bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Theories of Temporality and the Pātañjala Yoga Theory of Transformation (pariṇāma)
Authors: Maas Philipp A.
Published: October 2020

This article discusses a peculiar Sā$$\dot {\text{n}}$$n˙khya-Yoga theory of transformation (pariṇāma) that the author of the Pātañjalayogaśāstra created by drawing upon Sarvāstivāda Buddhist theories of temporality. In developing his theory, Patañjali adaptively reused the wording in which the Sarvāstivāda theories were formulated, the specific objections against these theories, and their refutations to win the philosophical debate about temporality against Sarvāstivāda Buddhism. Patañjali’s approach towards the Sarvāstivāda Buddhist theories was possible, even though his system of Yoga is based on an ontology that differs considerably from that of Sarvāstivāda Buddhism because both systems share the philosophical view that time is not a separate ontological entity in itself. Time is a concept deduced from change in the empirical world. This agreement results from the common philosophical orientation of Sarvāstivāda Buddhism and Yoga, which takes the phenomenon of experience as the basis of philosophical enquiry into the structure of the world. The intention that guided Patañjali’s adaptive reuse was twofold. On the one hand, he aimed at winning the debate with Sarvāstivāda Buddhism about how the problem of temporality can be solved. He thus integrated four mutually exclusive theories on temporality into a single theory of transformation of properties (dharma) involving a second-level and a third-level theory on the transformation of the temporal characteristic mark (lakṣaṇa) and on the transformation of states (avasthā), respectively. On the other hand, Patañjali intended to achieve philosophical clarification regarding the question of how exactly properties relate to their underlying substrate in the process of transformation of the three constituents or forces (guṇa) sattva, rajas and tamas of matter (pradhāna) that account for all phenomena of the world except pure consciousness (puruṣa). Patañjali’s theory of transformation is thus of central importance for his Sā$$\dot {\text{n}}$$n˙khya ontology, according to which the world consists of 25 categories or constituents (tattva), i.e., of primal matter (prakṛti) and its transformations and pure consciousness.
How morphologically related synonyms come to make up a paradigm
Authors: Wiemer Björn , Wrzesień-Kwiatkowska Joanna , Wyroślak Piotr
Published: October 2020

The Slavic perfective (pfv): imperfective (ipfv) opposition is based on stem derivation. It creates a complex network of functions for finite and non-finite forms, which largely applies regardless of aspectual pairedness (and actionality groups), since this opposition has classificatory properties. However, can derivationally related stems claimed to represent identical lexical concepts be treated as representatives of one or of two paradigms? The issue becomes especially intricate with aspect triplets in which two ipfv stems correspond to one pfv stem, as though combining two productive patterns of aspect derivation. On this background, we test some core assumptions of the morphology-lexicon interface on one typical aspect triplet from Polish and Czech, the cognate ipfv Pol.dzielić – rozdzielać, Cz.dělit – rozdělovat‘divide, separate’. We provide their token-based analysis for the period 1750–2017. The two ipfv stems show preferences for different basic functions associated with the ipfv aspect, the coding of marginal arguments and adjuncts also yields clear biases of choice. These preferences prove stable over time, distinctions in form typically associated with inflection turn out to be altogether irrelevant. Our findings, as well as a revision of theoretical positions, support a notion of paradigm in which typical inflectional distinctions are brought into an equilibrium with functional inventories and collocational constraints.
Studying the heterogeneity of European higher education institutions
Authors: Bruni Renato , Catalano Giuseppe , Daraio Cinzia , Gregori Martina , Moed Henk F.
Published: October 2020

The heterogeneity of the Higher Education (HE) Institutions is one of the main critical issues in the assessment of their performance. This paper adopts a multi-level and multi-dimensional perspective, combining national (macro) and institution (micro) level data, and measuring both research and teaching activity, using performance indicators derived from the European Tertiary Education Register, CWTS Leiden Ranking, and PATSTAT patent database. Clustering and efficiency analysis are combined to characterize the heterogeneity of national HE systems in European countries, and reveal the potential of using micro level data to characterize national level performance. Large differences are observed between the European countries, partially due to the fact that they are in different phases of their scientific (and economic) development and of the re-structuring of their HE systems. Evidence is found that universities specializing either in teaching or in research tend to have a higher efficiency than those institutions balancing research and teaching. Tradeoffs are observed between undergraduate and post-graduate activities, and a “Matthew cumulative effect” seems in place on the European institutions analysed: high quality research is able to attract external funds that stimulate innovative and patenting activities that in turn are self-reinforcing to the scientific activities. The results reveal once more the limits and dangers of one-dimensional approaches to the performance of HEIs.
Erratum to: Changes of Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 Response to Negative Symptom Improvements in Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Atypical Antipsychotics
Authors: Chao Xue-lin , Jiang Shu-zhen , Xiong Jian-wen , Zhan Jin-qiong , Wei Bo , Chen Chun-nuan , Yang Yuan-jian
Published: October 2020

