bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drive Cycles
Authors: Case Mark E. , Tomazic Dean
Published: April 2015

Increased public focus on environmental issues as well as the continuously rising use of fossil fuels and the associated decline in reserves on top of global warming issues have resulted in a series of actions to minimize the exhaust emissions of automobiles and increase their fuel economy. In order to accurately monitor and control these, the corresponding legislation agencies have introduced exhaust emission and testing standards to which all vehicle manufacturers have to adhere to. All of these standards are highly market dependent and therefore differ substantially among each other. Therefore, it is inevitable in a global economy to be familiar with the variety of different standards and testing procedures and their implications on powertrain and vehicle design as well as calibration. This chapter provides insight into the exhaust emission standards, test cycles applied, and the corresponding procedures required worldwide including some examples.
Fuel Economy Optimization
Authors: Bowyer Stephen F. , Tomazic Dean , Rogers Gary W.
Published: April 2015

High fuel prices and government regulations are putting more effort on automakers to provide fuel‐efficient vehicles. However, customer expectations limit the amount of reduction in performance and refinement that is commonly accompanied with improved fuel economy. As such, it is critical that the automotive manufacturers utilize new technologies and strategies to achieve significant reductions in fuel consumption with minimal impact to vehicle behavior. In order to do so, further optimization of the internal combustion engine must be explored. This chapter outlines several potential strategies and new technologies that enable better fuel consumption for future automotive vehicles.
Driver Assistance
Authors: Wisselmann Dirk , Huber Werner
Published: April 2015

According to the definition worked out in the European research projectRESPONSE, the so‐called advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) monitor vehicle surroundings and can (autonomously) take over control of the lateral and/or longitudinal movement of a vehicle under defined circumstances, as long as the driver does not intervene.ADASare generally characterized by the following features. They

support the driver in his or her primary driving task;

provide active support for lateral and/or longitudinal control;

detect and evaluate the vehicle environment;

use complex signal processing;

enable direct interaction between the driver and the system.

ADASaim to improve driving safety, efficiency, and comfort and are specifically designed for different driving situations, so that a “symbiotic” relationship between the driving task and the controller functionality of theADASis established. Nowadays, a large number of differentADASare available on the market. The roadmap of introduction is presented in this chapter. Different importantADASfrom the areas such as comfort (e.g., adaptive cruise control) and safety (e.g., protection of vulnerable road users) are discussed exemplary. A view to futureADAS, where three main trends can be identified, closes the chapter:

increased degree of automation inADASdesigned for increased comfort;

introduction of novelADASfor traffic safety;

introduction ofADASfor improved efficiency.
Battery Charging Standards
Authors: Van den Bossche Peter
Published: April 2015

In urban traffic, due to their beneficial effect on environment, electrically propelled vehicles are an important factor for improvement of traffic and more particularly for a healthier living environment. One of the main benefits of the electric vehicle is its use of mains electricity as energy source, allowing on one hand to displace finite fossil fuel sources with renewables, and on the other hand a zero‐emission operation at point of use, with reduced or zero indirect emissions at generation level.

On board the vehicle, the electric energy is stored in traction batteries which are the key critical components of the vehicle. The transfer of the energy from the grid to the vehicle creates the need for charging infrastructures. The transfer can be done conductively, the most widely used system, or wirelessly by induction, eliminating the need for cables and connectors.

To allow a wide deployment of electric vehicles, they should have universal access to charging infrastructures, which highlights the need for drafting comprehensive standards on the matter. This article will give an overview of global developments in the field.
Physical Stimuli‐Induced Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Son Boram , Kim Hwan D. , Kim Minsoo , Kim Jeong Ah , Lee Jinkyu , Shin Heungsoo , Hwang Nathaniel S. , Park Tai Hyun
Published: April 2015

Chondrogenic commitments of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) require 3D cellular organization. Furthermore, recent progresses in bioreactor technology have contributed to the development of various biophysical stimulation platforms for efficient cartilage tissue formation. Here, an approach is reported to drive 3D cellular organization and enhance chondrogenic commitment of bone‐marrow‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐hMSCs) via magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)‐mediated physical stimuli. MNPs isolated from Magnetospirillum sp. AMB‐1 are endocytosed by the BM‐hMSCs in a highly efficient manner. MNPs‐incorporated BM‐hMSCs are pelleted and then subjected to static magnetic field and/or magnet‐derived shear stress. Magnetic‐based stimuli enhance level of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and collagen synthesis, and facilitate the chondrogenic differentiation of BM‐hMSCs. In addition, both static magnetic field and magnet‐derived shear stress applied for the chondrogenic differentiation of BM‐hMSCs do not show increament of hypertrophic differentiation. This MNP‐mediated physical stimulation platform demonstrates a promising strategy for efficient cartilage tissue engineering.
An Iron Oxide Nanocarrier Loaded with a Pt(IV) Prodrug and Immunostimulatory dsRNA for Combining Complementary Cancer Killing Effects
Authors: Hernández‐Gil Javier , Cobaleda‐Siles Macarena , Zabaleta Aintzane , Salassa Luca , Calvo Javier , Mareque‐Rivas Juan C.
Published: April 2015

