bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MOVEMENT OF PYRIDINIUM ALDOXIMES ACROSS THE RED CELL MEMBRANE
Authors: Keen TEB
Published: November 2007

The movement of 2 PAM chloride (2‐hydroxyiminomethyl‐1‐methylpyridinium chloride) across the rabbit red cell membrane was examined. The rate of uptake and efflux of the oxime through the membrane was proportional to the concentration gradient and appeared to be a process of non‐assisted diffusion. The uptake was affected by factors such as the pH and ionic strength of the medium which suggested that transport was occurring through ionic pathways in the membrane in a manner similar to that described for inorganic cations. Tempaerature had a marked effect on the rate of uptake and the energy of activation was high. However, this did not appear to be inconsistent with a process of simple diffusion. Various substances which have been shown to affect selective cation permeability in red cells were examined, but the results did not help in further indentifying the diffusion pathways. Other species of red cells were also examined; there was a reduced rate of uptake in human cells, but there was no uptake in either bovine or sheep cells.

The Various salts of 2 PAM behaved in a similar manner, the iodide and methanesulphonate salt giving identical results to the chloride. There was no uptake in rabbit red cells observed with the bisquaternary compounds TMB4 [1,1′‐trimethylene bis(4‐hydroxyiminomethyl pyridinium)dibromide] and toxogonin [bis(4‐hydroxyiminomethyl pyridinium‐1‐methyl) ether dichloride]. The rate of uptake of the two non‐quaternary compounds 2‐ and 4‐hydroxyimino‐methyl pyridine was so rapid that it could not be estimated by the method employed for the quaternary compounds.
EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM AND HEPATIC CYTOCHROME P‐450 IN PIPERAZINE‐TREATED MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Authors: West CE , Redgrave TG , Roberts DCK
Published: November 2007

Piperazine was added to the diets of cholesterol‐fed male and female rabbits that had been castrated 8 weeks previously. Castration did not alter the differential effect of piperazine on cholesterol metabolism, i.e. in male rabbits hypercholesterolaemia was reduced but in females it was augmented.

In the same experiments hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 was measured. Intact female rabbits had higher P‐450 concentrations than males and the difference was removed after castration. Piperazine reduced P‐450 concentrations in males but not in females.

We conclude that the differential effect of piperazine on cholesterol metabolism in male and female rabbits must operate at a chromosomal or somatic level of sexual differentiation and not through the gonad. There is no simple relationship between hepatic total P‐450 concentration and cholesterol metabolism.
HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFUSION OF NORADRENALINE ACROSS THE ARTERY WALL
Authors: De La Lande IS , Jellett LB , Lazner Margaret A , Parker DAS , Waterson JG
Published: November 2007

Rabbit ear arteries were depleted of noradrenaline by prior treatment with reserpine.

Following inhibition of monoamine oxidase, extraluminal noradrenaline caused the reappearance of monoamine fluorescence at the media‐adventitia border.

Cocaine prevented the appearance of fluorescence, indicating that the latter was probably due to uptake of noradrenaline by the sympathetic nerves.

Intraluminal noradrenaline failed to restore fluorescence unless meta‐nephrine or the catechol‐o‐methyl transferase inhibitor U0521 was also present.

The results are interpreted as evidence (i) that intraluminal noradrenaline does not penetrate as readily as extraluminal noradrenaline to the sympathetic nerves; (ii) that the difference in penetration is due to loss of intraluminal noradrenaline in the media resulting from its uptake and inactivation by the smooth muscle.

The finding that extraluminal noradrenaline does not restore fluorescence in the absence of monoamine oxidase inhibition provides further evidence that part of the monoamine oxidase in the artery wall is intimately associated with the sympathetic nerves.
THE EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING, INTRAVENOUS NICOTINE AND OTHER PROCEDURES ON THE RESPONSE OF HAND BLOOD FLOW TO DISTANT ICE APPLICATION
Authors: Ludbrook J , Walsh JA , Vincent Annette H
Published: November 2007

The effects of tobacco smoking, sham smoking, intravenous administration of nicotine, a foot movement procedure, mental arithmetic and imaginary smoking on the vasoconstrictor response of hand resistance vessels to application of ice to the neck has been studied in normal subjects. All of the above procedures except imaginary smoking significantly reduced the ice response. The mechanism of this blocking effect is obscure, but a central inhibiting action, possibly at a cortical level, is postulated.
SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION, MATURITY AND SEX DEPENDENCE IN DIETARY NECROTIC LIVER DEGENERATION
Authors: Southwell‐Keely PT , Johnstone IL , Cole ER
Published: November 2007

Differences in the response of weanling and mature male and female rats to dietary necrotic liver degeneration were examined. Mature male rats developed the disease faster than mature females, but there was no difference in the rate of development between male and female weanling rats.
SOURCE OF FOETAL IRON IN THE CAT
Authors: Wong CT , Morgan EH
Published: November 2007

The transfer of iron from maternal blood to the foetuses was determined from the uptake of 59Fe by the foetuses found 24 hours after the intravenous injection of 59Fe‐labelled plasma or erythrocytes into pregnant cats in the last one‐third of pregnancy. A mean value of 2·7 μg Fe was transferred from maternal plasma, whereas 176 μg was transferred from erythrocytes. It was concluded that the major source of foetal iron in the cat is maternal erythrocytes, and that transfer from maternal plasma is quantitatively insignificant.
THE BIOLOGICAL ‘HALF‐LIVES’ OF IgG1 AND IgG2 IN YOUNG MILK‐FED LAMBS AND IN NON‐PREGNANT COLOSTRUM‐FORMING SHEEP
Authors: Cripps AW , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

