bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inorganic Intentions: Organizing Form from Frankenstein to de Man
Authors: Sitter Zak
Published: October 2016

While Romantic organicism has long been an object of interest, this article argues that it is through the figure of the inorganic that Romantic writing grapples most revealingly with its ambivalence toward human intentionality. I first focus on William Lawrence's 1816 lectures at the Royal College of Surgeons and two contemporary texts – Coleridge's unpublished Theory of Life, and Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein – which respond to Lawrence's materialist thesis. Whereas the organic is predicated on the coordinated functioning (organization) of internally differentiated elements (organs), the inorganic is radically undifferentiated, its sheer sameness representing the primitive mass from which the organic springs and into which it threatens always to fall. The paradox of the inorganic is that it occupies both organicism's before and its after: the mechanical, the organic's familiar opposite term, lies at the pole of over – rather than underorganization. Shelley's tale reveals the precarious position of the human within the organic; nature's most highly organized product, the human is by that very fact the agent of its becoming‐inorganic. I conclude by showing that this same concern for the inorganic potential of human intention underlies de Man's influential critique of organicism. De Man's attempt to reclaim the category of intention from its New Critical assailants does not reject the organic metaphor but reconfigures it to incorporate rather the “structural intentionality” of the esthetic object.
Regolith breccia Northwest Africa 7533: Mineralogy and petrology with implications for early Mars
Authors: Hewins Roger H. , Zanda Brigitte , Humayun Munir , Nemchin Alexander , Lorand Jean‐Pierre , Pont Sylvain , Deldicque Damien , Bellucci Jeremy J. , Beck Pierre , Leroux Hugues , Marinova Maya , Remusat Laurent , Göpel Christa , Lewin Eric , Grange Marion , Kennedy Allen , Whitehouse Martin J.
Published: October 2016

Northwest Africa 7533, a polymict Martian breccia, consists of fine‐grained clast‐laden melt particles and microcrystalline matrix. While both melt and matrix contain medium‐grained noritic‐monzonitic material and crystal clasts, the matrix also contains lithic clasts with zoned pigeonite and augite plus two feldspars, microbasaltic clasts, vitrophyric and microcrystalline spherules, and shards. The clast‐laden melt rocks contain clump‐like aggregates of orthopyroxene surrounded by aureoles of plagioclase. Some shards of vesicular melt rocks resemble the pyroxene‐plagioclase clump‐aureole structures. Submicron size matrix grains show some triple junctions, but most are irregular with high intergranular porosity. The noritic‐monzonitic rocks contain exsolved pyroxenes and perthitic intergrowths, and cooled more slowly than rocks with zoned‐pyroxene or fine grain size. Noritic material contains orthopyroxene or inverted pigeonite, augite, calcic to intermediate plagioclase, and chromite to Cr‐bearing magnetite; monzonitic clasts contain augite, sodic plagioclase, K feldspar, Ti‐bearing magnetite, ilmenite, chlorapatite, and zircon. These feldspathic rocks show similarities to some rocks at Gale Crater like Black Trout, Mara, and Jake M. The most magnesian orthopyroxene clasts are close to ALH 84001 orthopyroxene in composition. All these materials are enriched in siderophile elements, indicating impact melting and incorporation of a projectile component, except for Ni‐poor pyroxene clasts which are from pristine rocks. Clast‐laden melt rocks, spherules, shards, and siderophile element contents indicate formation of NWA 7533 as a regolith breccia. The zircons, mainly derived from monzonitic (melt) rocks, crystallized at 4.43 ± 0.03 Ga (Humayun et al. ) and a 147Sm‐143Nd isochron for NWA 7034 yielding 4.42 ± 0.07 Ga (Nyquist et al. ) defines the crystallization age of all its igneous portions. The zircon from the monzonitic rocks has a higher Δ17O than other Martian meteorites explained in part by assimilation of regolith materials enriched during surface alteration (Nemchin et al. ). This record of protolith interaction with atmosphere‐hydrosphere during regolith formation before melting demonstrates a thin atmosphere, a wet early surface environment on Mars, and an evolved crust likely to have contaminated younger extrusive rocks. The latest events recorded when the breccia was on Mars are resetting of apatite, much feldspar and some zircons at 1.35–1.4 Ga (Bellucci et al. ), and formation of Ni‐bearing pyrite veins during or shortly after this disturbance (Lorand et al. ).
Continuity and change in the applied anthropology of risk, hazards, and disasters
Authors: FAAS A. J.
Published: October 2016

This article introduces the special issue of The Annals of Anthropological Practice on “Continuity and Change in the Applied Anthropology of Risk, Hazards, and Disasters.” After reviewing the factors that account for the heightened anthropological attention to disasters in the early 21st century, I review each of the contributions to the special issue. The topics included in the special issue represent some of the simultaneously perennial and currently pressing issues in the anthropology of risk, hazards, and disaster: vulnerability, resilience, culture change, culture in practice, risk reduction, disaster capitalism, and response and recovery. The objective of this special issue is to help provide an orientation to the theoretical and applied tools that will help anthropologists better prepare to assist in disaster contexts. It will assist those that may be encountering these issues for the first time, as well as those already working in disaster‐affected communities.
Disaster vulnerability in anthropological perspective
Authors: FAAS A. J.
Published: October 2016

