bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservative Christianity and the Creation of Alternative News: An Analysis of Focus on the Family's Multimedia Empire
Authors: Ridgely Susan B.
Published: March 2020

In this article, I explore how, from 1977 through 2009, the conservative Christian media empire, Focus on the Family, acted as a model for and a creator of alternative news long before the 2016 election. In particular, since 1977, Focus linked proper Christianity with recognition of a world of hazards by defining danger as those people and institutions who refused to submit to God, especially feminists, secular universities, and the welfare state. Through the creation of a closed-media network, Focus taught Christian conservatives to see the mainstream news as undermining biblical Truth by espousing stories that supported postmodern relativism over God's singular truth. Simultaneously, Focus generated its own news sources to fill the vacuum left by the mainstream with stories highlighting the political and social structures needed to support the Focus-defined traditional family. Soon, other conservative media outlets began using these frameworks to attract listeners and to add veracity to their stories. Although mainstream media portrayed Focus as passé by 2009, I argue that the model that Focus developed led seamlessly to the creation of Fox News and, later, to the formation of internet communities around outlets such as Breitbart and to the believability of Russian bots.
Ebola imaginaries and the Senegalese outbreak: anticipated nightmare and remembered victory
Authors: Desclaux Alice
Published: March 2020

Although Senegal experienced a single ‘imported’ Ebola case, this epidemiological event was experienced locally as a full outbreak in its first phase. Two imaginaries developed in parallel: the nightmare of an uncontrolled infectious threat bringing social disruption and spreading through Senegal to other continents; and the vision of an efficient mobilization of the national public health system as a model for other West African countries hit by Ebola. Based on field data, the article analyses how these antagonistic imaginaries shaped the national narrative of the epidemic and affected its interpretations on an international level. The health system's capacity to control the epidemic gradually dominated the nightmare fantasy in the national narrative, and has effectively articulated a technical discourse and protective measures rooted in lay perceptions – in particular the physical distancing of risk. Charles Rosenberg's model for analysing the temporality of epidemic narratives, which distinguishes four phases (progressive revelation, agreement on an explanatory model, political and ritual action, and closure), proved to be relevant, provided that two phases were added. These phases – before the beginning and after the end of the epidemiological event – appear significant in terms of the social production of the meaning of epidemics.
Evilism and the a priori
Authors: MILBURN JOE
Published: March 2020

In this article, I respond to Stephen Law's evil god challenge (EGC) to traditional theism. I argue that while there are credible a priori grounds for believing that the first cause is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-good, there are no credible a priori grounds for believing that the first cause is all-knowing, all-powerful, and all-evil. Because of this, theists have a reason for explaining away the a posteriori evidence against theism. The hypothetical evilist, on the other hand, does not. Thus, while the problem of the good makes it absurd to believe in evilism, the problem of evil does not make it absurd to believe in theism.
On Leaving Nordisk Teaterlaboratorium
Authors: Barba Eugenio
Published: March 2020

Eugenio Barba’s letter of farewell to several main responsibilities for the Nordisk Teaterlaboratorium in which the Odin Teatret was deeply rooted was not altogether unexpected, but came as a jolt, nevertheless. Eugenio has served for more than two decades as a contributing editor of NTQ, sending us such marvellous pieces as those to be
found in NTQ 86 (2006) and issue 102 (2010), which complement his prolific writing. The latter, crowned by The Five Continents of Theatre and written with long-term co-author Nicola Savarese (English edition, 2019), is another of the rich, multifarious activities that he initiated and steered through with his tireless ensemble of actors and other devoted collaborators to world renown. The unique and diverse achievements of this group are widely known and can be gleaned from Eugenio’s modest account below, but also from NTQ articles, which focus on specific aspects of his massive contribution. So we meet him in the journal’s pages in conversation on his early innovations with Maria Shevtsova (NTQ 90, 2007), Erik Exe Christoffersen’s discussion of the Eurasian Ur-Hamlet (94, 2008) and Shevtsova’s and contributing editor Ian Watson’s records of the fiftieth anniversary of the Festuge, which the Laboratorium creates with the communities of Holstebro (119, 2014; 122, 2015). Eugenio’s letter of love and solidarity for and with the theatre is by no means his last act, and we look forward to his continuing collaboration with NTQ.
The Traditional Definition of Pandemics, Its Moral Conflations, and Its Practical Implications: A Defense of Conceptual Clarity in Global Health Laws and Policies
Authors: DE CAMPOS THANA C.
Published: March 2020

This paper argues that the existing definition of pandemics is not nuanced enough, because it is predicated solely on the criterion of spread, rather than on the criteria of spread and severity. This definitional challenge is what I call ‘the conflation problem’: there is a conflation of two different realities of global health, namely global health emergencies (i.e., severe communicable diseases that spread across borders) and nonemergencies (i.e., communicable or noncommunicable diseases that spread across borders and that may be severe). To put this argument forth, this paper begins by discussing the existing and internationally accepted definition of pandemics, its requirements, as well as its strengths (section 1). Section 2 then considers the problem with the standard definition of pandemics (i.e., the conflation problem) and some examples of it. Finally, section 3 evaluates some practical implications of the conflation problem to then explore conceptual clarity as the adequate solution.
Commentary: Challenges to Achieve Conceptual Clarity in the Definition of Pandemics
Authors: UNDURRAGA EDUARDO A.
Published: March 2020

