bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Williams’ inferential contextualism
Authors: Pavlicic Jelena
Published: January 2015

This paper is concerned with version of epistemic contextualism known as
inferential contextualism which cheif proponent is Michael Williams. The
general contextualist strategy attempts to interpret the cognitive claims as
expressing statements which meaning is sensitive to the context in which they
are uttered, which implies that the truth-value of these claims may differ
from context to context. Versions of epistemic contextualism that explain
context sensitivity of cognitive claims by referring to conversational
factors of the participants in the given conversational context are usually
called simple conversational contextualism. Williams accepts the basic
contextualists assumptions, but, in contrast to simple conversational
contextualists, insists that explanation of contextual sensitivity of
cognitive statements is to be found in differences (which are mainly the
differences in the methodological assumptions and inferential patterns)
between the thematic areas which are the subject of knowledge in different
contexts. We will try to show that Williams? contextualism, despite some
difficulties, does have certain advantages over the simple conversational
contextualism.
How (not) to be a fallibilist: Lottery paradox and two types of epistemic contextualism
Authors: Filipovic Nenad
Published: January 2015

There is one common thing among lotteries from all over the world: there is
small number of winning tickets and considerably bigger number of losing
tickets. Therefore, the probability that a ticket wins a lottery is quite
low, usually so low that we think that it is almost sure the ticket loses.
But, we would never say that we know that a ticket will lose, until we see
results of the lottery in, for example, some newspapers. And the probability
of newspapers making a mistake does not seem to affect our knowledge claims.
But why is that, since newspapers could make a mistake more often than a
ticket wins? This question presents trouble for fallibilism, which claim that
S could know that p, even when the probability that p is less than 1.
Contextualist theories give their typical brand of solution: we have a change
of context between the two cases, and in one case standard for knowledge
claims are higher than the standard in the other case. Because of that, one
can know that S lost the lottery when she reads it in newspapers. In this
paper, I will present analysis of the lottery paradox, and two types of
epistemic contexutalism: simple conversational contextualism and inferential
contextualism. I will also present two of the most popular solution based on
simple conversational contextualism, made by Lewis and Cohen. Finally, I will
introduce some problems for such solutions, and show that the problems could
solved if we apply strategy and explanation of inferential contextualism,
type of contextualism proposed by Michael Williams.
Preexisting Insulin Autoantibodies Predict Efficacy of Otelixizumab in Preserving Residual β-Cell Function in Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Demeester Simke , Keymeulen Bart , Kaufman Leonard , Van Dalem Annelien , Balti Eric V. , Van de Velde Ursule , Goubert Patrick , Verhaeghen Katrijn , Davidson Howard W. , Wenzlau Janet M. , Weets Ilse , Pipeleers Daniel G. , Gorus Frans K.
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE

Immune intervention trials in recent-onset type 1 diabetes would benefit from biomarkers associated with good therapeutic response. In the previously reported randomized placebo-controlled anti-CD3 study (otelixizumab; GlaxoSmithKline), we tested the hypothesis that specific diabetes autoantibodies might serve this purpose.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In the included patients (n = 40 otelixizumab, n = 40 placebo), β-cell function was assessed as area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide release during a hyperglycemic glucose clamp at baseline (median duration of insulin treatment: 6 days) and every 6 months until 18 months after randomization. (Auto)antibodies against insulin (I[A]A), GAD (GADA), IA-2 (IA-2A), and ZnT8 (ZnT8A) were determined on stored sera by liquid-phase radiobinding assay.

RESULTS

At baseline, only better preserved AUC C-peptide release and higher levels of IAA were associated with better preservation of β-cell function and lower insulin needs under anti-CD3 treatment. In multivariate analysis, IAA (P = 0.022) or the interaction of IAA and C-peptide (P = 0.013) independently predicted outcome together with treatment. During follow-up, good responders to anti-CD3 treatment (i.e., IAA+ participants with relatively preserved β-cell function [≥25% of healthy control subjects]) experienced a less pronounced insulin-induced rise in I(A)A and lower insulin needs. GADA, IA-2A, and ZnT8A levels were not influenced by anti-CD3 treatment, and their changes showed no relation to functional outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

There is important specificity of IAA among other diabetes autoantibodies to predict good therapeutic response of recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients to anti-CD3 treatment. If confirmed, future immune intervention trials in type 1 diabetes should consider both relatively preserved functional β-cell mass and presence of IAA as inclusion criteria.
Combination of Empagliflozin and Linagliptin as Second-Line Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin
Authors: DeFronzo Ralph A. , Lewin Andrew , Patel Sanjay , Liu Dacheng , Kaste Renee , Woerle Hans J. , Broedl Uli C.
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combinations of empagliflozin/linagliptin as second-line therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Subjects were randomized to a combination of empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg (n = 137), empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg (n = 136), empagliflozin 25 mg (n = 141), empagliflozin 10 mg (n = 140), or linagliptin 5 mg (n = 132) as add-on to metformin for 52 weeks. The primary end point was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24.

