bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operationalizing Max Weber's probability concept of class situation: the concept of social class1
Authors: Smith Ken
Published: March 2007

In this essay I take seriously Max Weber's astonishingly neglected claim that class situation may be defined, not in categorial terms, butprobabilistically. I then apply this idea to another equally neglected claim made by Weber that the boundaries of social classes may be determined by the degree of social mobilitywithinsuch classes. Taking these two ideas together I develop the idea of a non‐categorial boundary ‘surface’ between classes and of a social class ‘corridor’ made up of all those people who are still to be found within the boundaries of the social class into which they were born. I call social mobilitywithina social class ‘intra‐class social mobility’ and social mobilitybetweenclasses ‘inter‐class social mobility’. I also claim that this distinction resolves the dispute between those sociologists who claim that late industrial societies are still highly class bound and those who think that this is no longer the case. Both schools are right I think, but one is referring to a high degree of intra‐class social mobility and the other to an equally high degree of inter‐class mobility. Finally I claim that this essay provides sociology with only one example among many other possible applications of how probability theory might usefully be used to overcome boundary problems generally in sociology.
Putting Adam Ferguson in his place1
Authors: Brewer John D.
Published: March 2007

This paper re‐conceptualizes the relationship between Ferguson's life and work by locating him in his biographical and geographical context for the purposes of better understanding his proto‐sociological writings. Ferguson's work is relatively unknown outside limited sets of literature and current representations of the link between his life and work risk misplacing him as both Scotsman and sociologist. The popular portrayal suggests there is a strong connection between his Highland background and his famous book An Essay on the History of Civil Society. It will be argued that this claim reproduces the social construction of space in Scottish society and is based on stereotypical views of his birthplace and upbringing. Ferguson did not construct an autobiographical narrative to offer his own understanding of the link between his life and work. This reflects the strengths and weaknesses of sociology as it was developing in the eighteenth century. The ‘self’ was not recognized as an object of intention or symbolic construction. Ferguson's writings analysed modernity as it was emerging in eighteenth‐century Lowland Scotland and contrary to common opinion, there was no self‐identity as a Highlander to shape his understanding of that social process.
Screening of the endothelin1 gene (EDN1) in a cohort of patients with essential left ventricular hypertrophy.
Authors: Castro M. G. , Rodríguez‐Pascual F. , Magán‐Marchal N. , Reguero J. R. , Alonso‐Montes C. , Morís C. , Alvarez V. , Lamas S. , Coto E.
Published: March 2007

Our objective was to analyse the role of endothelin1 gene (EDN1) variation in essential left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We searched for EDN1 variants in 145 Spanish patients with an essential form of LVH (not secondary to hypertension, aortic stenosis, or any other disease that could explain the hypertrophy). The five EDN1 coding exons and 1.5 kilobases of the promoter region were analysed through single strand conformation analysis and direct sequencing. We found four nucleotide changes: ‐1224 C/A (promoter), ‐131 ins/del A (exon 1, 5′‐non‐translated sequence), A/G in codon 106 (exon 3, silent), and G/T in codon 198 (exon 5, lys198asn). To determine the association between these polymorphisms and cardiac hypertrophy, we compared the genotype frequencies from these 145 patients with 250 healthy controls. We found a higher frequency of patients homozygous for 198 lys (198 KK) (65% vs. 52%; p = 0.01; OR = 1.76) and for –1224 AA (73% vs. 66%; p = 0.19). Homozygotes for ‐1224 A + 198 K (AA+KK) were significantly more frequent in patients (62% vs. 45%; p = 0.0007; OR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.35‐3.25). The expression of the –1224 C/A and exon 5 K198N variants was analysed with cells in culture. These in vitro studies showed that these variations did not differ in their expression levels. In conclusion, our work has shown that EDN1 variation, and in particular homozygosity for the ‐1224A/198K haplotype, is associated with the risk of developing cardiac hypertrophy. However, these EDN1 variants do not affect in vitro gene expression.
Competition with Egyptian Geese Alopochen aegyptiaca overrides environmental factors in determining productivity of Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus
Authors: CURTIS ODETTE E. , HOCKEY PHILIP A. R. , KOESLAG ANN
Published: March 2007

We studied a population of Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus that has recently colonized the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Black Sparrowhawks are winter breeders: over most of their range winters are dry, but the Cape Peninsula has a Mediterranean climate, with most rain falling in winter. The birds bred at an average density of 38 pairs/100 km2. Monitoring of 70 breeding attempts by 26 pairs showed that the birds favoured large stands of trees for breeding. Birds breeding in smaller stands were more randomly spaced, dispersion being determined by habitat availability. Parameters related to climate, habitat and aspects of nest‐site selection failed to predict the birds’ productivity despite the fact that they had recently colonized a novel climatic window. Rather, productivity was best explained by the probability of nest usurpation by highly aggressive Egyptian Geese Alopochen aegyptiaca. Pairs encountering Goose usurpation problems raised an average of 0.76 chicks per breeding attempt, compared with 1.58 chicks for pairs without Geese. The only defence against nest usurpation by Geese appears to be the construction of multiple nests, an option most available to and most exploited by birds breeding in large stands of trees.
Comments on NICE Guidelines for ‘Depression in Children and Young People’
Authors: McArdle Paul
Published: March 2007

