bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Who We Are
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

This chapter explains why personal identities are important and why feminist ethicists care about them. The concept of a personal identity is analyzed as a social construction. The chapter points out that identities are always multiple and relational, and often unchosen. This is followed by a discussion of the narrative constitution of identities and what that implies. Then comes an explanation of how gender damages identities and what can be done about it by means of counterstories. The chapter ends with a meditation on why it’s so difficult for counterstories to get the social uptake they need if they are to repair the identity.
Bioethics
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

The chapter begins with a definition of bioethics and explains why it is so important. This is followed by an overview of the standard, nonfeminist ways of doing bioethics and why they are unsatisfactory from a feminist point of view. Feminist analyses of four topics in bioethics are offered that demonstrate the usefulness of a feminist approach to bioethics: the doctor-patient relationship, physician-assisted suicide, abortion, and allocation of healthcare resources.
Violence
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

The chapter opens with an explanation of why violence is such an important topic for feminist ethics. It then addresses three forms of violence: rape and sexual harassment, rape as a weapon of war, and domestic violence. Rape is explained in terms of property theories, consent theories, and abusive group relations theories, followed by a discussion of the #MeToo movement. The feminist analysis of war includes not only rape as a weapon but also enslaving women and girls for sexual services. Finally, domestic violence is argued to be an expression of the socially structured power system called gender, kept in place by repeated iterations of itself.
Globalization and Cross-Cultural Judgments
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

The chapter opens with an explanation of why feminists need to pay attention to global issues. It begins with a description of the Southern “debt” and offers a critical explanation of neoliberalism’s four doctrines: free trade, opposition to government regulation, refusal of responsibility for social welfare, and privatization of resources. This is followed by a look at three kinds of work that have been globalized and primarily involve women: domestic work, nursing, and sex work. The chapter concludes with a discussion of cross-cultural judgments.
The Rise of the Christian Right in the South and Its Impact on National Politics
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: August 2019

The rise of the largely Evangelical-led Christian Right movement profoundly altered the Southern political landscape and eventually the national one as well. The “Solid South,” long a predominantly white Protestant and Democratic Party dominated region, has become largely Republican and anchored by white Protestants. As the South has become increasingly diverse and somewhat less distinctive, coalitions of minority groups, including religious minorities, are the backbone of the Democratic Party in the region. Since the 1980s, white Evangelicals have remained firmly committed to the GOP. What began in the South as a marginalized social movement focused on a narrow agenda eventually reconfigured the national party coalitions and played a major role on the election of Donald J. Trump as president.
What Is Bribery?
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

How should bribery be defined for the purposes of transnational bribery law? This chapter begins with a motivating example from Haiti, a paradigmatic case of transnational bribery. After reducing the transaction to its essential elements and explaining the justifications for prohibiting similar transactions, we turn to the tremendous variety of ways in which the scope of prohibitions on transnational bribery can be expanded or narrowed by defining, or redefining, each of the elements of a paradigmatic bribe. Topics covered include: the physical elements of the offense, defenses, whether bribery of public officials merits distinct legal treatment, and whether bribe payers and recipients ought to be treated differently.
How Should Responsibility for Regulation Be Allocated?
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

The OECD paradigm’s expansive approach to jurisdiction has advantages in terms of effectiveness and legitimacy, but, by inviting multiple enforcement agencies to intervene in individual cases, it creates space for disagreement, conflict, and redundancy. Previous chapters have shown that reasonable people can disagree about which conduct or actors to target and what sanctions to impose. There also is a risk that collective action problems will compromise effectiveness or efficiency. Some of these dangers can be avoided by assigning enforcement authority to an international organization such as a multilateral development bank, or even a new international anti-corruption agency, but the problems of legitimacy are likely to remain. When hard cases arise, the views of people who will be most greatly affected by the decision, namely, the inhabitants of the country governed by corrupt officials, ought to be given significant weight.
Conclusion
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter summarizes the study’s findings regarding how U.S.-born Mexican American respondents negotiate the ethnic and American aspects of their identities, as well as the Spanish language, and their attitudes on immigration. Almost without exception, the American identity of the respondents remained constant, whereas the strength and meaningfulness of their ethnic background varied by individual and context. The chapter then expounds on the concept of the ethnic core as necessary for understanding the experiences of Mexican Americans, as well as other groups, and why it fills explanatory gaps left by theories of assimilation and race. Finally, it assesses the likelihood that ethnicity will remain durable for Mexican Americans in the future based on a variety of factors.
“To Read the Round of Eternity”
Authors: Brown Samuel Morris
Published: August 2019

