bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OVERWINTERING OF TUBER FLEA BEETLES, EPITRIX TUBERIS GENTNER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN POTATO FIELDS
Authors: Vernon Robert S. , Thomson Donald R.
Published: November 2009

Early season infestations of adult tuber flea beetles, Epitrix tuberis Gentner, usually are concentrated at the edges of potato fields, and it generally has been assumed that they move into potato fields from the outside inward. This edge-effect suggests that tuber flea beetles overwinter outside potato fields, and other species of flea beetles have been reported to behave similarly (Wolfenbarger 1940; Dominick 1971; Burgess 1981). This may not be true of E. tuberis, however. Hoerner and Gillette (1928), in Colorado, noted that potatoinfesting flea beetles [probably E. cucurneris (Harris), E. subcrinata (Lec.), or E. tuberis] often congregated under piles of old potato vines in potato fields, and Hill and Tate (1942) observed flea beetles feeding on cull tubers in a potato field after harvest. These observations suggest, but do not confirm, that some flea beetles including E. tuberis may remain in harvested potato fields during winter.
EUDORYLAS (METADORYLAS) SP. (DIPTERA: PIPUNCULIDAE): A PREVIOUSLY UNREPORTED PARASITOID OF DALBULUS MAIDIS (DELONG AND WOLCOTT) AND DALBULUS ELIMATUS (BALL) (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Vega Fernando E. , Barbosa Pedro , Panduro Alejandro Perez
Published: November 2009

The genus Dalbulus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) consists of 11 species, 10 of which can be found in México (Nault 1990). Some members in the genus, such as the corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott), and the Mexican corn leafhopper, Dalbulus elimatus (Ball) are serious pests of maize due to their transmission of three corn stunting pathogens: corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS; Spiroplasma kunkelii Whitcomb et al.), maize bushy stunt mycoplasmalike organism (MBSM), and maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) (Nault 1990). Due to the widespread damage that these leafhopper-vectored pathogens cause in maize-growing regions in Latin America, a search for the leafhopper natural enemies was conducted in maize agroecosystems in central México.
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF ENZYMES FROM A GLOSSINA FUSCIPES FUSCIPES NEWSTEAD POPULATION FROM WESTERN KENYA
Authors: Rajendram G.F.
Published: November 2009

Enzymes were investigated, by electrophoresis, in a population of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead collected from Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, Western Kenya.

The following enzymes were tested: glucose phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), hexokinase. isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate-dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucomutase, and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH).

Single monomorphic bands were stained by the following enzymes apparently under the control of single loci: G6PDH, MDH, and XDH. The enzyme IDH showed two bands with very close mobilities and no variation among individuals in the population. Hence IDH was considered as representing a single locus. Glucose phosphate isomerase manifested three alleles and apparently six genotypes. Phosphoglucomutase manifested a double-banded pattern representing an autosomal locus.
CHARACTERIZATION AND PHENOLOGY OF A PREDACEOUS DIVING BEETLE COMMUNITY IN A CENTRAL ALBERTA LAKE
Authors: Aiken R.B.
Published: November 2009

The species composition, diversity, and phenology of a community of water beetles (Dytiscidae) were studied over a 4-year period at George Lake, Alta. There was a pronounced trend of decreasing diversity between years due to the loss of several rarer species. In any year, there were distinct seasonal assemblages of different species, as well as a group of permanent residents. There were few differences in species composition between various microhabitats in the lake. The decline in diversity is attributed to habitat stability and competitive success of one species.
EVALUATION OF FOLIAR SPRAYS AGAINST THE TUBER FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX TUBERIS GENTNER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON POTATO
Authors: Vernon R.S. , Mackenzie J.R.
Published: November 2009

The efficacies of registered and unregistered foliar sprays against the tuber flea beetle, Epitrix tuberis Gentner, were compared in 1987, 1988, and 1989 at Abbotsford, B.C. Beetles were released serially in treatment plots and visually counted after each release to determine the effectiveness and longevity of residual control. In 1989, emergence cages placed over previously treated plants measured the effect of sprays on the next generation of beetles. Pyrethroids generally resulted in beetle mortality for longer periods of time than did the nonpyrethroids carbaryl, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and methamidophos. Several pyrethroids provided residual beetle control for up to 7 days after application. In 1989, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin were as effective in suppressing emergence of the next generation of beetles as was granular phorate applied at seeding. These studies demonstrated that foliar sprays can be a key component of E. tuberis management programs, especially those operating on soil types where the use of granular insecticides is restricted.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLIMEN FOR EUROPEAN CORN BORER CONTROL: PROGRAM FOR IMMEDIATE AND SEASON-LONG SUPPRESSION
Authors: Lewis L.C. , Bing Lori Anderson
Published: November 2009

