bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clamping Pressure and Catalyst Distribution Analyses on PEMFC Performance Improvement
Authors: Yang Qinwen , Wang Xu , Xiao Gang
Published: October 2024

The coupling effects of clamping pressure and catalyst distribution are comprehensively considered to improve proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. Numerical models were constructed to study the performance changes and the corresponding internal states of PEMFC under different clamping pressures. Since the increased clamping pressure reduces the uniformity of current density, non-uniform designs with decreased catalyst loading under channel and increased catalyst loading under rib are proposed for performance improvement. A weighted objective function considering current density magnitude and uniformity was constructed, and the performances of different catalyst loading distributions were analyzed. Compared to the uniform distribution, the optimized distribution with a variation of −15% and 15% under channel and rib had the maximum objective function value of 17.24%. The deformation analysis of the gas diffusion layer and optimization of catalyst loading distribution based on deformation analysis provided a reference for the assembly of PEMFC and the production of MEA.
Oscillation Suppression of Grid-Following Converters by Grid-Forming Converters with Adaptive Droop Control
Authors: Qiu Lifeng , Gu Miaosong , Chen Zhongjiang , Du Zhendong , Zhang Ligang , Li Wenrui , Huang Jingyi , Fang Jingyang
Published: October 2024

The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and power electronics devices has led to a continuous decline in power system stability. Due to the instability of grid-following converters (GFLCs) in weak grids, the grid-forming converters (GFMCs) have gained widespread attention featuring their flexible frequency and voltage regulation capabilities, as well as the satisfactory grid-supporting services, such as inertia and damping, et al. Notably, the risk of wideband oscillations in modern power grids is increasingly exacerbated by the reduced number of synchronous generators (SGs). Thus, the wideband oscillation suppression method based on adaptive active power droop control of GFMCs is presented in this paper. First, the stability of the hybrid grid-forming and grid-following system is obtained according to the improved short circuit ratio (ISCR), where the GFMC is in parallel at the point of common coupling (PCC) of the GFLC. Then, an adaptive adjustment strategy of the active power droop control is proposed to enhance the oscillation suppression capability across the full frequency range, thereby mitigating the wideband oscillation caused by phase-locked loop (PLL) synchronization in the GFLCs. Additionally, a first-order inertia control unit is added to the active and reactive power droop controllers to mitigate frequency and voltage variations as well as suppress potential mid-to-high frequency resonance. Finally, the wideband oscillation suppression strategy is validated by the simulation and experimental results.
Collaborative Optimization Framework for Coupled Power and Transportation Energy Systems Incorporating Integrated Demand Responses and Electric Vehicle Battery State-of-Charge
Authors: Geng Lijun , Sun Chengxia , Song Dongdong , Zhang Zilong , Wang Chenyang , Lu Zhigang
Published: October 2024

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and advancements in dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology have strengthened the interdependence between power distribution networks (PDNs) and electrified transportation networks (ETNs), leading to the emergence of coupled power and transportation energy systems (CPTESs). This development introduces new challenges, particularly as DWC technology shifts EV charging demand from residential plug-in charging to charging-while-driving during commuting hours, causing simultaneous congestion in both ETNs and PDNs during peak times. The present work addresses this issue by developing a collaborative optimization framework for CPTESs that incorporates integrated demand responses (IDRs) and EVs battery state-of-charge (SOC). In the ETN, a multiperiod traffic assignment model with time-shiftable traffic demands (MTA-TSTD) is established to optimize travelers’ routes and departure times while capturing traffic flow distribution. Meanwhile, effective path generation models with EVs battery SOC are proposed to optimize charging energy during driving and construct the effective path sets for MTA-TSTD. In the PDN, a multiperiod optimal power flow model with time-shiftable power demands (MOPF-TSPD) is formulated to schedule local generators and flexible power demands while calculating the power flow distribution. To enhance temporal and spatial coordination in CPTESs, a distributed coordinated operation model considering IDRs is proposed, aiming to optimize energy consumption, alleviate congestion, and ensure system safety. Finally, an adaptive effective path generation algorithm and an ETN–PDN interaction algorithm are devised to efficiently solve these models. Numerical results on two test systems validate the effectiveness of the proposed models and algorithms.
Comparative Study on Artificial Fracture Modeling Schemes in Tight Reservoirs—For Enhancing the Production Efficiency of Tight Oil and Gas
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Zhang Xuejuan , Zhang Jie , Zeng Yali , Zhang Lei , Wang Han , Li Ruolin
Published: October 2024

