bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of π-Stacked Polymers on the Basis of [2.2]Paracyclophane
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: September 2009

We synthesized π-stacked polymers by incorporating [2.2]paracyclophane units into conjugated polymer backbones and developed corresponding through-space-conjugated polymers and aromatic-ring-layered polymers. We also synthesized [2.2]paracyclophane-containing polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and optically active polymethylenes. These polymers and dendrimers are the first well-defined and well-characterized conjugated polymers with cyclophane units in their main chain. We studied the properties of the [2.2]paracyclophane-containing through-space-conjugated polymers. We demonstrated the use of these through-space-conjugated polymers in optoelectronic applications such as an EL device. Further, we developed a synthetic strategy for new π-stacked polymers comprising layered aromatic rings on a xanthene skeleton as the scaffold. The occurrence of fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the layered cyclophanes to the end-capping aromatic moieties was verified.
Cesium Salt-Catalyzed Addition of Diphenyl Dichalcogenides to Alkynes: Selective Synthesis of Bis- and Mono(phenylchalcogeno)alkenes
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Ohnishi Haruko , Koguma Yuya
Published: September 2009

A cesium salt has a unique catalytic ability for the reaction of alkynes with diphenyl dichalcogenides. When the diphenyl dichalcogenides, such as the disulfide, diselenide, or ditelluride, were allowed to react with alkynes in the presence of a catalytic amount of a cesium fluoride or carbonate, the bisphenylchalcogenolation of the alkynes efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding vic-bis(phenylchalcogeno)alkenes in moderate to good yields with high selectivity. When H2O was added to the reaction medium, monophenylchalcogenolation of the alkynes occurred giving the mono(phenylchalcogeno)alkenes in moderate yields.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of Mono-O-(diphenylphosphinobenzyl)calix[6]arenes with and without tert-Butyl Moieties at the Upper Rim
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Kubouchi Sho , Obora Yasushi , Tokunaga Makoto , Takenaka Kazuhiro , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: September 2009

Synthesis and characterization of a series of mono-O-(diphenylphosphinobenzyl)calix[6]arenes are presented. The two types of calix[6]arene moieties were prepared: 1 (with tert-butyl groups at the upper rim) and 2 (without the tert-butyl groups). With regard to the position of a phosphorus atom, the diphenylphosphino group was introduced onto the ortho, meta, or para positions with the benzyl ether moiety. These phosphines as well as their oxides were fully characterized by elemental analysis, NMR measurements, and HR-ESI-MS. The NMR study indicated that 1 had a cone conformation whereas 2 was very flexible in solution. These phosphines were found to be effective ligands in Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation.
Apricitabine: A Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor for HIV Infection
Authors: Gaffney Monica M , Belliveau Paul P , Spooner Linda M
Published: September 2009

Objective:

To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of apricitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is currently under investigation and has fast-track approval status with the Food and Drug Administration.

Data Sources:

A literature search was conducted using PubMed (1966–June 2009) to retrieve relevant material using the search terms apricitabine, SPD754, and AVX754. References from selected articles were evaluated to identify other pertinent trials. Information was also obtained from the manufacturer.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All English-language in vitro and in vivo studies and abstracts evaluating apricitabine were reviewed and considered for inclusion. Preference was given to human data.

Data Synthesis:

Apricitabine is a prodrug that is phosphorylated to its active triphosphate form intracellularly, which ultimately results in chain termination and inhibition of reverse transcription. Apricitabine is administered orally, displays linear pharmacokinetics, and is renally excreted with minimal to no hepatic metabolism. It has demonstrated antiretroviral activity against drug-resistant strains both in vitro and in vivo. In clinical studies, in both antiretroviral-naïve and treatment-experienced patients, apricitabine achieved the primary endpoint of significant reductions in plasma viral load versus comparator. Further Phase 2 and 3 studies are currently enrolling. Safety analysis indicates that apricitabine is well tolerated and has a low potential for causing mitochondrial damage. The most common adverse events reported include headache and rhinitis. Development of resistance or further gene mutations has not been shown in clinical studies to date.

Conclusions:

Although the role of apricitabine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection has yet to be established, its activity against resistant HIV-1 strains and its tolerability profile will likely make it a viable second-line treatment option in patients who have failed regimens containing lamivudine or emtricitabine.
Analysis of Drug Authentication at the Point of Dispensing in Belgian and Greek Community Pharmacies
Authors: Simoens Steven
Published: September 2009

Background:

Authentication processes based on mass serialization technology may help to make the drug supply more secure for patients.

Objective:

To analyze the AegateProtect service, a new drug authentication service implemented in Belgian and Greek community pharmacies.

Methods:

A prospective analysis conducted via a mystery shopper audit assessed the reliability of the authentication service in a sample of Belgian community pharmacies. A retrospective analysis evaluated the effectiveness of the authentication service in Belgian and Greek community pharmacies in terms of the number of scans relating to authentic, recalled, expired, and suspicious products. Also, the costs of providing an authentication service in a hypothetical country were weighed against the benefits in terms of preventing the dispensing of substandard drugs.

