bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização arbórea da principal praça de Almenara, Minas Gerais
Authors: Sousa Marival Pereira de , Ramalho Arine Barbosa , Crepaldi Maria Otávia Silva , Carregosa Rabbani Allivia Rouse
Published: June 2020

A arborização urbana é imprescindível para um melhor conforto da cidade. Contudo, existem aspectos que devem ser levados em consideração para que atinja todo seu potencial ambiental e social, como escolha de espécies e técnicas adequadas de plantio. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica das árvores da praça Dr. Hélio Rocha Guimarães, em Almenara (MG), visando a colaborar com informações que possam auxiliar no correto planejamento e gestão da arborização da praça. Na pesquisa, foram levantados dados como número de árvores com padrão de altura mínima de dois metros, nome comum, nome científico, família, origem, porte, condição fitossanitária, além de aspectos dendrométricos e podas sofridas, condição do espaço livre da planta e do sistema radicular, e espaçamento entre árvores. Foram encontradas 47 árvores entre nove diferentes espécies, das quais 55,6% de origem exótica. Quanto ao número de árvores, a predominância é de nativas (72,3%); dentre elas, a Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch ou oiti (55,3%). As árvores são em sua maioria de grande porte (87%), com média de altura total de 12 m, ocupando área média de copa de 132,6 m2 e espaçamento entre si de 9,46 m. A praça apresentou um conforto do ponto de vista ambiental, considerando os aspectos estéticos e de conforto térmico. Contudo, deficitário em termos de diversidade biológica e, considerando que as árvores possuem bom espaçamento entre si, a mobilidade dos seus frequentadores fica comprometida apenas em relação aos danos causados por afloramento de raízes em alguns locais.
O Jardim Botânico de São Paulo e a promoção da restauração ecológica junto às escolas
Authors: Maciel Nelson Antonio Leite
Published: June 2020

O Núcleo de Pesquisa em Educação para a Conservação é responsável pelas ações educativas e pela divulgação científica do Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Infraestrutura e Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo e, através de seu programa educativo, visa fomentar a compreensão sobre a importância da conservação da biodiversidade, desenvolvendo visitas educativas e atividades de interpretação ambiental. De março de 2016 a dezembro de 2017, investigou-se quais aspectos da restauração ecológica interessaram aos professores que visitaram nosso espaço e vivenciaram nossas atividades. Apenas 12% das escolas pesquisadas apontaram a restauração ecológica como objetivo da visita. Nessas escolas, atenderam-se 3.483 alunos e 212 professores. Os resultados indicaram que o Jardim cumpre sua missão educativa e conservacionista, pois está sintonizado ao trabalho que as escolas desenvolvem. Os conteúdos trabalhados, durante e após as visitas, refletem os conhecimentos e habilidades necessários para o entendimento dos processos de restauração ecológica.
Secretome Analysis of Host Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii after Treatment of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/4 Inhibitors
Authors: Kim Hye-Jung , Ahn Hye-Jin , Kang Hyeweon , Park Jaehui , Oh Seul gi , Choi Saehae , Lee Won-Kyu , Nam Ho-Woo
Published: June 2020

Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous, intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, infects an estimated one-third of the human population as well as a broad range of warm-blooded animals. We have observed that some tyrosine kinase inhibitors suppressed the growth of T. gondii within host ARPE-10 cells. Among them, afatinib, human epithermal growth factor receptor 2 and 4 (HER2/4) inhibitor, may be used as a therapeutic agent for inhibiting parasite growth with minimal adverse effects on host. In this report, we conducted a proteomic analysis to observe changes in host proteins that were altered via infection with T. gondii and the treatment of HER2/4 inhibitors. Secreting proteins were subjected to a procedure of micor basic reverse phase liquid chromatography, nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and ingenuity pathway analysis serially. As a result, the expression level of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K, semaphorin 7A, a GPI membrane anchor, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A, and calpain small subunit 1 proteins were significantly changed, and which were confirmed further by western blot analysis. Changes in various proteins, including these 4 proteins, can be used as a basis for explaining the effects of T. gondii infections and HER2/4 inhibitors.
Descriptions of Two Digenean Trematodes Found from a Chinese Sea Snake, Laticauda semifasciata, in Republic of Korea
Authors: Choe Seongjun , Kim Il-Hun , Kim Min-Seop , Lee Hae Rim , Kim Youngjun , Eom Keeseon S.
Published: June 2020

We intended to describe 2 digenean trematodes found from a Chinese sea snake, Laticauda semifasciata, as the new fauna in the Republic of Korea. The snake was caught offshore of Aewol-eup, Jeju-do, in August 2017. Two species of fluke were found in the lung and intestinal tract of the snake in the process of necropsy. They were identified as Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus Coil and Kuntz, 1960 and Harmotrema laticaudae Yamaguti, 1933, respectively based on the morphological characters. Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus showed elongated body with well-developed and elongated male genital system and compact vitelline. And H. laticaudae was characterized by linguiform body with heavily armed cirrus with excretory system. This is the first time both species have been reported and described off the Korean coast. We provide morphological descriptions with some comments on their biology and geographical distribution. In addition, the taxonomic validity of the genus Hydrophitrema Sandars, 1960 was discussed, in terms of morphological descriptions and host ranges. This study provides novel insight into digenean fluke species existing off the coast of Korea.
First Infestation Case of Sarcoptic Mange from a Pet Rabbit Oryctolagus Cuniculus in Republic of Korea
Authors: Choe Seongjun , Kim Sungryong , Na Ki-Jeong , Nath Tilak Chandra , Ndosi Barakaeli Abdieli , Kang Yeseul , Bia Mohammed Mebarek , Lee Dongmin , Park Hansol , Eamudomkarn Chatanun , Jeon Hyeong-Kyu , Eom Keeseon S.
Published: June 2020

