bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do we protect the pelvic floor with non‐elective cesarean? A study of 3‐D/4‐D pelvic floor ultrasound immediately after delivery
Authors: Aydın Serdar , Tuncel Muazzez Ayça , Aydın Çağrı Arıoğlu , Ark Cemal
Published: February 2014

Aim

To compare levator defect, loss of tenting, change in biometric measurements of the levator ani and genital hiatus according to the mode of delivery, length of the labor, Bishop score, birthweight and head circumference immediately after delivery.

Methods

One hundred and seventy‐one primiparous women who delivered either by vaginal delivery or cesarean were prospectively evaluated. Two 3‐D volumes (one at rest, one on Valsalva maneuver) were recorded in the supine position after voiding, and levator biometry, levator defect and loss of tenting were determined on the axial plane.

Results

Of 171 nulliparous women, 84 had vaginal delivery and 87 had cesarean delivery. All hiatal dimensions on resting and maximal Valsalva were found to be higher in the vaginal delivery group. Levator defect rate was found to be significantly higher in the vaginal delivery group (P < 0.0001). We found a positive correlation with head circumference, fetal weight and first stage labor length in women who delivered vaginally. In the cesarean delivery group, mean fetal head circumference, fetal weight, length of first stage of labor and Bishop score were higher in women with levator ani defect. Loss of tenting rate was significantly higher in vaginal delivery women (P = 0.03).

Conclusion

Labor itself, and factors such as fetal head circumference and fetal weight that cause prolongation of labor, can induce levator ani muscle defect or microtrauma which in turn can cause morphological alterations of the levator hiatus.
Seasonal variation in the prevalence of pregnancy‐induced hypertension in Japanese women
Authors: Morikawa Mamoru , Yamada Takashi , Yamada Takahiro , Cho Kazutoshi , Sato Shoji , Minakami Hisanori
Published: February 2014

Aim

Whether prevalence rate of pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH), including gestational hypertension and pre‐eclampsia, is lower for summer delivery than for winter delivery remains to be studied in Japanese women.

Methods

The prevalence rate of PIH was retrospectively determined according to month of year at delivery and at conception in 301 510 Japanese women who gave birth to singleton infants on or after gestational week 22 between 2005 and 2009.

Results

The overall prevalence of PIH was 4.6% (13 848/301 510). The prevalence rate of PIH, ranging 3.6–4.6% for women with deliveries in July–August was consistently lowest during the 5‐year study period. The mean ± standard deviation prevalence rate of 4.2 ± 0.3% for delivery in July–August was significantly lower than those for any other month (January–February, 4.7 ± 0.4%; March–April, 4.9 ± 0.4%; May–June, 4.6 ± 0.2%; September–October, 4.6 ± 0.1%; and November–December, 4.6 ± 0.2%). The prevalence rate of PIH was highest (4.9%) for women with conception in March and April and lowest (2.9%) for those with conception in November and December.

Conclusion

The prevalence rate of PIH was higher for delivery in winter and early spring and lowest for summer delivery among Japanese women.
Determining optimal gestational weight gain in a multiethnic Asian population
Authors: Ee Tat Xin , Allen John Carson , Malhotra Rahul , Koh Huishan , Østbye Truls , Tan Thiam Chye
Published: February 2014

Aim

To define the optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) for the multiethnic Singaporean population.

Methods

Data from 1529 live singleton deliveries was analyzed. A multinomial logistic regression analysis, with GWG as the predictor, was conducted to determine the lowest aggregated risk of a composite perinatal outcome, stratified by Asia‐specific body mass index (BMI) categories. The composite perinatal outcome, based on a combination of delivery type (cesarean section [CS], vaginal delivery [VD]) and size for gestational age (small [SGA], appropriate [AGA], large [LGA]), had six categories: (i) VD with LGA; (ii) VD with SGA; (iii) CS with AGA; (iv) CS with SGA; (v) CS with LGA; (vi) and VD with AGA. The last was considered as the ‘normal’ reference category. In each BMI category, the GWG value corresponding to the lowest aggregated risk was defined as the optimal GWG, and the GWG values at which the aggregated risk did not exceed a 5% increase from the lowest aggregated risk were defined as the margins of the optimal GWG range.

Results

The optimal GWG by pre‐pregnancy BMI category, was 19.5 kg (range, 12.9 to 23.9) for underweight, 13.7 kg (7.7 to 18.8) for normal weight, 7.9 kg (2.6 to 14.0) for overweight and 1.8 kg (−5.0 to 7.0) for obese.

Conclusion

The results of this study, the first to determine optimal GWG in the multiethnic Singaporean population, concur with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines in that GWG among Asian women who are heavier prior to pregnancy, especially those who are obese, should be lower. However, the optimal GWG for underweight and obese women was outside the IOM recommended range.
Men's Use and Perceptions of Commercial Lubricants: Prevalence and Characteristics in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Adults
Authors: Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dennis Fortenberry J.
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Most research on men's use of commercial lubricants during sexual activities is in the context of condom use and often specifically among men who have sex with men. Less is known about men's use of lubricants associated with a broader range of sexual experiences.

Aims

The aims of this study are to document the prevalence of commercial lubricant use among adult U.S. men (age 18+), to document men's use of lubricants across solo and partnered sexual behaviors, and to assess men's perceptions of the contributions lubricants have to the sexual experience.