The Book of Mormon is concerned with, among other things, the nature of language. Participating in ancient debates about the relative strengths and weaknesses of oral versus written language, The Book of Mormon points toward a hybrid model of scripture in which oral—brimming with power but limited in space and time—and written—unlimited by space or time but dead and susceptible to multiple interpretations—languages are both necessary to constitute scripture. The Book of Mormon models this behavior extensively, even obsessively, starting with its front matter and extending through multiple narrative threads. Throughout its primary and multiple secondary narrative arcs, The Book of Mormon models a hybrid scripture that depends on both written and oral language. In its narrative of Jaredites—a people protected from the curse of Babel whose sacred history is locked in gold plates until a supernaturally gifted seer can be found—The Book of Mormon provides a key to understanding the entire scriptural text. The Jaredite prophet has powerful oral language and also a written scripture stored in gold plates, liberated by the living voice of the seer. Both a scripture and a seeric figure are required for the Jaredites as well as for the Lehites. This scriptural hybridity is perhaps most striking in two encounters between Christ and the New World worshippers whose story The Book of Mormon tells—in both cases, Christ employs both his own divine speech and written scriptural texts to communicate sacred truths. This scriptural hybridity that appears central to The Book of Mormon argues strongly for the necessity of both ancient and modern voices in this foundational Latter-day Saint scripture.
“The Writing of the Fruit of Thy Loins”
Authors: Scales Laura Thiemann
Published: August 2019

Although it has frequently been acknowledged that first-person narration is a crucial component of The Book of Mormon’s structure, no critic has fully analyzed the nature of narrative voice in The Book of Mormon or placed its prophetic voice in historical context. This essay shows how the centrality of first-person prophet–narrators in The Book of Mormon fundamentally changed the standard narrative practice of scripture. The piece situates the text’s prophetic voice in the context of early nineteenth-century religious culture: a world of evangelical preachers, self-proclaimed prophets, historicist biblical scholars, literary Transcendentalism, and popular spiritualist mediumship—all of which produce texts that collapse narrative categories and transform the relationship between human and divine. In doing so, it moves beyond the commonplace that personal revelation is the primary distinction of LDS and Second Great Awakening–era scriptural and spiritual practice; instead, its key characteristic is the always-mediated nature of that revelation.
“Arise From the Dust, My Sons, and Be Men”
Authors: Easton-Flake Amy
Published: August 2019

The Book of Mormon joined a conversation of American manhood in flux. While American literature gave rise to a new model of manhood, the American Adam, self-help literature offered male passions freer rein, heralding self-reliance, self-interest, and self-improvement. Within popular print, autonomy and individualism were becoming the bedrock of American masculinity. Into this print culture came The Book of Mormon, a text intended, at least in part, to instruct its readers how God-fearing men should behave. This essay argues that the performance of masculinity supported by the text can best be understood within the context not only of ideals for men, but also of prescribed ideals for women and their religious concerns. While The Book of Mormon’s narrative shored up the importance of fatherhood and patriarchal authority, it simultaneously emphasized the centrality of female concerns and traits.
Introduction
Authors: Spannaus Nathan
Published: August 2019

Qursawi’s reformism is conventionally described as rejecting Islamic tradition and ulama authority in favor of secular “enlightenment,” a view that is irretrievably flawed. Addressing this historiography, which connects Qursawi to Jadidism, this chapter argues that it is based on unfounded and anachronistic premises that skew his historical memory and obscure his contributions. Instead, Qursawi must be viewed from within Islamic tradition, and accordingly his thought is approached from the perspective of Islamic intellectual history. This chapter connects research into Qursawi with the literature on contemporary reformism in the 18th-century Islamic world, and it establishes the present study’s theoretical perspective on the Islamic scholarly tradition, viewing it as a discursive tradition operating through institutions, which are shaped by historical circumstances and therefore shape Islamic discourse in turn.
The Transformation of the Religious Environment
Authors: Spannaus Nathan
Published: August 2019

The religious and intellectual landscape of the Volga-Ural region changed significantly over the course of the 19th century. This chapter addresses those changes, focusing on three main historical phenomena: the adoption of European approaches and subjects in Islamic education and pedagogy, the introduction of Arabic-script printing and periodical publishing, and the fragmentation of Islamic religious authority. These phenomena all contributed to a new religious and intellectual landscape that arises following the 1905 Revolution, which is marked by debates over the ulama’s stature as foremost religious interpreters and non-ulama elites speaking for Islam and for Muslims alongside scholars. Characterized by conflicts over the continued validity of the Islamic scholarly tradition and the role of ulama, the discourse of this period included new debates and movements, including Jadidism, which emerges out of the broad changes taking place.
Conclusion
Authors: Spannaus Nathan
Published: August 2019

