bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Bubble Sizes on Ozone Solubility Utilization and Disinfection
Authors: Ahmad Mansoor , Farooq Shaukat
Published: May 2018

A disinfection study was carried out in a continuous flow system employing different sizes of ozone bubbles to determine their effects on solubility of ozone, its utilization and inactivation of microorganisms. The bubble sizes were varied by changing the porosity of the diffusers and ozone flow rates through the ozone contactor. Natural bacterial population (standard plate counts) present in the secondary wastewater effluent, was enumerated before and after ozonation. It was found that for a given concentration of ozone at a constant gas flow rate, decrease in bubble sizes resulted in an increase in ozone residual and degree of inactivation of organisms inspite of a decrease in ozone utilization by the wastewater.
Collection and Analysis of Urban Runoff Data in Finland
Authors: Melanen M. J.
Published: May 2018

An extensive three-year urban hydrology programme was carried out in Finland. Data were collected and analysed on the quantity and quality of precipitation and runoff water at seven urban test catchments. During rainfall events, on the average, the proportion of surfaces generating direct runoff was found to account for 50-80 per cent of the proportion of paved surfaces in the residential catchments, and for 80-90 per cent in the city centres. Under Finnish conditions, the pollutant loads discharged to recipients with untreated runoff waters are relatively minor in comparison to those of purified waste waters, regarding organic matter and nutrients. Further measures in the Finnish sewage works should thus be focused on other factors, such as increasing the effectiveness of the existing waste water treatment plants, and decreasing the amount of leakage inflows to sewer networks.
Interaction of Different Groups of Micro-Organisms in Biological Phosphate Removal
Authors: Brodisch Karin E. U.
Published: May 2018

Observations under continuous flow conditions in a bench-scale activated sludge unit and in full-scale nutrient removal activated sludge plants indicated that, despite relatively high numbers of Aoinetobaoter oalooaoetious, no enhanced biological phosphate removal was achieved. Total bacteriological analyses of the mixed liquor of these plants indicated that in all cases Aeromonas spp. were present in low numbers, particularly Aeromonas punotata. This bacterium is described as being able to produce acetate as one of its major fermentation end products. Phosphate uptake batch experiments using pure cultures showed that Aeromonas punotata enhances the phosphate uptake capability of Aoinetobaoter calooaoetious by converting carbohydrates present in the sewage to a substrate required for phosphate removal. It was shown that the anaerobic zone in a phosphate removing activated sludge plant is a fermentation reactor, where suitable substrates are generated rather than stress conditions imposed on the bacteria, a condition which was previously believed to be essential for enhanced phosphate uptake.
Biological Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal at an Experimental Full Scale Plant in the U.K.
Authors: Best A. G. , Hatton C. J. , Rachwal A. J. , Hurley B.
Published: May 2018

A three year project to improve the performance of a conventional diffused air activated sludge plant was carried out on a 4000 m3/day stream at the Basingstoke Sewage Treatment Works of Thames Water Authority from 1981-1984.

The modified plant named ROTANOX comprised the use of rotary flow through two adjacent aeration lanes with the introduction of an anoxic section for denitrification.

In the last 12 months of the study an anaerobic zone was created at the front of the plant and, after establishment of the necessary operating conditions, biological phosphorus removal was monitored.

An effluent with a mean of 4 mg/l BOD, 11 mg/l SS and 2 mg/l NH3-N was achieved during the first two years of operation and energy consumption was reduced by 15%.

In the final year a mean total P removal of 5.7 mg/l was recorded with the highest monthly average being 10 mg/l removal. This was equivalent to mean percentage removal of 40% and 47% respectively.
Oxidation-Reduction Potential – A Tool for Monitoring, Control and Optimization of Biological Nutrient Removal Systems
Authors: Koch F. A. , Oldham W. K.
Published: May 2018

Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measurements were made in conjunction with monitoring of other process variables in biological nutrient removal systems to determine the suitability of using this parameter to monitor and characterize conditions in un-aerated bio-reactors. Results obtained over the course of a three year investigation indicate that ORP monitoring can provide a very meaningful indication of process and bio-reactor performance. Easy to make, ORP determinations are reliable and can be used to distinguish between different levels of respiratory activity and also to identify the onset on non-respiratory conditions. This has practical advantages in that it provides a rational basis for real time control and optimization of process nitrogen removal. In more highly anaerobic environments ORP was found to correlate with observed phosphorus release, thus providing a real time indication of this aspect of process performance. This investigation has concluded that ORP is a unique and very useful practical tool for process monitoring, control and optimization which holds great promise as a process control parameter in these and future applications, in particular as a sensor for continuous process monitoring and automated process control.
The Random Transport of Oil by Sea Ice
Authors: Colony Roger
Published: May 2018

