bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medial temporal lobe projections to the retrosplenial cortex of the macaque monkey
Authors: Aggleton John P. , Wright Nicholas F. , Vann Seralynne D. , Saunders Richard C.
Published: April 2012

The projections to the retrosplenial cortex (areas 29 and 30) from the hippocampal formation, the entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and amygdala were examined in two species of macaque monkey by tracking the anterograde transport of amino acids. Hippocampal projections arose from the subiculum and presubiculum to terminate principally in area 29. Label was found in layer I and layer III(IV), the former seemingly reflecting both fibers of passage and termination. While the rostral subiculum mainly projects to the ventral retrosplenial cortex, mid and caudal levels of the subiculum have denser projections to both the caudal and dorsal retrosplenial cortex. Appreciable projections to dorsal area 30 [layer III(IV)] were only seen following an extensive injection involving both the caudal subiculum and presubiculum. This same case provided the only example of a light projection from the hippocampal formation to posterior cingulate area 23 (layer III). Anterograde label from the entorhinal cortex injections was typically concentrated in layer I of 29a–c, though the very caudal entorhinal cortex appeared to provide more widespread retrosplenial projections. In this study, neither the amygdala nor the perirhinal cortex were found to have appreciable projections to the retrosplenial cortex, although injections in either medial temporal region revealed efferent fibers that pass very close or even within this cortical area. Finally, light projections to area 30V, which is adjacent to the calcarine sulcus, were seen in those cases with rostral subiculum and entorhinal injections. The results reveal a particular affinity between the hippocampal formation and the retrosplenial cortex, and so distinguish areas 29 and 30 from area 23 within the posterior cingulate region. The findings also suggest further functional differences within retrosplenial subregions as area 29 received the large majority of efferents from the subiculum. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uncertainty in the estimation of backwater effects at bridge crossings
Authors: Brandimarte Luigia , Woldeyes Martha Kebede
Published: April 2012

The presence of a bridge spanning over a river and its floodplain alters the condition of flow. In subcritical conditions, which are typical in alluvial rivers, this flow alteration results in the so‐called backwater effect, that is, an increase of the water surface elevation upstream of the structure as a response to increased energy losses. The extension of the expected backwater affected area and the increase in water surface elevation are highly dependent on the river morphology, bridge geometry, flow and floodplain characteristics and may originate upstream flooding. Thus, in many countries, at the stage of design a new bridge (or renovation works), a specific investigation on the backwater effect has to be undertaken to analyse its effect on the flooding of its vicinity. Bridge waterway hydraulics has been widely investigated in terms of practical research and some standard guidelines have been suggested for modelling the backwater effect at bridge crossings. Although the scientific literature has widely proven that hydraulic modelling is affected by many sources of uncertainty, the hydraulic modelling of backwater effects is still undertaken within a deterministic approach, based on the outcomes of a calibrated hydraulic model. This article aims at approaching the prediction of backwater effects at bridge crossings by accounting for the main sources of uncertainty affecting the hydraulic modelling exercise. A bridge over a highly vegetated floodplain (Tallahala Creek, Mississippi, USA) was considered for this analysis, and uncertainty in the model parameters and input data was assessed to predict backwater flood design profiles. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental representations: A systematic review of the working model of the child interview
Authors: Vreeswijk Charlotte M.J.M. , Maas A. Janneke B.M. , van Bakel Hedwig J.A.
Published: April 2012

This review provides an overview of results that have been obtained in studies using the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI). The WMCI is a structured interview that assesses parents' internal working models of the relationship with their young children. From the current infant mental health perspective, evaluating the quality of parents' representations about the infant–parent relationship is the main focus in the assessment and treatment of infants and their parents. Empirical quantitative studies (N = 24 articles) in which the WMCI was used for data collection were used for analysis. The distribution of balanced, disengaged, and distorted representations differed among various study populations. Parents' internal representations as reflected in their narratives about their child are affected by various factors such as maternal, child, and demographic characteristics. The WMCI is a valid and useful clinical and research tool that can be used in future studies examining the role of parental representations in infant development.
Forgotten survivors of intimate‐partner violence: The role of gender and mothering in infant development
Authors: Tailor Ketan , Letourneau Nicole
Published: April 2012

Although gender and mothering are critical factors in the development of infants exposed to intimate‐partner violence (IPV), the majority of research has focused on school‐age and adolescent populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the moderating effect of gender in the relationship between mother–infant interaction and infant development in families of IPV. Maternal report was used to measure infants' cognitive and social functioning while mother–infant interaction quality was assessed through an observational measure. Participants consisted of 44 mothers and their infants (4–43 months of age). While male infants showed poorer fine motor, problem‐solving, and personal‐social skills than did their female counterparts, comparable gross motor and communication skills were demonstrated. Moderator analysis for gender indicated that the association among maternal cognitive growth fostering and gross motor skills was significantly stronger for boys than it was for girls. No other moderator effects were detected. Analysis examining age, gender by age, and infant competencies did not reveal significant effects. Implications for clinical practice are considered, with special attention paid to women as mothers.
Influence of behavioral concerns and early childhood expulsions on the development of early childhood mental health consultation in Colorado
Authors: Hoover Sarah D. , Kubicek Lorraine F. , Rosenberg Cordelia Robinson , Zundel Claudia , Rosenberg Steven A.
Published: April 2012

