bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An AI powered system call analysis with bag of word approaches for the detection of intrusions and malware in Australian Defence Force Academy and virtual machine monitor malware attack data set
Authors: Melvin Appu Alfred Raja , Kathrine Gnanaraj Jaspher W. , Pasupathi Subbulakshmi , Shanmuganathan Vimal , Naganathan Rajalingam
Published: May 2022

This study propose the use of AI enabled machine learning algorithms with the Bag‐of‐Word (BoW) methods for the detection of intrusions by analysing the system call patterns. Host based Intrusion Detection System can make use of system call patterns to differentiate between normal and anomalous program behaviours. First, the system call patterns are pre‐processed with different approaches like BoW, BoW with Boolean value, BoW with Probability value and BoW with TF‐IDF. Next machine learning algorithms are used to evaluate the performance of classifier models. We used J48 (C4.5), Random Forrest, RIPPER, KNN, SVM, and NaiveBayes ML algorithms. This process was carried out on ADFA‐LD and on our proposed virtual machine monitor (VMM) malware attack data set for analysis. The proposed work is evaluated based on detection accuracy and false alarm rate metrics. Random Forrest algorithm performs better compared with other ML algorithms in terms of intrusion detection accuracy and false alarm rate on ADFA and VMM malware data set. The proposed data set provide better results compared with ADFA‐LD analysed using ML algorithms. The classifier model trained with ADFA and VMM malware system call data sets may do predictive analytics in detecting security issues for Industry 4.0 systems.
Examining the effectiveness of a family‐focused training to prevent youth suicide
Authors: Schuck Allison , Gryglewicz Kim , Bender Ansley , Nam Eunji , McNeil Marissa , Cosare Michael , Rosler Melanie , Karver Marc
Published: May 2022

Objective

The present study investigates the effectiveness of a novel, consumer‐informed, family training for youth suicide prevention.

Background

Research suggests family members play a key role in reducing suicide risk for their children. However, family members often do not possess the necessary knowledge, confidence, and skills needed to intervene with a suicidal youth.

Method

Family members (N = 582) participated in the It's Time to Talk About It: Family Training for Youth Suicide Prevention (ITT‐FT) and completed pretest and posttest measures. Additionally, 158 family members completed a 6‐month follow‐up evaluation.

Results

Results indicated significant improvements in knowledge, effective attitudes, perceived behavioral control, social norms, and intentions immediately after the training. Knowledge and perceived behavioral control were sustained at follow‐up. Participants identifying as Hispanic/Latinx exhibited greater decreases in stigma related to help‐seeking. Those who had a family history of mental health treatment experienced a greater increase in social norms related to other families seeking help.

Conclusion

Findings underline the importance of implementing a family‐focused program aimed at improving training outcomes such as knowledge, confidence, and intentions—key constructs associated with behavior change.

Implications

Improvement in several domains following the training highlight the critical role family members can play in reducing youth suicide risk.
The developmental impact of sex chromosome trisomies on emerging executive functions in young children: Evidence from neurocognitive tests and daily life skills
Authors: Kuiper Kimberly C. , Swaab Hanna , Tartaglia Nicole , van Buggenhout Griet , Wouters Caroline , van Rijn Sophie
Published: May 2022

Sex chromosomal trisomies (SCT) are associated with impairments in executive functions in school‐aged children, adolescents, and adults. However, knowledge on preschool development of executive functions is limited but greatly needed to guide early intervention. The current study examined emerging executive functions in young children with SCT. Participants were 72 SCT children and 70 population‐based controls, aged 3–7 years, who completed a neurocognitive assessment of both global executive function (MEFS) and verbal executive function skills (NEPSY Word Generation). Caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire to capture real‐world behavioral manifestations of impairments in executive functions. Results showed that impairments were significantly more prevalent in SCT than in controls and already present from 3 years, specifically verbal executive functions and working memory. Broader more pronounced impairments were found in older children with SCT. Age was significantly related to executive functions, but specific domains showed different relations with age. For example, deficits in planning and organizing remained evident with older age in SCT whereas it declined with age in controls. Impairments in executive functions were present across different levels of intelligence. Already at an early age, impairments across executive functions should be considered part of the neurodevelopmental profile of SCT, which appear more prominent at later age. Future studies should investigate developmental pathways of executive functions in SCT, given its relevance in cognitive, social, and emotional development. Executive functions should be screened and monitored in children with SCT and could be an important target of preventive intervention.
Sulfur isotopes of hydrothermal vent fossils and insights into microbial sulfur cycling within a lower Paleozoic (Ordovician‐early Silurian) vent community
Authors: Georgieva Magdalena N. , Little Crispin T. S. , Herrington Richard J. , Boyce Adrian J. , Zerkle Aubrey L. , Maslennikov Valeriy V. ,   EIMF, Glover Adrian G.
Published: May 2022

