bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2Tragic Virgil
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the (probably) earliest extant full-length Virgilian cento, Hosidius Geta's Medea, which takes the form of a tragedy. The aim is to explore how Geta accomplishes the feat of turning Virgil's verses into a tragic poem, and to approach that subject through the lens of genre, as well as of allusion. Focus lies upon interpreting the formal and thematic adaptation of Virgil to a drama on Medea, the use of Virgilian lines to allude to Ovidian and Senecan tragedy, and the intertextual relationship between the cento and Virgil's Aeneid 4, the story of Dido.
Conclusion
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2007

This book has sought to cast light upon the ancient Virgilian centos, texts that have met with limited critical attention, particularly in the Anglophone world. While always remaining cognizant of the centos' strangeness, which indeed is a sine qua non of interpreting them, the study has taken them seriously as legitimate objects of critical inquiry. Primary among the historical and literary topics examined in the book is allusion. The aim has been to explore how one can read the allusiveness of the individual centos, and in the process to investigate broader issues in the field of allusion studies.
3 Constitution
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter is about the view that we are material things constituted by organisms; this view is advocated by Baker, Shoemaker, and others. Each of us is made of the same matter as an organism, but our persistence conditions or essential properties preclude our being organisms ourselves. This goes together with the general view that qualitatively different objects can be made of the same matter at once: constitutionalism. Constitutionalism is supported by arguments involving the persistence of artifacts. It is argued, however, that the view faces the thinking‐animal problem, that it rules out any principled account of when one thing constitutes another, that it cannot explain why our boundaries lie where they do, and that it conflicts with a popular claim about synchronic identity.
4 Brains
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the view that we are literally brains. It argues that the view is best supported by the claim that brains are the primary subjects of mental properties, giving a “thinking‐brain problem” analogous to the thinking‐animal problem that supports animalism. The brain view is shown to have implausible consequences about our identity through time, and to presuppose that something is a part of a thinking being if and only if it is directly involved in that being's mental processes. It is then argued that the notion of direct involvement is too interest‐relative to give this principle any useful content, and that the principle is in any case unfounded.
Deliberate Heresies: New Religious Myths and Rituals as Critiques
Authors: Palmer Susan J. , Bromley David G.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that myth and ritual in NRMs are oppositional in nature, challenging the status quo with “deliberate heresies”. Examples from the Rajneesh, The Family, the Raelians, Unificationism, and others illustrate the spontaneous, improvisational “concocted” quality of NRM myths and rituals since their founder-prophets are myth-makers. The research on myth and ritual conducted by scholars in new religious studies is surveyed, and the various theoretical and disciplinary approaches to understanding the meaning and function of these two forms of religious expression in established traditions are outlined. Finally, practical teaching exercises designed to help students research NRMs and understand the qualities and function of myth and ritual are proposed.
The spectrum auction fiasco
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a history and analysis of wireless spectrum auctions, one of the most blatant examples of companies paying far more for an asset than any conceivable market or strategic value. Most telecommunications companies, whether large or small, framed the issue of needing the option of becoming a wireless player. Thus, despite all efforts at estimating the value of the spectrum rationally, companies try to outbid each other to obtain the spectrum licenses. Telecommunications companies took on a high debt load to finance their purchases making it impossible for them to invest in networks to offer new services. Their auction victories contributed to the decline of economic activity and the lowering of stock prices.
How Language Crimes Are Created
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the three contexts in which law enforcement and the prosecution can create the illusion that a crime has been (or is being) committed: the recording, the police interrogation, and the trial. Four sequential steps for eliciting inculpatory speech from targets in undercover cases are outlined, noting the common problems that law enforcement encounters at each step. It is noted how recorded conversation differs from the written language of legal briefs and transcripts. The power of the undercover agent, like that of the police interrogator, is seldom recognized by targets who are being secretly taped.
Overlapping, Ambiguity, and the Hit and Run in a Solicitation to Murder Case: Texas v. T. Cullen Davis
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This much-publicized trial took place in 1979 in Fort Worth, Texas. A millionaire oil equipment producer was accused of soliciting the murder of his ex-wife and the judge in his divorce proceedings. Tape recordings of his conversations with an employee, who was working undercover with law enforcement, were the main evidence used against Davis. The contextualized linguistic analysis of these tapes helped lead to his acquittal.
Retelling, Scripting, and Lying in a Murder Case: Florida v. Alan Mackerley
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

