bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propionibacterium jensenii
Produces the Polyene Pigment Granadaene and Has Hemolytic Properties Similar to Those of
Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Vanberg Christin , Lutnaes Bjart Frode , Langsrud Thor , Nes Ingolf F. , Holo Helge
Published: July 2007

The red polyene pigment granadaene was purified and identified from
Propionibacterium jensenii
. Granadaene has previously been identified only in
Streptococcus agalactiae
, where the pigment correlates with the hemolytic activity of the bacterium. A connection between hemolytic activity and the production of the red pigment has also been observed in
P. jensenii
, as nonpigmented strains are nonhemolytic. The pigment and hemolytic activity from
S. agalactiae
can be extracted from the bacterium with a starch extraction solution, and this solution also extracts the pigment and hemolytic activity from
P. jensenii
. A partial purification of the hemolytic activity was achieved, but the requirement for starch to preserve its activity made the purification unsuccessful. Partially purified hemolytic fractions were pigmented, and the color intensity of the fractions coincided with the hemolytic titer. The pigment was produced in a soluble form when associated with starch, and the UV-visual spectrum of the extract gave absorption peaks of 463 nm, 492 nm, and 524 nm. The pigment could also be extracted from the cells by a low-salt buffer, but it was then aggregated. The purification of the pigment from
P. jensenii
was performed, and mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that
P. jensenii
indeed produces granadaene as seen in
S. agalactiae
.
“CandidatusBacilloplasma,” a Novel Lineage ofMollicutesAssociated with the Hindgut Wall of the Terrestrial IsopodPorcellio scaber(Crustacea: Isopoda)
Authors: Kostanjšek Rok , Štrus Jasna , Avguštin Gorazd
Published: July 2007

Pointed, rod-shaped bacteria colonizing the cuticular surface of the hindgut of the terrestrial isopod crustaceanPorcellio scaber(Crustacea: Isopoda) were investigated by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and electron microscopy. The results of phylogenetic analysis, and the absence of a cell wall, affiliated these bacteria with the classMollicutes, within which they represent a novel and deeply branched lineage, sharing less than 82.6% sequence similarity to knownMollicutes. The lineage has been positioned as a sister group to the clade comprising theSpiroplasmagroup, theMycoplasma pneumoniaegroup, and theMycoplasma hominisgroup. The specific signature sequence was identified and used as a probe in in situ hybridization, which confirmed that the retrieved sequences originate from the attached rod-shaped bacteria from the hindgut ofP. scaberand made it possible to detect these bacteria in their natural environment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a spherically shaped structure at the tapered end of the rod-shaped bacteria, enabling their specific and exclusive attachment to the tip of the cuticular spines on the inner surface of the gut. Specific adaptation to the gut environment, as well as phylogenetic positioning, indicate the long-term association and probable coevolution of the bacteria and the host. Taking into account their pointed, rod-shaped morphology and their phylogenetic position, the name “CandidatusBacilloplasma” has been proposed for this new lineage of bacteria specifically associated with the gut surface ofP. scaber.
Response Regulators SrrA and SskA Are Central Components of a Phosphorelay System Involved in Stress Signal Transduction and Asexual Sporulation in
Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Vargas-Pérez Itzel , Sánchez Olivia , Kawasaki Laura , Georgellis Dimitris , Aguirre Jesús
Published: July 2007

Among eukaryotes, only slime molds, fungi, and plants contain signal transduction phosphorelay systems. In filamentous fungi, multiple sensor kinases appear to use a single histidine-containing phosphotransfer (HPt) protein to relay signals to two response regulators (RR). In
Aspergillus nidulans
, the RR SskA mediates activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase SakA in response to osmotic and oxidative stress, whereas the functions of the RR SrrA were unknown. We used a genetic approach to characterize the
srrA
gene as a new member of the
skn7/prr1
family and to analyze the roles of SrrA in the phosphorelay system composed of the RR SskA, the HPt protein YpdA, and the sensor kinase NikA. While mutants lacking the HPt protein YpdA are unviable, mutants lacking SskA (Δ
sskA
), SrrA (Δ
srrA
), or both RR (Δ
srrA
Δ
sskA
) are viable and differentially affected in osmotic and oxidative stress responses. Both RR are involved in osmostress resistance, but Δ
sskA
mutants are more sensitive to this stress, and only SrrA is required for H
2
O
2
resistance and H
2
O
2
-mediated induction of catalase CatB. In contrast, both RR are individually required for fungicide sensitivity and calcofluor resistance and for normal sporulation and conidiospore viability. The Δ
srrA
and Δ
sskA
sporulation defects appear to be related to decreased mRNA levels of the key sporulation gene
brlA
. In contrast, conidiospore viability defects do not correlate with the activity of the spore-specific catalase CatA. Our results support a model in which NikA acts upstream of SrrA and SskA to transmit fungicide signals and to regulate asexual sporulation and conidiospore viability. In contrast, NikA appears dispensable for osmotic and oxidative stress signaling. These results highlight important differences in stress signal transmission among fungi and define a phosphorelay system involved in oxidative and osmotic stress, cell wall maintenance, fungicide sensitivity, asexual reproduction, and spore viability.
The Autotransporter Esterase EstA of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Is Required for Rhamnolipid Production, Cell Motility, and Biofilm Formation
Authors: Wilhelm Susanne , Gdynia Aneta , Tielen Petra , Rosenau Frank , Jaeger Karl-Erich
Published: July 2007

