bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anarchy and Culture: Insights from the Anthropology of War
Authors: Snyder Jack
Published: July 2002

Some prominent scholars and public activists contend that a fundamental change in the nature of world politics can be brought about through efforts to change prevailing culture, norms, and ideas. In this view, behavior in anarchy is what the prevailing culture makes of it, since social reality is, in Alexander Wendt's words, “ideas almost all the way down.” Anthropologists studying the causes of war in pre-industrial anarchies have tested this hypothesis extensively. Their research shows that war behavior cannot be reduced to either material factors or culture alone. Rather, material, institutional, and cultural elements must all be taken into account simultaneously in assessing an anarchical society's propensity for war and in designing strategies to promote change. Models of nested causality or of interaction effects between variables can sometimes capture these causal interrelationships, but they cannot capture nonlinear system effects that often play a prominent role. Patterns found in anthropological research can serve as a heuristic for understanding the democratic peace and processes of contemporary international cultural change.
The fragmentation and consolidation of international systems
Authors: Kaufman Stuart J.
Published: July 2002

The world today, Benjamin Barber points out, is “falling precipitantly apart and coming reluctantly together at the very same moment.” While states from Canada to India are threatened with breakup due to fractious nationalist impulses of their peoples, the power of technology and markets is forcing ever-tighter economic integration worldwide. From a common-sense perspective, these two impulses are among the most important processes in contemporary world politics. Yet, there has been remarkably little attention paid to developing a theory of the international system that examines the effects of both. Hegemonic stability theory considers economic integration but not nationalism; the few studies of nationalism as a systemic force play down the effects of economic integration; and neorealism, the most widely accepted theory of the international system, has no room to address either trend. The field is, partly as a result, a cacaphony of voices largely talking past one another.
Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle?
Authors: Garrett Geoffrey
Published: July 2002

Increasing exposure to trade, foreign direct investment, and liquid capital mobility have not prompted a pervasive policy race to the neoliberal bottom among the OECD countries. One reason is that there are strong political incentives for governments to cushion the dislocations and risk generated by openness. Moreover, countries with large and expanding public economies (when balanced with increased revenues, even from capital taxes) have not suffered from capital flight or higher interest rates. This is because the modern welfare state, comprising income transfer programs and publicly provided social services, generates economically important collective goods that are undersupplied by markets and that actors are interested in productivity value. These range from the accumulation of human and physical capital to social stability under conditions of high market uncertainty to popular support for the market economy itself. As a result, arguments about the demise of national autonomy in the global economy are considerably overdrawn.
Managing the Evolution of Multilateralism
Authors: Downs George W. , Rocke David M. , Barsoom Peter N.
Published: July 2002

One of the most prominent characteristics of multilateral organizations is that they do not “spring forth full blown”; they grow. Although this is well known, relatively few attempts have been made to explain it at a general level or to explore its implications. In this paper we show why states that desire to create a multilateral organization or agreement might be attracted to a strategy that involves admitting potential members sequentially based on their preferences. Such a “sequential construction” strategy can generate an unusual kind of structure-induced equilibrium that dramatically mitigates the breadth-depth trade-off and increases the level of cooperation a multilateral is able to attain. We evaluate these claims with data drawn from the history of the European Union and twenty environmental multilaterals.
Literacy, Orality, and Property: Church Documents in Ethiopia
Authors: McCann James C.
Published: July 2002

Manuscript documents produced by the Ethiopian church are valuable historical sources about the relations of property and politics. Historians, however, should consider them as part of a political culture in which orality and literacy operated jointly to convey meaning and political validity.
Rhythm in Multimodal Texts
Authors: Martinec Radan
Published: July 2002

The author presents a hier-archical model of rhythm in lan-guage, music and action and ap-plies it to the integration of these semiotic modes in multimodal texts. The model distinguishes be-tween rhythm and meter; meter is shown to synchronize the rhyth-mic hierarchies of musical instru-ments, as well as of voice, music and action. The author identifies the meanings conveyed by variet-ies of multimodal synchronization.
Does Lara Croft Wear Fake Polygons? Gender and Gender-Role Subversion in Computer Adventure Games
Authors: Schleiner Anne-Marie
Published: July 2002

The subject matter of this article emerged in part out of research for the author's thesis project and first game patch, Madame Polly, a “first-person shooter gender hack.” Since the time it was written, there has been an upsurge of interest and research in computer games among artists and media theoreticians. Considerable shifts in gaming culture at large have taken place, most notably a shift toward on-line games, as well as an increase in the number of female players. The multidirectional information space of the network offers increasing possibilities for interventions and gender reconfigurations such as those discussed at the end of the article.
Null Case and the Distribution of PRO
Authors: Martin Roger
Published: July 2002

