bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidative degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in subcritical and supercritical waters
Authors: Hashimoto M. , Taniguchi S. , Takanami R. , Giri R. R. , Ozaki H.
Published: August 2010

Presence of chlorinated organic compounds in water bodies has become a concern among governments, health authorities and general public. Oxidation of organic compounds in water under high temperature and pressure is considered as a promising technique, but usefulness of the technique to mineralize 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is not well understood. This article aimed to elucidate degradation characteristics of 2,4-D in both subcritical and supercritical waters by laboratory batch experiments. 2,4-D degradation, total organic carbon (TOC) removal and dechlorination increased with increasing reaction time and temperature especially in subcritical waters, while dechlorination was a major step. 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and acetic acid were the main degradation intermediates both in subcritical and supercritical waters. Though 2,4-D disappeared almost completely in subcritical waters near critical region (≈99%), significant amounts of TOC and organic chlorine still remained as 2,4-DCP and acetic acid. But TOC removal and dechlorination were significantly enhanced (≈95 and 91% respectively) in supercritical waters. Complete mineralization of 2,4-D in subcritical waters required a considerably longer reaction period, while the mineralization was almost complete within a short reaction period in supercritical waters. This is an important information of practical significance for oxidative degradation of chlorinated pesticides similar to 2,4-D.
Immobilisation of TiO2 for combined photocatalytic-biological azo dye degradation
Authors: Jonstrup M. , Wärjerstam M. , Murto M. , Mattiasson B.
Published: August 2010

The biodegradability of the azo dye Remazol Red RR (100 mg/l) was evaluated using unadapted activated sludge and the experiment confirmed the recalcitrance of the dye. Using a combination of photocatalysis and an aerobic biological step, the biodegradability was improved significantly and complete removal of both colour and COD were achieved. Furthermore, TiO2 was successfully immobilised on borosilicate glass slides by calcination, which facilitates reuse of the catalyst. The catalytic activity of the immobilised TiO2 was close to that of suspended TiO2. A reduced activity was however observed when the TiO2 slides were used repeatedly. When comparing NaOH, calcination and UV irradiation for regeneration of the TiO2 slides, immersion in NaOH was shown to be the most efficient method.
Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase immobilized in hyaluronic acid and single walled carbon nanotubes composite film
Authors: Wang Qi , Zheng Jianbin
Published: August 2010

Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized on a hyaluronic acid (HA)-single walled carbon nanotubes (SCNs) composite film coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was studied for the first time. HRP entrapped in the SCNs-HA composite film exhibited a pair of well-defined, quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetric peaks in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Formal potential vs. standard calomel electrode (E°′) was −0.232 V, and E°′ was linearly dependent on the solution pH indicating that the electron transfer was proton-coupled. The current is linearly dependent on the scan rate, indicating that the direct electrochemistry of HRP in that case is a surface-controlled electrode process. UV-VIS spectrum suggested HRP retained its original conformation in the SCNs-HA film. Immobilized HRP showed excellent electrocatalysis in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Chemical evaluation of Fallopia species leaves and antioxidant properties of their non-cellulosic polysaccharides
Authors: Hromádková Zdenka , Hirsch Ján , Ebringerová Anna
Published: August 2010

Utilization of biomass from forest or agricultural crops for the production of energy or chemical products provides environmental advantages. Leaves of the knotweeds Fallopia japonica, Fallopia sachalinensis, and Fallopia × bohemica are rich sources of phenolics and polysaccharides. In view of their potential utilization before the disposal of these invasive plants, their gross composition was investigated. The content of extractives was the highest in F. sachalinensis. Extractive-free leaves of all species showed similar chemical composition. The content of ash, protein, lignin, uronic acids, and α-cellulose in the leaves of F. sachalinensis, F. × bohemica, and F. japonica was 63.3 %, 64.1 %, and 63.4 %, respectively. The rest comprised hemicelluloses and neutral carbohydrate components of pectic polysaccharides. Sequential extraction of F. sachalinensis with water, EDTA, DMSO, 1 % NaOH, and 5 % NaOH yielded fractions accounting together for 27.6 % of polysaccharides. Pectic polysaccharides predominated in the first three fractions, whereas the hemicellulose components — xylan and xyloglucan, prevailed in the two alkaline fractions. The polysaccharides displayed significant radical scavenging activities in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical assay thus indicating their potential application as novel natural antioxidants.
Preparation and characterization of hydrogels based on acryloyl end-capped four-arm star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)-branched-oligo(l-lactide) via Michael-type addition reaction
Authors: Yu Huai-Qing , Cong Rimin
Published: August 2010

An acryloyl end-capped four-arm star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)-branched-oligo(l-lactide) (4A-PEG-PLA) macromer was firstly prepared. A novel kind of hydrogels was synthesized via the Michael-type addition reaction between (2S,3S)-1,4-bis-sulfanylbutane-2,3-diol (dithiothreitol) and this macromer. Gelation time was determined visually as the time when the precursor solution did not flow on inverting the vials. Hydrogel structure was characterized by FTIR analysis, swelling and degradation tests. It was found that colorless and transparent hydrogels were quickly generated in situ. The gelation time, swelling and degradation behaviors of this kind of hydrogels could be adjusted by changing the concentration of the macromer solution in PBS buffer (pH 7.4). This novel hydrogel is expected to be used as a biomedical material.
Using Cluster Analysis to Interpret the Variability of Gross Motor Scores of Children With Typical Development
Authors: Eldred Karin , Darrah Johanna
Published: August 2010

Background

Longitudinal research on gross motor percentile rank scores of children with typical development has documented intra-individual variability of scoring patterns. Clinically, interpreting these fluctuations presents a challenge for therapists.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the utility of cluster analysis as a technique to organize the gross motor scoring patterns of children with typical development into clinically relevant groups.

