bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case report of the first molecular diagnosis of Stickler syndrome with a pathogenic COL2A1 variant in a Mongolia family
Authors: Wu Hong , Che Songtian , Li Shuchun , Cheng Yan , Xiao Jun , Liu Zaoxia
Published: August 2021

Background

Stickler syndrome is a group of connective tissue disorders that can affect eye (myopia, cataract, and retinal detachment), skeleton (spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and precocious arthritis), craniofacies (midfacial under development and cleft palate), and inner ear (conductive and sensorineural); with the degree of symptoms varying among patients. Mutations in the COL2A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL9A1, COL9A2, and COL9A3 procollagen genes cause Stickler syndrome.

Case presentation

A 16‐year‐old Mongolian girl approached our clinics with retinal detachment. The proband had vitreous degeneration in both eyes, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in her right eye, a large area of retina degeneration in her left eye, and coupled with severe myopia. No obvious hearing disorder was found, no abnormalities in bones and joints, and her communication and learning capability were also normal. Further clinical examination showed that the patient's other five family members across three generations had vitreous and retina degenerations. Exome sequencing showed a heterozygous splicing variant in COL2A1 in all patients.

Conclusions

In this case report, a pathogenic splicing variant in the COL2A1 gene was identified in a Mongolian family affected with Stickler syndrome type I by exome sequencing. This heterozygous splicing variant in COL2A1 (NM_001844.4:C.2518‐1G>A) that may impair splicing, which was suggested by in silico prediction. Next‐generation sequencing is helpful for the differential diagnosis of this clinically variable and genetically heterogeneous disorder.
Pressure and stress analysis of liquid‐filled cylindrical tank
Authors: Kamila Kotrasova , Eva Kormanikova , Slavka Harabinova
Published: August 2021

During earthquakes, the liquid‐filled storage tank generates hydrodynamic pressures, in addition to hydrostatic pressure, on the solid domain of the tank. The theoretical background of hydrodynamic pressure analysis, as well as the numerical simulation of the liquid‐filled cylindrical steel reinforced concrete tank, is the focus of this paper. The finite element method (FEM) modeling, along with arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian and fluid–structure interactions formulation, is used for simulating the seismic response of cylindrical steel reinforced concrete liquid‐filled tank, fixed to the rigid foundation. The Loma Prieta accelerogram is utilized for recording the seismic ground motion. In the numerical study, two states are observed: (1) static condition where only hydrostatic pressure acts and (2) seismic excitation where hydrodynamic pressure occurs. When exposed to an earthquake situation, the tank liquid gives the total pressure of the liquid domain. The dynamic analysis considers the pressure response of the liquid domain, as well as the stress response of the solid domain of the coupled system, that is, liquid‐filled cylindrical steel reinforced concrete tank.
Model studies of the role of oxygen in the FLASH effect
Authors: Favaudon Vincent , Labarbe Rudi , Limoli Charles L.
Published: August 2021

Current radiotherapy facilities are standardized to deliver dose rates around 0.1–0.4 Gy/s in 2 Gy daily fractions, designed to deliver total accumulated doses to reach the tolerance limit of normal tissues undergoing irradiation. FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH‐RT), on the other hand, relies on facilities capable of delivering ultrahigh dose rates in large doses in a single microsecond pulse, or in a few pulses given over a very short time sequence. For example, most studies to date have implemented 4–6 MeV electrons with intra‐pulse dose rates in the range 106–107 Gy/s. The proposed dependence of the FLASH effect on oxygen tension has stimulated several theoretical models based on three different hypotheses: (i) Radiation‐induced transient oxygen depletion; (ii) cell‐specific differences in the ability to detoxify and/or recover from injury caused by reactive oxygen species; (iii) self‐annihilation of radicals by bimolecular recombination. This article focuses on the observations supporting or refuting these models in the frame of the chemical‐biological bases of the impact of oxygen on the radiation response of cell free, in vitro and in vivo model systems.
The impact on lesion detection via a multi‐vendor study: A phantom‐based comparison of digital mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis, and synthetic mammography
Authors: Vancoillie Liesbeth , Cockmartin Lesley , Marshall Nicholas , Bosmans Hilde
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study is to perform a test object‐based comparison of the imaging performance of digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and synthetic mammography (SM).

Methods

Two test objects were used, the CDMAM and the L1‐structured phantom. Small‐detail detectability was assessed using CDMAM and the microcalcification simulating specks in the L1‐structured background. Detection of spiculated and non‐spiculated mass‐like objects was assessed using the L1 phantom. Six different systems were included: Amulet Innovality (Fujifilm), Senographe Pristina (GEHC), 3Dimensions (Hologic), Giotto Class (IMS), Clarity 2D/3D (Planmed), and Mammomat Revelation (Siemens). Images were acquired under automatic exposure control (AEC) and at adjusted levels of AEC/2 and 2 × AEC level. Threshold gold thickness (Ttr) was established for the 0.13‐mm‐diameter CDMAM discs. Threshold diameters for the calcifications (dtr_c), the spiculated masses (dtr_sm), and for the non‐spiculated masses (dtr_nsm) were established. The threshold condition was defined as the thickness or diameter for a 62.5% correct score.

