bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Una propuesta analítica para el estudio de las comunidades académicas en el contexto de la institución universitaria
Authors: Barahona Henry Elma
Published: November 2018

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una estructura analítica para el estudio de la comunidad académica en el contexto de la institución universitaria. Articula dos perspectivas, una normativa en donde se definen a partir de la revisión teórica y empírica, los componentes estructurales de una comunidad como el trabajo académico, la libertad académica, el ethos académico y la cultura académica. Desde una perspectiva interpretativa interesa analizar cómo los integrantes de una comunidad construyen su comprensión sobre los componentes estructurales definidos y la distancia existente entre la norma y la práctica. Finalmente, a partir de la articulación de los dos enfoques, se busca tener una compresión integral de cómo se configuran los componentes estructurales en una comunidad académica que está inserta en una universidad que sigue un modelo profesionalizante.
Effect of teaching strategies on adherence to antiepileptic drugs and recurrence of seizures among epileptic patients
Authors: Abd-Almageed Asmaa Sayed , Almasry Marwa Ali
Published: November 2018

Background and objective: Adherence to medications is the backbone to effectiveness of a treatment. Adherence to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is essential to prevent the risk of seizures recurrence. The aims were to study the effect of teaching strategies on adherence to antiepileptic drugs, recurrence of seizures, and identify factors affecting the adherence level among epileptic patients.Methods: Research design: Quasi-experimental design. Setting: Neurology Department at Neurological and Psychiatric Assiut University Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample of sixty male and female adult patients diagnosed with epilepsy. Tools: Tool I-Patient assessment sheet. Tool II-Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Tool III-Liverpool Seizure Severity Scale.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between pre and post applying of teaching strategies as regard drug adherence and recurrence of seizures among epileptic patients (p < .001). Also, forgetfulness, side effects of medications, and absence of family or friend were the main factors of non- adherence to AEDs.Conclusions and recommendations: Teaching strategies had statistical significant effects on adherence to antiepileptic drugs and on reducing recurrence of seizures among epileptic patients. Simple educational pamphlet for epileptic patients and their family members to improve adherence to AEDs should be available in Neurology Department and Outpatient Neurology Clinics.
Moving out of the Attic: Susan Glaspell and the American She-Tragedy
Authors: Ismael Zaid Ibrahim , Jassim Jinan Waheed
Published: November 2018

Midwestern American dramatist Susan Glaspell (1876-1948) was one of the early voices in the American theater who explored gender issues and woman’s rights at the beginning of the twentieth century. She portrays women in distress, trying to find an outlet from the vicious circle of loneliness and abuse in which they live. Despite the fact that her characters resist oppression and degradation and try to defy the patriarchal authority that restrains them, they are often overwhelmed by this powerful male-dominated system. As a result, they grow defensive and resort to violence and murder in order to avenge themselves from the society that dehumanizes them. They ultimately fall prey to their tragic fate, not necessarily death, but psychological disintegration and incarceration. Glaspell’s tragic heroines are outsiders, living in a world that thwarts their dreams to have a free life beyond the prescribed roles and social demands of house management, domesticity, and social propriety. This study applies the feminist theory of Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, introduced in their seminal work The Madwoman in the Attic, to two of Glaspell’s major plays, namely Trifles and The Verge. It also aims at tracing the elements of the Restoration ‘she-tragedy’ in these plays to prove to what extent Glaspell is a master of this form of writing.
Annie Proulx—A Writer in Quest
Authors: Liu Xiaojuan
Published: November 2018

This article reviews Annie Proulx’s life and her writing career and examines the quest motif throughout her writing, in order to shed light on Annie Proulx studies. It explores Proulx’s insight into the existential predicament of contemporary people living in a post-industrial society as traditional culture is getting lost and traditional ways of living are out of date. By setting her characters on the journey of quest in an attempt to discover who they really are, Proulx has invigorated the traditional quest motif.
Enhancing Comprehension by Effectively Using Reading Strategies
Authors: Jaiswal Preeti
Published: November 2018

The paper examined the reading strategies used by ESL learners at University of Bahrain to comprehend academic material. It investigated the interdependence between the use of reading strategies by ESL learners’ and their reading comprehension attainment. To accomplish this goal, three instruments were used: a survey of the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) by Mokhtari and Sheorey (2002) and a Pre-reading comprehension test and Post-reading comprehension test and a paired sample t-test. The paper used quantitative data collected from 100 students studying in the Foundation Program at the English Language Centre and Department of Applied Studies at University of Bahrain. The findings of this research showed a notably positive relationship between the use of cognitive and metacognitive reading strategies by the students and their reading comprehension achievement. The compilation of the quantitative data, displayed that students practiced Global Reading Strategies appreciably, followed subsequently by Support Reading Strategies and Problem Solving Reading Strategies.
Treatment of Affixes in Four English Advanced Learner’s Dictionaries
Authors: Chen Yan
Published: November 2018

