bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foundations and trends in the darknet-related criminals in the last 10 years: a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis
Authors: Luong Hai Thanh
Published: May 2023

After the Silk Road closure, many studies started focusing on the trend and patterns of darknet-related crimes in the 2010s. This first study combined a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis in the field. This study clarifies 49 articles in criminology and penology among 1150 publications relating to the darknet on the Web of Science database to review and analyze the research evolutions of this topic in the last decade. The main findings point out (1) almost all leading authors with their most influential papers came from the Global South with predominant contributions; (2) unbalancing publications between regional scholars and their institutions and countries although the darknet-related criminals occurred and operated without border; and (3) some specialized themes have identified to call further extensive research such as policing interventions in the darknet and flows of the cryptocurrency in cryptomarkets, among others.
New training load metrics in field hockey using inertial measurement units
Authors: Wilmes Erik , de Ruiter Cornelis J. , Beers Leonarda G.M. , de Koning Lisa , Brink Michel S. , Savelsbergh Geert J.P.
Published: May 2023

Field hockey players are exposed to high biomechanical loads. These loads often cannot be adequately estimated with global navigational satellite systems (GNSS) since on‐field displacements during these movements are often small. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential of different proxies of biomechanical load in field hockey with use of a simple inertial measurement unit (IMU) system. Sixteen field hockey players performed a range of field hockey specific exercises, including running with stick on the ground, running upright, and different types of shots and passes. All exercises were performed at two different frequencies (i.e. number of actions per minute). A variety of proxies of biomechanical load (time spent with forward tilted pelvis, time spent in lunge position, time spent with flexed thighs, and Hip Load) were obtained using wearable IMUs. In addition, total distance was quantified using a GNSS system. Linear mixed models were constructed to determine the effects of the different exercises and action frequency on all quantified metrics. All metrics increased approximately proportional to the increase in action frequency. Total distance and Hip Load were greatest for the running exercises, but the different types of shots and passes had greater effects on specific on the times spent in the demanding body postures. This shows that these proxies of biomechanical load can be used to estimate field hockey‐specific biomechanical loads. The use of these metrics may provide coaches and medical staff with a more complete view of the training load that field hockey players experience.

Highlights

New proxies of biomechanical load derived with inertial measurement units were used to quantify field hockey specific biomechanical loads.

These new biomechanical metrics are complementary to metrics obtained with global navigation satellite systems and increased proportionally to a doubling of the exercise intensity.

The presented biomechanical load metrics can help field hockey coaches to achieve a better balance between load and recovery for their players.
Ingestion of a collagen peptide containing high concentrations of prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine reduces advanced glycation end products levels in the skin and subcutaneous blood vessel walls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Koizumi Seiko , Okada Yoko , Miura Shiroh , Imai Yuuki , Igase Keiji , Ohyagi Yasumasa , Igase Michiya
Published: May 2023

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effects of collagen peptides (CP) containing high concentrations of prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels in the skin and subcutaneous blood vessel walls. A total of 31 individuals aged 47-87 years were randomly assigned to receive either 5 g/day of fish-derived CP or a placebo for 12 weeks. Body and blood compositions and AGEs levels were measured at the beginning and end of the study. No adverse events were observed, and both groups’ blood and body compositions did not change significantly. However, the CP group had significantly lower AGEs levels and a slightly lower insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment ratio [HOMA-R]) than the placebo group. In addition, the percentage changes in AGEs and HOMA-R levels were positively and strongly correlated in both groups. These findings suggest that fish-derived CP may be effective in reducing AGEs levels and improving insulin resistance.
Cytotoxicity and induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells by indole alkaloids isolated from Dialium corbisieri seeds
Authors: Atakuru Paulin Dradre , Koseki Takuya , Usukhbayar Narandulam , Kimura Ken-ichi , Shiono Yoshihito
Published: May 2023

The phytochemical investigation of Dialium corbisieri seeds led to the isolation of five monoterpenoid indole alkaloids along with a phytoserotonin, 1-6 and among the known compounds, the spectroscopic data of (5S)-methoxy-akuammiline (1) was reported for the first time. The structures were elucidated based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet, infrared, high-resolution electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and electron-capture dissociation spectrum calculations. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and cell progression in the human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cell line.
Adapted method for rapid detection and quantification of pathogen Campylobacter jejuni from environmental water samples
Authors: Sun Angela , Mirzayans Paul M , Piggott Andrew M , Stanton Jo-Ann L , Sunna Anwar
Published: May 2023

