bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistency of Response Style across Types of Response Formats
Authors: Bardo J. W. , Yeager S. J.
Published: September 2011

Effects of response style on various commonly used fixed-response formats are examined. Data suggest that Likert-type formats are relatively consistently affected by response style regardless of the number of categories in the format. Non-anchored numbers were less affected by stylistic responses, while linear formats and various forms of human faces are the most problematic. Across types, strongest correlations were obtained for the various forms of linear formats and human faces making their use problematic.
A New Procedure for Improving Body Mechanics: An Experimental Test
Authors: Cohen-Nehemia M. , Clinch N. F.
Published: September 2011

We report the results of a preliminary test of a simple, easily learned procedure which facilitates improvement in body mechanics. It lessens the common tendency for hyperextension of the neck and for the use of the lower back as a major joint in sitting and standing. The resulting improvement in level of fixation of neck and pelvis should facilitate the body's defense against the force of gravity. The concept is supported here by the observed changes in physiological parameters which followed practice of the new procedure, which we call the Mitzvah Exercise.
Lateral Eye-Movements, Field Dependence and Denial
Authors: Pierro Robert A. , Goldberger Leo
Published: September 2011

Conjugate lateral eye-movements can be used to classify some people into two distinct groups (left-movers and right-movers), who differ on various cognitive and personality variables reflecting stylistic reliance on the cognitive mode of a single hemisphere. In this study left-movers relied more heavily on denial as a defense. Field dependence tended to be related to both denial and left eye-movements by males but not females. The results are discussed in terms of a possible neuropsychological substrate for denial.
Validity of Random Short Forms
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of the validity of random short forms can serve as benchmarks against which to appraise the validity of particular short forms. Formulas are presented for estimating the validity of random short forms, and the use of these formulas is illustrated with data from the WAIS-R and the MMPI.
A Reply to Edmonston
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L.
Published: September 2011

Further elaboration and support for the conclusions drawn from Piedmont's 1981 article on hypnosis and biofeedback, with respect to Edmonston's following evaluation of this study, are given. Both theoretical and empirical information are discussed to support a cognitive approach to understanding hypnosis. Final resolution of this issue can only be accomplished through more elaborate empirical inquiry.
XXV. Communication
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Areas of failure in communication which lead to problems are enumerated.
Use of the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test for Disability Evaluation
Authors: Gloss David S. , Wardle Miriam Gayle
Published: September 2011

This study involved the validation of the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test in assessing permanent disability of the hand. 118 persons with permanent impairments of the hand were given four subtests of the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test. The impaired hand was assessed with the traditional measure for permanent impairment and a rating obtained. Scores for the impaired hand on each of four subtests were strongly correlated with the rating of disability.
Social Perception of Caloric Value
Authors: Blackman Sonia , Mertz Timothy , Singer Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Studies on obesity and overweight measure the actual caloric amount in the foods selected or consumed. However, the food choices of individuals partly depend, if weight is a concern, on their social perception of caloric values of various foods. The study concerned the accuracy of 53 males and 82 females of various weight categories in their perception of the caloric content of various types of food. The more females weigh the more calories they perceive in food while the more males weigh the less calories they perceive in food. Both males and females overestimate the caloric content of desserts, particularly in comparison to main dishes like meat and potatoes.
Weight Training Experience and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Tucker Larry A.
Published: September 2011

The Tennessee Self-concept Scale, Body Cathexis Scale, and Eysenck Personality Inventory were administered to 113 university males who were also asked to report the total number of months they had trained with weights in the past. Analysis showed that as weight-training experience increased, measures of self-concept, body satisfaction, and extraversion increased commensurately and lie-scale scores decreased proportionately.
Collegiate Swimmers: Sex Differences in Self-Reports and Indices of Physiological Stress
Authors: Gackenbach Jayne
Published: September 2011

Psychological and physiological stress indices were taken from collegiate swimmers of both sexes prior to a practice session and prior to a meet. At another time these same individuals were administered a scale to ascertain their relative self-reported masculinity and femininity. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that 14 males had higher systolic blood pressure than 13 females but lower self-reported feelings of anxiety and hostility associated with the stress of competition. Sex differences in relative masculinity and femininity provided the key to interpretation.
Effects of Verbal and Written Labeling on Selective Attention of Mildly Retarded Children
Authors: Mc Leskey James
Published: September 2011

Despite the fact that mentally retarded children have frequently been characterized as being deficient in selective attention, this characteristic has seldom been considered in the development of instructional media for the handicapped. To determine the influence of verbal and written labels on the selective attention to visual materials, retarded children were tested. Under treatment conditions, retarded and normal children located an object more quickly, looked at the object longer, and recognized more of the treatment objects on a recognition memory task. Information regarding the learning characteristics of retarded children may be simply and effectively applied to development of materials.
Effect of Warning Signal on Reaction Time of Elbow Flexion and Supination
Authors: Kasai Tatsuya , Nakamura Ryuichi , Taniguchi Reiji
Published: September 2011