Results:

The authentication service attained a sample reliability of 100% (95% CI 99.8 to 100) in Belgium. The 220,751 scans tested in Belgium during June–August 2008 consisted of authentic products (96.13% of scans), recalled products (0.74%), products that may be recalled (3.00%), and expired products (0.13%). No suspicious products were identified. Similar results were observed in Greece. For a hypothetical country, a modeling exercise showed that an authentication service would become cost-neutral in a scenario in which 0.47% of products per year are identified as recalled or expired.

Conclusions:

A drug authentication process such as the AegateProtect service is reliable and effective in identifying recalled, expired, and suspicious drugs in community pharmacies at the point of dispensing. The proportion of products identified as recalled, expired, or suspicious in a given country determines the level of cost benefits of an authentication service.
A Method for Educating Patients and Documenting Smoking Status in an Electronic Medical Record
Authors: Ragucci Kelly R , Shrader Sarah P
Published: September 2009

Background:

Published evidence demonstrates benefit from pharmacist smoking cessation interventions; however, there is limited research evaluating the impact of a template within an electronic medical record used at pharmacy disease state management visits.

Objective:

To determine the rates of smoking cessation and movement along the transtheoretical model of change after implementation of a template into existing pharmacy-related progress notes within the electronic medical record.

Methods:

Patients who were routinely followed by clinical pharmacists for anticoagulation and diabetes mellitus education at 3 clinics at the Medical University of South Carolina were included. At each visit, the pharmacist would document patient smoking information in a newly designed template within the existing progress note. In addition, pharmacists would educate patients on the benefits of smoking cessation and pharmacologic options that may be available to them. Data were collected between April 2007 and March 2008. Baseline demographic data and smoking cessation rates and products were compared using descriptive statistics. The McNemar χ2 test was used to compare the groups of patients achieving smoking cessation pre- and postintervention.

Results:

Of the 90 current smokers, 38 (42%) achieved smoking cessation postintervention. Movement along the transtheoretical model of change was also seen, with 52 (58%) patients progressing to at least the next stage. Thirty-four patients in the contemplation/preparation stage and 4 patients in the precontemplation stage moved to the action or maintenance stage by the end of the study period (p = 0.03). A variety of pharmacologic therapies were used in individuals who stopped smoking, although varenicline was most common. Thirty-nine percent of the patients used no medications to achieve cessation.

Conclusions:

Incorporating a smoking cessation template into existing progress notes and providing education during existing pharmacy referral visits is a simple and effective method to assist patients in achieving smoking cessation.
The Role of National Culture in Advertising's Sensitivity to Business Cycles: An Investigation across Continents
Authors: Deleersnyder Barbara , Dekimpe Marnik G. , Steenkamp Jan-Benedict E.M. , Leeflang Peter S.H.
Published: September 2009

The authors conduct a systematic investigation into the cyclical sensitivity of advertising expenditures in 37 countries, covering four key media: magazines, newspapers, radio, and television. They show that advertising is considerably more sensitive to business-cycle fluctuations than the economy as a whole. Advertising behaves less cyclically in countries high in long-term orientation and power distance, but it is more cyclical in countries high in uncertainty avoidance. Furthermore, advertising is more sensitive to the business cycle in countries characterized by significant stock market pressure and few foreign-owned multinational corporations. The authors provide initial evidence on the long-term social and managerial losses incurred when companies tie ad spending too tightly to business cycles. Countries in which advertising behaves more cyclically exhibit slower growth of the advertising industry. Moreover, private-label growth is higher in countries characterized by more cyclical advertising spending, implying significant losses for brand manufacturers. Finally, an examination of 26 global companies shows that stock price performance is lower for companies that exhibit stronger procyclical advertising spending patterns.
Me, Myself, and My Choices: The Influence of Private Self-Awareness on Choice
Authors: Goukens Caroline , Dewitte Siegfried , Warlop Luk
Published: September 2009

This article examines the impact of private self-awareness on consumer decision making. In four studies, the authors show that the ease of preference formation accompanying private self-awareness makes people more willing and able to rely on their personal preference weights. As the authors predict, privately self-aware consumers are less inclined to opt for a varied choice set (Study 1) and are less likely to select compromise options (Studies 2 and 3), unless they find that it is too difficult to construct their personal preferences (Study 4).
Structure of Displacement Cascades Produced by Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Van Lint V. A. J.
Published: September 2009

Experiments have been performed to measure the range-energy relation for recoiling atoms in solids. Recoiling atoms with energies between 10 and 500 kev have been produced as a result of photonuclear reactions, such as (γ,n), (γ,p), and (γ,α). In addition to receiving kinetic energy by recoiling from the particle emission, the atoms are transmuted and thus can be detected by radiochemical techniques. These experiments have indicated roughly an E0.7 relation for the range and have shown that the average scattering angle for the particles is small enough that they retain most of the memory of their initial direction of motion.

