bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efforts to Improve Science Learning Results About Health Disorders in Blood Circular Organs Using IT-Based Media
Authors: Lisfaatun Lisfaatun
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to improve student learning outcomes in science muple at SD IT Robbani Kendal class VA by using IT-based media. This Classroom Action Research was carried out in three cycles consisting of: planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. In the first cycle, the students who completed the post test were 62.5%. In the second cycle students who completed after carrying out the post test were 87.5%. In cycle III students who completed after carrying out the post test were 96%. These results indicate that IT-based media can improve student learning outcomes,especially science class VA muple at SD IT Robbani Kendal.
Improving Student Learning Outcomes Through Video Aided Problem Based Learning Model
Authors: Pratiwi Ria Titis
Published: September 2021

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of the third grade students of SD Negeri 05 Bantarbolang on the sub-theme of Aneka Benda around me through a video-assisted problem-based learning model. This research is a Classroom Action Research (PTK) which consists of three cycles, where each cycle is carried out in one face-to-face. The Action Plan for each cycle in the CAR is divided into four activities, namely Planning, Implementation, Observation, and Reflection. The data collection technique in this study is a formative test. The instrument used to collect data was a learning outcome test. Completeness of student learning outcomes in cycle I only reached 60% with a mean of 77, in cycle II student learning completeness reached 87% with a mean of 81, and in cycle III student learning completeness reached 87% with a mean of 83. The results of this study indicate that the application of the learning model video-assisted problem-based learning can improve student learning outcomes.
Implementation of Demonstration Methods to Improve Science Learning Results for Violent Students of Sdn 01 Simpur
Authors: Safi’i Junianto
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the classroom action research in this study was to improve the learning outcomes of Kalas VI students in science learning basic competence to identify magnetic and non-magnetic objects through the demonstration method. This research was conducted in two cycles, with each cycle consisting of one meeting. The procedures in classroom action research include planning, acting, observing, reflecting. Based on the data analysis of the research results, it can be concluded that the use of the demonstration method in science learning basic competence to identify magnetic and non-magnetic objects, is proven to improve learning outcomes of class VI SDN 01 Simpur students with an average value of 60 up to 75 and the percentage of students who have completed from 45% to 88%. The use of the Demonstration method can also increase student learning activeness in science learning, from 18 active students to 29 active students and the percentage of active students from 58% to 92%.
Thematic Approaches to Improve Learning Outcomes Students on A Clean And Healthy Life Theme
Authors: Wibowo Agung Heri
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this research is to improve mastery of learning. One of the approaches used in the learning process is a thematic approach. This research uses classroom action research (PTK). The techniques used were data collection techniques using: (1) observation sheets (teachers and students), (2) test questions then analyzed using a percentage formula. The results of this study indicate that (1) the teacher activity in the first cycle with an average score of 2.91 in the sufficient category and in the second cycle the average score of 4.52 was in the very good category (2) the student activity in the first cycle with an average value of 2.86 was in the sufficient category and in the second cycle got an average value of 4.42 in the very good category. While student learning outcomes in the first cycle with a percentage value of 60.3%, and in the second cycle with a percentage value of 86.7%. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that with a thematic approach to the theme of Clean and Healthy Living can improve student learning outcomes in the class of SDN Kedungoleng 06.
Learning the Examples Non-Examples Model with the Help of PowerPoint to Improve Learning Outcomes in IPA
Authors: Komariah Komariah
Published: September 2021

The objective of the research is to increase the result of learning Science through learning model of ‘examples non examples’ with power point. learning model of ‘examples non examples’ is a learning model which uses pictures related to basic competence. The result of the research obtains the increase  score and the percentage of learning exhaustiveness. On the third cycle,   the student learning exhaustiveness  obtains  80,4 %. It refers to the success indicator established. The conclusion is that through learning model of ‘examples non examples’ can increase the result of Science learning.
Efforts to Improve Alley Reading Skills Using Image Media in Class 1 Students
Authors: Indrawati Reni Sukma
Published: September 2021

Language is an important component in everyday life. Through language, a person can communicate with other people, so that relationships between people can be well established. In addition, language can also show a person's personality and even a nation. Most members of society assume that people who are polite in language must have a good personality too, and vice versa. This study aims to improve reading aloud skills using image media. This study uses the spiral model PTK method from Kemmis and Taggart. From this research, the results show that students' reading aloud skills can improve with picture media.
Improving Reading and Writing Ability of Beginning With The Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition Method
Authors: Maskanah Siti
Published: September 2021

