bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismicity, regional tectonics, and earthquake statistics
Authors: Isacks Bryan
Published: April 2012

Much of the research published during the past 4 years has been concerned with the integration of data on worldwide regional seismicity with hypotheses of global tectonics and the use of data on precisely located small earthquakes and microearthquakes to study processes of faulting and volcanism. Other topics that received attention include the sequence of large earthquakes in time and space and other aspects of long‐term seismicity and the statistical features of the distributions of earthquakes with respect to time and magnitude. This review excludes material referenced by Sykes [1967a].
Magnetic anomalies over the continents
Authors: Zietz Isodore
Published: April 2012

By far most of the magnetic coverage over continents has been made via aircraft. The obvious advantages of the airborne method over ground measurements are the speed and economy of the survey, the coverage of areas that are inaccessible on the ground, and the nature of the data, which are displayed continuously rather than as discrete points along a profile.

Much aeromagnetic work both in the United States and abroad has been conducted by private companies exploring for ore and petroleum. Unfortunately almost none of the data have been published, nor have they been made available to the public.
Magnetotellurics and geomagnetic deep sounding
Authors: Hermance John F.
Published: April 2012

The correlation of enhanced electrical conductivities in the upper mantle with high surface heat flow and reduced seismic velocities has been demonstrated in such tectonic areas as the western United States and Iceland. Therefore, arguments that magnetotelluric and geomagnetic variation anomalies in these areas are an indication of enhanced temperature at depth become very persuasive.

It is quite possible that the interpretation of geomagnetic variation anomalies along the Wasatch front, the Rocky Mountain front, and the Rio Grande rift will ultimately be of great importance in understanding the fundamental tectonic processes beneath the North American cordillera. To the south of the Colorado plateau, Schmucker [1970] explains the anomaly by a deep zone of high conductivity whose axis strikes parallel to the Rocky Mountain front. The depth to the top of this zone is approximately 160 km under the Basin and Range province, 100 km under the Rio Grande rift belt; and perhaps 250 km beneath the Texas foreland. The development of a low‐cost portable variometer by Gough and Reitzel [1967] permitted dense coverage of the region north of Schmucker's profile by a large number of stations simultaneously. Interpretation of these data revealed two northerly trending ridges of high conductivity in the mantle, one beneath the southern Rockies (east of the Colorado plateau), the other beneath the Wasatch front (west of the Colorado plateau).
Marine magnetic anomalies and their bearing on polar wandering and continental drift
Authors: Heirtzler J. R. , Vogt P. R.
Published: April 2012

At the beginning of this quadrennial period the significance of marine magnetic anomalies was just becoming appreciated. Evidence was presented to show that anomalies close to and paralleling the mid‐ocean ridge crest reflected a combination of axial accretion (sea‐floor spreading) and geomagnetic reversals over the last few million years. The anomalies result from the alternating polarity of thermoremanent magnetization of basalts injected into and onto the oceanic crust at the axis of the mid‐oceanic ridge. The primary thrust of marine magnetics, if not all marine geophysics, has developed from this principle during recent years. Excellent reviews of these subjects are found in books edited by Hart [1969] and Maxwell [1971]. Topics of polar wandering and continental drift not related to marine magnetic anomalies are not considered in the present summary.
Arctic research, tests of computer‐associated instruction systems outlined
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Plans for expanded research efforts in the arctic have been outlined by Thomas B. Owen, Assistant Director for National and International Programs, National Science Foundation. NSF is seeking $3.5 million for the Arctic Research Program. Owen indicated that NSF plans to support several new or expanded projects in the far north that will increase our understanding of the environment as it pertains to the rational use and development of the arctic region.
Thirteenth Rock Mechanics Symposium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign will host the Thirteenth Symposium on Rock Mechanics August 30–September 1, 1971. The symposium is sponsored by the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics and the University of Illinois. The theme is Stability of Rock Slopes.

Sessions planned for the symposium include: exploration and determination of shear strength properties, methods of stability analysis, design of slopes, performance of slopes, and a general session.
Course on decomposition and elimination in water and sewage
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

An advanced course on decomposition and elimination in water and sewage will be held October 4–8, 1971, at the Bavarian Biological Research Institute. For further information regarding this course write H. Liebmann, Kaulbachstrasse 37, 8 Munich 22, Federal Republic of Germany.
Metropolitan St. Louis Branch
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Metropolitan St. Louis Branch of AGU met on March 3, 1971, to hear Charles A. Whitten, Chief Geodesist, Office of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, National Ocean Survey, NOAA, Department of Commerce, and General Secretary of the AGU, speak on the ‘Crustal Movement Monitored by Geodetic Techniques.’ Whitten challenged the 85 members and guests to search for a means of using the tremendous amount of energy released from the earthquake as man has made use of other natural sources of energy such as wind and water. Carl Kisslinger, Chairman of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of St. Louis University and President of the Section of Seismology, who is working with NAS on the engineering and geological aspects of earthquakes, spoke briefly concerning his views on the recent California earthquake.
Oceanic microstructure
Authors: Cox C. S.
Published: April 2012

