bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation Strategy for Al2O3/MoOx Passivating Contact in High‐Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Yuner , Wang Yanhao , Liu Siyi , Bao Shaojuan , Wang Jilei , Zhang Shan‐Ting , Tian Li , Huang Shihua , Li Dongdong
Published: November 2024

Enhancing carrier selectivity and minimizing surface recombination are crucial factors for improving the efficiency of passivating contact crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells. This study introduces a two‐step hydrogenation method, using atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 and forming gas annealing (FGA), in order to optimize the passivating contact stack. This approach not only improves the passivation quality but also reduces the contact resistance in the presence of a MoOx transport layer. However, excess hydrogen in Al2O3 could potentially diffuse into MoOx, reducing its work function and diminishing the field‐effect passivation. By fine‐tuning the FGA parameters, including temperature and duration, a conversion efficiency of 21.33% is achieved on p‐type silicon. These results demonstrate a novel optimization strategy for passivation tunneling layers, with the potential to improve the performance of c‐Si and other types of solar cells.
Recent Advances in Selenium‐Mediated Redox Functional Group Interconversions
Authors: Capperucci Antonella , Tanini Damiano
Published: November 2024

The conversion of a functional group into another represents the core of organic synthesis. Within the arena of functional group interconversions, oxidative and reductive transformations occupy a privileged position and the development of new sustainable, selective, and general methodologies continue to attract significant interest. Owing to the versatility of their chemistry, selenium compounds offer significant opportunities to achieve both oxidation and reduction of a wide range of functional groups. Additionally, the possibility to generate in situ the active oxidant or reducing selenium species from suitable inert precursors enables the development of catalytic processes. In this review, recent advances in selenium‐mediated oxidative and reductive functional group interconversions, with particular emphasis on cutting‐edge researches bringing about new insights into the comprehension of their mechanistic aspects, will be discussed.
Acute Treatment of 60‐Hz Electric Field Increases Parasympathetic Activity in Depressed Subjects: A Pilot Study Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Authors: Shinba Toshikazu , Nedachi Takaki , Harakawa Shinji
Published: November 2024

Research indicated that extremely low‐frequency (ELF) electric field (EF) treatment modifies autonomic activity in healthy subjects; however, the effects do not persist after the treatment. This study examined whether persistence of the effects is dependent on the baseline autonomic conditions. The depressed subjects are known to frequently exhibit autonomic dysregulation, and were enrolled in the present study to test this hypothesis. Autonomic activity was evaluated using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Heart rate (HR) was measured using R‐R intervals of the electrocardiogram in the resting state before and after the 20‐min ELF‐EF treatment (30 kV, 60 Hz) in the patients with major depressive disorder and in the control subjects, and HRV was analyzed using frequency‐domain power spectrum analysis of R‐R interval trend. Sham treatment was conducted in the control subjects but not in the patients due the ethical restriction. In the patients with depression, high‐frequency variation (HF) related to breathing‐dependent parasympathetic activity was low before the 60‐Hz EF treatment and increased to the control level after treatment. No effects of EF were found for low‐frequency variation (LF), LF/HF, and HR. The results indicated that acute 60‐Hz EF treatment increased parasympathetic activity in the depressed subjects, who showed a reduction in baseline parasympathetic activity. This study suggests that the effects of ELF‐EF treatment on autonomic activity are dependent on the baseline autonomic conditions. Future studies with larger sample sizes, incorporating sham treatment in the patients with depression, are needed to confirm these observations. © 2024 The Author(s). IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Assessment of disease impact through health‐related quality of life measurement in primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Hopkins Thomas , Kwon Eunbi , Lapins Allison , Gill Nathan , Roberts Angela , Rogalski Emily
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

Measurements of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) are important for capturing disease impact beyond physical health and relative to other diseases but have rarely been assessed in primary progressive aphasia (PPA).

METHODS

HRQoL was characterized overall, by sex and subtype in PPA (n = 118) using the Health Utilities Index‐2/3 (HUI2/3). Multiple linear regression assessed associations between HRQoL and language severity.

RESULTS

Multi‐attribute HUI2/3 summary scores indicated moderate to severe impairment. Scores did not differ by sex and were more severe for semantic than non‐semantic PPA. Language severity scores showed significant associations with HUI multi‐attribute scores and select single‐attribute measures (hearing, sensation, cognition, and speech) with less language impairment associated with better functional capacity related to HRQoL.

DISCUSSION

This study identified poor HRQoL in a relatively large PPA cohort. HRQoL measures aid in determining patient perspective, policy decision making, and resource allocation. Results may be used to advocate for PPA support.

Highlights

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) negatively impacts health‐related quality of life.

Health utilities index scores are associated with Western Aphasia Battery performance in PPA.