In order to improve the reliability of the deployment of production schemes after artificial fracturing in tight reservoirs, it is urgent to carry out research on the description of fractures after artificial fracturing. In this study, taking the Chang 61 oil formation group in the Wangyao South area of Ordos Basin as an example, three different fracture modeling schemes are used to establish the geological model of fractured reservoirs, and the fitting ratios of the respective reservoir models are calculated by using the method of reservoir numerical simulation of the initial fitting, and the optimal fractured reservoir modeling scheme is screened in the end. The research area adopts three types of fracture prediction results based on FMI fracture interpretation data, seismic fracture prediction data, and rock mechanics artificial fracturing simulation data. On this basis, geological models of fractured reservoirs are established, respectively. The initial fitting of reservoir values of each geological model are compared, and the highest initial fitting rate of reservoir values is 88.44%, which is based on rock mechanics artificial fracturing simulation data. However, the initial fitting rate of the reservoir model was the lowest at 75.76%, which was established based on the fracture random modeling results of FMl fracture interpretation data. Under the constraints of seismic geostress prediction results and microseismic monitoring data, the simulation results of rock mechanics artificial fracturing fracture are used as the basis, on which the geological model of artificially fractured reservoirs is thus established, and this scheme can more realistically characterize the characteristics of fractured reservoirs after artificial fracturing in the study area.
PV Module Soiling Detection Using Visible Spectrum Imaging and Machine Learning
Authors: Evstatiev Boris I. , Trifonov Dimitar T. , Gabrovska-Evstatieva Katerina G. , Valov Nikolay P. , Mihailov Nicola P.
Published: October 2024

During the last decades photovoltaic solar energy has continuously increased its share in the electricity mix and has already surpassed 5% globally. Even though photovoltaic (PV) installations are considered to require very little maintenance, their efficient exploitation relies on accounting for certain environmental factors that affect energy generation. One of these factors is the soiling of the PV surface, which could be observed in different forms, such as dust and bird droppings. In this study, visible spectrum data and machine learning algorithms were used for the identification of soiling. A methodology for preprocessing the images is proposed, which puts focus on any soiling of the PV surface. The performance of six classification machine learning algorithms is evaluated and compared—convolutional neural network (CNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), naïve-Bayes, and decision tree. During the training and validation phase, RF proved to be the best-performing model with an F1 score of 0.935, closely followed by SVM, CNN, and kNN. However, during the testing phase, the trained CNN achieved the highest performance, reaching F1 = 0.913. SVM closely followed it with a score of 0.895, while the other two models returned worse results. Some results from the application of the optimal model after specific weather events are also presented in this study. They confirmed once again that the trained convolutional neural network can be successfully used to evaluate the soiling state of photovoltaic surfaces.
Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use and Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Terrestrial Ecosystems Based on SD-PLUS-InVEST Coupled Modeling in Nanjing City
Authors: Xu Qingyun , Li Kongqing
Published: October 2024

In the context of achieving the goal of carbon neutrality, exploring the changes in land demand and ecological carbon stocks under future scenarios at the urban level is important for optimizing regional ecosystem services and developing a land-use structure consistent with sustainable development strategies. We propose a framework of a coupled system dynamics (SD) model, patch generation land-use simulation (PLUS) model, and integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model to dynamically simulate the spatial and temporal changes of land use and land-cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem carbon stocks under the NDS (natural development scenario), EPS (ecological protection scenario), RES (rapid expansion scenario), and HDS (high-quality development scenario) in Nanjing from 2020 to 2040. From 2005 to 2020, the expansion rate of construction land in Nanjing reached 50.76%, a large amount of ecological land shifted to construction land, and the ecological carbon stock declined dramatically. Compared with 2020, the ecosystem carbon stocks of the EPS and HDS increased by 2.4 × 106 t and 1.5 × 106 t, respectively, with a sizable ecological effect. It has been calculated that forest and cultivated land are the two largest carbon pools in Nanjing, and the conservation of both is decisive for the future carbon stock. It is necessary to focus on enhancing the carbon stock of forest ecosystems while designating differentiated carbon sink enhancement plans based on the characteristics of other land types. Fully realizing the carbon sink potential of each ecological functional area will help Nanjing achieve its carbon neutrality goal. The results of the study not only reveal the challenges of ecological conservation in Nanjing but also provide useful guidance for enhancing the carbon stock of urban terrestrial ecosystems and formulating land-use planning in line with sustainable development strategies.
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Factors of Land Use Carbon Emissions in Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Dai Fangyun , Zhan Mingjin , Chen Xingjuan , Yang Xiaoling , Ouyang Ping
Published: October 2024

