bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Bordetella pertussis fimbrial gene cluster which is located directly downstream of the filamentous haemagglutinin gene
Authors: Willems Rob J. L. , van der Heide Han G. J. , Mooi Frits R.
Published: October 2006

The biosynthesis of fimbriae is a complex process requiring multiple genes which are generally found clustered on the chromosome. In Bordetella pertussis, only major fimbrial subunit genes have been identified, and no evidence has yet been found that they are located in a fimbrial gene cluster. To locate additional genes involved in the biosynthesis of B. pertussis fimbriae, we used TnphoA mutagenesis. A PhoA+ mutant (designated B176) was isolated which was affected in the production of both serotype 2 and 3 fimbriae. Cloning and sequencing of the DNA region harbouring the transposon insertion revealed the presence of at least three additional fimbrial genes, designated fimB, fimC and fimD. The transposon was found to be located In fimD. Analysis of PhoA activity indicated that the fimbrial gene cluster was positively regulated by the bvg locus. A potential binding site for BvgA was observed upstream of fimB. FimB showed homology with the so‐called chaperone‐like fimbrial proteins, while FimC was homologous with a class of fimbrial proteins located in the outer membrane and presumed to be involved in transport and anchorage of fimbrial subunits. An insertion mutation in fimB abolished the expression of fimbrial subunits, implicating this gene in the biosynthesis of both serotype 2 and 3 fimbriae. Upstream of fimB a pseudogene (fimA) was observed which showed homology with the three major fimbrial subunit genes, fim2, fim3 and fimX. The construction of a phylogenetic tree suggested that fimA may be the primordial major fimbrial subunit gene from which the other three were derived by gene duplication. Interestingly, the fimbrial gene cluster was found to be located directly downstream from the gene coding for the filamentous haemagglutinin, an important B. pertussis adhesin, possibly suggesting co‐operation between the two loci in the pathogenesis of pertussis.
Identification and sequence of a Na+‐linked gene from the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis which functionally complements the dagA gene of Escherichia coli
Authors: MacLeod Patricia R. , MacLeod Robert A.
Published: October 2006

A 4.0 kb fragment from a plasmid genomic DNA library of the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 19855 was found in the presence of Na+ to complement the dagA gene of Escherichia coli. We have completely sequenced this fragment and the position of the Na+‐linked D‐alanine glycine permease gene (dagA) on the fragment has been determined by complementation. The predicted carrier protein consists of 542 amino acid residues (Mr 58955). Its hydropathy profile suggests it is composed of eight transmembrane segments with a long hydrophilic region between segments six and seven. Significant similarity has been found between this Na+‐linked permease and the Na*/proline permeases of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium and the human and rabbit intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporters.
Identification and characterization of FliY, a novel component of the Bacillus subtilis flagellar switch complex
Authors: Bischoff David S. , Ordal George W.
Published: October 2006

The Bacillus subtilis gene encoding FMY has been cloned and sequenced. The gene encodes a 379‐amino‐acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 41 054 daltons. FliY is partly homologous to the Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium switch proteins FliM and FliN. The N‐terminus of FliY has 33% identity with the first 122 amino acids of FliM, whereas the C‐terminus of FliY has 52% identity with the last 30 amino acids of FMN. The middle 60% of FliY is not significantly homologous to either of the proteins. A fliY::cat null mutant has no flagella. Motility can be restored to the mutant by expression of fliY from a plasmid, although chemotaxis is still defective since the strain exhibits smooth swimming behaviour. fliY::cat is in the cheD complementation group. One of the cheD point mutants does not switch although the population grown from a single cell has both smooth swimming and tumbling bacteria, implying that the switch is locked. Expression of fliY in wild‐type B. subtilis makes the cells more smooth‐swimming but does not appear to affect chemotaxis. Expression of fliY in wild‐type S. typhimurium severely inhibits chemotaxis and also makes the cells smooth swimming. Expression in a non‐motile S. typhimurium fliN mutant restores motility but not chemotaxis, although expression in a non‐motile E. coli fliM mutant does not restore motility. The homology, multiple phenotypes, and inter‐species complementation suggest that FliY forms part of the B. subtilis switch complex. The function of the unique part of FliY and the evolutionary relationship between FliY and FliN are discussed in terms of the novel properties of B. subtilis chemotaxis.
The molecular basis for positive regulation of cys promoters in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli
Authors: Kredich Nicholas M.
Published: October 2006

