bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of urea on epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida)
Authors: LONG WONECA , ANSARI ABDULLAH , SEECHARRAN DIANA
Published: July 2018

Long W, Ansari A, Seecharran D. 2017. The effect of urea on epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida). Cell Biol Dev 1: 46-50. The use of chemical fertilizers in intensive agriculture has no doubt increased crop production but it has resulted in adverse effect on soil properties over a long period of time. The effects are clearly seen in the soil environment including the soil organisms living in that ecosystem. This study was conducted to determine effects of Urea on epigeic earthworm species (Eisenia foetida) in clay soil. A total of five doses of Urea were used i.e 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 250mg. They were labelled as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. A control group was also set up and the treatment groups were replicated three times. The results indicated that the addition of urea affected the soil chemical properties in treatments inoculated with earthworms (Eisenia foetida). The adult earthworm population was 70% in control when compared to different treatment dosage of Urea 50 mg/kg (T1)-85%, 100 mg/kg (T2)-66.67%, 150 mg/kg (T3)- 68.34%, 200 mg/kg (T4)- 86.67% and 250 mg/kg (T5)- 51.67%. The percentage mortality minimum in treatment T4 and T1 whereas it was maximum in treatment T5 (48%). 250 mg/kg was the most toxic dose of Urea in the soil inoculated with earthworms. The results were significant at p=0.05.
Isolation and Structure Determination of Antioxidants Active Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Heartwood Namnam (Cynometra cauliflora L.)
Authors: Sukandar Dede , Nurbayti Siti , Rudiana Tarso , Husna Tsalats Wahyul
Published: July 2018

Active compounds with antioxidant activity were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of namnam stem (C. cauliflora L.) that had undergone maceration and fractionation by gravity column chromatography. The compounds were later identified by by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, FTIR, LCMS and 1H-NMR. Ethyl acetate extract of namnam stem showed considerably high antioxidant activity (IC50 value 4.68 ± 0.035 ppm). The results of analysis by UV-Vis and FTIR showed carbonyl group conjugated with an aromatic ring at band I (λmax 330.22 nm), chromophore group of alkene (C=C) at band II (λmax 268.67 nm) and functional groups such as O−H (3343.91 cm-1), C=O (1729.23 cm-1), C=C (1652.64 and 1611.99 cm-1), C−O (1269.89) and C−H ortho (738.23 cm-1). LCMS (m/z 270.9246) and 1H-NMR data showed seven proton signals on the aromatic ring at carbon position C-3 at δH 6.86 ppm (1H, s), C-6 at δH 5.95 ppm (1H, d, J=1.95 Hz), C-8 at δH 6.25 ppm (1H, d, J= 1.95 Hz), C-2’ and C-6’ at δH 7.03 ppm (2H, d, J=7.87 Hz), C-3’ and C-5’ at δH 6.87 ppm (2H, d, J= 7.87 Hz) so that the structure was identified as a flavonoid which was 4 ', 5,7-trihydroxy-flavones or known as apigenin. The isolated apigenin had very strong antioxidant activity, as shown by IC50 value of 5.18 ± 0.014 ppm.
Evaluation of Uncertainty in the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Tea using GC-ECD
Authors: Ridwan Yohanes Susanto , Andreas Andreas , Styarini Dyah , Yusiasih Retno
Published: July 2018

Key indicator of quality in test results is the uncertainty value, which could be evaluated using several common approach. Uncertainty evaluation in a-endosulfan and bifenthrin in Oolong tea, and cypermethrin in green tea using bottom-up approach showed that uncertainty component arising from GC-ECD instrument calibration, method performance i.e. repeatability and recovery were the main contributors to total uncertainty. Uncertainty component arising from weighing, dilution factor, stock standard solution, calibration solution, and moisture correction had no significant effect to total uncertainty, hence they could be neglected. Relative standard uncertainty obtained for all of pesticides residue were 18.23, 10.44, dan 14.98% for a-endosulfan, bifenthrin, and cypermethrin, respectively. Comparison with 2/3 CV Horwitz of 17.33, 10.62, and 12.44% respectively for all pesticide residues indicated that the evaluation of uncertainties were realistic
Working Together to Carry Water: Research Ethics when One of Two Parents is Indigenous
Authors: Tuladhar-Douglas Will , Tuladhar-Douglas Bhavana
Published: July 2018

What are the ethical challenges and opportunities for a household where one parent is Indigenous and the other not? This article uses events from one family history to explore how social and political contexts in both the country of Indigenous origin and the country of residence drive research ethics. It argues that research ethics for such parents should be framed within the ethics of transmitting Indigenous culture for the family within a transnational Indigenous lineage.
Latin American Society of Ethnobiology’s Code of Ethics
Authors: Committee SOLAE Ethics , Medinaceli Armando , Cano Eréndira J. , Argueta Arturo , Sanabria Olga Lucia
Published: July 2018

Latin American Society of Ethnobiology’s Code of Ethics
ESTUDO DA HISTÓRIA E CULTURA INDÍGENAS: ALGUMAS CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A FORMAÇÃO EM LICENCIATURA EM HISTÓRIA
Authors: Bezerra Ricardo José Lima
Published: July 2018