The article “Changes of Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 Response to Negative Symptom Improvements in Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Atypical Antipsychotics”, written by Xue-lin CHAO, Shu-zhen JIANG, Jian-wen XIONG, Jin-qiong ZHAN, Bo WEI, Chun-nuan CHEN, Yuan-jian YANG was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on June 2020 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice, the copyright of the article is changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Relationships between Chronic Diseases and Depression among Middle-aged and Elderly People in China: A Prospective Study from CHARLS
Authors: Jiang Chun-hong , Zhu Feng , Qin Ting-ting
Published: October 2020

Given the rapid increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases in aging populations, this prospective study including 17 707 adults aged ≥45 years from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was used to estimate the associations between chronic disease, multimorbidity, and depression among middle-aged and elderly adults in China, and explore the mediating factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) questionnaire. Twelve chronic physical conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cancer, chronic lung disease, liver disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney disease, arthritis or rheumatism, asthma, digestive disease were assessed. The prevalence rates for physical multimorbidity and depression (CES-D-10 ≥10) were 43.23% and 36.62%, respectively. Through multivariable logistic models and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, we found all 12 chronic physical conditions, and multimorbidity were significantly associated with depression. Both mobility problems and chronic pain explained more than 30% of the association for all chronic conditions, with particularly high percentages for stroke (51.56%) and cancer (51.06%) in mobility problems and cancer (53.35%) in chronic pain. Limited activities of daily living (ADL) explained 34.60% of the stroke-cancer relationship, while sleep problems explained between 10.15% (stroke) and 14.89% (chronic lung disease) of the association. Individuals with chronic diseases or multimorbidity are significantly more likely to be depressed. Functional symptoms involving limitations of ADL and mobility difficulties mediated much of the association between chronic diseases and incident depression. These symptoms could be targeted for interventions to ameliorate the incidence of depression among individuals with chronic conditions.
Collembola communities and soil conditions in forest plantations established in an intensively managed agricultural area
Authors: Harta István , Simon Barbara , Vinogradov Szergej , Winkler Dániel
Published: October 2020

The challenges of a changing climate have directed greater attention to afforestation, but the effects of afforestation on soil fertility and soil biota have not been fully clarified. To explore changes in the soil conditions in two 20-year-old forest plantations established in formerly intensively fertilized plots of agricultural land, we focused on the current developmental state of the sites that received the most fertilizer and evaluated soil properties and Collembola (springtails) communities. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) that had been planted in the afforestation sites were assessed for differences between plantations of native and invasive species. Five adjacent reference associations, including forests and open habitats, were also analyzed and compared. Results showed that the soils in the two afforested sites were similar in their properties and Collembola communities to those of the control cultivated forests, but differed from each other in pH, calcium, phosphorus, and ammonium content. The available potassium and phosphorus contents in the soil of the sessile oak plantation were still high, while the soil organic matter content was adequate (SOM > 2.0%) in both plantations. Species richness of Collembola ranged from 18 in the cultivated arable land to 43 in the relict forest. Only a few species typical for forests (e.g.,Neanura muscorum,Isotomiella minor,Entomobrya muscorum) were detected in the young plantations, while species characteristic of open habitats (e.g.,Protaphorura campata,Lepidocyrtus cyaneus) occurred as well. Although more individuals and species of Collembola were present in the soil of young plantations than in arable fields, their community diversities were significantly lower compared to the control forest stands. Collembola community diversity differed significantly also between the two plantation types (with native and non-native tree species). Mean abundance in the afforested sites was about 2.5 times higher than in the cultivated arable land, yet far lower than the mean abundance in the control forests.
Contribution of the Cerebellum and the Basal Ganglia to Language Production: Speech, Word Fluency, and Sentence Construction—Evidence from Pathology
Authors: Silveri Maria Caterina
Published: October 2020

Evidence reported in recent decades increasingly confirms that both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, which are primarily involved in movement control, also have a significant role in a vast range of cognitive and affective functions. Evidence from pathology indicates that the disorders of some aspects of language production which follow damage of the cerebellum or respectively basal ganglia, i.e., disorders of speech, word fluency, and sentence construction, have identifiable neuropsychological profiles and that most manifestations can be specifically attributed to the dysfunctions of mechanisms supported by one or the other of these structures. The cerebellum and the basal ganglia are reciprocally interconnected. Thus, it is plausible that some disorders observed when damage involves one of these structures could be remote effects of abnormal activity in the other. However, in a purely clinical-neuropsychological perspective, primary and remote effects in the network are difficult to disentangle. Functional neuroimaging and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques likely represent the indispensable support for achieving this goal.
Prevalence, socio-economic predictors and health correlates of food insecurity among Italian children- findings from a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zaҫe Drieda , Di Pietro Maria Luisa , Reali Laura , de Waure Chiara , Ricciardi Walter
Published: October 2020

