3, an experiment with 187 undergraduate business students, manipulation of response contexts (low vs. open-ended vs. high ranges of response options) produced differences in reported frequencies of stress-related health symptoms and in correlations with other constructs. Implications are discussed with regard to designing and administering self-report items on organizational surveys.
Strategy Formation Patterns, Performance, and the Significance of Context
Authors: Slevin Dennis P. , Covin Jeffrey G.
Published: June 2011

This paper describes a study of the effects of a company’s organization structure and environmental context on the relationship between that company’s dominant strategy formation pattern and its sales growth rate. Data collected, from 112 manufacturing firms operating in 78 industries were analyzed using moderated regression analysis. Results indicate that planned strategies are positively related to sales growth among firms with mechanistic structures and operating in hostile environments. Emergent strategies, on the other hand, are more positively related to sales growth among firms with organic structures and operating in benign environments. This paper concludes with a discussion of the implications and limitations of the research.
The Impact of Role Conflict/Facilitation on Core and Discretionary Behaviors: Testing a Mediated Model
Authors: Tompson Holly B. , Werner Jon M.
Published: June 2011

It was hypothesized that individuals perceiving high levels of conflict between their work and non-work life roles would exhibit reduced levels of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). A new measure of inter-role conflict and facilitation was tested on 169 full-time employed MBA students. Results primarily supported the direct effects of role conflict on OCB. However, organizational commitment was found to mediate the relationship between role conflict and the OCB dimension of loyalty. Research and organizational implications are discussed.
The Development of a Systematic, Aggregate Measure of Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Ruf Bernadette M. , Muralidhar Krishnamurty , Paul Karen
Published: June 2011

Individuals, groups, and government units have developed considerable interested in evaluating the social performance of corporations. Evaluating corporate social performance (CSP) is important for researchers investigating the relationship between different organizational measures and CSP and for stakeholders employing social performance information in their decision making models. To assess CSP, an aggregate measure of CSP which incorporates both an independent assessment of actual performance and the individual value judgements of the stakeholder is needed. In this study, we propose a methodology for the development of a systematic measure of CSP using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. This multi-criteria decision making technique allows for the conversion of a multidimensional scale to a unidimensional scale, enabling analysis/comparison of companies both within the same industry and across industries. The technique is illustrated by developing a measure of CSP using several types of managers. The results indicate that there are large rank changes when individual value judgements are incorporated using relative importance weights.
Board Characteristics, Managerial Controls and Corporate Strategy: A Study of U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Beekun Rafik I. , Stedham Yvonne , Young Gary J.
Published: June 2011

This study examined the relationships among board characteristics, emphasis on managerial controls, and corporate strategy. Results suggest that certain board characteristics that decrease board members’ access to information about CEO performance-related behavior, e.g., infrequent CEO-board meetings and lack of a strategic planning committee, are likely to increase the emphasis on out come based controls. Results also indicate that an emphasis on out come based controls is likely to lead to more risk averse strategic decisions on the part of the CEO, specifically with respect to capital investment.
A Field Experiment on the Effects of Benchmarking and Goal Setting on Company Sales Performance
Authors: Mann Leon , Samson Danny , Dow Douglas
Published: June 2011

The effectiveness of internal benchmarking and goal-setting is examined in a field experiment carried out in an electrical products distribution company. The experiment involves a pre-post experimental design in which 138 branches of the company are assigned randomly to one of four conditions: (a) benchmarking; (b) “small-wins” goal-setting; (c) “big-bang” goal-setting; and (d) control group. The dependent variable is percentage increase in sales performance over a four month period. The findings point to the effectiveness of benchmarking for achieving improved performance and suggest that comparison against partners and knowledge about “best practice” contributes, together with goal-setting and goal-evaluation, to the efficacy of benchmarking.
Response Rates in HRM/OB Survey Research: Norms and Correlates, 1990-1994
Authors: Roth Philip L. , BeVier Craig A.
Published: June 2011

