bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impurity-derived p-type conductivity in cubic boron arsenide
Authors: Lyons John L. , Varley Joel B. , Glaser Evan R. , Freitas Jaime A. , Culbertson James C. , Tian Fei , Gamage Geethal Amila , Sun Haoran , Ziyaee Hamidreza , Ren Zhifeng
Published: December 2018

Cubic boron arsenide (c-BAs) exhibits an ultrahigh thermal conductivity (κ) approaching 1300 Wm−1 K−1 at room temperature. However, c-BAs is believed to incorporate high concentrations of crystal imperfections that can both quench κ and act as sources of unintentional p-type conductivity. Although this behavior has been attributed to native defects, we show here, using optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopies together with first-principles calculations, that unintentional acceptor impurities such as silicon and/or carbon are more likely candidates for causing the observed conductivity. These results also clarify that the true low-temperature bandgap of c-BAs is 0.3 eV higher than the widely reported value of ∼1.5 eV. Low-temperature photoluminescence measurements of c-BAs crystals reveal impurity-related recombination processes (including donor-acceptor pair recombination), and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show evidence for effective mass-like shallow acceptors. Our hybrid density functional calculations indicate that native defects are incapable of giving rise to such signals. Instead, we find that group-IV impurities readily incorporate on the As site and act as shallow acceptors. Such impurities can dominate the electrical properties of c-BAs, and their influence on phonon scattering must be considered when optimizing thermal conductivity.
An improved static corrugation model
Authors: Spiering P. , Wijzenbroek M. , Somers M. F.
Published: December 2018

Accurately describing surface temperature effects for the dissociation of H2 on Cu(111) remains challenging. While Ab initio Molecular Dynamics (AIMD), the current state-of-the-art method for modelling such systems, can produce accurate results, it is computationally very expensive to use for extensive testing of, for example, density functionals. A chemically accurate static corrugation model for H2 and D2 on Cu(111) dissociation was made by introducing effective three-body interactions as well as an H2-bond dependence and fitting the model to density functional theory energies for 15 113 different configurations. Reaction probabilities and rovibrational (in)elastic scattering probabilities were computed and compared to experiments and other calculations. Theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement, except for the reaction of (v = 0, J = 0) H2 where both AIMD and the newly developed static corrugation model, both based on the same underlying density functional, predict a similar deviation from the experiment.
Capillary-assisted localized crystallization on discrete micropillar rings
Authors: Hu Yanlei , Zhang Yachao , Yuan Hongwei , Wang Renyan , Jiang Shaojun , Lao Zhaoxin , Li Guoqiang , Wu Dong , Li Jiawen , Chu Jiaru
Published: December 2018

Microcrystals with defined sizes, morphologies, and locations provide a core opportunity for applications in microelectronic devices and microoptical components. Herein, a simple method was developed to obtain microcrystals with controlled sizes and locations by capillary-assisted localized crystallization, which utilizes “discrete micropillar rings” (DMRs) to mediate the solution evaporation process. Being different from conventional hydrophilic/hydrophobic modified surfaces, DMRs can guide the movement of three-phase contact lines, confine the solution residing inside the rings with a high concentration ratio, and help to crystallize microparticles (NaCl or CaCO3) without any further surface modification. Microcrystal sizes can be tuned in a wide range (from the order of ∼μm2 to that of ∼100 μm2) by changing the geometric parameters (height, pillar interval, and diameter) of pillar arrays. This facile, scalable, and low-cost technique for generating microcrystals with controlled size and location inside the DMRs holds great promise for micro-electronic and micro-optoelectronic applications.
Stretchable conductive nanocomposite based on alginate hydrogel and silver nanowires for wearable electronics
Authors: Lim Chanhyuk , Shin Yoonsoo , Jung Jaebong , Kim Ji Hoon , Lee Sangkyu , Kim Dae-Hyeong
Published: December 2018

Wearable electronic devices are used to perform various electronic functions on the human skin, and their mechanical softness while maintaining high performances is critical. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel materials with outstanding softness and high electrical and ionic conductivity for wearable electronics. Here, we present an intrinsically stretchable and conductive nanocomposite based on alginate hydrogels and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The developed nanocomposite was applied to highly conductive soft electrodes that can be used in various wearable electronic devices. The nanocomposite electrode was prepared by cross-linking alginate molecules in the presence of AgNWs, exhibiting higher electrical, ionic conductivity, higher stretchability, and lower modulus than conventional conducting rubbers. By forming a bilayer structure with the nanocomposite and the ultrasoft hydrogel layer, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite device could be matched to that of the human skin. We used the nanocomposite electrode for fabricating key device components of wearable electronics, such as a wearable antenna and a skin-mountable supercapacitor. Such demonstrations successfully proved the effectiveness of the proposed nanocomposite as a soft conducting material for wearable electronics.
Multi-dimensional spectral gap optimization of order parameters (SGOOP) through conditional probability factorization
Authors: Smith Zachary , Pramanik Debabrata , Tsai Sun-Ting , Tiwary Pratyush
Published: December 2018

