bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sandwich‐Like Cu/Al/Cu Composites Fabricated by Cryorolling
Authors: Wang Lin , Liu Juan , Kong Charlie , Pesin Alexander , Zhilyaev Alexander P. , Yu Hailiang
Published: May 2020

Herein, sandwich‐like Cu/Al/Cu composites are fabricated by hot rolling (300 °C), cold rolling (25 °C), cryorolling (−100 and −190 °C), respectively. Tensile tests are conducted and the fracture surfaces of both the Al and Cu sides are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for fractography and SEM‐based energy‐dispersive analysis. The microstructure of the composites is evaluated by optical microscopy and SEM. Results reveal that the highest ultimate tensile strength and the best ductility of the composites have been achieved using cryorolling of the rolling temperature −100 °C. Finally, discussion on grain size, bonding quality, and the thickness of the intermetallic layer between Cu and Al layers on the mechanical properties of the sandwich‐like Cu/Al/Cu composites is focused.
Eu(II)‐Activated Silicates for UV Light‐Emitting Diodes Tuning into Warm White Light
Authors: Bispo-Jr Airton G. , Lima Sergio A. M. , Carlos Luís D. , Pires Ana M. , Ferreira Rute A. S.
Published: May 2020

White‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) are the main white light source for general lighting due to high‐luminous efficacy (>150 lm W−1), long lifespan (5 × 104 h), and environmentally friendly properties. Despite the current maturity and reliability of the solid state‐lighting field, the control of the correlated color temperature (CCT) tuning is still a challenge, arising from the lack of red emission color in the current design of commercial WLEDs. Moreover, as this aspect is often associated with dysregulations of the human circadian rhythm, the need for novel WLEDs is of enlarged societal relevance. In this scope, herein, warm WLED prototypes are fabricated by coating near‐UV‐emitting LEDs with a mixture of the yellow‐emitting polyphasic Sr2SiO4:Eu(II) (S2S) and the blue‐emitting BaMgAl10O17:Eu(II) (BAM) phosphors dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate). As the amount of S2S increases in the phosphor mixture, the CCT values of the WLEDs decrease from 6500 K (ideal for daylight application) to 4000 K (ideal for night light application), with a luminous efficacy of radiation of 404 lm W−1, among the best figures of merit for WLEDs. Furthermore, all the WLED devices also display a desirable color rendering index (CRI > 75), comparable with the commercial WLED, independent on the operating voltage.
Layered (C6H5CH2NH3)2CuBr4 Perovskite for Multilevel Storage Resistive Switching Memory
Authors: Kim So‐Yeon , Yang June‐Mo , Choi Eun‐Suk , Park Nam‐Gyu
Published: May 2020

Although there have been attempts to use non‐lead based halide perovskite materials as insulating layers for resistive switching memory, the ratio of low resistance state (LRS) to high resistance state (HRS) ( = ON/OFF ratio) and/or endurance is reported to be mostly lower than 103. Resistive switching memory characteristics of layered (BzA)2CuBr4 (BzA = C6H5CH2NH3) perovskite with high ON/OFF ratio and long endurance are reported here. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the deposited (BzA)2CuBr4 layer shows highly oriented (00l) planes perpendicular to a Pt substrate. An Ag/PMMA/(BzA)2CuBr4/Pt device shows bipolar switching behavior. A forming step at around +0.5 V is observed before the repeated bipolar switching at the SET voltage of +0.2 V and RESET voltage of ‐0.3 V. The ON/OFF ratio as high as =108 is monitored along with an endurance of ≈2000 cycles and retention time over 1000 s. The high ON/OFF ratio enables multilevel storage characteristics as confirmed by changing the compliance currents. Ohmic conduction at the LRS and Schottky emission at HRS are involved in electrochemical metallization process. The bipolar resistive switching property is retained after storing the device at ambient condition under relative humidity of about 50% for 2 weeks, which indicates that (BzA)2CuBr4 is stable memory material.
Autonomic Self‐Healing of PEDOT:PSS Achieved Via Polyethylene Glycol Addition
Authors: Li Yang , Li Xinda , Zhang Shiming , Liu Leslie , Hamad Natalie , Bobbara Sanyasi Rao , Pasini Damiano , Cicoira Fabio
Published: May 2020

Self‐healing electronic materials are of primary interest for bioelectronics and sustainable electronics. In this work, autonomic self‐healing of films obtained from mixtures of the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) is reported. The presence of PEG in PEDOT:PSS films decreases the elastic modulus and increases the elongation at break, thus leading to a softer material with enhanced self‐healing characteristics. In situ imaging of the cutting/healing process shows that the healing mechanism is likely due to flowing back of the material to the damaged area right after the cutting.
Modeling Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in 3D Brain‐Like Tissue Cultures
Authors: Liaudanskaya Volha , Chung Joon Yong , Mizzoni Craig , Rouleau Nicolas , Berk Alexander N. , Wu Limin , Turner Julia A. , Georgakoudi Irene , Whalen Michael J. , Nieland Thomas J. F. , Kaplan David L.
Published: May 2020

