bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of New Analytical LC-MS/MS Method for the Estimation of Antidiabetic Drugs Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in Combined Pharmaceutical Dosage form
Authors: Khoja Suleman S. , Patel Laxman J.
Published: June 2021

Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin is combination of Antidiabetic drug in tablet Steglujan 15 mg/100 mg film-coated tablets®, a member Antidiabetic drug, is a recent drug developed by Merck Sharp and Dohme Company for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin can be used alone or in combination therapy. A highly sensitive, precise and accurate Liquid Chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method is developed and validated for the determination of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in combined formulation. Chromatographic separation was carried out on Phenomenex Gemini, C18, (150 × 4.6 mm,5 μm) column. Isocratic method was based on 0.1% formic acid: acetonitrile (10:90, v/vas mobile phase, column temperature at 40°C and flow rate at 0.6 mL/minuteswere utilized. The mass spectrometer was operated under multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode using electrospray ionization by monitoring the transition pair (precursor to product ion) of m/z 437.10-328.95in the positive mode for Ertugliflozin and transition pair (precursor to product ion) of m/z 408.10-234.95 in the positive mode for Sitagliptin. The method was found linear in the concentration range of 15 to 450 ng/mL and 100–3000 ng/mL for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin respectively. The optimized method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and FDA guidelines. The developed method was found suitable for the quantitation of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in Pharmaceutical dosage form.
Robust Compensating Function Scheme for Adequate Electrical Power System Stabilization
Authors: Macmammah Michael , Atuchukwu J. , Obinwa C. I. , Agbaraji Chukwudi E.
Published: June 2021

This work centers on robust compensating function scheme for adequate electrical power system stabilization. There has been high level of disturbances in the power line and lack of adequate compensation technique to cancel the effects of the resultant instability which has caused power failures. The problem was addressed by the consideration of disturbances in the power line during the design of the compensating function for the improvement of the power system performance and stability. H-Infinity synthesis robust compensating function design method was used to design an adequate compensator that can improve the performance and stability of the power system.  From the results, the H-infinity Synthesis Controlled Generating Plant (HCGP) recorded an overshoot of 0%, settling time of 1.04 seconds, tracking error of 0dB, gain margin of 21.7dB and phase margin of 79.6 degrees. The simulation was repeated by varying the value to k to -0.3, and the generating plant produced same results. This shows that the system can maintain performance and stability equilibrium even when there is change in its parameters. Since the HCGP satisfied the performance and stability robustness, therefore it was concluded that power system robust compensating function scheme for improved performance and stability robustness was achieved using H-Infinity synthesis method.
Role of Stronger Interlayer van der Waals Coupling in Twin‐Free Molecular Beam Epitaxy of 2D Chalcogenides
Authors: Mortelmans Wouter , De Smet Karel , Meng Ruishen , Houssa Michel , De Gendt Stefan , Heyns Marc , Merckling Clement
Published: June 2021

Large‐area epitaxy of layered materials is one of the cornerstones for a successful exploitation of van der Waals (vdW) materials in the semiconductor industry. The formation of 60° twin stacking faults and 60° grain boundaries is of major concern for the defect‐free epitaxial growth. Although strategies to overcome the occurrence of these defects are being considered, more fundamental understanding on the origin of these defects is highly essential. This work focuses on understanding the formation of 60° twins in (quasi‐)vdW epitaxy of 2D chalcogenides. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) experiments reveal the striking difference in 60° twin occurrence between WSe2 and Bi2Se3 in both quasi‐vdW heteroepitaxy and vdW homoepitaxy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations link this difference to the interlayer vdW coupling strength at the unit cell level. The stronger interlayer vdW coupling in Bi2Se3 unit cells compared to WSe2 unit cells is explained to result in a reduced twin occurrence. Hence, such compounds show significantly more promise for defect‐free epitaxial integration. This interesting aspect of (quasi‐)vdW epitaxy reveals that the strength of interlayer vdW coupling is key for workable 2D materials and opens perspectives for other strongly coupled vdW materials.
Detection of Subsurface, Nanometer‐Scale Crystallographic Defects by Nonlinear Light Scattering and Localization
Authors: Shafiei Farbod , Orzali Tommaso , Vert Alexey , Miri Mohammad‐Ali , Hung Pui Yee , Wong Man Hoi , Alù Andrea , Bersuker Gennadi , Downer Michael C.
Published: June 2021

Heteroepitaxial crystalline films underlie many electronic and optical technologies but are prone to forming defects at their heterointerfaces. Atomic‐scale defects such as threading dislocations that propagate into a film impede the flow of charge carriers and light degrading electrical/optical performance of devices. Diagnosis of subsurface defects traditionally requires time‐consuming invasive techniques such as cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. Using III–V films grown on Si, noninvasive, bench‐top diagnosis of subsurface defects have been demonstrated by optical second‐harmonic scanning probe microscope. A high‐contrast pattern is observed of subwavelength “hot spots” caused by scattering and localization of fundamental light by defect scattering sites. Size of these observed hotspots are strongly correlated to the density of dislocation defects. The results not only demonstrate a global and versatile method for diagnosing subsurface scattering sites but uniquely elucidate optical properties of disordered media. An extension to third harmonics would enable irregularities detection in non‐χ(2) materials making the technique universally applicable.
Selection of elite Rhizobium strains by biometric techniques for inoculation in common bean
Authors: Pádua Oliveira Dâmiany , Lima Soares Bruno , Avelar Ferreira Paulo Ademar , Ribeiro Passos Thiago , Bastos de Andrade Messias José , Furtado Ferreira Daniel , de Souza Moreira Fatima Maria
Published: June 2021