Severity of language impairment in PPA is associated with poorer quality of life.
Good functional outcome following open‐chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a dog with pleural space disease
Authors: Escande Etienne , Lejoncq Myriam , Graziano Nicolas , Giansetto Thomas , Kennedy Christopher R.
Published: November 2024

A 5‐year‐old neutered male German Hound was referred for management of pyothorax. After needle thoracocentesis and intubation for a computed tomography scan, a paraesophageal abscess and lung consolidation were identified. The dog experienced cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA), likely from tension pneumothorax. Sinus bradycardia led to asystole within 60 s. Open‐chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OCCPR) was immediately performed through a right‐sided thoracotomy, with direct cardiac compressions, manual ventilation and administration of atropine and adrenaline per RECOVER guidelines. Spontaneous circulation returned within 6 min. The paraesophageal abscess was addressed surgically through a sternotomy, with lavage of the thoracic cavity, chest tube placement and closure of both thoracic entry points. Postoperative care included oxygen therapies, transfusions and fluids. The dog was discharged 6 days post‐CPA and remained healthy 6 months later. This case indicates that OCCPR can be effective for CPA in dogs with pleural space disease when performed via a right‐sided thoracotomy, in conjunction with intensive post‐arrest care.
Interactional Aerodynamics Analysis of a Multirotor Energy Kite
Authors: Mehr Judd , Alvarez Eduardo J. , Ning Andrew
Published: November 2024

Airborne wind energy (AWE) technology aspires to provide increased options for wind energy harvesting at a lower cost than conventional turbines. As AWE technology is still in its infancy, there is relatively little published information concerning its aerodynamic details. In this study, we apply the FLOWUnsteady suite of aerodynamic analysis tools—including a vortex particle method for wakes and actuator line methods for rotors and wings—to the analysis of a fixed‐wing, on‐board generation, wind harvesting aircraft (or windcraft for short). Specifically, we explore variations in the rotation directions and vertical and horizontal (front to back) spacing of the rotors to understand the complex interactional aerodynamics of a multirotor windcraft design. Our results indicate that for the configurations presented herein, the rotor‐on‐rotor and wing‐on‐rotor interactions induce maximum total variations on cumulative rotor performance of less than 3% relative to baseline, with most configurations varying from baseline by 2% or less. In addition, rotor‐on‐wing interactions cause decreases in wing lift coefficient of up to roughly 7% (for the configurations simulated) relative to the isolated wing. Furthermore, through selecting specific rotor rotation directions, it is possible to prescribe a portion of the shape of the wing lift distribution. Further exploration, perhaps with the assistance of optimization techniques, may yield greater insights into this uncharted space of windcraft interactional aerodynamics.
Provision of inguinal hernia surgery in first‐referral hospitals across low‐ and middle‐income countries: Secondary analysis of an international cohort study
Authors: Picciochi Maria , Alexander Philip Vareed , Anyomih T. , Boumas N. , Crawford R. , Enoch Gyamfi F. , Hopane N. , Isiagi M. , Kamarajah S. K. , Ledda V. , Matei A. , Mulliez A. , Nepogodiev D. , Roy N. , Okereke C. E. , Tubasiime R. , Steinruecke M. , Bhangu A. ,   NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Surgical care in first‐referral hospitals (FRHs) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) is poorly characterized. Inguinal hernia repair can act as a good tracer condition. This study aimed to evaluate the variation in hernia repair across different hospital types in LMICs.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of an international prospective cohort study of hernia surgery. Data was collected from consecutive patients undergoing primary inguinal hernia repair between 30 January and May 21, 2023. We characterized patients from LMICs, comparing first‐referral, secondary, and tertiary hospitals. Emergency surgery, financing methods, mesh use, and complications were defined as key performance measures relevant for FRHs. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to test associations between complications and hospital type.

Results

This analysis included 8155 patients undergoing hernia repair across 328 hospitals in 55 LMICs. Most patients were male (89.8%, 7324/8155), of working age (mean age 41.6, SD 25.3). Emergency surgery rates were similar across first‐referral, secondary and tertiary hospitals (11.1%, 10.9%, and 9.6%, respectively). Patients in FRHs were most likely to experience out‐of‐pocket payments (31.4%, 9.4%, and 17.4%). They also had lower rates of mesh use (71.9%, 82.1%, and 84.1%) and higher postoperative complication rates (19.1%, 12.5%, and 14.0%), although complications were similar after adjustment (adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95% CI 0.83–3.54, p = 0.148).

Discussion

This sample of FRHs is capable of delivering simple elective surgery, reducing the burden on subsequent referral hospitals. To scale these surgical pathways, FRHs need support to increase the use of mesh and ensure cost protection for patients.
Prognostic significance of surgically treated malignant struma ovarii with or without adjuvant thyroid‐related therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jenkins Cameron R. , Hajibandeh Shahab , Hajibandeh Shahin , Scott‐Coombes David M. , Egan Richard J.
Published: November 2024

Aims

The aims of this study are to determine the long‐term overall survival (OS) after surgically treated malignant struma ovarii (MSO) and to evaluate prognostic effect of adjuvant thyroid‐related therapy (ATRT) in this setting.

Methods

A systematic review in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses standards was conducted. MEDLINE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Scopus, trial registries, and gray literature were searched. Due to rarity of the disease, all case reports including patients with surgically treated MSO were pooled to create a single cohort which was then compared with the eligible case series. The OS and survival time were primary outcomes. The OS was determined using Kaplan–Meier survival statistics, and the predictors of OS were determined using the stepwise Cox proportional‐hazards regression model.

