bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B Cell Activation Is Regulated by the Stiffness Properties of the Substrate Presenting the Antigens
Authors: Wan Zhengpeng , Zhang Shaosen , Fan Yilin , Liu Kai , Du Feng , Davey Angel M. , Zhang Huiyuan , Han Weidong , Xiong Chunyang , Liu Wanli
Published: April 2013

B lymphocytes are activated upon Ag sensing by BCRs. The substrate presenting the Ag can show different degrees of stiffness. It is not clear whether B cells can respond to changes in substrate stiffness. In this study we use high-resolution, high-speed live cell imaging techniques to capture the molecular events in B cell activation after the recognition of Ags tethered to polyacrylamide gel substrates with variable degrees of stiffness as quantified by Young’s modulus (2.6–22.1 kPa). We show that the initiation of B cell activation is extremely sensitive to substrate stiffness. B cells exhibit much stronger activation responses when encountering Ags tethered to substrates with a high degree of stiffness as measured by the accumulation of BCR, phospho-spleen tyrosine kinase, and phosphotyrosine molecules into the B cell immunological synapse. Ags tethered to stiff substrates induce the formation of more prominent BCR and phospho-spleen tyrosine kinase microclusters with significantly enhanced colocalization as compared with Ags tethered to soft substrates. Moreover, the expression of the B cell activation marker CD69 is enhanced in B cells encountering Ags on stiffer substrates. Through time-lapse live cell imaging, we find that the different responses of B cells to substrate stiffness are only demonstrated 5 min after BCR and Ag recognition. Using a series of cytoskeleton inhibitors, we determine that the mechanosensing ability of B cells is dependent on microtubules, and only mildly linked to the actin cytoskeleton. These results suggest the importance of the mechanical properties mediated by substrate stiffness in B cell activation.
’n Voorgestelde matriks vir die pastorale berading van die verwonde geloofsvervreemde
Authors: Coetzer Wentzel C. , Snell Lutricia E.
Published: April 2013

Hierdie artikel fokus op die rol van pastorale berading aan die emosioneel-verwonde en geloofsvervreemde persoon deur middel van die redding in Christus. Die rol van God Drie-enig en die sentrale posisie van die Skrif word ondersoek. Verder word aspekte wat ’n Skrifgefundeerde mensbeeld onderlê, gekonstrueer. Die verband tussen emosionele trauma en geloofsvervreemding, asook die aspek van reg en geregtigheid, word hierna ondersoek. Die belangrikheid van die heil in Christus in die geestelike genesingsproses word ook bespreek. Ter afsluiting word ’n pastoraal-terapeutiese matriks voorgestel vir ingrype in die huidige lewenskrisis en die bestaande geloofsvervreemding met inagneming van die traumageskiedenis. Praktiese riglyne word verder verskaf as hulpmiddel vir begeleiding in die ondersteuningsproses.A proposed matrix regarding the pastoral counselling of the wounded faith-estranged. This article focuses on the role of the pastoral counselling of the emotionally wounded and faith-estranged person through the mediation of the salvation in Christ. The role of the Triune God and the central position of Scripture in mediating the salvation in Christ are also examined and the Scriptural view of man is constructed. The role of emotional trauma in the estrangement from God as well as the importance of justice and retribution are examined as it relates to the spiritual and emotional healing of the wounded faith-estranged. The article also discusses the prominence of the salvation in Christ in the spiritual healing process. In conclusion, a pastoral-therapeutic matrix of intervention is proposed to help in addressing the present life crisis and current faith-estrangement within the context of the trauma history, with a view to find healing from the woundedness and the faith-estrangement through salvation in Christ. Practical guidelines are offered to guide this supporting process.
Decreased Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Associated with HMGB1 and Increased Hyperactivity in Children with Autism
Authors: Russo Anthony J.
Published: April 2013

Background

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), characterized by impaired social interactions and deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, are thought to affect 1 in 88 children in the United States. There is much support for the role of growth factors in the etiology of autism. Recent research has shown that epithelial growth factor (EGF) is decreased in young autistic children (2–4 years of age). This study was designed to determine plasma levels of EGF in an older group of autistic children (mean age 10.6 years) and to correlate these EGF levels with putative biomarkers HGF, uPA, uPAR, GAD2, MPO GABA, and HMGB1, as well as symptom severity of 19 different symptoms.

Subjects and Methods

Plasma from 38 autistic children, 11 children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) and 40 neurotypical, age and gender similar controls was assessed for EGF concentration using ELISAs. Severity of 19 symptoms (awareness, expressive language, receptive language, (conversational) pragmatic language, focus/attention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, perseveration, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, hypotonia (low muscle tone), tiptoeing, rocking/pacing, stimming, obsessions/fixations, eye contact, sound sensitivity, light sensitivity, and tactile sensitivity) was assessed and then compared to EGF concentrations.

Results

In this study, we found EGF levels in autistic children and those with PDD-NOS to be significantly lower when compared with neurotypical controls. EGF levels correlated with HMGB1 levels but not the other tested putative biomarkers, and EGF correlated negatively with hyperactivity, gross motor skills, and tiptoeing but not other symptoms.