From a scientific standpoint, the world is more prepared than ever to respond to infectious disease outbreaks; paradoxically, globalization and air travel, antimicrobial resistance, the threat of bioterrorism, and newly emerging pathogens driven by ecological, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, have increased the risk of global epidemics.1,2,3 Following the 2002–2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), global efforts to build global emergency response capabilities to contain infectious disease outbreaks were put in place.4,5,6 But the recent H1N1, Ebola, and Zika global epidemics have shown unnecessary delays and insufficient coordination in response efforts.7,8,9,10 In a thoughtful and compelling essay,11 Thana C. de Campos argues that greater clarity in the definition of pandemics would probably result in more timely effective emergency responses, and pandemic preparedness. In her view, a central problem is that the definition of pandemics is based solely on disease transmission across several countries, and not on spread and severity together, which conflates two very different situations: emergency and nonemergency disease outbreaks. A greater emphasis on severity, such that pandemics are defined as severe and rapidly spreading infectious disease outbreaks, would make them “true global health emergencies,” allowing for priority resource allocation and effective collective actions in emergency response efforts. Sympathetic to the position taken by de Campos, here I highlight some of the challenges in the definition of severity during an infectious disease outbreak.
The Cannibali That We Are: For a Bioethics of Food
Authors: TUROLDO FABRIZIO
Published: March 2020

Is it possible to trace the contours of a bioethical reflection on nutrition? The present study tries to do so, relying on the metaphorical and symbolic value that food often takes. Indeed, eating does not mean just getting sufficient nutrition, because through the offer and exchange of food, people recognize and welcome each other. In this sense we are all, in some way, cannibals, because in eating, we eat the other, even if the introjection of the other is only symbolic and not literal, as in the case of actual cannibals. Eating habits are also very rooted in various cultures and sometimes resist migratory flows to a greater extent than language and religion do. Consequently, the disgust for, or the refusal of, other people’s food may be an indicator of a more general rejection of the diversity of other people. The conclusion reached by this study is that eating is taking care of the self and of the other and, therefore, as Jacques Derrida observes, it is necessary to “eat well” and also “eat the good.”
The Cannibal’s Gaze: A Reflection on the Ethics of Care Starting from Salvador Dalí’s Oeuvre
Authors: TUROLDO FABRIZIO
Published: March 2020

Starting from two paintings by Salvador Dalì (The Enigma of William Tell and Autumnal Cannibalism), the article explores Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung’s idea of erotic cannibalism. The fear of being eaten is an archetype of the collective unconscious, as fairy tales clearly reveal. Following Jacques Derrida’s reflections, the author suggests that the fear of being eaten is not limited to anthropophagic cultures, because there is a sort of symbolic cannibalism which has to do with the capacity for annihilation. The petrifying gaze of Medusa, described by Jean Paul Sartre, is a good example of this symbolic cannibalism. On the opposite side of the spectrum, compared to the petrifying gaze, we find the recognizing look of a mother toward her child. For the child, the mother embodies the good subject, which is reassuring and nonthreatening (the fairy who stands in contrast to the devouring ogre in fairy tales). Sara Ruddick explicitly refers to this motherhood model in her book Maternal Thinking, where she lays out the methodology for the ethics of care. The maternal, or recognizing gaze, as the opposite of Medusa’s gaze portrayed by Sartre, is well described in a compelling text by the Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello. At the same time, it plays an important role in Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s The Phenomenology of the Spirit. Finally, the article returns to Salvador Dalì, showing how in his life, the artist experienced the Other’s gaze in both forms: the objectifying one, represented by the artist’s father (portrayed in The Enigma of William Tell), and the recognizing one, embodied by his partner Gala (portrayed in Autumnal Cannibalism).
The emergence of multiple populations in radiation hydrodynamics simulations of cluster formation
Authors: Sills Alison
Published: March 2020

We present a new approach to understanding star-to-star helium abundance variations within globular clusters. We begin with detailed radiation hydrodynamics simulations of cluster formation within giant molecular clouds, and investigate the conditions under which multiple populations could be created. Chemical enrichment occurs dynamically as the cluster is assembled. We test two extreme mechanisms for injection of enriched gas within the clusters, and find that realistic multiple populations can be formed in both mechanisms. The stochastic cluster formation histories are dictated by the inherent randomness of the timing and location of the formation of small clusters, which rapidly merge to build up the larger cluster, in combination with continual accretion of gas from the cloud. These cluster formation histories naturally produce a diversity of abundance patterns across the massive cluster population. We conclude that multiple populations are a natural outcome of the typical mode of star cluster formation.
Internal kinematics of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
Authors: Libralato Mattia
Published: March 2020