Design

This was a descriptive, exploratory study using data from 2 longitudinal studies.

Participants

Sixty-six children with typical development participated in the study.

Methods

The children were assessed on the gross motor subscale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales at 9, 11, 13, 16, and 21 months of age and on the gross motor subscale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition, at 4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 years of age. Demographic and health data were collected. Parents were interviewed when the children were 8 years of age. Cluster analysis was conducted. Demographic and health data were compared across clusters.

Results

Four distinct and clinically relevant clusters were identified. A significant difference was found among the clusters for total number of illnesses.

Limitations

The children in these analyses were at low risk for gross motor problems. Further research with a more high-risk sample is needed to validate the clinical utility of the identified clusters.

Conclusions

Cluster analysis techniques may offer a mechanism to explore longitudinal data in physical therapy research. The techniques provided a mechanism to group data without losing the richness of information provided by the intra-individual variability of scoring patterns. Clinically, examination of distinct scoring patterns may lead to improved accuracy in screening for gross motor concerns compared with the traditional use of single-assessment cutoff points.
Walking Speed Threshold for Classifying Walking Independence in Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Graham James E. , Fisher Steve R. , Bergés Ivonne-Marie , Kuo Yong-Fang , Ostir Glenn V.
Published: August 2010

Background

Walking speed norms and several risk thresholds for poor health outcomes have been published for community-dwelling older adults. It is unclear whether these values apply to hospitalized older adults.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the in-hospital walking speed threshold that best differentiates walking-independent from walking-dependent older adults.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods

This study recruited a convenience sample of 174 ambulatory adults aged 65 years and older who had been admitted to a medical-surgical unit of a university hospital. The participants' mean (SD) age was 75 (7) years. Fifty-nine percent were women, 66% were white, and more than 40% were hospitalized for cardiovascular problems. Usual-pace walking speed was assessed over 2.4 m. Walking independence was assessed through self-report. Several methods were used to determine the threshold speed that best differentiated walking-independent patients from walking-dependent patients. Approaches included a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity and specificity, and frequency distributions.

Results

The participants' mean (SD) walking speed was 0.43 (0.23) m/s, and 62% reported walking independence. Nearly 75% of the patients walked more slowly than the lowest community-based risk threshold, yet 90% were discharged home. Overall, cut-point analyses suggested that 0.30 to 0.35 m/s may be a meaningful threshold for maintaining in-hospital walking independence. For simplicity of clinical application, 0.35 m/s was chosen as the optimal cut point for the sample. This threshold yielded a balance between sensitivity and specificity (71% for both).

Limitations

The limitations of this study were the small size of the convenience sample and the single health outcome measure.

Conclusions

Walking speeds of older adults who are acutely ill are substantially slower than established community-based norms and risk thresholds. The threshold identified, which was approximately 50% lower than the lowest published community-based risk threshold, may serve as an initial risk threshold or target value for maintaining in-hospital walking independence.
Interobserver variability among measurements of the maximum and mean standardized uptake values on 18F-FDG PET/CT and measurements of tumor size on diagnostic CT in patients with pulmonary tumors
Authors: Huang Yu-Erh , Chen Chih-Feng , Huang Yu-Jie , Konda Sheela D. , Appelbaum Daniel E. , Pu Yonglin
Published: August 2010

Background:18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) imaging has been shown to be an accurate method for diagnosing pulmonary lesions, and the standardized uptake value (SUV) has been shown to be useful in differentiating benign from malignant lesions.

Purpose: To survey the interobserver variability of SUVmax and SUVmean measurements on 18F-FDG PET/CT scans and compare them with tumor size measurements on diagnostic CT scans in the same group of patients with focal pulmonary lesions.

Material and Methods: Forty-three pulmonary nodules were measured on both 18F-FDG PET/CT and diagnostic chest CT examinations. Four independent readers measured the SUVmax and SUVmean of the 18F-FDG PET images, and the unidimensional nodule size of the diagnostic CT scans (UDCT) in all nodules. The region of interest (ROI) for the SUV measurements was drawn manually around each tumor on all consecutive slices that contained the nodule. The interobserver reliability and variability, represented by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (COV), respectively, were compared among the three parameters. The correlation between the SUVmax and SUVmean was also analyzed.

Results: There was 100% agreement in the SUVmax measurements among the 4 readers in the 43 pulmonary tumors. The ICCs for the SUVmax, SUVmean, and UDCT by the four readers were 1.00, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. The root-mean-square values of the COVs for the SUVmax, SUVmean, and UDCT by the four readers were 0%, 13.56%, and 11.03%, respectively. There was a high correlation observed between the SUVmax and SUVmean (Pearson's r=0.958; P <0.01).

Conclusion: This study has shown that the SUVmax of lung nodules can be calculated without any interobserver variation. These findings indicate that SUVmax is a more valuable parameter than the SUVmean or UDCT for the evaluation of therapeutic effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy on serial studies.
Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of lymph node metastases to the ipsilateral axilla – initial experience in 194 patients using magnetic resonance mammography
Authors: Dietzel Matthias , Baltzer Pascal A. T. , Dietzel Andreas , Vag Tibor , Gröschel Tobias , Gajda Mieczyslaw , Camara Oumar , Kaiser Werner A.
Published: August 2010

Background: In breast MRI (bMRI), prediction of lymph node metastases (N+) on the basis of dynamic and morphologic descriptors of breast cancers remains a complex task.