Chomsky and Lasnik (1993) argue convincingly that PRO has null Case, checked by nonfinite T, and suggest that this may explain PRO's narrow distribution. However, their analysis falls short of reaching this goal. Here, I refine the theory of null Case so as to fully account for the distribution of empty and lexical subjects of nonfinite clauses, concluding that this minimalist analysis is more explanatory than earlier ones based on the theories of binding and government. In particular, I argue that whether or not nonfinite T can check null Case depends crucially on its temporal properties and present a number of empirical arguments supporting this conclusion.
Electrophysiological Evidence for the Modulation of Retrieval Orientation by Depth of Study Processing
Authors: Rugg Michael D. , Allan Kevin , Birch Claire S.
Published: July 2002

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate whether brain activity elicited by retrieval cues in a memory test varies according to the encoding task undertaken at study. Two recognition memory test blocks were administered, preceded, in one case, by a “shallow” study task (alphabetic judgement) and, in the other case, by a “deep” task (sentence generation). ERPs elicited by the new words in each test block differed, the ERPs elicited in the block following the shallow study task exhibiting the more positive-going waveforms. This finding was taken as evidence that subjects adopt different “retrieval sets” when attempting to retrieve items that had been encoded in terms of alphabetic versus semantic attributes. Differences between the ERPs elicited by correctly classified old and new words (old/new effects) also varied with encoding task. The effects for deeply studied words resembled those found in previous ERP studies of recognition memory, whereas old/new effects for shallowly studied words were confined to a late-onsetting, right frontal positivity. Together, the findings indicate that the depth of study processing influences two kinds of memory-related neural activity, associated with memory search operations, and the processing of retrieved information, respectively.
Motor and Visual Imagery as Two Complementary but Neurally Dissociable Mental Processes
Authors: Sirigu A. , Duhamel J. R.
Published: July 2002

Recent studies indicate that covert mental activities, such as simulating a motor action and imagining the shape of an object, involve shared neural representations with actual motor performance and with visual perception, respectively. Here we investigate the performance, by normal individual and subjects with a selective impairment in either motor or visual imagery, of an imagery task involving a mental rotation. The task involved imagining a hand in a particular orientation in space and making a subsequent laterality judgement. A simple change in the phrasing of the imagery instructions (first-person or third-person imagery) and in actual hand posture (holding the hands on the lap or in the back) had a strong impact on response time (RT) in normal subjects, and on response accuracy in brain-damaged subjects. The pattern of results indicates that the activation of covert motor and visual processes during mental imagery depends on both top-down and bottom-up factors, and highlights the distinct but complementary contribution of covert motor and visual processes during mental rotation.
Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Representation Revealed through Studies of Hemispatial Neglect
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Ghiselli-Crippa Thea , Sweeney John A. , Matteo Ilaria Di , Kass Robert
Published: July 2002

The representations that mediate the coding of spatial position were examined by comparing the behavior of patients with left hemispatial neglect with that of nonneurological control subjects. To determine the spatial coordinate system(s) used to define “left” and “right,” eye movements were measured for targets that appeared at 58,108, and 158 to the relative left or right defined with respect to the midline of the eyes, head, or midsaggital plane of the trunk. In the baseline condition, in which the various egocentric midlines were all aligned with the environmental midline, patients were disproportionately slower at initiating saccades to left than right targets, relative to the controls. When either the trunk or the head was rotated and the midline aligned with the most peripheral position while the eyes remained aligned with the midline of the environment, the results did not differ from the baseline condition. However, when the eyes were rotated and the midline aligned with the peripheral position, saccadic reaction time (SRT) differed significantly from the baseline, especially when the eyes were rotated to the right. These findings suggest that target position is coded relative to the current position of gaze (oculocentrically) and that this eye-centered coding is modulated by orbital position (eye-in-head signal). The findings dovetail well with results from existing neurophysiological studies and shed further light on the spatial representations mediated by the human parietal cortex.
Disentangling Gravitational, Environmental, and Egocentric Reference Frames in Spatial Neglect
Authors: Karnath H.-O. , Fetter M. , Niemeier M.
Published: July 2002

Previous studies in neglect patients using rotation of the body around the roll-axis revealed neglect of visual stimuli not only in the egocentric, body-centered left but also in the environmental left. The latter has been taken as evidence for a gravity-based environment-centered component of neglect occurring independently of the subject's actual body orientation. However, by using visual stimuli in a normally lightened room, the studies confounded the gravitational upright with the visible upright of the surround. Thus, it is possible that the visible upright of the environment may have served the role of the gravitational upright relative to which neglect occurred. The present experiment evaluated the influence of gravity on contralateral neglect when no visual information was presented. In complete darkness, neglect patients' exploratory eye movements were recorded in five experimental conditions: body in normal upright position, body tilted 30° to the left and 30° to the right, and body pitched 30° backward and 30° forward. In the upright orientation, the patients with neglect showed a bias of ocular exploration to the ipsilesional right side. In egocentric body coordinates, we found no significant differences between the orientation of the biased search field in the different experimental conditions showing that the search field shifted with the orientation of the body. No significant decrease or enhancement of neglect was observed when body orientation was varied in the different conditions. In conclusion, the present results revealed that the modulation of gravitational forces has no significant influence on the exploratory bias of these patients. When visual information was excluded and only graviceptive information was available, the patients' failure to explore the contralesional part of space appeared purely body-centered. The results argue against a disturbed representation of space in neglect that encodes locations in a gravity-based reference system.
Processing Syntactic Relations in Language and Music: An Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Patel Aniruddh D. , Gibson Edward , Ratner Jennifer , Besson Mireille , Holcomb Phillip J.
Published: July 2002

