bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research horizons for public and private not‐for‐profit sector reporting: moving the bar in the right direction
Authors: Gilchrist David J. , Simnett Roger
Published: January 2019

The examination of public and private not‐for‐profit sector financial reporting has been a topic of interest on a cyclical basis in Australia over the last 30 years. Traditional topics have included examinations of the intended and unintended consequences of specific standards, the accountability value of financial reports, transaction neutrality, compliance with the accounting standards, and more recently, the prospective implications of new, differently focused reporting standards considering such issues as income measurement and outcomes reporting. With increased recent attention from standard setters and regulators, and greater data availability, the opportunities for undertaking impactful research in these and related areas are increasing. In this paper, we focus on research that has examined the following questions: (i) Which private and public NFPOs lodge financial reports and what is reported; (ii) Who are the users and what are their information needs? (iii) Which private and public NFPs should lodge financial reports and what should be included in them; and (iv) How should the accounting frameworks for NFP sector reporting be set? For each of these issues, we identify the research gaps and opportunities for further research.
Fentanils: a serious threat to public health
Authors: Mounteney Jane , Griffiths Paul , Sedefov Roumen , Evans‐Brown Michael
Published: January 2019

Commentary to: Illicit fentanyls in the opioid street market: desired or imposed?
The Euro System as a Laboratory for Neoliberalism: The Case of Spain
Authors: López‐Castellano Fernando , García‐Quero Fernando
Published: January 2019

Since the 1970s, neoliberalism has evolved from ideology to political agenda, from political program to public policy, and from public policy to a system that replaces democratic control over economic policy with a system of elite economic management. This process of change has been possible due to the endorsement of a meta‐political theory that destroys democracy and legitimizes technocratic despotism, financial deregulation, the debasement of labor into a new proletariat, and the purging of constitutional politics. In this article, we analyze this profound transformation of social and legal relations in the “euro system” and, specifically, in the regressive policies that have emerged from the “crisis” in Spain, a peripheral country of the European Union. The problems in contemporary Europe are a direct consequence of the neoliberal version of European economic unity. Their solution will depend on the capacity of the member states to create a social Europe that strengthens institutional democracy and develops universal systems of social protection. This, in turn, will depend on the ability of citizens to remodel state institutions in accordance with new social goals that place life at the center.
Safety and reproducibility of nasal allergen challenge
Authors: Eguiluz‐Gracia Ibon , Testera‐Montes Almudena , González Miguel , Pérez‐Sánchez Natalia , Ariza Adriana , Salas María , Moreno‐Aguilar Carmen , Campo Paloma , Torres María José , Rondon Carmen
Published: January 2019

Background

The nasal allergen challenge (NAC) is a useful tool for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and local allergic rhinitis (LAR) and might serve to design and monitor allergen immunotherapy. Nevertheless, data about its safety and reproducibility are scarce.

Objective

To investigate the safety and reproducibility of NAC in pediatric and adult rhinitis patients with/without asthmatic symptoms, and in healthy controls.

Methods

A retrospective evaluation of the NACs conducted in our Unit for 2005‐2017 and monitored by acoustic rhinometry and nasal‐ocular symptoms was performed to analyze the safety of two methods for allergen application (metered spray & micropipette) and NAC protocols (NAC with single or multiple allergens/session [NAC‐S & NAC‐M]). The adverse events (AEs), spirometry values, and rescue medication required for AE were recorded. The reproducibility was examined by a prospective analysis of three repeated NAC‐S performed at 1‐2‐month interval in AR, LAR and nonallergic rhinitis patients, and in healthy controls.

Results

A total of 11 499 NACs were performed in 518 children and 5830 adults. Only four local AE occurred, and 99.97% of NACs were well tolerated. The reproducibility and positive and negative predictive values of three consecutive NAC‐S performed in 710 subjects were 97.32%, 100%, and 92.91%, respectively. There were no false‐positive results in the 710 analyzed subjects. Safety and reproducibility were comparable between the methods of allergen application and the rhinitis phenotypes.

Conclusion

The NAC is a safe and highly reproducible diagnostic test ready to be used in the clinical practice in both children and adults with or without asthma.
Association of vitamin D deficiency with electrocardiographic markers of left atrial abnormalities
Authors: Anees Muhammad Ali , Ahmad Muhammad Imtiaz , Chevli Parag A. , Li Yabing , Soliman Elsayed Z.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Electrocardiographic markers of left atrial (LA) abnormalities are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with prolonged P wave duration and PR interval as markers of LA abnormalities.

Methods

This analysis included 5,894 participants (58.12 ± 12.9 years; 54.7% women; 49.8% non‐Hispanic Whites) without clinical CVD from NHANES III. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the association of vitamin D categories (<20 ng/ml, 20–29 ng/ml and >30 ng/ml (reference) with prolonged P wave duration (≥120 ms) and PR interval (≥200 ms).

