bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental variation structures reproduction and recruitment in long‐lived mega‐herbivores: Galapagos giant tortoises
Authors: Blake Stephen , Cabrera Freddy , Cruz Sebastian , Ellis‐Soto Diego , Yackulic Charles B. , Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Wikelski Martin , Kuemmeth Franz , Gibbs James P. , Deem Sharon L.
Published: February 2024

Migratory, long‐lived animals are an important focus for life‐history theory because they manifest extreme trade‐offs in life‐history traits: delayed maturity, low fecundity, variable recruitment rates, long generation times, and vital rates that respond to variation across environments. Galapagos tortoises are an iconic example: they are long‐lived, migrate seasonally, face multiple anthropogenic threats, and have cryptic early life‐history stages for which vital rates are unknown. From 2012 to 2021, we studied the reproductive ecology of two species of Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri and C. donfaustoi) along elevation gradients that coincided with substantial changes in climate and vegetation productivity. Specifically, we (1) measured the body and reproductive condition of 166 adult females, (2) tracked the movements of 33 adult females using global positioning system telemetry, and monitored their body condition seasonally, (3) recorded nest temperatures, clutch characteristics, and egg survival from 107 nests, and (4) used radiotelemetry to monitor growth, survival, and movements of 104 hatchlings. We also monitored temperature and rainfall from field sites, and remotely sensed primary productivity along the elevation gradient. Our study showed that environmental variability, mediated by elevation, influenced vital rates of giant tortoises, specifically egg production by adult females and juvenile recruitment. Adult females were either elevational migrants or year‐round lowland residents. Migrants had higher body condition than residents, and body condition was positively correlated with the probability of being gravid. Nests occurred in the hottest, driest parts of the tortoise's range, between 6 and 165 m elevation. Clutch size increased with elevation, whereas egg survival decreased. Hatchling survival and growth were highest at intermediate elevations. Hatchlings dispersed rapidly to 100–750 m from their nests before becoming sedentary (ranging over <0.2 ha). Predicted future climates may impact the relationships between elevation and vital rates of Galapagos tortoises and other species living across elevation gradients. Resilience will be maximized by ensuring the connectivity of foraging and reproductive areas within the current and possible future elevational ranges of these species.
Using biotracer techniques to uncover consumer diets: A comparison of stable isotopes, fatty acids, and amino acids
Authors: Pickett Patrick J. , Dwyer Georgia K. , Macqueen Ashley , Holt Galen , Halliday Bryce T. , Barton Jan L. , Lester Rebecca E.
Published: February 2024

Biotracers are commonly used in food‐web studies to estimate consumer diets. Increasingly, multiple biotracer types are combined to provide more nuanced pictures of consumer resource use, unravel more complex diet mixtures, and improve the discriminatory power of mixing models. However, few studies compare different biotracer types, including the impact of tracer selection choices, and few methods exist for combining multiple types into a single analysis. We processed three biotracer types (stable isotopes, fatty acids, and amino acids) from the same samples to determine how common galaxias (Galaxias maculatus) and flathead gudgeon (Philypnodon grandiceps) utilize different basal resources (algae, macrophytes, and detritus) using Bayesian mixing models. We then combined subsets of different biotracer types by either combining them directly into one model using generalist priors (all possible two and three biotracer type combinations) or informative priors based on other biotracer types. We compared our mixing model results with independent food webs constructed from gut contents to assess accuracy. We found fatty acids gave the most accurate diet estimates, amino acid models were the least accurate, and stable isotope models did not converge. Model precision tended to increase with the number of individual tracers included (with exceptions). Adding biotracer types that produced similar diet estimates in their respective models tightened the posterior probability distributions of combined models, while adding ones that disagreed expanded those distributions, as expected. However, tracer selection and the combination of tracer sets must be carefully considered, as they can dramatically affect model accuracy. We also demonstrate the utility of a complementary method that combines information from multiple biotracers using informative priors based on other biotracer types. Overall, our work shows that choices made when constructing mixing models can greatly influence resultant diet estimates, and we provide heuristics for making those choices, so they are most appropriate for an individual study's objectives and available data.
Intraspecific leaf trait variation mediates edge effects on litter decomposition rate in fragmented forests
Authors: Zheng Shilu , Yu Mingjian , Webber Bruce L. , Didham Raphael K.
Published: February 2024