In order to test the language-specificity of a known neural correlate of syntactic processing [the P600 event-related brain potential (ERP) component], this study directly compared ERPs elicited by syntactic incongruities in language and music. Using principles of phrase structure for language and principles of harmony and key-relatedness for music, sequences were constructed in which an element was either congruous, moderately incongruous, or highly incongruous with the preceding structural context. A within-subjects design using 15 musically educated adults revealed that linguistic and musical structural incongruities elicited positivities that were statistically indistinguishable in a specified latency range. In contrast, a music-specific ERP component was observed that showed antero-temporal right-hemisphere lateralization. The results argue against the language-specificity of the P600 and suggest that language and music can be studied in parallel to address questions of neural specificity in cognitive processing.
Effects of Background Color on the Global and Local Processing of Hierarchically Organized Stimuli
Authors: Michimata Chikashi , Okubo Matia , Mugishima Yosuke
Published: July 2002

Recent studies have shown that (1) the global precedence effects in processing the hierarchically organized stimulus can be attenuated by eliminating the low spatial frequencies contained in the stimulus and (2) the human magnocellular pathway is responsible for processing low spatial frequencies and the pathway can be attenuated by imposing a red background on the stimulus. In the present study, a reaction-time experiment was conducted to examine the effect of background color of the stimulus to the processing of the hierarchically organized stimulus. The result showed that although the control condition (a green background) produced a prototypical asymmetric global interference, a red background that was equiluminant to the green background produced a symmetrical interference. It was concluded that the human magnocellular pathway is at least partially responsible in producing the global precedence effects.
Frames of Reference for Mapping Tactile Stimuli in Brain-Damaged Patients
Authors: Aglioti Salvatore , Smania Nicola , Peru Andrea
Published: July 2002

Twelve normal controls, twelve left-brain-damaged patients, and thirty-six right-brain-damaged patients with or without tactile extinction or tactile neglect were asked to report light touches delivered to the left or the right hand or simultaneously to both hands. The hands could be in anatomic position or one hand could cross over the other. Moreover, the two hands could be in the left or the right hemispace or across the corporeal midline. Controls and nontactile-extinction groups performed better when the hands were in anatomical than in crossed position. By contrast, patients with tactile extinction detected contralesional stimuli with higher accuracy in crossed than in anatomical position. This result suggests that, in these patients, impairments in detecting contralesional stimuli can be due not only to sensory but also to spatial factors contingent upon the position of the hands. There was no interaction between the effect of crossing the hands and the hemispace where the crossing took place. This suggests that coding the position of a hand as left or right does not necessarily occur in relation to the bodily midline, but it may arise from the computation of the position of the other hand.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Two Steps in Syntactic Analysis: Early Automatic and Late Controlled Processes
Authors: Hahne Anja , Friederici Angela D.
Published: July 2002

In this study we examined the properties of the processes involved in the structural analysis of sentences using event-related brain potential measures (ERP). Previous research had shown two ERP components to correlate with phrase structure violations: an early left anterior negativity (ELAN), which is assumed to reflect first-pass parsing processes, and a late parietally distributed positivity (P600), assumed to reflect second-pass parsing processes. We hypothesized that the first-pass parsing processes are highly automatic, whereas second-pass parsing processes are more controlled. To test this hypothesis we varied the proportion of correct sentences and sentences containing phrase structure violations with incorrect sentences being either of a low (20% violation) or a high (80% violation) proportion. Results showed that the early left anterior negativity was elicited and equally pronounced under both proportion conditions. By contrast, the late positivity was elicited for a low proportion of incorrect sentences only. This data pattern suggests that first-pass parsing processes are automatic, whereas second-pass parsing processes are under participants' strategic control.
Boosting Neural Networks
Authors: Schwenk Holger , Bengio Yoshua
Published: July 2002

