bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skeletal maturation of the human fetus assessed radiographically on the basis of ossification sequences in the hand and foot
Authors: Kjar Inger
Published: August 2005

In studies of postnatal human development the skeletal maturation of the hand has been found to be a better indicator of general physical maturation than attained body height. For assessment of prenatal human development the Crown‐rump length (CRL) has so far been the most commonly used measure.

The object of the present study is to examine the possibility of also using the skeletal maturation of the hand as a maturity indicator in fetal development.

The study is based upon a radiographic and histochemical investigation of 169 human fetuses. On the basis of counting silver‐impregnated diaphyses on radiographs of the hand and foot a maturity indicator (CNO = Composite Number of Ossified bones in hand and foot) was established. Owing to the marked regularity of the recorded ossification pattern, the CNO parameter can be used for evaluating fetal maturation during the early half of the prenatal period.

To supplement the assessment of skeletal maturation during the later stages of development, a classification based on the shape of some bones was included in the study.

In many cases fetuses of the same size (CRL) exhibited different stages of skeletal maturation (CNO).

In accordance with findings from assessment of postnatal development, a more accurate evaluation of fetal development is obtained by combining the size parameter CRL with an assessment of fetal skeletal maturation, CNO.
The use of non‐metrical variations of the cranium in the study of Scandinavian population movements
Authors: Berry A. Caroline
Published: August 2005

The incidences of 30 non‐metrical skull variants have been determined in 21 samples of crania from Scandinavia, Iceland and the British Isles. The samples have been compared to give Estimates of Divergence which are assumed to represent degrees of genetical affinity between them.

In general these estimates are in accordance with known population movements in the area and also with genetical affinities determined from other systems. One bizarre result emphasizes the importance of caution in interpreting genetical distances found by this or similar methods. It is concluded that this method is a useful aid in human population studies.
Mandibular growth in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: McNamara James A. , Graber Lee W.
Published: August 2005

Mandibular growth of 42 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Four groups of animals were defined according to dentitional age (i.e., infant, juvenile, adolescent, young adult). At each age growth was observed for a 24 week period. Since some animals were observed at more than one stage of development, 57 periods of growth were studied. The growth incremental data were collected by superimposing serial cephalograms on mandibular implants.

Growth and remodeling of both the skeletal and dento‐alveolar components of the rhesus mandible were greatest in the infant monkeys and were less in successive age groups. Posterior relocation of the ramus was noted in all age groups while bone deposition on the anterior and inferior borders of the mandibular body was greatest in the younger animals. The most pronounced dental changes also occurred in the younger animals while the dentitions of the adolescent and adult animals were generally more stable.

This study demonstrates that the rate and direction of normal mandibular growth varies with the age of the animal. Furthermore, mandibular growth is quantified at four defined maturational levels to provide a set of values illustrating normal mandibular growth. These values can also be used as control data for experimental studies.
The hypothenar radial arch, a genetically determined epidermal ridge configuration
Authors: Holt Sarah B.
Published: August 2005

A radial arch in the hypothenar area of the human palm is an uncommon ridge arrangement. It is associated with an ulnar triradius and no axial triradius is present. The configuration generally occurs on right hands but is sometimes found on both hands. The frequency in the few European populations studied and in one Canadian sample varies from 0.2% to over 2% of persons. Hypothenar radial arches have also been reported in patients with abnormal sex chromosomes but are not specific to any karyotype.

Two families are described in which nearly related persons have hypothenar radial arches. They provide the first evidence that the pattern is inherited. In one family three out of six sibs have radial arches in the hypothenar area and so have two out of three children of one of them. In the other family a pair of identical twins and their mother have hypothenar radial arches. It is suggested that, from the information available, inheritance is probably due to a recessive gene.
Dermatoglyphics of three Hungarian populations
Authors: Gyenis Gyula
Published: August 2005

The dermatoglyphics of 709 individuals from three Hungarian populations living near each other but of different origin were analyzed. In dermatoglyphic traits the three populations present but slight differences from one another.
Dermatoglyphics of schizophrenics, patients with Down's syndrome and mentally retarded males as compared with Australian Europeans using multivariate statistics
Authors: Singh Sardool
Published: August 2005

Dermatoglyphics of schizophrenics, patients with Down's syndrome and mentally retarded males were compared with those of normal Australian Europeans. A computer programme of multivariate analysis of fifteen dermatoglyphic features was utilized. This analysis produces two significant variates of each of the populations plotted in two‐dimensional space. The distance, measured in arbitrary units, between any two populations was studied for its significance. It was noticed that the patients with Down's syndrome separated significantly from the rest of the groups.