RESULTS

At week 24, reductions in HbA1c (mean baseline 7.90–8.02% [62.8–64.1 mmol/mol]) with empagliflozin/linagliptin were superior to those with empagliflozin or linagliptin alone as add-on to metformin; adjusted mean (SE) changes from baseline were −1.19% (0.06) (−13.1 mmol/mol [0.7]) with empagliflozin 25 mg/linagliptin 5 mg, −1.08% (0.06) (−11.8 mmol/mol [0.7]) with empagliflozin 10 mg/linagliptin 5 mg, −0.62% (0.06) (−6.8 mmol/mol [0.7]) with empagliflozin 25 mg, −0.66% (0.06) (−7.2 mmol/mol [0.7]) with empagliflozin 10 mg, and −0.70% (0.06) (−7.6 mmol/mol [0.7]) with linagliptin 5 mg (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). In these groups, respectively, 61.8, 57.8, 32.6, 28.0, and 36.1% of subjects with baseline HbA1c ≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol) had HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol) at week 24. Efficacy was maintained at week 52. The proportion of subjects with adverse events (AEs) over 52 weeks was similar across treatment arms (68.6–73.0%), with no hypoglycemic AEs requiring assistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Combinations of empagliflozin/linagliptin as second-line therapy for 52 weeks significantly reduced HbA1c compared with the individual components and were well tolerated.
Climate of submontane location Stará Lesná (1988–2013)
Authors: Bíčárová Svetlana , Mačutek Jozef , Bilčík Dušan
Published: January 2015

This paper focuses on evaluation of climatic data obtained at Meteorological Observatory GPI SAS Stará Lesná according to the classical daily observations carried out for period 1988-2013. Location is situated at the foothills of the High Tatra Mts. and represents submontane climate zone favourable for temperate coniferous and mixed forest vegetation. According to observations climate of Star´a Lesná is characterized by average annual air temperature 5.9 °C that seasonally varies from -3.5 °C (DJF) to 15.2 °C (JJA). Air-temperature extremes range between -26.5 and 34.2 °C. Daily air temperature maxima and derived indices such as the number of summer days indicate moderate warming during last decade. Growing season length is about 195 days. Average annual precipitation is 744 mm, seasonal comparison shows nearly twice more precipitation amount in summer than winter half year. Snow depth is 35 cm on average, extraordinary over 50 cm. Relative air humidity is about 78%. Wet periods lasted from 5 to 13 consecutive wet days; substantially longer are dry periods from 14 to 39 days. Average sunshine duration is 1806 hours per year. The number of sunny days is clearly lower than the number of cloudy days. Surface air pressure 920.4 hPa relates to altitudinal position of site. Wind blows mostly from the more open southern side. Although average wind speed is rather low (2.1 m/s), occurrence of strong wind gusts above 40 m/s can cause such a spatial destruction of natural environment as in November 2004
Multi-temporal analysis of vegetation reflectance using MERIS data in the Czech Republic
Authors: Štych Přemysl , Malíková Lucie , Kříž Jan , Holman Lukáš
Published: January 2015

Accurate high temporal resolution data is a very important source of information for understanding processes in the landscape. High temporal and spectral resolution data enable the monitoring of dynamic landscape processes. For this reason, since 2008 a receiving station for Metosat, NOAA and Envisat data has been installed at the Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague. The aim of this study is to analyse the spectral characteristics of vegetation using MERIS data in the Czech Republic. Spectral characteristics of vegetation were examined both by analysing changes in reflectivity as well as by utilising vegetation indices. Vegetation in forests and agricultural land was evaluated. The results present the spectral characteristics of selected associations of vegetation based on MERIS data and a discussion of the methods of multitemporal classification of land cover.
Curcumin Stimulates the Antioxidant Mechanisms in Mouse Skin Exposed to Fractionated γ-Irradiation
Authors: Jagetia Ganesh , Rajanikant Golgod
Published: January 2015

Fractionated irradiation is one of the important radiotherapy regimens to treat different types of neoplasia. Despite of the immense therapeutic gains accrued by delivering fractionated irradiation to tumors, the radiation burden on skin increases significantly. Low doses of irradiation to skin adversely affect its molecular and metabolic status. The use of antioxidant/s may help to alleviate the radiation-induced changes in the skin and allow delivering a higher dose of radiation to attain better therapeutic gains. Curcumin is an antioxidant and a free radical scavenging dietary supplement, commonly used as a flavoring agent in curries. Therefore, the effect of 100 mg/kg body weight curcumin was studied on the antioxidant status of mice skin exposed to a total dose of 10, 20 and 40 Gy γ-radiation below the rib cage delivered as a single fraction of 2 Gy per day for 5, 10 or 20 days. Skin biopsies from both the curcumin treated or untreated irradiated groups were collected for the biochemical estimations at various post-irradiation times. The irradiation of animals caused a dose dependent decline in the glutathione concentration, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and increased the lipid peroxidation in the irradiated skin. Curcumin treatment before irradiation resulted in a significant rise in the glutathione concentration and activities of both the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in mouse skin, whereas lipid peroxidation declined significantly. The present study indicates that curcumin treatment increased the antioxidant status of mouse exposed to different doses of fractionated γ-radiation.
Motion Planning of Autonomous Vehicles on a Dual Carriageway without Speed Lanes
Authors: Kala Rahul , Warwick Kevin
Published: January 2015