Boosting is a general method for improving the performance of learning algorithms. A recently proposed boosting algorithm, Ada Boost, has been applied with great success to several benchmark machine learning problems using mainly decision trees as base classifiers. In this article we investigate whether Ada Boost also works as well with neural networks, and we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of different versions of the Ada Boost algorithm. In particular, we compare training methods based on sampling the training set and weighting the cost function. The results suggest that random resampling of the training data is not the main explanation of the success of the improvements brought by Ada Boost. This is in contrast to bagging, which directly aims at reducing variance and for which random resampling is essential to obtain the reduction in generalization error. Our system achieves about 1.4% error on a data set of on-line handwritten digits from more than 200 writers. A boosted multilayer network achieved 1.5% error on the UCI letters and 8.1% error on the UCI satellite data set, which is significantly better than boosted decision trees.
Emergence of Memory-Driven Command Neurons in Evolved Artificial Agents
Authors: Aharonov-Barki Ranit , Beker Tuvik , Ruppin Eytan
Published: July 2002

Using evolutionary simulations, we develop autonomous agents controlled by artificial neural networks (ANNs). In simple lifelike tasks of foraging and navigation, high performance levels are attained by agents equipped with fully recurrent ANN controllers. In a set of experiments sharing the same behavioral task but differing in the sensory input available to the agents, we find a common structure of a command neuron switching the dynamics of the network between radically different behavioral modes. When sensory position information is available, the command neuron reflects a map of the environment, acting as a location-dependent cell sensitive to the location and orientation of the agent. When such information is unavailable, the command neuron's activity is based on a spontaneously evolving short-term memory mechanism, which underlies its apparent place-sensitive activity. A two-parameter stochastic model for this memory mechanism is proposed. We show that the parameter values emerging from the evolutionary simulations are near optimal; evolution takes advantage of seemingly harmful features of the environment to maximize the agent's foraging efficiency. The accessibility of evolved ANNs for a detailed inspection, together with the resemblance of some of the results to known findings from neurobiology, places evolved ANNs as an excellent candidate model for the study of structure and function relationship in complex nervous systems.
Attractive Periodic Sets in Discrete-Time Recurrent Networks (with Emphasis on Fixed-Point Stability and Bifurcations in Two-Neuron Networks)
Authors: Tiňo Peter , Horne Bill G. , Giles C. Lee
Published: July 2002

We perform a detailed fixed-point analysis of two-unit recurrent neural networks with sigmoid-shaped transfer functions. Using geometrical arguments in the space of transfer function derivatives, we partition the network state-space into distinct regions corresponding to stability types of the fixed points. Unlike in the previous studies, we do not assume any special form of connectivity pattern between the neurons, and all free parameters are allowed to vary. We also prove that when both neurons have excitatory self-connections and the mutual interaction pattern is the same (i.e., the neurons mutually inhibit or excite themselves), new attractive fixed points are created through the saddle-node bifurcation. Finally, for an N-neuron recurrent network, we give lower bounds on the rate of convergence of attractive periodic points toward the saturation values of neuron activations, as the absolute values of connection weights grow.
Fast Global Oscillations in Networks of Integrate-and-Fire Neurons with Low Firing Rates
Authors: Brunel Nicolas , Hakim Vincent
Published: July 2002

We study analytically the dynamics of a network of sparsely connected inhibitory integrate-and-fire neurons in a regime where individual neurons emit spikes irregularly and at a low rate. In the limit when the number of neurons N → ∞, the network exhibits a sharp transition between a stationary and an oscillatory global activity regime where neurons are weakly synchronized. The activity becomes oscillatory when the inhibitory feedback is strong enough. The period of the global oscillation is found to be mainly controlled by synaptic times but depends also on the characteristics of the external input. In large but finite networks, the analysis shows that global oscillations of finite coherence time generically exist both above and below the critical inhibition threshold. Their characteristics are determined as functions of systems parameters in these two different regimes. The results are found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations.
Collective Behavior of Networks with Linear (VLSI) Integrate-and-Fire Neurons
Authors: Fusi Stefano , Mattia Maurizio
Published: July 2002

We analyze in detail the statistical properties of the spike emission process of a canonical integrate-and-fire neuron, with a linear integrator and a lower bound for the depolarization, as often used in VLSI implementations (Mead, 1989). The spike statistics of such neurons appear to be qualitatively similar to conventional (exponential) integrate-and-fire neurons, which exhibit a wide variety of characteristics observed in cortical recordings. We also show that, contrary to current opinion, the dynamics of a network composed of such neurons has two stable fixed points, even in the purely excitatory network, corresponding to two different states of reverberating activity. The analytical results are compared with numerical simulations and are found to be in good agreement.
A Model to Support the Design of Multiplayer Games
Authors: Zagal José Pablo , Nussbaum Miguel , Rosas Ricardo
Published: July 2002

Extensive research has shown that the act of play is extremely important in the lives of human beings. It is thus not surprising that games have a long and continuing history in the development of almost every culture and society. The advent of computers and technology in general has also been akin to the need for entertainment that every human being seeks. However, a curious dichotomy exists in the nature of electronic games: the vast majority of electronic games are individual in nature whereas the nonelectronic ones are collective by nature. On the other hand, recent technological breakthroughs are finally allowing for the implementation of electronic multiplayer games.

