bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Water Quality Data Using Principal Component Analysis and Granger Causality
Authors: Zavareh Maryam , Maggioni Viviana , Sokolov Vadim
Published: January 2021

This work investigates the inter-relationships among stream water quality indicators, hydroclimatic variables (e.g., precipitation, river discharge), and land characteristics (e.g., soil type, land use), which is crucial to developing effective methods for water quality protection. The potential of using statistical tools, such as Principal Component (PC) and Granger causality analyses, for this purpose is assessed across 10 watersheds in the Eastern United States. The PC analysis shows consistency across the ten locations, with most of the variation explained by the first two PCs, except for the least developed watershed that presents three PCs. Results show that stronger Granger causality relationships and correlation coefficients are identified when considering a lag of one day, compared to longer lags. This is mainly due to the watersheds’ limited size and, thus, their fast hydrological response. The strongest Granger causalities are observed when water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration are considered as the effect of the other variables, which corroborates the importance of these two water properties. This work also demonstrates how watershed size and land use can impact causalities between hydrometeorological variables and water quality, thus, highlighting how complex these relationships are even in a region characterized by overall similar climatology.
Assessing the Ecological Status of European Rivers and Lakes Using Benthic Invertebrate Communities: A Practical Catalogue of Metrics and Methods
Authors: Vitecek Simon , Johnson Richard , Poikane Sandra
Published: January 2021

The Water Framework Directive requires that the ecological status of surface waters be monitored and managed if necessary. A central function in ecological status assessment has the Biological Quality Elements—organisms inhabiting surface waters—by indicating human impact on their habitat. For benthic invertebrates, a wide array of national methods are used, but to date no comprehensive summary of metrics and methods is available. In this study, we summarize the benthic invertebrate community metrics used in national systems to assess the ecological status of rivers, (very) large rivers, and lakes. Currently, benthic invertebrate assemblages are used in 26 national assessment systems for rivers, 13 assessment systems for very large rivers, and 21 assessment systems for lakes in the EU. In the majority of systems, the same metrics and modules are used. In the Red Queen’s race of ecosystem management this may be a disadvantage as these same metrics and module likely depict the same stressors but there is growing evidence that aquatic ecosystems are subject to highly differentiated, complex multiple stressor impacts. Method development should be fostered to identify and rank impacts in multi-stressor environments. DNA-based biomonitoring 2.0 offers to detect stressors with greater accuracy—if new tools are calibrated.
The Role of Climate Changes in the Spread of Freshwater Fishes: Implications for Alien Cool and Warm-Water Species in a Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Carosi Antonella , Ghetti Lucia , Lorenzoni Massimo
Published: January 2021

In running waters, under climate change conditions, the combined effect of water warming and decreasing flow rates may encourage colonisation by invasive cool and warm-water fish species. The aim of the study was to analyze the potential climate change effects on the spread of four invasive alien fishes in the Tiber River basin, taking into account the effects of river fragmentation. Fish and environmental data collected in 91 sites over the years 1998–2018, were used to analyze temporal changes in their habitat requirements. A multivariate analysis was conducted, and the hypothesis of a range expansion towards the upstream reaches has been tested. For Barbus barbus, Gobio gobio, Padogobius bonelli and Pseudorasbora parva population abundances and body condition were analyzed. Detectability, occupancy, local extinction and colonization probabilities were estimated. We showed that B. barbus and P. bonelli have significantly extended their range toward upstream. P. parva did not move toward higher altitudes significantly, suggesting that, at this stage, the species has probably reached an equilibrium. River fragmentation, elevation, water temperature and average current speed seem to be major determinants in colonization processes, affecting the dispersal ability of the species. Not surprisingly for species introduced in relatively recent times, the colonization probabilities were much higher than extinction probabilities. Our results provided evidence for some synergistic effects between climate changes and alien fish species invasions, in terms of species range shifts mediated by rising water temperatures, although they should be interpreted cautiously, taking into account that these species most likely were not yet stabilized.
Enhanced Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Primary Sewage Sludge
Authors: Sakaveli Foteini , Petala Maria , Tsiridis Vasilios , Darakas Efthymios
Published: January 2021

Processing of the produced primary and secondary sludge during sewage treatment is demanding and requires considerable resources. Most common practices suggest the cotreatment of primary and secondary sludge starting with thickening and anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study is to investigate the anaerobic digestion of the primary sludge only and estimate its impact on sludge treatment and energy recovery. Within this context, the performance of the anaerobic digestion of primary sludge is explored and focused on practices to further enhance the methane production by using additives, e.g., a cationic polyelectrolyte and attapulgite. The results showed that the overall yield in methane production during anaerobic digestion of primary sludge alone was higher than that obtained by the anaerobic digestion of mixed primary and secondary sludge (up to 40%), while the addition of both organic polyelectrolyte and attapulgite enhanced further the production of methane (up to 170%). Attapulgite increased the hydrolysis rate of biosolids and produced relatively stabilized digestate, though of lower dewaterability. Moreover, the results suggest that single digestion of primary sludge may accomplish higher methane production capacities at lower digestors’ volume increasing their overall efficiency and productivity, while the produced digestates are of adequate quality for further utilization mainly in agricultural or energy sectors.
Social Ecological Dynamics of Catchment Resilience
Authors: Adger W. Neil , Brown Katrina , Butler Catherine , Quinn Tara
Published: January 2021