The importance of multivariate analysis in the study of dermatoglyphics in comparing two or more populations is discussed.
The dermatoglyphics of the Elema people from the Gulf district of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Plato C. C. , Brown H. A. , Gajdusek D. C.
Published: August 2005

The present report deals with the digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of the Elema peoples from the Gulf District of Papua New Guinea. The samples involved 91 males and 134 females from the areas of Iokea, Sepoe and Karama. The Elema dermatoglyphics, compared to those of other peoples in New Guinea, were found to have a high pattern intensity index and frequency of whorls, and the highest frequency of ulnar type C line, complete simian creases and patterns in the IV interdigital areas of the palms. On the other hand, their 11/7 ratio of the D line, the main line index, and the frequencies of patterns in the hypothenar, thenar/I and II interdigital areas were lower than most other groups on the island; they also have the lowest R/U ratio.

All dermatoglyphic features considered, the frequencies in the Elema group were for the most part found to be near the extremes of the range of the dermatoglyphic frequency distributions in New Guinea populations.

The dermatoglyphic distributions of New Guinea as a whole are discussed in terms of those of the other Australasian populations with comments on the dermatoglyphic comparisons between the Australasians and the other major human groups, Amerindians, Orientals, Asian Indians, Caucasians and Negroes.
Dermatoglyphics of Easter Islanders analyzed by pattern type, admixture effect, and ridge count variation
Authors: Meier Robert J.
Published: August 2005

The adult Easter Island population was fingerprinted in 1965 as part of an overall study of their human biology. Major findings of the dermatoglyphic analysis are as follows. Digit and bimanuar percentages of patterns (arches, loops, and whorls) were similar to those observed in Europeans. However, in terms of total pattern type distributions, the Islanders had many more whorls and a correspondingly much higher Pattern Intensity Index than those found in European groups. This difference was even present, although in lesser magnitude, in Easter Islanders known to be admixed with Europeans. Corresponding to a high occurrence of whorls, Mean Total Ridge Count (TRC) was also notably high. An association between TRC as a measure of pattern size and incidence of patterns was clearly evident in several groups available for comparison.
Sex and side differences and correlations between quantitative palmar characteristics in a sample Sardinian population
Authors: Floris Giovanni
Published: August 2005

Differences between the sexes and between the sides and the correlations between four quantitative characteristics of palmar dermatoglyphics in a sample population of 809 individuals (418 males and 391 females) from the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, are tested.

Males have a greater number of ridges than females, shown by a greater a‐b ridge count and A‐d ridge count, and a more transverse slope of the main lines, shown by a greater main line index and papillary number.

The left palm shows a greater number of ridges than the right palm between the A line and the triradius d and between the triradii a and b, with a lower main line index and papillary number.

The a‐b ridge count has a negative correlation with the main line index and with the papillary number and a positive one with the A‐d ridge count; these correlations are greater in the left palms, especially in the males.
The relative body weights of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans
Authors: Eckhardt Robert B.
Published: August 2005

Although original field data suggested that the average Bornean orangutan weighed twice as much as the Sumatran ones, this is shown to be an error. The only statistically significant difference in weight is between males and females, regardless of geographical area or data source.
Genetic distance and gene diversity among linguistically different tribes of Mexican Indians
Authors: Roychoudhury A. K.
Published: August 2005

Using gene frequency data for 14 genetic loci, genetic distances between 13 tribes of Mexican Indians belonging to 12 language groups were determined and a dendrogram was constructed. The genetic distance between tribes is correlated more with geographic proximity than with language affinity. The gene diversity (heterozygosity) of the total population was decomposed into the three components, i.e., the gene diversity between three main linguistic groups, the gene diversity between tribes within the main linguistic groups and the gene diversity within tribes. About 95% of the total gene diversity exists within tribes, the intergroup and intertribe components being only about 5%.
Phylogenetic implications of comparative primate growth rates
Authors: McKim Donald , Hutchinson Thomas C.
Published: August 2005

Growth data from a number of species of Old and New World primates have been analyzed by calculating instantaneous relative growth rates. Species discussed are the New World species Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus nigricollis, and the Old World species Pan troglodytes and Macaca mulatta. The analysis of the perinatal growth data indicated that differences in relative growth rates are present during early periods of growth. More specifically, it was found that the closer taxonomically a species is to man the greater the deceleration of growth during the first postnatal year. It is suggested that this may be a general primate trend.
Genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians. XIII. Dental microdifferentiation
Authors: Brewer‐Carias Charles A. , le Blanc Steven , Neel James V.
Published: August 2005

Data are presented on the frequency of the following eight dental traits in 635 Yanomama and 65 Makiritare Indians: upper central incisor rotation or winging, shoveling of maxillary incisors, maxillary molar hypocone reduction, Carabelli's trait, mandibular molar cusp number, mandibular molar cusp pattern, rotation of second lower premolar, and pattern of second lower premolar cusps. Yanomama dentition is unusual in the high frequency of six cusps on the mandibular molars. There is marked dental microdifferentiation between villages; significant agreement was observed between a matrix of pairwise “dental distances” based on six morphological traits and corresponding matrices based on 11 genetic systems and on geographic location.
ABO blood groups in Peruvian mummies. I. An evaluation of techniques
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Hossaini Ali A. , Castro Nora , Munizaga Juan , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: August 2005

Blood groups of Peruvian mummies of known origin were determined by three different methods: agglutination‐inhibition, induction of antibody production and mixed cell agglutination. The three techniques gave identical results, but the last two were useful in establishing the presence of H (O) antigen, while the first technique would not.