Because of the limited experience in electronic, multiplayer game design, it becomes necessary to adapt existing expertise in the area of single-player game design to the realm of multiplayer games. This work presents a model to support the initial steps in the design process of multiplayer games. The model is defined in terms of the characteristics that are both inherent and special to multiplayer games but also related to the relevant elements of a game in general. Additionally, the model is used to assist in the design of two multiplayer games.

“One of the most difficult tasks people can perform, however much others may despise it, is the invention of good games …”
The KidsRoom: A Perceptually-Based Interactive and Immersive Story Environment
Authors: Bobick Aaron F. , Intille Stephen S. , Davis James W. , Baird Freedom , Pinhanez Claudio S. , Campbell Lee W. , Ivanov Yuri A. , Schütte Arjan , Wilson Andrew
Published: July 2002

The KidsRoom is a perceptually-based, interactive, narrative playspace for children. Images, music, narration, light, and sound effects are used to transform a normal child's bedroom into a fantasy land where children are guided through a reactive adventure story. The fully automated system was designed with the following goals: (1) to keep the focus of user action and interaction in the physical and not virtual space; (2) to permit multiple, collaborating people to simultaneously engage in an interactive experience combining both real and virtual objects; (3) to use computer-vision algorithms to identify activity in the space without requiring the participants to wear any special clothing or devices; (4) to use narrative to constrain the perceptual recognition, and to use perceptual recognition to allow participants to drive the narrative; and (5) to create a truly immersive and interactive room environment.

We believe the KidsRoom is the first multi-person, fully-automated, interactive, narrative environment ever constructed using non-encumbering sensors. This paper describes the KidsRoom, the technology that makes it work, and the issues that were raised during the system's development. 1

1 A demonstration of the project, which complements the material presented here and includes videos, images, and sounds from each part of the story is available at .
Evolving Reaction-Diffusion Ecosystems with Self-Assembling Structures in Thin Films
Authors: Breyer Jens , Ackermann Jörg , McCaskill John
Published: July 2002

Recently, new types of coupled isothermal polynucleotide amplification reactions for the investigation of in vitro evolution have been established that are based on the multi-enzyme 3SR reaction. Microstructured thin-film open bioreactors have been constructed in our laboratory to run these reactions spatially resolved in flow experiments. Artificial DNA/RNA chemistries close to the in vitro biochemistry of these systems have been developed, which we have studied in computer simulations in configurable hardware (NGEN). These artificial chemistries are described on the level of individual polynucleotide molecules, each with a defined sequence, and their complexes. The key feature of spatial pattern formation provides a weak stabilization of cooperative catalytic properties of the evolving molecules. Of great interest is the step to include extended self-assembly processes of flexible structures—allowing the additional stabilization of cooperation through semipermeable, flexible, self-organizing membrane boundaries. We show how programmable matter simulations of experimentally relevant molecular in vitro evolution can be extended to include the influence of self-assembling flexible membranes.
JOHN CHRYSOSTOM AS A RHETORICAL CRITIC: THE HERMENEUTICS OF AN EARLY FATHER
Authors: Thurén Lauri
Published: July 2002

Modern rhetorical investigations of the New Testament are based on either ancient or modern rhetorical textbooks, but pursued without due consideration of the way in which the early Christian writers, who were trained in rhetoric, studied the texts of the New Testament. Thus it is useful to ask, how did John Chrysostom understand the biblical rhetoric, and how did he utilize his own rhetorical education in the exegesis? He was well trained in rhetoric and thus probably had a natural way of reading the texts, without misinterpreting the persuasive elements. This provides us with a critical perspective on modern rhetorical and theological analyses. Do they match with the reading of Chrysostom? If not, it is important to lay bare the reasons for the difference. It turns out that Chrysostom sees the text as a means of persuading the addressees more than just displaying static dogmatic ideas. The theology must be sought through comprehension of the devices and tactics. Surprisingly, Chrysostom provides a strictly text-based interpretation. For example, he emphasizes Paul's sharp message condemning any positive use of the Law. Moreover, Chrysostom utilizes his knowledge in order to clarify the interactive functions of the author's expressions, instead of focussing on technical details. Compared with most exegetes of the past millennium, Chrysostom's comments on the communicative aspect in Galatians display a fresh perspective on the text.
"HEAR THIS WORD AGAINST YOU": A FRESH LOOK AT THE ARRANGEMENT AND THE RHETORICAL STRATEGY OF THE BOOK OF AMOS
Authors: Möller Karl
Published: July 2002

This article suggests a fresh understanding of the arrangement and the rhetorical of the book of Amos. It proposes that its 'dialogical dimension' reflects a deliberate design by the redactors who intended to present 'a prophet in debate'. It is that the book is best understood as an attempt by the redactors to persuade readers to learn from the failure of Amos' original audience to respond appropriately to his message. In particular, the recipients are induced not to repeat the stubborn attitude and self-assured behaviour of Amos' original addressees. Looking especially at Am. iii, the hymn fragments and the Amaziah narrative, this article seeks to that their place and function in the book are best explained by interpreting them within the framework of the presentation of the debate between Amos his eighth-century audience.
A NOTE ON EZEKIEL VIII 6
Authors: Wong Ka Leung
Published: July 2002