There is major current interest in harnessing the immune system against cancer and in developing drugs that provide complementary cancer killing mechanisms. Although the recent advent of nanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems has improved the efficacy of platinum drugs for chemotherapy, one of the fundamental paradigms in their design and use is evading surveillance by the immune system to enhance anticancer efficacy. However, new studies are showing that chemotherapy can profit from actively targeting stimulation of the immune system and that suitably functionalized nanomaterials might be ideal for overcoming some key challenges in immunotherapy. Pt(IV) prodrug–modified PEGylated phospholipid micelles that encapsulate biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as a new delivery system for cisplatin are reported. The Pt(IV)–IONPs are functionalized with polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C))—a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) analog widely used as an adjuvant in clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy. The Pt(IV)–IONPs and poly (I:C)–Pt(IV)–IONPs enhance by more than an order of magnitude the prodrug cytotoxicity in different tumor cells, while greatly increasing the ability of cisplatin and poly (I:C) to activate dendritic cells—the key cellular players in immunotherapy. The results suggest that these constructs hold promise for targeted chemoimmunotherapy.
Dynamic Antifouling of Catalytic Pores Armed with Oxygenic Polyoxometalates
Authors: Squarcina Andrea , Fortunati Ilaria , Saoncella Omar , Galiano Francesco , Ferrante Camilla , Figoli Alberto , Carraro Mauro , Bonchio Marcella
Published: April 2015

A novel stimuli‐responsive strategy against the irreversible fouling of porous materials and surfaces is presented herein. This is based on the molecular design of catalytic pore walls that foster a chemo‐mechanical, self‐cleaning behavior under neutral pH and mild conditions of pressure and temperature. This approach builds on bioinspired remediation mechanisms involving natural catalase enzymes for H2O2 dismutation and endogenous oxygen production. It is thus demonstrated that a very efficient antifouling activity is observed when the material pores are armed with oxygen evolving catalysts that are known to liberate nascent oxygen gas when exposed to H2O2 as chemical trigger. To this aim, the catalase‐like behavior of the tetra‐ruthenium substituted polyoxometalate (Ru4(SiW10)2), has been exploited for in‐pore oxygen evolution so to induce an active fluid mixing and the displacement of foulant particles. The present study includes the fabrication of hybrid polymeric films with porous architecture embedding Ru4(SiW10)2 as artificial catalase to guarantee the material self‐defense against pore occlusion and oxidative damage with aqueous H2O2 as mild chemical effector. The self‐catalytic “in‐pore” remediation is readily applied to various materials/interfaces with porous texture and high surface area with the aim to provide long‐lasting functional performances.
Photonic Spin Hall Effect with Nearly 100% Efficiency
Authors: Luo Weijie , Xiao Shiyi , He Qiong , Sun Shulin , Zhou Lei
Published: April 2015

Photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE; i.e., spin‐polarized photons can be laterally separated in transportation) gains increasing attention from both science and technology, but available mechanisms either require bulky systems or exhibit very low efficiencies. Here it is demonstrated that a giant PSHE with ≈100% efficiency can be realized at certain meta‐surfaces with deep‐subwavelength thicknesses. Based on rigorous Jones matrix analysis, a general criterion to design meta‐surfaces that can realize 100%‐efficiency PSHE is established. The criterion is approachable from two distinct routes at general frequencies. As a demonstration, two microwave meta‐surfaces are fabricated and then experimentally characterized, both showing ≈90% efficiencies for the PSHE. The findings here pave the way for many exciting applications based on high‐efficiency manipulations of photon spins, with a polarization detector experimentally demonstrated here as an example.
Silver Hexafluoroantimonate‐Catalyzed Direct α‐Alkylation of Unactivated Ketones
Authors: Naveen Naganaboina , Koppolu Srinivasa Rao , Balamurugan Rengarajan
Published: April 2015

A practically simple and direct α‐alkylation of unactivated ketones using benzylic alcohols has been achieved. The in situ formed acetals are the key for the success of the reaction. The catalyst, silver hexafluoroantimonate(V) (AgSbF6) provides double activation by converting the ketone into an enol ether via acetal and generation of carbocationic center at the benzylic position of the benzylic alcohol. The alcohols include benzylic propargyl alcohols, cinnamyl alcohols, and diarylmethanols.

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Beyond Langevin Recombination: How Equilibrium Between Free Carriers and Charge Transfer States Determines the Open‐Circuit Voltage of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Burke Timothy M. , Sweetnam Sean , Vandewal Koen , McGehee Michael D.
Published: April 2015

Organic solar cells lag behind their inorganic counterparts in efficiency due largely to low open‐circuit voltages (Voc). In this work, a comprehensive framework for understanding and improving the open‐circuit voltage of organic solar cells is developed based on equilibrium between charge transfer (CT) states and free carriers. It is first shown that the ubiquitous reduced Langevin recombination observed in organic solar cells implies equilibrium and then statistical mechanics is used to calculate the CT state population density at each voltage. This general result permits the quantitative assignment of Voc losses to a combination of interfacial energetic disorder, non‐negligible CT state binding energies, large degrees of mixing, and sub‐ns recombination at the donor/acceptor interface. To quantify the impact of energetic disorder, a new temperature‐dependent CT state absorption measurement is developed. By analyzing how the apparent CT energy varies with temperature, the interfacial disorder can be directly extracted. 63–104 meV of disorder is found in five systems, contributing 75–210 mV of Voc loss. This work provides an intuitive explanation for why qVoc is almost always 500–700 meV below the energy of the CT state and shows how the voltage can be improved.
Clinical and molecular delineation of Tetrasomy 9p syndrome: Report of 12 new cases and literature review
Authors: El Khattabi Laïla , Jaillard Sylvie , Andrieux Joris , Pasquier Laurent , Perrin Laurence , Capri Yline , Benmansour Abdelmadjid , Toutain Annick , Marcorelles Pascale , Vincent‐Delorme Catherine , Journel Hubert , Henry Catherine , De Barace Claire , Devisme Louise , Dubourg Christèle , Demurger Florence , Lucas Josette , Belaud‐Rotureau Marc‐Antoine , Amiel Jeanne , Malan Valérie , De Blois Marie‐Christine , De Pontual Loïc , Lebbar Aziza , Le DÛ Nathalie , Germain Dominique P. , Pinard Jean‐Marc , Pipiras Eva , Tabet Anne‐Claude , Aboura Azzedine , Verloes Alain
Published: April 2015

