bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSPARENCIA Y RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS EN SALUD MATERNA: EL CASO DEL AFASPE EN CHIAPAS
Authors: Freyermuth Enciso María Graciela , Sánchez Pérez Héctor Javier , Argüello Avendaño Hilda E.
Published: March 2017

La Secretaría de Salud (SSA), a través de la Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud (SPPS), realiza transferencias monetarias y de insumos a las entidades federativas a través del Acuerdo para el Fortalecimiento de las Acciones de Salud Pública en los Estados ( AFASPE ). En este artículo se describe y analiza el desempeño del AFASPE 2012 en el Programa de Acción Específico Arranque Parejo en la Vida en Chiapas, a la luz del proceso de descentralización. La discusión se centra en el análisis de la planificación, entrega y ejercicio de los recursos, modificaciones del presupuesto, transparencia y rendición de cuentas, que involucran tanto a la SSA como los Servicios Estatales de salud (SESA) y a la Secretaría de Hacienda estatal.

 

TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN MATERNAL CARE: 

THE CASE OF AFASPE IN CHIAPAS

The Mexican Health Department (Secretaría de Salud /SSA) through the Health Prevention and Promotion Sub-Department (Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud /SPPS) conducts monetary and input transfers to the states through the Agreement for the Strengthening of Public Health Actions in the States (Acuerdo para el Fortalecimiento de las Acciones de Salud Pública en los Estados /AFASPE). This article describes and analyzes AFASPE’s performance in 2012 in the Equal Start in Life Specific Action Program (Programa de Acción Específico Arranque Parejo en la Vida) in Chiapas in the light of the decentralization process. The discussion is focused on the planning analysis, resource delivery and execution, budget modifications, transparency and accountability involving both the SSA and the State Heath Services (Servicios Estatales de Salud /SESA), as well as the Department of Finances of Chiapas State.
ORDEN HÍDRICO: PRÁCTICAS E INSTITUCIONES EN MENDOZA, ARGENTINA
Authors: Mussetta Paula Cecilia
Published: March 2017

Este artículo aborda el campo del manejo de los recursos hídricos y propone un esquema de análisis para estudiar las relaciones entre las instituciones y las prácticas de los actores afectados por las acciones de tales instituciones. Avanza después, en forma preliminar y descriptiva, sobre la exploración de algunas de las categorías presentadas en el esquema propuesto en un caso concreto (Mendoza, Argentina). Reconocemos una doble dinámica de funcionamiento del régimen hídrico: una entre la autoridad hídrica y los grandes y poderosos actores vitícolas y otra entre un conjunto de entidades satélites no hídricas y pequeños productores. Esto lleva a que desde la política hídrica se reproduzca un modelo de producción que claramente beneficia a un sector a costa de otro.

 

HYDROLOGIC ORDER: PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS IN MENDOZA, ARGENTINA

This article addresses the territory of water resource management and proposes an analytical framework to study the inter-institutional relationships and practices of the stakeholders affected by the actions taken by those institutions. It explores in a preliminary and descriptive form some of the categories presented in the framework proposed for the specific case of Mendoza, Argentina. It identifies a double working dynamic in the hydrologic regime: one between the hydrologic authorities and large-scale and powerful stakeholders of the wine industry and another dynamic between a series of non-hydrologic satellite entities and small-scale producers. This leads to a hydrologic policy that reproduces a production model that clearly benefits one sector at the expense of another.
Nietas del fuego, creadoras del alba: luchas político-culturales de mujeres mayas, 2011, de Morna Macleod
Authors: Burguete Cal y Mayor Araceli
Published: March 2017

Nietas del fuego, creadoras del alba: luchas político-culturales de mujeres mayas, 2011, de Morna Macleod, 1a. ed., FLACSO, Guatemala, 276 pp. ISBN 978-992-9804-08-1
CIUDADANÍA, SOCIEDAD CIVIL Y MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES EN AMÉRICA LATINA: DESAFÍOS DEMOCRÁTICOS CONTEMPORÁNEOS EN MÉXICO Y VENEZUELA (1990-2012)
Authors: Hurtado Grooscors Héctor
Published: March 2017

Las ciencias sociales han debido afrontar el reto de elaborar marcos conceptuales y analíticos que permitan abordar las transformaciones de las sociedades contemporáneas. Resaltan los desafíos en materia de desarrollo económico, gobernabilidad, inclusión social, ampliación de la ciudadanía, movilización social, etc. En este sentido se ha abordado el estudio de la sociedad civil y los movimientos sociales vistos como actores que pertenecen a esta, para comprender las presiones ejercidas a los gobiernos democráticos en América Latina, particularmente en México y Venezuela, para impulsar la expansión de los derechos ciudadanos, las reformas democráticas, la visibilización y el reconocimiento de las demandas de los grupos lgbti, indígenas y afrodescendientes.