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 produces the biodetergent rhamnolipid and secretes it into the extracellular environment. The role of rhamnolipids in the life cycle and pathogenicity of
P. aeruginosa
has not been completely understood, but they are known to affect outer membrane composition, cell motility, and biofilm formation. This report is focused on the influence of the outer membrane-bound esterase EstA of
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 on rhamnolipid production. EstA is an autotransporter protein which exposes its catalytically active esterase domain on the cell surface. Here we report that the overexpression of EstA in the wild-type background of
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 results in an increased production of rhamnolipids whereas an
estA
deletion mutant produced only marginal amounts of rhamnolipids. Also the known rhamnolipid-dependent cellular motility and biofilm formation were affected. Although only a dependence of swarming motility on rhamnolipids has been known so far, the other kinds of motility displayed by
P. aeruginosa
PAO1, swimming and twitching, were also affected by an
estA
mutation. In order to demonstrate that EstA enzyme activity is responsible for these effects, inactive variant EstA* was constructed by replacement of the active serine by alanine. None of the mutant phenotypes could be complemented by expression of EstA*, demonstrating that the phenotypes affected by the
estA
mutation depend on the enzymatically active protein.
Sex influences the susceptibility to reperfusion-induced sustained ventricular tachycardia and β-adrenergic receptor blockade in conscious rats
Authors: Lujan Heidi L. , Kramer Victoria J. , DiCarlo Stephen E.
Published: July 2007

Reperfusion after a brief period of cardiac ischemia can lead to potentially lethal arrhythmias. Importantly, there are sex-related differences in cardiac physiology and in the types and severity of cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that gonadal hormones influence the susceptibility to reperfusion-induced sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), as well as the response to β-adrenergic receptor blockade. Male and female intact and gonadectomized rats were instrumented, and arterial pressure, temperature, ECG, and cardiac output were recorded. In addition, a snare was placed around the left main coronary artery. Tension was applied to the snare for determination of susceptibility to sustained VT produced by 3 min of occlusion and reperfusion of the left main coronary artery in conscious rats. Reperfusion culminated in sustained VT in 77% (10 of 13 susceptible) of female rats and 56% (9 of 16 susceptible) of male rats ( P > 0.05, male vs. female). β-Adrenergic receptor blockade prevented sustained VT in females only [1 of 9 susceptible females (11%) vs. 6 of 9 susceptible males (67%), P < 0.05]. Ovariectomy did not significantly reduce the susceptibility to reperfusion arrhythmias [5 of 9 susceptible (56%)]. In sharp contrast, orchidectomy significantly increased the susceptibility to reperfusion arrhythmias [9 of 9 susceptible (100%)]. Finally, β-adrenergic receptor blockade prevented sustained VT in ovariectomized females [0 of 4 susceptible (0%)] and orchidectomized males [0 of 7 susceptible (0%)], but the protective effect of β-blockade was due to a reduction in heart rate in males only. Thus gonadal hormones influence the susceptibility to reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, as well as the effects and mechanisms of β-adrenergic receptor blockade.
A Comparison of Two Pain Measures for Asian American Cancer Patients
Authors: Shin Hyunjeong , Kim Kyungsuk , Young Hee Kim  , Chee Wonshik , Im Eun-Ok
Published: July 2007

Although two of the most commonly used multidimensional pain scales are the McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (MPQ-SF) and the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF), there has been little psychometric analysis of these tools used among ethnic minority populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare psychometric properties of these two pain scales among 119 Asian American cancer patients. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the MPQ-SF and the BPI-SF were high (α = .85-.97). The correlation coefficients of the item analyses were .12 to .88 for the MPQ-SF and .44 to .90 for the BPI-SF. Two factors were extracted for both instruments. Correlations between pain scores and the usage of pain medications were low for the MPQ-SF ( r = .23-.33) and moderate for the BPI-SF ( r = .40-.42). The results of this study indicated that, among Asian Americans, both the pain scales were internally consistent; some items in each instrument were redundant; and the BPI-SF is more valid than the MPQ-SF.
HLA-A*02 is associated with a reduced risk and HLA-A*01 with an increased risk of developing EBV+ Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Niens Marijke , Jarrett Ruth F. , Hepkema Bouke , Nolte Ilja M. , Diepstra Arjan , Platteel Mathieu , Kouprie Niels , Delury Craig P. , Gallagher Alice , Visser Lydia , Poppema Sibrand , te Meerman Gerard J. , van den Berg Anke
Published: July 2007

