bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Ultra‐Thick Masks for X‐Ray Phase Contrast Imaging at Higher Energy
Authors: Rossi Alessandro , Buchanan Ian , Astolfo Alberto , Michalska Martyna , Briglin Daniel , Charman Anton , Josell Daniel , Olivo Alessandro , Papakonstantinou Ioannis
Published: February 2025

X‐ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) provides higher sensitivity to contrast between low absorbing objects that can be invisible to conventional attenuation‐based X‐ray imaging. XPCI's main application is so far focused on medical areas at relatively low energies (< 100 keV). The translation to higher energy for industrial applications, where energies above 150 keV are often needed, is hindered by the lack of masks/gratings with sufficiently thick gold septa. Fabricating such structures with apertures of tens of micrometers becomes difficult at depths greater than a few hundreds of micrometers due to aspect ratio‐dependent effects such as anisotropic etching, and preferential gold (Au) deposition at the top of the apertures. In this work, these difficulties are overcome by Deep Reactive Ion Etching optimized by a stepped parameters approach and bismuth‐mediated superconformal filling of Au, ultimately resulting in 500 µm deep silicon masks filled with Au at bulk density. The obtained masks, tested in an Edge Illumination XPCI system with a conventional source and a photon‐counting detector, show good agreement with simulations at different energy thresholds. They also demonstrate a higher phase sensitivity for highly absorbing objects when compared to lower aspect ratio masks, proving their potential for industrial non‐destructive testing.
Colored Designs for Radiative Cooling: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Yin Yingying , Zhang Mei , Wang Zuankai
Published: February 2025

Radiative cooling, a passive and sustainable technology that dissipates heat without energy consumption, holds great promise for efficient thermal management across various applications, including buildings, electronics, cold‐chain transportation, and personal thermal comfort. Despite extensive efforts, most current radiative coolers predominantly feature white or silver surfaces due to their high solar reflectivity requirement for enhanced daytime cooling performance, which restricts their aesthetic appeal and versatility in diverse settings. To address this limitation, a new class of colored radiative coolers (CRCs) emerges as a significant breakthrough to balance color display with cooling efficiency. This advancement is enabled by a fascinating design philosophy that emphasizes selective narrow‐band absorption in the visible light spectrum to show the desired color while maintaining a high reflectivity in other solar wavelengths to reduce thermal absorption. In this Perspective paper, a brief introduction to the fundamental principles of colored radiative cooling is first provided. Then, recent progress in CRCs is reviewed, focusing on colored designs utilizing pigments, photonic structures, and field stimulations. Finally, the challenges and future prospects in CRCs are outlined, advocating for their further advancement and widespread integration into practical applications.
A Practical High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Capacitor Fabricated with Dual Graphene‐Based Electrode Materials
Authors: Hu Tao , Zhang Xiong , Li Chen , Zhao Shasha , An Yabin , Zhang Xiaohu , Sun Xianzhong , Wang Kai , Ma Yanwei
Published: February 2025

Lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) hold great promise by merging the benefits of lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors. However, their performance is frequently constrained by a disparity in the kinetic properties of the cathode and anode. This study introduces a dual graphene‐based approach aimed at improving the efficiency and functionality of LICs and demonstrates the successful large‐scale production of graphene (SHSG) using a self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis method. In the cathode, SHSG forms a continuous graphene network, reducing interfacial resistance, enhancing conductivity and achieving a capacity of 85.9 mAh g−1. In the anode, SHSG improves ion diffusion and reaction interfaces, increasing capacity from 247.9 to 286.6 mAh g−1. A full LIC cell assembled with 10% SHSG in both electrodes demonstrates a peak energy density of 106.3 Wh kg−1 and retains 33 Wh kg−1 at 4.4 kW kg−1, which is calculated based on the total mass of the electrodes. Additionally, a 1100 F LIC pouch cell is developed, showcasing its potential for practical energy storage. This work underscores the transformative role of graphene in optimizing LICs and advancing energy storage technologies.
Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on 2D CNN and Hybrid Kernel Fuzzy SVM
Authors: Zhang Qingbao , Ju Zhe
Published: February 2025