The recent NICE depression guidelines recommend that cognitive‐behavioural and interpersonal psychotherapies should be the treatments of choice for child or adolescent depression. This paper argues that in so doing, NICE goes beyond the evidence adduced and judges too much relevant data ineligible. This is likely to be due to a methodology developed for biomedicine, where NICE‐eligible data are substantial. Consequently, NICE risks distorting practice in a small specialty where randomised controlled trials are comparatively rare and usually involve small samples.
Evaluation of Behavioural Management in Schools: A Review of the Behaviour Improvement Programme and the Role of Behaviour and Education Support Teams
Authors: Hallam Susan
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the implementation and impact in schools of the Behaviour Improvement Programme (BIP) and the role within it of Behaviour and Education Support Teams (BESTs). It sets out the background to the introduction of the programme, describes how it was implemented and evaluated, considers its impact on behaviour, attendance and exclusions, and outlines the factors that contributed towards its effectiveness. The specific role and activities of BESTs are described and the nature of their work with pupils, parents, teachers and schools. The difficulties that they experienced are described and factors contributing to effective working.
Expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α gene during allograft rejection following rat liver transplantation
Authors: Teramoto Kenichi , Tanaka Yujiro , Kusano Fumihiko , Hara Yuzuru , Ishidate Kozo , Iwai Takehisa , Sato Chifumi
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Background/Aims: Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is believed to play a role in hepatic allograft rejection. However, the specific cellular population responsible for TNF‐α production during hepatic allograft rejection is not known. Circulating monocyte‐macrophage cells are the primary systemic sources of TNF‐α. In the liver, Kupffer cells are the main producers of TNF‐α. In this study, we determined which cells are involved in TNF‐α production during allograft rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods: In situ hybridization was used to identify cells with TNF‐α mRNA in the liver. Immunohistochemical staining with ED2 and ED3 was used to differentiate between cellular types (Kupffer cells versus infiltrating monocytes). To detect DNA fragmentation in liver cells, TdT‐mediated biotin‐dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) was done. Studies were performed in the rat liver transplant model using rejecting (ACI to LEW) and non‐rejecting (ACI to ACI) donor/recipient combinations. Results: In the control group, cells with TNF‐α mRNA were rarely observed. In the rejection group, TNF‐α mRNA was observed in mononuclear cells that were mainly within the vessels of the portal region and occasionally in the sinusoids. The cells with the signals for TNF‐α mRNA were ED2‐negative and ED3‐positive. DNA fragementation was observed in hepatocytes as well as infiltrating mononuclear cells. Conclusions: The main producer of TNF‐α may be infiltrating mononuclear cells such as monocyte‐macrophage cells rather than Kupffer cells during allograft rejection after liver transplantation. Circulating monocyte‐macrophages may play a role in the control of allograft rejection.
Immunohistochemical study on phenotypical changes of hepatocytes in liver disease with reference to extracellular matrix composition
Authors: Matsumoto S. , Yamamoto K. , Nagano T. , Okamoto R. , Ibuki N. , Tagashira M. , Tsuji T.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: Extracellular matrix (ECM) may affect the function and phenotype of hepatocytes. Phenotypic changes of hepatocytes in diseased liver were investigated with reference to ECM composition. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on biopsied liver samples from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and normal patients, using monoclonal antibodies for laminin, type IV collagen, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and epithelial glycoprotein (EGP), a protein homologous to nidogen. Results: In normal controls, both EGP and CK 19 were expressed exclusively on biliary epithelia. Laminin and type IV collagen were expressed around portal bile ducts and blood vessels. Although type IV collagen was expressed in Disse's space, laminin was scarcely expressed. In all pathological livers, both EGP and CK 19 were expressed in proliferated bile ductules. In CVH with piecemeal necrosis, EGP was expressed on periportal hepatocytes, while CK19 expression was limited to a few hepatocytes. Laminin was expressed in Disse's space of periportal sinusoids, where EGP was expressed on hepatocytes. EGP expression on hepatocytes and laminin deposition in Disse's space were rare in PBC and PSC liver. Conclusion: These results suggest that hepatocytes transform into a phenotype similar to biliary epithelia and, laminin deposition in Disse's space (capillarization of sinusoids) may play a role in this phenotypic change.
Factors associated with progression of the disease before transplantation in patients with autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Milkiewicz Piotr , Ahmed Monzur , Hathaway Mark , Elias Elwyn
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: Studies on transplanted patients may provide clinically useful data on factors influencing progression of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) since transplantation rather than death may now be considered as the most likely end‐point of the disease. The aim of this work was to analyze risk factors related to progression of AIH before transplantation and provide guidelines for further prognostication with regards to the timing of transplantation. Methods: 80 liver transplants in 68 patients with AIH were performed in our unit. The diagnosis was established on conventional clinical criteria. Parameters such as sex, age at diagnosis and transplantation or duration of the disease were evaluated in relation to: patient HLA DR status, disease presentation (aggressive or non‐aggressive), presence of anti‐LKM antibodies and concurrent immune disease. Results: AIH with concurrent immune disease occurred more commonly in females (90 vs. 61%; p= 0.0075) and was linked with markedly slower progression of the disease (125 vs. 66 mo; p=0.002) as compared to subjects without such association. AIH without concurrent autoimmune disease occurred significantly more commonly in patients with DR3 phenotype (p= 0.01). Patients with positive anti‐LKM autoantibodies were younger at transplantation (25.6 vs 43.5 yr; p= 0.006) and had more rapid progression of their disease (14.3 vs. 103 mo; p= 0.001). Unlike previously reported series of non‐transplanted patients, all anti‐LKM positive subjects had no concurrent autoimmune disease. Conclusions: Coincidence with another autoimmune disease is associated with a significantly longer disease history prior to transplantation and may possibly reflect greater responsiveness to immunosuppressive therapy before grafting. AIH without concurrent autoimmune disease, particularly if associated with DR4 negative phenotype, male sex and anti‐LKM antibodies may characterize patients with rapid progression of the disease. None of these factors had a significant influence on 5 year survival after surgery.
Hepatitis E virus — an update.
Authors: Harrison Tim J.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the principal cause of enterically‐transmitted, non‐A, nori‐B hepatitis and has been associated with excess mortality in pregnant women infected during epidemics. Molecular cloning of the viral genome led to the development of diagnostic tests, including enzyme immunoassays for antibody and RT‐PCR for viral RNA. Candidate vaccines have not yet reached clinical trials. The virus resembles caliciviruses, with a positive sense RNA genome encoding three open reading frames. The geographical distribution of the virus, which may infect domestic animals as well as humans, may be wider than thought originally.
Interobserver study of liver histopathology using the Ishak score in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Westin Johan , Lagging L. Martin , Wejstål Rune , Norkrans Gunnar , Dhillon Amar P.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: Assessing the histopathological degree of liver damage is essential to the routine care of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Several scoring systems have been proposed in attempts to standardize the histological assessment. One scoring system has been proposed by Ishak et al. Although widely endorsed, its interobserver reliability has not been evaluated. Methods: 95 liver biopsies from patients with chronic HCV infection were scored by three independent observers. Interface hepatitis, confluent necrosis, focal necrosis, portal inflammation, and fibrosis were assessed. Results: Confluent necrosis, which is more common in acute hepatitis, was not seen in any biopsy. For each of the remaining variables of inflammation (periportal hepatitis, focal necrosis, and portal inflammation) we found agreement in 95–96% for all three observers. Kappa scores ranged from 0.11 to 0.41 and weighted kappa scores from 0.18 to 0.53. For staging we noted 84% agreement, kappa scores of 0.26–0.47, and weighted kappa scores of 0.57–0.69. Conclusion: The Ishak system is associated with good interobserver reliability if a deviance of one categorical level in each variable of the system is accepted as agreement. Compared to the Knodell system it provides more detailed information but is less reliable regarding fibrosis.
Hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis are associated with necroinflammatory injury and Thl‐like response in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Baroni Gianluca Svegliati , Pastorelli Alfredo , Manzin Aldo , Benedetti Antonio , Marucci Luca , Solforosi Laura , Sario Antonio , Brunelli Eugenio , Orlandi Francesco , Clementi Massimo , Macarri Giampiero
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Background/Aims: The involvement of a direct viral cytopathic effect or an immune‐mediated mechanism in the progression of hepatic damage in chronic hepatitis C is controversial. The type of immune response is itself a matter of controversy, and histological data are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with the progression of liver injury in 30 HCV/RNA‐positive untreated patients with chronic hepatitis. Methods: Necroinflammatory and architectural damage were evaluated using Ishak's score. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were visualized by immunohistochemistry for α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and quantitated by morphometry. Plasma HCV/RNA was evaluated using a competitive RT‐PCR method. To study the type of immune response involved in the progression of liver injury, interferony (IFNγ)‐positive cells (as expression of a Th1‐like response) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitated by morphometry. Results: HSC were mostly detected close to areas of lobular necroinflammation or lining fibrotic septa. The αSMA‐ and Sirius Red‐positive parenchyma correlated significantly with necroinflammatory and architectural scores. IFNγ‐positive cells were detected in periportal areas associated with the inflammatory infiltrates and significantly correlated with architectural damage. No relationship was found between the histological features of liver injury and viral load. Conclusions: HSC activation and progression of liver injury are unrelated to viral load but associated with a Th1‐like response, a plausible target for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): clinical, laboratory and survival analysis in children and adults