Combinations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspecies kurstaki and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillimen formulated on granules were applied separately and in combination to field corn to suppress larval populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Research was conducted in 2 separate years. Laboratory-reared O. nubilalis eggs or larvae were placed on the plant during either the whorl stage (V6) or the pollen-shedding stage (R1) to simulate first- and second-generation O. nubilalis oviposition periods, respectively. Efficacy was determined by measuring the length of European corn borer tunnels in the corn stalk at harvest time. In the 1st year, first generation, and second generation (of 2nd year) B. thuringiensis and B. bassiana alone and in combination caused significant reductions in tunneling compared with that in the check populations. There were no significant differences in tunneling between any treatments in the second-generation study of year 1. Bacillus thuringiensis and B. bassiana were independent of each other in their suppression of insects. Tunneling by the naturally occurring second-generation larvae (year 2) was recorded to determine if B. thuringiensis and B. bassiana applied in the V6 stage persisted in the plant. Pith samples were excised from nodal plates 7–10 of the corn stalk to determine the incidence of B. bassiana. There was a significant correlation (r = −0.376) (P≤0.05) between the occurrence of B. bassiana in the corn plant and tunneling by second-generation larvae. These data indicate that B. bassiana placed in the whorl of the corn plant may provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.
NEW NORTH AMERICAN HOST RECORDS FOR APHELINUS SP. NR. VARIPES (FOERSTER) (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE): THE WESTERN WHEAT APHID, DIURAPHIS TRITICI (GILLETTE), AND THE RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID, DIURAPHIS NOXIA (MORDVILKO) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Lajeunesse S.E. , Johnson G.D.
Published: November 2009

First detection of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in the United States occurred in March 1986 in the Texas panhandle. Within 3 years, this aphid pest was found in 15 western states and three provinces in Canada. Each year since 1986, Russian wheat aphid has been responsible for millions of dollars in grain loss and insecticide treatment costs (Anonymous 1988, 1989). Physiological responses of the plants to the aphid include chlorotic streaking, rolled leaves, entrapment of developing seedheads, stunting, reduced tiller production, and reduced yields (Hewitt et al. 1984; Johnson et al. 1988; unpublished data).
FIELD EVALUATION OF THE PHOTOTOXIN, ALPHA-TERTHIENYL, FOR REDUCING LARVAL POPULATIONS OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND ITS IMPACT ON DRIFT OF AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Galloway M.M. , Arnason J.T. , Morand P.
Published: November 2009

The efficacy of alpha-terthienyl (α-T) for reducing larval populations of black flies was determined in two streams in southeastern Ontario. By 24 h post-treatment, larval black fly population reductions greater than 90% resulted from exposure to calculated dosages of 0.04 and 0.10 mg-L−1 α-T emulsifiable concentrate over distances of 1.0 and 1.5 km, respectively. Significant population reductions were not observed 2.3 km downstream from injection of the 0.10 mg·L−1 dosage, probably because a marshy area upstream from this sampling site slowed the transport and enhanced photodegradation of α-T. Alpha-terthienyl initiated catastrophic drift of benthic invertebrates that was not selective for any functional feeding group. Significant increases in post-treatment drift, relative to pre-treatment densities, were observed downstream from treatment for eight of 10 taxa studied and included filter-feeders, grazers, and predators. Upstream from treatment, significant increases between sampling days were observed for only two taxa. The catastrophic and nonselective impact of α-T on invertebrate drift preclude its usefulness as an alternative to black fly larvicides used currently, although specialized applications for α-T may exist in integrated black fly control programs.
POTENTIAL OF MATING DISRUPTION USING SEX PHEROMONE FOR CONTROLLING THE GRAPE BERRY MOTH, ENDOPIZA VITEANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN NIAGARA PENINSULA, ONTARIO VINEYARDS
Authors: Trimble R.M. , Pree D.J. , Vickers P.M. , Ker K.W.
Published: November 2009

The efficacy of mating disruption for controlling the grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was evaluated from 1987 to 1989 in the Niagara peninsula, Ont. Mating disruption was tested in commercial vineyards with high-, moderate-, and low-density grape berry moth populations using the Biocontrol Ltd. tape-type and wire-type pheromone dispensers. Pheromone-baited trap catches were reduced by 92% or more in plots treated with pheromone. Treatment with pheromone significantly reduced damage (percentage infested clusters) compared with an untreated control in each of two tests, and provided control as good as or better than an insecticide control programme in two of four tests. Damage increased from 1.3- to 12.8-fold between successive generations in plots treated with pheromone, and was greater on the borders of some plots treated with pheromone or insecticide. It is concluded that mating disruption may have potential as a control method for use in the integrated management of E. viteana.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE “BLACK-BACKED” SPECIES OF APHIS L. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON LEGUMINOSAE IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Robinson A.G.
Published: November 2009

Five species of Aphis Linnaeus from Leguminosae in North America which have large dorsal sclerotized areas on apterous viviparous females are known: A. craccae Linnaeus, A. craccivora Koch, A. cytisorum Hartig, A. astragalina Hille Ris Lambers, and A. gallowayi sp.nov., described from Astragalus pectinatus Douglas, Bow Valley Provincial Park, Alberta.
NORTH AMERICAN WATER MITES OF THE GENERA PHREATOBRACHYPODA COOK AND BHARATALBIA COOK (ACARI: HYGROBATOIDEA: ATURENAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Morphological and distributional data are presented for the North American species of the genera Phreatobrachypoda Cook, 1963 and Bharatalbia Cook, 1967. These mites live in gravel deposits associated with riffle areas and the hyporheic zone of streams. Female adults of Phreatobrachypoda multlpora Cook are redescribed, and males of this species are described for the first time. Adults of P. robusta Cook and P. acuta Habeeb are redescribed, and males and females of these two species are correctly correlated for the first time. Male and female adults of two new species of Phreatobrachypoda are described. The male mite described as Japonaxonopsis nuiakiensis Imamura is reassigned to Phreatobrachypoda, and the name Japonaxonopsis becomes a junior synonym of Phreatobrachypoda. Two subgenera, Phreatobrachypoda (s.s.) and Ameribrachypoda subgen.nov., are proposed and diagnosed based on the morphology of the dorsal shield, genital field, and fourth pair of legs of males. A key to known species of die genus is presented. Male and female adults of two new species of Bharatalbia (Japnnalbia) are described, and the deutonymph of one of these species is correlated with adults and described. This is the first reported occurrence of this genus in North America.

