bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unusual hand radiographic presentation in a patient on hemodialysis
Authors: Pipili Chrysoula , Grapsa Eirini , Tzanatos Helen
Published: January 2012

We read with great interest the report of Alcelik et al. 1 (May 16 issue), about the case of upper extremity thrombosis caused by hand knitting. Knitting is also a popular Greek leisure activity, which gratify women of all ages, even when they suffer from serious health problems. Repetitive minor injuries caused from knitting may result in ......
Above- and below-ground interactions between Lotus tenuis and Cynodon dactylon under different fertilization levels
Authors: Llobet Mireia , Vignolio Osvaldo R. , Savé Robert , Biel Carmen
Published: January 2012

Llobet, M., Vignolio, O. R., Savé, R. and Biel, C. 2012. Above- and below-ground interactions between Lotus tenuis and Cynodon dactylon under different fertilization levels. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 45–53. Mixtures of legumes and grasses are recommend for xeric garden fields, landscape restorations and to improve productivity, digestibility and quality of grasslands and pastures, due to the complementarity in the use of resources, their resistance to wide edaphoclimatic conditions and the nitrogen-fixing ability of the legume. However, legumes persistence is poor. Two greenhouse studies examined the relative importance of above- and below-ground competition and root physiological attributes between a legume Lotus tenuis and a grass bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) under two fertilization levels. The plants were arranged using the ″Divided pot" technique during 34 wk. Root competition was more important on the performance of both species than shoot competition. Cynodon dactylon had greater nutrient use efficiency than L. tenuis. The low root hydraulic resistance and high specific root length of C. dactylon could enhance its ability to explore the soil and compete for water and nutrients more efficiently than L. tenuis, which compensates for these characteristics with a higher root:shoot ratio than C. dactylon. Although mechanisms involved in root competition between species are not fully understood, our results show that root physiological and morphologic traits contribute to understanding the responses of the species in mixture.
The effect of foliar fungicide application timing on the control of dry bean anthracnose
Authors: Gillard C. L. , Ranatunga N. K. , Conner R. L.
Published: January 2012

Gillard, C. L., Ranatunga, N. K. and Conner, R. L. 2012. The effect of foliar fungicide application timing on the control of dry bean anthracnose. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 109–118. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), reducing seed quality and yield. A study carried out in 2005 and 2006 at Exeter, ON, and at Morden, MB, determined that a sequential application of fungicide at the correct time is crucial for the effective management of the disease. The effect of the fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin at four single foliar application timings at 5th trifoliolate (A), 1st flower (B), full flower (C) and 10 d after full flower (D) and at three sequential timings (A+C, B+C, and B+D) were evaluated under low and high disease pressure conditions. Data were collected on leaf vein and pod infection, plant maturity, dockage, pick, seed weight, yield and return on investment. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and contrast comparisons were carried out for various treatment combinations. Differences between the two fungicides for leaf symptoms were not apparent under low disease pressure, but occurred early in plant development under high disease pressure. Pyraclostrobin-treated plots produced a higher yield under high disease pressure and better quality seeds at both high and low disease pressure conditions. A single fungicide application at the A timing gave higher yield under low disease pressure, while timings B and C gave a higher yield under high disease pressure. A sequential application often provided greater anthracnose control and improved yield and seed quality, compared with single application timings. For the sequential application timings, the highest yields occurred at the A+C timing under low disease pressure, and at the A+C or B+C timing under high disease pressure.
Use of GGE biplot methodology for genetic analysis of yield and related traits in melon (Cucumis meloL.)
Authors: Dehghani Hamid , Feyzian Ehsan , Jalali Mokhtar , Rezai Abdolmajid , Dane Fenny
Published: January 2012

Dehghani, H., Feyzian, E., Jalali, M., Rezai, A. and Dane, F. 2012. Use of GGE biplot methodology for genetic analysis of yield and related traits in melon ( Cucumis melo L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 77–85. A complete diallel cross experiment of six local Iranian melon populations (Eyvanaki, Abasali, Tashkandi, Hose-sorkh, Mashhadi and Mirpanji) and one cultivar (Ananasi) was conducted. Fruit number, average weight per fruit, yield and acceptable yield were re-evaluated using GGE biplot methodology. The two principal components of biplot explained 70, 58, 86 and 88% of total observed variation for yield, acceptable yield, average weight per fruit and fruit number per plant, respectively. Mirpanji had the highest GCA for yield, acceptable yield and average weight per fruit, but the highest negative GCA for fruit number per plant. Abasali showed the highest positive GCA for fruit number. Biplot analysis allowed a rapid and effective overview of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects of the populations, their performance in crosses, as well as grouping patterns of similar genotypes.
Short Communication: Comparative effect of lodging on seed yield of flax and wheat
Authors: Vera C. L. , Duguid S. D. , Fox S. L. , Rashid K. Y. , Dribnenki J. C. P. , Clarke F. R.
Published: January 2012

