bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potentials of real time control, stormwater infiltration and urine separation to minimize river impacts: dynamic long term simulation of sewer network, pumping stations, pressure pipes and waste water treatment plant
Authors: Peters C. , Keller S. , Sieker H. , Jekel M.
Published: November 2007

River Panke (Berlin, Germany) suffers from hydraulic peak loads and pollutant loads from separate sewers and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Pumping the wastewater through long pressure pipes causes extreme peak loads to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) during stormwater events. In order to find a good solution, it is essential not to decide on one approach at the beginning, but to evaluate a number of different approaches. For this reason, an integrated simulation study is carried out, assessing the potentials of real time control (RTC), stormwater infiltration, storage and urine separation. Criteria for the assessment are derived and multi-criteria analysis is applied. Despite spatial limitations, infiltration has the highest potential and is very effective with respect to both overflows and the WWTP. Due to a high percentage of separate systems, urine separation has a similar potential and causes the strongest benefits at the WWTP. Unconventional control strategies can lead to significant improvement (comparable to infiltrating the water from ∼10% of the sealed area).
Dynamic optimisation of WWTP inflow to reduce total emission
Authors: Tränckner J. , Franz T. , Seggelke K. , Krebs P.
Published: November 2007

A prerequisite for an integrated control of sewer and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a capacity driven inflow control to WWTP. This requires reliable information about the current status of WWTP operation and its behaviour on varying hydraulic, COD and nutrient loads. So far most of the proposed control strategies are based on hypothetical modelling studies. In this paper the behaviour of three large WWTPs on increased storm water loads is analysed based on online measurements of several years. In all cases the main limiting factors for an increase of load were the sedimentation processes in the secondary clarifier and the nitrification capacity. In one case study predictive control strategies have been developed observing these processes which are backboned by effluent control. Tests using an integrated model of sewer and WWTP demonstrate that inflow control on emission load varies significantly with rain intensity.
Highway filter drain waste arisings: a challenge for urban source control management?
Authors: Ellis J.B. , Rowlands E.G.
Published: November 2007

Essential maintenance activities on highway BMP drainage controls involve refurbishment of filter (French) drains which can generate substantial amounts of “controlled waste”. An innovative procedure for their re-instatement is described which offers a more sustainable option for filter drain/trench management. The quality classification of these waste arisings is problematical and it is difficult to reliably identify the risks posed by such materials and the most effective forms of management and disposal options.
The influence of temperature on nutrient treatment efficiency in stormwater biofilter systems
Authors: Blecken G.-T. , Zinger Y. , Muthanna T.M. , Deletic A. , Fletcher T.D. , Viklander M.
Published: November 2007

Nutrients can cause eutrophication of natural water bodies. Thus, urban stormwater which is an important nutrient source in urbanised areas has to be treated in order to reduce its nutrient loads. Biofilters which use soil filter media, biofilms and plants, are a good treatment option for nutrients. This paper presents the results of a biofilter column study in cold temperatures (+2 °C, +8 °C, control at +20 °C) which may cause special problems regarding biofilter performance. It was shown that particle-bound pollutants as TSS and a high fraction of phosphorus were reduced well without being negatively influenced by cold temperatures. Nitrogen, however, was not reduced; especially NOx was produced in the columns. This behaviour can be explained with both insufficient denitrification and high leaching from the columns.
Linking Educational Research Activities across Europe: A Review of the WIFO Gateway to Research on Education in Europe
Authors: Manning Sabine
Published: November 2007

The WIFO Gateway to Research on Education in Europe ( http://www.wifo-gate.org ) is an Internet portal focusing on vocational education and training and human resource development. Launched 10 years ago by the Research Forum Education and Society (Wissenschaftsforum Bildung und Gesellschaft — WIFO) Berlin, it has developed in several stages in close collaboration with research partners across Europe. Several dimensions of linking educational research activities at the European level are addressed in this article: linking research content, both over time and across the field; linking research and information; and linking researchers in collaboration. These dimensions are outlined by drawing on evidence of piloting from the WIFO site, including thematic resource bases on European research projects, a synopsis of national research across countries in the European Union, directories of doctoral dissertations and Master's programmes, and an indexed edition of ECER/VETNET proceedings (papers presented at the annual European Conference on Educational Research [ECER] by the European Research Network in Vocational Education and Training [VETNET]), and finally the Newsletter for European Research in Learning and Work as an efficient tool for linking the online platform with the community of researchers.
The order of a zero of a Wronskian and the theory of linear dependence
Authors: Szucs J.
Published: November 2007

Every root of the top Wronskian of a Wronskian matrix whose rank at the root is equal to the number of columns, is of integer order even if the highest derivatives exist only at the root. If the rank of a Wronskian matrix is constant and smaller than the number of rows, then the number of independent linear relations between the functions in the first row is equal to the number of functions minus the rank. These results were proved under additional assumptions by Bôcher, Curtiss, and Moszner. Their proofs are simplified.
One Space, Many Worlds
Authors: Biswas Ramish
Published: November 2007

‘Cities hold two‐thirds of their residents in slums, and the rest in stiflingly limiting, inflexible structures.’ Thus the impoverished parochial Mumbai is one and the same metropolis as the cosmopolitan globalised ‘Bombay’. Ramesh Biswas examines how the speculative housing developments of the aspirational middle classes are creating townships that intensify sprawl and further decentralise cities, squandering the potential for upgrading public space and creating an architecture for the common good. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DSDHA
Authors: Castle Helen
Published: November 2007