All North American species of Phreatobrachypoda and Bharatalbia inhabit coastal areas in Oregon and California. The highly disjunct distributions of these genera suggest that species of both were widespread throughout western North America and eastern Eurasia during the Tertiary Era, but survived the Pleistocene only in isolated temperate refugia well beyond the southern limit of glaciers.
NORTH AMERICAN WATER MITES OF THE FAMILY MOMONIIDAE VIETS (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA). IV. REVISION OF SPECIES OF STYGOMOMONIA (SENSU STRICTO) SZALAY, 1943
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Morphological, life history, and distributional data are presented for North American species of the subgenus Stygomomonia (sensu stricto) Szalay, 1943. Adults of the seven previously recognized species are redescribed, and deutonymphs of five of these species are described for the first time. Two species, S. (s.s.) neomexicana Cook and S. (s.s.) occidentalis Cook are substantially revised on the basis of an examination of the types and extensive series of newly collected specimens. Three new species are described, S. (s.s.) californiensis on the basis of deutonymphs and adults, and S. (s.s.) imamurai and S. (s.s.) cooki on the basis of adults. A new diagnosis of the subgenus is proposed and discussed, the relationships of the various species are discussed, and a key to deutonymphs and adults of North American species is presented. New distributional data are presented for all species, and dispersal patterns from Pleistocene refugia are discussed.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHRAEIDAE (ACARI: PROSTIGMATA) ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN MAINE
Authors: Welbourn W. Calvin , Jennings Daniel T.
Published: November 2009

Two new species of the mite family Erythraeidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Parasitengona) found associated with the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Maine are described. Larvae of Leptus treati sp.nov. parasitize spruce budworm adults; L. treati is the first member of the genus to have both larval and postlarval instars described. Adults of Balaustium kendalli sp.nov. prey on spruce budworm eggs; B. kendalli is only the second member of the genus to have both larval and postlarval instars described.
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS FOR CONTROL OF GYPSY MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) IN ONTARIO. I. AERIAL SPRAY TRIALS IN 1988
Authors: Cunningham J.C. , Kaupp W.J. , Howse G.M.
Published: November 2009

A double application of Disparvirus, a nuclear polyhidrosis virus, at 1.25 × 1012 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per hectare, giving a total of 2.5 × 1012 PIB per hectare, was applied aerially on three plots in an emitted volume of 10.0 L per hectare. The two applications were 3 days apart and most larvae were in the first instar. Three plots were selected as untreated checks; each was paired with a treated plot on the basis of pre-spray gypsy moth egg-mass numbers and locality. The pre-spray egg-mass counts ranged from 1430 to 8520 per hectare in the six plots. Assessment of the treatment was based on numbers of pupae and fall egg masses as well as on estimates of defoliation and on microscopic examination of larvae collected at weekly intervals to determine the incidence of virus infection. Between 12 and 19 days post-spray, 49, 61, and 85% of the larvae were infected with virus in the three treated plots compared with 3, 7, and 14%, respectively, of larvae in the check plots. Red oak was 14% defoliated in two of the treated plots compared with 82 and 90% in their corresponding check plots. The third plot suffered 46% defoliation due to leaf-eating caterpillars other than gypsy moth; defoliation in its corresponding check plot was 31%. Reductions in egg-mass numbers in the treated plots were 76, 93, and 98% compared with an increase of 56% and decreases of 50 and 70%, respectively, in corresponding check plots. Corrected population reductions (Abbott’s formula) were 84, 85, and 92% in the three treated plots.
RUDOLFINA DIGITATA SP.NOV., A NEW NEARCTIC SPHAEROCERID WITH A DISJUNCT ALPINE–ARCTIC DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Marshall S.A.
Published: November 2009

Rudolfina digitata sp.nov. (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae, Limosininae) is described from the Yukon and Alaska and from alpine tundra in Alberta, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and New Hampshire. This distribution is discussed with respect to the hypothesis that these areas are postglacial refugia for arctic and subarctic species.
NEW SPECIES OF WATER MITES (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDA) OF THE GENERA BANDAKIA (ANISITSIELLIDAE), CHAPPUISIDES (CHAPPUISIDIDAE), AND NEOACARUS (NEOACARIDAE) FROM MEXICO
Authors: Cramer Cristina , Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Adults of Bandakia hoffmannae sp.nov., Bandakia mexicana sp.nov., Chappuisides notialis sp.nov., and Neoacarus adocetus sp.nov., all collected in the mountains west of Mexico City, are described. These are the first reports of species of these three essentially holarctic genera from south of the United States border in North America. These discoveries provide new insight concerning the extent of refugial areas for freshwater arthropods in southern North America during the Pleistocene.
INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): CLASSICAL BIOCONTROL OF WEEDS: ITS DEFINITION, SELECTION OF EFFECTIVE AGENTS, AND ADMINISTRATIVE–POLITICAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Harris Peter
Published: November 2009

Dilemmas in weed biocontrol are wide ranging. Even the term biological control is confusing as meanings may be restricted to the use of parasites and predators or extend to the use of all non-chemical means of control. Another problem is that two-thirds of the agents released do not become numerous enough to inflict major damage to the weed population, although this statistic is misleading as it includes agents costing little in pre-release studies where failure is of little consequence and those costing about two scientist years each, or currently about $400,000. Many of the suggestions for improvement are costly and time consuming. Delay is unacceptable where agent release is seen by sponsors as a mark of progress in a program likely to require 20 years and funding is difficult. Analysis of previous biocontrol attempts for attributes of "success" have been disappointing, partly because there are a number of steps involved, each with its own attributes. This paper recognizes four graded "success" steps and discusses many agent selection methods.