In this 2002 trial, the cooperating witness, an acquaintance of the target, used the best conversational strategy available when there is little other evidence that might lead to a conviction. This undercover technique is common and perfectly legitimate but in this case it encountered some problems. The chapter shows how his scripting and lying strategies failed.
Manipulating the Tape, Interrupting, Inaccurate Restatements, and Scripting in a Murder Case: Florida v. Jerry Townsend
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

In 1978, a number of prostitutes were murdered in the South Florida area. The police interviewed Jerry Townsend, a mentally weak drifter, four times, during which he admitted to many of the crimes. The tape recording of these interviews reveals the most blatant case of police interrogation imaginable.
Latin Word Order
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: September 2007

Reading a paragraph of Latin without attention to the word order entails losing access to a whole dimension of meaning, or at least using inferential procedures to guess at what is actually overtly encoded in the syntax. This book introduces the linguistic concepts, formalism, and analytical techniques necessary for the study of Latin word order. It then presents and analyzes a representative selection of data in sufficient detail to foster both an intuitive grasp of the often rather subtle principles controlling Latin word order and a theoretically grounded understanding of the system that underlies it. Combining the rich empirical documentation of traditional philological approaches with the deeper theoretical insight of modern linguistics, this book aims to reduce the intricate surface patterns of Latin word order to a simple and general cross-categorical system of syntactic structure which translates more or less directly into constituents of pragmatic and semantic meaning.
If Sons, Then Heirs
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

