bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of a dense inflow on the stratification of a steep‐sided lake
Authors: Pieters Roger , Lawrence Gregory A. , Leung Albert , Crusius John , Pedersen Thomas
Published: July 2024

We detail the effect of a small stream of dense inflow that significantly altered the stratification and water quality in a constructed water body in northern British Columbia, Canada. As the dense inflow passed through the epilimnion of the steep‐sided lake, it entrained relatively large quantities of water. The resulting mixture of dense inflow and entrained epilimnetic water sank to the bottom of the lake. The removal of water from the epilimnion due to entrainment reduced the epilimnetic thickness. This opposes the normal process of epilimnetic deepening due to wind and convective cooling. The flux of fluid entrained into the dense inflow was calculated to be between 4 and 14 times the inflow, depending primarily on the thickness of the epilimnion. The entrainment had four major effects: (1) it reduced the residence time of the epilimnion from half a year to less than a month; (2) it removed the freshwater cap that resulted from spring ice melt; (3) it enabled fall turnover, which further enhanced deep oxygen content and helped to prevent meromixis from developing in the lake; and (4) it produced a rapid decline in contaminant (i.e., zinc) concentrations in the epilimnion, which received dissolved metals inputs from oxidized sulfide minerals exposed in the subaerial walls of the lake. Given the wide variety of inflows to inland water bodies, some of which are at least seasonally dense, an understanding of the mechanisms detailed here can inform lake management in general, and more specifically, management of water quality in mine‐impacted water bodies.
Investigation on Surface Roughness and Power Consumption for Sustainability Assessment in Hard Turning of HSLA Steel With SPPP‐AlTiSiN–Coated Carbide Tool Under Various Cooling‐Lubrications
Authors: Roy Soumikh , Pradhan Arupam , Padhan Smita , Das Anshuman , Das Sudhansu Ranjan , Dhupal Debabrata
Published: July 2024

The present research analyses the power consumption (P
c) and surface roughness (R
a) in hard turning of high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) grade AISI 4140 steel using a recently developed AlTiSiN‐coated carbide tool under different cooling‐lubrication conditions (dry, flooded, nanofluid‐MQL). The nanofluid was prepared by mixing the MWCNT nanoparticles with an eco‐friendly automotive radiator coolant (base fluid). The cooling‐lubrication performance is investigated briefly by comparing the machining responses like machined surface morphology, tool wear, cutting force and temperature. The experiments associated with 46 trials were performed by considering various machining variables, namely cutting speed, nose radius, depth of cut, feed and cooling‐lubrication methods. From the perspective of predictive modelling and multi‐response optimisation, response surface methodology has been employed to minimise power consumption and surface roughness. Thereafter, the predictive modelling and optimisation results are implemented for economic analysis and energy‐saving carbon footprint evaluation. This innovative research also addresses comparative environmental sustainability evaluation in hard turning under different cooling‐lubrication conditions using a life cycle assessment methodology for cleaner and safer production. Results indicate that cutting speed was the most influential item in power consumption enhancement. Furthermore, compared with dry and flooded turning, lower cutting force, reduced cutting temperature, shorter width of flank wear and better surface morphology were obtained under nanofluid‐MQL machining. It has been observed that nanofluid‐MQL machining outperformed sustainability improvement concerning techno‐economically viable societal acceptable and environmental friendliness.
Dual‐Crosslinked Antibacterial Hydrogel for Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Zou Zheng , Zhang Zhen , Gao Yang , Yuan Huixian , Guo Ting , He Chaoliang , Chen Xuesi
Published: July 2024

Diabetic foot ulcer has become a heavy burden to the healthcare system with the high and growing incidence of diabetes. Persistent bacterial infections in diabetic wounds can lead to chronic inflammation and delayed wound healing. To address these challenges, a dual‐crosslinked antibacterial hydrogel loaded with anti‐inflammatory compound asiaticoside is developed in this study. The hydrogel demonstrated suitable gelation properties, good biocompatibility, and exceptional antibacterial activity. In a diabetic foot ulcer model on rats, the asiaticoside‐loaded hydrogel can alleviate inflammation, promote angiogenesis, and accelerate wound healing. Therefore, this asiaticoside‐loaded antibacterial hydrogel shows considerable potential for diabetic wound healing.
Polymerization‐Induced Emission and Specific Detection to Cu2+ Ions of Polyacrylates with Morpholine Structure
Authors: Feng Yayu , Fan Enze , Liu Yunfei , Gao Rumeng , Wang Lin , Deng Kuilin
Published: July 2024

In this investigation, the fluorescent poly(N‐hydroxyethyl morpholine acrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(N‐hydroxypropyl morpholine acrylate) (PHPMA) are prepared and applied as fluorescent probes for the specific detection of Cu2+ ions. Far different from the non‐fluorescent monomer, PHEMA and PHPMA emit a strong fluorescence at 410 nm due to the intramolecular aggregation of morpholine structures along macromolecular chains in the polymerization, indicating polymerization‐induced emission (PIE). The fluorescent emission of PHPMA shows the dependence on external factors including solution concentration, excitation wavelength, solvent, and pH value. PHPMA specifically detects Cu2+ ions even in the presence of 16 common metal ions and 6 anions, with an LOD of 0.077 µM. In the fluorescent quenching, the O atom from ─C═O and N atom from morpholine moiety on the PHPMA chain participate in the complexation with Cu2+ ions with the ratio of the structural unit and Cu2+ ion of 2:1, leading to the dynamic quenching of PHPMA solution. As for the application, PIE‐active PHPMA is easily made into a portable semi‐quantitative filter paper with recyclability. In brief, the PIE‐active PHPMA synthesized in this study can be used as a promising material for the specific detection of Cu2+ ions in industry, agriculture, and medicine fields.
Firm‐level climate risk and corporate violations: Perspective of corporate managers' pressure perception
Authors: Sun Xiaonan , Ci Fanghui , Cifuentes‐Faura Javier , Liu Xiaoqian
Published: July 2024

