bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An intragenetic typology of Kwa serial verb constructions
Authors: Shluinsky Andrey
Published: October 2017

This article presents the results of an intragenetic crosslinguistic study of serial verb constructions (SVCs) in Kwa. Based on a sample of 28 Kwa languages, the article examines the crucial morphosyntactic features of Kwa SVCs and the range of meanings of the two most common grammaticalized types of Kwa SVCs, ‘take’ and ‘give’ SVCs. The morphosyntactic features of SVCs considered include unity of subject, unity of TAM, unity of negation, and absence of an overt marker of a syntactic relation. The three types of ‘take’ SVCs – lative ‘take’ SVCs, instrumental ‘take’ SVCs, and objectal ‘take’ SVCs – are treated separately. Uses of different types of ‘take’ SVCs and of ‘give’ SVCs turn out to be subject to implicational cross-Kwa restrictions that are formulated via hierarchies or semantic maps. Significant crosslinguistic variation is discovered, and it is argued that sometimes the similarities between Kwa languages can be most naturally explained by independent development.
The Numinous, the Ethical, and the Body. Rudolf Otto’s “The Idea of the Holy” Revisited
Authors: Nörenberg Henning
Published: October 2017

In this paper, I investigate the non-rational, affective dimension of religious experience that Rudolf Otto attempted to address with his notion of the numinous. I argue that this notion is best understood in terms of an atmospheric quality impacting on the subject’s feeling body. Therefore, I draw on discussions in phenomenology and pragmatism, despite the fact that Otto’s own epistemological framework is rooted in a different tradition. Drawing on those discussions helps defend some of Otto’s claims about the relation between the non-rational, affective dimension and reason against the prevalent accusation of unscientific mysticism. I then illustrate the yet unexhausted potential of these very claims by arguing that the numinous in Otto’s sense plays an irreducible role in the ethical reflections of such distinct authors as Kant and Levinas.
Erwerbstätigkeit und atypische Beschäftigung im Lebenszyklus – Ein Kohortenvergleich für Deutschland
Authors: Tamm Marcus , Bachmann Ronald , Felder Rahel
Published: October 2017

Die Autoren betrachten anhand von Daten der Erwachsenenkohorte des Nationalen Bildungspanels, wie sich die Erwerbsverläufe der nach dem 2. Weltkrieg geborenen Kohorten verändert haben und welche Rolle atypische Beschäftigung in diesem Zusammenhang spielt. Für jüngere Kohorten zeigen sich hierbei längere Ausbildungszeiten und ein späterer Erwerbseinstieg sowie eine größere Bedeutung von atypischer Beschäftigung, die bei Frauen mit wesentlich höherer Erwerbstätigkeit einhergeht. Eine Sequenzanalyse von Arbeitsmarktverläufen verdeutlicht die Chancen und Risiken von atypischer Beschäftigung. So steigt der Anteil an Personen, deren Erwerbseinstieg nahezu ausschließlich von atypischer Beschäftigung geprägt ist, über die Kohorten hinweg deutlich an. Ein Großteil der Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse geht jedoch auf die verstärkte Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zurück, wobei Beschäftigung in Teilzeit oder Minijobs für den Wiedereinstieg nach einer Erwerbsunterbrechung eine bedeutende Rolle spielt.
Die Kehrseite der Globalisierung
Authors: Paqué Karl-Heinz
Published: October 2017

Dieser Beitrag ist den Thesen im jüngsten Buch von Richard Baldwin „The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization“ gewidmet. Baldwin liefert eine neue Interpretation der Globalisierung seit den frühen neunziger Jahren. Er sieht um diese Zeit einen revolutionären Bruch in der Entwicklung, bedingt vor allem durch den Aufstieg der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT). Diese erlauben erstmals die Kombination von Hochtechnologien, die aus den hochindustrialisierten Ländern (dem „Norden“) stammen, mit den relativ billigen Arbeitskräften, die in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern (dem „Süden“) zu Hause sind. Es kommt zu einem massiven Technologietransfer von Nord nach Süd, bedingt vor allem durch Direktinvestitionen. Dies sorgt für Gewinner im Süden und Verlierer im Norden – mit weitreichenden Konsequenzen, die im Norden eine offensive Strategie der Anpassung verlangen: Orientierung auf Dienstleistungen und urbane Ballungen, die das Abwandern von Wissen erschweren. Karl-Heinz Paqué bezweifelt nicht die Existenz von Gewinnern der Globalisierung im Süden und Verlierern im Norden, wohl aber die überragende Bedeutung, die Baldwin dem Technologietransfer als Ursache beimisst. Er betrachtet die Entwicklung vielmehr als natürlichen Aufholprozess, in dem sich der Süden – unilateral – dem Weltmarkt öffnet, in Bildung investiert und eine innovationsorientierte Industrie- und Technologiepolitik betreibt. Er sieht gleichzeitig eine ausgeprägte Differenzierung der Wirkung auf den Norden: Staaten, die eine starke innovative Industrie bewahrt haben und die Anpassung bildungs- und technologiepolitisch begleiten, schneiden besser ab als jene, die sich allein auf Dienstleistungen konzentrieren. Erstere sind typischerweise auch Länder mit etablierten Institutionen der Weitergabe von technischem Wissen zwischen Generationen. Bisher gelingt es ihnen, eine übermäßige Spaltung der Gesellschaft als Folge der Globalisierung zu vermeiden. Wirtschaftshistorisch interpretiert er diese Entwicklungen keineswegs als revolutionären Bruch, sondern als evolutionäre Vollendung des Industriezeitalters.
Das deutsche Arbeitsmarktwunder: Eine Bilanz
Authors: Burda Michael C. , Seele Stefanie
Published: October 2017

Dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt ging es noch nie seit der Wiedervereinigung so gut wie heute. Die nachhaltige Entwicklung seit 2005 ist auf einen entscheidenden Treiber zurückzuführen: die Umverteilung eines beinahe gleichbleibenden Arbeitsstundenvolumens auf mehr Beschäftigte durch die massive Ausweitung der Teilzeitarbeit. Die Lohnzurückhaltung der Tarifparteien war dabei eine notwendige, jedoch nicht hinreichende Bedingung für diesen Erfolg. Die Kovarianz von Lohn und Erwerbsindikatoren deutet allerdings darauf hin, dass die Arbeitsmarktreformen der sogenannten Agenda 2010 die erwerbsfähige Bevölkerung ab 2005 zur Teilnahme am Arbeitsmarkt aktiviert haben. Insbesondere die Reform der Arbeitslosenunterstützung hat die Ausweitung des Arbeitsangebots im unteren Lohnsegment ermöglicht und bewerkstelligt, dass die sozialversicherungspflichtige Teil- und Vollzeitarbeit zunahm. Ein Rückbau der Reformen könnte diesen Erfolg gefährden.
Variation and Correlations Among Stem Growth and Wood Traits of Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. from the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Weber J. C. , Montes C. Sotelo
Published: October 2017

Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. is an important tree for timber and energy in the western Amazon, with expanding national and international markets for its wood. There is relatively little information, however, about geographic variation in tree growth and wood properties, and correlations among these traits. The first provenance trial was established with farming communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Seven provenances, sampled from regions near the equator, were tested in three planting zones located in one watershed. Variation and correlations were investigated in stem growth at 30 and 42 months, wood density (in the lower and upper parts of the stem) and mean heat content of stem wood at 32 months. Stem height varied significantly among provenances and planting zones, but zones accounted for much more variation than provenances. Stem wood traits did not vary significantly among provenances. Wood density was greater in the lower than in the upper stem. Wood density in the upper stem and the difference in density between the lower and upper stem varied significantly among planting zones: density in the upper stem was lowest, and the difference in density between the lower and upper stem was largest in the zone where trees grew most rapidly. Phenotypic correlations between stem growth and wood density differed in sign among planting zones, suggesting that selecting fastgrowing trees could indirectly reduce wood density in environments where trees grow slowly, and increase the difference in wood density between the lower and upper stem in environments where trees grow very rapidly. Correlations between stem growth and wood heat content were stable across zones, and indicated that larger trees tended to have wood with higher heat content. Stem-wood heat content varied with provenance latitude/ longitude in the sample region, but none of the other traits varied clinally. Results indicate that there is potential to select faster-growing provenances at an early age, but this could affect wood density in certain environments.
Seed Source Variation in Morphology, Germination and Seedling Growth of Jatropha curcas Linn. in Central India
Authors: Ginwal H. S. , Phartyal S. S. , Rawat P. S. , Srivastava R. L.
Published: October 2017

The aim of the study was to determine source variation in Jatropha curcas seeds collected from ten locations in Central India. A significant seed source variation was observed in seed morphology (colour, size and weight), seed germination (viability, germination percent, germination energy, germination value) and seedling growth parameters (survival percentage, seedling height, collar diameter, leave/plant, and seedling biomass). The seed source of Chhindwara (M.P.) was found as the best source in comparison to others. The phenotypic and genotypic variance, their coefficient of variability and broad sense heritability also showed a sizeable variability. This offers a breeder ample scope to undertake screening and selection of seed sources for the desired traits. Further, high percentage of heritability coupled with moderate intensity of genetic gain, was observed for seed germination traits, which signifies that germination is under strong genetic control and good amount of heritable additive genetic component can be exploited for improvement of this species.
Fertility Variation and Genetic Diversity in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Cryptomeria japonica
Authors: Kang K. S. , El-Kassaby Y. A. , Chung M. S. , Kim C. S. , Kang Y. J. , Kang B. S.
Published: October 2017