Building on a previously developed workflow for rapid and sensitive pathogen detection by qPCR, this work has established a sample treatment strategy that produces consistent quantification efficiencies (QEs) for Campylobacter jejuni against a complex and highly variable sample matrix from a suburban river. The individual treatments most effective at minimizing the inhibitory effects of the sample matrix were pH buffering with HEPES (50 mM, pH 5.7) and addition of the surfactant Tween 20 (2% v/v). Unexpectedly, sample acidification (pH 4–5) resulting from the use of aged Tween 20 that had undergone partial hydrolysis, appeared to play a key role in enhancing QE. This effect could be replicated by direct pH adjustment with dilute hydrochloric acid and may be linked to the solubilization and removal of inhibitory particles at an acidic pH. While the effectiveness of each individual treatment method varied, a combined treatment of either HEPES buffer + Tween 20, or direct pH adjustment + Tween 20, consistently produced QEs of 60%–70% and up to 100%, respectively, over a sampling period of one year. The consistency and scalability of this workflow make it a suitable alternative to culture-based ISO methods for detecting Campylobacter spp.
Rice-based fermented products: the functional properties of the microorganisms in the defined starter contributing to melanogenesis inhibition activity
Authors: Sangkaew Orrarat , Yompakdee Chulee
Published: May 2023

Rice contains numerous nutrients and biologically active compounds. The phytochemical composition of rice varies among cultivars, leading to diversities in biological activities. Fermentation is an efficient way of improving nutrient bioavailability and the functional properties of raw materials. It enhances and/or synthesizes the compounds with health-promoting or decreased antinutritive compounds during the fermentation process. Rice-based fermented products have been reported for enhancing various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, anti-wrinkle and anti-melanogenesis activities. Melanogenesis, melanin biosynthesis, is the cause of human skin pigmentation; however, the accumulation of melanin leads to skin hyper-pigmentary disorders, such as freckles and melasma. In this review, the information on rice-based fermented products has been assembled to illustrate the fermented rice properties, especially melanogenesis inhibition activity, including functional roles of the microorganisms in the fermented rice products.
Endoscopic management of colorectal polyps
Authors: Gao Pingting , Zhou Kaiqian , Su Wei , Yu Jia , Zhou Pinghong
Published: May 2023

Colorectal polyps are premalignant lesions in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic polypectomy is an effective strategy to prevent colorectal cancer morbidity and more invasive procedures. Techniques for the endoscopic resection of polyps keep evolving, and endoscopists are required to perform the most appropriate technique for each polyp. In this review, we outline the evaluation and classification of polyps, update the recommendations for optimal treatment, describe the polypectomy procedures and their strengths/weaknesses, and discuss the promising innovative methods or concepts.
Building near-surface velocity models by integrating the first-arrival traveltime tomography and supervised deep learning
Authors: Yang Huachen , Li Pan , Ma Fei , Zhang Jianzhong
Published: May 2023

Accurate near-surface velocity models are necessary for land seismic imaging. First-arrival traveltime tomography (FTT) routinely used for estimating near-surface velocity models may fail in geological complex areas. Supervised deep learning (SDL) is capable of building accurate velocity models, based on tens of thousands of velocity model-shot gathers training pairs. It takes lots of time and memory space, which may be unaffordable for practical applications. We propose integrating the FTT and SDL to build near-surface velocity models. During the neural network training, the FTT-inverted models rather than the original seismic data are used as the network inputs and corresponding true models are the outputs. The FTT-inverted and true models are the same physical quantities and with the same dimensions. Their relationship is less non-linear than that between shot gathers and true models. Thus, the neural network of the proposed method can be trained well using only a small number of training samples, dramatically reducing the time and memory costs. Numerical tests demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. We applied the proposed method to a land data set obtained in mountainous areas in the west of China and obtained satisfactory near-surface velocity models and stacking images.
3-D anisotropic modelling of geomagnetic depth sounding based on unstructured edge-based finite-element method
Authors: Wang Ning , Yin Changchun , Gao Lingqi , Qiu Changkai , Ren Xiuyan
Published: May 2023

Geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) is a geophysical electromagnetic (EM) method that studies the deep structure and composition of the Earth by using long-period EM signals from geomagnetic observatories and satellites. In this paper, a 3-D anisotropic GDS modelling algorithm is developed. The curl–curl equation is discretized using the edge-based finite-element method on unstructured tetrahedral grids. In order to solve the computationally demanding problem of EM modelling on a global scale, the complex linear system is first separated into the equivalent real linear systems and then the real system is iteratively solved by the flexible generalized minimum residual method with a block diagonal pre-conditioner. This will greatly reduce the condition number of the linear system and thus speed up the solution process. We verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm by comparing our results with the existing methods. After that, we design a subduction zone model to simulate the EM responses under isotropic and anisotropic environments, respectively. The numerical results show the high efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the response differences between isotropic and anisotropic models. This research can provide theoretical and technical support for the high-accuracy and efficient inversion of GDS data for the geo-dynamic study.
Characterizing Physical Interactions between Male and Female Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) in Relation to Female Receptivity and Insemination Outcomes Using a Hydrophobic Fluorescent Dye
Authors: Cramer Monica M , Gabel Thomas M , Duvall Laura B
Published: May 2023