Considering food insecurity is a problem, even in developed countries, and the evidence gap regarding this issue in Italy, we aimed to assess the prevalence of food insecurity in a sample of Italian children and examine socio-economic and health correlates. This cross-sectional study was conducted in paediatric practices. Parents answered to the 18-items of the Household Food Security Module, 8 of which concern children. Paediatricians answered a questionnaire on children’s health. Socio-economic and health correlates of food insecurity in children were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Among 573 households with children, 15·4% were food insecure, while 9·1% of children were food insecure. Socio-economic factors associated to food insecurity were living in south Italy, households with three or more children, lower household yearly income, worse economic situation description and younger parents. Food insecure children were less likely to have a normal relational [ aOR 0.31 (CI 0.11-0.85)] and physical development [aOR 0.32(CI 0.15-0.65) and had more school difficulties [aOR 3.1(CI 1.33-7.24)] compared to their food secure peers. Food insecure children had higher odds of a deterioration in their health since birth and of a worse perceived health status, as reported by their parents. Considering the results in this sample and the lack of research regarding this issues in Italy and Europe more broadly, we call for consistent, national monitoring to determine the magnitude of the problem of food insecurity in households with children in Italy and to examine the socio-economic variables and health implications in different contexts.
Correction to: Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibition Leads to Brain Region-Specific Recovery Based on Stroke Type
Authors: Birjandi Shirin Z. , Abduljawad Nora , Nair Shyama , Dehghani Morteza , Suzuki Kazunori , Kimura Haruhide , Carmichael S. Thomas
Published: October 2020

The original version of this article was revised due to retrospective Open Access.
Analysis of microRNA regulating cell cycle-related tumor suppressor genes in endometrial cancer patients
Authors: Witek Łukasz , Janikowski Tomasz , Gabriel Iwona , Bodzek Piotr , Olejek Anita
Published: October 2020

Endometrial cancer remains the most common malignancy of the female genital system in developed countries. Tumor suppressor genes are responsible for controlling the cells fate in the cell cycle and preventing cancerogenesis. Gene expression affects cancer progression and is modulated by microRNAs defined as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. These molecules indirectly regulate multiple processes like cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to analyze miRNAs expression that can regulate the activity of tumor suppressor genes related to the cell cycle in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. The study group consisted of 12 samples that met the inclusion criteria from a total of 48 obtained. The 12 samples were used to analyze microRNA expression. Complementary miRNAs were identified using TargetScan Database and statistical analysis. MicroRNAs were determined for the tumor suppressor genes: CYR61, WT1, TSPYL5, HNRNPA0, BCL2L1 and BAK1. All the miRNAs were complementary to the described target genes based on TargetScan Database. There were five miRNAs differentially expressed that can regulate tumor suppressor genes related to the cell cycle. The distinguished miRNAs: mir-340-3p, mir-1236-5p, mir-874-3p, mir-873-5p.2 and mir-548-5p were differentially expressed in endometrial cancer in comparison to the control. Among the distinguished miRNAs, the most promising is mir-874-3p, which may have an important role in endometrial adenocarcinoma proliferation.
Präsenzlehre an Universitäten und Hochschulen unter den Bedingungen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie
Authors: Preisser Alexandra M. , Pieter Julia , Harth Volker
Published: October 2020

Zur Aufrechterhaltung des universitären Lehrangebotes unter Einhaltung der Abstandsregeln entsprechend des Arbeitsschutzstandards des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) sind unter den Bedingungen der COVID-19-Pandemie beim Aufeinandertreffen von Studierenden und Lehrkräften in großen Gruppen (Hörsaal) und kleinen Lehrräumen (Seminare, Praktika) besondere Regelungen und Maßnahmen zu beachten. Der Artikel gibt detaillierte Empfehlungen für die praktische Umsetzung von Schutz- und Präventionsmaßnahmen nach dem im Arbeitsschutz üblichen STOP-Prinzip: Substitution, Technische, Organisatorische und Persönliche Schutzmaßnahmen. Hierbei werden die Verantwortlichkeiten benannt und auch schwierige Situationen, in denen körperliche Nähe notwendig ist (z.B. Lehre medizinischer Untersuchungen, gemeinsame Laborarbeit, Sport- und Tanzseminare), hinsichtlich der notwendigen Maßnahmen analysiert und Empfehlungen formuliert.
Effects of the school environment on early sexual risk behavior: A longitudinal analysis of students in English secondary schools
Authors: Peterson Amy J. , Allen Elizabeth , Viner Russell , Bonell Chris
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The theory of human functioning and school organization proposes that schools promote health by strengthening students’ educational engagement. Previous studies have relied on proxy measures of engagement and not examined sexual health. This paper addresses these gaps.

Methods

Longitudinal data came from the control arm of a randomized trial involving female and male students ages 12–14 in English secondary‐schools (n = 3337 students). Exposures measured at baseline included a proxy measure of school‐level engagement (value‐added education, VAE: the difference between observed absence and attainment rates and those predicted based on student characteristics) and direct measures of school‐ and student‐level engagement (commitment, belonging, relationships and participation). Sexual behavior was measured at 24‐ and 36‐months, including sexual debut and contraception use at first sex.

