bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting the Core: A Neo‐institutionalist Approach to the EMU
Authors: Campanella Miriam L.
Published: April 2007

THE NEW REGIONALISM, MANIFESTED IN EUROPE BY THE SINGLE European Act and the Maastricht Treaty (1992) and in North America by the signature of the North-American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA 1993), is centred on strategic policies and new institutions, the aims of which are to achieve a more effective role in global competition. In Europe, the shift is marked by the impending process of monetary union and the creation of its related institutions. The new approach agreed in the Maastricht Treaty sets out four requirements for eligibility to membership of monetary union. Convergence criteria embodying the judgment of financial markets about future inflation, exchange rate and fiscal policy appeared to be the second best choice for governments seeking to institutionalize their commitment to inflation-avoiding policies. The whole mechanism is meant first to provide the region with a credible monetary institution able to win over the financial markets and secondly to set up bulwarks to the inflation-prone pressures of domestic sheltered interests. Thirdly, the aim is to commit member countries, through a so-called targeting exercise (in Keohane's words) to accomplishing the agreed objectives with monetary discipline and macroeconomic adjustment.
Political Ethics: The Nolan Report
Authors: Berrington Hugh
Published: April 2007

REPRESENTATIVES ARE RARELY REPRESENTATIVE OF THOSE THEY represent. The most widely bruited cause of this paradox is the difference in social class; almost every study of legislators in Western democracies shows that they come from more well-todo backgrounds, are drawn from more prestigious and intellectually satisfying occupations, and are much better educated than their electors. Such contrasts alone would make for a formidable divide between representatives and the represented; but more significant than these external signs is the psychological gulf between politicians and ordinary citizens. For a few, politics consumes the greater part of their lives; for the many, politics is a matter taking up little time and absorbing little emotional energy. The belief systems of the politically active few will usually be complex and highly articulated; of the passive many, shallow and indistinct.
Conjectures on the Nation‐State
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: April 2007

WHAT FOLLOW ARE LESS ‘THESES’ THAN ‘CONJECTURES’, speculations both tentative and disjointed. Like a mathematician's conjectures, however, they admit of being systematically ordered into a larger theory as well as being elaborated more fully, one-by-one. Here I shall, without elaboration, at least sketch the outlines of that larger theory.

The general tenor of all these conjectures is to query an ethos, prevailing for the past two centuries or more, effectively encapsulated in the slogan, ‘Every state a nation, every nation a state’. Starting with the American and Latin American revolutions and continuing through the twentieth century's own wars of national liberation, the continuing motif has been one of freeing ‘a People’ from ‘alien rule’. Champions of ‘political unification’, from Mazzini's Italy to Kohl's Germany, have likewise taken as their rallying cry the uniting of a single people under a single government. That is the ‘every nation a state’ side of the story.
Real Change in the USA
Authors: Mansfield Harvey C.
Published: April 2007

THE AMERICAN ELECTION OF 1994, A SMASHING NATIONAL victory for the Republican Party, was both unusual and momentous. It produced a result of startling clarity, which is unusual in the American constitutional scheme, especially for a non-presidential election; and it promises enduring dominance for the Republicans, which is momentous. The change that President Bill Clinton said he would bring in 1992, and did not bring, has been imposed on him.

Not since 1946, when Harry Truman was presented with a Republican Congress, has an incumbent president been treated so roughly by the voters. But Truman lived in the era of New Deal dominance and was able to recover and be re-elected in 1948. The better analogy for the 1994 election, unfortunately for the Democrats, is probably 1930, when Herbert Hoover was repudiated by the voters and a new Democratic Congress become the prelude to the New Deal dominance that began in 1932 and now seems to have come to an end.
Some Thoughts on Transition: A Comparative View of the Peace Processes in South Africa and Northern Ireland
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: April 2007

‘PEACE PROCESS’ IS A NEW AND FASHIONABLE CONCEPT. THERE are of course great local differences between the Middle Eastern, the South African and the Irish-British peace processes. But there are some remarkable characteristic similarities between them which form a pattern and especially when, as at present, they are seen in their phases of transition. What I present here are a few remarks on the differences and similarities in the phase of transition of the ongoing peace processes in South Africa and in Northern Ireland — differences which geopolitically, demographically, culturally and economically might seem at first sight in some respects rather difficult to compare.
Mexico: The Challenge of Democracy
Authors: Cansino César
Published: April 2007

THE MEXICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM IS CURRENTLY GOING through the most turbulent, disconcerting and complex end of a sexenio, or six-year presidential term, in memory. This is not the usual internal turmoil which has traditionally accompanied every change of administration, but a political crisis so great that it portends a process of political change destined to transform the very nature of the Mexican political regime itself.