Symbioses between metazoans and microbes involved in sulfur cycling are integral to the ability of animals to thrive within deep‐sea hydrothermal vent environments; the development of such interactions is regarded as a key adaptation in enabling animals to successfully colonize vents. Microbes often colonize the surfaces of vent animals and, remarkably, these associations can also be observed intricately preserved by pyrite in the fossil record of vent environments, stretching back to the lower Paleozoic (Ordovician‐early Silurian). In non‐vent environments, sulfur isotopes are often employed to investigate the metabolic strategies of both modern and fossil organisms, as certain metabolic pathways of microbes, notably sulfate reduction, can produce large sulfur isotope fractionations. However, the sulfur isotopes of vent fossils, both ancient and recently mineralized, have seldom been explored, and it is not known if the pyrite‐preserved vent organisms might also preserve potential signatures of their metabolisms. Here, we use high‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to investigate the sulfur isotopes of pyrites from recently mineralized and Ordovician‐early Silurian tubeworm fossils with associated microbial fossils. Our results demonstrate that pyrites containing microbial fossils consistently have significantly more negative δ34S values compared with nearby non‐fossiliferous pyrites, and thus represent the first indication that the presence of microbial sulfur‐cycling communities active at the time of pyrite formation influenced the sulfur isotope signatures of pyrite at hydrothermal vents. The observed depletions in δ34S are generally small in magnitude and are perhaps best explained by sulfur isotope fractionation through a combination of sulfur‐cycling processes carried out by vent microbes. These results highlight the potential for using sulfur isotopes to explore biological functional relationships within fossil vent communities, and to enhance understanding of how microbial and animal life has co‐evolved to colonize vents throughout geological time.
Madagascar's fire regimes challenge global assumptions about landscape degradation
Authors: Phelps Leanne N. , Andela Niels , Gravey Mathieu , Davis Dylan S. , Kull Christian A. , Douglass Kristina , Lehmann Caroline E. R.
Published: May 2022

Narratives of landscape degradation are often linked to unsustainable fire use by local communities. Madagascar is a case in point: the island is considered globally exceptional, with its remarkable endemic biodiversity viewed as threatened by unsustainable anthropogenic fire. Yet, fire regimes on Madagascar have not been empirically characterised or globally contextualised. Here, we contribute a comparative approach to determining relationships between regional fire regimes and global patterns and trends, applied to Madagascar using MODIS remote sensing data (2003–2019). Rather than a global exception, we show that Madagascar's fire regimes are similar to 88% of tropical burned area with shared climate and vegetation characteristics, and can be considered a microcosm of most tropical fire regimes. From 2003–2019, landscape‐scale fire declined across tropical grassy biomes (17%–44% excluding Madagascar), and on Madagascar at a relatively fast rate (36%–46%). Thus, high tree loss anomalies on the island (1.25–4.77× the tropical average) were not explained by any general expansion of landscape‐scale fire in grassy biomes. Rather, tree loss anomalies centred in forests, and could not be explained by landscape‐scale fire escaping from savannas into forests. Unexpectedly, the highest tree loss anomalies on Madagascar (4.77×) occurred in environments without landscape‐scale fire, where the role of small‐scale fires (<21 h [0.21 km2]) is unknown. While landscape‐scale fire declined across tropical grassy biomes, trends in tropical forests reflected important differences among regions, indicating a need to better understand regional variation in the anthropogenic drivers of forest loss and fire risk. Our new understanding of Madagascar's fire regimes offers two lessons with global implications: first, landscape‐scale fire is declining across tropical grassy biomes and does not explain high tree loss anomalies on Madagascar. Second, landscape‐scale fire is not uniformly associated with tropical forest loss, indicating a need for socio‐ecological context in framing new narratives of fire and ecosystem degradation.
4D marine conservation networks: Combining 3D prioritization of present and future biodiversity with climatic refugia
Authors: Doxa Aggeliki , Almpanidou Vasiliki , Katsanevakis Stelios , Queirós Ana M. , Kaschner Kristin , Garilao Cristina , Kesner‐Reyes Kathleen , Mazaris Antonios D.
Published: May 2022

Given the accelerating rate of biodiversity loss, the need to prioritize marine areas for protection represents a major conservation challenge. The three‐dimensionality of marine life and ecosystems is an inherent element of complexity for setting spatial conservation plans. Yet, the confidence of any recommendation largely depends on shifting climate, which triggers a global redistribution of biodiversity, suggesting the inclusion of time as a fourth dimension. Here, we developed a depth‐specific prioritization analysis to inform the design of protected areas, further including metrics of climate‐driven changes in the ocean. Climate change was captured in this analysis by considering the projected future distribution of >2000 benthic and pelagic species inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, combined with climatic stability and heterogeneity metrics of the seascape. We identified important areas based on both biological and climatic criteria, where conservation focus should be given in priority when designing a three‐dimensional, climate‐smart protected area network. We detected spatially concise, conservation priority areas, distributed around the basin, that protected marine areas almost equally across all depth zones. Our approach highlights the importance of deep sea zones as priority areas to meet conservation targets for future marine biodiversity, while suggesting that spatial prioritization schemes, that focus on a static two‐dimensional distribution of biodiversity data, might fail to englobe both the vertical properties of species distributions and the fine and larger‐scale impacts associated with climate change.
When do cover crops reduce nitrate leaching? A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Nouri Amin , Lukas Scott , Singh Shikha , Singh Surendra , Machado Stephen
Published: May 2022