Most genes required for cysteine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli are positively regulated by cysB, which encodes a transcriptional activator belonging to the LysR family of regulatory proteins. CysB protein binds just upstream of the ‐35 region of positively regulated promoters, where in the presence of inducer it facilitates formation of a transcription initiation complex. CysB protein also autoregulates its own synthesis by binding to the cysB promoter as a repressor. Cysteine down‐regulates the pathway by inhibiting synthesis of O‐acetylserine, a direct cysteine precursor and possibly an inducer of gene expression. O‐Acetylserine spontaneously isomerizes to N‐acetyl‐serine, which is clearly an inducer. Sulphide and thio‐sulphate provide additional regulation by acting as anti‐inducers. Inducer stimulates CysB protein binding to sites involved in positive regulation, and inhibits binding to the negatively autoregulated cysB promoter. For three sites with unknown function, binding is stimulated at one and inhibited at the other two.
Biological roles of the Escherichia coli RuvA, RuvB and RuvC proteins revealed
Authors: West Stephen C. , Connolly Bernadette
Published: October 2006

In Escherichia coli, the ruvA, ruvB and ruvC gene products are required for genetic recombination and the recombinational repair of DNA damage. New studies suggest that these three proteins function late in recombination and process Holliday junctions made by RecA protein‐mediated strand exchange. In vitro, RuvA protein binds a Holliday junction with high affinity and, together with RuvB (an ATPase), promotes ATP‐dependent branch migration of the junction leading to the formation of heteroduplex DNA. The third protein, RuvC, which acts independently of RuvA and RuvB, resolves recombination intermediates by specific endonucleolytic cleavage of the Holliday junction.
Expression of the Opc protein correlates with invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells by Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Virji Mumtaz , Makepeace Katherine , Ferguson David J. P. , Achtman Mark , Sarkari Jasmine , Moxon E. Richard
Published: October 2006

Whereas capsulate strains of Neisseria meningitidis are dependent on pili for adhesion to human endothelial and epithelial cells, strains which lacked assembled pili and were partially capsule‐deficient adhered to and invaded human endothelial and epithelial cells if they expressed the Opc protein. Bacteria expressing low or undetectable levels of Opc protein failed to adhere to or invade eukaryotic cells. In addition, the presence of OpaAc751 protein on the surface of bacteria did not increase bacterial interactions with host cells. Association of Opc‐expressing bacteria was inhibited by antibodies against Opc. Invasion was dependent on the host‐cell cytoskeletal activity and was inhibited by cytochalasin D. In some cells, infected at the apical surface, bacteria emerging from basal surface were detected by electron microscopy. Opc is found in diverse meningococci and may represent a common virulence factor, which facilitates adherence and invasion by these bacteria.
Transcriptional regulation of the redD transcriptional activator gene accounts for growth‐phase‐dependent production of the antibiotic undecylprodigiosin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Authors: Takano E. , Gramajo H. C. , Strauch E. , Andres N. , White J. , Bibb M. J.
Published: October 2006

Transcription of redD, the activator gene required for production of the red‐pigmented antibiotic undecylprodigiosin by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), showed a dramatic increase during the transition from exponential to stationary phase. The increase in redD expression was followed by transcription of redX, a biosynthetic structural gene, and the appearance of the antibiotic in the mycelium, and coincided with the intracellular appearance of ppGpp. However, ppGpp production elicited either by nutritional shift‐down of, or addition of serine hydroxamate to, exponentially growing cultures had no stimulatory effect on redD transcription. The presence of redD on a multicopy plasmid resulted in elevated levels of the redD transcript and production of redX and undecylprodigiosin during exponential growth; the normal growth‐phase‐dependent production of undecylprodigiosin appeared to be mediated entirely through the redD promoter, which shows limited similarity to the consensus sequence for the major class of eubacterial promoters.
Characterization and functional expression in Escherichia coli of the sodium/proton/glutamate symport proteins of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus caldotenax
Authors: Tolner Berend , Poolman Bert , Konings Wil N.
Published: October 2006

The genes encoding the Na+/H+/L‐glutamate symport proteins of the thermophilic organisms Bacillus stearothermophilus (gltTBs) aid Bacillus caldotenax (gltTBc) were cloned by complementation of Escherichia coli JC5412 for growth on glutamate as sole source of carbon, energy and nitrogen. The nucleotide sequences of the gltTBs and gltTBc genes were determined. In both cases the translated sequences corresponded with proteins of 421 amino acid residues (96.7% amino acid identity between GltTeB and GltTBc)‐ Putative promoter, terminator and ribosome‐binding‐site sequences were found in the flanking regions. These expression signals were functional in E. coli. The hydropathy profiles indicate that the proteins are hydrophobic and could form 12 membrane‐spanning regions. The Na+/H+ coupled L‐glutamate symport proteins GltTBs and GltTBc are homologous to the strictly H+ coupled L‐glutamate transport protern of E. coli K‐12 (overall 57.2% identity). Functional expression of glutamate transport activity was demonstrated by uptake of glutamate in whole cells and membrane vesicles. In accordance with previous observations (de Vrij etal., 1989; Heyne et al., 1991), glutamate uptake was driven by the electrochemical gradients of sodium ions and protons.
Molecular mechanisms of attachment of Rhizobium bacteria to plant roots
Authors: Smit Gerrit , Swart Saskia , Lugtenberg Ben J. J. , Kijne Jan Willem
Published: October 2006