The transport of oil spilled upon the wintertime Arctic Ocean is modelled. As the motion of this oil is almost wholly due to its advection by sea ice, it is sufficient to study the motion of individual ice floes. The observational basis for our understanding of sea ice motion comes from the trajectories of such individual floes. In this study we envision an ensemble of independent trajectories emanating from a potential site of spilled oil. This ensemble is modelled by a Markov process and is formulated in terms of the observed motion. Statistics of the modelled ensemble address the probability that an oil spill will be transported to an arbitrary region, perhaps an environmentally sensitive one. Results are shown for potential spills at Prudhoe Bay and Peard Bay.
Air Chemistry Observations in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Hoff R. M. , Barrie L. A.
Published: May 2018

Arctic air chemistry measurements made in Canada since 1979 are reviewed. At Mould Bay, Alert and Igloolik, 25 aerosol constituents and aerosol light scattering have been measured routinely. Gas phase measurements of SO2, chlorinated pesticides, nitrogen species, and hydrocarbons have been measured during short-term intensive studies. CO2 has been routinely measured as part of the background air monitoring program at Mould Bay and Alert.

Anthropogenic pollution typified by SO4= and V has a persistent seasonal cycle seen at all sites. Alert tends to have slightly higher concentrations than Mould Bay and Igloolik. It is shown that the seasonal cycle is dependent on the source of the aerosol. Anthropogenic pollutants (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, H+, NH4+ , SO4= and NO3−), halogens except Cl (Br, I, F) , sea salt (Na, Mg, Cl) and soil derived constituents (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Ti) have distinct seasonal cycles. Anthropogenic constituents (except SO4=) have peak concentrations in winter 1/2 to 1/4 of annual means in southern Sweden. SO4 is an exception to this being only 30% less in the Canadian Arctic than in southern Sweden, because of the production of SO4= from SO2. Light scattering observations indicate that SO4= varies from 10-70% of the total fine particle mass during the polluted winter months. Light scattering coefficients (bscat) greater than 5 × 10−5 m−1 at Mould Bay are associated with trans-polar air trajectories. Weekly-mean SO2 concentrations at Mould Bay between late 1983 and early 1984 ranged from 0.2-0.8 ppb and comprised 48-82% of the airborne sulphur. Recent measurements of chlordane in the Arctic atmosphere are presented.
Mechanisms of Dye Wastewater Colour Removal by Magnesium Carbonate-Hydrated Basic
Authors: Panswad Thongchai , Wongchaisuwan Somkid
Published: May 2018

The effects of alkaline magnesium carbonate-hydrated basic as a coagulant, have been investigated in colour reduction experiments using Jar Test apparatus. The raw wastewater was synthetic containing 300 mg/dm3 reactive red dye 519. It has been found that no single flocculant (Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 or CaCO3) can satisfactorily effect colour removal. The effective colour reduction achieved using alkaline magnesium carbonate-hydrated basic has been attributed to the synergistic sorbing capacity of the flocculants Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3.
A Model for Single-Sludge Wastewater Treatment Systems
Authors: Leslie Grady C. P. , Gujer Willy , Henze Mogens , Marais Gerrit v. R. , Tomonori Matsuo
Published: May 2018

In 1983 IAWPRC formed a task group to facilitate the application of practical models to the design and operation of biological wastewater treatment systems. This paper presents an outline of the model developed for single-sludge systems performing carbon oxidation, nitrification and denitrification. The model includes seven fundamental processes: aerobic growth of heterotrophic biomass, anoxic growth of heterotrophic biomass, aerobic growth of autotrophic biomass, decay of heterotrophic biomass, decay of autotrophic biomass, hydrolysis of entrapped particulate organic matter, and hydrolysis of entrapped organic nitrogen. The model is presented in the form of a matrix which utilizes stoichiometric coefficients to couple the components in the model with the process rate expressions acting upon them.
Evaluation of an Aerator Control Strategy Utilizing Time Varying Mathematical Model Simulations
Authors: Barton D. A. , McKeown J. J.
Published: May 2018

A mechanistic mathematical model of the aerated stabilization basin process utilized in the pulp and paper industry is presented. The time variable model is calibrated for a paper mill wastewater treatment system and is used to develop and test a control scheme for the optimization of aeration intensity. The control scheme is shown to reduce aerator usage on an annual basis by seventeen to thirty percent compared to the case of no control. The aerator usage reduction percentage was found to be inversely related to the organic loading rate per aerator horsepower. Savings in aerator usage under the control scheme were equivalent to the existing practice of seasonal aeration control. However, modest improvements in effluent quality variability were observed under the control scheme.
Viral Pollution of Coastal Waters Resulting from the Disposal of Untreated Sewage Effluents
Authors: Krikelis V. , Markoulatos P. , Spyrou N.
Published: May 2018

The viral pollution of environmental waters results primarily from the discharge of domestic wastewaters which carry human enteric viruses. The present study examines the viral load of sewage effluents, before their treatment for virus removal, over a thirteen-month period. The maximum viral load detected during the study period was 880 viral cytopathic units per litre of sample. This was recorded in the month of November 1983. Out of 236 randomly selected field-isolates the following serotypes were distinguished as types: all three Polio, four Coxsackie B, three Echo and six Adeno. The serotypes with the highest frequency were Polio II, Coxsackie B4 and Adeno 7.
Wastewater Disposal in the Rijeka Region
Authors: Mastrović M. I. , Šilović G. D.
Published: May 2018