Christianity is understood to be a “universal” religion that transcends the particularities of history and culture, including differences related to kinship and ethnicity. This portrait of Christianity has been maintained by an interpretive tradition that claims that Paul eliminates ethnicity or at least separates it from what is important about Christianity. This study challenges that perception. Through an examination of kinship and ethnic language in Paul's letters, this book demonstrates that notions of peoplehood and lineage are not rejected or downplayed by Paul; instead they are central to his gospel. Paul's chief concern is the status of the gentile peoples who are alienated from the God of Israel. Ethnicity defines this theological problem, just as it shapes his own evangelizing of the ethnic and religious “other”. According to Paul, God has responded to the gentile predicament through Christ. Using the logic of patrilineal descent, Paul constructs a myth of origins for gentiles: through baptism into Christ the gentiles become descendants of Abraham, adopted sons of God and coheirs with Christ. Although Jews and gentiles now share a common ancestor, Paul does not collapse them into one group. They are separate but related lineages of Abraham. Kinship and ethnicity work well in Paul's arguments, for at the same time that they present themselves as natural and fixed, they are also open to negotiation and reworking. This paradox renders them effective tools in organizing people and power, shaping self-understanding and defining membership. This analysis demonstrates that Paul's thinking is immersed in the story of a specific people and their God. He speaks not as a Christian theologian, but as a 1st-century Jewish teacher of gentiles responding to concrete situations in the communities he founded.
Introduction
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for the rest of the study by articulating the thesis of the book and then addressing several key issues. The book argues for a new way to read kinship and ethnic language in Paul that dismantles the contrast between a universal, “non-ethnic” Christianity and an ethnic, particular Judaism. Paul uses the discourses of kinship and ethnicity to construct a myth of origins for gentile Christ-followers and relies on the logic of patrilineal descent to create a new lineage for the gentiles, a lineage which links gentiles through Christ to the founding ancestor, Abraham. The chapter reviews scholarship on Paul, distinguishing between traditional readings and various strands of the “new perspective”. It addresses the issue of the audience of the letters, discusses the translation of Ioudaioi as “Jews“ or “Judeans”, and outlines a specific theoretical position which treats kinship and ethnicity as social constructs that nevertheless carry authority in defining collective identity.
Ranking Ethnic Peoples: “First the Jew, Then the Greek”
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines several passages in which Paul links Jews and gentiles (or Greeks) together, establishing a common ground but also maintaining a separation between them. Their connection is made possible by common ancestry and a shared God: gentiles-in-Christ and Jews are all descendants of Abraham, peoples of the God of Israel. But Paul does not join the two groups into one, nor are the two groups equal. Indeed, Paul maintains a hierarchy between the two, placing Jews at the top (first the Jew and then the Greek). The tension created by this arrangement is crucial to Paul's argument in Romans 9-11, where he outlines his understanding of God's larger plan for salvation of both peoples. The impartiality of God and the olive tree metaphor are critical themes in communicating this plan. Aggregative arguments allow Paul to simultaneously unify and distinguish gentiles and Jews, to rank the latter over the former, and to cultivate a tension between them which propels his version of salvation history, ultimately bringing about the salvation of both peoples.
Does Volunteering Foster Physical Health and Longevity?
Authors: Oman Doug
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a scientific perspective and reviews available evidence on how volunteering affects health and longevity. It focuses on formal volunteer work — performed through a school, hospital, library, or environmental, political, or other organization. Formal volunteer work stands in contrast to more casual or unorganized helping activities, often termed ‘informal helping’, such as giving directions to a stranger or serving as a caregiver for a family member or a neighbour. The chapter's primary focus is on physical health outcomes, although it also cites evidence linking volunteering with improved mental health and subjective well-being. First, it describes the mechanisms by which volunteering might affect physical health, as well as moderating factors that might strengthen or weaken these influences. Next, it reviews empirical evidence suggesting that volunteering may indeed provide physical and mental health benefits. It concludes by discussing some practical implications and needs for further research.
Forgiveness and Health: A Review and Theoretical Exploration of Emotion Pathways
Authors: Witvliet Charlotte V. O. , McCullough Michael E.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the possible health connections of forgiveness, which is defined as an unusual expression of altruistic love that can only occur after a person has first suffered harm from an offender. Forgiveness is an act of gift giving to the undeserving offender that attempts to overcome injustice with goodness and potentially to edge out negative feelings associated with the transgression with prosocial emotions like empathy, compassion, and love. Based on emotion theory, the chapter identifies forgiveness as a positively valent low-arousal emotion (like peace and calm) and the opposite, ‘unforgiveness’, as a negatively valent high-arousal emotion (like fear and anger). Forgiveness as an antidote to negative responses to transgression and research on the negative health effects of hostility, stress, rumination, and suppression, along with ways in which forgiveness can counter these effects, is presented.
Close Relationships and Health Through the Lens of Selective Investment Theory
Authors: Brown Stephanie L. , Brown R. Michael , Schiavone Ashley , Smith Dylan M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews a program of research that was designed to explore the health benefits of helping or giving support to others. This work was inspired by a new evolutionary theory of altruism, selective investment theory (SIT), which recasts the functional significance of social bonds as designed by natural selection to promote adaptive instances of giving. SIT assumes that social bonds enable individuals to suppress self-interest so that they can reliably prioritize and promote the well-being of another, even at a cost to the self. In this way, the social bond resolves the motivational conflict inherent in deciding whether to promote self versus other interests. The chapter describes the results of four studies that demonstrate the health benefits of helping others, including decreased mortality risk, recovery from depressive symptoms following spousal loss, and relief from cardiovascular stress. It concludes with a discussion of promising new directions for future research in this area.
4 Supplication and Greek Law
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the regulation of supplication in Classical Athens. For the most part regulations formalize supplication, but sometimes regulations alter supplication in order to make it conform to the political system. This process of accommodation also occurs outside Athens at federal shrines and at shrines in the territory of the Spartan Alliance. The relation between supplication and intercommunal norms also changes in the Classical Period, as revealed by Thucydides' treatment of the supplication made by the Plataeans to the Spartans in Book 3 of his history.
5 Supplication, Republic, and Principate
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows how the Romans devise a more complex relation between supplication and the law, notably in court. Here again, supplication molds itself both to the political system and to moral and legal norms, notably the concept of mercy, almost entirely missing from Athenian supplication but crucial for Roman supplication in wartime. Meanwhile, magistrates and then emperors replace the courts and assemblies of Athens as the characteristic supplicandi. From the late Republic onwards, the Romans regulate and restrict supplication at temples, effectively replacing it with supplication at the emperor's statue — in other words, supplication to the chief magistrate. The Romans also use supplication as a form of appeal against mistaken verdicts and as a means of rectifying inadequate legislation.
Chapter 1 PORT IN A STORM
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