Attachment of bacteria to plant cells is one of the earliest steps in many plant‐bacterium interactions. This review covers the current knowledge on one of the best‐studied examples of bacterium‐plant attachment, namely the molecular mechanism by which Rhizobium bacteria adhere to plant roots. Despite differences in several studies with regard to growth conditions of bacteria and plants and to methods used for measuring attachment, an overall consensus can be drawn from the available data. Rhizobial attachment to plant root hairs appears to be a two‐step process. A bacterial Ca2+‐binding protein, designated as rhicadhesin, is involved in direct attachment of bacteria to the surface of the root hair cell. Besides this step, there is another step which results mainly in accumulation and anchoring of the bacteria to the surface of the root hair. This leads to so‐called firm attachment. Depending on the growth conditions of the bacteria, the latter step is mediated by plant lectins and/or by bacterial appendages such as cellulose fibrils and fimbriae. The possible role of these adhesins in root nodule formation is discussed.
An inverted repeat preceding the Bacillus subtilis glpD gene is a conditional terminator of transcription
Authors: Holmberg Christina , Rutberg Lars
Published: October 2006

The Bacillus subtilis glpD gene, encoding glycerol‐3‐phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase, is preceded by a promoter and an inverted repeat which is located between the promoter and the glpD coding region. The Inverted repeat acts as a transcriptional terminator in vitro. Expression of glpD is induced by G3P in the presence of the glpD gene product. Full‐length glpD transcripts can be detected only in glycerol‐induced cells. The major glpD transcript is initiated from the glpD promoter but minor amounts of larger transcripts, possibly initiated at upstream glp promoters, can also be found. In uninduced cells short transcripts are present, corresponding to initiation at the glpD promoter and termination at the inverted repeat. Upon induction, these short transcripts disappear and are replaced by full‐length glpD transcripts. The 3′‐ends of full‐length glpD transcripts were mapped to an Inverted repeat located immediately downstream of glpD. These results show that glpD of B. subtilis is regulated by termination/antitermination of transcription.
Determination of a specific region of the purine–cytosine permease involved in the recognition of its substrates
Authors: Bloch J. C. , Sychrova H. , Souciet J. L. , Jund R. , Chevallier M. R.
Published: October 2006

Three u.v.‐induced mutants of the purine–cytosine permease gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with altered apparent Michaelis constant of transport (Kmapp), were cloned and sequenced. One of the mutants had extensive nucleotide replacement, whereas the other two had a single mutation. To evaluate the contribution of the different amino acid replacements to the phenotype of the complex mutant, simpler mutants were created by site‐directed mutagenesis. All the amino acid replacements found in the segment from amino acids 371 to 377 inclusive, contribute to the determination of the phenotype. According to the model postulated this segment lies on the cell surface. In particular, amino acids at position 374 and 377 modulate the affinity of the permease towards its substrates. In the wild‐type, when asparagine is present at both of these positions, the lowest Kmapp values are found.
Silent pilin genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11 and the occurrence of related hypervariant sequences among other gonococcal isolates
Authors: Haas R. , Veit S. , Meyer T.F.
Published: October 2006

Pilin variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae depends on a family of variant genes that undergo homologous, intragenic recombination. This work focuses on the repertoire of silent variant pilin genes in strain MS11, which contribute to the extensive variation of the expressed gene copy. A total of 17 silent copies were identified, which are, to varying degrees, truncated at their 5′ coding region and grouped in seven distinct pil loci. Most silent copies belong to loci pilS1, pilS2 and pilS6, which contain six, two and three silent copies, respectively, tandemly arranged. The pilS5 and pilS7 loci each contain only a single copy. In addition, two silent copies are associated with each of the two pilE loci. By comparison with sequences present in the expressed gene of other variants of the same strain, it is suggested that each silent locus is capable of donating variant sequences into the expression locus and, thus, each silent copy can contribute to the variability of pilin expression. Often, concomitant with changes in the expressed copy, the silent copies of the pilE1 locus undergo recombinations as well. Analyses of unrelated clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae reveal homologies of hypervariant pilin sequences with those present in strain MS11, suggesting a limited diversity of such sequences within the gonococcal population and the existence of substantial functional constraints on the variability of pilin and pili. The data further indicate that hypervariant pilin sequences are subject to horizontal exchange and interstrain recombination.
Adherence and fibronectin binding are environmentally regulated in the group A streptococci
Authors: VanHeyningen Tambryn , Fogg George , Yates Debra , Hanski Emanuel , Caparon Michael
Published: October 2006