EMG-reaction times (EMG-RTs) of the biceps brachii for the elbow flexion and the supination were measured on 46 gymnastic male students under conditions with and without a warning signal. Analysis indicated that the difference in EMG-RTs between the movement patterns was observed under both conditions; the warning signal could reduce EMG-RTs in proportion to the length of EMG-RT without warning; and this trend was more remarkable on supination.
Decelerated Synthesized Speech as a Means of Shaping Speed of Auditory Processing of Children with Delayed Language
Authors: Alexander Deborah W. , Frost Barry P.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated whether the rate at which children with delayed language process auditory stimuli can be increased through a process of shaping with synthesized speech stimuli. Results indicate that stimuli with slowed down critical formant cues were easier for these 24 children with delayed language to discriminate and that training with stimuli of extended duration did generalize to stimuli of normal durations. Implications of these findings and usefulness of this methodology are discussed.
Laterality and Directional Preferences in Preschool Children
Authors: Tan Lesley E.
Published: September 2011

Directional preference for horizontal hand movements was investigated in 49 right-handed and 49 left-handed 4-yr.-olds, using three tests: (1) copying a line drawn between two dots, (2) starting to trace around a bilaterally symmetrical angular path, and (3) drawing a line after a demonstration. Both handedness groups showed strong preference for outward movements for simple line drawing, though there was a significant tendency to copy the demonstrated direction. For the tracing task, both handedness groups exhibited directional preference for the right hand only. Conflicting results of earlier studies can be reconciled with each other and with these data by assuming that directionality for more complex perceptual-motor tasks has a different basis from directionality for simple motor tasks and that it is established at a later age but only for the right hand. Differences between the hands may be in specialization of contralateral hemispheres. Footedness, eyedness were not significant.
Relation between Behavioral and Physical Abnormalities Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol: Present Speculations
Authors: Lenzer I. I. , Hourihan C. M. , Ryan C. L.
Published: September 2011

Teratogenic effects of alcohol on the human fetus and embryo have been well documented in animal studies and in human clinical and prospective studies. This article focuses on the relation between the physical defects and the cognitive/behavioral deficits. Three hypotheses are examined: the secondary effect (malnutrition) hypothesis, the dosage hypothesis, and the segregation (gestational timing) hypothesis. The possible role of acetaldehyde is also discussed. The need for synthesis is emphasized.
Multitrait-Multi Method Analysis of Three Rating Formats
Authors: Waters L. K. , Reardon Maryelien , Edwards Jack E.
Published: September 2011

A multitrait-multimethod analysis was performed on instructors' ratings obtained from three formats, behaviorally anchored rating scales, graphic rating scale, and mixed standard scale, for two samples of 100 undergraduate students each. The two samples were distinguished on the basis of whether the statements on the mixed-standard scale were behaviorally specific or more generic descriptions of the dimensions. The more specific mixed-standard scale yielded a greater proportion of inconsistent ratings than the less specific one. Also, convergent and discriminant validity were smaller and method variance and unexplained error were greater for the more specific mixed-standard scale. However, a more detailed examination of these effects in terms of selected average correlations indicated that some of these results were not necessarily due to the format. Relative levels of convergent validity were higher and relative levels of discriminant validity were lower than found by Dickinson and Zellinger in 1980 for faculty ratings in a professional school. Over-all, the mixed-standard scale engendered as much convergent and discriminant validity as did the other two rating formats.
Factor-Specific Items for Appraisal of Laboratory and Seminar/Discussion Group Experiences among College Students
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Two brief scales were proposed to assess effectiveness of teaching in laboratory and seminar/discussion group classes.
Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information
Authors: Guay Michel , Wilberg R. B.
Published: September 2011

The main purpose was to determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Six levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, self-paced reproduction, i.e., the subjects were allowed to recall whenever they wished, 15 and 30 sec. of rest, and 15 and 30 sec. of interpolated activity, i.e., counting backwards by threes. The variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects held a duration of 4 sec. in memory for a period of 15 or 30 sec. of rest, they became more variable than when they recalled the item immediately, at their own pace or when the duration to be remembered was only 1 sec. long. When an interpolated task was required during the retention interval, its variability was similar to the results obtained under an unfulfilled retention interval for both durations. The presence of an interaction between duration and retention interval under the variable error was explained in terms of memory.
Cognitive Tunneling: Use of Visual Information under Stress
Authors: Dirkin G. R.
Published: September 2011