Analyzing the spatiotemporal changes and influencing factors of carbon emissions generated by land use is of great importance for improving land use structure and promoting regional low-carbon economic development. This study, based on remote sensing and statistical yearbook data from 1995 to 2020, calculated the carbon emissions from land use in Jiangxi Province, China. Multiple spatial analysis methods and the logarithmic mean Divisia index were used to elucidate the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of carbon emissions, and the findings revealed the following: (1) The spatiotemporal changes in land use in Jiangxi Province during 1995–2020 were substantial as forest land accounted for 65% of the entire land area, while construction land increased by 98.1%. Cultivated land decreased the most, followed by forest land. (2) There was a fourfold rise in carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province, driven primarily by construction land, and northern areas produced higher carbon emissions compared with central and southern regions. Forest land was the main carbon sink. (3) Economic development (257.36%) and the impact of the proportion of construction land (211.31%) were the primary factors contributing to the increase in carbon emissions from land use, while other factors had inhibitory effects. This study transformed the macroscale low-carbon development strategy of cities into targeted local policies, and the research theories and methods adopted could provide scientific reference for other regions in urgent need of carbon reduction worldwide.
Turbulent Energy and Carbon Fluxes in an Andean Montane Forest—Energy Balance and Heat Storage
Authors: Murkute Charuta , Sayeed Mostafa , Pucha-Cofrep Franz , Carrillo-Rojas Galo , Homeier Jürgen , Limberger Oliver , Fries Andreas , Bendix Jörg , Trachte Katja
Published: October 2024

High mountain rainforests are vital in the global energy and carbon cycle. Understanding the exchange of energy and carbon plays an important role in reflecting responses to climate change. In this study, an eddy covariance (EC) measurement system installed in the high Andean Mountains of southern Ecuador was used. As EC measurements are affected by heterogeneous topography and the vegetation height, the main objective was to estimate the effect of the sloped terrain and the forest on the turbulent energy and carbon fluxes considering the energy balance closure (EBC) and the heat storage. The results showed that the performance of the EBC was generally good and estimated it to be 79.5%. This could be improved when the heat storage effect was considered. Based on the variability of the residuals in the diel, modifications in the imbalances were highlighted. Particularly, during daytime, the residuals were largest (56.9 W/m2 on average), with a clear overestimation. At nighttime, mean imbalances were rather weak (6.5 W/m2) and mostly positive while strongest underestimations developed in the transition period to morning hours (down to −100 W/m2). With respect to the Monin–Obukhov stability parameter ((z − d)/L) and the friction velocity (u*), it was revealed that the largest overestimations evolved in weak unstable and very stable conditions associated with large u* values. In contrast, underestimation was related to very unstable conditions. The estimated carbon fluxes were independently modelled with a non-linear regression using a light-response relationship and reached a good performance value (R2 = 0.51). All fluxes were additionally examined in the annual course to estimate whether both the energy and carbon fluxes resembled the microclimatological conditions of the study site. This unique study demonstrated that EC measurements provide valuable insights into land-surface–atmosphere interactions and contribute to our understanding of energy and carbon exchanges. Moreover, the flux data provide an important basis to validate coupled atmosphere ecosystem models.
Valorization of Coffea arabica Wood Waste to Obtain Suspensions of Lignocellulose Microfibrils and Lignocellulose Nanofibrils (LCMF/LCNF) and Production of Eco-Friendly Films for Packaging
Authors: Mascarenhas Adriano Reis Prazeres , Setter Carine , Scatolino Mário Vanoli , Lago Rafael Carvalho do , Batista Felipe Gomes , Medeiros Dayane Targino de , Santos Carolina Aparecida dos , Vale Alberto Ricley do , Melo Rafael Rodolfo de , Tonoli Gustavo Henrique Denzin
Published: October 2024

Coffee is one of the most consumed commodities globally, and its harvests generate large quantities of wood waste with low industrial value. This study aimed to explore the potential of residual Coffea arabica wood to produce lignocellulose microfibrils and lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCMF/LCNF) and biodegradable films with possible application in packaging. The fibers were treated with 5% NaOH and fibrillated in an ultrarefiner until they formed a gel. The resulting suspensions were used to create films whose physical, morphological, optical, and mechanical properties were analyzed. The NaOH treatment removed extractives and exposed hemicelluloses, allowing the gel point to be reached with just seven passes through the ultrarefiner, saving energy (~4700 kWh/t). More than 65% of the fibers had diameters of less than 100 nm and little sedimentation after 8 h. The films were flexible, thin (24.5 µm), with a high density (~1100 kg/m3) and good resistance to grease, as well as a water vapor permeability of ~1230 g/m2/day, suitable for packaging bread, fruit, and vegetables. However, the higher wettability of the surface may limit its use in humid environments. The films showed moderate tensile strength (~25 MPa) but low puncture resistance (~7 N mm), making them suitable for biodegradable packaging.
Characterization of Novel Exopolysaccharides from Weissella cibaria and Lactococcus lactis Strains and Their Potential Application as Bio-Hydrocolloid Agents in Emulsion Stability
Authors: Zammouri Amal , Ziadi Manel , Gharsallaoui Adem , Fguiri Imen , Sbissi Imed , Hammadi Mohamed , Khorchani Touhami
Published: October 2024