This paper emphasizes the need for detailed analysis of wastewaters and their impact on the environment in physical plans for urban/tourist coastal areas, as a significant contribution to environmentally sound development, especially the development of tourism in these areas. The paper describes an analysis of this kind, prepared as part of the Regional Physical Plan for the Rijeka Region to the Year 2000. (The Rijeka Region is a major part of the Yugoslav Upper Adriatic.) The existing situation regarding sewerage systems, sewage treatment methods and disposal methods of the communes of the Region is presented. The quantities of wastewaters generated by the residential and tourist populations and by industry are given (by sub-regions) as calculated in 1981 and as estimated for the year 2000. A survey was made of the impact of wastewater on receiving rivers and coastal waters, and the quality of the receiving waters is given, in grades as compared with those prescribed by the Yugoslav legal regulations. Based on urban development concepts, and on the estimated wastewater quantities, alternative forecasts are made of the future impact of wastewater on coastal waters. General guidelines are presented for the provision of adequate sewage disposal facilities in order to achieve the optimum situation.
Microbiological Aspects of the Treatment of Joint Oil Refinery and Municipal Wastewaters
Authors: Petrović O. , Dalmacija B. , Misković D. , Gantar M. , Gajin S.
Published: May 2018

The bacteriological parameters of both the primary and secondary microbiological treatment of mixed oil refinery and municipal wastewaters have here been analyzed. Primary treatment was performed using activated sludge in a two grade bioreactor and for the secondary treatment, four columns with granular activated carbon were used. The first and the last column were aerated, whereas the two in the middle were without aeration. The ratios of the oil refinery (R) to municipal (M) wastewaters in the mixtures were 85:15, 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70. The microbiological analyses included the total bacterial count (direct method), the number of heterotrophs and oligotrophs with their ratios, number of coliforms, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (growing method). Activated sludge as well as microbial community on the activated carbon were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy. Chemical parameters, such as pH, COD, BOD, NH4+, NO2− and NO3− were determined by the standard methods. The performed microbiological analysis approved the validity of the joint oil refinery and municipal wastewater treatment. The decrease of the organic load in purified water ranged from 88 to 96 % (COD estimate) and from 91 to 99 % (BOD estimate) while the removal of individual groups of microorganisms varied from 55 to 99 %. The highest decrease was observed in the coliform bacteria (97 - 99 %). It is worth noting that a decrease in the total nitrogen in the system ranged from 59 to 74 % and that of nitrate from 56 to 61 % after secondary microbiological treatment.
Reuse of Wastewaters in Agriculture by Means of Sprinkler Irrigation on a Farmland Area of 3000 ha – Large Scale Experience in Germany
Authors: Boll R. , Kayser R.
Published: May 2018

The Braunschweig wastewater land treatment system as the largest in Western Germany serves a population of about 270.000 and has an annual flow of around 22 Mio m3.

The whole treatment process consists of three main components : a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3.000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 200 ha with surface flooding.

This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.
Evaluation of Tertiary Treatment Systems for Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: Kirkpatrick William R. , Asano Takashi
Published: May 2018

Both bacterial pathogens and viruses are removed in varying degrees by tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment. Principal treatment processes and operations for producing reclaimed water that has an extremely low probability of virus or bacterial contamination normally include chemical coagulation followed by flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Alternatively, direct filtration with lower chemical doses and without sedimentation is often used. However, optimization of the chemical coagulation and filtration of secondary effluent has been difficult to achieve in practice and has hampered the establishment of alternative and more cost-effective wastewater reclamation methods. In this paper, special reference is made to the recently completed study in Castroville, California, the “Monterey Wastewater Reclamation Study for Agriculture”, where pertinent data are used to assess design and operational variables in an attempt to optimize the performance criteria of the two tertiary treatment trains.
Indicator Systems for Assessment of the Virological Safety of Treated Drinking Water
Authors: Grabow W O. K.
Published: May 2018

Conventional methods cannot detect the viruses of prime importance, and are too expensive, complex and slow for routine quality surveillance. Coliform bacteria generally used as indicators of virological quality, may also have shortcomings because viruses have been recovered from drinking waters which meet conventional coliform limits, and some viruses may be more resistant to certain disinfection conditions. However, the shortcomings of coliforms can be overcome by the inclusion of additional indicator organisms. Indicator systems consisting of various combinations of standard plate counts, coliphages, faecal streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acid-fast bacteria and clostridia proved reliable and practical for surveillance of the virological safety of drinking water supplies, even those derived by the direct reclamation of wastewater. The combination of indicator systems depends on factors such as the quality of the raw water, the treatment processes, and the efficiency of operation. Despite practical and reliable features of available indicator systems, further refinement is essential. This would include analyses at higher frequency and results in less time, ideally in the form of continuous early-warning alarm systems. Equally important is technology which is within reach of the limited financial resources and expertise of those parts of the world which suffer most from waterborne diseases.
Waterborne Outbreaks in Sweden – Causes and Etiology
Authors: Andersson Y. , Stenström T. A.
Published: May 2018