Reading is an asset for someone to study books and find written information. Reading for a student is also an asset so that they can participate in learning activities. This study aims to improve reading and writing skills beginning with the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) learning method. Besides that, it can also improve the ability to read and write at the beginning. This study uses the Cooperative Integrated Reading Composition (CIRC) learning method, this method is one of the integrated cooperative learning methods of reading and writing, where students are divided into several groups to improve their comprehension skills in reading, writing, understanding vocabulary and language arts. This research is able to improve the ability to read and write at the beginning.
Application of Scientific Approach to Improve Learning Activity Sub Theme 1 Students In Grade 3 SDN 2 Dimoro Year 2020
Authors: Sumarah Kabul Ali
Published: September 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan keaktifan belajar sub tema 1 ciri-ciri makhluk hidup peserta didik kelas 3 SDN 2 Dimoro tahun ajaran 2020/2021 melalui pendekatan Saintifik. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) sebanyak tiga siklus, dengan setiap siklusnya terdiri dari satu pertemuan. Tahapan setiap siklusnya adalah perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi dan refleksi. Pengumpulan data keaktifan belajar peserta didik dilaksanakan ketika berlangsung kegiatan pra siklus, siklus 1, siklus 2, dan siklus 3 menggunakan instrumen berupa lembar observasi dan angket pada setiap akhir kegiatan. Hasil observasi menunjukkan tingkat keaktifan belajar seluruh peserta didik kurang aktif pada saat pra siklus, cukup aktif pada siklus 1, aktif pada siklus 2, dan sangat aktif pada siklus 3. Hasil observasi menunjukkan skor rata-rata keaktifan belajar peserta didik pada pra siklus sebesar 10, siklus 1 sebesar 15,11 , siklus 2 sebesar 20,44, dan siklus 3 sebesar 24,44.
Application of Problem Based Learning Models through Audio Visual Media to Improve the Quality of Learning Materials in Space Building in Elementary School
Authors: Dewi Tunggal Ratna
Published: September 2021

Telah dilakukan penelitian tindakan kelas untuk memperbaiki dan meningkatkan hasil belajar
siswa melalui penelitian tindakan kelas dengan media pembelajaran Audio Visual. Penelitian ini
dilaksanakan di kelas III SD NEGERI KANDING tahun pelajaran 2020/2021, dengan jumlah
siswa 35 orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pembelajaran dengan
menggunakan media Audio visual pembelajaran Project Problem Based Learning dapat
meningkatkan hasil belajar dan aktivitas belajar siswa. Fokus dalam penelitian ini adalah hasil
belajar kognitif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan hasil belajar siswa yaitu
dengan prosentase ketuntasan 69% pada siklus I naik menjadi 86% pada siklus II. Dapat
disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran Tema 4 Subtema 3 Menemukan Ruas Garis Pada Bangun
Ruang melalui Audio Visual pembelajaran 1 dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Project
Problem Based Learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar serta aktivitas belajar siswa.
Improve Learning Motivation Through the Media Ppwer Point In Primary School
Authors: Tarjono Tarjono
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan Motivasi belajar peserta didik Tema 4
Kebersihan dan kesehatan lingkungkan Kelas 2 melalui media PPT bagi siswa kelas II
SD Negeri 2 Kemawi yang berjumlah 14 peserta didik yang terdiri dari 4 laki-laki dan
10 perempuan. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah tes tertulis. Hasil penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa melalui media PPT, hasil belajar Tema 4 Kebersihan dan
kesehatan lingkungkan Sekolah SD Negeri 2 Kemawi dapat ditingkatkan. Dari rata-rata
nilai pada kondisi awal yang hanya 64 di akhir siklus I menjadi 72, di akhir siklus II
menjadi 78 dan di akhir siklus III menjadi 85. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa
peningkatan hasil belajar Tema 4 Kebersihan dan kesehatan lingkungkan Kelas 2
dapat berhasil dengan menggunakan media PPT di kelas II SD Negeri 2 Kemawi.
Bertolak dari penelitian ini, maka disarankan : 1) Guru Sekolah Dasar dalam
mengajarkan menggunakan Media PPT perlu ditingkatkan efektifitas dan kreatifitasnya,
2) Guru yang merasa pesimis dalam pembelajaran Tema 4 Kebersihan dan kesehatan
lingkungkan Kelas 2 sebaiknya mengikuti pelatihan pada forum pertemuan PKG,KKG
dan Wrokshop.
Improvement of Learning Outcomes Through The Solution to Apply Lack of Student Social Interaction with The Application of Discovery Learning Models in SD Negeri 1 Pagedangan
Authors: Lestari Emilia Sri Dwi
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is to improve learning outcomes through a solution to the application of the lack of social interaction of students in grade IV elementary schools with the audiovisual media assisted Discovery Learning model. The research conducted was a Classroom Action Research (CAR) in two cycles, with each cycle consisting of one meeting. The stages of each cycle are planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. Each meeting is carried out a pre test and post test to determine the progress of students. In the first cycle students who completed after carrying out the post test were 58%. In the second cycle students who completed after carrying out the post test were 75%. These results indicate that the application of audiovisual media can improve student learning outcomes, especially Indonesian language muple at SD Negeri 1 Pagedangan.
Improvement of Science Learning Outcomes of Light Properties Material Through Discovery Learning Model in SD Muhammadiyah Donorejo
Authors: Sujiyati Sri
Published: September 2021