Less than 10 years old, DSDHA (Deborah Saunt David Hills Architects) has worked its way up the ladder of building types from nurseries, through to schools and now their first university building opened in summer 2007 in Cambridge. Helen Castle went to visit the studio in Kennington, south London, and discovered a practice that thrives on the heady mixture that educational buildings offer, combining social engagement with complex client needs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensible Objects for Digital Environments
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: November 2007

Based in Milan, dotdotdot is poised to optimise on a client base of multinational brands, finance and real estate that takes part in the city's international shows and fairs. Valentina Croci explains how this young Italian practice has set out to develop its interactive installations with a ‘participative dynamic’ that enables clients to effectively communicate their message through the immediate and exclusive involvement of the visitor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic modulus variation in mandibular bone: A microindentation study of Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Rapoff Andrew J. , Rinaldi Renaud G. , Hotzman Jennifer L. , Daegling David J.
Published: November 2007

We characterized the heterogeneous anisotropic elastic properties of mandibular bone in an adult female specimen of Macaca fascicularis using the technique of microindentation. This approach used an indenter of known mass and geometry to sample bone hardness at a spatial resolution in the order of 100 μm. Hardness values were converted to elastic modulus using empirically derived regression. We determined properties in alveolar, midcorpus, and basal regions of coronal and transverse sections taken from multiple locations along the corpus and ramus. Within sections, we determined properties from endosteal, midcortical, and periosteal regions. We found regional variations in bone structure, including bands of orthotropic circumferential lamellar bone at the endosteal and periosteal corpus base, angular region, and ramus. Transversely isotropic osteonal bone characterizes the midcortices of alveolar and basal regions, with many resorption spaces in alveolar regions restricting sampling opportunities. Regional variations in elasticity include relatively compliant bone in the anterior corpus and ramus. Basal cortical bone is stiffer longitudinally than transversely or superoinferiorly, while the evidence for directional dependence in alveolar bone is equivocal. Alveolar bone appears to be relatively compliant with respect to bone found in midcorpus or basal regions. Considerable variation exists in structure and material properties on a highly localized scale, more so than is discernible through conventional approaches for determining material property variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiourea‐Enhanced Flavin Photooxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Svoboda Jiří , Schmaderer Harald , König Burkhard
Published: November 2007

Upon irradiation, flavin oxidises 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde using aerial O2 as the terminal oxidant. We have observed that this reaction is significantly accelerated by the presence of thiourea. A series of thiourea‐functionalised flavins has been prepared from flavin isothiocyanates and their photocatalytic efficiencies have been monitored by NMR. The alcohol photooxidation proceeds rapidly and cleanly with high turnover numbers of up to 580, exceeding previously reported performances. A likely mechanistic rationale for the more than 30‐fold acceleration of the photo–redox reaction by thiourea has been derived from spectroscopic, electrochemical, and kinetic studies. Thus, thiourea acts as an electron‐transfer mediator for the initial photooxidation of 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol by the excited flavins. This mechanism has similarities to electron‐relay mechanisms in flavoenzymes, for which cysteine sulfenic acid intermediates are proposed. The observation that thiourea mediates flavin photo–redox processes is valuable for the design of more sophisticated photocatalysts based on Nature's best redox chromophore.
Simulations of p‐tert‐Butylcalix[4]arene with Multiple Occupancies of Small Guest Molecules
Authors: Alavi Saman , Ripmeester John A.
Published: November 2007

Classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to study low‐density β0‐phase p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene inclusion compounds with multiple calix occupancies of xenon, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen guest molecules with guest–host ratios ranging from 1:4 to 4:1. Custom parameterized force fields were used for the guests and the AMBER force field for the calixarene units was validated in our previous work (Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 5231). The inclusion energy and unit cell volume of the calixarene inclusion compound were determined for various guest occupancies and for occupancies greater than 1:1, strong guest–guest interaction effects are observed. The structure and energetics of the 2:1 CO2/β0‐phase inclusion compound were compared to those of the low‐temperature 2:1 CO2/calixarene in which the guest molecules occupy both cage and interstitial sites.
Na+/Ca2+‐exchanger‐mediated Mn2+‐enhanced 1H2O MRI in hypoxic, perfused rat myocardium
Authors: Medina Daniel C. , Kirkland Dawn M. , Tavazoie Masoud F. , Springer Charles S. , Anderson Steven E.
Published: November 2007

