bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human papillomavirus and Epstein Barr virus in prostate cancer: Koilocytes indicate potential oncogenic influences of human papillomavirus in prostate cancer
Authors: Whitaker Noel J. , Glenn Wendy K. , Sahrudin Arisha , Orde Matthew M. , Delprado Warick , Lawson James S.
Published: July 2012

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study is to determine if high risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are both present in the same prostate cancer specimens.

METHODS

We used a range of analytical techniques including in situ polymerase chain reaction (IS‐PCR) and standard liquid PCR followed by sequencing of the product to seek to identify HPV and EBV in normal, benign, and malignant prostate tissues.

RESULTS

Both HPV type 18 and EBV gene sequences were identified in a high and approximately equal proportion of normal, benign, and prostate cancer specimens. These sequences were located in the nuclei of prostate epithelial cells. HPV associated koilocytes were identified in 24% of prostate cancer specimens.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of both HPV and EBV gene sequences in most of the same normal, benign, and malignant prostate specimens is particularly noteworthy because of recent experimental evidence demonstrating that EBV and HPV can collaborate to increase proliferation of cultured cervical cells.

Because the presence of EBV and HPV in normal, benign, and malignant prostate tissues appears to be ubiquitous, it is possible that they are harmless. On the other hand HPV type 18 in particular, has high oncogenic potential and may be associated with some prostate cancers. The identification of HPV associated koilocytes in prostate cancer specimens is an indication of HPV infection and potential oncogenic influences of human papillomavirus in prostate cancer. Prostate 73: 236–241, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lupenone Isolated from Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Extract Inhibits Adipogenic Differentiation through the Downregulation of PPARγ in 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Ahn Eun‐Kyung , Oh Joa Sub
Published: July 2012

Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Campanulaceae) is known to have anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tussive effects. Dysfunction of adipocytes and adipose tissue in obesity is related to various inflammatory cytokines or adipokines. In this study, we investigated whether lupenone isolated from A. triphylla var. japonica extract inhibits adipocyte differentiation and expression of adipogenic marker genes in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. We demonstrated that lupenone resulted in a significant reduction in lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic marker genes in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, lupenone decreased the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) induced by troglitazone, and we also demonstrated that lupenone suppressed the PPARγ and CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein α (C/EBPα) protein levels. These findings demonstrated that lupenone isolated from A. triphylla var. japonica extract effectively inhibited adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of related transcription factor, particularly the PPARγ gene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations on the shortest independent loop set algorithm
Authors: Huang Jinjing , Howley Enda , Duggan Jim
Published: July 2012

The shortest independent loop set (SILS) algorithm is a widely adopted loop selection method in eigenvalue elasticity analysis to identify dominant loops. However, we find that, in an individual‐based model, the SILS cannot identify the maximal independent feedback loops, which further causes the failure of the loop analysis method. This paper exemplifies this issue with an entire family of this model, and proposes research problems for further study. Copyright © 2012 System Dynamics Society.
Verbundträger mit Puzzleleisten und hochfesten Werkstoffen
Authors: Heinemeyer Sabine , Gallwoszus Joerg , Hegger Josef
Published: July 2012

Durch die Verwendung von hochfesten Betonen und Baustählen können mit geringem Materialeinsatz hochtragfähige und zugleich filigrane Verbundkonstruktionen hergestellt werden. Durch die höhere Tragfähigkeit des Verbundquerschnitts aus hochfesten Werkstoffen steigen auch die Anforderungen an die Verbundmittel zur Übertragung der größeren Schubkräfte. Während klassische Kopfbolzendübel nicht den Anforderungen an Steifigkeit und an Duktilität in höherfestem Beton genügen, kommen zunehmend aufgeschweißte oder in den Steg eines doppelsymmetrischen Stahlprofils geschnittene Verbunddübelleisten zur Anwendung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Untersuchungen vorgestellt, die die wesentlichen Einflüsse auf das Tragverhalten von Puzzleleisten wie Blechdicke, Stahlfasergehalt und ‐orientierung, Betondeckung und ‐festigkeit sowie Querbewehrungsgrad beschreiben. Aufbauend auf einer ausführlichen Datenbank und begleitenden numerischen Untersuchungen wurde auf Grundlage der Versuchsergebnisse ein Bemessungskonzept für Verbunddübelleisten hergeleitet. Das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten von Verbundträgern wurde anhand von 4‐Punkt‐Biegeversuchen untersucht. Mit Hilfe dieser Versuchsergebnisse und einer ergänzenden Parameterstudie wurde ein Bemessungsmodell für Verbundträger entwickelt, das eine sichere plastische Bemessung von Verbundträgern mit hochfesten Werkstoffen erlaubt.