The global increases in the surface and groundwater nitrate (NO3−) concentrations due to synthetic fertilizer input have emerged as major sustainability threats to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Cover crops can reportedly reduce nitrate leaching from croplands. However, the underlying mechanisms and the effectiveness of cover crops in reducing nitrate leaching across species, soil types, agronomic management, and climates remain elusive. We conducted a global meta‐analysis to evaluate the effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and water drainage. A random‐effects analysis was established to investigate seven moderating variables in 41 articles. Results showed that globally, cover crops reduced nitrate leaching by 69% compared with fallow while demonstrating no effect on water drainage. Overall, cover crops from Brassicaceae and Poaceae families showed the greatest effect with 75% and 52% reduction in nitrate leaching, respectively. Cover cropping on Ultisols, Histosols, and Inceptisols resulted in the greatest reduction in nitrate leaching (77%, 78%, and 77%, respectively). Greater efficacy of cover crops at reducing nitrate leaching was evident with increasing soil sand content. In general, cover crops appeared to perform better to reduce nitrate leaching in vegetable systems compared to field crops. Cover cropping on conventional tillage resulted in a 63% reduction in nitrate leaching compared with no‐tillage (50%) and reduced tillage (38%) systems. The impact of cover crops on water drainage was nonsignificant which implies that nitrate leaching control by cover crops is unlikely exerted through reducing water drainage. This study brings further insight into the intrinsic factors affecting cover crop efficacy and management practices that enhance cover crop potential in reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural systems.
Investigating the perspectives of older adults in residential aged care on oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Malekpour Parisa , Devine Amanda , Dare Julie , Costello Leesa
Published: May 2022

Objective

The objective of the study was to explore how older people living in a residential aged care facility perceived that their oral health influenced their food preferences and attitudes towards food, their social interactions and their self‐esteem.

Background

Poor oral health can have biological, behavioural and social impacts on quality of life among older adults (aged 65+ years). In terms of biological impacts, oral health impairments may cause older adults to avoid many types of foods. This shift in dietary pattern can lead to malnutrition among older people, undermine general health and negatively impact quality of life (QOL).

Materials and Methods

Using a mixed methods approach, quantitative data from the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) were explored and supported by data from semi‐structured interviews with 10 older adults from a residential aged care facility in Perth, (Australia) to provide insights into their oral health‐related quality of life. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was guided by the conceptual framework informed by Locker.

Results

The average GOHAI score was 32.9 ± 3.6, which indicated that participants had an average oral health‐related quality of life. Participants coped with oral functional problems by adopting personal strategies and seeking organisational assistance. Some participants appeared to have accepted associated changes to their physical appearance, while others reported significant dissatisfaction and low self‐esteem. Perceptions differed on their social interactions at the facility, from being self‐conscious about their own oral health problems, to distaste at others' eating behaviours.

Conclusions

Poor oral health had negative biological, behavioural and social impacts on daily activities and quality of life among some participants. However, changes at the organisation level may help to support participant QOL.
Associations of polypharmacy and drugs with sedative or anticholinergic properties with the risk of long‐term care needs certification among older adults in Japan: A population‐based, nested case–control study
Authors: Kuroda Naoaki , Iwagami Masao , Hamada Shota , Komiyama Jun , Mori Takahiro , Tamiya Nanako
Published: May 2022

Aim

To estimate the risk of disability associated with high‐risk prescribing, such as polypharmacy and drugs with sedative or anticholinergic properties, using long‐term care needs certification as a proxy of incident disability.

Methods

A case–control study nested within a cohort of older adults (89% aged ≥65 years) was carried out between 2014 and 2019 using the combined medical claims and long‐term care needs certification database of Tsukuba City, Japan. We identified 2123 cases who received their first long‐term care certification, and matched them to 40 295 controls based on age, sex, residential area and observation period (≥36 months). The risk of long‐term care needs certification associated with high‐risk prescribing exposure 7–30 months before the index month was estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusting for baseline comorbidities and health service use.

Results

Polypharmacy (5–9 drugs; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.32, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18–1.47), hyperpolypharmacy (≥10 drugs; aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.57–2.23) and cumulative dose of drugs with sedative or anticholinergic properties (1–364 defined daily dose [DDD]; aOR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97–1.19; 365–729 DDD; aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07–1.45; ≥730 DDD; aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.19–1.62) had dose–response relationships with long‐term care certification risks.

