bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Nurses' Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion Knowledge, Confidence, and Skills Using a Simulation-Based Blended Learning Program
Authors: Keleekai Nowai L. , Schuster Catherine A. , Murray Connie L. , King Mary Anne , Stahl Brian R. , Labrozzi Laura J. , Gallucci Susan , LeClair Matthew W. , Glover Kevin R.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is one of the most common invasive procedures performed in a hospital, but most nurses receive little formal training in this area. Blended PIVC insertion training programs that incorporate deliberate simulated practice have the potential to improve clinical practice and patient care.

Methods

The study was a randomized, wait-list control group with crossover using nurses on three medical/surgical units. Baseline PIVC knowledge, confidence, and skills assessments were completed for both groups. The intervention group then received a 2-hour PIVC online course, followed by an 8-hour live training course using a synergistic mix of three simulation tools. Both groups were then reassessed. After crossover, the wait-list group received the same intervention and both groups were reassessed.

Results

At baseline, both groups were similar for knowledge, confidence, and skills. Compared with the wait-list group, the intervention group had significantly higher scores for knowledge, confidence, and skills upon completing the training program. After crossover, the wait-list group had similarly higher scores for knowledge, confidence, and skills than the intervention group. Between the immediate preintervention and postintervention periods, the intervention group improved scores for knowledge by 31%, skills by 24%, and decreased confidence by 0.5%, whereas the wait-list group improved scores for knowledge by 28%, confidence by 16%, and skills by 15%.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate significant improvements in nurses' knowledge, confidence, and skills with the use of a simulation-based blended learning program for PIVC insertion. Transferability of these findings from a simulated environment into clinical practice should be further explored.
The Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner's Interactions Within the Sexual Assault Response Team
Authors: Adams Phyllis , Hulton Linda
Published: August 2016

Many emergency department nurses care for the sexually assaulted victim, when sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs are not available. Therefore, it is important for emergency department nurses to understand the roles of both the SANE and the sexual assault response team (SART). The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the current research on the integration of the SANE among the SART and evaluate the gaps in research of the SANE's role, attitude, behavior, and satisfaction within the collaborative SART. Studies published between 2004 and 2014 using key words were evaluated. A 3-stage search strategy revealed 582 articles. The articles were assessed and categorized according to Level of Evidence definitions. Twelve qualitative and mixed-methods studies were identified. Studies ranged from SART protocols or responses to situational factors to SANE relationships with other SART members. The review reflected the need for more research within the collaborative atmosphere of this multidisciplinary and interagency team that defines the SART, and the individual member's perceptions. Further studies are needed on the SANE's impact on patient outcome and the emergency department nurses role when a SANE or SART program is not available.
Increased CD40 Ligation and Reduced BCR Signalling Leads to Higher IL-10 Production in B Cells From Tolerant Kidney Transplant Patients
Authors: Nova-Lamperti Estefania , Chana Prabhjoat , Mobillo Paula , Runglall Manohursingh , Kamra Yogesh , McGregor Reuben , Lord Graham M. , Lechler Robert I. , Lombardi Giovanna , Hernandez-Fuentes Maria P.
Published: August 2016

Background

An increased percentage of peripheral transitional B cells producing IL-10 has been observed in patients tolerant to kidney allografts. In healthy volunteers, the balance between the CD40 and B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling modulated IL-10 production by B cells, with stimulation via the BCR decreasing CD40-mediated IL-10 production. In this study, we evaluate whether in tolerant kidney transplant patients, the increased IL-10 production by B cells was due to an altered CD40 and/or BCR signalling.

Methods

B cells obtained from a new cohort of tolerant renal transplant recipients and those from age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were activated via CD40 and BCR, either alone or in combination.

Results

In tolerant patients, we observed higher percentages of B cells producing IL-10 after CD40 ligation and higher expression of CD40L on activated T cells compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, B cells from tolerant recipients had reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling after BCR-mediated activation compared with healthy controls. In keeping with this, combining BCR signalling with CD40 ligation did not reduce IL-10 secretion as was observed in healthy control transitional B cells.

Conclusions

Altogether, our data suggest that the altered response of B cells in tolerant recipients may contribute to long-term stable graft acceptance.
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 5: Minimum Technical Standards for Pediatric Electroencephalography
Authors: Kuratani John , Pearl Phillip L. , Sullivan Lucy , Riel-Romero Rosario Maria S. , Cheek Janna , Stecker Mark , San-Juan Daniel , Selioutski Olga , Sinha Saurabh R. , Drislane Frank W. , Tsuchida Tammy N.
Published: August 2016

