bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong population genetic structure of an invasive species, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), in southern China
Authors: Wang Guihua , Hou Youming , Zhang Xiang , Zhang Jie , Li Jinlei , Chen Zhiming
Published: November 2017

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), was initially reported in China in the 1990s and is now considered one of the most successful invasive pests of palm plants in the country. A total of 14 microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ι (cox I) gene fragment were used to investigate the genetic characteristics and structure of R. ferrugineus in southern China. High levels of genetic differentiation among populations and significant correlations between genetic and geographical distances indicated an important role of geographical distance in the distribution of the RPW in southern China. High gene flow between Fujian and Taiwan province populations illustrated the increased effects of frequent anthropogenic activities on gene flow between them. Genetic similarity (i.e., haplotype similarity) indicated that RPW individuals from Taiwan and Fujian invaded from a different source than those from Hainan. To some extent, the genetic structure of the RPW in southern China correlated well with the geographic origins of this pest. We propose that geographical distance, anthropogenic activities, and the biological attributes of this pest are responsible for the distribution pattern of the RPW in southern China. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the most likely native sources of the RPW in southern China are India, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
PIV Analysis of Particle Behavior in Electrostatic Precipitator
Authors: MIYASHITA HIROTAKA , EHARA YOSHIYASU , THUNODA TOMOHIRO , ENOMOTO JOE , INUI TAKASHI
Published: November 2017

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a means to collect particulate matter (PM). They are characterized by a high total particle collection efficiency with a low pressure drop. The particle behavior in ESP depends on the particle characteristic, electric field, space charge, and flow pattern. It is important to understand the particle behavior in ESP. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to grasp the particle behavior in ESP. In this paper, results of PIV of the particle flow velocity fields in a wire‐to‐plate type ESP model are presented. The ESP was an acrylic parallelepiped with a wire electrode and plate collecting electrode. The positive and negative dc voltages were applied to the wire electrode, placed at right angles to the main gas flow. The obtained results show that the particle flow velocity was increased with increasing discharge current. This is attributed to increase in ionic wind. The particle velocity right under of the wire electrode was the fastest.
Water sources for woody shrubs on hillslopes: An investigation using isotopic and sapflow methods
Authors: Dudley Bruce D. , Marttila Hannu , Graham Scott L. , Evison Ryan , Srinivasan M.S.
Published: November 2017

Shrub encroachment into grasslands is a globally occurring process, but resulting changes to catchment water flows and stores are not yet well understood. We examined seasonal patterns of water sources for regenerating woody shrubs in seasonally dry montane farmland. We compared stable isotope ratios of shrub stem water to soil water pools at various depths within the vadose zone, groundwater, and stream water. We compared the results of these water source analysis with riparian plant water uptake measured using sap flux sensors and some potential drivers of sap flow rates (soil moisture and meteorological data). The stable isotope data indicated that the shrubs derived the majority of their water from shallow soil (top 10 cm), during the summer growing season. Sapflow measurements provided support for the isotope results, as riparian shrubs showed a springtime peak in water use and reduced sapflow rates during late summer driven by intermittent drying of shallow soil layers. Analysis of groundwater and streamwater indicated that these water sources were isotopically separated from plant and shallow soil water and fed primarily by precipitation falling during winter months. Our results indicate that transpiration of groundwater that may otherwise have fed streamflow is likely to be minor during early stages of shrub regeneration. This is important because shrubs are costly to remove and also have measureable benefits for sediment retention and soil fertility on montane farms.
Night and daytime water relations in five fast‐growing tree species: Effects of environmental and endogenous variables
Authors: Kupper Priit , Ivanova Hiie , Sõber Anu , Rohula‐Okunev Gristin , Sellin Arne
Published: November 2017

Our aim was to investigate the responses of night and daytime water fluxes to environmental stimuli and endogenous drivers in 5 tree species with different water‐use strategies. Data analysis revealed that air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed were the main drivers of night‐time sap flux density (Fnight) in all studied species. For Populus × wettsteinii, Populus tremula, Betula pendula, and Alnus glutinosa, VPD was also the major driver of daytime sap flux density (Fday). In Alnus incana, VPD explained less from the total variation in Fday than the photosynthetic photon flux density (QP). The Fday versus VPD regression slope decreased significantly (p < .001) in the following sequence P. × wettsteinii = P. tremula > B. pendula > A. glutinosa > A. incana. However, the Fnight versus VPD regression slope declined (p < .05) in sequence P. × wettsteinii > B. pendula > P. tremula > A. incana = A. glutinosa. P. × wettsteinii and B. pendula demonstrated highest net photosynthesis rates (Pn) among the all investigated species. Multiple regression analysis (independent factors: leaf dark respiration rate and sucrose, glucose, and starch contents) revealed that sucrose content was the only factor, which explained variation (R2 = 0.35; p < .01) in predawn leaf conductance (gpd). Our findings suggest that trees ability to open stomata and lose water at night does not depend directly on their daily water‐use strategy but is determined probably by species photosynthetic capacity, growth potential, and nitrogen‐use strategy.
Development of High‐Acceleration Linear Motor to Realize Resource Saving and High Productivity
Authors: AOYAMA YASUAKI , HASEGAWA YU , SASAKI MASATAKA , NAKATSUGAWA JUNNOSUKE , IWAJI YOSHITAKA , KOMURA AKIYOSHI
Published: November 2017