In November 2019 a 5-month-old mixed-breed rabbit presented to Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea (Korea) with symptoms comprising pruritus, crusts on skin, poor appetite and reduced defecation. The rabbit was purchased 2 months prior from a pet shop located in a big market, and that the symptoms were first observed about 2 weeks prior to the hospital visit. Physical examination revealed that the patient had crust formation and alopecia on the nose together with lesions on the digits. A skin scraping test was performed using mineral oil and a high density of mites was observed by microscopy. Each mite showed a round, tortoise-like body with 4 comparatively short pairs of legs. The anus was located at the terminal unlike with suspected pathogen, Notoedres cati. Based on morphological characteristics, we identified the mite as Sarcoptes sp. Ivermectin was administered weekly by subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg, and 4 weeks of follow-up study revealed the patient was fully recovered. And no more mites were detected from the case. This is the first case report of sarcoptic mange in a pet rabbit in Korea.
GrassView - the form and function of grass: a multimedia program
Authors: Ashley E.P. , Matthew C. , Hodgson J.
Published: June 2020

GrassView - the form and function of grass is an interactive computer programme which uses video footage, narration, sound, computer based 3D animation, graphical displays of information, charts and quizzes to present a description of the morphology of a grass tiller and the implications for sward behaviour. The programme is designed for flexibility of use. In interactive mode it could be used for self-directive study, whereas in linear mode it could be video-projected as a presentation to a class of students or to an assembled group. It has been optimised to run under Windows 95 or NT 4.0 and is distributed as a CD. Keywords: computer program, grass form and function, grass morphology, interactive program, leaf extension,
AR37 endophyte effects on porina and root aphid populations and ryegrass damage in the field
Authors: Popay A.J. , Cotching B. , Moorhead A. , Ferguson C.M.
Published: June 2020

The novel endophyte, AR37, in ryegrass has reduced porina larval survival and plant damage in pot trials. To determine the effect of AR37 on larvae in the field, populations were estimated in two ryegrass field trials in Canterbury. Plant damage and plant densities were also scored in one trial. At Ceres Farm, no porina were found in Italian ryegrass 'Status' infected with AR37 whereas low populations (
Giant buttercup - modelling the financial benefits of control on a Golden Bay dairy farm
Authors: Bourdôt Graeme , King Warren , Rennie Grant
Published: June 2020

Giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L. subsp. acris), a weed of European origin with a potential distribution embracing all of New Zealand, currently infests pastures in six of 17 dairying regions. It reduces the quantity of pasture consumed by deterring grazing, but its impact on whole-farm profitability is not well understood. To redress this, the effect of the weed and the impact of herbicides varying in efficacy were modelled with Farmax Dairy Pro®. On a dairy farm "typical" of the Golden Bay area, with the ground cover of giant buttercup peaking at 12% in November (the average per paddock cover measured on an infested farm), profit was reduced by $1040/ha ($1830 vs. $2870). Synthetic herbicides applied at label rates increased profitability, but only where the control was better than ca. 30% with MCPA or ca. 60% with flumetsulam. By contrast, a hypothetical biological herbicide giving 50% control had a break-even cost of $485/ha. The models show that giant buttercup reduces the profitability of a typical Golden Bay dairy farm by 36% and that its effective control can bring large financial gains. Keywords: dairy pasture, economics, Farmax Dairy Pro®, model, profitability, weed control
Seasonal differences in the capacity of perennial ryegrass to respond to gibberellin explained
Authors: Ball C.C. , Parsons A.J. , Rasmussen S. , Shaw C. , Rowarth J.S.
Published: June 2020

Perennial ryegrass plants (Lolium perenne) were taken from an established field at two different stages in the season (mid-winter and again at mid-summer). They were then grown in a controlled environment to both "lock in" their contrasting developmental states and to look at the role of nitrogen supply, temperature, and developmental state separately to evaluate the potential of plants to respond to exogenous application of gibberellin. Responses to exogenous gibberellin (gibberellic acid, GA) were significant but were far smaller in summer-derived than winter-derived plants. The major difference in response to GA (compared with controls) between winter-derived and summerderived plants suggests that seasonal changes in plant developmental state have a major effect in the field on the capacity for the plants to respond to exogenous GA application. This effect is greater than that of temperature and N availability. This raises new prospects for making sustained increases in plant growth, but only if the fundamental mechanisms by which plants control their responses to environmental signals (e.g., temperature and soil N status) can be understood. The role of gibberellins (endogenous as well as externally applied) in changes in plant growth strategy presents a new challenge for forage plant science.
Pasture growth and quality on West Coast dairy farms
Authors: Dalley D.E. , Gardner G.
Published: June 2020

