bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A course‐based undergraduate research experience in biochemistry that is suitable for students with various levels of preparedness
Authors: Shelby Shameka J.
Published: February 2019

Due to resource limitations at predominantly undergraduate institutions, research opportunities for non‐senior students can be limited. To provide opportunities for a variety of students to gain exposure to research, a course‐based undergraduate research experience (CURE) was designed and conducted. Coupled inquiry was used to allow underclassmen and upperclassmen to participate. Students first utilized a bioinformatics approach to develop hypotheses concerning protein interactions with the receptor Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK). Students designed experiments to identify specific sites of interactions with SH2‐domain proteins utilizing an assortment of basic biochemical techniques. The semester culminated in students testing their hypotheses and producing manuscripts. Underclassmen that participated in the course also benefitted from mentor–mentee relationships developed with upperclassmen due to the collaborative nature of the course. The structure of the course also allows for further studies to be conducted based on novel findings and is highly adaptable to receptor tyrosine kinases found in other tissue types. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(3):220–227, 2019.
Visual requirement for Chinese reading with normal vision
Authors: Wang Chen‐Xiao , Lin Na , Guo Ying‐Xuan
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Reading performance has been considered as an effective functional endpoint for low vision. Contrary to many extensive studies for reading performance in English, there are few systematic studies for Chinese reading.

Methods

In the present study, the reading performance of 30 normally sighted Chinese college students was systematically investigated. All participants passed the equivalent test of Cambridge ESOL PET in China. The reading speeds for Chinese and English text at a variety of text sizes were measured with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP). The threshold acuities for Chinese characters and English letters were measured. Maximum reading speed, critical font size, and critical acuity reserve were derived according to the individual's reading speed curve.

Results

The maximum reading speed for Chinese characters was 259.5 ± 38.2 characters/min, which was significantly faster than that for English letters (135.7 ± 18.5 words/min, p = 2.8 × 10‐18). The critical font size for Chinese characters was larger than that for English letters (24.2 ± 2.8 arcmin vs. 20.7 ± 1.0 arcmin, p = 1.6 × 10‐7). Interestingly, the critical acuity reserve was similar for these two languages (3.4 ± 0.4 for Chinese and 3.4 ± 0.2 for English, p = 0.4).

Conclusion

The present study provides the first step for establishing visual functional endpoints for Chinese reading. Our findings pose rigorous constrains on present theories in language information processing and brain plasticity.
Guanosine Nucleolipids: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation and X‐Ray Crystallographic Identification of Electricity‐Conducting G‐Ribbons
Authors: Reuter Hans , van Bodegraven Anna Maria , Bender Eugenia , Knies Christine , Diek Nadine , Beginn Uwe , Hammerbacher Katharina , Schneider Vanessa , Kinscherf Ralf , Bonaterra Gabriel A. , Svajda Rainer , Rosemeyer Helmut
Published: February 2019

The lipophilization of β‐d‐riboguanosine (1) with various symmetric as well as asymmetric ketones is described (→3a–3f). The formation of the corresponding O‐2′,3′‐ketals is accompanied by the appearance of various fluorescent by‐products which were isolated chromatographically as mixtures and tentatively analyzed by ESI‐MS spectrometry. The mainly formed guanosine nucleolipids were isolated and characterized by elemental analyses, 1H‐, 13C‐NMR and UV spectroscopy. For a drug profiling, static topological polar surface areas as well as 10logPOW values were calculated by an increment‐based method as well as experimentally for the systems 1‐octanol‐H2O and cyclohexane‐H2O. The guanosine‐O‐2′,3′‐ketal derivatives 3b and 3a could be crystallized in (D6)DMSO – the latter after one year of standing at ambient temperature. X‐ray analysis revealed the formation of self‐assembled ribbons consisting of two structurally similar 3b nucleolipid conformers as well as integrated (D6)DMSO molecules. In the case of 3a ⋅ DMSO, the ribbon is formed by a single type of guanosine nucleolipid molecules. The crystalline material 3b ⋅ DMSO was further analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature‐dependent polarization microscopy. Crystallization was also performed on interdigitated electrodes (Au, distance, 5 μm) and visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Resistance and amperage measurements clearly demonstrate that the electrode‐bridging 3b crystals are electrically conducting. All O‐2′,3′‐guanosine ketals were tested on their cytostatic/cytotoxic activity towards phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐differentiated human THP‐1 macrophages as well as against human astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma GOS‐3 cells and against rat malignant neuroectodermal BT4Ca cells.
Characterization of a novel folic acid‐fortified ready‐to‐eat parboiled rice
Authors: Wahengbam Elizabeth D. , Green Brian D. , Hazarika Manuj K.
Published: February 2019

Background and objectives

A low‐amylose rice, chokuwa, known for yielding no‐cooking rice on parboiling, is subjected to brown rice parboiling. During the soaking step, brown rice was soaked in aqueous solutions of folic acid (FA) at five different concentrations (0.25–4.0 g/L). FA‐fortified parboiled rice was milled for 30 and 60 s and investigated for the effects of FA fortification and milling on product characteristics.