This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating the current electroencephalography technology and practice. It was previously published as Guideline 2. Similar to the prior guideline, it delineates the aspects of Guideline 1 that should be modified for neonates and young children. Recording conditions for photic stimulation and hyperventilation are revised to enhance the provocation of epileptiform discharges. Revisions recognize the difficulties involved in performing an EEG under sedation in young children. Recommended neonatal EEG montages are displayed for the reduced set of electrodes only since the montages in Guideline 3 should be used for a 21-electrode 10-20 system array. Neonatal documentation is updated to use current American Academy of Pediatrics term “postmenstrual age” rather than “conceptional age.” Finally, because therapeutic hypothermia alters the prognostic value of neonatal EEG, the necessity of documenting the patient's temperature at the time of recording is emphasized.
Savannahs of Asia: antiquity, biogeography, and an uncertain future
Authors: Ratnam Jayashree , Tomlinson Kyle W. , Rasquinha Dina N. , Sankaran Mahesh
Published: August 2016

The savannahs of Asia remain locally unrecognized as distinctive ecosystems, and continue to be viewed as degraded forests or seasonally dry tropical forests. These colonial-era legacies are problematic, because they fail to recognize the unique diversity of Asian savannahs and the critical roles of fire and herbivory in maintaining ecosystem health and diversity. In this review, we show that: the palaeo-historical evidence suggests that the savannahs of Asia have existed for at least 1 million years, long before widespread landscape modification by humans; savannah regions across Asia have levels of C4grass endemism and diversity that are consistent with area-based expectations for non-Asian savannahs; there are at least three distinct Asian savannah communities, namely deciduous broadleaf savannahs, deciduous fine-leafed and spiny savannahs and evergreen pine savannahs, with distinct functional ecologies consistent with fire- and herbivory-driven community assembly. Via an analysis of savannah climate domains on other continents, we map the potential extent of savannahs across Asia. We find that the climates of African savannahs provide the closest analogues for those of Asian deciduous savannahs, but that Asian pine savannahs occur in climates different to any of the savannahs in the southern continents. Finally, we review major threats to the persistence of savannahs in Asia, including the mismanagement of fire and herbivory, alien woody encroachment, afforestation policies and future climate uncertainty associated with the changing Asian monsoon. Research agendas that target these issues are urgently needed to manage and conserve these ecosystems.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
Clarifying the confusion: old-growth savannahs and tropical ecosystem degradation
Authors: Veldman Joseph W.
Published: August 2016

Ancient tropical grassy biomes are often misrecognized as severely degraded forests. I trace this confusion to several factors, with roots in the nineteenth century, including misinterpretations of the nature of fire in savannahs, attempts to reconcile savannah ecology with Clementsian succession, use of physiognomic (structural) definitions ofsavannahand development of tropical degradation frameworks focused solely on forests. Towards clarity, I present two models that conceptualize the drivers of ecosystem degradation as operating in both savannahs and forests. These models highlight how human-induced environmental changes create ecosystems with superficially similar physiognomies but radically different conservation values. Given the limitation of physiognomy to differentiate savannahs from severely degraded forests, I present an alternative approach based on floristic composition. Data from eastern lowland Bolivia show that old-growth savannahs can be reliably distinguished by eight grass species and that species identity influences ecosystem flammability. I recommend that scientists incorporate savannahs in tropical degradation frameworks alongside forests, and thatsavannahbe qualified asold-growth savannahin reference to ancient grassy biomes orderived savannahin reference to deforestation. These conceptual advances will require attention not only to tree cover, but also to savannah herbaceous plant species and their ecologies.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
Reconciling agriculture, carbon and biodiversity in a savannah transformation frontier
Authors: Estes L. D. , Searchinger T. , Spiegel M. , Tian D. , Sichinga S. , Mwale M. , Kehoe L. , Kuemmerle T. , Berven A. , Chaney N. , Sheffield J. , Wood E. F. , Caylor K. K.
Published: August 2016

Rapidly rising populations and likely increases in incomes in sub-Saharan Africa make tens of millions of hectares of cropland expansion nearly inevitable, even with large increases in crop yields. Much of that expansion is likely to occur in higher rainfall savannas, with substantial costs to biodiversity and carbon storage. Zambia presents an acute example of this challenge, with an expected tripling of population by 2050, good potential to expand maize and soya bean production, and large areas of relatively undisturbed miombo woodland and associated habitat types of high biodiversity value. Here, we present a new model designed to explore the potential for targeting agricultural expansion in ways that achieve quantitatively optimal trade-offs between competing economic and environmental objectives: total converted land area (the reciprocal of potential yield); carbon loss, biodiversity loss and transportation costs. To allow different interests to find potential compromises, users can apply varying weights to examine the effects of their subjective preferences on the spatial allocation of new cropland and its costs. We find that small compromises from the objective to convert the highest yielding areas permit large savings in transportation costs, and the carbon and biodiversity impacts resulting from savannah conversion. For example, transferring just 30% of weight from a yield-maximizing objective equally between carbon and biodiversity protection objectives would increase total cropland area by just 2.7%, but result in avoided costs of 27–47% for carbon, biodiversity and transportation. Compromise solutions tend to focus agricultural expansion along existing transportation corridors and in already disturbed areas. Used appropriately, this type of model could help countries find agricultural expansion alternatives and related infrastructure and land use policies that help achieve production targets while helping to conserve Africa's rapidly transforming savannahs.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
The underestimated biodiversity of tropical grassy biomes
Authors: Murphy Brett P. , Andersen Alan N. , Parr Catherine L.
Published: August 2016