Vera, C. L., Duguid, S. D., Fox, S. L., Rashid, K. Y., Dribnenki, J. C. P. and Clarke, F. R. 2012. Short Communication: Comparative effect of lodging on seed yield of flax and wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 39–43. Lodging may limit crop productivity and hinder the normal process of harvesting crops. Results from 16 yr (1994–2009) of the Flax Co-operative test and from 29 yr (1981–2009) of the Central Bread Wheat Co-operative test, conducted annually for the evaluation of advanced breeding lines at various locations in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, were used to determine the effect of lodging on the seed yield of these two crop species. Seed yield data were regressed on corresponding lodging scores (1–9 scale) collected from field evaluations. Lodging was more frequently a problem in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) than in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with average seed yield reductions of 32% and 16%, respectively, when lodging was most severe. Disease has been observed in association with the occurrence of lodging in flax. Further research is necessary to elucidate the participation of airborne and soil microorganisms, particularly pasmo, caused by Septoria linicola (Speg.) Garassini, in the mode and degree to which flax is subjected to, and affected by, lodging.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) storage quality in large outdoor piles is impacted by pile management but not by nitrogen fertilizer or cultivar
Authors: Van Eerd Laura L. , Congreves Katelyn A. , Zandstra John W.
Published: January 2012

Van Eerd, L. L., Congreves, K. A. and Zandstra, J. W. 2012. Sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) storage quality in large outdoor piles is impacted by pile management but not by nitrogen fertilizer or cultivar. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 129–139. Even though storage results in lower sucrose recovery from sugar beets, physical constraints dictate that a significant proportion of the sugar beet crop can be stored up to 120 d before processing. From 2006 to 2010, N fertilization (0–220 kg N ha–1), sugar beet cultivar, and pile management method were independently evaluated to determine their effects on sugar beet storability in large outdoor piles. At harvest, five representative sugar beet samples from the N and cultivar field trials were placed in a large outdoor storage pile. Sugar beet quality assessments were taken at harvest and three times over the storage season. On the last retrieval date only, sugar beet samples were retrieved from piles managed via the length- vs. end-removal method. Although there were differences among N treatments and cultivars in sugar beet quality at harvest, there were no storage date by N treatment or storage date by cultivar interactions for any parameters measured indicating that N fertilization or cultivar did not influence the ability to maintain sugar beet quality in large outdoor piles. The length-removal method of pile management had better quality sugar beets compared with the standard end-removal method. Hence, sugar beet producers do not need to modify production practices to optimize storability, but sugar beet processors can improve sucrose recovery by removing sugar beets lengthwise along both sides of large piles as opposed to the standard end-removal method.
Stability of eight potato genotypes for sugar content and French fry quality at harvest and after storage
Authors: Affleck I. , Sullivan J. Alan , Tarn R. , Yada R.
Published: January 2012

Affleck, I., Sullivan, J. A., Tarn, R. and Yada, R. 2012. Stability of eight potato genotypes for sugar content and French fry quality at harvest and after storage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 87–96. Processing quality of potatoes for French fries is partially determined by reducing sugar content of the tuber. Much of the potato crop is processed after a storage period when sugar content can change and affect processing quality. In this study, the stability of sugar levels in eight potato genotypes was studied over four environments (i.e., two locations over 2 yr). The GGE biplot analysis was used to measure the stability of, and the association between, quality traits and sugar content. Quality and sugar content were measured 105 and 120 d after planting and 60 and 120 d after storage. The biplots indicated a change in French fry colour scores and stability between the 105 and 120 d after planting harvest dates. Genotypic differences were noted for French fry colour scores and glucose content. Genotypes were identified that were stable for French fry colour during the two storage periods indicating low genotype by environment interaction. The GGE biplot identified mega-environments that encompassed a group of environments with similar attributes. Based on this finding potatoes from only one environment within the mega-environment would need to be stored for quality evaluations.
Effect of N, P and cropping frequency on nitrogen use efficiencies of spring wheat in the Canadian semi-arid prairie
Authors: Kröbel R. , Campbell C. A. , Zentner R. P. , Lemke R. , Desjardins R. L. , Karimi-Zindashty Y.
Published: January 2012

