bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Occipital Nerve Blocks for Acute Pain Relief of Migraines
Authors: Ebied Alex M. , Nguyen Duong T. , Dang Tanaka
Published: October 2019

Migraines are a debilitating neurological disease affecting as many as 1 of 6 adults in the United States. Occipital nerve block, consisting of a local anesthetic and/or corticosteroid, has shown to be an effective treatment for the management of migraines. Occipital nerve block has been reported to reduce migraine pain scores, frequency, and duration. We aimed to evaluate the impact of occipital nerve block for acute pain relief in patients with migraines. This was a single‐center retrospective observational study conducted at a 1162‐bed academic medical center in Gainesville, Florida. Included patients were ≥18 years old, diagnosed with migraine with or without aura, and received at least 1 occipital nerve block. Excluded patients received nerve blocks not specific to the occipital region. The outcomes observed were migraine pain before and after administration within the same initial encounter of receiving an occipital nerve block using a numeric pain rating scale, injection direction, medications used, duration of effect and frequency of additional injections, and adverse reactions. A total of 190 patients met the inclusion criteria, with 63% rating their pain to be 6‐8 of 10 prior to an occipital nerve block. After receiving an occipital nerve block, 27% of patients reported significant or immediate relief, and 42% experienced reduced pain scores of 0‐2. The majority of injections were bilateral using lidocaine with dexamethasone. Only 3% of patients reported an adverse reaction. Occipital nerve block as adjunctive therapy has shown safety and efficacy in treating patients with migraines, measured by the reduction in pain.
Bats relocate maternity colony after the natural loss of roost trees
Authors: Bondo Kristin J. , Willis Craig K. R. , Metheny Jackie D. , Kilgour R. Julia , Gillam Erin H. , Kalcounis‐Rueppell Matina C. , Brigham R. M.
Published: October 2019

Understanding the ephemerality of trees used as roosts by wildlife, and the number of roost trees needed to sustain their populations, is important for forest management and wildlife conservation. Several studies indicate that roosts are limiting to bats, but few studies have monitored longevity of roost trees used by bats over several years. From 2004–2007 in Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, several big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) from a maternity group roosted in cavities in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees approximately 7 km southeast away from their original known roosting area (RA1). Using a long‐term data set of the roost trees used by bats in this area from 2000–2007, we evaluated whether the movement of bats to the new roosting area (RA4) corresponded with annual and cumulative losses of roost trees. We also determined whether longevity of the roosts from the time we discovered bats first using them differed between the 2 roosting areas based on Kaplan‐Meier estimates. Bats began using RA4 in addition to RA1 in 2004, when the cumulative loss of roost trees in RA1 over 3 consecutive years reached 18%. Most bats exclusively roosted in RA4 in 2007, when the cumulative loss of roost trees over 6 consecutive years had reached 46% in RA1. Annual survival for roost trees, from when we first discovered bats using them, was generally lower in RA1 than in RA4. Our results suggest that the movement of bats to the new roosting area corresponded with high losses of roost trees in RA1. This provides additional evidence that to maintain high densities of suitable roost trees for bats in northern temperature forests over several decades, management plans need to recruit live and dead trees in multiple age classes and stages of decay that will be suitable for the formation of new cavities. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Counterion‐Switched Reversibly Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic TiO2‐Incorporated Layer‐By‐Layer Self‐Assembled Membrane for Nanofiltration
Authors: Guo Hongxia , Yu Shaocheng , Liu Tongtong , An Quan‐Fu , Ren Xiaoyan , Qin Zhenping , Liang Yucang
Published: October 2019

The manipulation of surface wettability has been regarded as an efficient strategy to improve the membrane performances. Herein, the counterion‐switched reversibly hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface of TiO2‐loaded polyelectrolyte membrane are prepared by layer‐by‐layer assembly of poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and poly(diallydimethyl‐ammoniumchloride (PDDA) containing TiO2@PDDA nanoparticles (NPs) on the hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) substrate membrane. The obtained polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) membranes [PEM‐TiO2]4.5+X− (X− = Cl−, PFO− [perfluorooctanoate] etc.) show different hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity with various counterions. The integration of TiO2 NPs obviously improves the wettability and nanofiltration (NF) performance of PEM membrane for (non)aqueous system of dyes (crystal violet, eriochrome black T) with a high recyclability. The highly hydrophilic [PEM‐TiO2]4.5+Cl− (water contact angle [WCA]: 13.2 ± 1.8°) and hydrophobic [PEM‐TiO2]4.5+PFO− (WCA: 115.4 ± 2.3°) can be reversibly switched via counterion exchange between Cl− and PFO−, verifying the surface with a reversible hydrophilic–hydrophobic transformation. For such membranes, the morphology, wettability, and NF performance rely on the loading of TiO2@PDDA NPs and surface counterion. Meanwhile, the motion and interaction of water or ethanol in the hydrophilic or hydrophobic membrane are revealed by low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance. This work provides a facile and rapid approach to fabricate smart and tunable wetting surface for potential utilization in (non)aqueous NF separation.
Age and Growth of Hardhead Catfish and Gafftopsail Catfish in Coastal Louisiana, USA
Authors: Flinn Shane , Midway Stephen , Ostrowski Andrew
Published: October 2019