Literature from marketing, sociology, and public opinion measurement reveals several variables associated with high response rates. The literature suggests that advance notice, follow-up reminders, monetary incentives, and issue salience are associated with higher response rates in consumer populations. Further, the literature suggests that length of questionnaire decreases response rates. An analysis of articles from the Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Human Relations, Group & Organization Management, Journal of Business and Psychology, and Public Personnel Management was conducted for the years 1990 to 1994 to determine if these trends generalized to industrial samples. Multiple regression analyses found that four variables were significantly associated with response rates. These variables were advance notice, identification numbers, follow-up reminders, and salience. The associations of figllow-up reminders and salience to higher response rates were only found in mailed surveys. Future research and theoretical orientation toward study of response rates are discussed.
Product-Market Uncertainty, Portfolio Restructuring, and Performance: An Information-processing and Resource-Based View
Authors: Bergh Donald D.
Published: June 2011

The author investigates whether portfolio restructuring under-taken in response to changes in product-market uncertainty has implications for financial performance. A model that integrates information-processing and resource-based theories was applied to data from a panel of 168 Fortune 500 companies. Analyses show that product-market uncertainty is associated with two different types of restructuring strategies, which represent different theoretical approaches to portfolio restructuring. The results further show that portfolio restructuring actions influenced performance, and indicate when each restructuring strategy should be used to achieve the highest financial performance. Implications of these results for theory development are discussed.
An Integrative Attributional Perspective of Empowerment and Learned Helplessness: A Multimethod Field Study
Authors: Campbell Constance R. , Martinko Mark J.
Published: June 2011

A multimethod study was conducted to explore the relationship between empowerment and Learned Helplessness (LH). Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine the attributions, expectancies, affect, and behaviors associated with empowerment and LH. Thematic, nonparametric, and parametric analyses of interview, questionnaire, and observational data indicated reliable and reciprocal differences between empowered and LH individuals regardless of the method used for measuring the data. Implications of the results and refinements to theories of empowerment and LH are discussed.
Measuring Organizational Growth: Issues, Consequences and Guidelines
Authors: Weinzimmer Laurence G. , Nystrom Paul C. , Freeman Sarah J.
Published: June 2011

Although the literature contains an impressive volume of studies attempting to identify determinants of organizational growth, researchers have recently noted important inconsistencies in findings. They may be explained, in part, by the variety of approaches used to measure growth. Our study provides a critical review of the literature to identify issues regarding the measurement of growth. We examine alternative approaches in order to assess the consequences of using inappropriate measures. Consequently, we consider three concepts as well as three different measurement formulas. Based on comprehensive data from 193 firms in 48 industries for 20 periods, results from comparative regression analyses reveal that the significance of relationships between determinants and organizational growth, as well as amount of explained variance, depend on the specific approaches used to measure growth. Finally, we provide some guidelines to help researchers select appropriate techniques for measuring organizational growth.
Time for Absenteeism: A 20-Year Review of Origins, Offshoots, and Outcomes
Authors: Harrison David A. , Martocchio Joseph J.
Published: June 2011

We use a time-based system to help organize, summarize, and analyze research on employee absenteeism published in the last 20 years (1977-1996). Although what is known about some mid-term (4-12 month) origins of absence-taking has been greatly clarified and expanded, less is known about long-term (> 12 months) and short-term (I day-3 months) origins, or about how causes in different time frames relate to each other. Poor performance and “neglectful” behaviors serve as reliable offshoots of absenteeism. The long- and short-term etiology of the latter behaviors is unclear, but their shared variance in the mid-term reflects negative job attitudes. Outcomes of absenteeism have received much less research attention. Although mid-term consequences such as reduced performance, turnover, and organizational expense are well-established, little is known about short- and long-term effects of absence-taking on individuals and their social environments. We conclude with suggestions for more explicit consideration of time frames, causal lags, and aggregation periods in the next decades of absenteeism research.
Individual Values in Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research
Authors: Meglino Bruce M. , Ravlin Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2011

The values of managers and employees in organizations are phenomena that have captured the interest of researchers, practitioners, social critics, and the public at large. Despite this attention, there continues to be a conspicuous lack of agreement on what values are and how they influence individuals. In this article we discuss how values have been defined and conceptualized. Focusing on values as desirable modes of behavior, we describe how they affect individuals in organizations and discuss some of the salient controversies that characterize contemporary research on values. Finally, we report on a comprehensive review of the most recent literature in this area.
Determinants of Managerial Career Success: Evidence and Explanation of Male/Female Differences
Authors: Kirchmeyer Catherine
Published: June 2011