Findings

Folic acid content in the unmilled fortified product was as high as 1.091 g/kg for FA concentration in soak water of 4.0 g/L. On rehydration for 25 min at 60°C, different products soften to hardness values of 152–172 g. A V‐type diffraction pattern was observed. Fortification improved the pasting properties, and a slight increase in yellowness was observed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed an O–H bond stretching at the band range of 3,000–3,600 cm−1, and a very small peak at the band range of 1,740–1,750 cm−1 which was attributed to C=O bond stretching.

Conclusions

Fortification elevated the total FA content in the parboiled product. The product retained its no‐cooking characteristics, and textural and physicochemical properties remain favorable with slight yellowing effects upon FA fortification.

Significance and novelty

The study suggests the approach as a pragmatic way to obtain FA‐fortified ready‐to‐eat rice to combat FA deficiency among needy people.
Deactivation of Methanation Catalyst (Ru/C) Under Supercritical Water by Deposition of Non‐Volatile Organics: First Insights Into Deposition Patterns and Chemical Properties
Authors: Bjelić Saša , Gasser Urs , Alxneit Ivo , Vogel Frédéric
Published: February 2019

Catalytic hydrothermal gasification (HTG) of organic matter over ruthenium nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon poses the best catalytic system up to date for selective production of methane. The deactivation mechanisms of such catalysts have been partially explored focusing on sulfur poisoning and deactivation by nanoparticle sintering. Here we use small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) together with ultrahigh‐pressure liquid chromatography coupled with hyphenated high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HRMS) as an analytical strategy for investigation of catalyst's deactivation by fouling. The obtained results shade light on the morphological and chemical characteristics of catalyst deactivation by organic fouling in supercritical water. Moreover, the washing of the partially deactivated catalyst using a mixture of organic solvents results in full activity reconstruction of the catalyst.
Investigation of advanced NO oxidation process with the delivery of ·OH from thermal decomposition of H2O2
Authors: Kou Kaikai , Zhou Wei , Wang Yan , Zhao Haiqian , Gao Jihui
Published: February 2019

Development of an efficient and economic NO oxidation technology is the key step for the simultaneous removal of NOx and SO2 in coal‐fired power plants. In this work, a novel advanced oxidation process of NO was proposed, which directly delivered highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated from the thermal activation of H2O2 vapour into flue gas flow. The experiments were demonstrated in a lab‐scale device, measuring the oxidation of NO as the indicator of radical formation and delivery. The influence of various operational parameters on NO oxidation was evaluated. Increasing the H2O2 dosage, the temperature of the hot‐nitrogen, the flow rate of the hot‐nitrogen, and the total gas residence time greatly enhances the NO oxidation. The NO oxidation was inhibited obviously with the increasing of the H2O2 pH and the NO initial concentration. Increasing the H2O2 pH and the NO initial concentration obviously reduced the NO oxidation. The results indicated that the thermal activation of H2O2 is feasible to oxidize NO and that the H2O2 homogeneous thermal decomposition reaction is essential, therefore, the temperature and the flow rate of the hot‐nitrogen can significantly affect the conversion efficiency. Finally, a potential application was proposed, where NO oxidation by gas‐phase H2O2 can be coupled with the general SCR system to meet stringent regulatory requirements and with a low operating cost.
A Lead Carboxylate‐Azolate Metal‐Organic Framework Based on Hexanuclear Clusters: Luminescence and Accelerating the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Liu Ge , Wu Shuo , Hou Lei , Lu Yu‐Ke , Yang Qi , Wang Yao‐Yu
Published: February 2019

A lead carboxylate–azolate framework, [Pb3(μ4‐O)(L)2(H2O)] ⋅ 2H2O (1), has been constructed from the reaction of 2‐methyl‐4‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl) benzoic acid (H2L) and Pb(NO3)2 under solvothermal conditions. Compound 1 contains an unprecedented hexanuclear cluster [Pb6(μ4‐O)2(COO)4(CN4)2], which as an 8‐connected node is connected by 3‐connected L linkers to give rise to a three‐dimensional framework with an uncommon (3,8)‐connected tfz‐d; UO3 topology. Framework 1 possesses strong solid‐state yellow luminescence (563 nm), which stems from ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT), however, the removal of water molecules in 1 lead to the significant luminescent decrease of the sample. Importantly, in the presence of 1, the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate is significantly accelerated.
Strengthening competence of therapists‐in‐training in the treatment of health anxiety (hypochondriasis): Validation of the Assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS)
Authors: Kühne Franziska , Lacki Fiona Janina , Muse Kate , Weck Florian
Published: February 2019