It is argued that the subject of the infinitive in lr qh in Ezek. viii 6 is the house of Israel. Hence, this verse refers to the Israelites's renunciation or forfeit of any claim on the temple.
Life history, population characteristics and conservation of the Hungarian meadow viper (Vipera ursinii rakosiensis)
Authors: Korsós Zoltán , Újvári Beáta , Péchy Tamás
Published: July 2002

During a continuous population study of Vipera ursinii rakosiensis, 79 specimens were measured in the field, between 1993 and 1997. Body length and body mass of six juveniles were compared to those of 43 more specimens which were kept during their first winter in terraria. Significant differences were found in favour of the juveniles kept in captivity, whereas a comparison with earlier data from 1953 showed a strong decline in juvenile body mass. Based on body size, three age classes could be distinguished in the study population. The annual activity and reproductive cycle of the Hungarian meadow viper is described for the first time. A comparison to other European populations of Orsini′s viper revealed a remarkably higher clutch size in Vipera ursinii rakosiensis, which is explained by the larger body size of females in the particular population.
MICROGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN CORN BUNTING (MILIARIA CALANDRA) SONG: QUANTITATIVE AND DISCRIMINATION ASPECTS
Authors: Latruffe Claire , McGregor Peter , Tavares José , Mota Paulo Gama
Published: July 2002

Geographic variation in bird song that is described as local song dialects refers to a mosaic pattern of distribution of songs in a population within the dispersal capacities of the species. Corn buntings (Miliaria calandra) in the region of Alentejo, Portugal, show such local dialects. However, an interesting aspect of this population is that song types are restricted to sub - groups of males within each dialect rather than all males singing all song types as in other populations. After describing the pattern of song type variation qualitatively (i.e. classifying spectrograms by eye), we used cross - correlation of spectrograms in quantitative comparisons. This confirmed the qualitative classification of songs into song type categories and showed a tendency for neighbouring males to have most similar songs. Males did not respond significantly more or less strongly to playback of different song types; however males clearly discriminated between different song types in a habituation paradigm.
Identification of cyst forming nematodes of the genus Heterodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) based on the ribosomal DNA-RFLP
Authors: Subbotin Sergei , Waeyenberge Lieven , Moens Maurice
Published: July 2002

Amplified ITS region products of rDNA from 25 valid species and one
unidentified species from the genus Heterodera and from Meloidodera alni
were digested by 26 restriction enzymes. A combination of seven enzymes
clearly separated the agriculturally most important species from each other
and from their sibling species. Species specific digestion profiles of ITS
regions and a table with approximate sizes of digested fragments for several
identification enzymes are given. Heterogeneity of ITS regions was revealed
for some cyst forming nematode species. Des fragments amplifiés de la région
de l’ITS du rDNA de 25 espèces valides et d’une espèce non identifiée du
genre Heterodera et de Meloidodera alni ont été soumis à une digestion par
26 enzymes de restriction. La combinaison de sept enzymes a permis une
séparation nette des espèces les plus importantes en agriculture, tant les
unes par rapport aux autres que par rapport aux espèces jumelles. Sont
donnés les profils spécifiques de digestion des régions de l’ITS et un
tableau regroupant les tailles approximatives des fragments digérés pour
plusieurs enzymes d’identification. L’hétérogénéité des régions de l’ITS a
été révélée chez quelques espèces de nématodes à kyste.
Effects of amending soil with Tagetes patula cv. Single Gold on Meloidogyne incognita infestation of tomato
Authors: Ploeg Antoon
Published: July 2002