Results

Ttr for DM was generally superior to DBT, which in turn was superior to SM, but for most systems, these differences between modes were not significant. For L1, no significant differences in dtr_c were found between DM and DBT. The increase in dtr_c from DM to SM at AEC dose was 1%, 19%, 11%, 14%, 46%, and 27% for the Fujifilm, GEHC, Hologic, IMS, Planmed, and Siemens, respectively, indicating significantly poorer performance for all vendors except for Fujifilm, Hologic, and IMS. For both mass types, DBT performed better than SM, while SM showed no significant difference with DM (except for Fujifilm spiculated masses). The dose had an impact on small‐detail detectability for both phantoms but did not influence the detection of either mass type.

Conclusions

Both phantoms indicated potentially reduced small‐detail detectability for SM versus DM and DBT and should therefore not be used in stand‐alone mode. The L1 phantom demonstrated no significant difference in microcalcification detection between DM and DBT and also demonstrated the superiority of DBT, compared to DM for mass detection, for all six systems.
Harvest and Mercury Levels of Striped Bass in Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Andrews S. N. , Roth D. H. , Kidd K. A. , Linnansaari T. , Curry R. A.
Published: August 2021

The Striped Bass Morone saxatilis is an apex predator that supports recreational, commercial, and First Nations traditional fisheries in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada. Historic exploitation resulted in steep population declines, forcing a complete fisheries moratorium in 2000. After 13 years of recovery, a recreational fishery was reopened (May 2013) followed by a commercial fishery in 2018. These new opportunities for harvesting raised concerns about mercury levels in fish for human consumption as past levels have exceeded Health Canada guidelines of 0.5 mg/kg. We collected Striped Bass from the northwest Miramichi River in spring during the main recreational and commercial fishing seasons. Fish in the legal harvest slot for the recreational (50–65 cm TL) and commercial (50–80 cm TL) fisheries had total mercury in muscle tissue ranging from 0.08 to 0.43 mg/kg and from 0.08 to 0.63 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. Mercury levels in Striped Bass have decreased since the 1990s, but some individuals were close to or exceeded consumption guidelines. In addition, a preliminary angler creel survey revealed that only 8% of anglers retained their legal, three-fish limit (average harvest = 0.7 fish/angler/day). However, harvest of oversized fish was observed (11%), and a removal of ˜100,000 adults in the first month of the fishery by the recreational, commercial, and Indigenous fisheries is possible and represents a significant portion of the estimated adult population. We conclude that effective management of the Striped Bass fishery in the Miramichi River will require continued and more detailed angler surveys and population size and structure assessments accompanied by communication of current mercury levels in this species.
A qualitative study of self‐management experiences in people with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jang Yeonsoo , Lee Ji Yea , Kim Seung Up , Kim Beomkyung
Published: August 2021

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of self‐management in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Design

The study employed an exploratory descriptive qualitative study using focus group interviews.

Methods

Twelve participants with NAFLD were recruited from a university hospital in South Korea. The date of data collection was from November–December 2018, and the data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes and seven subthemes were identified. The themes were (1) facing unexpected obstacles, (2) finding my own path and (3) unmet support needs from healthcare providers. Subthemes included (1) ambiguity in changing lifestyle, (2) confusion caused by inconsistent information overload, (3) not knowing much about the liver nor NAFLD, (4) putting small plans into action every day, (5) getting help from family and friends as care partners, (6) needs for tailored medical help and (7) needs for caring and attentive attitudes.
A modular platform based on electrospun carbon nanofibers and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel for sensor applications
Authors: Bongiovanni Abel Silvestre , Martinez María V. , Bruno Mariano M. , Barbero Cesar A. , Abraham Gustavo A. , Acevedo Diego F.
Published: August 2021

Modular sensor platforms are a fashion approach that allows the use of advanced materials to promote the evolution of portable electrochemical sensors. A modular platform building by the combination of carbonized poly(acrylonitrile) electrospun mat (C‐PAN; fiber diameter ca. 300 nm) and a poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide; PNIPAm) hydrogel was assayed. The individual components of the platform were physicochemically characterized before assembling. The swelling behavior and the capacity of sorption of a redox complex tris(1,10‐phenanthroline)iron(II) of the polymeric hydrogel were evaluated. Moreover, the morphological aspects of the electrospun fibers before and after carbonization were analyzed. Finally, cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry experiments were performed to analyze the electrochemical performance of the modular platform. In this work, we demonstrated that the platform takes advantage of the3D structure of the electrospun mat and the selective sorption of the hydrogel for the electrochemical sensing target analyte. The iron sensing using its complexation into the tris(1,10‐phenanthroline)iron(II) redox complex was assessed by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The anodic peak current showed a linear relation versus iron complex concentration in the range of 10–80 μmol L−1 with a detection limit of 0.103 μmol L−1. All the results herein presented suggest that a synergistic combination of large surface area carbon fiber electrodes and ion retaining hydrogel has been achieved.
Flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites based on iron tailings and aluminum phosphate: A novel strategy for utilizing industrial solid wastes
Authors: Yang Yadong , Zhang Guangyi , Yu Feng , Liu Mengru , Yang Sujie , Tang Gang , Xu Xiangrong , Wang Bibo , Liu Xiuyu
Published: August 2021

