bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interglacial Chironomidae (Diptera) from Thule, Northwest Greenland: matching modern analogues to fossil assemblages
Authors: BRODERSEN KLAUS PETER , BENNIKE OLE
Published: July 2010

An analysis of subfossil insect remains (Diptera, Chironomidae) from an interglacial site at Narsaarsuk near Thule Air Base, NW Greenland, was undertaken to complement our understanding of last interglacial environments in the Arctic by analogue matching to modern chironomid assemblages. The subfossil larval midge head capsules were well preserved and 82% of the chironomid remains were identified as eight different extant chironomid taxa. The assemblage was dominated by the loticDiamesa(43.8%), a number of lentic taxa (Hydrobaenus, Psectrocladius, Cricotopus/Orthocladius) and a few semi‐aquatic taxa (Smittia, Chaetocladius). Asingle black fly head capsule (Diptera, Simuliidae) was registered. The interglacial sample was compared to subfossil chironomid assemblages from 42 lakes in West Greenland, two glacier lakes (with and without river influence) and a quantitative zoobenthos study from Narsaq Elv. Similarity analysis, analogue matching and multidimensional scaling suggest a lotic, cold, glacier‐fed interglacial palaeo‐biotope. Quantitative temperature reconstruction was not possible owing to a high dissimilarity to modern lentic chironomid assemblages from West Greenland. However, the simple numerical methods convincingly managed to reflect an interglacial river and stream environment, which can be difficult to document from other palaeoecological data.
Occurrence of varved lake sediment sequences in Varmland, west central Sweden: lake characteristics, varve chronology and AMS radiocarbon dating
Authors: ZILLÉN LOVISA , SNOWBALL IAN , SANDGREN PER , STANTON TANIA
Published: July 2010

Varved lake sediments can be used to set multiple environmental proxies within a calendar year time scale. We undertook a systematic survey of lakes in the Province of Värmland, west central Sweden, with the aim of finding continuous varved lake sediment sequences covering the majority of the Holocene. In Fennoscandia, such sediments have previously only been recorded in northern Sweden and in southern and central Finland. By following a selective process and fieldwork we discovered three new varved sites (i.e. Furskogstjärnet, Mötterudstjärnet and Kälksjön). We found that lakes with varved sediments have several common lake morphometry properties and lake catchment characteristics such as maximum water depth, maximum water depth/lake surface area ratio, catchment soil types, altitude and number of inflows. Varve chronologies, supported by AMS‐14C dating and tephrochronology were established for two of the sediment profiles. These varve chronologies are the longest geological records with an annual resolution known to exist in Sweden. In Furskogstjärnet, the AMS‐ 14C dates based on terrestrial plant macrofossils at several levels deviate significantly from the varve based time‐depth curve. In Motterudstjarnet, a fully reasonable time‐depth model based on the 14C dates gives older ages in the lower part of the sequence compared to the varve chronology. These results highlight that seemingly acceptable AMS radiocarbon dates may be erroneous. They also point to the fact that varved lake sediments are reliable geological archives with respect to chronological control and accuracy. Thus, these archives should be of prime interest for studies of climate and environmental change undertaken with the aim of providing sub‐decadal resolution proxy data sets.
Deglaciation history of the southwestern Fennoscandian Ice Sheet between 15 and 13 14C ka BP
Authors: NYGÅRD ATLE , SEJRUP HANS PETTER , HAFLIDASON HAFLIDI , CECCHI MARCELLO , OTTESEN DAG
Published: July 2010

Analysis of 2D and 3D seismic records from the continental shelf off western Norway, in combination with chronological constraints from 14C dates, has led to a model for the glacial development in these shelf areas between c. 15 and 13 14C ka BP. On the shallow Måløy Plateau adjacent to the Norwegian Channel, iceberg scours are preserved below a prominent moraine ridge, which by correlation to the Norwegian Channel indicate ice retreat at c. 15 14C ka BP. Subsequently, the ice advanced across the scoured surface and deposited a till sheet before stabilizing to deposit a prominent moraine, termed the Bremanger Moraine. Based on location on the shelf, seismic stratigraphy, morphology and C dates the Bremanger Moraine is correlated with a significant moraine on the continental shelf off Trøndelag. We suggest that these features are products of a regional glacial event, the Bremanger Event, dated to <15–13.3 14C ka BP. The Bremanger Event is probably a result of the deteriorating climatic conditions in the NE Atlantic during Heinrich event 1.
Modeling the deglaciation of the Green Bay Lobe of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet
Authors: WINGUTH CORNELIA , MICKELSON DAVID M. , COLGAN PATRICK M. , LAABS BENJAMIN J. C.
Published: July 2010