Methods

Data are from the 2012 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, which involved the administration of an online questionnaire to a nationally representative probability sample of U.S. adults ages 18 and older.

Main Outcome Measures

Sociodemographic characteristics, recent and lifetime commercial lubricant use, lubricant use during specific sexual behaviors, frequency of lubricant use, and reasons for lubricant use.

Results

Most men in the United States (70%, N = 1,014) reported having used a commercial lubricant, with men older than 24 and those in a relationship more likely to report lubricant use. About one in four men had used a lubricant in the past 30 days. Intercourse was the most common behavior during which men used lubricant, though solo masturbation and partnered sexual play were also frequently linked to lubricant use. The most common reasons for lubricant use included “to make sex more comfortable,” “for fun,” “curiosity,” and “my partner wanted to.”

Conclusions

Most American men have used a lubricant; lubricant use is common across all age groups, and some of the most common reasons why men report using lubricants have to do with sexual enhancement, comfort, and pleasure. Clinicians may find these data helpful to their efforts to educate patients about lubricant use, comfort during sex, and sexual enhancement.
Exploration of genetically determined resistance against hepatitis C infection in high‐risk injecting drug users
Authors: Sugden P. B. , Cameron B. , Luciani F. , Lloyd A. R. ,   the HITS investigators
Published: February 2014

Genetic resistance to specific infections is well recognized. In hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, genetic polymorphisms in IL‐28B and the killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) and their HLA class I ligands have been shown to affect clearance of the virus following infection. There are limited data regarding resistance to established HCV infection. Reliable quantification of repeated exposure in high‐risk populations, such as injecting drug users (IDU), is a key limitation of previous studies of resistance. Behavioural data and DNA from IDU (n = 210) in the Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission Study in prisons (HITS‐p) cohort were genotyped for polymorphisms in: IL‐28B, peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase A (PPIA), HLA‐C and KIR2. To quantify risk, a composite risk index based on factors predictive of incident HCV infection was derived. Logistic regression analysis revealed the risk index was strongly associated with incident HCV infection (P < 0.0001). The upper tertile of the uninfected individuals had risk indices comparable to the incident cases, but remained uninfected. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of IL‐28B or PPIA polymorphisms between these exposed‐uninfected cases, or in the frequencies of KIR2‐DL3, HLA‐C1, or their combination. A framework for the investigation of genetic determinants of resistance to HCV infection has been developed. Several candidate gene associations were investigated and excluded. Further investigation of genetic determinants of resistance to HCV infection is warranted.
Jellyfish diversity and distribution patterns in the tropical Southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Gusmão Lúcia Maria O. , Diaz Xiomara Franchesca G. , de Melo Mauro , Schwamborn Ralf , Neumann‐Leitão Sigrid
Published: February 2014

Jellyfish are often the most prominent components of plankton, with severe consequences for fisheries and tourism. However, in tropical regions, there is much uncertainty about these consequences due to the lack of basic data. Our objective was to improve the knowledge about jellyfish in the Western Atlantic, with an emphasis on understanding diversity, abundance, and distribution patterns. Samples were collected at 34 stations in 1995 using a 300‐μm‐mesh Bongo net. The 21 species identified belonged to Hydromedusae (11), Siphonophora (nine), and Scyphomedusae (one). The overall mean density was low (5.2 ± 5.3 ind. m−3). Total Hydromedusae biomass was 130.86 mg C m−3, and total Siphonophora biomass was 19.04 mg C m−3. Chelophyes appendiculata (Eschscholtz, 1829) was the most frequent species captured in the oceanic samples, and Aglaura hemistoma (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) was the most common in the neritic region. The latter species is sometimes characterized as a bloom associated with the most polluted and eutrophic river plumes. The main role of jellyfish species in the area is as a higher‐order carnivore. A cross‐shelf significant difference (P < 0.05) was registered, with higher species numbers in oceanic regions and higher densities and biomass in neritic regions.
Output‐Only Identification and Model Updating by Dynamic Testing in Unfavorable Conditions of a Seismically Damaged Building
Authors: Foti Dora , Gattulli Vincenzo , Potenza Francesco
Published: February 2014

Knowledge of the dynamic behavior of complex buildings subjected to near‐fault earthquakes may be enriched by valuable information obtained through rapid onsite dynamic testing to aid in the design of appropriate retrofitting interventions. Through a case study, the article demonstrates the enhancement in comprehension of the structural behavior obtained by means of a 2‐day testing campaign conducted on a complex building of the Engineering Faculty, Edifice A, which was heavily damaged in the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. The onsite testing was carried out with a network of 13 accelerometers opportunely located to identify the dynamic characteristics of the structure by means of ambient noise‐induced vibration. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition (EFDD) and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) output‐only procedures were both used to identify the main modal parameters of two substructures of the building. The modal characteristics were used to update a finite element model representing small amplitude vibrations of the damaged structures. The direct comparison of the identified modal features with finite element models, in which damaged member locations are determined by onsite visual observations, has permitted identification of a model representative of the structural behavior of the building in the immediate postearthquake conditions.
Effects of genetic, processing, or product formulation changes on efficacy and safety of probiotics
Authors: Sanders Mary Ellen , Klaenhammer Todd R. , Ouwehand Arthur C. , Pot Bruno , Johansen Eric , Heimbach James T. , Marco Maria L. , Tennilä Julia , Ross R. Paul , Franz Charles , Pagé Nicolas , Pridmore R. David , Leyer Greg , Salminen Seppo , Charbonneau Duane , Call Emma , Lenoir‐Wijnkoop Irene
Published: February 2014

