bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Searching for similarity using corpus-assisted discourse studies
Authors: Taylor Charlotte
Published: May 2013

It has often been noted that corpus-assisted discourse analysis is inherently comparative (e.g., Partington, 2009 ), but, in this paper, I want to emphasise that such comparison does not exclusively entail the analysis of difference and that the analysis of similarity can be productively incorporated into the framework. As Baker (2006 : 182) notes, the way that differences and similarities interact with each other is ‘an essential part of any comparative corpus-based study of discourse’. In this paper, first, I outline why the search for similarity is relevant to the analysis of discourse using corpus linguistics; I then go on to assess some possible ways of doing this; and, finally, I take the representation of boy/s and girl/s in British broadsheet newspapers as an example.
Recent change in non-present perfect constructions in British and American English
Authors: Yao Xinyue , Collins Peter
Published: May 2013

A number of recent studies of grammatical categories in English have identified regional and diachronic variation in the use of the present perfect, suggesting that it has been losing ground to the simple past tense from the eighteenth century onwards ( Elsness, 1997 , 2009 ; Hundt and Smith, 2009 ; and Yao and Collins, 2012 ). Only a limited amount of research has been conducted on non-present perfects. More recently, Bowie and Aarts’ (2012) study using the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English has found that certain non-present perfects underwent a considerable decline in spoken British English (BrE) during the second half of the twentieth century. However, comparison with American English (AmE) and across various genres has not been made.

This study focusses on the changes in the distribution of four types of non-present perfects (past, modal, to-infinitival and ing-participial) in standard written BrE and AmE during the thirty-year period from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. Using a tagged and post-edited version of the Brown family of corpora, it shows that contemporary BrE has a stronger preference for non-present perfects than AmE. Comparison of four written genres of the same period reveals that, for BrE, only the change in the overall frequency of past perfects was statistically significant. AmE showed, comparatively, a more dramatic decrease, particularly in the frequencies of past and modal perfects. It is suggested that the decline of past perfects is attributable to a growing disfavour for past-time reference in various genres, which is related to long-term historical shifts associated with the underlying communicative functions of the genres. The decline of modal perfects, on the other hand, is more likely to be occurring under the influence of the general decline of modal auxiliaries in English.
Gifts from Utopia: The Travels of Toru Dutt's Poetry
Authors: Ekman Gabriella
Published: May 2013

Born in Calcutta in 1856 and dying only twenty-one years later of tuberculosis, the young Bengali writer Toru Dutt wrote novels and poems in English and French, translated French poetry into English, and toward the end of her life revisited Bengali myths and tales from the Ramayana in her poetry. Her multilingual poems and translations have traditionally been interpreted as seeking to dissolve or fragment cultural differences. This essay instead argues for Dutt seeking to consolidate difference, reconceived as possibility: by distributing her poems to friends in England and receiving gifts of poems in return, Dutt sought to create a transnational friendship economy involving the material exchange of poetic texts. She then theorises this exchange in the work itself, arguing in novels, poems and inexact translations for regarding the resistant materiality of poetry and language both as imperfect tools that can nonetheless be utilised to forge community and understanding – however utopian, however fragile and temporary – across seemingly incommensurable cultural differences, perhaps even across the inequities of imperial history.
Neurovascular Coupling of the Posterior Cerebral Artery in Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study
Authors: Phillips Aaron , Krassioukov Andrei , Zheng Mei , Warburton Darren
Published: May 2013

Purpose: To compare neurovascular coupling in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) between those with spinal cord injury (SCI) and able bodied (AB) individuals. Methods: A total of seven SCI and seven AB were matched for age and sex. Measures included PCA velocity (PCAv), beat-by-beat blood pressure and end-tidal carbon dioxide. Posterior cerebral cortex activation was achieved by 10 cycles of (1) 30 s eyes closed (pre-stimulation), (2) 30 s reading (stimulation). Results: Blood pressure was significantly reduced in those with SCI (SBP: 100 ± 13 mmHg; DBP: 58 ± 13 mmHg) vs. AB (SBP: 121 ± 12 mmHg; DBP: 74 ± 9 mmHg) during both pre-stimulation and stimulation, but the relative increase was similar during the stimulation period. Changes in PCAv during stimulation were mitigated in the SCI group (6% ± 6%) vs. AB (29% ± 12%, P < 0.001). Heart rate and end-tidal carbon dioxide responded similarly between groups. Conclusions: Clearly, NVC is impaired in those with SCI. This study may provide a link between poor perfusion of the posterior cerebral region (containing the medullary autonomic centres) and autonomic dysfunction after SCI.
An Estimate of Mutual Information that Permits Closed-Form Optimisation
Authors: Liu Raymond , Gillies Duncan
Published: May 2013

We introduce a new estimate of mutual information between a dataset and a target variable that can be maximised analytically and has broad applicability in the field of machine learning and statistical pattern recognition. This estimate has previously been employed implicitly as an approximation to quadratic mutual information. In this paper we will study the properties of these estimates of mutual information in more detail, and provide a derivation from a perspective of pairwise interactions. From this perspective, we will show a connection between our proposed estimate and Laplacian eigenmaps, which so far has not been shown to be related to mutual information. Compared with other popular measures of mutual information, which can only be maximised through an iterative process, ours can be maximised much more efficiently and reliably via closed-form eigendecomposition.
Analysis and Assessments of Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Systems in Various Operation Modes for a Building in China, Dalian
Authors: Li Miao , Mu Hailin , Li Huanan
Published: May 2013

Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) systems have been widely used in different kinds of buildings to make better use of fuels because of their high overall efficiency. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of a CCHP system in comparison to a Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. The operation strategies following electric load (FEL), thermal load (FTL) and a hybrid electric-thermal load (FHL) are proposed and investigated in this study. Criteria, namely primary energy saving (PES), exergy efficiency (ηexergy), and CO2 emission reduction (CER) are defined to evaluate the performances of CCHP systems for a hypothetical building located in Dalian (China). The results indicate that: (1) a new mathematical foundation is established to find whether the recovered thermal energy and the amount of electricity generated by the power generation unit (PGU) are enough to provide the energy required; (2) the CCHP system does not always perform better than a HVAC system from an instantaneous perspective, especially in FTL mode; (3) the CCHP system in FEL operation mode can be seen as a suitable energy system in Dalian from the annual performance perspective. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is presented in order to show how the performances vary due to the changes of various technical variables.
Canadian Lung Cancer Relative Risk from Radon Exposure for Short Periods in Childhood Compared to a Lifetime
Authors: Chen Jing
Published: May 2013

Long-term exposure to elevated indoor radon concentrations has been determined to be the second leading cause of lung cancer in adults after tobacco smoking. With the establishment of a National Radon Program in Canada in 2007 thousands of homes across the country have been tested for radon. Although the vast majority of people are exposed to low or moderate radon concentrations; from time to time; there are homes found with very high concentrations of radon. Among those living in homes with very high radon concentrations, it is typically parents of young children that demonstrate a great deal of concern. They want to know the equivalent risk in terms of the lifetime relative risk of developing lung cancer when a child has lived in a home with high radon for a few years. An answer to this question of risk equivalency is proposed in this paper. The results demonstrate clearly that the higher the radon concentration; the sooner remedial measures should be undertaken; as recommended by Health Canada in the Canadian radon guideline.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rg5 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglial Cells
Authors: Lee Yu , Park Jin-Sun , Jung Ji-Sun , Kim Dong-Hyun , Kim Hee-Sun
Published: May 2013

Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. They play a role in normal brain development and neuronal recovery. However, overactivation of microglia causes neuronal death, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, controlling microglial activation has been suggested as an important target for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and rat primary microglia. The data showed that Rg5 suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and proinflammatory TNF-α secretion. In addition, Rg5 inhibited the mRNA expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1b, COX-2 and MMP-9 induced by LPS. Further mechanistic studies revealed that Rg5 inhibited the phophorylations of PI3K/Akt and MAPKs and the DNA binding activities of NF-kB and AP-1, which are upstream molecules controlling inflammatory reactions. Moreover, Rg5 suppressed ROS production with upregulation of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Overall, microglial inactivation by ginsenoside Rg5 may provide a therapeutic potential for various neuroinflammatory disorders.
Caffeine Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase, But Not Butyrylcholinesterase
Authors: Pohanka Miroslav , Dobes Petr
Published: May 2013

Caffeine is an alkaloid with a stimulant effect in the body. It can interfere in transmissions based on acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and glutamate. Clinical studies indicate that it can be involved in the slowing of Alzheimer disease pathology and some other effects. The effects are not well understood. In the present work, we focused on the question whether caffeine can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and/or, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the two enzymes participating in cholinergic neurotransmission. A standard Ellman test with human AChE and BChE was done for altering concentrations of caffeine. The test was supported by an in silico examination as well. Donepezil and tacrine were used as standards. In compliance with Dixon’s plot, caffeine was proved to be a non-competitive inhibitor of AChE and BChE. However, inhibition of BChE was quite weak, as the inhibition constant, Ki, was 13.9 ± 7.4 mol/L. Inhibition of AChE was more relevant, as Ki was found to be 175 ± 9 µmol/L. The predicted free energy of binding was −6.7 kcal/mol. The proposed binding orientation of caffeine can interact with Trp86, and it can be stabilize by Tyr337 in comparison to the smaller Ala328 in the case of human BChE; thus, it can explain the lower binding affinity of caffeine for BChE with reference to AChE. The biological relevance of the findings is discussed.
Characterization of Volatile Components in Makgeolli, a Traditional Korean Rice Wine, with or without Pasteurization, During Storage
Authors: Park Hye-Jung , Lee Sang , Song Sang , Kim Young-Suk
Published: May 2013

