bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NANOENGINEERED GLASS FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATES WITH INTEGRATED MULTIFUNCTIONALITY
Authors: PATEL PALAK , FURTADO CAROLINA FURTAD , COOPER MEGAN , ACAUAN LUIZ , LOMOV STEPAN , AKHATOV ISKANDER , ABAIMOV SERGEY , LEE JEONYOON , WARDLE BRIAN
Published: November 2021

Combining one or more functional capabilities of subsystems within a structure can provide system-level savings, particularly for weight-critical applications such as air and space vehicles. Nanoengineering presents a significant opportunity for additional functionalities on the nanoscale without the necessity to modify shape, design, or load carrying capacity of the structure. Here, an integrated-multifunctional nano-engineered system was preliminarily studied in composite laminate structures. The study would support the exploration of a system designed to serve independent yet synergistic functionalities in life-cycle enhancements, energy savings during manufacturing, in-situ cure (manufacturing) monitoring, and in-service damage sensing. For the preliminary study, an integrated multifunctional composite (IMC) laminate was created via aligned nanofiber introduction into the composite interlaminar region and the laminate surfaces of Hexcel E-glass/913 unidirectional glass fiber prepreg. Various heights ranging from 10 - 40 μm-tall vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VA-CNT) arrays, as well as patterned and buckled VA-CNT architectures, were used to reinforce the weak interlaminar regions within the laminates showing a ~ 4 - 5% increase in short beam strength of VA-CNT reinforced specimens hence demonstrating interlaminar enhancement for life-cycle advancements. The same layers, being electrically conductive, can provide several additional multifunctionalities.
EFFECTS OF NUMBER OF PLIES ON LIGHTNING STRIKE PROTECTION OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE LAYER-WISE HYBRID LAMINATES
Authors: MANOMAISANTIPHAP SIWAT , YOKOZEKI TOMOHIRO YOKOZEK
Published: November 2021

With the development of composite technologies, aircraft become lighter and more fuel efficiency. The composite aircraft, however, become susceptible to lightning strike. Developing lightning strike protection (LSP) system need to couple with composite technologies. The authors present a concept of LSP using layer-wise hybrid laminates (CF/Hybrid) in this study. The aim of the study is to validate the effectiveness of layer-wise hybrid laminates structure for lightning strike application by using conventional epoxy-resin CFRP for main structure and electrically conductive layer as a cover layer. The composite laminates include two different types of resin in each layer: conductive polyaniline-based matrix (CF/PANI) and conventional epoxy resin (CF/epoxy). CF/PANI layers varied from 1, 2, and 4 layers with corresponding 7, 6, and 4 layers of CF/epoxy to find out the least effective number of CF/PANI that can prevent lightning strike damage. The specimens were characterized for their mechanical properties and underwent simulated lightning strike test to realize their effectiveness. The result of simulated lightning strike has shown that a layer of conductive CF/PANI can help to avoid catastrophic damage on CF/epoxy. With a greater number of CF/PANI, the less detectable damage in CF/PANI layer became. In the case of CF/Hybrid with 4 layers of CF/PANI shows 70% residual bending strength after the lightning strike. With the aid of nondestructive inspection tools, i.e., thermography and ultrasonic test, the mechanism of damage on the composite panels were observed and analyzed. From this study, CF/Hybrid with 4 layers shows the optimal properties for lightning strike protection.
INFLUENCE OF NEGATIVE POISSON’S RATIO ON FRACTURE MORPHOLOGIES IN CFRP LAMINATES
Authors: IWASAKI DAIKI , NISHIO SHUICHIRO , SAITO HIROSHI , KANESAKI, MANATO- , KIMPARA ISAO
Published: November 2021

The Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus of CFRP laminates can be varied by changing their stacking sequences. CFRP with the specific stacking sequence can theoretically perform the “negative” Poisson’s ratio, which causes extension in the direction perpendicular to the loading direction, for example. However, the relationship between Poisson's ratio and fracture morphology has not yet been elucidated. In this study, tensile tests were performed for CFRP laminates with negative, zero and positive Poisson’s ratios, and failure morphologies were experimentally investigated.
PREDICTION OF NUMBER OF CYCLES FROM FATIGUE TEST CONDITIONS AND TRANSVERSE CRACK DENSITY OF CFRP CROSS-PLY LAMINATES
Authors: KITAGAWA YOUZOU , HIRAIWA KOTARO , ARAI MASAHIRO , YOSHIMURA AKINORI , GOTO KEITZ
Published: November 2021

In the present paper, we proposed a methodology that can predict the number of applied load cycles in tension-tension fatigue test of CFRP laminates from microscopic damages and test conditions. It is difficult to predict the fracture of CFRP laminates and to estimate the remaining life of CFRP laminates for ensuring the long-term reliability of the CFRP components because the fracture process of CFRP laminates is quite complex. The damage process of CFRP consists of various microscopic damage such as matrix cracks, fiber/matrix interfacial debondings, delamination and so on. In order to quantitatively estimate the remaining life of CFRPs, we focused on the degree of the microscopic damages and relate that to the remaining life of them. The tension-tension fatigue tests of CFRP cross-ply laminates were carried out, and we suspended the tests at arbitrary cycles. When the tests were suspended, we counted the number of transverse cracks occurred on the specimens by a replica method, and measured the stiffness degradation of the specimens. We formulated an equation that can predict the stiffness degradation using fatigue test conditions. The predicted stiffness degradation to the number of cycles using the formula agreed well with the experimental results. The result demonstrated that the formula can predict the number of subjected cycles from fatigue test conditions and transverse crack density.
DEVELOPMENT OF DEGREE-OF-CURE MEASUREMENT METHOD BY THIN-DIAMETER FRESNEL’S REFLECTION OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR
Authors: FUJIOKA GENKO , KOSAKA TATSURO
Published: November 2021