Purpose: To predict N+ using an artificial neural network (ANN) on the basis of 17 previously published descriptors of breast lesions in bMRI.

Material and Methods: Standardized protocol and study design were applied in this study (T1w-FLASH; 0.1 mmol/kg body weight Gd-DTPA; T2w-TSE; histological verification after bMRI). All lesions were evaluated by two experienced radiologists in consensus. In every lesion 17 previously published descriptors were assessed. Matched subgroups with (N+; n=97) and without N+ were created (N−; n=97), forming the dataset of this study ( n=194). An ANN was constructed (“Multilayer Perceptron”; training: “Batch”; activation function of hidden/output layer: “Hyperbolic Tangent”/”Softmax”) to predict N+ using all descriptors in combination on a randomly chosen training sample ( n=123/194) and optimized on the corresponding test sample ( n=71/194) using dedicated software. The discrimination power of this ANN was quantified by area under the curve (AUC) comparison (vs AUC=0.5). Training and testing cycles were repeated 20 times to quantify the robustness of the ANN (median-AUC; confidence intervals, CIs).

Results: The ANN demonstrated highly significant discrimination power to classify N+ vs N− ( P<0.001). Diagnostic accuracy reached “moderate” AUC (median-AUC=0.74; CI 0.70–0.76).

Conclusion: Application of ANNs for the prediction of lymph node metastases in breast MRI is feasible. Future studies should evaluate the clinical impact of the presented model.
Integrated approach of pond based farming systems for sustainable production and income generation
Authors: Alam M Robiul , Ali M Akkas , Hossain M Akhtar , Molla MSH , Islam F
Published: August 2010

Integrated farming with poultry, fish and crops can play a significant role in increasing manifold production, income, and nutrition and employment opportunities of rural populations. The research work was carried out at nine farmers’ ponds covering area of 0.12 ha each in Farming Systems Research and Development (FSRD) site, Goyeshpur, Pabna during the year 2000-01 to 2002-03 to assess integrated pond based production, income and employment opportunity of the rural farm households. Three different components like fish, poultry and pattern based vegetables production were employed in the investigation. The results indicated that in integrated pond management, two additional enterprises viz., poultry and year round vegetables exhibited encouraging production over traditional management. The average fish production obtained from integrated pond management was 330.92% higher over the traditional management. The total economic return in terms of gross return and gross margin achieved from integrated pond management was Tk.59 133 and 38684 which were 1297.94 and 1496.53% higher over traditional pond management. The utilization of family labour round the year in pond based integrated production system contributed to improve the production as well as to create employment opportunity for income generation. The overall results revealed that the integrated pond management with poultry, fish and vegetables was an excellent approach for sustainable production, income generation and employment opportunity of the resource poor rural households. Key Words: Pond based farming systems; production; income generation; employment opportunity. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5834Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 577-584, December 2009
Performance of seed potato produced from sprout cutting, stem cutting and conventional tuber against PVY and PLRV
Authors: Rahman MS , Akanda AK
Published: August 2010

The performance of seed tubers harvested from potato plants grown from sprout cutting, stem cutting and conventional seed tubers against PVY and PLRV were investigated. Sprout cutting, stem cutting and conventional seed tubers of variety Diamant were planted and second and third generation seed tubers were harvested. The least incidence of PVY and PLRV was recorded when seed tubers from sprout cutting were used. Whereas, the highest incidence of the viruses was observed where conventional seed tubers wete planted. Incidence of PVY, PLRV and their mixed infection was lower in earlier generations as compared to later generations. Performance of seed tubers produced from sprout cutting was better in respect of plant growth, tuber number and tuber yield per hill as compared to seed tubers obtained from stem cutting or conventional method. Key Words: Sprout cutting; stem cutting; PVY; PLRV; growth; yield; potato. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5837Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 609-622, December 2009
Effect of packaging techniques and chlorination on the quality and shelf life of country bean (Lablab niger)
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mizanur , Shahjahan Md , Miaruddin Md , Chowdhury Md Golam Ferdous
Published: August 2010

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of packaging materials on the quality and shelf life of country bean (Lablab niger) using passive modification of modified atmosphere packaging system. The modified atmosphere was created by making perforation in the packets made by polypropylene. Bean pre-treated with chlorine water and then packaging in selected polypropylene resulted substantial reduction in losses caused by weight loss and rotting/shriveling. These treatment combinations also considerably retained vitamin C, β-carotene, moisture content, etc. Under this condition, the retention of quality and shelf life of bean could be extended upto 8 days at ambient condition as compared to non-treated and without packaging. Key Words: Packaging techniques; chlorination; shelf life; country bean.  DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5838Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 623-631, December 2009
In vitro micropropagation of banana
Authors: Al-Amin MD , Karim MR , Amin MR , Rahman S , Mamun ANM
Published: August 2010

