bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific and interspecific adaptive latitudinal cline in Brassicaceae seed oil traits
Authors: Sanyal Anushree , Lenoir Jonathan , O'Neill Carmel , Dubois Frederic , Decocq Guillaume
Published: February 2018

Premise of the Study

Nearly all seed plants rely on stored seed reserves before photosynthesis can commence. Natural selection for seed oil traits must have occurred over 319 million years of evolution since the first seed plant ancestor. Accounting for the biogeographic distribution of seed oil traits is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in seed plants. However, the evolution of seed oils is poorly understood. We provide evidence of the adaptive nature of seed oil traits at the intraspecific and interspecific levels in Brassicaceae—an oilseed‐rich and economically important plant family.

Methods

Univariate statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression, generalized linear mixed model analysis, and phylogenetic autocorrelation tests on seed oil traits of 360 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana and 216 Brassicaceae species helped provide evidence of the adaptive nature of seed oil traits.

Key Results

At higher latitudes, both seed oil content and unsaturated fatty acids have selective advantages in Arabidopsis thaliana (intraspecific‐level), while only unsaturated fatty acids have selective advantages across 216 Brassicaceae species (interspecific‐level). The seed oil patterns fit within the theoretical framework of the gradient model. Seed oil content increases significantly from temperate to subtropical to tropical regions in Brassicaceae herbs. Absence of phylogenetic signals for seed oil traits and high seed oil content in four tribes of Brassicaceae were observed.

Conclusions

Multiple seed oil traits are adaptive in nature and follow a gradient model. Consistent evolutionary patterns of seed oil traits were observed at the intraspecific and interspecific levels in Brassicaceae. Seed oil traits change with latitude and across biomes, suggesting selection. The absence of a phylogenetic signal for seed oil traits and the occurrence of high seed oil content in four Brassicaceae tribes provides evidence of the adaptive nature of seed oil traits in Brassicaceae.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Dearomative Fluoroalkylation of β‐Naphthols through Intermolecular Charge Transfer
Authors: Guo Quanping , Wang Mengran , Liu Hong , Wang Rui , Xu Zhaoqing
Published: February 2018

The first visible‐light‐promoted dearomative fluoroalkylation of β‐naphthols was realized without the assistance of any transition‐metal catalysts or external photosensitizers. Inexpensive fluoroalkyl iodides were directly used as efficient fluoroalkylation reagents under very mild reaction conditions. The scope of this process was found to be general and broad, and both trifluoromethyl and perfluoroalkyl groups (‐C4F9, ‐C6F13, and ‐C8F17) were installed in excellent yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that visible‐light‐promoted intermolecular charge transfer within the naphtholate–fluoroalkyl iodide electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex induces a single electron transfer in the absence of photocatalysts.
Hyperbranched polyesters with carboxylic acid functional groups for the inhibition of the calcium carbonate scale
Authors: Zhang Zhijian , Liang Tianyu , Liu Jun , Ding Keyi , Chen Hualin
Published: February 2018

Scale deposits exist widely in industrial water‐cooling systems and oil‐production systems, causing severe damage to the equipment. The most effective way to prevent the formation of scale has been to use an inhibitor. The use of a hyperbranched polymer as an inhibitor, however, has rarely been reported. In this study, we prepared a hydroxyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyester (HBPE–OH) with trimethyloypropane as the core and 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid as an AB2 monomer. The HBPE–OH was then modified with succinic anhydride to obtain the carboxyl‐terminated hyperbranched polyester (HBPE–COOH). The effects of the dosage, Ca2+ concentration, pH value, and temperature of the system on the inhibition efficiency were investigated when HBPE–COOH was used as an inhibitor of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale. HBPE–COOH acted as a good antiscaling inhibitor for CaCO3; when the polyester concentration was 200 mg/L, the scale inhibition rate exceeded 70%. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction demonstrated that the mechanism of inhibition was the disturbance of the growth of the crystals and modification of the crystal morphology by the hyperbranched polyester. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46292.
Utilization of lentil flour as a biopolymer source for the development of edible films
Authors: Aydogdu Ayca , Kirtil Emrah , Sumnu Gulum , Oztop Mecit H. , Aydogdu Yildirim
Published: February 2018

Lentils are one of the cheapest and most nutritional protein sources for vegetarians. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using lentil flour as a raw material for the development of edible films and to investigate the effects of the glycerol concentration (Cg = 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and process temperature (Tp; 70 and 90 °C) on the physical properties of these films. The films were characterized via their density; water solubility; thermal, morphological, and chemical characteristics; water vapor permeability (WVP); and tensile and optical properties. The lentil flour films were highly transparent and had lower water solubility values yet similar WVPs and mechanical properties compared to most other biodegradable films. An increase in Cg led to the formation of more flexible films with increased hydrophilicity. A Tp of 90 °C resulted in yellower, more transparent films with increased stiffness compared to a Tp of 70 °C. In this study, lentil flour was shown to be an ideal source for edible film production. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46356.
Volume phase transition of a polymer gel induced by phase separation of mixed solvents of water and 2‐butoxyethanol
Authors: Kobayashi Taiyo , Horinaka Jun‐ichi , Takigawa Toshikazu
Published: February 2018