Spectroscopy and photometry have revealed existence, complexity and properties of the multiple stellar populations (mPOPs) hosted in Galactic globular clusters. However, the conundrum of the formation and evolution of mPOPs is far from being completely exploited: the available pieces of information seem not enough to shed light on these topics. Astrometry, and in particular high-precision proper motions, can provide us the sought-after answers about how mPOPs formed and have evolved in these ancient stellar systems. In the following, I present a brief overview of the observational results on the internal kinematics of the mPOPs in some GCs thanks to Hubble Space Telescope high-precision proper motions.
Wide-field study of NGC 1172 and its rich globular cluster system
Authors: Ennis Ana I. , Bassino Lilia P. , Caso Juan P. , Gómez Matías , De Bórtoli Bruno J.
Published: March 2020

We present preliminary results of the wide-field photometric study of the isolated elliptical galaxy NGC 1172, and its globular cluster system. Our data was obtained with the GMOS camera mounted on the Gemini South telescope, in the g′, r′, i′ and z′ bands. The aim of this work is to further our understanding of the evolution of NGC 1172, and to look for possible explanations for its unusual high specific frequency.
Star Clusters in the Galactic tidal field, from birth to dissolution
Authors: Shukirgaliyev Bekdaulet , Parmentier Genevieve , Berczik Peter , Just Andreas
Published: March 2020

We study the evolution of star clusters in the Galactic tidal field starting from their birth in molecular clumps. Our model clusters form according to the local-density-driven cluster formation model in which the stellar density profile is steeper than that of gas. As a result, clusters resist the gas expulsion better than predicted by earlier models.

We vary the impact of the Galactic tidal field λ, considering different Galactocentric distances (3-18 kpc), as well as different cluster sizes. Our model clusters survive the gas expulsion independent of λ.

We investigated the relation between the cluster mass at the onset of secular evolution and their dissolution time. The model clusters formed with a high star-formation efficiency (SFE) follow a tight mass-dependent dissolution relation, in agreement with previous theoretical studies. However, the low-SFE models present a shallower mass-dependent relation than high-SFE clusters, and most dissolve before reaching 1 Gyr (cluster teenage mortality).
Breaking the dichotomy between typical and anomalous globular clusters: the case of NGC 3201
Authors: Dias Bruno , Araya Ignacio , Nogueira-Cavalcante João Paulo , Saker Leila , Shokry Ahmed
Published: March 2020

We recently discovered that NGC 3201 has characteristics that set it outside the current twofold classification scheme for Galactic globular clusters (GCs). Most GCs are mono-metallic and show light-element abundance variations (e.g., Na-O and C-N anti-correlations); but a minority of clusters also present variations in Fe correlating with s-process element and C+N+O abundances, and they possess multiple C-N sequences. These anomalous GCs also have a broad sub-giant branch (SGB) and follow the same mass-size relation as dwarf galaxies possibly evolving into GCs. We now revealed that NGC 3201 belongs to neither group. It has multiple C-N sequences, but no broad SGB, no strong evidence of a Fe-spread, and it does not follow the mass-size relation.
Globular Cluster — Bulge connection: Population synthesis models with multiple populations
Authors: Chung Chul , Lee Young-Wook , Lim Dongwook , Hong Seungsoo , Kim Jenny J. , Kang Yijung , Yoon Suk-Jin
Published: March 2020

Recent analyses of Lee et al. (2018, 2019) have confirmed that Galactic bulge consists of stellar populations originated from Milky Way globular clusters (MWGCs). Motivated by this, here we present the evolutionary population synthesis (EPS) for the Galactic bulge and early-type galaxies (ETGs) with the realistic treatment of individual variations in light elements observed in the MWGCs. We have utilized our model with GC-origin populations to explain the CN spread observed in ETGs, and the results show remarkable matches with the observations. We further employ our model to estimate the age of ETGs, which are considered as good analogs for the MW bulge. We find that, without the effect of our new treatments, EPS models will almost always underestimate the true age of ETGs. Our analysis indicates that the EPS with GC-origin populations is an essential constraint in determining the ETG formation epoch and is closely related to understanding the evolution of the Universe.
The eye of Gaia on globular cluster kinematics: Internal rotation
Authors: Sollima A. , Baumgardt H. , Hilker M.
Published: March 2020

I present the results of a survey of the kinematics of a large sample of Galactic globular clusters performed thanks to the synergy between the 2nd Gaia data release and the most extensive collection of radial velocities. This unprecedented dataset of 3D velocities of thousand of stars in 62 globular clusters has been used to investigate the rotation patterns of these stellar systems providing insight into the impact of two-body relaxation and tides on the formation and evolution of their rotation.
The range of UV upturn strengths in early-type galaxies can be caused by dissolved metal-rich Globular Clusters
Authors: Goudfrooij Paul
Published: March 2020