Conclusions

High‐risk prescribing was associated with the risk of long‐term care needs certification in the general older population. Further studies are warranted to examine whether a decrease in prescribing drugs with sedative or anticholinergic properties could reduce the long‐term care burden on society. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 497–504.
Value of liver biopsy in anorexia nervosa‐related transaminitis: A case study and literature review
Authors: Faragalla Kyrillos , So Jeffrey , Chan Pak C. , Wang Hanlin L. , Liu Jimin
Published: May 2022

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex eating disorder that affects multiple organs. 60% of patients have liver injury with transaminitis. The mechanism of liver injury in AN remains unclear. We present a case of a 19‐year‐old female with AN was admitted to our hospital with marked transaminitis but near normal liver histology on biopsy. Her transaminitis eventually improved as she regained weight. We also conducted a literature review of similar cases to delineate the clinicopathologic spectrum of liver injury in AN patients. English published cases of adult AN patients with elevated transaminases who underwent a liver biopsy or autopsy were selected. 32 cases (including ours). All except four patients were female, with median age of 26.5 years and median body mass index 11.9 kg/m2. Presentations mainly included hypoglycemic coma and weight loss. 63% of patients had severe transaminitis (AST >15x ULN). Other lab findings included elevated international normalized ratio (72%) and hypoalbuminemia (47%). Microscopically, all cases showed intact hepatic architecture. Fibrosis was reported in 12 cases and necroinflamfmation in 8, but only half of each had severe transaminitis. AN patients display a wide spectrum of liver histopathology which often does not correlate with the degree of transaminitis. In severe persistent AN‐related transaminitis, liver biopsy is useful to assess the degree of liver injury and to exclude other potential etiologies.
Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas: a distinct entity among pancreatic tumors
Authors: Paolino Gaetano , Esposito Irene , Hong Seung‐Mo , Basturk Olca , Mattiolo Paola , Kaneko Takuma , Veronese Nicola , Scarpa Aldo , Adsay Volkan , Luchini Claudio
Published: May 2022

Aims

Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the pancreas is a recently recognized pancreatic tumor entity. Here we aimed to determine the most important features with a systematic review coupled with an integrated statistical approach.

Methods and results

PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase were searched for studies reporting data on pancreatic ITPN. The clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular data were summarized. Then a comprehensive survival analysis and a comparative analysis of the molecular alterations of ITPN with those of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) from reference cohorts (including the International Cancer Genome Consortium‐ ICGC dataset and The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA program) were conducted. The core findings of 128 patients were as follows: (i) Clinicopathological parameters: pancreatic head is the most common site; presence of an associated adenocarcinoma was reported in 60% of cases, but with rare nodal metastasis. (ii) Immunohistochemistry: MUC1 (>90%) and MUC6 (70%) were the most frequently expressed mucins. ITPN lacked the intestinal marker MUC2; unlike IPMN, it did not express MUC5AC. (iii) Molecular landscape: Compared with PDAC/IPMN, the classic pancreatic drivers KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, GNAS, and RNF43 were less altered in ITPN (P < 0.001), whereas MCL amplifications, FGFR2 fusions, and PI3KCA mutations were commonly altered (P < 0.001). (iv) Survival analysis: ITPN with a “pure” branch duct involvement showed the lowest risk of recurrence.

Conclusion

ITPN is a distinct pancreatic neoplasm with specific clinicopathological and molecular characteristics. Its recognition is fundamental for its clinical/prognostic implications and for the enrichment of potential targets for precision oncology.
Physicochemical properties and application in film preparation of prolamin from distiller's grains
Authors: Li Chen , Hu Qiannan , Liang Yaqi , Wei Yuxiang , Wang Jingxue
Published: May 2022

Prolamin of sorghum‐based distiller's grains was extracted and its physicochemical properties were further determined. The prolamin was found to be rich in acidic amino acids, resulting in an isoelectric point of pH 4.0. High content of α‐helix structure endowed the protein good thermostability with a denaturation of 123.47 °C. The prolamin was resistant to pepsin but susceptible to trypsin in vitro digestion. The nutritional evaluation score was low and the protein does not belong to a good source of food protein due to the low digestion and lack of essential amino acids. The prolamin exhibited low water‐holding capacity, oil‐holding capacity, foam properties, and emulsifying properties. Moreover, the protein possessed good film‐forming properties, and the characteristics of high temperature resistance, low water‐holding capacity and oil‐holding capacity of prolamin can endow the protein film with excellent properties of water blocking, oil blocking, and high thermal stability.
Pesticides and gas production by baker's yeast in bread dough
Authors: Gélinas Pierre , Rémillard Nathalie
Published: May 2022

Pesticide residues might delay food fermentation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thirty‐one commercial pesticides (fourteen fungicides; eleven herbicides; one growth regulator; five insecticides) on the fermentative activity of baker's yeast in bread dough and sugared water. Yeast gas production after 3 h at 38 °C in dough or water was slightly inhibited by 10 mg kg−1 of a herbicide containing glufosinate‐ammonium and 100 mg kg−1 of fungicides with tebuconazole or metconazole. At the highest level assayed, 1000 mg kg−1, more than one‐third of the thirty‐one pesticides assayed did not impair baker's yeast gas production. Yeast cells were not inhibited by 300 mg active ingredients kg−1 in a mix of the pesticides, a concentration unlikely to be present in dough considering existing application rates in the field. Dough protected baker's yeast from pesticide residues. In sugared water, sub‐inhibitory concentrations of pesticides stimulated yeast fermentative activity. We conclude that it is unlikely that pesticide residues would impair baker's yeast gas production during bread dough fermentation.
Tannic acid enhanced the emulsion stability, rheology and interface characteristics of Clanis Bilineata Tingtauica Mell protein stabilised oil‐in‐water emulsion
Authors: Wang Shuya , Zhou Bin , Yang Xinquan , Niu Liqiong , Li Shugang
Published: May 2022

