bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automutilaciones en pacientes psicóticos: reporte de dos casos inusuales.
Authors: Cortez-Vergara C. , Tirado-Hurtado B.C. , Núñez-Moscoso P. , Cruzado L.
Published: March 2016

Las automutilaciones que son objeto de atención psiquiátrica suelen ser atribuibles a enfermedades mentales gravesy acarrean alteraciones anatómicas, funcionales y estéticas importantes: las más reportadas en la literatura sonaquellas más severas (como las enucleaciones oculares y las autocastraciones), seguramente por lo llamativo desu presentación, pero existen otras automutilaciones que también pueden ser objeto de atención clínica. A partirde dos casos infrecuentes: automutilación de la mama en una mujer y de los pabellones auriculares de un varón,con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia ambos, revisamos la bibliografía pertinente y llamamos la atención sobre estosepisodios, en los que la distorsión de la imagen y esquema corporal asomaron como factores relacionados al actoautolesivo, a diferencia de los factores de riesgo más comúnmente señalados en la literatura.
La violencia política y su relación con ansiedad, depresión y abuso de alcohol en la población adolescente de tres ciudades de la sierra del Perú.
Authors: Mendoza-Amaya C.A. , Saavedra-Castillo J.E.
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el antecedente familiar de violencia política y los trastornos de ansiedad,depresión y abuso de alcohol en la población adolescente de tres ciudades de la sierra peruana. Método: Se utilizóla base de datos del Estudio Epidemiológico de Salud Mental de la Sierra Peruana 2003, realizado por el InstitutoNacional de Salud Mental “Honorio Delgado–Hideyo Noguchi”. Se tomó la prevalencia de ansiedad, depresión yde abuso de alcohol, y se correlacionó con el antecedente familiar de violencia política. Resultados: La posibilidadde encontrar trastorno de ansiedad generalizada es aproximadamente dos veces mayor en adolescentes que tuvieronantecedente de algún tipo de pérdida de algún familiar; la de encontrar por lo menos un criterio de abuso de alcoholes aproximadamente 2 veces mayor en adolescentes que tuvieron el antecedente de pérdida de algún familiarpor hechos vinculados a la violencia política; y la de encontrar por lo menos dos criterios de abuso de alcoholes aproximadamente 3 veces mayor en adolescentes que tuvieron el antecedente de haber tenido algún familiaren prisión como consecuencia de hechos vinculados a la violencia política. No se encontró asociación entre elantecedente de violencia política con la prevalencia actual de episodio depresivo ni distimia. Conclusión: Losadolescentes con antecedentes vinculados a la violencia política, tienen mayor posibilidad de presentar ansiedadgeneralizada y abuso de alcohol que sus pares que no tienen ese antecedente, por lo tanto la exposición a violenciasería un factor de riesgo.
Abuso de anticolinérgicos en pacientes con esquizofrenia: reportes de caso y breve revisión de la literatura.
Authors: Cortez-Vergara C. , Núñez-Moscoso P. , Cruzado L.
Published: March 2016

Introducción: El abuso de fármacos anticolinérgicos es un problema que ocasionalmente se ha reportado en laliteratura médica aunque al parecer su frecuencia puede ser mayor a lo considerado usualmente; sobre todo enpacientes con esquizofrenia, donde se indica anticolinérgicos para contrarrestar los síntomas extrapiramidalessecundarios al uso de antipsicóticos, es donde se detectan la mayoría de casos. Método: reportamos cuatro casos depacientes con esquizofrenia que abusaban de anticolinérgicos y revisamos la literatura pertinente. Resultados: Eluso excesivo de anticolinérgicos por pacientes con esquizofrenia ha sido atribuido a su intento de controlar síntomas depresivos o negativos o la disforia inducida por antipsicóticos sin embargo no hay usualmente correlación entre el uso de antipsicóticos y el abuso de anticolinérgicos; por tanto, es menester considerar el potencial de abuso de los anticolinérgicos. Conclusión: Se impone revisar la indiscriminada prescripción de fármacos anticolinérgicos a losusuarios de antipsicóticos de modo tal que el riesgo de abuso se detecte tempranamente.
Blackberry Regrowth and Persistence Responses to Defoliation in Mixed Rhizoma Peanut‐Grass Swards
Authors: Krueger N.C. , Sollenberger L.E. , Vendramini J.M.B. , Na C. , Mullenix M.K. , Aguiar A.D. , Blount A.R.
Published: March 2016