The problem of motion planning of an autonomous vehicle amidst other vehicles on a straight road is considered. Traffic in a number of countries is unorganized, where the vehicles do not move within predefined speed lanes. In this paper, we formulate a mechanism wherein an autonomous vehicle may travel on the “wrong” side in order to overtake a vehicle. Challenges include assessing a possible overtaking opportunity, cooperating with other vehicles, partial driving on the “wrong” side of the road and safely going to and returning from the “wrong” side. The experimental results presented show vehicles cooperating to accomplish overtaking manoeuvres.
Development of a Photosynthetic Microbial Electrochemical Cell (PMEC) Reactor Coupled with Dark Fermentation of Organic Wastes: Medium Term Perspectives
Authors: Bensaid Samir , Ruggeri Bernardo , Saracco Guido
Published: January 2015

In this article the concept, the materials and the exploitation potential of a photosynthetic microbial electrochemical cell for the production of hydrogen driven by solar power are investigated. In a photosynthetic microbial electrochemical cell, which is based on photosynthetic microorganisms confined to an anode and heterotrophic bacteria confined to a cathode, water is split by bacteria hosted in the anode bioactive film. The generated electrons are conveyed through external “bio-appendages” developed by the bacteria to transparent nano-pillars made of indium tin oxide (ITO), Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or other conducting materials, and then transferred to the cathode. On the other hand, the generated protons diffuse to the cathode via a polymer electrolyte membrane, where they are reduced by the electrons by heterotrophic bacteria growing attached to a similar pillared structure as that envisaged for the anode and supplemented with a specific low cost substrate (e.g., organic waste, anaerobic digestion outlet). The generated oxygen is released to the atmosphere or stored, while the produced pure hydrogen leaves the electrode through the porous layers. In addition, the integration of the photosynthetic microbial electrochemical cell system with dark fermentation as acidogenic step of anaerobic digester, which is able to produce additional H2, and the use of microbial fuel cell, feed with the residues of dark fermentation (mainly volatile fatty acids), to produce the necessary extra-bias for the photosynthetic microbial electrochemical cell is here analyzed to reveal the potential benefits to this novel integrated technology.
Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Potential: Simulation of Lab and Industrial-Scale Processes
Authors: Hamawand Ihsan , Baillie Craig
Published: January 2015

In this study, a simulation was carried out using BioWin 3.1 to test the capability of the software to predict the biogas potential for two different anaerobic systems. The two scenarios included: (1) a laboratory-scale batch reactor; and (2) an industrial-scale anaerobic continuous lagoon digester. The measured data related to the operating conditions, the reactor design parameters and the chemical properties of influent wastewater were entered into BioWin. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the sensitivity of the most important default parameters in the software’s models. BioWin was then calibrated by matching the predicted data with measured data and used to simulate other parameters that were unmeasured or deemed uncertain. In addition, statistical analyses were carried out using evaluation indices, such as the coefficient of determination (R-squared), the correlation coefficient (r) and its significance (p-value), the general standard deviation (SD) and the Willmott index of agreement, to evaluate the agreement between the software prediction and the measured data. The results have shown that after calibration, BioWin can be used reliably to simulate both small-scale batch reactors and industrial-scale digesters with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of less than 10% and very good values of the indexes. Furthermore, by changing the default parameters in BioWin, which is a way of calibrating the models in the software, as well, this may provide information about the performance of the digester. Furthermore, the results of this study showed there may be an over estimation for biogas generated from industrial-scale digesters. More sophisticated analytical devices may be required for reliable measurements of biogas quality and quantity.
Reducing Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure of Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Class-Based Health Education and Smoking Cessation Counseling for Caregivers
Authors: Wang Yun , Huang Zhiqiang , Yang Mei , Wang Fuzhi , Xiao Shuiyuan
Published: January 2015

Objectives: To assess counseling to caregivers and classroom health education interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure of children aged 5–6 years in China. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial in two preschools in Changsha, China, 65 children aged 5–6 years old and their smoker caregivers (65) were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 33) and control (no intervention) groups (n = 32). In the intervention group, caregivers received self-help materials and smoking cessation counseling from a trained counselor, while their children were given classroom-based participatory health education. Children’s urinary cotinine level and the point prevalence of caregiver quitting were measured at baseline and after 6 months. Results: At the 6-month follow-up, children’s urinary cotinine was significantly lower (Z = –3.136; p = 0.002) and caregivers’ 7-day quit rate was significantly higher (34.4% versus 0%) (p < 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02–1.26) in the intervention than control group. Conclusions: Helping caregivers quitting smoke combined with classroom-based health education was effective in reducing children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Larger-scale trials are warranted.
Substance Use, Mental Disorders and Physical Health of Caribbeans at-Home Compared to Those Residing in the United States
Authors: Lacey Krim , Sears Karen , Govia Ishtar , Forsythe-Brown Ivy , Matusko Niki , Jackson James
Published: January 2015