Spectral gap optimization of order parameters (SGOOP) [P. Tiwary and B. J. Berne, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113, 2839 (2016)] is a method for constructing the reaction coordinate (RC) in molecular systems, especially when they are plagued with hard to sample rare events, given a larger dictionary of order parameters or basis functions and limited static and dynamic information about the system. In its original formulation, SGOOP is designed to construct a 1-dimensional RC. Here we extend its scope by introducing a simple but powerful extension based on the notion of conditional probability factorization where known features are effectively washed out to learn additional and possibly hidden features of the energy landscape. We show how SGOOP can be used to proceed in a sequential and bottom-up manner to (i) systematically probe the need for extending the dimensionality of the RC and (ii) if such a need is identified, learn additional coordinates of the RC in a computationally efficient manner. We formulate the method and demonstrate its utility through three illustrative examples, including the challenging and important problem of calculating the kinetics of benzene unbinding from the protein T4L99A lysozyme, where we obtain excellent agreement in terms of dissociation pathway and kinetics with other sampling methods and experiments. In this last case, starting from a larger dictionary of 11 order parameters that are generic for ligand unbinding processes, we demonstrate how to automatically learn a 2-dimensional RC, which we then use in the infrequent metadynamics protocol to obtain 16 independent unbinding trajectories. We believe our method will be a big step in increasing the utility of SGOOP in performing intuition-free sampling of complex systems. Finally, we believe that the utility of our protocol is amplified by its applicability to not just SGOOP but also other generic methods for constructing the RC.
Understanding the phase separation of N2/H2O and CO2/H2O binary systems through reactive force fields-based molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Lv Li , Zhang Li , Yang Mingli
Published: December 2018

Phase separation has a considerable effect on the detonation performances of explosives, but its mechanism has seldom been studied in terms of the interatomic interaction through molecular modeling. The binary mixtures of molecular N2, CO2, and H2O, which are the key components of detonation products of common explosives, with high density and at high temperature were investigated by using the reactive force fields-based molecular dynamics simulations. The mixing and demixing behaviors of N2/H2O and CO2/H2O systems were compared to distinguish the driven forces of phase separation. The N2/H2O mixtures with high density exhibit a remarkable phase separation at low temperature, while the CO2/H2O mixtures are mixing in a wide range of density and temperature. Similar changes in the repulsive van der Waals energy were found for all the studied systems. However, the corresponding changes in the attractive Coulomb energy are quite different for the mixing and demixing systems. Moreover, the polarization effect in dense systems contributes greatly to the Coulomb interaction. The Coulomb attraction is thus responsible for the phase separation of the dense systems under extreme conditions.
Two-strain epidemic model involving fractional derivative with Mittag-Leffler kernel
Authors: Yusuf Abdullahi , Qureshi Sania , Inc Mustafa , Aliyu Aliyu Isa , Baleanu Dumitru , Shaikh Asif Ali
Published: December 2018

In the present study, the fractional version with respect to the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative operator in the caputo sense (ABC) of the two-strain epidemic mathematical model involving two vaccinations has extensively been analyzed. Furthermore, using the fixed-point theory, it has been shown that the solution of the proposed fractional version of the mathematical model does not only exist but is also the unique solution under some conditions. The original mathematical model consists of six first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations, thereby requiring a numerical treatment for getting physical interpretations. Likewise, its fractional version is not possible to be solved by any existing analytical method. Therefore, in order to get the observations regarding the output of the model, it has been solved using a newly developed convergent numerical method based on the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative operator in the caputo sense. To believe upon the results obtained, the fractional order α has been allowed to vary between (0,1], whereupon the physical observations match with those obtained in the classical case, but the fractional model has persisted all the memory effects making the model much more suitable when presented in the structure of fractional order derivatives for ABC. Finally, the fractional forward Euler method in the classical caputo sense has been used to illustrate the better performance of the numerical method obtained via the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative operator in the caputo sense.
Structural basis for a naphthyl end-capped oligothiophene with embedded metallic nanoparticles for organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Huss-Hansen Mathias K. , Hansteen Marie , Linnet Jes , Walther Anders Runge , Kjelstrup-Hansen Jakob , Knaapila Matti
Published: December 2018

We report on the apparent structure of 5,5″-bis(naphth-2-yl)-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene (NaT3) in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with and without embedded silver nanoparticles. Using regular- and microbeam grazing incidence wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering, the device structure is characterized locally in the area with the embedded particles. The NaT3 thin film order is reduced and the found unit cell (a = 25.7 Å, b = 5.87 Å, c = 8.03 Å, and β = 98.9°) differs significantly from the one reported in the bulk, but shows no significant change, when the particles corresponding to the crystal size are incorporated into the device structure. At the same time, the apparent thin film crystal sizes in OFETs are found to be similar with and without the embedded particles. In both cases, the carrier mobilities are of the order of 10−4 cm2/(V s).
Knowing our patients: a cross-sectional study of adult patients attending an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service
Authors: Askew Deborah A. , Jennings Warren J. , Hayman Noel E. , Schluter Philip J. , Spurling Geoffrey K.
Published: December 2018

Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live in urban areas, but epidemiological data about their health status and health needs are lacking. This knowledge is critical to informing and evaluating initiatives to improve service delivery and health outcomes. One potential data source is de-identified routinely collected clinical data. This cross-sectional study, conducted in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary healthcare service, involved randomly selecting a sample of 400 patients aged ≥15 years, and manually extracting electronic health record data. In the sample, 49% of patients were aged <35 years, 56% were female and 38% were employed. Overall, 56% of females and 47% of males aged 35–54 years had depression, 26% had experienced a bereavement within the last 12 months, and while 44% were alcohol abstainers, 35% were drinking at high-risk levels. The present study cannot demonstrate causal relationships between the observed high rates of chronic disease in older people and frequent experiences of bereavement and high levels of mental ill health in young- and middle-aged adults. However, a life course approach provides a framework to understand the interconnectedness of these results, and suggests that strategies to blunt the intergenerational burden of chronic disease need to address the social and emotional wellbeing of youth.
Dominance, mode, and individual variation in bilingual speech production and perception
Authors: Piccinini Page , Arvaniti Amalia
Published: December 2018

Early Spanish-English bilinguals and English controls were tested on the production and perception of negative, short-lag, and long-lag Voice Onset Time (VOT), VOT types spanning the Spanish and English phonetic categories: phonologically, negative and short-lag VOT stops are distinct phonemes in Spanish, but realizations of voiced stops in English. Dominance was critical: more English-dominant bilinguals produced more short-lag VOT stops in response to negative VOT stimuli, and were also less accurate than more balanced bilinguals at discriminating negative from short-lag VOT. Bilinguals performed similarly to monolinguals overall, but they produced more negative VOT tokens and shorter short-lag VOT in response to negative VOT. Their productions were also less well correlated with perception and showed more variation between individuals. These results highlight the variable nature of bilingual production and perception, and demonstrate the need to consider language dominance, individual variation, as well as modalities and tasks when studying bilinguals.
Investigating vulnerabilities in grammatical processing of bilinguals
Authors: Pourquié Marie , Lacroix Hugues , Kartushina Natalia
Published: December 2018

Bilinguals show a large gap in their expressive-receptive abilities, in both languages. To date, most studies have examined lexical processing. The current study aimed to assess comprehension and production of verb agreement, i.e., grammatical processing, in bilinguals, and to examine the factors that might modulate them: exposure, age and language-specific morphological complexity. Twenty balanced Basque-Spanish bilinguals (10 adults and 10 children) were assessed on comprehension and production of subject-verb agreement in both languages and object-verb agreement in Basque. Twenty age-matched Spanish-dominant Basque-Spanish bilinguals were assessed in Spanish only. The results revealed a consistent gap in Basque in both children and adults, with an advantage for comprehension. In Spanish, a gap appeared in children only, with an advantage for production. The gap size did not vary with the amount of language exposure but with age and morphological complexity, suggesting that these factors modulate bilinguals’ grammatical processing.
Microtubule reorientation in the blue spotlight: Cutting and CLASPing at dynamic hot spots
Authors: Benoit Béatrice , Poüs Christian
Published: December 2018

Microtubule reorientation into a longitudinal network during the phototropic response in Arabidopsis thaliana depends on their severing by katanin at crossovers. Lindeboom et al. (2019. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201805047) show that at newly generated plus ends, the anti-catastrophe activity of CLASP is essential for further growth.
Conjugation of semisimple subgroups over real number fields of bounded degree
Authors: Borovoi Mikhail , Daw Christopher , Ren Jinbo
Published: December 2018

Let

G
G

be a linear algebraic group over a field

k
k

of characteristic 0. We show that any two connected semisimple

k
k

-subgroups of

G
G

that are conjugate over an algebraic closure of

k
k

are actually conjugate over a finite field extension of

k
k

of degree bounded independently of the subgroups. Moreover, if

k
k

is a real number field, we show that any two connected semisimple

k
k

-subgroups of

G
G

that are conjugate over the field of real numbers

R

{\mathbb {R}}

are actually conjugate over a finite real extension of

k
k

of degree bounded independently of the subgroups.
CSHAP: efficient haplotype frequency estimation based on sparse representation
Authors: Zhou Yinsheng , Zhang Han , Yang Yaning
Published: December 2018

Motivation

Estimating haplotype frequencies from genotype data plays an important role in genetic analysis. In silico methods are usually computationally involved since phase information is not available. Due to tight linkage disequilibrium and low recombination rates, the number of haplotypes observed in human populations is far less than all the possibilities. This motivates us to solve the estimation problem by maximizing the sparsity of existing haplotypes. Here, we propose a new algorithm by applying the compressive sensing (CS) theory in the field of signal processing, compressive sensing haplotype inference (CSHAP), to solve the sparse representation of haplotype frequencies based on allele frequencies and between-allele co-variances.