The first chapter focuses on the imperial conflict as it unfolded in the maritime and commercial spaces of Boston. Boston hosted a series crowd actions: the Knowles Riot of 1747, the Stamp Act riots of 1765, the Liberty riot of 1768, the Boston Massacre of 1770, and the Boston Tea Party of 1773. British authorities repeatedly tried to assert control over Boston's waterfront community, and each time, merchants and mariners mobilized in response to impressment (by resisting), customs duties (by smuggling), and other impositions of imperial authority. Five times the Bostonians banished imperial officials, soldiers, and other pariahs to Castle Island in the harbor. The central significance of the Boston waterfront had crystallized by 1774, when Parliament singled the city out for punishment. Boston's conspicuous leadership among the waterfront communities of North America demonstrated how mobilization could unify city dwellers from throughout the social spectrum and across the continent.
Ripening Living Beings
Authors: Mrozik Susanne
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates how bodhisattvas use their bodies to transform other living beings in physical and moral ways. In doing so, it looks at a common Buddhist metaphor used to describe the impact bodhisattvas have on living beings. Bodhisattvas are said to “ripen” (paripac-) living beings. In Buddhist literature, “ripening” is a metaphor for ethical and spiritual maturation. Although bodhisattvas can ripen living beings in a variety of ways, the Compendium of Training is especially interested in how they do so with their bodies. It teaches bodhisattvas how to cultivate, in present and future lifetimes, bodies that are capable of transforming living beings in physical and moral ways.
Virtuous Bodies
Authors: Mrozik Susanne
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the complex relationship between body and morality presumed by the physiomoral discourse. Topics covered include bodies as the effects of morality, bodies as the conditions for morality, and bodies as the conditions for the ethical transformation of others. The chapter also considers the definition of virtue.
Size Matters
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

Genome size varies widely among different organisms, and is not very closely correlated with complexity of the organism. In species with large genomes, most of the DNA does not code for genes. This chapter explores the “selfish DNA” hypothesis for genome size. It also discusses vertebrate cases of small genome size (e.g., pufferfish) and extraordinarily large genome size (e.g., species of salamanders). A consequence of the huge genome in these salamanders is that their brains are less complex. Michael Lynch has proposed that much of the variation in genome size may be explained by variation in effective population size. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how genome size may be related to extinction risk and hence, conservation biology.
Competing Models of Church‐State Relations
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian
Published: September 2007

Since 1989, four competing models of church‐state relations have been advocated by the dominant Orthodox Church, the religious minority groups, the humanistic civil society, and the Romanian authorities. This chapter presents church‐state relations in pre‐communist, communist and post‐communist times as reflected in the 1831, 1923, 1948 and 1991 constitutions and contrasts the post‐communist model to Alfred Stepan's democratic requirement of twin tolerations between church and state.
How Portuguese Firms Set Their Prices
Authors: Martins Fernando
Published: September 2007

In this chapter, price stickiness in Portugal is analyzed on the basis of qualitative data coming from a survey conducted by the Banco de Portugal. The main conclusions are the following. First, there is a considerable degree of price stickiness: most firms do not review or change their prices more than once a year, while time lags in price adjustments after shocks were found to be significant. Second, prices seem to go down more frequently than what is normally assumed: slightly more than 30 percent of total price changes are price decreases. Finally, customers' preference for stable prices, which take the form of implicit contracts, is apparently the main reason for the stickiness observed in prices
What Quantitative Micro Data Reveal about Price Setting Behavior
Authors: Sabbatini Roberto , Álvarez Luis J. , Dhyne Emmanuel , Hoeberichts Marco , Le Bihan Hervé , Lünnemann Patrick , Martins Fernando , Rumler Fabio , Stahl Harald , Vermeulen Philip , Veronese Giovanni , Vilmunen Jouko
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes the vast evidence on price setting based on micro consumer and producer price data obtained for euro area countries. This analysis captures features of price behavior that cannot be fully analyzed with surveys, as well as provides important complementary evidence on the frequency and size of price changes. The main findings are that prices in the euro area are stickier than in the United States, downward price rigidity is only slightly more marked than upward price rigidity, and heterogeneity and asymmetries are observed in price setting.
Negotiating with a Disciplinary Tradition
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D.
Published: September 2007

