bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Feasible Technique for Remote Sensing of Thermospheric Temperature and O-Atom Density
Authors: Sharma R. D. , Zachor A. S. , Yap B. K.
Published: February 2023

Atomic oxygen and translational temperature play vital roles in the chemistry and heat balance of the earth's atmosphere above 80 km. However, existing techniques, both in situ and remote, for measuring vertical profiles of the temperature and O-atom density at these altitudes have severe limitations; see, eg., Zachor and Sharma (1989). Described in the present paper is a new remote sensing technique in which the data is a pair of limb radiance profiles corresponding to the spectrally unresolved 147 μm and 63 μm lines of atomic oxygen (the inter-multiplet transitions 3P0 → 3P1 and 3P1 → 3P2 of the ground electronic state). We outline a retrieval procedure that uses both the onion peeling and global-fit methods to recover temperature and O-atom density between 90 km and 300 km altitude. The global-fit technique (Carlotti, 1988), which provides solution values simultaneously for several altitudes, is used only near 200 km altitude, where a singular Jacobian causes the onion peeling method to diverge. The retrieval procedure was applied to noise-contaminated synthetic data in order to establish basic system requirements for a spaceborne sensor. It is concluded that the proposed remote sensing technique can be implemented with a small cryogenic sensor system based on (non-scanning) Fabry-Perot etalons and detectors having current state-of-the-art performance.
Raman Lidar Measurement of the Atmospheric Aerosol Extinction Profile
Authors: Riebesell Maren , Ansmann Albert , Weitkamp Claus
Published: February 2023

The remote, yet depth-resolved measurement of atmospheric aerosol profiles has been the first application of a family of techniques now generally known as lidar.
Results of Recalibration of Nimbus 7 TOMS Ozone Data Using the Pair Justification Technique
Authors: McPeters R.D. , Herman J.R. , Hudson R.D. , Stolarski R.S. , Wellemeyer C.G. , Taylor S.L.
Published: February 2023

Studies by the Ozone Trends Panel showed that global total ozone measured by the SBUV/TOMS instruments on Nimbus 7 declined relative to the network of Dobson stations by about four percent between 1979 and 1988. This decline was most likely due to under-correction for degradation of the diffuser plate used to measure solar flux. A general technique has now been developed by the GSFC Ozone Processing Team to stabilize the calibration of backscattered ultraviolet instruments against long term changes in instrument characteristics. This technique has now been used to recalibrate the TOMS instrument and to reprocess the TOMS data from November, 1978, through October, 1988. We feel that our goal, to produce a long term ozone data set accurate to within 1% over ten years that is independent of the Dobson network, has been met.
Stratospheric Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (Stoic): Overview
Authors: Margitan J. J.
Published: February 2023

The NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Program organized a Stratospheric Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (STOIC) held in July-August 1989 at the Table Mountain Facility (TMF) of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Participating in this campaign were several instruments recently developed by NASA for the NASA/NOAA/CMA Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change: the JPL ozone lidar at TMF, the GSFC trailer-mounted ozone lidar which was moved to TMF for this comparison, and the Millitech microwave radiometer.
Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone During the Presence of an Anomalous Aerosol Profile
Authors: Ferrare R. A. , McGee T.J. , Whiteman D. , Butler J. , Burris J.
Published: February 2023

This report briefly describes the ozone measurements made by the NASA/GSFC ozone lidar during an unusual case of locally high stratospheric aerosol loading. In this case, the high aerosol loading was associated with the plume from a Titan rocket launched from Vandenburg, AFB, which is about 200 km west-northwest of the JPL/Table Mountain Observatory, where the GSFC lidar was located on the night of November 6-7, 1988. The procedures which were used to determine the aerosol profile from the lidar data and to subsequently derive the ozone concentrations using this profile are presented.
Lidar Observations of Ozone Changes Induced by Sub-Polar Air Mass Motion over Table Mountain (34.4n)
Authors: Butler J. , Whiteman D. , Burris J. , Ferrare R. , Newman P. , McGee T. J. , Godin S. , McDermid I. S.
Published: February 2023

Between October 15 and November 8, 1988, the GSFC mobile stratospheric ozone lidar was operated at Table Mountain Observatory to intercompare with the permanent JPL ozone lidar. These lidars both use the technique of differential absorption to measure ozone. XeCl excimer lasers are used to generate the on-line 307.9 nm light absorbed by ozone. However, the GSFC lidar generates the off-line 354.7 nm light using a Nd/YAG laser operating at 16.5 Hz, while the JPL lidar uses stimulated Raman scattering in hydrogen to generate off-line 353 nm light. Backscattered on and off-line are detected by the lidars using telescopes. The ratio of the absorbed on-line signal to the scattered off-line signal is proportional to the number density of ozone in the atmosphere.
Lidar Observations of Upper Atmosphere Temperatures During the Stoic Campaign at Table Mountain
Authors: McGee T. J. , Whiteman D. , Butler Jim , Torres A. , Miller J. , Ferrare R. , Burris J. , Owens M. , Barnes R. , Nagatani R.
Published: February 2023

