bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between consumer acceptance, sensory characteristics, and physicochemical characteristics of "Fuji" apples from different origins
Authors: Zhu Yuxuan , Wang Shuying , Zhu Baoqing , Wang Chunguang , Li Junlong , Liu Yuchao , Jia Yiming , Zhu Lixia
Published: September 2024

This study examines the acceptance of young Chinese consumers for different “Fuji” apples, focusing on their sensory characteristics and physicochemical foundations. The sensory attributes of the samples were evaluated using a combination of static descriptive analysis (DA) and temporal check‐all‐that‐apply fading (TCATA‐fading) methods. Furthermore, the volatile compounds, soluble sugars, organic acids, and textural parameters of the samples were analyzed. The findings revealed that participants favored apples that were perceived as “sweet,” “crunchy,” “juicy,” and “aromatic.” The results from the DA indicated that certain sensory attributes, such as “sweet,” “vanilla,” “honey,” and “pear” positively influenced acceptance, while attributes like “sour,” “hard,” and “grass” had a negative impact. The findings from both the DA and TCATA‐fading methods were consistent with each other. In terms of dynamic evaluation, sweetness, and sourness were the initial perceptions, followed by a range of other flavors. Notably, our data suggested that sweetness perception could be enhanced by attributes such as “honey” and “banana.” Additionally, the sugar‐acid ratio and specific volatile compounds, including hexanal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, β‐damascenone, butyl acetate, and propyl 2‐methylbutyrate, were found to influence the perception of sweetness in apples.

Practical Application

This study helps to understand the effect of different origins on the acceptance of “Fuji” apples and to know the sensory and material basis for the emergence of such differences. It is beneficial for growers and marketers to improve ‘Fuji’ apples.
Sustainability risk in insurance companies: A machine learning analysis
Authors: Oquendo‐Torres Freddy Alejandro , Segovia‐Vargas María Jesús
Published: September 2024

Sustainable development constitutes a global challenge today, and the sustainable development goals (Agenda 2030) will probably set the course for the coming decades. This paper discusses sustainability in insurance companies by combining two aspects: a social approach (the environmental impact) and a business approach (the prediction of claims due to climate change). Our objective is to analyse the impact of physical risk in a home insurance portfolio and to measure in economic terms the effect of climate change in the future, by applying machine learning methodologies. Two data sources are used: a Spanish insurance portfolio with 31,998 policies and claims from 2017 to 2022, and daily meteorological variables from 290 Spanish weather stations from 2000 to 2022. Two climate scenarios are considered: RCP 4.5 (medium impact) and RCP 8.5 (high impact). On average for the period 2023–2052, the results reveal that claims will increase by 105% for the 4.5 scenario and by 129% for the 8.5 scenario. Our paper makes a clear contribution to sustainability by analysing climate risks and their impact on an insurance portfolio. It shows the grave consequences of climate change for the insurance sector's solvency and the political implications for the financial system in general.
A review of Indonesia's JETP through the dynamics of its policy regime
Authors: Jazuli Muhamad Rosyid , Roll Kate , Mulugetta Yacob
Published: September 2024

During its 2022 G20 presidency, Indonesia committed to reducing carbon emissions through the Indonesia Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). In addition to other policies, the Partnership is designed to drive the country's broader energy transition and net‐zero aspirations for decades to come. In addition to technical challenges, the Partnership is expected to face social and political resistance. Considering its importance for Indonesia's sustainable development and gaining support from influential stakeholders, this paper examines the JETP through the lens of a policy regime framework, drawing on insights from the country's multi‐decade fossil fuel subsidy reforms (FFSR) – a comparable effort to drive significant changes in energy use. It highlights the critical role of navigating political, social, and regulatory realities that have contributed to the successes or failures of policy reforms. The policy appraisal suggests the need for significant reconsideration of its broader policy‐regime context, specifically political, social, and regulatory factors, to ensure the successful implementation of the JETP and Indonesia's energy transition in general. Furthermore, the paper offers relevant policy recommendations to assist advocates and administrations supporting the Partnership in broadening its appeal beyond environmental concerns to secure stronger social and political backing.
Performance effects of insulating and non‐insulating cost allocations in stable and unstable production environments
Authors: Brown Jason L. , Sprinkle Geoffrey B. , Way Dan
Published: September 2024