This article examines how the Colorado study Children With Social, Emotional and Behavioral Concerns and the Providers Who Support Them (S.D. Hoover, 2006) was used to advance a statewide agenda for early childhood mental health consultation in Colorado. The study involved a survey of licensed childcare providers throughout the state asking about the behavior of children in their care and their responses to that behavior. Exclusion of children from early care and education settings due to challenging behavior was found to be a significant problem taking a toll on families, children, and early care and education providers. Importantly, results from the survey indicated that the rate of exclusion of children from care due to challenging behavior was lower for family childcare providers who had access to mental health consultation. Recommendations are offered regarding the infrastructure needed to sustain mental health consultation capacity in early care and education settings, and related policies and practices.
Acute toxic effects and gender‐related biokinetics of silver nanoparticles following an intravenous injection in mice
Authors: Xue Yuying , Zhang Shanshan , Huang Yanmei , Zhang Ting , Liu Xiaorun , Hu Yuanyuan , Zhang Zhiyong , Tang Meng
Published: April 2012

This study evaluated the acute toxicity and biokinetics of intravenously administered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in mice. Mice were exposed to different dosages of AgNPs (7.5, 30 or 120 mg kg−1). Toxic effects were assessed via general behavior, serum biochemical parameters and histopathological observation of the mice. Biokinetics and tissue distribution of AgNPs were evaluated at a dose of 120 mg kg−1 in both male and female mice. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was used to determine silver concentrations in blood and tissue samples collected at predetermined time intervals. After 2 weeks, AgNPs exerted no obvious acute toxicity in the mice. However, inflammatory reactions in lung and liver cells were induced in mice treated at the 120 mg kg−1 dose level. The highest silver levels were observed in the spleen, followed by liver, lungs and kidneys. The elimination half‐lives and clearance of AgNPs were 15.6 h and 1.0 ml h−1 g−1 for male mice and 29.9 h and 0.8 ml h−1 g−1 for female mice. These results indicated that AgNPs could be distributed extensively to various tissues in the body, but primarily in the spleen and liver. Furthermore, there appears to be gender‐related differences in the biokinetic profiles in blood and distribution in lungs and kidneys following an intravenous injection of AgNPs. The data from this study provides information on toxicity and biodistribution of AgNPs following intravenous administration in mice, which represents the worst case scenario of toxicity among all the different administration routes, and may shed light in the future use of products containing AgNPs in humans. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurologic indications for therapeutic plasma exchange: 2011 update
Authors: Gwathmey Kelly , Balogun Rasheed A. , Burns Ted
Published: April 2012

Neurologists commonly use therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) to treat a number of conditions. This concise review examines the most common neurologic indications for TPE. It focuses on Guillain‐Barre' syndrome and myasthenia gravis and also the role of TPE in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lambert–Eaton syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, paraproteinemic polyneuropathy, Sydenham's chorea, and natalizumab‐associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). As with any treatment, the proven efficacy, cost, side effects, and availability must be considered before initiation of therapy. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internal auditing and the Dodd‐Frank act
Authors: Shapiro David M.
Published: April 2012

The possible effect of the Dodd‐Frank Act on internal auditing and corporate culture has been the subject of wide speculation by experts. But the author of this article cautions that what it is feared to do at some point—and what it actually has done to date—are broadly different.

Is it likely to rehabilitate corporate cultures from the inside out? Will it be effective? The author, an expert in forensic accounting, weighs in with his opinion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Latent Factor Structure of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas: Are Schemas Organized Into Domains?
Authors: Kriston Levente , Schäfer Janina , von Wolff Alessa , Härter Martin , Hölzel Lars P.
Published: April 2012

Objective

In previous research it has not been clarified whether the first‐order schema factors of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) can be structured into higher order domains. We examined whether investigators’ subjective choices between complex models of the YSQ or chance as opposed to clinical diversity of the samples may be responsible for the heterogeneity of results reported in the literature.

Method

We used confirmatory factor analysis to compare several a priori defined domain models in a sample of 542 undergraduate students (82.8% female; mean age 24.1 years) and 590 nonstudent adults (73.9% female; mean age 34.5 years) form an Internet survey. An additional Monte Carlo simulation study was performed to gain further insights on model selection.

Results

The analyses did not provide unequivocal support for the presence of a second‐order domain structure. However, study findings suggested that the structure of the YSQ could be represented by a bifactor model including a first‐order generic factor on which all items load and correlated first‐order specific schema factors on which only the items load that were meant to measure the respective schemas.

Conclusion

In the YSQ either several second‐order domain structures are present that cannot be ranked by statistical measures alone or a first‐order generic factor is present making second‐order domains dispensable. Future research should include theoretical arguments and incorporate the clinical experience of practitioners. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 00:1–15, 2012.
C‐11 labelling of AG957 — a potential tyrphostin radiotracer for pet
Authors: Ackermann U. , Tochon‐Danguy H. J. , Young K. , Sachinidis J. I. , Chan J. G. , Scott A. M.
Published: April 2012

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer of one of the two main types of white blood cells, the neutrophiles. The Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is the most prominent cytogenic abnormality in CML. The existence of this chromosome is due to a translocation, involving the bcr‐gene on chromosome 22 and the abl‐gene on chromosomes 9. The expression of the tyrosine kinase p210bcr‐abl, a 210kDa fusion protein, is the result of this translocation. Tyrphostins (1, 2) are inhibitors of this enzyme and have been synthesised as potential drugs. The tyrphostin AG957 is of particular interest because of its small size, which enables the molecule to permeate cells (3), and because of its selectivity for p210bcr‐abl over the normally expressed p140c‐abl.