Clanis Bilineata Tingtauica Mell Protein (CBTMP) was one of the new natural insect protein resources. However, due to its strong surface hydrophobicity and poor emulsion stability, its application has greatly been limited. In this study, Pickering emulsions were prepared by CBTMP–Tannic acid (CBTMP–TA) particles and soybean oil (φ = 50%). The presence of TA significantly increased the zeta‐potential (from −23.5 ± 0.73 to −29.23 ± 0.58 mV) and three‐phase contact angle (from 129.9 ± 4.53° to 87.27 ± 3.20°) of complex, especially the concentration of TA was 0.4 mm. Besides, the stability of emulsions was significantly improved according to the results of the droplet size and static multiple light scattering. Furthermore, rheological properties including viscosity, thixotropy and creep recovery were significantly enhanced, which indicated the formation of a more stable network structure. Interfacial behaviour (Interfacial tension, interfacial film viscoelasticity and diffusion rate) of emulsions was significantly changed, forming a more stable interfacial layer as TA content increased. The CBTMP–TA complex was adsorbed at the interface and the adsorption rate was also mainly affected by the content of TA. The study indicated CBTMP–TA compositions to enhance stability, rheological behaviours and interfacial characteristics, and demonstrated the potential applications of insect protein resources in food emulsion systems.
Varieties of organised decentralisation across sectors in Denmark: A company perspective
Authors: Larsen Trine Pernille , Ilsøe Anna
Published: May 2022

The decentralisation of European collective bargaining has been subject to much research and IR modelling. However, these studies mainly focus on the implications for national and sectoral bargaining institutions and rarely include a company perspective. Based on cross‐sectional representative survey data among managers and shop stewards in Denmark, this paper offers a fresh perspective on the recent decentralisation process. We explore if company‐based bargaining structures are in place and whether local social partners have utilised these bargaining opportunities across distinct sectors after decades of decentralisation. Analytically, we seek inspiration from Visser's (2016) distinct forms of organised decentralisation and combine these with insights from the broader literature on IR and institutional change. We find that bargaining practices and institutions at company level depend on a combination of provisions for company‐based wage bargaining within individual sector agreements and strong union‐affiliated workplace representation.
Prevalence, severity, and characteristics of medical device related pressure injuries in adult intensive care patients: A prospective observational study
Authors: Saleh Mohammad Y. N. , Ibrahim Eman Ibrahim M.
Published: May 2022

This study was intended to determine the characteristics of Medical Related Pressure Injury (MDRPI) in adult intensive care patients. MDRIs are recognized as significant and complex health problems among hospitalized patients. Underestimated true scale of the problem is evident because the systematic clinical evaluation of MDRPI occurrence is not part of routine skin assessment among intensive care patients. A prospective approach was used to obtain data of MDRPIs with two weeks follow up to monitor the prevention and treatment strategies. Participants were 329 adult patients from three large referral and teaching centres in Jordan. Data were collected using a screening form that included demographic and clinical characteristics, and a list of medical devices. The primary outcome for this study was MDRPI and defined as a pressure injury (PI) found on the skin or mucous membrane with a medical device in use at the location of the injury (EPUAP, 2019). The patients with MDRPI were followed up for 2 weeks for prevention and treatment strategies. Prevalence of MDRPI was 5.01% (15/299) with 41 injuries, 27/41 (65.8%) were skin injuries and 14/41(34.2%) were mucosal. Most mucous membrane MDRPIs were at mouth/lips and caused by ET tube and meatal orifice caused by foley catheter. Skin MDRPIs were at the nose and caused by NG tube and hands by peripheral intravenous line and arms caused by blood pressure cuff. Inadequate prevention was provided on daily care as only 177 prevention and treatment interventions were provided over 2 weeks for 15 patients. As a growing problem among Jordanian adults in intensive care, MDRPI required the need for effective prevention. About one‐thirds of MDRPIs were mucosal, a finding not previously reported, indicating the need to include mucous membrane assessment with skin assessment when a medical device such as NG and ET tubes or foley catheters are in use. Prevention and treatment interventions provided to patients with MDRPIs were not systematic and based on routine care with no clear guidelines. A consensus has yet to be reached suggesting the need to establish effective prevention strategies for medical device‐related pressure injuries. Future research is recommended to follow up MDRPI prevention and treatment strategies among patients in ICU. We suggest to continue studying the prevalence of MDRPIs and monitoring the location, prevention and treatment of both skin and mucosal MDRPIs.
Preparation, structural, and characterizations of SnO2‐coated TiNb2O7 anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Liang Kai‐Hsiang , Gupta Karan Kumar , Lu Chung‐Hsin , Som Sudipta
Published: May 2022