In July, 1989, the Goddard Space Flight Center mobile stratospheric lidar was deployed at JPL's Table Mountain Facility in the San Gabriel Mountains east of Los Angeles (34.4N, 117.7W). The purpose was a major intercomparison of ozone sensors in order to validate the lidar technique as a reliable, accurate and precise instrument for the measurement of stratospheric ozone. The GSFC lidar data have also been used to extract a temperature profile between 30 and 65 km. The temperature retrieval utilizes the ozone profile reference wavelength (355 nm) which is essentially no absorption due to ozone. Because the retrieval is sensitive to aerosols, no attempt is made to extract temperature below 30 km.
Lidar Data Validation Techniques
Authors: Whiteman D. , Melfi S. H. , McGee T. J. , Ferrare R. A. , Butler J. J. , Burris J.
Published: February 2023

In the past several years of operation of two NASA/GSFC lidar systems, several instrument related data anomalies have been discovered. This paper will discuss problems related to differing low altitude transmitter-receiver overlap functions for a three-channel Raman lidar system, bandwidth limitations of photon counting systems and signal induced noise on both short (tens of microseconds) and long (hundreds of microseconds) time scales. The discussion will include operational solutions to these problems that are currently in use or under investigation.
Autonomous Lidar System for Cloud Climatology
Authors: Gimmestad G.G. , Bauman S.C.
Published: February 2023

An autonomous lidar system for cloud climatology studies has been developed and evaluated. The system was designed to acquire vertical lidar soundings at regular intervals for months at a time with little operator intervention and minimal maintenance requirements.
Factor Analysis - Rank Annihilation Applied to Mixtures of Pollutants
Authors: Rosen David L. , Gillespie James B.
Published: February 2023

Factor analysis - rank annihilation was applied to numerically simulated fluorescence lidar returns from a fly ash and nitrogen dioxide mixture modified by atmospheric extinction.
Nitric Acid Measurements in the Arctic from Balloons
Authors: Evans W.F.J.
Published: February 2023

Nitric acid measurements had been previously been conducted in the winter from flights of large balloons at Cold Lake, Alberta and at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan using an emission spectrometer. The mixing ratio profile of nitric acid was derived from the observation of atmospheric emission in the 11.3 micron region during a the balloon ascents. More recently, a miniature version of the instrument and payload has been developed. On an engineering test flight on March 8,1988, a single profile was measured from Alert at 82.6 N . The total nitric acid amount above the tropopause was 0.9 matm-cm. Two peaks at 16.5 and 25.5 km were observed with a maximum mixing ratio of 8.8 ppbv. A local minimum of 3 ppbv was located between these levels at 19.5 km.
Remote Sounding of Lower Atmospheric Composition from Satellites
Authors: Drummond James R.
Published: February 2023

During the last two decades, remote sounding of the atmosphere has become a well-accepted technique for learning about the atmosphere. However, the number of measurements which have been made on the troposphere, as compared to the stratosphere, is very small. The reason for this is that the troposphere is a remarkably inhomogeneous region of the atmosphere, bounded by a lower surface and containing clouds. However, increasing interest in environmental issues and a realisation that global chemical processes are as significant in the troposphere as they are in the stratosphere has stimulated research into methods of sounding the troposphere from space.
Retrieval of Trace Constituents from MIPAS-B-89 Limb Emission Spectra
Authors: Clarmann T. v. , Oelhaf H. , Fischer H.
Published: February 2023

In May 1989 the first balloon flight of the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) instrument took place from Aire-sur-l'Adour (France). A ballon launched by CNES carried the payload to an average altitude of about 33 km. After reaching the floating altitude, a lot of stratospheric and tropospheric limb emission spectra were taken during the night from May 17 to May 18, 1989. A description of the intrument, experimental details and data preprocessing can be found elsewhere (Fischer et al. 1990; Oelhaf et al. 1991). Though the first flight was planned to be only a technological experiment, it produced a lot of spectra of scientific value.
A Physical Split Window Technique for Deriving Precipitable Water Utilizing Vas Data
Authors: Guillory Anthony R. , Fuelberg Henry E. , Jedlovec Gary J.
Published: February 2023

A new algorithm, developed by Jedlovec (1987), is examined which uses Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) 11 and 12 μm (split window) data to derive precipitable water (PW) at mesoscale resolution. The algorithm is physically based and derives its first guess information from radiosonde data. It has several advantages: 1) it can be applied to multispectral imaging (MSI) data, which are available half hourly, 2) it uses only limited spatial averaging, and 3) it can be applied to instruments which lack sounding channels (e.g., GOES-Next imager).
Recent Advances in Coherent Laser Radar
Authors: Hardesty R. Michael
Published: February 2023

Although the concept of coherent laser radar has existed for more than two decades, the discipline is presently moving forward at a rapid pace. The recent OSA Topical Meeting on Coherent Laser Radar: Technology and Applications, which took place July 8-12, 1991, in Snowmass, Colorado, spotlighted advances over a broad range of issues. Among the more than 100 papers presented at the meeting, new developments involving solid state coherent lidars, improvements in CO2 coherent lidar sources, spacebased Doppler lidar design, and new applications of coherent lidar stood out as areas where particularly rapid advancement has occurred. Improved coherent lidar technology, signal processing techniques, effects of turbulence on lidar perforrhance, and backscatter measurements also received considerable attention at the meeting. In this abstract, significant new activities in coherent lidar are briefly described; more detail will be given during the oral presentation.
Inversion of Occultation Measurements
Authors: Kyrölä E. , Sihvola E. , Tamminen J. , Piironen A. , Haario H.
Published: February 2023