The paper is a close examination of the treatment of affixes in the latest print versions of four English advanced learner’s dictionaries, i.e., OALD9, LDOCE6, COBUID8, and CALD4, at both macrostructure and microstructure levels. Through comparison and contrast, the author has produced some major findings. Firstly, special sections on affixes are a desirable supplement to prevalent alphabetical listing of affixes in the A-Z text. Secondly, forms for presentation of affixes include specification of the part of speech of the root with which an affix can be combined and indication of the part of speech of the derivative thus formed. Thirdly, cross-references help to establish the semantic relations between affixes like variant spellings, allomorphs, and synonymous affixes. Finally, more research needs to be done on lexicographical representation of affixes, especially on the wise use of space and on the proper establishment of relations between affixes.
Measuring Ideologically-Based Responses
Authors: Ebaid Hanan A.
Published: November 2018

The current paper attempts to propose a device by which ideologically based responses can be measured in the interpersonal discourse of ideology. As a result of some drastic political changes, the Egyptian society has witnessed during the last five years a wave of conflicting ideologies, each of which is endorsed by some people and rejected by others. The different types of social media such as Facebook and Twitter are global and influential channels of the communication of diverse ideologies. A Facebook account of a supposedly Egyptian Jewish woman was specially created for collecting the data to be analysed in this paper. The paper is a qualitative research whose data is collected through an interaction between a Facebook account owner and some other users. The data is categorized into three groups each of which represents a certain area in a spectrum of ideologically based responses. One of the main findings reached through data analysis is that ideological responses can be measured and that there are mainly three types of responses in interpersonal ideological discourse, namely positive, passive and negative. It also concludes that each type of responses displays some distinctive features. This spectrum helps measure and interprets different types of responses to one’s ideology.
Impact of Language Input on Comprehensiveness of Reading Material among Students in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ali Mohammed Abdulmalik
Published: November 2018

The aim of the study has been to determine the ways that may facilitate the freshmen at universities, who have English as their second language, with comprehension and understanding of study material. It has included different levels of reading material to the students in order to identify which approach is more convenient for the students to perceive. The approach has concluded that advanced vocabulary and grammatical structure may make it difficult for the students to perceive the meaning of study material. It has been perceived from the study that simplification in the text can bring upon positive impacts on the comprehensibility of content. The comprehensiveness can assist students in learning the study modules yet, it is also presumed that simplification may not enhance the students’ capability to comprehend the second language more efficiently. It is expected that further research in the field may give deeper insight of the linguistic modifications that may improve the comprehending abilities of the students.
A Study on Romance of the Three Kingdoms: English Translation and International Reception
Authors: Liu Chunliang
Published: November 2018

The present research is conducted to investigate the current situation of Romance of the Three Kingdoms’ English translation studies and international reception, and work out corresponding strategies for further studies and wider reception. To do this, methods of literature review and close reading of its various translated versions are adopted. The research shows that the existing studies of the novel mainly involves linguistic, cultural and literary aspects, and its international receptions are largely based on text translation, exchange of cultural programs as well as movie production. The research concludes that in order to promote its translation and international reception stress should be equally put on translators (both at home and abroad), source texts (full-length versions, condensed versions and chapter excerpts of the novel), and comprehensive flexible strategies.
Analysis of the Relationship between Ego Identity Status and Personality Traits and General Self-Efficacy with Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Turan Mehmet Behzat , Koç Kenan
Published: November 2018

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the partial mediating effect of ego identity status and personality traits on general self-efficacy levels of physical education and sports teacher candidates. To do that, a model showing possible relationships between these variables was established and this model was tested by using structural equation modeling. The sample of the study consisted of 578 students in the freshmen, sophomore, junior, and senior years in the Physical Education Sports Teaching Departments of universities Erciyes, Mehmet Akif, Dumlupinar, and Ahi Evran. The Socio-Demographic Information Form created by the researchers, General Self-Efficacy Scale adapted to Turkish by Aypay (2010), Ego Identity Status Scale adapted by Oskay (1998), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire adapted to Turkish by Karancı et al. (2007) were used as the data collection tools. SPSS 22 program and Structural Equation Modeling/AMOS/Path Diagram program were used for data analysis. Firstly, the measurement models were tested and the proposed measurement model proved to be able to use to test the structural model. The structural model proposed based on the validated measurement models were then tested and verified. The fit indices of the model established in the study were found to be good and the coefficients obtained were found to be statistically significant. According to the results obtained about the structural model, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the general self-efficacy with ego identity status and personality traits, and that the ego identity status and personality traits predict the general self-efficacy in an advanced level.