There are public demands for a change in emphasis from chemical to biological control; but in the absence of effective enabling legislation, the practice of biocontrol can be legally and politically hazardous; biocontrol should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team but it is usually assigned to a single scientist; it needs to branch in new directions to remain scientifically stimulating, but this increases the risk of failure. Possible solutions for these dilemmas are discussed.
REVIEW OF MITES OF THE GENUSMUCROSEIUS(ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA: ASCIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH SAWYER BEETLES (CERAMBYCIDAE:MONOCHAMUSANDMECYNIPPUS) AND PINE WOOD NEMATODES [APHELENCHOIDIDAE:BURSAPHELENCHUS XYLOPHILUS(STEINER AND BUHRER) NICKLE], WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW SPECIES FROM JAPAN AND NORTH AMERICA, AND NOTES ON THEIR PREVIOUS MISIDENTIFICATION
Authors: Lindquist Evert E. , Wu King Wan
Published: November 2009

Six new species ofMucroseiushaving adult females phoretic on adult sawyer beetles of the genusMonochamusare described:Mucroseius nipponensisandMucroseius squamosusfromMonochamus alternatusHope in Japan,Mucroseius algonquianfrom three species ofMonochamusin eastern Canada and eastern United States,Mucroseius disparisetusfromMonochamus titillator(Fabricius) in southeastern United States,Mucroseius CalifornicusfromMonochamus clamator(LeConte) in California, andMucroseius mexicanusfromMonochamus rubigineus(Bates) in Mexico.Mucroseius aciculatus(Ishikawa, 1968),new combination, fromMecynippus pubicornisBates in Japan, and the type-species,Mucroseius monochamiLindquist, 1962, from several species ofMonochamuswidely distributed in North America, are redescribed. Misidentifications of these species in the Japanese and North American literature are noted, and a key is given for these eight species. One adult female of an undescribed species found on a sawyer,Monochamus sutorLinnaeus, from Europe, is noted as possibly belonging toMucroseius.

The taxonMucroseiusis redescribed, and its problematic status as a genus is reviewed. The phylogenetic position ofMucroseius, which appears to be derived within the genusProctolaelaps, is discussed. Previous observations on biological and ecological aspects ofMucroseiusmites, including those published in Japanese, are critically reviewed, with new data added for host ranges and specificities, distribution, phoretic behavior, occurrence in sawyer gallery systems, mode of reproduction, and their association with the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle. Cheliceral structure and speculations on the feeding habits of these mites are discussed; however, feeding preferences have not been clarified.
PARASITISM OF RHINOCYLLUS CONICUS FROELICH (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN WYOMING
Authors: Littlefield J.L.
Published: November 2009

Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich was introduced into Wyoming in 1975 for the biological control of musk thistle, Carduus nutans L. A survey of 15 release sites was conducted in 1986 to determine parasitism of R. conicus. Eight species of parasitic Hymenoptera were identified. Parasitism of R. conicus infecting the flower heads of musk thistle was low (0.6%), but greater for weevils within the peduncles (17%). Parasitism varied among release sites, ranging from 0.0 to 1.3%, but was not significantly correlated with the duration of weevil establishment.
THE NEW WORLD GENUSSTENOMORPHUSDEJEAN (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: HARPALINI): CLASSIFICATION, ALLOMETRY, AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Ball George E. , Shpeley Danny , Currie Douglas C.
Published: November 2009

Analysis of structural features of adults (legs, proportions of prothorax, male genitalia, and ovipositor) establishes the hypothesis thatAnisocnemusChaudoir,TrichopselaphusChaudoir, andStenomorphusDejean comprise a monophyletic assemblage, named theStenomorphusgenus-group, withAnisocnemusthe adelphotaxon ofTrichopselaphus+Stenomorphus. Analysis of form of median lobe, armature of the internal sac, allometric trends in proportions of the prothorax and hind tibia, and chorological considerations, provide the basis for recognition of six species ofStenomorphusand postulation of their phylogenetic relationships, as follows:S.convexiorNotman {[S.penicillatusDarlington +S.sinaloaeDarlington] + [S.cubanusDarlington + (S.angustatusDejean +S.californicusMénétries)]}. Three monophyletic species-groups are recognized:S.convexior, includingS.convexior;S.sinaloae, includingS.penicillatusandS.sinaloae; andS.angustatus, includingS.cubanus,S.angustatus, andS.californicus. The namesStenomorphus dentifemoratusChaudoir, 1844 andStenomorphus aliusDarlington, 1936 are synonymized, andS.dentifemoratusDarlington, 1936 (not Chaudoir) is renamedS.darlingtoni. Morphometric and chorological features provide evidence for subspecific recognition, each taxon representing a new combination: forS.angustatus,S.a.angustatus,S.a.braziliensisDarlington, andS.a.dentifemoratusChaudoir; forS.californicus,S.c.californicus,S.c.rufipesLeConte,S.c.manniDarlington, andS.c.darlingtoniBall and Shpeley. Evolutionary trends postulated include development of allometry with respect to form of the prothorax and hind tibiae, correlated with sexual dimorphism. Driving forces are postulated to be associated with sexual selection and burrowing. The geographical history ofStenomorphusis reconstructed as follows, using the reconstructed phylogeny and chorological affinities interpreted against a background of geological and climatic events in Middle America, during the Late Cretaceous, and Tertiary and Quaternary Epochs: isolation in Middle America from its South American adelphotaxon of the ancestral stock ofStenomorphus; specialization for life in drier tropical forests and savannas; isolation and differentiation of taxa in response to cyclical climatic changes and mountain building; and over-water dispersal to, and isolation and differentiation in, the Greater Antilles. A key, figures of diagnostic features, descriptions of structural features and of geographical ranges (supplemented with maps) provide means of recognition of taxa.
COLD HARDINESS OF PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS ATHIAS-HENRIOT AND AMBLYSEIUS CUCUMERIS (OUDEMANS) (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: Morewood W.D.
Published: November 2009