This study of 292 mid-career managers tested for differential effects of four categories of career success determinants across the sexes. Human capital variables were hypothesized to have stronger effects on men’s objective and subjective components of success than on womens’. The findings provided support in the cases of work experience and company tenure. In contrast, gender roles were hypothesized and found to have stronger effects on both components of success for women. For supportive relationships including mentors and peer networks, the effects were hypothesized and found to be stronger for men on the objective component and the same for men and women on the subjective component. Lastly, family status variables were hypothesized to affect the objective component of success in opposite directions for men and women, and the subjective component similarly. The fndings showed no’differential effect of family status on either component.
The Formal Analysis of Narratives of Organizational Change
Authors: Stevenson William B. , Greenberg Danna N.
Published: June 2011

Formal analysis of narrative descriptions of events allows the researcher to rigorously examine processes of organizational change. Event-structure analysis (ESA), a rule-driven formal technique of narrative analysis, is applied to a narrative description of an environmental dispute. Various organizations and government agencies engaged in this dispute. ESA is applied to the narrative to clarify the causal linkages among the events and to demonstrate the advantages of studying organizational change through the formal analysis of narratives.
Differential susceptibility to long-term effects of quality of child care on externalizing behavior in adolescence?
Authors: Belsky Jay , Pluess Michael
Published: June 2011

Much research on the quality of child care reveals it —in the case of low-quality child care—to be related to poorer child functioning, net of confounding factors, perhaps especially in the case of cognitive-linguistic performance. Recent work using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (USA) makes clear that when children’s early negative emotionality/difficult temperament is taken into account, it also predicts externalizing problems reported by teachers through the primary school years. More negatively emotional infants are more affected—for better and for worse—by child care quality than less difficult ones, such that the latter appear unaffected by it but the former benefit from good quality care and are adversely affected by poor quality care. Here we determine whether the same is true when children are restudied in adolescence and the focus is their own reports of externalizing problems, impulsivity and risk taking. Results prove more consistent with a diathesis-stress model of environmental action than a differential-susceptibility-related one, in that 15-year-olds who were highly negative as infants report more externalizing behavior (but not risk taking or impulsivity) if they experienced low-quality child care, but not fewer problems if they experienced high-quality care relative to their counterparts with less difficult temperaments in infancy. Results are discussed in relation to physiological stress, with possible explanations offered as to why the predictive nature of child care experience might change over time.
Cortisol response to behavior problems in FMR1 premutation mothers of adolescents and adults with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Hartley Sigan L. , Seltzer Marsha Mailick , Hong Jinkuk , Greenberg Jan S. , Smith Leann , Almeida David , Coe Chris , Abbeduto Leonard
Published: June 2011

Mothers of adolescents and adults with fragile X syndrome (FXS) are faced with high levels of parenting stress. The extent to which mothers are negatively impacted by this stress, however, may be influenced by their own genetic status. The present study uses a diathesis-stress model to examine the ways in which a genetic vulnerability in mothers with the premutation of the FMR1 gene interacts with child-related environmental stress to predict their morning cortisol levels. Seventy-six mothers of an adolescent or adult with FXS participated in an 8-day telephone diary study in which they reported on the behavior problems of their son or daughter with FXS each day. We analyzed salivary cortisol collected from mothers at awakening and 30 minutes after awakening on 4 of these days. The results indicated that mothers with greater genetic vulnerability had a lower level of cortisol on mornings following days when their son or daughter with FXS manifested more episodes of behavior problems, whereas mothers with less genetic risk evinced the opposite pattern of higher morning cortisol in response to their child’s behavior problems. This finding contributes to our understanding of gene-by-environment interactions and highlights the importance of interventions to alleviate parenting stress in mothers raising children with FXS.
Genetic moderation of cortisol secretion in Holocaust survivors
Authors: Fridman Ayala , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Sagi-Schwartz Abraham , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J.
Published: June 2011