CITIZENSHIP, CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA: CONTEMPORARY DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGES IN MEXICO AND VENEZUELA (1990-2012)

Social sciences have had to face the challenge of developing conceptual and analytic frameworks to approach the transformation processes in contemporary societies. Important challenges are faced in the fields of economic development, governance, social inclusion, citizenship expansion and social mobilization among others. The study of civil society and its movements viewed as social actors has thus been approached in order to understand the pressure exercised by democratic governments in Latin America, particularly in Mexico and Venezuela, in order to promote the extension of citizen rights, democratic reforms, the visibilization and recognition of the demands of lgbti groups, indigenous people and Afro-descendant communities.
A PROPÓSITO DEL LIBRO VER, OÍR, CALLAR. EN LAS PROFUNDIDADES DE UNA PANDILLA SALVADOREÑA DE JUAN JOSÉ MARTÍNEZ D’AUBUISSON
Authors: Rodríguez Castillo Luis
Published: March 2017

Nota de investigación a propósito del libro Ver, oír, callar. En las profundidades de una pandilla salvadoreña de Juan José Martínez D’Aubuisson, 2013, San Salvador, Aura ediciones, 114 pp. (Colección Aura de bolsillo, vol. 1), ISBN: 978-99923-960-3-2.
DE LA IDENTIDAD FOLCLÓRICA A LA REIVINDICACIÓN DEL BUEN VIVIR
Authors: Collin Harguindeguy Laura
Published: March 2017

Si bien, prácticamente desde los albores de la disciplina, el relativismo cultural prescribía el respeto a las culturas otras, al menos desde hace cuatro décadas, con posterioridad a la reunión de Barbados, buena parte de los antropólogos hemos asumido, como parte de nuestra labor, la revalorización de las culturas étnicas. Esta tarea ha sido abordada tanto desde la academia como desde la antropología aplicada, con proyectos para el rescate del patrimonio cultural. Es más, en parte por nuestra labor, los propios pueblos indios tienden a identificar patrimonio cultural, cultura e identidad. En el artículo se argumenta en torno a la necesidad de superar esta visión folclórica de la cultura y la identidad, para transitar a la revaloración de las lógicas implícitas, como parece hacerlo la propuesta del buen vivir.

FOLKLORIC IDENTITY AND RECLAIMING GOOD LIVING

Cultural relativism has prescribed respect for other cultures practically since its beginning. In spite of this, at least since the last four decades, following the Barbados Meeting, a large number of anthropologists have taken on the revaluing of ethnic cultures as part of our work. Both academia and applied anthropology have approached this task with projects aiming to retrieve cultural heritage. Furthermore, it is in part due to our work as anthropologists that indigenous peoples have tended to identify cultural heritage, culture and identity. This article addresses the need to overcome a folkloric vision of culture and identity and thus move toward revaluing the implicit logic, as supported by the buen vivir ‘good living’ proposal.
EL BASTÓN ROJO SE SOSTIENE: CONOCIMIENTO CULTURAL DEL PUEBLO KAQCHIKEL
Authors: Urdapilleta Carrasco Jorge , Mejía Sepet Kajkan Felipe
Published: March 2017

Se comparte un análisis de los principales elementos del conocimiento cultural del pueblo Kaqchikel. Se muestra el papel fundamental de la espiritualidad y la manera como esta orienta su vida; evidencia la dialéctica panteísta como parte constitutiva de su cosmovisión, mediante el repaso de algunos documentos históricos y de interpretaciones compartidas por guías espirituales de este pueblo.

THE RED STAFF OF POWER PERDURES: CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE KAQCHIKEL PEOPLE

This paper analyzes the core elements of the cultural knowledge of the Kaqchikel people. It shows the essential role played by spirituality and how it orients life. Through reviewing some historical documents and interpretations shared by Kaqchikel spiritual guides, a pantheistic dialectic as a constitutional aspect of their cosmovision is revealed.

KOLONÏK RI KÄQ PATÄN: RETAMAB’AL B’ANOB’ÄL RI KAQCHIKEL TINAMÏT

Chupam ri jun tz’ib’anïk re’ nq’alajisäx apo jun ch’ob’onïk chi rij ruk’aslemal ri Kaqchikel tinamït, rub’eyal kik’osan pe ki k’aslem, kikoch’on pe rupoqonal kik’aslemal, richin re jun rutzijol na’oj re’ xtz’et kipam jalajöj ojer taq wuj, chuqa’ kitzij jalajöj taq ajq’ija’, k’amol b’ey, k’exeloma’, richin ke ri’ nqak’ut apo ruk’aslemal re tinamït re’, ri ek’äs wakami.
EL BUEN VIVIR, MIRADAS DESDE DENTRO
Authors: Santana E. María Eugenia
Published: March 2017

En esta reflexión acerca del buen vivir se parte de breves aportaciones sobre el significado de este concepto y se presentan dos experiencias basadas en la información empírica recabada por la autora. La primera por medio del trabajo con comunidades indígenas de la Selva del municipio Las Margaritas, Chiapas, en el último cuarto del siglo xx, para tratar de explicar cómo pudo surgir este concepto en la vida comunitaria; se relaciona esta información con la cosmovisión indígena y el valor de la armonía. La segunda experiencia que se presenta es de años recientes, en Los Altos de Chiapas. Esta indaga acerca de los valores del buen vivir desde el punto de vista de mujeres tsotsiles, tomando como muestra un grupo de Zinacantán, a quienes se invita a realizar una comparación entre la forma de vida que llevan y la que ofrece un proyecto de desarrollo gubernamental, para llegar, finalmente, a conclusiones.