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has superior mechanical properties such as lightweight, high specific strength, and high specific rigidity. Recent important issues of manufacturing FRP are cost reduction and high cycle manufacturing of high-quality products. It is expected that in-situ process monitoring using a smart sensor can be used to solve the issues. Therefore, we paid attention to the monitoring method using an optical fiber sensor because it has good accuracy and embeddability. Up to the present, we have been developing a degree-of-cure (DOC) monitoring method for large and complex-shaped FRP products by Fresnel’s reflection optical fiber sensor. This sensor was based on Fresnel’s reflection due to the mismatch of refractive-index between glass and resin. In the previous study, the effect was investigated that the optical bending loss on the DOC measurement using a 𝜑125 μm optical fiber sensor. It was confirmed that a 𝜑125 μm optical fiber was sometimes broken at less than a 2 mm bending radius as one of the results of previous study. However, it is needed that stable measurement of DOC at very severe embedding condition if we want more expansion of the application range of FRP in the future. Thus, we aim to develop a DOC measurement system that can be measured by severe bending conditions using 𝜑80 μm optical fiber in this study. The optical loss property was measured by winding the fiber around the jig whose radiuses were 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm. From the result, the 𝜑80 μm optical fiber sensor didn’t break if it was bent less than 2 mm bending radiuses. Besides, it was found that the optical loss rate 𝑑𝐿/𝑑𝑥 was increased with the decrement of the bending radius 𝑅, and 𝐿𝑛 𝑅 and 𝐿𝑛 𝑑𝐿/𝑑𝑥 have a linear relationship. The DOC of epoxy resin was measured by using the 𝜑80 μm optical fiber sensor. The DOC curves were calculated from the measured refractive-index curves. From the result, it was confirmed that the DOC curve of the 𝜑80 μm optical fiber sensor agreed very well with the simulation curve by the Kamal model. Therefore, it can be estimated that appropriate the measurement result of DOC by the 𝜑80 𝜇𝑚 optical fiber sensor.
STRESS AND FAILURE ANALYSIS OF WOVEN COMPOSITES USING AN AUTOMATED CONFORMAL MESH METHOD
Authors: MAZUMDER AGNIPROBHO , LIU QIBANG , WANG YOUQI , YEN CHIAN-FONG
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a progressive damage modeling study to investigate the damage and failure behaviors of woven composites using an automated structured conformal meshing model developed by the authors. The composite domain consists of two materials: yarns and matrix. Yarns impregnated by matrix are considered to be homogenous and transversely isotropic. Each yarn element has its local coordinate system oriented according to the yarn’s centroid path. Properties of yarn are obtained using a micromechanics-based homogenization method. The matrix is considered to be homogenous and isotropic. Maximum stress is used as the damage initiation criteria under tensile loading. Damage evolution is governed by the material property degradation method. The meshing algorithm is based on a realistic micro-geometry generated using the Digital Fabric Mechanics Analyzer (DFMA), and thus is applicable to a wide variety of woven architectures. Numerical damage predictions are discussed and compared with previous numerical studies and experimental data to support the validity of the proposed model.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT ON MODE II INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN ASYMMETRIC CFRP LAMINATES
Authors: IWAMA RYOSUKE , SAITO HIROSHI , KIMPARA ISAO
Published: November 2021

When delamination occurs in CFRP laminates due to impact, a portion of the laminate structure becomes asymmetric across the delamination in the thickness direction, resulting in a coupling effect of in-plane and out-of-plane deformations. Thus, it is important to evaluate the coupling effects on the interlaminar fracture toughness and fracture mechanism in CFRP laminates. In addition, it is necessary to withstand practical temperature environments. Based on Verchery's approach, the authors intentionally prepared asymmetric laminates with non-zero and zero-coupling components in the classical lamination theory to evaluate the effects of coupling components on the interlaminar fracture toughness in CFRP laminates. In this study, the Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates with and without coupling components in the stiffness matrix was measured by the end notched flexure (ENF) test in the temperature range from room temperature to 80°C. The relationship between the temperature and the interlaminar fracture toughness was quantitatively evaluated. Fracture surface observation was also conducted to clarify the fracture mechanism.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT RESIN BEHAVIOR ON NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF EFFECTIVE CTES OF 3D WOVEN COMPOSITES
Authors: VASYLEVSKYI KOSTIANTYN , DRACH BORYS , TSUKROV IGOR
Published: November 2021