In this study, we have radiolabelled AG957 (1) with the radioisotope C‐11 in order to be evaluated as a potential agent for clinical PET studies of chronic myeloid leukemia.
Fluorine‐substituted ligands for the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (Pparγ): Potential imaging agents for metastatic tumors
Authors: Kim S. H. , Jonson S. D. , Welch M. J. , Katzenellenbogen J. A.
Published: April 2012

Fluorine‐substituted analogs of ligands for the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a new target for tumors imaging, retained receptor binding affinity in vitro, but did not show receptor‐mediated uptake in vivo.
Preparation of [124I]IBA‐annexin‐V as a potential pet probe for apoptosis
Authors: Glaser M. , Collingridge D. R. , Aboagye E. , Bouchier‐Hayes L. , Brown D. J. , Hutchinson O. C. , Martin S. , Price P. , Luthra S. K. , Brady F.
Published: April 2012

[124I]Iodo‐annexin‐V and [124I]IBA‐Annexin‐V have been prepared using direct and indirect methods, respectively. [124I]IBA‐annexin‐V was prepared using [124I]m‐N‐succinimidyl iodobenzoate ([124I]m‐SIB). Preliminary in vitro binding studies have shown enhanced binding of [124I]IBA‐annexin‐V to human leukaemic cells induced to undergo apoptosis compared to untreated cells.
Halogen‐substituted triarylpyrazoles: Potential estrogen receptor‐alpha selective radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Vijaykumar Dange , Katzenellenbogen John A.
Published: April 2012

Halogen‐substituted analogs of a pyrazole ligand for the estrogen receptor have been synthesized. These analogs retain much of the affinity preference of the parent ligand for the estrogen receptor alpha subtype (ERα) vs the beta subtype (ERβ).
Biodistribution and urinary excretion of 4‐IODO‐L‐meta‐tyrosine
Authors: Shikano N. , Kawai K. , Flores Ii L. G. , Nishii R. , Kubodera A.
Published: April 2012

We examined the biodistribution and urinary excretion of 125I‐4‐iodo‐L‐meta‐tyrosine (4‐125I‐L‐mTyr) in mice, in order to compare the results with that of 3‐[125I]iodo‐alpha‐methyl‐L‐tyrosine (125I‐L‐AMT). Three hours after administration, more than 70% of the excretion of 4‐125I‐L‐mTyr was in the urine, and less than 5% was found in the feces. The kidney homogenate and urine analysis on its metabolites revealed that most of the accumulated radioactivity belonged to intact 4‐125I‐L‐mTyr (>95%). These results indicated its high metabolic stability, which was comparable to 125I‐L‐AMT stability. However, the blood clearance of 4‐125I‐L‐mTyr was faster than that of 125I‐L‐AMT. 4‐125I‐L‐mTyr accumulation in mouse kidney cortex was approximately 80% lower than that of 125I‐L‐AMT. Probenecid reduced the 4‐125I‐L‐mTyr accumulation in the kidney and urinary excretion, similar to 125I‐L‐AMT.
3‐[123I]IODO‐α‐methyl‐L‐tyrosine as a substrate of human L‐type amino acid transporter‐1
Authors: Shikano N. , Kawai K. , Ishikawa N. , Kubodera A.
Published: April 2012

We have clarified the membrane transport characteristics of 3‐[123I]Iodo‐α‐methyl‐L‐tyrosine by molecular biological methods with cDNAs of an amino acid transporter. Uptake and inhibition studies of this compound were performed with human L‐type amino acid transporter‐1 and a heavy chain of human 4F2 cell surface antigen co‐expressed Xenopus laevis oocytes. 3‐[125I]Iodo‐α‐methyl‐L‐tyrosine uptake was decreased by the presence of Ala, Ser, Thr, Cys, Leu, IIeu, Phe, Met, Tyr, His, Trp, Val, Asn, and Gln. The uptake was Na+‐independent, and was activated by a heavy chain of human 4F2 cell surface antigen.
3‐O‐methyl‐6‐[123I]IODO‐L‐DOPA (OMID) — an amino acid derivative for tumour imaging with spect
Authors: Wunderlich G. , Füchtner F. , Bergmann R. , Bredow J. , Steinbach J. , Johannsen B. , Franke W. G.
Published: April 2012

Starting from the convincing first results in clinics and the interesting biological behaviour of 3‐O‐methyl‐6‐[18F]fluoro‐l‐DOPA ([18F]OMFD)(1) we synthesize the iodine labelled amino acid analogue [123I]OMID, using the same tin organic precursor. The product is stable in vitro and in vivo. Initial biological data are described.
Synthesis of C1‐[18F]fluoroethylamnino asparagine for imaging cancer
Authors: Wolf B. , Schirrmacher R. , Förster G. J. , Bartenstein P. , Rösch F.
Published: April 2012

C1‐[18F]fluoroethylamino asparagine was synthesised from N1‐t‐boc C1‐p‐nitrophenol asparagine and the radiolabelled precursor [18F]flouroethylamine in a one‐pot‐synthesis. The yield of this synthesis was 22% referring to [18F]fluoride, including the removal of the protection groups. The in vivo tests are in progress.
Synthesis of [18F]‐Fluoroethylfenoterol for imaging β2 receptor status in lung in vivo
Authors: Schirrmacher E. , Schirrmacher R. , Buhl R. , Wessler I. , Machulla H.‐J. , Rösch F.
Published: April 2012