Analytical studies have also been conducted, based on an exponentially screened Coulomb potential between two atoms. Scattering cross-sections have been calculated by numerical means, and a Monte Carlo computer program has been used for following the history of slowing-down atoms in a solid, for mass ratios between moving and target atoms both equal to unity and appreciably different from unity.

The experimental data are in agreement with calculations based on the best available interatomic-potential functions.
Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Iron and Iron Alloys
Authors: Chow J. G. Y. , McRickard S. B. , Gurinsky D H.
Published: September 2009

The effects of fast neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of pure iron, iron alloyed with carbon, and iron alloyed with chromium were studied as part of an investigation of irradiation damage in body-centered cubic metals. In addition, A 212 grade B and modified HY80 steels were also analyzed.

It was observed in the pure iron that the yield strength was no longer a function of the grain size after a fast neutron exposure of 2 x 1018 nvt. The postirradiation yield strength appears to be proportional to the log 1/T, and furthermore neutron exposures of 2 x 1018 nvt or greater produced a sharp ductile-to-brittle transition point with a shift of 85 K in fine-grained pure iron. For each initial grain size there exists a fast neutron exposure level above which the flow curve becomes linear with the apparent elimination of the initial rapid work hardening portion of the curve.

While carbon additions of up to 0.11 weight per cent increased the strength and decreased the ductility of pure iron before irradiation, these differences in properties after irradiation were not found. The addition of chromium, however, decreased the yield strength and increased the ductility of both unirradiated and irradiated iron. A linear flow curve was obtained from the iron chromium alloy after the 2 x 1018 nvt exposure but no sharp ductile-to-brittle transition was observed. The two steels generally showed increased strength and some decrease in ductility without a sharp ductile-to-brittle transition point after irradiation.

These results are explained by attributing the initial increases in strength and decreases in ductility to radiation-produced point defects. However, after a certain level of exposure is reached these defects become saturated and vacancy loops are created which tangle with slip dislocations. These tangles create a dislocation cell structure similar to that found in cold worked metals. These complex defects and the resulting structure produce the independence of yield strength on grain size and a linear flow curve in irradiated iron. A possible explanation for the effects produced by the introduction of carbon and chromium is given.
Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Precipitation-Hardening Alloys
Authors: Cupp C. R.
Published: September 2009

The effects of neutron irradiation on age-hardening alloys are of great importance in determining the usefulness of these alloys in reactors and are, in addition, of fundamental interest in determining the basic mechanisms of radiation effects. Most of the work has been on alloys irradiated as supersaturated solid solutions, although some data are available for specimens irradiated in the aged condition. Irradiation can enhance solid state diffusion sufficiently to initiate precipitation or to allow growth of existing precipitates, which can lead to overaging. In addition, precipitate nuclei can be redissolved by neutron irradiation. Either overaging or re-solution will reduce the strength of the alloy and will affect physical properties as well.

This paper describes the effects of irradiation on the mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties of alloys in the groups listed below and relates the effects, where possible, to structural changes: copper-beryllium, nickel-beryllium, copper-iron, copper-cobalt, zirconium-columbium (niobium), certain nickel-base alloys, and precipitation-hardenable steels. Work in progress includes studies of aluminum-copper and nickel-titanium alloys.
Significance of Neutron Spectrum on Radiation Effects Studies
Authors: Rossin A. D.
Published: September 2009

An attempt is being made to develop a method for reporting radiation damage exposure which will be consistent and applicable for different reactor environments. A model has been proposed for this purpose and calculations of relative damage rates have been performed. The experimental work described in this report is an attempt to verify the model. Progress from January through July, 1962, is reported.

The approach is to perform series of irradiations on one type of steel in several reactor locations which have different fast spectra. The spectra are calculated and then verified by foil dosimetry. For each location a curve is developed of the shift in the brittle-ductile transition temperature as a function of integrated reactor power. The test of the model will be the extent of agreement obtained between the several curves.

Long-term exploratory irradiations have been performed in the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) and in two locations in CP-5. The facilities and spectra are described. Shifts as great as 270 F were observed. The series of shorter irradiations in EBR-I was performed, but the testing and analysis could not be completed in time for this report. Capsules for the next CP-S irradiations are now being prepared.

Dosimetry forms a major aspect of this work. Results of nickel-58 monitor foils in the EBR-I irradiation are reported, but work on sulfur, iron-54, copper-63 and some fission monitors is not complete.

The appendices contain details of cross-sectional data, specimens, irradiation facilities and locations, and irradiation history.
Fast-Neutron Dosimetry at the MTR-ETR Site
Authors: Hogg C. H. , Weber L. D.
Published: September 2009

Fast-neutron dosimetry at the Materials Testing Reactor - Engineering Test Reactor (MTR-ETR) Site consists of routine fast-flux measurement and the development of new techniques. The threshold reaction, Ni58n, p)Co58, is being used where the high thermal-neutron cross-sections of the cobalt-58 isomers are not a detriment and the reactions Ti46(n,p)Sc46 and Fe54(n,p)Mn54 are used as alternatives.