We use a time‐dependent two‐dimensional ice‐flow model to explore the development of the Green Bay Lobe, an outlet glacier of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet, leading up to the time of maximum ice extent and during subsequent deglaciation (c. 30 to 8 cal. ka BP). We focus on conditions at the ice‐bed interface in order to evaluate their possible impact on glacial landscape evolution. Air temperatures for model input have been reconstructed using the GRIP δ8O record calibrated to speleothem records from Missouri that cover the time periods of c. 65 to 30 cal. ka BP and 13.25 to 12.4 cal. ka BP. Using that input, the known ice extents during maximum glaciation and early deglaciation can be reproduced reasonably well. The model fails, however, to reproduce short‐term ice margin retreat and readvance events during later stages of deglaciation. Model results indicate that the area exposed after the retreat of the Green Bay Lobe was characterized by permafrost until at least 14 cal. ka BP. The extensive drumlin zones that formed behind the ice margins of the outermost Johnstown phase and the later Green Lake phase are associated with modeled ice margins that were stable for at least 1000 years, high basal shear stresses (c. 100 kPa) and permafrost depths of 80–200 m. During deglaciation, basal meltwater and sliding became more important.
Late Pleistocene remains of giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach) in Scandinavia: chronology and environment
Authors: AARIS‐SØRENSEN KIM , LILJEGREN RONNIE
Published: July 2010

This article presents new data on the Late Pleistocene giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach), describing its distribution in time and space, geographical and sexual variation and general biology. Twenty‐three south Scandinavian fossils found in situ in lacustrine sediments or redeposited in glaciofluvial material form the basis of this investigation. Fourteen C dates show that the giant deer inhabited southern Scandinavia in the ice‐free late Middle Weichselian from c. 40000 to 28000 BP (the Sandnes Interstadial) and again in the Late Weichselian from c. 12000 to 10700 BP (Older Dryas, Allerød and early Younger Dryas Chronozones), corresponding to a calibrated range from c. 14300 to 12400 cal. yr BP. Osteometric analyses show that the Scandinavian giant deer belonged to the upper size range of the lateglacial Irish population and that a marked sexual dimorphism existed, the males being 10–11% larger than the females. Investigations furthermore point at an antler cycle similar to that among extant northern cervids, and subsequently at a rutting season in autumn. The skeletal remains also prove the occurrence of twin delivery and the possibility of reaching an ontogenetic age of at least 23 years. During both occurrences the Scandinavian giant deer population was part of the northernmost distribution of the species in Europe and the palaeogeographical settings and palaeoenvironmental conditions of the two periods show striking similarities. Clearly, the giant deer were able to colonize and survive in a landscape dominated by grasses and sedges with scattered shrubs and dwarf shrubs. They came as close as 200–250 km to the ice front and their distribution included coastal areas along a cold sea with drifting icebergs. They were present in the area at least from March until November. However, the pure arctic conditions created during the early phase of the Younger Dryas event led to a new local extinction around 10700 14C yr BP. This was the beginning of a total Eurasian extinction which, at least in Europe, was completed before the Pleistocene/Holocene transition.
Modelling of late Quaternary climate over Asia: a synthesis
Authors: BUSH ANDREW B. G.
Published: July 2010

Through the late Quaternary, the global climate system ranged from full glacial to temperate interglacial conditions. On a smaller spatial scale, regional climates of the late Quaternary exhibited fluctuations that were at times asynchronous to these global changes. For example, glacier expansion in the Himalayas during the mid‐Holocene appears to be at odds with the notion of increased global temperature. A clear understanding of the dynamical processes governing regional climate is therefore essential to the correct interpretation of proxy climate data. We summarize results from numerical simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the mid‐Holocene, and focus on the multiple processes that control regional climate of the Himalaya and surrounding areas, with emphasis on monsoon dynamics and variability. It is shown that changes in the south Asian monsoon (caused by fluctuations in Earth's orbital parameters, by tropical Pacific Ocean temperatures, or by exposure of the Sunda shelf) alter the hydrological balance in regions bordering the Tibetan Plateau, a balance for which there are extensive continental proxy records. Numerical results correlate with the expansion/contraction cycles of deserts near the Chinese Loess Plateau. In addition, the LGM monsoon exhibits significant snow accumulation in the eastern Himalaya, whereas the mid‐Holocene monsoon exhibits increased accumulation in the northwestern Himalaya. Simulated changes are therefore in accord with field data and demonstrate that numerical simulations can be a useful tool in the interpretation of regional proxy data, particularly when those data are asynchronous to global records.
Glacial meltwater erosion and sedimentation as evidence for multiple glaciations in west Wales
Authors: GLASSER NEIL F. , ETIENNE JAMES L. , HAMBREY MICHAEL J. , DAVIES JEREMY R. , WATERS RICHARD A. , WILBY PHILIP R.
Published: July 2010

This article presents the results of a geomorphological and sedimentological investigation of former glacial meltwater drainage in the region of the lower Afon Teifi, one of the major rivers of southwest Wales. Former drainage characteristics in the region are reconstructed concentrating on palaeo‐drainage routes associated with successive Pleistocene glaciations and their role in the Quaternary evolution of the lower Teifi. Mapping of these features throughout a c. 100 km2 area reveals a complex evolution in the establishment of the present‐day drainage system, with evidence for the following surface channel types: (i) type 1 channels of primary subglacial origin cut during the late Devensian (late Wisconsinan/late Weichselian) glaciation; (ii) type 2 channels representing either pre‐late Devensian subaerial fluvial run‐off unconnected to the course of the preglacial Afon Teifi, or originating as subglacial chute channels; (iii) type 3 channels developed as subglacially modified pre‐late Devensian tributaries of the Afon Teifi. Two further features are also described: (iv) type 4 channels are drift‐plugged abandoned preglacial courses of the Afon Teifi, and (v) type 5 channels formed as lateglacial and post‐late Devensian gorges which bypass type 4 channels. A relative chronostratigraphy based on channel geomorphology and sedimentology reveals an evolutionary sequence considerably more complicated than identified in previous studies, with extensive modification of the lower Afon Teifi region by glacial meltwater during at least two periods of Pleistocene glaciation.
Glacial indicator dispersal processes: a conceptual model
Authors: LARSON PHILLIP C. , MOOERS HOWARD D.
Published: July 2010