The results indicate the presence of A, B, AB and O blood groups in America prior to known European contact. This suggests the need for a revision of concepts of blood groups in the American Indian.
Skin temperatures at the nape in infants at high altitude
Authors: Dufour Darna L. , Little Michael A. , Thomas R. Brooke
Published: August 2005

Skin temperatures were measured on three Quechua Indian infants resident at 4,000 meters above sea level in Peru. Nape temperatures were warmer than other skin sites, suggesting that the brown adipose tissue associated with non‐shivering thermogenesis is metabolically active despite the reduced oxygen availability at high altitude. The question of the role of non‐shivering thermogenesis in infant thermoregulation under the covariant stresses of hypoxia and cold is still open.
The morphology of European and Southwest Asian Neandertal pubic bones
Authors: Trinkaus Erik
Published: August 2005

Descriptions of Southwest Asian Neandertal os coxae have stressed the supero‐inferior flattening and acetabulo‐symphyseal elongation of the superior pubic rami. Further analysis of Neandertal pubes, including two European specimens. La Ferrassie I and Krapina 208, indicates that Neandertal pubes are distinguished primarily by a relative elongation of the superior rami. The supero‐inferior flattening of the pubic rami with the formation of a distinct ventral border, present among the Southwest Asian Neandertals, is less pronounced among the European Neandertals. Neither sexual dimorphism nor biomechanical hypertrophy appears adequate to explain this morphological pattern of Neandertal pubic bones.
Compact bone changes in cold‐exposed rats
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: August 2005

Rats exposed to cold stress show a reduction of relative cortical thickness in their long bones. The reaction resembles reduction of cortical thickness observed in Asiatic humans of the Mongoloid race, in whom many morphological features have been postulated to be cold‐adaptive. However, until it can be established that the physiological processes underlying the experimental and phylogenetic condition are similar, no extrapolation can be attempted from the one to the other.
Some observations on the dentition of an isolated group in northeast Poland
Authors: El‐Nofely Aly
Published: August 2005

Clinical examination of the teeth and the mouth was carried out on a group of 133 “Old Believers,” 54 males and 79 females, and a control group of 138 Poles living in the same area of Augostova in northeast Poland, 63 males and 75 females. Studying the frequency of Carabelli's cusp, shovel‐shaped incisors, missing teeth, microdontia, supernumerary teeth, and torus palatinus in both groups, it was found that Carabelli's cusp and torus palatinus are more frequent among Poles. Such differences could be attributed to differences in ethnic origin of the two groups.
A fossil hominid frontal from Velika Pećina (Croatia) and a consideration of Upper Pleistocene hominids from Yugoslavia
Authors: Smith Fred H.
Published: August 2005

Fossil hominid remains dating to the Upper Pleistocene in Yugoslavia are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of a hominid frontal from the site of Velika Pećina in northwestern Croatia. This specimen represents the earliest absolutely‐dated hominid associated with the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. Also the hominid material from the site of Veternica is discussed, and data are presented on the new remains from Šandalja. It is concluded that no Neandertal remains, except for Krapina, have been found in Yugoslavia.
A survey of glucose‐6‐phosphate‐dehydrogenase deficiency in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)
Authors: Abeyaratne K. P. , Premawansa S. , Rajapakse L. , Roberts D. F. , Papiha S. S.
Published: August 2005