Results

Our proposed approach can handle both individual genotype data and pooled DNA data with hundreds of loci. The CSHAP exhibits the same accuracy compared with the state-of-the-art methods, but runs several orders of magnitude faster. CSHAP can also handle with missing genotype data imputations efficiently.

Availability and implementation

The CSHAP is implemented in R, the source code and the testing datasets are available at http://home.ustc.edu.cn/∼zhouys/CSHAP/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Human Direct Skin Feeding Versus Membrane Feeding to Assess the Mosquitocidal Efficacy of High-Dose Ivermectin (IVERMAL Trial)
Authors: Smit Menno R , Ochomo Eric O , Aljayyoussi Ghaith , Kwambai Titus K , Abong’o Bernard O , Bousema Teun , Waterhouse David , Bayoh Nabie M , Gimnig John E , Samuels Aaron M , Desai Meghna R , Phillips-Howard Penelope A , Kariuki Simon K , Wang Duolao , Ward Stephen A , ter Kuile Feiko O
Published: December 2018

Background

Ivermectin is being considered for mass drug administration for malaria, due to its ability to kill mosquitoes feeding on recently treated individuals. In a recent trial, 3-day courses of 300 and 600 mcg/kg/day were shown to kill Anopheles mosquitoes for at least 28 days post-treatment when fed patients’ venous blood using membrane feeding assays. Direct skin feeding on humans may lead to higher mosquito mortality, as ivermectin capillary concentrations are higher. We compared mosquito mortality following direct skin and membrane feeding.

Methods

We conducted a mosquito feeding study, nested within a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 141 adults with uncomplicated malaria in Kenya, comparing 3 days of ivermectin 300 mcg/kg/day, ivermectin 600 mcg/kg/day, or placebo, all co-administered with 3 days of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. On post-treatment day 7, direct skin and membrane feeding assays were conducted using laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Mosquito survival was assessed daily for 28 days post-feeding.

Results

Between July 20, 2015, and May 7, 2016, 69 of 141 patients participated in both direct skin and membrane feeding (placebo, n = 23; 300 mcg/kg/day, n = 24; 600 mcg/kg/day, n = 22). The 14-day post-feeding mortality for mosquitoes fed 7 days post-treatment on blood from pooled patients in both ivermectin arms was similar with direct skin feeding (mosquitoes observed, n = 2941) versus membrane feeding (mosquitoes observed, n = 7380): cumulative mortality (risk ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95–1.03, P = .69) and survival time (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.91–1.02, P = .19). Results were consistent by sex, by body mass index, and across the range of ivermectin capillary concentrations studied (0.72–73.9 ng/mL).

Conclusions

Direct skin feeding and membrane feeding on day 7 resulted in similar mosquitocidal effects of ivermectin across a wide range of drug concentrations, suggesting that the mosquitocidal effects seen with membrane feeding accurately reflect those of natural biting. Membrane feeding, which is more patient friendly and ethically acceptable, can likely reliably be used to assess ivermectin’s mosquitocidal efficacy.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT02511353.
Hybrid versus catheter ablation in patients with persistent and longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis†
Authors: van der Heijden Claudia A J , Vroomen Mindy , Luermans Justin G , Vos Rein , Crijns Harry J G M , Gelsomino Sandro , La Meir Mark , Pison Laurent , Maesen Bart
Published: December 2018

As the mechanisms underlying persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are still incompletely understood, a ‘gold standard’ strategy for ablation is lacking. The results of catheter ablation, independent of the ablation strategy applied, are disappointing. Hybrid ablation, combining a thoracoscopic epicardial and transvenous endocardial approach, has shown more favourable outcomes. To date, studies comparing both techniques are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of hybrid versus catheter ablation in patients with persistent or longstanding persistent AF. A systematic literature search of studies reporting on catheter and hybrid ablation of persistent or longstanding persistent AF was performed in the PubMed database. All identified articles were screened and checked for eligibility. A meta-analysis was performed on inter-study heterogeneity and pooled correlation between baseline characteristics, primary and secondary outcomes of hybrid and catheter studies. From the 520 articles identified by the search, 34 articles could be included in the analysis. Hybrid ablation resulted in higher freedom of atrial arrhythmias in patients with persistent and longstanding-persistent AF than catheter ablation (70.7% vs 49.9%, P < 0.001). Although hybrid ablation had a slightly higher complication rate than catheter ablation, overall morbidity and mortality were low. In conclusion, hybrid ablation is more effective than catheter ablation in maintaining the sinus rhythm in patients with persistent or longstanding persistent AF. However, data directly comparing both techniques are lacking, and small, heterogenic, single-arm studies in a random-effects model prevent definite conclusions from being drawn. Therefore, larger randomized controlled trials directly comparing both techniques are needed.
Consultations for gastroenteritis in general practice and out-of-hours services in Norway 2006–15
Authors: Emberland Knut Erik , Wensaas Knut-Arne , Litleskare Sverre , Rortveit Guri
Published: December 2018

Background

Most of the patients with gastroenteritis seeking health care services are managed in primary care; yet, little is known about these consultations. Syndromic-based surveillance of gastrointestinal infections is used in several countries, including Norway.