Conclusions

These results suggest an association between decreased plasma EGF levels and selected symptom severity. We also found a strong correlation between plasma EGF and HMGB1, suggesting inflammation is associated with decreased EGF.
Entrevista Diagnóstica Telefônica Johns Hopkins para a Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas
Authors: Gruber Thiere A. , Carlos Karla , Filho Reginaldo de Carvalho Silva , Oliveira Cesar Osorio de , Carvalho Luciane Bizari Coin de , Prado Lucila B Fernandes do , Prado Gilmar Fernandes do
Published: April 2013

Contexto. A síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) caracteriza-se por sensações desagradáveis ou desconfortáveis nas pernas, que surgem em períodos de inatividade e geralmente ocorrem à noite e são aliviadas com o movimento. Objetivo. Avaliar a sensibilidade, especificidade e a concordância da “Entrevista Diagnóstica Telefônica Johns Hopkins para Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas”. Método. Incluímos 41 pacien­tes. Dezessete pacientes tinham diagnóstico prévio de SPI realizado por médico em entrevista clínica face a face. Vinte e quatro indivíduos não eram portadores de SPI. Todos os participantes foram entrevis­tados por pesquisador cego aos diagnósticos. Calculamos a sensibili­dade, especificidade e concordância (Kappa teste), levando em conta o diagnóstico clínico como padrão ouro. Resultados. Dentre os 41 pacientes entrevistados por telefone, concluiu-se que 19 apresentavam SPI e 22 não apresentavam SPI. Comparando os resultados obtidos entre a entrevista telefônica e o diagnóstico clínico, especificidade foi de 83% (20/24) e sensibilidade de 88% (15/17). A concordância entre a entrevista telefônica e o diagnostico clínico foi substancial (Kappa= 69%; 34/49). Conclusão. A “Entrevista Diagnóstica Telefônica Jo­hns Hopkins para SPI” apresenta boa especificidade, sensibilidade e concordância substancial para o diagnóstico de SPI.
Using a Comprehensive and Standardised Cognitive Screen to Guide Cognitive Rehabilitation in Stroke
Authors: Bisiker Jane , Bickerton Wai-Ling
Published: March 2013

This practice analysis introduces the Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS), a comprehensive screening tool for stroke survivors including individuals with aphasia and visuospatial neglect. A case study is used to demonstrate how the cognitive profiles created by the multiple-domain assessment at different time points can reduce the need to use multiple standardised assessments to check relative deficits and residual abilities, as well as to guide the rehabilitation process, educate the stroke survivor and family, monitor improvement in impairment and help the therapist to evaluate his or her treatment.
Facilitating Child Participation through Power Mobility
Authors: Casey Jacqueline , Paleg Ginny , Livingstone Roslyn
Published: March 2013