Results

There was an incremental increase in the prevalence of prolonged P wave duration and PR interval across vitamin D categories with the highest prevalence in study participants with vitamin D levels <20 ng/ml, followed by 20–29 ng/ml and then >30 ng/ml (trend p‐value < 0.0001). Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) was associated with prolonged P wave duration (OR [95% CI]: 1.22 [1.03–1.45], p = 0.02) and prolonged PR interval (OR [95% CI]: 1.48 [1.12–1.97], p = 0.006) in multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for demographics, CVD risk factors, and other potential confounders. These associations were consistent across subgroups stratified by age, sex, and race.

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of LA abnormalities. This association elucidates an alternate pathway through which vitamin D deficiency may increase CVD risk. Whether vitamin D supplementation would improve LA abnormalities requires further investigation.
The retropubic tension‐free vaginal tape procedure—Efficacy, risk factors for recurrence and long‐term safety
Authors: Holdø Bjørn , Verelst Margareta , Svenningsen Rune , Milsom Ian , Skjeldestad Finn E.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

The retropubic tension‐free vaginal tape has been the preferred method for primary surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence and stress‐dominated mixed urinary incontinence in women for more than 20 years. This study presents long‐term safety and efficacy data and assesses risk factors for long‐term recurrence.

Material and methods

In a case‐series design we assessed a historical cohort of primary surgeries performed with the tension‐free vaginal tape procedure in 596 women from 1998 to 2012 with follow up through 2015. Information from the medical records was transferred to a case report form comprising data on early and late complications and recurrence of urinary incontinence defined as bothersome stress urinary incontinence symptoms. All analyses were performed with SPSS using Pearson chi‐square, survival and Cox regression analyses.

Results

After a 10‐year follow up, mixed urinary incontinent women (hazard ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4‐3.0) had a significantly increased risk of recurrence of stress urinary incontinence symptoms compared with women with pure stress urinary incontinence as the indication for surgery. Overall cumulative cure rates after 1, 5 and 10 years were 92% (95% CI; 90%‐94%), 79% (95% CI; 75%‐83%) and 69% (95% CI; 63%‐75%), respectively. Recurrent surgery (0.3%) and serious tape complications needing major surgical treatment (0.3%) were rare. Six patients (1.0%) had the tape cut due to urinary retention, and nine patients (1.5%) reported urinary retention more than 3 months after surgery.

Conclusions

The tension‐free vaginal tape procedure has a high long‐term durability. Mixed urinary incontinence as an indication for surgery predicted long‐term recurrence. Long‐term complications were rare.
Nonselective beta‐blockers and the risk of portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis: results of a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Nery Filipe , Correia Sofia , Macedo Carlos , Gandara Judit , Lopes Vítor , Valadares Diana , Ferreira Sofia , Oliveira João , Gomes Manuel Teixeira , Lucas Raquel , Rautou Pierre‐Emmanuel , Miranda Helena Pessegueiro , Valla Dominique
Published: January 2019

Background

Nonmalignant portal vein thrombosis is a significant event in the course of cirrhosis that can contraindicate liver transplantation and even impact survival after the surgical procedure. Risk factors are not completely known or validated and are still debated.

Aim

To identify in patients with cirrhosis the risk factors for portal vein thrombosis that are assessable in clinical practice.

Methods

Between January 2014 and February 2017, 108 outpatients with cirrhosis and no portal vein thrombosis (78% Child A) were enrolled. Doppler ultrasound was performed every 3 or 6 months, for a median follow up of 19 months.

Results

Portal vein thrombosis developed in 11 patients. Nonselective beta‐blockade (hazard ratio [HR] 10.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35‐82.73; P = 0.025), and medium or large‐sized oesophageal varices (HR 5.67; 95% CI: 1.49‐21.63; P = 0.011) at baseline were associated with portal vein thrombosis development. Although heart rate (P < 0.001) and portal blood flow velocity at baseline (P = 0.005) were significantly reduced by nonselective beta‐blockers, they were not related to portal vein thrombosis development.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm an association between portal vein thrombosis development and oesophageal varices at baseline, but suggest that the association could be explained by exposure to nonselective beta‐blockers, independently from effects on heart rate and portal blood flow velocity. The mechanisms that explain portal vein thrombosis development in patients on nonselective beta‐blockers require elucidation in order to optimise targeting of nonselective beta‐blockade in patients with cirrhosis.
Lipid mediators in immune regulation and resolution
Authors: Gilroy Derek W. , Bishop‐Bailey David
Published: January 2019