References to “tunnel vision” under stress are considered to describe a process of attentional, rather than visual, narrowing. The hypothesis of Easterbrook that the range of cue utilization is reduced under stress was tested with a primary task located in the visual periphery. High school volunteers performed a visual discrimination task with choice reaction time (RT) as the dependent variable. A 2 × 3 order of presentation by practice design, with repeated measures on the last factor, was employed. Two levels of stress, high and low, were operationalized by the subject's performing in the presence of an evaluative audience or alone. Pulse rate was employed as a manipulation check on arousal. The results partially supported the hypothesis that a peripherally visual primary task could be attended to under stress without decrement in performance.
Comparison of Perceived Risk Taking in Groups and Implications Drawn from the Risky-Shift Paradigm
Authors: Noe Francis P. , McDonald Cary D. , Hammitt William E.
Published: September 2011

Risk-taking attitudes were investigated from the standpoint of differential primary group associations (family, friends, and mixed relations). The inquiry was designed to test implications emerging from the risky-shift paradigm in a social setting where potential choices regarding health and safety could be taken by the subject. Significant differences were observed between family and friendship patterns of association. Since age and sex previously were significant, these variables were included as possible intervening factors in the design. Age proved significant and changed risk factors associated with family and friendship, while sexual differences were not significant.
Comparative Effects of Prescribed Weight-Training and Basketball Programs on Basketball Skill Test Scores of Ninth Grade Boys
Authors: Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R.
Published: September 2011

To compare the effects of prescribed weight-training and basketball programs on scores of four test items of the AAHPER basketball skill test for boys, pretests and posttests were administered to three groups of ninth grade boys, 26 in Group I—basketball, 17 in Group II—weight-training, and 15 in Group III—control group. No significant differences were found among groups on the front shot, speed pass, jump and reach, or dribble; and no trend was visible in the ranked order of means on the dependent measures.
Aftereffect of Induced Rotation: Separation of Inducing and Static Areas, and Monocular Component
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation shows that the aftereffect of induced rotation is observable when there is a large separation of inducing and static areas; it also has a substantial monocular component. These points are consistent with the possible involvement of lateral inhibition in movement detectors, (a) A recent study shows the importance of a peripheral inducing stimulus, and therefore presumably peripheral movement detectors; other psychophysical evidence shows that such detectors have large receptive fields and inhibitory surrounds. (b) Other effects probably involving lateral inhibition in movement detectors have a large monocular component.
Brain Laterality: Differences in Cognitive Style or Motor Function?
Authors: Galluscio Eugene H.
Published: September 2011

Two studies were completed to evaluate the role of motor function in the observable brain laterality of normal, familial, dextral males. A right-brain advantage was demonstrated on a figure-matching task and on a sequential-spatial task when subjects responded with a manual key press. A left-brain advantage for the same two tasks was demonstrated when subjects responded by compressing a microswitch embedded in a mouthpiece. The data suggest that both hemispheres of the brain may be capable of processing visuosparial stimuli but do not share the same facility for effecting appropriate motor responses. The results were discussed in terms of lateralized cognitive styles in brain and lateralized control of effector systems.
Comparison of Static Balance in Trainable Mentally Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Mahler Timothy J. , Ishee Jimmy
Published: September 2011

While for 31 trainable mentally handicapped children and for 31 nonhandicapped ( M 91-56 mo.), there were no differences in static balance on left or right legs, total balance time was significantly different between the two groups, confirming prior work which related motor proficiency to intelligence. The normal group showed significant positive correlations among height, weight, age, and measures of static balance but only age was not correlated with balance for the handicapped group.
Digit Span, Forward and Backward: Separate and Unequal Components of the WAIS Digit Span
Authors: Griffin Phillip T. , Heffernan Anna
Published: September 2011

WAIS Digit Span scores of 50 subjects were evaluated to determine the relationship of Digits Forward and Digits Backward to intellectual functioning in an intellectually subnormal population. The subjects fell into one of five levels of intelligence, 50—59, 60—69, 70—79, 80—89, and 90—99, based upon Full Scale WAIS IQ. WAIS IQs and Digits Backward are significantly more highly correlated to all three WAIS IQs than are Digits Forward. Only the WAIS Digit Span (combined forward and backward) and Digits Backward discriminated across the five levels of intelligence.
Factor Analytic Study of the Kurtzman Community Dental Health Ideology Scale
Authors: Stein Morris I. , Lifshutz Harold , Mauss Evelyn A.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of data obtained with the Kurtzman Community Dental Health Ideology Scale from 500 dental students yielded two factors, one for community practice orientation and the other for private practice orientation, as planned for in the scale's construction. Of the final 23 items 6 do not load on either factor. Reliability data are presented, and the potential of the scale in student counseling and career planning is reinforced.
Using Spanish as the Language of Instruction with Mexican-American Head Start Children: A Re-Evaluation Using Meta-Analysis
Authors: Barclay Lisa K.
Published: September 2011