The effects of amending soil with either roots or tops of tomato or marigold on subsequent tomato growth and infestation by Meloidogyne incognita was determined in greenhouse pot experiments. Controls consisted of non-amended soil, and pre-cropping for 8 weeks with tomato or marigold previously infested with M. incognita. Amending soil with marigold or tomato tops or roots increased the weight of tomato tops at high M. incognita inoculum densities. Galling and nematode populations were high when tomato followed tomato, but very low when tomato followed marigold. Galling and final nematode population levels were reduced by all soil amendments, but by much less than pre-cropping with marigold for 8 weeks. Although some reduction in nematode infestation can be achieved by amending soil with marigold plant parts, this reduction is not specific to marigold and is unlikely to be of practical use. Die Wirkung einer Bodenverbesserung mit Tagetes patula cv. Single Gold auf den Befall von Tomaten durch Meloidogyne incognita - In Topfversuchen im Gewächshaus wurde die Wirkung von Wurzeln oder oberirdischen Teilen von Tomate oder Tagetes auf das anschließende Wachstum und auf den Befall mit Meloidogyne incognita untersucht. Als Kontrollen dienten nichtverbesserter Boden oder eine acht Wochen lange Vorkultur von Tomaten oder Tagetes in voher mit M. incognita verseuchter Erde. Eine Bodenverbesserung mit oberirdischen Teilen oder Wurzeln von Tagetes oder Tomate steigerte das Gewicht der oberirdischen Teile von Tomatenpflanzen bei hohen Befallsdichten. Gallbildung und Nematodenpopulationen waren hoch, wenn Tomate auf Tomate folgte, aber nur gering bei Tomate nach Tagetes. Gallbildung und Höhe der Endpopulation wurden durch alle Bodenverbesserungen vermindert, aber deutlich weniger als durch eine achtwöchige Vorkultur von Tagetes. Obwohl eine gewisse Verminderung der Nematodenpopulation durch eine Bodenverbesserung mit Teilen von Tagetespflanzen erreicht werden kann, ist diese Verminderung nicht spezifisch für Tagetes und wahrscheinlich ohne praktischen Nutzen.
Variations in ribosomal DNA sequences and phylogeny of Globodera parasitising solanaceous plants
Authors: Subbotin Sergei , Perry Roland , Warry Andrew , Halford Paul
Published: July 2002

The D3 expansion region of the 28S gene and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA sequences from Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida, G. tabacum tabacum, G. tabacum virginiae and G. tabacum solanacearum have been aligned and compared. There are no nucleotide differences in the D3 region sequences between G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. Sequence analysis and RFLPs of ITS-PCR products showed that several haplotypes are present in the genomes of G. rostochiensis and G. pallida populations. Restriction patterns of PCR products for eight enzymes for differentiation of these two species are given. Phylogenetic analysis of 41 ITS region sequences obtained from populations and species of the subfamily Punctoderinae revealed four distinct main clades within Globodera parasitising solanaceous plants: G. rostochiensis, G. tabacum, G. pallida and an undescribed Globodera sp. from South America. The utility of RFLP profiles and sequences of the rDNA are discussed for diagnostics and phylogeny of Globodera . Variabilité dans les séquences de l'ADN ribosomal et phylogénie des Globodera parasitant les Solanacées - La région d'expansion D3 du gène 28S et la région ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 des séquences d'ADNr de Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida, G. tabacum tabacum, G. tabacum virginiae et G. tabacum solanacearum ont été alignées et comparées. Il n'y a pas de différence dans les nucléotides de la séquence de la région D3 entre G.rostochiensis et G.pallida. L'analyse séquentielle et les RFLP des produits du ITS-PCR montrent que plusieurs haplotypes sont présents dans les génomes des populations de G. rostochiensis et G. pallida. Les profils de restriction des produits du PCR de huit enzymes choisies pour la différenciation de ces deux espèces sont donnés. L'analyse phylogénique séquentielle de 41 regions ITS de populations et espèces appartenant à la sous-famille des Punctonerinae a révélé l'existence de quatre clades chez les Globodera parasitant les Solanacées: G. rostochiensis, G. tabacum, G. pallida et une espèce non décrite provenant d'Amérique du Sud. L'utilité pour le diagnostic et la phylogénie des Globodera des profils de RFLP et des séquences d'ADNr est discutée.
Some pratylenchids from Iran (Nematoda: Tylenchina)
Authors: Alizadeh Azizollah , Geraert Etienne , Pourjam Ebrahim
Published: July 2002

In a survey of the family Pratylenchidae from Iran three known species of the genera Hirschmanniella, Pratylenchoides and Zygotylenchus were found. Their similarities to and differences from closely related species, their distribution and their intraspecific variations are discussed. In some specimens of Zygotylenchus guevarai the spermatheca has numerous cells which may indicate a relationship of this genus with Meloidogyne. In Iranian populations of Pratylenchoides ritteri a vast range of morphological variations was observed. However, the head en-face view was the same for all populations. It seems that the pharyngeal terminal bulb contains more than three nuclei in most specimens. Hirschmanniella anchoryzae and P.ritteri which were studied by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are reported for the first time from Iran. Quelques Pratylenchides d'Iran (Nematoda: Tylenchina) - Lors d'une enquête sur la famille des Pratylenchidae en Iran, trois espèces connues des genres Hirschmanniella, Pratylenchoides et Zygotylenchus ont été trouvées. Leur ressemblances, différences avec les espèces très proches, leur répartition et leur variations intra spécifiques sont discutées. Chez quelques spécimens de Zygotylenchus guevarai, la spermathèque possède des cellules nombreuses, ce qui pourrait indiquer un relation de ce taxon avec le genre Meloidogyne. Chez les populations iraniennes de Pratylenchoides ritteri, une large gamme de variation morphologique a été observée. Cependant, la morphologie de l'extrémité antérieure était identique pour toutes les populations. Il semble que le bulbe pharyngien terminal contienne plus de trois noyaux dans la plupart des spécimens. Hirschmanniella anchoryzae et P.ritteri qui ont été étudiés en microscopie optique (LM) et électronique à balayage (SEM) sont signalés pour la première fois en Iran.
Glasshouse studies on the effects of time, temperature and amendment of soil with broccoli plant residues on the infestation of melon plants by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica
Authors: Ploeg Antoon , Stapleton James
Published: July 2002