Changes in the volatile components of unpasteurized and pasteurized makgeolli during 30 days of storage were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-olfactometry (GC-O). A total of 11 odor-active compounds such as 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol), 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid (isovaleric acid), 2-methylbutanoic acid, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol (methionol), 2-phenylethanol, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, and ethyl tetradecanoate were determined in both the pasteurized and unpasteurized makgeolli during 30 days of storage. Although there were no significant differences in the concentrations of odor-active compounds at the initial storage time, most of odor-active compounds were more significantly increased in unpasteurized makgeolli compared to the pasteurized one during the storage period.
Homocysteine Lowering by Folate-Rich Diet or Pharmacological Supplementations in Subjects with Moderate Hyperhomocysteinemia
Authors: Zappacosta Bruno , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo , Persichilli Silvia , Pounis George , Ruggeri Stefania , Minucci Angelo , Carnovale Emilia , Andria Generoso , Ricci Roberta , Scala Iris , Genovese Orazio , Turrini Aida , Mistura Lorenza , Giardina Bruno , Iacoviello Licia
Published: May 2013

To compare the efficacy of a diet rich in natural folate and of two different folic acid supplementation protocols in subjects with “moderate” hyperhomocysteinemia, also taking into account C677T polymorphism of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene. Subjects/Methods: We performed a 13 week open, randomized, double blind clinical trial on 149 free living persons with mild hyperhomocyteinemia, with daily 200 μg from a natural folate-rich diet, 200 μg [6S]5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), 200 μg folic acid or placebo. Participants were stratified according to their MTHFR genotype. Results: Homocysteine (Hcy) levels were reduced after folate enriched diet, 5-MTHF or folic acid supplementation respectively by 20.1% (p < 0.002), 19.4% (p < 0.001) and 21.9% (p < 0.001), as compared to baseline levels and significantly as compared to placebo (p < 0.001, p < 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively for enriched diet, 5-MTHF and folic acid). After this enriched diet and the folic acid supplementation, Hcy in both genotype groups decreased approximately to the same level, with higher percentage decreases observed for the TT group because of their higher pre-treatment value. Similar results were not seen by genotype for 5-MTHF. A significant increase in RBC folate concentration was observed after folic acid and natural folate-rich food supplementations, as compared to placebo. Conclusions: Supplementation with natural folate-rich foods, folic acid and 5-MTHF reached a similar reduction in Hcy concentrations.
Real-Time Study of Noxious Gas Emissions and Combustion Efficiency of Blended Mixtures of Neem Biodiesel and Petrodiesel
Authors: Pillay Avin , Molki Arman , Elkadi Mirella , Manuel Johnson , Bojanampati Shrinivas , Khan Mohammed , Stephen Sasi
Published: May 2013

Neem biodiesel is currently being explored as a future biofuel and was extracted chemically from the vegetable oil. Many of its properties are still under investigation and our aim was to study its noxious-gas emission profiles from blends with regular petroleum diesel. The distinct advantage of a real-time study is acquisition of in situ data on the combustion behavior of gas components with actual progression of time. Mixtures of neem biodiesel and petroleum diesel corresponding to neem additives of 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% were tested for combustion efficiency and emitted gases using a high-performance gas analyzer. Our study, therefore, investigated the overall efficiency of the combustion process linked to emissions of the following gases: O2, CO2, NO, NOx and SO2. The results for the 95/5% blend compared to the neat sample were most promising and showed no serious change in performance efficiency (<2%). NO/NOx emission trends displayed maxima/minima, suggestive of interconvertible chemical reactivity. Declining CO and SO2 emissions were consistent with rapid chemical conversion. The CO and SO2 concentrations fell well below the toxic atmospheric limits in less than 300 s. The results are generally encouraging for blends below 10%. The potential environmental impact of the study is discussed.
Improving Cultural Knowledge Through a Culturally Themed Nursing Skills Day
Authors: Gears Melissa , Andes Jaime
Published: May 2013

A culturally themed nursing skills day is a fun, engaging way for nurses to learn how to provide culturally sensitive patient care.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(5):201–202.
Evaluating Continuing Education: Options Abound
Authors: Dickerson Pamela S.
Published: May 2013

Many providers of continuing education activities perceive that there is a required evaluation form that must be completed by learners at the end of the learning activity. Although this is one approach to collecting evaluation data, it is by no means the only way. This column suggests several strategies that can be used to evaluate learning activities.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(5):197–198.
From Lecture to Learning Tasks: Use of the 4C/ID Model in a Communication Skills Course in a Continuing Professional Education Context
Authors: Susilo Astrid Pratidina , van Merriënboer Jeroen , van Dalen Jan , Claramita Mora , Scherpbier Albert
Published: May 2013

This article describes the use of four-component instructional design (4C/ID), a model to plan educational interventions for complex learning. This model was used to design a continuing education course on communication skills for health professionals in a context that is hierarchical and communal. The authors describe the 4C/ID model and provide an example of its application in designing the course. In the 4C/ID model, learning tasks serve as the backbone of the course, with lectures and other supportive information organized around them. The 4C/ID model is different from traditional models that base the course on lectures on different topics and connect part-task assignments to these topics. The use of the 4C/ID model to develop the educational intervention moves the paradigm from lectures to learning tasks to better prepare learners for real practice.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(6):278–284.
Lecture archéogéographique d’un bocage vendéen
Authors: Watteaux Magali
Published: May 2013