Variation in plant responses to inoculation with rhizobia strains in different environments can be analyzed with the aid of biometric techniques. The Annicchiarico methodology and the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction Analysis (AMMI) and Toler models are here applied to the genotype × environment (GE) interaction to determine the adaptability and phenotypic stability of N2‐fixing bacteria in symbiosis with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in environments with high, moderate, and low acidity and with deficiencies or excessive concentrations of nutrients. A randomized block design was used in eight environments, with four replications and seven bacterial genotypes, including two controls with native soil bacterial communities (with or addition without mineral‐N fertilization). Individual and combined analyses of variance and biometric analyses were conducted on the yield values. CIAT899, UFLA02‐127, and native rhizobia were the most stable genotypes in relation to environments (AMMI models). CIAT899 and native rhizobia are the least adapted (Toler models), whereas the genotype UFLA02‐127 has the best response to the environments (Toler models). The Annicchiarico method showed that the reliability of adoption of UFLA02‐127 and native rhizobia fertilized with mineral N exceeds 85%, indicating high probability of increase in common bean yield if adopted in the field. Conversely, native rhizobia have <65% reliability.
Transformation of microstructure of coal‐based and petroleum‐based needle coke: Effects of calcination temperature
Authors: Zhu Huihui , Zhu Yaming , Xu Yunliang , Hu Chaoshuai , Lai Shiquan , Gao Lijuan , Zhao Xuefei
Published: June 2021

Needle coke was recognized as one of the most important precursor to produce ultra‐high power graphite electrode, commercial anode materials for lithium‐ion battery, and special graphite materials. It was generally accepted that the microstructure of needle coke has been acted as a key role on the quality of its derived graphite materials. In this work, four kinds of green needle cokes (coal‐based green needle coke and petroleum‐based green needle coke) have been used as the raw materials to investigate the changes of micro‐structure during the calcination process. The micro‐structure of needle cokes at different calcination temperature has been detailed characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Briefly, the size of carbon crystalline (Lc), the content of graphite carbon (IG/IAll), and the content of regular carbon microcrystals (Ig) in coal‐based needle coke were higher than petroleum‐based needle coke when the calcinations temperature was below 1500°C. What's more, the calcinations temperature of 1400°C is the characteristic temperature of the transition of carbon microcrystalline. In other words, the coal‐based needle coke was easier to graphitization than petroleum‐based needle coke.
Platinum Nanosheets Intercalated into Natural and Artificial Graphite Powders
Authors: Shirai Masayuki , Kubo Kohei , Sodeno Mika , Nanao Hidetaka
Published: June 2021

Insertion of sheet‐type platinum particles (platinum nanosheets) between graphite layers was achieved by a thermal treatment of a mixture of platinum chloride (IV) and graphite powder (natural graphite or artificial graphite) under 0.3 MPa of chlorine at 723 K, followed by the treatment under 40 kPa of hydrogen pressure. Similar platinum nanosheets, which were 1–3 nm in thickness and 100–500 nm in width and had a number of hexagonal holes and edges with 120° angle, were formed between the layers of both natural graphite or artificial graphite; however, their location in the graphite layers depended on the type of graphite used. A number of platinum nanosheets were observed in the edge region of natural graphite particles which have flat surface. On the other hand, a number of platinum nanosheets were found inside and away from the edge of the artificial graphite particles especially in the vicinity of the cracks. Both the platinum nanosheet‐containing artificial and natural graphite samples showed high selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol in cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation under supercritical carbon dioxide conditions, while spherical platinum particles, which were located on the surface of natural and artificial graphite, showed lower selectivity.
Advances in production and structural derivatization of the promising molecule ursolic acid
Authors: Liu Hao‐Ran , Ahmad Nadeem , Lv Bo , Li Chun
Published: June 2021

Ursolic acid (UA) is a ursane‐type pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, naturally produced in plants via specialized metabolism and exhibits vast range of remarkable physiological activities and pharmacological manifestations. Owing to significant safety and efficacy in different medical conditions, UA may serve as a backbone to produce its derivatives with novel therapeutic functions. This review aims to provide ideas for exploring more diverse structures to improve UA pharmacological activity and increasing its biological yield to meet the industrial requirements by systematically reviewing the current research progress of UA. We first provides an overview of the pharmacological activities, acquisition methods and structural modifications of UA. Among them, we focused on the synthetic modifications of UA to yield valuable derivatives with enhanced therapeutic potential. Furthermore, harnessing the essential advances for green synthesis of UA and its derivatives by advent of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology are of great concern. In this regard, all pivotal advances for enhancing the production of UA have been discussed. In combination with the advantages of UA biosynthesis and transformation strategy, large‐scale microbial production of UA is a promising platform for further exploration.
Double‐Layer Technique Using an Acellular Dermal Matrix and Coronally Advanced Flap to Treat a Mandibular Incisor with a Cairo RT2 Defect: 8.5‐Year Results
Authors: Mahn Douglas H.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The purpose of this case report is to document the 8.5 years result of treatment of a mandibular incisor having a buccal Cairo Recession Type 2 (RT2) gingival recession defect (GRD) using a double‐layer technique using an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with a coronally advanced flap (CAF). To the author's knowledge, no long‐term results of this treatment modality in the mandibular incisor area have been reported.