In the development program, 14 fast-neutron cross-sections averaged over the fission spectrum in Experimental Breeder Reactor 1 (EBR-I) have been measured relative to the assumed 0.57-mb value for the reaction Al27(n,α)Na24. The reactions investigated and the fast-neutron cross-sections in mb are: Mg24(n, p)Na24, 1.1; Ti46(n, p)Sc46, 9.0; Ti47(n, p)Sc47, 15; Ti48(n, p)Sc48, 0.25; Mn55(n, 2n)Mn54, 0.18; Fe54(n, p)Mn54, 65; Fe56(n, p)Mn56, 0.71; Ni58(n, p)Co58, 90; Ni60(n, p)Co60, >0.5; Cu63(n, α)Co60, 0.42; Zn64(n, p)Cu64, 25; Zn66 (n,2n)-Zn65, >4; Mo92(n, p)Cb92, 6.0; Mo95(n, p)Cb95, >0.1.
Fast Neutron Dosimetry for Long-Term Irradiations
Authors: Ritzman R. L. , Lieberman R. , Kircher J. F. , Sunderman D. N.
Published: September 2009

The use of fast neutron threshold detectors for measuring the fast neutron (neutrons with energies greater than 1 Mev) flux in nuclear reactors takes advantage of the (n, p) and (n,α) reactions which various nuclides undergo when exposed to high-energy neutrons. In order to qualify as a good dosimeter system the reactant nucleus must have a convenient and well-known reaction cross-section and the decay characteristics of the product nucleus must be well known. Other desirable characteristics include a chemical state which facilitates handling of the dosimeter and nuclear properties which allow simple radioassay procedures. The chief consideration for a dosimeter to be used for monitoring long irradiations is the halflife of the product nuclide. It should be long enough so that a significant fraction of that activity produced early in the irradiation is present at the conclusion of irradiation. This usually leads to selection of a system in which the product nuclide's half-life is at least twice the length of irradiation, although it is possible to use the system when the irradiation time is nearly equal to the half-life provided the calendar time over which the irradiation is made and the decay time from end of irradiation to analysis are not excessive.
The Use of Semiconductor Lithium Drifted P-I-N Junction Detectors for Dosimetry
Authors: Baily Norman A. , Kramer Gordon
Published: September 2009

Applications of the lithium drifted p-i-n junction semiconductor radiation detector in dosimetry are explored. Data on wavelength dependence for electromagnetic radiation, gamma-ray spectroscopy, and absolute sensitivity are given. The use of the device as the active component for a Bragg-Gray dosimeter is discussed. The application of the device to the measurement of charged particle spectra is discussed and typical experimental determinations are presented. The use of the detector for neutron dosimetry is discussed and the fundamental interactions for both thermal and fast neutrons are presented. Data on the stability of the active volume and the influence of storage conditions are presented.
Effect of Neutron Irradiation at 550 F on Charpy Impact Properties of ASTM A 302 Grade B Steel
Authors: Brandt F. A. , Alexander A. J.
Published: September 2009

Test data are presented from the first three sets of a series of V-notch Charpy impact specimens irradiated with neutrons in the Dresden Nuclear Power Reactor to measure the mechanical property changes of the pressure vessel steel. A number of groups of impact specimens were machined from the actual reactor pressure vessel steel, ASTM Specification A 302 grade B plate. They were placed, in sealed capsules, in the interior of the reactor pressure vessel where they were exposed to intense neutron irradiation at 545 F, the operating temperature of the reactor. Impact transition curves were determined on four groups of specimens covering a range of neutron exposure from 0 to 1019 nvt > 1 Mev. Based on the 30 ft-lb transition, the maximum increase in transition temperature measured was 150 F. Additional impact specimens are being irradiated in the reactor and will be removed periodically and tested over a 30-yr period.
Irradiation Embrittlement and Hardening of Steels and Zircaloy-2 in Pressurized Components
Authors: Cibois E. , Lemaire J. , Weisz Michel
Published: September 2009

In the course of research on materials for pressurized components for gascooled reactors, a fundamental study was begun upon two kinds of materials: (1) manganese-molybdenum weldable steel similar to that used in the pressure vessels of the French gas-cooled graphite reactor projects, and (2) Zircaloy-2, chosen for the pressurized tubes of the French gas-cooled heavy water projects. Preliminary results are reported. Both impact tests and tension tests were performed in order to correlate brittleness and hardening after irradiation. Other tests were also made to study the recovery of steel following irradiation damage.

Irradiation temperatures were 180 C for steel and less than 100 C for Zircaloy-2.