Results

The study included 376 patients (95 from case reports and 281 from case series). The median age was 44 years; 79% (75/95) were symptomatic. In terms of ATRT, 39% (37/95) received thyroidectomy, 28% (27/95) radioactive iodine, 28% (27/95) hormone suppression therapy, and 55% (52/95) received no therapy. Recurrence occurred in 27% (26/95) with the median time to recurrence of 4 years. The pooled OS was 91% at 10 years and 87% at 20 years. The OS was not predicted by age (p = 0.320), symptomatic status (p = 0.371), follicular histology (p = 0.934), metastatic disease (p = 0.981); omentectomy (p = 0.523), total thyroidectomy (p = 0.371), radioactive iodine therapy (p = 0.285), and thyroid hormone therapy (p = 0.994).

Conclusions

Surgically treated MSO may have excellent long‐term prognosis with or without ATRT. It is possible that thyroid‐specific treatments in MSO constitute overtreatment, with no demonstrable survival benefit. Limitations in the evidence base limit the ability to produce definitive conclusions.
Erector spinae plane block versus quadratus lumborum block for abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qin Yifan , Zhou Xiaofeng , Wu Mengmeng , She Huiyu , Wu Jin
Published: November 2024

Background

The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and quadratus lumborum block (QLB) are two novel interfascial plane block techniques with possible analgesic effects for both incisional and visceral pain. However, the results of the intercomparison of the two techniques for analgesia after abdominal surgery remain controversial.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed on five databases for randomized controlled trials comparing the analgesic efficacy of ESPB and QLB in abdominal surgery. The primary outcome was the 24 h postoperative intravenous IV morphine‐equivalent consumption. A meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effects model, with subgroup analyses based on the types of surgery and approaches of QLB.

Results

The 24 h postoperative IV morphine‐equivalent consumption was lower in patients receiving ESPB than in those receiving QLB (MD –2.307 mg; 95% CI ‒4.577 to −0.038; p = 0.046; and I2 = 96.5%), though the reduction did not reach clinically meaningful difference. Static and dynamic pain at different postoperative time points, the time to first rescue analgesia, and the incidence of PONV showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the QLB group demonstrated a significantly prolonged time in performing the block compared to the ESPB group (MD –2.985 min; 95% CI –4.608 to –1.363; p < 0.001; and I2 = 97.5%).

Conclusions

Based on the available evidence from a systematic search of databases, the single‐shot ESPB exhibits similar analgesic effects as QLB in abdominal surgery. The incidence of PONV was similar between the two techniques, with no block‐related complications identified though QLB might be a more technically challenging approach than ESPB.
Antiplane effective properties of two‐phase micropolar elastic fiber‐reinforced composites with parallelogram‐like unit cells
Authors: Espinosa‐Almeyda Yoanh , Rodríguez‐Ramos Reinaldo , Otero José A. , Camacho‐Montes Héctor , Rodríguez‐Bermudez Panters
Published: November 2024

In this contribution, heterogeneous micropolar elastic fiber‐reinforced composites (FRCs) with a periodic structure are analyzed using the two‐scale asymptotic homogenization method (AHM). We focus on predicting the antiplane effective properties of micropolar two‐phase FRCs with parallelogram‐like unit cells. The periodic structure is defined by unidirectional, infinitely long, and concentric cylindrical fibers embedded in a homogeneous matrix. Constituent materials are assumed centro‐symmetric isotropic materials, and perfect interface conditions are considered. The AHM allows us to address the local problems on the periodic cell and determine the corresponding effective properties. This is achieved by employing two‐scale asymptotic expansions for the displacement and microrotation fields, which depend on both macro‐ and micro‐scales. The complex variable theory, combined with the complex‐potential method and doubly periodic Weierstrass elliptic functions, is applied to determine the solution of the antiplane local problems. Simple closed‐form formulas are provided for the antiplane stiffness and torque effective properties of two‐phase micropolar elastic FRCs, which depend on the physical properties and volume fractions of constituents. Finally, numerical examples are reported and discussed. Comparisons with other theoretical models are also presented, and good agreements are obtained.
Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Nair V. Parameswaran
Published: November 2024

Co-adjoint orbit actions, which are the examples par excellence of geometric quantization, are used to set up a group-theoretic formulation of fluid dynamics. The role of Clebsch variables is also outlined. Some features of nonabelian magnetohydrodynamics, relativistic fluids with spin, anomalous symmetries in fluids and the chiral magnetic effect are discussed.
Symplectic Form and Poisson Brackets
Authors: Nair V. Parameswaran
Published: November 2024

The basic mathematical structure of the Hamiltonian formulation of physical theories is introduced using the notions of phase space, symplectic form, Poisson brackets, etc.
Topological Features of Quantization
Authors: Nair V. Parameswaran
Published: November 2024