In non‐pregnant adult sheep biological ‘half‐lives’ of IgG1 and IgG2 were approximately 8 days with those for lambs slightly less than 7 days. In contrast, in late pregnant ewes forming colostrum the ‘half‐life’ of IgG1 was only 3·7 days. This value was significantly less (P < 0·01) than for IgG2 and less (P < 0·001) than the value for IgG1 in non‐pregnant animals.
THE EFFECT OF IMMUNIZATION WITH A ROUGH STRAIN OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ON THE FATE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIVM IN MICE
Authors: Davies R , Kotlarski I
Published: November 2007

Mice were immunized with living Salmonella enteritidis and then challenged at various tunes up to 20 weeks with Salmonella typhimurium C5. The resistance or the immunized mice at the time of challenge was determined by survival of these mice for a period of 28 days or by comparison of liver, spleen and blood counts of the challenge population obtained from normal and immunized mice. Results of survival experiments indicated that the immunization produced effective and long lasting immunity, although bacterial enumeration studies showed that the level of resistance induced was not sufficient to achieve complete, rapid elimination of the challenge organism from the tissues.

Mice immunized with S. enteritidis 11RX showed both Arthus reactivity and delayed type hypersensitivity to S. typhimurium C5 antigens, and the serum from these mice was shown to contain antibody activity, as determined by haemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes coated with S. typhimurium C5 lipopolysaccharide and in vitro bactericidal action against S. typhimurium M206.
AUTONOMIC CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF NASAL INHALATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: White SW , McRitchie RJ , Franklin DL
Published: November 2007

Nasopharyngeal stimulation by cigarette smoke in unanaesthetised rabbits evokes apnoea in expiration, bradycardia (to 30% of control), a rise in mean arterial (to 110%) and right atrial pressure (by 6 mm Hg) and a fall in cardiac output (to 41% of control) and systemic conductance (to 36%). Blood flow (measured by Doppler flowmeter) and conductance in the mesenteric, renal, hind limb and car beds falls uniformly between beds and to the extent that, on occasions, flow in all these beds ceases. Sagittal sinus flow and conductance, in contrast, do not change or rise. The cardiovascular response is mediated predominantly through cardiac vagal and peripheral sympathetic vasoconstrictor nervous pathways. PνO2 in animals with intact autonomic reflex mechanisms falls by 10 ± 0·4 mm Hg 25 see after the onset of apnoea, but in animals with either combined or selective blockade of vagal and sympathoadrenal pathways peripheral flow is not reduced as in animals with intact autonomic pathways, and PνO2 falls by a significantly greater but equal amount in each (av. 15 ± 0·6 mm Hg, Pdiff < 0·001). The circulatory changes thus appear to conserve body oxygen stores during the induced apnoea, an effect dependent on the integration of evoked vagal and sympathetic autonomic activity.
BIOCHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY OF GLUTAMINE METABOLISM OF RAT KIDNEY MITOCHONDRIA SEPARATED BY RATE ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION
Authors: Adam William R , Brown Susan
Published: November 2007

In this study of biochemical heterogeneity of rat kidney mitochondrial glutamine metabolism:

(1) Kidney mitochondria from emit ml und acidotic rats were separated into different fractions, on the basis of their sedimentation rate, on a continuous isosmotic density gradient.

(2) There was one major mitochondrial protein peak in both control and acidotic samples. There were no differences in matrix space size or respiratory control ratios between the different fractions within this peak.

(3) There is a heterogeneity of mitochondrial glutamine metabolism as measured by uptake of radioactivity from of 14C glutamine and by intact mitochondrial ammonia production. This heterogeneity was manifest by a peak of activity distinct from the protein peak. There was no peak in phosphate‐dependent glutamine amidohydrolase (PDG) levels. Thus, glutamine transport and not PDG controls the activity of mitochondrial glutamine deamidation in this situation.

(4) Mitochondrial samples from acidotic rats had higher levels than controls of glutamine uptake, intact ammonia production and PDG. However, the pattern of the levels of uptake of radioactivity front 14C glutamine and PDG: in the different gradient fractions was the same in both groups.
THE EFFECT OF PRE‐PARTUM MILKING ON THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS
Authors: Brandon MR , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

The significance of local effects associated with mammary involution on transfer of immunoglobulin and especially cm the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of cows approaching parturition has been determined. This was carried out by measuring the changes in the concentration of IgG1, IgG2. IgM and IgA in serum and mammary secretion of 5 cows in which two mammary glands were milked continuously (twice daily) during the period preceding parturition, while the other two glands were allowed to undergo normal involution.