As a result, it is thought that the general self-efficacy levels of the students will increase with the positive development of ego identity status and personality traits, and this increase will enable the students to increase their academic achievement and self-confidence, as well as will make them more active in the society.
Young Children’s Journey into a World of Play with Open-Ended Materials: A Case Study of the Creative Play Club
Authors: Al-Mansour Monirah A.
Published: November 2018

This study is mainly based on conducted naturalistic descriptive observation of 13 children ages 6–8 years using open-ended materials in their play at the Creative Play Club (CPC). The research carefully examines and analyzes how four boys and nine girls in the CPC used open-ended materials in their play over 8 weeks. One aim was to evaluate changes in the quality of play over time. A second aim was to analyze the influence of various factors on children’s social and nonsocial play behaviors. Those factors were the materials’ characteristics and affordances and the social activity setting. The research gave special attention to the possible influences that flatten expression in play and those influences that might reignite play expression within or across CPC sessions. The research generated evidence that children’s drawing, manipulating objects, and reflecting are meaning making. Interpretations of data were guided by an activity setting model, affordance theory, and a multimodality and meaning-making conceptual framework. The main findings were that the CPC and the case study are good conduits for exploring the possibilities and challenges that emerge from children’s experiences with open-ended materials in play with other children.
The Development of Media and Special Event to Support Knowledge of Arts and Culture Entitled “Dancing with Single-Head Drum Accompaniment” for Young People through Social Service Learning and Community-Based Learning
Authors: Thamwipat Kuntida , Princhankol Pornpapatsorn
Published: November 2018

This research and development was aimed (a) to develop media and special event to support knowledge of arts and culture entitled “Dancing with Single-Head Drum Accompaniment” for young people through social service learning and community-based learning, (b) to evaluate the quality of such media and special event, (c) to measure the learning achievements and the satisfaction of young people towards such media and special event, and (d) to measure the learning achievements and the satisfaction of students towards social service learning and community-based learning. The sampling group in this study consisted of 30 young people in the community under the bridge Zone 1 at Pracha-utit 76 who were chosen using purposive sampling method out of those who were willing to participate in the activities on the 11th of November, 2017 and 16 graduate students from Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi who enrolled in the LTM 652 course. The statistical analysis included mean score, standard deviation and dependent t-test. The results showed that the quality of the contents was at a very good level (x=4.70, S.D.=0.50) and the quality of the media and special event was at a very good level (x=4.80, S.D.=0.40). The learning achievements of young people showed that their average post-test score for dancing with single-head drum accompaniment was higher than the average pre-test score with a statistically significant difference at the.01 level. The satisfaction of young people was at a high level (x=4.40, S.D.=0.60). The learning achievements of graduate students showed that their average post-test score for social service learning and community-based learning was higher than the average pre-test score with a statistically significance difference at the.01 level. The satisfaction of the graduate students was at a high level (x=4.10, S.D.=1.60). Therefore, the developed media and special event through social service learning and community-based learning can be used in the future.
Evaluation of Web Accessibility of Higher Education Institutions in Chile
Authors: Máñez Carvajal Carlos , Fernández Piqueras Rocío , Cervera Mérida Jose F.
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study is to assess the web accessibility concerning the websites of Chilean universities which are listed in The World University Rankings.

Web accessibility is a fundamental factor in achieving a true educational inclusion. It is especially important in the light of the current trend of expanding not only the online content, but also online learning. What makes this even more essential is the Chilean legislation which under Law 20422 establishes the regulations regarding equality of opportunity and social inclusion of people with disabilities.

The analysis has been conducted on the basis of the international standard set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), version WCAG 2.0. Evaluation methodology called WCAG-EM created by the same entity, has been applied in the analysis. Various automatic web accessibility evaluation tools have also been used, apart from manual verifications.

The study reveals that the websites of Chilean universities have hardly complied with the regulation and that there are barriers and difficulties of access for the elderly and/or people with disabilities.
Indicators of Inspirational Leadership for Primary School Principals: Developing and Testing the Structural Relationship Model
Authors: Poojomjit Wanlop , Sutheejariyawat Phrakru , Chusorn Prayuth
Published: November 2018

This study aimed to examine the consistency of the structural relationship model in which developed from related theories, previous studies, and empirical data, respectively. The study also investigated factor loading of main components, subcomponents, and indicators. The population in this study was primary school principals under Office of the Basic Education Commission in Thailand. Collected data were used by multi-stage random sampling to get 660 samples. The data were analyzed by using statistical application and AMOS program. The results were consistent with hypothesis. The model of which developed from related theories and previous studies were consistent with empirical data based on the following values, e.g. relative Chi-square (CMIN/DF), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Normed Fit Index (NFI). Both first and second order confirmatory factors were also analyzed. Fator loading of main components was 0.90-1.47 which was higher than 0.70. Factor loading of sub-components was 0.73-2.13. Floading of indicators was 0.74-2.77 which was higher than 0.30, respectively.
Training Transfer: A New Model in the United Arab Emirates General Education Sector—Hybridization of the Theory of Planned Behavior with the Training Transfer Model
Authors: Alshaali Saeed Khalifa , Hamid Kamal Ab , Al-Ansi Ali Ali
Published: November 2018