A high frequency of the G6PD deficient gene was detected in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The frequency in the ancient villages is much higher than that of the recently colonized areas. The Sinhalese and Ceylon Moors have a significantly higher frequency as opposed to the Ceylon Tamils. The distribution appears to be related to a history of exposure to malarial endemicity.
Relationship of body composition to somatotype
Authors: Slaughter M. H. , Lohman T. G.
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship in college‐aged women between somatotype using both Sheldon's ('69) and Heath and Carter's ('67) procedures, and body composition, as measured by whole‐body 40K counting and body density. Sheldon's endomorphy is closely associated with height and weight; Heath and Carter's first component is significantly related to weight and body fatness. Lean body mass (LBM) as a weight or as a percent is not closely related to Sheldon's mesomorphy or Heath and Carter's second component. However, when LBM and height are used as independent variables to estimate somatotype, both variables are significantly related to Heath and Carter's second component, accounting for 61% of the variance. Thus, Heath and Carter's second component is significantly associated with LBM for a given body height. Most of the variation in Sheldon's ectomorphy and Heath and Carter's third component can be accounted for by weight and height. Sheldon's somatotype for all three components is not as closely related to body composition as Heath‐Carter's. Body composition, as measured by either 40K counting or body density, is found to be important in accounting for variation in Heath and Carter's first and second components.
Influence of physical activity on stability of somatotypes in boys
Authors: Pařízková Jana , Carter J. E. Lindsay
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the stability of somato‐types of boys with different activity levels followed longitudinally for eight years. Thirty‐nine boys aged 11 were somatotyped annually (until 18 years) using the Heath‐Carter anthropometric rating method. Three sub‐groups were formed according to their levels of systematic physical activity designated High, Moderate, and Low Activity.

There were no differences in somatochart distributions of the Total Group, but there were considerable individual changes which cancelled each other in group comparisons. All boys changed their somatotype ratings at least once and 67% changed in component dominance. The inter‐age correlations for the components were generally of poor prediction value, and the somatotype migratory distances showed considerable variation. The Total Group means differed on three components and this was attributed to differences within the Moderate Activity Group, the only sub‐group to differ. It was concluded that changes occur in somatotypes of adolescent boys, but the influence of physical activity on the changes is inconclusive.
P.T.C. tasting among three Indian groups of Nicaragua
Authors: De Stefano Gian Franco , Molieri Jorge Jenkins
Published: August 2005

Ninety‐six Miskito, 85 Sumo and 79 Rama Indians were tested for P.T.C. taste ability according to a modification of Harris and Kalmus' sorting technique. Miskito's “non‐taster” high frequency approach values reported for some highly inbred Central and South American Indian populations, while Rama's and Sumo's figures appear in agreement with values reported for other relatively pure Amerindians.
The biomechanical analysis of bone strength: A method and its application to platycnemia
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Burstein Albert H. , Heiple Kingsbury G.
Published: August 2005

Traditional methods of bone analysis (both metric and topographic) are restricted to external characters. Spacial distribution of material is, however, equally critical to an understanding of a bone's function. Dynamic testing to determine whole bone strength can only be performed on fresh specimens. Methods for the calculation of both bending and torsional strength of other specimens (such as preserved or fossil bones) are developed in this paper. In order to illustrate the methods, the functional significance of tibial shaft cross sectional variation is investigated.
Skeletal growth of the protohistoric Arikara
Authors: Merchant Virginia L. , Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: August 2005

The longitudinal growth of the long bones and growth in breadth of the ilium are assessed for a population of protohistoric Arikara Indians from South Dakota through the correlation of skeletal measurements with estimates of chronological age at death.

Comparison of the Arikara growth data with those from other Indian samples (Indian Knoll and Late Woodland, Illinois) reveals similar rates of bone growth, when compensation is made for methodological variation. As predicted from documented variation in adult statures, the Indian samples indicate slower growth rates than those of Whites but faster than those of Eskimos.
A gracile hominid cranium from upper member G of the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia
Authors: Boaz Noel T. , Clark Howell F.
Published: August 2005

A fragmentary hominid cranium with teeth, specimen L.894‐1, dating from 1.84 m.y. BP in the Shungura Formation at Omo, is described. From its dental and cranial morphology and because of similarities to Olduvai Hominids 24 and 13 and Sangiran 4, among others, it is concluded that the specimen represents a member of an early species of the genus Homo (Homo habilis or Homo modjokertensis). The specimen shows approximal grooving on the premolars, pre‐mortem chipping of the molar enamel, foramina ovale and spinosum divided by the sphenosquamosal suture, limited pneumatization of the mastoid region, and a possible interparietal bone. Sedimentological, ostracod, pollen, macrofloral, and taphonomic data indicate that the paleo‐environmental context was a savanna/grassland or savanna woodland on the margin of a saline lake.
Metric dental change in the European upper paleolithic and mesolithic
Authors: Frayer David W.
Published: August 2005

Evolutionary trends for dental reduction are presented for European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic samples. The analysis demonstrates that the greatest decrease in tooth size occurs between the two divisions of the Upper Paleolithic, while little and insignificant change characterizes the Late Upper Paleolithic/Mesolithic transition. Trends for tooth size over this period indicate that (1) human evolution does not stop with the appearance of “anatomically modern Homo sapiens,” (2) changes in tooth size fluctuate with increases in the efficiency and complexity of cultural systems, and (3) the Early Upper Paleolithic sample should be considered transitional between Wurm II European Neanderthals and later Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups.
A comparative study on the dental health status of five Precolumbian Peruvian cultures
Authors: Elzay Richard P. , Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: August 2005