LOOKING AT BUEN VIVIR FROM WITHIN

The point of departure of this reflection on good living/buen vivir lies in brief contributions regarding what this concept means. It presents two experiences based on empirical information collected by the author. The first one relates to work conducted in the last quarter of the twentieth century with indigenous communities of the Selva region, at the municipality called Las Margaritas, Chiapas. It attempts to explain how this notion of community life might have come about. This information is related to the indigenous cosmovision and the value of harmony. The second experience corresponds to more recent times in the Chiapas highlands. Using a group of women from Zinacantán as a sample, it explores the values of good living/buen vivir from the point of view of Tsotsil women. These women were invited to make a comparison between their way of life and that offered by a government development project. The final conclusions are based on these comparisons
RESISTENCIA, IDENTIDAD, Y AUTONOMÍA: LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE ESPACIOS EN LAS COMUNIDADES ZAPATISTAS
Authors: Stahler-Sholk Richard
Published: March 2017

El artículo examina la identidad colectiva que se va forjando en la vida cotidiana de las comunidades autónomas zapatistas en Chiapas. Se desarrollan tres argumentos: 1. La persistencia del movimiento zapatista, a 20 años de su aparición pública, se debe en gran parte a la construcción de una nueva subjetividad que se manifiesta como una identidad colectiva entre los participantes. 2. Esa identidad se caracteriza más por un proceso de construcción, en las prácticas de relaciones sociales y formas de hacer política en los territorios autónomos, que por un perfil fijo. 3. La autonomía zapatista es un ejemplo de «contrapoder», que puede ser relevante para otros movimientos sociales antisistémicos de América Latina.

RESISTANCE, IDENTITY AND AUTONOMY: TRANSFORMATION IN ZAPATISTA COMMUNITIES

This article examines the collective identity forged by everyday life in autonomous Zapatista communities in Chiapas. It develops three arguments: 1. The persistence of the Zapatista movement 20 years after its public emergence largely due to the construction of a new subjectivity expressed as collective identity among participants. 2. This identity is characterized as a construction process through the social relationships and forms of doing politics practiced in autonomous territories, rather than a fixed profile. 3. Zapatista autonomy is an example of «counterpower», which could be of relevance to other anti-establishment social movements in Latin America.
EN BUSCA DE LA AUTONOMÍA ENTRE LOS YAQUIS. MÚLTIPLES PROYECTOS DE DESARROLLO Y UNA SOLA «GRAN VERDAD»
Authors: Lerma Rodríguez Enriqueta
Published: March 2017

Se aborda la difícil tarea que ha significado para la tribu yaqui promover su desarrollo econó- mico. El proyecto más importante es construir la autonomía y regularizar legalmente la propiedad comunal del territorio con el fin de consolidar su forma de vida como lo marca la lu’uturia yo’owe «gran verdad». Sin embargo, los yaquis se ha visto atrapados por problemas derivados de los dos únicos proyectos que han contado con recursos por parte del Estado: el desarrollo promovido por la Comisión Intersectorial (1940-1990) y el Plan Integral de Desarrollo de la Tribu Yaqui (1982-1997). Se aborda aquí el impacto de estos proyectos en la organización tradicional de la tribu.

IN SEARCH OF AUTONOMY AMONG THE YAQUIS: A MULTIPLICITY OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND ONE «GREAT TRUTH»

This article addresses the difficult task that promoting economic development has meant for the Yaqui tribe. The most important project is to construct autonomy and legally regularize the territory’s communal property in order to consolidate their way of life as established by lu’uturia yo’owe, «the great truth». The Yaquis, however, have found themselves ensnared by issues derived from the only two projects that have received State support: development promoted by the Intersectoral Commission (1940-1990) and the Yaqui Tribe’s Integral Development Plan (1982-1997). This article addresses the impact of these projects on the tribe’s traditional organization.
INTERCAMBIO DE PLANTAS ENTRE HUERTOS Y OTROS ESPACIOS: ¿UNA ESTRATEGIA DE CONSERVACIÓN PARA EL BOSQUE MESÓFILO DE MONTAÑA DEL VOLCÁN TACANÁ, CHIAPAS, MÉXICO?
Authors: Escobar Hernández María Eugenia , Estrada Lugo Erin Ingrid Jane , Bello Baltazar Eduardo
Published: March 2017

Se analiza el papel que realiza una de las prácticas de conservación en los huertos de una comunidad mame en la Reserva de Biosfera Volcán Tacaná; Chiquihuite, Unión Juárez, Chiapas. Lo anterior, se llevó a cabo mediante la recolecta e identificación de las especies presentes en veinticuatro huertos de la comunidad y entrevistas semi estructuradas sobre el espacio de origen y el uso a la especie. Con esta información se elaboró una matriz de presencia-ausencia y una red de relaciones entre espacios, y se concluyó que existe una práctica de intercambio, principalmente entre los espacios huerto-montaña y huerto-huerto. La base de este intercambio es el uso y por ello la definición local del concepto de conservación, no se explica sin este concepto.

INTERCHANGE OF PLANTS BETWEEN HOME GARDENS AND OTHER SPACES: A CONSERVATION STRATEGY FOR THE CLOUD FOREST OF THE TACANÁ VOLCANO IN CHIAPAS STATE, MEXICO?