L’étude archéogéographique d’un secteur dans le sud de la Vendée enserrant des paysages de bocage et d’openfield a amené à faire certaines observations et interprétations d’ordre morphologique. En partant d’une optique non périodisée, cette analyse fait ressortir la variété des héritages qui composent la planimétrie des secteurs actuellement embocagés, depuis La Tène finale jusqu’à nos jours mais avec une dominante médiévale et moderne. Sont présentés ici les principaux résultats : de nombreuses unités morphologiques ponctuelles, un grand réseau de formes qui s’étend de manière quasi exclusive dans la plaine mais qui se prolonge au-delà, et un ensemble particulier qui se distingue dans le nord-ouest de la fenêtre d’étude. Le croisement avec les données historiques et archéologiques permet de proposer un tableau impressionniste de l’histoire des planimétries dans ce secteur, qui ne s’enferme pas dans une opposition stérilisante entre bocage et openfield.
Les brefs de Bretagne : un exemple de réglementation publique en réponse aux risques maritimes dans le duché de Bretagne (XIIe-XVe siècles)
Authors: Gallicé Alain , Moal Laurence
Published: May 2013

La Bretagne voit naître un système particulier, celui des brefs de Bretagne, qui garantissent, contre le paiement d’une taxe ducale, les navigants contre la perte de leurs biens en cas de naufrage. Ce système, tout en répondant à un risque, témoigne d’une affirmation de la souveraineté des ducs de Bretagne, ce qui pose la question de savoir comment les ducs de Bretagne ont utilisé les brefs à des fins politiques. Si sa mise en place reste mal connue, l’affirmation de la souveraineté ducale dans le domaine maritime est incontestable. Elle s’affirme dans les Coustumes et noblesses es contes de Bretaigne, qui font apparaître une réglementation publique entre les mains du pouvoir ducal dans la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle. La législation concernant les brefs évolue ensuite en lien avec le renforcement de la centralisation administrative. Cette institutionnalisation croissante témoigne de l’affirmation des droits régaliens mais aussi de la prise en compte du risque.
Recherches sur les circuits commerciaux du nord de l’Espagne à la fin du Moyen Âge : l’exemple des « Quatre Villes de la Côte »
Authors: Rodríguez Javier Añíbarro
Published: May 2013

Les quatre villes de Castro Urdiales, Laredo, Santander et San Vicente de la Barquera réalisaient à l’essentiel des activités liés à la mer (pêche et commerce) de la Cantabrie à la fin du Moyen Âge. Interfaces d’échange avec leur arrière-pays, elles servaient aussi de débouchés maritimes aux provinces du nord de la Castille situées de l’autre côté des monts cantabriques. Leur rôle dans la structuration de l’espace nord-péninsulaire était cependant amoindri par le rayonnement commercial Bilbao dont elles avaient du mal à échapper à l’influence économique.
Les réseaux martiniens en Irlande médiévale
Authors: Picard Jean-Michel
Published: May 2013

Le culte de saint Martin en Irlande remonte au moins au vie siècle et est attesté à Bangor, le monastère original de saint Colomban, à Iona fondé par Columba en 563 et à Armagh, destiné à devenir le siège du Primat d’Irlande. La vénération pour saint Martin est attestée au viie siècle dans les Lettres de Colomban, dans la Vita Columbani de Jonas de Bobbio, et dans la Vita Columbae d’Adomnán d’Iona. On relie aussi à Adomnán des hymnes en l’honneur de Martin. La Collectio canonum hibernensis composée au début du viiie siècle contient des références à Martin placé à l’égal de Jérôme, Augustin, Hilaire ou Origène. Le Livre d’Armagh écrit au début du ixe siècle contient les œuvres de Sulpice Sévère dans une forme très ancienne. Les liens fictifs entre saint Patrick et Tours mentionnés dans la Vita Tripartita de saint Patrick, rédigée aussi au ixe siècle, reflètent l’importance du culte martinien à Armagh à cette époque. Enfin le mouvement des Céli Dé, à partir du viiie siècle, revendique aussi son attachement à Martin. Ces différents réseaux étaient encore actifs à l’arrivée des Normands dans les années 1170.
Saint Martin, l’abbatiola de Trèves
Authors: Krönert Klaus
Published: May 2013

Cet article a pour objectif d’étudier l’histoire de l’abbaye Saint-Martin à Trèves depuis ses débuts jusqu’au xie siècle. Bien que dédié à l’un des saints les plus populaires de la Gaule au haut Moyen Âge, ce monastère n’a jamais joué un rôle majeur dans la métropole mosellane, qui était l’un des sièges épiscopaux les plus importants de la Germanie avec ceux de Cologne et de Mayence. C’est sans doute dans la rivalité entre ces trois métropoles que l’on trouve la clef pour comprendre la faible vénération de l’évêque de Tours à Trèves. En effet, depuis la fin de l’époque carolingienne, les prélats de ces villes ont essayé d’obtenir des prérogatives telles que la primatie, notamment à travers la promotion du culte des évêques fondateurs des sièges ou celui d’Hélène, mère de Constantin. Martin de Tours bénéficiait lui aussi d’une vénération importante, mais seulement à Cologne et à Mayence. Cela explique certainement pourquoi Saint-Martin resta une abbatiola à Trèves : les clercs mosellans n’étaient pas en mesure de défier, dans le domaine de ce culte, leurs concurrents rhénans.
Images polyvalentes de saint Martin de Tours dans le contexte médiéval
Authors: Fernández González Etelvina
Published: May 2013