The occurrence of the volume phase transition triggered by the phase separation of mixed solvents is investigated using polyacrylamide gels in mixtures of water and 2‐butoxyethanol. When the water content of the mixtures is lower than that of the critical composition, the temperature‐dependent swelling curves show a steep change around the phase separation temperatures but remain continuous, although the solvent inside the gel undergoes a discontinuous composition change. This continuous change originates from the critical concentration fluctuation below the spinodal temperature. Hysteresis‐like behavior is also observed for the heating and cooling curves. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46366.
Sequential processing with fermentative Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis and chemolithoautotrophic Cupriavidus necator for converting rice straw and CO2 to polyhydroxybutyrate
Authors: Peng Xiaowei , Kelly Robert M. , Han Yejun
Published: February 2018

Unpretreated rice straw was fermented by the extremely thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis, generating solubilized carbohydrates, organic acids, lignin‐derived aromatics, H2, and CO2, which were subsequently used to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by the chemolithoautotrophic bacterium Cupriavidus necator. The fermented liquid significantly enhanced the growth of C. necator, leading to a five‐fold cell biomass yield, and a nine‐fold PHB yield compared to what was obtained from conventional mineral media. This integrated process utilized all products of lignocellulose fermentation without H (electron) loss and carbon emission, while concomitantly enhancing CO2 fixation by C. necator for PHB production. The sequential coupling of C. kronotskyensis and C. necator provides not only a new biorefinery paradigm characterized by reduced pretreatment and saccharification requirements but also an efficient way for enhancing CO2 fixation.
pH‐dependent speciation and hydrogen (H2) control U(VI) respiration by Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Authors: Kushwaha Shilpi , Marcus Andrew K. , Rittmann Bruce E.
Published: February 2018

In situ bioreduction of soluble hexavalent uranium U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) (as UO2) has been proposed as a means of preventing U migration in the groundwater. This work focuses on the bioreduction of U(VI) and precipitation of U(IV). It uses anaerobic batch reactors with Desulfovibrio vulgaris, a well‐known sulfate, iron, and U(VI) reducer, growing on lactate as the electron donor, in the absence of sulfate, and with a 30‐mM bicarbonate buffering. In the absence of sulfate, D. vulgaris reduced  >90% of the total soluble U(VI) (1 mM) to form U(IV) solids that were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and confirmed to be nano‐crystalline uraninite with crystallite size 2.8 ± 0.2 nm. pH values between 6 and 10 had minimal impact on bacterial growth and end‐product distribution, supporting that the mono‐nuclear, and poly‐nuclear forms of U(VI) were equally bioavailable as electron acceptors. Electron balances support that H2 transiently accumulated, but was ultimately oxidized via U(VI) respiration. Thus, D. vulgaris utilized H2 as the electron carrier to drive respiration of U(VI). Rapid lactate utilization and biomass growth occurred only when U(VI) respiration began to draw down the sink of H2 and relieve thermodynamic inhibition of fermentation.
Continuous, intrinsic magnetic depletion of erythrocytes from whole blood with a quadrupole magnet and annular flow channel; pilot scale study
Authors: Moore Lee R. , Mizutani Daichi , Tanaka Tomoya , Buck Amy , Yazer Mark , Zborowski Maciej , Chalmers Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2018

The ability to separate RBCs from the other components of whole blood has a number of useful clinical and research applications ranging from removing RBCs from typical clinical blood draw, bone marrow transplants to transfusions of these RBCs to patients after significant blood loss. Viewed from a mechanistic/process perspective, there are three routine methodologies to remove RBCs: 1) RBCs lysis, 2) separation of the RBCs from the nucleated cells (i.e., stem cells) based on density differences typically facilitated through centrifugation or sedimentation agents, and 3) antibody based separation in which a targeted RBC is bound with an affinity ligand that facilitates its removal. More recently, several microfluidic based techniques have also been reported. In this report, we describe the performance of continuous RBC separation achieved by the deflection of intrinsically magnetic, deoxygenated RBCs as they flow through a magnetic energy gradient created by quadrupole magnet. This quadrupole magnetic, with aperture of 9.65 mm, has a maximum field of B0 = 1.36 T at the pole tips and a constant field gradient of B0/r0 = 286 T/m. The annular flow channel, contained within this quadrupole magnet, is 203 mm long, has an inner radius of 3.98 mm, and an inner, outer radius of 4.36 mm, which corresponds to an annulus radius of 380 micrometer. At the entrance and exit to this annular channel, a manifold was designed which allows a cell suspension and sheath fluid to be injected, and a RBC enriched exit flow (containing the magnetically deflected RBCs) and a RBC depleted exit flow to be collected. Guided by theoretical models previously published, a limited number of operating parameters; total flow rate, flow rate ratios of flows in and flow out, and ratios of RBC to polystyrene control beads was tested. The overall performance of this system is consistent with our previously presented, theoretical models and our intuition. As expected, the normalized recovery of RBCs in the RBC exit fraction ranged from approximately 95% down to 60%, as the total flow rate through the system increased from 0.1 to 0.6 ml/min. At the cell concentrations studied, this corresponds to a flow rate of 1.5 × 106–9 × 106 cells/min. While the throughput of these pilot scale studies are slow for practical applications, the general agreement with theory, and the small cross‐sectional area in which the actual separation is achieved, 77 mm2 (annulus radius times the length), and corresponding volume of approximately 2 mls, suggests the potential to scale‐up a system for practical applications exists and is actively being pursued.
Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tang Huilin , Shi Weilong , Fu Shuangshuang , Wang Tiansheng , Zhai Suodi , Song Yiqing , Han Jiali
Published: February 2018