There is strong trait dependence in species‐level responses to environmental change and their cascading effects on ecosystem functioning. However, there is little understanding of whether intraspecific trait variation (ITV) can also be an important mechanism mediating environmental effects on ecosystem functioning. This is surprising, given that global change processes such as habitat fragmentation and the creation of forest edges drive strong trait shifts within species. On 20 islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China, we quantified intraspecific leaf trait shifts of a widely distributed shrub species, Vaccinium carlesii, in response to habitat fragmentation. Using a reciprocal transplant decomposition experiment between forest edge and interior on 11 islands with varying areas, we disentangled the relative effects of intraspecific leaf trait variation versus altered environmental conditions on leaf decomposition rates in forest fragments. We found strong intraspecific variation in leaf traits in response to edge effects, with a shift toward recalcitrant leaves with low specific leaf area and high leaf dry matter content from forest interior to the edge. Using structural equation modeling, we showed that such intraspecific leaf trait response to habitat fragmentation had translated into significant plant afterlife effects on leaf decomposition, leading to decreased leaf decomposition rates from the forest interior to the edge. Importantly, the effects of intraspecific leaf trait variation were additive to and stronger than the effects from local environmental changes due to edge effects and habitat loss. Our experiment provides the first quantitative study showing that intraspecific leaf trait response to edge effects is an important driver of the decrease in leaf decomposition rate in fragmented forests. By extending the trait‐based response–effect framework toward the individual level, intraspecific variation in leaf economics traits can provide the missing functional link between environmental change and ecological processes. These findings suggest an important area for future research on incorporating ITV to understand and predict changes in ecosystem functioning in the context of global change.
Guideline‐directed medical therapy assessment in heart failure patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair
Authors: Kresoja Karl‐Patrik , Adamo Marianna , Rommel Karl‐Phillipp , Stolz Lukas , Karam Nicole , Giannini Cristina , Melica Bruno , von Bardeleben Ralph Stephan , Butter Christian , Horn Patrick , Praz Fabien , Kalbacher Daniel , Iliadis Christos , Thiele Holger , Hausleiter Jörg , Metra Marco , Lurz Philipp
Published: February 2024

Aims

Achieving optimized guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT) is recommended prior to transcatheter mitral valve edge‐to‐edge repair (M‐TEER) for secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR). We aimed to propose and validate an easy‐to‐use score for assessing the quality of GDMT in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) undergoing M‐TEER.

Methods and results

Among the 1641 EuroSMR patients enrolled in the EuroSMR Registry who underwent M‐TEER, a total of 1072 patients [median age 74, interquartile range (IQR) 67–79 years, 29% female] had complete data on GDMT and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40% and were included in the current study. We proposed a GDMT score that considers the dosage levels of three medication classes (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitors, beta‐blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists), with a maximum score of 12 points indicating optimal GDMT. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. The median GDMT score was 4 points (IQR 3–6). All three domains of the scoring system were associated with all‐cause mortality (P < 0.05 for all). The overall GDMT score was associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.86–0.95 for each 1‐point increase in the GDMT score). This association remained significant after adjusting for renal function and co‐morbidities.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the utility of a simple GDMT scoring system for assessing the adequacy of GDMT in HFrEF patients with relevant SMR undergoing M‐TEER. The GDMT score has potential applications in guiding the design of future clinical trials and aiding clinical decision‐making processes.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed α,β‐Dehydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Li Qiang‐Qiang , Dai Peng‐Fei , Qu Jian‐Ping , Kang Yan‐Biao
Published: February 2024

α,β‐Unsaturated compounds are one of the most important functional compounds. Due to their unique property and versatile utility, they usually occur as the key intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and biological materials. Thus, their synthesis has attracted more attentions than before. The early approaches to α,β‐unsaturated compounds are mainly about transition‐metal‐free methods, such as halogenation‐dehydrohalogenation methods and strong oxidants methods (organosulfur, organoselenium, benzoquinone). Subsequently, palladium and the other transition‐metals catalyzed dehydrogenation of carbonyl compounds appeared respectively. In this review, transition‐metal‐catalyzed α,β‐dehydrogenation is discussed, which is categorized by functional groups.
Continuous Preparative Application of Amine Transaminase‐Catalyzed Reactions with Integrated Crystallization
Authors: Tiedemann Sven , Neuburger Jan Eric , Gazizova Alina , von Langermann Jan
Published: February 2024

Transaminases are valuable catalysts in the synthesis of chiral amines. However, secondary techniques are typically required to shift the reaction equilibrium to the product side. This study focuses on the in situ product crystallization, specifically at preparative synthetic scale as a non‐synthetic tool for a selection of aromatic and aliphatic substrates using the transaminase from Silicibacter pomeroyi. Herein the technique is implemented in a simplified manner to facilitate in situ product removal and downstream‐processing in a combined crystallization step. After a series of optimizations, product concentrations of >0.9 mol/L and >99 % e.e. (S) were obtained implementing a repetitive batch reaction approach using a universal carboxylate as anion.
Bio‐based Nanomaterial in Carefully Designed Carbon Paste Electrode for the Detection of Methyl Orange
Authors: Romain Njimou Jacques , Tamwa Sieugaing Mary , Péguy Nanseu‐Njiki Charles , Ngameni Emmanuel
Published: February 2024