I summarize the scenario by Goudfrooij (2018) in which the bulk of the ultraviolet (UV) upturn of giant early-type galaxies (ETGs) is due to helium-rich stellar populations that formed in massive metal-rich globular clusters (GCs) and subsequently dissolved in the strong tidal field in the central regions of the massive host galaxy. These massive GCs are assumed to show UV upturns similar to those observed recently in M87, the central galaxy in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Data taken from the literature reveals a strong correlation between the strength of the UV upturn and the specific frequency of metal-rich GCs in ETGs. Adopting a Schechter function parametrization of GC mass functions, simulations of long-term dynamical evolution of GC systems show that this correlation can be explained by variations in the characteristic truncation mass Mc such that Mc increases with ETG luminosity in a way that is consistent with observed GC luminosity functions in ETGs. These findings suggest that the nature of the UV upturn in ETGs and the variation of its strength among ETGs are causally related to that of helium-rich populations in massive GCs, rather than intrinsic properties of field stars in ETGs.
The Role of Climate Sensitivity in Upper‐Tail Sea Level Rise Projections
Authors: Vega‐Westhoff B. , Sriver R. L. , Hartin C. , Wong T. E. , Keller K.
Published: March 2020

The current uncertainty surrounding the Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity is an important driver for climate hazard projections. While the implications for projected global temperature changes have been extensively studied, the impacts on sea level projections have been relatively unexplored. Here we analyze the relationship between the climate sensitivity and sea level projections, with a particular focus on the high‐impact upper tail. We utilize a Bayesian calibration of key climate and sea level parameters using historical observations and the reduced‐complexity Earth system model, Hector‐BRICK. This methodology allows us to focus on plausible realizations of the climate system in a probabilistic framework. We analyze the effects of high‐end climate sensitivity (above 5 K) on projections and spatial patterns of sea level change. The sea level projections hinge critically on the upper tail of the climate sensitivity, especially for the highly decision‐relevant upper tail. Results have important implications for timing of threshold exceedances and regional variability.
Is There a Nascent Plate Boundary in the Northern Indian Ocean?
Authors: Coudurier‐Curveur A. , Karakaş Ç. , Singh S. , Tapponnier P. , Carton H. , Hananto N.
Published: March 2020

The northern Indian Ocean has been widely recognized as an area of broadly distributed deformation within the composite India‐Australia‐Capricorn plate, hosting several diffuse boundary zones and a diffuse triple junction. The occurrence, along reactivated fracture zones, of the exceptionally large (Mw = 8.6 and Mw = 8.2) 2012 Wharton Basin strike‐slip earthquakes, however, questions whether this composite plate is breaking apart along a discrete boundary. Using recent bathymetric and seismic data, we analyze the most prominent fracture zone (F6a), whose structural trace is particularly well expressed. We identify 60 kilometric‐scale pull‐apart basins with geometric properties (length/width ratios) similar to those observed along continental strike‐slip plate boundaries. Four of the pull‐aparts formed above narrow, subvertical faults extending into the oceanic crust. Within the broad Wharton deformation zone, the significant slip rates (0.8 to 2.5 mm/yr) and unusually large coseismic displacements recorded along F6a suggest that it may be a nascent plate boundary.
2D nanostructures beyond graphene: preparation, biocompatibility and biodegradation behaviors
Authors: Wang Shige , Yang Xueqing , Zhou Lingling , Li Jinfeng , Chen Hangrong
Published: March 2020

The research advances of the preparation, biocompatibility and biodegradation of 2D nanomaterials are introduced. The prospects and challenges of the biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials are summarized.
A flexible semitransparent dual-electrode hydrogel based triboelectric nanogenerator with tough interfacial bonding and high energy output
Authors: Jing Xin , Li Heng , Mi Hao-Yang , Feng Pei-Yong , Tao Xiaoming , Liu Yuejun , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: March 2020

A flexible semitransparent dual-electrode hydrogel based TENG with tough interfacial bonding and high output was developed.
Restraining the polarization increase of Ni-rich and low-Co cathodes upon cycling by Al-doping
Authors: Zhang Chunfang , Wan Jiajia , Li Yixiao , Zheng Shiyao , Zhou Ke , Wang Donghao , Wang Danfeng , Hong Chaoyu , Gong Zhengliang , Yang Yong
Published: March 2020

This work investigates the mechanism of polarization increase upon cycling and explores the causes of Al-doping restraining polarization increase.
cis-Silicon phthalocyanine conformation endows J-aggregated nanosphere with unique near-infrared absorbance and fluorescence enhancement: a tumor sensitive phototheranostic agent with deep tissue penetrating ability
Authors: Pan Jiabao , Ouyang Ancheng , Fang Wenjuan , Cheng Guanghui , Liu Wei , Wang Fang , Zhao Dongmu , Le Kai , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: March 2020

Tumor-sensitive J-aggregated self-assembly silicon phthalocyanine nanoparticles as synergistic anticancer organic phototheranostic nanomedicines with high tissue penetration.
The XXL Survey
Authors: Masoura V. A. , Georgantopoulos I. , Mountrichas G. , Vignali C. , Koulouridis E. , Chiappetti L. , Fotopoulou S. , Paltani S. , Pierre M.
Published: March 2020