To widen the application field of iron tailings (ITs) and explore ITs potential use‐value, ITs and aluminum phosphate (AHP) were introduced to prepare flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foam (FR‐RPUF) composites. The chemical composition and mineral composition of ITs were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, combustion performance and gas‐phase products of FR‐RPUF composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index, underwriters laboratories vertical burning test (UL‐94), thermogravimetry (TG), cone calorimetry and thermogravimetric‐infrared spectrometry (TG‐FTIR). TG confirmed that ITs could effectively improve the thermal stability of FR‐RPUF composites at high temperature. Cone calorimetry implied that ITs could significantly reduce heat release and toxic smoke release and thus improve the fire safety of the composites. TG‐FTIR indicated that ITs effectively reduced the release intensity of hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, CO, isocyanates and esters. Scanning electron microscope and Raman spectra showed ITs could improve the compactness and graphitization degree of the char residues for FR‐RPUF composites.
Poly(acrylated epoxidized soybean oil)‐modified carbon nanotubes and their application in epoxidized soybean oil‐based thermoset composites
Authors: Tang Qiuyu , Li Qian , Pan Xun , Xi Zhenhao , Zhao Ling
Published: August 2021

Poly(acrylated epoxidized soybean oil) (PAESO) has been grafted on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer reaction (RAFT). MWCNTs–PAESO as reinforcement has been successfully applied to prepare epoxidized soybean oil/maleopimaric‐based thermosetting composites with good dispersion through probe ultrasonic treatment in ethyl acetate. Micromorphology analyses on composites by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy show that MWCNTs–PAESO has better dispersion stability in both ethyl acetate and epoxy matrix and better interface bonding effect with cured matrix, resulting in more uniformly and separately dispersed behavior than hydroxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Correspondingly, by the method of molecular dynamics simulation, it is verified that the nonbond energy and van der Waals force of CNTs–PAESO in solvent can be relatively reduced, and that CNTs–PAESO possesses higher binding energy with matrix compared with CNTsOH. Therefore, MWCNTs–PAESO and PAESO have synergistic enhancement on the mechanical properties of composites demonstrated by rheology testing and dynamic mechanical analysis. The appropriate amount of MWCNTs–PAESO loading at 0.15 wt% can increase the glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermoset from 83.8 to 96.3°C, resulting in the improvement of both mechanical and thermal properties. These results show that surface‐grafting MWCNTs with homologous polymer can effectively increase the interfacial compatibility between matrix and MWCNTs, thereby improving the thermal and mechanical properties of composites.
MWCNT, nano‐silica, and nano‐clay additives effects on adhesion performance of dissimilar materials bonded joints
Authors: Cakir Mehmet Veysel , Kinay Didem
Published: August 2021

Large vehicles, ships, and airplanes are made of hybrid structures with a combination of metal and composite materials. Aluminum and fiber composites are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and marine industries due to their high strength/weight ratios. In these industries, adhesive joints are preferred as the primary method of forming structural joints. Although the use of adhesives in a combination with different materials provides many advantages over mechanical methods, efforts are being made to increase the strength of the adhesive connection. In this study, three different nanoparticles such as nanosilica, nanoclay, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to a commercial epoxy adhesive (Araldite 2014), and the shear strengths of single‐lap joints made of aluminum and glass fiber reinforced polymer composite were investigated. According to the experimental results, adding nanoparticles increased the strength of the bonded joints. The best increase was determined as 62% for the connection with 0.5 wt% MWCNTs added. On the other hand, the improvement in the bond with 1.5 wt% nanoclay was found to be 37.8%, while the improvement in the bond with 1.5% nanosilica was 43.3%. Failure types of samples after the mechanical tests were analyzed by taking macro and scanning electron microscopy images from the overlap sides.
Non‐invasive prenatal testing suggesting a maternal malignancy: What do we tell the prospective parents in Belgium?
Authors: Lannoo Lore , Lenaerts Liesbeth , Van Den Bogaert Kris , Che Huiwen , Brison Nathalie , Devriendt Koen , Amant Frédéric , Vermeesch Joris Robert , Van Calsteren Kristel
Published: August 2021

Cancer is diagnosed in one in 1000 to 1500 pregnancies. Most frequently encountered malignancies during pregnancy are breast cancer, hematological cancer, cervical cancer and malignant melanoma. Maternal cancer is associated with an increased risk of IUGR and preterm labor, especially in patients with systemic disease or those receiving chemotherapy during pregnancy, requiring a high‐risk obstetrical follow‐up. Fetal aneuploidy screening by non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can lead to the incidental identification of copy number alterations derived from non‐fetal cell‐free DNA (cfDNA), as seen in certain cases of maternal malignancy. The identification of tumor‐derived cfDNA requires further clinical, biochemical, radiographic and histological investigations to confirm the diagnosis. In such cases, reliable risk estimation for fetal trisomy 21, 18 and 13 is impossible. Therefore, invasive testing should be offered when ultrasonographic screening reveals an increased risk for chromosomal anomalies, or when a more accurate test is desired. When the fetal karyotype is normal, long term implications for the fetus refer to the consequences of the maternal disease and treatment during pregnancy. This manuscript addresses parental questions when NIPT suggests a maternal malignancy. Based on current evidence and our own experience, a clinical management scheme in a multidisciplinary setting is proposed.
Dual Nakamura model for primary and secondary crystallization applied to nonisothermal crystallization of poly(ether ether ketone)
Authors: Seo Jiho , Zhang Xiaoshi , Schaake Richard P. , Rhoades Alicyn M. , Colby Ralph H.
Published: August 2021