Kröbel, R., Campbell, C. A., Zentner, R. P., Lemke, R., Desjardins, R. L. and Karimi-Zindashty, Y. 2012. Effect of N, P and cropping frequency on nitrogen use efficiencies of spring wheat in the Canadian semi-arid prairie. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 141–154. Knowledge of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is useful for determining fertilizer requirements. We used balance and difference methods to determine the effect of N and P fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiencies for continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Cont W) and fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W) in a 39-yr crop rotation study conducted on a Brown Chernozem at Swift Current in semi-arid southwestern Saskatchewan. In the balance method, NUE was estimated as yield (Y), or grain N content (GN), divided by either fertilizer N (FN), or FN+soil test N (SN), or FN+SN+growing season net N mineralization (Nmin). Most reasonable results [calculating NUE as either (Y or GN)/(FN+SN+Nmin)] were unaffected by fertilizer or rotation and averaged 10.9 kg grain kg−1available N and 0.3 kg grain N kg−1available N, respectively, for the different fertilizer treatments of Cont W and F-W-W. Using the difference method, where check values are deducted from treatment values in the numerator, Cont W had greater NUE than F-W-W (roughly 2:1). Variations in NUE were not easily explained in the rotation experiment because of the confounding effect of concurrent increases in available moisture and FN availability in the last decade. However, results from a semi-controlled lysimeter experiment at Swift Current showed that irrigation increased NUE, while increasing FN decreased NUE curvilinearly. Of the methods used to assess NUE, the simplest (Y/FN) was the least accurate. However, data needed for more accurate estimates are less likely to be available to the farming community.
CDC Pluto small green field pea
Authors: Warkentin T. D. , Vandenberg A. , Tar'an B. , Banniza S. , Bett K. E. , Barlow B. , Ife S. , Horner J. , de Silva D. , Thompson M. , Parada M. , Wagenhoffer S. , Prado T.
Published: January 2012

Warkentin, T. D., Vandenberg, A., Tar'an, B., Banniza, S., Bett, K. E., Barlow, B., Ife, S., Horner, J., de Silva, D., Thompson, M., Parada, M., Wagenhoffer, S. and Prado, T. 2012. CDC Pluto small green field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 215–216. CDC Pluto, a green cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 2010 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Pluto has a semileafless leaf type, fair lodging resistance, powdery mildew resistance, small seeds with round shape, good cotyledon bleaching resistance and good yielding ability. CDC Pluto is adapted to the field pea growing regions of western Canada.
CDC Horizon forage pea
Authors: Warkentin Tom , Kostuik Jeff , Klassen Eric , Barlow Brent , Ife Scott , Tar'an Bunyamin , Vandenberg Albert
Published: January 2012

Warkentin, T., Kostuik, J., Klassen, E., Barlow, B., Ife, S., Tar'an, B. and Vandenberg, A. 2012. CDC Horizon forage pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 207–209. CDC Horizon is a forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar released in 2010 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Program of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Horizon has a semileafless leaf type, high biomass production, good biomass quality, good seed yield, and resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe pisi Syd.). It has superior lodging resistance to the check cultivars Trapper, 40-10 and CDC Sonata, but with slightly greater seed weight than Trapper and 40-10. CDC Horizon had similar lodging resistance and grain yield compared with the field pea check cultivar CDC Minuet. CDC Horizon had similar overall performance to CDC Leroy and CDC Tucker, but with 8–9% greater forage dry matter production, respectively.
Broadview hard red winter wheat
Authors: Graf R.J. , Thomas J.B. , Gaudet D.A , Laroche A. , Beres B.L.
Published: January 2012

Graf, R. J., Thomas, J. B., Gaudet, D. A., Laroche, A. and Beres, B. L. 2012. Broadview hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 177–181. Broadview is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is well adapted to the Canadian prairies. Compared with the check cultivars (CDC Falcon, CDC Harrier) in the Western Winter Wheat Cooperative registration trials, Broadview produced grain yield similar to CDC Falcon, the highest yielding check. In the eastern prairie rust area, it yielded 2% and 7% more grain than CDC Falcon and CDC Harrier, respectively. Broadview had good winter survival, early maturity, short straw, good lodging resistance and high test weight. It exhibited very good resistance to stem and leaf rust, and is believed to be the first winter wheat cultivar in North America to deploy the Lr21 leaf rust resistance gene. Broadview is eligible for all grades of the Canada Western General Purpose wheat class.
Flourish hard red winter wheat
Authors: Graf R. J. , Thomas J. B. , Beres B. L. , Gaudet D. A. , Laroche A. , Eudes F.
Published: January 2012

Graf, R. J., Thomas, J. B., Beres, B. L., Gaudet, D. A., Laroche, A. and Eudes, F. 2012. Flourish hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 183–189. Flourish is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) eligible for all grades of the Canada Western Red Winter wheat class. Compared with the check cultivars in the Western Winter Wheat Cooperative registration trials (CDC Osprey, AC Bellatrix, Radiant, CDC Buteo), Flourish produced similar grain yield with earlier maturity, shorter straw, improved lodging resistance and higher grain protein content. Flourish displayed winter survival similar to the checks. In the eastern prairie rust hazard region of Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan, Flourish yielded about 5% more grain than CDC Buteo and CDC Falcon, cultivars that are well-adapted and widely grown in the region. Flourish exhibited intermediate resistance to stem and leaf rust combined with moderate resistance to stripe rust and common bunt, a unique combination of disease resistance traits for a western Canadian winter wheat cultivar.
When is fall feeding by flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola (Brassica napus L.) a problem?
Authors: Soroka Juliana J. , Grenkow Larry F.
Published: January 2012