Many of the topological properties of the phase space have an impact on the procedure of quantization and on key features of the quantum theory. In addition to the metaplectic structure mentioned earlier, we consider two other important features. These are related to the first and second cohomology of the phase space.
Fractional Statistics in Quantum Hall Effect
Authors: Nair V. Parameswaran
Published: November 2024

The quantum Hall effect is an important physical phenomenon which has been analyzed both theoretically and experimentally for a few decades by now. In this chapter, we discuss this effect in relation to geometric quantization. We will also see how fractional statistics for quasiparticles is related to nontrivial $$\mathcal {H}^1(M, \mathbb {R})$$ of the phase space.
Roles and Future Developments of UNCLOS
Authors: Kittichaisaree Kriangsak
Published: November 2024

The role and future developments of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) may be better appreciated in light of Article 293 (Applicable law) of UNCLOS, stipulating that a court or tribunal having jurisdiction under the compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions under UNCLOS shall apply UNCLOS “and other rules of international law not incompatible with [UNCLOS]”.
BBNJ in the Context of the South China Sea: With a Focus on Area-Based Management Practice
Authors: Hong Nong
Published: November 2024

The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement represents the culmination of discussions initiated in 2004 under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Area-based Management (ABM) is a pivotal component of the BBNJ negotiations. This paper explores conceptual models of ABM, examines existing efforts dedicated to ABM, and accentuates challenges associated with ABM in areas both beyond national jurisdiction and within national jurisdiction within the South China Sea context. Additionally, it delves into the future prospects of ABMs in this region, considering the global trend, regional governance framework, and political will.
The Battle of Notes Verbales and the Future of the South China Sea: An Indonesia's Perspective
Authors: Agusman Damos Dumoli
Published: November 2024

The international community has recently witnessed a “battle of notes verbales” between some claimant States and other States having interests in the South China Sea (SCS). The battle was triggered by Malaysia’s partial submission of its extended continental shelf to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) on 12 December 2019. The subject matter of the battle has extended beyond the Malaysian submission itself as it has already shifted away from the original points of the submission and entered into the core issues of SCS. The article makes some brief observations on how much weight this battle carries in terms of legal lawfare and a political solution to solve the dispute in the SCS. It concludes that while the battle will not end with any solution to the conflict, it will provide some clarification to the conundrum of the SCS dispute. The notes verbales provide valuable insights into the legal positions of the countries concerned and are a useful source in sorting out the positions of certain claimant States. Some legal clarifications might be derived from the exchanged notes concerning maritime status of the disputed features, maritime entitlements, and the positions of the third parties not involved in the dispute.
Marine Data Collection Outside the MSR Regime
Authors: Kraska James
Published: November 2024

Part XIII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) governs marine scientific research (MSR). The rules on MSR were designed to give coastal states greater control over the right to consent or withhold consent from foreign research activities in their exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and on the continental shelf.
The Way Forward is not Fast-Forward: Sea-Level Rise, Maritime Zones and Back to Basics
Authors: Cogliati-Bantz Vincent
Published: November 2024

For a large part, the law of the sea is based on a tension between sovereignty and freedom. Sovereignty projected out to sea is, in essence, the claim by coastal States to extend their exclusive control over the adjacent sea. Freedom, on the other hand, means the recognition and preservation of the equal rights of all States in relation to the sea as a common pool (navigation, fishing, overflight, etc.).
Sea Level Rise: Implications for Baselines, Limits and Boundaries
Authors: Schofield Clive
Published: November 2024

Global mean sea levels are rising and the rate of this rise is accelerating. This has significant implications for coastal States, especially those with long stretches of low-elevation coasts or which are wholly or partially comprise of low-elevation islands. This Chapter outlines the causes and projections for sea level rise before considering how coastal State baselines along the coast are defined and claimed, the outer limits of zones of maritime jurisdiction are delineated and international maritime boundaries are delimited.
Ocean Science Collaborations: Towards a Complex Interdependence in the South China Sea
Authors: Suarez Suzette V.
Published: November 2024

The need for claimant States and other stakeholders to cooperate in the South China Sea (SCS) in the conflict area has been a refrain oft reiterated. The SCS region is one of the most-exploited fishing areas in the world. The history of cooperation among and between SCS claimant States to address common ecological problems remain sparse. Many proposals for bilateral and regional cooperation did not materialize because of geopolitical obstacles. Inspired by the example of the Arctic States, this contribution suggests that SCS claimant States should manage their conflict by working towards achieving complex interdependence. One avenue where complex interdependence may flourish among SCS claimant States is cooperation on ocean science research within international organizations with mandate in ocean science research.
Populating secluded dark sector with ultra-relativistic bubbles
Authors: Azatov Aleksandr , Nagels Xander , Vanvlasselaer Miguel , Yin Wen
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study Dark Matter production during first order phase transitions from bubble-plasma collisions. We focus on scenarios where the Dark Matter sector is secluded and its interaction with the visible sector (including the Standard Model) originates from dimension-five and dimension-six operators. We find that such DM is generally heavy and has a large initial velocity, leading to the possibility of DM being warm today. We differentiate between the cases of weakly and strongly coupled dark sectors, where, in the latter case, we focus on glueball DM, which turns out to have very distinct phenomenological properties. We also systematically compute the Freeze-In production of the dark sector and compare it with the bubble-plasma DM abundances.
MicroRNA-145-5p inhibits the tumorigenesis of breast cancer through SENP2-regulated ubiquitination of ERK2
Authors: Chen Xu , Li Danqing , Su Qi , Ling Xing , Ding Siyu , Xu Runxiao , Liu Zhaoxia , Qin Yuanyuan , Zhang Jinping , Yang Zhihui , Kang Xunlei , Qi Yitao , Wu Hongmei
Published: November 2024