Addressing the issues of poor anti‐noise performance and insufficient mining of fault information in vibration signals in traditional fault diagnosis methods, a network structure algorithm (2DCNN‐HKFSVM) based on the 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) and the hybrid kernel fuzzy support vector machine (HKFSVM) is proposed. First, the original bearing vibration signals are converted into 2D grayscale images; then, these grayscale images are used as inputs to the 2D convolutional neural network for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction; finally, the obtained feature vectors are passed to the hybrid kernel fuzzy support vector machine for fault detection. Compared with the support vector machine (SVM), the fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) assigns different weights to different bearing fault samples through the fuzzy membership function, thereby reducing the impact of noise on the classification results. Furthermore, the hybrid kernel function combined according to Mercer's theorem enables the FSVM to take both global and local fitting into account, further improving the classification performance of the FSVM. Compared with some existing fault diagnosis models that combine CNN with machine learning algorithms such as SVM and random forests (RF), 2DCNN‐HKFSVM exhibits better generalization ability and anti‐noise performance.
Numerical Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks for Solving Nonlinear Tuberculosis Model in SEITR Framework
Authors: Jeeva N. , Dharmalingam K. M.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates an epidemiological model of tuberculosis dynamics by classifying the total population into five distinct compartments: susceptible, exposed, infected, treated, and recovered. To solve the system of nonlinear differential equations and obtain approximate solutions for the tuberculosis model, three analytical methods are utilized: the transcendental‐exponential type proposed method (PNM), the Homotopy perturbation method (HPM), and the higher‐order inverse polynomial method (HOIPM). Additionally, the study examines the stochastic performance of artificial neural networks trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (ANNs‐LMB) to offer a comprehensive evaluation of the tuberculosis model. The predictions generated by ANNs‐LMB provide valuable benefits for researchers, significantly improving their understanding of infectious tuberculosis dynamics. Furthermore, error estimations demonstrate that the PNM, HOIPM, and ANNs‐LMB methods are highly effective in generating accurate solutions, closely matching those obtained from the Runge–Kutta solver, and surpassing the performance of HPM. These methods exhibit strong reliability and efficiency, making them innovative tools for addressing tuberculosis models and simulating epidemiological challenges. Moreover, the analysis of key parameters, including contact rate, infection rate, tuberculosis‐related mortality rate, reinfection rate, and treatment rate, provides crucial insights into the model's behavior and dynamics, paving the way for future research and effective intervention strategies.
Numerical Approximation of the Fractional Model of Atmospheric Dynamics of CO2 Using the Gegenbauer Wavelet Collocation Method
Authors: G Manohara , S Kumbinarasaiah
Published: February 2025

This work provides an understanding of the fractional order nonlinear mathematical model that describes the dynamic variation of carbon dioxide ( gas atmospheric concentration. The impact of changes in the human population and forest biomass on the dynamics of gas concentration in the atmosphere is also highlighted in this work. It investigates the model's solution by applying an effective wavelet method known as the Gegenbauer wavelet collocation method (GWCM). The considered model is a nonlinear coupled system of fractional ordinary differential equations (SFODEs). The operational matrices of integration are constructed using the Gegenbauer wavelets. Processing is accelerated by utilizing the properties of the Gegenbauer wavelet expansions and the operational matrix of integration to convert nonlinear SFODEs into a system of algebraic equations. The Newton‐iterative strategy is used to solve this system of algebraic equations to determine the unknown coefficients and to arrive at an approximate solution. Numerical illustration  demonstrates the method's effectiveness and accuracy. In addition to demonstrating the effectiveness of the applied strategy, the results show that it is appropriate for high approximations of the atmospheric gas concentration fractional model solution. All the numerical computations are carried out with the help of Mathematica software.
Stable Cycling of Sodium All‐Solid‐State Batteries with High‐Capacity Cathode Presodiation
Authors: Tang Wei , Xu Dapeng , Wu Junlin , Lee Dong Ju , Fuqua Alexander , Li Feng , Jeon Yuju , Bian Wenjuan , Chen Zheng
Published: February 2025

Sodium all‐solid‐state batteries (NaSSBs) with an alloy‐type anode (e.g., Sn and Sb) offer superior capacity and energy density compared to hard carbon anode. However, the irreversible loss of Na+ at the alloy anode during the initial cycle results in diminished capacity and stability, impairing full‐cell performance. This study presents an easy‐to‐implement cathode presodiation strategy by employing a Na‐rich material to address these challenges. Leveraging the high theoretical capacity and suitable voltage window, Na2S is chosen as the Na donor, which is activated by creating a mixed electron‐ion conducting network, delivering a high capacity of 511.7 mAh g−1. By adding a small amount (i.e., 3 wt.%) of Na2S to the cathode composite, a NaCrO2 || Sn full cell demonstrated capacity improvement from 90.8 to 118.2 mAh g−1 (based on cathode mass). The capacity‐balanced full cell can thus cycle to more than 300 times with >90% capacity retention. This work provides a practical solution to enhance the full‐cell performance and advance the transformation from half‐cell to full‐cell applications of NaSSBs.
Temporal and Spatial Trends of CO2 Emissions and the Emission Reduction Paths of Countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt from 1960 to 2060
Authors: Li Wen , Zuo Qiting , Guo Jiahang , Jiang Long , Zhang Zhizhuo
Published: February 2025

Reducing CO2 emissions is essential for sustainable development but faces challenges like politics, resources, technology, markets, and energy structure. This study uses UN and World Bank data from 1960 to 2020 to analyze CO2 emissions trends and factors in 50 belt and road (B&R) countries. Methods include fitting techniques, decoupling theory, and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The data are assessed using fitting methods, decoupling theory, and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The CO2 emissions of countries in southeast and central Asia show a fluctuating upward trend, whereas a slow downward trend is shown in eastern and southern Europe. The epicenter of CO2 emissions in B&R began to shift to the southeast in the 1990s, but it has remained consistently in the northwest of B&R geometric center. Key B&R emission factors are population density, urban population, and hydroelectric power. To reduce B&R emissions, three recommendations are proposed: 1) to establish a B&R alliance and promote the development of low‐carbon industries in B&R; 2) to realize coordinated development of the upstream and downstream communities in the B&R industrial chain; and 3) countries in the B&R region shall foster the development and utilization of clean energy while focusing on stable economic development.
Gelatin–Organic Acid‐Based Biodegradable Batteries for Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Liu Junzhi , Lazaris Gregory , Lee Jinhyuk , Bhadra Sharmistha
Published: February 2025