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of students in science learning grade IV SD Muhammadiyah Donorejo learning year 2020/2021 light properties material. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes and improve teacher performance by using discovey learning models. The implementation of learning improvement research is carried out during two diklus and is carried out through a process of ptk-cycled assessment with four stages (planning, implementation, observation, reflection). From the results of data analysis, the conclusion obtained is that discovery learning models can improve student learning outcomes. This can be seen in the increase in the average asset value of each cycle, at Pre cycle 35%, Cycle 1 50%, Cycle 1I 70%, and cycle III 90%. Thus, based on data analysis, the discovery learning model has been successful even though it is not yet perfect.
Increasing Student Activeness in Online Learning with the Discovery Learning Model and Interactive Media
Authors: Setyaningrum Any Inti Wahyu
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to increase student activeness in online learning with discovery learning models and interactive media for grade 4 students at SD Negeri 2 Karanganyar. The subjects were grade 4 SD Negeri 2 Karanganyar, totaling 9 students. The CAR design uses interactive media to increase student activeness in thematic subjects for grade 4 SD Negeri 2 Karanganyar students. Data collection techniques using observation and tests. The data analysis used descriptive quantitative and qualitative statistics. The results showed an increase in student activeness, this can be seen from the observation sheet of the pre-action activities and each cycle, namely in the pre-action it was 22.2%, in cycle I it was 55.6%, while in cycle II it was 88.9 %. This was accompanied by an increase in the average student learning outcomes from pre-action by 54.4, cycle I was 63.9, while in cycle II was 81.1. Thus it can be concluded that the use of interactive media can increase student activity in the Thematic learning of grade 4 elementary school students.
İkinci Meşrutiyet Dönemi’nde Soru Önergesinin İşleyişi ve Uygulamasında Karşılaşılan Sorunlar
Authors: GAZEL Ahmet Ali
Published: September 2021

Kanun-ı Esasi’nin tam olarak parlamenter sisteme göre yapılandırılmamış olmasından dolayı, I. Meşrutiyet Dönemi’nde parlamenter sistem pek çok yönden eksik kalmıştır. 1909 yılında Kânun-ı Esasi’de yapılan değişikliklerle, parlamenter sistem oldukça demokratik bir yapıya kavuşturulmuştur. Ancak bazı hukuki eksiklikler ve tecrübesizlikler nedeniyle denetim mekanizmalarının işleyiş ve uygulamasında sorunlar yaşanmıştır. Örneğin ne anayasada ne de 1877 Mebusan ve Ayan Meclisleri içtüzüklerinde, soru önergesine ait bir kural bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi’nde soru önergeleri çeşitli tartışmalara neden olmuş ve bu dönemde soru önergeleri zamanla oluşan teamüllere göre işlemiştir.

Makalede II. Meşrutiyet Döneminde soru önergesinin işleyişi ve uygulamasında karşılaşılan sorunlar özellikle Meclis-i Mebusan Zabıt Ceridesi’ne dayalı olarak anlatılmıştır. Bunun yanında dönemin basınından ve araştırma eserlerden de yararlanılmıştır.
Studi Independensi DPS Perbankan Syariah Indonesia
Authors: Amani Zata Atikah , Muhammad Rifqi
Published: September 2021

Paper ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi independensi Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) pada sektor perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Paper ini berangkat dari latar belakang bahwa fungsi pengawasan syariah merupakan hal penting untuk menjamin bahwa Lembaga Keuangan Syariah (LKS) telah menjalankan kegiatan operasionalnya sesuai dengan prinsip syariah. DPS merupakan representasi dari Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN) Mejelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) yang ditempatkan pada masing-masing LKS untuk menjamin kepatuhan syariah dapat dijalankan dengan baik. Namun demikian, jumlah DPS yang terbatas mengakibatkan adanya ironi dimana anggota DSN-MUI tidak jarang juga merupakan anggota DPS dan bahkan menjadi anggota DPS di beberapa LKS. Hal ini menjadikan isu independensi menjadi menarik untuk dibahas khususnya terkait dengan optimalisasi dan efektivitas fungsi pengawasan syariah. Paper ini menggunakan pendekatan teori keagenan Islam dan shariah governance untuk mengevaluasi independensi DPS khususnya di perbankan syariah Indonesia untuk memberikan rekomendasi adanya kemungkinan perbaikan peran DPS dan tata kelolanya dalam struktur organisasi perbankan syariah di Indonesia.
The Effect of Conceptual Change Using The Adobe Quran on Misconception, Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Confidence
Authors: Haka Nukhbatul Bidayati , Nurrurohmah Anindea , Wulansari Desty , Sari Mai
Published: September 2021