Interest in small scale structures of temperature, salt, and density in the sea arose during the last decade from the convergence of several factors. First, it became clear from the study of oceanic circulation models that large‐scale oceanic behavior depends critically on the spatial distribution and magnitude of dissipative processes [Niller, 1969]. In present‐day numerical models, these processes are incorporated parametrically by assumed relations between the dissipative processes and some of the large‐scale variables treated by the models [Robinson, 1965; Bryan, 1968], This method is recognized to be imperfect because the relationships themselves are doubtful at best and the distribution of dissipative processes and their magnitudes can scarcely be estimated. The dissipative processes themselves probably embody many scales of motion in the sea, but they are certain to leave an imprint on the microstructure.
Oceanographic micropaleontology
Authors: Berggren W. A.
Published: April 2012

The past 4 years have witnessed an explosive outburst of information in the field of micropaleontology. In general, the descriptive and monographic treatment of Kaunas has given way to analytic and interpretive work. In this brief summary, we shall consider some of the more important contributions made during this period within the various branches of the field.

Perhaps the outstanding event in oceanographic micropaleontology over the past few years was the advent of the Joides Deep‐Sea Drilling Project. Phase 2 of this project began in August 1968 when the Glomar Challenger sailed from Galveston, Texas, to Hoboken, New Jersey. The Challenger is currently on cruise 15 in the Caribbean Sea. During the first 13 cruises, 212 holes have been drilled at 134 sites; 1641 cores have penetrated 48,033 feet of deep‐sea sediments and hard rock (basalt in most instances).
Surface waters
Authors: Hewlett John D.
Published: April 2012

Much recent progress in predicting surface water flows from natural watersheds for engineering purposes has been stimulated by the advent of the computer and the various theories of systems modeling, common nowadays to all branches of the physical and biological sciences. Much of the science of hydrology as traditionally viewed is being reordered and redefined in terms of the emerging language of computer science. Thus we nave linear, nonlinear, parametric, dynamic, stochastic, lumped, and distributed hydrologies; physical and conceptual models; systems and decision theories; and so on. In hydrology, these approaches are so far applied chiefly to the prediction of rates of water discharge from reservoirs, channels, and land surfaces and to the routing of water through downstream areas. Several substantial renews of mathematical methodologies in hydrology, particularly those of Kisiel, Eagleson, and Amorocho, are contained in The Progress of Hydrology [University of Illinois, 1969]. Because the broad subject of systems hydrology has been so well summarized In this recent three‐volume set, The Progress of Hydrology, systems nydrology need not be dealt with at any length here.
Atmospheric dynamics
Authors: Bretherton F. P.
Published: April 2012

This report is concerned primarily with developments in the dynamical theory of synoptic and mesoscale motions in the atmosphere, excluding clouds. The areas in which there has been a major effort may be roughly classified as baroclinic instability, gravity waves and related problems, planetary waves (studies leading to a theory of the equatorial quasi‐biennial oscillation), atmospheric tides, some consideration of sea breezes, and, finally, acoustic gravity waves. Advances in the theory of the formation of fronts have been reported elsewhere. Much of this material is related to cognate studies in fluid dynamics that cannot be reviewed here (e.g., convection in a rotating annulus) and some arbitrary selections have been made. In some instances reported contributions were made by visitors to the U.S. and should in part be ascribed also to other national programs.
Cloud physics
Authors: Hallett J. , Orville H. D. , Sartor D. , Weickmann H. K.
Published: April 2012

Problems of the origin and physical characteristics of ice crystal and cloud drop nuclei continue to receive considerable attention. There is good evidence that sea salt particles play only a minor role in the world supply of cloud drop nuclei, although they do provide the largest nuclei that are of importance in the initiation of coalescence rain. The mode of action of ice nuclei is still inadequately understood; there is increasing disillusionment with the concept that any direct correspondence of ice nuclei measurements and ice crystals in clouds should exist. Possible mechanisms for ice crystal production other than by solid particle nucleation have been investigated. Increasing interest has developed on the role of pollution products in both drop and crystal nucleation.
Atmospheric electricity
Authors: Dolezalek H.
Published: April 2012

