bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HISTORICAL REENACTMENT AS STYLIZED IDENTITY AND ITS CREATIVE POTENTIAL: BAKHTINIAN APPROACH TO THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY / PRAEITIES INSCENIZACIJA KAIP STILIZUOTAS TAPATUMAS IR JO KŪRYBINIS POTENCIALAS: BACHTINIŠKOJI PRIEIGA PRIE SOCIOKULTŪRINIO TAPATUM
Authors: Sautkin Alexander
Published: December 2014

This paper analyzes socio-cultural identity finding its expression in creative activity. As a methodological basis the dialogic approach of Mikhail Bakhtin is used. It allows typologizing ways of constructing and expressing identity. There are three main types: direct, object, and double-voiced (ambivalent) identity. A particular case of double-voiced identity is stylized identity, implying reproduction of some value and behavioral patterns while maintaining a certain distance towards them. Stylization-identity is considered on the example of the historical reenactment subculture. Theoretical considerations are illustrated with a case-study of creative activity of reenactment clubs from Murmansk (Russia), recreating the Viking Age. Historical reenactment is considered as a possible source for development of creative industry projects. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamas sociokultūrinis tapatumas, išreiškiamas kūrybinėje veikloje. Metodologinis pagrindas – Michailo Bachtino dialogo principas. Tai sudaro galimybę tipologizuoti tapatumo konstravimo ir raiškos būdus. Yra trys pagrindiniai tipai: tiesioginis, objektyvusis ir dvibalsis (ambivalentiškasis) tapatumas. Ypatingas dvibalsio tapatumo atvejis – tai stilizuotas tapatumas, nurodantis tam tikros vertės reprodukavimą ir elgesio modelius, išsaugant jų atžvilgiu tam tikrą atstumą. Stilizuotas tapatumas tyrinėjamas remiantis praeities inscenizacijos subkultūros pavyzdžiu. Teorinius svarstymus iliustruoja Murmansko (Rusija) inscenizavimo klubų, atkūrusių vikingų epochą, kūrybinės veiklos studija. Praeities inscenizacija vertinama kaip galimas kūrybinių industrijų projektų vystymo šaltinis. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kūrybos produktas, dialogiškumas, praeities inscenizavimas, tapatumas, stilizavimas.
Le narcissisme à l'épreuve du double
Authors: Nakov Anastasia
Published: December 2014

À travers l’échec d’une tentative de traitement psychanalytique de la perversion sont examinés les fondements de la séduction narcissique par l’intermédiaire des phénomènes du double. L’impossibilité de mobiliser la dynamique psychique dans les structures perverses est pensée à l’aide du concept d’identification adhésive. Un cas clinique extrême illustre la complexité de la problématique du double.
Avatars des relations objectales et distorsions du narcissisme chez les enfants souffrant de troubles psychotiques
Authors: Boutinaud Jérôme
Published: December 2014

L’étude théorico-clinique des troubles psychotiques chez l’enfant met cliniquement en évidence des distorsions importantes touchant le développement du narcissisme dans ses bases les plus fondamentales. Les avatars de son déploiement, nécessairement envisagés dans une dynamique processuelle, sont ici illustrés et discutés à partir d’éléments théoriques pluriels (notamment les notions d’anti-narcissisme de F. Pasche et les apports d’A. Green sur le sujet), mais aussi mis en perspective avec l’analyse des enjeux touchant la relation objectale, qui façonnent ou déconstruisent le déploiement de ce véritable socle fondateur du psychisme. Est aussi envisagé (à partir de l’étude de cas d’un enfant de 6 ans suivi en psychothérapie analytique) l’impact de ces enjeux au niveau contre-transférentiel et sur le propre narcissisme du thérapeute, impact dont le repérage et la transformation mutative peuvent venir soutenir un processus de changement et de dégagement.
Si seulement je pouvais rêver...
Authors: Cruz Carla Marisa
Published: December 2014

Comment élaborer les traumatismes qui ne peuvent être ni pensés ni verbalisés ? S’appuyant sur des citations de Ferenczi, Bion, Tustin, Winnicott, André Green, Thomas Ogden entre autres, l’auteure démontre que les aspects non-représentables du traumatisme ont été travaillés tout au long de la littérature psychanalytique. La description d’un cas clinique met en lumière comment l’existence de traumatismes précoces et simultanément l’absence d’intériorisation de la capacité de rêverie maternelle conduisent à la fragmentation du psychisme et à l’anéantissement de la fonction symbolique.
La Sublimation : entre clinique du travail et psychanalyse
Authors: Dejours Christophe
Published: December 2014

La clinique du travail est surtout connue pour son analyse de la souffrance et des effets délétères du travail sur la santé mentale (« psychopathologie du travail »). Mais elle rend compte aussi des conditions grâce auxquelles, parfois, le fonctionnement psychique peut profiter du rapport au travail. À la lumière de la clinique du travail, la problématique de la sublimation peut bénéficier de développements qui seront précisés.
Sublimation de vie, Sublimation de mort
Authors: Duparc François
Published: December 2014