Firms allocate significant amounts of common costs, and these allocations have implications for performance evaluation and remuneration. Non‐insulating cost allocations distribute costs based on same‐period relative performance, creating a contemporaneous interdependence between managers that in turn adds uncertainty to the link between effort and performance. In contrast, insulating cost allocations are independent of relative performance during the period and can thus be determined with greater certainty ex ante. In an experiment, we predict and find that managers' effortful performance in a stable production environment—where the pre‐allocation return for effort is constant—is higher when costs are allocated via an insulating allocation compared to when costs are allocated via a non‐insulating allocation. We further find that in an unstable production environment—where the pre‐allocation return for effort can vary from period to period—there are no differences in performance between the allocation methods when managers face a lower return for effort. Conversely, when managers face a higher return for effort in this environment, performance is greater when costs are allocated via an insulating allocation. Taken together, overall performance in the unstable production environment is greater when managers work under insulating cost allocations, suggesting the net effects of cost allocation methods are similar in each type of production environment. As such, our study identifies an important cost—lower effortful performance—of using non‐insulating methods to allocate common costs.
E5 treatment showing improved health‐span and lifespan in old Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: Singh Kavita , Khairnar Shraddha I. , Sanghavi Akshay , Yadav Tanuja T. , Gupta Neha , Arora Jay , Katcher Harold L.
Published: September 2024

Aging and, in particular, the emergence of age‐related disorders is associated with tissue dysfunction and macromolecular damage, some of which can be attributable to accumulated oxidative damage. In the current study, we determine the potential of ‘plasma‐derived fraction (E5)’ for cellular rejuvenation and extending the lifespan of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. This is a unique study wherein we have used 24‐month‐old rats and monitored them until the end of their lifespan with and without E5 treatment. In the present investigation, the SD rats were separated into two groups old control group and the treatment group (n = 8). The treatment group received four injections of E5 every alternate day for 8 days, and eight injections every alternate day for 16 days. Body weight, grip strength, cytokines, and biochemical markers were measured for more than 400 days of the study. Clinical observation, necropsy, and histology were performed. The E5 treatment exhibited great potential by showing significantly improved grip strength, remarkably decreased pro‐inflammatory markers of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as biomarkers for vital organs (BUN, SGPT, SGOT, and triglycerides), and increased anti‐oxidant levels. Clinical examinations, necropsies, and histopathology revealed that the animals treated with the E5 had normal cellular structure and architecture. In conclusion, this unique ‘plasma‐derived exosome’ treatment (E5) alone is adequate to improve the health‐span and extend the lifespan of the old SD rats significantly.
Permanent tooth avulsions: A retrospective analysis of the demographics and aetiology of cases at a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Bradshaw Julia , Kahler Bill , Nanayakkara Shanika , Prabhu Neeta
Published: September 2024

This retrospective analysis reviewed the demographics of patients sustaining dental avulsion injuries at a tertiary dental hospital in Sydney, Australia. Data were extracted from dental records of patients who presented with avulsed permanent anterior teeth and were treated between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2021. Demographic, clinical and radiographic data from 91 patients with 117 avulsed permanent anterior teeth were available for analysis. The median age of the patients was 12 years (IQR 9.0–17.0). Males accounted for 68.4% of avulsion injuries. Non‐organised sports were the most common cause of injury (42.7%). Maxillary central incisors were the most frequently avulsed tooth (83.3%). Peak prevalence of injuries occurred on the weekend. The findings from this study may reflect regional factors such as climate and participation in sport. Anticipatory guidance should be provided to patients at elevated risk of dental avulsion.
Farmers as prosumers: Evidence from cadmium‐contaminated rice in China
Authors: Zhou Li , Liu Bei , Liu Zongzhi , Zhao Jinhua
Published: September 2024

We study farmer responses in rice production and consumption to China's cadmium‐contaminated rice (CCR) event in 2013. We show that the CCR event reduced both rice production and consumption but did not significantly affect the quantity and price of rice sold by farmers in areas affected by cadmium pollution. Households with young children reduced their rice production and consumption by a larger amount than others, whereas the responses are reversed for households with elderly people. The decrease in rice production was mainly driven by the decrease in farmers' consumption of self‐produced rice instead of through price or income channels, indicating that farmers are prosumers who make production decisions not purely to maximize profit but also to satisfy their own consumption needs. Farmers being prosumers helped promote production side responses to new information about food safety.
Freshwater Turtles in an Arid Land: Population Ecology, Habitat and Ecological Niche Modelling of Pelomedusa subrufa olivacea in the Sahel
Authors: Lankoande Ardjima , Konate Sidiki Roland , Sirima Djidama , Dayama Wendata Francis , Hema Emmanuel M.
Published: September 2024

Turtle ecology and conservation have been poorly explored in the West African Sahel regions, and this scarce information has produced a suboptimal management of their populations in the wild. In order to enhance the knowledge on the Sahelian turtle ecology, a field study was carried out in Burkina Faso on the ecology of Pelomedusa subrufa olivacea, a freshwater species inhabiting a wide range of waterbodies throughout West Africa. Reasoned sampling was carried out, resulting in the collection of a total of 196 individuals of Pelomedusa subrufa olivacea. This species shows a relatively balanced distribution of age and sex classes of individuals surveyed in the different study areas. The majority of individuals were observed in specific habitats, confirmed by an aggregative distribution. The potential habitats identified by the MaxEnt model highlight key areas for the conservation of this species in Burkina Faso. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting and restoring temporary and permanent aquatic habitats, and managing human activities to minimize the impact on turtle populations in the West African Sahel.
Ileocolic resection with temporary ileostomy for Crohn's disease: does it affect long‐term disease recurrence compared with primary anastomosis?
Authors: Goldenshluger Michael , Segev Lior
Published: September 2024

Background

We aimed to assess whether the risk of disease recurrence in Crohn's disease (CD) patients that undergone ileocolic resection (ICR) with temporary ileostomy and a later stoma reversal is different compared to patients that underwent a one‐stage operation.