Aspects of cold hardiness of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) were compared. Mean supercooling points (SCPs) ranged from −19.4 to −27.1°C and increased during development from egg to adult. Feeding status, diapause, and low temperature acclimation had little or no effect on supercooling capacity. Temperature/mortality curves confirmed that both species, including A. cucumeris in diapause, are freezing intolerant in the sense that the SCP represents the absolute limit to low temperature survival. However, the mites survived exposure to −12.5°C for less than 90 min. The results suggest that the SCP is directly related to body mass in these mites and that their ability to supercool is primarily a physical characteristic rather than an adaptation for survival of exposure to subzero temperatures.
NEW APHIDS IN CRETACEOUS AMBER FROM ALBERTA (INSECTA, HOMOPTERA)
Authors: Heie OLE E. , Pike E.M.
Published: November 2009

Fossil aphids found in 13 pieces of Cretaceous Canadian amber from Alberta, age 73 million years, are described, and their morphologies, systematic positions, and biologies discussed: Cretamyzus pikei Heie, gen.nov. and sp.nov., Mesozoicaphis electri Heie, gen.nov. and sp.nov., Mesozoicaphis tuberculata Heie, sp.nov., Mesozoicaphis canadensis Heie, sp.nov., Mesozoicaphisparva Heie, sp.nov., Calgariaphis unguifera Heie, gen.nov. and sp.nov., Albertaphis longirostris Heie, gen.nov. and sp.nov., and Campaniaphis albertae Heie, gen.nov. and sp.nov. Cretamyzus has been placed in a new family, Cretamyzidae, within the superfamily Aphidoidea, and the last four genera are placed in a new family, Mesozoicaphididae, within the superfamily Phylloxeroidea. It is contended that the origin and diversification of angiosperms occurred in the Cretaceous, resulting in extinction of several old specialized aphid groups feeding on gymnosperms while adaptive radiation of some less specialized and species-rich aphid groups occurred. The main part of the previously described Cretaceous aphids belongs to families that became extinct at the end of that period, and the fossils known from the beginning of the Tertiary already show a remarkably large resemblance to recent aphid fauna.
NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES IN THE GENERA NEOTHREMMA AND FARULA, WITH HYPOTHESES ON PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY (TRICHOPTERA: UENOIDAE)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B. , Wisseman Robert W.
Published: November 2009

Three new species are described in the caddisfly family Uenoidae: Neothremma prolata, from Hood River County, Oregon; Neothremma mucronata from Lassen County, California; and Farula constricta from Multnomah County, Oregon. Following examination of the holotypes of several species, misinterpretation of the male genitalia morphology of Farula wigginsi Denning is corrected, leading to the recognition of that name as a junior synonym of F. petersoni Denning. Interpretation of male genitalic morphology in the original description of F. geyseri Denning is revised. Phylogenetic relationships are inferred from male genitalic morphology for the species of Neothremma and Farula. Biogeographic patterns of the species in both genera are highly congruent with the phylogenies.
FORECASTING THE EFFICACY OF OPERATIONAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER APPLICATIONS AGAINST SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEMENS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), USING DOSE INGESTION DATA: INITIAL MODELS
Authors: Fleming Richard A. , van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: November 2009

Single aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) to control infestations of the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) have had varied operational success. Double applications are too expensive for general use, but might prove useful if directed to areas where the initial application was unsuccessful. This requires forecasts of the efficacy of the initial application in operational spray blocks within 4–5 days.

Data were collected in 30 spray blocks in 1989 in a feasibility study to determine if such forecasts of spray efficacy could be made from the prespray budworm population density, N0, and from the proportion of the population that had ingested a lethal dose Bt within 2 days of application, M. A mathematical model forecasting the postspray budworm population density, NF, was derived from population-dynamic considerations and fitted (r2 = 0.48, p < 0.0001):

The proportion of current foliage defoliated, D, depended (r = 0.81) on N0 and on whether the block was sprayed (I = 0) or not (I = 1):

Only one measure of defoliation involved M in any statistically significant way. The predicted (from values of N0) proportion of defoliation prevented by Bt application, dD, was weakly (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.002) related to M:

The large proportion of the variation in efficacy that remains unexplained by the models involving M limits the operational utility of this approach as it now stands for specific sites. The potential for further development of these models as decision support tools for fairly large spray blocks is discussed in terms of improving the sampling plan and including additional predictor variables.