The global mapping and monitoring of the atmosphere is acknowledged as a vital undertaking of the mankind due to the menacing disturbances in the atmospheric composition. In this endeavor instruments aboard polar orbit satellites will play a central role in future. In this work we will report the theoretical data analysis of one of the proposed instruments. This instrument is called GOMOS or Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars. GOMOS has been proposed for the first European Polar Platform by Service d’Aeronomie (France) and Finnish Meteorological Institute [1-2].
Simulation of an Orbital Nadir Viewing Gas Correlation Spectrometer for the Detection of CH4 and CO at 2.3 Microns with GASCOFIL
Authors: Morrow W. H. , Nicholls R. W.
Published: February 2023

Gas correlation spectroscopy has been used to monitor tropospheric CO from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. (Morrow and Nicholls (1990), Reichle et. al (1986)).
Tunable 1.7μm Laser Spectrometer for the Remote Detection of Atmospheric CH4, C2H4 and High Temperature HCl
Authors: Vaidyanathan Mohan , Killinger Dennis K.
Published: February 2023

We have developed a new tunable 1.7μm F-Center laser spectrometer and have used it to measure the spectra and temperature of several gases such as methane and ethylene in the atmosphere and of HCl and water vapor at high temperature. The system has been used to measure the linestrength and pressure broadened linewidth of HCl under high temperature conditions (such as those expected in the Space Shuttle Exhaust Plume) and has also been used to determine the interference due to hot H2O under similar conditions. Our interest in the experimental determination of the HCl absorption data is motivated by our goal of developing a pulsed (HD Raman Shifted Nd:Glass) tunable 1.7μm DIAL system for the range resolved remote sensing of the temperature inside of a Rocket Plume. Lastly, this system is also being used to measure methane gas in the atmosphere remotely via fiber-optic cables.
The NOAA 2-Micrometer Coherent Lidar System
Authors: Grund Christian J. , Post Madison J.
Published: February 2023

The understanding of many processes in the atmosphere requires accurate determinations of the wind field. Remote measurement of the wind field by a scanning lidar reduces the sampling problems inherent in balloon-borne, tower-supported, or airborne measurements of spatially inhomogeneous or rapidly changing phenomena. In many cases, such as studies of tropical cirrus or stratosphere-troposphere interchanges, remote sensors can measure atmospheric properties at altitudes which cannot be conveniently or economically probed by in situ sensors. The studies of wind flows over complex terrain, air pollution transport, and boundary layer processes all require measurements with good spatial and temporal resolution. Measurement accuracies of ~1 cm/s are needed to study such important phenomena as boundary layer and cirrus cloud convective velocities; turbulent transfer of energy, moisture, and chemical species; and precipitation fall speeds in cirrus. Measurement of fluxes of moisture and chemical species also require accurate knowledge of spatially resolved winds.
Lidar-Acoustic Sounding of the Atmosphere
Authors: Palmer A. Jay
Published: February 2023

This paper puts forward three new remote sensing applications based on the detection of acoustic modulation of lidar returns in the atmosphere. The modulation is caused by density changes in the lidar scattering centers induced by an acoustic wave launched from near the lidar.
Moes Temperatutre and Moisture Sounding Capability Simulation and Analysis
Authors: Wang Jinxue , Hays Paul B. , Drayson S. Roland
Published: February 2023

The current operational atmospheric temperature and moisture sounders are unable to meet the requirements of weather forecasting community mainly because of the insufficient vertical resolution and cloud contamination effects. There is also a strong requirement for a detailed definition of the atmospheric temperature profile in the stratosphere. There are several reasons for this requirement. First, a better knowledge of the stratospheric temperature profile will help the retrieval of the tropospheric temperature profile which is essential for weather forecasting; secondly, stratospheric chemistry and global ozone studies require an accurate determination of the chemical reaction rates which are temperature dependent. But up to now, the stratospheric requirement has not been met by previous or planned instruments mainly because of their low spectral resolutions. Conventional infrared spectrometers or filter radiometers in the nadir sounding mode can give broad weighting functions in the middle and lower stratosphere, but nothing higher. Furthermore, the energy available in any sufficiently small spectral interval would be so small as to require long observation time, which is generally not allowed in a polar satellite. The limitation in vertical resolution is caused mainly by the broadness of the contribution functions of the current instruments which is due partly to their low spectral resolution. One way to decrease the width of the contribution functions and improve the vertical resolution is to use instruments of higher spectral resolution, which are able to resolve the individual spectral lines. There are several techniques to achieve high spectral resolution sounding, including large grating and the Fourier transform interferometer. One of the attractive approach is to use the rugged, high resolution Fabry-Perot etalon. The Multiorder Etalon Sounder (MOES), as a combination of etalon and the newly invented circle to line converter,1 compares very favorably to other spaceborne optical instruments in terms of performance versus complexity.
MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding)
Authors: Fischer H. , Blom C. , Oelhaf H.
Published: February 2023