For decades, there has been enormous scientific interest in tropical savannahs and grasslands, fuelled by the recognition that they are a dynamic and potentially unstable biome, requiring periodic disturbance for their maintenance. However, that scientific interest has not translated into widespread appreciation of, and concern about threats to, their biodiversity. In terms of biodiversity, grassy biomes are considered poor cousins of the other dominant biome of the tropics—forests. Simple notions of grassy biomes being species-poor cannot be supported; for some key taxa, such as vascular plants, this may be valid, but for others it is not. Here, we use an analysis of existing data to demonstrate that high-rainfall tropical grassy biomes (TGBs) have vertebrate species richness comparable with that of forests, despite having lower plant diversity. The Neotropics stand out in terms of both overall vertebrate species richness and number of range-restricted vertebrate species in TGBs. Given high rates of land-cover conversion in Neotropical grassy biomes, they should be a high priority for conservation and greater inclusion in protected areas. Fire needs to be actively maintained in these systems, and in many cases re-introduced after decades of inappropriate fire exclusion. The relative intactness of TGBs in Africa and Australia make them the least vulnerable to biodiversity loss in the immediate future. We argue that, like forests, TGBs should be recognized as a critical—but increasingly threatened—store of global biodiversity.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation’.
30-Lens interferometer for high-energy X-rays
Authors: Lyubomirskiy Mikhail , Snigireva Irina , Kohn Victor , Kuznetsov Sergey , Yunkin Vyacheslav , Vaughan Gavin , Snigirev Anatoly
Published: August 2016

A novel high-energy multi-lens interferometer consisting of 30 arrays of planar compound refractive lenses is reported. Under coherent illumination each lens array creates a diffraction-limited secondary source. Overlapping such coherent beams produces an interference pattern demonstrating strong longitudinal functional dependence. The proposed multi-lens interferometer was tested experimentally at the 100 m-long ID11 ESRF beamline in the X-ray energy range from 30 to 65 keV. The interference pattern generated by the interferometer was recorded at fundamental and fractional Talbot distances. An effective source size (FWHM) of the order of 15 µm was determined from the first Talbot image, proving the concept that the multi-lens interferometer can be used as a high-resolution tool for beam diagnostics.
An exceptional series of phase transitions in hydrophobic amino acids with linear side chains
Authors: Görbitz Carl Henrik , Karen Pavel , Dušek Michal , Petříček Václav
Published: August 2016

The solid-state phase transitions and intermediate structures ofS-2-aminobutanoic acid (L-2-aminobutyric acid),S-2-aminopentanoic acid (L-norvaline),S-2-aminohexanoic acid (L-norleucine) and L-methionine between 100 and 470 K, identified by differential scanning calorimetry, have been characterized in a comprehensive single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation. Unlike other enantiomeric amino acids investigated until now, this group featuring linear side chains displays up to five distinct phases. The multiple transitions between them involve a number of different processes: alteration of the hydrogen-bond pattern, to our knowledge the first example of this observed for an amino acid, sliding of molecular bilayers, seen previously only for racemates and quasiracemates, concerted side-chain rearrangements and abrupt as well as gradual modifications of the side-chain disorder. Ordering of L-norleucine upon cooling even proceedsviaan incommensurately modulated structure. L-Methionine has previously been described as being fully ordered at room temperature. An accurate refinement now reveals extensive disorder for both molecules in the asymmetric unit, while two previously unknown phases occur above room temperature.
Redetermination of metarossite, CaV5+
2O6·2H2O
Authors: Kobsch Anaïs , Downs Robert T. , Domanik Kenneth J.
Published: August 2016