Thirty-two waterborne outbreaks in Sweden are known during 1975 - 1984, affecting nearly 12 000 people. These range from single family outbreaks to community outbreaks affecting up to 3 000 people. Microbial agents have been isolated in about 40 % of the outbreaks, the rest are of unknown etiology. Epidemiological investigations have shown that only a fraction of the actual number of cases are initially reported. The real number as judged from epidemiological follow-up investigations was in many instances tenfold higher. In almost all the cases, the cause of the outbreaks are technical deficiencies like back-siphonage of wastewater along drainage pipes, broken sewerage or sudden pollution of raw water intakes coinciding with malfunction of chlorination.
Effects of Sewage Outfalls on Intertidal Ecosystems in Kuwait
Authors: Literathy P. , Nasser Ali L. , Zarba M. A. , Puskas K.
Published: May 2018

Kuwait City has an impact on the nearshore marine environment by discharging sewage randomly through short emergency outfalls into the intertidal zone. The effect of the discharged sewage on the biological activity and the chemical characteristics of the relevant intertidal areas, which are controlled by a dry, tropical climate, was studied.

Pore water, tidal water characteristics and nutrient release and transport from the intertidal zone during tidal flushing were investigated in polluted and unpolluted areas. The accumulation of particulate organic matter in the upper, middle and lower intertidal zones was characterized. It was concluded that in addition to settling, a great deal of particulate organic matter entered into the upper tidal sediment by infiltration during high tide and was filtered out by the sediment and migrated toward the low tide zone during the falling tide. The rate of the release of the substances associated with inorganic particulates was controlled by the overall organic load and the microbial activity. Sediment core samples were taken for multistage carbon dioxide treatment, and the results showed a decrease in carbonate-bound phosphates with depth. Photosynthetic productivity observed during the spring showed a close relationship with the sewage discharges and were also controlled by the tidal current. Based on the determination of dissolved nutrients, it was concluded that the limiting nutrient for photosynthesis was nitrogen rather than phosphorous. The release of some heavy metals from the sewage-polluted intertidal sediment was significant, and beachrock development also related to the discharges. The intertidal fauna was impoverished because of the organic sludge.
Experimental Measurement of Turbulent Diffusion, Initial Dilution and T90
Authors: Agudo Edmundo Garcia , dos Santos Jose Leomax
Published: May 2018

The final disposal of sewage using submarine outfalls has become an actual solution for coastal cities all over the world. In order to get the best results it is necessary to carry out specific studies for the proper design of the outfall. Dilution and decrease in bacterial concentrations are two key aspects for the design. Radioisotope tracers have been used extensively in studies performed in some Brazilian waterbodies where outfall systems exist or are to be installed. As far as dilution measurement is concerned, both point and continuous radiotracer injections can provide useful results. The T90 measurements can be better accomplished using a combined tracer technique for sampling the sewage field, using the radiotracer for dilution measurement and rhodamine B as a visual aid. Typical results of dilution measurement using both techniques mentioned, as well as a summary of T 90 results obtained for the Santos, Fortaleza and Maceió outfalls are presented.
Technical Aspects and Cost Estimations for Anaerobic Systems Treating Vinasse and Brewery/Soft Drink Wastewaters
Authors: Craveiro A. M. , Soares H. M. , Schmidell W.
Published: May 2018

Anaerobic digestion of industrial and domestic wastewaters is an effective way of alleviating pollution problems. The treatment of vinasse, a residue of ethanol fermentation, and brewery/soft drink wastewaters was investigated by IPT for several years. This paper presents data and discusses the technical and economical feasibility of treating these wastewaters using UASB reactors.

With vinasse, it is possible to operate industrial plants with organic loading rates exceeding 15 kg COD m−3 day−l, removing 95% of the initial BOD. The produced gas can be used as a substitute for diesel oil in vehicles and also to produce steam, replacing bagasse. The pay-back period of the capital investment is estimated at around 4 to 5 years.

For brewery/soft drink wastewaters, it is possible to operate UASB reactors with a HRT of 6 hours, removing more than 90% of the initial BOD. The reactor showed a good capacity to handle temperature shocks.