Methods

A single‐center retrospective review of all patients that underwent elective primary ICR for CD between 2010 and 2022 divided into: 2S‐ICR group‐patients who underwent two‐stage ICR. 1S‐ICR group‐patients who underwent one‐stage ICR.

Results

The cohort included 191 patients (mean age 33.4, range 15–70), with 40 and 151 patients in the 2S‐ICR and 1S‐ICR groups, respectively. The 2S‐ICR were more comorbid, with a lower mean BMI (18 vs. 21.3, P < 0.001), higher median ASA score (3 vs. 2, P = 0.036), higher percentage on pre‐operative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (62.5% vs. 24.5%, P < 0.001), and lower levels of pre‐operative albumin (3.3 g/dL vs. 3.8 g/dL, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the overall postoperative complication rate (47.5% vs. 47.7% respectively, P = 1), nor in the rate of severe complications (17.5% vs. 13.2%, P = 0.6), but, the 2S‐ICR had a longer post‐operative length‐of‐stay (14 vs. 6 days, P < 0.001) and higher rates of 30‐day readmission (30% vs. 13.2%, P = 0.017). After an overall median follow‐up of 63 months, the groups showed similar rates of endoscopic, clinical, and surgical recurrence.

Conclusions

Two‐stage ICR with a temporary ileostomy does not change long‐term CD recurrence rates compared with one‐stage ICR.
One‐third of children had clinical signs of developmental coordination disorder 6 months after their international adoption
Authors: Heikkilä Anna‐Riitta , Elovainio Marko , Raaska Hanna , Lapinleimu Helena
Published: September 2024

Aim

Our aim was to fill a gap in the research about the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) among internationally adopted children. We explored the prevalence of signs of DCD and the associations between those and behavioural problems six and 18 months after adoption.

Methods

The data came from the ongoing Finnish Adoption Study 2 and this research focused on the international adoptions of children under 7 years of age between 2012 and 2016. Their motor development was tested with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition to identify DCD symptoms. Behavioural symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Only children aged 3 years plus were tested.

Results

The 95 children (70% boys) arrived in Finland at a mean age of 3.3 years. Six months later, 35% of the 49 children who were tested had clinical DCD symptoms and this has fallen to 13% of 67 at 18 months. Symptoms at 6 months were associated with higher internalising CBCL scores at 18 months.

Conclusion

DCD symptoms in internationally adopted children were double the rate in the general child population 18 months after adoption. Early motor problems 6 months after adoption were associated with later behavioural symptoms.
ERK1/2 pro‐survival signalling is suppressed by pirtobrutinib in ibrutinib‐resistant MYD88‐mutated lymphoma cells
Authors: Munshi M. , Liu X. , Kofides A. , Tsakmaklis N. , Hunter Z. R. , Guerrera M. L. , Canning A. , Gustine J. N. , Liu S. , Hatcher J. M. , Chen J. , Meid K. , Sarosiek S. , Flynn C. A. , Branagan A. R. , von Keudell G. , Palomba L. M. , Castillo J. J. , Yang G. , Treon S. P.
Published: September 2024

Covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase‐inhibitors (cBTK‐i) are highly active in MYD88‐mutated (MYD88Mut) Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia and suppress nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases‐1/2 (ERK1/2)‐related signalling. BTKCys481 mutations are associated with cBTK‐i acquired resistance and are accompanied by reactivation of ERK1/2 that promotes inflammatory cytokine secretion and paracrine‐mediated resistance of BTK wild‐type (BTKWT) tumour cells. Pirtobrutinib is a non‐covalent BTK‐inhibitor that binds at non‐BTKCys481 sites. We show that pirtobrutinib blocked p‐ERK1/2, ERK1/2‐driven inflammatory cytokines, and overcame paracrine‐mediated resistance in MYD88Mut lymphoma cells expressing mutated BTKCys481. Our results provide important mechanistic insights for the activity of pirtobrutinib in MYD88Mut lymphomas carrying BTKCys481 mutations.
Cytogenetic abnormality in non‐systemic light chain amyloidosis monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: A field needs to be explored
Authors: Huang Xianghua
Published: September 2024

The role of cytogenetic abnormalities in non‐systemic light chain amyloidosis monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance diseases still needs to be clarified. Bhutani et al. present the results of a study investigating the underlying plasma cell cytogenetic abnormalities in monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD). The results show that translocation (11;14) is a common abnormality in MIDD and affects the presentation and outcomes.