Clonal differences in fertility (expressed as the number of female and male strobili) were determined for three consecutive years (2002-2004) in a clonal seed orchard of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) in Korea. Fertility varied among clones and among years producing three-year averages of 196 and 652 for female and male strobili per ramet, respectively. Correlation between female and male strobilus production was positive over the three years and statistically significant in 2003, a good flowering year. Based on the observed fertility variation, the status numbers (Ns, measure of genetic diversity) were calculated and varied from 25.6 to 31.7 among the three studied years. On average (pooled), relative status number was 86% of the census number (N). Variation in female fertility was higher than that in male fertility, and this variation was reflected on female and male parents’ status numbers. Pooled Ns estimated from the three years was higher than that for any single year, implying that genetic diversity would increase when seeds collected from different years are pooled.
Evolution of Genome Size in Conifers
Authors: Ahuja M. Raj , Neale David B.
Published: October 2017

Conifers are the most widely distributed group of gymnosperms in the world. They have large genome size (1C-value) compared with most animal and plant species. The genome size ranges from ~6,500 Mb to ~37,000 Mb in conifers. How and why conifers have evolved such large genomes is not understood. The conifer genome contains ~75% highly repetitive DNA. Most of the repetitive DNA is composed of non-coding DNA, including ubiquitous transposable elements. Conifers have relatively larger rDNA repeat units, larger gene families generated by gene duplications, larger nuclear volume, and perhaps larger genes, as compared to angiosperm plants. These genomic components may partially account for the large genome size, as well as variation in genome size, in conifers. One of the major mechanisms for genome size expansion and evolution of species is polyploidy, which is widespread in angiosperms, but it is rare in conifers. There are only a few natural polyploids in one family of conifers, Cupressaceae. Other conifers, including well-studied pines, are nearly all diploids. Whether ancient polyploidy has played a role in the evolution of genome size in conifers still remains an open question. The mechanisms that account for the variation and evolution of genome size in conifers are addressed in this review.
Variation in Eucalyptus globulus LABILL. and E. nitens DEAN and MAIDEN in Susceptibility of Adult Foliage to Disease Caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (COOKE) HANSF
Authors: Carnegie A. J. , Ades P. K.
Published: October 2017

Severity of disease caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica (COOK) HANSF. was assessed on the adult foliage of Eucalyptus globulus LABILL. in two provenance trials (encompassing all four subspecies) and a progeny trial of E. globulus ssp. globulus LABILL. located in Victoria, Australia. Disease was relatively low in all trials (most trees with less than 15% crown severity), except for two provenances at one trial, Judbury (E. globulus ssp. globulus) and Mansfield (E. globulus ssp. bicostata), that had mean crown severities of approximately 25% and 40%, respectively. Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata (MAIDEN et al.) KIRKPATR. was significantly (P < 0.01) more susceptible than E. globulus ssp. globulus, E. globulus ssp. pseudoglobulus (NAUDIN ex MAIDEN) KIRKPATR. and E. globulus ssp. maidenii (F. MUELL.) KIRKPATR., with subspecies maidenii significantly less diseased than all other subspecies. There was significant variation between provenances within subspecies globulus (P < 0.01) but not within subspecies pseudoglobulus, maidenii or bicostata. Subspecies globulus also showed significant (P < 0.01) variation between families. There was a moderate to high genetic correlation between disease of the adult foliage and disease of the juvenile foliage (caused by both M. cryptica and M. nubilosa (COOKE) HANSF.) assessed several years earlier, both at the provenance (rG= 0.67) and family (rG= 0.33) levels. Narrow sense heritability of disease of the adult foliage (M. cryptica) was low (h2= 0.17), compared to that of the juvenile foliage (h2= 0.35) and juvenile defoliation (h2= 0.45) assessed previously. Selection for overall disease resistance (both adult- and juvenile-phase foliage) can be carried out more quickly and accurately at the juvenile stage when trees are 2-3 years old, potentially reducing the time required for resistant trees to be selected and deployed in the field. Mycosphaerella leaf disease on adult E. nitens (DEAN and MAIDEN) MAIDEN was also assessed in two provenance trials; however, there was very little disease observed and no significant differences were found between provenances.
Conservation Approaches For Autochthonous Woody Plants in Flanders
Authors: Mijnsbrugge Kristine Vander , Cox K. , Slycken J. Van
Published: October 2017

Autochthonous genetic resources of woody plants have become seriously endangered in Flanders because of the particularly low and fragmented forest cover, centuries of intensive forest use in this highly populated area and the wide-spread usage of non-autochthonous planting stock in reforestation and landscape plantings. Intraspecific hybridisation between remnant autochthonous populations and foreign genotypes, which can show inadequate adaptation, may influence the autochthonous genetic constitution and fitness in the long term. As several European countries face similar problems, the objective of this paper is to outline the conservation measures that are taken in Flanders. The central aim is to maintain and create the necessary conditions for natural and flexible evolution of the genetic diversity of autochthonous trees and shrubs. An inventory survey to locate remaining autochthonous populations was started in 1997 and will be completed in 2006. Relict populations are preserved in clonal banks. Central issues are the production of autochthonous planting stock through in situ seed collection, the approval of seed sources and stands and the creation of seed orchards. Conservation actions are discussed.
Chromosome Microdissection, Cloning and Painting of the Chromosome 1 in Poplar (Populus tremula)
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang S. G. , Qi L.W. , Liu B. , Gao J. M. , Chen C. B. , Li X. L. , Song Wenqin
Published: October 2017