This study is grounded in the perspective of pressure perception, examining how a company's awareness of climate risk influences its propensity for violations. The study reveals that an enhanced perception of climate risks is correlated with an increased likelihood of such behaviors. This effect is primarily mediated through a mechanism of stress transmission, exacerbating the myopia and rent‐seeking activities of corporate managers. Furthermore, this study integrates a heterogeneity analysis within the framework of the fraud triangle theory to explore strategies for mitigating the impact of climate risk perception on corporate violations. The findings indicate that the influence of climate risk perception on corporate violations becomes insignificant under certain conditions: when companies offer strong equity incentives to managers, thus alleviating pressure; when companies are heavily influenced by Confucian culture, thereby reducing rationalizations; and when companies possess robust internal governance and are subject to stringent external oversight, thereby diminishing opportunities for violations. This study not only validates the pressure transmission mechanism of climate risk but also proposes avenues for mitigating the onset of non‐compliant behaviors induced by the perception of climate risk.
The effect of fat model variation on muscle fat fraction quantification in a cross‐sectional cohort
Authors: Froeling Martijn , Heskamp Linda
Published: July 2024

Spectroscopic imaging, rooted in Dixon's two‐echo spin sequence to distinguish water and fat, has evolved significantly in acquisition and processing. Yet precise fat quantification remains a persistent challenge in ongoing research. With adequate phase characterization and correction, the fat composition models will impact measurements of fatty tissue. However, the effect of the used fat model in low‐fat regions such as healthy muscle is unknown. In this study, we investigate the effect of assumed fat composition, in terms of chain length and double bond count, on fat fraction quantification in healthy muscle, while addressing phase and relaxometry confounders. For this purpose, we acquired bilateral thigh datasets from 38 healthy volunteers. Fat fractions were estimated using the IDEAL algorithm employing three different fat models fitted with and without the initial phase constrained. After data processing and model fitting, we used a convolutional neural net to automatically segment all thigh muscles and subcutaneous fat to evaluate the fitted parameters. The fat composition was compared with those reported in the literature. Overall, all the observed estimated fat composition values fall within the range of previously reported fatty acid composition based on gas chromatography measurements. All methods and models revealed different estimates of the muscle fat fractions in various evaluated muscle groups. Lateral differences changed from 0.5% to 5.3% in the hamstring muscle groups depending on the chosen method. The lowest observed left–right differences in each muscle group were all for the fat model estimating the number of double bonds with the initial phase unconstrained. With this model, the left–right differences were 0.64% ± 0.31%, 0.50% ± 0.27%, and 0.50% ± 0.40% for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductors muscle groups, respectively. Our findings suggest that a fat model estimating double bond numbers while allowing separate phases for each chemical species, given some assumptions, yields the best fat fraction estimate for our dataset.
Effective use of yokukansan for Caucasian patient with panic disorder: A case report
Authors: Ohsako Noriaki , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: July 2024

Background

Yokukansan is a traditional Japanese herbal medicine that is widely administered to individuals of various age groups as an effective drug for anxiety, with few side‐effects. While animal studies have yielded promising results concerning yokukansan's potential in treating anxiety disorders, comprehensive validation has remained incomplete. Moreover, most of the clinical investigations regarding yokukansan have primarily focused on Japanese subjects, and its impact on non‐Asian ethnicities remains unverified.

Case Presentation

We present the case of a 17‐year‐old Caucasian female with panic disorder (PD). Following her relocation to Japan, she experienced panic attacks due to environmental changes, which subsequently prompted her to visit to our clinic. Various medical examinations revealed no abnormalities, which ruled out the possibility of any physical illness other than PD. Significantly, the administration of yokukansan resulted in a notable reduction in panic attacks, as well as in anticipatory anxiety, accompanied by discernible enhancements in psychosocial functioning and overall quality of life. Furthermore, it is imperative to underscore the fact that no noteworthy adverse events took place.

Conclusion

Panic attacks and profound anxiety in a Caucasian patient with PD were successfully treated with the use of yokukansan. This case study suggests that yokukansan may be effective in treating PD in Caucasians as well as in Asians. However, to substantiate this preliminary observation, further investigations are required.
Fixed dose daptomycin: An opportunity for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic optimization in Staphylococcus aureus infections
Authors: Olney Katie B. , Pai Manjunath P. , Thomas Jenni K. , Burgess Donna R. , Olney William J. , Bruning Rebecca A. , Griffith Kamron A. , Casaus Danielle V. , Crance Elizabeth , Porterfield James Z. , Burgess David S.
Published: July 2024

Background

Daptomycin is a high‐use intravenous antimicrobial agent affording the convenience of once‐daily dosing. Prior studies suggest an opportunity to use a more operationally convenient fixed rather than weight‐based dosing but this approach has not been studied prospectively.