This study compares the health conditions of domestic Caribbeans with those living in the United States to explore how national context and migration experiences might influence substance use (i.e., alcohol or drug) and other mental and physical health conditions. The study is based upon probability samples of non-institutionalized Caribbeans living in the United States (1621), Jamaica (1216) and Guyana (2068) 18 years of age and over. Employing descriptive statistics and multivariate analytic procedures, the results revealed that substance use and other physical health conditions and major depressive disorder and mania vary by national context, with higher rates among Caribbeans living in the United States. Context and generation status influenced health outcomes. Among first generation black Caribbeans, residing in the United States for a longer length of time is linked to poorer health outcomes. There were different socio-demographic correlates of health among at-home and abroad Caribbeans. The results of this study support the need for additional research to explain how national context, migratory experiences and generation status contribute to understanding substance use and mental disorders and physical health outcomes among Caribbean first generation and descendants within the United States, compared to those remaining in the Caribbean region.
The Effect of PM10 on Allergy Symptoms in Allergic Rhinitis Patients During Spring Season
Authors: Kang Il , Ju Youn , Jung Joo , Ko Kwang , Oh Dae , Kim Jeong , Lim Dae , Kim Young , Jang Tae , Kim Seon
Published: January 2015

Background: Asian sand dust (ASD) that originates in the Mongolian Desert in the spring induces serious respiratory health problems throughout East Asia (China, Korea, Japan). PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) is a major air pollutant component in ASD. We studied the effects of PM10 on allergy symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis during the spring season, when ASD frequently develops. Methods: We investigated the changes in allergic symptoms in 108 allergic patients and 47 healthy subjects by comparing their 120-day symptom scores from February to May 2012. At the same time, the contributions of pollen count and PM10 concentration were also assessed. We also compared symptom scores before and 2 days after the daily PM10 concentration was >100 μg/m3. Results: The PM10 concentration during the 120 days was <150 μg/m3. No significant correlations were observed between changes in the PM10 concentration and allergic symptom scores (p > 0.05). However, allergic symptoms were significantly correlated with outdoor activity time (p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that a PM10 concentration <150 μg/m3 did not influence allergy symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis during the 2012 ASD season.
Visual Overlay on OpenStreetMap Data to Support Spatial Exploration of Urban Environments
Authors: Kumar Chandan , Heuten Wilko , Boll Susanne
Published: January 2015

Increasing volumes of spatial data about urban areas are captured and made available via volunteered geographic information (VGI) sources, such as OpenStreetMap (OSM). Hence, new opportunities arise for regional exploration that can lead to improvements in the lives of citizens through spatial decision support. We believe that the VGI data of the urban environment could be used to present a constructive overview of the regional infrastructure with the advent of web technologies. Current location-based services provide general map-based information for the end users with conventional local search functionality, and hence, the presentation of the rich urban information is limited. In this work, we analyze the OSM data to classify the geo entities into consequential categories with facilities, landscape and land use distribution. We employ a visual overlay of heat map and interactive visualizations to present the regional characterization on OSM data classification. In the proposed interface, users are allowed to express a variety of spatial queries to exemplify their geographic interests. They can compare the characterization of urban areas with respect to multiple spatial dimensions of interest and can search for the most suitable region. The search experience is further enhanced via efficient optimization and interaction methods to support the decision making of end users. We report the end user acceptability and efficiency of the proposed system via usability studies and performance analysis comparison.
The Potential of Minor Ginsenosides Isolated from the Leaves of Panax ginseng as Inhibitors of Melanogenesis
Authors: Lee Dae-Young , Cha Byeong-Ju , Lee Young-Seob , Kim Geum-Soog , Noh Hyung-Jun , Kim Seung-Yu , Kang Hee , Kim Jin , Baek Nam-In
Published: January 2015

Three minor ginsenosides, namely, ginsenoside Rh6 (1), vina-ginsenoside R4 (2) and vina-ginsenoside R13 (3), were isolated from the leaves of hydroponic Panax ginseng. The chemical structures were determined based on spectroscopic methods, including fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS), 1D-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 2D-NMR, and, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The melanogenic inhibitory activity of compounds 1, 2 and 3 was 23.9%, 27.8% and 35.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 80 µM. Likewise, the three compounds showed inhibitory activity on body pigmentation on a zebrafish model, which is commonly used as a model for biomedical or cosmetic research. These results from in vitro and in vivo systems suggest that the three aforementioned compounds isolated from Panax ginseng may have potential as new skin whitening compounds.
Apigenin-7-Glycoside Prevents LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Downregulation of Oxidative Enzyme Expression and Protein Activation through Inhibition of MAPK Phosphorylation
Authors: Li Kun-Cheng , Ho Yu-Ling , Hsieh Wen-Tsong , Huang Shyh-Shyun , Chang Yuan-Shiun , Huang Guan-Jhong
Published: January 2015