Il existe deux types de sublimations : une sublimation de vie, héritière de l’objet et l’aire transitionnelle d’une part, du couple parental intégré en surmoi-idéal œdipien d’autre part ; et une sublimation de mort qui associe clivage, désobjectalisation, prématurité du moi et hyperactivité mentale et physique dissociées du corps et de l’affect. Un exemple clinique permet de montrer des risques somatiques possibles : anorexie précoce (une lignée psychosomatique, selon Michel Fain), mais aussi des avortements et des accidents vasculaires, parfois.
Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (XVIII)
Authors: Fernandez J.
Published: December 2014

No disponible
Missing Gender Concerns in Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement
Authors: Agarwal Sheetal
Published: December 2014

Displacement and its impact on the social, cultural, and economic lives of the affected people is a huge discourse in contemporary India, but very little empirical data is available on the issue of displacement from a gender perspective. By law and by custom, women in India have been largely excluded from owning or inheriting property. The lack of ownership makes women vulnerable, dependent, and at a greater risk of being excluded from the decision-making process during displacement because in most cases it is this “ownership” of land that governs one's entitlement to compensation. The concerns of livelihood loss are also closely related to land. Displaced women are often forced to bear a greater burden. In this chapter, how development-induced displacement impacts women differently and how gender-blind resettlement planning and policies can reinforce gender disparities that already exist in society are examined.
Foreign Land Acquisitions
Authors: Aigbokhan Ben E. , Ola Kehinde O.
Published: December 2014

This chapter focuses on the impact of foreign land acquisition on the livelihood of the host communities. The chapter investigates Presco Industries, which has been in existence for the past 23 years in Obaretin and Ologbo Estates in Edo State. The impact on employment, entrepreneurship, community relation, environment, and farming, which are the main sustenance of rural communities, are also considered. The result of the Binary Probit Estimator employed shows that the existence of the company in the communities has not offered any significant impact on the livelihood of the people. All indicators of economic wellbeing are not significant for all the households. Therefore, there is need to incorporate the host communities' economic sustenance into the programmes of large-scale agricultural business before land acquisition.
Navigators on the Research Path
Authors: Hansman Catherine A.
Published: December 2014

Qualitative research methods courses have become common or required in most doctoral and some master's degree graduate programs' curricula. However, although many graduate students enter their programs with some knowledge of quantitative methodology, they have little to no understanding of qualitative research methodologies. There are many challenges associated with teaching qualitative research in a context that promotes and embraces numerically based forms of knowledge and marginalizes other types of research. In addition, although most learners in qualitative research classes are adult learners, adult learning theories and teaching strategies may not be a preferred approach by qualitative instructors. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the challenges faced by faculty members who plan and teach qualitative research courses, using the literature to highlight current qualitative research pedagogy while discussing new strategies and models that may assist developing graduate students as qualitative researchers in their graduate programs and their future careers.
Technology-Enhanced Learning
Authors: O'Donnell Eileen , O'Donnell Liam
Published: December 2014

There are many elements to an individual's life. Each individual engages in a variety of different activities which all require different types or forms of supports. Through family, friends, and colleagues, supports are available for many of the activities in which we engage. But, for students conducting research, specific types of support are necessary that can only be provided by supervisors and peers. This chapter reviews the supports necessary to learn how to effectively undertake research and how these supports could satisfactorily be provided through an e-learning portal or an e-learning platform. An e-learning module could be used to facilitate collaboration amongst student learners and researchers who share similar research interests. Students should be encouraged to develop a community of practice with fellow researchers as this relationship could provide beneficial peer support for as long as their research interests evolve and endure.
Information Architecture and the Comic Arts
Authors: Farmer Lesley S. J.
Published: December 2014

Information architecture is the structural design of shared information environments, optimizing users' interaction with that content and their context. Comic arts may be considered in light of information architecture in that it uses sequential frames, text, and their “containers,” and design conventions as information architectural “tools” to represent information and engage the user in interacting with it. This chapter explains information architecture, focusing on comic arts' features for representing and structuring knowledge. Then it details information design theory and information behaviors relative to this format, also noting visual literacy. Next, applications of comic arts in education are listed. With this background, several research methods that combine information design and comic arts are explained, followed by a concrete research example. It also recommends strategies for addressing information architecture explicitly for knowledge acquisition and communication.
Survey Research
Authors: Brewer Ernest W. , Torrisi-Steele Geraldine , Wang Victor X.
Published: December 2014

