bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLOW METERS FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Replogle John A.
Published: June 2007

Regulated water flow is an essential feature of modern civilization. Effective use of water resources by industrial, agricultural, and municipal processes, as well as domestic conveniences, require controlled flow systems. Closely related to this regulation is the requirement for flow measurement, the techniques of which have developed over many centuries. Because of the relatively long history of flow metering and the multitude of improvements and new developments, a complete coverage of the subject is beyond the scope of this paper. Greater emphasis is placed on describing new developments and less conventional methods that are most usable for water resource applications and research studies, and less emphasis on older, generally familiar devices. Because of the diverse requirements in water measurement, few devices can be regarded as having no possible application. The selection of the most usable devices is somewhat arbitrary. Thus, at least passing mention will be made of most known devices for all fluids, and the reader guided to reference material for more complete coverage of a particular device or system.
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CERTAIN METHODS OF UNSTEADY GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS1
Authors: Karadi Gabor M. , Krisek Raymond J. , Beahea Manual
Published: June 2007

The basic theories and fundamental assumptions usually employed in the solution of unsteady groundwater flow problems are reviewed critically. The best known method of analysis for such problems is based on the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximation and leads to a nonlinear parabolic differential equation which is generally solved by linearization or numerical methods. The accuracy of the solution to this equation can be improved by use of a different approach which does not employ the Dupuit Forchheimer assumption, but rather is based on a semi‐numerical solution of the Laplace equation for quasi‐steady conditions. The actual unsteady process is replaced by a sequence of steady‐state conditions, and it is assumed that the actual unsteady flow characteristics during a short time interval can be approximated by those associated with “average” steady state flow. The Laplace equation is solved by a semi‐discretization method according to which the horizontal coordinate is divided into subintervals, while the vertical coordinate is maintained continuous. The proposed method is applied to a typical tile drainage problem, and, based on a comparison of calculated results with experimental data, the method is evaluated and practical conclusions regarding its applicability are advanced.
PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION FOR THE LOWER RIO GRANDE1
Authors: Riedel John T.
Published: June 2007

To aid in planning and design of additional flood protection on the Lower Rio Grande, the Hydroraeteorological Branch prepared a probable maximum precipitation study for the International Boundary and Water Commission (United States and Mexico) and the Republic of Mexico. Five drainages from 2,000 to over 17,000 square miles in area between Falcon and Anzalduas Dams including Rio San Juan and Rio Alamo in Mexico are the areas of concern. The great rains of hurricane Beulah, September 19–24, 1967 verified that additional protection is needed. Procedures for estimating probable maximum precipitation (PMP) are described. A particular problem was to estimate rainfall potential for the Sierra Madre Oriental in Rio San Juan and Alamo drainages. These mountains form a north‐south windward‐facing slope and barrier of over 7000 feet in elevation. A detailed study was made of rains from hurricane Beulah. The storm produced the greatest known rain depths in North America for 50,000 square miles or greater, and durations longer than 48 hours.
ENFORCEMENT LIMITATIONS IN WATER QUALITY CONTROL1
Authors: Stein Murray
Published: June 2007

The Federal role in the enforcement of water quality requirements is of recent development. It began with the enactment in 1956 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as permanent law. It has been expanded by successive amendments to the Act to cover the pollution of navigable as well as interstate waters which endangers the health or welfare of persons, and to cover violations of water quality standards established for interstate waters. Two different enforcement procedures are prescribed in the law to be followed in the two types of enforcement actions. While questions have arisen of jurisdiction, States' rights, and disregard or duplication of local efforts, such questions do not lastingly impede the exercise of Federal enforcement authority and are of value in establishing a body of precedents. Limitations have their basis in the statutory distinctions between interstate and intrastate pollution which govern the application of the enforcement authority, even though a case of intrastate pollution may be as serious or more serious than a case of interstate pollution. An additional limitation results from the statutory time intervals between procedural stages in an action. Lack of data is a limitation but can always be overcome and at most causes delay. State laws which protect the confidentiality of required reports are more of a limitation. Investigative teams may obtain the needed information, however, for consideration in public meetings. Public support for effective water quality control measures, especially enforcement, and for the expenditures needed to enhance the environment, is widespread. Such support may be instrumental in modifying or eliminating existing statutory limitations.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL TO EVALUATE HYDROLOGIC RISK IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM DESIGN1
Authors: Bathke William L. , Freund R. J. , Conner J. R.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, a procedure for analyzing a water resource system with special emphasis on evaluation of acceptable economic risk due to occasional failures to deliver water is proposed. The basic methodology includes the development of a simple mathematical model which describes the physical hydrologic and economic characteristics of a single reservoir irrigation and city water supply system and an evaluation of economic benefits of the system with full and partial deliveries of water. The system is simulated for various combinations of decision variables (system magnitudes) and an optimum design is obtained by response surface technology. Emphasis is placed on the basic model and methodology although, in order to introduce some realism, the procedure is applied to data based on the existing reservoir system on the South Concho River in West Central Texas.
REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT GREAT MIAMI RIVER, OHIO1
Authors: Thomas Richard F.
Published: June 2007