The combination of optical and mid-infrared (MIR) photometry has been extensively used to select red active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our aim is to explore the obscuration properties of these red AGNs with both X-ray spectroscopy and spectral energy distributions (SEDs). In this study, we re-visit the relation between optical/MIR extinction and X-ray absorption. We use IR selection criteria, specifically the W1 and W2 WISE bands, to identify 4798 AGNs in the XMM-XXL area (∼25 deg2). Application of optical/MIR colours (r−W2 >  6) reveals 561 red AGNs (14%). Of these, 47 have available X-ray spectra with at least 50 net (background-subtracted) counts per detector. For these sources, we construct SEDs from the optical to the MIR using the CIGALE code. The SED fitting shows that 44 of these latter 47 sources present clear signs of obscuration based on the AGN emission and the estimated inclination angle. Fitting the SED also reveals ten systems (∼20%) which are dominated by the galaxy. In these cases, the red colours are attributed to the host galaxy rather than AGN absorption. Excluding these ten systems from our sample and applying X-ray spectral fitting analysis shows that up to 76% (28/37) of the IR red AGNs present signs of X-ray absorption. Thus, there are nine sources (∼20% of the sample) that although optically red, are not substantially X-ray absorbed. Approximately 50% of these sources present broad emission lines in their optical spectra. We suggest that the reason for this apparent discrepancy is that the r−W2 criterion is sensitive to smaller amounts of obscuration relative to the X-ray spectroscopy. In conclusion, it appears that the majority of red AGNs present considerable obscuration levels as shown by their SEDs. Their X-ray absorption is moderate with a mean of NH ∼ 1022 cm−2.
Kinetic roughening in active interfaces
Authors: Cagnetta Francesco , Evans Martin R. , Marenduzzo Davide
Published: March 2020

The essential features of many interfaces driven out of equilibrium are described by the same equation—the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. How do living interfaces, such as the cell membrane, fit into this picture? In an endeavour to answer such a question, we proposed in [F. Cagnetta, M. R. Evans, D. Marenduzzo, PRL 120, 258001 (2018)] an idealised model for the membrane of a moving cell. Here we discuss how the addition of simple ingredients inspired by the dynamics of the membrane of moving cells affects common kinetic roughening theories such as the KPZ and Edwards-Wilkinson equations.
ASH 2019: Akute myeloische Leukämie
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: March 2020

Innerhalb der akuten Leukämien wurden über lange Zeit keine bedeutenden Fortschritte gemacht. In den letzten Jahren konnte jedoch durch zielgerichtete Therapien die Prognose der Patienten verbessert und die Toxizität der Therapie reduziert werden. Auf dem ASH 2019 wurden weitere neue Therapieoptionen vorgestellt.
Correction of Mandibular Retrognathia and Laterognathia by Distraction Osteogenesis: Follow up of 5 cases
Authors: Dolanmaz Dogan , Karaman Ali Ihya , Gurel Hakan Gurcan , Kalayci Abdullah , Kucukkolbasi Hasan , Usumez Serdar
Published: March 2020

This article evaluates the use of distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of mandibular retrognathia and laterognathia and the long term treatment results of the patients treated with this technique. The procedure was carried out in 5 subjects (3 males and 2 females, mean age 18.4 years) aged between 14 years and 27 years. In patients treated with bilateral mandibular distraction, it was observed that the ANB angle decreased by a mean of 5°, the mandibular corpus length increased by a mean of 14.5 mm and the overjet decreased by a mean of 12.2 mm after treatment. In patients treated with unilateral mandibular distraction, a mean of 3.5° reduction was achieved in ANB angle, the mandibular corpus length increased by a mean of 5.5 mm and a mean of 7 mm correction was achieved in relation to craniofacial midline with treatment. One of these patients showed an increase of 10 mm in ramus height on the affected side and a decrease of 5° in gonial angle whereas the other one showed an increase of 12.5° in gonial angle and an increase of 11 mm in ramus height on the affected side after treatment. The most significant long term relapse was observed in one of the patients treated with bilateral mandibular distraction. Long term relapse seen in the rest of the patients was within clinically acceptable limits. It can be concluded that distraction of the deformed mandible is a feasible and effective technique for treating mandibular retrognathia and laterognathia. However, it must be borne in mind that accurate placement of the distractors and determining the correct distraction vector are crucial factors that have an influence on long term clinical success. (Eur J Dent 2009;3:335-342)
Management of an Adult with Spaced Dentition, Class III Malocclusion and Open-bite Tendency
Authors: Kaya Demet , Taner Tulin Ugur
Published: March 2020