Commentary on: Bhutani et al. Translocation (11;14) is a common cytogenetic abnormality in clonal plasma cells in monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease. Br J Haematol 2024; 205:1860‐1865.
Philadelphia‐like B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Disease features and outcomes in the era of immunotherapy
Authors: Ashouri Karam , Hom Brian , Ginosyan Anush A. , Rahimi Yekta , Resnick Karen , Nittur Vinay , Hwang Jennifer , Ireland Robert , Ann Brandon , Adnani Blake , Bragasin Eljie Isaak , Chaudhary Preet , Ali Amir , Woan Karrune , Tam Eric Leon , Siddiqi Imran , Ladha Abdullah , Yaghmour George
Published: September 2024

Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐like acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a high‐risk subtype with a gene expression profile similar to Ph‐positive ALL, due to activation of tyrosine kinase signalling. To understand the clinical implications of Ph‐like ALL, this single‐centre retrospective study evaluates outcomes in 268 adults, largely Hispanic ALL patients treated between 2013 and 2024, with a subgroup analysis of 139 haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. ALL subtypes included 68 (25.4%) Ph‐like, 89 (33.2%) Ph‐positive, and 111 (41.4%) Ph‐negative. Ph‐like patients were the youngest age at diagnosis (p = 0.007), most likely to have refractory disease (p < 0.001), and least likely to achieve minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity after induction (p = 0.031). Relative to Ph‐negative ALL, Ph‐like achieved worse event‐free survival (EFS) (HR = 1.66; 95% CI 1.12–2.46; p = 0.012), whereas Ph‐positive had improved EFS (HR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.38–0.93; p = 0.024) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (HR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.35–0.99; p = 0.046). Within the transplant subgroup, Ph status did not impact disease‐free survival (DFS), CIR, or overall survival (OS). However, patients who received blinatumomab within 1‐year pre‐HSCT had improved DFS (HR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.20–0.94; p = 0.034) and CIR (HR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.09–0.75; p = 0.13). In conclusion, our data suggest that Ph‐like is less likely to respond to standard induction therapy and HSCT may result in similar survival outcomes to Ph‐negative ALL.
Communication Partners' Perceptions of Their Roles and Responsibilities in the Design, Planning and Use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication With Individuals With Severe or Profound Intellectual Disability: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Hanley Edina , Dalton Caroline , Lehane Elaine , Martin Anne‐Marie
Published: September 2024

Background

This study explores communication partners' perceptions of their roles and responsibilities in the design, planning and use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with individuals with severe/profound intellectual disability.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Purposive sampling, data collection and qualitative content analysis were undertaken simultaneously. Data were collected from nine participants, four parents and five professionals over 4 months through audio or video‐recorded, semi‐structured, open‐ended interviews.

Findings

An overarching theme ‘Maximising Communication through AAC’ emerged, capturing participants' unanimous agreement that their shared goal was to optimise individuals' communication through AAC. This was influenced by three themes: ‘Developing a Communicative Environment’, ‘The Act of Communicating; Attempting to Realise the Individuals' Ability’ and ‘Living with Uncertainty’.

Conclusions

These findings contribute to enhancing understanding of AAC use with individuals with severe/profound intellectual disability and their communication partners.
Mitigating off‐target effects of small RNAs: conventional approaches, network theory and artificial intelligence
Authors: Bereczki Zoltán , Benczik Bettina , Balogh Olivér M. , Marton Szandra , Puhl Eszter , Pétervári Mátyás , Váczy‐Földi Máté , Papp Zsolt Tamás , Makkos András , Glass Kimberly , Locquet Fabian , Euler Gerhild , Schulz Rainer , Ferdinandy Péter , Ágg Bence
Published: September 2024

Three types of highly promising small RNA therapeutics, namely, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and the RNA subtype of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), offer advantages over small‐molecule drugs. These small RNAs can target any gene product, opening up new avenues of effective and safe therapeutic approaches for a wide range of diseases. In preclinical research, synthetic small RNAs play an essential role in the investigation of physiological and pathological pathways as silencers of specific genes, facilitating discovery and validation of drug targets in different conditions. Off‐target effects of small RNAs, however, could make it difficult to interpret experimental results in the preclinical phase and may contribute to adverse events of small RNA therapeutics. Out of the two major types of off‐target effects we focused on the hybridization‐dependent, especially on the miRNA‐like off‐target effects. Our main aim was to discuss several approaches, including sequence design, chemical modifications and target prediction, to reduce hybridization‐dependent off‐target effects that should be considered even at the early development phase of small RNA therapy. Because there is no standard way of predicting hybridization‐dependent off‐target effects, this review provides an overview of all major state‐of‐the‐art computational methods and proposes new approaches, such as the possible inclusion of network theory and artificial intelligence (AI) in the prediction workflows. Case studies and a concise survey of experimental methods for validating in silico predictions are also presented. These methods could contribute to interpret experimental results, to minimize off‐target effects and hopefully to avoid off‐target‐related adverse events of small RNA therapeutics.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue Non‐coding RNA Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v182.2/issuetoc
The role of focused attention in learning from early childhood to late adolescence: Implications of neonatal brainstem compromise following preterm birth
Authors: Burstein Or , Sabag Maya , Kurtzman Lea , Geva Ronny
Published: September 2024