Apigenin-7-glycoside (AP7Glu) with multiple biological activities is a flavonoid that is currently prescribed to treat inflammatory diseases such as upper respiratory infections. Recently, several studies have shown that its anti-inflammatory activities have been strongly linked to the inhibition of secretion of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced through phosphorylation nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. Additionally, inflammation, which can decrease the activities of antioxidative enzymes (AOEs) is also observed in these studies. At the same time, flavonoids are reported to promote the activities of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) decreased by LPS. The purpose of this study was to assess these theories in a series of experiments on the suppressive effects of AP7Glu based on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and acute lung injury in mice in vivo. After six hours of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, pulmonary pathological, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, total polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) cells, cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and AOEs, are all affected and changed. Meanwhile, our data revealed that AP7Glu not only did significantly inhibit the LPS-enhanced inflammatory activity in lung, but also exhibited anti-inflammatory effect through the MAPK and inhibitor NF-κB (IκB) pathways.
Physico-Mathematical Simulation of a Homogeneous Thermal Field of Multichannel Raster Matrixes for Sensors of Oxygen
Authors: Kotovskyi Vitalij , Dzhezherya Yurii , Dovzhenko Aleksandr , Višniakov Nikolaj , Šešok Andžela
Published: January 2015

In the paper, an opportunity for the development of multichannel transcutaneous raster matrixes for sensors of oxygen on the basis of an electrochemical cell sensor is described. An analysis of the influence of heat sources on the distribution of the temperature pattern of a raster matrix for sensors of oxygen had been carried out, and their optimum configuration had been found. The application of such matrixes will enable one to obtain information about the distribution of the partial pressure of oxygen from the skin cover of the object of research in dynamics, to assess its functional health pattern in a more comprehensive way and to control the effect of possible remedial actions.
Increased Circulating Levels of Vitamin D Binding Protein in MS Patients
Authors: Rinaldi Arturo , Sanseverino Isabella , Purificato Cristina , Cortese Antonio , Mechelli Rosella , Francisci Silvia , Salvetti Marco , Millefiorini Enrico , Gessani Sandra , Gauzzi Maria
Published: January 2015

Vitamin D (vitD) low status is currently considered a main environmental factor in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology and pathogenesis. VitD and its metabolites are highly hydrophobic and circulate mostly bound to the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and with lower affinity to albumin, while less than 1% are in a free form. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the circulating levels of either of the two vitD plasma carriers and/or their relationship are altered in MS. We measured DBP and albumin plasma levels in 28 MS patients and 24 healthy controls. MS patients were found to have higher DBP levels than healthy subjects. Concomitant interferon beta therapy did not influence DBP concentration, and the difference with the control group was significant in both females and males. No significant correlation between DBP and albumin levels was observed either in healthy controls or in patients. These observations suggest the involvement of DBP in the patho-physiology of MS.
Continued Maturation of the Click-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response in Preschoolers
Authors: Spitzer Emily , White-Schwoch Travis , Carr Kali Woodruff , Skoe Erika , Kraus Nina
Published: January 2015

Background:Click-evoked auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) are a valuable tool for probing auditory system function and development. Although it has long been thought that the human auditory brainstem is fully mature by age 2 yr, recent evidence indicates a prolonged developmental
trajectory.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the time course of ABR maturation in a preschool population and fill a gap in the knowledge of development.Research Design:Using a cross-sectional design, we investigated the effect of age on absolute latencies, interwave
latencies, and amplitudes (waves I, III, V) of the click-evoked ABR.Study Sample:A total of 71 preschoolers (ages 3.12‐4.99 yr) participated in the study. All had normal peripheral auditory function and IQ.Data Collection and Analysis:ABRs to a rarefaction click stimulus
presented at 31/sec and 80 dB SPL (73 dB nHL) were recorded monaurally using clinically-standard recording and filtering procedures while the participant sat watching a movie. Absolute latencies, interwave latencies, and amplitudes were then correlated to age.Results:Developmental changes
were restricted to absolute latencies. Wave V latency decreased significantly with age, whereas wave I and III latencies remained stable, even in this restricted age range.Conclusions:The ABR does not remain static after age 2 yr, as seen by a systematic decrease in wave V latency between
ages 3 and 5 yr. This finding suggests that the human brainstem has a continued developmental time course during the preschool years. Latency changes in the age 3‐5 yr range should be considered when using ABRs as a metric of hearing health.
Effects of Coordinated Compression and Pinna Compensation Features on Horizontal Localization Performance in Hearing Aid Users
Authors: Korhonen Petri , Lau Chi , Kuk Francis , Keenan Denise , Schumacher Jennifer
Published: January 2015