The Miami Conservancy District was organized shortly after the disastrous flood of March 1913 to provide flood protection to municipalities along the Great Miami River. The District system is a classic solution which was entirely locally financed and is now operated and maintained by special benefit assessments on 45,000 parcels of property, 9 cities and 5 counties.
EFFECTIVE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN SETTING1
Authors: Flaek J. Ernest , Hill Duane W.
Published: June 2007

Water resources management in the urban areas of the United States to be effective must include dimensions far beyond water supply and sewerage. This paper concerns itself with those problem areas of water resource management outside of potable water supply and sanitary sewers. These areas include flood plain management, greenways and blueways, storm water, vistas of waterways, and other attributes of living in or near a water‐related environment.

The perceptions and attitudes of the concerned public and community power structure must be known in order to manage the water environment effectively. Methods of measuring these perceptions and attitudes are described and ways in which the resulting citizen‐resource can be tapped and used as a management device are explored.
THE ATMOSPHERIC WATER BALANCE AND THE HYDROLOGY OF LARGE RIVER BASINS1
Authors: Rasmussen James L.
Published: June 2007

The concept of using the atmospheric water balance technique in the study of the hydrology of large (greater than 105km2) river basins is described. The atmospheric water balance technique consists of determining the spacial and time distributions and fluxes of water vapor through the atmospheric volume overlying the basin. The quantity precipitation minus evaporation at the earth's surface is determined as a residual of the computation. A review of the results of various experiments employing this technique is provided.

The incorporation of the technique in a study of the hydrology of a large river basin is demonstrated by showing the results of a study of the hydrometeorology of the Upper Colorado River Basin. The example covers the study of eleven winter seasons, November through April, 1957–1968.

The seasonal accumulation of water over the basin as determined by the atmospheric water balance is highly correlated with annual runoff. Correlation coefficient r = .8. The daily evaporation rate during dry days varies by a factor of two over the winter season, and is shown to be related to the incoming solar radiation intensity.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ACTIVATED SLUDGE PHOSPHATE RELEASE1
Authors: Randall Clifford W. , Huloher Bruce S. , King Paul H.
Published: June 2007

The activated sludge process can remove significant amounts of phosphorus from sewage, but the removal efficiency is usually significantly reduced by the release of phosphate back to solution during subsequent treatment steps. This research presents a study of soluble phosphate release from activated sludge with emphasis on defining the factors that affect such release and the actual release mechanisms.

Laboratory units were used for experimental purposes. The experiments were designed to study the relationship between soluble phosphate release and various environmental factors such as redox potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, solids concentration, solids destruction, and sulfate salt addition. The effect of substrate utilization on phosphate uptake and the relationship between uptake characteristics and subsequent phosphate release were also studied.

The results show that some phosphate storage occurs during aerobic substrate utilization. Following substrate utilization, activated sludge phosphate release is directly related to the amount of biological stress the organisms are subjected to, and the mechanism of release is primarily cell lysis. The phosphate released per unit sludge under anoxic conditions is relatively constant. Under normal environmental conditions, neither ORP or pH change have a significant affect on phosphate release.
SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY ‐ FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Hendricks D. W. , Dixon N. P. , Whaley R. S.
Published: June 2007

The relationship between water quantity, water quality, and system economic response to permutations of these variables on any given water use, and the allocation of water among competing uses is outlined by means of a conceptual model. The effect of the quantity‐quality variable mix on a given use is called the “intensive effect,” and the allocation mix on the total system is the “extensive effect.” The elements of the model are best described by the partial sketch of the flow diagram, outlined below in terms of symbols.
APPLYING GRADIENT PROJECTION AND CONJUGATE GRADIENT TO THE OPTIMUM OPERATION OF RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Lee E. S. , Waziruddin S.
Published: June 2007

