bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: PART 3. FACTORS CONTROLLING THE PATTERNS OF SEPARATION OF THE AMINO ACIDS ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS
Authors: Wade E. H. M. , Matheson A. T. , Hanes C. S.
Published: December 2009

The possibility of developing a complementary pair or trio of one-dimensional chromatographic systems capable of separating reliably all the common amino acids is considered. In order to secure the required substantial improvements in both the resolving power and the reproducibility which would be essential, the approach is adopted of attempting with selected systems to exploit as fully as possible the feature of adjustability in the patterns of separation of the amino acids. As a class it seems that systems consisting of buffered miscible solvents used with papers pretreated with the same buffers are especially promising in this respect. A representative family of systems of this class (based on n-propanol, ethanol, and aqueous pyrophosphate buffers containing sodium chloride) is selected for the systematic study of the influence of a number of variables upon the separations. As a result great improvements in resolution became possible, and the main objectives of the investigation were shown to be within reach.
EFFECT OF COLD EXPOSURE ON RESPIRATORY C14O2PRODUCTION DURING INFUSION OF ALBUMIN-BOUND PALMITATE-1-C14IN WHITE RATS
Authors: Masironi Roberto , Depocas Florent
Published: December 2009

Albumin palmitate-1-C14complex was infused at a constant rate through a carotid cannula (inserted 5–7 days earlier) into otherwise intact non-fasted rats in environments at 30° or 6 °C, after acclimation to 30° or 6 °C. At 6 °C, both warm- and cold-acclimated rats similarly exhaled as CI4O2a larger proportion of the injected C14and gave lower terminal amounts of C14in the extracted free fatty acids (F.F.A.) of plasma than at 30 °C. These results indicate that plasma F.F.A. serve as substrate for cold-thermogenesis. Also, increased turnover and oxidation of F.F.A. are not always inversely related to carbohydrate utilization but may be increased under conditions which result in concomitantly higher rates of turnover and oxidation of glucose.
EFFECT OF SINGLE INTOXICATING DOSES OF ETHANOL ON THE GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF RATS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C. C.
Published: December 2009

Different dilutions (15, 30, 60, and 95% v/v) of ethanol in water were administered to rats by stomach-tube. In well-nourished animals negligible damage to the mucosa of the stomach was observed at the lower concentrations. Occasional hemorrhages and erosions of the gastric mucosa were seen at concentrations of 60% or stronger. In grossly malnourished rats, minimal gastric lesions were encountered more frequently and at lower concentrations of alcohol (30%). Ulceration was not observed, even when 95% ethanol was given to the deficient rats. No lesions were found in the intestinal tract, even in the deficient rats, except for an occasional trace of hemorrhage and (or) erosion of the duodenal mucosa.
PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE, PHOSPHORIBOMUTASE, AND PHOSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE OF LINGCOD MUSCLE
Authors: Martin Gérard-B. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: December 2009

Aqueous extracts of lingcod muscle were saturated with ammonium sulphate and the resulting protein fraction was dialyzed to yield a crude preparation which exhibited marked PGM,* PRM, and PGI activities. When such preparations were flash heated to 55 °C and lyophilized, the remaining soluble-protein fraction could be chromatographed on DEAE cellulose columns using gradient elution with tris buffers to separate the PGI from the PGM and PRM activities which were eluted simultaneously. The properties of the pooled PGI fraction thus obtained were similar to those described in the literature from PGI prepared from widely different sources. Instability of the pooled fraction containing PGM and PRM made it difficult to employ this for studies of these enzyme activities, and therefore the crude ammonium sulphate fraction appropriately diluted was used. In this fraction PGM activity was at least 100 times that of PRM activity, and when in the dephospho form both PGM and PRM were inactive unless either GDP, RDP, or DROP was added. The action of Mg++, CSH, and 8-hydroxyquinoline on PGM and PRM was studied with results which showed marked differences in response of the two enzymes to these agents.
THE REACTION OF MUSTARD GAS WITH THE PURINE PORTION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Authors: Walker I. G. , Watson W. J.
Published: December 2009

Mustard gas was reacted with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at pH 7.4. The amount of alkali consumed during the reaction indicated that primary phosphoryl groups were not alkylated. The reacted DNA was degraded to apurinic acid and a purine fraction. Examination of the latter showed that guanine was attacked to a much greater extent than adenine. The major guanine derivative was identical with a product previously isolated from the reaction between guanine and mustard gas in alkaline solution. The available evidence suggested that the compound was a 7-alkyl derivative.
MARINE STEROLS: VIII. IN VIVO TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE STEROL SIDE CHAIN BY A CLAM
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M. , Idler D. R.
Published: December 2009

Analysis of the ozonolysis products of a sterol fraction obtained from clams (Saxidomus giganteus) injected with cholesterol-26-C14has demonstrated that these molluscs are able to introduce unsaturation into the cholesterol side chain at C-22 and C-25.
VARIABILITY IN NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FISH FLOUR
Authors: Morrison A. B. , McLaughlan J. M.
Published: December 2009