Wheeled power mobility can fulfil an intrinsic desire to be mobile, to explore one's environment and to be active and participate in occupations regardless of age. This opinion piece briefly presents the potential of power mobility for children with physical impairments, the recent evidence base, an exploration of the readiness and training of children in the use of power mobility, and current United Kingdom prescription practice. This mode of intervention should no longer be considered as the final option but, rather, as a tool to prevent passivity and dependence and to enable children to optimise their participation in childhood occupations.
Detection and characterization of volcanic ash plumes over Lille during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption
Authors: Mortier A. , Goloub P. , Podvin T. , Deroo C. , Chaikovsky A. , Ajtai N. , Blarel L. , Tanre D. , Derimian Y.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Routine sun-photometer and micro-lidar measurements were performed in Lille, northern France, in April and May 2010 during the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption. The impact of such an eruption emphasized significance of hazards for human activities and importance of observations of the volcanic aerosol particles. This paper presents the main results of a joint micro-lidar/sun-photometer analysis performed in Lille, where volcanic ash plumes were observed during at least 22 days, whenever weather conditions permitted. Aerosol properties retrieved from automatic sun-photometer measurements (AERONET) were strongly changed during the volcanic aerosol plumes transport over Lille. In most cases, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased, whereas Ångström exponent decreased, thus indicating coarse-mode dominance in the volume size distribution. Moreover, the non-spherical fraction retrieved by AERONET significantly increased. The real part of the complex refractive index was up to 1.55 at 440 nm during the eruption, compared to background data of about 1.46 before the eruption. Collocated lidar data revealed that several aerosol layers were present between 2 and 5 km, all originating from the Iceland region as confirmed by backward trajectories. The volcanic ash AOD was derived from lidar extinction profiles and sun-photometer AOD, and its maximum was estimated around 0.37 at 532 nm on 18 April 2010. This value was observed at an altitude of 1700 m and corresponds to an ash mass concentration (AMC) slightly higher than 1000 μg m−3 (±50%). An effective lidar ratio of ash particles of 48 sr was retrieved at 532 nm for 17 April during the early stages of the eruption, a value which agrees with several other studies carried out on this topic. Even though the accuracy of the retrievals is not as high as that obtained from reference multiwavelength lidar systems, this study demonstrates the opportunity of micro-lidar and sun-photometer joint data processing for deriving volcanic AMC. It also outlines the fact that a network of combined micro-lidars and sun photometers can be a powerful tool for routine monitoring of aerosols, especially in the case of such hazardous volcanic events.
A fluid-mechanics-based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage
Authors: Jackson T. R. , Haggerty R. , Apte S. V.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Surface transient storage (STS) and hyporheic transient storage (HTS) have functional significance in stream ecology and hydrology. Currently, tracer techniques couple STS and HTS effects on stream nutrient cycling; however, STS resides in localized areas of the surface stream and HTS resides in the hyporheic zone. These contrasting environments result in different storage and exchange mechanisms with the surface stream, which can yield contrasting results when comparing transient storage effects among morphologically diverse streams. We propose a fluid mechanics approach to quantitatively separate STS from HTS that involves classifying and studying different types of STS. As a starting point, a classification scheme is needed. This paper introduces a classification scheme that categorizes different STS in riverine systems based on their flow structure. Eight distinct STS types are identified and some are subcategorized based on characteristic mean flow structure: (1) lateral cavities (emerged and submerged); (2) protruding in-channel flow obstructions (backward- and forward-facing step); (3) isolated in-channel flow obstructions (emerged and submerged); (4) cascades and riffles; (5) aquatic vegetation (emerged and submerged); (6) pools (vertically submerged cavity, closed cavity, and recirculating reservoir); (7) meander bends; and (8) confluence of streams. The long-term goal is to use the classification scheme presented to develop predictive mean residence times for different STS using field-measureable hydromorphic parameters and obtain a theoretical STS residence time distribution (RTD). The STS RTD can then be deconvolved from the transient storage RTD (measured from a tracer test) to obtain an estimate of HTS.
Rainfall estimation using moving cars as rain gauges – laboratory experiments
Authors: Rabiei E. , Haberlandt U. , Sester M. , Fitzner D.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. The spatial assessment of short time step precipitation is a challenging task. Low density of observation networks, as well as the bias in radar rainfall estimation motivated the new idea of exploiting cars as moving rain gauges with windshield wipers or optical sensors as measurement devices. In a preliminary study, this idea has been tested with computer experiments (Haberlandt and Sester, 2010). The results have shown that a high number of possibly inaccurate measurement devices (moving cars) provide more reliable areal rainfall estimations than a lower number of precise measurement devices (stationary gauges). Instead of assuming a relationship between wiper frequency (W) and rainfall intensity (R) with an arbitrary error, the main objective of this study is to derive valid W–R relationships between sensor readings and rainfall intensity by laboratory experiments. Sensor readings involve the wiper speed, as well as optical sensors which can be placed on cars and are usually made for automating wiper activities. A rain simulator with the capability of producing a wide range of rainfall intensities is designed and constructed. The wiper speed and two optical sensors are used in the laboratory to measure rainfall intensities, and compare it with tipping bucket readings as reference. Furthermore, the effect of the car speed on the estimation of rainfall using a car speed simulator device is investigated. The results show that the sensor readings, which are observed from wiper speed adjustment according to the front visibility, can be considered as a strong indicator for rainfall intensity. Also the optical sensors showed promising results toward measuring rainfall rate. It is observed that the car speed has a significant effect on the rainfall measurement. This effect is highly dependent on the rain type as well as the windshield angle.
Ice-shelf buttressing and the stability of marine ice sheets
Authors: Gudmundsson G. H.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Ice-shelf buttressing and the stability of marine-type ice sheets are investigated numerically. Buttressing effects are analysed for a situation where a stable grounding line is located on a bed sloping upwards in the direction of flow. Such grounding-line positions are known to be unconditionally unstable in the absence of transverse flow variations. It is shown that ice-shelf buttressing can restore stability under these conditions. Ice flux at the grounding line is, in general, not a monotonically increasing function of ice thickness. This, possibly at first somewhat counterintuitive result, is found to be fully consistent with recent theoretical work. Grounding lines on retrograde slopes are conditionally stable, and the stability regime is a non-trivial function of bed and ice-shelf geometry. The stability of grounding lines cannot be assessed from considerations of local bed slope only.
From Fiscal Compact to Fiscal Union? New Rules for the Eurozone
Authors: Calliess Christian
Published: March 2013

As a consequence of the British veto a reform of the EU Treaty, with the aim to strengthen the stability of the eurozone by transferring new competences in the field of fiscal and economic policies, became impossible. Therefore an international Treaty, the so called Fiscal Compact, was concluded among 25 Member States of the EU. The contribution deals with the complex relationship between both Treaties, especially with the institutional arrangement. It argues that the Fiscal Compact is in comparison to the adopted secondary legislation, the so called Six Pack, of a rather symbolic nature. The more important is the legal link between Fiscal Compact and the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), which makes stability a precondition for European solidarity. European control of stability might interfere with the budget sovereignty of national parliaments but as stability is, since the Treaty of Maastricht, a legally binding principle of the European Monetary Union, its more efficient control is in line with former transfer of competence. Not least budget sovereignty is lost if an over-indebted Member State’s choice is just between sovereign default and financial aid by the ESM. A fully fledged European control of the national budget is therefore in the last resort legitimate.
The Advocate General: Bringing Clarity to CJEU Decisions? A Case-Study ofMangoldandKücükdeveci
Authors: Ćapeta Tamara
Published: March 2013