Paramagnetic Mn2+ has emerged in the search for non‐invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to monitor Ca2+ in diagnostic and prognostic cardiovascular disease tests because it both alters MRI contrast and behaves as a Ca2+ ‘surrogate’ in vivo. However, the reliance on macroscopically averaged measurements to infer microscopic processes constitutes a major limitation of MRI. This investigation circumvents this limitation and contributes an MRI‐based myocardial Ca2+‐transporter assay, which probes the Na+/Ca2+‐exchanger involvement in Mn2+ (and presumably Ca2+) transport by virtue of its response to pharmacological inhibition. In the model employed herein, ex vivo arrested rat hearts underwent normoxia and then hypoxia while a constant (hyperkalemic) perfusion minimized flow (and uncontrolled Ca2+‐channel) contributions to Mn2+‐enhanced MRI measurements. The results (i) demonstrate that Mn2+ (and presumably Ca2+) accumulates via Na+/Ca2+‐exchanger‐mediated transport during hyperkalemic hypoxia and further, (ii) implicate hypo‐perfusion (rather than the diminished participation of an isolated sarcolemmal Ca2+‐transporter) as the mechanism that underlies the reported reductions of Mn2+ accumulation (relative to healthy myocardium) subsequent to myocardial insults in MRI studies. Although myriad studies have employed Mn2+‐enhanced MRI in myocardial investigations, this appears to be the first attempt to assay the Na+/Ca2+‐exchanger with MRI under highly circumscribed conditions. MRI‐based Ca2+‐transporter assays, such as the Na+/Ca2+‐exchanger assay utilized here, will inevitably impact disciplines in the medical sciences and beyond. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and applications of coupled SPE‐CE
Authors: Tempels F. W. Alexander , Underberg Willy J. M. , Somsen Govert W. , de Jong Gerhardus J.
Published: November 2007

CE suffers from an inherent low concentration sensitivity. Analyte detection limits can be improved by combining CE with SPE. This paper presents an overview of coupled SPE‐CE systems that have been reported in literature. Attention is paid to fundamental aspects of coupling SPE and CE, as well as to important SPE requirements. Interfaces for inline and online coupling with CE are critically discussed, and their mode of operation is outlined. Advantages and limitations of the interfaces are discussed and typical examples are selected. Finally, some future developments are discussed.
Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 2005–2007
Authors: Dolník Vladislav
Published: November 2007

This review article with 239 references describes recent developments in capillary electrophoresis of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (V. Dolník, Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 126–141) through spring 2007. It includes topics related to CE of proteins, such as sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, and special electrophoretic techniques including ACE, CIEF, capillary ITP, and CEC. The paper describes applications of CE to analysis of proteins in real‐world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals and recombinant protein preparations.
Process use: A case narrative from Southern Africa
Authors: Podems Donna
Published: November 2007

This case narrative discusses the author's experience with an evaluation process use with HIV/AIDS nonprofits in Southern Africa. The case narrative highlights the various ways in which an evaluator can incorporate process use, and how the decision to employ process use often relies on the evaluator's ethical decisions.
Partner‐matching for the automated identification of reproducible ICA components from fMRI datasets: Algorithm and validation
Authors: Wang Zhishun , Peterson Bradley S.
Published: November 2007

The analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is complicated by the presence of a mixture of many sources of signal and noise. Independent component analysis (ICA) can separate these mixtures into independent components, each of which contains maximal information from a single, independent source of signal, whether from noise or from a discrete physiological or neural system. ICA typically generates a large number of components for each subject imaged, however, and therefore it generates a vast number of components across all of the subjects imaged in an fMRI dataset. The practical implementation of ICA has been limited by the difficulty in discerning which of these many components are spurious and which are reproducible, either within or across individuals of the dataset. We have developed a novel clustering algorithm, termed “Partner‐Matching” (PM), which identifies automatically the independent components that are reproducible either within or between subjects. It identifies those components by clustering them according to robust measures of similarity in their spatial configurations either across different subjects of an fMRI dataset, within a single subject scanned across multiple scanning sessions, or within an individual subject scanned across multiple runs within a single scanning session. We demonstrate the face validity of our algorithm by applying it to the analysis of three fMRI datasets acquired in 13 healthy adults performing simple auditory, motor, and visual tasks. From among 50 independent components generated for each subject, our PM algorithm automatically identified, across all 13 subjects, components representing activity within auditory, motor, and visual cortices, respectively, as well as numerous other reproducible components outside of primary sensory and motor cortices, in functionally connected circuits that subserve higher‐order cognitive functions, even in these simple tasks. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is HRD research making a difference in practice?
Authors: Keefer Jeffrey , Yap Robin
Published: November 2007

This editorial discusses the meaning of “making a difference” and the opportunities it presents for the various types of “practices” that is valued by scholar‐practitioners. HRD research that provides an important link in the application of theory and research to HRD practice is imperative for the furtherance of the work of scholar‐practitioners.
Gene expression abnormalities in histologically normal breast epithelium of breast cancer patients
Authors: Tripathi Anusri , King Chialin , de la Morenas Antonio , Perry Victoria Kristina , Burke Bohdana , Antoine Gregory A. , Hirsch Erwin F. , Kavanah Maureen , Mendez Jane , Stone Michael , Gerry Norman P. , Lenburg Marc E. , Rosenberg Carol L.
Published: November 2007