Previous studies showed that the HLA class I region is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–positive Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and that HLA-A is the most likely candidate gene in this region. This suggests that antigenic presentation of EBV-derived peptides in the context of HLA-A is involved in the pathogenesis of EBV+ HL by precluding efficient immune responses. We genotyped exons 2 and 3, encoding the peptide-binding groove of HLA-A, for 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 70 patients with EBV+ HL, 31 patients with EBV− HL, and 59 control participants. HLA-A*01 was significantly overrepresented and HLA-A*02 was significantly underrepresented in patients with EBV+ HL versus controls and patients with EBV− HL. In addition, HLA-A*02 status was determined by immunohistochemistry or HLA-A*02–specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on 152 patients with EBV+ HL and 322 patients with EBV− HL. The percentage of HLA-A*02+ patients in the EBV+ HL group (35.5%) was significantly lower than in 6107 general control participants (53.0%) and the EBV− HL group (50.9%). Our results indicate that individuals carrying the HLA-A*02 allele have a reduced risk of developing EBV+ HL, while individuals carrying the HLA-A*01 allele have an increased risk. It is known that HLA-A*02 can present EBV-derived peptides and can evoke an effective immune response, which may explain the protective phenotype.
Membership Herding and Network Stability in the Open Source Community: The Ising Perspective
Authors: Oh Wonseok , Jeon Sangyong
Published: July 2007

The aim of this paper is twofold: (1) to conceptually understand membership dynamics in the open source software (OSS) community, and (2) to explore how different network characteristics (i.e., network size and connectivity) influence the stability of an OSS network. Through the lens of Ising theory, which is widely accepted in physics, we investigate basic patterns of interaction and present fresh conceptual insight into dynamic and reciprocal relations among OSS community members. We also perform computer simulations based on empirical data collected from two actual OSS communities. Key findings include: (1) membership herding is highly present when external influences (e.g., the availability of other OSS projects) are weak, but decreases significantly when external influences increase, (2) propensity for membership herding is most likely to be seen in a large network with random connectivity, and (3) for large networks, when external influences are weak, random connectivity will result in higher network strength than scale-free connectivity (as external influences increase, however, the reverse phenomenon is observed). In addition, scale-free connectivity appears to be less volatile than random connectivity in response to an increase in the strength of external influences. We conclude with several implications that may be of significance to OSS stakeholders in particular, and to a broader range of online communities in general.
Recirculation of Mucus as a Cause of Persistent Sinusitis
Authors: Kane Kevin J.
Published: July 2007

Recirculation of mucus between adjacent openings into the maxillary antrum is a relatively common cause of persistent sinusitis in either the pre- or postsurgical patient. It is particularly common after FESS when the new middle meatal antrostomy has been sited too far posteriorly behind an existing natural maxillary ostium. The condition is easily diagnosed with the nasal endoscope and the surgical remedy of joining the separate openings into one larger antrostomy is readily carried out under local anesthesia in the rhinologist's office.
Combined Endoscopic Intranasal and External Frontal Sinusotomy
Authors: Bent John P. , Spears Robert A. , Kuhn Frederick A. , Stewart Scot M.
Published: July 2007

We review our experience treating patients with medically refractory frontal sinusitis that could not be relieved with endoscopic intranasal surgery alone. Fourteen combined external and intranasal endoscopic frontal sinusotomies were performed on a consecutive sample of 11 patients presenting over a 38-month period of study. Postoperative results were classified as cured, improved, unchanged, or worse, based on patient symptoms and physical findings. At a mean postoperative follow-up of 19 months (range 4–36), 100% of these patients had benefited from this technique (7 cured, 4 improved, 0 unchanged, 0 worse). There were no major complications and natural sinus physiology was preserved. We conclude that a combined external and endoscopic intranasal frontal sinusotomy is an effective alternative to frontal sinus obliteration.
Hierarchical MFI Zeolite Membranes for Superior Xylene Separation
Authors: Liu Menglei , Ge Yingying , Du Jiahuan , Song Zhifei , Zhang Chun , Zhou Qiaoqiao , Zhang Yuting , Gu Xuehong
Published: March 2024

The separation of p‐xylene from its xylene isomers (o‐xylene, m‐xylene) is a significant concern in the petrochemical industry. MFI zeolite membranes offer great potential for energy‐efficient and high‐selective xylene separation. Synthesizing ultrathin (< 1 µm) MFI zeolite membrane for high‐flux separation is highly desired but remains challenging. Herein, a novel and facile strategy for synthesizing hierarchical MFI zeolite membranes on ceramic hollow fibers from multi‐dimensionally assembled (2D@0D) seed layers is demonstrated. Owing to the rapid growth of 0D MFI seeds and the voids‐preserved growth of stacked 2D MFI seeds, the hierarchical MFI membrane synthesized for 2 h yielded an ultrathin skin layer (≈255 nm thick) and many macro‐voids within the sublayer (void fraction: 14.86%), which facilitated molecular permeation and simultaneously maintained high separation selectivity of zeolitic pores. The membrane exhibited over sevenfold higher p‐xylene permeance (2.81 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1) and over threefold improved p‐/o‐xylene separation factor (1228) than the conventional MFI membrane.
Ink to Power: An Organic‐based Polymer Electrolyte for Ambient Printing of Flexible Zinc Batteries
Authors: Tao Shiwei , Ramirez Julio , Shewan Heather M. , Lyu Miaoqiang , Gentle Ian , Wang Lianzhou , Knibbe Ruth
Published: March 2024