This paper analyzes the role played by one of the conservation practices carried out in the home gardens of a Mame community in the Tacaná Volcano Biosphere Reserve: Chiquihuite, in the Unión Juárez municipality of Chiapas State. This analysis was conducted through collecting and identifying the species present in 24 of the home gardens of the community as well as semi-structured interviews regarding the space of origin and use of the species. Based on this information, a presence-absence matrix was developed as well as a network of relationships between spaces. It was concluded that there is a practice of interchange, mainly between home garden and mountain, and between home garden and home garden. This interchange is based on use and therefore the local definition of conservation cannot be explained without this concept.
JUVENTUD MIGRANTE DEL SUR. APUNTES PARA SU CONSTRUCCIÓN CONCEPTUAL
Authors: Porraz Gómez Iván Francisco
Published: March 2017

La migración de la población joven en la actualidad implica dinámicas y problemáticas particulares que deben ponerse a la vista para ayudarnos a entender dicho fenómeno. El análisis de la juventud migrante del sur impone la necesidad de replantearse algunas aproximaciones a su estatuto conceptual. En particular, se enfatiza que casi todas las investigaciones asumieron al migrante como un sujeto homogéneo, dotado, eso sí, de las condiciones físicas para su incursión en un mercado laboral no propio de su país, lo que supuso que mayormente fueran migrantes de edad adulta y jóvenes «maduros», como ocurrió durante muchos años de experiencia migratoria en México.

NOTES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONCEPT OF MIGRANT YOUTH FROM THE SOUTH

The current migration of youth implies specific dynamics and issues that must be evidenced in order to contribute towards an understanding of this phenomenon. An analysis of youth migrating from the south demands a reformulation of some approaches to how this notion is constructed conceptually. In particular, it should be highlighted that most pieces of research assumed migrants as a homogeneous subject, endowed of course with the physical conditions to join a labor market outside their country. The assumption was that the majority of migrants were adults and «mature» youth, as occurred for many years during the migration experience in Mexico.
Reason and Critical Thinking
Authors: Weinstein Mark
Published: March 2017

Reason and Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking as Applied Epistemology: Relocating Critical Thinking in the Philosophical Landscape
Authors: Battersby Mark
Published: March 2017

Critical Thinking as Applied Epistemology: Relocating Critical Thinking in the Philosophical Landscape
Towards a Research Agenda for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking
Authors: Weinstein Mark
Published: March 2017

Towards a Research Agenda for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking
Argument. Appreciation! Argument-Criticism: The "Aesthetics" of Informal Logic
Authors: Rudinow Joel
Published: March 2017

What rational foundation underlies argument-critical judgements? What are the canons of argument criticism and how are they to be "justified"? This paper explores an analogy between art- and argument-criticism and argues that the analogy promises not only to illuminate the nature of argument criticism and capture the central goals of instruction in informal logic, but also to resolve fundamental problems at the foundations of normative theory of argument concerning the "justification" of standards of reasoning.
Introduction
Authors: Blair J. Anthony , Johnson Ralph H.
Published: March 2017

Introduction
The Dialectic of Second-Order Distinctions: The Structure of Arguments about Fallacies
Authors: Goodwin David
Published: March 2017

Arguments about fallacies generally attempt to distinguish real from apparent modes of argumentation and reasoning. To examine the structure of these arguments, this paper develops a
theory of dialectical distinction. First, it explores the connection between Nicholas Rescher's concept of distinction as a "dialectical countermove" and Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrecht-Tyteca's "dissociation of ideas." Next, it applies a theory of
distinction to Aristotle's extended arguments about fallacies in De Sophisticis Elenchis, primarily with a view to analyzing its underlying strategies of argumentation. Finally, it examines how second-order distinctions (those designed to challenge previously formulated distinctions) underpin current arguments against the Aristotelian or "Standard Treatment" of the fallacies.
Commitment, Types of Dialogue, and Fallacies
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

This paper, based on research in a forthcoming monograph, Commitment in Dialogue, undertaken jointly with Erik Krabbe, explains several informal fallacies as shifts from one type of dialogue to another. The normative framework is that of a dialogue where two parties reason together, incurring and retracting commitments to various propositions as the dialogue continues. The fallacies studied include the ad hominem, the slippery slope, and many questions.
Siegel on Competency Testing and Critical Thinking
Authors: Gracyk Theodore A.
Published: March 2017

Harvey Siegel argues that minimum competency testing (MCT) is incompatible with strong sense critical thinking. His arguments are reviewed and contrasted with positions held by John E. McPeck and Michael Scriven. Siegel's arguments seem directed against the prevailing form of MCT. However, alternative formats which allow for the aggregate and context-sensitive nature of critical thinking are not doomed to the arbitrariness Siegel finds. MCT may be a legitimate and useful means for furthering critical thinking as one of our educational ideals.
The Revival of Rhetoric, the New Rhetoric, and the Rhetorical Turn:
Some Distinctions
Authors: Parameshwar Gaonkar Dilip
Published: March 2017

