Simulation Analysis of Local Land Atmosphere Coupling in Rainy Season over a Typical Underlying Surface in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Sun Genhou , Hu Zeyong , Ma Yaoming , Yang Song 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;The Local land atmosphere coupling (LoCo) focuses on the interactions between soil conditions, surface fluxes, PBL growth, and the formations of convective clouds and precipitations, and a study of LoCo over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is of great significance to understand its role of &amp;#8220;Asian Water Tower&amp;#8221;. This study investigates the LoCo characteristics over a typical underlying surface in central TP in the rainy season based on a series of real case simulations using Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with different combinations of land surface model (LSM) schemes and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes based on in-situ measurements. Then the LoCo characteristics over a typical underlying surface in central TP are analyzed using a mixing diagram. The simulations results indicates that WRF simulations using Noah with BouLac, MYNN, and YSU produce much better results in terms of curves of Cp*theta and Lv*q, surface fluxes (H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt; and LE&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;), entrainment fluxes (H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;) at site BJ/Nagqu that those using CLM with BouLac, MYNN, and YSU do. The frequency distributions of H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, LE&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;, and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; in the study area confirmed this result. The spatial distributions of simulated H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, LE&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;, and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent &lt;/sub&gt;using WRF with Noah and BouLac suggest that the spatial distributions of H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt; and LE&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt; in the study area show a good consistent with that of soil moisture, but the spatial distributions of H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; are quite different from that of soil moisture. A close examination of the relationship between entrainment fluxes and cloud water contents (QCloud) reveals that the grids with small H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; and large LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; are likely to have high QCloud and H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;. This means that high H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt; is conductive to convective cloud formations, which lead to small H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; and large LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;. Sensitivity analysis of LoCo to the soil moisture at site BJ/Nagqu indicates that in a sunny day, an increase in soil moisture leads to an increase in LE&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt; but a decrease in H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;, and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;. The sensitivity of the relationship between simulated max daytime PBLH and mean daytime EF in the study area to soil moistures indicates that the rate at which the max daytime PBLH decrease with the mean EF increases as the initial soil moisture goes up. The analysis of simulated H&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, LE&lt;sub&gt;sfc&lt;/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt;, and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent &lt;/sub&gt;under different soil moisture conditions reveals that the frequencies of H&lt;sub&gt;ent &lt;/sub&gt;ranging from 80 W/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and over 240 W/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and frequency of LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; ranging from -240 W/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to -90 W/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; increase as the initial soil moisture increases. Coupled with the changes in QCloud, the changes in H&lt;sub&gt;ent &lt;/sub&gt;and LE&lt;sub&gt;ent&lt;/sub&gt; as the initial soil moisture increases indicate that the increase in soil moisture lead to an increase in cloud amounts but a decrease in QCloud.&lt;/p&gt;