MIPAS is a rapid scanning Fourier-Transform-Spectrometer developed for limb sounding of atmospheric temperature and trace constituents in the upper troposphere, the stratosphere and the mesosphere.
Column Amounts of Trace Gases Derived from Ground-based Infrared Spectroscopic Measurements in the Late North Polar Winter 1990
Authors: Adrian G.P. , Blumenstock T. , Fischer H. , Gerhardt L. , Guide T. , Oelhaf H. , Thomas P. , Trieschmann O.
Published: February 2023

During the period from January 27 to April 6, 1990, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements were performed in Esrange, North Sweden, and in Ny Aalesund, Spitsbergen, as part of the CHEOPS (Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Stratosphere) III campaign. As a result of our measurements, time series of zenith column amounts of some of the most important trace gases concerning the ozone chemistry, like O3, NO2, NO, HNO3, HCl, HF, N2O, CH4, H2O, and HDO, are reported and interpreted in terms of chemical and dynamical processes.
The Temporal Increase in Greenhouse Radiation from Chlorofluorocarbons in the Atmosphere
Authors: Evans W.F.J.
Published: February 2023

The buildup of radiatively active gases in the atmosphere has affected the energy balance of the climate system. The atmosphere is in balance between incoming solar radiation of about 250 watts/m2 and outgoing long wave infrared heat radiation of 250 watts/m2 from the cold atmosphere at 12 km. At the surface, the outgoing heat flux is about 350 watts/m2; the atmosphere radiates about 100 watts/m2 downwards to the surface. The surface also transfers heat to the atmosphere by convection and evaporation of water vapour. Thus, the atmosphere absorbs and reradiates about 100 watts/m2; this is called the greenhouse radiation. Any increase in the absorption caused by adding gases to the atmosphere will increase this greenhouse radiation. The man made increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases over the last 50 years has produced about a 2.5 watt/m2 increase in the greenhouse radiation(Dickinson and Cicerone,1986) and we expect a corresponding increase in surface temperature to occur.
Sensitivity of Atmospheric Retrieval Schemes: Results Utilizing High Spectral Resolution Simulations
Authors: Coughlin Joseph M.
Published: February 2023

The remote sounding of the atmosphere to retrieve temperature and water vapor profiles has been the subject of a number of papers (Chahine, Smith, etc.). In this paper we present the results of a study to determine the effect atmospheric properties have on the retrieval of temperature profiles.
Lidar Measurements of the Pinatubo Aerosol Over Toronto
Authors: Carswell A.I. , Donovan D.P , Pal S.R. , Steinbrecht W. , Whiteway J.A.
Published: February 2023

At the ISTS Atmospheric Lidar Observatory on the campus of York University in Toronto, (43.8 N, 79.5 W), two lidars are being employed for atmospheric observations. One is an Nd:YAG two-wavelength (1064 and 532 nm) dual polarization Rayleigh/Mie lidar and the other is an ozone DIAL system based on a xenon chloride excimer source for the "on" (absorbed) wavelength at 308 nm with a hydrogen stimulated Raman shifter to provide the "off" (unabsorbed) wavelength at 353nm. These systems are now operated on a continuing basis for studies of both the lower and middle atmosphere. Since early July we have been observing very pronounced changes in the stratospheric returns from both lidars caused by the Pinatubo aerosols.
Effect of Pinatubo Aerosols on Sea Surface Temperature Determinations using the ERS-1 Satellite
Authors: Llewellyn-Jones D.
Published: February 2023

Abstract and Summary not available.
Differential SO2 Column Measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo Volcanic Plume
Authors: Hoff Raymond M.
Published: February 2023

Differential SO2 column measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic plume were made from a NASA Electra aircraft flying in the Caribbean in July, 1991. The mean column content of the volcanic plume in the Caribbean was 25 μatm m (2.5 Dobson units) with periods of up to 90 μatm m observed. Dispersion of the initial cloud from Mt. Pinatubo and 67% conversion of the SO2 to sulfate over the one month period since the eruption are in good agreement with the column contents found here.
Atmospheric Measurements Using A Scanning, Solar-Blind, Raman Lidar
Authors: Eichinger W.E. , Cooper D.I. , Holtkamp D.B. , Karl R.R. , Quick C.R. , Tiee J.J
Published: February 2023

The study of the water cycle by Lidar has many applications. Because micro-scale structures can be identified by their water content, the technique offers new opportunities to visualize and study the phenomena. There are applications to many practical problems in agricultural and water management as well as at waste storage sites. Conventional point sensors are limited and are inappropriate for use in complex terrain or varied vegetation and cannot be extrapolated over even modest ranges. To this end, techniques must be developed to measure the variables associated with evapotranspirative processes over large areas and varied surface conditions. A scanning water-Raman Lidar is an ideal tool for this task in that it can measure the water vapor concentration rapidly with high spatial resolution without influencing the measurements by the presence of the sensor. The solar-blind water-Raman Lidar used in this experiment is based upon the technique pioneered by Cooney1. Operational parameters of the Lidar are described in Table 1.
The Three Dimensional Structure of the Planetary Boundary Layer as Revealed by a Scanning Airborne Lidar
Authors: Palm Stephen P. , Melfi S. H. , Carter D. L.
Published: February 2023