We are all too familiar with the events that follow a bee sting—heat, redness, swelling, and pain. These are Celsus' four cardinal signs of inflammation that are driven by very well‐defined signals and hormones. In fact, targeting the factors that drive this onset phase is the basis upon which most current anti‐inflammatory therapies were developed. We are also very well aware that within a few hours, these cardinal signs normally disappear. In other words, inflammation resolves. When it does not, inflammation persists, resulting in damaging chronic conditions. While inflammatory onset is actively driven, so also is its resolution—years of research have identified novel internal counter‐regulatory signals that work together to switch off inflammation. Among these signals, lipids are potent signalling molecules that regulate an array of immune responses including vascular hyper reactivity and pain, as well as leukocyte trafficking and clearance, so‐called resolution. Here, we collate bioactive lipid research to date and summarize the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and their role in inflammation, as well as resolution.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc
Frizzled 2‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition correlates with vasculogenic mimicry, stemness, and Hippo signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ou Huohui , Chen Zhanjun , Xiang Leyang , Fang Yinghao , Xu Yuyan , Liu Qin , Hu Zhigang , Li Xianghong , Huang Yu , Yang Dinghua
Published: January 2019

Prior observation has indicated that Frizzled 2 (FZD2)‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) could be a key step in metastasis and early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism underlying tumor development and progression due to aberrant FZD2 expression is poorly defined. Here, we provide evidence that FZD2 is a driver for EMT, cancer stem cell properties, and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in HCC. We found that FZD2 was highly expressed in two cohorts of Chinese hepatitis B virus‐related HCC patients, and that high FZD2 expression was associated with poor prognosis. Concerning the mechanism, gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments showed the oncogenic action of FZD2 in HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Further investigations in vitro and in vivo suggested that FZD2 promotes the EMT process, enhances stem‐like properties, and confers VM capacity to HCC cells. Notably, integrative RNA sequencing analysis of FZD2‐knockdown cells indicated the enrichment of Hippo signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggest for the first time that FZD2 could promote clinically relevant EMT, CD44+ stem‐like properties, and the VM phenotype in HCC involving a potential Hippo signaling pathway‐dependent mechanism, and should be considered as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
Identification of NEK3 and MOK as novel targets for lithium
Authors: Bravo Ana , de Lucio Héctor , Sánchez‐Murcia Pedro A. , Jiménez‐Ruiz Antonio , Petrone Paula M. , Gago Federico , Cortés Cabrera Alvaro
Published: January 2019

Lithium ion, commonly used as the carbonate salt in the treatment of bipolar disorders, has been identified as an inhibitor of several kinases, including Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3β, for almost 20 years. However, both the exact mechanism of enzymatic inhibition and its apparent specificity for certain metalloenzymes are still a matter of debate. A data‐driven hypothesis is presented that accounts for the specificity profile of kinase inhibition by lithium in terms of the presence of a unique protein environment in the magnesium‐binding site. This hypothesis has been validated by the discovery of two novel potential targets for lithium, namely NEK3 and MOK, which are related to neuronal function.
The concept of a child within sub‐Saharan African migrant homes: Reconciling culture and child rights
Authors: Mugadza Hilda Tafadzwa , Stout Brian , Akombi Blessing Jaka , Williams Tetteh Vera , Renzaho Andre
Published: January 2019

As international migration increases, the Australian socio‐cultural and political context in which sub‐Saharan African migrant families are settling is causing tension between traditional sub‐Saharan African migrant definitions of child and childhood experiences and host nation definitions particularly when compared with the child protection system. This paper seeks to explore and highlight the fundamental values and differences that determine perceptions and treatment of children within traditional sub‐Saharan African communities. Using a qualitative design, this study was influenced by acculturation theory. Four major themes emerged from the analysis: (a) culture and the sub‐Saharan African child, (b) moulding good children, (c) family functioning and relationships, and (d) host context: perceptions of Australian mainstream parenting. The study found that in order to successfully make decisions that are in the best interest of sub‐Saharan African migrant children that come to the attention of the child protection system, discussions about children rights can only yield good outcomes when the child's socio‐cultural environment is considered.
Liquid biopsy in breast cancer: A comprehensive review
Authors: Alimirzaie Sahar , Bagherzadeh Maryam , Akbari Mohammad R.
Published: January 2019

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Due to its complexity in nature, effective breast cancer treatment can encounter many challenges. Traditional methods of cancer detection such as tissue biopsy are not comprehensive enough to capture the entire genomic landscape of breast tumors. However, with the introduction of novel techniques, the application of liquid biopsy has been enhanced, enabling the improvement of various aspects of breast cancer management including early diagnosis and screening, prediction of prognosis, early detection of relapse, serial sampling and efficient longitudinal monitoring of disease progress and response to treatment. Various components of tumor cells released into the blood circulation can be analyzed in liquid biopsy sampling, some of which include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell‐free RNA, tumor‐educated platelets and exosomes. These components can be utilized for different purposes. As an example, ctDNA can be sequenced for genetic profiling of the tumors to enhance individualized treatment and longitudinal screening. CTC plasma count analysis or ctDNA detection after curative tumor resection surgery could facilitate early detection of minimal residual disease, aiding in the initiation of adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence. Furthermore, CTC plasma count can be assessed to determine the stage and prognosis of breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the various components of liquid biopsy used in breast cancer diagnosis and will expand on aspects that require further focus in future research.
Triclosan‐containing fluoride toothpaste on clinical parameters and osteo‐inflammatory mediators when applied in a stent during experimental peri‐implant mucositis in smokers
Authors: Peres Pimentel Suzana , Vieira Ribeiro Fernanda , Correa Casarin Renato , Ribeiro Cirano Fabiano , Haguihara Luchesi Vanessa , Gallego Arias Pecorari Vanessa , Zaffalon Casati Marcio
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To determine the effect of triclosan‐containing fluoride toothpaste on the clinical parameters and the osteo‐immunoinflammatory mediators in the peri‐implant fluid when applied in a stent during experimental peri‐implant mucositis in smokers.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐six smokers with an implant‐supported crown were enrolled in this double‐blind, randomized, crossover study. During the two 3‐week periods without mechanical toothbrushing (washout period: 30 days), patients were randomly assigned to triclosan/fluoride (n:13) or fluoride toothpaste (n:13), three times/day. Clinical and immunoenzymatic assays were performed at baseline, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days.