Each of the three phrases-the revival of rhetoric, the new rhetoric, and the rhetorical turn-points to a rediscovery of rhetoric in contemporary thought. However, the scholarly work,
motivation and commitments associated with each phrase invokes and puts into playa different notion of rhetoric. In this paper, I explore those differences with a view to showing how the "rhetorical turn," unlike the "revival of rhetoric" and
the "new rhetoric," repositions rhetoric as a "metadiscipline." Thus, it signifies a radical shift in the self-understanding of rhetoric.
When Logic Meets Politics: Testimony, Distrust, and Rhetorical Disadvantage
Authors: Govier Trudy
Published: March 2017

The contested testimony in the Hill-Thomas ease is an illuminating test case for universalistic theories about the reliability of testimony. There is no reasonable alternative to universalistic standards of epistemic appraisal. And yet the charge by feminists and others that such criteria can be applied selectively and used to discredit and silence people is shown to be accurate. The road to a solution is to offer guidelines for the interpretation and application of these norms.
Two Empirical Approaches to the Study of Reasoning
Authors: Finocchiaro Maurice A.
Published: March 2017

David N. Perkins has studied everyday reasoning by an experimental-critical approach involving taped interviews during which subjects reflect on controversial issues and articulate their
reasoning on both sides. The present author has studied scientific reasoning in natural language by an historical-textual approach involving the reconstruction and evaluation of the arguments in Galileo's Two Chief World Systems. They have,
independently, reached the strikingly similar substantive conclusion that the most common flaw of informal reasoning is the failure to consider lines of argument supporting conclusions contrary to the one in fact reached. This article describes,
compares, and contrasts their respective approaches, results, and theoretical frameworks.
The Zen of Argument Analysis: Reflections on Informal Logic's Argument Evaluation Contest
Authors: Levi Don S.
Published: March 2017

An argumentative passage that might appear to be an instance of denying the antecedent will generally admit of an alternative interpretation, one on which the conditional contained by
the passage is a preface to the argument rather than a premise of it. On this interpretation. which generally is a more charitable one, the conditional plays a certain dialectical role and, in some cases, a rhetorical role as welL Assuming only a very weak principle of exigetical charity, I consider what it would take in a given case to justify accepting
the less charitable interpretation. I then present evidence that those conditions are seldom met. Indeed, I was unable to find a single published argument that can justifiably be charged with denying the antecedent.
Feminism, Argumentation and Coalescence
Authors: Gilbert Michael A.
Published: March 2017

This essay begins with a critique of the Critical-Logical model dominant in contemporary argumentation theory. The concerns raised stem primarily from considerations brought by several feminist thinkers including Carol Gilligan, Karen Warren, Deborah Tannen and, most especially, Andrea Nye. It is argued that, in light of these considerations, and concerns of essentialism or non-essentialism notwithstanding, that the Critical-Logical model is liable to dis-enfranchise a significant part of the population with regard to modes and styles of reasoning. The solution is found in coalescent reasoning, an approach to argumentation that focuses on finding agreement rather than emphasizing disagreement and criticism.
Are "Gap-Fillers" Missing Premisses?
Authors: Grennan Wayne
Published: March 2017

Identifying the missing or unstated premisses of arguments is important, because their logical quality depends on them. Textbook authors regard enthymematic syllogisms (e.g., "Elvis is a man, so Elvis is mortal") as having an unstated premiss - the major premiss (e.g., "All men are mortal"). They are said to be such because these syllogisms become formally valid when the major premiss is added (i.e., it is a gap-filler). I argue that unstated major premises are not gap-fillers: they support a part of the argument that is already given implicitly - the inference claim ("If the premisses are true then the conclusion is true"). As such, their logical status is the same as that of an unstated proposition that supports the minor premiss, which is not part of the argument. Therefore, the so-called "major premiss" is not an unstated premiss of the enthymeme.
Aristotelian Dialectic
Authors: Hamner Hill H. , Kagan Michael
Published: March 2017

"Aristotelian Dialectic" is a dialogue between two persons, T and Q, concerning Aristotle's views on the nature of dialectic and rhetoric and also on the role of dialectic and rhetoric in modern education. T advances two theses: that Aristotle views dialectic and rhetoric as intellectual martial arts. to be used to combat the sophists; and that these arts form the basis of Homeric education. T defends this view by examining what Aristotle has to say in the Topics, The Sophistical Refutations, The Posterior Analytics, and The Rhetoric. T also indicates a strong belief that these arts are as important for education today as they were in Aristotle's time. To drive home this point, T uses many of the techniques he ascribes to Aristotle on Q in the course of their discussion.
Slippery Slopes, Moral Slides and Human Nature
Authors: Colwell Gary
Published: March 2017

Causal slippery slope arguments with moral conclusions are sometimes stronger than we think. Their strength may be missed either by overlooking the problems of human nature which support the arguments or, upon seeing the problems, by underestimating their influence upon human behaviour. This article aims to correct the oversight and the misjudgement by looking in some detail at four interrelated problems of human nature which have a direct bearing upon moral causal slope arguments.
The Principle of Vulnerability
Authors: Johnson Ralph H.
Published: March 2017

This paper seeks to articulate and defend the principle that every argument is susceptible to criticism and hence the arguer must not seek to immunize the argument from criticism. Considerations both in support of, and opposed to, the principle are considered.
Knockdown Arguments
Authors: Wreen Michael
Published: March 2017