Aim

To investigate the extent of, and explore characteristics associated with, consultations for gastroenteritis in primary care and to compare consultations in daytime general practice and out-of-hours (OOH) services in Norway.

Design and Setting

Registry-based study using reimbursement claims data from all consultations in general practice and OOH services in Norway over the 10-year period, 2006–15.

Methods

The main outcome variable was whether the consultation took place in general practice or OOH services. Possible associations with patient age and sex, time and use of point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing and sickness certificate issuing were investigated.

Results

Gastroenteritis consultations (n = 1 281 048) represented 0.9% of all consultations in primary care (n = 140 199 637), of which 84.4% were conducted in general practice and 15.6% in OOH services. Young children and young adults dominated among the patients. Point-of-care CRP testing was used in 36.1% of the consultations. Sickness certificates were issued in 43.6% of consultations with patients in working age. Age-specific time variations in consultation frequencies peaking in winter months were observed.

Conclusions

The proportion of gastroenteritis consultations was higher in the OOH services when compared with daytime general practice. Young children and young adults dominated among the patients. The seasonal variation in consultation frequency is similar to that shown for gastroenteritis caused by norovirus.
Prospective associations of maternal choline status with offspring body composition in the first 5 years of life in two large mother–offspring cohorts: the Southampton Women’s Survey cohort and the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes cohort
Authors: van Lee Linde , Crozier Sarah R , Aris Izzuddin M , Tint Mya T , Sadananthan Suresh Anand , Michael Navin , Quah Phaik Ling , Robinson Sian M , Inskip Hazel M , Harvey Nicholas C , Barker Mary , Cooper Cyrus , Velan Sendhil S , Lee Yung Seng , Fortier Marielle V , Yap Fabian , Gluckman Peter D , Tan Kok Hian , Shek Lynette P , Chong Yap-Seng , Godfrey Keith M , Chong Mary F F
Published: December 2018

Background

Choline status has been positively associated with weight and fat mass in animal and human studies. As evidence examining maternal circulating choline concentrations and offspring body composition in human infants/children is lacking, we investigated this in two cohorts.

Methods

Maternal choline concentrations were measured in the UK Southampton Women’s Survey (SWS; serum, n = 985, 11 weeks’ gestation) and Singapore Growing Up Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO); n = 955, 26–28 weeks’ gestation) mother–offspring cohorts. Offspring anthropometry was measured at birth and up to age 5 years. Body fat mass was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at birth and age 4 years for SWS; and using air-displacement plethysmography at birth and age 5 years for GUSTO. Linear-regression analyses were performed, adjusting for confounders.

Results

In SWS, higher maternal choline concentrations were associated with higher neonatal total body fat mass {β = 0.60 standard deviation [SD]/5 µmol/L maternal choline [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04–1.16]} and higher subscapular skinfold thickness [β = 0.55 mm/5 µmol/L (95% CI, 0.12–1.00)] at birth. In GUSTO, higher maternal choline concentrations were associated with higher neonatal body mass index-for-age z-score [β = 0.31 SD/5 µmol/L (0.10–0.51)] and higher triceps [β = 0.38 mm/5 µmol/L (95% CI, 0.11–0.65)] and subscapular skinfold thicknesses [β = 0.26 mm/5 µmol/L (95% CI, 0.01–0.50)] at birth. No consistent trends were observed between maternal choline and offspring gain in body mass index, skinfold thicknesses, abdominal circumference, weight, length/height and adiposity measures in later infancy and early childhood.

Conclusion

Our study provides evidence that maternal circulating choline concentrations during pregnancy are positively associated with offspring BMI, skinfold thicknesses and adiposity at birth, but not with growth and adiposity through infancy and early childhood to the age of 5 years.
Long-time L∞(L2) a posteriori error estimates for fully discrete parabolic problems
Authors: Sutton Oliver J
Published: December 2018