The Hardhead Catfish Ariopsis felis and Gafftopsail Catfish Bagre marinus are marine catfishes that have low recreational and commercial landings in U.S. waters, although they are among the most abundant species in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Few biological studies exist on marine catfishes, with most studies focusing on their unique reproductive biology. This study evaluated weight–length relationships for Gafftopsail Catfish (n =264) and Hardhead Catfish (n =823) sampled from across coastal Louisiana, USA, during 2016–2018; subsamples (93 and 266, respectively) were aged using lapilli for age and growth analyses. Hardhead Catfish showed a small but significant difference in weight as a function of length between males and females, with females being slightly heavier than males at any given length. No sexual dimorphism in weight and length was observed in Gafftopsail Catfish. Ages ranged from 0 to 10 years for Gafftopsail Catfish and from 0 to 24 years for Hardhead Catfish. Both sexes of Gafftopsail Catfish attained larger maximum average sizes (asymptotic length L∞) and exhibited larger growth coefficients (k) than both sexes of Hardhead Catfish. Length at age of Hardhead Catfish in Louisiana was greater than that of Florida fish. The estimated k for Gafftopsail Catfish in Louisiana was almost three times greater than that observed in Florida, with fish reaching their L∞ rapidly compared to those in Florida. Given the increasing evidence for an equilibrium life history strategy (i.e., K strategy), the spatial differences in size at age, and the potential for increased exploitation, continued investigations into both species’ biology and life history should be undertaken.
Chromosomal microarray and whole‐exome sequence analysis in Taiwanese patients with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chang Ya‐Sian , Lin Chien‐Yu , Huang Hsi‐Yuan , Chang Jan‐Gowth , Kuo Haung‐Tsung
Published: October 2019

Background

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined as a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders. Interplay between de novo and inherited rare variants has been suspected in the development of ASD.

Methods

Here, we applied 750K oligonucleotide microarray analysis and whole‐exome sequencing (WES) to five trios from Taiwanese families with ASD.

Results

The chromosomal microarray analysis revealed three representative known diagnostic copy number variants that contributed to the clinical presentation: the chromosome locations 2q13, 1q21.1q21.2, and 9q33.1. WES detected 22 rare variants in all trios, including four that were newly discovered, one of which is a de novo variant. Sequencing variants of JMJD1C, TCF12, BIRC6, and NHS have not been previously reported. A novel de novo variant was identified in NHS (p.I7T). Additionally, seven pathogenic variants, including SMPD1, FUT2, BCHE, MYBPC3, DUOX2, EYS, and FLG, were detected in four probands. One of the involved genes, SMPD1, had previously been reported to be mutated in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that de novo or inherited rare variants and copy number variants may be double or multiple hits of the probands that lead to ASD. WES could be useful in identifying possible causative ASD variants.
Valve leaflet‐inspired elastomeric scaffolds with tunable and anisotropic mechanical properties
Authors: Xue Yingfei , Ravishankar Prashanth , Zeballos M. Alejandra , Sant Vinayak , Balachandran Kartik , Sant Shilpa
Published: October 2019

Fibrous scaffolds, which can mimic the elastic and anisotropic mechanical properties of native tissues, hold great promise in recapitulating the native tissue microenvironment. We previously fabricated electrospun fibrous scaffolds made of hybrid synthetic elastomers (poly(1,3‐diamino‐2‐hydroxypropane‐co‐glycerol sebacate)‐co‐poly (ethylene glycol) (APS‐co‐PEG) and polycaprolactone (PCL)) to obtain uniaxial mechanical properties similar to those of human aortic valve leaflets. However, conventional electrospinning process often yields scaffolds with random alignment, which fails to recreate the anisotropic nature of most of the soft tissues such as native heart valves. Inspired by the structure of native valve leaflet, we designed a novel valve leaflet‐inspired ring‐shaped collector to modulate the electrospun fiber alignment and studied the effect of polymer formulation (PEG amount [mole %] in APS‐co‐PEG; ratio between APS‐co‐PEG and PCL; and total polymer concentration) in tuning the biaxial mechanical properties of the fibrous scaffolds. The fibrous scaffolds collected on the ring‐shaped collector displayed anisotropic biaxial mechanical properties, suggesting that their biaxial mechanical properties are closely associated with the fiber alignment in the scaffold. Additionally, the scaffold stiffness was easily tuned by changing the composition and concentration of the polymer blend. Human valvular interstitial cells (hVICs) cultured on these anisotropic scaffolds displayed aligned morphology as instructed by the fiber alignment. Overall, we generated a library of biologically relevant fibrous scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties, which will guide the cellular alignment.
Prekallikrein inhibits innate immune signaling in the lung and impairs host defense during pneumosepsis in mice
Authors: Ding Chao , Scicluna Brendon P , Stroo Ingrid , Yang Jack , Roelofs Joris JTH , de Boer Onno J , de Vos Alex F , Nürnberg Peter , Revenko Alexey S , Crosby Jeff , van't Veer Cornelis , van der Poll Tom
Published: October 2019