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors suffer long term from mental illness, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Studies of 3D tissue models have provided new insights into the pathobiology of many brain diseases. Here, a 3D in vitro contusion model is developed consisting of mouse cortical neurons grown on a silk scaffold embedded in collagen and used outcomes from an in vivo model for benchmarking. Molecular, cellular, and network events are characterized in response to controlled cortical impact (CCI). In this model, CCI induces degradation of neural network structure and function and release of glutamate, which are associated with the expression of programmed necrosis marker phosphorylated Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain Like Pseudokinase (pMLKL). Neurodegeneration is observed first in the directly impacted area and it subsequently spreads over time in 3D space. CCI reduces phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT) and Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) in neurons in vitro and in vivo, but discordant responses are observed in phosphprylated ribosomal S6 kinase (pS6) and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) expression. In summary, the 3D brain‐like culture system mimicked many aspects of in vivo responses to CCI, providing evidence that the model can be used to study the molecular, cellular, and functional sequelae of TBI, opening up new possibilities for discovery of therapeutics.
Synergistic Cascade Carrier Extraction via Dual Interfacial Positioning of Ambipolar Black Phosphorene for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Meng , Ye Meidan , Wang Wenlong , Ma Chunyuan , Wang Shun , Liu Qiliang , Lian Tianquan , Huang Jinsong , Lin Zhiqun
Published: May 2020

2D black phosphorene (BP) carries a stellar set of physical properties such as conveniently tunable bandgap and extremely high ambipolar carrier mobility for optoelectronic devices. Herein, the judicious design and positioning of BP with tailored thickness as dual‐functional nanomaterials to concurrently enhance carrier extraction at both electron transport layer/perovskite and perovskite/hole transport layer interfaces for high‐efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells is reported. The synergy of favorable band energy alignment and concerted cascade interfacial carrier extraction, rendered by concurrent positioning of BP, delivered a progressively enhanced power conversion efficiency of 19.83% from 16.95% (BP‐free). Investigation into interfacial engineering further reveals enhanced light absorption and reduced trap density for improved photovoltaic performance with BP incorporation. This work demonstrates the appealing characteristic of rational implementation of BP as dual‐functional transport material for a diversity of optoelectronic devices, including photodetectors, sensors, light‐emitting diodes, etc.
CMOS Compatible High‐Performance Nanolasing Based on Perovskite–SiN Hybrid Integration
Authors: He Zhe , Chen Bo , Hua Yan , Liu Zhuojun , Wei Yuming , Liu Shunfa , Hu An , Shen Xinyu , Zhang Yu , Gao Yunan , Liu Jin
Published: May 2020

Coherent light sources in silicon photonics are the long‐sought Holy Grail because silicon‐based materials have indirect bandgap. Traditional strategies for realizing such sources, e.g., heterogeneous photonic integration, strain engineering, and nonlinear process, are technologically demanding. Here, a hybrid lasing device composed of perovskite nanocrystals and silicon nitride nanobeam cavity is demonstrated. SiN photonic crystal naonobeam cavities are fabricated on a solid substrate with significantly improved thermal and mechanical stabilities compared to conventional suspended ones. In addition, adding a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐encapsulation layer on top of the SiN can significantly boost the Q‐factor of the cavity mode. By dispersing perovskite nanocrystals as emitters in the PMMA layer, high‐performance coherent emissions are obtained in terms of lasing threshold, linewidth, and mode volumes. The work offers a compelling way of creating solution‐processed active integrated photonic devices based on the mature platform of silicon photonics for applications in optical information science and photonic quantum technology.
External Self‐Closing Tube to Occlude a Vessel Gradually as a Therapeutic Means of Portosystemic Shunt
Authors: Kim Tae Young , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Yoon Jeong‐Kee , Kim Surim , Yi Se Won , Oh Won Taek , Park Ju Young , Kim Hye‐Seon , Kang Mi‐Lan , Lee Jung Bok , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: May 2020

The vascular network to the liver can be connected abnormally during fetal development (e.g., portosystemic shunt), thus requiring a device to close the flow connection completely. Gradual vascular occlusion is particularly important, because a sudden stop in blood flow can result in portal hypertension and cause consequential damage to the small intestine. Significant progress has been made in the development of such devices (e.g., the ameroid ring constrictor and cellophane banding) as a standard treatment for this disorder. However, incomplete occlusion is a common problem. In this study, a new vascular occlusion device is developed, enabling two major functions. First, user‐friendly deployment onto the external vascular wall is achieved by programming a recovery in the shape of the tube from open to closed in response to treatment with a warm saline solution (37 °C). Second, proinflammatory palmitic acid is released over time from the tube surface through the adventitial wall to induce gradual occlusive vascular remodeling. These unprecedented functions are demonstrated in a series of experiments on cells and rabbit veins, addressing this major issue through gradual but complete vascular occlusion over time. The external self‐closing tube represents a breakthrough proof‐of‐concept for treatment of this rare but critical developmental disorder.
Nuclear phylogenomic analyses of asterids conflict with plastome trees and support novel relationships among major lineages
Authors: Stull Gregory W. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

Premise

Discordance between nuclear and organellar phylogenies (cytonuclear discordance) is a well‐documented phenomenon at shallow evolutionary levels but has been poorly investigated at deep levels of plant phylogeny. Determining the extent of cytonuclear discordance across major plant lineages is essential not only for elucidating evolutionary processes, but also for evaluating the currently used framework of plant phylogeny, which is largely based on the plastid genome.