Case Presentation

A 65‐year‐old non‐smoking female presented with an RT2 GRD on the buccal aspect of tooth #25 (International Standards Organization, ISO #41). Her overall periodontal status was healthy. This GRD was treated using a double‐layer of an ADM with a CAF. Tension‐free flap advancement was permitted by eliminating a frenum pull. Improved root coverage and stable gingival margins were found after 8.5 years.

Conclusion

This report provides evidence to support the use of a double‐layer technique using an ADM with a CAF to treat a mandibular incisor with an RT2 GRD.
Mineral Content, Antioxidant Activity and Essential Oil of Allophylus edulis (A. St.‐Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk. Leaves: Plant from South American Biodiversity
Authors: Piekarski‐Barchik Paula , Ávila Suelen , Ferreira Sila M. R. , Santos Nayana C. S. , Marques Francisco A. , dos Santos Mayara P. , Grassi Marco T. , Miguel Marilis D. , Miguel Obdulio G.
Published: June 2021

Allophylus edulis (A. St.‐Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) is an edible plant from the South American biodiversity that is a potential source of bioactive compounds. The mineral content and antioxidant activity of Allophylus edulis leaves were investigated, as well as the composition and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil. The mineral content was determined by ICP – OES and the antioxidant assays were assessed by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium were the main minerals found in A. edulis leaves. Of the toxic metals that were present, a low level of aluminum was detected. The essential oil of A. edulis has (E)‐nerolidol as major compound and both, the leaves, and the essential oil isolated from the leaves have antioxidant potential. These findings could provide a framework for developing new food and non‐food products with A. edulis leaves.
Recent Advances in Catalytic Atroposelective Construction of Pentatomic Heterobiaryl Scaffolds
Authors: He Xiao‐Long , Wang Cheng , Wen You‐Wu , Wang Zhouyu , Qian Shan
Published: June 2021

Pentatomic heterobiaryl performs as a key structural motif in various natural products and bioactive compounds. With the rapid growth of asymmetric catalysis, five‐membered heterobiaryl‐based catalysts and ligands have emerged as an efficient complementary toolbox for asymmetric catalysis. Therefore, the development of enantioselective construction of such pentatomic atropisomers has received significant attention in recent decade. Various catalytic asymmetric strategies have been established, including central to axial chirality conversion, direct generation of heteroaryl, direct assembly of aryl‐heteroaryls, functionalization of racemic or prochiral biaryls, and chirality transfer from atropisomeric alkenes. Hundreds of unprecedented pentatomic atropisomers have proliferated. Importantly, a few promising axially chiral catalysts and ligands have been obtained from the prepared heterobiaryls after simple transformations. Hence, recent advances of catalytic asymmetric construction of axially chiral pentatomic heterobiaryls through asymmetric catalysis are summarized in this review, involving their scope, mechanism, transformations, and applications.
Pyrazole‐Thiazole Core‐Containing Analogs Exhibit Adjunctive Activity with Meropenem against Carbapenem‐Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
Authors: Kim Chungsik , Kassu Mintesinot , Smith Kenneth P. , Kirby James E. , Manetsch Roman
Published: June 2021

Pyrazole‐thiazole core‐containing compound KP‐40 and 20 novel derivatives were designed and synthesized through traditional SAR analysis. These molecules displayed adjunctive activity with meropenem against Gram‐negative bacteria evidenced by a range of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC=0.5–0.25) and minimum adjunctive concentration (MAC=128–32 μM) values. Of this series of molecules, four compounds displayed notable adjunctive potential, with FIC and MAC values of 0.25 and 32 μM, respectively. Moreover, the solubility of these compounds was improved to an acceptable range. Further analysis using our “in house” permeation and efflux multi parameter optimization (PEMPO) algorithm revealed key physicochemical properties that may be critical for the development of active Gram‐negative antibacterials. Taking PEMPO scores into consideration prior to executing synthesis of analogs may be a simple, yet rapid and effective strategy that can be used in conjunction with traditional SAR approaches to aid in the design of potent Gram‐negative antibacterials.
Study on the Dynamics of Phase Formation and Degradation of 2D Layered Hybrid Perovskites and Low‐dimensional Hybrids Containing Mono‐functionalized Oligothiophene Cations
Authors: Van Gompel Wouter T. M. , Herckens Roald , Mertens Martijn , Denis Paul‐Henry , Ruttens Bart , D'Haen Jan , Van Hecke Kristof , Lutsen Laurence , Vanderzande Dirk
Published: June 2021