One of the limitations imposed on remote sensing of the atmosphere by airborne lidar to date has been two dimensionality. Most, if not all airborne lidars are restricted to the nadir, along-track plane. While these measurements are very useful for a number of applications, they obviously lack the ability to supply information in the across-track plane. The new Large Aperature Scanning Airborne Lidar (LASAL) system was designed to overcome this limitation. LASAL has the ability to scan 45 degrees left and right of nadir at rates of up to 90 degrees per second. This enables the three dimensional rendering of atmospheric aerosol structure below the plane. In addition, LASAL has the ability to track a volume of air along the flight path at any height below the plane. The data acquired in this manner can be used to compute attenuation in the region below the plane to the tracking height.
Characteristics Of Desert Aerosol Retrieved From Passive Optical Remote Sensing
Authors: Kaufman Yoram J. , Gitelson Anatoli , Ganor Eliezer , Karnieli Arnon , Nakajima Teruyuki
Published: February 2023

Spectral measurements of the attenuation of solar radiation and measurements of the sky radiance are used to derive the optical and physical characteristics of desert aerosol, averaged on the vertical column. The size distribution, the total mass loading per unit area, the scattering phase function and the effect of particle's nonsphericity on the scattering phase function are derived. The measurements, taken during 6 months in the Negev desert in Israel are analyzed and compared with analysis of aerosol sampling for the size distribution, shape and elemental composition. These measurements and analysis, shows that a combination of measurements form the ground of the attenuation of solar radiation, of the sky radiance and collection and analysis of aerosol particles on neopore filters can be a basis for aerosol climatology and for ground truth to validate space remote sensing of the aerosol characteristics and transport.
On The Corrections For Satellite Remote Sensing The Ozone Vertical Profile By The Umkehr Observations
Authors: Ding-Wen Wei , Hui Chen
Published: February 2023

In earlier 1960’s, Wei studied the physical processes of the Umkehr effect and made several fundamental contributions to the atmospheric remote sensing (Wei, 1962). Late in 1964, Wei et al(Wei et al, 1964) designed the Umkehr method which has been used in Beijing and Kunming for about 10 years. This method is more objective one without using priori limitatiom conditions and has been proved with stable results (Wei, 1989). In Beijing station, we have obtained more than 200 ozone vertical profiles from Umkehr  with good quality since 1979.
Aerosol Extinction in Sydney and Central Australia
Authors: Box Michael A. , Sealey Katrina , Box Gail P.
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric extinction measurements in the visible and near infrared spectral regions have been obtained using a multiwavelength spectral radiometer. This instrument was originally made at the University of Arizona for the University of Newcastle (Australia), and is currently on loan to the University of New South Wales.
Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone above Toronto, Canada
Authors: Steinbrecht W. , Carswell A.I. , Ulitsky A. , Wang T-Y.
Published: February 2023

A new Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system for measuring stratospheric ozone [1] has been installed at the ISTS headquarters on the York University campus at the north end of Toronto, Canada (43.80 N, 79.50 W, 200 m).
Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy with CO2-Lidar Support
Authors: Klein V. , Rippel H.
Published: February 2023

The promising technical potential of a new sensor-fusion concept, based on the combination of FT-IR-spectroscopy and CO2-lidartechnology for applications in pollution monitoring is discussed.
New Laser Sources and Detectors for Industrial Emission and Open Path Air Monitoring
Authors: Killinger Dennis
Published: February 2023

Many advances in lasers and optical technology for remote sensing of the atmosphere can also be applied to the newly emerging field of environmental and industrial emission monitoring. This paper will cover recent work in the development of new, solid-state and tunable laser sources, and their potential utility for remote sensing of atmospheric or environmental/industrial emissions and gases. In addition, the use of several new detectors or optical (fiber) routing applications will be covered. Examples include the development of tunable Ho lasers for the detection of CO2 and H2O in the atmosphere, new GeSb diode lasers for the detection of HF and NH3, new OPO laser sources, that cover the 3 to 3.5 μm "C-H stretch" spectral region, and grating tunable Diode Lasers. The utility of wide tunability and moderate linewidth makes these lasers important for the future remote detection of many hydrocarbon and pollutant species in the atmosphere, as well as for industrial process control instrumentation.
Radiation Energy Budget Studies using Collocated AVHRR and ERBE Observations
Authors: Ackerman Steven A. , Inoue Toshiro
Published: February 2023

The radiative modulation of the planet by clouds depends on the cloud optical properties and the temperature difference between the surface and the cloud. These properties can, to first order, be estimated based on the cloud classification (e.g., stratus, cumulonimbus, altocumulus). This study investigates cloud radiative forcing as a function of cloud classification. In addition, for clear sky conditions, the greenhouse parameter is determined. This is accomplished by collocated AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) observations within the ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment) scanner footprints. This collocation in time and space, allows one to take full advantage of the capabilities of each instrument.
Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Nitrogen Dioxide an Ab-Initio MRD-CI Study
Authors: Godoy Carolina , Váquez Gabriel J.
Published: February 2023