The use of linear motors has been rapidly increasing in recent years in response to the rising demand for drive mechanisms with higher speed and acceleration to improve the throughput of semiconductor production equipment, machine tools, and so on. In this study, we have developed a new type of linear motor with an opposed magnetic pole structure and twin movers. To achieve higher acceleration of a linear motor, it is necessary to satisfy both large thrust and low inertia. In our proposed new type linear motor, the thrust is improved by increasing the facing area between the permanent magnets and magnetic pole teeth by using multistage movers. Furthermore, the magnetic leakage flux is reduced by multiplexing the magnetic flux path. In a short stroke (approximately 210 mm) drive, the high acceleration of 1670 m/s2 and maximum velocity of 14.2 m/s is demonstrated using a prototype linear motor (maximum thrust = 25 kN).
Why are Material Efficiency Solutions a Limited Part of the Climate Policy Agenda? An application of the Multiple Streams Framework to UK policy on CO2emissions from cars
Authors: Cooper‐Searle Simone , Livesey Finbarr , Allwood Julian M.
Published: November 2017

The Multiple Streams Framework is applied to investigate why material efficiency solutions are a limited part of the climate policy agenda. The case study under investigation is the UK agenda to reduce greenhouse gas emission from cars. Evidence from 14 semi‐structured interviews, document analysis and academic studies is used to develop and substantiate the arguments made. In the UK, inefficient material use is only perceived as a problem in so far as it increases in‐use vehicle emissions, which disadvantages some material efficiency solutions. The appeal of material efficiency solutions is further limited by a lack of real‐world and modelling evidence, creating uncertainty around the anticipated costs and impacts of any policy intervention. Recent political developments are unlikely to make the UK government more receptive to the problem of greenhouse gases arising from inefficient material use in the future. This is further compounded by policy lock‐in. Although a small community of policy entrepreneurs are promoting material efficiency solutions, they have disparate priorities, which impacts their effectiveness. The insights from this paper can inform future research and policy entrepreneurship to increase the likelihood of material efficiency solutions becoming a larger part of the climate policy agenda. The problem of climate change is too significant for any potential solutions to remain underexplored by policy‐makers in the UK and the rest of the world. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Policy and Governance published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Science‐Policy‐Practice Interfaces: Emergent knowledge and monarch butterfly conservation
Authors: Gustafsson Karin M. , Wolf Steven A. , Agrawal Anurag A.
Published: November 2017

We study how knowledge is produced at the intersection of science, environmental policy and public engagement. Based on analysis of monarch butterfly conservation, we critically evaluate models of knowledge production. The monarch butterfly and its migration have engaged science and enchanted people for over a century, and current threats to monarchs catalyze debates and actions. This paper traces the historical development of knowledge regarding (i) long‐term monarch population trends, (ii) the monarch's dependence on a particular food plant, the milk‐weed, and (iii) the monarch as a pollinator. Our analysis indicates that knowledge production and science–policy–practice interfaces cannot be satisfactorily understood through reference to the classical linear model and more recent conceptions of relationally produced knowledge (i.e. co‐production). We identify powerful and sometimes contradictory knowledge claims that emerge from unmediated interactions among scientists, advocates, policy makers and diverse publics. The emergent model complements existing models of knowledge production, thereby expanding the conceptual foundation available for making sense of science–policy–practice interfaces. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Optimized Synthesis of the Bismuth Subiodides BimI4 (m = 4, 14, 16, 18) and the Electronic Properties of Bi14I4 and Bi18I4
Authors: Weiz Alexander , Anh Mai Lê , Kaiser Martin , Rasche Bertold , Herrmannsdörfer Thomas , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael
Published: November 2017

We optimized the syntheses of α‐ and β‐Bi4I4 and transferred the method to the very bismuth‐rich iodides Bi14I4, Bi16I4, and Bi18I4. Phase‐pure, microcrystalline powders of BimI4 (m = 4, 14, 18) can now by synthesized on a multigram scale. Conditions for the growth of single crystals of Bi16I4 and Bi18I4 were determined. The redetermination of the crystal structure of Bi16I4 hints at a stacking disorder or the presence of 1∞[BimI4] ribbons with m = 14 and 18 among the dominant type along with m = 16. The electronic band structures for m = 14, 16, and 18 were calculated including spin‐orbit coupling. They vary markedly with m and show numerous bands crossing the Fermi level, predicting a 3D‐metallic behavior. Measurements of the electrical resistivity of a polycrystalline sample of Bi14I4 as well as polycrystalline and single‐crystalline samples of Bi18I4 confirmed their metallic nature over the temperature range 300 K to 2 K. For Bi18I4, a positive and strictly linear magnetoresistance at 2 K in static magnetic fields up to 14 T was observed, which could indicate a topologically nontrivial electronic state.
Formation of Dinuclear AuII and AuI/AuIII Mixed‐Valence Complexes is Directed by Structural Constraints Imposed by Cyclophane‐NHC Ligands
Authors: Mageed Ahmed H. , Skelton Brian W. , Sobolev Alexandre N. , Baker Murray V.
Published: November 2017