Soroka, J. J. and L. F. Grenkow. 2012. When is fall feeding by flea beetles ( Phyllotreta spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on canola ( Brassica napus L.) a problem? Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 97–107. Two cultivars of Brassica napus canola were seeded in mid-May and early June in three field experiments in each of 3 yr near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of late-season flea beetle feeding on seed yields. In the first experiment, canola was sprayed with insecticide late in the summer to eliminate naturally-infesting flea beetles. In the second, 1×1×1.5 m screen cages were placed over early- and late-seeded canola at flowering and infested with flea beetles as canola matured. In the third investigation, sleeve cages were placed over individual plants and infested with 100 flea beetles. Flea beetles had no detrimental effects on early-seeded canola in any experiment, but did affect seed yields of late-seeded plots in some trials. Over two cultivars in 1 year, late-seeded plants in cube cages infested with about 350 flea beetles per plant when lower pods were turning from translucent to green in colour reduced yield by 241 kg ha−1 over control yields. Seed weights in these late-seeded plots were decreased from 2.68 g per 1000 seeds in uninfested cages to 2.44 g per 1000 seeds in infested cages. Populations of 100 flea beetles per plant in sleeve cages had no effect on harvest parameters in any seeding date or year.
A potential retardant for lodging resistance in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Rani Sinniah Uma , Wahyuni Sri , Syahputra Bambang Surya Adji , Gantait Saikat
Published: January 2012

Sinniah, U. R., Wahyuni, S., Syahputra, B. S. A. and Gantait, S. 2012. A potential retardant for lodging resistance in direct seeded rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 13–18. Yield losses in rice are heavy, particularly when lodging occurs after heading. A major contributing factor towards lodging is the tall phenotypic characteristic of the plant. In rice, application of growth retardant can reduce plant height by means of internode retardation. In this study, paclobutrazol at 50, 100 and 200 ppm was applied as a foliar application at panicle initiation on MR 219 and MR 84 cultivars and its effects on growth, lodging resistance and yield were studied. Foliar-applied growth retardant inhibited plant growth and retarded internode and culm length but increased culm diameter. All treated plants had higher bending resistance compared with the control. A significant positive correlation was observed between increased culm diameter and stem bending resistance (r=0.885). Histological studies showed greater compaction of parenchyma cells with thickening of parenchyma cell walls. Treatments with either 50 or 100 ppm paclobutrazol gave significant retardation of internodes and gave higher stem bending resistance with significant increase in yield.
Phenolic compounds profile, carbohydrates and external fruit quality of the ‘Concorde’ pear (Pyrus communisL.) after bagging
Authors: Hudina Metka , Stampar Franci , Orazem Primoz , Petkovsek Maja Mikulic , Veberic Robert
Published: January 2012

Hudina, M., Stampar, F., Orazem, P., Mikulic Petkovsek, M. and Veberic, R. 2012. Phenolic compounds profile, carbohydrates and external fruit quality of the 'Concorde' pear ( Pyrus communis L.) after bagging. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 67–75. The practice of pre-harvest bagging has been extensively used in several fruit crops to improve the commercial value of the fruit. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fruit bagging on internal and external quality of the European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Concorde’. Fruit quality was determined by chemical analyses (individual sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds) and physical characteristics in 2005 and 2006. Bagging of pear fruit after June drop until harvest significantly reduced fruit length in both observed years. Fruit bagging resulted in increased firmness of the fruit only in 2006. Soluble solids content was significantly lower in bagged fruit in 2006. In 2005, bagging had no influence on firmness and soluble solids content. Bagging improved fruit surface lightness, since L* was higher in the bagged than in the control fruit in both years. Also the a* parameter was higher in bagged fruit. We noted significant influence of bagging on total sugars content. Bagging European pear fruit decreased the content of phenolic compounds in skin (catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside). The removal of bags 7 d before harvest significantly increased glucose, shikimic and fumaric acids.
Sunrise soft red winter wheat
Authors: Fowler D. B.
Published: January 2012

Fowler, D. B. 2012. Sunrise soft red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 195–198. Sunrise is a high-yielding soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is registered in the Canada Western General Purpose (CWGP) wheat class for production in western Canada. The CWGP wheat class was created in 2008 to encourage the development of cultivars to fill the high energy demands of the biofuel and livestock feed markets. The grain yield of Sunrise is similar to the high-yielding hard red and soft white winter wheat cultivars registered in the CWGP class. It has good stem rust, stripe rust, and tan spot resistance and moderate leaf rust resistance. High grain yield potential of low protein concentration grain combined with good agronomic and disease packages make Sunrise a good fit for the CWGP class.
Evaluation of the Acute Effects of Organic Solvents on Adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
Authors: Oliveira Taciane A. de , Ronchi-Teles B. , Oliveira R. B. de , Fonseca C. R. V. da , Silva S. L. R. da , Santos P. A. dos , Nunez C. V.
Published: January 2012