Interpretation of indicator dispersal trains preserved in till sheets is widely used to investigate past glacial processes and to explore for buried bedrock mineralization. We present a conceptual model of erosion and entrainment and transport of indicator material in a glacial system. Indicator concentration in an individual size fraction of till is controlled by dilution and comminution. Dilution is the result of incorporation of additional material to the glacier's debris load down‐ice of the indicator source, and is described in terms of erosivity and erosion length scale. Erosivity describes the amount of bed material eroded along a flowline, and is a function of both bed properties and the erosive power of the glacier. Erosion length scale describes the persistence of an indicator dispersal signal during transport, and controls both the maximum total indicator concentration and the eventual length of apparent dispersal. We adapt a modified batch grinding particle comminution model to describe breakdown of indicator material during transport and modification of the indicator particle size distribution. Indicator dispersal concentrations are the product of dilution and comminution processes.
Lateglacial oceanographic conditions off Southwest Iceland inferred from shallow‐marine deposits in Reykjavík and Seltjarnarnes Peninsula
Authors: EIRÍKSSON JÓN , KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE , SÍMONARSON LEIFUR A.
Published: July 2010

New palaeoenvironmental data from the Lateglacial in Southwest Iceland add to the record of climatic events during deglaciation of the region. Recently exposed sediments on the north coast of Seltjarnarnes Peninsula in the Reykjavik area, Southwest Iceland, contain evidence of marine deposition during the Bølling Interstadial. The glaciomarine sediments contain both slightly reworked marine macrofossils and microfossils indicating normal marine salinity and subarctic climate conditions. Previous sedimentological studies and radiocarbon dating of the sporadic sediments covering the lava bedrock in Reykjavik have revealed lateglacial marine units from the Allerød, the Allerød—Younger Dryas transition, the Younger Dryas and from the Preboreal. Until now, the only Bølling evidence has consisted of scattered radiocarbon‐dated redeposited shell fragments. From the Bollagardar deposits we report the first faunas dated to the Bølling chronozone preserved in marine sediments in the Reykjavik area. Recently published work in Hvalfjördur and Borgarfjördur, West Iceland, has shown that sea level was relatively high during the Bølling and that deglaciation was rapid. Bølling, Allerød and Younger Dryas deposits in the coastal areas of the Reykjavík region accumulated in a relatively open marine environment in oceanographic conditions similar to the present ones. Combined previous and present results indicate that several episodes of glaciomarine deposition occurred.
Modification of sediment characteristics during glacial transport in high‐alpine catchments: Mount Cook area, New Zealand
Authors: HAMBREY MICHAEL J. , EHRMANN WERNER
Published: July 2010

The Mount Cook area in the Southern Alps of New Zealand is heavily glacierized with numerous peaks over 3000 m a.s.l. feeding several large valley glaciers. The region is subject to rapid tectonic uplift and heavy precipitation (up to 15 m per year). This paper describes the clast roundness, clast shape and textural characteristics associated with five glaciers (Fox, Franz Josef, Hooker, Mueller and Tasman) in terms of inputs to the glacier system, transport by the glaciers and reworking following glacial deposition. Inputs include rockfall, alluvial fan and avalanche material delivered to the surface of valley glaciers. Basal debris, where observed at the terminus of two glaciers, consists mainly of incorporated fluvial material. Following deposition, reworking is mainly by subglacial and proglacial streams. The dominant facies are (i) boulder gravel with mainly angular clasts on the steep slopes above the glaciers, (ii) sandy boulder gravel, with mainly angular and subangular clasts, forming lateral and end moraines, and (iii) sandy boulder/cobble gravel with mainly subrounded clasts, and sand, which represent glacially transported sediment reworked by braided rivers. Diamicton is rare in the contemporary glacial environment. Since most sediment associated with glaciers in the Southern Alps lacks unambiguous indications of glacial transport, interpretation of similar sediments in the geological record should not necessarily exclude the involvement of glacial processes.
Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironmental history of the Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (Laptev Sea region, Arctic Siberia)
Authors: ANDREEV ANDREI A. , GROSSE GUIDO , SCHIRRMEISTER LUTZ , KUZMINA SVETLANA A. , NOVENKO ELENA YU. , BOBROV ANATOLY A. , TARASOV PAVEL E. , ILYASHUK BORIS P. , KUZNETSOVA TATIANA V. , KRBETSCHEK MATTHIAS , MEYER HANNO , KUNITSKY VIKTOR V.
Published: July 2010