The question at the centre of focus in this chapter is whether the Advocate Generals’ (AGs’) Opinions contribute to the clarity of the Court’s decisions and thus increase its legitimacy. Methodologically, it analyses the cases of Mangold and Kücükdeveci and the pertaining AGs’ Opinions. It also looks at the Opinions of other AGs in other cases that commented upon either of these two judgments. It concludes that due to the lack of response by the Court to the arguments offered by its AGs, their Opinions have a very weak capacity to clarify unreasoned parts of the judgment to the general public beyond the Court. Thus the only real beneficiary of the Opinions is the academic community.
Native Acetabular Version: 3D CT Analysis of the Psoas Valley
Authors: Osmani Humza Tariq , Henckel Johann , Cobb Justin , Hart Alister J.
Published: April 2013

Insufficient version has been demonstrated to be a significant factor in increasing metal-on-metal cup wear. Another implication is the impingement of the psoas tendon at the anatomical depression on the anterior acetabular rim, called the psoas valley. It is not known whether the psoas valley has any anatomical significance when measuring native version. The effect of this landmark on the measurement of acetabular version has not been assessed using 3D CT.

Sixty five high resolution CT scans of non-diseased hips (performed for colonography) were used to measure the anatomical version angles of the bony acetabular rim. Our new method, using the psoas valley, was compared to the reference method, which used the full 320° of the acetabular rim. The measurement of acetabular version was highly reproducible between the methods. Both methods measured the angle of version over a wide range: 5° to 35° for males and 10° to 40° for females. There were no statistically significant differences between genders (p = 0.3670). The Bland-Altman 1.96 SD lower and upper limits of agreement between the two methods were +4.6° and −4.3°, respectively. Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were high for the new method. This adds to our understanding of native bony anatomy, and specifically provides a landmark that 3D CT has demonstrated to be potentially useful in assessing native version.
Acetabular Configuration and its Impact on Cup Coverage of a Subtype of Crowe Type 4 DDH with Bi-Pseudoacetabulum
Authors: Yi Chengqing , Ma Chunhui , Wang Qian , Zhang Guoqiao , Cao Yun
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the acetabular configuration of a special subtype of Crowe type 4 DDH and its impact on cup coverage, which was identified with a particular bi-pseudoacetabulum and an inter-pseudoacetabulum spine structure. The altered bone stock and anatomic structures were believed to be a result of lesser trochanter impingement on the pelvis as observed in all hips of this series, which was supported by the radiographic and intraoperative findings. Acetabular characteristics were depicted by means of radiographic assessment and direct observation during surgery. Pre-Operatively, the horizontal distance to the hip centre was 80.5 mm on average and 52.9 mm for femoral head height with a significant difference compared to the general series of DDH cases. Anterosuperior bony coverage was found to be more adequate with a thicker anterior wall. The postoperative hip centre was restored to the true acetabulum to within 23.4 mm vertically and 25.2 mm horizontally, and sufficient cup containment was achieved when the acetabular inclination angle was below 45°. A larger diameter cup (range 46-50 mm) was employed. No structural bone graft was required, and the medial protrusion technique was infrequently required. This subtype of DDH facilitated cup coverage during THA.
Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures: Treatments and Outcomes. An Analysis of 47 Cases
Authors: Montalti Maurizio , Pilla Federico , Guerra Giovanni , Traina Francesco
Published: April 2013

We evaluated the treatment and outcome of 47 cases of periprosthetic femoral fracture presenting to our unit over a nine-year period. The average follow-up period was 48 months (range 24-114). Surgical treatment involved stem revision in 29 hips, open reduction and internal fixation in 11 hips and conservative treatment in seven hips. The mean HHS at the most recent follow-up was 74 (range 49-91). Twenty-five patients were pain-free (53%), 10 patients had occasional mild pain (21%), eight patients had a limp and pain (17%) and four patients had severe disability (9%). Postoperative radiographs showed complete fracture union in all 47 patients. There were 11 complications: three further periprosthetic fractures, two aseptic loosenings, two dislocations, two aseptic loosenings of the primary prostheses, one stem breakeage, and one intraoperative fracture. Our results suggest cementless revision with tapered fluted stems used without cortical strut grafts are a valid procedure for the treatment of Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic fractures.
Dealing with Altruism
Authors: Kennedy Donald
Published: April 2013

At a time when schools are focusing heavily on high tech and engineering, general education is more important than ever. Wilson's book furnishes good ideas on how to bring about a curricular fusion between human studies and the sciences.
Watchable Wildlife and Demand-Driven General Education
Authors: Alley Richard B.
Published: April 2013

The societal benefits of an educated citizenry may be lost if “customers” at tuition-driven universities demand less of what they pay for because they value a credential more than the education it represents. Insights from potential employers may help students see the value of education and demand their money's worth.
The Social Conquest of General Education
Authors: Helfand David J.
Published: April 2013