In the study of disasters, the concept of vulnerability has been primarily employed as a cumulative indicator of the unequal distributions of certain populations in proximity to environmental and technological hazards and an individual or group ability to “anticipate, cope with, resist and recover” from disaster (Wisner et al. 2004). This concept has influenced disaster research as a means to question how natural, temporary, and random disasters are and focused analysis on the human‐environmental processes that produce disasters and subject some populations more than others to risk and hazards. Critics also point out that vulnerability frameworks elude measure, strip people of agency, and reify stereotypes of the Global South. In light of both the historical importance and the sustained critiques of the concept, this chapter looks to anthropological and related literature to explore several questions: is it possible that vulnerability has outlived its usefulness? Is it still analytically meaningful for anthropologists currently working in the area of risk, hazards, and disasters? And what are the potential consequences or benefits that could come with conveying the concept of vulnerability to policy and decision makers?
Disaster risk reduction and applied anthropology
Authors: OLIVER‐SMITH ANTHONY
Published: October 2016

This article reviews the conceptual development of the disaster risk reduction perspective in research in general as well as its formalization as an instrument of policy and practice at the international level. I also review current programmatic applications of disaster risk reduction in research and policy fora and assay key anthropological contributions to risk reduction policies and practice. I also consider the links between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, as the possible trajectories of these phenomena are as intimately bound to one another as are their root causes. Finally, I discuss some of the major critiques of the application or lack thereof of disaster risk reduction in the context of critical discussions of contemporary understandings of risk and development.
Disaster response and recovery: Aid and social change
Authors: ZHANG QIAOYUN
Published: October 2016

This article offers a discussion of the complex and far‐reaching impacts that disaster aid has on the socio‐ecological and cultural‐political transformation of affected communities through three different and interrelated theoretical and ethnographic angles presented in the “Response and Recovery” section of the plenary session on the anthropology of risk, hazards, and disasters. It introduces the research on “disaster narratives,” the framing of “bad victims,” and state‐led recovery of ethnic cultures by Mark Schuller, Roberto Barrios, and Qiaoyun Zhang respectively. Responding to the special issue's uniting theme of “continuity and change,” this article analyzes the historical, discursive, political, and social relationships embedded in relief efforts and recovery projects that can induce long‐term change in social lives and relations. It argues that the restoration and endurance of the pre‐disaster ecologically and culturally shaped practices and relationships largely depend on how disaster, damage, and survivors are perceived and manipulated. It observes the oftentimes contested social changes with disaster aid (or lack thereof), reconstruction policies, and recovery projects. Revealing the indigenous adaptation and struggles under imposed reconstruction and resettlement plans, this article hopes to bridge the epistemological and practical gaps between the work of the humanitarian agencies and the needs of the affected populations.
Pusey and the Romantic Poets: Some Links to Eucharistic Theology
Authors: Douglas Brian , Douglas Jane
Published: October 2016

This article examines some of the links between the nineteenth century Tractarian leader Edward Pusey and the Romantic poets, particularly Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in relation to eucharistic theology, especially Pusey's 1836 ‘Lectures on Types and Prophecies of the Old Testament’. Pusey's sacramental theology was affected by the Romantic poets in the expression of moderate realism which also played an important part in the Oxford Movement. Like the Romantic poets, Pusey saw nature as pointing to and conveying the presence of God and this had clear connections for Pusey to a moderate realist sacramental theology where the presence of the divine was known through the material: things like bread and wine and water.
Recommendations for pharmacological clinical trials in children with irritable bowel syndrome: the Rome foundation pediatric subcommittee on clinical trials
Authors: Saps M. , van Tilburg M. A. L. , Lavigne J. V. , Miranda A. , Benninga M. A. , Taminiau J. A. , Di Lorenzo C.
Published: October 2016

Background

There is little published evidence of efficacy for the most commonly used treatments. Thus, there is an urgent need to conduct clinical trials on existing and novel therapies.

Purpose

In order to address these issues the Rome Foundation and members of the Pediatric Committee of the European Medicines Agency formed a subcommittee on clinical trials to develop guidelines for the design of clinical trials in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The following recommendations are based on evidence from published data when available and expert opinion.

Key recommendations

The subcommittee recommends randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, clinical trials to assess the efficacy of new drugs. The combined endpoints for abdominal pain are a decrease in intensity of at least 30% compared with baseline and to meet or exceed the Reliable Change Index (RCI) for the sample. Stool consistency is measured with the Bristol Stool Scale Form (BSFS). The subcommittee recommends as entry criteria for abdominal pain a weekly average of worst abdominal pain in past 24 h of at least 3.0 on a 0–10 point scale or at least 30 mm in 100 mm Visual Analog Scale. For stool endpoints the committee recommends an average stool consistency lower than 3 in the BSFS during the run‐in period for clinical trials on IBS‐C and an average stool consistency greater than 5 in the BSFS during the run‐in period for clinical trials on IBS‐D. Changes in stool consistency are the primary endpoints for both IBS with diarrhea (IBS‐D) and IBS with constipation (IBS‐C).
P2X3 receptor‐mediated visceral hyperalgesia and neuronal sensitization following exposure to PTSD‐like stress in the dorsal root ganglia of rats
Authors: He Y.‐Q. , Lang X.‐Q. , Lin L. , Ji L. , Yuan X.‐Y. , Chen Q. , Ran Y.‐M. , Chen H.‐S. , Li L. , Wang J.‐M. , Wang Z.‐G. , Gregersen H. , Zou D.‐W. , Liang H.‐P. , Yang M.
Published: October 2016