Prekallikrein (PKK, also known as Fletcher factor and encoded by the gene KLKB1 in humans) is a component of the contact system. Activation of the contact system has been implicated in lethality in fulminant sepsis models. Pneumonia is the most frequent cause of sepsis. We sought to determine the role of PKK in host defense during pneumosepsis. To this end, mice were infected with the common human pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae via the airways, causing an initially localized infection of the lungs with subsequent bacterial dissemination and sepsis. Mice were treated with a selective PKK‐directed antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) or a scrambled control ASO for 3 weeks prior to infection. Host response readouts were determined at 12 or 36 h post‐infection, including genome‐wide messenger RNA profiling of lungs, or mice were followed for survival. PKK ASO treatment inhibited constitutive hepatic Klkb1 mRNA expression by >80% and almost completely abolished plasma PKK activity. Klkb1 mRNA could not be detected in lungs. Pneumonia was associated with a progressive decline in PKK expression in mice treated with control ASO. PKK ASO administration was associated with a delayed mortality, reduced bacterial burdens, and diminished distant organ injury. While PKK depletion did not influence lung pathology or neutrophil recruitment, it was associated with an upregulation of multiple innate immune signaling pathways in the lungs already prior to infection. Activation of the contact system could not be detected, either during infection in vivo or at the surface of Klebsiella in vitro. These data suggest that circulating PKK confines pro‐inflammatory signaling in the lung by a mechanism that does not involve contact system activation, which in the case of respiratory tract infection may impede early protective innate immunity. © 2019 Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Helping parents prepare for their child's end of life: A retrospective survey of cancer‐bereaved parents
Authors: Wiener Lori , Tager Julia , Mack Jennifer , Battles Haven , Bedoya Sima Zadeh , Gerhardt Cynthia A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Most parents vividly recall the weeks, days, and moments preceding their child's death for years to come. Dissatisfaction with communication about their child's condition and lack of guidance can contribute to stress prior to a child's death. Based on findings from a study assessing the degree of preparation bereaved parents received and our collective clinical experience, the authors provide suggestions on end‐of‐life communication and guidance for parents.

Methods

Caregivers of a child who died from cancer were invited to complete a 46‐item survey through a closed social media (Facebook) group (“Parents who lost children to cancer”). In four months’ time, 131 bereaved caregivers completed the survey. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi‐square analyses, and a thematic content analysis framework. The mean age of the child at the time of death was 12.

Results

Approximately 40% of the parents in this study felt unprepared for both the medical problems their child faced and how to respond to their child's emotional needs; fewer than 10% felt very prepared for either. Parents were more likely to feel unprepared when perceived suffering was high, highlighting the critical importance of communication and support from the healthcare team as an adjunct to optimal symptom control.

Conclusions

Through quantitative and open‐ended responses, this study identified specific medical and emotional issues about which parents wanted greater preparation. Future research to evaluate guidance strategies to reduce parental suffering prior to the child's death is needed.
Neuropsychological function in children with hemophilia: A review of the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study and introduction of the current eTHINK study
Authors: Buranahirun Cathy , Walsh Karin S. , Mrakotsky Christine , Croteau Stacy E. , Rajpurkar Madhvi , Kearney Susan , Hannemann Cara , Wilkening Greta N. , Shapiro Kevin A. , Cooper David L.
Published: October 2019

Almost all of what is known about neurologic and cognitive development in hemophilia derives from the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, conducted during an era when treatment regimens and comorbidities differed significantly from the current environment. Results suggested hemophilia and human immunodeficiency virus had independent effects, and hemophilia negatively impacts academic achievement, attention, and behavior. The introduction of prophylaxis treatment in hemophilia has created the need for re‐evaluation of the effects of hemophilia on neurodevelopment and cognition. We outline the Evolving Treatment of Hemophilia's Impact on Neurodevelopment, Intelligence, and Other Cognitive Functions (NCT03660774) study, which aims to meet this need.
A nationwide, population‐based study of school grades, delayed graduation, and qualification for school years 10‐12, in children with brain tumors in Sweden
Authors: Lönnerblad Malin , van't Hooft Ingrid , Blomgren Klas , Berglund Eva
Published: October 2019

Background

As many as 95.7% of children diagnosed with a brain tumor will experience persistent late effects as adults. These include difficulties with general executive functions, lower IQ, and mental fatigue, which may negatively affect school performance.

Methods

Through the Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry, we identified 475 children born between 1988 and 1996, diagnosed with a brain tumor before their 15th birthday. School grades in “Swedish,” “mathematics,” and “English,” if their graduation was delayed, and qualification for school years 10‐12 were compared with 2197 matched controls. Furthermore, we checked for interaction effects between sex and age at diagnosis, and possible effects of tumor grade (high or low) as well as parents’ education.

Results

Children treated for a brain tumor performed worse in the subjects compared to controls and also had delayed graduation to a greater extent. Fewer children treated for a brain tumor than controls qualified for school years 10‐12. Children treated at a young age, especially females, and children whose parents have low education seem to be at particular risk. Unexpectedly, there were no differences in outcomes between survivors with high‐ and low‐grade tumors.