Dans cette étude sur saint Martin de Tours nous analysons la figure du saint à travers des textes et des images. Cela nous permet de nous rapprocher de la connaissance des abbayes et centres monastiques dédiés à sa dévotion. Nous réalisons ces analyses avec comme point de départ des œuvres plastiques de différentes époques artistiques du Moyen Âge et exécutées avec des techniques diverses et des matériaux variés.
« Pannonia letetur, Italia exultet et Gallie trina divisio, Francorum atque Germanie, omnes pariter gaudeant… » Les répertoires liturgiques latins pour saint Martin (VIe-Xe siècle)
Authors: Goudesenne Jean-François
Published: May 2013

Le corpus des œuvres liturgiques pour saint Martin est immense et appelle encore beaucoup de recherches. Il s’agit seulement ici de dresser un tableau général mettant en valeur quelques traits essentiels. Ainsi le culte de saint Martin n’est ni complètement universel ni seulement local. Il est en outre très ancien. On trouve des pièces pour saint Martin dans les anciennes liturgies non romaines d’Espagne, de Bénévent, de Milan (rite ambrosien) et de Gaule. Paradoxalement Rome semble avoir adopté plus tard des pièces d’origine franque, malgré la présence précoce de Saint-Martin aux Monts. Certes à l’époque carolingienne, on assiste à une généralisation du répertoire romano-franc prolongé à l’époque romane par une diffusion très étendue. Mais il ne faut sans doute pas surévaluer le patronage monarchique de la « nation » franque du fait de la pluralité des foyers de création liturgique même si le foyer tourangeau a joué un rôle fondamental.
Les prieurés bretons de Marmoutier (XIe-XIIe siècle)
Authors: Pichot Daniel
Published: May 2013

The prestige acquired by Marmoutier Abbey in Western France was substantial and it was able to found more than thirty priories in the duchy of Brittany, at first with the Duke’s support, as evidenced by the donation of Gahard, the first priory at the beginning of the eleventh century, and then with the support of the major barons. It explains why Marmoutier specialized in major foundations near castles, with the aim of securing an alliance with the big families. These priories result from the alliance of strategies between the lineages and Marmoutier. The phase of settlement, led by chief abbots Aldebert and Barthelemy, was in full swing in the second half of the eleventh century and concerns mainly Upper Brittany. These abbots, often present, favor a policy of settlement which sees the monks fitting very deeply into the life of the society, not only on the spiritual plan, but also on the social and economic plan, thanks to the dynamism of the boroughs.
Les Templiers en Bretagne au Moyen Âge : mythes et réalités
Authors: Josserand Philippe
Published: May 2013

Implantés dans le duché de Bretagne à partir du deuxième quart du xiie siècle, peut-être même dès 1128, lors du voyage en Occident du premier maître, Hugues de Payns, les Templiers sont demeurés vivants dans la mémoire collective locale bien au-delà du Moyen Âge, en dépit de la modestie du bâti conservé qui peut directement leur être attribué. L’étude, si elle s’intéresse aux traditions et aux mythes nombreux que les frères ont suscité en Bretagne, se fonde avant tout sur la documentation médiévale et moderne, moins rare qu’on ne le croît souvent. Ainsi permet-elle d’appréhender, sur presque deux cents ans, le développement régional de l’ordre, brutalement tronqué par le procès des Templiers, ouvert en 1307, et la mise en place de tout un réseau de possessions articulé à son apogée, dans la seconde moitié du xiiie siècle, autour d’une dizaine de commanderies et intégré à la province d’Aquitaine.
Déviance et mobilité : le cas des ouvriers nomades de la forêt dans l’ouest de la France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Jahan Sébastien
Published: May 2013

Fréquemment décrite par les autorités civiles ou religieuses des xviie et xviiie siècles comme violente et libertine, la population des travailleurs forestiers itinérants (bûcherons, fendeurs, charbonniers...), étudiée dans cet article, se révèle bien plus conforme aux normes et aux valeurs dominantes de l'Ancien Régime qu'on aurait pu s'y attendre. Loin d'être des bandits ou des marginaux, les femmes et les hommes des bois s'attachent à maintenir une stricte discipline au sein de leur groupe, ainsi que des relations pacifiques avec les gens du terroir. Mais les pratiques autonomes de régulation embarrassent l'administration civile, la hiérarchie religieuse et le patronat qui diffusent une image caricaturale et dépréciative de ces migrants, dans le but de mieux contrôler leur déplacement et leur organisation interne.
Les facultés de lettres de province dans la tourmente des réformes de l’enseignement supérieur (1896-1914)
Authors: Héry Evelyne
Published: May 2013