The dominant model of university education featuring one-way communication in a desocialized setting that celebrates competition is fundamentally at odds with the evolutionarily attuned attributes of the human brain. Quest University Canada represents an alternative of engaged, collaborative learning that builds on the eusocial nature of our species.
Research Note: The Marketing—Finance Interface — A New Direction for Tourism and Hospitality Management
Authors: Jang SooCheong (Shawn) , Tang Chun-Hung (Hugo) , Park Kwangmin , Hsu Li-Tzang
Published: April 2013

For the last several decades, marketing research and finance research have developed with little interconnection. Traditionally, marketing research has emphasized the product market and finance research has focused on firm profitability and shareholder value. However, contemporary management strategies increasingly seek to enhance profitability and shareholder value via marketing strategies, which suggests the need for further exploration of the connections between marketing efforts and financial performance. Despite this increased attention, little research in the academic fields of tourism and hospitality has focused on bridging marketing and finance. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of the marketing–finance interface and to explain possible applications of the concept in tourism and hospitality management.
The Association between Obesity and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies from 1985 to 2011
Authors: Dobbins M. , Decorby K. , Choi B. C. K.
Published: April 2013

Background. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to synthesize the evidence evaluating the association between obesity and 13 cancers shown previously to be significantly associated with obesity. Methods. Relevant papers from a previously conducted review were included in this paper. In addition, database searches of Medline and Embase identified studies published from the date of the search conducted for the previous review (January, 2007) until May, 2011. The reference lists of relevant studies and systematic reviews were screened to identify additional studies. Relevance assessment, quality assessment, and data extraction for each study were conducted by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was performed for men and women separately using DerSimonian and Laird’s random effects model. Results. A total of 98 studies conducted in 18 countries from 1985 to 2011 were included. Data extraction was completed on the 57 studies judged to be of strong and moderate methodological quality. Results illustrated that obese men were at higher risk for developing colon (Risk Ratio (RR), 1.57), renal (1.57), gallbladder (1.47), pancreatic (1.36), and malignant melanoma cancers (1.26). Obese women were at higher risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma (2.04), endometrial (1.85), gallbladder (1.82), renal (1.72), pancreatic (1.34), leukemia (1.32), postmenopausal breast (1.25), and colon cancers (1.19). Conclusions. The results of this meta-analysis illustrate a significant, positive, and, for some cancers, strong association between obesity and cancer incidence. Given that approximately 23% of Canadians are obese, a significant proportion of cancer in Canada could be avoided if obesity was eliminated or significantly reduced.
“Belonging” in Post-Communist Europe: Strategies of Representations in Kapka Kassabova's Street without a Name
Authors: Linke Gabriele M.
Published: April 2013

In her book Street without a Name, Kapka Kassabova, a Bulgarian author living in Scotland, combines a memoir of her childhood in communist Bulgaria with a travelogue about later return visits to her – now post-communist – native country. In this study, the discontinuous, fragmented and heterogeneous narrative of her autobiographical text is interpreted as an attempt to find an appropriate mode of sharing intimate knowledge of life in communism with a wider reading public in (primarily) Western English-speaking countries. It is demonstrated that Kassabova, writing from the perspective of an expatriate, emphasizes both the uniqueness of life in communist Bulgaria and the commonality of many experiences and values as well as their compatibility with those held by many people in Western countries. By employing a hybrid textual form, she succeeds in rendering her experiences as a child and teenager in communist Bulgaria and as a transnational migrant into the structures, metaphors and themes of a transnational “liquid modernity”, thus appealing to a broad multinational readership.
Body Parts on Planet Slum
Authors: Brown Lisa
Published: April 2013

This book focuses on the cultural and gender dimensions of informal survivalism. It provides a fascinating insight into womens use of soap operas to reconfigure suffering, pleasure, sexuality and embodiment.
La economía de la Iniciativa Yasuní-ITT
Authors: Vogel Joseph , Chichilnisky Graciela
Published: April 2013

El cambio climático se presta a la economía política. Joseph Henry Vogel ha construido un argumento a favor de llevar a los países ricos en carbono, pero pobres económicamente, a través del cuello de botella de la economía de vaquero y hacia el comercio en el derecho de emisiones de los países Anexo I del Protocolo de Kioto. Ecuador sirve como el modelo.
Une histoire atlantique des intellectuels catholiques ? Bilan, enjeux et perspectives
Authors: Michel Florian
Published: April 2013

Tout au long du XXe siècle, l'échelle atlantique s'impose pour penser le cadre spatial de l'histoire des intellectuels catholiques. Les enjeux vitaux de l'intelligence catholique, comme le modernisme, la démocratie, la liberté religieuse, la société pluraliste, la réforme liturgique, se trouvent définis et affinés dans un dialogue incessant entre les intellectuels et les pratiques culturelles d'Europe et d'Amérique. Les vecteurs de cette histoire atlantique sont à la fois les communautés religieuses, dont les membres sont appelés à circuler à travers l'océan pour raison d'études ou d'enseignement, les intellectuels, les réseaux universitaires catholiques, comme celui de Pax Romana ou celui des universités pontificales, et les réseaux de jeunesse, comme la JEC et le scoutisme.
Pax Romana : un des vecteurs de diffusion du maritainisme (1939-1952)
Authors: Warren Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2013