Background:Hearing-impaired listeners localize sounds better unaided than aided. Wide dynamic range compression circuits operating independently at each ear in bilateral fittings, and microphone positions of different hearing aid styles, have been cited as a reason. Two hearing
aid features, inter-ear coordinated compression (IE) and pinna compensation (PC), were developed to mitigate the compromised aided localization performance.Purpose:This study examined the effect of IE and PC on aided localization performance in the horizontal plane with hearing-impaired
listeners.Research Design:A single-blind, repeated-measures design was used.Study Sample:A total of 10 experienced hearing aid users with bilaterally symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss who had previously participated in localization training were evaluated.Data Collection
and Analysis:Localization performance was measured using 12 loudspeakers spaced 30° apart on the horizontal plane. Aided performance was evaluated using a behind-the-ear hearing aid at four settings: omnidirectional microphone (Omni), Omni microphone with the PC feature, Omni microphone
with IE, and Omni microphone with the PC feature and IE together. In addition, unaided localization performance was measured.Results:Significant improvement in the localization accuracy was measured for sounds arriving from the back when comparing the PC with the Omni conditions. The
use of IE reduced the magnitude of errors for some listeners for sounds originating from ±90°. The average reduction in the errors was 7.3°.Conclusions:This study confirmed that the use of the PC feature improved localization for sounds arriving from behind the listener.
The use of IE may improve localization for some listeners for sounds arriving from the sides.
Employee Reviews on Company Independent Sites and its Impact on Organizational Attractiveness: Role of Information Realism, Person – Environment Fit and Source Credibility Framework
Authors: Kaur Tavleen , Dubey Ritesh
Published: January 2015

Extant literature on recruitment has focused on the traditional sources of recruitment like company brochures, career fairs, and impact of such sources on intent to join the organization, productivity and turnover intention. The influence of recruitment related information on pre hire outcomes is still scarce and inconclusive. With the advent of technology and access to Internet, company websites have become an important source of recruitment. Apart from company websites, job seekers are now using company independent websites, forums or online communities to gather a more truthful picture and information about the job and organizational attributes. Social media too has become increasingly important medium where the current employees’ share how it is to work with the organization However research on web based recruitment is limited to company websites. Despite the widespread growth and practical use of these new and innovative media very little is known about how these independent sites influence recruitment pre hire outcomes. In this direction the proposed study presents a conceptual framework about how job seekers perceive company independent websites as a tool for providing recruitment communication and their impact on organizational attractiveness using Information Realism, Person-Environment fit framework, Source Credibility framework.
The Research of the Causal Relationship Between Unemployment and Emigration in Lithuania
Authors: Dudzevičiūtė Gitana , Čekanauskas Justinas
Published: January 2015

This paper aims to investigate the causal relationship between unemployment and emigration in Lithuania using Granger – causality test. The research is based on annual data spanning the period of 2004–2012. The investigation encompasses two steps. Firstly, the authors have analyzed the Lithuanian position regarding relationship between unemployment rate and emigration in the context of the European Union countries; secondly, the causality between unemployment and emigration has been determined in the case of Lithuania. On the basis of the European Union countries statistical data, results of the research have revealed a weak correlation between unemployment rate and emigration. On the contrary, evidence has suggested the existence of a strong relationship between unemployment and emigration in Lithuania. Results of the Granger – causality test have showed that unemployment impacts on emigration in Lithuania.
Transformaciones arquitectónicas y urbanas en la ciudad de Santiago de Compostela: el triunfo del gusto ecléctico y los criterios higienistas (1868-1931)
Authors: Moure Pazos Iván
Published: January 2015

El presente artículo, trata de ser un fresco de las principales intervenciones urbanas y arquitectónicas surgidas en el llamado Santiago fin de siglo. El imperante gusto ecléctico, así como los nuevos criterios de salubridad, modificarán gran parte de la Compostela intra y extramuros con un claro fin: la creación de nuevos espacios de oxigenación, y la expansión urbana de los límites periféricos. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo importantes empresas arquitectónicas —no siempre respetuosas con su pasado medieval y barroco— que contribuyeron, de manera definitiva, a la imagen urbana de la Compostela contemporánea tal y como hoy la conocemos.