Methods

We present a phylogenomic examination of a major angiosperm clade (Asteridae) based on sequence data from the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes as a means of evaluating currently accepted relationships inferred from the plastome and exploring potential sources of genomic conflict in this group.

Results

We recovered at least five instances of well‐supported cytonuclear discordance concerning the placements of major asterid lineages (i.e., Ericales, Oncothecaceae, Aquifoliales, Cassinopsis, and Icacinaceae). We attribute this conflict to a combination of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization, the latter supported in part by previously inferred whole‐genome duplications.

Conclusions

Our results challenge several long‐standing hypotheses of asterid relationships and have implications for morphological character evolution and for the importance of ancient whole‐genome duplications in early asterid evolution. These findings also highlight the value of reevaluating broad‐scale angiosperm and green‐plant phylogeny with nuclear genomic data.
DNA‐Based Adaptive Plasmonic Logic Gates
Authors: Dong Jinyi , Wang Meng , Zhou Yihao , Zhou Chao , Wang Qiangbin
Published: May 2020

Self‐assembled plasmonic logic gates that read DNA molecules as input and return plasmonic chiroptical signals as outputs are reported. Such logic gates are achieved on a DNA‐based platform that logically regulate the conformation of a chiral plasmonic nanostructure, upon specific input DNA strands and internal computing units. With systematical designs, a complete set of Boolean logical gates are realized. Intriguingly, the logic gates could be endowed with adaptiveness, so they can autonomously alter their logics when the environment changes. As a demonstration, a logic gate that performs AND function at body temperature while OR function at cold storage temperature is constructed. In addition, the plasmonic chiroptical output has three distinctive states, which makes a three‐state molecular logic gate readily achievable on this platform. Such DNA‐based plasmonic logic gates are envisioned to execute more complex tasks giving these unique characteristics.
Organocatalytic trans Phosphinoboration of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Fritzemeier Russell G. , Nekvinda Jan , Vogels Christopher M. , Rosenblum Carol Ann , Slebodnick Carla , Westcott Stephen A. , Santos Webster L.
Published: May 2020

We report the first trans phosphinoboration of internal alkynes. With an organophosphine catalyst, alkynoate esters and the phosphinoboronate Ph2P‐Bpin are efficiently converted into the corresponding trans‐α‐phosphino‐β‐boryl acrylate products in moderate to good yield with high regio‐ and Z‐selectivity. This reaction operates under mild conditions and demonstrates good atom economy, requiring only a modest excess of the phosphinoboronate. X‐ray crystallography experiments allowed structural assignment of the unprecedented and densely functionalized (Z)‐α‐phosphino‐β‐boryl acrylate products.
Equilibrium Formation of Stable All‐Silicon Versions of 1,3‐Cyclobutanediyl
Authors: Yildiz Cem B. , Leszczyńska Kinga I. , González‐Gallardo Sandra , Zimmer Michael , Azizoglu Akin , Biskup Till , Kay Christopher W. M. , Huch Volker , Rzepa Henry S. , Scheschkewitz David
Published: May 2020

Main group analogues of cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyls are fascinating due to their unique reactivity and electronic properties. So far only heteronuclear examples have been isolated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of all‐silicon 1,3‐cyclobutanediyls as stable closed‐shell singlet species from the reversible reactions of cyclotrisilene c‐Si3Tip4 (Tip=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) with the N‐heterocyclic silylenes c‐[(CR2CH2)(NtBu)2]Si: (R=H or methyl) with saturated backbones. At elevated temperatures, tetrasilacyclobutenes are obtained from these equilibrium mixtures. The corresponding reaction with the unsaturated N‐heterocyclic silylene c‐(CH)2(NtBu)2Si: proceeds directly to the corresponding tetrasilacyclobutene without detection of the assumed 1,3‐cyclobutanediyl intermediate.
Maternal risk factors for gastroschisis: A population‐based case–control study
Authors: Raitio Arimatias , Tauriainen Asta , Leinonen Maarit K , Syvänen Johanna , Kemppainen Teemu , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Sankilampi Ulla , Gissler Mika , Hyvärinen Anna , Helenius Ilkka
Published: May 2020

Background

Gastroschisis is an open abdominal wall defect with low mortality but significant morbidity. The prevalence has been increasing worldwide for the past decades. Several risk factors for gastroschisis have been identified, but no clear reason for increasing prevalence has been found. In our study, we aimed to assess and identify maternal risk factors for gastroschisis.

Methods

In our nationwide register‐based case–control study, we identified all gastroschisis cases in the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations from 2004 to 2014. Information on drug prescriptions and purchases was received from Drugs and Pregnancy database. Five healthy age‐matched controls from the same geographical region were randomly selected for each case. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate different risk factors.