The present study was conducted at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during the period from September 2004 to June 2005 to investigate the effect of different concentrations of BAP and NAA on virus free plant regeneration, shoot multiplication and different concentrations of IBA and IAA on in vitro root formation of banana cv. BARI Banana-I. The culture meristem first turned brown in colour in 4-5 days which grew into a green globular hard coat mass after 30-35 days. From this ball like structure, adventitious plantlets were developed. Among the different concentrations, 7.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA showed highest shoot proliferation of 0.75, 2.75 and 6.25 shoots per explant at 10, 20 and 30 DAI, respectively. The longest shoot (1.03, 2.45 and 3.38 cm) at 10, 20 and 30 DAI, respectively, was produced by the treatment combination of 7.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA. The maximum number of leaves (2.50, 3.25 and 7.00 leaves/explant at 10, 20 and 30 DAI) were produced on the medium supplemented with the same treatment and it also produced the longest leaves, 0.85, 2.70 and 4.23 cm at 10, 20 and 30 DAI, respectively. For root initiation half strength MS medium supplemented with different levels of IBA (0, 0.5, 1 .0 and 1.50 mg/l) and IAA (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) was used. Root numbers varied with different concentrations of IBA and IAA. The highest number of roots were produced by 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.5 mg/l IBA. The highest length (2.93, 4.63 and 5.88 cm) was recorded at 10, 20 and 30 DAI in the same treatment which was statistically significant. Meristem derived plantlets were transferred to poly bags containing 1:1 (ground soil : cowdung) mixture after 7 days hardening in room temperature (28-30°C) and established plantlet was ready for planting. Key Words: Banana; regeneration; micropropagation; plantlet.  DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5840Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 645-659, December 2009
Evaluation of SPAD and LCC based nitrogen management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Islam M Sh , Bhuiya MSU , Rahman S , Hussain MM
Published: August 2010

A study was conducted during Boro and T. Aman seasons of 2002 at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur to see the relationship of SPAD (Soil plant analysis development) reading with chlorophyll and N contents of leaves and to determine the critical LCC value for rice crops. Hybrid varieties Sonarbangla-1 and BRRI hybrid dhan0l were used for both rice crops and BRRI dhan29 and BRRI dhan31 were used as checks for Boro and T. Aman crops, respectively. Sonarbangla-1, BRRI hybrid dhan0l and BRRI dhan29 had similar leaf chlorophyll contents in Boro season. The maximum chlorophyll content (1.6-1.8 mg/g leaf) was observed at 39-42 soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value. In T. Aman season, the inbred BRRI dhan3l showed lower amount of chlorophyll (1.2-1.4 mg/g leaf) at 39-42 SPAD value compared to the hybrids Sonarbangla-1 and BRRI hybrid dhan 0l. Seasonal variation in chlorophyll content between Sonarbangla-1 and BRRI hybrid dhan0l was not large. Relationship between SPAD value and chlorophyll content was very close (R2 =>0.8) at panicle initiation and flower initiation stages for all the varieties. Similar relationship was also observed in case of SPAD value and nitrogen content in leaves. The results indicated that the rice leaves showing higher SPAD readings (>35) had higher chlorophyll and nitrogen contents. The adjusted critical LCC values were 3.0 for Boro and 3.5 for T. Aman seasons for all rice varieties. Key Words: Chlorophyll; nitrogen.DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5841Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 661-672, December 2009
Synthesis and Characterization of Azo Compounds and Study of the Effect of Substituents on Their Liquid Crystalline Behavior
Authors: Al-Hamdani Uhood J. , Gassim Tarik E. , Radhy Howraa H.
Published: August 2010

In this paper we present six select mesomorphic azo compounds distinguished by the presence of diverse substituents on a central benzene nucleus. All the synthesized compounds exhibit enantiotropic mesophases. The mesomorphic properties of the substituted compounds were compared with those of the unsubstituted parent compound to evaluate the effect of the nature and position of the substituents on mesomorphism.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2,5-Bis(alkylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones
Authors: Almeida Barbosa Luiz Cláudio , Alves Pereira Ulisses , Alvares Maltha Célia Regina , Ricardo Teixeira Róbson , Moreira Valente Vânia Maria , Oliveira Ferreira José Roberto , Costa-Lotufo Letícia Veras , Odorico Moraes Manoel , Pessoa Cláudia
Published: August 2010

A series of twelve 2,5-bis(alkylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones were prepared in yields ranging from 9–58% via the reaction between p-benzoquinone and various amines. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR and MS analyses. The phytotoxicity of the 2,5-bis(alkylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones was evaluated against two crop species, Cucumis sativus and Sorgum bicolor, at 1.0 × 10-3 mol/L. In general, the quinones displayed inhibitory effects on the dicotyledonous species C. sativus (7–74%). On the other hand stimulatory effects were observed on S. bicolor (monocotyledonous). Similar results were observed in the biological assays carried out with the weed species Ipomoea grandifolia (dicotyledonous) and Brachiaria decumbens (monocotyledonous). In addition, the cytotoxicity of the 2,5-bis(alkylamino)-1,4-benzoquinones was assayed against HL-60 (leukemia), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), SF-295 (brain) and HCT-8 (colon) human cancer cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as representatives of healthy cells, using a MTT and an Alamar Blue assay. Compound 12 was the most active, displaying cytotoxicity against all cancer cell lines tested.
La République de Weimar et le poids de la Grande Guerre
Authors: Krumeich Gerd
Published: August 2010

