bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More Confessed Than Unconfessed: Thoughts Gained From Teaching the Canonical Augustine
Authors: Elliott Mark W
Published: August 2007

Das Ziel des Artikels besteht darin, den „kanonischen“ Augustin in den Blick zu nehmen, also seine Rezeption zu betrachten, um sein Denken besser zu verstehen. Dabei ist der „offizielle“ Augustin alles andere als zahm. Die Kanonisierung beginnt bereits beim späten Augustin und setzt sich dann durch die Bedeutung für die Theologiegeschichte fort, wobei gerade die großen Werke seiner biblischen Theologie einflußreich waren. Ein Blick auf Theologen wie Johannes Scotus Eriugena, Bernhard von Clairvaux, Bonaventura, Richard von St. Victor oder Thomas erlaubt einen Einblick in die Frage, wo und wie Augustin einflußreich geworden ist und in welchem Verhältnis das Denken Augustins zu dem zahlreicher Augustininterpreten steht. Schließlich betrachtet der Artikel eine Reihe von Fehleinschätzungen der Augustinrezeption. Ab dem 19. Jh. wurde Augustin immer mehr Gegenstand von wissenschaftlicher und positionsbezogener Kritik, etwa der Feministen, aber auch von Balthasar. Der Amtsantritt eines „augustinischen“ Papstes (Benedikt XVI.) verdankt sich u.a. auch der detaillierten Arbeit von Wissenschaftlern mit dem Ziel einer augustinischen Neubegründung der Theologie, die den „kanonischen Augustin“ als den Vater eines Konzepts von göttlicher Reinigung des Willens und der Liebe als deren Frucht versteht.
Reproducibility of Direct Shear Tests Conducted on Granular Backfill Materials
Authors: Bareither Christopher A. , Benson Craig H. , Edil Tuncer B.
Published: August 2007

Intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory testing was conducted to assess the bias, repeatability, and reproducibility of the shear strength of compacted granular backfill materials tested in direct shear using AASHTO T 236. Inter-laboratory testing was conducted by ten laboratories using four granular backfill materials. Triaxial compression tests were also conducted on the granular backfill materials to establish a reference friction angle (ϕ′) for computing bias. Comparison of failure envelopes and friction angles from the intra-laboratory study showed that the test method is highly repeatable (ϕ′±0.1°) when conducted in a single laboratory by a single operator using the same equipment. In contrast, data from the inter-laboratory study showed high variability in the failure envelopes and friction angles, with ϕ′ varying by as much as 18.2° for a given backfill. Analysis of the data from the inter-laboratory study showed that the reproducibility of direct shear tests on granular backfill is 8.8°. The bias in ϕ′ is −2.5° when area corrections are not applied and −1.5° when area corrections are applied.
Defining Fishing Communities: Issues in Theory and Practice
Authors: Clay Patricia M. , Olson Julia
Published: August 2007

Characterizations of fishing communities range from containers of cultural traditions to sites of resistance, from places of management to spaces of global connection. We review key themes and issues from the literature on fishing communities, in light of theoretical work on communities and the context of applied anthropological work in the United States, where fishing community is defined as a term of law as well as art.
A Quantitative Model for Ranking and Selecting Communities Most Involved in Commercial Fisheries
Authors: Sepez Jennifer
Published: August 2007

This article proposes a quantitative model for ranking commercial fisheries involvement by communities and describes our experience applying this model to North Pacific and West Coast fisheries. Analysis of recent fishing community profiling projects shows that there have been four basic approaches to selecting a manageable number of communities, including focusing on major ports, aggregated regions, representative examples, and the top of a ranked list. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is presented as a nonparametric, multidimensional modeling method appropriate for evaluating and ranking fishing communities based on an array of quantitative indicators of fisheries involvement. The results of applying this model to communities involved in West Coast and North Pacific fisheries are summarized. Nineteen indicators of fisheries dependence and 92 indicators of fisheries engagement were modeled yielding ranked lists of 1,564 and 1,760 U.S. communities, respectively. Comparison of the DEA method's topranked communities in Alaska to those selected by an indicators‐based threshold‐trigger model for Alaska showed 71 percent overlap of selected communities. The strengths and weaknesses of the DEA modeling approach are discussed. DEA modeling is not a substitute for ethnographic analysis of communities based on fieldwork, but it does present an enticing way to consider which communities might be selected for fieldwork or profiling, or as fishing communities, based on quantitative indicators.
Filipino Crew Community in the Hawai'i ‐ Based Longline Fishing Fleet
Authors: Allen Stewart
Published: August 2007

The Hawai'i‐based longline fishing industry has been heavily regulated with little analysis of the resulting social and cultural effects. In 2003–04, the NOAA Fisheries Service Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) studied fishermen in the Hawai'i‐based longline fleet to develop a comprehensive sociocultural profile of industry participants. One focus of the study was the Filipino crew members, who comprised about three‐quarters of the longline crew population working at the time. One researcher, with the assistance of a Filipino interpreter‐community liaison, developed oral histories of 145 crew members. Consistent with ethnographic approaches, the oral histories were developed over time, with individuals and small groups, until each crew member's story was fully documented. Much data were collected through participant‐observation, as the researcher and interpreter became regular fixtures on the docks for nearly two years. Many of the Filipinos had backgrounds in fishing and had substantial levels of related training, such as marine engineering. Their main incentives for working in the Hawai'i longline industry were the economic benefits and status provided by overseas employment, although most appreciated the fishing lifestyle. Job satisfaction was relatively high; salary levels were acceptable, and there was potential to earn additional income. Despite being confined to the immediate pier area because of their visa status, Filipino crew members derived benefits from several types of social networks and exhibited many characteristics common to communities.
Treatment of large, oesophageal perforations and mediastinitis with a covered, removable metallic endoprosthesis and mediastinal drainage
Authors: Solt Jenő , Sarlós Géza , Tabár Béla , Bertalan Andrea
Published: August 2007