Survey research is prevalent among many professional fields. Both cost-effective and time-efficient, this method of research is commonly used for the purposes of gaining insight into the attitudes, thoughts, and opinions of populations. Additionally, because there are several types of survey research designs and data collection instruments, the researcher has the flexibility to determine which methods will work best for his or her particular study. However, regardless of the method, the researcher must carefully select an excising instrument or construct the data collection instrument, as this is the key to a successful survey research study. This chapter defines survey research, outlines the basic structure for conducting such research, identifies some of the major challenges surrounding survey research and provides some recommendations, and provides some insights into the shape of survey research in the future.
Measurement Development and Validation in Research
Authors: Xu Lihua
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes the importance of measurement in social research and education research. In order to validly compare across groups, whether it is age, gender, ethnicities, or cultures, measurement invariance needs to be established. This is accomplished through single-group and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The procedural approach is presented with a detailed illustration from real research in servant leadership in K-12 principals in the United States. Second-order confirmatory factor analysis is described due to its popularity. Procedural steps are cited, and an example is given for illustration. As a major statistical technique in instrument development, exploratory factor analysis is discussed and illustrated at the beginning of this chapter.
The European fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as an invasive species: impact on local ant species and other epigaeic arthropods
Authors: Naumann Ken , Higgins Rob J.
Published: December 2014

Pitfall trapping revealed that the European fire ant,Myrmica rubra(Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), represents an unusual example of a temperate invasive ant species. In British Columbia, Canada,M. rubrapopulations are associated with a decreased incidence and abundance of other ant species in three different plant communities when compared withM. rubra-free control areas.M. rubrarepresented more than 99.99% of the total ant fauna caught in the infested areas, and the numbers ofM. rubracaptured in the plant communities ranged from over 10 times to over 1300 times the total number of all ants collected in correspondingM. rubra-free areas. Total numbers of some taxa of insects and non-insect arthropods, including those likely to be competitors or prey ofM. rubra, were reduced where the invasive species was present. Biodiversity indexes for the overall suite of captured arthropod species were lower whereM. rubrawas present in all three plant communities but most of this decrease can be attributed to the difference in the ant fauna.
Professor Serge C. Renaud (1927-2012): French Paradox and wine active compounds
Authors: Lanzmann-Petithory Dominique
Published: December 2014

Not available.
Nomenclatural adjustments in African plants 1
Authors: Goldblatt Peter , Manning John C.
Published: December 2014

Background: Ongoing systematic studies of the African flora necessitate periodic nomenclatural adjustments and corrections.Objectives: To effect requisite nomenclatural changes.Method: Relevant literature was surveyed and type material located and studied.Results: Nomenclatural corrections were published in Justicia L. (Acanthaceae), Babiana KerGawl. and Geissorhiza Ker Gawl. (Iridaceae) and Zaluzianskya F.W.Schmidt (Scrophulariaceae).Conclusions: Firstly, a complete enumeration of all southern African species of Justicia was provided within the infrageneric classification for the genus accepted by Graham (1988) and later modified and expanded by Ensermu (1990) and Hedrén (1990). In this circumscription, Justicia includes such well-established segregates in an African context as Adhatoda Miller, Aulojusticia Lindau, Duvernoia E.Mey. ex Nees, Monechma Hochst. and Siphonoglossa Oersted.Both southern African species of Adhatoda were transferred to Justicia, as well as all of the southern African species of Monechma, with eight new combinations or replacement names provided. All species were placed to section within Justicia. Secondly, the type of Gladiolus nervosus Lam. (1788) was considered to be conspecific with Gladiolus strictus Aiton (1789) and is therefore the earliest available name for the species currently known as Babiana stricta (Aiton) Ker Gawl. The new combination Babiana nervosa (Lam.) Goldblatt J.C.Manning was provided. Thirdly, Geissorhiza ornithogaloides has been regarded as a new species described by F.W. Klatt (1866) but the name should be treated as the combination G. ornithogaloides (Lichst. ex Roem. Schult.) Klatt, based on Ixia ornithogaloides Lichst. ex Roem. Schult.(1817a). Examination of the type showed that it is conspecific with Geissorhiza marlothii R.C.Foster (1941) and it is therefore the valid name for the taxon treated as G. ornithogaloides subsp. marlothii (R.C.Foster) Goldblatt. An epitype for the taxon was designated and the new combination G. ornithogaloides subsp. flava (Klatt) Goldblatt J.C.Manning was provided for the taxon currently treated as G. ornithogaloides subsp. ornithogaloides. Lastly, Reyemia Hilliardwas reduced to a synonym of Zaluziaskya as sect. Reyemia (Hilliard) J.C.Manning Goldblattand the new combination Zaluziaskya chasmanthiflora (Hilliard) J.C.Manning Goldblatt was provided. A neotype was selected for Zaluziaskya nemesioides Diels.
South Africa’s rising logistics costs: An uncertain future
Authors: Havenga Jan H. , Simpson Zane P. , De Bod Anneke , Viljoen Nadia M.
Published: December 2014