The rapid evolution of wearable devices, the Internet of Things, and flexible displays has underscored the need for thin, flexible batteries. Screen‐printing has emerged as a mature technique for manufacturing these batteries, particularly those using a zinc chemistry. This study presents a commercially viable polymer electrolyte using a low‐cost organic electrolyte solvent, ethylene glycol. This first‐of‐its‐kind electrolyte formulation overcomes challenges associated with either water‐based or ionic‐liquid‐based solvents. The simple fabrication process allows for printing under ambient conditions and eliminates additional processing steps. Rheological analysis confirms that the developed polymer electrolyte is suitable for screen‐printing. Using this polymer electrolyte, a secondary printed battery with a 4 mAh cm−2 areal capacity is achieved. The study also investigates the mechanical behavior of the printed battery and emphasizes the importance of understanding interfacial stresses and bonding for designing optimal multilayered flexible batteries. This research offers an integrated solution, combining practical printed battery fabrication with battery testing and mechanical characterization, promising advancements in printed batteries and electronics.
Nonlinear Photodetector Based on InSe p–n Homojunction for Improving Spatial Imaging Resolution
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Xiaoqing , Zhang Mingwen , Wu Xianghu , Wang Jianguo , Tian Ruijuan , Fang Liang , Zhang Yanyan , Zhao Jianlin , Gan Xuetao
Published: March 2024

An efficient nonlinear photodetector (NLPD) is demonstrated with quadratic response based on a few‐layer InSe p–n homojunction, which is beneficial from the strong second harmonic generation (SHG) process in InSe and effective harvest of photocarriers actuated by the high‐quality homojunction. The NLPD can sense light with photon energy smaller than InSe's electronic bandgap because the SHG process in InSe doubles the frequency of incident light, extending InSe's photodetection wavelength range to 1750 nm. The InSe p–n homojunction, which is electrostatically doped by two split back gates, presents a rectification ratio exceeding 106 with a dark current down to 2 pA and a high normalized responsivity of 0.534 A W−2 for the telecom‐band pulsed light at 1550 nm. The photocurrents of the SHG‐assisted photodetection have a quadratic dependence on the optical powers, making the NLPD highly sensitive to light intensity variation with improved spatial resolution. As examples, the NLPD is employed to precisely determine the localization point of a focused laser beam waist and implement spatial imaging with an improved resolution compared with the linear photodetector. These features highlight the potential of the proposed NLPD in developing advanced optical sensing and imaging systems.
Photoluminescent Characterization of Metal Nanoclusters: Basic Parameters, Methods, and Applications
Authors: Lin Hongbin , Song Xiaorong , Chai Osburg Jin Huang , Yao Qiaofeng , Yang Huanghao , Xie Jianping
Published: March 2024

Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) can be synthesized with atomically precise structures and molecule formulae due to the rapid development of nanocluster science in recent decades. The ultrasmall size range (normally < 2 nm) endows MNCs with plenty of molecular‐like properties, among which photoluminescent properties have aroused extensive attention. Tracing the research and development processes of luminescent nanoclusters, various photoluminescent analysis and characterization methods play a significant role in elucidating luminescent mechanism and analyzing luminescent properties. In this review, it is aimed to systematically summarize the normally used photoluminescent characterizations in MNCs including basic parameters and methods, such as excitation/emission wavelength, quantum yield, and lifetime. For each key parameter, first its definition and meaning is introduced and then the relevant characterization methods including measuring principles and the revelation of luminescent properties from the collected data are discussed. Then, it is discussed in details how to explore the luminescent mechanism of MNCs and construct NC‐based applications based on the measured data. By means of these characterization strategies, the luminescent properties of MNCs and NC‐based designs can be explained quantitatively and qualitatively. Hence, this review is expected to provide clear guidance for researchers to characterize luminescent MNCs and better understand the luminescent mechanism from the measured results.
Application of Nanostructured Parylene‐C Films for Improved Optical Characteristics of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Bin , Baek Seung‐Yo , Boo So‐Young , Sung Baeksang , Kwon Sungmin , Lee Jonghee , Lee Jae‐Hyun
Published: March 2024

Anti‐reflection (AR) characteristics on the display surface and light outcoupling efficiency are significant factors for controlling external and internal light in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), respectively. This paper presents the fabrication of moth‐eye nanostructured parylene‐C films that simultaneously achieve optimized AR characteristics and enhanced OLED performance. AR performance is optimized by varying the nanostructure dimensions, resulting in a nanostructured film with a reflectance of <1%. Furthermore, applying this nanostructured film to OLEDs improved the light outcoupling efficiency by 40% compared with the reference device. Therefore, employing nanostructured parylene‐C films to enhance the optical characteristics of OLEDs is proposed.
Mediation of Interfacial Mo2C Bridging Effect in MoS2@Carbon Colloid Dots Featuring Improved Photovoltaic Performances of Si‐Based Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Ta‐Cheng , Chen Shih‐Hsiu , Lin Kuan‐Han , Wu Tsung‐Yen , Hsiao Po‐Hsuan , Chen Chia‐Yun
Published: March 2024