Background

Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often share co‐morbidity with chronic pain conditions. Recent studies suggest a role of P2X3 receptors and ATP signaling in pain conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms of visceral hyperalgesia following exposure to PTSD‐like stress conditions remain unclarified.

Methods

The behavior and hormones relevant for PTSD were studied. Visceromotor responses (VMR) and the abdominal withdrawal reflexes (AWR) to colorectal distention (CRD) were recorded to determine P2X3‐receptor–mediated alteration of hyperalgesia following single‐prolonged stress (SPS) exposure. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and patch‐clamp were used.

Key Results

The escape latency, adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol were increased on days 7–14. Visceromotor responses and AWR was reduced at day 1 in SPS rats but increased to higher levels than in controls after exposure to day 7. Intrathecal administration of the P2X3‐receptor antagonist TNP‐ATP abolished the CRD response. Based on immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis, SPS‐treated rats exhibited reduced P2X3 expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after day 1 compared with controls. P2X3 expression in DRG was enhanced on day 7 after SPS and the increase of the P2X3 expression was maintained on day 14 and 21 compared with controls. The P2X3‐receptor agonist α,β‐me ATP (10 μM) induced a fast desensitizing inward current in DRG neurons of both control and SPS‐treated rats. The average peak current densities in SPS‐treated group were increased 3.6‐fold. TNP‐ATP (100 nM) markedly blocked all fast α,β‐me ATP‐induced inward currents in the DRG neurons both in control and SPS‐treated rats.

Conclusions & Inferences

The data indicate an important role of P2X3 signaling in visceral hyperalgesia following PTSD‐like stress.
Early satiety and postprandial fullness in gastroparesis correlate with gastroparesis severity, gastric emptying, and water load testing
Authors: Parkman H. P. , Hallinan E. K. , Hasler W. L. , Farrugia G. , Koch K. L. , Nguyen L. , Snape W. J. , Abell T. L. , McCallum R. W. , Sarosiek I. , Pasricha P. J. , Clarke J. , Miriel L. , Tonascia J. , Hamilton F. ,   The NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC)
Published: October 2016

Background

Early satiety (ES) and postprandial fullness (PPF) are often present in gastroparesis, but the importance of these symptoms in gastroparesis has not been well‐described. The aims were: (i) Characterize ES and PPF in patients with gastroparesis. (ii) Assess relationships of ES and PPF with etiology of gastroparesis, quality of life, body weight, gastric emptying, and water load testing.

Methods

Gastroparetic patients filled out questionnaires assessing symptoms (PAGI‐SYM) and quality of life (PAGI‐QOL, SF‐36v2). Patients underwent gastric emptying scintigraphy and water load testing.

Key Results

198 patients with gastroparesis (134 IG, 64 DG) were evaluated. Early satiety was severe or very severe in 50% of patients. Postprandial fullness was severe or very severe in 60% of patients. Severity scores for ES and PPF were similar between idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis. Increasing severity of ES and PPF were associated with other gastroparesis symptoms including nausea/vomiting, satiety/early fullness, bloating, and upper abdominal pain and GERD subscores. Increasing severity of ES and PPF were associated with increasing gastroparesis severity, decreased BMI, decreased quality of life from PAGI‐QOL and SF‐36 physical health. Increasing severity of ES and PPF were associated with increasing gastric retention of a solid meal and decreased volume during water load test.

Conclusions & Inferences

Early satiety and PPF are commonly severe symptoms in both diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. Early satiety and PPF severity are associated with other gastroparesis symptom severities, body weight, quality of life, gastric emptying, and water load testing. Thus, ES and PPF are important symptoms characterizing gastroparesis. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT NCT01696747.
Pampered inside, pestered outside? Differences and similarities between plants growing in controlled conditions and in the field
Authors: Poorter Hendrik , Fiorani Fabio , Pieruschka Roland , Wojciechowski Tobias , van der Putten Wim H. , Kleyer Michael , Schurr Uli , Postma Johannes
Published: October 2016

Plant biologists often grow plants in growth chambers or glasshouses with the ultimate aim to understand or improve plant performance in the field. What is often overlooked is how results from controlled conditions translate back to field situations. A meta‐analysis showed that lab‐grown plants had faster growth rates, higher nitrogen concentrations and different morphology. They remained smaller, however, because the lab plants had grown for a much shorter time. We compared glasshouse and growth chamber conditions with those in the field and found that the ratio between the daily amount of light and daily temperature (photothermal ratio) was consistently lower under controlled conditions. This may strongly affect a plant's source : sink ratio and hence its overall morphology and physiology. Plants in the field also grow at higher plant densities. A second meta‐analysis showed that a doubling in density leads on average to 34% smaller plants with strong negative effects on tiller or side‐shoot formation but little effect on plant height. We found the r2 between lab and field phenotypic data to be rather modest (0.26). Based on these insights, we discuss various alternatives to facilitate the translation from lab results to the field, including several options to apply growth regimes closer to field conditions.