Synopsis

Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, presents a major threat to human health across the globe as a vector of disease-causing pathogens. Females of this species generally mate only once. From this single mating event, the female stores sufficient sperm to fertilize the multiple clutches of eggs produced during her lifetime. Mating causes dramatic changes in the female’s behavior and physiology, including a lifetime suppression of her mating receptivity. Female rejection behaviors include male avoidance, abdominal twisting, wing-flicking, kicking, and not opening vaginal plates or extruding the ovipositor. Many of these events occur on a scale that is too miniscule or fast to see by eye, so high-resolution videography has been used to observe these behaviors instead. However, videography can be labor intensive, require specialized equipment, and often requires restrained animals. We used an efficient, low-cost method to record physical contact between males and females during attempted and successful mating, determined by recording spermathecal filling after dissection. A hydrophobic oil-based fluorescent dye can be applied to the abdominal tip of one animal and can be subsequently transferred to the genitalia of animals of the opposite sex when genital contact occurs. Our data indicate that male mosquitoes make high levels of contact with both receptive and unreceptive females and that males attempt to mate with more females than they successfully inseminate. Female mosquitoes with disrupted remating suppression mate with and produce offspring from multiple males, transferring dye to each. These data suggest that physical copulatory interactions occur independently of the female’s receptivity to mate and that many of these interactions represent unsuccessful mating attempts that do not result in insemination.
Ontogenetic Plasticity in Shoaling Behavior in a Forage Fish under Warming
Authors: Berio Fidji , Morerod Camille , Qi Xuewei , Di Santo Valentina
Published: May 2023

Synopsis

Shoaling behavior is known to increase survival rates during attacks from predators, minimize foraging time, favor mating, and potentially increase locomotor efficiency. The onset of shoaling typically occurs during the larval phase, but it is unclear how it may improve across ontogenetic stages in forage fishes. Warming is known to increase metabolic rates during locomotion in solitary fish, and shoaling species may adjust their collective behavior to offset the elevated costs of swimming at higher temperatures. In this study, we quantified the effects of warming on shoaling performance across the ontogeny of a small forage fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio) at different speeds. Shoals of larval, juvenile, and adult zebrafish were acclimated at two temperatures (28°C and 32°C), and metabolic rates were quantified prior to and following nonexhaustive exercise at high speed. Shoals of five individuals were filmed in a flow tank to analyze the kinematics of collective movement. We found that zebrafish improve shoaling swimming performance from larvae to juveniles to adults. In particular, shoals become more cohesive, and both tail beat frequency (TBF) and head-to-tail amplitude decrease with ontogeny. Early life stages have higher thermal sensitivity in metabolic rates and TBF especially at high speeds, when compared to adults. Our study shows that shoaling behavior and thermal sensitivity improve as zebrafish shift from larval to juvenile to adult stages.
Common data model for sickle cell disease surveillance: considerations and implications
Authors: Smeltzer Matthew P , Reeves Sarah L , Cooper William O , Attell Brandon K , Strouse John J , Takemoto Clifford M , Kanter Julie , Latta Krista , Plaxco Allison P , Davis Robert L , Hatch Daniel , Reyes Camila , Dombkowski Kevin , Snyder Angela , Paulukonis Susan , Singh Ashima , Kayle Mariam
Published: May 2023

Objective

Population-level data on sickle cell disease (SCD) are sparse in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is addressing the need for SCD surveillance through state-level Sickle Cell Data Collection Programs (SCDC). The SCDC developed a pilot common informatics infrastructure to standardize processes across states.

Materials and Methods

We describe the process for establishing and maintaining the proposed common informatics infrastructure for a rare disease, starting with a common data model and identify key data elements for public health SCD reporting.

Results

The proposed model is constructed to allow pooling of table shells across states for comparison. Core Surveillance Data reports are compiled based on aggregate data provided by states to CDC annually.

Discussion and Conclusion

We successfully implemented a pilot SCDC common informatics infrastructure to strengthen our distributed data network and provide a blueprint for similar initiatives in other rare diseases.
Strategic nutrient sourcing for biomanufacturing intensification
Authors: Noroozi Kimia , Jarboe Laura R
Published: May 2023

The successful design of economically viable bioprocesses can help to abate global dependence on petroleum, increase supply chain resilience, and add value to agriculture. Specifically, bioprocessing provides the opportunity to replace petrochemical production methods with biological methods and to develop novel bioproducts. Even though a vast range of chemicals can be biomanufactured, the constraints on economic viability, especially while competing with petrochemicals, are severe. There have been extensive gains in our ability to engineer microbes for improved production metrics and utilization of target carbon sources. The impact of growth medium composition on process cost and organism performance receives less attention in the literature than organism engineering efforts, with media optimization often being performed in proprietary settings. The widespread use of corn steep liquor as a nutrient source demonstrates the viability and importance of “waste” streams in biomanufacturing. There are other promising waste streams that can be used to increase the sustainability of biomanufacturing, such as the use of urea instead of fossil fuel-intensive ammonia and the use of struvite instead of contributing to the depletion of phosphate reserves. In this review, we discuss several process-specific optimizations of micronutrients that increased product titers by twofold or more. This practice of deliberate and thoughtful sourcing and adjustment of nutrients can substantially impact process metrics. Yet the mechanisms are rarely explored, making it difficult to generalize the results to other processes. In this review, we will discuss examples of nutrient sourcing and adjustment as a means of process improvement.