Cet article s’intéresse aux idées sociopolitiques véhiculées au Québec par Pax Romana. Bien que cette organisation se soit voulue à la base un simple lieu d’échanges entre catholiques, la fédération de Fribourg ne se bornait pas à planifier de manière très générale des rencontres en haut lieu ou à favoriser in abstracto le dialogue entre nations: elle diffusait aussi une idéologie. Elle offrait à la fois un cadre de réflexion et une certaine orientation à ceux qui participaient à ses assises. Revenir sur cette pensée, en identifier les diffuseurs, c’est du même coup dégager les formes d’échanges qui structuraient de l’intérieur Pax Romana et pouvoir, dans un même élan, en situer les membres sur une cartographie particulière du monde intellectuel catholique des années 1930 à 1950.
Les réseaux missionnaires et l’action sociale des Québécois en Amérique latine, 1945-1980
Authors: LeGrand Catherine
Published: April 2013

Cet article porte sur l’évolution du catholicisme social tel qu’il s’est développé dans les missions depuis les années 1940 et 1950 où l’Action catholique spécialisée était importante jusqu’aux années 1960 qui virent émerger puis se déployer (1970) la théologie de la libération. Il explore les réseaux de pratiques des missionnaires québécois engagés au Brésil, en République dominicaine, au Honduras et au Chili, des réseaux alimentés par la «révision de vie», les coopératives rurales, les communautés ecclésiales de base et la rencontre du christianisme et du socialisme. L’accent est mis sur les liens entre ces réseaux et le mouvement Antigonish de Nouvelle-Écosse, l’éducation aux adultes et les écoles radiophoniques en Amérique latine de même qu’avec certains théologiens réformistes belges et hollandais. Au cours de ces années, la tendance lourde fut d’accroître la participation et la responsabilité des laïcs et des jeunes, le développement communautaire et de renouveler les notions de communauté et de la libération chrétiennes.
Moving From the Margins: Culturally safe teacher education in remote northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Harrison Edward B. , Lautensach Alexander K. , McDonald Verna L.
Published: April 2013

In 2007 the University of Northern British Columbia initiated a two-year elementary teacher education program at the Northwest Campus in Terrace, British Columbia. The program was designed to meet specific community needs in the North that arise from inequities in the cultural safety of Indigenous teachers and students. The authors share three collegial inquiries into the program’s contribution toward improving cultural safety in K-12 schools and meeting social justice challenges in the region’s communities. Culturally safe allocation of space became better understood, affective learning outcomes were recognized as important determinants of cultural safety, and teacher action in classrooms towards cultural safety was scaffolded for various settings.
Épigénétique : un lien entre l’environnement et le génome
Authors: Labonté Benoit , Turecki Gustavo
Published: April 2013

L’adversité au cours du jeune âge est connue pour augmenter le risque de développer des problèmes de santé mentale à l’âge adulte. Récemment, des mécanismes épigénétiques ont été identifiés comme représentant une interface sur laquelle l’environnement agit pour induire des changements comportementaux. Ces changements, qui affectent l’expression de certains gènes, sans modifier la séquence d’ADN, interfèrent avec le fonctionnement des systèmes régulant la réponse au stress. À long terme, l’adversité durant l’enfance, en induisant ces changements épigénétiques, prédispose certains individus à développer des problèmes de santé mentale à l’âge adulte. Ce chapitre traite de l’impact épigénétique de l’adversité au cours du jeune âge et de ses conséquences comportementales sur la santé mentale.
Conduites suicidaires chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes avec un trouble envahissant du développement
Authors: Abadie Pascale
Published: April 2013

Les troubles du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) sont caractérisés par des manifestations atypiques dans la socialisation et la communication, par des intérêts restreints et des stéréotypies, et par des difficultés affectives et adaptatives. Les conduites suicidaires sont fréquemment évoquées chez les adolescents et adultes avec un TSA, sans déficience intellectuelle (SDI). Mais la recherche clinique dans ce domaine est très limitée et le diagnostic n’est pas envisagé dans les services d’urgence. Parmi les facteurs de risque individuels de suicide chez les patients TSA, on retrouve la dépression, les troubles anxieux et les antécédents familiaux de troubles affectifs. L’intimidation et les difficultés d’intégration socio-professionnelle sont également des facteurs environnementaux rapportés. Des études en lien avec les caractéristiques cognitives permettraient d’explorer plus rigoureusement la phénoménologie du suicide chez les patients TSA.
Ser pai: desafios psicossociais para os homens gregos
Authors: Dragona Thalia
Published: April 2013

O presente estudo analisa a transição dos homens gregos para a paternidade e, em particular, o início de uma relação a par com a separação da família de origem, fase decisiva das suas vidas. Para ilustrar este processo o artigo foi estruturado a partir de dois estudos de caso diametralmente diferentes em termos de rutura com a separação da família de origem. Num deles, o indivíduo não é capaz de se libertar de uma mãe dominadora, enquanto no outro tenta, de uma forma autorreflexiva, adquirir uma perspetiva, identificar as suas próprias necessidades e chegar a um acordo com os pais. O estudo utiliza uma metodologia qualitativa e situa-se no âmbito da pesquisa psicossocial com a interação entre as formações “externas” sociais e “internas” psicológicas.
Mudança ou substituição de paradigma na educação pré-escolar sueca?
Authors: Jönsson Ingrid , Sandell Anna , Tallberg-Broman Ingegerd
Published: April 2013

