bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactive Performances
Authors: Booth Eric
Published: November 2023

An ensemble’s educational impulses can find expression beyond the classroom workshop or lecture, the preconcert talk, or instrument “petting zoo.” One extension of education practice reaches right inside a performance to create an interactive concert (IC). This chapter presents some IC basics. I wrote it with David Wallace, a former student of mine and now a well-established teaching artist, musician, and an innovator who has done ground breaking IC work. David’s name is becoming synonymous with interactive concerts; he has published a popular new book that is a bible in its own right on the topic, and I highly recommend it to readers of this book (Reaching Out: A Musician’s Guide to Interactive Performance, 2007).
The Mental Workbench
Authors: Klingberg Torkel
Published: November 2023

Sometimes our attention can be drawn automatically to certain changes in our surroundings. As for controlled attention, however, some kind of instruction is needed for where it is to be directed. If our intention is to direct and fix our attention onto a predetermined target, let us say a face in a crowd, we have to have some sort of memory of this target while we are searching for it. How do we remember what it is we are to concentrate on? The answer is working memory. The term refers to our ability to remember information for a limited period of time, usually a matter of seconds. To all appearance it might seem a simple function, but it is fundamental and vital to numerous mental tasks, from attention control to solving logical problems.
Introduction: Fred Methner’s Street
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

Beginning in the mid-1960s, the spectacle of sexuality appeared on the streets and in the public places of large cities throughout the United States in ways that had been unimaginable at any other moment in the nation’s history. The increasingly public nature of sexuality—a critical dimension of a larger moment in history that we call the sexual revolution—was rapturous for sexual revolutionaries. It was empowering for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals who could finally express their affection, though never truly free from fear; it was liberating for unmarried women and men who “shacked up” before marriage, often to the wagging consternation of their older neighbors. It was ecstatic for the young men who crowded around—and even occasionally paid to enter—the thousands of strip clubs, sex shops, and massage parlors that dotted the urban landscape like a neon constellation. And it was profitable for the small armies of female and male prostitutes who swarmed from the hinterlands to the nation’s big cities, recognizing that sexual freedom need not be free. Sharing their profits in the highly sexualized metropolis were legions of pornographers, whose wares, once relegated to the back rooms of only the seediest skid row stores before the sexual revolution, were now displayed prominently in storefront windows throughout the cities, and even in the suburbs. For so many, the sexual revolution was an extended engagement with, and celebration of, the human libido.
What’s become of the paris of the west?
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

In June 1946, exotic dancer Sally Rand entered the stage at the Club Savoy near San Francisco’s Union Square and yet again performed her world renowned “fan dance.” As she had since unveiling the dance at the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago, Rand danced nude to Claude Debussy’s “Clair de Lune” and Chopin’s “Waltz in C Sharp Minor,” while manipulating two giant, pink ostrich feathers to cover her breasts and genitalia, which themselves were covered with tiny flesh- tone patches of fabric that gave the illusion of complete nudity. It was an act she had performed literally thousands of times nationwide since 1933, and probably hundreds of times in San Francisco, first during a well-publicized trip in 1933, when she was welcomed by officials at City Hall, again during the Golden Gate International Exposition of 1939–1940, and yet again during an extended stint at the Music Box during the Exposition.
When the Streets Went Gay
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: November 2023

Paul Kantus, a good friend of Fred Methner in Noe Valley, vividly remembered the day San Francisco went gay: he could tell by the look on his father’s face. An Estonian immigrant, Kantus’s father joined other immigrants at least one afternoon each week at the steam baths. He patronized Finnila’s Finnish Baths on Market Street, right on the edge of what would soon be known as “the Castro” but then was still called Eureka Valley. It had been a quiet neighborhood of immigrant families—the neighborhood chamber of commerce called it “The Sunny Heart of San Francisco”; Chief Dullea raised his family there, and so did his friend George Healy, future chief of the SFPD. But in the early 1960s, Eureka Valley began to change, and for Kantus’s father, the change was personal. He began to notice that the new, younger crowd of men at Finnila’s took an unnatural interest in each other’s bodies. So the senior Kantus and his friends marched to the front desk, handed in their membership cards, never went back, and never talked about it again.
Race and Health Disparities
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

It seems that a majority of U.S. bioethicists support substantial health-care reform, buying into the argument that it is immoral for a country as rich as ours to deny such a large percentage of the population guaranteed access to routine, basic health care.1 When we ask why bioethics has not succeeded in persuading the majority of the American public of this moral truth, the reply often given is that Americans have been unwilling to support major-health care reform because it is seen as a large government entitlement program, which we tend to view with extreme suspicion. In turn, it is said, Americans oppose such entitlement programs out of convictions that these programs are inefficient and ineffective, are prone to waste and abuse, and would undermine individuals’ taking responsibility for them- selves as they ought.
Environmental and Global Issues
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