The crystal structure of metarossite, ideally CaV2O6·2H2O [chemical name: calcium divanadium(V) hexaoxide dihydrate], was first determined using precession photographs, with fixed isotropic displacement parameters and without locating the positions of the H atoms, leading to a reliability factor R = 0.11 [Kelsey & Barnes (1960). Can. Mineral.
6, 448–466]. This communication reports a structure redetermination of this mineral on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of a natural sample from the Blue Cap mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA (R1 = 0.036). Our study not only confirms the structural topology reported in the previous study, but also makes possible the refinement of all non-H atoms with anisotropic displacement parameters and all H atoms located. The metarossite structure is characterized by chains of edge-sharing [CaO8] polyhedra parallel to [100] that are themselves connected by chains of alternating [VO5] trigonal bipyramids parallel to [010]. The two H2O molecules are bonded to Ca. Analysis of the displacement parameters show that the [VO5] chains librate around [010]. In addition, we measured the Raman spectrum of metarossite and compared it with IR and Raman data previously reported. Moreover, heating of metarossite led to a loss of water, which results in a transformation to the brannerite-type structure, CaV2O6, implying a possible dehydration pathway for the compounds M
2+V2O6·xH2O, with M = Cu, Cd, Mg or Mn, and x = 2 or 4.
Crystal structure of aquatris(isonicotinamide-κN)bis(thiocyanato-κN)cobalt(II) 2.5-hydrate
Authors: Neumann Tristan , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: August 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(NCS)2(C6H6N2O)3(H2O)]·2.5H2O, comprises one CoII cation, three isonicotinamide ligands, two thiocyanate anions, one aqua ligand and two water solvent molecules in general positions, as well as one water solvent molecule that is located on a twofold rotation axis. The CoII cations are octahedrally coordinated by two terminally N-bonded thiocyanate anions, one water molecule and three isonicotinamide ligands, each coordinating via the pyridine N atom. The discrete complexes are linked by intermolecular O—H...O, N—H...O and N—H...S hydrogen bonding into a three-dimensional network that contains cavities in which the solvent water molecules are located. The latter are linked by further O—H...O hydrogen bonds to the network. There are additional short contacts present in the crystal, indicative of weak C—H...S, C—H...O and C—H...N interactions.
Crystal structure of 4-[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]benzoic acid
Authors: Faizi Md. Serajul Haque , Ahmad Musheer , Golenya Irina A.
Published: August 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H18N2O4, contains two independent molecules (A and B) which have essentially the same conformation. The piperazine rings adopts chair conformations with the N atoms out of plane. The dihedral angles formed by the four approximately planar C atoms of the piperazine ring and the benzene ring is 30.8 (5)° in molecule A and 30.6 (5)° in molecule B. In the crystal, molecules A and B are connected by a pair of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer with graph-set notation R
2
2(8). Weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the dimers, forming zigzag chains along [001].
Crystal structures of two C,N-disubstituted acetamides: 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-iodophenyl)acetamide and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(pyrazin-2-yl)acetamide
Authors: Narayana Badiadka , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Rathore Ravindranath , Glidewell Christopher
Published: August 2016

In the crystal of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-iodophenyl)acetamide, C14H11ClINO, molecules are linked by a combination of N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a C(4)C(4)[R
2
1(7)] chain of rings and chains of this type are linked by a combination of C—Cl...π(arene) and C—I...π(arene) interactions to form deeply puckered twofold interwoven sheets. In the crystal of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(pyrazin-2-yl)acetamide, C12H10ClN3O, molecules are linked into complex sheets by N—H...N, C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and by C—H...π(arene) interactions.
A new approach for estimating leagile decoupling point using data envelopment analysis
Authors: Shahin Arash , Gunasekaran Angappa , Khalili Azam , Shirouyehzad Hadi
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a new approach for determining a decoupling point in leagile chain, based on Lean and agile criteria regarding market and customer demands and internal capabilities of the chain with the ultimate goal of fulfilling customer needs and increasing chain profit.

Design/methodology/approach

In the new approach, Lean and agile criteria have been defined for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of supply chain. The efficiency and effectiveness ratios have been calculated for Lean and agile processes using input- and output-oriented Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC) methods, respectively. Based on the results, inefficient and ineffective units have been addressed and the decoupling point has been determined.

Findings

Findings indicate that the decoupling point can be regarded as a borderline between two strategies of Lean and agile production, and fuzzy decoupling point and lean–agile distance can provide the basis for distinguishing the two strategies.

Practical implications

Determining the decoupling point has an important role in dynamic performance of a supply chain. By the proposed approach, managers can estimate the most probable area for the decoupling point. Moreover, by appropriate determination of decoupling point, an organization can increase its public responsibility by appropriate usage of its resources and responding faster to customers’ requirements.

Originality/value

In this study, in addition to determining a decoupling point in a supply chain with the aim of increasing productivity, the subject of leagile strategy of supply chains has been developed.
Tolerance simulation of composite wingbox assembly considering preloading-modified distribution
Authors: Wang Hua , Liu Jun
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Tolerance simulation’s reliability depends on the concordance between the input probability distribution and the real variation. The prescribed clamp force introduced changes in parts’ variation, which should be reflected in the input probability distribution for the tolerance simulation. The paper aims to present a tolerance analysis process of the composite wingbox assembly considering the preloading-modified distribution and especially focuses on the spring-in deviation of the thin-walled C-section composite beam (TC2B).

Design/methodology/approach

Based on finite element analysis model of TC2B, the preloading-modified probability distribution function (PDF) of the spring-in deviation is obtained. Thickness variations of the TC2B are obtained from the data of the downscaled composite wingbox. These variations are input to the computer-aided tolerance tools, and the final assembly variations are obtained. The assembly of the downscaled wingbox illustrates the effect of preloading on the probability distribution of the spring-in deviation.