Data from an earlier study of a cognitively-based English-language training program for 67 Mexican-American Head Start children were re-analyzed using meta-analysis. A comparison of posttest and follow-up test results on various instruments showed that the use of Spanish as the language of instruction resulted in larger effect sizes than did the use of English, both languages, or a control treatment using arts, crafts, and music activities. Recently expressed doubts about the efficacy of beginning instruction in non-English speakers' native languages are questioned.
Performance of American Schoolchildren on Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Scale
Authors: Sigmon Scott B.
Published: September 2011

Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Scale is considered a relatively non-biased test of cognition even though higher socioeconomic status students consistently out-perform less advantaged age peers. Because it correlates highest with WISC Block Design and lowest with Information scores suggests that it is a culturally-reduced measure of nonverbalized abstract thinking. Major studies reviewed show a linear increase in score or proficiency by age, with boys performing slightly better. This analysis of combined means from four previous massive American studies which had diverse sampling clusters ( N = 4841) used weighted averaging techniques to produce “hypothetical national mean raw scores” for ages 6 through 12 yr. since this type of information did not exist. Weaknesses of the technique are lack of control over the samplings and the fact that they are spread out over time, and use of local median scores which is what Raven used at the 50 %ile level for all ages in his manual are recommended. All of Raven's other percentile scores, based upon 608 Scottish children from 1949, were interpolated for smooth working.
Production of Non-Sound Images Given Sound Stimuli in a Cross-Cultural Setting
Authors: Khatena Joe , Zetényi Tamás
Published: September 2011

This is a study of creative strength required to break away from sound sets to produce non-sound images. 208 American and 208 Hungarian college adults were administered Sounds and Images, Form 2A. Analysis of their responses showed that both groups produced significantly fewer non-sound than sound images and Americans produced significantly more non-sound images than the Hungarians. These differences were attributed to strong cultural determinants and suggested further research on creativity and imagery in cross-cultural settings.
Effect of Concurrent Activity on Strategies in Copying Designs
Authors: Semenza Carlo
Published: September 2011

The effect of concurrent activity on strategies in copying designs by 144 normal subjects, 20- to 30-yr.-old, was investigated. In a verbal-interference condition subjects proved to be more inclined to use an analytic strategy rather than a global one. An interfering musical task did not exert any effect on the strategy. These findings are discussed in terms of a possible relationship between planning activity and linguistic processing.
Effects of Two Different Training Programs on Visual Discrimination of Nonreaders
Authors: Bieger Elaine
Published: September 2011

52 second-grade nonreaders who were identified as having difficulty in visual discrimination of words were randomly placed in two different training programs. There was a significant mean difference in favor of those who used specific scanning strategies rather than word-matching exercises.
Lateral Eye Movement as a Measure of Cognitive Ability and Style
Authors: Owens William , Limber John
Published: September 2011

Research on lateral eye movements has examined personality and cognitive correlates with the hope of establishing such eye movements as a measure of preference for the different modes of information-processing associated with each of the cerebral hemispheres. Unfortunately, a review of this research provides only conflicting, tenuous substantiation for such hypotheses. The present study attempts to resolve the conflict within previous research by investigating the validity of the measure across a variety of tests of cognitive ability and preference, utilizing several procedures for scoring and classifying subjects on the measure. However, evidence for this measure's ability to predict cognitive performance linked to hemispheric specialization—in any of our conditions—was extremely meager. The usefulness of lateral eye movements as a diagnostic tool must be considered highly suspect; despite this fact, the measure may yet prove to be of some theoretical significance.
Twinning, Handedness and Embryology
Authors: James William H.
Published: September 2011

It is hypothesized that in some pairs of monozygotic twins, the biological insult occasioning the split may also cause a reversal of predetermined handedness and that this cannot happen if the split occurs before the ovum itself has acquired laterality. The use of the word ‘split’ here is not meant to give support to the concept of mirror-imaging.
Selected Bibliography on Cognitive Styles: 1978-1982
Authors: Gonsalves Sandra Virginia
Published: September 2011

A computer search, using descriptors from the thesauri of the Educational Resource Information Center (ERIC) and from the Psychological Abstracts, yielded a total of 159 published references on various cognitive styles. This endeavor spanned a 4-yr. period from 1978 to 1982. An organizational structure was imposed on this listing to facilitate meaningful retrieval. References were alphabetically and chronologically grouped under relevant subject headings.
Psychophysiological Changes following Auditory Subliminal Suggestions for Activation and Deactivation
Authors: Borgeat François , Goulet Jean
Published: September 2011