The oxidation of dinuclear AuI complexes containing cyclophane‐bis(NHC) ligands by SOCl2, Br2 and I2 has been investigated. The outcome of the oxidation was dependent on the nature of the cyclophane‐NHC framework. The new complexes were fully characterised by X‐ray diffraction and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. When the AuI complex contained an ortho‐cyclophane framework (dictating short intra‐cation Au···Au distances), oxidation resulted in dinuclear AuII complexes of the form X–AuII(NHC)2–AuII(NHC)2–X (X = Cl, Br, I), the Au···Au distance being in the range 2.6055(3)–2.6501(1) Å. These AuII complexes are strongly luminescent. When the AuI complex contained an meta‐cyclophane framework (dictating longer intra‐cation Au···Au distances), oxidation with SOCl2 or Br2 resulted in dinuclear complexes containing AuI and AuIII centres of the form X–AuIII(NHC)2–X–AuI(NHC)2. NMR studies showed that interconversion of the AuI and AuIII sites within the complexes occurred at rates comparable to the NMR timescale.
Unusual Ligand‐to‐Metal‐Ratio‐Controlled Bidirectional Enantioselectivity in Pd‐Catalysed [3+3]‐Annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Acetate
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Sha‐Sha , Xia Peng‐Ju , Zhao Qing‐Lan , Xiao Jun‐An , Xiang Hao‐Yue , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Yang Hua
Published: November 2017

An unusual ligand‐to‐palladium‐ratio‐dependent reversal of enantioselectivity was systematically observed in the asymmetric Pd‐catalysed [3+3]‐annulation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman acetate with 4‐hydroxycoumarin or 1,3‐cyclohexanedione. The absolute configurations of the annulation products can be readily inverted by simply modifying the L/Pd ratio from 1:3 to 2:1.
SDS‐PAGE procedure: Application for characterization of new entirely uncharged nucleic acids analogs
Authors: Pavlova Anna S. , Dyudeeva Evgeniya S. , Kupryushkin Maxim S. , Amirkhanov Nariman V. , Pyshnyi Dmitrii V. , Pyshnaya Inna A.
Published: November 2017

SDS‐PAGE is considered to be a universal method for size‐based separation and analysis of proteins. In this study, we applied the principle of SDS‐PAGE to the analysis of new entirely uncharged nucleic acid (NA) analogues, – phosphoryl guanidine oligonucleotides (PGOs). The procedure was also shown to be suitable for morpholino oligonucleotides (PMOs) and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs). It was demonstrated that SDS can establish hydrophobic interactions with these types of synthetic NAs, giving them a net negative charge and thus making these molecules mobile in polyacrylamide slab gels under the influence of an electric field.
Free amino nitrogen concentration correlates to total yeast assimilable nitrogen concentration in apple juice
Authors: Boudreau Thomas F. , Peck Gregory M. , O'Keefe Sean F. , Stewart Amanda C.
Published: November 2017

Yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) is essential for yeast growth and metabolism during apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cider fermentation. YAN concentration and composition can impact cider fermentation kinetics and the formation of volatile aroma compounds by yeast. The YAN concentration and composition of apples grown in Virginia, USA over the course of two seasons was determined through analysis of both free amino nitrogen (FAN) and ammonium ion concentration. FAN was the largest fraction of YAN, with a mean value of 51 mg N L−1 FAN compared to 9 mg N L−1 ammonium. Observed YAN values ranged from nine to 249 mg N L−1, with a mean value of 59 mg N L−1. Ninety‐four percent of all samples analyzed in this study contained <140 mg N L−1 YAN, a concentration generally considered the minimum level needed in grape‐based wines for yeast to fully utilize all of the fermentable sugars. FAN concentration was correlated with total YAN concentration, but ammonium concentration was not. Likewise, there was no correlation between FAN and ammonium concentration.
On meta‐ and mega‐analyses for gene–environment interactions
Authors: Huang Jing , Liu Yulun , Vitale Steve , Penning Trevor M. , Whitehead Alexander S. , Blair Ian A. , Vachani Anil , Clapper Margie L. , Muscat Joshua E. , Lazarus Philip , Scheet Paul , Moore Jason H. , Chen Yong
Published: November 2017

Gene‐by‐environment (G × E) interactions are important in explaining the missing heritability and understanding the causation of complex diseases, but a single, moderately sized study often has limited statistical power to detect such interactions. With the increasing need for integrating data and reporting results from multiple collaborative studies or sites, debate over choice between mega‐ versus meta‐analysis continues. In principle, data from different sites can be integrated at the individual level into a “mega” data set, which can be fit by a joint “mega‐analysis.” Alternatively, analyses can be done at each site, and results across sites can be combined through a “meta‐analysis” procedure without integrating individual level data across sites. Although mega‐analysis has been advocated in several recent initiatives, meta‐analysis has the advantages of simplicity and feasibility, and has recently led to several important findings in identifying main genetic effects. In this paper, we conducted empirical and simulation studies, using data from a G × E study of lung cancer, to compare the mega‐ and meta‐analyses in four commonly used G × E analyses under the scenario that the number of studies is small and sample sizes of individual studies are relatively large. We compared the two data integration approaches in the context of fixed effect models and random effects models separately. Our investigations provide valuable insights in understanding the differences between mega‐ and meta‐analyses in practice of combining small number of studies in identifying G × E interactions.
Long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 expression in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhang Yisheng , Wu Hangyu , Wang Fuyan , Ye Mei , Zhu Hong , Bu Shizhong
Published: November 2017

Objective

To monitor the expression of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and changes in metabolic profiles among patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

A retrospective case–control study was conducted using data for women treated at a hospital in China between October 8, 2014, and April 15, 2015. Patients diagnosed with GDM using an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy (n=50) were included. The control group comprised pregnant women without GDM (n=47). Serum levels of lncRNA MALAT1, lncRNA p21, and lncRNA H19 were assessed using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Plasma glucose and lipid levels were assessed biochemically.