3D woven composites are well known for their high strength, dimensional stability, delamination, and impact resistance. They are often used in aerospace, energy, and automotive industries where material parts can experience harsh service conditions including substantial variations in temperature. This may lead to significant thermal deformations and thermally-induced stresses in the material. Additionally, 3D woven composites are often produced using resin transfer molding (RTM) technique which involves curing the epoxy resin at elevated temperatures leading to accumulation of the processing-induced residual stress. Thus, understanding of effective thermal behavior of 3D woven composites is essential for their successful design and service. In this paper, the effective thermal properties of 3D woven carbon-epoxy composite materials are estimated using mesoscale finite element models previously developed for evaluation of the manufacturing-induced residual stresses. We determine effective coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of the composites in terms of the known thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resin and carbon fibers. We investigate how temperature sensitivity of the thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy influences the overall thermal properties of the composite. The simulations are performed for different composite reinforcement morphologies including ply-to-ply and orthogonal. It is shown that even linear dependence of epoxy’s stiffness and CTE on temperature results in a nonlinear dependence on temperature of the overall composite’s CTE.
HYBRID EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 3D RESPONSE OF WOVEN POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
Authors: BUENROSTRO JAVIER , KIM HYONNY , GOLDBERG ROBERT K. , RICKS TRENTON M.
Published: November 2021

The need for advanced material models to simulate the deformation, damage, and failure of polymer matrix composites under impact conditions is becoming critical as these materials are gaining increased usage in the aerospace and automotive industries. The purpose of this work is to characterize carbon epoxy fabrics for composite material models that rely on a large number of input parameters to define their nonlinear and 3D response; e.g. elastic continuum damage mechanics models or plasticity damage models [1, 2]. It is challenging to obtain large sets of experimental stress-strain curves, therefore, careful selection of physical experiments that exhibit nonlinear behavior is done to significantly reduce the cost of generating threedimensional material databases. For this work, plain weave carbon fabrics with 3k and 12k tows are manufactured by VARTM. Testing is done using MTS hydraulic test frames and 2D digital image correlation (DIC) to obtain experimental stress-strain curves for in-plane tension and shear as well as transverse shear. For cases where actual experimental data is either not available or difficult to obtain, the required model input is virtually generated using the NASA Glenn developed Micromechanics Analysis Method/Generalized Method of Cells (MAC/GMC) code. A viscoplastic polymer model is calibrated and utilized to model the matrix constituent within a repeating unit cell (RUC) of a plain weave carbon fiber fabric. Verification and validation of this approach is done using MAT213, a tabulated orthotropic material model in the finite element code LS-DYNA, which relies on 12 input stress-strain curves in various coordinate directions [2]. Based on the model input generated by the micromechanics analyses in combination with available experimental data, a series of coupon level verification and validation analyses are carried out using the MAT 213 composite model.
A RADIATION SENSITIVE ADHESIVE SYSTEM FOR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED COMPOSITE JOINTS
Authors: HURVITZ SAMUEL B. , STAPLETON SCOTT , HUSSEINI JAMAL
Published: November 2021

Adhesively bonded composite joints can help reduce weight in structures and avoid material damage from fastener holes, but stress concentrations formed at the edges of the adhesive bond line are a main cause of failure. Stress concentrations within the adhesive can be reduced by lowering the stiffness at these edges and increasing the stiffness in the center of the joint. This may be achieved using a dual-cure adhesive system, where conventional curing is first used to bond a lap joint, after which high energy radiation is applied to the joint to induce additional crosslinking in specific regions. Anhydride-cured epoxy resins have been formulated to include a radiation sensitizer enabling the desired cure behavior. Tensile testing was performed on cured systems containing varying levels of radiation sensitizer in order to evaluate its effects on young’s modulus as a function of radiation dose.
3D PRINTING OF SHORT CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES VIA FRONTAL POLYMERIZATIONMORTEZA ZIAEE
Authors: ZIAEE MORTEZA , YOURDKHANI MOSTAFA
Published: November 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer composites is a growing field in academic and industrial research environment. Majority of research in this field is focused on thermoplastic-based composites, as manufacturing of thermoset composites requires long cure cycles that make the additive manufacturing process quite challenging. Even though thermoplastic composites are easier to print, the ultimate performance of composites is limited by low fiber volume fraction, relatively high porosity, and low mechanical performance of host polymers. Recently, a novel curing strategy based on frontal polymerization (FP) has been developed that enables 3D printing of high-quality thermoset polymers. In this approach, a monomer solution with a gel-like viscosity is in-situ cured following the extrusion from printing nozzle by a self-sustaining reaction front. In the present work, we use dicyclopentadiene as a thermoset resin that can be frontally polymerized to a high-performance solid polymer. We add short carbon fiber reinforcements (L ~74 μm) to resin to fabricate mechanically robust 3D composite structures. Our results show that incorporation of short fibers substantially improves the flexural strength and flexural modulus of 3D-printed composites by ~50 % and ~410 %, respectively, compared to traditionally molded neat samples. Optical microscopy from the crosssection of flexural samples reveals that no voids was formed within deposition lines.
RATE-DEPENDENT COMPACTION AND RELAXATION RESPONSE OF UNCURED PREPREGS UNDER HIGH-PRESSURE CONDITIONS
Authors: ALAHMED NOORA , KHAN KAMRAN , UMER REHAN
Published: November 2021