Neste texto apresentamos a importância da Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais, enfatizando o estudo da História e da Cultura Indígenas, para a formação de professores em Licenciatura em História. A partir de determinações legais e culturais, procuramos caracterizar que o estudo desta temática contribui para a formação docente na luta contra os preconceitos étnicos ainda presentes na História escolar. Como resultado dessa discussão, propomos, ao final, contribuições a serem implementadas ou ampliadas nos cursos de História como estratégias para melhorar a formação docente em temáticas étnico-raciais.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF OXYGEN ON PROPERTIES OF BETA TITANIUM ALLOYS
Authors: Málek Jaroslav , Hnilica František , Bartáková Sonia , Míka Patrik , Veselý Jaroslav
Published: July 2018

The beta-titanium alloys are widely used in many applications (medicine, aerospace industry etc.) due to their superior properties, such as corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and high strength to weight ratio. One of the ways how to increase the strength of those alloys is the addition of oxygen. The oxygen can be present in various forms in the alloy – in a solid solution or in the form of oxides. In this work, the effect of two forms of oxygen (i.e., solid solution and dispersion particles) was studied. Two alloys, one arc melted with different oxygen additions and one prepared via powder metallurgy where the titanium powder was oxidized, were prepared. The microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. A significant increase in strength with increasing the oxygen content in the solid solution has been observed. However, the powder oxidation has almost no effect on a tensile strength probably due to quite large interparticle distances between titanium oxide particles.
Advanced Approach for Radiation Transport Description in 3D Collisional-radiative Models
Authors: Kalanov D. , Golubovskii Yu. B. , Uhrlandt D. , Gortschakow S.
Published: July 2018

The description of radiation transport phenomena in the frames of collisional-radiative models requires the solution of Holstein-Biberman equation. An advanced solutuion method for 3D plasma obejcts is proposed. The method is applicable for various line contours in a wide range of absorption coeﬃcients. Developed approach is based on discretization of the arbitrary plasma volume on a Cartesian voxel grid. Transport of photons between the cells is computed using the ray traversal algorithm by Amanatides [1]. Solution of the particle balance equations with computed in advance radiative transfer matrix is demonstrated for various typical arc shapes, like e.g. free-burning arc and cylindric arc. Results are compared with corresponding calculations using previously developed approaches. As the method is suited for ﬁnite geometries and allows for a strict solution of the radiation transport equation, applicability ranges of previous approximations can be speciﬁed.
Quantifying Uncertainties in Mean Absorption Coefficients for a Wall-Stabilized Electric Arc
Authors: Fuchs R. , Nordborg H.
Published: July 2018

The quality of arc simulations depends significantly on radiation modeling. Uncertainties due to physical parameters and modeling errors should be systematically quantified. We solve the energy balance equation for a wall-stabilized arc using the P1 model, i.e. without a prescribed temperature profile. We derive the linearized equation and assess the arc voltage sensitivity. This method allows us to optimize the definition of mean absorption coefficients consistently and at low computational costs.
Niemcy w procesie liberalizacji rynku energii Unii Europejskiej na przykładzie sektora elektroenergetycznego
Authors: MOLO BEATA
Published: July 2018

Problematyka artykułu koncentruje się na wybranych aspektach procesu liberalizacji rynku energii elektrycznej w Niemczech w kontekście zainicjowanej w latach 90. XX wieku liberalizacji rynku energii elektrycznej (i gazu ziemnego) w Unii Europejskiej. W artykule przedstawiono kształt sektora energii elektrycznej w Niemczech przed liberalizacją, jak również przykłady nadużywania przez niemieckie przedsiębiorstwa energetyczne RWE i E.ON pozycji dominującej w tym sektorze. Ponadto artykuł prezentuje wpływ liberalizacji na rynek energii elektrycznej w Niemczech przez pryzmat zmiany struktury tego rynku.
Francja a Europa w programie Frontu Narodowego i deklaracjach Marine Le Pen
Authors: MALENDOWICZ PAWEŁ
Published: July 2018

Głównym zagadnieniem poruszanym w artykule jest Francja i Europa w programie Frontu Narodowego i deklaracjach Marine Le Pen. Front Narodowy jest francuską partią polityczną o proweniencji nacjonalistycznej. Nacjonalizm jest kierunkiem myśli politycznej, w którym idea narodu i państwa narodowego jest wartością nadrzędną. Front Narodowy powstał w 1972 roku. Został założony przez Jeana-Marie Le Pena. Obecnie jego liderką jest jego córka Marine Le Pen. Z jej wypowiedzi wynika żądanie rozwiązania Unii Europejskiej. W jej opinii najważniejszym problemem narodów Unii jest imigracja. Nacjonaliści obawiają się wielokulturowości, imigrantów i islamu.
Unia Europejska wobec konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego w latach 2009–2017
Authors: ZAJĄC JUSTYNA
Published: July 2018

W latach 2009–2017 Unia Europejska kontynuowała swoją dotychczasową politykę wobec konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego, jednak w obliczu dynamicznie zmieniających się uwarunkowań wewnętrznych i międzynarodowych polityka ta staje się coraz mniej efektywna. Problemy, z jakimi Unia Europejska i jej państwa członkowskie borykają się od kilku lat – Brexit, destabilizacja obszaru Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu, kryzys ukraiński, zmieniający się układ sił w świecie – to najważniejsze determinanty obecnej polityki UE wobec konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego. W ich wyniku rola Unii Europejskiej w rozwiązywaniu konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego, na tle innych aktorów, maleje.
Clean and dirty energy cultures in the European Union
Authors: ROSICKI REMIGIUSZ
Published: July 2018