One-Sentence Summary

The potential impact of nutrient adjustments on bioprocess performance, economics, and waste valorization is undervalued and largely undercharacterized.
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate oxidative stress-induced islet impairment via the Nrf2/HO-1 axis
Authors: Liu Peng , Cao Baige , Zhou Yang , Zhang Huina , Wang Congrong
Published: May 2023

Hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress may disrupt insulin secretion and β-cell survival in diabetes mellitus by overproducing reactive oxygen species. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) exhibit antioxidant properties. However, the mechanisms by which hUC-MSCs protect β-cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress remain underexplored. In this study, we showed that intravenously injected hUC-MSCs engrafted into the injured pancreas and promoted pancreatic β-cell function in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The in vitro study revealed that hUC-MSCs attenuated high glucose-induced oxidative stress and prevented β-cell impairment via the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. Nrf2 knockdown partially blocked the anti-oxidative effect of hUC-MSCs, resulting in β-cell decompensation in a high-glucose environment. Overall, these findings provide novel insights into how hUC-MSCs protect β-cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress.
Motivation for using data-driven algorithms in research: A review of machine learning solutions for image analysis of micrographs in neuroscience
Authors: Thiele Frederic , Windebank Anthony J , Siddiqui Ahad M
Published: May 2023

Machine learning is a powerful tool that is increasingly being used in many research areas, including neuroscience. The recent development of new algorithms and network architectures, especially in the field of deep learning, has made machine learning models more reliable and accurate and useful for the biomedical research sector. By minimizing the effort necessary to extract valuable features from datasets, they can be used to find trends in data automatically and make predictions about future data, thereby improving the reproducibility and efficiency of research. One application is the automatic evaluation of micrograph images, which is of great value in neuroscience research. While the development of novel models has enabled numerous new research applications, the barrier to use these new algorithms has also decreased by the integration of deep learning models into known applications such as microscopy image viewers. For researchers unfamiliar with machine learning algorithms, the steep learning curve can hinder the successful implementation of these methods into their workflows. This review explores the use of machine learning in neuroscience, including its potential applications and limitations, and provides some guidance on how to select a fitting framework to use in real-life research projects.
Regulating non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for fetal sex determination
Authors: Taylor-Sands Michelle , Warton Chanelle , Bowman-Smart Hilary
Published: May 2023

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can be used to determine the chromosomal sex of the fetus at an early stage in a pregnancy. The use of NIPT for fetal sex determination raises concerns about potential selective termination of pregnancy by prospective parents who desire a child of a particular sex. Although sex selection for medical reasons is generally accepted, non-medical sex selection (NMSS) has been the subject of considerable controversy. In this article, we explore the current regulatory landscape around reproductive genetic testing techniques that may lead to NMSS, both internationally and within Australia. Specifically, we contrast the approach to regulating preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) with the minimal regulation of NIPT in Australia as a case study for reform. We examine ethical concerns raised in relation to NMSS, which form the basis of the current moratorium on the use of PGT for NMSS. We then highlight some key differences between using PGT for NMSS and NIPT for fetal sex determination to determine whether access to the latter should be regulated and, if so, how. We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to restrict access to NIPT for fetal sex determination and, based on our Australian case study, recommend a facilitative approach to regulating NIPT that would support individuals to make informed reproductive decisions.
Cryptococcosis in Africa: What the data tell us
Authors: Ibe Chibuike , Okoye Chinonyelum Annette , Nweze Emeka , Otu Akaninyene
Published: May 2023

Cryptococcosis is a neglected tropical disease and the main cause of fungal-related deaths in HIV-positive persons in Africa. It is an AIDS-defining illness that has almost surpassed tuberculosis (TB) in mortality despite wide coverage with antiretroviral therapy. What is known about the cryptococcosis burden in Africa is from estimations based on data from a few studies on the infection burden and associated complications. Consequently, the projected implications of cryptococcosis in Africa have been based on these estimations. This systematic review is aimed at providing unique and up-to-date data on the burden of cryptococcosis in Africa using published hospital-based research data on cryptococcosis in HIV infected and uninfected persons. The review also focused on providing temporal data on the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic options for cryptococcosis in Africa. From our results, about 40 948 cases of cryptococcosis were reported in Africa from 1969 to 2021, and the highest prevalence of cryptococcosis was from southern Africa. The most isolated species was Cryptococcus neoformans 42.4% (17 710/41 801) and only 1.3% (549/41 801) isolates were C. gattii. C. neoformans (serotype A) VN I 64.5% (918/1522) was the most prevalent serotype in Africa, while C. gattii (serotype C) VG IV was thought to pose a huge danger. However, C. neoformans (serotype A) VN I continued to be the major threat in Africa. Due to the limited availability of molecular typing methods and the widespread use of culture, direct microscopy, and serological techniques for diagnosis, 23 542 isolates were uncharacterised. Amphotericin B and flucytosine combination therapy is highly recommended for treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. However, these drugs are expensive and remain largely unavailable in most African countries. Amphotericin B requires laboratory facilities to monitor for toxicity. Although fluconazole monotherapy is the readily available treatment option for cryptococcosis, drug resistance, and high mortality have been recorded in majority of cases in Africa. The lack of awareness and paucity of published data on cryptococcosis are likely to have contributed to the underestimation of cases in Africa and led to underprioritisation of this important disease.
The C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS): new constraints on the integrated radio spectrum of M 31
Authors: Harper Stuart E , Barr Adam , Dickinson C , Peel M W , Cepeda-Arroita Roke , Copley C J , Grumitt R D P , Leahy J Patrick , Jonas J L , Jones Michael E , Leech J , Pearson T J , Readhead A C S , Taylor Angela C
Published: May 2023