Tetrasomy 9p is a generic term describing the presence of a supernumerary chromosome incorporating two copies of the 9p arm. Two varieties exist: isodicentric chromosome 9p (i(9p)), where the two 9p arms are linked by a single centromeric region, and pseudodicentric 9p (idic(9p)), where one active and one inactive centromere are linked together by a proximal segment of 9q that may incorporate euchromatic material. In living patients, i(9p) and idic(9p) are usually present in a mosaic state. Fifty‐four cases, including fetuses, have been reported, of which only two have been molecularly characterized using array‐CGH. Tetrasomy 9p leads to a variable phenotype ranging from multiple congenital anomalies with severe intellectual disability and growth delay to subnormal cognitive and physical developments. Hypertelorism, abnormal ears, microretrognathia and bulbous nose are the most common dysmorphic traits. Microcephaly, growth retardation, joint dislocation, scoliosis, cardiac and renal anomalies were reported in several cases. Those physical anomalies are often, but not universally, accompanied by intellectual disability. The most recurrent breakpoints, defined by conventional cytogenetics, are 9p10, 9q12 and 9q13. We report on 12 new patients with tetrasomy 9p (3 i(9p), 8 idic(9p) and one structurally uncharacterized), including the first case of parental germline mosaicism. All rearrangements have been characterized by DNA microarray. Based on our results and a review of the literature, we further delineate the prenatal and postnatal clinical spectrum of this imbalance. Our results show poor genotype‐phenotype correlations and underline the need of precise molecular characterization of the supernumerary marker. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MED23‐associated intellectual disability in a non‐consanguineous family
Authors: Trehan Aditi , Brady Jacqueline M. , Maduro Valerie , Bone William P. , Huang Yan , Golas Gretchen A. , Kane Megan S. , Lee Paul R. , Thurm Audrey , Gropman Andrea L. , Paul Scott M. , Vezina Gilbert , Markello Thomas C. , Gahl William A. , Boerkoel Cornelius F. , Tifft Cynthia J.
Published: April 2015

Intellectual disability (ID) is a heterogeneous condition arising from a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Among these causes are defects in transcriptional regulators. Herein, we report on two brothers in a nonconsanguineous family with novel compound heterozygous, disease‐segregating mutations (NM_015979.3: [3656A > G];[4006C > T], NP_057063.2: [H1219R];[R1336X]) in MED23. This gene encodes a subunit of the Mediator complex that modulates the expression of RNA polymerase II‐dependent genes. These brothers, who had profound ID, spasticity, congenital heart disease, brain abnormalities, and atypical electroencephalography, represent the first case of MED23‐associated ID in a non‐consanguineous family. They also expand upon the clinical features previously reported for mutations in this gene. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA hsa‐miR‐4717‐5p regulates RGS2 and may be a risk factor for anxiety‐related traits
Authors: Hommers Leif , Raab Annette , Bohl Alexandra , Weber Heike , Scholz Claus‐Jürgen , Erhardt Angelika , Binder Elisabeth , Arolt Volker , Gerlach Alexander , Gloster Andrew , Kalisch Raffael , Kircher Tilo , Lonsdorf Tina , Ströhle Andreas , Zwanzger Peter , Mattheisen Manuel , Cichon Sven , Lesch Klaus‐Peter , Domschke Katharina , Reif Andreas , Lohse Martin J. , Deckert Jürgen
Published: April 2015

Regulator of G‐protein Signaling 2 (RGS2) is a key regulator of G‐protein‐coupled signaling pathways involved in fear and anxiety. Data from rodent models and genetic analysis of anxiety‐related traits and disorders in humans suggest down‐regulation of RGS2 expression to be a risk factor for anxiety. Here we investigated, whether genetic variation in microRNAs mediating posttranscriptional down‐regulation of RGS2 may be a risk factor for anxiety as well. 75 microRNAs predicted to regulate RGS2 were identified by four bioinformatic algorithms and validated experimentally by luciferase reporter gene assays. Specificity was confirmed for six microRNAs (hsa‐miR‐1271‐5p, hsa‐miR‐22‐3p, hsa‐miR‐3591‐3p, hsa‐miR‐377‐3p, hsa‐miR‐4717‐5p, hsa‐miR‐96‐5p) by disrupting their seed sequence at the 3′ untranslated region of RGS2. Hsa‐miR‐4717‐5p showed the most robust effect on RGS2 and regulated two other candidate genes of anxiety disorders (CNR1 and IKBKE) as well. Two SNPs (rs150925, rs161427) within and 1,000 bp upstream of the hostgene of hsa‐miR‐4717‐5p (MIR4717) show a minor allele frequency greater than 0.05. Both were in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 1, D′ = 1) and both major (G) alleles showed a trend for association with panic disorder with comorbid agoraphobia in one of two patient/control samples (combined npatients = 497). Dimensional anxiety traits, as described by Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) were significantly higher among carriers of both major (G) alleles in a combined patient/control sample (ncombined = 831). Taken together, data indicate that MIR4717 regulates human RGS2 and contributes to the genetic risk towards anxiety‐related traits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic Profiling of Bacteria by Unnatural C‐terminated D‐Amino Acids
Authors: Pidgeon Sean E. , Fura Jonathan M. , Leon William , Birabaharan Morgan , Vezenov Dmitri , Pires Marcos M.
Published: April 2015