The spectroscopy and photochemistry of nitrogen dioxide has been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies; yet, these efforts have been little rewarding so far. Regarding the spectroscopy, the ground electronic state X2A1 is the only state which has been reasonably well characterized through EPR, ESR, LMR, MW and IR studies; equilibrium geometry, the three vibrational fundamentals, dipole moment, rotational constants, force and anharmonicity constants, and various others fine and hyperfine constants, are now known. Conversely, most of these data are unknown or controversial for the four lowest excited electronic states of NO2, namely,
A˜2B2,B˜2B1,C˜2A2 and
12Σ
g
+, lying in the far-IR, visible and near-UV regions; it is particularly striking that even the equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies of these states are still being sought for. Perhaps the best known of the excited states is 22B2, which lies in the near-UV, for which equilibrium geometry, vibrational frequencies, rotational constants and To are known. At higher energies, in the near-UV and VUV, there are various valence states: three quartets, 14A2, 14B2 and 14A1, and a number of doublets; these states have been predicted theoretically, yet none of them has been observed so far. In addition, a number of fragments of Rydberg series have been observed in the VUV and EUV regions, but only few features have been assigned unambiguosly.
Temperature Structure of Midlatitude Mesopause Observed by a Narrowband Na Fluorescence Lidar
Authors: She C. Y. , Yu J. R. , Chen H.
Published: February 2023

Since the first report on the temperature measurements in the mesopause region using the new two-frequency narrowband Na temperature lidar [1], active research continues and several publications have already appeared in the literature [2, 3]. In order to reveal the seasonal variations and the thermal structure of the mesopause region, long-term routine Na temperature measurements at different locations should be made. Unlike at polar latitudes, investigations of the nighttime temperature structures of the mesopause region on regular basis are possible year-round at a midlatitude. Such investigations are now in progress at both Fort Collins, CO (40.60N, 1050W) and Urbana, IL (400N, 880W) [4], using a new two-frequency narrowband Na temperature lidar in each location. From 1991 to the end of 1992, 106 nights of observations (22,138 files) have been conducted at Fort Collins, CO. In this paper, we report the results deduced from 88 nights of quality data with 4 to 9 hours of observation each night. Our data set covers a nearly continuous period of two years. The thermal structure of the mesopause region at a midlatitude location and its seasonal variation can be established from our observations.
Airborne Lidar Measurements of Aerosols
Authors: Grant William B. , Browell Edward V. , Anderson Bruce E. , Ismail Syed
Published: February 2023

Aerosols are now recognized as having a significant impact on global climate. Aerosols affect climate directly via scattering and absorption, and indirectly through their effect on cloud properties, generally acting in a manner that counteracts the warming induced by greenhouse gases such as CO2[Charlson et al., 1992; Fouquart and Isaka, 1992; Penner et al., 1992]. The NASA Langley Research Center's airborne UV DIAL system measures vertical-profile of aerosol scattering at IR, visible, and UV wavelengths at distances up to 25 km above and 12 km below the aircraft. The system has been operated in many different locations around the world during the past decade. The data sets obtained during these field experiments present an opportunity to contribute to the understanding of aerosol optical properties and their distribution, transportation and transformation, all of which bear on how they affect global climate. This paper presents an overview of work being undertaken to analyze and interpret the aerosol data as well as some preliminary results on lidar measurements of aerosols from biomass burning from a variety of locations.
Time-Dependent Behavior of Mount Pinatubo Aerosol
Authors: Michalsky Joseph , Larson Nels
Published: February 2023

The 15-16 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo delivered approximately 20 million metric tons of SO2 to the stratosphere. This is about three times the estimate for El Chichon (Bluth et al., 1992). While El Chichon's volcanic plume was confined mostly to the northern hemisphere, the SO2plume from Mount Pinatubo straddled the equator resulting in a more symmetrical global distribution of the H2SO4-H2O aerosol that results from the photochemical conversion of the SO2. Dutton and Christy (1992) find that the average Mount Pinatubo aerosol cloud as measured at two southern and two northern hemisphere sites exceeds the El Chichon aerosol optical depth for the first 10 months by about 70%. This is consistent with the extra SO2 loading and more uniform dispersal of the plume between hemispheres. They found the global and northern hemispheric temperatures of the lower troposphere to be 0.4 and 0.7° C below normal, respectively, by June 1992. This is consistent, thus far, with the predictions of Hansen et al. (1992).
Observations of Mount-Pinatubo Aerosol with A Raman Elastic-Backscatter Lidar Over Northern Germany At 53.5° N
Authors: Wandinger Ulla , Weitkamp Claus , Ansmann Albert
Published: February 2023

The paper presents latest results of lidar observations of the stratospheric perturbation after the strong eruptions of the volcano Mt. Pinatubo on the Philippines in June 1991.
Infrared Spectroscopic Measurements Needed for Atmospheric Remote Sensing
Authors: Varanasi P. , Shin U. , Gopalan A.
Published: February 2023

We have measured the infrared spectra of several atmospheric molecules in our laboratory at low temperatures appropriate for atmospheric remote sensing using the high-resolution of a state-of-the-art Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and a tunable diode laser spectrometer (TDLS). However, in order to limit the summary to four pages, we present here only the details of the measurements of the collision-broadened half-widths of sP(1,0), sP(3,2), sP(4,1), sP(4,2), and sP(4,3) in the v2s-fundamental bands of 14NH3 and 15NH3 at 198, 245, and 295 K employing the Doppler-limited spectral resolution (~ 10−4 cm−1) of the TDLS. The temperature dependence of the collision-broadened half-widths of these lines broadened by N2 has been determined. In addition, we have also measured the air-broadened linewidths of all of these lines at 295 K and the half-width of the sP(3,2) line of 15NH3 broadened by 14NH3 at 198, 245, and 295 K. Our tunable diode laser spectrometer, the low-temperature absorption cell, and the experimental technique for measuring collision-broadened (Lorentz) linewidths have been described previously.1
Daytime Measurements Of The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using An Alexandrite Lidar
Authors: Flamant Cyrille N. , Wilkerson Thomas D. , Prasad Coorg , Famiglietti Joseph
Published: February 2023