A country’s competitiveness can be severely hampered by an uncompetitive freight logistics system. During the first decade of the 21st century, two in-depth models were developed for South Africa which provide a framework for measuring and improving the country’s freight logistics system – the cost of logistics survey and the freight demand model. These models also allow for the development of scenarios for key identified risks. The objectives of this study were to provide an overview of South Africa’s surface freight transport industry,identify key risks to national competitiveness and suggest ways in which these risks could be mitigated. Freight flows were modelled by disaggregating the national input–output model into 372 origin–destination pairs and 71 commodity groups, followed by distance decay gravity-modelling. Logistics costs were calculated by relating commodity-level freight flows to the costs of fulfilling associated logistical functions. South Africa’s economy is highly transport intensive. Excessive dependence on road freight transport exacerbates this situation. Furthermore, the road freight transport’s key cost driver is fuel, driven in turn by the oil price. Scenario analysis indicated the risk posed by this rising and volatile input and should provide impetus for policy instruments to reduce transport intensity. As such, this study concluded that a reduction in freight transport intensity is required to reduce exposure to volatile international oil prices.
Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Protein Networks in Single-Cell Mass Cytometry
Authors: Mitra Riten , Müller Peter , Qiu Peng , Ji Yuan
Published: December 2014

We propose a class of hierarchical models to investigate the protein functional network of cellular markers. We consider a novel data set from single-cell proteomics. The data are generated from single-cell mass cytometry experiments, in which protein expression is measured within an individual cell for multiple markers. Tens of thousands of cells are measured serving as biological replicates. Applying the Bayesian models, we report protein functional networks under different experimental conditions and the differences between the networks, ie, differential networks. We also present the differential network in a novel fashion that allows direct observation of the links between the experimental agent and its putative targeted proteins based on posterior inference. Our method serves as a powerful tool for studying molecular interactions at cellular level.
Functional Implications of RNA Splicing for Human Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Chen Feng-Chi , Pan Chia-Lin , Lin Hsuan-Yu
Published: December 2014

Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been suggested as playing important roles in human gene regulation. The majority of annotated human lincRNAs include multiple exons and are alternatively spliced. However, the connections between alternative RNA splicing (AS) and the functions/regulations of lincRNAs have remained elusive. In this study, we compared the sequence evolution and biological features between single-exonic lincRNAs and multi-exonic lincRNAs (SELs and MELs, respectively) that were present only in the hominoids (hominoid-specific) or conserved in primates (primate-conserved). The MEL exons were further classified into alternatively spliced exons (ASEs) and constitutively spliced exons (CSEs) for evolutionary analyses. Our results indicate that SELs and MELs differed significantly from each other. Firstly, in hominoid-specific lincRNAs, MELs (both CSEs and ASEs) evolved slightly more rapidly than SELs, which evolved approximately at the neutral rate. In primate-conserved lincRNAs, SELs and ASEs evolved slightly more slowly than CSEs and neutral sequences. The evolutionary path of hominid-specific lincRNAs thus seemed to have diverged from that of their more ancestral counterparts. Secondly, both of the exons and transcripts of SELs were significantly longer than those of MELs, and this was probably because SEL transcripts were more resistant to RNA splicing than MELs. Thirdly, SELs were physically closer to coding genes than MELs. Fourthly, SELs were more widely expressed in human tissues than MELs. These results suggested that SELs and MELs represented two biologically distinct groups of genes. In addition, the SEL–MEL and ASE–CSE differences implied that splicing might be important for the functionality or regulations of lincRNAs in primates.
A variational model for the quasi-static growth of fractional dimensional brittle fractures
Authors: Racca Simone , Toader Rodica
Published: December 2014

We propose a variational model for the irreversible quasi-static evolution of brittle fractures having fractional Hausdorff dimension in the setting of two-dimensional antiplane and plane elasticity. The evolution along such irregular crack paths can be obtained as

\Gamma

-limit of evolutions along one-dimensional cracks when the fracture toughness tends to zero.
Mini-Workshop: Negative Curves on Algebraic Surfaces
Authors: Di Rocco Sandra , Küronya Alex , Müller-Stach Stefan , Szemberg Tomasz
Published: December 2014

Negative curves play a prominent role in the geometry of projective surfaces. They occur naturally as the irreducible components of exceptional loci of resolutions of surface singularities, at the same time, they are closely related to the geometry of the effective cone, and thus form an important building block of the Minimal Model Program. In the case of surfaces, classes of negative curves span extremal rays of the Mori cone. Any knowledge about them on a given surface reveals important information on linear series as well.
A exclusão digital e sua interferência no processo de desenvolvimento em competência informacional dos usuários da biblioteca do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial de Minas Gerais (SENAI/MG) do município de Matozinhos
Authors: Pinheiro Alejandro de Campos
Published: December 2014