SnO2‐coated TiNb2O7 powders were synthesized via the solution coating method in the present research. The SnO2 layers with a thickness of 3–5 nm were homogeneously coated on the surface of TiNb2O7 particles. TiNb2O7 coated with SnO2 of 5 mol% with high Li+ diffusion coefficient delivered the discharge capacity of 319.5 mAh/g, which was 6.6% higher than that of the non‐coated samples. The enhancement of capacity for the coated TiNb2O7 was owing to the low charge‐transfer resistance of 17.5 Ω in contrary to the non‐coated TiNb2O7 (27.8 Ω). SnO2‐coated TiNb2O7 possessed an improved capacity retention of 85.2% at 5 C after 100 cycles, superior to the non‐coated TiNb2O7 (79.8%). On the other hand, the excessive amounts of SnO2 coating led to the reduction in the capacity of the prepared samples. The excessive amounts of SnO2 layers suppressed the Li+ diffusion and increased the charge‐transfer resistance. The obtained results in this study indicated that coating of TiNb2O7 with appropriate amounts of SnO2 significantly improved the electrochemical performance of TiNb2O7.
Effects of input data sources on species distribution model predictions across species with different distributional ranges
Authors: Arenas‐Castro Salvador , Regos Adrián , Martins Ivone , Honrado João , Alonso Joaquim
Published: May 2022

Aim

A major source of uncertainty in the application of species distribution models (SDMs) is related to input data quality. Citizen‐collected species occurrence data are often used for fitting SDMs when data from standardized and expert‐supported surveys are unavailable. Macroclimate variables are much more commonly used as predictors in SDMs than other sources coming from remote sensing data. Here, we assess the effects of using different data sources (in both response and predictor variables) on SDM performance across a wide range of species with contrasting distributional ranges.

Location

Iberian Peninsula.

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

A SDM ensemble‐forecasting approach was implemented using bird data from two different data sources: the eBird project and Atlases. We fitted SDMs with three predictor types: macroclimate, remotely sensed ecosystem functional attributes (EFAs) and their combination. Species were grouped in four range size classes. We assessed the uncertainty of model predictions by different evaluation metrics. Generalized linear mixed‐effects models tested the effect on model performance of input data source across distributional range sizes while accounting for different accuracy metrics. Pairwise comparisons between range projections were used to assess their spatial similarity.

Results

Data source, size class, predictor and accuracy metric showed significant effects on SDM performance. eBird‐based models outperformed those built with Atlas data for less widespread species. Climate predictors yielded models with the best performance, especially when combined with EFAs. However, the predictor contribution was consistent across bird datasets, being mostly driven by the species range.

Main Conclusions

Our models demonstrated the usefulness and complementarity of different input data sources when modelling species distribution across different distributional ranges. These findings highlight the need to integrate different data sources to improve the model predictions at regional scale. Our framework also underlines that model uncertainty should be examined more exhaustively at early stages of the modelling process.
Mesenchymal stem cells‐derived extracellular vesicles containing miR‐378a‐3p inhibit the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease by targeting GATA2
Authors: Li Ping , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Gao Jian‐Zhen , Du Wen‐Qiang , Tang Dong , Wang Wei , Wang Liu‐Hua
Published: May 2022

This study sought to determine whether mesenchymal stem cells‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSCs‐EVs) carrying microRNA‐378a‐3p (miR‐378a‐3p) could affect the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by regulating the GATA‐binding protein 2 (GATA2)/aquaporin‐4 (AQP4)/peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPAR‐α) axis. Initially, colon mucosa biopsy tissues were harvested from healthy controls and patients with IBD for qRT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis. EVs harvested from MSCs and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to stimulate the M064 cells to establish an in vitro inflammation cell model. Besides, 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid intracolon administration was performed to establish in vivo IBD mouse models. After loss‐ and gain‐of‐function assays, the regulatory role of MSCs‐derived EVs loaded with manipulated miR‐378a‐3p in IBD in relation to GATA2/AQP4/PPAR‐α were explored. Upregulation of GATA2 was identified in the colon tissue of IBD patients. GATA2, which was a target gene of miR‐378a‐3p, transcriptionally upregulated AQP4. After silencing of GATA2, LPS‐induced apoptosis of M064 cells was reduced by the downregulation of AQP4. Decreased AQP4 contributed to PPAR‐α pathway inactivation and weakened the LPS‐induced apoptosis of M064 cells. MSCs‐EVs delivering miR‐378a‐3p suppressed the GATA2/AQP4/PPAR‐α pathway, which reduced LPS‐induced apoptosis of M064 cells and the occurrence of IBD in mice. Altogether, the current study illustrated that MSCs‐EVs transfer miR‐378a‐3p to reduce the GATA2 expression, which downregulates AQP4 to block the PPAR‐α signalling pathway, thus suppressing the occurrence of IBD.
Whole‐exome sequencing identified novel variants in CPLANE1 that causes oral‐facial‐digital syndrome Ⅵ by inducing primary cilia abnormality
Authors: Qian Wen , Liu Xinlei , Wang Zhengrong , Xu Yongjie , Zhang Jingzhi , Li Haizhi , Zhong Qiang , Li Chengcheng , Zhu Liying , Zhou Zunlun , Pan Wei
Published: May 2022