This comprehensive longitudinal study explored for the first time the interrelations between neonatal brainstem abnormalities, focused attention (FA), and learning—following a preterm cohort (N = 175; 46.3% female; predominantly White) from birth (2003–2006) to 17 years. The findings indicated that FA during early childhood was associated with language outcomes in toddlerhood (n = 131) and academic and attention self‐report indices in late adolescence (n = 44). Pilot assessments indicated that FA at 17 years (n = 25) was also associated with concurrent academic and attention functioning. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that neonatal brainstem functioning, manifested in auditory brainstem response patterns, was associated with early‐life FA competence, which affected learning development. Implications underscore the essential role of early brainstem function and FA in shaping childhood learning trajectories.
Knowledge and perceptions about fragile X syndrome and fragile X‐premutation‐associated conditions among medical doctors in Nigeria
Authors: Mbachu Chioma N. P. , Hagerman Randi , Eseigbe Edwin , Odita Amalachukwu , Mbachu Ikechukwu , Ilikanu Samuel , Akowundu Kasarachi , Ndukwu Chizalu , Echezona Malachy , Okereke Onyedikachi , Echendu Sylvia , Udigwe Ifeoma
Published: September 2024

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a significant cause of intellectual disability and autism, while Fragile X Premutation ‐Associated Conditions (FXPAC) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. This study assessed the level of knowledge and perceptions about FXS and FXPAC among doctors in Nigeria. It was a web‐based, cross‐sectional study conducted among a cohort of doctors in Nigeria. Socio‐demographic profile, knowledge of FXS, perceptions about FXS, knowledge of FXPAC, experience of doctors, and suggested ways of improving knowledge and management of FXS were obtained. Data were analyzed using STATA 16.0. Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests of association were used to determine the association between variables, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. A total of 274 doctors participated in the study. A significant proportion of respondents had limited knowledge about the clinical features of FXS. Nine of ten (90.0%) participants with good knowledge of FXS had good perceptions of FXS management. This was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was a high nonresponse rate to what FXPAC is (164/274, 59.9%) among the respondents because of insufficient knowledge. Suboptimal knowledge of FXS which influenced perception was noted among doctors. More strategies should be considered to improve doctors' knowledge and management of FXS and FXPAC in Nigeria.
Failed endoscopic ultrasound‐guided gallbladder drainage across the duodenal covered metallic stent salvaged by using a forward‐viewing linear echoendoscope
Authors: Ban Tesshin , Kubota Yoshimasa , Joh Takashi
Published: September 2024

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Are population policies in Arab countries largely ineffective? Past and present perspectives
Authors: Nadan Amos
Published: September 2024

This essay explores two types of population policies common in Arab countries: pro‐natalist policies, aimed at encouraging higher birth rates, and anti‐natalist policies, aimed at reducing birth rates. Determining their practical impact is often challenging due to the lack of control or comparison groups. However, historical policy patterns in two groups of Arab countries over the past six decades offer a unique opportunity for comparison. Between the 1970s and 1990s these two groups implemented opposing programs (pro‐ vs. anti‐natalist), followed by predominantly anti‐natalist policies in both groups. By comparing fertility rates between these groups and discussing various factors influencing fertility changes, this study suggests that the influence of population policies in Arab countries may have been smaller than anticipated, to the point that it is questionable whether they have been worthwhile.
Evidence‐based neuroprotective potential of nonfeminizing estrogens: In vitro and in vivo studies
Authors: Bansal Seema , Swami Rajan , Bansal Nitin , Chaudhary Rishabh , Mahendiratta Saniya , Kaur Harpreet , Chopra Kanwaljit , Medhi Bikash
Published: September 2024

Menopause weakens the brain's structural integrity and increases its susceptibility to a range of degenerative and mental illnesses. 17β estradiol (17βE2) exhibits potent neuroprotective properties. Exogenous estrogen supplementation provides neuroprotection, but the findings presented by the Million Women Study (MWS) and the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), as well as the increased risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer and venous thromboembolism associated with estrogen use, have cast doubt on its clinical use for neurological disorders. Thus, the objective of our review article is to compile all in vitro and in vivo studies conducted till date demonstrating the neuroprotective potential of nonfeminizing estrogens. This objective has been achieved by gathering various research and review manuscripts from different records such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science and OVID, using different terms like ‘estrogen deficiency, 17β estradiol, non‐feminising estrogens, and brain disorder’. However, recent evidence has revealed the contribution of numerous non‐estrogen receptor‐dependent pathways in neuroprotective effects of estrogen. In conclusion, synthetic nonfeminizing estrogens that have little or no ER binding but are equally powerful (and in some cases more potent) in delivering neuroprotection are emerging as viable and potential alternatives.
Land use drives the distribution of free, physically protected, and chemically protected soil organic carbon storage at a global scale
Authors: Willard Samuel J. , Liang Guopeng , Adkins Savannah , Foley Karen , Murray Jessica , Waring Bonnie
Published: September 2024

