bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Non-Annealing and Annealing on Properties of ITO Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Khlayboonme S. Tipawan , Thowladda Warawoot
Published: August 2015

A comparison of the properties for two ITO thin films was performed. The two films were as follows – as-deposited and annealed ITO films. The influence of annealing on the structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties was studied. The post-annealing treatment was done at a temperature of 400 for 1 h in air. The ITO thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering of a ceramic In2O3: SnO2 target in pure argon atmosphere at a low base pressure of <10-6 mbar and a RF power of 50 W. The films were characterized by XRD, FTIR, contact angle measurements, FE-SEM combined with EDX, Hall-effect measurements and UV-Vis transmission spectroscopy. The ITO films showed a crystalline structure with a predominant orientation (400) and its intensity was increased after the film was annealed. The structure of the annealed film became reformed in more perfect columnar structure. The annealed film showed a decrease in contact angle and increase in FTIR spectra intensity. The annealing induced more tin incorporated into the film from 0.51 to 2.62 at%. The resistivity decreased from 2.7x10-3 to 1.1x10-3 Ω cm with increasing mobility from 7.5 to 27.5 cm2 V-1 s-1 but decreasing carrier concentration from 3.0x1020 to 2.0 x 1020 cm-3. The optical band gap increased from 3.43 to 3.50 eV. All films showed highly transparency (∼85%) in the visible light region. Compared with the non-annealed ITO film, the air-annealed ITO film revealed the better properties except for carrier concentration.
Nondestructive Evaluation for Duplex Stainless Steel Tube Using Multi-Frequencies Remote Field Testing
Authors: Jomdecha Cherdpong , Phung-On Isaratat , Sritarathorn Kasemsak
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the determination of Remote Field Testing (RFT) frequencies to accomplish the inspection of duplex stainless steel tubes grade ASME/ASTM SA 789. The tube specimen was 25.4 mm of outside diameter, and thickness of 1.65 mm with the different artificial flaws. A dual-pickup coils type of RFT probe was employed to inspect the specimen by inserting a probe within the tube. Optimum of testing frequency Range was determined based on an eddy current through transmission generation to produce different magnetic field density. RFT inspection frequency range for duplex stainless steel was consequently determined from 5 to 25 kHz which was different than those inspection frequencies of general ferromagnetic steel tube. In the experiment, calculated frequencies were then generated to the Eddy current (ET) and RFT probes for detecting the flaws of the tube specimen. The inspection signals were specifically shown in function of impedance plane to identify the flaw characters. The results showed that the RFT can be utilized to quantify the wall loss levels of duplex stainless-steel tube better than the ET. Especially, phase angle of inspection signals can be used to evaluate the different depths of the wall losses. Sensitivity of RFT showed the detection performance at minimum 20% of tube wall loss.
Compressive Strength in Various Submersion Tests of Fired Clay Bricks from Chi River Sub-Basin
Authors: Promkotra Sarunya , Kangsadan Tawiwan
Published: August 2015

The river sediments from the Chi River basin, including Chi River and Nam Phong River, are valuable to comprehend the brick process, physical and chemical properties which lead to its strength. Study areas cover three different regions in Maha Sarakham, Kalasin and Roi Et provinces nearby six brickyards which are separated in two areas Nam Phong and Chi River area. Mechanical property is referred to compressive strengths of a brick unit. These compressive strengths of the fired brick unit increase with increasing their densities. Elastic moduli of original fired brick at the ultimate stress and strain corresponding by time in submersion test show that any solutions filled in void or pore can enhance the apparent density of bricks. Thus, fired bricks are capable to resist compressive force than the normal condition. The ratio of modulus in submersion test for 4 hours, expressed in the original fired brick to water, acidic saline and saline is 1: 1.1: 1.2: 1.6, respectively. The stress level depends on the fracture plane over particular long space fabricating by manufacturing process. These results are related only to the linearity plot.
Effect of Vortex Finder, Inlet and Body Diameter on Separation Efficiency of Hydrocyclone for Crude Palm Oil Industry
Authors: Pakpoom Supachart , Prarop Kruakaew , Thanit Swasdisevi , Pratarn Wongsarivej
Published: August 2015

Hydrocyclone is novel optional equipment that can be applied in solid separation for crude palm oil process because of its advantage over the existing technology. Hydrocyclone is a cost-effective, continuous tool which is easy for maintenance. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of vortex finder, inlet, and body diameter of hydrocyclone on separation efficiency of palm meal from crude palm oil by using PVC resin as the solid phase and biodiesel B5 as the liquid phase. All parameters were simulated using computational fluid dynamic, CFD. In addition, the inlet diameters were tested experimentally. The feed flow rates in both simulation and experiment were varied from 4 - 14 L/min at the constant flow ratio of 0.2. Experimental design was clearly specified. The vortex finder diameters of 3.8, 4.8, and 5.8 mm were also simulated as well as the inlet diameters of 5, 6, and 7 mm. Three sizes of body diameter of 30, 40, and 50 mm were selected as the example sizes. According to the simulation results, the smaller vortex finder, inlet, and body diameter of hydrocyclone revealed the higher separation efficiency.
Numerical Simulation of Fluid Mixing in Micro-Mixers
Authors: Prasertlarp Supasit , Putivisutisak Sompong
Published: August 2015