This study aims to (1) determine the effect of conceptual change using the adobe Quran on the reduction of misconceptions, (2) determine the effect of conceptual change using the adobe Quran on self-regulation, self-efficacy, and self-confidence. The population in this study were all students of class XI in 3 schools. At Islamic Senior High School 1 Bandar Lampung and Senior High School 1 Negara Batin with a total of 6 classes with a total of 95 and 87 students respectively. Senior High School 2 Sekampung with a total of 4 classes and a total of 70 students. This study used a weak experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. So that there are 3 classes as research classes namely, class XI MIA 1, XI MIA 2, and XI MIA 6 at Islamic Senior High School 1 Bandar Lampung, class XI MIA 1, XI MIA 2, and XI MIA 3 at Senior High School 2 Sekampung and Senior High School 1 Negara Batin. The data in this study were obtained through a misconception test accompanied by CRI (Certainty of Response Index) and self-regulation, self-efficacy, and self-confidence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a one-sample t-test. This study concludes that the conceptual change model using the adobe Quran can reduce misconception and increase self-regulation, self-efficacy, and self-confidence. The researcher suggests applying the conceptual change model using adobe Quran to other learning materials so that it can help in reducing misconceptions in other learning materials.
Unhappy Birthdays in the Novels by F. H. Burnett (A Little Princess) and Charles Dickens (David Copperfield)
Authors: Byachkova Varvara A.
Published: September 2021

This article deals with “unhappy birthdays” in the novels of Charles Dickens and Frances Hodgson Burnett. Both writers follow the folklore tradition of depicting young characters who have to take care of themselves after a parent’s death. In the novels David Copperfield and A Little Princess, the news of their parent’s death comes on the child’s birthday. This article studies why this particular day is chosen, under what circumstances the children survive their trauma and what makes them capable of moving on. The news of the parent’s death on the child’s birthday seems to mark the start of a new period in each character’s life, a test that has to be passed. Having passed the test and won a moral victory over the circumstances, the child gets an opportunity to move on and be happy again.
The behaviour of near-surface soils through ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing
Authors: Taylor Oliver-Denzil , Cunningham, Amy , Walker Robert , McKenna Mihan , Martin Kathryn , Kinnebrew Pamela
Published: September 2021

Seismometers installed within the upper metre of the subsurface can experience significant variability in signal propagation and attenuation properties of observed arrivals due to meteorological events. For example, during rain events, both the time and frequency representations of observed seismic waveforms can be significantly altered, complicating potential automatic signal processing efforts. Historically, a lack of laboratory equipment to explicitly investigate the effects of active inundation on seismic wave properties in the near surface prevented recreation of the observed phenomena in a controlled environment. Presented herein is a new flow chamber designed specifically for near-surface seismic wave/fluid flow interaction phenomenology research, the ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing device and new vp-saturation and vs-saturation relationships due to the effects of matric suction on the soil fabric.
Quantitative Study on Bed Load Proppant Transport during Slickwater Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Liu Chunting , Li Mingzhong , Zhang Guodong , Zhang Yong
Published: September 2021

Bed load proppant transport is a significant phenomenon during slickwater hydraulic fracturing. However, the mechanism of bed load proppant transport is still unclear. In the present study, the proppant transport process during slickwater hydraulic fracturing was simulated with a coupled computational fluid dynamics- (CFD-) discrete element method (DEM) model, and the mechanism of the bed load proppant transport was analyzed. A model for calculating the mass flux of the bed load layer was proposed and verified with experimental results from the literature. The results show that bed load migration is an essential mechanism of proppant transport. When the shear force of fluid acting on the surface of the sand bank reaches the critical Shields number, the proppant in the upper layer of the sand bank begins to migrate in the form of bed load. The movement of the bed load layer increases the time for the sand bank to reach the equilibrium height. In addition, the mass flux of the bed load layer significantly affects the equilibrium height of the sand bank. The mass flux of the bed load layer decreases, and the equilibrium height increases as the proppant density, proppant diameter, or rolling friction coefficient and static friction coefficient of the proppant increase, but the mass flux of the bed load layer increases, and the equilibrium height decreases as the fluid viscosity increases.
Real Time Cloud-Based Automation for Formation Evaluation Optimization, Risk Mitigation and Decarbonization
Authors: Nye Rebecca , Mejia Camilo , Dontsova Evgeniya
Published: September 2021

Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled upstream exploration and production companies to make better, faster and accurate decisions at any stage of well construction, while reducing operational expenditure and risk, increasing logistic efficiencies. The achieved optimization through digitization at the wellsite will significantly reduce the carbon emissions per well drilled when fully embraced by the industry. In addition, an industry pushed to drill in more challenging environments, they must embrace safer and more practical methods.

An increase in prediction techniques, to generate synthetic formation evaluation wellbore logs, has unlocked the ability to implement a combination of predictive and prescriptive analytics with petrophysical and geochemical workflows in real time. The foundation of the real time automation is based on advanced machine learning (ML) techniques that are deployed via cloud connectivity.

