Lisocabtagene Maraleucel as Second-Line Therapy for R/R Large B-Cell Lymphoma in Patients Not Intended for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: Final Analysis of the Phase 2 PILOT Study
Authors: Sehgal Alison R , Hoda Daanish , Riedell Peter A , Ghosh Nilanjan , Hamadani Mehdi , Hildebrandt Gerhard , Godwin John E. , Reagan Patrick M. , Wagner-Johnston Nina , Essell James , Nath Rajneesh , Solomon Scott R. , Champion Rebecca , Licitra Edward , Fanning Suzanne , Gupta Neel K. , Chow Victor A , Yuan Brenda , Yang Zhi , Ogasawara Ken , Thorpe Jerill , Gordon Leo I. 
Published: December 2023

Background: For the 30%-40% of patients with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) who are not cured after first-line therapy, traditional second-line therapy has been high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Recent studies have challenged this paradigm, showing a PFS/OS benefit to CAR T cell therapy over HDCT/HSCT in patients with high-risk, transplant-intended disease at first relapse. Given the lack of effective therapeutic options, outcomes have been historically poor for patients not intended to receive HDCT/HSCT. Lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) is an autologous, CD19-directed, 4-1BB CAR T cell product administered at equal target doses of CD8 + and CD4 + CAR + T cells. The open-label phase 2 PILOT study (NCT03483103) evaluated the efficacy and safety of liso-cel in patients with R/R LBCL not intended for HSCT after 1 prior line of therapy. In the primary analysis, the primary endpoint was met with an ORR of 80%. Here, we report the final analysis results from PILOT after a median follow-up of 18.2 mo (range, 1.2-32.8).

Methods: Adults with R/R LBCL were eligible if they had received 1 prior line of therapy with an anthracycline and CD20-targeted agent, were not intended for HSCT, and met ≥ 1 transplant not-intended criterion by investigator (age ≥ 70 years, ECOG PS of 2, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide ≤ 60%, LVEF &lt; 50%, CrCl &lt; 60 mL/min, or alanine aminotransferase/aspartate transaminase &gt; 2 × upper limit of normal). Patients received lymphodepleting chemotherapy (intravenous fludarabine 30 mg/m² and intravenous cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m² daily for 3 days) followed by liso-cel infusion 2-7 days later. The primary endpoint was ORR by independent review committee (IRC) per Lugano 2014 criteria; secondary endpoints included safety; CR rate, duration of response (DOR), and PFS by IRC; and OS.

Results: A total of 61 patients were included in the liso-cel-treated analysis set. Median age was 74 years (range, 53‒84 years; ≥ 75 years, 46%), 39% were female, 26% had ECOG PS of 2, 25% had CrCl &lt; 60 mL/min, 54% had diffuse LBCL not otherwise specified, 30% had high-grade lymphoma with diffuse LBCL histology (HGBCL), 33% had double-/triple-hit disease, and 54% had refractory disease. ORR was 80.3% (95% CI, 68.2-89.4),with 54.1% (95% CI, 40.8-66.9) achieving CR (Table). Responses were durable, with a median DOR of 23.3 mo (95% CI, 6.2-not reached [NR]) after a median follow-up of 23.1 mo (95% CI, 22.9-23.3); median DOR for those with CR was NR (95% CI, 21.65-NR) versus 2.1 mos (95% CI, 1.4-3.3) for those with PR. Median PFS was 9.0 mo (95% CI, 4.2-NR) and median OS was NR (95% CI, 16.3-NR).

Twenty-four patients died, mostly because of disease progression (n = 20). During the treatment-emergent (TE) period (≤ 90 days after liso-cel administration), 96.7% of patients had TEAEs (grade ≥ 3, 78.7%), 37.7% had cytokine release syndrome (CRS; grade 3, 1.6%; no grade 4-5), 31.1% had neurological events (NE; grade 3, 4.9%; no grade 4-5), 8.2% had hypogammaglobulinemia, and 6.6% had grade ≥ 3 infections. A total of 57 patients were included in the post-TE period (starting from 91 days after liso-cel administration, initiation of subsequent anticancer therapy, or liso-cel retreatment before Day 91, whichever came first). Of those patients, 50.9% experienced AEs (grade ≥ 3, 17.5%; Table). The most common grade ≥ 3 AEs in the post-TE period were anemia (5.3%) and thrombocytopenia (5.3%). In the post-TE period, 1 (1.8%) patient had hypogammaglobulinemia, and 1 (1.8%) had grade ≥ 3 infections (bacteremia and sepsis). Overall, 2 (3.5%) patients had second primary malignancies (squamous cell carcinoma of skin and malignant external ear neoplasm [n = 1] and myelodysplastic syndrome [n = 1]).

Cellular kinetics and B-cell aplasia data will be presented.

Conclusions: After a median of 18.2 mo of follow-up, the final analysis of the PILOT study demonstrated a high CR rate and durable CRs with liso-cel treatment in patients with R/R LBCL for whom HSCT was not intended. Despite the high incidence of HGBCL, primary refractory disease, advanced age, and comorbidities in this population, the safety profile was consistent with previous reports, with no new or increased safety signals. These results continue to support liso-cel as second-line therapy for this underserved population of patients with R/R LBCL.