A 3-D numerical simulation is performed to study the flow dynamics and mixing characteristics between two different kinds of fluid within T-shaped micro-mixers. Water and ethanol are selected as the mixing fluids due to its application in calibrating the ultrasound imaging equipment. The present work focuses on the effects of inlet velocity and aspect ratio of the mixing channel. The Reynolds number is varied from 0.1 to 300 and the aspect ratio in the range between 0.2 and 1. The flow of interest is laminar, steady and without chemical reaction. It is found that at low Reynolds number, the stratified flow character is presented. As the velocity inlet increases, the mixing efficiency is decreased. However, for the Reynolds number greater than 100 the mixing efficiency is increased due to the buildup vortex structure. Furthermore, when increasing the Reynolds number, the pressure drop significantly increases. Thus, it is seen that both the inlet velocity and aspect ratio significantly affect the mixing efficiency and pressure drop.
Production of a Permanent Mold Gravity Die Cast A356.0 Aluminum Alloy Motorbike Shock Absorber through Casting Simulation
Authors: Qayyum Muhammad Saqib
Published: August 2015

Motorbike shock absorbers of gravity die cast aluminum A356.0 alloy were being imported in the as-cast condition and later on machined at local foundries and workshops by sub-vendors to achieve the required dimensions and on many occasions a nearly complete solid block was cast and machined to achieve the desired shape but this process not only lowered the metallic yield but also the high machining costs and time required made it very uneconomical. Motorbike shock absorbers are critical vehicle components which are always under load and must never fail suddenly without warning therefore they need to be free of defects like shrinkage and micro-porosity. The thin wall thickness of 6mm and troublesome nature of cores required makes this component quite difficult for the conventional metal caster. The current research paper deals with the methoding, die designing, modeling and simulation, optimization and finally casting of these components following the data produced by the former. Initially a single piece per mold was suggested but later on considering the economics of the project two pieces i.e. left and right were recommended to be cast from a single sprue in each die with a vertically parted permanent die mold. For the methoding calculations the Thermal modulus has been used instead of the conventional casting modulus and for gating the naturally pressurized system is incorporated. Throughout the simulation process a significant number of iterations were made to achieve the final design which ensured a laminar flow of liquid aluminum below the critical velocity limit; the actual die casting results yielded good comparison with the simulation studies showing shrinkage cavity away from the risers and micro-porosity only in ingates.
Effect of Sintering Additive and Pyrolysis Temperatures on Porous Silicon Carbide
Authors: Makornpan Chalermkwan , Mongkolkachit Charusporn , Wanakitti Suda , Wasanapiarnpong Thanakorn
Published: August 2015

Rice husk was used as a raw material to fabricate silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. Carbothermal reduction was used together with in-situ reaction bonding as the preparation method. Rice husk was carbonized at the temperature around 700 °C in an incineration furnace. Carbonized rice husk was ground and treated with hydrochloric acid solution. After grinding, the sample powders were mixed with silicon metal powder and sintering additives (alumina (Al2O3) and magnesia (MgO)). The mixed powders were pressed and then pyrolyzed at various temperatures and pyrolysis patterns in argon atmosphere. Silicon carbide, as the main crystalline phase, was obtained in all pyrolized samples. Cristobalite was found together with silicon carbide in the samples which pyrolized only lower than 1500 °C. Amount of silicon carbide particle was increased at higher pyrolysis temperature while silicon carbide whisker was decreased. Weight loss, shrinkage and porosity of the pyrolized samples were investigated. Weight loss and shrinkage of the samples increased when increasing pyrolysis temperature while porosity decreased.
Numerical simulations of ice loads on an Arctic Floater in managed ice
Authors: Amdahl Thor Henning , Bjørnsen Bård , Hagen Ole Jacob , Søberg Stig Rune
Published: August 2015

During the studies of ice loads on an Arctic Floater in ice, a series of numerical simulations were carried out in an advanced ship simulator with advanced ice module. The operation of the Arctic Floater will periodically be supported by an ice management system involving also physical ice management.

This paper starts with introduction to the theoretical background for the Ice model, wherein the numerical model enables modelling of the arctic floater the mooring and different managed ice conditions. The managed ice is created as convex ice floes with comparable size ice floes used in model scale tests.

A number of simulations were compared with and validated against results from identical set up in ice tank tests. Based on a set of assumptions from these simulations, a series of situations with varying ice drift direction, ice drift speed, floe thickness, domain size and ice floe coverage made the input parameters to the numerical model. Ice loading on the Arctic Floater is governed by ice breaking loads and ice transport around the hull.