At first sight, the two general topic areas combined in this chapter, environmental issues and globalization and international justice, might seem an illogical alliance. The latter might be linked conceptually to the general model that I derived from feminist ethics and described in Chapter 6. We can imagine the population of the developed world, and that of the developing world, standing next to each other in the one-up/ one-down power relationship and therefore seeing a number of ethical issues quite differently. Listening to the voices of the one-down group might prove ethically insightful for the rest of us. By contrast, it is not clear how that model could apply to environmental issues.
Putnam at the New York Neurological Institute: Clinical Activity and Vulnerability
Authors: Rowland Lewis P
Published: November 2023

There was never anyone as versatile neurologically as Tracy Putnam, not before or since. When he arrived in New York, he had estimable credentials in both neurology and neurosurgery, even also in psychiatry. The closest comparison might have been the great Wilder Penfield, who called himself a “surgical neurologist.” However, Penfield largely restricted his operations to studies of—and treatment for— epilepsy. And he created a great neurological institute in Montreal, where he encouraged Herbert Jasper to join him as electroencephalographer. Together they essentially invented the concept of “temporal lobe epilepsy,” in which the seizures include abnormalities of thought and behavior. These attacks start in areas of the brain that were thought to have been damaged by birth injuries or other trauma. By ingenious surgery, he could excise the seizure focus and relieve the attacks, even though adding more traumatic damage in the process of operating. More than any historical figure in medicine, Penfield showed that the mind is in and of the brain. By stimulating different parts of the brain with an electrical current, he could evoke visions, sounds, and spoken words. Yet, he ended his life as a dualist, believing in a soul separable from the brain. But Penfield did not take on all of neurosurgery himself.
Putnam Gets the Boot: How It Was Done
Authors: Rowland Lewis P
Published: November 2023

When the Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York joined with the Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, they adopted guidelines that have remained in place ever since. Chairs of the departments are university officers, and they are the ones who nominate new members of the faculty. If a clinical department is involved, the person has two titles, one at the university and the other in the hospital. For instance, an assistant professor of neurology in the medical school is an assistant attending neurologist in the hospital. In the medical school, Tracy Putnam’s title was professor of neurology. At Presbyterian Hospital, he was director of two separate services, Neurology and Neurosurgery. He held these positions with “tenure,” which ordinarily means that he could not be forced to relinquish his positions without cause. Tenure was designed to protect the right of university professors to speak and write without fear of being fired for expressing unpopular views. Tenure is granted by the university, not the hospital. It is a promise to pay a salary if other sources are lost but has never been tested at Columbia as far as the author knows.
Putnam in California
Authors: Rowland Lewis P
Published: November 2023

Charles Carton was a medical student at Columbia and took care of some of Tracy Putnam’s patients then. Carton became a neurosurgical resident a few years later and ultimately became chief of Neurosurgery at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, where he again encountered Putnam.
The End of the Otriad
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

By the end of 1943 close to 3 million Polish Jews had perished, about 90 percent of the prewar Jewish population. In Western Belorussia this Jewish destruction was evident in the German liquidation of surrounding ghettos and camps. In contrast, within the Russian partisan movement, informal anti-Semitism seemed to be losing its effectiveness while official acceptance of Jews appeared to be increasing. The Bielski otriad continued to grow as more Jewish fugitives reached the camp. Some new arrivals had come after one or more stopovers at hiding places that for a variety of reasons became exposed. Some covered vast distances. For example, one family had traveled from as far away as Vilna. Still others were guerrillas who had left Russian detachments because as Jews they felt discriminated against.
Between Democracy and Violence and the Problem of Military Humanitarian Interventions
Authors: On Bat-Ami Bar
Published: November 2023

In “Power, Violence, and Legitimacy: A Reading of Hannah Arendt in an Age of Police Brutality and Humanitarian Intervention,” Iris Marion Young notes that in 1999, while completing Inclusion and Democracy, she was unable to continue her work on the book since “[w]ith NATO bombs raining on Yugoslavia, reffection on the essentially nonviolent values of democracy felt irrelevant at best and arrogantly privileged at worst” (Young 2007 p. 79). Young then turned to think about violence and wrote “Power, Violence and Legitimacy” (2001, republished in 2007). Young devoted some of her time to thinking about violence again after the Al-Qaeda attacks of September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and the George W. Bush administration’s quick response with a declaration of a “War on Terror.” She did so in two essays, “Envisioning a Global Rule of Law,” which she coauthored with Daniele Archibugi (2002, republished in 2007), and “The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reffections on the Current Security State” (2003, republished in 2007). What all three essays share is a very critical view of what Young comes to call “official violence”—the violence “perpetrated by agents of the state as means to achieve their mission of law enforcement” (2007, p. 95) either domestically or internationally—and of the rhetoric that is deployed to mobilize support for official violence. The criticism, Young points out, is motivated by a “hope for a regime of perpetual peace” (2007, p. 3) that Young believes must never be abandoned, a hope that given Young’s commitments and other work, I read as one for a global version of a socioeconomically just liberal-democracy with accountable transnational institutions and an active public sphere.
Dual Leadership and Constitutional Developments after Khomeini
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