Breast carcinoma exhibits the highest incidence among various cancers and is the foremost cause of mortality in women. Increasing evidence shows that SUMOylation of proteins plays a critical role in the progression of breast cancer; however, the role of SENP2 and its molecular mechanism in breast cancer remain underexplored. Here, we discerned that SENP2 promoted the tumorigenesis of breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we identified that ERK2 was SUMOylated and that SENP2 played a role by deconjugating ERK2 SUMOylation in breast cancer. SUMOylation of ERK2 promoted its ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation, thus inhibiting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, microRNA-145-5p (miR-145-5p) has emerged as a scarce commodity in breast cancer and binds to the 3’-untranslated region of SENP2 mRNA to govern the regulatory dynamics of SENP2 expression. Finally, miR-145-5p inhibits SENP2 transcription, enhances ERK2 SUMOylation, and ultimately suppresses the progression of breast cancer. These revelations suggest evolving ideas for the miR-145-5p-SENP2 axis in therapeutic intervention, thus heralding transformative prospects for the clinical management of breast cancer.
A polygenic risk score derived from common variants of monogenic diabetes genes is associated with young-onset type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular–kidney complications
Authors: O Chun-Kwan , Fan Baoqi , Tsoi Sandra T. F. , Tam Claudia H. T. , Wan Raymond , Lau Eric S. H. , Shi Mai , Lim Cadmon K. P. , Yu Gechang , Ho Jane P. Y. , Chow Elaine Y. K. , Kong Alice P. S. , Ozaki Risa , So Wing Yee , Ma Ronald C. W. , Luk Andrea O. Y. , Chan Juliana C. N.
Published: November 2024

Aims/hypothesis

Monogenic diabetes is caused by rare mutations in genes usually implicated in beta cell biology. Common variants of monogenic diabetes genes (MDG) may jointly influence the risk of young-onset type 2 diabetes (YOD, diagnosed before the age of 40 years) and cardiovascular and kidney events.

Methods

Using whole-exome sequencing data, we constructed a weighted polygenic risk score (wPRS) consisting of 135 common variants (minor allele frequency >0.01) of 34 MDG based on r
2>0.2 for linkage disequilibrium in a discovery case–control cohort of 453 adults with YOD (median [IQR] age 39.7 [34.9–46.9] years) and 405 without YOD (median [IQR] age 56.7 [50.3–61.0] years), followed by validation in an independent cross-sectional cohort with array-based genotyping for YOD and a prospective cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes for cardiovascular and kidney events.

Results

In the discovery cohort, the OR of the 135 common variants for YOD ranged from 1.00 to 2.61. In the validation cohort (920 YOD and 4910 non-YOD), top-10%-wPRS was associated with an OR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.03, 1.95, p=0.033) for YOD compared with bottom-10%-wPRS. In 2313 individuals with type 2 diabetes (median [IQR]: age 53.4 [45.4–61.7] years; disease duration 4.0 [1.0–9.0] years) observed for a median (IQR) of 17.5 (14.4–21.8) years, standardised wPRS was associated with increased HR for incident cardiovascular events (1.16 [95% CI 1.06, 1.27], p=0.001), kidney events (1.09 [95% CI 1.02, 1.16], p=0.013) and cardiovascular–kidney events (1.10 [95% CI 1.03, 1.16], p=0.003). Using the ‘bottom-20%-wPRS plus baseline disease duration <5 years’ group as referent, the ‘top-20%-wPRS plus baseline disease duration 5 to <10 years’ group had unadjusted and adjusted HR of 1.60 (95% CI 1.17, 2.19, p=0.003) and 1.62 (95% CI 1.16, 2.26, p=0.005), respectively, for cardiovascular–kidney events compared with 1.38 (95% CI 0.97, 1.98, p=0.075) and 1.06 (95% CI 0.72, 1.57, p=0.752) in the ‘bottom-20%-wPRS plus baseline disease duration ≥10 years’ group.

Conclusions/interpretation

Common variants of MDG increased risk for YOD and cardiovascular–kidney events.

