bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XRF analysis of two terracotta polychrome sculptures by Pietro Torrigiano
Authors: Križnar A. , Muñoz M. V. , de la Paz F. , Respaldiza M. A. , Vega M.
Published: January 2009

Pietro Torrigiano was a very well known Italian sculptor working in the first half of the 16th century. He got his artistic education in the heart of the Renaissance Italy, in the Academia of Florence. Travelling around Europe, he was entrusted by important artistic orders for noble families, courts and the Church. In 1522, he came to Spain where he carried out his latest artworks. Two of them are exposed today in the Fine Arts Museum of Seville: Saint Jerome and Our Lady of Bethlehem. Both sculptures were analyzed by the nondestructive technique of x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) directly in situ in the exposition room. The support and the pigments were analyzed. The raw material in both sculptures is terracotta (characterized by Mn, Al, Si, K, Ca and Fe). The results of the first one, Saint Jerome, show a great part of modern materials applied, such as Ti and Zn white, revealing some retouches or even a repolychromy of the sculpture. The original parts show the use of lead white (Pb), yellow and red ochre (Ca, Fe), cinnabar (Hg) and umbra (Mn, Fe). The spectra of the Our Lady of Bethlehem sculpture show that the bench under the Virgin is not original and it was added later. The original pigments applied were white lead, red ochre, cinnabar, blue azurite, some copper‐based green pigment, umbra and an organic black pigment. Small presence of tin–lead yellow was detected. Decorative parts of the blue Virgin's coat and red pillow were gilded. Also in this sculpture modern pigments were found that confirm later restoration interventions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial Splenectomy in the Management of Nonparasitic Splenic Cysts
Authors: Szczepanik Andrzej B. , Meissner Alfred J.
Published: January 2009

Background

Recognition of the importance of the spleen in immunological function and the potential threat of severe postsplenectomy complications have led to the development of parenchyma‐preserving surgical procedures. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of open splenic partial resection on the management of splenic cysts.

Patients and methods

From April 2003 to June 2007, 11 patients with splenic cysts were evaluated. All patients fulfilled the criteria for surgical resection. Ten of the patients (6 women and 4 men) 15–42 years of age (mean: 26.4 years) were subjected to open partial splenectomy. In one patient, a centrally located splenic cyst was considered unsuitable for partial splenectomy, and the patient therefore underwent total spleen excision. Patients with splenic cysts constituted 3.8% of all 290 patients subjected to splenectomy during the study period. Spleen parenchyma was cut with the aid of a LigaSure instrument. Bleeding from the transected splenic parenchyma was secured with argon plasma coagulation and absorbable tape sutures or oxidized cellulose.

Results

Nine of the ten patients underwent successful partial splenectomy. In one patient, insufficient arterial supply to the preserved splenic remnant after excision of the upper cyst‐containing splenic pole led to total splenectomy. The mean operative time was 98 min (range: 85–160 min), and mean blood loss was 106 ml (55–200 ml). The mean cyst diameter was 9.1 cm (range: 7–17 cm) and weight was 738 g (range: 230–2,420 g). The postoperative course was uneventful in all cases. Pathological examination showed an epithelial cyst in 8 patients and a pseudocyst in 2. After a mean follow‐up of 26.4 months, the size of the splenic remnant constituted, on average, 71% of preoperative spleen size. Moreover, normal splenic vein flow was observed. Platelet counts remained within the normal range, and no cyst recurrence was observed. There were no infections documented during the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

Open partial splenectomy is a safe and effective method in the management of nonparasitic splenic cysts. It ensures complete cyst removal, lack of cyst recurrence, and preservation of the spleen functions.
Patency Rates of Cuffed and Noncuffed Extended Polytetrafluoroethylene Grafts in Dialysis Access: A Prospective, Randomized Study
Authors: Ko Po‐Jen , Liu Yun‐Hen , Hung Yen‐Ni , Hsieh Hung‐Chang
Published: January 2009

Background

Although autogenous arteriovenous fistulae are the optimal route for dialysis access, extended polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts continue to be the preferred access for patients without suitable superficial veins. Among the common complications related to dialysis grafts, thrombosis due to graft outlet stenosis is the most frequently encountered clinical problem. A cuffed graft was designed to eliminate the outflow turbulence to reduce outlet stenosis and to enhance the clinical patency of ePTFE grafts. We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare the clinical outcomes of cuffed ePTFE grafts and noncuffed grafts in dialysis access.

Methods

Between November 2004 and October 2005, 89 ePTFE grafts were implanted for hemodialysis access in the upper extremities of end‐stage renal patients. Graft selection was randomized, with patients receiving a cuffed graft (Venaflo) or a regular noncuffed graft (Stretch Gore‐Tex). All patients were monitored for signs of thrombosis or other complications. Primary and secondary graft patency was analyzed by using a life‐table analysis, and the log‐rank test was applied to compare graft patencies.

Results

Demographic data for both groups were similar without statistical difference. The primary patency rates and secondary patency rates at 12 months after implantation were 56% and 91% for cuffed grafts, and 41% and 78% for noncuffed grafts, respectively. The cuffed group outperforms the noncuffed group regarding primary and secondary patencies statistically. However, the incidence of other complications that required further surgery was similar in both groups.