Current evidence about the association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk remains conflict. We aimed to assess the risk of bladder cancer associated with the use of pioglitazone and identify modifiers that affect the results. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to 25 August 2016 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that evaluated the association between pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk. Conventional and cumulative meta‐analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). A restricted spline regression analysis was used to examine the dose–response relationship with a generalized least‐squares trend test. We included two RCTs involving 9114 patients and 20 observational studies (n = 4,846,088 individuals). An increased risk of bladder cancer in patients treated with pioglitazone versus placebo was noted from RCTs (OR, 1.84; 95%CI, 0.99 to 3.42). In observational studies, the increased risk of bladder cancer was slight but significant among ever‐users of pioglitazone versus never‐users (OR, 1.13; 95%CI, 1.03 to 1.25), which appeared to be both time‐ (P = 0.003) and dose‐dependent (P = 0.05). In addition, we observed the association differed by region of studies (Europe, United States, or Asia) or source of funding (sponsored by industry or not). Current evidence suggests that pioglitazone may increase the risk of bladder cancer, possibly in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Patients with long‐term and high‐dose exposure to pioglitazone should be monitored regularly for signs of bladder cancer.
Improved Electrocatalytic Performance in Overall Water Splitting with Rational Design of Hierarchical Co3O4@NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Core‐Shell Nanostructure
Authors: Wang Shanpeng , Wu Jian , Yin Junwen , Hu Qi , Geng Dongsheng , Liu Li‐Min
Published: February 2018

The development of low‐cost and highly reactive electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in basic media is still a great challenge. Herein, we design a three‐dimensional Co3O4@NiFe‐LDH (LDH: layered double hydroxide) core‐shell nanostructure on Ni foam, in which the core Co3O4 nanowires play a key role in the stability and the shell NiFe‐LDH nanosheets provide the main active sites for electrocatalytic water splitting. The as‐prepared Co3O4@NiFe‐LDH exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for OER with a low overpotential of 269 mV at a current density of 100 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 66 mV dec−1, and excellent stability without degradation over 40 h. Furthermore, the sample also demonstrates robust performance for HER with a low overpotential of 74 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Most importantly, when employing the Co3O4@NiFe‐LDH/NF as both anode and cathode, only 1.56 V is needed to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2, which is lower than the combination of Pt/C and IrO2 catalysts for overall water splitting. This work provides a significant strategy toward the rational design of novel core‐shell electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.
Novel chiral ionic liquids stationary phases for the enantiomer separation of chiral acid by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: He Shanshan , He Yunchao , Cheng Lingping , Wu Yaling , Ke Yanxiong
Published: February 2018

Novel chiral ionic liquid stationary phases based on chiral imidazolium were prepared. The ionic liquid chiral selector was synthesized by ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with imidazole or 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole, and then chemically modified by different substitute groups. Chiral stationary phases were prepared by bonding to the surface of silica sphere through thioene “click” reaction. Their enantioselective separations of chiral acids were evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The retention of acid sample was related to the counterion concentration and showed a typical ion exchange process. The chiral separation abilities of chiral stationary phases were greatly influenced by the substituent group on the chiral selector as well as the mobile phase, which indicated that, besides ion exchange, other interactions such as steric hindrance, π‐π interaction, and hydrogen bonding are important for the enantioselectivity. In this report, the influence of bulk solvent components, the effects of varying concentration, and the type of the counterion as well as the proportion of acid and basic additives were investigated in detail.
Phytoremediation Potential of Jack Bean Plant for Multi‐Element Contaminated Soils From Ribeira Valley, Brazil
Authors: da Silva Maíra , de Andrade Sara Adrián López , De‐Campos Alfredo Borges
Published: February 2018

Soil contamination with metal(oid)s is of concern due to deleterious effects on ecosystems, plants, and human health. This study aims at determining the potential of jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis, to be used as phytoremediator of soils contaminated with Pb, Zn, and As from past mining activities in the Ribeira Valley, Brazil. A pot experiment is conducted using soils collected from two areas contaminated with different concentrations of Pb, As, and Zn. Only in the most contaminated soil, elemental concentrations are above the limit established for agricultural purposes by Brazilian regulatory agencies. Plant tolerance is evaluated in terms of growth, elemental accumulation, establishment of root symbiosis, and biochemical indicators of metal toxicity. Plants are able to produce high biomass without signs of oxidative stress. The content of free amino acids in leaves increases when plants grown in the soil with higher metal(oid) concentrations indicating changes in physiology. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is established; however, nodulation with native rhizobia is strongly inhibited in the most contaminated soil. Jack bean roots act as a barrier to translocation retaining most of the absorbed metals, especially for Pb. The translocation index for Zn and As is higher than for Pb. In conclusion, jack bean plant can be considered of interest for phytostabilization of multi‐element contaminated soils due to its high capacity for immobilizing potentially toxic elements in roots. Although Zn and As are more mobile and accumulate in concentration levels above phytotoxicity thresholds, C. ensiformis is a tolerant species.
Chemical Features Important for Activity in a Class of Inhibitors Targeting the Wip1 Flap Subdomain
Authors: Tagad Harichandra D. , Debnath Subrata , Clausse Victor , Saha Mrinmoy , Mazur Sharlyn J. , Appella Ettore , Appella Daniel H.
Published: February 2018