La République de Weimar est née de la Grande guerre et elle en fut stigmatisée jusqu’à sa fin. Ses leaders furent sujets au soupçon d’avoir « poignardé » dans le dos l’armée non défaite et d’avoir inutilement signé un « traité de la honte », celui de Versailles, en 1919. Les foyers d’anciens soldats, appuyés par les partis de droite et la Reichswehr créèrent d´abord « l’ordre » en combattant la gauche révolutionnaire, puis ils aidèrent à déstabiliser la République jusqu’à la prise du pouvoir par ceux qui combattirent le « système de Versailles » de la façon la plus énergique : Hitler et les nazis.
Les réfugiés de guerre dans la société française (1914-1946)
Authors: Nivet Philippe
Published: August 2010

Lors de la Grande Guerre, de la Guerre d’Espagne et au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la société française dut absorber de nombreux réfugiés, parmi lesquels les nationaux occupaient une place importante entre 1914 et 1918 et en 1939-1940. Les tensions observées entre les populations autochtones et ces réfugiés sont révélatrices des replis communautaires au moment des guerres et de l’exacerbation de la « culture de guerre » en présence de « rapatriés » ayant été en contact avec l’ennemi pendant la Grande Guerre et des Alsaciens-Mosellans en 1939-1940.
Guerre, influences politiques et relais d'opinions publiques Étude de cas : le Mexique face à la guerre civile espagnole
Authors: Noblet Eddy
Published: August 2010

La guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939) ne laisse pas indifférente. Elle agite les passions politiques et mobilise les groupes de pression. Sur la scène internationale, les opinions publiques s’identifient à l’un ou à l’autre des camps d’une Espagne coupée en deux. Les grandes puissances européennes se battent entre elles par républicains et nationalistes espagnols interposés à qui elles apportent leur soutien. Une politique officielle de non-intervention, arbitrée par la Société des Nations, enraye momentanément l’enchaînement logique belliqueux vers une guerre civile européenne. Au-delà des frontières de l’Europe, la guerre d’Espagne agite également les passions. Un conflit similaire est anticipé au Mexique. Il ne prend pas seulement en compte des forces idéologiques opposées, comme en France, mais aussi des confrontations sur les définitions d’une identité nationale proprement mexicaine. L’imaginaire de la conquête espagnole est ainsi ravivé. Les partisans de « l’hispanité » et les « indigénistes » s’affrontent en récupérant la dialectique de la guerre d’Espagne. Le gouvernement mexicain a de nombreuses affinités politiques et culturelles avec le Frente popular espagnol. Il soutient les républicains d’Espagne à la Société des Nations et leur fournit du pétrole, des denrées alimentaires et des armes. L’interventionnisme mexicain n’a pas la même efficacité que celui des pays de l’Axe vis-à-vis des franquistes mais il agit comme un groupe de pression pour culpabiliser les démocraties occidentales paralysées par un désir de paix européenne à tout prix. Toutefois la position internationale d’un pays comme le Mexique qui n’a pas les moyens de ses ambitions politiques reste secondaire.
Une réhabilitation? Les justices seigneuriales dans la France du xviiie siècle
Authors: Garnot Benoît
Published: August 2010

Résumé Les justices seigneuriales françaises continuent à fonctionner jusqu’à la fin de l’Ancien Régime, le plus souvent à la satisfaction générale. Elles connaissent deux principaux domaines d’activité: le traitement de la petite délinquance et les diverses formes de juridiction civile gracieuse. Les affaires considérées comme ressortissant du «petit criminel», quand elles ne s’interrompent pas dès le dépôt de la plainte, sont d’abord traitées selon la procédure prévue par l’ordonnance criminelle de 1670 (procédure inquisitoire), et ensuite, dans la majorité des cas, soit le juge passe à la procédure civile (c’est la «civilisation» de la procédure), soit (c’est le cas le plus fréquent) il intègre à la procédure des pratiques de conciliation qui l’interrompent de fait. Une autre partie des déviances similaires est traitée non pas au «petit criminel», mais dans le cadre des infractions de police. Les justices seigneuriales sanctionnent peu, avec des amendes d’un faible montant: cette mansuétude s’explique par le fait qu’elles cherchent surtout à mener à des conciliations, à contrôler et à prévenir, plutôt qu’à réprimer. Ces manières habituelles de procéder montrent la complémentarité de la justice et de l’infrajustice.
Les déterminants politiques, économiques et idéologiques du système fiscal belge au xxe siècle
Authors: Hardewyn André
Published: August 2010

Résumé La Belgique fut le dernier pays industrialisé à introduire en 1919 l’impôt progressif sur les revenus, soulignant ainsi le caractère tout à fait spécifique du système fiscal belge avant la première guerre mondiale vis-à-vis des régimes fiscaux des pays voisins. Cet article cherche à répondre à la question de savoir si cette spécificité antérieure s’est prolongée au xx e siècle, et dans l’affirmative quelle en est le contenu et quelles en sont les raisons. Plus particulièrement encore, quels sont les mécanismes de décision véritable en matière fiscale et comment les responsables publics sont parvenus à faire accepter au grand public des mesures parfois arbitraires et injustes ?
L'incontournable jansénisme: l'Église d'Utrecht et la réforme ecclésiastique portugaise
Authors: Sales Souza Evergton
Published: August 2010