Corrected protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.) values for various samples of fish flour were found to vary from 1.51 to 2.76. Coefficients of apparent protein digestibility were similar for all flours tested, but the lysine in the sample which gave the lowest P.E.R. was less available by rat bio-assay than that in the other samples. Although the variation in nutritional value could not be ascribed to differences in the total lysine, methionine, and cystine contents of the samples, reduced amounts of lysine and methionine were released by pancreatic digestion of the flour which gave the lowest P.E.R. value. It was suggested that the reduced utilization of the amino acids in this sample may have resulted, in part, from a reduction in their rates of release in vivo. It was concluded that although fish flour may vary widely in nutritional value, properly prepared samples provide high quality protein for use in human or animal diets.
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE METABOLIC PATHWAY IN THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE: III. THE STABILITY OF THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE METABOLIC SYSTEM IN PRESERVED ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Brownstone Y. S. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: December 2009

The activity of the enzymes of the pentose phosphate metabolic pathway in the dialyzed stroma-free hemolyzate (SFH) from human red cells remains unaltered after prolonged storage of the blood in acidified citrate dextrose (ACD) medium at 4 °C.Erythrocytes from children with galactosemia were found to have normal transketolase and transaldolase activity.
CHANGES IN HUMAN SERUM PROTEIN FRACTIONS WITH AGE AND WEIGHT
Authors: Das B. C. , Bhattacharya S. K.
Published: December 2009

Serum protein, serum cholesterol, and inorganic phosphorus measurements were determined for 160 adult males. Height, weight, and age data were also collected. The serum proteins were separated into six components in terms of their electrophoretic mobility: albumin, α1globulin, α2globulin, β1globulin, β2globulin, and γ globulin. Analysis of the results showed that serum globulin fractions and total serum globulin increase linearly with age (P <.01), and decrease as weight increases (P <.05). Total serum cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and free cholesterol were not related to serum globulin fractions. Inorganic phosphorus was negatively related to the globulin fractions (P <.05). Serum albumin did not change with age, weight, height, cholesterol, or inorganic phosphorus. Albumin and globulin fractions were significantly related to each other (P <.01).
INABILITY OF HETEROLOGOUS ANTIBODIES TO AFFECT RAT THYROID GLAND
Authors: Sodhi H. S.
Published: December 2009

Heterologous rat thyroid antibodies produced in rabbits were injected by intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intra-arterial routes in different groups of rats and the effects on the morphology and 24-hour I131uptake of their thyroid glands were investigated. In spite of the administration of high titers of specific antibodies no effects, acute or chronic, were observed, indicating the inability of the heterologous thyroid antibodies to alter the structure or function of the rat thyroid glands.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF FATTY ACIDS: III. SATURATED MONOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: Tolnai Susan , Morgan Joseph F.
Published: December 2009

Previous studies on the in vitro antitumor activity of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid from royal jelly and of saturated dibasic fatty acids have been extended to a series of saturated monocarboxylic acids ranging from C3to C18. A widespread ability to inhibit the development of the ascites forms of the 6C3HED lymphosarcoma, Ehrlich carcinoma, and TA3mammary carcinoma has been found under acid pH conditions. In general, the antitumor activity of the saturated monocarboxylic acids was most pronounced in compounds with a carbon chain length of C8to C14. One member of this series, capric (decanoic) acid, was found to possess marked antitumor activity at physiological pH.
IN VIVO INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS BY A MITOCHONDRIAL EXTRACT
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

Aqueous extracts of liver mitochondria were administered to rats by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and oral routes, and C14-acetate or mevalonate was injected intraperitoneally 3 hours later. Cholesterol synthesis in vivo from C14-acetate was depressed by the inhibitory substance in the mitochondrial extracts. Synthesis from C14-mevalonate was not inhibited.Active extracts were prepared from livers of rat, rabbit, pig, and sheep. An inhibitory substance is present in blood serum and administration of active mitochondrial extracts depressed blood cholesterol levels. Pending its identification, the active principle has been provisionally termed I.C.S. (inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis).
SOME ENZYMIC PROPERTIES OF A PARTIALLY PURIFIED AMINOACYLASE OBTAINED FROM A POLISH VARIETY OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L.)
Authors: Ozaki K. , Wetter L. R.
Published: December 2009

Aminoacylase, which hydrolyzes N-acetyl amino acids, has been demonstrated in rapeseed. The enzyme was purified 150-fold by fractionation with ammonium sulphate and calcium phosphate gel. The purified preparation hydrolyzed N-acetyl amino acids and in addition certain dipeptides and chloracetyl-L-tyrosine. The enzyme was stable at −20 °C and had a wide pH optimum (7.2 to 8.8). Cobalt ion was found to be an activator, while sulphydryl-reacting agents such as p-chloromercuribenzoate and some metal-chelating agents inhibited the hydrolysis. The enzyme showed rigorous specificity for the L-isomer. A comparison of the ratio of activities obtained for different enzyme preparations indicates that more than one enzyme is concerned in the hydrolysis of the different substrates.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND ISOPRENOID METABOLISM
Authors: Phillips W. E. J.
Published: December 2009

Vitamin A deficiency in the intact rat evokes an increase in liver ubiquinone and the incorporation of mevalonate into ubiquinone and squalene. This aberration is caused by a metabolic block between squalene and cholesterol. The addition of vitamin A in vitro to vitamin A deficient liver homogenates does not influence the metabolic defect. The vitamin A deficient guinea pig does not exhibit an increase in liver ubiquinone or incorporation of mevalonate into ubiquinone or squalene, but the incorporation into sterols is enhanced.
CONTINUOUS METABOLIC STUDIES ON NORMAL AND DEPANCREATIZED DOGS DURING REPEATED WHOLE BODY X IRRADIATION
Authors: Gaehler O. H. , Bloor R. J. , Choitz Harold C.
Published: December 2009

Experiments on normal and depancreatized bitches were carried out to determine how well multiple doses of 90 r or less of X radiation are tolerated, and whether there are any metabolic effects suggesting stimulation or suppression of the adrenals. In two normal animals, total dosage for the main portion of the trunk was 574 and 3549 r, in 4 and 22 months, respectively; in the depancreatized one, 807 r in 9 months. Dosages for head and pelvis approximated 44% of these amounts. Food intake was constant, and daily records were kept of body weight, water intake, urine volume, and urine nitrogen. The general condition of all animals remained excellent. Periods of estrus continued. Weight was maintained or increased during long series of exposures. No changes in water balance or nitrogen output occurred which resembled those observed in dogs receiving corticotropin or hydrocortisone (1). In the depancreatized animal, the insulin requirement, known for 5 preceding years, was unaffected. Thus no evidence for stimulation or suppression of adrenal function was obtained. Histological examination of bone marrow and other tissues of the animal which received the largest total dose gave little evidence of damage. Moderate increases in urine volume of the normal animals suggested possible early renal impairment.
FORMATION OF LABELED SUGARS FROML-TYROSINE-C14IN SOME HIGHER PLANTS
Authors: Ibrahim R. K. , Lawson Sara G. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

Radioactive sugars and organic acids, including glutamic and aspartic acids, were synthesized in leaf disks of live species of angiosperms from administered uniformly labeled L-tyrosine. The synthesis of sugars was appreciable in light; in the dark there was virtually no conversion to carbohydrate. In three different experiments, 28%, 36%, and 46% of the total activity of tyrosine-U-C14, administered to leaf disks of Pyrus communis, could be accounted for in identifiable aliphatic compounds. These results indicate that tyrosine is a glucogenic amino acid in higher plants and suggest also that three or more carbons of the tyrosine molecule are utilized. Ring cleavage is a possibility.
THE RESOLUTION OF URINARY OR SERUM PROTEINS BY CHROMATOGRAPHY ON DEAE CELLULOSE COLUMNS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO URINARY PROTEINS AFTER THERMAL BURNS
Authors: Jackson S. H. , Farmer A. W. , Slater R. J. , DeWolfe M. S.
Published: December 2009

Serum proteins were separated into the usual electrophoretic fractions by the starch block technique. Each fraction was then examined by DEAE cellulose chromatography and by starch gel electrophoresis. The combination of starch block electrophoresis and DEAE cellulose chromatography was able to distinguish 22 different serum proteins.The application of DEAE cellulose to the chromatographic resolution of urinary proteins is described. The urine was filtered and the protein was concentrated by ultrafiltration. After dialysis, a suitable aliquot was adsorbed on a DEAE cellulose column and eluted by buffers with a progressively increasing hydrogen ion concentration and ionic strength. Some illustrative chromatographs are given.A number of urines from patients with severe burns were examined by this procedure. The increase in protein excretion was found in all sections of the chromatographs with particular increases in the γ globulin and acid mucoprotein zones.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE DUAL REQUIREMENT FOR PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Morton Helen J. , Morgan Joseph F.
Published: December 2009

Seventeen structurally related compounds were tested for their ability to substitute for phenylalanine or tyrosine in the nutrition of chick embryo heart fragments. DL-Alanyl-DL-phenylalanine replaced phenylalanine. All other compounds had negligible effects, and most were toxic at high concentrations. β-Phenylserine, a phenylalanine antagonist, actually prolonged the survival of chick heart cells but only if both phenylalanine and tyrosine were present. Similarly, optimal reversal of β-phenylserine toxicity was dependent on the presence of both amino acids. Although phenylalanine and tyrosine are not interconvertible in the present system, it has been shown that three phenylalanine antagonists, p-fluorophenylalanine, β-2-thienylalanine, and β-phenylserine, can be identified by their relationship to tyrosine, rather than to phenylalanine.
MICROELECTRODE RECORDINGS FROM THE REGION OF THE NUCLEUS SOLITARIUS IN THE CAT
Authors: Smith R. S. , Pearce J. W.
Published: December 2009

An extracellular microelectrode exploration of the region of the nucleus solitarius has been carried out in 30 adult cats with the purpose of studying central projections of cardiovascular afferent fibers. Of 375 discharging cells encountered, only 9 showed a cardiac periodicity which was not obviously artefactual. The latter cells were located in the region of, or ventral to, the caudal part of the nucleus solitarius. The infrequency with which such cardiovascular patterns of discharge were encountered leads to the conclusion that primary cardiovascular afferents do not provide the dominant influence on discharge of secondary neurones of the nucleus solitarius. It is suggested that interruption of other sources of afferent input to these cells might reveal the nature of transfer of baroreceptor discharge pattern across the first synapse of the visceral afferent pathways for cardiovascular receptors.
SOME RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF GRADUAL SARIN POISONING IN THE RAT
Authors: Stewart W. C. , McKay D. H.
Published: December 2009

Anesthetized rats were given sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) by slow intravenous infusion, while respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, and contractions of the gastrocnemius muscle in response to stimulation of the sciatic nerve were recorded.When artificial ventilation was not carried out, breathing stopped after a toxic dose of sarin had been given, even though the blood pressure was above normal and neuromuscular conduction was not impaired. On the other hand, when artificial ventilation was provided after breathing stopped, the blood pressure and heart rate fell, and death was apparently caused by circulatory insufficiency.Infusion of sarin caused slowing of the heart rate which was not prevented by previous section of the vagus nerves. Injection of atropine restored the heart rate to normal, and enabled the animals to withstand large doses of sarin as long as artificial ventilation was maintained.It was concluded that sarin caused a cholinergic circulatory collapse which was the cause of death in rats maintained with artificial ventilation. This circulatory insufficiency was alleviated by large doses of atropine. Possible causes of the depression of circulation are discussed, and reasons are given for believing it to be due mainly to cholinergic diminution of cardiac output, caused by accumulation of acetylcholine in the heart.
THE IN VITRO UTILIZATION AND PRODUCTION OF NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS BY ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Perry W. F. , Bowen Helen F.
Published: December 2009

The in vitro utilization of non-esterified fatty acids by various tissues and the in vitro production of non-esterified fatty acids by adipose tissue have been compared in normal and adrenalectomized rats. It was found that the production of NEFA by adipose tissue was similar in both groups of animals but that the in vitro utilization of NEFA and production of carbon dioxide by heart, diaphragm, kidney, and liver tissue was greater in the adrenalectomized animal. These findings together with the depletion of fat content of the depots are interpreted as indicating that in the adrenalectomized state there is increased peripheral utilization of fatty acids.
ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN A AFTER THORACIC DUCT LIGATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Murray T. K. , Grice H. C.
Published: December 2009

Ligation of the thoracic duct of rats did not affect the extent and rate of absorption of vitamin A. After the vitamin had been administered orally, its concentration in portal blood was greater than in aortic blood of rats with ligated thoracic ducts. No such differences were observed in normal rats. It thus appeared that, when the lymphatic path was blocked, vitamin A entered the liver by way of the venous system.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XV. UTILIZATION OF SERINE-1-C14AND SERINE-3-C14
Authors: McConnell W. B. , Finlayson A. J.
Published: December 2009

Thirty-five per cent and 43% of the carbon-14 from DL-serine-1-C14and L-serine-3-C14, respectively, were found in the mature kernels of wheat plants to which the above tracers were administered by injection into the stem during late stages of growth. Total recoveries of carbon-14 in upper portions of the plant were 40% and 35% respectively. Radioactivity was extensively distributed among major kernel components with protein fractions having a somewhat greater specific activity than starch and ether-soluble material. Carbon-14 from both tracers was incorporated into all of the protein amino acids isolated, notable features being an extensive labelling of carboxyl carbon of glycine when DL-serine-1-C14was used and preferential incorporation of serine carbon-3 into histidine. The results are in accord with the view that conversion of serine to glycine occurs largely by loss of serine carbon-3 and that little or no glycine is formed from serine via decarboxylation.
THE PREPARATION OF P32-LABELLED ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES USING A STABLE YEAST EXTRACT
Authors: Stewart H. B. , Strickland K. P.
Published: December 2009

A relatively rapid and simple method for the preparation of phosphorus-labelled adenine nucleotides in appreciable quantities of any desired specific activity has been described. Modifications of earlier isolation and chromatographic procedures have been developed, which permit isolation of pure material with a minimum of manipulation.
GLYCOLYSING PROPERTIES OF A STABLE YEAST EXTRACT
Authors: Stewart H. B.
Published: December 2009

The preparation of a soluble extract from brewer's yeast by means of a Mickle disintegrator is described. This extract, which may be stored in a freeze-dried state, is capable of alcoholic fermentation. Its properties have been compared with extracts made by other methods.
THE ACYLATION OF MONOACYL-L-α-GLYCERYLPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Authors: Bennett J. R. , Tattrie N. H.
Published: December 2009

Monoacyl-L-α-GPC's (lysolecithins) were converted to their cadmium chloride complexes and acylated with myristoyl chloride in chloroform in the presence and in the absence of pyridine. Both preparations of the diacyl-L-α-GPC's were reacted with phospholipase A of Crotalus adamanteus venom, and the nature of the fatty acids released, as well as the lysolecithin fatty acids, was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The compositions of the fatty acids were different in the two preparations. These findings could indicate that acyl migration occurs during the acylation of the lysolecithin cadmium chloride complexes both in the presence and absence of pyridine, or that phospholipase A does not invariably remove the acyl group attached to the β-position in lecithin. The nature and possible causes of these variations are discussed.
DETERMINATION OF SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES FROM THE ABSORBANCES OF SULPHONATED 1-NAPHTHOL DERIVATIVES OF HEXOSES AND PENTOSES
Authors: Troelsen J. E.
Published: December 2009

A modified Molisch test was used in quantitative spectrophotometric analyses for glucose and xylose in mixed solutions. The algebraic method for determination of substances exhibiting additive absorbances was found to apply to these mixtures. The two wavelengths at which the most reliable measurements were obtained were 530 and 580 mμ. An isosbestic point was found at 562.7 mμ at which the glucose–xylose ratio had no effect on the absorptivity, thus allowing a measurement of the sum of the concentrations of the two sugars.This method of analysis was used to determine the concentrations of hexoses and pentoses in acid extracts of forages and feces from sheep fed these forages in digestibility experiments. The carbohydrates detected by this method of analysis had a greater digestibility than is usual for the conventional nitrogen-free extracts. The digestibilities of hexoses and pentoses extracted from several forages averaged 87 and 70%, respectively. The levels of uronic acids in the extracts were found to be below the level of appreciable interference with the measurements of the monosaccharides.
SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOMERIC MIXED-ACID GLYCEROLPHOSPHATIDES: I.L-α-(α′-STEAROYL,β-OLEOYL)CEPHALIN ANDL-α-(α′-OLEOYL,β-STEAROYL)CEPHALIN
Authors: Baer Erich , Buchnea Dmytro
Published: December 2009

α′-Stearoyl,β-oleoyl L-α-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine and α′-oleoyl,β-stearoyl L-α-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine were synthesized by phosphorylating D-α′-stearoyl,β-oleoylglycerol and D-α′-oleoyl,β-stearoylglycerol with phosphorus oxychloride and quinoline, esterifying the resulting mixed-acid phosphatidic acid dichlorides with 2′-hydroxyethylphthalimide in the presence of pyridine, and removing the protective phthaloyl group of the α′-stearoyl,β-oleoyl-, and α′-oleoyl,β-stearoyl-L-α-glycerylphosphoryl-2′-hydroxyethylphthalimides by hydrazinolysis.
THE REACTION OF MUSTARD GAS WITH DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PYRIMIDINES
Authors: Walker I. G. , Watson W. J.
Published: December 2009

Mustard gas was allowed to react with DNA at pH 7.4. After mild acid hydrolysis of the product, the mustard (estimated as sulphur) was found in three fractions: bound to purine, bound to apurinic acid, and a portion bound to neither and whose origin was not apparent. The apurinic acid was degraded to free pyrimidines by perchloric acid hydrolysis. From the hydrolyzate, a cytosine and a thymine derivative were isolated and characterized spectrophotometrically. Protamine titration of the DNA–mustard gas product indicated that primary phosphoryl groups had been esterified. It is difficult to reconcile this conclusion with a previous finding that phosphate esterification did not occur. The latter result was obtained by measuring the release of hydrogen ion during reaction.
HYDROLYSIS OF CONJUGATED ESTROGEN FRACTIONS IN HUMAN PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Bugge Sidsel , Nilsen Mona , Metcalfe-Gibson Ann , Hobkirk R.
Published: December 2009

The release of six estrogen fractions from conjugation in human pregnancy urines has been studied using various hydrolytic methods. The estrogens concerned were estrone, estradiol-17β (estradiol), 2-methoxyestrone, 16-epiestriol, and a ring D ketolic fraction (mainly 16α-hydroxyestrone). Considerable amounts of urinary estrone and ring D ketolic estrogens may be conjugated in a non-glucuronide form. In these cases an enzyme preparation containing β-glucuronidase and sulphatase, prepared from the digestive juice of the snail Helix pomatia, proved to be superior to β-glucuronidase enzymes of bacterial or mammalian liver origin. Conventional hot acid hydrolysis yielded levels of estrone, estradiol, estriol, and 16-epiestriol which agreed fairly well with those obtained following snail enzyme hydrolysis. In some urines, hot acid treatment was not suitable for hydrolysis of conjugated 2-methoxyestrone. Optimum hydrolytic conditions for both normal and diabetic pregnancy urines were realized by incubating for 24 hours with 500 units of the snail β-glucuronidase and 250 units of sulphatase/ml of urine at pH 5.2 and 37–38 °C.
THE VARIATION WITH BODY WEIGHT OF THE WATER-BINDING PROPERTIES OF COMMON CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Hall Michael C.
Published: December 2009

A standard volume of saline was introduced at standard pressure into the reflected subcutaneous tissues in 79 male albino rats, forming gelatinous bullae. The rate at which the saline was lost from the bullae after it had been dissected free was estimated by periodic weighings, and a velocity constant of this rate was derived. There was found to be a linear relationship between this constant and the weight of the animal. It is believed that the injected saline combines with the connective tissue, and that the alteration with body weight of the rate of loss of the saline subsequent to the injection is an expression of the change of the water-binding ability of this tissue.
THE UTILIZATION OF RIBOFLAVIN GIVEN PERIODICALLY TO THE RAT APART FROM THE DIET
Authors: Morrison A. B. , Middleton E. J. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Male weanling rats were depleted of riboflavin reserves and given limiting amounts of riboflavin in the diet throughout the day, or at 1-, 2-, and 4-day intervals by stomach tube. Riboflavin given once a day by stomach tube was as efficiently utilized for growth as the same amounts of the vitamin given daily in the diet. Animals given equivalent amounts of riboflavin at 2- and 4-day intervals, however, showed a stepwise reduction in weight gain, food intake, and efficiency of food utilization. The efficiency of utilization of riboflavin given every 4 days varied with the size of the dose.In metabolic studies, rats given riboflavin every 4 days excreted more of a dose of C14-labelled riboflavin in the urine and feces, and retained less of the dose in the liver and carcass, than those given the vitamin daily. Administration of riboflavin at 4-day intervals had no effect on liver and carcass riboflavin levels.It was concluded that riboflavin given as a single daily dose is as well utilized by the rat as that consumed with the diet in several small doses over a 24-hour period. Administration of the vitamin at greater than daily intervals reduced the efficiency with which it was utilized.
ON THE NUCLEOTIDE SPECIFICITY OF THE POLYNUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHORYLASE OF THE CROWN-GALL TUMOR-INDUCING ORGANISM AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Authors: Vardanis A. , Hochster R. M.
Published: December 2009

An investigation of the nucleotide specificity of the polynucleotide phosphorylase of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was undertaken, using the measurable increase in viscosity as an index of activity. It was found that ADP and CDP were polymerized readily and at approximately equal rates. The enzyme exhibited more moderate activity with UDP and was completely inactive with GDP. The ineffectiveness of the enzyme with mixtures of all four ribonucleoside diphosphates was traced to the ability of GDP to act as an inhibitor in the polymerization of the other diphosphates. Evidence is presented to show that the inhibition of poly A synthesis effected by GDP is competitive. On the basis of the results obtained it is concluded that the polynucleotide phosphorylase is not likely to be responsible for RNA synthesis in A. tumefaciens.
COMPETITION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS FOR TRANSPORT INTO EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

The cumulative entry of amino acids into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells is due to the presence of active transport systems, each with its own specific range of substrates. Several amino acids and amino acid analogues may have an affinity for the same transport system and thus may inhibit transport of other amino acids by acting as competitive inhibitors or competitive substrates. Loss of methionine from ascites cells takes place by a diffusion process which obeys Fick's law. Leucine accumulation by ascites cells is small and is increased on addition of certain other amino acids. The increase is not due to inhibition of leucine oxidation as increase in the rate of production of radioactive carbon dioxide from labeled leucine also occurs. Kinetic aspects of these results are discussed.
THE ACTION OF FUMIGANTS ON INSECTS: III. THE FATE OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (L.)
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: December 2009

A study of the fate of hydrogen cyanide in fumigated S. granarius adults, using carbon-14 labelled cyanide, showed that this poison became generally distributed and combined with various metabolites. Labelled carbon was found in three compounds of a trichloroacetic acid extract and in one compound of the hydrolyzed proteins and in the body fats. Only a very small amount of the carbon was excreted from the insect's body as carbon dioxide, but a considerable amount was found in the excrement; nine radioactive compounds were isolated from the water-soluble fraction of the excrement. One of these, a polypeptide, contained nearly half of the total labelled carbon that was excreted and most of the activity was present in the aspartic acid portion of the compound; thus it appears that this insect can not only excrete amino acids but also it can synthesize and use them for the elimination of cyanide from their bodies.
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN CAPTURED WILD NORWAY RATS: I. ORGAN WEIGHTS, EAR VASCULARIZATION, AND HISTOLOGY OF EPIDERMIS
Authors: Héroux O.
Published: December 2009

Male wild rats (Rattus Norwegicus) captured during the winter had different organ weights from similar animals captured during the summer. These seasonal changes in organ weights were different from those observed in white rats acclimated to cold in a cold room (indoor) or acclimatized to winter outdoors in groups of 10 to a cage.Unlike both the indoor and outdoor cold-conditioned white rats, the wild rats, in winter, did not have a reduced muscle mass as compared to the summer-captured rats, or a reduced abdominal fat reserve, or an enlargement of the liver and kidney. The abdominal fat reserve actually increased during the winter.Like the outdoor white rats, the wild rats, during the winter, did not show the enlargement of the thyroids, adrenals, pituitary, and digestive tract or the reduction in pelt and the ear cold injury that were invariable outcomes of continuous individual exposure to a constant low-temperature indoors. Like the indoor and unlike the outdoor white rats, however, they showed an hypertrophy of the heart and an increased vascularization of the ear.Because the wild rats trapped during the winter showed very few of the morphological changes usually found in cold-exposed white rats, it is suggested that winter conditions encountered were not stressful to the wild rats.
THE USE OF THE SERUM GLUTAMIC PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF HEPATIC NECROTROPIC COMPOUNDS IN RATS
Authors: Balazs T. , Airth J. M. , Grice H. C.
Published: December 2009

A positive correlation was established between the extent of liver necrosis, measured planimetrically, and the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) level in toxic hepatitis. Intoxicated rats treated with necrotropic drugs showed significantly lower SGPT values than the control animals. The measurement of SGPT level in toxic hepatitis in rats is suggested as a method for evaluation of hepatic necrotropic compounds.
HEMODYNAMICS DURING THE ACUTE PHASE OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Beznak Margaret
Published: December 2009

One to three days after two consecutive subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg isoproterenol were given to male rats, severe histological changes occurred in the myocardium. Blood pressure, cardiac output, and work of these rats did not differ from normal. During polyvinylpyrrolidone infusion, normal rats raised their cardiac output to about three times the preinfusion value, while only a slight increase took place in the isoproterenol-treated rats. The difference was less marked during pitressin and norepinephrine infusion. It is concluded that during the acute damage of the myocardium by isoproterenol, the functional capacity of the heart is greatly reduced.
COMPOSITION OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE: II. DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITION OF EPIPHYSEAL AND ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF RACHITIC CHICKS
Authors: Cipera J. D.
Published: December 2009

The results of comparative analyses of epiphyseal and articular cartilages from the tibiae of rachitic chicks indicate a relationship between the amounts of mucopolysaccharides and of mineral constituents of these tissues, as evidenced by significantly close epiphyseal/articular ratios of hexosamine, uronic acids, and ash values. While the amount of collagen appears to be higher in articular cartilage, the amounts of mucopolysaccharide constituents, hexosamines and uronic acids, and of ash are greater in the epiphyseal cartilage.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON PRECIPITATING AND NON-PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES AFTER PRIMARY IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Richter M. , Blumer H. , Cua-Lim F. , Rose B.
Published: December 2009

