bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytoplasmic Tubular Structures in Liver of HBsAg Carrier Chimpanzees Infected with Delta Agent and Comparison with Cytoplasmic Structures in Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
Authors: Kamimura Tomoteru , Ponzetto Antonio , Bonino Ferruccio , Feinstone Stephen M. , Gerin John L. , Purcell Robert H.
Published: July 2010

Electron microscopic observations were carried out on five HBsAg carrier chimpanzees infected with delta (δ) agent and two chimpanzees infected with human non-A, non-B hepatitis. The cytoplasmic tubular structures, which have been recognized in the liver of chimpanzees infected with human non-A, non-B hepatitis, were found also in the liver of HBsAg carrier chimpanzees infected with 5 agent. The quantity of the cytoplasmic structures in serial studies was associated with SGPT elevation rather than with expression of ± antigen in sera and liver tissues. This indicates that the cytoplasmic structures reflect a pathologic change of the hepatocytes in chimpanzees infected with ± agent or human non-A, non-B hepatitis. These and other similarities between the two agents suggest a similar nature.
Immunosuppressive Serum Factors in Viral Hepatitis. II. Further Characterization of Serum Inhibition Factor as an Albumin-Associated Molecule
Authors: Brattig Norbert W. , Schrempf-Decker Gabriele E. , Brockl Christoph W. , Berg Peter A.
Published: July 2010

Immunosuppressive factor(s) in sera from patients with acute viral hepatitis B [serum inhibition factor(s) (SIF)] which functioned like an antiactivator of lymphocytes were further characterized and purified. The active moiety could be separated from immunoglobulins and other serum proteins by means of gel filtration, anion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The major SIF activity always copurified with albumin. Affinity chromatography with Cibacron blue agarose matrix followed by elution with 2 M NaCl proved an optimal procedure to obtain SIF-positive albumin fractions. The SIF moiety could be dissociated from albumin by use of 5 M NaCl or 6 M urea and was separated from protein by sequential molecular filtration and G-10 gel filtration indicating a low molecular weight substance. SIF activity of lower degree could also be detected in albumin-containing fractions derived from normal sera and exhibited similar biochemical properties as the factor which was isolated from patients' sera.

The purified SIF fractions could not be stained with various protein dyes after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The active moiety was partially extractable with chloroformrmethanol indicating a lipophilic nature. Common fatty acids or bile acids were excluded as causative factors by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric and radioimmunologic analyses.

These data suggest that the SIF effect is caused by an albumin-associated low molecular weight lipid or lipophilic peptide. SIF may be physiological immunoregulatory products of the immune system which are probably produced in response to a viral antigenic stimulus.
Relapse Following Treatment Withdrawal in Patients with Autoimmune Chronic Active Hepatitis
Authors: Hegarty John E. , Nouri Aria Kayhan T. , Portmann Bernard , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F. , Williams Roger
Published: July 2010

A prospective study was performed to evaluate the outcome of treatment withdrawal in 30 patients with “autoimmune” chronic active hepatitis in remission for periods of 1.5 to 9 years on maintenance corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy. Reactivation of disease, with marked rises in serum aminotransferase level (mean 668 ± S.D. 458 IU per liter) and accompanied by severe symptoms, occurred in 25 (87%) patients within 52 weeks (median 9 weeks; range 5 to 52) and was associated with the histological features of piecemeal necrosis and lobular hepatitis in all 20 liver biopsies examined. Age, sex, duration of disease and remission, presence of cirrhosis, autoantibody status, or immunoglobulin levels did not differentiate patients who relapsed from those who remained in remission. The response to reinstitution of treatment with prednisolone was satisfactory in 25 patients and clinical and biochemical abnormalities resolved within 10 weeks (median 6; range 3 to 10), death occurred in one patient within 48 hr of readmission to hospital.
Effect of Immunosuppressive Therapy on HBsAg-Positive Chronic Active Hepatitis in Relation to Presence or Absence of HBeAg and Anti-HBe
Authors: Sagnelli Evangelista , Piccinino Felice , Manzillo Giuseppe , Felaco Francesca M. , Filippini Pietro , Maio Giuseppe , Pasquale Giuseppe , Izzo Crescenzo M.
Published: July 2010

Two hundred and four patients with biopsy-proven HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis were treated for at least 2 years with azathioprine, prednisolone or a combination of both, or were untreated. Prevalences of HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HBc were 26, 58, and 100%, respectively.

Criteria for improvement or progression of disease were based on clinical, biochemical, and morphologic parameters. Prednisolone therapy and combination therapy did not modify the course of the disease in HBeAg-positive patients; azathioprine therapy may have been deleterious for these patients. Among HBeAg-negative patients, deterioration or death occurred more frequently in those who were untreated than in those who received the combination of azathioprine and prednisolone. Prednisolone therapy was of moderate effect, whereas azathioprine did not influence the outcome.
Problems in Treating Experimentally Induced Acute Hepatic Failure by Hemoperfusion or Cross Circulation
Authors: Chamuleau Robert A. F. M. , Popken Robert J. , Beyerbacht Ellen C. , De Koning Henk W. M.
Published: July 2010