The ability of the pathogenic Gram‐positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) to bind fibronectin and adhere to respiratory epithelial cells is dependent on a surface protein called protein F. In this study, we have examined the regulation of expression of protein F and have shown that it is environmentally regulated in response to alterations in atmosphere. In six recent clinical isolates, expression of protein F was repressed during growth under reduced concentrations of O2. Expression in an anaerobic environment was induced by both superoxide‐generating and redox‐altering reagents. However, regulation did not involve mry, a gene that controls expression of several streptococcal surface proteins. Protein F was constitutively expressed in one of two laboratory‐passaged strains analysed, and in a complementation analysis using an allele of the gene that encodes protein F (prtF) cloned from a regulated strain and expressed in a constitutive strain, the constitutive phenotype was shown to be dominant in trans. Regulation, as monitored by fusion of prtF to a promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, involved transcriptional control. Environmentally induced alterations in protein F expression affected the ability of the bacterium to adhere to epithelial cells, which suggests that the ability to regulate expression of protein F may be important during infection.
Subtropical to temperate facies from a transition zone, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic system, Palaeogene, North Carolina, USA
Authors: COFFEY BRIAN P , READ J. FRED
Published: October 2006

Palaeogene passive margin sediments on the US mid‐Atlantic coastal plain provide valuable insight into facies interaction and distribution on mixed carbonate–siliciclastic shelves. This study utilizes well cuttings, outcrop, core, and seismic data to document temporal and spatial variations in admixed bryozoan‐rich skeletal carbonates and sandy siliciclastic units that were deposited on a humid passive margin located in the vicinity of a major marine transition zone. This zone was situated between north‐flowing, warm waters of the ancestral Gulf Stream (carbonate dominated settings) and south‐flowing, cold waters of the ancestral Labrador Current (siliciclastic dominated settings). Some degree of mixing of carbonates and siliciclastics occurs in all facies; however, siliciclastic‐prone sediments predominate in nearshore settings, while carbonate‐prone sediments are more common in more open marine settings of the inner shelf break and deep shelf. A distinctive dual‐break shelf depositional profile originated following a major Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene transgression that drowned the earlier shallow platform. This profile was characterized by prominent mid‐shelf break dividing the shallow shelf from the deep shelf and a major continental shelf/slope break. Incomplete filling of available accommodation space during successive buildup of the shallow shelf preserved the topographic break on this passive margin. Storm wave base also contributed to the preservation of the dual‐break shelf geometry by beveling shallow shelf sediments and transporting them onto and seaward of the mid‐shelf break. Sediment fines in deep shelf facies were produced in place, transported downdip from the shallow shelf by storm ebb currents and boundary currents, and reworked from adjacent areas of the deep shelf by strike‐parallel boundary currents. Regional climate and boundary currents controlled whether carbonate or siliciclastic material was deposited on the shelf, with warmer waters and more humid climates favouring carbonate deposition and cooler, more arid conditions favouring glaucony and siliciclastic dominated deposition. Continuous wave and current sweeping of the shallow shelf favoured deposition of mud‐lean facies across much of the shallow shelf. Skeletal components in much of the carbonate‐rich strata formed in warm, nutrient‐rich subtropical waters, as indicated by widespread occurrences of larger benthic foraminifera and molluscan assemblages. These indicators of warm water deposition within the bryozoan‐mollusk‐rich carbonate assemblage on this shelf provide an example of a warm water bryomol assemblage; such facies generally are associated with cooler water depositional settings.
The Ego in Schizophrenia
Authors: METMAN PHILIP
Published: October 2006

Part I. The Accessibility of Schizophrenics to Analytic Approaches
Testing the Bipolar Assumption in Jung's Typology
Authors: LOOMIS MARY , SINGER JUNE
Published: October 2006

Academic psychologists are right in wanting things shown to them statistically; and it is we Jungians who have the onus of showing them that our ideas stand their tests. Only in this way can the unconscious be re‐introduced into a scientific discussion. And we could have the chairs of the psychology departments of the universities held by Jungians and they could have their real institutes, their assistants, their student population, their funds, their statisticians, their computers and high dynamic discussion and a living thing over against the scientific stagnation we have reached in Jungianism during the last years (Meier 9).
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Jung, C. G. The Zofingia Lectures. Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Supplementary Volume A.

Meltzer, Donald. Dream Life. A Re‐examination of the Psychoanalytic Theory and Technique.

Khan, Masud R. Hidden Selves.

Hall, James A. Jungian Dream Interpretation: a Handbook of Theory and Practice.

Cobb, Noel. Prospero's Island.

Ziegler, Alfred J. Archetypal Medicine.

Lichtenberg, Joseph. Psychoanalysis and Infant Research.

Hartocollis, Peter. Time and Timelessness.