Palaeoenvironmental records from permafrost sequences complemented by infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and 230Th/U dates from Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (7320'N, 14130'E) document the environmental history in the region for at least the past 200 ka. Pollen spectra and insect fauna indicate that relatively wet grass‐sedge tundra habitats dominated during an interstadial c. 200–170 ka BP. Summers were rather warm and wet, while stable isotopes reflect severe winter conditions. The pollen spectra reflect sparser grass‐sedge vegetation during a Taz (Late Saalian) stage, c. 170–130 ka BP, with environmental conditions much more severe compared with the previous interstadial. Open Poaceae and Artemisia plant associations dominated vegetation at the beginning of the Kazantsevo (Eemian) c. 130 ka BP. Some shrubs (Alnus fruticosa, Salix, Betula nana) grew in more protected and wetter places as well. The climate was relatively warm during this time, resulting in the melting of Saalian ice wedges. Later, during the interglacial optimum, shrub tundra with Alnus fruticosa and Betula nana s.l. dominated vegetation. Climate was relatively wet and warm. Quantitative pollen‐based climate reconstruction suggests that mean July temperatures were 4–5 C higher than the present during the optimum of the Eemian, while late Eemian records indicate significant climate deterioration.
Deglaciation chronology and glaciomarine successions in the Malangen‐Målselv area, northern Norway
Authors: EILERTSEN RAYMOND , CORNER GEOFFREY D. , AASHEIM ODD
Published: July 2010

The deglaciation history of the Malangen‐Målselv fjord and valley area proximally to the Tromsø‐Lyngen (Younger Dryas) moraine at Bakkejord, Malangen, northern Norway, is reconstructed based on morphostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and geophysical evidence, and 25 radiocarbon dates from marine shells and foraminifera. The results show that following the Skarpnes event c. 12 200 14Cyr BP, and prior to the Younger Dryas readvance, the area was deglaciated at least as far as Sandmo situated 22 km proximally to the Tromsø‐Lyngen moraine. Two moraine ridges crossing the fjord at Sandmo and buried beneath thick glaciomarine sediments are correlated with this period. The area was subsequently deglaciated between 10 300 and 9200 14Cyr BP, following the Tromsø‐Lyngen (Younger Dryas) readvance. Five ice‐front accumulations post‐dating the Tromsø‐Lyngen moraine and situated 19, 27, 42, 55 and 77 km behind it are identified and dated based on radiocarbon dates and correlation of marine limits: Målsnes (c. 10 050 14Cyr BP), Kjerresnes (c. 10 000 14Cyr BP), Solli (c. 9750 14Cyr BP), Bardufoss‐Brentmoen‐Storskogmoen (c. 9600–9700 14Cyr BP) and Alapmoen (c. 9200 Cyr BP). The largest of these, at Bardufoss‐Storskogmoen, possibly accumulated as a response to an ice advance. Fourteen dates of apparent late Allerød/Younger Dryas age (11 100–10 000 14Cyr BP), obtained from fossils in glaciomarine sediments in the Målselv valley up to 77 km proximally to the Tromsø‐Lyngen moraine, are interpreted as postdating rather than predating this moraine. Several of these are considered to be too old because of uncertain reservoir age, carbon‐dating plateaus and/or contamination. This highlights uncertainties associated with radiocarbon‐dating and the profound effect such uncertainties may have on interpreting geological events.
Evidence for an ice‐free Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: GUALTIERI LYN , VARTANYAN SERGEY L. , BRIGHAM‐GRETTE JULIE , ANDERSON PATRICIA M.
Published: July 2010