How can the contemporary feminist theologians continue to remain engaged with the Christian tradition, whose creeds and sacred texts pose seemingly insuperable obstacles for a diversity of feminist thinkers? This chapter argues that a postliberal rule theory approach to doctrine allows us to see how womanist theologies that are ostensibly disconnected from the Nicene-Chalcedonian creedal tradition (and possibly even at odds with each other) are regulatively instantiating a stream of that tradition in diverse ways. Employing feminist, deconstructive, postcolonial, and queer hermeneutical tools, the chapter offers a reading of John 4 that subverts the dominant tradition's masculinist, heteronormative, christocentric, or imperialist interpretations of this story as an account of the successful conversion of a Samaritan woman with dubious morals, misguided messianic notions, and illicit desires. This reading stands as an example of how the feminist scholar might resist “disciplinary” biblical texts, even while (perhaps surprisingly) finding herself still desiring to continue to read such texts at all.
2 Reflections on Reflection in Robert Audi's Moral Intuitionism
Authors: Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Audi's views on moral intuitions, specifically concerning whether they can be justified without being based on inference, raise a number of questions Audi has yet to address. First, it asks, can moral intuitions be justified without reflection? Second, does Audi's account of reflection turn out to involve inference? And are conclusions of reflection therefore based on inference? Third, can conclusions of reflection be justified without second-order beliefs concerning the reliability of the reflection? And if not, wouldn't this also involve inference? Fourth, can conclusions of reflection be justified without at least an ability to infer? And if not, wouldn't this leave the view unable to block the skeptical regress?
4 Metaethical Reflections on Robert Audi's Moral Intuitionism
Authors: McCann Hugh J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Audi's version of metaethical intuitionism, arguing that it faces significant objections. Without a basis for the theory's claims of self-evidence, it argues, moral intuitions can be charged with arbitrariness. Moreover, familiar problems concerning “queerness” and supervenience remain. This chapter proposes that moral intuitions are grounded in conative experiences of “felt obligation”. It then argues that his version of intuitionism preserves the virtues of Audi's approach—indeed sharing the spirit of Audi's theory—without succumbing to the skeptical problems.
9 Audi on Testimony
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses Audi's work on testimony, focusing on two theses: the thesis that testimony‐based knowledge requires the attester to have knowledge, and the thesis that a knowledgeable attester and the absence of defeaters are jointly sufficient for testimony‐based knowledge. It argues that Audi is not entitled to accept the first thesis‐in particular, that his supporting reliabilist argument does not succeed. Moreover, the chapter argues that given Audi's account of testimony, he can give no rationale for the first thesis that does not bring it into conflict with the second. Fricker closes by offering her own rationale for the first thesis.
10 On Being Justified in One's Head
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: September 2007

This chapter critically appraises Audi's theory of normative grounds for belief and action, focusing on the theory's commitment to access and supervenience internalism. It considers Audi's response to two standard objections to internalism about justification—one objection based on content externalism and the other objection concerning memory-based belief—and argues that the objections still do serious damage to internalism. It also considers and criticizes Audi's positive case for internalism, focusing on two arguments: one argument concerning the “availability” of justifiers and the other concerning ‘cases of perfect hallucination’. The chapter concludes that an externalist theory can accommodate Audi's insights and avoid the problems faced by internalist theories.
13 Self‐Deception and Three Psychiatric Delusions
Authors: Alfred R. Mele
Published: September 2007

Audi has suggested that the difference between self‐deception and delusion with respect to a false proposition turns on whether the subject believes the false proposition: the self‐deceived do not actually believe what they avow. But the chapter holds that the self‐deceived and the deluded both believe the false proposition, and so an account of the difference between self‐deception and delusion that differs from Audi's must be offered. The chapter discusses several standard cases of self‐deception, sketching his view of self‐deception as the product of motivational or emotional biases. It then considers three psychiatric delusions found in volume IV of the American Psychiatric Association's, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and argues that they are best explained not by the kind of biasing characteristic of self‐deception, but instead by the presence of cognitive deficits.
16 Justifying Grounds, Justified Beliefs, and Rational Acceptance
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: September 2007

Audi defends his views in epistemology against the challenges raised by Laurence BonJour (Chapter 8), Timothy Williamson (Chapter 10), and William Alston (Chapter 11) in Part II, “Knowledge, Justification, and Acceptance.” Specifically, Audi addresses his concerns about the sorts of beliefs that can be noninferentially justified, the sense in which the grounds of justification may be internal, and the range of attitudes that admit of justification and rationality.
Group Action and Group Attitudes
Authors: Tuomela Raimo
Published: September 2007

In this chapter collective acceptance as a group is analyzed. The result is used to give an account of group actions and beliefs as well as of group attitudes more generally. This central “positional” view is based on group authority in the sense of some authorized members (“operative” members) forming attitudes and/or acting for the group as well as possibly giving orders to group members. Also the central notion of having an attitude as a group member—assumed to be based on a group reason—is clarified. The appendix this chapter discusses social groups, I-mode and we-mode groups, mainly from an ontological point of view, and contrasts an entity view with a nonentity view.
Introduction
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

The postmodern situation has culminated in an ideological postmodernism that has declared the end of philosophy, the death of the subject, the impossibility of meaning, and the apotheosis of a culture of absence and excess. This has led to the development of a variety of “postcritical,” or “postliberal,” attempts to sift back through the history of Western philosophy and religion to reevaluate older systems of thought and wisdom, in order to refashion philosophies of ethical agency, identity, philosophical meaning, and truth. Liturgical reasoning follows on the movement of Scriptural Reasoning that attempts to reinvigorate Western philosophy and religion through interaction with classical Western scriptures. Liturgical reasoning parallels Scriptural Reasoning in its attempt to reconstitute an ethics and theology for the twenty‐first century.
7 Emerson’s Ghosts
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: September 2007