The significant differences between the premises and goals of Jadidism and Qursawi’s reformism call into question the movement’s connection with him. This chapter explores the points of divergence between the two and, addressing the historiography that presents him as a Jadidist pioneer, shows that Qursawi has no place within the genealogy of Jadidism, and also that Shihab al-Din Marjani cannot serve as the necessary link between them. Instead, Qursawi’s thought must be understood within the contexts of postclassical Islamic thought and the religious environment in the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, separate from posthumous developments transforming that environment and leading to Jadidism as a distinct movement.
Retributivist Perspectives on an Offender’s Criminal or Crime-Free Past
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V.
Published: August 2019

Proponents of retribution (Just Deserts) as a punishment rationale sharply disagree about whether repeat offenders are more culpable for a new offense, in comparison to offenders with little or no prior record. Some retributivists assert that prior convictions should have no bearing on the offender’s culpability and deserved punishment for his latest offense. Other retributivists argue that first offenders are less culpable and deserve sentence mitigation; some of these writers would extend a lesser degree of mitigation to offenders with only a minor record. A third group of retributivists views prior crimes as an aggravating factor, justifying steady increases in punishment severity as offenders acquire more convictions. This chapter critiques each of these three approaches. It argues that first offenders deserve substantial mitigation, that sentence severity should rise only modestly with additional convictions, and that such enhancements must be “capped” to preserve proportionality to the crime being sentenced.
Are Record-Based Enhancements a Cost-Effective and Fair Way to Reduce Crime?
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V.
Published: August 2019

Even if a guidelines criminal history score, other prior record formula, or some combination of record and non-record factors accurately reflects the offender’s recidivism risk, sentence enhancements based on that formula are not justified unless the increased penalty will prevent further offending in a cost-effective, fair, and legal manner. This chapter summarizes the voluminous literature on the relationship between punishment severity and crime. That literature shows that increased penalty severity has at best a modest deterrent effect on offending rates, and is as likely to cause more crime as it is to prevent crime by means of general and specific (individual) deterrence and/or incapacitation. The chapter also discusses whether such enhancements—particularly when based on non-record factors such as age and gender—are unfair to offenders, and whether non-record, risk-based enhancements are consistent with constitutional requirements of proof beyond reasonable doubt and jury trial under the Blakely v. Washington doctrine.
Disproportionate Impacts on Minority Offenders
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. , Hester Rhys
Published: August 2019

Sentencing enhancements based on the offender’s prior conviction record are a major contributor to racial disproportionalities in prison populations, since racial minorities tend to have more extensive criminal records. After briefly reviewing the larger problem of disproportionate minority confinement in the United States, and the serious negative consequences of such disparities, this chapter examines data from several states on the ways in which racial differences in prior conviction records and other factors cause disproportionate minority confinement. The chapter focuses on black-to-white disparities, since blacks are the largest nonwhite group in most states and there is more detailed criminal justice data on them than for most other nonwhite groups. But the available data on Hispanics and Native Americans reveals disparities that are sometimes as great as for blacks. The chapter concludes with proposals for revising criminal history enhancement rules that have the largest and least defensible disparate impacts on nonwhite offenders.
The Long Arm of the Law
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the question of whether and when prior convictions from many years past should no longer be considered at sentencing. The chapter first surveys the varying “look-back” and crime-free “gap” rules found in American guidelines systems, noting that many jurisdictions have no look-back limits for some or all offenders. This discussion also examines the question of when the look-back “clock” starts to run, in applying each of the existing rules—that date could be as early as the date of the prior sentencing, or as late as discharge from probation or parole. The chapter then considers the ways in which different approaches to look-back relate to the punishment rationales—offender risk and culpability—that are thought to justify criminal history enhancements. It also presents a summary of recent research surveying public opinion about the desirability and formulation of look-back limits. The chapter concludes with proposals to limit look-back.
Rehearsal
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

The chapter discusses the characteristics of effective orchestra rehearsing that involve instructing students how to feel, hear, and see concepts so that efficient and purposeful practice can successfully occur. The process of designing motivating rehearsal environments, classroom structure, and skill sets is examined. Several rehearsal strategies are analyzed and demonstrated via score samples and videos that help students to develop better intonation, rhythmic alignment, tone quality, finger coordination, and consistency. The chapter explains that the director has the responsibility of ensuring that rehearsals inspire and develop musicianship among the students. Finally, the author demonstrates how a director’s deeper-level questioning can assist students in overcoming performance obstacles without director guidance.
Intermediate-Advanced Level
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