Three levels of logging precision are defined in the automated workflow based on the data inputs and machine learning models. The first level is the forecasting ahead of the bit that implements advanced machine learning using historical data, aiding proactive operational decisions. The second level has improved precision by incorporating real time drilling measurements and providing a credible contingency to for wellbore logging program. The last level incorporates petrophysical workflows and geochemical measurements to achieve the highest precision for logging prediction in the industry. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning models are presented to demonstrate the path for automation.

Precision above 95% in the real time automated workflows was achieved with a combination of physics and advanced machine learning models. The automation of the workflow has assisted with optimization of logging programs utilizing technology with costly lost in hole charges and high rate of tool failures in offshore operations.

The optimization has reduced the requirement for logistics associated with logging and eliminated the need for radioactive sources and lithium batteries.

Highest precision in logging prediction has been achieved through an automated workflow for real time operations. In addition, the workflow can also be deployed with robotics technology to automate sample collection, leading to increased efficiencies.
Development of API 11D1 and API 19AC Validation Grade V0 Barrier-Qualified Gravel Pack System for Troll Phase 3 Big-Bore, High-Rate Gas Completions on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Hammer Aaron C , Gonzalez Tom D , Dhuet Herb P , Andresen Hege , Sunde Siv Merete M , Jabrayilov Elshan , Kam Iris Sok Yee , Tviet Torstein
Published: September 2021

The Troll Phase 3 (TP3) wells were designed to enable high gas rates and sand free production for an expected lifetime of 40 years with a minimum pressure drop. By taking reservoir and production properties into account, open-hole gravel pack (GP) sand screens in the lower completion and big bore tubing in the upper completion were selected. To further reduce the pressure loss in the well, reduce rig time and cost, and reduce deployment risks, eliminating the intermediate completion was proposed. Traditionally, an intermediate completion is required to serve as a gas-tight barrier for running of the upper completion, mainly due to historical limitations of the GP extension (GP sleeve) not being a barrier qualified to API 19AC Validation grade V0 (referred to as V0 hereafter) after pumping sand slurry through it (post-erosion). An extensive qualification program was completed to qualify the GP system to API 11D1 and API 19AC V0 for use as a gas-tight barrier post-erosion. This allows the GP system to serve as a primary barrier while installing the upper completion and temporarily abandoning the well. The GP packer was qualified to API 11D1 V0 with the additional requirement to perform entire qualification in as-rolled casing and including a plug-in-tailpipe load case. The GP sleeve provided the most technically challenging requirements: a full-scale erosion test, immediate closure of the sleeve after pumping operation, followed by API 19AC Annex A V0 validation. Challenges were encountered trying to meet the rigorous V0 (zero bubble) acceptance criteria post-erosion. A significantly different approach was developed to achieve gas-tight performance in debris-laden environments. The new design successfully passed the post-erosion API 19AC V0 qualification to the full rating of the GP sleeve. The GP system development and qualification enabled the industry-first V0 post-erosion GP system for Equinor, which eliminates the need for an intermediate completion. This state-of-the-art gravel pack system enabled the simplified high gas rate, big-bore well design, not previously possible given well barrier considerations. The reduced pressure drop across the lower completion is expected to yield a higher gas production rate for the 40 years expected well life, contributing significant value to the TP3 project.
EM-Based 2D Corrosion Azimuthal Imaging using Physics Informed Machine Learning PIML
Authors: Ooi Guang An , Özakin Mehmet Burak , Mostafa Tarek Mahmoud , Bagci Hakan , Ahmed Shehab , Larbi Zeghlache Mohamed
Published: September 2021

In the wake of today's industrial revolution, many advanced technologies and techniques have been developed to address the complex challenges in well integrity evaluation. One of the most prominent innovations is the integration of physics-based data science for robust downhole measurements. This paper introduces a promising breakthrough in electromagnetism-based corrosion imaging using physics informed machine learning (PIML), tested and validated on the cross-sections of real metal casings/tubing with defects of various sizes, locations, and spacing.

Unlike existing electromagnetism-based inspection tools, where only circumferential average metal thickness is measured, this research investigates the artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted interpretation of a unique arrangement of electromagnetic (EM) sensors. This facilitates the development of a novel solution for through-tubing corrosion imaging that enhances defect detection with pixel-level accuracy. The developed framework incorporates a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-based EM forward solver and an artificial neural network (ANN), namely the long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN). The ANN is trained using the results generated from the FDTD solver, which simulates sensor readings for different scenarios of defects.