Low‐dimensional (2D or 1D) hybrid perovskites are receiving increased attention due to their structural flexibility and enhanced stability compared to their 3D counterparts. Understanding the phase formation and degradation behavior of these materials is crucial towards their use in optoelectronic devices, since different crystal phases possess different optical and electronic properties. In this communication, we study the phase formation and degradation of a series of hybrids containing bithiophene, terthiophene and quaterthiophene derivatives. We show that two crystal phases can be formed for each of these systems, depending on the processing conditions. One phase corresponds to a 2D layered perovskite and the other phase has optical properties corresponding to a dimensionality intermediate between a 2D and a 1D hybrid.
Non‐Fullerene Acceptors with an Extended π‐Conjugated Core: Third Components in Ternary Blends for High‐Efficiency, Post‐Treatment‐Free Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Avalos‐Quiroz Yatzil Alejandra , Bardagot Olivier , Kervella Yann , Aumaître Cyril , Cabau Lydia , Rivaton Agnès , Margeat Olivier , Videlot‐Ackermann Christine , Vongsaysy Uyxing , Ackermann Jörg , Demadrille Renaud
Published: June 2021

The synthesis of four non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with a “A–π–D–π–A” structure, in which the electron‐donating core is extended, was achieved. The molecules differed by the nature of the solubilizing groups on the π‐spacer and/or the presence of fluorine atoms on the peripheral electron‐accepting units. The optoelectronic properties of the molecules were characterized in solution, in thin film, and in photovoltaic devices. The nature of the solubilizing groups had a minor influence on the optoelectronic properties but affected the organization in the solid state. On the other hand, the fluorine atoms influenced the optoelectronics properties and increased the photo‐stability of the molecules in thin films. Compared to reference ITIC, the extended molecules showed a wider absorption across the visible range and higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels. The photovoltaic performances of the four NFAs were assessed in binary blends using PM6 (PBDB‐T‐2F) as the donating polymer and in ternary blends with ITIC‐4F. Solar cells (active area 0.27 cm2) showed power conversion efficiencies of up to 11.1 % when ternary blends were processed from non‐halogenated solvents, without any thermal post‐treatment or use of halogenated additives, making this process compatible with industrial requirements.
m6A modification of lncRNA PCAT6 promotes bone metastasis in prostate cancer through IGF2BP2‐mediated IGF1R mRNA stabilization
Authors: Lang Chuandong , Yin Chi , Lin Kaiyuan , Li Yue , Yang Qing , Wu Zhengquan , Du Hong , Ren Dong , Dai Yuhu , Peng Xinsheng
Published: June 2021

Background

Bone metastasis is the leading cause of tumor‐related death in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been well documented to be involved in the progression of multiple cancers. Nevertheless, the role of lncRNAs in PCa bone metastasis remains largely unclear.

Methods

The expression of prostate cancer‐associated transcripts was analyzed in published datasets and further verified in clinical samples and cell lines by RT‐qPCR and in situ hybridization assays. Colony formation assay, MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, EdU assay, Transwell migration and invasion assays, wound healing assay, and in vivo experiments were carried out to investigate the function of prostate cancer‐associated transcript 6 (PCAT6) in bone metastasis and tumor growth of PCa. Bioinformatic analysis, RNA pull‐down, and RIP assays were conducted to identify the proteins binding to PCAT6 and the potential targets of PCAT6. The therapeutic potential of targeting PCAT6 by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) was further explored in vivo.

Results

PCAT6 was upregulated in PCa tissues with bone metastasis and increased PCAT6 expression predicted poor prognosis in PCa patients. Functional experiments found that PCAT6 knockdown significantly inhibited PCa cell invasion, migration, and proliferation in vitro, as well as bone metastasis and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, METTL3‐mediated m6A modification contributed to PCAT6 upregulation in an IGF2BP2‐dependent manner. Furthermore, PCAT6 upregulated IGF1R expression by enhancing IGF1R mRNA stability through the PCAT6/IGF2BP2/IGF1R RNA‐protein three‐dimensional complex. Importantly, PCAT6 inhibition by ASO in vivo showed therapeutic potential against bone metastasis in PCa. Finally, the clinical correlation of METTL3, IGF2BP2, IGF1R, and PCAT6 was further demonstrated in PCa tissues and cells.