As the environmental pollution caused by electronic products becomes increasingly severe, the development and application of biodegradable batteries have become more important. Traditional biodegradable batteries are limited by low power output, low capacity, and lack of flexibility and stretchability, restricting their range of applications. Herein, a biodegradable battery made from magnesium–molybdenum electrodes and gelatin‐organic acid electrolytes such as lactic acid (LA)–gelatin (gel) and the citric acid (CA)–gelatin (gel) is proposed. The addition of organic acids to the gelatin increases the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and promotes its reaction with the magnesium electrode, effectively enhancing battery performance. In the experimental results, it is shown that the LA–gel‐based electrolyte achieves a maximum conductivity of 2.37 × 10−3 S cm−1, while the CA–gel‐based electrolyte demonstrates a low activation energy of 11.04 kJ mol−1. The highest open‐circuit voltage recorded for the CA–gel‐based electrolyte with the Mg anode and Mo cathode is 1.92 V, and the related plateau voltage is around 1.3 V. The maximum power and maximum capacity achieved by the Mg‐based battery are 76.8 μW and 1.36 mAh cm−2, respectively, at 40 μA cm−2 for LA–gel battery. Moreover, the battery can be stretched to 80% strain while maintaining stable capacity.
Multispectral red‐edge indices accurately estimate nitrogen content in winter cereal cover crops
Authors: Thieme A. , Jennewein J. , Hively W. D. , Lamb B. T. , Whitcraft A. K. , Mirsky S. B. , Reberg‐Horton S. C. , Justice C.
Published: February 2025

Winter cover crops reduce erosion and nutrient runoff from agricultural systems. Although cereal cover crops can decrease field nitrate leaching by 50%–95%, the magnitude of this reduction varies within and between fields, making it challenging to monitor the impact of cover crops on nitrate leaching at large spatial extents. Satellite remote sensing using red‐edge bands has been shown to effectively estimate crop nitrogen (N) content (kg ha−1) in later growth‐stage crops with a closed canopy. In this study, we evaluated 15 spectral indices derived from Sentinel‐2 imagery to estimate N concentration (%) and content (kg ha−1) of cereal cover crops, using 1627 destructive samples collected from 2018 to 2023 in Maryland. Observed N content ranged from 0.1 to 214.7 kg ha−1, while N concentration ranged from 0.6% to 5.5%. The 15 indices considered were poor predictors of N concentration (adj. R2 = 0.089, root mean squared error [RMSE] = 0.802%), but were more successful at measuring N content (biomass × N concentration). Delta red‐edge (ΔRE) was the best predictor of N content (adj. R2 = 0.748, RMSE = 13.10 kg ha−1 from cross‐validation with 80% train and 20% test splits iterated 100 times) using samples with imagery collected within ±4 days of destructive sampling (n = 1110). Our findings indicate that longer red‐edge wavelengths (783 and 740 nm) are more suited for estimating N content in cereal cover crops compared to shorter red‐edge wavelengths, which have been shown to be more sensitive to biomass. Leave‐one‐year‐out cross‐validation demonstrated that the relationship between ΔRE and N content was robust across all four cover crop sampling years included in the study (adj. R2 = 0.700–0.769, RMSE = 10.70–15.40 kg ha−1). Regression model performance improved with the addition of multiple predictors, including biomass (estimated from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), weather variables (adj. R2 = 0.765, RMSE = 12.37 kg ha−1), management variables (species, season, adj. R2 = 0.772, and RMSE = 12.13 kg ha−1), and biophysical variables (height, fractional ground cover, adj. R2 = 0.818, and RMSE = 10.29 kg ha−1). These findings demonstrate the feasibility of quantifying N content in cereal cover crops using a red‐edge‐based spectral index across large geographic extents and indicate the inclusion of additional predictors, such as weather and management data, improves model accuracy. This work has implications for quantifying reductions in N leaching associated with cover crops, aiding in policymaking and evaluation of conservation programs that impact water bodies such as Chesapeake Bay.
Does splitting the nitrogen rate for corn (Zea mays) reduce the carbon dioxide equivalence?
Authors: Brugler Skye , Clay David E. , Joshi Deepak , Rizzo Donna M. , Clay Sharon A. , Nleya Thandi , Hatfield Gary
Published: February 2025