Although the observation and assessment of psychotherapeutic competences are central to training, supervision, patient care, quality control, and life‐long practice, structured instruments are used only occasionally. In the current study, an observation‐based tool for the Assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS) was translated into German and adapted, and its psychometric properties were pilot evaluated. Competence of therapists‐in‐training was assessed in a random sample of n = 30 videos on cognitive behavioural therapy including patients diagnosed with hypochondriasis. Two of three raters independently assessed the competences demonstrated in the entire, active treatment sessions (n = 60). In our sample, internal consistency was excellent, and interrater reliability was good. Convergent validity (Cognitive Therapy Scale) and discriminant validity (Helping Alliance Questionnaire) were within the expected ranges. The ACCS total score did not significantly predict the reduction of symptoms of hypochondriasis, and a one‐factorial structure of the instrument was found. By providing multiple opportunities for feedback, self‐reflection, and supervision, the ACCS may complement current tools for the assessment of psychotherapeutic competences and importantly support competence‐based training and supervision.
Utility of Sry‐Related HMG‐Box Gene 10 (SOX10) as a marker of melanoma in effusion cytology
Authors: Dermawan Josephine Kam Tai , Underwood Dawn , Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa
Published: February 2019

Background

The cytodiagnosis of melanoma in effusions can be challenging. Although immunohistochemical (IHC) stains such as HMB45, Melan A, and S‐100 are often utilized; the role of Sry‐related HMG‐box gene 10 (SOX10) in the diagnosis of melanoma in effusions has not been previously reported.

Methods

A total of 14 confirmed melanoma cases diagnosed on effusion cytology (nine pleural and five peritoneal) were collected from 2000 to 2016. IHC stain for SOX10 was performed and compared with HMB45, Melan A, and S‐100. To evaluate the specificity of SOX10, we stained 47 previously diagnosed nonmelanocytic malignant effusions. A cut‐off of >1 positively staining cells was considered positive. The intensity of staining was graded as weak, moderate, and strong.

Results

All 14 melanoma cases were positive for SOX10 and HMB45 (100%), compared to 12 cases (86%) using Melan A and S‐100. Among 47 previously diagnosed nonmelanocytic malignant effusions (4 malignant mesotheliomas, 12 müllerian tumors, 9 breast carcinomas, 9 lung adenocarcinomas, and 13 hematologic tumors), SOX10 and HMB45 showed a specificity of 98%, whereas Melan A and S100 had a specificity of 100%.

Conclusions

The sensitivity of SOX10 for melanoma in effusions is comparable with HMB45 with a 100% sensitivity. In terms of staining intensity, HMB45 appeared to be superior as it showed 100% moderate to strong intensity compared to 72% for SOX10. All four markers showed near‐100% specificity in differentiating melanoma from nonmelanocytic malignant effusions. A combination of HMB45 and SOX10 might be useful as the initial stains of choice in diagnosing melanoma in effusion cytology.
Matriline effects on metamorphic traits in a natural system in the European common frog (Rana temporaria)
Authors: Dittrich Carolin , Huster Juliane , Rödel Mark‐Oliver , Feldhaar Heike
Published: February 2019

Successful reproduction is an important determinant of the fitness of an individual and of the dynamics of populations. Offspring of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) exhibit a high degree of variability in metamorphic traits. However, environmental factors alone cannot explain this phenotypic variability, and the influence of genetic factors remains to be determined. Here, we tested whether the maternal genotype influences developmental time, body size, and body condition of offspring in a forest pond in Germany. We collected fertilized eggs from all 57 clutches deposited in the pond. We used multilocus genotypes based on seven microsatellite loci to assign metamorphosed offspring to mothers and to determine the number of fathers for a single matriline. We tested the influence of genetic effects in the same environment by comparing variability of metamorphic traits within and between full‐sib offspring grouped to matrilines and tested whether multiple paternity increases the variability of metamorphic traits in a single matriline. The variability in size and body condition was higher within matrilines than between them, which indicates that these traits are more strongly influenced by environmental effects, which are counteracting underlying genetic effects. The developmental time varied considerably between matrilines and variability increased with the effective number of fathers, suggesting an additive genetic effect of multiple paternity. Our results show that metamorphic traits are shaped by environmental as well as genetic effects.
Investigation of Cobalt(III)‐Tetrachlorocatechol Complexes as Models for Catechol‐Based Anticancer Prodrugs
Authors: da Silva Aline Farias Moreira , de Mello Marcos Vinícius Palmeira , Gómez Javier G. , Ferreira Glaucio Braga , Lanznaster Mauricio
Published: February 2019

Two novel cobalt(III) complexes, [Co(TPA)(TCC)]ClO4·H2O (1) and [Co(py2en)(TCC)]ClO4·2H2O (2), were synthesized and fully characterized by IR, UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry experiments revealed an irreversible reduction of the Co3+ center for both complexes. The Co3+/Co2+ redox potential, –0.91 V for 1 and –1.15 V for 2 (vs. Fc/Fc+), was obtained by square wave voltammetry in DMSO. Reactions of 1 and 2 with ascorbic acid and sodium dithionite at pH 7.4 and 6.2 were carried out in argon and open‐air atmospheres, to simulate biological redox activation under hypoxia and normoxia. Neither the Co3+/Co2+ reduction nor the dissociation of TCC2– was observed. Thermodynamic parameters calculated for the Co3+/Co2+ reduction and substitution of the TCC2– ligand by water indicate an endothermic non‐spontaneous reaction.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Cyclization of Homotryptamine Derivatives
Authors: Jiang Xinpeng , Zhu Weijie , Yang Liechao , Zheng Zicong , Yu Chuanming
Published: February 2019