Catchment resilience is the capacity of a combined social ecological system, comprised of water, land, ecological resources and communities in a river basin, to deal with sudden shocks and gradual changes, and to adapt and self-organize for progressive change and transform itself for sustainability. This paper proposes that analysis of catchments as social ecological systems can provide key insights into how social and ecological dynamics interact and how some of the negative consequences of unsustainable resource use or environmental degradation can be ameliorated. This requires recognition of the potential for community resilience as a core element of catchment resilience, and moves beyond more structural approaches to emphasize social dynamics. The proposals are based on a review of social ecological systems research, on methods for analyzing community resilience, and a review of social science and action research that suggest ways of generating resilience through community engagement. These methods and approaches maximize insights into the social dynamics of catchments as complex adaptive systems to inform science and practice.
Potential Viable Products Identified from Characterisation of Agricultural Slaughterhouse Rendering Wastewater
Authors: Brennan Brian , Gunes Burcu , Jacobs Matthew R. , Lawler Jenny , Regan Fiona
Published: January 2021

The composition of challenging matrices must be fully understood in order to determine the impact of the matrix and to establish suitable treatment methods. Rendering condensate wastewater is a complex matrix which is understudied. It is produced when the vapour from rendering facilities (heat processing of slaughterhouse waste material) is cooled as a liquid for discharge. This study offers a full physicochemical characterisation of rendering condensate wastewater and its potential for valorisation via production of viable by-products. A study of seasonal variation of levels of dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and ammonia was carried out on the wastewater. The results show that the wastewater was high strength all year-round, with a chemical oxygen demand of 10,813 ± 427 mg/L and high concentrations of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (1745 ± 90 mg/L), ammonia (887 ± 21 mg/L), crude protein (10,911 ± 563 mg/L), total phosphorous (51 ± 1 mg/L), fat and oil (11,363 ± 934 mg/L), total suspended solids (336 ± 73 mg/L) and total dissolved solids (4397 ± 405 mg/L). This characterisation demonstrates the requirement for adequate treatment of the condensate before releasing it to the environment. While there is a reasonably constant flow rate and dissolved oxygen level throughout the year, higher chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and ammonia levels were found in the warmer summer months. From this study, rendering condensate slaughterhouse wastewater is shown to have potential for production of marketable goods. These products may include ammonium sulphate fertilizer, protein supplements for animal feeds and recovery of acetic acid calcium hydroxyapatite, thus enhancing both the financial and environmental sustainability of slaughterhouse operations. This work demonstrates a valuable assessment of a complex wastewater, while taking advantage of on-site access to samples and process data to inform the potential for wastewater reuse.
Evaluating Potential for Groundwater Contamination from Surface Spills Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Production: Methodology and Application to the South Platte Alluvial Aquifer
Authors: Kanno Cynthia , McCray John
Published: January 2021

Surface spills occur frequently during unconventional oil and gas production operations and have the potential to impact groundwater quality. A screening-level analysis using contaminant fate and transport simulations was performed to: (1) evaluate whether hypothetical (yet realistic) spills of aqueous produced fluids pose risks to groundwater quality in the South Platte Aquifer, (2) identify the key hydrologic and transport factors that determine these risks, and (3) develop a screening-level methodology that could be applied for other sites and pollutants. This assessment considered a range of representative hydrologic conditions and transport behavior for benzene, a regulated pollutant in production fluids. Realistic spill volumes and areas were determined using publicly available data collected by Colorado’s regulatory agency. Risk of groundwater pollution was based on predicted benzene concentrations at the groundwater table. Results suggest that the risk of groundwater contamination from benzene in a produced water spill was relatively low in the South Platte Aquifer. Spill size was the dominant factor influencing whether a contaminant reached the water table. Only statistically larger spills (volume per surface area ≥12.0 cm) posed a clear risk. Storm events following a spill were generally required to transport typical (median)-sized spills (0.38 cm volume per surface area) to the water table; typical spills only posed risk if a 500 or 100 year storm (followed by little degradation or sorption) occurred right after the spill. This methodology could be applied to evaluate spills occurring over other aquifers.
Research of Impacts of the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake on Sediment Transport in the Atsuma River Basin Using the SWAT Model
Authors: Chen Yuechao , Nakatsugawa Makoto , Ohashi Hiroki
Published: January 2021

Landslides, debris flows, and other secondary disasters caused by earthquakes threaten the safety and stability of river basins. Earthquakes occur frequently in Japan. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of earthquakes on sediment transport in river basins. In this study, considering the influence of reservoirs, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-calibration and uncertainty program (SWAT-CUP) was employed to analyze the runoff parameter sensitivity and to optimize the parameters. We manually corrected the sediment transport parameters after earthquake, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to assess the process of runoff and sediment transport in the Atsuma River basin before and after the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake. The applicability of the SWAT model to runoff simulation in the Atsuma River basin and the changes of sediment transport process after the earthquake were studied. The research results show that the SWAT model can accurately simulate the runoff process in the Atsuma River basin, the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) is 0.61 in the calibration period, and is 0.74 in the verification period. The sediment transport increased greatly after the earthquake and it is roughly estimated that the amount of sediment transport per unit rainfall increased from 3.5 tons/mm/year before the earthquake to 6.2 tons/mm/year after the earthquake.
Interannual and Spatial Variability of Cyanotoxins in the Prespa Lake Area, Greece
Authors: Maliaka Valentini , Lürling Miquel , Fritz Christian , Verstijnen Yvon J.M. , Faassen Elisabeth J. , van Oosterhout Frank , Smolders Alfons J.P.
Published: January 2021