Capital investments for both cases are presented in terms of total investment per kg of COD and m3 of reactor installed.
Organic Micropollutants in Dutch Coastal Waters
Authors: van de Meent Dik , den Hollander Henri A. , Pool Wim G. , Vredenbregt Marjo J. , van Oers Hans A. M. , de Greef Ed , Luijten Jan A.
Published: May 2018

During six cruises in the period August 1983 - July 1984, water samples were collected at nine locations in the Southern North Sea in order to assess the level of contamination with some classes of organic micropollutants for which presently little information is available. Thirty-one individual compounds (chlorobenzenes, chloronitrobenzenes, nitrotoluenes, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were measured. Concentration levels were found to be in the lower ng/1 (ppt) range: frequently close to the blank levels or below the limits of detection. Statistical data analysis revealed that both spatial and temporal variations were significant for nearly all parameters, and that nearly all parameters were significantly correlated with each other as well as with the salinity. Using principal components analysis, variations in the contamination with trace organics can be semi-quantitatively described with one component only. The highest concentrations were observed in the coastal waters north of the Rhine/Meuse estuary. Concentrations gradually decrease in northerly direction and sharply fall in seaward direction. It is proposed that the observed concentration levels are the result of two physical phenomena: (i) mixing of relatively uncontaminated water from the Atlantic Ocean with polluted water from the Rhine/Meuse estuary, and (ii) air-sea exchange by volatilization-, dry- and wet deposition processes.
Sediment Mobility and its Contribution to Trace Metal Cycling and Retention in a Macrotidal Estuary
Authors: Morris A. W. , Bale A. J. , Howland R J. M. , Millward G. E. , Ackroyd D. R. , Loring D. H. , Rantala R T. T.
Published: May 2018

Measurements of trace metals in the dissolved, suspended particulate and sediment phases of the Tamar Estuary have been combined with observations of sediment and suspended particle mobility in an interpretation of metal cycling and retention processes within the system.

Dissolved metal distributions indicate pronounced estuarine metal reactivity involving net removal onto suspended particles in the low salinity, high turbidity zone and net input from the sediment in the middle estuary. These processes are not reflected in the metal contents of suspended particulate material and superficial sediment, although the dissolved metal variations are a product of particle-water exchanges. This apparent anomaly is attributed to the magnitude of internal resuspendable particle fluxes within the system. Consequently, temporal and spatial variabilities in the composition of suspended particulate material and superficial sediment are determined by physical rather than chemical processes.
The Impact of Tributyl Tin (TBT) Antifouling Paints on Molluscan Fisheries
Authors: Thain J. E. , Waldock M. J.
Published: May 2018

Laboratory and field experiments carried out during 1982–84 confirmed that some UK estuaries contained sufficient organotin compounds to cause reduced meat yields and shell thickening in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.

Historically the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis, has been the basis of an important fishery on the east coast of England but the population has recently declined to an all-time low. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to compare larval survival, growth of spat and the development of gametes in adult O. edulis, and the growth of spat of four other bivalve species in the presence and absence of organotin toxins. The results from these experiments are discussed in relation to the concentrations of organotin compounds in samples of water and oyster tissues, from several sites in the UK, and the reproductive behaviour of adult oysters from natural stocks in the Crouch/Roach estuary system.

The data strongly suggest that TBT is at least a contributory factor and probably a major cause of the failure in recent years of O. edulis to reproduce naturally in the Crouch Estuary.

The UK Government has proposed legislation to control and reduce organotin emissions into the marine environment and this is briefly outlined.
Towards an Affordable Human Waste Management Programme for the Poor – A Report on Bangladesh
Authors: Minnatullah K. M.
Published: May 2018

Nearly 80% of all illness in Bangladesh is related to water and sanitation. The combined rate of enteric diseases in Bangladesh is the highest in the world. 30% of all the deaths of children under 5 are due to diarrhoea, claiming more than 200,000 lives annually. Environmentally sound human waste management, along with personal hygiene awareness, are of critical importance to the prevention of faecal-oral disease transmission. present rural sanitation coverage is about 3%. A national target has been set to ensure that 13% of the rural poor will be covered under the human waste management programme by 1990, the end of the U.N. Water Decade. This however, contrasts with the similar target of 77% for the rural water supply programme, which received higher resource allocation and priority for a much longer period. This lack of correlation between water and sanitation has highly reduced the positive health impact of these developments.

An affordable human waste management programme for the rural people, where 87% of the total population lives under conditions of the greatest poverty and underdevelopment, urgently needs serious and realistic consideration in the context of the limited resource prospects for future years.

This report addresses the above issues and describes the commendable momentum that has been gained through the continuous efforts of national planners and policy makers. It is hoped that this might in the near future, through the rural human waste management programme, produce the long desired continual reduction of faecal-oral disease transmission.
Treatment of Septage – Scandinavian Practice
Authors: Eikum A. S. , Paulsrud B.
Published: May 2018

Treatment and disposal of septage is a problem in many countries including Scandinavia. During the early part of the seventies research projects were initiated to find reliable data on both quantities and characteristics of septage in Norway. During the last part of this period several full scale demonstration plants with septage addition were investigated. Information from these projects was used to establish national guidelines on septage handling and disposal. Today both co-treatment of septage and sewage and independent treatment of septage are used throughout Scandinavia. Several plants also include separate treatment of septage liquor. Mobile septage dewatering trucks are also on the Scandinavian market today. These systems are now considered as being proven technology and they give the municipalities a new alternative to solve the septage problem.
Factors Influencing the Selection of Appropriate Sanitation Technology
Authors: Magara Y. , Kunikane S. , Aoyama S.
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the adverse effects of domestic wastewater on water utilization occurring as a result of a deteriorating water environment caused by the lack of an adequate domestic wastewater management system in Japan. Available domestic wastewater management systems are summarized from the viewpoints of performance and administration. Further, the factors to be considered in selecting an appropriate domestic wastewater management system for a projected area are discussed, and one typical example of a water environment, conserved well by comprehensive implementation of domestic wastewater management, is given.
General Review and New Concepts regarding the Development of Human Wastewater Treatment in Japan
Authors: Goda Takeshi
Published: May 2018