Results

One‐hundred‐eighty‐eight cases of gastroschisis were identified and compared with 910 matched controls. Nulliparity was a significant risk factor for gastroschisis, aOR 2.00 (95% CI 1.29–3.11) whereas obesity was protective, aOR 0.35 (95% CI 0.15–0.83). Smoking appeared to increase the risk for gastroschisis, aOR 1.32 (95% CI 0.88–1.97). The mean maternal age of newborns with gastroschisis was significantly lower than average (p <.001).

Conclusion

As in previous studies, nulliparity and young maternal age were significant risk factors for gastroschisis. Maternal obesity significantly reduced the risk of gastroschisis regardless of maternal age and gestational diabetes.
How can video‐based assignments integrate practical and conceptual knowledge in summative assessment? Student experiences from a longitudinal experiment
Authors: de Lange Thomas , Møystad Anne , Torgersen Gerald
Published: May 2020

This article focuses on how video assignments presenting clinical situations can be implemented in digital summative assessment to enhance the integration of practical and conceptual knowledge. The underlying perspective is that sustainable assessment should comprise evaluative practices that equip students for the challenges they will face in their future professional lives. Drawing on the literature and on empirical results of a qualitative longitudinal research study at a Norwegian university, the integrative potential and challenges of video assignments are examined. The study confirms that video‐based assignments are well suited for assessing integrated competencies. However, the complexities of videos’ visual displays have clear consequences that indicate how these resources should be produced. To optimise the potential of video use in enhancing sustainable summative assessment, we must strike a balance between technical accommodation, task clarity and integrative potential.
Treating refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder with transcranial direct current stimulation: An open label study
Authors: Harika‐Germaneau Ghina , Heit Damien , Chatard Armand , Thirioux Berangere , Langbour Nicolas , Jaafari Nemat
Published: May 2020

Background

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex disorder with 40%–60% of patients' refractory to treatment. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to induce potent and long‐lasting effects on cortical excitability. The aim of the present clinical trial was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of cathodal tDCS over the supplementary motor area (SMA) in treatment‐resistant OCD patients.

Methods

Twenty‐one treatment‐resistant OCD outpatients received 10 sessions of tDCS. Each treatment session consisted of 2 mA stimuli for 30 min. The cathode was positioned over the bilateral SMA and the anode over the right supraorbital area. Patients were evaluated at baseline, end of treatment, one‐month follow‐up, and three‐month follow‐up. Response to treatment was defined as at least a decrease of 35% on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and a score of 2 or less on the Clinical Global Impressions‐Improvement (CGI‐I) between baseline and 1‐month follow‐up.

Results

There was a significant decrease of YBOCS scores between baseline and one‐month assessment. At one month, five patients (24%) were considered as responders and 3 (15%) at 3 months. We also observed concomitant changes in depressive symptoms, and insight. The treatment was well tolerated. Short‐lasting side effects were reported as localized tingling sensation and skin redness.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the use of cathodal tDCS over the SMA and anodal tDCS over the right supraorbital area in OCD treatment‐refractory patients is safe and promising to improve obsessive and compulsive symptoms. Large randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this positive result.
Higher methylation subtype of malignant melanoma and its correlation with thicker progression and worse prognosis
Authors: Yamamoto Yosuke , Matsusaka Keisuke , Fukuyo Masaki , Rahmutulla Bahityar , Matsue Hiroyuki , Kaneda Atsushi
Published: May 2020

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most life‐threatening disease among all skin malignancies, and recent genome‐wide studies reported BRAF, RAS, and NF1 as the most frequently mutated driver genes. While epigenetic aberrations are known to contribute to the oncogenic activity seen in various cancers, their role in MM has not been fully investigated. To investigate the role of epigenetic aberrations in MM, we performed genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis of 51 clinical MM samples using Infinium 450k beadarray. Hierarchical clustering analysis stratified MM into two DNA methylation epigenotypes: high‐ and low‐methylation subgroups. Tumor thickness was significantly greater in case of high‐methylation tumors than low‐methylation tumors (8.3 ± 5.3 mm vs 4.5 ± 2.9 mm, P = .003). Moreover, prognosis was significantly worse in high‐methylation cases (P = .03). Twenty‐seven genes were found to undergo significant and frequent hypermethylation in high‐methylation subgroup, where TFPI2 was identified as the most frequently hypermethylated gene. MM cases with lower expression levels of TFPI2 showed significantly worse prognosis (P = .001). Knockdown of TFPI2 in two MM cell lines, CHL‐1 and G361, resulted in significant increases of cell proliferation and invasion. These indicate that MM can be stratified into at least two different epigenetic subgroups, that the MM subgroup with higher DNA methylation shows a more progressive phenotype, and that methylation of TFPI2 may contribute to the tumor progression of MM.
Structure Elucidation of Two New Norlignans from Anemone vitifolia and Their Anti‐Inflammatory Activities
Authors: Mou Lin‐Yun , Wei Min , Wu Hai‐Yan , Hu Li‐Jiao , Li Jian‐Long , Li Gan‐Peng
Published: May 2020