The Prespa Lakes area in Greece—comprised partly of lake Great and lake Lesser Prespa and the Vromolimni pond—has a global importance for biodiversity. Although the waters show regular cyanobacteria blooms, assessments of water quality threats are limited. Samples collected in 2012 revealed scattered and low microcystin (MC) concentrations in Great Prespa (<0.2 μg MC L−1) whereas considerable spatial heterogeneity in both total chlorophyll (2.4–93 µg L−1) and MC concentrations (0.04–52.4 µg MC L−1) was detected in Lesser Prespa. In 2013, there was far less spatial variability of MC concentrations in Lesser Prespa (0.4–1.53 µg L−1), however in 2014, increased concentrations were detected near the lakeshore (25–861 µg MC L−1). In Vromolimni pond the MC concentrations were on average 26.6 (±6.4) µg MC L−1 in 2012, 2.1 (±0.3) µg MC L−1 in 2013 and 12.7 (±12.5) µg MC L−1 in 2014. In 2013, no anatoxins, saxitoxins, nor cylindrospermopsins were detected in Lesser Prespa and Vromolimni waters. Tissue samples from carps, an otter and Dalmatian Pelicans contained 0.4–1.9 µg MC g−1 dry weight. These results indicate that cyanotoxins could be a threat to the ecosystem functions of particularly Lesser Prespa and Vromolimni.
Diatom Algae-Indicators of Water Quality in the Lower Zarafshan River, Uzbekistan
Authors: Barinova Sophia , Mamanazarova Karomat
Published: January 2021

This work is the first, the purpose of which was a comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River using bioindication of water quality by diatoms based on species’ ecological preferences, pollution indices, statistics, and ecological mapping. A total of 198 species and subspecies of diatoms were first identified from 195 samples collected four times a year at six sites in the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River in 2009–2015. The richest species were Cymbella, Navicula, and Nitzschia. Pleurosira laevis, resistant to salinity, was first found in aquatic habitats in Uzbekistan. Bioindicators of nine environmental variables make up 91% of the list. Distribution analysis of variables, pollution indices (SLA—SládečDek index of saprobity), and toxicity indices (WESI—Water Ecosystem State Index) show increases in salinity, turbidity, and decreases in organic pollution downstream. The source of acidification can be the Navoi region. We found an increase in the ability to self-purify with an increase in species richness and abundance of diatoms in the lower part of Zarafshan. Thus, the ecosystem of the studied part of the river successfully copes with the incoming pollution from the middle part of Zarafshan and demonstrates some stability and successful self-purification with a water quality class of 2–3. The first studied lower reaches of the ecosystem of the Zarafshan River using bioindicators, statistics, and ecological mapping show that the problem of aridization in Central Asia does not necessarily lead to degradation of the river ecosystem and an increase in pollution, but with rational water use can improve water quality and self-purification processes. Hence, diatoms can be good indicators of river water quality in a semi-arid region and reflect the climate and anthropogenic load change. We recommend that attention be paid to nutrient and turbidity management and to expand state monitoring points to the lower part of the river up to the Karakul region.
Understanding Traversal of a Packet in Internet
Authors: Rustagi P Ram
Published: January 2021

In this series of articles on Experiential Learning of Networking Technologies, we have discussed a number of network protocols starting from HTTP [7] at application layer, TCP [3] and UDP [1] protocols at transport layers that provide end to end communications, and IP addressing [2] and routing for packet delivery at network layer. We have defined a number of experiential exercises for each underlying concept which provide a practical understanding of these protocols. Now, we would like to take a holistic view of these protocols which we have learned so far and look at how all these protocols come into play when an internet user makes a simple web request, e.g., what happens from network perspective when a user enters google.com in the URL bar of a web browser [12]. From the perspective of user, web page of Google’s search interface is displayed in the browser window, but inside the network both at the user’s local network and the internet, a lot of network activity takes place. The focus of this article is to understand the traversal of packets in the network triggered by any such user activity.
Software to Make Highways Safe
Authors: Ramani Srinivasan
Published: January 2021

Suppose that a Jumbo jet crashed, killing all passengers in it, every day in India. A similar number of deaths occurs due to road accidents every day (377 deaths/day, or approximately 137,605 deaths/year). The country is not able to do much to reduce the number of these accidents. I believe that our engineering colleges should do R & D to reduce the number of road fatalities. I will offer suggestions in this article. I hope they will trigger thinking and discussions.
STRES KERJA, KEPUASAN KERJA, DAN IKLIM ORGANISASI TERHADAP TURNOVER INTENTION PADA DIVISI KEUANGAN PT XYZ
Authors: PRASETIYO GENUINE EKA , TJAHYANTI SETIA
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of human resource management practice such as work stres, job satisfaction and organization climate on turnover intention of Finance Division PT. Mayora Indah Tbk Head Office Jakarta. The sampling in this research was purposive sampling, in which only 89 collected data that accordance with the criteria. Data for this study comes from primary source garnered by distributing LikertScale questionnaires. The data is then analyzed with SPSS version 23 program using Simple Linear Regressions and Multiple Regressions Analysis. The result on this research is work stres and organization climate have a significant influence to turnover intention individually. Job satisfaction not have a significant influence to turnover intention.
PASİF YÖNETİM KURULU ÜYESİ, İCRADA GÖREVLİ OLMAYAN YÖNETİM KURULU ÜYESİ VE BAĞIMSIZ YÖNETİM KURULU ÜYESİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Authors: AYAN Özge
Published: January 2021

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun yönetim kuruluna ilişkin getirdiği yenilikler arasında, kurulun profesyonelleşmesine yönelik düzenlemeler, özellikle iç yönerge ile yönetim kurulu üyelerinin bazı yetkilerini devretme imkânının kolaylaştırılması ve üyelerin sorumluluğunda farklılaştırılmış teselsül ilkesinin benimsenmesi yer almaktadır.

Halka açık anonim şirketlerde de kurumsal yönetim ilkelerine ve eşit, şeffaf, hesap verebilir, sorumlu yönetim anlayışına uygun olarak profesyonel yönetim kurulu oluşumuna oldukça önem verilmiştir. Bu nedenle Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu’nda ve ilgili mevzuatta, yönetim kurulunun yapısı, yönetim kurulu üyelerinin nitelikleri, hak ve görevleri ayrıntılı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Yönetim kurulu üyeleri, icrada görevli, icrada görevli olmayan, bağımsız yönetim kurulu üyesi olarak çeşitli sınıflara ayrılmıştır.