It may not be altogether new for this political regime to face the ‘democratic demands’ of important sectors of civil society; these demands have been made in the past in a variety of ways and with various consequences. However, this time the call for democracy constitutes an authentic challenge to the continuity and autonomy of the regime, and this is an extraordinary, highly significant development.
Politics and Morality in the Thought of Karl Popper
Authors: Minogue Kenneth
Published: April 2007

LIKE MANY PEOPLE, I FIND KARL POPPER BOTH FASCINATING and irritating. His vigour and lucidity are irresistible, and no one could complain that he fails to engage with the big questions. The problems begin when we consider his political thought. Some think him one of the great liberal philosophers of the century. I on the other hand, while being fascinated by The Open Society and its Enemies, am repelled by the grossness of its caricaturing of most of the thinkers it touches. The Poverty of Historicism is a marvellous text in the philosophy of the social sciences, but the idea of historicism is a straw man. The paradox seems to be that while there is a lot that refers to the political questions of the day, there is virtually nothing which takes up issues of political philosophy directly. The result is that he seems to me always to be on the wrong foot, and my problem is to discover why.
British Party Conferences and the Political Rhetoric of the 1990s
Authors: Kavanagh Dennis
Published: April 2007

THERE ARE CERTAIN PREDICTABLE HIGH POINTS IN THE political calendar. Local elections, the Queen's speech and the Budget are pencilled in at each party's headquarters and the media devote acres of newsprint and hours of broadcasting time to each. Yet none of these compare in duration to the season of party conferences, which last for the best part of a month. For political commentators and activists they are the political equivalent of an Olympic games for sports fans and competitors.
Canadian Political Miscalculation? Quebec's Referendum 95
Authors: Feaver George
Published: April 2007

‘IT LOOKS TO ME DISTINCTLY LIKE CANADIAN FEDERALISM'S referendum to lose’, I wrote late last winter, anticipating the call from Jacques Parizeau's provincial Parti Québécois for the second referendum on Quebec ‘sovereignty’ in fifteen years, expected sometime in 1995. Thank goodness I took the precaution to add: ‘bearing in mind, of course, that from the sovereignists’ angle of vision, it appears to be their referendum to lose, too.’ But I confess I meant the qualification to be taken as tongue-in-cheek rather than as a serious guess about what then seemed likely to lie ahead. Certainly the auguries, had the PQ decided to go ahead with its referendum in early 1995, suggested that the federalists in Quebec would probably have carried the day as decisively as they had in 1980, when almost 60 per cent of Quebeckers rejected René Lévesque's first PQ referendum on ‘sovereignty-association’.
The Making of a President: The European Parliament and the Confirmation of Jacques Santer as President of the Commission
Authors: Hix Simon , Lord Christopher
Published: April 2007

THE SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT AND THE MAASTRICHT TREATY attempted to balance two principles of representation in their redesign of the institutional structures of the European Union: the one, based on the indirect representation of publics through nationally elected governments in the European Council and Council of Ministers; the other, based on the direct representation of publics through a more powerful European Parliament. There is much to be said for this balance, for neither of the two principles can, on its own, be an adequate solution at this stage in the development of the EU. The Council suffers from a non-transparent style of decision-making and is, in the view of many, closer to oligarchic than to democratic politics. On the other hand, the claims of the European Parliament to represent public sentiments on European integration are limited by low voter participation, the second-order nature of European elections and the still Protean nature of what we might call a transnational European demos. The EU lacks a single public arena of political debate, communications and shared meanings; of partisan aggregation and political entrepreneurship; and of high and even acceptance, across issues and member states, that it is European and not national majority views which should count in collective rule-making.
Machiavelli and the Duck/Rabbit Problem of Political Perception
Authors: Minogue Kenneth
Published: April 2007

Why Do People Disagree About Politics? Like All Naive questions, this one rapidly launches us into fundamentals. Without disagreement, there would be no politics.

Some of the answers are obvious, and all the common ones line up with popular political projects. If disagreement were attributed to error, for example, to know the truth would transform our condition. Let us review the commonest answers in turn and look at the sources of political disagreement.
The End of a Labor Era in Australian Politics
Authors: McAllister Ian
Published: April 2007

The March 1996 Australian Federal Election Was The most important Australian election for more than a decade. It resulted in the return of the Liberal-National coalition to office after thirteen years in opposition, ending a period of unprecedented Labor-initiated change, first under the leader-ship of Bob Hawke and since 1991, Paul Keating.

The election was also important because the new government will in all probability lead Australia into the new millennium and guide the country through a period of intense change in the Asia Pacific region; how the Liberal-Nationals approach the whole question of Australia's changing relationship with the world will shape Australia's future and wellbeing for decades to come. And finally, the election was notable for making John Howard prime minister during his second period as Liberal leader, a prospect that Howard himself had once ridiculed as akin to ‘Lazarus with a triple bypass’.
The Demise of Republican Turkey’s Social Contract?
Authors: Shankland David
Published: April 2007

Largely Implemented During The Tumultuous Years between 1923 and 1937, Turkey's laws, education system, civil service, economy, military, international outlook and trade are all founded on the premise of a Western-oriented separation between religion and state. This system has survived seventy years of economic, political and social transformation with remarkable resilience: Islamic brotherhoods, most recently a particularly vehement tarikat called the Aczmendi, are still prosecuted for calling openly for return to Islamic rule.
The Israeli General Election of 1996 – Another Upheaval?
Authors: Capitanchik David
Published: April 2007

The Israeli General Election of 1996 Has Been Described as a ‘referendum’ on the Middle East peace process, the central issue in the campaign. However, important as it was, the outcome of the election was determined not so much by the issue of peace, as by a change in the electoral law providing for the direct election of the prime minister. On 29 May, for the first time, Israelis went to the polls to elect a prime minister as well as a new Knesset and the result was yet another upheaval in Israeli political life.
Pigment Variations in Anacystis nidulans Induced by Light of Selected Wavelengths*
Authors: JONES LARRY W. , MYERS JACK
Published: April 2007