Splitting N fertilizer application between the corn (Zea mays) plants pre‐emergence and vegetative growth stage has the potential to reduce N losses while increasing N use efficiency. However, there are few published reports that show that splitting fertilizer reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study compared the CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) calculated from N2O‐N and CO2‐C emissions from a single pre‐emergence application of 157 kg urea‐ N ha−1 with a nonfertilized control and two applications of 78.5 kg urea‐N ha−1 that were applied at pre‐emergence and at the corn plants V6 growth stage. Over three growing seasons (2021, 2022, and 2023), soil temperature, moisture, N2O‐N and CO2‐C emissions were measured six times per day from when the urea was applied to harvest. N2O‐N and CO2‐C emissions were separated into pre‐split and post‐split periods, and carbon dioxide equivalence was calculated. Splitting the N rate: (1) increased N2O‐N emissions in 2021 and 2022; (2) reduced CO2‐C emissions during the post‐split period in 2022 and 2023; and (3) did not influence total CO2e in 2021 and reduced CO2e emissions in 2022 and 2023. Based on these results, splitting the N fertilizer rate between pre‐emergence and the corn plants V6 growth stage should be considered as a potential climate smart practice.
Scoring Anomalous Vertices Through Quantum Walks
Authors: Vlasic Andrew , Pham Anh
Published: February 2025

With the constant flow of data from vast sources over the past decades, a plethora of advanced analytical techniques have been developed to extract relevant information from different data types ranging from labeled data, quasi‐labeled data, and data with no labels known a priori. For data with at best quasi‐labels, graphs are a natural representation and have important applications in many industries and scientific disciplines. Specifically, for unlabeled data, anomaly detection on graphs is a method to determine which data points do not posses the latent characteristics that are present in most other data. There have been a variety of classical methods to compute an anomalous score for the individual vertices of a respective graph, such as checking the local topology of a node, random walks, and complex neural networks. Leveraging the structure of the graph, the first quantum algorithm is proposed to calculate the anomaly score of each node by continuously traversing the graph with a uniform starting position for all nodes. The proposed algorithm incorporates well‐known characteristics of quantum walks, and, taking into consideration the noisy intermediate‐scale quantum (NISQ) era and subsequent intermediate‐scale quantum (ISQ) era, an adjustment to the algorithm is provided to mitigate the increasing depth of the circuit. This algorithm is rigorously shown to converge to the expected probability with respect to the initial condition.
An Algebraic Roadmap of Particle Theories
Authors: Furey N.
Published: February 2025

Expanding the results of previous research, a network of algebraic connections is demonstrated between six well‐known particle theories. These are the Spin(10) model, the Georgi–Glashow model, the Pati–Salam model, the Left–Right Symmetric model, the Standard Model both pre‐ and post‐Higgs mechanism. A new inclusion of a quaternionic reflection within the network further differentiates bosons from the boson in comparison to the Standard Model. It may introduce subtle new considerations for the phenomenology of electroweak symmetry breaking.
An Algebraic Roadmap of Particle Theories Part III: Intersections
Authors: Furey N.
Published: February 2025

In this study, the detailed symmetry breaking pathways established in Furey et al. (2024) are bypassed. Instead, a direct route from the Spin(10) model to the Standard Model is enabled via a single algebraic constraint.

This single constraint, however, may be reconfigured as a requirement that three actions coincide on a fixed space of multi‐vector fermions. This breaking (from a three‐way intersection) mirrors, in certain ways, the breaking (from a three‐way intersection) in the context of octonionic triality. By extending this result to include quaternions and complex numbers, we find that a five‐way intersection breaks . These are the Standard Model's unbroken gauge symmetries, post‐Higgs‐mechanism.
A Novel Two‐Part Mixture Model for the Incidence and Time Course of Cytokine Release Syndrome After Elranatamab Dosing in Multiple Myeloma Patients
Authors: Irby Donald , Hibma Jennifer , Elmeliegy Mohamed , Wang Diane , Vandendries Erik , Poels Kamrine , Shtylla Blerta , Williams Jason H.
Published: February 2025

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a common, acute adverse event associated with T‐cell redirecting therapies such as bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). The nature of CRS events data makes it challenging to capture an unbiased exposure–response relationship with commonly used models. For example, simple logistic regression models cannot handle traditional time‐varying exposure, and static exposure metrics chosen at early time points and with lower priming doses may underestimate the incidence of CRS. Therefore, more advanced modeling techniques are needed to adequately describe the time course of BsAb‐induced CRS. Herein, we present a two‐part mixture model that describes the population incidence and time course of CRS following various dose‐priming regimens of elranatamab, a humanized BsAb that targets the B‐cell maturation antigen on myeloma cells and CD3 on T cells, where the conditional time‐evolution of CRS was described with a two‐state (i.e., CRS‐yes or no) Markov model. In the first part, increasing elranatamab exposure (maximum elranatamab concentration at first CRS event time (Cmax,event)) was associated with an increased CRS incidence probability. Similarly, in the second part, increased early elranatamab exposure (Cmax,D1) increased the predicted probability of CRS over time, whereas premedication including corticosteroids and IL‐6 pathway inhibitors use demonstrated the opposite effect. This is the first reported application of a Markov model to describe the probability of CRS following BsAb therapy, and it successfully explained differences between different dose‐priming regimens via clinically relevant covariates. This approach may be useful for the future clinical development of BsAbs.
Insights into the roles of natural graphite in phase change materials
Authors: Tang Zhaodi , Huang Dongmei , Zhang Xi , Wang Bin , Yu Sidong , Guo Ruoyu , Sun Qimin , Wang Jionghui
Published: February 2025