Przedmiotem analizy w tekście są „kultury energetyczne” państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej (UE-28). W tekście podjęto próbę zweryfikowania zasadności twierdzeń, które wskazują na możliwość pogrupowania państw Unii Europejskiej według szczególnego rodzaju  praktyk użytkowania energii. W celu uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w pracy przedstawiono następujące pytania badawcze: (1) Czy zasadne jest twierdzenie, że w UE-28 mamy do czynienia ze specyficznymi „kulturami energetycznymi”? (2) Jeżeli zasadne jest twierdzenie o istnieniu specyficznych „kultur energetycznych”, to w związku z jakimi cechami następuje podział między państwami UE-28? Postawione pytania należy związać z zamiarem stwierdzenia istnienia podziału państw w UE-28 na „czyste” i „brudne” kultury energetyczne. Za podziałem tym przemawiają poszczególne cechy państw członkowskich UE-28, które związane są produkcją, konsumpcją i transformacją energii, np. emisja GHG i zaangażowanie w sektor węglowy. Do weryfikacji założeń przyjętych w analizie posłużono się jedną z metod aglomeracyjnych (czyli metodą Warda) i jedną z metod optymalizacji danego grupowania obiektów (czyli metodę k-średnich). Ponadto, za pomocą poszczególnych testów, podjęto się analizy różnic w poziomie parametrów pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi skupieniami państw. Dodatkowo, wyodrębniono grupy niezależnych czynników metodą głównych składowych oraz wskazano zakres istotnych różnic w poziomie wyodrębnionych czynników między pogrupowanymi państwami UE-28.
Image in communication: Polish high school students and teachers vis-à-vis the dynamic aspects of their image on the official internet website of their school
Authors: Bielak Marlena Iwona
Published: July 2018

Image in communication: Polish high school students and teachers vis-à-vis thedynamic aspects of their image on the official internet website of their school
Przydać nowego sensu studiom germanistycznym… – przyczynek do dyskusji
Authors: Lewicka Grażyna , Lewicki Roman
Published: July 2018

Przydać nowego sensu studiom germanistycznym… – przyczynek do dyskusji
Dynamic Measurement of Foam-Sized Yarn Properties from Yarn Sequence Images
Authors: Zhu Bo , Li Zhongjian , Cao Xinwei , Liu Jianli , Gao Weidong
Published: July 2018

Unlike the normal sizing method, the foam sizing had been proven to be a low-add-on technology. To investigate the effect of foam sizing, film thickness, sized-yarn evenness, and size penetration rate were necessary to evaluate the performances of foam-sized yarns. However, the conventional image analysis of sized-yarn cross sections primarily relied on artificial testing with a low efficiency. This paper proposed a novel dynamic method to measure the sized-yarn properties including film thickness, sized-yarn evenness, and size penetration rate based on yarn sequence images captured from a moving yarn. A method of dynamic threshold module was adopted to obtain threshold for segmenting yarns in the sequence images. K-means clustering algorithm was applied to segment pixels of the images into yarn and background. To further remove burrs and noise in the images, two judgment templates were carried out to extract the information of yarn core. The film thickness, sized-yarn evenness, and size penetration rate were measured based on the yarn core of each frame in sequence images. In order to compare with the experimental results of the dynamic method, the yarn properties of the same samples were tested by static and artificial testing. Results revealed that the proposed method could efficiently and accurately detect the film thickness, sized-yarn evenness, and size penetration rate.
Influence of Muscle Quality on the Differences in Strength From Slow to Fast Velocities in Career Firefighters
Authors: Gerstner Gena R. , Giuliani Hayden K. , Mota Jacob A. , Ryan Eric D.
Published: July 2018

Gerstner, GR, Giuliani, HK, Mota, JA, and Ryan, ED. Influence of muscle quality on the differences in strength from slow to fast velocities in career firefighters. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2982–2986, 2018—The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ultrasound-derived muscle quality and the %decrease in peak torque (PT) from slow to fast velocities in career firefighters. Thirty-nine male career firefighters (mean ± SD: age = 36.90 ± 6.87 years; stature = 180.93 ± 6.98 cm; mass = 109.30 ± 20.57 kg; and body mass index [BMI] = 33.24 ± 4.95 kg·m−2) performed 3 maximal concentric isokinetic contractions at a slow (1.05 rad·s−1) and fast (4.19 rad·s−1) velocity in random order. The velocity-related decrease in PT was calculated as the %decrease from 1.05 to 4.19 rad·s−1. Ultrasonography was used to determine subcutaneous fat corrected echo intensity (EI) to represent muscle quality before strength testing. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between EI and %decrease in PT while adjusting for age (r
partial = 0.331, p = 0.042), and age and BMI (r
partial = 0.325, p = 0.050). These findings suggest that velocity-impaired isokinetic strength may be influenced by alterations in skeletal muscle tissue composition. Future studies are needed to determine whether the %decrease in PT is related to performance during critical firefighter tasks.
Long-acting FC-fusion rhGH (GX-H9) shows potential for up to twice-monthly administration in GH-deficient adults
Authors: Ku Cheol Ryong , Brue Thierry , Schilbach Katharina , Ignatenko Stanislav , Magony Sandor , Chung Yoon-Sok , Kim Byung-Joon , Hur Kyu Yeon , Kang Ho-Cheol , Kim Jung Hee , Kim Min Seon , Kowalska Aldona , Bolanowski Marek , Ruchala Marek , Damjanovic Svetozar , Payer Juraj , Choi Yun Jung , Heo Su Jin , Kim Tae Kyoung , Heo MinKyu , Lee Joan , Lee Eun Jig
Published: July 2018

Objective

Hybrid Fc-fused rhGH (GX-H9) is a long-acting recombinant human growth hormone (GH) under clinical development for both adults and children with GH deficiency (GHD). We compared the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of weekly and every other week (EOW) dosages of GX-H9 with those of daily GH administration in adult GHD (AGHD) patients.