Sand blackberry (Rubus cuneifolius Pursh) is a troublesome perennial weed in Florida rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.)–grass pastures. The degree to which it can be controlled by defoliation is not well understood. In 2011 and 2012, blackberry regrowth and persistence responses were assessed by clipping every 35 d to three stubble heights (8, 16, and 24 cm), with or without simultaneous removal of all leaf from remaining stubble. Blackberry dry matter harvested decreased linearly (12.8 to 8.5 g m−2) as clipping stubble height increased when remaining stubble leaf was removed, but there was a linear increase in blackberry harvested with increasing clipping stubble height (12.1 to 26.0 g m−2) if remaining stubble leaf was not removed. Across stubble heights, cumulative change in blackberry cover across the 2 yr was −15% units if stubble leaf was removed compared with +1% unit when leaf remained intact. As stubble height increased from 8 to 24 cm, blackberry cover increased linearly, both when stubble leaf was removed (−18 to 0% units, respectively) and when leaf remained intact (−12 to +17% units, respectively). In Year 1, blackberry stem density decreased 10 stems m−2 when stubble leaf was removed and 4 stems m−2 when leaf remained intact, but there was no effect of leaf removal in Year 2. Both clipping stubble height and removal of leaf mass affected blackberry regrowth and cover responses, suggesting that combining leaf removal by browsing animals with periodic close mowing will reduce blackberry cover, mass, and stem density.
Genetic Diversity of Natural Crossing in Six Cotton Cultivars
Authors: Burke John J.
Published: March 2016

We have previously shown genetic diversity in mature cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollen sensitivity to low humidity. In vitro studies showed reduced pollen germination and pollen tube growth under low humidity. The present study investigated the impact of pollen sensitivity to low humidity on the amount of outcrossing to neighboring plants. We utilized “red” and “green” pigmented cotton, in addition to gossypol glanded and glandless cotton cultivars, to study pollen movement in the field. Genetic diversity in outcrossing was observed among the six cultivars tested. Differences in outcrossing of 5 to 15% were observed under both irrigated and dryland production systems. Higher levels of outcrossing were observed within a row compared to outcrossing between rows. Cotton cultivars with mature pollen sensitive to low humidity exhibited reduced outcrossing compare to cultivars that were less sensitive to low humidity. These results suggest that cultivars with pollen sensitive to low humidity can be used to reduce natural outcrossing and subsequently adventitious presence in adjacent fields throughout the Southwest.
Genomewide Predictions for Backcrossing a Quantitative Trait from an Exotic to an Adapted Line
Authors: Bernardo Rex
Published: March 2016

Phenotypic backcrossing for a quantitative trait is generally ineffective. An alternative approach is to use genomewide predictions to identify which plants should be crossed to the recurrent parent to form each successive backcross generation. My objective was to assess the amount of genetic gain achieved from the use of genomewide predictions during backcrossing for a quantitative trait. Simulation experiments were conducted with an adapted line as the recurrent parent and an exotic line as the donor parent. Compared with the expected allele frequencies in the absence of selection, genomewide selection during backcrossing increased the frequency of favorable alleles from the donor parent and slightly decreased the frequency of favorable alleles from the recurrent parent. The selection response (R), expressed as a standardized deviation from the performance of the recurrent parent, ranged from −1.44 to 1.76. Unless the number of QTL was large and the donor parent was very poor, the R values were positive as long as an F2 training population was used and all of the markers were included in the genomewide predictions. Lines derived from the BC6 to BC8 generation typically had <4 favorable alleles introgressed from the donor parent. Notably, the improved lines carried different subsets of favorable alleles from the donor parent. The approach described herein is most appropriate when a breeder aims to largely retain the genetic background and characteristics of the recurrent parent, with only incremental improvements that enhance the recurrent parent for quantitative traits.
Large‐Scale Modeling of Unsaturated Flow by a Stochastic Perturbation Approach
Authors: Liu Zhao , Zha Yuanyuan , Yang Wenyuan , Kuo Yi-Ming , Yang Jinzhong
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas

Large‐scale equations have the same form as the Richards equation.

Large‐scale parameters are expressed by the mean parameters plus correction terms.

Mean parameters can substitute for the large‐scale parameters.

The spatial variability of soil properties hinders the mean unsaturated flow.

Based on the stochastic perturbation approach, a large‐scale unsaturated flow model was derived in which the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is assumed to be a random field. The corresponding effective parameters (i.e., the large‐scale relative diffusivity and the large‐scale relative conductivity) can be evaluated by the mean parameters and correction terms, and the latter are affected by variability of the dimensionless form of Ks and the flow process. Analytical solutions of the large‐scale parameters were derived by a spectral approach for a synthetic, one‐dimensional case. The simulated results from the large‐scale model were compared with the results from Monte Carlo simulations as well as the simulation results with mean parameters under one‐, global two,‐ and local two‐dimensional infiltration cases, respectively. Comparisons showed that the soil water content calculated using the mean parameters is smaller than that obtained by the Monte Carlo simulations, while the actual mean soil water content is smaller than the value calculated by large‐scale parameters based on the spectral approach. This study shows that the mean parameter can be an alternative to the large‐scale parameter (which is difficult to obtain) for unsaturated flow modeling. The validity of the assumptions of the large‐scale model were also tested.
Soil Complex Dielectric Permittivity Spectra Determination Using Electrical Signal Reflections in Probes of Various Lengths
Authors: Szypłowska Agnieszka , Wilczek Andrzej , Kafarski Marcin , Skierucha Wojciech
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas

A new complex dielectric permittivity spectra determination method was developed.

The method uses Fourier analysis of the reflected signals in two probes of different length.

No assumptions on soil dielectric relaxation model are necessary.

The complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) of soils is used in moisture and salinity measurements. We have developed a CDP spectra determination method based on Fourier analysis of electrical signals reflected in probes of various lengths. The S11 parameters of the probes placed in samples under test were measured using a vector network analyzer, and the results were transformed into the time domain using transient‐state analysis and a simulated needle pulse. The pulses reflected from the ends of the probes' rods were extracted using a windowing function and transformed into the frequency domain. The CDP was then calculated independently at each frequency using an analytical expression. In contrast to time‐domain spectroscopy techniques, knowledge of the incident signal in the soil sample is not needed. Also, no assumptions on a dielectric relaxation model of the tested materials are necessary. The method was tested on six reference materials and samples of two soils at various water contents. The accuracy of the obtained results was assessed and a rod length combination of 4 and 10 cm was selected for further use. The measurement errors for the tested reference media were determined. The method performed the best in the frequency range 0.2 to 1.0 GHz for the real part of the CDP and 0.20 to 0.85 GHz for the imaginary part. This approach may be adapted for use with a time domain reflectometry needle pulse device.
Copper and cadmium complexation by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii exudates
Authors: Tonietto Alessandra Emanuele , Oliveira Natalia L. , Lombardi Ana Teresa , Polpo Adriano
Published: March 2016

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic cyanobacterium that excretes organic materials which act as ligands for metals. Metal ligands may be characterized for their strength of association, e.g., stability constants, which can be either thermodynamic (K) or conditional (K’). In this research we examined K and K’ for Cu and Cd complexes with three molecular weight fractions (>30 kDa; 30–10 kDa; 10–3 kDa) of the cyanobacteria EOM. Complexation capacities of the excreted organic materials (EOM) for metals were determined at several ionic strengths (1.0 × 10−2, 5.0 × 10−2, 1.0 × 10−1, and 5.0 × 10−1 mol L−1) at pH 6.6 ± 0.1, with ligands for which no data for their acidity constants are available; these constants are thus conditional for this specific pH. Bayesian statistics showed that with a probability of 95–100% the EOM have two different ligands for Cu but only one for Cd, that ligands for Cu were stronger than for Cd (94–100% probability), and that the smallest EOM fraction had the highest strength of association for Cu (logKCuL 13.5). The lowest affinity was obtained for Cd (logKCdL 8.6) complexed to any molecular weight fraction. The present findings have important ecological implications, since the metal–ligand association is dynamic, and together with a diversity of ligands it can act as an environmental metal buffer. As a result, higher metal loads may be necessary for the detection of toxicity.
Effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratios on pollutants removal in the subsurface wastewater infiltration systems with/without intermittent aeration
Authors: Song Siyu , Pan Jing , Wu Shiwei , Guo Yijing , Yu Jingxiao , Shan Qingchi
Published: March 2016

The matrix oxidation reduction potential level, organic pollutants and nitrogen removal performances of eight subsurface wastewater infiltration systems (SWISs) (four with intermittent aeration, four without intermittent aeration) fed with influent chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio of 3, 6, 12 and 18 were investigated. Nitrification of non-aerated SWISs was poor due to oxygen deficiency while higher COD/N ratios further led to lower COD and nitrogen removal rate. Intermittent aeration achieved almost complete nitrification, which successfully created aerobic conditions in the depth of 50 cm and did not change anoxic or anaerobic conditions in the depth of 80 and 110 cm. The sufficient carbon source in high COD/N ratio influent greatly promoted denitrification in SWISs with intermittent aeration. High average removal rates of COD (95.68%), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) (99.32%) and total nitrogen (TN) (89.65%) were obtained with influent COD/N ratio of 12 in aerated SWISs. The results suggest that intermittent aeration was a reliable option to achieve high nitrogen removal in SWISs, especially with high COD/N ratio wastewater.
The Plunder of Wealth through Abandoned Properties Laws in the Armenian Genocide
Authors: Kurt Ümit
Published: March 2016

The state-orchestrated plunder of Armenian property immediately impoverished its victims; this was simultaneously a condition for and a consequence of the Armenian Genocide. A series of laws and decrees as well as complex bureaucratic mechanisms were devised in the Ottoman-Turkish Republican periods concerning the administration of the belongings left behind by the deported Armenians. The aim of this article is to analyze these laws and statutes, which were known as the Abandoned Properties Laws. It attempts to elucidate the dominant logic of the laws, decrees, and regulations concerning the abandoned properties, which are closely connected to the political economy of the Armenian Genocide.
Preparation and evaluation of novel galantamine hydrobromide sustained-release capsule
Authors: Yang Shuoye
Published: March 2016

In present study, a novel galantamine hydrobromide sustained-release capsule was prepared with the extrusion-spheronization method and the optimized preparative formulation. The release studies were performed using marketed capsules (Razadyne ER) as a reference and data were analyzed in terms of cumulative release amounts as a function of time. Furthermore, fiber-optic real time detection was adopted to monitor the release process. Results demonstrated that our developed formulation had superior properties, worked better as sustained-release carriers and lasted longer time to release compared with the marketed product. The in vitro release characteristics of different batches of preparations were quite similar with each other, the total release proportions of galantamine hydrobromide from sustained-release capsules reached higher than 90% within 12 hours. Similar factors f2 of two preparations were all higher than 50, the release profile of drugs from capsules fitted to Higuchi model with the equation of Q% = 0.2681t1/2 + 0.0684 (r = 0.9966). Pharmacokinetics profile and parameters in beagle dogs after oral administration also revealed the superior release performances of new capsules being consistent with the in vitro study. The developed sustained-release formulation may be a promising alternative dosage form for treatment of related diseases.
Érudition et humour dans les idylles bucoliques de Théocrite
Authors: Kossaifi Christine
Published: March 2016