Results

Both groups showed increase in the Plaque Index throughout the study (p = 0.001), without inter‐group differences at 21 days (p > 0.05). No intra‐ or inter‐group differences were observed for IFN‐γ, IL10, IL‐1β, IL8, IL‐17, IL‐6, TNF‐α, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TGF‐β, OC, OPN, ICTP, OPG and RANKL (p > 0.05). However, the RANKL/OPG ratio was significantly higher in fluoride toothpaste‐treated sites when compared to triclosan/fluoride‐treated sites at the end of period without mechanical toothbrushing, on the 21st day (p = 0.041).

Conclusion

Triclosan‐containing toothpaste favorably modulated osteo‐immunoinflammatory mediators during the experimental peri‐implant mucositis in smokers, decreasing the ratio of RANKL/OPG.
What is the outcome for patients undergoing more than two ileocolonic resections for recurrent Crohn's disease? A comparative study of 569 consecutive procedures
Authors: Bouquot M. , Maggiori L. , Hain E. , Prost a la Denise J. , Bouhnik Y. , Panis Y.
Published: January 2019

Aim

To assess the outcome for patients undergoing repeated ileocolonic resection for recurrent Crohn's disease (CD).

Method

All patients undergoing ileocolonic resection for terminal ileal CD between 1998 and 2016 in our tertiary care centre were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Between 1998 and 2016, 569 ileocolonic resections were performed for CD: 403 of these were primary resections (1R, 71%), 107 second resections (2R, 19%) and 59 were third (or more) resections (> 2R, 10%). The laparoscopic approach rate was significantly less in the > 2R group (20/59, 34%) compared with the 2R (71/107, 66%; P = 0.002) and 1R (366/403, 91%) groups. However, conversion to an open approach did not show any difference between the three groups [1R group 46/366 (13%) vs 2R group 14/71 (20%) vs > 2R group 3/20 (15%); 1R vs > 2R P = 0.750; 2R vs > 2R P = 0.633]. Postoperative morbidity was significantly increased in the > 2R (28/59, 52%) group compared with the 1R group (115/403, 29%; P < 0.001) but showed no difference compared with the 2R group (43/107, 40%; P = 0.365). There was no difference between the groups in the incidence of severe postoperative morbidity (Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3) [1R group n = 24 (6%); 2R group n = 6 (6%); > 2R group n = 4, 7%; 1R vs > 2R P = 0.865, 2R vs > 2R P = 0.761].

Conclusion

Although the overall morbidity rate was higher, repeated surgery for recurrent CD in patients undergoing three or more ileocolonic resections was not associated with an increased risk of severe postoperative morbidity in our series.
UK registry analysis of donor substance misuse and outcomes following pancreas transplantation
Authors: Thompson Emily R. , Irwin Ellen A. , Trotter Patrick , Ibrahim Ibrahim K. , Tingle Sam J. , White Steve A. , Manas Derek M. , Wilson Colin H.
Published: January 2019

Substance abuse is unfortunately common in organ donors. Often, these organs are declined for transplant, not only because of concerns around blood‐borne virus transmission but also because of perceived poor outcomes. In kidney transplantation, previous studies have demonstrated donor smoking status significantly impacts transplant outcome, but intravenous drug use or alcohol dependence does not. This study aims to clarify these issues in pancreas transplantation. Retrospective data on all UK solid organ pancreas transplants from 1994 to 2015 were obtained from the NHSBT UK Transplant Registry. The impact of illicit drug misuse, alcohol abuse, and smoking on graft and patient survival were analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier plots and a Cox regression model. A total of 1175 of the 2317 (49.5%) donors were categorized as substance misusers. Univariate survival analysis revealed no significant impact of substance misuse on 10‐year graft or patient survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed substance misuse was not associated with impaired graft or patient survival. A history of donor substance misuse does not negatively impact 10‐year graft or patient survival following pancreas transplantation. This is a large national registry analysis with long‐term follow‐up data and should therefore provide clinicians with reassurance when considering pancreas grafts from substance misuse donors.
International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder
Authors: Blank Rainer , Barnett Anna L , Cairney John , Green Dido , Kirby Amanda , Polatajko Helene , Rosenblum Sara , Smits‐Engelsman Bouwien , Sugden David , Wilson Peter , Vinçon Sabine
Published: January 2019

Aim

These international clinical practice recommendations (CPR) for developmental coordination disorder (DCD), initiated by the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD), aim to address key questions on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects ofDCDrelevant for clinical practice.