The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is our closest neighbouring spiral galaxy, making it an ideal target for studying the physics of the interstellar medium in a galaxy very similar to our own. Using new observations of M 31 at 4.76 GHz by the C-Band All-Sky Survey (C-BASS), and all available radio data at 1° resolution, we produce the integrated spectrum and put new constraints on the synchrotron spectral index and anomalous microwave emission (AME) from M 31. We use aperture photometry and spectral modelling to fit for the integrated spectrum of M 31, and subtract a comprehensive model of nearby background radio sources. The AME in M 31 is detected at 3σ significance with a peak near 30 GHz and flux density 0.27 ± 0.09 Jy. The synchrotron spectral index of M 31 is flatter than our own Galaxy at α =−0.66 ± 0.03 with no strong evidence of spectral curvature. The emissivity of AME averaged over the total emission from M 31 is lower than typical AME sources in our Galaxy, implying that AME is not uniformly distributed throughout M 31 and instead is likely confined to sub-regions – this will need to be confirmed using future higher resolution observations around 20–30 GHz.
Population statistics of intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies using the newhorizon simulation
Authors: Beckmann R S , Dubois Y , Volonteri M , Dong-Páez C A , Trebitsch M , Devriendt J , Kaviraj S , Kimm T , Peirani S
Published: May 2023

While it is well established that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) coevolve with their host galaxy, it is currently less clear how lower-mass black holes, so-called intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs), evolve within their dwarf galaxy hosts. In this paper, we present results on the evolution of a large sample of IMBHs from the newhorizon zoom volume, which has a radius of 10 comoving $\rm Mpc$. We show that occupation fractions of IMBHs in dwarf galaxies are at least 50 per cent for galaxies with stellar masses down to $10^6 \rm \ M_\odot$, but BH growth is very limited in dwarf galaxies. In newhorizon, IMBHs growth is somewhat more efficient at high redshift z = 3 but in general, IMBHs do not grow significantly until their host galaxy leaves the dwarf regime. As a result, newhorizon underpredicts observed AGN luminosity function and AGN fractions. We show that the difficulties of IMBHs to remain attached to the centres of their host galaxies plays an important role in limiting their mass growth, and that this dynamic evolution away from galactic centres becomes stronger at lower redshift.
The value-added catalogue of ASAS-SN eclipsing binaries – III. Masses and radii of Gaia spectroscopic binaries
Authors: Rowan D M , Jayasinghe T , Stanek K Z , Kochanek C S , Thompson Todd A , Shappee B J , Giles W
Published: May 2023

Masses and radii of stars can be derived by combining eclipsing binary light curves with spectroscopic orbits. In our previous work, we modelled the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) light curves of more than 30 000 detached eclipsing binaries using phoebe. Here, we combine our results with 128 double-lined spectroscopic orbits from Gaia Data Release 3. We also visually inspect ASAS-SN light curves of the Gaia double-lined spectroscopic binaries on the lower main sequence and the giant branch, adding 11 binaries to our sample. We find that only 50 per cent of systems have Gaia periods and eccentricities consistent with the ASAS-SN values. We use emcee and phoebe to determine masses and radii for a total of 122 stars with median fractional uncertainties of 7.9 per cent and 6.3 per cent, respectively.
Unveiling the time evolution of chemical abundances across the Milky Way disc with APOGEE
Authors: Ratcliffe Bridget , Minchev Ivan , Anders Friedrich , Khoperskov Sergey , Guiglion Guillaume , Buck Tobias , Cunha Katia , Queiroz Anna , Nitschelm Christian , Meszaros Szabolcs , Steinmetz Matthias , de Jong Roelof S , Nepal Samir , Lane Richard R , Sobeck Jennifer
Published: May 2023