Antisera were obtained from rabbits within 30 days (early antisera) and 90–120 days (late antisera) after the last of a series of intravenous injections of serum protein antigens (primary response). The antibodies present in early antisera were found capable of precipitating with the antigen and of agglutinating sensitized red blood cells, whereas those present in late antisera exhibited only the latter property. These two types of antibodies could not be differentiated on the basis of their electrophoretic, sedimentation, and salting out properties. Both behaved essentially as gamma globulins.
RENAL CLEARANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: Kanter G. S.
Published: December 2009

The handling of sodium and potassium by the renal tubules at various levels of hypothermia was studied. Fourteen dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. After suitable control clearance measurements, the rectal temperature was lowered progressively by ice-packing to about 25 °C while renal clearances were continuously measured. Artificial respiration was not used. No change in plasma sodium was detected but plasma potassium fell significantly from a control value of 4.1 ± 0.09 meq/1. at 38 °C to 3.4 ± 0.12 meq/1. at 25 °C. Urine sodium concentration fell during exposure to cold while potassium concentration increased slightly. In spite of the marked fall in glomerular nitration rate (69.0 ± 3.1 ml/minute control to 17.0 ± 3.6 ml/minute at 25 °C) the final urine flow at 25 °C was slightly greater than that of control. The clearance ratios (in percentage) increased significantly, reflecting the marked decrease in tubular reabsorption: water, 0.49 ± 0.05 at 38 °C to 2.02 ± 0.25 at 25 °C; sodium, 0.47 ± 0.12 to 1.13 ± 0.27; potassium, 18.0 ± 2.6 to 54.0 ± 12.0. The difference in clearance ratio alterations is a reflection of the dissimilar effect of hypothermia on particular renal regulations.
A CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SOME CONVERSION PRODUCTS OF ESTRONE-16-C14IN THE URINE AND FECES OF THE LAYING HEN
Authors: Ainsworth L. , Carter A. L. , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

Estrone-16-C14was administered intravenously to a laying hen. The urine excreted during the succeeding 24 hours contained, on the basis of chromatographic evidence, the following radioactive conversion products of estrone: estriol, 16-epiestriol, 17-epiestriol, 16-oxoestradiol-17 β, estradiol-17 β, and 16-oxoestrone. Three other minor conversion products were not identified. 16-Oxoestradiol and 16-oxoestrone were characterized more fully by chromatographic examination of their sodium borohydride reduction products.In a second experiment, urine and feces excreted during the first two 24-hour periods after administration of estrone-16-C14were examined separately for radioactive conversion products. Of the radioactivity injected, 24.5% was recovered in the estrogen-containing extracts of the excreta. The urinary extracts contained 69% of the recovered radioactivity and the fecal extracts contained 31%.In a third experiment, recoveries of urinary metabolites after enzymatic and after acidic hydrolysis were compared. The recovery after acidic hydrolysis was approximately two-thirds of that recovered after enzymatic hydrolysis. Most of this loss could be accounted for by destruction of 16-oxoestrone and a minor unidentified metabolite during acidic hydrolysis. The distribution of the conversion products on the urinary chromatogram confirmed the results of the previous experiments.None of the experiments gave any evidence for the presence of 2-methoxyestrone, estradiol-170α, equilin, or equilenin.
THE EFFECTS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE UPON ESTABLISHED CELL LINES CULTIVATED IN VITRO
Authors: Thompson James R. , Pace Donald M.
Published: December 2009

Studies have been made on the effects of SO2 and its salts on strain L, mouse liver, and HeLa cells. Of the cell lines tested, the HeLa cells seemed to be more sensitive to SO2 and its salts than the cells of mouse origin.Cells cultivated in "biological" medium grow in concentrations of gaseous SO2 up to 2000 p.p.m., although somewhat inhibited. Cells subjected to a concentration of 500 p.p.m. in this medium are not affected greatly and their growth is comparable to those cells in control cultures.The addition of various salts of SO2 (Na2SO4, Na2SO3, and NaHSO3) in concentrations from 10 to 200 mg% produced responses ranging from complete inhibition of growth (by 200 mg% NaHSO3) to apparent stimulation of growth by some concentrations of Na2SO4. Toxicity of these salts was in the order of NaHSO3 > Na2SO3 > Na2SO4.When cells in vitro are directly exposed to SO2 in specially designed culture flasks, strain L cells are apparently able to tolerate 5 p.p.m. SO2 for five 8-hour exposure intervals, provided a "recovery" period follows each exposure.Certain components of serum seem to play a very important role as protective agents in modifying the effect of gaseous SO2, possibly by combination.
SUCRASES IN FUNGI
Authors: Reese Elwyn T. , Birzgalis Rasma , Mandels Mary
Published: December 2009

The yields of the extracellular sucrases produced by fungi and yeasts were markedly increased by using sucrose monopalmitate as carbon source. The sucrases of 10 fungi moved as single components in zone electrophoresis. The sucrases of six fungi were composed of two separable components. In one fungus, three sucrase components were observed.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS BY ADRENAL GLANDS FROM NORMOTENSIVE INDIVIDUALS AND HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Davignon Jean , Koiw Erich , Nowaczynski Wojciech , Tremblay Gilles , Genest Jacques
Published: December 2009