The continuous use of synthetic insecticides has created problems for the environment and human health. With the objective of reducing such problems, ecofriendly measures have been taken and, in this case, plants have representing an important resource for pest control. Due to the increase of studies using organic extracts in bioassays and the difficulty of finding solubilizant agents that do not interfere in the results, the aim of this work was to evaluated the acute effect of different solvents on Sitophilus zeamais by contact and ingestion assays. The results suggest that pure dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and Tween- 20 solvents have toxic acute effects on adults of S. zeamais, but they can be used diluted at 1 or 5% with no toxic acute effect. On contrary, pure dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) did not cause any acute effect on target organism. Thus, DCM and MeOH solvents even in the pure form and the Tween-20 and DMSO diluted at 1 or 5% can be used as solubilizant agents for apolar to medium polarity plant extracts, involving contact or ingestion assay on adults of S. zeamais.
Use of Artemia sp. as a Test-Organism to Assess the Toxicity of the Cashew Nut Improvement Industry Effluent Before and After the Treatment by an Experimental Biological Reactor
Authors: Pimentel M. F. , Silva Júnior F. C. G. , Santaella S. T. , Lotufo L. V. C.
Published: January 2012

The cashew nut is among the most important products of exportation for the State of Ceará, generating considerable amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this context, the aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of a biological reactor inoculated with funghi in the treatment of cashew nut industry wastewater using as end-points: the acute toxicity to the microcrustacean Artemia sp., Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Results showed that the plant effluent is highly toxic, presenting elevated levels of TPC and COD. In addition, it was demonstrated the efficacy of the biological treatment. The mortality was reduced from 84.7 ± 29.3% to 16.3 ± 25.6%. The reduction of TPC reached a maximum of 98.1%, while the reduction for COD levels reached 95.8%. There was a strong positive correlation between toxicity, TPC and COD. It was clearly concluded that the acute toxicity test using Artemia sp. is an important tool in the monitoring of biological reactors efficiency in the treatment of phenol enriched effluents. In addition, it was possible to observe that the biological treatment greatly improved the quality of wastewater from the cashew nut industry.
Toxicity Estimation for Mixtures of Furadán 4F® and Monofos® on Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
Authors: Iannacone J. , Alvariño L. , Mamani N.
Published: January 2012

The aim of present study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effect of Furadán 4F® (active ingredient (a.i.) carbofuran) and Monofos® (a.i. metamidophos) in heterotoxic and equitoxic mixtures on trout larvaes Oncorhynchus mykiss and, with these results, to evaluate aquatic environmental risk of both insecticides. Mortalities were evaluated from 24 to 96 hours of exposure and joint toxicity was estimated through the calculation of toxic units (TU). For heterotoxic mixtures exposure, LC50 (96 hours) of Monofos® decreased with the increase of two fixed and constant concentrations of Furadán 4F® (251 and 502 μg.L-1 equivalent of a.i. carbofuran), exhibiting synergic toxicity. The same behavior was observed for the LC50 (96 hours) exposure to Furadán 4F® at five constant and fixed concentrations for Monofos® (1.42; 2.85; 5.70; 11.41 and 22.82 mg.L-1 equivalent of a.i. metamidophos), which also showed synergic toxicity. TU varied from 0.97 to 1.02 for equitoxic mixtures. Results indicate that Furadán 4F® and Monitor® exhibit a synergic or partial additive toxicity whenever at equitoxic concentrations.
Ecotoxicity Assessment of Suzano Wastewater Treatment Plant (São Paulo) Using Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Hamada N. , Mesquita L. C. A. , Pereira I. W. , Nakano E. , Borrely S. I. , Tallarico L. F.
Published: January 2012

Population growth and industrial development generate pollution to water resources far above their assimilation capacity. The environmental control agency, (CETESB) ensures 27 sites for monitoring toxicity at Tietê River (Alto Tietê), and priority is given to water supply sources. Few data is available on toxicity monitoring of waste water treatment plant (WWTP) from São Paulo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of affluent and effluent of Suzano WWTP, assessing the reduction in toxicity. Five samples were taken from September 2005 to March 2008. A complete removal of acute toxicity for D. similis was obtained but for Vibrio fischeri the efficiency of treatment was not the same. With this luminescent bacteria, the average efficacy of SWWTP was 57.90%. Comparison among studies evidenced less toxicity in the present as a result of some efforts done by the São Paulo Water and Sewage Company (SABESP).
Changes in Antioxidative Defense System of Stizolobium aterrimum and Canavalia ensiformis Exposed to Arsenic
Authors: Nascimento K. J. T. , Oliveira J. A. , Cambraia J. , Oliva M. A.
Published: January 2012