Growth of Anacystis nidulans in wavelengths of light predominantly absorbed by chlorophyll a causes dramatic lowering of the chlorophyll content with only small changes in phycocyanin and carotenoids. Steady‐state growth under red photographic safe lamps produces cells with 1/4 of the chlorophyll content of cells grown under low intensities of white (tungsten) illumination. Pigment analyses permit resolution of in vivo absorption spectra into spectra of the component pigments and also the fractional absorption vs wavelenth. Even in normally pigmented cells phycocyanin is the major collector of light quanta for photosynthesis. The observed pigment control is viewed as a special case of intensity control which has chromatic character by virtue of the presence of two different pigment systems linked to the two light reactions of photosynthesis.
Trichosarcina polymorpha Gen. et Sp. Nov.
Authors: NICHOLS H. WAYNE , BOLD HAROLD C.
Published: April 2007

Trichosarcina polymorpha gen. et sp. nov. is newly described as a member of the Ulvales, Schizo‐meridaceae. The life cycle includes a uniseriate, Hormidiuzn‐like phase; a pluriseriate stage, and, finally, a chain of sarcinoidpackets which may dissociate. The cells are uninucleate, with a parietal cbloroplast and single pyrenoid. Quadriflagellate zoospores are produced singly by cells of the pluriseriate and sarcinoid stages. Sexual reproduction was not observed.
ON SEXUAL AGGLUTINATION AND MATING‐TYPE SUBSTANCES (GAMONES) IN ISOGAMOUS HETEROTHALLIC CHLAMYDOMONADS. I. EVIDENCE OF THE IDENTITY OF THE GAMONES WITH THE SURFACE COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEXUAL FLAGELLAR CONTACT1
Authors: Wiese Lutz
Published: April 2007

Sexual contact between the isogametes of hetero‐thallic Chlamydomonas species is based on a highly efficient agglutination mechanism, whose complementary components–the mating‐type substances–are localized on the flagellar tips. Evidence is presented that the sex‐ and species‐specific isoagglutinins (gam‐ones) detected in the supernatant of each gamete type are those contact components, secondarily detached in active form. Added to the opposite sex these components can cause agglutination within one gamete type, apparently by the reaction of their combining sites with the complementary receptor groups. The evidence for the identity of the isoagglutinins with the surface substances effecting the normal gamete contact consists of their parallel behavior with regard to the species‐, sex‐, phase‐, and site‐specificity of both reactions.
RESPIRATION AND P32 UPTAKE IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF FRESHWATER ALGAE AS AFFECTED BY A CURRENT1
Authors: Schumacher G. J. , Whitford L. A.
Published: April 2007

Lotic species of freshwater algae have a higher respiratory rate in a current as compared with that in still water. Species in 4 classes (Chlorophyceae, Xan‐thophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Rhodophyceae) were tested. A correspondingly higher uptake of P32 was also noted. The fact that the increase in metabolic rate results from the sweeping effect of a current was indicated by the lower mineral uptake of filaments floating free in a current as compared with that of filaments held still in the current in the same container. The current effect was evident even at current speeds as low as 1‐4 cm jsec.
FLAGELLATES FROM BRACKISH WATERS IN THE VICINITY OF WOODS HOLE, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Hulburt Edward M.
Published: April 2007

The following marine chrysomonads, originally described by Carter, are redescribed: Pseudopedinella pyriforme, Ochromonas oblonga, and Pyrmnesium parvum. Parachrysiclalis n.g. is set up for P. estuariale, with a flattened body and 2 equal flagella inserted in the middle of one side. Redescribed Xanthophy‐cean species include Nephrochloris salina and Olis‐thocliscus luteus. Olisthodiscus carterae and O. magnus are new species, the first distinguished by the position of the flagella and large number of chromatophores, O. magnus by its size (30‐18 μ X 15‐25 μ) and anteriorly inserted but posteriorly trailing flagellum. Among Cryptophyceae, Chroomonas vectensis Carter, Rhodomonas amphioxeia Conrad, and Cryptomonas salina and C. stigmatica Wislouch are redescribed along with Rhodomonas minuta v. apyrenoidosa var. nov. Redescribed Chlorophyta are Bipedinomonas pyriformis Carter, Pyramimonas obovata Carter, P. amylifera Conrad, and what may be Tetra‐selmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher. The loricate, probably colorless Calycomonas gracilis (Lohmann) Wulff is redescribed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE AND DIVIDING CELLS OF CHLOROCOCCUM ECHINOZYGOTUM STARR1
Authors: Deason Temd R.
Published: April 2007

Chlorococcum echinozygotum Starr was grown in a modified Bristol's solution, and in the same medium in which strontium had been substituted for calcium. After 3 and 6 weeks growth, cells were transferred to fresh Bristol's solution overnight to initiate motile cell production. Dividing cells were fixed in 2.0% K permanganate, and embedded in Epon. The ultra‐structure of several stages in the life history of the organism is described. Light and electron microscopic observations indicate that progressive cleavage of the protoplast occurs, as well as the previously reported successive bipartitioning. A Sr replacement for Ca in the growth medium apparently has no demonstrable effects on the development of cell organelles in C. echinozygotum.