Conclusions

Our study uncovers a novel molecular mechanism by which the m6A‐induced PCAT6/IGF2BP2/IGF1R axis promotes PCa bone metastasis and tumor growth, suggesting that PCAT6 may serve as a promising prognostic marker and therapeutic target against bone‐metastatic PCa.
Particle trapping in electrically driven insulator‐based microfluidics: Dielectrophoresis and induced‐charge electrokinetics
Authors: Perez‐Gonzalez Victor H.
Published: June 2021

Electrokinetically driven insulator‐based microfluidic devices represent an attractive option to manipulate particle suspensions. These devices can filtrate, concentrate, separate, or characterize micro and nanoparticles of interest. Two decades ago, inspired by electrode‐based dielectrophoresis, the concept of insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) was born. In these microfluidic devices, insulating structures (i.e., posts, membranes, obstacles, or constrictions) built within the channel are used to deform the spatial distribution of an externally generated electric field. As a result, particles suspended in solution experience dielectrophoresis (DEP). Since then, it has been assumed that DEP is responsible for particle trapping in these devices, regardless of the type of voltage being applied to generate the electric field—direct current (DC) or alternating current. Recent findings challenge this assumption by demonstrating particle trapping and even particle flow reversal in devices that prevent DEP from occurring (i.e., unobstructed long straight channels stimulated with a DC voltage and featuring a uniform electric field). The theory introduced to explain those unexpected observations was then applied to conventional “DC‐iDEP” devices, demonstrating better prediction accuracy than that achieved with the conventional DEP‐centered theory. This contribution summarizes contributions made during the last two decades, comparing both theories to explain particle trapping and highlighting challenges to address in the near future.
Agri‐food technology politics: Exploring policy narratives in the European Parliament
Authors: Vogeler Colette S. , Schwindenhammer Sandra , Gonglach Denise , Bandelow Nils C.
Published: June 2021

The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) highlights the role of arguments and emotions included in stories to influence the policy process. Most applications refer to highly politicized issues. How are narratives used in less politicized debates? This paper applies the NPF to two debates within the European Parliament (EP) which generally gain less public media attention than national debates. By conducting a discourse network analysis of two policy debates on agri‐food technologies in the EP, we show that both debates do not rely as much on emotions as compared to public debates, but are to a greater degree based on argumentative and scientifically grounded reasoning. The use of the NPF characters of victims, villains, and heroes are fairly limited. Instead, the recently introduced character of the beneficiary is used frequently to highlight the advantages and benefits of the preferred policies.
The ammonoid Gonioclymenia fauna from the Upper Devonian (upper Famennian) of western Junggar, northwestern China
Authors: Zong Pu , Becker Ralph Thomas , Ma Xueping
Published: June 2021

The Upper Devonian of western Junggar, Xinjiang, northwestern China bears abundant marine fossils and has attracted much attention with respect to palaeontological and stratigraphical studies. However, the records of ammonoids are sparse and the previously established assemblages need to be supplemented or emended through further collections. Here, we describe the Gonioclymenia fauna from the Wulan Member of the Hongguleleng Formation based on thorough and systematic sampling, including Gonioclymenia junggarensis n. sp., a member of the Gonioclymenia subcarinata Group, an evolute clymeniid, Cymaclymenia sp., and an indeterminate species of the Sporadoceratidae or Prionoceratidae. The strata bearing the Gonioclymenia fauna in western Junggar can be correlated with the upper Famennian UD V‐A2 to V‐C of the Clymenia Ammonoid ‘Stufe’, approximately corresponding to the Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus Conodont Zone (former Middle expansa Zone). The Gonioclymenia species from western Junggar indicate close relationships with Europe and North Africa, while the latter two regions show a higher abundance and species diversity within the genus. New specimens described here enrich the composition of the Gonioclymenia fauna of western Junggar, and shed lights on the stratigraphic correlation and subdivision of the Upper Devonian in this region at a fine resolution.
Neoarchean‐Palaeoproterozoic sedimentary basins in the Sarmatian Craton: Global correlations and connections
Authors: Savko Konstantin A. , Samsonov Aleksandr V. , Santosh M. , Ovchinnikova Marina Yu.
Published: June 2021

The East European Craton is a collage of Early Precambrian crustal fragments including Fennoscandia, Sarmatia, and Volga‐Uralia, which are welded by Palaeoproterozoic collisional orogens. Here, we present a detailed overview of the sedimentary basins in Sarmatia that incorporate giant belts of banded iron formations (BIFs) and are therefore important in understanding the geological history and global correlations during the Archean‐Proterozoic transition. Among the two sedimentary basins in Sarmatia (Mikhailovsky and Tim‐Kryvyi Rih), the Mikhailovsky Basin is characterized by the presence of a carbonate platform underlying BIFs. The BIFs are locally overlain by thin clastic deposits. Thick‐bedded dolomites occur with BIF in the Tim Kryvyi Rih Basin. In the Mikhailovsky Basin, after their deposition there was a long‐lasting hiatus. In the Mikhailovsky Basin, there are no sedimentary rocks after the regional hiatus except for glacial deposits. Sedimentation resumed with the development of continental rift‐related structures, where the accumulation of terrigenous sediments was accompanied by, and culminated with, outflows of basalts at 2.1 Ga. A detailed evaluation of the history of sedimentary basins in Sarmatia record transgression (~2.6–2.4 Ga) with the accumulation of giant BIFs (~2.50–2.45 Ga), regression (~2.4–2.2 Ga), hiatus and glaciations (~2.4–2.2 Ga), and rift‐related volcanism (~2.2–2.1 Ga). We attempt a correlation of the sedimentary sequences in Sarmatia with those of Pilbara, Kaapvaal, and São Francisco cratons which show that the geological events on all these cratons were similar during 2.6–2.4 Ga. We thus propose that the Sarmatia Craton may serve as a link in the palaeocontinental correlations of the Vaalbara Supercraton and the São Francisco Craton, based on the striking similarity in the Neoarchean‐Early Palaeoproterozoic sedimentary basins.
The effect of distance on maternal institutional delivery choice: Evidence from Malawi
Authors: McGuire Finn , Kreif Noemi , Smith Peter C.
Published: June 2021