The assembly of leadership experts met on june 4, 1989, the morning after Khomeini’s death, and elected Sayyed ‘Ali Khamenei as Khomeini’s successor, the Leader of the Islamic Republic, by 60 out of 74 votes. Except for “Imam,” all of Khomeini’s political titles were transferred to Khamenei. This appears to have been in accordance with Khomeini’s wish. According to Hashemi-Rafsanjani’s later testimony, the day after he and Khamenei delivered the letter of dismissal as Khomeini’s successor to Ayatollah Montazeri in Qom at the end of March 1989, they had a meeting with the ailing Khomeini in the company of the President and Vice-President of the Assembly of Leadership Experts, in which they reportedly tried to change Khomeini’s mind on the grounds that there was no other suitable candidate for succession. They were all surprised, and Khamenei himself was “shocked,” when Khomeini pointed to the latter as his successor. It is interesting to note that in the June 4, 1989, meeting of the Assembly of Experts after Khomeini’s death, both Rafsanjani and Khamenei argued for a Leadership Council of three, which was still in the Constitution, but the majority decided to vote for one.
Revolutionary Ideology and Its Transformation into Islamic Reformism
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

Khomeini’s sense of moral outrage against modernization as westernization was widely shared by an important section of the younger generation of intellectuals who enjoyed neither his lofty position in the Shi’ite hierocracy nor his deep and fortifying roots in the Shi’ite tradition. This common sentiment of moral indignation found a variety of expressions in the search for cultural roots and authenticity in pre-revolution Iran. Islam was gradually highlighted as the predominant element in the native cultural heritage.
Iran’s Foreign Policy: From the Export of Revolution to Pragmatism
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: November 2023

Foreign policy of revolutionary regimes is closely linked to their domestic politics, or more precisely to the stage of the revolution. It is closely tied to the struggle of the pragmatic against the radical elements in the revolutionary elite in the early stage, and against the hardliners later in the post-revolutionary period. The first major foreign policy in revolutionary Iran was the typical one for all revolutions: the choice between the export of revolution—in this case the spread of the Islamic revolution beyond Iran—and accommodation with the rest of the world. The presidency of Hashemi-Rafsanjani meant a victory for the pragmatists in foreign policy, with the Gulf War (1990–1991) in its early years as the decisive point of transition.Revolutionary rhetoric, which persisted for three decades, dies even harder in foreign policy, and that is why it is important to examine in close detail the key period of transition to pragmatism in order to reveal its limits.
The Irish Bull
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

The soup before me had stopped steaming. Had it ever steamed? 1 The English dictionary definitions of the Irish bull take for granted the very thing which is sharply at stake. bull A self-contradictory proposition; in modem use, an expression containing a manifest contradiction in terms or involving a ludicrous inconsistency unperceived by the speaker. Now often with epithet Irish;but the word had been long in use before it came to be associated with Irishmen. (OED) A blunder, or inadvertent contradiction of terms, for which the Irish are proverbial.
An Italian’s Experience: Land and Nation
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: November 2023

Another adjective which ‘tells’ in the Georgics, as it does already in Lucretius, is ‘varius’.’ The word itself is not used as a leitmotiv in the poem, as to an extent ‘laetus’ and ‘durus’ are, but the topic of variety concerns the second book especially, where ‘varius’ sounds immediately after the eight introductory lines of invocation to the god Bacchus: ‘principio arboribus varia est natura creandis’ (Firstly, the nature by which trees may grow is diverse). This theme will pervade the book. On one level, Virgil explores the variety of the physical landscape; he enjoys examining the different kinds of soil and terrain, and considering what can best be grown on each. Such discussion is the expression of the interest in the quiddity of particular places and landscapes that we have found growing in Virgil’s predecessors and shall meet again in his younger contemporaries; he gives the sentiment a new solidity by linking it so naturally to the practical problems of agriculture. But while more down-to-earth than before, he becomes at the same time more cerebral.
The Northern Colonial Area
Authors: Jeffery L H
Published: November 2023

THE material from the northern colonies is still very meagre, and much of it inadequately published. This section consists of little more than a brief list of those places which have yielded any relevant inscriptions, within the following groups: Chalkidike; Macedonia and southern Thrace (as far as the Chersonese) ; the Hellespont and Propontis; and the Euxine. The alphabet concerned is in nearly every case the eastern Ionic (Fig. 46); exceptions are discussed as they occur.
Theopompus of Chios
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah
Published: November 2023