Many investigators have contributed to our understanding of the ultrastructure of the algae (1,4,5,6,7, 8,15,16). Studies of vascular plants (9,19) and algae (11,12,13) indicate that cells and cell organelles do not develop normally when some elements are lacking. This study reports observations on the ultra‐structure of several stages in the life history of the alga, C.hlorococcum echinozygotum Starr, which was grown in a modified Bristol's solution (3) and in the same medium with strontium substituted for calcium.
INHIBITION OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE BY SYNTHETIC SURFACE‐ACTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Ukeles Ravenna
Published: April 2007

The effects of non‐ionic, anionic and cationic detergents on 12 species of marine phytoplankton lucre observed. Although individual species varied widely in response, growth inhibition in non‐ionic surfactants became more pronounced as the surface‐active properties of the agents tested increased. The tolerances of species belonging to the same family were generally similar, and each family had a specific inhibition pattern. Anionic detergents inhibited growth in concentration ranges that depended on the species and the surfactant. All species were more sensitive to the cationic agent than to anionic or non‐ionic agents. The significance of these results was discussed.
THE NONESSENTIALITY OF BORON FOR CHLORELLA1 2
Authors: Bowen John E. , Gauch Hugh G. , Krauss Robert W. , Raymond A.
Published: April 2007

With growth rate as the criterion, the responses of several species and strains of Chlorella to boron were investigated. The algae were Chlorella vannielii Shihira and Krauss, C. emersonii Shihira and Krauss, C. protothecoides var. mannophila Shihira and Krauss, and C. vulgaris Beijerinck, Columbia strain.

There was no evidence of a boron requirement for any of the four strains of algae. In contrast with most higher plants, for which a few parts of boron per million are usually toxic, 50 to 100 ppm of B, depending on the alga, toxic required for a statistically significant (5% level) reduction in growth rate.
TRANSLOCATION IN MACROCYSTIS. II. FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SIEVE TUBES
Authors: Parker Bruce C. , Huber Jeannette
Published: April 2007

The enucleate, mature sieve elements of Macrocystis possess thick cell walls composed of microfibrils of cellulosic substance impregnated with amorphous substance(s). Sieve plates are also basically microfibrillar with callose deposits. Protoplasmic connections between the sieve tubes and other cells have not been observed.

Freshly cut and fixed sieve tubes reveal a peripheral layer of plastids, vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum surrounding a large lumen filled with fine granular to fibrillar material interrupted by large masses of electron dense, aggregated slime. Sieve plates with masses of slime and callose constricting pores are numerous.

Liquid nitrogen‐frozen, osmium‐fixed sieve tubes contain a peripheral layer of plastids, numerous vesicles of many sizes, numerous mitochondria with well‐developed cristae, occasional dictyosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Masses of slime are absent. The mature sieve tube lumen contains dispersed slime which is continuous through the unobstructed pores of sieve plates.

These fine structural studies indicate many similarities between the sieve tubes of Macrocystis and those of vascular plants. However, the large number of well‐preserved organelles in the peripheral layer of Macrocystis sieve elements, constitute a striking difference from most vascular plant sieve tubes so far examined, and may indicate a greater degree of metabolic independence by Macrocystis sieve tubes which lack companion cells.
ROLE OF H2O2 IN SINGLE‐CELL GROWTH OF THE BLUE‐GREEN ALGA, ANACYSTIS NIDULANS1
Authors: Marler James E. , van Baalen C.
Published: April 2007

Inhibition of growth of single cells of Anacystis nidulans on the surface of or in plates was due to H2O2. This H2O2 arises from reaction of citrate and Mn2+ in a defined medium, C, by heat (autoclaving) or light (especially 365 mμ). The simplest way to avoid H2O2 formation was to lower or omit Mn2+ from the medium. Thus medium C minus Mn2+ routinely gave excellent quantitative growth of single cells of Anacystis under simple incubation conditions. The H2O2 sensitivity of Anacystis was unexpectedly high; ≈ 50 μg/liter inhibited single cells on the surface of agar plates. However, other blue‐greens tested had not this exaggerated sensitivity. Seawater contained small quantities of apparently free H2O2. H2O2 in seawater perhaps may have an ecological role.
GROWTH AND MATING OF GONIUM PECTORALE (VOLVOCALES) IN DEFINED MEDIA1
Authors: Stein Janet R.
Published: April 2007

Growth in defined media of 32 populations of Gonium pectorale was studied to learn more about the sexual isolation reported for this species. The 23 populations containing both mating types (+ & ‐) icere also studied for the ability to form zygotes in defined media. A preliminary study showed that some populations grew and reproduced sexually in a defined mineral medium, whereas others appeared to require exogenous organic materials for growth and/or zygote formation. The diverse reactions exhibited by the populations indicate physiological races which may explain, in part, the occurrence of sexual isolation.
DISTRIBUTION OF SAXICOLOUS CRUSTOSE CORALLINES IN THE NORTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC1
Authors: Adey Walter H.
Published: April 2007

The relative abundances of species of crustose coralline, as derived from areal measurements of large collections taken from Nova Scotia to Labrador, are given as a function of depth and as a function of mean maximum temperature and depth. The relative effects of depth and temperature independently are indicated and in most cases the results are markedly similar to those found in earlier Gulf of Maine studies. The distributions of Pseudolithophyllum orbiculatum and Phymatolithon rugulosum apparently are not controlled by summer temperatures in this area.
UNUSUAL PHENOMENA IN THE LIFE HISTORIES OF FLORIDEAE IN CULTURE1
Authors: West John A. , Norris R. E.
Published: April 2007

Several Florideae grown in natural seawater media under defined laboratory conditions have interesting and unusual life histories. Antithamnion occidentale males of one generation produced tetraspores that gave rise to nonsporangiate males. The functional females of A. pygmaeum developed spermatangia and tetrasporangia; the tetraspores formed new females. Antithamnion defectum tetrasporophytes of one generation bore spermatangia in addition to tetrasporangia; the tetraspores gave rise to typical gametophytes. Tetraspores from successive generations of Callitham‐nion sp. developed into tetrasporophytes and males but no females were produced. Functional female gametophytes of Platythamnion sp. bore abortive tetrasporangia. Field‐collected plants of two species of Fauchea produced tetraspores that yielded additional sporangiate plants: those of F. pygmaea being bispo‐rangiate and tetrasporangiate, and those of F. lacini‐ata being strictly tetrasporangiate.