Normal‐appearing epithelium of cancer patients can harbor occult genetic abnormalities. Data comprehensively comparing gene expression between histologically normal breast epithelium of breast cancer patients and cancer‐free controls are limited. The present study compares global gene expression between these groups. We performed microarrays using RNA from microdissected histologically normal terminal ductal‐lobular units (TDLU) from 2 groups: (i) cancer normal (CN) (TDLUs adjacent to untreated ER+ breast cancers (n = 14)) and (ii) reduction mammoplasty (RM) (TDLUs of age‐matched women without breast disease (n = 15)). Cyber‐T identified differentially expressed genes. Quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and comparison to independent microarray data including 6 carcinomas in situ (CIS), validated the results. Gene ontology (GO), UniProt and published literature evaluated gene function. About 127 probesets, corresponding to 105 genes, were differentially expressed between CN and RM (p < 0.0009, corresponding to FDR <0.10). 104/127 (82%) probesets were also differentially expressed between CIS and RM, nearly always (102/104 (98%)) in the same direction as in CN vs. RM. Two‐thirds of the 105 genes were implicated previously in carcinogenesis. Overrepresented functional groups included transcription, G‐protein coupled and chemokine receptor activity, the MAPK cascade and immediate early genes. Most genes in these categories were under‐expressed in CN vs. RM. We conclude that global gene expression abnormalities exist in normal epithelium of breast cancer patients and are also present in early cancers. Thus, cancer‐related pathways may be perturbed in normal epithelium. These abnormalities could be markers of disease risk, occult disease, or the tissue's response to an existing tumor. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature‐dependent vibrational studies of [N(C2H5)4]2MnCl4
Authors: Mączka M. , Ciżman A. , Poprawski R. , Hanuza J.
Published: November 2007

Room‐temperature polarized Raman spectra of a single crystal and IR spectra of a polycrystalline sample were measured for [N(C2H5)4]2MnCl4 and the assignment of the observed bands to the respective modes has been proposed. Temperature‐dependent Raman and far‐IR studies were also performed for the polycrystalline sample in order to obtain information on changes occurring in this material as a result of phase transitions at T1 = 227 K and at T2 = 199 K. These studies revealed that the higher‐temperature ferroelastic phase transition is associated with significant modification of vibrational properties due to ordering of tetraethylammonium groups. The lower‐temperature phase transition does not lead to any clear changes in the spectra. However, our results suggest that disorder of MnCl42− ions decreases with decreasing temperature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of an activated mammalian target of rapamycin in adenocarcinoma of the cervix: A potential biomarker and molecular target therapy
Authors: Faried Leri S. , Faried Ahmad , Kanuma Tatsuya , Aoki Hiroshi , Sano Takaaki , Nakazato Tomoko , Tamura Tomohiro , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Minegishi Takashi
Published: November 2007

Alterations of the Akt/mTOR pathway have been observed in numerous types of cancer, thus this pathway represents an exciting new target for molecular therapeutics. We investigated the expression of activated Akt (p‐Akt) and mTOR (p‐mTOR) in patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix and the involvement of the p‐Akt/p‐mTOR pathway in response to combination of inhibitor agents, rapamycin and LY294002, with conventional therapy, cisplatin, in vitro. Immunohistochemistry analysis of p‐Akt and p‐mTOR was conducted in 26 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expression involved in response to chemotherapy in cervical cancer cell lines. The results showed that p‐Akt and p‐mTOR were identified in 50% and 53.8% of adenocarcinoma of the cervix. The expression of p‐mTOR was a significant independent marker for prognosis. A significant correlation between p‐Akt and p‐mTOR was observed. There was no correlation between their expressions with any of clinicopathological factors. In the in vitro study, cisplatin at CPI50 targets both the apoptosis and survival pathway by activating the caspase‐cascade; inhibiting Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and 4EBP1. Combination of rapamycin with cisplatin induced synergistic interaction. On the other hand, combination with LY294002 resulted in either synergistic or antagonistic effect depending on the doses given. Rapamycin pretreatment potentiated cisplatin‐induced apoptosis cell death and enhanced blocking of the survival pathway. Overall, the expression of p‐mTOR is a significant prognostic marker of adenocarcinoma of the cervix and a potential molecular target for the treatment of cervical cancer. Inhibition of the mTOR pathway contributes to cisplatin‐induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Urease Inhibitory Activities of Three Novel Thiocyanato‐bridged Polynuclear Schiff Base Cadmium(II) Complexes
Authors: You Zhong‐Lu , Han Xiao , Zhang Guang‐Ning
Published: November 2007

Three novel thiocyanato‐bridged polynuclear cadmium(II) complexes, [Cd(HL1)(NCS)2(μ1,3‐NCS)]n (1), [CdL2(μ1,3‐NCS)2]n (2), and [CdL3(μ1,3‐NCS)2]n (3) (L1 = N‐methyl‐N′‐(1‐pyridin‐2‐ylmethylidene)ethane‐1,2‐diamine, L2 = 2‐(cyclopropyliminomethyl)‐6‐methoxyphenol, L3 = 2‐(cyclopentyliminomethyl)‐6‐methoxyphenol), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Each cadmium(II) atom in the complexes is in an octahedral coordination. The urease inhibitory activities of the complexes were evaluated. All of them showed potent inhibitions against jack bean urease.
Neue Sr‐Verbindungen mit planaren Al‐Si/Ge‐Anionen und eine Korrektur zu SrSi‐II und SrGe0.76
Authors: Eisenmann Brigitte , Rhode Michael , Wendorff Marco , Röhr Caroline
Published: November 2007

New Sr Compounds with Planar Al‐Si/Ge Anions and a Correction of SrSi‐II and SrGe0.76