The production of aldosterone and other corticosteroids by adrenal glands surgically removed from 5 normotensive subjects with renal disease of various types, 11 patients with arterial hypertension, and 2 with Cushing's syndrome was investigated in vitro by the incubation chromatographic technique. The rate of steroid formation per unit weight of tissue was markedly lower in severe and malignant hypertension and slightly higher in benign hypertension as compared with the rate in normotensive controls. The amount of steroid released varied widely from one gland to the other and showed marked overlapping between the various groups; these variations were most prominent in benign hypertension, less in the normotensive group, and least evident in severe and malignant hypertension. The response of steroidogenesis to ACTH stimulation in vitro was slightly reduced in severe and malignant hypertension. The mean output of aldosterone by adrenal glands from hypertensives was slightly above the mean value obtained with normotensive control glands. The percentage of aldosterone formation in respect to total steroid production was roughly correlated with the severity of hypertension. In four hyperplastic adrenals obtained from two cases of Cushing's syndrome, the in vitro formation of steroids per unit weight of tissue and the response to ACTH did not differ significantly from that found in glands obtained from the other patients under study. The value of in vitro studies for the assessment of the functional capacity of the adrenal cortex is discussed.
INTERACTION BETWEEN AROMATIC ESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM AND BIVALENT METAL IONS
Authors: Marton A. V. , Kalow W.
Published: December 2009

Calcium, magnesium, and manganese ions were tested for influences on aromatic esterase activity of Harvard fraction IV-1 of human serum. The metals altered the Michaelis constant of the enzyme substrate complex as well as the maximum rate of hydrolysis. The metal ions and the active centers in the enzyme seemed to combine in a ratio of 1:1, and similarly one molecule of substrate was bound to one active center. Activating and inhibiting metals seemed to compete with each other for the same center of the esterase.
DETERMINATION OF GLUTAMINE AND GLUTAMIC ACID IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF CHICKS BY A COMBINED CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND MICROBIOLOGICAL METHOD
Authors: Olsen Ellen M. , Hill D. C. , Branion H. D.
Published: December 2009

Glutamine was separated from glutamic acid by chromatographing deproteinized plasma on a 10-cm column of Dowex 1X8 and by eluting with acetate buffer, pH 4.2. The first portion of eluate, which contained the glutamine but no glutamic acid, was subjected to microbiological assay using Lactobacillus plantarum as a test organism. Recovery of glutamine added to plasma was satisfactory and the precision of the assays conducted was within 4%. Several substances were found to interfere with the microbiological assay but these were eliminated by the chromatographic procedure. The method was extended to the determination of glutamic acid by continued elution of the column with acetate buffer, pH 4.2, fractionation of the eluate, and determination with ninhydrin. Average glutamine and glutamic acid contents of plasma of normal non-fasting chickens were 12.8 and 3.4 mg per 100 ml respectively.
CREATINE KINASE IN NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC MOUSE MUSCLE
Authors: Nichol C. , McGeer P. L. , Miller J. R.
Published: December 2009

The hind leg muscle of normal mice and mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy was taken for individual analyses of the creatine-phosphorylating enzyme, creatine kinase. Creatine kinase activity was always found to be higher in the muscle of normal mice than in that of dystrophic mice, and the values in each group decreased with increasing age of the mice. The difference was greatest in mice of 2 weeks of age, and in the light of these findings some suggestions are made about the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy.
STUDIES OF HYDRANGENOL IN HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA SER.: II. BIOSYNTHESIS OF HYDRANGENOL FROM C14-LABELLED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Ibrahim R. K. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: December 2009

Hydrangenol-C14 was isolated from root tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla after the administration of L-phenylalanine-U-C14, -1-C14, and -3-C14, of cinnamic-2-C14, and of acetate-2-C14 and it was degraded by alkaline fusion. The distribution of labelling between two of the degradation products, 2,6-cresotic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, was found to be consistent with the proposed scheme for the biosynthesis of hydrangenol, namely the condensation of an intact phenylpropanoid molecule with three molecules of acetate.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SACCHARIDES ON THE RELEASE OF NON ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: Perry W. F. , Tjaden R. J.
Published: December 2009

Rat epididymal adipose tissue was incubated in a phosphate–albumin medium to ascertain the effect of various saccharides and other substances on the release of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) into the medium. It was found that incubation with glucose, mannose, fructose, and 2-deoxy glucose resulted in less release of NEFA from the tissue into the incubation medium. Incubation with galactose, sucrose, lactose, D-ribose, D-xylose, L-xylose, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-lyxose, sodium pyruvate, glycerol, and glycerol phosphate showed no differences from the control in release of NEFA into the incubation medium. These results are consistent with the theory that the NEFA-lowering action of glucose is due to esterification of free fatty acid within the adipose tissue cell by glycerol phosphate.
STUDIES ON THE UPTAKE OF RAGWEED POLLEN ALLERGENS BY POLYAMINOSTYRENE
Authors: Richter M. , Delorme P. , Grant S. , Rose B.
Published: December 2009

Polystyrene (PS), polyaminostyrene (PAS), and the diazonium salt of polyaminostyrene (DPAS) were compared for their capacity to bind ragweed pollen allergens. PAS was slightly more efficient than DPAS in this respect although the binding was non-specific. Nevertheless, the allergens could not be eluted from PAS with saline. PS appeared to be unable to bind the pollen allergens. DPAS coupled to tyrosine was as efficient as DPAS in binding the pollen allergens.