5‐(‐{2‐[4‐(2‐[18F]Fluoroethoxy)‐phenyl]‐l‐methyl‐ethylamino}‐l‐hydroxy‐ethyl)‐benzene‐1, 3‐diol ([18F]fluoroethylfenoterol) was synthesised from 4‐(2‐{benzyl‐[2‐(3,5‐bis‐benzyloxy‐phenyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐ethyl]‐amino}‐propyl)‐phenol using 2‐[18F]fluoroethyltosylate (92% RCY) followed by reductive cleavage of the benzyl protecting groups. Preliminary in vitro tests showed [19F]fluoroethylfenoterol to be as potent in relaxation of lung tissue as fenoterol itself.
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of N1‐methyl‐9‐[(1‐hydroxy‐3‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐propoxy)methyl]guanine [18F]MFHPG, a new substrate of HSV‐1‐thymidine kinase
Authors: Noll B. , Noll St. , Grote M. , Scheunemann M. , Brust P. , Friedrich A. , Hauses M. , Schackert H. K. , Johannsen B.
Published: April 2012

The labelling procedure for N1‐methyl‐9‐[(1‐hydroxy‐3‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐propoxy)methyl]guanine ([18F]MFHPG), a novel substrate of HSV1‐TK that possess potent properties to image the gene expression, and its preliminary biodistribution in rats are reported. The biodistribution studies of [18F]MFHPG in male Wistar rats show a fast blood clearance. The erythrocyte binding of the tracer was negligible and no metabolites were found. In vitro studies in HSV‐TK expressing cells reveal a lower uptake of [18F]MFHPG than [18F]FHPG which also correlates with the decreased octanol/water ratio.
N‐[N‐[3‐(diphenylphosphino)propionyl]glycyl]‐L‐cysteine methyl ester a BFCA for the synthesis of rhenium and technetium‐99m OXO‐complexes
Authors: Visentin R. , Menin M. , Rossin R. , Polo F. , Giron M. C. , Mazzi U. , Nicolini M.
Published: April 2012

PN2S coordinate around ReO3+ and TcO3+ cores producing TcO(PN2S) complexes with the ligand acting as tetradentate in the equatorial plane in respect to MO. Two isomers of PN2S‐CO2Me have been evidentiated assuming sin‐anti positions of the methyl ester group in respect to MO.

Labelling experiments with 99mTcO4− and Sn(II)‐gluconate, carried out in mild conditions, showed a single compound in high yields referred to the species 99mTcO(PN2S).
Comparison of carbon‐11 and fluorine‐18 labeled (N‐methyl)benperidol (NMB) in rodents using micropet imaging
Authors: Moerlein S. M. , Perlmutter J. S. , Engelbach J. , Sharp T. , Kim J. Y. , Rowland D. , Laforest R. , Mody P. , Patel G. , Lechner K. , Welch M. J.
Published: April 2012

MicroPET imaging studies with [11C]NMB or [18F]NMB in rats and mice were used to evaluate the methodology as a tool for radiopharmaceutical tracer development. Brain imaging studies show that the technique is useful with both nuclides and both species of rodent. MicroPET hold great promise for future application in neuroimaging research.
Radioactive metabolites of the 5‐HT1A receptor pet radioligand, [carbonyl‐11C]way‐100635, measured in human plasma samples
Authors: Någren K. , Halldin C. , Pike V. W. , Allonen T. , Hietala J. , Swahn C.‐G. , Andrée B. , Farde L. , Osman S. , Grasby P.
Published: April 2012

Measures of the percentage of radioactivity represented by parent radioligand in human plasma during PET experiments with [carbonyl‐11C]WAY‐100635 have been compared across 3 centres using 2 different methods. Test‐retest reliability has been examined in 5 subjects in one centre. Good agreement is found for inter‐centre and test‐retest measures.
Thymidine derivatives with tridentate metal‐chelating units and their labeling with a [99mTc(H2O)3(CO)3]+‐KIT
Authors: Mundwiler S. , Alberto R.
Published: April 2012

Thymidine has been functionalized at the 5‐position of the base with several tridentate ligands. The ability of these compound to form [ReL(CO)3]‐complexes in a macroscopic scale and [99mTcL(CO)3]‐complexes under labeling conditions will be discussed.
Heterofunctionalized phosphines as anchor groups for coupling biomolecules to the fac‐[M(CO)3]+ (MRe, Tc) moiety
Authors: Correia J. D. G. , Santos I. , Alberto R. , Ortner K. , Spies H. , Drews A.
Published: April 2012

The organometallic fac‐[99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+ reacts with heterofunctionalized phosphines with an amide group, of the general formula HPN2, H2PNO, HPNR (R = 4‐(3‐Aminopropyl)‐1‐(methoxyphenyl)piperazine), leading to the complexes [99mTc(k3‐PN2)(CO)3] (3a), [99mTc(k2‐H2PNO)X(CO)3] (4a) and [99mTc(k2‐HPNR)X(CO)3] (5a). The characterization of 3a‐5a was based on the HPLC characteristics of the corresponding Re surrogates (3–5). Under the tested experimental conditions, the more stable compounds are 4a and 5a, in which the chelate is neutral and bidentate through the phosphorus and the oxygen of the amide function. The binding affinity and selectivity of 5 for the 5HT1A receptor were determined.
PNS as tridentate ligand system for the synthesis of Tc(I) and Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes
Authors: Rossin R. , Schibli R. , Visentin R. , Ortner K. , Alberto R. , Schubiger A. , Mazzi U.
Published: April 2012

The synthesis of Re(I) and 99Tc(I) tricarbonyls complexes has been performed with a new phosphine containing tridentate chelator. Characterization of the complexes showed different coordinative patterns (POO, PNS and PO). All the obtained products were stable to substitution, confirming the phosphine containing peptides as ligands suitable to stabilize the M(CO)3+ moiety.
Radiolabeled indazole‐based αvβ3 antagonists as potential tumor imaging agents
Authors: Harris T. D. , Kalogeropoulos S. , Bartis J. , Edwards D. S. , Liu S. , Onthank D. , Barrett J.
Published: April 2012