Male plants of Pleonosporium vancouverianum from a running seawater table bore spermatangia and polysporangia when collected. The same plants in unialgal culture produced only spermatangia.
PLEUROCLADIA LACUSTRIS IN ARCTIC AMERICA1
Authors: Wilce R. T.
Published: April 2007

Several large populations of Pletirocladia lacustris A. Br. were found at Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada, in an intermittently marine habitat.

The morphology, cytology, and ecology of this species were described from living material from two habitats, the limestone and granite shores.

The genus Kolderupia Lund ivas found synonymous with Pleurocladia; consequently Kolderupia maritima and K. lucifuga were lectotypified, characterized, and transferred to Pleurocladia.

The genus Pleurocladia should be regarded as a member of the Ectocarpaceae until life history studies show a need for reclassification. In the Ectocarpaceae, Pleurocladia is probably most closely related to Protectocarpus Kuckuck.

The distribution of P. lacustris indicated that the species, if not extremely rare, is uncommon.
CHLOROPLAST PIGMENTS OF CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAE
Authors: Chapman David J. , Haxo F. T.
Published: April 2007

The chloroplast pigments of 2 species of Chloro‐monadophyceae have been examined. Both Gonyo‐stomum semen and Vacuolaria virescens possessed only one chlorophyll, chlorophyll a. Gonyostomum contained 4 carotenoids, but not fucoxanthin and peridinin. Vacuolaria also possessed 4 carotenoids which have been identified as β‐carotene and the 3 xanthophylls commonly found in the Xanthophyceae (as represented by Tribonema aequale). These are antheraxanthin, lutein monoepoxide, and an hydroxy lutein monoepoxide‐like xanthophyll. The taxonomic significance of these findings, the first for the Chloromonadophyceae, is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE DIVISION RATE OF THE COCCOLITHOPHORID CRICOSPHAERA ELONGATA1
Authors: Swift Elijah , Taylor W. Rowland
Published: April 2007

The division rate of Cricosphaera elongata was measured as a function of pH in a medium buffered with the CO2‐bicarbonate‐carbonate system. The optimum pH for cell division of the coccolithophorid was 7.8. A change of the partial pressure of CO2 in the medium from 0.03 to 5% did not affect the division rate. Between pH 6.4 and 7.8 changes in the bicarbonate concentration from 0.1 to 6.0 mm and carbonate concentration from 0.007 to 0.1 mm did not affect the rate of division. At loiv experimental pH, C. elongata was nonmotile and grew in clumps; at higher pH values, it was motile and solitary. Coccoliths were not found covering C. elongata if calcite was soluble in the medium.
OBSERVATIONS ON LIAGOROPHILA ENDOPHYTICA, A RARE SPECIES IN THE ACROCHAETIACEAE (RHODOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Abbott Isabella A.
Published: April 2007

Liagorophila, a monotypic genus in the Acrochaetiaceae (Nemalionales) from the zuestern Pacific, is redescribed, particularly with reference to its sexual reproductive structures. The fertilized carpogonium shows a longitudinal first division; the spermatangia may be borne directly on a normal vegetative cell. Monosporangia are not known. For these reasons, and although vegetatively resembling some species of Acrochaetium, the genus should be recognized as distinct from other genera of Acrochaetiaceae.
BORON AS A GROWTH REQUIREMENT FOR DIATOMS1
Authors: Lewin Joyce
Published: April 2007

A boron requirement has been shown for 12 species of marine pennate diatoms, 4 species of marine centric diatoms, and S freshwater diatom species. It can be concluded that boron is essential for the growth of most, probably all, diatoms. It is much easier to demonstrate a requirement for the marine species than for the freshwater species. Some species of marine algal flagellates also require boron for growth; others apparently do not.
RELATIONSHIP OF TEMPERATURE TO ZOOSPORE PRODUCTION IN TETRASPORA GELATINOSA
Authors: Rhodes Russell G. , Herndon Walter R.
Published: April 2007

A strain of Tetraspora gelatinosa was isolated from a field collection and a technique for measuring quantitatively the production of zoospores was devised. The method employed compound colonies grown on agar from zoospore suspensions. The effect of 3 temperatures on zoospore production was tested: no zoospores were produced by the colonies at 3 C; zoospores were produced at 11 and 23 C and the final yield of zoospores at the 2 temperatures was not significantly different. However, at 11 C the maximum density of zoospores produced, measured by cell count, occurred after IS hr, while the maximum density at 23 C occurred after 21 hr.
PULCHRASPHAERA, A NEW CHLOROCOCCALEAN GENUS1
Authors: Deason Temd R.
Published: April 2007

Pulchrasphaera macronucleata gen. et sp. nov. was isolated from a sand dune on Dauphin Island, Alabama. The distinguishing attributes of the genus include a lobed and perforate parietal chloroplast, lack of pyrenoids, and Protosiphon‐type zoospores. The specific epithet calls attention to the unusually large nucleus, a character useful in distinguishing P. macronucleata from other spherical, zoospore producing members of the Chlorococcales.
A SECOND RECORD OF PORPHYRIDIUM SORDIDUM GEITLER1
Authors: Ott Franklyn D.
Published: April 2007