Bacterial peptidoglycan is a mesh‐like network comprised of sugars and oligopeptides. Transpeptidases cross‐link peptidoglycan oligopeptides to provide vital cell wall rigidity and structural support. It was recently discovered that the same transpeptidases catalyze the metabolic incorporation of exogenous D‐amino acids onto bacterial cell surfaces with vast promiscuity for the side‐chain identity. It is now shown that this enzymatic promiscuity is not exclusive to side chains, but that C‐terminus variations can also be accommodated across a diverse range of bacteria. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed that the incorporation of C‐terminus amidated D‐amino acids onto bacterial surfaces substantially reduced the cell wall stiffness. We exploited the promiscuity of bacterial transpeptidases to develop a novel assay for profiling different bacterial species.
Orthogonal Insertion of Lanthanide and Transition‐Metal Atoms in Metal–Organic Networks on Surfaces
Authors: Urgel José I. , Ecija David , Auwärter Willi , Stassen Daphné , Bonifazi Davide , Barth Johannes V.
Published: April 2015

The orthogonal coordinative properties of tetrapyrrole macrocycles and nitrile ligands have been used in a multistep procedure towards interfacial d‐f hetero‐bimetallic nanoarchitectures based on a free‐base porphyrin derivative functionalized with meso‐cyanobiphenylene substituents. Molecular‐level scanning tunneling microscopy studies reveal that the porphyrin module alone self‐assembles on Ag(111) in a close‐packed layer with a square unit cell. Upon co‐deposition of Gd atoms, a square‐planar motif is formed that reflects the fourfold coordination of CN ligands to the rare‐earth centers. The resulting nanoporous network morphology is retained following exposure to a beam of Co atoms, which induces selective porphyrin metalation and ultimately yields a gridlike 2D metallosupramolecular architecture.
Catalytic Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Galanthamine and (−)‐Lycoramine
Authors: Li Lei , Yang Qiao , Wang Yuan , Jia Yanxing
Published: April 2015

The catalytic asymmetric total syntheses of (−)‐galanthamine (1) and (−)‐lycoramine (2) have been achieved by using a conceptually new strategy featuring two metal‐catalyzed reactions as the key steps. A new method for the construction of 3,4‐fused benzofurans has been developed through a palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular Larock annulation reaction, which was successfully applied to the construction of the ABD tricyclic skeleton of 1 and 2. To achieve the asymmetric synthesis of 1 and 2, a ScIII/N,N′‐dioxide complex was used to catalyze the enantioselective conjugate addition of 3‐alkyl‐substituted benzofuranone to methyl vinyl ketone for the construction of a chiral quaternary carbon center.
Cytochrom‐c‐Calixaren‐Kristalle auf Elektroden: intermolekularer Elektronentransfer zwischen definiert lokalisierten Redoxzentren
Authors: McGovern Róise E. , Feifel Sven C. , Lisdat Fred , Crowley Peter B.
Published: April 2015

Die Assemblierung von Redoxproteinen auf Elektrodenoberflächen ist ein entscheidender Schritt für die Entwicklung von biohybriden Systemen. Kürzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass p‐sulfoniertes Calix[4]aren als “molekularer Klebstoff” für die Assemblierung und Kristallbildung von Cytochrom c (Cyt c) dient. Hier präsentieren wir die ersten elektrochemischen Daten für Calixaren‐Cyt‐c‐Kristalle im Mikromaßstab auf SAM‐modifizierten Goldelektroden. Die Elektrochemie der Kristalle wurde mittels Zyklovoltammetrie charakterisiert. Hierbei konnten enorme Konzentrationen an elektroaktivem Cyt c nachgewiesen werden. Die erhaltenen Peakströme nahmen linear mit der Quadratwurzel der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit zu. Dadurch war es möglich, die Selbstaustauschrate (kex) der Cyt‐c‐Moleküle zu bestimmen. Durch diese Studie kann nachgewiesen werden, dass auch Proteinkristalle eine hohe Elektroaktivität und einen schnellen intermolekularen Elektronentransfer aufweisen können. Es kann erwartet werden, dass diese Beobachtungen auch einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Entwicklung neuer bioelektronischer Bauelemente haben.
An Unusually Small Singlet–Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4n π‐Electron Triplet Stabilization
Authors: Streifel Benjamin C. , Zafra José L. , Espejo Guzmán L. , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Casado Juan , Tovar John D.
Published: April 2015