A bevont fémstentek benignus nyelőcső-stenosisban és -perforatioban való alkalmazása, a stent okozta szöveti reakció és a stent eltávolítás nehézségei miatt, kezdeti stádiumban van. A szerzők nyelőcső-perforatioban egy újabb, bevont fémstent terápiás hatását és eltávolítására kidolgozott módszerük hatékonyságát vizsgálták 3 beteg kapcsán. Három beteg közül kettőnél corrosiv nyelőcsőstenosis tágításakor perforatio lépett fel. Emiatt az egyiknél mediastinalis drenázs és jejunostomia, másiknál primér sutura és drenázs történt. Ezt követően mindkettőben septicus állapot, mediastinitis alakult ki. Ennek hátterében egyiknél perforatio mellett mediastinalis drén okozta nyelőcsőfistula, a másiknál nyelőcsővarrat-elégtelenség állt. A nyelőcső falának defektusát 8, illetve 10 nappal a perforatio, műtét után bevont fémstenttel hidalták át. A harmadik beteg inoperabilis nyelőcsőtumora okozta stenosisának tágítása, stentelési kísérlete során nyelőcsőruptura lépett fel, melyet két órán belül bevont fémstenttel zárta. Parenteralis táplálást, széles spectrumú antibioticus kezelést alkalmaztak. Három nap múlva ellenőrizve mindhárom stent tölcsére tökéletesen zárt. Nasogastricus szonda-, majd per os táplálásra tértek át. Átmeneti mediastinalis drenázs után a stenteket 35, illetve 74 nappal a stentimplantatio után endoscoposan távolították el. Ez idő alatt a nyelőcsőfal-defectusok, a perforatios nyílások záródtak. A stent felső szélénél jelentkező stenosist mindkét betegnél tágították. A 3. betegnél a tumoros nyelőcsőruptura korai, végleges stentelése után szövődmény nem lépett fel. Itt drenázsra nem volt szükség. Nagy nyelőcső-perforatio – kísérő septicus állapot, mediastinitis esetén is – sikeresen gyógyítható bevont, eltávolítható fémstenttel és megfelelő mediastinalis drenázzsal.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Glyphosate in a Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum) Biotype from Chile
Authors: Michitte Paola , De Prado Rafael , Espinoza Nelson , Pedro Ruiz-Santaella Juan , Gauvrit Christian
Published: August 2007

Glyphosate behavior was examined in Italian ryegrass plants from Chile that were sensitive (S) and resistant (R) to this herbicide. In order to explain the resistance to glyphosate, contact angles, spray retention, foliar uptake, herbicide translocation, and target enzyme activity were studied. Contact angles of glyphosate solutions at a field concentration were 40° to 45° on the abaxial surface of R leaves as compared to 70° on S. Glyphosate spray retention by R plants was 35% lower than by S plants. Glyphosate uptake by the abaxial leaf surface of R plants was about 40% lower than that of S plants. In addition, in the R plants more glyphosate migrated to the tip of the treated leaves. The target enzyme in R and S plants was sensitive to the herbicide. Based on these and previous results, it is concluded that resistance in this Italian ryegrass biotype results from lower spray retention, lower foliar uptake from the abaxial leaf surface, and altered translocation pattern. The decreases in spray retention and foliar uptake constitute new mechanisms of glyphosate resistance.
Factors Affecting Seed Germination of Perennial Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) in Southern Australia
Authors: Kleemann Samuel G. L. , Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Gill Gurjeet S.
Published: August 2007

Germination response of perennial wall rocket to temperature, light, osmotic potential, and depth of burial emergence was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The effect of seed burial depth on seedling recruitment in the field was also investigated at Roseworthy, South Australia. Under optimal conditions (30 C, light/dark) germination of perennial wall rocket was rapid, with 90% of seeds germinating within 48 h of imbibition. Germination was reduced (20%) at lower, suboptimal temperatures (10 to 20 C) when seeds of perennial wall rocket were exposed to light. Germination declined with increasing osmotic potential and was completely inhibited at osmotic potentials of −1.5 MPa. Perennial wall rocket emergence was greatest from seeds placed on the soil surface, but some seedlings (< 10%) emerged from a depth of 0.5 to 2 cm. Under both field and growth-cabinet conditions, the greatest seedling emergence of perennial wall rocket occurred from seed present on the soil surface; however, the level of absolute recruitment from the seed bank was much lower (< 5%). Information gained from this study will further improve our understanding of the germination behavior of perennial wall rocket and contribute to developing sustainable strategies for its control.
Isolation of a Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Line with High Proliferation Potential and Its Application for Preventing Acute Fatal Liver Failure
Authors: Miyazaki Masahiro , Hardjo Marhaen , Masaka Takuro , Tomiyama Koji , Mahmut Naila , Medina Reinhold J. , Niida Aya , Sonegawa Hiroyuki , Du Gang , Yong Rong , Takaishi Mikiro , Sakaguchi Masakiyo , Huh Nam-ho
Published: August 2007

