bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convents, Class, and Catholic ldentity
Authors: Magray Mary Peckham
Published: October 2023

The annalist went on to describe how her father, “as some compensation for thwarting her holy designs, allowed her the disposal of the interest of her for tune (a handsome sum) in charity or otherwise as she pleased.”2 Gould chose to use the money to support philanthropic work in the city of Lisbon, where she resided with her parents. It was not until her father died and left her in control of a large inheritance that she sailed to Cork and joined the Doneraile convent, which she had once visited and where her aunt, a boarder and benefactor of the community, had recently died.
Justice in International Research
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

An array of ethical concerns regarding international research has arisen over the years, but those concerns have rarely been cast in the language of justice. Nevertheless, upon closer examination, it becomes evident that several of these concerns can be expressed in terms of justice. One often-heard objection is that researchers should not embark on studies in developing countries when for ethical reasons that research could not be carried out in a developed country.
The Creation and Early Development of the Praetorship down to 264
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

In 367, the Romans, as part of a compromise between patricians and plebeians known as the Licinian-Sextian legislation,1 decided to abandon the experiment of military tribunes with consular power and instead add a “praetor” as third colleague to the two traditional chief magistrates, who were now (or were soon to be) called “consules.” It was stipulated that one consulship be open to plebeians and that the praetor be a patrician.
Sicily and Sardinia, 218-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

The Roman fleets stationed off the coast of Sicily and (later) Sardinia served not just as a deterrent to reoccupation-something the Carthaginians were always eager to attempt. This Roman naval presence was the first and perhaps the only regular impediment to the supply line from Carthage to Hannibal. These fleets also helped defend the west coast of Italy against Punic attack. It is difficult to tell what would have faced a Carthaginian armada once it had managed to break through this initial line of defense: we have notices of a secondary fleet guarding the Italian coast only in years of recognized emergency.2
Sicily, Sardinia, and the Spains, 122-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey
Published: October 2023

The picture of Sardinia for these years is reasonably clear: prolonged fighting which was serious enough to prompt some consular commands, and little concern on the part of the Senate for regular succession in the province. We have seen (9.3.3) that the cos. 126 L. Aurelius Orestes enjoyed-if that is the word-almost five years of imperium in this pestilent provincia, celebrating a triumph on 8 December 122. The next known commander for Sardinia, M. Caecilius Metellus (cos. 115), stayed almost as long, for he triumphed on 15 July m. His brother C. Metellus Caprarius (cos. 113 for Macedonia, and succeeded by a cos. 112) apparently spent a good part of 112 and the first half of m outside Rome, waiting for Marcus so that they could triumph together. In the event, that is what they did-both entering the city on 15 July-though Eutropius detracts something from the glory of the occasion by noting that the news of the Cimbric invasion of Italy also arrived that day.
Moral Progress and Ethical Universals
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: October 2023

Debates about the meaning of moral progress and whether human history demonstrates such progress are linked to the controversy surrounding ethical relativism. Earlier in this century, anthropologists who deplored racism in the United States, as evidenced in U.S. immigration laws, sought to combat racism through their anthropological studies. This mixture of antiracist values with cultural relativism has remained a powerful force up to the present day. As noted in Chapter 2, the nineteenth century view of “cultural evolutionism” was a theory describing the progression of human societies in hierarchical stages from “primitive” or “savage” (represented by tribal, nonliterate societies) to a more “progressed” form of culture (represented by Western civilization). Cultural relativism was introduced in part to combat these racist, hierarchical Eurocentric ideas of progress.
Mass Migration and Inequality Trends Within Countries
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G
Published: October 2023

There were three epochs of growth experience after the middle of the nineteenth century among what are now called the OECD countries: the late nineteenth century, the middle years between 1914 and 1950, and the late twentieth century. The first and last epochs experienced overall fast growth, globalization, and convergence. The middle years experienced overall slow growth, deglobalization, and divergence. Thus, history offers an unambiguous positive correlation between globalization and convergence. When the pre-World War I years are examined in detail, the correlation turns out to be causal: globalization played the critical role in contributing to convergence; and, as chapter 10 and other work (Williamson 1996) have argued, it took the form of mass migration and trade.
Language of Discontent: Using the Stranger’s Perspective
Authors: Yu Henry
Published: October 2023