The chromosome microdissection, cloning and painting technology has evolved into an efficient tool for genomic research. Application of these techniques has rarely been applied for forest plants, largely due to the difficulty of chromosome preparation. The present study was performed to establish a method for single chromosome microdissection, cloning and painting in forest plants using poplar (Populus tremula) as a model. An individual chromosome 1 was microdissected from the metaphase spreads of poplar root-tip cells with fine glass needle controlled by a micromanipulator. The dissected chromosome was amplified in vitro by the Sau3A linker adaptor mediated PCR (LA-PCR) technique, by which 200bp to 3,000bp smear DNA fragments were obtained. Then, the second round PCR products from the single chromosome 1 were cloned into T-easy vectors to generate a DNA library of the chromosome 1. Approximately 3 x 105 recombinant clones were obtained. The second round PCR products were used as a complex probe mixture for fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on the metaphase spreads of poplar. Hybridization signals were observed, mainly, along the entire chromosome 1, at the same time, signals were also present on telomeric and centromeric regions of other chromosomes. Therefore, this research suggests that chromosome microdissection, cloning and painting of the single small chromosome in forest plants are feasible.
Gene flow and mating system of the tropical tree Sextonia rubra
Authors: Veron V. , Caron H. , Degen B.
Published: October 2017

In this paper we report a study of the mating system and gene flow of Sextonia rubra, a hermaphroditic, insect pollinated tropical tree species with a geographic distribution in the Guyana Plateau and the Amazon. Using five microsatellites we analysed 428 seeds of 27 open pollinated families at the experimental site “Paracou” in French Guiana. We observed, compared to other tropical tree species, a high level of genetic diversity. We estimated parameters of the mating system and gene flow by using the mixed mating model and the TwoGener approach. The estimated multilocus outcrossing rate, tm, was 0.992 indicating nearly complete outcrossing. A significant level of biparental inbreeding and a small proportion of full-sibs were estimated for the 27 seed arrays. The differentiation of allelic frequencies among the pollen pools was ΦFT= 0.061. We estimated mean pollen dispersal distances between 65 m and 89 m according to the dispersal models used. The joint estimation of pollen dispersal and density of reproductive trees gave an effective density estimate of 2.1-2.2 trees/ha.
Chloroplast and Total Genomic Diversity in the Endemic Costa Rican Tree Lonchocarpus costaricensis (J. D. Smith) Pittier (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Navarro C. , Cavers S. , Colpaert N. , Hernandez G. , Breyne P. , Lowe A. J.
Published: October 2017

In Mesoamerica, tropical dry forest is a highly threatened habitat, and species endemic to this environment are under extreme pressure. The tree species, Lonchocarpus costaricensis is endemic to the dry northwest of Costa Rica and southwest Nicaragua. It is a locally important species but, as land has been cleared for agriculture, populations have experienced considerable reduction and fragmentation. To assess current levels and distribution of genetic diversity in the species, a combination of chloroplast-specific (cpDNA) and whole genome DNA markers (amplified fragment length polymorphism, AFLP) were used to fingerprint 121 individual trees in 6 populations. Two cpDNA haplotypes were identified, distributed among populations such that populations at the extremes of the distribution showed lowest diversity. A large number (487) of AFLP markers were obtained and indicated that diversity levels were highest in the two coastal populations (Cobano, Matapalo, H = 0.23, 0.28 respectively). Population differentiation was low overall, FST= 0.12, although Matapalo was strongly differentiated from all other populations (FST= 0.16-0.22), apart from Cobano (FST= 0.11). Spatial genetic structure was present in both datasets at different scales: cpDNA was structured at a range-wide distribution scale, whilst AFLP data revealed genetic neighbourhoods on a population scale. In general, the habitat degradation of recent times appears not to have yet impacted diversity levels in mature populations. However, although no data on seed or saplings were collected, it seems likely that reproductive mechanisms in the species will have been affected by land clearance. It is recommended that efforts should be made to conserve the extant genetic resource base and further research undertaken to investigate diversity levels in the progeny generation.
Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Nut Yield and Yield Components in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Authors: Aliyu O. M.
Published: October 2017

Relationships between cashew nut yield and nine agronomic traits comprising seven reproductive (nut and floral) and two vegetative characters were studied in 59 selected cashew genotypes over three production seasons. Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that nuts per panicle (r = 0.844), number of nuts per tree (r = 0.988) and number of hermaphrodite flowers per panicle (r = 0.863) were positively correlated with nut yield and could be used as primary components for improving yield. Although correlation analysis showed insignificant association between nut weight and nut yield, path analysis revealed that the trait had significant positive direct effect (0.317) on nut yield. The subtle indirect effects of nut weight and leaf size on nut yield were more important than their direct effects and could be classified as secondary components. Both the direct and indirect effects of weight of the whole fruit and tree canopy on nut yield were negative and appeared detrimental.
Variation in Volume Production Through Clonal Deployment: Results From a Simulation Model to Minimize Risk for Both a Currently Known and Unknown Future Pest
Authors: Yanchuk A. D. , Bishir J. , Russell J. H. , Polsson K. R.
Published: October 2017