Conclusions

It is important that schools provide regular pedagogical assessment and individualized support to meet the different needs of children treated for a brain tumor. Children treated for low‐grade tumors do not perform better than children treated for high‐grade tumors, despite the lighter treatment, and hence require the same attention and support.
Targeted fusion analysis can aid in the classification and treatment of pediatric glioma, ependymoma, and glioneuronal tumors
Authors: Lake Jessica A. , Donson Andrew M. , Prince Eric , Davies Kurtis D. , Nellan Anandani , Green Adam L. , Mulcahy Levy Jean , Dorris Kathleen , Vibhakar Rajeev , Hankinson Todd C. , Foreman Nicholas K. , Ewalt Mark D. , Kleinschmidt‐DeMasters Bette K. , Hoffman Lindsey M. , Gilani Ahmed
Published: October 2019

Background

The use of next‐generation sequencing for fusion identification is being increasingly applied and aids our understanding of tumor biology. Some fusions are responsive to approved targeted agents, while others have future potential for therapeutic targeting. Although some pediatric central nervous system tumors may be cured with surgery alone, many require adjuvant therapy associated with acute and long‐term toxicities. Identification of targetable fusions can shift the treatment paradigm toward earlier integration of molecularly targeted agents.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with glial, glioneuronal, and ependymal tumors between 2002 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for fusion testing. Testing was done primarily using the ArcherDx FusionPlex Solid Tumor panel, which assesses fusions in 53 genes. In contrast to many previously published series chronicling fusions in pediatric patients, we compared histological features and the tumor classification subtype with the specific fusion identified.

Results

We report 24 cases of glial, glioneuronal, or ependymal tumors from pediatric patients with identified fusions. With the exception ofBRAF:KIAA1549and pilocytic/pilomyxoid astrocytoma morphology, and possiblyQKI‐MYBand angiocentric glioma, there was not a strong correlation between histological features/tumor subtype and the specific fusion. We report the unusual fusions ofPPP1CB‐ALK,CIC‐LEUTX, FGFR2‐KIAA159, andMN1‐CXXC5and detail their morphological features.

Conclusions

Fusion testing proved to be informative in a high percentage of cases. A large majority of fusion events in pediatric glial, glioneuronal, and ependymal tumors can be identified by relatively small gene panels.
Phase II study of temozolomide and topotecan (TOTEM) in children with relapsed or refractory extracranial and central nervous system tumors including medulloblastoma with post hoc Bayesian analysis: A European ITCC study
Authors: Le Teuff Gwénaël , Castaneda‐Heredia Alicia , Dufour Christelle , Jaspan Timothy , Calmon Raphael , Devos Annick , McHugh Kieran , Leblond Pierre , Frappaz Didier , Aerts Isabelle , Zwaan Christian M. , Ducassou Stéphane , Chastagner Pascal , Verschuur Arnauld , Corradini Nadège , Casanova Michela , Rubie Hervé , Riccardi Riccardo , Le Deley Marie‐Cecile , Vassal Gilles , Geoerger Birgit ,   European consortium Innovative Therapies for Children with Cancer (ITCC)
Published: October 2019

Aim

To assess objective response after two cycles of temozolomide and topotecan (TOTEM) in children with refractory or relapsed miscellaneous extracranial solid and central nervous system (CNS) tumors, including medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET).

Procedure

Multicenter, nonrandomized, phase 2 basket trial including children with solid tumors, completed by a one‐stage design confirmatory cohort for medulloblastoma, and an exploratory cohort for PNET. Main eligibility criteria were refractory/relapsed measurable disease and no more than two prior treatment lines. Temozolomide was administered orally at 150 mg/m2/day followed by topotecan at 0.75 mg/m2/day intravenously for five consecutive days every 28 days. Tumor response was assessed every two cycles according to WHO criteria and reviewed independently.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were enrolled and treated in the miscellaneous solid tumor and 33 in the CNS strata; 20 patients with medulloblastoma and six with PNET were included in the expansion cohorts. The median age at inclusion was 10.0 years (range, 0.9‐20.9). In the basket cohorts, confirmed complete and partial responses were observed in one glioma, four medulloblastoma, and one PNET, leading to the extension. The overall objective response rate (ORR) in medulloblastoma was 28% (95% CI, 12.7‐47.2) with 1/29 complete and 7/29 partial responses, those for PNET 10% (95% CI, 0.3‐44.5). Post hoc Bayesian analysis estimates that the true ORR in medulloblastoma is probably between 20% and 30% and below 20% in PNET. The most common treatment‐related toxicities of the combination therapy were hematologic.

Conclusions

Temozolomide‐topotecan results in significant ORR in children with recurrent and refractory medulloblastoma with a favorable toxicity profile.
Medication Use for Comorbidities in People with Alzheimer's Disease: An Australian Population‐Based Study
Authors: Eshetie Tesfahun C. , Nguyen Tuan A. , Gillam Marianne H. , Kalisch Ellett Lisa M.
Published: October 2019

Background

People with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often have multimorbidity and take multiple medicines. Yet few studies have examined medicine utilization for comorbidities comparing people with and without AD.

Objective

The aim was to investigate the patterns of medication use for comorbidities in people with and without AD.