Composite beams with puzzle strip shear connectors and high strength materials. With high strength concrete and steel sustainable and slender structures can be achieved. Due to the increased load carrying capacity of the composite cross‐section the stresses in the composite joint also increase and, thus, the shear connectors have to meet higher requirements concerning the load carrying capacity. Since headed studs are not strong and ductile enough in higher strength concrete, composite dowels are applied which can be welded onto or cut into the steel profile. This paper presents the results of an extensive test program identifying and quantifying the most important parameters. On the basis of the experimental tests and accompanying numerical simulations and database evaluations design models and construction guidelines have been derived. The efficiency of the puzzle strip and the plastic moment carrying capacity of the composite cross‐section have been investigated in beam tests. Additional theoretical investigations led to a design model enabling a safe and efficient design of composite beams with high strength materials.
Verbund zwischen Stahl und Selbstverdichtendem Beton in Verbundstützen
Authors: Szmigiera Elżbieta
Published: July 2012

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Verbund in Stahl‐Verbundstützen beim Einsatz von Selbstverdichtendem Beton. Die zugehörigen Laborversuche wurden an Prüfkörpern aus zwei gestoßenen und mit Stahlplatten abgedeckten I‐Profilen durchgeführt, deren Innenraum mit Selbstverdichtendem Beton gefüllt war. Die Versuchsbedingungen entsprachen früheren Versuchen der Verfasser, bei denen konventioneller Rüttelbeton verwendet wurde. Die Versuchsergebnisse lassen die Aussage zu, dass die Verbundqualität in Verbundstützen von der Betonfestigkeit abhängt. Gleichzeitig zeichnet sich ab, dass der Selbstverdichtende Beton gegenüber dem Rüttelbeton reduzierte Verbundqualität mit sich bringt.

Bonding between steel and Self Compacting Concrete in composite columns. The aim of the research work is exploration of bonding in steel‐concrete composite columns when Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is used. The appropriate laboratory tests were carried out on specimen composed of two I‐profiles and covered by steel plates which created a space to be filled with Self Compacting Concrete. The testing conditions corresponded to an earlier research work of the authors on vibrated concrete. Based on the test results the authors express the opinion that bond behavior in composite columns depends on concrete compressive strength. However, use of Self Compacting Concrete seems to produces lower bond strength than that available with vibrated concrete.
[Ni(iPr2Im)2Br2]: A Convenient Entry into NHC Nickel ­Chemistry
Authors: Fischer Peter , Linder Thomas , Radius Udo
Published: July 2012

The reaction of the NHC iPr2Im [NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene, iPr2Im = 1, 3‐bis(isopropyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene] with freshly prepared NiBr2 in thf or dme results in the formation of the air stable nickel(II) complex trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2Br2] (2). Complex 2 was structurally characterized. Thermal analysis (DTA/TG) reveals a very high decomposition temperature of 298 °C. Reduction of 2 with sodium or C8K in the presence of the olefins COD (cyclooctadiene) or COE (cyclooctene) affords the highly reactive compounds [Ni2(iPr2Im)4(COD)] (1) and [Ni(iPr2Im)2(COE)] (4). Alkylation of 2 with organolithiums leads to the formation of trans‐[Ni(iPr2Im)2(R)2] [R = Me (5), CH2SiMe3 (6)], whereas the reaction of 2 with LiCp* [Cp* = (η5‐C5(CH3)5)] at 80 °C causes the loss of one NHC ligand and affords [(η5‐C5(CH3)5)Ni(iPr2Im)Br] (7).
The Implementation of a Pilot Femur Fracture Registry at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital: An Analysis of Data Quality and Barriers to Collaborative Capacity‐Building
Authors: Sonshine Daniel B. , Shantz Jesse , Kumah‐Ametepey Raphael , Coughlin R. Richard , Gosselin Richard A.
Published: July 2012

Background

Trauma registries are essential for injury surveillance and recognition of the burden of musculoskeletal injury in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The purpose of this study was to pilot a femur fracture registry at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) to assess data quality and determine the barriers to research partnering in LMICs.

Methods

All patients admitted to KATH with a fracture of the femur, or Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) class 31, 32, 33, were entered into a locally designed, electronic femur fracture database. Patients’ characteristics and data quality were assessed by using descriptive statistics. Orthopedic trauma research barriers and opportunities were identified from key informants at the research site and supporting site.

Results

Ninety‐six femur fracture patients were enrolled into the registry over a 5‐week period. The majority of patients resided in the Ashanti region surrounding the hospital (78 %). Most participants were involved in a road traffic crash (58 %) and physiologically stable with a Cape Triage Score of yellow upon admission (84 %). AO class 32 femur fractures represented the majority of femur fractures (78 %). Median times from injury to admission, admission to surgery, and surgery to discharge were 0, 5, and 10 days, respectively. Data quality analysis showed that data collected at admission had higher rates of completion in the database relative to data collected at various follow‐up time points.

Conclusions

Data and data quality analyses highlighted characteristics of femur fracture patients presenting to KATH as well as the technological, administrative support, and hospital systems‐based challenges of longitudinal data collection in LMICs.
Disparities in Access to Surgical Care within a Lower Income Country: An Alarming Inequity
Authors: Zafar Syed Nabeel , Fatmi Zafar , Iqbal Aftab , Channa Roomasa , Haider Adil H.
Published: July 2012

Background

Surgical care is not uniformly available worldwide. Inequities in surgical care and access may also vary within countries, and the present study aimed to explore these disparities in Pakistan.

Methods

The National Health Survey of Pakistan was analyzed. The proportion of people with a history of abdominal surgery (AS) was calculated and associated factors were determined by weighted multivariate logistic regression. Factors tested were age, gender, urban/rural residence, province, literacy, community development index (CDI), and economic status (ES). The CDI was developed for each sampling unit from select household and individual data. The ES was constructed from ownership of assets.