Computable estimates for the error of finite element discretisations of parabolic problems in the $L^{\infty }(0,T; L^2(\varOmega ))$ norm are developed, which exhibit constant effectivities (the ratio of the estimated error to the true error) with respect to the simulation time. These estimates, which are of optimal order, represent a significant advantage for long-time simulations and are derived using energy techniques based on elliptic reconstructions. The effectivities of previous optimal-order error estimates in this norm derived using energy techniques are shown numerically to grow in proportion to either the simulation duration or its square root, a key disadvantage compared with earlier estimators derived using parabolic duality arguments. The new estimates form a continuous family, almost all of which are new, reproducing certain familiar energy-based estimates well suited for short-time simulations and not available through the parabolic duality framework. For clarity, we demonstrate the technique applied to a linear parabolic problem discretised using standard conforming finite element methods in space coupled with backward Euler and Crank–Nicolson time discretisations, although it can be applied much more widely.
An ancillary genomics system to support the return of pharmacogenomic results
Authors: Rasmussen Luke V , Smith Maureen E , Almaraz Federico , Persell Stephen D , Rasmussen-Torvik Laura J , Pacheco Jennifer A , Chisholm Rex L , Christensen Carl , Herr Timothy M , Wehbe Firas H , Starren Justin B
Published: December 2018

Existing approaches to managing genetic and genomic test results from external laboratories typically include filing of text reports within the electronic health record, making them unavailable in many cases for clinical decision support. Even when structured computable results are available, the lack of adopted standards requires considerations for processing the results into actionable knowledge, in addition to storage and management of the data. Here, we describe the design and implementation of an ancillary genomics system used to receive and process heterogeneous results from external laboratories, which returns a descriptive phenotype to the electronic health record in support of pharmacogenetic clinical decision support.
Detection of periodicity based on independence tests – IV. Phase distance correlation periodogram for two-dimensional astrometry
Authors: Zucker Shay
Published: December 2018

I present an extension of the phase distance correlation periodogram to two-dimensional astrometric data. I show that this technique is more suitable than previously proposed approaches to detect eccentric Keplerian orbits, and that it overcomes the inherent bias of the joint periodogram to circular orbits. This new technique might prove to be essential in the context of future astrometric space missions such as Theia.
Commonsense Consequentialism, Moral Rationalism, and Options
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: December 2018

Commonsense consequentialism seeks to embrace the importance of commonsense features of the moral landscape (options and constraints, in particular), while retaining the consequentialist focus on the outcomes of our actions. In focusing on options, this chapter argues that a central presumption for commonsense consequentialist moral theories—in defending both the “commonsense” and the “consequentialist” aspects of such a view—is moral rationalism, or the principle according to which one is normatively required to conform to one’s moral requirements. However, we have reason to believe that moral rationalism is probably false, and hence attempts to “consequentialize” commonsense moral theories face a substantial justificatory challenge.
Criminal Law in the Age of the Administrative State
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: December 2018

What is the criminal law for? At its most elemental, criminal law secures the possibility of a shared life under stable and just public institutions. In the age of the administrative state, criminal law performs this task by stabilizing cooperation across a wide range of contexts, from backstopping compliance with tax law to protecting the integrity of a nation’s fisheries. How should we decide when this is a legitimate use of the criminal law? The “public law” conception sketched in this book suggests that because the criminal law is a public institution, it should be evaluated by the very same values that we structure our evaluation of public institutions generally. In contrast to familiar forms of retributivism, the public law conception starts from the political morality of public institutions, rather than the interpersonal morality of private relationships. In a society with democratic and egalitarian aspirations, the legitimacy of the criminal law depends in part upon the democratic and egalitarian character of the institutions it supports, and in part upon its supporting those institutions by means that are themselves consistent with democratic and egalitarian principles. The particular account of those principles sketched in this book is democratic, egalitarian without being equalizing, and focused on a form of freedom—effective access to central capability—as its currency of evaluation. This approach provides a distinctive and illuminating framework for assessing a wide range of problems in criminal law and policy, from mass incarceration, to over-criminalization and the allocation of procedural rights.
Mass Incarceration and the Theory of Punishment
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: December 2018

A popular form of retributivism insists that the permissibility of punishment is dependent solely upon the rights of the parties, with the social costs or benefits of a system of punishment relegated at best to a supporting role in justifying punishment. This chapter explains why theories of that form—despite their current popularity—cannot explain the moral judgment that the United States currently incarcerates too many people. Most commentators, including proponents of this type of theory, are inclined to believe that the United States does incarcerate too many people—that a policy of “mass incarceration” is unjustified. However, mass incarceration represents a failure of social policy, and is not readily analyzed in terms of the morality of individual transactions. The chapter concludes by briefly sketching how the political ideal of anti-deference might be brought to bear on the question of mass incarceration.
Responsibility without Resentment
Authors: Chiao Vincent
Published: December 2018