Method

Key questions in five areas were considered through literature reviews and formal expert consensus. For recommendations based on evidence, literature searches on ‘mechanisms’, ‘assessment’, and ‘intervention’ were updated since the last recommendations in 2012. New searches were conducted for ‘psychosocial issues’ and ‘adolescents/adults’. Evidence was rated according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine (level of evidence [LOE] 1–4) and transferred into recommendations. For recommendations based on formal consensus, two meetings of an international, multidisciplinary expert panel were conducted with a further five Delphi rounds to develop good clinical practice (GCP) recommendations.

Results

Thirty‐five recommendations were made. Eight were based on the evidence from literature reviews (three on ‘assessment’, five on ‘intervention’). Twenty‐two were updated from the 2012 recommendations. New recommendations relate to diagnosis and assessment (twoGCPs) and psychosocial issues (threeGCPs). Additionally, one new recommendation (LOE) reflects active video games as adjuncts to more traditional activity‐oriented and participation‐oriented interventions, and two new recommendations (oneGCP, oneLOE) were made for adolescents and adults withDCD.

Interpretation

TheCPR–DCDis a comprehensive overview ofDCDand current understanding based on research evidence and expert consensus. It reflects the state of the art for clinicians and scientists of varied disciplines. The internationalCPR–DCDmay serve as a basis for national guidelines.

What this paper adds

Updated international clinical practice guidelines on developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

Refined and extended recommendations on clinical assessment and intervention for DCD.

A critical synopsis of current research on mechanisms of DCD.

A critical synopsis of psychosocial issues in DCD, with implications for clinical practice.

The first international recommendations to consider adolescents and adults with DCD.
Human disease/clinical medical sciences for dentistry in early‐years dental graduates: Transition from undergraduate study to clinical practice
Authors: Atkin Philip A.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Dental bodies across Europe have published curricula aiming to guide the development of a graduating dentist who is safe and competent, and which also contain direction on what knowledge and understanding of patient's health, drugs and disease a recent graduate should have.

Materials, Methods and Aim

A questionnaire to survey Foundation Dentists in Wales regarding their undergraduate teaching and assessment in human disease/clinical medical science for dentistry and how this translates to their knowledge, attitudes and confidence in the dental management of patients who may have chronic disease or disability.

Results

A 97% response rate to the questionnaire from Foundation Dentists graduating from schools across the UK showed that the large majority felt their teaching and learning in human disease/clinical medical science for dentistry was appropriately delivered and assessed, and that they were well prepared for independent dental practice and to plan and safely manage treatments for all their patients.

Discussion

This survey of newly qualified dentists representing graduates from different types of dental courses and both newer and long‐established schools across the UK reports the foundation dentists felt that they are competent and safe to care for all patients, including those with complex medical histories.

Conclusions

The foundation dentists surveyed have completed dental undergraduate courses containing the appropriate education and assessment for human health and disease, such that they are prepared to manage their patient population safely, and are well placed to serve their patients as the population continues to age and the amount of medical morbidity increases.
Moving the four habits model into dentistry. Development of a dental consultation model: Do dentists need an additional habit?
Authors: Torper Jorun , Ansteinsson Vibeke , Lundeby Tonje
Published: January 2019

A consultation model for dentistry is presented, with communication skills in a didactic and structural format, applicable for most types of visits, patients and problems. A characteristic of the dental visit is its division into dialogue phases and clinical phases, which makes verbal exchange especially challenging. The original Four Habits Model (4H) has been adapted from medicine to the specific structure and content of a dental visit, and a modified model is proposed. The dental model consists of a structural core framework relevant for all dental consultations, and additional extensions applicable to commonly occurring issues. Facilitate Perceived Control has been added to the model, due to its crucial importance in dental visits, and we suggest naming the model “The Four + One Habits Model for Dental Visits (4 + 1HD).” The proposed model should have clinical relevance for improving patient care and patient experience, as well as easing the busy everyday life for dentists in a variety of clinical settings. It is also likely to be a flexible framework for communication skills training at all levels of dental education. More research is needed to validate and test the model in various clinical and educational settings.
After Gundovald, before Pseudo‐Isidore: episcopal jurisdiction, clerical privilege and the uses of Roman law in the Frankish kingdoms
Authors: Esders Stefan , Reimitz Helmut
Published: January 2019