Theopompus of Chios was one of the most important ancient Greek historians of the fourth century BC. Although his work has survived only in fragments - as quotations and paraphrases in later writers - these are still a rich and vital source of information for Greek political, social, and intellectual history during the age of Philip of Macedon. This book both explores Theopompus' historical method and the intellectual milieu in which he worked, whilst the fragments themselves are placed in 'context' by examining where and why they are cited by later authors. Through this illuminating and original study, the author leads up to some important new conclusions about historical writing in the fourth century BC: he argues that there was no so-called Isocratean school of rhetorical history; that Theopompus used moral explanations typical of Greek thought to account for historical changes; and that oral tradition, as opposed to rhetorical invention, was still vibrant in the fourth century. Professor Flower also provides a critical method for evaluating Theopompus' historical accuracy. All Greek in the book is translated.
The Struggle for Survival (641–780)
Authors: Treadgold Warren
Published: November 2023

These years can rightly be called the Dark Age of Byzantine history: a time of military reverses, political instability, economic regression, and declining education, which has left but a scanty record for modern historians. The evidence is so poor that we often have trouble not only reconstructing the course of events and evaluating the personalities of leading figures, but even discerning the broadest outlines of development. One of the harder questions to answer is how Byzantium managed to survive the Arabs’ attacks at all.
The Late Third Millennium BC in the Oman Peninsula
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

The late third millennium in the Arabian Gulf has been studied intensively in recent years, but equal coverage has not been given to all parts of the region. At present most of our information comes from the Oman peninsula. To a lesser extent, finds from Bahrain and eastern Saudi Arabia can also be assigned to this time-range, but Qatar and Kuwait, on the other hand, have produced virtually no material of comparable date. In the previous chapter considerable space was devoted to a discussion of Dilmun. Although Dilmun will continue to figure in subsequent chapters, it is the land known in Sumerian as Magan, in Akkadian as Makkan, that now comes to the fore. Let us begin, however, with a discussion of the archaeological finds from the Oman peninsula.
The Oman Peninsula, 1300—300 BC
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

Although there are obvious differences between the mid-second-millennium assemblages and early Iron Age materials in the Oman peninsula, there appears to be no discontinuity in settlement. The beginnings of the Omani Iron Age are now put at c.1300 BC, while the end is set around 300 BC. Throughout this long period, generally contemporary with the Iron Age and Achaemenid periods in Iran, we find ourselves in the presence of a widespread and, in many respect” homogeneous culture extending from the Wadi Samad in the south to Ras al-Khaimah in the north (Fig. 37). In fact, the period appears to witness a flourishing of settlement and technology unrivalled in the peninsula’s history up to that point. In the opinion of some scholars, this is attributable to the introduction of a new system of irrigation technology known as falağ in the Arabic-speaking world and qanat in Iran. This is an hypothesis which will be discussed below in greater detail.
Alexander, the Seleucids, and the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Potts D T
Published: November 2023

Following the series of defeats inflicted upon the forces of the Achaemenid empire by the armies of Alexander the Great, most of Western as well as parts of Central and South Asia fell under Macedonian control. During the centuries which followed Alexander’s death, however, his former dominions came under the sway of a variety of states and empires. Of greatest interest for us are the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires in the east, the Roman and Byzantine empires in the west, the Himyarite and Axumite states in the south, and the Arab vassal states—Kinda, Ghassan, and Labm—in the desert zones which formed a buffer between these empires. It is all too easy to become mesmerized by the politico-military history of the post Alexandrine period, however, and to lose sight of the indigenous peoples of our region. We must seek to strike a balance between reportage at the imperial level and exposition of local developments, even though the two are often inextricably intertwined.
Book 10
Authors: Paschalis Michael
Published: November 2023

‘T ‘he opening ( ‘panditur ‘) of the Gates of Olympus reveals bitter dis sent in the council of the gods, which in the end (96 ff.) assumes storm like proportions. The situation recalls the opening of the gates of Troy and the dissent of the Trojans, and more closely the winds in Aeolus ‘ cavernous mountain. Olympus combines here Palace and Sky as well l\fountain (for the latter cf. I I 5). Olympus is in addition a high vantage-point, from where Jupiter surveys ( ‘aspectat ‘) the events on earth. Jupiter ‘s all-encompassing gaze gives him know ledge of the course of the war between the Trojans and the Latins and the involvement of the gods. Considering that ‘arduus ‘ in the Aeneid suggests not only Sight ( ‘aspectat ‘) but also Fire ( ‘ardeo ‘), the epithet may allude to Jupiter ‘s reaction to what he sees.1 In a speech to the gods he demands that the ,var in Italy and the internal dissen sion of the gods come to an end. Unlike Aeolus in Aeneid I, ,vho raises a storm on Juno ‘s instructions by piercing the mountain with his spear, the father of the gods calms the ‘storm ‘ of dissent (1ooff.) \Nith a speech, which lodges spearlike (or arrowlike) in the hearts of the gods ( ‘haec mea figite dicta ‘), and in the end he shakes Olympus \Vith a nod of his head. On the human level the calming of the ‘storm ‘ foreshadows a calm voyage for Aeneas (note Venus ‘ accusations against Juno in 36ff.).
Preliminaries
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The foundations for all future study of the manuscripts of the Euripidean triad were laid by Turyn in The Byzantine Manuscript Tradition of the Tragedies of Euripides (1957).
ξ (XXaXb)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