Learning and Humor in Theocritus’ Bucolic Idylls – In his bucolic Idylls, Theocritus enjoys playing upon the complicity of his reader but also misleading him, in a humorous way, which links scholarly collusion with intellectual challenge. Sometimes he draws his reader in closer, by looking amusingly upon his characters, mythological shepherds, placed in an antiheroic situation or lowly herdsmen raised to the rank of epic heroes or even of poets. Sometimes he gibes at the learning of his reader, enjoying the dashing of the reader’s expectations, testing his shrewdness and analytic subtlety, as in the songs of Lycidas and Simichidas, before resuming his former complicity with him, with a knowing and sparkling smile, like that of Lycidas. This playing upon learning and humor provides a source of intellectual pleasure. It is at the root of the bucolic genre itself and it nourishes poetry, whose practice provides ἀσυχία in a cathartic, aesthetic and philosophical way.
Shape analysis of moss (Bryophyta) sporophytes: Insights into land plant evolution
Authors: Rose Jeffrey P. , Kriebel Ricardo , Sytsma Kenneth J.
Published: March 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

The alternation of generations life cycle represents a key feature of land‐plant evolution and has resulted in a diverse array of sporophyte forms and modifications in all groups of land plants. We test the hypothesis that evolution of sporangium (capsule) shape of the mosses—the second most diverse land‐plant lineage—has been driven by differing physiological demands of life in diverse habitats. This study provides an important conceptual framework for analyzing the evolution of a single, homologous character in a continuous framework across a deep expanse of time, across all branches of the tree of life.

METHODS:

We reconstruct ancestral sporangium shape and ancestral habitat on the largest phylogeny of mosses to date, and use phylogenetic generalized least squares regression to test the association between habitat and sporangium shape. In addition, we examine the association between shifts in sporangium shape and species diversification.

RESULTS:

We demonstrate that sporangium shape is convergent, under natural selection, and associated with habitat type, and that many shifts in speciation rate are associated with shifts in sporangium shape.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that natural selection in different microhabitats results in the diversity of sporangium shape found in mosses, and that many increasing shifts in speciation rate result in changes in sporangium shape across their 480 million year history. Our framework provides a way to examine if diversification shifts in other land plants are also associated with massive changes in sporophyte form, among other morphological traits.
Understanding museum activity to contribute to the design of tools for cultural mediation: new dimensions of activity?
Authors: Bationo-Tillon Anne , Decortis Françoise
Published: March 2016

Comprendre l’activité de médiation culturelle nous semble une voie fructueuse pour mettre en évidence de nouvelles dimensions de l’activité humaine notamment car il s’agit d’un domaine encore peu exploré par l’ergonomie. Dans le contexte du projet Labex H2H, nous examinons cette activité de médiation culturelle depuis plusieurs années grâce à un partenariat entre l’université Paris 8 et des institutions culturelles (la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, le Grand Palais et les Centres Pompidou Paris et Metz…). Au sein de ce papier, nous présentons et mobilisons deux modèles de l’activité de manière complémentaire, MARO qui renvoie à l’activité potentielle de rencontre avec une œuvre d’art (Bationo-Tillon, 2013) et NAM qui examine le cycle de l’activité narrative et créative (Decortis, 2013). Dans un premier temps, nous décrivons l’émergence de ces modèles et leurs socles théoriques. Ensuite, nous détaillons la méthodologie mise en oeuvre pour cartographier une situation singulière de médiation culturelle (visite muséale-atelier d’écriture pour des adolescents) à l’aide de ces modèles. Enfin, nous terminons en discutant des dimensions rythmiques et créatives de l’activité mises en évidence par ces modèles au sein des situations de médiation culturelles, dimensions qui pourraient être investiguées et intéresser plus largement toute intervention en ergonomie.
Elbow your way into reporting paediatric elbow fractures – A simple approach
Authors: Kilborn Tracy , Moodley Halvani , Mears Stewart
Published: March 2016