« Les malheureuses facultés de province », par cette expression empruntée à Renan, un membre de la Société pour l'étude des questions de l'enseignement supérieur s'inquiète, dans la Revue internationale de l'Enseignement, de la situation des facultés de lettres depuis la réforme de 1896. Celles-ci considèrent en effet qu'elles n'ont pas les moyens de soutenir la concurrence de l'Université parisienne : elles manquent d'étudiants et donc de ressources financières. La réforme de l'École Normale Supérieure en 1903 accentue, selon elles, ces inégalités. Dénonçant cette situation, le personnel des facultés de lettres de province recherche avec détermination des solutions : mesures administratives pour accroître le nombre d'inscrits, sélection des diplômes préparés, spécialisation par pôles... Dix ans plus tard, le réveil semble s'amorcer.
Les paradis de papier : les sites balnéaires bretons magnifiés par les guides (1860-1939)
Authors: Vincent Johan
Published: May 2013

Les années 1860 correspondent en France à la période d’essor des guides touristiques d’audience nationale. Certains éditeurs ne publient qu’un seul et unique guide. Ils sont concurrencés, à l’échelle plus locale, par des guides d’abord écrits par des érudits locaux puis, à mesure que l’activité balnéaire se professionnalise, par les offices de tourisme créés en Bretagne à partir des années 1900. Au moment où les lignes ferroviaires atteignent les littoraux (si on excepte Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Malo est la première station balnéaire bretonne à avoir sa gare, en 1864) et les lotissements des promoteurs colonisent les côtes, dans les années 1870-1880, le guide est idéal pour aider le curieux à trouver sa destination de voyage. L’objectif des guides est cependant de démontrer l’intérêt du site plus que de dépeindre la réalité. Apportant la preuve d’une certaine reconnaissance des stations balnéaires, les éditeurs et les auteurs de guide ne sont pourtant pas si désintéressés. Les guides sont à présent un matériau régulièrement exploité par les historiens du tourisme.
Les contours incertains d’un enjeu hégémonique : les ouvriers agricoles dans le Finistère du Front populaire
Authors: Sénéchal Jean-Paul
Published: May 2013

Pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, les ouvriers agricoles représentent une partie importante mais au combien silencieuse du salariat finistérien. Ce groupe professionnel n’apparaît cependant que de manière périphérique pendant le Front populaire. Il est pourtant l’objet de nombreuses attentions du mouvement ouvrier, de la hiérarchie catholique comme des agrariens. La CGT tente vainement de construire une organisation de salariés dans les campagnes. La hiérarchie catholique s'en inquiète mais tergiverse entre la construction d'une CFTC ou le soutien aux sections d'ouvriers agricoles mises en place par Landerneau. La rapidité de réaction du syndicat agricole clôt les débats. L'organisation de Guébriant a, encore une fois, anticipé les difficultés avec une réponse s'inscrivant parfaitement dans son optique agrarienne. Nous avons ici un groupe social, les ouvriers agricoles, qui n’a pas conscience de sa force collective potentielle. La lutte pour obtenir son consentement participe de la lutte pour l’hégémonie, à l’échelle du département, en s’adaptant au réalités locales.
La sédentarisation comme moyen d’adaptation aux baisses de la pluviométrie chez les éleveurs Peuls en Savane tchadienne
Authors: Sougnabé Pabamé
Published: May 2013

L’article s’intéresse aux processus de sédentarisation des éleveurs peuls en zone de savane du Tchad comme moyen d’adaptation aux régimes pluviométriques, devenus de plus en plus aléatoires. À partir des enquêtes menées auprès de 60 unités domestiques des éleveurs reparties dans trois campements, il ressort que la répétition à intervalles de plus en plus courts des crises crée une situation de précarité quasi permanente en particulier chez les éleveurs. Les conditions actuelles de leur exercice sont fortement contraintes par les modifications de leur environnement engendrées surtout par les baisses de la pluviométrie. Comme réponse à ses contraintes, les éleveurs se sont sédentaritsés pour marquer leur espace. Celle-ci révèle une capacité de réponse de ces derniers à s’adapter à des changements dynamiques que pourraient accompagner les politiques publiques en matière d’aménagement du territoire.
Diversité floristique et valeur de la forêt sacrée Bokasso (Est de la Côte d’Ivoire) pour la conservation
Authors: Yao Adou , C.Y.  , Kpangui  , K.B.  , Kouao  , K.J.  , Adou  , L.M.D.  , Vroh  , B.T.A.  , N’Guessan  , K.E.
Published: May 2013

La région forestière située à l’Est de la Côte d’Ivoire a été marquée par un ensemble d’activités anthropiques qui a entraîné sa dégradation. Dans cette région, les forêts sacrées, constituent aujourd’hui, pour certains départements comme celui de Transua, les quelques reliques encore intactes de la forêt qui s’étendait jusqu’au Ghana. L’une d’elles, appelé Bokassô a fait l’objet d’une étude dont les objectifs sont : (1) la détermination de sa superficie par cartographie, (2) l’inventaire botanique et (3) la détermination de sa valeur pour la conservation. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la forêt couvre une superficie de 54.9 ha pour une richesse de 188 espèces végétales regroupées en 154 genres et 64 familles. La composition floristique montre qu’il s’agit d’un fragment de forêt dense humide semi-décidue bien conservé. Cette forêt abrite 30 espèces de plantes à statut particulier qui lui confèrent une grande valeur pour la conservation. Toutefois, de nombreuses activités anthropiques pratiquées menacent l’intégrité de la forêt sacrée Bokassô.
Liveness, Deadlock-Freeness, and Siphons
Authors: Barkaoui Kamel
Published: May 2013