Why has responsibility been so central to normative theorizing about the criminal law, even as its significance in other areas of political philosophy is diminished? This chapter considers several arguments. First, responsibility is of special concern for the criminal law because reactive attitudes such as blame and punishment are indispensable to our sense of ourselves as responsible agents. Second, when we are faced with actual criminal wrongdoing, we are called upon to respond with blame and punishment, no matter how much we are invested in other means of dealing with crime: the criminal law is inherently retributive and retrospective. Finally, responsibility means people can be liable to harm in ways that are inconsistent with democratic equality. This chapter is devoted to showing why none of these arguments is compelling. Taking responsibility seriously does not require any particular level of public investment in punishment, nor does it imply any particular level of public investment in retrospective punishment as against prospective prevention. Moreover, while people can in certain circumstances render themselves liable to defensive harm through their wrongful acts, this does not entail that public institutions are entitled to discount the rights and interests of the guilty relative to those of the innocent. In short, skepticism about punishment need not rest upon skepticism about responsibility.
Jaleo de Jerez and Tumulte Noir
Authors: Goldberg K. Meira
Published: December 2018

Juana Vargas “La Macarrona,” a Gitana, was one of the greatest flamenco dancers of all time. Yet complex responses to her international debut in 1889 Paris set “authentic” performances against French “recreations” of Spanish dance. Developing new, tango (that is, Afro-Cuban)-inflected forms to attract international audiences, Macarrona’s “audacity,” “mad fury,” and suggestive hip déhanchements drew on long-standing tropes of Blackness, born “illegitimate” in diaspora, nativized as tokens of Spain’s colonial reach. Macarrona’s Paris reception reveals the conundrums of race being negotiated with the Gitana playing intermediary, casting her audacious glance backward to Spain and forward into the international arena, simultaneously representing Spain’s Blackness and its Whiteness. Long seen as outlaws, emblematic of “wildness” and “freedom,” French fascination with Macarrona reveals the racial politics of modernist desire to become, the ability and the privilege to dream of a life—in the words of Walt Whitman, “immense in passion, pulse, and power.”
Non-Epistemic Simplicity
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines five claims about simplicity: (i) that theories are underdetermined by evidence, and so must be selected on the basis of simplicity; (ii) that to do science you must presuppose that nature is simple; (iii) that it is the aim of science to present simple theories; (iv) that simplicity, like beauty, is a virtue worth having for its own sake; and (v) that simplicity is primarily a pragmatic virtue. Objections are raised either refuting or seriously weakening the first four claims. The fifth claim, the pragmatic one, is defended and illustrated by showing how James Clerk Maxwell employs simplicity pragmatically in his molecular theory of gases. It is also shown that, despite what Newton claims when he invokes epistemic simplicity in his argument for universal gravity, simplicity does no epistemic work for him. Despite what he claimed, his law was a speculation.
The Ultimate Speculation
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: December 2018

Some scientists and philosophers claim that a “Theory of Everything” (TOE) exists and that scientists should find it. Such a theory will explain everything on the basis of fundamental laws and fundamental constituents of the universe to which everything else is reducible. This chapter clarifies what a TOE is supposed to be and do, and examines arguments in favor of the idea that there is a TOE and it should be found. These arguments involve claims from the history of science, claims about what science presupposes, claims about unification in science, and others. In response, this chapter shows not only that these arguments fail to establish their claims, but also that they fail to establish the desirability of a TOE. Contrary to what TOE enthusiasts insist, the intelligibility of the world does not depend on finding a TOE and using it to explain what scientists want and need to explain. Intelligibility is a local and contextual matter.
After Urban Renewal
Authors: Vale Lawrence J.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 traces the changing nature of urban governance and participation between the 1940s and the present. It argues that much of HOPE VI variation is rooted in a city’s experience with earlier efforts at slum clearance, urban renewal, and central-city highways. In those cities where past backlashes against perceived excesses in land taking and displacement in residential areas led to lasting citywide movements to prevent this from happening again, there seems to be much greater protection for the poorest citizens under HOPE VI. Instead of more narrowly constructed urban regimes or growth machines focused in public-private partnerships, broader coalitions develop. Using the metaphor of constellations, the chapter identifies four types of poverty governance: the Big Developer, Publica Major, Nonprofitus, and Plebs. Each of these encompasses diverse players in development initiatives, but corresponds, respectively, to a polestar located in the private sector, public sector, not-for-profit sector, or community sector.
The Dancing Body on the Line
Authors: Fortuna Victoria
Published: December 2018

The introduction first considers the movement for a National Dance Law (2008–), which aims to establish infrastructure and federal funding for all genres of dance in Buenos Aires and throughout the Argentine provinces. It introduces the book’s central concept of “moving otherwise,” outlining the kinds of political engagement it encompasses, as well as how it dialogues with conversations in dance and performance studies. It then explains how the category of “contemporary” dance functions in the text, and argues for an approach to contemporary dance history that decenters the United States and Europe as the original sites and ongoing loci of production. Additionally, it offers a brief overview of the transnational history of modern and contemporary dance in Buenos Aires through examination of the work of Miriam Winslow; Susana Tambutti; and Luciana Acuña and Alejo Moguillansky. Finally, it details the archival, ethnographic, and embodied research methodologies that Moving Otherwise employs.
“The Road to Oz”
Authors: Sears Benjamin
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses the adaptation of the script for the MGM film, focusing on the conversion of the original novel to a full-length feature film and addressing the issues faced by changing medium. It looks at alterations made to the story, including the deletion of episodes in the book for the film, and changes in (and deletions of) characters from novel to film. The chapter explores the use of music to enhance the fantasy aspect of the film and the musical conventions used such as introductory songs for Dorothy’s three companions. Although the film is a new interpretation, it retains the sense of a magical world that made the Baum books so popular.
“We’re Not in Kansas Any More”
Authors: McHugh Dominic
Published: December 2018