During the period covered by this report (1967 through 1970), there was an increase in research activity which in part was a consequence of the general scientific development, but which in part was also triggered by the Montreux Conference in 1963 [Coroniti, 1965]. Several particular events had a stimulating effect on the amount of research, although it remains to be seen how long this effect will last. These events include the first intensification interval of the ten‐year program, the lightning incident at the launching of Apollo 12, the first specific discussion on atmospheric electricity by the Commission of Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) of the World Meteorogical Organization (WMO), and the intensive investigation of the atmospheric electricity effects during solar eclipses (eight experiments on the March 7, 1970, eclipse by many investigators). Papers on atmospheric electricity were presented at many scientific sessions and special international meetings were conducted at the Fourth International Conference on the Universal Aspects of Atmosphere Electricity, Tokyo, 1968 [Coroniti and Hughes, 1969], the General Scientific Assembly of the International Association on Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Madrid, 1969 [Dolezalek, 1970], a conference of the WMO‐CAS Working Group on Atmospheric Electricity, Leningrad, 1970 [Koenigsfeld, 1970], a conference on ions, aerosols, and radioactivity conducted by the Working Group IV of the Joint Committee on Atmospheric Electricity, Paris, 1970 (proceedings to be published in J. Aerosol Phys., 1970), and the Fourteenth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, St. Gallen and Luzern, 1967. Within the United States the meetings of the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society were at several times the framework for extended discussions on atmospheric electricity. (See entries at beginning of the bibliography for publication of abstracts.) Such discussions have also occurred at many other conferences too numerous to list.
The President's Page: The need for scientist statesmen
Authors: Newell Homer E.
Published: April 2012

Above and beyond the tremendous practical values that ultimately stem from scientific research, there is a charm and a poetry in science, in showing the order of the universe, and revealing the beauty that underlies creation. This aspect of science is a major factor in drawing many of its practitioners into the field. Through the disciplined curiosity of the scientist, man has come to understand better and to appreciate more fully the universe and man's place in it. Men in the world of Copernicus and Kepler thought, wrote, and acted differently from those of earlier centuries. Men of the space age, following the Apollo expeditions to the moon, have been profoundly affected by their expanded view of their home in space. In such ways science contributes to satisfying a basic human need: man's innate curiosity. This fundamental drive to explore, to know, to understand has shaped the course of human history and has flowered in our times in the marvelous accomplishments of modern science and engineering.
Six RANN projects announced by NSF
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The National Science Foundation has announced support of six major projects under its Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) program.

The projects, totaling $8.35 million, will involve interdisciplinary investigations of subjects ranging from environmental quality to criminal justice, and from energy conversion and power to industrial processing. The program supports research efforts on problems of regional and national scope and concern.
INQUA tephrochronology bibliography”A call for references
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Geoscientists conducting basic or applied research with pyroclastic materials may be interested in contributing references to relevant articles for inclusion in the first edition of the INQUA World Bibliography on Quaternary Tephrochronology.

The total range of subject matter to be covered in the bibliography has not yet been set but may include discussions of source areas, petrography, and chemistry of volcanic ejecta in deposits of the Pleistocene and Holocene age. Other suggested categories are age‐dating, archaeology, geomorphology, palynology, soils, weathering, and vegetation as specifically related to the ejecta in these deposits. A separate section will deal with methods of collecting, preparing, examining, and ‘fingerprinting’ samples of pyroclastic material for use in tephrochronology.
Influence of man on the hydrological cycle: Uiesco/IHD Working Group
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The third session of the Unesco/IHD Working Group on the Influence of Man on the Hydrological Cycle was held in Rome in January 1971. This was the first session of the Group since its reconstitution with new membership and terms of reference as established by the sixth session of the Unesco Coordinating Council in July 1970.

An opening speech was given by C.E. Houston on behalf of the Director‐General of Unesco.
Field Operations Seminar
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

In cooperation with the United States and Canadian National Committees for the IHD, the International Association of Scientific Hydrology is sponsoring a Field Operations Seminar within the program of the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. The Seminar is to provide an opportunity for those involved in large lake investigations elsewhere to study and participate in the Field Year.

Participants in the Seminar will receive an orientation briefing and will then work in the field, either individually or in small groups, with the scientists involved in the various IFYGL programs and projects. Seminar participants will select the work of interest to them from four categories: Facilities; Instrumentation;; Specialized studies; or Data processing and distribution.
Field year publication policy
Authors: Ludwigson J. O.
Published: April 2012

Those involved in IFYGL projects are free to publish anywhere in the scientific or technical literature. Appropriate acknowledgement should be given to the IFYGL involvement and it is hoped that all will use the review and approval procedure described below.
Moisture Budget Feasibility Study
Authors: McCulloch James A. W. , Ferguson H. L.
Published: April 2012

One of the major projects being planned for the International Field Year for the Great Lakes is an investigation into the atmospheric moisture budget over Lake Ontario. The third feasibility study in preparation for this project has provided a fine example of international and inter agency cooperation and coordination. Symbolically, the moisture budget of the atmospheric column over Lake Ontario over a given time period can be described as:
Micrometeoroids
Authors: Dohnanyi Julius S.
Published: April 2012