Results

The expression level of lncRNA MALAT1 was higher among the cases than the controls (P=0.007). Expression of IncRNA MALAT1 among the patients with GDM correlated with both lncRNA p21 (r=0.333, P=0.018) and lncRNA H19 (r=0.314, P=0.030). Levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol differed between the control group and patients with GDM (3.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L vs 3.8 ± 1.5 mmol/L and 6.54 ± 1.30 mmol/L vs 7.40 ± 0.90 mmol/L, respectively; P<0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.654 (95% confidence interval 0.543–0.768, P<0.001).

Conclusion

Expression of lncRNA MALAT1 could offer a novel biomarker to predict GDM.
Oxidative stress induces renal failure: A review of possible molecular pathways
Authors: Yaribeygi Habib , Farrokhi Farin R. , Rezaee Ramin , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: November 2017

It has been reported that oxidative stress has a pivotal role in many disorders such as chronic kidney diseases. Free radicals can directly attack cellular elements, trigger intracellular signaling pathways, or induce systemic responses leading to renal damages. In the current review, we evaluated the literature focusing on the main recognized effects of oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of chronic renal disorders. We searched the PubMed‐Medline and Scopus databases by using the following key words: oxidative stress, kidney, chronic kidney diseases, and free radicals and found about 200 related articles. Then, we focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying chronic kidney diseases which can be induced by oxidative stress and explored how free radicals stimulate these mechanisms. By reviewing the literature, we found that there are almost nine important molecular pathways through which free radicals influence the renal function. Based on the retrieved data, oxidative stress has an important role in the pathophysiology of chronic kidney diseases. Understanding these pathophysiologic pathways may lead us to find new approaches for the management of these debilitating disorders.
A New Route to High Yield Mesostructure Boron Carbide Powder from SiC/Si3N4 Whiskers
Authors: Saeedifar Zahra
Published: November 2017

Boric acid/Mg (magnesiothermic or metal sintering aid)/C (activated carbon)/N2 or Ar (atmosphere)/additives (mesoporous SiO2 or mesoporous SiC or SiC/Si3N4 whiskers) systems were used in the one‐step synthesis of mesostructured B4C (221.04 m2/g). In this study, a mixture of the active precursors was allowed to react via a self‐sustaining reaction (high‐energy ball milling process). Also, the properties of the samples prepared using powdered activated carbon (PAC) and SiC/Si3N4 whiskers (concentration in the range 5–10 wt%) as sources of carbon were investigated. X‐ray diffraction results proved the presence of crystalline boron carbide in the peak positions of B4C (B12C3). The advantage of the present route for yielding mesostructured B4C powder seems to be limited by the growth of carbide crystals. This restriction is believed to be imposed by a lack of whisker additives around the pores where B4C crystals grow. The results also show that the best mesoporous additive for the synthesis of nanoscale boron carbide is mesoporous SiC. The effect of the concentration of CO (reduction of α‐Fe2O3 to Fe by CO) on the B4C synthesis suggests that, in addition to the concentration of CO, the pressure of the N2 atmosphere is an important factor in the synthesis of mesostructured B4C.
N4‐aryl substituted thiosemicarbazones derived from 1‐indanones as potential anti‐tumor agents for breast cancer treatment
Authors: Sólimo Aldana , Soraires Santacruz Maria Cristina , Loaiza Perez Andrea I. , Bal de Kier Joffé Elisa , Finkielsztein Liliana M. , Callero Mariana A.
Published: November 2017

Breast cancer is the first cause of cancer death in women. Many patients are resistant to current therapies, and even those were sensitive at first may eventually become resistant later. Thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) are synthetic compounds that exhibit several pharmacological activities. In this study, we investigated the potential anti‐tumor activity of a set of N4‐arylsubstituted TSCs (N4‐TSCs) on human breast cancer cell lines. Studies on the effect of N4‐TSCs (T1, T2, and T3) were carried on MCF‐7, MDA‐MB 231, and BT 474 cell lines which differ in their expression of ER, PR, and Her2/neu. Non‐transformed MCF‐10A breast cell line were used as normal cells. Action of N4‐TSCs were evaluated by proliferation assay, quantification of apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. Modulation of clonogenic efficiency and migratory capacity by N4‐TSCs were also evaluated. We further investigated the effects of N4‐TSCs on ROS level and Ribonucleotide Reductase (RR) activity. We analyzed the action of these compounds on cellular mammosphere‐forming capacity. We found that T1 and T2 had specific anti‐tumor effect on all breast cancer cell lines based on their pro‐apoptotic action and inhibitory effect on clonogenic efficiency and cell migration capacity. We also showed that both compounds increased ROS level and inhibited RR activity. Finally, we found that all N4‐TSCs diminished mammospehere‐forming capacity of MCF‐7 and BT 474 cells. N4‐TSCs showed specific anti‐tumor action on human breast cancer cells independently their biomarkers expression pattern. Our results place these compounds as promising novel anti‐tumor drugs with potential therapeutic application against different types of breast cancer.
Partition functions and a generalized coloring‐flow duality for embedded graphs
Authors: Litjens Bart , Sevenster Bart
Published: November 2017