In a survey of dental health status of ancient Southern Peru, 101 skeletal remains were studied from five cultures: Paracas, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Ica, and Inca. The Paracas and Ica cultures exhibited more missing antemortem teeth per mandible than the other cultures. Frequency of missing one or more third molars was less than expected and not as high as reported in peoples of Mongoloid heritage. The Paracas, Ica and Nazca, “coastal” cultures had a higher caries incidence than the “inland” cultures. Whether this relates to some difference in diet or water supply remains unresolved and warrants further investigation. Moderate attrition was noted in all the Precolumbian cultures but pulpal involvement was not observed. Osteitis, noted in all the cultures, was more pronounced in the Nazca, Paracas and Ica cultures. There appeared to be a direct relationship between caries involvement and the number of missing antemortem teeth to osteitis. Calculus was heavier in the Paracas and Ica cultures. In addition, the Paracas culture exhibited a dark brown stain on the teeth which may imply some difference between the cultures in either the food, water or social habits.
Sex and race differences in finger ridge‐count correlations
Authors: Jantz Richard L.
Published: August 2005

Correlations between ridge‐counts on the ten fingers were compared by race and sex in 11 samples representing Negroes and Caucasians: five from subsaharan Africa, one American Black, three European, one American White and one from India. The samples of European ancestry showed no consistent sex difference in mean correlation, although female American Whites significantly exceeded males. In three of the six Negro samples and in the Parsis of India males showed significantly higher average correlations than females. The pattern of sex and race differences suggests that the sex chromosomes, particularly the Y chromosome, play a role in dermal ridge development.
Stereometric craniometry
Authors: Oyen Ordean J. , Walker Alan
Published: August 2005

A method is described whereby three‐dimensional co‐ordinates of points on a cranium can be recorded in terms of azimuth, elevation and radial distance from a selected point. These co‐ordinates can be used to create two‐dimensional representations of single crania, the differences between many crania or growth stages of individuals or series of individuals. The co‐ordinates can be used in more conventional analytic ways in the same way as cartesian co‐ordinates.
Aging and secular change in adult stature in rural Colombia
Authors: Himes John H. , Mueller William H.
Published: August 2005

Age‐associated changes in adult stature of a cross‐sectional sample of 634 adults from rural Colombia were estimated by multiple regression of stature and age controlling for subischial length, and from equations predicting maximum attained stature from subischial length. From these analyses the estimated rate of loss in stature due to aging per se for men was 0.12 cm/yr, while for women it was 0.03 cm/yr. When corrected for aging, several secular trends in adult stature were evident, although none were statistically significant.
In vivo bone strain in the mandible of Galago crassicaudatus
Authors: Hylander William L.
Published: August 2005

Single element foil strain gages were bonded to mandibular cortical bone in eight specimens of Galago crassicaudatus. The gage was bonded below the Pm4 or M2 adjacent to the lower border of the mandible. The bonded strain gage was connected to form one arm of a Wheatstone bridge. Following recovery from the general anesthetic, the restrained Galago bit either a piece of wood, a food object, or a bite force transducer. During these biting episodes, mandibular bone strain deformed the strain gage and the resulting change in electrical resistance of the gage caused voltage changes across the Wheatstone bridge. These changes, directly proportional to the amount of bone strain along the gage site, were recorded by a strip chart recorder. Bone strain was measured on both the working and balancing sides of the jaws. Maximum values of bone strain and bite force were 435 microstrain (compression) and 8.2 kilograms respectively. During bending of the mandible, the correlation between bone strain (tension or compression) and bite force ranged from ‐0.893 (tension) to 0.997 (compression).

The experiments reported here demonstrate that only a small percentage of the Galago bite force is due to balancing side muscle force during isometric unilateral molar biting. In addition, these experiments demonstrate that the Galago mandible is bent in a predictable manner during biting. The amount of apparent mandibular bone strain is dependent on (1) the magnitude of the bite force and (2) the position of the bite point.
A study of the taxonomic significance of the dental arch
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B.
Published: August 2005

Sixteen dimensions were measured from the maxillary and mandibular dental arches of different ethnic groups of man, apes and monkeys. Multivariate analysis showed that discrimination was possible among the ethnic groups of man on the one hand and between the ape and monkey samples on the other. Nevertheless, the actual degree of discrimination between the primate samples depended upon whether the maxillary or mandibular arch dimensions were analysed. Furthermore, subsequent inclusion of the dental arch dimensions of fossil hominoid samples into the analysis confirmed the taxonomic significance of the dental arch, although its importance must await the acquisition of more non‐human primate data.
Cortical bone measurements in Turner's syndrome
Authors: Park Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Cortical bone width measurements taken at midshaft on the second metacarpal were obtained from 156 hand X‐rays of 80 karyotypically documented individuals with Turner's syndrome age 1 to 25 years. Total shaft width, medullary width, cortical width and percent cortical area were grouped by bone age and compared with normal female standards. Total width was significantly and increasingly below normal; medullary width was not consistently different from normal; cortical width was significantly lower from normal from age 14 onward, although it did rise at age 17 (adult bone age); percent cortical area was significantly below normal at ages 14 and 15, but was normal by adulthood. Values for percent cortical area did not indicate severe or widespread osteoporosis.

Within the Turners sample cortical bone measurement were not significantly decreased in the presence of the XO sex chromosome constitution compared with other sex chromosome variants. Nor were the measurements decreased in the presence of positive metacarpal sign or a combination of typical Turner stigmata (web neck, low posterior hairline, shield chest). There was evidence that cortical width and percent cortical area increased significantly following estrogen treatment or spontaneous menarche.
A multivariate, osteological approach to Towa culture history
Authors: Mackey James
Published: August 2005

Eleven cranial measurements on 14 archeological populations from the American Southwest support the archeologically derived reconstruction of Towa population movements. The supposed (linguistic) relationship between Pecos and the Towa speaking villages is questioned.
Incisal bite force direction in humans and the functional significance of mammalian mandibular translation
Authors: Hylander William L.
Published: August 2005

Incisal bite force direction was recorded and analyzed in ten human subjects using a specially designed force transducer. In all ten subjects the maxillary incisal bite force was vertically and anteriorly directed both during static biting and during biting associated with simultaneous mandibular translation and rotation. Since the resultant muscle force could not have been equal and opposite to the mandibular bite force, the mandibular condyles must have been loaded. These data demonstrate that the mandible acts as a lever during incisal biting and that there is no consistent relationship between incisal bite force direction and object size. In some individuals the bite force direction was more vertical during biting on a large transducer (30 mm high), while in other subjects it was more vertical during biting on a small transducer (10 mm high).
A study of intragroup biological change induced by social group fission in Macaca mulatta using discrete cranial traits
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: August 2005

Eight discrete cranial traits are used as biological indicators to investigate the effect of social group fission on intragroup genetic change leading to intergroup differentiation in Macaca mulatta. The timing of discrete cranial trait frequency change and group fission coincide, indicating a possible causal relationship between fission and genetic change. A significant change in the male mating population during and after fission is proposed as the mechanism causing intragroup genetic change, along with the effects of fluctuations in segregation ratios.
Genetic differentiation among populations in Western New Guinea
Authors: Gajdusek D. C. , Leyshon W. C. , Kirk R. L. , Blake N. M. , Keats Bronya , McDermid E. M.
Published: August 2005

Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme groups were determined for a series of 1,821 individuals belonging to six language families in Western New Guinea. Three of the language families represent groupings of languages spoken by people in the swampy coastal plain of south central Western New Guinea, two belong to the Central Highlands and one to the Lake Plain area near the confluence of the Idenburg and Rouffaer Rivers.

The distribution of genetic markers reveals similarities with other parts of New Guinea. The A2 allele is absent in the ABO system, the frequency of Ns in the MNS system is very high as is the R1 (CDe) allele in the Rh system. Hp1 frequencies are high, and the transferrin allele TfD1 is present as in other parts of New Guinea. In the red cell enzyme systems several alleles were detected which are characteristic of Papuan, and in some cases other Melanesian populations: these include MDH3, PGK4, PGK2, PGM92, PGM102, as well as some very restricted alleles such as Peptidase B6 and Pep B2.

Three indices of genetic distance were computed. The most striking results are the genetic closeness of the Dani and Moni populations from the Central Highlands to the Asmat on the southern coastal plain, and the relative remoteness of the Awyu from the other south coastal populations. The results are discussed in terms of recent theories on the origin and dispersal of Papuan languages.
Analysis of the shoulder in brachiating spider monkeys
Authors: Jenkins Farish A. , Dombrowski Philip J. , Gordon E. P.
Published: August 2005

Adult spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and A. paniscus) were conditioned to brachiate on a rope mill (an arboreal analogue of a treadmill). The postures and excursions of the shoulder girdle were studied by cineradiography. These data, together with conventional cinematographic and anatomical studies, permit reassessment of some characteristic structural and functional features of the shoulder in brachiators.

During the propulsive phase, the shoulder joint moves caudad from fifth cervical to seventh cervical levels; at the same time, the joint moves dorsad (from a frontal plane midway between the first thoracic vertebra and the manubrium, to a frontal plane through the spinous processes) and slightly mediad. Spider monkeys position the scapula principally on the dorsum of the thorax, in contrast to quadrupedal primates which maintain a more lateral position (even in suspended postures). During brachiation, the scapula rotates a total of 35°; most of this rotation (20°) occurs in the non‐propulsive phase when the free arm is being elevated to secure a new handhold.