During the numerical simulations, the movement of the Arctic Floater was studied, the forces were calculated and influence of boundary conditions was investigated. The numerical simulations gave the possibility to compare ice floe interaction with and without boundary influence of an ice tank set up. Simulations was also used to show what would happen if the Arctic Floater is hit by a large unbreakable ice floe.

The results presented in this paper show good correlation with model scale results for the Arctic Floater in drifting managed ice. Results from additional simulations gave useful input for predicting ice forces and system behaviour in ice conditions beyond what is possible in an ice tank test set-up.
Full-Scale Trials and Numerical Modeling of Sea Ice Management in the Greenland Sea
Authors: Scibilia Francesco , Metrikin Ivan , Gürtner Arne , Teigen Sigurd Henrik
Published: August 2015

Ice management is an important cost driver for oil and gas developments in Arctic regions. In order to evaluate and test various ice management technologies, full-scale trials offshore north-east Greenland were performed in September 2012 and August 2013 within the framework of the Oden Arctic Technology Research Cruise (OATRC) program. This paper describes environmental conditions in the area of the trials, presents the OATRC program in general and discusses the sea ice management trials of OATRC 2013. Finally, numerical simulations of the Oden icebreaker in broken ice conditions are performed based on the field data. Qualitative comparisons of the simulations with full-scale observations indicate further future potential of the suggested numerical approach.
Vascularised composite allotransplants: Transplant of upper extremities and face
Authors: Iyer Subramania
Published: August 2015

Transplantation of solid organs and bone marrow has become a highly acceptable and often the only available clinical solution in many situations. It has been practiced across the globe for quite a long time since the first kidney transplant in 1954. Transplantation of tissues other than these, which was termed composite tissue allotransplantation and currently as vascularised composite allotransplantation (VCA) is gaining acceptance as a solution for complex reconstructive problems. This involves the transfer of multiple types of tissue such as bone, muscle, nerve, skin and blood vessels. The advantage of these over the conventional reconstructive methods is its ability to give aesthetically and functionally superior equal composite substitute to the missing or deformed part. The composite tissues transplanted commonly include the upper extremities, face and abdominal wall. Among these, hand transplants were the first to be done and have been carried out more than any other VCA. This article reviews the current scenario of VCA especially of the hand and face, in the light of experience of the two bilateral hand transplants done recently in India.
Magnetic resonance neurography of the brachial plexus
Authors: Upadhyaya Vaishali , Upadhyaya Divya Narain , Kumar Adarsh , Pandey Ashok Kumar , Gujral Ratni , Singh Arun Kumar
Published: August 2015

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is being increasingly recognised all over the world as the imaging modality of choice for brachial plexus and peripheral nerve lesions. Recent refinements in MRI protocols have helped in imaging nerve tissue with greater clarity thereby helping in the identification, localisation and classification of nerve lesions with greater confidence than was possible till now. This article on Magnetic Resonance Neurography (MRN) is based on the authors’ experience of imaging the brachial plexus and peripheral nerves using these protocols over the last several years.
Single nucleotide polymorphism of bone morphogenetic protein 4 gene: A risk factor of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate
Authors: Savitha Sathyaprasad , Sharma S. M. , Veena Shetty , Rekha R.
Published: August 2015

Background: The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway is crucial in a number of developmental processes and is critical in the formation of variety of craniofacial elements including cranial neural crest, facial primordium, tooth, lip and palate. It is an important mediator in regulation of lip and palate fusion, cartilage and bone formation. Aim: To study the role of mutation of BMP4 genes in the aetiology of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL ± P) and identify it directly from human analyses. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was done to evaluate whether BMP4T538C polymorphism, resulting in an amino acid change of Val=Ala (V152A) in the polypeptide, is associated with NSCL ± P in an Indian paediatric population. Genotypes of 100 patients with NSCL ± P and 100 controls (in whom absence of CL ± P was confirmed in three generations) were detected using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism strategy. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate allele and genotype association with NSCLP. Results: Results showed significant association between homozygous CC genotype with CL ± P (odds ratio [OR]-5.59 and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.85-10.99). The 538C allele carriers showed an increased risk of NSCL ± P as compared with 538 T allele (OR - 4.2% CI = 2.75-6.41). Conclusion: This study suggests an association between SNP of BMP4 gene among carriers of the C allele and increased risk for NSCLP in an Indian Population. Further studies on this aspect can scale large heights in preventive strategies for NSCLP that may soon become a reality.
Extended effect after a single dose of type A botulinum toxin for asymmetric masseter muscle hypertrophy
Authors: Bhattacharjee Kasturi , Singh Manpreet , Bhattacharjee Harsha
Published: August 2015