Al2O3 is an electrical insulator material with high thermal conductivity and low toxicity. In this study, we combined the properties of Al2O3 and orange peel (OP) to form a hydrothermally synthesized nanomaterial, resulting in an excellent nanocomposite (AlOP) with favorable electrochemical properties compared to those of their separate materials. AlOP exhibited a compact morphology with relatively high porosity and varying shapes, attributed to the blending of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the OP matrix. The structural properties of this nanocomposite have facilitated the modification of the carbon paste electrode (CPE) for the detection of methyl orange, an anionic dye of environmental significance. This electrochemical sensor has demonstrated high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, rapid response, and remarkable reproducibility for the detection of methyl orange (MO) with detection limits of 3.23×10−8 and 1.26×10−7 mol. L−1 in deionized and spring waters with molarities of 2 to 1.2 μM. Therefore, the developed CPE/AlOP sensor has the capacity for detecting anionic dye from multiple systems without affecting its efficiency.
A Systematic Review on Microplastic Contamination in Fishes of Asia: Polymeric Risk Assessment and Future Prospectives
Authors: Oza Jahnvi , Rabari Vasantkumar , Yadav Virendra Kumar , Sahoo Dipak Kumar , Patel Ashish , Trivedi Jigneshkumar
Published: February 2024

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted global concern because of their harmful effects on marine biota; their toxic properties can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems. Fish is an essential source of protein for humans, playing a crucial role in daily food intake. Until recently, MPs were addressed primarily as environmental pollutants, but they are now increasingly recognized as contaminants in the food supply. The present review has comprehended the current knowledge of MP contamination in freshwater and marine fishes of Asia, including 112 peer-reviewed sources from 2016 to 2023. The review recorded 422 Asian fishes (345 marine and 77 freshwater) to be contaminated with MPs. Clarias gariepinus and Selaroides leptolepi have shown maximum MP contamination in the freshwater and marine environments of Asia, respectively. Omnivorous and carnivorous fishes exhibited higher susceptibility to ingesting MPs. Benthopelagic, demersal, and reef-associated habitats were identified as more prone to MP accumulation. In both freshwater and marine environments, China has the highest number of contaminated species among all the countries. Pollution indices indicated high MP contamination in both freshwater and marine environments. A prevalence of fibers was recorded in all fishes. Black- and blue-colored MPs of <500 µm–1 mm size were found dominantly. Polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene were recorded as the prevalent plastic polymers in freshwater and marine fish, respectively. Overall, the review served as a comprehensive understanding of MP concentrations and variations between species, between feeding habits, and between geographic locations, which can be pivotal for addressing pressing environmental challenges, protecting human health, and fostering global sustainability efforts in the face of escalating plastic pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:671–685. © 2024 SETAC.

A review on microplastic contamination in fishes of Asia.
Microencapsulation of Vitis vinifera grape pulp phenolic extract using maltodextrin and its application in gummy candy enrichment
Authors: Heidari Maryam , Pezeshki Akram , Ghanbarzadeh Babak , Hamishehkar Hamed , Ahmadzadeh Nobari Azar Farnaz , Mohammadi Maryam , Ghorbani Marjan
Published: February 2024

Phenolic extract of Vitis vinifera grape pulp was prepared using ultrasonication at frequencies of 28, 40, and 28–40 kHz with a 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 ratio of solid (grape pulp) to water. The 1:10 ratio and 40 kHz frequency were considered optimal conditions for the preparation of red grape pulp extract (RGPE). Then, RGPE was encapsulated within maltodextrin using a spray drying technique, and the produced powder was used in the gummy candy production. The results revealed that the phenolic content of the powder was almost constant during the storage time. The solubility of the powder decreased, whereas its moisture content increased during the 45‐day storage period. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the produced microparticles had spherical shapes with a micron size. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed that RGPE was encapsulated in the structure of maltodextrin through the formation of hydrogen bonds, considering the amorphous structure of the powder. The antioxidant properties of the microencapsulated RGPE containing gummy candy were preserved. Sensory evaluation and colorimetric values of the enriched gummy candy had acceptable results compared to the control sample. In general, microencapsulation of RGPE within maltodextrin as a carrier using the spray drying technique and its application in gummy candy enrichment could be useful.
A review of the production, quality, and safety of traditionally fermented cereal‐based alcoholic beverages in Ethiopia
Authors: Alemu Tolcha Techane , Kuyu Chala G.
Published: February 2024

In Ethiopia, a diverse array of cereal‐based alcoholic beverages is being prepared and consumed. These traditional fermented drinks are distinct to specific regions and are prepared by locals using locally available raw materials according to cultural traditions. Notable among these are Tella, Areki, Keribo, Borde, and Shamita, renowned for their nutritional benefits and their role in ensuring food security. This paper explores existing literature regarding the production, quality, and safety of traditional cereal‐based alcoholic beverages in Ethiopia. Despite the widespread consumption of these beverages, they have yet to be commercialized, mainly due to their perceived low quality. The uncommercialized processes and products demand more attention, particularly in light of the country's inflationary pressures. Additionally, these traditional fermented beverages significantly enhance health due to the presence of bioactive compounds and their nutritional value. Standardizing and modernizing production methods by integrating scientific knowledge, such as optimizing fermentation practices, is essential to fully capitalize on these traditional beverages. Equipping local producers with this knowledge can facilitate the transition to larger scale production. Furthermore, continued research is essential to maintaining overall quality and safety standards. Therefore, it is crucial to concentrate on enhancing the nutritional value and quality of traditional cereal‐based beverages in the future. By illuminating these aspects, this review aims to enhance understanding of the traditional Ethiopian alcoholic beverage industry and its potential for elevating quality and safety standards. Moreover, the review explores these beverages' cultural significance, consumption patterns, and associated health risks.
Hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory, and neuroprotective potentials of crude methanolic extract from Acacia nilotica L. – results of an in vitro study
Authors: Rauf Abdur , Ibrahim Muhammad , Alomar Taghrid S. , AlMasoud Najla , Khalil Anees Ahmed , Khan Muneeb , Khalid Ahood , Jan Muhammad Saeed , Formanowicz Dorota , Quradha Mohammed Mansour
Published: February 2024

Acacia nilotica L., also known as babul, belonging to the Fabaceae family and the Acacia genus, is typically used for ornamental purposes and also as a medicinal plant found in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant is a rich source of bioactive compounds. The current study aimed to elucidate the hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of A. nilotica's crude methanolic extract. The results of the in vitro antidiabetic assay revealed that methanolic extract of A. nilotica inhibited the enzyme α‐glucosidase (IC50: 33 μg mL−1) and α‐amylase (IC50: 17 μg mL−1) in a dose‐dependent manner. While in the anticholinesterase enzyme inhibitory assay, maximum inhibition was shown by the extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (637.01 μg mL−1) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (491.98 μg mL−1), with the highest percent inhibition of 67.54% and 71.50% at 1000 μg mL−1, respectively. This inhibitory potential was lower as compared to the standard drug Galantamine that exhibited 82.43 and 89.50% inhibition at the same concentration, respectively. Moreover, the methanolic extract of A. nilotica also significantly inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) in a concentration‐dependent manner. The percent inhibitory activity of 5‐LOX and COX‐2 ranged from 42.47% to 71.53% and 43.48% to 75.22%, respectively. Furthermore, in silico, in vivo, and clinical investigations must be planned to validate the above‐stated bioactivities of A. nilotica.
Effects of interprofessional practice on nursing workload in hospitals: A systematic review
Authors: Cucolo Danielle Fabiana , de Campos Oliveira João Lucas , Rossit Rosana Aparecida Salvador , Mininel Vivian Aline , Perroca Marcia Galan , Silva Jaqueline Alcântara Marcelino da
Published: February 2024

Objective

To synthesise scientific evidence on interprofessional practice in hospital care and the effects on nursing workload.

Methods

Systematic mixed method review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021225627) and conducted in the following databases: CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus, with no restrictions on the publication period of the studies. Primary studies were recruited on nurses' interprofessional practice (actions and interactions with other professional categories) in hospitals and the effects on one or more dimensions of nursing workload (quantitative, qualitative, physical, cognitive, emotional, time and variation). Scientific articles available in open access, in English, Spanish or Portuguese, were included. The searches were carried out in January 2021. The studies were evaluated by pairs of independent researchers to verify methodological quality, through the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool, and data extraction. To summarise the studies, thematic analysis was adopted.

Results

A total of 1774 publications were assessed for eligibility and 17 studies were included. Of these, two were mixed methods, four were qualitative, and 11 were quantitative, published between 2011 and 2020. The main scenarios investigated were Intensive Care Units and/or Inpatient Units. During data analysis, three thematic categories emerged: Interprofessional practice in coping with emotional overload; Time dedicated by nurses to professional communication; and Working conditions and patient care. The third category consisted of three subthemes: Conflict and flexibility in the context of practice; Working conditions and interprofessional practice; and Effects on patient care.

Conclusions

The evidence points to the emotional overload of nurses in the face of uncooperative practices. Interprofessional actions, especially communicative ones, demand nurses' time and impact the care provided. The results contribute to political decisions and health work management.
‘Government don't know me and if I stop, they won't know’: A qualitative study on the lived experiences of volunteer health workers in the Nigerian health system and their implications for the sustainable development goals
Authors: Odii Aloysius , Hutchinson Eleanor , Onwujekwe Obinna , Ogbozor Pamela Adaobi , Agwu Prince , Orjiakor Charles T. , Babalanova Dina , McKee Martin
Published: February 2024

Background

Volunteer health workers play an important, but poorly understood role in the Nigerian health system. We report a study of their lived experiences, enabling us to understand their motivations, the nature of their work, and their relationships with formally employed health workers in Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) in Nigeria, the role of institutional incentives, and the implications for attaining the health‐related sustainable development goals (SDGs) targets.