Pruyser, Paul W. The Play of the Imagination: towards a Psychoanalysis of Culture.
Journal Reviews
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William
Published: October 2006

Field, Nathan (London). ‘The Primitive and the Pathological’. British Journal of Psychotherapy

Fordham, Michael. (London) ‘Ending psychotherapy’

Zinkin, Louis. (London) ‘All's well that ends well, or is it?’Group Analysis

Fosshage, J.L. (New York). ‘Towards reconceptualising transference: theoretical and clinical considerations‘. International Journal of Psycho‐Analysis

Hillman, James. (Thompson, CT, U.S.A.) ‘Once more into the fray (A response to Wolfgang Giegerich's “Killings”)’. Spring

Josey, Alden. (Delaware, U.S.A.) Molecules as mandalas: modern chemistry and the quest for the Self.’Psychological Perspectives

Phillips, Adam. ‘Contingency for Beginners’. Winnicott Studies

Rigsby, Roberta. (U.S.A.).‘Jungians, archetypalists and fear of feminism’. Continuum

Samuels, Andrew. (London). “The professionalization of Carl G. Jung's Analytical Psychology Clubs’. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences
Fragmentation and Narcissism
Authors: HAUKE CHRISTOPHER
Published: October 2006

The paper focuses on the articulation of two areas of theory: that of development of the self through fragmentation and differentiation and that of narcissism in early psychological development, and its pathology later in life. Jungian ideas concerning the self and individuation (including those developed by Fordham) are linked with psychoanalytic ideas, notably Kohut's, and related to the concepts of narcissism and ego‐development. In this the focus is on a revaluation of the negative overtones of ‘fragmentation’ and ‘narcissism’ and an indication of their place in the process of individuation. It is pointed out that a varying emphasis in the analyst on what are called the biological and ethological aspects of these theories will have important implications for the treatment of patients. The theoretical position is illustrated by a lengthy clinical example involving a case of early injury to the self which suggests the pathology of narcissistic character disorder. But the case also illustrates the contribution to development of fragmentation and narcissism, which are revalued here as the ‘part‐for‐the‐whole’ and as one of the ‘motors’ of individuation. Working within a perspective that prioritizes the importance of the drive towards relationship, it is recommended that the analyst learns to respect and value phenomenologically the contribution of fragmentation and narcissism to normal development, if true healing is to occur.
Psyche, Matter and Synchronicity
Authors: LINDORFF DAVID
Published: October 2006

In 1948, and with Pauli s enthusiastic support, Jung began to write down his thoughts on synchronicity. A two‐year correspondence ensued, with a focus on psyche and matter, and the importance of acausality within the frameworks of physics and psychology.

This paper traces the improbable interaction between the physicist and the psychologist, as these great scientists enrich and merge their formative views on acausality. Bolstered by his dreams, Pauli draws a correspondence between psychology and atomic physics, centring on the ‘psychophysical problem’, including synchronicity. Seminal thoughts are discussed, such as the need to broaden the concept of the archetype, and to recognize that the future of analytical psychology is not to be found primarily in therapy but in a ‘unified holistic conception of nature and the status of man within it’. Two world pictures were constructed, identifying a non‐causal (non‐rational) side to reality, as experienced both in physics and the psyche. Pauli discusses his concept of a ‘neutral language’, the aim being to bridge the gap between psyche and matter, both of which are seen to rest on a common foundation, known to the alchemists as the unus mundus. The collaboration was highlighted with the publication of their book, The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche (1952), which emphasizes the archetypal influence of archetype on consciousness.
In the last analysis: archetypal themes in the analysis of an elderly patient with early disintegrative trauma
Authors: Wharton Barbara
Published: October 2006

Aspects of the analysis of an elderly patient with early disintegrative experiences are described: separation anxiety, an internalized attack upon vitality, and the fear of dependency were prominent features of the transference/countertransference relationship, while the search for meaning as death drew nearer continued to be the central theme. The patient's many dreams reveal a wealth of images whose complex interlinkings provided evidence of a heightened and energized individuation process aiming at the integrity of personality.
The animating body: psychoid substance as a mutual experience of psychosomatic disorder
Authors: Clark Giles
Published: October 2006

Starting from Jung's hypothesis of ‘the psychoid’, the author suggests that the concept can be extended and understood as a dynamic, relational and interpersonal experience‐especially in regressed analytic relations. The author then defines his use of the term ‘animating body’ as having to do with primitive animal imagery and with psychosomatic symptoms stemming from disturbed pre‐verbal and pre‐whole‐object stages of development. A case of a borderline patient is presented, whose projective identifications into the analyst infected him with her psychosomatic disorder, with her internalized Oedipal confusion and necessarily induced a mutually similar animal dream symbolism. If these embodied countertransference experiences (of desperate merging and sickening identification) can be lived through (tolerated and survived), thought through and interpreted, then they can actually become enlivening and lead to a therapeutic psychosomatic co‐ordination.
Jungian metapsychology and neurobiological theory
Authors: Tresan David I.
Published: October 2006