Results

A total of 59 million adults were represented. Abdominal surgery had been performed in 3.2 % adults (95 % confidence interval [CI] = 2.67, 3.84), which corresponded to an annual rate of 85.9 abdominal surgeries per 100,000 population. Wide disparities were noted, with annual rates of AS varying from 37.8 to 215.6 per 100,000 population. Urban residents were independently twice as likely as rural populations to have had AS (95 % CI = 1.3, 2.8). Higher age (OR = 2.6; 95 % CI = 1.7, 4.0), female gender (OR = 1.5; 95 % CI = 1.1, 2.1), and higher ES (OR = 1.9; 95 % CI = 1.2, 2.9) were also independently associated with AS. In rural populations ES was the only factor associated with surgery, whereas in urban populations gender and CDI had important roles to play.

Conclusions

Access to surgical care is disparate and grossly inadequate in Pakistan. This likely contributes to significant preventable morbidity and death. Physical access to surgical facilities, especially in rural areas and for those with a low CDI, is an important concern and should be prioritized in any forthcoming national policies.
Assessment of Pediatric Surgery Capacity at Government Hospitals in Sierra Leone
Authors: Kushner Adam L. , Groen Reinou S. , Kamara Thaim B. , Dixon‐Cole Richmond , Daoh Kisito S. , Kingham T. Peter , Nwomeh Benedict C.
Published: July 2012

Background

Traditionally, efforts to reduce child mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) have focused on infectious diseases. However, surgical care is increasingly seen as an important component of primary health care. To understand the baseline surgical capacity in LMICs, a number of studies have recently been published, but none has focused on pediatric surgery.

Methods

The Surgeons OverSeas (SOS) Personnel, Infrastructure, Procedures, Equipment and Supplies (PIPES) survey was used to collect surgical capacity data from government hospitals in Sierra Leone. The data were analyzed specifically to identify baseline needs for pediatric surgery.

Results

Nine hospitals were assessed, and all had a functioning laboratory to test blood and urine and were capable of undertaking resuscitation, suturing, wound débridement, incision and drainage of an abscess, appendectomy, and male circumcision. However, in only 67 % could a pediatric hernia repair be performed, and in none were more complex procedures such as cleft lip and clubfoot repairs performed. Fewer than 50 % of facilities had sufficient gloves, nasogastric tubes, intravenous cannulas, syringes, needles, sutures, urinary catheters, infusion sets, anesthesia machines, or compressed oxygen.

Conclusions

Using the standard PIPES tool, we found severe deficiencies in the pediatric surgical capacity at government hospitals in Sierra Leone. However, a pediatric‐specific tool is required to understand more accurately the pediatric surgical situation.
Dimensionality of the Latent Structure and Item Selection Via Latent Class Multidimensional IRT Models
Authors: Bartolucci F. , Montanari G. E. , Pandolfi S.
Published: July 2012

With reference to a questionnaire aimed at assessing the performance of Italian nursing homes on the basis of the health conditions of their patients, we investigate two relevant issues: dimensionality of the latent structure and discriminating power of the items composing the questionnaire. The approach is based on a multidimensional item response theory model, which assumes a two-parameter logistic parameterization for the response probabilities. This model represents the health status of a patient by latent variables having a discrete distribution and, therefore, it may be seen as a constrained version of the latent class model. On the basis of the adopted model, we implement a hierarchical clustering algorithm aimed at assessing the actual number of dimensions measured by the questionnaire. These dimensions correspond to disjoint groups of items. Once the number of dimensions is selected, we also study the discriminating power of every item, so that it is possible to select the subset of these items which is able to provide an amount of information close to that of the full set. We illustrate the proposed approach on the basis of the data collected on 1,051 elderly people hosted in a sample of Italian nursing homes.
Parenting practices, parental attachment and aggressiveness in adolescence: A predictive model
Authors: Gallarin Miriam , Alonso‐Arbiol Itziar
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was twofold: a) to test the mediation role of attachment between parenting practices and aggressiveness, and b) to clarify the differential role of mothers and fathers with regard to aggressiveness. A total of 554 adolescents (330 girls and 224 boys), ages ranging between 16 and 19, completed measures of mothers' and fathers' parenting practices, attachment to mother and to father, and aggressiveness. Acceptance/involvement of each parent positively predicted an adolescent's attachment to that parent, and coercion/imposition negatively predicted attachment to a lesser extent. Using structural equation modeling, a full mediation model provided the most parsimonious explanation for the data. With attachment in the model, the paths between the two parenting practices and aggressiveness were minor and statistically non‐significant. Only attachment to the father, was predictive of adolescents' aggressiveness. Results are discussed in the light of the importance of the father–son/daughter relationship in adolescence.
Kinetic properties and small‐molecule inhibition of human myosin‐6
Authors: Heissler Sarah M. , Selvadurai Jayashankar , Bond Lisa M. , Fedorov Roman , Kendrick-Jones John , Buss Folma , Manstein Dietmar J.
Published: July 2012