Methods

An Australian population‐based study was conducted using the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 10% sample of pharmacy claims data. People with AD were defined as those dispensed medicines for dementia (cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, or risperidone for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia) between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2015, who were aged 65 years or older and alive at the end of 2016. An age‐ and gender‐matched comparison cohort (5:1) of people without AD were identified. Medication use for comorbidities was identified using the validated comorbidity index, Rx‐Risk‐V. A χ2 test was used to compare differences in the pattern of medicine use between the two groups.

Results

A total of 8280 people with AD and 41,400 comparisons without AD were included; 63.4% were female and the median age was 82 years. The median number of comorbidities was greater in people with AD {median [interquartile range (IQR)]: 5 [3–7]} than the comparison group (median [IQR]: 4 [3–6], p<0.0001). Medications for depression, pain (treated with opioid analgesics), anxiety, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and antipsychotics were used significantly more commonly in people with AD than in those without dementia. Medications for cardiac conditions, pain (treated with anti‐inflammatory medications), chronic airways disease, gout, glaucoma, renal disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, cancer, and steroid‐responsive conditions were used significantly less commonly among people with AD than the comparison group.

Conclusions

This study highlighted significant variations in medication use for comorbidities between people with and without AD. Future studies should evaluate the reasons for the disparity in medicine utilization for comorbidities in people with AD.
Advanced Ultrashort‐Pulse Laser Diagnostics
Authors: Ibek Mateusz , Neicke Thomas
Published: October 2019

The simplest and most common method for the characterization of the duration of an ultrashort pulse laser is to measure an autocorrelation function. However, especially with modern high‐power fiber lasers, there are cases where the sensitivity and dynamic range of standard autocorrelators is not sufficient and require more sophisticated measurement methods. With type II autocorrelators, a cost‐efficient high‐contrast technique is available that can provide more detailed insights into a pulse topography that are not visible with normal autocorrelators.
High Power Fiber Laser Welding with Filler Material
Authors: Naeem Mohammed
Published: October 2019

Industry today is continually challenged to improve quality, reliability, reduced cycle times, and improve the overall manufacturing efficiency. This is driving manufacturers across various market sectors to consider fiber laser welding and the possibility to automate their welding processes to improve consistency and part quality. Another driver is the changing workforce dynamics. It is hard to find or train skilled workers who can consistently and reliably weld aluminum, titanium, and high‐strength nickel alloys. This is particularly true when welding with filler material where the base materials are subject to porosity and cracking during the welding process.
Application and Properties of CL‐20/HMX Cocrystal in Composite Modified Double Base Propellants
Authors: Wu Zongkai , Liu Ning , Zheng Wei , Chen Junbo , Song Xiuduo , Wang Jiangning , Cui Chang , Zhang Dongxiang , Zhao Fengqi
Published: October 2019

The composite modified double base (CMDB) propellants containing 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,9.03,11] dodecane (CL‐20), 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (HMX) or CL‐20/HMX cocrystal were prepared by the solventless extrusion formation technique. The performances of CMDB propellants were evaluated by means of stability, sensitivity, combustion and mechanical experiments. Raman spectra analysis indicated the stability of CL‐20/HMX cocrystal is partially destroyed in the rolling process under 90 °C, 10 MPa. Methyl violet tests revealed that the colored time of CMDB propellants containing CL‐20/HMX cocrystal, CL‐20 or HMX are 77, 60, and 75 min, respectively. Burning rate tests shown that the burning rates of CMDB propellants containing CL‐20/HMX cocrystal, CL‐20 or HMX in the pressure range of 8 to 18 MPa, increased 1.82, 4.67, and 4.67 mm/s, with the pressure exponents 0.095, 0.306, and 0.346, respectively. Mechanical property tests revealed that the mechanical properties of CMDB propellant containing CL‐20/HMX cocrystal are inconsistent, but the tensile strength has improved compare with CMDB propellant containing CL‐20. These results suggest that CL‐20/HMX cocrystal is a potential material to solve the application problem of the safety performance and stability of the propellants containing CL‐20.
Toxicity of microbial insecticides toward the non‐target freshwater insect Chironomus xanthus
Authors: Silvestre Pereira Dornelas Aline , A Sarmento Renato , C Rezende Silva Laila , de Souza Saraiva Althiéris , J de Souza Danival , D Bordalo Maria , MVM Soares Amadeu , LT Pestana João
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Commercial formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subs. kurstaki (Btk) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb) are commonly used microbial insecticides in Brazil and other tropical regions. However, and despite being considered environmentally friendly, their use generates concerns regarding possible adverse ecological effects in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the effects of these bioinsecticides on the tropical aquatic dipteran Chironomus xanthus under laboratory conditions.