Methods

This study quantified the probability of toxicity and efficacy end points by prospectively testing a fixed dose regimen of daptomycin (750 mg) in obese and non‐obese adults. At least, three daptomycin concentrations were measured at steady‐state for each patient. A population pharmacokinetic model was constructed to evaluate concentration‐time profiles and investigate covariates of daptomycin clearance. Simulations were performed to evaluate the probability of achieving efficacy (24‐h area under the curve (AUC0‐24) ≥ 666 mg∙h/L) and toxicity (minimum concentration (C
min) ≥24.3 mg/L) targets for fixed (500–1000 mg) and weight‐based (6–12 mg/kg) daptomycin doses.

Results

Thirty‐one patients (16 females, 15 males) with median (interquartile range (IQR)) age of 50 (30, 62) years and weight of 74 (54, 156) kg were included in the final analysis. Fixed dose daptomycin (750 mg) resulted in similar exposure across weights with a median (IQR) AUC0‐24 of 819 (499, 1501) mg∙h/L and 749 (606, 1265) mg∙h/L in patients weighing ≤74 kg and >74 kg, respectively. Overall, male sex and increased kidney function necessitate higher fixed and weight‐based doses to achieve efficacy. Creatine phosphokinase elevation was observed in two patients (6.5%) and predicted to be lower with fixed versus weight‐based regimens.

Conclusions

Fixed daptomycin dosing adjusted for sex and kidney function is expected to improve the efficacy‐to‐toxicity ratio, transitions of care, and costs compared to weight‐based doses. However, no empiric dosing approach is predicted to achieve ≥90% efficacy while minimizing the risk of toxicity, so therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered on a patient‐specific basis.
3‐2: Invited Paper: Current Technologies and Developments of AR Optics
Authors: Kim Jee Myung , Ha Jeong-hun
Published: July 2024

In the current metaverse era, the key to producing AR glasses is to make the device lightweight so that it is comfortable to wear, and energy efficient so that it can operate for long time. This paper introduces two of the most widely used optic structures; waveguide and birdbath structures, and one additional optic structure which has the advantages of the two former structures; PinTILTTM.
3‐4: Near‐eye Display with Curved Waveguide for Fashionable Form Factor
Authors: Ryu Jaeyeol , Vostrikov Gavril , Malkin Andrey , Muravyev Nikolay , Yun Jeonggeun , Koo Bonkon , Kim Doyoun , Shin Sunghwan , Yi Sanghyun , Choi JongChul , Choi Myongjo , Kwak Kyusub , Putilin Andrey
Published: July 2024

Various near‐eye displays have been commercialized over the past decade. They are approaching to be a form of ordinary eyeglasses. The majority of researchers use planar waveguides as combiner, which do not distort the image beam while being transferred along the waveguide. However, planar combiners do not look like eyeglasses because they are flat, not curved. In this work an optical architecture with curved waveguide for near eye display is proposed. Two conditions for image transfer through curved waveguide are defined. These conditions have been satisfied using a compensator and grating with a law of variation of the grating period in the optical architecture. It was verified by prototyping to aim for eyeglasses with 150 mm radius of curvature of the curved waveguide with a thickness of 2 mm, which performs RGB full color, 30 degrees of field of view and 12×10 mm of eye box for all day use.
3‐5: Distinguished Paper: Full‐color, Wide FoV Single‐layer Waveguide for AR Displays
Authors: Yang Qian , Ding Yuqiang , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: July 2024

We analyze the field‐of‐view (FoV) limitations in a single‐layer, full‐color waveguide‐based augmented reality display, revealing key influences from the waveguide's refractive index, exit pupil expansion (EPE) scheme, and combiner's angular response. Based on these analyses, we propose an optimized butterfly EPE scheme with gradient‐pitch polarization volume gratings (PVGs), achieving a theoretical diagonal FoV of 54.06° with a 16:10 aspect ratio.
8‐3: Relationship between Metameric Color Matching and Hue Estimation
Authors: Ko Minjeong , Kwak Youngshin
Published: July 2024

The metameric color matching and hue estimation experiments were conducted using four LED lightings having different spectral characteristics with five observers. The results showed that color mismatch was found in both experiments and hue shift was predictable using LMS‐based CIECAM16 model.
9‐2: Invited Paper: Research on Strain Sensor Embeded in Foldable AMOLED Display
Authors: Li Zhao , Cai Peng , Gao Biao , Zhao Hui , Wang Yufei , Yin Xinshe , Zhang Song , Shi Shiming , Wang Dawei
Published: July 2024

Strain sensors which are embeded in AMOLED are introduced and studied in this paper. High accuray strain sensing are achieved, resolution of the sensors are about 0.05%. By combing the strain sensors in the panel, mechanical behaviors can be monitored and studied in real time. The snesors are used to conduct the foldable AMOLED mechanical and reliability study. Dynamic and static strains and related mechanism are introduced and discussed. Finite element simulation models considering the mechanical properties of materials including hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity and creep are established. Finally, the strain sensors and finite element anlysis are combined to study the mechanical response of AMOLED under dynamic folding, static folding, and different temperature and humidity environments.
9‐3: The Latest Technology Breakthroughs for 31” 4K Flexible Printed OLED TV Display Technology
Authors: Lee Jueng Gil (James) , Gao Zhuo , Dong Ting , Yu Lei , Fu Dong , Yan Xiaolin , Chang Bong Seok
Published: July 2024

The flexible printed OLED TV display technology will be able to create new application market, such as rollable/foldable TV, in the future. It's TV Mobiles. Since the TCL (TCL CSOT, Guangdong Juhua Printed Display Technology Co. Ltd. & TCL Corporate Research) has successfully demonstrated the 31” FHD flexible printed OLED TV, there are a lot of technology breakthroughs for improving the panel performance and cost reduction. The co‐planar top gate Oxide TFT device architecture, printing OLED top emission device architecture with new OLED materials, MURA free ink jet printing technology with unique bank design, advanced encapsulation technology with new inorganic material for panel performance improvement are developed. Especially innovative mechanical release technology without using laser lift off technology is developed for cost reduction and production yield up in flexible printed OLED TV MP line. Based on these technology breakthroughs, 31” 4K flexible printed OLED TV with high resolution(142ppi) are fabricated.