Design

This was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled and dose-escalation study conducted in 16 endocrinology centers in Europe and Korea.

Methods

Forty-five AGHD patients with or without prior GH treatment were enrolled. Patients with prior GH treatments were required to have received the last GH administration at least 1 month prior to randomization. Subjects were sequentially assigned to treatment groups. Fifteen subjects were enrolled to each treatment group and randomly assigned to receive either GX-H9 or Genotropin (4:1 ratio). GX-H9 dosage regimens for Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 0.1 mg/kg weekly, 0.3 mg/kg EOW and 0.2 mg/kg EOW, respectively. All Genotropin-assigned subjects received 6 µg/kg Genotropin, regardless of treatment group. Main outcome analyses included measurements of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity.

Results

Mean GX-H9 peak and total exposure increased with an increase in dose after a single-dose administration. The mean IGF-I response was sustained above baseline over the intended dose interval of 168 h for the weekly and 336 h for the EOW GX-H9 groups. Safety profiles and immunogenicity were not different across the treatment groups and with Genotropin.

Conclusions

GX-H9 has the potential for up to twice-monthly administration.
MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endocrinology of opioids
Authors: Fountas Athanasios , Chai Shu Teng , Kourkouti Chrysoula , Karavitaki Niki
Published: July 2018

The use of opioids has grown substantially over the past two decades reaching the dimensions of a global epidemic. These drugs have effects on multiple levels of the endocrine system through mechanisms which are still not fully elucidated, and awareness of their endocrine sequelae is vital for all specialists prescribing or managing patients on them. Hypogonadism is the most well-recognised consequence of opioid use (prevalence 21–86%) which, however, may remain undiagnosed with potential adverse outcomes for the patients. Although less frequent, cortisol deficiency can also be found. Furthermore, there is a negative impact on bone health (with reduced bone mineral density and increased fracture risk) and occasionally hyperprolactinaemia, whereas the clinical significance of alterations in other hormones remains to be clarified. Discontinuation or reduction of the opioid and, in cases of chronic pain, consideration of alternative therapies for pain relief are potential management options. Hormonal replacement, especially when the above measures are not practically feasible, needs to be considered. Further studies are needed to clearly establish the prevalence of hormonal abnormalities with various regimes, doses and routes of opioids and to address reliably the long-term benefits and risks of hormonal treatment in patients on opioids. Until evidence-based, safe and cost-effective clinical guidelines become available, periodical assessment of the gonadal and adrenal function (particularly when relevant clinical manifestations are present) and evaluation of the bone health status are advised.
Efecto del programa “Un paso activo” en los hábitos de movimiento de estudiantes de primaria
Authors: Álvarez Bogantes Carlos
Published: July 2018

El propósito de este artículo es evaluar el efecto de la propuesta Un paso activo en los hábitos de movimiento de estudiantes. Sujetos: 69 estudiantes de tercer grado de una escuela urbana pública del cantón central de San José, de los cuales 34 pertenecieron al grupo experimental (16 niños y 18 niñas) y 35 al grupo control (15 niños y 16 niñas), con edades promedio de 9.2 años, tomaron parte en el estudio. La intervención utilizó el acercamiento socio-constructivista de las lecciones de educación dado por el MEP en la organización de las lecciones de Educación Física. Diseño del estudio: Cuasiexperimental a través de 4 meses. Resultados: Los niños y niñas en el grupo experimental tuvieron un incremento significativo en el conocimiento, y en el tiempo reportado en actividad física a través del reporte dirigido (<.05). Se presentó un efecto positivo en el cambio de actitud hacia la actividad física de las mujeres del grupo experimental. Conclusiones: La estrategia pedagógica dada por el MEP, mejoró el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física y el estado de cambio de los participantes en el grupo experimental, especialmente en las niñas.
Complex Care Hospital Use and Postdischarge Coaching: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Coller Ryan J. , Klitzner Thomas S. , Lerner Carlos F. , Nelson Bergen B. , Thompson Lindsey R. , Zhao Qianqian , Saenz Adrianna A. , Ia Siem , Flores-Vazquez Jessica , Chung Paul J.
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVES:

We sought to examine the effect of a caregiver coaching intervention, Plans for Action and Care Transitions (PACT), on hospital use among children with medical complexity (CMC) within a complex care medical home at an urban tertiary medical center.

METHODS:

PACT was an 18-month caregiver coaching intervention designed to influence key drivers of hospitalizations: (1) recognizing critical symptoms and conducting crisis plans and (2) supporting comprehensive hospital transitions. Usual care was within a complex care medical home. Primary outcomes included hospitalizations and 30-day readmissions. Secondary outcomes included total charges and mortality. Intervention effects were examined with bivariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS:

From December 2014 to September 2016, 147 English- and Spanish-speaking CMC <18 years old and their caregivers were randomly assigned to PACT (n = 77) or usual care (n = 70). Most patients were Hispanic, Spanish-speaking, and publicly insured. Although in unadjusted intent-to-treat analyses, only charges were significantly reduced, both hospitalizations and charges were lower in adjusted analyses. Hospitalization rates (per 100 child-years) were 81 for PACT vs 101 for usual care (adjusted incident rate ratio: 0.61 [95% confidence interval 0.38–0.97]). Adjusted mean charges per patient were $14 206 lower in PACT. There were 0 deaths in PACT vs 4 in usual care (log-rank P = .04).