Much work has been done on measuring the brightness of the zodiacal light and its polarization. Unfortunately the scattering function of a particle depends on its complex index of refraction, its shape, and its size; the brightness and polarization of the zodiacal light therefore depends on the distribution of the sizes, the physical composition, and the spatial distribution of the scatterers. Thus a number of model distributions that explain the same data are derived [Giese, 1963; Powell et al., 19676]. Observations suggest that the particles are concentrated in the ecliptic and that their density falls off far from the sun. Independent observations of radio and photographic meteors and larger objects suggest that the zodiacal light is produced by micrometeoroids with masses of a microgram or smaller, i.e., diameters of 100 μ or smaller.
U.S. National Report, 1967–1971: Fifteenth General Assembly, IUGG: Solar Activity as Relevant to Solar Planetary Relationships
Authors: Newkirk Gordon
Published: April 2012

A review of those aspects of solar activity relevant to solar planetary relationships is nearly impossible to construct. On the one hand there is the temptation to argue that all solar physics is ultimately related to understanding such relationships. A brief but comprehensive review of progress in solar physics in the last 4 years is clearly beyond the capability of a single author. On the other hand there is the danger that a single author's conception of what is relevant is most certainly distorted. Thus areas of important progress may be slighted or totally ignored. The present review is generally restrictive rather than inclusive. It is organized to discuss the most outstanding developments in the areas of the general activity cycle, active regions, the role of magnetic fields, transient events, and solar‐geomagnetic relations.
U.S. and Canada agree on anti‐pollution measures for Great Lakes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Canada and the United States have jointly announced their intention to restore the Great Lakes boundary area to a state of pollution low enough to allow fishing, water recreation, and free navigation of the waters. The ministerial announcement is expected to result in an executive agreement (which, unlike a treaty, is not ratifiable by the Senate) by the end of 1971 in which the United States and Canada would agree on water quality control commitments, including waste treatment facilities, reduction of phosphorus and mercury discharges, control of thermal and radioactive pollution, and regulation of ship discharge and dredging which affects the common border.
National Oceanic Act of 1971 introduced in Senate
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A bill to promote an extensive, long‐range national program in marine technology and resource development has been introduced in the Senate by Ernest F. Hollings (D‐South Carolina). Hollings said‘ … a comprehensive and well‐funded oceans program is an urgent necessity for the United States.’ He feels that ‘In a time of rising international competition on the high seas, it offers security. In a time of soaring joblessness, it offers work. In a time of rapidly disappearing technological superiority, it offers the prospect of innovation and renewal.’
World Weather Program Plan includes international experiment in 1974
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

An international experiment is planned in the Atlantic Ocean during the summer of 1974 to study the behavior of cloud clusters and their role in the larger circulation of the atmosphere. The experimental area will extend approximately from the west coast of Latin America eastward to Ethiopia, between latitudes 10°S and 20°N, with a more intensive study of cloud clusters being conducted in a smaller ocean area.

Called GATE (GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment) the planned project is part of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) of the World Meteorological Organization and the International Council of Scientific Unions. Coordination of United States participation in the World Weather Program is assigned to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
New products
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Schonstedt Instrument Company has announced the development of its Spinner Magnetometer for the measurement of the magnetization of geological core samples.

The sample is spun within a six‐layer magnetic shield to minimize effects from ambient magnetic disturbances. The system is designed to be relatively insensitive to ambient mechanical vibration. No special structure is required to support the instrument. A low spin speed of 5 revolutions per second permits the spinning of fragile samples and assures longer wear of rotating parts. The instrument has full‐scale ranges from 5 emu to 1×10−7 emu. The sensitivity at which the instrument is operated is indicated by means of an illuminated display on the panel of the electronic unit.
AGU affiliates with American Institute of Physics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Following application, AGU has been elected an affiliated society of the American Institute of Physics. The Council hopes that this affiliation will help to assure the closest possible relationship between the communities of physicists and geophysicists. In addition to generalized benefits of affiliation with AIP, AGU will have the privilege of member‐rate subscriptions to journals of the AIP. To obtain any of the following journals at the rates listed, write to the AIP, 335 E. 45th St., New York, N.Y. 10017 and state that you are a member of AGU.
Two‐month study of Caribbean Currents is part of fifteen‐nation program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A new aspect to a three‐year international oceanographic investigation of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico began in July with U.S. scientists and ships participating.

The prime objective of the two‐month operation, part of a larger program involving some fifteen countries, is an intensive study of the circulation patterns of the area to determine the processes by which these patterns take place. The U.S. efforts are concentrated in the western Caribbean, Yucatan Channel, and the southeastern part of the Gulf of Mexico. A large portion of the U.S. participation is being conducted by NOAA.
American and Australian scientists discover astronomical gamma ray sources
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The discovery of a new type of astronomical object—emitting very high energy gamma rays—has been announced by a team of scientists from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, and the University of Melbourne, Australia.