The final chapter surveys recent approaches to the Emersonian legacy and asks whether or not the author will remain a viable imaginative influence on contemporary criticism. Examining Emerson's “Experience” as a counter-example to the pervasive “American Scholar”, the chapter concludes with an assessment of where Emersonian scholarship is at the moment.
Single Neuron Activity Underlying Behavior‐Guiding Rules
Authors: Wallis Jonathan
Published: September 2007

A key part of goal‐directed behavior is the use of behavior‐guiding concepts and rules—an ability that is believed to have coevolved with the frontal lobe. The first part of the chapter examines the neuronal processing of high‐level, abstract rules using a matching‐to‐sample task, and examines whether this ability is unique to the frontal lobe or extends to other brain structures, including the striatum, and posterior sensory areas, such as inferior temporal cortex. The second part contrasts this neuronal representation of abstract rules with the neuronal processing that occurs when macaque monkeys are making choices using more low‐level, open‐ended rules, such as maximizing reward or minimizing work.
Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Modulation of Two Distinct Forms of Flexible Cognitive Control: Attentional Set‐Shifting and Reversal Learning
Authors: Roberts Angela C.
Published: September 2007

Dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in a wide variety of cognitive and emotional control processes. This chapter reviews the evidence that these two neuromodulators differentially regulate two distinct forms of cognitive flexibility in marmoset monkeys, namely, attentional set‐shifting and discrimination reversal learning, through their independent actions within the lateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. Consideration is given to the psychological and cellular mechanisms that may underlie their effects, not only at the level of the prefrontal cortex, but also at other neural sites known to contribute to these forms of flexibility, namely, the striatum and amygdala.
Binding and Organization in the Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Lipton Paul A. , Eichenbaum Howard
Published: September 2007

This chapter outlines a framework that describes how interactions between medial temporal lobe structures, such as the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex bind and organize information to support episodic memory and relational memory. Within this structure, the medial temporal lobe system passively collects attended perceptual and cognitive information, out of which emerges a network of relationships among experienced items and events. By contrast, prefrontal circuits use this network to abstract broad categorical comparisons to apply behaviorally relevant rules in a task‐dependent manner.
4 Reductionism and Eliminativism Reconsidered
Authors: Horst Steven
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the implications of recent philosophy of science for reductionism. The motivations for both normative and positive forms of reductionism are grounded in the assumptions that intertheoretic reductions are widespread in the sciences and serve as a norm for the legitimacy of the special sciences. Both of these assumptions are undercut by recent post-reductionist turns in philosophy of science. If intertheoretic reductions are in fact rare in the sciences, then we have no special reason to expect them in the case of psychology. However, if it is “explanatory gaps all the way down, ” we also have no reason to view the gaps between mind and body as presenting special problems.
7 Two Forms of Pluralism
Authors: Horst Steven
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines two forms of pluralism in philosophy of mind that are suggested by explanatory pluralism in philosophy of science. The first is a radical ontological pluralism suggested by John Dupré. It holds that the explanatory pluralism of the sciences is due to a prior and profligate ontological plurality in nature itself. The second is a view called Cognitive Pluralism. This is the view that theory pluralism is a predictable consequence of our cognitive architecture and of the nature of scientific models, which are partial, domain‐specific, and idealized and employ proprietary representational systems. A model‐based account of cognition in general, and scientific understanding as a special case, is used to account for theory pluralism.
A WorldNotWell Lost
Authors: Kim David Kyuman
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Taylor's and Butler's accounts of melancholy and agency. It is argued that the form of melancholy shared by their accounts is a key feature of symbolic loss in the constitution of the self, and symbolic loss has a central role in creating the conditions for the possibility of new modes of agency. The convention in appropriating melancholy follows the comparative example Freud established between mourning and melancholia (melancholy), in which the character of loss and the reluctance to give up on an object of love in the latter (melancholia/melancholy) takes its lead and form from the former (mourning).
Introduction
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: September 2007