Çalışmamızda halka açık olan ve olmayan anonim şirketlerde yönetim kurulu üyesi olarak yer alan ancak, yetki devri gerçekleştiren, karar alma süreçlerine hiç katılmayan veya icrada görevli olmayan yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki durumu ele alınacaktır. Pasif yönetim kurulu üyeleri ile sermaye piyasası mevzuatında düzenlenen icrada görevli olmayan ve özellikle bağımsız yönetim kurulu üyelerinin görev ve yetkileri karşılaştırılarak, bu üyelerin sorumluluğunun kapsamı incelenecektir.
LİMİTED ŞİRKETLERDE ÇIKMA, ÇIKARMA VE AYRILMA AKÇESİ
Authors: TATLI Burçak
Published: January 2021

Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun 573 vd. maddelerinde düzenlenen limited şirketler, sermaye şirketi olarak tanımlanmakla birlikte şahıs şirketlerine has özellikler de barındırmaktadır. Bu anlamda, ortakların ortaklıktan çıkma ve çıkarılma halleri, ortak sıfatının sona ermesi neticesinde ayrılan ortağa ödenmesi gereken ayrılma akçesi kanun koyucu tarafından Kanun kapsamı içerisine dâhil edilmiştir. 6102 s. TTK, eski TTK hükümlerine kıyasla ayrılma akçesini daha kapsamlı bir şekilde düzenlemiştir. Bu anlamda, ayrılma akçesi için kullanılabilecek kaynaklar emredici bir hükümle Kanun içine dâhil edilmiş ve ayrılma akçesinin muacceliyeti hüküm altına alınmıştır. Bu düzenlemeyle, hem ayrılma akçesinin ödenmesine ilişkin belirsizliklerin ortadan kaldırılması hem de ayrılan ortak ile ortaklık ve ortaklık alacaklıları arasında menfaat dengesi kurulması sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, taraflar arasında menfaat dengesinin mevcut olup olmadığını incelemek ve ayrılma akçesinin muacceliyet tarihine belirginlik kazandırmaktır.
HAKSIZ FİİLDEN DOĞAN TALEP HAKLARINA UYGULANACAK HUKUKUN TESPİTİNDE "FER'İ BAĞLANMA" YÖNTEMİ
Authors: SAATCIOĞLU Onur Can
Published: January 2021

Bir haksız fiilin aynı taraflar arasında hâlihazırda mevcut bir başka hukukî ilişkiden doğan yükümlülüğü de ihlâl sonucunu doğurduğu hâllerde, fer'i bağlanma olarak adlandırılan bir yöntemden faydalanılarak, haksız fiil statüsünün söz konusu o diğer hukukî ilişkiyi idare eden hukuka bağlanması, böylelikle talep haklarının yarışması ve farklı vasıflandırma ihtimalleri üzerinden gündeme gelebilecek birtakım sorunların engellenmesi mümkündür. Haksız fiillere uygulanacak hukukun tespitine ilişkin çağdaş düzenlemeler, fer'i bağlanma yöntemini genellikle örneklemeler üzerinden açık şekilde hükme bağlamaktadırlar. Yönteme kimi zaman bir kural formunda, kimi zaman ise daha sıkı irtibatlı hukuk istisnası kapsamında yer verildiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, fer'i bağlanma yönteminin amaçları, unsurları, çeşitli hukukî metinlerde nasıl bir üslup ile düzenlenmiş olduğu gibi hususlar hakkında genel bir bilgilendirme yapmak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle, fer'i bağlanma kavramının tanımı ve üstlendiği fonksiyon üzerinde durulacaktır. Ardından, sırasıyla İsviçre, Avrupa Birliği ve Japon kanunlar ihtilâfı hukuklarında bu yöntemin nasıl düzenlendiği hususu incelenecek ve bu hukuklar açısından fer'i bağlanma yöntemine başvuru için gerekli unsurlar ortaya konacaktır. Uygulamada ne tür hukukî ilişkiler açısından bu yönteme başvurulduğu sorusunun örnekler eşliğinde ele alınmasını takiben, son olarak 5718 sayılı MÖHUK çerçevesinde fer'i bağlanma imkânının mevcudiyeti hakkındaki tespit ve önerilerimize yer verilerek çalışma tamamlanacaktır.
7226 SAYILI KANUN GEÇİCİ MADDE 1’İN ÇEK İBRAZ SÜRELERİNE ETKİSİ
Authors: SARIKAYA Sinan , SARIKAYA Merve
Published: January 2021

İki yüzden fazla ülkede milyonlarca vaka ve can kaybına neden olan koronavirüs (COVID-19) pandemisinin, 11.3.2020 tarihi ile ülkemizde de görülmesinin akabinde salgını kontrol altına almak amacıyla hayatın pek çok alanında olduğu gibi yargı alanında da yeni düzenlemeler süratle hayata geçirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda 25.3.2020 tarihinde kabul edilen 7226 sayılı “Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun” Geçici Madde 1, yargı alanında hak kayıplarının önlenmesi için bir hakkın doğumu, kullanımı veya sona ermesine ilişkin tüm sürelerin 30.4.2020 tarihine kadar duracağını hükme bağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada 7226 sayılı Kanun’la getirilen sürelerin durmasına ilişkin düzenlemenin çekte ibraz sürelerine uygulanıp uygulanmayacağı ile koronavirüs pandemisinin TTK 811 dolayısıyla mücbir sebep teşkil edip etmeyeceği hususları değerlendirilecektir.
TÜRK HUKUKUNDA DİJİTAL MİRAS: KARŞILAŞILAN SORUNLAR VE ULUSLARARASI UYGULAMALAR ÇERÇEVESİNDE BAZI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ
Authors: ALTINDAL Hasan , ARSLAN Yusuf Enes
Published: January 2021

Son yıllarda bilişim teknolojileri hızla gelişmekte ve özellikle ağ tabanlı hukuki işlemler çeşitlenerek artmaktadır. Bu tür teknolojik gelişim süreçlerinde kişilere yol gösterecek ve bilişim dünyasında ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıklarda başvurulacak hukuk normlarının varlığı, hukuk sistemine olan güveni artıracaktır. Aksi takdirde değişimlere aynı hızda uyum sağlayamayan hukuk sistemlerinde birtakım sorunların yaşanılması kaçınılmaz hale gelecektir.