Transplantation of hepatocytes or hepatocyte-like cells of extrahepatic origin is a promising strategy for treatment of acute and chronic liver failure. We examined possible utility of hepatocyte-like cells induced from bone marrow cells for such a purpose. Clonal cell lines were established from the bone marrow of two different rat strains. One of these cell lines, rBM25/S3 cells, grew rapidly (doubling time, ∼24 hours) without any appreciable changes in cell properties for at least 300 population doubling levels over a period of 300 days, keeping normal diploid karyotype. The cells expressed CD29, CD44, CD49b, CD90, vimentin, and fibronectin but not CD45, indicating that they are of mesenchymal cell origin. When plated on Matrigel with hepatocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-4, the cells efficiently differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells that expressed albumin, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, glucose 6-phosphatase, tryptophane-2,3-dioxygenase, tyrosine aminotransferase, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1α, and HNF4α. Intrasplenic transplantation of the differentiated cells prevented fatal liver failure in 90%-hepatectomized rats. In conclusion, a clonal stem cell line derived from adult rat bone marrow could differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, and transplantation of the differentiated cells could prevent fatal liver failure in 90%-hepatectomized rats. The present results indicate a promising strategy for treating human fatal liver diseases.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Spinal GABAergic Transplants Attenuate Mechanical Allodynia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Mukhida Karim , Mendez Ivar , McLeod Marcus , Kobayashi Nao , Haughn Christopher , Milne Brian , Baghbaderani Behnam , Sen Arindom , Behie Leo A. , Hong Murray
Published: August 2007

Injury to the spinal cord or peripheral nerves can lead to the development of allodynia due to the loss of inhibitory tone involved in spinal sensory function. The potential of intraspinal transplants of GABAergic cells to restore inhibitory tone and thus decrease pain behaviors in a rat model of neuropathic pain was investigated. Allodynia of the left hind paw was induced in rats by unilateral L5– 6 spinal nerve root ligation. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed using von Frey filaments. Postinjury, transgenic fetal green fluorescent protein mouse GABAergic cells or human neural precursor cells (HNPCs) expanded in suspension bioreactors and differentiated into a GABAergic phenotype were transplanted into the spinal cord. Control rats received undifferentiated HNPCs or cell suspension medium only. Animals that received either fetal mouse GABAergic cell or differentiated GABAergic HNPC intraspinal transplants demonstrated a significant increase in paw withdrawal thresholds at 1 week post-transplantation that was sustained for 6 weeks. Transplanted fetal mouse GABAergic cells demonstrated immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA that colocalized with green fluorescent protein. Intraspinally transplanted differentiated GABAergic HNPCs demonstrated immunoreactivity for GABA and β-III tubulin. In contrast, intraspinal transplantation of undifferentiated HNPCs, which predominantly differentiated into astrocytes, or cell suspension medium did not affect any behavioral recovery. Intraspinally transplanted GABAergic cells can reduce allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. In addition, HNPCs expanded in a standardized fashion in suspension bioreactors and differentiated into a GABAergic phenotype may be an alternative to fetal cells for cell-based therapies to treat chronic pain syndromes.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Ecological comments on the intestinal helminths of the rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus (Teleostei, Siganidae) from the northern Red Sea
Authors: Hassanine Reda , Al-Jahdali Mohammed
Published: August 2007

Between May and September 2006, 640 specimens of the rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus Forsskål (Teleostei, Siganidae) were examined for infections with intestinal helminths. These fishes were caught in the Red Sea off the coast of Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt, examined in a field laboratory and separated into three size groups of regular length intervals. Only three species of helminths were recovered: the trematode Gyliauchen volubilis Nagaty, 1956 (Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929), the acanthocephalan Sclerocollum rubrimaris Schmidt et Paperna, 1978 (Cavisomidae Meyer, 1932) and the nematode Procamallanus elatensis Fusco et Overstreet, 1979 (Cucullanidae Cobbold, 1864). The distribution of these helminths along the intestine of S. rivulatus, in all patterns of single and concurrent infections and the corresponding prevalences and intensities of infection in the different size groups of the fish were recorded. In single infections, each parasite species was found distributed in a well-defined fundamental niche along the intestine of Siganus rivulatus, and a distinct partial overlap between the niches of G. volubilis and Sclerocollum rubrimaris was observed. In concurrent infections with these two species, their fundamental niches were significantly reduced, probably being affected by interactive site segregation and individuals of each species were found segregated in a restricted realised niche. In all other patterns of concurrent infections, each parasite species was normally found in its original fundamental niche. The prevalences of these parasites in the fish examined were relatively low and somewhat similar. In all patterns of single and concurrent infections, the intensity of infection was directly related to fish size. In concurrent infection with G. volubilis and S. rubrimaris, a significant decline was observed in the intensities of both species in the different size groups of the fish, but, in all other patterns of concurrent infections, no significant change in intensity was observed. These observations suggest that the interaction between G. volubilis and S. rubrimaris is probably a negative and symmetrical one. The mode of transmission of these parasites to the fish is also discussed.
Two new species of Cameronia Basir, 1948 (Oxyurida, Thelastomatoidea, Thelastomatidae) from Manipur, North-East India
Authors: Shah Mohammad
Published: August 2007

