bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The apparent volume of interdigitation: A new parameter for evaluating the influence of surface topography on mechanical interlock
Authors: Arola Dwayne D. , Yang Dongliang T. , Stoffel Kirk A.
Published: September 2002

A new parameter has been defined to estimate the apparent volume of interdigitation (Vi) that is available from a surface to support mechanical interlock. The parameter is estimated in terms of the core roughness parameters, which can be obtained from the material ratio curve of a representative surface profile. A verification of the definition for Vi is performed with the use of ideal surface profiles consisting of Gaussian and skewed height distributions. In contrast to conventional surface roughness parameters, the expression for Vi is capable of differentiating between positive and negative skewed surfaces with the same average surface roughness. It is expected that Vi will be a useful tool for optimization of the prosthesis and bone surface topographies, which are essential to the long‐term success of cemented total joint replacements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 519–524, 2001
Establishment and characterization of chondrocyte cell lines from the costal cartilage of SV40 large T antigen transgenic mice
Authors: Kitaoka E. , Satomura K. , Hayashi E. , Yamanouchi K. , Tobiume S. , Kume K. , Obinata M. , Nagayama M.
Published: September 2002

Complete understanding of the physiology and pathology of the cartilage is essential to establish treatments for a variety of cartilage disorders and defects such as rheumatoid arthritis, congenital malformations, and tumors of cartilage. Although synthetic materials have been used in many cases, they possess inherent problems including wear of the materials and low mechanical strength. Autograft has been considered very effective to overcome these problems. However, the limitation of the transplant volume is a major problem in autograft to be overcome. The costal cartilage is the most serious candidate for donor site transplantation, since it is the largest permanent hyaline cartilage in the body. To investigate the possibility using the costal cartilage as a transplant source, we have established and characterized three mouse chondrocyte cell lines (MCC‐2, MCC‐5, and MCC‐35) derived from the costal cartilage of 8‐week‐old male SV40 large T‐antigen transgenic mice. At confluence, all the cell lines formed nodules that could be positively stained with alcian blue (pH 2.5). The size of nodules gradually increased during culturing time. After 2 and 6 weeks of culture, RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that all three cell lines expressed mRNA from the cartilage‐specific genes for type II collagen, type XI collagen, aggrecan, and link protein. Furthermore, type X collagen expression was detected in MCC‐5 and MCC‐35 but not in MCC‐2. Any phenotypic changes were not observed over 31 cell divisions. Immunocytochemistry showed further that MCC‐2, MCC‐5, and MCC‐35 produced cartilage‐specific proteins type II collagen and type XI collagen, while in addition MCC‐5 and MCC‐35 produced type X collagen. Treatment with 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited cell proliferation and differentiation of the three cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner. These phenotypic characteristics have been found consistent with chondrocyte cell lines established from cartilage tissues other than costal cartilage. In conclusion, costal cartilage shows phenotypic similarities to other cartilages, i.e., articular cartilage and embryonic limbs, suggesting that costal cartilage may be very useful as the donor transplantation site for the treatment of cartilage disorders. Furthermore, the cell lines established in this study are also beneficial in basic research of cartilage physiology and pathology. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 571–582, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bruton's tyrosine kinase associates with the actin‐based cytoskeleton in activated platelets
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Saikat , Ramars Amanchy S.S. , Dash Debabrata
Published: September 2002

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) plays a crucial role in the maturation and differentiation of B‐lymphocytes and immunoglobulin synthesis. Recently Btk has been described to be present in significant amount in human platelets. To investigate the regulation of this kinase in the platelets we studied its subcellular redistribution in the resting and activated cells. In the resting platelets Btk was almost absent from the actin‐based cytoskeleton. Upon challenge of the platelet thrombin receptor upto 30% of total Btk appeared in the cytoskeleton and the protein underwent phosphorylation on tyrosine. Translocation of Btk to the cytoskeleton but not aggregation was prevented by cytochalasin B, which inhibits actin polymerization. Wortmannin and genistein (inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and protein tyrosine kinase, respectively) decreased while phenylarsine oxide (a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) increased the cytoskeletal content of Btk. The association of Btk with the cytoskeleton was regulated by integrin αIIbβ3 and partly reversible. Taken together, these data suggest that Btk might be a component of a signaling complex containing specific cytoskeletal proteins in the activated platelets. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 659–665, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative efficacies of indole antioxidants in reducing autoxidation and iron‐induced lipid peroxidation in hamster testes
Authors: Karbownik Malgorzata , Gitto Eloisa , Lewiñski Andrzej , Reiter Russel J.
Published: September 2002