10Be and 26Al surface exposure ages from 22 tors and bedrock samples from Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, indicate that the East Siberian and Chukchi shelves were ice‐free during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The paucity of glacial landforms and deposits, the absence of erratics and the presence of radiocarbon dates on plant and mammal fossils that span the LGM suggest that Wrangel Island also remained free of extensive glacial ice during the LGM. The lack of moisture due to the continental climate on the emergent Bering Land Bridge is the most likely reason for limited ice in this part of the Arctic. Alternative interpretations regarding the age and origin of ‘glaciogenic’ bedforms on the Chukchi shelf should be considered.
Development of Tests to Evaluate Candidate Elastomers for Artificial Heart Diaphragms
Authors: McMillin Carl Richard
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Blood pump diaphragms are required to be biocompatible and must be capable of long‐term flexing without failure. There are currently only a few elastomers that are competing for acceptance in this application. Introduction of other candidate elastomers (including modifications to currently used materials) for these applications is hindered by a lack of accepted short‐term in vitro testing methodology to evaluate alternate materials. Accelerated fatigue testing methodology has been developed that will predict long‐term in vivo performance of candidate materials for artificial heart diaphragms. A 100‐position fatigue testing machine was designed and built for operation in a controlled environment. This machine, along with a previously constructed 30‐position fatigue tester, has allowed the generation of fatigue data on 13 elastomeric materials under a wide variety of conditions. The results of the relatively short‐term fatigue tests have been shown to correlate well with longer‐term fatigue tests.
Perspectives for Pneumatic and Hydraulic Circulatory Assist Devices and Their Application for Heart Transplantation
Authors: Shumakov Valeriy I. , Tolpekin Vladimir E. , Melemuka Ivan V. , Kiselev Yuri M. , Chaustov Alexander I.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Intraventricular blood–forcing–principle–based pneumo– and hydraulic assistance circulation device test results are proposed. The system consists of a uninipple valveless dome pump, a pneumo– or hydraulic drive, and an artificial pericardium. Stand tests of these systems and medical–biologic experiments on dogs and 17 calves were performed. The duration of these experiments was up to several days. In this report, the features of surgical techniques, perfusion parameters, control principles, hemodynamic variations, complications, and other problems concerning realization of the proposed method are discussed.
Biventricular Bypass: Alternative to Univentricular Bypass and Total Artificial Heart–Bridge
Authors: Chilaya S. M. , Khodeli N. G.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Left ventricular and biventricular bypasses (LVBs, BVBs) were performed in 102 experiments in sheep, goats, and donkeys. Biventricular bypass was performed in the assisted circulation mode or in the paracorporeal artificial heart bridge (PCAHB) mode when the natural heart fibrillates. During implantation of artificial ventricles instead of a heart–lung bypass, counterpulsation was used. Several types of connective conduits were developed and tested in experiments. The conduits included bifurcational connective pipes that permit “intake” of blood into artificial ventricles from atria and ventricles of the natural heart simultaneously and consequently provide effective blood flow through shunts not depending on the state of the natural heart (acute cardiac weakness or asystole). Monitoring gas content (Po2, Pco2, and pH) in the myocardium of both ventricles suggested development of right ventricular failure under conditions of LVB before hemodynamic changes occurred and confirmed the preferability of BVB over other methods of assisted circulation, as it is most effective and capable of normalizing short–term cardiac disturbances in the course of the 1st 2 days. Survival time of experimental animals (2–3 days for dogs, 5–12 days for sheep, goats, and donkeys) is sufficient to overcome acute cardiac insufficiency. This suggests that BVB in the assisted circulation mode or PCAHB mode can serve as a bridge for cardiac transplantation for the time of search for the available organ.
Vascular Responsiveness to Various Vasoactive Substances After Exchange Transfusion with Pyridoxalated Hemoglobin Polyoxyethylene Conjugate (PHP) Solution in Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Kida Yoshitoshi , Iwata Seinosuke , Gyoutoku Yuichi , Aikou Akira , Yamakawa Takashi , Nishi Katsuhide
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Vascular responsiveness to various vasoactive substances after exchange transfusion with a modified hemoglobin (pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; PHP) was examined in anesthetized rats. The hindlimb region of the rat was perfused through the abdominal aorta with autologous blood at a constant flow rate, using a perfusion pump. Perfusion pressure (PP), systemic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate were measured. Exchange transfusion with a 6% PHP solution (20 ml/kg) was performed and effects of intra–arterial injections of norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin–II (A–II), serotonin (5–HT), acetylcholine (ACh), and nitroglycerin (NG) on PP and SBP were examined. The NE and A–II induced a dose–dependent increase in PP, while ACh and NG induced a decrease in PP. There was no difference in vascular responsiveness to ACh, NG, A–II, and 5–HT before and after exchange transfusion with PHP solution, but NE–induced responses were augmented after exchange transfusion with PHP. Results suggest that the presence of PHP moiety in circulation would not alter vascular responsiveness to ACh, NG, A–II, and 5–HT in a significant manner.
Usefulness of a Nonmachinery Based System for the Reinfusion of Cell‐Free and Concentrated Autogenous Ascitic Fluid
Authors: Katoh Shuji , Kojima Takao , Itoh Kazuki , Yoneyama Satoshi , Ida Kazunori , Nakaji Shuhei
Published: July 2010

Abstract: A nonmachinery based system using gravity dependent flow for the treatment and reinfusion of ascitic fluid was developed, and its usefulness was assessed. In a preliminary study using bovine plasma, samples with protein concentrations below 5.0 g/dl were found to be treatable with this system. Bovine plasma containing blood, prepared to 0.5% hematocrit and with a protein concentration of 3.0 g/dl, was also treatable. We conducted a clinical study of 1,799 treatment sessions (1,495 using a machinery based system and 304 using a nonmachinery based system) of 343 patients with ascites refractory to various treatments. The recovery ratio of protein from the original ascitic fluid was 96% using the nonmachinery based system and 77% with the machinery based system (p < 0.01). Of 253 continuous reinfusions of ascitic fluid using the nonmachinery based system, the original ascitic fluid at protein concentrations below 2.5 g/dl was treatable. Original ascitic fluid below a hematocrit of 0.7% (protein concentration, 1.4 g/dl) was also treatable. This new procedure was simple and time and labor saving; the high recovery ratio of protein also demonstrated the usefulness of the new system.
THE BOOK SHELF
Authors: Bailey Franklin C.
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:

1. Armstrong, Herbert W., The Missing Dimension in Sex.

2. Eisner, Betty Grover, Ph.D., The Unused Potential of Marriage and Sex.

3. Greer, Germaine, The Female Enuch.

4. Gunther, Bernard, What to Do Till the Messiah Comes.

5. Hastings, Donald W., M.D., A Doctor Speaks on Sexual Expression in Marriage.

6. Pannor, Reuben; Fred Massarik, and Byron Evans, The Unmarried Father.

7. Peale, Mrs. Norman Vincent, The Adventure of Being a Wife.

8. Burton, John David, and Robert L. McFarland, Ph.D., Learning for Loving ‐ Communication in Marriage. (See remarks)
CHANGING THE LAWYER'S ROLE IN MATRIMONIAL PRACTICE
Authors: Coogler O.J.
Published: July 2010

“In that case,” said the Dodo solemnly, rising to its feet, “I move that the meeting adjourn, for the immediate adoption of more energetic remedies‐”

“Speak English!” said the Eaglet. “I don't know the meaning of half those long words, and, what's more, I don't believe you do either!” And the Eaglet bent down its head to hide a smile: some of the other birds tittered audibly.

—Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Lewis Carroll
THE BOOKSHELF
Authors: Hulbert E. Ronald
Published: July 2010

SCOIAL WORK WITH CHILDREN Florence Liberman

WHEN I SAY NO. I FEEL GUILTY Manuel J. Smith, Ph.d.

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT: NEW DIRECTIONS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Eds.‐John D. Cone & Robert P. Hawkins
THE BOOKSHELF
Authors: Hulbert E. Ronald
Published: July 2010

The book review in this article

THE KIDS' BOOK OF DIVORCE, Eric Rofes, Editor

THE DYNAMICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, Alexander Thomas, MD and Stella Chess, MD

CRISIS COUNSELINGby Eugene Kennedy

MODERN PERSPECITVES IN THE PSYCHIATRY OF MIDDLE AGE, John G. Howells

“THE CRISIS INTERVENER'S HANDBOOK”, James L. Greenstone, Ed. D. and Sharon C. Leviton, B. A.
WHO WILL MAKE THE PUBLIC AWARE OF MEDIATION?
Authors: Younger Barbara
Published: July 2010

Expanding on the issue raised by Meyer Elkin in the June 1986 issue of Conciliation Courts Review, Barbara Younger, a mediator in Massachusetts reviews some opinions of attorneys, therapists and mediators regarding whether referrals to mediation are actually made to their clients. She notes that because of what seem to be possible overlaps in services, conflict in services and perhaps even protection of territorial limits, professionals seem to make preferential judgments about which clients should be provided knowledge of the mediation option.
OPEN FAMILY MEDIATION IN THE COURT: A SYSTEMIC VIEW
Authors: Duryee Mary A.
Published: July 2010

It is in the nature of caring relationships that we advance to each other room as a cushion against the inevitable blows of destiny and the inevitable conflict between us.—Ivan Boszormenyi‐Nagy, family therapist, 1986
MEDIATION IN THE LOS ANGELES COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT JUVENILE DEPENDENCY COURT
Authors: Saunders Charlene , Baker‐Jackson Maxine , Flicker Barbara , Mclsaac Hugh
Published: July 2010

This article presents the results of a 9‐month interdisciplinary task force convened to review the mediation process in the juvenile dependency court and to develop guidelines for its operation by the conciliation court, stemming from a grand jury recommendation.
EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON ADULT CHILDREN OF DIVORCED FAMILIES IN CHILE
Authors: Roizblatt Arturo , Riquelme Fernando
Published: July 2010

This article examines the long‐term effects of divorce on adults whose parents divoiced during their childhood in Chile. A study of 35 adult Chileans found that many still fantasize about their parents ‘reconciliation and as children had not been told about the divorce until one of the parents had already left the home. Preventive intervention oriented toward preparing both parents and their children for the impending divorce are suggested.
DEVELOPMENT OF UNIFORM STANDARDS OF PRACTICE FOR COURT‐CONNECTED CHILD CUSTODY MEDIATION IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Norton Edwina , Weiss Warren , Ricci Isolina , Fielding Robin
Published: July 2010

This article describe the 2‐year process used to develop the Uniform Standards of Court‐Connected Child Custody Mediation in California recently adopted by the Judicial Council of California. The text of the adopted Uniform Standards is incorporated in this article.
WILL WOMEN JUDGES REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Wilson Madam Justice Bertha
Published: July 2010

This article details the experience of Canada's first woman Supreme Court Justice, now retired and teaching law at the University of Ottawa. Like many by virtue of their unique perspective, she casts light on the central core of being a judge and examines the human side of this important, albeit, lonely task. The article specifically considers the issue of gender in the judiciary.
PARENT‐CHILD RELATIONSHIPS IN DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FAMILIES DISPUTING CUSTODY
Authors: Johnston Janet R. , Campbell Linda E. G.
Published: July 2010

This article reports data on allegations of domestic violence in two samples of high‐conflict families in child custody disputes. It delineates five basic types of interparental violence and corresponding patterns in parent‐child relationships. The findings should be viewed as preliminary exploratory hypotheses, which, if confirmed in future research, suggest that differential assessment of domestic families is important when helping divorcing parents make custody and visitation plans.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN SCANDINAVIA IN A LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Sverne Tor
Published: July 2010

This article traces the history of the Scandinavian approach to children in and out of marriage. The author discusses statutory and case law in the three Scandinavian countries with an emphasis on Swedish law. Examined is the use of joint custody and the approach to families in conflict. The paramount standard is the best interest of the child.
PRE‐CONTEMPT/CONTEMNORS GROUP DIVERSION COUNSELING PROGRAM
Authors: Kibler Sherrie , Sanchez Ernie , Baker‐Jackson Maxine
Published: July 2010

This article describes the Los Angeles County Family Court Services Pre‐Contempt/Contemnors Group Diversion Program. This program was designed to deal with the continuing problem of parents who have high levels of conflict, are chronically in violation of custody and visitation court orders, and seek frequent court intervention. This article is merely a description of the program. A second article (to be published in a later issue) will report the immediate and 6‐month to 1‐year impact of the program on the client.
PARENTAL ABDUCTION JUSTIFICATION AS EGO DEFENSE
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L.
Published: July 2010