A second record of the occurrence of Porphyridium sordidum Geitler 1932 is reported. Cultures were obtained by plating crude material on agar plates of various salinities with the higher salinities selectively favoring the growth of this species. Proposed synonymy of P. sordidum with P. cruentum is rejected. The author suggests that more attention be given to the establishment and use of depositories for living unialgal, reference cultures in taxonomical work on the more delicate algae, and that taxonomical manipulations of such forms based only upon word descriptions and the study of dried herbarium material should be viewed with a degree of caution.
ECOLOGY OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (L.) KÜTZ IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO1
Authors: Bellis V. J. , McLarty D. A.
Published: April 2007

Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. was the dominant attached alga in streams and along lake shores in southern Ontario. Maximum production occurred in summer and resulted from 2 short periods of intensive vegetative growth (June and September). Optimum habitat conditions consist of a firm substrate in shallow alkaline water. These conditions are provided by harbor facilities where man‐made structures supplement naturally occurring rock outcrops or cobble beaches and where nutrients are available from tributaries draining agricultural and urban land areas.

Periodicity appears to be related to temperature; the interval between the 2 periods of intensive growth during warm weather decreases at successively more northern locations.

Frequent observation of Cladophora growing at a single stream station revealed that variations in thallus morphology and relative cell dimensions of C. glomerata are greater than has generally been recognized. These variations can be attributed to changes in environmental conditions and events in the annual life cycle of the alga.
BIOLUMINESCENCE AND CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT IN THE DINOFLAGELLATE PYROCYSTIS LUNULA1
Authors: Swift Elijah , Taylor W. Rowland
Published: April 2007

The lunate cysts of Pyrocystis lunula have a bioluminescent emission spectrum with a peak intensity of 477.5 ± 1 mμ. The light originates from the protoplasm in the center of the cysts. Six to eight hr after the cysts were placed in the dark, they produced 300 to 800 times more luminescence than controls maintained under constant, illumination. Plastids contract distally when the cysts are placed in the dark. If kept in the dark, the plastids contract distally and expand with a circadian rhythm persisting several days. At intensities of 2200 μm cm‐’or less, the plastids are expanded. The plastids are contracted into the central area of the cysts at light intensities of 4000 μw cm‐2 and above. The Gymnodinium stage of the life cycle is not bioluminescent.
THE LIFE CYCLE OFPEDIASTRUM SIMPLEX1
Authors: Davis Joseph S.
Published: April 2007

A sexual cycle and a newly discovered mode of asexual reproduction by azygotes arc described forPediastrum simplex.In the sexual cycle isogametes from colony cells fuse in pairs, develop into zygotes, which grow and divide, producing motile cells which become angular polyeders. Polyeders may divide internally to form 4‐celled colonies, or they enlarge, cleave, and produce zoospores or nonmotile cells. Zoospores are released in vesicles, swarm, adhere to each other, and form, flat colonies I cell thick. The nonmotile cells adhere to each other, enlarge, break out of the polyeder, and become spheroidal colonies. In the asexual cycle, nonfusing gametes, and motile cells derived from colony cells, become 4‐spined azygotes which enlarge, divide internally, and release motile cells developing into polyeders. These polyeders develop further like those from zygotes.
CHLAMYDOMONAS GYMNOGAMA, A NEW HOMOTHALLIC SPECIES WITH NAKED GAMETES1
Authors: Deason Temd R.
Published: April 2007

The life history of a new homothallic species of Chlamydomonas is described. Sexual reproduction involves the pairing and fusion of naked gametes.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE GIANT GREEN ALGAL COENOCYTE, CAULERPA PROLIFERA
Authors: Dawes Clinton J. , Rkamstine Ernest L.
Published: April 2007

The general fine structure of the giant coenocyte Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) Lamouroux is presented. The cytoplasm forms a parietal layer throughout the plant without any regular membranous separations within organs or between organs. The vacuome is similar in structure. There are distinct patterns of organelle distribution in the highly polar cytoplasm of rhizoids and blades. The organelles are compared to those of other members of the division Chlorophyta and are typical. Amyloplast structure is compared to that of chloroplasts. A possible developmental sequence from chloroplast buds through an unusual circular body is suggested.
MITOTIC WAVES IN THE GREEN ALGA BLASTOPHYSA RHIZOPUS AS RELATED TO COENOCYTE FORM1
Authors: Sears James R.
Published: April 2007

The pattern of mitotic activity is related to form in the small coenocytic green alga Blastophysa rhizopus Reinke. Mitoses occur as a wave pattern within single nonspheroidal coenocytes, whereas within single spheroidal cocnocytes, nuclear divisions are completely synchronous. The waves are um‐ or bidirectional, depending on the region of mitotic wave initiation. factors which may be influenced by the external microenvironment of different coenocytic forms arc suggested as possible mitotic initiators.
PILAYELLA LITTORALIS F. RUPINCOLA FROM WASHINGTON: THE LIFE HISTORY IN CULTURE1
Authors: West John A.
Published: April 2007

