bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dipolophoresis in large-scale suspensions of ideally polarizable spheres
Authors: PARK JAE SUNG , SAINTILLAN DAVID
Published: September 2010

The nonlinear dynamics of uncharged ideally polarizable spheres freely suspended in a viscous electrolyte in a uniform electric field are analysed using theory and numerical simulations. When a sphere polarizes under the action of the field, it acquires a non-uniform surface charge, which results in an electro-osmotic flow near its surface that scales quadratically with the applied field magnitude. While this so-called induced-charge electrophoresis yields no net motion in the case of a single sphere, it can drive relative motions by symmetry breaking when several particles are present. In addition, Maxwell stresses in the fluid also result in non-zero dielectrophoretic forces, which also cause particle motions. The combination of these two nonlinear electrokinetic effects, termed dipolophoresis, is analysed in detail by using numerical simulations. An efficient simulation method based on our previous analysis of pair interactions is presented and accounts for both far-field and near-field electric and hydrodynamic interactions in the thin-Debye-layer limit, as well as steric interactions using a novel contact algorithm. Simulation results in large-scale suspensions with periodic boundary conditions are presented. While the dynamics under dielectrophoresis alone are shown to be characterized by particle chaining along the field direction, in agreement with previous investigations, chaining is not found to occur under dipolophoresis, which instead causes transient particle pairings and results in a non-uniform microstructure with large number of density fluctuations, as we demonstrate by calculating pair distribution functions and particle occupancy statistics. Dipolophoresis is also found to result in significant hydrodynamic dispersion and velocity fluctuations, and the dependence of these two effects on suspension volume fraction is investigated.
The Stem Eelworm, Tylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1858): Observations on its attacks on Potatoes and Mangolds with a Host-list of plants parasitized by it.
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: September 2010

The nematode has been known as a serious parasite of potatoes for a number of years. The disease produced by it was first described in Germany by Kühn (1888) under the name of Wurmfäule. Shortly after this Ritzema Bos (1892) confirmed and amplified Kühn's account and carried out an experimental investigation on the disease. The present writer Goodey (1923) gave a short résumé of this earlier work and an account of the occurrence of the disease on potatoes in the Holbeach area of Lincolnshire. Buckhurst (1925) also reported the results of certain successful pot experiments in which potatoes were infected by growing in soil containing diseased tuber material. Finally, an important paper by Quanjer (1927) has appeared in which he deals with the occurrence of the disease on potatoes at Wageningen, Holland, and shows that the physiological race of worms attacking potatoes there occurs naturally on certain wild plants in the pastures and is capable of attacking a wide range of host plants both cultivated and wild. He also discusses the mode of entry of the parasite into the host and the nature of its action on the plant tissues.
A New Type of Wedge Colorimeter used in a Biological Investigation of Sewage
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: September 2010

For two years, from June, 1927, the writer held a Research Scholarship in Sanitary Science from the Grocers' Company, the terms of reference including a biological study of the fauna of sewage-treatment plants. Special attention was paid to the free-living nematodes since in mere quantity they form an important section of the fauna in many treatment units, and they have been much neglected as a group in comparison with the protozoa and bacteria.
A New Record of the occurrence of a Tapeworm of the genus Bertiella in Man
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: September 2010

During a visit to the island of St. Kitts, British West Indies, in 1928, I received from Dr. S. B. Jones for identification, a tapeworm which he had received from a young negress who had never left the island. The tapeworm was a specimen of Bertiella.
Matthew Arnold and the Crisis of Classicism: An Introduction
Authors: Buckler William E.
Published: September 2010

Reflecting on the extreme difficulty of the practice of literary criticism as it was invoked by the conception and composition of Literature and Dogma, Matthew Arnold wrote the following sentence: “It calls into play the highest requisites for the study of letters; – great and wide acquaintance with the history of the human mind, knowledge of the manner in which men have thought, of their way of using words and what they mean by them, delicacy of perception and quick tact, and, besides all these, a favourable moment and the ‘Zeitgeist.’” This sentence is a mirror, a language-metaphor, of Arnold's critical mind. Without verbal fanfare, with the utmost directness and simplicity of statement, it encompasses its subject in an original, relevant, and satisfying way. The “highest requisites” for the literary critic are adequate working hypotheses about the human mind – not a formal philosophy or theory of mind, but a set of working hypotheses, empirically acquired and tested and always subject to empirically justified revision, that are both practical and trustworthy; genuine sophistication in the subtleties of language, its nuances, conventions, and diplomacies – again not scientific or philosophical expertise, but a knowledge acquired through experience of historical usage and of the tendency of language to contract and expand itself and to alter its character and significance as it moves in and out of differing contexts; a sensibility diat is especially responsive to literary fact and moves with practiced ease and dependability among literary phenomena; that degree of self-awareness that recognizes the peculiar aptness and applicability of one's talents to the needs and possibilities of one's era. Add to these “highest requisites for the study of letters” only a very few of Arnold's methodological principles – concentration on the centrality of the subject or action to the way in which a piece of imaginative literature actually works, reliance on “inward evidence, direct evidence” rather than on “outward evidence, indirect evidence,” recognition that “poets receive their distinctive character, not from their subject, but from their application to that subject of the ideas …
John Stuart Mill on the Utility of Classical Greece
Authors: Preyer Robert O.
Published: September 2010

