bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcing the International Court of Justice
Authors: Amirfar Catherine , Lavaud Floriane
Published: September 2024

This chapter explores the history and opportunities for cooperation between the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice as the executive and judicial organs of the United Nations working toward the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council and the ICJ have mutually reinforcing roles in the post–World War II order. Section I of this chapter discusses how the Court can support the Council, including through advisory opinions under Article 96 of the UN Charter. Section II explores how the Council can in turn support the International Court of Justice, including by enforcing its judgments under Article 94(2) of the Charter and encouraging states to accept the Court’s jurisdiction and to refer their disputes for judicial settlement pursuant to Article 36(3) of the Charter. In so doing, the Council can be more effective in upholding the rule of law and maintaining international peace and security.
Enforcing the Rome Statute and the Geneva Conventions
Authors: Bensouda Fatou
Published: September 2024

Enforcement of international criminal law is key to averting the vicious cycle of violence and retribution; justice is essential for achieving sustainable peace and security. Ensuring criminal accountability for violations of the Rome Statute and the Geneva Conventions is not only necessary for purposes of punishing perpetrators but also serves as a deterrent to prevent genocide and other mass atrocity crimes. Despite the setbacks and challenges, the international community has made great progress advancing international criminal justice. The universal values of human rights and calls for ending impunity, including for heads of state and government, increasingly define this new century. The Security Council’s strong, consistent, and vocal support for the International Criminal Court and other transitional justice mechanisms can usher in a world that is less prone to conflict and more respectful of the rule of law. These goals are not only laudable but necessary for the sake of humanity.
Strengthening Regional Cooperation
Authors: Malovrh Boštjan
Published: September 2024

The chapter explores the challenges and possibilities of greater cooperation between the Security Council and the regional arrangements. Without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for international peace and security, Chapter VIII of the UN Charter foresees a robust role for regional arrangements both in the peaceful settlement of disputes as well as through collective measures including the use of force. “Regional frameworks and organizations are critical building blocks for the networked multilateralism” envisaged in the Secretary-General’s New Agenda for Peace. In matters concerning international peace and security, from preventive diplomacy, to early peacekeeping deployments, to enforcement actions under Chapter VIII, the Security Council, has cooperated with regional arrangements as envisioned in Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. The chapter explores how the Security Council can do more to strengthen regional cooperation to maintain international peace and security and to fulfill the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Conclusion
Authors: Khalil Mona Ali , Lavaud Floriane
Published: September 2024

The conclusion reaffirms the co-authors’ belief in the United Nations and its Charter as a viable path to a more just, peaceful, and secure world. It summarizes the main theme of each of the ten chapters, in which the authors aspire to a more representative and empowered membership of the Security Council; seek more legitimate and effective action to prevent and respond to aggression and mass atrocity crimes; urge restraint in the use of the veto by the permanent members of the Council; call for greater resort to the General Assembly as well as to the international courts; and encourage greater cooperation with regional organizations and other international security arrangements. Ultimately, the co-authors appeal to member States to recommit to the UN’s purposes and principles. and toembrace the proposals made in the book for the sake of current and future generations.
Recklessness in Tort
Authors: Goldberg John C.P. , Zipursky Benjamin C.
Published: September 2024

Unlike “Intentional Torts,” “Negligence,” and “Strict Liability,” “Recklessness” is not the name of a tort category. However, it does make sporadic appearances in tort law, often in cases that seem to fall between established categories; in this sense, it operates interstitially within the field. In fact, recklessness plays this role in two very different ways. In the law of defamation and fraud, it amounts to something less than full-fledged knowledge of falsity but more than negligence or even gross negligence, thus setting the lower boundary of malice. In other tort settings—including the application of certain assumption-of-risk doctrines—it again involves more than negligence, but less than full-fledged intentionality, but here it sets an upper boundary for negligence, namely, the point at which conduct becomes so unjustifiably dangerous that no-liability arguments that are viable in response to ordinary negligent conduct lose their force. We contend that attention to the ways in which recklessness serves as a fine-tuning mechanism in tort law can illuminate philosophical debates about the nature of recklessness, as well as jurisprudential inquiries concerning interstitial legal concepts.
Abyei Arbitration
Authors: Daly Brooks W , Schofield Garth
Published: September 2024