In addition to tests on the original material, cold-worked materials and several heat treatments have been studied in order to obtain different grain sizes and microstructures, with resulting increase in yield strength and change in transition temperature. Some attempts were made to correlate results with radiation damage theory. Conclusions agree well with those reported in the literature.
Effects of Neutron Spectrum and Dose Rate on Radiation Hardening and Embrittlement in Steels
Authors: Harries D. R. , Barton P. J. , Wright S. B.
Published: September 2009

The Kinchin and Pease model for calculating the number of displaced atoms resulting from a fast neutron collision is described briefly and is used to calculate damage rates for iron irradiated in various calculated reactor neutron spectra. It is shown that the results of tension tests on steel specimens irradiated at 150 C in some reactor spectra can be used to determine the importance of energy loss by electronic excitation. The resulting damage function is used to predict the embrittlement of the CALDER HALL reactor pressure vessel steel from the results of accelerated irradiation tests.

Preliminary results of investigations of the influence of neutron dose rate show no significant effect on the radiation hardening of mild steel at irradiation temperatures in the range 100 to 350 C.

The method whereby the number of displaced atoms produced by thermal (n,γ) reactions can be calculated is described and the importance of this mode of damage relative to that produced by fast neutron scattering evaluated. It is shown that the embrittlement of the CALDER HALL pressure vessel steel is overestimated when both thermal (n, γ) and fast neutron displacements are considered.
A Study of Neutron Irradiation in Alpha Iron and A 1Cr-0.5Mo Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Eyre B. L.
Published: September 2009

A considerable amount of work has been carried out to determine the influence of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of iron and steels; the principal effects—namely, increases in yield stress and decreases in ductility in tension tests and increases in transition temperature in notched-bar tests— have now been established (1). The effects of the irradiation (integrated neutron dosage, temperature of irradiation, neutron dosage rate, and flux spectrum) and metallurgical (type of steel, grain size, and so on) variables have now been appreciated (2,3), but little progress has been made in identifying the nature of the damage responsible for the property changes.

This paper described the preliminary results of an investigation of the effects of neutron irradiation on the deformation characteristics and structure of alpha iron (4,5) and a 1Cr,0.5Mo pressure vessel steel.
The Mechanisms of Deformation and Work Hardening in Aisi Type 301 Stainless Steel
Authors: Barclay W. F.
Published: September 2009

The mechanical properties of austenitic and martensitic stainless steels have been the subject of numerous research papers. The most complex types of materials, however, are the semiaustenitic steels which transform from austenite to martensite during plastic deformation. The most common commercial material which makes use of this characteristic is AISI Type 301. The research reported here had as its goal the determination of the mechanisms which control strain hardening and plastic deformation in commercially produced Type 301. The primary research tools used to reveal the mechanisms of deformation were the measurement of martensite forming during plastic deformation and the examination, by electron transmission and electron diffraction, of tension specimens deformed to various increments of plastic strain.
Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of a High-Strength Chromium-Manganese-Nitrogen-Stainless Steel
Authors: Heger J. J.
Published: September 2009

As a consequence of a nickel shortage in the early 1930's, German investigators undertook the development of austenitic chromium-manganese stainless steels. These investigators established the composition limits for the iron-chromium-manganese system, and their results are discussed. American investigators were able to obtain higher chromium contents in austenitic steels by the use of nitrogen. Using both nickel and nitrogen in combination with manganese, these investigators developed the steels that are accepted today as AISI Types 201 and 202. Further work in America indicated that fully austenitic steels containing over 18 per cent chromium, using manganese and nitrogen as austenite formers, were possible. In this paper the structural diagrams for the iron-chromium-manganese-nitrogen system are presented. These diagrams permit the establishment of composition limits for fully austenitic chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel.

The melting, processing, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of one of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels is described. This steel contains upward of 0.40 per cent nitrogen with the result that its room-temperature mechanical properties are twice those of the conventional chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels. Data are presented showing the effect of cold rolling on the room- and elevated-temperature tensile strength and compressive strength. In addition, data are presented illustrating the fatigue strength of this material in the annealed and cold rolled condition. The results of laboratory and service corrosion tests indicate that the corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steels is equivalent to that of 17 per cent chromium Type 430 stainless steel in all environments tested and is similar to Type 304 stainless steel in many of the environments tested. Although the stress corrosion resistance of the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel is erratic, it is always superior to that of the chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels, such as Type 304. The possibility, therefore, exists that some slight modification in the chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel will provide the long-wished-for austenitic stainless steel having immunity to transgranular stress corrosion cracking.
Experience with Stainless Steels in Utility Power Plants
Authors: Lien G. F.
Published: September 2009

Utilities have pushed steam temperatures to 1050 F and above during the past 15 years with the result that more stainless steel has been used in superheaters, main steam piping, and turbine parts. Recently, this trend has been reversed, and temperatures have dropped back to 1000 F leaving stainless steel in a very competitive fight for its right to again lead the assault on higher temperatures and efficiencies. Stainless Types 347, 321, and 316 have been used extensively. Type 304 and nickel alloys IN 102 and Inconel alloy 800 are going to be factors in the future.
Effect of Heat Treatment and Welding on Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Auld J. R.
Published: September 2009