Authors: Floreanl A. , Zancan L. , Melis A. , Baragiotta A. , Chiaramonte M.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Background: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an uncommon disorder, rarely diagnosed in children, moreover, data on its natural history and survival are still lacking. Aim: The study was undertaken to compare clinical, laboratory and survival rates in two series of PSC: one in a pediatric group (group A) and the other in an adult population (group B). Methods: Group A included 9 patients (5 males, 4 females, mean age 10 yrs, range 7–15); group B included 28 patients (19 males, 9 females, mean age 32 years, range 19–60). The mean follow‐up was 5.2 years in group A and 6.9 years in group B (range 1–14 years). ERCP and colonos‐copy were performed in each case. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Results: At presentation children showed significantly higher levels of IgG and AST compared to adults (p<0.05); moreover, interface hepatitis occurred in 50% of children and in 14.2% in adults (p= ns). During follow‐up the following major events occurred: oesophageal bleeding (n=2) in group A; progressive liver failure (n=6), cholangiocarcinoma (n=3), colonic cancer (n=1) in group B. Liver transplantation (OLTx) was performed in 4 adults (one died after a retransplantation). No deaths were observed in children. The Kaplan‐Meier curve in adults shows a 65% rate of survival at 10 years. Conclusions: The present findings on PSC suggest a more severe activity of the disease in children than in adults at presentation; nonetheless, the prognosis seems to be better in children than in adults. The Mayo score prognostic index does not predict the development of liver/colonic cancer. A poor outcome (defined as death or being listed for OLTx) only occurred in adults.
Macrophages are essential for lymphocyte infiltration in formyl peptide‐induced cholangitis in rat liver
Authors: Yamada Shinji , Ishii Motoyasu , Kisara Norihiro , Nagatomi Ryoichi , Toyota Takayoshi
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Background/Aims: Cholangitis in rats induced by N‐formyl L‐methionine L‐leucine L‐tyrosine (fMLT) is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells around bile ducts in portal tracts. Methods: We investigated the initial process in fMLT‐induced cholangitis histochemically. Results: Administration of fMLT into the colons of adult male Wistar rats with acetate‐induced colitis resulted in an infiltration of mostly macrophages and granulocytes into the portal tracts on day 1. Abnormal peroxidation as demonstrated by the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reaction occurred in bile duct cells as well, although no apparent necrosis of the bile duct cells was observed. On day 4, the majority of the inflammatory cells in the portal tracts were CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. The oxidative products of the NBT reaction also disappeared from the bile duct cells. Administration of carrageenan, a potent inhibitor of macrophage function, resulted in a significant decrease in lymphocyte infiltration into the portal tracts. On day 8, portal inflammation subsided. Conclusions: In formyl peptide‐induced cholangitis, macrophages and granulocytes may injure bile ducts transiently. Further, macrophages are necessary for the subsequent migration of T lymphocytes around the bile ducts.
Differential regenerative response and expression of growth factors following hepatectomy of variable extent in rats
Authors: Masson Sylvie , Daveau Maryvonne , Hiron Martine , Lyoumi Saïd , Lebreton Jean Pierre , Ténière Paul , Scotté Michel
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: Liver regeneration is a physiological mechanism which leads to restoration of the hepatic parenchyma following hepatectomy or toxic injury. This process is mediated by a wide variety of cytokines and growth factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of hepatectomy extent on the levels of intrahepatic mRNAs for cell‐cycle markers and growth factors in rats submitted to a 30%, two‐third or 80% hepatectomy. Methods: Cyclins, thymidine kinase and growth factors mRNA levels were quantitatively assessed by RT‐PCR at different time points post‐hepatectomy (2h, 6h, 12h, days 1, 2, 6). Results: As compared with a two‐third hepatectomy, cyclins and thymidine kinase mRNA levels were increased but with a delayed peak at day 2 in the 80% hepatectomy group and showed a progressive increase until day 6 in the 30% hepatectomy group; mRNA levels for HGF or TGFα were increased with a delayed peak at 12 h or day 2 in the 80% hepatectomy group, respectively and this delay was more pronounced in the 30% hepatectomy group with a peak at day 1 or day 6. Conclusion: A regenerative response occurs whatever the extent of hepatectomy but the course of regeneration and expression of growth factors differs according to the volume of resected liver. A better knowledge of these events could improve the clinical results of hepatic resection for primary or metastatic liver disease.
Transforming growth factor‐α and epidermal growth factor receptor in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Harada Ken‐ichi , Shiota Goshi , Kawasaki Hironaka
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: Transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α) is a potent mitogen of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes. In addition, TGF‐α has been reported to play a pivotai role in hepatocarcinogenesis. To evaluate the significance of TGF‐α in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma, we examined serum TGF‐α, and expression of TGF‐α, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA in liver tissues. Methods: Thirty‐five patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 33 with liver cirrhosis (LC), 55 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 53 normal controls (C) were enrolled in this study. Serum TGF‐α levels were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of TGF‐α, EGFR, PCNA and β‐actin mRNA in liver tissues were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Serum TGF‐α levels in C, CH, LC and HCC were 5.6 ± 2.1. 33.2 ± 8.3, 404.0 ± 173.0 and 100.3 ± 39.2 pg/ml, respectively. Serum TGF‐α level in LC was higher than in other diseases (p < 0.01, compared to CH, HCC and C, respectively). Serum TGF‐α levels exhibited a significant positive correlation with total bilirubin, ICGR15 and Pugh score (p < 0.01, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), and increased in parallel with severity of disease according to Child classification. Although the ratios of TGF‐α, EGFR and PCNA mRNA to β‐actin mRNA were not significantly different among the diseases, the TGF‐α/β‐actin ratio correlated with EGFR/β‐actin and PCNA/β‐actin ratios (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively), and EGFR/β‐actin ratio was related to PCNA/β‐actin ratio in ail patients, especially with HCC. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that serum TGF‐α levels are closely related to severity of liver dysfunction, and that hepatic expression of TGF‐α and EGFR correlates with proliferation of normal and neoplastic hepatocytes.
Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus in the elderly: a clinical and quantitative pathological study of autopsy cases
Authors: Sawabe Motoji , Arai Tomio , Esaki Yukiyoshi , Fukazawa Toshio , Takubo Kalyo
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: The entire spectrum of persistent infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is still unknown Methods: A total of 37 autopsy cases, positive with second generation anti‐HCV ELISA, were analyzed. The cases comprised 15 males and 22 females, the average ages being 76.5 in males and 81.1 in females. Twenty‐one cases were found to be asymptomatic, while 16 were symptomatic. Results: Based on two pathological parameters of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation, the cases were divided into five groups; group A (non‐inflammatory group without significant fibrosis; 11 cases), group B (inflammatory group without significant fibrosis; 9 cases), group C (non‐inflammatory group with significant fibrosis; 1 case), group D (inflammatory group with significant fibrosis; 11 cases) and group E (undetermined inflammatory index; 5 cases). All cases in group A and seven cases in group B were asymptomatic. Group A included 6 cases with normal liver. All cases in groups C and D were symptomatic. All examined cases of the inflammatory groups were positive for serum HCV‐RNA. Conclusion: Anti‐HCV‐positive elderly autopsy patients include many asymptomatic cases. The two pathological parameters of hepatic fibrosis and inflammation can be used to divide the cases into five groups with each group being well correlated with clinical and virological features.
CA 19–9 and CE A are unreliable markers for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Björnsson E. , Kilander A. , Olsson R.
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: Diagnosis of early cholangiocarcinoma (CC) in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis with available radiological methods is very difficult. This type of tumor is the second most common cause of mortality after liver failure in these patients. The recognition of CC is important for the selection of patients for, and the results of, liver transplantation (Ltx). In this study our aim was to investigate the value of measuring cancer markers (CA 19–9 and CEA) in patients with PSC for early diagnosis of CC. Methods: 72 PSC patients who were followed at our institution for a long period were included in the study; 9 with CC and 63 without CC. Furthermore, nine patients with CC but without concomitant PSC were included, as well as 24 patients with various cholestatic liver diseases. Serum levels of CA 19–9 and CEA were measured, in 39 PSC patients without CC, on multiple occasions. Moreover, bile was collected during a diagnostic ERCP from 20 patients for measurements of CA 19–9 and CEA. Results: In those PSC patients without CC during the follow‐up and with more than one year of follow‐up, 15 patients had increased values of CA 19–9 (>37 ng/ml) on some of the occasions. Four of them demonstrated large fluctuations (more than 100 ng/ml difference at different occasions) in serum levels of Ca 19–9. A significant correlation between high CA 19–9 values and serum alkaline phosphatase levels was observed in these patients. The sensitivity of CA 19–9 in detecting CC in PSC patients was only 63%. The sensitivity of CEA and the combination of CA 19–9 and CEA (marker product; King's College formula) were still lower (33%) although the specificity was relatively high (85%). Bile levels of the tumor markers did not demonstrate any clinically useful differences between the different patient groups. Conclusions: Tumor markers as a diagnostic tool in diagnosing CC in patients with PSC are unfortunately not as valuable as previously reported. The serum levels of CA 19–9 can rise temporarily in association with a “biochemical relapse” of PSC (increased values of serum alkaline phosphatase). The marker product of CA 19–9 and CEA has a low sensitivity but a relatively high specificity for the detection of CC in PSC patients.
Expression of the mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM‐1, in inflammatory liver disease
Authors: Hillan Kenneth J. , Hagler Kelly E. , MacSween Roderick N. M. , Ryan Anne M. , Renz Mark E. , Chiu Henry H. , Ferrier Rod K. , Bird George L. , Dhillon Amar P. , Ferrell Linda D. , Fong Sherman
Published: March 2007

Abstract: Aims/Background: The integrin α4β7 and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 (MAdCAM‐1) are involved in normal recirculation of lymphocytes between the blood and the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study we have examined the expression of MAdCAM‐1 in human liver. Methods: MAdCAM‐1 expression was determined in archival human liver tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results: While MAdCAM‐1 was not detected in normal fetal or adult human liver, expression was observed in association with portal tract inflammation in a variety of liver diseases. Detailed analysis of liver biopsies from patients with hepatitis C showed a positive correlation between the portal/periportal component of the histological activity index (HAI) grade and the presence or absence of MAdCAM‐1 expression. Conclusion: MAdCAM‐1 expression may be important in the recruitment of lymphocytes to the liver during inflammation.
An Empirical Bayes Method for Estimating Epistatic Effects of Quantitative Trait Loci
Authors: Xu Shizhong
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe genetic variance of a quantitative trait is often controlled by the segregation of multiple interacting loci. Linear model regression analysis is usually applied to estimating and testing effects of these quantitative trait loci (QTL). Including all the main effects and the effects of interaction (epistatic effects), the dimension of the linear model can be extremely high. Variable selection via stepwise regression or stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) is the common procedure for epistatic effect QTL analysis. These methods are computationally intensive, yet they may not be optimal. The LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) method is computationally more efficient than the above methods. As a result, it has been widely used in regression analysis for large models. However, LASSO has never been applied to genetic mapping for epistatic QTL, where the number of model effects is typically many times larger than the sample size. In this study, we developed an empirical Bayes method (E‐BAYES) to map epistatic QTL under the mixed model framework. We also tested the feasibility of using LASSO to estimate epistatic effects, examined the fully Bayesian SSVS, and reevaluated the penalized likelihood (PENAL) methods in mapping epistatic QTL. Simulation studies showed that all the above methods performed satisfactorily well. However, E‐BAYES appears to outperform all other methods in terms of minimizing the mean‐squared error (MSE) with relatively short computing time. Application of the new method to real data was demonstrated using a barley dataset.
Multivariate Bernoulli Mixture Models with Application to Postmortem Tissue Studies in Schizophrenia
Authors: Sun Zhuoxin , Rosen Ori , Sampson Allan R.
Published: March 2007

Summary A novel mixture model is presented for repeated measurements in which correlation among repeated observations on the same subject is induced via correlated unobservable component indicators. The mixture components in our model are linear regressions, and the mixing proportions are logits with random effects. Inference is facilitated by sampling from the posterior distribution of the parameters via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The model is applied to a neuronal postmortem brain tissue study to examine the differences in neuron volumes between schizophrenic and control subjects.
A Comparison of Two Bias‐Corrected Covariance Estimators for Generalized Estimating Equations
Authors: Lu Bing , Preisser John S. , Qaqish Bahjat F. , Suchindran Chirayath , Bangdiwala Shrikant I. , Wolfson Mark
Published: March 2007

Summary Mancl and DeRouen (2001, Biometrics57, 126–134) and Kauermann and Carroll (2001, JASA96, 1387–1398) proposed alternative bias‐corrected covariance estimators for generalized estimating equations parameter estimates of regression models for marginal means. The finite sample properties of these estimators are compared to those of the uncorrected sandwich estimator that underestimates variances in small samples. Although the formula of Mancl and DeRouen generally overestimates variances, it often leads to coverage of 95% confidence intervals near the nominal level even in some situations with as few as 10 clusters. An explanation for these seemingly contradictory results is that the tendency to undercoverage resulting from the substantial variability of sandwich estimators counteracts the impact of overcorrecting the bias. However, these positive results do not generally hold; for small cluster sizes (e.g., <10) their estimator often results in overcoverage, and the bias‐corrected covariance estimator of Kauermann and Carroll may be preferred. The methods are illustrated using data from a nested cross‐sectional cluster intervention trial on reducing underage drinking.
Constant Current Electrophoretic Infiltration Deposition of Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Composites
Authors: Bao Yahua , Nicholson Patrick S.
Published: March 2007