What was the state of classical Greek studies in early Victorian Britain? The anonymous author of a series of Platonic translations-with-commentaries has this to say in the February 1834 issue of the Monthly Repository:

Considering the almost boundless reputation of the writings of Plato, not only among scholars, but (upon their authority) among nearly all who have any tincture of letters, it is a remarkable fact that, of the great writers of antiquity, there is scarcely one who, in this country at least, is not merely so little understood, but so little read. Our two great ‘seats of learning’ of which no real lover of learning can ever speak but in terms of indignant disgust, bestow attention upon the various branches of classical acquirement in exactly the reverse order to that which would be observed by persons who valued the ancient authors for what is valuable in them: … with the exception of the two dialogues edited by Dr. Routh, we are aware of nothing to facilitate the study of the most gifted of Greek writers which has ever emanated from either of the two impostor-universities of England; and of die young men who have obtained university honours during the past ten years, we are much misinformed if there be six who had even looked into his writings. There are, probably, in this kingdom, not so many as a hundred persons who ever have read Plato, and not so many as twenty who ever do.’
The Greeks, the Germans, and George Eliot
Authors: Wiesenfarth Joseph
Published: September 2010

In 1947–48 Vernon Rendall wrote the first essays on George Eliot's use of the classics in her novels and supplied the first tentative list of authors she was acquainted with: Aeschylus, Aristotle, Epictetus, Homer, Nonnus, Pausanias, Sophocles, Thucydides, and Xenophon in Greek; Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, Livy, Persius, Plautus, Quintilian, Tacitus, and Virgil in Latin. Rendall pointed to Sophocles and Horace as Eliot's favorites in each language. She is like the tragedian in that “Sophocles does not let himself go” in “the delineation of the passions”; and she “never lets herself go.” Horace is not only the Latin poet she most persistently alludes to but also the one she most nearly assimilates in the wit and point of her style. Of the other Greek writers, Aeschylus provided George Eliot with that concept of Nemesis which pervades her novels. The Latin writers supplied her with happy tag phrases diat punctuate the speech of feckless gentlemen – “A quotation or two adorns the whole man,” according to Heine – like Arthur Donnithorne and Arthur Brooke; in addition, they allowed George Eliot to give Politian and Scala ammunition for academic warfare in Romola. In his comments on Sophoclean control, Horatian wit, Aeschylean Nemesis, and classical allusion, Rendall initiated the study of George Eliot's use of the classics. He broke ground for others to excavate.
The Homeric Competitions of Tennyson and Gladstone
Authors: Joseph Gerhard
Published: September 2010

In December 1865 the sculptor Thomas Woolner gave a memorable dinner party which, in a Victorian version of the Homeric games, generated a sportive clash between two of the age's heroes. The guests included William Ewart Gladstone, Alfred Tennyson, William Holman Hunt, and the Bristol physician John Addington Symonds. The son of this last entered later in the evening (as did F. T. Palgrave), and it is from the letters of the younger John Addington Symonds that we have a detailed, lively account of the stormy proceedings. The major feature of the evening was the persistency with which Tennyson and Gladstone gravitated toward polar attitudes whatever the topic of conversation, whether the issue under discussion was political or literary. As the younger Symonds entered the dining room, the assembled company had just begun to consider Governor Coote Eyre and his brutal suppression of the Jamaican uprising in which twenty Europeans had been killed and over 600 natives killed or executed. As Gladstone condemned the slaughter with the moral passion and oratorical skill by which he dominated Parliament, Tennyson kept interrupting not with counter-arguments but with obbligato, sotto voce prejudices: “We are too tender to savages, we are more tender to a black man than to ourselves. … Niggers are tigers, niggers are tigers.” Repeatedly the two men differed over this and other matters, “Gladstone with his rich flexible voice, Tennyson with his deep drawl rising into an impatient falsetto when put out, Gladstone arguing, Tennyson putting in a prejudice, Gladstone asserting rashly, Tennyson denying with a bold negative, Gladstone full of facts, Tennyson relying on impressions, both of them humorous, but the one polished and delicate in repartee, the other broad & coarse & grotesque.”
The living dead? The construction of people with Alzheimer's disease as zombies
Authors: BEHUNIAK SUSAN M.
Published: September 2010