Two new norlignans together with two known phenylpropanoids were isolated from the whole herb of Anemone vitifolia. All compounds were reported from this plant for the first time. The structures of these compounds were identified by comprehensive HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with literature data. Additionally, bioactivity study results showed that two new compounds have potential anti‐inflammatory activity. The plausible biosynthetic pathway for these compounds were also speculated in this article.
O‐GlcNAc Transferase: Structural Characteristics, Catalytic Mechanism and Small‐Molecule Inhibitors
Authors: Ju Kim Eun
Published: May 2020

Modifications of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with a single sugar, N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), play roles in a wide variety of fundamental cellular processes, and aberrant O‐GlcNAc profiles are associated with pathological progression of several chronic diseases. O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the only enzyme to catalyze the attachment of GlcNAc to intracellular protein substrates. Considering its biological significance, selective and potent OGT inhibitors are invaluable tools for enhancing our understanding of the precise biological functions of the enzyme, for revealing its unknown functions, and for validating OGT as a therapeutic target. In this minireview, human OGT (hOGT) inhibitors and their catalytic mechanisms will be explored. In addition, a brief overview of recent findings on the 3D structural characteristics of hOGT that have contributed greatly to the development of novel inhibitors of hOGT is provided.
Stapled Peptide Inhibitors of Autophagy Adapter LC3B
Authors: Cerulli Robert A. , Shehaj Livia , Brown Hawley , Pace Jennifer , Mei Yang , Kritzer Joshua A.
Published: May 2020

A growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy inhibition enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapy, especially in difficult‐to‐treat cancers. Existing autophagy inhibitors are primarily lysosomotropic agents. More specific autophagy inhibitors are highly sought‐after. The microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B protein, LC3B, is an adapter protein that mediates key protein‐protein interactions at several points in autophagy pathways. In this work, we used a known peptide ligand as a starting point to develop improved LC3B inhibitors. We obtained structure‐activity relationships that quantify the binding contributions of peptide termini, individual charged residues, and hydrophobic interactions. Based on these data, we used artificial amino acids and diversity‐oriented stapling to improve affinity and resistance to biological degradation, while maintaining or improving LC3B affinity and selectivity. These peptides represent the highest‐affinity LC3B‐selective ligands reported to date, and they will be useful tools for further elucidation of LC3B's role in autophagy and in cancer.
Safety and efficacy of the bioabsorbable polymer everolimus‐eluting stent versus durable polymer drug‐eluting stents in high‐risk patients undergoing PCI: TWILIGHT‐SYNERGY
Authors: Baber Usman , Chandiramani Rishi , Mehta Shamir R. , Sartori Samantha , Zhang Zhongjie , Claessen Bimmer E. , Briguori Carlo , Sharma Samin , Dangas George , Mehran Roxana
Published: May 2020

Background

Data examining the safety and efficacy of the bioabsorbable polymer (BP) drug‐eluting stent (DES) as compared with durable polymer (DP) DES in high‐risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain limited.

Methods

We conducted a pre‐specified analysis among patients enrolled in the TWILIGHT trial treated with the SYNERGY BP‐DES or a DP‐DES. Following successful PCI and 3 months of ticagrelor plus aspirin, patients were randomized to aspirin or placebo for 1 year; DES choice was at physician discretion. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF) [composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction (MI), clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) or definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST)].

Results

Among enrolled participants (N = 9,006), 653 were treated exclusively with the SYNERGY BP‐DES and 6,404 with a comparator DP‐DES. Over 15 months, TLF rates were 6.4 and 6.1% among those receiving a SYNERGY BP‐DES and a DP‐DES, respectively (adjusted HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.64–1.35; p = .72). The effect of ticagrelor monotherapy on Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding and the composite of all‐cause death, MI or stroke was uniform across DES groups (both pint > .10).

Conclusions

The safety and efficacy profile of the SYNERGY BP‐DES is comparable to that of contemporary DP‐DES in high‐risk patients undergoing PCI. Compared to ticagrelor plus aspirin, the effect of ticagrelor monotherapy is consistent among patients receiving SYNERGY BP‐DES or DP‐DES.
Lab‐Scale Microreactor Plant for the Study of Methylations with Liquid Chloromethane
Authors: Benzin Clarissa V. , Kockmann Norbert , Röder Thorsten
Published: May 2020

Chloromethane is an important reagent for methylations in the process industry. However, as a gas suspected of causing cancer, it is rarely used at laboratory scale. Therefore, a setup is presented here for studies in a laboratory under safe and reproducible conditions. The use of a microreactor guarantees high heat transfer rates and a low holdup of the reagent. As a proof‐of‐concept, the reaction of chloromethane with the secondary amine morpholine in aqueous solution is investigated. By applying elevated pressures, a liquid‐liquid system with enhanced solubility of chloromethane in the aqueous phase is accessible.
Synergy of Cobalt Iron Tetrathiomolybdate Coated on Cobalt Iron Carbonate Hydroxide Hydrate Nanowire Arrays for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Jinxiu , Ren Xiang , Sun Xu , Zhang Yong , Yan Tao , Wei Qin , Wu Dan
Published: May 2020