A facile and efficient cyclization of homotryptamines and their derivatives has been established for the construction of 4a‐chlorotetrahydropyrido[2,3‐b]indoles and 3,3‐spirocyclic 3H‐indoles using hypervalent iodine (1‐chloro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐one) under mild conditions. The broad substrate scope and successful gram‐scale experiment grant this metal‐free transformation great potential for further application.
Exposure to cannabinoids can lead to persistent cognitive and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Krebs Marie‐Odile , Kebir Oussama , Jay Therese M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Cannabinoids are proposed in a wide array of medical indications. Yet, the evaluation of adverse effects in controlled clinical studies, following the evidence‐based model, has partly been bypassed. On the other hand, studies on the consequences of recreational use of cannabis and experimental studies bring some insights on the potential long‐term consequences of cannabinoids use.

Results

Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that cannabis use is associated with a risk of persistent cognitive deficits and increased risk of schizophrenia‐like psychoses. These risks are modulated by the dose and duration of use, on top of age of use and genetic factors, including partially shared genetic predisposition with schizophrenia. Experimental studies in healthy humans showed that cannabis and its principal psychoactive component, the delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), could produce transient, dose‐dependent, psychotic symptoms as well as cognitive effects, which can be attenuated by cannabidiol (CBD). Studies in rodents have confirmed these effects and shown that adolescent exposure results in structural changes and impaired synaptic plasticity, impacting fronto‐limbic systems that are critically involved in higher brain functions. The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in brain maturation. Its over‐activation by cannabinoid receptor type 1 agonists (e.g., THC) during adolescence and the resulting changes in neuroplasticity could alter brain maturation and cause long‐lasting changes that persist in the adult brain.

Conclusions

Exposure to cannabinoids can have long‐term impact on the brain, with an inter‐individual variability that could be conveyed by personal and family history of psychiatric disorders and genetic background. Adolescence and early adulthood are critical periods of vulnerability.

Significance

The assessment of benefice–risk balance of medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids needs to carefully explore populations that could be more at‐risk of psychiatric and cognitive complications.
Neurophysiology and genetics of burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Kolkka Marina , Forssell Heli , Virtanen Arja , Puhakka Antti , Pesonen Ullamari , Jääskeläinen Satu K.
Published: February 2019

Background and aims

Neuropathic mechanisms are involved in burning mouth syndrome (BMS), and variation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene contributes to experimental pain perception. We investigated whether neurophysiologic findings differ in BMS patients compared to healthy controls, and whether 957C>T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene influences thermal sensitivity or pain experience in BMS.

Methods

Forty‐five BMS patients (43 women), mean age 62.5 years, and 32 healthy controls (30 women), mean age 64.8 years, participated. Patients estimated pain intensity, interference, suffering and sleep with Numeric Rating Scale. Blink reflex tests of the supraorbital (SON), mental (MN) and lingual (LN) nerves, and thermal quantitative sensory testing were done. The results were analysed with ANOVA. DRD2 gene 957C>T polymorphism was determined in 31 patients, and its effects on neurophysiologic and clinical variables were analysed.

Results

Cool (p = 0.0090) and warm detection thresholds (p = 0.0229) of the tongue were higher in BMS patients than controls. The stimulation threshold for SON BR was higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.0056). The latencies of R2 component were longer in BMS patients than in controls (p = 0.0005) at the SON distribution. Habituation of SON BR did not differ between the groups. The heat pain thresholds were highest (p = 0.0312) in homozygous patients with 957TT, who also reported most interference (p = 0.0352) and greatest suffering (p = 0.0341). Genotype 957CC associated with sleep disturbances (p = 0.0254).

Conclusions

Burning mouth syndrome patients showed thermal hypoesthesia within LN distribution compatible with small fibre neuropathy. The DRD2 957C>T genotype influences perception and experience of BMS pain.

Significance

The results confirm earlier findings of neuropathic pain in BMS. The DRD2 957 C>T genotype influences perception and experience of clinical pain in BMS.
A chemoenzymatic approach enables the site‐specific conjugation of recombinant proteins
Authors: Wang Yan , Dong Mingming , Ye Mingliang
Published: February 2019

Many biotechniques including protein microarray, drug screening, biosensors rely on the immobilization of recombinant proteins on the solid supports. It is well known that random orientation of the immobilized proteins could impair their biologic functions. Thus, it is very important to develop new site‐specific immobilization approach. In this study, we presented a chemoenzymatic approach for site‐specific conjugation of recombinant proteins onto solid support. In this strategy, the affinity tag on recombinant protein was enzymatically cleaved to expose the N‐terminal serine, which was oxidized to carry an aldehyde group and was then covalently coupled to hydrazide resin through hydrazone ligation. As this approach takes advantage of the most frequently used TEV protease, it requires no further sequence design on recombinant protein. This method was validated by site specific coupling of a synthetic peptide and a recombinant protein onto solid supports. It was found that the site specific immobilized SH2 domain is functional and could be used to enrich tyrosine phosphorylated peptides.
Microfabricated liquid junction hybrid capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry interface for fully automated operation
Authors: Krenkova Jana , Kleparnik Karel , Luksch Jaroslav , Foret Frantisek
Published: February 2019