Advances in silicon‐based hybrid solar cells with high photovoltaic performance, low synthetic cost, and sound environmental resistance are emerged as potential candidate for solar conversion. Solution‐processed few‐layer MoS2 sheets are regarded as compelling constitutes that paves ways for tailoring the solar harvesting capability; yet the improvement on charge separation of photoexcited carriers remains demanded, and the lack of environmental stability due to intentionally grabbing electrons from adsorbed moistures constrains the scope of practical assessment. In this work, the employment of MoS2/Mo2C/carbon colloid dots (CCDs) heterostructures within PEDOT:PSS matrix is invoked, where the transfer of photoexcited electrons from MoS2 is mediated with Mo2C electron‐transport channels, which further couple out the creation of positive trions by combining with defect‐bound excitons at CCD surfaces. These features dynamically involve with slow recombination probability and further improve the photovoltaic gain. Thus, the noticeable improvement of conversion efficiency of 16.1% with 1.6 times of efficiency enhancement outperforming the bare conventional hybrid solar cells is accomplished, and further exhibits a sound long‐term stability, which opens new avenues for exploiting the photophysical bound‐carrier transition on advanced photovoltaic applications.
Double‐Sided, Thin‐Film Microelectrode Array with Hemispheric Electrodes for Subretinal Stimulation
Authors: Kim Namju , Hong Yeji , Cha Seongkwang , Kang Yoo Na , Seo Hee Won , Moon Hyunmin , Ahn Jungryul , Intisar Aseer , Kim Minseok S. , Kim Seong‐Woo , Goo Yong Sook , Kim Sohee
Published: March 2024

Components in neural implants, such as the electrode array and stimulator circuit, are often fabricated discretely. This modular fabrication scheme offers flexibility during development but poses difficulties during assembly, as components must be compactly integrated for implantation. It is particularly difficult in cases where the electrode array is required to have a high number of channels, such as in retinal prostheses. This paper presents the development of a parylene C‐based, double‐sided microelectrode array with 294 hemispheric electrodes for subretinal stimulation. The bonding pads on the bottom side of the double‐sided array are connected with electrodes through vias, eliminating the interconnection lines. The array can be integrated with a stimulator circuit through pad‐to‐pad bonding, resulting in a compact implant. The hemispheric electrodes are fabricated using thermally reflowed photoresist infillings, through which the height and width of the hemispheres can be easily controlled. The long‐term stability and biocompatibility of the materials and methods used to fabricate and package the electrodes are demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo environments over months. Finally, subretinal stimulation by the developed electrodes is successfully demonstrated using in vitro retinal patches from mice and monkeys.
Reversing Internal Electric Field Direction at BiVO4/TiO2 Heterostructure Interface by a Thin W‐VO2 Layer: Turning Waste Charge Carriers into Wealth
Authors: Seck Astou , Mirzaei Amir , Shayegan Zahra , Ngom Balla D , Ma Dongling , Chaker Mohamed
Published: March 2024

In heterojunction photocatalysts, the band edge alignment and internal electric field (IEF) direction significantly affect the charge carrier separation, thus the photoconversion efficiency. For example, because of an unfavorable band alignment and compared to BiVO4 alone, BiVO4/TiO2 results in ≈24% reduction in photocurrent density in this study. Herein, a tungsten‐doped VO2 (W‐VO2) thin film is inserted between BiVO4 and TiO2 to modify unfavorable spike‐like conduction band offset and IEF direction in ternary heterojunction. After reversing the IEF direction and engineering the band edges through W‐VO2 insertion, the photocurrent density is enhanced by ≈145% and ≈91% compared to BiVO4/TiO2 and BiVO4, respectively at 1.23 V versus RHE. Besides, under visible light irradiation, the kinetics rate constant for tetracycline removal by BiVO4/W‐VO2/TiO2 photocatalyst is 225% higher than that of BiVO4/TiO2, due to utilizing charge carriers before being recombined, without doping the BiVO4 and TiO2 structures. Lastly, LC‐HR‐MS/MS analysis followed by the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) reveals the high importance of the band alignment on the detoxification of the solution. The tunability of the VO2 work function with a low bandgap, yet distinctive valence and conduction bands (which distinguished it from metals) opens new avenues for designing high‐performance heterojunction‐based devices.
Colorectal cancer literacy and related factors in northeast of Iran: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Delshad Mohammad Hossein , Pourhaji Fatemeh , Abdollahi Mahbubeh , Khorram Hajar Pardeh , Pourhasan Atefeh
Published: March 2024

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a health challenge and the second most common cancer worldwide. Increasing colorectal cancer literacy (CRCL) is one of the most effective factors in CRC prevention.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate CRCL and its related factors in Torbat Heydarieh, northeastern Iran.

Methods and Results

This study was a cross‐sectional survey conducted in 2021 in Torbat Heydarieh, a city in northeastern Iran, on 200 clients presenting to a comprehensive health service centers.

In addition to collecting sociodemographic characteristics, participants were administered the Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire and the Colorectal Cancer Literacy Questionnaire (CRCLQ).

Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 25 using independent samples t‐tests, one‐way analysis, chi‐square, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The statistical significance level was set at p < .05. The results showed that the mean age of the participants was 51.12 ± 8.45 years. The majority of participants (84%) stated that their friends and relatives had no history of CRC.

Pearson correlation coefficient results showed a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude toward CRC (r = .15, p = .041). A significant correlation was also found between knowledge and CRCL (r = .4, p ≤ .001).