The recent versions of nonlinear programming techniques such as the conjugate gradient and the gradient projection algorithms are used to obtain the optimal operating conditions of a multiple reservoirs system with multiple purposes. These algorithms are compared with other techniques in the literature. The conjugate gradient method incorporates the advantages of both the generalized Newton‐Raphson, also known as the quasilinearization technique, and the gradient approach while avoiding their major drawbacks. To illustrate the technique, a water resources system with three reservoirs and a tabular objective function is solved by the two algorithms.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES
Authors: Kisiel Chester C. , Duokstein Luaien
Published: June 2007

Applications of systems methodology to water problems of the Tucson basin are summarized. Natural recharge is estimated by means of a discrete convolution relation in which the unit impulse response of an aquifer is derived from basic hydro‐dynamic laws. A temporal model of sequences of wet and dry periods during the summer thunderstorm season is based on a multiple linear regression equation that relates total rainfall amount during the wet period to the duration of the wet period and volume of peak rainfall. A spatial model predicts point rainfall frequency of maximal and minimal amounts of thunderstorm rainfall. A static management model allocates Tucson groundwater, Avra Valley water, Colorado River water, and reclaimed waste water to municipal, industrial, and agricultural users within a pricing framework. For a range of pricing policies the model clearly demonstrates the opportunity costs to the community by use of higher‐priced water supplies such as Colorado River water in lieu of Tucson groundwater. The role of worth of data studies in relation to data analysis, model building and management studies is also introduced.
CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION IN THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Haragan Donald R. , Jehn Kenneth H.
Published: June 2007

A study of the relationship among cloudiness, precipitable water vapor, stability and precipitation is presented for the Texas High Plains. A study of clouds during periods of above‐normal rainfall indicates that precipitation during late fall and winter is associated with stratiform clouds which develop in conjunction with cyclonic activity. Spring and summer precipitation is most highly correlated with cumuliform clouds characteristic of convective activity. Investigation of other macroscale atmospheric features indicates that wet periods are further characterized by atmospheric instability and above‐normal amounts of precipitable water vapor and water‐vapor flux. Dry periods are associated with atmospheric circulation patterns which either serve to cut off the supply of low‐level moisture, produce subsidence and consequent atmospheric stability, or both.
A STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION SERVICES1
Authors: Smith Eugene B.
Published: June 2007

A study designed to analyze two types of information services provided by the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) is described. This study was conducted to assess the monetary value and acceptability to users of the Selected Water Resources Abstracts (SWRA) Journal and the Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System. Results indicate that both services were well received and provide a useful and valuable service to a variety of users active in the area of water resources.
A STUDY OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION THROUGH COMPUTER SIMULATION1
Authors: Cypra Kenneth J. , Cowlishaw Wayne , Bauer William J.
Published: June 2007

Wastewater irrigation is a re‐emerging method for dealing with an area's wastewater, particularly in Northern temperate climates in the U.S. Muskegon, Michigan, typical of a medium‐sized Northern urban area, is currently adopting wastewater irrigation to meet its present and future wastewater treatment needs.
MEASURING INTANGIBLE BENEFITS ‐SOME NEEDED RESEARCH1
Authors: Wyckoff J. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Society has long sought to maximize the welfare of its members by allocating its limited resources so as to provide maximum satisfaction. As long as all of the values that society gains or loses are measured in the market place in terms of price, the process of maximizing through economic models is relatively straightforward. In fact, however, the total value that society receives from the use of its resources is not completely measured through the private market transactions. There are some values created which are external to the market system. The resulting underinvestment in natural resources by the private sector necessitates the entry of the public sector. The presence of intangible benefits and intangible costs has long been recognized, but completely satisfactory methods for including these in the quantitative analysis of benefit‐cost have not been developed. Some progress has been made in including recreational values in project analysis via the expenditures method, the Gross National Product method, consumer surplus method, cost method, market value method, and monopoly and discriminating monopoly methods, but little has been done in the area of aesthetic values. Techniques for including such values in project evaluation need to be further researched. Tradeoff models developed by market researchers, the advertising industry, social psychologists and sociologists may have some applicability. Methodology for including proposed multiple objective functions in project analysis is also a critical need.
ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM SIZED TOWNS1
Authors: Singh Krishan P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Adequate and good‐quality water supply for medium sized towns is costly when there are insufficient quantity and low quality of groundwater or surface water. In a central water supply system serving a number of towns, the economies of scale may permit a sufficient and good‐quality supply at lesser rates. Such a system has the flexibility of supplying rural population through small service lines. The system may be an interbasin or intrabasin conveyance depending on the location of a suitable water source and the economics of the supply network. Seven cost elements are pertinent to the optimum or least‐cost design of network consisting of pipelines and pumping stations. The relevant cost functions are based on the available data gathered from various sources. Water conveyance costs are calculated for various flow rates, pipeline diameters, flow variabilities, static heads, and interest rates, thus providing a measure of sensitivity of the conveyance cost to such variations. The economies of scale, the sensitivity of optimum unit conveyance costs, and variations in unit costs with change in cost functions are useful in making a feasibility study for a proposed conveyance system.
LAND USE FUNCTION IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Howells David H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Nation has entered a new era of water quality management in which land use policy and regulation must assume an increasingly important role. The benefits of tertiary and advanced waste treatment may be offset by contradictory land use and pollution from land runoff. Unless land use planning and controls are included in water quality management, land‐imposed constraints on water quality can be anticipated. Pollution from major types of land runoff are reviewed with respect to sources, effects, and control procedures. Emphasis is given to land use practices and controls. The crucial issue with regard to the latter is lack of land use policies at federal, state, and local levels. State legislation establishing guidelines and minimum standards for land use regulation by local government is required. The dependency of water quality on land use points to the fallacy of attempting to provide for comprehensive water pollution control outside the context of comprehensive land‐water resource planning and management.
THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION'S ROLE IN AMERICA'S GROWTH1
Authors: Armstrong Ellis L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Bureau of Reclamation was created to implement the Reclamation Act of 1902 and subsequent legislation to conserve and develop the water resources of the western states for maximum efficient use. This has been accomplished by the planning and construction of major multiple use projects which now supply water to approximately eight million acres of land which annually produce 52 million tons of food and fiber with a gross crop value of approximately $2 billion.