The compaction-relaxation response at different compaction rates and fiber volume fractions plays a key role in understanding the viscoelastic response of uncured prepregs. Hence, this study characterizes the time-dependent behavior of un-cured 4- layer prepregs subjected to compaction-stress relaxation test at different displacement rates i.e., 0.1 mm/min, 1.0 mm/min, and 10 mm/min, at 0.65 fiber volume fraction and allowed to relax for two hours. In this study, the complete deformation history of the Hexply M26T multilayer prepregs is measured from a stress-free state to the cured state. The effects of rate-dependent compaction-relaxation at different rates on percentages of compaction, recovery, stress change during relaxation, and permanent deformation of prepregs are computed. It was concluded that the 0.1   /    displacement rate showed the lowest peak stress level and the lowest stress relaxation and permanent deformation. A viscoelastic model was used to fit the experimental data and the results showed a good agreement. The void content was determined analytically and from the XCT-aided geometrical model. It was observed that for a given test condition, the void content increases as the displacement rate increases, due to the high applied pressure. This study highlights the importance of rate-dependent compaction-relaxation behavior and the need to determine the suitable process parameters and models to manufacture high-quality aerospace composite structures.
THE EFFECTS OF DEBULKING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Authors: SCHEY MATHEW , STAPLETON SCOTT , BEKE TIBOR
Published: November 2021

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are widely used due to their high strength to weight ratios. A common process manufacturers use to increase the strength to weight ratio is debulking. Debulking is the process of transversely compacting a dry fibrous reinforcement prior to wet out with the matrix resin, in order to induce fiber nesting, effectively increasing the volume fraction of the sample. While this process is widely understood macroscopically its effects on fibrous microstructures have not yet been well characterized. The aim of this work is to compare the microstructures of three CFRPs, varying only the debulking step in the manufacturing process. The microstructural effects of debulking on three unidirectional CFRPs made from three different levels of debulking were studied. High resolution serial sections of all three samples were taken using the UES ROBO-MET at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. Using these scans, the fiber positions were measured and connected to make fiber paths. Statistical descriptors such as local fiber and void volume fractions, and void distribution and morphology were then generated for each sample and compared. Using these descriptors, the effects of debulking on the composite microstructure can be measured.
UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF CARBON FIBER/VINYL ESTER LAMINATES
Authors: NIETO ZACKERY , CASTELLANOS ALEJANDRA
Published: November 2021

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are lightweight materials with a high stiffness-to-weight ratio and high strength-to-weight ratio. CFRP composites consist of two constituents: reinforcement and matrix. The reinforcement consists of carbon fibers and the matrix generally consists of a thermoset or thermoplastic resins. Through choices made between these two constituents, lightweight composites can be custom-tailored to fit specific criteria, including, but not limited to, water resistance for naval vessels, thermal resistance to negate environmental degradation, and UV resistance to negate UV degradation. Many uncertainties can arise with such a vast capability in adaptation depending on material choice, manufacturing methods (vacuum assisted resin transfer molding VARTM, layup, and filament winding), and post-manufacturing processes. These uncertainties can build upon one another leading to less accurate theoretical applications when compared to their real-life counterpart. The purpose of this project is to create an indepth uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis based on vinyl-ester resin as a preliminary report for a future carbon fiber/vinyl-ester composite UQ analysis. To properly ascertain the magnitude of uncertainty during the manufacturing process, the resin to hardener ratio and cure time were studied to understand their effect on the impact response of vinyl ester samples. Vinyl ester specimens were impacted with an impact energy of 3.3 J to produce barely visible damage (BVID) on the samples. Energy, force, displacement and time were collected for analysis. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, a probability distribution model was generated to understand the effects and UQ influence of the manufacturing process in the impact response of vinyl ester specimens.
Managing Advance Admission Requests for Obstetric Care
Authors: Geng Na , Xie Xiaolan
Published: November 2021

This paper is devoted to the management of advance admission requests for obstetric care. Pregnant women in China select one hospital and request admission for both antenatal and postnatal care after nine weeks of pregnancy. Schedulers must make the admission decision instantly based on the availability of the most critical resource, that is, hospital beds for postnatal care. The random delay between admission requests and postnatal care has created a distinct advance admission control problem. To address this issue, we propose a basic model that assumes a unit bed requirement for one day. Each admission generates a unit of revenue and each unit of overcapacity use incurs an overcapacity cost. With the objective of maximizing the expected net revenue, we establish an optimal policy for unlimited requests, that is, an expected arrival time quota (EATQ) policy that accepts a fixed quota of advance admission requests with the same expected date of confinement. We then propose an extended model for general capacity requirements. Using the Poisson approximation, we establish the optimality of the EATQ policy, which is shown to be solvable by a simple linear programming model. We compare the numerical results from the different policies and conduct a sensitivity analysis. The EATQ policy is demonstrated to be the best option in all test instances and notably outperforms the current admission rules used in hospitals, which usually accept admission requests according to some empirical monthly quota of the expected delivery month. The Poisson approximation is shown to be effective for determining the optimal EATQ policy for both stationary and nonstationary arrivals.