Phase change materials (PCMs) that reversibly release or absorb thermal energy during phase transitions play a significant role in promoting renewable and sustainable energy development. However, the poor shape stability, low thermal conductivity, and inferior energy conversion efficiency of PCMs hinder their wider applicability and are difficult to meet the growing demand. As the precursor of carbon‐based materials, including expanded graphite, graphene oxide, and graphene, natural graphite (NG) finds extensive applications and bring new potentials to the PCMs, enabling multiple cutting‐edge thermal energy applications. Herein, we systematically discuss NG and its derivative‐based composite PCMs for thermal energy storage, thermal energy conduction, and thermal energy conversion. This paper aims to offer insights into the roles of NG in PCMs and hope to provide a useful guide for the design of next‐generation composite PCMs with high‐energy‐density, high thermal conductivity and high energy conversion efficiency.
MAPK and STAT3 Inhibitors Modulate FoxP3 Expression and Regulatory T Cell Function
Authors: García‐Díaz Nuria , Solli Elise , Hajjar Ehsan , Cornillot‐Clément Selma , Landskron Johannes , Ahmad Rafi , Wei Qian , Taskén Kjetil
Published: February 2025

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells defined by the expression of Forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3) playing a crucial role in regulating effector T cell activity. Tregs accumulate in the tumor microenvironment facilitating tumor growth. Thus, targeting FoxP3+ Tregs could improve cancer immunotherapies. Here, we conducted a high‐throughput, phenotypic screening of a drug repurposing library to identify compounds downregulating FoxP3 expression in human primary T cells. We identified the tyrosine kinase inhibitor bosutinib and the STAT3 inhibitor nifuroxazide effectively downregulating FoxP3 expression. To identify more potent compounds, structural analogs of these two compounds were searched and validated. These analogs were found to reduce FoxP3 expression in a similar‐ or more potent manner than the original hits. All compounds inhibited Treg suppressive functions and reduced the expression of Treg activation markers. Importantly, bosutinib disrupted FAK and CaMKII signaling more potently in Tregs, whilst nifuroxazide and its analog NA16 targeted STAT3 protein levels more effectively in Tregs. Additionally, bosutinib and NA16 targeted effector Tregs more effectively than other Treg subsets. In summary, bosutinib, nifuroxazide, and their analogs inhibited FoxP3 expression, Treg suppressive abilities, and Treg activation effectively, which could serve as tools for the improvement of current cancer immunotherapies.
Tissue‐Resident Regulatory T Cells Expressing CD83 Maintain Local Homeostasis and Restrict Th2 Responses in Asthma
Authors: Heiß Anita , Krammer Susanne , Kuhnt Christine , Draßner Christina , Beck Philipp , Geiger Adriana , Schliep Stefan , Geppert Carol‐Immanuel , Steinkasserer Alexander , Wild Andreas B.
Published: February 2025

Non‐lymphoid tissue Tregs (NLT‐Tregs) are critical for tissue homeostasis, inflammation control, and induction of tissue repair. Recent single‐cell RNA sequencing data identified the expression of CD83 as part of an NLT‐Treg signature, which is an essential molecule for the stability and differentiation of lymphoid Tregs. However, the biological significance of CD83 expression for NLT Tregs has not yet been elucidated. The present study explores for the first time the role of CD83 expression by lung‐resident Tregs in the steady state and during asthma to understand its importance in barrier tissues. We evaluated the effect of Treg‐specific CD83 deletion (CD83cKO) on the lung‐resident T‐cell compartment and cytokine profile. CD83‐deficient lung Tregs are less differentiated but more activated, resulting in unrestrained T‐cell activation. Further, CD83cKO mice were challenged in an asthma model and showed an accelerated disease progression, driven by Th2‐biased T‐cell responses. CD83cKO Tregs exhibited enhanced responsiveness to IL‐4, leading to insufficient control of Th2‐differentiation from naïve T cells. These findings underscore the pivotal role of CD83 in the NLT‐Treg‐mediated modulation of Th2 responses. Overall, our results highlight CD83 as a key player in tissue homeostasis and inflammatory responses, suggesting potential therapeutic implications for inflammatory disorders such as asthma.
Typification of Eight Names of Asian Species of Chrysopogon (Poaceae)
Authors: Chougule Uday L. , Shaikh Tarbej J. , Potdar Girish G.
Published: February 2025

As part of a comprehensive taxonomy of Chrysopogon from India, seven of the eight untypified names (Chrysopogon aucheri, C. hamiltonii, C. lancearius, C. nodulibarbis, C. polyphyllus, C. serrulatus, C. verticillatus) are lectotypified, and C. fulvus is neotypified.
Selective Broadband Topological Slow Light in Multimode Waveguides
Authors: Liu Tianji , Iwamoto Satoshi , Li Wei
Published: February 2025