The thermal effects of annealing, sensitization and welding on the resistance to corrosion by plant process solutions were determined for nine stainless steel alloys. Field corrosion information from exposure of 1200 test coupons is recorded and correlated with the 240-hour boiling 65 percent nitric acid test. The results show (1) general corrosion and pitting as well as intergranular corrosion can be accelerated in certain solutions by improper heat treatment and welding; many solutions do not cause accelerated corrosion of improperly heat treated stainless steels; (2) the boiling 65 percent nitric acid test is a satisfactory quality test for Types 302, 304, 304L, 347, 316 and 317 stainless steels, but is not a satisfactory quality test for Types 321, 316L and 318 stainless steels; and (3) single-pass welds on 1/8-inch thick material will cause severe intergranular corrosion in only a very few instances.
Accelerated Tests As a Method of Predicting Service Corrosion of Exterior Automotive Trim
Authors: Bush G. F. , Garwood W. J. , Tiffany B. E.
Published: September 2009

A wide variety of accelerated, or short term, tests are conducted daily upon a host of different materials in an attempt to predict the behavior of the material in service or to evaluate the relative merits of material modifications or changes. They are also used for control purposes to insure product quality as well as for identification. It would be extremely time consuming and unprofitable to attempt to list them all or even those which might be considered as major tests. The American Society for Testing and Materials alone publishes 11 large volumes on test methods. Other national societies, government agencies and private industry publish still others.
A Laboratory Test for Determining Susceptibility of Nickel-Molybdenum and Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloys to Intercrystalline Corrosion and Its Use in Development of Resistant Alloys
Authors: Grafen H.
Published: September 2009

Nickel-base alloys containing molybdenum and chromium frequently have been employed in chemical industry as particularly corrosion resistant materials where the resistance of the known austenitic chromium-nickel steels failed to be adequate. In the light of their high strength at elevated temperatures they are suited for reaction apparatus operating under high pressures and at high temperature. Frequently they find application as cladding material.
An Evaluation of Accelerated Strauss Testing
Authors: Scharfstein L. R. , Eisenbrown C. M.
Published: September 2009

As a stainless steel producer, we are often requested by customers to perform ASTM Test Designation: A 393-55T on materials prior to shipment. This test, commonly known as the Strauss Test, is officially entitled “Conducting Acidified Copper Sulfate Test for Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steel”. The purpose of conducting the test is to ascertain whether or not the finished product will be prone to suffer intergranular attack in service due to the presence of a chromium-rich carbide grain boundary precipitate. Stabilized and low carbon grades of austenitic stainless steels are also tested to verify the correct composition. These steels are tested in the “sensitized” condition. A sensitizing heat treatment of 1 hour at 1250 F in air followed by an air cool is suggested in A 393. All other materials are tested in the “as-received” condition. In the A 393 test the test specimen is exposed for a period of 72 hours to a boiling aqueous solution containing approximately 16 percent H2SO4 and 6 percent CuSO4 by weight. After exposure to boiling acid, the specimen is bent through 180 degrees and the surface is examined at 5X to 15X for the presence of fissures. Fissuring is an indication of intergranular attack.
Effect of Heat Treatment, Composition and Microstructure on Corrosion of 18 Cr-8Ni-Ti Stainless Steels in Acids
Authors: Streicher M. A.
Published: September 2009

Titanium additions to 18Cr-8Ni steels can effectively eliminate susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides. However, these additions also drastically reduce the grain size of these steels and promote the formation of sigma phase. Both of these factors modify the behavior of titanium-stabilized steels in corrosive environments. A detailed investigation of the influence of heat treatment and microstructure on the corrosion resistance of four titanium-stabilized, AISI 321, heats is described.

Incomplete stabilization of carbon by titanium leads to precipitation of chromium carbides on heating in the range of 800 F to 1600 F. This type of susceptibility is readily detected in the oxalic acid etch test, the nitric-hydrofluoric acid test, the copper sulfate-sulfuric acid test, the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, and in the nitric acid test.

A second type of susceptibility to intergranular attack is associated with the formation of sigma phase, which may precipitate in a submicroscopic form during heating in the range of 1150 to 1550 F. It is detected only in the nitric acid test and, to a lesser extent, in the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test.