Findings

The results have shown that the final assembly variations estimated with the modified probability distribution is more reliable than the variation of the initial normal distribution.

Originality/value

The tolerance simulation work presented in the paper will enhance the understanding of the composite parts assembling with spring-in deviations, improve the chance to choose assembling processes that allow specifications to be met and help with tolerance allocation in composites assembly.
Dimensional variation propagation modeling and analysis for single-station assembly based on multiple constraints graph
Authors: Yu Jian-feng , Tang Wen-Bin , Li Yuan , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Modeling and analysis of dimensional variation propagation is a crucial support technology for variation reduction, product/process design evaluation and recognition of variation source. However, owing to the multi-deviation (i.e. part deviations and fixture deviations) and multi-interaction (i.e. part-to-part interaction, part-to-fixture interaction and station-to-station interaction) in assembly processes, it is difficult for designers to describe or understand the variation propagation (or accumulation) mechanism clearly. The purpose of this paper is to propose a variation propagation modeling and analysis (VPMA) method based on multiple constraints aiming at a single station.

Design/methodology/approach

Initially, part-to-part constraints (PPCs) and part-to-fixture constraints (PFCs) are applied for the multi-interaction of assembly, and multiple constraints graph (MCG) model is proposed for expressing PPCs, PFCs, parts, as well as the variation propagation relation among them. Then, locating points (LPs) are adopted for representing the deviations in constraints, and formulas for calculating the deviations of LPs are derived. On that basis, a linearized relation between LPs’ deviations and part’s locating deviations is derived. Finally, a wing box is presented to validate the proposed method, and the results indicate the methodology’s feasibility.

Findings

MCG is an effective tool for dimensional VPMA, which is shown as an example of this paper.

Originality/value

Functions of geometric constraints in dimensional variation propagation are revealed, and MCG is proposed to formulize dimensional variation propagation.
Multilayer capacitors with bismuth copper tantalate dielectric fabricated in LTCC technology
Authors: Szwagierczak Dorota , Kulawik Jan , Synkiewicz Beata , Skwarek Agata
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The work was aimed at preparation of green tapes based on a new material Bi2/3CuTa4O12, to achieve spontaneously formation of an internal barrier layer capacitor (IBLC), fabrication of multilayer elements using low temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) technology and their characterization.

Design/methodology/approach

The study focused on tape casting, lamination and co-sintering procedures and dielectric properties of Bi2/3CuTa4O12 multilayer capacitors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) studies of the ceramic elements were performed. Impedance spectroscopy was used for characterization of dielectric properties in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to −2 MHz and in the temperature range from −55 to 400°C. DC conductivity was investigated in the temperature range 20 to 740°C.

Findings

SEM observations revealed a good compatibility of the applied commercial Pt paste with the ceramic layers. The EDS microanalysis showed a higher content of oxygen at grain boundaries. The dominant dielectric response, which was recorded in the low frequency range and at temperatures above 0°C, was attributed to grain boundaries. The dielectric response at low temperatures and/or high frequencies was related to grains. The fabricated multilayer capacitors based on Bi2/3CuTa4O12 exhibited a high specific capacitance.

Originality/value

A new material Bi2/3CuTa4O12 was applied for preparation of green ceramic tapes and utilized for fabrication of multilayer ceramic capacitors using the LTCC technology. This material belongs to the group of high permittivity nonferroelectric compounds with a complex perovskite structure of CaCu3Ti4O12, that causes the spontaneously formation of IBLCs.
The utilization of LTCC-PDMS bonding technology for microfluidic system applications – a simple fluorescent sensor
Authors: Malecha Karol
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to present a research on utilization of an irreversible bonding between non-transparent low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) and transparent poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The research presented in this paper is focused on the technology and performance of the miniature microfluidic module for fluorescence measurement.

Design/methodology/approach

The chemical combination of both materials is achieved through surface modification using argon-oxygen dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. According to the performed spectroscopic analyses (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS; attenuated total reflection-Fourier infrared spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR) and contact angle measurements, the LTCC and PDMS surfaces are oxidized during the process. The presented microfluidic module was fabricated using LTCC technology. The possibility for the fabrication of LTCC-PDMS microfluidic fluorescent sensor is studied. The performance of the sensor was examined experimentally.

Findings

As a result of DBD plasma oxidation, the LTCC and PDMS surfaces change in character from hydrophobic to hydrophilic and were permanently bonded. The presented LTCC-PDMS bonding technique was used to fabricate a microfluidic fluorescent sensor. The preliminary measurements of the sensor have proven that it is possible to observe the fluorescence of a liquid sample from a very small volume.