The integration of the array EM-sensor responses and an ANN enabled generalizable and accurate measurements of metal loss percentage across various experimental defects. It also enabled the precise predictions of the defects’ aperture sizes, numbers, and locations in 360-degree coverage. Results were plotted in customized 2D heat-maps for any desired cross-section of the test casings. Further analysis of different techniques demonstrated that the LSTM-RNN could show higher precision and robustness compared to regular dense NNs, especially in the case of multiple defects. The LSTM-RNN is validated using additional data from simulated and experimental data. The results show reliable predictions even with limited training data. The model accurately predicted defects of larger and smaller sizes that were intentionally excluded from the training data to demonstrate generalizability. This highlights a major advance toward corrosion imaging behind tubing.

This novel technique paves the way for the use of similar concepts on other sensors in multiple barriers imaging. Further work includes improvement to the sensor package and ANNs by adding a third dimension to the imaging capabilities to produce 3D images of defects on casings.
A Real-Time Fiber Optical System for Wellbore Monitoring: A Johan Sverdrup Case Study
Authors: Schuberth Maximilian Georg , Bakka Håkon Sunde , Birnie Claire Emma , Dümmong Stefan , Haavik Kjetil Eik , Li Qin , Synnevåg Johan-Fredrik , Saadallah Yanis , Vinje Lars , Constable Kevin
Published: September 2021

Fiber Optic (FO) sensing capabilities for downhole monitoring include, among other techniques, Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). The appeal of DTS and DAS data is based on its high temporal and spatial sampling, allowing for very fine localization of processes in a wellbore. Furthermore, the broad frequency spectrum that especially DAS data is acquired with, enables observations, ranging from more continuous effects like oil flow, to more distinct effects like opening and closing of valves.

Due to the high data volume of hundreds of Gb per well per hour, DAS data has traditionally been acquired acquisition-based, where data is recorded for a limited amount of time and processed at a later point in time. This limits the decision-making capability based on this data as reacting to events is only possible long after the event occurred. Equinor has addressed these decision-making shortcomings by building a real-time streaming solution for transferring, processing, and interpretation of its FO data at the Johan Sverdrup field in the North Sea.

The streaming solution for FO data consists of offshore interrogators streaming raw DAS and DTS data via a dedicated bandwidth to an onshore processing cluster. There, DAS data is transformed into FO feature data, e.g., Frequency Band Energies, which are heavily decimated versions of the raw data; allowing insight extraction, while significantly reducing data volumes. DTS and DAS FO feature data are then streamed to a custom-made, cloud-based visualization and integration platform. This cloud-based platform allows efficient inspection of large data sets, control and evaluation of applications based on these data, and sharing of FO data within the Johan Sverdrup asset.

During the last year, this FO data streaming pipeline has processed several tens of PB of FO data, monitoring a range of well operations and processes. Qualitatively, the benefits and potential of the real-time data acquisitions have been illustrated by providing a greater understanding of current well conditions and processes. Alongside the FO data pipeline, multiple prototype applications have been developed for automated monitoring of Gas Lift Valves, Safety Valve operations, Gas Lift rate estimation, and monitoring production start-up, all providing insights in real-time. For certain use cases, such as monitoring production start-up, the FO data provides a previously non-existent monitoring solution.

In this paper, we will discuss in detail the FO data pipeline architecture from-platform-to-cloud, illustrate several data examples, and discuss the way-forward for "real-time" FO data analytics.
Annular Phase Separation with AICD Completions – The Impact on Well Flow Performance and Control of Unwanted Effluents
Authors: Konopczynski Michael R , Moradi Mojtaba
Published: September 2021

The design and method of operation of Autonomous Inflow Control Devices are reviewed, including single-phase and multi-phase flow performance. Next, the multi-phase flow of fluids in the annular space between circular conduits is examined based on published information and flow pattern maps. This information is brought together in a thought experiment describing how AICDs and well performance will react to the segregation of fluids upstream of the flow control device, and the potential impact that the degree of restrictiveness on unwanted effluents can affect the flow performance of the reservoir and well. Finally, the impact on well flow performance is quantified by computer modelling of the reservoir inflow performance, annular flow performance, and AICD performance. The sensitivity of well productivity is assessed for multiple flow scenarios adjusting several model parameters, including type and number of AICDs per zone, GOR, water cut, flow rate, and well completion size.

Although the concept of an AICD that completely shuts off gas and/or water production sounds appealing to those wishing to eliminate the production of unwanted effluents, a full understanding of the dynamics of inflow from the reservoir and phase segregation in the wellbore is necessary to evaluate the impact of highly restrictive AICDs on well productivity. With annular separation, even small water cuts or limited amounts of free gas flowing into the wellbore can cause most of the highly restrictive AICDs in a multiple device zone to shut, greatly impacting the oil productivity of the zone and the well. Using AICDs that are not as restrictive of the unwanted effluents allows the operator to continue to produce oil at significant rates when associated with low water cuts or reduced free-gas GORs. A workflow for determining the optimum degree of restrictiveness is proposed and demonstrated.
Robotics, Digital Twins and AI: Connecting the Dot Matrix
Authors: Kydd Kris , Brennan Dervla , Kirkpatrick Neil , Wright Matthew
Published: September 2021

Robotics is often referred to as an enabler towards safer and more cost-effective operations within the energy industry. However, for robots to achieve their full potential they too require their own enablers. This paper intends to present a collection of lessons learnt in robotic development to date that has resulted in the necessity to develop an encompassing digital architecture.