Summary of Contribution: First, this paper investigates the advance admission control problem for obstetric care. Pregnant women in China choose one hospital and request admission for both antenatal and postnatal care after nine weeks of pregnancy but the most critical resource is hospitalization beds needed for postnatal care. The random delay between admission request and postnatal care makes the problem unique and challenging to solve. It belongs to the scope of computing and operations research. Second, this paper formulates a dynamic programming model, analyzes the structural properties of the optimal control policy, and finally proposes a mathematical programming model to determine the optimal quota. Numerical experiments show the validity of the proposed approach. It covers the research contents of theories on dynamic stochastic control, mathematic programming model, and experiments. Moreover, this paper is motivated by the practical problem (advance admission control) in obstetric units of Shanghai. Using these optimality properties, solution approaches, and numerical results, this paper provides guidance on how to manage advance obstetric admission requests.
A função do registrador de imóveis na busca da regularização fundiária e do acesso à moradia formal
Authors: Lisboa Juliana Follmer Bortolin , Reis Jorge Renato dos
Published: November 2021

O registrador imobiliário é um operador do Direito, pautado pelo dever prudencial, que promove a importante tarefa de proceder a custódia do acervo público dos registros imobiliários, promove a publicidade dos dados constantes no folio real e atua como garantidor da segurança jurídica para todos os usuários dos serviços registrais imobiliários, observando o preenchimento dos requisitos legais, conferindo, por meio do registro do título, no fólio real, a propriedade, contribuindo, assim, para a manutenção da paz social. O Registrador de imóveis contribui para o acesso dos cidadãos ao direito fundamental à moradia formal, por meio do procedimento da regularização fundiária, conforme dispõe a lei federal 13.465/2017, regulamentada pelo Decreto 9.310/18. Questiona-se se o desempenho do Registrador pode ser considerado como uma função social do Registrador de Imóveis.
A perda de direito à cidade e a razão cínica: a naturalização da representação de imagem da cidade
Authors: Rodrigues Rogério
Published: November 2021

O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar a perda de direito à cidade na impossível interpretação crítica do sujeito referente ao modo de representação de imagem que se pauta na razão cínica. Partimos da hipótese de que vivemos a ampliação da razão cínica, em que a representação midiática das imagens da cidade se produz como verdade. Estes modos de representação de imagens se impõem no campo da razão cínica como forma de racionalidade que naturaliza as interdições que se encontram nas cidades. A metodologia utilizada encontra-se no campo da teoria crítica, no sentido da apropriação do conceito filosófico de representação de imagem. Busca-se colocar em evidencia que a razão cínica promove a destituição do pensamento crítico referente ao não lugar ou à perda de pertencimento do sujeito na cidade e que, em última instância, se apresenta com a precarização da cidadania. Concluímos que a cidade, pelo viés do olhar crítico, se conduz por práticas democráticas de narrativas da representação de imagem referentes à realidade no conjunto das contradições e isso seria, em parte, a possibilidade de os sujeitos recuperarem a razão crítica no sentido pensar o direito à cidade numa atividade de coerência para a vida democrática dos sujeitos.
Objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODSs), políticas públicas de mitigação da violência e o direito à cidade segura
Authors: Santos André Leonardo Copetti
Published: November 2021

O objetivo do presente trabalho é estabelecer uma relação entre a concretização, no espaço geopolítico e existencial da cidade, de alguns Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODSs) postos pela Agenda 2030, como alternativa política de mitigação da violência, e a efetivação do direito a uma cidade segura. O ensaio parte do pressuposto de que o principal lugar onde a violência ocorre é a cidade e, portanto, é a partir dele que devem ser feitos o diagnóstico do fenômeno e o planejamento e execução das políticas públicas de suavização dos encontros/relações violentos. Os ODSs, neste sentido, com suas metas e indicadores, devem ser tomados como marcos referenciais para tais fins. A metodologia usada foi dúplice: o método fenomenológico, para desvelar alguns aspectos e características do fenômeno contemporâneo da violência, especialmente o fato de sua manifestação no espaço da cidade; e o método hipotético-dedutivo, pois partimos de algumas afirmações genéricas relativas aos ODSs para construirmos algumas reflexões mais específicas relativas ao direito à cidade segura. Espera-se com o trabalho a proposição de novas linhas de reflexão e investigação sobre a mitigação da violência pela efetivação dos ODSs no âmbito citadino e a efetivação do direito à cidade segura.
O direito da metrópole no Brasil: a metropolização e a construção do regime jurídico das metrópoles brasileiras
Authors: Baptista Patricia Ferreira , Dias Pedro Augusto Setta
Published: November 2021

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar e discorrer sobre o direito da metrópole no Brasil. Descreve, em linhas gerais, o processo de metropolização, geográfica e institucional, vivenciado nas últimas décadas. Na sequência, apresenta os contornos de um direito à metrópole como corolário do direito à cidade, ampliado em sua escala territorial, mas com a mesma perspectiva de ocupação e apropriação dos espaços coletivos para a promoção de liberdade e igualdade. Discorre, em seguida, sobre a evolução do tratamento jurídico-normativo das metrópoles no país, a partir da Constituição de 1967, passando pela Constituição de 1988, pela judicialização do tema com a orientação fixada pelo STF na ADI 1842, até chegar ao Estatuto da Metrópole, e às discussões que se estabeleceram a partir daí. Conclui afirmando que o direito da metrópole no Brasil ainda está em construção, permanecendo desafios ainda a serem enfrentados e resolvidos, especialmente relativos ao exercício da cidadania e à governança metropolitanas.
Cotas raciais e heteroidentificação: analise dos parâmetros utilizados para a validação da autodeclaração
Authors: Machado Amanda Misael , Francischetto Gilsilene Passon Picoretti
Published: November 2021