Variation in rainfall, soil type and growing degree days across the West Coast creates wide variation in pasture growth rates. Farmers require pasture growth rate and quality information local to their environment to assist them with their on-farm decision making. Four farms in different geographical regions of the South Island's West Coast were monitored for four years to measure pasture growth rate (weekly, plate meter), nutrient composition (fortnightly, pre-grazing) and soil temperature (weekly, 10 cm depth). Average monthly pasture growth rate varied between the farms, however the seasonal trends were similar in all regions. There was significant variation in average monthly growth rate between years for individual farms. Soil temperature explained some of the trends in pasture growth rate, particularly in winter and early spring. Pasture quality was lowest during the summer months when neutral detergent fibre concentrations were greater. Pasture crude protein concentration exceeded 25% in 63% of the samples collected. Information reported will allow dairy farmers and their advisors to develop feed budgets and assess the appropriateness of the stocking rate and calving date of the farm relative to the annual pasture growth patterns. Times of year when the greatest variability occurs have now been identified for each sub-region. Keywords: West Coast, pasture growth, pasture quality, dairy
Long term pasture growth patterns for Southland New Zealand: 1978 to 2012
Authors: Smith L.C.
Published: June 2020

Pasture growth rates for Southland were reported by several researchers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. However, pasture species and farm management systems have changed somewhat since then. This paper presents data from measurements at Woodlands, near Invercargill, that have been ongoing since 1977, and discusses some of the variability that has occurred over the years. Measurement of pasture growth was done using a standardised cutting method known as "rate of growth" or moving cages, with measurements every 3 weeks. Annual yields were calculated from 1 June to 31 May of the next year. The pasture growth at Woodlands is characterised by a spring-summer peak of growth followed by a deep winter trough where growth is minimal. Long-term average annual growth was 11.8 t DM/ha for older 'Ruanui' based pasture and 12.7 t DM/ ha for newer 'Nui'/'Supreme'/'Greenstone' ryegrass based pasture. However the newer pasture produced considerably more (ca.14.2 t DM/ha/year) for an initial period of 3 years, after which time the production dropped back to be similar to the old pasture (ca.12.0 t DM/ha/year). Key words. pasture growth; long-term; annual variability
Understanding Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) responses to defoliation in Uruguay
Authors: Ayala W. , Barrios E. , Bermúdez R. , Serrón N.
Published: June 2020

This trial provided information about the effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on the productivity and plant population of a plantain pasture. Despite the restrictions in plantain management, the focus is to promote its use as specialised pasture for specific purposes. Maximum herbage production was 10.9 t DM/ha/year for a frequent and severely defoliation treatment. Frequency of defoliation affected productivity at different times, mainly in spring (P=0.0013), production being promoted by frequent defoliation intervals (21 days). Plant population was affected by defoliation strategies during the year, being promoted by infrequent and lightly defoliation regimes. Previous results showed that the effects of intense defoliation increased over time, reducing plant size and density. The understanding of plantain response to defoliation regimes will contribute to increased outputs of plantain pastures and extend species persistence, and allow management strategies to be defined according to the production system. Keywords: defoliation, intensity, frequency, population
Assessments of N leaching losses from six case study dairy farms using contrasting approaches to cow wintering
Authors: Chrystal J.M. , Dalley R.M.Monaghan D. , Styles T.
Published: June 2020

The expansion of the southern dairy herd in New Zealand has raised a number of concerns about the sustainability of grazing brassica forage crops. Here we provide an assessment of the contribution of these crops to the potential for N losses to water at a wholefarm system level, and compare these with metrics derived for systems that use alternative approaches for wintering cows. The risks of nutrient losses to water from six Monitor Farms that use contrasting approaches to dairy cow wintering were assessed using the Overseer® Nutrient budgets model (Overseer). This modelling assessment was supplemented with detailed information about the management of effluent generated from off-paddock cow wintering facilities such as wintering pads and covered housing. Predictions of N losses from individual farm blocks indicated that both winter- and summer-grazed brassica forage crops have a relatively high potential for N leaching losses. Expressed at a whole-system level (i.e. accounting for the milking platform, winter forage crop and other support land), the winter forage crops accounted for between 11 and 24% of total N leaching losses, despite representing only 4 to 9% of the area. The high N leaching losses predicted for summer-grazed forage crops were attributed to the limited opportunity for N uptake of excreted urinary N by the following new pasture. Another risk identified for some farms was the current practice of applying effluents collected from off-paddock facilities to land during winter. These assessments suggest that off-paddock cow wintering systems can help to minimise N losses from farms to water, although the storage and safe return to land of effluents and manures generated from the housing facilities is essential if this potential benefit is to be realised. Our assessments also suggest that summer crop paddocks have a relatively high potential for N leaching losses, although further research is needed to confirm this. Keywords: dairy cow wintering, Southland, nitrate leaching, grazed brassica forage crops.
Cleancrop™ Brassica System: The development of herbicide resistant brassica crops for New Zealand farming systems
Authors: Dumbleton A. , Gowers S. , Conner A. , Christie M. , Kenny P. , Mulcock H. , Charteris B.
Published: June 2020