In the current study we tested whether ADRA2B moderates stress regulation of Holocaust survivors as indexed by their diurnal cortisol secretion and cortisol reactivity to a stressor. Salivary cortisol levels of 54 female Holocaust survivors and participants in the comparison group were assessed during a routine day and in response to a stress-evoking procedure (an adapted version of the Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]). ADRA2B did not moderate differences between Holocaust survivors and participants in the comparison group in terms of cortisol reactivity to the TSST. Holocaust survivors with the wildtype ADRA2B, however, displayed higher diurnal cortisol levels than did participants in the comparison group with the same genotype, whereas no difference was found between these groups in carriers of the deletion variant, previously associated with more reexperiencing of traumatic events. Carriers of the deletion variant might have been driven in the long run to resolve their vividly remembered experiences, and therefore currently show less stress dysregulation as evident from their cortisol levels.
Living in the crossfire
Authors: Guttmann-Steinmetz Sarit , Shoshani Anat , Farhan Khaled , Aliman Moran , Hirschberger Gilad
Published: June 2011

This study examined children’s psychological symptoms, particularly aggression, in the context of family characteristics, exposure to political violence, and nationality. We examined the association among Palestinian and Israeli children’s and mothers’ attachment (measured by self-report questionnaires), exposure to political violence, and psychopathology. The sample consisted of 29 Palestinian mother–child dyads from the West Bank, and 21 Israeli mother–child dyads, from the south and center of Israel. Results revealed that when exposed to high levels of political violence, nonsecure mothers suffered from significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms compared to secure mothers, a gap that was significantly reduced under conditions of low exposure. In addition, children’s symptoms were correlated with maternal level of depressive symptoms and stress severity.
Cumulative effects of prenatal substance exposure and early adversity on foster children’s HPA-axis reactivity during a psychosocial stressor
Authors: Fisher Philip A. , Kim Hyoun K. , Bruce Jacqueline , Pears Katherine C.
Published: June 2011

Dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis stress response has been reported among individuals with prenatal substance exposure and those with early adversity exposure. However, few researchers have examined the combined effects of these risk factors. Patterns of HPA reactivity among maltreated foster children with and without prenatal substance exposure ( N = 53; ages 9–12 years) were examined using the Trier Social Stress Test for Children. Area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCI) analyses revealed that prenatal substance exposure or physical abuse significantly increased the likelihood of a negative AUCI (i.e., little or no HPA reactivity). Among children with prenatal substance exposure and physical abuse, 85% exhibited a negative AUCI. The results underscore the importance of addressing this combined risk.
Effectiveness of a Multistimulant Home-Based Program on Cognitive Function of Older Adults
Authors: Karatay Gülnaz , Akkuş Yeliz
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a multistimulant home-based program on cognitive function among older adults. This study was conducted in northeastern Turkey between March and June 2010. It was planned as an experimental versus control two-group design and carried out on 96 (intervention group = 48, control group = 48) participants. The intervention and control groups were similar regarding sex, education, partner status, and continuous drug use. Data were collected with a Standardized Mini Mental Test, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Beck Anxiety Scale. Each senior received a total of 10 home visits on a once-per-week basis. Results for the intervention group showed that the Mini Mental State Test scores of the participants had statistically increased, and the Beck Anxiety and the GDS scores showed a decrease. The study found an association between the multistimulant home-based intervention program and cognitive function.
The Effect of Ethnicity and Economy upon Intergenerational Coresidence: Northern Norway during the Last Part of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Jåstad Hilde L.
Published: June 2011

During the last part of the nineteenth century, Finnmark province and the Northern part of Troms experienced a decline in intergenerational coresidence. This article discusses what impact ethnic affiliation and economic activity had on the living arrangements of the elderly, and what contributed to the change. Logistic regression shows that ethnicity played a role but its effect disappears after controlling for economic activity. Intergenerational coresidence was positively associated with being a married Sámi male with an occupation in farming or combined fishing and farming. As such a person grew older, he was increasingly likely to live separately from an own adult child. This pattern changed toward the end of nineteenth century. By the close of the century, ethnic differences had disappeared, and headship position, irrespective of marital status, was strongly related to coresidence.
New Technologies Applied to Family History: A Particular Case of Southern Europe in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Pérez García Manuel
Published: June 2011

In this article, the author explains how the support of new technologies has helped historians to develop their research over the last few decades. The author, therefore, summarizes the application of both database and genealogical programs for the southern Europe family studies as a methodological tool. First, the author will establish the importance of the creation of databases using the File Maker program, after which they will explain the value of using genealogical programs such as Genopro and Heredis. The main aim of this article is to give detail about the use of these new technologies as applied to a particular study of southern Europe, specifically the Crown of Castile, during the Late Modern period. The use of these computer programs has helped to develop the field of Social Sciences and Family History, in particular Social History, during the last decade.
PHEMA-based thin hydrogel films for biomedical applications
Authors: De Giglio E. , Cafagna D. , Giangregorio MM , Domingos M. , Mattioli-Belmonte M. , Cometa S.
Published: June 2011