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is increasingly emphasized as a climate mitigation solution, as scientists, policy makers, and land managers prioritize enhancing belowground C storage. To identify key underlying drivers of total SOC distributions, we compiled a global dataset of soil C stocks held in three chemical forms, reflecting different mechanisms of organic C protection: free particulate organic C (fPOC), physically protected particulate organic C (oPOC), and mineral‐protected soil organic C (mSOC). In our dataset, these three SOC pools were differentially sensitive to the effects of climate, soil mineralogy, and ecosystem type, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between physical and chemical C protection mechanisms. C stocks in all three pools varied among ecosystems: cropland soils stored the least amount in each pool, with forest and grassland soils both containing significantly more fPOC (40%–60% greater in each ecosystem) than croplands. oPOC stocks did not significantly differ from zero in croplands but were substantial in forest and grassland soils. Meanwhile, mSOC stocks were the greatest in grasslands and shrublands (90%–100% greater than croplands). In cropland soils, there were no major effects of tillage on C storage in any of the three pools, while manure addition enhanced mSOC stocks, especially when added with inorganic N. Thus, the human land use intensity in croplands appears to reduce SOC storage in all major pools, depending upon management; retaining native vegetation should be emphasized to maintain current global SOC stocks.
Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hemophilic arthropathy: The role of angiogenesis
Authors: Caliogna Laura , Berni Micaela , Torriani Camilla , Mancuso Maria Elisa , Di Minno Matteo Nicola Dario , Brancato Alice Maria , Jannelli Eugenio , Mosconi Mario , Pasta Gianluigi
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The term ‘chronic inflammatory arthritis’ (IA) can be used to define a group of heterogeneous diseases in which inflammation of the synovium is the common feature while having different pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. This condition can be found in osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and hemophilic arthropathy (HA).

Aim

The objective is to try to highlight similarities and differences in the three pathological conditions and understand both molecular and physiological mechanisms.

Method

We have carried out a systematic review of the available literature following the guidelines Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA).

Results

By comparing the data in the literature on OA, RA, and HA we have shown that the three pathologies differ in initial etiology but they motivate the same molecular pathways.

Conclusion

In this review we highlighted the similarities and differences between these diseases, creating ideas for future studies both in vivo and in vitro to develop new therapeutic agents and suggest possible biomarkers to follow the evolution and severity of the disease.
Improvement of BGO ceramic scintillators through hot‐pressing sintering methodology
Authors: Matos Ivus L. O. , Andrade Adriano B. , Batista Joana S. B. , Lilge Tatiane S. , Macedo Zélia S. , Valerio Mário E. G.
Published: September 2024

In the present work, the sintering of bismuth germanate through hot pressing and the improvement of scintillator performance were investigated. The linear shrinkage, crystalline structure, microstructure, transparency degree, and radioluminescence (RL) were studied as functions of the sintering pressure. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the samples were predominantly composed of the Bi4Ge3O12 phase, accompanied by small amounts of Bi12GeO20, with concentrations varying according to the sintering parameters. These concentrations were quantified through Rietveld refinement, which also indicated a tendency for the cell parameters to shrink as the sintering pressure increased. The microstructure of the ceramic pellets produced under varying hot‐pressing parameters was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing that while the grain size was preserved, the porosity and grain boundary thickness were reduced by the hot pressing, forming a quasicontinuum in some areas of the sample. The RL of all the samples exhibited a green color, with a maximum at 540 nm, ascribed to the transitions from the 3P0,1,21P1 excited states to the fundamental 1S0 state of the Bi3+ ions. For samples sintered under a pressure of .18 MPa, the enhancement in the optical transmittance, accompanied by a 61.36% increase in light output at the maximum wavelength, was observed.
Pediatric dermatophyte onychomycosis: a review
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Taylor Daniel
Published: September 2024

Recent studies have reported an increase in pediatric onychomycosis prevalence worldwide, suggesting that this population may be increasingly affected by the infection. A summary of the epidemiological impact, antifungal treatment options, special considerations for at‐risk subpopulations, and methods to prevent infection and recurrence are discussed. A systematic review of available epidemiological studies found the worldwide prevalence of culture‐confirmed pediatric toenail onychomycosis to be 0.33%, with no significant increases in prevalence over time. A systematic review of studies investigating the efficacy of various antifungals in treating pediatric onychomycosis found high cure rates and low frequency of adverse events with systemic itraconazole and terbinafine; however, the studies are few, dated, and lack impact because of small sample sizes. Comparatively, clinical trials implementing FDA‐approved topical antifungal treatments report slightly reduced cure rates with larger sample sizes. Patients with immunity‐altering conditions, such as Down's syndrome, or those immunosuppressed because of chemotherapy or HIV/AIDS are at a greater risk of onychomycosis infection and require special consideration with treatment. Proper sanitization and hygiene practices are necessary to reduce the risk of acquiring infection. Early diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis in children, as well as any affected close contacts, are crucial in reducing the impact of the disease.
Effect of different precooling methods on the physicochemical changes, water migration and myofibrillar protein characteristics of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) during cold storage
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Chi , Mei Jun , Xie Jing
Published: September 2024