[gl] O presente artigo, pretende ser unha escolma das principais intervencións urbanas e arquitectónicas xurdidas no chamado Santiago fin de século. O imperante gusto ecléctico, así como os novos criterios de salubridade, modificarán gran parte da Compostela intrae extras muros cun claro fin: a creación de novos espazos de osixenación, e a expansión urbana dos límites periféricos. Para iso, leváronse a cabo importantes empresas arquitectónicas —non sempre respetuosas co seu pasado medieval e barroco— que contribuíron, de xeito definitivo, á imaxe urbana da Compostela contemporánea tal e como hoxe a coñecemos.
Dark, bloody and savage: Twentieth-century European violence and its narratives
Authors: Rodrigo Javier
Published: January 2015

This paper looks at major European twentieth-century narratives and interpretations that have seen it as an age of violence, terror and genocide. Using examples from historiographical debate and the analysis of specific historical processes (including the debates on genocide, concentrationary systems, civil wars and the Holocaust), it addresses both the characteristics of those narratives and some of their limitations and conceptual edges. Finally, the conceptual proposal put forward seeks to analyze, through historical contingency, continuities and discontinuities in the history of European collective violence.
Dictatorship and revolution: Socio-political reconstructions of collective memory in post-authoritarian Portugal
Authors: Loff Manuel
Published: January 2015

This article inserts itself into larger discussions regarding post-dictatorship memory politics in Portugal and comparative studies of similar histories of violence in Europe, particularly examinations of National-Socialism, Nazism and the Holocaust, as well as comparative studies of twentieth-century fascist dictatorships in the Iberian peninsula. In spite of the revolutionary, radical nature of the Portuguese democratisation process, studies conducted during the last four decades on the social and political (re)constructions of memory regarding the Portuguese dictatorship (1926-1974) have demonstrated that state policies regarding the past have depicted the dictatorship as one that is very similar to events in countries where the process of democratic transition was actually quite different from that of Portugal. Right-wing groups and those who self-describe as “victims” of processes of decolonisation that occurred between 1974 and 1975 have established a pattern of public debate that leaves no room for discussing the dictatorship without also referring to the 1974-1975 Revolution. This mode of debate seems to suggest that these two periods of history are indicative of a global regime phenomenon and that both the processes of decolonisation and revolution affected Portuguese society in similar ways. This paper attempts to complicate these narratives in order to question the democratic forms that emerged after the Revolution and to compare it to Salazar’s dictatorial regime.
Consumer Information Systems as Services
Authors: Tuunanen Tuure , Gardner Lesley , Bastek Martin
Published: January 2015

Consumer Information Systems (CIS) are a new type of Information System that provides services to consumers, such as Internet-based television, instead of addressing users in traditional organizational settings. Services typically involve a trade-off between achieving high service productivity and quality. The use of service mass customization to successfully address these issues of both productivity and quality in a service context is proposed. The authors suggest that the development of Consumer Information Systems as Services (CISaS) may achieve such service mass customization. This chapter presents a conceptual framework and investigates how it applies to an emerging field of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)/Internet TV systems.
Teaching Mathematics with Tablet PCs
Authors: Meletiou-Mavrotheris Maria , Mavrou Katerina , Stylianou George , Mavromoustakos Stephanos , Christou George
Published: January 2015

Declining interest in mathematics and the need to raise the educational standards of youth in this discipline set a critical agenda for the revision of pedagogical practices. Tablet PCs and other mobile devices hold a lot of promise as tools for improving education at all levels. The research discussed in this chapter comes from an ongoing, multifaceted program designed to explore the potential of tablet technologies for enhancing mathematics teaching and learning at the primary school level. The program is taking place within a private primary school in Cyprus and aims at the effective integration of one-to-one tablet technologies (iPads) into the mathematics school curriculum. It has adopted a systemic approach to the introduction of iPads in the school setting that focuses on the broad preparation and on-going engagement of all key stakeholders involved in the educational process. In the chapter, the authors report on the main experiences gained from Phase 1 of the program, which involved the design and organization of a professional development workshop targeting the school teachers. The authors describe the content and structure of the workshop and discuss its impact on teachers' knowledge, skills, and confidence in incorporating tablet technologies within the mathematics curriculum.
Designing and Teaching an Online Elementary Mathematics Methods Course
Authors: Polly Drew
Published: January 2015

This chapter discusses a longitudinal examination of a mathematics methods course for teacher candidates taught in hybrid and a 100% asynchronous online format. Using Guskey's (2000) framework for evaluating learning experiences for teachers, thematic analysis was conducted on teacher candidates' course feedback and two major course assignments. Data analysis indicated that teacher participants valued the amount of support provided by the instructor and communication with classmates, had mixed comments about having to take ownership of their learning, and disliked the amount of work in the course. Participants' work samples reflected the application of emphasized pedagogies in lesson plans and course projects, and participants also positively impacted student learning during their clinical project. Implications for future courses as well as the examination of online methods courses are shared.
Teaching a Socially Controversial Scientific Subject
Authors: Deniz Hasan
Published: January 2015