The sigmoidal shape, twisting of proximal relative to distal ends, and elongation of the clavicle in spider monkeys and other brachiators appear to be related to the specialized positioning of the shoulder girdle on the dorsum of the thorax. Shoulder and elbow movements contribute to the efficiency of the swing in terms of the dynamics of a pendulum.
Contributions to variance in phalangeal growth: Estimates from twins
Authors: Wetherington Ronald K. , Rutenberg Gary W.
Published: August 2005

Lengths of the second metacarpal and fourth middle phalanx of a sample of 99 sets of radiographs of twins (45 MZ sets and 54 like‐sex DZ sets) are subjected to variance analysis. The purpose is to examine incremental growth status between the appearance of these bones and the fusion of their epiphyses. Grouped data show higher F‐ratios and H scores for males in MC2 length and for females in MP4 length. When the data are sub‐divided by age (10 and under, older than 10), the later ages show uniformly higher F and H scores than the younger, and males higher than females for all measurements. It is suggested that the influence of the environment is relatively less in later ages, and that X‐chromosomal influence plays a part in determining tubular bone growth in the hand‐wrist.
A quantitative analysis of dental attrition rates in the Santa Barbara Channel area
Authors: Walker Phillip L.
Published: August 2005

The dentitions of individuals from archaeological sites located along the Santa Barbara Channel were analysed using quantitative methods which allow the accurate assessment of attrition rates. Comparisons of molar wear gradients indicate that attrition rates have decreased significantly through time in the Santa Barbara Channel area.
Some implications of relative biomechanical neck length in hominid femora
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: August 2005

Demonstration of a size‐based influence on relative biomechanical neck length of the femur predicts relatively longer necks for smaller femurs. Fossil hominids through the middle Pleistocene appear to have relatively longer femur necks than expected from this relation, excepting the two small australopithecine females. It is suggested that this variation results from smaller crania at birth in the fossils, and the possibility is raised that australopithecine populations were characterized by marked brain size differences at birth.
Artificial cranial deformation and the increased complexity of the lambdoid suture
Authors: Gottlieb Karen
Published: August 2005

Studies examining an association between artificial cranial deformation and the presence of wormian bones in the lambdoid suture have been inconclusive. Cranial deformation, however, does seem to have a direct effect of increasing the sutural complexity of the pars lambdica of the lambdoid suture and also increasing the mean number of lambdoidal wormian bones, given their presence.
A new method for assessing the sex of fragmentary skeletal remains: Femoral shaft circumference
Authors: Black Thomas K.
Published: August 2005

A simple discriminant function using midshaft femoral circumference for the determination of sex has been tested with 114 skeletons from the Libben Site, Ontario County, Ohio. The results have been shown to be 85% consistent with other, accepted means of determining sex. Femur circumference can be an aid to the sexual identification of poorly preserved and fragmentary skeletal remains.
A portable, adjustable finger printing stand
Authors: Johnson R. Peter , Richter Oskar F.
Published: August 2005

A lightweight finger printing stand is described which can be adjusted to the proper printing height. Based upon experience printing over 1,100 subjects, 12 advantages of using the stand are suggested.
The blacks of Panama: Their genetic diversity as assessed by 15 inherited biochemical systems
Authors: Ferrell Robert E. , Nunez Aminta , Bertin Terry , Labarthe Darwin R. , Schull William J.
Published: August 2005

Panama's black citizens are culturally and historically divisible into two groups, the Spanish‐speaking coloniales and the English‐speaking anglos or afro‐antillanos. Until recently these groups have been geographically as well as culturally isolated one from the other, although both are predominantly of West and Southwest African origin. Assessment of the genetic diversity within‐villages and within language groups reveals as much, possibly somewhat more, diversity in 15 inherited biochemical markers within villages and language groups as that which obtains between villages and language groups.

A number of rare variants at the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and esterase D loci were encountered and are described.
Blood groups of pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Sackett G. P.
Published: August 2005

The human‐type A‐B‐O blood groups of 57 pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were determined and the calculated gene frequencies, O = 0.8908, A = 0.0825 and B = 0.0267, gave excellent fit with the hypothesis of inheritance by triple allelic genes. In tests for simian‐type blood groups with rhesus, baboon and crab‐eating macaque immune antisera, it was shown that the red cells of pig‐tailed macaques are polymorphic for several simian‐type specificities defined by those cross‐reacting sera. Pig‐tailed macaques share with other macaque species the complex Drh‐graded blood group system, which seems to occupy a special role among red cell antigens of macaques. Normal sera of three female macaques contained spontaneous isoagglutinins which selectively agglutinated the red cells of some pig‐tailed as well as stump‐tailed macaques.
Variation in dental occlusion and arches among melanesians of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. II. Clinal variation, geographic microdifferentiation and synthesis
Authors: Smith Richard J. , Kolakowski Donald , Bailit Howard L.
Published: August 2005