Contents

Summary

I.
Introduction
839

II.
Phenotypic differences between lab‐ and field‐grown plants
839

III.
The shoot environment
841

IV.
The root environment
845

V.
Effects of plant density
847

VI.
Consistency among species or genotypes in ranking between lab and field
848

VII.
Translation of lab results to the field
849

VIII.
Conclusions
851

Acknowledgements
851

Author contributions
852

References
852

Appendix A1
854
Anesthetic management of premature conjoined twins posted for nonseparation emergency surgery
Authors: Kulhari Sunita , Rastogi Amit , Kanaujia Ashish , Biswas Poulomi , Singh Prabhat Kumar
Published: October 2016

Craniopagus conjoined twins are rare, and the chance that an anesthesiologist might face the challenge of providing anesthesia for this condition is very rare. The incidence of conjoined twins ranges from 1 : 50 000 to 1 : 200 000 births. We describe the anesthetic management of a pair of premature craniopagus conjoined twins posted for emergency surgery prior to their separation.
Online dating system design and relational decision making: Choice, algorithms, and control
Authors: TONG STEPHANIE T. , HANCOCK JEFFREY T. , SLATCHER RICHARD B.
Published: October 2016

One of the most popular ways to initiate romantic relationships today is through online dating. Typical dating systems follow one of three formats, see‐and‐screen (e.g.,
Match.com), algorithm (e.g.,
eHarmony.com), and blended (e.g.,
OkCupid.com), which differ in the amount of individual control and algorithmic involvement they offer users. Do different features affect daters' decisions and expectations regarding relational development with selected partners? Study 1 indicated that although daters appreciated the personal control over mate selection afforded by see‐and‐screen systems, they also enjoyed using algorithmic systems. Study 2 found that blended systems provided “the best of both worlds” by offering dual benefits of control and algorithmic validation during mate selection. Findings shed light on self‐determination theory, decision making, and relationship formation more broadly.
Describing the Shape of the Relationship Between Gestational Age at Birth and Cognitive Development in a Nationally Representative U.S. Birth Cohort
Authors: Richards Jennifer L. , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn , Sales Jessica M. , Flanders William Dana , Kramer Michael R.
Published: October 2016

Background

Preterm children face higher risk of cognitive and academic deficits compared with their full‐term peers. The objective of this study was to describe early childhood cognitive ability and kindergarten academic achievement across gestational age at birth in a population‐based longitudinal cohort.

Methods

The study population included singletons born at 24–42 weeks gestation enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Birth Cohort (n = 6150 for 2‐year outcome, n = 4450 for kindergarten outcome). Home‐based assessments measured cognitive ability at 2 years and reading and mathematics achievement at kindergarten age. Linear regression models estimated the association between gestational age and cognitive and academic scores using four different ways of modelling gestational age: continuous variable in linear and quadratic terms; categories for individual weeks; and clinical categories for early preterm, moderate preterm, late preterm, early term, full term, late term, and post‐term.

Results

Children born at early preterm (24–27 weeks), moderate preterm (28–33 weeks), and late preterm (34–36 weeks) scored significantly worse than full‐term (39–40 weeks) peers on 2‐year and kindergarten assessments; however, no deficits were observed for early term (37–38 weeks). These categories were a clinically useful and parsimonious approach to stratifying risk of adverse cognitive and academic outcomes.

Conclusions

This study estimated the relative performance of children born at 24–42 weeks in a population‐based birth cohort using multiple approaches to modelling gestational age, providing a more rigorous understanding of the relationships between the full spectrum of gestational age and cognitive and academic outcomes in early childhood and at school age.
3D Cohort Study: The Integrated Research Network in Perinatology of Quebec and Eastern Ontario
Authors: Fraser William D. , Shapiro Gabriel D. , Audibert François , Dubois Lise , Pasquier Jean‐Charles , Julien Pierre , Bérard Anick , Muckle Gina , Trasler Jacquetta , Tremblay Richard E. , Abenhaim Haim , Welt Michel , Bédard Marie‐Josée , Bissonnette François , Bujold Emmanuel , Gagnon Robert , Michaud Jacques L. , Girard Isabelle , Moutquin Jean‐Marie , Marc Isabelle , Monnier Patricia , Séguin Jean R. , Luo Zhong‐Cheng ,   for the 3D Study Group
Published: October 2016

Background

The 3D Cohort Study (Design, Develop, Discover) was established to help bridge knowledge gaps about the links between various adverse exposures during pregnancy with birth outcomes and later health outcomes in children.