Sociology provided a language for Asian American scholars to examine and understand their experiences in the United States. More important, it supplied a seemingly neutral perspective from which they could analyze extremely disturbing events. The ability to acquire analytical distance from the social world allowed many of the Oriental intellectuals the freedom to remove themselves to a place where the concerns of their personal existence took on more abstract meanings. The detached outsider’s perspective of sociology, embodied in the outlook of the stranger, provided a means for intellectuals to extricate themselves from the entanglements of daily life. As it might be for a person who feels trapped in a small town, becoming an outsider could represent escape from the claustrophobic confinements of a life too well known.
Lecture at the Atheneum in Lima
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Not only do we have geniuses who invent and geniuses who renew and apply what’s invented, but we’re overrun by the mediocrity that apes and copies. How many third-rate epic poems were inspired by the Iliad and the Odyssey! How many lame tragedies inspired by the works of Sophocles and Euripides! How many vacuous songs by the odes of Pindar and Horace! How many rancid eclogues by the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil! Everything good, everything grand, everything beautiful, was perverted, diminished, and made ugly by unskilled imitators.
Propaganda and Attack
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

We suffer from logomania, or logomachy, and we should undertake the project conceived by Sainte-Juste of imitating the Lacedaemonians and establishing a prize for laconism. That’s right, laconism, not for the purpose of transforming the language into a kind of telegraphic jargon but for expressing in the least number of words the greatest number of ideas; not for the purpose of reducing matters to a mere five-line ejaculation but to allow for the proper development of a thought and the necessary extension of a sentence: we can be verbose in a line and concise in a volume.
The Beginning
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

This year for the first time we’ve celebrated May Day, not only in Lima but in several other cities or towns of the republic. We’ve marched through the streets and squares waving a flag that symbolizes social revolution; things that none of us have ever heard or read before have been spoken in public meetings and printed on flyers and in news papers. It’s as though the authorities and forces of law and order were in agreement to let such things be said and done.
The Sword
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

The habit does n’t make the monk; but the suit he wears has great influence on the formation of the tiger. Merely by pouring a man into a military uniform, you infuse him with abjection before his superiors and despotism toward his subordinates. How insolent the arrogance of a colonel in his contact with the humble recruit! How repugnant the servility of that same colonel in the presence of the fatuous general! An army’s chain of command should be depicted as a mountain where men climb, each kissing the ass of the one ahead, each kissed in the same spot by the one behind.
The Paris Commune
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

If anything can make us doubt the infallibility of historical affirmations, it is surely the swift modification of the judgments concerning the Paris Commune. Execrated yesterday by almost every bourgeois writer as an explosion of evil passions or the sinister masquerade of a few plundering, bloodthirsty bandits, it is considered today by many writers of the same ilk as a premature movement for social reparation or as the violent but just insurrection of men inspired by generous ideals. Hardly any fail to condemn the implacable rage of the victors or to stand aghast at the result of an unequal contest in which the Versailles army suffered some five hundred casualties while the communists or members of the confederation had more than thirty thou sand victims, including among them a large number of women, old men, and even children.
Force
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

The same thing happened recently with the affirmation by the Chi leans: “Victory is the supreme law of nations.” We South Americans, mainly the children of Peru, have drawn back in horror, proffering cries of indignation. If victory is not the supreme law of nations, if it concedes no rights, what does it grant, then, to those conquered? Will the victor be obliged to cover the costs of war, to pay compensation for damages and injuries, to give up a slice of territory and sign the treaty imposed by the defeated? Ever since mankind has existed, right has been regarded as a luxury of the strong, victory as the supreme law.
Tyrannicide
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H
Published: October 2023

Blood horrifies us; but if some must be shed, let it be the blood of the wicked. Who knows but that from a perspective on justice less narrow than human justice it might not be a greater crime to wound a helpful animal than to exterminate an evil man. Perhaps we would be right in concluding: before shedding the blood of a pigeon or a lamb, kill the tyrant. Why not come right out and say it? The spilling of certain blood produces no stain. Hands that free us from despots and petty tyrants bear no stain, are worthy of being clasped by honest men. To strike down such a culprit, him alone, without sacrificing innocent people, is an end to be desired.
The Social Diversity Interpretation in Perspective Reviewing Other Explanations
of State Politics
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