Fifteen million people are served with municipal and industrial water supplies and hydroelectric power from Bureau projects now returns $160 million annually to the Treasury.

Flood control, recreation, and fish and wildlife enhancement are other major benefits. The Bureau of Reclamation is now undertaking a Westwide Survey of water resources and of the needs of the future which is more far‐reaching than anything heretofore accomplished. The information accumulated during this ten‐year survey will determine whether there is a necessity for consideration of major interbasin transfer of water supply.
INTERBASIN TRANSFERS: DO WE NEED THEM?'
Authors: Howe Charles W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Three main issues are discussed: the demands for additional water stemming from population dispersion; supply alternatives to large‐scale interbasin transfers; and the displacement of agriculture from nonprofit regions. It is concluded that population dispersion is unlikely to increase aggregate water demands; that large additional supplies are available from other sources at lesser costs; and that a very likely consequence of large‐scale transfers will be the displacement of agriculture in other parts of the country.
POSSIBLE DIVERSION OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER TO TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO1
Authors: Price Bobby E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.A summary is presented of remarks made at a conference held at Louisiana Tech University on the possibility of diverting some of the Mississippi River water to Texas and New Mexico. The Texas Water Plan which has initiated the diversion possibility is discussed and particular reference is made to the activities of the federal and state agencies directly responsible for determining various aspects of the diversion study. These agencies include the Texas Water Development Board, Texas Water Quality Board, Louisiana Department of Public Works, State Engineer's Office of New Mexico, Mississippi River Commission, and the Bureau of Reclamation.
WATER DIVERSIONS TO THE NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIES1
Authors: Whetstone George A. , Kiesling Ernst W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.The major purpose of existing and proposed diversions of water to the Prairies is for irrigation. Being flat lands adaptable to mechanized agriculture and possessing a good network of rail and highway access, they are well suited for such use. Wheat surpluses, currently a serious problem in Canada, can be expected to melt under world population pressures and conversion of wheat lands to other crops with the advent of irrigation. The water sources envisaged are in the Canadian Arctic watershed with the United States purchasing Canadian water at the boundary. There is an increasing interest in the Canadian Prairie Provinces in regarding water as a commodity and selling some of it to pay for the development required to put the portion retained in Canada to use.
A COMPUTER SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR OPTIMIZING CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION OF DESALTING PLANTS1
Authors: Blood Wesley H. , Clyde Calvin G. , Peterson Dean F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.Desalting plants can provide a means of firming up erratic natural supplies when properly operated in conjunction with existing water supply reservoir systems. Since the natural inflow is variable, the choice of when to run the desalting plant is difficult. If the plant is turned on too late, a shortage may result; or if the plant runs too long, costly water may be wasted. A computer program is described that can help water planners find an optimal operating rule, i.e., a policy that tells when to turn the plant on and off to meet a given demand. Criteria for defining the firm water yield of the system (with and without desalting) are first defined. The logic of the program is then described. The program, written in FORTRAN IV, successively simulates operation of the given size reservoir‐desalting plant system under control of various operating rules and selects the optimal rule as the one which produces the required firm water yield at the least unit cost. The optimal plant size and the staging of construction can also be studied by making a series of computations. Applications of the Operating Rule Program to water systems in California, Utah and New York are described. The studies show that, compared with base load operation, substantial savings are possible if optimum intermittent conjunctive operation of the desalting plant is followed.
DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY, COACHELLA AREA, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Krous Elwyn S. , Wagner Joseph P. , Parkinson Harold L. , Sachs Milton S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