One of the challenging instrumental aspects in coupling an automated CE instrument with ESI mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) is finding the balance between the stability, reproducibility and sensitivity of the analysis and compatibility with the standard CE instrumentation. Here, we present a development of a new liquid junction based electrospray interface for automated CE‐MS, with a focus on the technical design followed by computer modeling of transport conditions as well as characterization of basic performance of the interface. This hybrid arrangement designed as a microfabricated unit attachable to the automated CE instrument allows using of a wide range of separation capillaries with respect to their diameter, length or internal coating (e.g., for suppressed electroosmotic flow). Different compositions of the ESI liquid and background electrolyte solutions can be used if needed. The microfabricated part, prepared by laser machining from polyimide, includes a self‐aligning liquid junction, a short transport channel, and a pointed sprayer for the electrospray ionization. This microfabricated part is positioned in a plastic connection block securing the separation capillary and flushing ports. Transport conditions were modelled using computer simulation and the real life performance of the interface was compared to that of a commercial sheath liquid interface. The basic performance of the interface was demonstrated by separations of peptides, proteins, and oligosaccharides.
Technical assessment and flue gases emission monitoring of an oil palm biomass–biogas cofired boiler
Authors: Nasrin Abu Bakar , Loh Soh Kheang , Sukiran Mohamad Azri , Bukhari Nurul Adela , Aziz Astimar Abdul
Published: February 2019

Biogas generated from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be a supplementary fuel in palm oil mill biomass boilers. The effects of biogas cofiring with different types of oil palm biomass‐based conventional boiler fuel on the boiler efficiency and performance were investigated. Three different types of fuel input were assessed, namely (1) a mixed biogas‐mesocarp fiber (MF)‐empty fruit bunch fiber (EFBF) (biogas‐MF‐EFBF) fuel, (2) a mixed biogas‐MF (biogas‐MF) fuel, and (3) MF only for a 40 t/h water tube boiler. It was found that the boiler efficiencies and particulate emissions varied from 72 to 83% and 0.1375 to 0.6050 g/m3, respectively. The highest boiler efficiency with the lowest particulate emission was attainable when cofiring biogas with MF. This fuel mix combination contributed to reduction of the fed solid biomass fuel into the boiler furnace and resulted in lesser incomplete combustion and ash generation. The findings demonstrated that the fuel selection and proper mixture of the type of biogas‐biomass fuel are among the important factors to ensure high palm oil mill boiler efficiency and low particulate emission in meeting the permitted limit as stipulated in the Malaysian Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 2014. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Effect of cold plasma on essential oil content and composition of lemon verbena
Authors: Ebadi Mohammad‐Taghi , Abbasi Soleiman , Harouni Amir , Sefidkon Fatemeh
Published: February 2019

Cold plasma is known as a novel nonthermal processing method for decontamination of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs); however, there are little research studies about its effects on active ingredients of these plants. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of low‐pressure cold plasma (LPCP) treatments (1, 3, and 5 min) on the essential oil (EO) content and composition of lemon verbena leaves. The EO content was determined using hydro‐distillation, and the composition of the extracted EOs was quantified using gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. The results showed that by increasing the LPCP treatment duration, the EO content was reduced from 1.2 to 0.9 (% v/w). The highest content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (e.g., limonene) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (e.g., spathulenol and globulol) was also observed in LPCP‐treated ones, whereas the oxygenated monoterpenes (e.g., citral) content of control was measurably higher than those treated with LCPC.
Content variations in compositions and volatile component in jujube fruits during the blacking process
Authors: Sun Xin , Gu Duanyin , Fu Quanbin , Gao Lin , Shi Chuan , Zhang Rentang , Qiao Xuguang
Published: February 2019

Dried jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) was incubated at high temperature and humidity for 96 hr in blacking process and sampled every 12 hr. Results showed that the saccharose reduced from 195.6 to 3.1 g/kg rapidly in 24 hr. The total acid content was mild with 8.82 g/kg and increased to 23.45 g/kg by 177.21% with thermal processing for 96 hr. The contents of total polyphenols were enhanced during 0–48 hr processing, and the amount of the compound increased with treatment by 50.99%. The total reducing sugar increased 29.79% on 60 hr. cAMP was decreased with aging and ripening by 65.85%. 5‐HMF was keep growing to 3.52 g/kg. The volatile component had great change in black jujube fruits compared to untreated jujubes, especially treated in 12 hr. The results indicated that backing pretreatment can facilitate the generation of functional food materials and support the development of this nutrition product.
Retinal microglia signaling affects Müller cell behavior in the zebrafish following laser injury induction
Authors: Conedera Federica Maria , Pousa Ana Maria Quintela , Mercader Nadia , Tschopp Markus , Enzmann Volker
Published: February 2019