Non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics has been traditionally predicted using the Nakamura crystal growth model, which is an integral form of the Avrami equation under the assumption that the non‐isothermal kinetics can be explained using a series of infinitesimal isothermal steps. However, the Nakamura model often overpredicts crystal fraction near the end of crystallization because of ignoring slower secondary crystallization kinetics. In this study, the dual Nakamura model is proposed to capture both primary and secondary crystallization kinetics of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). First, non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics of PEEK is monitored at five constant cooling rates of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 K/min via differential scanning calorimetry. The dual Nakamura model, which contains a smaller secondary Avrami exponent () to account for the secondary crystallization, is fitted to the exothermal heat flow curves. The dual Nakamura model successfully describes the final stage of crystallization at all cooling rates by reducing the crystal growth dimension from  = 3 for primary crystallization to .
Impact of sleep‐disordered breathing on behavior and quality of life in children aged 2 to 7 years with non‐syndromic cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Moraleda‐Cibrián Marta , Edwards Sean P. , Kasten Steven J. , Warschausky Seth A. , Buchman Steven R. , Monasterio‐Ponsa Carme , O'Brien Louise M.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Children with cleft are at high risk for sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). However, little is known about the impact of SDB in this pediatric population. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SDB play a role in behavior and quality of life (QoL) in young children with cleft.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of 95 children aged 2.0–7.9 years with cleft palate. Parents completed a sleep (Pediatric Sleep questionnaire), a behavior (Conners' Early Childhood scale), and a generic health‐related QoL (KINDL questionnaire) assessment. Symptomatic children were referred for a polysomnography (PSG).

Results

Overall, 14.7% of children (49.5% boys) screened positive for SDB and 27.4% had a PSG, which identified 84.6% with sleep apnea (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] ≥1) and 27.2% with AHI ≥5. Positive screening for SDB was associated with elevated T‐scores for anxiety and physical symptoms, significant differences in mean T‐scores for inattention/hyperactivity (64.2 ± 15.7 vs. 53.9 ± 11.4, p = .02), social functioning/atypical behaviour, social functioning (60.6 ± 11.7 vs. 51.9 ± 7.3, p = .004 and 59.5 ± 10.9 vs. 51.2 ± 8.0, p = .01) and mood (57.5 ± 8.2 vs. 50.7 ± 8.2, p = .03). Lower QoL scores for emotional and family well‐being were also reported in children with SDB (80.7 ± 13.4 vs. 90.0 ± 8.7, p = .01, 66.7 ± 15.8 vs. 76.9 ± 11.9, p = .04). Children with AHI ≥5 compared to those with AHI ≥1 and <5 showed significant differences in mean T‐score for aggressive behaviour (65.2 ± 12.1 vs. 52.3 ± 11.3, p = .04), defiant temper (62.8 ± 9.2 vs. 51.6 ± 10.2, p = .03) and lower family QoL scores (59.4 ± 15.2 vs. 77.1 ± 9.6, p = .006).

Conclusions

In children with cleft palate the presence of SDB symptoms and moderate/severe sleep apnea was associated with behavioral (internalizing/externalizing) problems and lower family well‐being.
Association between electronic cigarette use in children and adolescents and coughing a systematic review
Authors: Bourke Michael , Sharif Naseem , Narayan Omendra
Published: August 2021

Background

The use of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) among adolescents is increasing worldwide. E‐cigarettes are marketed as a safe alternative to other tobacco products. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate whether e‐cigarette use in children and adolescents is associated with coughing.

Method

Studies were identified through systematic searches of Excerpta Medica Database, Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, British Nursing Index, OVID Emcare, Health Management Information Consortium, PsycINFO, and Allied and Complementary Medicine. The Grey Literature was also searched. Selected studies either contained only children and adolescents as study participants or if adults were included, the data for adolescents and children must be presented separately.

Results

Seven studies were selected from 104. Three studies compared e‐cigarette users with nonusers; two studies found a significant association between coughing and e‐cigarette use in adolescence. Two studies investigated whether adolescents attributed their symptoms to their e‐cigarette use. One study reported that coughing was the most likely negative symptom reported by adolescents on initiation of e‐cigarette use; the other study found that adolescents, on initiation of e‐cigarette use, reported coughing. Two studies looked at the cases of children and adolescents who had presented to the hospital after e‐cigarette use and found coughing was a common presenting symptom.