This chapter explores teachers' and students' acceptance and understanding of evolutionary theory by using conceptual ecology (Toulmin, 1972) as a theoretical lens. Demastes, Good, and Peebles (1995) describe the conceptual ecology for evolutionary theory. Acceptance of evolutionary theory is part of this conceptual ecology, and this conceptual ecology also contains the following five components: (1) prior conceptions related to evolution (understanding of evolutionary theory); (2) scientific orientation (degree to which the learner organizes his/her life around scientific activities); (3) view of the nature of science; (4) view of the biological world in competitive and causal terms as opposed to aesthetic terms; and (5) religious orientation. A complex web of connections among components of conceptual ecology for evolutionary theory influences one's acceptance and understanding of evolutionary theory. Therefore, studying the relationship between acceptance and understanding of evolutionary theory as a part of the conceptual ecology for evolutionary theory is more promising than studying acceptance of evolutionary theory in isolation. Moreover, studying acceptance of evolutionary theory as an integral part of the conceptual ecology may enable us to explain why some teachers and students show a high degree of acceptance and others show a low degree of acceptance.
Effects of Implementing STEM-I Project-Based Learning Activities for Female High School Students
Authors: Lou Shi-Jer , Tsai Huei-Yin , Tseng Kuo-Hung , Shih Ru-Chu
Published: January 2015

This study aims to explore the application of STEM-I (STEM-Imagination) project-based learning activities and its effects on the effectiveness, processes, and characteristics of STEM integrative knowledge learning and imagination development for female high school students. A total of 72 female high school students were divided into 18 teams. Students were provided with a place to discuss, share, and integrate learning activities. A questionnaire and focus group interviews were conducted for data collection. The results show that STEM-I project-based learning activities can promote the development of diverse abilities and effectively expand STEM knowledge integration and learning for female high school students as well as enhance their imagination in the project-based activities. Additionally, the STEM-I instructional model with the process of initiation, development, expression, alternative, and links (IDEAL) is confirmed. Finally, some suggestions are proposed for future studies on STEM education and imagination integrative instruction.
Opening Both Eyes
Authors: Clary Renee M. , Wandersee James H.
Published: January 2015

The focus of this chapter is an exploration of integrated geology and biology learning—from past to present. The chapter explains why active and integrated geological and biological learning became the lodestar of the authors' decade-long EarthScholars Research Group's research program. The authors argue that using an active and integrated geobiological pedagogical approach when teaching geology or biology provides natural opportunities for students to learn and do authentic scientific inquiry in a manner similar to how contemporary scientists conduct their work. The authors further review research that concerns the active, integrated geobiological science learning approach—in middle school, secondary, and college classrooms, laboratories, and field studies. The authors favor a gradual course transition to this pedagogy, while highlighting the advantages of adopting such an approach—both for teachers and students. Finally, the authors conclude the chapter with challenges and future directions in the design of active, integrated geobiological science learning environments.
Thermal Performance and Temperature Resistance of Straw-Geopolymer Composites
Authors: Jin Man Tong , Liao Meng Yun , Chen Liang , Jin Zan Fang
Published: January 2015

This paper investigates the influence of high temperature on geopolymer reinforced by straw fibers from 25°C to 800 °C with a duration of 0 min, 30 min and 60 min, respectively. The effect of straw fiber content on the thermal properties and compressive strength have also been explored. It is found that the optimum range of straw fiber came to be 2-4 % with both excellent thermal insulation properties and a comparable compressive strength. The mechanical strength of the geopolymer with 3% straw fiber subjected to elevated temperatures show that the geopolymer composites possess significantly higher strength and better temperature resistance than the conventional thermal insulation materials. When exposure to 300 °C for 60 min, the specimen gives a satisfied result of 42.08 MPa. And the compressive strength drop is almost under 50% after exposure to 400 °C for 60 min. Thermal analysis is employed to explore the temperature damage.
Simulation-Based Engineering Science Challenges of the 21st Century
Authors: Stojek Małgorzata , Pietraszek Jacek
Published: January 2015

Since “Seldom have so many independent studies been in such agreement: simulation is a key element for achieving progress in engineering and science” [National Science Foundation (NSF) Blue Ribbon Panel Report on Simulation-Based Engineering Science: Revolutionizing Engineering Science through Simulation (NSF Press, May 2006)], we attempt to outline briefly new 21st century computational challenges and their potential impact on our future. We present not only the progress in computational science and engineering and/or cyberinfrastructure, but also the necessary steps to overcome the existing educational, cultural and organizational obstacles as well. The authors identify themselves with presented ideas, which have already been expressed in the past (e.g. in different position papers and reports on research directions formulated during discussion panels and workshops organized, among others, by WTEC [Information on http://wtec.org/reports.htm]).
Steady-State Operation Analysis for a Three-Winding Single-Phase Capacitor Motor
Authors: Zeng Jin Hui , Deng Jian Guo
Published: January 2015

The steady-state mathematical model of Smith-connection three-winding single-phase capacitor motor is established, and the capacitance calculation formula in minimum voltage unbalance condition is deduce .Based on this, by MATLAB simulated program, a operation simulation of Smith single phase capacitor motor that in single-phase 220V power supply and in single-phase 380V power supply is developed. The simulation results agree with the experimental results.