Chemical abundances are an essential tool in untangling the Milky Way’s enrichment history. However, the evolution of the interstellar medium abundance gradient with cosmic time is lost as a result of radial mixing processes. For the first time, we quantify the evolution of many observational abundances across the Galactic disc as a function of lookback time and birth radius, $\rm \text{R}_\text{birth}$. Using an empirical approach, we derive $\rm \text{R}_\text{birth}$ estimates for 145 447 APOGEE DR17 red giant disc stars, based solely on their ages and $\rm [Fe/H]$. We explore the detailed evolution of six abundances [Mg, Ca (α), Mn (iron-peak), Al, C (light), Ce (s-process)] across the Milky Way disc using 87 426 APOGEE DR17 red giant stars. We discover that the interstellar medium had three fluctuations in the metallicity gradient ∼9, ∼6, and ∼4 Gyr ago. The first coincides with the end of high-α sequence formation around the time of the Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus disruption, while the others are likely related to passages of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. A clear distinction is found between present-day observed radial gradients with age and the evolution with lookback time for both [X/Fe] and [X/H], resulting from the significant flattening and inversion in old populations due to radial migration. We find the $\rm [Fe/H]$–$\rm [\alpha /Fe]$ bimodality is also seen as a separation in the $\rm \text{R}_\text{birth}$–$\rm [X/Fe]$ plane for the light and α-elements. Our results recover the chemical enrichment of the Galactic disc over the past 12 Gyr, providing tight constraints on Galactic disc chemical evolution models.
A BayeSN distance ladder: H0 from a consistent modelling of Type Ia supernovae from the optical to the near-infrared
Authors: Dhawan Suhail , Thorp Stephen , Mandel Kaisey S , Ward Sam M , Narayan Gautham , Jha Saurabh W , Chant Thaisen
Published: May 2023

The local distance ladder estimate of the Hubble constant (H0) is important in cosmology, given the recent tension with the early universe inference. We estimate H0 from the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) distance ladder, inferring SN Ia distances with the hierarchical Bayesian SED model, BayeSN. This method has a notable advantage of being able to continuously model the optical and near-infrared (NIR) SN Ia light curves simultaneously. We use two independent distance indicators, Cepheids or the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB), to calibrate a Hubble-flow sample of 67 SNe Ia with optical and NIR data. We estimate H0 = 74.82 ± 0.97 (stat) $\pm \, 0.84$ (sys) km ${\rm s}^{-1}\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ when using the calibration with Cepheid distances to 37 host galaxies of 41 SNe Ia, and 70.92 ± 1.14 (stat) $\pm \, 1.49$ (sys) km ${\rm s}^{-1}\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ when using the calibration with TRGB distances to 15 host galaxies of 18 SNe Ia. For both methods, we find a low intrinsic scatter σint ≲ 0.1 mag. We test various selection criteria and do not find significant shifts in the estimate of H0. Simultaneous modelling of the optical and NIR yields up to ∼15  per cent reduction in H0 uncertainty compared to the equivalent optical-only cases. With improvements expected in other rungs of the distance ladder, leveraging joint optical-NIR SN Ia data can be critical to reducing the H0 error budget.
Resistive heating induced by streaming cosmic rays around a galaxy in the early Universe
Authors: Yokoyama Shota L , Ohira Yutaka
Published: May 2023

It is expected that cosmic rays (CRs) escape from high-redshift galaxies at redshift z ∼ 10–20 because CRs are accelerated by supernova remnants of the first stars. Although ultraviolet and X-ray photons are widely considered the main source of heating of the intergalactic medium, CRs can also contribute to it. When the CRs propagate in the intergalactic medium, in addition to the heating process due to CR ionization, resistive heating occurs due to the electron return current induced by the streaming CRs. We evaluate the heating rate around a galaxy as a function of the distance from the galaxy. We find that the resistive heating induced by CRs dominates over the other heating processes in the vicinity of the galaxy ($r \lesssim 10^2 \, \mathrm{kpc}$) until the temperature reaches $T\sim 10^4 \, \mathrm{K}$. We also recalculate the strength of the magnetic field generated by streaming CRs under the presence of X-ray heating and show that achieved strength can be about one order of magnitude smaller when the X-ray heating is included. The presence of the ‘first’ CRs could be confirmed from the characteristic signature of CR heating imprinted on the 21-cm line map in future radio observations.
Exploring the centre of mass properties of LG-like galaxies
Authors: Salomon Jean-Baptiste , Libeskind Noam , Hoffman Yehuda
Published: May 2023

From high resolution cosmological simulations of the Local Group in a realistic environment, namely HESTIA simulations, we study the position and kinematic deviations that may arise between the disc of a Milky Way (or Andromeda)-like galaxy and its halo. We focus on the three-dimensional analysis of the centres of mass (COM). The study presents two parts. We first consider individual particles to track down the nature and amplitude of the physical deviations of the COM with respect to the distance from the disc centre. Dark matter dominates the behaviour of the COM of all particles at all distances. But the total COM is also very close to the COM of stars. In the absence of a significant merger, the velocity offsets are marginal (10 km s−1) but the positional shifts can be important compared to the disc characteristics (>10 kpc). In the event of a massive accretion, discrepancies are of the same order as the recent finding for the MW under the Magellanic Clouds influence. In a second part, the accent is put on the study of various populations of subhaloes and satellites. We show that satellites properly represent the entire subhalo population. There exists strong mismatch in phase space between the satellites’ COM and the host disc. Moreover, the results are highly inhomogeneous between the simulations and thus, between the accretion histories. Finally, we point out that these shifts are mainly due to a few of the most massive objects.
Searching for single-frame rapid X-ray transients detected withChandra
Authors: Zhang Yijia , Feng Hua
Published: May 2023