The social diversity interpretation is the focal point of this book. Before further assessing it, however, a review and discussion of other approaches to state politics is useful in itself, as well as for comparative purposes. There have been so many research articles and so many explanatory variables used in the study of state politics that any summary of approaches is difficult and certain to be incomplete. Nonetheless, some overview is necessary and a summary can be provided. In general, the goal of this chapter is to consider major issues and perspectives commonly found in the scholarly study of state politics; later chapters revisit these issues from the social diversity perspective. In some cases, these perspectives are treated as variables to be explained themselves, as “dependent variables” relative to social diversity (see, especially, chapters 3 and 4). In other cases, they are examined as alternatives or challengers to social diversity as an interpretation of state policies (see latter parts of chapters 5 and 6). To organize and facilitate this overview of other approaches, I draw on and parallel recent discussions by two leading scholars of state politics.
The Social Diversity Interpretation of State Politics and Policy in Perspective
Authors: Hero Rodney E
Published: October 2023

This study has developed, and provided evidence regarding a social diversity interpretation on state politics and policy. And because of the critical role states play in U.S. politics and policy, that interpretation has broader implications. The argument and evidence suggest that racial/ethnic diversity is, and has been, a major thread in the states’, and thus American, political and social fabric. The core claim is that social diversity is a significant aspect of state politics-one that is substantially greater, more pervasive, and more institutional in its importance than has previously been acknowledged or under stood. Social diversity can be thought of as an analytical construct, not simply just another variable, and as a phenomenon embedded in the states, and hence the United States, political systems. Thus, social diversity deserves consideration as a distinct perspective on state and U.S. politics.
The Quena
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela
Published: October 2023

Midnight had just sounded on the cathedral clock in Lima. The streets were dark and deserted, like the rows of a cemetery. The houses, so full of life and light earlier in the evening had, by then, a somber and sinister aspect to them. The beautiful city was asleep, buried in a deep silence interrupted only occasionally by the melancholic sounds of some lover playing the vihuela, or by the distant murmuring of the sea, which the night breeze brought along with the fragrance of the orange trees that form aromatic forests outside the city’s walls.
The Failure of Reform: United States, 1865-1965
Authors: Rotman Edgardo
Published: October 2023

In 1867, Enoch Wines and Theodore Dwight, having concluded an extensive survey of American prisons, published a monumental report describing the flaws of the existing system and proposing remedies for it. One hundred years later, the President’s Com mission for Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice published its own extensive survey, no less discontented with the state of affairs and no less enthusiastic about the prospect for reforms. Indeed, over the hundred years that elapsed between these two reports, other would-be reform groups proposed their own initiatives, sharing a despair about ongoing problems, a lofty idealism, and a dogged optimism that prisons could be improved. The cycle seems never ending: exposes, reports, proposals, then more exposes.
Reactive Lymph Node Hyperplasia
Authors: Hyperplasia General Features of Reactive Lymph Node
Published: October 2023

Reactive hyperplasias of the lymph node result from expansion of one or more of the lymph node compartments by proliferation of lymphoid cells in response to antigenic or other stimulus. Reactive hyperplasias differ from the malignant lymphomas in being benign, self-limited responses to a physiologic stimulus rather than an autonomous proliferation; however, the nature of the stimulus in some cases may remain obscure. Reactive hyperplasias are, by definition, polyclonal lymphoid proliferations, in which different clones respond to a common stimulus. Some reactive hyperlasias are oligoclonal, as result of a restricted immune response, particularly in the setting of immunosuppression and/or Epstein-Barr virus infection. In general, reactive hyperplasias are polymorphous in appearance, reflecting the proliferation of a variety of cells, in contrast to the monomorphous appearance of many malignant lymphomas. Reactive hyperplasias are nondestructive proliferations in which the architecture of the lymph node is, in most cases, at least partially, preserved.
Castleman’s Disease and Progressive Transformation of Germinal Centers
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Castleman’s disease (CD) and progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC) are abnormal follicular proliferations which are non-neoplastic and of uncertain pathogenesis. Castleman’s disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, “giant” lymph node hyper­plasia) is an abnormal follicular lymphoid proliferation of uncertain pathogenesis which occurs in two major histologic forms, hyaline-vascular and plasma cell, and two clinical forms, localized and multicentric. Multicentric Castleman’s disease is associated with infection with the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (Soulier et al, 1995a).
Peripheral T Cell and NK Cell Neoplasms: I. T Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/ Prolymphocytic Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia, and Mycosis Fungoides/ Sezary’s Syndrome
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/prolymphocytic leukemia, large granular lymphocyte leukemia, and mycosis fungoides/Sezary’s syndrome are systemic T cell lympho proliferative disorders with predominantly extranodal involvement and frequent leukemic manifestations.
Hodgkin’s Disease: II. Classical Hodgkin’s Disease
Authors: Strauchen James A
Published: October 2023