The evaluation of X-rays of the paediatric elbow in the setting of trauma is challenging. The difficulty arises from the complex developmental anatomy of the elbow, with its multiple ossification centres and the differences in the pattern of injuries between adults and children. It is essential to evaluate the radiographs systematically. This review will provide an overview of the developmental anatomy, the range of soft tissue and skeletal findings, and demonstrate tips and pitfalls in radiographic interpretation in paediatric elbow trauma.
External Quality Assessment of Sputum Smear Microscopy in Tuberculosis Laboratories in Sughd, Tajikistan
Authors: Chang Eva , Luelmo Fabio , Baydulloeva Zamira , Joncevska Marija , Kasymova Guljamol , Bobokhojaev Oktam , Mohr Tom
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Tajikistan has a laboratory network with three levels of tuberculosis (TB) laboratories. The external quality assessment (EQA) of sputum smear microscopy was implemented in 2007. The objective of this study was to evaluate the EQA system and identify potential performance improvement strategies in TB microscopic laboratories in Sughd, Tajikistan.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on retrospective record review and secondary data analyses on Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB) microscopy data and EQA reading results collected between the first quarter of 2011 and the fourth quarter of 2013. Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine the overview of microscopy laboratories activities, EQA results, and laboratory performance. Result: Of the 123,874 smears examined between 2011 and 2013, 11,522 (9.30%) were re-checked by the EQA system. The population TB screening rate rose from 0.46% in 2011 to 0.57% in 2013, and the case positivity rate decreased from 6.98% to 4.80%. The regional EQA results showed a reduction in high false-positive, high false-negative, and low false-negative errors. False-positive errors had decreased from 0.13% in 2011 to 0.07% in 2013, and false-negative errors from 0.91% in 2011 to 0.15% in 2013. Regional sensitivity of smear microscopy, when compared to re-checking controller, increased from 88.2% in 2011 to 97.2% in 2013. The regional specificity level remained relatively stable at above 99%.Conclusion: Our study found that a decreasing trend of case positivity rate from 2011 to 2013 in Sughd, though the overall laboratory workload was on the rise. In addition, EQA results showed an overall error reduction and an improved sensitivity of smear microscopy in the region. The overview of microscopic laboratory activities and the actual evaluation of the EQA system on sputum smear microscopy complement each other in providing a better picture on the progress of TB laboratory strengthening. We recommend similar approaches to be adapted by future evaluations on TB microscopic laboratories, particularly among countries of high burden. Interactive training and feedback loops are crucial to improving TB surveillance in Tajikistan.
Using HiEduQual to Assess Student Satisfaction in Selected Higher Educational Institutions in North India
Authors: Singh Bushra S. P.
Published: March 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to assess the service quality gaps in 4 universities and 6 colleges in Chandigarh, Punjab and Haryana using the HiEduQual questionnaire.

Methodology – Data collected from 256 first year students and 248 final year students was analysed using MS Excel and average expectations and perceptions score were obtained for all six dimensions namely, teaching, administrative services, academic facilities, campus infrastructure, support services and internationalization.

Findings –Quantitative analysis revealed negative gap scores in all six dimensions.

Practical implications – Management in higher educational institutions must upgrade the ICT infrastructure in campuses. There must be use of information systems, online fees payment, interactive whiteboards for classroom teaching. Faculty exchange programmes and Industry Institute Interactions must be encouraged. Students must be offered e-library facilities, counselling services, placement services, sports and recreational facilities.
Are You Ready to Use Technology in EFL Teaching? Examining Psychometric Properties of EFL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Scale
Authors: Hsu Liwei
Published: March 2016

It has been confirmed that technology can be beneficial for students’ academic performance, including in the field of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). The successful administration of CALL depends greatly on the teachers’ knowledge about technology, pedagogy and content. The aim of this study is to explore the psychometric property of measure of EFL teachers’ technological, Pedagogical and content knowledge (TPACK). One hundred and fifty-eight EFL teachers were invited to join this study through stratified randomization sampling technique. The research instrument was the TPACK-EFL and the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with extraction method of Maximum Likelihood and the rotation method of Promax with Kaiser Normalization, was performed to extracted factors with factor loading above .50. Seven constructs (Technological Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge, Content Knowledge, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge, Technological Content Knowledge, Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) were retrieved. Afterwards, the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was undertaken to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of selected factors. Convergent validity was checked with Composite Reliability (CR), Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Maximum Shared Variance (MSV), and Average Shared Variance (ASV). Suggested value for CR and AVE was .6 and .5 respectively while MSV as well as ASV should be lower than AVE. Results showed that constructs of this study all met the requirement which indicated that the items had convergent validity. In terms of discriminant validity, square root of AVE was greater than inter-construct correlations which asserted the discriminant validity of this instrument. Subsequently, alternate model analysis was conducted to yield the model which fitted the best as indicated by the model fit indices and research context.
Cadmium and Chromium in Selected Canned Goods Commercially Available in the Philippines
Authors: Solidum Judilynn
Published: March 2016

Heavy metals are both naturally occurring and anthropogenic such that even processed food canned for easy marketing and handling may be contaminated with it. This study aimed to determine the presence or absence of cadmium and chromium in canned fish and meat commercially available in the Philippines. Acid digestion was employed to the solid fish and meat samples prior to quantitative instrumental analysis using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). The results showed that the canned meat and fish samples tested all contained cadmium and chromium. None of the canned fish and meat samples went beyond the limit for cadmium in food. Canned fish all went beyond the limit for chromium on both California and United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits. Only CF2 and CF8 went beyond the Center for Food Safety limit in Hong Kong. For canned meat samples, all went beyond the limit set for chromium relative to California EPA standards but not on US EPA and Center for food Safety in Hong Kong limits. All of the levels of cadmium as projected mathematically did not go beyond the acceptable blood levels for both the samples of canned meat and fish. Concentration of chromium from meat when projected in blood did not exceed the safe levels while chromium in CF2 and CF8 exceeded the acceptable blood amounts as mathematically projected.
Growth and Development of the Lymphoid Organs as Affected by Inorganic and Organic Zinc in Broilers Chickens
Authors: Bulao Maria Fe
Published: March 2016