We propose a new method to identify rapid X-ray transients observed with focusing telescopes. They could be statistically significant if three or more photons are detected with Chandra in a single CCD frame within a point-spread-function region out of quiescent background. In the Chandra archive, 11 such events are discovered from regions without point-like sources, after discrimination of cosmic rays and background flares and control of false positives. Among them, two are spatially coincident with extended objects in the Milky Way, one with the Small Magellanic Cloud, and another one with M31; the rest have no or a dim optical counterpart (≳20 mag), and are not clustered on the Galactic plane. Possible physical origins of the rapid transients are discussed, including short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), short-lived hypermassive neutron stars produced by merger of neutron stars, accreting compact objects in the quiescent state, magnetars, and stellar flares. According to the short GRB event rate density, we expect to have detected $2.3_{-0.6}^{+0.7}$ such events in the Chandra archive. This method would also allow us to reveal quiescent black holes with only a few photons.
Resolving a merger in a hyperluminous submillimeter galaxy at z = 2.82
Authors: Perry R W , Chapman S C , Smail Ian , Bertoldi F
Published: May 2023

We present the resolved properties of the z = 2.82 hyperluminous infrared Galaxy (HyLIRG) HS1700.850.1, the brightest 850 $\mu$m source found in the SCUBA-2 followup to the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey fields (S850$\mu$m =19.5 mJy), and amongst the most luminous starbursts known at any redshift.- Using the IRAM-NOEMA interferometer in the highest resolution A-configuration, we resolve the source into two components separated by ∼8 kpc, visible as blue shifted and red shifted 12CO(5–4) lines, exhibiting the expected kinematic properties of a major merger between two gas rich Galaxies. The combined merger system is traced over 2.3 arcsec or 18.4 kpc. Each component of the merger shows ordered gas motions suggestive of a massive turbulent disc. We measure the dynamical masses of the blue and red discs as (1.5 ± 0.2) × 1011 and (0.71 ± 0.22) × 1011 M⊙, respectively. The more massive disc component shows broad wings in the CO line, offset by ∼3 kpc from the disc centroid along the major axis, and extending to velocities ∼±1000 km $\rm {s^{-1}}$ from systemic velocity. We interpret this as either a possible bipolar outflowing component, or more likely a warping or tidal structure in the CO disc. Comparing the properties of HS1700.850.1 to other submillimeter detected galaxies with comparably bright 850 $\mu$m luminosities suggests that ongoing gas-rich mergers, or at least a clustered/group environment lead to these most extreme starburst phases.
Delayed Antarctic melt season reduces albedo feedback
Authors: Liang Lei , Guo Huadong , Liang Shuang , Li Xichen , Moore John C , Li Xinwu , Cheng Xiao , Wu Wenjin , Liu Yan , Rinke Annette , Jia Gensuo , Pan Feifei , Gong Chen
Published: May 2023

Antarctica's response to climate change varies greatly both spatially and temporally. Surface melting impacts mass balance and also lowers surface albedo. We use a 43-year record (from 1978 to 2020) of Antarctic snow melt seasons from space-borne microwave radiometers with a machine-learning algorithm to show that both the onset and the end of the melt season are being delayed. Granger-causality analysis shows that melt end is delayed due to increased heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere at minimum sea-ice extent from warming oceans. Melt onset is Granger-caused primarily by the turbulent heat flux from ocean to atmosphere that is in turn driven by sea-ice variability. Delayed snowmelt season leads to a net decrease in the absorption of solar irradiance, as a delayed summer means that higher albedo occurs after the period of maximum solar radiation, which changes Antarctica's radiation balance more than sea-ice cover.
Exploring the vacuum ultraviolet photochemistry of astrochemically important triatomic molecules
Authors: Chang Yao , Ashfold Michael N R , Yuan Kaijun , Yang Xueming
Published: May 2023

The recently constructed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) free electron laser (FEL) at the Dalian Coherent Light Source (DCLS) is yielding a wealth of new and exquisitely detailed information about the photofragmentation dynamics of many small gas-phase molecules. This Review focuses particular attention on five triatomic molecules—H2O, H2S, CO2, OCS and CS2. Each shows excitation wavelength-dependent dissociation dynamics, yielding photofragments that populate a range of electronic and (in the case of diatomic fragments) vibrational and rotational quantum states, which can be characterized by different translational spectroscopy methods. The photodissociation of an isolated molecule from a well-defined initial quantum state provides a lens through which one can investigate how and why chemical reactions occur, and provides numerous opportunities for fruitful, synergistic collaborations with high-level ab initio quantum chemists. The chosen molecules, their photofragments and the subsequent chemical reaction networks to which they can contribute are all crucial in planetary atmospheres and in interstellar and circumstellar environments. The aims of this Review are 3-fold: to highlight new photochemical insights enabled by the VUV-FEL at the DCLS, notably the recently recognized central atom elimination process that is shown to contribute in all of these triatomic molecules; to highlight some of the potential implications of this rich photochemistry to our understanding of interstellar chemistry and molecular evolution within the universe; and to highlight other and future research directions in areas related to chemical reaction dynamics and astrochemistry that will be enabled by increased access to VUV-FEL sources.
Mass-Observation and Vernacular Politics at the 1945 General Election
Authors: Goldsmith Rebecca
Published: May 2023