I give the collective symbol to three closely related manuscripts XXaXb. They have two especial features in common: (i) they have scholia composed by Moschopoulos, and (ii) they have some readings which appear to be conjectural. Turyn claimed that these manuscripts reflect a ‘recension’ by Moschopoulos himself.1
The Papyri1
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The papyri offer welcome confirmation of several readings over which HMBOV are divided, and none of these readings should any longer be controversial.
Sources of Law: Legal Sources
Authors: Todd S C
Published: November 2023

How did the Athenian dikastes determine the law which he was to apply? What were the authoritative sources of law, and how did they relate to each other? Contemporary legal systems, as we have seen, can be divided into common-law and civil-law systems. Among the former are England and virtually all the United States; the latter group covers most of Continental Western Europe, but in particular France, Germany, and Italy. A few countries, such as Scotland, have hybrid systems with features derived both from common and from civil law. Formally speaking, what distinguishes a civil-law country is its direct relationship to Roman law as codified under Justinian (see the discussion of ‘reception’ at 1.b.i above). Nevertheless, there are other characteristic distinctions also.
Merovingian Bishops
Authors: George Judith w.
Published: November 2023

Up to this point, our analysis of Fortunatus’ poems has focused on the question of how he adapted and developed the Latin literary tradition in a Merovingian context. The two genres, panegyric and consolation, offered him a clearly defined tradition of purpose, structure, and detail of motif, and a clearly defined role towards his patron and audience. Consideration of the historical context and the personal circumstances of his patrons have illuminated Fortunatus’ aims on particular occasions and informed our judgement of his use of a genre. It is the genre which has been our touchstone, the control by which we have assessed the poet’s grounding in the literary tradition, and his sensitivity, imagination, and skill in adapting that tradition for his Merovingian patrons.
Consolidation And Internal Unrest
Authors: Isaac Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter will consider the functions normally fulfilled by armies of occupation, those connected with initial consolidation and with the organization and policing of an area which no longer resisted Roman rule. The Roman army was trained to fight full-scale battles, but most soldiers were only occasionally engaged in major wars. It need not be supposed that there was always tension at the frontier of the empire when there is no evidence for it. Hence the suggestion, in Chapter IX, that barriers like those in southern Germany had no military significance.
The Historical Context of the Treasures
Authors: Harris Diane
Published: November 2023

‘Our knowledge of the architecture of the Parthenon only really falters when we try to envisage details of its interior. Much of the outer colonnades and walls still stand and the rest can be confidently restored, but the requirements of its Orthodox, Catholic and Moslem occupiers have stripped its interior of all but pavement traces of what once stood there.’ To reconstruct the appearance of the interior of the Parthenon architecturally is still a challenge, but to restore what was kept inside the temple is now possible, thanks to the preservation of some 200 marble inscriptions which record the inventories of the Parthenon in the classical period. A variety of types of furniture, vases, musical instruments, armour, and jewellery were kept in all the rooms of the Parthenon, as well as the Erechtheion, Chalkotheke, Stoa of Artemis Brauronia, and the Opisthodomos. The inventories allow a reconstruction of the interior arrangement of the Chalkotheke, and to a lesser extent shed light on the murky interiors of the Erechtheion and Parthenon. The inventory lists indicate that shelves and storage boxes, labelled alphabetically for keeping gold wreaths and other small valuable objects, were used inside the Parthenon.
Lysistrata
Authors: Parker L P E
Published: November 2023

There is little metrical variety in Lysistrata, but different types of rhythm are used structurally, as in Clouds, to mark off the main divisions of the action. Again as in Clouds., the play falls into three sections. A point of difference, however, is that the dominant metres of Lysistrata, trochaic and cretic, are characteristically, even boisterously, comic. An exceptional feature of the play is the antagonism of the two semichoruses.
Vision, Blindness, and Mask: The Radicalization of the Emotions in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex
Authors: Calame Claude
Published: November 2023

As the twenty-first century draws near, one avenue of enquiry remains open to the contemporary student amidst the plethora of attempts to define Attic and Greek tragedy: the return to indigenous theory. However, if we wish to avoid the pitfalls of an image refracted through the lens of classical comedy, we must confront the profusion of readings of Aristotle’s Poetics. And if we find our way through this forest, we are faced with yet another set of difficulties and paradoxes in the form of a text written on the basis of class notes which appears to be interpreting tragic performances only at a certain remove and from the point of view of the culture of the fourth century, a culture in great part condemned to the written word.
What Can You Rely on in Oedipus Rex?Response to Calame
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: November 2023