The article focuses on the mobilization and reconfiguration of Roman law in the Merovingian kingdoms. It pays particular attention to a collection of legal texts first compiled in the late sixth century, in preparation for the Second synod of Mâcon in 585. Drawing heavily on an extraordinary collection of late Roman imperial laws, the so‐called Sirmondian Constitutions, the bishops sought to declare themselves untouchably sacrosanct. A close analysis of the synodal canons shows that the bishops adapted these imperial rulings to legitimate their position in ways that had no basis in the original laws themselves. The study closes by linking the synod of Mâcon with a debate over episcopal privilege as reflected in the writings of Gregory of Tours, and with a brief look at the further history of the debate in the Carolingian period.
Selectivity of the CUBAN domain in the recognition of ubiquitin and NEDD8
Authors: Castagnoli Luisa , Mandaliti Walter , Nepravishta Ridvan , Valentini Eleonora , Mattioni Anna , Procopio Radha , Iannuccelli Marta , Polo Simona , Paci Maurizio , Cesareni Gianni , Santonico Elena
Published: January 2019

Among the members of the ubiquitin‐like (Ubl) protein family, neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down‐regulated protein 8 (NEDD8) is the closest in sequence to ubiquitin (57% identity). The two modification mechanisms and their functions, however, are highly distinct and the two Ubls are not interchangeable. A complex network of interactions between modifying enzymes and adaptors, most of which are specific while others are promiscuous, ensures selectivity. Many domains that bind the ubiquitin hydrophobic patch also bind NEDD8 while no domain that specifically binds NEDD8 has yet been described. Here, we report an unbiased selection of domains that bind ubiquitin and/or NEDD8 and we characterize their specificity/promiscuity. Many ubiquitin‐binding domains bind ubiquitin preferentially and, to a lesser extent, NEDD8. In a few cases, the affinity of these domains for NEDD8 can be increased by substituting the alanine at position 72 with arginine, as in ubiquitin. We have also identified a unique domain, mapping to the carboxyl end of the protein KHNYN, which has a stark preference for NEDD8. Given its ability to bind neddylated cullins, we have named this domain CUBAN (Cullin‐Binding domain Associating with NEDD8). We present here the solution structure of the CUBAN domain both in the isolated form and in complex with NEDD8. The results contribute to the understanding of the discrimination mechanism between ubiquitin and the Ubl. They also provide new insights on the biological role of a ill‐defined protein, whose function is hitherto only predicted.
Loop size optimization induces a strong thermal stabilization of the thioredoxin fold
Authors: Ruggiero Alessia , Smaldone Giovanni , Esposito Luciana , Balasco Nicole , Vitagliano Luigi
Published: January 2019

The definition of the structural basis of protein thermostability represents a major topic in structural biology and protein chemistry. We have recently observed that proteins isolated from thermophilic organisms show a better adherence to the fundamental rules of protein topology previously unveiled by Baker and coworkers (Koga et al. Nature. 2012; 491: 222–227). Here, we explored the possibility that ad hoc modifications of a natural protein following these rules could represent an efficient tool to stabilize its structure. Hence, we here designed and characterized novel variants of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (EcTrx) using a repertoire of biophysical/structural techniques. Trx chimeric variants were prepared by replacing the loop of EcTrx with the corresponding ones present in the Trxs isolated from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus tokodaii that show a better adherence to the topological rules. Interestingly, although the loop sequences of these proteins did not display any significant similarity, their insertion in EcTrx induced a remarkable stabilization of the protein (≥10 °C). The crystallographic structure of one of these variants corroborates the hypothesis that the optimization of the loop size is the driving force of the observed stabilization. The remarkable stabilization of the two novel chimeric Trxs, generated by applying the topological rules, represents the proof of concept that these rules may be used to stabilize natural proteins through the ad hoc optimization of the loop size. Based on the present results, we propose a novel protocol of protein stabilization that can be potentially applied to other proteins.
Climate‐driven reduction of genetic variation in plant phenology alters soil communities and nutrient pools
Authors: Ware Ian M. , Van Nuland Michael E. , Schweitzer Jennifer A. , Yang Zamin , Schadt Christopher W. , Sidak‐Loftis Lindsay C. , Stone Nathan E. , Busch Joseph D. , Wagner David M. , Bailey Joseph K.
Published: January 2019

We examined the hypothesis that climate‐driven evolution of plant traits will influence associated soil microbiomes and ecosystem function across the landscape. Using a foundation tree species, Populus angustifolia, observational and common garden approaches, and a base population genetic collection that spans 17 river systems in the western United States, from AZ to MT, we show that (a) as mean annual temperature (MAT) increases, genetic and phenotypic variation for bud break phenology decline; (b) soil microbiomes, soil nitrogen (N), and soil carbon (C) vary in response to MAT and conditioning by trees; and (c) with losses of genetic variation due to warming, population‐level regulation of community and ecosystem functions strengthen. These results demonstrate a relationship between the potential evolutionary response of populations and subsequent shifts in ecosystem function along a large temperature gradient.
Optimism, Pessimism, and Migraine: A Cross‐Sectional, Population‐Based Study
Authors: Peres Mario F.P. , Oliveira Arão Belitardo , Mercante Juliane P. , Kamei Helder H. , Tobo Patricia R. , Rozen Todd D. , Levin Morris , Buse Dawn C. , Lucchetti Giancarlo
Published: January 2019

Background

Optimism and pessimism are related to several mental health and brain disorders, are significant predictors of physical and psychological health outcomes, and implicated as psychosocial determinants of the pain experience. Despite this promising evidence, limited information is available on optimism and pessimism in headache disorders.