The aim of this case report was to present the orthodontic treatment of an adult with spaced dentition, Class III malocclusion, and open-bite tendency. A 28.4-year-old adult woman was concerned about the unesthetic appearance of her spaced dentition localized at both upper and lower arches while smiling. She had a mild tongue thrust, hypertropic upper frenum, and mild speech difficulty while pronouncing “s”. Her profile was straight with prominent lips. Molar relationship was Class III on both sides. Anterior teeth were in an end-to-end relationship. Lower dental midline was deviated to the left side. Cephalometric analysis revealed a skeletal Class III relationship with hyperdivergent facial pattern. The treatment plan included myotherapeutic exercises for the tongue thrust habit and a diagnostic set-up for closure of diastemas. A strict retention protocol was followed combined with gingivoplasty, fiberotomy, and frenectomy procedures. All spaces were closed successfully, adequate overbite and overjet relationships were obtained, and tongue thrust habit and speech difficulty while pronouncing “s” were eliminated. Clinical and cephalometric results indicated the maintenance of the treatment outcome at 6-months post-retention period. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:121-129)
A Comparative Study on Short-Term Effects of Compression Orthosis and Exercises in the Treatment of Pectus Carinatum: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Feasibility Trial
Authors: Giray Esra , Ermerak Nezih Onur , Bahar-Ozdemir Yeliz , Kalkandelen Melihat , Yuksel Mustafa , Gunduz Osman Hakan , Akyuz Gulseren
Published: March 2020

Introduction Pectus carinatum (PC) is a congenital chest wall deformity which is characterized by the protrusion of the sternum and costal cartilages. Although orthotic and exercise therapies are commonly offered by physicians for PC treatment, there is a lack of evidence on the benefits of exercises and how long the orthosis should be worn. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and feasibility of custom-made compression orthosis and exercises in the treatment of PC.

Materials and Methods Patients with PC aged 7 to 17 years old were randomized into three groups: compression orthosis 23 hours, compression orthosis 8 hours, and control group. All groups received exercises for 1 hour a day for 3 weeks. Additionally, compression orthosis 23 hours group wore the orthosis for 23 hours a day, while compression orthosis 8 hours group wore the orthosis for 8 hours a day. PC protrusion, pressure of correction, thorax lateral and anteroposterior parameters, external chest wall measurements, and Nuss Questionnaire were evaluated before and after the treatment. Also, adverse effects, retention, and compliance were assessed. Feasibility was evaluated by calculating the percentages of recruitment, retention, and safety.

Results The compression orthosis 23 hours group showed greater improvements than the other groups. After treatment, all groups showed significant changes in protrusion, pressure of correction, and external chest wall measurements. Adverse events occurred with similar frequency across groups. Retention percentages did not differ among groups.

Conclusion Compression orthosis use for 23 hours can be recommended rather than its use for 8 hours because 23 hours of orthosis use has better correction and similar adverse effects.
The Current Thoracoscopic Management of Esophageal Atresia
Authors: Fraser Jason D. , St Peter Shawn D.
Published: March 2020

The thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula is a complex neonatal minimally invasive procedure. The thoracoscopic approach is now nearing its third decade of experience and but is overall still not widely utilized, only in skilled centers and by experienced surgeons. This article will summarize the recent advancements in technique and knowledge in the thoracoscopic approach to this challenging neonatal congenital abnormality.
Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation: Where Are We in 2019?
Authors: Bonnard Arnaud
Published: March 2020

Thoracoscopic surgery for congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is still a matter of debate and used by approximately 50% of the surgeons in Europe. Several questions need to be addressed about CPAM. The adequate treatment, the surgical approach, and the follow-up are few of them. A review of recent articles published in the literature over the past 5 years is done in trying to respond to these questions. A multidisciplinary team is required to follow these patients since approximately 10 to 15% will develop a chronic lung disease and asthma. In the case of conservative management, computed tomography scan should be perform to monitor the evolution of the CPAM. Minimally invasive surgery should be used whenever possible, although the advantages of pulmonary function tests are not clearly defined, allowing a postoperative fast-track management.
Thoracoscopic Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Wagner Richard , Mayer Steffi , Feng Xiaoyan , Gosemann Jan-Hendrik , Zimmermann Peter , Lacher Martin
Published: March 2020

The surgical management of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is challenging and ever changing. It requires the highest expertise not only on the surgical level but also of neonatologists and anesthesiologists. In selected patients traditional open surgery is increasingly replaced by thoracoscopic CDH repair in many centers worldwide. Despite obvious and well-described advantages of the minimally invasive approach like a shorter ventilatory time, less pain, a shorter hospital length of stay, and a better cosmesis, important controversies remain. This review discusses hot topics of minimally invasive CDH repair, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hypercapnia/acidosis, patch repair, surgical training, and recurrence.
Publication Trends and Global Collaborations on Esophageal Atresia Research: A Bibliometric Study
Authors: Martynov Illya , Feng Xiaoyan , Suttkus Anne , Lacher Martin , Mayer Steffi
Published: March 2020

Introduction Research on esophageal atresia (EA) has been heavily published over the past decades. Herein, we aimed to study the quantity and quality as well as key topics in EA research with regards to global collaborations among countries and authors.

Materials and Methods Publications on EA from 1945 to 2018 were extracted from the Web of Science core collection database. Productivity (quantity) was assessed by the number of publications. Quality was estimated from the number of citations, citation rate per item and year, h-index, and impact index. Collaborative networks were evaluated using VOSviewer. All measures were analyzed for countries, authors, and journals. The 10 most cited original articles between 1969 and 2018 in 5-year intervals (n = 100) were manually screened to assess the key points of EA research.