In the literature on Alzheimer's disease (AD), scholars have noted how both the disease and the people who are diagnosed as having it have been stigmatised. I argue here that the AD stigma is of a specific sort – it is dehumanisation based on disgust and terror. Although the blame for negative perceptions of people with AD has been placed on the biomedical understanding of dementia, I argue that strong negative emotional responses to AD are also buttressed by the social construction of people with AD as zombies. To illustrate this point, this paper identifies seven specific ways that the zombie metaphor is referenced in both the scholarly and popular literature on AD. This common referencing of zombies is significant as it infuses the social discourse about AD with a politics of revulsion and fear that separates and marginalises those with AD. It is in recognising the power of this zombie trope that its negative impact can be actively resisted through an emphasis of connectedness, commonality, and inter-dependency.
Managing older people's money: assisted and substitute decision making in residential aged-care
Authors: TILSE CHERYL , WILSON JILL , ROSENMAN LINDA , MORRISON DAVID , MCCAWLEY ANNE-LOUISE
Published: September 2010

Current approaches to the assessment of cognitive capacity in many jurisdictions seek to balance older people's empowerment with their protection. These approaches incorporate a presumption of capacity, a decision-specific rather than global assessment of that capacity, and an obligation to provide the support needed for adults to make or communicate their own decisions. The implication is that older people are assisted to make decisions where possible, rather than using substitute decision makers. For older people, decision making about financial matters is a contentious domain because of competing interests in their assets and concerns about risk, misuse and abuse. In residential-care settings, older people risk being characterised as dependent and vulnerable, especially in relation to decisions about financial assets. This paper reports an Australian study of the factors that facilitate and constrain residents' involvement in financial decision making in residential settings. Case studies of four aged-care facilities explored how staff interpreted the legislative and policy requirements for assisted and substitute decision making, and the factors that facilitated and constrained residents' inclusion in decisions about their finances. The observed practices reveal considerable variation in the ways that current legislation is understood and implemented, that there are limited resources for this area of practice, and that policies and practices prioritise managing risk and protecting assets rather than promoting assisted decision making.
Introduction
Authors: Grimsted Patricia Kennedy
Published: September 2010

World War II was the occasion of the greatest theft, seizure, loss, and displacement of art treasures, books, and archives (“cultural items”) in history. Since then, governments and others have attempted to justify either their right to keep or to claim the return of the cultural items displaced as a result of the war and its aftermath. Such issues have intensified on the Eastern Front since the collapse of he Soviet Union and the opening of the Soviet secret depositories of long-hidden cultural items brought to Soviet territories at the end of the war. The principal protagonists in the public arena have been the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany), the Republic of Poland, and the Republic of Hungary, each claiming that the Russian Federation (Russia) has refused to negotiate adequately the return of cultural items displaced during and after the war that are now located in its territory.
Legalizing “Compensation” and the Spoils of War: The Russian Law on Displaced Cultural Valuables and the Manipulation of Historical Memory
Authors: Grimsted Patricia Kennedy
Published: September 2010

This article analyses the historical and political background of the Russian law on cultural property displaced to the Soviet Union at the end of the Second World War (April 1998, with amendments in 2000). Following the 1990–1991 revelations about the extensive cultural treasures captured by Soviet authorities at the end of the Second World War, there was hope abroad for restitution, with a series of bilateral agreements with the countries of origin, but in spring 1994 the Duma blocked further restitution. We follow the fierce debates, the Constitutional Court ruling (1999), the amended law (July 2000), and its implementation under the Ministry of Culture.

We show the wide-scale Russian support of the law, with its concept of “compensatory restitution” that virtually nationalizes the spoils of war, with only scant provisions for restitution to those who fought against the Nazi regime and those victimized by it. What explanation emerges involves the manipulation of historical memory by the Stalinist regime, as the cultural trophies assume symbolic importance in the “myth and memory” of “victory” in the Great Patriotic War. Restitution to legal owners is to be considered only in exchange for equally substantial compensation for wartime loss and suffering of the population at large.
Why Can't Private Art “Trophies” Go Home from the War?
Authors: Akinsha Konstantin
Published: September 2010

This article is dedicated to the collection from the Bremen Kunsthalle, comprising 1715 drawings, 50 paintings, and about 3000 prints found by Soviet troops in castle of Karnzow near Berlin in May 1945. The collection was not seized by Soviet trophy brigades but was looted by soldiers and officers of the 38th Field Engineers' Brigade of the Red Army.

After their return to the USSR and demobilization, some of the officers donated their loot to different museums around the Soviet Union. One of the most important parts of the collection, with 362 drawings and two paintings—among them works of Dürer, Rembrandt, Goya, and Van Gogh, was appropriated by Captain Viktor Baldin. In 1948 Baldin deposited his loot in the A. V. Shchusev State Research Museum of Architecture in Moscow. Later Baldin became the director of the museum and advocated return of the art to its rightful owners.