Planar anions with considerable pπ‐pπ interactions between heavier group 13 and 14 elements are observed in several alkaline earth trielides and tetrelides. In the intermetallics of the series SrAlxGe2−x (border phases: x = 1: $P{\bar 6}m\rm 2$, a = 429.4(3), c = 474.4(3) pm, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0305, SrPtSb type and x = 1.6: P6/mmm, a = 440.4(2), c = 478.2(2) pm, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0125, AlB2 type) graphite analogue planar Al/Ge nets with short Al‐Ge bonds are stacked in identical orientation, showing inter‐layer distances of approx. 475 pm. Starting from the related planar ribbons $^{1}_{\infty}{\rm [Al_{2/2}}M{\rm _{2}Al_{2/2}}]$ of condensed six‐membered rings in the known intermetallics ${\rm Sr_{3}Al_{2}}M{^{IV}_{2}}$ (MIV = Si, Ge) a series of new metal‐rich oxides with chain pieces consisting of three, two and finally only one six‐membered ring have been prepared and characterized on the basis of single crystal X‐ray data. The formal fragmentation of the ribbons is achieved by the incorporation of [OSr6] octahedra, chains of which (connected via common corners) exactly fit the distance between the planar anions. The structures of the two compounds ${\rm Sr_{10}[Al_{4}}M{^{IV}_{6}}][O]$ (MIV = Si, Ge; formerly erroneously reported as SrSi and SrGe0.76, space group Immm, a = 482.48(5)/484.55(8), b = 1306.5(2)/1342.2(2), c = 1814.0(2)/1857.4(3) pm, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0369/0.0316) contain isolated planar anions [M2Al2M2Al2M2]18− with only one six‐membered ring. In the monoclinic structures of the silicide Sr13[Al6Si8][O] (C2/m, a = 2245.1(4), b = 482.76(5), c = 1720.6(5) pm, β=125.21(2)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0579) and the germanide Sr16[Al8Ge10][O] (C2/m, a = 2287.23(14), b = 484.94(3), c = 2065.70(13) pm, β=120.150(4)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0730) anions [Si2Al2Si2Al2Si2Al2Si2] and [Ge2M2Ge2M2Ge2M2Ge2M2Ge2] with two and three six‐membered rings are left as fragments of the ribbons in Sr3Al2M2.

The puzzling bonding situation in these type of polar intermetallics at the Zintl border is calculated (using the DFT FP‐LAPW approach) for the structures with manageably small unit cells and discussed for the series SrAlM – Sr3Al2M2 – Sr16[Al8M10][O] – Sr13[Al6M8][O] – Sr10[Al4M6][O].
Ionothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a Layered Propylene Diammonium Gallium Phosphate, (C3H12N2)6[Ga12P16O64] · 4.3 H2O
Authors: Lohmeier Sven‐Jare , Wiebcke Michael , Behrens Peter
Published: November 2007

A new propylene‐1,3‐diammonium gallium phosphate of composition (C3H12N2)6[Ga12P16O64] · 4.3 H2O (LUH‐1) was obtained by ionothermal synthesis using a deep‐eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and tetrahydro‐2‐pyrimidione as reaction medium. The structure‐directing agent propylene‐1,3‐diammonium was generated in situ by the thermally induced decomposition of the amide component of the DES. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealed that LUH‐1 is built from macroanionic tetrahedral gallium phosphate layers and layers of interlamellar propylene‐1,3‐diammonium cations, with the latter exhibiting two‐fold disorder. The one‐dimensional 12‐membered ring channel system is occupied by highly disordered water molecules. As indicated by thermogravimetry and powder X‐ray diffraction the water molecules can be desorbed from LUH‐1 at ca. 100 °C with retention of the layered inorganic‐organic hybrid structure. Crystal data for LUH‐1: Trigonal system, space group $P{\bar 3}$ c1 (No. 165), Z = 1, a = 12.905(4), c = 18.317(8) Å, T = 297 K.
ENSLAVED MALAGASY AND ‘LE TRAVAIL DE LA PAROLE’ IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY MASCARENES
Authors: LARSON PIER M.
Published: November 2007

Malagasy speakers probably formed the single largest native speech community among slaves dispersed into the western Indian Ocean between 1500 and 1900. In the eighteenth-century Mascarenes, Malagasy parlers (dialects) served as a contact language, understood both by persons born in Madagascar and by those with no direct ties to the island. Catholic missionaries working in Bourbon and Île de France frequently evangelized among sick and newly disembarked Malagasy slaves in their own tongues, employing servile interpreters and catechists from their ecclesiastical plantations as intermediaries in their ‘work of the word’. Evangelistic style was multilingual, in both French and Malagasy, and largely verbal, but was also informed by Malagasy vernacular manuscripts of Church doctrine set in Roman characters. The importance of Malagasy in the Mascarenes sets the linguistic environment of the islands off in distinctive ways from those of Atlantic slave societies and requires scholars to rethink the language and culture history of the western Indian Ocean islands, heretofore focused almost exclusively on studies of French and its creoles.
‘NOT A SINGLE WHITE PERSON SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO GO UNDER’: SWARTGEVAAR AND THE ORIGINS OF SOUTH AFRICA'S WELFARE STATE, 1924–1929
Authors: SEEKINGS JEREMY
Published: November 2007