This paper presents results from a breeding program which, using seed mutagenesis combined with traditional plant breeding techniques, has resulted in the development of the Cleancrop™ Brassica system. Seedlings of Brassica napus with increased chlorsulfuron resistance were identified following seed mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and in vitro screening of seedlings in the presence of the herbicide. Surviving herbicide resistant seedlings were used in a traditional breeding program to introgress resistance into leafy turnip, bulb turnip, rape and swede. Acceptable herbicide resistance to at least a double application of chlorsulfuron from either a preemergence or a 4-leaf post emergence timing has now been produced in all these crops. Results from trials sown at Lincoln, Canterbury and Knapdale, Southland with chlorsulfuron herbicide application at both these timings with HT-S57 swede showed excellent weed control and no noticeable crop phytotoxicity. The preemergence herbicide application produced significantly more total dry matter per hectare than the untreated control. This weed management system represents a new tool for New Zealand farmers which will expand the use of forage brassica crops into more marginal areas which historically have had difficult to control weed problems. Keywords: Seed mutagenesis, chlorsulfuron, acetolactate synthase, field plant breeding, Cleancrop™ Brassica System, HT Brassica™
Opportunities to decrease the water quality impact of spring forage crops on dairy farms
Authors: Dennis S.J. , Mcdowell R.W. , Stevens D.R. , Dalley D.
Published: June 2020

Currently spring forage crops are used to manage late calving cows on the dairy platform, protect spring pasture from pugging damage, and allow the animals to feed on a mix of brassica and pasture to transition to a pasture-based diet. In addition, like winter forage crops, they could contribute considerable water quality contaminants via surface runoff. However, it may be possible to manage farms without spring forage crops. Two Southland dairy farms were used to show: 1) flowweighted mean concentrations of many water quality contaminants in surface runoff from a spring-grazed forage crop were similar to those found in studies of winter-grazed forage crops; and 2) that, using growth rate data for 2007-2012, in no year was the modelled forage crop beneficial from a feed supply perspective, and in all years the farms had similar financial performances and fewer feed deficits under all-grass management. Hence, good pasture management (e.g. avoiding treading damage using a stand-off pad and short grazing times) may negate the need for a spring forage crop, decreasing contaminant losses while not impairing farm profitability. Keywords: surface runoff, transition diet, water quality, winter forage crop.
Can herb-clover mixes increase lamb liveweight gains in spring?
Authors: Sinhadipathige S.C.S. , Kenyon P.R. , Kemp P.D. , Morris S.T. , Morel P.C.H.
Published: June 2020

Herb-clover mixes have resulted in faster lamb liveweight gain than perennial ryegrass over summer, but it is not known if this would occur in spring. Lamb liveweight gain in spring was compared on three treatments: Pasture mix: perennial ryegrass and white clover; Plantain mix: plantain, white clover and red clover; and Chicory mix: plantain, chicory, white clover and red clover, over a 28-day period. Average daily liveweight gain (g/day) was higher (P
Establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa) sown on five dates with four inoculation treatments
Authors: Wigley K. , Moot D.J. , Khumalo Q. , Mills A.
Published: June 2020

The establishment and growth of 'Stamina 5' lucerne (Medicago sativa) seed sown with three inoculant carriers (ALOSCA®, coated, and peat slurry treated) or as bare seed (control) on five dates (21 October 2010, 9 November 2010, 8 December 2010, 13 January 2011 and 3 February 2011) was investigated on a Lismore stony silt loam soil at Ashley Dene dryland research farm in Canterbury. Initial lucerne populations were 300 plants m-2 from coated seed and on average 200 ± 11.2 plants m-2 from bare seed, ALOSCA® and the peat slurry inoculated seed. The higher population from coated seed treatments did not confer a herbage yield advantage. In the establishment year, yield was lowest (0.59 t DM ha-1) from the last sowing (3 February 2012) and highest from sowing dates (SD) 2 and 3 (2.6 ± 0.12 t DM ha-1). Yields were restricted by the low volumetric soil moisture content from November until March. The declining autumn photoperiod (14.9 to 14.1 hours) probably increased the partitioning priority of assimilates to the roots, reducing the above ground DM in the later sowing dates. In most cases, DM yields in Year1 were unaffected by seed inoculant treatments. In Year 2, DM production from the peat slurry treated seed (8.0 t ha-1) was highest, while coated seed crops were lowest (6.0 t ha-1). The effects of sowing date carried through to the second year with lower DM yields from SD4 and SD5 (6.0 ± 0.18 t ha-1) compared with 7.3 ± 0.18 t ha-1 from the earlier sowing dates. Keywords: alfalfa, ALOSCA®, bare seed, coated seed, Ensifer meliloti, peat slurry treated seed, rhizobia, sowing date
Plant population, yield and water use of lucerne sown in autumn at four sowing rates
Authors: Moot D.J. , Pollock K.M. , Lewis B.
Published: June 2020