Methods

The study used ethnographic observation of PHCs in Enugu State, supplemented with in‐depth interviews with volunteers, formally employed health workers and health managers. The analysis employed a combination of narrative and reflexive thematic approaches.

Findings

The lived experiences of most volunteers unfold in four stages as they move into and out of their volunteering status. The first stage signifies hope, arising from the ease with which they are accepted and integrated into the PHC space. The anger stage emerges when volunteers confront the marked disparity in their treatment compared to formal staff, despite their substantial contributions to healthcare. Then, the bargaining stage sets in, where they strive for recognition and respect by pursuing formal employment and advocating for fair treatment and improved stipends. A positive response, such as improved stipends, can reignite hope among volunteers. If not, most volunteers transition to the acceptance stage – the acknowledgement that their status may never be formalised, prompting many to lose hope and disengage.

Conclusion

There should be a clear policy on recruitment, compensation, and protection of volunteers in the health systems, to enhance the contribution they can make to the achievement of the health‐related SDG targets.
The prevalence of work‐related musculoskeletal disorder among health care workers in Damascus, Syria. A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zahrawi Hanaa , Asaad Saja Hasan Al , Al Houri Ahmad Nabil , Kadri Saeed A. , kahal Fares , Torbey André , Al Houri Hasan Nabil , Odeh Ameena , Alshallah Nour , Dugha Ghaith , Adal Lama Ayad Al , albared Sara maa , Battah Fatma Khaled , Akkad Omran Alsakka Dit , Alhasan Shahad Alhattab , Zawda Aws , Kudsi Mayssoun
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Healthcare workers in particular frequently report Work‐related musculoskeletal diseases (WRMSDs). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and features of WRMSDs in residents from different specialties and trainee nurses from educational hospitals in Damascus, Syria.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken aiming at the medical residents and the trainee nurses working in the public health sector in 11 hospitals. The sample size was found to be 2016. In this study, a modified version of the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was employed.

Results

After the inclusion and exclusion criteria was the number of the participants 1855. In general, musculoskeletal pain was in the past week (69%) and the past 12 months (85%). Musculoskeletal pain in medical care practitioners was found to be linked to higher mean age (p = 0.0053) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.0437) in the last year. Females had a higher prevalence of WRMSDs than males (p = 0.0036), and those who were married also had a higher prevalence (p = 0.0218). Working longer hours per week and per month were associated with musculoskeletal pain in the previous 7 days (p = 0.0043 and p = 0.0003, respectively).

Conclusion

WRMSD prevalence was 85% among our study participants in the previous year. The most common complaint was lower back pain. Aging, female gender, and increasing BMI have been associated with higher reporting of WRMSDs. Our results suggested that doctors were twice as susceptible to developing WRMSDs as nurses. These results highlight the increasing urgency for ergonomics training programs and effective interventions to reduce WRMSDs and enhance working conditions for healthcare professionals in Syria.
Risk assessment for mortality in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Oraii Alireza , Shafeghat Melika , Ashraf Haleh , Soleimani Abbas , Kazemian Sina , Sadatnaseri Azadeh , Saadat Naser , Danandeh Khashayar , Akrami Ashley , Balali Pargol , Fatahi Mohamadreza , Karbalai Saleh Shahrokh
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. This study aims to evaluate predictors of in‐hospital and long‐term mortality among patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.

Methods

In this registry‐based study, we retrospectively analyzed patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI enrolled in the primary angioplasty registry of Sina Hospital. Independent predictors of in‐hospital and long‐term mortality were determined using multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analyses, respectively.

Results

A total of 1123 consecutive patients with STEMI were entered into the study. The mean age was 59.37 ± 12.15 years old, and women constituted 17.1% of the study population. The in‐hospital mortality rate was 5.0%. Multivariate analyses revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.10), lower ejection fraction (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92–0.99), lower mean arterial pressure (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.98), and higher white blood cells (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06–1.29) as independent risk predictors for in‐hospital mortality. Also, 875 patients were followed for a median time of 21.8 months. Multivariate Cox regression demonstrated older age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06), lower mean arterial pressure (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–1.00), and higher blood urea (HR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02) as independent predictors of long‐term mortality.

Conclusion

We found that older age and lower mean arterial pressure were significantly associated with the increased risk of in‐hospital and long‐term mortality in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Our results indicate a necessity for more precise care and monitoring during hospitalization for such high‐risk patients.
Vaginal douching and health risks among young women
Authors: Wireko Solomon , Ofosu Mina , Agyemang Florence , Dankluvi Herbert Ekoe , Cobbina Andrews Evans
Published: February 2024

Objective

Vaginal douching is practiced by women for various reasons. Studies have shown that this practice can upset the normal vaginal flora, increasing susceptibility to certain sexually transmitted diseases (STIs). This study aimed to assess the health risks associated with this practice among women aged 15–54 years in a densely populated community in Kumasi, the second capital city of Ghana.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted to gather data on the prevalence of vaginal douching among young women and their beliefs, motivations, and knowledge about the practice. A structured questionnaire was used in recruiting participants. One‐hundred and fifteen structured questionnaires were administered to women aged between 15 and 54 after their consent was sought.