CONCLUSIONS:

Among CMC within a complex care program, a health coaching intervention designed to identify, prevent, and manage patient-specific crises and postdischarge transitions appears to lower hospitalizations and charges. Future research should confirm findings in broader populations and care models.
Crisis política y polítización ciudadana. Análisis de la relación entre política y ciudadanía en Chile en el momento político actual
Authors: Torres Nicolás
Published: July 2018

La aparente crisis política y la politización ciudadana que vive el país, nos invita a abordar el estudio de la relación entre política y ciudadanía en Chile con la finalidad de establecer y comprender las claves desencadenantes y confrontacionales que evidenciarían una crisis en la relación entre ambas. Basado  en el enfoque del análisis de las practicas discursivas, se interrogan diversos intelectuales y agentes políticos, medios de comunicación, revistas, estudios institucionales y de sondeo de opinión política, con el objeto de establecer un panorama general del contexto sociopolítico, de las principales características de la política, del tipo de ciudadanía que se reposiciona desde el 2011 y de la posible existencia de una crisis de legitimidad.
Autopercepción y satisfacción corporal de la población adulta mexicana por estados: una modelación probabilística con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de México (ENSANUT) 2012
Authors: Silva Eliud , Galicia Gerardo
Published: July 2018

Objetivo: inferir el modelo probabilístico que represente a nivel estatal las discrepancias entre percepción y aspiración de la población mexicana en cuanto a su figura, a través de las denominadas siluetas de Stunkard, Sorenson y Schulsinger. Metodología: con muestras representativas a nivel estatal provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) 2012, se estimaron discrepancias entre distintos Índices de Masa Corporal (IMC): el medido y el autoreportado. Se utilizaron pruebas de bondad de ajuste y, con modelos ajustados de normalidad estadística, se calcularon probabilidades. Se aplicaron clusters jerárquicos a variables vinculadas con las discrepancias para identificar similitudes entre las muestras de los estados. Resultados: con la prueba Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), la Anderson-Darling (AD) y la Ji cuadrada (χ2) con una significancia del 1%, se ajustaron las discrepancias por sexo y estados, y en su mayoría se obtuvo una distribución normal. Se realizaron algunas estimaciones de probabilidades y se aplicó la regla empírica, con lo que se dimensionó la magnitud del posible conocimiento del IMC medido y de la satisfacción existente. Se identificaron grupos de estados que comparten similitudes en sus poblaciones en relación a variables estimadas. Conclusiones: se constató una percepción equivoca y una aspiración sistemática, permeadas de heterogeneidad ante un escenario de obesidad y sobrepeso que posee la mayor parte de la población mexicana.
Origen y formación de la lengua catalana
Authors: Quirós R. Manuel Antonio
Published: July 2018

El catalán es una lengua romance occidental asentada, junto con el español y el gallego-portugués en Iberorromania. Se divide en catalán occidental: Andorra, zona oriental de Aragón, Lérida  (la capital), este de Tarragona y la región de Valencia; y en catalán oriental: Departamento francés de los Pirineos (Rosellón), Gerona, Barcelona (la capital), norte de Tarragona, Islas Baleares y AIguero, en Cerdeña.
Algunas consideraciones sobre el discurso indirecto en el Bellum Gallicum de C. Iulius Caesar
Authors: Quirós Robinson Xinia
Published: July 2018

La lengua literaria latina usó ampliamente el discurso indirecto, sobre todo la historiografía, ya que este recurso estilístico permitía a los historiadores  no sólo dotar a la narración de carácter objetivo, sino también mantener la unidad del estilo, pese a la incorporación, dentro de la obra, de pensamientos y discursos ajenos.
Morfología flexiva del misquito: El sustantivo
Authors: Arguedas Cortés Gilda
Published: July 2018

Los misquitos son el principal grupo indígena que habita en la vertiente atlántica de Nicaragua y Honduras conocida con el nombre de la Mosquitia. Esta vasta región se extiende desde el cabo Honduras, cerca de Trujillo, hasta el río San Juan, en el límite con Costa Rica, es decir, unas 550 millas (885 km) a lo largo del litoral (de los 110 a los 16° de latitud norte).
Análisis de un poema de Antonio Machado: "El limonero lánguido suspende... "
Authors: Camacho Jorge Andrés
Published: July 2018

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito primordial analizar un poema de Antonio Machado, desde una doble perspectiva de individualidad: como poema de dicho autor, y como objeto poético autónomo. Complementariamente, el de aprovechar el análisis con algún fin docente, en el sentido de que sin proponer una metodología que deba seguirse con ortodoxia, se alcance a ver que en el análisis poético, que inclusive en el de obras literarias de otro género resulta muy conveniente tener un criterio, enriquecido por el avance de las teorías correspondientes; pero que, al final, la naturaleza misma del objeto obliga al investigador a superar cualquier ortodoxia; que en defmitiva, todo trabajo exige un cierto grado de creatividad: el acondicionamiento de aquellas teorías y los métodos que de ellas se deriven a la realidad objetiva del texto estudiado.
El llano en llamas: Un estudio de la negatividad
Authors: Dalton Cristina
Published: July 2018