Os diversos parâmetros adotados pelas instituições federais de educação, com o fim de validar a autodeclaração étnico-racial do candidato à cota racial, contribuem para o descrédito do sistema de cotas. O objetivo deste artigo é apreciar a falta de critérios unificados entre tais instituições para a validação da autodeclaração étnico-racial e identificar quais as melhores formas para a aplicação das cotas raciais. Utilizou-se o método dedutivo, empregando levantamento bibliográfico, apoiado em obras que versam sobre desigualdades sociais resultantes do fator raça/cor, editais das instituições federais de ensino e legislações. Como resultado tem-se que pautar a ratificação da autodeclaração étnico-racial na genealogia dá oportunidade ao indivíduo branco, reconhecido pela sociedade como tal e que usufrui de todo o privilégio social branco, se autodeclarar como negro em razão da sua ancestralidade. Portanto, o critério subjetivo é o mais adequado, pois analisa o candidato no caso concreto. Considerando a subjetividade, a banca de heteroidentificação deve realizar entrevistas com o candidato para identificar o contexto social que ele está inserido e compete ao candidato explicitar as razões para se autodeclarar membro daquele grupo étnico, para que as cotas raciais atinjam seu objetivo.
Tratado de Marraqueche como possibilidade de cuidado ético e jurídico ao outro a partir de Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Ikeda Walter Lucas , Ribeiro Daniela Menengoti Gonçalves , Teixeira Rodrigo Valente Giublin
Published: November 2021

As pessoas com deficiência visual, e pessoas com dificuldade de leitura de textos impressos, passaram a ter com o Tratado de Marraqueche importante marco para que tenham acesso aos livros, em formato adequado. O Tratado incorporado como Emenda Constitucional flexibiliza direitos autorais e promove uma série de diretrizes para concretização do Tratado, flexibilizando alguns pontos para cada Estado regulamentar. E é justamente sobre a regulamentação que o Brasil adotará que se encontra diversos interesses de mercado com a finalidade do Tratado e que esta pesquisa buscará analisar. Por meio do método hipotético-dedutivo, utilizando-se pesquisa bibliográfica jurídica e filosófica, de Emmanuel Levinas, conclui-se que a ética da alteridade busca a responsabilização de todos para o cuidado com o Outro, indicando que não se deve adotar a cláusula de disponibilidade comercial.
Emulgel Approach to Formulation Development: A Review
Authors: Patel Brijesh Mahesh , Kuchekar Ashwin Bhanudas , Pawar Saish Rajendra
Published: November 2021

Topical drug delivery is the delivery of drugs anywhere in the body through skin, vaginal, ophthalmic and rectal routes. Drugs may be given for localized or systemic effects. Topical formulations with varying physicochemical properties, such as solid, semisolid, or liquid, can be developed. The topical system is created by preparing a drug emulsion and incorporating it into an emulgel. Emulgel is a thermodynamically stable formulation with low interfacial tension that is made by combining a surfactant and a co-surfactant and has several properties such as increased permeability and good thermodynamic stability. Emulgel has a dual control and a sustained release pattern. Emulgel improves bioavailability as well as patient compliance. The pH, viscosity, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, stability study, skin irritation test, and other properties of the prepared formulation are evaluated.
Molecular Cloning of MYMV Genome and Infectivity of Yellow Mosaic Virus in Green Gram Using Different Viral Transmission Tools
Authors: Talakayala Ashwini , Prathyusha Veerapaneni Bindu , Divya Dhanasekar , Ankanagari Srinivas , Garladinne Mallikarjuna
Published: November 2021

Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) causes massive crop losses in green gram. MYMV is a member of begomovirus with bipartite genome comprising DNA-A and DNA-B components, which is transmitted by whiteflies. Cloning and preparation of infectious clone is very much essential for screening germplasm or transgenic material of pulse crops since viruliferous whiteflies may not be available throughout the year. In the current work, we have amplified rolling circle mediated viral genome of MYMV using Φ29 DNA polymerase. The amplified products was digested and cloned into the plant expression vector pCAMBIA2301.The cloned constructs was then transformed into Agrobacterium LBA4404 through freeze thaw method. Further, three viral transmission techniques including mechanical rubbing, Agroinfiltration and Agroinoculation, were employed for assessing the mosaic symptoms in green gram. The molecular confirmation through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that the yellow mosaic symptoms were formed due to infectivity of MYMV in the green gram.
An Alternate Cost-effective Medium for In Vitro Regeneration of Therapeutically Important Ocimum citriodorum Vis
Authors: Tripathi Anamika , Abbas N.S. , Nigam Amrita , Bhardwaj Sujata , Kaula Babeeta C , Vadakan Alka B
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT: A novel cost-effective in vitro regeneration protocol has been evolved for the therapeutically important Ocimum citriodorum Vis. In the present study, table sugar (3%) and isabgol (Psyllium husk) (3.5%) were used as an alternate source of carbon and gelling agent respectively in Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium. The explant used in the current study was nodal segment. A significant observation revealed that all the cultures resulted in shoot induction and maximum number of shoots/ culture (6.04) and their average length (2.15 cm) was obtained on modified MS-medium supplemented with table sugar, isabgol and BAP. However, best root induction (95.83%) was obtained on ½ MS-medium augmented with table sugar (3%) , isabgol (3.5%) and NAA. An increase in average number of roots per shoot (6.91%) as well as average root length (2.73 cm) was also observed in the same modified medium. The in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully transferred to the field and no notable variation was observed in their morphology. The overall cost of culture medium for in vitro propagation of O. citriodorum Vis. was reduced significantly by 92.69% when agar and sucrose were replaced by isabgol and table sugar, respectively.
Antimicrobial Activities of Schiff Base Metal Complexes of First Transition Series
Authors: Laiq Esmat , Shahid Nida
Published: November 2021