Increased iron stores are associated with free radical generation and carcinogenesis. Lipid peroxidation is involved in DNA damage, thus indirectly participating in the early steps of tumor initiation. Melatonin and structurally related indoles are effective in protecting against oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to compare the relative efficacies of melatonin, N‐acetylserotonin (NAS), indole‐3‐propionic acid (IPA), and 5‐hydroxy‐indole‐3‐acetic acid (5HIAA) in altering basal and iron‐induced lipid peroxidation in homogenates of hamster testes. To determine the effect of the indoles on the autoxidation of lipids, homogenates were incubated in the presence of each agent in concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mM. To study their effects on induced lipid peroxidation, homogenates were incubated with FeSO4 (30 μM + H2O2 (0.1 mM) + each of the indoles in the same concentrations as above. The degree of lipid peroxidation was expressed as concentrations of malondialdehyde + 4‐hydroxyalkenals (MDA + 4‐HDA) per mg protein. The indoles decreased both basal and iron‐related lipid peroxidation in a concentration‐dependent manner. Melatonin reduced basal MDA + 4‐HDA levels when used at the concentrations of 0.25 mM or higher, and prevented iron‐induced lipid peroxidation at concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mM. The lowest effective concentrations of NAS required to lower basal and iron‐related lipid peroxidation were 0.05 mM and 0.25 mM, respectively. IPA, only when used in the highest concentrations of 2.5 mM or 5 mM inhibited basal lipid peroxidation levels and it was ineffective on the levels of MDA + 4‐HDA due to iron damage. 5HIAA reduced basal lipid peroxidation when used at concentrations of 0.25 mM or higher, and it prevented iron‐induced lipid peroxidation only at the highest applied concentration (5 mM). In conclusion, melatonin and related indoles at pharmacological concentrations protect against both the autoxidation of lipids as well as induced peroxidation of lipids in testes. In doing so, these agents would be expected to reduce testicular cancer that is initiated by products of lipid peroxidation. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 693–699, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intramolecular interactions and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in conformers of gaseous glycine
Authors: Pacios L. F. , Gómez P. C.
Published: September 2002

Ab initiocalculations at the MP2/6‐311++G** level of theory led recently to the identification of 13 stable conformers of gaseous glycine with relative energies within 11 kcal/mol. The stability of every structure depends on subtle intramolecular effects arising from conformational changes. These intramolecular interactions are examined with the tools provided by the Atoms In Molecules (AIM) theory, which allows obtaining a wealth of quantum mechanics information from the molecular electron density ρ(r). The analysis of the topological features of ρ(r) on one side and the atomic properties integrated in the basins defined by the gradient vector field of the density on the other side makes possible to explore the different intramolecular effects in every conformer. The existence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on some conformers is demonstrated, while the presence of other stabilizing interactions arising from favorable conformations is shown to explain the stability of other structures in the potential energy surface of glycine. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 702–716, 2001
Laboratory tests for the evaluation of Helicobacter pylori infections
Authors: Nakamura Robert M.
Published: September 2002

Helicobacter pylori is a highly motile bacterium with multiple unipolar flagella, and it produces the urease enzyme. The flagella and urease are the virulence factors of H. pylori. H. pylori often establishes a chronic infection in the stomach that may lead to gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric cancers, gastric lymphomas, and other gastrointestinal diseases. There are several different invasive and noninvasive clinical laboratory tests for H. pylori. Laboratory testing is not indicated in asymptomatic patients and should be considered only if treatment of H. pylori infection is planned. Invasive tests for H. pylori, such as tissue histology, culture, and rapid urease tests, are used if an endoscopy is performed on the patient. The noninvasive tests for H. pylori, such as enzyme antibody and urea breath tests, are recommended in patients whose symptoms do not warrant endoscopy. The urea breath test is very useful and is recommended to evaluate effectiveness in the eradication and treatment of H. pylori infections. Nucleic acid tests can complement other diagnostic procedures, and are useful in evaluating fixed biopsy tissue, environmental samples, gastric juices, oral secretions, and stool samples. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:301–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of storage and viral load on hepatitis C viral genotyping
Authors: Payne Deborah A. , Seifert Susan L. , Brody Brian A.
Published: September 2002

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is important for determining the treatment protocol for hepatitis C patients. Since amplified material from the Roche HCV Monitor kit is compatible with the Innogenetics INNO‐LiPA HCV II kit (line probe assay), amplicons from the Monitor assay can be used to identify the HCV genotype. The Monitor package insert recommends using amplicons within a 7‐day period (at 4°C) following amplification. It was hypothesized that storage of amplicons for 4 weeks and longer (at –20°C) would not affect the sensitivity of the genotyping assay. After denaturation, amplicons from two genotypes were stored for 7–386 days prior to performing the genotyping assay. Storage of amplicons did not hamper the ability to identify the genotype. Additionally, the sensitivity of the assay was evaluated by analyzing five genotypes with low viral loads. HCV genotypes were detected most consistently at viral levels of 10,000 copies/mL. In conclusion, the Innogenetics genotyping assay can use stored amplicons, thus reducing the cost of the assay by avoiding additional PCR reactions. Determining the sensitivity of this assay facilitates the efficient use of this test by incorporating a sensitivity cutoff of ≥10,000 copies/mL. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:331–333, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endosonographic appearances of Brunner's gland hamartomas
Authors: Changchien Chi‐Sin , Hsu Chia‐Chang , Hu Tsung‐Hui
Published: September 2002