RESULTS

After laboratory exposures to these compounds 48‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 1534 μg a.i./L for Btk and of 6.35 μg a.i./L for Bb were estimated. Chronic assays revealed different sublethal effects: Btk‐based bioinsecticide exposure reduced C. xanthus growth [lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) was 126 μg a.i./L for head width], decreased emergence rate (LOEC = 8 μg a.i./L) and increased immunological response (LOEC = 50 μg a.i./L) measured as total hemocyte count in larvae hemolymph. Exposure to low concentrations of Bb‐based insecticide also reduced C. xanthus growth (LOEC = 0.07 μg a.i./L for larvae body length measurements), and emergence rate (LOEC = 0.28 μg a.i./L), despite no clear effects on the total hemocyte counts.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that low concentrations of Btk and Bb bioinsecticides are toxic to C. xanthus. Given their widespread use and occurrence in tropical freshwater systems, research is needed to evaluate the potential effects of these compounds concerning natural freshwater insect communities and ecosystem functioning. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Disruption of the ovarian serine protease (Osp) gene causes female sterility in Bombyx mori and Spodoptera litura
Authors: Xu Xia , Bi Honglun , Wang Yaohui , Li Xiaowei , Xu Jun , Liu Zulian , He Lin , Li Kai , Huang Yongping
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Precise regulation of oogenesis is crucial to female reproduction. Seventy percent of pests belong to lepidopteran species, so it would be interesting to explore the highly conserved genes involved in oogenesis that do not affect growth and development in the lepidopteran model, Bombyx mori. This can provide potential target genes for pest control and promote the development of insect sterility technology.

RESULTS

In lepidopteran species, ovarian serine protease (Osp), which encodes a member of the serine protease family, is essential for oogenesis. In this study, we used transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 technology to obtain Osp mutants in the model lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori and in the lepidopteran agricultural pest Spodoptera litura. Sequence analysis of mutants revealed an array of deletions in Osp loci in both species. We found that the deletion of Osp resulted in female sterility, whereas male fertility was not affected. Although B. mori and S. litura mutant females mated normally, they laid fewer eggs than wild‐type females and eggs did not hatch.

CONCLUSION

Osp is crucial for female reproductive success in two species of Lepidoptera. As the Osp gene is highly conserved in insect species, this gene is a potential molecular target for genetic‐based pest management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Swath pattern analysis from a multi‐rotor unmanned aerial vehicle configured for pesticide application
Authors: Richardson Brian , Rolando Carol A , Somchit Chanatda , Dunker Christina , Strand Tara M , Kimberley Mark O
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used to deliver small‐scale aerial pesticide applications, there remains uncertainty over their efficiency in terms of uniformity of spray deposition and their application efficiency. Consequently, a field study was designed to quantify factors influencing the uniformity of spray deposition from a multi‐rotor UAV that is operated commercially in New Zealand. Two sampling systems for measuring spray deposition, a continuous horizontal string and steel plates placed on the ground were compared.

RESULTS

The spray deposit distribution characteristics and calculated lane separation values (distance between flight lines that produces a maximum coefficient of variation of 30% for spray deposits) were strongly influenced by wind speed, nozzle position, release height, ground speed and droplet size. Lane separation values ranged from 1 to > 5 m. Swath distribution parameters (spread and position of peak deposition) derived from plates were not significantly different from those derived from string. However, total deposition on strings relative to plates increased with small droplets. Reducing plate sampling intensity from 0.25 m intervals to 0.5 m and even 1.0 m had only a minor effect on estimates of swath parameter values.

CONCLUSIONS

The potential for precision spraying from UAV platforms has yet to be achieved with improvements required in hardware and software. Further, mechanistic models are needed to quantify how complex interactions among multiple operating and meteorological variables influence spray deposition. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Organic Sensor Array Distributed in Flexible and Curved Surfaces
Authors: Sakai Masatoshi , Okada Yugo , Sadamitsu Yuichi , Hashimoto Yuta , Onodera Nozomi , Kudo Kazuhiro
Published: October 2019

Organic sensor array is fabricated on a curved plastic film substrate of which Gauss curvature is finite. Herein, a soft robot finger is proposed as one of the test cases of curved surface device that has artificial tactile sense by detecting slight deformation induced by touching an object. The curved surface sensor array is made by thermal molding of planer device array on thin plastic film. Observed electrical current in each sensor pixel reflects strain distribution and time response induced by external slight displacement applied.
Density Functional Theory Study of ZnIn2S4 and CdIn2S4 Polymorphs Using Full‐Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave Method and Modified Becke–Johnson Potential
Authors: Zhang Yuan Jue , Tang Hong Ming , Gao Shang-Peng
Published: October 2019

ZnIn2S4 and CdIn2S4 are ternary sulfide semiconductors with attracting photoelectric and catalytic properties, which are closely related with their band structure. The full‐potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method is used to calculate the band structures of cubic and hexagonal polymorphs of ZnIn2S4 and CdIn2S4. Among the four systems studied, the hexagonal CdIn2S4 structure with a space group P63mc (No. 186) is newly predicted, and the phonon calculation shows that its structure is dynamically stable. Owing to the well‐known bandgap underestimation problem of local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the effects of Hubbard model and modified Becke–Johnson (mBJ) potential to band structure are investigated. The calculated outcomes of cubic ZnIn2S4 and cubic CdIn2S4 with mBJ‐GGA + U are in good agreement with the experimental data. For hexagonal ZnIn2S4, it is shown that electronic states in high valence bands and low conduction bands have different components. The origin of discrepancy between the theoretical bandgap of hexagonal ZnIn2S4 and experimental value obtained from optical absorption measurement is discussed based on the spatial separation of electron and hole states and optical transition probability.
Diagnosing topographic forcing in an atmospheric dataset: The case of the North American Cordillera
Authors: Hartung Kerstin , Shepherd Theodore G. , Hoskins Brian J. , Methven John , Svensson Gunilla
Published: October 2019