Conclusions

This investigation revealed that the cuffed ePTFE graft, which was designed to decrease graft outlet stenosis, may enhance the clinical patency rates of dialysis grafts.
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: Lessons from mice and men
Authors: Pearl P. L. , Gibson K. M. , Cortez M. A. , Wu Y. , Carter Snead O. , Knerr I. , Forester K. , Pettiford J. M. , Jakobs C. , Theodore W. H.
Published: January 2009

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency, a disorder of GABA degradation with subsequent elevations in brain GABA and GHB, is a neurometabolic disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy, hypotonia, ataxia, sleep disorders, and psychiatric disturbances. Neuroimaging reveals increased T2‐weighted MRI signal usually affecting the globus pallidus, cerebellar dentate nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus, and often cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. EEG abnormalities are usually generalized spike‐wave, consistent with a predilection for generalized epilepsy. The murine phenotype is characterized by failure‐to‐thrive, progressive ataxia, and a transition from generalized absence to tonic‐clonic to ultimately fatal convulsive status epilepticus. Binding and electrophysiological studies demonstrate use‐dependent downregulation of GABA(A) and (B) receptors in the mutant mouse. Translational human studies similarly reveal downregulation of GABAergic activity in patients, utilizing flumazenil‐PET and transcranial magnetic stimulation for GABA(A) and (B) activity, respectively. Sleep studies reveal decreased stage REM with prolonged REM latencies and diminished percentage of stage REM. An ad libitum ketogenic diet was reported as effective in the mouse model, with unclear applicability to the human condition. Acute application of SGS–742, a GABA(B) antagonist, leads to improvement in epileptiform activity on electrocorticography. Promising mouse data using compounds available for clinical use, including taurine and SGS–742, form the framework for human trials.
Aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, drug therapy and follow‐up
Authors: Manegold C. , Hoffmann G. F. , Degen I. , Ikonomidou H. , Knust A. , Laaß M. W. , Pritsch M. , Wilichowski E. , Hörster F.
Published: January 2009

Background

Aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in generalized combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine and catecholamines. Main clinical features are developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms. Response to therapy has been variable and unsatisfactory; the overall prognosis is guarded.

Methods

To gain more insight into this rare disorder we collected clinical and laboratory data of nine German patients. All patients were clinically examined by one investigator, and their responses to different drug regimes were evaluated by the patients’ charts.

Results

Symptoms were obvious from early infancy. Later, main neurological features were truncal muscular hypotonia, hypokinesia, oculogyric crises and rigor. Three patients had single seizures. All patients presented distinct extraneurological symptoms, such as hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, nasal congestion, sleep disturbances and hypoglycaemia. In CSF all patients revealed the pattern typical of AADC with decreased concentrations of homovanillic and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid and elevated concentration of 3‐ortho‐methyldopa. Diagnosis was confirmed by measurement of AADC activity in plasma in all patients. Drug regimes consisted of vitamin B6, dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors and anticholinergics in different combinations. No patient achieved a complete recovery from neurological symptoms, but partial improvement of mobility and mood could be achieved in some.

Conclusion

AADC deficiency is a severe neurometabolic disorder, characterized by muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms. Medical treatment is challenging, but a systematic trial of the different drugs is worthwhile.
“Family building in inner quarters”: Cojugal relationship in Tang families
Authors: Guogang ZHANG
Published: January 2009

Conjugal relationship has a predominant role in ancient Chinese familial life. Yet most researches on conjugal relationship have tended to focus on the arrangement of marriage, disregarding marital life after wedding. It is the general impression that matrimonial relation follows the ethics of Confucian doctrine of “the husband as principle of the wife,” or relevant code of laws like “Seven Outs,” edited according to these principles. There are three factors that contribute to marital relationship in the Tang Dynasty: ideology, ethics, and written laws. Although written laws are influenced by Confucian ideology, and hence following Confucian system of manners, on the practical level, ordinance still appears as the most reliable source to analyze familial relationships. People in the Tang Dynasty stress family status when they marry wives, yet when marrying concubines, versatility is of interest. Whereas records in official history documents and epitaphs are not entirely accountable, the complicated relationships between husband and wife, husband and concubine, and that between wife and concubine need to be further illustrated.
Widows’ lives and rights over family property in the Tang and Song dynasties
Authors: Tie XING
Published: January 2009

By investigating the Tang-Song examples of widows remaining chastity or inviting a jiejiaofu (second husband) into the deceased husbands’ families, this article analyzes widows’ lives and their right to inherit their deceased husbands’ family properties. The conclusion is that widows had only “rights of management,” but not the “possessive right,” over their deceased husbands’ properties. Moreover, the qualities of widows’ lives in their in-law’s families depended on their relationships with the deceased husbands’ brothers. When being treated unfairly, widows often resorted to “the power of the maternal uncle” in order to defend their benefits.
Generational transformation of Chinese families: A survey of the Republic period
Authors: Quanhong ZHENG
Published: January 2009