Résumé À la fin des années 1750, la couronne lusitaine expulse les jésuites du royaume et met en marche des réformes visant au changement des rapports entre le trône et l’autel et à la transformation de l’Église elle-même. Des jansénistes français ne tardèrent pas à manifester un intérêt très vif à l’égard de ce qui se passait dans ce pays ibérique. En 1763, des religieux de l’Église d’Utrecht ont rédigé un «Mémoire au sujet de la réforme des études ecclésiastiques au Portugal» qui devrait être remis aux autorités gouvernementales lusitaines. En analysant ce manuscrit inédit, cet article essaye de montrer comment ceux qui l’écrivirent ont pu anticiper certaines positions adoptées par le gouvernement portugais dans son projet de réforme ecclésiastique.
La représentation du prince en Allemagne au xvie siècle: la construction d'un corps politique
Authors: Ghermani Naïma
Published: August 2010

Résumé L’éclatement confessionnel qui marque l’empire à partir de 1520 voit l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs: les grands princes d’Empire. Profitant de l’autonomisation politique et religieuse que leur confère la Réforme luthérienne et calviniste, ils accroissent leur pouvoir dans les domaines ecclésiastiques, législatifs et administratifs. Cet accroissement du pouvoir princier dans l’Empire passe par une concurrence redoublée avec l’empereur qui s’exprime à travers des conflits militaires, des querelles religieuses, mais aussi une véritable guerre des images. Ainsi, entre 1500 et 1600, le portrait du prince dans l’Empire, ausculté à travers trois exemples, la Saxe luthérienne, la Bavière catholique et le Palatinat calviniste, connaît des métamorphoses spectaculaires. Si, au début au xvi e siècle, les princes ne commandent que des portraits privés de petite taille, la Réformation les pousse à exposer leurs traits sur la scène publique de l’empire. Les princes luthériens multiplient ainsi leur portrait gravé, qu’ils associent à un discours. Le portrait devient le lieu d’une véritable profession de foi religieuse et politique. La paix d’Augsbourg (1555) met fin à ces pratiques polémiques du portrait. Les princes adoptent alors un mode de représentation impérial de leur personne, se mettant en scène dans des portraits de grande taille, collectionnés dans des galeries. Cette transformation de l’apparence de ces princes ne traduit pas seulement un phénomène de mode. Elle participe d’une construction d’un corps politique, forgé sur le modèle du double corps monarchique et impérial. Toutefois, en l’absence de substrat juridique, qui légitimerait et définirait la double nature de leur pouvoir, les princes ne peuvent que s’offrir une construction symbolique d’un double corps.
Grandes tendances de l'historiographie japonaise depuis Meiji
Authors: Hirota Isao
Published: August 2010

Cet article est consacré à l’évolution des tendances dans l’historiographie au Japon depuis un siècle, en se concentrant sur l’histoire économique de l’époque moderne et contemporaine. Cette évolution s’articule en quatre phases : la première va de la fin du XIX e siècle aux années 1930 où cette discipline était institutionalisée, la deuxième va de la fin des années 1930 à la fin des années 1950 où l’histoire économique était très influente même dans la société, la troisième correspond aux années 1960-1970 où sa spécificité nationale, nette dans la phase précédente, a disparu et dès lors enfin s’est renforcée une convergence avec les tendances internationales, accompagnée d’une multiplication de thèmes et des méthodologies.
Le problème du travail des enfants en Alsace au XIXe siècle : l'industriel alsacien et la loi du 22 mars 1841
Authors: Saito Yoshifumi
Published: August 2010

La loi du 22 mars 1841 sur le travail des enfants est un exemple rare d’interventionnisme économique de l’État dans la première moitié du XIX e siècle. Cet article a pour but d’analyser la réglementation du travail des enfants au point de vue des industriels alsaciens, qui ont pris l’initiative dans la proposition de la loi. Ce qui rend cette loi particulière est que la politique sociale menée en vue de stabiliser la formation de la main-d’œuvre a été liée à la politique économique destinée à garantir une concurrence équitable dans le cadre du libéralisme économique.
L'américanisation des règles commerciales : le cas de l'industrie textile
Authors: Watanabe Junko
Published: August 2010

Après la Seconde guerre mondiale, les États-Unis construisirent un système international de commerce fondé sur la liberté des échanges. Mais le résultat de cette liberté fut un renforcement du mouvement de protectionnisme dans le champ de l’industrie textile américaine. Confronté à cette difficulté, le gouvernement américain choisit de modifier les règles commerciales du GATT, plutôt que de régler ce problème par des fermetures à l’intérieur du pays. Dans cet article le mécanisme et la causalité historique du protectionnisme sont analysées à partir du cas des frictions commerciales internationales survenues dans le textile à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1950 et jusqu’à la première moitié des années 1970.
Du juge seigneurial au juge de paix. Les détenteurs des fonctions judiciaires de proximité de la fin de l'Ancien Régime au Consulat : le cas de l'Isère
Authors: Duquesne Quentin
Published: August 2010

Les juges de paix furent de 1790 à 1958 les fonctionnaires chargés d’administrer la justice de proximité en France. Créatures de la Révolution Française, ces « magistrats du peuple », qui ont incarné la rupture avec la justice de l’Ancien Régime, furent souvent opposés aux officiers seigneuriaux auxquels ils succédaient dans les campagnes. Sans remettre en question cette rupture, indéniable du point de vue institutionnel et juridictionnel, l’article se propose d’aborder la question du recrutement des hommes qui ont administré ces nouveaux tribunaux de proximité au cours de la Révolution. Il montre que, dans le cas du département de l’Isère, il n’y eut pas de rupture majeure dans la détention des fonctions judiciaires locales entre la fin de l’Ancien Régime et le début de la décennie révolutionnaire, alors que sous la République, le corps des juges de paix isérois se renouvela rapidement. Mais ce renouvellement s’explique davantage par l’amorce d’un processus de professionnalisation de la fonction judiciaire locale que par des facteurs socio-démographiques ou politiques.
Les mécanismes de coordination dans les réseaux sociaux : un cadre analytique de la dynamique territoriale
Authors: Boschet Christophe , Rambonilaza Tina
Published: August 2010