Classical Hodgkin’s Disease (HD) is characterized by proliferation of Reed-Sternberg (RS) and Reed-Sternberg-variant cells in an inflammatory background. Although several histopathologic variants are recognized, the RS and RS-variant cells demonstrate a uniform immunophenotype, characterized by CD15 and CD30 positivity and lack of specific B or T cell antigens.
Problem Of Labour And Order. April 1961-April 1862,
Authors: Blair William
Published: October 2023

By the summer of 1861, even Solomon might have needed advice. The volume of mail coming into the Confederate War Department in Richmond exhausted Albert T. Bledsoe. A career as professor at the University of Virginia and proslavery ideologue failed to prepare him as a bureaucrat. In the pile of correspondence he tossed into an armchair at day’s end lay an array of competing concerns requiring instant decisions. Some letters contained relatively routine requests for military or political posts. The occasional crank also contributed, such as the “inventor” who asked for $1,500 to build a machine to move air at momiles per hour, ostensibly to aim at the enemy. Dominating this correspondence were petitions from communities for the return of the local miller, or tanner, or blacksmith. Occasionally there appeared individual pleas from women for the army to return an only son, a husband, or a provider because the household faced hardship and possible ruin. How should a public servant decide these matters? And which choices promised the greatest chance for Confederate success with the least suffering among the people? These questions highlight the problems that faced state and national authorities in the first year of the war.
The Stages of Graduate School
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the graduate school process. Succeeding chapters will explore most of these topics again in depth. Coursework The first few years of graduate school are different in many ways from those later on. This is because required courses are taken during these beginning years, and considerable time will be spent attending classes, studying, doing problem sets, and writing pa pers. In some departments, research does not begin until class work is over. In others, research and classwork are carried out con currently, and students must manage their time carefully.
The Absent Professor
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

In theory, graduate education is modeled after the classical apprenticeship program. That is, a student is envisioned as laboring daily under the guidance of a “master,” a respected scientist who has acquired, over years of study and experimentation, the knowledge and technique necessary to perform sophisticated, state-of the-art research. The student “protege” works closely with the esteemed mentor in the laboratory, like a wide-eyed apprentice attending to a Michelangelo. The scientist imparts valuable knowledge and skills. The student observes, practices, and applies the mentor’s methods, is coached and counseled at each step, and eventually is molded into a functioning scientist. This is a time honored means of ensuring the passage of craft and expertise to future generations. In reality, however, the system does not work this way. The practice of science nowadays is a complicated affair. As a result, contrary to what many beginning students expect, most professors who made their reputations by original work earlier on in their careers now have little or no time to spend in the laboratory. They are simply too busy. Surely one of the most time consuming activities professors are engaged in involves the never ending and arduous quest for research money. To keep their labs up and running, scientists need funds !commonly hundreds of thousands of dollars per year) to pay for supplies, equipment, animals, and salaries of graduate students and postdocs land even portions of their own salaries). Funding is their most basic concern.
Networking
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

Maneuvering within the modem scientific arena takes much more than mere competence. In this respect, the world of science is no different from the world of business, politics, or other professions: much depends on who you know and who knows you. You may think that just doing good science is enough, that your publication record will speak for itself. Unfortunately, doing good work-although this is obviously critical-is not sufficient to guarantee future employment or posts of power and honor, such as that of journal editor or committee member. There are many more capable people out there than there are positions available. It is only natural that when a position is open and a choice must be made, that the person chosen to fill the empty spot is someone that the decision makers know personally and judge to be capable. After all, why pick an unknown (except on paper) entity when an able friend or acquaintance can be chosen instead? It is for this reason that you cannot seclude yourself from the rest of the scientific community. People must get to know you, and you must get to know them. You cannot carry on alone and expect to advance too far-you have to network.
On the Art of Scientific Writing.
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas
Published: October 2023

I was attracted to academia for the stereotypical reasons: I believed science was a field where I could sit in my chair by myself, pump out good work, and be recognized for my achievements. The biggest learning experience for me was in the sphere of communication. I had to learn to appreciate that communication with peers and with the general community-via posters, meetings, and papers-was, in fact, one of the most important aspects of the scientific career. What did I care if the axes of my graphs were not perfectly labeled? Weren’t readers smart enough to figure out what I was saying? Yes, probably so, but they are also busy and could not be expected to pick out whatever gems I had to offer from a morass of discussion. (Ph.D., Physics, Princeton University) Just doing good science is not enough to establish one’s reputation as a scientist, nor is it enough to secure employment in the field. Scientists must be able to communicate their science, to tell others the content and meaning of their work. Work that is never communicated, via talks or posters at professional meetings, seminars, journal articles, or books, is useless, and may as well have not been done. Not only will such research never get the chance to be critically evaluated by others in the field lone of the hallmarks of the scientific process), but it also will not contribute to the work of others, why can use it as a building block for their own research.
Political Journeyman
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