Objective

To evaluate the influence of optimism and pessimism in meeting criteria for migraine and related disability in a population‐based sample.

Methods

This is an observational, cross‐sectional study. The sample population was selected through a stratified, multi‐stage area probability sample of households, as used by the last Brazilian Census. A validated questionnaire eliciting data on demographics, headache features, migraine‐related disability, depression (PHQ‐9), anxiety (GAD‐7), optimism, and pessimism (life orientation test – revised) was administered to people with migraine and headache‐free control participants from the general population in São Paulo, Brazil via trained interviewers. Six hundred individuals were contacted. The odds for having migraine/no headache diagnosis were calculated by binary logistic regression, and ordinal regression was performed to check associations between migraine‐related disability and optimism.

Results

A total of 302 individuals (mean ± SD age: 39.7 ± 12.7; BMI: 26.5 ± 5.9) met inclusion criteria and were included, 140 controls (with no history of headache disorders) and 162 people meeting criteria for migraine (29 with chronic migraine, that is, 15 or more headache days/month). People with migraine were less optimistic and more pessimistic than controls, and endorsed higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Pessimism (OR 95% CI = 1.16 [1.05–1.28], P = .005) and anxiety (OR 95% CI = 1.19 [1.10–1.29], P < .001) were predictors of meeting criteria for migraine, while optimism (β 95% CI = −0.915 [−1.643, −0.188], P = .01) was inversely associated with migraine‐related disability.

Conclusions

Optimism and pessimism are associated with migraine and migraine‐related disability. These concepts should be further explored in people with migraine with regard to their potential influences on clinical research outcomes and treatments.
Predictors of Short‐Term Prognosis While in Pediatric Headache Care: An Observational Study
Authors: Orr Serena L. , Turner Abigail , Kabbouche Marielle A. , Horn Paul S. , O’Brien Hope L. , Kacperski Joanne , LeCates Susan , White Shannon , Weberding Jessica , Miller Mimi N. , Powers Scott W. , Hershey Andrew D.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

To characterize the short‐term prognosis of a clinical population of pediatric and young adult patients with migraine and explore predictors of clinical worsening while in care.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of all migraine patients seen at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Headache Center from 09/01/2006 to 12/31/2017, who had at least 1 follow‐up visit within 1‐3 months of the index visit analyzed. Included data were: age, sex, race, primary ICHD diagnosis, chronic migraine, medication overuse, history of status migrainosus, BMI percentile, headache frequency, headache severity, PedMIDAS score, allodynia, preventive treatment type, lifestyle habits, disease duration, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Clinical worsening was defined as an increase in 4 or more headache days per month between the index visit and the follow‐up visit.

Results

Data for 13,160 visit pairs (index and follow‐up), from 5316 patients, were analyzed. Clinical worsening occurred in only 14.5% (1908/13,160), whereas a reduction in headache frequency was observed in 56.8% of visit intervals (7475/13,160), with 34.8% of the intervals (4580/13,160) showing a reduction of 50% or greater. The change in headache frequency was minimal (increase in 0‐3 headaches/month) in 28.7% of intervals (3737/13,160). In the multivariable model, the odds of worsening were significantly higher with increasing age, female sex, chronic migraine, status migrainosus, depressive symptoms, higher PedMIDAS scores, and use of nutraceuticals, whereas the odds of worsening were lower for summer visits, caffeine drinkers, higher headache frequencies, and use of pharmaceuticals.

Conclusions

The majority of pediatric patients who receive multimodal interdisciplinary care for migraine improve over time. Our findings highlight a set of clinical features that may help in identifying specific factors that may contribute to an unfavorable short‐term prognosis.
Dental hygiene students and faculty attitudes and utilization of a single source electronic textbook platform
Authors: Pratt Rachelle S. , Green Jacqueline L. , Rasmussen Kari , Lai Hollis , Compton Sharon M.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Transitioning to interactive e‐textbooks has been considered revolutionary for enhancing student learning. However, adopting this technology has been met with hesitation. This study investigates student and faculty attitudes and utilization of mandatory e‐textbooks in a dental hygiene program.