It is well known from modelling studies that surface topography influences the large‐scale atmospheric circulation and that several model biases are associated with incorrect representation of topography. The textbook explanation of topographic effects on large‐scale circulation appeals to the theoretical relationship between surface forcing and vortex stretching along trajectories in single‐layer models. The goal of this study is to design and use a simple diagnostic of the large‐scale forcing on the atmosphere when air is passing over topography, directly from atmospheric fields, based on this theoretical relationship. The study examines the interaction of the atmosphere with the North American Cordillera and samples the flow by means of trajectories during Northern Hemisphere winter. We detect a signal of topographic forcing in the atmospheric dataset, which, although much less distinct than in the theoretical relationship, nevertheless exhibits a number of expected properties. Namely, the signal increases with latitude, is usually stronger upslope than downslope, and is enhanced if the flow is more orthogonal to the mountain ridge, for example during periods of positive Pacific–North American index (PNA). Furthermore, a connection is found between an enhanced signal of topographic forcing downslope of the North American Cordillera and periods of more frequent downstream European blocking.
Nanoporous Al‐Ni‐Co‐Ir‐Mo High‐Entropy Alloy for Record‐High Water Splitting Activity in Acidic Environments
Authors: Jin Zeyu , Lv Juan , Jia Henglei , Liu Weihong , Li Huanglong , Chen Zuhuang , Lin Xi , Xie Guoqiang , Liu Xingjun , Sun Shuhui , Qiu Hua‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Ir‐based binary and ternary alloys are effective catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic solutions. Nevertheless, decreasing the Ir content to less than 50 at% while maintaining or even enhancing the overall electrocatalytic activity and durability remains a grand challenge. Herein, by dealloying predesigned Al‐based precursor alloys, it is possible to controllably incorporate Ir with another four metal elements into one single nanostructured phase with merely ≈20 at% Ir. The obtained nanoporous quinary alloys, i.e., nanoporous high‐entropy alloys (np‐HEAs) provide infinite possibilities for tuning alloy's electronic properties and maximizing catalytic activities owing to the endless element combinations. Particularly, a record‐high OER activity is found for a quinary AlNiCoIrMo np‐HEA. Forming HEAs also greatly enhances the structural and catalytic durability regardless of the alloy compositions. With the advantages of low Ir loading and high activity, these np‐HEA catalysts are very promising and suitable for activity tailoring/maximization.
Stability and Thermodynamic Attributes of Starch Hydrolyzing α‐Amylase of Anoxybacillus rupiensis TS‐4
Authors: Kikani Bhavtosh A. , Kourien Susen , Rathod Upasna
Published: October 2019

The physicochemical conditions influencing α‐amylase secretion by a thermophilic bacterium, Anoxybacillus rupiensis TS‐4 (Genbank number, KU360725) are optimized by the response surface methodology, using Plackett Burman design, followed by Box—Behnken design to enhance amylase production by threefold as compared to the one variable at a time approach. The amylase is purified by ion exchange chromatography, followed by size exclusion chromatography with fold purification and yield of 17.85% and 34.72%, respectively. The molecular weight, Km, and Vmax of the purified amylase are 48 kDa, 0.58 mg mL−1, and 3124 µmol mL−1 min−1, respectively. It catalyzes starch over a broader range of temperature and pH, having optima as 80 °C and 8, respectively. The enzyme is stable at a broad range of temperatures and pH, displaying higher half‐life and reduced deactivation rate constant. The feasibility of the starch catalysis reaction mediated by the studied amylase is substantiated by determining the thermodynamic parameters, such as alterations in the enthalpy, entropy, activation energy, and Gibb's free energy. The attributes of the amylase such as calcium independence, alkali‐tolerance, and stability in presence of various chelators and surfactants aid uniqueness, novelty, and commercial promise.
Microbial Oligo‐α‐1,6‐Glucosidase: Current Developments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Dong Zixing , Tang Cunduo , Lu Yunfeng , Yao Lunguang , Kan Yunchao
Published: October 2019

Oligo‐α‐1,6‐glucosidase (OGL, EC 3.2.1.10) catalyzes the exo hydrolysis of α‐1,6‐glucoside bonds from the nonreducing ends of panose, palatinose, α‐limit dextrins, and isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs, 2–6 glucose units). It has potential applications in the production of high‐glucose syrup, novel oligosaccharides and bioethanol. However, OGLs used in these processes must have sufficient acid stability, thermostability, and glucose tolerance. Detailed knowledge of the molecular basis of OGL catalysis and substrate specificities will facilitate the successful discovery and rational design of thermoacidophilic and glucose tolerant OGLs. In this review, the latest progresses on the discovery, molecular, and biochemical characterization as well as heterologous expression of OGLs are systematically summarized. The protein‐thermostabilization engineering, catalytic mechanism, and structural determinants for the substrate specificities of these enzymes are also described. Finally, the potential applications and future perspectives of oligo‐α‐1,6‐glucosidases are discussed.
Fistelchirurgie und primäre Sphinkterrekonstruktion
Authors: Kronberger I. E.
Published: October 2019