With the state and national capitals in New York City, the teenage Clinton was at the center of a rapidly changing political world. The unanimity of opinion that lay behind the election of George Washington, and that Washington tried to further by appointing to his administration leading figures of assorted political opinions, was dissolving as differences of ideology, and disgruntlement over the distribution of government jobs and favors, began parsing the national government into two camps, whose presiding figures, then and in the shorthand of generations of historians, were Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
End Of A Career
Authors: Cornog Evan
Published: October 2023

WITH THE COMPLETJON OF the canal, Clinton’s own triumph was complete, but his hold on state politics was tenuous. The disappearance of the Federalist party made his reliance on former Federalists less of a liability than it had been five years earlier, and the success of the canal had raised his stature nationally as well as in New York. His agenda remained unchanged: he proposed educational reforms and developmental projects that would build on the success of the canal and proclaim New York the nation’s most important state-and Clinton, by association, a most important person. He quickly secured passage of the electoral reforms that the People’s party had made the centerpiece of its platform in 1824.
Technical Information and Industrial Structure
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J
Published: October 2023

This paper is a very preliminary attempt at outlining the interrelationship between two of the basic concepts of economic analysis, the role of information in production and the organization of industry, particularly the organization into firms and the competitive behavior of these firms. The paper builds on an earlier study in this area (1994); I intend to develop these ideas, both theoretically and empirically, in research over the next two years.
Introducing Competition into Regulated Network Industries From Hierarchies to Markets in Electricity
Authors: Joskow Paull.
Published: October 2023

During the last decade, dramatic changes have taken place in the industrial structure, ownership forms, and regulatory structures governing the tele-communications, electric power, and natural gas transmission and distribution sectors in many developed and developing countries (Joskow and Noll, 1994; Armstrong et al., 1994). These changes are continuing rapidly in the countries where they began and are spreading quickly to other countries as well. In the USA these sectors account for roughly $400 billion of retail sales each year. The changes taking place in these traditional ‘natural monopoly’ sectors represent one of the most dramatic government mandated transformations in the last century of vertically and horizontally integrated industrial hierarchies.
Creative Self-Destruction among Organizations: An Empirical Study of Technical Innovation and Organizational Failure in the American Automobile Industry, 1885-1981
Authors: Carroll Glenn R , Teo Albert C Y
Published: October 2023

A major difference among evolutionary theories of organization concerns the degree to which individual organizations are viewed as inertial. At one end of the continuum lies the economic-evolutionary theories of Nelson and Winter (1982). They view organizations as somewhat adaptable, capable of transformations undertaken in response to environmental change.
Making it New Modernism and the North of England
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

Not all medieval modernists were from the North, but many were. The formative influence of York on Frank Pick’s views on art and life highlights the important role played by individuals from the northern manufacturing provinces-especially Yorkshire-in nurturing and legitimating modern art throughout England. When we turn to the native English producers and promoters of modern art in the interwar period, it is striking how many were from the “North” (London writers used the term to encompass the midlands as well). Contemporaries noted this convergence: the media frequently associated visual modernism with the North rather than the South, encouraged in their views by the activities and assertions of numerous modernist supporters from the North. While aspects of this interwar “myth of the North” were not entirely accurate, it may have made the new art more acceptable by linking it to native values supposedly exemplified by the provinces. Certainly Frank Pick, William Rothenstein, Herbert Read, and many others worked to legitimate visual modernism by identifying it not only with romantic medievalism, but with the utilitarian, populist, Protestant, and progressive tradition they associated with the North-and hence with “England”-in contrast to the cosmopolitanism, elitism, and conservatism they associated with London. As Robert Ross of the Contemporary
The Return of the Bathing Beauties, 1936-1941
Authors: Saler Michael T
Published: October 2023