Cet article propose un cadre d’analyse microéconomique de la dynamique territoriale à travers la compréhension des processus de coordination des acteurs locaux. Autant l’approche néo-institutionnaliste que la sociologie économique ont rétabli la place des structures sociales comme ressource et contrainte pour l’action individuelle. Mais, c’est l’entrée par la formation stratégique des liens proposée par l’économie des réseaux qui permet d’appréhender simultanément les dilemmes sociaux de l’action collective, l’évolution des structures globales des relations et le choix décentralisé des actions. Les exigences de la mise en œuvre empirique d’un tel cadre constituent sa principale limite. Son application au contexte spécifique de l’action publique territoriale dans les espaces ruraux, telle qu’elle est présentée dans cet article, permet de renouveler les questions de recherche, quant à la relation entre dispositifs formels - type Parc naturel régional- et réseaux d’acteurs locaux.
Le non renvoi et au-delà...
Authors: Marquebreucq Anne-Pascale , Menegalli Graziella , Nyssens Grégoire
Published: August 2010

Le choix du non renvoi des adolescents placés en institution nécessite un modèle de thérapie institutionnelle que nous tentons de préciser. Ce non renvoi vise à corriger une histoire de ruptures et de placements multiples, mais il risque de devenir un mythe rigidifié s’il se fait à tout prix, sans tenir compte des limites du placement. L’équipe pluridisciplinaire du Tamaris s’implique dans les relations de la vie quotidienne en s’appuyant sur les axes anthropologiques de l’espace et du temps vécus, sur le travail avec les familles, sur la différenciation des fonctions d’autorité, du tiers mandant et des collaborations en réseau. Des outils spécifiques comme la réunion d’équipe ou la palabre sont mis en œuvre.
Population dynamics of Gerres abbreviatus Bleeker, 1850 from the Parangipettai waters, Southeast coast of India
Authors: Kuganathan S
Published: August 2010

The population dynamics of Gerres abbreviatus from the Parangipettai waters, Southeast coast of India was investigated based on length frequency data, using FiSAT software. Growth parameters of G. abbreviatus were estimated using ELEFAN I method. The theoretical ages at length zero (t0) were estimated by substituting the asymptotic length (L∞) and growth coefficient (K) in Pauly's equation. The fitted von Bertalnaffy's growth equations for male and female G. abbreviatus were Lt=27.8 [1 - exp {-1.30(t+0.1236)}] and Lt=28.2 [1-exp {-1.36 (t+ 0.1175)}] where L∞ values are in cm, K values are on annual basis and t0 values are in years. The estimated growth performance index (Ø) for male and female G. abbreviatus were 3.002 and 3.034 respectively while the estimated life spans of male and female G. abbreviatus were 2.18 and 2.08 years. Instantaneous rates of total mortality (Z) estimated by length converted catch curve for male and female G. abbreviatus were 3.06 and 2.99 yr-1 respectively. Natural mortality (M) estimated by Pauly's empirical equation for male and female G. abbreviatus were 2.24 and 2.29 yr-1 and the estimated fishing mortality for male and female G. abbreviatus were 0.82 and 0.70 yr-1 respectively. Relative yield per recruit analysis incorporating probabilities of capture indicates that G. abbreviatus in the Parangipettai waters is exploited below the optimum level indicating scope for increase in fishing efforts without leading to overexploitation. DOI: 10.4038/sljas.v11i0.2219Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 11 (2006): 1-19
Selective control of marine algal species by electrolysis treatment
Authors: Wijesekara RG Saman , Nomura Nakao , Matsumura Masatoshi
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with the application of electrolysis technology for the selective control of marine algal species. The sensitivity of different marine algal species to electrolysis may be different due to their size and structural differences. Electrolysis experiments were conducted using four algal species, namely Chlorella spp., Chaetoceros spp., Isochrysis spp. and Tetraselmis spp. Batch and continuous runs were conducted from 0-7 minutes and 0-80 minutes, respectively. Drastic depletion of algal cell number was not observed during batch electrolysis. However, fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide staining showed significant algal mortality. Different sensitivities were also observed for similar electrolysis conditions. Continuous electrolysis data revealed almost no survival for Chlorella spp. at 80 minute electrolysis time while survival for Isochrysis spp. was around 60% at similar conditions. Results indicated that the green algae Chlorella spp. is the most sensitive while the brown algae Isochrysis spp. is the most resistant among the four species studied. More importantly, this confirmed that the beneficial marine algae Isochrysis spp. can be allowed to dominate by selectively limiting the growth of three other algal species tested in this work through electrolysis treatment.DOI: 10.4038/sljas.v11i0.2221Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 11 (2006): 27-42
A preliminary study on the presence of biofilms on food contact surfaces in selected Sri Lankan fish & shrimp processing factories: setbacks in current cleaning process
Authors: Kariyawasam MGIU , Jayasooriya SP
Published: August 2010