Two discrete sources of such rays have been detected in the southern Milky Way in the direction of the galactic center. Gamma rays have been detected in the past by satellite as coming from the direction of the galactic center. The American‐Australian measurements increased the resolution of the sources by about twenty times; enough, they feel, to indicate discrete sources. While gamma‐ray sources were first detected by the American‐Australian team in balloon flights made in 1969, extensive analysis by the group, much of it with computers, was needed to reveal their presence.
NOAA awards eight Sea Grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

NOAA has awarded Sea Grants to eight institutions.

The Southern Maine Vocational Technical Institute will receive $140,400 to continue operation of its program in applied marine biology and oceanography. The institute prepares students for employment in mechanical, technical, and other skilled occupations. The applied biology and oceanography program there is designed to produce technicians who are conversant with practical ship operations and related skills.
Energy Resources Development and Management Degree Program at University of Pittsburgh
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The nation's first degree program in energy resources development and management will be established at the University of Pittsburgh. Dean of the university's School of Engineering Harold E. Hoelscher, said that ‘Our national energy policies have too often been reactions to crises and what is needed is the long‐range planning the university can do ….’ S. David Freeman, currently Assistant Director for Energy and Environment in President Nixon's Office of Science and Technology, will join the university to establish the program.

His initial responsibility will be to design a curriculum that will emphasize the interdisciplinary knowledge required for efficient development and management of national energy resources.
USGS studies Apollo 15 moon rocks and samples
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey are now studying moon rock and soil samples from Apollo 15 in what is described as the most thorough and exhaustible analysis of the samples to be undertaken by the federal government. The studies are part of a large program conducted by the USGS on behalf of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Apollo program.

Thirteen Survey scientists are studying such diverse features as impact metamorphism, crystal structures, fluid inclusions, occurrence of hydrogen, deuterium and oxygen isotopes, and magnetic properties.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Introductory Note: The dynamic equilibrium of the various factors involved in the world water balance or budget is the central scientific problem of the International Hydrological Decade. One of the potentially vital elements of the balance is groundwater discharge to the oceans. To paraphrase the authors of the following Russian publication, the world water budget can't be properly balanced, statically or dynamically, until there are improved values for the amount of groundwater that is discharged directly to oceans, seas, and enclosed lakes. The following report, with its bibliography, presents some Russian approaches to the problem and provides a few bits of numerical information.

The report was translated by Frank W. Trainer of the U.S. Geological Survey. The text has been slightly reduced in the interests of saving space but the bibliography is given in full and has been transcribed into more or less standard U.S. Geological Survey bibliographical style.
FAO/IHD Working Group On Hydrology Of Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin, Tunis, Tunisia April 26”30, 1971
Authors: Heindl L. A.
Published: April 2012

Liaison and cooperation between the FAO/IHD Working Group on Hydrology of Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin and the U.S./IHD Work Group on the Hydrology of Carbonate Terranes was greatly increased during the third session of the FAO/IHD Work Group.

At that meeting the FAO/IHD Group accepted the offer of the Geological Survey of Alabama to incorporate bibliographic references on the carbonate hydrology of the Mediterranean basin into its own continuing computer based bibliographic file. As a result, the United States will have readily available to its carbonate‐rock scientists as complete a bibliography of carbonate hydrology as exists any place in the world. The Geological Survey of Alabama, in conjunction with the U.S./IHD Work Group, published the first edition of Annotated Bibliography of Carbonate Rocks in 1970, and a second, expanded edition is planned as soon as enough new material is available.
IFYGL
Authors: Gardner W. R.
Published: April 2012

This three‐day intensive briefing/discussing/coordinating conference may perhaps be taken as the symbolic date of the beginning of operations in the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. Thus, it was most fitting that the Workshop was held in the modern and superbly equipped facilities of McMaster University.

The Workshop brought together most of the principal participants in the Field Year at a time when each had developed his own plans as far as possible. Extensive briefing sessions on the plans available, interspersed with lively and intense discussion and coordination sessions often continued into the evening.
Three firms compete in design of environmental buoys
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has announced the award of competitive design contracts for two types of buoy systems for gathering ocean and weather data. One system is to be moored in a fixed position, while the other will drift freely.