Zinc is one of the important minerals that affect the immune system. It should be incorporated in the diet since the effects of deficiency are very pronounced. However, the levels and sources are still unknown particularly in the growth and development of the lymphoid organs. Hence, this study was conducted. Two experiments were conducted following a completely randomized design for a period of 36 days. Experiment 1 utilized zinc oxide while 2 made used of zinc methionine. Results revealed that the different levels of zinc oxide did not affect the average weight and number of lymphatic nodules of the Bursa of Fabricius and thymus. The same organs involuted between 15-28 days and 11-21 days, respectively. The spleen, however, was unaffected.  In Experiment 2, it shows that the average weight and number of lymphatic nodules of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were not affected by the different levels of zinc methionine. Bursa involuted from days 8-28 while thymus, between 11-21 days. Increasing spleen's weight pattern was noted only in the control group beginning on day 11 and peak on day 28. The study concludes that the growth and development of the lymphoid organs were not affected by zinc inclusion in the diet. It recommends that supplementation must be accompanied by good management practices.
Design and Development of Electric Motor Controller Trainer: An Instructional Device
Authors: Bajet, Jr. Manuel A. , Hidalgo Rogelio C. , Bajet Nelson A.
Published: March 2016

Quality education largely depends on the availability of instructional gadgets and equipment which form collectively as facilities in any learning institutions. Allocated budget in higher education is not sufficient in providing all instructional equipment like in technological courses. This triggered the researchers in developing improvised electric motor controller trainer as an instructional device similar to the commercial ones which will be utilized to reinforce laboratory shop setting. The study used project and developmental method of research; planning, designing and product development testing and revisions were implemented. The descriptive- evaluative research was employed in evaluating the level of acceptability. The newly-developed electric motor controller trainer can do the different activities as compared to the commercial ones: a) Start-Stop-Push button control; b) Start-Stop full- voltage starter with alarm silencing; c) Multiple push button stations; d) Jog motor control; e) Forward reverse motor control (electrical interlocking); f) Automatic forward and reverse motion with limit switches; g) wye-delta reduced voltage starter; and h) Two stages sequential control. The level of acceptability of the trainer is generally assessed by the respondents as very much acceptable in terms of usefulness, effectiveness, functionality, reliability, and safety. Packaging and affordability of the device should be endorsed to the Department of Education for the K-12 curriculum purposes.
Magic Realism in Hiligaynon Urban Legends
Authors: Tribunal Ruth
Published: March 2016

In the modern time, urban legends become unique and valuable stories in the community. These are living people's testimony about their experiences with mix magical and mundane elements in an overall context of realistic narrations. The primary concern of this paper was to analyze and evaluate the elements of magic realism in Hiligaynon urban legends. The study is a critical literary analysis conducted within the context of descriptive research. The tool used in critiquing the Hiligaynon urban legends was Magic realism. The result of the study showed that Hiligaynon urban legends have the elements of Magic Realism, such as Fantastical elements, Real-world setting, Plenitude, Hybridity, and Mystery. Also, the culture, belief and tradition of the region shaped the elements of magic realism in Hiligaynon urban legends. These could be evident in the plots, characters, themes and settings of the stories. The study concludes that there is a genre of magical or unreal elements in every Hiligaynon urban legend. The study recommends that the school may use Hiligaynon urban legends as materials in teaching regional literature for the students to recognize the beauty of their oral tradition.
Feed backing: A Classroom Interaction Tool in Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) Classes
Authors: Roldan Jr. Roberto
Published: March 2016

During instruction, a communication starts when the teacher imparts knowledge to the students. When the students absorb the information, process it and give feedback, they undergo a communication process. The study aimed to determine the extent of usage of teacher's feedback in the classroom interactions among Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) students to maximize learning. Frequency counts, frequency percentage, mean and simple correlation analysis were utilized as statistical tools. As a whole, verbal criticisms were often used in Fourth Year while it is sometimes used in the other three-year levels. In general, written feedback was often witnessed in Fourth Year while written response was sometimes observed in the other college levels. Teachers apply more verbal reactions in classroom interactions followed by written and non-verbal feedbacks. Age is significantly related to written opinions. Teachers who have more teaching experiences give more written feedbacks than teachers with less teaching experience. Hence, the type of feedback which was always used in classroom interaction as perceived by the students was written replies while the most often used feedback given by the teacher was verbal feedbacks. There is a significant relationship between the teacher's profile on age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, subject taught and the length of service and the extent of the use of feedback in classroom interactions.
Material Culture Analysis on the Personal Furniture in the Museums of Silay City: Basis for Cultural and Historical Preservation
Authors: Tribunal Ruth , Pedrosa Evalyn , Alegata Wayne , Sayson Ronald John
Published: March 2016