Modified electrophoretic infiltration deposition (EPID) under constant current conditions is used to fabricate non‐conductive‐fiber‐reinforced composites from an ethanol suspension. Particles are infiltrated through a fiber preform by an electric field and are deposited on the front of the electrode and “backfill” through the fiber preform. A uniform morphology is achieved at the optimum deposition rate.

The constant current EPID process is modeled as capillary infiltration electrophoresis. Particles “stream” the fiber preform due to the repulsive interaction between the fiber filaments and the particles as both have the same‐sign surface charge. Electro‐osmotic flow makes no contribution to deposit yield as the net flow across a closed capillary cross section is zero. Hamaker's law is extended to electrophoretic infiltration; however, the total deposit yield is controlled by particle electrophoresis outside the capillaries due to the much lower electric field in the suspension. The deposit thickness increases linearly with time under optimum current conditions. Too high a deposition rate promotes air entrapment in the depositing green body.
Contact allergy epidemics and their controls*
Authors: Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Menné Torkil
Published: March 2007

Contact dermatitis can be severe and lead to sick leave as well as significant healthcare expenses. The aim of this review is to present the published knowledge on 6 historical epidemics of contact allergy to apply this knowledge on the prevention and control of future contact allergy epidemics. A historical review is performed on nickel, chromium, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, formaldehyde, and para‐phenylenediamine. The first cases of contact dermatitis are mostly occupational, whereas consumer cases appear later. There is often a latency period from the first cases are observed until an epidemic occurs, and the problem is recognized. Finally, no one seems to take responsibility of dealing with the situation, and there are no attempts of regulation until an epidemic is consolidated among consumers for many years. Steps should be taken to prevent contact allergy epidemics. It is essential that dermatologist, scientists, administrators, and consumers organize and structure known methods to accelerate the control of emerging contact allergens.
Sodium metabisulfite – a marker for cosmetic allergy?
Authors: Malik Mohsin M. , Hegarty Mary A. , Bourke John F.
Published: March 2007