21. yüzyılın hayatımıza kazandırdığı en önemli yeniliklerinden birisi de internetin yaygın ve çok boyutlu kullanımı ve özellikle dijital ekonomik faaliyetlerin ciddi oranda artmasıdır. Bu çerçevede, dijital ortamdaki işlemlerin hukuki açıdan sağlıklı bir zemine oturtulması ve yapılan işlemlerde gerçek kişilerin hakları ile maddi değerlerinin korunması büyük önem arz etmektedir.

Kişilerin kişisel ve ekonomik faaliyetlerini dijital ortama taşımalarıyla birlikte karşımıza çıkan önemli konulardan birisi de “dijital miras” tır. Bu konu üzerinde uluslararası yeknesak hukuk kuralları bulunmadığı gibi ülkelerin konuya bakış açıları da farklılık göstermektedir. Konu, Türk Hukuku açısından değerlendirildiğinde ise 4721 sayılı Türk Medeni Kanunu’nun miras hukukuna ilişkin hükümleri ile 5846 sayılı Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu dışında somut olaya uygulanacak başka hukuk normunun bulunmadığı görülmektedir.

Bu çalışmada; gerçek kişilere ait dijital varlıkların miras hukuku açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılacak ve uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlara ilişkin çözüm önerileri getirilmeye çalışılacaktır.
SAN FRANCİSCO KONFERANSI GÖRÜŞMELERİ VE BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER KARARLARI IŞIĞINDA SELF-DETERMİNASYON KAVRAMININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: KIRDIM Şahin Eray , DEMİRKOL Atahan
Published: January 2021

Bu çalışma uluslararası hukuk ve ilişkilerin en tartışmalı kavramlarından biri olan self-determinasyonun 20’nci yüzyıldaki gelişim sürecine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ortaya çıkmakla birlikte, ilk defa Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı ile geniş kapsamlı bir uluslararası antlaşma içerisinde muğlak bir şekilde kendine yer bulan bu kavram San Francisco Konferansı’ndan itibaren detaylı bir incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Birleşmiş Milletler teşkilatı tarafından hayata geçirilen düzenlemeler özelinde incelenen self-determinasyon tartışmalarının temelde üç ana eksende yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. İç self-determinasyon ve dış self-determinasyon olarak ifade edilen birinci tartışma self-determinasyonun kapsamına yöneliktir. İlke ve hak kavramları üzerinden yapılan ikinci tartışma self-determinasyonun anlamına ilişkindir. Son tartışma ise self-determinasyona dayanacak olan özne, yani, “peoples” kavramı üzerinde yaşanmaktadır. Çalışma, literatürden ayrılan bir yönüyle San Francisco Konferansı tutanakları ile konuya ilişkin önem arz eden Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul kararları görüşme tutanaklarını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Bu anlamda çalışma, self-determinasyon kavramına ilişkin ilke-hak tartışmasının ikinci lehine artık son bulduğunu, ancak diğer iki tartışmanın daha sıcaklığını koruduğunu göstermektedir.
TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET ALGISI BAĞLAMINDA KAMU KURUMLARINDA İSTİHDAM EDİLEN MEMUR VE İŞÇİLERİN EBEVEYNLİK KAYNAKLI İZİN HAKLARINA İLİŞKİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: TAHTALI Murat Buğra
Published: January 2021

Kamu hizmetinde istihdam edilen personeller, 657 Sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu’nun 4. maddesinde üç fıkra halinde sayılmıştır. Bu madde çerçevesinde kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarında; Memur, Sözleşmeli Personel ve İşçi olmak üzere üç türde istihdam şekli öngörülmüştür. Ancak; Kanunun, işçileri düzenleyen 4/(D) hükmüne eklenen bir cümleyle, “işçiler” grubundakilerin, Devlet Memurları Kanunu’na tabi olmayacağı ifade edilmiştir. Bu kişiler, iş sözleşmesiyle istihdam edilen ve işe girişleri, yükselmeleri ve işten ayrılmaları bakımından İş Kanunu’na tabidirler. Bu ayrımın bir sonucu olarak, aynı kamu kurumunda çalışanlardan bir kısmı Devlet Memurları Kanunu’na, bir kısmı da İş Kanunu’na tabi olabilmektedir. Bu durum, en tabii kadın hakkı olan annelik konusunda; doğum sonrası izin süreleri, işe geri dönüş şartları ve işe geri dönüşte çalışma koşulları bakımından bu iki kanun arasında ciddi eşitsizlikler söz ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Özellikle de toplumsal cinsiyet algısının sonucu olarak, İş Kanunu’na tabi çalışan kadın personel, ücretsiz izni de bittikten sonra, çocuğu ile kariyeri arasında tercih yapmak zorunda kalacaktır. Böylesi ikilemlerde; kadının, toplum tarafından kendine biçilmiş bulunan “annelik” konumuna hapsedilmesi gündelik hayatta çokça karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Nihayet her iki kanunda da ücretli doğum izni, erkek ebeveyn için çok daha az bir süre için verilmektedir. Çalışmamızda, işte mevzuat kaynaklı bu eşitsizlikler ortaya konmaya çalışılacak, yapılması gerekenler konusundaki çözüm önerilerimiz sıralanacaktır.
İDARİ YARGIDA TANIK DELİLİ
Authors: KÜÇÜK Çolpan Mücahit
Published: January 2021