During a survey of insect nematodes from Manipur, two new species of nematodes parasitic in the hindgut of mole cricket Gryllotalpa africana were recovered. The two new species are designated as Cameronia triovata sp. nov. and Cameronia manipurensis sp. nov. C. triovata sp. nov. is characterized by presence of three eggs which are fused on lateral sides by ridges and furrows and presence of polar egg filaments while in C. manipurensis sp. nov., the eggs are more than five in one group and attached simply one upon another. A comparative measurement chart (see Table I) as well as key to the species of Cameronia have been provided. The diagnosis of the genus has been emended in order to accommodate the two new species.
Photoinduced Tuning of Optical Stop Bands in Azopolymer Based Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Hong J.‐C. , Park J.‐H. , Chun C. , Kim D.‐Y.
Published: August 2007

Photo‐tunable photonic crystals were prepared from three dimensional (3D) colloidal crystal templates using a photoresponsive azopolymer. For the preparation of azopolymer infiltrated photonic crystals, silica colloidal crystals were fabricated by gravity sedimentation, a self‐assembly technique. The interstitial voids between colloidal particles were filled with azopolymer and azopolymer inverse opals were produced by treatment with aqueous hydrofluoric acid. These photonic crystals exhibited stop bands in their transmission spectra measured in the normal incidence to the (111) plane of face centered cubic (fcc). The photonic bandgap of the azopolymer infiltrated opal and inverse opal could be controlled by the refractive index change due to the photoinduced orientation of azobenzene chromophores. When the azopolymer photonic crystals were irradiated with linearly polarized light, their bandgap positions were shifted to shorter wavelength regions with increasing irradiation time. This behavior experimentally produced a photoinduced orientation of the azobenzene groups in parallel with the incidence of the excitation light. Through such an out‐of‐plane orientation of azo chromophores, parallel to the [111] fcc crystallographic axis, the effective refractive index of the photonic crystal medium was decreased. Therefore, a blue‐shift in bandgap positions was consequently induced with 20–40 nm tuning ranges. The out‐of‐plane orientation was confirmed by angular resolved absorption spectral measurements.
Energy‐Modulated Heterostructures Made with Conjugated Polymers for Directional Energy Transfer and Carrier Confinement
Authors: Favarim H. R. , Spadacio D. , Faceto A. D. , Zucolotto V. , Oliveira O. N. , Guimarães F. E. G.
Published: August 2007

In this paper we demonstrate that multilayer structures with modulated bandgaps can be used for efficient energy transfer and carrier confinement inside a nanostructured film of a light‐emitting polymer. The films were produced with the layer‐by‐layer technique (LbL) with a poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) precursor and a long chain dodecylbenzenesulfonate ion (DBS). DBS is incorporated selectively into the precursor chain, and with a rapid, low temperature conversion process (100 °C) superstructures with variable HOMO–LUMO gap could be formed along the deposition direction by changing the DBS concentration. Structures with different stair‐type energy modulations were produced, which are thermally stable and reproducible, as demonstrated by UV‐VIS. absorption measurements. Energy differences of up to 0.5 eV between the lowest and highest conjugated layers inside the stair structure could be achieved, which was sufficient to guide the excitation over long distances to the lower bandgap layer.
Carbon Nanotube Coatings on Bioglass‐Based Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Boccaccini A. R. , Chicatun F. , Cho J. , Bretcanu O. , Roether J. A. , Novak S. , Chen Q. Z.
Published: August 2007

The coating of highly porous Bioglass® based 3D scaffolds with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) was investigated. Foam like Bioglass® scaffolds were fabricated by the replica technique and electrophoretic deposition was used to deposit homogeneous layers of CNT throughout the scaffold pore structure. The optimal experimental conditions were determined to be: applied voltage 15 V and deposition time 20 minutes, utilizing a concentrated aqueous suspension of CNT with addition of a surfactant and iodine. The scaffold pore structure remained invariant after the CNT coating, as assessed by SEM. The incorporation of CNTs induced a nanostructured internal surface of the pores which is thought to be beneficial for osteoblast cell attachment and proliferation. Bioactivity of the scaffolds was assessed by immersion studies in simulated body fluid (SBF) for periods of up to 2 weeks and the subsequent determination of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation. The presence of CNTs can enhance the bioactive behaviour of the scaffolds since CNTs can serve as template for the ordered formation of a nanostructured HA layers, which does not occur on uncoated Bioglass® surfaces.
Enhanced Ionic Conductivity in Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9: Unique Effect of Calcium Co‐doping
Authors: Banerjee S. , Devi P. S. , Topwal D. , Mandal S. , Menon K.
Published: August 2007

In order to identify new oxide ion‐conducting materials in the ceria family of oxides, the unique effect of co‐doping is explored and a novel series of Ce0.8Sm0.2–xCaxO2–δ compositions is identified that have enhanced properties compared to the single‐doped Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 and Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.9 compositions. Moreover, the superior characteristics of the co‐doped Ce0.8Sm0.2–xCaxO2–δ powders prepared by the mixed‐fuel process aid in obtaining 98 % dense ceramics upon sintering at 1200 °C for 6 h. Though a linear increase in conductivity is observed by replacing Sm with Ca, the composition with the maximum amount of Ca and the minimum amount of Sm exhibits a significant improvement in properties compared to the rest in the series. The composition Ce0.80Sm0.05Ca0.15O2–δ exhibits a conductivity as high as 1.22 × 10–1 S cm–1 at 700 °C with minimum activation energy (0.56 eV) and a superior chemical stability to reduction compared to any of the hitherto known (CaSm) compositions. The absence of CeIII, confirmed both from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, strongly suggests that the observed increase in conductivity is solely due to the oxide ion conductivity and not due to the partial electronic contribution arising from the presence of CeIII and CeIV. To conclude, the experimental results on the Ce0.8Sm0.2–xCaxO2–δ series underscore the unique effect of calcium co‐doping in identifying a cost‐effective new composition, with a remarkably high conductivity and enhanced chemical stability to reduction, for technological applications.
Tunable Synthesis of Various Wurtzite ZnS Architectural Structures and Their Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Xiong S. , Xi B. , Wang C. , Xu D. , Feng X. , Zhu Z. , Qian Y.
Published: August 2007

Semiconductor ZnS with novel and complex 3D architectures such as nanorods (or nanowires) networks, urchinlike nanosturctures, nearly monodisperse nanospheres self‐assembled from nanorods and 1D nanostructures (rods and wires) had been synthesized in a binary solution by controlling the reaction conditions, such as the volume ratio of the mixed solvents and the reaction temperature. The morphology of ZnS changed from 3D architectural structures to 1D rodlike (or wirelike) shape when the temperature was increased from 160 to 200–240 °C. The possible growth mechanisms for the formation of nanospheres self‐assembled from nanorods are tentatively discussed according to the experimental results. The photocatalytic activity of various ZnS nanostructures has been tested by degradation of acid fuchsine under infrared light compared to that of commercial ZnS powders under infrared‐light irradiation and commercial TiO2 powders under UV‐light irradiation, indicating that the as‐obtained ZnS nanostructures exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of acid fuchsine.
Stimuli‐Responsive Colloidal Systems from Mixed Brush‐Coated Nanoparticles
Authors: Motornov M. , Sheparovych Ro. , Lupitskyy R. , MacWilliams E. , Hoy O. , Luzinov I. , Minko S.
Published: August 2007

We report on the application of mixed polymer brushes to the reversible in situ switching colloidal systems (suspensions of responsive 200 nm in diameter particles in individual solvents and immiscible liquids). We used mixed copolymer brushes to fabricate responsive nanoparticles and employed the particles to prepare responsive colloidal systems, which demonstrated drastic transformation/switching of material properties upon external stimuli. The interaction between the particles themselves and the particles and their environment can be precisely tuned by a change of solvent and pH. We show that this behavior can be used for a reversible formation of particle aggregates, stabilization and switching between w/o and o/w emulsions, and regulation of the particle transport between immiscible liquids across the interface. We demonstrate an example of the application of the responsive colloids for the fabrication of ultrahydrophobic coatings with textured surfaces from aqueous dispersion, and no surfactant application, using the switching properties of the responsive particles.
Nanophase ZnCo2O4 as a High Performance Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sharma Y. , Sharma N. , Subba Rao G. V. , Chowdari B. V. R.
Published: August 2007

ZnCo2O4 has been synthesized by the low‐temperature and cost‐effective urea combustion method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), HR‐TEM and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies confirmed its formation in pure and nano‐phase form with particle size ∼ 15–20 nm. Galvanostatic cycling of nano‐ZnCo2O4 in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V versus Li at 60 mA g–1 gave reversible capacities of 900 and 960 mA h g–1, when cycled at 25 °C and 55 °C, respectively. These values correspond to ∼ 8.3 and ∼ 8.8 mol of recyclable Li per mole of ZnCo2O4. Almost stable cycling performance was exhibited in the range 5–60 cycles at 60 mA g–1 and at 25 °C with ∼ 98 % coulombic efficiency. A similar cycling stability at 55 °C, and good rate‐capability both at 25 and 55 °C were found. The average discharge‐ and charge‐potentials were ∼ 1.2 V and ∼ 1.9 V, respectively. The ex‐situ‐XRD, ‐HRTEM, ‐SAED and galvanostatic cycling data are consistent with a reaction mechanism for Li‐recyclability involving both de‐alloying‐alloying of Zn and displacement reactions, viz., LiZn ↔ Zn ↔ ZnO and Co ↔ CoO ↔ Co3O4. For the first time we have shown that both Zn‐ and Co‐ions act as mutual beneficial matrices and reversible capacity contribution of Zn through both alloy formation and displacement reaction takes place to yield stable and high capacities. Thus, nano‐ZnCo2O4 ranks among the best oxide materials with regard to Li‐recyclability.
Fabrication of Silicon Inverse Woodpile Photonic Crystals
Authors: Hermatschweiler M. , Ledermann A. , Ozin G. A. , Wegener M. , von Freymann G.
Published: August 2007