A 45‐year‐old woman developed dermatitis of the face after she applied a cosmetic package comprising day and night creams. Patch tests were performed with the British Contact Dermatitis Society (BCDS) standard, bases  + preservatives, and cosmetic series in addition to samples of both creams and the individual constituents. She had positive tests to both cosmetic creams, sodium sulfite from the manufacturer’s samples (5% white soft paraffin (WSP)), and sodium metabisulfite (1% pet) in our bases + preservatives battery. Sodium sulfite is a constituent of both cosmetic creams. We assume that the positive test to sodium metabisulfite is a cross‐reaction. We hypothesize that a reaction to sodium metabisulfite may be a marker for sulfite allergy in cosmetics and might account for some of the unexplained positives in previous reports.
The biocide polyhexamethylene biguanide remains an uncommon contact allergen
Authors: Schnuch Axel , Geier Johannes , Uter Wolfgang , Basketter David A. , Jowsey Ian R.
Published: March 2007

Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products. Previous studies had shown a frequency of sensitization to PHMB of 0.5% and 0.4% in unselected dermatitis patients. The objective of this study was to determine the current frequency of sensitization to PHMB. From July 2005 until December 2005, a total of 1975 consecutive patients were patch tested with PHMB. 10 patients (0.5%) had positive patch test reactions to PHMB 2.5% aq. (9+ and 1++) and 16 patients (0.8%) to PHMB 5.0% aq. (12 +, and 4 ++). The test reaction pattern (reaction index and positivity ratio) of both preparations and a limited concordance between results from both concentrations (Cohen’s kappa = 0.35) are probably indicative of a substantial number of false positive reactions. Potential causal exposures were assessed by a case by case analysis and by referring to surrogate markers of exposure in terms of concomitant reactions. Occupational exposures were identified as a probable cause of sensitization. Further risk factors included leg dermatitis and old age. The frequency of sensitization remains low. It is very unlikely that exposure to cosmetics or personal care products may have played a role in the few cases sensitized.
Seasonal dynamics and age structure of drifting cyprinid fishes: an interspecific comparison
Authors: Reichard M. , Jurajda P.
Published: March 2007

Abstract –  We investigated interspecific differences in the downstream drift of seven species of young‐of‐the‐year cyprinids over a 2‐year period in two central European rivers, using a comparison of drifting fish with fish collected from nurseries at the same time and the same site as the drift samples. Species varied in the utilisation of the drift; Rutilus rutilus, Gobio spp., Abramis brama and Carassius auratus gibelio drifted abundantly, while Leuciscus cephalus and Alburnus alburnus were abundant in nurseries, but drifted at low densities. Abramis bjoerkna was equally represented among drifting and resident fish. Generally, fish drifted at two major developmental intervals; L3 stage and the stage at transition between larval and juvenile periods (L6/Juv), with interspecific differences in the ontogenetic timing of drifting. The propensity to drifting of certain developmental stages was also reflected in body size comparisons between drifting and resident fish. The stage‐dependent drifting may be attributed to major changes in fish morphology, behaviour and swimming ability.
Over‐wintering growth and losses in a small population of the threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus(L.), in mid‐Wales
Authors: Wootton R. J.
Published: March 2007

Abstract – Mark‐recapture was used to estimate the population abundance of threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus, in a backwater of Afon Rheidol in mid‐Wales in autumn and early spring, from 1984 to 1998. For the 0+ cohort, there was no evidence of density‐dependent losses (mortality and emigration) or growth in the over‐wintering period. No systematic size‐dependent loss was detected. There was an inverse relationship between autumn abundance and the annual rate of change in abundance of the 0+ cohort.
Dendritic Cell‐Based Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma: Success and Limitations
Authors: Tuettenberg Andrea , Schmitt Edgar , Knop Jürgen , Jonuleit Helmut
Published: March 2007

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen‐presenting cells in the immune system which are able to induce primary T‐cell responses. Because of their central role in the initiation of immune responses, DC are an important tool for tumor‐antigen‐specific immunotherapy of cancer. DC vaccination using tumor‐antigen‐loaded DC has led to tumor regression in individual advanced‐stage cancer patients. However, there is a discrepancy between strong and antigen‐specific T cell responses in vaccinated cancer patients detectable ex vivo and only weak clinical responses. In most cases the immune system of advanced stage IV cancer patients allows only a temporary anti‐tumor response and increasing evidence exists that active suppressive mechanisms of the immune system as well as of the tumor itself ultimately prevent “autoaggressive“ immune reactions against the tumor. Active counter‐regulation of effector T cells by tumor‐antigen‐specific regulatory T‐cell (Treg) populations play a central role in limiting the efficacy of the vaccines. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that DC,additionally activated byToll‐Like‐receptor ligands (TLRL) can neutralize these suppressive effects of Treg and facilitate the induction of long‐lasting effector T cell responses even in the presence of activated Treg. These studies open a new way for “conditioning“ of DC by TLRL and might significantly enhance the efficiency of DC‐based melanoma vaccines in the future.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with bullae associated with porphyria cutanea tarda
Authors: Peitsch Wiebke K. , Lorentz Katharina , Goebeler Matthias , Goerdt Sergij
Published: March 2007