A brief historical review of Japanese human wastewater treatment and disposal since 1945 is presented. The present situation regarding night soil treatment is described. The public sewerage works have been inactive due to financial reasons since 1981, and thus small to medium sized biofilm type facilities are receiving various kinds of grey water and composite household waste. This type of compact, biofilm treatment became popular because of its inexpensive construction and energy-saving characteristics. The numbers and types of biological processes currently in use in Japan are detailed, and an overview is given of industrial waste treatment and its relationship with public sewage treatment. The overall COD flow is indicated, with the amount of waste per capita, estimated from the actual water consumption. The unit load values of BOD, COD etc. are shown, and are used for the calculation of COD load.
A Mathematical Model for the Anaerobic Digestion Process Applied to a Mixture of Night Soil and Septic Tank Sludge
Authors: Ha Sung Ryong , Lee Dwang Ho , Lee Sang Eun
Published: May 2018

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to develop a mathematical model for the anaerobic digestion of a mixture of night soil and septic tank sludge. The optimum mixing ratio by volume between night soil and septic tank sludge was found to be 7:3. Due to the high solids content in the influent waste, mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) was not considered to be a proper parameter for biomass concentration, therefore, the active biomass concentration was estimated based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration in the reactor. The weight ratio between acidogenic bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in the mixed culture of a well-operated anaerobic digester was approximately 3:2. The proposed model indicates that the amount of volatile acid produced and the gas production rate can be expressed as a function of hydraulic residence time (HRT). The kinetic constants of the two phases of the anaerobic digestion process were determined, and a computer was used to simulate results using the proposed model for the various operating parameters, such as BOD5 and volatile acid concentrations in effluent, biomass concentrations and gas production rates. These were consistent with the experimental data.
Development of Nitrogen Removal Technology in Night Soil Treatment by Circulated Aeration Type Biological Denitrification
Authors: Murata K. , Shimizu K. , Yamada Y. , Kimura S.
Published: May 2018

The circulated aeration type biological denitrification system, named the Kubota Nitro-cycle System, has been developed for removing total nitrogen in night soil. It has the following features:In the circulated aeration tank, BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification can be simultaneously conducted by activated sludge treatment without dividing the tank into an aerobic zone and an anaerobic zone, and it is possible to remove 80–90% of the total nitrogen and BOD in night soil influent.Denitrification and re-aeration tanks are provided after the circulated aeration tank and over 99% removal of total nitrogen and BOD can be attained with the whole system.In this system, not only nitrogen, but also phosphorus can be removed to the extent that there remains only a trace and this is effective to prevent eutrophication.This system was approved by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Japanese Government in 1978 as a new technology for night soil treatment.
A New Method of Sulphur Denitrification for Sewage Treatment by a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Matsui Saburo , Yamamoto Ryoko
Published: May 2018

Anaerobic treatment of sewage has a problem of denitrification, because that organic carbon and hydrogen are recoverd mainly in the form of methane and not used for denitrification. Other electron donors must be introduced. Promising donors are reduced forms of sulphur. In this study, thiosulphate and elemental sulphur were used in fluidized bed reactor systems. Denitrification by oxidation of sulphur was unstable due to poor solubility of sulphur into sewage. Thiosulphate denitrification was very stable. Stoichiometric relationship of the denitrification and thiosulphate oxidation for the reactor was obtained. The denitrification process was described by the first order consecutive reactions. The rate constant of nitrate to nitrite reduction, kl varied between 2.05×10−2 and 1.09×10−1 (1/gVSS/l*min.). The rate constant of nitrite to nitrogen reduction, k2 varied between 1.41×10−1 and 9.08×10−1 (l/gVSS/l*min.).
Wastewater Treatment with Powdered Carbon and Wet Oxidation Regeneration
Authors: Kálmán J. , Szebényi I.
Published: May 2018

A study has been made on the utilization of waste activated carbons from the pharmaceutical industry in activated sludge treatment. The activated carbons were regenerated by thermal and wet oxidation methods.
Contamination of Groundwater by Septic tank Percolation Systems
Authors: Ebers T. , Bischofsberger W.
Published: May 2018