Successful establishment of lucerne requires an adequate plant population to maximise yield and maintain stand persistence. The impact of autumn sowing lucerne at four sowing rates was investigated in a split-plot experiment at Lincoln University, Canterbury from 2007-2012. Emerged seedlings represented about 50% of the seeds sown regardless of the 7-16 kg/ha sowing rate. Self-thinning occurred at a faster rate from the higher sowing rates with populations of 80 plants/m2 in all treatments by Year 6. These populations ensured annual DM yields were maximised and similar across sowing dates and rates, in all years. However, the 10 t DM/ha yield in Year 1 was below the 13 t/ha average from Years 2-5. This suggests Year 1 crops were still in an establishment phase in their first spring after autumn sowing. This is supported by the initial spring water use efficiency (WUE) in Year 1 crops of 15-20 kg DM/ ha/mm of water used. This was lower than the 30-40 kg DM/ha/mm in subsequent years, and is consistent with Year 1 crops partitioning a higher proportion of assimilate below ground during the establishment phase. These calculated WUE values were probably overestimated because they were based on NIWA assumptions of 150 mm of available water for pastures, which appears to be too low for lucerne. Keywords: alfalfa, Medicago sativa
Nitrogen loss mitigation using duration-controlled grazing: Field observations compared to modelled outputs
Authors: Christensen C.L. , Hedley M.J. , Hanly J.A. , Horne D.J.
Published: June 2020

Dairy farmers in New Zealand are encouraged to adopt a range of management strategies, both well established and emerging, to reduce nitrogen (N) losses to waterways. In most regions the OVERSEER® nutrient budgeting software (Version 6) (hereafter referred to as Overseer) is the tool of choice in the assessment of N losses for both regulatory and monitoring purposes. As part of these processes, Overseer is used to assess the impact of improved farm practices on N leaching and runoff from individual farms. In a 3-year dairy system field trial at Massey University, N losses in leaching and runoff under duration-controlled grazing (DC; 4 hours per grazing) were compared with those under standard grazing (SG; 7 hours per day-grazing, 13 hours per night-grazing). A 36% reduction in total nitrogen (TN) losses under DC grazing was measured (14 kg TN/ha) relative to standard grazing (22 kg TN/ha). Farmers adopting DC grazing as a mitigation strategy will only be able to claim the reduction in TN losses estimated by Overseer, and thus observations from the field trial were compared with outputs from Overseer. There was good agreement between the Overseer predictions of N leaching and values measured at the trial site for both the SG and DC grazing treatments. A second Overseer simulation of a DC system suggests that while Overseer is able to predict the reductions in N leaching under DC grazing reasonably well, some issues such as runoff losses and storage of effluent need further consideration. Keywords: Duration-controlled grazing; OVERSEER®; N leaching
Pasture renewal on Bay of Plenty and Waikato dairy farms: impacts on pasture production and invertebrate populations post-establishment
Authors: Tozer K.N. , Rennie G.M. , King W.M. , Mapp N.R. , Bell N.L. , Cameron C.A. , Eden T.M.
Published: June 2020

The impact of renewal on pasture production was determined by monitoring renewed and unrenewed pastures on five farms in each of Bay of Plenty and Waikato for 3 years, excluding the year after sowing (establishment). Renewed pastures produced an additional 1.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha averaged over both regions in the second year after establishment and 1.9 t DM/ha in each of the third and fourth years. Renewed pastures also had greater clover DM content in spring and summer and lower broadleaf weed DM content in winter. Perennial ryegrass tiller densities were similar in renewed and unrenewed pastures in both regions. There were fewer white-fringed weevil, black beetle and total nematodes in renewed pastures on at least one of the sampling times. It was concluded that higher clover content, fewer weeds, and fewer insect pests contributed to greater DM production in renewed pastures. Keywords: Pasture renewal; dairy pastures; pasture persistence; DM production; regrassing
Effects of potassium, sodium and chloride fertiliser rates on fodder beet yield and quality in Canterbury
Authors: Chakwizira E. , Meenken E.D. , Maley S. , George M. , Hubber R. , Morton J. , Stafford A.
Published: June 2020

There is renewed interest in fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production in the South Island of New Zealand. However, recommended agronomic practices for maximising productivity and quality are limited. Two experiments investigating the effects of different rates (kg/ha) of potassium (K; 150 or 300), sodium (Na; 100 or 200) and chloride (Cl; 240) fertiliser application on fodder beet dry matter (DM) production, nutrient concentration and uptake were carried out at Southbridge (2011) and Bankside (2012), Canterbury, New Zealand. Final DM yield was unaffected by the treatments: averaging 32 t DM/ha at Southbridge and 21 t DM/ha at Bankside. However, there was a significant interaction between K and both Cl and Na, on DM yield at Southbridge. Specifically, yield increased to 38 t DM/ha with Na and decreased to 30 t DM/ha with Cl, in the presence of K. Application of K, Na, and Cl fertiliser increased the respective tissue mineral concentration and respective total uptake for both the bulb and shoot components. Potassium tended to depress crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and ash content of the bulbs and increase the metabolisable energy and soluble sugar. The combination of low fibre and high soluble sugar concentrations puts animals at risk of rumen acidosis. These results suggest that fodder beet crops subjected to high rate of soil and/ or fertiliser K should be supplemented with feed high in crude protein and fibre. Key words: Beta vulgaris L., agronomic practices, mineral concentration, mineral uptake, quality attributes.
Integrating maize and triticale in grass/clover based dairy systems: examining yields and autumn soil nitrate levels
Authors: Pinxterhuis J.B. , De Boer H.C. , Van Eekeren N.J.M. , Stienezen M.W.J.
Published: June 2020