The wild‐type p53 induced phosphatase 1, Wip1 (PP2Cδ), is a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) family serine/threonine phosphatase that negatively regulates the function of the tumor suppressor p53 and several of its positive regulators such as ATM, Chk1, Chk2, Mdm2, and p38 MAPK. Wip1 dephosphorylates and inactivates its protein targets, which are critical for cellular stress responses. Additionally, Wip1 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in several human cancer types. Because of its negative role in regulating the function of tumor suppressor proteins, Wip1 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in various types of cancers. Based on a recently reported Wip1 inhibitor (G‐1), we performed an extensive structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis. This led us to interesting findings in SAR trends and to the discovery of new chemical analogues with good specificity and bioavailability.
Evaluation of CD307a expression patterns during normal B‐cell maturation and in B‐cell malignancies by flow cytometry
Authors: Auat Mariangeles , Cardoso Chandra Chiappin , Santos‐Pirath Iris Mattos , Rudolf‐Oliveira Renata Cristina Messores , Matiollo Camila , Lange Bárbara Gil , da Silva Jessica Pires , Dametto Gisele Cristina , Pirolli Mayara Marin , Colombo Maria Daniela Holthausen Perico , Santos‐Silva Maria Claudia
Published: February 2018

Background

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping is deemed a fundamental tool for the diagnosis of B‐cell neoplasms. Currently, the investigation of novel immunophenotypic markers has gained importance, as they can assist in the precise subclassification of B‐cell malignancies by flow cytometry. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of CD307a during normal B‐cell maturation and in B‐cell malignancies as well as to investigate its potential role in the differential diagnosis of these entities.

Methods

CD307a expression was assessed by flow cytometry in normal precursor and mature B cells and in 115 samples collected from patients diagnosed with precursor and mature B‐cell neoplasms. CD307a expression was compared between neoplastic and normal B cells.

Results

B‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases exhibited minimal expression of CD307a, displaying a similar expression pattern to that of normal B‐cell precursors. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cases showed the lowest levels of CD307a among mature B‐cell neoplasms. CD307a expression was statistically lower in MCL cases than in chronic B lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) cases. No statistical differences were observed between CD307a expression in neoplastic and normal plasma cells.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the assessment of CD307a expression by flow cytometry could be helpful to distinguish CLL from MCL, and the latter from MZL. Although these results are not entirely conclusive, they provide a basis for further studies in a larger cohort of patients. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Demonstrate the value of a liberal arts education
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2018

WASHINGTON, D.C. — What is the value of a liberal arts degree, and how likely are your liberal arts students to find jobs in their field after graduation? “How can we bridge the divide between liberal arts and vocational work? How can administrators and faculty be engaged to achieve this goal?” asked Justin Topp, Ph.D., assistant dean of science, technology, and mathematics at Endicott College, at a session about reconciling the two at the American Conference of Academic Deans annual conference.
Report shows upward trend in overall completion rate
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2018

Nationwide completion rates increased by more than two percentage points over the prior year, according to a report issued by the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. The six‐year completion rate for the cohort who started in 2011 was 56.9 percent, higher than the pre‐recession highest completion rate of 56.1 percent. The completion rate correlates to 48,000 more graduates than the 2010 cohort the NSC studied in 2016, even with a slightly smaller cohort for the 2011 group.
Novel Method for the Synthesis of Cholesteryl Glucosides starting from Disaccharides
Authors: Weiss Stephanie , Neu Philipp M. , Ludwig Christopher , Schober Sigurd , Mittelbach Martin
Published: February 2018

Steryl glucosides (SG) and acylated steryl glucosides (ASG) are natural components of plant cell membranes and present in different concentrations in various plant foods. Currently, their positive effects on human health are under investigation. The present work presents a new and efficient synthesis method for cholesteryl glucosides starting from disaccharides. A five‐step synthesis protocol is done to obtain the desired product in 35% overall yield. In the first step, the hydroxy groups of the starting material sucrose are protected using benzyl ethers. After the subsequent acidic hydrolysis the obtained pyranosyl moiety of the disaccharide is transformed to its trichloroacetimidate derivative. Next, the formation of the glycosidic bond to cholesterol is performed and catalytic transfer hydrogenation in order to remove the protecting groups leads to the desired product. In this context, APCI‐MS‐TOF has turned out to be an excellent analytical tool for the high sensitive analysis of SG as well as intermediates.