This article sheds fresh light on popular attitudes towards politics in the 1940s. It does so by reading against the grain of archived material from Mass-Observation’s (M-O) study of the 1945 General Election, as it played out in the constituency of Fulham East. Where the formal reports from this investigation have underpinned influential accounts of ‘apathy’ in 1945, this article returns to the original field notes from the investigation. By attending to the framing of the M-O encounter in Fulham, it suggests that we can reinterpret seemingly apathetic responses as a reaction to the alienating high expectations underpinning the M-O questionnaire, exacerbated by the classed and gendered dynamics of the interview. In other instances, however, it argues displays of apathy or ignorance could indicate the popular delimiting of an appropriate level of political interest, confining this to voting, in contrast to the importance of critical, detailed ‘study’ of politics implicit within the questionnaire. The article consequently contributes to the ongoing discussions surrounding the re-use of archived social-science material by suggesting that we can only rely on such material to gain access to ‘vernacular’ attitudes when we reckon with its fundamentally mediated nature, framed by the assumptions and intersubjective dynamics of the social-science encounter. In turn, it offers an example of how recent interest in the vernacular might be combined with an older, more traditional form of political history, centred on elections.
A flexible model-free tram signal priority method with a large coordination scope in China
Authors: Wang Shan
Published: May 2023

Tram systems with the advantages of reliable operation, comfort, low emissions and moderate capacity have been quite popular in recent years in China. However, there are still problems with tram signal control (e.g. evaluation model, signal control strategies). In-depth analysis on existing operational issues of trams, calculation of two evaluation indexes, as well as a flexible model-free tram signal priority method were developed to deal with tram problems. Empirical research in Songjiang District, Shanghai shows that: (1) The function of the green extension strategy is limited with c.a. 10% tram priority improvement, while the optimal one can reach to 85% higher on average. (2) A scheme with a benefit for trams and with no negative impact, and even benefits, for general traffic can be realized. (3) The optimal solution is beneficial for intersections with a maximum c.a. 70% amelioration with delay decreasing from 132.7 s/vehicle to 40.89 s/vehicle, or from 104.77 s/capita to 22.31 s/capita. This paper has great significance for the signal optimization and safety of tram systems, even the development of a comprehensive transportation system for a city.
Host Specificity Controlled by PWL1 and PWL2 Effector Genes in the Finger Millet Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae in Eastern Africa
Authors: Masaki Hosea Isanda , de Villiers Santie , Qi Peng , Prado Kathryn A. , Kaimenyi Davies Kiambi , Tesfaye Kassahun , Alemu Tesfaye , Takan John , Dida Mathews , Ringo Justin , Mbinda Wilton , Khang Chang Hyun , Devos Katrien M.
Published: May 2023

Magnaporthe oryzae, a devastating pathogen of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana), secretes effector molecules during infection to manipulate host immunity. This study determined the presence of avirulence effector genes PWL1 and PWL2 in 221 Eleusine blast isolates from eastern Africa. Most Ethiopian isolates carried both PWL1 and PWL2. Kenyan and Ugandan isolates largely lacked both genes, and Tanzanian isolates carried either PWL1 or lacked both. The roles of PWL1 and PWL2 towards pathogenicity on alternative chloridoid hosts, including weeping lovegrass ( Eragrostis curvula), were also investigated. PWL1 and PWL2 were cloned from Ethiopian isolate E22 and were transformed separately into Ugandan isolate U34, which lacked both genes. Resulting transformants harboring either gene gained varying degrees of avirulence on Eragrostis curvula but remained virulent on finger millet. Strains carrying one or both PWL1 and PWL2 infected the chloridoid species Sporobolus phyllotrichus and Eleusine tristachya, indicating the absence of cognate resistance ( R) genes for PWL1 and PWL2 in these species. Other chloridoid grasses, however, were fully resistant, regardless of the presence of one or both PWL1 and PWL2, suggesting the presence of effective R genes against PWL and other effectors. Partial resistance in some Eragrostis curvula accessions to some blast isolates lacking PWL1 and PWL2 also indicated the presence of other interactions between fungal avirulence ( AVR) genes and host resistance ( R) genes. Related chloridoid species thus harbor resistance genes that could be useful to improve finger millet for blast resistance. Conversely, loss of AVR genes in the fungus could expand its host range, as demonstrated by the susceptibility of Eragrostis curvula to finger millet blast isolates that had lost PWL1 and PWL2.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .