bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anatomical Basis of Cellulite Dimple Formation: An Ultrasound-Based Examination
Authors: Whipple Lauren A. , Fournier Craig T. , Heiman Adee J. , Awad Amanda A. , Roth Malcolm Z. , Cotofana Sebastian , Ricci Joseph A.
Published: August 2021

Background:

Cellulite is a common aesthetic condition that affects the majority of women. It is characterized by the inhomogeneous appearance of the skin overlying the gluteal and the posterior thigh region. Despite a wide array of treatment options, little has been done to evaluate the anatomical basis of cellulite formation. This study used ultrasound to visualize subcutaneous changes of cellulite to aid with treatment guidance and complication avoidance.

Methods:

Cellulite dimples were examined on the bilateral thigh and buttock regions of 50 consecutive women and each dimple was scored with the Hexsel Cellulite Scoring System based on severity. Cellulite dimples were then analyzed by ultrasound to identify the presence, orientation, and origination of subcutaneous fibrous bands and the presence of associated vascular structures.

Results:

Two hundred total sites were examined, with 173 dimples identified. Of these, 169 demonstrated the presence of fibrous bands (97.6 percent). The majority of bands demonstrated an oblique (versus perpendicular) orientation to the skin (84.4 percent), with the majority (90.2 percent) taking origin from the superficial fascia (versus the deep fascia). Overall, 11 percent of bands had an associated vascular structure. When stratified by body mass index, overweight and obese patients had a higher likelihood of having an associated blood vessel visualized (p = 0.01). Results were similar for dimples in the thigh compared to those located in the buttock region.

Conclusions:

Ultrasound appears to be a valid technique to image the subcutaneous architecture of cellulite. This technology can help guide surgeons in real time to improve outcomes and minimize complications while performing cellulite treatments.
Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Firearm Injuries among Major Trauma Hospitals in the United States
Authors: Hooper Rachel C. , Shauver Melissa J. , Chou Ching-Han , Chen Jung-Shen , Chung Kevin C.
Published: August 2021

Background:

As many as 34 percent of nonfatal firearm injuries involve the upper extremity. Although not lethal, these injuries cause substantial morbidity. The authors conducted an epidemiologic study characterizing upper extremity firearm-related injuries presenting to U.S. trauma centers over a 10-year period.

Methods:

The authors used the National Trauma Databank from 2007 to 2017 to identify isolated upper extremity firearm-related injuries. Descriptive statistics were performed to characterize patient demographic data, firearm type, extremity injury patterns, treatments received, hospital length of stay, and regional variation.

Results:

The authors identified 48,254 upper extremity firearm-related injuries. The patients were largely male patients (85 percent), and over half were between the ages of 20 and 39 years. Handguns (34 percent) were the most frequently used firearm. Shoulder and upper arm were the most frequently injured areas (54 percent); however, 18 percent of patients injured two or more areas. Patients were most often treated at university hospitals (59 percent) with Level I or II trauma designation. Seventy percent were admitted and/or taken directly to the operating room. The mean hospital length of stay was 3 days. Payer mix among these patients was variable: Medicaid, 20 percent; private insurance, 20 percent; and self-pay, 29 percent.

Conclusions:

Upper-extremity firearm injuries are resource intensive, with three-quarters of patients requiring operative intervention and/or hospitalization. Level I and II trauma centers were the site of care for the majority of patients. Targeted gun policy reform and prevention measures directed toward at-risk groups have the potential to limit the unnecessary morbidity and costs associated with these injuries.
Understanding the Evidence and Improving Outcomes with Implant-Based Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Campbell Chris A. , Losken Albert
Published: August 2021

Learning Objectives:

After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the risks, benefits, and safety profile of prepectoral breast reconstruction. 2. Have knowledge of primary immediate and delayed prepectoral breast reconstruction techniques and secondary procedures required. 3. Describe data on outcomes of prepectoral breast reconstruction.

Once considered to have an unacceptable complication profile, prepectoral breast reconstruction is increasing in popularity because of decreased surgical invasiveness and postoperative pain and the absence of animation deformity. Short-term outcomes studies comparing prepectoral breast reconstruction to partially submuscular techniques demonstrate similarly acceptable rates of postoperative complications. Aesthetic outcomes demonstrate similar rates of capsular contracture but increased rippling and implant palpability of the upper pole. Postoperative functional data are limited but overall show decreased pain and more rapid return of function but equivalent satisfaction on the BREAST-Q. Long-term aesthetic data and rates of revision are lacking.
High rate of long-term clinical events after antiretroviral therapy resumption in HIV-positive patients exposed to antiretroviral therapy interruption
Authors: Richart Valèria , Fernández Irene , de Lazzari Elisa , Berrocal Leire , Fehér Csaba , Plana Montserrat , Leal Lorna , García Felipe
Published: August 2021

Objective:

We analyzed the incidence rate of long-term events in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) previously exposed to therapy interruption.

Design:

A single-center cohort study involving participants in ART interruptions (ARTI) clinical trials (n = 10) was conducted.

Methods:

Non-AIDS events after ART resumption were analyzed. A control group not exposed to ARTI was randomly selected from the same cohort and a propensity score of belonging to ARTI group was estimated based on age, sex, CD4+ nadir value, time from HIV diagnosis to ARTI, time from HIV diagnosis to starting ART and time of suppressed viral load, and used to adjust effect estimates.

Results:

One hundred and eighty-one patients were included, 136 in ARTI and 45 in the control arm. Median time of known HIV-1 infection was 21 years and median time from ART resumption to first non-AIDS event was 5.2 years. A significantly higher proportion of patients with ARTI had an event as compared with control group [raw percentages: 43% (n = 53) vs. 23% (n = 10), P = 0.015]. These differences were confirmed when only the non-AIDS events occurring after ART resumption were analyzed [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–5.12]. The logistic model adjusted for the propensity score indicated that patients with an ARTI had a four-fold higher risk of having at least one non-AIDS event (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:

We found a higher risk of having at least one non-AIDS event years after ART resumption in HIV-infected patients exposed to ARTI as compared with controls. These data should be taken into consideration for future functional cure clinical trials.
Eleanor Margaret Burbidge. 12 August 1919—5 April 2020
Authors: Sargent Anneila I. , Longair Malcolm S.
Published: August 2021

Margaret Burbidge was one of the great observational astronomers of the twentieth century. She had a natural aptitude for instrumentation, observation and the interpretation of spectroscopic data, coupled with an instinct for making optimum use of the observing facilities to which she gained access. Following her rigorous training in observational astrophysics and managing the University of London Observatory, she and Geoff Burbidge (FRS 1968), whom she married in 1948, led a peripatetic life for the following decade or more. During this time they made their most important pioneering contribution to astrophysics through their collaboration with Willy Fowler and Fred Hoyle (FRS 1957) on the origin of the chemical elements. Their famous and comprehensive B
2
FH paper of 1957 described the numerous nuclear processes that led to the synthesis of the heavy elements in stars, with element abundance values supported by decisive observational evidence. They went on to the University of Chicago/Yerkes, making pioneering observations of the kinematics of galaxies. In 1962, they both became tenured professors at the University of California at San Diego, their base for the rest of their careers. There, they were at the heart of the exciting early years of unravelling the properties of quasars, writing the first monograph on these objects in 1967. After an unhappy brief episode as the first woman director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in the UK, Margaret returned to San Diego, where she played a major role in the construction and exploitation of the faint object spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, specializing in the study of the absorption line spectra of quasars. Most of her early papers were co-authored with Geoff, who supported her in every way throughout their happy marriage. In her understated way, she became a role model for women astronomers, breaking down the conscious and unconscious bias against women she encountered throughout her career. Margaret led by example and made every effort to support future generations of women astronomers.
Contours of citizen science: a vignette study
Authors: Haklay Muki , Fraisl Dilek , Greshake Tzovaras Bastian , Hecker Susanne , Gold Margaret , Hager Gerid , Ceccaroni Luigi , Kieslinger Barbara , Wehn Uta , Woods Sasha , Nold Christian , Balázs Bálint , Mazzonetto Marzia , Ruefenacht Simone , Shanley Lea A. , Wagenknecht Katherin , Motion Alice , Sforzi Andrea , Riemenschneider Dorte , Dorler Daniel , Heigl Florian , Schaefer Teresa , Lindner Ariel , Weißpflug Maike , Mačiulienė Monika , Vohland Katrin
Published: August 2021

Citizen science has expanded rapidly over the past decades. Yet, defining citizen science and its boundaries remained a challenge, and this is reflected in the literature—for example in the proliferation of typologies and definitions. There is a need for identifying areas of agreement and disagreement within the citizen science practitioners community on what should be considered as citizen science activity. This paper describes the development and results of a survey that examined this issue, through the use of vignettes—short case descriptions that describe an activity, while asking the respondents to rate the activity on a scale from ‘not citizen science’ (0%) to ‘citizen science’ (100%). The survey included 50 vignettes, of which five were developed as clear cases of not-citizen science activities, five as widely accepted citizen science activities and the others addressing 10 factors and 61 sub-factors that can lead to controversy about an activity. The survey has attracted 333 respondents, who provided over 5100 ratings. The analysis demonstrates the plurality of understanding of what citizen science is and calls for an open understanding of what activities are included in the field.
Beneficial wake-capture effect for forward propulsion with a restrained wing-pitch motion of a butterfly
Authors: Lin You-Jun , Chang Sheng-Kai , Lai Yu-Hsiang , Yang Jing-Tang
Published: August 2021

Unlike other insects, a butterfly uses a small amplitude of the wing-pitch motion for flight. From an analysis of the dynamics of real flying butterflies, we show that the restrained amplitude of the wing-pitch motion enhances the wake-capture effect so as to enhance forward propulsion. A numerical simulation refined with experimental data shows that, for a small amplitude of the wing-pitch motion, the shed vortex generated in the downstroke induces air in the wake region to flow towards the wings. This condition enables a butterfly to capture an induced flow and to acquire an additional forward propulsion, which accounts for more than 47% of the thrust generation. When the amplitude of the wing-pitch motion exceeds 45°, the flow induced by the shed vortex drifts away from the wings; it attenuates the wake-capture effect and causes the butterfly to lose a part of its forward propulsion. Our results provide one essential aerodynamic feature for a butterfly to adopt a small amplitude of the wing-pitch motion to enhance the wake-capture effect and forward propulsion. This work clarifies the variation of the flow field correlated with the wing-pitch motion, which is useful in the design of wing kinematics of a micro-aerial vehicle.
Tandem-wing interactions on aerodynamic performance inspired by dragonfly hovering
Authors: Peng Liansong , Zheng Mengzong , Pan Tianyu , Su Guanting , Li Qiushi
Published: August 2021

Dragonflies possess two pairs of wings and the interactions between forewing (FW) and hindwing (HW) play an important role in dragonfly flight. The effects of tandem-wing (TW) interactions on the aerodynamic performance of dragonfly hovering have been investigated. Numerical simulations of single-wing hovering without interactions and TW hovering with interactions are conducted and compared. It is found that the TW interactions reduce the lift coefficient of FW and HW by 7.36% and 20.25% and also decrease the aerodynamic power and efficiency. The above effects are mainly caused by the interaction between the vortex structures of the FW and the HW, which makes the pressure of the wing surface and the flow field near the wings change. During the observations of dragonfly flight, it is found that the phase difference (
γ
) is not fixed. To explore the influence of phase difference on aerodynamic performance, TW hovering with different phase differences is studied. The results show that at
γ
= 22.5°, dragonflies produce the maximum lift which is more than 20% of the body weight with high efficiency; at
γ
= 180°, dragonflies generate the same lift as the body weight.
Making the most of potential: potential games and genotypic convergence
Authors: Edhan Omer , Hellman Ziv , Nehama Ilan
Published: August 2021

We consider genotypic convergence of populations and show that under fixed fitness asexual and haploid sexual populations attain monomorphic convergence (even under genetic linkage between loci) to basins of attraction with locally exponential convergence rates; the same convergence obtains in single locus diploid sexual reproduction but to polymorphic populations. Furthermore, we show that there is a unified theory underlying these convergences: all of them can be interpreted as instantiations of players in a potential game implementing a multiplicative weights updating algorithm to converge to equilibrium, making use of the Baum–Eagon Theorem. To analyse varying environments, we introduce the concept of ‘virtual convergence’, under which, even if fixation is not attained, the population nevertheless achieves the fitness growth rate it would have had under convergence to an optimal genotype. Virtual convergence is attained by asexual, haploid sexual and multi-locus diploid reproducing populations, even if environments vary arbitrarily. We also study conditions for true monomorphic convergence in asexually reproducing populations in varying environments.
Adaptation to DNA damage as a bet-hedging mechanism in a fluctuating environment
Authors: Roux Pierre , Salort Delphine , Xu Zhou
Published: August 2021

In response to DNA damage, efficient repair is essential for cell survival and genome integrity. In eukaryotes, the DNA damage checkpoint is a signalling pathway that coordinates this response and arrests the cell cycle to provide time for repair. However, when repair fails or when the damage is not repairable, cells can eventually bypass the DNA damage checkpoint and undergo cell division despite persistent damage, a process called adaptation to DNA damage. Interestingly, adaptation occurs with a delayed timing compared with repair and shows a large variation in time, two properties that may provide a survival advantage at the population level without interfering with repair. Here, we explore this idea by mathematically modelling cell survival in response to DNA damage and focusing on adaptation parameters. We find that the delayed adaptation timing indeed maximizes survival, but its heterogeneity is beneficial only in a fluctuating damage-inducing environment. Finally, we show that adaptation does not only contribute to survival but also to genome instability and mutations, which might represent another criterion for its selection throughout evolution. Overall, we propose that adaptation can act as a bet-hedging mechanism for cell survival in response to DNA damage.
Limited memory optimizes cooperation in social dilemma experiments
Authors: Ma Shuangmei , Zhang Boyu , Cao Shinan , Liu Jun S. , Wang Wen-Xu
Published: August 2021

Cooperation is one of the key collective behaviours of human society. Despite discoveries of several social mechanisms underpinning cooperation, relatively little is known about how our neural functions affect cooperative behaviours. Here, we study the effect of a main neural function, working-memory capacity, on cooperation in repeated Prisoner's Dilemma experiments. Our experimental paradigm overcomes the obstacles in measuring and changing subjects' working-memory capacity. We find that the optimal cooperation level occurs when subjects remember two previous rounds of information, and cooperation increases abruptly from no memory capacity to minimal memory capacity. The results can be explained by memory-based conditional cooperation of subjects. We propose evolutionary models based on replicator dynamics and Markov processes, respectively, which are in good agreement with experimental results of different memory capacities. Our experimental findings differ from previous hypotheses and predictions of existent models and theories, and suggest a neural basis and evolutionary roots of cooperation beyond cultural influences.
Effects of go/no-go training on food-related action tendencies, liking and choice
Authors: Tzavella Loukia , Lawrence Natalia S. , Button Katherine S. , Hart Elizabeth A. , Holmes Natalie M. , Houghton Kimberley , Badkar Nina , Macey Ellie , Braggins Amy-Jayne , Murray Felicity C. , Chambers Christopher D. , Adams Rachel C.
Published: August 2021

Inhibitory control training effects on behaviour (e.g. ‘healthier’ food choices) can be driven by changes in affective evaluations of trained stimuli, and theoretical models indicate that changes in action tendencies may be a complementary mechanism. In this preregistered study, we investigated the effects of food-specific go/no-go training on action tendencies, liking and impulsive choices in healthy participants. In the training task, energy-dense foods were assigned to one of three conditions: 100% inhibition (no-go), 0% inhibition (go) or 50% inhibition (control). Automatic action tendencies and liking were measured pre- and post-training for each condition. We found that training did not lead to changes in approach bias towards trained foods (go and no-go relative to control), but we warrant caution in interpreting this finding as there are important limitations to consider for the employed approach–avoidance task. There was only anecdotal evidence for an effect on food liking, but there was evidence for contingency learning during training, and participants were on average less likely to choose a no-go food compared to a control food after training. We discuss these findings from both a methodological and theoretical standpoint and propose that the mechanisms of action behind training effects be investigated further.
Emerging themes in Population Consequences of Disturbance models
Authors: Keen Kelly A. , Beltran Roxanne S. , Pirotta Enrico , Costa Daniel P.
Published: August 2021

Assessing the non-lethal effects of disturbance from human activities is necessary for wildlife conservation and management. However, linking short-term responses to long-term impacts on individuals and populations is a significant hurdle for evaluating the risks of a proposed activity. The Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCoD) framework conceptually describes how disturbance can lead to changes in population dynamics, and its real-world application has led to a suite of quantitative models that can inform risk assessments. Here, we review PCoD models that forecast the possible consequences of a range of disturbance scenarios for marine mammals. In so doing, we identify common themes and highlight general principles to consider when assessing risk. We find that, when considered holistically, these models provide valuable insights into which contextual factors influence a population's degree of exposure and sensitivity to disturbance. We also discuss model assumptions and limitations, identify data gaps and suggest future research directions to enable PCoD models to better inform risk assessments and conservation and management decisions. The general principles explored can help wildlife managers and practitioners identify and prioritize the populations most vulnerable to disturbance and guide industry in planning activities that avoid or mitigate population-level effects.
Fluctuating selection and global change: a synthesis and review on disentangling the roles of climate amplitude, predictability and novelty
Authors: Bitter M. C. , Wong J. M. , Dam H. G. , Donelan S. C. , Kenkel C. D. , Komoroske L. M. , Nickols K. J. , Rivest E. B. , Salinas S. , Burgess S. C. , Lotterhos K. E.
Published: August 2021

A formidable challenge for global change biologists is to predict how natural populations will respond to the emergence of conditions not observed at present, termed novel climates. Popular approaches to predict population vulnerability are based on the expected degree of novelty relative to the amplitude of historical climate fluctuations experienced by a population. Here, we argue that predictions focused on amplitude may be inaccurate because they ignore the predictability of environmental fluctuations in driving patterns of evolution and responses to climate change. To address this disconnect, we review major findings of evolutionary theory demonstrating the conditions under which phenotypic plasticity is likely to evolve in natural populations, and how plasticity decreases population vulnerability to novel environments. We outline key criteria that experimental studies should aim for to effectively test theoretical predictions, while controlling for the degree of climate novelty. We show that such targeted tests of evolutionary theory are rare, with marine systems being overall underrepresented in this venture despite exhibiting unique opportunities to test theory. We conclude that with more robust experimental designs that manipulate both the amplitude and predictability of fluctuations, while controlling for the degree of novelty, we may better predict population vulnerability to climate change.
A neck-like vertebral motion in fish
Authors: Camp Ariel L.
Published: August 2021

Tetrapods use their neck to move the head three-dimensionally, relative to the body and limbs. Fish lack this anatomical neck, yet during feeding many species elevate (dorsally rotate) the head relative to the body. Cranial elevation is hypothesized to result from the craniovertebral and cranial-most intervertebral joints acting as a neck, by dorsally rotating (extending). However, this has never been tested due to the difficulty of visualizing and measuring vertebral motionin vivo. I used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology to measure three-dimensional vertebral kinematics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Commerson's frogfish (Antennarius commerson) during feeding. Despite dramatically different morphologies, in both species dorsoventral rotations extended far beyond the craniovertebral and cranial intervertebral joints. Trout combine small (most less than 3°) dorsal rotations over up to a third of their intervertebral joints to elevate the neurocranium. Frogfish use extremely large (often 20–30°) rotations of the craniovertebral and first intervertebral joint, but smaller rotations occurred across two-thirds of the vertebral column during cranial elevation. Unlike tetrapods, fish rotate large regions of the vertebral column to rotate the head. This suggests both cranial and more caudal vertebrae should be considered to understand how non-tetrapods control motion at the head–body interface.
A new protocetid whale offers clues to biogeography and feeding ecology in early cetacean evolution
Authors: Gohar Abdullah S. , Antar Mohammed S. , Boessenecker Robert W. , Sabry Dalia A. , El-Sayed Sanaa , Seiffert Erik R. , Zalmout Iyad S. , Sallam Hesham M.
Published: August 2021

Over about 10 million years, the ancestors of whales transformed from herbivorous, deer-like, terrestrial mammals into carnivorous and fully aquatic cetaceans. Protocetids are Eocene whales that represent a unique semiaquatic stage in that dramatic evolutionary transformation. Here, we report on a new medium-sized protocetid,Phiomicetus anubisgen. et sp. nov., consisting of a partial skeleton from the middle Eocene (Lutetian) of the Fayum Depression in Egypt. The new species differs from other protocetids in having large, elongated temporal fossae, anteriorly placed pterygoids, elongated parietals, an unfused mandibular symphysis that terminates at the level of P3, and a relatively enlarged I3. Unique features of the skull and mandible suggest a capacity for more efficient oral mechanical processing than the typical protocetid condition, thereby allowing for a strong raptorial feeding style. Phylogenetic analysis nestsPhiomicetuswithin the paraphyletic Protocetidae, as the most basal protocetid known from Africa. Recovery ofPhiomicetusfrom the same bed that yielded the remingtonocetidRayanistes aferprovides the first clear evidence for the co-occurrence of the basal cetacean families Remingtonocetidae and Protocetidae in Africa. The discovery ofPhiomicetusfurther augments our understanding of the biogeography and feeding ecology of early whales.
Does deforestation drive visceral leishmaniasis transmission? A causal analysis
Authors: Santos Cleber Vinicius Brito dos , Sevá Anaiá da Paixão , Werneck Guilherme Loureiro , Struchiner Cláudio José
Published: August 2021

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are important contributors to the global disease burden and are a key factor in perpetuating economic inequality. Although environmental changes are often cited as drivers of VBDs, the link between deforestation and VBD occurrence remains unclear. Here, we examined this relationship in detail using the spread of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in São Paulo state (Brazil) as the case study. We used a two-step approach to estimate the causal effects (overall, direct, and indirect) of deforestation on the occurrence of the VL vector, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). We first estimated the parameters via a double Metropolis–Hastings algorithm and then estimated the causal effects through a Gibbs sampler. We observed that the odds of vector, CVL, and HVL occurrence were 2.63-, 2.07-, and 3.18-fold higher, respectively, in deforested compared with forested municipalities. We also identified a significant influence of the presence of vector, CVL, and HVL in one municipality on disease occurrence in previously naive neighbouring municipalities. Lastly, we found that a hypothetical reduction in deforestation prevalence from 50 to 0% across the state would reduce vector, CVL, and HVL occurrence by 11%, 6.67%, and 29.87%, respectively. Our results suggest that implementing an eco-friendly development strategy that considers trade-offs between agriculture, urbanization, and conservation could be an effective mechanism of controlling VL.
Nanchangia anserum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from feces of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons)
Authors: Liu Qian , Xue Lin , Wu Kui , Fan Guoyin , Bai Xiangning , Yang Xi , Cao Lijiao , Sun Hui , Song Wentao , Pan Yanyu , Chen Shengen , Xiong Yanwen , Chen Haiying
Published: August 2021

Two rod-shaped and Gram-stain-positive bacteria (strains C64Tand C62) were isolated in 2020 from faeces of greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) from Poyang Lake, PR China. Their optimal growth conditions were at 37 °C, pH 7.0 and with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The two isolates showed a highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity toBowdeniella nasicolaDSM 19116T(92.1 %). Phylogenetic/phylogenomic analyses indicated that strains C64Tand C62 clustered independently in the vicinity of the generaVaribaculum,WinkiaandMobiluncuswithin the familyActinomycetaceae, but could not be classified clearly as members of any of these known genera. The average amino acid identity values between our isolates and available genomes of members of the familyActinomycetaceaewere around the genus threshold value (45–65 %). The major cellular fatty acids of the strains were C18 : 1ω9cand C16 : 0. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol and cardiolipin. The amino acid composition of peptidoglycan contained alanine, glutamic acid and glycine. The major respiratory menaquinones were MK-8(H4) and MK-9(H4). The whole cell sugars included galactose, arabinose and glucose. On the basis of the results of the 16S rRNA gene sequences comparison, whole-genome phylogenomic analysis, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, we propose that strains C64Tand C62 represent a novel species belonging to a novel genus within the familyActinomycetaceae, for which the nameNanchangia anserumgen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain isNanchangia anserumC64T(=CGMCC 1.18410T=GDMCC 1.1969T=KCTC 49511T=KACC 22143T).
Evaluation of the relationship between quantitative PCR results and cell culturing of SARS2-CoV with respect to symptoms onset and Viral load – a systematic review
Authors: Gilad Rozenberg , Oran Erster , Itai Ghersin , Michal Mandelboim , Ami Neuberger , Eli Schwartz
Published: August 2021

Background

Viral culture is currently the most accurate method to demonstrate viability and infectivity of Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-2 CoV). Routine clinical diagnosis, however, is mostly performed by PCR – based assays that do not discriminate between infectious and non-virus. Herein, we aimed to determine the correlation between positive viral cultures and either PCR positivity, the Cycle Threshold (Ct) or the number of viral copies.

Methods

A systematic electronic literature search was performed and studies that reported both viral SARS-CoV-2 culture and PCR–based assays were included. A separate search for samples from blood, urine, stool, breast milk and tears were performed. To convert Ct values reported in the reviewed studies were to viral genomic copies, calibration experiments with four different reaction performed, using quantified RNA molecules.

Results

A total 540 articles were reviewed, and 38 studies were included in this review. Out of 276 positive-culture of non-severe patients, 272 (98.55%) were negative ten days after symptoms onset, while PCR assays remained positive for up to 67 days. In severely ill or immunocompromised patients positive-culture was obtained up to 32 days and out of 168 cultures, 31 (18.45%) stayed positive after day 10. In non-severe patients, in Ct value greater than 30 only 10.8% were still culture-positive while in Ct >35 it was nearly universally negative. The minimal calculated number of viral genome copies in culture-positive sample was 2.5 × 103 copies / mL. These findings were similar in immunocompromised patients. Recovering positive culture from non-respiratory samples was sporadically obtained in stool or urine samples. Conversion of Ct values to viral genome copies showed variability between different PCR assays and highlighted the need to standardize reports to correctly compare results obtained in different laboratories.

Conclusion

During the pandemic phase, non-severe COVID-19 patients who are recovering and are not immuno-suppressed, can be regarded as non-infectious, within 10 days from symptom onset, or with Ct value greater than 35 (or a calculated viral load lower than 1.2×103 copies / mL). These findings have important implications for recovering patients and asymptomatic patients, with respect to isolation criteria. The conversion of Cq values to viral genome copies described herein may be useful in future work, enabling a more standardized comparison between results reported in different studies from different laboratories.
HLA Class I and Plasma Viral Load of HIV-1 in Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections among Heterosexual Serodiscordant couples in Nigeria
Authors: Otuonye NM , Ma Luo , Chinweokwu Chris , Aniedobe MN , Okoye RN , Enya VN , Ogbonna FN , Audu R , Uwandu M , Adedeji A , Ponmak J , Nduaga S , Akindele SK , Liboro GO , Odewale EO , Adesesan AA , Musa AZ , Ezechi O , Ojetunde MM , Odunukwe NN
Published: August 2021

Background

This study investigated HLA Class I in Long Term Non-progressors (LTNPs) and plasma viral load in Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections (STIs/RTIs) associated with Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission among serodiscordant couples in Nigeria.

Methods

A total of 271 serodiscordant and concordant couples (HIV positive and negative) were enrolled, blood samples were collected from the subjects by venipuncture. HLA class I (with specific primers), plasma viral load, CD4+ analysis was done. Endocervical/urethral swabs and early morning urine samples were collected by standard microbiological methods. These were screened by microscopy, culture, antibiogram, and biochemical tests with a view to identify aetiologic agents of co-infections with HIV.

Results

The Participants age ranged from ≥ 21- < 50years. The index whose plasma viral loads were 10,001-100,000 copies/ml had STIs/RTIs 32(60.9% p=0.059). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (22.1%) were isolated from the index (HIV positive subject) while 14.5% of Staphylococcus aureus and 27.2% of E coli were isolated from their partners (HIV negative subject). Staphylococcus aureus and E coli are normal flora but because the patients are Immunocompromised as a result of positivity to HIV, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli in this context becomes opportunistic thereby, causing genital tract infections. Staphylococcus from the index showed more sensitivity to Amoxicillin/clavulanate (95.4%/90.4%) compared to the partners (55.1%/73.5%) and more resistant to Ceftazidime (81.4%) compared to the partners (68.9%). LTNPs were 28(8.51%) among the index. HLA-B alleles: B*5701 (9.2%), B*5703 (4.6%) and B*5801(12.5%) were identified for viral control at late stage of HIV infection while A*1 (4.6%), and C*0701 (29.1%) were protective alleles observed. HLA-B*0702 (33.3%), B*4201/A*2301(4.6%) respectively were susceptible alleles associated with seroconversion among LTNPs.

Conclusion

The microorganisms isolated from the index were associated with high viral loads and are independent makers to HIV-1 transmission among serodiscordant couples. Individuals associated with HLA class I alleles identified among LTNPs were those significantly associated with resistance and susceptible to HIV-1 infections.
CDCP: a visualization and analyzing platform for single-cell datasets
Authors: Li Yuejiao , Yang Tao , Lai Tingting , You Lijin , Yang Fan , Qiu Jiaying , Wang Lina , Du Wensi , Hua Cong , Xu Zhicheng , Cai Jia , Li Zhiyong , Liu Yiqun , Li Ling , Zhang Minwen , Chen Jing , Zhang Lei , Chen Dongsheng , Liu Shiping , Wu Liang , Zeng Wenjun , Wang Bo , Wei Xiaofeng , Liu Longqi , Chen Fengzhen
Published: August 2021

Advances in single-cell sequencing technology provide a unique approach to characterize the heterogeneity and distinctive functional states at single-cell resolution, leading to rapid accumulation of large-scale single-cell datasets. A big challenge undertaken by research community especially bench scientists is how to simplify the way of retrieving, processing and analyzing the huge number of datasets. Towards this end, we developed Cell-omics Data Coordinate Platform (CDCP), a platform that aims to share and integrate comprehensive single-cell datasets, and to provide a network analysis toolkit for personalized analysis. CDCP contains single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq datasets of 474 572 cells from 6 459 samples in species covering humans, non-human primate models and other animals. It allows querying and visualization of interested datasets and the expression profile of distinct genes in different cell clusters and cell types. Besides, this platform provides an analysis pipeline for non-bioinformatician experimental scientists to address questions not focused by the submitters of the datasets. In summary, CDCP provides a user-friendly interface for researchers to explore, visualize, analyze, download and submit published single-cell datasets and it will be a valuable resource for investigators to explore the global transcriptome profiling at single-cell level.
Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine
Authors: Khot Gaurang , Platte Frank , Shirtcliffe Neil , Celikel Tansu
Published: August 2021

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are suited for neurochemistry because of their biological inertness, ability to withstand biofouling, and superior electron transport kinetics. Dopamine, the canonical monoaminergic neuromodulator, contributes to reward, cognition and attention, however, its detection in real-time is challenging due to its low basal concentration in the brain (100nM L-1). In our present work, we fabricate pyrolytic carbon electrodes and perform a CNT coating to improve the electrochemical kinetics of dopamine. Upon CNTs coating, dopamine shows a sensitivity of 9±18nA/μM for a cylindrical electrode having a mean surface diameter of 8±4μm. Increasing the scan frequency from 10-100 Hz shows that dopamine electron transfer kinetics improves; wherein dopamine is oxidized at 0.35±0.09V and reduced to -0.10±0.05V for 10 Hz. Increasing the frequency results in a shift of oxidation peak towards the anodic region, wherein dopamine oxidizes at 0.08±3V and reduces at -0.1±0.05V for 100 Hz, thus showing that dopamine redox is reversible which can be attributed to the superior electron transport kinetics of CNTs. The sensor was able to distinguish dopamine signals against other neurochemicals like serotonin and foulant 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). The minimum chemical detection that can be performed using these nanopipettes is 50±18nM L-1, which is well below the physiological concentrations of dopamine in the brain.

Graphical Abstract

A:Pictorial view of background-subtracted voltammetry. The waveform used was -0.4V to 1.3 V and cycled back to -0.4V at 10 Hz.B:The voltammogram was converted as a 2-D representation, into current, voltage, and repetition to understand the dopamine oxidation.C:Background subtracted voltammetry for dopamine using 100 Hz waveform.D:The 2-D representation of current, voltage, and repetition.
A base-line cellular antiviral state is maintained by cGAS and its most frequent naturally occurring variant rs610913
Authors: Kazmierski Julia , Elsner Carina , Döhner Katinka , Xu Shuting , Ducroux Aurélie , Pott Fabian , Jansen Jenny , Thorball Christian W. , Zeymer Ole , Zhou Xiaoyi , Fedorov Roman , Fellay Jacques , Löffler Markus W. , Weber Alexander N. R. , Sodeik Beate , Goffinet Christine
Published: August 2021

Upon recognition of aberrantly located DNA, the innate immune sensor cGAS activates STING/IRF-3-driven antiviral responses. Here we characterized the ability of a specific variant of the cGAS-encoding geneMB21D1, rs610913, to alter cGAS-mediated DNA sensing and viral infection. rs610913 is a frequent G>T polymorphism resulting in a P261H exchange in the cGAS protein. Data from the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV suggested that rs610913 nominally associates with HIV-1 acquisitionin vivo. Molecular modeling of cGAS(P261H) hinted towards the possibility for an additional binding site for a potential cellular co-factor in cGAS dimers. However, cGAS(WT) or cGAS(P261H)-reconstituted THP-1 cGAS KO cells shared steady-state expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), as opposed to cells expressing the enzymatically inactive cGAS(G212A/S213A). Accordingly, cGAS(WT) and cGAS(P261H) cells were less susceptible to lentiviral transduction and infection with HIV-1, HSV-1, and Chikungunya virus as compared to cGAS KO- or cGAS(G212A/S213A) cells. Upon DNA challenge, innate immune activation appeared to be mildly reduced upon expression of cGAS(P261H) compared to cGAS(WT). Finally, DNA challenge of PBMCs from donors homozygously expressing rs610913 provoked a trend towards a slightly reduced type I IFN response as compared to PBMCs from GG donors. Taken together, the steady-state activity of cGAS maintains a base-line antiviral state rendering cells more refractory to ISG-sensitive viral infections. Even though rs610913 failed to grossly differ phenotypically from the wild-type gene, its expression potentially results in a slightly altered susceptibility to viral infectionsin vivo.
Structure-based screening of drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein
Authors: Xia Xin , Zhang Yuwei , Li Songling , Lin Hengwei , Yan Zhiqiang
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). SARS-CoV-2 produces a small hydrophobic envelope (E) protein which shares high homology with SARS-CoV E protein. By patch-clamp recording, the E protein is demonstrated to be a cation-selective ion channel. Furthermore, the SARS-CoV-2 E protein can be blocked by a SARS-CoV E protein inhibitor hexamethylene amiloride. Using structural model and virtual screening, another E protein inhibitor AZD5153 is discovered. AZD5153 is a bromodomain protein 4 inhibitor against hematologic malignancies in clinical trial. The E protein amino acids Phe23 and Val29 are key determinants for AZD5153 sensitivity. This study provides two promising lead compounds and a functional assay of SARS-CoV-2 E protein for the future drug candidate discovery.
Hematopoiesis at single cell resolution spanning human development and maturation
Authors: Li Hojun , Ezike Jideofor , Afanassiev Anton , Greenstreet Laura , Zhang Stephen , Whangbo Jennifer , Butty Vincent L. , Moiso Enrico , Connelly Guinevere G. , Morris Vivian , Wang Dahai , Daley George Q. , Garg Salil , Chou Stella T. , Regev Aviv , da Rocha Edroaldo Lummertz , Schiebinger Geoffrey , Rowe R. Grant
Published: August 2021