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) based thin coatings were electro-synthesized by cyclic voltammetry on Au-coated quartz crystal surfaces to study different solid—liquid interfacial processes. By varying the electrochemical parameters and the presence or not of a crosslinking agent, films were obtained with thicknesses ranging from 5 to 90 nm. Surface characterization was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and static contact angle measurements. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring to investigate the relationship between the film thickness and the swelling behavior, it was found that these characteristics can be modulated by varying either the number of voltammetric cycles or the presence of the crosslinker. Cell adhesion and biocompatibility tests indicate that these film coatings were suitable for biomedical applications.
Child Pedestrian Injury
Authors: Schwebel David C. , Davis Aaron L. , O’Neal Elizabeth E.
Published: June 2011

Pedestrian injury is among the leading causes of pediatric death in the United States and much of the world. This article is divided into 2 sections. First, we review the literature on behavioral risk factors for child injury. Cognitive and perceptual development risks are discussed. The roles of distraction, temperament and personality, and social influences from parents and peers are presented. We conclude the first section with brief reviews of environmental risks, pedestrian safety among special populations, and the role of sleep and fatigue on pediatric pedestrian safety. The second section of the review considers child pedestrian injury prevention strategies. Categorized by mode of presentation, we discuss parent instruction strategies, school-based instruction strategies (including crossing guards), and streetside training techniques. Technology-based training strategies using video, internet, and virtual reality are reviewed. We conclude the section on prevention with discussion of community-based interventions.
Greasing the Palm
Authors: Mazar Nina , Aggarwal Pankaj
Published: June 2011

Why are there national differences in the propensity to bribe? To investigate this question, we conducted a correlational study with cross-national data and a laboratory experiment. We found a significant effect of the degree of collectivism versus individualism present in a national culture on the propensity to offer bribes to international business partners. Furthermore, the effect was mediated by individuals’ sense of responsibility for their actions. Together, these results suggest that collectivism promotes bribery through lower perceived responsibility for one’s actions.
Effects of Field Instructor Training on Student Competencies and the Supervisory Alliance
Authors: Deal Kathleen Holtz , Bennett Susanne , Mohr Jonathan , Hwang Jeongha
Published: June 2011

Objectives: This study of a field instructor (FI) training model, offered at two universities, focused on the relationship between student competencies, the supervisory alliance, and students' attachment styles. Method: The study used a pretest–posttest follow-up design of 100 randomly assigned FIs (training group = 48; control group = 52) and 64 students. The authors used Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to estimate linear growth models and the relation between variables at different times within and across supervisory dyads. Results: The training improved the supervisory relationship and selected student competencies as rated by FIs but not by students. These findings were not moderated by student attachment style; however; relationships were found between students' anxious and avoidant attachment styles and student-rated performance. Conclusion: This randomized controlled study underscores the need for future research in developing and testing FI training models.
Curing and Caring
Authors: Apesoa-Varano Ester Carolina , Barker Judith C. , Hinton Ladson
Published: June 2011

The symbolic framework guiding primary care physicians’ (PCPs) practice is crucial in shaping the quality of care for those with degenerative dementia. Examining the relationship between the cure and care models in primary care offers a unique opportunity for exploring change toward a more holistic approach to health care. The aims of this study were to (a) explore how PCPs approach the care of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and (b) describe how this care unfolds from the physicians’ perspectives. This was a cross-sectional study of 40 PCPs who completed semistructured interviews as part of a dementia caregiving study. Findings show that PCPs recognize the limits of the cure paradigm and articulate a caring, more holistic model that addresses the psychosocial needs of dementia patients. However, caring is difficult to uphold because of time constraints, emotional burden, and jurisdictional issues. Thus, the care model remains secondary and temporary.
Studying Sideways: Displacing the Problem of Power in Research Interviews With Sociologists and Journalists
Authors: Plesner Ursula
Published: June 2011