In the Federal Republic of Germany, the barely treated wastewater of about 7 million people is percolated into the soil. Groundwater quality has now become a major concern, and investigations into soil filtration as a means of eliminating pollution from household wastewater have been started. Experiments with six laboratory lysimeters (diameter = 0.4 m, height = 1.8 m) are described. Three lysimeters were filled with slightly silty sand, the other three with fine gravel sand. All lysimeters have been in operation for about two years. Initially they were loaded with mechanically treated wastewater from a municipal treatment plant and later with effluent from a septic tank. Hydraulic loading varied from 0.5 to 31 cm/d. Results showed good efficiency for fine gravel sand (aerobic conditions) in removal of BOD 5 (98.0 to 99.2%), COD (88.0 to 92.8%) and Kjeldahl nitrogen (90.0 to 91.3%). Elimination of phosphate ranged from 5.7 to 86.0%. Slightly silty sand (anaerobic conditions) showed the best results in elimination of phosphate (86.0 to 99.3%) and relatively good elimination rates were achieved for BOD5 (65.0 to 98.2%) and COD (about 76%). Elimination of Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from 39.6 to 68.4%.
Effect of Vinasse on Soil Acidity
Authors: Mattiazzo M. E. , da Glória N. A.
Published: May 2018

The effects of microbiological activity on soil acidity components in soils previously treated with vinasse are determined. These soil acidity components were interpreted through the measurement of pH, exchangeable aluminium and titratable acidity. The results showed that there was no rise in soil pH when microbiological activity was absent, through periodic application of methyl bromide. It was concluded that organic matter oxidation is responsible for the rise in soil pH and microbiological activity is responsible for this oxidation. Thus, microbiological activity is necessary to raise the soil pH.
Wastewater Sludge: Parasitological and Virological Contamination
Authors: Schwartzbrod J. , Mathieu C. , Thévenot M. T. , Baradel J. M. , Schwartzbrod L.
Published: May 2018

Different types of sewage sludge produced during wastewater treatment and after storage of up to 5 years were analyzed for both virus and parasite eggs.

Among the 145 samples examined, 87.6 % were positive for either Nematode and/or Cestode eggs. Anaerobic digestion of the sludge had little influence on the numbers of helminth eggs while conditioning with lime plus ferric chloride reduced the egg recovery. Helminth eggs were found in sludge samples stored for 1–2 or 3 years, but none were found in samples stored for 4 years or more. None of the Ascaris eggs tested were viable.

Out of the 57 sludge samples examined for virus, all the biological sludges contained enterovirus, while only 44 % of the digested sludge samples and 10 % of the semi-dehydrated and conditioned (lime plus ferric chloride) sludge samples were positive for enterovirus. No virus were found in stored sludge.

Epidemiological studies are necessary in order to determine any risks presented to public and animal health by the agricultural use of the sewage sludge.
Landfarming of Oily Wastes: Design and Operation
Authors: Amaral S. P.
Published: May 2018

The technology of treatment through landfarming for oily wastes has been more and more often utilized in Brazil, always successfully.

The definition, the processes which occur, as well as the factors which affect its performance are herein presented.

Design parameters, such as location, ground characterization, dimensioning of the area of application, groundwater protection, drainage, treatment of surface runoff water and percolated liquid, among others, are presented.

Operational procedures and quality monitoring of effluents and environment are also described.

PETROBRÁS is already operating two landfarming systems and has several others in the design stage.

We present data from these projects and report that oily waste degradation has been achieved in around six months.

Finally, we expect to be contributing to the affirmation and development of this technology in our Country.
Sewage Treatment in Helophyte Beds–First Experiences with a New Treatment Procedure
Authors: Bucksteeg K.
Published: May 2018

Waste water treatment in helophyte beds under humid climate conditions has been favoured by some German ecologists for some years. The idea is to cause waste water to flow horizontally through the root zone of helophytes to achieve satisfactory effluent properties. There exist many highly different proposals regarding the choice of soil and helophytes to be applied, bed area, design of inlets and outlets and operation conditions. A few plants have been operated in practice for some years. It appears that clogging is one of the main problems occurring in these plants.

The hydraulic uptake capacity of soil is discussed in Darcy's law. Comparisons with observations of plants in operation are drawn. The interactions between soil properties, its uptake capacity, BOD5-, COD-, N- and P-reduction are evaluated. The effluent results of helophyte beds are compared with those of low-loaded trickling filters and of ponds used for sewage treatment in small villages in rural areas of Germany. It has been proved that the total construction costs of sewage treatment plants with helophyte beds used as the biological stage are higher when compared with those of conventional plants in general.
An Initial Evaluation of Al Sumra Waste Stabilisation Ponds (Jordan)
Authors: Al-Salem Saqer Salem , Lumbers J. P.
Published: May 2018

The initial operating experiences of Al Sumra waste stabilisation ponds are described, including recommendations for enhancing the existing operation. The system treats a total of 57 000 cubic metres per day and the effluent is used for irrigation. The average performance with respect to BOD removal and BOD loading is given together with data on coliform die-off. A limited amount of data regarding the removal of intestinal helminthic eggs is also included.
Evaluation of Waste Stabilization Pond Performance in Missouri and Kansas, U.S.A.
Authors: Banerji Shankha K. , Ruess Brent
Published: May 2018