Acute hepatic failure was induced in rats by galactosamine injection intraperitoneally (1 gm per kg). Twenty-four hours later rats were treated by hemoperfusion (HP) over encapsulated sorbents: cellulose acetate-coated charcoal, polyelectrolyte-coated XAD4, a combination of both, or cross circulation with a healthy donor. Compared with control treatment (prevention of hypoglycemia by glucose infusion), the survival rate was not improved by HP or cross circulation: controls 19% vs. treated animals 0 to 17%. Extension of duration or increased frequency of HP gave the same survival rates. Computer simulation based on zero-order introduction of a possible toxin into a two-compartment model shows that HP up to 5 hr per day is not able to clear the body effectively from the assumed toxin if its partition coefficient exceeds a value of 50.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Quinacrine for the Treatment of HBsAg-Positive Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Bodenheimer Henry C. , Schaffner Fenton , Vernace Salvatore , Hirschman Shalom Z. , Goldberg Judith D. , Chalmers Thomas
Published: July 2010

Several drugs which react with DNA decrease hepatitis B viral (HBV) DNA polymerase activity in vitro. Because such an alteration of viral replication, if produced in patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive chronic hepatitis, may lead to elimination of viral infection, we conducted a controlled trial of the use of the intercalating agent, quinacrine hydrochloride, in treatment of HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis. No patient converted from HBsAg positive to negative during the trial and no consistent effect on HBV DNA polymerase activity was noted. Following treatment, elevated transaminase values and alterations of HBV markers were observed in several patients. Fluctuations of transaminase values and HBV markers may reflect alterations in host immunity and viral replication. Quinacrine alone is ineffective in therapy of chronic HBV infection. Additional study with intercalating agents, perhaps in conjunction with other drugs, is suggested.
Biological and Immunological Characterization of a Human Liver Immunoregulatory Protein
Authors: Schrempf-Decker Gabriele E. , Baron Diethard P. , Brattig Norbert W. , Bockhorn Hermann , Berg Peter A.
Published: July 2010

The liver immunoregulatory protein (LIP) was originally characterized as human liver-derived soluble factor which inhibited the alloantigen and phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation of human lymphocytes (1). Soluble extracts prepared under the same experimental conditions from kidney, spleen, heart, lymph nodes, and erythrocytes did not exert any inhibitory activity (2). The purpose of this study was to characterize the immunobiological properties of LIP. In the primary one-way mixed lymphocyte culture, LIP depressed the generation of suppressor T cells which inhibited the lymphocyte proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin or alloantigens. In addition, LIP suppressed in primary mixed lymphocyte culture the induction of cytotoxic T cells and memory cells as determined by cell-mediated lympholysis and secondary mixed lymphocyte culture, respectively. In the presence of LIP, the concanavalin A-mediated induction of suppressor T cells, the pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG synthesis in vitro and the cytolytic activity of K cells reacting in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were also inhibited. Cytotoxic effects could be excluded since the viability of human lymphoblastoid cells, hepatocytes, and allogeneically stimulated lymphocytes was not affected by LIP. LIP was shown to be different from other liver-derived substances like acute phase proteins, immunoregulatory a-globulins, C-reactive protein, lipoproteins, and F antigen. Furthermore, LIP is not identical to other serum components like the immunoregulatory rosette inhibition factor and the serum inhibitory factor (3). However, the characteristics described herein strongly indicate that LIP is very similar to the liver extract described by Chisari (4) and the liver-derived inhibitory protein (LIP) described by Grol and Schumacher (5). With respect to the function in vivo, LIP could be an inherent part of the liver-located immune system, and one could postulate that LIP might be involved in the regulatory mechanisms which permit the emergence of autoaggressive responses and increased injury of hepatocytes.
Types of Collagen Synthesized by Normal Rat Liver Hepatocytes in Primary Culture†
Authors: Tseng Scheffer C. G. , Smuckler Edward A. , Stern Robert
Published: July 2010

Collagen formation is an important function of liver parenchymal cells that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. The types of collagen synthesized by cultured normal rat liver hepatocytes were examined. Cells isolated from adult rats by enzymatic dispersion of the liver were established in primary monolayer culture. Cells were then incubated with radiolabeled proline for 20 hr in the presence of ascorbate and the lathrogen β-aminopropionitrile. Collagen secreted into the cell media was assessed separately from that in the cell layer. The greater proportion of newly synthesized collagen was associated with the cell layer. Collagen types were identified by ion exchange chromatography and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Types I, III, IV, and V collagen were present in both media and cell layer. Types III and V were the predominant types found. Very little Type I collagen was synthesized by these cultured normal hepatocytes. The percentages of Types I, III, IV, and V collagens, combining media and cell layer, were 6, 38, 19, and 36, respectively.
The Effect of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection on the Microcirculation of the Liver
Authors: Levy Gary A. , Macphee Peggy J. , Fung Lai Sum , Fisher Murray M. , Rappaport Aron M.
Published: July 2010

Mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection results in strain-dependent liver disease. The effects of mouse hepatitis virus type 3 on the microcirculation of the liver in both fully susceptible (Balb/cJ) and fully resistant (A/J) mice were studied. In Balb/cJ mice, 6 to 12 hr following infection, abnormalities in liver blood flow were observed which consisted of granular blood flow in both terminal hepatic and terminal portal venules. In addition, sinusoidal microthrombi were present predominantly in periportal areas. By 24 to 48 hr, liver cell edema and small focal lesions were prominent. At 48 hr, thrombi and hepatocellular necrosis were widespread, and blood was shunted from damaged areas into patent sinusoids. In sharp contrast to these abnormal findings, normal streamlined blood flow was present in the resistant A/J animals at all time points following infection. Since large amounts of virus were demonstrated by immunofluorescene in and by recovery and growth from livers of both resistant and susceptible strains, the presence of the virus per se cannot explain the abnormalities observed.
Evaluation of Liver Iron Content by Computed Tomography: Its Value in the Follow-Up of Treatment in Patients with Idiopathic Hemochromatosis†
Authors: Roudot-Thoraval Françoise , Halphen Marc , Larde Dominique , Galliot Martine , Rymer Jean-Claude , Galacteros Frederic , Dhumeaux Daniel
Published: July 2010

The therapeutic management of patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis (IH) implies the evaluation of excess hepatic iron. This work was undertaken to confirm the value of computed tomography for the assessment of liver iron overload in such patients and to evaluate this technique during the course of treatment by phlebotomy. The study included 24 patients with initially untreated IH and 7 patients previously treated by phlebotomy for 10 months to 7 years. Follow-up was obtained in 15 subjects. In patients with untreated IH, liver attenuation coefficient (LAC) was always markedly increased (92.4 ± 7.1 Hounsfield units) as compared with LAC of subjects with normal liver (60.2 ± 3.1 Hounsfield units) and that of patients with chronic liver disease (53.8 ± 4.8 Hounsfield units), and was found to be specific for liver iron overload. LAC decreased progressively during phlebotomy, and this diminution was correlated with the amount of mobilized iron (r = 0.79, p < 0.001); it returned to normal values only after complete removal of iron overload. LAC was closely correlated with liver iron concentration (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), better than usual biochemical parameters, especially serum ferritin (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). This study confirms that the determination of LAC on computed tomography provides a reliable index of hepatic iron stores in patients with IH, without requiring a liver biopsy, and shows that this noninvasive method is of particular interest for the follow-up of patients treated by phlebotomy.
The Liver in the IgA Secretory Immune System. Dogs, But Not Rats and Rabbits, Are Suitable Models for Human Studies
Authors: Delacroix Dominique L. , Furtado-Barreira Gildo , De Hemptinne Bernard , Goudswaard Jan , Dive Charles , Vaerman Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

The liver transport of polymeric IgA (plgA) from plasma into bile and the immunohistochemical distribution of secretory component (SC) in the liver were studied in dogs, and compared to those in humans, rats, and rabbits. Results were as follows: (i) according to bile and serum protein concentrations and specific activities, plasma plgA in dogs, like in humans, is transported into bile cv˜10 times more efficiently than albumin, as compared to 320 and 1060 times in rabbits and rats, respectively, (ii) Only ˜1% of an i.v. dose of [125I]pIgA is transported into bile over 8 hr in dogs, like in humans, as compared to ˜50% over 3 hr in rats and rabbits. These results agree with much smaller daily fractional catabolic rates of intravascular plgA in dogs (0.28) and humans (0.48) than in rats (24.0). (iii) Total bile IgA contributes daily about 1.5 mg per kg to intestinal plgA in dogs, a figure similar in humans (0.8 mg per kg) but much smaller than in rats (38 mg per kg) and rabbits (35 mg per kg), (iv) Biliary obstruction in dogs, like in humans, results only in minor and late increases in serum plgA levels, contrasting with >8-fold increases within 24 hr in rats and rabbits, (v) Unlike in rats and rabbits, SC in dog liver as well as in human liver cannot be detected in hepatocytes although clearly present in bile duct cells. To conclude: (i) major species differences in plasma-to-bile transport of plgA exist, most probably related to species differences in the ability of hepatocytes to synthetize SC. (ii) Bile duct cells, despite their membranous SC, are much less efficient than hepatocytes to transport plgA from plasma to bile, (iii) Dogs, but not rats and rabbits, provide a suitable experimental model for further studies on the relationships between the liver and the secretory IgA immune system in humans.
Mallory Body Formation Runs Parallel to γ-Glutamyl Transferase Induction in Hepatocytes of Griseofulvin-Fed Mice† ‡
Authors: Tazawa Junichi , Irie Tetsuya , French Samuel W.
Published: July 2010

To evaluate whether Mallory bodies (MBs) are linked to the induction of the enzyme γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), mice were fed 2.5% griseofulvin (GF). The experimental and control mice livers were examined at four time periods, i.e., after 4 months' of GF feeding, 1 month after GF withdrawal and 13 days after GF refeeding, and at sacrifice after 4 months of GF withdrawal. The livers from mice continuously fed GF or control diet for 10 months were also examined. Tumors and nontumorous livers were examined histologically, histochemically, electron microscopically, and immunocytochemically. The tumors consisted of hepatomas and hyperplastic nodules. To localize MBs inside GGT-positive cells, a double-staining method was employed; GGT-positive cells were identified histochemically followed by staining for MBs using the unlabeled immunoperoxidase technique. The per cent area of the GGT-positive foci was closely correlated with the frequency of MBs observed in the course of a GF feeding and withdrawal. Almost all of the MBs were located in GGT-positive cells in both tumors and nontumor liver tissue. MBs and GGT positivity involved the same liver cells. They both were found in high frequency in tumors induced by GF. These results indicate that MB formation, like GGT induction, is a phenotypic change induced by GF. The coexistence of the two phenomenon in the same cell throughout all phases of tumor formation suggests that MBs may be related to the neoplastic process in the GF-fed mouse model.
Morphology of Gastric Microcirculation in Cirrhosis
Authors: Hashizume Makoto , Tanaka Kenzo , Inokuchi Kiyoshi
Published: July 2010