Initiated in 2008, the Abyei Arbitration con-cerned an internal boundary delimitation in the context of Sudan’s North-South civil war (→ Sudan). The → boundaries in question having already been delimited through the processes provided for in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (‘CPA’), the dispute presented the question of whether the expert panel responsible for performing the initial delimitation exceeded their mandate. The Tribunal’s detailed elaboration of the standard of review for allegations of excess of mandate constitutes the Award’s (Government of Sudan v Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army [Abyei Arbitration] [Final Award]) principal contribution to international law. The case also presents a unique example of the resolution of an intrastate border dispute in the context of an armed conflict through speedy and public → arbitration.
Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005)/Accra Agenda for Action (2008)
Authors: Dann Philipp , Vierck Leonie
Published: September 2024

The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (‘Paris Declaration’) and the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action (‘AAA’) created five principles advancing aid effectiveness, namely: ownership; harmonization; alignment; results; and mutual accountability. They were designed within the Development Assistance Committee (‘DAC’) of the → Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and apply to various participating countries, international organizations, and civil society organizations. The AAA followed up the Paris Declaration with more concrete steps integrating a wider range of development partners. Both documents have dominated recent development discourse and practice while their legal nature remains uncertain.
The Evaluation of Different Forms of Evidence
Authors: McDermott Yvonne
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines some general features of the framework for evidence evaluation in international criminal trials, including the principles of flexibility and free evaluation of the evidence; the need to exercise caution in certain circumstances; the duty to provide a reasoned opinion, and the principle of in dubio pro reo. It then discusses how judges evaluate the credibility and reliability of witness testimony, including special categories of witnesses such as expert witnesses and insider witnesses. Important factors in determining how much weight to afford to witness accounts include consistency, plausibility, demeanour and apparent sincerity, indications of collusion or witness interference, relationship to the accused, bias and motivation, contradictions with earlier statements or other evidence on the record, and the impact of trauma and the passage of time. Lastly, this chapter provides an account of how particular types of evidence, such as prior recorded testimony, NGO and media reports, demonstrative evidence, intercepts, audio-visual evidence, and technical evidence such as forensic or ballistic evidence, are weighed. In keeping with a common theme of this work, this chapter demonstrates that there is a great deal of flexibility built into the legal frameworks of the international criminal tribunals, with wide judicial discretion over how much weight to afford to distinct pieces of evidence, which tends to be determined on a case-by-case basis. This discretion has led to some divergent approaches, with uncertainty at times about what information the tendering party needs to provide when submitting a piece of evidence to demonstrate its probative value.
Introduction
Authors: Guerrero Alexander
Published: September 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the book as a whole. It highlights the two main aims of the book. First (in Part I), to present a case against the use of elections to select representatives. Second (in Part II), to present and defend an alternative political system, a lottocratic system, that uses lotteries rather than elections to select representatives. This introductory chapter provides a detailed chapter-by-chapter guide to the plan for the book, which also serves to provide an overview of the argument on behalf of lottocracy.
Lessening Distortion, Improving Agential Performance
Authors: Guerrero Alexander
Published: September 2024

This chapter argues that lottocracy would constitute a significant improvement with respect to problems of distortion. Part I documented distortion in electoral systems under modern political conditions, with a central example being the capture of elected representatives. Capture in electoral systems results from a lack of meaningful accountability caused by voter ignorance, ignorance caused in part by elite capture of news media; and generalist legislatures enabling policymaking on many issues to remain in the shadows. Elections also heighten short-term bias. Elections intensify political division, creating distortion through ingroup/outgroup dynamics that shift political focus to partisan warfare with victory as the end, rather than cooperative, empathetic problem identifying and problem solving as the end. And elections select a non-representative elite, with different interests and priorities than the full political community. This chapter draws attention to the ways in which lottocratic systems eliminate some sources of distortion by eliminating elections and their connection to capture, division, distraction, and elitism. This chapter also considers how distortive threats might reemerge in a lottocratic system and discusses how those threats might be addressed. I argue that shifting to a lottocratic system would cause a significant overall decrease in distortion and a corresponding increase in the sensibility of the political system, at least when compared to electoral systems operating in modern political conditions. But this case must be made carefully, considering how those distortive forces might try to reassert themselves in new guises, and how new distortions might arise in the regular operation of lottocratic institutions.
Getting There from Here
Authors: Guerrero Alexander
Published: September 2024

This chapter, the final chapter of the book, considers the moral and practical questions involved in moving to a lottocratic political system. The chapter begins with some general arguments concerning the epistemic and ethical issues that arise when contemplating, encouraging, and pursuing radical political change of any kind. These issues concern the appropriate levels of epistemic uncertainty, the moral requirement of informed consent, the ethical importance of maintaining epistemic sensitivity to new information, and the ethical demand for respect even of those who resist the political change. These ethical considerations, intertwined with epistemic considerations, recommend several “best practices” for radical political change, which the chapter presents and discusses. Moving to consider the transition to lottocracy more specifically, the chapter argues in favor of a small-scale, incremental, experimentalist approach to gather evidence, build familiarity with the institutions, and make it more difficult for elites to manipulate the public perception of lottocratic institutions.
Globalizing Physics: One Hundred Years of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. An Introductory Essay
Authors: Lalli Roberto , Navarro Jaume
Published: September 2024