Facial asymmetry can either be physiological or pathological and is a common cosmetic concern. A 35-year-old Indian male presented with broad appearing lower face and prominent left jaw since adolescence. Parotid enlargement and other local disorders were ruled out. Ultrasonographic thickness of right masseter muscle was 13 mm while that of left was 14.9 mm, in unclenched state. Type-A botulinum toxin (T-ABT) was injected, evenly at five points, in both muscles within the “safe zone”. Using a 29 gauge needle, 15 and 25 international units were delivered to right and left masseters, respectively. Six months post — injection, a reduction of 2.9 mm and 4.4 mm was observed along with a reduced external facial asymmetry. At 24 months, patient maintains a satisfactory facial contour with no significant early or late post-injection complications. Intra-massteric injection of T-ABT can be used effectively as a primary or adjunct procedure for holistic oculo-facial sculpting.
Histopathological Features of Non-Neoplastic Breast Parenchyma Do Not Predict BRCA Mutation Status of Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Bayraktar Soley , Qiu Hongming , Liu Diane , Shen Yu , Gutierrez-Barrera Angelica M. , Arun Banu K. , Sahin Aysegul A.
Published: August 2015

Background

Several studies have evaluated histologic features of nonneoplastic breast parenchyma in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations, but the results are conflicting. The limited data suggest a much higher prevalence of high-risk precursor lesions in BRCA carriers. Therefore, we designed this study to compare the clinicopathological characteristics of peritumoral benign breast tissue in patients with and without deleterious BRCA mutations.

Methods

Women with breast cancer (BC) who were referred for genetic counseling and underwent BRCA genetic testing in 2010 and 2011 were included in the study.

Results

Of the six benign histological features analyzed in this study, only stromal fibrosis grade 2/3 was found to be statistically different, with more BRCA noncarriers having stromal fibrosis grade 2/3 than BRCA1/2 carriers ( P = 0.04).

Conclusion

There is no significant association between mutation risk and the presence of benign histologic features of peritumoral breast parenchyma.
Human Monkeypox in the Kivus, a Conflict Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: McCollum Andrea M. , Nakazawa Yoshinori , Ndongala Guy Mutombo , Pukuta Elisabeth , Karhemere Stomy , Lushima Robert Shongo , Ilunga Benoit Kebela , Kabamba Joelle , Wilkins Kimberly , Gao Jinxin , Li Yu , Emerson Ginny , Damon Inger K. , Carroll Darin S. , Reynolds Mary G. , Malekani Jean , Tamfum Jean-Jacques Muyembe
Published: August 2015

Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus infection endemic in central and western Africa. Human MPX cases occur in the central and northern regions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and this is the first report of confirmed MPX cases in the forested areas of North and South Kivu Provinces, with a detailed epidemiological investigation for one case. The location of each case is within areas predicted to be suitable for MPX virus transmission based on an ecological niche model. Phylogenetic analysis places these viruses in the Congo Basin clade.
High Mobility and Low Use of Malaria Preventive Measures Among the Jarai Male Youth Along the Cambodia–Vietnam Border
Authors: Gryseels Charlotte , Peeters Grietens Koen , Dierickx Susan , Xuan Xa Nguyen , Uk Sambunny , Bannister-Tyrrell Melanie , Trienekens Suzan , Ribera Joan Muela , Hausmann-Muela Susanna , Gerrets René , D'Alessandro Umberto , Sochantha Tho , Coosemans Marc , Erhart Annette
Published: August 2015

Malaria control along the Vietnam–Cambodia border presents a challenge for both countries' malaria elimination targets as the region is forested, inhabited by ethnic minority populations, and potentially characterized by early and outdoor malaria transmission. A mixed methods study assessed the vulnerability to malaria among the Jarai population living on both sides of the border in the provinces of Ratanakiri (Cambodia) and Gia Lai (Vietnam). A qualitative study generated preliminary hypotheses that were quantified in two surveys, one targeting youth (N = 498) and the other household leaders (N = 449). Jarai male youth, especially in Cambodia, had lower uptake of preventive measures (57.4%) and more often stayed overnight in the deep forest (35.8%) compared with the female youth and the adult population. Among male youth, a high-risk subgroup was identified that regularly slept at friends' homes or outdoors, who had fewer bed nets (32.5%) that were torn more often (77.8%). The vulnerability of Jarai youth to malaria could be attributed to the transitional character of youth itself, implying less fixed sleeping arrangements in nonpermanent spaces or non-bed sites. Additional tools such as long-lasting hammock nets could be suitable as they are in line with current practices.
Knightian Uncertainty and Stock-Price Movements: Why the REH Present-Value Model Failed Empirically
Authors: Frydman Roman , Goldberg Michael D. , Mangee Nicholas
Published: August 2015