One strand of the qualitative interview literature has been concerned with the normative or otherwise problematic implications of studying down or studying up (i.e., interviewing “disadvantaged” people or elites). This interview literature is part of a tradition of taking up the problem of power inequalities in relation to the people we study. This article argues that not all types of social scientific research interviews benefit from an à priori problematization of power and control, ethics and equality, or emancipation. From a constructivist perspective, the article seeks to displace the methodological concern with power related to the ideas of studying up or down and introduce another set of concerns in relation to producing good empirical material when we “study sideways.” The argument is based on analyses of interview situations from a concrete research project, where researcher and researched share professional background to some degree, where negotiations replace a researcher-imposed dialogue, and where the circulation of shared or common concepts messes up an orderly division between researchers’ vocabulary and interviewees’ vocabularies. It is proposed that when we study sideways, we must cultivate interview methods which cause confrontation and disagreement—not to acknowledge asymmetry but to enhance the quality of research.
Scholarship Revolution
Authors: William-White Lisa
Published: June 2011

Spoken Word, presented here, is an embodiment of critical theory, where discourse centered on the intersections of race, class, identity, lived experiences, and critical consciousness are named, analyzed, and interpreted in critical performance narratives. Merging the social sciences and the humanities—blending narrative, radical performance text, and popular culture, the power of Spoken Word moves qualitative research methodologies forward to include the voices of a new generation of scholars. In reflecting the author’s “spoken soul,” this piece pushes the boundaries for envisioning the possibilities of storytelling as research, while also expanding the foci of ethnopoetics interpretative potential. In addition, this piece, in form and content, illustrates the possibility of Spoken Word as a radical, “literocratic” research practice for 21st-century scholars—those who wish to demarginalize local and cultural epistemologies.
On Conceptualizing Self-Control as More Than the Effortful Inhibition of Impulses
Authors: Fujita Kentaro
Published: June 2011

The notion that self-control entails effortful inhibition of impulses dominates prevailing psychological models of self-control. This article describes some of the conceptual and empirical limitations of defining self-control as the effortful inhibition of impulses. The present article instead advocates for a dual-motive conceptualization, which describes self-control as the process of advancing distal rather than proximal motivations when the two compete. Effortful impulse inhibition in this model represents only one of many means by which people promote their self-control efforts. Adopting a dual-motive approach offers new insight and proposes several new research directions. This article discusses these implications and calls for psychologists to reconsider the way self-control is currently understood.
Young Men and Peer Fighting in Solo, Indonesia
Authors: Nilan Pam , Demartoto Argyo , Wibowo Agung
Published: June 2011

This article considers peer fighting between lower middle-class Javanese schoolboys with a view to describing the masculine habitus referenced in local collective violence. Acknowledging the long history of heroic warfare and factionalism in Java, the data points to the pleasurable sense of oneself as a kind of warrior fighting with a band of brothers. Four important points emerge about contemporary youthful masculinities here. First, peer fighting is a temporally bounded activity that ends with the school-to-work transition, thus bearing out Messerschmidt’s argument. Second, alcohol plays an important role in amplifying peer conflicts and honor disputes. Third, getting a girlfriend demands the expression of a different kind of masculine habitus from that operationalized in peer fighting. Finally, Muslim school-boy youth squads (geng[s]) are intense formations for the construction of warrior masculinities, employing extensive imagery from the field of global Islamist struggle in battles with boys from secular and Christian schools.
Embodying the Double-Bind of Masculinity: Young Men and Discourses of Normalcy, Health, Heterosexuality, and Individualism
Authors: Norman Moss E.
Published: June 2011

Using a poststructural framework, this article critically examines how young men (13—15 years) actively fashion embodied masculine subjectivities by taking up available subject positions within discourse. The study employed semistructured focus groups and interviews with thirty-two participants from two locations in a large urban Canadian city. It is argued that young men are confronted with competing discourses of masculinity where they are simultaneously incited to work on and transform their bodies into culturally recognizable ideals, while at the same time remaining distant and aloof to the size, shape, and appearance of their bodies. Resolving this double-bind of masculinity, it is argued, remains a central task of reproducing the privileges of masculinity. This study demonstrated that young men take up, deploy, and perform discourses of normalcy, healthy active living, heterosexuality, and individualism as technologies of the self in negotiating the double-bind of masculinity. This study extends our knowledge base on the embodied experiences of young men.
Organizational learning research: Past, present and future
Authors: Argote Linda
Published: June 2011