Commercial probiotic strains for food or supplement use can be altered in different ways for a variety of purposes. Production conditions for the strain or final product may be changed to address probiotic yield, functionality, or stability. Final food products may be modified to improve flavor and other sensory properties, provide new product formats, or respond to market opportunities. Such changes can alter the expression of physiological traits owing to the live nature of probiotics. In addition, genetic approaches may be used to improve strain attributes. This review explores whether genetic or phenotypic changes, by accident or design, might affect the efficacy or safety of commercial probiotics. We highlight key issues important to determining the need to re‐confirm efficacy or safety after strain improvement, process optimization, or product formulation changes. Research pinpointing the mechanisms of action for probiotic function and the development of assays to measure them are greatly needed to better understand if such changes have a substantive impact on probiotic efficacy.
Resection of Inferior Pubic Ramus Tumors through a Femoribus Internus–Perineal Approach
Authors: He Xin , Hu Yong‐cheng , Yu Xiu‐chun , Yuan Bin‐bin
Published: February 2014

An operative approach to the inferior pubic ramus that was utilized in four patients with various bone tumors in the inferior pubic ramus is described here. These patients were successfully managed though a femoribus internus (inner thigh)–perineal approach. Data concerning preoperative and postoperative symptoms, surgical procedures, and outcomes are presented. There was no recurrence in the four cases and the pain associated with an initial pelvic floor had completely resolved except one case. The slight limitation in range of motion of the left hip joint and pain were performed in the same case postoperatively. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores were 28, 15, 25, and 18 at the final follow‐up. A typical case is described in full and our experience concerning surgical indications, and intraoperative issues in tumor patients discussed. The purpose of this paper is to recommend that the femoribus internus–perineal approach be used to resect the inferior pubic ramus, whether affected by osteomyelitis, bone tumor, or tuberculosis, but especially in patients with tumors.
The “TFP” Fusion Technique for Posterior 360° Lumbar Fusion: a Combination of Open Decompression, Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion, and Facet Fusion with Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation
Authors: Rao Prashanth J , Mobbs Ralph J
Published: February 2014

Because degenerative spondylolithesis is prevalent in the elderly with associated osteoporosis, the rate of failure of pedicle screws is high; this leads to pseudoarthrosis and potentially requires reoperation. The burden of recurrent symptoms and reoperation is sufficiently significant to warrant prevention. We here describe a hybrid technique that involves a combination of a unilateral approach to bilateral decompression via a midline incision, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF), contralateral facet fusion, and percutaneously placed pedicle screws without compromising operative time and visualization. This approach is familiar to spine surgeons, adheres to the basic principles of minimally invasive spine surgery technique, minimizes dural and neural injury because of the unilateral TLIF approach, and provides a superior fusion construct because of facet fusion. In this procedure, patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis or scoliosis with moderate‐severe canal/foraminal stenosis undergo a midline unilateral TLIF and contralateral facet fusion with closure of the midline incision. Percutaneous pedicle screws are inserted under stereotactic guidance with reduction of the deformity using a pedicle screws construct. Rods are inserted percutaneously to link the pedicle screws. Image intensification is used to confirmed satisfactory screw placement and reduction of the spondylolisthesis.
Total Knee Arthroplasty in Asian Subjects: Preoperative Range of Motion Determines Postoperative Range of Motion?
Authors: Bin Abd Razak Hamid Rahmatullah , Han Xinyun Audrey , Chong Hwei Chi , Tan Hwee Chye Andrew
Published: February 2014

Objective

To evaluate whether preoperative range of motion is a key determinant of postoperative range of motion in Asian patients undergoing conventional total knee arthroplasty.

Methods

A retrospective review of 302 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty performed by a single surgeon was conducted. Patients who had a fixed flexion deformity of ≥15° were excluded. Postoperative range of motion (ROM) was measured prospectively. Patients were stratified into two groups: preoperative ROM < 110° and preoperative ROM ≥ 110°. Postoperative ROM and mean change in ROM at 6 months and 2 years of follow‐up were then compared using Student's t‐test.

Results

Group of ROM < 110° had a poorer postoperative range of motion at both 6‐months and 2‐years of follow‐up than Group of ROM ≥ 110° (P < 0.001). Postoperatively, Group of ROM < 110° had gained range of motion whereas Group of ROM ≥ 110° had lost range of motion (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Similar to the Western population, preoperative range of motion is a key determinant of postoperative range of motion in Asian patients. This should be taken into consideration by surgeons during preoperative planning and in managing patients’ expectations.
Comparison between Drainage and Non‐drainage after Total Hip Arthroplasty in Chinese Subjects
Authors: Zeng Wei‐nan , Zhou Kai , Zhou Zong‐ke , Shen Bin , Yang Jing , Kang Peng‐de , Pei Fu‐xing
Published: February 2014

Objective

To assess the difference between drainage and non‐drainage after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Chinese subjects by evaluating post‐operative complications and joint function.