A simulation model was developed to examine optimum patterns of deploying selected clones in the hypothetical situations of both a currently known pest and an unknown future pest. We modelled the interactions between Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), an economically important forest tree in British Columbia and the northwestern U.S., and the spruce terminal weevil (Pissodes strobi (Peck)), a major pest in western spruces. The model is combined with the Province of British Columbia’s Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS) model to drive individual tree growth and stand establishment and development. Two clonal-sampling strategies are examined: a randomly drawn set of genotypes or clones, to depict the potential consequences of a new (e.g., exotic) or a previously unimportant natural pest attacking a ‘random’ set of genotypes, and a ‘fixed’ set of clones, emulating a ‘commercial’ or known set of clones for growth and resistance mechanisms. Simulations use a range of numbers of genotypes or clones (2, 6, 18 and 30), and three deployment patterns (a random mixture of ramets, single- clone blocks, and a mosaic of smaller clonal blocks), in one and five hectare (Ha) stands. Total merchantable timber volume on a per Ha basis at harvest age 80 is used to compare the various combinations and schemes. With both random and fixed chosen sets of clones, the random planting pattern (i.e., random mixture of ramets from the clonal set) produced the most volume. Eighteen randomly chosen clones generally produced more volume, than 2, 6 and 30 clones, but differences among 6, 18 and 30 clones were small in most cases, irrespective of planting pattern. For fixed clones, the use of more resistant clones with higher growth potential produced more volume; however, pure clonal blocks of the best clone were not better than a mixture of that clone and an inferior one. Reducing the effects of insect activity and attack on trees, by lowering the average annual temperature in the model, or turning off all insect ‘activity’, increased merchantable volume but did not change the optimum number of clones (~18) or deployment pattern (random mixture). Forestry agencies can weigh these findings against economic advantages of block plantings of similar genotypes, in the choice of an appropriate number of clones and a deployment strategy.
Genetic Variation of Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) Populations From Provenance Regions in Southern Germany by Using Nuclear and Chloroplast Microsatellites
Authors: Hebel I. , Haas R. , Dounavi Aikaterini
Published: October 2017

The genetic structure of 14 populations from three ash provenance regions (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in southern Germany (Aid Infodienst, 2003) is described by analysing the variation of four nuclear and five cpDNA microsatellites. The study of the nuclear microsatellites revealed high levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic differentiation, suggesting a high degree of gene flow among regions and/or human interference by introducing plant material coming from different provenances. The distributions of the allele frequencies and the genetic structures at these four microsatellite loci did not allow the identification of distinct provenance regions, although “private alleles” were encountered with moderate to low frequencies (above 5 percent). Specifically, the Rhine valley populations (provenance region 81105) and these from the Swabian Jura and Black Forest (provenance region 81107) revealed private alleles at the two microsatellite loci Femsatl4 and Femsatl12. A more distinct differentiation between provenances was found based on the cpDNA markers. Evidence on genetic delineation and characterization of ash provenances is discussed. Based on these results, provenance regions can be genetically characterised but further analysis of ash populations and of reproductive material (seeds or seedlings) would be of great importance for provenance delineation, as well as gene conservation and sustainable management of ash populations.
Short Note: Crossability Between Pinus uliginosa and its Putative Parental Species Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo
Authors: Lewandowski A. , Wiśniewska M.
Published: October 2017

Results of artificial fertilization of P. uliginosa with P. sylvestris and P. mugo are presented and discussed. P. sylvestris and P. mugo are thought to be the parental species of P. uliginosa. Two grafts of one P. uliginosa clone from Arboretum of the Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik, Poland were used as mother individuals. One individual of P. sylvestris and one individual of P. mugo were the pollen donors. Three mature cones were obtained as the result of artificial pollination of P. uliginosa with P. mugo pollen. Out of 107 seeds, 68 were filled what gives 63%. P. uliginosa conelets pollinated with P. sylvestris pollen were all aborted. Based on obtained data, close phylogenetic relationship between P. uliginosa and P. mugo complex is suggested.
Identification of Atractylodes japonica and A. macrocephala by RAPD analysis and SCAR Markers
Authors: Huh Man Kyu , Bang K. H.
Published: October 2017

The Chinese plant, “Packchul”, (Atractylodes japonica or A. macrocephala), is a very important Chinese medicinal herb plant and is called Sabju in Korea. The levels of the active components are different between these two species, but these medicines are sold in Korean herbal markets without discrimination. This study was carried out to develop a method that could be used to discriminate between A. japonica and A. macrocephala based on molecular markers. To discriminate between A. japonica and A. macrocephala, RAPD analyses were used to develop SCAR markers. Eighteen species-specific RAPD bands were obtained from 52 OPERON and URP primer sets. Two SCAR markers were developed from these RAPD clones. Both SCAR markers were cloned into pGEM-T-Easy vectors and then subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis and designated AjR1 (1,117 bp) and AmR1 (1,325 bp). These two markers were sufficient to discriminate between samples of A. japonica and A. macrocephala.
Phenology and Control Pollination Studies in Casuarina equisetifolia Forst
Authors: Nagarajan B. , Nicodemus A. , Sivakumar V. , Mandal A. K. , Kumaravelu G. , Jayaraj R. S. C. , Bai V. Narmatha , Kamalakannan R.
Published: October 2017