The action of various acid solutions on titanium-stabilized stainless steels are compared by means of metallographic studies of microstructures and of progressive corrosion, and by measurements of weight loss and change in electrical resistance of corroding specimens. The data obtained are used to explain the action of acids on these steels and to recommend procedures for evaluation testing.
Fine Structure and Properties of a 12-Cr MoWV Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Banerjee B. R. , Hauser J. J. , Capenos J. M.
Published: September 2009

A comprehensive characterizing of fine structures in Type 422 stainless steel has effectively related structural parameters to smooth- and notch-tensile properties and to corrosion and stress-corrosion resistance. By a departure from conventional heat treatment for this steel, fracture toughness can be increased nearly fourfold at the same yield strength, and corrosion properties can be substantially improved. These marked improvements in properties are explained in terms of dislocation rearrangements and precipitation strengthening effects.
Development of a Modified Alloy 20 Stainless Steel
Authors: Black H. L. , Lherbier L. W.
Published: September 2009

Alloy 20 is a low carbon, 20 per cent chromium, 30 per cent nickel austenitic stainless steel that contains molybdenum, copper, and columbium as primary alloying elements. The alloy is especially resistant to corrosive attack in sulfuric acid. Although satisfactory for a majority of sulfuric acid applications, there are some areas where its corrosion resistance is somewhat deficient. Another deficiency, of more interest to the producer than the user, is its poor hot workability. This study was designed to develop a modified Alloy 20 with improved corrosion resistance that would have higher product yields through improved workability.

The results of tests on a series of experimental heats indicate that the hot workability of Alloy 20 can be significantly improved by additions of titanium and to a lesser degree by increasing carbon, columbium, and boron and decreasing chromium and molybdenum. The effect of nickel is variable. Copper variations and calcium additions have no effect on workability.

In respect to corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid, all increases in alloying elements produced either no significant effect or a reduction of corrosion resistance, with the exception of nickel. A significant increase in sulfuric acid corrosion resistance was observed with increasing nickel content. A significant detrimental effect on corrosion was observed with increasing amounts of chromium. All other elements studied, including titanium, had no significant effect on corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid.
Aging Mechanisms in Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steels
Authors: Wilkins J. C. , Pence R. E. , Perry D. C.
Published: September 2009

The mechanism of age hardening in the 17-7PH and PH15-7Mo stainless steels was studied by electron microscopy and “selected area” electron diffraction using direct-transmission thin-foil techniques and the extracted-particle carbon-replica techniques. The precipitates in the specimens aged from 6 to 24 hr at 1050 F were NiAl, and at 100 hr they were NiAl and Ni3Al. The presence of these precipitates was indicated by moiré patterns, round disks, and strain areas.
A Study of Internal-Friction Peaks in Type 304 Stainless Steel Containing Nitrogen
Authors: Eckel J. F. , Manning C. R.
Published: September 2009

Internal-friction studies were made on 304 austenitic stainless steel to determine if this is a valid method for measuring interstitial diffusion in face-centered metals and alloys. Both unnitrided and nitrided 304 stainless steel wires were tested in a torsional pendulum at frequencies from 0.33 to 1.1 cps. Internal-friction spectra were recorded and analyzed. The conclusions reached were that interstitial atoms can cause relaxation peaks to appear on the internal-friction spectra and that the observed peaks were much broader than nitrogen-induced peaks in body-centered cubic materials.
Two-Stage Acceptance Sampling by Attributes
Authors: Dunnett C. W. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: September 2009

Certain types of food products, such as dried fruits and nuts, are presented for inspection in lots of one or two hundred to several thousand boxes or bags, each box or bag containing a large number of individual items. The quality of a lot is measured by the proportion of defective items contained in the aggregate, but the labor cost of locating, opening, and sampling a box or bag is generally many times that of inspecting an individual item, dictating inspection of the maximum possible number of items from the minimum number of boxes. The distribution of defectives between boxes may however be nonuniform, so that the frequency distribution of the number of defectives occurring in a fixed number of items from randomly chosen boxes is not binomial. In some such instances, the distribution may be satisfactorily representable by a negative hypergeometric frequency function which allows a greater variance than would the binomial. A minimum-cost two-stage single sampling plan for the classification of good and bad quality lots, with specified risks of error calculated from this distribution, is described, boxes or bags constituting the primary sampling units and individual items the secondary sampling units.
The Analysis of Variance in a Sampling Experiment
Authors: Bertholf W. M.
Published: September 2009

A complete set of equations is given for computing the various “sums of squares” of deviations about the several means of an experiment involving a number of increments of varying weight, taken in close order within groups but with an appreciable interval between groups. Methods of determining the sampling constants σi2 and σt2 (the “unit increment” and “trend” variances, respectively, are given, together with the method of determining the significance of σt2. The equation relating these sampling constants to the observed variance of gross samples of N increments of weight w (as collected) is also given.