This study was to measure eventual psychophysiological changes resulting from auditory subliminal activation or deactivation suggestions. 18 subjects were alternately exposed to a control situation and to 25-dB activating and deactivating suggestions masked by a 40-dB white noise. Physiological measures (EMG, heart rate, skin-conductance levels and responses, and skin temperature) were recorded while subjects listened passively to the suggestions, during a stressing task that followed and after that task. Multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant effect of the activation subliminal suggestions during and following the stressing task. This result is discussed as indicating effects of consciously unrecognized perceptions on psychophysiological responses.
Effect of Cognitive Style on Strategies for Comprehension of Prose
Authors: Adejumo Dayo
Published: September 2011

The effect of cognitive style on the performance of four groups who used different strategies of study to comprehend prose was investigated. Performance on Group Embedded Figures Test was used to classify subjects into groups by cognitive style. 201 field-dependent and 125 field-independent subjects enrolled in an introductory course in psychology were subjects. Field-independent subjects performed significantly better overall. In particular, field-independent subjects in the control group and the groups given factual and inferential questions as study aids performed better than the field-dependent subjects on the inferential items at posttest. On the factual items at posttest, field-independent subjects performed significantly better only in the group who were given inferential questions as an adjunct. The cognitive styles of the subjects interacted with the strategies of study and seem to affect performance on comprehension of prose at posttest.
Predictive Validities of Clinical and Actuarial Scores of the Gesell Incomplete Man Test
Authors: Popovics Alexander J.
Published: September 2011

The predictive validities of clinical and actuarial scores of the Gesell Incomplete Man Test were investigated to determine their relationships with selected intelligence, achievement, and creativity measures over a 5-yr. interval. Criterion measures included the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, Goodenough-Harris Figure Drawing Test, Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, and Torrance Circle Test. Correlational analysis indicated that each scoring method yielded generally similar relationships with corresponding criterion measures. Except for the relationships with intellectual criteria, however, the predictive value of the Incomplete Man was negligible for these boys and girls of elementary-school age (N = 61).
Relation between Dream Content and Eye Movements Tested by Lucid Dreams
Authors: Tholey Paul
Published: September 2011

This experiment illustrates that systematic observations in lucid dreams can be used to test hypotheses concerning the relation between dream content and eye movements. The observations were carried out by 5 students who had learned to induce lucid dreams by using the reflection technique developed by the author. Several hypotheses concerning the relation in question could be rejected.
Sexual Dominance/Submission, Gender and Sex-Role Identification
Authors: Herron Mary Jane , Herron William G. , Schultz Candace L.
Published: September 2011

Sexual dominance/submission has commonly been depicted in bipolar constellations of dominance, male gender, and masculinity as opposed to submission, female gender, and femininity. The present study questioned these sex-typed clusters by exploring the relationship between sexual dominance/submission, gender, and sex-role identification as measured by the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The subjects were 30 male dominants, 30 female dominants, 30 male submissives, and 30 female submissives, all self-identified and heterosexual. An interaction between sexual status and gender was significant using femininity as the dependent variable, and approached significance with masculinity as the dependent variable. In specific comparisons dominant persons were more masculine than submissive ones, but dominant males were also more feminine than dominant females and did not differ in femininity from submissive males. Submissive females were more feminine than dominant females. Submissive males and females did not differ in masculinity or femininity. Support is indicated for a model of interacting factors of sexual dominance/submission, gender, and masculinity/femininity, with different patterns for dominance and submission.
Colors and Figures in Senegal
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

A sample of 2,500 primary school children and 943 secondary school children asked to name their favorite number (between 0 and 9) and their favorite color, gave as the primary school children's preference brown-five and that of the second group black-nine. These observations do not corroborate the 1941 findings of Eysenck, preference: blue for a larger but more heterogeneous sample that contained few Africans. Several interpretations of the phenomenon are discussed, including a greater awareness of school children of their cultural identity as they grow older, a sensitiveness to color and figures shaped by the culture, and mental traditions of the ethnic group to which they belong, etc.
Effect of Lingual Vibrotactile Stimulation on the Averaged Cortical Evoked Response
Authors: Blackmon Robert C. , McCaffrey Patrick , Fucci Donald
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine the feasibility of using lingual vibrotactile stimulation to elicit an averaged evoked response and to investigate the effects of two supra-threshold intensity levels of lingual vibrotactile stimulation on the electro-cortical activity of the brain. The evoked responses were analyzed according to the amplitude of N1-P3 (in microvolts). Analysis indicates that the tongue can successfully be used as a stimulus site in the elicitation of an evoked response. The amplitudes of the evoked response elicited by 2 micrometers sensation level and 5 micrometers sensation level on the tongue are essentially the same. The relative difference between these levels is not sufficient to produce significant differences in the amplitudes of their respective evoked responses.
Handedness and Career Choice: Another Look at Supposed Left/Right Differences
Authors: Shettel-Neuber Joyce , O'Reilly Joseph
Published: September 2011