In the secretion of unmilked glands of all cows there was a substantial increase in the concentration of IgG1 as cows approached parturition. In contrast, the increases in the concentration of IgG1 and in the selective index for IgG1 of milked glands were either virtually non‐existent (1 cow) or generally reduced in magnitude and delayed in time of onset (4 cows). It is clear from the results that continued milking of a mammary gland throughout pregnancy tends to maintain milk production in the milked gland and at the same time reduces the massive selective transfer of IgG1 into secretion of that gland.
POTENTIATION BY COCAINE OF RELAXATIONS OF THE GUINEA‐PIG COLON CAUSED BY NORADRENALINE AND BY STIMULATION OF ADRENERGIC NERVES
Authors: Costa M , Furness JB , Dawson Kerrie
Published: November 2007

The distal colon of the guinea‐pig is relaxed by noradrenaline, by isoprenaline and by the stimulation of fibres running with the colonic nerves or intramurally. The relaxations in response to stimulation of the colonic nerves have a guanethidine‐sensitive (adrenergic) and a guanethidine‐insensitive (non‐adrenergic) component. Cocaine causes a three‐fold sensitization of the muscle to noradrenaline but no sensitization to isoprenaline. Cocaine increases the duration, but does not affect the amplitude, of the relaxation observed when adrenergic nerves are stimulated, and affects neither duration nor amplitude of the non‐adrenergic response. The adrenergic nerve terminals lie in Auerbach's plexus, not in the longitudinal muscle. It is concluded that the sensitization to noradrenaline and the increases in durations of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation are due to inhibition of catecholamine uptake into adrenergic nerves by cocaine. It appears that, even where the neuromuscular separation is large, as it is in the colon, the concentration of exogenous noradrenaline at the receptors can be decreased by neuronal uptake, and the uptake mechanism can modify responses to nerve stimulation in vitro.
THE EFFECTS OF A NEW XANTHINE DERIVATIVE, 3,7‐DIMETHYL‐1(5‐OXOHEXYL)‐XANTHIN (PENTOXIFYLLINE) ON THE GENERAL AND CARDIAC HAEMODYNAMICS OF THE INTACT ANIMAL
Authors: Maxwell GM
Published: November 2007

A study has been made of the effects of xanthine derivative (pentoxifylline) upon the general and cardiac‐ haemodynamics of intact anaesthetised dogs. The drug increased heart‐rate, respiration rate, cardiac output and systemic pressure. It reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Coronary flow was increased for only a few minutes, but coronary sinus O2 content increased throughout the study. Lactate and pyruvate values increased in both artery and coronary sinus, as did the cardiac extraction of these substances. Cardiac extraction of non‐esterified fatty acid increased.
A NEW ANALYSIS OF ALLOGENEIC INTERACTIONS
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Cunningham AJ
Published: November 2007

Allogeneic reactions have conventionally been considered as typical immune responses by one population of cells to antigens present on the other. This view is inadequate, since it does not explain many features of these reactions, among which are: (1) reactivity is much higher between different strains within a species than between species, in spite of the much greater antigenic disparity in the second case; (2) a very high proportion of cells may respond to allogeneic stimuli; (3) major histocompatibility differences are not essential for vigorous allogeneic reactions; (4) the responding population need not be immunologically competent to respond to antigens of the stimulating population; (5) the stimulating population must be both metabolically active and immunocompetent.

We have tried to produce a model of cell interaction which will account for these and other anomalies, while at the same time explaining both normal antigenic stimulation (through cell‐cell cooperation) and allogeneic interactions as examples of the same basic mechanism. The model is based on the Bretscher‐Cohn scheme of cell interaction. An allogeneic reaction is seen as having two stages: (1) Cells come together when antibody receptors on cells of one population combine with antigens on cells of the other. To this extent, our model is the same as the conventional one. It need not be the responding population which has the receptors, however. (2) A species‐specific proliferation signal passes between the cells. This is the same signal as is involved in normal antibody induction. Even antigen‐receptor bonds which are very weak may result in effective stimulation of one or both partners because of enhancing effect of this signal, and because the antigens involved are probably repeated over the cell surface, enabling multipoint binding. This explains the very high proportions of cells which proliferate. The exact outcome of any allogeneic interaction will depend on which of the two populations have antibody receptors for antigens on the other, which can produce the proliferative stimulus, and which can respond to either the proliferative signal alone or to this stimulus plus antigen.
THE ISOLATION OF BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS IN CELL CULTURES AND EVIDENCE FOR AUTOINTERFERENCE
Authors: Tzipori S
Published: November 2007

Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus was isolated from infected fresh cattle blood directly into Vero cell cultures. One cycle of rapid freezethaw destroyed the infectivity of the virus to Vero cells. The infectivity to baby mice by intracerebral inoculation, on the other hand, was only reduced. The occurrence of autointerferencc due to the presence of defective interfering particles in cell culture was also noted.

BEF virus strain 919 was propagated to some extent in bovine kidney, testis and synovial cell monolayers, producing cytopathic effect (CPE) in 24 h. However, the CPE was nonprogressive and the addition of actinomycin D to the medium improved the virus titre only slightly.
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING PHAGOCYTE CLEARANCE RATES IN MAN
Authors: Marshall Villis R , Ludbrook John
Published: November 2007

By comparing the clearance rates of ICG and 99mTc‐sulphur colloid from the blood stream, it has been possible to provide a method for assessing the phagocytic activity of the reticulo‐endothelial system in man.
CELL POPULATIONS IN A RENAL LESION PRODUCED BY LOCAL INJECTION OF XENOGENEIC SPLEEN CELLS IN CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE‐TREATED RATS
Authors: Conway MS , Davies DJ
Published: November 2007