Studies on phenology, floral biology and seed production were conducted in two provenance trials and a clonal hedge orchard of C. equisetifolia. Observations in seventeen populations indicate that predominant dioecy with low proportion of monoecy as the commonest sexual strategy. Flowering occurs twice in a year coinciding with the South West and North East monsoons. C. equisetifolia exhibits strong anemophilous adaptations such as very high pollen output, reduced flowers with large stigmatic area and light weighing winged fruits. Pollen is viable up to 99%, storable in 4°C up to three months with no loss in fertility. Trees start reproducing within two years of planting. Local land races produce ten to twenty times higher seeds than the recent introduced natural provenances and exotic landraces. Controlled pollination resulted in lower seed set than observed in open pollination. Selfing leads to normal seed set in monoecious trees. Inter specific cross with C. junguhuhniana pollen parent results in viable progeny.
Early Selection of Radiata Pine
Authors: Dean C. A. , Cotterill P. P. , Burdon R. D.
Published: October 2017

Additive genetic, dominance genetic and phenotypic variances and corresponding correlations were estimated for growth data collected from disconnected half-diallel progeny trials involving 25 Pinus radiata D. DON parents and replicated across two sites in central North Island, New Zealand. Sectional area of stem was measured at three, seven, 10 and 13 years after planting at both sites, and height at three and 10 years at one site. Sectional area at three years exhibited similar levels of estimated additive (σA
2) and dominance (σD
2) genetic variance. However, levels of σD
2 remained approximately constant between three and 13 years while σA
2 increased substantially. Thus, sectional-area growth changed from being under equal additive and dominance genetic control at three years to almost complete additive genetic control from seven to 13 years. The greater increase in additive variance relative to phenotypic variance led to increases in individual heritability from 0.16 to 0.28 to 0.35 for sectional-area increments between 3-7, 7-10 and 10-13 years, respectively. Height growth exhibited negligible levels of σD
2 for the three- and 10-year measurements. The early sectional-area increment between 3-7 years showed an estimated additive genetic correlation of 0.87 with “mature” sectional area at 13 years. Subsequent sectional-area increments between 7-10 and 10-13 years showed estimates of additive genetic correlations of 0.99 with sectional area at 13 years. Dominance genetic correlations were much lower in magnitude, reflecting inconsistent dominance effects over time.
Genetic Variability and Structure of The Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) in Poland
Authors: Bednorz Leszek , Myczko Ł , Kosiński P.
Published: October 2017

Sorbus torminalis is a rare forest tree species in Poland. Allelic and genotypic structures at 25 isozyme gene loci were observed in 20 populations from Poland, situated mainly along a latitudinal gradient. Levels of genetic diversity were high both at the species level (P = 44%, He = 0.435) and within populations (mean P = 40.8%, mean He= 0.373). Levels of differentiation among populations were relatively high (FST= 0.17) and a noticeable geographic structure of this differentiation was detected. The population in the ‘Brekinia’ reserve had a unique genetic structure of a clonal population and was the most distinct from the other populations.
Parental and Consensus Linkage Maps of Eucalyptus globulus Using AFLP and Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Freeman J. S. , Potts B. M. , Shepherd M. , Vaillancourt R. E.
Published: October 2017

Parental and consensus maps were constructed in an F2 inter-provenance cross of Eucalyptus globulus, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite (or simple sequence repeats [SSR]) markers. The female map had 12 linkage groups and 118 markers, comprising 33 SSR and 85 AFLP loci. The male map had 14 linkage groups and 130 markers comprising 36 SSR and 94 AFLP loci. The integrated map featured 10 linkage groups and 165 markers, including 33 SSR and 132 AFLP loci, a small 11th group was identified in the male parent. Moderate segregation distortion was detected, concentrated in gender specific groups. The strongest distortion was detected in the female parent for which causal mechanisms are discussed. The inclusion of SSR markers previously mapped in several different eucalypt species within the subgenus Symphyomyrtus (E. globulus, E. camaldulensis, and predominantly E. grandis and E. urophylla), allowed comparison of linkage groups across species and demonstrated that linkage orders previously reported in E. globulus, E. grandis and E. urophylla were largely conserved.
Genetic Variation and Correlations between Growth and Wood Density of Calycophyllum spruceanum at an Early Age in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Montes Sotelo , Hernández R. E. , Beaulieu J. , Weber J. C.
Published: October 2017

Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Shum. is an important timber-tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. As farmers and industry often use wood from young trees, it is important to investigate variation in juvenile wood properties in this species. A provenance/progeny test was established to evaluate genetic variation in growth and wood properties of young trees, the strength of their genetic control as well as their interrelationships both at the genetic and the phenotypic level in different planting zones. In this paper, results are presented for tree height and stem diameter (near ground level) at 16, 28 and 39 months; and stem diameter and basic density of the wood at breast height at 39 months. Significant variation due to provenances and especially due to families within provenances was found in growth and wood density. Phenotypic and genetic correlations indicated that larger trees tended to have denser wood. Wood density had higher heritability than height and diameter; and genetic control over height, diameter and density was generally highest in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly.
Construction of Microsatellite Linkage Maps for Corymbia
Authors: Shepherd M. , Kasem S. , Lee D. , Henry R.
Published: October 2017

The genus Corymbia is closely related to the genus Eucalyptus, and like Eucalyptus contains tree species that are important for sub-tropical forestry. Corymbia’s close relationship with Eucalyptus suggests genetic studies in Corymbia should benefit from transfer of genetic information from its more intensively studied relatives. Here we report a genetic map for Corymbia spp. based on microsatellite markers identified de novo in Corymbia sp or transferred from Eucalyptus. A framework consensus map was generated from an outbred F2population (n = 90) created by crossing two unrelated Corymbia torelliana × C. citriodora subsp. variegata F1trees. The map had a total length of 367 cM (Kosambi) and was composed of 46 microsatellite markers distributed across 13 linkage groups (LOD 3). A high proportion of Eucalyptus microsatellites (90%) transferred to Corymbia. Comparative analysis between the Corymbia map and a published Eucalyptus map identified eight homeologous linkage groups in Corymbia with 13 markers mapping on one or both maps. Further comparative analysis was limited by low power to detect linkage due to low genome coverage in Corymbia, however, there was no convincing evidence for chromosomal structural differences because instances of non-synteny were associated with large distances on the Eucalyptus map. Segregation distortion was primarily restricted to a single linkage group and due to a deficit of hybrid genotypes, suggesting that hybrid inviability was one factor shaping the genetic composition of the F2population in this inter-subgeneric hybrid. The conservation of microsatellite loci and synteny between Corymbia and Eucalyptus suggests there will be substantial value in exchanging information between the two groups.
Engineering Forest Trees with Heavy Metal Resistance Genes
Authors: Merkle Scott A.
Published: October 2017

Pollution of soil and water with heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and arsenic, is a worldwide problem. Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remove, sequester or detoxify pollutants, including heavy metals, offers an environmentally-friendly alternative to engineering- based methods for remediation. Forest trees have multiple features that make them particularly useful for removal of toxic heavy metals, especially if they can be engineered with genes allowing them to handle high levels of these elements. Although still in its infancy, research with transgenic trees carrying genes allowing them to detoxify or sequester some heavy metals has already made promising progress. Most of the work to date has been performed using poplar species and hybrids, although other woody species could be equally as useful. Trees have been engineered with genes for the handling of mercury, cadmium, copper and arsenic following two main approaches, phytoextraction and phytotransformation/ phytovolatilizaton. In vitro studies have shown the transgenic trees to have enhanced abilities to tolerate and/or accumulate these metals, and preliminary results from field tests indicate that the trees are functioning. New combinations of genes involved in metal transport or conversion may further enhance the heavy metal remediation capabilities of the transgenic trees. Given the environmentally friendly application, forest trees engineered for phytoremediation may be some of the first transgenic forest trees approved for operational deployment.
Reduction of Lignin Content by Suppression of Expression of the LIM Domain Transcription Factor in Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Authors: Kawaoka A. , Nanto K. , Ishii K. , Ebinuma H.
Published: October 2017

We report a reduction of lignin content in the woody plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis by the suppression of gene expression of the LIM domain transcription factor. Previously, we identified a cDNA encoding the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) LIM domain transcription factor, Nt1iml, involved in lignin biosynthesis and that specifically binds to an important cis-acting element, the PALbox sequence. The orthologous Eucalyptus gene of Ntliml, namely Ecliml, was isolated from the E. camaldulensis cDNA library (84% amino acid identity). The antisense Ntliml construct with a kanamycin-resistant gene was introduced into E. camaldulensis. The transgenic Eucalyptus plants grown in the greenhouse showed decreased expression levels of severallignin biosynthesis genes, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase (4CL). The abnormal phenotypic changes and a 29% reduction of lignin content were observed in the line LG12, in which the transcript level of Ecliml was most1y suppressed. Ec1iml is one of the key transcription factors involved in lignin biosynthesis.
Faster Evaluation of Induced Floral Sterilit
Authors: Hoenicka H. , Nowitzki O. , Debener Th. , Fladung Matthias
Published: October 2017

A major concern over the use of transgenic trees is the potential for transgene dispersal through pollen and seeds. The incorporation of sterility inducing genes into transgenic lines of trees has been proposed to reduce or even avoid gene flow of transgenes into non-transgenic interbreeding species. The evaluation of strategies for the induction of sterility in transgenic forest tree species has been hindered by their long vegetative phases. In this study an early flowering 35S::Leafy poplar line was used for the faster evaluation of the sterility construct C-GPDHC::Vst1. The combination of two transgenic approaches, one to induce early flowering and a second for the induction of sterility, allowed evaluation of this sterility strategy two years after transformation. This is a very short period of time considering the long vegetative period of seven to twenty years common in forest tree species. This approach opens opportunities for the assessment of sterility mechanisms for this plant group.
Realized Gains from Block-Plot Coastal Douglas-Fir Trials in the Northern Oregon Cascades
Authors: Ye Terrance Z. , Jayawickrama K. J. S. , Clair J. B. St.
Published: October 2017

