bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emergency surgical management strategy for extra dural hematoma with pre-existing undiagnosed hypothyroidism: A case report
Authors: Satapathy Mani Charan , Mishra Sudhansu Sekhar , Pattajoshi Acharya S. , Dhir Manmath K.
Published: December 2013

Extra dural hematomas (EDH) are usually characterized by a rapidly progressing clinical course within several hours. Surgical management of EDH with hypothyroidism is a challenging issue in emergency hour, as the ultimate outcome depends on the time since trauma, the interval between admittance and operation, associated co-morbidities and the location of hematomas. We received a 55 yr old woman with Rt. Temporoparietal EDH with significant mass effect on examination revealed some of the clinical findings, but not the goiter, of hypothyroidism being confirmed on thyroid function test. Accordingly, we planned for craniotomy with evacuation of extra-dural blood clots ↓ local anesthesia (LA), with immediate post-operative l-Thyroxine supplementation through Ryle’s tube. Thus, thorough clinical knowledge on general examination will help sensitize the neurosurgeon to exclude common co-morbidities, e.g. hypothyroidism in our case, while focusing on surgical and anesthetic aspects of relevance of the surgically planned traumatic brain injury cases.
Establishment of a human 3D lung cancer model based on a biological tissue matrix combined with a Boolean in silico model
Authors: Stratmann Anna T. , Fecher David , Wangorsch Gaby , Göttlich Claudia , Walles Thorsten , Walles Heike , Dandekar Thomas , Dandekar Gudrun , Nietzer Sarah L.
Published: December 2013

For the development of new treatment strategies against cancer, understanding signaling networks and their changes upon drug response is a promising approach to identify new drug targets and biomarker profiles. Pre‐requisites are tumor models with multiple read‐out options that accurately reflect the clinical situation. Tissue engineering technologies offer the integration of components of the tumor microenvironment which are known to impair drug response of cancer cells. We established three‐dimensional (3D) lung carcinoma models on a decellularized tissue matrix, providing a complex microenvironment for cell growth. For model generation, we used two cell lines with (HCC827) or without (A549) an activating mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), exhibiting different sensitivities to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. EGFR activation in HCC827 was inhibited by gefitinib, resulting in a significant reduction of proliferation (Ki‐67 proliferation index) and in the induction of apoptosis (TUNEL staining, M30‐ELISA). No significant effect was observed in conventional cell culture. Results from the 3D model correlated with the results of an in silico model that integrates the EGFR signaling network according to clinical data. The application of TGFβ1 induced tumor cell invasion, accompanied by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) both in vitro and in silico. This was confirmed in the 3D model by acquisition of mesenchymal cell morphology and modified expression of fibronectin, E‐cadherin, β‐catenin and mucin‐1. Quantitative read‐outs for proliferation, apoptosis and invasion were established in the complex 3D tumor model. The combined in vitro and in silico model represents a powerful tool for systems analysis.
Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings
Authors: Kipling Rudyard
Published: December 2013

Rudyard Kipling has been described as 'one of the few complete originals in English literature'. In his last work, Something of Myself, he reflects on his life and the basis of his art. Yet paradoxically this ostensibly autobiographical work (as an early critic pointed out) actually discloses very little of himself. Thomas Pinney's revealing edition now uncovers the extraordinary extent to which Kipling's account of his life fails to match the biographical facts, in a series of selections, omissions and distortions. