bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Review of the Structures of Oxide Glasses by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Yadav Avadhesh Kumar , Singh Prabhakar
Published: September 2015

Review: 253 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Thermodynamics of Porous Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Huang Baiyu , Schliesser Jacob , Olsen Rebecca E. , Smith Stacey J. , Woodfield Brian F.
Published: September 2015

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Huan Chang , Sun Shu‐Qing
Published: September 2015

Review: 128 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron‐Based Drug Design
Authors: Ban Hyun Seung , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: September 2015

Review: recent developments in boron‐based drug design; 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Structures and Antioxidant Activities of Fullerenols: Knowledge Learned at the Atomistic Level
Authors: Wang Zhenzhen , Wang Shukuang , Lu Zhanghui , Gao Xingfa
Published: September 2015

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of the Greenhouse Gas CO2 to the Fuel Gas CO via the Boudouard Reaction: A Review
Authors: Lahijani Pooya , Zainal Zainal Alimuddin , Mohammadi Maedeh , Mohamed Abdul Rahman
Published: September 2015

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Catalytic Cascade Reactions for Constructing Diverse Scaffolds and Complex Molecules
Authors: Wang Yao , Lu Hong , Xu Peng‐Fei
Published: September 2015

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Guanidinium Unit in the Catalysis of Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions: From Molecular Spacers to Nanostructured Supports
Authors: Salvio Riccardo
Published: September 2015

Review: [64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Nitrenoids Through π‐Acid Catalysis: Providing a Common Basis for Rapid Access into Diverse Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Davies Paul W. , Garzon Miguel
Published: September 2015

Review: [48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Niobium Complexes in Organic Transformations: From Stoichiometric Reactions to Catalytic [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Satoh Yasushi , Obora Yasushi
Published: September 2015

Review: [57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds over Hydrotalcite and Hydrotalcite‐Supported Catalysts
Authors: Mobley J. K. , Crocker M.
Published: September 2015

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of Sugar Amino Acids: Synthetic Strategies and Applications as Glycomimetics and Peptidomimetics
Authors: Tian Guang‐Zong , Wang Xiao‐Li , Hu Jing , Wang Xue‐Bin , Guo Xiao‐Qiang , Yin Jian
Published: September 2015

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Carotenoid Neutral Radicals
Authors: Ligia Focsan A. , Magyar Adam , Kispert Lowell D.
Published: September 2015

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bond and Small‐Molecule Activation with Low‐Valent Nickel Complexes
Authors: Garduno Jorge A. , Arevalo Alma , Garcia Juventino J.
Published: September 2015

Review: synthesis and catalytic activity of nickel complexes; 214 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antivitamins B12 — A Structure‐ and Reactivity‐Based Concept
Authors: Kraeutler Bernhard
Published: September 2015

Review: [66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmental Applications of Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Perreault Francois , Fonseca de Faria Andreia , Elimelech Menachem
Published: September 2015

Review: a critical assessment of recent developments; 375 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Critical Requirements for Rapid Charging of Rechargeable Al‐ and Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Sanghan , Cho Jaephil
Published: September 2015

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Conductive Inks: Synthesis and Utilization in Flexible Electronics
Authors: Abhinav K Venkata , Rao R Venkata Krishna , Karthik P. S. , Singh Surya Prakash
Published: September 2015

Review: 136 refs.
Interstitial branch formation within the red nucleus by deep cerebellar nuclei‐derived commissural axons during target recognition
Authors: Hara Satoshi , Kaneyama Takeshi , Inamata Yasuyuki , Onodera Ryota , Shirasaki Ryuichi
Published: September 2015

Target recognition by developing axons is one of the fundamental steps for establishing the proper pattern of neuronal connectivity during development. However, knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie this critical event is still limited. In this study, to examine how commissural axons in vertebrates recognize their targets after crossing the midline, we analyzed in detail the behavior of postcrossing commissural axons derived from the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) in the developing mouse cerebellum. For this, we employed a cell‐type‐specific genetic labeling approach to selectively visualize DCN axons during the time when these axons project to the red nucleus (RN), one of the well‐characterized targets of DCN axons. We found that, when DCN axons initially entered the RN at its caudal end, these axons continued to grow rostrally through the RN without showing noticeable morphological signs of axon branching. Interestingly, after a delay, DCN axons started forming interstitial branches from the portion of the axon shaft selectively within the RN. Because commissural axons acquire responsiveness to several guidance cues when they cross the midline, we further addressed whether midline crossing is a prerequisite for subsequent targeting by using a Robo3 knockdown strategy. We found that DCN axons were still capable of forming interstitial branches within the RN even in the absence of midline crossing. These results therefore suggest that the mechanism of RN recognition by DCN axons involves a delayed interstitial branching, and that these axons possess an intrinsic ability to respond to the target‐derived cues irrespective of midline crossing. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:999–1014, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic expression of transcription factor Brn3b during mouse cranial nerve development
Authors: Sajgo Szilard , Ali Seid , Popescu Octavian , Badea Tudor Constantin
Published: September 2015

During development, transcription factor combinatorial codes define a large variety of morphologically and physiologically distinct neurons. Such a combinatorial code has been proposed for the differentiation of projection neurons of the somatic and visceral components of cranial nerves. It is possible that individual neuronal cell types are not specified by unique transcription factors but rather emerge through the intersection of their expression domains. Brn3a, Brn3b, and Brn3c, in combination with each other and/or transcription factors of other families, can define subgroups of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), spiral and vestibular ganglia, inner ear and vestibular hair cell neurons in the vestibuloacoustic system, and groups of somatosensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. The present study investigates the expression and potential role of the Brn3b transcription factor in cranial nerves and associated nuclei of the brainstem. We report the dynamic expression of Brn3b in the somatosensory component of cranial nerves II, V, VII, and VIII and visceromotor nuclei of nerves VII, IX, and X as well as other brainstem nuclei during different stages of development into adult stage. We find that genetically identified Brn3bKO RGC axons show correct but delayed pathfinding during the early stages of embryonic development. However, loss of Brn3b does not affect the anatomy of the other cranial nerves normally expressing this transcription factor. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1033–1061, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marked differences in the number and type of synapses innervating the somata and primary dendrites of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, striatal cholinergic interneurons, and striatal spiny projection neurons in the rat
Authors: Sizemore Rachel J. , Zhang Rong , Lin Naili , Goddard Liping , Wastney Timothy , Parr‐Brownlie Louise C. , Reynolds John N.J. , Oorschot Dorothy E.
Published: September 2015

Elucidating the link between cellular activity and goal‐directed behavior requires a fuller understanding of the mechanisms underlying burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and those that suppress activity during aversive or non‐rewarding events. We have characterized the afferent synaptic connections onto these neurons in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), and compared these findings with cholinergic interneurons and spiny projection neurons in the striatum. We found that the average absolute number of synapses was three to three and one‐half times greater onto the somata of dorsal striatal spiny projection neurons than onto the somata of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc or dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons. A similar comparison between populations of dopamine neurons revealed a two times greater number of somatic synapses on VTA dopaminergic neurons than SNpc dopaminergic neurons. The percentage of symmetrical, presumably inhibitory, synaptic inputs on somata was significantly higher on spiny projection neurons and cholinergic interneurons compared with SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Synaptic data on the primary dendrites yielded similar significant differences for the percentage of symmetrical synapses for VTA dopaminergic vs. striatal neurons. No differences in the absolute number or type of somatic synapses were evident for dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc of Wistar vs. Sprague‐Dawley rat strains. These data from identified neurons are pivotal for interpreting their electrophysiological responses to afferent activity and for generating realistic computer models of neuronal networks of striatal and midbrain dopaminergic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1062–1080, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Mapping of GABA‐Immunoreactive Neurons in the Buccal Ganglia of Nudipleura Molluscs
Authors: Gunaratne Charuni A. , Katz Paul S.
Published: September 2015

Phylogenetic comparisons of neurotransmitter distribution are important for understanding the ground plan organization of nervous systems. This study describes the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐immunoreactive (GABA‐ir) neurons in the buccal ganglia of six sea slug species (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudipleura). In the nudibranch species,Hermissenda crassicornis, Tritonia diomedea, Tochuina tetraquetra, andDendronotus iris, the number of GABA‐ir neurons was highly consistent. Another nudibranch,Melibe leonina, however, contained approximately half the number of GABA‐ir neurons. This may relate to its loss of a radula and its unique feeding behavior. The GABA immunoreactivity in a sister group to the nudibranchs,Pleurobranchaea californica, differed drastically from that of the nudibranchs. Not only did it have significantly more GABA‐ir neurons but it also had a unique GABA distribution pattern. Furthermore, unlike the nudibranchs, thePleurobranchaeaGABA distribution was also different from that of other, more distantly related, euopisthobranch and panpulmonate snails and slugs. This suggests that thePleurobranchaeaGABA distribution may be a derived feature, unique to this lineage. The majority of GABA‐ir axons and neuropil in the Nudipleura were restricted to the buccal ganglia, commissures, and connectives. However, inTritoniaandPleurobranchaea, we detected a few GABA‐ir fibers in buccal nerves that innervate feeding muscles. Although the specific functions of the GABA‐ir neurons in the species in this study are not known, the innervation pattern suggests these neurons may play an integrative or regulatory role in bilaterally coordinated behaviors in the Nudipleura. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1181–1192, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth of PbI2 single crystal by the top seed vertical zone melting method
Authors: He Yi , Jin Yingrong , Chen Baojun , He Zhiyu , Wang Lan
Published: September 2015

PbI2 is a type of syntectic compound, and its single crystal is one of the room temperature semiconductor nuclear radiation detector materials. A new method for the growth of the PbI2 single crystal is proposed in this article, which was named the top seed vertical zone melting method (TSVZMM), directly from the synthesis of polycrystal with analytically pure lead and iodine, by controlling the decomposition and stratification of the melt and the stoichiometry of the PbI2 crystal. Impurities in the crystal and the coagulating droplets of lead were eliminated during the PbI2 crystal growth process from the top to bottom by TSVZMM. The PbI2 single crystal was successfully grown with the size of Φ15 mm×15 mm, an infrared transmittance of more than 40%, a resistivity of 2×1012 Ω cm magnitude and stoichiometry close to its theoretical value.
Drivers of seedling survival in a temperate forest and their relative importance at three stages of succession
Authors: Yan Yan , Zhang Chunyu , Wang Yuxi , Zhao Xiuhai , von Gadow Klaus
Published: September 2015

Negative density dependence (NDD) and niche partitioning have been perceived as important mechanisms for the maintenance of species diversity. However, little is known about their relative contributions to seedling survival. We examined the effects of biotic and abiotic neighborhoods and the variations of biotic neighborhoods among species using survival data for 7503 seedlings belonging to 22 woody species over a period of 2 years in three different forest types, a half‐mature forest (HF), a mature forest (MF), and an old‐growth forest (OGF), each of these representing a specific successional stage in a temperate forest ecosystem in northeastern China. We found a convincing evidence for the existence ofNDDin temperate forest ecosystems. The biotic and abiotic variables affecting seedlings survival change with successional stage, seedling size, and age. The strength ofNDDfor the smaller (<20 cm in height) and younger seedlings (1–2 years) as well as all seedlings combined varies significantly among species. We found no evidence that a community compensatory trend (CCT) existed in our study area. The results of this study demonstrate that the relative importance ofNDDand habitat niche partitioning in driving seedling survival varies with seedling size and age and that the biotic and abiotic factors affecting seedlings survival change with successional stage.
On philosophical foundations of ecohydrology: the challenge of bridging natural and social science
Authors: Owusu George
Published: September 2015

The introduction of a sustainable management of freshwater resources to biological and hydrological processes of ecohydrology research by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's International Hydrologic Programme and the Man and Biosphere Programme calls for multiple and overarching philosophical explanations in ecohydrology. This paper reviews philosophical theories underpinning research in natural sciences (hydrology and biology) and social sciences, with special emphasis on studying causes and effects of ecohydrological extremes such as water stress and drought. The ontology, epistemology and methodology of theories such as Empiricism, Realism and Structurations have been considered. Specifically, the application of the hypothetico‐deductive method of Empiricism was first reviewed in guiding empirical modelling of a river basin. Then, the Retroduction method of transcendental realism was also reviewed for the guidance of distributed models. Critical realism was reviewed as a philosophy of local knowledge identification of causes and effects of ecohydrological extremes. Finally, an ambitious attempt was made in proposing Anthony Giddens' concepts of resources and human agency to bridge the gap between the natural and the social science philosophies. This suggests that there can be a common grand theory for both the natural and the social sciences, and the latter can be used to validate the theoretical foundations of the former and vice versa. The study will be useful for post graduates students, especially PhD candidates, who are normally required to review and justify the philosophical foundations of their studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mouse superkiller‐2‐like helicase DDX60 is dispensable for type I IFN induction and immunity to multiple viruses
Authors: Goubau Delphine , van der Veen Annemarthe G. , Chakravarty Probir , Lin Rongtuan , Rogers Neil , Rehwinkel Jan , Deddouche Safia , Rosewell Ian , Hiscott John , Reis e Sousa Caetano
Published: September 2015

IFN‐α/β allow cells to fight virus infection by inducing the expression of many genes that encode effectors of antiviral defense. One of these, the Ski2‐like DExH‐box helicase DDX60, was recently implicated in resistance of human cells to hepatitis C virus, as well as in induction of IFN‐α/β by retinoic acid inducible gene 1‐like receptors (RLRs) that detect the presence of RNA viruses in a cell‐intrinsic manner. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DDX60 in IFN‐α/β induction and in resistance to virus infection. Analysis of fibroblasts and myeloid cells from Ddx60‐deficient mice revealed no impairment in IFN‐α/β production in response to RLR agonists, RNA viruses, or other stimuli. Moreover, overexpression of DDX60 did not potentiate IFN induction and DDX60 did not interact with RLRs or capture RLR agonists from virally infected cells. We also failed to identify any impairment in Ddx60‐deficient murine cells or mice in resistance to infection with influenza A virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Sindbis virus, vaccinia virus, or herpes simplex virus‐1. These results put in question the reported role of DDX60 as a broad‐acting positive regulator of RLR responses and hint at the possibility that it may function as a restriction factor highly specific for a particular virus or class of viruses.
Hobit and human effector T‐cell differentiation: The beginning of a long journey
Authors: Braun Julian , Frentsch Marco , Thiel Andreas
Published: September 2015

Besides growing plants, eating a lot, and drinking beer, Tolkien's Hobbits enjoy maintaining a quiet state. Regarding the latter, the name chosen for a recently discovered transcription factor seems to be unintentionally appropriate. The zinc finger protein ZNF683 was originally named “Hobit” for Homolog of Blimp‐1 in T cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Braga et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 2945–2958] demonstrate that in humans, Hobit is almost exclusively expressed in effector T cells, in particular in quiescent and long‐lived effector‐type CD8+ T cells. Hobit may initially appear as another “player” in the quest for transcription factors guiding T‐cell differentiation; the discoveries of T‐bet, Eomes, Blimp‐1, and others have significantly contributed to our understanding of how this process is tightly regulated. However, Hobit may be special—the currently available results suggest substantial differences in Hobit's regulatory functions between mice and humans, such as expression patterns and IFN‐γ regulation. And it may turn out that Hobit's function in human T cells is highly adapted to lifelong, periodic challenges with varying, physiological doses of pathogens. Thus, the new study about Hobit in human T cells may be the beginning of a long journey.
Evaluation of the structural damage of high‐rise reinforced concrete buildings using ambient vibrations recorded before and after damage
Authors: Uebayashi Hirotoshi , Nagano Masayuki , Hida Takenori , Tanuma Takehiko , Yasui Mitoshi , Sakai Shigeki
Published: September 2015

Evaluation of the degrees of structural damage suffered by high‐rise residential buildings after being subjected to strong ground motions is extremely important to the development of life continuity planning for building residents. However, these evaluations cannot be based on strong‐motion records alone, because earthquake observation equipment is not installed in most such buildings in Japan. In this study, we propose simple equations for estimating the stiffness degradation rate and the peak inter‐story drift ratio (PIDR) by using ambient vibration records instead of strong‐motion records when high‐rise RC buildings are subjected to a severe earthquake. More specifically, we propose one equation that relates the square root of the stiffness degradation rate, which is the ratio of natural frequencies at the maximum response to the preliminary tremor response (elastic state), in strong‐motion records with the ratio of natural frequencies identified from ambient vibrations before and after damage was suffered. We also propose an equation that relates the PIDR with the stiffness degradation rate on the basis of the stiffness‐degrading bilinear restoring force characteristic derived from the strong‐motion records of 13 high‐rise buildings for the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu Earthquake (Mw 6.9) and the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake (Mw 9.0). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) continue to successfully produce eggs after exposure to high levels of 17α-ethinylestradiol
Authors: Bosker Thijs , Munkittrick Kelly R. , Lister Andrea , MacLatchy Deborah L.
Published: September 2015

17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a potent estrogen used in birth-control pills. Previous laboratory and field studies have shown negative impacts in a variety of fish species after exposure to low levels of EE2, most notably a nearly complete shutdown of egg production. The present study demonstrates that mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), a small-bodied estuarine species, is able to continue to produce eggs after exposure for 28 d to 100 ng of EE2/L. No effect of EE2 on egg production was observed, whereas a >35-fold increase in vitellogenin (vtg 1) gene expression in males was found. The lack of response in egg production in fish exposed to high levels of EE2 warrants further investigations on species-specific responses to estrogens and endocrine disruptors in general. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1107–1112. © 2015 SETAC
Effects of trophic exposure to diclofenac and dexamethasone on hematological parameters and immune response in freshwater fish
Authors: Ribas João Luiz Coelho , Zampronio Aleksander R. , Silva de Assis Helena C.
Published: September 2015

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac and dexamethasone on hematological parameters and immune response in the fish species Hoplias malabaricus after trophic exposure. Fish were fed twice every week with Astyanax sp., which were given an intraperitoneal inoculation with diclofenac (0 μg/kg, 0.2 μg/kg, 2.0 μg/kg, or 20.0 μg/kg) or dexamethasone (0.03 μg/kg, 0.3 μg/kg, or 3.0 μg/kg). After 12 doses, the hematological parameters and lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by head kidney monocytic lineage were evaluated. Exposed fish also received 1 mg/kg of carrageenan intraperitoneal, and cell migration to the peritoneal cavity was evaluated after 4 h. Diclofenac and dexamethasone altered the red blood cell count, as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. The total blood leukocyte count decreased in all groups. A significantly reduced carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity, particularly of polymorphonuclear cells, was observed at all tested doses, suggesting a possible immunosuppressive effect. The basal nitric oxide synthesis of head kidney cell cultures was reduced at the highest dose of diclofenac and was increased at the highest dose of dexamethasone. The lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production was reduced in all treatments, thus corroborating the immunosuppressive effect. Although some fish responses were variable for different drugs, the results suggested that trophic exposure to diclofenac and dexamethasone can lead to hematological changes and immunotoxic effects, causing negative impacts in aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:975–982. © 2015 SETAC
Comparative genomic hybridization on microarray (a‐CGH) in olfactory neuroblastoma: Analysis of ten cases and review of the literature
Authors: Valli Roberto , De Bernardi Francesca , Frattini Annalisa , Volpi Luca , Bignami Maurizio , Facchetti Fabio , Pasquali Francesco , Castelnuovo Paolo , Maserati Emanuela
Published: September 2015

Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare tumor arising from the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium in the superior recesses of the nasal cavity. The rarity of this tumor, and the difficulties in culturing tumor cells has limited the generation of conventional cytogenetic data, whereas consistent results have been obtained by recent molecular methods. We report the results of an array‐based comparative genomic hybridization analysis (a‐CGH) obtained on 11 samples from 10 subjects: 8 primary and 3 relapsed tumors. In one patient, both the primary and relapsed tumors were available. Our results on chromosome imbalances highlight the highly heterogeneous presentation: six of eleven samples showed multiple numerical changes and very few structural ones, while four samples showed an opposite pattern; one sample out of eleven showed no imbalances. We did not reach firm evidence of any recurrent specific imbalances either at level of entire chromosomes or chromosome segments. A review of the literature indicates a number of recurrent gains, and losses, mostly not confirmed by our results. Gain of chromosome 19 was the only correspondence with literature data concerning an entire chromosome, and most segmental gains and losses found in our cohort of patients were different from those indicated in the literature: the only similarities concerned the gain of 20q13 and the loss of segments of chromosomes 15 and 22. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosome aberrations detected by conventional karyotyping using novel mitogens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Clinical and biologic correlations
Authors: Rigolin Gian Matteo , del Giudice Ilaria , Formigaro Luca , Saccenti Elena , Martinelli Sara , Cavallari Maurizio , Lista Enrico , Tammiso Elisa , Volta Eleonora , Lupini Laura , Bassi Cristian , Bardi Antonella , Sofritti Olga , Daghia Giulia , Cavazzini Francesco , Marinelli Marilisa , Tavolaro Simona , Guarini Anna , Negrini Massimo , Foà Robin , Cuneo Antonio
Published: September 2015

To clarify whether karyotype aberrations (KA) involving regions not covered by the standard fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panel have independent prognostic relevance, we evaluated KA by conventional cytogenetics in a learning cohort (LC; n = 166) and a validation cohort (VC; n = 250) of untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. In the VC, novel mitogens were used to improve metaphase generation and TP53, NOTCH1, and SF3B1 mutations were assessed. KA undetected by FISH were found in 35 and 35% of the cases in the LC and VC, respectively. In addition to FISH, KA allowed reclassification of 23 and 26% of cases in the LC and VC, respectively, into a higher cytogenetic risk group. By multivariate analysis, both in the LC and VC, KA other than isolated 13q deletion correlated with a shorter time to first treatment (TFT; P < 0.001 and 0.003, respectively), while a complex karyotype predicted a worse overall survival (OS, P = 0.015 and 0.010, respectively). In the VC, where a comprehensive biologic assessment was performed, a shorter TFT was also predicted by stage (P < 0.001), IGHV mutational status (P = 0.05), and del(17p)/TP53 mutations (P = 0.033) while stage (P = 0.023) and del(17p)/TP53 mutations (P = 0.024) independently predicted a shorter OS. FISH results did not independently impact on TFT and OS, in the LC and VC cohorts; this was also the case for NOTCH1 and SF3B1 mutations in the VC. We suggest that in CLL, conventional karyotyping with novel mitogens could be more effective than FISH for the detection of KA allowing for a more precise refinement of prognosis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A network of amygdala connections predict individual differences in trait anxiety
Authors: Greening Steven G. , Mitchell Derek G.V.
Published: September 2015

In this study we demonstrate that the pattern of an amygdala‐centric network contributes to individual differences in trait anxiety. Individual differences in trait anxiety were predicted using maximum likelihood estimates of amygdala structural connectivity to multiple brain targets derived from diffusion‐tensor imaging (DTI) and probabilistic tractography on 72 participants. The prediction was performed using a stratified sixfold cross validation procedure using a regularized least square regression model. The analysis revealed a reliable network of regions predicting individual differences in trait anxiety. Higher trait anxiety was associated with stronger connections between the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area implicated in the generation of emotional reactions, and inferior temporal gyrus and paracentral lobule, areas associated with perceptual and sensory processing. In contrast, higher trait anxiety was associated with weaker connections between amygdala and regions implicated in extinction learning such as medial orbitofrontal cortex, and memory encoding and environmental context recognition, including posterior cingulate cortex and parahippocampal gyrus. Thus, trait anxiety is not only associated with reduced amygdala connectivity with prefrontal areas associated with emotion modulation, but also enhanced connectivity with sensory areas. This work provides novel anatomical insight into potential mechanisms behind information processing biases observed in disorders of emotion. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4819–4830, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concomitant high expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) and B‐cell receptor (BCR) signalling molecules has clinical implications in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Akhter Ariz , Street Lesley , Ghosh Sunita , Burns Bruce F. , Elyamany Ghaleb , Shabani‐Rad Meer‐Taher , Stewart Douglas A. , Mansoor Adnan
Published: September 2015

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive disease with frequent relapse. Targeted therapies against B‐cell receptor (BCR) molecules have demonstrated improved outcomes in relapsed cases. However, clinical responses are slow and selective, with failure to attain complete remission in a significant subset of patients. Complex interaction of BCR signal transduction with toll‐like receptor (TLR) and other pathways in MCL remains unknown, thus averting progress in development of targeted therapies. We have performed detailed digital quantification of BCR/TLR signalling molecules and their effector pathways in a cohort (n = 81) of MCL patients and correlated these data with overall survival. Hierarchical clustering model based on BCR/TLR genes revealed two distinct (BCRhigh and BCRlow) subsets of patients (n = 32; 40%) with significant differences in expression (>1.5‐fold change; p < 0.05). Higher levels of BTK/SYK/BLNK/CARD11/PLCG signalosome and lower expression of MALT1/BCL10 genes suggested tonic pattern of BCR activation. Amplified expression of TLR6/TLR7/TLR9 was noted in concert with hyper‐responsiveness of BCR machinery. MYD88, a key TLR adaptor molecule, was not upregulated in any of these clusters, which may suggest a ‘cross‐talk’ between BCR and TLR pathways. In sync with BCR/TLR signalling, we recorded significantly enhanced expression of genes associated with NF‐kB pathway in BCRhigh subset of MCL patients. On univariate analysis, the BCRhigh patients showed a trend towards inferior clinical response to a standardized treatment protocol, compared with the BCRlow group (log rank, p = 0.043). In conclusion, we have identified hyperactive BCR/TLR signalling pathways and their effector downstream targets in a subset of MCL patients and associated it with poor clinical outcomes. Our study provides quantitative evidence at RNA expression level of possible concomitant collaboration between TLR and BCR signalling molecules in MCL. These data will provide further insights for future functional studies and, hence, development of targeted therapies for MCL patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous monitoring of stream δ18O and δ2H and stormflow hydrograph separation using laser spectrometry in an agricultural catchment
Authors: Tweed Sarah , Munksgaard Niels , Marc Vincent , Rockett Nicholas , Bass Adrian , Forsythe Anthony J. , Bird Michael I. , Leblanc Marc
Published: September 2015

A portable Wavelength Scanned‐Cavity Ring‐Down Spectrometer (Picarro L2120) fitted with a diffusion sampler (DS‐CRDS) was used for the first time to continuously measure δ18O and δ2H of stream water. The experiment took place during a storm event in a wet tropical agricultural catchment in north‐eastern Australia. At a temporal resolution of one minute, the DS‐CRDS measured 2160 δ18O and δ2H values continuously over a period of 36 h with a precision of ±0.08 and 0.5‰ for δ18O and δ2H, respectively. Four main advantages in using high temporal resolution stream δ18O and δ2H data during a storm event are highlighted from this study. First, they enabled us to separate components of the hydrograph, which was not possible using high temporal resolution electrical conductivity data that represented changes in solute transfers during the storm event rather than physical hydrological processes. The results from the hydrograph separation confirm fast groundwater contribution to the stream, with the first 5 h of increases in stream discharge comprising over 70% pre‐event water. Second, the high temporal resolution stream δ18O and δ2H data allowed us to detect a short‐lived reversal in stream isotopic values (δ18O increase by 0.4‰ over 9 min), which was observed immediately after the heavy rainfall period. Third, δ18O values were used to calculate a time lag of 20 min between the physical and chemical stream responses during the storm event. Finally, the hydrograph separation highlights the role of event waters in the runoff transfers of herbicides and nutrients from this heavily cultivated catchment to the Great Barrier Reef. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct reciprocity in animals: The roles of bonding and affective processes
Authors: Freidin Esteban , Carballo Fabricio , Bentosela Mariana
Published: September 2015

The presence of direct reciprocity in animals is a debated topic, because, despite its evolutionary plausibility, it is believed to be uncommon. Some authors claim that stable reciprocal exchanges require sophisticated cognition which has acted as a constraint on its evolution across species. In contrast, a more recent trend of research has focused on the possibility that direct reciprocity occurs within long‐term bonds and relies on simple as well as more complex affective mechanisms such as emotional book‐keeping, rudimentary and higher forms of empathy, and inequity aversion, among others. First, we present evidence supporting the occurrence of long‐term reciprocity in the context of existing bonds in social birds and mammals. Second, we discuss the evidence for affective responses which, modulated by bonding, may underlie altruistic behaviours in different species. We conclude that the mechanisms that may underlie reciprocal exchanges are diverse, and that some act in interaction with bonding processes. From simple associative learning in social contexts, through emotional contagion and behavioural mimicry, to empathy and a sense of fairness, widespread and diverse social affective mechanisms may explain why direct reciprocity may not be a rare phenomenon among social vertebrates.
Alternative method for preparation of Au/TiO2 with precise Au0/Auδ+
Authors: Du Mingming , Huang Jiale , Jing Xiaolian , Sun Daohua , Li Qingbiao
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Au valence for Au catalysts has been considered a vital parameter for catalytic activity towards CO oxidation. However, there is no effective method to prepare precise Au0/Auδ+ molar ratios with the same Au nanoparticles (NPs) sizes.

RESULTS

A series of Au/TiO2 catalysts with tuneable Au0/Auδ+ molar ratios were prepared by the combination of a biosynthesis method and a deposition–precipitation (DP) method, and characterized by XPS, TEM, DRUV‐Vis techniques. First, biosynthesized metallic Au NPs were immobilized onto TiO2 supports to obtain Au/TiO2 catalysts with different Au loadings but with the same sized Au NPs. And then positively ionized Au species were supported onto the above Au/TiO2 catalysts by a DP method. The metallic Au and positively ionized Au species could be totally supported on the support. Therefore, the Au0/Auδ+ molar ratios could be controlled exactly. Compared with Au/TiO2 catalysts with metallic and positively ionized Au species alone, the catalyst Au/TiO2‐1:1 showed the best initial catalytic activity, suggesting enhanced catalytic performance due to the coexistence of Au0 and Auδ+.

CONCLUSION

This study verifies that Au/TiO2 catalysts with accurate Au0/Auδ+ molar ratios can be prepared by a combination of biosynthesis and a DP method. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Palladium‐catalyzed Synthesis of Novel O‐Heterocycles by Domino Suzuki Coupling‐Michael Addition Reaction
Authors: Zhu Qihua , Nie Feng , Feng Jingjie , Li Yuyan , Wang Xuyan , Xu Yungen
Published: September 2015

Various novel O‐heterocycles were synthesized in a one‐pot operation under relatively mild reaction conditions involving Pd‐catalyzed tandem intermolecular Suzuki crossing coupling and subsequent Michael addition.
From Unconventional to Ordinary? The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Homogenizing Effects of International Development Cooperation
Authors: Fejerskov Adam Moe
Published: September 2015

The majority of the literature on new actors in development cooperation explores how these alter the field. This article presents a reverse case of how the strong homogenizing norms and principles of international development may turn an unconventional development actor into something quite conventional and more alike to well‐established actors. Drawing on insights from institutional theory, it examines organizational changes in the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation from formation until today and argues that the foundation has progressed from a state of intentional isolation to one of actively engaging in and adhering to the field's norm and principle‐setting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An early post‐traumatic reaction of lymph‐heart striated muscle fibers in adult frog Rana temporaria during the first postoperative week: An electron microscopic and autoradiographic study
Authors: Krylova Marina I. , Bogolyubov Dmitry S.
Published: September 2015

According to the current opinion, lymph‐heart striated muscle represents a specialized type of skeletal muscles in frogs. Here, we studied muscle fibers in mechanically damaged lymph hearts during the first postoperative week using electron‐microscopic autoradiography. We present evidence that both, the satellite cells and pre‐existing muscle fibers bordering the site of injury, contribute directly to the lymph‐heart muscle regeneration. Several muscle fibers located in the vicinity of the damaged area displayed features of nuclear and sarcoplasmic activation. We also observed ultrastructural changes indicating activation of a few satellite cells, namely decondensation of chromatin, enlargement of nuclei and nucleoli, appearance of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum tubules in the cytoplasm. Electron‐microscopic autoradiography showed that 4 h after single 3H‐thymidine administration on the seventh day after injury not only the activated satellite cells, but also some nuclei of myofibers bordering the injured zone are labeled. We showed that both, the myonuclei of fibers displaying the signs of degenerative/reparative processes in the sarcoplasm and the myonuclei of the fibers enriched with highly organized myofibrils, can re‐enter into the S‐phase. Our results indicate that the nuclei of lymph‐heart myofibers can reactivate DNA synthesis during regenerative myogenesis, unlike the situation in regenerating frog skeletal muscle where myogenic cells do not synthesize DNA at the onset of myofibrillogenesis. J. Morphol. 276:1525–1534, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poles–zeros analysis and broadband equivalent circuit for on‐chip spiral inductors
Authors: Han Bo , Wang Daimu , Wang Feng , Wang Shibin
Published: September 2015

Poles and zeros of the transfer function determine the performance and the key features of the circuit network, such as phase, gain, and bandwidth. In this paper, the contribution of the poles and zeros to the transfer function has been shown. The factors ηp and ηz are proposed to account for the poles contribution to the peak and the zeros contribution to the valley of transfer function, respectively. A novel broadband equivalent circuit combining the physics‐based circuit model and behavioral macro‐model (black‐box) network is proposed for accurately characterizing on‐chip spiral inductors. The physics‐based elements are extracted using the linear dependence of a set of characteristic functions on variables (such as ω2) or other functions in a certain frequency range. The macro‐model network described by rational functions is determined using vector fitting approaches. The proposed modeling method is validated by the on‐chip spiral inductor fabricated with 0.13‐µm SiGe BiCMOS aluminum process. Excellent agreements are obtained between the measured data and calculation for the proposed model up to 40 GHz. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial and cervical cancer
Authors: Smith Blair , Backes Floor
Published: September 2015

Sentinel lymph node assessment aims to determine lymphatic spread while preventing unnecessary interventions and morbidity for those who will not benefit from lymphadenectomy. All detection methods have demonstrated reasonable sensitivity with a low false negative rate and high negative predictive value; as long as the surgeon removes all enlarged lymph nodes and a site‐specific lymphadenectomy is performed if there is no mapping. The significance of micrometastases and long term outcomes are yet to be determined. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:753–760. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferior vena cava reconstruction for leiomyosarcoma of zone I–III requiring complete hepatectomy and bilateral nephrectomy with autotransplantation
Authors: Fernandez Hoylan T. , Kim Peter T.W. , Anthony Tiffany L. , Hamman Baron L. , Goldstein Robert M. , Testa Giuliano
Published: September 2015

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the most common site of leiomyosarcomas arising from a vascular origin. Leiomyosarcomas of the IVC are categorized by anatomical location. Zone I refers to the infrarenal portion of the IVC, Zone II from the hepatic veins to the renal veins, and Zone III from the right atrium to the hepatic veins. This is a rare presentation of a Zone I–III leiomyosarcoma. Fifty‐two‐years‐old female with a medical history significant only for HTN was admitted to the hospital with bilateral lower extremity edema and dyspnea. Two‐dimensional echo demonstrated a right atrial thrombus, extending into the IVC. On subsequent CT and MRI, a 15 cm mass was noted that began in the right atrium and extended into the IVC, with continuation below the renal veins to above the level of the confluence of the common iliac veins. The patient underwent a complete resection of the mass, replacement of the IVC with Dacron graft, total hepatectomy and bilateral nephrectomy, with liver and kidney autotransplantation. Pathology was consistent with a high grade spindle cell sarcoma of vena cava origin. Patient was readmitted approximately 4 weeks postoperatively to begin adjuvant chemotherapy. This case represents a zone I–III IVC leiomyosarcoma treated with surgical R0 resection. This included a hepatectomy, bilateral nephrectomy, and hepatic and left renal autotransplantation. These complex tumors should be treated with surgical resection, and require a multidisciplinary approach. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:481–485. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial Modelling of Organic Carbon in Burned Mountain Soils Using Hyperspectral Images, Field Datasets, and NIR Spectroscopy (Cantabrian Range; NW Spain)
Authors: Fernández Susana , Peón Juanjo , Recondo Carmen , Calleja Javier F. , Guerrero César
Published: September 2015

Soil organic matter is seriously affected by fires and suffers changes in stock, composition, and distribution. In the North‐West side of the Cantabrian Range (northern Spain) fires are very common. In order to develop a cartographic technique to map areas with high carbon stocks caused by fire, we test a technique based on calibrated VIS‐NIR soil organic carbon models and hyperspectral images. Total (TOC) and oxidizable carbon (OC) were measured in 89 soil samples. The samples were scanned with VIS‐NIR spectrometer (400–2,500 nm), and the spectra were resampled to the hyperspectral image channels. Spectroscopic models for TOC and OC were fitted (R2 > 0·81) using partial least squares regression (PLSR). The predictions were regionalized to the hyperspectral image and the results validated with a new soil population consisting of 12 Valeri plots collected in burned slopes of the study area under heather vegetation. In soil samples, TOC and OC values are highly correlated (R = 0·92), and the coefficients of the PLSR models have a similar pattern, which suggests similar organic components. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the values of the regression coefficients, much higher in the TOC model except at 560 and 2,054 nm that might be interpreted as labile carbon components, and at 1,590 nm. At this wavelength the coefficient of TOC is positive and OC is negative, and it could be interpreted as hydrocarbons components present in the TOC model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential carbon utilization and asexual reproduction under elevated pCO2 conditions in the model anemone, Exaiptasia pallida, hosting different symbionts
Authors: Hoadley Kenneth D. , Rollison Dana , Pettay D. Tye , Warner Mark E.
Published: September 2015

Here we report the effects of elevated pCO2 on the model symbiotic anemone Exaiptasia pallida and how its association with three different strains of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium minutum (ITS2‐type B1) affects its response. Exposure to elevated pCO2 (70.9 Pa) for 28 d led to an increased effective quantum yield of PSII in actinic light within two of the alga‐anemone combinations. Autotrophic carbon fixation, along with the rate of carbon translocated to the animal, were significantly elevated with high pCO2. Elevated pCO2 exposure also coincided with significantly greater asexual budding rates in all tested anemones. Further, differences in photochemistry and carbon translocation rates suggest subtle differences in the response to pCO2 among the three strains of S. minutum and their host anemones. This illustrates the potential for physiological diversity at the subspecies level for this ecologically important dinoflagellate. Positive alterations in photosynthesis, carbon utilization, and fitness within this model symbiosis suggest a potential benefit from ocean acidification (OA) not yet observed within corals, which may enable these anthozoans to gain a greater ecological presence under future OA conditions.