Methods are also presented that reduce bias in calculations of population reduction (Abbott 1925) and foliage protection when data are available from few control and many treatment blocks.
COMPETITION BETWEEN ORIUS TRISTICOLOR (WHITE) (HEMIPTERA: ANTHOCORIDAE) AND AMBLYSEIUS CUCUMERIS (OUDEMANS) (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE) FEEDING ON FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)
Authors: Gillespie David R. , Quiring D.J.M.
Published: November 2009

The competition between Orius tristicoior (White) and Amblyseius cucumeris (Oude-mans), both preying on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentaiis (Pergande), was assessed. On single leaves in smail cages, mortality of A. cucumeris due to O. tristicoior was inversely proportional to thrips density; thrips mortality due to O. tristicoior was unaffected by A. cucumeris density. The proportion of A. cucumeris in the prey eaten was consistently less than its proportion in the prey initially available, both when thrips density varied and when A. cucumeris density varied. These relationships held for both immature and adult thrips. These results suggest that O. tristicoior and A. cucumeris could be used simultaneously for biological control of western flower thrips in greenhouse vegetable crops.
THE COMMUNITY OF MACROLEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE AT COOPER’S ROCK STATE FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA: A BASELINE STUDY
Authors: Butler Linda
Published: November 2009

During 1984 and 1985 macrolepidopterous larvae were collected by pole pruning of foliage of black birch, mixed oaks, black cherry, and red maple at Cooper’s Rock State Forest in northern West Virginia. A total of 3027 larvae representing 100 species in 14 families was collected. The most abundant species were the noctuids Polia latex (Gn.) and Morrisonia confusa (Hbn.), and the geometrids Probole amicaria (H.-S.), Itame pustularia (Gn.), and Melanolophia canadaria (Gn.). Of the 100 total species of larvae, 43 were recorded from birch, 61 from mixed oaks, 63 from black cherry, and 57 from red maple.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF PERILISSUS (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE, CTENOPELMATINAE)
Authors: Barron John R.
Published: November 2009

The Nearctic members of the genus Perilissus Holmgren, parasites of various species of sawflies on coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs, were revised. There are 17 species of which 10 were described as new. These were placed in six species groups as follows: the discolor group composed of P. concavus, P. impunctatus, P. gilvus, P. triangularis, P. galbipes, P. rutilus spp.nov., and P. discolor (Cresson); the araius group comprising P. araius Burks and P. helvus sp.nov.; the coloradensis group composed of P. coloradensis (Ashmead) and P. spatulatus sp.nov.; the anatinus group consisting of P. anatinus sp.nov.; the bicolor group including P. bicolor (Cresson), P. townesi Burks, and P. cancellatus sp.nov.; and the concolor group comprising P. concolor (Cresson) and P. decoloratus (Cresson). Relationships of the genus Perilissus with other genera within the tribe Perilissini were discussed. Also, presumed relationships of the species groups and species of Perilissus were interpreted.
VISUAL STIMULI INFLUENCING ORIENTATION BY LARVAL GYPSY MOTH,LYMANTRIA DISPAR(L.)
Authors: Roden D.B. , Miller J.R. , Simmons G.A.
Published: November 2009

In laboratory and field experiments involving artificial and real tree trunks, all larval instars of gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar(L.)] crawling on a horizontal surface were influenced by the diameter, height, and species of a tree. For most larval instars, black artificial tree trunks were preferred to white trunks. The influence of the diameter and height of a host on larval attraction was examined with cardboard columns. The degree of larval attraction to a column of a certain diameter and height was positively correlated with the angle at which the column was presented. Significantly more larvae were attracted to bolts of red oak (Quercus rubraL.) than to white birch (Betula papyriferaMarsh.) or trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.). The implications of these findings and their possible effects on host colonization are discussed.
COMPARISON OF TOPICALLY APPLIED RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE AND FLUORESCENT DYE MARKERS ON SURVIVAL AND RECOVERY OF FIELD-RELEASED MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS
Authors: Kipp Larry R. , Lonergan Greg C.
Published: November 2009

The influence of topical applications of fluorescent dyes or rubidium chloride (RbCl) solution, or both, on adult male spruce budworm longevity and attraction to and capture by pheromone-baited traps was investigated. Both marks persisted for at least 8 days in the field (duration of tests) and for at least 3 weeks in the laboratory. Recoveries of marked moths were similar to unmarked moths with respect to total recovery and timing and location (within the canopy) of recovery. The results validate the assumption implicit in previous mark–release–recapture studies on spruce budworm males that fluorescent dyes have no measurable effect on male trapping. A 0.41 M RbCl solution topically applied to laboratory-reared adult males is an efficient mass-marking technique for the spruce budworm.
SUCROSE INGESTION BY ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS MUT. & FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) INCREASES LONGEVITY AND LIFETIME FECUNDITY BUT NOT OVIPOSITION RATE
Authors: Carroll Allan L. , Quiring Dan T.
Published: November 2009

In the laboratory, the longevity and fecundity of female Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. & Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) given access to a 10% sucrose solution and water was greater than that of females provided only water. The presence or absence of sucrose did not affect oviposition rate during the first 10 days post-emergence, after which most females denied sucrose died. The enhanced fecundity of sucrose-fed females was due to their increased longevity and, hence, longer oviposition period. Greater longevity, combined with a decrease in oviposition rate and egg viability with age, resulted in a lower average lifetime oviposition rate and percentage viable egg production for females provided sucrose. Although carbohydrate ingestion resulted in increased fecundity and longevity in the laboratory, its effect in nature may be minimal because Z. canadensis usually does not live more than 10 days under field conditions.
ELECTROPHORETIC EVIDENCE THATLASIOGLOSSUM (EVYLAEUS) MEDITERRANEUM(BLÜTHGEN) IS A SPECIES DISTINCT FROML.(E.) LATICEPS(SCHENCK) (HYMENOPTERA, HALICTIDAE), WITH NOTES ON ITS PHYLOGENETIC POSITION
Authors: Packer L. , Plateaux-Quénu C. , Owen R.E.
Published: November 2009