On the behalf of the Maryland Air Management Administration, lidar measurements are being made of the daytime evolution of Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height over Prince Georges County, MD. This paper describes the first week of observations, August 3-10, 1992. Data were taken most days around 11:00 AM (EDT), and in the afternoon when the lidar was available at various times. The PBL heights cited here are given in meters above the Goddard lidar station altitude which, in turn, is 65 meters above sea level. Coordinates at GSFC are approximately 39°00'N by 76°251'W.
A Practical Model for the Calculation of Multiply Scattered Lidar Returns
Authors: Eloranta Edwin W.
Published: February 2023

Lidar results are typically analyzed using an equation which assumes all photons contributing to the return have been singly scattered. Lidar pulses returned from clouds often encounter large optical depths within a short distance of the cloud boundary and many of the received photons are likely to result from multiple scattering. This paper presents an equation to predict the multiply scattered return. The equation is easy to solve on a small computer and allows specification of the scattering cross section and the scattering phase function as a function of penetration depth into the cloud. Atmospheric clouds are made of particles large compared to the wavelength of visible and near infrared lidars. Optical absorption by particles is typically negligible at these wavelengths. The solution derived in this paper applies to these conditions. The derivation is an approximation which considers only the contribution due to multiple small angle forward scatterings coupled with one large angle scattering which directs the photon back towards the receiver.
Lidar Observations of Mt. Pinatubo Aerosols at Table Mountain (34° N)
Authors: Haner David A. , Sirko Eric W. , McDermid I. Stuart
Published: February 2023

The stratospheric aerosols resulting from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo
have been observed using the JPL-Table Mountain Facility aerosol lidar
[McDermid et al, 1991].
Retrieval of Tropospheric Profiles From IR Emission Spectra: Investigations with the Double Beam Interferometer Sounder (DBIS):
Authors: Thériault J.-M. , Anderson G. P. , Chetwynd J. H. , Qu Y. , Murphy E. , Turner V. , Cloutier M. , Smith A.
Published: February 2023

In order to develop a method for the retrieval of temperature and water vapor profiles from IR emission spectra, the Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) has recently acquired a new device referred to as the Double input Beam Interferometer Sounder (DBIS). This sounder has been conceived to match the needs encountered in many remote sensing scenarios. It is a portable device composed of a Fourier spectrometer and one or optionally two telescopes that measures the atmospheric emission in the IR region from 3 to 20 μm at a spectral resolution of 1 cm-1and at any prescribed viewing angles. In the summer 1992, the DBIS has been deployed successfully in a series of field experiments, producing spectral data of good quality for a variety of sky conditions. These spectral data are now being utilized as a guide for the development of an optimized inversion algorithm
Dopplar Detection of the Stratospheric Hydroxyl Column Abundance
Authors: Iwagami N. , Inomata S.
Published: February 2023

Stratospheric OH column is measured with ground-based UV spectroscopy using the sun as a light source. The distinctive feature of our method is to utilize the Dopplar shift of solar spectrum due to the solar rotation to discriminate the slight terrestrial OH absorption from prominent solar features. The method is schematically outlined in Fig.1. By comparing spectra measured on the east and west edges of the solar disk, it is possible to cancel out most of solar structures to make the terrestrial features evident.
Singular Value Decomposition Analysis of Ozone Profile Retrieval from High-resolution Interferometer Sounder Data
Authors: Knuteson R.O. , Lee S.C. , Revercomb H.E. , Smith W.L.
Published: February 2023

In recent years the High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) program at the University of Wisconsin has made substantial contributions to the remote sensing of temperature and moisture vertical profiles from high spectral resolution infrared data.[Smith 1990] With the support of a NASA grant, the HIS program has been extended to include the development and validation of algorithms for the retrieval of trace constituents from HIS data. This paper is a summary of the analysis applied for the retrieval of ozone profiles (and column densities) from observed upwelling radiance obtained from NASA high altitude aircraft at about 20 km altitude. The analysis used makes use of the theory of singular value decomposition (SVD) in the solution of the under-determined nonlinear least squares problem posed by the data. Use of SVD is a powerful method for handling the ill conditioned inverse involved. The relevant theory and measurements are summarized and the result of application to observed data is provided below.
Multi-Wavelength Sequential Seeding Method for Water Vapor DIAL Measurements
Authors: Sachse Glen , Wang Liang-guo , Ismail Syed , Browell Edward , Banziger Curtis
Published: February 2023

Near IR diode lasers have many attractive features for injection seeding solid-state lasers including low cost, relatively high power, single mode operation and wide wavelength tunability. These laser devices are currently being used in the development, at NASA Langley, of an injection-seeded Ti:Al2O3-based DIAL instrument to remotely sense water vapor (H2O(v)) from an ER2 aircraft.
NORMALS — A Noise Reduction Method Using Multivariate Analysis Technique for Lidar Echo Signal
Authors: Okumura Hiroshi , Sugita Tadashi , Matsumoto Hironori , Takeuchi Nobuo
Published: February 2023