Morphologic alterations in the gastric microcirculation in cirrhosis were investigated following infusion of a silicone rubber compound into vessels of the excised stomach which was then cleared with methyl salicylate. In cirrhosis, arteriovenous anastomoses 15 to 50 jum in diameter were present in 5 of 10 patients; spiral arterioles were less than one-tenth as numerous as in stomachs from noncirrhotic patients. The arterioles mainly had a straight pattern and precapillaries, capillaries, and submucosal and subserosal veins were dilated in cirrhotics (p < 0.05). The number of arteriovenous anastomoses was unrelated to the degree of vascular dilatation and the number of spiral arterioles. These morphological alterations are consistent with decreased arteriovenous flow resistance in the stomach of cirrhotic patients.
Hepatitis B: The virus and disease #
Authors: Liang Jake T.
Published: July 2010

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people worldwide and is a common cause of liver disease and liver cancer. HBV, a member of the Hepadnaviridae family, is a small DNA virus with unusual features similar to retroviruses. HBV replicates through an RNA intermediate and can integrate into the host genome. The unique features of the HBV replication cycle confer a distinct ability of the virus to persist in infected cells. Virological and serological assays have been developed for diagnosis of various forms of HBV-associated disease and for treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. HBV infection leads to a wide spectrum of liver disease ranging from acute (including fulminant hepatic failure) to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute HBV infection can be either asymptomatic or present with symptomatic acute hepatitis. Most adults infected with the virus recover, but 5%-10% are unable to clear the virus and become chronically infected. Many chronically infected persons have mild liver disease with little or no long-term morbidity or mortality. Other individuals with chronic HBV infection develop active disease, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. These patients require careful monitoring and warrant therapeutic intervention. Extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection are rare but can be difficult to diagnose and manage. The challenges in the area of HBV-associated disease are the lack of knowledge in predicting outcome and progression of HBV infection and an unmet need to understand the molecular, cellular, immunological, and genetic basis of various disease manifestations associated with HBV infection. (Hepatology 2009;49:S13–S21.)
Side effects of long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B #
Authors: Fontana Robert J.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this review is to summarize the safety profile of the five approved oral nucleoside analogs used to treat chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, focusing on both the class adverse effects and those that have been reported with individual agents, as well as their safety in pregnancy. All nucleoside analogs have a “Black Box” warning because of their potential for inhibition of human DNA polymerase gamma involved in mitochondrial DNA replication. A reduction in intracellular mitochondrial DNA levels can lead to varying clinical manifestations of mitochondrial toxicity (i.e., neuropathy, myopathy, lactic acidosis), but these side effects are rarely reported with the oral antiviral agents active against HBV. Adefovir and tenofovir are associated with a dose-dependent but usually reversible proximal renal tubular toxicity. For these reasons, patients receiving these agents should be monitored for renal toxicity and the dose modified for renal insufficiency. Prolonged use of tenofovir has also been reported to lead to reduced bone mineral density in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, but prospective studies in patients with HBV infection are lacking. Telbivudine treatment is associated with moderate serum creatine phosphokinase elevations in up to 12% of patients. There have been few prospective studies on the safety of nucleoside analogs during pregnancy. According to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, the incidence of birth defects associated with lamivudine and tenofovir use during pregnancy is not increased. Studies on the safety of long-term therapy with the nucleoside analogs, alone and in combination, are needed as are further studies of children, the elderly, pregnant women, and patients with renal insufficiency. (Hepatology 2009;49:S185–S195.)
Indications for therapy in hepatitis B #
Authors: Degertekin Bulent , Lok Anna S. F.
Published: July 2010

Increased treatment options that are more efficacious and safe and new knowledge on the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have expanded the indications for therapy in hepatitis B. The question is no longer “Who should be treated?” but “When should treatment be initiated?” Treatment is clearly indicated in patients with life-threatening liver disease (acute liver failure, decompensated cirrhosis, or severe hepatitis flare) and in those with compensated cirrhosis and high levels of serum HBV DNA. For patients with precirrhotic liver disease, treatment indications should be based on clinical, biochemical, or histological evidence of liver disease, such as elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, abnormal histology, and high levels of serum HBV DNA. The cutoff for ALT and HBV DNA values are constantly being revised and should be set at a lower level for older patients who may have been infected for a longer period of time. High serum HBV DNA levels persisting for a few decades are associated with increased risk of clinical outcomes, but there is insufficient data to support the initiation of treatment based on high serum HBV DNA alone, particularly in young patients, those with persistently normal ALT levels, and those with a single high HBV DNA level. The decision to initiate treatment at the time of assessment or to defer treatment should take into consideration other factors such as desire to start a family, occupational requirement, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma, access to care and insurance coverage, and commitment to long-term treatment and medication compliance. All patients who are not initiated on treatment should continue to be monitored so treatment can be started if and when the indication arises. (Hepatology 2009;49:S129–S137.)
Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma #
Authors: Di Bisceglie Adrian M.
Published: July 2010

Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus has been linked epidemiologically to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma for more than 30 years. Although the mechanisms by which chronic hepatitis B viral infection results in hepatocellular carcinoma are unclear, there is good evidence that the virus itself exerts a direct hepatocarcinogenic effect, and this has implications for prevention. First, programs of universal infant vaccination have been shown to be effective in reducing the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma among children. This benefit should be translated into adulthood among vaccine recipients. Second, it has been suggested that antiviral therapy against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Antiviral therapy against hepatitis B is effective in causing prolonged lowering of serum levels of hepatitis B virus DNA. There are emerging data showing that prolonged antiviral therapy may reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among certain patients with chronic hepatitis B. (Hepatology 200949:S56–S60.)
Colon Carcinoma Cell Interaction With Liver Sinusoidal Endothelium Inhibits Organ-Specific Antitumor Immunity Through Interleukin-1-Induced Mannose Receptor in Mice
Authors: Arteta Beatriz , Lasuen Nerea , Lopategi Aritz , Sveinbjörnsson Baldur , Smedsrφd Bård , Vidal-Vanaclocha Fernando
Published: July 2010

Mannose receptor (ManR)-mediated liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) endocytosis plays a role in antigen presentation and innate immunity, but its role in hepatic metastasis is unknown. We studied ManR-mediated endocytosis during C26 colorectal cancer cell interaction with LSECs and its implications in metastasis. Uptake of labeled ManR ligands (mannan and ovalbumin) and immunohistochemistry were used to study ManR endocytosis and expression. Several interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib were used to analyze the role of IL-1 and COX-2 in ManR regulation. Anti-mouse ManR antibodies and ManR knockout (ManR−/−) mice were used to identify ManR-dependent mechanisms during antitumor immune response of liver sinusoidal lymphocytes (LSLs) interacting with tumor-activated LSECs. ManR expression and endocytosis increased in tumor-activated LSECs through a two-step mechanism: (1) Release of COX-2–dependent IL-1–stimulating factors by lymphocyte function–associated antigen-1–expressing C26 cells in response to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which was expressed and secreted by tumor-activated LSECs; and (2) widespread up-regulation of ManR in LSECs through tumor-induced IL-1. In addition, LSLs that had interacted with tumor-activated LSECs

in vivo

decreased their antitumor cytotoxicity and interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion while they increased IL-10 release

ex vivo

. IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio also decreased in the hepatic blood from tumor-injected mice. Immunosuppressant effects of tumor-activated LSECs on LSLs were abrogated in both LSECs from ManR−/− mice and tumor-activated LSECs given anti-mouse ManR antibodies.

Conclusion

: ICAM-1–induced tumor COX-2 decreased antitumor activity during hepatic metastasis through IL-1–induced ManR. ManR constituted a common mediator for prometastatic effects of IL-1, COX-2, and ICAM-1. A rise in hepatic IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio and antitumor cytotoxicity by way of ManR blockade is consistent with the antimetastatic effects of IL-1, COX-2, and ICAM-1 inhibitors. These data support ManR and ManR-stimulating factors as targets for hepatic colorectal metastasis therapy. Hepatology 2010;51:2172–2182
Kinetics of the formation of monoallyl phthalate
Authors: Rosenheimer M. O. , Mischke R. A. , Griskey R. G.
Published: July 2010

Monoallyl phthalate is an intermediate and by‐product formed in the industrial production of diallyl phthalate. The kinetics of formation of the mono‐ester have been studied. The overall reaction was found to be second‐order with an Arrhenius frequency factor of 3.96 × 1017 and an activation energy of 28.8 kcal./g.‐mole.
The mechanical properties of films. III. Dilato‐metric observations of multiple transitions
Authors: Holt T. , Edwards D.
Published: July 2010

Evaluation of dilatometric data on cast films by the normal graphical method indicated the presence of multiple transitions. An alternative method is developed in which the coefficients of the polynomial which approximates to the given set of point data have been calculated using a least‐squares criterion and a programme written for a Ferranti Mercury computer. The peak values of the second derivative of this curve corroborated the transition temperatures obtained by the graphical method. Preliminary experiments suggested that the highest transition is associated with oxidative ageing conditions; this transition is absent in specimens prepared in non‐oxidising atmospheres.