Microglia are the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system including the retina. Under pathophysiological conditions, microglia can signal to Müller cells, the major glial component of the retina, affecting their morphological, molecular, and functional responses. Microglia–Müller cell interactions appear to be bidirectional shaping the overall injury response in the retina. Hence, microglia and Müller cell responses to disease and injury have been ascribed both positive and negative outcomes. However, Müller cell reactivity and survival in the absence of immune cells after injury have not been investigated in detail in adult zebrafish. Here, we develop a model of focal retinal injury combined with pharmacological treatments for immune cell depletion in zebrafish. The retinal injury was induced by a diode laser to damage photoreceptors. Two pharmacological treatments were used to deplete either macrophage–microglia (PLX3397) or selectively eliminate peripheral macrophages (clodronate liposomes). We show that PLX3397 treatment hinders retinal regeneration in zebrafish, which is reversed by microglial repopulation. On the other hand, selective macrophage elimination did not affect the kinetics of retinal regeneration. The absence of retinal microglia and macrophages leads to dysregulated Müller cell behavior. In the untreated fish, Müller cells react after injury induction showing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Phospho‐p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2), and PCNA upregulation. However, in the immunosuppressed animals, GFAP and phospho‐p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) expression was not upregulated overtime and the reentry in the cell cycle was not affected. Thus, microglia and Müller cell signaling is pivotal to unlock the regenerative potential of Müller cells in order to repair the damaged retina.
Network abnormalities among non‐manifesting Parkinson disease related LRRK2 mutation carriers
Authors: Jacob Yael , Rosenberg‐Katz Keren , Gurevich Tanya , Helmich Rick C. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Giladi Nir , Mirelman Anat , Hendler Talma , Thaler Avner
Published: February 2019

Non‐manifesting carriers (NMC) of the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene represent an “at risk” group for future development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and have demonstrated task related fMRI changes. However, resting‐state networks have received less research focus, thus this study aimed to assess the integrity of the motor, default mode (DMN), salience (SAL), and dorsal attention (DAN) networks among this unique population by using two different connectivity measures: interregional functional connectivity analysis and Dependency network analysis (DEPNA). Machine learning classification methods were used to distinguish connectivity between the two groups of participants. Forty‐four NMC and 41 non‐manifesting non‐carriers (NMNC) participated in this study; while no behavioral differences on standard questionnaires could be detected, NMC demonstrated lower connectivity measures in the DMN, SAL, and DAN compared to NMNC but not in the motor network. Significant correlations between NMC connectivity measures in the SAL and attention were identified. Machine learning classification separated NMC from NMNC with an accuracy rate above 0.8. Reduced integrity of non‐motor networks was detected among NMC of the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene prior to identifiable changes in connectivity of the motor network, indicating significant non‐motor cerebral changes among populations “at risk” for future development of PD.
Which groups of the poor are supported more by the law? Pro‐poor health policy network in Iran
Authors: Etemadi Manal , Ashtarian Kioomars , Gorji Hasan Abolghasem , Kangarani Hananneh Mohammadi
Published: February 2019

Background

Considering the challenges of health services utilization of the poor in Iran, it is necessary to examine the supportive policy documents about the poor in order to identify such challenges.

Methods

This study is a policy documents analysis that has evaluated the legal documents in the health financial support to the poor. The researchers looked in the websites for documents and referred to related organizations. Social network analysis approach and UCINET software were chosen for data analysis.

Results

Twenty‐seven different disadvantaged groups were identified for financial support in the legal documents. The main focus was on “poor people,” “unsupported women and children,” and “disabled and elderly poor people.” There is a bundle of confusion about the number of supporting institutions for different groups and the amount of support in the network.

Conclusion

The coverage of the poor in Iran has been impaired by a lack of clear boundary in their support. Because of the interorganizational partnership challenges, much more promising results would have been achieved if there was only one administrative institution for the Iranian poor. Given the inconsistencies seen in the support types and levels for the poor to access health services, it is inevitable to amend the laws.
Benzodiazepine usage and patient preference for alternative therapies: A descriptive study
Authors: Sake Fatema‐Tun‐Naher , Wong Keith , Bartlett Delwyn J. , Saini Bandana
Published: February 2019

Background and aims

The prevalence of chronic benzodiazepine use in primary care settings remains high despite clear evidence of adverse health outcomes resulting from long‐term use and the availability of effective alternative behavioural therapies. Eliciting factors influencing past or current usage experience of benzodiazepine users and their future behavioural intention regarding discontinuation or alternative behavioural therapy adoption could be useful in developing informed strategies facilitating successful benzodiazepine withdrawal in long‐term users. The aim of this study was to identify patient factors influencing their current long‐term benzodiazepine use, past withdrawal attempt, and future intention to trial safer alternative behavioural therapies. Additionally, the study also aimed to explore patients' preference for information sources on behavioural therapies.

Methods

Point of purchase surveys were conducted with patients obtaining benzodiazepines from selected pharmacies across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Survey items included the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ‐specific), questions about patient's sociodemographic characteristics, as well as their views about long‐term benzodiazepine use and behavioural therapies.