La obra literaria se puede concebir como un mundo; un mundo que surge de la conciencia del autor, se transmite a través de una serie de signos y se realiza en el acto recreativo del lector. La sensación general transmitida por El Llano en Llamas de Juan Rulfo es de una angustia opresiva, remite a un centro significativo como la negatividad.
Delays in Africa Accessing Emergency Obstetric Care in Sub-Saharan; Kenya Situation
Authors: Mutuku J. , Githae Dr. M.
Published: July 2018

Delay in accessing facility for delivery by a skilled person has huge impact on maternal health outcomes in developing countries. However, women’s deaths at birth in Sub-Saharan countries remain high due to challenges associated with accessing immediate Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) at birth.

While the deaths are preventable through availability of EmOC and skilled persons attending to delivery, access to these services remain poor and most women continue to give birth at home without the assistance of a skilled person.

The purpose of the study was to identify barriers to accessing EmOC in order to suggest ways of increasing skilled birth attendance in Kenya, a strategy that is known to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Relevant literature from abstracts of scholarly journals from major search engines were scanned and analyzed for results.

Significant factors that were identified to cause delay in accessing EmOC are maternal education, financial status, ignorance, delay in decision making by family, preference for Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA), travel cost, means of transport, distance, and impassable roads. Further barriers are poor quality of care due to supplies and equipment shortage, rude, unwelcoming staff, user fees paid on admission and long waiting hours in the facilities.

Based on the findings, various barriers that hinder women from accessing EmOC exist. To increase the number of births assisted by skilled professionals and reduce maternal deaths, these barriers need to be tackled from family, community, and facility levels.

The recommendations include community sensitization and health education on pregnancy related danger signs, strengthening of health care systems to ensure availability of supplies, equipment, and improving referral systems. Integration of TBAs role to health care system will ensure timely referral and increased facility deliveries.
Discussion and Debate: In Defense of a Contextual Classical Archaeology
Authors: Haggis Donald C.
Published: July 2018

In two recent articles in JMA, Robin Osborne (2015) and, in a response, James Whitley (2016) present compelling, if provocative, thoughts on the methodological and intellectual divergence between the study of artifacts derived from contexts produced by archaeological excavation, and those from museum collections often lacking well-documented provenience. While both authors acknowledge the importance of excavation and museum collections, the polarization of perspectives is a thought-provoking reflection on research process and practice in classical archaeology. The thread of discussion, however, focuses on objects as sources, leaving the actual archaeological context in the background, effectively limiting its function to the definition of a spatiotemporal framework or provenience of source material for answering historical questions. Drawing on examples from excavations at classical Vergina and Athens, and recent discussion of archaeological practice and the meaning of archaeological context, this contribution re-explores the intellectual divisions that constitute the field of classical archaeology. It does not take issue with Osborne's or Whitley's case studies in particular-indeed both are interesting and valuable-but seeks rather to recenter the discussion on the implications of archaeological context itself for developing new questions in classical archaeology.
Thyroid Dysfunction After Radiotherapy in Children with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Zvyagintseva Darya A. , Kulyova Svetlana A. , Tsyrlina Evgenia V. , Novikov Sergey N.
Published: July 2018

Background.The main approach to Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) treatment is the use of cytostatic and consolidation radiation therapy. The combination of both treatment techniques undoubtedly improves the antitumor effect, but also negatively influence on the functioning of the endocrine glands. The most frequent complications are various diseases of the thyroid gland.Objective.Our aim was to determine the relationship between the thyroid disorders and critical dose of neck irradiation in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.Methods.The study included 143 patients aged 2–17 years with HL. In the treatment of all patients, risk-adapted therapy was used: 42 patients were treated according to the DAL-HD protocol, 86 patients — according to the original risk-adjusted SPbHL protocol, and 15 patients included in the unfavorable prognosis group underwent 6 courses of BEACOPP-basic. The next treatment step was consolidation radiation therapy. When the therapy course was completed, patients were diagnosed with structural and/or functional changes in the thyroid gland.Results.The majority of the patients (n =126) received concomitant cervico-supraclavicular radiotherapy involving mediastinal lymph nodes in the total focal dose (SOD) of 15–46 Gy. The mean follow-up period was 7.5 years (range: 0–22). Having performed ROC analysis, we determined the critical dose of radiation leading to the development of thyroid dysfunction — more than 39 Gy; the area under the curve was 0.717±0.108 (CI 0.590–0.822; p =0.0445). The Youden’s Index was 0.3929.Conclusion.Irradiation of the neck and thyroid in total dose of 39 Gy and above is associated with a high risk of developing thyroid dysfunction.
А Study of the Amount of CD57+ Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in Bone Marrow associated with the Development of Small Round Cell Sarcomas in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kolbatskaya Olga P. , Gorbunova Tatiana V. , Tupitsyn Nikolai N.
Published: July 2018