O artigo discute como a exclusão digital pode prejudicar os usuários da biblioteca do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI/MG) do município de Matozinhos no seu processo de desenvolvimento em competência informacional. Com o intuito em descobrir, identificar os interesses e conhecer os hábitos de seus usuários, a biblioteca do SENAI/MG de Matozinhos, em parceria com a biblioteca do SENAI/MG de Pedro Leopoldo elaborou e aplicou um questionário para todos os alunos de forma a aperfeiçoar os produtos e serviços oferecidos. Dentre as diversas questões aplicadas haviam algumas relacionadas sobre o conhecimento da área de informática, as quais foram essenciais para fundamentar as relações entre exclusão digital e a competência informacional. Por meio da análise dos resultados identificou-se que o consulente possui dúvidas, dificuldades e ausência de conhecimento básico suficiente para a utilização do computador e dos softwares nele encontrados. Esses fatores inibem a sua iniciativa em descobrir o funcionamento dessa ferramenta e o impedem de possuir autonomia suficiente para realizar pesquisas na internet, desenvolver os trabalhos escolares e conhecer as fontes de informação adequadas.
Usuário, não! Interagente. Proposta de um novo termo para um novo tempo
Authors: Corrêa Elisa C.D.
Published: December 2014

O artigo propõe uma reflexão do uso do termo ‘Interagente’ em substituição ao termo ‘usuário’ para designar a comunidade de frequentadores de unidades de informação e público-alvo dos estudos e pesquisas de comportamento informacional em Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação. Apresenta argumentos com base em dados levantados através de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a presença do termo ‘interação’ na literatura sobre estudo de usuários no Brasil no período de 1970 a 2014, discutindo a pertinência do termo ‘Interagente’ com base em revisão de literatura. A proposta busca levantar essa questão a fim de iniciar o debate com vistas a uma possível mudança cultural que permita uma maior aproximação interagente/bibliotecário.
A Competência Informacional para a seleção e disseminação do acervo literário infantil da Biblioteca Pública Municipal Barreiros Filho: olhar estético
Authors: Duarte Evandro Jair , Mata Claudete Terezinha da , Caldin Clarice Fortkamp
Published: December 2014