Conclusion

This systematic review shows that adolescent use of e‐cigarettes is associated with increased coughing and e‐cigarette users are more likely to report coughing compared to non‐users.
Review of CFTR modulators 2020
Authors: Goetz Danielle M. , Savant Adrienne P.
Published: August 2021

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators are small molecules that directly impact the CFTR protein, improving the function of the CFTR chloride and bicarbonate channel. Beginning in 2012 with the Food and Drug Administration approval of the first CFTR modulator, ivacaftor, this class of medications has had largely positive effects on many outcomes in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF), including lung function, growth, and other clinical parameters. There have been continued exciting developments in the current research on CFTR modulators, expanding beyond original studies. This first part of a three‐part cystic fibrosis (CF) year in review 2020 will focus on research on CFTR modulators. In addition to reviewing new clinical insights, we describe work done on novel outcomes, adverse effects, issues related to cost, and next steps for clinical trials. The review focuses on articles from Pediatric Pulmonology published in 2020, but it includes articles from other journals that are of particular interest to clinicians. New developments in CF research continue to be brought forth to the CF community, deepening the understanding of this disease and improving clinical care.
Feasibility and efficacy of active remote monitoring of home ventilation in pediatrics
Authors: Thomas Alex , Langley Ross , Pabary Rishi
Published: August 2021

Background

Non‐invasive positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is used to treat children with sleep‐disordered breathing. Effective management requires good adherence. In response to the problem of reduced adherence over time, a pilot study using ventilators equipped with technology to remotely monitor home adherence was undertaken.

Methods

From July 2019, children requiring PAP therapy consented for remote monitoring. Data collected included ventilator usage, apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), and mask leak. Parents were contacted on Days 14, 42, and 90 post‐establishment. A proforma was used to assess parental understanding and ways to improve therapy adherence. A parental feedback questionnaire was completed on Day 90 of the study.

Results

Median nightly PAP usage over 90‐day post‐establishment was 6.58 h (interquartile range: 2.47–8.62); 60% of patients met criteria for good adherence (>4 h for >70% of nights). There was a decrease in median nightly usage in Week 1 (6.92 h) versus Week 12 (6.15 h), p =  0.04. Mask leak was higher in Week 1 (17.7 L/min) versus Week 12 (14.7 L/min), p =  0.053. There was no significant difference in AHI between Week 1 (2.7/h) versus Week 12 (2.3/h), p =  0.75. 45% of questionnaire respondents felt active remote monitoring positively influenced PAP usage, whilst 84% reported overall satisfaction with PAP therapy.

Conclusions

Remote monitoring technology has the potential to guide adjustments in PAP therapy, monitor and improve adherence in children, and reduce the burden of hospital‐based review. Preliminary work shows high approval from parents.
Probing the Effects of Deuteration on the Structure and Thermal Behavior of TNT‐d5
Authors: Fang Zhuqing , Li Shukui , Liu Jiping
Published: August 2021

TNT and TNT‐d5 were synthesized through a nitration process in nitrating mixtures. The molecular structure, deuterium isotopic content, and C−H(D) bonds vibrational properties of them were investigated by 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR and FTIR. The results suggested that the methyl group of TNT‐d5 containing residual protons may have two 2H nuclei and one 1H nucleus (−CD2H). Furthermore, the deuteration of TNT resulted in an evident red‐shift phenomenon with the ratio of the stretch frequencies (
) is about 1.36. The effect of deuteration on the thermal decomposition of TNT is obtained in isothermal conditions. The isothermal decomposition of TNT and TNT‐d5 have obvious autocatalytic characters, and the Arrhenius constant of each reaction stage was obtained. For the non‐catalytic and catalytic decomposition stages, TNT has significant deuterium isotope effects (k1, H/k1, D=1.49, k2, H/k2, D=1.39). Meanwhile, the non‐isothermal decomposition kinetic parameters of TNT‐d5 and TNT were obtained using Kissinger's and Ozawa's methods. The values of apparent activation energy for TNT‐d5 (EK=129.91 kJ/mol, EO=133.12 kJ/mol) are higher than those for TNT (EK=113.43 kJ/mol, EO=117.21 kJ/mol), which implies the higher thermal stability of TNT‐d5. The calculated thermal explosion critical temperatures of TNT (Tb=564.54 K) and TNT‐d5 (Tb=578.02 K) also support this conclusion. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters of the non‐isothermal decomposition process were also calculated and discussed.
Surface salt bridges contribute to the extreme thermal stability of an FN3‐like domain from a thermophilic bacterium
Authors: Boucher Lauren , Somani Sandeep , Negron Christopher , Ma Wenting , Jacobs Steven , Chan Winnie , Malia Thomas , Obmolova Galina , Teplyakov Alexey , Gilliland Gary L. , Luo Jinquan
Published: August 2021

This study uses differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the structural basis for the high thermal stability (melting temperature 97.5°C) of a FN3‐like protein domain from thermophilic bacteria Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis (FN3tt). FN3tt adopts a typical FN3 fold with a three‐stranded beta sheet packing against a four‐stranded beta sheet. We identified three solvent exposed arginine residues (R23, R25, and R72), which stabilize the protein through salt bridge interactions with glutamic acid residues on adjacent strands. Alanine mutation of the three arginine residues reduced melting temperature by up to 22°C. Crystal structures of the wild type (WT) and a thermally destabilized (∆Tm −19.7°C) triple mutant (R23L/R25T/R72I) were found to be nearly identical, suggesting that the destabilization is due to interactions of the arginine residues. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the salt bridge interactions in the WT were stable and provided a dynamical explanation for the cooperativity observed between R23 and R25 based on calorimetry measurements. In addition, folding free energy changes computed using free energy perturbation molecular dynamics simulations showed high correlation with melting temperature changes. This work is another example of surface salt bridges contributing to the enhanced thermal stability of thermophilic proteins. The molecular dynamics simulation methods employed in this study may be broadly useful for in silico surface charge engineering of proteins.
Phase Formation and Magnetic Properties of La‐ and Ce‐Substituted (Nd1−2xRExPrx)2.28Fe13.58B1.14 Melt‐Spun Ribbons
Authors: Dai Feilong , Cheng Xiang , Rong Maohua , Yao Qingrong , Wang Jiang
Published: August 2021