The chapter provides several exercises that aim to refine left-hand technique in the intermediate-advanced levels of string playing. These techniques include building better pitch accuracy, tuning double stops, executing trills, producing both natural and false harmonics, shifting, perfecting vibrato, and performing glissando. Right-hand bowing techniques that develop phrasing as well as various sound colors and advanced bowing styles are discussed. The author explains how incorporating western music history and theory concepts in rehearsals help students gain a deeper understanding about a piece’s purpose, musical form, harmonic structure, and rhythmic principles so that students can convey a powerful and emotional performance.
The State
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

The Philippine state is a key mediator in the global labor market for voice. Colonization by Spain and the United States generated what the scholar Walden Bello calls an “anti-development state.” Catholic ideology limits women’s’ reproductive choices, while a migrant labor policy sends the country’s best and brightest abroad to work and remit money back home. For ordinary Filipinos who finish college, the result is a bifurcated choice: leave the country to find prosperity or stay at home and live in poverty. The megacity of Manila is where so many Filipinos find themselves negotiating this difficult fork in the road.
Funerals, Faces, and Hellenistic Philosophers
Authors: Brouwer René
Published: August 2019

In this chapter two phases of the origins and development of the concept of person in ancient Rome are discussed. In a prephilosophical phase, the origins of the word can be traced back to the Etruscans and the Greeks, respectively. The Latin word persona is most likely of Etruscan origin. At first the Romans used this word as a religious term. At the end of the second century bce it came to be applied in the context of the Greek theatre, too. Panaetius, in his “Romanized” version of Stoicism, as preserved and developed by Cicero, reinterpreted the Greek and Etruscan understanding of person in the sense of the general and particular roles that human beings take on in life. Seneca, but more especially Epictetus and Boethius, developed these interpretations further, each with a different emphasis: Epictetus discussed person from an internal point of view, whereas Boethius formulated his influential definition of person in the debate on the nature of Christ.
Medieval Mystics on Persons
Authors: Van Dyke Christina
Published: August 2019

The thirteenth to fifteenth centuries were witness to lively and broad-ranging debates about the nature of persons. In logical and grammatical discussions, “person” indicated individuality. In the legal-political realm, “person” separated subjects from objects. In theological contexts, “person” appears most often in Trinitarian and Christological debates: God was three persons in one Being, and Christ was one person with two natures (human and divine). This chapter looks at how these uses of “person” overlap in the works of contemplatives in the Latin West such as Hadewijch, Marguerite Porete, Meister Eckhart, and Catherine of Siena. I argue that the key concepts of individuality, dignity, and rationality combine with the contemplative use of first and second person perspectives, personification, and introspection to yield a concept of “person” that both prefigures Locke’s classic seventeenth-century definition and deeply influences the development of personalism.
Ghosts in Their Shells
Authors: Chong Sylvia Shin Huey
Published: August 2019

Science fiction has often been a site for interrogating the possibilities and limits of the human, through such stock inventions as robots, cyborgs, and artificial intelligence. This reflection focuses on three versions of a single science fiction story, Ghost in the Shell, all involving a different medium of expression: comic book, animation, and live-action film. Not only does this story, about a cyborg military agent battling a disembodied artificial intelligence villain, raise the usual questions about humanness as embodiment, memory, self-consciousness, and political rights, but the three different versions reveal the various ways that representational form also imbues its characters with humanness, through movement, dialogue, psychological depth, historical background, and visual richness.
Margaret Cavendish
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

Margaret Cavendish, a seventeenth-century philosopher, scientist, poet, playwright, and novelist, went to battle with the great thinkers of her time, and in many cases arguably got the better of them, but she did not have the platform that she would have had in the twenty-first century. She took a creative and systematic stand on the major questions of philosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, and political philosophy. She defends a number of theses across her corpus: for example, that human beings and all other members of the created universe are wholly material; that matter is eternal; that the universe is a plenum of contiguous bodies; that matter is generally speaking knowledgeable and perceptive and that non-human creatures like spiders, plants, and cells exhibit wisdom and skill; that motion is never transferred from one body to another, but bodies always move by motions that are internal to them; that sensory perception is not via impressions or stamping; that we can have no ideas of immaterials; and that creatures depend for their properties and features on the behavior of the beings that surround them. Cavendish uses her fictional work to further illustrate these views, and in particular to illustrate the view that creatures depend on their surroundings for their social and political properties. For example, she crafts alternative worlds in which women are not seen as unfit for roles such as philosopher, scientist, and military general, and in which they flourish. This volume of Cavendish’s writings provides a cross-section of her interconnected writings, views, and arguments.
Philosophical and Physical Opinions
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Philosophical and Physical Opinions. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: whether or not there are inherent capability differences between men and women; gender; atomism; whether or not goodness and badness are objective qualities in the natural world; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the struggle for creatures to maintain their structural integrity; striving; individuation; creation; annihilation; chance; causation; teleology; knowledge; motion; perception; mental illness and the brain; and physicians and disease. The chapter begins with a note that Cavendish writes “To the Two Universities” in which she says that the main reason for differences in the skills and capacities of women and men is that men have put into place structures that make it impossible for women to develop and flourish. She also looks ahead to a future time when different structures will be in place and the self-same work that she has produced in the seventeenth century will have an opportunity to secure a foothold.
Introduction
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