Research limitations/implications

The presented research is a preliminary work which is focused on the fabrication of the LTCC-PDMS fluorescent sensor. The microfluidic device was positively tested only for ethanolic fluorescein solutions. Therefore, fluorescence measurements should be performed for biological specimen (e.g. DNA).

Practical implications

The LTCC-PDMS bonding technology combines the advantages of both materials. One the one hand, transparent PDMS with precise, transparent three-dimensional structures can be fabricated using hot embossing, soft lithography or laser ablation. On the other hand, rigid LTCC substrate consisting of microfluidic structures, electric interconnections, heaters and optoelectronic components can be fabricated. The development of the LTCC-PDMS microfluidic modules provides opportunity for the construction of a lab-on-chip, or micro-total analysis systems-type system, for analytical chemistry and fast medical diagnoses.

Originality/value

This paper shows utilization of the PDMS-LTCC bonding technology for microfluidics. Moreover, the design, fabrication and performance of the PDMS-LTCC fluorescent sensor are presented.
Multilayer thick-film thermoelectric microgenerator based on LTCC technology
Authors: Markowski Piotr M.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper was to develop the methodology of thick-film/low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer thermoelectric microgenerator fabrication including the procedure of silver-nickel thermocouples integration with LTCC.

Design/methodology/approach

To miniaturize the structures and to increase the output parameters (generated voltage, electrical power), the microgenerator was designed as multilayer systems. It allows to reduce size of the system and to increase the number of thermocouples integrated inside the structure. It also protects buried thermocouples against exposure to harmful external factors (e.g. moisture, oxidation and mechanical exposures). As a substrate, LTCC was used. For the thermocouples fabrication, thick-film pastes based on silver and nickel were chosen. Ag/Ni thermocouple has nearly three times higher Seebeck coefficient and 30 per cent lower electrical resistance than the combination of Ag/PdAg used in previous works of the author.

Findings

A multi-layer thick-film thermoelectric generator based on LTCC and Ag, Ni pastes was fabricated. Thirty Ag/Ni thermocouples were precisely screen-printed on few layers. Thermocouples’ arms are 15 mm long and about 150 μm wide. Interlayer connections (via-holes filled with conductive paste) provided the electrical contact between the layers. The biggest fabricated harvester consisted of 90 miniature thermocouples buried inside the LTCC.

Originality/value

The paper presents the results of research that provided to optimize the co-firing process of the LTCC/Ni set. In the result, the methodology of co-firing of silver-nickel thermocouples and LTCC ceramic was elaborated. Also, the methodology of fabrication of miniature thermoelectric energy harvesters was optimized.
Let’s talk about firm responsibility: the perception of individual Ghanaian shareholders on corporate social responsibility
Authors: Agyemang Otuo Serebour , Ansong Abraham , Kyeraa Millicent
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the perception of individual Ghanaian shareholders on corporate social responsibility (CSR).

Design/methodology/approach

In consequence of the largely unexplored nature of the issue of CSR, the authors use a qualitative analysis to offer the painstaking understanding needed about this issue. Individual Ghanaian shareholders who have absolute control over what companies they desire to invest were selected as the participants.

Findings

The findings show that individual shareholders believe there is the need for corporate directors and managers to take into consideration the interests of all corporate stakeholders-workers, customers, shareholders, suppliers, the local community and the environment- in fashioning out their CSR policies. It also shows the relevance individual shareholders attach to each of those CSRs within each corporate stakeholder group. For instance, the individual shareholders think that it is most relevant for firms to put implementable measures in place to reduce or minimise harm to the environment. Also, with respect to workers, firms are the first and foremost to ensure a hale and hearty and secured work environment. Further, with respect to customers, firms have to offer standard or quality products and services to them. More so, in regards to suppliers, corporate directors and managers have to offer them reasonable prices for their products. Finally, on the part of the local community, firms have to effectively assist them.

Practical implications

The practical approach to problems and affairs of individual Ghanaian shareholders is indicated by how much importance they attach to each corporate responsibility matter, and also they appreciate that a firm cannot thrive or survive for long if it refuses or totally abandons the needs of other corporate stakeholder categories. It will thus be of relevance to firms to take executable steps to deal with the needs of other corporate stakeholder groups brought up by the individual shareholders. As a matter of fact, the vivid descriptions of each of the matters concerning CSR of the individual shareholders present an important policy guideline for corporate directors and corporate managers to establish good-natured relationship between their firms and other corporate stakeholder groups.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the knowledge on CSR by establishing that even though individual shareholders are interested in personal economic benefits, they want their firms to be socially responsible to meet the interests of other corporate stakeholder groups.
Women workers, social sustainability and working time: a study in a cooperative guided by the principles of solidarity economy
Authors: Lemos Lourenço Mariane , Neres Lourenço Carlos Eduardo
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate time management as a source of social sustainability in a Brazilian cooperative based on the principles of the solidarity economy, guided by democracy and self-management. This type of organization which is founded on self-management and management of working hours can permit flexibility in the work schedule, an aspect that the literature shows to be one of the indicators of social sustainability. The focus of this study is the female workforce.