The free volume expansion coefficient αF approximates very closely to the Williams, Landel & Ferry predicted value of 4.8 × 10−4 c.c./°c/c.c. provided the contributions from all transitions are included. Experimental values less than this have invariably led to the detection of a further transition or transitions when the temperature range has been extended.
The mechanical properties of films. IV. The dynamic testing of micro‐samples
Authors: Jackson R. S. , Simpson W.
Published: July 2010

Test equipment previously developed may be readily adapted to obtain dynamic mechanical data on very small samples of film (20 mils dia. by 3 mils thick). It is possible to carry out the observations on pieces of film cut directly from functional test samples so that the necessity for specially prepared samples is eliminated.
The sorption of sulphur dioxide by indoor surfaces. IV. Flooring materials
Authors: Spedding D. J.
Published: July 2010

The sorption of sulphur dioxide by a number of carpet and solid flooring material samples has been investigated at a concentration of 50 to 60 μg/m3using35S‐labelled sulphur dioxide. The amount of sulphur dioxide sorbed by the samples varied little with their chemical composition and was of such a magnitude as to suggest a low affinity of the surfaces for sulphur dioxide. The sorption of sulphur dioxide by artificial fibre carpet pile was shown to be significantly reduced by the application of dyes.
Stepwise uptake of water vapour by ground thorium oxide
Authors: Gammage R. B. , Brey W. S.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of water vapour and nitrogen has been measured on thorium oxide ground for 500 h. The thorium oxide appeared crystalline in character with nitrogen adsorption showing mesopores but not micropores. Stepped isotherms of water and hysteresis extending to low relative pressure were found after outgassing at 200 °C. However, after outgassing at 400°C, the step structure was lost together with a reduction in adsorptive capacity close to the step height. Of the two possible explanations for the step structure, restructuring at the water—oxide interface and intercalation, the latter is favoured. A pseudo‐lamellar structure involving traces of worn porcelain separating thorium oxide crystals is suggested with entry of water molecules permitted at a critical threshold pressure.
Influence of additives on the autoclave reactions of β‐Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5 at 170 °C
Authors: Dyczek J. R. L. , Taylor H. F. W.
Published: July 2010

The products formed from β‐Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5 in the autoclave at 170°C are influenced by the presence of Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O and B2O3, whether in solid solution in the starting material or added to the mix in suitably reactive compounds. The most important conclusion is that Al2O3, Fe2O3 and Na2O all favour the formation of the orthorhombic α‐2CaO.SiO2.H2O as against hillebrandite or tricalcium silicate hydrate. Addition of Na2O, or especially of B2O3, retards the hydration of both β‐Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5.
The reaction of carboxylic acids with vinylmagnesium chloride
Authors: Watanabe Shoji , Suga Kyoichi , Yamaguchi Yoshiaki
Published: July 2010

The reaction of vinylmagnesium chloride with an aromatic carboxylic acid gives a vinyl ketone. From benzoic acid, 5‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1‐pentene is obtained. Similarly, from aliphatic carboxylic acid, a mixture of vinyl ketone and divinyl carbinol is obtained. From pentanoic acid, a mixture of butyl divinyl carbinol and 5‐oxo‐1‐nonene is obtained.
Modelling and analysis of tower fermentation processes. I. Steady‐state performance
Authors: Erickson L. E , Lee S. S , Fan L. T
Published: July 2010

A mathematical model that can be used to describe cell growth in a tower fermentation system with backflow and cell sedimentation is presented. Two computation procedures to determine steady state performance are described and some results are obtained for two‐, four‐ and eight‐stage tower systems. The effects of feed geometry, backflow rate and cell sedimentation on steady‐state behaviour are investigated. The results show that control of backflow, and cell sedimentation within the tower together with control of feed flow rate and feed geometry will allow a wide range of operating conditions to be realised in a tower system.
The reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds by the meerwein—ponndorf—verley method: The cause of low yields
Authors: Tyman J. H. P.
Published: July 2010

The main cause of low yields in the formation of allylic alcohols from unsaturated carbonyl compounds by the Meerwein—Ponndorf—Verley reaction has been found to be polymerisation of the product by acidity arising from small amounts of chloroalkoxides which occur in most alkoxides. Hot alkaline processing of crude reduction products effectively removes chloroalkoxides and leads to high yields of the allylic alcohols. The present work relates to the preparation of cinnamyl alcohol but it is applicable to other α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
The transformation: Brushite → calcium monofluorophosphate under aqueous conditions
Authors: Duff Edward J.
Published: July 2010

The reaction between CaHPO4. 2H2O and 10−1 M solution of Na2PO3F have been studied in the pH range 7 to 5 at 25 °C. The formation of CaPO3F · 2H2O, rather than CaF2 or Ca5F (PO4)3 by initial hydrolysis and subsequent reaction with the F− formed, appeared to occur. The value of ΔG for CaPO3F · 2H2O has been calculated as – 530.9 kcal mol−1. A comparison is drawn to the exchange reactions reported here, and to the similar reactions reported to occur in calcium deficient apatite.
The transformation of gypsum into fluorite in aqueous fluoride solutions
Authors: Duff Edward J.
Published: July 2010

The diffusion‐controlled transformation of gypsum, CaSO4 · 2H2O, into fluorite, CaF2, in neutral sodium fluoride solutions has been carried out at room temperature.
Partial removal of hafnium from zirconium through the reactions of tetrachloride vapours with solid sodium chloride
Authors: Mazumdar Sibnath , Ray Hem Shanker
Published: July 2010

A pyrometallurgical method for partial separation of hafnium from zirconium has been investigated. The method involves continuous reaction between a flowing gas mixture of zirconium tetrachloride and hafnium tetrachloride with solid sodium chloride in a packed bed reactor. The solid‐vapour reaction enriches the vapour phase with respect to zirconium tetrachloride. This may be attributed to a more favourable reaction for hafnium tetrachloride. The influence of a number of parameters, e.g. temperature, gas flow rate, particle size and bed length, has been studied. Decreases in flow rate and particle size and increase in bed length are found to favour separation, while temperature has little effect. A simple equation has been derived to explain the experimental observations.
The thermal decomposition of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate. I. Dehydration and oxidation
Authors: Kamel A. H. , Sawires Z. , Khalifa H. , Saleh S. A. , Abdallah A. M.
Published: July 2010