The present work evaluated the antioxidant responses of Stilozobium aterrimum and Canavalia ensiformis after exposure to arsenic (As). Plants of these two species with the first pair of fully expanded cotyledonary leaves, grown in nutrient solution, pH 5.5, were treated with 0.0 and 1.5 mg.L-1 of As. After 5 days, the effects of As on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were measured. Lipid peroxidation increased in both roots and leaves after As treatment, especially in S. aterrimum. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in the two parts of the plants of both species with As treatment. Peroxidase (POX) activity, on the other hand, reduced with As treatment in S. aterrimum, but increased in C. ensiformis. Glutathione reductase (GR) increased in roots of both species, mainly in S. aterrimum. GR activity also increased in the leaves of C. ensiformis, but decreased in S. aterrimum. Under the experimental conditions of this study, C. ensiformis was considered to have antioxidant mechanisms slightly more efficient than S. aterrimum against reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs).
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Commercially Available Acid Red Dye by Comet Assay in Fish (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Deepa V. , Sathya T. N. , Murthy P. Balakrishna , Reddy P. Neelakanta
Published: January 2012

Genotoxicity of commercially available acid red dye on fish was evaluated. Fish were exposed to various concentrations of the dye and gill processed for comet assay. Nucleoids were visually scored and categorized into various damage degrees. Significant increase (p < 0.05) in the percentage and distribution of damaged nucleoids was recorded in all dye-treated groups over control. DNA damage scores (AU) increased with exposure concentrations and dose-response was observed at higher doses. From the results it is concluded that commercially available acid red dye is potentially genotoxic to fish. The results are preliminary and further studies are warranted to acknowledge this effect.
Impact of the deep convection of isoprene and other reactive trace species on radicals and ozone in the upper troposphere
Authors: Apel E. C. , Olson J. R. , Crawford J. H. , Hornbrook R. S. , Hills A. J. , Cantrell C. A. , Emmons L. K. , Knapp D. J. , Hall S. , Mauldin III R. L. , Weinheimer A. J. , Fried A. , Blake D. R. , Crounse J. D. , Clair J. M. St. , Wennberg P. O. , Diskin G. S. , Fuelberg H. E. , Wisthaler A. , Mikoviny T. , Brune W. , Riemer D. D.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Observations of a comprehensive suite of inorganic and organic trace gases, including non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), halogenated organics and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), obtained from the NASA DC-8 over Canada during the ARCTAS aircraft campaign in July 2008 illustrate that convection is important for redistributing both long- and short-lived species throughout the troposphere. Convective outflow events were identified by the elevated mixing ratios of organic species in the upper troposphere relative to background conditions. Several dramatic events were observed in which isoprene and its oxidation products were detected at hundreds of pptv at altitudes higher than 8 km. Two events are studied in detail using detailed experimental data and the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) box model. One event had no lightning NOx (NO + NO2) associated with it and the other had substantial lightning NOx (LNOx > 1 ppbv). When convective storms transport isoprene from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere and no LNOx is present, OH is reduced due to scavenging by isoprene, which serves to slow the chemistry, resulting in longer lifetimes for species that react with OH. Ozone and PAN production is minimal in this case. In the case where isoprene is convected and LNOx is present, there is a large effect on the expected ensuing chemistry: isoprene exerts a dominant impact on HOx and nitrogen-containing species; the relative contribution from other species to HOx, such as peroxides, is insignificant. The isoprene reacts quickly, resulting in primary and secondary products, including formaldehyde and methyl glyoxal. The model predicts enhanced production of alkyl nitrates (ANs) and peroxyacyl nitrate compounds (PANs). PANs persist because of the cold temperatures of the upper troposphere resulting in a large change in the NOx mixing ratios which, in turn, has a large impact on the HOx chemistry. Ozone production is substantial during the first few hours following the convection to the UT, resulting in a net gain of approximately 10 ppbv compared to the modeled scenario in which LNOx is present but no isoprene is present aloft.
Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation rate in two contaminated floodplain soils
Authors: Frohne T. , Rinklebe J. , Langer U. , Du Laing G. , Mothes S. , Wennrich R.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. An automated biogeochemical microcosm system allowing controlled variation of redox potential (EH) in soil suspensions was used to assess the effect of various factors on the mobility of mercury (Hg) as well as on the methylation of Hg in two contaminated floodplain soils with different Hg concentrations (approximately 5 mg Hg kg−1 and >30 mg Hg kg–1). The experiment was conducted under stepwise variation from reducing (approximately −350 mV at pH 5) to oxidizing conditions (approximately 600 mV at pH 5). Results of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis indicate the occurrence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) such as Desulfobacter species (10Me16:0, cy17:0, 10Me18:0, cy19:0) or Desulfovibrio species (18:2ω6,9), which are considered to promote Hg methylation. The products of the methylation process are lipophilic, highly toxic methyl mercury species such as the monomethyl mercury ion [MeHg+], which is named as MeHg here. The ln(MeHg/Hgt) ratio is assumed to reflect the net production of monomethyl mercury normalized to total dissolved Hg (Hgt) concentration. This ratio increases with rising dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to Hgt ratio (ln(DOC/Hgt) ratio) (R2 = 0.39, p<0.0001, n= 63) whereas the relation between ln(MeHg/Hgt ratio and lnDOC is weaker (R2 = 0.09; p<0.05; n = 63). In conclusion, the DOC/Hgt ratio might be a more important factor for the Hg net methylation than DOC alone in the current study. Redox variations seem to affect the biogeochemical behavior of dissolved inorganic Hg species and MeHg indirectly through related changes in DOC, sulfur cycle, and microbial community structure whereas EH and pH values, as well as concentration of dissolved Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cl– seem to play subordinate roles in Hg mobilization and methylation under our experimental conditions.