English terrorist Guy Fawkes is the source of our present-day words “guy” and its plural “guys.” After almost succeeding in lighting 36 barrels of gunpowder under the House of Lords on November 5, 1605, Fawkes was put to death within two short months. But his name lived on, thanks to the act of Parliament declaring every November 5 henceforth as a day of thanksgiving to God for delivering them from Gunpowder Treason. From the start, November 5 was a popular holiday, concluding with bonfires where effigies of Guy, soon called “guys,” were burned. Thus the way opened for “guy” to refer by extension to the lowest sort of man, then in due course to a man of odd or ridiculous dress and appearance, then gradually, at least in the United States, to any man of any class or bearing, even fully respectable. And then, even more strangely, the masculine “guy” became gender-neutral “guys.” And so it became the present-day standard second-person plural pronoun, taking the place of plural “you,” which had taken the place of singular “thou,” which had disappeared from everyday use in the 1700s. It was not until the later 20th century that “you guys” was inclusive enough to be the standard second-person plural, but that space had remained unfilled, and “guys” or “you guys” fit in so well that nowadays we hardly even notice.
The Original Guy
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

“Guy,” a French name brought across the Channel by Normans in 1066, had become a familiar English name long before Guy Fawkes was born in 1570. The name was memorable enough that while supervising delivery of gunpowder to the disused cellar under the House of Lords, Guy Fawkes adopted a bland, inconspicuous pseudonym: John Johnson. If he had maintained that pseudonym until his death a few months later, this book wouldn’t exist. “You johns” couldn’t succeed like “you guys.” Fawkes was born to a Protestant father and a Catholic mother. The father died when Guy was 8, so the rest of his upbringing was presumably Catholic. Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth’s government (and then James’s government after her death in 1603) continued in frequency and intensity, though never successful. Fawkes meanwhile embarked on a military career, fighting with distinction for many years in the English Regiment of the Catholic Spanish Brigade in the Netherlands. For his expertise in undermining and gunpowder, Robert Catesby recruited him for the most horrendous Catholic plot ever, to blow up the House of Lords with Lords, Commons, government officials, and royalty assembled for the opening day of Parliament. At the last minute a search party caught Fawkes red-handed, turning him over to anti-Catholic King James VI for interrogation, and he soon admitted his real name. Modern experiments confirm that 36 barrels of gunpowder would indeed have destroyed the House of Lords and everyone in it.
First Bonfire Day
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

English authorities were thankful almost beyond measure for the last-minute thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot. In place of the plotters’ planned explosion, throughout London bonfires were lit on November 5, 1605, to celebrate this escape from treason. In gratitude, Parliament in January passed a Fifth of November Act, decreeing that every November 5 henceforth should be celebrated as a holiday and day of thanksgiving, Attendance at special church services was mandated for the morning, while evenings centered on bonfires, often complete with fireworks mocking the failure of the explosion planned for the House of Lords. As a typical example, a few days after that first November 5 William Barlow, bishop of Rochester, gave a sermon comparing Guy Fawkes to Caligula and Nero.
Gunpowder Days in England
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

In addition to the celebrations of Gunpowder Day every November 5, Guy Fawkes appears in 17th-century literature as an arch-villain. Thomas Decker wrote a play in 1611 that encounters Guy in Hell. In 1614 in his play “Bartholomew Faire”; Ben Jonson’s character Lanthorn boasts of his success as a puppeteer with the topic of the Gunpowder Plot. In 1622 young John Milton wrote a 226-line poem in Latin referring to Gunpowder Treason. By 1641, Francis Herring could make Fawkes a son of the devil. The poem “Remember, Remember” reflects the later development of November 5. As the centuries went on, anti-Catholic sentiment in England finally diminished, making Fawkes even more the focus of what often now was called Guy Fawkes Day.
My Pronoun, ’tis of Thee
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