This study investigates variables in training transfer in the general education (school) sector of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) by hybridizing the established training transfer model and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The hybridized model employs four variables: (i) supervisor support, (ii) training design, (iii) intention to transfer, and (iv) training transfer. This model is used to test nine hypotheses. The study sample comprised 225 employees from the UAE general education sector. Study participants (respondents to a questionnaire) were recruited by simple random sampling. The study questionnaire data was analyzed using Partial least squares structural equation modeling PLS-SEM. The study model had a good fit confirming a good fit of the hypothesized model to the empirical data. Eight out of nine hypotheses were accepted. The study is generally parallel with TPB. It demonstrates that intention to transfer has a dominant and central (mediating) influence on transfer process and transfer behavior. Remarkably, supervisor support is important only in the pre-training phase. For the UAE education sector to succeed in effective training transfer, supervisors must be properly trained to design training programs, particularly to enhance the trainee’s intention to apply training on the job. This study proved empirically that designing training is a critical influence of a trainee’s intention to apply training. Training design and intention to transfer are mediators and play a central role in promoting the training transfer process. Future studies should focus on including TPB and intention in the training transfer researches.
Authentication of Dog Fat With Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Combined With Chemometrics
Authors: Guntarti Any
Published: November 2018

Indonesia is a country with a majority of Muslim population. As a Muslim majority country, providing halal products becomes a liability. The problem that has received a lot of attention right now is the concern that contamination of food products by meat, one of them is dog meat. The purpose of this study was to authenticate dog fat by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS)combined with chemometrics.

Dogs that used in the study were taken from Bantul, Yogyakarta. Dog snacks were heated in an oven at 90-100ᵒC for approximately one hour. Oils / fats obtained from derivatization process was carried out by using NaOCH3 and BF3. The methyl ester compound was injected into the GC-MS instrument system.

The Results of this study was dog fat that analyzed by GC-MS contains 9 types of fatty acids, namely: lauric (1.19 ± 0.25)%, myristate (4.33 ± 0.30)%, pentadekanoate (0.12 ± 0.02)%, palmitoleate (4.60 ± 0.07)%, palmitate (12.80 ± 2.90)%, margarate (0.13 ± 0.09)%, oleate (44 , 33 ± 5.22)%, stearic (14.71 ± 0.32)%, and arachidonic (1.29 ± 0.11)%. Total content of fatty acids in dogs was 50.22% and saturated fatty acids were 33.03%. Chemometric grouping with the Principles Component Analysis (PCA) shows that dog fat is very close to lard. The fatty acids that contained in dog fat can be used to authenticate dog meat.
The Capping Theory of Chemical Clusters Based on 12N/14N Series
Authors: Kiremire Enos Masheija Rwantale
Published: November 2018

The genesis of chemical clusters of the transition and main group elements has been established. The base-line for cluster valence electrons has been demarcated with help of capping series. Using the base-line as a reference, the formulas of fragments and clusters were generated.  Also a simple general formula for calculating cluster valence electrons for systems ranging from a single to multi-skeletal element clusters was identified. The concepts of the existence of nuclei in clusters and some having black-holes were well established. The capping principle was extended to the main group and transition elements of the periodic table and a difference between metals and non-metals was discerned. The skeletal elements of clusters whose series have advanced beyond closo baseline level S=4n+2 can be separated into two broad groups, namely those which follow the closo series(nucleus) and those which follow the capping series.
De-‘Moor’ Tifying Shakespeare’s Othello: Iago as a Renaissance Form of Islamophobia
Authors: Ismail Hanita Hanim , Termizi Arbaayah Ali , Rashid Radzuwan Ab
Published: November 2018

Albeit Othello’s loyal service to Venice is clear, ramifications of the Blackamoor in the text has called upon a continuous scholarship of interest over the last two decades. One begins to wonder, whether the Blackamoor’s presence in a Venetian setting serves a purpose to the English readership? If so, to what extent did Shakespeare refine the representation of a Moor to draw upon readership? How does Iago serve as a propagandist who articulates and fuels concerns for the seventeenth-century version of Islamophobia? As such, these significant questions have led to the construction of this paper, since these issues continuously problematize and make relevance of Shakespearean plays in the contemporary world. As such, this article examines the significance of Shakespeare’s inclusion, portrayal and representation of Othello as a Moor that poses an image of threat in a seventeenth-century Western context. At the same time, this paper also asserts that Iago is the mouthpiece who initiates worries over possible threats of Islamophobia. The use of Greenblatt’s New Historicism, particularly his concept of energia (1988) enables the validation of such claims by making relevance of the Battle of Lepanto (1571). Results indicated that ‘Othello’ provides an important platform to discuss contemporary renaissance issues such as Islamophobia and Englishness, through indicative clues that Iago is the mastermind that causes fear of the advancing Moors.
Developing Critical Thinking Skills Through i-Think Maps: An Action Research
Authors: Yaakub Norma , Rashid Radzuwan bin Ab. , Nasir Noormaizatul Akmar bt Muhammad
Published: November 2018

This paper aims to provide insights into the use of i-Think maps in developing the understanding of critical thinking skill among ESL student teachers. The i-Think map programme was introduced by the Ministry of Education in 2012 which aims to produce innovative learners including those in language learning field. Employing Kemmis and Mac Taggart’s (2000) model of action research, eight different types of i-Think maps were introduced to three trainee teachers for four months in order to obtain feedback concerning their learning experience and understanding of critical thinking skill. Throughout the four-month period, the participants were asked to opt for suitable i-Think maps to summarise the content of the lectures delivered in their teaching session. The participants were trainee teachers at a Teacher Training Institute in Malaysia and they were purposively sampled as they had been diagnosed to have problems in applying critical thinking for coaching. Analysis of the data which were generated from document analysis and semi-structured interviews with the student teachers, showed that the participants were interested in using i-Think maps and they perceived the maps as a useful tool in improving their understanding of critical thinking. This paper contributes to the existing literature on critical thinking skills in ELT classroom by highlighting the importance of using i-Think maps as a teaching aid in enhancing the critical thinking ambience among the students.
A Corpus-Based Approach to Studies in Legal Phraseology: An Overview
Authors: Bashir Ibrahim , Yunus Kamariah , Abdullahi Aliyu
Published: November 2018

The language of the law as it is called “legalese” has very distinctive lexical and structural patterns which in many ways different from the “traditional forms of language”. Its conservatism is linked directly to the need for unambiguous language that has already been tried and tested in the courts. By retaining to traditional lexis and structure lawyers can be confident that the language of the law is consistent and precise. This study aims to give some insights on apparent lexico-grammatical features characterised legal phraseology. The present study adopts a corpus-based approach to investigate those distinctive features of legal phraseology such as the uses binomial words, colligation of prepositions, prefabricated word combinations directly prescribed by law, and their semantic functions. This overview compiles data from the books, and empirical studies as well as theoretical and conceptual works conducted in the premises of legal phraseology. Some implications for English for specific purposes are given. 
PKQuest: PBPK modeling of highly lipid soluble and extracellular solutes
Authors: Levitt David G.
Published: November 2018

One of the primary objectives of physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) is the prediction of a drug’s pharmacokinetics just from knowledge of its physicochemical structure. Unfortunately, at present, the accuracy of this prediction is limited for most drugs because of uncertainty about the drug’s organ/blood partition coefficient (K). However, there are two classes of solutes which are exceptions to this: 1) the highly lipid soluble (HLS) solutes, and 2) the extracellular (ECS) solutes. Since the HLS drugs (eg, volatile anesthetics, propofol, cannabinol) have lipid/water partition coefficients (PL/W) of 100 or greater, their K is dominated by the tissue fat fraction and one can accurately predict K just from in vitro measurements of PL/W along with prior anatomic measurements of the fat fraction of the organs in the PBPK model. Since the ECS drugs, such as most antibiotics, cannot penetrate cells, they are not subject to the intracellular binding that complicates the prediction of K for the weak bases and acids. The ECS K is determined primarily by plasma and interstitial albumin binding and can be predicted from in vitro measurements of plasma albumin binding along with prior measurements of interstitial tissue volume and albumin concentrations. This review provides an in depth discussion of the PBPK modeling of these two drug classes along with many specific clinical examples illustrating the good PBPK predictions possible with just zero (volatile anesthetics) or 1 (the clearance) adjustable parameter. The PBPK analysis uses PKQuest, a freely distributed, general purpose pharmacokinetic program. PKQuest is designed so that application to the HLS and ECS solute classes is especially easy. The user only needs to enter the specific parameters that are required to characterize the drug (eg, PL/W for HLS or plasma albumin binding for ECS) with all the other PBPK parameters (organ blood flow, fat fraction, extracellular volumes, etc.) are set by default.
Plant diversity maintains multiple soil functions in future environments
Authors: Eisenhauer Nico , Hines Jes , Isbell Forest , van der Plas Fons , Hobbie Sarah E , Kazanski Clare E , Lehmann Anika , Liu Mengyun , Lochner Alfred , Rillig Matthias C , Vogel Anja , Worm Kally , Reich Peter B
Published: November 2018

Biodiversity increases ecosystem functions underpinning a suite of services valued by society, including services provided by soils. To test whether, and how, future environments alter the relationship between biodiversity and multiple ecosystem functions, we measured grassland plant diversity effects on single soil functions and ecosystem multifunctionality, and compared relationships in four environments: ambient conditions, elevated atmospheric CO2, enriched N supply, and elevated CO2 and N in combination. Our results showed that plant diversity increased three out of four soil functions and, consequently, ecosystem multifunctionality. Remarkably, biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships were similarly significant under current and future environmental conditions, yet weaker with enriched N supply. Structural equation models revealed that plant diversity enhanced ecosystem multifunctionality by increasing plant community functional diversity, and the even provision of multiple functions. Conserving local plant diversity is therefore a robust strategy to maintain multiple valuable ecosystem services in both present and future environmental conditions.
Human-specific ARHGAP11B induces hallmarks of neocortical expansion in developing ferret neocortex
Authors: Kalebic Nereo , Gilardi Carlotta , Albert Mareike , Namba Takashi , Long Katherine R , Kostic Milos , Langen Barbara , Huttner Wieland B
Published: November 2018

The evolutionary increase in size and complexity of the primate neocortex is thought to underlie the higher cognitive abilities of humans. ARHGAP11B is a human-specific gene that, based on its expression pattern in fetal human neocortex and progenitor effects in embryonic mouse neocortex, has been proposed to have a key function in the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Here, we study the effects of ARHGAP11B expression in the developing neocortex of the gyrencephalic ferret. In contrast to its effects in mouse, ARHGAP11B markedly increases proliferative basal radial glia, a progenitor cell type thought to be instrumental for neocortical expansion, and results in extension of the neurogenic period and an increase in upper-layer neurons. Consequently, the postnatal ferret neocortex exhibits increased neuron density in the upper cortical layers and expands in both the radial and tangential dimensions. Thus, human-specific ARHGAP11B can elicit hallmarks of neocortical expansion in the developing ferret neocortex.
Facing complexity through varying the clarification of the design task
Authors: Kersten Wouter Carel , Diehl Jan Carel , Van Engelen Jo M.L.
Published: November 2018

Today, most challenges designers face are complex. One way industrial design engineers have learned to deal with this complexity is to simplify the problem early on—for example, by focusing on one particular context, e.g. user group. Variations are typically addressed, but preferably inside the simplified design task or even after initial success has been achieved and a path has been set out. A range of authors have suggested ways to address variations during the design process. This paper contributes to exploring this notion of variation by presenting an approach that emphasises contextual variation early on, clarifying the design task before the design process, in a narrow sense, begins. This enables designers to seize opportunities that reveal themselves before a final path is set. Based on real-life cases and discussion of existing literature, the value of this approach for an industrial designer’s arsenal is explored and guidance for next steps is offered.
 
Keywords: context variation, complexity, design arsenal, variation of the design task, design approach
Taxonomic patterns in the zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses
Authors: Washburne Alex D. , Crowley Daniel E. , Becker Daniel J. , Olival Kevin J. , Taylor Matthew , Munster Vincent J. , Plowright Raina K.
Published: November 2018

Predicting and simplifying which pathogens may spill over from animals to humans is a major priority in infectious disease biology. Many efforts to determine which viruses are at risk of spillover use a subset of viral traits to find trait-based associations with spillover. We adapt a new method—phylofactorization—to identify not traits but lineages of viruses at risk of spilling over. Phylofactorization is used to partition the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses viral taxonomy based on non-human host range of viruses and whether there exists evidence the viruses have infected humans. We identify clades on a range of taxonomic levels with high or low propensities to spillover, thereby simplifying the classification of zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses. Phylofactorization by whether a virus is zoonotic yields many disjoint clades of viruses containing few to no representatives that have spilled over to humans. Phylofactorization by non-human host breadth yields several clades with significantly higher host breadth. We connect the phylogenetic factors above with life-histories of clades, revisit trait-based analyses, and illustrate how cladistic coarse-graining of zoonotic potential can refine trait-based analyses by illuminating clade-specific determinants of spillover risk.
АНАЛИЗ ФЛОРЫ ЛУГОВ ПОЙМЫ РЕКИ ВЯТКИ В ПРЕДЕЛАХ КИРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Щукина К. В.
Published: November 2018

Приводятся результаты анализа ценофлоры лугов поймы р. Вятки в пределах Кировской обл. Систематический, географический и биоморфологический анализ показал бореальный характер флоры пойменных вятских лугов. Проведено сравнение изученной ценофлоры с флорой всей области, а также флорой суходольных и пойменных лугов ряда районов Кировской обл. Географический анализ свидетельствует о преобладании во флоре лугов долины р. Вятки видов с широким типом ареала (евразиатским, циркумбореальным, евросибирским). Биоморфологический и экологический спектры ценофлоры также характеризует ее как типично луговую умеренно-холодных областей: наибольшее развитие получают вегетативноподвижные травянистые поликарпические мезофиты. Показана существенная роль в исследуемой ценофлоре семигелиофитов; по отношению к общему богатству почвы преобладают мезотрофы и мезо-эвтрофы.
ЦИТОЭМБРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭНДОСПЕРМА ПРИ АПОМИКСИСЕ У НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ РОДА POA (POACEAE), "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Юдакова О.И. , Шакина Т. Н. , Кайбелева Э. И.
Published: November 2018

Изучены цитоэмбриологические особенности эндоспермогенеза при апомиксисе у Poa badensis Haenke, P. chaixii Vill., P. compressa L. и P. pratensis L. Они характеризуются псевдогамией, при которой зародыш развивается партеногенетически, а эндосперм - в результате оплодотворения центральной клетки. Установлено, что у одних и тех же растений в разных зародышевых мешках образование первичного ядра эндосперма может происходить с участием разного количества спермиев и полярных ядер. Обнаружены следующие варианты их слияния: каждое из двух полярных ядер с одним спермием; только одно полярное ядро с одним спермием; слившиеся полярные ядра с двумя спермиями. Как и у многих псевдогамных форм, у изученных злаков партеногенетический проэмбрио временно останавливал свое развитие на глобулярной стадии. «Период покоя» проэмбрио заканчивался после достижения эндоспермом критической массы (около 70 ядер) и завершения в нем процессов клеткообразования. Эндоспермогенез осуществлялся в соответствии с алгоритмом, свойственным половым видам злаков. Нарушения эндоспермогенеза встречались с небольшой частотой (около 10 %) и приводили к образованию семян с эндоспермом и без зародыша, с проэмбрио и без эндосперма, с проэмбрио и малоклеточным эндоспермом. У P. pratensis в 0.8 % кастрированных и изолированных цветков зарегистрировано автономное развитие эндосперма, которое сопровождалось преждевременным клеткообразованием.
НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИИ ВИДОВ СЕМЕЙСТВА ORCHIDACEAE ДЛЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Ефимов П.Г. , Гафурова М. М. , Леострин А. В. , Мельников Д. Г. , Сенатор С.А. , Фатерыга А.В.
Published: November 2018