Culture and history harbor the beauty of one's society. In view, the study of artifacts could best explain our cultural and historical background. The study aimed to examine the personal furniture in the museums of Silay City to preserve the culture and tradition of the old society in Silay through material culture analysis. The study is a qualitative research conducted within the context of descriptive and historical research. Interview method was used in gathering information. McClung Fleming's two conceptual tools of artifact analysis were utilized to help distinguish precise information about its five properties. Personal furniture in Manuel Severino Hofilena Ancestral House and Bernardino-Ysabel Jalandoni Museum were examined and analyze. The result showed that the personal furniture in two museums have significant influence in the culture and tradition of every Filipino-Spanish family in Silay. The study concludes that material culture analysis on the personal furniture could help preserve the culture and tradition of the past. The study further recommends that teachers and students can utilize the result of the study as material for understanding literature, culture, and history. Also, the government could use the study as basis for their cultural and historical preservation programs.
Ligand‐Accelerated
ortho
‐CHOlefination of Phenylacetic Acids
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Dastbaravardeh Navid , Thuy‐Boun Peter S. , Wang Dong‐Hui , Sather Aaron C. , Yu* Jin‐Quan
Published: March 2016

Mono‐
N
‐protected amino acid (MPAA)‐accelerated
ortho
‐C–H olefination reaction tolerates a range of electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing substituents on the aryl group of the phenylacetic acid. This work demonstrates the essential role that the ligand plays in developing practical Pd(II)‐catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions that are reliable in preparative‐scale synthesis.
Preparation of
N
‐(Boc)‐Allylglycine Methyl Ester Using a Zinc‐Mediated, Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Atmuri N. D. Prasad , Lubell* William D.
Published: March 2016

In the context of our research in peptide mimicry, we required an efficient, atom economical route to enantiomerically pure allylglycine analogues. Building on the established precedent of zinc‐mediated, palladium‐catalyzed crosscoupling reactions of commercially available and inexpensive
tert
‐butyl (
R
)‐1‐(methoxycarbonyl)‐2‐iodoethylcarbamate, this extension employs vinyl bromide to give effective access to allylglycine in enantiomerically pure form on multi‐gram scale. Negishi cross coupling of the alininyl zinc intermediate with vinyl bromide is effectively mediated by Pd
2
(dba)
3
and tri‐(
o
‐tolyl)phosphine and has been examined at lower temperature to give the
N
‐(Boc)‐allylglycine methyl ester with improved yield.
Asymmetric Synthesis of All‐Carbon Benzylic Quaternary Stereocenters via Conjugate Addition to Alkylidene Meldrum's Acids
Authors: Beaton Eric , Fillion* Eric
Published: March 2016

This article describes the catalytic asymmetric formation of all carbon benzylic quaternary centres, which is an important goal in organic chemistry as these moieties are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to tri‐ and tetrasubstituted alkenes activated by carbonyl, nitro or sulfone groups is an efficient method that can be used to synthesize these motifs. The conjugate addition of dialkylzinc reagents to 5‐ylidene Meldrum's acid derivatives presented herein is a flexible and convenient method to perform this transformation because the substrates are readily prepared by Knoevenagel condensation of various commercially available aryl ketones and the conjugate addition products may undergo a wide variety of transformations. In addition, the substrate scope is broad as the reaction tolerates numerous functional groups.
Synthesis of Optically Active 1,2,3,4‐TetrahydroquinolinesviaAsymmetric Hydrogenation Using Iridium‐Diamine Catalyst
Authors: Chen Fei , Ding Zi‐Yuan , He Yan‐Mei , Fan* Qing‐Hua
Published: March 2016

The procedure described herein provides a highly efficient method for the preparation of the desired chiral 2‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines in high enantiomeric excessviaasymmetric hydrogenation using readily available and air stable chiral cationic Cp*Ir(OTf)(N‐sulfonylated diamine) complexes as catalysts. In addition, the hydrogenation can be carried out in undegassed methanol and with no need for inert gas protection throughout the entire operation.
1,3‐Dimethylimidazoyl‐2‐Ylidene Borane
Authors: Gardner Sean , Kawamoto Takuji , Curran*1 Dennis P.
Published: March 2016

1,3‐Dimethylimidazoyl‐2‐ylidene borane is the most commonly used NHC‐boranes. It undergoes BH insertion reactions with reactive carbenes derived from diazo compounds. It has a diverse reduction chemistry as a radical hydrogen atom donor and a neutral hydride source.
Copper‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Heteroaromatic and Aromatic CH Bonds via
TMPZnCl
·LiCl Mediated Metalation
Authors: McDonald Stacey L. , Hendrick Charles E. , Bitting Katie J. , Wang* Qiu
Published: March 2016

This article discusses about the copper‐catalyzed electrophilic amination of heteroaromatic and aromatic C–H Bonds via TMPZnCl•LiCl mediated metalation.The importance of nitrogen‐containing compounds continues to drive the development of new C–N bond‐forming transformations. C–H amination offers a direct method to introduce amino groups into molecules without stepwise functional group manipulations. Organozinc reagents can be generated
in situ
using the strong and non‐nucleophilic base TMPZnCl•LiCl. Additionally, readily available
O
‐benzoylhydroxylamines is demonstrated as an effective electrophilic nitrogen source in this C–H amination reaction.
Direct
C7
Functionalization of Tryptophan. Synthesis of Methyl (
S
)‐2‐((
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl)amino)‐3‐(7‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐1
H
‐indol‐3‐yl)propanoate
Authors: Amaike Kazuma , Loach Richard P. , Movassaghi*2 Mohammad
Published: March 2016