This architecture, with an artificial intelligence component, has been designed to optimise both robot and digital twin capability, where the complete system is always working with the latest information available that reflects the ground truth. The architecture concept will be explained including why integration and standardisation are of paramount importance.

The paper will also demonstrate how business value can be generated before fully explainable, transparent, verifiable autonomy is available for robotics to be deployed on future unmanned platforms that have been designed to optimise robot operation opposed to existing human engineered environments. All these topics are important within their own right, but all are also years away from adoption on an industrial scale.

To ensure continued engagement until such a point is reached, the industry needs to focus more on the quick wins and immediate value that can be gained from robotics. The impact of COVID-19 has shown how quickly and effectively the energy industry has been able to transition to remote working. This represents a massive opportunity to prove what robotics can deliver via remote operation, minimizing vendors where possible.

The concept of "full" autonomy will be discussed with respect to value generation and barrier to entry or adoption within the energy industry. The paper will address all practical considerations that have required attention to date plus explain the next programme of work in the evolving RAS (robotics and autonomous systems) digital architecture whilst ensuring complete integration with the data pipelines that have already been built.
Implementation of a Digital Roadmap with Best-in-Class Applications
Authors: McIntosh John , Martin Renata , Alcala Pedro , Skjævesland Stian , Rigg John
Published: September 2021

The paper describes a project known internally as "InWell" to address multiple requirements in Repsol Drilling & Completions.

InWell is defined by a new Operating Model comprising Governance, People, Process, Functions and Technology. This paper addresses changes to the Technology element - often referred to as "Digitalization".

The paper includes a discussion about the business transformation strategy and case studies for addressing three of 18 functionalities identified in the first round of development.

The InWell development strategy followed four steps; identification of performance issues, envisioning of a future operating model, identification of functionalities required/supporting this operating model and matching to digital solutions.

Our case studies focus on three functionalities provided by three separate companies, Unification of Planning and Compliance, Real Time Data aggregation and Key Performance Indicators. Each functionality was addressed with an existing commercial application customized to meet specific requirements.

A corporate web-based Well Construction Process (WCP) was initially piloted and then extended to include all well projects. The WCP identifies the key Tasks that must be completed per project, and these are all tracked. Data from this application is used by a third-party Business Analytics application via an API.

Real time data from many sites and a wide range of sources was aggregated and standardized, Quality Controlled and stored within a private secure cloud. The data collation service is an essential building block for current third-party applications such as the operating centre and is a prerequisite for the goal of increased automation.

A suite of Operator specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and data analytics services were developed for drilling and completions. Homogenized KPIs for all business units provide data for objective performance management and apples-to-apples comparison. Results are presented via custom dashboards, reports, and integrations with third party applications to meet a wide range of requirements.

During a four-month Pilot Phase the InWell Project delivered € 2.5 million in tangible savings through improvements in operational performance. In the first 12 months € 16 million in savings were attributed to InWell. By 2022 forecast savings are expected to exceed € 60 million (Figures 1 & 2). The value of Intangible benefits is thought to exceed these objective savings.

Figure 1 The Business Case for InWell – Actual & Projected Savings and Costs. Figure 2 InWell Services addressing Value Levers and quantified potential impact.

A multi-sourced digital strategy can produce quick gains, is easily adapted, and provides high value at low risk. The full benefit of digital transformation can only be realised when supported by an effective business operating model.
Disposable Fibre Optic Intervention System: Case Study of Successful Leak Detection Offshore North Sea
Authors: Feherty Craig , Garioch Andrew , Green Annabel
Published: September 2021

Maintaining well integrity is critical to sustaining production from mature and aging fields. Disposable fibre optic technology has been deployed in wells in the North Sea to locate known tubing leaks in the completion.

The disposable fibre optic intervention system releases a probe into the well to enable the deployment of bare fibre optic line. The fibres are released from the probe as it descends into the well. In the presented case study, the probe contained both single-mode and multi-mode fibre optic lines to enable simultaneous Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) surveys to be performed. Once deployed in the well, pressure manipulation programs were performed to activate any tubing or casing leaks while acquiring DTS and DAS data.

As a result of the exceptional sensitivity of the bare fibres and the effective coupling of the fibre with the tubing wall the technology is shown to be highly effective in detecting leaks and confirming barrier integrity. In the presented example a leak was located along with the direction and rate of the fluid movement in the ‘B’ annulus. The simplicity of the system and highly efficient operations greatly reduced survey times in comparison to conventional intervention techniques thereby greatly reducing the cost of intervention. It can be demonstrated that the disposable fibre optic deployment system provides a game changing and cost-effective solution for both leak detection and determining liquid levels in the wells.