Methods

Pregnant women and their partners were recruited during the first trimester from nine sites in Quebec and followed along with their children through to 2 years of age. Questionnaires were administered during pregnancy and post‐delivery to collect information on demographics, mental health and life style, medical history, psychosocial measures, diet, infant growth, and neurodevelopment. Information on the delivery and newborn outcomes were abstracted from medical charts. Biological specimens were collected from mothers during each trimester, fathers (once during the pregnancy), and infants (at delivery and 2 years of age) for storage in a biological specimen bank.

Results

Of the 9864 women screened, 6348 met the eligibility criteria and 2366 women participated in the study (37% of eligible women). Among women in the 3D cohort, 1721 of their partners (1704 biological fathers) agreed to participate (73%). Two thousand two hundred and nineteen participants had a live singleton birth (94%). Prenatal blood and urine samples as well as vaginal secretions were collected for ≥98% of participants, cord blood for 81% of livebirths, and placental tissue for 89% of livebirths.

Conclusions

The 3D Cohort Study combines a rich bank of multiple biological specimens with extensive clinical, life style, and psychosocial data. This data set is a valuable resource for studying the developmental etiology of birth and early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes.
New Faces in Rural Places: Patterns and Sources of Nonmetropolitan Ethnoracial Diversity since 1990
Authors: Sharp Gregory , Lee Barrett A.
Published: October 2016

Much of the research on ethnoracial diversity in nonmetropolitan America consists of case studies describing how the arrival of Hispanics has transformed a particular community. To complement this work, we examine the dimensions and sources of diversity for a sample of 10,000 nonmetro places. We identify two dimensions of diversity—magnitude and structure—and draw hypotheses about their changes and correlates from the spatial assimilation and locational persistence perspectives and relevant scholarship. Our analysis of 1990–2010 decennial census and American Community Survey data documents a pervasive upward trend in diversity magnitude. However, places tend to follow parallel rather than identical diversity trajectories and to retain the same type of racial‐ethnic structure in 2010 that they exhibited 20 years earlier. Fixed effects regression models show that ethnoracial diversity gains are most likely in nonmetro communities with plentiful economic opportunities; fewer old residents; and growing total, foreign‐born, and correctional populations. These correlates hold for micropolitan and rural places and across census regions. Though our results largely conform to locational persistence logic, we find that spatial assimilation still has some merit, underscoring the importance of incorporating multiple theoretical models into a segmented change approach to nonmetropolitan diversity.
Therapeutic Potential for Targeting the Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling‐1 Pathway for the Treatment of SLE
Authors: Sukka‐Ganesh B. , Larkin J.
Published: October 2016

Although the specific events dictating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathology remain unclear, abundant evidence indicates a critical role for dysregulated cytokine signalling in disease progression. Notably, the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) family of intracellular proteins, in particular the kinase inhibitory region (KIR) bearing SOCS1 and SOCS3, plays a critical role in regulating cytokine signalling. To assess a relationship between SOCS1/SOCS3 expression and SLE, the goals of this study were to (1) evaluate the time kinetics of SOCS1/SOCS3 message and protein expression based on SLE‐associated stimulations, (2) compare levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 present in SLE patients and healthy controls by message and protein, (3) relate SOCS1/SOCS3 expression to inflammatory markers in SLE patients and (4) correlate SOCS1/SOCS3 levels to current treatments. We found that SOCS1 and SOCS3 were most abundant in murine splenic samples at 48 h subsequent to stimulation by anti‐CD3, LPS or interferon‐gamma. In addition, significant reductions in SOCS1 and SOCS3 were present within PMBCs of SLE patients compared to controls by both mRNA and protein expression. We also found that decreased levels of SOCS1 in SLE patients were correlated with enhanced levels of inflammatory markers and upregulated expression of MHC class II. Finally, we show that patients receiving steroid treatment possessed higher levels SOCS1 compared to SLE patient counterparts and that steroid administration to human PBMCs upregulated SOCS1 message in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that therapeutic strategies focused on SOCS1 signalling may have efficacy in the treatment of SLE.
Flexibility is associated with motor competence in schoolchildren
Authors: Lopes L. , Póvoas S. , Mota J. , Okely A. D. , Coelho‐e‐Silva M. J. , Cliff D. P. , Lopes V. P. , Santos R.
Published: October 2016

Available data on the associations between motor competence (MC) and flexibility are limited and result inconclusive. This study aims to examine the relationship between flexibility and MC in children. The sample comprised 596 Portuguese children (47.1% girls) aged 9.7 ± 0.6 years. Motor competence was evaluated with the body coordination test, Körperkoordination Test für Kinder. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20‐m shuttle run), muscular strength (curl‐up and push‐up tests), and flexibility (back‐saver sit and reach and trunk‐lift tests) were evaluated using the Fitnessgram Test Battery. Z‐scores by age and gender for the physical fitness tests were constructed. Analysis of variance and regression analysis were performed. Participants in the healthy zone groups of both flexibility tests exhibited significantly better scores of MC than the participants under the healthy zone (P < 0.001). Back‐saver sit and reach and trunk‐lift Z‐scores, either individually or as a sum, were significant predictors of MC (P < 0.05 for all) after adjustments for the other physical fitness components, age, body mass index, and socioeconomic status, in both genders. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting and developing flexibility, as well as the other health‐related physical fitness components in schoolchildren to reach adequate levels of MC.
Changes in physical activity and sedentary time in the Finnish Schools on the Move program: a quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Haapala Henna L. , Hirvensalo Mirja H. , Kulmala Janne , Hakonen Harto , Kankaanpää Anna , Laine Kaarlo , Laakso Lauri , Tammelin Tuija H.
Published: October 2016