Within the continuum of π‐extended quinoidal electronic structures exist molecules that by design can support open‐shell diradical structures. The prevailing molecular design criteria for such structures involve proaromatic nature that evolves aromaticity in open‐shell diradical resonance structures. A new diradical species built upon a quinoidal methano[10]annulene unit is synthesized and spectroscopically evaluated. The requisite intersystem crossing in the open‐shell structure is accompanied by structural reorganization from a contorted Möbius aromatic‐like shape in S0 to a more planar shape in the Hückel aromatic‐like T1. This stability was attributed to Baird’s Rule which dictates the aromaticity of 4n π‐electron triplet excited states.
Enantioselective Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Nazarov‐Type Cyclization
Authors: Kitamura Kei , Shimada Naoyuki , Stewart Craig , Atesin Abdurrahman C. , Ateşin Tülay A. , Tius Marcus A.
Published: April 2015

A Pd0‐catalyzed asymmetric Nazarov‐type cyclization is described. The optimized ligand for the reaction incorporates a weakly coordinating pyridine ring into a TADDOL‐derived phosphoramidite (TADDOL=α,α,α,α‐tetraaryl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanol). The reaction leads to the formation of cyclopentenones as single diastereoisomers that incorporate two contiguous asymmetric centers, one tertiary and one an all‐carbon‐atom quaternary stereocenter, in high yield and optical purity. It is noteworthy that the reaction does not require that substrates should be activated by aryl substituents.
Large Optical Nonlinearity Induced by Singlet Fission in Pentacene Films
Authors: Liu Yunlong , Zhang Chunfeng , Wang Rui , Zhang Bo , Tan Zhanao , Wang Xiaoyong , Xiao Min
Published: April 2015

By creating two triplet excitons from one photo‐excited singlet exciton, singlet fission in organic semiconductors has drawn tremendous attention for its potential applications in boosting the efficiency of solar conversion. Here, we show that this carrier‐multiplication effect can also be used to dramatically improve the nonlinear optical response in organic materials. We have observed large optical nonlinearity with a magnitude of χ(3) up to 10−9 esu in pentacene films, which is further shown to be a result of singlet fission by monitoring the temporal dynamics. The potential application of such efficient nonlinear optical response has been demonstrated with a singlet‐fission‐induced polarization rotation.
Reconstitution of Biosynthetic Machinery for the Synthesis of the Highly Elaborated Indole Diterpene Penitrem
Authors: Liu Chengwei , Tagami Koichi , Minami Atsushi , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Frisvad Jens Christian , Suzuki Hideyuki , Ishikawa Jun , Gomi Katsuya , Oikawa Hideaki
Published: April 2015

Penitrem A is one of the most elaborated members of the fungal indole diterpenes. Two separate penitrem gene clusters were identified using genomic and RNA sequencing data, and 13 out of 17 transformations in the penitrem biosynthesis were elucidated by heterologous reconstitution of the relevant genes. These reactions involve 1) a prenylation‐initiated cationic cyclization to install the bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane skeleton (PtmE), 2) a two‐step P450‐catalyzed oxidative processes forming the unique tricyclic penitrem skeleton (PtmK and PtmU), and 3) five sequential oxidative transformations (PtmKULNJ). Importantly, without conventional gene disruption, reconstitution of the biosynthetic machinery provided sufficient data to determine the pathway. It was thus demonstrated that the Aspergillus oryzae reconstitution system is a powerful method for studying the biosynthesis of complex natural products.
A Chemically Triggered and Thermally Switched Dielectric Constant Transition in a Metal Cyanide Based Crystal
Authors: Shi Chao , Zhang Xi , Cai Ying , Yao Ye‐Feng , Zhang Wen
Published: April 2015

A dielectric constant transition is chemically triggered and thermally switched in (HPy)2[Na(H2O)Co(CN)6] (2, HPy=pyridinium cation) by single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation and structural phase transition, respectively. Upon dehydration, (HPy)2[Na(H2O)2Co(CN)6] (1) transforms to its semi‐hydrated form 2, accompanying a transition from a low‐dielectric state to a high‐dielectric state, and vice versa. This dielectric switch is also realized by a structural phase transition in 2 that occurs between room‐ and low‐temperature phases, and which corresponds to high‐ and low‐dielectric states, respectively. The switching property is due to the variation in the environment surrounding the HPy cation, that is, the hydrogen‐bonding interactions and the crystal packing, which exert predominant influences on the dynamics of the cations that transit between the static and motional states.
Effect of inner secondary air cone length of a centrally fuel‐rich swirl burner on combustion characteristics and NOx emissions in a 0.5 MW pulverized coal‐fired furnace with air‐staging
Authors: Ti Shuguang , Chen Zhichao , Li Zhengqi , Li Guipeng , Zhang Hao , Zeng Lingyan , Zhu Qunyi
Published: April 2015

Low NOx burners and air staging technology are the most economic and effective means of reducing NOx emissions from coal‐fired furnaces. However, it is difficult to significantly reduce NOx emissions through air‐staged combustion in the furnace without reducing the boiler efficiency. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the inner secondary air cone length of a centrally fuel‐rich swirl coal combustion burner on combustion and NOx characteristics using a 0.5 MW laboratory furnace with air‐staging. Gas temperature and concentrations of gaseous species (O2, CO, and NOx) were measured in the primary combustion and burnout zones for different inner secondary air cone lengths. It was found that the inner secondary air cone length had significant effects on NOx emissions, unburned carbon content in the fly ash, and ignition performance of the burner. As the inner secondary air cone length increased, the unburned carbon content in the fly ash level increased, NOx emissions decreased, and pulverized‐coal ignition occurred later. The optimized results provide an important reference for engineering design. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of thermal treatment on the CO2 sorption of triblockcopolymers derived from polyimide and poly(methylmethacrylate)
Authors: Ando Shota , Yoshida Akihiro , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: April 2015