Results

The study established that more than half of the participants (69.6%) engaged in douching with a midpoint of 19.5. The study indicated no significant difference between the age of participants and douching (p < 0.93). However, there was an indication of a significant association between educational status, marital status, and perception in relation to douching (p < 0.003, 0.0015, and 0.00, respectively), which also influenced the frequency of douching and contraction of STIs.

Conclusion

Most women in the study community recruited, regardless of their educational and marital status, believed that douching is necessary and considered part of feminine hygiene practices. Practicing douching may lead to most health complications including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility which must be given serious attention by researchers, health personnel, and various women's groups.
The effect of machine learning algorithms in the prediction, and diagnosis of meningitis: A systematic review
Authors: Ghaddaripouri Kosar , Ghaddaripouri Maryam , Mousavi Atefeh Sadat , Mousavi Baigi Seyyedeh Fatemeh , Rezaei Sarsari Masoumeh , Dahmardeh Kemmak Fatemeh , Mazaheri Habibi Mohammad Reza
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

This systematic review aimed to evaluating the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) algorithms for the prediction and diagnosis of meningitis.

Methods

On November 12, 2022, a systematic review was carried out using a keyword search in the reliable scientific databases PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science. The recommendations of Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) were adhered to. Studies conducted in English that employed ML to predict and identify meningitis were deemed to match the inclusion criteria. The eligibility requirements were used to independently review the titles and abstracts. The whole text was then obtained and independently reviewed in accordance with the eligibility requirements.

Results

After all the research matched the inclusion criteria, a total of 16 studies were added to the systematic review. Studies on the application of ML algorithms in the three categories of disease diagnosis ability (8.16) and disease prediction ability (8.16) (including cases related to identifying patients (50%), risk of death in patients (25%), the consequences of the disease in childhood (12.5%), and its etiology [12.5%]) were placed. Among the ML algorithms used in this study, logistic regression (LR) (4.16, 25%) and multiple logistic regression (MLR) (4.16, 25%) were the most used. All the included studies indicated improvements in the processes of diagnosis, prediction, and disease outbreak with the help of ML algorithms.

Conclusion

The results of the study showed that in all included studies, ML algorithms were an effective approach to facilitate diagnosis, predict consequences for risk classification, and improve resource utilization by predicting the volume of patients or services as well as discovering risk factors. The role of ML algorithms in improving disease diagnosis was more significant than disease prediction and prevalence. Meanwhile, the use of combined methods can optimize differential diagnoses and facilitate the decision‐making process for healthcare providers.
Computational and experimental performance assessment of rectangular sectioned solar air heater duct provided with new curved ribs
Authors: Deshpande Harshad , Raibhole Vaijanath
Published: February 2024

There are many applications, such as fruits, paddy rice drying, and so on, where air heaters are comprehensively used. The provision of ribs in solar energy‐based air heaters has been accredited to be a beneficial approach for escalating its thermal performance. This investigation reveals the performance evaluation of a rectangular sectioned solar air heater duct placed with the curved type of ribs organized in noncontinuous and truncation patterns. Influence of variation of pitch ratio (4.0–12.0), block‐age ratio (0.06–0.1), the ratio of rib height to the radius of rib curvature (0.75–1), and the ratio of rib truncation gap to its height (0–0.75) at different values of Reynolds's numbers (Re) in the range 12,000–37,000 on the performance revealing factors explicitly heat transfer augmentation factor, the ratio of friction factor, as well as overall thermal performance enhancement (OTPE) have been discussed. The experimentation was performed on a similar rectangular air heater as that of numerical simulation with the same boundary conditions. It is figured out from numerical simulation that the provision of a central truncation gap in the arrangement of ribs helped in the development of vortices with minimal pressure loss due to friction. The greatest Nusselt number augmentation ratio between ribbed and plain plates that was attained is of the order of 2.01 for a pitch ratio of 9.0, blockage ratio of 0.08, the ratio of rib height to the radius of rib curvature 0.25 at the highest value of Re. The obtained friction factor ratio between the ribbed plate and the plain plate is of the order of 2.34 for p/y = 9.0 at maximum Re. The highest value of overall thermal performance enhancement (OTPE) is attained as 1.52 at the pitch ratio of 9, at the maximum value of Re. The central truncation gap of the rib pattern promoted the creation of vortices with a decreased pressure loss penalty. The uppermost value of the factor presenting overall thermal performance enhancement in this work is far superior to unity. This suggests that adding curved ribs to the air heater's duct is a helpful way to improve its overall performance. Empirical correlations have been established between the Nusselt number and geometrical parameters, likewise the friction factor and geometrical parameters using the regression study. The values of the Nusselt number, and friction factor that come from experimental work and developed empirical correlations fall between the highest deviation limits of ±9% and ±8%, respectively. This work is certainly helpful in the context of solar air heaters used for applications such as drying paddy rice.
Formerly used defense sites on Unalaska Island, Alaska: Mapping a legacy of environmental pollution
Authors: Jordan-Ward Renee , Hippel Frank A. , Schmidt Jennifer , Verhougstraete Marc P.
Published: February 2024