Let G be a finite group and a class function. Let be a directed graph with for each vertex a cyclic order of the edges incident to it. The cyclic orders give a collection F of faces of H. Define the partition function , where denotes the product of the κ‐values of the edges incident with v (in cyclic order), where the inverse is taken for edges leaving v. Write , where the sum runs over irreducible representations λ of G with character and with for every λ. When H is connected, it is proved that , where 1 is the identity element of G. Among the corollaries, a formula for the number of nowhere‐identity G‐flows on H is derived, generalizing a result of Tutte. We show that these flows correspond bijectively to certain proper G‐colorings of a covering graph of the dual graph of H. This correspondence generalizes coloring‐flow duality for planar graphs.
The Structure ofN‐phenyl‐pyrazoles and Indazoles: Mononitro, Dinitro, and Trinitro Derivatives
Authors: Claramunt Rosa M. , Santa María Dolores , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: November 2017

This review explores the heterocyclic family ofN‐nitrophenyl pyrazoles and indazoles covering mainly their structural aspects, with special emphasis on the X‐ray diffraction data. NMR spectroscopy and the theoretical calculations will also be briefly summarized. The synthesis and reactivity aspects will be reported when they are specific to these compounds.
Development of novel radionuclides for medical applications
Authors: Qaim Syed M. , Spahn Ingo
Published: November 2017

Medical radionuclide production technology is well established. There is, however, a constant need for further development of radionuclides. The present efforts are mainly devoted to nonstandard positron emitters (eg, 64Cu, 86Y, 124I, and 73Se) and novel therapeutic radionuclides emitting low‐range β− particles (eg, 67Cu and 186Re), conversion or Auger electrons (eg, 117mSn and 77Br), and α particles (eg, 225Ac). A brief account of various aspects of development work (ie, nuclear data, targetry, chemical processing, and quality control) is given. For each radionuclide under consideration, the status of technology for clinical scale production is discussed. The increasing need of intermediate‐energy multiple‐particle accelerating cyclotrons is pointed out.
Radioligands for positron emission tomography imaging of cannabinoid type 2 receptor
Authors: Spinelli Francesco , Mu Linjing , Ametamey Simon M.
Published: November 2017

The cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor is an immunomodulatory receptor mainly expressed in peripheral cells and organs of the immune system. The expression level of CB2 in the central nervous system under physiological conditions is negligible, however under neuroinflammatory conditions an upregulation of CB2 protein or mRNA mainly colocalized with activated microglial cells has been reported. Consequently, CB2 agonists have been confirmed to play a role in neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory processes. A suitable positron emission tomography radioligand for imaging CB2 would provide an invaluable research tool to explore the role of CB2 receptor expression in inflammatory disorders. In this review, we provide a summary of so far published CB2 radioligands as well as their in vitro and in vivo binding characteristics.
Daclatasvir and asunaprevir treatment in patients infected by genotype 1b of hepatitis C virus with no or subtle resistant associated substitutions (RAS) in NS5A‐Y93
Authors: Ishigami Masatoshi , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Honda Takashi , Kuzuya Teiji , Ishizu Yoji , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Nakano Isao , Urano Fumihiro , Kumada Takashi , Yoshioka Kentaro , Hirooka Yoshiki , Goto Hidemi
Published: November 2017

In this study, we investigated the real‐world data of the first approved interferon‐free regimen in Japan, daclatasvir and asunaprevir (DCV+ASV), in chronic hepatitis C patients infected HCV genotype 1b with no or subtle amount of baseline resistant associated substitutions (RAS). Among 924 patients registered in our multicenter study, 750 patients who were proven not to be infected with NS5A‐Y93H RAS by direct sequencing and to have no or subtle amount (less than 20%) of NS5A‐Y93H RAS by probe assays (Cycleave or PCR invader assay) were included in this study. We investigated the anti‐viral effect and factors associated with SVR12. In statistical analysis, P < 0.05 was considered as significant. The SVR12 rate in this population was 92.1% (562/618). Factors associated with SVR12 were male (odds ratio: 2.128; 95%CI: 1.134‐4.000, P = 0.019); lower serum γGTP (odds ratio: 1.007; 95%CI: 1.002‐1.012, P = 0.006); lower HCV‐RNA (odds ratio: 1.848; 95%CI: 1.087‐3.145, P = 0.023), and RVR (odds ratio: 6.250; 95%CI: 2.445‐15.873, P < 0.001). No patients with γGTP ≧ 80 IU/L without RVR showed SVR12 (0/4, 0%) and one patients with γGTP ≧ 20‐< 80 IU/L and HCV‐RNA ≧ 6.5 logIU/mL without RVR (5/10, 50%) and two female patients with RVR but γGTP ≧ 80 IU/L and HCV‐RNA ≧ 6.5 logIU/mL (7/13, 53.8%) showed a low SVR12 rate. In the present study, we showed a good viral response with DCV‐ASV treatment and identified four predictive factors associated with SVR12. These four markers could be a good predictive markers for the viral effect of this treatment regimen in patients with no or subtle amount of RAS in NS5A‐Y93.
Morphological and cellular diversity of magnetotactic bacteria: A review
Authors: Islam Tariqul , Peng Changsheng , Ali Imran
Published: November 2017