Background.There is little data on the number of CD57+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) in the bone marrow of healthy children and children with developing small round cell sarcomas (rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing`s sarcoma).Objective.Our aim was to study the amount of CD57 + CTL in bone marrow of children with developing small round cell sarcomas.Methods.A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted for the period of 2006–2011. It enrolled 47 patients aged 1–17 y.o. (mean age — 8.6 years) who underwent the bone marrow aspiration; the examination results were studied with morphological and immunocytometric method. The obtained mean values of CD57+ T-cell were processed by the statistical program SPSS17.Results.Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was diagnosed in 16 patients, Ewing`s sarcoma (ES) — in 16 patients. The control group included 15 patients with no malignant tumours. In patients with ES, higher percent of CD3+CD57+ (p=0.022) and CD8+CD57+ (p=0.028) subpopulations was registered. The percentage and absolute level of CD3+CD57+ and CD8+CD57+ T-cells in the bone marrow of patients with RMS did not differ from the control (p=0.125 and р=0.181 respectively). Comparison of percentage of CD3+CD57+ and CD8+CD57+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations in subjects of both groups revealed no differences (р=0.091 and р=0.060 respectively). We registered higher amount of CD3+CD57+ and CD8+CD57+ T-cell subpopulations in patients with ES than in patients with RMS (p=0.009 and p=0.014 respectively).Conclusion.Each malignant disease when diagnosing is characterized by specific changes in the patterns of CD57 + CTL subpopulations derived from the bone marrow which allows to reveal its clinical and prognostic significance, understand better the mechanisms of interaction between the tumor and the immune system, and serve for the development of immunotherapy programs.
Syndrome of High Academic Loads in School-Aged Children and Adolescents
Authors: Karkashadze G. A. , Namazova-Baranova L. S. , Zakharova I. N. , Makarova S. G. , Maslova O. I.
Published: July 2018

High academic loads are a common problem for Russian schoolchildren negatively affecting their mental and physical health. The article presents the main contributory factors of high academic loads, differentiated clinical features, course, and complications of the syndrome. The issues of high academic load syndrome treatment are separately covered. The main conclusion is that it is necessary to reinforce the prevention of psychoneurological disorders and their complications in schoolchildren of Russia.
Pilot Project «All-Russian Registry of Patients with Severe Bronchial Asthma.» The First Results in a Children’s Group of Patients (Moscow’s Observation Program)
Authors: Namazova-Baranova Leyla S. , Vishneva Elena A. , Dobrynina Elena , Alekseeva Anna A. , Belevskiy Andrey S. , Ilyina Nataliya I. , Knyazheskaya Nadezhda P. , Kurbacheva Olga M. , Osipova Galina L.
Published: July 2018

The article presents the first results of the pilot observation program «The All-Russian Severe Asthma Patient Registry» which was started in Moscow. Objectives. The objective of this initiative is the accumulation of clinical data on patients with severe bronchial asthma in the Russian Federation. Methods. The chosen method was a registry, the rights holders of which were 3 professional associations — Interregional Public Organization «Russian Respiratory Society», Public Organization «Union of Pediatricians of Russia», All-Russian Public Organization «Association of Allergologists and Clinical Immunologists». Results. The results of the pilot project are presented by the data analysis of electronic case report forms of 36 children (totally, the project included 100 patients, 64 adults and 36 children) enrolled in the program from June to December 2016. Using the registry, a detailed analysis of the clinical characteristics of a group of children with severe atopic bronchial asthma was carried out, the results of a pharmacoepidemiological evaluation of therapy were given. Obtained by the researchers, a high frequency of the assignment of a genetically engineered biologic drug of omalizumab meets the international recommendations but does not reflect the all-Russian reality and can be explained by inclusion in the registry of pediatric patients observed only in the Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Scientific and Practical Center of Children’s Health» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. To determine true indicators that characterize bronchial asthma in children in the Russian Federation it is necessary, undoubtedly, to expand the geography of project participants.
THE URGENCY OF GENETIC VERIFICATION OF NON-COMPACTION CARDIOMYOPATHY IN CHILDREN: CLINICAL CASES
Authors: Sdvigova Nataliya A. , Basargina Elena N. , Ryabtsev Dmitry V. , Savostyanov Kirill V. , Pushkov Alexander A. , Zhurkova Natalia V. , Revunenkov Grigory V. , Zharova Olga P.
Published: July 2018

Background. Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a group of genetically heterogeneous, poorly studied myocardial diseases with a variety of clinical manifestations (from asymptomatic course to progressive systolic dysfunction with symptoms of chronic heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic complications). Considering the variety of genetic disorders associated with the development of noncompaction cardiomyopathy, genetic verification of the diagnosis is important for determining the prognosis and conducting genetic counselling of families with cases of the disease.

Description of the Clinical Case. The article presents two clinical observations of a severe course of non-compaction cardiomyopathy with remodeling of the heart cavities according to the dilated phenotype. In order to clarify the disease etiology, a molecular genetic study was conducted using the method of direct automatic sequencing with the analysis of targeted regions of 404 genes which mutations are described in hereditary diseases of the heart and blood vessels. After verifying the mutation (in the ACTC1 and MYBPC3 genes), we performed a search for the detected nucleotide substitution in the venous blood samples of parents and in one case — in the fetal DNA sample. The mode of inheritance has been determined; the probability of recurrence of the disease in siblings in subsequent pregnancies has been estimated.