Chapter 8 interrupts the narrative to explain the importance of the further development of “Guy” to “guy” or “guys.” It tells about the second-person personal pronouns of English from Old English times, a thousand years ago, to the present. These are words we regularly use in speech and writing: first-person singular “I” and plural “we,” third person “he, she, it” and “they,” and then the second person, which happens to have undergone major changes in the past few centuries. Originally the second-person singular was “thou,” the plural “you.” But then, like several other European languages, the second-person plural was seen as more polite than “thou,” so “you” became second-person singular too. That was fine, except now a listener couldn’t tell whether a speaker was referring just to the listener or to the whole group. So with “you” solidly entrenched as second-person singular, a substitute had to be found for second-person plural. One possibility was “y’all,” still preferred in the American South, but that can be used for the singular too. Eventually, while the vacancy remained empty two centuries later, a successful substitution emerged, none other than the “guys” most of use as second-person plural today.
Guys in Rags
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

This chapter resumes the narrative, with numerous examples of the development of the meaning of “guy” and “guys” from 1640 to 1908. “Guy” first extended from designating a person’s name to include also an effigy of that person, then sometimes to more than just one effigy or any effigy, not just the effigy of Guy Fawkes. And gradually, in the 18th century, “guy” began to designate any living man of low class who, to use the definition in the Oxford English Dictionary, was “habited in grotesquely ragged and ill-assorted garments.” That allowed “guy” to expand further, to a man with any garish outfit, not necessarily ragged or ill-assorted. Conversely, any man could be a guy by overdressing or otherwise calling attention to himself by his costume. By 1908, “guy” could refer to any lower-class man, as well as any man if he dressed funny.
Roadblocks
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

For the most part, the gradual expansion of the meaning of “guy” to include everyone, male and female and GLBTQ, has slipped by without particular notice by the general public, and even by linguists. There’s no mystery about Guy Fawkes being the starting point that leads as far from that beginning as groups of women calling each other “you guys,” but neither is there much interest—except in two quarters that object: the feminist movement and the Old South of the United States. Feminists who want the inherently sexist English language to become gender neutral object to the expansion of “guys” to include women as well as men. As a result, some people try to avoid “guys,” though the alternatives aren’t that obvious, at best a plain “you all.” The other objection comes from Southerners, who don’t so much object to “guys” as keep to their well-established older alternative “y’all.” The boundary between “guys” or “you guys” and “y’all” has remained firm for the last century, perhaps getting its strength as one last means of holding the line against the northern states.
Villain Becomes Hero
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

Another diversion is necessary to acknowledge the return of Guy Fawkes in the present day. No, it’s not his Second Coming, but there is awareness of Guy Fawkes as a role model for modern-day activists and protesters. It has come particularly from Alan Moore and David Lloyd, creators of the graphic novel “V for Vendetta,” a serial first published as a book in 1988. It imagines a ruthless Fascist regime in England in the 1990s, opposed by a lone rebel who calls himself simply V, and who always wears a mask that is a simplified adaptation of the sketches of Guy Fawkes back in the 1600s, but with a smile. The resemblance to Fawkes is emphasized at the very beginning, where unlike Fawkes he casually blows up the houses of Parliament after reciting “Remember, remember, the fifth of December” to a young woman he has just rescued from the police. The story became a movie with Hugo Weaving as V and Natalie Portman as the rescued girl Evey. The masks were used by Occupy protesters and others early in the 21st century. Rather than an arch-villain, V and the mask now signal opposition to government tyranny. This chapter briefly cites Guy Fawkes’s 19th-century adaptations and references, including the beginning of Thomas Hardy’s 1888 novel, Return of the Native.
Guys Victorious
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

“You guys” or plain “guys” has now become the standard second-person plural personal pronoun used by most of us. We know that because we don’t have to stop and think about it; we just use it as the normal way to designate a group of people. In linguistic terms, it’s now unmarked, as it has been from the start; if it were marked, that is noticed, every time it’s used, that would be a sign that it’s not the regular plural. But it is. What about the competition? It has the advantage over “yous,” “you-uns,” and “yinz” by being less conspicuous and thus less likely to encounter objections for any reason. “You folks” and “you people” are impeccable, but they carry implications; the former is too folksy for some occasions, “you people” a little condescending for others. Without being obvious, “you guys” has a hint of friendship or camaraderie. “You guys” also has the advantage over “y’all,” in being clearly only plural, where “y’all” can be singular too. And “y’all” is strongly linked to the South, whereas “you guys” is tied to no particular region.
Future Guys
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