Methods

One hundred and sixty‐eight patients undergoing THA were randomly allocated into drainage (83 patients) and non‐drainage groups (85 patients). All surgeries were performed by one surgical team using the same pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative techniques. Measured items included: hemoglobin (Hb), superficial and deep wound infection, volume of blood transfusion, wound hematoma thickness, range of motion (ROM) of the hip, wound healing time, ecchymosis and tension vesicles around the wound.

Results

Early after THA, the Hb decreased significantly in the drainage group. There was no significant difference between non‐drainage and drainage groups in need for or volume of blood transfusions (9.6% vs 8.2%, P = 0.100; 3.8 units vs 2.9 units, P = 0.089, respectively). In the non‐drainage group, the incidence of superficial infection, ecchymosis and tension vesicles was significantly higher than in the drainage group (10.6% vs 2.4%, P = 0.031; 12.9% vs 3.6%, P = 0.026; 16.5% vs 4.8%, P = 0.013, respectively). In addition, the non‐drainage group had a greater volume of hematomas (P = 0.000). Patients in the non‐drainage group had smaller ROMs early after surgery but the final ROMs did not differ significantly between groups. No deep infection occurred in either group.

Conclusion

Non‐drainage may reduce postoperative blood loss but has no benefits regarding blood transfusion or deep infection. It may cause more post‐operative complications because of restriction of early postoperative exercise by pain and swelling. Therefore we suggest routine use of drainage after THA.
A “Two‐incision” Approach for En Bloc Resection of Periacetabular Tumors with Illustrations from a Cadaver
Authors: Guo Chang‐an , Yan Zuo‐qin
Published: February 2014

A “two‐incision” approach for en bloc resection of periacetabular tumors and prosthesis reconstruction is described. The first incision begins in the middle of the iliac crest, continues over the inguinal ligament, extends to the symphysis pubis and then turns down to ischial tuberosity. The muscles attached to the iliac crest are only separated from its internal side. All the attachments of the abductor muscles to the iliac crest are left intact. The second incision runs from the sacroiliac joint to the greater trochanter and is curved in shape, providing external exposure of the sciatic notch and ischial tuberosity. Communication between the two approaches is possible inside and outside under the abductor muscles or through the sciatic notch. En bloc resection of the tumor is performed by cutting the pubic symphysis and iliac as planned preoperatively. The iliac osteotomy is performed by using a Gigli saw that has been led through the sciatic notch and under the abductor muscles. This “two‐incision” approach not only provides enough exposure to perform en bloc resection of periacetabular tumors, but also protects the continuity of the abductor muscles between the pelvis and greater trochanter, thus preventing prosthesis dislocation.
AM I A PUBLIC SERVANT OR AM I A PATHOGEN? PUBLIC MANAGERS' SECTOR COMPARISON OF WORKER ABILITIES
Authors: CHEN CHUNG‐AN , BOZEMAN BARRY
Published: February 2014

Political rhetoric in the United States is rife with condemnations of public sector workers. The assertion that public sector workers are less creative, talented, or autonomous than those working in businesses pervades in both academic studies and public opinions. Facing constant criticisms, do public managers also perceive that government workers are less able than their private sector peers? If so, and more importantly, does the perceived inferiority of worker abilities shake their confidence, thereby undermining their work attitudes? The present study employs social comparison theory to answer these questions. Based on state government managers' responses in the United States, the results indicate that a clear majority of public managers perceive public sector inferiority with respect to worker creativity, talent, and autonomy. The findings also show that perceived inferiority is related to lower job satisfaction, job involvement, and pride in working for the current organization. Based on the findings, we provide suggestions to both researchers and practitioners.
Skull morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new Middle Triassic plagiosaurid temnospondyl from Germany, and the evolution of plagiosaurid eyes
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. , Milner Andrew R. , Witzmann Florian
Published: February 2014

A partial skull from the Lower Keuper (Middle Triassic) of Germany is recognized as belonging to a new genus and species of plagiosaurid temnospondyl. It is readily identified by the following autapomorphies: (1) extremely large orbits medially extended to give very thin interorbital region and cheek; (2) posterior skull table abbreviated, with splint‐like supratemporals, postparietals and parietals; (3) supraorbital lateral line sulcus absent on frontal, with blind ending on parietal, and continued at the anterior margin of the postorbital; (4) occiput sloping posteriorly, with subtympanic fossa exposed in ventral view; (5) cultriform process and basicranial suture extremely narrow; (6) mandibular and maxillary teeth very long with crowns markedly curved inwards. The new taxon shares the following derived character states with Plagiosternum: (1) the pentagonal shape of orbits; (2) the slender interorbital region and cultriform process; (3) the small‐scale, polygonal pit‐and‐ridge ornament on posterior skull table, with single prominent tubercles rising from ridges. Phylogenetic analysis finds plagiosaurids to be monophyletic within a broad range of temnospondyls, nesting within a clade of short‐skulled stereospondyls. Plagio‐suchus is the most basal plagiosaurid, and Plagiosternum forms the sister group to the new taxon. The biological significance of the large orbits of plagiosaurids and their relationships to the eyeballs is discussed. The only type of eyeball that would be feasible for all known plagiosaurids would be a small spherical structure possibly situated near the anterior edge of the orbit. For those plagiosaurs with extremely large shallow orbits like Plagiosternum and Megalophthalma, a possible adaptation would be a lens‐less eye comprising a flat retinal plate across the entire orbit.
Stronger geomagnetic fields may be a risk factor of male suicides
Authors: Nishimura Tsutomu , Tada Harue , Nakatani Eiji , Matsuda Kazuki , Teramukai Satoshi , Fukushima Masanori
Published: February 2014