Topological protection provides an appealing chance to suppress the backscattering loss and wave localization. The emerging broadband topological slow‐light waveguides are promising for many on‐chip applications. However, topological slow‐light waveguides so far are limited to single mode, multiple slow‐light modes are still unexplored which can promote the transmission capacity and bring in novel functionalities. Here, through Brillouin zone winding induced by side‐coupled resonator arrays, topological one‐way multimode waveguides with group velocity selectivity resulting from mode parity matching are demonstrated. One‐way modes with a large group velocity contrast and dual slow light modes are respectively obtained. The conversion between two modes with distinct group velocity due to the perturbation of mirror symmetry is also observed. Furthermore, in line perturbed one‐way waveguides, near‐perfect mode fidelity, and backscattering immunity against strong asymmetric disorders is simultaneously achieved. The results reveal exciting opportunities toward the exquisite group velocity manipulation for slow‐light applications.
Photon Recycling Triggered Amplified Spontaneous Emission in MAPbBr3‐Ni(AcO)2 Nanocomposite Waveguides
Authors: Soriano‐Díaz Sandra , Noguera‐Gómez Jaume , Martínez‐Pastor Juan P. , Boix Pablo P. , Abargues Rafael , Suárez Isaac
Published: February 2025

Metal halide perovskites’ optoelectronic properties are particularly interesting for lasers, yet obtaining efficiently the required charge carrier density can be challenging. Photon recycling, a critical process in optoelectronic devices, is harnessed here to enable lasing under a low threshold in a system based on MAPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs). This is achieved in a waveguide structure where the NCs are grown in‐situ within a Ni(AcO)2 matrix, offering a cost‐effective and straightforward approach for producing a high‐quality active material with exceptional optical properties and outstanding photoluminescence quantum yield. The film contains two distinct NCs populations, sized 5 and 50 nm, enabling emitted light from smaller NCs to be reabsorbed by larger ones. The concentration of NCs is optimized to enhance photons recycling across 2–3 mm long waveguide structures. The propagating flux of emitted light plays an important role in facilitating waveguided stimulated emission, controlling the emission wavelength, and significantly lowering the amplified stimulated emission threshold to Pth≈1 µJ cm−2, which is three times smaller than a similar device without photon recycling. The device also exhibits narrow and stable emission lines with an exceptionally high‐quality factor (≈10⁴), a result of random lasing modes caused by the formation of scattering loops through the large NCs.
Ultrarobust and Precise Luminescence Thermometry Enabled by the Combination of Reassembled Emission Spectra With Denoising Neural Network
Authors: Xu Wei , Li Wang , Cui Junqi , Hu Chunhai , Zheng Longjiang , Zhang Zhiguo , Sun Zhen
Published: February 2025

Nanomaterial‐based luminescence thermometry enables non‐invasive in vivo temperature measurement with high spatial resolution, which is crucial for driving advancement in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. However, spectral distortions and luminescence signal attenuation resulting from complex light‐tissue interactions pose substantial challenges to the practical application of this method. Here, a new strategy is presented, termed reassembled emission spectra (RaES) thermometry, for ultrarobust thermal sensing in biological environments. RaES integrates the temperature‐sensitive features of sub‐spectra from multiple luminescent centers, creating a thermometric parameter that is exclusively governed by temperature. To enhance accuracy further, deep learning‐based denoising is preliminarily incorporated into luminescence thermometry. A U‐shaped convolutional neural network model with high performance is constructed with data augmentation to recover emission spectra from significant noise with minimal bias. Empowered by the denoising model, the proposed sensing approach achieves excellent results even in challenging experiments, such as temperature measurements under static blood solution interference (ΔT = 0.23 °C) and real‐time thermal monitoring during dynamic blood diffusion (ΔT = 0.37 °C), where the conventional luminescence sensing method proves completely ineffective. Being independent of specific materials and equipment, this thermometry approach offers a versatile solution adaptable to harsh environments.
Silicon Nitride‐Photonics‐Enabled Optical Pumping for Optically Pumped Magnetometer
Authors: Xu Yuting , Chai Zhen , Meng Xiaoqin , Xu Yan , Sun Jie , Zhou Peng
Published: February 2025

Discrete optical system in optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) presents a significant challenge to their integration into high‐spatial‐resolution magnetic field detection. Here, the electron spin polarization of atoms using a fiber‐coupled silicon nitride () photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is demonstrated, by the way of delivering arrayed elliptically polarized light (EPL) into a vapor cell. Specifically, the photonic integrated circuit (PIC) transforms fiber‐coupled 795 nm pump light via optical waveguides to eight divergent free‐space beams, simultaneously converting linear polarized light (LPL) into EPL with an average polarization conversion efficiency of 71%. The PIC‐enabled OPM has detected the weak magnetic field with an optimal sensitivity of 0.53 pT at 70Hz. This work presents an effective approach for manipulation of alkali atoms using a chip and, crucially, introduces a chip‐based pump solution for OPMs. This approach contributes to the integration of nanophotonics with atomic systems, paving the way for future advancements in quantum sensing.
LEADERS: LEARN FROM AI TO OVERCOME YOUR LOCAL MAXIMUM
Authors: Taub Judah
Published: February 2025