Abducting parents sometimes justify their actions as a form of ego defense. This brief report discusses observations that may be helpful to practitioners involved in resolving custody and visitation disputes following parental abduction.
A STUDY OF CLIENT SATISFACTION WITH FAMILY COURT COUNSELLING IN CASES INVOLVING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Authors: Davies Barbara , Ralph Stephen , Hawton Michael , Craig Lorri
Published: July 2010

The Family Court of Australia provides conciliation counselling to couples who are involved in disputes regarding their children following separation. In situations where domestic violence has occurred, the appropriateness of providing counselling to such couples has been seriously questioned This study examines the experience of clients attending counselling at the family court. Two groups of clients are studied—one group who reports domestic violence as a significant issue and a comparison group who does not report domestic violence. The results indicate that the two groups do not differ in their expressed level of satisfaction with the counselling they have received and that both groups consider counselling to have been helpful in resolving their issues. The preliminary results of this study have implications for the provision of postseparation counselling/mediation to couples when domestic violence has occurred.
DEVELOPING A UNIFIED FAMILY COURT IN ONTARIO
Authors: Steinberg Justice David M.
Published: July 2010

In Ontario, the Family Courts is a branch of the Superior Court of Justice. The author outlines the Canadian concept of a unified family court and the constitutional problems pecular to its initial establishment in Ontario in 1977, as well as its limited expansion in 1995. The courts is now on the verge of another expansion, which will be quite considerable. Also discussed is the need, in a unified family court, for a judiciary that specializes in family law cases, mediation teams and family law information centers in each court site, and most importantly, liaison and resource committees to support the work of the court.
RECONCILING PARENTS' AND CHILDREN'S INTERESTS IN RELOCATION In Whose Best Interest?
Authors: Rotman Arline S. , Tompkins Robert , Schwartz Lita Linzer , Samuels M. Dee
Published: July 2010

When a family comes before the court, whose interests are really served? Can the court's representatives act in the best interests of the children while respecting the rights of parents? When a case is sent to a court‐connected evaluator, how does the evaluator balance the tensions and varying perspectives inherent in this work? Within the bounds of advocacy and legal ethics, how does the attorney balance the demands and rights of the client while guiding the parent to consider the needs of the children? How do judges frame the dilemmas before them and consider the work of the evaluator? This article addresses these questions in a multidisciplinary fashion, using a hypothetical case as a guide.
THE DIVORCE EDUCATION INTERVENTION MODEL
Authors: Blaisure Karen R. , Geasler Margie J.
Published: July 2010

This article offers a divorce education intervention model that court systems can use to determine the level of programming that fits their goals for divorce education and their available resources. This model includes three levels of education that vary by extent of presenter and parent involvement: basic information, feelings and skills, and brief focused intervention. Eight program components are compared: goals, personnel, strategies, resources, examples, parental involvement, potential outcomes, and limitations.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SUPERVISED ACCESS AND CUSTODY EXCHANGE SERVICES
Authors: Flory Barbara E. , Dunn Jerry , Berg‐Weger Marla , Milstead Marguerite
Published: July 2010

An exploratory outcome study to investigate the ability of a supervised access and custody exchange center to function as a safe visitation enforcement mechanism of the court was accomplished as part of a larger study investigating child well‐being. During a 6‐month period of program participation, frequency and consistency of noncustodial parents' access to children dramatically increased and interparental conflict significantly decreased, demonstrating that supervised visitation and custody exchange centers that function in partnership with family court during interim court processes can address the unmet needs of family court and high‐conflict domestic disputant as well.
HOW COURTS HELP YOU HELP YOURSELF
Authors: Flaherty Margaret B.
Published: July 2010

This note is the result of an in‐depth analysis of existing state judiciary websites and how they have and will continue to affect self‐represented divorce litigants in the United States. It surveys all existing state court websites and examines what resources they provide to pro se litigantsd. It also touches on private divorce‐related websites and offers some comments about their utility to pro se litigants as an alternative and a supplement to court‐based websites. This note calls for courts to adopt programs and policies that facilitate the process of getting a divorce for those who choose to represent themselves, and make those programs and policies available to the pro se litigant via the Internet.
CHILD‐CENTERED, VERTICALLY STRUCTURED, AND INTERDISCIPLINARY
Authors: Steinberg Annie G. , Woodhouse Barbara Bennett , Cowan Alyssa Burrell
Published: July 2010

This paper will describe the genesis and philosophy of the Center for Children's Policy. Practice and Research at the University of Pennsylvania (CCPPR), a joint project of the Schools of Law, Medicine and Social Work. The mission of CCPPR was to mobilize the resources of all disciplines engaged in childhood issues across the campus to seek innovative solutions for the crises facing America's children. CCPPR seeks to combine clinical practice, research, and policy in a vertical structure that would maintain linkages at all stages of scholarship, practice, and reform. Five essential structural factors were that the project must be: (a) vertically integrated; (b) interdisciplinary; (c) team‐based; (d) child‐centered and (e) developmentally informed. This paper can serve as a template for developing similar centers or projects, and will describe our methods, the projects we have undertaken, as well as the pitfalls and challenges of this highly demanding integrative approach.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: O'Connell Mary E.
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:

John Eekelaar, Mavis Maclean, and Sarah Beinart, Family Lawyers: The Divorce Work of Solicitors.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SUPERVISED ACCESS AND CUSTODY EXCHANGE SERVICES
Authors: Dunn Jerry H. , Flory Barbara E. , Berg‐Weger Marla
Published: July 2010