Methods

In 2017, an online questionnaire was distributed to students and a focus group was conducted with faculty to examine their perspectives about using VitalSource™. Using a 5‐point Likert scale with five indicating strongly agree, the questionnaire examined convenience; compatibility with learning style; perceived enjoyment; and usefulness. Open‐ended questions captured benefits and challenges. The focus group gathered faculty perspectives. Questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Data from the open‐ended questionnaire questions and focus group transcript followed a narrative analysis process.

Results

Survey response was 48% (n = 105). Students scored all factors below neutral. Results from four categories showed convenience (M = 2.75, SD = 0.92); compatibility (M = 1.93, SD = 0.83); perceived effectiveness (M = 2.15, SD = 0.90); and perceived usefulness (M = 2.36, SD = 1.04). A high correlation between all factors suggests they were uniformly rated by students. Majority of students (71%) did not use a textbook greater than once a month. Narrative analysis revealed few benefits; challenges included technical glitches, eyestrain, cost and inability to choose books as desired. Faculty's perspectives aligned with the students, but they appreciated portability of texts and quality of clinical images.

Conclusions

Students strongly disliked the platform and the online medium and do not frequently access e‐textbooks but rely on PowerPoint handouts for studying. Faculty felt e‐textbooks do not align with positive learning experiences.
Fabrication of dense and porous biphasic calcium phosphates: Effect of dispersion on sinterability and microstructural development
Authors: Mohammadi Mehdi , Tulliani Jean‐Marc , Palmero Paola
Published: January 2019

The particle size distribution of a commercial Mg‐doped hydroxyapatite powder was tailored through two different milling procedures, carried out under wet or dry conditions. Wet milling gave rise to finer particles, with a narrower size distribution. Tailoring the particles size was the key to produce homogeneous gelcast green bodies, as well as fully dense and fine microstructures. In fact, wet‐milled samples achieved full densification and compressive strength of about 300 MPa, five times higher than the values achieved by the dry milled samples. During the calcination treatments, HA progressively decomposed into β‐ and α‐TCP phases, promoted by the progressive Mg2+ substitution inside the HA and β‐TCP lattices. As a result, a biphasic (HA/β‐TCP) calcium phosphate ceramic was successfully obtained. Gelcast macroporous materials were prepared by direct foaming, starting from both milled powders. Highly porous samples (73%‐77% porosity) with a high degree of interconnectivity within pores were successfully produced. However, dry milled‐foamed materials were characterized by a significant residual porosity within the struts, whereas in wet‐milled foams struts and pore windows were highly compact, the key to provide sufficient mechanical strength to such highly porous open‐cell foams, thus suggesting a possible use as implantable scaffolds.
Valorisation of sweet corn (Zea mays) cob by extraction of valuable compounds
Authors: Lau Tiffany , Harbourne Niamh , Oruña‐Concha Maria Jose
Published: January 2019

The main objective of this study was to investigate the proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions of sweet corn cob (SCC), often neglected and regarded as agricultural waste. Compositional analysis showed that more than 60% of SCC was composed of insoluble dietary fibre, with cellulose being the major constituent. Results also showed that SCC can be a good source of non‐essential protein and minerals (phosphorus, potassium and manganese). SCC had a total phenolic content of 6.74 g GAE kg−1 dry weight (DW), of which bound phenolics were predominant. The bound phenolics fraction showed the highest antioxidant capacity in all three antioxidant capacity assays (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) and contained the highest amount of ferulic and p‐coumaric acid. The main carotenoids present in SCC were β‐carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein. This investigation shows that SCC can be a potential source of natural colorant (carotenoids), antioxidants (phenolics) and nutritional supplements (proteins and phytochemicals).
Eating in the absence of hunger in young children is related to brain reward network hyperactivity and reduced functional connectivity in executive control networks
Authors: Shapiro Allison L. B. , Johnson Susan L. , Sutton Brianne , Legget Kristina T. , Dabelea Dana , Tregellas Jason R.
Published: January 2019

Background

Recent work has implicated disinhibited eating behaviours (DEB) as a potential pathway toward obesity development in children. However, the underlying neurobiology of disinhibited eating behaviours in young, healthy weight children, prior to obesity development, remains unknown.

Objectives

This study tested the relationship between DEB and intrinsic neuronal activity and connectivity in young children without obesity.

Methods

Brain networks implicated in overeating including reward, salience and executive control networks, and the default mode network were investigated. DEB was measured by the eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) paradigm with postlunch kilocalories consumed from highly palatable foods (EAH kcal) used as the predictor. Intrinsic neuronal activity within and connectivity between specified networks were measured via resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen typically developing children (mean age = 5.8 years) were included.

Results

EAH kcal was positively associated with activity of the nucleus accumbens, a major reward network hub (P < 0.05, corrected). EAH kcal was negatively associated with intrinsic prefrontal cortex connectivity to the striatum (P < 0.01, corrected).

Conclusions

These results suggest that neural aspects of DEB are detectable in young children without obesity, providing a potential tool to better understand the development of obesity in this population.