The origins of South Africa's distinctive welfare state lay in the late 1920s, not in the 1930s as has generally been suggested, and long predated the quite different turn to social welfare in late colonial Africa. For the National Party and Labour Party – partners in the coalition Pact Government of 1924–9 – non-contributory old-age pensions were a crucial pillar in the ‘civilized labour’ policies designed to lift ‘poor whites’ out of poverty and re-establish a clear racial hierarchy. Welfare reform was thus, in significant part, a response to the swartgevaar or menace of black physical, occupational and social mobility. African political elites, although distracted by other reforms at the time, were quick thereafter to protest at their exclusion from the nascent welfare system.
Membranous tracheitis following endotracheal intubation
Authors: Harada Yasuo , Sugimoto Yoshiro , Sasaki Hisashi
Published: November 2007

In this study, four patients with membranous tracheitis following endotracheal intubation are presented. Possible causes for the development of the condition were mostly related to subglottic epithelial trauma caused by the pressure of the cuff of the tube for a long time on the mucosa and the drying effect of atropine. The literature concerning the development of membranous tracheitis in previous studies is also presented.
Ectopic mixed salivary tumour in the neck
Authors: Hulbert J. C.
Published: November 2007

SALIVARY tissue is particularly rare in the anterior triangle of the neck. I describe a case in which a primary mixed salivary tumour had arisen in such a site.
Hereditary deafness in chilldren: Diagnosis and a family report
Authors: Ibrahim Reda A. A. , Linthicum Fred H.
Published: November 2007

Synopsis abstract

A FAMILY with hereditary deafness is presented. The mother and ten of her children suffer sensorineural hearing loss. The maternal grandparents and four uncles and aunts were all hard of hearing. Clinical examination revealed no accompanying gross anomalies. In one child, Mondini deformity is the cause of deafness. In the rest of the family isolated membranous labyrinth deformity is suggested.

The methods of early diagnosis are discussed, among which polytomography proved the most reliable for diagnosing Mondini and Michel deformities. We demonstrated how early fitting of hearing aids is essential for language acquisition and speech development.

Clinical ability to differentiate between subtypes of inner ear hereditary deafness not accompanied by gross anomalies is limited. This problem and the problem arising from late diagnosis are illustrated by a report on a family of ten children, nine of whom suffer sensorineural hearing loss.
The changing concepts of tracheostomy
Authors: Mukherjee D. K.
Published: November 2007

Summay

AN analysis of 110 tracheostomies done over a period of 4½ years in a teaching hospital in a developing country is presented in this paper. It will be interesting to note that upper airway obstruction leading to tracheostomy no longer holds the supreme position it used to hold only a short while ago. The main indication for the operation in this study has been—TETANUS. It is surmised that—in the near future—HEAD INJURY is going to be the prime indication for this operation.
Otogenic tetanus: Case presentation
Authors: Blair R. L. , Hussarau D.
Published: November 2007

Tetanus resulting from ear injury is extremely rare. However, the otologist should be aware that it does occur. A case of otogenic tetanus recently treated by the authors is presented.

In Western countries tetanus in now a rare disease because of extensive immunization programmes. Otogenic tetanus is extremely uncommon in North America, but occurs more frequently in tropical regions (De and De, 1970).

Less than forty new cases of tetanus are seen in the Province of Ontario (population, 8·4 million) each year (Department of Statistics, Government of Ontario).

It has been stated that the operative treatment of otogenic tetanus should include radical mastoidectomy (Black and Atkins, 1972). This is probably true in severe cases but milder cases do not require this form of therapy.

Most children in Canada receive primary immunization with Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine (DTP) in the early years of life. However, especially in large urban centres, there is a large non-immunized or partially immunized immigrant population.

Tetanus occurring in such an immigrant is described.
Granulomatous vasculitis—a clinical presentation
Authors: Mukherjee D. K.
Published: November 2007

A CASE of granulomatous vasculitis affecting vessels in the left temporal area of the skull, and also vessels in the right and left axillary areas, is described. Initially, the patient responded favourably to antibiotic therapy, raising the possibility of a microbiologic agent as the causative factor of this puzzling disorder. Finally she has responded very favourably to steroids, thereby indicating a possible immunologic basis for the condition, as has already been postulated by several authors.
A simplified technique for the management of acquired stenosis of the external auditory canal
Authors: Soliman T. , Fatt-Hi A. , Kadir M. Abdel
Published: November 2007

Acquired stenosis of the external auditory canal is known to be a surgical problem. This is indicated by the fact that numerous techniques have been devised. A simple but successful technique has been used by the authors. Excision of the subepithelial stenotic tissue and a wedge of skin from the floor of the external auditory canal is done, and a rubber tube is inserted inside the external canal for six weeks. Thirteen out of 16 operations have shown the validity of this technique.

Stenosis of the external auditory canal (Fig. 1) has various aetiological causes, and the stenotic area may affect the whole length of the external auditory canal or just a small segment.

In view of the fact that so many possible causes exist, numerous techniques have been used to treat this problem surgically, and this illustrates that the repair may be difficult.