Graphical Abstract
Constructing a Gröbner basis of Griffin’s ideal
Authors: Yu Tianyi
Published: November 2024

In his Ph.D. thesis, Sean Griffin introduced a family of ideals and found monomial bases for their quotient rings. These rings simultaneously generalize the Delta Conjecture coinvariant rings of Haglund-Rhoades-Shimozono and the cohomology rings of Springer fibers studied by Tanisaki and Garsia-Procesi. We recursively construct a Gröbner basis of Griffin’s ideals with respect to the graded reverse lexicographical order. Consequently, Griffin’s monomial basis is the standard monomial basis. The coefficients of the polynomials in our Gröbner basis are integers and the leading coefficients are one.
Effect-directed analysis of genotoxicants in food packaging based on HPTLC fractionation, bioassays, and toxicity prediction with machine learning
Authors: Bergmann Alan J. , Arturi Katarzyna , Schönborn Andreas , Hollender Juliane , Vermeirssen Etiënne L. M.
Published: November 2024

Many chemicals in food packaging can leach as complex mixtures to food, potentially including substances hazardous to consumer health. Detecting and identifying all of the leachable chemicals are impractical with current analytical instrumentation and data processing methods. Therefore, our work aims to expand the analytical toolset for prioritizing and identifying chemical hazards in food packaging. We used a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based bioassay to detect genotoxic fractions in paperboard packaging. These fractions were then processed with non-targeted liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and machine learning-based toxicity prediction (MLinvitroTox). The HPTLC bioassay detected four genotoxic zones in extracts of the paperboard. One-dimensional HPTLC separation and targeted fraction collection reduced the number of chemical features extracted from paperboard and detected with LC-HRMS by at least 98% (from 1695–2693 to 14–50). The entire process was successful for spiked genotoxic chemicals, which were correctly prioritized in the fractionation and non-target analysis workflow. The native chemical with the strongest genotoxicity signal was identified with a suspect list as 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and confirmed with LC-HRMS/MS and HPTLC bioassay. Toward identification of the remaining unknown genotoxicants, two-dimensional HPTLC further reduced the number of chemical features. Genotoxicity predictions with MLinvitroTox based on molecular fingerprints of the unknown signals derived from their MS2 fragmentation spectra helped prioritize two chemical features and suggested candidate structures. This work demonstrates strategies for using HPTLC, HRMS, and toxicity prediction to help identify toxicants in food packaging.

Graphical Abstract
Production of activated biocarbons by microwave-assisted chemical activation of hardwood sawdust and their application in the simultaneous removal of polymers of different origins from aqueous systems
Authors: Wiśniewska Małgorzata , Tokarska Karina , Urban Teresa , Nowicki Piotr , Woszuk Agnieszka
Published: November 2024

Sawdust from deciduous trees was used as a raw material for the preparation of carbonaceous adsorbents. Microwave-assisted chemical activation with K2CO3 and H3PO4 was used to produce materials with a well-developed porous structure. The obtained activated biocarbons were characterized in terms of their porous structure, elemental composition, morphology, thermal stability, as well as surface and electrokinetic properties. The sorption abilities of both materials towards synthetic (poly(acrylic acid)) and natural (lysozyme) polymers in the process of their removal from aqueous systems were determined. Both single adsorbates and mixed solutions of two polymeric adsorbates were tested. The stability of aqueous suspensions containing activated biocarbons and one or two polymers was also determined. As a result of microwave-assisted chemical activation two carbonaceous adsorbents were obtained, characterized by a very well-developed specific surface area (1093–1777 m2/g), a completely different type of porous structure (mesoporous or microporous), and the acidic nature of the surface. The maximum adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) was obtained from a mixed solution of both polymers and it reached values of 379 mg/g (for the sample activated with H3PO4 with mean pore diameter 3.04 nm and minimal contribution of micropores—0.3%) and 259 mg/g (for K2CO3 activated material characterized by the mean pore diameter equal to 1.72 nm and large contribution of micropores—77.4%). In the case of lysozyme, the adsorption efficiency was two times lower (sorption capacity of 127–166 mg/g). Based on the collective data analysis, it can be stated that the most probable mechanisms of polymeric destabilization (highly desirable in separation from the multicomponent solutions) are surface charge neutralization at pH 3 and bridging flocculation at pH 11 (especially for the systems containing material activated with H3PO4 and poly(acrylic acid)).
Potential impacts to human health from climate change: A comparative life-cycle assessment of single-use versus reusable devices flexible ureteroscopes
Authors: Thöne Marlene , Lask Jan , Hennenlotter Jörg , Saar Matthias , Tsaur Igor , Stenzl Arnulf , Rausch Steffen
Published: November 2024

Climate change poses a significant global health challenge, with medical procedures contributing substantially to CO2 emissions. Urology, as part of the broader healthcare sector, has begun integrating Planetary Health concepts to address this issue. While earlier studies have focused on Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of urological procedures, these evaluations remain data-dependent, and insights into intra-hospital emissions are limited. This study introduces a methodical approach for analyzing intra-institutional processes of LCA for single-use and reusable flexible ureterorenoscopes (fURS). The LCA method was applied to assess the greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalents, CO2-eq) generated across the life cycle of fURS, including production, use-phase, reprocessing, maintenance, and disposal. The study approximated the Global Warming Potential (GWP) per one-hour use and evaluated associated health impacts using the ReCiPe2016(H) method, which measures Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Results showed that for reusable fURS, assuming 133 usages per device and maintenance after every 11th use, each application generated 1.24 kg CO2-eq, equivalent to 1.15E-06 DALYs. In contrast, single-use fURS generated 4.93 kg CO2-eq and 4.57E-06 DALYs per application. The production and reprocessing stages were identified as having the greatest environmental and health impacts. For reusable fURS, electricity required during refurbishment and use phases was a key contributor, whereas the production phase accounted for most of the impact in single-use devices. Overall, singleuse fURS had a substantially higher potential environmental and health impact than their reusable counterparts. This study underscores the environmental and health impacts of ureterorenoscopy and highlights the importance of incorporating Planetary Health principles into healthcare practices. It provides a foundation for further analyses and research, aiming to drive transformative action in the healthcare sector toward sustainability.
Evolution of the subtropical surface wind in the north-east Atlantic under climate change
Authors: Alves José M. R. , Miranda Pedro M. A. , Tomé Ricardo , Caldeira Rui
Published: November 2024