Family division is the way of reproduction of Chinese families and the starting point of building new families. Reasons of family division in the Republic of China include bad terms among sisters-in-law, among brothers, between father and sons, between mother-in-law and daughters-in-law, or working outside. There are three patterns of family division: one-time thorough division, serial division, and special types of division. The circumstances of family division include: inheritance while parents are alive or after their death; equal inheritance among brothers hosted by their uncle (mother’s brother), inheritance rights attributed to the eldest son or grandson, and special principles of property distribution. The rite of family division is quite solemn; documents of family division definitely need to be made with specific regulations. There are three ways of supporting for the eldly, among which leaving some land to parents is popularly adopted in rural China during the Republic period.
Dubious prosperity: Women and entertainment in wartime Shanghai
Authors: Jin JIANG
Published: January 2009

Wartime Shanghai (1937–1945) was a crucial period in women’s Yue opera history, during which the opera took roots in the city and was transformed into a modern art form. The opera established itself as a dominant presence in the city’s popular entertainment in the first half of the 1940s and gained national and international influence in the 1950s and 1960s with its masterpiece plays such as The butterfly lovers and Dream of the red chamber. The rise of women’s Yue opera in wartime Shanghai was more a ramification of long-term developments in urban migration, urban cultural transformation, and women’s integration into society that ran through the entire Republican even the early PRC periods.
Tendon Graft—Ulna Fixation in Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint Stabilisation; Biomechanical Comparison of three Graft-Bone Fixation Methods
Authors: Kalson N. S. , Charalambous C. P. , Powell E. S. , Hearnden A. , Stanley J. K.
Published: January 2009

A common distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) stabilisation procedure uses a tendon graft running from the lip of the radial sigmoid notch to the ulnar fovea and through a bony tunnel to the ulnar shaft, before being wrapped round the distal ulna and sutured to itself. Such graft fixation can be challenging and requires a considerable tendon length. The graft length could be reduced by fixing the graft to the ulna using a bone anchor or interference screw. The aim of this study was to compare the strength of three distal ulna graft fixation methods (tendon wrapping and suturing, bone anchor and interference screw). Four human cadaveric ulnae were used. A tendon strip was run through a tunnel in the distal ulna and secured by: (1) wrapping round the shaft and suturing it to itself, (2) a bone anchor and (3) an interference screw in the bone tunnel. Load to failure was determined using a custom-made apparatus and an Instron machine. Maximum failure load was highest for the bone anchor fixation (99.3±23.7 N) followed by the suturing (96.2±12.1 N), and the interference screw fixation (46.9±5.6 N). There was no significant difference between the tendon suturing and bone anchor methods, but the tendon suturing was statistically significantly higher compared to the interference screw ( P=0.028). In performing anatomical stabilisation of the DRUJ fixation of the tendon graft to the distal ulna with a bone anchor provides the most secure fixation. This may make the stabilisation technique less demanding and require a smaller tendon graft.
Two-Functional Direct Current Sputtered Silver-Containing Titanium Dioxide Thin Films
Authors: Musil J , Louda M , Cerstvy R , Baroch P , Ditta IB , Steele A , Foster HA
Published: January 2009

The article reports on structure, mechanical, optical, photocatalytic and biocidal properties of Ti–Ag–O films. The Ti–Ag–O films were reactively sputter-deposited from a composed Ti/Ag target at different partial pressures of oxygen "Equation missing" on unheated glass substrate held on floating potentialU
fl. It was found that addition of ~2 at.% of Ag into TiO2film has no negative influence on UV-induced hydrophilicity of TiO2film. Thick (~1,500 nm) TiO2/Ag films containing (200) anatase phase exhibit the best hydrophilicity with water droplet contact angle (WDCA) lower than 10° after UV irradiation for 20 min. Thick (~1,500 nm) TiO2/Ag films exhibited a better UV-induced hydrophilicity compared to that of thinner (~700 nm) TiO2/Ag films. Further it was found that hydrophilic TiO2/Ag films exhibit a strong biocidal effect under both the visible light and the UV irradiation with 100% killing efficiency ofEscherichia coli ATCC 10536 after UV irradiation for 20 min. Reported results show that single layer of TiO2with Ag distributed in its whole volume exhibits, after UV irradiation, simultaneously two functions: (1) excellent hydrophilicity with WDCA < 10° and (2) strong power to killE. coli even under visible light due to direct toxicity of Ag.
Single Crystalline Cadmium Sulfide Nanowires with Branched Structure
Authors: Gao Feng , Lu Qingyi
Published: January 2009

In this article, we report the synthesis of branched single crystal CdS nanowires. This branched CdS nanostructure is prepared by a simple surfactant-directing method, which is of particular interest as it uses readily available reagents and provides a convenient route to high-yield single crystal nanowires but with branched shape. These branched nanowires have an average diameter of about 40 nm and length up to several micrometers. A possible mechanism has been proposed and the addition of surfactant dodecylthiol into the two mixed-solvents would play an importance effect on the structure of the product. Based on the mechanism, by controlling the synthesis conditions, such as the ratios between the surfactant, inorganic solvent, and organic solvent, other kinds of nanostructures based on CdS nanowires were also prepared. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement reveals that the branched CdS nanowires have a strong emission at about 700 nm which might be due to its special structure.
Effects of wavelength and amplitude of a wavy cylinder in cross-flow at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: LAM K. , LIN Y. F.
Published: January 2009