The author is founder and managing partner of Hetz Ventures, one of Israel’s leading early‐stage venture capital firms; and has previously served in elite commando and intelligence military units. He discusses the concept of a “local maximum,” which he describes as “a point on a field that is not the highest or the best, but it is a point from which we can only go down in order to continue further.” He outlines “three techniques and approaches used by AI – and which can be used by all of us to overcome local maximums.” Within point one, “agility can be both a function of an organization’s mindset and DNA, and the hard quantifiable metrics such as the level of CapEx (capital expenditures) versus OpEx (operating expenses).” Within point two, “we will always be limited by time. However, learning to utilize time as a variable, trading it sometimes as a buyer and sometimes as a seller, increases our potential outcome to reach a higher maximum.” And he concludes that, “as artificial intelligence continues to improve, we may find that the lessons it teaches us are more impactful than the tasks it performs.”
FROM FRONTLINES TO BOARDROOMS: LESSONS IN LEADERSHIP AND INNOVATION FROM UNDER THE MANGO TREE
Authors: Bartkus Viva Ona , Block Emily S.
Published: February 2025

The authors (Bartkus, Professor Emerita at the University of Notre Dame; and Block, the George M. Cormie Chair of Management in the Alberta School of Business) write about the applicability of lessons learned in war zones and other extreme environments for today’s business challenges. Dr. Bartkus “founded the Business on the Frontlines Program seeking to harness the dynamism of business in rebuilding societies ravaged by conflict and deep poverty.” Case studies are provided, “from the dusty roads of Uganda to the high‐stakes vaccine distribution efforts of J&J,” during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The authors contend that they “uncover a universal truth about leadership: the most powerful innovations often emerge from the most challenging environments. Whether facing armed middlemen or vaccine skepticism, leaders who can adapt frontline strategies to their unique contexts gain a critical edge in our increasingly complex and interconnected world.” The lessons include, in their words, Map the Entire Landscape and Follow the Money, Build Unconventional Partnerships, Fail fast and forward, and Get Your Boots Dirty. They believe that “effective leaders in challenging environments must look beyond traditional partners and stakeholders. This often means overlooking salient differences and digging deeper to understand the motivations and needs of all parties, including potential adversaries.”
MICROCOURAGE©: A NEW PROCESS FOR LEADERSHIP
Authors: Bowman‐Ottomanelli CB
Published: February 2025

The author, CEO of the Association of Corporate Executive Coaches, contends that the “essence of courageous leadership contains elements of providing the space for inspiration, innovation, and creativity for others, where every individual feels empowered to step out of their comfort zone, voice their ideas, and use their initiative.” She discusses the seven steps of “Microcourage©️.” She describes the latter as “a process and also a philosophy, a mindset freeing us from disassociating ourselves from our accomplishments.” The seven steps are in her words: to exert; to explore; to examine; to express; to engage; to execute; to resurge. She discusses leaders who have displayed courage in the past, including Johnson & Johnson CEO James Burke during the 1982 Tylenol scare in Chicago. She also focuses on current courageous CEOs, such as Mary Barra of GM; Satya Nadella of Microsoft; and Jane Fraser of Citi/Citigroup. The author also examines “direct cases of courage as related to motivation”: Patagonia’s Yvon Chouinard; the former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Jacinda Ardern; and NVIDIA’s Jensen Huang. She notes that “as we look to the future, the need for leaders who are willing to take bold steps, make difficult decisions, and inspire their teams through courage and conviction will only continue to grow.”
PURPOSE DRIVEN LEADERSHIP: WORKING TOGETHER TO CREATE VALUE FOR ALL STAKEHOLDERS
Authors: Finneran Patrick
Published: February 2025

The author, founder and CEO of Accelerated Performance Solutions, recounts lessons learned during a long military career to “senior leadership roles to McDonnell Aircraft and Boeing.” He relates how “getting out of the office and showing up on the production line to talk with our teams, often on the second and third shift, proved to be very beneficial. It is amazing what you can learn when people see that you care.” Formative experiences for the author included collaborating at Boeing with Alan Mulally, the former CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Ford Motor Company: “Alan knew that people wanted to be respected and appreciated. He didn’t just talk about building airplanes but the higher purpose of connecting our world. He shared this vision with all the stakeholders, ‘everyone included’.” In terms of how the various parts of an organization work together, he contends that “successful organizations thrive, in the long term by maintaining focus on their core purpose and having a compelling vision for the future. They create a nurturing culture driven by a few powerful values that foster unselfish, inclusive, team‐oriented behavior. They have a well‐defined mission that articulates not only what the organization does but who they serve. The vision, values and mission, when widely shared with all stakeholders, serve to align and empower all teammates.”
HOW TO BE A B‐SUITE LEADER WITH C‐SUITE IMPACT
Authors: Houghton Rebecca
Published: February 2025

The author, founder of BoldHR, outlines how middle managers can gain more influence and leverage within organizations. These managers “are essential for bridging strategy and execution, yet receive little of the attention or support they deserve.” She contends that “if we expect middle managers to adopt a more strategic mindset—thinking less like the middle managers of the past and more like C‐suite leaders—it’s time for a radical rebrand.” She provides “steps we can take to instill a C‐Suite mindset in all middle managers—based on data from more than 1,000 managers in Australia.” The steps, in the author’s words, are: Assess Leadership Maturity; Focus Less on How the Work Gets Done and More on What Work Gets Done; Confront the root cause of burnout and control the pace; Once you’ve “controlled the pace,” “use the space” to boost confidence. And she notes that her company’s research shows four competencies in particular are crucial to be developed in middle managers: the “ability to motivate and engage others, their capacity to cope, their skills in managing up, and their willingness to manage their reputation. With the exception of coping, these competencies are dominated by influencing ‐ a habit that most middle managers engage with reluctantly.”
USING TRUST AND BOUNDARIES IN LEADERSHIP TO ALLOW DIVERSITY TO BLOOM
Authors: Betschart Sonja
Published: February 2025