We show thatLasioglossum mediterraneum(Blüthgen) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) is a species distinct fromL.laticeps(Schenck) based upon electrophoretic analysis of 39 allozyme loci for sympatric populations collected from the Dordogne region of France. The genetic identity between the two is below average for sibling species of insects: no fewer than 10 fixed allelic differences were found. In contrast, allopatricL.laticepspopulations (from the Dordogne and Paris) are genetically almost identical (I= 0.998). Heterozygosity estimates for both species are low, as is often the case with Hymenoptera. Diagnostic characteristics that can be used to separate the two species are described. A phylogeny for nine species of the subgenusEvylaeusis constructed from allozyme data.
ACARI ASSOCIATED WITHPHYLLOPHAGA ANXIA(LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN SOUTHERN QUEBEC AND EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Poprawski T.J. , Yule W.N.
Published: November 2009

In the course of a systematic survey from 1979 to 1982 in southern Quebec and eastern Ontario, 11 genera of mites, representing five families and 15 species, were found associated withPhyllophaga anxia(LeConte). The rate of infestation in each growth stage of the host ranged from 0 (eggs and prepupae) to 54.6% (third-instar grubs). Although it was not possible to determine with certainty the ecological roles of the mite taxa, and thus to assess the real impact of the species involved, it is likely that the Macrochelidae, Parasitidae, and possibly Eviphididae were partially regulating localP.anxiapopulations. The Acaridae and Histiostomidae (Anoetidae) probably had a harmless phoretic or saprotrophic relation with their hosts. Most of the mite species reported here were found associated withPhyllophagaHarris in Canada for the first time.
HYPOGASTRURA (MUCRELLA) ARBOREA SP.NOV., A TREE-CLIMBING SPECIES OF COLLEMBOLA (HYPOGASTRURIDAE) FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Fjellberg Arne
Published: November 2009

Hypogastrura (Mucrella) arborea sp.nov. is described from a mature sitka spruce forest on Vancouver Island. Specimens occurred both in ground litter and in epiphytic moss in the canopy. The new species differs from the four other species of the subgenus by the absence of anal spines and the presence of 2-3-2 clavate tibiotarsal hairs.
EFFECTS OF HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.) QUEEN MANDIBULAR GLAND PHEROMONE ON FORAGING AND BROOD REARING
Authors: Higo Heather A. , Colley Simon J. , Winston Mark L. , Slessor Keith N.
Published: November 2009

We investigated the effects of synthetic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queen mandibular gland pheromone on colony foraging and brood rearing. Colonies newly established in the spring showed a significant, dose-dependent increase in the number of foragers gathering pollen, and individual pollen foragers returned to the nest with larger pollen loads. These two effects combined resulted in a doubling of the amount of pollen brought into colonies by foraging bees. Brood rearing also increased, but not significantly. In contrast, large, established colonies showed no effects at their summer population peak. We conclude that queen mandibular pheromone can significantly affect foraging, but its effects depend on colony conditions and environmental factors.
OCCURRENCE OF CHALKBROOD CAUSED BY ASCOSPHAERA AGGREGATA SKOU IN A NATIVE LEAFCUTTING BEE, MEGACHILE PUGNATA SAY (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE), IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Goerzen D.W. , Dumouchel L. , Bissett J.
Published: November 2009

The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.), is a domesticated pollinator important for alfalfa seed production in western Canada. Populations of M. rotundata are highly susceptible to chalkbrood, a disease caused by the fungus Ascosphaera aggregata Skou. The disease has caused high mortalities in M. rotundata populations in the northwestern United States since 1972. It was found in Manitoba in 1982, Alberta in 1983, and Saskatchewan in 1984 (Richards 1985). In subsequent surveys, A. aggregata has been detected only sporadically and at low levels of infection in Saskatchewan M. rotundata populations (Goerzen 1991). A previously reported observation of A. aggregata in the native leafcutting bee M. relativa Cresson (Goerzen et al. 1990) indicated that the disease is present in native leafcutting bee species which commonly immigrate into alfalfa leafcutting bee nest material.
RESPONSE BY THE STRIPED AMBROSIA BEETLE, TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (OLIVIER), TO THE BARK BEETLE PHEROMONE, FRONTALIN
Authors: Setter R.R. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

Semiochemical-mediated behavior of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has received extensive study. In selecting and mass-attacking hosts in nature, it utilizes a blend of volatiles, including the aggregation pheromone, lineatin, and the host kairomones α-pinene and ethanol (MacConnell et al. 1977; Vité and Bakke 1979; Borden et al. 1982; Bakke 1983; Lindgren et al. 1983). In single cell recordings of European T. lineatum olfactory cells, Tømmerås and Mustaparta (1989) reported no response to pheromones of other scolytid species. However, Benz et al. (1986) reported some response in the field by European T. lineatum to a blend of synthetic Ips typographus (L.) pheromones, although a single attractant was not identified. We report that frontalin, a pheromone utilized by numerous Dendroctonus spp., is an attractive kairomone for T. lineatum in western North America.
CONTACT TOXICITIES OF FIVE PYRETHROID AND FOUR ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES TO TOUMEYELLA PARVICORNIS (COCKERELL) CRAWLERS
Authors: Clarke S.R. , DeBarr G.L. , Liu T.X.
Published: November 2009