There are many things to admire in Claude Calame’s thought-provoking and scholarly paper. I single out three. First, he is right to emphasize the complexity of Aristotle’s view (or views) of the relationship between text and spectacle. Secondly, he very properly stresses the importance, for a full understanding of Sophocles’ play, of giving due weight to the pathos of Oedipus after the self-blinding. It sometimes happens that readers (although hardly audiences) under-interpret Oedipus Rex on the false assumption that nothing of importance happens after the messenger’s narrative—a view as untenable as that which would locate the effective end of the Oresteia at the moment of Orestes’ acquittal. Most important of all is Calame’s recognition that the theme of knowledge should be central to our appreciation of Oedipus Rex. To the first of these three points I shall not return: given the space available, I shall leave aside Aristotle and concentrate on Sophocles. The second point will concern us towards the end of this discussion; the third will form its principal topic. Before addressing the subject of knowledge, however, I propose to deal briefly with the ‘blind mask’, an issue which, though not decisive for Calame’s argument, is perhaps the most striking detail in it.
Tragedy and the Fragility of Moral Reasoning: Response to Foley
Authors: Trapp Michael
Published: November 2023

The heart of Helene Foley’s closely argued paper is a vindication of Antigone as the occupier of a coherent ethical standpoint and practitioner of a valid ethical style—against those somewhat patronizing, somewhat male, critics (mostly writing before 1965) who have belittled her as an irrational, impulsive female, more lovable for her instincts than exemplary in her clarity of thought. This central vindication is not meant as an end in itself; two paths may be seen leading from it to wider issues. The new view of Antigone, Professor Foley hopes, will prompt an enrichment of our sense of how fifth-century tragedy ‘problematizes Athenian civic values and discourse’, and a new examination of the workings of the key terms of Aristotle’s analysis of tragic poetry, ethos, prohairesis, and katharsis.
Something to Do with Dionysos—Tragedy and the Dionysiac: Response to Friedrich
Authors: Seaford Richard
Published: November 2023

I am in broad agreement with Rainer Friedrich’s criticisms of the four attempts to reinscribe the Dionysiac into tragedy. But I disagree with his belief that there is nothing much Dionysiac about tragedy other than its ritual origins and festival context. That is to say, I believe that tragedy is intrinsically Dionysiac in a way that has not been noticed, and that I will begin by summarizing.
Introductory Note
Authors: Silk M S
Published: November 2023

The papers in the third and final section are the most diverse. What they have in common is a specific orientation towards one or other of the relationships between the tragedy of Greek antiquity and the serious drama and theoretical perspectives of the modern world in and since Shakespeare. And if many of the issues and preoccupations of earlier essays are once again to the fore, one special recurrent theme is a commitment to definition, not least the definition of tragedy ‘as a whole’ itself.
Tragic Last Words: The Big Speech and the Lament in Ancient Greek and Modern Irish Tragic Drama
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

More, perhaps, has been written about tragedy than about any other dramatic form, and yet two of the mainstays of tragic drama—the big speech and the lament—have received relatively little attention. This is surprising not least because death, even if it does not always constitute ‘the necessary action’, is always present as ‘a necessary actor’ in tragic drama. And death as ‘action’ and death as ‘actor’ receives, of course, its fullest articulation through the big speech and the lament respectively. This paper will demonstrate, with comparative evidence drawn from Greek tragedy and modern Irish tragic drama, that a consideration of the last words uttered by both the dying characters and the chief mourners alike must be central to any discussion concerning the effect of tragedy.
Tragedy, Pure and Simple
Authors: Steiner George
Published: November 2023

‘Tragedy and the tragic’ ... : the excess of literary, scholarly, philosophical attention and the prodigality of magisterial treatments—from Aristotle to Dr Johnson, from Johnson to Nietzsche and Walter Benjamin—contrast strikingly with the paucity of first-order theoretical examinations of comedy. Very likely comedy is the more difficult, and the more elusive, of the two genres. And from this contrast arises a first, vexing question: why does human sensibility, in its creative and analytic motions, find the tragic to be more elevated, more fascinating, more conducive to major aesthetic forms and metaphysical suggestion, than it does the comic? Is there something in ‘tragedy’ which not only seduces imagination and intellect but flatters them, as ‘comedy’ does not? The ennobling solicitations of sorrow, of mourning, of drastic loss, have been explored by psychologists and philosophers as diverse as Boethius, Hume, and Freud. But there is a question which is much more embarrassing and very rarely asked, almost a taboo question, about the self-flattery, the self-aggrandizement in grief. Even where it is deeply personal, acute, and scarring (there, perhaps, most) —why is it that something in us feels good when we report disaster? Why is it that, deep within us, even the sickness of a child or the death of one close to us flatters, where the comic does not? The comic does not flatter sensibility. It does not bribe consciousness. We recount tragic experiences in which we have been involved, to which we have been witness, with an altogether different intonation of dignitas and pathos than we do their comic counterparts.
Foreign Policy
Authors: Elton Hugh
Published: November 2023