This chapter deals with the structure theory of Petri nets. The authors define the class of P/T systems, namely K-systems, for which the equivalence between controlled-siphon, deadlock-freeness, and liveness properties holds. Using the new structural notions of ordered transitions and root places, they revisit the non-liveness characterization of P/T systems satisfying the cs-property and define by syntactical manner new and more expressive subclasses of K-systems where the interplay between conflict and synchronization is relaxed.
Task Scheduling under Uncertain Timing Constraints in Real-Time Embedded Systems
Authors: Muhuri Pranab K. , Shukla K. K.
Published: May 2013

In real-time embedded systems, timeliness of task completion is a very important factor. In such systems, correctness of the output depends on the timely production of results in addition to the logical outcome of computation. Thus, tasks have explicit timing constraints besides other characteristics of general systems, and task scheduling aims towards devising a feasible schedule of the tasks such that timing constraints, resource constraints, precedence constraints, etc. are complied. In real-time embedded systems, the most important timing constraint of a task is the deadline, as tasks must be completed within this time. The next important timing constraint is the processing time, because a task occupies a processor only for this duration of time. However, in the early phase of real-time embedded systems design only an approximate idea of the tasks and their characteristics are known. As a result, uncertainty or impreciseness is associated with the task deadlines and processing times; hence, it is appropriate to use fuzzy numbers to model deadlines and processing times in real-time embedded systems. The chapter introduces a new method using mixed cubic-exponential Hermite interpolation technique for intuitively defining smooth Membership Functions (MFs) for fuzzy deadlines and processing times. The effect of changes in parameterized MFs on the task schedulability and task priorities are explained. Examples are given to demonstrate the significant features and better performance of the new technique.
Securing Embedded Computing Systems through Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Authors: Konstantinou Elisavet , Nastou Panayotis E. , Stamatiou Yannis C. , Zaroliagis Christos
Published: May 2013

Embedded computing devices dominate our everyday activities, from cell phones to wireless sensors that collect and process data for various applications. Although desktop and high-end server security seems to be under control by the use of current security technology, securing the low-end embedded computing systems is a difficult long-term problem. This is mainly due to the fact that the embedded systems are constrained by their operational environment and the limited resources they are equipped with. Recent research activities focus on the deployment of lightweight cryptographic algorithms and security protocols that are well suited to the limited resources of low-end embedded systems. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) offers an interesting alternative to the classical public key cryptography for embedded systems (e.g., RSA and ElGamal), since it uses smaller key sizes for achieving the same security level, thus making ECC an attractive and efficient alternative for deployment in embedded systems. In this chapter, the processing requirements and architectures for secure network access, communication functions, storage, and high availability of embedded devices are discussed. In addition, ECC-based state-of-the-art lightweight cryptographic primitives for the deployment of security protocols in embedded systems that fulfill the requirements are presented.
Social Networks and Creative Writing in EFL
Authors: Al-Jarf Reima
Published: May 2013

A sample of Facebook creative writing club pages created by Arab Facebook users and a sample of Facebook creative wall posts from each creative writing club page were collected and examined. The study aimed to find out the types of creative text forms (genres), themes and discoursal features of the Facebook English creative texts posted by non-native writers. In addition, a sample of Facebook Arab creative writers who are non-native speakers of English was surveyed to find out the personal, social, and cultural factors that impact their creativity in English as a foreign language. The chapter describes the data collection and analysis procedures and the challenges that a researcher faces in collecting, sorting out and analyzing creative texts posted on the Facebook wall. It reports results quantitatively and qualitatively. Implications for developing creative writing skills in foreign/second language learners using Facebook are given.
Positioning Goes to Work
Authors: Davis Boyd , Mason Peyton
Published: May 2013

This discussion presents two specific computer-aided techniques that allow researchers to combine quantitative and qualitative approaches to the discourse analysis of electronically-searchable text. It illustrates the application of these techniques and their supporting tools to a range of online interactions, including brief reference to entries in online tourism blogs and Facebook comments, in order to provide nuanced interpretations of electronic discourse: (1) stance-shift analysis, a software-based analysis keyed to tagged parts of speech (POS) to identify when speakers/writers shift among evaluative and affective stances to topic, to prompts, and to other participants in communicative interactions; (2) semantic domain analysis using WMatrix®, an online corpus analysis package including UCREL Semantic Analysis System, which tags words by semantic domains, and uses a log-likelihood calculator to identify significant semantic relationships across texts.
How Safe Is Your Identity?
Authors: Baggio Bobbe , Beldarrain Yoany
Published: May 2013