Brunner's gland hamartoma is an uncommon intestinal tumor, most frequently located in the duodenal bulb. We report the endoscopic sonographic (EUS) appearances in 2 cases of Brunner's gland hamartoma. In 1 case, EUS revealed a heterogeneous hypoechoic pedunculated mass, 1.7 cm in diameter, arising from the mucosal and submucosal layers of the wall of the duodenal bulb. Multiple anechoic large and small cystic areas were demonstrated in the tumor. In the other case, EUS revealed a 1.4‐ × 0.9‐cm pedunculated mass with an echogenicity higher than that of the muscular layer and lower than that of the mucosa, arising from the submucosal layer of the duodenal bulb wall. Multiple small anechoic areas were demonstrated in the tumor. We believe that both EUS patterns are typical for Brunner's gland hamartomas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:243–246, 2001.
Repellent function of male pheromones in the red‐spotted newt
Authors: Park Daesik , Propper Catherine R.
Published: September 2002

Pheromones act as attractants and sexual stimulants in most vertebrates. For example, in red‐spotted newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, female pheromones attract males, and male pheromones increase female receptivity. However, no studies have determined whether male vertebrates produce a pheromone that repels competing males. Through a series of olfactory mate selection tests, we found that sexually motivated male red‐spotted newts produce a pheromone that functions to repel other approaching males. Our finding is the first report of a repelling function for pheromones in male vertebrates. The pheromones may act to increase both the sender’s and receiver’s mating success when the operational sex ratio (OSR) is male biased. J. Exp. Zool. 289:404–408, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorylation of chloride‐ATPase reconstituted from Aplysia gut
Authors: Gerencser George A. , Zhang Jianliang
Published: September 2002

The present study was primarily done to compare cation‐ATPase phosphorylation kinetics with an anion‐ATPase’s phosphorylation kinetics because of the paucity of information in this area. Utilizing a proteolipsomal preparation containing Cl–‐ATPase from Aplysia gut, it was demonstrated that phosphorylation of this P‐type ATPase was absolutely dependent upon Mg2+. In organic phosphate concentrations directly (Pi) enhanced phosphoprotein formation in the presence of increasing concentrations of Mg2+. It was also shown that the calculated rate constant for E1‐P formation was 26/sec. This approximated E1‐P rate constant values for other electrogenic, uniport P‐type ATPases, and therefore it was concluded from the results that the anion‐ATPase phosphorylation kinetics did not greatly differ from cation‐ATPase phosphorylation kinetics. J. Exp. Zool. 289:472–475, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alvin W. Gouldner and industrial sociology at Columbia University
Authors: Chriss James J.
Published: September 2002

Alvin W. Gouldner (1920–1980) was a prolific sociologist of the post‐World War II era who spent the early part of his career (the 1950s) in the field of industrial sociology. A case study of Gouldner's early life and career is useful insofar as it intertwines with the development of industrial sociology as a distinct subfield within sociology. Through this analysis we are also better able to understand how and in what ways a burgeoning organizational studies program developed at Columbia University during the 1940s. This analysis of the historical and cultural contexts within which Gouldner came to prominence as an industrial sociologist at Columbia, and the intellectual program that resulted, can also help shed light on more recent trends in organizational studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
State banks and economic development in China
Authors: Laurenceson James , Chai J. C. H.
Published: September 2002

State‐owned banks remain dominant in China's financial sector despite over two decades of gradual financial liberalization. Their performance is typically evaluated using commercial banking criteria. The standard view is that because state banks have experienced declining profitability and capital adequacy, they have been a drain on past economic development and endanger future growth prospects. However, we argue that state banks have strong development bank characteristics and hence warrant different performance criteria. The analysis in this paper suggests that while thier commercial performance may have been poor, the overall impact of state banks on China's economic development appears to have been both positive and sustainable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The female genital system of Ooperipatellus decoratus (Onychophora, Peripatopsidae): An ultrastructural study
Authors: Brockmann Claudia , Mummert Renate , Ruhberg Hilke , Storch Volker
Published: September 2002

The female genital system of the oviparous peripatopsid Ooperipatellus decoratus consists of an ovary, oviducts equipped with receptacula seminis and additional pouches, uteri, and a vagina. It is examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The ovary is made up of paired ovarian tubes united anteriorly and posteriorly and differentiated into a sterile dorsal part and a fertile ventral part with exogenous oocytes. Fertilization presumably occurs in the oviducts once the oocytes pass the receptaculum seminis. Although the receptacula seminis have been reported to occur in juvenile O. decoratus females only, the present study reveals that they are present in adult females as well. Their wall consists of a cuboidal epithelium covered with a thin collagen‐muscle layer. The additional pouches are projections of the oviducts facing the receptacula seminis. They are distally closed to the haemocoel by a flattened epithelium and lack external muscle cells. A thin collagen layer is only found proximally. The uteri are characterized by a columnar epithelium with folded cell membranes allowing extension of the uteri, thus facilitating the passage of the large uterine eggs towards the vagina. Another dominating feature of the uteri is a distally increasing secretory production, which probably contributes to chorion development. Cilia occurring along the entire length of the uteri are considered to assist in the transport of eggs towards the vagina. J. Morphol. 249:77–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the osteology and myology of catfish pectoral girdle, with a reflection on catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) plesiomorphies
Authors: Diogo Rui , Oliveira Claudia , Chardon Michel
Published: September 2002