Aim

Some previous studies have shown a positive relation between geomagnetic disturbances and an increased incidence of suicide. If such a relation exists, stronger geomagnetic fields may affect the number of suicides, because stronger geomagnetic fields generally cause larger geomagnetic field disturbances. Therefore, we here investigated the relation between local geomagnetic field magnetic flux density and the standardized morbidity ratios (SMR) for suicide by each prefecture in Japan.

Methods

Monthly suicide data for each prefecture in the period January 1999 to December 2008 was obtained, and it was found that a total of 216 171 male individuals and 85 154 female individuals committed suicide during this period. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out with a backward elimination procedure. The SMR for suicide by each prefecture was taken as the response variable and the explanatory variables were each prefecture's local geomagnetic field magnetic flux density (nT), north latitude (°), monthly mean unemployment rate (%), monthly mean air pressure (hPa), monthly mean air temperature (°C), monthly mean humidity (%), and monthly total day length (hours). Analyses were carried out separately for each sex.

Results

In the multiple linear regression analysis for male subjects, the local geomagnetic field magnetic flux density (nT), monthly mean unemployment rate (%), and monthly mean humidity (%) were associated with the incidence of suicide, but in the multiple linear regression analysis of female subjects, only north latitude was associated with that.

Conclusion

In this study, we generated a hypothesis that stronger geomagnetic fields affect the number of cases of male suicide.
Tyrosine 263 in Cyanobacterial Phytochrome Cph1 Optimizes Photochemistry at the prelumi‐R→lumi‐R Step
Authors: Sineshchekov Vitaly , Mailliet Joel , Psakis Georgios , Feilke Kathleen , Kopycki Jakub , Zeidler Mathias , Essen Lars‐Oliver , Hughes Jon
Published: February 2014

We report a low‐temperature fluorescence spectroscopy study of the PAS‐GAF‐PHY sensory module of Cph1 phytochrome, its Y263F mutant (both with known 3D structures) as well as Y263H and Y263S to connect their photochemical parameters with intramolecular interactions. None of the holoproteins showed photochemical activity at low temperature, and the activation barriers for the Pr→lumi‐R photoreaction (2.5–3.1 kJ mol−1) and fluorescence quantum yields (0.29–0.42) were similar. The effect of the mutations on Pr→Pfr photoconversion efficiency (ΦPr→Pfr) was observed primarily at the prelumi‐R S0 bifurcation point corresponding to the conical intersection of the energy surfaces at which the molecule relaxes to form lumi‐R or Pr, lowering ΦPr→Pfr from 0.13 in the wild type to 0.05–0.07 in the mutants. We suggest that the Ea activation barrier in the Pr* S1 excited state might correspond to the D‐ring (C19) carbonyl – H290 hydrogen bond or possibly to the hindrance caused by the C131/C171 methyl groups of the C and D rings. The critical role of the tyrosine hydroxyl group can be at the prelumi‐R bifurcation point to optimize the yield of the photoprocess and energy storage in the form of lumi‐R for subsequent rearrangement processes culminating in Pfr formation.
Membrane Damage Efficiency of Phenothiazinium Photosensitizers
Authors: Bacellar Isabel O. L. , Pavani Christiane , Sales Elisa M. , Itri Rosangela , Wainwright Mark , Baptista Mauricio S.
Published: February 2014

Structure–activity relationships have been widely reported for porphyrin and phthalocyanine photosensitizers, but not for phenothiazinium derivatives. Here, four phenothiazinium salts (methylene blue, toluidine blue O, 1,9‐dimethyl methylene blue and the pentacyclic derivative DO15) were used to investigate how the ability to damage membranes is affected by membrane/solution partition, photophysical properties and tendency to aggregation of the photosensitizer. These two latter aspects were studied both in isotropic solutions and in membranes. Membrane damage was assessed by leakage of a fluorescent probe entrapped in liposomes and by generation of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive species (TBARS), while structural changes at the lipid bilayer were detected by small‐angle X‐ray scattering. We observed that all compounds had similar singlet‐oxygen quantum yields in ethanol, but only the photosensitizers that had higher membrane/solution partition (1,9‐dimethyl methylene blue and DO15, the latter having the higher value) could permeabilize the lipid bilayer. Moreover, of these two photosensitizers, only DO15 altered membrane structure, a result that was attributed to its destabilization of higher order aggregates, generation of higher amounts of singlet oxygen within the membranes and effective electron‐transfer reaction within its dimers. We concluded that membrane‐based protocols can provide a better insight on the photodynamic efficiency of the photosensitizer.
Non‐pathogenic rhizosphere bacteria belonging to the genera Rhizorhapis and Sphingobium provide specific control of lettuce corky root disease caused by species of the same bacterial genera
Authors: van Bruggen A. H. C. , Francis I. M. , Jochimsen K. N.
Published: February 2014