The effects of La and Ce substitution on phase formation and magnetic properties of (Nd1−2xRExPrx)2.28Fe13.58B1.14 (rare earth [RE] = La and Ce; x = 0.05 and 0.10, hereafter defined as La5Pr5, La10Pr10, Ce5Pr5, and Ce10Pr10) ribbons prepared via melt‐spinning technology are studied experimentally. According to the phase structure analysis of as‐cast alloys and melt‐spun ribbons, the as‐cast alloys are composed of the 2:14:1‐type main phase with the tetragonal Nd2Fe14B structure and α‐Fe minor phase, whereas the melt‐spun ribbons are a single 2:14:1‐type main phase, except for La5Pr5 ribbon with an additional α‐Fe minor phase. Based on magnetic measurements, the magnetic properties of La5Pr5, La10Pr10, Ce5Pr5, and Ce10Pr10 melt‐spun ribbons are determined. The remanence (Br), the coercivity (Hcj), and the maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max) of La5Pr5 and La10Pr10 increase greatly, whereas Br and (BH)max of Ce5Pr5 and Ce10Pr10 decrease and Hcj of these two ribbons increases. Meanwhile, the Curie temperatures (Tc) of all the ribbons reduce with increasing La–Pr and Ce–Pr substitutions. In particular, La10Pr10 ribbon and Ce5Pr5 ribbon as Nd–Fe–B ribbons with La–Pr and Ce–Pr substitutions exhibit better magnetic properties.
Rosa Damascena mill for treating adults' anxiety, depression, and stress: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Rasooli Taravat , Nasiri Morteza , Kargarzadeh Aliabadi Zeynab , Rajabi Mohammad Reza , Feizi Shahoo , Torkaman Mahya , Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki Sahar , Mohsenikhah Meisam , Rezaei Masoud , Abbasi Mohammad
Published: August 2021

Recent studies have reported conflicting findings on the antianxiety, antidepressant, and anti‐stress properties of Rosa Damascena Mill (RDM). Therefore, the present systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted on the effects of RDM for treating anxiety, depression, and stress amongst adults. The online data sources of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, and Scientific Information Database were searched from inception to June 30, 2021. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which examined the effects of RDM (in any form of administration) on adults' anxiety, depression, and stress, were included. A random‐effects model was applied to pool the data, and a total of 32 publications were included. The results of the meta‐analysis revealed that administration of RDM significantly reduced state anxiety (effect size [ES]: 24, standardized mean difference [SMD]: −1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.29, −1.20; p < .001), depression (ES: 7, SMD: −0.87, 95% CI: −1.47, −0.28; p = .004), and stress (ES: 4, SMD: −1.33, 95% CI: −1.98, −0.69; p < .001). However, the treatment had no significant effect on trait anxiety (ES: 6, weighted mean difference: −0.75, 95% CI: −1.93, 0.43; p = .214). The association between the total administration dosage and/or duration of RDM and the changes in state anxiety and depression was not dose‐dependent. Most RCTs had a fair methodological quality based on the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Besides, the quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Hence, further high‐quality RCTs are needed to draw reliable conclusions regarding the use of RDM for treating adults' anxiety, depression, and stress.
An Updated Report on the Incidence and Epidemiological Trends of Keratinocyte Cancers in the United Kingdom 2013–2018
Authors: Kwiatkowska M. , Ahmed S. , Ardern-Jones M. , Bhatti L. A. , Bleiker T. O. , Gavin A. , Hussain S. , Huws D. W. , Irvine L. , Langan S. M. , Millington G. W. M. , Mitchell H. , Murphy R. , Paley L. , Proby C. M. , Thomson C. S. , Thomas R. , Turner C. , Vernon S. , Venables Z. C.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

The most common cancers in the UK are keratinocyte cancers (KCs): the combined term for basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Registration of KC is challenging due to high numbers and multiplicity of tumours per person.

Methods

We provide an updated report on the descriptive epidemiology of trends in KC incidence for the resident populations of UK countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) using population-based cancer registry and pathology report data, 2013–18.

Results

Substantial increases in cSCC incidence in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland can be detected for the period of 2013–18, and the incidence of cSCC also increased in Wales from 2016 to 2018. In contrast, however, the pattern of annual change in the incidence of BCC across the nations differs. In England, the incidence of BCC declined slightly from 2016 to 2018, however, the overall trend across 2013–18 is not statistically significant. In Scotland, the incidence of BCC shows some variability, declining in 2017 before increasing in 2018, and the overall trend across 2013–18 was also not statistically significant. In Northern Ireland, the incidence of BCC increased significantly over the study period, and in Wales, the incidence of BCC increased from 2016 to 2018. One in five people will develop non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in their lifetime in England. This estimate is much higher than the lifetime risk of melanoma (1 in 36 males and 1 in 47 females born after 1960 in the UK), which further highlights the burden of the disease and importance of early prevention strategies.