The configuration of the pectoral girdle bones and muscles of numerous catfishes was studied in detail and compared with that of other siluriforms, as well as of other teleosts, described in the literature. The pectoral girdle of catfishes is composed of only three bones, which probably correspond to the posttemporo‐supracleithrum (posttemporal + supracleithrum), scapulo‐coracoid (scapula + coracoid), and cleithrum of other teleosts. These latter two bones constitute the place of origin of the pectoral girdle muscles. Two of these muscles are related to the movements of the pectoral fin. These two muscles correspond, very likely, to the abductor superficialis and to the adductor superficialis of other teleostean fishes. In relation to the pectoral spine (thickened first pectoral fin ray), it is usually moved by three well‐developed muscles, which are probably homologous with the arrector ventralis, arrector dorsalis, and abductor profundus of nonsiluriform teleosts. The morphological diversity and the plesiomorphic configuration of these muscles, as well as of the other catfish pectoral girdle structures, are discussed. J. Morphol. 249:100–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of tail‐like substituents on the binding of competitive inhibitors to the QB site of photosystem II
Authors: Reifler Michael J. , Szalai Veronika A. , Peterson Celeste N. , Brudvig Gary W.
Published: September 2002

The QB quinone‐binding site of photosystem II is an important target for herbicides. Two major classes of herbicides are based on s‐triazine and phenylurea moieties. A small library of triazine and phenylurea compounds has been synthesized which have tail‐like substituents in order to test the effects of charge, hydrophobicity and size of the tail on binding properties. It is found that a tail can be attached to one of the alkylamino groups of triazine‐type herbicides or to the para position of phenylurea‐type herbicides without loss of binding, provided that the tail is hydrophobic. This indicates that the herbicides must be oriented in the QB site such that these positions point toward the natural isoprenyl tail‐binding pocket that extends out of the QB site. In turn, the requirement that the tail must extend out of the QB site constrains the size of the other herbicide substituents in the pocket. This is in agreement with the presumed orientation and fit of ligands in the QB site. When longer hydrophobic tails are used, the binding penalty that occurs upon adding a charged substituent at the distal end is reduced. This allows the use of a series of tail substituents possessing a distal charge as an approximate molecular ruler to measure the distance from the QB site to the aqueous phase. Even a 10‐carbon alkyl chain still shows a 4‐fold effect from the presence or absence of a distal charge. Such a chain does not appear to be long enough to extend from the bulk aqueous phase to the QB site because binding is completely lost when a large hydrophilic domain (PEG4000) is attached to the distal end. Longer tails are effective only if they are sufficiently hydrophobic. An effort was made to use tailed herbicides for affinity binding of photosystem II. It was found that hydrophobic linkers promote nonspecific binding, but careful choice of solvent conditions, such as the use of excess nonionic detergent well above its critical micelle concentration, might obviate this problem during affinity‐binding applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

BOC

t‐butoxycarbonyl

bRC

bacterial photosynthetic reaction center

DCC

N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

DCMU

3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea

NHS

N‐hydroxysuccinimide

PEG

polyethylene glycol

PSII

photosystem II

QA

tightly bound quinone electron acceptor in PSII

QB

exchangeable quinone electron acceptor in PSII

THF

tetrahydrofuran

TLC

thin‐layer chromatography.
Defective human T‐cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) genomes: No evidence in serologically indeterminate german blood donors but new type detected in established cell lines
Authors: Morozov V.A. , Ellerbrok H. , Fleischer C. , Brackmann H.H. , Pauli G.
Published: September 2002

Individuals reactive in antibody screening tests (ELISA) and with one or more reactions to HTLV‐1 proteins on Western blotting, but lacking the criteria of a confirmed HTLV infection, are not exceptional in regions with a low prevalence of HTLV‐1/‐2 infections. PCR analysis of these indeterminate samples, using “diagnostic” pol and tax sets of primers, give negative results. However, expression of HTLV‐1 defective proviruses with internal deletions undetectable by PCR with diagnostic primers could have taken place. Seven German HTLV‐1 ELISA‐reactive blood donors, who showed reactivity also in Western blots against several viral proteins, and twenty haemophiliacs, were examined by nested PCR and/or PCR/Southern hybridisation with primers designed for detection of HTLV‐1 defective proviruses. No HTLV‐1‐specific amplification products were obtained. However, HTLV‐1 defective proviruses with large internal deletions were detected in four out of five cell lines established from symptomatic HTLV‐1 cases and two in HUT‐102 cells. In two amplicons, short inverted rRNA sequences between gag and env fragments of HTLV‐1 defective proviruses were revealed. These results do not exclude the presence of defective HTLV‐1 proviruses in individuals with indeterminate serology although this is unlikely. J. Med. Virol. 66:102–106, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recipient and observer reactions to discipline: are managers experiencing wishful thinking?
Authors: Atwater Leanne E. , Waldman David A. , Carey James A. , Cartier Priscilla
Published: September 2002