Unalaska Island, Alaska, served as a US military base during World War II. The military installed bases on Unalaska and nearby islands, many of which were built adjacent to Unangan communities. The military used toxic compounds in its operations and left a legacy of pollution that may pose health risks to residents and local wildlife. The goals of this study were to identify hotspots of contamination remaining at Unalaska formerly used defense (FUD) sites, evaluate the risk posed by arsenic, and examine “no US Department of Defense action indicated” (NDAI) status determinations for FUD sites near communities. We compiled soil chemistry data from remediation reports prepared by the US Army Corps of Engineers at 18 FUD sites on and near Unalaska. Nine had past and/or active remediation projects and on-site sampling data. Eight sites did not have sampling data and were characterized as NDAI. One site was listed as closed. For the nine sites with sampling data, we compiled data for 22 contaminants of concern (COC) and compared concentrations to soil cleanup levels for human health (18 AAC 75.341). We mapped contaminant concentrations exceeding these levels to identify hotspots of contamination. We found that concentrations of some of the 22 COC exceeded Alaska cleanup levels despite remediation efforts, including diesel range organics, arsenic, and lead. The highest COC concentrations were at the FUD site adjacent to the City of Unalaska. A quantitative risk assessment for arsenic found that the risk of exposure through drinking water is low. We highlight concerns with NDAI designations and current remedial practices at remote FUD sites located adjacent to communities. Our data suggest the need for further remediation and monitoring efforts on Unalaska for certain contaminants and research to examine potential threats to human and animal health associated with these sites. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1420–1431. © 2024 SETAC

Key Points

We found that concentrations of some of the 22 contaminants of concern (COC) exceeded Alaska cleanup levels despite remediation efforts, including diesel range organics, arsenic, and lead, and that the highest COC concentrations were present at the formerly used defense (FUD) site adjacent to the City of Unalaska. We conducted a quantitative risk assessment for arsenic and found that the risk of exposure through drinking water is low. We highlight concerns with NDAI designations and current remedial practices at remote FUD sites located adjacent to communities. Our data suggest the need for further remediation and monitoring efforts on Unalaska for certain contaminants and research to examine potential threats to human and animal health associated with these sites.
Autophagy‐related genes polymorphism in hepatitis B virus‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Yousefi Parastoo , Tabibzadeh Alireza , Jawaziri Abdulhussain Kadhim , Mehrjoo Mohsen , Akhavan Mandana , Allahqoli Leila , Salehiniya Hamid
Published: February 2024

Background

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus is the most common risk factor for developing liver malignancy. Autophagy is an essential element in human cell maintenance. Several studies have demonstrated that autophagy plays a vital role in liver cancer at different stages. In this systematic review, we intend to investigate the role of polymorphism and mutations of autophagy‐related genes (ATGs) in the pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Materials and Methods

The search was conducted in online databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) using Viruses, Infections, Polymorphism, Autophagy, and ATG. The study was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses criteria.

Results

The primary search results led to 422 studies. By screening and eligibility evaluation, only four studies were relevant. The most important polymorphisms in hepatocellular carcinoma were rs2241880 in ATG16L1, rs77859116, rs510432, and rs548234 in ATG5. Furthermore, some polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk of HBV infection including, rs2241880 in ATG16L1 and rs6568431 in ATG5.

Conclusion

The current study highlights the importance of rs2241880 in ATG16L1 and rs77859116, rs510432, and rs548234 in ATG5 for HBV‐induced HCC. Additionally, some mutations in ATG16L1 and ATG5 were important in risk of HBV infection. The study highlights the gap of knowledge in the field of ATG polymorphisms in HBV infection and HBV‐induced HCC.
Quercetin attenuates inflammation in LPS‐induced lung epithelial cells via the Nrf2 signaling pathway
Authors: Lv Pengju , Han Pengli , Cui Yuanbo , Chen Qiusheng , Cao Wei
Published: February 2024

Background

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five, and kill almost two million children each year. Quercetin, a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, exerts many beneficial biological activities, including anti‐inflammatory functions. Our study aimed to investigate the possibility of quercetin as a therapeutic agent for pneumonia and its role in the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Methods

LPS induced human alveolar epithelial cell A549 as a lung inflammation model in vitro. The effects of quercetin on the production of cytokines and the expression of related‐proteins were detected by Enzyme‐Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay and Western Blot, respectively. Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay was used to detect cell viability. flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. NO levels were also analyzed through NO kit.