The climate of western Europe and northwest Africa strongly depends on the Azores anticyclone strength, location, and shape and, locally, also on the characteristics of the Iberia and Sahara summer thermal lows. EC-EARTH3 global simulations are here used to assess the predicted behaviour of these two relevant surface pressure systems and associated surface wind, by the end of XXI century (2071–2100), considering two climate change scenarios. Additionally, a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulation centred on Madeira Island is used to assess the influence of climate change on the surface wind at smaller scales, in a region well known for its perturbed flows. Results indicate a general mean wind speed decrease over a sector of the North-Atlantic, associated with a flatter Azores anticyclone. However, the predicted intensification of the Iberia and Sahara thermal lows imposes an increasing surface wind speed near west Iberia and northwest Africa, in summer. Southwest of Iberia, Madeira Island is also predicted to experience a summer intensification of its tip-jets. The projected changes in low-level wind speed and variability will impact on different sectors of activity, either directly as are the cases of aeronautical operation and offshore renewable energy, or indirectly through changes in the ocean circulation.
Influence of postoperative D-dimer evaluation and intraoperative use of intermittent pneumatic vein compression (IPC) on detection and development of perioperative venous thromboembolism in brain tumor surgery
Authors: Zimmer Katharina , Scheer Maximilian , Scheller Christian , Leisz Sandra , Strauss Christian , Taute Bettina-Maria , Mühlenweg Martin , Prell Julian , Simmermacher Sebastian , Rampp Stefan
Published: November 2024

Background Objective

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common complication in craniotomy patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The duration of surgery is a known risk factor. Other factors such as positioning and tumor entity have hardly been investigated or are controversial.

In two pilot studies, the determination of plasma D-dimer concentration led to a high detection rate of DVT, while the use of intermittent pneumatic venous compression (IPC) drastically reduced the incidence of VTE. In the present study we investigated the efficacy of the two approaches, either alone or in combination, in a large patient cohort.

Methods

1759 patients who underwent elective craniotomy between 2009 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The staggered use of D-dimer determination and intraoperative use of IPC resulted in 3 groups: Group 1: no procedure; Group 2: D-dimer evaluation; Group 3: IPC and D-dimer evaluation. If the D-dimer level was ≥ 2 mg/l (Fibrinogen equivalent units; FEU), venous ultrasound was performed. Age, gender, tumor entity, duration and extent of surgery, patient positioning, type of VTE were also recorded and analyzed.

Results

The introduction of postoperative D-dimer evaluation increased the rate of detection of thrombosis from 1.7% in group 1 to 22.6% in group 2. The addition of IPC reduced the rate of thrombosis to 4.4%. Age, gender and patient positioning did not affect the rate of VTE. We were able to confirm the duration of surgery as an individual risk factor and showed that WHO grade 4 tumors and metastasis have an increased VTE risk.

Conclusions

If D-Dimer levels are not analyzed routinely about 20% of craniotomy patients suffer from a clinically silent thrombosis. Each with the risk of fate PE. Intraoperative use of IPC during craniotomy dramatically reduces the risk of VTE.
Review: Pre-Darcy flows in low-permeability porous media
Authors: Teng Yuntian , Li Zihao , Chen Cheng
Published: November 2024

The widely used Darcy’s law specifies a linear relation between the Darcy velocity of fluid flow and the pressure gradient that drives the flow. However, studies have shown that Darcy velocity can exhibit a nonlinear dependence on the pressure gradient in low-permeability porous media such as clay and shale when the pressure gradient is adequately low. This phenomenon is referred to as low-velocity non-Darcian flow or pre-Darcy flow. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the theories, experimental data, and modeling methods for pre-Darcy flow in low-permeability porous media. The review begins by outlining the fundamental mechanisms underlying pre-Darcy flow that regulate the unique characteristics such as nonlinear dependence of the Darcy velocity on the pressure gradient and its relevance to fluid–rock interactions. The review then proceeds to present a thorough compilation of experimental investigations performed in various low-permeability geomaterials including tight sandstones, shales, and clays. Next, empirical and theoretical models and simulation methods that have been developed to fit and interpret experimental data are reviewed. Finally, the review underscores the challenges encountered in conducting and interpreting pre-Darcy flow experiments and suggests future research directions. By analyzing previous experimental investigations, this review aims to offer a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance their understanding of fluid dynamics in low-permeability geomaterials. This provides insights into the application of pre-Darcy flow in numerous natural and engineered processes such as shale oil and gas recovery, contaminant transport in low-permeability aquifers, and geological disposal of nuclear waste.
Mechanical thrombectomy failure in anterior and posterior circulation stroke: current results from a high-volume comprehensive center
Authors: Neumann Alexander , Schildhauer P. , Weiler S. M. , Schramm P. , Schacht H. , Royl G. , Jensen-Kondering U.
Published: November 2024