The aim of the present study was the isolation of high exopolysaccharide (EPS) producers, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains, from three types of milk: goat, sheep, and camel milk. Among 112 LAB isolates tested for their ability to produce EPS on MRS-sucrose agar, only 11 strains were able to produce EPS and only three higher producers’ strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as two strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (SP255, SP257) isolated from camel milk and one strain of Weissella cibaria (SP213) isolated from goat milk. The physicochemical characterization of the purified EPSs revealed a significant sugar yield, with concentrations ranging from 2.17 to 2.77 g/L, while the protein content remained relatively low (0.03 g/L). The UV-visible spectrum showed high Ultra Violet (UV) absorption at 240–280 nm and the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the presence of a large number of functional groups, including hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (-C=O), and methyl groups (-CH3). The EPS solubility indicated their hydrophilic properties and the investigation of interfacial properties indicated that these EPSs could be used as natural emulsifiers and stabilizers in both acidic and neutral emulsions. Moreover, a new type of emulsion system was developed by the utilization of EPSs in the formation of multilayer interfaces in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate (CAS). Thus, the impact of an EPS addition on the particle size distribution and electrical charge has been studied. At pH 3, the studied EPSs adhered to the surfaces of caseinate-coated droplets and the stability of O/W emulsions was improved by adding certain concentrations of EPSs. The minimum concentration required to stabilize multilayer emulsions for EPSs SP255, EPS SP257, and EPS SP213 was 1.5, 1.5, and 1.7 g/L, respectively. These findings reveal a new EPS with significant potential for industrial use, particularly as an emulsion stabilizer.
The Influence of Dew Retting on the Mechanical Properties of Single Flax Fibers Measured Using Micromechanical and Nanomechanical Approaches
Authors: Reda Ali , Dargent Thomas , Thomas Louis , Grec Sebastien , Buchaillot Lionel , Arscott Steve
Published: October 2024

The mechanical properties of single flax fibers are characterized here as a function of dew retting. The fibers are measured using micromechanical and nanomechanical techniques over a large retting period (91 days). Damage-free single flax fibers in various stages of dew retting were manually extracted from retted flax plant stems. The flexural modulus and strength of the flax fibers were determined using micromechanical methods. The effective modulus of the outer surface of the single fibers was measured using AFM-based nanoindentation. The micromechanical methods revealed that the flexural modulus and strength of the manually extracted single fibers does not vary significantly as the retting progresses. The micromechanical methods revealed two distinct values of flexural strength in the fibers attributed to different failure modes. The values of these strengths do not vary significantly with retting or over-retting. The nanomechanical methods revealed that the effective modulus of the outer surface of the single fibers does evolve with retting. The physical/chemical origin of these observations remains to be established and could be the objective of future work.
Use of Environmental DNA to Evaluate the Spatial Distribution of False Kelpfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) in Nearshore Areas of Gouqi Island
Authors: Jiang Rijin , Hao Huibo , Yin Rui , Zhao Peng , Chen Feng , Zhou Yongdong , Chai Xuejun
Published: October 2024

This study aims to explore the spatial distribution of false kelpfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) in the mussel farming area, artificial reef areas of Gouqi Island (Shengsi, China), and natural areas using eDNA detection methods. Surface and bottom water samples were collected at 12 stations in November 2022 and April 2023, totaling 52 samples. We used species-specific primers and probes for quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection of Sebastiscus marmoratus eDNA. The eDNA concentrations differed seasonally (p < 0.05) and did not differ (p > 0.05) among the three sampling areas and two water layers. The greatest eDNA concentrations occurred in the surface layer during the spring. Higher concentrations of Sebastiscus marmoratus eDNA were also found in the mussel aquaculture area. Temperature exhibited a significant positive correlation with Sebastiscus marmoratus eDNA concentration (p < 0.05). Additionally, we developed linear equations predicting the relationship between environmental factors and environmental factors, providing a reference for future fishery resource surveys.
Impact of Various Extraction Technologies on Protein and Chlorophyll Yield from Stinging Nettle
Authors: Dirr Simon , Karslioglu Özlem Özmutlu
Published: October 2024

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has gained attention as a sustainable protein source due to its rich bioactive compound profile and medicinal properties, but research on optimizing its protein extraction remains limited. This research explores various cell disruption methods, including pulsed electric fields and high-pressure homogenization, combined with extraction techniques like isoelectric precipitation, ultrafiltration, and salting-out, to enhance protein yield and assess its impact on chlorophyll content. The findings indicate that high-pressure homogenization combined with isoelectric precipitation achieved the highest protein yield of 11.60%, while pulsed electric fields with ultrafiltration significantly reduced chlorophyll content from 4781.41 µg/g in raw leaves to 15.07 µg/g in the processed sample. Additionally, the findings suggest that innovative extraction technologies can improve the efficiency and sustainability of protein isolation from stinging nettle, offering a valuable addition to the repertoire of alternative protein sources. These advancements could pave the way for broader applications of stinging nettle in food fortification and functional ingredient development.
Feeding Cows with Olive Cake Enriched in Polyphenols Improves the Sustainability and Enhances the Nutritional and Organoleptic Features of Fresh Caciocavallo Cheese
Authors: Litrenta Federica , Cincotta Fabrizio , Russo Nunziatina , Cavallo Carmelo , Caggia Cinzia , Amato Annalisa , Lopreiato Vincenzo , Merlino Maria , Verzera Antonella , Randazzo Cinzia Lucia , Liotta Luigi
Published: October 2024