Two brainless curs, Alan Brinton and Douglas Walton, have recently had the impudence to suggest that several of my views on argumentum ad baculum are mistaken. While hardship and toil await them in this life and eternal damnation in the next, punishment begins with this paper. In it, I clarify my position, defend my views, and critique their arguments. Last, I argue ad baculum against both of them, threatening both with the loss of reputation, employment, and respect unless they repudiate every objection raised against me and publicly abase themselves.
A Feminist Defense of the Critical-Logical Model
Authors: Miller Kathleen
Published: March 2017

In his (1994) "Feminism, Argumentation, and Coalescence", Michael Gilbert argues that the "Critical Thinking Industry" is antagonistic to women. Because the critical-logical skills in which the industry deals tend to be gender-specific. its adoption as the dominant mode of discourse disenfranchises women, making its overhaul a moral imperative. Following a variety offeminist epistemologists. this conclusion is reached by confiating "critical reasoning" with "communicating about ideas," as though the two were inseparable. In this paper it is argued that the inclusion of feminist modes of communication and evaluating ideas are not at odds with the Critical-Logical model of reasoning. Rather, the very critical features embedded in the feminist approach would seem to represent the best means of arriving at the truth.
Fallacies in Transition: An Assessment of the Pragma-Dialectical Perspective
Authors: Tindale Christopher W.
Published: March 2017

The paper critically investigates the pragma-dialectics of van Eemeren and Grootendorst, particularly the treatment of fallacies. While the pragma-dialectieians claim that dialectics combines the logical and rhetorical approaches to argumentation, it is argued here that the perspective relies heavily on rhetorical features that have been suppressed in the account and that overlooking these features leads to significant problems in the pragma-dialectical perspective. In light of these problems, the author advocates turning attention to a rhetorical account which subsumes the logical and dialectical.
Rely to Professor Allen
Authors: Bowles George
Published: March 2017

I reply to three criticisms of my "Propositional Relevance" offered by Derek Allen, First, Professor Allen points out an inconsistency between my theory of relevance and my reply to an objection, I admit the error but add that it is remediable. Second, he argues that my theory of relevance is counterintuitive. I argue that it is not. And finally, he says that where I use phrases like 'p makes q certain,' I should
instead use phrases like 'p, if true, makes q certain.' I argue against this.
Logic, Art and Argument
Authors: Groarke Leo
Published: March 2017

Most infonnallogic texts and articles assume a verbal account of reasoning which defines "argument" as a set of sentences. The present paper broadens this definition in order to account for "visual arguments" which are communicated with nonverbal visual images. Standard approaches to verbal arguments are extended in a way that allows them to explain and evaluate visual argumentation.
The Argument of the Beard
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

The essence of the argument of the beard (so-called by some logic textbooks) is the tactic used by a respondent to reply to a proponent, "The criterion you used to define a key term in your argument is vague, therefore your use of this term in your argument is illegitimate, and your argument is refuted." This familiar kind of argument tactic is similar to the much more famous heap (sorites) argument of Eubulides, closely associated with the slippery slope argument. This article provides a system of classification for sorting out these three arguments, and related types of argument of interest in informal logic.
Necessary Assumptions
Authors: Plumer Gilbert
Published: March 2017

In Evaluating Critical Thinking Stephen Norris and Robert Ennis say: "Although it is tempting to think that certain [unstated] assumptions are logically necessary for an argument or position, they are not. So do not ask for them." Numerous introductory logic text authors and various highly visible standardized tests (e.g., the LSAT and GRE) presume that Norris and Ennis are wrong; the presumption is that many arguments have (unstated) necessary assumptions and readers and test takers can reasonably be expected to identify them. This paper proposes and defends criteria for determining necessary assumptions of arguments. Both theoretical and empirical considerations are brought to bear.
Three Misrepresentations of Logic
Authors: MacPherson Brian
Published: March 2017

Three misrepresentations of informal and formal logic by two feminist writers are discussed. Andrea Nye's criticism that the semantics for formal logic abstracts from context is a misrepresentation of formal logic because Nye ignores the development of intensional logics. Second, Nye's criticism that informaIlogicians ignore the origins of arguments is a misrepresentation of fallacy theory. Prominent writers in the field specifiy numerous cases where the origins of an argument are relevant to its evaluation. Third, Valerie Plumwood's criticism that negation in classical logic rests on an exclusivistic dualism that encourages the exclusion of women is shown to be false.
Informal Logic: An Overview
Authors: Blair J. Anthony , Johnson Ralph H.
Published: March 2017

In this overview article, we first explain what we take informal logic to be, discussing misconceptions and distinguishing our conception of it from competing ones; second, we briefly catalogue recent informal logic research, under 14 headings; third, we suggest four broad areas of problems and questions for future research; fourth, we describe current scholarly resources for informal logic; fifth, we discuss three implications of informal logic for philosophy in particular, and take note ofpractical consequences of a more general sort.
Informal Logic and its Implications for Philosophy
Authors: Maudet Nicolas , Fisher Alec
Published: March 2017

I take 'informal logic' to be the (descriptive and normative) study of 'real arguments'-arguments which are or have been used with the aim of convincing others of a point of view. I argue that the informal logic tradition thus conceived (i) lends strong support to something like Quine's view that our beliefs really support one another like the filaments in a spider's web--and thus that the traditional view that implication is an asymmetric relation is false; (ii) suggests that the classic division of arguments into deductive and inductive has distorted our thinking about the evaluation of real arguments; and (iii) implies that naturalised epistemology is on the right track.
The Place of Informal Logic in Philosophy
Authors: Freeman James B.
Published: March 2017