Indazole‐based vitronectin receptor antagonists have been conjugated to chelators DOTA and Hynic using a variety of tethers and pharmacokinetic modifying groups. All modifications resulted in potent αvβ3 antagonists in an Elisa assay. The chelator conjugates were radiolabeled with 111In (DOTA) and 99mTc (Hynic) in >90% RCP. Biodistribution studies in the c‐Neu Oncomouse tumor model have shown high tumor uptake and primarily renal excretion for these agents. The potential use of these agents in cancer diagnosis will be discussed.
Effect of chayotte (Sechium edule) extract on the biodistribution of technetium‐99m and on the morphometry of red blood cells
Authors: Diré G. , Lima E. , Mattos D. , Oliveira M. B. , Pereira M. J. , Moreno S. , Freitas R. , Gomes M. L. , Bernardo‐Filho M.
Published: April 2012

The evidence that drugs can affect radiolabeling or biodistribution of red cells in setting of nuclear medicine clinic has with to light only recently. A therapeutic drug can modify the nature/amount of technetium‐99m (99mTc) radiopharmaceutical bound to blood elements and this may result in a unexpected behavior of the radiopharmaceutical. Chayotte is used as food or as medication in popular medicine. We evaluated the influence of chayotte extract (macerated) on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO4Na) in rats Wistar and on the morphometry of the red blood cells. The animals were treated during 60 days with chayotte extract. After that, 99mTcO4Na was injected and the animals were sacrificed. The organs were isolated and counted in a well counter. The percentages of radioactivity (%ATI) in the organs were calculated. The analysis of the results have shown that there was a decrease of %ATI in the lungs, stomach and thyroid. Histological preparations were carried out with the blood samples from the animals treated with chayotte during 15 days. Optical microscopy of red blood cells (RBC) showed important morphological alterations due to the treatment of the animals during 15 days with chayotte extract. The results could be justified by the metabolization of chayotte vegetable that could be capable to induce the generation of active metabolites with lesive properties in specific biological systems. The effects of the chayotte extract could also be due to a direct action of the compounds present in extract.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of a new receptor specific indium‐111 labeled DOTA‐ST conjugate for targeting guanylin receptors in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Gali H. , Sieckman G. L. , Hoffman T. J. , Owen N. K. , Chin D. T. , Forte L. R. , Volkert W. A.
Published: April 2012

A new DOTA‐6‐Ahx‐Phe19‐ST[1–19] conjugate (DOTA‐Ahx‐ST), for specific targeting of guanylin receptors expressed on human colon cancer cells, was synthesized and radiolabeled with indium‐111. In vitro competitive binding assays, employing T‐84 human colon cancer cells, demonstrated an IC50 value of 3.0 ± 0.7 nM for the In‐DOTA‐Ahx‐ST conjugate. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of 111In‐DOTA‐Ahx‐ST conjugate in T‐84 human colon cancer derived xenografts in SCID mice conducted at 1, 4, and 24 hrs p.i. revealed efficient clearance from the blood pool (0.31 ± 0.06 %ID/g, 1 hr p.i.) with excretion mainly through the renal pathway (92.7 ± 0.5 %ID, 1 hr p.i.). Initial tumor uptake of 1.34 ± 0.20 %ID/g at 1 hr p.i. was observed with 54% and 18% retention at 4 and 24 hrs p.i. respectively. These results suggest that this DOTA‐Ahx‐ST peptide conjugate or a similar analogue may have an application as a radiopharmaceutical in the detection and treatment of human colon cancer using an appropriate radioisotope.
DOTA‐NOC, A high affinity ligand of the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2, 3 and 5 for radiotherapy
Authors: Schmitt J. S. , Wild D. , Ginj M. , Reubi J. C. , Waser B. , de Jong M. , Bernard B. F. , Krenning E. P. , Mäcke H. R.
Published: April 2012

The parallel synthesis of DOTA‐octreotide derivatives modified with unnatural amino acids in position 3 of the peptide led to DOTA‐[1‐Nal3]‐octreotide (DOTA‐NOC), which is a high affinity radioligand for three of the five somatostatin receptor subtypes sst2, sst3 and sst5. In internalization experiments with AR42J‐cells and in first biodistributions in tumor bearing Lewis‐rats we showed that DOTA‐NOC is superior to DOTA‐OC and even to DOTA‐TOC. Whereas DOTA‐TOC binds mainly to sst2, DOTA‐NOC is a potential candidate for selective internal radiotherapy of tumors bearing sst2, 3 and 5 receptors.
Investigation of trivalent 201TI as a possible radionuclide for labelling of MoAbs
Authors: Vranješ S. D. , Trtić T. M. , Fani M. , Varvarigou A. D. , Archimandritis S. C. , Potamianos S. , Bouziotis P. , Xanthopoulos S. , Čomor J. J.
Published: April 2012

In the present study, we investigated the possibilities for radiolabeling of antibodies with trivalent 201Tl, to be applied in Radioimmuscintigraphy. Our preliminary experiments were focused on the development of a method for oxidation of 201Tl(I) into a form suitable for antibody labeling via DTPA as chelating agent. We also studied methods for the determination of the radiochemical purity of 201Tl(III) and of 201Tl labeled radioimmunoconjugate, as well as for the optimization of procedures for labeling antibodies with 201Tl(III). The in vitro stability of 201Tl‐radioimmunoconjugate was determined, and the biodistribution of 201Tl(III) and 201Tl‐radioimmunoconjugate in normal rodents was evaluated.
Cellular uptake and processing of directly and indirectly 125I‐iodinated and 76BR‐brominated monoclonal antibody A33
Authors: Höglund J. , Tolmachev V. , Orlova A. , Lundqvist H. , Sundin A.
Published: April 2012