In many low‐ and middle‐income countries, geographical accessibility continues to be a barrier to health care utilization. In this paper, we aim to better understand the full relationship between distance to providers and utilization of maternal delivery services. We address three methodological challenges: non‐linear effects between distance and utilization; unobserved heterogeneity through non‐random distance “assignment”; and heterogeneous effects of distance. Linking Malawi Demographic Health Survey household data to Service Provision Assessment facility data, we consider distance as a continuous treatment variable, estimating a Dose‐Response Function based on generalized propensity scores, allowing exploration of non‐linearities in the effect of an increment in distance at different distance exposures. Using an instrumental variables approach, we examine the potential for unobserved differences between women residing at different distances to health facilities. Our results suggest distance significantly reduces the probability of having a facility delivery, with evidence of non‐linearities in the effect. The negative relationship is shown to be particularly strong for women with poor health knowledge and lower socio‐economic status, with important implications for equity. We also find evidence of potential unobserved confounding, suggesting that methods that ignore such confounding may underestimate the effect of distance on the utilization of health services.
Prevalence of HBV Infection, Vaccine‐Induced Immunity, and Susceptibility Among At‐Risk Populations: US Households, 2013‐2018
Authors: Roberts Henry , Ly Kathleen N. , Yin Shaoman , Hughes Elizabeth , Teshale Eyasu , Jiles Ruth
Published: June 2021

Background and Aims

In the USA, HBV is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis and is a major cause of liver cancer. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of past and present HBV infection, susceptibility to HBV infection, and vaccine‐induced immunity to hepatitis B among the US population during 2013‐2018.

Approach and Results

Prevalence estimates and 95% CIs were analyzed using 2013‐2018 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Serologic testing among noninstitutionalized persons aged ≥ 6 years was used for classifying persons as total hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc), indicative of current or previous (ever having had) HBV infection; HBsAg, indicative of current HBV infection; and antibody to ABsAg (anti‐HBs), indicative of immunity attributable to hepatitis B vaccination. Persons who tested negative for anti‐HBc, HBsAg, and anti‐HBs were considered susceptible to HBV infection. Non–US‐born residents accounted for 69.1% of the population with chronic HBV infection and were 9.1 times more likely to be living with chronic hepatitis B, compared with US‐born persons. Among adults aged ≥ 25 years who resided in US households, an estimated 155.8 million persons (or 73.4%) were susceptible to HBV infection, and an estimated 45.4 million had vaccine‐induced immunity to hepatitis B. Men who have sex with men (MSM) were 3.6 times more likely to have ever been infected with HBV; however, MSM were just as likely to have vaccine‐induced immunity to hepatitis B as non‐MSM.

Conclusion

Despite increasing immune protection among young persons vaccinated after birth, the estimated prevalence of persons living with chronic hepatitis B in the USA has remained unchanged at 0.3% since 1999.
Occupational injuries in California's health care and social assistance industry, 2009 to 2018
Authors: Wizner Kerri , Gaspar Fraser W. , Biggio Adriane , Wiesner Steve
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

The health care and social assistance industry has one of the highest rates of non‐fatal occupational injuries and illnesses, both in California and nationally. In the coming years, the health care industry will face added pressure as both the population and workforce age. The aim of this study is to identify targeted populations that may benefit from interventions to prevent future injuries, keep the workforce healthy, and decrease injury‐related costs.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed California workers' compensation claims from 2009 to 2018 in the health care and social assistance industry.

Results

Across the four industry sub‐groups, the highest number of claims came from hospitals (n = 243 605; 38.9%), followed by ambulatory care (n = 187 010; 29.9%), nursing/residential care (n = 133 206; 21.3%), and social assistance (n = 62 211; 9.9%). Nursing/residential care settings reported the highest proportion of both lifting injuries (15.8%) and low back injuries (16.9%) as compared to the other settings. Across all settings within California, nurses had the highest proportion of injuries (22.1%), followed by aides/assistants (20.4%), services staff (13.2%), administrative staff (11.0%), and technicians (10.3%). Thirty‐five of California's counties had an increasing rate of population‐adjusted claims during the study period.