We argue that informal logic is epistemological. Two central questions concern premise acceptability and connection adequacy. Both may be explicated in tenns of justification, a central epistemological concept. That some premises are basic parallels a foundationalist account of basic beliefs and epistemic support. Some epistemological accounts of these concepts may advance the analysis of premise acceptability and connection adequacy. Infonnallogic has implications for other aspects of philosophy. If causal interpretations are acceptable premises and thus justified, does the world have a causal structure? If evaluative premises are acceptable, i.e., justified, is value an objective feature of the world?
Wigmore's Chart Method
Authors: Goodwin Jean
Published: March 2017

A generation before Beardsley, legal scholar John Henry Wigmore invented a scheme for representing arguments in a tree diagram, aimed to help advocates analyze the proof of facts at trial. In this essay, I describe Wigmore's "Chart Method" and trace its origin and influence. Wigmore, I argue, contributes to contemporary theory in two ways. His rhetorical approach to diagramming provides a novel perspective on problems about the theory of reasoning, premise adequacy, and dialectical obligations. Further, he advances a novel solution to the problem of assessing argument quality by representing the strength of argument in meeting objections.
Johnstone's View of Rhetorical and Dialectical Argument
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

In the writings of Henry W. Johnstone, Jr. there can be found an evolving and gradually more sophisticated discussion of the relationship between rhetorical and dialectical argument. Johnstone's view on these matters was highly original, and at odds with the prevailing logical empiricism of the time, much like Toulmin's views on argumentation in The Uses of Argument (1958). In view of the rising importance of the issue of the relationship between rhetoric and informal logic, Johnstone's analysis of the argumentum ad hominem, and its relationship to Hamblin's notion of commitment, is especially worth careful consideration.
Evaluating arguments and making meta-arguments
Authors: Cohen Daniel H.
Published: March 2017

This paper explores the outlines of a framework for evaluating arguments. Among the factors to take into account are the strength of the arguers' inferences, the level of their engagement with objections raised by other interlocutors, and their effectiveness in rationally persuading their target audiences. Some connections among these can be understood only in the context of meta-argumentation and meta-rationality. The Principle of Meta-Rationality (PMR)--that reasoning rationally includes reasoning about rationality-is used to explain why it can be rational to resist dialectically satisfying arguments or accept logically flawed ones.
Aspects of visual argument:
A study of the March of Progress
Authors: Shelley Cameron
Published: March 2017

The so-called March of Progress depicts human evolution as a linear progression from mohkey to man. Shelley (1996) analyzed this image as a visual argument proceeding through "rhetorical" and "demonstrative" modes of visual logic. In this paper, I confirm and extend this view of visual logic by examining variations of the original March image. These variations show that each mode of visual logic can be altered or
isolated in support of new conclusions. Furthermore, the March can be included in a visual "frame" to produce new arguments, much as a verbal argument can be made a component of a new and larger argument.
Abductive, presumptive and plausible arguments
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

Current practice in logic increasingly accords recognition to abductive, presumptive or plausible arguments, in addition to deductive and inductive arguments. But there is uncertainty about what these terms exactly mean, what the differences between them are (if any), and how they relate. By examining some analyses ofthese terms and some of the history of the subject (including the views of Peirce and Cameades), this paper sets out considerations leading to a set of definitions, discusses the relationship of these three forms of argument to argumentation schemes and sets out a new argumentation scheme for abductive argument.
Dialogue games as dialogue models for interacting with, and via, computers
Authors: Maudet Nicolas , Moore David
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some ways in which dialectical models can be put to computational use. In particular, we consider means of facilitating human-computer debate, means of catering for a wider range of dialogue types than purely debate and means of providing dialectical support for group dialogues. We also suggest how the computational use of dialectical theories may help to illuminate research issues in the field of dialectic itself.
Ambiguity in a Dialectical Perspective
Authors: Van Laar Jan Albert
Published: March 2017

The distinction between constitutive and regulative rules is applied to rules for critical discussion that have to do with the use of ambiguous expressions. This leads to a distinction between rule violating fallacies, by which one abandons a critical discussion, and norm violating fallacies, which are in a way admissible within a critical discussion. According to the formal model for critical discussion, proposed in this paper, fallacies of the norm violating type arc not prohibited. Instead, it provides discussants with devices to discuss fallacies and fallacy criticisms.
Are Some Modus Ponens Arguments Deductively Invalid?
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: March 2017

This article concerns the structure of defeasible arguments like: 'If Bob has red spots, Bob has the measles; Bob has red spots; therefore Bob has the measles.' The issue is whether such arguments have the form of modus ponens or not. Either way there is a problem. If they don't have the form of modus ponens, the common opinion to the contrary taught in leading logic textbooks is wrong. But if they do have the form of modus ponens, doubts are raised about the conventional dogma that all arguments having the form of modus ponens are deductively valid. By carefully examining arguments on both sides of the issue, reasonable doubts are raised about the view that all arguments having a modus ponens form are valid.
Dialogue Games in Multi-Agent Systems
Authors: McBurney Peter , Parsons Simon
Published: March 2017