Numerous studies have considered the possibility of consistent differences in the percentages of left- and right-handers in verbal and visuospatial career fields and academic disciplines. Conflicting results have supported hypotheses suggesting more left-handers in visuospatial fields, fewer left-handers in visuospatial fields, and no differences between the percentages of left- and right-handers in visuospatial and verbal fields. The present study sought to examine further the possibility of differential distributions of left-and right-handers in verbal and visuospatial fields by considering hand preferences of 109 faculty members in the architecture college, art department, law college, and psychology department at The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. No significant differences were found in reported handedness, hand position in writing, or familial handedness for the verbal and visuospatial groups. Results were discussed in relationship to methodological difficulties of previous studies and the overemphasis of the impact of cerebral dominance on functioning in normal individuals.
Differentiation of Malicious and Non-Malicious Fire-Alarm Calls Using Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Comber M. , Canter D.
Published: September 2011

A pilot study was carried out to determine whether malicious and non-malicious fire alarm calls could be distinguished on the basis of their psycholinguistic attributes. Eight malicious and eight non-malicious calls were compared in terms of the number of speech errors of various kinds in the call. Using multi-dimensional scalogram analysis (MSA-I), it was possible to differentiate the two types of call on the basis of the over-all configuration of speech behaviour within the call.
Simulation of Psychosis on a Multiple-Choice Projective Test
Authors: Pettigrew C. Gary , Pickering John W. , Tuma June M. , Whelton John
Published: September 2011

The ability of a new multiple-choice group Rorschach instrument to differentiate 62 undergraduate students asked to simulate psychosis from 75 students and 55 schizophrenics given standard instructions was investigated. For each of 50 responses to miniature inkblots, normals and psychotics chose one of four alternative answers as most descriptive of what the stimulus looked like. Simulators responded as they thought a psychotic or insane person would. As hypothesized, simulators chose significantly more “good form but bizatre wording” responses than normals or psychotics, suggesting that the test is promising as a practical clinical indicator of attempts to simulate psychosis.
Winter Blahs and Spring Irritability: The Chronic but Subtle Behavioral Operations
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Operation analyses, for which behavioral and environmental events are translated into reinforcement schedules, indicate that winter depression and spring irritability reported by people living in northern climates are dominated by four paradigms. They are (1) a shift in the ratio of negative to positive stimuli, (2) stimulus redundancy and satiation, (3) coerced hypoactivity or attenuation of free operant behavior, and (4) conditioned suppression or anxiety due to the progressive escalation of negative stimulus presentations. The chronic effects of these schedules on the behaviors of people living in cold climate during the winter season are discussed.
Effect of Various Combinations of Knowledge of Results on Learning a Multi-Dimensional Task
Authors: Ramella Reno J.
Published: September 2011

20 male volunteers (M = 22.9 yr., SD = 3.8 yr.) learned a motor skill (moved a slide) with temporal and spatial dimensions. Two groups, determined by specific combinations of knowledge of results (verbal-verbal and verbal-visual) were used. Multivariate analysis and follow-up procedures indicated an over-all reduction of absolute and variable errors over 4 trial blocks for both groups.
Diet, Exercise, and Physical Discomfort in College Students
Authors: Gondola Joan C. , Tuckman Bruce W.
Published: September 2011

778 students in a 4-yr. urban commuter college were tested to determine the effects of exercise and diet on self-reported discomfort. High exercisers reported significantly less physical discomfort than moderate or low exercisers. Greater consumption of sweets and fast food were significantly related to reported physical discomfort regardless of levels of exercise High levels of fruit and vegetable consumption were associated with less discomfort in high exercisers. High dairy consumption was significantly related to fewer symptoms for high exercisers. Men who reported high ingestion of caffeine had significantly more discomfort than those who reported moderate to lower ingestion of caffeine.
Efficacy of “Talking Books” for a Group of Reading Disabled Boys
Authors: Abelson A. Geoffrey , Petersen Marcia
Published: September 2011

No significant differences in proficiency of reading-listening comprehension among 24 reading-disabled boys in Grades 4, 5, and 6 were noted after hearing “talking book,” taped stories, and teacher-read presentations.
Musical Expression and Body Expression
Authors: Francès Robert , Bruchon-Schweitzer Marilou
Published: September 2011