Devlet kavramının tanımına ve oluşumuna ilişkin pek çok görüş ileri sürülmüştür. Bir topluluğa mensup insanların birtakım temel haklarından vazgeçerek bir iktidara üstünlük tanıması ve yönetilmeyi kabul etmesinin genel gerekçesi üzerinde yapılan tartışmalarda güvenlik, sağlık, eğitim gibi gerekçelerle ve isteyerek bu haklardan vazgeçtiği kabul edilmeye başlanmıştır. Böylece Devlete üstün ve ayrıcalıklı bir güç tanınmış olmasının insan ögesine hizmet etmek adına yapıldığı görüşü ağırlık kazanmıştır. Ancak her halükarda insanların temel ve vazgeçilmez, devredilemez çekirdek haklarının var olduğu fikrinin yaygınlaşmaya başlamasıyla birlikte bu hakların güvence altına alınması ve ihlâl edilmemesi için Devlet adına hareket eden İdarenin denetlenmesi gerekmiştir. Zamanla tarafsız bir denetimin ancak yargı organlarınca gerçekleştirilebileceği görülmüş ve idarenin yargısal denetimine gidilmiştir. Ülkemizde de Kıta Avrupası’na paralel bir gelişme ile kamu hukuku ve özel hukuk ayrımı yapılmış ve idarenin kamu gücüne dayanarak ve kamu yararını gözeterek gerçekleştirdiği; özel hukuk ilişkilerinden farklılık gösteren eylem ve işlemlerini denetlemek üzere idari yargılama sistemi getirilmiştir. Ancak idare hukuku kodifiye edilmemiş ve geçmişi çokta eskilere dayanmayan bir hukuk dalıdır. Bu sebeple de idare hukukunda hali hazır pek çok konuda tartışmalar devam etmektedir ve tartışmalı konulardan biri de tanık delilidir.
Nandhi Kalambagam’s Agam Songs and its Rhetoric
Authors: S Suja
Published: January 2021

As a result of the proliferation of Short literary composition genres (Prabandas), various catalog texts (Paattiyal) arose as a continuation of the tradition of finding literature and giving grammar explanations therefor. Panniru Paatiyal, Venpaa Paatiyal, Chidambara Paatiyal, Navaneetha Paatiyal, Prabandha Deepika, Ilakkana vilakkam, Thonnuul vilakkam etc. and even some grammar books that deal with five grammar forms (Ainthilakkanam) are involved in this grammatical endeavor and have given grammar to different numbers of Short Literary Compositions. These numerical differences record the development of the literature as a result of the passage of time. This number extends from 54 to 360. This genre of 96 Short Literary Works can be attributed to the fact that the number system operating in the set tradition is also applied to Short Literary Works and to be a permanent one. The name of the literary genre, Kalambakam, is given in various ways by dividing its name. There are various reasons for the mix of 18 types of elements (15-21), the proliferation of many types of compositions, and the mixing of Agappaadalkal (Agam songs). This can be explained by the fact that the name is derived from a variety of hybrids rather than one character. Nandikkalambakam, the first and foremost of the Kalambaka literatures, was sung with the third Nandi Varman of the Pallava dynasty as the Leader of the song. 25 years Nandi ruled from (847-872) with Kanchi as his capital, the Pallava dynasty and the wars fought to expand the territory of many Nandikalambaka songs.  Although there are some differences in the view of Nandivarman's reign, it is accepted by scholars that he belonged to the ninth century and that Nandi Kalambakam, who led him to the song, and the ninth century. Even though this literature is in our school and college curriculum, its literary style beauty and glossary competency are unknown to the so called scholars too. So this article tries to explain the above said features of the Nandhi Kalambakam.
Folk people fairy Kannagi
Authors: S Manimekalai
Published: January 2021

Kannagi, the women of chaste in Tamil Nadu is worshipped by various villages in different names. Kannagi destroyed the city of Madurai and the Pandiyan king during the Tamil month of Aadi and tasted the fruit of success, so the whole month is greatly celebrated worshipping Goddess Amman. Kannagi’s worship through the Kawaagu soil which was introduced among the Sri Lankans is practiced till now. As Kannagi, along with her husband flew to heaven by the border of the Cheras Dynasty. Hence Bagawadhi Amman is worshipped in and around Kerala. Kannagi, whose life was devasted by an anklet, triumphed the injustice posed on her husband’ death by her chastity and thus established justice in the country is called ‘Folk Fairy’. This research aims to prove the above.
Examining the Attitude-Behavior Gap and Adoption Intention of SHS Technology
Authors: Loveldy Zefanya Alanza Christabel
Published: January 2021

Current fuel-based electricity used to fulfill household electricity needs becomes a reason that worsens the global warming. Even though Indonesia is benefited from abundant solar radiation level, the utilization of solar energy as one possible solution is still very poor. This unused eco-friendly energy needs to be investigated by examining consumers’ intention to adopt Solar House System (SHS) technology along with factors affecting it. This study uses Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT) consists of values, reasons for adoption, reasons against adoption, attitude, and social influence as variables to predict adoption intention. Further, Partial Least Square Modeling is used to test the hypotheses after collecting 428 data by distributing questionnaire in Bandung Area. The result reveals that social influence is found to play the most significant role in predicting SHS adoption intention, attitude, reasons for adoption, and values. Thus, this study extents our understanding of attitude-behavior gap in the context of green technology as well as the impact of social influence.
Board Characteristics and Islamic Bank Performance
Authors: Mai Muhamad Umar
Published: January 2021