To establish N-efficient crop rotations with perennial ryegrass/white clover, maize and triticale, a 9-year field experiment was executed on an organic experimental farm in the Netherlands. Crop rotations with different levels of slurry (dairy effluent from the free-stall barn, average dry matter content of 7%) application were tested for dry matter (DM) yield, N yield, soil mineral N in autumn, soil organic matter and soil organic N. Maize cropping and slurry application both increased annual DM yield. However, the second year of grass/ clover following maize, maize itself and slurry applications each resulted in higher soil mineral N in autumn, increasing the risk of nitrate leaching losses. A rotation of 4 years of grass/clover, 2 years of maize and 1 year of triticale resulted in relatively high average annual DM production (12 t DM/ha/year) for Dutch conditions, with a higher potential N leaching loss in 2 out of 7 years. Keywords: crop rotation, grass clover, maize, triticale, N efficiency, soil mineral N
Liveweight gain of lambs grazing three forage rapes which differ in total dry matter yield
Authors: Judson H.G. , Ferguson D.G. , Cutts M.K. , Moorhead A.J.E.
Published: June 2020

Three forage rape cultivars ('Greenland', 'Spitfire' and 'Winfred') which differed in height and total dry matter production were compared in a lamb finishing system. Groups of lambs were rotationally grazed on one of three forage rape varieties over a period of 8 weeks in a four replicate trial. Lambs were allocated 2.5 kg dry matter (DM)/head/day in weekly breaks. Lambs were shifted and weighed weekly. 'Greenland' (tall) had a higher DM yield (10 vs 7.6 t DM/ha) and carried a higher stocking rate (75 vs 56 lambs/ha), but had a lower utilisation (46 vs 63%) and supported a lower apparent intake (1.17 vs 1.45 kg DM/h/day) and lamb growth rate (146 vs 205 g/day) compared with 'Winfred' (short). Fast lamb growth rates were associated with high intakes of mainly leaf but also high quality stem. Leaf percentage should be a key breeding objective for forage rape breeders and farmers need to consider attributes of forage rape cultivars other than just total dry matter yield. Key words Forage rape, lamb, liveweight gain, dry matter yield, utilisation, quality
Yield and water use of a ryegrass/white clover sward under different nitrogen and irrigation regimes
Authors: Black A.D. , Murdoch H.M.
Published: June 2020

We investigated how N availability affected the wateruse efficiency (WUE) of a perennial ryegrass/white clover sward under different soil moisture regimes at Lincoln. Four combinations of ± N fertiliser and ± irrigation (I) were applied to plots rotationally grazed by sheep, and WUE (yield/water used) was measured from August 2011 to May 2013. The +N swards had a higher annual WUE than -N swards (27 vs 19 kg DM/ ha/mm) due to greater yields for the same amount of water used. This was associated with higher N contents in the +N grass herbage. The N response of WUE was consistent across soil moisture regimes and for most of each year. Irrigation did not affect annual WUE because the +I swards yielded more herbage but used more water than the -I swards. The results suggest that high WUE can be achieved by strategic applications of N fertiliser, use of pure legume swards, and through management that encourages clover growth in grass/clover swards. Keywords: dryland, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, water-use efficiency
Critical success factors when going global: New Zealand farming systems in South America
Authors: Wilson S.C. , Rowarth J.S.
Published: June 2020

New Zealanders are being encouraged to find offshore investment opportunities where using a New Zealand farming system will give a competitive advantage. This analysis investigated three pasture-based dairying operations in South America. A comparison of the three cases against a framework for dairying success identified in the literature enabled critical success factors to be identified. These included infrastructure, human and animal capital, and an understanding of culture. Keywords: Capital, culture, infrastructure, labour
Are diverse species mixtures better pastures for dairy farming?
Authors: Woodward S.L. , Waugh C.D. , Roach C.G. , Fynn D. , Phillips J.
Published: June 2020

Pressure on New Zealand's largely pasture-based dairy industry has grown with a drive to increase production, expansion into new regions and demand for farmers to mitigate environmental impacts e.g., leaching of excess urinary nitrogen. A 3-year trial in the Waikato investigating the use of mixed pasture (e.g. perennial ryegrass, white clover, prairie grass, lucerne, chicory and plantain) showed similar annual dry matter (DM) production to standard pasture (perennial ryegrass and white clover) with greater yields of mixed pasture during summer (December, January, February) when lucerne and chicory grew better than perennial ryegrass in the warm, dry conditions. However, this yield advantage did not persist during the winter (June, July, August). Milk yields from cows grazing the mixed and standard pasture were similar. The mixed pasture retained a high level of species diversity and, while a single "magic bullet" is an unlikely solution to the challenges facing dairy farmers, increased species diversity could reduce risks and increase pasture stability. Keywords: pasture species diversity, dry matter yield, milk, nitrogen
Innovation at Scott Farms, Tirau
Authors: Scott Ian
Published: June 2020

I run a mixed enterprise, dairy, deer and maize growing farm based on high value Tirau ash soils situated between Tirau and Matamata. Many neighbouring farms are being purchased for vegetable cropping as urban spread in Auckland forces the likes of Balle Bros and Wilcox & Sons further south. I continue to practice as a large animal veterinarian primarily serving dairy farmers, but also meeting quality assurance and animal welfare needs of the deer industry. After 35 years working with farmers, I am still amazed by the skill, inventiveness and sheer creativity demonstrated by so many of my clients.
Optimising farm resource allocation to maximise profit using a new generation integrated whole farm planning model
Authors: Rendel J.M. , Mackay A.D. , Manderson A. , O'Neill K.
Published: June 2020