ABA‐type triblock copolymers were synthesized using 4,4‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride‐2,3,5,6‐tetramethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (6FDA‐TeMPD) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The films were characterized by determining the effects of different content ratios and thermal decomposition of PMMA block on CO2 sorption properties. TGA results showed that a thermal labile block can be completely decomposed under a previously reported thermal condition. SEM results presented that the asperity was micro‐phase separation caused by the PMMA block content rate. Numerous pores with sizes of approximately 10 to 50 nm were detected on Block(28/72) and Block(10/90). The isotherms of all films fitted the dual‐mode sorption model, and CO2 sorption decreased with increased PMMA content rate. Infinite‐dilution CO2 solubility depended on the Langmuir's site of each polymer because SH0/S0 of PI and Block(PI/PMMA) varied from 0.84 to 0.92 CO2 affinity was increased by thermal treatment as indicated by the higher b and S0 values of thermally treated films than those of nontreated films. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42208.
Applications of vertebral morphometrics in Pacific Island archaeological fishing studies
Authors: Lambrides Ariana B.J. , Weisler Marshall I.
Published: April 2015

Significant differences between fish bone identification protocols in Pacific Island archaeology and other regions (e.g. Europe and North America) have influenced the use of vertebral morphometrics for the reconstruction of fish length and weight. Fish vertebral morphometrics using vertebrae identified to taxon and type (e.g. caudal, thoracic) are routinely reported in the archaeological literature outside of the Pacific Islands. Conversely, in Pacific Island archaeological fishing studies, vertebrae that are not identified to taxon have been utilised to assess change in average fish vertebrae size, and to reconstruct changes in fish length and weight over time. Using a fish bone assemblage from a prehistoric habitation site on Ebon Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, we report false trends when vertebrae – not identified to taxon and type – are used to assess differences in average vertebrae size among cultural layers. These results are compared to the same assemblage where taxon and vertebra type are used to more accurately determine fish size. It is essential that vertebrae from Pacific Island fish bone assemblages are identified to taxon and type prior to assessing change in fish size over time, especially when investigating human impacts to finfish resources, capture technology or charting environmental change.
An Association Between Amino Acid Position 74 of HLA–DRB1 and Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibody Levels in Japanese Patients With Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibody–Positive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Terao Chikashi , Suzuki Akari , Ikari Katsunori , Kochi Yuta , Ohmura Koichiro , Katayama Masaki , Nakabo Shuichiro , Yamamoto Natsuki , Suzuki Taku , Iwamoto Takuji , Yurugi Kimiko , Miura Yasuo , Maekawa Taira , Takasugi Kiyoshi , Kubo Michiaki , Saji Hiroh , Taniguchi Atsuo , Momohara Shigeki , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Yamanaka Hisashi , Mimori Tsuneyo , Matsuda Fumihiko
Published: April 2015

Objective

Anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are highly specific to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and strong associations between HLA–DRB1 alleles and ACPA levels have been detected in RA patients. We undertook this study to elucidate the associations between particular amino acid positions in HLA–DRB1 and ACPA levels in patients with RA.

Methods

We analyzed ACPA data on a total of 4,371 Japanese ACPA‐positive RA patients in whom HLA–DRB1 allele genotyping had been performed. Generalized linear regression analysis and omnibus testing were carried out to determine associations of HLA–DRB1 alleles, amino acid residues, or amino acid positions with levels of ACPA.

Results

HLA–DRB1*09:01 and HLA–DR15 were confirmed to be associated with ACPA levels. HLA–DRB1*08:03 and DRB1*14:06 were associated with reduced and increased ACPA levels, respectively. We detected a strong association between ACPA levels and amino acid position 74 (P = 1.9 × 10−51). The association was mainly conferred by alanine residue (P = 4.5 × 10−51). After adjustment for position 74, amino acid positions 60 and 57 were found to be associated with ACPA levels. Amino acid positions 74 and 57 had previously been reported to be associated with susceptibility to ACPA‐positive RA in Asians. Combinations of the amino acid residues at position 74 and position 60 or 57 could induce improvement in Akaike's information criterion comparable to that induced by the 5 significant HLA–DRB1 alleles (HLA–DRB1*08:03, DRB1*09:01, DRB1*14:06, DRB1*15:01, and DRB1*15:02).