.A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit‐cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.
ECONOMIES ASSOCIATED WITH SIZE OF WATER UTILITIES AND COMMUNITIES SERVED IN NEW HAMPSHIRE AND NEW ENGLAND1
Authors: Andrews Richard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

This study investigates economies associated with size of New England water utilities. Regression analysis techniques were applied to annual water cost and production data reported in the American Directory of Water Utilities (1968‐1969). Modest economies of size in the production of water were found. Because in large communities more water is used per person, total cost increases at a slightly faster rate than population increases, but per unit costs of producing water decline. Substantial economies occurred when the number of customers was held constant and volume of water per customer increased. This study indicates possible economies when two or more of the many very small utilities combine activities to form a larger unit and by encouraging present customers to use more water.
ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LARGE DIVERSIONS OF SNAKE RIVER WATERS1
Authors: Millham C. B. , Russell R. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

This work evaluates the economic losses due to diversion from the Snake River during the relatively low‐flow year May 1928‐April 1929. The results determine the losses due to pollution abatement and power generation for several different patterns and volumes of diversion, and the tool of analysis is dynamic programming.
SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATES BELOW COMMERCIAL CATTLE FEEDLOTS, TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Miller William D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

Samples for water‐quality analyses were collected from beneath eighty commercial cattle feedlots in the Texas High Plains. Twenty‐two feedlots were drilled and/or cored to establish vertical gradients of dissolved solids. Sample and gamma logs, size analyses and vertical permeability of cores were determined from samples beneath these lots.

Relationships of groundwater saturated thickness, depth to watertable, and age of lots to specificion distribution were evaluated. The study includes lots ranging in age from 35 years to new installations. Runoff collection‐systems on lots include playas, man‐made ponds, and dammed and undammed stream channels.

Infiltration of feedlot liquid waste to the watertable below feedyards is insignificant in most localities in the Texas High Plains. Infiltration of “collected” feedlot runoff and subsequent concentration of dissolved ions in groundwater in the High Plains are dependent upon, among other things, (1) surface and subsurface geology, (2) depth to water, (3) thickness of the groundwater zone, and to (4) differences in lateral and vertical permeabilities of the Ogallala Formation, the major aquifer.

Certainly, no regional subsurface pollution problem exists today nor is one foreseen from cattle feedlot runoff in the Texas High Plains.
OVERPUMPED ARTESIAN WELLS AMONG A WELL GROUP1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Overpumped artesian wells are defined and explained. Unified well equations which can be used for artesian, gravity and overpumped artesian wells are derived under both the steady and transient conditions of flow. The location of the boundary between artesian and gravity steady and transient flow systems in artesian aquifers, due to multiple wells among which overpumped artesian wells may exist, is explained.
DYNAMIC FLUID LOSS DURING VISCOUS FLOW THROUGH A POROUS VERTICAL SLOT1
Authors: Deshpande Pradeep B. , Babcock Robert E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. An experimental study of two‐dimensional viscous flow through a vertical slot with one highly resistant porous wall was made. The fluid loss area of the porous wall was divided into five sections. The fluid loss rate for the various subareas was measured as a function of the bulk flow rate through the slot and the viscosity of the fluid. Static flow tests through the porous media were also conducted for each fluid viscosity. The results indicate that the experimental data can be correlated in terms of the difference between the static flow rate and the dynamic fluid loss rate as a function of the bulk Reynold's number and the bulk flow rate. Stream function profiles were determined for each experimental run to visualize flow through the length of the slot. An empirical correlation was developed between the superficial entrance width, δ, and the ratio of bulk Reynold's number to the Reynold's number based on flow through the porous wall.
EFFECTS OF INTERBASIN TRANSFERS UPON WATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN CENTRAL UTAH1
Authors: Skogerboe Gaylord V. , Huntzinger Thomas L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Most of Utah's rapid population and industrial expansion is taking place along the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, with consequent increases in water demand. As a part of Utah's “Developing a State Water Plan,” a foundation investigation of the Utah Lake drainage area, which is at the Southern end of the Wasatch Front, was completed which delineated the quantity and quality of the water resources, present water uses, and opportunities for further water conservation. To prepare water budgets, land use data was collected to delineate all areas using water in excess of normal precipitation, which includes agricultural croplands, phreatophytes, open water surfaces, industrial areas, and urban areas. The water budgets were prepared for the time base 1931‐1960, but adjusted to physical conditions existing in 1960.