The performance of 31” flexible printed OLED TV is, 4K high resolution (3840x2160, 142ppi), luminance: FW 150nits, excellent C/R; > 1M:1, color gamut: DCI‐P3: >99%, wide viewing angle (Δu'v' < 0.02): ≥ +/‐ 45°, A/R: 47.75%, and curvature radius: 20mm

In this paper, the panel performance of 31” 4K high resolution flexible printed OLED TV and the latest technology breakthroughs are discussed in details.
9‐4: Studies of Physical Properties and Mechanism of Films for Improving Flexibility of Flexible Display
Authors: Kim Jaesik , Song Seungyong , Lee Jeongseok , Chae Seunggun , Sung Wooyong , Jang Keunho , Lee Changhee
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the latest technology of displays that have recently been expanding from Rigid to a variety of form factors that can be modified. In a flexible display, different types of films are laminated to ensure panel reliability and to control stress distribution. However, the mechanism for how the characteristics of commercialized films affect the panel has not been properly identified, and it is not easy to adjust the physical properties to find key factors. So we formed a film with various characteristics using UV curing process and found key properties that can affect flexible OLED panel through process change. We were able to confirm the results of the experiment by analyzing and supplementing simulations based on physics. Finally, based on the mechanism proposed by comparing aspects between films, panel characteristics were verified and reliable.
10‐1: Optical Simulation and Improvement of the Reflection Pattern of Polarizer‐Free OLED Panel
Authors: Chen Haijing , Zhang Nan , Pan Lulu , Chen Lindou , Yuan Yong , OH Junsik , Chen Long , Lee Bong-Geum
Published: July 2024

The reflection color dispersion phenomenon is more visible on polarizer‐free OLED panel compared to the panel with polarizer. However, the mechanism and detailed analysis of this effect is very limited in previous reports. The panel reflection patterns are usually very sophisticated, which are composed of rings, dots and color distribution (R G B reflection located at different direction of the panel, respectively). In this paper, the causes of the reflection pattern are analyzed in detail and the influential factors of the shape, distribution, color and other characteristics of the reflection pattern are clarified and verified through the comparison of simulation and actual results. Finally, ideas for improving reflection pattern are proposed.
11‐2: Invited Paper:Full color MicroLED Micro‐Display Technology for AR Applications with µ‐PixeLED Solutions
Authors: Wu Chih-Ling , Chen Yen-Yeh , Tseng Yu-Jui , Chen Kuo-Wei , Wu Zhi-Jie , Sun Sheng-Yuan , Chiu Po-Wei , Si Hio-Kun , Li Yun-Li
Published: July 2024

With the rapid development of AR technology, the need for lightweight and high‐brightness displays has become crucial. MicroLED technology is one of the few feasible solutions for this. The requirements of achieving ultra‐high PPI, integrating RGB full colors, and reducing the chip size to less than 3μm on a CMOS backplane present significant challenge. This paper will discuss the fabrication of a full‐color, high‐PPI micro‐display.
12‐1: Invited Paper: Narrowing the Emission Linewidth of I‐III‐VI Quantum Dots
Authors: Dey Maharshi , Kelehan Riley , Cichocki Ronald , Makarov Nikolay , McDaniel Hunter
Published: July 2024

In recent years, I‐III‐VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have shown significant improvements that have unlocked new capabilities and end markets. Some typical examples of I‐III‐VI QDs are CuAlS2 (blue), AgInS2 (green), CuInSe2 (red) CuInSe2 (near‐IR), but other compositions and alloys are possible. These materials exhibit tunable photoluminescence (PL) emissions, and can achieve near unity PL quantum yield. They can have efficient broad emission, but also can have narrow emission, large Stokes shifts, and high optical extinction coefficients. These materials are often more stable, safer, and lower cost than alternatives such as CdSe, InP, and PbS or PbSe QDs. In this work, we discuss industrialization and scale‐up of I‐III‐VI QDs, starting with critical end uses related to spectrum optimization for greenhouses and solar energy. We also update on recent progress narrowing the emission linewidth (full‐width at half maximum) of I‐III‐VI QDs to the point that they are becoming competitive with legacy QDs used in displays and lighting.
12‐2: A Universal High‐Resolution Patterning Technology for Quantum Dot Color Converters in Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Velpugonda John Leo , Yerich Matthew , Johnson Rose , Keeler Ethan G. , Lin Lih Y.
Published: July 2024

We report a photolithography‐based technology for patterning quantum dot color converters for micro‐LED displays. A patterning resolution of ~1 µm is achieved. The method can be applied to any color converter materials. Integration of perovskite quantum dots and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots is demonstrated to show the versatility of the technology.
12‐4: Inorganic Halide Perovskite Thin Films Realized by Pulsed Laser Deposition over Large Area for MicroLEDs Color Conversion Layers
Authors: Parrat Elsa , Dupont Florian , Templier François
Published: July 2024