Registra o potencial da literatura infantil e a responsabilidade da Biblioteca Pública em selecionar as obras que irão compor o acervo infantil, além de oportunizar o contato do livro com o público leitor. Informa acerca do funcionário da biblioteca e a importância do desenvolvimento da Competência Informacional e explora a dimensão estética dessa competência. O objetivo geral é verificar as habilidades, os comportamentos e as atitudes (competências) do Bibliotecário da Biblioteca Pública Municipal Barreiros Filho no processo de seleção disseminação do acervo literário infantil como forma de promoção e incentivo à leitura. Como objetivos específicos listam-se: a) verificar se há um bibliotecário para atendimento específico ao usuário infantil; b) registrar quem é o profissional responsável pela seleção das obras infantis da biblioteca pesquisada; c) descrever a relação entre funcionário da biblioteca e usuário; d) registrar as atividades desenvolvidas para que ocorra a circulação e disseminação do acervo infantil; e) registrar como ocorre a interação entre criança e livro; f) observar a Competência Informacional do funcionário da biblioteca para o trabalho com o acervo infantil. É uma investigação de caráter descritivo e exploratório e de abordagem qualitativa. A pesquisa tem um viés fenomenológico e se caracteriza como estudo de caso. Utilizou-se a entrevista face a face para a coleta de dados e como apresentação de resultados optou-se pela categorização das informações.
Insights into biogeochemical cycling from a soil evolution model and long-term chronosequences
Authors: Johnson M. O. , Gloor M. , Kirkby M. J. , Lloyd J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Despite the importance of soil processes for global biogeochemical cycles, our capability for predicting soil evolution over geological timescales is poorly constrained. We attempt to probe our understanding and predictive capability of this evolutionary process by developing a mechanistic soil evolution model, based on an existing model framework, and comparing the predictions with observations from soil chronosequences in Hawaii. Our soil evolution model includes the major processes of pedogenesis: mineral weathering, percolation of rainfall, leaching of solutes, surface erosion, bioturbation, the effects of vegetation in terms of organic matter input and nutrient cycling and can be applied to various bedrock compositions and climates. The specific properties the model simulates over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousand years are, soil depth, vertical profiles of elemental composition, soil solution pH and organic carbon distribution. We demonstrate with this model the significant role that vegetation plays in accelerating the rate of weathering and hence soil profile development. Comparisons with soils that have developed on Hawaiian basalts reveal a remarkably good agreement with Na, Ca and Mg profiles suggesting that the model captures well the key components of soil formation. Nevertheless, differences between modelled and observed K and P are substantial. The fact that these are important plant nutrients suggests that a process likely missing from our model is the active role of vegetation in selectively acquiring nutrients. This study therefore indirectly indicates the valuable role that vegetation can play in accelerating the weathering and thus release of these globally important nutrients into the biosphere.
Biogeochemical implications of comparative growth rates of Emiliania huxleyi and Coccolithus species
Authors: Daniels C. J. , Sheward R. M. , Poulton A. J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Coccolithophores, a diverse group of phytoplankton, make important contributions to pelagic calcite production and export, yet the comparative biogeochemical role of species other than the ubiquitous Emiliania huxleyi is poorly understood. The contribution of different coccolithophore species to total calcite production is controlled by inter-species differences in cellular calcite, growth rate and relative abundance within a mixed community. In this study we examined the relative importance of E. huxleyi and two Coccolithus species in terms of daily calcite production. Culture experiments compared growth rates and cellular calcite content of E. huxleyi (Arctic and temperate strains), Coccolithus pelagicus (novel Arctic strain) and Coccolithus braarudii (temperate strain). Despite assumptions that E. huxleyi is a fast-growing species, growth rates between the three species were broadly comparable (0.16–0.85 d−1) under identical temperature and light conditions. Emiliania huxleyi grew only 12% faster on average than C. pelagicus, and 28% faster than C. braarudii. As the cellular calcite content of C. pelagicus and C. braarudii is typically 30–80 times greater than E. huxleyi, comparable growth rates suggest that Coccolithus species have the potential to be major calcite producers in mixed populations. To further explore these results we devised a simplistic model comparing daily calcite production from Coccolithus and E. huxleyi across a realistic range of relative abundances and a wide range of relative growth rates. Using the relative differences in growth rates from our culture studies, we found that C. pelagicus would be a larger source of calcite if abundances of E. huxleyi to C. pelagicus were below 34:1. Relative abundance data collected from North Atlantic field samples (spring and summer 2010) suggest that, with a relative growth rate of 88%, C. pelagicus dominated calcite production at 69% of the sites sampled. With a more extreme difference in growth rates, where C. pelagicus grows at 1/10th of the rate of E. huxleyi, C. pelagicus still dominated calcite production in 14% of the field. These results demonstrate the necessity of considering interactions between inter-species differences in growth rates, cellular calcite and relative abundances when evaluating the contribution of different coccolithophores to pelagic calcite production. In the case of C. pelagicus, we find that there is strong potential for this species to make major contributions to calcite production in the North Atlantic, although estimates of relative growth rates from the field are needed to confirm our conclusions.
Coupling the high-complexity land surface model ACASA to the mesoscale model WRF
Authors: Xu L. , Pyles R. D. , Paw U K. T. , Chen S. H. , Monier E.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is coupled with the Advanced Canopy–Atmosphere–Soil Algorithm (ACASA), a high-complexity land surface model. Although WRF is a state-of-the-art regional atmospheric model with high spatial and temporal resolutions, the land surface schemes available in WRF, such as the popular NOAH model, are simple and lack the capability of representing the canopy structure. In contrast, ACASA is a complex multilayer land surface model with interactive canopy physiology and high-order turbulence closure that allows for an accurate representation of heat, momentum, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. It allows for microenvironmental variables such as surface air temperature, wind speed, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration to vary vertically within and above the canopy. Surface meteorological conditions, including air temperature, dew point temperature, and relative humidity, simulated by WRF-ACASA and WRF-NOAH are compared and evaluated with observations from over 700 meteorological stations in California. Results show that the increase in complexity in the WRF-ACASA model not only maintains model accuracy but also properly accounts for the dominant biological and physical processes describing ecosystem–atmosphere interactions that are scientifically valuable. The different complexities of physical and physiological processes in the WRF-ACASA and WRF-NOAH models also highlight the impact of different land surface models on atmospheric and surface conditions.
Features of the Earth surface deformations in the Kamchatka peninsula and their relation to geoacoustic emission
Authors: Larionov I. A. , Marapulets Y. V. , Shevtsov B. M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The paper presents the results of investigations of deformation processes in the near-surface sedimentary rocks, which have been carried out in a seismically active region of the Kamchatka peninsula since 2007. The peculiarity of the experiments on registration of geodeformations is the application of a laser strainmeter–interferometer constructed according to the Michelson interferometer scheme. Besides rock deformations, geoacoustic emission in the frequency range from several hertz to the first tens of kilohertz is under investigation. Piezoceramic hydrophones installed in artificial water reservoirs are applied. It is shown that periods of primary rock compression and tension with a duration of up to several months are distinguished in the geodeformation process at the observation site. During the direction change in the deformations, when the geodeformation process rate grows, an increase in geoacoustic radiation is observed.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM DISPOSITIVO PARA APOIO AO ENSINO DE COMPUTAÇÃO E ROBÓTICA
Authors: Maia Rafael de Oliveira , Silva Francisco Assis da , Pazoti Mário Augusto , Almeida Leandro Luiz de , Pereira Danillo Roberto
Published: December 2014

In this work we proposed the development of an alternative device as a motivating element to learn computer science and robotics using the Raspberry PI and Arduino boards. The connections of all hardware used to build the device called Betabot are presented and are also reported the technologies used for programming the Betabot. An environment for writing programs to run at Betabot was developed. With this environment it is possible to write programs in the Python programming language, using libraries with functions specific to the device. With the Betabot using a webcam and through image processing search for patterns like faces, circles, squares and colors. The device also has functions to move servos and motors, and capture values returned by some kindsof sensors connected to communication ports. From this work, it was possible to develop a device that is easy to be manipulated and programmed, which can be used to support the teaching of computer science and robotics.
Making Our Health and Care Systems Fit for an Ageing Population: Considerations for Canada
Authors: Andrew Melissa K. , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: December 2014