O artigo analisa as reformas recentes na educação pré-escolar da Suécia. Será o educare, marca da pré-escola sueca, desafiado por ideias focadas sobretudo na preparação escolar e na empregabilidade futura? Este artigo analisa as mudanças de objetivos, de instrumentos de política e de contexto, a partir de uma perspetiva histórica. A conclusão é a de que a reforma efetuada tem de ser interpretada tanto em relação às ideais nacionais como em relação às ideias defendidas por organizações internacionais. A aplicação dos requisitos de Hall (1993) para a mudança de paradigma indicia mudanças de primeira e de segunda ordem, mais do que uma alteração simultânea de objetivos, instrumentos de política e de contexto. Será necessária pesquisa adicional para melhor compreender o que realmente está a acontecer em contexto local, uma vez que políticas e práticas raramente se sobrepõem na totalidade.
Questões deontológicas e de metodologia de investigação em sociologia: o caso do interesse público e das profissões
Authors: Veloso Luísa , Freire João , Oliveira Luísa , Lopes Noémia
Published: April 2013

O artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre um conjunto de questões deontológicas e teórico-metodológicas que se colocam aos sociólogos no caso particular das investigações que realizam sobre as profissões e o associativismo profissional. O ponto de partida desta reflexão foi um estudo realizado no ano de 2008 na área das profissões da saúde e enquadra-se numa reflexão mais ampla sobre o exercício profissional dos sociólogos.
Mundos à parte? Os sentidos da escola em meios sociais contrastantes
Authors: Quaresma Maria Luísa , Abrantes Pedro , Lopes João Teixeira
Published: April 2013

A partir de duas pesquisas recentes, o artigo compara os sentidos atribuídos à escola em dois colégios privados de elite e em sete zonas socialmente desfavorecidas, abrangidas pelo programa Territórios Educativos de Intervenção Prioritária. Através de estudos de caso, procura-se reconstituir as definições locais da situação que resultam da negociação entre as orientações dos estabelecimentos de ensino, as estratégias das famílias, as práticas docentes e as culturas juvenis. Um enfoque particular é colocado nos modos diferenciais como se combinam experiências quotidianas e projetos de futuro. A principal constatação é que, apesar de integrada no mesmo sistema educativo e da sua centralidade comum na vida dos jovens, a escolaridade nestes contextos não apenas é marcada pela desigualdade de resultados académicos, mas também de objetivos, processos e regimes de socialização.
A experiência subjetiva com a doença mental: o caso da depressão
Authors: Neto Cecília , Alves Fátima
Published: April 2013

Em Portugal há poucos estudos sobre a experiência com a doença mental, sobretudo sobre a forma como aqueles que a vivenciam no seu quotidiano a experienciam e com ela convivem quotidianamente. Neste artigo, que se baseia em evidência empírica resultante de um estudo exploratório apoiado em entrevistas em profundidade junto de dez pessoas com diagnóstico psiquiátrico de depressão crónica, onde se analisam as conceções sobre a sua própria doença e a perceção sobre os impactos na vida quotidiana, procuram-se os sentidos que se tecem a partir dessas experiências pessoais no quotidiano, dando especial ênfase às conceções e representações sobre a sua própria doença, evidenciando as tensões entre a “normalidade” (passado) e a experimentação subjetiva do novo “eu” (identidade atual).
Violence at school, socialisation processes and forms of regulation
Authors: Sebastião João
Published: April 2013

This article’s goal is to analyse some of the dimensions of the social debate on school violence, in that the issues in play bring together social conceptions about childhood, education policies, and the way societies that can be said to represent advanced modernity are evolving. The author seeks to help improve our knowledgeabout the efficacy of child socialisation policies and the diverse and contradictory way in which they are put into practice locally.
School bullying
Authors: Smith Peter K.
Published: April 2013

Bullying is defined as a systematic abuse ofpower; the development of the research program on school bullying is outlined over four phases. The distinctive nature of cyberbullying, and also of identity-based bullying, is outlined. Measurement methods are discussed, and the kinds of prevalence rates obtained. Arange of risk factors for involvement as a bully, or victim, are ummarized. Arange of school-based interventions are described, together with discussion of a meta-analysis of their outcomes. In summary, research and practice have gone hand-in-hand in the researchreviewed, and have had some success in at least reducing what is a significant problem in the lives of many children.
Shallow Versus Deep Uncertainties in Natural Hazard Assessments
Authors: Stein Seth , Stein Jerome L.
Published: April 2013

In Shakespeare's Henry IV, Glendower says, “I can call spirits from the vasty deep,” and Hotspur replies, “Why, so can I, or so can any man; but will they come when you do call for them?”
Samuel Palmer and the Pastoral Vision
Authors: Harrison Colin
Published: April 2013