В ходе работ по картированию орхидных России нами впервые был выявлен ряд видов в некоторых регионах России. Приводятся данные об обнаружении Cephalanthera longifolia в Ульяновской обл., Dactylorhiza aristata и D. incarnata в Приморском крае, D. sibirica в Сахалинской обл., Liparis loeselii в Республике Коми, Platanthera bifolia в Якутии и Туве. Также мы приводим информацию о гербарных материалах, подтверждающих произрастание Dactylorhiza baltica в Архангельской обл. и Platanthera chlorantha в Чувашии и документируем современное произрастание последнего вида во Владимирской обл. Кроме того, приводится ряд новых, но сомнительных указаний орхидных, основанных, вероятно, на некорректно этикетированном материале.
ISOETES LACUSTRIS (ISOETACEAE) - НОВЫЙ ВИД ДЛЯ ФЛОРЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ МАРИЙ ЭЛ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Григорьян М. Ю. , Волкова П. А. , Абрамова Л. А. , Бобров А.А.
Published: November 2018

В оз. Чуркан впервые в Республике Марий Эл найден Isoites lacustris, в дополнение к единственному ранее известному в регионе представителю рода I. echinospora. Видовая принадлежность нашей находки подтверждена с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии и молекулярно-генетических данных. Кратко рассмотрены распространение вида и вопросы его охраны.
БИОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОБЛИГАТНЫХ ГЛЯРЕОФИТОВ ГОРНОГО КРЫМА, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Никифоров А. Р.
Published: November 2018

Дифференциация петрофитов на элементы облигатной и факультативной природы обусловлена их генетической разнородностью. Это же обстоятельство является причиной дифференциации облигатных петрофитов на экологические группы, одной из которых являются «растения осыпей» - гляреофиты. Биоморфологические и ритмологические признаки облигатных гляреофитов указывают на органичную связь растений этих видов с условиями азональной среды осыпей, которая формируется преимущественно эдафическими факторами.
ПРИЧИНЫ НИЗКОЙ ЖИЗНЕСПОСОБНОСТИ СЕМЯН ORCHIS PURPUREA (ORCHIDACEAE) В КРЫМУ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Андронова Е. В. , Ковалева А.А. , Евдокимова Е. Е. , Назаров В.В.
Published: November 2018

Изучена жизнеспособность семян и семенного потомства Orchis purpurea ssp. purpurea с использованием методики проращивания семян в культуре in vitro. Для посева использовали незрелые семена из двух местонахождений п-ова Крым. Проведено цитоэмбриологическое исследование семян на момент посева, непроросших семян через год после посева и протокормов, остановившихся в развитии сразу после выхода из семенной кожуры. Показано, что в 2016 г. процент завязывания плодов варьировал от 9 (лес, с. Скалистое) до 39 % (поляна на склоне, с. Перевальное), т. е. он был существенно выше у особей, растущих на открытом участке. Семенное потомство было получено только от 14 особей (из 43 использованных в работе), при этом большинство из них (10) давали единичные сеянцы. Полученные данные подтвердили точку зрения о низкой реальной семенной продуктивности (РСП) у изученного вида. Цитоэмбриологическое исследование установило, что РСП снижается из-за недостаточности опыления, летальных аномалий развития суспензора и покровов семени и из-за массово проявившейся неспособности проростков к формированию апекса побега.
ДИАТОМОВЫЕ ВОДОРОСЛИ (BACILLARIOPHYTA) РЕКИ КАРАТОРГАЙ (СЕВЕРНЫЙ КАЗАХСТАН), "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Бородулина О. В.
Published: November 2018

Впервые публикуются результаты альгологических исследований на р. Караторгай (Северный Казахстан). Обнаружено 102 вида Bacillariophyta, из которых 4 вида диатомовых водорослей впервые отмечаются для Казахстана: Pseudostaurosira robusta, Diploneis puella, Placoneis amphibola, Hantzschia distinctepunctata, а 2 вида - Nitzschia lorenziana и Surirella linearis - впервые для Северного Казахстана. Преобладают в альгофлоре Караторгая пеннатные шовные диатомовые. Воды реки относятся к щелочным, природно чистым водам с коэффициентом сапробности 1.23.
НОВЫЕ ВИДЫ И НАХОДКИ СОСУДИСТЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ В НОВГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Куропаткин В. В. , Конечная Г. Ю. , Ефимов П.Г. , Никитина С. В. , Литвинова Е. М. , Медведева Н.А. , Шелудякова М. Б.
Published: November 2018