The frequency and distribution of donor and host lymphoid tells in different stages of a lesion produced by injecting mouse spleen cells beneath the renal capsules of rats treated 24 h previously with cyclophosphamide have been studied by imniunofluorescent staining with species‐specific anti‐lymphocyte sera. Donor cells were predominant in the early stages of the reaction and penetrated the outer part of the renal cortex, but by day 7 when the lesion reached its maximum extent most of the infiltrating cells were of host origin. Donor cells never extended deeply into the kidney and they were not uniformly intermingled with the main mass of host cells hut their presence seemed to be necessary for the maintenance of the reaction, since it began to decline when donor cells were no longer detectable in the injected kidney.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NORMAL LYMPHOCYTE POPULATION CYTOLYTIC TO BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA CELLS OF THE EB2 CELL LINE
Authors: Matthews N , Maclaurin BP , Clarke GN
Published: November 2007

The normal human lymphocyte population which exhibits “spontaneous” cytolysis of EB2 Burkitt's lymphoma fells has been characterized. The effector cell has EA and EAC' receptors but lacks E receptors and probably surface Ig. “Spontaneous” anti‐EB2 cytotoxicity was not reduced by preincubation of the effector cells with plastic or iron carbonyl or by passage through cotton wool or agarose columns but was reduced by passage through nylon wool columns. Thymocytes were not cytotoxic to EB2 cells, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells (of B cell characteristics) had reduced cytotoxicity compared with normal lymphocytes.

Cells from various lymphoid organs of rats and guinea‐pigs were also cytotoxic to EB2 cells with reactivity in spleen blood ⩾ lymph >nodes, Spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized rats had increased cytotoxicity compared with normal rat spleen cells, suggesting that T lymphocytes are not essential. The effector cell in rat spleen did not adhere to cotton wool or agarose columns, indicating some resemblance to its counterpart in human peripheral blood.
REGULATION OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME IN ANISOTONIC MEDIA
Authors: Benyajati Siribhinya , Morris RJH
Published: November 2007

Sheep erythrocytes of high and low potassium types were incubated in non‐haemolytic hypotonic and hypertonic media for 4·5 h at 30°, After initial swelling or shrinking, they readjusted their volume toward their initial isotonic volume. The volume regulation was associated with specific changes in cation fluxes. In the swollen cells, efflux of both sodium and potassium was increased and influx of both cations was slightly decreased; the converse was true for the shrunken cells. All four fluxes were changed in a direction that led to return to normal volume. The difference in the response of the two types of sheep erythrocytes to changes of extracellular fluid osmolality resided in the different activity of their cation transport systems. It is concluded that sheep erythrocytes possess some means of regulating their volume in vitro which is linked to cation permeability. The exact nature of the physical mechanisms by which they accomplish this remains to be elucidated.
EFFECT OF THE LIGATION OF HEPATIC ARTERY ON THE MICROCIRCULATION IN THE CIRRHOTIC LIVER IN THE RAT
Authors: Koo Anthony , Liang Isabella YS , Cheng Kwok‐Kew
Published: November 2007

The significance of the hepatic arterial supply in the intrahepatic microcirculation in normal and carbon tetrachloride‐induced cirrhotic livers was studied by dye injection method and by ligation of the hepatic artery. The in vivo distribution of dye injected into the hepatic artery evidenced the presence of arterio‐venous shunts in the cirrhotic liver. When the hepatic artery of the cirrhotic liver was ligated, the elevated portal venous pressure dropped significantly, and the fast‐flowing population of microvessels and sinusoids in the bimodal frequency distribution plot disappeared. The fast‐flowing microvessel and sinusoids appeared to be the “arterial” microvessels and sinusoids, and they were converted into the slow‐flowing venous channels after hepatic arterial ligation. The transmission of arterial pressure via the A‐V shunts may be of greater significance in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension than previously believed.
THE RELATION BETWEEN Z‐DISK LATTICE SPACING AND SARCOMERE LENGTH IN SARTORIUS MUSCLE FIBRES FROM HYLA CERULEA
Authors: Davey DF
Published: November 2007

Sartorius muscles from the green tree frog Hyla cerulea were set at variety of muscle lengths and fixed for electron microscopy using acrolein followed by osmium tetroxide. The sarcomere length,s, was determined in thick sections using laser‐diffraction, The Z‐disk lattice spacing, z, was measured in electron micrographs of thin sections From the same muscles. The Z‐disk lattice was found to expand as sarcomere length decreased such that the quantity sz2 was constant at 1·05 × 106 nm3 for all sarcomere lengths in the range 1·9–2·9 μm. Thus, the sarcomere length dependency of the Z‐disk lattice is similar to that of the myosin filament lattice. The density of thin filaments per unit cross section of fibril leaving the Z‐disk is less than their density in the A band, Thus, fibrils have a smaller cross section in the I band, leaving more inter‐fibrillar space there. This may explain why more mitochondria and lipid droplets are located in the f bands than in the A bands. It is suggested that the Z‐disk may contribute to the short range elasticity of muscle fibres.
THE ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MACROPHAGES IN THORACIC DUCT LYMPH
Authors: Roser Bruce J
Published: November 2007

Efferent lymph collected from a thoracic duct fistula initially contains no macrophages. However, the surgical procedures used to insert plastic cannulae into efferent lymphatics incite a vigorous foreign body reaction leading to the contamination of collected lymph with significant numbers of these cells. A sensitive and specific assay for the presence of macrophages in lymphocyte populations was used to quantitate the degree of contamination in rats bearing thoracic duct cannulae. The origin of some of these contaminant cells from the peritoneal macrophage population was established by adoptive transfer of labelled peritoneal cells to cannulated recipients.
VARIABILITY OF FIBROBLAST LYSOSOMAL ACID HYDROLASES WITH REFERENCE TO THE DETECTION OF ENZYME DEFICIENCIES
Authors: Carey WF , Pollard AC
Published: November 2007

The ranges of variability of eight lysosomal acid hydrolases were examined in 47 cultured human skin fibroblast lines through 5 successive subcultures. No overall trend in activity values was found for any of the enzymes tested between the first and final subcultures. Similarly, no significant differences could be found between the overall ranges of fibroblast enzyme activity between 20 clinically normal children and 27 individuals being investigated for non‐specific metabolic diseases. It is concluded that for diagnostic reference purposes, wide ranges of normal enzyme values must be established. Such ranges can be validly drawn from a continuation of both clinical groups irrespective of the passage number (up to 5) of the cells at the time of isolation. It is noted that in certain cell lines derived from Fabry and Gaucher patients the ‘residual’ activity of the expectedly deficient enzyme could not easily be distinguished from the lowest values observed in normals, whereas, as expected, the activity of cells derived from patients with GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses was markedly reduced.
GENETIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBLINES OF CERTAIN INBRED STRAINS OF MICE HELD WITHIN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Watts CHS , Baverstock PR , Cole SR
Published: November 2007

Inbred mice of the strains C57Bl/6, CBA, C3H, Balb/c and DBA/2 from a total of 17 different sources within Australia were compared, utilizing 12 different blood proteins and a morphometric analysis of a series of lower jaws. Evidence for genetic differentiation between sublines was found in only two cases. Evidence for the recent contamination of an inbred strain with another stock was found in one case.
A TEST FOR FOETAL GENE EXPRESSION AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION IN HEPATOMAS
Authors: Longenecker JP , Williams JF
Published: November 2007

The presence of a variety of embryonic and foetal gene products in neoplasms is well documented. Two such products, i.e. carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha foetoprotein, are currently being used for clinical diagnosis and the assessment of prognosis. The purpose of this study has been to examine the possibility of the reactivation of a foetal gene associated with foetal liver in the Morris 5123C hepatoma and host liver after prolonged tumour bearing. The foetal gene for globin was chosen for study as production of foetal globin in cancer patients has been observed and the technique for quantitation of globin messenger RNA is available. The quantitation of globin mRNA permits the identification of a gene product which is not related to the tissue of origin of the tumor being studied and which is influenced by pre‐translational control mechanisms only. The influence of tumour bearing on foetal globin gene expression by the host liver is also reported. We report molecular hybridization studies of total nucleic acid extracts from foetal, 2‐day neonatal, adult and host liver and the Morris 5123C transplantable hepatoma with a complementary DNA copy of globin messenger RNA. The results indicate that there is no activation of the foetal globin gene in these tissues in spite of erythrocytosis in the host animal.
ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE‐LIKE PARTICLES FROM UNINDUCED CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI CULTURES
Authors: Brown Kurt J , Brown Patricia A
Published: November 2007

The isolation of hexagonal‐headed, tailless, bacteriophage‐like particles from uninduced cultures of Clostridium tetani is described. Clear, round. 1‐3 mm diameter plaques were noted on Clostrisel agar plates, which were overlaid with soft agar inoculated with 7‐14 day broth cultures. Particles were detected by transmission electron microscopy from broth cultures seeded with scrapings from the plaques. Both election dense and electron lucent heads were noted. An electron dense head was observed attached to the surface of a dividing bacterium.
SUPPRESSION OF SKIN REACTIVITY IN RATS BEARING IgE OR IgG2a IMMUNOCYTOMAS
Authors: Nawa Yukifumi , Fukumoto Tetsuo
Published: November 2007

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and reversed PCA have been examined in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas, PCA reactivity was completely abolished in rats bearing an IgE immunocytoma, whereas only a slight suppression of PCA reactivity was found in rats bearing an IgG2a immunocytoma. Reversed PCA reactivity was only slightly decreased in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas.
WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIAN MARSUPIALS OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO A HERPESVIRUS FROM A PARMA WALLABY
Authors: Webber Carol E , Whalley J Millar
Published: November 2007

Serum neutralizing antibodies to a parma wallaby herpesvirus (PWHV) have been detected in a wide range of marsupials from different locations across Australia including several islands. A study of 242 animals (mostly macropods) sampled in the wild showed that 23% had antibodies: a significantly higer frequency (41%) of 116 animals in captivity had antibodies. Which were generally at higher levels than those of animals in the wild. Antibodies to PWHV were also detected among parma wallabies from a colony on Kawau Island, New Zealand. The highest antibody levels were found in a group of captive tammar wallabies during recurrent outbreaks of clinical infection. It is suggested that PWHV has evolved along with a marsupial host, and that the high antibody levels among captive animals reflects ease of virus transmission due to crowding or to conditions of stress leading to expression of latent virus.
COMPARATIVE STABILITY OF ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE IN RAT PLASMA AND HEPATOCYTE SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Stacey NH , Cook R , Priestly BG
Published: November 2007