Conclusion

This study found that while hospitals have the highest number of injuries, ambulatory care employee injuries are increasing. Employees involved in non‐patient care tasks, such as those working in facility service roles, would likely benefit from additional injury prevention interventions.
Significance of thermal radiation on dusty fluid flow over a stretching rotating disk with convective boundary condition
Authors: Jayaprakash M. C. , Mallikarjuna Hogarehally Basavarajappa , Megalamani Savita B. , Nirmala Tigalappa , Rajendra Prasad K. C.
Published: June 2021

This paper explores the flow of dusty fluid over a stretching rotating disk with thermal radiation. Further, the convective boundary condition is considered in this modeling. The described governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by using apt similarity transformations and then they are numerically solved using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg‐45 scheme. To gain a clear understanding of the current boundary layer flow problem, the graphical results of the velocity and thermal profiles, shear stresses at the disk, and Nusselt number are drawn. Results reveal that the increase in the value of the porosity parameter reduces the velocity of both particle and fluid phases. The increase in the value of the Biot number improves the temperature gradient of both particle and fluid phases. The rise in the value of the radiation parameter advances the heat transference of both phases. The rise in the value of the Biot number improves the rate of heat transfer. Finally, increasing the value of the radiation parameter improves the rate of heat transfer.
“Doctors can read about it, they can know about it, but they've never lived with it”: How parents use social media throughout the diagnostic odyssey
Authors: Deuitch Natalie T. , Beckman Erika , Halley Meghan C. , Young Jennifer L. , Reuter Chloe M. , Kohler Jennefer , Bernstein Jonathan A. , Wheeler Matthew T. ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Ormond Kelly E. , Tabor Holly K.
Published: June 2021

Parents of children with undiagnosed conditions struggle to obtain information about how to treat and support their children. It can be particularly challenging to find communities and other parents who share their experiences and can provide emotional and informational support. This study sought to characterize how parents use social media, both throughout the diagnostic odyssey and post‐diagnosis, to meet their informational, social, and emotional support needs. We conducted qualitative semi‐structured interviews with 14 parents from the Stanford site of the Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN), including five whose children had received a diagnosis through study participation. Interview recordings were analyzed using inductive, team‐based coding and thematic analysis based in grounded theory using Dedoose qualitative analysis software. Through this process, we identified four key themes related to social media use. First, parents struggled to find the “right” community, often seeking out groups of similar patients based on symptoms or similar conditions. Second, though they found much valuable information through social media about caring for their child, they also struggled to interpret the relevance of the information to their own child's condition. Third, the social support and access to other patients' and families' lived experiences were described as both highly valued and emotionally challenging, particularly in the case of poor outcomes for similar families. Finally, parents expressed the need to balance concerns about their child's privacy with the value of transparency and data sharing for diagnosis. Our results suggest that the needs and experiences of undiagnosed patients and families differ from those with diagnosed diseases and highlight the need for support in best utilizing social media resources at different stages of the diagnostic odyssey.
Evolution of volatile profile and aroma potential of ‘Gold Finger’ table grapes during berry ripening
Authors: Feng Ming‐Xin , Jin Xu‐Qiao , Yao Heng , Zhu Tong‐Yao , Guo Shui‐Huan , Li Shuai , Lei Yu‐Lu , Xing Zhi‐Gan , Zhao Xian‐Hua , Xu Teng‐Fei , Meng Jiang‐Fei
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

‘Gold Finger’ is a grape cultivar with a finger‐like shape and a milk flavor. The process by which its aroma profile evolves during ripening is unclear. Thus, changes in the free and bound volatile compounds present in ‘Gold Finger’ grapes during ripening were investigated using headspace sampling–solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS).

RESULTS

A total of 83 volatile aroma components were identified in the grapes, with aldehydes, esters, acids, and alcohols being the main components. The total aroma compound content exhibited significant differences between the bound and free forms. The total content of bound volatile compounds did not change significantly during fruit development, although the free aroma compound content was significantly higher than the bound content. The total content of free aldehydes, free alcohols, bound norisoprenoids, and ketones gradually increased for up to 70 days after flowering (DAF), while the total free ester, terpene, and acid content decreased. The characteristic aroma compounds of ‘Gold Finger’ grapes were identified as hexanal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, and ethyl hexanoate.

CONCLUSIONS

These results give a foundation for the further development of ‘Gold Finger’ grapes and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of novel aromatic grape varieties. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
A Conversion Crosswalk for the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index: Translating DSM‐IV to DSM‐5
Authors: Cheng Cheuk Hei , Lee Susanne S. , Lee Sun‐Kyung , Bray Chris , Zimmerman Tanner , Gewirtz Abigail H.
Published: June 2021

The use of patient‐reported measures in assessing mental health symptoms is common in both the research and clinical fields. With regard to assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms, there are specific versions of measures designed for child and adolescent populations in accordance with the fourth and fifth editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV and DSM‐5, respectively). Different clinical thresholds, numbers of items, and score ranges may present obstacles for clinicians and researchers attempting to compare self‐report ratings across different versions of a measure. The current study aimed to produce a score conversion crosswalk between two child/adolescent self‐report measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for DSM‐IV (RI‐IV) and DSM‐5 (RI‐5). Using item response theory (IRT), we calibrated both measures separately to derive scaled scores. The discrimination parameters ranged from 0.57 to 2.08 (SE = 0.09–0.17) for RI‐IV and from 0.73 to 2.11 for RI‐5 (SE = 0.07–0.13). The scaled scores were connected with equipercentile linking. Total scores based on common items between the two measures were used as anchors to enhance the linking results. A total of 1,486 children and adolescents completed the measure: 571 respondents filled out the RI‐IV and 915 respondents filled out the RI‐5. The results allow linked scores to be compared to establish recommended clinical cutoffs and help elucidate the implications of changes in the diagnostic criteria for the measurement of self‐reported PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents.
End‐to‐end deep learning nonrigid motion‐corrected reconstruction for highly accelerated free‐breathing coronary MRA
Authors: Qi Haikun , Hajhosseiny Reza , Cruz Gastao , Kuestner Thomas , Kunze Karl , Neji Radhouene , Botnar René , Prieto Claudia
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To develop an end‐to‐end deep learning technique for nonrigid motion‐corrected (MoCo) reconstruction of ninefold undersampled free‐breathing whole‐heart coronary MRA (CMRA).