Results

Higher school‐level VAE was associated with an increased risk of early sexual debut at 24‐months. Students attending schools with higher overall levels of commitment and belonging were less likely to report sexual debut at 36 months. Students reporting stronger personal commitment to learning and teacher relationships at baseline were less likely to report sexual debut at both follow‐up points. Associations involving participation and contraception use were largely nonsignificant.

Conclusions

Direct measures of the school environment are more strongly associated with reduced sexual risk behavior in early adolescence than the proxy measure, VAE. Results provide some support for the theory and suggest that personal disposition towards school as well as attending a school with high levels of student commitment and belonging are important for subsequent sexual decision making.
Evaluating frameworks for practice in mainstream primary school classrooms catering for children with developmental trauma: an analysis of the literature
Authors: Collier Simone , Bryce India , Trimmer Karen , Krishnamoorthy Govind
Published: October 2020

Integral to the protection of children against ongoing abuse and neglect and trauma experiences are teachers and school-based staff. This paper aims to discuss and reflect on the practice frameworks, models, approaches and programs that exist in mainstream school contexts to address the developmental and learning needs of children in primary schools who have experienced trauma in their early childhood years. This paper explores the importance of enablers, finding exceptions to the practices that often limit the support of ongoing protection of children in schools and the importance of the willingness, confidence and capacity of school-based staff. This paper proposes areas of future research to address the identified gaps existing for children with developmental trauma trying to learn and exist in a schooling system that is struggling to meet their needs.
The neurophysiological activations of mechanical engineers and industrial designers while designing and problem-solving
Authors: Vieira Sonia , Gero John S. , Delmoral Jessica , Gattol Valentin , Fernandes Carlos , Parente Marco , Fernandes António A.
Published: October 2020

This paper presents results from an experiment using electroencephalography to measure neurophysiological activations of mechanical engineers and industrial designers when designing and problem-solving. In this study, we adopted and then extended the tasks described in a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging study reported in the literature. The block experiment consists of a sequence of three tasks: problem-solving, basic design and open design using a physical interface. The block is preceded by a familiarizing pre-task and then extended to a fourth open design task using free-hand sketching. This paper presents the neurophysiological results from 36 experimental sessions of mechanical engineers and industrial designers. Results indicate significant differences in activations between the problem-solving and the open design tasks. The paper focuses on the two prototypical tasks of problem-solving layout and open design sketching and presents results for both aggregate and temporal activations across participants within each domain and across domains.
Risk factors for Clostridioides difficile colonization among hospitalized adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Anjewierden Scott , Han Zheyi , Brown Adam M. , Donskey Curtis J. , Deshpande Abhishek
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To identify risk factors for asymptomatic Clostridioides difficile colonization among hospitalized adults utilizing a meta-analysis, which may enable early identification of colonized patients at risk of spreading C. difficile.

Design:

Meta-analysis and systematic review.

Methods:

We systematically searched MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE from January 1, 1975, to February 15, 2020, for articles related to C. difficile colonization among hospitalized adults. Studies with multivariable analyses evaluating risk factors for asymptomatic colonization were eligible.

Results:

Among 5,506 studies identified in the search, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. Included studies reported 20,334 adult patients of whom 1,588 were asymptomatically colonized with C. difficile. Factors associated with an increased risk of colonization were hospitalization in the previous 6 months (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.86–2.56; P < .001), use of gastric acid suppression therapy within the previous 8 weeks (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.17–1.73; P < .001), tube feeding (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.06–3.85; P = .03), and corticosteroid use in the previous 8 weeks (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.14–2.17; P = .006). Receipt of antibiotics in the previous 3 months (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.94–2.01; P = .10) was not associated with statistically significant effects on risk of colonization.

Conclusions:

C. difficile colonization was significantly associated with previous hospitalization, gastric acid suppression, tube feeding, and corticosteroid use. Recognition of these risk factors may assist in identifying asymptomatic carriers of C. difficile and taking appropriate measures to reduce transmission.
Systematic review of determinants influencing antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections in adult patients at the emergency department
Authors: Lim Dwee Wee , Htun Htet Lin , Ong Lay See , Guo Huiling , Chow Angela
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Overuse of antibiotics in the emergency department (ED) for uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections (uARTIs) is a public health issue that needs to be addressed. We aimed to identify factors associated with antibiotic use for uARTIs in adults presenting at the ED.

Design:

We searched Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library for articles published from 1 January 2005 to 30 June 2017 using a predetermined search strategy. Titles and abstracts of English articles on antibiotic prescription and inappropriate antibiotic use for adult ARTI at EDs were assessed, followed by full article review, by 2 authors.

Setting:

Emergency departments.

Participants:

Adults aged 18 years and older.