A new generation integrated whole farm planning model ("the model") is introduced. In a departure from the use of whole farm and average data for decision making, this model integrates data from multiple land management units (LMUs) within a farm business and uses optimisation to identify farm system design to maximise profit under variable production and market conditions. The user supplies pasture growth rates, minimum and maximum acceptable pasture covers for each LMU, animal performance, farm costs and market prices. Additions or constraints can be placed on individual LMUs. The optimisation routine uses this information to identify the mix of production enterprises and management regimes that maximises profit for the business. A case study is presented based on a commercial sheep and beef farm with five distinct LMUs. Comparisons are made between: treating the farm as a single LMU and as five LMUs; with current and optimal farm system. Keywords: Farm System modelling, linear programming, optimisation, land management units, investment
Emergence and control of gorse seedlings after the 2017 Port Hills fire
Authors: Taylor Breanna J O , Pollock Keith M , Moot Derrick J
Published: June 2020

An experiment on the Port Hills, Canterbury, after mature gorse was burnt in the fires of February 2017, showed an oversown Italian ryegrass mix out-competed the rapidly germinating gorse seedlings. The shaded gorse seedling population reached a peak of 680 plants/m2 in June, declining to ~450 plants/m2 in October compared with >600 plants/m2 in the unshaded plots. As soil moisture dropped in summer, the gorse seedling population decreased to 10 plants/m2 by March 2018, compared with 73 plants/m2 in the unshaded plots. Gorse seedlings that had been shaded by Italian ryegrass had shorter roots and lower dry weights than those grown without competition. The oversown mix was more successful on the south than north-facing slope where more bare ground enabled patches of gorse to re-establish. The oversowing of Italian ryegrass was shown to be a viable option to control gorse particularly after an unplanned burn that removed the fences and water supply.
Plantain silage quality under variable management practices
Authors: Bariroh Nur Rizqi , Bryant Racheal H. , Black Alistair D.
Published: June 2020

Two studies investigated the effect of regrowth and additives on preservation and quality of plantain ensiled in spring using a micro-silage technique. Study 1 compared the effect of regrowth at four (4L), five (5L) or six leaf (6L) appearance. Study 2 compared fertilisers: 20 kg N/ha (20N), 20N plus potassium and phosphorus (20NPK) or 40 kg N/ha with P and K (40NPK) and additives: cellulose enzyme (ENZ), molasses (MOL), Biosil (BIO) or no additives (CON). After 180 days, wet chemistry was performed on all silages. Silages were dark brown and had a sweet smell, though fermentation was limited with an average pH of 5.2 and 5.8 in Study 1 and 2, respectively. However, pH declined (P<0.05) with early harvest, and use of N fertiliser or additives. Harvesting plantain for silage following a long regrowth is not recommended as the high stem content at this time contributed to low crude protein and low digestibility.
Soil pH, exchangeable aluminium and legume yield responses to deep-placed lime at Omarama Station
Authors: Hendrie Daniel L , Moir Jim L , Stevens E John , Black Alistair D , Moot Derrick J
Published: June 2020

The passive moment of lime down the soil profile in dryland is slow so a machine was developed to directly inject lime into soil, and was tested it at Omarama Station. Pelleted lime was injected at simultaneous depths of 5-10 cm and 20-25 cm below the soil surface at rates of 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 2000 kg/ha and these treatments were compared with 1000 kg/ha of surface-applied pelleted lime. The growth of lucerne, ‘Russell’ lupins and festulolium was recorded over 3 years. The deep-placed lime increased soil pH and reduced Al levels at soil depths of 25 and 30 cm, whereas for the surface-applied lime this was only the case in the top 7.5 cm of the soil. The deep-placed lime increased the growth of lucerne in the second and third years of the experiment. The lucerne was out-yielded by ‘Russell’ lupins in each year, which were unaffected by the application of lime.
Changes in soil carbon in hill-country under contrasting phosphorus fertiliser and sheep stocking rates
Authors: Mackay Alec D , Vibart Ronaldo , McKenzie Catherine
Published: June 2020

Carbon (C) measurements were analysed for soil sampled to two depths (0-75 and 75-150 mm) in 2003 and again in 2014 in three of the farmlets of a long-term phosphorus (P) fertiliser and sheep grazing experiment at the AgResearch Ballantrae Hill Country Research Station. The farmlets received either 125 kg/ ha/year of single superphosphate (SSP) from 1975-1979 and none since (LFNF), or the same amount of SSP applied as for LFNF from 1975-1979 and 125 kg SSP/ha/year since 1980 (LFLF), or 625 kg/ha/year of SSP applied from 1975-1979, and 375 kg SSP/ha/year since 1980 (HFHF). Carbon concentration in soil at both sampling depths was not affected by differences in P fertiliser inputs and sheep stocking rate, but there were significant (P<0.001) slope x farmlet and aspect x farmlet interactions. Data from this long-term study provide science, policy and industry with invaluable insights into the changes in soil C stocks in pastoral hill-country soils.
A case for integrating indigenous biodiversity into on-farm planning
Authors: Maseyk Fleur JF , Dominati Estelle J , Mackay Alec D
Published: June 2020