Silicon inverse woodpile photonic crystals are fabricated for the first time. Our approach, which is based on direct laser writing of polymeric templates and a novel silicon single‐inversion procedure, leads to high‐quality structures with gap/midgap ratios of 14.2 %, centered at a wavelength of 2.5 μm. It is shown that gap/midgap ratios as large as 20.5 %, centered at 1.55 μm, may become possible in the future.
α‐Fe2O3 Nanoflakes as an Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Reddy M. V. , Yu T. , Sow C. H. , Shen Z. X. , Lim C. T. , Subba Rao G. V. , Chowdari B. V. R.
Published: August 2007

Nanoflakes of α‐Fe2O3 were prepared on Cu foil by using a thermal treatment method. The nanoflakes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The reversible Li‐cycling properties of the α‐Fe2O3 nanoflakes have been evaluated by cyclic voltammery, galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling, and impedance spectral measurements on cells with Li metal as the counter and reference electrodes, at ambient temperature. Results show that Fe2O3 nanoflakes exhibit a stable capacity of (680 ± 20) mA h g–1, corresponding to (4.05 ± 0.05) moles of Li per mole of Fe2O3 with no noticeable capacity fading up to 80 cycles when cycled in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V at 65 mA g–1 (0.1 C rate), and with a coulombic efficiency of > 98 % during cycling (after the 15th cycle). The average discharge and charge voltages are 1.2 and 2.1 V, respectively. The observed cyclic voltammograms and impedance spectra have been analyzed and interpreted in terms of the ‘conversion reaction' involving nanophase Fe0–Li2O. The superior performance of Fe2O3 nanoflakes is clearly established by a comparison of the results with those for Fe2O3 nanoparticles and nanotubes reported in the literature.
Templated Synthesis of Mesoporous Superparamagnetic Polymers
Authors: Fuertes A. B. , Sevilla M. , Álvarez S. , Valdés‐Solís T. , Tartaj P.
Published: August 2007

We present a novel synthetic strategy for fabricating superparamagnetic nanoparticles randomly dispersed in a mesoporous polymeric matrix. This method is based on the use of mesoporous silica materials as templates. The procedure used to obtain these mesoporous magnetic polymers consisted in: a) generating iron oxide ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (FMNP) of size ∼ 7–8 nm within the pores of the silica, b) loading the porosity of the silica/FMNP composite with a polymer (Polydivinylbenzene), c) selectively removing the silica framework from the resulting silica/FMNP/polymer composite. Such magnetic porous polymeric materials exhibit large surface areas (up to 630 m2 g–1), high pore volumes (up to 0.73 cm3 g–1) and a porosity made up of mesopores. In this way, it is possible to obtain superparamagnetic mesoporous hybrid nanocomposites that are easily manipulated by an external magnetic field and display different magnetic behaviours depending on the textural properties of the template employed.
A Self‐Healing Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) Elastomer
Authors: Keller M. W. , White S. R. , Sottos N. R.
Published: August 2007

Self‐healing functionality is imparted to a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) elastomer. This new material is produced by the incorporation of a microencapsulated PDMS resin and a microencapsulated crosslinker into the PDMS matrix. A protocol based on the recovery of tear strength is introduced to assess the healing efficiency for these compliant polymers. While most PDMS elastomers possess some ability to re‐mend through surface cohesion, the mechanism is generally insufficient to produce significant recovery of initial material strength under ambient conditions. Self‐healing PDMS specimens, however, routinely recover between 70–100 % of the original tear strength. Moreover, the addition of microcapsules increases the tear strength of the PDMS. The effect of microcapsule concentration on healing efficiency is also investigated.
Ontogeny of conspecific and heterospecific alarm call recognition in wild Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi)
Authors: Fichtel Claudia
Published: August 2007

The production of vocalizations in nonhuman primates is predominantly innate, whereas learning influences the usage and comprehension of vocalizations. In this study, I examined the development of alarm call recognition in free‐ranging infant Verreaux's sifakas. Specifically, I investigated their ability to recognize conspecific alarm calls as well as those of sympatric redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) in Kirindy forest, western Madagascar. Both species have functionally referential alarm calls for aerial predators and give general alarm calls for both aerial and general predators and also other kinds of threats, such as intergroup encounters with conspecifics. I conducted playback experiments with members of two birth cohorts (nine and ten individuals) to determine the age at which infant Verreaux's sifakas discriminate between conspecific alarm calls, heterospecific alarm calls, and non‐alarm vocalizations (parrot song). Most 3–4 months old infants fled toward adults after hearing any playback stimuli, whereas 4–5‐month‐old infants did so only after presentation of alarm calls. Moreover, all infants of these age classes showed a longer latency to flee after the parrot song indicating their emerging ability to discriminate between alarm calls and non‐alarm stimuli. At an age of about 6 months, infants switched from fleeing toward adults to performing adult‐like escape responses after presentation of conspecific and heterospecific alarm calls. Thus, the ability to discriminate between alarm from non‐alarm stimuli precedes the appearance of adult‐like responses. The transition to adult‐like escape behavior was coincident with the physical independence of infants from their mothers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:127–135, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactive CFD simulation of an FCC regenerator
Authors: Schwarz M. Philip , Lee John
Published: August 2007