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of laminar flow around a circular cylinder with sinusoidal variation of cross-section along the spanwise direction, named ‘wavy cylinder’, are performed. A series of wavy cylinders with different combinations of dimensionless wavelength (λ/Dm) and wave amplitude (a/Dm) are studied in detail at a Reynolds number of Re = U∞Dm/ν = 100, where U∞ is the free-stream velocity and Dm is the mean diameter of a wavy cylinder. The results of variation of mean drag coefficient and root mean square (r.m.s.) lift coefficient with dimensionless wavelength show that significant reduction of mean and fluctuating force coefficients occurs at optimal dimensionless wavelengths λ/Dm of around 2.5 and 6 respectively for the different amplitudes studied. Based on the variation of flow structures and force characteristics, the dimensionless wavelength from λ/Dm = 1 to λ/Dm = 10 is classified into three wavelength regimes corresponding to three types of wake structures. The wake structures at the near wake of different wavy cylinders are captured. For all wavy cylinders, the flow separation line varies along the spanwise direction. This leads to the development of a three-dimensional free shear layer with periodic repetition along the spanwise direction. The three-dimensional free shear layer of the wavy cylinder is larger and more stable than that of the circular cylinder, and in some cases the free shear layer even does not roll up into a mature vortex street behind the cylinder. As a result, the mean drag coefficients of some of the typical wavy cylinders are less than that of a corresponding circular cylinder with a maximum drag coefficient reduction up to 18%. The r.m.s. lift coefficients are greatly reduced to practically zero at optimal wavelengths. In the laminar flow regime (60 ≤ Re ≤ 150), the values of optimal wavelength are Reynolds number dependent.
Input–output analysis, model reduction and control of the flat-plate boundary layer
Authors: BAGHERI SHERVIN , BRANDT LUCA , HENNINGSON DAN S.
Published: January 2009

The dynamics and control of two-dimensional disturbances in the spatially evolving boundary layer on a flat plate are investigated from an input–output viewpoint. A set-up of spatially localized inputs (external disturbances and actuators) and outputs (objective functions and sensors) is introduced for the control design of convectively unstable flow configurations. From the linearized Navier–Stokes equations with the inputs and outputs, controllable, observable and balanced modes are extracted using the snapshot method. A balanced reduced-order model (ROM) is constructed and shown to capture the input–output behaviour of the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. This model is finally used to design a2-feedback controller to suppress the growth of two-dimensional perturbations inside the boundary layer.
On nonlinear wave groups and crest statistics
Authors: FEDELE FRANCESCO , TAYFUN M. AZIZ
Published: January 2009

We present a second-order stochastic model of weakly nonlinear waves and develop theoretical expressions for the expected shape of large surface displacements. The model also leads to an exact theoretical expression for the statistical distribution of large wave crests in a form that generalizes the Tayfun distribution (Tayfun, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 85, 1980, p. 1548). The generalized distribution depends on a steepness parameter given by μ = λ3/3, where λ3 represents the skewness coefficient of surface displacements. It converges to the Tayfun distribution in narrowband waves, where both distributions describe the crests of all waves well. In broadband waves, the generalized distribution represents the crests of large waves just as well whereas the Tayfun distribution appears as an upper bound and tends to overestimate them. However, the theoretical nature of the generalized distribution presents practical difficulties in oceanic applications. We circumvent these by adopting an appropriate approximation for the steepness parameter. Comparisons with wind-wave measurements from the North Sea suggest that this approximation allows both distributions to assume an identical form with which we can describe the distribution of large wave crests fairly accurately. The same comparisons also show that third-order nonlinear effects do not appear to have any discernable effect on the statistics of large surface displacements or wave crests.
Drift and deformation of oil slicks due to surface waves
Authors: CHRISTENSEN K. H. , TERRILE E.
Published: January 2009

We present a theoretical model for the wave-induced drift and horizontal deformation of an oil slick. The waves and the mean flow are coupled through the influence of the mean flow on the concentration of slick material, which in turn determines the damping rate of the waves and hence the transfer of momentum from the waves to the mean flow. We also briefly discuss a simplified version of the model that can be used when remote sensing data are available. With this simpler model the wave-induced forcing of the mean flow is obtained directly from observations of the wave field, hence knowledge of any specific slick properties is not required.
Boundary between unsteady and overturning ship bow wave regimes
Authors: DELHOMMEAU GÉRARD , GUILBAUD MICHEL , DAVID LAURENT , YANG CHI , NOBLESSE FRANCIS
Published: January 2009