The Initial Phase of the Bonneville Unit of the Central Utah Project is presently under construction, with costs expected to exceed 300 million dollars. The principal feature of this project is the exportation of waters from the Colorado River Basin into the Utah Lake drainage area (Great Basin). This importation provides a large number of alternatives for allocation, reallocation of present supplies, and exportation. The possible effects of the Central Utah Project for realizing some of the above alternatives is delineated. Fortunately, the features of this project allow a wide latitude for water management in Utah, thereby facilitating its corporation into a “State Water Plan.”
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Authors: KISIEL CHESTER C.
Published: June 2007

A. I. Johnson, President‐elect of AWRA, was elected President of the International Commission on Subsurface Water at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics meeting in Moscow in August. Mr. Johnson, who was a member of the U.S. delegation to the meeting, also presented a paper at the meeting on “Ground Water and the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 1967‐1970,” and served as Rapporteur for the Symposium on Pollution of Ground Water.

HISTORICAL NOTE‐In defiance of laws, international treaties, and the rights of other communities to live and prosper, the city of Detroit has for many years sent a constant torrent of human and industrial filth into the Detroit River and Lake Erie. Time and time again reports from engineers, commissions and governmental forces, all sounding the danger cry, have been received by the Detroit fathers, and have been tabled, prospects are evident… that 20 years from now will see Detroit still making a wallowing trough of the Great Lakes.
ECONOMICS AND FEDERAL WATER PROJECTS1
Authors: Farris Martin T.
Published: June 2007

While the science of economics is widely used in Federal water resource development projects, the usual procedure of applying an analytical discipline to arrive at a conclusion is reversed. The “answer” is usually provided ahead of time and economics is assigned the task of justifying the preconceived conclusion. This leads to a series of mitigatory effects in which economics as a science is not allowed to freely function. This article attempts to illustrate some of these “unusual” uses of economics in Federal water projects and note the “answers” we would logically expect from the economic discipline. Even though the theory of economics is often subverted, there are positive aspects to the role of economics in evaluating Federal water projects.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF ANNUAL FLOODS ON SMALL PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Reich Brian M.
Published: June 2007

A study is presented of the months in which the instantaneous annual maximum discharges from 66 watersheds occurred. The 2,052 flood values were measured on areas ranging from 2.4 through 214 square miles. The longest record was 60 years; the three shortest were 20. Pictorial results show both the number of floods for each month and individual discharges relative to the mean flood. A parameter which is weighted in this manner accounts for both the incidence and the magnitude of floods.

Peculiarities of flood‐timing charts, based on this parameter, are discussed with respect to watershed size, soils, geology, and land use. After anomolous watersheds had been assigned to special categories, flood‐timing charts from most records exhibit a regional dichotomy dividing eastern from western Pennsylvania.
A STATISTICALLY BASED MATHEMATICAL WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR A NON‐ESTUARINE RIVER SYSTEM1
Authors: Tirabassi Michael A.
Published: June 2007

A mathematical model has been formulated, solely through the use of the mathematical statistics, for the purpose of predicting river water quality without reference to the causal chemical, biological and physical relationships. In a sense, this is a “black box” approach wherein with a known input, one may reliably predict the output. The use of a main force statistical method for predicting river‐water quality can provide accurate predictive information with a minimum of time and money expended if a sufficiently large data base is available for the river system in question. What has been lacking in the past is a model which is not only statistically significant but contains only those water quality parameters which contribute significantly to the estimation of the dependent variable. The model which is herein described discusses the formulation procedure, data collection requirements, model hypothesis testing and significance procedures, and finally validation methods employed in verifying the final model equations. A description of how the simulated results are employed in the forecasting procedure is also developed.
THE SACRAMENTO DIVERTERS CONTROVERSY–A STUDY IN THE LEGAL ADJUSTMENT OF EXTERNALITIES
Authors: Shapiro David L.
Published: June 2007

A water rights controversy involving the Bureau of Reclamation illustrates that public water projects may be built to eliminate ownership externalities (non‐enforceable water rights) that were created by existing legal institutions.