Since the days of Gorbachev's perestroika, these art works have frequently attracted public attention and provoked fierce debates. The Federal Law on Cultural Valuables adopted in 1998 did not cover art works looted by private individuals. Rather, such conflicts have to be solved within the framework of Russian criminal law.

In contrast, other works of art from the same Bremen Kunsthalle collection were restituted from the United States, Ukraine, and Estonia. Another 101 drawings and prints of the collection, seized by another member of Baldin's brigade, were returned from Russia to Bremen in 2000, but that was in “exchange” for an original mosaic from the legendary Amber Chamber. However, despite more than 20 years of efforts by German officials and endless negotiations, the Baldin Collection remains in the Russian Federation. The return of those stolen drawings any time soon now looks highly improbable. The case of the Baldin Collection became the most striking example of the Russian nonrestitution of cultural property looted during World War II.
Art Loans and Immunity from Seizure in the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Kaye Lawrence M.
Published: September 2010

Some countries' laws favoring good-faith purchasers over the victims of theft make it difficult to recover stolen artworks. Nonetheless, the loan of such artworks for exhibition abroad may create opportunities to utilize the host country's legal system for recovery. This article examines representative cases illustrating legal options available to plaintiffs in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the United States, laws at the federal and state level may prevent the seizure of artworks loaned for temporary exhibition, but recent cases show that immunity is not absolute and that such artworks may be subject to suit in the United States. The United Kingdom recently enacted a similar law. That law, however, has been criticized, and future interpretations by U.K. courts will be needed before its true affect can be seen. The article also discusses the backgrounds against which the U.S. and U.K. laws were enacted, illustrating the link between the laws and Russian concerns about protecting cultural artifacts that were nationalized after the Russian Revolution or taken by Soviet troops during World War II.
APPENDIX 2: Russian Legal Instruments Relating to Cultural Valuables Displaced as a Result of the Second World War, 1990–2009
Authors: Grimsted Patricia Kennedy
Published: September 2010

The following list is limited narrowly to post-1991 Russian legal instruments relating to cultural valuables of foreign provenance seized and transported to the Soviet Union from Germany and Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, or in the immediate postwar period. Widely known in Russia as the “trophy” valuables, officially those cultural objects (art, books, and archives) are usually referred to in Russia more euphemistically as “cultural valuables displaced [or relocated] to the USSR,” although most frequently translated in a European context as “displaced cultural valuables.” The term “displaced” is used here, and may include some cultural property and archives that came to the USSR during the war itself, as well as those removed from Germany and Eastern Europe by Soviet authorities at the end of or immediately after the war. Many items involved were actually twice captured, or “twice saved,” as the saying goes in Russia, having been first captured by the Nazis, mostly from “enemies of the regime,” and then captured a second time and “safeguarded” by the Soviets.
Foreword
Authors: Goldstein Charles A.
Published: September 2010

The Harvard Law School Symposium, “Spoils of War v. Cultural Heritage: The Russian Cultural Property Law in Historical Context,” was convened in February 2008 to bring together legal, historical, and other academic experts who might shed some light on the issues raised by Russia's 1998 law that essentially nationalized and declared Russian ownership of the great many works of art, books, and archives that were taken under orders by the Red Army to the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. The symposium was jointly sponsored by the Commission for Art Recovery, the Foundation for International Cultural Diplomacy, the Harvard Law School Arts and Literature Law Society, the Harvard Law School European Law Research Center, and the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies of Harvard University.
United States v. Pre-Columbian Artifacts and the Republic of Guatemala: Expansion of National Stolen Property Act in its Application to Illegally Exported Cultural Property
Authors: Eyster Jason
Published: September 2010

One of the major issues confronting U. S. courts in international cultural property cases is the significance of foreign export restriction violations. This is a particularly sensitive issue for museums in art purchasing nations since aggressive support of the view that export restriction violation is theft could result in the return of much of a museum's collection. In fact, Thomas Hoving, past director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art stated, “almost every antiquity that has arrived in America in the past ten to twenty years has broken the laws of the country from which it came.”
Fourteen degrees of latitude and a continent apart: comparison of lichen activity over two years at continental and maritime Antarctic sites
Authors: Schroeter Burkhard , Green T.G. Allan , Pannewitz Stefan , Schlensog Mark , Sancho Leopoldo G.
Published: September 2010