The present series of experiments used either musical excerpts which subjects listened to and then associated to verbal categories (Exp. I) or videotape recordings of body expression sequences which subjects watched and associated with the same verbal categories. These videotapes were recorded by “actors” under two conditions, (a) after the actors had listened to the musical excerpts (Exp. II) and (b) following the induction in actors of the verbal categories which had been associated to the excerpts in Exp. I (Exp. III). The results demonstrate a partial equivalence between the verbal categories associated with the music in Exp. I and those associated with the videotape recording of Exps. II and III. This partial equivalence of the verbal categories is explained by the existence of a bodily core to musical expression.
A Pilot Study of Effects of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training on Participants' Self-Concepts
Authors: Elliott Timothy R. , Byrd E. Keith
Published: September 2011

The administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was taught to a group of 12 adults. The Tennessee Self-concept Scale Form-C and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior Scale (FIRO-B) were administered before and after their training. A control group of 12 was administered both scales twice with one day between administrations. Analysis indicated both groups showed significant differences between the pre- and posttest administrations on expressed affection on the FIRO-B. However, participants in a brief CPR course did not score significantly differently from a control group on these measures, as expected.
Differences between Employed and Unemployed Alcoholic Inpatients in Trouble for Drinking and Denial
Authors: Panitz Daniel R. , McConchie Richard D. , Feingold Alan , Hennecke Lynne
Published: September 2011

The Trouble-Due-to-Drinking scale and the Denial scale of the MMPI were administered to two groups of inpatients of low socioeconomic status, an employed group (27 men, 3 women) and an unemployed one (44 men, 12 women), at a state alcoholism facility in an inner city catchment area. The former were significantly older than the latter; Ms = 40.4 and 35.5 yr., respectively. The Trouble scale correctly identified 98% of the unemployed group but only 83% of the employed group. The unemployed scored significantly higher on MMPI Denial and significantly lower on the Trouble scale than the unemployed. The Pearson r between scores on the two measures was negative and significant for the combined sample and for the unemployed as well, whereas r for the unemployed was negative but nonsignificant. It was concluded that the unemployed group was less given to the use of denial and had encountered more alcohol-related problems than the employed group.
Psychographics and New Product Adoption: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald
Published: September 2011

To study the role of venturesomeness in new product purchase, lifestyle items regarding new products were collected from a sample of students using the Nominal Group Technique. The items were combined in a questionnaire with a list of new products and Malhotra's self-concept scale and given to a second sample of students. Correlations of scores on the lifestyle statements with the number of new products purchased confirms that venturesomeness plays a role in innovative behavior. The more venturesome subjects saw themselves as excitable, indulgent, informal, liberal, vain, and colorful. Some early purchasers desire more information before they purchase than others. These individuals saw themselves as organized and rational.
Learning Impairments following Postnatal Exposure to Benzene
Authors: Geist Charles R. , Drew Kelly L. , Schoenheit Carolyn M. , Praed Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of male hooded tats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were administered 550 mg/kg of benzene in corn oil or pure corn oil on Days 9, 11, and 13 postpartum. When tested on problems of the Hebb-Williams closed-field maze-learning task, the rats previously exposed to benzene manifest significantly impaired learning ability when compared to control rats in the total number of error zones entered over the 12 test problems. No significant differences were found in food consumption, water consumption, or weight gain. Moreover, none of the overt manifestations characteristic of acute or chronic benzene exposure were observed. Learning deficits were exhibited at levels of exposure previously considered subtoxic.
Relation of Scores on Group Embedded Figures Test and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Lusk Edward J. , Wright Haviland
Published: September 2011

The four dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and die Group Embedded Figures Test measure independent constructs for 103 university students.
Are High Chairs in Restaurants Safe for Children?
Authors: Ridenour Marcella V.
Published: September 2011

A survey of high chairs in 54 restaurants indicated only 14% had the appropriate restraint system and labels. Compliance is voluntary. The high chair specifications, written by the American Society of Testing and Materials, are discussed.
Video Game as a Covariate for Carrier Landing Research
Authors: Lintern Gavan , Kennedy Robert S.
Published: September 2011

In behavioral research, individual differences account for the bulk of the variance in the data and thereby limit the power of an experiment to demonstrate the presence of actual differences. Covariates offer a convenient and inexpensive means of increasing power. Air Combat Maneuvering, a game from the Atari home video series, was studied for its relationship to glideslope tracking scores in a carrier-landing flight simulator. After correction for attenuation due to unreliability of the measures, scores on video-games accounted for 48 to 86% of the variance. Air Combat Manuevering appears to be potentially useful as a covariate in carrier-landing training research.
Test of the Eye-Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: A Rebuttal of Conclusions
Authors: Beck Charles E. , Beck Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2011