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are getting much attention in the recent years due to the biomineralization in their magnetosomes (MS). MS are unique organelles that are bio‐mineralized due to MTB. MS contains nanosized crystal minerals of magnetite or greigite covered by bilayer lipid membrane, which are originated from cytoplasmic membrane (CM). MS are organized as an ordered chain into the cell which acts as a miniature compass needle. Furthermore, the biodiversity of MTB and their distribution is principally linked with the characteristics and growths of the MS. MTB are often considered as a part of the bacterial biomass from all of the aquatic environments. There have been a lot of genes that control the functions of MTB by accumulating as clusters of genomes such as magnetosomes genomic island (MAI). Therefore, in the present review, the function of the genes and proteins has been highlighted, which are mainly associated with the construction and formation of MS. In addition, the biodiversity, morphology and cell biology of MTB is discussed in greater detail to understand the formation of MS crystals by MTB.
Intra‐seasonal rainfall variability in the Amazon basin related to large‐scale circulation patterns: a focus on western Amazon–Andes transition region
Authors: Paccini Laura , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Ronchail Josyane , Segura Hans
Published: November 2017

This study aims to relate the intra‐seasonal rainfall variability over the Amazon basin to atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs), with particular attention to extreme rainfall events in the Amazon–Andes region. The CPs summarize the intra‐seasonal variability of atmospheric circulation and are defined using daily low‐level winds from the ERA‐Interim (1.5° × 1.5°) reanalysis for the 1979–2014 period. Furthermore, observational data of precipitation and high‐resolution TRMM 3B42 (∼25 km), 2A25 PR (∼5 km) and CHIRPS (∼5 km) data products are related to the CPs throughout the Amazon basin. Nine CPs are determined using a hybrid method that combines a neural network technique (self‐organizing maps, SOM) and hierarchical ascendant classification. The CPs are characterized by a specific cycle with alternative transitions and a duration of 14 days on average. This configuration initially results in northerly winds to southerly winds towards the northern or eastern Amazon basin. The related rainfall suggests that it is driven mainly by CP dynamics. In addition, we demonstrate a good agreement amongst the four rainfall data sets: observed precipitation, TRMM 3B42, TRMM 2A25 PR and CHIRPS. Furthermore, special attention is given to the Amazon–Andes transition region. Over this region, two particular CPs (CP4 and CP5) are identified as the key contributors of maximum and minimum daily rainfall, respectively. Thus, during the dry season, 40.8% (11.4%) of the CP5 (CP4) days demonstrate rainfall of less than 1 mm day−1, while during the wet season, 6.2% (14.6%) of the CP5 (CP4) days show rainfall amounts higher than the seasonal 90th percentile (10.4 mm day−1). This study provides additional information concerning the intra‐seasonal circulation variability in Amazonia and demonstrates the value of using remote sensing precipitation data in this region as a tool for forecast in areas lacking observable information.
Powder on Demand
Authors: Dickler Harald , Tharmakulasingam Sadagopan
Published: November 2017

The use of a Rapid‐Powder‐Switch (RPS) during laser metal deposition leads to powder savings of up to fifty percent: With a short switching cycle of less than 200 ms, the powder is immediately available between processing cycles. Thus, surfaces can be coated precisely and only where required – efficient and resource‐conserving.
CO2 Laser‐Based Fiber Splicing System
Authors: Theeg Thomas
Published: November 2017

The outstanding spatial and temporal flexibility and precise control of a laser beam enable automated, reliable and individualized production of single‐ and multi‐mode fiber components. These components can be used for fiber lasers and amplifiers, fiber‐coupled diode lasers and fiber‐based beam delivery systems. The cost‐efficient customization of fiber components is important for the support of the wide range of laser wavelengths and fiber types used for different applications in the laser market. In the following sections, this will be representatively described for our CO2 laser‐based fiber splicing system, which is made for individual fiber splicing tasks using large optical elements such as fiber end caps.
Unbinding of Kinesin from Microtubule in the Strongly Bound States Enhances under Assisting Forces
Authors: Khataee Hamidreza , Naseri Solmaz , Zhong Yongmin , Liew Alan Wee‐Chung
Published: November 2017

The ability to predict the cellular dynamics of intracellular transport has enormous potential to impact human health. A key transporter is kinesin‐1, an ATP‐driven molecular motor that shuttles cellular cargos along microtubules (MTs). The dynamics of kinesins depends critically on their unbinding rate from MT, which varies depending on the force direction applied on the motor, i.e. the force‐unbinding rate relation is asymmetric. However, it remains unclear how changing the force direction from resisting (applied against the motion direction) to assisting (applied in the motion direction) alters the kinesin's unbinding and stepping. Here, we propose a theoretical model for the influence of the force direction on the stepping dynamics of a single kinesin. The model shows that the asymmetry of the force‐unbinding rate relation is independent of ATP concentration. It also reveals that the synthesis of ATP from backward stepping under assisting forces is less likely than under resisting forces. It then finds that the unbinding of kinesin in the strongly MT‐bound kinetic states enhances under assisting forces.
A kit ligand, stem cell factor as a possible mediator inducing overactive bladder
Authors: Kubota Yasue , Hamakawa Takashi , Osaga Satoshi , Okada Atsushi , Hamamoto Shuzo , Kawai Noriyasu , Kohri Kenjiro , Yasui Takahiro
Published: November 2017

Objective

To investigate whether c‐kit ligand, stem cell factor (SCF) affects the biological behavior of overactive bladder (OAB) and discuss the role of SCF as a possible mediator inducing OAB.