This paper deals with brain research and depth psychology. Because brain research is becoming significantly more sophisticated and increasingly able to assay the neurobiology of subjective (i.e. mental) eventsin vivo, it is suggested that any school of depth psychology will probably not survive as a mainstream treatment modality if its theory and practice is found to be in frank variance with the findings of the modern neurosciences. Jung's psychology is compared to Freud's and shown to be reasonably consonant with such findings. Historical highlights of Jung's non‐reductive way of conceptualizing and working are presented and put in the context of more recent scientifically defensible concepts (emergence, supervenience, complexity theory) from the fields of both philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. These concepts postulate a hierarchical model of reality which permits an exploration of the mind/brain relationship without resorting to reductionism or dualism. A sense of the present struggle is conveyed between the proponents of these and more traditional scientific concepts. Finally, the nature of mind/brain confluence is elucidated by examples from the areas of learning, memory, and the capacity to symbolize in order to illustrate how clinical practices and observations familiar to experienced depth therapists and also in agreement with Jungian theory are compatible with neuroscientific findings. A research suggestion is offered.
Fairy‐tales in psychotherapy
Authors: Dieckmann Hans
Published: October 2006

Fairy‐tales, like mythologies, can be found all over the world containing the same motif and chains of motifs. In this paper I have presented some theories on the occurrence of this archetypal phenomenon ranging from the old migration theory to Sheldrake's theory of morphogenetic fields. I have then tried to show how fairy‐tale‐motifs can appear in various ways in analytical therapy, often in hidden forms. We find them in patients’ dreams as well as in their fantasies and associations. If the therapist is open to them they will also appear in his or her amplifications. He or she might then take note of the fairy‐tale or point it out to the patient; in the latter case it might provide better access to the patient's problems and complexes as fairy‐tales have an emotional completeness because of their pictorial character. Finally I have described the favourite fairy‐tale of one of my patients and related it to his symptoms, his central complex and his personal ways of experiencing and behaving. This survey of how fairy‐tales can be used in therapy with children and with adults far from exhaustive.
The not‐so‐silent couple in the individual
Authors: Solomon Hester McFarland
Published: October 2006

This paper aims to examine two often separate areas of analytical enquiry, the nature of the self, with its foundation in the concept of a primary self which may achieve a sense of coherence over time, and the nature of internal objects, a concept that forms the basis of theories concerning part selves and sub‐personalities. It is argued that these concepts might be integrated to provide a unified model of the self, thereby integrating theoretically disparate aspects of mental structure and functioning. Through an examination of clinical material, the archetype of the coniunctio is evoked to offer an understanding of how, in the absence of a stable conjunction of (maternal) reverie and (paternal) thinking functions, a series of linked but oppositional internal couples may be created which lends to the self the experience of a combined and sustaining inner couple. The internal couple creates a source of psychological survival for the self, with the function of providing a reliable structure in which the processes of the self may unfold, but equally requiring strict adherence to a pernicious system of internal defences that allows for very little interaction with others outside the self. At the same time, these defences inevitably become blocks to further development, and the work of transformation is thwarted. For transformation to occur, it is necessary for the self to find another, often the analyst, who may be allowed to partake in the internal conjunction, thereby promoting a better grounding for the self.
INTENSIVE RUSSIAN IN RETROSPECT
Authors: Crowell Edith
Published: October 2006

[This account of a language course using the so‐called “Army method” will be especially interesting, we believe, because the author writes both as student‐participant and linguist‐observer. With comparable materials and techniques a teacher can use the method described here in successful teaching of other languages.]
SURVEY OF TESTS IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: LADO ROBERT
Published: October 2006

Summary Evaluation

None of the above tests fully meets the need for a linguistically valid English examination that may be administered abroad by untrained personnel who are busy with other duties. Those tests that come close to sound construction require the full attention of the examiner for varying lengths of time, or they require the use of records and phonographs that may or may not be available. Since considerable time and money have been spent on the preparation of these tests without attaining the desired goals, it seems appropriate to look at the difficulties in the hope of finding a practical solution. Following are some of the major obstacles and their possible solutions.

1. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to progress in these tests is the lack of a clear understanding of what English language is. As a result the approach to test making, except in the case of vocabulary, is a haphazard, almost mystic attempt to capture in a paragraph or a story what a foreign student has to know to attend our colleges. To overcome this difficulty we must first realize that what we need to test is how well the student uses and reacts to the meaningful signals that constitute the English language. The matter of how good a student he is, or how well he is going to do in engineering mechanics, for example, can be determined by his previous academic work in his own language; for that purpose he submits his academic records to the admitting institution. Once we concentrate on testing his control of the signals of the language itself we will make progress provided also that we base our tests on a scientific linguistic analysis of English.

2. Failure to make distinctions in the linguistic problems found by the various groups of foreign students is a weakness of many of the above tests, and yet the task of preparing separate tests for all language backgrounds is so enormous that we may never hope to have such tests except for a limited few languages. A practical solution to this problem may be that of keeping separate norms for the various national groups of students that take the tests.