The effects of heating, over a range of temperatures and for increasing periods of time, and of adding finely chopped broccoli leaves to soil infested by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on nematode infestation of melon, were studied in glasshouse experiments. There was a significant interaction between the effects of soil temperature, the period for which this temperature was maintained and broccoli amendment. At the lowest temperature tested (20°C), adding broccoli to the soil had very little effect on nematode infestation or galling of melon. Increasing the temperature of the broccoli-amended soils to 25, 30 or 35°C dramatically reduced infestation and galling compared to that in non-amended soils. Within this range, the effect of broccoli-amendment occurred sooner at higher temperatures. Heating the soil to 40°C for 10 days generally eliminated nematode infestation and root-galling, irrespective of whether broccoli had been added. Fewer egg masses were obtained from melon roots grown in broccoli-amended soils than from those grown in non-amended soils, even when roots exhibited similar degrees of galling. The results suggest that the temperature and time treatments using soil solarisation to control M. incognita or M. javanica could be reduced in soils amended with broccoli residues.
Upper Permian-Lower Cretaceous clay mineralogy of East Greenland: provenance, palaeoclimate and volcanicity
Authors: Lindgreen H. , Surlyk F.
Published: July 2002

The clay mineralogy of Upper Permian–Lower Cretaceous mudstones from East Greenland has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal analysis in order to evaluate long-term trends in provenance and palaeoclimate and to detect possible volcanic events. The Upper Permian–Lower Triassic mudstones contain illite, chlorite, vermiculite, kaolinite and illite-smectite (I-S), whereas the Rhaetian–Sinemurian mudstones are dominated by kaolinite. Aalenian–Albian mudstones contain kaolinite and large amounts of I-S with ˜80% illite layers. Exceptions are three Kimmeridgian samples, which contain mainly I-S with 30% illite layers, and three Upper Barremian–Lower Aptian samples with large amounts of smectite layers. Discrete clay minerals in the Upper Permian–Jurassic mudstones are largely detrital. The smectite-rich I-S probably reflects episodes of volcanic activity in late Jurassic and late Barremian–early Aptian times. This is the first indication of Mesozoic volcanism from the Mesozoic rift basin of East Greenland. The main sediment source during late Permian–early Cretaceous times was weathered Precambrian and Caledonian crystalline basement. The only possibly climate-induced change is a change from chlorite, illite, vermiculite and kaolinite in Upper Permian–Lower Triassic mudstones to kaolinite and I-S in the Jurassic mudstones and is probably due to an increase in precipitation.
Geochemical correlation of bentonites from Milos Island, Aegean, Greece
Authors: Christidis G. E.
Published: July 2002

Major and trace chemical elements from eleven Lower Pleistocene bentonite deposits from Eastern Milos Island, Aegean, Greece, were used for geochemical fingerprinting of the bentonites, by means of scatter binary and ternary plots and canonical discriminant analysis. The trace elements were selected according to their immobility during bentonite formation and subsequent hydrothermal alteration. The bentonites can be separated into at least four geographically distinct groups, each consisting of materials with similar geochemical affinities. The deposits of each group were derived from protoliths erupted from different volcanic centres, suggesting the existence of at least two distinct volcanic provinces, having rhyolitic and andesitic affinities respectively. Several deposits consist of more than one bentonite horizon, indicating that in some volcanic centres the character of volcanism changed with time. Geochemical fingerprinting, supplemented with geological, mineralogical, and textural evidence, may be useful for correlation and exploration of bentonites, in terrains with complex geological histories.
HRTEM study of freeze-dried and untreated synthetic ferrihydrites: consequences of sample processing
Authors: Greffié C. , Amouric M. , Parron C.
Published: July 2002

Two-line ferrihydrite samples were synthesized following conventional procedure. Detailed characterizations of freeze-dried and untreated samples – prepared from direct inclusion of the fresh precipitates in hydrophilic resin – were made by high resolution transmission electron microscopy to investigate in detail their structural organization and to compare the two types of preparations.

Only highly disordered chain-like aggregates of 2 5 nm diameter size nano-particles were revealed within the untreated samples. Conversely, in freeze-dried samples, domains with different degrees of order were recognized, from poorly ordered 2-line ferrihydrite to 3-line ferrihydrite particle aggregates that revealed lattice fringes. Associated with these aggregates, a goethite phase with a modified crystal morphology was also observed.

These HRTEM observations revealed that freeze-drying techniques induce artifacts by disturbing ferrihydrite aggregates while direct inclusion in hydrophilic resin preserves the primary organization of such poorly ordered phases.