The impacts of climate, land use, and demography on fires during the 21st century simulated by CLM-CN
Authors: Kloster S. , Mahowald N. M. , Randerson J. T. , Lawrence P. J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Landscape fires during the 21st century are expected to change in response to multiple agents of global change. Important controlling factors include climate controls on the length and intensity of the fire season, fuel availability, and fire management, which are already anthropogenically perturbed today and are predicted to change further in the future. An improved understanding of future fires will contribute to an improved ability to project future anthropogenic climate change, as changes in fire activity will in turn impact climate. In the present study we used a coupled-carbon-fire model to investigate how changes in climate, demography, and land use may alter fire emissions. We used climate projections following the SRES A1B scenario from two different climate models (ECHAM5/MPI-OM and CCSM) and changes in population. Land use and harvest rates were prescribed according to the RCP 45 scenario. In response to the combined effect of all these drivers, our model estimated, depending on our choice of climate projection, an increase in future (2075–2099) fire carbon emissions by 17 and 62% compared to present day (1985–2009). The largest increase in fire emissions was predicted for Southern Hemisphere South America for both climate projections. For Northern Hemisphere Africa, a region that contributed significantly to the global total fire carbon emissions, the response varied between a decrease and an increase depending on the climate projection. We disentangled the contribution of the single forcing factors to the overall response by conducting an additional set of simulations in which each factor was individually held constant at pre-industrial levels. The two different projections of future climate change evaluated in this study led to increases in global fire carbon emissions by 22% (CCSM) and 66% (ECHAM5/MPI-OM). The RCP 45 projection of harvest and land use led to a decrease in fire carbon emissions by −5%. The RCP 26 and RCP 60 harvest and landuse projections caused decreases around −20%. Changes in human ignition led to an increase of 20%. When we also included changes in fire management efforts to suppress fires in densely populated areas, global fire carbon emission decreased by −6% in response to changes in population density. We concluded from this study that changes in fire emissions in the future are controlled by multiple interacting factors. Although changes in climate led to an increase in future fire emissions this could be globally counterbalanced by coupled changes in land use, harvest, and demography.
Environmental factors regulating winter CO2 flux in snow-covered boreal forest soil, interior Alaska
Authors: Kim Y. , Kodama Y.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Winter CO2 flux is an important element to assess when estimating the annual carbon budget on regional and global scales. However, winter observation frequency is limited due to the extreme cold weather in sub-Arctic and Arctic ecosystems. In this study, the continuous monitoring of winter CO2 flux in black spruce forest soil of interior Alaska was performed using NDIR CO2 sensors at 10, 20, and 30 cm above the soil surface during the snow-covered period (DOY 357 to 466) of 2006/2007. The atmospheric pressure was divided into four phases: >1000 hPa (HP: high pressure); 985<P<1000 (IP: intermediate pressure); <986 hPa (LP: low pressure); and a snow-melting period (MP); for the quantification of the effect of the environmental factors determining winter CO2 flux. The winter CO2 fluxes were 0.22 ± 0.02, 0.23 ± 0.02, 0.25 ± 0.03, and 0.17 ± 0.02 gCO2-C/m2 d−1 for the HP, IP, LP, and MP phases, respectively. Wintertime CO2 emission represents 20 % of the annual CO2 emissions in this boreal black spruce forest soil. Atmospheric temperature, pressure, and soil temperature correlate at levels of 56, 25, and 31 % to winter CO2 flux, respectively, during the snow-covered period of 2006/2007, when snow depth experienced one of its lowest totals of the past 80 years. Atmospheric temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm depth, modulated by atmospheric pressure, were found to be significant factors in determining winter CO2 emission and fluctuation in snowpack. Regional/global process-based carbon cycle models should be reassessed to account for the effect of winter CO2 emissions, regulated by temperature and soil latent-heat flux, in the snow-covered soils of Arctic and sub-Arctic terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere.
CELLS v1.0: updated and parallelized version of an electrical scheme to simulate multiple electrified clouds and flashes over large domains