In this study the binding pattern and intracellular retention of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) A33 were investigated. The antibody was labelled with 125I or 76Br using either the conventional direct Chloramine‐T method or indirectly by conjugation of a radiohalogenated precursor resulting in 125I‐A33, [125I]para‐iodobenzoate‐A33, 76Br‐A33 or [76Br]‐para‐bromo‐benzoate‐A33, respectively. All labelled molecules bound specifically to SW1222 cells although the cellular retention of the different labels varied, with slower excretion of the radiolabel when indirect labeling of the MAb was applied. In conclusion, indirect labeling of MAbs leeds to a higher uptake and a prolonged cellular retention.
Novel gallium(III) complexes as potential pet imaging agents for probing multidrug resistance (MDR1) P‐glycoprotein (PGP) transport activity: Effect of MDR reversal agents
Authors: Sharma V. , Dahlheimer J. , Piwnica‐Worms D.
Published: April 2012

Evaluation of multidrug resistance (MDR1) P‐glycoprotein (Pgp)‐mediated efflux transport is one potentially important marker in guiding chemotherapeutic treatment in cancer patients. Therefore, methods have been sought [1] to noninvasively image Pgp transport function in vivo [2–9]. In addition to existing SPECT radiotracers for probing Pgp transport activity, non‐metabolized PET agents that offer inherently enhanced spatial resolution and quantification capabilities would enable quantitative noninvasive assessment of chemotherapeutic regimens as well as MDR gene therapy. Thus, organic scaffolds capable of accommodating PET isotopes to generate stable radiopharmaceuticals are desired for functional imaging of MDR1 Pgp‐mediated transport activity.
Synthesis of radiotracer for liver fibrosis
Authors: Zhang Z. , Machac J. , Albanis E. , Lipszye H. , Beljaars L. , Poelstra K. , Friedman S. L.
Published: April 2012

Liver fibrosis (LF) is among the top ten causes of death in the western world. The traditional method for diagnosis of LF is biopsy. We are seeking a non‐invasive imaging method for the diagnosis of LF and assessment of its onset and progression. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a key event in fibrosis and is characterized by upregulation of receptors for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). We exploited this property to develop a ligand that will allow us to quantitate numbers of activated HSC based on their expression of PDGF receptor. Specifically we have explored the possibility of developing HSC‐selective radiopharmaceuticals by coupling bifunctional chelators to a cyclic peptide (C*SRNLIDC*)‐HSA conjugate1 (pPB‐HSA) 1, which is a PDGF receptor recognizing compound.
Synthesis of a functionalized gallium(III) tripodyl complex
Authors: Luyt L. G. , Katzenellenbogen J. A.
Published: April 2012

A NS3 tetradentate gallium(III) complex bearing an amine functionality has been synthesized, and it has been derivatized with various peptides.
Comparison of the predicted behaviour of 153Sm, 166Ho and 117mSn containing bone agents, employing blood plasma models (ECCLES), with in vivo results as studied in animals
Authors: Zeevaart J. R. , Jarvis N. V. , Louw W. K. A. , Wagener J. M.
Published: April 2012

Predictions regarding the in vivo behaviour of 153Sm, 166Ho and 117mSn containing radiopharmaceuticals were made using speciation studies. The speciation of the metal ion and ligand of the radiopharmaceutical in blood plasma was calculated using the ECCLES computer code. Predictions were verified by clinical observations as studied in animals.
A comparison of 67CU production by proton (67 TO 12 MEV) induced reactions on NATZN and on enriched 68ZN/70ZN
Authors: Schwarzbach R. , Zimmermann K. , Novak‐Hofer I. , Schubiger P. A.
Published: April 2012

Because of its suitable decay characteristics and favourable chemical behaviour, 67Cu is considered to have potential for application in radionuclide therapy. This has led to increasing interest in biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies with 67Cu‐labelled radiopharmaceuticals.

67Cu can be produced in accelerators by bombarding a natZn‐ (1) or 68Zn target with protons (2) or by bombarding 67Zn with neutrons in a high flux reactor (3). At the present time we produce up to 3.7 Gbq of 67Cu at the 72 MeV accelerator of the Paul Scherrer Institute by irradiating natZn. In order to scale up the 67Cu production, we evaluated the use of 68Zn and 70Zn. Cross sections were measured using the reactions 65Cu(p, n)65Zn of monitor foils (4), natZn(p, 2pxn)67Cu in the p‐energy‐range 67 to 12 MeV, 68Zn(p, 2p)67Cu in the p‐energy range 67 to 45MeV and 70Zn(p, 2p2n)67Cu (5) in the p‐energy range 45 to 12 MeV. Results indicate that the use of 68Zn as target instead of natZn leads to a 4.5 — fold increase in 67Cu production and that the use of 70Zn leads to a 10–20‐fold increase in the 20–30 MeV energy range.
Drug interactions in radiopharmacy: A first mathematical approach
Authors: Avila A. S. , Bezerra R. , Mattos D. M. , Bernardo‐Filho M.
Published: April 2012

The action of cyclophosphamide (CP) on the binding of the 99mTc‐MDP on plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) isolated from blood withdrawn from Wistar rats, using an in vitro model was evaluated. The experimental measures were studied starting with the parameter estimation of regressive trend lines, analysis of variance and residuals and a closed two compartment system were analyzed. In the presence of CP, the curves crossed each other at 48 h, but diverged without the drug. The short‐term components of the two‐compartment system converged in 1 hour. The mathematical approach to analyze the drug interactions mechanism with the studied radiopharmaceutical is in agreement with the known biological phenomena. In spite of the results, it is necessary to consider new procedures to define the behaviors of the interactions.
Which are the most used radionuclides in the pet and in the spect techniques in the world?
Authors: Mattos D. M. M. , Gomes M. L. , Freitas R. S. , Moreno S. , Lima‐Filho G. L. , Paula E. F. , Jales R. L. C. , Bernardo‐Filho M.
Published: April 2012