Electrochemical water splitting is regarded as an ideal strategy for producing hydrogen energy. However, the ability to design efficient and durable noble‐metal‐free catalysts for decreasing the overpotential in the electrolysis process is in high demand. Here, it is demonstrated that cobalt iron carbonate hydroxide hydrate nanowire arrays on Ti mesh (CFOC/TM) obtained through a surface anion interchange method can lead to amorphous cobalt iron tetrathiomolybdate coated on crystalline cobalt iron carbonate hydroxide hydrate nanowire arrays on Ti mesh (CFMS@CFOC/TM), which can act as an efficient and durable water splitting electrocatalyst in alkaline media. CFMS@CFOC/TM shows good performance for the oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions, with the need for low overpotentials of 237 mV and 93 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH, respectively. As a 3D bifunctional electrode catalyst, it enables alkaline water splitting with excellent performance, achieving 10 mA cm−2 at a voltage of 1.63 V with a satisfying stability performance.
Fluid Simulation‐Supported Extraction Process Design: An Approach Towards Improving Current Models
Authors: Zimmermann Patrick , Zeiner Tim
Published: May 2020

In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a valuable tool for the design of extraction processes. CFD simulations have been combined with population balances to account for coalescence and breakage. In this work, another approach to account for drop interactions is shown, namely, the incompressible Cahn‐Hilliard/Navier‐Stokes equations. To apply the Cahn‐Hilliard equations, they have to be combined with a thermodynamic model. Here, a Koningsveld‐Kleintjens approach is used to account for the mixing gap of the binary mixture. The suggested method was applied to analyze drops in a shear field and to investigate drop coalescence.
Experimental investigation on foam formation through deformable porous media
Authors: Graziano Raffaele , Preziosi Valentina , Tomaiuolo Giovanna , Braeckman Karl , Guido Stefano
Published: May 2020

Foam formation in porous media is a topic of growing scientific and industrial interest due to its range of applications, from daily life consumer products to oil recovery. Despite the work done so far on foams flowing through complex structures, such as rigid porous media, this subject still needs to be fully elucidated. An additional complexity to the problem arises when the porous medium is deformable, a situation which has only been faced, to our knowledge, from a modelling point of view. In this work, the investigation of foam formation in deformable porous media is carried out by using commercial sponges as a deformable porous media system, with special emphasis on the effect of confinement on foam bubble size distribution. Foam is formed by wetting the sponge with an aqueous surfactant solution and then squeezing the sponge either between two glass cover slides or between a plastic net and a cover slide. Our experimental data reveal that the latter system allows the formation of drier foams (ie, with lower liquid fraction, fL < 0.3), more similar to the ones obtained in dish‐washing applications. Moreover, the effect of sponge type, in terms of material and microstructure, on final foam is presented. Our results are of potential interest for the optimization of foams in complex structures, such as in deformable porous media.
The predictive value of a concise classification of left atrial appendage morphology to thrombosis in non‐valvular atrial fibrillation patients
Authors: He Jionghong , Fu Zenan , Yang Long , Liu Wei , Tian Ye , Liu Qifang , Jiang Zhi , Tian Longhai , Huang Jing , Tian Shui , Zhao Yidong
Published: May 2020

Background

The complexity of left atrial appendage (LAA) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is closely related to LAA thrombosis and stroke incidence. But the classification of LAA morphology is not uniform and controversial.

Hypothesis

This study divided the LAA into two categories according to the LAA morphology to investigate the risk of thrombosis related to the LAA structural complexity in NVAF patients.

Methods

A total of 336 NVAF patients were enrolled continuously in this study. The patients were divided into thrombosis group and non‐thrombosis group according to whether the thrombus presence in LAA. Through computer LAA three‐dimensional reconstruction, LAA morphology was divided into the complex type and simple type according to with or without the clearly lobulated structure judged by imaging experts. The relationship between LAA thrombosis and various potential risk factors was analyzed.

Results

A total of 19 potential risk factors for LAA thrombosis in NVAF patients were enrolled into statistical analysis. The coincidence rate of LAA morphology classification was 96.4% (324/336) between two imaging experts. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that complex LAA morphology (OR 4.168, 95% CI 1.871‐9.288,P< .001) was associated with the presence of LAA thrombus, independently of other enrolled risks.