Oral‐facial‐digital syndrome (OFDS) is a multisystemic ciliopathic disorder with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. OFDS usually manifests with typical craniofacial anomalies and variable occurrence of polydactyly. Germline variants in CPLANE1 cause OFDS VI. In this study, we investigated a 26‐year‐old Chinese female patient who was 23+1 weeks pregnant. She had a history of adverse pregnancy outcomes with multiple foetal malformations. We performed ultrasonography and identified the foetus as having a posterior fossa Blake cyst and postaxial polydactyly. The patient decided to terminate her pregnancy, and further genetic molecular analysis was performed. We identified the aborted foetus as having postaxial polydactyly. Whole‐exome sequencing identified a missense variant (c.3599C>T, p.A1200V) in exon 20 and a c.834+1G>T variant in exon 7 of CPLANE1 (NM_023073.3) in the foetus. Sanger sequencing confirmed that these variants came from the parents of the foetus. In this study, we investigated a family with OFDS VI through genetic testing and bioinformatics analysis, which provided powerful help for prenatal diagnosis. Then, we demonstrated that the cell migration rate and the number of cilia were decreased after interference with CPLANE1 expression in NIH/3T3 cells. After CPLANE1 knockdown, the Hh signalling pathway was inhibited, and the Hh pathway activator SAG reversed the inhibitory effect. This is the first report of a family with OFDS VI in the Chinese population.
Evolution of sex allocation plasticity in a hermaphroditic flatworm genus
Authors: Singh Pragya , Schärer Lukas
Published: May 2022

Sex allocation theory in simultaneous hermaphrodites predicts that optimal sex allocation is influenced by local sperm competition, which occurs when related sperm compete to fertilize a given set of eggs. Different factors, including the mating strategy and the ability to self‐fertilize, are predicted to affect local sperm competition and hence the optimal SA. Moreover, since the local sperm competition experienced by an individual can vary temporally and spatially, this can favour the evolution of sex allocation plasticity. Here, using seven species of the free‐living flatworm genus Macrostomum, we document interspecific variation in sex allocation, but neither their mating strategy nor their ability to self‐fertilize significantly predicted sex allocation among these species. Since we also found interspecific variation in sex allocation plasticity, we further estimated standardized effect sizes for plasticity in response to (i) the presence of mating partners (i.e. in isolation vs. with partners) and (ii) the strength of local sperm competition (i.e. in small vs. large groups). We found that self‐fertilization predicted sex allocation plasticity with respect to the presence of mating partners, with plasticity being lower for self‐fertilizing species. Finally, we showed that interspecific variation in sex allocation is higher than intraspecific variation due to sex allocation plasticity. Our study suggests that both sex allocation and sex allocation plasticity are evolutionarily labile, with self‐fertilization predicting the latter in Macrostomum.
Association between irritable bowel syndrome and micronutrients: A systematic review
Authors: Bek Schin , Teo Yao Neng , Tan Xin‐Hui , Fan Kristie H R , Siah Kewin Tien Ho
Published: May 2022

Background and Aim

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent disorder of gut brain interaction with a multifactorial etiology. Food trigger avoidance is common among individuals with IBS and exclusion diets are gaining popularity. However, recent guidelines on IBS management cautioned regarding the use of unsupervised dietary therapy with concerns of development of poor eating habits and even nutritional deficiencies. We aimed to review the available literature on the effect of habitual and exclusion diets on micronutrient status as well as the role of micronutrient supplementation in alleviating IBS symptoms.

Methods

Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science) were searched for articles that reported micronutrient data in patients with IBS. Serum micronutrient levels and dietary intake of micronutrients in patients with IBS were collected. The extracted data were tabulated and organized by micronutrient type to observe for trends.

Results

Twenty‐six articles were included in this systematic review (12 interventional and 14 observational studies). Studies showed that generally IBS subjects had lower levels of vitamin B2, vitamin D, calcium, and iron at baseline compared with non‐IBS subjects. Studies also found that exclusion diets were associated with lower intake of micronutrients especially vitamin B1, B2, calcium, iron, and zinc. There was a lack of interventional studies on micronutrients.

Conclusion

Irritable bowel syndrome patients are at risk of developing multiple micronutrient deficiencies that may have both localized gastrointestinal as well as systemic effects. Dietary management of IBS patients should include a proper dietitian review to ensure nutritional adequacy where possible.
Medicare spending associated with a dementia diagnosis among older adults
Authors: Hoffman Geoffrey J. , Maust Donovan T. , Harris Melissa , Ha Jinkyung , Davis Matthew A.
Published: May 2022

Background

Over 6 million Americans have Alzheimer's Disease or Related Dementia (ADRD) but whether spikes in spending surrounding a new diagnosis reflect pre‐diagnosis morbidity, diagnostic testing, or treatments for comorbidities is unknown.