Realized gains for coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) were evaluated using data collected from 15-year-old trees from five field trials planted in large block plots in the northern Oregon Cascades. Three populations with different genetic levels (elite - high predicted gain; intermediate - moderate predicted gain; and unimproved - wild seedlot) were compared at two planting spacings (1.8 × 1.8 m and 3.6 × 3.6 m). The realized gains at age 15 averaged over both the elite and intermediate progeny were 17.2% for stand volume per hectare, 3.5% for mean height, and 4.3% for diameter, compared to predicted genetic gains of 16.0% for volume, 5.4% for height, and 6.4% for diameter. Realized and predicted gains correlated well at the family level, with an average correlation coefficient close to 0.80. The improved populations also had higher survival rate and lower stem sinuosity than the unimproved population. Strong genetic level × planting spacing interaction effects were revealed for the growth traits at age 15 using mixed model analyses. Realized gains for stand per-hectare volume and mean growth rate were at least twice as large in the elite population as in the intermediate population at the close spacing. By contrast, both populations performed similarly at the wide spacing. This indicates that the selected genetic materials responded differently to the changes of competitive environment, and realized gain trials should closely mimic operational plantations in order to provide valid estimates of realized gains. Realized gains in per-hectare volume varied greatly among test sites. No significant genetic level x site interactions were found for any traits.
Response to Selfing in Seed Set, Seedling Establishment and Nursery Growth Based on Controlled Crosses of Abies nordmanniana Clones
Authors: Nielsen Ulrik Bräuner , Hansen Ole Kim
Published: October 2017

Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) is used for production of high value Christmas trees in short rotation. Potentially all trees are intended to be sold - no thinnings are normally applied. A high proportion of saleable trees per ha is the main key to secure economic return to the growers. Consumers demand a symmetric and rather uniform tree and, dependent on local traditions, it should be more or less dense and narrow. In Denmark, breeding of Nordmann fir and establishment of seed orchards focus on seed supply and improved Christmas tree quality - aiming at adaption and a rather uniform ideotype Christmas tree. Benefits from employing rather few clones, to maximise gain and uniformity, may potentially be counteracted by increased selfing. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of selfing on percentage of filled seed and nursery establishment of seedlings. Inbreeding depression was seen for filled seeds (40%), growth traits (5-17%), plus mortality and axial damage (5-12 percent units). Many selfed seedlings survive and develop into marketable seedlings, although with a depression in numbers of 23-37%, or 9-12 percent units. Nursery sorting procedures can only partially reduce the number of inbred seedlings in Nordmann fir. The large variation among clones in the response to selfing indicates that knowledge of the behaviour of selfed progeny from specific clones in ‘small number seed orchards’ is of practical interest. Trade-offs between increased gain by selection of few clones and a penalty paid for increased inbreeding need further studies during a full Christmas tree rotation.
Genetic Parameters of Somatic Clones of Coastal Douglas-fir for Growth, Stem and Wood Traits at 6½ or 7½-Years in Washington and Oregon, USA
Authors: Dean Christine A.
Published: October 2017

Five genetic tests involving 70 somatic clones of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) were planted March-April 1999 in Weyerhaeuser plantations across western Washington and Oregon states, USA. Four of the tests are in the Longview and Twin Harbors regions of Washington, and one test is in Springfield, Oregon. Each test is designed as single-tree plots with 12 randomized complete-blocks. The 70 coastal Douglas-fir clones were propagated by somatic embryogenesis (SE) from two full-sib families created by crossings among three parents. Results are reported for height, diameter at breast-height (DBH) and stem volume measured at 71/2-years; and stem sinuosity, stress wave velocity (SWV) and pilodyn at 61/2-years. Withinfamily clonal heritabilities (or repeatabilities) were estimated as the ratio of the variance between-clones within- families to the overall phenotypic variance. Variance between families was not included in the numerator of the heritability equation because the 70 SE clones are from only two full-sib families. Height had a within-family clonal heritability of 0.31 ± 0.04, DBH 0.27 ± 0.04, volume 0.24 ± 0.04, stem sinuosity 0.13 ± 0.02, SWV 0.45 ± 0.04 and pilodyn 0.31 ± 0.04. The three growth traits were all closely genetically associated with clonal correlations among them of 0.86 to 0.98. Clonal performance for growth proved quite stable across tests with an overall betweentest clonal correlation of 0.80 ± 0.04 for stem volume, meaning that clone x test interactions only accounted for a minor part of the total variance. The between-test correlation was 0.79 ± 0.06 for sinuosity, 0.96 ± 0.01 SWV and 0.86 ± 0.03 for pilodyn.