A qualitative study of recipients' and observers' reactions to discipline events was conducted. Data from 123 recipient interviews and 46 observer interviews were content analyszed and categorized. Results showed that while both groups see positive results from discipline, recipients and observers may lose respect for the discipliner, and may develop negative attitudes toward the organization as a consequence of the discipline. They are also likely to perceive the discipline event as unfair, especially when discipline is applied for informal as opposed to formal rule violations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial representation of agroclimatology in a study of agricultural drought
Authors: Wilhelmi Olga V. , Hubbard Kenneth G. , Wilhite Donald A.
Published: September 2002

Agricultural drought is the leading cause for crop failure throughout the world. In the USA, significant impacts of recent droughts on agricultural production indicate the continuing vulnerability of the country to drought. This paper presents a methodology for spatial representation of the agroclimatic component of agricultural drought vulnerability. This methodology was developed as a part of an integrated assessment of drought vulnerability. For the spatial analysis, the state of Nebraska was selected as a study area because of the considerable variation in climatology, soil characteristics, land use, and cropping patterns. The underlying approach assumes that the best spatial characterization of the state's agroclimatology from the agricultural drought vulnerability perspective is the probability of seasonal crop moisture deficiency. Seasonal crop water‐use thresholds for well‐watered crops (e.g. corn, soybean, and sorghum) were estimated using the evapotranspiration (ET) mathematical model. For wheat and grass, ET values were estimated based on the relationship between ET, water‐use efficiency, and crop yield. Historical grain yield data were analysed to define an economically viable threshold for wheat. Seasonal ET thresholds determined for the crops were used to calculate area‐weighted mean ET for the combination of crops in every county. The threshold values and long‐term precipitation data were used for calculating statistical probabilities of seasonal crop moisture deficiency. Probability values were analysed at 112 weather stations across Nebraska, spatially interpolated and classified using geographic information systems. The spatial pattern of probabilities of seasonal crop moisture deficiency reflected both seasonal precipitation across Nebraska and the distribution of crops and grasses. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Multisite stochastic weather models for impact studies
Authors: Qian Budong , Corte‐Real João , Xu Hong
Published: September 2002

Stochastic weather models have been developed for simultaneous simulations of daily precipitation, and daily maximum and minimum temperatures at multiple sites in a river basin in order to reproduce the interstation correlations and self‐consistency in weather series. The basic structure of the stochastic weather models was adopted from Wilks (1999. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 96: 85–101), but an extension was made to condition the model parameters on daily circulation patterns. Model parameters were also estimated without conditioning on daily circulation patterns, so that both conditional and unconditional simulations were conducted and compared. Statistical analyses on the synthetic weather data imply a better performance of the conditional simulations, on most aspects of the required statistics. In addition, the conditional weather models on daily circulation patterns can be applied directly in impact studies, for the purpose of downscaling climate scenarios from climate model simulations, and some related aspects are also discussed. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Raman investigations of indium iodide complexes: the species present in aqueous and diethyl ether solutions
Authors: Taylor M. J. , Kloo L. A. , Seakins J. M.
Published: September 2002

Raman spectra of aqueous indium (III) iodide solutions, with and without added HI, reveal an equilibrium between two species: the complex anion InI4− (ν1 = 139 cm−1) and the solvated molecule InI3(H2O)x (νsym = 158 cm−1). The complex acid HInI4 is transferred from the aqueous acidic solution by solvent extraction; spectra of this species and the ether adduct InI3·Et2O (νsym = 151 cm−1) are reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of silver saccharinate
Authors: Baran Enrique J. , Wagner Claudia C.
Published: September 2002

The infrared and Raman spectra of silver saccharinate Ag(C7H4NO3S), were recorded and are briefly discussed on the basis of its structural characteristics and by comparison with the spectra of some related species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of variety and stage of fruit ripeness on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of deep‐fat‐fried banana chips
Authors: Ammawath Wanna , Che Man Yaakob B , Yusof Salmah , Rahman Russly A
Published: September 2002