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of slurry ice (SI) in physicochemical changes, water migration, myofibrillar protein characterisation, and extended shelf life during cold storage of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). SI provided faster cooling rate, better structural stability of muscle tissue, and a significant reduction in total viable count (TVC). In addition, the use of SI treatment resulted in a considerable reduction in total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) and pH. The results of the texture profile analysis (TPA) demonstrated that SI had a significant inhibitory effect on the reduction of hardness, springiness, resilience, and chewiness. In addition, SI treatment better maintained a well‐structured myofibrillar protein stabilising the tertiary structure. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that SI treatment could retard the water migration. Furthermore, the results of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that SI treatment of pufferfish effectively slowed down the degradation of their myofibrillar protein fraction throughout the cold storage.
Chirality differences of three borneols contribute to controlling Escherichia coli biofilm formation by chemotaxis mediating movement
Authors: Cai Xinyu , Zhou Yingning , Fan Penghui , Ma Lin , Su Jianyu
Published: September 2024

Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilm is the major cause of its high lethality in foodborne illness. Controlling E. coli biofilm formation is a critical way to reduce foodborne diseases. Here, chiral borneol isomers (L‐borneol, D‐borneol, and isoborneol) were identified as E. coli chemorepellents, which reduced reversible adhesion at the initial stage of biofilm formation. Borneols directly inhibited biofilm production and their inhibitory capacities were associated with the chiral stereochemical structures (L‐borneol > D‐borneol > isoborneol). A transcriptomic study revealed the inhibitory mechanism of borneols was attributed to the bacterial motility intention and motility energy system. The most effective isomer, L‐borneol, reduced bacterial energy metabolism and increased E. coli chemotaxis motility intention through the up‐regulation of genes associated with flagellar assembly and bacterial chemotaxis pathways. This work demonstrates that borneols are biofilm inhibitors and supports the potential of borneols as a stereochemical antimicrobial strategy to reduce foodborne pathogenic bacterial contamination.
Effects of fortified electrolyte drink on cognitive, mood, and nutritional parameters: a randomised, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Wong Zhi Qi , Yap Shing Luo , Wong Tak Hiong , Tsai Meng‐Che , Tan Seok Tyug , Tan Seok Shin , Tan Chin Xuan
Published: September 2024

Electrolyte drinks contain charged minerals and are easily accessible in the market. It has become popular for the food and beverage industry to add nutrients and/or active ingredients to electrolyte drinks and market them as functional beverages. This study aims to determine the interactive effects of electrolyte drinks added caffeine, glucose, and B‐group vitamins (FED) on cognitive, mood index, and nutritional parameters. A total of 34 university students participated in this randomised, single‐blind, and placebo‐controlled study. Participants in the intervention group consumed 500 mL of FED, while participants in the control group consumed 500 mL of an electrolyte drink (ED). Baseline and post‐intervention data on cognitive performance, mood index, blood glucose, blood pressure, heart rate, and urine specific gravity were measured. Results indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) in post‐intervention cognitive performance scores for simple reaction time, choice reaction time, verbal paired associates, visual paired associates, and digit symbol matching between the FED and ED groups. Levels of fatigue, confusion, and total mood disturbance (TMD) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by 46.50%, 62.75%, and 9.54%, respectively, following FED consumption. Post‐intervention data indicated no differences between the FED and ED groups in blood pressure, heart rate, and urine specific gravity, except for the blood glucose parameter, in which the blood glucose level of the FED group was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the ED group. This study indicates that FED consumed in a realistic dose can reduce fatigue, confusion, and TMD. Further studies with a higher caffeine dosage, but within the safe range, could be conducted to investigate the cognitive enhancement potential of FED.
Efficient CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Dayton Jacob N. , Tran Tammy T. , Saint‐Denis Elisa , Dopman Erik B.
Published: September 2024