Biofilms are a matrix of microorganisms which are adhered to and colonized a surface. When formed, they are very difficult to remove and act as a source of contamination in fish and shrimp processing environments. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of biofilms, their bacterial composition on food contact surfaces in selected fish and shrimp processing factories as there are no records available on this aspect in Sri Lanka. Swabs were taken from selected food contact surfaces in two fish processing factories and two shrimp processing factories 6-8 h after the day's major cleaning operation. Biofilm formation was quantified by Aerobic Plate Count (APC) and Escherichia coli counts. Bacteria present on the biofilms were also identified to their generic or species level.Surface adhered bacteria in surveyed fish processing plants had different levels of APCs [in Colony forming units (CFU)]: on deheading and lolling tables 103 cfu/cm2; filleting boards 103 cfu/cm2; trimming boards 104 cfu/cm2; knives 106 cfu/knife; gloves 105 cfu/glove; storage boxes (plastic) 105 cfu/cm2; small cutting boards 106 cfu/cm2; water buckets 106 cfu/bucket. E. coli were found only on some of the food contact surfaces viz. knives (5.0 cfu/knife); storage boxes and filleting boards (
Behaviour of environmental iron, manganese and aluminium in relation to brown/black gill syndrome in Penaeus monodon cultured in ponds on acid sulphate soils
Authors: Jayasinghe JMPK , Phillips MJ , Anas MUM
Published: August 2010

Acid sulphate soils are marginally acceptable soils for aquaculture and brown/black gill syndrome is one of the common problems associated with shrimp culture in acid sulphate soils. Unusually high concentrations of iron (up to 1588 μg g-1 dry wt) and manganese (up to 93.2 μg g-1 dry wt) were observed in Penaeus monodon cultured on acid sulphate soils in the west coast of Sri Lanka exhibiting concomitant colour changes in gills. A steady increase in iron and manganese levels was observed in gills of the cultured shrimp with culture time. Statistically significant differences were observed for levels of iron (p
Lipid composition and fatty acid profiles of wild caught and fattened mud crab, Scylla serrata, in Sri Lanka
Authors: Anas MUM , Edirisinghe EMRKB , Jayasinghe JMPK
Published: August 2010

There is a huge demand for mud crab (Scylla serrata) in overseas markets. The mud crabs available to the market are mainly wild caught crabs and cage fattened crabs. Crab fattening is used to fatten the thin crab or post molt crab to fill up their meat in a shorter period. In the present study, lipid levels and fatty acid profiles of wild caught and fattened mud crabs at the harvested stage as well as at the stocking and harvesting stages of the fattening process were analyzed using gas chromatography. The total lipid content of wild caught (fattened) S. serrata (0.65±0.1%) was significantly higher than that of cage fattened individuals (0.56±1%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the predominant group of fatty acids found in S. serrata (39%-43%) and Oleic acid (C 18:1 n-9) was the most abundant fatty acid (16%-21%). Oleic acid (C 18:1 n-9), Gondoic acid (C 20:1), Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 5 n-3), Docosatetraenoic acid (C22: 4 n-6) and Docosahexanoic acid (C22: 6 n-3) contents varied significantly between crabs at stocking and harvested stages of fattening process. The contents of Oleic acid (C 18:1 n-9), Gondoic acid (C 20:1) and Docosatetraenoic acid (C 22:4 n-6) were significantly different in wild caught crabs in comparison to fattened crabs. The differences in fatty acid composition among wild caught crabs (fattened stage) and cage fattened crabs (fattened stage) might be a reason for flavour difference between the two types. DOI: 10.4038/sljas.v14i0.2201Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 14 (2009): 75-85
Giant disturbance in the ionospheric F2 region prior to the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008
Authors: Xu T. , Hu Y. , Wu J. , Wu Z. , Suo Y. , Feng J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. On 12 May 2008 at 14:28 LT great earthquake (M=8.0) occurred at Wenchuan (31.00° N, 103.40° E), China. The hourly values of foF2 are analyzed over ten ionospheric observatories: Haikou (20.00° N, 110.33° E), Kunming (25.00° N, 102.70° E), Guangzhou (20.00° N, 113.70° E), Chongqing (29.50° N, 106.40° E), Lhasa (29.63° N, 91.17° E), Lanzhou (36.07° N, 103.87° E), Beijing (40.00° N, 116.30° E), Urumqi (43.75° N, 87.63° E), Chuangchun (43.83° N, 125.30° E) and Manzhouli (49.60° N, 117.45° E). With a new factor, effective sunspot number Reff, the results show that there were giant positive disturbances of foF2 around the epicentral zone on 9 May, 3 days prior to the earthquake. Our results indicate that the observed positive ionospheric disturbances were most possibly associated with the imminent earthquake and the new analytic method has good prospects in practice.
Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur von Co3(CO)9COH, einer möglichen Zwischenstufe bei der Reduktion von CO durch molekularen Wasserstoff
Authors: Adams Hans‐Norbert , Fachinetti Giuseppe , Strähle Joachim
Published: August 2010

Die katalytische Reduktion von CO zu Methanol könnte über den Komplex (1) verlaufen. In solvensfreiem (1) beträgt die CO‐Bindungslänge der apicalen CO‐Gruppe 1.33 Å; dies läßt darauf schließen, daß das (röntgen‐strukturanalytisch nicht nachweisbare) H‐Atom an diese CO‐Gruppe gebunden ist (mittlere Bindungslänge in terminalen CO‐Gruppen: 1.15 Å, in Methanol: 1.43 Å)

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