Digitally mediated communications offer ease and flexibility to exchange information across a networked global community. All interactions could potentially be captured however, using different invasive technologies for spoofing, phishing, data mining, profiling, and tracking an individual’s digital fingerprints and footprints. Ultimately, the exposure of private information not only compromises an individual’s identity, security, and privacy, but also the security of organizations and governments. Nonetheless, these same technologies present unique opportunities for cyber educators to track and monitor, within e-learning platforms, the activities of students with the goal of using this data to improve the learning experience for the benefit of all learners.
Antecedents of Online Privacy Protection Behavior
Authors: Gurung Anil , Jain Anurag
Published: May 2013

Individuals are generally concerned about their privacy and may withhold from disclosing their personal information while interacting with online vendors. Withholding personal information can prevent online vendors from developing profiles to match needs and wants. Through a literature review of research on online privacy, we develop an integrative framework of online privacy protection.
Globalization and Data Privacy
Authors: Totterdale Robert L.
Published: May 2013

Global organizations operate in multiple countries and are subject to both local and federal laws in each of the jurisdictions in which they conduct business. The collection, storage, processing, and transfer of data between countries or operating locations are often subject to a multitude of data privacy laws, regulations, and legal systems that are at times in conflict. Companies struggle to have the proper policies, processes, and technologies in place that will allow them to comply with a myriad of laws which are constantly changing. Using an established privacy management framework, this study provides a summary of major data privacy laws in the U.S., Europe, and India, and their implication for businesses. Additionally, in this paper, relationships between age, residence (country), attitudes and awareness of business rules and data privacy laws are explored for 331 business professionals located in the U.S and India.
A Framework for Privacy Assurance and Ubiquitous Knowledge Discovery in Health 2.0 Data Mashups
Authors: Hu Jun , Peyton Liam
Published: May 2013

Knowledge discovery is a critical component in improving health care. Health 2.0 leverages Web 2.0 technologies to integrate and share data from a wide variety of sources on the Internet. There are a number of issues which must be addressed before knowledge discovery can be leveraged effectively and ubiquitously in Health 2.0. Health care data is very sensitive in nature so privacy and security of personal data must be protected. Regulatory compliance must also be addressed if cooperative sharing of data is to be facilitated to ensure that relevant legislation and policies of individual health care organizations are respected. Finally, interoperability and data quality must be addressed in any framework for knowledge discovery on the Internet. In this chapter, we lay out a framework for ubiquitous knowledge discovery in Health 2.0 based on a combination of architecture and process. Emerging Internet standards and specifications for defining a Circle of Trust, in which data is shared but identity and personal information protected, are used to define an enabling architecture for knowledge discovery. Within that context, a step-by-step process for knowledge discovery is defined and illustrated using a scenario related to analyzing the correlation between emergency room visits and adverse effects of prescription drugs. The process we define is arrived at by reviewing an existing standards-based process, CRISP-DM, and extending it to address the new context of Health 2.0.
An SOA-Based Architecture to Share Medical Data with Privacy Preservation
Authors: Barhamgi Mahmoud , Benslimane Djamal , Ghedira Chirine , Medjahed Brahim
Published: May 2013

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in using Web services as a reliable means for medical data sharing inside and across healthcare organizations. In such service-based data sharing environments, Web service composition emerged as a viable approach to query data scattered across independent locations. Patient data privacy preservation is an important aspect that must be considered when composing medical Web services. In this paper, the authors show how data privacy can be preserved when composing and executing Web services. Privacy constraints are expressed in the form of RDF queries over a mediated ontology. Query rewriting algorithms are defined to process those queries while preserving users’ privacy.
A Game Theoretic Approach to Optimize Identity Exposure in Pervasive Computing Environments
Authors: Zhu Feng W. , Carpenter Sandra , Zhu Wei , Mutka Matt
Published: May 2013

In pervasive computing environments, personal information is typically expressed in digital forms. Daily activities and personal preferences with regard to pervasive computing applications are easily associated with personal identities. Privacy protection is a serious challenge. The fundamental problem is the lack of a mechanism to help people expose appropriate amounts of their identity information when accessing pervasive computing applications. In this paper, the authors propose the Hierarchical Identity model, which enables the expression of one’s identity information ranging from precise detail to vague identity information. The authors model privacy exposure as an extensive game. By finding subgame perfect equilibria in the game, the approach achieves optimal exposure. It finds the most general identity information that a user should expose and which the service provider would accept. The authors’ experiments show that their models can reduce unnecessary identity exposure effectively.
Biometric Controls and Privacy
Authors: Lancaster Sean , Yen David
Published: May 2013

Biometrics is an application of technology to authenticate users’ identities through the measurement of physiological or behavioral patterns. The verification system offers greater security to the use of passwords or smart cards. Biometric characteristics cannot be lost or forgotten. As biometric characteristics are concerned with the very makeup of who we are, there are also security, privacy, and ethical concerns in their adoption. Fingerprint, iris, voice, hand geometry, face, and signature are all considered biometric characteristics and used in the authentication process. Examples of everyday biometric applications include thumbprint locks on laptop computers, fingerprint scanners to enter a locked door on a house, and facial recognition scans for forensic use. While there are several examples of biometrics currently in use, it is still an emerging technology. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a descriptive discussion of the current and future state of biometrics.