The intermediate products of thermal decomposition of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, in a current of air, have been investigated by X‐ray and chemical analysis. It was found that the monohydrate undergoes dehydration followed by oxidation, or combined hydrolysis and oxidation to Fe2O(SO4)2 and Fe(OH)SO4, respectively. The latter basic salt is converted to the former with loss of H2O. Fe2O(SO4)2 decomposes to Fe2(SO4)3 and α‐Fe2O3 above 400 °C; the transformation is almost complete at 550 °C. Fe2(SO4)3 decomposes to Fe12O3(SO4)15 and SO3 at 475 °C. The last oxide sulphate decomposes to α‐Fe2O3 and SO3 at higher temperatures.
Reactions of iron sulphides in simulated stack gases
Authors: Karr C. , Rahfuse R. V. , Langdon P. F.
Published: July 2010

The rates of production and consumption of SO2 by the reactions of O2, SO2, and mixtures of O2 and SO2 in simulated stack gases with fixed and fluidised beds of FeS prepared from pyrite were determined over the temperature range 800 to 950 °C. The rates of production of SO2 by reaction of Fe2O3 with FeS in different gas systems were also determined. The rate controlling factors were derived for each reaction.
Solubility of hydrogen sulphide, dimethyl ether, methyl chloride and sulphur dioxide in liquids. The prediction of solubility of all gases
Authors: Gerrard W.
Published: July 2010

The solubilities of hydrogen sulphide, dimethyl ether, methyl chloride, and sulphur dioxide expressed as the mole ratio, Xgas, at different temperatures and 1 bara are given for a number of liquid compounds of types commonly used in operational chemistry. Representative curves showing the variations of Xgas, and Ngas (mole fraction), with pressure, pgas, are discussed with reference to Henry's law and Raoult's law. With the exception of hydrogen halides and ammonia, the Xgas (at a stated t° and pgas) for water is much less than for any other liquid reported as examined. The primary factor determining the Xgas value at 1 bar is the boiling point of the gas (He to SO2) at 1 bar; the Raoult's law Xgas value emerges from this, and places the gases in the same order as the overlapping ranges of real Xgas values. The actual Xgas value within a particular range for a chosen gas is, for a chosen liquid, seemingly determined by acid‐base functions as defined herein. The prediction of the Xgas value is discussed in these terms.
The decomposition of N‐benzoylleucomethylene blue during the pressure‐sensitive copying process. I. Identification of reaction products
Authors: Potts H. A. , Wood A. H. , Cook C. C.
Published: July 2010

N‐Benzoylleucomethylene blue in benzene, toluene, xylene or petroleum ether when applied to either attapulgus clay or silica gel slowly decomposes to give a blue dye which has always been assumed to be methylene blue. Factors affecting the reaction have been examined and it is suggested that a photon‐induced free radical reaction is operating. Initial products of the reaction are colourless mono‐, di‐ and trimethyl derivatives of N‐benzoylleucothionine and a mixture of methylene blue and mono‐, di and trimethylthiazines. Irradiation of the colourless products gives further quantities of both methylene blue and demethylated products. The irradiation of methylene blue on silica gel gives a mixture of demethylated products but the decomposition is more extensive and the fully demethylated thiazine, thionine is also present in the reaction mixture.
Some observations on the setting of calcium sulphate hemihydrate plaster in the presence of phosphoric acid and hydrated lime
Authors: Berry E. E.
Published: July 2010

The effects of additions of phosphoric acid and hydrated lime on the setting of calcium sulphate hemihydrate plasters have been examined. At two levels of P2O5 concentration (0.75 and 1.5 wt‐% P2O5) it has been found that extreme retardation of the plaster setting process occurs with lime additions in the range, Ca(OH)2/P2O5 (weight ratio) 0.5 to 1.5. The chemical nature of this effect has not been identified. Formation of either CaHPO4. 2H2O or hydroxyapatite in the paste is considered as deleterious to plaster hydration.
Formation and surface properties of electron‐emissive coatings. IX. Thermal decomposition of the alkaline‐earth formates
Authors: Judd M. D. , Pope M. I. , Wintrell C. G.
Published: July 2010

The thermal decomposition of alkaline‐earth formates under vacuum has been studied because of the use of barium formate as a binder for cathode coatings. Techniques employed in this work include thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and evolved gas detection, in conjunction with gas chromatography and infrared absorption spectroscopy for identification of the gaseous decomposition products.