A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model including coke combustion and heat transfer has been developed of the fluidised bed in the regenerator vessel of the fluidised bed catalytic cracker unit (FCCU) at the BP Bulwer Island Refinery. The model has been used to test various design modifications aimed at improving oxygen utilisation efficiency by reducing short‐circuiting of solids through the vessel. A catalyst return distributor design has been determined that gives significantly better mixing, and hence significantly reduced breakthrough of oxygen and CO into the freeboard compared with the existing design. When the modification was implemented at the plant, excess O2 was reduced significantly Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐continuous and variable rate processes: optimisation for energy use
Authors: Morrison Andrew S. , Walmsley Michael R. W. , Neale James R. , Burrell Christopher P. , Kamp Peter J. J.
Published: August 2007

The need to develop new and improved ways of reducing energy use and increasing energy intensity in industrial processes is currently a major issue in New Zealand. Little attention has been given to optimisation of non‐continuous processes in the past due to their complexity, yet they remain an essential and often energy‐intensive component of many industrial sites. Novel models based on pinch analysis that aid in minimising utility usage have been constructed here through the adaptation of proven continuous techniques. The knowledge has been integrated into a user‐friendly software package, and allows the optimisation of processes under variable operating rates and batch conditions. An example problem demonstrates the improvements in energy use that can be gained when using these techniques to analyse non‐continuous data. A comparison with results achieved using a pseudo‐continuous method shows that the method described can provide simultaneous reductions in capital and operating costs. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat‐transfer fouling mitigation with model synthetic fibre suspensions
Authors: Duffy G. G. , McShane K. S.
Published: August 2007

Suspensions of model polymer fibres at a fixed concentration and flow rate have been shown to mitigate heat‐transfer fouling. The results are in general agreement with previous studies using wood pulp fibre suspensions under the same conditions. Stiffer and shorter fibres were found to increase the initial induction period before the onset of fouling. Longer and more flexible fibres reduced the ultimate thickness of the fouling deposit as well as the ultimate asymptotic level of fouling resistance. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbiology for chemical engineers—from macro to micro scale
Authors: Emanuelsson E. A. C. , Emanuelsson M. A. E. , Patterson D. A. , Castro P. M. L. , Livingston A. G.
Published: August 2007

Recent developments in microbial techniques (such as PCR, GE, FISH) have allowed researchers to detect, identify and quantify microorganisms without the limitation of culture‐dependent methods. This has given both engineers and scientists a more fundamental understanding about systems containing microorganisms. These techniques can be used to monitor bacteria in wastewater treatment systems, soil and sea, industrial fermentation, food technology, and improve floccability, etc. However, despite these techniques being readily available and relatively cheap, they are not widely used by engineers. Hence, the aim of this paper is to introduce these techniques, and their applications, to chemical engineers. Two different studies related to industrial wastewater treatment, but applicable to general microorganism systems, will be presented: (1) microbial stability of pure cultures, and (2) bioreactor population shifts during alternating operational conditions. In (1), two bioreactors, inoculated with two different pure cultures, (A) Xanthobacter aut GJ10 and (B) Bulkholderia sp JS150, degrading 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) and monochlorobenzene (MCB), respectively, were followed over time (Emanuelsson et al., 2005)(Emanuelsson et al., 2005). Specific and universal 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes were used to identify the bacteria. It was found that bioreactor (A) remained pure for 290 days, whereas bioreactor (B) became contaminated within one week. The difference in behaviour is attributed to the pathway required to degrade DCE. In (2), the stability of a bacterial strain, which was isolated on the basis of its capability to degrade 2‐fluorobenzoate from contaminated soil, in three different, up‐flow fixed bed reactors operated under shock loads and starvation periods, was followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Emanuelsson et al., 2006)(Emanuelsson et al., 2006). All bioreactors were rapidly colonised by different bacteria; however, the communities remained fairly stable over time, and shifts in bacterial populations were mainly found during the starvation periods. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction and recovery of penicillin G in a hollow‐fiber membrane contactor
Authors: Smith E. , Hossain Md M.
Published: August 2007

The effect of feed pH and temperature were examined for the extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium experiments were first carried out to establish the carrier and the solvent for better extraction in the organic phase. The feed pH was varied in the range 4.5–7 to determine the extractability of the carrier–solvent system. Organic phases consisting of the carriers Aliquat 336 and Amberlite LA‐2 in the solvents Shellsol TK and oleyl alcohol gave good values of the distribution coefficient at room temperature. The distribution coefficients were greater at temperatures higher than the room temperature. Re‐extraction (recovery) experiments were carried out by using an aqueous solution of salts; sodium carbonate performed better than sodium chloride. These processes were scaled up using a pilot‐scale hollow‐fiber membrane module (HFMM). The module (6 cm × 20 cm) had a total of 10 000 microporous polypropylene hollow fibers with an effective mass transfer area of 1.4 m2. The extraction was performed by contacting a ‘feed’ solution containing penicillin G (flowing in the fiber side) with an ‘organic phase’ of Aliquat 336 in Shellsol TK or oleyl alcohol (flowing on the shell side) of the membrane contactor. An organic phase of 5% Aliquat 336 in both the solvents Shellsol TK and oleyl alcohol achieved extraction at pH 7 in the range 40–45% within 1 h at a recirculating feed flow rate of 14.4 l/h. The operating temperature affected the percentage extraction slightly and it increased with temperature before reaching a plateau at 25–30 °C. For recovery of penicillin G from the organic phase, experiments were carried out using aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. Sodium carbonate at pH 11.2 gave significantly better recovery (approx. 98%) compared to sodium chloride at pH 6.7 (approx. 38%) within 1.5 h. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of carbon electrodes in ohmic cooking of meat patties
Authors: Gin Benjamin , Farid Mohammed
Published: August 2007