A 58‐year‐old patient presented with both annular and polycyclic as well as vesicular lesions. Histology revealed an interface dermatitis with focal hyperkeratosis and subepidermal blistering. Antinuclear antibodies were elevated (1 : 1280) and autoantibodies against Ro‐SS‐A were found. Based on these findings we made a diagnosis of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) with blister formation. Additionally, we diagnosed porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) triggered by alcohol abuse. Treatment with systemic corti‐costeroids and low‐dose hydroxy‐chloroquine led to rapid resolution of the skin changes.

SCLE with blister formation is a rare cause of bullous skin eruptions and has to be distinguished from bullous autoimmune diseases as well as from bullous SLE. Recognition of concomitant PCT, which may be associated with all forms of LE, is especially important because of the therapeutic implications, since a reduced dosage of antimalarials is required.
Deception and Dishonesty with Data: Fraud in Science
Authors: Hand David
Published: March 2007

The scientific community was shaken last year when leading stem cell and cloning researcher Woo Suk Hwang was accused of making up his results. He is not alone; Newton, Sigmund Freud and Nobel prizewinners have all been accused of being less than honest with data. David Hand looks at fraud in science and finds it is hardly rare.
Bay! Bar Charts
Authors: Reese Allan
Published: March 2007

Allan Reese has often asserted that authors and editors appear less able to proofread graphs than text. It is hard to prove such a claim except by parading examples that, had they been expressed in text, would fall into the category that Private Eye calls “Colemanballs”—things you would never say with brain fully engaged. Here, he provides a few such examples.
External auditory canal atresia of probable congenital origin in a dog
Authors: Schmidt K. , Piaia T. , Bertolini G. , De Lorenzi D.
Published: March 2007

A nine‐month‐old Labrador retriever was referred to the Clinica Veterinaria Privata San Marco because of frequent headshaking and downward turning of the right ear. Clinical examination revealed that there was no external acoustic meatus in the right ear. Computed tomography confirmed that the vertical part of the right auditory canal ended blindly, providing a diagnosis of external auditory canal atresia. Cytological examination and culture of fluid from the canal and the bulla revealed only aseptic cerumen; for this reason, it was assumed that the dog was probably affected by a congenital developmental deformity of the external auditory canal. Reconstructive surgery was performed using a “pull‐through” technique. Four months after surgery the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory.
Providencia stuartii infection in a dog with severe skin ulceration and cellulitis
Authors: Papadogiannakis E. , Perimeni D. , Velonakis E. , Kontos V. , Vatopoulos A.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this report is to present a case of severe skin ulceration and cellulitis in a seven year old mongrel dog following cystitis. The Providencia stuartii strain was the only isolate from skin lesions. This bacterium is a Gram‐negative rod belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae. To the best of our knowledge, even though there are some reports in the literature concerning animal infections with Providencia species, there have been no cases of cellulitis in which this pathogen is involved. The Providencia stuartii strain was highly sensitive to amikacin, and the dog responded quickly to this antibiotic.
What Does the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity Mean for Children with Special Health Care Needs?
Authors: Minihan Paula M. , Fitch Sarah N. , Must Aviva
Published: March 2007

Although the obesity epidemic appears to have affected all segments of the U.S. population, its impact on children with special health care needs (SHCN) has received little attention. “Children with special health care needs” is a term used in the U.S. to describe children who come to the attention of health care providers and policy makers because they need different services and supports than other children. Government, at both the federal and state levels, has long felt a particular responsibility for safeguarding the health of children with special needs. The definition “children with special health care needs,” in fact, was developed by a work group established by the U.S. Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) to assist states in their efforts to develop community systems of services for children with complex medical and behavioral conditions.
Actions Necessary to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Creating the Climate for Change
Authors: Schwartz Marlene B. , Brownell Kelly D.
Published: March 2007

After years of near total neglect, the problem of childhood obesity is now in the limelight. Terms like “epidemic,” “crisis,” and “emergency” are used frequently when describing the trend. Progress is defined with strong language (e.g., the need for a “war” on obesity) and fueled by statistics such as the observation that this generation of children will be the first to live shorter lives than their parents. Multi-disciplinary journals such as theJournal of Law, Medicine & Ethicshave dedicated symposiums to the issue, and conferences have been convened not only by health professionals but by government agencies, the food industry, and even professionals who market to children. The seriousness of childhood obesity is no longer in doubt, and finally attention has turned to the more complex question – what must be done?