The aim of the Finnish Schools on the Move program is to create a more active and pleasant school day through physical activity (PA). In this quasi‐experimental design, we compared changes in moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) during the school day and outside school hours for Grades 1–9 over two academic years in four program schools and two reference schools. Altogether 319 girls and boys aged 7–15 participated in the study between 2010 and 2012. MVPA and ST were measured four times over the 1.5‐year follow‐up period for seven consecutive days, using a hip‐worn ActiGraph accelerometer. Linear growth curve modeling was used to examine the effect of the program on MVPA and ST during follow‐up. School day MVPA increased (P = 0.010) and school day ST decreased (P = 0.008) in program primary schools (Grades 1–6) more compared with the reference schools. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the difference in change (from the first to the last measurement) were small (d = 0.18 and d = −0.27, respectively). No differences in the changes of leisure‐time or whole‐day MVPA and ST between the program and reference schools were observed during follow‐up. In conclusion, the changes in school day MVPA and ST did not translate into positive effects across the whole day. More effective and longer promotion actions are needed for positive changes in PA and ST, especially in lower secondary schools and for all daily segments.
Composition and adaptation of human myotendinous junction and neighboring muscle fibers to heavy resistance training
Authors: Jakobsen J. R. , Mackey A. L. , Knudsen A. B. , Koch M. , Kjær M. , Krogsgaard M. R.
Published: October 2016

The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is a common site of strain injury and yet understanding of its composition and ability to adapt to loading is poor. The main aims of this study were to determine the profile of selected collagens and macrophage density in human MTJ and adjoining muscle fibers, and to investigate whether heavy exercise loading would alter this profile. Fifteen individuals scheduled for anterior cruciate ligament repair surgery were randomized into three groups: control, acute or 4 weeks heavy resistance training. MTJ samples were collected from the semitendinosus and gracilis muscles and were sectioned and stained immunohistochemically for collagen types I, III, VI, XII, XIV, XXII, Tenascin‐C and CD68. Macrophage density and distribution was evaluated and the amount of each collagen type in muscle and MTJ was graded. Collagen XXII was observed solely at the MTJ, while all other collagens were abundant at the MTJ and in muscle perimysium or endomysium. The endomysial content of collagen XIV, macrophages and Tenascin‐C increased following 4 weeks of training. These findings illustrate the heterogeneity of collagen type composition of human MTJ. The increase in collagen XIV following 4 weeks of training may reflect a training‐induced protection against strain injuries in this region.
Predictors of Beagley–Gibson skin cast grade in older adults
Authors: Thompson M. J. W. , Aitken D. A. , van der Mei I. A. , Otahal P. , Cicolini J. , Winzenberg T. M. , Jones G.
Published: October 2016

Background and purpose

The Beagley–Gibson (BG) grading system utilizes microtopographical skin changes to generate an individualized, objective estimate of cumulative, lifetime ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. However, predictors of BG grade are ill‐defined, particularly in older populations. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to describe the factors associated with skin damage as measured by the BG method in 835 community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

Study participants aged 53–83 years had silicone casts taken from the dorsum of both hands and graded by the BG method. Lifetime sun exposure, skin phenotypic traits and smoking status were assessed by questionnaire. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and melanin density were measured using radioimmunoassay and spectrophotometry, respectively. Ordered logistic regression was used to compute a single odds ratio (OR) by taking BG grade as the outcome variable.

Results

Higher 25‐hydroxyvitamin D was associated with increasing BG grade (OR = 1.39, P = 0.02) in adjusted analysis. Age (OR = 1.14, P < 0.001), occupational sun exposure (OR = 1.62, P < 0.001), ability to tan (OR = 1.40, P < 0.001), melanin density (OR=0.79, P = 0.001), lifetime leisure time sun exposure (OR = 1.21, P = 0.004), current smoking (OR = 1.82, P = 0.007), propensity to sunburn (OR = 1.18, P = 0.016), and waist–hip ratio (OR = 1.10, P = 0.02) were independent predictors of BG grade. Hair colour, number of sunburns, body mass index and gender were not independent predictors of BG grade.

Conclusions

Beagley–Gibson skin cast grade is a biologically relevant marker of UVR exposure in older adults influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Adjusting to Immigrants in Two Midwestern Communities: Same Outcome, Different Process
Authors: Lay J. Celeste
Published: October 2016

Objective

This article examines the distinct processes of accommodation to immigrants in two similar small towns in Iowa. Ethnic conflict and contact theories predict that the processes would be similar in these towns, but their experiences demonstrate otherwise.

Methods

The study traces the histories of these towns and uses surveys, focus groups, and interviews to detail the process of accommodation in these communities.