The correlative antimicrobial analysis of amino acid Schiff base and derivatized tren metal complexes: A= [MLCl2], B= [ML(CH3OH)2], respectively, against fungal strains, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Cryptococcus neoformans and (Gram-negative) P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. typhimurium, and S. pyogenes, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), S. mutans (Gram-positive) bacterial strains had been done by disk diffusion method following McFarland protocol. [CuLCl2] and [Cu (CH3OH)2] manifest overwhelming activity against microbes than other metal complexes of cobalt, nickel and zinc. Minimum inhibition concentration data also shows that copper complexes have the lowest MIC values against these tested microorganisms. The significance of this investigation is to uncover shielding and constructive therapeutic agents that wield against bacterial and fungal infection.
Murals as Memory Carriers. Analysis of the Meanings Given to Them and the Attitudes of Their Creators
Authors: Krzywik Adriana
Published: November 2021

The phenomenon of wall paintings has been developing in public space since the Mexican Revolution. Murals are used, among other purposes, to capture memories. Moreover, they are one of the most popular forms of representation of the past in public space, commonly called memory carriers. In the discussion of the research being carried out, the opportunities associated with the formation of historical awareness and attitudes towards society’s past through commemorative murals will be highlighted.The research was conducted from July to November 2020. It was based on the analysis of the existing materials – photographs of commemorative murals (significant and marked elements) and interviews with semi-structured memory agents. The first stage of the described research focused on the authors of commemorative murals.The aim of the research was to determine the meaning and values that the creators of murals have given in general and in particular to the commemorative murals made by themselves.The research allowed, among other things, to answer questions concerning the artistic path of the creators (graffiti environment), what factors influenced the process of making mural (family history, one’s own past, finances, social involvement), worldview and values of the declared creators (patriotism) and attitude to the politics of memory.
Direct comparison between single-scattering properties of ordered and disordered aggregates of nano-sized scattering centers
Authors: Sela Maor , Haspel Carynelisa
Published: November 2021

In this study, we examine the single-scattering properties of aggregates of nano-sized spherical scattering centers (spherules) of different sizes and refractive indices, with an emphasis on contrasting the single-scattering properties of ordered and disordered aggregates, holding all other parameters constant. The ordered aggregates are constructed by arranging the spherules in a simple cubic configuration, while the disordered aggregates are constructed using an ideal amorphous solid algorithm. The single-scattering properties of both kinds of aggregates are computed using the superposition

T

-matrix method. We find that, in most cases, the scattering and absorption and hence extinction of radiation by ordered aggregates is stronger than for disordered aggregates: for the cases we examine, the average percent difference in scattering efficiency is 14%, and the maximum percent difference in scattering efficiency is 44%; the average percent difference in absorption efficiency is 5.3%, and the maximum percent difference in absorption efficiency is 18%; the average percent difference in extinction efficiency is 12%, and the maximum percent difference in extinction efficiency is 40%. These differences have implications regarding radiative transfer in systems of amorphous particles in general.
Single photon imaging and sensing of highly obscured objects around the corner
Authors: Zhu Shenyu , Sua Yong Meng , Rehain Patrick , Huang Yu-Ping
Published: November 2021

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) optical imaging and sensing of objects imply new capabilities valuable to autonomous technology, machine vision, and other applications, in which case very few informative photons are buried in strong background counts. Here, we introduce a new approach to NLOS imaging and sensing using the picosecond-gated single photon detection generated by nonlinear frequency conversion. With exceptional signal isolation, this approach can reliably achieve imaging and position retrieval of obscured objects around the corner, in which case only 4 × 10−3 photons are needed to be detected per pulse for each pixel with high temporal resolution. Furthermore, the vibration frequencies of different objects can be resolved by analyzing the photon number fluctuation received within a ten-picosecond window, allowing NLOS acoustic sensing. Our results highlight the prospect of photon efficient NLOS imaging and sensing for real-world applications.
Table-top interferometry on extreme time and wavelength scales
Authors: Skruszewicz S. , Przystawik A. , Schwickert D. , Sumfleth M. , Namboodiri M. , Hilbert V. , Klas R. , Gierschke P. , Schuster V. , Vorobiov A. , Haunhorst C. , Kip D. , Limpert J. , Rothhardt J. , Laarmann T.
Published: November 2021