Results A total of 2,170 publications from 85 countries published in 388 journals were identified yielding 26,755 citations, both significantly increasing over time (p < 0.001). The most productive countries and authors also accounted for high-quality publications and benefited from an active global network. The most productive journals derived from the field of pediatric surgery but accounted only for one-third of EA papers. The best cited journals were unspecific for pediatric surgery. Long-term outcome remained the most important topic in EA research, followed by surgical techniques, epidemiology, associated anomalies, perioperative complications, and postnatal management. In contrast, basic science was underrepresented.

Conclusion Over the past seven decades, EA publications increased tremendously. Productiveness and quality benefited from global networking. Long-term outcome remains the key interest of EA research.
Minimally Invasive Pediatric Surgery: The Learning Curve
Authors: Uecker Marie , Kuebler Joachim F. , Ure Benno M. , Schukfeh Nagoud
Published: March 2020

The use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in pediatric patients has increased over the past decades. The process of mastering a new procedure is termed the learning curve, during which the ability to operate increases but poorer outcomes are produced. We aim to analyze the current evidence on learning curves in pediatric MIS and evaluate its impact on patient's clinical outcomes. A systematic literature search was performed for studies listed on PubMed that reported on the learning curve for MIS surgical procedures. Studies were included if they stated the number of procedures required to reach a consistency in outcomes or if they compared outcomes between early and late period of MIS experience regarding the endpoints operative time, conversions, and intra-/postoperative complications. A total of 22 articles reporting on 11 surgical procedures were included in the study. Most authors reported a significant decrease in operative time as well as peri- and postoperative complications with increasing experience of the surgeon. Complications ranged from minor to major, the latter being especially severe for patients receiving pyloromyotomy (5–7% higher risk of mucosal perforation), esophageal atresia repair (15% higher leakage rate and 19–77% higher stenosis rate), or Kasai portoenterostomy (26–35% more liver transplants in the first year after surgery) during the learning curve period. Pediatric MIS comes with a considerable learning curve that may have a significant impact on the patient's clinical outcomes. Efforts should be made to minimize the effect of the learning curve on the patients.
Difference between the dynamics of bubble and droplet formation
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: March 2020

Numerical simulation finds differences between the interface deformations and dynamics of bubble versus droplet formation in quiescent flow.
The Norwegian CCS Research Centre (NCCS): facilitating industry-driven innovation for fast-track CCS deployment
Authors: Brunsvold Amy , Tangen Grethe , Størset Sigmund Ø , Dawson James , Braathen Alvar , Steenstrup-Duch Anne , Aarlien Rune , Mølnvik Mona J
Published: March 2020

The NCCS is an international Centre for Environment-friendly Energy Research addressing CO2 CCS—key technology in the portfolio of measures instrumental in all energy scenarios outlining conceivable paths to curb global warming.
Hepatotoxicity and Liver-Related Mortality in Women of Childbearing Potential Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and High CD4 Cell Counts Initiating Efavirenz-Containing Regimens
Authors: Bhattacharya Debika , Gupta Amita , Tierney Camlin , Huang Sharon , Peters Marion G , Chipato Tsungai , Martinson Frances , Mohtashemi Neaka , Dula Dingase , George Kathy , Chaktoura Nahida , Klingman Karin L , Gnanashanmugam Devasena , Currier Judith S , Fowler Mary G
Published: March 2020

Background

Severe hepatotoxicity in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving efavirenz (EFV) has been reported. We assessed the incidence and risk factors of hepatotoxicity in women of childbearing age initiating EFV-containing regimens.

Methods

In the Promoting Maternal and Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) trial, ART-naive pregnant women with HIV and CD4 count ≥ 350 cells/μL and alanine aminotransferase ≤ 2.5 the upper limit of normal were randomized during the antepartum and postpartum periods to antiretroviral therapy (ART) strategies to assess HIV vertical transmission, safety, and maternal disease progression. Hepatotoxicity was defined per the Division of AIDS Toxicity Tables. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed with covariates including participant characteristics, ART regimens, and timing of EFV initiation.

Results

Among 3576 women, 2435 (68%) initiated EFV at a median 121.1 weeks post delivery. After EFV initiation, 2.5% (61/2435) had severe (grade 3 or higher) hepatotoxicity with an incidence of 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0–2.6) per 100 person-years. Events occurred between 1 and 132 weeks postpartum. Of those with severe hepatotoxicity, 8.2% (5/61) were symptomatic, and 3.3% (2/61) of those with severe hepatotoxicity died from EFV-related hepatotoxicity, 1 of whom was symptomatic. The incidence of liver-related mortality was 0.07 (95% CI, .06–.08) per 100 person-years. In multivariable analysis, older age was associated with severe hepatotoxicity (adjusted hazard ratio per 5 years, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.06–1.70]).