In this “Introduction,” the editors sketch the rationale and process leading to the volume as well as its main themes. The volume discusses the history of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) through contributions addressing both general developments and specific cases that highlight key aspects of IUPAP’s role in both physics and international affairs. Four themes emerge from the book’s chapters. First, the question of IUPAP’s function and modes of operation in the changing historical context with several authors understanding the institution primarily as a science diplomacy organization. Second, the role of IUPAP in the scientific realm, focusing especially on standardization, education, disciplinary, and sub-disciplinary boundary work, and community formation in physics in the international arena. Third, to what extent IUPAP’s history was special even though the historical context and the political issues were the same for all scientific unions of the ICSU family. Finally, the relations between individual agency and institutional inertia in shaping the unfolding of the institution as well as the function IUPAP played for specific individuals.
Discovering the World’s Private Sector
Authors: Levy Daniel C.
Published: September 2024

Chapter 1 paints with broad strokes how the world’s higher education has transformed from mostly public near monopoly national systems to dual-sector ones. The private sector of higher education has grown tremendously, changing not only higher education itself but also its inter-relationship with multifaceted dynamics involving society and the state. Notwithstanding similarities and blurring between private and public higher education, private–public distinctiveness is significant. Moreover, dissection of the private sector reveals patterned shapes of private–private distinctions as well, in turn revealing how different components of PHE differ differently from the public sector. To understand the evolved and still meaningfully evolving realities, the chapter brings into play social science literatures on privatization, nonprofit sectors, higher education studies, and policymaking models. Chapter 1 further outlines the book’s central purposes, assessing those against extant knowledge of private higher education (PHE), and then delineates the scope and boundaries of the book’s broad concerns. A central claim is that the book will deliver not only massive new information but also analysis through multiple conceptual perspectives, discovering meaningful patterns within PHE dynamics, including private–public and private–private dynamics.
Inside the Private Sector
Authors: Levy Daniel C.
Published: September 2024

Chapter 3 presents and explains the book’s typology of PHE, including its historical roots and the forces, empirical in the changing real world, and methodological in depicting them, that have led to revisions of the typology. Private and public sectors comprise the higher education system; the PHE typology breaks down the private sector. Like ideal types generally, the typology both reflects patterns empirically discovered to date and helps guide our further exploration. The private sector has three principal subsectors—identity, elite, and non-elite—each then warranting a chapter that penetrates inside the subsector to types (e.g., religious) and even subtypes (e.g., Catholic). Forms and even sub-forms (e.g., for-profit international chains) are concretely identifiable structures that can cross-cut subsectors, while shown to concentrate notably in the non-elite subsector. As it cuts across PHE components, the PHE typology naturally highlights patterns of private–private distinctiveness and similarities.
Inside the Identity Subsector
Authors: Levy Daniel C.
Published: September 2024

As it commonly does in practice, the identity PHE takes the lead in consecutive chapters’ consideration of individual subsectors. Likewise, religious PHE takes the lead in reality and in the chapter’s analysis of identity types, with Catholic showing some primacy as subtype. Both historically and still today, religion is by far the preponderant identity type. But persistence faces enormous challenges of mission dilution and drift amid secularizing society. On smaller scales, mission challenges appear in patterned similar and different ways for gender and ethnic group-based institutions as well. Public ‘cousin’ group institutions are most common for the ethnic setting whereas private institutions with group orientations weaker than identity status are the common cousins of identity religious and gender institutions. Alongside major similarities and differences among private group institutions, the continued presence of identity PHE marks powerful distinctiveness from the mainstream public sector, tracing many classic features of nonprofit private functioning.
The Non-Elite Subsector
Authors: Levy Daniel C.
Published: September 2024