Materials and methods

First, we performed an immunohistochemical study to examine the localization of SCF in the guinea pig and human bladder. Next, urinary SCF levels were measured in patients with OAB and in control subjects to evaluate a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of OAB. Third, we examined the effect of SCF administration on the urinary bladder using guinea pigs to obtain additional information about SCF. The animals were administered with mouse SCF, and cystometry was performed. The following urodynamic parameters were analyzed: inter‐contraction interval, maximum voiding pressure, pressure threshold, detrusor baseline pressure, and the number of non‐voiding contractions.

Results

Immunohistochemical study showed that the expression of SCF was observed throughout the bladder wall, but especially in the urothelium of guinea pig and human bladder. Medians and IQRs of urinary SCF and SCF/creatinine levels in OAB patients (85.9 pg/mL [42.8, 199.0] and 1.30 [0.56, 2.71], respectively) were significantly higher than in control subjects (18.9 pg/mL [5.0, 43.6] and 0.26 [0.13, 0.43], respectively). SCF administration dose‐dependently shortened the intercontraction interval and an increased number of non‐voiding contractions (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our present data suggest that SCF produced in the urinary bladder may act as a possible mediator by binding to c‐kit, which is expressed in ICC‐like cells in the suburothelial and muscle layers, to control bladder function.
Green and Red Fluorescent Dyes for Translational Applications in Imaging and Sensing Analytes: A Dual‐Color Flag
Authors: Oliveira Elisabete , Bértolo Emilia , Núñez Cristina , Pilla Viviane , Santos Hugo M. , Fernández‐Lodeiro Javier , Fernández‐Lodeiro Adrian , Djafari Jamila , Capelo José Luis , Lodeiro Carlos
Published: November 2017

Red and green are two of the most‐preferred colors from the entire chromatic spectrum, and red and green dyes are widely used in biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immune‐staining, and nanochemistry applications. Selective dyes with green and red excitable chromophores can be used in biological environments, such as tissues and cells, and can be irradiated with visible light without cell damage. This critical review, covering a period of five years, provides an overview of the most‐relevant results on the use of red and green fluorescent dyes in the fields of bio‐, chemo‐ and nanoscience. The review focuses on fluorescent dyes containing chromophores such as fluorescein, rhodamine, cyanine, boron–dipyrromethene (BODIPY), 7‐nitobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazole‐4‐yl, naphthalimide, acridine orange, perylene diimides, coumarins, rosamine, Nile red, naphthalene diimide, distyrylpyridinium, benzophosphole P‐oxide, benzoresorufins, and tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Metal complexes and nanomaterials with these dyes are also discussed.
Quantitation of Tolyporphins, Diverse Tetrapyrrole Secondary Metabolites with Chlorophyll‐Like Absorption, from a Filamentous Cyanobacterium–Microbial Community
Authors: Zhang Yunlong , Zhang Ran , Hughes Rebecca‐Ayme , Dai Jingqiu , Gurr Joshua R. , Williams Philip G. , Miller Eric S. , Lindsey Jonathan S.
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Tolyporphins are unusual tetrapyrrole macrocycles produced by a non‐axenic filamentous cyanobacterium (HT‐58‐2). Tolyporphins A–J, L, and M share a common dioxobacteriochlorin core, differ in peripheral substituents, and exhibit absorption spectra that overlap that of the dominant cyanobacterial pigment, chlorophylla. Identification and accurate quantitation of the various tolyporphins in these chlorophyll‐rich samples presents challenges.

Objective

To develop methods for the quantitative determination of tolyporphins produced under various growth conditions relative to that of chlorophylla.

Methodology

Chromatographic fractionation of large‐scale (440 L) cultures afforded isolated individual tolyporphins. Lipophilic extraction of small‐scale (25 mL) cultures, HPLC separation with an internal standard, and absorption detection enabled quantitation of tolyporphin A and chlorophylla, and by inference the amounts of tolyporphins A–M. Absorption spectroscopy with multicomponent analysis of lipophilic extracts (2 mL cultures) afforded the ratio of all tolyporphins to chlorophylla. The reported absorption spectral data for the various tolyporphins required re‐evaluation for quantitative purposes.

Results and Discussion

The amount of tolyporphin A after 50 days of illumination ranged from 0.13 nmol/mg dry cells (media containing nitrate) to 1.12 nmol/mg (without nitrate), with maximum 0.23 times that of chlorophylla. Under soluble‐nitrogen deprivation after 35–50 days, tolyporphin A represents 1/3–1/2 of the total tolyporphins, and the total amount of tolyporphins is up to 1.8‐fold that of chlorophylla.