Results

In both towns, white/Anglo residents came to accommodate their new neighbors and accept immigrants as full members of their communities, but the processes were unique in each place. In one community, earlier exposure to a small group of Laotian refugees gave residents and officials valuable experience with diversity. Further, this town was pushed toward acceptance when an outside group spread falsehoods.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that adjusting to ethnic diversity is a long‐term process that is unique to a community's experience with diversity.
Genomic full‐length sequence of two new HLA‐C alleles, HLA‐C*04:239 and HLA‐C*05:137
Authors: Santos S. , Arroyo J. L. , Eguizabal C. , Balas A. , Vicario J. L.
Published: October 2016

Two novel HLA‐C alleles, C*04:239 and C*05:137, were characterized in Spanish individuals.
Exploring Product Solution Differences Due to Choice Model Selection in the Presence of Noncompensatory Decisions With Conjunctive Screening Rules
Authors: Shin Jaekwan , Ferguson Scott
Published: October 2016

Research in market-based product design has often used compensatory preference models that assume an additive part-worth rule. These additive models have a simple, usable form and their parameters can be estimated using existing software packages. However, marketing research literature has demonstrated that consumers sometimes use noncompensatory-derived heuristics to simplify their choice decisions. This paper explores the quality of optimal solution obtained to a product line design search when using a compensatory model in the presence of noncompensatory choices and a noncompensatory model with conjunctive screening rules. Motivation for this work comes from the challenges posed by Bayesian-based noncompensatory models: the need for screening rule assumptions, probabilistic representations of noncompensatory choices, and discontinuous choice probability functions. This paper demonstrates how respondents making noncompensatory choices with conjunctive rules can lead to compensatory model estimations with distinct respondent segmentation and relative, large absolute part-worth values. Results from a product design problem suggest that using a compensatory model can provide benefits of smaller design errors and reduced computational costs. Product design optimization problems using real choice data confirm that the compensatory model and the noncompensatory model with conjunctive rules provide comparable solutions that have similar likelihoods of not being screened out when using a consideration set verifier. While many different noncompensatory heuristic rules exist, the presented study is limited to conjunctive screening rules.
Integrating Health Into Buildings of the Future
Authors: Heidari Leila , Younger Margalit , Chandler George , Gooch James , Schramm Paul
Published: October 2016

The health and wellbeing of building occupants should be a key priority in the design, building, and operation of new and existing buildings. Buildings can be designed, renovated, and constructed to promote healthy environments and behaviors and mitigate adverse health outcomes. This paper highlights health in terms of the relationship between occupants and buildings, as well as the relationship of buildings to the community. In the context of larger systems, smart buildings and green infrastructure strategies serve to support public health goals. At the level of the individual building, interventions that promote health can also enhance indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and provide opportunities for physical activity. Navigating the various programs that use metrics to measure a building's health impacts reveals that there are multiple co-benefits of a “healthy building,” including those related to the economy, environment, society, transportation, planning, and energy efficiency.
Review Article: FePt heat assisted magnetic recording media
Authors: Weller Dieter , Parker Gregory , Mosendz Oleksandr , Lyberatos Andreas , Mitin Dmitriy , Safonova Nataliia Y. , Albrecht Manfred
Published: October 2016

Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) media status, requirements, and challenges to extend the areal density (AD) of magnetic hard disk drives beyond current records of around 1.4 Tb/in.2 are updated. The structural properties of granular high anisotropy chemically ordered L10 FePtX-Y HAMR media by now are similar to perpendicular CoCrPt-based magnetic recording media. Reasonable average grain diameter ⟨D⟩ = 8–10 nm and distributions σD/D ∼ 18% are possible despite elevated growth temperatures TG = 650–670 °C. A 2× reduction of ⟨D⟩ down to 4–5 nm and lowering σD/D < 10%–15% are ongoing efforts to increase AD to ∼4 Tb/in.2. X = Cu ∼ 10 at. % reduces the Curie temperature TC by ∼100 K below TC,bulk = 750 K, thereby lowering the write head heat energy requirement. Multiple FePtX-Y granular layers with Y = 30–35 vol. % grain-to-grain segregants like carbides, oxides, and/or nitrides are used to fully exchange decouple the grains and achieve cylindrical shape. FePt is typically grown on fcc MgO (100) seedlayers to form well oriented FePt (002). A FePt lattice parameter ratio c/a ∼0.96 and high chemical order S > 0.90 result in magnetic anisotropy KU ∼ 4.5 × 107 erg/cm3, and only 25% below the FePt single crystal value KU = 6.6 × 107 erg/cm3 has been achieved in 7–8 nm diameter grains. Switching field distributions depend on anisotropy field (HK) distributions, which are currently of the order of ΔHK/HK ∼ 10% (ΔHK ∼ 10–12 kOe, HK ∼ 10–11 T) at room temperature. High thermal conductivity heat sink layers, including Ag, Au, Cu, and Cr, are used to optimize the cooling rate and maximize the down- and cross-track thermal gradient, which determines the achievable track density.
Source modeling for Monte Carlo dose calculation of CT examinations with a radiotherapy treatment planning system
Authors: Källman Hans‐Erik , Holmberg Rickard , Andersson Jonas , Kull Love , Tranéus Erik , Ahnesjö Anders
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Radiation dose to patients undergoing examinations with Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) as well as Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a matter of concern. Risk management could benefit from efficient replace rational dose calculation tools. The paper aims to verify MSCT dose calculations using a Treatment Planning System (TPS) for radiotherapy and to evaluate four different variations of bow‐tie filter characterizations for the beam model used in the dose calculations.