Practical Applications: Due to the comparatively high amounts of SG and ASG in seeds and oils, not only the food industry but also in biodiesel production, these natural compounds are of increasing interest. However, analysis of the compounds is difficult, commercially available pure standard materials are costly and their synthesis often requires time‐consuming work‐up procedures. The described preparation method allows the synthesis of cholesteryl glucosides which can be used as reference or standard material for the quantitative analysis of phytosteryl glucosides in plant derived samples. The general synthesis method could be also applied to other SG and ASG derivatives.

Cholesteryl glucosides are synthesized using a new and efficient five‐step synthesis protocol starting from disaccharides. The preparation method provides products with good overall yield and high purity and, therefore, the synthesized glucosides can be used as reference or standard material for the quantitative analysis of phytosteryl glucosides in plant derived samples. APCI‐MS‐TOF is extensively used as analytical tool for the sensitive analysis of cholesteryl glucosides as well as intermediates.
Electrophilic Cyclization of 2‐Aminophenylprop‐1‐yn‐3‐ols into 3‐Iodo‐6‐(aryldiazenyl)quinolines by Using a One‐Pot Azo‐Coupling and Iodocyclization Sequence
Authors: Yaragorla Srinivasarao , Pareek Abhishek
Published: February 2018

6‐(Aryldiazenyl)‐3‐iodoquinolines were prepared from readily available 2‐aminoaryl propargyl alcohols, aryldiazonium salts, and molecular iodine. This three‐component one‐pot process proceeded through sequential azo‐coupling, regioselective iodocyclization, and aromatization reactions to yield the corresponding quinoline derivatives. In the absence of iodine, Ca(OTf)2 was used to promote the azo‐coupling and azacyclization reactions, which furnished the respective 6‐aryldiazenylquinolines. In addition, 2‐aminoaryl propargyl alcohols successfully underwent a regioselective intramolecular cyclization in the presence of Ca(OTf)2 to give 2,4‐disubstituted quinolines. Cross‐coupling reactions of the iodoquinolines were also performed without any effect to the diazo functionality.
N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 protects blood–brain barrier integrity following cerebral ischemia
Authors: Takarada‐Iemata Mika , Yoshikawa Akifumi , Ta Hieu Minh , Okitani Nahoko , Nishiuchi Takumi , Aida Yasuhiro , Kamide Tomoya , Hattori Tsuyoshi , Ishii Hiroshi , Tamatani Takashi , Le Thuong Manh , Roboon Jureepon , Kitao Yasuko , Matsuyama Tomohiro , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Hori Osamu
Published: February 2018

Disruption of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) following cerebral ischemia is closely related to the infiltration of peripheral cells into the brain, progression of lesion formation, and clinical exacerbation. However, the mechanism that regulates BBB integrity, especially after permanent ischemia, remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that astrocytic N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a differentiation‐ and stress‐associated molecule, may function as a modulator of BBB permeability following ischemic stroke, using a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Immunohistological analysis showed that the expression of NDRG2 increases dominantly in astrocytes following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Genetic deletion of Ndrg2 exhibited enhanced levels of infarct volume and accumulation of immune cells into the ipsilateral brain hemisphere following ischemia. Extravasation of serum proteins including fibrinogen and immunoglobulin, after MCAO, was enhanced at the ischemic core and perivascular region of the peri‐infarct area in the ipsilateral cortex of Ndrg2‐deficient mice. Furthermore, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after MCAO markedly increased in Ndrg2−/− mice. In culture, expression and secretion of MMP‐3 was increased in Ndrg2−/− astrocytes, and this increase was reversed by adenovirus‐mediated re‐expression of NDRG2. These findings suggest that NDRG2, expressed in astrocytes, may play a critical role in the regulation of BBB permeability and immune cell infiltration through the modulation of MMP expression following cerebral ischemia.
Glia in brain energy metabolism: A perspective
Authors: Barros L. Felipe , Brown Angus , Swanson Raymond A.
Published: February 2018

Early views of glia as relatively inert, housekeeping cells have evolved, and glia are now recognized as dynamic cells that not only respond to neuronal activity but also sense metabolic changes and regulate neuronal metabolism. This evolution has been aided in part by technical advances permitting progressively better spatial and temporal resolution. Recent advances in cell‐type specific genetic manipulation and sub‐cellular metabolic probes promise to further this evolution by enabling study of metabolic interactions between intertwined fine neuronal and glial processes in vivo. Views of glia in disease processes have also evolved. Long considered purely reactive, glia and particularly microglia are now seen to play active roles in both promoting and limiting brain injury. At the same time, established concepts of glial energetics are now being linked to areas such as learning and neural network function, topics previously considered far removed from glial biology.
Information Literacy in the Internet Age: Making Space for Students' Intentional and Incidental Knowledge
Authors: Kohnen Angela M. , Saul E. Wendy
Published: February 2018