An appendix considers a “short cut” method of eliminating the effect of errors of “reduction and analysis” from the “crude estimates” of σi2 and σt2.
Soldering Fluxes and Flux Principles
Authors: Mample A. Z.
Published: September 2009

Much has been written about fluxes but when Western Union desired to utilize these written data, they appeared to consist of diverse and disconnected items and Western Union could find no basic principles upon which it could rely in solving a serious problem of soldering in electrical circuits. This lack of cohesion may have been due to the fact that the problem of soldering involves not one but several branches of science including chemistry, physics, and metallurgy. Whatever the cause, there does not appear to be any logical reason for a subject as old as this to be so lacking in principle.
Non-Corrosive Fluxes—Evaluation of Spread and Corrosion Properties
Authors: Sohl H. C.
Published: September 2009

Solder fluxes were at one time divided into two classifications: noncorrosive and corrosive. The noncorrosive fluxes generally were composed of different types of natural rosins, while the corrosive fluxes contained zinc chloride (ZnCl2), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), and hydrochloric acid (HCl), either separately or in various combinations. This situation existed until the period between 1940 and 1950 when there developed a need for an essentially noncorrosive flux with better solder flowing characteristics than those obtainable with plain rosin.
The Performance of Some Soft Solders at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Evans R. M.
Published: September 2009

A number of common soft solders were used as a basis for an investigation of the properties of soft solders in relation to their performance in a cyclic-loading apparatus. Split brass capsules, joined with a test solder, were subjected to pressure ranging from 0 to 20 psi with a maximum resultant temperature of 255 F. The compositions of the more promising solders were modified by the addition of constituents designed to improve their high-temperature properties.

Small amounts of nickel, manganese, chromium, germanium, tellurium, and cerium were added to 30 tin — 70 lead and 70 tin — 30 lead solders. The test results indicated that all of these additions improved the performance of the 70 tin — 30 lead solder, but only nickel, germanium, and cerium had any beneficial effect on the performance of 30 tin — 70 lead solder. Other additions to these solders and to 15 tin — 85 lead solder also were investigated.

Some work on the corrosion effects of antifreeze solutions on soldered joints was included in this program. The effects of joining brass material with tinlead solders containing various amounts of antimony also were studied briefly.
Dip-Soldered Printed Circuit Joint Characteristics
Authors: Johns Alfred A. , Miller Eugen S.
Published: September 2009

Considerable emphasis has been placed upon a program of investigation of dipsoldered joints from the standpoint of results which can be anticipated in production. This program covers four fields of information on dip-soldered joints:

1. Efficiency of joint formation.

2. Short-time tensile strength.

3. Impact strength in tension.

4. Creep strength in tension.
“Tin Disease” in Solder Type Alloys
Authors: Bornemann Alfred
Published: September 2009

This paper summarizes investigations made throughout a 5-yr period at Stevens Institute of Technology on (1) the effect of low-temperature storage on the tendency of various tin alloys to undergo transformation, and (2) the possibility of shortening the incubation period of the reaction so that investigations of this phenomenon might be expedited. Evidence is presented that small amounts of bismuth and antimony are effective, as additions to tin and tin-lead solder alloys, in preventing the transformation of the tin during storage at 32F and below. It is proposed that a floor as well as a ceiling be fixed for these impurities in ASTM Specification B 32.2 Some observations on the occurrence, or non-occurrence of transformation in electroplated and hot-dipped coatings of tin and tin alloys are also included. Experiments are described which involved inoculation and strain as agents to accelerate the transformation of white to gray tin.
Gray Tin Formation in Soldered Joints Stored at Low Temperature
Authors: Williams W. Lee
Published: September 2009

A study was made of soldered joints to determine susceptibility to gray tin formation at low temperature. Copper joints were soldered with tin, “pure” tin-lead alloys, and commercial tin-lead solders. The soldering time and temperature were varied to provide low and high copper contamination of the solder film. Impact, shear (sleeve-joint), and pressure-seal specimens were prepared. These were tested at −40 F, both with and without prior storage for 6.5 months at −40F. The cold-stored specimens were inoculated with gray tin to promote transformation. No deterioration was found in the commercial tin-lead solders. The “pure” tin-lead alloys had minute traces of gray tin. The plain tin exhibited marked transformation. Copper contamination of the solder film during the soldering operation did not inhibit the formation of gray tin.
Controlling Quality on Soldered Electrical Connections
Authors: Rombach W. H.
Published: September 2009

Since World War II, the science of electronics has broken through the rigid, confining barriers of communications into almost every field which involves something that moves or something that must be measured or controlled. Terms like transistor, servomechanism, feedback circuit, magnetron, thyratron, which were, only a few short years ago, the sole property of theorists and researchers, are now common everyday words, not only in the communications industry, but in many others as well. Throughout all of these developments in theory and concepts, during all of the evolution in manufacturing techniques, one item has remained: solder. Although, in many instances, solderless connections of one type or another are used, the mainstay for obtaining a sound electrical connection is still the intelligent use of soft lead alloy solders.
The Tension Testing of Rubber
Authors: Tangenberg H.
Published: September 2009

This review of the widely used tension testing methods for soft rubber is primarily intended for comparison with other nonmetallic materials. After mentioning some of the reasons for the wide use of these methods the pertinent ASTM definitions are given, followed by a résumé of the ASTM methods used. The equipment and the effects of test conditions are discussed in more detail concluded by a consideration of the possible sources of test error. It is hoped that the reader will thus obtain better insight in the technique of testing this unique material which has only moderate strength, but may elongate 900 per cent before rupture.