Conclusions

Severe hepatotoxicity after EFV initiation occurred in 2.5% of women and liver-related mortality occurred in 3% of those with severe hepatotoxicity. The occurrence of fatal events underscores the need for safer treatments for women of childbearing age.
Reoperative, transapical off-pump neochordae implantation for recurrent degenerative mitral regurgitation resulting from a newly ruptured native chord
Authors: Drasutiene Agne , Chitwood W Randolph , Rucinskas Kestutis , Aidietis Audrius
Published: March 2020

Transapical mitral valve repair with NeoChord implantation is effective and safe to replace ruptured chordae due to degenerative disease. Redo transapical neochordae implantation has never been reported in the literature. We present a case report of a 53-year-old man who underwent a reoperative neochord implantation for recurrent severe mitral regurgitation, resulting from degenerative disease progression with a new native chordal rupture. We report the midterm durability of reoperative Neochord repair.
Weekly variations of viruses and heterotrophic nanoflagellates and their potential impact on bacterioplankton in shallow waters of the central Red Sea
Authors: Sabbagh Eman I , Huete-Stauffer Tamara M , Calleja Maria L l , Silva Luis , Viegas Miguel , Morán Xosé Anxelu G
Published: March 2020

Bacterioplankton play a pivotal role in marine ecosystems. However, their temporal dynamics and underlying control mechanisms are poorly understood in tropical regions such as the Red Sea. Here, we assessed the impact of bottom-up (resource availability) and top-down (viruses and heterotrophic nanoflagellates) controls on bacterioplankton abundances by weekly sampling a coastal central Red Sea site in 2017. We monitored microbial abundances by flow cytometry together with a set of environmental variables including temperature, salinity, dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll a. We distinguished five groups of heterotrophic bacteria depending on their physiological properties relative nucleic acid content, membrane integrity and cell-specific respiratory activity, two groups of Synechococcus cyanobacteria and three groups of viruses. Viruses controlled heterotrophic bacteria for most of the year, as supported by a negative correlation between their respective abundances and a positive one between bacterial mortality rates and mean viral abundances. On the contrary, heterotrophic nanoflagellates abundance covaried with that of heterotrophic bacteria. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates showed preference for larger bacteria from both the high and low nucleic acid content groups. Our results demonstrate that top-down control is fundamental in keeping heterotrophic bacterioplankton abundances low (< 5 × 10 5 cells mL−1) in Red Sea coastal waters.
Distinct Trajectories of Individual Physical Performance Measures Across 9 Years in 60- to 70-Year-Old Adults
Authors: Hoekstra Trynke , Rojer Anna Galina Maria , van Schoor Natasja M , Maier Andrea Britta , Pijnappels Mirjam
Published: March 2020

Background

Physical performance is an important factor for successful aging. This study aimed to identify distinct trajectories of multiple physical performance measures over 9 years in individuals aged 60–70 years and to evaluate their characteristics and the overlap between measures.

Methods

Four physical performance measures were assessed in 440 participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: tandem stand, gait speed, chair stand, and handgrip strength. Gender-specific latent class models were conducted to obtain distinct trajectories and their degree of overlap.

Results

Mean age at baseline was 67.9 (SD 1.7) years for males and 68.0 (SD 1.7) years for females. The optimal number of trajectories differed across measures. For tandem stand, no distinct trajectories were found (all 179 males, 198 females). For gait speed, three trajectories were identified, dependent on baseline speed: high-stable (47 males, 27 females), intermediate-stable (132 males, 130 females), and low-declining performance (6 males, 48 females). Two trajectories were identified for the chair stand: a stable (168 males, 150 females) and declining trajectory (10 males, 38 females). For handgrip strength, three declining trajectories were identified differing in baseline performance: high (55 males, 75 females), intermediate (111 males, 118 females), and low (17 males, 10 females). Overall, 11.9% of males and 5.7% of females were classified in similar trajectories across measures.

Conclusions

Trajectories of physical performance were heterogeneous, but showed similar patterns for males and females. Little overlap between measures was shown, suggesting different mechanisms for decline. This study emphasizes the use of multiple domains to assess physical performance.
Kinematics and deformation of the southern Red Sea region from GPS observations
Authors: Viltres Renier , Jónsson Sigurjón , Ruch Joël , Doubre Cécile , Reilinger Robert , Floyd Michael , Ogubazghi Ghebrebrhan
Published: March 2020

The present-day tectonics of the southern Red Sea region is complicated by the presence of the overlapping Afar and southern Red Sea rifts as well as the uncertain kinematics and extent of the Danakil block in between. Here we combine up to 16 yr of GPS observations and show that the coherent rotation of the Danakil block is well described by a Danakil-Nubia Euler pole at 16.36°N, 39.96°E with a rotation rate of 2.83 deg Myr–1. The kinematic block modeling also indicates that the Danakil block is significantly smaller than previously suggested, extending only to Hanish-Zukur Islands (∼13.8°N) with the area to the south of the islands being a part of the Arabian Plate. In addition, the GPS velocity field reveals a wide inter-rifting deformation zone across the northern Danakil-Afar rift with ∼5.6 mm yr–1 of east–west opening across Gulf of Zula in Eritrea. Together the results redefine some of the plate boundaries in the region and show how the extension in the southern Red Sea gradually moves over to the Danakil-Afar rift.