The enrolment bulk of global PHE is non-elite, secular, and includes much rather nondescript, mediocre higher education that largely copies extant practice. Even where this limits functional distinctiveness between private and public, however, private–public distinctiveness remains generally quite salient in both finance and governance, the PHE much more rooted in and serving specific private interests in the market and society. Where not mediocre, non-elite PHE often warrants the negative stereotypes drawn of its low quality, low yield, deception, and fraud. On the other hand, such maladies are common in non-elite public higher education as well and much non-elite PHE offers much more than just access to those unaccommodated by public supply. Product-oriented non-elite PHE is pointedly job-oriented, often with serious practical training and attractive distinctiveness from the public non-elite norm. Additionally, abundant new or fast expanding mostly non-elite and overlapping forms (for-profit, short-cycle, non-university, colleges affiliated to domestic or international universities, open-university, family-owned, etc.) extend the enormous differentiation and patterns of private–public distinction even as older PHE incarnations may blur increasingly with public counterparts.
Over the Seas and on the Land
Authors: Badoud Nathan
Published: September 2024

Chapter 5 explores the meaning of the Colossus of Rhodes. According to Pliny, the aim of the statue was to celebrate Rhodes’ resistance to the siege that Demetrius Poliorcetes inflicted on the city from 305 to 304 bc. This explanation is not incorrect but largely insufficient. The analysis of the epigram once cut on the base of the Colossus makes its purpose clear: to place the Rhodian empire under the permanent protection of Helios. This empire was born from the annexation of part of the Asian mainland, an event that occurred after Demetrius’ departure in 304 bc. The Rhodians decided to make the Colossus the tallest statue of the world to allow for its vision from the newly incorporated territories, 13 km away. The chapter then follows two paths. The first is the rivalry between Rhodians and Macedonians, which is key to a proper understanding and dating of the Nike of Samothrace. The second is the phraseology of the epigram, which returns in Lycophron’s Alexandra. This poem and several other documents are reconsidered in the context of the emergence of Rhodes and Rome as imperial powers in the early Hellenistic period.
OECD Anti-Corruption Initiatives
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

The chapter contains a detailed analysis of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions as well the 2021 Recommendation for Further Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. It also notes: • Recommendation of the Council on tax measures for further combating bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions • Recommendation on bribery and officially supported export credits • Recommendation of the Council for development cooperation actors on managing the risk of corruption • Recommendation on principles for transparency and integrity in lobbying • OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises on responsible business conduct The Working Group on Bribery (WGB) on the effective implementation of the Anti-Bribery Convention is examined. The Outreach Programmes are also noted.
United StatesLegislation and Action
Authors: Nicholls Colin , Bacarese Alan , Maton James , Scott Rachel , Hatchard John
Published: September 2024

This Chapter explains the provisions of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, which has proved to be the most significant anti-corruption law that applies to international business. The Chapter describes the FCPA’s anti-bribery and accounting provisions, explains how FCPA violations are investigated and enforced, outlines the consequences of FCPA violations, and summarizes some of the major cases and settlements under the legislation. In addition, the Chapter explains the components of an effective FCPA compliance programme. That guidance is also of assistance to evaluating adequate procedures under the Bribery Act 2010. The Chapter also includes a comparison of the FCPA and Bribery Act 2010.
Aesthetic Injustice
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2024

There are many aesthetic cultures, and groups with different aesthetic cultures can come in contact with one another, sometimes resulting in conflict. An aesthetic injustice is a failure of policies in large-scale social arrangements to manage the contact well and avoid conflict. This book articulates and defends the cosmopolitan theory of aesthetic injustice: a large-scale social arrangement is aesthetically unjust when and only when it harms people in their capacities as aesthetic agents, thereby subverting interests in the value diversity and social autonomy of aesthetic cultures. It contrasts aesthetic injustice with related phenomena. It presents three cases studies of the aesthetic injustice in cultural appropriation, ideals of bodily beauty, and access to aesthetic resources for disabled people and members of minority identity groups.
The Aesthetic Capacities
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2024

Aesthetic injustice involves harms to people in their aesthetic capacities. This chapter characterizes the capacities as acquired in aesthetic cultures. Two theories of aesthetic value are introduced. According to aesthetic hedonism, aesthetic cultures foster hedonic capacities. According to the network theory, each aesthetic culture involves an aesthetic profile, a conception of the aesthetic good, that enables members of a group with an aesthetic culture to coordinate with one another on sundry tasks. Only the network theory is markedly social, rooted, normative, and pro-diversity. It implies aesthetic value pluralism. As a result, it explains why aesthetic cultures accommodate respect for the values of others’ aesthetic cultures.
How local governments avoid floodplain development through consistent implementation of routine municipal ordinances, plans, and programs
Authors: Siders A R , Niemann-Morris Jennifer , Hino Miyuki , Shields Elizabeth , Cano Pecharroman Lidia , Doeffinger Tess , Gerber-Chavez Logan , Huang Ju-Ching , Lafferty Alexandra , Tamima Salvesila , Williams Caroline , Agopian Armen , Samoray Christopher , Mach Katharine J
Published: September 2024