Design/methodology/approach

The research was qualitative, using case study methodology. With respect to the temporal perspective, this is a longitudinal project. The result of this contact was a field diary in which observations on the functioning of the cooperative and its activities were recorded. In addition to these observations transcribed in the field diary, interviews were conducted with members. These were guided by a script to raise issues related to work routine and project management.

Findings

The results showed that self-management of working time allows flexibility, which can indeed be seen as a source of social sustainability that can provide working women with possibilities for meeting the various, conflicting demands they face from both work and family. This was seen to be a positive factor because many women in Brazil are heads of their households and are uniquely responsible for work, family and other responsibilities.

Originality/value

The qualitative meaning of working time is what may be linked to social sustainability because it is connected to self-management of working hours.
The functional ecology of plant silicon: geoscience to genes
Authors: Cooke Julia , DeGabriel Jane L. , Hartley Susan E.
Published: August 2016

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Precursors of age‐related macular degeneration: associations with vitamin A and interaction with CFHY402H in the Inter99 Eye Study
Authors: Munch Inger Christine , Toft Ulla , Linneberg Allan , Larsen Michael
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To investigate associations of very early age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) with daily intake of vitamin A, beta‐carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc and copper and interactions with AMD‐associated polymorphisms in complement factor H (CFHY402H) and ARMS2/LOC387715.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of 848 subjects aged 30–60 years from the Inter99 Eye Study. Daily intake of vitamins and minerals was estimated from a 198‐item food frequency questionnaire. Digital fundus photographs were recorded in red‐free illumination and graded for macular drusen >63 μm and numerous (>20) small hard macular drusen as a mean of both eyes.

Results

Higher intake of vitamin A increased the risk of having macular drusen >63 μm with odds ratio = 1.82 (CI95 1.02–3.24, p = 0.042) comparing participants in the highest quartile of vitamin A intake with participants in the lowest quartile, adjusted for recruitment group, age and sex. There was a significant interaction with CFHY402H (p = 0.038). Among 504 participants with CFHY402H, the relative risk of having macular drusen >63 μm was increased in participants in the highest quartile of vitamin A intake (odds ratio = 2.58; CI95 1.16–5.73, p = 0.020) and in the second highest quartile (odds ratio = 3.27; CI95 1.50–7.13, p = 0.0029) compared with the lowest quartile. Further adjusting for total fat intake, energy intake, plasma cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, education and physical activity strengthened the association.

Conclusions

In this cross‐sectional study, a higher intake of vitamin A increased the risk of macular drusen >63 μm in subjects with CFHY402H. The study supports that vitamin A may be a risk factor for early AMD.
Improving conceptual and procedural knowledge: The impact of instructional content within a mathematics lesson
Authors: Rittle‐Johnson Bethany , Fyfe Emily R. , Loehr Abbey M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Students, parents, teachers, and theorists often advocate for direct instruction on both concepts and procedures, but some theorists suggest that including instruction on procedures in combination with concepts may limit learning opportunities and student understanding.

Aims

This study evaluated the effect of instruction on a math concept and procedure within the same lesson relative to a comparable amount of instruction on the concept alone. Direct instruction was provided before or after solving problems to evaluate whether the type of instruction interacted with the timing of instruction within a lesson.

Sample

We worked with 180 second‐grade children in the United States.

Methods

In a randomized experiment, children received a classroom lesson on mathematical equivalence in one of four conditions that varied in instruction type (conceptual or combined conceptual and procedural) and in instruction order (instruction before or after solving problems).

Results

Children who received two iterations of conceptual instruction had better retention of conceptual and procedural knowledge than children who received both conceptual and procedural instruction in the same lesson. Order of instruction did not impact outcomes.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that within a single lesson, spending more time on conceptual instruction may be more beneficial than time spent teaching a procedure when the goal is to promote more robust understanding of target concepts and procedures.
Nature and incidence of severe limbal stem cell deficiency in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Bobba Samantha , Di Girolamo Nick , Mills Richard , Daniell Mark , Chan Elsie , Harkin Damien G , Cronin Brendan G , Crawford Geoffrey , McGhee Charles , Watson Stephanie
Published: August 2016

Background

This study aimed to determine the nature and incidence of severe limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in Australia and New Zealand.

Design

A 1‐year pilot surveillance study with a 1‐year follow‐up period was conducted in association with the Australian and New Zealand Ophthalmic Surveillance Unit.

Participants

The study included patients reported by practising ophthalmologists on the Surveillance Unit's database.

Methods

Ophthalmologists were provided with a definition of severe limbal stem cell deficiency, contacted on a monthly basis by the Unit and asked to report newly diagnosed cases.