Обобщены сведения о флористических находках, сделанных коллективом авторов в Новгородской обл. с 2010 г. 5 видов приводятся впервые для области: Clematis recta, Digitaria ischaemum, Galega orientalis, Onobrychis arenaria, Phyteuma nigrum. Также сообщается о находках следующих редких в области видов: Aconogonon divaricatum, Alliaria petiolata, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus japonicus, Carex bohemica, Elsholtzia ciliata, Eryngium planum, Galium rivale, Impatiens glandulifera, Lycopodiella inundata, Mentha verticillata, Pimpinella major, Polypodium vulgare, Rhamnus cathartica, Ribes alpinum.
ОНТОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА ЦЕНОПОПУЛЯЦИЙ PICEA OBOVATA (PINACEAE) НА РАЗНЫХ СТАДИЯХ ПОСЛЕПОЖАРНЫХ СУКЦЕССИЙ В СЕВЕРОТАЕЖНЫХ СОСНОВО-ЕЛОВЫХ ЛЕСАХ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Мишко А. Е. , Ставрова Н. И. , Горшков В.В.
Published: November 2018

Проведено сравнительное изучение особенностей онтогенеза, онтогенетической и виталитетной структуры ценопопуляций ели сибирской (Picea obovata Ledeb.) в северотаежных сосново-еловых лесах с давностью пожара 85, 200 и 380 лет на территории Кольского п-ова. Охарактеризованы различия возраста, морфометрических и ростовых параметров, уровня жизненного состояния особей отдельных стадий развития на разных стадиях послепожарных сукцессиий. Проанализированы процессы формирования онтогенетической структуры ели сибирской в процессе послепожарного восстановления сосново-еловых лесов, определены параметры и диагностированы типы онтогенетических спектров. Установлено, что на всех стадиях сукцессии в составе ценопопуляций ели сибирской в северотаежных сосново-еловых лесах преобладают особи имматурного состояния (65-90 %), что свидетельствует о непрерывном пополнении новыми поколениями. До 200 лет после пожара ценопопуляции ели сибирской относятся к молодым нормальным, а на поздней стадии сукцессии при давности пожара 380 лет к зрелым нормальным.
НОВЫЕ НАХОДКИ ВО ФЛОРЕ ЗАПОВЕДНИКА «СТОЛБЫ», "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Полянская Д. Ю. , Щербина С. С. , Гончарова Н. В.
Published: November 2018

Дается список видов, не приводившихся для флоры заповедника ранее, а также новые местонахождения ранее известных таксонов
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОЙ МЕТОДИКИ ОКРАШИВАНИЯ ТКАНЕЙ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ И ИСКОПАЕМЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ, "Ботанический журнал"
Authors: Жинкина Н. А. , Торшилова А. А. , Озеров И. А.
Published: November 2018

Представлена модифицированная методика окраски постоянных препаратов сафранином с подкраской алциановым синим, которая подходит для окраски тканей современных и ископаемых видов растений. Окраска является контрастной, на ее основе хорошо выявляются различные структурные, цитоэмбриологические и анатомические особенности растений. Преимущества данной окраски заключаются в ее простоте и экономичности, а также в эстетичности, информативности и долговечности полученных препаратов.
СПОСОБНОСТЬ ИКСОДОВЫХ КЛЕЩЕЙ (ACARI: IXODIDAE) РАЗНЫХ ВИДОВ ПОДДЕРЖИВАТЬ РЕПРОДУКЦИЮ ВИРУСА КЛЕЩЕВОГО ЭНЦЕФАЛИТА, "Паразитология"
Authors: Белова О. А. , Холодилов И. С. , Литов А. Г. , Карганова Г.Г.
Published: November 2018

Работа посвящена изучению динамики репродукции и фенотипических изменений вирусной популяции вируса клещевого энцефалита (ВКЭ) при долгосрочной инфекции, питании иксодовых клещей и при разных температурных условиях. Было показано, что температура окружающей среды оказывает существенное влияние на уровень репродукции ВКЭ в голодных иксодовых клещах. Однако при питании клещей происходит достоверно более быстрая и интенсивная репродукция ВКЭ по сравнению с зараженными клещами, содержащимися при повышенной (32-37 °С) и комнатной температурах. Штаммы ВКЭ европейского и сибирского подтипа успешно размножались и на протяжении длительного периода сохранялись в клещах, являющихся как основными (Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus), так и второстепенными (Dermacentor reticulatus) переносчиками вируса. Наибольших титров штамм сибирского подтипа достигал в клещах D. reticulatus, а штамм европейского подтипа - в клещах Ixodes ricinus и D. reticulatus. Длительная репродукция ВКЭ европейского и сибирского подтипов в организме клещей, являющихся основными и второстепенными переносчиками, повышала гетерогенность вирусной популяции, однако варианты вируса сохраняли высокую нейроинвазивность, характерную для вируса, адаптированного к клеткам ЦНС мыши. Штаммы ВКЭ разных подтипов различались по фенотипической гетерогенности популяции в разных условиях. В отличие от штамма Абсеттаров (европейский подтип) на гетерогенность вирусной популяции штамма ЭК-328 (сибирский подтип) по фенотипу бляшек на культуре клеток СПЭВ значительно повлияло питание клещей D. reticulatus после долгосрочной репродукции в них вируса.