Twenty waste stabilization ponds in Missouri and Kansas were evaluated as to their ability to meet the State effluent requirements. It was found that a large number of these ponds were violating the BOD or the suspended solids requirements on many occasions. The performance of these ponds did not correlate well with the traditional design parameters, such as BOD loading rates or mean hydraulic detention time. The use of multiple cells was also not found to be advantageous in all situations. Some of the pond design equations did not provide a valid method of estimating their performance. Effluent polishing methods are necessary to remove excess suspended solids during the critical summer months.
Removal of Organics from Leachate by the Combined Process of a Facultative Pre-Treatment Pond and an Aerated Lagoon at a Sea-Based Solid Waste Disposal Site
Authors: Takamizawa K. , Yamamoto O. , Fukunage I. , Inoue Z. , Honda A.
Published: May 2018

Leachate was collected from the sea-based North Port Solid Waste Disposal Site, Osaka City, and a bench-scale treatment of the combined process of a facultative pre-treatment pond and an aerated lagoon was applied for more than 120 days. The maximum BOD removal rate coefficient and COD-manganese removal rate coefficient were 0.090/day and 0.018/day, respectively. These values were obtained when the retention time of the facultative pre-treatment pond was 25 days. But, if the retention time was beyond or below 25 days, both removal rate coefficients were smaller. Therefore, we concluded that the optimum retention time of a facultative pre-treatment pond was 25 days. This was reconfirmed by the Gel-Permeation Chromatography of the treated leachate, a method for evaluating wastewater treatability proposed by Tambo and Kamei (Water Research, 12, 931-950, 1978). Furthermore, the Gel-Permeation Chromatography pattern of the treated leachate in the bench-scale experiment coincided with that obtained by the actual field test. In addition, judging from Tambo's evaluation method, it could be concluded that higher-molecular organics were decomposed biologically into lower-molecular organics at the middle and bottom layer of the facultative pre-treatment pond. BOD and COD-manganese values of below 10 mg/l and about 130 mg/l, respectively appear to be the maximum effective level of the combined process.
Water Column Sampling as a Rapid and Efficient Method of Determining Effluent Quality and the Performance of Waste Stabilization Ponds
Authors: Pearson H. W. , Mara D. D. , Konig A. , de Oliveira R. , Mills S. W. , Smallman D. J. , Silva S. A.
Published: May 2018

Diurnal series of samples of the effluent and the total in-pond water column of facultative and maturation ponds were analysed for COD, suspended solids, faecal coliforms, chlorophyll and ammonia with a view to finding the most efficient way of obtaining reliable mean daily effluent quality data. The results show that individual samples representative of the entire depth of the pond water column taken at any time of day provided reasonably accurate mean daily effluent values for all the parameters measured when compared with the mean values for effluent quality calculated from a series of grab effluent samples collected throughout the day. The same could not be said for the individual grab effluent samples since they varied considerably. The reasons for these differences are discussed as are the benefits of pond water column sampling for monitoring a number of series of ponds at different locations.
Clogging in Irrigation Systems Reusing Pond Effluents and its Prevention
Authors: Adin A.
Published: May 2018

The clogging of emitters, orifices or laterals has turned out to be the main obstacle for further use of low rate applicators in wastewater irrigation. Granular filtration and screen filtration were studied and compared for particulate removal using small-scale pilot experiments. The removal ratio of particles larger than 10 µm in direct granular filtration was relatively large while smaller particles showed little removal. Particles in the 10-60µm size range were removed by 40–50 percent in depth and by 80 percent when surface filtration prevailed. Screen filters removed only 1–2 percent of the material but this was sufficient to cause their clogging. A release of particles from the screen into the effluent was observed, resulting in greater number of larger particles and thus greater clogging potential down the irrigation line. Deep-bed granular coarse media filters may serve for the control of particle size in effluents of oxidation ponds - deep reservoir systems while the conventional strainers are less recommended for this purpose.
Treatment of Wastewaters from the Tomato Concentrate Industry in High Rate Algal Ponds
Authors: Rodrigues A. M. , Santos Oliveira J. F.
Published: May 2018

High rate algal ponds are an important process of biological treatment used either for domestic sewage or food industries effluents and to produce single cell proteins.

The results refer to the efficiency of treatment of wastewaters from the tomato concentrate industry and determination of the chemical composition of “Albazod” (microbial biomass) harvested in a pilot system of high rate algal ponds installed in the Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, at Monte da Caparica.

Depending on the detention time and period of the year, the following removal efficiencies were obtained: COD 68.1 – 94.6%; TOD 57.6 – 85.0%; N-NH4+ 89.4 – 96.2%; colour 29.6 – 91.7% and turbidity 37.2 – 92.7%. Albazod separated from the effluent has a high nutritive value for low detention times (crude protein values of 31.50% and 30.75% dry matter for 4 days and 5 days of detention time, respectively). The highest productivity value was 30.82 g of dry matter/m2/day and was obtained for a detention time of 4 days.