Under a $425,000 contract, the Re‐Entry and Environmental Systems Division of General Electric in Philadelphia, will design both a drifting and a moored buoy system. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, a Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, was awarded a $270,000 contract for design of a moored buoy system. The Magnavox Company, Government and Industrial Division, ASW Operation, Fort Wayne, Indiana, has a $260,000 contract for designing a drifting buoy system.
Ozone increases in atmosphere over last decade
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Scientists of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have found an increase in atmospheric ozone during the past decade at widely dispersed sites. They had expected to observe a decrease in global ozone as a possible side‐effect of the general increase of atmospheric pollution during the 1960's. Instead, they found an apparent increase averaging 5.6% at eight North American Stations from Goose Bay, Labrador, to Tallahassee, Florida.
Smithsonian will issue first catalog of ultraviolet stars
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Man's first catalog of the stars as they appear in ultraviolet light will soon be published by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The catalog is based on more than 8000 ultraviolet television pictures of the heavens taken by Project Celescope, the Smithsonian experiment aboard the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO‐2) launched by NASA December 7, 1968.
GEOALERT Warning System now in English language
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

GEOALERT, the worldwide solar and geophysical warning and information system designed to aid solar‐geophysical researchers, as well as technological activities such as radio communication and long‐line electric power transmission, has been modified so that its radio broadcasts are now in English‐language voice rather than Morse code.
El Salvador plans geothermal power generation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A recently completed United Nations study has concluded that geothermal power represents a significant source of indigenous energy in El Salvador, which lies within the main volcanic belt of Central America. At present the principal source of electricity in El Salvador is hydropower, supplemented by imported fuel‐based thermal power.

Due to the rapid pace of industrialization and rural electrification now in progress, the demand for electrical power in the country is expected to double in six to seven years. It is estimated that the maximum demand for power in 1984 will be of the order 494MW. But the country's hydropower resources are limited. Moreover, these unexploited resources are located in remote areas, and the cost of producing additional hydropower is considered high. Thermal power generation contributes to the depletion of the country's meager foreign exchange reserves because it requires imports of oil.
Lockheed space system will put observatory into circular orbit
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A Lockheed circularizing system called the Orbiting Adjust Stage (OAS), will help place a High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) in a 200‐nautical‐mile circular orbit. The OAS fits atop the Titan IIID primary booster, and above the Orbit Adjust Stage is the observatory spacecraft. The OAS and its motor will remain attached to the observatory and will put it into a virtually perfect circular orbit, with a variance of less than two miles.
CIRES visiting Fellowship Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) is intended to promote research and teaching in geophysics, radio propagation, the physics of the upper and lower atmospheres and solar terrestrial relationships, and to serve as a center for multidisciplinary collaboration of research workers. Currently the major emphasis is on solid earth geophysics and micro‐ and meso‐scale atmospheric dynamics.
Oil shale leaflet available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

A nontechnical leaflet, entitled Oil Shale, has been prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey to answer questions about this potential source of energy. The 15‐page leaflet is the latest in a series of more than fifty nontechnical publications being distributed by the USGS to answer questions about the earth sciences and natural resources. Single copies may be obtained free upon request from the U.S. Geological Survey.
Introductory course on biology of sewage
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

Special problems of the biology of sewage and pollution control by microscopical training practice with different sampling devices will be the subject of an introductory course to be held March 6–10, 1972, at the Bavarian Biological Research Institute in Munich, Germany. For further information regarding this course write H. Liebmann, Kaulbachstrasse 37, 8 Munich 22, Federal Republic of Germany.
Fourth International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: April 2012

The Fourth International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy will be held in Ibadan, Nigeria, September 4–11, 1972. The official language of the symposium is English. For further information write J.O. Oyinloye, Secretary, Local Arrangements Committee, Fourth International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy, c/o Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Vertical segregation and phylogenetic characterization of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in a deep oligotrophic lake
Authors: Auguet Jean-Christophe , Triadó-Margarit Xavier , Nomokonova Natalya , Camarero Lluís , Casamayor Emilio O
Published: April 2012

Freshwater habitats have been identified as one of the largest reservoirs of archaeal genetic diversity, with specific lineages of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) populations different from soils and seas. The ecology and biology of lacustrine AOA is, however, poorly known. In the present study, vertical changes in archaeal abundance by CARD-FISH, quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses and identity by clone libraries were correlated with environmental parameters in the deep glacial high-altitude Lake Redon. The lake is located in the central Spanish Pyrenees where atmospheric depositions are the main source of reactive nitrogen. Strong correlations were found between abundance of thaumarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene, archaeal amoA gene and nitrite concentrations, indicating an ammonium oxidation potential by these microorganisms. The bacterial amoA gene was not detected. Three depths with potential ammonia-oxidation activity were unveiled along the vertical gradient, (i) on the top of the lake in winter–spring (that is, the 0 oC slush layers above the ice-covered sheet), (ii) at the thermocline and (iii) the bottom waters in summer—autumn. Overall, up to 90% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences matched Thaumarchaeota, mostly from both the Marine Group (MG) 1.1a (Nitrosoarchaeum-like) and the sister clade SAGMGC−1 (Nitrosotalea-like). Clone-libraries analysis showed the two clades changed their relative abundances with water depth being higher in surface and lower in depth for SAGMGC−1 than for MG 1.1a, reflecting a vertical phylogenetic segregation. Overall, the relative abundance and recurrent appearance of SAGMGC−1 suggests a significant environmental role of this clade in alpine lakes. These results expand the set of ecological and thermal conditions where Thaumarchaeota are distributed, unveiling vertical positioning in the water column as a key factor to understand the ecology of different thaumarchaeotal clades in lacustrine environments.
Dimethylsulfoxide exposure modulates HL-60 cell rolling interactions
Authors: Gee David J. , Wright L. Kate , Zimmermann Jonathan , Cole Kayla , Soule Karen , Ubowski Michelle
Published: April 2012