Short-pulse metrology and dynamic studies in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range greatly benefit from interferometric measurements. In this contribution a Michelson-type all-reflective split-and-delay autocorrelator operating in a quasi amplitude splitting mode is presented. The autocorrelator works under a grazing incidence angle in a broad spectral range (10 nm – 1 μm) providing collinear propagation of both pulse replicas and thus a constant phase difference across the beam profile. The compact instrument allows for XUV pulse autocorrelation measurements in the time domain with a single-digit attosecond precision and a useful scan length of about 1 ps enabling a decent resolution of E/ΔE = 2000 at 26.6 eV. Its performance for selected spectroscopic applications requiring moderate resolution at short wavelengths is demonstrated by characterizing a sharp electronic transition at 26.6 eV in Ar gas. The absorption of the 11th harmonic of a frequency-doubled Yb-fiber laser leads to the well-known 3s3p64p1P1 Fano resonance of Ar atoms. We benchmark our time-domain interferometry results with a high-resolution XUV grating spectrometer and find an excellent agreement. The common-path interferometer opens up new opportunities for short-wavelength femtosecond and attosecond pulse metrology and dynamic studies on extreme time scales in various research fields.
Dietary risk factors for hip fracture in adults: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Webster James , Rycroft Catherine E. , Greenwood Darren C. , Cade Janet E.
Published: November 2021

Aim

To summarise the totality of evidence regarding dietary risk factors for hip fracture in adults, evaluating the quality of evidence, to provide recommendations for practice and further research.

Design

Systematic review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies.

Eligibility criteria

Systematic reviews with meta-analyses reporting summary risk estimates for associations between hip fracture incidence and dietary exposures including oral intake of a food, food group, beverage, or nutrient, or adherence to dietary patterns.

Information sources

Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception until November 2020.

Data synthesis

The methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was assessed using AMSTAR-2, and the quality of evidence for each association was assessed using GRADE. Results were synthesised descriptively.

Results

Sixteen systematic reviews were identified, covering thirty-four exposures, including dietary patterns (n = 2 meta-analyses), foods, food groups, or beverages (n = 16), macronutrients (n = 3), and micronutrients (n = 13). Identified meta-analyses included 6,282 to 3,730,424 participants with between 322 and 26,168 hip fractures. The methodological quality (AMSTAR-2) of all systematic reviews was low or critically low. The quality of evidence (GRADE) was low for an inverse association between hip fracture incidence and intake of fruits and vegetables combined (adjusted summary relative risk for higher vs lower intakes: 0.92 [95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 0.98]), and very low for the remaining thirty-three exposures.

Conclusion

Dietary factors may play a role in the primary prevention of hip fracture, but the methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses was below international standards, and there was a lack of high-quality evidence. More long-term cohort studies reporting absolute risks and robust, well-conducted meta-analyses with dose-response information are needed before policy guidelines can be formed.

Systematic review registration

PROSPEROCRD42020226190.
Desempenho no Exame Final de Matemática de Jovens do Ensino Artístico Especializado de Música
Authors: Azevedo Susana , Rato Joana , Castro-Caldas Alexandre
Published: November 2021

Com base no interesse científico em compreender os efeitos da aprendizagem formal de música no desempenho académico, em geral, e na matemática, em específico, procurou-se analisar a relação dos resultados obtidos na Prova Final de Matemática (PFM) de 9º ano (2018, Primeira Fase do Ensino Português) dos alunos do Ensino Artístico Especializado de Música (EAEM) controlando as variáveis: i) número de anos de aprendizagem de música; ii) tipo de instrumento (Teclas, Percussão, Sopro ou Cordas); iii) tempo médio de estudo semanal de instrumento; iv) classificações finais de terceiro período; v) frequência de atividades extracurriculares (ex: dança, desporto, teatro); vi) apoio ou explicação de matemática; e vii) número de horas semanal de apoio ou explicação de matemática. Participaram 92 alunos entre os 14 e os 15 anos (M = 14.53; DP = 0.502). De todas as variáveis analisadas, os resultados mostraram que só o apoio/explicações apresentou diferenças significativas, na medida em que os alunos que não têm apoio extra a matemática são os que atingem melhores resultados no exame final.
Liberalismo y cultura política liberal en la España del siglo XIX
Authors: Prada Antonio Moliner
Published: November 2021

El artículo analiza los componentes ideológicos del liberalismo y su difusión en el siglo XIX. Contempla las características del primer liberalismo español, sus paralelismos con los liberalismos europeos, sus raíces ilustradas, y el desarrollo de la nueva cultura liberal surgida de la Constitución de 1812. El liberalismo español se transformó y evolucionó a lo largo del siglo XIX, reformulándose como posrevolucionario, moderado, progresista, reformista y democrático. El doceañismo gaditano, al ser un liberalismo de corte radical y abierto, ejerció una atracción en los demócratas y republicanos españoles del siglo XIX. Tras el Sexenio revolucionario (1868-1873), el liberalismo democrático encontró fuertes obstáculos para su desarrollo.