There are marked declines in precipitation, mean temperatures and the number of lichen species with increasing latitude in Antarctica. However, it is not known which factors are the predominant controllers of biodiversity changes. Results are presented from over two years of almost continuous monitoring of both microclimate and activity in lichens at Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, 62°S, and Botany Bay, Ross Sea region, 77°S. Lichen activity was evident over a much longer period at Livingston Island, (3694 versus 897 hours) and could occur in any month whereas it was almost completely confined to the period November–February at Botany Bay. Mean air temperatures were much lower at Botany Bay (-18° compared to -1.5°C at Livingston Island), but the temperatures at which the lichens were active were almost identical at around 2°C at both sites. When the lichens were active incident light at Botany Bay was very much higher. The differences are related to the availability of meltwater which only occurs at times of high light and warm temperatures at Botany Bay. Temperature as a direct effect does not seem to explain the differences in biodiversity between the sites, but an indirect effect through active hours is much more probable. In addition there are negative effects of stresses such as high light and extreme winter cold at Botany Bay.
Introits and ingressae – Milan and Rome: the elaboration of chant melodies, the operation of musical memory
Authors: Bailey Terence
Published: September 2010

Although it has always been plain to see that the Milanese and Roman Mass shared many texts, that the melodies were also shared has gone largely unnoticed, or at any rate undemonstrated, except in the special case of the few offertory chants with wider concordances in Franco-Roman, Milanese and Visigothic books. This article takes up the particular case of the Roman and Milanese entrance antiphons: first, the circumstances of the importation of the Roman introits into the Ambrosian Mass; and, second, the precise relationship of the Ambrosian and Franco-Roman (Gregorian) melodies. It has long been understood that chants of the Old Roman repertory provide a firm basis for an understanding of the changes, inevitable over time, in an orally transmitted repertory. It emerges that the Ambrosian melodies, transcribed in neumes in about the middle of the eleventh century, offer a second opportunity for a sondage. This other, unsuspected, version of the chants, miraculously preserved and stabilised north of the Alps in the ninth and tenth centuries also allows for convincing demonstrations of the musical procedures employed in the elaboration of the melodies and in their adaptation to different texts. And not least, the isolation of what is shared between versions notated at a distance of centuries give us the basis of an objective estimation of the effectiveness of musical memory in a musical culture that did not rely on notation.
The manifestation of musical time in Italian ballatas around 1400: the case of Andrea da Firenze'sNon più doglie ebbe Dido
Authors: Rotter-Broman Signe
Published: September 2010

The changes in time perception that emerged in the late Middle Ages have not only left their mark on musical notation or the isorhythmic motet, but also on the composition of polyphonic songs. This article proposes an analytical approach to late Trecento songs that takes these changes into account. A case study of Andrea da Firenze's ballataNon più doglie ebbe Didoreveals how the temporal structures of the text and the music interact.
The Early Christian Sarcophagi of the Lateran Museum and Their Historical Suggestiveness
Authors: Stout James Coffin
Published: September 2010

In the Lateran Museum at Rome perhaps the largest and most interesting collection of ancient Christian sarcophagi in the world has been gathered together. It is hard to say just how many different specimens are represented. At least thirty-eight are more or less complete; and there are, besides, numerous fragments of others, some of which have doubtless been reckoned in the larger estimates sometimes given. A few were found in the various catacombs which like the encampments of a besieging army encircle the walls of Rome. The majority came from the early basilicas, which sprang up so rapidly after Constantine's Edict had proclaimed that the victory of these Christian hosts had indeed been won. It would be difficult to assign an exact date to many of these sarcophagi; but in general it may be said that they represent the fourth and fifth centuries, with a few specimens from still earlier generations, and a few others which reach forward into the sixth century.
The Formal Dialectical Rationalism of Calvin
Authors: Weber Henry Jacob
Published: September 2010

What William Pierson Merrill recently said of the Creed of the Presbyterian Church, i.e., that it is “comprehensive,” is true also of the Institutes of Calvin: the work is an inclusive document; it comprehends varying, even conflicting views. Calvin endeavors to press “life and reality” into a system of harmonious thought. In its sixth edition of the Institutes the Presbyterian Board of Publication rightly affirms, that Calvin's great natural abilities, his profound erudition, his well-balanced and discriminating judgment … eminently fitted him to prepare such a work, in which the doctrines of the Gospel are so clearly developed and harmonized.
The Acceptance of Christianity by the Roman Emperors
Authors: Case Shirley Jackson
Published: September 2010

For the church historian, there is perhaps no more baffling problem than to account for the union that was effected between Christianity and the Roman State. The acceptance of this new religion by a government bound up with the heritages and customs of a thousand years of heathenism would be an astounding phenomenon were it not already so familiar to the historian. Scarcely less perplexing is the corresponding transformation in the attitude of Christians toward the Roman government. It seems almost inconceivable that a religious movement, which began with the conviction that “all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them” were the proper possession of Satan, should ultimately hail with approval a union of Church and State. There is no need to rehearse the course of events that marked the gradual rapprochement of Christianity and the Roman State. That story has been well and frequently told. But the genetic forces operating in that ancient society to bring about this remarkable result, still await further analysis. It is in this particular field of research that our present study falls.
Church Historical Research and Library Cooperation
Authors: Richardson Ernest Cushing
Published: September 2010