Myosin‐6 is an actin‐based motor protein that moves its cargo towards the minus‐end of actin filaments. Mutations in the gene encoding the myosin‐6 heavy chain and changes in the cellular abundance of the protein have been linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Here, we present a detailed kinetic characterization of the human myosin‐6 motor domain, describe the effect of 2,4,6‐triiodophenol on the interaction of myosin‐6 with F‐actin and nucleotides, and show how addition of the drug reduces the number of myosin‐6‐dependent vesicle fusion events at the plasma membrane during constitutive secretion.
Functional implications of hypothalamic neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain
Authors: Lee Daniel A. , Blackshaw Seth
Published: July 2012

Adult neurogenesis represents a striking example of structural plasticity in the mature brain. Research on adult mammalian neurogenesis today focuses almost exclusively on two areas: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. Numerous studies, however, have also reported adult neurogenesis in the hypothalamus, a brain structure that serves as a central homeostatic regulator of numerous physiological and behavioral functions, such as feeding, metabolism, body temperature, thirst, fatigue, aggression, sleep, circadian rhythms, and sexual behavior. Recent studies on hypothalamic neurogenesis have identified a progenitor population within a dedicated hypothalamic neurogenic zone. Furthermore, adult born hypothalamic neurons appear to play a role in the regulation of metabolism, weight, and energy balance. It remains to be seen what other functional roles adult hypothalamic neurogenesis may play. This review summarizes studies on the identification and characterization of neural stem/progenitor cells in the mammalian hypothalamus, in what contexts these stem/progenitor cells engage in neurogenesis, and potential functions of postnatally generated hypothalamic neurons.
The German Minority in Interwar Poland
Authors: Chu Winson
Published: July 2012

The German Minority in Interwar Poland analyzes what happened when Germans from three different empires - the Russian, Habsburg and German - were forced to live together in one new state. After the First World War, German national activists made regional distinctions among these Germans and German-speakers in Poland, with preference initially for those who had once lived in the German Empire. Rather than becoming more cohesive over time, Poland's ethnic Germans remained divided and did not unite within a single representative organization. Polish repressive policies and unequal subsidies from the German state exacerbated these differences, while National Socialism created new hierarchies and unleashed bitter intra-ethnic conflict among German minority leaders. Winson Chu challenges prevailing interpretations that German nationalism in the twentieth century viewed 'Germans' as a single homogeneous group of people. His revealing study shows that nationalist agitation could divide as well as unite an embattled ethnicity.
Wine Economics
Authors: Storchmann Karl
Published: July 2012

Fine wine has a few characteristics that differentiate it from other agricultural commodities and beverages, rendering it an interesting topic for economists. Fine wine can regularly fetch bottle prices that exceed several thousand dollars. It can be stored a long time and can increase in value with age. Fine-wine quality and prices are extraordinarily sensitive to fluctuations in the weather the year in which the grapes were grown. Wine is an experience good, that is, its quality cannot be ascertained before consumption. As a result, consumers often rely on “expert opinion” regarding quality and maturation prospects. This article describes the emergence and the unparalleled rise of wine economics from the 1980s to the present and sheds light on its three main topics: finance, climate change, and the role of expert opinion. (JEL Classification: Q1, G11, Q54, L15)
The effects of bulking, viscous and gel-forming dietary fibres on satiation
Authors: Wanders Anne J. , Jonathan Melliana C. , van den Borne Joost J. G. C. , Mars Monica , Schols Henk A. , Feskens Edith J. M. , de Graaf Cees
Published: July 2012

The objective was to determine the effects of dietary fibre with bulking, viscous and gel-forming properties on satiation, and to identify the underlying mechanisms. We conducted a randomised crossover study with 121 men and women. Subjects were healthy, non-restrained eaters, aged 18–50 years and with normal BMI (18·5–25 kg/m2). Test products were cookies containing either: no added fibre (control), cellulose (bulking, 5 g/100 g), guar gum (viscous, 1·25 g/100 g and 2·5 g/100 g) or alginate (gel forming, 2·5 g/100 g and 5 g/100 g). Physico-chemical properties of the test products were confirmed in simulated upper gastrointestinal conditions. In a cinema setting,ad libitumintake of the test products was measured concurrently with oral exposure time per cookie by video recording. In a separate study with ten subjects, 4 h gastric emptying rate of a fixed amount of test products was assessed by13C breath tests.Ad libitumenergy intake was 22 % lower for the product with 5 g/100 g alginate (3·1 (sd1·6) MJ) compared to control (4·0 (sd2·2) MJ,P< 0·001). Intake of the other four products did not differ from control. Oral exposure time for the product with 5 g/100 g alginate (2·3 (sd1·9) min) was 48 % longer than for control (1·6 (sd0·9) min,P= 0·01). Gastric emptying of the 5 g/100 g alginate product was faster compared to control (P< 0·05). We concluded that the addition of 5 g/100 g alginate (i.e. gel-forming fibre) to a low-fibre cookie results in earlier satiation. This effect might be due to an increased oral exposure time.
“Blood Petroleum”: True Blood, the BP Oil Spill, and Fictions of Energy/Culture
Authors: ATKINSON TED
Published: July 2012

The third season of the HBO series True Blood, set in fictional Bon Temps, Louisiana, aired in a mediascape shaped by coverage of the BP oil spill that wreaked economic and ecological havoc on the US Gulf South during the summer of 2010. A retrospective examination of the series in this context, and against the grain of critical consensus labeling it mere escapism, demonstrates that taking True Blood seriously can yield compelling insights into the US Gulf South as a site in which convergences of the global and the local, of reality and representation, and of energy and cultural production result in the formation of a hybrid: energy/culture. Analysis of the storyline featuring the Vampire King of Mississippi shows how True Blood extends the long-standing cultural practice of making vampires screens for projecting collective desires and anxieties. Through a “camp aesthetic” that weaves into the Vampire King's maniacal pursuit of blood in various forms dire warnings about excessive consumption and environmental apocalypse, True Blood offers fictional ways to make meaning of the actual conditions and consequences of energy production and consumption brought to the surface with great urgency by the BP oil spill.
An innovative pre-ripening drying method to improve the quality of pasta filata cheeses
Authors: Niro Serena , Fratianni Alessandra , Mignogna Rossella , Tremonte Patrizio , Sorrentino Elena , Panfili Gianfranco
Published: July 2012

In order to optimise the pre-ripening of pasta filata cheeses, two traditional Italian cheeses, Caciocavallo and Scamorza, were dried for different times at 15 °C, 50% relative humidity and airflow rate of 1000 m3/h, by using a pre-ripening plant. During ripening, microbiological, chemical-physical and sensorial analyses were applied to the products in order to evaluate the impact of the innovative pre-ripening technique used on the cheese characteristics. The used plant led to commercial time saving and to the standardisation of the process, making it unaffected by the effects of temperature and humidity variations, common in small industries. The final products showed good chemical-physical and sensorial qualities and resulted in a higher microbiological safety, preserving their traditional characteristics.
Cross-Section and Staining-Based Techniques for Investigating Organic Materials in Painted and Polychrome Works of Art: A Review
Authors: Sandu Irina Crina Anca , Schäfer Stephan , Magrini Donata , Bracci Susanna , Roque Cecilia A.
Published: July 2012

The article presents a review of the use of cross-section and staining techniques for investigating natural organic materials (mainly proteinaceous and oil-based binders/varnishes) in painted and polychrome artworks, considering the requirements of conservation practice and routine diagnostics. The reviewed literature calls attention to the importance of using cross sections to prepare samples for optical microscopy and to different properties of embedding resins; the most appropriate instrumental conditions for optical microscopy; and the advantages and disadvantages of the most common staining techniques. A few case studies were selected to illustrate the use of autofluorescence (intrinsic fluorescence) and induced fluorescence (using specific staining tests and fluorophore-labeled antibodies) for mapping and identifying organic paint materials in cross sections. New directions of research in cross-section analyses and fluorescence-based techniques for the identification and mapping of artistic materials are presented. The complementary use of different stains on the same cross section, further exploration of intrinsic and induced fluorescence of aged versus fresh materials, and applicability of cross-section observation and staining as complementary methods for assessing the effectiveness of restoration treatments, such as cleaning and consolidation, are discussed in the last section of the article.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study of α,ω-Dihexylsexithiophene Adlayers on Au(111): A Chiral Separation Induced by a Surface
Authors: Song Yonghai , Wang Yu , Wan Lingli , Ye Shuhong , Hou Haoqing , Wang Li
Published: July 2012

The self-assembly of α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene molecules on an Au(111) surface was examined by using scanning tunneling microscopy at room temperature, revealing the internal molecular structures of the sexithiophene backbones and the hexyl side chains. The α,ω-dihexylsexithiophene formed a large and well-ordered monolayer in which the molecule lay flatly on the Au(111) surface and was separated into two chiral domains. A detailed observation reveals that the admolecules were packed in one lamellae with their molecular axis aligned along the main axis of the Au(111) substrate with their hexyl chains deviated from ⟨110⟩ direction of the Au(111) substrate by 12 ± 0.5°. In contrast to the behavior in the three-dimensional bulk structure, flat-lying adsorption introduced molecular chirality: right- and left-handed molecules separate into domains of two different orientations, which are mirror symmetric with respect to the ⟨121⟩ direction of the Au(111) substrate. Details of the adlayer structure and the chiral self-assembly were discussed here.
Francoism and the Republican Exiles: the Case of the Composer Julián Bautista (1901–61)
Authors: MOREDA-RODRíGUEZ EVA
Published: July 2012

Exile studies in musicology have generally focused on Central European exiles fleeing from Nazism; at the same time studies of the Republican exile following the Spanish Civil War have tended to deal primarily with writers rather than musicians. This article intends to address both these areas of neglect by focusing on the composer Julián Bautista, who settled in Buenos Aires in 1940. In the late 1950s, after more than a decade of oblivion in his home country, Bautista, like other anti-Francoist exiles, started to become the object of interest again in Spain, an interest which continued after the composer's death in 1961. By exploring Bautista's presence in the Francoist musical press and in high-profile, state-sponsored events such as the Festivales de Música de América y España, I shall explore the reasons for his rehabilitation – reasons that, far from amounting to straightforward liberalization, seem to have been closely aligned with the strategies of the régime, and the cultural values and historical narratives that underpinned them.
Poleward moving auroral arcs observed at the South Pole Station and the interpretation by field line resonances
Authors: Tanaka Y.‐M. , Ebihara Y. , Saita S. , Yoshikawa A. , Obana Y. , Weatherwax A. T.
Published: July 2012

We investigate the characteristics of poleward moving auroral arcs (PMAAs) observed with the all‐sky monochromatic imager at the South Pole Station (74.3°CGLAT) in the interval 08:00–11:00 MLT on July 8, 2004. During this period, Pc 5 geomagnetic pulsations are also observed as well as quasi‐stationary auroral patches (QSAPs), which keep their forms, luminosities, and locations for up to several hours. It is demonstrated that the PMAAs, Pc 5 pulsations in the north‐south component, and oscillations in the drift of the QSAPs in the east‐west direction have similar dominant periods and are well correlated with each other. The oscillatory ionospheric plasma drifts accompanying the PMAAs are extracted from the horizontal motion of the QSAPs and are found to propagate poleward with the PMAAs. The phase relations of the PMAAs and Pc 5 pulsations in the northward component with respect to the westward drift velocity of the QSAPs are close to anti‐phase and in‐phase, respectively. To examine whether these phenomena can be interpreted by field line resonances (FLRs), we perform a numerical simulation using a horizontally two‐dimensional model that consists of the auroral acceleration region and the ionosphere with time‐evolution conductivity. The results indicate that the observed data can be well explained by the FLR model with realistic physical parameters, except for the phase relation of the PMAAs with respect to the Pc 5 pulsations and the QSAPs.
The dielectric permittivity of terrestrial ground ice formations: Considerations for planetary exploration using ground‐penetrating radar
Authors: Thomson Laura I. , Osinski Gordon R. , Pollard Wayne H.
Published: July 2012

Exploration of the polar ice caps and apparent glacial and periglacial landforms on Mars will aid our understanding of its ancient climate conditions and the history of water on the planet. Given that ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) is likely to be used to understand these features, we investigated the real component of the complex dielectric permittivity of stratified segregation ice, non‐stratified segregation ice, and polygonal ice wedge deposits in the Canadian Arctic. We acquired moveout profiles with a 450 MHz GPR on ground ice formations that had active layer sediments excavated prior to surveying. Using ice core data collected from these sites, we found that the volumetric fraction of ice plays the greatest role in defining the dielectric permittivity of the deposit and that it can be described using a modified complex refractive index method (CRIM) dielectric mixing model. Using the modified CRIM model, we estimate the dielectric permittivity of several ground ice deposits on Earth and present further estimates for similar features on Mars using permittivity values for Martian sediments derived from both theory and laboratory methods.
Estimation of riverine carbon and organic matter source contributions using time‐based isotope mixing models
Authors: Hossler Katie , Bauer James E.
Published: July 2012

Rivers transport globally significant amounts of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems to ocean margins. Understanding and quantifying the sources and respective contributions to riverine C has emerged as an important biogeochemical problem that can be approached through natural‐abundance isotope mass balance. Traditionally, the sources of riverine C have been identified either qualitatively or quantitatively through application of static mixing models. However, both source signatures and contributions can vary significantly with time. Here we apply two time‐based mixing models to a study of six rivers draining the northeast U.S. In the first model, a time‐averaged mixing model (TAMM), we vary only the source isotopic (δ13C and Δ14C) signatures. In the second model, a time‐varying mixing model (TVMM), we allow both isotopic signatures and contributions to vary with time. Based on results from the TVMM, drivers of variation in riverine particulate organic C (POC), dissolved organic C (DOC), and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) include stream discharge, stream discharge and water temperature, and water temperature and vegetation phenology, respectively. Major sources include C3plant material, algal material and slow‐turnover soil OC (“slow SOC”), which together account for 50%–100% (95% CI) of riverine POC; C3plant material and slow SOC, which together typically account for 60%–100% (95% CI) of DOC; and atmospheric exchange which alone typically accounts for 40%–60% (95% CI) of DIC. Seasonal change in relative contributions from algal material, slow SOC, and photosynthesis (in response to the identified drivers) dominates the observed variation in POC, DOC and DIC, respectively. The TVMM is a novel tool to identify component contributions under more realistic non‐static conditions, and with potential application to a broad range of biogeochemical studies.
A novel analytical solution to steady‐state evaporation from porous media
Authors: Sadeghi Morteza , Shokri Nima , Jones Scott B.
Published: July 2012

Evaporation from soil and other porous media constitutes a significant source of water loss affecting global water balance and energy exchange between land and atmosphere. The presence of a shallow water table can lead to sustained water loss that is dependent on porous media hydraulic properties and water table depth among other factors. In this paper, an exact analytical solution to steady state evaporation from porous media is developed using the Brooks‐Corey hydraulic conductivity model. The solution is presented in terms of a set of infinite series. An advantage of this solution compared to previous derivations is that the infinite series can be very closely approximated using a closed‐form solution (i.e., excluding integrals or series). The novel solution shows excellent agreement with the exact solution for a broad range of soil texture from sand to clay. The applicability of the solution to predict the location of the drying front was also verified using experimental data taken from the literature. The solution may be used for directly modeling steady state evaporation or for inverse determination of the Brooks‐Corey hydraulic parameters.
Advances in infection and immunity: from bench to bedside
Authors: Hansen Diana S , Stewart Cameron R , Jaworowski Anthony , de‐Koning Ward Tania F
Published: July 2012

This report summarizes recent advances on host–pathogen interactions, innate and adaptive responses to infection, as well as novel strategies for the control of infectious diseases.
Modular electron donor group tuning of frontier energy levels in diarylaminofluorenone push–pull molecules
Authors: Homnick Jamie , Lahti Paul M.
Published: July 2012

Changing diarylamino substituents on fluorenone varies frontier molecular orbital energies in a modular manner based on substituent electron donor strength.
DNA methyltransferase inhibitor RG108 and histone deacetylase inhibitors cooperate to enhance NB4 cell differentiation and E‐cadherin re‐expression by chromatin remodelling
Authors: Savickiene Jurate , Treigyte Grazina , Jazdauskaite Arune , Borutinskaite Veronika‐Viktorija , Navakauskiene Ruta
Published: July 2012

Epigenetic silencing of cancer‐related genes by abnormal methylation and the reversal of this process by DNA methylation inhibitors represents a promising strategy in cancer therapy. As DNA methylation affects gene expression and chromatin structure, we investigated the effects of novel DNMT (DNA methyltransferase) inhibitor, RG108, alone and in its combinations with structurally several HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors [sodium PB (phenyl butyrate) or BML‐210 (N‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐N′phenyloctanol diamine), and all‐trans RA (retinoic acid)] in the human PML (promyelocytic leukaemia) NB4 cells. RG108 at different doses from 20 to 100 μM caused time‐, but not a dose‐dependent inhibition of NB4 cell proliferation without cytotoxicity. Temporal pretreatment with RG108 before RA resulted in a dose‐dependent cell growth inhibition and remarkable acceleration of granulocytic differentiation. Prolonged treatments with RG108 and RA in the presence of HDAC inhibitors significantly increased differentiation. RG108 caused time‐dependent re‐expression of methylation‐silenced E‐cadherin, with increase after temporal or continuous treatments with RG108 and RA, or RA together with PB in parallel, in cell maturation, suggesting the role of E‐cadherin as a possible therapeutic marker. These processes required both PB‐induced hyperacetylation of histone H4 and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4, indicating the cooperative action of histone modifications and DNA methylation/demethylation in derepression of E‐cadherin. This work provides novel experimental evidence of the beneficial role of the DNMT inhibitor RG108 in combinations with RA and HDACIs in the effective differentiation of human PML based on epigenetics.
Autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS
Authors: Wang Yihua , Wang Xiao Dan , Lapi Eleonora , Sullivan Alexandra , Jia Wei , He You-Wen , Ratnayaka Indrika , Zhong Shan , Goldin Robert D. , Goemans Christoph G. , Tolkovsky Aviva M. , Lu Xin
Published: July 2012

RAS is frequently mutated in human cancers and has opposing effects on autophagy and tumorigenesis. Identifying determinants of the cellular responses to RAS is therefore vital in cancer research. Here, we show that autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS. N-terminal Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) mediates RAS-induced senescence and inhibits autophagy. Oncogenic RAS-expressing ASPP2
(Δ3/Δ3)
mouse embryonic fibroblasts that escape senescence express a high level of ATG5/ATG12. Consistent with the notion that autophagy levels control the cellular response to oncogenic RAS, overexpressing ATG5, but not autophagy-deficient ATG5 mutant K130R, bypasses RAS-induced senescence, whereas ATG5 or ATG3 deficiency predisposes to it. Mechanistically, ASPP2 inhibits RAS-induced autophagy by competing with ATG16 to bind ATG5/ATG12 and preventing ATG16/ATG5/ATG12 formation. Hence, ASPP2 modulates oncogenic RAS-induced autophagic activity to dictate the cellular response to RAS: to proliferate or senesce.
Protective immunity to
Schistosoma haematobium
infection is primarily an anti-fecundity response stimulated by the death of adult worms
Authors: Mitchell Kate M. , Mutapi Francisca , Savill Nicholas J. , Woolhouse Mark E.J.
Published: July 2012

Protective immunity against human schistosome infection develops slowly, for reasons that are not yet fully understood. For many decades, researchers have attempted to infer properties of the immune response from epidemiological studies, with mathematical models frequently being used to bridge the gap between immunological theory and population-level data on schistosome infection and immune responses. Here, building upon earlier model findings, stochastic individual-based models were used to identify model structures consistent with observed field patterns of
Schistosoma haematobium
infection and antibody responses, including their distributions in cross-sectional surveys, and the observed treatment-induced antibody switch. We found that the observed patterns of infection and antibody were most consistent with models in which a long-lived protective antibody response is stimulated by the death of adult
S. haematobium
worms and reduces worm fecundity. These findings are discussed with regard to current understanding of human immune responses to schistosome infection.
Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa
Authors: Villa Paola , Soriano Sylvain , Tsanova Tsenka , Degano Ilaria , Higham Thomas F. G. , d’Errico Francesco , Backwell Lucinda , Lucejko Jeannette J. , Colombini Maria Perla , Beaumont Peter B.
Published: July 2012

The transition from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) to the Later Stone Age (LSA) in South Africa was not associated with the appearance of anatomically modern humans and the extinction of Neandertals, as in the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Western Europe. It has therefore attracted less attention, yet it provides insights into patterns of technological evolution not associated with a new hominin. Data from Border Cave (KwaZulu-Natal) show a strong pattern of technological change at approximately 44–42 ka cal BP, marked by adoption of techniques and materials that were present but scarcely used in the previous MSA, and some novelties. The agent of change was neither a revolution nor the advent of a new species of human. Although most evident in personal ornaments and symbolic markings, the change from one way of living to another was not restricted to aesthetics. Our analysis shows that: (
i
) at Border Cave two assemblages, dated to 45–49 and >49 ka, show a gradual abandonment of the technology and tool types of the post-Howiesons Poort period and can be considered transitional industries; (
ii
) the 44–42 ka cal BP assemblages are based on an expedient technology dominated by bipolar knapping, with microliths hafted with pitch from
Podocarpus
bark, worked suid tusks, ostrich eggshell beads, bone arrowheads, engraved bones, bored stones, and digging sticks; (
iii
) these assemblages mark the beginning of the LSA in South Africa; (
iv
) the LSA emerged by internal evolution; and (
v
) the process of change began sometime after 56 ka.
Virtual melting as a new mechanism of stress relaxation under high strain rate loading
Authors: Levitas Valery I. , Ravelo Ramon
Published: July 2012

Generation and motion of dislocations and twinning are the main mechanisms of plastic deformation. A new mechanism of plastic deformation and stress relaxation at high strain rates (10
9
–10
12
 s
-1
) is proposed, under which virtual melting occurs at temperatures much below the melting temperature. Virtual melting is predicted using a developed, advanced thermodynamic approach and confirmed by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of shockwave propagation and quasi-isentropic compression in both single and defective crystals. The work and energy of nonhydrostatic stresses at the shock front drastically increase the driving force for melting from the uniaxially compressed solid state, reducing the melting temperature by 80% or 4,000 K. After melting, the relaxation of nonhydrostatic stresses leads to an undercooled and unstable liquid, which recrystallizes in picosecond time scales to a hydrostatically loaded crystal. Characteristic parameters for virtual melting are determined from molecular dynamics simulations of Cu shocked/compressed along the

and

directions and Al shocked/compressed along the

direction.
CAG expansion induces nucleolar stress in polyglutamine diseases
Authors: Tsoi Ho , Lau Terrence Chi-Kong , Tsang Suk-Ying , Lau Kwok-Fai , Chan Ho Yin Edwin
Published: July 2012

The cell nucleus is a major site for polyglutamine (polyQ) toxicity, but the underlying mechanisms involved have yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report that mutant RNAs that carry an expanded CAG repeat (expanded CAG RNAs) induce apoptosis by activating the nucleolar stress pathway in both polyQ patients and transgenic animal disease models. We showed that expanded CAG RNAs interacted directly with nucleolin (NCL), a protein that regulates
rRNA
transcription. Such RNA–protein interaction deprived NCL of binding to
upstream control element
(
UCE
) of the
rRNA promoter
, which resulted in
UCE
DNA hypermethylation and subsequently perturbation of
rRNA
transcription. The down-regulation of
rRNA
transcription induced nucleolar stress and provoked apoptosis by promoting physical interaction between ribosomal proteins and MDM2. Consequently, p53 protein was found to be stabilized in cells and became concentrated in the mitochondria. Finally, we showed that mitochondrial p53 disrupted the interaction between the antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-xL, and the proapoptotic protein, Bak, which then caused cytochrome
c
release and caspase activation. Our work provides in vivo evidence that expanded CAG RNAs trigger nucleolar stress and induce apoptosis via p53 and describes a polyQ pathogenic mechanism that involves the nucleolus.
Selfish supernumerary chromosome reveals its origin as a mosaic of host genome and organellar sequences
Authors: Martis Mihaela Maria , Klemme Sonja , Banaei-Moghaddam Ali Mohammad , Blattner Frank R. , Macas Jiří , Schmutzer Thomas , Scholz Uwe , Gundlach Heidrun , Wicker Thomas , Šimková Hana , Novák Petr , Neumann Pavel , Kubaláková Marie , Bauer Eva , Haseneyer Grit , Fuchs Jörg , Doležel Jaroslav , Stein Nils , Mayer Klaus F. X. , Houben Andreas
Published: July 2012

Supernumerary B chromosomes are optional additions to the basic set of A chromosomes, and occur in all eukaryotic groups. They differ from the basic complement in morphology, pairing behavior, and inheritance and are not required for normal growth and development. The current view is that B chromosomes are parasitic elements comparable to selfish DNA, like transposons. In contrast to transposons, they are autonomously inherited independent of the host genome and have their own mechanisms of mitotic or meiotic drive. Although B chromosomes were first described a century ago, little is known about their origin and molecular makeup. The widely accepted view is that they are derived from fragments of A chromosomes and/or generated in response to interspecific hybridization. Through next-generation sequencing of sorted A and B chromosomes, we show that B chromosomes of rye are rich in gene-derived sequences, allowing us to trace their origin to fragments of A chromosomes, with the largest parts corresponding to rye chromosomes 3R and 7R. Compared with A chromosomes, B chromosomes were also found to accumulate large amounts of specific repeats and insertions of organellar DNA. The origin of rye B chromosomes occurred an estimated ∼1.1–1.3 Mya, overlapping in time with the onset of the genus
Secale
(1.7 Mya). We propose a comprehensive model of B chromosome evolution, including its origin by recombination of several A chromosomes followed by capturing of additional A-derived and organellar sequences and amplification of B-specific repeats.