This paper reports the deposition of inorganic halide perovskite thin films, using pulsed laser deposition, as a way to fabricate green and red color conversion layers for microLEDs. The photoluminescence of the thin film reveal pure colors and uniform emission on 200 mm wafers. The unencapsulated thin films are stable under ambient air.
13‐4: OLED/Organic Photodetector Dual‐Mode Device Integrated into Side‐by‐Side Patterned OLED Display
Authors: Kamada Taisuke , Niikura Yasuhiro , Hatsumi Ryo , Oishi Anna , Watanabe Kazunori , Sugimoto Kazuya , Kubota Daisuke , Yamagata Sachiko , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: July 2024

We develop a new OLED/organic photodetector dual‐mode device, which enables OLED subpixels to capture the image of an object on a screen. The proposed device can be employed in an OLED display without changing the aperture ratio and pixel density of the display.
14‐1: A Study on Flexibility Improvement of AMOLED Back Plane and Mask Reduction Process Architecture Using Photo‐sensitive Organic Insulation Films
Authors: Chung In Young , Kim Keun Woo , Yoon Ju Won , So Byung Soo , Jang Keun Ho , Bae Jin Baek , Jang Jin
Published: July 2024

In this work, the method of patterning inter‐layer deposition (ILD) and passivation layer (PVX) of the AMOLED back plane structure with an organic film was studied. By replacing the inorganic film of SiNx + SiO2 with an organic film Poly‐imide, back plane suitable for flexible AMOLED was secured. It was possible to secure equivalent TFT transfer characteristics of device compared to inorganic inter layer structure by applying low‐temperature buffer and 2nd gate insulator SiNx to the organic inter layer TFT device. Also, VIA + passivation layer 2 mask photo process was replaced with 1 mask photo process using a VIA Half‐tone mask. Both processes were able to secure a process architecture that can be applied to flexible and rollable displays in the future by using photo‐sensitive organic insulation films.
15‐3: Reflective Liquid Crystal Polarization Volume Grating for SWIR with High Diffraction Efficiency and Large Diffraction Angle and Sensor Application
Authors: Hisanaga Kazuya , Yanai Yujiro , Saitoh Yukito , Nagai Michio , Ito Yoji
Published: July 2024

We have developed a reflective polarization volume grating using liquid crystal polymer for SWIR with high efficiency and a large diffraction angle. By using this grating and a lightguide system, we demonstrated a sensor system that can capture identical images simultaneously in both visible and SWIR light.
16‐1: A Model for the Appearance of Interocular Colorimetric Differences in Binocular XR Displays
Authors: Wang Minqi , Cooper Emily A. , Moro Lorenza , Narasimhan Bharath A. , Chen Hui
Published: July 2024

Many extended reality (XR) devices present different views to the left and right eyes. Unwanted colorimetric differences between these views can cause perceptual artifacts that degrade binocular image quality. We present an image‐computable model designed to predict the appearance of binocular views with colorimetric differences in XR displays. The model is fitted to data from a recent perceptual study in which people provided multidimensional responses about the appearance of stimuli simulating an optical see‐through augmented reality device with interocular intensity differences. This work can be used to create preliminary assessments of binocular artifact appearance and inform XR display design.
16‐2: Invited Paper: Causes and Consequences of IPD Mismatch in XR Devices
Authors: Wilcox Laurie M. , Allison Robert S.
Published: July 2024

Binocular 3D display systems, including virtual, augmented and mixed reality (collectively referred to as XR) devices support stereoscopic depth perception by presenting dichoptic views separately to the two eyes rendered according to their vantage points. A common human factors issue is a mismatch between the observer's physical interpupillary distance (IPD) and 1) the separation between the device optics and 2) the rendered/captured content. This paper provides a theoretical review of the importance and consequences for user experience of accurately estimating IPD and incorporating it into HMD adjustments, calibration and rendering.
17‐2: Geometric Optimization of the Standard 4‐edge Curved Display
Authors: Wang Haoran , Xie Chunyan , Liu Zhengdao , Yang Xuekai , Li Zhao , Zhang Song , Shi Shiming , Wang Dawei
Published: July 2024

We have proposed the “Standard 4‐edge Curved Model” for the first time, which contains a standard geometric model based on superelliptic curves and a mapping relationship from a plane to a three‐dimensional surface. In this model, we can quantitatively compare the wrinkling risks of almost all known 4‐edge curved displays and provide the optimizations for the geometric parameters.
18‐2: A Novel Design for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) with Thin Liquid Crystal Layer for Wireless Communications
Authors: Lee Changhyeong , Choi Hyengcheul , Kang Byounggwan , Kang Bo-young , Huh Jae-Won
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a proof‐of‐concept design for RIS made with liquid crystals (LC) and Corning glass for wireless communication applications. The proposed RIS concept consists of the specially designed copper‐coated glass substrates and liquid crystal materials that were filled in between two glass substrates. The LC layer exists between the upper and lower Corning glass sheets, and it is 20 μm thick. Although the 20 μm cell‐gap is very thin compared to the operating frequency (it is more than 100 μm in previous research), more than the 180° phase difference was achieved by applying 10 V in the designed frequency band. Our proposed concept can improve wireless communication coverage by reflecting incident electromagnetic waves in the desired direction to secure a propagation path by simply changing the alignment of LC molecules under different driving voltages. Also, conventional LCD manufacturing technology can significantly reduce costs and support larger sized capabilities, compared to incumbent semiconductor‐based electronics and printed circuit board (PCB) processing.
18‐3: Mini‐LED LCDs Integrated with High‐capacity MIMO Visible Light Communication
Authors: Zhao Zhiqing , Qiu Yuqing , Zou Guowei , Weng Jiefeng , Yang Bo-Ru , Qin Zong
Published: July 2024