Methods

We used the 1998–2018 Health and Retirement Study and linked Medicare claims from older (≥65) adults to assess incremental quarterly spending changes just before versus just after a clinical diagnosis (diagnosis cohort, n = 2779) and, for comparative purposes, for a cohort screened as impaired based on the validated Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) (impairment cohort, n = 2318). Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and health characteristics. Spending patterns were examined separately by sex, race, education, dual eligibility, and geography.

Results

Among the diagnosis cohort, mean (SD) overall spending was $4773 ($9774) per quarter – 43% of which was spending on hospital care ($2048). In adjusted analyses, spending increased by $8400 (p < 0.001), or 156%, from $5394 in the quarter prior to $13,794 in the quarter including the diagnosis. Among the cohort in which impairment was incidentally detected using the TICS, adjusted spending did not change from just before to after detection of impairment, from $2986 before and $2962 after detection (p = 0.90). Incremental spending changes did not differ by sex, race, education, dual eligibility, or geography.

Conclusion

Large, transient spending increases accompany an ADRD diagnosis that may not be attributed to impairment or changes in functional status due to dementia. Further study may help reveal how treatment for comorbidities is associated with the clinical diagnosis of dementia, with potential implications for Medicare spending.
Mothering in the streets: Familial adaptation strategies of street‐identified Black American mothers
Authors: Hitchens Brooklynn K. , Aviles Ann M. , McCallops Kathleen
Published: May 2022

Objective

Using components of the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response Model, Critical Race Feminism, and Sites of Resilience, this study explored how street‐identified Black American mothers engage in street life, while juggling the pressures of childrearing, family, and home life within a distressed, urban Black community.

Background

Street‐identified Black American mothers are vilified for their intersecting identities of being Black women who are experiencing poverty, and who may also be involved in illegal activity. Black mothers are disproportionately represented in the criminal legal system, but existing research has inadequately examined how street‐identified Black mothers “do” family in the confines of structural violence.

Method

We addressed this gap by analyzing interview data with 39 street‐identified Black American mothers ages 18 to 54. Data were collected using street participatory action research.

Results

We identified a typology of three adaptive mothering strategies employed by street‐identified Black women as they respond to and cope with violent structural conditions shaping their mothering: constrained mothering, racialized mothering, and aspirational mothering.

Conclusions

Findings suggested that these strategies were developed in response to an overarching carceral apparatus, of which these mothers were tasked with avoiding when possible and confronting when necessary. Their mothering strategies were shaped by a collective, Black American cultural identity and worldview, and the mothers possessed a unique way of perceiving the world as criminalized subjects with disproportionate proximity to the punitive state.
Take it from the Top: How Intensity ofTMTJoint Problem Solving and Levels of Interdependence Influence Quality of Strategy Implementation Coordination and Firm Performance
Authors: Mistry Sal , Kirkman Bradley L. , Hitt Michael A. , Barrick Murray R.
Published: May 2022

Despite the belief that strategy implementation begins at the very top of a firm, there remains an inadequate understanding about top management teams' (TMTs) involvement in the strategy implementation process. Building upon and extending strategic leadership theory, we develop and empirically test a theoretical model of the interactive effects of the intensity of TMT joint problem solving and level of TMT interdependence on quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination and firm performance. Using data collected from TMTs in 83 firms, our results show that the: intensity of TMT joint problem solving is positively related to quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination; interaction between the intensity of TMT joint problem solving and the level of TMT interdependence attenuates the positive influence of each on quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination, demonstrating a substitution effect; and, quality of TMT strategy implementation coordination mediates the relationship between the interaction and firm performance.
Trends in Secondary School Practices Related to Violence Prevention, 2012‐2018
Authors: Adhia Avanti , Schleimer Julia P. , Mazza James
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND

Schools are important venues for addressing interpersonal violence among youth. However, it is unclear to what extent school violence prevention practices have been implemented across states and over time. This study examined trends in the percentage of US secondary schools that engaged in practices related to violence prevention (eg, bullying, fighting, dating violence) across 33 states.

METHODS

With representative data from 4 waves (2012‐2018) of School Health Profiles, we used logistic regression to examine change over time of 5 practices related to violence prevention in school‐based settings: professional development for health education teachers (received and would like to receive); increasing student knowledge; and teaching healthy and respectful relationships in grades 6‐8 and grades 9‐12.

RESULTS

Two practices had rates of adoption >90% across years (tried to increase student knowledge on violence prevention and taught healthy and respectful relationship in grades 9‐12). Adoption of professional development on violence prevention for health education teachers was lowest (53%‐61% across years). For all practices, most states experienced no change in the percentage of schools implementing violence prevention practices from 2012 to 2018.

CONCLUSION

Education about healthy relationships in middle school and professional development on violence prevention for health education teachers are needed.