Die operative Therapie transsphinktärer Fisteln zeichnet sich durch eine variantenreiche Methodik aus. Die zumeist durchgeführten Techniken sind wohl die Fistulektomie mit Lappenplastik, die Fistulotomie mit oder ohne Sphinkterrepair und die (modifizierte) LIFT-Technik (Ligatur des intersphinktären Fisteltrakts). Ungeklärt aber ist die genaue Definition der Indikation einer Technik zu allen definierten Fisteltypen, was zum Teil dem Studiendesign anzuschulden ist und zu einer Variabilität der Auswertungen führt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nach bisher vorhandenen Erfahrungen und Studien zur operativen Technik mit primärem Sphinkterrepair bei bestimmten Fisteltypen nachgegangen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind randomisierte Studien zu hoch- und suprasphinktären sowie zu rezidivierenden Fisteln mit guten Heilungs- und postoperativen Inkontinenzraten zur Technik der Fistulotomie mit Exzision des Fistelgewebes und primärem Sphinkterrepair erschienen. Die Technik wird in großen retrospektiven Studien jedoch bei allen transsphinktären Fisteln als erfolgreiche Therapieoption mit guter Kontinenzerhaltung beschrieben.
The Role of FeTi Addition to Micro-inclusions in the Production of ULC Steel Grades via the RH Process Route
Authors: Bernhard Christian , Dorrer Philipp , Michelic Susanne , Rössler Roman
Published: October 2019

In the production of ULC steel grades via the RH process route, Al is added first for deoxidation after the end of decarburization and FeTi follows after a certain period of separation of alumina particles and the related reduction of the total oxygen content. The FeTi addition is well known to cause clogging problems in the following casting process.

The analysis of plant data by voestalpine Stahl in Linz indicates an increasing clogging tendency with a higher Ti/Al ratio in the steel. Automated SEM/EDS investigations on lollipop samples show the existence of a newly nucleated Ti-containing alumina particle population after the FeTi addition. These particles are comparably smaller than the alumina particles and, even if thermodynamically unstable, they still exist as a large population of small particles in samples taken from the tundish.

The addition of Al and FeTi into a molten steel sample with controlled initial oxygen activity for varying Ti/Al ratios was simulated in laboratory scale afterwards. Just like in the plant, a new population of small Ti-containing alumina particles nucleates, with the size and number depending on the Ti/Al ratio in the melt.

Laboratory experiments and plant observations are in consistence with each other and indicate—for the underlying process route and process parameters—some countermeasures for the better control of clogging.
The uniqueness of subjective ageing: convergent and discriminant validity
Authors: Spuling Svenja M. , Klusmann Verena , Bowen Catherine E. , Kornadt Anna E. , Kessler Eva-Marie
Published: October 2019

Although a large body of research has demonstrated the predictive power of subjective ageing for several decisive developmental outcomes, there remains some controversy about whether subjective ageing truly represents a unique construct. Thus, information about the convergent and discriminant validity of different approaches to measuring subjective ageing is still critically needed. Using data from the 2014 wave of the German Ageing Survey, we examined how three established subjective ageing measures (subjective age, global attitude toward own ageing, multidimensional ageing-related cognitions) were inter-related as well as distinct from general dispositions (optimism, self-efficacy) and well-being (negative affect, depressive symptoms, self-rated health). Using correlational and multivariate regression analysis, we found that the three subjective ageing measures were significantly inter-related (r = |.09| to |.30|), and that each measure was distinct from general dispositions and well-being. The overlap with dispositional and well-being measures was lowest for subjective age and highest for global attitudes towards own ageing. The correlation between global attitudes towards own ageing and optimism was particularly striking. Despite the high convergent validity of the different dimensions of ageing cognitions, we nevertheless observed stronger associations between specific dimensions of ageing cognitions with negative affect and self-rated health. We conclude that researchers should be aware of the multidimensional nature of subjective ageing. Furthermore, subjective age appears to be a highly aggregated construct and future work is needed to clarify its correlates and reference points.
Happiness and Consumption in Mauritius: An Exploratory Study of Socio-Economic Dimensions, Basic Needs, Luxuries and Personality Traits
Authors: Jaunky Vishal Chandr , Jeetoo Jamiil , Rampersad Shreya
Published: October 2019

Mainstream economics perceive an individual as highly individualistic, presuming that he/she consumes goods in the most efficient way to optimize his/her level of happiness. This study attempts to explore the nexus between socio-economic dimensions, basic needs, luxuries and personality traits and happiness in Mauritius. Material consumption and happiness are projected to be positively and strongly related. This is usually illuminated in terms of the increased possibilities to satisfy basic needs and luxuries along with other motives which additional spending provides. Other instrumental aspects of consumption, such as its relative, community-based and hedonic magnitudes are accounted. Cross-sectional data are compiled from a household survey with a sample size of 1015 observations. To conduct the analysis, an ordered probit model is applied. The general conclusion is drawn upon the results that socio-economic indicators like educational attainment, residential location, family size, income in addition to the intermediate needs deprivation index, brand consciousness, fashion innovativeness, commercial interest, shopping enjoyment, hedonism, bandwagon effect and personality traits are significantly related to people’s happiness.