The findings of Thomason, Arbuckle, and Cady interpreted as disproving the eye-movement hypothesis are based on a misunderstanding of the neuro-linguistic programming model. Their finding of consistent patterns tends to support the hypothesis that eye movements reflect internal processes regardless of specific stimuli.
Cross-Cultural Validity of the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration
Authors: Webb June , Abe Kozue
Published: September 2011

For 28 mildly handicapped Japanese students visual-motor integration scores were significantly correlated with both mathematics and reading scores, which substantiates the test's cross-cultural validity. Although slightly larger correlations with mathematics achievement than with reading achievement were noted in both cultures, the differences between reading and mathematics correlations were not significant for Japanese children. In contrast, in at least one American study the correlation between the visual-motor integration scores and mathematics achievement was significantly greater than that between the test and reading achievement. It is clear that further research with larger samples for both American and Japanese groups is essential.
Rehearsal of Temporal Visual Information
Authors: Guay Michel , Hall Craig R.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under either subject-defined or experimenter-defined rehearsal. Subjects were presented visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. and then required to reproduce these durations following a 15-sec. retention interval. To help maintain the durations in memory, subjects were asked to use either a conscious cognitive strategy or a mental counting strategy. It was predicted that experimenter-defined rehearsal would show less forgetting, as measured by variable error, but this prediction was not supported. There also was no evidence of any response bias or context effects in the temporal reproductions. These results were compared with two previous studies that utilized similar cognitive strategies.
Effect of Visual Half-Field Predictability and Task Strategy on Brain Laterality in Men and Women
Authors: Galluscio Eugene H.
Published: September 2011

In a visual half-field study 40 normal, dextral subjects, 20 men aged 18 to 20 yr. and 20 women aged 17 to 23 yr. acquired verbal labels for random shapes. Both men and women selected a verbal task strategy when the shapes were presented in a random half-field order and a spatial strategy when the figures were presented in a more predictable blocked-trials design. Women had slower RTs than men with verbal but not spatial mediation and were more lateralized for spatial function. Women seemed more lateralized for spatial tasks but disadvantaged for verbally mediated lateral-input tasks.
Enhancing the Creative Problem-Solving Skills of Educable Mentally Retarded Students
Authors: Gold Jeanne B. , Houtz John C.
Published: September 2011

60 educable mentally retarded students from 3 schools in a Urge urban school system received 9 wk. of instruction from an adaptation of the Productive Thinking Program. Their performance on measures of creative thinking was compared with that of 60 students who received no additional instruction. The conclusions drawn were that (1) special attention to creative thinking training for educable mentally retarded students may be quite effective and results stable over time and (2) the measures of fluency, flexibility, and originality are the most useful in assessing creative thinking for this group.
Ratings of the Speed and Efficiency of Work by Untrained Observers
Authors: Swanston Michael T. , Crowder Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of untrained observers rated scenes of work from a performance-rating training film, for either speed (Group 1) or efficiency (Group 2). Standard magnitude-estimation procedures were employed, and it was found that both speed and efficiency were rateable stimulus dimensions, giving rise to consistent judgments. When plotted against the ratings of trained practitioners, the power-law exponents were 1.7 for speed and 3.0 for efficiency. The latter value suggests a high degree of sensitivity to small perceived changes in this dimension, although its objective correlates remain to be established.
Self-Ratings of Mood and Emotion: Predictors of Between-Word Variance
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Between-word differences in self-ratings of mood were addressed when 57 subjects participated in three experiments in which they were required to rate their moods (state) or characteristic emotions (trait) in two or three different ways (including rating, ranking, re-rating, and paired comparisons). Two lists of affect words were employed in the experiments, and results from a series of correlation analyses demonstrate that the best single predictor of between-words differences in self-ratings for emotional words is the group mean rating for each word ( rs of the order of .75), while the best single predictor of the group mean is, in turn, the independently scaled Pleasantness value of the word ( rs of the order of .85). The Personalness of the emotional word was somewhat related to self-ratings, while Arousal, the “second dimension” of emotion, bore no consistent relationship to between-words variance in self-ratings. Correlations were calculated for both subjects × words and words × subjects matrices. Results are interpreted as strongly supporting the dominant status of group means and affective dimensions associated with words in the prediction of between-words variance in ratings. The independence of between-words variance and between-subjects variance in psychometric testing is noted with reference to the results of the present experiment.
Evaluation of Connectedness by Cats in Path-Selection Problems
Authors: Poucet Bruno
Published: September 2011

4 cats were given path-selection problems, with reference to the property of the correct path to lead to a visible goal. Choices were related first to the direction of the goal, then to the connectedness properties of the path if direction of the goal could not be used as a pertinent cue.