Conclusions

The quantitative methods developed herein should facilitate investigation of the biosynthesis of tolyporphins (and other tetrapyrroles) as well as examination of other strains for production of tolyporphins. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic metals in amniotic fluid and altered gene expression in cell‐free fetal RNA
Authors: Smeester Lisa , Martin Elizabeth M. , Cable Pete , Bodnar Wanda , Boggess Kim , Vora Neeta L. , Fry Rebecca C.
Published: November 2017

Both exposures to toxic metals, as well as deficiencies in essential metals, during pregnancy has been linked to a variety of negative reproductive outcomes. The exact etiologies of such outcomes and the effects of fetal exposure to these metals are largely unknown. Therefore, the ability to assess levels of these elements is critical to determining the underlying causes of such conditions and the effects that both essential and nonessential metals have on fetal development. Thus, using cell‐free fetal RNA from amniotic fluid, we set out to measure the association between amniotic fluid levels of toxic and essential metals and fetal gene expression. We find that arsenic was associated with increased expression of 3 genes known to play roles in both birth‐related and reproductive effects. The results highlight the potential for detrimental health effects of prenatal metals exposure and the potential to identify biomarkers of environmental exposure during this critical developmental period.
Synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of 2‐substituted imidazolium salts
Authors: Hogan David T. , Sutherland Todd C.
Published: November 2017

Herein, we report the synthesis, electrochemical, and computational evaluation of six 2‐substituted imidazolium bromides and six 2‐substituted imidazolium triflates. All final compounds were obtained in 2 or fewer synthetic steps from inexpensive starting materials and display a single, irreversible electrochemical reduction. The reduction potentials span a range greater than 1 V depending on the electron withdrawing power of the 2‐substituent. Imidazolium bromides such as Bn2(H)ImBr reduce with E1/2 = −2.70 V vs Fc/Fc+, whereas the electron‐withdrawing Br‐containing analog Bn2(Br)ImBr reduces at only −1.58 V vs Fc/Fc+. The reduction potential of imidazolium bromides obeys a linear free energy relationship to σm Hammett constants, whereas imidazolium triflates correlate better with the σp Hammett constants. These results indicate that the stabilizing effect of the 2‐substituent is anion‐sensitive, changing from induction to resonance upon exchanging bromide for triflate. Predicted electron affinities from density functional theory–optimized structures of imidazolium cations and reduced species more closely match experimental data for the triflates, suggesting that a triflate anion does not electronically perturb the imidazolium core as much as a bromide. Taken together, these data highlight the dual modularity of imidazolium salts by changing both 2‐substituent and anion.
Synthesis, receptor binding studies, optical spectroscopic and in silico structural characterization of morphiceptin analogs with cis‐4‐amino‐L‐proline residues
Authors: Adamska‐Bartłomiejczyk Anna , Borics Attila , Tömböly Csaba , Dvorácskó Szabolcs , Lisowski Marek , Kluczyk Alicja , Wołczański Grzegorz , Piekielna‐Ciesielska Justyna , Janecka Anna
Published: November 2017

Three novel morphiceptin analogs, in which Pro in position 2 and/or 4 was replaced by cis‐4‐aminoproline connected with the preceding amino acid through the primary amino group, were synthesized. The opioid receptor affinities, functional assay results, enzymatic degradation studies and experimental and in silico structural analysis of such analogs are presented. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and functional studies of differentially O‐glycosylated analogs of a thrombin inhibitory peptide – variegin
Authors: Shabareesh Pidathala R. V. , Kumar Ashish , Salunke Dinakar M. , Kaur Kanwal J.
Published: November 2017

Variegin is a 32‐amino acid long thrombin inhibitory peptide isolated from the salivary gland extract of tropical bont tick Amblyomma variegatum. It was identified to be O‐glycosylated on its Thr‐14 side chain, and this glycosylated form was 14‐fold more potent than that of its non‐glycosylated form. However, as the identity of this glycosylation remained elusive, the mechanistic details underlying its functional impact are not yet known. In this report, we synthesized four different O‐glycosylated analogs of variegin bearing physiologically relevant sugars on its Thr‐14. Functional characterization of these analogs by enzyme inhibitory kinetics and surface plasmon resonance methods showed that all the synthesized glycopeptides are strong thrombin inhibitors. Structural studies by macromolecular docking identified that the sugar moiety of these peptides can potentially mediate favorable interactions with amino acids at the base of thrombin's autolysis loop. This report, for the first time, describes the impact of differential glycosylation on the function of a thrombin inhibitory peptide and tries to provide structural insights into the relevance of peptide glycosylation in thrombin inhibition. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of immunogenicity of poly(sarcosine) displayed on various nanoparticle surfaces due to different physical properties
Authors: Kim Cheol Joo , Hara Eri , Watabe Naoki , Hara Isao , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: November 2017

Poly(sarcosine) displayed on polymeric micelle is reported to trigger a T cell‐independent type2 reaction with B1a cells in the mice to produce IgM and IgG3 antibodies. In addition to polymeric micelle, three kinds of vesicles displaying poly(sarcosine) on surface were prepared here to evaluate the amounts and avidities of IgM and IgG3, which were produced in mice, to correlate them with physical properties of the molecular assemblies. The largest amount of IgM was produced after twice administrations of a polymeric micelle of 35 nm diameter (G1). On the other hand, the production amount of IgG3 became the largest after twice administrations of G3 (vesicle of 229 nm diameter) or G4 (vesicle of 85 nm diameter). The augmented avidity of IgG3 after the twice administrations compared with that at the single administration was the highest with G3. These differences in immune responses are discussed in terms of surface density of poly(sarcosine) chains, nanoparticle size, hydrophobic component of poly(L‐lactic acid) or (Leu‐ or Val‐Aib)n, and membrane elasticity of the nanoparticles. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.