So “you guys” and plain “guys” have succeeded in filling the vacuum in second-person plural pronouns left by the departure of “thou.” What’s next? Four possible futures come to mind: (1) “guys” could continue to extend its hegemony over other candidates for the role of addressing groups; (2) like the plural, the singular “guy” could extend refer not just to a male but to any human being; (3) “guys” could be excoriated sufficiently by those who object to its wider use, so it would retreat to meaning males only; and (4) student activists could follow the example of “guy” and “guys” and use their own names as second-person plural pronouns that everyone should use.
2004
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the practices of the 2004 presidential campaigns. This election cycle exhibits an important shift from the mass media campaigning paradigm to the networked media campaigning paradigm. Howard Dean’s remarkable rise in the polls and financial largesse came after capitalizing on the affordances of DCTs for two-step flow. The best illustration of this paradigm shift, though, is in the candidacy of Wesley Clark, which started as a “netroots” movement and eventually became a frontrunner campaign. The clash between the netroots and a new way of campaigning and the historically professional way of mass-mediated campaigning illustrates the paradigm shift. In the meantime, George Bush continued to build a comprehensive data file of offline and online voter behavior for microtargeted messaging. And John Kerry conducted analytic testing of website design and e-mail messaging features to maximize effects. Both practices were harbingers of future election cycles.
2008
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

If the 2004 presidential campaigns demonstrated a paradigm shift as mass-mediated campaigning gave way to networked media campaigning (which in turn changed the power dynamic between supporters and campaigns), the 2008 election was about learning to control supporters through networked interactivity to the campaigns’ greatest advantage. The Obama campaign built on not just the innovations from 2004 but also on the earlier practices from 2000 and 1996, establishing an effective digital media strategy for fundraising and organizing. Other candidates, especially Democratic primary candidate Hillary Clinton and Republican primary candidate Ron Paul, experimented with and centralized DCTs as key components of their campaigns. The financial disadvantage John McCain’s campaign had compared to Obama in the general election was substantial. McCain's campaign had little choice but to focus on tried-and-true mass mediated campaigning and could not fully build enough with DCTs to work their advantage.
2016
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