Portable lidar system is a powerful tool for monitoring air pollution, stratospheric and boundary layer, plume dispersion, visibility, and studying atmospheric structure and cloud physics. However, the signal-to-noise (S / N) ratio of each echo datum which is acquired with such portable lidar systems is not so high because of its low lasing power in comparison with large scale lidar systems.
Clear Air Turbulence Detection with a 2 μm Lidar Employing Velocity Width Processing
Authors: Martinsen Robert J. , Jankevics Andrew J. , Plum Charles P. , Flint John H.
Published: February 2023

We describe in this paper results of a system study for an airborne lidar system that makes real-time, range-resolved measurements of clear air turbulence (CAT) to several kilometers forward of an aircraft's projected flight path. Exploiting the width of the IF signal Doppler spectrum (σf) is central to the system concept. Since broadening of the Doppler spectrum beyond the transform limit is a function of the mixture of velocities (velocity width, σv) in the pulse scattering volume, any combination of shear and/or turbulence in the flight path is immediately revealed by the broadened spectra. Hence, σf relates to a property of the velocity field that is particularly important to aircraft anti other aerospace vehicles. Explicit spectral width processing is quite powerful for CAT detection lidars because complex atmospheric wind patterns can be characterized in terms of a single observable σv for subsequent reckoning against a hazard index.
Comparative Studies of Single- and Dual-Beam CO2 Laser Analyzer for Remote Sensing of Air Pollutants
Authors: Rob Mohammad A.
Published: February 2023

Laser spectroscopic techniques for detecting minute quantities of atmospheric pollutants have made rapid advances in the last few years.1-2 Molecular CO2 lasers play an important role in atmospheric pollution monitoring. This is because of its high power emission on multiple wavelengths in the 9 - 11 μm range, and which overlap with the absorption spectra of a large number of molecules of environmental concern, such as hydrocarbons (HC), O3, NH3, SO2, NO2, and others. In addition to using a CO2 laser for atmospheric pollution detection, one can use it inside a chemical plant to remotely detect leakage of unwanted toxic and hazardous gaseous compounds.2 In this article, we present some initial results of an investigation on a simple gas analyzer using a CO2 laser that can be used as a remote sensor for atmospheric pollution monitoring or for gas leak detection in chemical plants. A dual-beam CO2 laser analyzer is also under investigation and comparative results will be presented at the conference.
Tomographic Inversion of Stellar Occultation Measurements
Authors: Tamminen Johanna , Kyrölä Erkki , Oikarinen Liisa , Sihvola Elina , Haario Heikki
Published: February 2023

We have studied the possibilities of the stellar occultation method in monitoring the global distribution of stratospheric ozone. In this paper we discuss the tomographic inversion problem of stellar occultations. We present different techniques and compare them using the characteristic properties of GOMOS instrument.
Laser Sounding of Stratospheric Ozone in Obninsk (Russia)
Authors: Khmelevtsov S.S. , Svetogorov E.D.
Published: February 2023

Measurements of vertical profiles of stratospheric ozone concentrations in one wavelength sounding at the wavelength of 308 nm of eximer laser were started of October, 1990 in Obninsk. Procedure and results of such measurements are given in [1]. In the paper it was shown that knowing vertical profiles of air density and having a background value of ozone the measurement accuracy of vertical profiles of ozone concentration is edequate.
Development and Application of Compact Doppler Lidar Systems for Atmospheric Probing
Authors: Hardesty R. Michael
Published: February 2023

For the past several years, scientists at the Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) have employed a pulsed Doppler lidar system to observe wind fields and aerosol structure in a variety of scientific investigations. The transverse-excited, atmospheric pressure (TEA) CO2 lidar produces 1 J energy pulses at repetition rates up to 50 Hz. The system and its associated signal processing and display equipment are mounted in a semitrailer for easy transport to remote field sites.
Multi-center Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor
Authors: Rothermel J. , Hardesty R. M. , Menzies R. T.
Published: February 2023

In Spring 1992 development began for the Multi-center Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS). The four-year project will culminate in an airborne scanning pulsed CO2 Doppler lidar for multi-dimensional wind and calibrated backscatter measurement from the NASA DC-8 research aircraft. MACAWS is under joint development by the lidar remote sensing groups of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Wave Propagation Laboratory (NOAA), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). MSFC is assigned lead responsibility for overall coordination, science definition, and mission planning. Each lidar group is sharing major hardware components and subsystems which, in several instances, have been used in previous ground-based or airborne measurement programs. The principal of operation is similar to that employed by MSFC during previous airborne lidar wind measurements [1-6]. The primary improvements are use of the NOAA Joule-class tunable CO2 laser transmitter, expanded scanning capability, and improved in-flight instrument control and data visualization systems.
Assessment of the Accuracy of the Retrieval Methods in Presence of Multiple Scattering in Space Borne Lidar Return
Authors: Starkov Andrei V. , Flesia Cristina
Published: February 2023

The presence of multiple scattering contributions to a space borne lidar returns from molecular atmosphere, cirrus layers and cumulus clouds leads to a limitation of the application of single scattering approach to the retrieval of extinction profile and optical depth. These limitations are observed not only within the cloud but also in the domain of the clear atmosphere hidden by the cloud layers.