In this study, Caciocavallo, a typical cheese produced in Sicily Island (Italy), was obtained from the milk of dairy cows fed with and without enriched olive cake (ECO and CTR, respectively) in order to evaluate nutritional, microbiological, volatile, and sensory differences in cheeses. ECO cheese showed greater (p < 0.05) MUFA and PUFA and polyphenols content and lower SFA content than CTR cheese. Microbiological analyses revealed the absence of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and E. coli O157, and no significant differences in the viable counts of the remaining microbial groups analyzed, between samples. Thermophilic lactococci were more prevalent in ECO cheese. The implementation of a culture-independent method, such as PCR-DGGE analyses, revealed the presence of a more diverse microbial population in both cheeses. Regarding the volatile compounds profile, long-chain free fatty acids were more abundant in the ECO cheese, resulting in a healthier free fatty acid profile. This study also showed that, especially for their appearance and taste, consumers mostly appreciated the ECO cheese. The results show that using enriched olive cake could enhance the sustainability and the quality of Ragusano cheese, improving not only the health of its consumers but also positively influencing tastes and acceptability.
Biotechnology in Food Packaging Using Bacterial Cellulose
Authors: Santos Maryana Rogéria dos , Durval Italo José Batista , Medeiros Alexandre D’Lamare Maia de , Silva Júnior Cláudio José Galdino da , Converti Attilio , Costa Andréa Fernanda de Santana , Sarubbo Leonie Asfora
Published: October 2024

Food packaging, which is typically made of paper/cardboard, glass, metal, and plastic, is essential for protecting and preserving food. However, the impact of conventional food packaging and especially the predominant use of plastics, due to their versatility and low cost, bring serious environmental and health problems such as pollution by micro and nanoplastics. In response to these challenges, biotechnology emerges as a new way for improving packaging by providing biopolymers as sustainable alternatives. In this context, bacterial cellulose (BC), a biodegradable and biocompatible material produced by bacteria, stands out for its mechanical resistance, food preservation capacity, and rapid degradation and is a promising solution for replacing plastics. However, despite its advantages, large-scale application still encounters technical and economic challenges. These include high costs compared to when conventional materials are used, difficulties in standardizing membrane production through microbial methods, and challenges in optimizing cultivation and production processes, so further studies are necessary to ensure food safety and industrial viability. Thus, this review provides an overview of the impacts of conventional packaging. It discusses the development of biodegradable packaging, highlighting BC as a promising biopolymer. Additionally, it explores biotechnological techniques for the development of innovative packaging through structural modifications of BC, as well as ways to optimize its production process. The study also emphasizes the importance of these solutions in promoting a circular economy within the food industry and reducing its environmental impact.
Restructuring the FDA’s Food Program: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Marzouk Sammer , Rumalla Kranti C. , Lurie Peter G.
Published: October 2024

Following an outbreak of Cronobacter sakazakii infection in infant formula, the US Food and Drug Administration commissioned a series of reports and then undertook a major reorganization of its food program. This article describes the changes that went into effect on 1 October 2024, why those changes are likely to improve the new Human Foods Program, and additional work that must be undertaken to enhance the agency’s impact upon public health.
Study on Quality and Starch Characteristics of Powdery and Crispy Lotus Roots
Authors: Cai Zichen , Jiang Yaying , Wang Fei , Liu Jun , Kan Juan , Zhang Man , Qi Xiaohua , Li Liangjun , Zhao Shuping , Qian Chunlu
Published: October 2024

Nine varieties of lotus root (Suining, Xinhe, Zaohua, Zhonghua, L0014, L0013, Cuiyu, L0011, and Zhenzhu) were selected as the research materials to compare their differences in physical, chemical, and starch characteristics before and after boiling, frying, and microwaving. The results showed that Zhenzhu, Xinhe, L0013, Cuiyu, and Zhonghua belong to the crispy lotus root type, while L0011, L0014, Zaohua, and Suining belong to the powdery lotus root type. Furthermore, the nine varieties were characterized for their starch by optical micrograph (OM), polarized micrograph (PM), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon-13 cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The starch granule of powdery lotus root appeared to be larger than that of crispy lotus, and ATR-FTIR studies revealed that the outer layer of starch granules from nine different varieties of lotus root had a highly organized structure. Moreover, XRD and 13C CP/MAS NMR analyses revealed that starch from eight lotus varieties (Suining, Xinhe, Zaohua, Zhonghua, L0014, L0013, Cuiyu, L0011) belong to the A-crystal type, while starch from Zhenzhu belongs to the CA-crystal type. The starch from powdery lotus root exhibited higher crystallinity, as well as increased gelatinization temperature and enthalpy, indicating that its crystal structure was relatively superior compared to that of crispy lotus starch. The short-range order degree, crystallinity, gelatinization temperature, and heat enthalpy of lotus starch decreased after boiling and frying but increased to varying extents after microwaving. Additionally, the heat resistance and stability of starch particles from crispy lotus root were improved after microwave treatment.
Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Food Using a Portable Mass Spectrometer Coupled with Solid-Phase Microextraction Arrow
Authors: Lan Hangzhen , Li Xueying , Wu Zhen , Pan Daodong , Gan Ning , Wen Luhong
Published: October 2024