This article discusses about the direct C7 functionalization of tryptophan. Synthesiss of methyl (
S
)‐2‐((
tert
‐butoxycarbonyl)amino)‐3‐(7‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)‐1
H
‐indol‐3‐yl)propanoate is discussed. The demand for diversely substituted indole structures has led to the development of a wide range of methods for indole functionalization. Examination of conditions for the diboronation of various
N
‐protected tryptamines demonstrated that exposure to excess pinacolborane (5 equiv), catalytic amounts of [Ir(cod)OMe]
2
and 4,4'‐di‐
tert
‐butylbipyridine in tetrahydrofuran at 60 °C, was sufficient to ensure full boronation at C2 and C7.
Mg/Ca thermometry in planktic foraminifera: Improving paleotemperature estimations for G. bulloides and N. pachyderma left
Authors: Vázquez Riveiros Natalia , Govin Aline , Waelbroeck Claire , Mackensen Andreas , Michel Elisabeth , Moreira Santiago , Bouinot Thomas , Caillon Nicolas , Orgun Ayche , Brandon Margaux
Published: March 2016

Planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios have become a fundamental seawater temperature proxy in past climate reconstructions, due to the temperature dependence of Mg uptake into foraminiferal calcite. However, empirical calibrations for single species from methodologically consistent data are still lacking. Here we present species‐specific calibrations of Mg/Ca versus calcification temperature for two commonly used species of planktic foraminifera: Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma left, based on a series of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic core tops. Combining these new data with previously published data, we derive an integrated G. bulloides Mg/Ca‐temperature calibration for mid and high latitudes of both hemispheres between 2 and 18°C, where Mg/Ca = 1.006 ± 0.032 * e0.065 ± 0.003*Tiso (R2 = 0.82). G. bulloides is found to calcify deeper in the Southern Ocean (∼ 200 m) than in the North Atlantic (top 50 m). We also propose a Mg/Ca temperature calibration to describe the temperature response in N. pachyderma left that calcified away from the influence of sea ice in the Southern Ocean, valid between ∼ −1 and 9°C, of the form Mg/Ca = 0.580 ± 0.016 * e0.084 ± 0.006*Tiso (R2 = 0.70). These calibrations account for uncertainties on Mg/Ca measurements and calcification temperature that were carefully estimated and propagated using Monte Carlo iterations. The 1σ propagated error in Mg/Ca‐derived temperatures is 1.1°C for G. bulloides and 0.9°C for N. pachyderma left for the presented data sets. Geographical extension of genotypes must be assessed when choosing to develop regional or global calibrations.
Emerging trends in heavy precipitation and hot temperature extremes in Switzerland
Authors: Scherrer S. C. , Fischer E. M. , Posselt R. , Liniger M. A. , Croci‐Maspoli M. , Knutti R.
Published: March 2016

Changes in intensity and frequency of daily heavy precipitation and hot temperature extremes are analyzed in Swiss observations for the years 1901–2014/2015. A spatial pooling of temperature and precipitation stations is applied to analyze the emergence of trends. Over 90% of the series show increases in heavy precipitation intensity, expressed as annual maximum daily precipitation (mean change: +10.4% 100 years−1; 31% significant, p < 0.05) and in heavy precipitation frequency, expressed as the number of events greater than the 99th percentile of daily precipitation (mean change: +26.5% 100 years−1; 35% significant, p < 0.05). The intensity of heavy precipitation increases on average by 7.7% K−1 smoothed Swiss annual mean temperature, a value close to the Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling. The hottest day and week of the year have warmed by 1.6 K to 2.3 K depending on the region, while the Swiss annual mean temperature increased by 1.9 K. The frequency of very hot days exceeding the 99th percentile of daily maximum temperature has more than tripled. Despite considerable local internal variability, increasing trends in heavy precipitation and hot temperature extremes are now found at most Swiss stations. The identified trends are unlikely to be random and are consistent with climate model projections, with theoretical understanding of a human‐induced change in the energy budget and water cycle and with detection and attribution studies of extremes on larger scales.
The role of planetary waves in the tropospheric jet response to stratospheric cooling
Authors: Smith Karen L. , Scott Richard K.
Published: March 2016

An idealized general circulation model is used to assess the importance of planetary‐scale waves in determining the position of the tropospheric jet, specifically its tendency to shift poleward as winter stratospheric cooling is increased. Full model integrations are compared against integrations in which planetary waves are truncated in the zonal direction, and only synoptic‐scale waves are retained. Two series of truncated integrations are considered, using (i) a modified radiative equilibrium temperature or (ii) a nudged‐bias correction technique. Both produce tropospheric climatologies that are similar to the full model when stratospheric cooling is weak. When stratospheric cooling is increased, the results indicate that the interaction between planetary‐ and synoptic‐scale waves plays an important role in determining the structure of the tropospheric mean flow and rule out the possibility that the jet shift occurs purely as a response to changes in the planetary‐ or synoptic‐scale wave fields alone.