Results

Our results found that quercetin attenuated the release of IL‐1β, IL‐6, PGE2, and nitrite in LPS‐induced A549 cells. In addition, quercetin inhibits cell apoptosis and relieves ROS generation in LPS‐induced A549 cells. Quercetin also inhibits LPS‐induced NF‐κB activation. They have upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) and HO‐1.

Conclusion

In conclusion, these results suggested that quercetin attenuates LPS‐induced inflammation in A549 by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
Deposition of onco‐histone H3.3‐G34W leads to DNA repair deficiency and activates cGAS/STING‐mediated immune responses
Authors: Mancarella Daniela , Ellinghaus Henrik , Sigismondo Gianluca , Veselinov Olivera , Kühn Alexander , Goyal Ashish , Hartmann Mark , Fellenberg Jörg , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Plass Christoph , Popanda Odilia , Schmezer Peter , Bakr Ali
Published: February 2024

Mutations in histone H3.3‐encoding genes causing mutant histone tails are associated with specific cancers such as pediatric glioblastomas (H3.3‐G34R/V) and giant cell tumor of the bone (H3.3‐G34W). The mechanisms by which these mutations promote malignancy are not completely understood. Here we show that cells expressing H3.3‐G34W exhibit DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) repair defects and increased cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). Mechanistically, H3.3‐G34W can be deposited to damaged chromatin, but in contrast to wild‐type H3.3, does not interact with non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) key effectors KU70/80 and XRCC4 leading to NHEJ deficiency. Together with defective cell cycle checkpoints reported previously, this DNA repair deficiency in H3.3‐G34W cells led to accumulation of micronuclei and cytosolic DNA following IR, which subsequently led to activation of the cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING) pathway, thereby inducing release of immune‐stimulatory cytokines. These findings suggest a potential for radiotherapy for tumors expressing H3.3‐G34W, which can be further improved by combination with STING agonists to induce immune‐mediated therapeutic efficacy.
Agricultural extension officers' adoption of ICT‐based extension services: A critical realist approach in Mali
Authors: Kante Macire
Published: February 2024

Information and communication technology enables extension services to farmers in developing countries. Although they have been deployed and adopted by farmers, the causal mechanisms (i.e., processes through which a result is brought about) underlying their adoption and use have not been adequately studied. This study uses the Critical Realism philosophical perspective to understand and integrate the various factors into a consistent and coherent model for adopting information and communication technology‐based extension services by agricultural extension officers in Mali. The study gathered data from 26 extension officers and farmers in Koulikoro and Segou, Mali. We analyzed the data using thematic analysis with the help of the qualitative data analysis software NVivo. The results revealed that the successful adoption of information and communication technology based extension services is the leading factor that can cause extension officers' satisfaction with agricultural extension services. This satisfaction drives societal change, that is, farmers improving their knowledge of extension services and extension officers efficiently disseminating them. In turn, this change may result in higher yield and, thus, better productivity. These findings guide policymakers, managers, and network providers for higher productivity in developing countries.
Impact of internal medicine pharmacists on antimicrobial stewardship
Authors: Rizzo Ashley , Suchindran Sujit , Albrecht Benjamin , Metzger Nicole L.
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Increased demands on infectious diseases (ID) pharmacists and providers may result in targeted antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions. Internal medicine (IM) pharmacists frequently intervene on antimicrobials for their patients during general clinical care, although little is known regarding their overall impact on AMS.

Objective

Characterize AMS interventions made by IM pharmacists to identify areas of AMS that can be expanded to patients not covered by ID teams.

Methods

This was a prospective, dual‐center, cross‐sectional study where IM pharmacists, and their trainees were recruited to document routinely made AMS interventions that happened during daily patient care activities. These interventions were classified based on infection source, stewardship intervention type, whether recommendations were accepted or rejected by providers, and any barriers incurred during the implementation of interventions.

Results

Four IM pharmacists documented 386 interventions from February 2021 through May 2021. Physicians accepted pharmacist interventions 95.6% of the time. The most common interventions were for respiratory (n = 87, 22.5%), genitourinary (n = 80, 20.7%), and skin and skin structure infections (n = 65, 16.8%). The antimicrobials that IM pharmacists most frequently intervened on were vancomycin (n = 89, 23.1%) and ceftriaxone (n = 68, 17.6%). The most common interventions that were made were dose adjustment (n = 105, 27.2%), shortened duration of therapy (n = 86, 22.3%), and intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) conversions (n = 38, 9.8%). Of the 17 interventions not accepted, the most common barrier to implementation was physician concerns (n = 11, 52.4%), which were primarily associated with IV to PO recommendations (n = 7, 63.6%).

Conclusion

IM pharmacists participate in AMS for their patients and intervene frequently to adjust dosing for antimicrobials, shorten duration of therapy, and facilitate IV to PO conversions. IM pharmacists could serve as AMS extenders where additional AMS coverage is needed.