We propose a novel integrated display and communication system. The backlight of a mini‐LED LCD acts as many independent transmitters for multiple‐input, multiple‐output (MIMO) visible light communication. We achieved a record data rate of 50.4 kbps using merely ten backlight columns. The LCD's contrast is also increased through local dimming.
18‐4: Distinguished Paper: TDDI Panel of NFC Integration Driving Method Based on Part‐time Driving Strategy
Authors: Feng Boshi , Chen Xiuyun , Wang Guangquan , Liu Yujie , Long Feng , Cai Site , Shao Xibin
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we demonstrated the front NFC card swipe and touch display in TDDI LCD through the technologies shown later. New NFC sampling and noise reduction algorithm was used to reduce the generation of the Ghost Position and Touch Failure. The Time Division Multiplexing was applied to optimize the noise interference when NFC works. Meanwhile, we integrated the NFC antenna in the TDDI LCD, and also added new display signal filter circuit and VCOM driver signal. In the NFC in‐cell demo, front NFC swiping distance of 50mm is achieved.
19‐1: Invited Paper: Zonal Illuminated Non‐emissive Displays for AR Glass
Authors: Peng Fenglin , Wang Yun , Yu Zhaoning , Cobb Josh , Friedman Brandon , Geng Ying , Gollier Jacques , DeFranco John , Tyagi Anurag , Ninan Ajit , Silverstein Barry
Published: July 2024

LCoS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon) and DLP (Digital Light Processing) are mature non‐emissive display technologies. Both conventional LCoS and DLP use global illumination so that the whole display panel is illuminated regardless of the content. Therefore,it has challenges of high power consumption, low contrast ratio and so on. In this paper, we proposed a zonal illuminated LCoS and DLP systems, which greatly improve the contrast ratio and reduce the gray box artifacts. In addition, it saves >3x power consumption for typical sparse AR content.
19‐2: Invited Paper: Ultra high brightness Color Sequential Front‐lit LCOS
Authors: Li Yuet-Wing , Chen Kuan-Yu , Chen Wen-Hsu , Lin Chi-Wen , Wang Chien-Tang , Fan-Chiang Kuan-Hsu , Kuo Hung-Chien , Tsai Hsien-Chang
Published: July 2024

Color Sequential Front‐lit LCOS (CSFLLCOS) is a compact (<0.5cc) and high brightness (110000nits/300mW) imaging solution for AR displays. However, as large FOV AR glasses i.e. >40 o become more and more popular, a higher brightness output requirement is imposed on the imager. A new LED coupling lens and waveguide plate structure have recently been proposed to promote the polarization recycling efficiency (PCE) and TpRs ratio respectively in CSFLLCOS. It is expected that the brightness will be 50% higher.
20‐4: Efficient and Stable Red Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diode with Modified ZnMgO Nanoparticles
Authors: Qu Xiangwei , Ma Jingrui , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: July 2024

Since ZnO nanoparticles are employed as an electron transport layer in quantum dot light‐emitting diode (QLED), the electroluminescence efficiency of QLED is greatly boosted. However, the QLED stability still faces the challenge. Herein, we modify the ZnMgO nanoparticles with the thiol ligand, which can improve the efficiency and stability of QLED at the same time. As a result, the maximum external quantum efficiency of QLED is improved from 18.6% to 26.0%, accompanied by enhanced voltage sweep stability. Our work provides a practical method to enhance the performance of QLED.
20‐5: Quantum Dots and Device Optimizations towards Ink Jet Printing Quantum Dots Light Emitting Diodes Displays
Authors: Yan Yiran , Wu Hanlun , Chen Yawen , Wu Longjia , Zhou Likuan , Hou Wenjun , Cao Weiran , Zhang Xin , Yan Xiaolin
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we have meticulously refined both the quantum dot (QD) materials, particularly the blue variants, and the ink formulations to achieve aesthetically pleasing, high‐performance printing devices. Furthermore, in anticipation of future mass production challenges, we have tailored the quantum dot ligands and adopted surface passivation of zinc oxide nanoparticles, leveraging their inherent material properties. This innovation has culminated in remarkable enhancements for inkjet QLED device in long‐term storage stability and efficiency.
23‐3: High Optical Efficiency Liquid Crystal Display Structure Design Utilizing Dielectric Interference Filter
Authors: Liu Yujie , Li Xinyu , Wang Wei , Liang Pengxia , Fang Zheng , Yao Nianqi , Li Liuqing , Chen Xiaochuan , Dong Xue
Published: July 2024

In this study, an 11‐layer thin film with the thickness of 0.58 μm is designed to be placed under the red and green pixels. This film exhibits a blue light reflectance of 95% and a transmittance of 99% for red and green light. Additionally, the thickness of the RCF and GCF is reduced from the original 2 μm to 1 μm. Experimental results demonstrate a 19.9% increase in backlight transmittance and a color gamut reaching 118% sRGB.
25‐1: Invited Paper: Technical Roadmap to Realize Reflective Full‐Color Video Displays for Street Furniture
Authors: Oostra Doeke J. , Feil Hans
Published: July 2024