3. A final roadblock to progress on a practical test for foreign students has been and is the need to test at least one aural skill, aural comprehension, which requires the use of records and phonographs. We do not have enough information on the correlation of aural comprehension with other language skills that can be measured more easily than aural comprehension. There is some hope that substitutions can be made without serious loss of validity.
LINGUISTIC INSIGHTS INTO THE READING PROCESS
Authors: Wardhaugh Ronald
Published: October 2006

Various linguists have put forward proposals for studying the reading process and for teaching reading. Bloomfield and Fries tried to use linguistic knowledge to devise a method of teaching reading based on a belief that children had to learn sound‐symbol relationships in order to read. Venezky has proposed a model of the reading process which is something of a bridge between their work and that of Chomsky and Halle. The latter have proposed that present English orthography is an optimal system for the language and that the phonemes of so much interest to Bloomfield and Fries are no more than methodological artifacts. However, they acknowledge that their phonological model might not be an appropriate one for children. If this is the case, then certain insights from Bloomfield and Fries may still be relevant. The possible applications of linguistics to reading are still uncertain in the absence of empirical evidence to support any of the present hypotheses.
PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND THE FUNCTION OF CERTAIN ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS
Authors: Takahaski George
Published: October 2006

One of the most difficult problems a student of English as a second language faces is the understanding of the functions and the usages of English prepositions. This is because English speakers, including teachers, are unable to offer any logical explanation, or clear conceptual framework for their occurrence or usage. While it is known that locative prepositions represent spatial or temporal relationships of objects in space, no fruitful study seems to have been made regarding these relationships, The most logical approach to the study of locative prepositions is to study how man perceives space and its properties. For the study of the relationships between the prepositions ‘at’, to, ‘on’ and ‘in’, the geometer's concepts of ‘point’, ‘line’, ‘surface’ and ‘solids’ are analyzed and applied. Further, a philosophical and mathematical logic, and a study of the nature of human perception, are presented in order to derive the psychological meanings which underlie these prepositions. The author concludes, after examination and analysis of various of their occurrences, that these prepositions are logically connected and their functions and meanings are comprehensible from the psycho‐physiological experiences of man in space.
ATTITUDINAL ASPECTS OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: October 2006

A major difference between first and second language acquisition is in the degree of variation in the levels of proficiency attained by learners. Among the factors proposed to account for this variation are method, age, aptitude and attitude. In a typical language learning situation, there are a number of people whose attitude to each other can be significant: the learner, the teacher, the learner's peers and parents, and the speakers of the language. One of the most important attitudinal factors is the attitude of the learner to the language and to its speakers. Use of an instrument that compares a subject's attitude to speakers of his native language and to speakers of a foreign language made possible a consideration of the nature and influence of this attitude. The extent to which foreign students newly arrived at American universities showed a greater desire to be like speakers of English than like speakers of their own language was significantly correlated with their proficiency in English. It is clear that the social role of language cannot be overlooked in the development of a theory of second language acquisition.
THAI TONE VARIANTS AND THE LANGUAGE TEACHERS
Authors: Palmer Adrian
Published: October 2006

It is common knowledge to teachers of tone languages that the phonetic shapes of tones vary in different phonological environments. This paper, based upon a limited instrumental study of Thai, provides a technique by which a teacher can identify the environmental conditions under which confusion is likely to occur, Two separate methods of charting are illustrated. One shows individual tone variation, and the other shows the effect of a specified tonal environment on all five tones. Both kinds of charts are useful in teaching Thai tones.
PREDICTION OF SUCCESS IN AUDIO‐LINGUAL AND COGNITIVE CLASSES
Authors: Chastain Kenneth
Published: October 2006

The audio‐lingual habit theory relates more closely to a mechanistic theory of learning while the cognitive code‐learning theory corresponds more nearly to a mentalistic interpretation. Although both researchers and teachers have tended toward an insistence upon one approach or the other as being the better method, the findings of this study indicated that the student ability factors which affect achievement in language learning are not the same under both methods of instruction. Furthermore, the results of the analyses suggested that, on the basis of information available to the counselor, it would be possible to assign a student to the type of class which would be most suitable to his particular capabilities.
VOCABULARY GLOSSES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE READING MATERIALS
Authors: Holley Freda M. , King Janet K.
Published: October 2006

Although the glossing of word meanings is a traditional practice in the preparation of foreign language reading materials, research establishing its value has apparently not been undertaken. Drawing its rationale from verbal learning research, this study was designed to investigate two forms of glossing and an attached word list in reading selections having low and high new‐word densities for their effects upon vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. The results support neither the view that glosses facilitate vocabulary learning nor that they hamper it. The form of meaning presentation also does not appear to affect reading comprehension for the materials involved.
A STRUCTURAL APPROACH vs. A SITUATIONAL APPROACH TO FOREIGN‐LANGUAGE TEACHING1
Authors: Hauptman Philip C.
Published: October 2006

Two approaches to foreign‐language instruction were compared in an experiment in which American children learned Japanese. In the “structural approach,” materials were sequenced in order of increased difficulty of grammatical and lexical forms. In the “situational approach,” the same materials were presented in the form of meaningful dialogues; sequencing did not depend upon the relative difficulty of grammatical and lexical items.