We have seen that pick had ambivalent feelings concerning modern art by the thirties. He had hoped that modern art was the manifestation of a new living spirit that would restore an organic community in a secular age, a new form of religious expression suited to a world in need of contemporary symbols expressing the underlying form, balance, and harmony of existence. As he told the art students at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1934, modern physics revealed the “mysterious continuum” of spirit that underlay and conjoined all of nature, and modern art-cubism, pointillism, surrealism-reflected and expressed these new scientific discoveries. Art schools must help usher in the new art and cease pursuing antiquated practices like copying from casts: “Forms of art have changed. Walt Disney and Film. The machine. Not as conscious of it in art schools as we should be.”Long before English “pop art” was inaugurated in the 1950s by the Independent Group, which contended that mass culture was a legitimate form of art, Pick was trying to institutionalize the new “living art” of film and animation by having them recognized as such in the nation’s art schools.
The Japanese Way of Justice
Authors: Johnson David T
Published: October 2023

Criminal proceedings in which people can lose life, liberty, or reputation tell us a great deal about the character of any society. In Japan, it is prosecutors who wield the greatest control over these values and who therefore reveal most clearly the character of the Japanese way of justice. In this book, David T. Johnson portrays Japanese prosecutors at work; the social, political, and legal contexts that enable and constrain their actions; and the content of the justice thereby delivered. Johnson is the first researcher, Japanese or foreign, to gain access to the frontline prosecutors who charge cases and the backstage prosecutors who manage and direct them. He shows that prosecutors in Japan frequently harmonize to imperlatives of justice that Americans often regard as irreconcilable: the need to individualize cases alike. However, their capacity to correct offenders and to obtain contrite, complete confessions from criminal suspects. Johnson argues that this extreme reliance on confessions occasionally leads to extreme efforts to extract them. Indeed, much of the most disturbing prosecutor behavior springs directly or indirectly from the system’s inordinate dependence on admissions of guilt. The major achievements of Japanese criminal justice are thus inextricably intertwined with its most notable defects, and efforts to fix the defects threaten to undermine the accomplishments. Clearly written and skillfully argued, this comparative analysis will be of interest to students of Japan, criminology, and law and society. It illuminates unexplored realms in Japan’s criminal justice system while challenging readers to examine their assumptions about how crime should be prosecuted in their own systems of criminal justice.
Introduction
Authors: Murray David M
Published: October 2023

Group-randomized trials are comparative studies in which (1) the units of assignment are identifiable groups and (2) the units of observation are members of those groups. In this context, an identifiable group refers quite broadly to any group that is not constituted at random, so that there is some physical, geographic, social, or other connection among its members.
The Virtues Of Liberalism
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

This spirited analysis and defence of American liberalism demonstrates the complex and rich traditions of political, economic, and social discourse that have informed American democratic culture from the seventeenth century to the present. The Virtues of Liberalism provides a convincing response to critics right and left. In contrast to prevailing tendencies to simplify and distort American liberalism, Kloppenberg shows how the multifaceted virtues of liberalism have inspired theorists and reformers from Jefferson and Madison through Jane Addams and John Dewey to Martin Luther King Jr., and how these virtues persist in the work of liberal democrats today. Endorsing the efforts of such neo-progressive and communitarian theorists and journalists as Michael Walzer, Jane Mansbridge, and Michael Sandel, Kloppenberg adds a more acute analysis of the historical development of American liberalism and of the complex reasons why it has been transformed and made more vulnerable in recent decades. At a time when conservatives join radicals in distorting the development of liberalism and underestimating its resources, Kloppenberg offers a probing historical analysis and reassessment of the theory and practice of liberalism today.
Premature Requiem: Republicanism in American History
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

Given The Unpredictability of human affairs, historians need a rich appreciation of paradox. Unlike so many other commentators on America, who have sought to unmask either the greatness or the venality of the people or their leaders, or the triumphs or tragedies flowing from America’s political, economic, or social institutions, Tocqueville understood that conflicting values have been held in suspension in American culture. In this essay I will offer an overview of the ways in which historians have used the concept of republicanism to explain the development of democracy in America; it may be easier to understand the apparent inconsistencies of these accounts if they are viewed through the series of spectroscopic lenses provided by Tocqueville’s analysis.
Democracy And Disenchantment : From Weber and Dewey to Habermas and Rorty
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

The Culture Of Modernism springs from the unsettling but liberating experience of uncertainty. When knowledge is recognized as contingent, standards that seemed stable start to wobble, convictions that felt solid start to crumble, and revolutionary forms of expression emerge. Thus in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries writers of imaginative literature began to address questions of consciousness itself, as well as the world outside the mind. Poets began to experiment with radically new forms as well as strange and unfamiliar material.
Deliberative Democracy And The Problem Of Poverty In America
Authors: Kloppenberg James T
Published: October 2023