The images in nuclear medicine are mainly obtained through the SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and the PET (positron‐emission tomography). These procedures have been carried out with various radionuclides. Here, we have evaluated which are the most used radionuclides in the PET and in the SPECT techniques in the world. We identified the radionuclides cited in the abstracts of two important meetings occured in 2000: “The Society of Nuclear Medicine Meeting (SNM)” and the “European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress (EANM)”. We have determined in each abstract, which radionuclide was used. The most cited radionuclides in the SNM meeting were Tc‐99m (25.38%), F‐18 (18.93%), C‐11 (4.68%), I‐123 (4.57%), In‐111 (3.75%) and Tl‐201 (2.69%) and in the EANM congress were Tc‐99m (33.94%), F‐18 (11.88%), In‐111 (5.65%), I‐123 (5.50%), Tl‐201 (4.22%) and C‐11 (1.98%). The results indicate, that, although, the Tc‐99m is still the most cited radionuclide, there is an important citation of F‐18 in the abstracts presented in these two meetings. We can suggest that the status of the PET procedures is growing in the world.
Precursor synthesis towards the development of [124I]‐labelled 2′, 2′‐difluoro‐2′‐deoxycytidine as a potential pet radiotracer for the anticancer drug gemcitabine
Authors: Wilson J. , Hadfield J. A. , Bailey J. , Zweit J. , Thatcher N. , Little R.
Published: April 2012

The anticancer nucleoside analogue, Gemcitabine (2′, 2′‐difluoro‐2′‐deoxycytidine) is an active nucleoside against solid tumours. Assessment of tumour and normal tissue concentration of drug in vivo provides pharmacokinetic data that can be related to response to treatment. Towards enabling PET imaging, the synthesis of a halogenated analogue has been undertaken for subsequent radiolabelling with 124I.
Synthesis of [11C]formic acid and its conversion into [11C]carbon monoxide
Authors: Roeda D. , Dollé F. , Crouzel C.
Published: April 2012

[11C]formic acid can be synthesized in excellent yields from [11C]carbon dioxide using lithium aluminium hydride or lithium triethylborohydride. It is a potential precursor for labelled heterocycles and aldehydes. We converted [11C]formic acid into [11C]carbon monoxide in 40% yield. [11C]formic acid, which is rather resistant towards reduction, can be fully converted into [11C]methanol using samarium(II) iodide.
Synthesis and evaluation in primates of (N‐[11C]methyl)‐benperidol as a pet tracer of cerebral D2 receptor binding
Authors: Moerlein S. M. , Welch M. J. , Perlmutter J. S.
Published: April 2012

The routine production of the D2 receptor‐binding radioligand [11C]NMB has been optimized. Uncorrected batch yields of 62–105 mCi of [11C]NMB are obtained within 35 minutes EOB, with a specific activity exceeding 500 Ci/mmol and a radiochemical purity exceeding 95%. PET imaging of baboons shows rapid, specific localization of [11C]NMB to cerebral D2 receptor‐rich tissue of primate brain. The specific localization of the radioligand is altered by drug challenge or pathological conditions, indicating utility of the ligand for human application.
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of galanthamine derivatives for examination of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor system
Authors: Schildan A. , Schirrmacher R. , Samochocki M. , Christner C. , Maelicke A. , Rösch F.
Published: April 2012

The syntheses and radioactive labeling of several galanthamine derivatives, 6‐O‐demethyl‐6‐O‐fluoroethylgalanthamine, 10‐N‐demethyl‐10‐N‐fluoroethylgalanthamine and N‐methylgalanthaminium are reported. First in vitro evaluations were carried out to determine their properties as allosterically potentiating ligands of nicotinic receptors. N‐methylgalanthaminium was found to be a promising candidate for further investigations.
Role and regulation of VEGF and its receptors 1 and 2 in the aseptic loosening of total hip implants
Authors: Waris Ville , Sillat Tarvo , Waris Eero , Virkki Liisa , Mandelin Jami , Takagi Michiaki , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: April 2012

It was hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in fibroblasts participates in aseptic loosening of total hip replacement (THR) implants. Therefore, osteoarthritic (OA) samples (n = 11) were compared with synovial membrane‐like interface tissues from revision THR (n = 10). VEGF‐A and its receptors were stained using streptavidin‐immunoperoxidase method. Their regulation by hypoxia and cytokines were studied in cultured fibroblasts using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). VEGFR1+ lining cells (p < 0.01), stromal fibroblast‐like cells (p = 0.001) and stromal macrophage‐like cells (p < 0.05) were more numerous in rTHR than in OA. As to VEGFR2+, only stromal fibroblast‐like cells in rTHR outnumbered those found in OA (p < 0.05). VEGFRs in synovial fibroblasts were not affected by hypoxia, but VEGF increased 2.4‐fold (p < 0.05). Interleukin‐4 up‐regulated VEGFR1 expression 23‐fold. This is the first study to describe a difference between rTHR and OA in VEGF receptors, particularly VEGFR1. Hypoxia increased VEGF, but the VEGFR1 increase in the lining and stroma is probably IL‐4 driven, in accordance with the M2‐type macrophage dominance in interface tissues. VEGF/VEGFR system is also affected by hypoxia and may play a role in angiogenesis and bone pathology in aseptic loosening of total hip implants. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1830–1836, 2012
Quality and safety assessment of food and agricultural products by hyperspectral fluorescence imaging
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu , Ying Yibin , Rao Xiuqin , Li Jiangbo
Published: April 2012