The authors argue that nonfiction reading and writing instruction in K–12 settings must include authentic opportunities for students to seek information online. To that end, the authors provide two frameworks for thinking about information acquisition in the 21st century. The first, the intentional and incidental information continuum, describes how adults encounter information. On one end is the information that adults actively seek, often by going online; on the other is information that is encountered passively. In between is information that could be considered semi‐incidental: The specific information is not actively sought, but the source was accessed purposefully. The second framework, a graphic for thinking about why adults actively seek information, proposes that searches should be thought of in terms of the seeker's education or preparation and the importance of the search. The authors contend that these frameworks can be used to rethink nonfiction reading and writing instruction.
An examination of ethnic identity as a mediator of the effects of community participation and neighborhood sense of community on psychological empowerment among urban youth of color
Authors: Lardier David T.
Published: February 2018

Empowerment research has made important contributions toward understanding youth development, well‐being, and activism; however, it has failed to consider the impact that ethnic identity has on psychological empowerment (PE) and among related empowerment predictors (e.g., community participation and neighborhood sense of community [SOC]). The present study focuses on examining the mediating role of ethnic identity between community participation, neighborhood SOC, and PE. Using structural equation modeling path analysis techniques among a sample of Hispanic and Black youth (N = 1,480) from an underresourced community, this study examines the mediating role of ethnic identity between community participation, neighborhood SOC, and PE. Community participation and neighborhood SOC had a positive direct effect on both ethnic identity and PE. Both community participation and neighborhood SOC also indirectly affected PE through ethnic identity. This study supports the mediating role of ethnic identity and the direct effect of ethnic identity on PE. Results point toward the importance of ethnic identity with PE and in the empowerment process. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
“They're hoping we can stop it”: Student leadership in sexual violence intervention and response at West Point
Authors: Arbeit Miriam R.
Published: February 2018

This study identified risks and opportunities in peer leadership approaches to sexual violence intervention and response. Constructivist grounded theory was used to analyze semistructured interviews with 24 cadets, including a bystander intervention scenario. With regard to bystander intervention, cadets adhered to gendered assumptions that blocked action, drew upon community values to plan intervention, and thus prepared in ways that reinforced gender biases. With regard to incident response, cadets struggled with cynicism regarding their role in addressing sexual assault, but wanted incidents to be reported despite victim blaming and lack of supports, and responded from their feelings instead of skillfully acting on their values. This study explicates opportunities for leveraging community values in service of intervention and response while illustrating risks of rape myths and gender biases. Addressing inaccurate assumptions and reinforcing positive values could better prepare cadets and other undergraduate students for leadership.
Generating standardized image data for testing and calibrating quantification of volumes, surfaces, lengths, and object counts in fibrous and porous materials using X‐ray microtomography
Authors: Jiřík Miroslav , Bartoš Martin , Tomášek Petr , Malečková Anna , Kural Tomáš , Horáková Jana , Lukáš David , Suchý Tomáš , Kochová Petra , Hubálek Kalbáčová Marie , Králíčková Milena , Tonar Zbyněk
Published: February 2018

Quantification of the structure and composition of biomaterials using micro‐CT requires image segmentation due to the low contrast and overlapping radioopacity of biological materials. The amount of bias introduced by segmentation procedures is generally unknown. We aim to develop software that generates three‐dimensional models of fibrous and porous structures with known volumes, surfaces, lengths, and object counts in fibrous materials and to provide a software tool that calibrates quantitative micro‐CT assessments. Virtual image stacks were generated using the newly developed software TeIGen, enabling the simulation of micro‐CT scans of unconnected tubes, connected tubes, and porosities. A realistic noise generator was incorporated. Forty image stacks were evaluated using micro‐CT, and the error between the true known and estimated data was quantified. Starting with geometric primitives, the error of the numerical estimation of surfaces and volumes was eliminated, thereby enabling the quantification of volumes and surfaces of colliding objects. Analysis of the sensitivity of the thresholding upon parameters of generated testing image sets revealed the effects of decreasing resolution and increasing noise on the accuracy of the micro‐CT quantification. The size of the error increased with decreasing resolution when the voxel size exceeded 1/10 of the typical object size, which simulated the effect of the smallest details that could still be reliably quantified. Open‐source software for calibrating quantitative micro‐CT assessments by producing and saving virtually generated image data sets with known morphometric data was made freely available to researchers involved in morphometry of three‐dimensional fibrillar and porous structures in micro‐CT scans.
GII.4 norovirus recombinant causes gastroenteritis epidemic in Eastern Australia, winter 2017
Authors: Bruggink Leesa , Witlox Kristie , Huang Bixing , Warrilow David , Marshall John
Published: February 2018

In Victoria, Australia, 160 gastroenteritis outbreaks were norovirus positive for the period January‐September 2017. A distinctive peak in norovirus outbreaks was seen May‐August, with 118 positive outbreaks occurring in the peak period. The peak was primarily due to the emergence of a GII.P4_NewOrleans_2009/GII.4_Sydney_2012 recombinant that had genetically changed sufficiently to escape herd immunity. This recombinant was also identified elsewhere in Australia, with highly similar sequences identified in Queensland during the same time period. The recombinant GII.P4_NewOrleans_2009/GII.4_Sydney_2012 has not been reported to cause norovirus epidemics outside Australia, suggesting regional factors play a role in determining norovirus genotype incidence.
Construction, expression, and characterization of a single‐chain variable fragment (ScFv) antibody targeting to the encephalomyocarditis virus
Authors: Zhang Haixia , Wang Xinglong , Li Xiangrong , Ma Zhongren , Feng Ruofei
Published: February 2018