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in rat plasma was stable for up to 56 days when stored at −25°. High activity plasma samples were less stable. ALT activity was markedly unstable when derived from isolated hepatocyte preparations, and declined to 8‐16% of initial values after 28‐56 days storage at −25°.
A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF PASSIVE DIFFUSION IN THE RENAL RE ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UNDER FREE FLOW CONDITIONS
Authors: Lingard JM , Cook DI , Young JA
Published: November 2007

An equation has has developed to describe reabsorption and concentration profiles of organic compounds, such as amino acids and glucose, in the proximal kidney tubule under free‐flow conditions. Reabsorption is described in terms of a constant volume flux (Jv), an active: transport function showing saturation kinetics (with parameters Jmax, the maximum transport rate, and Ki, the half‐saturation constant), a passive diffusion term obeying Fick's Law (with permeability coefficient. P) and a solvent drag term (depending on the volume flux, Jv and the reflection coefficient δ). It was assumed, in general, that active transport and volume flux were related to tubule length rather than surface area and that transport rates were the same in the pars recta as in the pars concoluta. In the analysis, particular attention was paid to an assessment of the contribution of passive diffusion to the net transport rate off organic substances.

It was found that, under normal conditions, the transport rates of most amino acids are set sufficiently high relative to the rate of water reabsorption that the value of the permeability coefficient can be charmed over a range of more than two orders of magnitude without causing substantial changes in the extent of net reabsorption attained by the end of the proximal convolution. Passive movement appears to play a very important role in stabilizing the value of net reabsorption since its effect balances that of active transport. In contrast, in cases where active transport rates are low, net reabsorption is determined largely by the magnitude of water Hux relative to the solute permeability so that the absolute permeability values become critical in determining the extent of reabsorption of a given solute.

The effect of changes in plasma amino acid concentration on net reabsorption also varies according to the rate of active transport. If the plasma concentration is very low relative to the half‐saturation constant of the active transport mechanism, then net reabsorption remains relatively independent of plasma concentration and no saturation is observed. However, when this is not the case, net reabsorption becomes very sensitive to changes in plasma concentration.
SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF 18F
Authors: Kruger BJ , Patterson CM , Masters CJ
Published: November 2007

Mature rabbits, rats and hens were given intramuscular injections of 18F in isotonic saline and destroyed at intervals of 5, 20, 40 and 60 min. Blood, liver and kidney samples were monitored for radioactivity. While radioactivity in the tissues of the rat and the hen diminished exponentially, quite different results were obtained with the rabbit: liver and kidney showed increasing radioactivity between 5 and 20 min and stabilized counts at 40 and 60 min; blood counts decreased between 5 and 40 min and then either reached a plateau or began to increase. The counts of subcellular fractions did not provide unequivocal explanations for these phenomena, although some preferential binding by rat mitochondria seemed to occur.

There is abundant evidence that different animal species have a different tolerance to the toxic effects of fluoride (e.g. Harvey, 1953; Shupe et al., 1962; Shupe and Alther, 1966; Weber and Reid, 1969; Shearer, 1974) and there is some evidence that these differences in susceptibility are correlated with the ratios of bound F to free F in the blood (Patterson, Kruger and Daley, 1977). It was considered desirable to examine in vivo the distribution of 18F in the blood, liver and kidney of several animal species which are known to display marked differences in susceptibility, viz., rabbit (sensitive), rat (moderately resistant) and chicken (very resistant).
THE EFFECTS OF AGENTS MODIFYING SYMPATHETIC NERVE FUNCTION ON THE RESPONSE OF THE ISOLATED RAT TAIL ARTERY TO ETILEFRINE AND TYRAMINE
Authors: Frost BR , Frewin DB , Gerke DC , Downey JA
Published: November 2007

The effects of etilefrine on the ventral caudal artery of the rat have been examined in the presence of agents modifying sympathetic nerve function. Catecholamine levels were also measured in adjacent segments of artery to those studied pharmacologically and an attempt made to relate vascular response to etilefrine (and tyramine) with catecholamine content. Both guanethidine and reserpine produced significant attenuation of the vascular effects of etilefrine and tyramine. Pre‐treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor caused an increase in tissue catecholamine levels but, paradoxically, depressed the vascular response to etilefrine. The significance of some of the findings in terms of an indirect component to etilefrine's action are discussed.
TRANSFER OF MOUSE IgG2 PRODUCTION BY IgM‐BEARING SPLEEN CELLS SEPARATED BY A FLUORESCENCE‐ACTIVATED CELL SORTER
Authors: Bankhurst Arthur D , Anderson Robert E , Scott Cram L , Horan Paul H , Warner Noel L
Published: November 2007

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether at least some splenic B lymphocytes can switch from the synthesis of one isotype of immunoglobulin to another during B cell differentiation. The experimental system involved the transfer of characterized cell suspensions between allotype congenie strains of mice followed by analysis in the recipient for donor type immunoglobulin production. Donor splenic lymphocytes were incubated with specific fluorescent labelled anti‐μ antiserum and passed through the Los Alamos fluorescence‐activated cell sorter; μ‐depleted cell suspensions were transferred into sublethally irradiated congenic recipients and the amount of donor type immunoglobulin of IgG2 type was measured at weekly intervals. The results demonstrated that at least some cells hearing membrane bound IgM can differentiate in vivo into IgG2‐secreting cells, although not all IgG2‐secreting cells have been recently derived from IgM positive precursors.
EFFECT OF MANNITOL ON SODIUM RETENTION DURING WHOLE‐GUT PERFUSION
Authors: Young TK , Lee SC
Published: November 2007