Macroeconomic models that are based on either the rational expectations hypothesis (REH) or behavioral considerations share a core premise: All future market outcomes can be characterized ex ante with a single overarching probability distribution. This paper assesses the empirical relevance of this premise using a novel data set. The authors find that Knightian uncertainty, which cannot be reduced to a probability distribution, underpins outcomes in the stock market. This finding reveals the full implications of Robert Shiller’s ground-breaking rejection of the class of REH present-value models that rely on the consumption-based specification of the risk premium. The relevance of Knightian uncertainty is inconsistent with all REH models, regardless of how they specify the market’s risk premium. The authors’ evidence is also inconsistent with bubble accounts of REH models’ empirical difficulties. They consider a present-value model based on a New Rational Expectations Hypothesis, which recognizes the relevance of Knightian uncertainty in driving outcomes in real-world markets. Their novel data is supportive of the model’s implications that rational forecasting relies on both fundamental and psychological factors.
Hyphenation of a EC / OC thermal–optical carbon analyzer to photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: an off-line aerosol mass spectrometric approach for characterization of primary and secondary particulate matter
Authors: Diab J. , Streibel T. , Cavalli F. , Lee S. C. , Saathoff H. , Mamakos A. , Chow J. C. , Chen L.-W. A. , Watson J. G. , Sippula O. , Zimmermann R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Source apportionment and characterization of primary and secondary aerosols remains a challenging research field. In particular, the organic composition of primary particles and the formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) warrant further investigations. Progress in this field is strongly connected to the development of novel analytical techniques. In this study an off-line aerosol mass spectrometric technique based on filter samples, a hyphenated thermal–optical analyzer photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PI-TOFMS) system, was developed. The approach extends the capability of the widely used particulate matter (PM) carbon analysis (for elemental / organic carbon, EC / OC) by enabling the investigation of evolved gaseous species with soft and selective (resonance enhanced multi-photon ionization, REMPI) and non-selective photo-ionization (single-photon ionization, SPI) techniques. SPI was tuned to be medium soft to achieve comparability with results obtained by the electron ionization aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). Different PM samples including wood combustion emission samples, smog chamber samples from the reaction of ozone with different SOA precursors, and ambient samples taken at Ispra, Italy, in winter as well as in summer were tested. The EC / OC–PI-TOFMS technique increases the understanding of the processes during thermal–optical analysis and identifies marker substances for the source apportionment. Composition of oligomeric or polymeric species present in PM can be investigated by the analysis of the thermal breakdown products. In the case of wood combustion, in addition to the well-known markers at m/z ratios of 60 and 73, two new characteristic masses (m/z 70 and 98) have been revealed as potentially linked to biomass burning. All four masses were also the dominant signals in an ambient sample taken in winter time in Ispra, Italy, confirming the finding that wood burning for residential heating is a major source of PM in winter at this location. The summer sample from the same location showed no influence of wood burning, but seems to be dominated by SOAs, which was confirmed from the comparison with chamber experiment samples. The experiments conducted with terpenes as precursors showed characteristic masses at m/z 58 and 82, which were not observable in any other emission samples and could serve as a marker for SOA from terpenes.
Implications of MODIS bowtie distortion on aerosol optical depth retrievals, and techniques for mitigation
Authors: Sayer A. M. , Hsu N. C. , Bettenhausen C.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The scan geometry of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors results in a pixel shape distortion known as the "bowtie effect". Specifically, sensor pixels near the edge of the swath are elongated along-track and across-track compared to pixels near the centre of the swath, resulting in an increase of pixel area by up to a factor of ~ 9, and additionally pixels acquired from consecutive scans overlap. The Deep Blue and Dark Target aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval algorithms aggregate sensor pixels and provide level 2 (L2) AOD at a nominal horizontal pixel size of 10 km, but the bowtie distortion means that they also suffer from this size increase and overlap. This means that the spatial characteristics of the data vary as a function of satellite viewing zenith angle (VZA) and, for VZA > 30°, corresponding to approximately 50 % of the data, are areally enlarged by a factor of 50 % or more compared to this nominal pixel area, and are not spatially independent of each other. This has implications for retrieval uncertainty and aggregated statistics, causing a narrowing of AOD distributions near the edge of the swath, as well as for data comparability from the application of similar algorithms to sensors without this level of bowtie distortion. Additionally, the pixel overlap is not obvious to users of the L2 aerosol products because only pixel centres, not boundaries, are provided within the L2 products. A two-step procedure is proposed to mitigate the effects of this distortion on the MODIS aerosol products. The first (simple) step involves changing the order in which pixels are aggregated in L2 processing to reflect geographical location rather than scan order, which removes the bulk of the overlap between L2 pixels, and slows the rate of growth of L2 pixel size vs. VZA. This can be achieved without significant changes to existing MODIS processing algorithms. The second step involves additionally changing the number of sensor pixels aggregated across-track as a function of VZA, which preserves L2 pixel size at around 10 km × 10 km across the whole swath, but would require algorithmic quality assurance tests to be re-evaluated. Both of these steps also improve the extent to which the pixel locations a user would infer from the L2 data products represent the actual spatial extent of the L2 pixels.
Explanation of the values of Hack's drainage basin, river length scaling exponent
Authors: Hunt A. G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Percolation theory can be used to find water flow paths of least resistance. The application of percolation theory to drainage networks allows identification of the range of exponent values that describe the tortuosity of rivers in real river networks, which is then used to generate the observed scaling between drainage basin area and channel length, a relationship known as Hack's law. Such a theoretical basis for Hack's law allows interpretation of the range of exponent values based on an assessment of the heterogeneity of the substrate.
Spatial scales of temperature and salinity variability estimated from Argo observations
Authors: Ninove F. , Le Traon P. Y. , Remy E. , Guinehut S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Argo observations from 2005 to 2013 are used to characterize spatial scales temperature and salinity variations from the surface down to 1500 m. Simulations are first performed to analyze the sensitivity of results to Argo sampling; they show that several years of Argo observations are required to estimate the spatial scales of ocean variability over 20° × 20° boxes. Spatial scales are then computed over several large scale areas. Zonal and meridional spatial scales (Lx and Ly which are also zero crossing of covariance functions) vary as expected with latitudes. Scales are of about 100 km at high latitudes and more of 700 km in the Indian and Pacific equatorial/tropical regions. Zonal and meridional scales are similar: except in these tropical/equatorial regions where zonal scales are much larger (by a factor of 2 to 3) than meridional scales. Spatial scales are the largest close to the surface and have a general tendency for temperature to increase in deeper layers. There are significant differences between temperature and salinity scales, in particular, in the deep ocean. Results are consistent with previous studies based on sparse in-situ observations or satellite altimetry. They provide, however, for the first time a global description of temperature and salinity scales of variability and a characterization of their variations according to depths.
Century-scale simulations of the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a warming climate
Authors: Cornford S. L. , Martin D. F. , Payne A. J. , Ng E. G. , Le Brocq A. M. , Gladstone R. M. , Edwards T. L. , Shannon S. R. , Agosta C. , van den Broeke M. R. , Hellmer H. H. , Krinner G. , Ligtenberg S. R. M. , Timmermann R. , Vaughan D. G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We use the BISICLES adaptive mesh ice sheet model to carry out one, two, and three century simulations of the fast-flowing ice streams of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, deploying sub-kilometer resolution around the grounding line since coarser resolution results in substantial underestimation of the response. Each of the simulations begins with a geometry and velocity close to present-day observations, and evolves according to variation in meteoric ice accumulation rates and oceanic ice shelf melt rates. Future changes in accumulation and melt rates range from no change, through anomalies computed by atmosphere and ocean models driven by the E1 and A1B emissions scenarios, to spatially uniform melt rate anomalies that remove most of the ice shelves over a few centuries. We find that variation in the resulting ice dynamics is dominated by the choice of initial conditions and ice shelf melt rate and mesh resolution, although ice accumulation affects the net change in volume above flotation to a similar degree. Given sufficient melt rates, we compute grounding line retreat over hundreds of kilometers in every major ice stream, but the ocean models do not predict such melt rates outside of the Amundsen Sea Embayment until after 2100. Within the Amundsen Sea Embayment the largest single source of variability is the onset of sustained retreat in Thwaites Glacier, which can triple the rate of eustatic sea level rise.
A Big Picture of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Yassien Eman
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses Dynamic Capabilities (DC) models presented in some earlier previous studies. The author shows that there are many fundamental and good thoughts that need to be organized and clearly specified in a full and comprehensive framework. The paper contributes by introducing a new framework for DC using an updated set of components. Also this paper provides another model that reflects DC from higher level perspective, whereas other issues such as strategic alignment and leadership are clearly included. The paper also contributes by provision of the whole understandable process of how DC can be formed.
When Innovation Holds Learning and Undertaking in a Close Embrace
Authors: Formica Piero
Published: August 2015