Conclusions

It is a concise and reliable method to divide the LAA morphology into complex type and simple type according to whether with the clearly lobulated structure. The complex LAA is an independent risk factor for LAA thrombosis in NVAF patients.
Categorical face perception in fish: How a fish brain warps reality to dissociate “same” from “different”
Authors: Parker Amira N. , Wallis Guy M. , Obergrussberger Rainer , Siebeck Ulrike E.
Published: May 2020

Categorical perception (CP) is the phenomenon by which a smoothly varying stimulus property undergoes a nonlinear transformation during processing in the brain. Consequently, the stimuli are perceived as belonging to distinct categories separated by a sharp boundary. Originally thought to be largely innate, the discovery of CP in tasks such as novel image discrimination has piqued the interest of cognitive scientists because it provides compelling evidence that learning can shape a category's perceptual boundaries. CP has been particularly closely studied in human face perception. In nonprimates, there is evidence for CP for sound and color discrimination, but not for image or face discrimination. Here, we investigate the potential for learned CP in a lower vertebrate, the damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis. Specifically, we tested whether the ability of these fish to discriminate complex facial patterns tracked categorical rather than metric differences in the stimuli. We first trained the fish to discriminate sets of two facial patterns. Next, we morphed between these patterns and determined the just noticeable difference (JND) between a morph and original image. Finally, we tested for CP by analyzing the discrimination ability of the fish for pairs of JND stimuli along the spectrum of morphs between two original images. Discrimination performance was significant for the image pair straddling the boundary between categories, and chance for equivalent stimulus pairs on either side, thus producing the classic “category boundary” effect. Our results reveal how perception can be influenced in a top‐down manner even in the absence of a visual cortex.
Multi‐Structure Hollow Nanofibers: Controlled Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Liu Jing , Liu Xiaofeng , Li Dianming , Yue Guichu , Li Huaike , Li Shuai , Gao Songwei , Wang Nü , Cui Zhimin , Bai Jie , Zhao Yong
Published: May 2020

Solar‐driven semiconductor photocatalysts for solving global energy shortage and environmental pollution have attracted massive attention. Multi‐structure hollow nanofibers (MSHFs) photocatalyst offers many advantages, including abundant surface area for multiple light harvesting and interface redox reaction, heterostructured thin shell for expediting charge separation and transportation and large length‐diameter ratio for easily recycling. Herein, we summarize the latest development of MSHFs materials in terms of controlled synthesis approaches and applications in photocatalysis. The synthetic strategies are mainly classified into two categories, containing templating method and electrospinning approach. These MSHFs have wide applications in H2 production, CO2 reduction, organic compound degradation and dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To the end of the review, perspectives on the future research and development of MSHFs are also discussed.
A Series of Manganese(III) Salen Complexes as a Result of Team‐Based Inquiry in a Transnational Education Programme
Authors: Yuan Danlei , Cai Ningqi , Xu Jingxi , Miao Danyang , Zhang Sheng , Woodfine Sian E. , Plana Daniela , Hawes Chris S. , Watkinson Michael
Published: May 2020

The development of a team‐based approach to research‐led transnational practical chemistry teaching is described in which a team of five Chinese students on an articulated transnational degree programme, supported by a team of academic and technical staff, carried out a study examining the structural chemistry of a series of manganese(III) salen complexes. A series of four crystallographically characterized manganese(III) salen complexes with ancillary carboxylate ligands are reported here. The carboxylate coordination modes range from the bridging syn‐anti μ2‐κO : κO′ mode observed in the predominant cyclohexanoate and isobutyrate species, to a capping terminal monodentate mode for the adamantanoate species, and an unusual mixture of bridging and terminal coordination modes observed in a second minor phase of the cyclohexanoate species. The variation on extended structures based on the weakly interacting aliphatic backbones may provide a useful basis for further structural studies.
Supersaturation Dependent Separation of Vanillin Polymorphs from Aqueous Solution in the Presence of Ni‐Foam as Template
Authors: Sundareswaran Supriya , Karuppannan Srinivasan
Published: May 2020

A unique approach of employing heterogeneous templates for the polymorphic nucleation of vanillin is investigated for the first time using swift cooling crystallization process. The template surface with respect to the intense of supersaturation imparts great difference on the nucleation and morphology of vanillin polymorphs. Thus using Ni‐foam as a novel metal template, both the stable and metastable polymorphs of vanillin are isolated via template‐induced heterogeneous nucleation. The introduction of template plays dual role that induces the nucleation of rare metastable polymorph of vanillin and controls the liquid–liquid phase separation. Moreover, the internal structures and thermal behaviors of the obtained polymorphs are carefully characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, respectively. As a result, the template‐induced heterogeneous nucleation is observed to be a favorable technique for the separation of polymorphic forms of vanillin.
Frequency response of the vocal tract considering the glottis opening area during human whistling
Authors: Mori Mikio , Fukuda Saki
Published: May 2020

Whistling has become more popular in recent years. “Whistling competitions” are being held in Japan since 2005. However, it can be difficult to teach some people how to whistle. One of the reasons is that theoretical information, including clear descriptions about how to whistle is scant. A better understanding of the principle would be beneficial to both the trainer and the trainee. In this study, the glottis opening area during whistling was measured via endoscopic imaging data. The amplitude characteristics of the vocal tract were determined by measuring the glottis opening area during whistling and calculating the transfer function of the vocal tract in conjunction with that area. By considering the glottis opening area, we could logically explain the fact that, in reality, some notes corresponding to theoretically calculated resonance frequencies did not occur, and we could obtain a calculation result that was close to the physical model. Furthermore, because the calculation result close to the physical model was only associated with certain glottis opening areas, it is evident that not only the shape of the vocal tract and the lip opening area, but also the glottis opening area is an important component of sound production during human whistling.
Development of heat dissipation multilayer media for magnetic hologram memory
Authors: Nakamura Yuichi , Lim Pang Boey , Goto Taichi , Uchida Hironaga , Inoue Mitsuteru
Published: May 2020