The life history of Pilayella littoralis f. rupincola from Washington was studied in culture using supplemented natural seawater media and various temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity regimes. Plants in nature exhibited characteristics typical for f. rupincola. Plants in culture, however, did not show the same morphological features, although they had a life history presumed typical for f. rupincola. Successive generations of plants in culture formed only unilocular sporangia. On the basis of morphological characters and the life history, Kylin elevated f. rupincola to species rank. Variation in morphology of both field collected and cultured specimens makes such recognition untenable. It is concluded that the type of life history alone is not adequate justification for the recognition of P. rupincola as a species, but the stability of the life history in various culture environments appears to warrant continued recognition of this taxon as a distinct form of P. littoralis, as originally proposed by J. E. Areschoug.
FLOATING COMMUNITIES OF ALGAE IN AN ARTIFICIAL POND IN THE PARQUE DO ESTADO, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL1
Authors: de Mattos Bicudo Carlos Eduardo , Teixeira Bicudo Rosa Maria
Published: April 2007

A fresluvater floating algal community was repeatedly observed in an artificial pond in the Parque do Estado São Paulo, Brazil. The ontogeny and composition of the community are discussed and are related to oxygen liberation during photosynthesis of the periphyton, or of the pond‐bottom algne, which carries up portions of the algae growing there.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF EXTRAPLASTIDIC ASTAXANTHIN IN HAEMATOCOCCUS12
Authors: Lang Norma J.
Published: April 2007

The ketonic carotenoid astaxanthin accumulates in perinuclear cytoplasm characterized by a network of ribosome‐coated endoplnsmic reticulum segments, free ribosomes, dictyosomes in active stages of vesicle formation, and mitochondria. The pigment granules form in the ground substance and not within any organelle or vesicle. Coalescence of the globular granules results from increasing quantities of astaxanthin formed as the cells age. The gross differences in fixation image following glzitaraldehyde‐KMnO4 and glutaraldehyde‐OsO4 are illustrated, and the need for n variety of fixations upon which interpretations are bused is emphasized. The bright red coloration of akinetes is due to a masking of the chlorophyll by the massive astaxnnthin deposits rather than m y break‐down of the chloroplast thylakoids.
UNIALGAL CULTURES OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (L.) KÜTZ.12
Authors: Bellis V. J.
Published: April 2007

Unialgal cultures of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. grew with increasing vigor at temperatures between 15 and 30 C. Vegetative cells were killed upon freezing or when exposed to temperatures above 30 C. No growth occurred at 5 C and only slight growth was observed at 10 C. Effects of near lethal temperature on C. glomerata were dependent upon the duration of exposure in addition to the actual temperature attained.

The response of this alga to various temperatures under culture conditions is in accord with tolerance limits established for naturally occurring populations. It seems probable that the annual periodicity of C. glomerata is regulated in large measure by seasonal variations in water temperature, greatest abundance coinciding with water temperatures between 15 and 30 C.
NEW SPECIES OF HALIMEDA: A TAXONOMIC REAPPRAISAL12
Authors: Colinvaux Llewellya Hillis
Published: April 2007

A study of new Halimeda material available from the International Indian Ocean Expedition, and of type and other specimens not previously available to me, further indicated that Halimeda opuntia is a composite of species rather than a single species. The characteristics of some of its infraspecific taxa differ sufficiently from typical H. opuntia that I have elevated them to species. Extended diagnoses of three, H. hederacea, H. minima, and H. distorta, are given in this paper.

Some characteristics new in Halimeda taxonomy are introduced, and distinguishing macroscopic and microscopic characteristics for the new species are discussed. Available ecological data are included.
REPRODUCTION IN HELICODICTYON PLANCTONICUM (WHITFORD) WHITFORD AND SCHUMACHER1
Authors: Biebel Paul
Published: April 2007

Reproductive stages of a Helicodictyon planctonicum strain from Pennsylvania were observed in cultures. The adult colonial form is enclosed within a mucilaginous matrix and contains a gas bubble. In older cultures some colonies lose their gas bubbles and sink to the bottom of the culture solution. When these colonies from the bottom of old cultures are transferred to fresh medium, their cells become transformed into biflagellate motile cells. Motile cells fuse in pairs to form zygotes. Some motile cells lose motility and develop directly into adult colonies without prior fusion.
PRODUCTION OF MALE GAMETES AND AUXOSPORES IN THE CENTRIC DIATOMS CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA AND C. CRYPTICA12
Authors: Schultz Mary E. , Trainor Francis R.
Published: April 2007

Vegetative cells of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing form male gametes and anxospores following transfer from a synthetic freshwater medium to a modified artificial seawater. Both spermatogenesis and auxospore formation are correlated with an increase in the Na+ concentration in the medium. Spermatogenesis can also be induced in C. cryptica Reimann, Lewin, and Guillard in artificial seawater with an adjusted sodium level.
MECHANISM OF TOXICITY AND RESISTANCE TO D‐MANNOSE AND CERTAIN DERIVATIVES IN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CHLORELLA BEIJ.12
Authors: Gross Rudolf E.
Published: April 2007

d‐Mannose and related derivatives, e.g., d‐glucosa‐mine and 2‐deoxy‐<d‐glucose, blocked autotrophic and heterotrophic growth of several species of the genus Chlorella. Manometric studies showed differences in the effects of these compounds on substrate‐induced O2 uptake, indicating different modes of action.

In a clonal culture, shaken in the light, mannose produced a lag phase of 7 days during which only ca. 0.05% of the cells continued to grow. From, these cells a resistant strain was isolated. Prolonged incubation in glucose media in darkness brought about a reversion to the sensitive condition. These metabolic shifts could not be explained on the basis of adaptation or nuclear gene mutation because of the permanency and high frequency of the resistant cells. The mechanism was suggested to be cytoplasmically controlled. The shift in sensitivity to the inhibitors was considered a reproducible characteristic of certain species.