Main Outcome Measures

Severe LSCD was defined as at least 6 clock hours of whorl‐like epitheliopathy, an opaque epithelium arising from the limbus, late fluorescein staining of the involved epithelium and superficial corneal neovascularization or conjunctivalization.

Results

On average, 286 report cards were sent by the Surveillance Unit to practising ophthalmologists each month (total 3429 over 12 months) and the Unit received an average of 176 responses per month (total 2111; 62% response rate). During the 1‐year study period from April 2013 to March 2014, 14 positive cases were reported to the Unit. A range of underlying aetiologies were implicated, with contact lens over‐wear and cicatrizing conjunctivitis being the most common (n = 3).

Conclusions

This surveillance study is the first worldwide to document the incidence of limbal stem cell deficiency; however, because of study design limitations, it is likely to have been under‐reported. It provides novel data on the demographics, clinical conditions and management of patients with limbal stem cell deficiency as reported by treating ophthalmologists.
25‐hydroxyvitamin D in malignant pleural disease: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Panagiotou Marios , Papaioannou Andriana I. , Kostikas Konstantinos , Takou Anna , Paraskeva Maria , Kalkanis Alexandros , Diamantea Filia , Kastanakis Emmanuil , Maropoulos George , Filaditaki Vasiliki , Karagianidis Napoleon
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Growing evidence suggests a role of vitamin D in various cancers but the significance of vitamin D in malignant pleural disease remains unexplored. We sought to investigate the concentration and diagnostic role of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in malignant pleural effusions.

Materials and Methods

Prospective study of consecutive treatment‐naïve patients with a new diagnosis of pleural effusion.

Results

Seventy‐eight patients were studied, 45 of whom had malignant pleural effusions. Concentration of 25(OH)D in pleural fluid was significantly higher than serum in both malignant (15.2 ng/mL (9.7, 25.6) versus 10.2 ng/mL (6.4, 17.7), P < .001) and benign (11.4 ng/mL (8.4, 23.6) versus 7.9 (5.9, 16.1), P < .001) pleural disease. Pleural fluid 25(OH)D was almost significantly higher in exudates compared to transudates (P = .050) but it did not differ significantly between malignant and benign effusions (P = .217) and it was not diagnostic for malignant pleural disease (area under the ROC curve .58, 95% CI .45‐.71).

Conclusions

In subjects with unselected pleural effusions, 25(OH)D in pleural fluid was not diagnostic for malignant pleural disease. The novel finding of convincingly and consistently higher 25(OH)D in pleural fluid than serum suggests a role for vitamin D in pleural disease and merits further research.
Agricultural Investment in Ethiopia: Undermining National Sovereignty or Tool for State Building?
Authors: Lavers Tom
Published: August 2016

The media discourse on recent agricultural investments — frequently referred to as the ‘global land grab’ — has been quick to label these deals as ‘neo‐colonial’, implying that these kinds of investments undermine national sovereignty. For the most part, the emerging academic literature on the ‘land grab’ has not critically examined this assumption. This article draws on the literature on state building and agrarian relations in Africa to construct a framework that can be used to analyse the impact of agricultural investment on state–society relations and state sovereignty. The article then uses this framework to examine the case of Ethiopia, illustrating how the Ethiopian state has directed investors to peripheral lowlands and, in doing so, has enhanced, rather than diminished, state sovereignty. As such, while the erosion of sovereignty is certainly one possible outcome of agricultural investment, it is by no means the only one, and is an assumption that should be subjected to critical analysis.
Barriers to and enablers of insulin self‐titration in adults with Type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study
Authors: McBain H. , Begum S. , Rahman S. , Mulligan K.
Published: August 2016

Aims

To identify the barriers to and enablers of effective insulin self‐titration in people with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A qualitative semi‐structured interview approach was used. Questions were structured according to the Theoretical Domains Framework, which outlines 14 domains that can act as barriers to and enablers of changing behaviour. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were coded according to the 14 domains, belief statements were created within each domain, and a frequency count of the most reported barriers and enablers was then carried out. Analyses were conducted by two researchers, and discrepancies agreed with a third researcher.

Results

A total of 18 adults with Type 2 diabetes took part in an interview. The majority were of South‐Asian ethnicity (n = 8) and were men (n = 12). Their mean age was 61 years old. The mean duration of diabetes was 16 years and time on insulin 9 years. Inter‐rater reliability for each of the domains varied (29–100%). The most frequently reported domains were Social Influence and Beliefs about Consequences; the least frequently reported were Optimism and Reinforcement. Interviewees reported receiving support to self‐titrate from a range of sources. Self‐titrating was perceived to have a range of both positive and negative consequences, as was not titrating.

Conclusions

The findings highlight that those interviewed experienced a range of barriers and enablers when attempting to self‐titrate. Improved education and training when initiating insulin treatment among adults with Type 2 diabetes, and throughout their journey on insulin therapy could help identify and address these barriers in order to optimize self‐titration.