The principal findings of the experiment were: (1) that the situational approach produced results equal to or better than those of the structural approach, (2) that the situational approach produced significantly better results among students of high language aptitude and intelligence; and (3) that there was no significant difference between approaches among students of lower aptitude and intelligence.

A major implication of this study for foreign language teaching is that in elementary courses for children, it is unnecessary to sequence content materials according to the linguistic difficulty of grammatical and lexical forms. In classes which are heterogeneous or of generally high intelligence and language aptitude, sequencing by situations is more beneficial than sequencing according to relative linguistic difficulty.
SOME SOURCES OF READING PROBLEMS FOR FOREIGN‐LANGUAGE LEARNERS 1
Authors: Yorio Carlos Alfredo
Published: October 2006

According to Kenneth Goodman (1967), reading is a psycholinguistic process in which the reader, guided by (he knowledge of the language being read, reconstructs an encoded message by selecting syntactic and semantic cues as he proceeds. To read in a foreign language, we use basically the same method, even though native language interference and unfamiliarity with the code make the process much more complex. Foreign students consider vocabulary their most serious handicap in reading English; because of the nature of the reading process, words are the smallest physical meaningful units of the message and they play a more important role and constitute more of a problem than we are sometimes willing to concede. Current pedagogical approaches to dealing with this problem could be modified with a more accurate understanding of the reading process. Several specific suggestions are made.
THE USE OF FILMS IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
Authors: Morley H. Joan , Lawrence Mary S.
Published: October 2006

[This is the third of a three‐part report on the development of a program at the English Language Institute which uses documentary films for the improvement of aural comprehension, speaking, writing, and reading in English as a second language. Part I was a general description of the program; Part II was a discussion of the writing aspects of the program; the first two parts appeared in Language Learning, Volume 21, Number 1 (June 1971) pp. 117‐135; Part III is a discussion of the treatment of aural comprehension in the program.]
MOTIVATION TO LEARN AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
Authors: Lukmani Yasmeen M.
Published: October 2006

Marathi‐speaking high school students were tested on English proficiency and the nature of their motivation for learning English. The results showed that they were instrumentally motivated to learn English and that instrumental motivation scores correlated significantly with English proficiency scores. They regarded the two communities, Marathi‐speakers and English‐speaking Indians, as their reference groups for different areas of their life, and saw themselves as based in their own cummunity but reaching out to modern ideas and life‐styles.
AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF THE SPOKEN ENGLISH OF MEXICAN‐AMERICAN PUPILS IN A BILINGUAL SCHOOL AND A MONOLINGUAL SCHOOL1
Authors: Politzer Robert L. , Ramirez Arnulfo G.
Published: October 2006

Speech samples were obtained from Mexican‐American children who attended a monolingual school (N = 67) and Mexican‐American children who attended a bilingual school (N = 59) in the same school district. The children were asked to tell the story of a silent movie they had watched immediately before being interviewed. Their answers were recorded on tape and transcribed. Deviations from standard English were counted and categorized. The main findings of the study were (a) that the causes of deviations from standard English appeared to include the expected interference of Spanish as well as the improper application of standard English rules and the influence of nonstandard English dialects, and (b) that children in the bilingual school did not differ significantly from those in the monolingual school with respect to frequency of deviations from standard English.
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY TESTS AS PREDICTORS OF SUCCESS IN GRADUATE STUDIES IN EDUCATION
Authors: Gue Leslie R. , Holdaway Edward A.
Published: October 2006

One hundred twenty‐three Thai graduate students in Education studying on a one‐year program at The University of Alberta, Canada, completed two administrations of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), after arrival in Canada. TOEFL scores, both total and subtest, together with interview panel ratings obtained in Thailand, were correlated with final grade‐point averages earned in the Alberta program, in an attempt to find the best predictor of academic success. Differing “best” predictors were found in each of the four years of the study. None displayed a high degree of predictive power. The study provided support for the operating of a Summer Language Program for this group of foreign students at a Canadian university. It also supported continued use of objective‐type language tests as a selection device for foreign students, and demonstrated a need for further experimentation with the use of interview panels as a selection procedure.
A MODEL PROGRAM FOR TEACHING ADVANCED READING TO STUDENTS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Eskey David E.
Published: October 2006

In the ideal language program for advanced foreign students, the reading component will not be an adjunct to the teaching of oral skills (since reading may be the most important skill to master) but will instead concentrate on reading for its own sake, and will not attempt to teach the reading skill directly (since no one really knows what reading is or how readers do it) but will instead provide instruction in the critical skills required at each level of the reading process and plenty of practice in reading itself. The model reading program posited here subdivides into an intensive program, comprising in‐class instruction, and an extensive program, which is mainly outside reading. (Speed reading constitutes an exception to this rule.) The intensive program is designed to increase the student's mastery of the syntax and lexicon of written English, and to provide him with vital crosscultural information and a brief introduction to English rhetoric. One technique recommended for both the teaching and testing of advanced reading is cloze procedure, which draws on all of the critical skills.