Conclusions

We highlight how common these tumours are by publishing the first ever lifetime incidence of NMSC. Additionally, the first time reporting of the age standardised incidence of KC in Wales further confirms the scale of the disease burden posed by these cancers in the UK. With approximately one in five people developing NMSC in their lifetime, optimisation of skin cancer prevention, management and research are essential.
“Ion Pool” Structural Ion Storage Device: A New Strategy to Collect Ions by Nanoconfinement Effects
Authors: Wang Yuting , Chen Huaxiang , Jiang Jiaqiao , Zhai Jin
Published: August 2021

Ion storage structure widely exists in organisms, which is used to harvesting energy in environment and converting it into ion concentration gradient to maintain complex life activities. The construction of ion storage structures relies on isolating the biological body fluids by biofilm systems, which can also be regarded as local ions confinement. Mimicking this ions storage process, an “ion pool” structural ion storage device is proposed in this research by artificial ion nanochannels, which can transform the electric power into ion concentration gradient. It is consisted of micrometer‐sized ions reservoir and nanosized ions filters. Ions can be isolated within the “pool” and performed ultrahigh ions enrichment or depletion behavior deviated from bulk. Through numerical simulation by Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations, “ion pool” structural device achieves nearly 20 000 rectification ratio with low surface charge. An “ion pool” structural ions storage device is also constructed with block copolymer and polyethylene terephthalate composite membranes, a super high rectification ratio of 3184.0 is achieved from the experiment, which is the highest reported so far. The ion storage efficiency of the device reaches 14.90%, which is an order of magnitude better than non‐“ion pool” structural nanofluid devices.
Self‐Hybrid Transition Metal Oxide Nanosheets Synthesized by a Facile Programmable and Scalable Carbonate‐Template Method
Authors: Xie Wenhe , Ren Yuan , Yu Bingjie , Yang Xuanyu , Gao Meiqi , Ma Junhao , Zou Yidong , Xu Pengcheng , Li Xinxin , Deng Yonghui
Published: August 2021

2D transition metal oxides (TMO) nanosheets have attracted considerable attention in both fundamental research and practical applications. Herein, a convenient programmable and scalable carbonate crystals templating synthesis is developed to produce high‐quality self‐hybrid TMO nanosheets (Si‐WO3−x, TaxOy, MnxOy) and their respective polymetallic oxide hybrid nanosheets with tunable composition, low‐cost and high‐yield. Taking tungsten oxide nanosheets as example, silicotungstic acid precursor is in situ converted into tungsten oxide nanosheets like scales on the surface of calcium carbonate crystals through the simple soaking‐drying‐calcination process, and after selectively dissolving calcium carbonate by etching, the dispersive tungsten oxide nanosheets with unique self‐hybrid Si‐doped h‐WO3/ε‐WO3/WO2 compositions are obtained, which show excellent acetone gas‐sensing performances at low temperatures. This carbonate‐template method opens up the possibility to economically produce various functional TMO nanosheets with specific compositions for diverse applications.
Ion Irradiation Inducing Oxygen Vacancy‐Rich NiO/NiFe2O4 Heterostructure for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Zhong Huizhou , Gao Guoping , Wang Xuening , Wu Hengyi , Shen Shaohua , Zuo Wenbin , Cai Guangxu , Wei Guo , Shi Ying , Fu Dejun , Jiang Changzhong , Wang Lin‐Wang , Ren Feng
Published: August 2021

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an obstacle to the electrocatalytic water splitting due to its unique four‐proton‐and‐electron‐transfer reaction process. Many methods, such as engineering heterostructure and introducing oxygen vacancy, have been used to improve the catalytic performance of electrocatalysts for OER. Herein, the above two kinds of regulation are simultaneously realized in a catalyst by using unique ion irradiation technology. A nanosheet structured NiO/NiFe2O4 heterostructure with rich oxygen vacancies converted from nickel–iron layered double hydroxides by Ar+ ions irradiation shows significant enhancement in both OER and hydrogen evolution reaction performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the construction of NiO/NiFe2O4 can optimize the free energy of O* to OOH* process during OER reaction. The oxygen vacancy‐rich NiO/NiFe2O4 nanosheets have an overpotential of 279 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 42 mV dec−1. Moreover, this NiO/NiFe2O4 electrode shows an excellent long‐term stability at 100 mA cm−2 for 450 h. The synergetic effects between NiO and NiFe2O4 make NiO/NiFe2O4 heterostructure have high conductivity and fast charge transfer, abundant active sites, and high catalytic reactivity, contributing to its excellent performance.
Refinement of Solidification Structure of H13 Steel by Rare Earth Sulfide
Authors: Bao Daohua , Cheng Guoguang , Huang Yu , Qiao Tong , Dai Weixing
Published: August 2021