Avoiding floodplain development is critical for limiting flood damage, yet there is little empirical evidence of how local governments effectively avoid floodplain development. We conduct a mixed-methods study to explain how local floodplain management influences floodplain development in New Jersey, a state with high development pressure and flood risk. We find that 85% of towns developed relatively little in the floodplain from 2001 to 2019, and they achieved this with commonplace land use management tools and modest levels of local government capacity. One hundred twenty-six New Jersey towns put none of their new housing in the floodplain 2001–2019. Our findings run counter to common reports of rampant floodplain development requiring legal innovation and capacity-building campaigns and suggest alternative approaches for promoting floodplain avoidance. We find multiple paths to floodplain avoidance, weak support for previously identified drivers, and strong evidence that the keys to avoidance include having a few high-quality tools that are well-implemented, requiring consistency, coordination, and commitment of local officials. The multiple paths and importance of maximum, rather than average, quality might explain the mixed evidence in prior research connecting floodplain management actions and development outcomes. A lack of attention to towns that limit floodplain development impedes our ability to learn from and disseminate their successes. Contrary to our expectations, we show that floodplain avoidance can be and is achieved through routine municipal practices. Our findings underscore the importance of sustained commitment to development management as a core tool for limiting flood risk.
Musical Culture under Mughal Patronage: The Place of Pleasure
Authors: Butler Schofield Katherine
Published: September 2024

This chapter theorizes the place of Hindustani music in Mughal thought and social life, from the last decades of Akbar’s reign until the death of Aurangzeb ‘Alamgir I (1707). Mughal understandings of the human being, and thus of the social and political worlds, were dominated by two parallel binaries deriving from Persianate discourse on ethics and proper governance: the inner struggle between reason and the emotions anger and desire; and the outer struggle between duty and pleasure. For virtue to prevail, reason and duty must ultimately master desire and pleasure. This mastery had to be displayed to the world if it were to be deemed a virtue at all. Hindustani music was understood in Mughal writings as the sonic vehicle of the emotions joy, love, and longing, which belonged to the domain of desire. Musical patronage and connoisseurship therefore became a major social and political arena in which the inner struggle to place desire under rational control could be outwardly manifested. Patronage and connoisseurship of music, recited poetry, dance, youthful beauty, and other ephemeral phenomena were the core practices of the domain of pleasure in the Mughal world, conducted largely within the intimate social institution of the majlis or mehfil (assembly). Listening to music in the majlis could be dangerous for Mughal men because of its exploration of desire, but music was simultaneously indispensable to Mughal courtiers because of its use value in fortifying the primary Mughal virtue of male-to-male affection and as a cure for physical and mental disease.
Contact and Continuity: The Arts of Sindh
Authors: Quraishi Fatima
Published: September 2024

This chapter analyzes the artistic products of Sindh between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, a period during which Sindh underwent multiple political shifts, including its incorporation into the Mughal empire in 1592. Although Sindh has long been understood as a place of encounters, connected by the overland trade routes between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent and the maritime trade network of the Indian Ocean, this chapter also seriously considers the role of local actors and contexts in shaping material culture. It demonstrates how artisans and builders in Sindh were active participants in transcultural artistic traditions and produced objects in a distinct regional style. Through such an examination, this chapter positions the Mughal interventions in Sindh as part of a longer historical narrative rather than as a major rupture from existing traditions.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Dena S.
Published: September 2024

This Handbook looks at the meaning of parenthood, the creation of families, and assisted reproductive technologies from the perspective of the Abrahamic traditions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
A Long Road to a Catholic Theology of Parenthood
Authors: Swaner Ann Shepard Feeley
Published: September 2024

The theology and ethics of procreation and reproduction and parenthood has traditionally been firmly tied to the theology and ethics of marriage and sexuality in the Roman Catholic Tradition. Conceptions of parenthood are related to conceptions of childhood and both are always considered in the context of “family.” The focus on sexual ethics has tended to make parenthood something of an underdeveloped afterthought. In recent years lay theologians have tried to place family ethics into a larger context of social ethics rather than the more limited arena of sexual ethics; in so doing they are beginning to fill out the content of a specifically Catholic theology of parenthood. This chapter will trace the history of this topic in Scripture and Tradition and in modern magisterial and revisionist theological teaching, and point to some of the concerns and new directions in the discussions in the twenty-first century.
The Roman Catholic Position on Abortion
Authors: Lee Patrick
Published: September 2024