Measurements of the bow waves generated by a rectangular flat plate, immersed at a draughtD= 0.2 m, towed at constant speedU= 1.75 m s−1in calm water and held at a heel angle 10° and a series of nine yaw angles α = 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° are reported. The measurements show that bow wave unsteadiness is significantly larger for the flat plate towed at yaw angles 30° ≤ α ≤ 90° than at 10° ≤ α ≤ 20°, which are associated with the unsteady and overturning bow wave regimes, respectively, separated by the boundary$U\hspace{-0.05em}/\hspace{-0.1em}\sqrt{g\hspace{0.05em}D}\,{=}\, 4.4\hspace{0.1em}\tan\hspace{-0.1em}\alpha\hspace{0.1em}/ \hspace{-0.1em}\cos\hspace{-0.1em}\alpha-\hspace{-0.1em}1$with g ≡ acceleration of gravity. These measurements of bow wave unsteadiness provide preliminary experimental validation of the foregoing simple theoretical relation for the boundary between the unsteady and overturning bow wave regimes for non-bulbous wedge-shaped ship bows with insignificant rake and flare. Extension of this relation to more complicated ship bows, notably bows with rake and flare, is also considered.
Homogenized Euler equation: a model for compressible velocity gradient dynamics
Authors: SUMAN S. , GIRIMAJI S. S.
Published: January 2009

Along the lines of the restricted Euler equation (REE) for incompressible flows, we develop homogenized Euler equation (HEE) for describing turbulent velocity gradient dynamics of an isentropic compressible calorically perfect gas. Starting from energy and state equations, an evolution equation for pressure Hessian is derived invoking uniform (homogeneous) velocity gradient assumption. Behaviour of principal strain rates, vorticity vector alignment and invariants of the normalized velocity gradient tensor is investigated conditioned on dilatation level. The HEE results agree very well with the known behaviour in the incompressible limit. Indeed, at zero dilatation HEE reproduces the incompressible anisotropic pressure Hessian behaviour very closely. When compared against compressible direct numerical simulation results, the HEE accurately captures the strain rate behaviour at different dilatation levels. The model also recovers the fixed point behaviour of pressure-released (high-Mach-number limit) Burgers turbulence.
MTV measurements of the vortical field in the wake of an airfoil oscillating at high reduced frequency
Authors: BOHL DOUGLAS G. , KOOCHESFAHANI MANOOCHEHR M.
Published: January 2009

We present an experimental investigation of the flow structure and vorticity field in the wake of a NACA-0012 airfoil pitching sinusoidally at small amplitude and high reduced frequencies. Molecular tagging velocimetry is used to quantify the characteristics of the vortex array (circulation, peak vorticity, core size, spatial arrangement) and its downstream evolution over the first chord length as a function of reduced frequency. The measured mean and fluctuating velocity fields are used to estimate the mean force on the airfoil and explore the connection between flow structure and thrust generation.

Results show that strong concentrated vortices form very rapidly within the first wavelength of oscillation and exhibit interesting dynamics that depend on oscillation frequency. With increasing reduced frequency the transverse alignment of the vortex array changes from an orientation corresponding to velocity deficit (wake profile) to one with velocity excess (reverse Kármán street with jet profile). It is found, however, that the switch in the vortex array orientation does not coincide with the condition for crossover from drag to thrust. The mean force is estimated from a more complete control volume analysis, which takes into account the streamwise velocity fluctuations and the pressure term. Results clearly show that neglecting these terms can lead to a large overestimation of the mean force in strongly fluctuating velocity fields that are characteristic of airfoils executing highly unsteady motions. Our measurements show a decrease in the peak vorticity, as the vortices convect downstream, by an amount that is more than can be attributed to viscous diffusion. It is found that the presence of small levels of axial velocity gradients within the vortex cores, levels that can be difficult to measure experimentally, can lead to a measurable decrease in the peak vorticity even at the centre of the flow facility in a flow that is expected to be primarily two-dimensional.
Geometry of enstrophy and dissipation, grid resolution effects and proximity issues in turbulence
Authors: BERMEJO-MORENO IVÁN , PULLIN D. I. , HORIUTI KIYOSI
Published: January 2009

We perform a multi-scale non-local geometrical analysis of the structures extracted from the enstrophy and kinetic energy dissipation-rate, instantaneous fields of a numerical database of incompressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence decaying in time obtained by DNS in a periodic box. Three different resolutions are considered: 2563, 5123 and 10243 grid points, with kmax approximately 1, 2 and 4, respectively, the same initial conditions and Reλ ≈ 77. This allows a comparison of the geometry of the structures obtained for different resolutions. For the highest resolution, structures of enstrophy and dissipation evolve in a continuous distribution from blob-like and moderately stretched tube-like shapes at the large scales to highly stretched sheet-like structures at the small scales. The intermediate scales show a predominance of tube-like structures for both fields, much more pronounced for the enstrophy field. The dissipation field shows a tendency towards structures with lower curvedness than those of the enstrophy, for intermediate and small scales. The 2563 grid resolution case (kmax ≈ 1) was unable to detect the predominance of highly stretched sheet-like structures at the smaller scales in both fields. The same non-local methodology for the study of the geometry of structures, but without the multi-scale decomposition, is applied to two scalar fields used by existing local criteria for the eduction of tube- and sheet-like structures in turbulence, Q and [Aij]+, respectively, obtained from invariants of the velocity-gradient tensor and alike in the 10243 case. This adds the non-local geometrical characterization and classification to those local criteria, assessing their validity in educing particular geometries. Finally, we introduce a new methodology for the study of proximity issues among structures of different fields, based on geometrical considerations and non-local analysis, by taking into account the spatial extent of the structures. We apply it to the four fields previously studied. Tube-like structures of Q are predominantly surrounded by sheet-like structures of [Aij]+, which appear at closer distances. For the enstrophy, tube-like structures at an intermediate scale are primarily surrounded by sheets of smaller scales of the enstrophy and structures of dissipation at the same and smaller scales. A secondary contribution results from tubes of enstrophy at smaller scales appearing at farther distances. Different configurations of composite structures are presented.
Dynamics of drop coalescence at fluid interfaces
Authors: BLANCHETTE FRANÇOIS , BIGIONI TERRY P.
Published: January 2009