The controversy followed the construction of the Shasta Dam in California and arose out of the use of the Sacramento River as a conduit for the projects water. Diverters along the river claimed rights to all water in excess of the “natural flow.” As the Bureau had built the project without determining the rights involved, 20 years elapsed and $3 million was expended to resolve the controversy.

The Bureau's attempts at legal adjudication were thwarted by political pressures placed on the Secretary of the Interior who ordered a settlement that considerably deprived the Bureau of revenue and of water rights. The “shortages” created helped give impetus to the construction of the Trinity Project.

The description of the controversy is followed by numerical estimates of the wealth losses to the general public caused by the controversy itself in loss of revenues as well as the losses occasioned by the Bureau's permanent loss of water rights.
DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCE AND PRECISION OF ESTIMATED PARAMETERS FOR RUNOFF FROM SEMIARID WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Osborn H. B. , Lane L. J. , Kagan R. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Significant parameters for predicting thunderstorm runoff from small semiarid watersheds are determined using data from the Walnut Gulch watershed in southern Arizona. Based on these data, thunderstorm rainfall is dominant over watershed parameters for predicting runoff from multiple linear regression equations. In some cases antecedent moisture added significantly to the models. A technique is developed for estimating precision of predicted values from multiple linear regression equations. The technique involves matrix methods in estimating the variance of mean predicted values from a regression equation. The estimated variance of the mean predicted value is then used to estimate the variance of an individual predicted value. A computer program is developed to implement these matrix methods and to form confidence limits on predicted values based on both a normality assumption and the Chebyshev inequality.
SCALE PROBLEMS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATION1
Authors: Engman Edwin T. , Gburek William J. , Parmele Leslie H. , Urban James B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The problems encountered in estimating scale parameters in interdisciplinary watershed research are discussed. Meteorology, hydrology, geology and water quality are discussed with respect to their individual strengths and weaknesses when applied to different scale problems. Areas where incompatibilities exist are pointed out and suggestions are made for effecting compromise. A watershed scale of roughly a hundred acres may be the scale at which all disciplines can effect optimum interaction.
ARE SHORT‐TERM ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMS POSSIBLE? ‐THE INLAND LAKE PROJECT EXPERIENCE1
Authors: Born Stephen M.
Published: June 2007

The public clamor for repair and protection of the environment from damages, real or perceived, is growing daily. People are demanding remedial programs now; they appear willing to support long‐range fundamental research in environmental areas (such as eutrophication research) as long as action programs (such as lake renewal) are undertaken too. Are short‐term, remedial, environmental action programs possible? The experiences of the Inland Lake Demonstration Project afford an opportunity to evaluate one kind of action‐oriented response. Some special types of problems are likely to be common to any environmental‐resource action program. Recognition and anticipation of these difficulties when organizing action programs should facilitate successful implementation.
DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS1
Authors: Fisher J. M. , Karadi G. M. , McVinnie W. W.
Published: June 2007

In order to cope with the ever increasing problems of the urban environment, new approaches are being sought to their solution. The objective of this paper is to review and evaluate the merits of certain new methods aimed at finding optimal solutions in sewer design.

Based on principles similar to the ones advanced by Deininger [1966] and Holland [1968] the authors propose an integer programming algorithm for optimizing pipe sizes and slopes. The new algorithm is applied to an actual situation and compared with a solution arrived at by a traditional design approach.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN FLOW DISTURBED BY RAINFALL1
Authors: Machemehl Jerry L.
Published: June 2007

Studies were conducted in a closed system recirculating research flume to evaluate the relative effects of high intensity rainfall on von Karman's universal constant and the sediment transport capacity of shallow flow. The tests in this study were conducted at flow depths of 0.3 ft and less with discharges less than 0.5 cfs. The point velocities in the flow were determined with a Pace CD‐25 pressure transducer and an inclined manometer connected in parallel to a Pitot‐static tube of the standard Prandtl design. Regression analyses were performed on the velocity data to determine the best fit dimensionless velocity curve on semilogarithmic paper. Von Karman's universal constant was then evaluated from the slope of the regression line.