Conclusion

We found low CRCL among clients of comprehensive health service centers. More targeted educational interventions are needed to promote CRCL among Iranian adults.
Developments and future prospects of personalized medicine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma diagnoses and treatments
Authors: Jayawickrama Shalindu Malshan , Ranaweera Piyumi Madhushani , Pradeep Ratupaskatiye Gedara Gunaratnege Roshan , Jayasinghe Yovanthi Anurangi , Senevirathna Kalpani , Hilmi Abdul Jabbar , Rajapakse Rajapakse Mudiyanselage Gamini , Kanmodi Kehinde Kazeem , Jayasinghe Ruwan Duminda
Published: March 2024

Background

Precision healthcare has entered a new era because of the developments in personalized medicine, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This paper explores the dynamic landscape of personalized medicine as applied to HNSCC, encompassing both current developments and future prospects.

Recent Findings

The integration of personalized medicine strategies into HNSCC diagnosis is driven by the utilization of genetic data and biomarkers. Epigenetic biomarkers, which reflect modifications to DNA that can influence gene expression, have emerged as valuable indicators for early detection and risk assessment. Treatment approaches within the personalized medicine framework are equally promising. Immunotherapy, gene silencing, and editing techniques, including RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9, offer innovative means to modulate gene expression and correct genetic aberrations driving HNSCC. The integration of stem cell research with personalized medicine presents opportunities for tailored regenerative approaches. The synergy between personalized medicine and technological advancements is exemplified by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications. These tools empower clinicians to analyze vast datasets, predict patient responses, and optimize treatment strategies with unprecedented accuracy.

Conclusion

The developments and prospects of personalized medicine in HNSCC diagnosis and treatment offer a transformative approach to managing this complex malignancy. By harnessing genetic insights, biomarkers, immunotherapy, gene editing, stem cell therapies, and advanced technologies like AI and ML, personalized medicine holds the key to enhancing patient outcomes and ushering in a new era of precision oncology.
Age‐related transcript changes in type I interferon signaling in children and adolescents with long COVID
Authors: Fracella Matteo , Mancino Enrica , Nenna Raffaella , Virgillito Chiara , Frasca Federica , D'Auria Alessandra , Sorrentino Leonardo , Petrarca Laura , La Regina Domenico , Matera Luigi , Di Mattia Greta , Caputo Beniamino , Antonelli Guido , Pierangeli Alessandra , Viscidi Raphael P. , Midulla Fabio , Scagnolari Carolina
Published: March 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2 typically causes mild symptoms in children, but evidence suggests that persistent immunopathological changes may lead to long COVID (LC). To explore the interplay between LC and innate immunity, we assessed the type I interferon (IFN‐I) response in children and adolescents with LC symptoms (LC; n = 28). This was compared with age‐matched SARS‐CoV‐2 recovered participants without LC symptoms (MC; n = 28) and healthy controls (HC; n = 18). We measured the mRNA expression of IFN‐I (IFN‐α/β/ε/ω), IFN‐I receptor (IFNAR1/2), and ISGs (ISG15, ISG56, MxA, IFI27, BST2, LY6E, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and MDA5) in PBMCs collected 3–6 months after COVID‐19. LC adolescents (12–17 years) had higher transcript levels of IFN‐β, IFN‐ε, and IFN‐ω than HC, whereas LC children (6–11 years) had lower levels than HC. In adolescents, increased levels of IFN‐α, IFN‐β, and IFN‐ω mRNAs were found in the LC group compared with MC, while lower levels were observed in LC children than MC. Adolescents with neurological symptoms had higher IFN‐α/β mRNA levels than MC. LC and MC participants showed decreased expression of ISGs and IFNAR1, but increased expression of IFNAR2, than HC. Our results show age‐related changes in the expression of transcripts involved in the IFN‐I signaling pathway in children and adolescents with LC.
Research progress of probiotics and fermented feed effects on pork quality
Authors: Lian Xiao , Shi Mingyu , Lin Qinlu , Liang Ying , Zhang Lingyu
Published: March 2024

With the growth of the global population and the development of the economy, the demand for delicious and nutritious meat is increasing. However, the pursuit of high productivity and a high lean meat rate in pig breeding has led to a serious decline in meat quality. How to moderately improve the quality and flavor of pork through nutritional supplementation is of great significance in meeting consumers' demand for high‐quality and delicious pork. Recent studies have shown that fermented feed using probiotics can not only improve the nutritional quality and utilization rate of agricultural by‐products, but also play an important role in improving meat color, increasing intramuscular fat content, regulating the flavor of pork, leading to a sustainable development of agriculture and husbandry. In this paper, we will review the current situation of the probiotics used in fermented feed, the effects of fermentation on the improvement of feed quality, the influence and mechanism of fermented feed on the growth performance, meat quality, and flavor of pigs, and so forth, aiming to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the research and development of fermented feed and its application in the production of high‐quality pork.
Impact of drying technique on umbu‐cajá pulp with the addition of probiotic culture: Optimization, cell viability, physicochemical, and functional properties
Authors: Albuquerque Aline Pacheco , Rodrigues Thais Jaciane Araujo , da Silva Layanne Rodrigues , Santos Newton Carlos , Rocha Ana Paula Trindade , Gomes Josivanda Palmeira
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to assess the effects of spouted bed (SB) drying and freeze‐drying (FD) on the properties of probiotic umbu‐cajá pulp. The strain Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis was employed to obtain this pulp. Initially, the study was conducted with two separate experimental designs, one for SB and another for FD, encompassing variables such as inlet temperature and concentrations of drying adjuvants (maltodextrin and inulin). This approach aimed to identify the most favorable conditions in terms of yield and cell viability. Both drying methods proved effective in preserving probiotic cells, with comparable viable cell counts (12 Log CFU g−1) and process yield of up to 30.68%. Additionally, FD exhibited advantages in preserving and increasing levels of bioactive compounds, including phenolics and carotenoids, in the final product. In contrast, SB drying stood out for retaining carotenoids and exhibiting lower degradation of ascorbic acid. In summary, this study demonstrated that both SB drying and FD are promising approaches in producing powders from probiotic umbu‐cajá pulp. However, the selection between the methods should be guided by specific production goals, considering the desired characteristics of the final product.
Professional and career development needs of clinical pharmacists in settings outside academia
Authors: Hayes Sarah M. , Moore Donald C. , Droney Madeline , Johnson Steven T. , Rech Megan A. , Rife Kelsey M. , Rosewarne Rowan , Silvia Richard J. , Szymanski Thomas
Published: March 2024