Democracy Has Recently become an almost universally attractive ideal. But if everyone invokes democracy as an ideal, it is only because democracy means very different things to different people. For some it means nothing more than choosing political representatives through universal suffrage, then allowing those elected to make decisions as they see fit. For others democracy means universal participation in all forms of social and economic as well as political decision making. As attractive as it is in theory, the practice of democracy almost everywhere falls far short of its promise.
Modest Beginnings
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

The problem posed for post-Restoration English Nonconformity in the education of its ministry candidates was not of its own making. Excluded from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the requirements of religious subscription and hounded by varying degrees of persecution until 1689, they simply could not do what their Puritan ancestors had done in the way of education. Even after the passage of the Toleration Act, many people regarded any education of Nonconformists as an invitation to subversion. But from the perspective of the Nonconformists, harboring few subversive thoughts other than the desire to worship freely according to their consciences, the concern was quite the opposite. Looking back from the early twentieth century, the Congregational theologian P. T. Forsyth observed acidly that the opportunities provided in the Toleration Act were neutralized “by cutting the root of the nerves which kept our mind alive. It was truly and malignantly thought that if we were prevented from having an educated ministry we should need no more toleration than the dead.”
The Methodist Quest For An Educated Ministry
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

The Methodist pattern of education for ministry, as was briefly noted earlier, differed considerably from that of the older Nonconformist groups. That difference was rooted in part in the centralized Methodist structure, first in the person of John Wesley and later in the continuing authority of the Conference, as opposed to the independency of the Congregational and Baptist churches. For one thing, Methodists did not establish an institution for ministerial training until 1834. To have done so in the eighteenth century would have meant separating from the Church of England, an action Wesley re fused to take. After his death strong feeling continued among Methodists that they should not be linked with Dissenters, and thus few were inclined to follow the Nonconformists’ lead in the education of ministers. Further, the ministers in question were understood to be “preachers,” that is, supplements to the regular ministry of the Church of England. It was not until Methodists began to perceive themselves as a church (as opposed to a “soci ety” within a larger church) that matters such as ordination and institutional education for ministry became serious questions. The requirement of Conference approval for all proposals for ministerial training also delayed developments in this area.
“Good” and “Bad” Trusts (1890--1920)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

In the 1890s monopolies and trusts were popular topics of conversation. Caricatures of monopolists and trust busters were often found in the popular magazines and journals. John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and Jay Gould achieved the status of household names. Unflattering caricatures of them by Thomas Nast, W.
Concentrating on Fascism (1940-1953)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

Until 1941 the deep divisions between business, its East Coast financiers, and the rest of the country could still be clearly seen. Only the outbreak of war between the United States and the Axis powers rallied all around the common cause of defeating fascism. Ironically, the concentrated war effort begun by the United States on behalf of Britain and other allies assumed all along that the United States had the productive capacity necessary to defeat the Germans.
Déjà Vu (1954-1969)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

A long-awaited euphoria swept the country in the 1950s. The bad times of the Depression and the belt-tightening days of the war were gone, replaced by a pent-up consumer demand that made businessmen smile.
Bearing Down (1970-1982)
Authors: Geisst Charles R
Published: October 2023

The happy days of the 1950s and early 1960s began to wane by 1965. Inflationary pressures caused by the Vietnam War and international trade problems began to destabilize the American economy, and the country entered its grimmest economic stage since the Depression. The dollar began to experience problems in the foreign exchange market. As a result, the stock market weakened significantly toward the end of the decade, causing problems for the conglomerates and their numerous investors. As the 1960s came to a close, the economic situation appeared weak but it was destined to deteriorate even more. Twenty years of growth in the postwar period were ending in a collision of inflation, reaction to government authority, and general skepticism. The worst days since the Depression were yet to come.
Shared Beliefs
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