This article sets out what the teaching of the Catholic Church on abortion is and connects it to the basic principles in Scripture and Church teaching that ground it. It explains how the Church has added precision to this teaching and applied it to disputed cases, and examines how the philosophical issues this teaching has raised have been addressed by Catholic philosophers and theologians. It treats the question of what entities have inherent dignity, the relationship between being a person and a human being, and the relationship between intentional killing and causing death as a side effect.
Muslim Reproductive Ethics
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz
Published: September 2024

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) provides Islamic bioethics a rare opportunity to analyze the ethical ramifications of the impact of science and technology on the sexual and asexual procreation in the light of certain reproductive technologies that transgress the boundaries of normal sexual reproduction. This chapter explores previously under-examined issues of gender, embodiment, and human dignity in Islamic bioethics as they appear in ARTs—including those that involve third-party sperm donors. Building on earlier discussions of normatively conceived human procreation, the threat to the preservation of untainted homologous lineage appears greatest to the multiple parties involved in cases of heterologous ARTs. Whereas homologous ARTs are completely acceptable by all Muslim jurists, heterologous ARTs pose potential problems in Shari‘a, and need additional attention and safeguards. This study also has implications for the development of Islamic bioethics generally, by showing the crucial need to account for well-defined values that govern gender relations not directly and coherently addressed by the historical Islamic interpretive jurisprudence, nor adequately considered at the clinical level.
The Role of Authority in Understanding Religious Ethics
Authors: Davis Dena S.
Published: September 2024

There is no single entity representing any one religious tradition. Much misunderstanding is caused by paying attention only to sacred texts and official pronouncements, and neglecting to investigate how those texts and pronouncements are vectored through established interpreters and the target community.
South African Environmental Histories
Authors: Cane Jonathan
Published: September 2024

This chapter provides an overview of South African environmental histories, which has been skeptical of the idea of the Anthropocene. It explains how apartheid still offers profound explanatory value for environmental history as it has been exported to international debates as a sign of institutionalized environmental injustice. However, the environmental histories of South Africa have flourished and developed by exploring the extent of the post-apartheid context. The chapter also looks into decolonial ecologies and Indigenous environmental histories. Moreover, queer, feminist, new materialist, post-human, intersectional and decolonial approaches from the Global South reshaped and enriched apartheid-orientated, environmental justice analysis and postcolonial environmental histories.
The Economic History of Zambia
Authors: Seekings Jeremy , Tembo Alfred
Published: September 2024

From the 1930s the economic history of Zambia has been dominated by the fortunes of its copper industry. In the middle of the twentieth century, copper mining generated rapid export-led economic growth, raising real GDP per capita threefold and transforming Zambia into a semi-industrial economy. At independence, Zambia had a higher GDP per capita than almost any other country in sub-Saharan Africa apart from South Africa. Over the thirty-five years from 1965, however, Zambia’s economy contracted, reducing GDP per capita by one-half. This collapse followed the decline in value of copper exports, as production shrank (especially as a share of global production) and the copper price fell. The weak demand for copper combined with government mismanagement. Only in the 2000s did the economy begin to grow again.
The Zambia Economy
Authors: Chitonge Horman
Published: September 2024

This chapter identifies the areas where Zambia has potential for economic growth. It also looks at the challenges the country must overcome in order to take advantage of the emerging prospects for growth. The chapter discusses seven broad areas where the economy seems to have high prospects for growth. This is based mainly on the analysis of economic trends and the current local and global conditions. The chapter argues that opportunities exist in different areas of the economy, but what matters is first to recognize what the opportunities are and then take steps to convert the opportunities into something concrete. The chapter highlights the point that in order for Zambia to take advantage of existing opportunities, it must address the attendant challenges. These opportunities will be difficult to realize if the specific opportunities are not clearly identified and the challenges related are not specifically addressed.
Key Features of Zambia’s Political Economy
Authors: Mutesa Fredrick , Meyns Peter
Published: September 2024

This chapter discusses the political economy context within which Zambia’s development trajectory since independence has taken place. It identifies the dominance of the copper industry in the national economy, the central place of presidential power combined with the pervasive patronage politics of the ruling elites while large sections of the urban and rural population remain marginalized as key features of this political economy. The chapter explains how the interplay between economic and political, exogenous and endogenous factors, result in development outcomes in the country that are less relative to its potential. The chapter further highlights how, despite two peaceful regime changes, Zambia did not substantially alter the main features of its political economy. Now, in its third successful regime change, it remains to be seen whether the new administration that ascended to power after the elections of 12 August 2021 will chart a new political economy course for the country.
History of Economic Development Policies and Outcomes in Zambia
Authors: Jones Zulu Jack , Cheelo Caesar
Published: September 2024