Drop coalescence was studied using numerical simulations. Liquid drops were made to coalesce with a body of the same liquid, either a reservoir or a drop of different size, each with negligible impact velocity. We considered either gas or liquid as a surrounding fluid, and experimental results are discussed for the gas–liquid set-up. Under certain conditions, a drop will not fully coalesce with the liquid reservoir, leaving behind a daughter drop. Partial coalescence is observed for systems of low viscosity, characterized by a small Ohnesorge number, where capillary waves remain sufficiently vigourous to distort the drop significantly. For drops coalescing with a flat interface, we determine the critical Ohnesorge number as a function of Bond number, as well as density and viscosity ratios of the fluids. Studying the coalescence of two drops of different sizes reveals that partial coalescence may occur in low-viscosity systems provided the size ratio of the drops exceeds a certain threshold. We also determine the extent to which the process of partial coalescence is self-similar and find that the viscosity of the drop has a large effect on the droplet's vertical velocity after pinch off. Finally, we report on the formation of satellite droplets generated after a first pinch off and on the ejection of a jet of tiny droplets during coalescence of a parent drop significantly deformed by gravity.
Downstream flow condition effects on the RR → MR transition of asymmetric shock waves in steady flows
Authors: HU Z. M. , MYONG R. S. , KIM M. S. , CHO T. H.
Published: January 2009

In this paper, the regular reflection (RR) to Mach reflection (MR) transition of asymmetric shock waves is theoretically studied by employing the classical two- and three-shock theories. Computations are conducted to evaluate the effects of expansion fans, which are inherent flow structures in asymmetric reflection of shock waves, on the RR → MR transition. Comparison shows good agreement among the theoretical, numerical and experimental results. Some discrepancies between experiment and theory reported in previous studies are also explained based on the present theoretical analysis. The advanced RR → MR transition triggered by a transverse wave is also discussed for the interaction of a hypersonic flow and a double-wedge-like geometry.
Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows over superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: MARTELL MICHAEL B. , PEROT J. BLAIR , ROTHSTEIN JONATHAN P.
Published: January 2009

Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are used to investigate the drag-reducing performance of superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) in turbulent channel flow. SHSs combine surface roughness with hydrophobicity and can, in some cases, support a shear-free air–water interface. Slip velocities, wall shear stresses and Reynolds stresses are considered for a variety of SHS microfeature geometry configurations at a friction Reynolds number of Reτ ≈ 180. For the largest microfeature spacing studied, an average slip velocity over 75% of the bulk velocity is obtained, and the wall shear stress reduction is found to be nearly 40%. The simulation results suggest that the mean velocity profile near the superhydrophobic wall continues to scale with the wall shear stress but is offset by a slip velocity that increases with increasing microfeature spacing.
A Text-Critical Study of John 1.34
Authors: Quek Tze-Ming
Published: January 2009

Scholars continue to divide over whether John the Baptist acclaims Jesus as ‘the Son of God’ or ‘the Chosen One of God’ at John 1.34. This article argues that transcriptional and intrinsic probabilities, supported by the testimony of a few early manuscripts, favour the latter reading. However, in adopting this reading, the claims that (a) the variation took place in the course of a battle against adoptionism and (b) ‘the Chosen One of God’ supplies corroboration that the original tradition underlying the Synoptic baptismal accounts was based solely on Isa 42.1, are found to be unnecessary and methodologically problematic respectively.
The Sinful Woman in the Gospel of Peter: Reconstructing the Other Side of P.Oxy. 4009
Authors: Myllykoski Matti
Published: January 2009

In 1993, Dieter Lührmann published a reconstruction of the more intelligible side of P.Oxy. 4009. He demonstrated that this side, which he called the recto, consists of passages parallel to Matt 10.16 par., Luke 10.3 and 2 Clem. 5.2–4. He also argued that the passage stems from the Gospel of Peter. However, Lührmann considered it impossible (‘ausgeschlossen’) to reconstruct the other side of the fragment. The aim of the present article is to demonstrate that a full reconstruction of this less intelligible side of P.Oxy. 4009, lines 1–13, is possible and that it enriches our knowledge of the Gospel of Peter with a new pericope which is an interesting parallel of Luke 7.36–50. The reconstruction also demonstrates that the side reconstructed by Lührmann is actually the verso, and that both sides together point towards the well-known anti-Jewish redactional tendencies of the author of the Gospel of Peter.
ΒΑΛΑΑΚ in the 72Text of Jude 11: A Proposal
Authors: Caulley Thomas Scott
Published: January 2009