The introductory chapter lays out the motivations for defending a common sense ontology and provides an overview of the various eliminativist arguments against ordinary objects that will be discussed in the book. It also describes the argument strategy of the book: the early chapters (2 and 3) argue for central views about reference and modality — namely, a hybrid approach to reference, and a conceptualist understanding of modality. But the later chapters provide the most important evidence for these views by demonstrating their ability to defuse all of the arguments against ordinary objects, and to make sense of our common sense world view nonproblematically. The book closes by sketching important metaontological results of the above work regarding which metaphysical questions are and are not answerable, and what methods should be employed in pursuing them.
2 Toward a Transformed Africa
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the black discourse on African identity that Wheatley and Sancho unknowingly initiated into the first generation of slave autobiographers. Most of the men who wrote these narratives had lived in African villages or in slave communities in the plantation regions of America, experiences foreign to both Wheatley and Sancho. Perhaps as a result, when they asserted African identities in their narratives, they confronted ethnic division more directly. The most celebrated among them was Equiano, who used that confrontation to develop a mythic vision of an African unity that predated the ethnic division that haunted Africa in the age of the slave trade. He and Cugoano, his collaborator, sought a way to recreate the unity among sub-Saharan Africans that they perceived to have been broken in postbiblical times.
Epilogue
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: September 2007

The epilogue looks ahead to the reemergence of black discussions of African identity and black emigrationism during the 1850s. It examines the efforts of Martin R. Delany, sometimes called the “father of African nationalism”, to encourage black emigration from the United States during the 1850s, and to the sense of African identity that he articulated while advocating emigration. The epilogue suggests the persistence of many ideas initially offered by the first generations of self-styled “Africans”, and some of the costs of the demise of the remarkable vision that activists like Equiano, Allen, Coker, and Cuffe had developed.
Life Transitions: Becoming a Parent
Authors: Johns Sarah E. , Belsky Jay
Published: September 2007

The birth of a child is a commonplace event, yet for the two individuals who become parents this transition to parenthood is a major life event. For men and women the challenges of parenthood will differ, and their relationship will undergo change as the demands of their new roles become apparent. Parenthood has the potential to change both men's and women's feelings about themselves and their relationship. This chapter explores the transition to parenthood, in particular asking why this can be difficult, why the experience of having a child is different for men and women, how the timing of the transition can be influenced by family relationships, and how the ease of transition for one generation can influence the timing of the transition in subsequent generations. This includes both proximate psychological aspects of becoming a parent and evolutionary or ultimate explanations of human reproductive patterns and parenting behaviors.
Birth Order
Authors: Sulloway Frank J.
Published: September 2007

Sibling competition is a common occurrence in the animal world and occasionally ends in siblicide. Birth order often affects the outcome of such struggles because it is a proxy for differences in age, size, power, and access to scarce resources. Among humans, ordinal position is associated with disparities in parental investment, which can lead to differences in behavior, health, and mortality. In addition, siblings in our own species typically occupy disparate niches within the family system and, in mutual competition, generally use different tactics based on age, size, and sex. These alternative strategies and life experiences have effects on personality and also foster differences in attitudes, motivations, and sentiments about the family.
Kin Detection and the Development of Sexual Aversions: Toward an Integration of Theories on Family Sexual Abuse
Authors: Tal Ilanit , Lieberman Debra
Published: September 2007

Although much is known about the consequences of sexual abuse and the characteristics of the individuals and families involved, these pieces of information have yet to be arranged to form a clear picture of why sexual abuse occurs. This chapter provides an account of how an evolutionary computational framework can help organize what is currently known about sexual abuse and provide a set of answers to the question of why it happens. It focuses specifically on one component of our evolved psychology hypothesized to play a significant role in explaining why sexual abuse occurs: inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. Identifying the cues our evolved psychology uses to detect kin and generate sexual aversions towards them can help illuminate why sexual aversions fail to develop, leading, in some circumstances, to an increased risk of incest or sexual abuse within the family.
5 International Relations
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

Scores of Enlightenment authors responded to the challenge of establishing a peaceful international order. Their proposed solutions took one of two basic forms: first, a political strategy, which called on states to form an international federation, engage in arbitration to settle disputes, and apply sanctions (including, when necessary, collective military force) to uphold the federation's decisions; second, a legal strategy, which sought to bring all states under one universal legal order in order to bring war itself within the bounds of law. This chapter examines and evaluates some central Enlightenment examples of each of these two strategies.
Historical and Ethnographic Setting
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

Chapter 2 gives an overview of the wider historical and ethnographic setting in which fieldwork took place. It presents a historical account of changing attitudes to African religions in Brazil and describes general features of the context within which ethnographic fieldwork was conducted as well as the ethnographer's access and entry to the terreiro setting.
Describing, Interpreting, and Explaining Spirit Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