Conclusion

Amino acid position 74 in HLA–DRB1 is strongly associated with ACPA levels in ACPA‐positive RA, as well as with RA susceptibility. The mechanisms of ACPA production and susceptibility to ACPA‐positive RA seem to partly overlap.
Modeling and analyzing the topicality of art images
Authors: Huang Xiaoli , Soergel Dagobert , Klavans Judith L.
Published: April 2015

This study demonstrates an improved conceptual foundation to support well‐structured analysis of image topicality. First we present a conceptual framework for analyzing image topicality, explicating the layers, the perspectives, and the topical relevance relationships involved in modeling the topicality of art images. We adapt a generic relevance typology to image analysis by extending it with definitions and relationships specific to the visual art domain and integrating it with schemes of image‐text relationships that are important for image subject indexing. We then apply the adapted typology to analyze the topical relevance relationships between 11 art images and 768 image tags assigned by art historians and librarians. The original contribution of our work is the topical structure analysis of image tags that allows the viewer to more easily grasp the content, context, and meaning of an image and quickly tune into aspects of interest; it could also guide both the indexer and the searcher to specify image tags/descriptors in a more systematic and precise manner and thus improve the match between the two parties. An additional contribution is systematically examining and integrating the variety of image‐text relationships from a relevance perspective. The paper concludes with implications for relational indexing and social tagging.
On cold start for associative tag recommendation
Authors: Martins Eder F. , Belém Fabiano M. , Almeida Jussara M. , Gonçalves Marcos A.
Published: April 2015

Tag recommendation strategies that exploit term co‐occurrence patterns with tags previously assigned to the target object have consistently produced state‐of‐the‐art results. However, such techniques work only for objects with previously assigned tags. Here we focus on tag recommendation for objects with no tags, a variation of the well‐known \textit{cold start} problem. We start by evaluating state‐of‐the‐art co‐occurrence based methods in cold start. Our results show that the effectiveness of these methods suffers in this situation. Moreover, we show that employing various automatic filtering strategies to generate an initial tag set that enables the use of co‐occurrence patterns produces only marginal improvements. We then propose a new approach that exploits both positive and negative user feedback to iteratively select input tags along with a genetic programming strategy to learn the recommendation function. Our experimental results indicate that extending the methods to include user relevance feedback leads to gains in precision of up to 58% over the best baseline in cold start scenarios and gains of up to 43% over the best baseline in objects that contain some initial tags (i.e., no cold start). We also show that our best relevance‐feedback‐driven strategy performs well even in scenarios that lack user cooperation (i.e., users may refuse to provide feedback) and user reliability (i.e., users may provide the wrong feedback).
Tweet‐biased summarization
Authors: Yulianti Evi , Huspi Sharin , Sanderson Mark
Published: April 2015

We examined whether the microblog comments given by people after reading a web document could be exploited to improve the accuracy of a web document summarization system. We examined the effect of social information (i.e., tweets) on the accuracy of the generated summaries by comparing the user preference for TBS (tweet‐biased summary) with GS (generic summary). The result of crowdsourcing‐based evaluation shows that the user preference for TBS was significantly higher than GS. We also took random samples of the documents to see the performance of summaries in a traditional evaluation using ROUGE, which, in general, TBS was also shown to be better than GS. We further analyzed the influence of the number of tweets pointed to a web document on summarization accuracy, finding a positive moderate correlation between the number of tweets pointed to a web document and the performance of generated TBS as measured by user preference. The results show that incorporating social information into the summary generation process can improve the accuracy of summary. The reason for people choosing one summary over another in a crowdsourcing‐based evaluation is also presented in this article.
Output Feedback H∞ Control for Discrete‐time Mean‐field Stochastic Systems
Authors: Ma Limin , Zhang Weihai
Published: April 2015

This paper is to consider dynamic output feedback H∞ control of mean‐field type for stochastic discrete‐time systems with state‐ and disturbance‐dependent noise. A stochastic bounded real lemma (SBRL) of mean‐field type is derived. Based on the SBRL, a sufficient condition with the form of coupled nonlinear matrix inequalities is derived for the existence of a stabilizing H∞ controller. Moreover, a numerical example is given to examine the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Latent‐variable Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Strategy for a pH Neutralization Process
Authors: Chi Qinghua , Fei Zhengshun , Liu Kangling , Liang Jun
Published: April 2015

Linear model predictive control (MPC) is a widely‐used control strategy in chemical processes. Its extension to nonlinear MPC (NMPC) has drawn increasing attention since many process systems are inherently nonlinear. When implementing the NMPC based on a nonlinear predictive model, a nonlinear dynamic optimization problem must be calculated. For the sake of solving this optimization problem efficiently, a latent‐variable dynamic optimization approach is proposed. Two kinds of constraint formulations, original variable constraint and Hotelling T2 statistic constraint, are also discussed. The proposed method is illustrated in a pH neutralization process. The results demonstrate that the latent‐variable dynamic optimization based the NMPC strategy is efficient and has good control performance.
Behavior of taxi customers in hailing vacant taxis: a nested logit model for policy analysis
Authors: Wong R. C. P. , Szeto W. Y. , Wong S. C.
Published: April 2015

This study models and examines the taxi customers' preferences for hailing vacant taxis on streets. A stated preference survey was conducted to randomly select and interview 1242 taxi customers at taxi stands and pedestrians on streets, who had experiences of taking taxis recently, about their choices under different given hypothetical scenarios. In total, 4968 observations were collected and used for developing the discrete choice models for the analysis. To account for the potential correlations among alternatives, two nested logit models are developed, calibrated, and compared with a standard multinomial logit model in the investigation. The results of likelihood ratio test demonstrate that one of the developed nested logit models is better than the standard multinomial logit model to describe the search behavior of taxi customers. The model results also show that the walking time to and the waiting time at the location for hailing taxis, the extra travel time to the destination because of local circulation for finding a way from the pickup location heading to a passenger's destination, as well as the taxi customers' perceptions for walking to and waiting at taxi stands were found as significant factors to influence their decisions. In addition, the results of market segmentation analysis illustrate the variations in taxi‐search strategies of taxi customers in different districts and regions. Some policy implications on introducing more taxi stands and improving the utilization rates of taxi stands are also discussed. We believe that the proposed models, findings, and discussion are useful for developing micro‐simulation models to evaluate the performance of road traffic networks with taxi services and developing simulation‐based optimization models to answer policy questions related to taxi services. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flächentragwerke aus flexibel spaltprofilierten Blechbauteilen
Authors: Reising Jakob , Schäfer Stefan
Published: April 2015