Point sediment samples were siphoned from the flow with a stainless steel‐pipette sediment sampler. Sediment concentrations were found with a filtering technique. Sediment samples were taken with and without rainfall to evaluate the relative effect of the rainfall on the transport capacity of shallow flow.
AN EXPERIMENT IN DETERMINISTIC WATERSHED MODELING1
Authors: Dunn Darrel E.
Published: June 2007

An experimental three‐dimensional finite‐difference watershed model in the form of a Fortran IV program was constructed. The model was an oversimplified one which divided the watershed volume into layers of cells which represented the overland flow, the vadose, and the phreatic zones. Water budget equations which utilized such formulas as Darcy's law and Manning's equation were applied to each interior cell. The resulting set of simultaneous equations was solved for heads at the end of successive time increments. This information was transformed to streamflow and other hydrologic output. Input was weather data, which effected appropriate adjustments in the cells representing the surface‐water and vadose zones. After testing the model, it was concluded that this type of model is undesirably sensitive to cell size and length of time increment. In spite of the deficiencies of this primitive model, this general kind of approach to modeling seems promising, but it may be necessary to devise new transport equations which apply to more natural divisions of watersheds.
ECO‐ENGINEERING‐THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Skinner John E.
Published: June 2007

It is presumed that the present environmental thrust is not a wholly transitory fad; that there will be a residual impact on American society which will demand greater consideration in the future of ecological and environmental values by resource developers and public works agencies. An example is cited to show the validity of the environmental thrust and the severe consequences of ignoring it under the present emphasis on this aspect of resource development.

An attempt is made to understand some of the reasons for the dramatic change in public attitude toward the environment and opposition to projects of apparent benefit to society. It is suggested that basic changes in philosophy and concept will be necessary in the field of resource development. Some broad ecological and developmental guidelines are provided in the interest of implementing environmental considerations.

Finally, those involved in resource development and public works are challenged to accept the concept of eco‐engineering; a concept combining the competing elements of resource development and conservation.
COMPLEMENTING OBJECTIVE PROCEDURES WITH SUBJECTIVE PRIORS IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Cox P. Thomas , Siskin Bernard
Published: June 2007

A procedure is outlined which allows consideration of both objective and subjective indicators to establish priorities in plan implementation of water resource development. The objective procedure utilizes stepwise multiple discriminant analysis to predict community performance regarding planned project implementation, based on previous project implementation in the Northeast. The subjective procedure incorporates prior probabilities developed by the planner, based on observation and experience gained through the planning process. The proposed analysis could eliminate waste through better allocation of planning funds to implementation studies exhibiting higher probability of early implementation.
THEORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND UTILIZATION POTENTIAL OF THE BIOMILIEU CONCEPT1
Authors: Szekelyhidi Imre J.
Published: June 2007

The paper presents a quantitative engineering approach to analysis of total environment allowing for simultaneous consideration of a theoretically infinite number of quality indicators and physiological requirements. It discusses theory and fundamentals of a two‐dimensional space and time function solution concerning a small estuarine‐type environment. A three dimensional solution is indicated. Input data may range from reconnaissance‐type to the outputs of mathematical transport models. Applications are discussed with respect to environmental quality problems, availability of suitable data, and some areas of research where results could find immediate application.
PARALLEL DRAINS FROM THE LAPLACE STANDPOINT1
Authors: Glover Robert E.
Published: June 2007

Where natural drainage is inadequate for keeping the water table below the root zone of the crops being grown, drains are often employed to control water table levels. Such drains are commonly installed in parallel lines at depths and spacings adapted to the needs of the area. Formulas used for determining drain spacings are generally based upon Dupuit‐Forchheimer concepts. These developments postulate a saturated, permeable aquifer underlying the irrigated area and an impermeable barrier underlying the aquifer. The basic differential equation expresses the requirement that the flow out through the sides of a vertical column of infinitesmal cross sectional area must be supplied by a corresponding drop of the water table at the top of the column. If variations of transmissivity due to variations of water table level are taken into account the second order differential equation obtained is nonlinear. To avoid the mathematical difficulties posed by this nonlinearity it is customary to neglect the effects of changes of transmissivity due to changes of water table levels. This imposes a restriction that the formulas derived from these linearized differential equations suffer a loss of accuracy if the change of water table levels becomes a considerable portion of the initial saturated depth. Offsetting these difficulties is the tactical advantage that the linearized differential equations are of types long studied in older developments concerned with conduction of heat in solids. The advantages conferred by the possibilities for exploiting the results of investigations in the older discipline are many. An alternative approach is based upon a requirement that there can be no accumulation of water in any elementary cubical volume located in the zone of complete saturation below the water table. The differential equation obtained on this basis, if the aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic, is the one which bears the name of Laplace. It will be the purpose of this paper to explore the possibilities afforded by this approach for evaluating the flow to parallel drains and to compare the results with those obtainable by the Dupuit‐Forchheimer method.