The detrimental effect of parental conflict in protracted child custody and visitation disputes is well established in the literature. However, little is known about the impact of parental conflict on children when visitation takes place in a protected setting. Part of a larger study that examined the broader issues related to parental and child involvement in a supervised access and custody exchange service, this article specifically explores the influence of parental participation on child well‐being. This exploratory effort reveals that children's level of adjustment remained stable over 6 months of participation while visitation returned to court‐ordered levels and interparental contact was precluded by staff intervention.
OUTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Authors: Aulivola Michelle
Published: July 2010

Studies show that domestic violence among same‐sex couples occurs at approximately the same statistical frequency and has many of the same characteristics as domestic violence among heterosexual couples. In addition to the elements involved in domestic violence among heterosexual couples, gays and lesbians face a series of highly specific forms of abuse perpetrated exclusively in same‐sex relationships. Yet a severe disparity exists in the services that are available to victims based on which of the two types of relationships they are involved in. In the vast majority of states, family is narrowly defined within domestic violence statutes, precluding gays and lesbians from seeking civil redress for crimes perpetrated against them by their partners. For this reason, it is imperative that state legislatures react to this discrepancy by redrafting domestic violence statutes and defining family more inclusively to provide appropriate protections to victims of same‐sex domestic violence.
Relationship between milk cortisol concentration and the behavioral characteristics of postpartum cows introduced to a new group
Authors: FUKASAWA Michiru , TSUKADA Hideharu
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between milk cortisol concentration (MC) and behavioral responses to stress. As a stress response, the behaviors of 37 postpartum cows were observed when they were introduced into a new group. Milk samples for MC measurement and milk trait data were collected on the test day every 2 months after calving. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was estimated from each behavioral and milk trait data. Behavioral BLUP data were subjected to principal component (PC) analysis and three PCs were extracted. The first PC, with large loadings for eating and allogrooming, was positively correlated with milk yield. Therefore, individual differences in behaviors closely related with PC1 would have been unconsciously paid a lot of attention in terms of productivity. However, the second PC, with large loadings for drinking and self‐grooming, uncorrelated with any milk traits, had a negative correlation with MC. The third PC, with large loadings for exploring, fighting and the frequency of agonistic behavior, was uncorrelated with all traits. Both PC2 and PC3 were independent of productivity, and individual differences in behaviors related with these PCs may be scarcely considered.
Clinical outcomes in residential care: Setting benchmarks for quality
Authors: O'Reilly Maria , Courtney Mary , Edwards Helen , Hassall Stacey
Published: July 2010

Aim: Australian residential aged care does not have a system of quality assessment related to clinical outcomes, or comprehensive quality benchmarking. The Residential Care Quality Assessment was developed to fill this gap; and this paper discusses the process by which preliminary benchmarks representing high and low quality were developed for it.

Methods: Data were collected from all residents (n=498) of nine facilities. Numerator–denominator analysis of clinical outcomes occurred at a facility‐level, with rank‐ordered results circulated to an expert panel. The panel identified threshold scores to indicate excellent and questionable care quality, and refined these through Delphi process.

Results: Clinical outcomes varied both within and between facilities; agreed thresholds for excellent and poor outcomes were finalised after three Delphi rounds.

Conclusion: Use of the Residential Care Quality Assessment provides a concrete means of monitoring care quality and allows benchmarking across facilities; its regular use could contribute to improved care outcomes within residential aged care in Australia.
The FTC's Public Interest Requirement: An Anomoly in Consumer Protection*
Authors: SEELEY JAMES J.
Published: July 2010

Proposals for consumer class actions and individual law suits have been considered by Congress during its last two sessions. Both bills sponsored by the administration condition recovery by the consumer upon successful completion of action by the FTC. FTC action, under these proposals, would be an absolute prerequisite to private recovery. Since private recovery is made to depend upon FTC action, the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission becomes critical in determining whether or not a consumer will be entitled to relief. The “Public Interest Requirement” has long been viewed by the courts as a limitation upon Commission Jurisdiction. Thus, if the administration proposals are adopted, that requirement will have to be satisfied before individual consumer recovery will be available. This article seeks to identify the elements of the public interest requirement. Both judicial opinions and the Commission's criteria are considered and evaluated.
A Three‐Pronged Look at Family Saving*
Authors: RUDD NANCY M. , DUNSING MARILYN M.
Published: July 2010

Are the economic choices of families in part a reflection of attitudes and knowledge? What is the relationship between attitudes and knowledge? This study posed these questions with regard to family savings behavior in an attempt to add to understanding in this important area of economic activity.
Filing and Disposition of Consumer Complaints: Some Empirical Evidence*
Authors: GAEDEKE RALPH M.
Published: July 2010

Who complains and why? What are the dimensions of consumer complaints? How are complaints handled by various recipients? In this article, empirical evidence is offered to shed some light on these questions.

Based on a direct inquiry addressed to state consumer protection offices and voluntary consumer associations, this study shows that the number of complaints filed by consumers is rapidly accelerating and that the “grey” areas of marketing are increasingly the target of customer frustrations. The study also points to a consumer‐corporate communications vacuum and to various complaint dispositions by the recipients.