The author, who describes herself as Co‐Founder and Co‐Pilot of WeRobotics, “a global social impact organization that works to amplify the power of local expertise to multiply sustainable solutions for development, humanitarian aid, and climate,” which operates primarily in the Global South. She further states that “we co‐create and co‐facilitate the Flying Labs Network, a model for how a decentralized and bottom‐up approach to localization can unleash the abundance of solutions that we need to confront the mounting challenges that face us all.” She says that, in terms of the “gifts of diversity,” the “common thread running through the 30+ years of my career has been my deep belief in the power of local. This means that the ones closest to the problem and/or customer are the ones who hold the key to the most fitting and effective solutions.” And in cultivating trust, and notes that “with the freedom to speak up and to try new things comes creativity and collaboration, and the diversity of ideas, backgrounds, and experiences comes alive in surprising and beautiful ways.” The author and her colleagues have learned that diversity is “essential for our success, the key factor behind creativity, innovation, and real change.”
OUR FUTURE HINGES ON THE LEADERS WE FOLLOW
Authors: McArthur Sarah
Published: February 2025

The author, Leader to Leader’s editor‐in‐chief, reflects on the devastating wildfires in the Los Angeles, California area and broadens this into a discussion on what it means to be a leader and a follower in today’s digital age. She notes that there are many definitions of the word leader, and that at the “most basic level,” there is a definition from a 1996 essay by Peter Drucker, which includes these words: “The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers. Some people are thinkers. Some are prophets. Both roles are important and badly needed. But without followers, there can be no leaders.” Yet, she notes that in today’s social media‐based culture, the word “followers” has taken on an additional meaning, with many millions of “followers” for athletes, actors, and other “influencers.” She further relates that “it is important to note that according to Drucker’s definition, these Instagram celebrities are in fact leaders in this relatively new era we call the Digital Age.” And that leaders’ “exceptional performance is rooted in their motivation to develop those around them and their focus is less about creating and enlisting more followers and more about creating more leaders for our organizations, our communities, and our countries of tomorrow.”
Balanced‐to‐Single‐Ended Out‐of‐Phase Filtering Power Divider With Continuously Tunable Center Frequency and Bandwidth Using Compact Patch Resonators
Authors: Wang Huaiwei , Zhang Gang , Tian Jie , Tam Kam‐Weng , Tang Wanchun , Yang Jiquan , Zhang Jinlong , Li Na
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a novel compact balanced‐to‐single‐ended out‐of‐phase filtering power divide with continuously tunable center frequency and bandwidth. By introducing a T‐shaped slot on the isosceles right triangle patch resonator to perturb the TM10 mode and exploring varactors‐loaded stubs, a new tunable miniaturized patch resonator is created. The proposed filter comprised three new tunable patch resonators connected by back‐to‐back varactors to adjust bandwidth in between. By studying the electric field distribution of the odd mode TM10 and grounded isolation resistors, the wished out‐of‐phase output signal and good port‐to‐port isolation can be generated. Based on such a simple structure, a balanced‐to‐single‐ended out‐of‐phase filtering power with tunable bandwidth is designed and realized with a center frequency tuning range covering from 1.60 to 1.95 GHz (19.7%) and 3‐dB bandwidth tuning range covering from 265 to 328 MHz at 1.90 GHz.
Interleaved Whole Brain 23Na‐MRI and 31P‐MRSI Acquisitions at 7 Tesla
Authors: Shams Zahra , Dai Jiying , Gosselink Mark W. J. , Hoogduin Hans J. M. , van der Kemp Wybe J. M. , Visser Fredy , Klomp Dennis W. J. , Wijnen Jannie P. , Wiegers Evita C.
Published: February 2025

Non‐1H nuclei magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers insights into metabolism, which may aid for example early stages of disease diagnosis, tissue characterization or therapy response evaluation. Sodium MRI can provide valuable information about tissue health and cellular function. When combined with 31P MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), complementary metabolic information on energy metabolism and cell proliferation can be obtained. However, sensitivity challenges stemming from low natural abundances and low gyromagnetic ratios of different nuclei have hindered progress. Besides, due to hardware constraints, different nuclei are often studied separately, and the need for dedicated hardware for x‐nuclei imaging hampers clinical efficiency and patient‐friendly assessments. This work introduces an interleaved acquisition scheme for 3D 31P‐MRSI and 3D radial 23Na‐MR imaging (23Na‐MRI) at 7 Tesla (7T) and demonstrates the feasibility of interleaving these two nuclei acquisitions. The interleaved protocol effectively merged 31P‐MRSI with 23Na‐MRI, while remaining within specific absorption rate (SAR) limits. Results revealed comparable signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) and spectral quality between interleaved and non‐interleaved scans, highlighting the approach's efficiency without compromising data quality.