Outdoor displays become rapidly digital in our digital world. These digital displays are typically emissive, implying a very high‐power consumption to be seen in the daylight, and light pollution in nighttime. Last year Etulipa announced and demonstrated a full colour reflective display based on Electro Wetting Display technology with 10mm pixel pitch. The vertically stacked Cyan Magenta Yellow architecture yields very bright colours. The high switching speed of electrowetting cells enable displaying of video content. The power consumption is 7 W/m 2 implying that the displays can run on solar systems without any need for charging from the grid. The market feedback consists of several exciting applications which are reviewed. Street furniture is expected to be a very early application. Because the typical viewing distance for street furniture applications will be in the order of meters, the pixel pitch should be in the order of millimeters. This requirement defines a technical roadmap for development of the existing electrowetting architecture.
26‐3: Room Temperature Bias‐Selectable, Dual‐Band Ultraviolet/Infrared Detectors Based on PTAA/MAPbCl3 Single Crystal film Heterojunction
Authors: Liu Shilin , Din Yijing , Li Qing
Published: July 2024

A single photodetector capable of switching its peak spectral photoresponse between two wavelength bands is highly useful, particularly for the ultraviolet‐infrared bands in applications such as remote sensing, object identification, and chemical sensing. However, it is difficult to realize dual‐frequency ultraviolet/infrared detection with the existing technology. In this study, we leverage the advantages of perovskites materials to demonstrate a bias‐selectable ultraviolet/infrared dual‐band detector that operates at room temperature by using CH3NH3PbCl3 (MAPbCl3) single ctystal film and poly(triaryl amine). By switching between zero and forward bias, this detectors switch peak photosensitive ranges between the ultraviolet and infrared bands with room temperature detectivities of 4.5 × 1012 and 1.65 × 10 9 cm Hz 1/2 W −1, respectively. Unlike conventional bias‐selectable detectors, which utilize a set of back‐to‐back photodiodes, we demonstrate that under zero/forward bias conditions the device's operation mode instead changes between photovoltaic effect and photoconductive effect / the radiant thermal effect, allowing additional functionalities that the conventional structure cannot provide.
27‐1: Flat‐based Double Path Pancake Optics to Improve Productivity
Authors: Usukura Naru , Yoshida Takehisa , Minoura Kiyoshi , Honma Yoshiko
Published: July 2024

We proposed highly light efficient pancake Head Mounted Display (HMD) optics named “Double path pancake optics” last year, which has 1.8 times higher light efficiency than conventional one.

While maintaining such high optical efficiency, this year, we have improved its productivity by replacing curved Reflective Polarizer (RP) with flat one. To realize a structure with flat RP, we have simulated optical concepts and finally found appropriate design. According to our optimized optical design, 25.5 mm thickness with 90 deg Field Of View (FOV) was realized and we have successfully made the prototype and confirmed that the high image quality can be displayed and optical properties are almost the same as our previous one with curved RP.
27‐3: Invited Paper: Visual Fatigue‐free AR Displays
Authors: Li Yan , Huang Xiaojin , Liu Shuxin , Su Yikai
Published: July 2024

AR enables the integration of virtual digital information on the real world. However, most AR displays suffer from accommodation vergence conflict, which results in 3D visual fatigue. In this work, our works on 3D visual fatigue‐free display techniques would be presented.
28‐2: Distinguished Paper: Optimization of Ink Formulation and Ligand Engineering for QD‐LED Displays with Improved Performance
Authors: Ha Jaekook , Lee Sooho , Park Myoungjin , Kim Heunggyu , Jung Yun Ku , Park Gyehyun , Han Changyeol , Yu Sanghee , Kim Hoilim , Min Kyeongseo , Lee Arong , Kang Giho , Park Jee Hoon , Hwang Jaekwon , Min Ji Hyun , Ha Hyun Dong , Han Yongseok , Yoon Da-Eun , Chang Hogeun , Kim Kwang-Hee , Kim Sungwoo , Noh Seunguk , Kwak Donghoon , Kim Sehun , Yoon Yeo-geon , Lee Changhee
Published: July 2024

The efficiency and lifetime of inkjet‐printed QD‐LED displays are
improved through the ligand exchange of Cd‐free QDs and optimal
control of ink formulation. Dual ligands enhance colloidal stability
and carrier transport properties. The introduction of appropriate
additives in the mixed solvent system improves the inkjet
processibility and the morphology of inkjet printed layers.
28‐5: Late‐News Paper: Investigation on Enhanced Performance of All†solution Inverted Quantum Dot Light Emitting Diode via Changing a Solvent
Authors: Kim Jeong-Beom , Yoo Jae-In , Kim Hyo-Bin , Jang Jincheol , Song Jang-Kun
Published: July 2024

In inverted quantum‐dot light‐emitting‐diodes (QD‐LED), it is important to use orthogonal solvent for hole‐transport layer(HTL). In addition, modulating work function of each layer is good way to enhance carrier injection barrier. In this research, we confirmed the viability of usage of a solvent, named gamma‐valerolactone (GVL) for forming hole transport layer (HTL). By using the solvent, current density, luminance, roll‐off characteristics were enhanced, and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level was changed, which can enhance the hole injection.
29‐2: Distinguished Paper: High Efficiency and High Color Purity Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Blue Index >500
Authors: Gao Wei , Wang Jianyun , Xiang Yepeng , Niu Jinghua , Chen Long , Lee Bong-Geum
Published: July 2024

Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) and phosphorescent blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been developed to overcome the relatively low triplet exciton utilization of traditional fluorescent OLEDs. However, broad emission spectra originating from charge transfer process limits the commercial application of such blue OLEDs. Herein, an effective phosphor‐sensitized fluorescent (PSF) OLED device structure was designed. PSF OLED exhibited a maximum blue index (BI) of 508 cd/A/CIEy with CIEy of 0.060, which has been the highest efficiency result reported for PSF deep‐blue OLEDs. Impressively, the sensitized OLEDs maintained blue index of 407 cd/A/CIEy, narrow emission spectra (FWHM = 17 nm) and high color purity (CIEy = 0.046), revealing the attractive technical advantages and commercial application potential.
29‐4: TOF SIMS for OLED Film 3D Detection and Real‐Time Failure Analysis
Authors: Zheng Kening , Fu Qiang , Shi Bo , Chen Long , Gao Dongyu , Zhu Li , Li Langtao , Wang Dengyu , Pan Xuenan , Zhang Kai , Yang Dongfang , Tang Guoqiang , Jin Fujiang
Published: July 2024

By analyzing OLED film layers using the TOF SIMS method with 3D imaging capability, we can effectively improve the detection of OLED defects and understand the constitutive relationship. This inspection method can be integrated into the production line to realize process improvement and defect interception during mass production.
31‐1: Invited Paper: C‐PS‐VA and SA‐VA – Technologies for Next Generation TV LCDs
Authors: Chen Fred , Chou Ray , Chuang Susan , Huang Lawrence , Guo Lynn , Li Dora
Published: July 2024

The Chiral Polymer Stabilized Vertical Alignment (C‐PS‐VA) technology enables up to 10% increase in transmittance leading to potentially lower power consumption of final devices and energy saving compared to conventional Polymer Stabilized Vertical Alignment (PS‐VA) technology. Self‐Aligned Vertical Alignment (SA‐VA) enables the simplification of the process to achieve energy saving by eliminating high‐temperature baking. This paper summarizes the recent developments of liquid crystal mixtures for C‐PS‐VA & SA‐VA technologies in terms of performance and reliability.
31‐3: Invited Paper: Novel Chiral VA Liquid Crystal Display Mode Based on Photo Alignment
Authors: Li Fan , Ren Ju , Wu Pan-qiang , Li Lin , Zhang Yong , Kou Jian-long , Zhou Peng , Han Hai-bin
Published: July 2024

By reducing the ratio of dark lines to the extreme, and improving the transmittance at the dark line with chiral liquid crystal, we have successfully developed novel chiral VA Mode, which is the world's first. The transmittance of 4K can be increased by 14%, and 8K can be increased by more.
33‐3: An Autostereoscopic Display with Time‐Multiplexed Directional Backlight Using an Electroluminescent Display as a Light Source
Authors: Shiobara Riku , Borjigin Garimagai , Kakeya Hideki
Published: July 2024

We propose an autostereoscopic display with a directional backlight unit using an interleaved lens array and an organic electroluminescent display as an active light source. In the proposed system, the screen luminance per unit of power consumption is enhanced and the uniformity of luminance is improved.
34‐2: Deformable OLEDs: from Design to Applications
Authors: Yoo Seunghyup , Sim Jee Hoon , Kim Junho , Chae Hyeonwook , Lee Donggyun , Kim Su-Bon
Published: July 2024

We introduce a few novel design strategies to realize efficient deformable OLEDs, with emphasis on ultrathin OLEDs. Ultrathin OLEDs are used to create cylindrical light sources applicable to internal photo biomodulation for inner‐body phototherapeutics. Outcoupling technologies compatible with ultrathin form factors are also introduced.
35‐2: Multispectral Pancharatnam‐Berry Phase Liquid Crystal Lens and Its Aplication in AR Displays
Authors: Huang Xiaojin , Li Yan , He Ziqian , Wu Shin-Tson , Liu Shuxin
Published: July 2024

Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) phase liquid crystal (LC) lenses show attractive benefits in optical systems because of their high efficiency, compact size and polarization‐dependent behavior. However, as a kind of diffraction‐based devices, PB LC lenses suffer from chromatic dispersion, which limits their applications in multi‐wavelength imaging systems. In this paper, we demonstrate a multispectral PB LC lens design to overcome this issue. An active multispectral PB LC lens has been fabricated and characterized. It can focus different wavelengths at the same distance so they are expected to solve the chromatic dispersion problem in the multi‐wavelength display system and other broadband optical systems.
36‐1: Invited Paper: Submicron Narrow‐Band Phosphors in Luminescent Color Filters & Next Generation MiniLED and MicroLED Displays
Authors: Murphy James , Brewer Derrick , Camardello Samuel , Chen Zeying , DePuccio Daniel , Pavinatto Felippe , Presley James , Setlur Anant , Siclovan Oltea , Welch Justin , Yakimov Aharon
Published: July 2024

Both phosphors and quantum dots are currently used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), with GE's KSF narrow red phosphor demonstrating the best possible red color point, reliability, and efficiency. Next generation miniLED and microLED based displays require excellent color quality (gamut) and high brightness which will require color conversion materials with high EQE and narrow emission peaks. Here we describe recent advancements in submicron narrow‐band phosphors which are being implemented in next‐generation miniLED displays, and being considered for enabling full‐color microLED and luminescent color filter displays of the future due to their excellent optical performance and robust nature.
36‐2: Pure‐blue Emissive Perovskite Nanoplatelets with Face‐down Orientation
Authors: Oshita (Dr. student) Naoaki , Asakura Satoshi , Kashiwagi Motofumi , Masuhara Akito
Published: July 2024

Lead trihalide PeNPLs (perovskite nanoplatelets) have attracted attention as next‐generation optical materials owing to their excellent properties. Herein, we report quantum‐confined pure‐blue emissive PeNPLs with superior optical properties and “face‐ down” orientation for high‐performance LEDs (light‐emitting diodes).