Clinical pharmacists practicing in academia have access to resources and pathways for professional development that clinical pharmacists practicing outside of academia may lack. With timely concerns of premature attrition and burnout in the clinical pharmacy profession, it is critical that employers and professional organizations help meet the professional development needs of clinical pharmacists practicing in outside of academia. Implementation of career ladders, creation of hybrid leadership‐practice positions, achievement of operational excellence, cultivation of a positive culture, and development of optimal metrics may all help employers meet these needs. Professional organizations are called on to provide clinical pharmacists with a clear path for advancement within the organization to contribute to their ongoing professional development; this centers on the development of mentorship programs and opportunities to expand the professional portfolio of the clinical pharmacist practicing outside of academia. It is imperative that employers and professional organizations address the lack of existing career advancement and professional development opportunities to combat the premature attrition of clinical pharmacists from practice, improve the “life span” of the clinical pharmacist, and ultimately maintain the clinical pharmacy profession as a whole.
Biodegradable poly(caprolactone fumarate) 3D printed scaffolds for segmental bone defects within the Masquelet technique
Authors: Astudillo Potes Maria D. , Mitra Indranath , Hanson Kari , Camilleri Emily T. , Gaihre Bipin , Shafi Mahnoor , Hamouda Abdelrahman , Lu Lichun , Elder Benjamin D.
Published: March 2024

Segmental bone defects, often clinically treated with nondegradable poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) in multistage surgeries, present a significant clinical challenge. Our study investigated the efficacy of 3D printed biodegradable polycaprolactone fumarate (PCLF)/PCL spacers in a one‐stage surgical intervention for these defects, focusing on early bone regeneration influenced by spacer porosities. We compared nonporous PCLF/PCL and PMMA spacers, conventionally molded into cylinders, with porous PCLF/PCL spacers, 3D printed to structurally mimic segmental defects in rat femurs for a 4‐week implantation study. Histological analysis, including tissue staining and immunohistochemistry with bone‐specific antibodies, was conducted for histomorphometry evaluation. The PCLF/PCL spacers demonstrated compressive properties within 6 ± 0.5 MPa (strength) and 140 ± 15 MPa (modulus). Both porous PCLF/PCL and Nonporous PMMA formed collagen‐rich membranes (PCLF/PCL: 92% ± 1.3%, PMMA: 86% ± 1.5%) similar to those induced in the Masquelet technique, indicating PCLF/PCL's potential for one‐stage healing. Immunohistochemistry confirmed biomarkers for tissue regeneration, underscoring PCLF/PCL's regenerative capabilities. This research highlights PCLF/PCL scaffolds' ability to induce membrane formation in critical‐sized segmental bone defects, supporting their use in one‐stage surgery. Both solid and porous PCLF/PCL spacers showed adequate compressive properties, with the porous variants exhibiting BMP‐2 expression and woven bone formation, akin to clinical standard PMMA. Notably, the early ossification of the membrane into the pores of porous scaffolds suggests potential for bone interlocking and regeneration, potentially eliminating the need for a second surgery required for PMMA spacers. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of PCLF/PCL make them promising alternatives for treating critical bone defects, especially in vulnerable patient groups.
Plasma beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate availability after enteral administration during critical illness after trauma: An exploratory study
Authors: Wittholz Kym , Bongetti Amy J. , Fetterplace Kate , Caldow Marissa K. , Karahalios Amalia , De Souza David P. , Elahee Doomun Sheik Nadeem , Rooyackers Olav , Koopman René , Lynch Gordon S. , Ali Abdelhamid Yasmine , Deane Adam M.
Published: March 2024

Background

During critical illness skeletal muscle wasting occurs rapidly. Although beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) is a potential treatment to attenuate this process, the plasma appearance and muscle concentration is uncertain.

Methods

This was an exploratory study nested within a blinded, parallel group, randomized clinical trial in which critically ill patients after trauma received enteral HMB (3 g daily) or placebo. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 60, and 180 min after study supplement administration on day 1. Needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were collected (baseline and day 7 of the HMB treatment intervention period). An external standard curve was used to calculate HMB concentrations in plasma and muscle.