The Roman Empire had an army to keep out or destroy its enemies by whatever means necessary. There was no need, or even thought, of compromise. Ammianus Marcellinus’ account of a treacherous attack on a raiding band of Saxons in 370 concludes ‘and though some fair judge of these things will condemn this act as treacherous and hateful, yet on having considered the affair, he will not think it improper that a destructive band of brigands was destroyed once the opportunity was given’. This brutality was not confined to the battlefield. Earlier in the fourth century, Constantine the Great threw two Frankish kings to the beasts in the amphitheatre. Usurpers were as brutally treated, executed in public and their heads put on display. Thus in 422 Honorius celebrated his tricennalia by executing a usurper and his general in the arena at Ravenna.
The Eighteenth Dynasty Before The Amarna Period (c.155– BC)
Authors: Bryan Betsy M
Published: November 2023

Archaeological discoveries in the 1990s and 1990s, combined with the reexamination of older inscriptional evidence, suggest that the reunification of Egypt took place only in the last decade of the twenty-five-year reign of Ahmose (1550–1525 BC), first king of the 18th Dynasty. Thus the dynasty may be said to have begun officially around 1530 BC, but it was already well under way during Ahmose’s reign. Indeed, the nature of the Egyptian state at the beginning of the dynasty was surely mainly a continuation of forms and traditions that had never been entirely disrupted by the internal squabbles of the Second Intermediate Period. It must have been in part the commanding faith in those traditions that enabled Ahmose’s predecessors in the 17th Dynasty to consolidate a power base among other powerful Upper Egyptian families. As Ahmose and his successors later moved to assure their family’s dynastic line, they created or modified aspects of the kingship that, together with external pressures from the north-east and south, profoundly affected the rest of the 18th Dynasty.
The Amarna Period And The Later New Kingdom (c.1352–1069 BC)
Authors: Dijk Jacobus Van
Published: November 2023

When Amenhotep III died, he left behind a country that was wealthier and more powerful than it had ever been before. The treaty with Mitanni concluded by his father had brought peace and stability, which resulted in a culture of extraordinary luxury. A large percentage of the income generated by Egypt’s own resources and by foreign trade went into building projects of an unprecedented scale; inscriptions enumerate the enormous quantities of gold, silver, bronze, and precious stones used in the construction and decoration of the temples. Egypt’s wealth was symbolized by the sheer size of the monuments— everything had to be bigger than before, from temples and palaces to scarabs, from the colossal statues of the king to the shabti figures of his élite.
Virgil’s Third Eclogue: How Do You Keep an Idiot in Suspense?
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

This chapter steps back into the dark days of triumviral Rome. Virgil sets bucolic poetry the impossibly enticing task of fuelling cultivated verse with Italian rusticity—he writes a valley full of peasantry, not just a farmer Horace by his villa in the clearing, but a hillside of lads fetching the animals up to lonely pasture, down to the shade to drink, the outside of rural living time out of mind (cf. Chapter 6). The Eclogues urgently practise and reflect on poetry-making, in the shadow of political upheaval, inhumanity, and massacre. Protected, or prevented, from too direct referentiality, these oblique meditations occupy vigorous but slight hexameter compositions that characteristically entrust their burden to young herdsmen, and so deny themselves urban, civil, Roman standing. As mimes, they background the great world of Rome as beyond their ken, while pressing us up close to salt-of-the-earth bumpkins who treat their headaches and squabbles as if they could matter. Yet every line palpably brings both primeval country ways and smart versicles to cosmopolis, to feed urban taste for alterity, for the tease of gauche naivete. Bucolic taunts poetry with its distance from its origins, the improvisational singing that must contain its true, real, pure essence (pastoral—not past-oral, post-oral). And bucolic must guy its own scriptedness, that plays dramatic illusion false.
The Pentekontaetia
Authors: Rood Tim
Published: November 2023

The Pentekontaetia, Thucydides’ account of the (almost) fifty years between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars, is sparse and uneven, it omits many (in)famous events, and its account of those events it does mention is chronologically imprecise and lacking in strategic guidance. These perceived inadequacies, and the professional frustration they have caused, have led some scholars to conclude that the Pentekontaetia is unfinished, hastily written, and inadequately integrated into its context, and that its variations in detail are related to the quality of Thucydides’ sources.
The Structure of German
Authors: Fox Anthony
Published: November 2023

This book is a description of the major features of German according to the principles of modern linguistics. It considers aspects of German phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics, as well as varieties and discourse, from a theoretical perspective, though theory is discussed only in so far as it can throw light on the structure of the language. The aim is not present a reference grammar, nor to provide definitive answers to the questions raised, but rather to foster a linguistically informed approach to the description of the language. No work of the kind has been available in English up to now, and the book is intended to fill this gap.
Lexical Semantics
Authors: Fox Anthony
Published: November 2023