Decomposition occurs in two stages; the first results in formation of carbonate plus a small amount of free carbon. The second stage involves initially reaction of the free carbon with carbonate to form carbon monoxide and the corresponding alkaline earth oxide. Then, at a higher temperature, thermal decomposition of the carbonate itself commences, leading to the formation of the oxide plus carbon dioxide. With calcium formate, the two carbonate decomposition processes occur concurrently; but with strontium and barium formates, reaction with free carbon commences at a significantly lower temperature than thermal decomposition of the pure carbonate.
Chelate formation in high temperature steam
Authors: Turner David J.
Published: July 2010

Analysis of cooled solutions by u.v. spectroscopy shows that oxine, HOx, is thermally and hydrolytically stable at 400 °C in oxygen‐free steam at 200 bars pressure, and that it slowly forms the volatile ferrous complex, Fe(Ox)2. The rate of formation appears to be determined by the normal corrosion rate of the autoclave containing the mixture. It is suggested that oxine is thermally stable up to at least 530 °C, and that this or related compounds could ultimately prove useful additives for high pressure and once‐through boilers.
Phase behaviour in the ammonia‐carbon dioxide system at and above urea synthesis conditions
Authors: Lemkowitz S. M. , Zuidam J. , van den Berg P. J.
Published: July 2010

The bubble‐ and critical‐points in the NH3—CO2 system, at complete chemical equilibrium, have been measured in the range of NH3/CO2 = 2 to 100% NH3, 160 ⩽ T ⩽ 260 °C, and 50 ⩽ P ⩽ 950 atm. With increasing temperature an increasingly large part of the NH3—CO2 system becomes critical. The possible relation between the occurrence of critical conditions and the reported decrease of conversion to urea in the liquid phase at temperatures above 200 °C is discussed. The effect of small quantities of inert gas (N2) on the bubble‐point pressure is also discussed.
Nuclease treatment of broken bacterial suspensions for removal of highly polymerised nucleic acids
Authors: Melling J. , Atkinson A.
Published: July 2010

The use of nucleases for depolymerisation of nucleic acids in suspensions of disrupted bacterial cells has been shown to result in a reduction in the viscosity and an increase in the volume of supernatant recoverable after centrifugation.

Precipitation of protein from nuclease treated suspensions, followed by dialysis of the protein precipitate, resulted in removal of most of the nucleotide material from the protein solution.
Electron‐activated cracking of gaseous hydrocarbons III. Some factors affecting reactor design and scaling‐up of operations in the production of acetylene from hydrocarbons
Authors: Hesp William R. , Rigby Donald
Published: July 2010

After establishing that high yields (up to 80% w/w on carbon basis) of acetylene could be obtained by electron‐activated cracking of methane in anomalous glow‐discharges at reduced (∼ 60–100 torr) pressure, the laboratory tests were scaled up and a 201 spherical reactor was used. The effects of electrode geometry, gas flow rate and high power inputs on the yield and production rate of acetylene and on specific energy consumption were studied and conditions for the economic production of acetylene were established. The applicability of the “electro‐cracking” technique to the production of acetylene from propane has also been demonstrated.
A single point method for evaluating the specific surface area of a solid from nitrogen adsorption isotherms
Authors: Dollimore David , Spooner Peter
Published: July 2010

A method which allows the rapid and accurate determination of specific surface area for materials from a single point on the nitrogen adsorption isotherm is described. The calculation is made from a single adsorption point which can lie almost anywhere on the isotherm. The method does not suffer from the theoretical errors involved when the single point BET method is used and so is found to give accurate values over a larger pressure range.
Lead dioxide anodes in the large scale production of potassium chlorate from potassium chloride
Authors: Udupa H. V. K. , Sampath S. , Narasimham K. C. , Nagalingam M. , Thiagarajan N. , Subramanian G. , Subbiah P. , Palanisamy R. , Peter S. John , Pushpavanam S. , Sadagopalan M.
Published: July 2010

Potassium chlorate, which is used mainly in the manufacture of matches, was prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of potassium chloride in an 800 A cell using graphite substrate lead dioxide anode and stainless steel cathode. The cell was operated at an anode current density of 5 A/dm2, a temperature of 55 to 60 °C and a pH of 6.0 to 7.0. A current efficiency of 82 to 85% was obtained and an assay yield of 77% was realised for the recrystallised product. The cell voltage was 3.2 to 3.3 V with an energy consumption of 6.3 to 6.5 kWh (d.c.)/kg of potassium chlorate produced.

The cell effluent, being clear and free from suspended impurities, could be processed further without filtration and pure potassium chlorate (>99%) was obtained by recrystallisation.
Bromination of some aromatic compounds by means of bromine in tetrachloroethane medium
Authors: Hashem A. I.
Published: July 2010

Bromination of some aromatic compounds is carried out using bromine in tetrachloroethane medium in the presence of iodine as a halogen carrier. The compounds investigated here are classified into: (i) compounds which yield pentabromophenol, (ii) compounds which yield other polybromoderivatives, and (iii) those which do not react with the brominating agent.
A study of the electrochemical regeneration of phenol from sodium phenoxide solutions
Authors: Pickett David J. , Akhavan‐Alizadeh Ebrahim
Published: July 2010

An experimental investigation has been made of the regeneration of phenol and caustic soda simultaneously by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium phenoxide in a cell using a cation exchange membrane as diaphragm. Current efficiencies close to 100% for both anodic and cathodic processes have been obtained for short periods of electrolysis but with prolonged operation considerable inefficiency arises due to adsorption and oxidation of phenol and loss of ion selectivity of the diaphragm. The presence of solid manganese dioxide in the electrolyte has been found to be useful in partially inhibiting the adsorption or oxidation of phenol at the anode.