Results

Data were available for 16 participants (male n = 12 (75%), median [interquartile range] age 50 [29–58] years) who received placebo and 18 participants (male n = 14 (78%), age 49 [34–55] years) who received HMB. Plasma HMB concentrations were similar at baseline but increased after HMB (T = 60 min: placebo 0.60 [0.44–1.31]  µM; intervention 51.65 [22.76–64.72]  µM). Paired muscle biopsies were collected from 11 participants (placebo n = 7, HMB n = 4). Muscle HMB concentrations were similar at baseline between groups (2.35 [2.17–2.95]; 2.07 [1.78–2.31] µM). For participants in the intervention group who had the repeat biopsy within 4 h of HMB administration, concentrations were greater (7.2 and 12.3 µM) than those who had the repeat biopsy >4 h after HMB (2.7 and 2.1 µM).

Conclusion

In this exploratory study, enteral HMB administration increased plasma HMB availability. The small sample size limits interpretation of the muscle HMB findings.
Exploring the formation mechanism of ferulic acid/hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex: spectral analyses and computer simulation
Authors: Lv Junli , Tan Mengmeng , Zou Jiali , Yun Yueying , Ren Yan , Guo Fucheng , Wang Guoze
Published: March 2024

BACKGROUND

The biological functions of ferulic acid (FA) have garnered significant interest but its limited solubility and stability have led to low bioavailability. Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD), with its distinctive hollow structure, offers the potential for encapsulating hydrophobic molecules. The formation of an inclusion complex between FA and HP‐β‐CD may therefore be a viable approach to address the inherent limitations of FA. To investigate the underlying mechanism of the FA/HP‐β‐CD inclusion complex formation, a combination of spectral analyses and computer simulation was employed.

RESULTS

The disappearance of the characteristic peaks of FA in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of an inclusion complex between FA and HP‐β‐CD. Thermogravimetry‐derivative thermogravimetry (TG‐DTG) studies demonstrated that the thermal stability of FA was enhanced due to the encapsulation of FA within HP‐β‐CD. Molecular dynamics simulation also provided evidence that FA successfully penetrated the HP‐β‐CD cavity, primarily driven by van der Waals interactions. The formation of the complex resulted in more compact HP‐β‐CD structures. The bioavailability of FA was also strengthened through the formation of inclusion complexes with HP‐β‐CD.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study have contributed to a deeper understanding of the interactions between FA and HP‐β‐CD, potentially advancing a delivery system for FA and enhancing the bioavailability of insoluble active components. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Strategies to Realize Efficient and Stable Broadband NIR Emission in Germinate Oxides
Authors: Dumesso Misgana U. , Zheng Guojun , Wang Dandan , Basore Endale T. , Xiao Wenge , Qiu Jianrong
Published: March 2024

Phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are efficient and cost‐effective ultrabroadband light sources for miniaturizing various optical systems, but they exhibit poor optical performance due to the lack of efficient near‐infrared (NIR) phosphors with a wide spectral coverage of 700−1100 nm. Although germanate oxides are a promising class of host materials for Cr3+ to generate broadband NIR light, the preferred formation of [CrO4]4− and the high vapor pressure of Ge element cause these Cr3+ activated phosphors to suffer from low internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and poor thermal stability. Here, highly efficient (IQE > 90%) and thermally stable broadband NIR emission of Cr3+ in the germinate garnet Ca2LuMgScGe3O12 (CLMSG) are obtained by exploiting a two‐step sintering method to achieve full reduction of Cr4+ to Cr3+. Further, efficient energy transfer from Cr3+ to Yb3+ is leveraged to significantly improve the emission intensity of CLMSG:Cr3+ in the shortwave infrared range of 900−1100 nm. Finally, an ultrabroadband NIR pc‐LED with a high NIR conversion efficiency (21.5%@10 mA) and high NIR power (116.4 mW@350 mA) is demonstrated to verify the strong capability of CLMSG:Cr3+, Yb3+ in blue‐to‐NIR light conversion. The results open up new ways to realize efficient ultrabroadband NIR‐emitting materials.
Optical Stern–Gerlach Effect in Periodically Poled Electro‐Optical Crystals
Authors: Zhu Wenguo , Liang Xinzhou , Xie Weichao , Zheng Huadan , Zhong Yongchun , Tang Jieyuan , Yu Jianhui , Chen Zhe
Published: March 2024

The Stern–Gerlach (SG) effect provided the first direct experimental evidence of the quantization of electron spin. Although some analog SG effects have been proposed in optical systems, finding a perfect optical analog for the SG effect remains a challenge. Here, a novel optical SG effect is demonstrated in periodically poled electro‐optical crystals. Induced by an applied electric field, the principal axes of crystal rock periodically along the propagation direction of light. When the quasi‐phase‐matching condition is satisfied, the electro‐optical coupling process within the periodically poled crystal can be accurately described by the Schrödinger–Pauli equation for spin‐1/2 particles. The output photons can be deflected toward opposite directions according to their intrinsic spin angular momentum (circular polarizations), since the transversely varying duty cycle of crystal arises an effective magnetic‐field gradient. Moreover, the output photons can be separated according to two arbitrary orthogonal polarization states, allowing us to construct high‐speed electro‐optically tunable polarization beam splitters for arbitrary orthogonal polarization states. Therefore, the optical SG effect provides not only a perfect optical analog for the quantum SG effect but also a useful optical element for optics and quantum physics.