The beliefs held in common by members of cults are a vital force in the group’s operation. They bind members together, shape their attitudes, and motivate them to act in self-sacrifice. I began to appreciate the importance of such beliefs in following the career of my friend who had joined the Divine Light Mission. At first it seemed certain that Beth’s involvement would be ephemeral; surely this sensible and successful young woman would soon turn back to her roots in the Western mainstream. But this assumption proved wrong. Beth moved her home across country more than once to follow her youthful guru, and took a number of trips to India along with his followers. Several years later she married a fellow premie. After having a child, she obtained a university position and returned to teaching, but remained deeply committed to her belief in the guru.
Assessment
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Assessment Of Student Performance exerts extraordinary influence on every level of the United States education system, from state house to classroom. For this reason, many argue that assessment is an impediment to meaningful reform, while others contend just as force fully that it is perhaps the most crucial catalyst for effecting change in educational practice. In either case, the power that assessments exert on education is unlikely to wane. Therefore, any effort at nationwide science education reform must include reform of student assessment as a major goal. This chapter explores how student assessment in American schools might be redesigned to match the goals of science education reform that are exemplified in efforts such as Project 2061’s Benchmarks for Science Literacy (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1993) and the National Science Education Standards (Standards) (National Research Council [NRC], 1996). The chapter is divided into three sections that describe current assessment practice in the United States, suggest changes that are needed in order for science reform goals to be implemented, and explore possibilities and recommendations for closing the gap between current practice and a more ideal vision of science assessment.
The Old South
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Mittendorf Bradley C
Published: October 2023

During the seventeenth century the beleaguered military outpost of Jamestown slowly spread into ragged tobacco farms. Indentured servants from Britain did much of the work, though slaves from Africa became increasingly common in towns and on plantations. Disease, war­ fare, and demoralization reduced the presence of native peoples, while the Europeans lived longer and saw more of their children survive. Trade, farming, and land speculation made many white men prosperous.
“Security Measures” and Expulsions
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

The accusation that Gypsies are given to espionage is very old and is based on their itinerating lifestyle and intimate knowledge of the countryside. In the late fifteenth century it was alleged that they spied for the Turks. The legislature of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation that met in 1497 called the Gypsies traitors and spies and ordered their expulsion from all German lands. These accusations were repeated in 1500, 1530 and 1548,1 and the onset of modernity brought no end to such charges. At the beginning of World War I, Gypsies were expelled from the fortified area of Strassburg, located close to the French border.2 On April 30, 1916, the Ministry of Interior of Saxony declared that Gypsies constituted a danger to the security of the Reich; their international connections and their peripatetic way of life, it was said, made them especially susceptible to espionage.3 A military commander in Koblenz on February 6, 1917, forbade Gypsies to itinerate; in a message to the Landräte (chief magistrates) he warned that foreign agents used the Gypsies for espionage and sabotage and that deserters found refuge among them.4 An order issued by the military command in Württemberg and distributed by the Ministry of the Interior on November 6, 1917, for bade Gypsies from engaging in “Gypsy-like roaming” and from camping in the vicinity of military or other facilities important for the war effort.5
Creating Social Outcasts
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

The plan to send the German Gypsies to the General Government had ended with the expulsion of a mere 2,500. Theremaining 30,000 Gypsies in the Reich1 were subject to a freeze on mobility and were gradually put under various other restrictive measures. Most of these decrees were the result of decisions taken in Berlin; others, it appears, were enacted in response to pressure from local authorities.
Detention and Deportation from the Ostmark (Austria)
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

When Austria was annexed in 1938, about 11,000 Gypsies resided in what came to be called the Ostmark. Some 8,000 lived a sedentary existence in the Burgenland; many of the other 3,000 Gypsies spent the winter months in permanent dwellings but roamed about in their caravans during the sum mer. The freeze on mobility decreed in October 1939 put an end to this practice, but it did not satisfy those who demanded more stringent measures in the struggle against the “Gypsy plague.”
The Killing of “Spies” and Hostages in German-Occupied Europe
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

On June 22, 1941, Hitler’s armies invaded the Soviet Union, and in the course of this long war large numbers of Gypsies were murdered by the Nazis. Most of these killings were carried out by special units known as Einsatzgruppen (special task forces) that followed the advancing German armies. Their initial assignment was to protect the rear of the fighting troops, mainly by shooting all actual or potential enemies. In Russia the Gypsies were explicitly targeted for death for the first time. German Gypsies were being subjected to various discriminatory measures and were generally made social outcasts, but their lives were not in danger. What accounts for this difference in treatment?
Gypsies in Other Concentration Camps
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

The first large-scale arrests of Gypsies destined for the concentration camps took place in 1938 during Operation Work-Shy. Other individual Gypsies were sent to the camps during the war years for various offenses grouped under the name “asocial conduct.” Camp inmates were used for slave labor as well as for medical experiments. The total number of Gypsies incarcerated in the camps is not known. About 1,500–2,000 were arrested as asocials in 1938–1939, and around 3,500 were transferred to German concentration camps from Auschwitz. This means that at least 5,000 Gypsies were imprisoned for varying amounts of time in concentration camps other than Auschwitz.