This article proposes that the variant Βαλαάκ in the 72text of Jude 11 be read in light of theological tendency in the Bodmer codex, especially as evidenced in the christological variants of 72. Initially, scholarly opinion dismissed the ‘Balaak’ reading as nothing more than an inexperienced copyist's careless mistake. Though recognizing the older view to be unsatisfactory, recent explanations are also inadequate. Given neutral or positive traditions about Balaam in Judaism, and in the context of the early Christian belief that the Spirit of Christ inspired the OT Prophets (including Balaam), the article makes a case for reevaluation of the variant.
Une christologie de type ‘mystique’ (Marc 1.1-16.8)
Authors: Focant Camille
Published: January 2009

Comment l'identité narrative de Jésus se décline-t-elle dans l'évangile selon Marc? La question est traitée en quatre étapes, à commencer par un examen de l'impact christologique des limites du récit marcien, son prologue et sa finale suspendue. Dans un deuxième temps, l'attention se porte sur le développement de l'intrigue de situation à partir des actions du protagoniste et des réactions qu'elles suscitent. En troisième lieu, l'intrigue de révélation et l'évolution des manières de désigner Jésus est analysée. Enfin, sous mode de synthèse, l'hypothèse est avancée d'une christologie ‘mystique’ de Marc, hypothèse préférée à la théorie devenue classique du secret messianique.
Was für Praktiken? Zur jüngsten Diskussion um die ἔργανόμου
Authors: Bachmann Michael
Published: January 2009

There is no consensus on the meaning of the syntagm ἔργα νόμου (in the discussion on the New Perspective on Paul). The main question is: Does the expression refer to halakhot or (so recently O. Hofius) to deeds? In the first case, according to Paul, justification does not depend on a system of regulations (in particular not on ‘boundary markers’), in the second case justification does not depend on the (good) works of individuals. Meanwhile a considerable group of scholars advocates the halakhot interpretation, and for instance Gal 3.10 supports it (τά γεγραμμένα, αὐτά). Diachronic arguments which, however, should not only consider thenomen regens(ἔργα) are to be added (see Apk 2.26;TestLevXIX.1; 4QMMT C27; yQid 63d). The Pauline references can be understood much better under this assumption, and it does not mean to undermine the ‘Lutheran’ emphasis on forgiving of sin and on Christ (see Gal 2.16–17). But now it is easier to take into account the apostle's positive statements concerning the law (see Rom 8.4) and concerning the judgement ‘according to the deeds of a person’ (see Rom 2.6).
1 Thess 2.7b, c: ‘Kleinkinder, die wie eine Amme Kinder versorgen’
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich
Published: January 2009

In einer exzellenten Studie hat B. R. Gaventa unlängst Bilder der Weiblichkeit in der paulinischen Theologie erörtert. Sie beginnt dabei mit einer Besprechung von 1 Thess 2.7b, entscheidet sich für die lectio difficilior νήπιοι statt ἤπιοι, und zwar sowohl aus textkritischen Gründen als auch aufgrund der Verwendung des Lexems νήπιος bei Paulus. So wäre ‘infant’/Kleinkind bzw. unmündig zu lesen und τροϕός als ‘nurse’/Kindermädchen bzw. ‘wet nurse’/Amme zu verstehen. So kommt man zu folgender Textfassung:

2.7b

άλλά ἐγενήθημεν νήπιοι ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν

2.7

ὡς ἐάν τροϕὸς θάλπῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα.
Paulusrezeption in der Johannesoffenbarung? Auf der Suche nach dem Erbe des Apostels im letzten Buch des biblischen Kanons
Authors: Müller-Fieberg Rita
Published: January 2009

The Revelation of John was written in Asia Minor, a region evangelized by the Apostle Paul. To what degree can traces of Paul's influence still be found at the end of the 1st century—not only with regard to the Seven Churches addressed and their conflicting tendencies, but also with regard to the author of the book of Revelation itself? How can we describe John's attitude towards the perceived legacy of the great missionary to the Gentiles? The answer provides additional insight into the diversity of early Christian life.
Editorial
Authors: ROKEM FREDDIE
Published: January 2009

How do we account for a sense of centre and periphery when we think about and study theatre and performance from an international perspective? Is an ‘international’ perspective at all possible? Or is every performance irrevocably determined by its tangible ‘here’ and ‘now’, making everything else peripheral? And to what extent are questions of centrality determined by the dominant cultural or economic paradigms? Or is a multifocal international perspective consciously created in opposition to such hegemonic models?
Eugene O'Neill as Traditional Chinese Theatre: Adapting Desire under the Elms
Authors: XUEFENG ZHU , HAIPING LIU
Published: January 2009