To improve the solidification structure of H13 steel, rare earth sulfide (Ce−S) is used as the nucleation core of δ‐ferrite or γ‐austenite to refine the original austenite grain. The relationship between rare earth inclusions and grain refinement is discussed in terms of the type, distribution, size, number, and formation characteristic of rare earth inclusions. The results show that to form a large amount of Ce−S (> 35 mm−2) and inhibit the formation of rare earth oxide (Ce−O), rare earth oxysulfide (Ce−O−S), and MnS, the content of O, S, and Ce must be strictly controlled. Most Ce−S in the solidification structure is located in the original austenite grain interior, indicating that Ce−S can act as the nucleation core of δ‐ferrite or γ‐austenite. The most effective size of Ce−S as nucleation core is 1−2 μm, followed by 2−3 μm, and the Ce−S with the size larger than 3 μm has the least effect. The original austenite grain size is related to the number density of Ce−S, and the higher the number density of Ce−S, the smaller the grain size. The precipitation size of Ce−S during solidification is mostly 1−3 μm, and these Ce−S can act as the nucleation core more effectively.
A novel strength behavior prediction model of self‐compacting concrete with foundry sand and hybrid fibers
Authors: Aruchamy Vennila , Ramasamy Venkatasubramani , Venkatraman Sreevidya
Published: August 2021

In this paper, an Improved FireFly Optimization Algorithm (IFFOA)‐based optimal Self‐Organizing Polynomial Neural Network (SOPNN) is proposed to analyze the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the self‐compacting concrete (SCC) with the inclusion of hybrid fibers whenever exposed to high temperature. The SCC mixture is formed by the materials taken in this study along with the hybrid fibers. The preparation of SCC is made by adding water to powder with a proportion of 3:10 and hybrid fibers content is about 2 kg/m3. The samples are heated to a temperature of 210, 320, 530, and 790° at the duration of 7 and 28 days. Experiments are performed to analyze the loss in compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The proposed method is used to analyze the loss functions based on the amount of cement, aggregates, temperature, additives along with the inclusion, and exclusion of hybrid fibers. Further, it is found the proposed method analyzes the loss in compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of SCC more accurately than the other methods.
A case of feline large granular lymphocyte lymphoma with complete remission and long survival by surgical resection and adjuvant nimustine administration
Authors: Akiyoshi Makoto , Akiyoshi Masami
Published: August 2021

A 7‐year‐old spayed female Scottish Fold cat presented with a 4‐week history of anorexia, weight loss and vomiting. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a jejunal mass and a slightly enlarged jejunal lymph node. A fine‐needle aspiration of the mass revealed many round cells with multiple small intracytoplasmic magenta granules. The mass was diagnosed as a large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphoma based on cytology. The LGL lymphoma was completely resected via open surgery. The histologic and cytologic evaluations showed no neoplastic findings in the jejunal lymph node, liver, spleen, kidney or bone marrow. The LGL lymphoma was localized to the jejunum. Postoperatively, the cat received chemotherapy with nimustine, L‐asparaginase and prednisolone. The cat is currently receiving nimustine every 6 weeks, without adverse events, and treatment has been administrated a total of 18 times up until day 552. The cat is in a good condition, and the LGL lymphoma has not recurred. Nimustine should be considered one of the effective chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of feline LGL lymphoma cases in the future.
Perioperative use of thoracic epidural anaesthesia, dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate infusion in a dog undergoing neuroendocrine tumour resection
Authors: Viilmann Inga , Vettorato Enzo
Published: August 2021

An 11‐year‐old, 22 kg, male neutered English Staffordshire Bull Terrier, in which a pheochromocytoma was removed from the left retroperitoneal space, was referred to investigate the regrowth of a mass in the same region. A neuroendocrine tumour, compatible with pheochromocytoma, was cytologically diagnosed after ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates, and the dog underwent explorative celiotomy. A combination of thoracic epidural anaesthesia, dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate infusion was used intraoperatively to control nociception and potential haemodynamic changes caused by sudden catecholamines release. Postoperative analgesia was provided by administering 0.12% levobupivacaine through the thoracic epidural catheter and oral paracetamol and gabapentin. Postoperative methadone was administered twice during the first 24 postoperative hours only. Two days after the surgery, the dog was anaemic and packed red blood cells were administered. No other complications occurred, and the dog was discharged from the hospital 5 days following surgery.
From fossil to low carbon: The evolution of global public energy innovation
Authors: Zhang Fang , Gallagher Kelly Sims , Myslikova Zdenka , Narassimhan Easwaran , Bhandary Rishikesh Ram , Huang Ping
Published: August 2021

A review of global and national energy research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) investments between 2000 and 2018 reveals that global public energy RD&D and cleaner energy RD&D investments dramatically increased, but then plateaued after 2009. In absolute values, nuclear energy has held steady, fossil energy contracted, and clean energy RD&D quadrupled. As a percentage of overall investments, both fossil fuel and nuclear investments contracted during the period. This review compares the energy innovation priorities of the world's largest economies using the metric of public expenditures on energy RD&D. China and India have become important global public investors in energy innovation, now among the top five globally. Priorities set by the Chinese and Indian governments will thus influence new energy technology breakthroughs in the coming years. The US and Chinese governments are now competing for first place in clean energy RD&D, depending on whether or not nuclear and cross‐cutting technologies are included. India has dedicated substantial funding to indigenizing nuclear power technologies. Energy RD&D by state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) in major emerging economies remains skewed toward fossil fuels and nuclear. Reforming SOE expenditures to move away from fossil fuels could have a major impact on global energy technology trajectories, making a material difference in the quest to decarbonize the energy system.

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