Patterns of geographic microdifferentiation for dental occlusion and the size and shape of the dental arches are described for 14 villages on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Occlusal variables, such as overjet, overbite, molar relationships, crowding or spacing, and malalignment vary less among villages than do arch length and width. Arch length and width decrease in size from north to south. The pattern of biological distance among villages for occlusal variables and arch size correspond poorly to anthropometric, linguistic, geographic and migrational distances. The value of occlusal variables and arch size for discriminating among populations, the biological interpretation of multivariate data and the objectives of research on geographic microdifferentiation are discussed.
Ossification in the hand and foot of the macaque (Macaca nemestrina). I. General features
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Tarrant Lewis H.
Published: August 2005

The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeletal maturation, constructed by plotting the maturational indices against gestational age, demonstrated three distinct periods of ossification: the First Acceleration when primary centers appear, the Plateau, and the Second Acceleration when the secondary centers ossify. Similar curves are constructed for human prenatal and postnatal ossification. The results are also compared with those reported for M. mulatta, and the bases of the observed differences are discussed. Compared with other primates, the fetal and neonatal macaque shows a developmental precocity which may be an ontogenetic adaptation to the socioecological setting of terrestrial life.
The influence of experimental deformation on craniofacial development in rats
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor M.
Published: August 2005

Cranial deformation was produced experimentally in rats 8 to 40 days old for the purpose of studying the rotation of the craniofacial bones and the modification of the growth rates of the functional cranial components. One hundred and twenty four skulls (65 males and 59 females) were employed, classified as: deformed, deformed‐hydrocephalic, sham‐operated and controls. A mid‐sagittal diagram was drawn for each skull and the angle subtended by each bone with respect to the vestibular plane was measured. Growth indices were worked out for both the neural skull and the facial skull. Deformation altered the rotation of the parietal, interparietal and basisphenoidal bones and restricted the rotation of the fronto‐ethmo‐facial complex. Alteration of the longitudinal growth rates of the dorsal and basilar components of the neurocranium and the splanchnocranium produced the persistence of the klinorynchal state.
Population structure and genetic heterogeneity in the Upper Markham valley of New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W.
Published: August 2005

An analysis is presented of the standardized Wahlund's variances (f) in gene frequencies of the ABO, Rh and MNS blood group systems among 19 villages of the Atsera isolate of the upper Markham Valley, Papua New Guinea. In the past, there has been some disagreement over the relative importance of population structure and natural selection in the determination of these variances. The Lewontin‐Krakauer test is presented as a means of resolving this disagreement. According to this test, selectively neutral variation in gene frequencies should generate essentially homogeneous values of f for all loci, a homogeneity which can be tested by comparing the value of s to a theoretical σ expected when variations in f̂ are due solely to sampling error. The observed value of s for the Atsera isolate is 2.9 × 10−5, which is not significantly different from the expected values that range from 1.23 × 10−5 to 2.46 × 10−5 depending on the constant used in calculating σ. Therefore it appears that nonselective aspects of population structure such as genetic drift and intervillage migration are responsible for the recorded genetic variation in this isolate.
ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion in Reddis and Kammas Of Southern Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Naidu J. M. , Veerraju P. , Mukherjee D. P.
Published: August 2005

ABO blood groups and ABH saliva secretion were investigated in two caste populations, Reddis and Kammas of Southern Andhra Pradesh, and compared with the data of other populations. In ABO gene frequencies, the present series of Reddis and Kammas approach the values from other Andhra caste data. Moderate gene frequency of non‐secretor gene in both Reddis and Kammas are noted.
Altitude, heredity and body proportions in northern Chile
Authors: Palomino Hernan , Mueller William H. , Schull William J.
Published: August 2005

Recent studies of the effects of hypoxia on human growth and adult size have focused mainly on the variability of single measurements. In this paper we explore changes with altitude and ethnicity (Spanish‐Aymara ancestry) in body proportions of permanent residents of an altitudinal gradient (0–4000 meters) in northern Chile. Body proportion or shape is assessed by anthropometric indices and principal components of 14 bone measurements. Ethnicity independent of altitude had its major effect on proportions and a lesser effect on size. Aymara had larger relative sitting heights, broader builds and prominent facial development as compared to non‐Aymara (Spanish). Altitude also affected head and chest proportions during growth. On the whole, the effects of altitude and Aymara ancestry on the measurements and indices were independent (not necessarily of similar direction or magnitude), in spite of a correlation of ethnicity and altitude in Andean populations.