A portable mass spectrometer (PMS) was combined with a mesoporous silica material (SBA-15) coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow to develop a rapid, easy-to-operate and sensitive method for detecting five veterinary drugs—amantadine, thiabendazole, sulfamethazine, clenbuterol, and ractopamine—in milk and chicken samples. Equipped with a pulsed direct current electrospray ionization source and a hyperboloid linear ion trap, the PMS can simultaneously detect all five analytes in approximately 30 s using a one-microliter sample. Unlike traditional large-scale instruments, this method shows great potential for on-site detection with no need for chromatographic pre-separation and minimal sample preparation. The SBA-15-SPME Arrow, fabricated via electrospinning, demonstrated superior extraction efficiency compared to commercially available SPME Arrows. Optimization of the coating preparation conditions and SPME procedures was conducted to enhance the extraction efficiency of the SBA-15-SPME Arrow. The extraction and desorption processes were optimized to require only 15 and 30 min, respectively. The SBA-15-SPME Arrow–PMS method showed high precision and sensitivity, with detection limits and quantitation limits of 2.8–9.3 µg kg−1 and 10–28 µg kg−1, respectively, in milk. The LOD and LOQ ranged from 3.5 to 11.7 µg kg−1 and 12 to 35 µg kg−1, respectively, in chicken. The method sensitivity meets the requirements of domestic and international regulations. This method was successfully applied to detect the five analytes in milk and chicken samples, with recoveries ranging from 85% to 116%. This approach represents a significant advancement in food safety by facilitating rapid, in-field monitoring of veterinary drug residues.
Detection of Mycotoxin Contamination in Foods Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review
Authors: Aggarwal Ashish , Mishra Akanksha , Tabassum Nazia , Kim Young-Mog , Khan Fazlurrahman
Published: October 2024

Mycotoxin contamination of foods is a major concern for food safety and public health worldwide. The contamination of agricultural commodities employed by humankind with mycotoxins (toxic secondary metabolites of fungi) is a major risk to the health of the human population. Common methods for mycotoxin detection include chromatographic separation, often combined with mass spectrometry (accurate but time-consuming to prepare the sample and requiring skilled technicians). Artificial intelligence (AI) has been introduced as a new technique for mycotoxin detection in food, providing high credibility and accuracy. This review article provides an overview of recent studies on the use of AI methods for the discovery of mycotoxins in food. The new approach demonstrated that a variety of AI technologies could be correlated. Deep learning models, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks were implemented to analyze elaborate datasets from different analytical platforms. In addition, this review focuses on the advancement of AI to work concomitantly with smart sensing technologies or other non-conventional techniques such as spectroscopy, biosensors, and imaging techniques for rapid and less damaging mycotoxin detection. We question the requirement for large and diverse datasets to train AI models, discuss the standardization of analytical methodologies, and discuss avenues for regulatory approval of AI-based approaches, among other top-of-mind issues in this domain. In addition, this research provides some interesting use cases and real commercial applications where AI has been able to outperform other traditional methods in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and time required. This review aims to provide insights for future directions in AI-enabled mycotoxin detection by incorporating the latest research results and stressing the necessity of multidisciplinary collaboration among food scientists, engineers, and computer scientists. Ultimately, the use of AI could revolutionize systems monitoring mycotoxins, improving food safety and safeguarding global public health.
Influences of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dy-1 Fermentation on the Bitterness of Bitter Melon Juice, the Composition of Saponin Compounds, and Their Bioactivities
Authors: Bai Juan , Yang Zihan , Luo Wei , Zhu Ying , Zhao Yansheng , Pan Beibei , Zhang Jiayan , Zhu Lin , Huang Shiting , Xiao Xiang
Published: October 2024