Authors: Barthe C. , Chong M. , Pinty J.-P. , Bovalo C. , Escobar J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The paper describes the fully parallelized electrical scheme CELLS which is suitable to simulate explicitly electrified storm systems on parallel computers. Our motivation here is to show that a cloud electricity scheme can be developed for use on large grids with complex terrain. Large computational domains are needed to perform real case meteorological simulations with many independent convective cells. The scheme computes the bulk electric charge attached to each cloud particle and hydrometeor. Positive and negative ions are also taken into account. Several parametrizations of the dominant non-inductive charging process are included and an inductive charging process as well. The electric field is obtained by inverting the Gauss equation with an extension to terrain-following coordinates. The new feature concerns the lightning flash scheme which is a simplified version of an older detailed sequential scheme. Flashes are composed of a bidirectional leader phase (vertical extension from the triggering point) and a phase obeying a fractal law (with horizontal extension on electrically charged zones). The originality of the scheme lies in the way the branching phase is treated to get a parallel code. The complete electrification scheme is tested for the 10 July 1996 STERAO case and for the 21 July 1998 EULINOX case. Flash characteristics are analysed in detail and additional sensitivity experiments are performed for the STERAO case. Although the simulations were run for flat terrain conditions, they show that the model behaves well on multiprocessor computers. This opens a wide area of application for this electrical scheme with the next objective of running real meterological case on large domains.
HESS Opinions "More efforts and scientific rigour are needed to attribute trends in flood time series"
Authors: Merz B. , Vorogushyn S. , Uhlemann S. , Delgado J. , Hundecha Y.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The question whether the magnitude and frequency of floods have changed due to climate change or other drivers of change is of high interest. The number of flood trend studies is rapidly rising. When changes are detected, many studies link the identified change to the underlying causes, i.e. they attribute the changes in flood behaviour to certain drivers of change. We propose a hypothesis testing framework for trend attribution which consists of essential ingredients for a sound attribution: proof of consistency, proof of inconsistency and provision of confidence statement. Further, we evaluate the current state-of-the-art of flood trend attribution. To this end, we assess how selected recent studies approach the attribution problem, and to which extent their attribution statements seem defendable. In our opinion, the current state of flood trend attribution is poor. Attribution statements are mostly based on qualitative reasoning or even speculation. Typically, the focus of flood trend studies is the detection of change, i.e. the statistical analysis of time series, and attribution is regarded as an appendix: (1) flood time series are analysed by means of trend tests, (2) if a significant change is detected, a hypothesis on the cause of change is given, and (3) explanations or published studies are sought which support the hypothesis. We believe that we need a change in perspective and more scientific rigour: detection should be seen as an integral part of the more challenging attribution problem, and detection and attribution should be placed in a sound hypothesis testing framework.
Electrical capacitance volume tomography of soil water infiltration in a vessel experiments
Authors: Mukhlisin M. , Baidillah M. R. , El-Shafie A. , Taha M. R. , Warsito W.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) is a recently-developed technique for real-time, non-invasive 3-D monitoring of processes involving materials with strong contrasts in dielectric permittivity. This paper is the first application of the method to visualization of water flow in soil. We describe the principles behind the method, and then demonstrate its use with a simple laboratory infiltration experiment. 32 ECVT sensors were installed on the sides of an empty PVC column. Water was poured into the column at a constant rate, and ECVT data were collected every second. The column was then packed with dry sand and again supplied with water at a constant rate with data collected every second. Data were analyzed to give bulk average water contents, which proved consistent with the water supply rates. Data were also analyzed to give 3-D images (216 voxels) allowing visualization of the water distribution during the experiments. For infiltration into the soil, wall flow, progress of the unstable wetting front, and the final water distribution showing air pockets are clearly visible. Result of this study showed that the normalized dielectric permittivity distribution of the water and the saturated soil is 1.0 and around 0.9, respectively.
New developments in the analysis of volcanic pyroclastic density currents through numerical simulations of multiphase flows
Authors: Lepore S. , Scarpati C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. A granular multiphase model has been used to evaluate the action of differently sized particles on the dynamics of fountains and associated pyroclastic density currents. The model takes into account the overall disequilibrium conditions between a gas phase and several solid phases, each characterized by its own physical properties. The dynamics of the granular flows has been simulated by adopting a Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes model for describing the turbulence effects. Numerical simulations have been carried out by using different values for the eruptive column temperature at the vent, solid particles frictional concentration, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation. The results obtained underline the importance of the multiphase nature of the model and characterize several disequilibrium effects. The low concentration (≤ 5 · 10–4) sectors lie in the upper part of the granular flow, above the fountain, and above the pyroclastic current tail and body as thermal plumes. The high concentration sectors, on the contrary, form the fountain and remain along the ground of the granular flow. Hence, pyroclastic density currents are assimilated to granular flows constituted by a low concentration suspension flowing above a high concentration basal layer (boundary layer), from the proximal regions to the distal ones. Interactions among solid, differently sized particles in the boundary layer of the granular flow are controlled by collisions between particles, whereas particles dispersal in the suspension is determined by the dragging of the gas phase. The simulations describe well the dynamics of a tractive boundary layer leading to the formation of stratified facies during eruptions having a different magnitude.