Considerable pessimism appears in the literature. Reference to failures may be found in many publications (Anthony, 1957; Beales, 1974). A simple but effective technique is needed, and this is our aim.
Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg's disease), principally involving bone
Authors: Goldhammer Yochanan , Kronenberg Jona , Tadmor Rina , Braham Jackson , Leventon George
Published: November 2007

A case of progressive hemifacial atrophy (PHA) with extensive atrophy of the walls of the maxillary sinus is reported. Prolapse of subcutaneous tissue and orbital fat through the bony defect simulated the presence of a tumour and led to surgical exploration. Such a severe degree of bony involvement with relatively mild soft tissue atrophy is exceptional. Radiological evaluation by hypocycloidal tomography contributed greatly to the diagnosis in this case.

Unilateral progressive atrophy of the face was first described by Parry (1825) and by Romberg (1846). Eulenberg (1871) coined the name ‘progressive facial hemiatrophy’, but ‘progressive hemifacial atrophy’ (PHA) is a more appropriate term (Gorlin and Pindborg, 1964; Kabir and Halprin, 1964). The disease commences usually in the first or second decade of life, and is more common in females. Over several years there is a slowly progressive atrophy of the face on one side, with involvement of the skin and subcutaneous fat, and on rare occasions also of the muscles and bones (Gorlin and Pindborg, 1964; Finesilver and Rosow, 1938; Bramley and Forbes, 1960; Singh and Bajpai, 1969; Crikelair et al., 1962). The etiology of the disease is unknown.

We report an unusual case in which the hemifacial atrophy affected the bone much more than the soft tissues and which presented as a mass in the maxillary sinus.
Hidradenoma papilliferum of the external auditory canal
Authors: Nissim Florence , Czernobilsky B. , Ostfeld E.
Published: November 2007

This is a report of a 32-year-old woman who presented with a hidradenoma papilliferum of the external auditory canal. The lesion bears a marked histologic resemblance to vulvar hidradenoma papilliferum and to intraductal papillioma of the breast and, as in the latter neoplasm it may malignancy. However, these are benign tumours and warrant only local resection. Clinical symptoms related to obstructure of the external ear and some hearing loss.

This report emphasizes again the variety of neoplasms which occur under the generic name of ceruminoma. It is recommended that each of these tumours be classified according to its characteristic histologic features and that the term ceruminoma, as used at present, be abandoned.

Adenomas of the ceruminous glands located in the external auditory canal are rare tumours (Batsakis et al., 1967; Cankar and Crowley, 1964; Pluec, 1977). About forty cases have so far been reported in the literature (Dehner and Chen, 1980). The histological classification of these benign ceruminous tumours is similar to that used for sweat gland tumours in other locations (Neldner, 1968; Pahor and O'Hara, 1975; Wetli et al., 1978).

The most common type demonstrates features of glandular or tubular adenoma with epithelial structures which are similar to those of normal apocrine glands (Althaus and Ross, 1970; Anagnostou et al., 1974; Leitner, 1952; Camkar and Crowley, 1964). The second type of benign ceruminoma is the pleomorphic adenoma (Mark and Rothberg, 1951; Smith and Duarte, 1962; Pahor and O'Hara, 1975). Its histogenesis from ceruminous or ectopic salivary glands is still debated.

The purpose of this paper is to report still another type of benign ceruminoma, namely the hidradenoma papilliferum which so far has only been mentioned as a theoretical possibility (Dehner and Chen, 1980).
Late post-operative hearing results correlated with the severity of tissue changes in ears with chronic otitis media
Authors: Ojala Kauko , Sorri Martti
Published: November 2007

Late hearing results in 627 ears (574 patients) operated on radically for chronic otitis media are presented. Clinically, the ears were followed-up annually for 5–14 years. The results are correlated with the severity of histopathological changes in the tympanic cavity and in the mastoid air-cell system and also with the management of the tympanic mucosa and ossicular chain at operation.

The mean post-operative air-bone gap was significatly better in ears with mild histopathological changes than in ears with sever histopathological changes in the middle ear (17.0 db./33.1 db.; p<0.001) or mastoid (29.0 db./34.2 db.; p<0.01) at operation. The difference in hearing results in favour of the former group was more significant in ears in which the tympanic mucosa had been saved at operation (p<0.01/p<0.001) than in ears in which the mucosa had been removed (p<0.05).
Long-term results of dermatoplasty in the treatment of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Ulsø C. , Vase P. , Stoksted P.
Published: November 2007

Dematoplasty for the treatment of epistaxis caused by HHT has become well established. A modification of Saunders's (1960) original dermatoplastic technique is described, which permits the nasolabial incision to be avoided.

This retrospective study of the long-term effect on epistaxis caused by HHT demonstrates, in contrast to those with a short period of observation, that epistaxis can be partially controlled by means of dermatoplasty and, further, that it is impossible to eliminate completely the need for blood transfusion.