Eugene O'Neill's Desire under the Elms (1924) has been adapted twice into traditional Chinese theatre (xiqu), or into Sichuan opera (chuanju) and Henan qu opera (henan quju) to be specific. A close reading of the adaptations reveals that the traditional theatre has been in a persistent search for intercultural perspectives, which at the same time also proves self-reflective. All through the two Desire adaptations there runs a significant indigenous vein, bringing to the American play a mixture of historical memories and contemporary experiences peculiar to China. Both scripts mirror the current spectacle of dramatic encounters between heterogeneous elements – native and foreign, traditional and modern – producing unceasing collisions and fragmentary images in the process. They nevertheless suggest the possibility of reaching a plateau where boundaries are crossed and seemingly incompatible elements merge. The kind of selective assimilation of modern Western thoughts and dramatic techniques evidenced here bring about a new turn in the traditional Chinese theatre.
The Making of Artistic Reputation: Dennis Potter, Television Dramatist
Authors: ZARHY-LEVO YAEL
Published: January 2009

Within the context of canonization processes, the career course of the British television dramatist Dennis Potter presents a unique case. Potter's career illustrates an instance of a dramatist also acting as a multifunctional media figure, who superseded the ‘typical’ primary makers of reputation (e.g. critics and academics) in shaping the perceptions of his work and in promoting his dramatic standing. Potter's authoritative power was facilitated by the infancy of television reviewing and television drama in the early 1960s. Given the innovative nature of his dramas, often extremely controversial, the reputation he achieved was largely the effect of his acquired fame as a media figure and, particularly, the evaluative criteria he himself established as a pioneering television critic: an expertise he further exploited as major commentator on his own work, all of which not only conditioned the reception of his works, but also influenced their eventual critical acclaim.
Language under Attack: The Iconoclastic Theatre of Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio
Authors: CALCHI NOVATI GABRIELLA
Published: January 2009

The Italian theatre company Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, led by Romeo Castellucci, began its passionate incursion into Italian theatre in the 1980s. Through an analysis of their most challenging critical texts and manifestos, as yet unpublished in English, this paper will examine the theoretical foundations of Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio's oeuvre and the profound implications of the iconoclasm of their performances, and propose new means of deciphering their work. During the 1980s the company forged new linguistic and visual theatrical techniques, which were further developed through the 2002–2004 project, Tragedia Endogonidia. I argue that the relevance of their early work lies in their theoretical and practical widening of the parameters of representation. Excerpts from manifestos and texts written by Romeo and Claudia Castellucci, along with critical texts related to their work, are unless otherwise indicated translated into English by the present author.
Bentham and Blackstone: A Lifetime's Dialectic
Authors: Burns J. H.
Published: January 2009

The full range of Bentham's engagement with Blackstone's view of law is beyond the scope of a single article. Yet it is important to recognize at the outset, even in a more restricted enquiry into the matter, that the engagement, begun when Bentham, not quite sixteen years of age, started to attend Blackstone's Oxford lectures (from which theCommentaries on the Laws of Englandemerged in the first edition of 1765–9), was indeed a lifelong affair. Whatever Bentham had in mind when, at the age of eighty, in 1828, he began to write a work entitled ‘A familar view of Blackstone: or say Blackstone familiarized’, the manuscripts at least suffice to prove that ‘Our Author’ was still in the forefront of his mind at that octogenarian but still indefatigably active stage of his career. Every aspect of Bentham's multifarious intellectual activity over the intervening decades had been touched in some measure by his response to Blackstone's ideas. It still seems true to say what was said a dozen years ago:

It would be an exaggeration to say that Bentham elaborated his own conception of law by way of a constant and conscious dialectic with the views of Blackstone. But it would be an exaggeration for which the evidence would afford some excuse.
Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: The Civil Law and the Foundations of Bentham's Economic Thought
Authors: Kelly P. J.
Published: January 2009

Between 1787, and the end of his life in 1832, Bentham turned his attention to the development and application of economic ideas and principles within the general structure of his legislative project. For seventeen years this interest was manifested through a number of books and pamphlets, most of which remained in manuscript form, that develop a distinctive approach to economic questions. Although Bentham was influenced by Adam Smith'sAn Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he neither adopted a Smithian vocabulary for addressing questions of economic principle and policy, nor did he accept many of the distinctive features of Smith's economic theory. One consequence of this was that Bentham played almost no part in the development of the emerging science of political economy in the early nineteenth century. The standard histories of economics all emphasize how little he contributed to the mainstream of late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century debate by concentrating attention on his utilitarianism and the psychology of hedonism on which it is premised. Others have argued that the calculating nature of his theory of practical reason reduced the whole legislative project to a crude attempt to apply economics to all aspects of social and political life. Put at its simplest this argument amounts to the erroneous claim that Bentham's science of legislation is reducible to the science of political economy. A different but equally dangerous error would be to argue that because Bentham's conception of the science of legislation comprehends all the basic forms of social relationships, there can be no science of political economy as there is no autonomous sphere of activity governed by the principles of economics. This approach is no doubt attractive from an historical point of view given that the major premise of this argument is true, and that many of Bentham's ‘economic’ arguments are couched in terms of his theory of legislation. Yet it fails to account for the undoubted importance of political economy within Bentham's writings, not just on finance, economic policy, colonies and preventive police, but also in other aspects of his utilitarian public policy such as prison reform, pauper management, and even constitutional reform. All of these works reflect a conception of political economy in its broadest terms. However, this conception of political economy differs in many respects from that of Bentham's contemporaries, and for this reason Bentham's distinctive approach to problems of economics and political economy has largely been misunderstood.