A report from the United Kingdom on making health and care systems fit for an ageing population proposes a range of interventions to make care better for older adults, especially those who are frail. Here, we discuss the proposed shift for the acute care hospital to other models of care. The key for these models of care requires a fundamental shift to care that addresses the full range of an individual’s needs, rather than being based around single diseases. How this might apply in the Canadian context is considered. We emphasize strategies to keep people out of hospital but still receive needed care, make acute hospital care less hazardous, and improve the interface between acute and long-term care.
Wave breaking turbulence at the offshore front of the Columbia River Plume
Authors: Thomson Jim , Horner‐Devine Alex R. , Zippel Seth , Rusch Curtis , Geyer W.
Published: December 2014

Observations at the Columbia River plume show that wave breaking is an important source of turbulence at the offshore front, which may contribute to plume mixing. The lateral gradient of current associated with the plume front is sufficient to block (and break) shorter waves. The intense whitecapping that then occurs at the front is a significant source of turbulence, which diffuses downward from the surface according to a scaling determined by the wave height and the gradient of wave energy flux. This process is distinct from the shear‐driven mixing that occurs at the interface of river water and ocean water. Observations with and without short waves are examined, especially in two cases in which the background conditions (i.e., tidal flows and river discharge) are otherwise identical.
Trends in the predictive performance of raw ensemble weather forecasts
Authors: Hemri S. , Scheuerer M. , Pappenberger F. , Bogner K. , Haiden T.
Published: December 2014

This study applies statistical postprocessing to ensemble forecasts of near‐surface temperature, 24 h precipitation totals, and near‐surface wind speed from the global model of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The main objective is to evaluate the evolution of the difference in skill between the raw ensemble and the postprocessed forecasts. Reliability and sharpness, and hence skill, of the former is expected to improve over time. Thus, the gain by postprocessing is expected to decrease. Based on ECMWF forecasts from January 2002 to March 2014 and corresponding observations from globally distributed stations, we generate postprocessed forecasts by ensemble model output statistics (EMOS) for each station and variable. Given the higher average skill of the postprocessed forecasts, we analyze the evolution of the difference in skill between raw ensemble and EMOS. This skill gap remains almost constant over time indicating that postprocessing will keep adding skill in the foreseeable future.
Two states of magnetotail dipolarization fronts: A statistical study
Authors: Schmid D. , Nakamura R. , Plaschke F. , Volwerk M. , Baumjohann W.
Published: December 2014

We study the ion density and temperature in the predipolarization and postdipolarization plasma sheets in the Earth's magnetotail using 9 years (2001–2009) of Cluster data. For our study we selected cases when Cluster observed dipolarization fronts (DFs) with an earthward plasma flow greater than 150km/s. We perform a statistical study of the temperature and density variations during the DF crossings. Earlier studies concluded that on average, the temperature increases while the density decreases across the DF. Our statistical results show a more diverse picture: While ∼54% of the DFs follow this pattern (category A), for ∼28% the temperature decreases while the density increases across the DF (category B). We found an overall decrease in thermal pressure for category A DFs with a more pronounced decrease at the DF duskside, while DFs of category B showed no clear pattern in the pressure change. Both categories are associated with earthward plasma flows but with some difference: (1) category A flows are faster than category B flows, (2) the observations indicate that category B flows are directed perpendicular to the current in the near‐Earth current sheet while category A flows are tilted slightly duskward from this direction, and (3) the background Bz of category B is higher than that of category A. Based on these results, we hypothesize that after reconnection takes place, a bursty bulk flow emerges with category A characteristics, and as it travels earthward, it further evolves into category B characteristics, which is in a more dipolarized region with slower plasma flow (closer to the flow‐braking region).
Magnetic mapping effects of substorm currents leading to auroral poleward expansion and equatorward retreat
Authors: Chu Xiangning , McPherron Robert L. , Hsu Tung‐Shin , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Pu Zuyin , Yao Zhonghua , Zhang Hui , Connors Martin
Published: December 2014

Magnetotail fast flows, magnetic field dipolarization, and its relaxation are linked to auroral brightening, poleward expansion, and equatorward motion during substorm onset, expansion, and recovery, respectively. While auroral brightening is often attributed to the field‐aligned currents produced by flow vorticity and pressure redistribution, the physical causes of auroral poleward expansion and equatorward retreat are not fully understood. Simplistically, such latitudinal changes can be directly associated to the tailward motion of the flux pileup region and the earthward flux transport toward the dayside that depletes the near‐Earth plasma sheet. However, because the equatorial magnetic field profile and the magnetospheric field‐aligned current system change significantly, mapping is severely distorted. To investigate this distortion, we superimpose a substorm current wedge model (dynamically driven by ground‐based observations) on the global Tsyganenko model T96 during an isolated substorm on 13 February 2008, observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms and GOES 10 spacecraft and by ground all‐sky imagers. We validate our model by showing that the timing and ionospheric projection of the flux pileup region and flow bursts observed at the spacecraft match auroral activations. We then use the improved mapping enabled by the model to demonstrate that in this event, auroral poleward expansion and equatorward retreat are mainly caused by substorm‐current‐wedge‐induced mapping changes.
The use of the Poynting vector in interpreting ULF waves in magnetospheric waveguides
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N.
Published: December 2014