In this article, Piero Formica considers how new approaches to the notion of the university exemplify the value of creative ignorance in driving entrepreneurship and promoting a new culture of innovation based on blue sky science and open-mindedness. He takes the examples of the Minerva Schools, the Unreasonable Institute and the Singularity University and illustrates how these developments both connect us to learning cultures of the distant past and reveal the shape of an enterprising future that rejects the norms and embedded constraints of education systems developed in twentieth century.
Entrepreneurial Opportunities for All?
Authors: Wilson Nick , Martin Lee
Published: August 2015

This paper considers the freedom of each and every one of us to choose to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities – that is, to practise entrepreneurship – should we wish to do so. Drawing on the Capabilities Approach, a novel conceptualization of entrepreneurial capability is put forward as the individual freedom to pursue an entrepreneurial opportunity within one's environment. In shifting analytical attention away from empirical cases of entrepreneurs (that is, those identified post hoc with successfully pursuing an entrepreneurial opportunity) and exploring the potential (or otherwise) of any individual to pursue entrepreneurship in theory, we are forced to ask what is specific about entrepreneurial opportunities and whether they can be pursued by anyone. Our resulting conception of entrepreneurial capability introduces seven universal and necessary conditions for this distinctive type of freedom to be present. The significance of this conceptualization of entrepreneurial capability for entrepreneurship theory and economic and human development policy is discussed.
Where Do Agri-Food Entrepreneurs Learn Their Job and are There Skills They Wished They Had Learned?
Authors: Becot Florence , Conner David , Kolodinsky Jane
Published: August 2015