A considerable proportion of remaining indigenous species-dominant vegetation occurs on farmland inprivate ownership outside of the public conservation estate. This is particularly true of lowland settings,where native ecosystem representation is critically low. An opportunity exists to link indigenous biodiversityoutcomes on private land with the need to improve the delivery of broad ecosystem services fromfarm systems, at the same time reducing farming’s environmental footprint and improving farm resilienceto major climatic events. This discussion paper (i) highlights the current status of indigenous biodiversityon-farm (ii) explores the current status of research on the integration of indigenous biodiversity intoexisting farm planning initiatives and (iii) demonstrates through two case studies, the potential contribution ofindigenous biodiversity to economic, environmental, cultural and social outcomes on and beyond thefarm. While the condition and function of indigenous vegetation contributes to conservation outcomes, thisis just one, albeit important, relevant farm system outcome.
Kontribusi Filolog dalam Pembuktian di Persidangan: Studi Kasus Konflik Agraria Masyarakat Sunda Wiwitan
Authors: Yamin Yamin
Published: June 2020

Abstract: This article examines the philologist's contribution in the evidentiary procedural law in court. There are two contributions of the philologist in the evidence in court, namely the evidence of the letter (in the form of a written document that is studied philologically) and the witness's statement that shows the authenticity and content of the text. In other words, philologists not only provide the text, but also explain the content of the text and the context. However, in practice in the Kuningan District Court, the evidence in the form of manuscripts and the testimony of philologist witnesses in civil procedural law tends to only fulfill the formality aspect, while the substance is not considered. The basic problem is that judges in civil procedural law tend to pursue formal truth, paying less attention to the substantial aspects. In addition, traditional law recorded in the form of codification efforts or merely charter, ethnographic descriptions, or juridical documents needs to receive serious attention from law enforcers in defending customary law communities.

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Abstrak: Makalah ini menguraikan kontribusi para filolog dalam menyajikan teks hukum dan peranannya dalam hukum acara pembuktian di pengadilan. Ada dua kontribusi filolog dalam pembuktian di pengadilan, yaitu alat bukti surat (yang berupa dokumen tertulis yang dikaji secara filologis) dan keterangan saksi yang menunjukkan keotentikan dan kandungan teks.  Dengan kata lain, para filolog tidak hanya menyediakan teks, melainkan menjelaskan kandungan teks dan konteks.  Namun, dalam praktiknya di Pengadilan Negeri Kuningan, alat bukti yang berupa manuskrip dan keterangan saksi filolog dalam hukum acara perdata cenderung hanya memenuhi aspek formalitas, sedangkan substansinya kurang dipertimbangkan.  Problem mendasarnya adalah bahwa hakim dalam hukum acara perdata cenderung mengejar kebenaran formal, kurang memperhatikan aspek substansial.  Di samping itu, hukum tradisi yang direkam dalam bentuk upaya kodifikasi atau sekadar piagam, deskripsi etnografi, atau dokumen yuridik perlu mendapat perhatian serius para penegak hukum dalam membela masyarakat hukum adat.
Thermoelectric effect and a thermoelectric generator based on carbon nanostructures: achievements and prospects
Authors: Eidelman E D
Published: June 2020

Graphite-like (metal!) regions and diamond-like (dielectric!) regions in carbon nanostructures are very closely spaced. Based on this unique feature, a model of thermal emf produced due to the drag of electrons by ballistic phonons is developed and a model of thermal conduction during heat transfer through the graphite-like/diamond-like region interface is proposed. Experiments with a thermoelectric generator based on film carbon nanostructures are analyzed. Models of a thermoelectric generator based on a composite of a graphite-like matrix containing diamond nanoparticles and graphene impurities are proposed. These models both demonstrate the above-mentioned phenomena and predict the achievement of the maximum thermoelectric conversion efficiency.
Lama Perendaman Terhadap Kadar Hidrogen Peroksida (H2O2) Pada Ikan Asin di Purwokerto Tahun 2019
Authors: Mulyasari Tri Marthy
Published: June 2020

Hydrogen Peroxide is not included in the list of food additives that are allowed in Minister of Health Regulation Number 033 of 2012 concerning Food Additives. Hydrogen peroxide is often used in fishery products such as salted fish to preserve and as a bleach. Hydrogen peroxide can dissolve in water. This study aims to analyze the effect of long immersion on hydrogen peroxide levels in salted fish. This research is a pre-experimental research.The sample in this study amounted to 9 samples with 3 times replication. Independent variable in this research is long immersion (1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours). Dependent variable in this research is hydrogen peroxide concentration in salted fish.  Data analysis uses paired t test. The results of the analysis showed that the long immersion of 1 hour affected the reduction in H2O2 levels in salted fish with p values ​​of 0.015 (sample stockfish), 0.007 (sample jombrong), 0,000 (sample pethek). Long immersion of 2 hours affects the reduction in H2O2 levels in salted fish with a p value of 0.003 (sample stockfish); 0.007 (sample jombrong); 0.002 (sample pethek). Long immersion of 3 hours affects the reduction in H2O2 levels in salted fish with a p value of 0.001 (sample stockfish); p 0.003 (sample jombrong); p 0,000 (sample pethek). Immersion uses water significantly to reduce levels of hydrogen peroxide,then the community should wash salted fish with clean and flowing water before processing.