Lettuce corky root (CR) is caused by bacteria in the genera Rhizorhapis, Sphingobium, Sphingopyxis and Rhizorhabdus of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Members of this family are common rhizosphere bacteria, some pathogenic to lettuce. Sixty‐eight non‐pathogenic isolates of bacteria obtained from lettuce roots were tested for control of CR caused by Rhizorhapis suberifaciens CA1T and FL1, and Sphingobium mellinum WI4T. In two initial screenings, 10 isolates significantly reduced CR induced by one or more pathogenic strains on lettuce seedlings in vermiculite, while seven non‐pathogenic isolates provided significant CR control in natural or sterilized field soil. Rhizorhapis suberifaciens FL11 was effective at controlling all pathogenic strains, but most effective against R. suberifaciens CA1T. The other selected isolates controlled only pathogenic strains belonging to their own genus. In a greenhouse experiment, a soil drench with selected biocontrol agents (R. suberifaciens FL11, Sphingomonas sp. NY3 and S. mellinum CA16) controlled CR better than seed treatments or application of alginate pellets. In microplots infested with R. suberifaciens CA1T, seed treatment with R. suberifaciens FL11 provided complete control and a soil drench with FL11 significantly reduced the disease. Pathogenicity tests with FL11 on 23 plant species in 10 families resulted in slight yellowing on roots of lettuce and close relatives; similar yellowing appeared on some roots of non‐inoculated lettuce plants. This research showed that biocontrol agents can be genus‐specific. Only one isolate, FL11, provided more general control of various pathogenic strains causing CR even in field soil in pots and microplots.
Dental attendance among older adults with intellectual disabilities in Ireland
Authors: Phadraig C Mac Giolla , Burke Eilish , McCallion Philip , McGlinchey Eimear , Nunn June , McCarron Mary
Published: February 2014

Purpose

To investigate dental attendance patterns and reasons for nonattendance among older adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) in Ireland.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of quantitative data and text analysis of qualitative data drawn from a nationally representative sample of 753 people with ID over 40 years of age in Ireland. Participants were considered as regular or irregular dental attenders for analysis of quantitative data. Text analysis grouped open‐ended responses for analysis.

Result

There were slightly more females. Mean age was 54.1 years (SD = 8.8). Almost half had moderate ID. A majority (86.5%) of respondents attended dental services within the last 2 years. Age and type of residence were associated with frequency of attendance (p < .01), as were dentate status and reported oral problems (p < .001). Text analysis revealed a lack of perceived need as a reason for not attending regularly.

Conclusion

Older people with ID in Ireland report a very high level of regular dental attendance. Irregular attenders did not attend because they saw no need. There is a need to further study the importance of regular dental attendance for this population.
Spatial prediction of the exchangeable sodium percentage at multiple depths using electromagnetic inversion modelling
Authors: Huang J. , Davies G. B. , Bowd D. , Monteiro Santos F. A. , Triantafilis J.
Published: February 2014

Agriculture in the semi‐arid and arid areas of the world requires irrigation. However, in these areas, soils naturally contain large amounts of sodium (sodic) which can cause amongst other things, surface crusting on the topsoil or structural instability in the subsoil. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) needs to be mapped to guide the application of gypsum. Whilst geostatistical techniques, such as ordinary, co‐ and 3‐D kriging have been used, they have often been criticized because they are unable to take into account soil knowledge concerning distribution, processes and factors of formation. The use of digital soil mapping methods which couple remote or proximally sensed data with soil information is increasingly becoming useful because of the production of high‐resolution ancillary data. In this study, we first invert (using EM4Soil software) the electrical conductivity (σa –mS/m) of DUALEM‐421 data collected along a single transect. In doing this, we generate a 2‐dimensional electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI). We couple the estimates of electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) at 0.30 m depth increments down to 1.5 m with measured soil ESP. We compare the results of inversion using various possible coil array configurations of the DUALEM‐421 to determine a suitable set of data. We conclude that the use of the DUALEM‐41 is optimal (r2 = 0.70). We use the calibration to estimate ESP along adjacent transects where we also generate EMCI. We are thus able to estimate ESP at various depths across a clay plain and an associated prior stream channel. We conclude that the collection of additional transects of DUALEM‐421 data as well as the use of a quasi‐3‐D inversion modelling approach would improve prediction.
Noisy Data Smoothing in DEM Construction Using Least Squares Support Vector Machines
Authors: Chen Chuanfa , Li Yanyan , Dai Honglei , Cao Xuewei
Published: February 2014