Ohmic cooking is the process of cooking by passing an electrical current through food. The electrical conductivity of the food causes heating and hence a rise in the interior temperature of the food. Previous research has shown that combined ohmic and plate cooking process improves the cooking time of hamburger patties over a conventional plate cooking process. However, it has been observed that after ohmic cooking the electrode plates suffered from corrosion or pitting even when current is passed at high frequency. In this research, carbon plates were tested to find out if the combined ohmic and plate cooking would result in pitting. Loss of carbon material, believed to be caused by pitting corrosion, was observed on the plates after ohmic cooking at a power frequency of 50 Hz. Frequencies of 5 and 100 kHz were tried to eliminate the pitting. It was shown that the higher frequencies resulted in reduced pitting. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review: examining the use of different feedstock for the production of biodiesel
Authors: Behzadi S. , Farid M. M.
Published: August 2007

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from triglycerides and fatty acids present in naturally occurring fats and oils. However, owing to higher production costs it has had very little commercial use. It has been identified that the cost of raw materials (this refers to fats and oils) accounts for more than 70% of the biodiesel production cost. For biodiesel to play an active role in our energy needs, it requires to be produced at a much lower price while still meeting international fuel standards.

The objective of this paper is to identify other feedstocks such as micro‐organisms (e.g. algae), which can be used for biodiesel production. By increasing the supply and lowering the price of feedstock, the overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced allowing it to play a greater role in satisfying our energy needs. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of ketoprofen‐loaded high‐molecular‐weight poly(vinyl alcohol) gels
Authors: Lim Hyun Ju , Lee Sung Jun , Choi Han Gon , Kim Jung Ae , Yong Chul Soon , Han Sung Soo , Noh Seok Kyun , Jang Jinho , Lyoo Won Seok
Published: August 2007

High‐molecular‐weight atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (a‐PVA) gels loaded with (R,S)‐2‐(3‐benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (ketoprofen) were prepared from 5, 6, 7, and 8 g/dL solutions of a‐PVA with a number‐average degree of polymerization of 4000 in an ethylene glycol/water mixture with an aging method to identify the effect of the initial polymer concentration on the swelling behavior, morphology, and thermal properties of a‐PVA gels. Then, the release behavior of ketoprofen from a‐PVA gels was investigated. As the polymer concentration decreased, the ability for network formation decreased, and the degree of swelling of the a‐PVA gels increased. In addition, the enthalpy increased with an increase in the a‐PVA concentration, but the melting temperatures of the gels prepared at different initial polymer concentrations were the same; this indicated that tighter gel networks would be formed by a higher polymer chain density. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Restraining the aggregation of poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) by crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) networks
Authors: Su Fu‐Kun , Hong Jin‐Long , Lin Lieh‐Li
Published: August 2007

A crosslinked network was used to restrain undesired interchain aggregation of fluorescent polymers in this study. Primarily, solutions of poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (PF) in toluene and in curable liquid monomer mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ditrimethylolproane tetracrylate (DTTPT) were compared to study the effect of concentration on absorption and emission behaviors. Results from ultraviolet–visible absorption, photoluminescence (PL) emission, and PL excitation reveal that the degree of aggregation depended strongly on the concentration and was correlated to the size of the polymer coil as determined from light scattering. Solutions of known PF content in MMA/DTTPT were then photoirradiated to yield PF/crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) (X‐PMMA) composite films. Comparison among the pure PF, PF/MMA/DTTPT mother liquid, and PF/X‐PMMA solid composites were then conducted to evaluate the effect of crosslinking on the degree of aggregation. With small amounts of imbedded PF (0.0015 wt %), the PF/X‐PMMA composite had a PL quantum yield (0.70) higher than the pure PF (0.65) itself. Most notably, the PF/X‐PMMA composites after annealing at 120 and 200°C for 5 h still retained a reasonable emission efficiency (with related PL quantum yields of 0.61 and 0.43), in contrast to the large PL quantum yield reductions to 0.32 and 0.19 for the annealed PFs after the same treatment. Suggestively, interchain aggregation during a high‐temperature annealing process can be largely inhibited by the surrounding crosslinked network matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Imprinted polymers for water purification
Authors: Randhawa Manny , Gartner Isabelle , Becker Cassandra , Student James , Chai Minghui , Mueller Anja
Published: August 2007

Imprinting polymerization is used to make resins with a high capacity for cadmium ions for wastewater treatment. A random copolymer of methacrylate and methacrylamide was found to be most effective, especially when the porosity of the resin is increased. Complete removal for up to 80 ppm of cadmium with only 50 mg of resin was demonstrated with the imprinted resins, but not the nonimprinted reference samples. This shows that imprinting polymerization improves the capacity of the resin in the uptake of cadmium ions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007