Methods

A novel deep learning framework was developed consisting of a diffeomorphic registration network and a motion‐informed model‐based deep learning (MoDL) reconstruction network. The registration network receives as input highly undersampled (~22×) respiratory‐resolved images and outputs 3D nonrigid respiratory motion fields between the images. The motion‐informed MoDL performs MoCo reconstruction from undersampled data using the predicted motion fields. The whole deep learning framework, termed as MoCo‐MoDL, was trained end‐to‐end in a supervised manner for simultaneous 3D nonrigid motion estimation and MoCo reconstruction. MoCo‐MoDL was compared with a state‐of‐the‐art nonrigid MoCo CMRA reconstruction technique in 15 retrospectively undersampled datasets and 9 prospectively undersampled acquisitions.

Results

The acquisition time for ninefold accelerated CMRA was ~2.5 min. The reconstruction time was ~22 s for the proposed MoCo‐MoDL and ~35 min for the conventional approach. MoCo‐MoDL achieved higher peak SNR (27.86 ± 3.00 vs. 26.71 ± 2.79; P < .05) and structural similarity (0.78 ± 0.06 vs. 0.75 ± 0.06; P < .05) than the conventional approach. Similar vessel length and visual image quality score were obtained with the 2 methods, whereas improved vessel sharpness was observed with MoCo‐MoDL.

Conclusion

An end‐to‐end deep learning approach was introduced for simultaneous nonrigid motion estimation and MoCo reconstruction of highly undersampled free‐breathing whole‐heart CMRA. The rapid free‐breathing CMRA acquisition together with the fast reconstruction of the proposed approach promises easy integration into clinical workflow.
Back pain: An aftermath of Covid‐19 pandemic? A Malta perspective
Authors: Grech Stephan , Borg Joseph N. , Cuschieri Sarah
Published: June 2021

Background

Back pain is the commonest musculoskeletal complaint across the world. The Covid‐19 pandemic led to mitigating measures including remote working that enhanced a sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether back pain complaints have increased from pre‐Covid‐19 to during the Covid‐19 period among the adult population of Malta, while exploring the possible contributing factors.

Methods

An online survey was distributed through social media targeting the adult population of Malta. Questions on sociodemographic data, occurrence of back pain pre‐Covid‐19 and since the onset of Covid‐19 was gathered, along with changes in behavioural attitudes, daily routine and physical activity. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.

Results

Out of the 388 responders, 30% experienced chronic back pain pre‐Covid‐19, 49% experienced back pain since Covid‐19, with the majority of the latter claiming that they never experienced back pain before Covid‐19. Significant changes were present in daily routine and physical activity (PA) patterns. Indeed, continuously sitting down (OR: 15.53; p ≤ 0.01), no PA (OR: 4.22; p ≤ <0.01), once a week PA (OR: 5.74; p ≤ <0.01), two to three times PA a week (OR: 2.58; p = 0.05) and four to five PA a week (OR: 3.46; p = 0.02) were associated with experiencing new onset back pain since the onset of Covid‐19, when adjusted for sex, age, education and employment status.

Conclusion

The pandemic has changed population behaviour resulting in an enhanced back pain occurrence. This is anticipated to impact the individual’s disability adjusted life years as well as increase the burden on the economy and healthcare services. A designated multidisciplinary action plan is recommended to reduce back pain impact.
Stress resultant plasticity for plate bending in the context of roll forming of sheet metal
Authors: Kocbay Emin , Vetyukov Yury
Published: June 2021

Modeling of roll forming process of sheet metal requires efficient treatment of plastic deformations of thin shells and plates. We suggest a new general approach toward constructing the governing equations of bending of an elastic‐plastic Kirchhoff plate on the structural mechanics level. The generic function of the isotropic hardening law is formulated in terms of variables, which are meaningful for a material surface, namely resultant bending moments and dissipative work. This function is then identified by comparison of the exact solutions for a uni‐axial or isotropic bending experiment within the structural model and with the continuum model of a through‐the‐thickness element. We validate the approach against both the fully three‐dimensional simulations as well as the results of the traditional elastic‐plastic plate analysis, the latter one featuring the continuum laws of plasticity treated in the integration points along the thickness direction. We considered benchmark problems from the literature as well as a prototype for the roll forming problem. Besides good agreement regarding the shape of plastic zones and force‐deflection characteristics, experiments also demonstrate higher computational efficiency of the new stress resultant model.