To undergo whole‐gut perfusion, normal Chinese subjects drank an isotonic saline solution at a rate of 40 ml/min for 3‐6 h. In spite of a diuresis, expansion of the extracellular fluid was evidenced by an increase of body weight and a decrease of haematocrit and plasma specific gravity at the end of perfusion. This fluid expansion resulted from sodium retention at a rate of about 140 mmole/h. When the NaCl of the perfusion solution was gradually replaced by isosmotic amounts of mannitol, sodium retention was gradually reduced. Addition to the perfusion solution of up to 144‐152 millimolar mannitol reduced the sodium retention rate to 6·5 mmole/h and thus prevented fluid expansion. We found that the sodium retention rate was inversely related to the difference between sodium concentration in the plasma and that in the perfusion solution. Thus, our results suggest that addition of mannitol with a decrease of sodium concentration in the perfusion solution creates a sodium concentration gradient between plasma and intestinal lumen which is unfavourable for intestinal absorption of sodium.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA VACCINES CONTAINING A/NEW JERSEY/8/76
Authors: Feery BJ , Hampson AW , Rodda SJ , Evered MG
Published: November 2007

Studies were undertaken with whole virus, subunit and adsorbed subunit influenza vaccines containing the A/New Jersey/8/76 strain to compare the antibody responses induced by immunization with these vaccines. There were no significant differences in the haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) antibody responses to A/New Jersey/8/76 induced by these vaccines in the adult groups under study. Vaccinees over 23 years of age produced good HI antibody responses to one dose of vaccine. Neuraminidase antibody and complement‐fixing (CF) antibody responses were determined for the A/Victoria/3/75 component of bivalent vaccines. There were significant increases in neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibody titres but no increase in the complement‐fixing antibody titres after vaccination.
CHANGES IN THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS OF THE MOUSE GUT AND SERUM DURING CONVENTIONALISATION AND FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Cooper J McA , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

Increases in all immunoglobulin classes, except IgM, were observed in the sera of specific pathogen‐free (SPF) mice beginning 10 days after their removal from barrier conditions. Concentrations of serum immunoglobulins, comparable with those of conventional mice, were obtained in these animals between 21 and 35 days. Following the removal of germ‐free mice from their sterile isolators, their intestinal IgA levels increased over 35 days to attain levels found in conventional animal. A marked increase in serum immunoglobulin occurred within one day following intravenous administration of live Salmonella typhimurium organisms to SPF animals, and this persisted for longer than 7 weeks (the duration of the study). This rapid elevation in serum immunoglobulin was not elicited by nonbacterial antigens, killed Salmonellae, or viable Vibrio cholerae. Negligible amounts of this immunoglobulin increase could be attributed to specific antibody.
EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH AZATHIOPRINE ON THE RESPONSES OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Mansour A , Nelson DS
Published: November 2007

The proliferative responses of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and spleen tells to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied after single or multiple (daily for 4 days) injections of azathioprine (AZ). Lymphopenia developed within 4 h of a single dose (78 mg/kg) of AZ and persisted for at least 72 h. There was no lymphopenia 24 h after the last of 4 daily injection. In vitro. PBL were more sensitive than spleen cells to the inhibitory effect of AZ. Likewise, the responses of PBL were relatively more depressed than those of spleen cells after single or multiple injections of AZ. The degree of depression was less than was expected from the effect of AZ in vitro. Multiple small doses were more depressive than multiple large closes. Serum from treated rats used at 20% concentration, was more depressive than normal. Thus, rat Lymphocytes are quite sensitive to AZ in vitro, but appear to be relatively resistant in vivo, this resistance resembling the resistance of the primary antibody response to AZ treatment.
THE KINETIC BEHAVIOUR OF RADIOLABELLED IgG1 DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN ADULT SHEEP AND NEONATAL LAMBS
Authors: Cripps AW , Steel JW , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

The turnover rate and pool volume of radiolabelled autologous IgG1 was similar to homologous IgG1 in adult sheep. In neonatal lambs there was no significant difference for either of these parameters between homologous serum IgG1 and maternal colostrum IgG1. However, the pool volume for IgG1 expanded by approx. 30% over the experimental period in the lambs. When the turnover rates were corrected for this increase they were found to be similar to those observed for IgG1 in adult animals.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN‐DEPRIVATION ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION: A MURINE MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: Pollett Margaret , Mackenzie JS , Turner KJ
Published: November 2007

The effect of a 4% albumin diet initiated at weaning on the susceptibility to influenza virus infection was studied in C57B1 mice. Protein‐deprivation was found to enhance markedly the susceptibility to a lethal infection with both mouse‐virulent and avirulent strains of virus. Viraemia was observed more frequently in protein‐deprived mice, and virus persisted longer in the lungs. The humoral immune response following intranasal infection was depressed, with normal levels of IgG antibody but reduced levels of IgM antibody. No difference was found in the seroconversion frequencies between well‐nourished and protein‐deprived mice. Pre‐immunization did not affect the virus titres in the lungs of protein‐deprived mice after challenge with the homologous virus, nor did it prevent the spread of virus to the thymus and brain. The results were discussed in terms of the immunocompetence of the malnourished host and of the potential risk of epidemic influenza in children suffering from severe forms of protein‐energy malnutrition.
NORADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION IN ISOLATED GUINEA‐PIG INTESTINE FOLLOWING IN VIVO ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBODIES TO DOPAMINE β‐HYDROXYLASE
Authors: Furness JB , Costa M , Rush RA , Geffen LB
Published: November 2007

The effectiveness of transmission from noradrenergic nerves supplying the guinea‐pig ileum was evaluated in normal preparations and in preparations taken from animals injected 18 h to 4 days previously with antiserum to dopamine β‐hydroxylase. Degeneration of the nerves following the antiserum was monitored histochemically in the same preparations.