Methods

A TPS (RayStation™, RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden) was configured to calculate dose from a MSCT (GE Healthcare, Wauwatosa, WI, USA). The x‐ray beam was characterized in a stationary position the by measurements of the Half‐Value Layer (HVL) in aluminum and kerma along the principal axes of the isocenter plane perpendicular to the beam. A Monte Carlo source model for the dose calculation was applied with four different variations on the beam‐shaping bow‐tie filter, taking into account the different degrees of HVL information but reconstructing the measured kerma distribution after the bow‐tie filter by adjusting the photon sampling function. The resulting dose calculations were verified by comparison with measurements in solid water as well as in an anthropomorphic phantom.

Results

The calculated depth dose in solid water as well as the relative dose profiles was in agreement with the corresponding measured values. Doses calculated in the anthropomorphic phantom in the range 26–55 mGy agreed with the corresponding thermo luminescence dosimeter (TLD) measurements. Deviations between measurements and calculations were of the order of the measurement uncertainties. There was no significant difference between the different variations on the bow‐tie filter modeling.

Conclusions

Under the assumption that the calculated kerma after the bow‐tie filter replicates the measured kerma, the central specification of the HVL of the x‐ray beam together with the kerma distribution can be used to characterize the beam. Thus, within the limits of the study, a flat bow‐tie filter with an HVL specified by the vendor suffices to calculate the dose distribution. The TPS could be successfully configured to replicate the beam movement and intensity modulation of a spiral scan with dose modulation, on the basis of the specifications available in the metadata of the digital images and the log file of the CT.
Measurement and characterisation of radiated underwater sound from a 3.6 MW monopile wind turbine
Authors: Pangerc Tanja , Theobald Peter D. , Wang Lian S. , Robinson Stephen P. , Lepper Paul A.
Published: October 2016

This paper describes underwater sound pressure measurements obtained in close proximity (∼50 m) to two individual wind turbines, over a 21-day period, capturing the full range of turbine operating conditions. The sound radiated into the water was characterised by a number of tonal components, which are thought to primarily originate from the gearbox for the bandwidth measured. The main signal associated with the turbine operation had a mean-square sound pressure spectral density level which peaked at 126 dB re 1 μPa2 Hz−1 at 162 Hz. Other tonal components were also present, notably at frequencies between about 20 and 330 Hz, albeit at lower amplitudes. The measured sound characteristics, both in terms of frequency and amplitude, were shown to vary with wind speed. The sound pressure level increased with wind speed up to an average value of 128 dB re 1 μPa at a wind speed of about 10 ms−1, and then showed a general decrease. Overall, differences in the mean-square sound pressure spectral density level of over 20 dB were observed across the operational envelope of the turbine.
The Effectiveness of Constant, Variable, Random, and Blocked Practice in Speech-Motor Learning
Authors: Kaipa Ramesh , Robb Michael , Jones Richard
Published: October 2016

In this experiment, we investigated the role of practice variability (constant versus variable practice) and practice schedule (random versus blocked practice) on spatial and temporal learning of a speech task as a function of aging. The participants were 80 healthy individuals (40–80 years) with no history of cognitive, sensory, or motor disorders. A median split was performed to divide the participants into older and younger groups. The median split was at 59 years of age, thus placing 40 participants in each age group. The participants were assigned to one of four practice groups and practiced a nonmeaningful phrase for two consecutive days. On the third day, the participants reproduced the speech phrase without practice. Data analysis revealed that older participants involved in constant practice demonstrated superior temporal learning of the speech task over participants on variable practice. Older participants on random practice demonstrated better spatial learning of the speech task than did participants on blocked practice. In contrast, there was no effect of practice conditions on spatial and temporal learning outcomes in the younger group. The findings indicate that practice variability and practice schedule influence different aspects of a complex speech-motor learning task among older adults but not among younger adults.
A Peek at the Developmental Validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3
Authors: Temple Viviene A. , Foley John T.
Published: October 2016

The development of motor skill proficiency during childhood is cumulative and influenced by physical growth and maturation, genetic potential, affordances in the physical and social environment, and the interactions between these factors. Therefore, typically during childhood, the trajectory of change in motor proficiency is positive. To lend developmental validity to the revision of the Test of Gross Motor Development—3rd edition (TGMD-3), this longitudinal study examined whether the skills and subtests of the TGMD-3 changed as might be expected from grade 3 to grade 4 among 277 children. The findings of this study lend support to the developmental validity of the TGMD-3 in that (1) there was within-individual change in the expected direction for both locomotor and ball skills, (2) consistent with the majority of research, boys had significantly higher ball skills scores than girls in both grade 3 and grade 4, and (3) the mean percent of maximum possible scores were in the range of approximately 60–75, which demonstrates that the majority of 8- and 9-year-old children had not reached a ceiling on this test.