Hematopoiesis is a process of constitutive regeneration whereby hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) replenish mature blood cells. During maturation and aging, HSPCs shift their output to support the demands of prenatal development and postnatal maturation both at homeostasis and in response to stress. How HSPC ontogeny changes throughout life is unknown; studies to date have largely focused on specific individual ages, particularly at single cell resolution. Here, we performed single cell RNA-seq of human HSPCs from early prenatal development into mature adulthood. We observed shifts in HSPC transcriptional states and differentiation trajectories over time. We identified age-specific gene expression patterns throughout human maturation and developed methods for identifying, prospectively purifying, and functionally validating age-specific HSC states. Together, our findings define the temporal maturation of human HSPCs and uncover principles applicable to age-biased blood diseases.

Single cell RNA sequencing reveals that the mechanisms of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate commitment change over a lifetime from gestation to mature adulthood.
Human rights in mental health with specific focus on international standards and clinical practices
Authors: Agarwal Varsha , Sharma Avnish , Panicker Aneesya , Shifa Syeda , Rammurthy Rohit
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This research aims to discuss the key civil rights problems in mental well-being and the solutions to those challenges in standard-setting and institutional practice, as well as proposes an integrated approach to adapting the emerging principles of practice to divisive mental health concerns.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is based on review of literature focused on mental health and human rights with special reference to international standards and clinical practices. Recent articles related to mental health and human rights and mechanisms suggested by United nations were included to draw conclusion.

Findings

Review of literature suggested to switch from reactive to a constructive and pragmatic approach, which is community-based, emphasizing alliance, rather than action, when the client is still too damaged to agree. Treatment should go hand in hand with mental health and civil rights education in the neighbourhood, as well as opportunities for engagement in shared interests in the group and interaction of other individuals with living experience.

Originality/value

While consent to care is a vital issue for human rights, the view of individuals with psychiatric illnesses as dangerous and “out of reach” is perpetuated by a disproportionate emphasis on it. Treatment should go hand in hand with mental health and civil rights education in the neighbourhood, as well as opportunities for engagement in shared interests in the group and interaction of other individuals with living experience.
The role of social entrepreneurs’ cosmopolitan orientation in bridging the gap between prosperity and social deprivation
Authors: Mouraviev Nikolai , Kakabadse Nada K.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Israel is characterised by economic growth that is accompanied not only by prosperity but also by increasing poverty. This paper aims to conceptualise the role of Israel’s social enterprises in reducing the gap between prosperous and disadvantaged populations.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative study is based on 23 in-depth interviews. It makes use of a theoretical framework that incorporates two elements: cosmopolitanism and social entrepreneurship. Cosmopolitanism, together with government policies that aim to develop free enterprise and international trade, support entrepreneurship and advance education, accompanies and facilitates prosperity. Whilst prosperity increases inequality, social entrepreneurship develops as a tool to mitigate the side effects of economic growth in the form of the increasing gap between the rich and the poor.

Findings

This paper argues that the principal reason why the gap evolved and is increasing is in the discrepancy between rapidly rising requirements presented by the innovation-focussed economy and the workers’ skills. Based on interviews with social entrepreneurs who are (co)founders or managers of businesses with a social purpose, findings show that the gap between prosperity and social deprivation could be bridged by increasing workers’ capacity to align their skills with employers’ requirements, which is the area to which Israeli social enterprises contribute.

Originality/value

The paper argues that cosmopolitan orientation is one of the contributors to economic growth and innovation, whilst prosperity increases the gap between high- and low-income groups. The paper contributes to the body of knowledge about social entrepreneurs by applying the framework that makes use of cosmopolitanism as an important driver of Israeli social entrepreneurship, which helps to explain the role that social business enterprises play in reducing the gap between prosperous and disadvantaged populations.