Freie Formen spielen in der Architektur eine immer größere Rolle, besonders seit sie in den letzten 20 Jahren durch neu entwickelte CAD‐Tools leichter planbar wurden. Dadurch entwickelten sich neue architektonische Formensprachen. Die Serienfertigung, wie sie im Sonderforschungsbereich 666 (SFB 666) erforscht wird, bietet hier Potenziale, den Bauprozess neuer Architekturformen zu vereinfachen.

Der SFB 666 erforscht das Spaltprofilieren und Spaltbiegen von Blechen. Bei diesen Umformungsprozessen entsteht ein ultrafeinkörniges Gefüge (engl. UFG), welches sich durch eine erhöhte Festigkeit und Härte auszeichnet. In nachgelagerten Bearbeitungsschritten können Aussparungen gefräst werden. Es lassen sich also sowohl gekrümmte Profile als auch rippenversteifte flächige Bauteile aus dünnen Blechen herstellen.

Diese Technologien bieten nunmehr das Potenzial, den Baustoff Blech als tragendes Element von frei geformten Schalen oder Häuten zu verwenden. Um diese neuen Fertigungstechnologien bei hoch individualisierten Bauwerken anzuwenden, müssen die Produktionsabläufe schon in der Entwurfsphase berücksichtigt werden.

Load‐bearing surface structures made of flexible flow split sheet metal components

Freeform shapes are playing an increasingly important role in contemporary architecture especially since it is possible to plan them with CAD‐tools that were newly developed in the past 20 years. This gives room for new architectural design languages to evolve. The serial production as researched in the Collaborative Research Center 666 (CRC 666) offers the potential to simplify the construction of these new architectural shapes.

CRC 666 explores different methods of cold formed metal sheets in particular flow splitting and bend splitting. Through this process an ultrafine grain structure (UFG), which is characterized by material hardening, is created. These profiles can be manufactured with defined curvature radii. In the following processing steps cut‐outs can be milled. Today these technologies offer the possibility to use sheet metal material as structural elements of free‐form shells or skins.

To apply these new manufacturing technologies to individual structures, the production processes already need to be considered in the early design phase of a building. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the requirements and restrictions of these production technologies.
Verfahren zum Erdbebennachweis von durch Stahlbetonwände ausgesteiften Gebäuden mit explizitem Nachweis der Verformungen
Authors: Zahn Franz A. , Köber Dietlinde
Published: April 2015

Üblicherweise wird bei der Erdbebenbemessung von durch Stahlbetonwände ausgesteiften Gebäuden entweder die ungerissene Biegesteifigkeit oder ein von dieser durch einen Abminderungsfaktor abgeleiteter Wert zur Berücksichtigung des Zustands II verwendet. Tatsächlich ist die Biegesteifigkeit von Stahlbetonquerschnitten jedoch vom Bewehrungsgrad und von der Normalkraft abhängig. Die Fließverschiebung, bei der sich am Fuß einer Stahlbetonwand ein plastisches Gelenk bildet, ist hingegen fast ausschließlich von ihrer Länge im Grundriss abhängig. Torsionswirkungen infolge Exzentrizität zwischen Massen‐ und Steifigkeitsmittelpunkt werden üblicherweise durch Vergrößerung der Bemessungskräfte der einzelnen Wände berücksichtigt. Den durch die Torsionswirkung vergrößerten Verschiebungen einzelner Wände wird dabei keine Beachtung geschenkt. Da die durch die Verhaltensbeiwerte der Normen implizit vorausgesetzte ertragbare Verformung des Tragsystems zusätzliche Verschiebungen infolge Torsion nicht explizit berücksichtigt, kann es so unter Umständen wegen Überschreitung der maximal möglichen Verformung einzelner Wände zu einem vorzeitigen Versagen kommen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird ein quasi‐händisches Nachweisverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem die explizite Berücksichtigung von torsionsbedingten Verschiebungen möglich ist und bei dem realistische Biegesteifigkeiten für die Wände verwendet werden.

Alternative seismic design methodology for reinforced concrete wall buildings incorporating the prediction of wall displacements

Typically the seismic design of reinforced concrete wall buildings uses either the uncracked flexural stiffness, or a value derived from it by multiplication with a reduction factor in order to allow for the influence of cracking. In fact however, the cracked stiffness of RC sections depends on the reinforcing ratio and on the axial load level. The yield deflection at which a plastic hinge will form at the base of a RC wall on the other hand, depends almost exclusively on the length of the wall in plan. Torsional effects due to eccentricity between the centres of mass and rigidity are typically allowed for by increasing the design lateral loads for individual walls. The increase of the deflection of individual walls due to torsional effects is not taken into consideration. Because the structural deformations implied by code force reduction factors do not explicitly allow for the increase of wall deflections due to torsional effects there is a possibility of a premature failure due to the exceedence of the deformation capacity of the critical wall. The paper presents a design methodology using realistic cracked member stiffness and explicitly allowing for additional wall deformations related to torsion.