The article provides a brief overview of past research on organizational learning. Current research themes are identified, including taking a fine-grained approach to characterizing organizational experience, understanding the role of the organizational context in organizational learning, and analyzing processes and outcomes of knowledge creation, retention and transfer. The article concludes with a discussion of future research that is likely to advance our understanding of organizational learning.
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy associated with a multiple-sclerosis-like picture in a man
Authors: La Russa Antonella , Cittadella Rita , Andreoli Virginia , Valentino Paola , Trecroci Francesca , Caracciolo Manuela , Gallo Olivier , Gambardella Antonio , Quattrone Aldo
Published: June 2011

A 35-year-old young man displayed Leber’s optic neuropathy (LHON) due to T14484C and multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotype that was dominated by symptoms and signs of spinal cord impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed demyelinating lesions extending from D6 to D11 in the spinal cord with gadolinium enhancement, while only three linear demyelinating lesions were seen on brain MRI. In the literature, a major involvement of the spinal cord was already reported in three of four male patients with the 14484 LHON mutation who developed MS, but the reasons of this peculiar association remain unknown, and further research in this area is needed.
Love thine enemy? Evidence that (ir)religious identification can promote outgroup tolerance under threat
Authors: Ysseldyk Renate , Haslam S. Alexander , Matheson Kimberly , Anisman Hymie
Published: June 2011

The divide between religious traditionalists and secular humanists has been widening for decades; yet, little is known about factors that attenuate hostility between these groups. Two studies examined whether (ir)religious identification could mitigate negative feelings toward (ir)religious outgroups. Following priming to make salient religious groups in daily life or group-based threat, Atheists and Christians in Britain (Study 1, n = 113), and Atheists, Catholics, Jews, Muslims, and Protestants in Canada (Study 2, n = 181) reported intergroup feelings, ingroup evaluations, and perceptions of their group as viewed by others. Atheists reported the lowest ingroup identification and felt equally negative toward all religious groups. Likewise, religious group members generally felt most negative toward Atheists. However, identification with the (ir)religious ingroup was associated with less hostility toward the outgroup(s). This was particularly marked for Atheists who perceived that religious followers felt positively toward them. These results challenge suggestions that (ir)religious identification and threat necessarily promote intergroup hostility.
Not all prejudices are experienced equally: Comparing experiences of racism and sexism in female minorities
Authors: Remedios Jessica D. , Chasteen Alison L. , Paek Jeffrey D.
Published: June 2011

Research exploring the perspectives of stigmatized people has examined general processes related to experiencing prejudice. Past work, however, has invoked the assumption that prejudices against different group memberships are experienced in a similar manner. Across three studies we directly compare experiences of racism and sexism among female minorities and show, in contrast, that people respond to different forms of prejudice in distinct ways. In Study 1 we examined the attributions invoked by Asian women to explain prejudice and discovered that participants made stronger internal attributions to explain racism than sexism. In Study 2 we investigated emotional reactions to prejudice and found that Asian women report experiencing more depression following a race-based rejection than a gender-based rejection. In Study 3 we observed that Asian women reported perceiving more racism than sexism in their environments. Implications for advancing theories of prejudice experiences are discussed.
Violence as a Public Health Risk
Authors: Haegerich Tamara M. , Dahlberg Linda L.
Published: June 2011

Violence is a public health problem that affects people of all ages. In 2007, violence was one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States for people from birth to age 64 years. Violence takes many forms, such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, self-directed violence, and youth violence. Violence may be best understood and prevented through a public health approach. A focus is placed on preventing violence before it occurs (primary prevention), employing a scientific approach to understand the problem and what action can be taken to prevent it, taking a population perspective that places an emphasis on broad-based changes in communities and society that benefit the largest number of people, and working across sectors (eg, health, justice, education) and integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines (eg, epidemiology, psychology, sociology, medicine). In this article, the authors review the incidence and burden of different forms of violence and the factors that place people at risk for, or protect people from, experiencing violence either as a victim or as a perpetrator. The authors also review strategies based on the best available evidence that may be implemented to prevent violence from occurring, highlighting violence prevention tools for health practitioners. By understanding the burden of violence, the factors that place people at risk for and protect people from experiencing violence, and strategies that can prevent and interrupt violence, health practitioners can play a more active role in enhancing the health and safety of their patients.