The quality of banana chips prepared from two different varieties of banana, Pisang Abu and Pisang Nangka, at the ‘green’ and ‘trace of yellow’ stages of ripeness was studied. The fruits were peeled, sliced to a thickness of 2 mm and deep‐fat fried in refined, bleached and deodorised (RBD) palm olein at 180 ± 5 °C for 3 min. The quality parameters determined for fresh bananas were total soluble solids, pH, acidity, carbohydrate, sugar content, fat, protein, moisture content, ash, fibre, colour and fruit firmness. The results showed that Abu had a higher carbohydrate content than Nangka at both stages of ripeness before frying. No sucrose was detected in Nangka. The quality parameters determined after deep‐fat frying were moisture content, water activity, oil absorption, crispness and sensory evaluation. The moisture content and water activity of Abu chips were lower than those of Nangka chips. The texture of chips prepared from Abu at stage ‘green’ showed more crispness than the other three samples. Sensory evaluation showed that chips prepared from Abu at both stages of ripeness presented better colour, flavour, odour, texture and overall acceptability than those prepared from Nangka. Based on the matrix of correlation coefficients, fresh bananas with higher fruit firmness and carbohydrate content gave banana chips with higher crispness and oil absorption.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Post mortem muscle protein degradation during ice‐storage of Arctic (Pandalus borealis) and tropical (Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon) shrimps: a comparative electrophoretic and immunological study
Authors: Martinez Iciar , Jakobsen Friis Tone , Careche Mercedes
Published: September 2002

Water‐, low‐salt‐ and high‐salt‐soluble protein fractions from the abdominal muscles of Pandalus borealis, Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon extracted immediately after death and after 5, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h (P borealis) or 16, 22, 43, 71 and 92 h (Penaeus spp) of ice‐storage were analysed by one‐ and two‐dimensional electrophoresis and immunological techniques. The most evident effect in P borealis was the decrease in the relative amount of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and a concomitant increase in the number and intensity of bands of molecular size about 100 kDa cross‐reacting with anti‐MHC antiserum. MHC degradation of P borealis was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) of partially isolated native myosin. Other prominent features were the disappearance of bands of about 67 and 50 kDa after 24 h and the appearance of a band of slightly less than 50 kDa after 5 h of ice‐storage. These last bands showed the potential to be used as freshness markers. One spot tentatively identified as desmin did not suffer significant changes in any of the three species. Two bands (about 100 and 96 kDa) gave a positive reaction with the α‐actinin antibody in the zero‐time extract of P borealis, but after 24 h only one faint 96 kDa band was detected. In contrast, the extracts of P japonicus and P monodon did not suffer significant alterations during the examined period, and even after 92 h of ice‐storage only the 100 kDa anti‐α‐actinin cross‐reacting band was clearly visible in the high‐salt extract of P japonicus.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure–reactivity correlations in the aminolysis of aryl chloroformates
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Ruiz María G. , Santos José G.
Published: September 2002

The reactions of a series of secondary alicyclic amines with 4‐methylphenyl and 4‐methoxyphenyl chloroformates are subjected to a kinetic investigation in water, at 25.0°C, ionic strength 0.2 M (KCl). Under amine excess, pseudo‐first‐order rate coefficients (kobs) are found for all reactions. Plots of kobs vs [NH] (NH is the free amine) are linear, with the slope (kN) pH independent, except the reactions of 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine with both substrates at pH 6.2–7.3. The Brönsted‐type plots for the kN values for the aminolysis of both chloroformates are linear, with slopes ca. 0.3, which is consistent with rate‐determining formation of a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±). With the pKa and log kN data for the present reactions, together with those for the same aminolysis of phenyl and 4‐nitrophenyl chloroformates, two dual parametric equations are found for log kN as a function of pKa of the nucleophile, Hammett sigma of the “nonleaving” group, and pKa of the “nonleaving” group, with coefficients βN = 0.3, ρnlg = 0.7, and βnlg = −0.2, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 281–287, 2001
The kinetics of solid‐state reactions toward consensus—Part I: Uncertainties, failures, and successes of conventional methods
Authors: Ortega A.
Published: September 2002

An account of conventional dynamic thermal analysis (TA) with respect to uncertainties, failures, successes, and limitations as applied to solid‐state (s‐s) processes is discussed. A review of some controversial aspects of TA is presented. The scope is to discuss in three parts the adequate understanding of TA and to open a controversy about the dynamic methods and about the necessity of stimulating a consensus between scientists for a better TA. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 343–353, 2001
Soil rehabilitation through afforestation: evaluation of the performance of Eucalyptus and pine plantations in a Nigerian Savanna environment
Authors: Jaiyeoba I. A.
Published: September 2002

On the outskirts of Zaria, northern Nigeria, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus oocarpa plantations have been established to satisfy both land rehabilitation and agroindustrial objectives. Soils of the plantations and adjacent unafforested degraded sites where major influences from soil type and management were minimal were sampled to provide data for a parallel investigation of the effect of afforestation on soil rehabilitation. Three adjacent age–grade plantations in respect of each tree species were involved. These are 6, 13 and 27 years for eucalyptus, and 7, 15 and 25 years for pines. Results obtained showed that the rate of soil regeneration in the context of present silvicultural practices is extremely slow. Of the soil parameter studies, only organic matter shows significant improvement within the examined time frame. The soil texture, bulk density, infiltration rate, nutrient elements and pH showed only slight improvement. There was little evidence to suggest that either of the tree species had a more beneficial effect on the soil than the other. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of land‐use decision and policies in Nigeria towards a sustainable afforestation programme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen peroxide promotes transformation of rat liver non‐neoplastic epithelial cells through activation of epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Huang Ruo‐Pan , Peng Ao , Golard Andre , Hossain Moharmmad Z. , Huang Ruochun , Liu Ya‐Guang , Boynton Alton L.
Published: September 2002