Results:

Of the 2,591 articles retrieved, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and 11 studies were conducted in the United States. Patients with normal C-reactive protein levels and positive influenza tests were less likely to receive antibiotic treatment. Nonclinical factors associated with antibiotic use were longer waiting time and perceived patient desire for antibiotics. Patients attended by internal medicine physicians comanaged by house staff or who visited an ED which provided education to healthcare providers on antibiotics use were less likely to receive antibiotics.

Conclusions:

English-language articles that fulfilled the selection criteria outside the United States were limited. Factors associated with antibiotics use are multifaceted. Education of healthcare providers presents an opportunity to improve antibiotic use.
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among hospital workers in a severely affected institution in Madrid, Spain: A surveillance cross-sectional study
Authors: Pérez-García Felipe , Pérez-Zapata Aurora , Arcos Naroa , De la Mata Manuel , Ortiz María , Simón Encarnación , Hervás Fernández Irene , González Ventosa Victoria , Muñoz Monte Mario , González Arroyo Javier , Pérez-Tanoira Ramón , Cuadros-González Juan
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To analyze the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in workers of a hospital located in one of the most affected areas in Spain.

Design, settings, and patients:

Cross-sectional study performed between March and May 2020 over all workers of a secondary hospital in Madrid, Spain.

Methods:

We employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR, for symptomatic individuals) and serology (for both PCR-negative symptomatic workers and asymptomatic workers) as diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We analyzed the prevalence of the virus in healthcare workers (HCWs) and nonhealthcare workers (nHCWs). We also collected information about the use of personal protective equipment (PPEs) and possible contacts prior to infection.

Results:

In total, 2,963 workers were included: 1,092 were symptomatic, and of these, 539 were positive by PCR (49.4% of symptomatic workers). From the remaining symptomatic workers, 197 (35.6%) were positive by serology. Regarding asymptomatic workers, 345 were positive by serology (31.9% of infected workers). In total, 1,081 (36.5%) presented a positive diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2. Infection rates were different between HCWs (37.4%) and nHCWs (29.8%) (P = .006). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the use of PPE (protective: OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.44–0.72; P < .001) and previous contact with COVID-19 patients (risk factor: OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.28–2.24; P < .001) were independent factors that were associated with SAS-CoV-2 infection.

Conclusions:

Overall, >36% of our workers became infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the rate of asymptomatic infections accounted for almost 32% of all SARS-CoV-2 infections. We detected differences in the rates of infection between HCWs and nHCWs. The use of PPE and previous contact with COVID-19 patients were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Codium-like taxa from the Silurian of North America: morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and phylogenetic affinity
Authors: LoDuca Steven T. , Swinehart Anthony L. , LeRoy Matthew A. , Tetreault Denis K. , Steckenfinger Shawn
Published: October 2020

A 1901 report by the Smithsonian Custodian of Paleozoic Plants noted that the nonbiomineralized taxaButhotrephis divaricataWhite, 1901,B. newliniWhite, 1901, andB. lesquereuxiGrote and Pitt, 1876, from the upper Silurian of the Great Lakes area, shared key characteristics in common with the extant green macroalgaCodium. A detailed reexamination of theseCodium-like taxa and similar forms from the lower Silurian of Ontario, New York, and Michigan, including newly collected material ofThalassocystis striataTaggart and Parker, 1976, aided by scanning electron microscopy and stable carbon isotope analysis, provides new data in support of an algal affinity. Crucially, as withCodium, the originally cylindrical axes of all of these taxa consist of a complex internal array of tubes divided into distinct medullary and cortical regions, the medullary tubes being arranged in a manner similar to those of livingPseudocodium. In view of these findings, the three study taxa originally assigned toButhotrephis, together withChondrites verusRuedemann, 1925, are transferred to the new algal taxonInocladusnew genus, thereby establishingInocladus lesquereuxinew combination,Inocladus newlininew comb.,Inocladus divaricatanew comb., andInocladus verusnew comb. Morphological and paleoecological data point to a phylogenetic affinity forInocladusn. gen. andThalassocystiswithin theCodium-bearing green algal order Bryopsidales, but perhaps nested within an extinct lineage. Collectively, this material fits within a large-scale pattern of major macroalgal morphological diversification initiated in concert with the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event and apparently driven by a marked escalation in grazing pressure.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/97c5c737-b291-41a2-aceb-f398cac9537a
No Justice, No Peace: Political Science Perspectives on the American Carceral State
Authors: Harris Allison P. , Walker Hannah L. , Eckhouse Laurel
Published: October 2020