Formal dialogue games have been studied in philosophy since at least the time of Aristotle. Recently they have been applied in various contexts in computer science and artificial intelligence, particularly as the basis for interaction between autonomous software agents. We review these applications and discuss the many open research questions and challenges at this exciting interface between philosophy and computer science.
Is Argument for Conservatives? or Where Do Sparkling New Ideas Come From?
Authors: Bailin Sharon
Published: March 2017

Rorty claims argument is inherently conservative and philosophical progress comes from "sparkling new ideas," not argument. This assumes an untenable opposition between the generation and the evaluation of ideas, with argument relegated
to evaluation. New ideas that contribute to progress arise from critical reflection on problems posed by the tradition, and constrained by the criteria governing evaluation. Thinking directed toward the criticism and evaluation of ideas or products is not algorithmic; it has a generative, creative component. An overall assessment in any complex circumstance requires constructing a new view from the questioning, weighing, rejecting, reconciling,
and integrating of numerous divergent points of view. Thus, the process of argumentation can issue in new ideas.
Predicaments of Communication, Argument, and Power: Towards a Critical Theory of Controversy
Authors: Goodnight G. Thomas
Published: March 2017

A critical theory of controversy would require the integration ofthe normative study of argumentation with critical studies of practices. Jiirgen Habermas has made a substantial contribution to such a project by embedding argumentation in a theory of communication, while critically engaging academic and public debates. This essay explicates core concepts in Habermas's theory of argumentation, including his distinction between theory and practice, the different validity requirements for argumentation in general, the norms of moral and ethical-political argumentation and of bargaining. Argument predicaments are posited as ways to discover and assess different types of validity
claims competing as "the force ofthe better argument". Habermas's criticism of "administrative power" and "communicative power" illustrates a potential yield of critical inquiry into social controversy.
Three Recalcitrant Problems of Argument Identification
Authors: Malone Michael E.
Published: March 2017

Logicians disagree on (1) criteria for the presence of an argument, (2) criteria for adding implicit premises and (3) criteria for linking premises. I attempt to resolve all three problems, and in the process to remove the main obstacles to teaching diagramming. The first problem is resolved by working with real discourse that students find on their own, rather than the artificial examples and problems found in logic texts; it is further reduced by examining the different uses of argument and understanding the extent to which the basic rules of diagramming are the same for the various uses. The other disagreements persist because logicians neglect to clarify the principal type of eakness we remedy by adding implicit premises and linking premises: in real discourse we do so to block substantive counterexamples, an idea correlated with that of substantive deduction, discussed by Govier, Wright and others.
Three Potential Problems for Powers' One-Fallacy Theory
Authors: Zuckero Matthew
Published: March 2017

Lawrence Powers advocates a one-fallacy theory in which the only real fallacies are fallacies of ambiguity. He defines a fallacy, in general, as a bad argument that appears good. He claims that the only legitimate way that an argument can appear valid, while being invalid, is when the invalid inference is covered by an ambiguity. Several different kinds of counterexamples have been offered from begging the question, to various forms of ad hominem fallacies. In this paper, I outline three potential counterexamples to Powers' theory, including one that has been addressed already by Powers, and two which are well known problems, but until now have never been applied as counterexamples to Powers' theory. I argue that there is a simpler explanation of these 'hard' cases than positing ambiguities that are not obviously there.
Applying Soundness Standards to Qualified Reasoning
Authors: Ennis Robert H.
Published: March 2017

Defining qualified reasoning as reasoning containing such loose qualifying words as 'probably,' 'usually,' 'probable, 'likely,' 'ceteris paribus,' and 'primafacie, Ennis argues that typical cases of qualified reasoning, though they might be good arguments, are deductively invalid, implying that such arguments fail soundness standards. He considers and rejects several possible alternative ways of viewing such cases, ending with a proposal for applying qualified soundness standards, which requires employment of sufficient background knowledge, sensitivity, experience and understanding of the situation. All of this takes place as part of the process, introduced elsewhere, of successively applying different legitimate sets of standards until one is found that is satisfied, or none is found, the latter calling for rejection of the argument, the former calling for its acceptance.
Bayesian Informal Logic and Fallacy
Authors: Korb Kevin
Published: March 2017

Bayesian reasoning has been applied formally to statistical inference, machine learning and analysing scientific method. Here I apply it informally to more common forms of inference, namely natural language arguments. I analyse a variety of traditional fallacies, deductive, inductive and causal, and find more merit in them than is generally acknowledged. Bayesian principles provide a framework for understanding ordinary arguments which is well worth developing.
Figures of Argument (OSSA 2005 Keynote Address)
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: March 2017

From the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, scientists such as Kekule, Mendel, Lavoisier and Harvey argued for insights that depended critically on antithetical expressions and reasoning. The heuristic and persuasive use of devices
like the antithesis has roots in the in combined grammatical, rhetorical and dialectical training established during the early modern educational reforms of the humanists. While the entire array of figures includes devices which inscribe all the rhetorical appeals, the set of devices derived from parallel phrasing illustrates how certain figures of speech express lines of reasoning iconically. But the continued use of such devices invites a general rationale for their persuasiveness based on the importance of pattern completion in language processing.