Since spatial datasets are subject to sampling errors, a smoothing interpolation method should be employed to remove noise during DEM construction. Although least squares support vector machines (LSSVM) have been widely accepted as a classifier, their effect on smoothing noisy data is almost unknown. In this article, the smoothness of LSSVM was explored, and its effect on smoothing noisy data in DEM construction was tested. In order to improve the ability to deal with large datasets, a local method of LSSVM has been developed, where only the neighboring sampling points around the one to be estimated are used for computation. A numerical test indicated that LSSVM is more accurate than the classical smoothing methods including TPS and kriging, and its error surfaces are more evenly distributed. The real‐world example of smoothing noise inherent in lidar‐derived DEMs also showed that LSSVM has a positive smoothing effect, which is approximately as accurate as TPS. In short, LSSVM with a high efficiency can be considered as an alternative smoothing method for smoothing noisy data in DEM construction.
Characterization of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 using dimethylaluminum isopropoxide
Authors: Yang Jialing , Eller Brianna S. , Kaur Manpuneet , Nemanich Robert J.
Published: February 2014

In this research, Al2O3 films were grown by remote plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition using a nonpyrophoric precursor, dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI), and oxygen plasma. After optimization, the growth rate was determined to be ∼1.5 Å/cycle within a growth window of 25–220 °C; the higher growth rate than reported for thermal atomic layer deposition was ascribed to the higher reactivity of the plasma species compared with H2O and the adsorption of active oxygen at the surface, which was residual from the oxygen plasma exposure. Both effects enhance DMAI chemisorption and increase the saturation density. In addition, a longer oxygen plasma time was required at room temperature to complete the reaction and decrease the carbon contamination below the detection limit of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The properties of the subsequent Al2O3 films were measured for different temperatures. When deposited at 25 °C and 200 °C, the Al2O3 films demonstrated a single Al-O bonding state as measured by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, a similar band gap of 6.8±0.2 eV as determined by energy loss spectroscopy, a similar index of refraction of 1.62±0.02 as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry, and uniform growth with a similar surface roughness before and after growth as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. However, the room temperature deposited Al2O3 films had a lower mass density (2.7 g/cm3 compared with 3.0 g/cm3) and a higher atomic ratio of O to Al (2.1 compared with 1.6) as indicated by x-ray reflectivity and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, respectively.
High electron mobility in InSb epilayers and quantum wells grown with AlSb nucleation on Ge-on-insulator substrates
Authors: Debnath Mukul C. , Mishima Tetsuya D. , Santos Michael B. , Phinney Lucas C. , Golding Terry D. , Hossain Khalid
Published: February 2014

InSb epilayers and InSb/Al0.20In0.80Sb quantum wells (QWs) were grown on 4°-off-axis Ge-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. An initial AlSb nucleation was found to be important for achieving good crystalline quality. For a 4.0-μm-thick InSb epilayer and 25-nm-thick InSb QW, the room-temperature (RT) electron mobility was increased by 25% and 60% [58 000 cm2/(V-s) for the epilayer and 24 000 cm2/(V-s) for the QW], respectively, by using an off-axis GeOI substrate instead of an on-axis GeOI (001) substrate. This significant improvement may be attributed to the reduction of antiphase domains, microtwins, and threading dislocations. A modified QW structure on a 4°-off-axis GeOI substrate showed a further 25% improvement in RT electron mobility with a value 32 000 cm2/(V-s). This is the highest RT electron mobility in an InSb QW grown on a Ge-based substrate to date.
Study on the effects of proton irradiation on the dc characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with source field plate
Authors: Liu Lu , Hwang Ya-Hsi , Xi Yuyin , Ren Fan , Craciun Valentin , Pearton Stephen J. , Yang Gwangseok , Kim Hong-Yeol , Kim Jihyun
Published: February 2014

The effects of proton irradiation dose on the dc characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with source field plates were studied. The HEMTs were irradiated with various protons doses ranging from 5 × 1012 to 5 × 1015 cm−2 at a fixed energy of 5 MeV. HEMTs irradiated with proton dose below 5 × 1013 cm−2 showed less than 2% degradation of either saturation drain current (IDSS) or transconductance (gm). Significant changes of these parameters were observed for the devices irradiated with doses above 5 × 1013 cm−2. HEMTs irradiated with the highest proton dose of 5 × 1015 cm−2 showed a reduction of IDSS and gm of 86% and 64.7%, and a positive Vth shift of 0.84 V, respectively. Despite the significant IDSS and gm reductions, the off-state drain breakdown voltage (VBR) was improved more than five times at this particular irradiation condition. The significant improvement of off-state drain breakdown voltage was attributed to the formation of a virtual gate at drain side of gate edge, which was the result of the generation of defect centers at AlGaN/GaN interface.
Structural and optical properties of AlxGa1−xN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures grown on 200 mm diameter Si(111) substrates
Authors: Bhat Thirumaleshwara N. , Dolmanan Surani B. , Dikme Yilmaz , Tan Hui R. , Bera Lakshmi K. , Tripathy Sudhiranjan
Published: February 2014

The authors report on the study of homogeneity in structural and optical properties of AlxGa1−xN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures grown on 200 mm diameter Si(111) substrates. The consequence of a variation of buffer layer thicknesses as well as the interface quality has been studied by in-situ growth monitoring. A reasonably good uniformity of crystalline quality in the heterostructures grown with a lower wafer bowing has been observed from the full width at half maxima of symmetric as well as asymmetric high resolution x-ray diffraction scans across the wafer. Furthermore, the thickness and Al content of the AlxGa1−xN barrier layer across the wafer is found to be uniform when the wafer bowing is lower. Optical and electrical measurements across the epiwafer address the strain homogeneity, luminescence, and two-dimensional electron gas properties. Based on these studies of growth optimization, HEMT epiwafers with a total nitride stack thickness of 4.4 μm with a wafer bowing <50 μm on 1.0 mm thick Si substrates are demonstrated.
Investigation of early-to-late sound reflection effect in a room with a dome
Authors: Harun Mokhtar , Rahman Tharek Abdul , Ibrahim Md. Najib , Said Ahmad Khan
Published: February 2014