This essay explores four key dimensions of political science literature on the U.S. criminal legal system, by way of introducing articles in the special issue on criminal justice featured in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Politics. We situate police as an institution of social control, rather than providing safety for people vulnerable to crime. The vast array of policy tools to surveil, track, and detain citizens, which lack commensurate restraints on their application, amount to a finely tuned carceral machine that can be deployed against groups newly identified as deviant. We therefore turn attention to this dynamic with our second theme: the criminalization of immigrants, the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, and the consequent targeting of Latinx people. We likewise discuss lessons for reform that can be drawn from research on representation and the political socialization that occurs as a consequence of involuntary contact with the system. We conclude with a brief discussion of directions for future research. The criminal legal system is a key force for persistent racial and class inequality. By turning attention to the politics of the criminal legal system, we forward a critical and understudied facet of American political life that intersects with all corners of the discipline.
The Suffragist Peace
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. , Saunders Elizabeth N. , Dafoe Allan
Published: October 2020

Preferences for conflict and cooperation are systematically different for men and women: across a variety of contexts, women generally prefer more peaceful options and are less supportive of making threats and initiating conflict. But how do these preferences affect states’ decisions for war and patterns of conflict at the international level, such as the democratic peace? Women have increasingly participated in political decision making over the last century because of suffragist movements. But although there is a large body of research on the democratic peace, the role of women's suffrage has gone unexplored. Drawing on theory, a meta-analysis of survey experiments in international relations, and analysis of crossnational conflict data, we show how features of women's preferences about the use of force translate into specific patterns of international conflict. When empowered by democratic institutions and suffrage, women's more pacific preferences generate a dyadic democratic peace (i.e., between democracies), as well as a monadic peace. Our analysis supports the view that the enfranchisement of women is essential for the democratic peace.
Trends in and determinants of neonatal and infant mortality in Nigeria based on Demographic and Health Survey data
Authors: Patel Kamalesh Kumar , Prasad Jang Bahadur , Biradar Rajeshwari A.
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to assess the changes in neonatal and infant mortality rates in Nigeria over the period 1990 to 2018 using Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data, and assess their socio-demographic determinants using data from the most recent survey conducted in 2018. The infant mortality rate was 87 per 1000 live births in 1990, and this increased to 100 per 1000 live births in 2003 – an increase of around 15% over 13 years. Neonatal and infant mortality rates started to decline steadily thereafter and continued to do so until 2013. After 2013, neonatal morality rose slightly by the year 2018. Information for 27,465 infants under 1 year of age from the NDHS-2018 was analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazard technique. In 2018, infant deaths decreased as wealth increased, and the incidence of infant deaths was greater among those of Islam religion than among those of other religions. A negative association was found between infant deaths and the size of a child at birth. Infant mortality was higher in rural than in urban areas, and was higher among male than female children. Both neonatal and infant death rates varied by region and were found to be highest in the North West region and lowest in the South region. An increasing trend was observed in neonatal mortality in the 5-year period from 2013 to 2018. Policy interventions should be focused on the poor classes, women with a birth interval of less than 2 years and those living in the North West region of the country.
Ballaghanā ʿan an-Nabī: early Basran and Omani Ibāḍī understandings ofsunnaandsiyar,āthārandnasab
Authors: Gaiser Adam
Published: October 2020

This paper explores the usages of four concepts –sunna,sīra,āthār, andnasab– mainly in early Ibāḍī epistles, but also in other types of Ibāḍī literature, to examine how early Ibāḍīs understood the legacy of the Prophet Muḥammad, and their relation to that legacy. It argues that before the sixth/twelfth century a notion of communal pedigree occupied pride of place in early Ibāḍī conceptualizations of legality and legitimacy. Thus, Ibāḍīsunnawas “communalsunna”. The accumulated weight of Ibāḍī tradition – what is known asāthārin Ibāḍī literature – operated authoritatively as a counterpart tosunna; and the Ibāḍīsiyartradition did not focus on the Prophet exclusively, but rather described the scholarly community as an imagined whole. Moreover, Ibāḍīs explicitly articulated their communal pedigree in “teacher lines” (callednasab al-dīnornasab al-islām) in Omani literature, and through the structure of theirṭabaqāt/siyarworks in North Africa. Appreciating the importance of this communal pedigree, and the nexus of concepts through which it was articulated, helps us to understand the relative lack of emphasis placed on collecting and documenting ḥadīth (Ibāḍīs employ ḥadīth, but they did not useisnāds, nor did they appear to have a ḥadīth collection until the sixth/twelfth century), as well as the general absence of Prophetic biography among them (which also does not appear until the sixth/twelfth century).
Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M. Z. , Riaz B. K. , Islam A. N. M. S. , Khanam F. , Akhter J. , Choudhury R. , Farhana N. , Jahan N. A. , Uddin M. J. , Efa S. S.
Published: October 2020