Holographic memory is a strong candidate for next‐generation optical storage with high recording densities and data transfer rates, and magnetic hologram memory using a magnetic garnet, as the recording material, is expected to be used as a rewritable and stable storage technology. We succeeded in recording and reconstruction of two‐dimensional data in magnetic hologram without error. However, the diffraction efficiency is insufficiently high for actual storage devices. To increase the diffraction efficiency, it is important to record deep magnetic fringes, whereas the merging of fringes due to the excess heat near the medium surface generated during the thermomagnetic recording process must be suppressed. To avoid this merge of fringes, we proposed a multilayered structure in which the magnetic layers are divided by the transparent heat dissipation layers (HDL) to control the heat diffusion. In this study, we propose a simple thermal design method for designing the HDL multilayer structure. Using this model, we designed and fabricated an HDL multilayer medium in which the recording magnetic layers are discrete in the film. The HDL multilayer medium exhibited diffraction efficiency higher than that of the single‐layer medium, and error‐free recording and reconstruction were achieved using the magnetic assist technique.
Biotic filtering of northern temperate tree seedling emergence in beyond‐range field experiments
Authors: Evans Piers , Crofts Anna L. , Brown Carissa D.
Published: May 2020

Changing climatic regimes are causing increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and are subsequently expected to impact the spatial distribution of species. The distribution of plants at the scale of continents broadly conforms to the climatological regimes at play; however, in scaling down to the regional and landscape context, the influence of climate becomes confounded by complex and interacting biotic and abiotic factors. These factors have often been cited as important variables in determining the locations of biome overlap, including the boreal forest–temperate forest ecotone (BTE). The BTE exists as a broad latitudinal swath between the boreal and temperate forest biomes in the eastern half of North America. While the impact of non‐climatic factors on the location of the BTE has been investigated within the ecotone, few studies focus on how these same factors are shaping the colonization of the southern boreal forest by northern temperate tree species as part of a potential northward shift of the BTE. The effects of seed and seedling herbivory, substrate composition, microclimate, and canopy composition on seedling emergence of four northern temperate tree species were investigated in a beyond‐range seeding experiment spanning the southern portion of the island of Newfoundland, Canada. To represent a range of temperate tree reproductive strategies, we examined two small‐seeded tree species, Betula alleghaniensis and Thuja occidentalis, and two tree species with large seeds relative to typical boreal forest species, Acer saccharum and Fraxinus nigra. The results of this experiment show a reproductive strategy‐dependent emergence response; large seeds and seedlings appear more vulnerable to predation, while small seeds are more vulnerable to smothering by leaf litter. Canopies with greater representation of deciduous species posed a significant barrier to small seeds that produce small seedlings, while the food‐rich reward of the larger seeds made for attractive targets to granivorous vertebrates. This work represents a rare glimpse at the challenges northern temperate tree species will face if they are to colonize the southern boreal forest and track changing climates as is broadly expected.
Past and present disturbances generate spatial variation in seed predation
Authors: Bartel Savannah L. , Orrock John L.
Published: May 2020

Seed survival is a key process for plant populations; variation in the activity and abundance of animals that consume seeds can lead to dramatic shifts in seed fate. Because granivores may respond to contemporary disturbance as well as to enduring changes in habitats caused by past disturbances, understanding seed fate requires studies capable of evaluating how past and present disturbances modify granivore communities, foraging activity, and ultimately, seed predation. Historic agricultural land use and contemporary canopy harvesting are widespread disturbances that could generate large‐scale patterns of seed fate by modifying environmental characteristics that determine granivore identity and behavior. To evaluate whether land‐use history and canopy harvesting affect seed–animal interactions, we conducted an experiment distributed across 80,000 ha of longleaf pine woodlands that coupled large‐scale canopy harvesting at seven 4‐ha sites containing both post‐agricultural land use and nonagricultural land use in South Carolina, United States. We deployed a total of 28,000 nail‐tagged seeds and recovered the tags to quantify seed fate. Past agricultural land use and contemporary canopy harvesting interacted to affect the rate of seed predation. Seed predation rates in harvested sites depended on land‐use history: Seed predation was 30% lower in post‐agricultural plots than in nonagricultural plots. This interaction was driven by the differential effect of land‐use history and canopy harvesting on rodent activity. Camera traps revealed thatSigmodon hispidusonly foraged in harvested plots and was most active in nonagricultural plots. In harvested plots, seed removal increased withS. hispidusactivity. In unharvested plots, seed removal increased withSciurus nigeractivity, butS. nigerwas not affected by land‐use history. In finding that land‐use history and canopy harvesting determine the outcomes of seed–animal interactions, we show that understanding patterns of seed predation is contingent upon the interplay of disturbances in both the distant past and recent past. These results suggest that patterns of past land use and present land use may help reconcile the considerable variation in seed fate observed in ecological communities.