Previous studies demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a tumor promoter in the rat liver epithelial cell line T51B. We investigated the pathway linking H2O2 to tumor promotion. H2O2 can directly induce tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). H2O2 and epidermal growth factor exerted similar effects on the induction of early growth response genes, disruption of gap junction communication, triggering of calcium inflow, and promotion of transformation. Furthermore, the effect of H2O2 on tumor promotion was blocked by abrogation of EGFR activation. Our results suggested that tumor promotion by H2O2 is mediated mainly through activation of EGFR in T51B cells. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new method for explaining the generation of aerodynamic forces in flapping flight
Authors: Sunada S. , Ellington C. P.
Published: September 2002

Sir James Lighthill proposed a method for estimating the hydrodynamic forces generated by slender fish, and his analysis made clear the mechanism of fish swimming. His method is based on slender body theory, and the hydrodynamic forces produced by fish are explained by their kinematics and the added mass of the body sections. More recently, numerical techniques for estimating hydrodynamic forces are making progress, but Lighthill's method is still very important and useful because it contributes to our understanding of the physics of fish swimming.

We propose a new method for estimating the aerodynamic forces generated by flapping wings: the forces are explained by the added mass of vortex wake sheets. In concept, it is similar to the momentum theory for fixed wings, which was developed by Prandtl. So, when the forward velocity is large, the method agrees with the momentum theory for a fixed wing. For hovering flight, where vortex sheets are generated continuously, this method agrees with the Rankine–Froude momentum theory of propellers. Like Lighthill's method for swimming, this newly developed method provides useful insight into the physics of flapping wings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computation of insect hovering
Authors: Jane Wang Z.
Published: September 2002

We review the results of a recent work on a two‐dimensional mechanism for insect hovering. Resolved computation of two‐dimensional insect hovering shows for the first time that a two‐dimensional hovering motion can generate enough lift to support a typical insect weight. The computation reveals a two‐dimensional mechanism of creating a downward dipole jet of counter‐rotating vortices, which are formed from leading and trailing edge vortices. This suggests that three‐dimensionality is not essential for hovering. The vortex dynamics further eluciates the role of the phase relation between the wing translation and rotation in lift generation. It also gives an intuitive picture of why the instantaneous forces can reach a periodic state after only a few strokes, which in principal enables an insect to take off quickly. The model predicts the lower limits in Reynolds number and amplitude above which the averaged forces are sufficient. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐parabolic band hydrodynamical model of silicon semiconductors and simulation of electron devices
Authors: Romano Vittorio
Published: September 2002

A consistent hydrodynamical model for electron transport in silicon semiconductors, free of any fitting parameter, has been formulated in Anile and Romano (Continuum Mechanics Thermodynamics 1999; 11:307–325) and Romano (Continuum Mechanics Thermodynamics 1999; 12:31–51) on the basis of the maximum entropy principle, by considering the energy band described by the Kane dispersion relation. Explicit constitutive functions for fluxes and production terms in the macroscopic balance equations of density, crystal momentum, energy and energy flux have been obtained. Scatterings of electrons with non‐polar optical phonons (both for intervalley and intravalley interactions), acoustic phonons and impurities have been taken into account.

In this article we show the link with other macroscopic models describing the motion of charge carriers. In particular, under suitable scaling assumptions, an energy transport model is recovered. An analysis of the formal properties is given by showing that the evolution equations form a hyperbolic system in the physically relevant region of the space of the dependent variables. At last, by using the numerical method developed in Liotta et al. (International Series of Numerical Mathematics 1999; 130:651–660) and Liotta et al. (SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 1999, to appear) simulations for bulk silicon and n+–n–n+ silicon diode are performed. The obtained results are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clifford geometric parameterization of inequivalent vacua
Authors: Fauser Bertfried
Published: September 2002

We propose a geometric method to parameterize inequivalent vacua by dynamical data. Introducing quantum Clifford algebras with arbitrary bilinear forms we distinguish isomorphic algebras—as Clifford algebras—by different filtrations (resp. induced gradings). The idea of a vacuum is introduced as the unique algebraic projection on the base field embedded in the Clifford algebra, which is however equivalent to the term vacuum in axiomatic quantum field theory and the GNS construction in C*‐algebras. This approach is shown to be equivalent to the usual picture which fixes one product but employs a variety of GNS states. The most striking novelty of the geometric approach is the fact that dynamical data fix uniquely the vacuum and that positivity is not required. The usual concept of a statistical quantum state can be generalized to geometric meaningful but non‐statistical, non‐definite, situations. Furthermore, an algebraization of states takes place. An application to physics is provided by an U (2)‐symmetry producing a gap equation which governs a phase transition. The parameterization of all vacua is explicitly calculated from propagator matrix elements. A discussion of the relation to BCS theory and Bogoliubov–Valatin transformations is given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The power/frequency‐dependent pulse width and jitter of a 1.55 μm Fabry–Perot laser diode transmitter
Authors: Lin Gong‐Ru , Lee Chung‐Fei
Published: September 2002