We numerically model ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in the magnetosphere assuming an ideal, low‐β, inhomogeneous plasma waveguide. The waveguide is based on the hydromagnetic box model. We develop a novel boundary condition that drives the magnetospheric boundary by pressure perturbations, in order to simulate solar wind dynamic pressure fluctuations disturbing the magnetopause. The model is applied to observations from Cluster and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms. Our model is able to reproduce similar wave signatures to those in the data, such as a unidirectional azimuthal Poynting vector, by interpreting the observations in terms of fast waveguide modes. Despite the simplicity of the model, we can shed light on the nature of these modes and the location of the energy source relative to the spacecraft. This is achieved by demonstrating that important information, such as phase shifts between components of the electric and magnetic fields and the balance of radial to azimuthal propagation of energy, may be extracted from a careful analysis of the components of the Poynting vector.
Closteroviridae
Authors: Martelli Giovanni P , Candresse Thierry
Published: December 2014

Closteroviridae
is a family of plant viruses with filamentous, helically constructed particles showing distinct cross‐banding and varying in length from 650 nm (species with fragmented genome) to over 2000 nm (species with monopartite genome). The genome is a single‐stranded, positive‐sense
ribonucleic acid
, with size varying from 13 000 to nearly 19 000 nucleotides, thus being among the largest known for plant viruses. The family comprises four genera,
Closterovirus
,
Ampelovirus
,
Crinivirus
and
Velarivirus
, which differ in genome type (monopartite, bipartite or tripartite) and size, and in epidemiological behaviour. Closteroviruses are transmitted by aphids; ampeloviruses by pseudococcid mealybugs and soft scale insects and criniviruses by whiteflies. No vectors are known for velariviruses. These viruses are mostly phloem‐restricted. Except for velariviruses all are transmitted with a semipersistent modality regardless of the type of vector and are pathogenic to a wide range of herbaceous and woody crops, to which they may cause extensive damage. Control is based on preventive measures such as sanitary selection, sanitation and induction of resistance, primarily through conventional breeding.

Key Concepts:

Closteroviridae
is a growing family of plant viruses with currently four genera.

All members of the family have filamentous virions with open particle structures and distinct cross‐banding.

Closteroviral genomes are among the largest for plant viruses and are highly diversified also within each genus.

The family represents a monophyletic lineage that has evolved in a modular way.

A characterising trait of three genera (
Closterovirus, Ampelovirus
and
Crinivirus
) is the type of vectors that mediate transmission from host to host.

Virus particles are primarily restricted to the phloem from where they are acquired by the vectors.

Virus dissemination over long distances is mediated by infected propagative material, rather than vectors.

Most members of the family have a restricted natural host range.

Disease control relies on preventive measures aimed at reducing vector populations and sources of inoculum.

Sanitary selection and sanitation are efficient means for producing certified stocks.
Cryopreservation and Thawing of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Thompson Maria L , Kunkel Eric J , Ehrhardt Rolf O
Published: December 2014

Cryopreservation is the process by which intact living cells are preserved at cryogenic temperatures in liquid nitrogen. Freezing cells allow them to be stored, often for years, in a state where their normal metabolic activity is suspended in order to protect them from damage due to chemical reactivity and time. The cells can then be thawed and resuscitated as needed. Cells are cryopreserved in order to guard against genetic drift in continuous cell lines, or against transformation or differentiation in noncontinuous cell lines, such as stem cells and primary cells. In the case of primary cells that are isolated directly from the tissue of interest, they have a finite ability to divide; therefore, cryopreservation is necessary to preserve their unique characteristics for future experiments. Optimal cryopreservation of cells relies on proper freezing and thawing methods. To be protected from structural damage during the freeze‐thaw process, mammalian cells are frozen in the presence of cryoprotectant. Post‐thaw viability assays are then conducted to measure the success of the cryopreservation techniques by calculating the percentage of frozen cells that are alive and able to recover normal function once thawed.

Key Concepts:

Cryopreservation is used to enable long‐term storage, preserve current genetic state, prevent transformation or differentiation during subculture and provide a back‐up stock in case of infection/contamination during culture.

A controlled rate of freezing and rapid thawing is necessary for optimal cryopreservation and recovery.

Care must be taken to minimize transient warming events during transfer and storage, as it impacts viability and recovery.

Active thawing results in higher cell viability and recovery than passive thawing.

Timing is critical to all stages of the cryopreservation process. All materials should be ready before beginning the procedure, and steps should be taken to ensure each sample is handled with minimal delay.

Method standardisation and quality control are necessary to maintain sample integrity and reproducibility.