The disposable fibre solution is a unique deployment method which provides an alternative to conventional well surveys, reducing the complexity, time and cost to acquire valuable distributed well data. This is the first case history published for this technology in leak detection application.
Building a Low-Manned Production Installation: Considerations for Rotating Equipment, Electrical & Automation Systems, and Digitalization
Authors: LaGrange Elgonda
Published: September 2021

Nearly all oil and gas operators and engineering companies in the offshore sector today are engaged in programs to advance concepts for low-manned and/or normally unattended production installations (NUIs). When it comes to the design of these facilities, topsides rotating equipment and electrical, instrumentation, control, and telecommunications (EICT) packages represent key areas of interest for decision-makers, owing to the significant impact they can have on required manning levels. Over the past decade, the author's company has worked closely with major Operators in the U.S. and the North Sea to look at how existing technologies can be applied in these areas to safely facilitate de-manning of both brownfields and greenfields. This paper provides insight into these efforts. It also presents projected manpower and cost savings from de-manning, using data derived from both studies and real-world projects.
In-Situ Sensing of Underwater Gas Releases
Authors: Laddha Chetan , Ortiz-Soto Lorna , Baksmaty Leslie , Dominguez-Olivo Juan
Published: September 2021

The O&G industry has been producing hydrocarbons from subsea reservoirs for several decades. However, there is a technological gap in the ability to reliably detect and quantify dissolved gases within the water column. This technological gap has in turn led to a scientific gap in our ability to determine the subsurface origin of subsea fluid emissions. Gas releases are commonly found in the marine environment primarily because of naturally occurring seeps and occasionally due to Oil and Gas production activities. There is a need to be able to identify the gas composition and accurately characterize its source (i.e., ongoing microbial activity or thermogenic derived hydrocarbons). However, building a reliable solution which allows this differentiation between thermal and microbial sources in the underwater environment as well as the inference of their subsurface origin requires a multi-disciplinary subsurface workflow coupled comprehensive high-fidelity measurements at the seabed. As one of the front-end building blocks of any robust multi-disciplinary workflow, there is a need for development of an in-situ sensing and sampling capability which allows real-time assessment and geological characterization of the underwater emissions across the upstream industry, from exploration to abandonment. Such a capability would also be complementary to the geohazard and subsurface assessment practices e.g., by reducing lost rig time during interventions by allowing quick characterization of emissions that arise from natural seeps or LOPC (Loss of Primary Containment) events.

This paper describes the maturation of a compact underwater in-situ sensing technology deployed from autonomous or tethered underwater vehicles and which enables measurements of gas constituents and their respective isotopes at the seabed.
A Road Map for Renewable Energy Integration with Subsea Processing Systems
Authors: Pimentel Juliano , Slater Robin , Grant Andrew , Vesterkjær Rune , Normann Truls , Kothari Rajeev , Sandberg Johan
Published: September 2021

This paper proposes a road map for the integration of renewable energy supply to power subsea processing systems. To replace the traditional power supply, like fossil fuel-based generators or grid power, a wind turbine generator (WTG) operating on a islanded mode has been introduced and discussed. A review of the state of the art of WTGs is performed, primarily focused on power and controls aspects, with identification of the main technological gaps left to achieve wind-powered subsea processing. To fully assess the renewable energy integration and current gaps, a study case is proposed which addresses a subsea compression train powered by offshore wind. A thorough analysis is conducted, with meteorological conditions based on the NCS (Norwegian Continental Shelf), where gas line packing is proposed as an innovative means of energy storage. Finally, an economic analysis as well as a CO2 emission estimate is presented to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed road map. Some further discussions and conclusions are presented as well as some propositions for future works.
The Commercial Case for Hydrogen as a Route to Market for Offshore Wind in the North Sea
Authors: lliffe Molly
Published: September 2021

The UK was the first major industrialised nation to commit to a Net Zero target by 2050, and Scotland has an even more ambitious target to reach Net Zero by 2045. To realise these targets, hydrogen will play a leading role in the decarbonisation of multiple sectors including industry, transport, heat and power.

Offshore wind can be a core component of our future energy infrastructure, and the scale of its potential role in hydrogen production has recently drawn wider attention from policy makers, developers and potential users across a range of sectors.

Hydrogen as a route to market for offshore wind therefore presents a transformative opportunity for the North Sea oil and gas sector and the associated UK supply chain. Existing skills and infrastructure in this region can be leveraged to achieve a leading position in this emerging clean fuel source.

This opportunity is particularly relevant for sites in the North Sea which are further from shore with good wind resource, where power transmission costs and/or losses would be prohibitive. Additionally, hydrogen offers an interesting route to market for projects unable to obtain firm grid connection, for sites in regions with high grid charges, or where sufficient government revenue support for conventional power generation is not available for all good quality sites.