Economic development policies are well established in academic and policy debates as key determinants of socioeconomic outcomes. There is a plethora of empirical and theoretical literature that suggests that development outcomes are a function of long-term visioning and elaborate economic policies. In this chapter, we have used select economic indicators and applied a historical comparative analysis by gleaning through Zambia’s national plan instruments since independence. The purpose was to pick up any discernible features and policy lessons that have a bearing on past and current economic thinking. The analysis shows that different political parties in power followed different ideologies leading to different economic outcomes. The analysis also finds that policy inconsistencies, slippages, and misalignment have been common features across different governments in power. The chapter finally notes that the economic policy space in Zambia is largely dominated by government and its cooperating partners that include IFIs and bilateral donors.
World Cinema and the Ethics of Realism
Authors: Nagib Lúcia
Published: September 2024

This chapter argues that an ethical engagement with material reality defines world cinema’s creative peaks. After a survey of the debates surrounding the concepts of “world cinema,” “realism,” and “ethics,” it looks at the cinematic impression of reality that takes place majorly on the representational realm of verisimilitude and narrative suture. In focus are films from Iran, China and Saudi Arabia, all of which draw on Vittorio De Sica’s foundational masterpiece, Bicycle Thieves (1948). The analysis then defines a physical approach to filmmaking through which presentation of reality takes the upper hand over representation, culminating in some radical examples from China’s independent production, in which the effort toward the decentering of the human being takes the extreme form of self-sacrifice. Setting these trends within a context marked by convergent tropes and recurrent motifs, the chapter proposes realism as an ethical commitment to truth, which binds together peoples across the globe.
The “Labor of Diaspora”
Authors: Bennett Masonya J. , Weissinger Sandra
Published: September 2024

This chapter focuses on the role of space, place, material culture, and affect in the production of Black immigrant identities and subjectivities in Charlotte, North Carolina. Black American and Black immigrant spaces and places of consumption in East Charlotte construct a transethnic alternative community fostered by affective kinship. The chapter challenges popular conceptions of the US South by examining the role of agency held by diasporic stakeholders. The projected narrative of the New South is (re)placed via the agency of Black and brown subjects challenging policymakers and corporate entities. These cultural workers, agents and mediators are often Black American and Black immigrant women. As community organizers and social entrepreneurs, these women act as mothers in establishing transnational social/economic networks, nurturing the displaced and/or marginalized, countering contention between Black subjects, and fostering intersectional kinship, activism, visibility and sustainability in the US South. Through a mixed-method ethnographic approach, this chapter explores their work.
The Neighborhood Story Project
Authors: Thurber Amie
Published: September 2024

The place-stories and futures of residents of underresourced communities are particularly vulnerable to erasure and marginalization during periods of rapid neighborhood change. Residents can counter this harm through practices of narrative resistance. Drawing on four strategies of narrative resistance, this chapter explores how action research can (1) open spaces of narrative resistance, (2) attune to moments of narrative resistance, (3) nurture early forms of narrative resistance, and (4) mobilize narrative resistance for emancipatory change. The chapter offers a case study of the Neighborhood Story Project, which uses action research to bring together residents whose place-stories are marginalized in the dominant narratives about their neighborhoods. Drawing on interview and observational data with members of seven Neighborhood Story Projects across Tennessee (United States), this study explores the design and facilitation practices that supported narrative resistance, and highlights approaches that may be transferable to other action research projects.
Participatory Action Research (PAR) in Land-Based Struggles Against Racial Capitalist Dispossession in Rural India
Authors: Kapoor Dip
Published: September 2024

This chapter considers participatory action research (PAR) initiatives with(in) dis/organized land-based struggles against racial capitalist dispossession in eastern India, seeking to demonstrate how an anticolonial and anticapitalist sociology with Adivasi, Dalit, and Non-Tribal Forest Dweller (ADNTFD) social movements, replete with prospects and contradictions, grapples with social injustices.
Knowledge Justice
Authors: Bialakowsky Alberto L. , Montelongo Luz M.
Published: September 2024

Historically, the dominance of the scientific system has been consolidated by the three-dimensional complex: science–corporations–state. This has led to the absorption of scientific knowledge by the hegemonic general intellect for the benefit of the capitalist productive forces. It is characterized by commercialization, privatization, patenting, the syndrome of epistemic individualism, and even scienticide. This chapter explores the emergence of renewed dialogical methods, especially coproduction. It develops the theory of investigative coproduction, from a sociopolitical perspective on the material forms in which knowledge is produced and from the perspective of a social justice of knowledge. That is, rather than considering knowledge as a commodity operating through a methodological and epistemic passage, it lays the foundations for the right of the social construction of knowledge as a common good, collectively coproduced, oriented to social justice through cognitive equity.
Movement Struggles and Enforcement Structures
Authors: Gouge Melissa
Published: September 2024