The material of a dome is normally very sound reflective. This is due to the fact that the material for inner surfaces of the dome is made of hard material for endurance and easy maintenance. Also, the dome is often situated high above the floor of the room with the intention of providing larger volume and thus creating comfortable envelopment of the dome for people inside it. Due to the height from the floor and the hard material of its inner surfaces, the dome naturally manifests strong sound reflection, sound focusing effects and uneven sound pressure levels. These phenomena also give rise to the reverberation time in a room with a dome. It is the intention of this paper to discuss the effects of early-to-late sound reflection with respect to reverberation time and sound reverberant level in a room with a dome.
Perceived spatial impression from various musical motifs
Authors: Wang Lily M.
Published: February 2014

Most of the objective measures which are currently used to quantify spatial impression in auditoria, such as lateral energy fraction (LF), interaural cross-correlation coefficient (IACC) and late lateral relative sound level (GLL), are calculated from an impulse response. For subjective testing, these impulse responses are often later convolved with music recorded in an anechoic environment to simulate music performance in the hall. One spatial impression measure, though, interaural level fluctuations (IALFs) which was first proposed by Griesinger [Aud. Eng. Soc., Preprint No. 3292 (1992)] and further developed by L. M. Wang and A. C. Gade [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107, 2891(A) (2000)], is calculated from the musical source signal instead of from the impulse response. Preliminary investigations showed that the IALF, calculated from simulated sound fields generated by ODEON, changed relatively the same for different pieces of music across various halls. If IALF is a valid measure for spatial impression, then this indicates that the musical source is not critical in evaluating the difference in spatial impression between halls. In this paper, results from subjective listening tests are presented to determine if the same trend is perceived by listeners across different musical motifs, which would aid in validating IALF.
Acoustic classification of individual zooplankton using artificial neural network
Authors: Lavery Andone C. , Stanton Timothy K.
Published: February 2014

The acoustic scattering characteristics of zooplankton generally fall into one of three categories: gas-bearing, fluidlike, or elastic shell. Acoustic scattering models are available for zooplankton that fall into each of these categories. A multilayered feedforward artificial neural network, based on a backpropagation algorithm, has been used to discriminate between the model-based acoustic scattering responses of individual zooplankton from these different zooplankton classes. Realistic animal size distributions, taken from net tows, have been used as input to the models to create (simulated) acoustic data for use as input into the classification network. Two different approaches have been taken to selecting input features from the model-based zooplankton scattering responses, and the results of the neural network classification for these two features sets are compared. The feasibility of applying this neural-network-based classification technique to both multifrequency and broadband target strength data from field surveys is discussed.
Observation of fish length and behavior of an individual fish using echo trace analysis
Authors: Sawada Kouichi , Miyanohana Yoichi , Takahashi Hideyuki , Takao Yoshimi
Published: February 2014

A compact sized split-beam echo sounding system was developed and used in Sagami Bay, Japan, to validate echo trace analysis (ETA) that can observe the length and the behavior of an individual fish. Fishing by hook and line was conducted to confirm the fish species and its length distribution. The echo sounding system was tethered from an anchored ship. Electric power was provided through a cable. This system consists of a split-beam transducer (70 kHz, 118 mm), a transmitting and receiving unit, a data-recording unit, and a control unit and the total weight of the echo sounding system is about 30 kg. Recorded data are up linked to the computer on the ship through a LAN cable. The fish length and fish swimming speed were estimated using ETA. From the fishing results, 79l (Scomber japonicus) or horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) had an average fork length (FL) of 27.9 cm. The estimated fish length distribution coincides with that obtained from a fishing well. The estimated swimming speed was 0–1.2 m/s and corresponds to 0–4.3 (FL). These results show the validity of ETA.
Acoustic landmine detection at 40° below zero
Authors: Sabatier James M. , Xiang Ning , Nock George
Published: February 2014

To study the effects of snow cover and frozen ground, mine detection experiments based on acoustic to seismic (A/S) coupling have been conducted on a roadway at the Defense Research Establishment Suffield (DRES), Alberta, Canada, 5–16 February 2001. The site is a gravel road with grain or gravel sizes as large as several centimeters. The ground was frozen. Only a few measurements of acoustic-to-seismic coupling in frozen grounds have been reported. The coupling ratio is within a factor of 10 of that for unfrozen soils. The fast compressional wave speeds were expected to be significantly larger than those in unfrozen soils, while slow compressional wave speeds were expected to be possibly unchanged, except for temperature effects. Therefore, one might expect significantly larger wavelengths for the fast compressional wave and nonlocally reacting coupling. Compensation for these changes included using higher-frequency sound and normal incidence angles for the sound source. This presentation outlines the results of this testing. [Work supported by the U.S. Army Communcations–Electronics Command Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate.]