Conclusion. The description of clinical cases shows the importance of genetic verification of the diagnosis in patients with non-compaction cardiomyopathy for determining the disease prognosis and developing an algorithm for monitoring relatives of a proband.
OUTCOMES OF THE LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIECTASES: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Authors: Lazareva Natal’ya B. , Chikh Evgeniya V. , Rebrova Ekaterina V.
Published: July 2018

The article discusses issues related to the long-term administration of macrolide antibiotics for a bronchoectatic disorder of the pulmonary system in children. The relevant information about the results of long-term intake of macrolides in adults and children, the effective dose titration, possible toxic effects of therapy, including the development of cardiotoxic effect and ways to prevent it, has been enlightened in detail. It has been noted that a limited number of clinical studies involving children determine the need for studying the possibility to extrapolate adult treatment.
HONEY FOR A COUGH?
Authors: Tatochenko Vladimir K.
Published: July 2018

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APPLICATION OF INTERVALIC HYPOXIC-HYPEROXIC ENTRAINMENT TO PREVENTION OF INTRA AND EARLY POSTOPERATIONAL COMPLICATIONS IN CORONARY BYPASS GRAFTING
Authors: Tuter D. S. , Komarov R. N. , Glazachev O. S. , Syrkin A. L. , Severova L. P. , Ivanova E. V. , Kopylov F. Yu.
Published: July 2018

Aim.To assess possibility and safety of intervalic hypoxic-hyperoxic training (HHT) as a method of cardioprotection and metabolic adaptation of myocardium for onpump coronary bypass surgery.

Material and methods.Totally, 80 coronary heart disease patients included, hospitalized to the clinics of aortic and cardiosurgery of the University hospital of Sechenov University. All had indications for the operation — direct myocardial revascularization with bypass grafting. In 5 days before surgery, according to the scheme of preparation, the patients were randomized to two groups (main — with HHT, and controls; n=40). The rate of complications was evaluated, during the operation and in post-surgery period. The level of troponin I was measured before operation, in 2 and 24 hours after, as well as level of lactate in venous blood before and after operation.

Results.The rate of intraand early postsurgery complications in both groups did not differ significantly, though in the main there was tendency to decline of total rate of complications. In patients of HHT group median troponin I was significantly lower: 1,068 (0,388; 1,397) ng/L, when in controls — 1,980 (1,068; 3,239) ng/mL, р=0,012.

Lactate level after HHT operation was significantly lower — 1,74 (1,23; 2,04) mM/L, comparing to the controls — 2,10 (1,80; 2,29) mM/L, р=0,04.

Conclusion.The applicability and safety were demonstrated, of HHT as a method of cardioprotection in shunting of coronary arteries on-pump. Taken low number of  participants, it is important to conduct broader investigation on this type of entrainment.
AN OVERTRAINING SYNDROME AS FUNCTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDER DUE TO PHYSICAL OVERLOAD
Authors: Badtieva V. A. , Pavlov V. I. , Sharykin A. S. , Khokhlova М. N. , Pachina A. V. , Vybornov V. D.
Published: July 2018

In the article, an analysis provided of recent views on the overtraining syndrome by the data from local and foreign publications.

The witness of the problem actuality is also an existence of controversial opinions and absence of clear definitions on properties of the condition. It has been revealed that the main role in pathogenesis of the overtraining syndrome do play the changes of cardiovascular, endocrine and central nervous systems. These changes are complicated and ambiguous, depend upon multiple factors, as the type of sport, specifics of exertion and loads, stage of pathophysiological process. Entraining effect of exertion, if incorrectly utilized, underestimation of current condition of a sportsman, might not lead to expected results. Moreover, non-rational application of exertion might lead to opposite effect, that is, to decrease adaptation potential and reserves, towards the edge of the condition as an overtraining syndrome, which shows phasic, progressing character, starting from fatigue and mild disorders, to persistent, rigidly reversible processes.

Due to controversy, multiple stages and multifactorial of the overtraining syndrome, by now there is no unified approach to its definition, as no unified standards to its diagnostics, treatment and prevention.
Os condicionantes da aceitação e da rejeição à propaganda negativa na eleição presidencial de 2014
Authors: Borba Felipe , Veiga Luciana Fernandes , Martins Flávia Bozza
Published: July 2018

Resumo: O artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a recepção da propaganda negativa na disputa presidencial de 2014, tendo como marco teórico a discussão derivada da literatura internacional, segundo a qual a recepção da propaganda negativa varia de acordo com o tema em debate, a utilização ou não de evidências, o tipo de orador e se feita de maneira comparativa ou direta. O artigo utiliza a técnica de recepção da propaganda política por meio da realização de quatro grupos focais com eleitores do Rio de Janeiro, que foram estimulados a avaliar comerciais de ataques exibidos no Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral. Os resultados indicam que comerciais com conteúdo político, amparados em evidências que sustentam o conteúdo das acusações e de maneira comparativa é o modelo mais aceito de ataques entre os eleitores.
Unificando os conceitos de corrupção: uma abordagem através da nova metodologia dos conceitos
Authors: MIRANDA LUIZ FERNANDO
Published: July 2018

Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal apresentar a proposta de unificação do conceito de corrupção. Com este objetivo, o artigo de divide em três partes. Na primeira parte fizemos um inventário dos conceitos encontrados entre os principais estudiosos do assunto junto a uma análise crítica dos conceitos. Na segunda parte apresentamos a nova metodologia dos conceitos, mostramos os critérios para a construção de um conceito, explicamos a estratégia “Min-Máx” e pontuamos a multidimensionalidade dos conceitos em três níveis. Na terceira parte criamos um novo conceito de corrupção, apresentamos sua estrutura esquemática, e, por fim, testamos a qualidade do conceito por meio da metodologia apresentada. Conclui-se que o novo conceito possui um escopo mais preciso e é mais operacionalizável.