A decline in the effectiveness of transmission, which paralleled the degeneration of the nerves, was observed. The earliest effects were detected at 18 h and the greatest effect was found at 2–4 days following the administration of antiserum. Binding of the antibodies has been detected as early as 6 h after injection. It is therefore concluded that binding of the antibodies to the nerves, per se, does not significantly compromise transmission, nod that histochemical evidence of degeneration can be used to indicate the onset of functional deterioration of noradrenergic nerves following their exposure to antibodies to dopamine β‐hydroxylase.
THE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF CIRCULATING SPECIFIC ANTIBODY ON THE RESPONSE TO ORAL IMMUNISATION WITH VIBRIO CHOLERAE
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Brown MA , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

Specific IgG antibody given intravenously 3–4 hours prior to oral immunisation with Vibrio cholerae led to a specific depression of both the systemic and local immune response. One vibriocidal unit of IgG antibody, which itself would give undetectable levels of circulating specific antibody, was significantly immunosuppresive. The suppression is considered to be due to central repression of antigen‐reactive lymphocyte, rather than to antigen exclusion at the gut mucosal surface. The repression appeared less pronounced in some immunoglobulin classes than in others.
CONCANAVALIN A SURFACE RECEPTORS AND CYTOPLASMIC ACTIN IN CELL ADHESION
Authors: Toh BH , Randell VB , Prime SS
Published: November 2007

A double immunofluorescence staining technique to locate concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actin in the same cell was applied to monolayer cultures of rat foetal fibroblasts during cell detachment induced by trypsin and during cell attachment to a glass substratum. Con A receptors were demonstrated by fluorescein‐isothiocyanate‐labelled Con A (FITC‐Con A) and actin by specific anti‐actin antibody (AAA) traced with rhodamine‐labelled goat anti‐human globulin (R‐AHG). Untreated, control cells had an elongated shape. Con A receptors restricted to cell margins and prominent actin filaments. After 2 min treatment with 0·001% trypsin the cells became angular with Con A receptors in clusters and actin in a diffuse or aggregate staining pattern. Progressive cell rounding followed and this was accompanied by the development of long, thin, arborized cell processes, studded with Con A receptors and containing fine actin filaments. Complete cell rounding preceded cell detachment. The sites of detached cells were marked by fine aggregates containing Con A receptors and actin.

In cells attaching to a glass substratum, actin was present in a diffusely stained or aggregate pattern in round cells, in filaments restricted to cell margins in partially spread cells and in numerous filaments in fully spread cells. Con A receptors were present in clusters in round cells, in clusters or caps in partially spread cells and in cell margins in fully spread cells. Binding of FITC‐Con A to partially spread cells resulted in dissolution of the few, newly formed, actin filaments.

We believe our observations are consistent with the idea that actin filaments, formed during cell attachment, contribute towards the maintenance of cell adhesion by helping in the preservation of cell shape and by anchorage of Con A receptors at points of cell attachment to the substratum.
THE INHIBITION OF MALIGNANT CELL GROWTH BY KETONE BODIES
Authors: Magee Barbara A , Potezny Nicholas , Rofe Allan M , Conyers Robert AJ
Published: November 2007

The effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of transformed lymphoblasts (Raji cells) was investigated. Cell growth was inhibited and this effect was reversible, non‐toxic, and proportional to the concentration of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate up to 20mM. The total glucose utilisation and the total lactate production were reduced in proportion to the inhibition of cell proliferation. D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate was not metabolised by the cells. Other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate cither did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for cell growth. D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of rabbit kidney (RK.13), HeLa, mouse melanoma (B16), fibroblast and trypsin‐dispersed human thyroid and beef testis cells. Moreover, in vivo dietary‐induced ketosis reduced the number of B16 melanoma deposits in the lungs of CS7BL/6 mice by two‐thirds. The significance of these results in the clinical management of cancer cachexia is discussed.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO. ENHANCING EFFECTS OF HYDROCORTISONE
Authors: Finlay Graeme J , Booth Roger J , Marbrook John
Published: November 2007

Cultures of human tonsillar lymphocytes stimulated by pokeweed mitogen in the presence of hydrocortisone succinate generate more sheep red blood cell‐specific plaque‐forming cells than when the hydrocortisone is absent. Such enhancement is even more marked when sheep red blood cells and pokeweed mitogen are present in cultures this contrasts with the inability of sheep red blood cells to enhance pokeweed mitogen‐stimulated response in cultures lacking hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone causes greater enhancement when the concentration of cells in culture is high than when it is low. These data are consistent with hydrocortisone inhibiting the activity of suppressor cells which would otherwise mask helper effects.