Chapters 4 and 5 introduce more comprehensively the scientific approach to be adopted, incorporating a review of past and present approaches to possession cults and spirit phenomena. The first of these chapters looks at ethnographic description and anthropological interpretation of spirit possession phenomena, considering the roles of both rich description and faithful representation of cultural meaning for the generation of scientific theories.
The Social Relevance of Spirits
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

Chapter 8 considers the relevance of spirits to everyday life (e.g. healing, counseling, etc.). It offers a generalizable explanation for the widespread attribution of personal misfortune to supernatural causes (e.g. divine retribution, sorcery, etc.). It is suggested that the widespread association between spirits (and other supernatural agents) and practices concerning healing and the betterment of life circumstances is supported by mechanisms of normal, human cognition that deal with social causation.
Explaining Distributions of Spirit Concepts and Spirit Possession
Authors: Cohen Emma
Published: September 2007

Chapter 9 tackles questions concerning the apparently variable distribution and relevance of spirit concepts and possession (e.g. the high degree of women's participation relative to men's participation in possession cults). Taking some of the necessary cognitive mechanisms for the emergence and spread of spirit concepts described in chapters 6–8, this chapter considers what environmental and other factors may enhance or inhibit the natural output of these mechanisms.
EIGHT Coda
Authors: Ellis E. Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter surveys the remaining states of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, where taxes were levied against branches of the 2 BUS, and demonstrates how fragmented, different and uncoordinated these developments were. This chapter also deals with Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the 2 BUS in 1832 and which was essentially a response to Marshall's argument in McCulloch v. Maryland. Finally, the chapter briefly tries to explain how as a consequence of various social, political, economic and ideological changes over time Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland has become one of the most influential decisions in the history of the US Supreme Court.
The Religious Dynamic of the Cromwellian Invasion
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a thorough account of the Cromwellian invasion and its political background and military history, illustrating the centrality of its religious dynamic. It contextualizes the theological debates by describing the economic condition of the administration, the religious condition of the army, and the tensions between the religious needs of protestant soldiers and those of the Irish natives. It describes the reading culture of the period in the context of the Atlantic archipelago, and the competing ideas of reformation and emerging denominational networks alongside the insistent primitivism, prophetic individualism, and anticlericalism of the period.
Baptism
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about baptism. Those on the radical left of Puritanism, such as Quakers and Seekers, argued that baptism was redundant in the age of the Spirit. Baptists denied their claims and argued that immersion in water ought to follow conversion. Presbyterians and Independents disagreed, arguing instead that baptism should also be provided for the children of “visible saints” and, it was occasionally claimed, also for the children of those who were not “visible saints.” This chapter demonstrates that both Baptists and those who favored the baptism of children were debating the issue through the lens of covenant theology.
Church Government and Social Control
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about church government. Quakers and Seekers denied any locus of authority beyond the “inner light.” Baptists and Independents argued that the proper basis of authority lay within the leadership of the local congregation. Presbyterians argued instead for a hierarchy of church courts, from the local elders to the General Assembly, while Episcopalians argued for a hierarchy of individuals in church offices. These debates were conducted alongside the pressing need to implement social control, local attempts to establish a clerical hegemony, and the civil administration's construction of the Civil List, which cut the link between preachers and congregations and put many clergy under government control. The debate about social control acted as a catalyst for emerging associations of clergy and early denominational structures.
The Possibility of the Extraordinary
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the possibility of the extraordinary. This debate cut across the emerging denominational structures, as preachers and theologians debated the orthodoxy of miracles, prophecies, and the certainty of answered prayer. This debate highlighted the eclecticism at the heart of the Cromwellian reformation, as prominent clergy developed a spirituality that was apparently at odds with their scholastic puritan heritage.
Foreign Savings and Direct Investment
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This chapter estimates the overall net foreign savings and resources brought into the country, and their contribution to domestic saving beyond meeting consumption needs and providing foreign exchange. This is followed by a more focused study of foreign direct investment as a source of increasing investment in the country. Following a review of the government FDI policies and its development in stages, the characteristics of FDI, the scale, and the extent of joint ownership with local investors are investigated. This is supplemented with an assessment of its economic impact on domestic investment, employment, economic growth, economic stability, balance of payments, and its contribution to the technological advancement of the country's manufacturing firms. The chapter also evaluates the effectiveness of the government's past FDI policies and presents a brief survey of the challenges facing South Korea's future FDI policy.