The effect of detuning the frequency and power of an electrical comb generator on the peak power, pulse width, and timing jitter of a 1.55 μm Fabry–Perot laser diode transmitter operating in the gain‐switching mode is discussed. The optimal frequencies for achieving the lowest timing jitter (510 MHz), the shortest pulse width (535 MHz), and the largest power (460 MHz) that deviated from theoretical predictions are obtained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 232–234, 2001.
Matrix analysis of wavelength transmission of arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer
Authors: Aihuang Guo , Junmei Fu
Published: September 2002

Applying the matrix transformation, the wavelength‐transmission characteristics of the N×N arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer are analyzed. These wavelength‐transmission characteristics include multiplexing, demultiplexing, wavelength routing, and optical path add and drop multiplexing. The analysis plays an important role in using an AWG multiplexer for a wavelength division multiplexing system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 249–252, 2001.
Adjacent channel suppression (ACS) in direct‐digital six‐port receivers
Authors: Xu Yansheng , Bosisio Renato G.
Published: September 2002

System simulation results of a digital six‐port receiver operating with an ideal six‐port (120° between Qi points), over two adjacent channels, are compared with a second six‐port receiver operating with a special six‐port circuit possessing 120° separation between Qi points in the receiving channel and 0° separation between Qi points in the adjacent channel. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are given on adjacent channel suppression using 64‐QAM modulation. The implementation of special six‐port ACS requires a six‐port wave structure with constant phase velocity in the receiving channel and reduced phase velocity in the adjacent channel to decrease the angles of the two adjacent Qi points of the six‐port by 120°. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 265–270, 2001.
Improved method for pulse width calibration in indirectly detected experiments
Authors: Esposito G. , Nadalin L. , Verdone G. , Corazza A. , Viglino P. , Fedrigo M.
Published: September 2002

A new sequence for calibrating the pulse width in indirectly detected experiments is described. It uses a field gradient pulse to destroy the transverse magnetization from nuclei that are not coupled to the indirectly detected species. With low natural abundance heteronuclei such as 13C or 15N, the latter component is responsible for a very intense resonance, with large dispersive tails, that hinder the observation of the intensities of the satellite peaks, especially at the null point. The proposed sequence improves the accuracy of the calibration owing to the excellent suppression of the unwanted dispersive signals. We named the sequence ROSSANA, i.e. ROtating Satellite Selective Acquisition at Natural Abundance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR studies of the conformational behaviour and tautomerism of bis‐ and tris‐saccharidoguanidines
Authors: Tóth Gábor , Gáti Tamás , Pintér István , Kovács József , Haessner Rainer
Published: September 2002

The reaction of an acetyl‐protected symmetrical sugar carbodiimide with amines yielded the corresponding trisubstituted guanidine derivatives 2–6 with two or three sugar units. Their tautomerism, isomerism and conformational behaviour were elucidated by application of one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The rate of tautomerisation was calculated from ROESY exchange measurements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of and conformational equilibria in 1,1′‐dihydroxybis(4H‐cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene) and related derivatives
Authors: Hoang Mary , Mladenova Gabriela , Hopkinson Alan C. , Ramnauth Jailal , Lee‐Ruff Edward
Published: September 2002

The aromatic protons and carbons in the NMR spectra of certain clamped 1,1,2,2‐tetraarylethane‐1,2‐diols undergo intermediate exchange at ambient temperature as the result of conformational equilibrium between two enantiomeric gauche forms. The crystal structures for two of these derivatives show the conformational preference for this geometry in the solid state in contrast to other reported unclamped 1,1,2,2‐tetraarylethane‐1,2‐diols. The conformational preference of these vicinal diols parallels that for the 1,1,2,2‐tetraarylethanes. However, in the asymmetrically substituted diphenylmethylfluorene series, the vicinal diol prefers to adopt a gauche conformation in contrast to the hydrocarbon which prefers the anti geometry attributed to hydrogen bonding effects in the former. The results of AM1 calculations for the conformational preferences of this series of diols and ethanes are included and agree with experimental observations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR and quantum‐chemical study of the stereochemistry of spiroepoxides obtained by oxidation of (Z)‐3‐arylidene‐1‐thioflavan‐4‐ones
Authors: Tóth Gábor , Kovács József , Lévai Albert , Kleinpeter Erich , Koch Andreas
Published: September 2002

Epoxidation of (Z)‐3‐arylidene‐1‐thioflavan‐4‐ones (1) yielded trans,cis (2) and trans,trans (3) isomers. The structure and signal assignments were elucidated by extensive application of one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The conformational analysis was achieved by the application of 3J(C,H) couplings and ab initio MO calculations. Both the preferred ground‐state conformers (envelope‐A conformations) obtained as global minima of the HF ab initio structures and the 13C chemical shifts calculated by the GIAO method from the global minima structures of the trans,cis and trans,trans isomers are in agreement with the experimentally obtained NMR results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.