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is as a potential zoonotic agent with a wide host range. Here, applying gene splicing by overlap extension PCR (SOE‐PCR), we describe a simple method for producing single‐chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against EMCV that configurates in the orientation of VH‐(GGGGS)4‐VL. DNA template was resverse transcribed by total RNA that derived from hyperimmunized antibody positive mice spleen after inoculation inactivated EMCV‐PV21 as antigen. Using the degenerate primers designed for the variable regions of IgG of murine antibody, the 417 bp of gene encoding VH‐linker (VHL) and 360 bp of gene encoding linker‐VL (LVL) of the anti‐EMCV was individually amplified from DNA template by PCR, repectively. The 762 bp gene encoding anti‐EMCV scFv was constructed by SOE‐PCR when the mixed VHL and LVL genes were used as the template. The amplified gene subcloned into pGEX‐6P1 to yield pGEX‐6P1/EMCV‐scFv. Recombinant vector transformed into the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and a 53 KDa GST‐scFv fusion protein was obtained by SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis. Animal experiment results showed that the pretective rate of mice in group A which challenged 500 μL 104 TCID50 EMCV per mouse for 7 d post‐inoculation scFv 3 d (0.5 mg purified recombinant scFv per mouse) was 91.67% (11/12). The serum anti‐EMCV antibody titer in group A mice was most significantly higher than that in positive control mouse (P < 0.01), coversely the serum relative mRNA copies were significantly lower than that in positive control mouse (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that recombinant anti‐EMCV scFv has remarkable anti‐EMCV effect in mice.
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Osteophytic Impingement of the Popliteus Tendon After Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Geannette Christian , Sahr Meghan , Mayman David , Miller Theodore T.
Published: February 2018

We report our experience with 6 patients who had total knee replacements with lateral‐sided knee pain, referred for ultrasound (US) assessment and US‐guided injection. All cases showed an osteophyte within the popliteus sulcus of the lateral femoral condyle impinging on the adjacent tendon. Five of 6 patients reported improvement of symptoms immediately after US‐guided injection of an anesthetic and a steroid. Ultrasound has a unique role in the imaging of knee replacements because of its real‐time capabilities and absence of artifacts at the popliteus tendon origin.
The influence of trees, shrubs, and grasses on microclimate, soil carbon, nitrogen, and CO2 efflux: Potential implications of shrub encroachment for Kalahari rangelands
Authors: Thomas Andrew David , Elliott David R , Dougill Andrew John , Stringer Lindsay Carman , Hoon Stephen Robert , Sen Robin
Published: February 2018

Shrub encroachment is a well‐documented phenomenon affecting many of the world's drylands. The alteration of vegetation structure and species composition can lead to changes in local microclimate and soil properties which in turn affect carbon cycling. The objectives of this paper were to quantify differences in air temperatures, soil carbon, nitrogen, and CO2 efflux under trees (Vachellia erioloba), shrubs (Grewia flava), and annual and perennial grasses (Schmidtia kalahariensis and Eragrostis lehmanniana) collected over three seasons at a site in Kgalagadi District, Botswana, in order to determine the vegetation‐soil feedback mechanism affecting the carbon cycle. Air temperatures were logged continuously, and soil CO2 efflux was determined throughout the day and evening using closed respiration chambers and an infrared gas analyser. There were significant differences in soil carbon, total nitrogen, CO2 efflux, light, and temperatures beneath the canopies of trees, shrubs, and grasses. Daytime air temperatures beneath shrubs and trees were cooler compared with grass sites, particularly in summer months. Night‐time air temperatures under shrubs and trees were, however, warmer than at the grass sites. There was also significantly more soil carbon, nitrogen, and CO2 efflux under shrubs and trees compared with grasses. Although the differences observed in soils and microclimate may reinforce the competitive dominance of shrubs and present challenges to strategies designed to manage encroachment, they should not be viewed as entirely negative. Our findings highlight some of the dichotomies and challenges to be addressed before interventions aiming to bring about more sustainable land management can be implemented.
Cold ischemia time is an important risk factor for post–liver transplant prolonged length of stay
Authors: Pan Evelyn T. , Yoeli Dor , Galvan N. Thao N. , Kueht Michael L. , Cotton Ronald T. , O'Mahony Christine A. , Goss John A. , Rana Abbas
Published: February 2018