Chapter 8 explores three contrasting attempts to adapt the film for the theater. First, following the release of the MGM film, in 1942 the St. Louis Municipal Opera hoped to capitalize on the success of the movie by commissioning a stage production that incorporated the familiar songs. Second, in the mid-1980s, the Royal Shakespeare Company returned to the MGM film as the basis for a new stage adaptation. Though their version promoted the supposed authenticity of this approach, expanding the movie into a full theater piece nevertheless caused tensions between practice and nostalgia. Third, a generation later, Andrew Lloyd Webber reteamed with his best-known collaborator, Tim Rice, to write some new songs to interpolate into a new stage version. Here, the text was revised with a new audience and new era in mind: though the movie was celebrating its sixtieth anniversary, the new adaptation brought contemporary values, and therefore a shift of emphasis, to the beloved text. Each of the three adaptations had its pros and cons, though none could match the success of the original movie. This chapter therefore also serves to explore the problems of adapting screen musicals for the stage, as can also be seen from two other disappointing stage adaptations of MGM movies, Meet Me in St. Louis and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.
Conclusion
Authors: Westbrook Donald
Published: December 2018

This conclusion offers reflections on the future of Scientology and its academic study. As the Church of Scientology advances further into the twenty-first century, it is likely that scholars of Dianetics and Scientology will include both insiders and outsiders, a trend that is also discernible in “older” and “newer” religious history. The rise and success of Mormon studies is taken up as one instructive example. In much the same way, Scientology studies may in the coming decades become an independent field of inquiry on the religious studies landscape, in which case there will be ample room for academic work along various disciplinary lines. Open areas of research are suggested, including an academic biography of Hubbard, forms of Dianetics and Scientology practiced outside the church, and fuller investigation of Scientology’s origins, theology, and practices.
Introduction
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: December 2018

In The Great Gatsby (1925), Nick Carraway gazes upon the New York City skyline:

Over the great bridge, with the sunlight through the girders making a constant flicker upon the moving cars, with the city rising up across the river in white heaps and sugar lumps all built with a wish out of non-olfactory money. The city seen from the Queensboro Bridge is always the city seen for the first time, in its first wild promise of all the mystery and beauty of the world....
“A Purple Fluid, Carbon-Charged”
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: December 2018

Jean Toomer worked as a soda jerk in high school over his grandmother’s objections and found inspiration in the soda fountain. Through it, he derived a metaphorical alternative to the one-drop rule, imagining instead essences that effervesced past the skin and colors that exceeded the monochromatic division of black and white. In Toomer’s masterpiece of experimental modernism, Cane (1923), the trope of liquid sugar provides a model for formal experimentation and fluid identities. Toomer follows this trope from cane syrup to soda pop, from copper boiling pots to Chero-Cola advertisements. In the last section of Cane, Toomer imagines a white man transformed into “a purple fluid, carbon-charged,” an image that he uses to rebuke the segregated culture of the urban North.
Eating Like a Local
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: December 2018

Both Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein looked to terroir, the taste of place, to facilitate their transplantation to Europe as expatriate intellectuals. They associate global cosmopolitanism with Jewishness, for good and for ill, and they connect regionalism to race through figures like the Breton, the Basque, and the Abruzzian whose deep roots complicate national mythologies and inspire desire and envy in the deracinated American. By gleaning and mushroom hunting, Stein creates new connections to the terrain and embraces queer pleasures and Jewish embodiment. Drinking and eating with local men who demonstrate both culinary and genealogical belonging lead Hemingway heroes to long for the same connection to home and to recognize their own alienation.
“A Beaker Full of the Warm South”
Authors: Keyser Catherine
Published: December 2018

According to early-twentieth-century raciologists, the Mediterranean race, which could be found all over Europe, especially in the South, had disturbing ties to Africa and Asia and, moreover, with their vitality and appeal, could win over white women and dilute Nordic bloodlines. In their fiction, the Fitzgeralds depict the Mediterranean as a fluid site of intermixture. For F. Scott Fitzgerald, the networks that connect regional Souths to global Souths compromise the purity of the white woman and addict the white man to substances that sap his vitality. For Zelda Fitzgerald, syrupy, soggy southern climes and dishes provide a medium for white women to reject purity in favor of the stickiness that connects them to abject racialized bodies and reject mind–body dualism.