Lactic acid bacteria fermentation is a beneficial bioprocessing method that can improve the flavor, transform nutrients, and maintain the biological activity of foods. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dy-1 fermentation on the nutritional components, flavor and taste properties, and composition of saponin compounds and their hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities. The results suggested that the total polyphenol content increased, and the soluble polysaccharides and total saponin contents decreased in fermented bitter melon juice (FJ) compared with those in non-fermented bitter melon juice (NFJ). The determination of volatile flavor substances by GC-MS revealed that the response values of acetic acid, n-octanol, sedumol, etc., augmented significantly, and taste analysis with an electronic tongue demonstrated lower bitterness and higher acidity in FJ. Furthermore, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS testing showed a significant decrease in bitter compounds, including momordicines I and II, and a significant increase in the active saponin momordicine U in the fermented bitter melon saponin group (FJBMS). The in vitro assays indicated that FJBMS exhibited similar antioxidant activities as the non-fermented bitter melon saponin group (NFBMS). The in vitro results show that both NFBMS and FJBMS, when used at 50 μg/mL, could significantly reduce fat accumulation and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the catalase (CAT) activity, while there was no significant difference in the bioactivities of NFBMS and FJBMS. In conclusion, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum dy-1 fermentation is an effective means to lower the bitterness value of bitter melon and preserve the well-known bioactivities of its raw materials, which can improve the edibility of bitter melon.
Impact of Visual Cues on Consumers’ Freshness Perception of Prepared Vegetables
Authors: Tran Xuan , Antille Nicolas , Devezeaux de Lavergne Marine , Moccand Cyril , Labbe David
Published: October 2024

Freshness is an important quality attribute for vegetables. Identifying the sensory drivers for freshness is important to promote vegetable consumption. Due to the lack of research on freshness of prepared vegetables, this study focused on the role of visual cues of common vegetables (carrot, beetroot, bell pepper) on perception of freshness. Twenty-seven vegetables were prepared by varying five factors and photographed in a plate: (1) shape (stick, large cube, small cube), (2) vegetable presence for each of the three vegetables (yes, no), (3) number of vegetables conjointly present in the plate (1, 2, 3), (4) color (green bell pepper, yellow bell pepper), (5) combined vegetables prepared with same or different shapes. Freshness was rated online by 156 consumers. Visual cues leading to the main increase in freshness were the stick shape vs. large and small cubes, the absence of beetroot, and the presence of green bell pepper vs. yellow bell pepper. Overall, it seems that visual cues associated with minimally processed vegetables, such as stick shapes, which allow to recognize the vegetables in comparison to cube shapes, promote freshness. These results are particularly valuable for culinary and catering professionals and food industries involved in the preparation and/or manufacturing of prepared vegetables.
A Novel Fractional High-Order Sliding Mode Control for Enhanced Bioreactor Performance
Authors: Rodríguez-Mata Abraham E. , Medrano-Hermosillo Jesús A. , López-Pérez Pablo A. , Gonzalez-Huitron Victor A. , Castro-Linares Rafael , Cervantes-Rojas Jorge Said
Published: October 2024

This research introduces a fractional high-order sliding mode control (FHOSMC) method that utilises an inverse integral fractional order, 0<β<1, as the high order on the FHOSMC reaching law, exhibiting a novel contribution in the related field of study. The application of the proposed approach into a bioreactor system via diffeomorphism operations demonstrates a notable improvement in the management of the bioreactor dynamics versus classic controllers. The numerical findings highlight an improved precision in tracking reference signals and an enhanced plant stability compared to proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller implementations within challenging disturbance scenarios. The FHOSMC effectively maintains the biomass concentration at desired levels, reducing the wear of the system as well as implementation expenses. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis of the convergence within time indicates substantial potential for further enhancements. Subsequent studies might focus on extending this control approach to bioreactor systems that integrate sensor technologies and the formulation of adaptive algorithms for real-time adjustments of β-type fractional-orders.
Fixed Point Results for Fuzzy Enriched Contraction in Fuzzy Banach Spaces with Applications to Fractals and Dynamic Market Equillibrium
Authors: Shaheryar Muhammad , Ud Din Fahim , Hussain Aftab , Alsulami Hamed
Published: October 2024

We introduce fuzzy enriched contraction, which extends the classical notion of fuzzy Banach contraction and encompasses specific fuzzy non-expansive mappings. Our investigation establishes both the presence and uniqueness of fixed points considering this broad category of operators using a Krasnoselskij iterative scheme for their approximation. We also show the graphical representation of fuzzy enriched contraction and analyze its graph for different values of beta. The implications of these findings extend to significant results within fuzzy fixed-point theory, enriching the understanding of iterative processes in fuzzy metric spaces. To demonstrate the versatility of our innovative concepts and the associated fixed-point theorems, we provide illustrative examples that showcase their applicability across diverse domains, including the generation of fractals. This demonstrates the relevance of fuzzy enriched contraction to iterated function systems, enabling the study of fractal structures under various contractive conditions. Additionally, we explore practical applications of fuzzy enriched contraction in dynamic market equilibrium, offering new insights into stability and convergence in economic models. Through this unified framework, we open new avenues for both theoretical advancements and real world applications in fuzzy systems.
Design of Aerated Oleogel–Hydrogel Mixtures for 3D Printing of Personalized Cannabis Edibles
Authors: Andriotis Eleftherios G. , Paraskevopoulou Adamantini , Fatouros Dimitrios G. , Zhang Hui , Ritzoulis Christos
Published: October 2024