Risk analysis of cold ischemia time (CIT) in liver transplantation has largely focused on patient and graft survival. Posttransplant length of stay is a sensitive marker of morbidity and cost. We hypothesize that CIT is a risk factor for posttransplant prolonged length of stay (PLOS) and aim to conduct an hour‐by‐hour analysis of CIT and PLOS. We retrospectively reviewed all adult, first‐time liver transplants between March 2002 and September 2016 in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. The 67,426 recipients were categorized by hourly CIT increments. Multivariate logistic regression of PLOS (defined as >30 days), CIT groups, and an extensive list of confounding variables was performed. Linear regression between length of stay and CIT as continuous variables was also performed. CIT 1‐6 hours was protective against PLOS, whereas CIT >7 hours was associated with increased odds for PLOS. The lowest odds for PLOS were observed with 1‐2 hours (odds ratio [OR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45‐0.92) and 2‐3 hours (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55‐0.78) of CIT. OR for PLOS steadily increased with increasing CIT, reaching the greatest odds for PLOS with 13‐14 hours (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.57‐2.67) and 15‐16 hours (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.27‐3.33) of CIT. Linear regression revealed a positive correlation between length of stay and CIT with a correlation coefficient of +0.35 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, post–liver transplant length of stay is sensitive to CIT, with a substantial increase in the odds of PLOS observed with nearly every additional hour of cold ischemia. We conclude that CIT should be minimized to protect against the morbidity and cost associated with posttransplant PLOS. Liver Transplantation 24 762–768 2018 AASLD.
Functional lower lip reconstruction with the partial latissimus dorsi muscle free flap without nerve coaptation
Authors: Özkan Özlenen , Özkan Ömer , Çinpolat Anı , Ubur Mehmet Can , Bektaş Gamze , Jumshudov Adil , Uysal Hilmi
Published: February 2018

Background

The repair of extensive lower lip defects is difficult due to the presence of both functional and esthetic requirements. This report describes functional lip repair using the partial latissimus dorsi free flap without nerve coaptation.

Methods

Reconstruction of the lower lip due to subtotal and total tissue defects was performed using latissimus dorsi free flap on twelve patients, between 2013 and 2017. The etiology was squamous cell carcinoma in six patients, malignant melanoma in one, firearm injury in three and microstomia in two. Following exposure of the lip defect, the partial latissumus dorsi muscle flap was harvested and transfered into the lower lip defect. The microvascular anastomoses was done and no nerve coaptation was performed. The muscle was covered with a skin graft taken from the thigh for mucosal and skin lining. Functional outcomes were assessed using physical examination, electromyography (EMG), electroneuromyography, cold/warm and pain sensation, two point discrimination (TPD), and Semmes Weinstein (SMW) tests.

Results

Postoperative course was uneventful for all of the flaps. Patients were followed for between fifteen months and four years (mean 28.2 months).Color match between the flap and the face and functional outcome was satisfactory. Reinnervation was detected at EMG in eleven patients undergoing surgery six months postoperatively.After 1 year, the patients demonstrated quite normal results of the test with SMW and TDP results. None of patients perceived both hot and cold sensation.

Conclusion

The technique is an alternative option in lower lip reconstruction since it provides satisfactory functional and esthetic results despite absence of any neural coaptation.
Whole‐brain 3DFLAIR at 7T using direct signal control
Authors: Beqiri Arian , Hoogduin Hans , Sbrizzi Alessandro , Hajnal Joseph V. , Malik Shaihan J.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Image quality obtained for brain imaging at 7T can be hampered by inhomogeneities in the static magnetic field, B0, and the RF electromagnetic field, B1. In imaging sequences such as fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), which is used to assess neurological disorders, these inhomogeneities cause spatial variations in signal that can reduce clinical efficacy. In this work, we aim to correct for signal inhomogeneities to ensure whole‐brain coverage with 3D FLAIR at 7T.

Methods

The direct signal control (DSC) framework was used to optimize channel weightings applied to the 8 transmit channels used in this work on a pulse‐by‐pulse basis through the echo train in the FLAIR sequences. 3D FLAIR brain images were acquired on 5 different subjects and compared with imaging using a quadrature‐like mode of the transmit array. Precomputed “universal” DSC solutions calculated from a separate set of 5 subjects were also explored.

Results

DSC consistently enabled improved imaging across all subjects, with no dropouts in signal seen over the entire brain volume, which contrasted with imaging in quadrature mode. Further, the universal DSC solutions also consistently improved imaging despite not being optimized specifically for the subject being imaged.

Conclusion

3D FLAIR brain imaging at 7T is substantially improved using DSC and is able to recover regions of low signal without increasing imaging time or interecho spacing.
Morphological and functional analyses of skeletal muscles from an immunodeficient animal model of limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E
Authors: Giovannelli Gaia , Giacomazzi Giorgia , Grosemans Hanne , Sampaolesi Maurilio
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E (LGMD2E) is caused by mutations in the β‐sarcoglycan gene, which is expressed in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. β‐Sarcoglycan‐deficient (Sgcb‐null) mice develop severe muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy with focal areas of necrosis. Methods: In this study we performed morphological (histological and cellular characterization) and functional (isometric tetanic force and fatigue) analyses in dystrophic mice. Comparison studies were carried out in 1‐month‐old (clinical onset of the disease) and 7‐month‐old control mice (C57Bl/6J, Rag2/γc‐null) and immunocompetent and immunodeficient dystrophic mice (Sgcb‐null and Sgcb/Rag2/γc‐null, respectively). Results: We found that the lack of an immunological system resulted in an increase of calcification in striated muscles without impairing extensor digitorum longus muscle performance. Sgcb/Rag2/γc‐null muscles showed a significant reduction of alkaline phosphate‐positive mesoangioblasts. Discussion: The immunological system counteracts skeletal muscle degeneration in the murine model of LGMD2E. Muscle Nerve 58: 133–144, 2018