Hyperspectral fluorescence imaging (HSFI) is potentially useful for assessing food and agricultural products, because it combines the merits of both hyperspectral imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy. This paper provides an introduction to HSFI: the principle and components of HSFI, calibration and image processing are described. In addition, recent advances in the application of HSFI to food and agricultural product assessment are reviewed, such as contaminant detection, constituent analysis and quality evaluation. Finally, current limitations and likely future development trends are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic study of acrylamide radical polymerization initiated by the horseradish peroxidase–mediated system
Authors: Cai Zhi‐QI , Wang Weicheng , Ruan Gang , Wen Xiufang
Published: April 2012

The polymerization kinetics of acrylamide (AAM) in water initiated by a ternary enzymatic system of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2/acetylacetone (ACAC) was investigated. Conversion–time plots were obtained by dilatometry under different conditions of reaction temperatures and initial concentrations of HRP, ACAC, H2O2, and AAM. The results showed that the effect of the initial concentration of ACAC on the inhibition period was significant. The inhibition period decreases with increasing the initial concentration of ACAC. The inhibition period can be even eliminated by the use of a comparatively large amount of ACAC. From the conversion–time plots, the polymerization rate equation was obtained. Some kinetic features were explained on the basis of analysis of the reaction mechanism. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 475–481, 2012
Thermo‐plasmonics: using metallic nanostructures as nano‐sources of heat
Authors: Baffou Guillaume , Quidant Romain
Published: April 2012

Recent years have seen a growing interest in using metal nanostructures to control temperature on the nanoscale. Under illumination at its plasmonic resonance, a metal nanoparticle features enhanced light absorption, turning it into an ideal nano‐source of heat, remotely controllable using light. Such a powerful and flexible photothermal scheme is the basis of thermo‐plasmonics. Here, the recent progress of this emerging and fast‐growing field is reviewed. First, the physics of heat generation in metal nanoparticles is described, under both continuous and pulsed illumination. The second part is dedicated to numerical and experimental methods that have been developed to further understand and engineer plasmonic‐assisted heating processes on the nanoscale. Finally, some of the most recent applications based on the heat generated by gold nanoparticles are surveyed, namely photothermal cancer therapy, nano‐surgery, drug delivery, photothermal imaging, protein tracking, photoacoustic imaging, nano‐chemistry and optofluidics.
Efficient and Robust Star Polymer Catalysts for Living Radical Polymerization: Cooperative Activation in Microgel‐Core Reactors
Authors: Terashima Takaya , Nomura Akihisa , Ouchi Makoto , Sawamoto Mitsuo
Published: April 2012

Multifunctional microgel‐core star polymers with ruthenium catalysts are designed as catalyst‐bearing nanoreactors to improve activity, controllability, and functionality tolerance in living radical polymerization. Multifunctional ligands are efficiently incorporated into the core of star polymers by sequential tandem procedures: 1) ruthenium‐catalyzed living radical polymerization, 2) in situ core hydrogenation, and 3) core‐ruthenium removal. Typically, the star polymer ligands comprising multiple phosphines and amines within the core cooperatively enclose a ruthenium complex (>100 per core). As a result, the in‐core pseudo hetero P,N‐chelation of the ruthenium complexes not only showed high activity for methyl methacrylate but also high tolerance to unprotected methacrylic acid.
Numerical investigation on nano boundary layer equation with Navier boundary condition
Authors: Rezaei A. R. , Shaban M. , Parand K.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, by applying rational Legendre collocation technique and relaxation method, the classical laminar boundary layer equations with the nonlinear Navier boundary conditions are investigated. The features of the flow characteristics for different values of n are discussed. Numerical approaches are used to find solutions for the cases n > 1 / 2 corresponding to the flow past a wedge and n = 1 / 2 corresponding to the flow in a convergent channel. During the comparison, the effectivity and stability of the applied methods are demonstrated. The effects of the varying slip length, index parameter, components of velocity, and tangential stress are analyzed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of planar waves in the buffered bistable system
Authors: Lv Guangying
Published: April 2012

This paper is concerned with the asymptotic stability of planar waves in the buffered bistable system on , where n ≥ 2. Under initial perturbation that decays at space infinity, the perturbed solution converges to planar waves as t → ∞ . The convergence is uniform in . Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the formulation of boundary value problems with the incompressible constituents constraint in finite deformation poroelasticity
Authors: Pence Thomas J.
Published: April 2012

This paper considers the finite deformation theory of poroelasticity for the case in which a deformable solid constituent and an interpenetrating liquid constituent are each regarded as incompressible, and the mixing itself is regarded as taking place without the creation of voids. The resulting kinematical constraint gives rise to a Lagrange multiplier pressure in the resulting constitutive description. This pressure therefore enters into the separate momentum balance statements for each individual constituent. The formulation of boundary value problems in this context is well known in continuum mechanics. This paper examines how a systematic elimination of the Lagrange multiplier pressure from the mathematical formulation leads to a stress‐like tensor that generalizes a stress tensor concept introduced by Rajagopal and Wineman in the late 1980s, which they called the saturation stress. Here, by providing a rather complete development, it is discussed how boundary value problems are naturally formulated in terms of a single such stress tensor, how the constitutive theory is framed in terms of this stress tensor, and how certain questions concerning the formulation of boundary conditions are naturally addressed. Connections to the small deformation linear poroelastic (biphasic) theory are also provided. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.