The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) is an agricultural pest and burgeoning model for research on speciation, seasonal adaptation and insect resistance management. Although previous work in O. nubilalis has identified genes associated with differences in life cycle, reproduction, and resistance to Bt toxins, the general lack of a robust gene‐editing protocol for O. nubilalis has been a barrier to functional validation of candidate genes. Here, we demonstrate an efficient and practical methodology for heritable gene mutagenesis in O. nubilalis using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Precise loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutations were generated at two circadian clock genes, period (per) and pigment‐dispersing factor receptor (pdfr), and a developmental gene, prothoracicotropic hormone (ptth). Precluding the need for a visible genetic marker, gene‐editing efficiency remained high across different single guide RNAs (sgRNA) and germline transmission of mutations to F1 offspring approached 100%. When single or dual sgRNAs were injected at a high concentration, gene‐specific phenotypic differences in behaviour and development were identified in F0 mutants. Specifically, F0 gene mutants demonstrated that PER, but not PDFR, is essential for normal timing of eclosion. PTTH F0 mutants were significantly heavier and exhibited a higher incidence of diapause. This work will accelerate future studies of gene function in O. nubilalis and facilitate the development of similar screens in other Lepidopteran and non‐model insects.
The “Smile Design and Space” Concept for Altering Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and Esthetic Restorative Material Selection
Authors: Lassmann Łukasz , Calamita Marcelo A. , Blatz Markus B.
Published: September 2024

Objective

This article introduces the smile design and space (SDS) concept for managing the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in full‐mouth reconstructions and its influence on the selection of esthetic restorative materials. Limitations of traditional VDO adjustment methods are being addressed through a facially driven treatment approach that enhances esthetics improves function and minimizes invasiveness.

Clinical Considerations

The SDS concept involves detailed evaluations of the incisal edges of the maxillary central incisors in relation to the upper lip at rest and at full smile. This includes analyzing variations in incisal exposure due to differing lip mobility, which can significantly impact gingival esthetics, particularly in cases with gingival exposure during smiling. The concept employs a strategic formula to determine the necessary alterations in VDO based on specific dental relationships and wear patterns.

Conclusions

The SDS concept provides guidelines for full‐mouth reconstructions, emphasizing minimal invasiveness and the integration of esthetics with functional dynamics to enhance the predictability of clinical outcomes and reduce complications associated with traditional restoration techniques.

Clinical Significance

The SDS concept enhances the precision of full‐mouth reconstructions through individualized adjustment of the VDO, tailored to the esthetic and functional requirements of each patient.
Dexmedetomidine for agitation in dementia: Current data and future direction
Authors: Murphy Kayla S. , Golden Julia C. , Tampi Rajesh R.
Published: September 2024

Background

The incidence and prevalence of dementia, and thus dementia‐related behavioral and psychological symptoms, are increasing significantly. Currently, there are limited safe and efficacious options for treating these symptoms. Dexmedetomidine has been used for agitation related to delirium and showed significant benefit in prior studies. This raises the question whether dexmedetomidine could also provide a safe and effective treatment for BPSD, including agitation related to dementia.

Methods

Our team searched PubMed, Cochrane Database, and Ovid with the terms dexmedetomidine and dementia. Only studies published in English language journals, or with official English language translations, and human studies were included. All reports of dexmedetomidine for dementia were included regardless of study type.

Results

No completed studies on dexmedetomidine for agitation in dementia were identified. The TRANQUILITY study is in progress, although results are yet to be published.

Conclusion

Dexmedetomidine has shown benefit for hospital delirium and for agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, there are no completed studies published on dexmedetomidine for agitation in dementia. Controlled studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess the efficacy, safety, and the best route of administration for this drug in managing BPSD including agitation.
Trifold origin of the reptilian ear ossicle and its relation to the evolutionary modification of the temporal skull region
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar , Bronzati Mario
Published: September 2024

Whereas mammals are characterized by the presence of three middle ear ossicles, reptiles have only one, the columella (stapes). Nevertheless, there is a great diversity of columellar anatomy among sauropsids, especially in the unique and cartilaginous “extracolumella”‐portion. Molecular studies revealed the “columella” of chicken and quails to be formed within the second pharyngeal arch, although conflicting evidence exists for the columellar footplate and distal parts of the columella in these birds. We studied columellar development in four turtles, one lizard, and one caiman species and argue, using early blastematous stages, that, distally, the so‐called “extracolumella” in turtles is mainly of quadrate, that is, first pharyngeal arch origin. Differently, the dorsal aspect of the “extracolumella” of the lizard and a part of the “dorsal columella process” of the caiman are likely quadrate‐derived. This indicates only a partial homology of the distal columellar compartments among reptiles. Moreover, we observed in most species that, at early stages, the footplate differentiates from the otic capsule, which confirms widespread experimental findings of mesodermal cells contributing to the proximal part of the columella. We provide a hypothetical framework for the changes in the columella and quadrate morphology in reptilian evolution. Originally, as evidenced by the fossil record, the columella served as a stabilizing brace between the quadrate and braincase. Associated with changes in the feeding mode of late Permian taxa, the quadrate was integrated along the stress flows from biting, and in early development part of the quadrate differentiated to differently contribute to the distal part of the “columella‐complex,” which now contacts the tympanic membrane. In addition, part of the original otic capsule contributes to the footplate of the mobile columella, providing a connection with the inner ear.