Human leukaemic HL-60 cells are widely used for studying interactions involving adhesion molecules [e.g. P-selectin and PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1)] since their rolling behaviour has been shown to mimic the dynamics of leucocyte rolling in vitro. HL-60 cells are neutrophilic promyelocytes that can undergo granulocytic differentiation upon exposure to compounds such as DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Using a parallel plate flow chamber functionalized with recombinant P-selectin–Fc chimaera, undifferentiated and DMSO-induced (48, 72 and 96 h) HL-60 cells were assayed for rolling behaviour. We found that depending on P-selectin incubation concentration, undifferentiated cells incurred up to a 6-fold increase in rolling velocity while subjected to an approximately 10-fold increase in biologically relevant shear stress. HL-60 cells exposed to DMSO for up to 72 h incurred up to a 3-fold increase in rolling velocity over the same shear stress range. Significantly, cells exposed for up to 96 h incurred up to a 9-fold decrease in rolling velocity, compared with undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Although cell surface and nuclear morphological changes were evident upon exposure to DMSO, flow cytometric analysis revealed that PSGL-1 expression was unchanged, irrespective of treatment duration. The results suggest that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells may be problematic as a substitute for neutrophils for trafficking studies during advanced stages of the LAC (leucocyte adhesion cascade). We suggest that remodelling of the cell surface during differentiation may affect rolling behaviour and that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells would behave differently from the normal leucocytes during inflammatory response in vivo.
Shock timing experiments on the National Ignition Facility: Initial results and comparison with simulation
Authors: Robey H. F. , Boehly T. R. , Celliers P. M. , Eggert J. H. , Hicks D. , Smith R. F. , Collins R. , Bowers M. W. , Krauter K. G. , Datte P. S. , Munro D. H. , Milovich J. L. , Jones O. S. , Michel P. A. , Thomas C. A. , Olson R. E. , Pollaine S. , Town R. P. J. , Haan S. , Callahan D. , Clark D. , Edwards J. , Kline J. L. , Dixit S. , Schneider M. B. , Dewald E. L. , Widmann K. , Moody J. D. , Döppner T. , Radousky H. B. , Throop A. , Kalantar D. , DiNicola P. , Nikroo A. , Kroll J. J. , Hamza A. V. , Horner J. B. , Bhandarkar S. D. , Dzenitis E. , Alger E. , Giraldez E. , Castro C. , Moreno K. , Haynam C. , LaFortune K. N. , Widmayer C. , Shaw M. , Jancaitis K. , Parham T. , Holunga D. M. , Walters C. F. , Haid B. , Mapoles E. R. , Sater J. , Gibson C. R. , Malsbury T. , Fair J. , Trummer D. , Coffee K. R. , Burr B. , Berzins L. V. , Choate C. , Brereton S. J. , Azevedo S. , Chandrasekaran H. , Eder D. C. , Masters N. D. , Fisher A. C. , Sterne P. A. , Young B. K. , Landen O. L. , Van Wonterghem B. M. , MacGowan B. J. , Atherton J. , Lindl J. D. , Meyerhofer D. D. , Moses E.
Published: April 2012

Capsule implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Lindl et al., Phys. Plasmas 11, 339 (2004)] are underway with the goal of compressing deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel to a sufficiently high areal density (ρR) to sustain a self-propagating burn wave required for fusion power gain greater than unity. These implosions are driven with a carefully tailored sequence of four shock waves that must be timed to very high precision in order to keep the DT fuel on a low adiabat. Initial experiments to measure the strength and relative timing of these shocks have been conducted on NIF in a specially designed surrogate target platform known as the keyhole target. This target geometry and the associated diagnostics are described in detail. The initial data are presented and compared with numerical simulations. As the primary goal of these experiments is to assess and minimize the adiabat in related DT implosions, a methodology is described for quantifying the adiabat from the shock velocity measurements. Results are contrasted between early experiments that exhibited very poor shock timing and subsequent experiments where a modified target geometry demonstrated significant improvement.
Rejection-free Monte Carlo scheme for anisotropic particles
Authors: Sinkovits Daniel W. , Barr Stephen A. , Luijten Erik
Published: April 2012