This study examines the influence of board characteristics on bank performance with size as the moderating variable. The study was performed on Sharia Commercial Bank (BUS, Bank Umum Syariah) in Indonesia for period 2010-2019. This study used samples of 127 BUS-year observation. The data was analyzed by applying ordinary least square method and was processed by Warp-PLS application. Board characteristics is served as proxy variables with board of directors size, board of directors meetings and female board of directors, while bank performance is served as a proxy with Return On Asset. The result conveyed that female directors in the board and board of directors meeting affect positively and significantly over Return On Asset. However, the impact of board of directors size is insignificant on Return On Asset. Furthermore, the result showed that size moderates negativity and significance of board of directors influence and board of directors meeting on Return On Asset. However, size is insignificant in moderating the influence of female directors in the board over Return On Asset.
PERBANDINGAN KREDIT MACET UMKM PADA BANK PERSERO DAN BANK PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH DI INDONESIA
Authors: Risna Kartika  , Pekerti Retno Dyah , Herlina Elin , Lestari Marlina Nur
Published: January 2021

Salah satu kredit produktif yang gencar di promosikan di Indonesia ialah kredit untuk UMKM. Hal ini tak luput dari dukungan pemerintah, terlihat dari fasilitas kredit UMKM yang disalurkan dari pihak bank pemerintah baik Bank Persero maupun BPD, berdasarkan data dari tahun 2015 sampai dengan 2019 kredit UMKM yang disalurkan kedua pihak bank tumbuh baik meskipun dilihat secara umum Bank Persero menyalurkan kredit UMKM lebih besar dari BPD, tetapi hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari tingginya Non Performing Loan (NPL) yang lebih dari standard yang ditetapkan Bank Indonesia yaitu 5%. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah data sekunder, berupa data rata-rata kredit untuk UMKM yang disalurkan perbulan oleh Bank Persero dan BPD di Indonesia yang dapat di peroleh dari Statistik Perbankan Indonesia pada website Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Metode penelitian yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan independent t-test, karena penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah perbedaan yang signifikan antara kredit macet atau NPL pada Bank Persero dan Bank Pembangunan Daerah di Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat  perbedaan rata-rata rasio NPL pada Bank Persero dan Bank BPD, dari rata-rata dapat disimpulkan bahwa Bank BPD memiliki rasio NPL lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Bank Persero.
CARACTERÍSTICAS ULTRASONOGRÁFICAS DEL NERVIO MEDIANO EN PACIENTES CON SÍNDROME DEL TÚNEL CARPIANO.
Authors: ARTEAGA-ROMANI ATENAS , QUISPE-ILANZO MELISA PAMELA
Published: January 2021

Introducción: el síndrome del túnel del carpo es la patología más común e incapacitante de los miembros superiores. Objetivo: determinar las características ultrasonográficas del nervio mediano en el túnel del carpo en pacientes con síndrome del túnel carpiano. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de investigaciones publicadas entre los años 2014 y 2019, en las bases de datos especializadas en ciencias de la salud de acceso abierto: Google Académico, Ebsco, PubMed, Redalyc, Scielo y Lilacs. Resultados: a través de la búsqueda de artículos científicos se recopilaron cuatro artículos: tres internacionales y uno nacional. No se encontraron estudios locales. Conclusiones: Los estudios revisados, indican que los afectados por el síndrome del túnel carpiano –al examen ultrasonográfico- presentan medidas mayores del área de corte transversal del nervio mediano, siendo los hallazgos más evidentes: área seccional del nervio mediano de 16 mm2 (media de área seccional transversal del nervio mediano de 18,75mm2 a nivel de la entrada al túnel del carpo y 19,28mm2 en la salida). En las mujeres se presentó un área seccional de nervio mediano mayor en el agujero de entrada (19,77mm2) versus al varón (16,72mm2); asimismo, se visualizó un grosor del retináculo flexor hasta 1,82 mm y altura del túnel del carpo de 10,1 mm en todos los casos.
DOLOR CRÓNICO DE CABEZA Y CUELLO POR SÍNDROME DE EAGLE: REPORTE DE UN CASO Y REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA
Authors: ALMEIDA-ARIAS DULVIS , ZAMBRANO-SANTANA ISABEL EVELYN , SALCEDO-MARTÍNEZ JUAN CARLOS , PÉREZ-CASTILLO RAYDEL
Published: January 2021

Objetivo: Realizar el reporte y revisión de los fundamentos teóricos de un caso con síndrome de Eagle. Presentación de Caso: Masculino de 57 años, exfumador, que acudió a consulta por presentar aumento de volumen de la hemicara derecha y disfagia de seis meses. Se asocia además cefalea y dolor en región laterocervical derecha irradiado al oído ipsilateral, desencadenado por la deglución y la masticación. A la exploración física destacaba el dolor a la palpación de ambas fosas amigdalinas, y al realizar maniobra activa y pasiva de movimiento cervical. Se le indica Tomografía Axial Computarizada contrastada de cabeza y cuello, con reconstrucción 3D; en la cual se observa proceso estiloides izquierdo elongado de 104 mm, que llega hasta el hueso hioides y/o calcificación del ligamento estilo-hioideo (Síndrome de Eagle). Conclusión: La Tomografía Computarizada con reconstrucción 3D permite el análisis más detallado de los patrones radiológicos de síndrome de Eagle. Aún cuando su presentación es infrecuente, se debe tener como diagnóstico diferencial en casos de dolor en la región maxilofacial sin una etiología clara.
Willingness to Pay for Improving Household Solid Waste Management in Vietnam
Authors: Chinh Phan C. , Hung Nguyen T.Q. , Ky Nguyen M. , Ai Nguyen T.L. , Tam Nguyen M.
Published: January 2021