The poverty of our American libraries in research books is a matter of almost daily observation in research libraries. We are rich in the books for learning and teaching, that is, in all the machinery for spreading common knowledge; but when it comes to the search for new knowledge, those sciences which, like history and philology, find their chief sources in books, are handicapped at every turn. It was estimated three or four years ago that there are at least five million live research books in the world, i.e., books liable to be sought at the reference desk any day. Of these it was said perhaps one million can be found in the great reference libraries, another million exist in America somewhere, if only they could be located, and the rest are only to be found abroad. Since that time it has been found that both the number which can be found and the number, in America which might be found are increasing rapidly, but the problem is still very far from approaching solution. Every few weeks, if not oftener, any one actively engaged in research work runs up against a concrete instance. The writer has already met several during the first month of the academic year. The most recent is as typical as any.
Protestantism in the Ukraine
Authors: Kusiw Basil
Published: September 2010

Protestantism and the Ukraine are a combinatino strange to the mind of a Western man. He who has been taught to look on the Ukraine as a province of greater Russia regards the Ukraine as being as much Russian and Orthodox as Moskovia.
The Reverend James I. Good, D.D., LL.D., as a Church Historian
Authors: Richards George Warren
Published: September 2010

To understand the historical work of Dr. Good we shall have to consider certain facts of his early life and training. When he died at the age of seventy-three, he was a notable figure, not only in the Reformed Church in the United States, of which he was a member from childhood, but also among the Protestant Churches of America and Europe. Few men of any Church in this country were more widely known, and, in some respects, more highly esteemed than he. At the meeting of the Alliance of Reformed Churches throughout the World holding the Presbyterian System, at Pittsburgh, in 1921, Professor M. A. Curtiss of Scotland, in reporting for the Eastern Section, said: “I do not think that since the days of Dr. Schaff, and to go even further back, since the days of John Dury, the old apostle of Church Unity for Scotland, there has been a Presbyterian friend to our weak and threatened churches compared to Professor Good of Philadelphia.”
The Present Status of Slavic Studies in Church History
Authors: Spinka Matthew
Published: September 2010

There was a time when it was customary to divide religion into two simple categories: the true and the false. The true was wholly true, the false was wholly false. There were no other colors but white and black: gradations of greys from black to white did not exist at all. More than that: it was not Christianity as a whole that was true, but generally only the particular denominational brand which the individual in question professed. Christians who differed in almost everything else, were unanimous in dubbing all but their own views false. But since the days of Schleiermacher, who abandoned both the wooden rationalism as well as the ossified orthodoxy of the eighteenth century, and defined religion as the feeling of dependence, it was found increasingly difficult to deny a genuinely religious character to other than the Christian religion. To-day students of comparative religion, and the majority of thoughtful Christians as well, treat Christianity as but one among many other religious developments, conditioned by different historical environments and at different stages of moral and religious evolution. Such pitiful provincialism as was customary a century ago is unthinkable among educated Christians to-day; we are thinking of religion in terms of world-wide, all-embracing, general concepts, in which the faiths of mankind are accorded their due consideration.
ON THE INFINITE IN MEREOLOGY WITH PLURAL QUANTIFICATION
Authors: CARRARA MASSIMILIANO , MARTINO ENRICO
Published: September 2010

In “Mathematics is megethology,” Lewis reconstructs set theory using mereology and plural quantification (MPQ). In his recontruction he assumes from the beginning that there is an infinite plurality of atoms, whose size is equivalent to that of the set theoretical universe. Since this assumption is far beyond the basic axioms of mereology, it might seem that MPQ do not play any role in order to guarantee the existence of a large infinity of objects. However, we intend to demonstrate that mereology and plural quantification are, in some ways, particularly relevant to a certain conception of the infinite. More precisely, though the principles of mereology and plural quantification do not guarantee the existence of an infinite number of objects, nevertheless, once the existence of any infinite object is admitted, they are able to assure the existence of an uncountable infinity of objects. So, if—as Lewis maintains—MPQ were parts of logic, the implausible consequence would follow that, given a countable infinity of individuals, logic would be able to guarantee an uncountable infinity of objects.
Intrusive Memories and Modality-Specific Mental Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Jelinek Lena , Randjbar Sarah , Kellner Michael , Untiedt Angnes , Volkert Jana , Muhtz Christoph , Moritz Steffen
Published: September 2010

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by vivid intrusive memories of the trauma. Among these, visual sensations of the trauma are most commonly reported. However, intrusions may involve other senses as well (e.g., acoustic, olfactory, or bodily sensations). It has been proposed that enhanced mental imagery may predispose individuals with traumatic experiences to intrusions and ultimately to PTSD. A total of 58 victims of interpersonal violence with current (n = 20), past (n = 19), and no lifetime PTSD (n = 19) as well as non-traumatized controls (n = 23) were assessed with the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and a modality-specific imagery questionnaire. Moreover, the sensory quality of the traumatic intrusions was assessed in traumatized participants. Participants with recovered PTSD displayed less overall mental imagery than the other three groups who were indistinguishable. No relation was found between the modality-specific mental imagery and the sensory quality of the intrusions. The impact of mental imagery on intrusive memories in PTSD is complex. Less mental imagery appears beneficial in the recovery process, but does not prevent the development of intrusive symptoms in the first place. Further investigation of perceptual and memory vividness as well imagery control (i.e., to sustain, modify, or terminate an image) also including trauma-related material may be important for trauma-specific interventions.
Does Remembering Cause Forgetting in Chronically Stressed People?
Authors: Koessler Susanne , Wöhrmann Christian , Zwissler Bastian , Pfeiffer Anett , Ertl Verena , Kissler Johanna
Published: September 2010

People suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often have reduced episodic memory performance as well as intrusions and flashbacks of traumatic events. Hippocampal and prefrontal dysfunctions are assumed to be responsible. Using a modified retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, we investigated episodic memory performance in a group of German participants and in civil war victims with and without PTSD in Northern Uganda. Retrieval-induced forgetting is an adaptive mechanism in memory and refers to the fact that retrieval of target elements impairs subsequent recall of related material. Retrieval-induced forgetting depends on medio-temporal and prefrontal functions and acute stress eliminates the effect. Here, using a pictorial retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, retrieval-induced forgetting was found in a German group, but not in Ugandan refugees, neither in those with nor without PTSD. As both groups were exposed to multiple, often severely traumatic events, stress exposure in both Ugandan groups may account for this finding. Specific to Ugandan refugees with PTSD, an elevated false alarm rate during recognition testing was found, although even refugees without PTSD had higher false alarm rates than the German group. In the civil war victims, stress-induced memory dysfunction may impair hippocampus-mediated contextual binding, eliminating retrieval-induced forgetting and reducing the ability to differentiate between old and new pictures. Traumatic stress may additionally disrupt prefrontal inhibition mechanisms, leading to an inability to suppress false alarms.
Non-Idiographic Emotional Script-Driven Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Frewen Paul A. , Lanius Ruth A.
Published: September 2010

Abnormal emotional responses to standardized emotional stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) implicate problems in emotional processing less obviously linked to traumatic experiences. However, the personal meaningfulness and association of standardized emotional stimuli with specific episodic memories in PTSD participants has not been investigated. This paper takes the position that emotional processing of standardized stimuli cannot be divorced from the personal meaning these stimuli are ascribed, such as via the priming of episodic memory. Women with PTSD reported greater priming of episodic memories within the context of emotional imagery of standardized scripts, and episodic recall predicted emotional responses to script-driven imagery. Furthermore, greater priming of episodic recall during imagery of fear-anxiety scripts was associated with less response within the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. Clinical, theoretical, and methodological issues are discussed.
A Historical Analysis of the European Journal of Psychological Assessment
Authors: Alonso-Arbiol Itziar , van de Vijver Fons J. R.
Published: September 2010

We conducted a historical analysis of the articles published in the first (1992–1996) and last 5 years (2005–2009) of the European Journal of Psychological Assessment (EJPA), mainly on the basis of an analysis of abstracts and keywords of articles. We dealt with the impact of EJPA, the main characteristics of its articles, its evolution, and to what extent main features in psychological assessment are represented in the journal. EJPA is a journal with a steadily rising impact factor that is relatively high for the field of assessment. Authorship is mainly European and coauthors usually come from the same country. The personality domain has gained popularity at the expense of cognition and education. Questionnaires are the most often and increasingly popular assessment method; there is also a tendency to employ multiple instruments and methods, and computerized assessment. More recent volumes have fewer substance-oriented and more measurement-oriented studies, notably studies in which validity is addressed by factor-analytic procedures. The incomplete coverage of recent developments in psychological assessment is discussed.
The German Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
Authors: Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz , Schreyer Ina
Published: September 2010

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a screening instrument that addresses positive and negative behavioral attributes of children and adolescents. Although this questionnaire has been used in Germany to gather information from parents and teachers of preschoolers, few studies exist that verify the validity of the German SDQ for this age. In the present study, teacher ratings were collected for 282 children aged 36 to 60 months (boys = 156; girls = 126). Likewise, teacher ratings were collected with another German checklist for behavior problems and behavior disorders at preschool age (Verhaltensbeurteilungsbogen für Vorschulkinder, VBV 3–6). Moreover, children’s developmental status was assessed. Evaluation included correlation analysis as well as canonical correlation analysis to assess the multivariate relationship between the set of SDQ variables and the set of VBV variables. Discriminant analyses were used to clarify which SDQ variables are useful to differentiate between children with or without developmental delay in a multivariate model. The results of correlation and discriminant analyses underline the validity of the SDQ for preschoolers. According to these results, the German teacher SDQ is recommended as a convenient and valid screening instrument to assess positive and negative behavior of preschool age children.
University and School Students’ Motivation for Effortful Thinking
Authors: Bertrams Alex , Dickhäuser Oliver
Published: September 2010

Need for cognition (NFC) reflects a relatively stable trait regarding the degree to which one enjoys and engages in cognitive endeavors. We examined whether the previously demonstrated one-dimensional structure of the German NFC Scale could be replicated in three samples of undergraduates and secondary school students. Moreover, we investigated the test-retest reliability of the German NFC Scale, which has not yet been tested. Further, we investigated whether the scale would be valid in a sample of secondary school students. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses established the one-dimensional factor structure of the long form as well as the short form of the German NFC Scale for undergraduates (N = 559), students of academic track secondary schools (German Gymnasium; N = 555), and students of vocational track secondary schools (German Realschule; N = 486). The scale proved to have a high test-retest reliability in a university student sample (N = 43). For secondary school students, we again found a high test-retest reliability (N = 157), and also found the scale to be valid (N = 181).
The relationship between small interplanetary magnetic flux rope and the substorm expansion phase
Authors: Feng H. Q. , Chao J. K. , Lyu L. H. , Lee L. C.
Published: September 2010

Small magnetic flux ropes are commonly observed by spacecraft in interplanetary space near 1 AU. Like magnetic clouds, the configuration of small flux ropes often presents a sustaining southward interplanetary magnetic field. It is known that the substorm expansion phase can be triggered by northward turnings after a sustaining southward interplanetary magnetic field. Hence, potentially the small magnetic flux ropes may be more effective for triggering substorms. In this study, 26 small magnetic flux ropes, which were observed by Wind during the period from 2000 to 2002, were identified by fitting the constant alpha force‐free model to the observed magnetic fields. Then we statistically analyzed the relationship between the small magnetic flux ropes and the magnetospheric substorms based on the 26 small magnetic flux ropes. The substorms were identified by the local 10‐s resolution IL index. The statistical results show that 18 (69%) of the 26 small flux ropes triggered magnetospheric substorms. Among the 18 triggered substorms, 14 substorm expansion phases were triggered by the northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field in the small magnetic flux ropes. For the other 4 events, their expansion phases were triggered by sudden changes in solar wind dynamic pressure. All the 18 triggers were also related to mangentic directional discontinuities in the small flux ropes. These observational facts suggest that small magnetic flux ropes are an important source of interplanetary disturbances of substorms.
Unusual time histories of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays at 1 AU over the deep solar minimum of cycle 23/24
Authors: McDonald Frank B. , Webber William R. , Reames Donald V.
Published: September 2010

The unusually quiet Sun of the cycle 23/24 solar minimum (that ended in December, 2009) has resulted in lower values of the interplanetary magnetic field and a slower approach of the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet toward the solar equator than has been observed for recent solar minima. As a result of these changes, the time‐histories of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays over this period are very different from those of recent minima at the same phase of the heliomagnetic cycle. Since ∼2005.6 there has been an on‐going increase in cosmic‐ray intensity (except for one brief transient decrease) that lasted for 4.4 years. The relative rigidity dependences of these increases compared to previous cycles are complex and should provide insight into the role of various solar and interplanetary phenomena in the modulation process. The largest increase occurs in the nominal “cross‐over energy” region (where the modulation is essentially the same for each minimum of the two past 22 year heliomagnetic cycles) which extends from ∼200 MeV/n to >500 MeV/n.
African easterly waves in 30‐day high‐resolution global simulations: A case study during the 2006 NAMMA period
Authors: Shen Bo‐Wen , Tao Wei‐Kuo , Wu Man‐Li C.
Published: September 2010

In this study, extended‐range (30‐day) high‐resolution simulations with the NASA global mesoscale model are conducted to simulate the initiation and propagation of six consecutive African easterly waves (AEWs) from late August to September 2006 and their association with hurricane formation. It is shown that the statistical characteristics of individual AEWs are realistically simulated with larger errors in the 5th and 6th AEWs. Remarkable simulations of a mean African easterly jet (AEJ) are also obtained. Nine additional 30‐day experiments suggest that although land surface processes might contribute to the predictability of the AEJ and AEWs, the initiation and detailed evolution of AEWs still depend on the accurate representation of dynamic and land surface initial conditions and their time‐varying nonlinear interactions. Of interest is the potential to extend the lead time for predicting hurricane formation (e.g., a lead time of up to 22 days) as the 4th AEW is realistically simulated.