We extend the geometric cluster algorithm [J. Liu and E. Luijten, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 035504 (2004)], a highly efficient, rejection-free Monte Carlo scheme for fluids and colloidal suspensions, to the case of anisotropic particles. This is made possible by adopting hyperspherical boundary conditions. A detailed derivation of the algorithm is presented, along with extensive implementation details as well as benchmark results. We describe how the quaternion notation is particularly suitable for the four-dimensional geometric operations employed in the algorithm. We present results for asymmetric Lennard-Jones dimers and for the Yukawa one-component plasma in hyperspherical geometry. The efficiency gain that can be achieved compared to conventional, Metropolis-type Monte Carlo simulations is investigated for rod–sphere mixtures as a function of rod aspect ratio, rod–sphere diameter ratio, and rod concentration. The effect of curved geometry on physical properties is addressed.
Modeling a high power fusion plasma reactor-type ion source: Applicability of particle methods
Authors: Fubiani G. , Hagelaar G. J. M. , Boeuf J. P. , Kolev S.
Published: April 2012

A simple two-dimensional (2D) Cartesian, three-velocities (3 V), particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collisions (PIC MCC) model of a tandem type inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge is presented. The conditions are similar to those of negative ion sources for fusion applications, i.e., a high absorbed power (on the order of 100 kW) and a high density plasma (typically 1018 m−3) in a large volume vessel with a magnetic field barrier. We show that the plasma transport properties may be calculated with sufficient accuracy by performing simulations at low plasma density (low absorbed power) and rescaling the results to large plasma density by assuming linear variations of plasma density with power (in case of non-linear plasma chemistry, appropriate scale of the cross-sections or reaction rates is also necessary). This is equivalent to performing the simulations with the real absorbed power but using a larger value of the vacuum permittivity in Poisson’s equation, to force quasineutrality. Rescaled results from explicit PIC MCC simulations compare well with those from direct implicit PIC MCC simulations (performed with real power and plasma density). Implicit simulations have less stringent constraints on time step and grid spacing but numerical heating may be more difficult to control and verification of energy conservation during the calculation is necessary. Rescaled explicit simulations may be employed for non-turbulent plasmas provided that the sheath length is small with respect to the plasma dimensions. The simulation results are used to discuss the physics of plasma transport across the magnetic filter and the role of the drift currents (E×B drift and diamagnetic drift).
Structured water in polyelectrolyte dendrimers: Understanding small angle neutron scattering results through atomistic simulation
Authors: Wu Bin , Kerkeni Boutheïna , Egami Takeshi , Do Changwoo , Liu Yun , Wang Yongmei , Porcar Lionel , Hong Kunlun , Smith Sean C. , Liu Emily L. , Smith Gregory S. , Chen Wei-Ren
Published: April 2012

Based on atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) intensity behavior of a single generation-4 polyelectrolyte polyamidoamine starburst dendrimer is investigated at different levels of molecular protonation. The SANS form factor, P(Q), and Debye autocorrelation function, γ(r), are calculated from the equilibrium MD trajectory based on a mathematical approach proposed in this work. The consistency found in comparison against previously published experimental findings (W.-R. Chen, L. Porcar, Y. Liu, P. D. Butler, and L. J. Magid, Macromolecules 40, 5887 (2007)) leads to a link between the neutron scattering experiment and MD computation, and fresh perspectives. The simulations enable scattering calculations of not only the hydrocarbons but also the contribution from the scattering length density fluctuations caused by structured, confined water within the dendrimer. Based on our computational results, we explore the validity of using radius of gyration RG for microstructure characterization of a polyelectrolyte dendrimer from the scattering perspective.
Development of a microbial high-throughput screening instrument based on elastic light scatter patterns
Authors: Bae Euiwon , Patsekin Valery , Rajwa Bartek , Bhunia Arun K. , Holdman Cheryl , Davisson V. Jo , Hirleman E. Daniel , Robinson J. Paul
Published: April 2012

A microbial high-throughput screening (HTS) system was developed that enabled high-speed combinatorial studies directly on bacterial colonies. The system consists of a forward scatterometer for elastic light scatter (ELS) detection, a plate transporter for sample handling, and a robotic incubator for automatic incubation. To minimize the ELS pattern-capturing time, a new calibration plate and correction algorithms were both designed, which dramatically reduced correction steps during acquisition of the circularly symmetric ELS patterns. Integration of three different control software programs was implemented, and the performance of the system was demonstrated with single-species detection for library generation and with time-resolved measurement for understanding ELS colony growth correlation, using Escherichia coli and Listeria. An in-house colony-tracking module enabled researchers to easily understand the time-dependent variation of the ELS from identical colony, which enabled further analysis in other biochemical experiments. The microbial HTS system provided an average scan time of 4.9 s per colony and the capability of automatically collecting more than 4000 ELS patterns within a 7-h time span.