Results

Seventy‐five patients were recruited from 12 pharmacies across New South Wales (NSW). The surveys were conducted from November 2016 to July 2017. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 54.3 (±16.7) with a range of 23 to 86 years, and 67% of the participants had been using the benzodiazepine for at least 1 year. Lower‐education levels, stronger beliefs about the necessity of use, and lower concerns about ongoing benzodiazepine use were significantly associated with prolonged use. Sixty‐four percent of the participants were not interested in behavioural therapies, and there was a significant relationship between the participants' future preference for behavioural therapies and their concerns about the potential adverse effects of benzodiazepines. A majority of the participants rated general practitioners (GPs) as their first choice and pharmacists as the second choice for discussing behavioural therapies.

Conclusions

Specific individual sociodemographic characteristics of benzodiazepine users and their medication‐related beliefs influence their current benzodiazepine usage and future intention to trial behavioural therapies as an alternative to their benzodiazepines. Based on the reported preferences of benzodiazepine users in this study, developing and evaluating GP‐pharmacist collaborative services to improve the uptake of behavioural therapies as an alternative to benzodiazepines can be recommended.
Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage with dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate elevation in a patient with suspected adrenal cortical carcinoma
Authors: Shimokihara Kota , Kawahara Takashi , Mochizuki Taku , Morinaga Ryota , Izumi Koji , Sanjyo Hiroyuki , Nakaigawa Noboru , Yao Masahiro , Otani Masako , Uemura Hiroji
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage is a relatively rare disease that is sometimes difficult to differentiate from adrenal cortical carcinoma. We herein report a case of spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage with dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate elevation.

Case presentation

The patient was a 78‐year‐old man with an adrenal tumor that had increased in size to 42 mm. With the exception of an elevated dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate level (2281 ng/mL), the results of a hormone analysis were almost normal. Laparoscopic adrenal tumor resection was performed. The pathological diagnosis was adrenal hematoma.

Conclusion

We reported a case of spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage in a patient with dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate elevation.
Curcumin‐galactomannosides mitigate alcohol‐induced liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation, and enhance bioavailability on TLR4/MMP events compared to curcumin
Authors: Mohan Ratheesh , Jose Svenia , Sukumaran Sandya , S Asha , S Sheethal , John Grace , I M Krishnakumar
Published: February 2019

Alcoholic liver diseases are classified as one of the major reasons for worldwide morbidity and mortality. Curcuminoids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities that are beneficial for health, including hepatoprotective effects, but its clinical significance is limited due to poor oral bioavailability. In the present study, a novel formulation of curcumin as curcumin‐galactomannosides (CGM) with enhanced oral bioavailability alleviated alcohol‐induced liver damage in wistar rats with an increased potency compared to the unformulated natural curcuminoids (CM). Ethanol administration significantly elevated liver toxicity markers, lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers with a simultaneous reduction in antioxidant defenses. Supplementation of CGM reversed all of the pathological effects of alcohol administration, almost close to the normal level, when compared with CM. Histopathology of liver tissue also confirmed the better protective effect of CGM, indicating the enhancement in antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects as a function of bioavailability.
Fe3O4@L‐arginine magnetic nanoparticles: A novel and magnetically retrievable catalyst for the synthesis of 1′3‐diaryl‐2N‐azaphenalene
Authors: Eftekhari Asghar , Foroughifar Naser , Hekmati Malak , Khobi Mahdi
Published: February 2019

The catalytic activity of l‐arginine‐coated nano‐Fe3O4 particles (Fe3O4@l‐arginine) proves they are a novel magnetic catalyst without the use of heat and reflux for the synthesis of 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐N‐azaphenalene derivatives and n‐acyl‐1,3‐diaryl‐2‐N‐azaphenylene derivatives in a one‐pot pseudo‐five‐component condensation reaction of compounds of 2,7‐naphthalene diol, aldehydes, and ammonia derivatives (ammonium acetate or ammonium hydrogen phosphate) and solvent (water and alcohol) with high yield and short reaction times, economical, and simple workup. The structure and magnetic properties of the obtained nanoparticles were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The results demonstrated that the average size of the synthesized magnetite nanoparticles is about 21 nm. In addition, the heterogeneous catalyst can be easily recovered magnetically and can be reused for further runs without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Thermal characterization and kinetic analysis of nano‐ and micro‐Al/NiO thermites: Combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Fathollahi Manoochehr , Azizi‐Toupkanloo Hossein
Published: February 2019

In the experimental part of this study, thermal properties of the Al and NiO composites in micro‐ and nano‐sized Al are investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the onset temperatures of ignition, activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (A), rate constant (k), critical ignition temperature of thermal explosion (Tb), and self‐accelerating decomposition temperature (TSADT), as well as the thermodynamic parameters (ΔS≠, ΔH≠, and ΔG≠) are used to explore the thermal behavior and analyze the kinetics. Thermal analysis suggests that the mechanism is based on solid–solid diffusion and liquid–gas for the nano‐ and micro‐Al/NiO composite, respectively. Our results indicate that the incorporation of nano‐Al particles can significantly reduce the ignition temperature, Ea, A, k, Tb, and TSADT. In the second part of this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to investigate the behavior of Al/NiO thermite reaction using the Reaxff force field to evaluate the experimental results. Theoretically, MD results show 1,154 K as the reaction ignition temperature, which is in reasonably good agreement with experimental temperature of 893°C (1,166 K). The radial distribution function (RDF) shows that no reaction occurs at 500 K but it is complete at 1,200 K.
Effect of calcination temperature on the photocatalytic activity of carbon‐doped titanium dioxide revealed by photoluminescence study
Authors: Sean Nor Arbani , Leaw Wai Loon , Nur Hadi
Published: February 2019