Colin Harrison, Senior Curator of European Art at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, describes how the English 19th‐century artist Samuel Palmer was deeply influenced by the poet and painter William Blake. Palmer's sublime paintings of the 1820s placed a new emphasis on the harmony of nature, reinterpreting traditional subjects entirely afresh, placing the Holy Family not in the Holy Land, but in the English countryside.
The Golden Age: Between Wilderness and Utopia
Authors: Shepherd Dominic
Published: April 2013

Artist Dominic Shepherd pursues the imaginative and a sense of mystery in his work; his 2012 one‐man show at Charlie Smith London was entitled ‘Jerusalem’. Here he reflects on the Golden Age as depicted in Cranach's masterpiece of that name, and ruminates on the cyclical nature of the pastoral, a landscape that is tended and nurtured by generations of hands.
The Land of Scattered Seeds
Authors: Puttick John
Published: April 2013

Architect John Puttick is now responsible for leading Make Architects' work in China. His diploma project for the Bartlett School of Architecture, Land of Scattered Seeds (2001), featured here and on the cover, has now taken on seminal status. Produced in book form, a copy was purchased by the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York.
Surviving Versus Living: Nature and Nurture
Authors: Leung May
Published: April 2013

Today so many aspects of our everyday lives are dependent on nature, yet remain removed from it. Here, two speculative projects by the architect May Leung explore how nature can nurture in ways that space cannot, by creating self‐sustainable systems to change the way that we think about production, consumption, leisure and the routine of our working lives.
Dirty Futures: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Mother Nature
Authors: Ward Geoff
Published: April 2013

Not only do bacterial cells in the human body outnumber human cells, but human habitation leaves microbial traces in the air and on surfaces. With these facts in mind, architect and academic Geoff Ward re‐examines recent perceptions of ‘the dirty’ and recasts the natural in architecture in relation to it.
The Persistence of the Pastoral
Authors: Clear Nic
Published: April 2013

Architect, animator and educator Nic Clear challenges the contemporary notion of the pastoral to go beyond the simplistic binary opposites of the untainted rural idyll and the industrialised city. He explores how the narratives of the pastoral have provided a mainstay for science fiction and how this can be used to re‐imagine nature itself with the aid of advanced biotechnologies to create new architectures for the 21st century.
Digital Cottage Industries
Authors: Aling Mike
Published: April 2013

Mike Aling's ProunStretcher project engages with the recent global revival of cottage industries, fuelled by the application of digital technologies, as a means to address ‘the manifold social issues present across our rural landscape‐as‐urban‐extension’.
Exist‐Stencil
Authors: James Jeffrey
Published: April 2013

Architect and interior designer Jeffrey James admits an ambivalent attitude towards nature. Here he turns that ambivalence to positive effect through a series of poetic digital collages that provide a mediation between ‘our incomprehension of the vast magnificence and complexity of the natural world and the actual spaces that we can physically touch and inhabit’.
Assembled Microcapsules by Doxorubicin and Polysaccharide as High Effective Anticancer Drug Carriers
Authors: Du Cuiling , Zhao Jie , Fei Jinbo , Cui Yue , Li Junbai
Published: April 2013

Doxorubicin, together with the modified polysaccharide (alginate dialdehyde), was used as a wall material to fabricate microcapsules through self‐cross‐linking by a template method. The microcapsules as‐prepared are pH‐responsive. Relevant scanning electronic microscopy, atom force microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirm the morphology of the uniform microcapsules. The spectroscopic results show that the microcapsules are assembled through electrostatic interaction and Schiff's base covalent bonding. Doxorubicin can be released sustainably from the capsules in buffer solution at a lower pH value. The cellular uptake of the microcapsules and drug release induced by acidic microenvironment are time‐dependent processes. The cell cytotoxicity experiments in vitro demonstrate that the doxorubicin‐based microcapsules have high efficiency to kill the cancer cells.
Assessing the relationship between fluctuating asymmetry and cause of death in skeletal remains: A test of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis
Authors: Weisensee Katherine E.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

This study examines the relationship between craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry and cause of death in an identified skeletal collection. This study tests the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis using fluctuating asymmetry as the measure of developmental instability.

Methods

The skeletal sample used in this study comes from Lisbon, Portugal, and individuals in the sample were born between 1806 and 1935. This represents a period during which Lisbon was beginning to undergo the modern health transition, in which mortality from infectious disease began to decline while mortality from degenerative diseases began to increase. Approximately equal numbers of individuals in the sample died from infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, and from degenerative diseases. Fluctuating asymmetry is examined using three‐dimensional landmark data collected from 392 individuals with documented causes of death. Landmark data may provide a more robust measure of fluctuating asymmetry, although it has not often been used in studies of fluctuating asymmetry in human skeletal samples.

Results

The results of the study show that individuals who died from degenerative diseases have higher rates of fluctuating asymmetry compared to individuals who died from infectious diseases. Males also exhibit higher rates of fluctuating asymmetry compared to females.

Conclusions

The results of this study confirm earlier findings that early development has a significant impact on adult health outcomes. Furthermore, the results suggest that fluctuating asymmetry in skeletal samples may offer a means of testing the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:411–417, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.