The agri-food system plays a vital role in the socioeconomic well-being of the USA. In rural Vermont, the setting for this study, the contributions are even larger. Agri-food businesses contribute an estimated 12% of the state's gross domestic product and comprise 13% of private sector establishments. The community economic development potential of fostering successful food entrepreneurs suggests a role for higher education in educating the next generation of entrepreneurs. This study explores gaps in entrepreneurial knowledge and skills. Using a survey of agri-food entrepreneurs designed to obtain an understanding of the tools needed for success, the authors found that entrepreneurs valued a wide range of skills, making it difficult to tailor training. The importance of informal learning was also confirmed. The authors conclude that the role of higher education in entrepreneurial education is to educate students to think critically, recognize opportunities, develop networks and identify resources. In addition, it is critical to provide students with exposure to entrepreneurs in the field.
IDENTIFYING DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PERIODICAL ESSAYS
Authors: Brocklebank Paul
Published: August 2015

This paper investigates the distribution of words and clusters within a single corpus and across a pair of related corpora. With a corpus containing Samuel Johnson’s periodical essays as the target corpus and a corpus of Addison’s essays as the reference corpus, it is shown how standard techniques for identifying keywords can be extended to identifying distributional tendencies within texts at the levels of sentence, paragraph and whole section/essay. Supplementing the investigation with collocational and concordance data, the main keywords, including TO at sentence, AND at paragraph, BY at essay level, and the main three-word clusters at the various levels, are discussed. It is argued that the methods described are useful additions to the corpus stylistic researcher’s arsenal of techniques.
INTERSUBJECTIVE POSITIONING IN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INTERVIEWS
Authors: Šandová Jana Kozubíková
Published: August 2015

The aim of this paper is to examine linguistic means of intersubjective positioning used in the genre of interview, which is typically connected with establishing speaker’s identity and position. The theoretical framework for this study is the Appraisal Theory proposed by Martin and White (2005), in concrete terms the category of Engagement, which enables us to analyse how speakers adopt and express their attitude not only to the proposition but also to a potential audience. Modal expressions modify the strength of the illocutionary force of propositions. Thus, intersubjective positioning overlaps with such concepts as hedging, boosting, evidentiality, and modality. A corpus of political and economic interviews will be analysed with the aim of investigating and comparing markers of intersubjective positioning, and further, of explicating their pragmatic functions.
A Three-dimensional Perspective on Wrongful Convictions in Israel: Organizational-Forensic, Psychosocial and Practical
Authors: Peled-Laskov Ronit , Shoham Efrat
Published: August 2015

It is difficult to find an injustice committed against the citizen by the state that is greater than the conviction of an innocent person. At this stage, it may be tentatively stated that the phenomenon is not insignificant. This theoretical article describes the various aspects of the criminal justice system associated with the undesirable outcome of wrongful convictions. The paper reviews a series of organizational and forensic aspects that could bring about a bias in investigation of the legal truth. Furthermore, a number of psychosocial aspects relating to wrongful convictions, followed by practical aspects are described and discussed. It appears that on the practical level the phenomenon cries out for changes in the law enforcement system (e.g. implementation of the US Innocence Project or the biometric databank) and the need for empirical investigation. It appears that there is still a long way to go before a full understanding can be obtained of wrongful convictions and their prevention. One way or another, the authors are of the opinion that greater academic and public importance should be assigned to the question of wrongful convictions and perhaps turn the issue of truth and falsehood in criminal law into a theoretical and research field in its own right.
O uso de recursos tecnológicos na educação nos primeiros anos do século XXI
Authors: Pinheiro Filho Isac Sales
Published: August 2015

O Uso de Recursos Tecnológicos na Educação nos Primeiros anos do Século XXI, nada mais é que um trabalho elaborado com a intenção de contribuir para o campo da educação de maneira clara e objetiva, acompanhando de forma rápida e constante as inovações tecnológicas na área educacional. O mesmo vem analisar e compreender os mecanismos tecnologicos no ensino, identificando aspectos favoráveis na utilização de certos recursos tecnológicos educacionais para os dias atuais, tendo como foco primordial do trabalho, as metodologias utilizadas pelos educadores, perfazendo uma sucinta avaliação em seu papel, como professor ao lançar uma metodologia ligada a tecnologia em sala de aula e o papel do aluno na compreensão da mesma. Vale destacar a importancia de especialistas para a realização desse trabalho, tais como, MORAN (2006), onde aborda que recursos tecnologicos sao elementos que ocasionam diferenças no dia-a-dia do professor para com educando e entre tantos outros importantes na produção crucial desse documento, que requer o máximo de dedicação do docentes, em especial, que buscam um conhecimento sobre os recursos didáticos já existentes e os meios aplicados no dias atuais. Por fim, fieis a uma noção de que os meios tecnologicos produzem um conhecimento valioso em determinadas perspectivas da vida, destacando melhor ao serem argumentados na sociedade como um todo, também contestável por novas evidencias e melhores contextos, estando aberto a críticas e a revisão de pontos de vista em sua utilização, sendo traçados pelos educadores frente aos avanços exigidos pelo processo tecnológico atualmente.
Aprendizagem baseada em problemas e o currículo tradicional na educação em enfermagem: uma revisão bibliográfica
Authors: Oliveira Laís Lima de , Moura Nathale Prates Ribeiro , Tanajura Diego Moura
Published: August 2015

A Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) é uma metodologia ativa de ensino que vem sendo adotada em algumas Universidades do país. Tal metodologia é centrada no aluno, trabalha com pequenos grupos, e propõe a aquisição de conhecimentos a partir de problemas/casos clínicos. A ABP foi criada como um método alternativo de ensino utilizado, em princípio, somente por escolas médicas. Atualmente, diversas escolas vêm disseminando esta nova metodologia por outros cursos, como o de enfermagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar artigos que comparam a utilização da metodologia ABP com o currículo tradicional na formação do enfermeiro. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa não sistemática sobre o tema. Os poucos estudos existentes nesta área demonstram resultados divergentes com relação ao conhecimento obtido pelo aluno, quando se compara as duas metodologias. Entretanto, o método ABP consegue desenvolver no aluno habilidades como pensamento crítico, a aprendizagem ativa e continua, trabalho em equipe, entre outras. Essas habilidades são consoantes com aquelas propostas pelas Diretrizes Curriculares.
La critique de la propriété chez les anarchistes du dix-neuvième siècle : une comparaison des propositions de Proudhon et de Déjacque1
Authors: Lebrun Pascal
Published: August 2015

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon est demeuré célèbre pour son cri, « La propriété, c’est le vol ! » Pourtant, le « père de l’anarchisme » ne promeut pas son abolition. À la même époque, Joseph Déjacque, un autre anarchiste, critique vertement Proudhon pour son refus d’abolir la propriété afin de passer au communisme libertaire. Cet article analyse les pensées de ces deux auteurs au sujet de la propriété en les comparant l’une à l’autre afin d’identifier la cause de leur désaccord.
Diálogo entre a sociologia e a psicanálise: o indivíduo e o sujeito
Authors: Maria de Oliveira Lima Denise
Published: August 2015

A autora recorre à vasta obra teórica de Sérgio Paulo Rouanet para mostrar a possibilidade de entrelaçamento entre a dimensão social e a dimensão psíquica do ser humano. Rouanet considera “impossível entender a luta de classes, as situações externas de opressão, de ideologia, sem entender os mecanismos psíquicos que condicionam todas essas distorções”. Baseada neste pressuposto, Denise desenvolve sua obra de forma acessível aos interessados no tema.
Perturbation biology nominates upstream–downstream drug combinations in RAF inhibitor resistant melanoma cells
Authors: Korkut Anil , Wang Weiqing , Demir Emek , Aksoy Bülent Arman , Jing Xiaohong , Molinelli Evan J , Babur Özgün , Bemis Debra L , Onur Sumer Selcuk , Solit David B , Pratilas Christine A , Sander Chris
Published: August 2015

Resistance to targeted cancer therapies is an important clinical problem. The discovery of anti-resistance drug combinations is challenging as resistance can arise by diverse escape mechanisms. To address this challenge, we improved and applied the experimental-computational perturbation biology method. Using statistical inference, we build network models from high-throughput measurements of molecular and phenotypic responses to combinatorial targeted perturbations. The models are computationally executed to predict the effects of thousands of untested perturbations. In RAF-inhibitor resistant melanoma cells, we measured 143 proteomic/phenotypic entities under 89 perturbation conditions and predicted c-Myc as an effective therapeutic co-target with BRAF or MEK. Experiments using the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 affecting the level of c-Myc protein and protein kinase inhibitors targeting the ERK pathway confirmed the prediction. In conclusion, we propose an anti-cancer strategy of co-targeting a specific upstream alteration and a general downstream point of vulnerability to prevent or overcome resistance to targeted drugs.
Intrinsic sequence specificity of the Cas1 integrase directs new spacer acquisition
Authors: Rollie Clare , Schneider Stefanie , Brinkmann Anna Sophie , Bolt Edward L , White Malcolm F
Published: August 2015

The adaptive prokaryotic immune system CRISPR-Cas provides RNA-mediated protection from invading genetic elements. The fundamental basis of the system is the ability to capture small pieces of foreign DNA for incorporation into the genome at the CRISPR locus, a process known as Adaptation, which is dependent on the Cas1 and Cas2 proteins. We demonstrate that Cas1 catalyses an efficient trans-esterification reaction on branched DNA substrates, which represents the reverse- or disintegration reaction. Cas1 from both Escherichia coli and Sulfolobus solfataricus display sequence specific activity, with a clear preference for the nucleotides flanking the integration site at the leader-repeat 1 boundary of the CRISPR locus. Cas2 is not required for this activity and does not influence the specificity. This suggests that the inherent sequence specificity of Cas1 is a major determinant of the adaptation process.