The quest for data-driven campaigning in 2012—creating massive databases of voter information for more effective micro-targeting—found greater efficacy and new controversy in 2016. The Trump campaign capitalized on the power of digital advertising to reach the public to engage in unprecedented mass-targeted campaigning. His campaign spent substantially more on Facebook and other digital media paid ads than Clinton. Yet, the company that Trump worked with, Cambridge Analytica, closed up shop in 2018 under a cloud of controversy about corrupt officials and voter manipulation in several countries, as well as ill-begotten data of Facebook users that drove their micro-targeting practices. The Clinton campaign modeled itself on data-driven successes of the Obama campaign, yet the algorithms that drove their decision making were flawed, thereby leading her campaign to underperform in essential swing states. Similar to the Romney campaign’s Narwhal challenges on Election Day when the campaign effectively was flying blind on get-out-the-vote numbers, the Clinton plane was flying on bad coordinates, ultimately causing her campaign to crash in critical swing states.
Externality as Symbol
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Architecture is the first of Hegel’s “individual arts”—which also include sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—discussed in Part III of his lectures on aesthetics. These arts are defined by the senses they engage. Architecture’s task is to give shape to tactile materials in order to house the spiritual. Hegel describes architecture’s origins in the Tower of Babel and figures representing natural forces, then considers the emergence of architecture proper in Egyptian pyramids. Architecture reached its highest point in the classical world, where its function—housing the spiritual—was made explicit by structures that balanced the organic and the mathematical. Romantic architecture, for instance the gothic splendor of the Cologne Cathedral, instead hides its functionality and becomes more sculptural. Hegel also discusses horticulture as an example of humans defining space in an architectural way.
“From Slave to Citizen”
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers Saint Elizabeths during the post-Reconstruction era and examines the medical professions’ changing ideas about black mental illness and black Washingtonians’ interactions with the hospital in a new era of limited citizenship. A postemancipation discourse emerged among physicians in the 1880s and 1890s that fundamentally differed from the antebellum medical consensus that insanity was rare among black people. Instead physicians began to attribute a perceived increase of black insanity to freedom itself. What the psychiatric profession—which now included individuals trained in neurology—could not agree upon was whether blacks’ new susceptibility to madness was a result of their cultural or biological underdevelopment. Despite this new consensus that associated black mental illness with freedom, this chapter argues that the increased admissions of African Americans to Saint Elizabeths in the 1890s was more the result of black families assertively using the federal institution as an important resource.
Mental Hygiene and the Limits of Reform
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines key innovations that began to project Saint Elizabeths’ psychiatric authority into the community—specifically, the outpatient clinic, psychiatric social work, and child guidance centers. Broadly defined as mental hygiene, these efforts were aimed at reducing the number of institutionalized patients and providing them follow-up care. They were also aimed at preserving the mental health of individuals and consequently preventing their institutionalization in the first place. The chapter is in part concerned with how black patients and their family members shaped the outpatient experience. It also addresses the role of Washington’s segregationist culture and politics in limiting these larger mental hygiene reforms among the District’s African American community.
Whither the Negro Psyche
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers the desegregation of the hospital’s wards in the 1950s. It begins by examining the emergence of a universalist turn within psychiatry that rejected earlier assumptions about the existence of racially distinct psyches. By the 1940s and 1950s psychiatrists began to think about mental illness among African Americans on a par with mental illness among whites. This was reinforced by advances in psychopharmacology and the development of social psychiatry, the latter of which took seriously the role of racism in producing mental illness. This universalist turn was more responsible than grassroots activism or government directives for the racial integration of Saint Elizabeths’ wards, although the latter did play a role. Despite the ascendancy of a nonracialist conception of the psyche in the postwar period, however, racism and racial ambivalence continued to play a part in defining the experience of African American patients.
From Model to Emblem
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the comprehensive community mental health care movement, deinstitutionalization in the 1970s, and the transfer of control of Saint Elizabeths from the federal government to the District in the 1980s. It focuses on the Area D Community Mental Health Center, which was located at Saint Elizabeths and served mainly low-income black neighborhoods in Southeast and Southwest Washington, DC. It looks at how efforts to provide mental health care and other services to so-called ghetto residents were undercut by disinvestment in urban areas. Dwindling resources and services, combined with deinstitutionalization, contributed to a growing epidemic of homelessness in the nation’s capital. But the community mental health care movement and the ultimate transfer of the hospital to the District reveal the ways that black Washingtonians invested their relationship to Saint Elizabeths with their claims to being equal citizens of the District and of the nation.
Humility in Competitive Contexts
Authors: Austin Michael W.
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, it is argued that humility is an apt trait for competitive contexts. This claim is important in part because one might think that humility is a virtue in some realms of life but not others, and it is likely that many would include competitive contexts in the latter. In support of the claim that humility is apt for such contexts, I first describe particular conceptions of the virtue of humility and of the trait of competitiveness. Next, I discuss some possible problems that arise when we consider how the virtue of humility might function in competitive contexts. Finally, I demonstrate that humility is in fact an apt trait for the competitive realms of sport, business, and academia.
Introduction to Temple Renovation in the Ancient Near East and Beyond
Authors: Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces the idea of temple renovation as a distinct literary topos and shows its close association with royal ideology. Both points are made with evidence drawn from a variety of historical and cultural contexts, ranging from ancient to modern. Next, the chapter surveys previous studies of temple renovation in ancient Near Eastern contexts and previews the contents of the chapters that follow. Finally, it discusses some methodological issues related to the present study, especially issues around the production and promulgation of royal inscriptions and biblical texts.
The Renovations of Dan and Bethel
Authors: Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that the story of Jeroboam I’s placement of calves at Dan and Bethel (1 Kgs 12:25–33) is a temple renovation text from the eighth-century bce reigns of Joash and Jeroboam II. Employing the rhetoric of such texts, the story associates the Nimshide kings with symbols of their kingdom’s illustrious past, namely, the long-standing cult sites themselves and also Jeroboam I, their renowned predecessor and the kingdom’s founder. This rhetoric of renovation is consistent with the kings' recovery of territory that had been lost by the predecessors.
Federalism
Authors: Simeon Richard , Radin Beryl A.
Published: August 2019

The federal systems of Canada and the United States (U.S.) are difficult to define both individually and in comparative terms. They are similar in some ways yet very different in others. They have employed different strategies to deal with issues, diverse populations, and political structures. At the same time, both have relied on their constitutions to respond to change. Their strategies have moved between conflict and collaboration to attempt to support principles of democracy at different points in their historical development. Federalisms are highly variable; each is sui generis. Few if any generalizations about them are very robust. If this is true, then we have two quite different models to describe and explain. The task, then, is to understand how and in what ways they are similar and ask what common factors might explain why; and to understand the differences, and explain them.