In contrast to the normal, rnannose‐sensitive strain of C. infusionum var. acetophila, cells of a resistant strain carried a gelatinous envelope. The resistant strain utilized glucosamine as a source of nitrogen, but lost the capacity to use sugars for dark growth. This was reflected in drastic reductions in glucose and mannose uptake. The hexokinase activities in cell extracts were equivalent for both strains. The resistant strain did not accumulate hexose‐6‐phos‐phates and showed an increased phosphatase activity at an alkaline pH.
PRESENCE OF A SECOND FLAGELLUM IN CHRYSOSPHAERELLA MULTISPINA1
Authors: Wujek Daniel E.
Published: April 2007

The genus Chrysosphaerella, originally described by Lauterborn as having a single flagellum and later emended by Korshikov who observed a second flagellum, was studied using the electron microscope. Electron micrographs confirm Korshikov's observation ivhich in most recent classification schemes has been overlooked,
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE THERMOPHILIC BLUE‐GREEN ALGA, SYNECHOCOCCUS LIVIDUS COPELAND1
Authors: Edwards Mercedes R. , Berns Donald S. , Ghiorse William. C. , Holt Stanley C.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructure of Synechococcus lividus Copeland, a thermophilic blue‐green alga, was studied in thin sections. The cell envelope reveals striking similarities with that of some gram‐negative bacteria. In contrast to bacteria and to many other species of blue‐green algae, ribosomes are predominantly found in the central nuclear region and appear to be associated with the DNA fibrils. Thylakoids (photo‐synthetic lamellae) are arranged as concentric shells, around the nuclear equivalent, lying nearly parallel to one another and to the plasma membrane. Both plasma and thylakoidal membranes, as described by other authors for different Cyanophyceae, are of the unit membrane dimension and morphology. Various types of intracellular inclusions are found: (1) Lipid inclusions, located in the cytoplasm are similar to the osmiophilic globules of higher plant chloroplasts. (2) Polyphosphate inclusions (or volutin) resembling those of other species are generally found at the cell poles but within the nuclear region. (3) Polyhedral inclusions also located in the nuclear region are clearly recognized to be different from the polyphosphate bodies, but their function remains unknown.
ON PIGMENTS, GROWTH, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM12
Authors: Mann James E. , Myers Jack
Published: April 2007

A maximum growth rate with doubling time of 18 hr at 18 C could be maintained. Continuous cultures at about half maximum growth rate provided cells for study of pigments and photosynthesis. The light intensity curve of photosynthesis had no unusual features and showed light‐saturated rates of 30‐35 μl O2/mrn3‐hr at 18 C. Pigment analysis showed chlorophylls a and c (a/c ratio = 4), fucoxanthin, β‐carotene, and diadinoxanthin. Growth under red light (±660 mμ) altered pigments only by decrease in chlorophyll c to about one‐half the content obtained under clear tungsten lamps. The large and anomalous spectral shift in fucoxanthin following organic solvent extraction runs confirmed, but efforts to isolate a native fucoxanthin were unsuccessful. Spectral analysis of acetone extracts and sonicated cell preparations allowed estimate of fractional absorption by each component pigment. The analysis shows that chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin are the principal light absorbing pigments and that absorption by other carotenoids is very small.
PYROLYSIS‐GAS‐LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CHLOROPHYCEAN AND RHODOPHYCEAN ALGAE1
Authors: Nichols H. Wayne , Anderson Daryl J. , Shaw Jay I. , Sommerfeld Milton R.
Published: April 2007

Eight chlorococcalean algae and 5 rhodophycean algae have been grown in axenic cultures. These organisms have been “fingerprinted” using a pyrolysis‐gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis. Each alga has a distinctive pyrogram which characterizes it both quantitatively and qualitatively. The pyrograms are given and the significance for possible future uses of this technique in developmental, evolutionary, and systematic studies with algae is discussed.
AXILOSPHAERA AND HETEROTETRACYSTIS, NEW CHLOROSPHAERACEAN GENERA FROM TENNESSEE SOIL12
Authors: Cox Edmond R. , Deason Temd R.
Published: April 2007

Two new chlorosphaeracean genera were isolated into axenic culture from soil collected in cedar glades in Cedars of Lebanon State Forest, Wilson County, Tennessee.

The distinguishing characteristics of the new monotypic genus Axilosphaera include an axile (asymmetric) ckloroplast with at least 1 pyrenoid and Chlamydomonas‐type (walled) zoospores. A. vegetata is the type species. Reproduction is by dissociation of daughter cells following vegetative cell division, by zoospores, and by aplanospores.

The new polytypic genus Heterotetracystis, comprising 3 species, H. akinetos, H. macrogranulosa, and H. intermedia, is characterized by a parietal chloroplast with at least 1 pyrenoid and walled zoospores with flagella of unequal length. Reproduction is by dissociation of daughter cells following vegetative cell division and by zoospores. H. akinetos is designated as the type species.
A CLASSROOM DEMONSTRATION OF ZOOSPORE PRODUCTION IN THE GREEN ALGA SCHIZOMERIS LEIBLEINII KUETZ.12
Authors: McBride Gordon E.
Published: April 2007

Using the parenchymatous ulotrichalean green alga Schizomeris leibleinii, a dependable technique for the classroom demonstration of zoospore production is described. The onset of zoospore release can be predicted accurately by controlling light, temperature, and medium. Large numbers of zoospores are released.