We ‘have so far been concerned primarily with the formal’ aspects of language: with the various units, categories, structures, rules, etc. in terms of which German may be described. Though we have by no means ignored the meanings of these (some attention was given to the meanings of grammatical categories in Chapter 4, for example), meaning has mostly been kept in the background, in an attempt to focus attention on the forms themselves. The balance will to some extent be redressed in this chapter, where we turn our attention more explicitly to matters of meaning.
German And its Users
Authors: Fox Anthony
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have dealt with the structure of the various linguistic ‘levels’-phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics-and have tried to establish the regular and systematic relationships out of which these structures are made. But it was pointed out in Chapter 1 that the recognition of such structures and relationships inevitably involves a degree of abstraction and idealization: ‘real’ language is not quite as consistent, regular, or systematic as our description might lead us to suppose. In this chapter we shall take up this question again, examining the nature of the abstractions and idealizations made, and attempting to relate them to the reality of language. In noting that there are such idealizations and abstractions we are not, however, conceding that our descriptions and theories are necessarily false or illegitimate. On the contrary, any description or theory which purports to make general valid statements-whether in linguistics or in any other discipline-must look beyond the observable facts to the underlying principles which determine them. In the process it is inevitable that certain aspects of these observable facts must be systematically excluded, or at least relegated to secondary importance. To take a simple example from everyday experience, we know that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius, but if we take measurements under a variety of different circumstances we shall find that this statement is never true in actual practice. Other factors, such as the atmospheric pressure, intervene to affect the result, and these must be discounted if we are to make our general statement This does not mean that the statement about the boilingpoint of water is untrue, but merely that it is true only under ideal conditions, which may in practice never occur.
Outsiders and Mavericks
Authors: Harper Sue , Porter Vincent
Published: November 2023

THE new production/distribution arrangements of the 1950s shook loose a range of maverick companies; some groups were on the periphery of the industry, in either their politics, their status, or their style. They were varied in their cultural resources and their entrepreneurial flexibility, and this affected their fortunes in the market. The phenomenon of these ‘mavericks’ goes some way towards accounting for the variety of 1950s film culture. ‘Youth’ films such as The Tommy Steele Story(1957) and We are the Lambeth Boys(1958) differed profoundly in their provenance, style, and market performance, as did school comedies such as Miss Robin Hood(1952) and Carry On Teacher(1959). The crucial determinant for all of them was their relationship to the second-feature and non-theatrical markets.
Charles I, The Commonweal the and the Restoration
Authors: Caldwell John
Published: November 2023

THE seventeenth century in England was a period of transition: politically and constitutionally, from the medieval to the modern state; in philosophy and science, from a deference to authority to the rational interpretation of observed facts. Twice the monarchy veered towards absolutism; twice it was repelled, first by an extremism which became self-defeating, on the second occasion by an accommodation that satisfied the majority. The Church rose and fell with the monarchy; but when the monarchy itself became overtly Roman Catholic, a conflict arose which only the Revolution could put down.
Music in the English Courtly Masque 1604-1640
Authors: Walls Peter
Published: November 2023

Those privileged enough to attend performances of masques at court in the early seventeenth century invariably commented on the sumptuousness of the music (and often had little to say about the literary aspects of the entertainments). Yet our view of the masque has been dominated by the texts, and indeed, the modern scholarship has tended to treat the masque first and foremost as a literary genre. This book is the first complete study of the multi-faceted view of its subject, piecing together a picture of what the music was actually like from musical score, documentary evidence, and the dramatic texts. Vocal music and dance in the Jacobean masque are treated separately - a division that reflects the way in which the music was originally composed, with one group of composers writing songs while violinist/dancing masters prepared dances. There are chapters offering a reconsideration of the musical and documentary evidence for the William Lawes masques, on Inigo Jones's musical priorities, and an investigation of French influence in the Caroline masques. The book also describes the departures from court norms in masques which took place away from Whitehall.
Restoration Cathedral Music 1660-1714
Authors: Spink Ian
Published: November 2023

The Restoration of Charles II stimulated one of the greatest triumphs of Anglican cathedral music. A group of gifted men, led by Henry Purcell, succeeded in transforming the carefully preserved and revived traditions of the Golden Age of Tudor and earlier Stuart periods into a contemporary style that vigorously embraces the idioms of the French and Italian Baroque. But although perhaps a dozen masterpieces of the period remain in the cathedral repertory, few of us can have had any idea of the riches and variety of music awaiting rediscovery. Ian Spink, a leading authority on seventeenth-century English music, has carried out a remarkable new investigation of the musical sources of the period and of the archives of every cathedral and choral foundation. The result is not only a largely unfamiliar picture of the musical life and circumstance of choral foundations, from the Chapel Royal to remote Carlisle, but also a fresh assessment of the music taking in not only the work of the great men of the age—Purcell, Locke, Handel—but also many lesser masters such as Humfrey, Blow, Clarke, Weldon, and Croft. For the first time, perhaps, the true character and shape of the Restoration period of musical history is revealed.