The use of pyrethroids in southern pine seed orchards to control seed and cone insects has sometimes resulted in outbreaks of scale insects (Nord et al. 1985). Onset of these infestations has been related in part to the relatively low contact toxicities of pyrethroids (Clarke et al. 1988). Pyrethroids have lower contact toxicities than organophosphorous insecticides against crawlers of the striped pine scale, Tourneyella pini (King). Our objective was to determine if a similar relationship existed for the pine tortoise scale, Tourneyella parvicornis (Cockerell), another scale insect pest that infests southern pine seed orchards.
DEVELOPMENTAL TIME AND HOST SELECTION BY THE APHID PARASITOID APHELINUS SP. NR. VARIPES (FOERSTER) (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)
Authors: Lajeunesse S.E. , Johnson G.D.
Published: November 2009

Developmental rates, lower developmental threshold, host selection among three species of aphid, and head capsule width were determined for the parasitoid Aphelinus sp. nr. varipes (Foerster) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Aphid species used were Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), western wheat aphid, Diuraphis tritici (Gillette), and corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch. Developmental rate was determined at five constant temperatures, 11.3, 14.7, 19.0, 25.7, and 30.3°C. Developmental times of the wasp were similar in Russian and western wheal aphids, ranging from 88.7 days al 11,3°C to 11.3 days at 30.3°C. Lower developmental threshold was similar in both species, 9.7°C in Russian wheat aphid and 9.4°C in western wheat aphid. Because of the low number of corn leaf aphid s parasitized, it was not possible to compute a parasitoid development threshold in that host. In the host selection test, there were no significant differences in numbers of Russian and western wheat aphids attacked; corn leaf aphid was seldom attacked. The western wheat aphid is a native species that also causes leaf-rolling; we believe it was the primary host of the parasitoid before the arrival of the Russian wheat aphid. Wasps emerging from Russian wheat aphid were consistently larger than those emerging from western wheat aphid. Mean head capsule width for 30 female wasps from Russian wheat aphid was 0.33 mm; from 30 female wasps from western wheat aphid mean head capsule width was 0.20 mm.
A GYNANDROMORPH OF RACHISPODA SUBPILIGERA (MALLOCH) (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE), WITH NOTES ON ASYMMETRY, CIRCUMVERSION, AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE MALE POSTABDOMEN
Authors: Wheeler Terry A.
Published: November 2009

A gynandromorph of Rachispoda subpiligera (Malloch) is described. The specimen exhibits both bilateral and anterior/posterior division of male and female genitalic components. Abdominal segment 5 is male, segments 6 and 7 are bilaterally divided into male (right) and female (left) halves, and segments 8–11 are female. Comparison of male and female components supports the view that the large, asymmetrical sclerite posterior to sternite 5 in male Sphaeroceridae is synsternite 6 + 7. Circumversion of the genitalia, normally seen in male segments 8–11, is absent, although male components of segments 6 and 7 exhibit asymmetry normally associated with circumversion. This suggests that asymmetry of sternites 6 and 7 is a developmental process independent of circumversion, not a direct consequence of circumversion.
PARASIMULIUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE), A BLACK FLY GENUS NEW TO THE EXTANT FAUNA OF CANADA
Authors: Borkent A.
Published: November 2009

The genus Parasimulium Malloch holds a position of special interest within the family Simuliidae. Not only is it the sister group to all remaining members of the family (Wood and Borkent 1982; Cume 1988), but the four described species of the genus are known only from northern California to Washington State. The genus was considered to be very rare until the rediscovery of a population of P. crosskeyi Peterson by Wood and Borkent (1982) in northern Oregon. Since then, the egg, first and second larval instars (Borkent and Wood 1986) of P. stonei and the nearly mature larva and pupa (Courtney 1986) of P. crosskeyi have been described. Larvae and pupae of P. crosskeyi have been collected from the hyporheic zone of a seep near a larger creek (Courtney 1986). The immatures were found among debris retained by a net held below the outlet while excavating the seep by hand. Finally, Currie and Walker (1992) have discovered fossil larval fragments of Parasimulium from Marion Lake, B.C., (50 km east of Vancouver) that were dated at 10 500 – 11 000 years before present and these represent the first records of the genus from Canada.
SIMULATING DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE HORN FLIES, HAEMATOB1A IRRITANSIRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN ALBERTA
Authors: Lysyk T.J.
Published: November 2009

Developmental times were determined at constant temperatures for an Alberta population of horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.). Prepupal (egg and larval) developmental time was determined at seven constant temperatures and ranged from 8.9 days at 20.1°C to 3.5 days at 34.5°C. Prepupal development averaged 44.8% of the preadult (egg, larval, and pupal) developmental time. Preadiilt developmental time was determined at 43 constant temperatures and ranged from 41.6 days at 15°C to 8.4 days at 35°C. The relationship between preadult developmental rate and constant temperature was used in a model to simulate developmental times of horn fly immatures exposed to fluctuating temperatures. The model simulated adult eclosion times well. Deviations of simulated from observed (observed – simulated) mean developmental times averaged 0.4 (SD = 1.3) days, and were less than those found when previously published developmental rate equations were used.