Diverse risk factors intercede the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted this retrospective cohort study with a cohort of 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in May 2020 to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. Data were collected by telephone-interview and reviewing records using a questionnaire and checklist. The study identified morbidity and mortality risk factors on the 28th day of the disease course. The majority of the patients were male (64.1%) and belonged to the age group 25–39 years (39.4%). Urban patients were higher in proportion than rural (69.3% vs. 30.7%). Major comorbidities included 35.0% diabetes mellitus (DM), 28.4% hypertension (HTN), 16.6% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 7.8% coronary heart disease (CHD). The morbidity rate (not-cured) was 6.0%, and the mortality rate (non-survivor) was 2.5%. Morbidity risk factors included elderly (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.31–4.99), having comorbidity (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.83–2.47), and smokeless tobacco use (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.84–5.61). The morbidity risk was higher with COPD (RR = 2.68), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (RR = 3.33) and chronic liver disease (CLD) (RR = 3.99). Mortality risk factors included elderly (AOR = 7.56, 95% CI = 3.19–17.92), having comorbidity (AOR = 5.27, 95% CI = 1.88–14.79) and SLT use (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 0.50–7.46). The mortality risk was higher with COPD (RR = 7.30), DM (RR = 2.63), CHD (RR = 4.65), HTN (RR = 3.38), CKD (RR = 9.03), CLD (RR = 10.52) and malignant diseases (RR = 9.73). We must espouse programme interventions considering the morbidity and mortality risk factors to condense the aggressive outcomes of COVID-19.
Safe treatment of congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm using lateral thoracotomy on a 3-year-old patient
Authors: Fan Fan , Bai Song , Tong Feng , Zheng Jia , Li Qilin , Guo Zhangke , Li Xiaofeng
Published: October 2020

Limited literatures report the management of congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm (LAAA) which is extremely rare. Chest X-ray firstly showed an enlarged left cardiac silhouette for a 3-year-old patient with pneumonia. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a large cyst attached to the left atrium. Aneurysmectomy was performed through lateral thoracotomy using step-by-step method and under the guidance of transoesophageal echocardiography. We aim to show the safety and efficacy of this approach applied to children associated with congenital LAAA.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in an infant with severe dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kristoffersen Aslak Widerøe , Knudsen Per Kristian , Møller Thomas
Published: October 2020

A four- and a half-month-old girl with severe dilated cardiomyopathy due to neonatal enterovirus myocarditis, treated with diuretics and milrinone for the past 4 months, was infected with SARS-CoV-2. The disease course was characterised by high fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Cardiac function, as measured by echocardiography, remained stable. The treatment focused on maintaining a normal heart rate and a stable fluid balance. In children with severe underlying cardiac disease, even a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection can require close monitoring and compound treatment.
The taste of biodiversity: science and sensory education with different varieties of a vegetable to promote acceptance among primary school children
Authors: Afonso Lisa , Aboim Sara , Pessoa Patrícia , Sá-Pinto Xana
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To determine the impact of an educational programme for primary schools that explored the biodiversity of tomato, by promoting science and sensory education with three distinct varieties of it, in the acceptance of vegetables.

Design:

A randomised controlled study in which children were exposed to the educational programme (intervention group) or remained in the class, as usual (control group). The educational programme consisted of three sessions where children explained the observed differences between the three varieties of tomato and individual perceptions of their flavours based on sensory-based food education and by planning and implementing experiments to explain those differences. We tested the effects on both children’s willingness to try and their liking for tomato, and for lettuce and cabbage to study the carry-over effect, compared with the control group (Mann–Whitney U test; P < 0·05).

Setting:

The study took place in public primary schools in Porto, Portugal.

Participants:

Children in the third grade (8–13-year-old children) (n 136) were randomly assigned to intervention or control group.

Results:

Children in the intervention group reported significant increases in their willingness to try and liking for tomato compared to the control group (P < 0·05), but not for lettuce and cabbage (P > 0·05).

Conclusions:

These results highlight the potential for fostering children’s acceptance of a vegetable by exploring biodiversity through science education. Further work may clarify the effects of exploring biodiversity on the consumption of vegetables and establish whether the results are stable over time and replicable across contexts and populations.
Development of a Japanese version of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey: Examination of its reliability and validity
Authors: Okada Hiroko , Takenouchi Sayaka , Okuhara Tsuyoshi , Ueno Haruka , Kiuchi Takahiro
Published: October 2020

Objectives

The importance of supporting advance care planning (ACP) by healthcare professionals is recognized worldwide, and assessing the outcomes, such as people's understanding and readiness for ACP, using an appropriate instrument is essential. We, therefore, developed a Japanese version of the Advance Care Planning Engagement Survey (ACP Engagement Survey; 15 items, 9 items, and 4 items), an international scale for assessing the progress of the ACP, and examined its validity and reliability.

Methods

The ACP Engagement Survey was translated into Japanese, back-translated, and culturally adapted, and the final version was reviewed by the author of the original version. Data on basic demographic information and ACP-related experiences were simultaneously collected as external criteria in an online survey of older adults with chronic diseases. The Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess its internal consistency, and a retest was performed three days later to calculate the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Results

A total of 200 respondents (mean age 70; 9.5% female) were included in the analysis. None of the items showed a ceiling effect, but several items did exhibit a floor effect. The factor structure was the same 2-factor structure as the original version, and both factors exhibited a high cumulative contribution rate. The Cronbach's alphas were 0.94 (15-item version), 0.91 (9-item version), and 0.95 (4-item version), and ICCs were of 0.88 (15-item version), 0.9 (9-item version), and 0.84 (4-item version).

Significance of results

The Japanese version of the ACP Engagement Survey was confirmed to have very good reliability regarding both internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Together with the result of the item analysis, we can conclude that the Japanese version of the ACP Engagement Survey is sufficiently reliable to be utilized in interventional studies, and it has acceptable content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.
Evaluation of mortality following paclitaxel drug-coated balloon angioplasty of femoropopliteal lesions in patients with ulcerations and gangrene – a single center experience
Authors: Böhme Tanja , Noory Elias , Beschorner Ulrich , Jacques Börries , Bürgelin Karlheinz , Macharzina Roland , Kuhn Lisa-Marie , Nührenberg Thomas , Neumann Franz-Josef , Zeller Thomas
Published: October 2020

Summary: Background: A recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials suggested an increased long-term mortality risk following femoropopliteal angioplasty using paclitaxel coated devices. To assess the long-term mortality after paclitaxel drug-coated (DCB) and uncoated balloon angioplasty (POBA) of femoropopliteal lesions in patients with ulcerations and gangrene in real world practice. Patients and methods: A retrospective mortality analysis of patients with at least 3-year follow-up who underwent balloon based endovascular therapy of femoropopliteal lesions was performed. Results: Overall 624 patients with femoropopliteal lesions were included in this study. Of those, 197 patients were treated with POBA without crossover to a paclitaxel coated device during follow-up and 427 patients with DCB angioplasty. Mean follow-up time was 33.3 ± 25.4 months. Mortality incidence was 81.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 76.1–86.8) after POBA and 59.0% (95% CI: 54.6–63.9) after DCB (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed type of treatment (POBA vs. DCB, (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.332, 95% CI: 0.215–0.514, p < 0.001), age per year (HR: 1.065, 95% CI: 1.046–1.087, p < 0.001), coronary heart disease (HR: 1.969, 95% CI: 1.323–2.930, p = 0.001), renal insufficiency (HR: 1.583, 95% CI: 1.079–2.323, p = 0.019), stroke (HR: 2.505, 95% CI: 1.431–4.384, p = 0.001) as predictors for all-cause mortality. In the subgroup excluding octogenarians, mortality predictors were type of treatment (HR: 0.463, 95% CI: 0.269–0.796, p = 0.005), age per year (HR: 1.035, 95% CI: 1.002–1.069, p = 0.038), coronary heart disease (HR: 2.082, 95% CI: 1.274–3.400, p = 0.003), stroke (HR: 2.203, 95% CI: 1.156–4.197, p = 0.016) and renal insufficiency (HR: 2.201, 95% CI: 1.357–3.571, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This monocentric retrospective analysis showed no survival disadvantage for patients in Rutherford-Becker stage 5 after treatment with paclitaxel-coated balloons.
Field Evaluation of Column CO2 Retrievals From Intensity‐Modulated Continuous‐Wave Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements During the ACT‐America Campaign
Authors: Campbell Joel F. , Lin Bing , Dobler Jeremy , Pal Sandip , Davis Kenneth , Obland Michael D. , Erxleben Wayne , McGregor Doug , O'Dell Chris , Bell Emily , Weir Brad , Fan Tai‐Fang , Kooi Susan , Gordon Iouli , Corbett Abigail , Kochanov Roman
Published: October 2020

We present an evaluation of airborne intensity‐modulated continuous‐wave (IM‐CW) lidar measurements of atmospheric column CO2 mole fractions during the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport–America (ACT‐America) project. This lidar system transmits online and offline wavelengths simultaneously on the 1.57111‐μm CO2 absorption line, with each modulated wavelength using orthogonal swept frequency waveforms. After the spectral characteristics of this system were calibrated through short‐path measurements, we used the HITRAN spectroscopic database to calculate the average‐column CO2 mole fraction (XCO2) from the lidar‐measured optical depths. Using in situ measurements of meteorological parameters and CO2 concentrations for calibration data, we demonstrate that our lidar CO2 measurements were consistent from season to season and had an absolute calibration error (standard deviation) of 0.80 ppm when compared to XCO2 values calculated from in situ measurements. By using a 10‐s or longer moving average, a precision of 1 ppm or better was obtained. The estimated CO2 measurement precision for 0.1‐, 1‐, 10‐, and 60‐s averages was determined to be 3.4, 1.2, 0.43, and 0.26 ppm, respectively. These correspond to measurement signal‐to‐noise ratios of 120, 330, 950, and 1,600, respectively. The drift in XCO2 over 1‐hr of flight time was found to be below 0.1 ppm. These analyses demonstrate that the measurement stability, precision, and accuracy are all well below the thresholds needed to study synoptic‐scale variations in atmospheric XCO2.