Management of solid waste is a major challenge in urban areas of most parts of the world, especially in developing countries. The study aimed to determine and estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of the selected households for the improvement of solid waste management in Vietnam. The research evaluated WTP of household solid waste in case studies in Bien Hoa and My Tho cities using contingent valuation method (CVM). The data were collected through a closed-ended questionnaire survey and interviews with 200 households. The results showed that the most willingness to pay was equal to 10,000 and 15,000 VND per month. The respondents were willing to pay in Bien Hoa and My Tho with an average of 14,450 VND (0.63 USD) and 13,000 VND (0.56 USD) per month, respectively. Regression model identified influential factors on WTP of households in the two cities of Vietnam. The factors that significantly influence households’ WTP were monthly household income, education of respondents, age, occupation and solid waste volume (p<0.05). The results of this study can be used for the urban planning and implemented the sustainable development process in Bien Hoa and My Tho cities.
INOVASI DAN KREATIFITAS UMKM DI MASA PANDEMI (STUDI KASUS DI KABUPATEN BEKASI)
Authors: Munthe Reny Tri Juni , Rahadi Dedi Rianto
Published: January 2021

Saat ini dunia sedang mengalami pandemi Covid-19 termasuk di Indonesia.Begitu pun dengan  perekonomian di Indonesia yang sangat tak dipungkiri  berdampak dan adanya ketidakstabilan ekonomi salah satunya UMKM di Kabupaten Bekasi. UMKM juga sebagian dari perekonomian yang harus mempunyai keunggulan untuk  meningkatkan dalam melakukan inovasi. Keunggulan dalam perekonomian di dalam UMKM terkini yaitu inovasi dan kreatifitas.Untuk itu dibutuhkanya keunggulan dari sebuah kreatifitas dalam berbasis inovasi yang dapat membuat UMKM di Kabupaten Bekasi ini agar terus bertahan dan berkembang di masa pandemi Covid-19 dengan daya tahan dan jangka waktu lebih panjang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi literatur, data yang diperoleh dikompulasi, dianalisis dengan pendekatan deskripsi sehingga mendapatkan kesimpulan dari studi literatur. Pada penilitian ini hasil pemikiran dengan penelitian pustaka dengan mengambil data literature dari sumber, yakni teknik pengumpulan data dengan memelaah buku-buku, literature-literatur, teori-teori, artikel-artikel serta catatan-catatan yang ada di internet sesuai dengan masalah yang berkaitan. Hasil penilitian ini menunjukan adanya inovasi ini juga dibutuhkan motivasi dan kreatifitas di dalam diri seseorang agar bisa mencapai suatu tujuan dan bentuk inovasi dan kreatitiftas apa saja yang bisa dilakukan terhadap UMKM di masa pandemi ini yang akan membantu terbukanya pikiran para pelaku  UMKM terutama di Kabupaten Bekasi untuk melakukan atau membentuk suatu perubahan kedepannya agar terus tetap bertahan.
CHONDROSARCOMA OF HUMERUS - METASTASIS TO LUNGS
A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: G Jishna. , Ravichandar Sabarinath
Published: January 2021

Chondrosarcoma is the third most common primary tumour of the bone, after myeloma and
osteosarcoma. Most of the chondrosarcomas grow slowly and rarely metastasize, and they have an
1
excellent prognosis after adequate surgery.However most of them are chemo or radio-resistant . We report a case of primary
chondrosarcoma of proximal humerus in a 52-year-old male who presented with a sixyears history of swelling and restricted
range of Motion of right shoulder which later metastasized to the lungs in a span of 4yrs.
Implementasi kartu indonesia pintar di kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara
Authors: Suwrayaingrat Ni Dewi Eka , Mantiri Jeane
Published: January 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah; (1) Untuk mendeskripsikan Impelementasi Kebijakan Kartu Indonesia Pintar di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara; (2) Untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Implementasi Kebijakan Kartu Indonesia Pintar di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi objek ilmiah, sebagai lawannya adalah eksperimen, dimana peneliti adalah instrumen kunci, pengumpulan data dilakukan secara tringgulasi (gabungan), analisis data bersifat induktif, dan hasil penelitian lebih menekankan makna dari pada generalisasi. Penelitian ini bertempat di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Adapun hasil dari penelitain ini adalah: (1) Tahapan implementasi kebijakan Kartu Indonesia Pintar belum disosialisasikan kepada sasaran karena belum tersedia dana; (2) Implementasi Kebijkan Kartu Indonesia Pintar di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara dalam hal kevalidtan data siswa tidak tidak ada koordinasi antara pemerintah daerah dan pusat maupun agen pelaksana; (3) Penyaluran dana belum berjalan secara efektif di karenakan keterlambatan karena sasaran tidak membawa persyaratan pencairan dana dan (4) Bentuk pelaporan dana hanya lisan untuk sanksi pelanggaran penggunan dana belum dijalankan.Kata kunci: Pengelolaan, KIP, Kebijakan, Minahasa Utara Implementation of Smart Indonesian Cards in Southeast Minahasa District. The aim of this research is; (1) To describe the implementation of the Indonesia Smart Card Policy in Southeast Minahasa Regency; (2) To describe the factors that influence the implementation of the Indonesia Smart Card Policy in Southeast Minahasa District. This research uses qualitative methods used to examine the conditions of scientific objects, as opposed to experiments, in which the researcher is the key instrument, data collection is done by triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive, and the results of the study emphasize meaning rather than generalization. This research took place in North Minahasa Regency. The results of this research are: (1) The stages of implementing the Smart Indonesia Card policy have not been socialized to the target audience because funds are not yet available; (2) The implementation of the Indonesia Smart Card Policy in Southeast Minahasa District, in terms of the validity of student data, there is no coordination between the regional and central governments and implementing agencies; (3) Fund distribution has not been effective due to delays because the target does not carry the requirements for disbursement of funds and (4) The form of reporting of funds is only oral for sanctions for violations of the use of funds has not been implemented.Keywords: Management, KIP, Policy, North Minahasa