The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) has reinvigorated the US farmworker justice movement based on radical political solidarity and has led to improved working conditions and wages for agricultural workers. With ripple effects across industries and national borders, theirs has become a model for human rights organizing worldwide. This chapter offers the historical context CIW farmworkers are resisting; examples of creativity and flexibility in movement tactics; and the story of the establishment and strength of the Fair Foods Standards Council (FFSC) in maintaining hard-earned movement successes. The chapter is also an example of sociology for social movements rather than of social movements. It is a call for scholar-activists, writ broadly, to participate in movements for more justice and to resist institutional currents by cocreating a more humanist discipline of sociology.
We Feed the World
Authors: Fadaee Simin
Published: September 2024

Indian farmers have posed one of the biggest challenges to the right-wing government of Narendra Modi, who in 2014 gained the support of large numbers of peasants and agricultural workers. Failure to materialize his promises and the crackdown on farmers’ mobilizations led to creation of a strong and rather unified farmers’ movement in India, which gained momentum after three farm laws were passed by the parliament of India in September 2020. The new laws would mean more deregulation for the agricultural sector, which would deteriorate farmers’ living situation and undermine their food sovereignty. For the government this would be a step forward to encourage large-scale private sector investment in agriculture and consolidate land. This chapter contextualizes the emergence and development of this movement and demonstrates three significant organizational and ideological practices that shaped the cornerstone of the “politics of possibilities” developed by activists.
In Search of One Big Union
Authors: Dolgon Corey
Published: September 2024

This chapter examines the experience and impact of a “singing lecture” on music and social movements that the author has performed for twenty-five years. It begins with a historical overview of how the lecture has evolved over time and details the various elements and their intention. In particular, it looks at the pedagogical possibilities of the encounter for students learning about social movements and organizing through songs—not only hearing about them but participating in the performance as well. It also considers the impact of such performances on the author as an activist-scholar and how the continued presentation fits into both the practice of teaching about social movements and also the praxis of encouraging engagement and empowering scholar activism and tools for social justice work.
An Inconvenient Praxis
Authors: Romero Mary
Published: September 2024

Reflecting on the structural inequalities exposed by the COVID pandemic, returning to normal everyday life means maintaining the status quo and losing gains made in past collective struggles. Current crises are opportunities not just for capitalists to seize but also for sociologists to engage their discipline in the work of social justice. This chapter addresses the ongoing erasure of the history of American sociology’s roots in social justice. This history has ignored significant research findings on racism and poverty and the intersection of social, political, environmental, and economic influences on epidemiology and climate change. In addition, the chapter discusses the need to incorporate knowledge production in the Global South rather than holding onto colonial arrogance. By drawing on social justice scholarship and engaging in meaningful international engagements with sociologists in the Global South and postcolonial scholarship around the world, sociologists can transform knowledge production and practice in the discipline.
On Doing Public Scholarship
Authors: Sáenz Rogelio , Casura Lily
Published: September 2024

The social sciences have been an intellectual domain for addressing and offering solutions to important contemporary issues, but they have strayed from the integral connection between the academy and political and social discourse. Despite the wider recognition of public sociology, there continues to be limited information and understanding of how to actually engage in public sociology or, more generally, public scholarship in our writing. This chapter presents a dialogue between a professor and doctoral student who have collaborated and written extensively in the area of public scholarship. It provides an overview of their experiences in public scholarship and offers tips for doing this type of scholarship. The conclusion emphasizes the need to train graduate students to do this type of writing and develop the voices of people who are excluded and placed in the margin to tell their own stories and to bring in their own perspectives.
Decolonizing Sociology
Authors: Coates Rodney D. , Agozino Anwubiko , Bhambra Gurminder K. , Meghji Ali , Go Julian , Itzigsohn José , Connell Raewyn , Hanafi Sari
Published: September 2024

As scholars and movements pay increased attention to decolonizing universities, in particular, and knowledge production in general, there is a need for a healthy and critical conversation about what decolonization actually means and what it might look like, for both the discipline of sociology and the work of sociologists. This plenary brings together sociologists from around the globe to deconstruct how the discipline has articulated, nurtured, and reconstructed imperialism and its attendant racism, patriarchy, and exploitation. More importantly, however, these scholar activists envision and discuss the challenges and transformations that decolonization will bring to the tasks of not only interpreting the world but also changing it.