In two of the patients it was found that newly formed telangiectases had occurred in the transplant 15 and 18 years post-operatively.
Laryngeal tuberculosis in Tanzania
Authors: Manni Hans
Published: November 2007

The incidence of laryngeal tuberculosis in 341 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was assessed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Laryngeal involvement was present in 26.7 per cent of previously untreated cases. The clinical presentation corresponds to classical descriptions of the disease found in previous accounts. It is suggested that laryngeal tuberculosis is a common complication of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing countries. It should be the first differential diagnostic consideration in patients suffering from hoarseness, and pulmonary tuberculosis should be ruled out before a diagnostic direct laryngoscopy and biopsy are attempted.
Otomycosis—A continuing problem
Authors: Mugliston T. , O'Donoghue G.
Published: November 2007

The microbiology of 12, 174 symptomatic ears presenting over an eingt-year period to one hospital was examined in detail. 1, 061 cases of fungal infection were found. The incidence and pattern of these fungi and the accompanying bacteria, in case of mixed infection, do not appear to have been affected by the widespread use of powerful topically-applied autibiotic/steroid preparations over more than two decades. Otomycosis remains an uncommon, often overlooked but important cause of morbidity in a temperate climate.
Experimental investigation of temperature gradients in the inner ear following Argon laser exposure
Authors: Ricci T. , Mazzoni M.
Published: November 2007

Abstract In microsurgery of the middle ear using argon laser, heat is produced on the sensorineural structures adjacent to the irradiated bones.

Thermal gradients following laser applications have been measured by means of special thermocouples.

The footplate was perforated by a 50 msec. ray applied both at 380 m Watt and at 460 m Watt. The maximum temperature increase registered in the labyrinthine spaces was respectively 2oc. and 3.5oC.

Coagulation of the promontory mucosa was performed using 100 msec. impulses at 200 m Watt. At the end of a series of 12 applications the temperature increase at the level of the basal coil was 1.4oc.

From the above results the authors conclude the no damage is induced during laser microsurgery and that, considering the power and time values relative to impulses, the use of laser in routine clinical practice should be relatively safe.
BIPP allergy causing facial paralysis
Authors: Jones P. H.
Published: November 2007

Abstrct

Abstract The present case appears to be the first recorded in which BIPP sensitivity led to a delayed post-operative facial palsy.
Tomography in the pre-operative evauation of the ear malformations Report of 47 cases, 58 ears
Authors: Fileni A. , Colosimo C. , Moschini M. , Malena S. , Gugliantini P.
Published: November 2007

We have studied 47 children (58 ears) with external and middle-ear malformations. Tomography was useful and effective in the pre-operative evaluation of anatomical patterns. We have divided our cases into four groups and described the most characteristic tomographic findings in each. We also discuss problems concerning patients immobilization and X-ray protection.
Laryngeal microsurgery with the Carbon Dioxide laser: Techniques and instrumentation
Authors: Carruth J. A. S.
Published: November 2007

The role of the Carbon Dioxide laser in the performance of laryngeal microsurgery is discussed with reference to its advantages over conventional techniques. The need to excise lesions rather than to vaporise them is stressed and additional instrumentation is described.
Bacteriological features and chemotherapy of adult acute purulent otitis media
Authors: Sugita Rinya , Fujimaki Yutaka , Deguchi Koichi
Published: November 2007

Abstract Eighty-eight patients from 16 to 79 years old, with acute purulent otitis media, were bacteriologically examined at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of a primary care hospital in Tokyo from July 1979 to May 1983. Fifty-six patients underwent paracentesis, and 32 patients exhibited otorrhea due to previous spontaneous perforation of the tympanic membrane.

Bacteriologic cultures revealed the presence ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(62.5 per cent), includingS. pneumoniae Type III(28.1 per cent),Haemophilus influenzae(10.5 per cent),Staphylococcus aureus(11.5 per cent), andStreptococcus pyogenes(7.3 per cent).S. pneumoniae Type IIIhad a notably high detection rate in patients from 50 to 79 years old (50–75 per cent). BecauseHaemophilus influenzaewas detected at a relatively high rate in patients of all ages, if can be considered as a was detected at a relatively high rate in patients of all ages, if can be considered as a major causative pathogen of AOM.

In 44 patients, selected mainly from those who underwent paracentesis, a comparative study of bacteria found in middle ear fluid and naso-pharyngeal mucus revealed the same nacteria in 43 out of 44 cases. (97.7 per cent), indicating the presence of bacterial infection through the auditory canal.

Antibiotics were selected according to an Expected Efficiacy Index (EEI), the antibiotic of first choice being Ampicillin or Cefaclor.
A comparison of the effects of eighth nerve section with lidocaine on tinnitus
Authors: Jackson P.
Published: November 2007

The success rate of eighth nerve section in abolishing tinnitus is disappointing and the results generally unpredictable. A comparison of the effects of a bolus intravenous injection of lidocaine with the effects of nerve section is reported: it presents some evidence that the response to lidocaine may be of value in selecting patients for nerve section, and further it may shed some light on the site of action of lidocaine in suppressing tinnitus.
Electrocochleographic findings and the effects of lidocaine on tinnitus in non-hearing ears.
Authors: Jackson P.
Published: November 2007

In the preceeding report (Jackson, 1985) the author produced evidence which brought into question the widely held view that, in abolishing tinnitus, lidocaine was acting ‘centrally’. This present investigation is another approach to attempt to narrow the site of action of lidocaine in abolishing tinnitus.

During a four-year period, patients suffering from strictly unilateral tinnitus which was referred to, and therefore apparently arising from, an ipsilateral ‘dead’ ear, underwent electrocochleography. Additionally, the subjective effect on the tinnitus of a bolus injection of lidocaine was recorded. Nine patients were available for this study, which appears to show a correlation of the results of the elec-trocochleogram and the effects of the lidocaine injection, although the numbers are small.