Carbon‐doped titania (C‐TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel method at different calcination temperatures (300–600°C) employing titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as the titanium source and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) as the carbon source. The physical properties of C‐TiO2 samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The photocatalytic activities were checked through the photodegradation of phenolphthalein (PHP) under ultraviolet irradiation. The UV spectrum showed that the carbon doping extends the absorption range of TiO2 to the visible region. However, the photocatalytic activity is affected by the electron–hole recombination phenomenon, as revealed by the photoluminescence (PL) study. According to the PL spectra, carbon doping reduces the edge‐to‐edge electron–hole recombination. Nevertheless, the number of defect sites is greatly influenced by the calcination temperature of C‐TiO2. C‐TiO2 that was calcined at 400°C showed the highest photodegradation percentage of PHP, which was mainly attributed to the synergic effect of the low direct edge‐to‐edge electron–hole recombination, high content of defect sites, and retention of active electrons on the surface hydroxyl group.
Upregulation of DLEU1 expression by epigenetic modification promotes tumorigenesis in human cancer
Authors: Pang Boran , Sui Shiyao , Wang Qin , Wu Junqiang , Yin Yanling , Xu Shouping
Published: February 2019

The function of DLEU1 in human cancer is largely unknown. The Cancer Genome Atlas data were applied to identify the landscape of differential genes between tumor tissues and normal tissues, which was further validated by our cohort data and pan‐cancer data including 33 cancer types with 11,060 patients. Next, DLEU1 was selected to validate the novel finding and result showed that it promoted tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DLEU1 promotes SRP4 expression via increasing H3K27ac enrichment to SRP4 locus epigenetically. Moreover, epigenetic modification leads to upregulation of DLEU1 expression via decreased DNA methylation and increased H3K27ac and H3K4me3 histone modification in its locus. Finally, high expression of DLEU1 correlates with worse prognosis not only in specific cancer type patients but also in patients in the pan‐cancer cohort. In summary, the work broadens the function landscape of known long noncoding RNAs in human cancer and provides novel insights into their roles in tumorigenesis.
Ebp1 p48 promotes oncogenic activities in human colon cancer cells through regulation of TIF‐90‐mediated ribosomal RNA synthesis
Authors: Nguyen Dang Quan , Hoang Dinh Hoa , Nguyen Thanh Thao Vo , Ho Huu Duc , Huynh Vu , Shin June Ho , Ly Quoc Trung , Thi Nguyen Dai Dong , Ghoda Lucy , Marcucci Guido , Nguyen Le Xuan Truong
Published: February 2019

The ErbB3‐binding protein 1 (Ebp1) has been reported as either an oncogenic regulator or a tumor suppressor in a variety of cancers. Here, we show that Ebp1 p48, a predominant expression isoform, is highly expressed in the majority of human colon tumor cells compared with normal adjacent tissues and its expression is required for the oncogenic activities of these cells. Depletion of Ebp1 expression in primary colon cancer cells inhibits cell proliferation, colony forming, and invasion in vitro as well as tumor formation in vivo and enhances cell sensitivity to irradiation. We further demonstrated that Ebp1 interacts with TIF‐90, a splice variant of transcription initiation factor IA (TIF‐IA) of the RNA polymerase I complex, allowing for regulation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and oncogenesis in human colon cancer cells. Moreover, Ebp1 expression is essential for Akt protected TIF‐90 stability by preventing TIF‐90's ubiquitination by Mdm2 and hence, its proteasomal degradation. The results of the present study support a mechanism of underlying oncogenic activities by means of Ebp1 through regulation of TIF‐90‐mediated rRNA synthesis and suggest the potential therapeutic treatment of colon cancer by targeting Ebp1 and its signaling.
Cachexia and advanced dementia
Authors: Minaglia Cecilia , Giannotti Chiara , Boccardi Virginia , Mecocci Patrizia , Serafini Gianluca , Odetti Patrizio , Monacelli Fiammetta
Published: February 2019

Cachexia is a complex metabolic process that is associated with several end‐stage organ diseases. It is known to be also associated with advanced dementia, although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are still largely unknown. The present narrative review is aimed at presenting recent insights concerning the pathophysiology of weight loss and wasting syndrome in dementia, the putative mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of energy balance, and the interplay among the chronic clinical conditions of sarcopenia, malnutrition, and frailty in the elderly. We discuss the clinical implications of these new insights, with particular attention to the challenging question of nutritional needs in advanced dementia and the utility of tube feeding in order to optimize the management of end‐stage dementia.
MASTers of neutrophil homeostasis
Authors: Gadjeva Mihaela
Published: February 2019

Discussion on the impact of mast cells on neutrophil clearance.