Cannabis seed oil oleogel structured with Glycerol Monostearate (20% w/w) was mixed with xanthan gum hydrogel (2% w/w) at different ratios ranging from 0% w/w hydrogel to 75% w/w hydrogel, using a syringe-to-syringe apparatus, for the preparation of 3D-printable food inks. This process enabled the simultaneous blend of oleogel and hydrogel phases and the incorporation of air in a reproducible and accurate manner. The printability of bigel inks with different mass ratios was evaluated by using a conventional benchtop food 3D printer. The printability of the inks was found to be negatively affected by the presence of higher portions of the hydrogel phase, while the printing performance of pure cannabis seed oil oleogel was superior compared to the printing performance of the bigel inks. The physicochemical properties of hybrid gels were investigated with rheological studies, thermophysical studies (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), Polarized Light Microscopy, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The microstructure of the aerated inks was affected by the presence of a higher oleogel fraction, in terms of air bubble shape and distribution. The addition of hydrogel at concentrations higher than 50% w/w had a strong negative effect on the mechanical properties of the inks leading to a partial collapse of the printed structures and subsequently to poor printing performance.
The Sol–Gel Process, a Green Method Used to Obtain Hybrid Materials Containing Phosphorus and Zirconium
Authors: Merghes Petru , Ilia Gheorghe , Maranescu Bianca , Varan Narcis , Simulescu Vasile
Published: October 2024

The sol–gel process is a green method used in the last few decades to synthesize new organic–inorganic phosphorus-containing hybrid materials. The sol–gel synthesis is a green method because it takes place in mild conditions, mostly by using water or alcohol as solvents, at room temperature. Therefore, the sol–gel method is, among others, a promising route for obtaining metal-phosphonate networks. In addition to phosphorus, the obtained hybrid materials could also contain titanium, zirconium, boron, and other elements, which influence their properties. The sol–gel process has two steps: first, the sol formation, and second, the transition to the gel phase. In other words, the sol–gel process converts the precursors into a colloidal solution (sol), followed by obtaining a network (gel). By using the sol–gel method, different organic moieties could be introduced into an inorganic matrix, resulting in organic–inorganic hybrid structures (sometimes they are also referred as organic–inorganic copolymers).
Cross-Linked Polyimide Aerogels with Excellent Thermal and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Qian Haoran , Li Zhiqi , He Song
Published: October 2024

With the increasing development of productivity, new materials that allow for the efficient use of energy are slowly becoming a sought-after goal, as well as a challenge that is currently being faced. For this reason, we have made aerogels as the target of our research and prepared different series (CLPI (1–5)) of cross-linked polyimide aerogels by mixing and cross-linking the heat-insulating cross-linking agent 1,3,5-tris(4-aminobenzylamino)benzene (TAB) with polyamic acid solution. We created a three-dimensional spatial organization by using vacuum freeze-drying and programmed high-temperature drying, then controlled the concentration of the polyamidate solution to investigate the concentration and TAB’s influence on aerogel-related properties. Among them, the shrinkage is reduced from 40% in CLPI-1 to 28% in CLPI-5, and it also shows excellent mechanical characteristics, the highest compression strength (CLPI-5) reaches 0.81 MPa and specific modulus reaches 41.95 KN m/Kg. In addition, adding TAB improves the aerogel thermal resistance, T5 in N2 from PI-2 519 °C to CLPI-2 556 °C. The three-dimensional network-type structure of the aerogel shows an excellent thermal insulation effect, where the thermal conductivity can be as low as 24.4 mWm−1 K−1. Compared with some protective materials, cross-linked polyimide aerogel presents better flame-retardant properties, greatly improving the scope of its application in the industrial protection.
Microencapsulation Efficiency of Carboxymethylcellulose, Gelatin, Maltodextrin, and Acacia for Aroma Preservation in Jasmine Instant Tea
Authors: Chaudhary Muneeba Naseer , Li Xiaolin , Yang Siyue , Wang Damao , Luo Liyong , Zeng Liang , Luo Wei
Published: October 2024

Enhancing the sensory appeal of jasmine instant tea, particularly its aroma, poses a significant challenge due to the loss of volatile organic compounds during conventional processing. This study introduces a novel approach to address this issue through the application of microencapsulation techniques, aimed at preserving these key aromatic elements. Our investigation focused on the encapsulating agents gelatin, acacia gum, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and maltodextrin, chosen for their compatibility with the volatile organic compounds of tea. A statistical analysis was conducted on the analytical results through comprehensive analytical techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), and Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) analysis for microcapsule characterization. The statistical analysis revealed gelatin to be a particularly effective encapsulating medium, preserving an aroma profile more akin to fresh tea. The statistical analysis confirmed the reliability of these findings, highlighting the potential of microencapsulation in refining the quality of jasmine instant tea products. The results of this research suggest that microencapsulation could be instrumental in improving the sensory quality and shelf life of instant tea products, offering new opportunities for product enhancement in the beverage industry.