Background

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is an established therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but recanalization is not always achieved. Common reasons are inadequate removal at the thrombus site and difficulties with the access route. In order to identify risk factors for MT failure we conducted a retrospective study on a high-volume comprehensive stroke center.

Methods

Evaluation of 552 thrombectomies (2019-23; anterior and posterior circulation, direct aspiration +/- stent retriever [SR]). MT failures (= modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score 0 or 1) were analyzed for age, sex, pre- and post-MT modified Rankin Scale, bridging intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), occlusion site (anterior / posterior circulation, proximal / distal), the Kaesmacher classification and time trend results.

Results

MT failure occurred in 56 patients (10.1%; median age 76; 53.6% female). Nineteen (33.9%) patients received IVT (p = 0.326). Logistic regression analysis did not show a significant association of age, sex or occlusion site with MT failure (p = 0.165, p = 0.738, p = 0.838). Distal MT generally demonstrated lower success rates (p < 0.01). According to the Kaesmacher classification SR failure was the most frequent cause of MT failure (category 2B: 48%, p < 0.001). Time trend analysis suggests improving recanalization rates in the further course (4 times in year-on-year comparison; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

MT failure occurs in AIS treatment, even in high-volume centers and occurs more frequently in distal occlusions. Improvements in device technology, particularly SR, and ongoing refinements in access route selection offer the prospect of better outcomes in the future.
Peripherally inserted central venous catheter in outpatient antibiotic spinal infection treatment is safe, effective and leads to significant reduction in healthcare expenses
Authors: Bonk Maximilian-Niklas , Sommer Björn , Krauß Philipp E. , Maurer Christoph , Simon Valeska , Berlis Ansgar , Hofmann Reinhard , Shiban Ehab
Published: November 2024

Prolonged antibiotic therapy is often recommended for the treatment of spinal infections. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of outpatient intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy for spinal neurosurgery patients with spondylodiscitis. We carried out a retrospective study involving 67 patients who were administered peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for IV antibiotic treatment from January 2020 to December 2022. We assessed patient data concerning infections and neurosurgical concerns. Each patient underwent a minimum of 6 weeks of IV antibiotics, both as inpatients and outpatients. The study included 67 patients with a median age of 61 years (SD +/- 14.18 years), with approximately 44% being female. The average hospital stay for inpatient treatment was 20 days (SD +/- 8.8 days). Subsequent outpatient antibiotic therapy lasted an average of 70.32 days (SD +/- 18.24 days), with outpatient IV therapy accounting for 44.74 days (SD +/- 9.15 days). The most common pathogens identified were Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiological analysis did not detect any pathogens in 18% of patients. Radiographic and laboratory evidence of spondylodiscitis was absent in 99% of patients during the final follow-up. No catheter-related complications occurred. Outpatient IV antibiotic therapy using a PICC line catheter is a safe and effective treatment option for spinal infections, especially in elderly patients.
Estimating nonlinear anisotropic properties of healthy and aneurysm ascending aortas using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Latorre Molins Álvaro T. , Guala Andrea , Dux-Santoy Lydia , Teixidó-Turà Gisela , Rodríguez-Palomares José Fernando , Martínez Barca Miguel Ángel , Peña Baquedano Estefanía
Published: November 2024

An ascending aortic aneurysm is an often asymptomatic localized dilatation of the aorta. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening event that occurs when the stress on the aortic wall exceeds its mechanical strength. Therefore, patient-specific finite element models could play an important role in estimating the risk of rupture. This requires not only the geometry of the aorta but also the nonlinear anisotropic properties of the tissue. In this study, we presented a methodology to estimate the mechanical properties of the aorta from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As a theoretical framework, we used finite element models to which we added noise to simulate clinical data from real patient geometry and different properties of healthy and aneurysmal aortic tissues collected from the literature. The proposed methodology considered the nonlinear properties, the zero pressure geometry, the heart motion, and the external tissue support. In addition, we analyzed the aorta as a homogeneous material and as a heterogeneous model with different properties for the ascending and descending parts. The methodology was also applied to pre-surgical,in vivo MRI data of a patient who underwent surgery during which an aortic wall sample was obtained. The results were compared with those obtained from ex vivo biaxial test of the patient’s tissue sample. The methodology showed promising results after successfully recovering the nonlinear anisotropic material properties of all analyzed cases. This study demonstrates that the variable used during the optimization process can affect the result. In particular, variables such as principal strains were found to obtain more realistic materials than the displacement field.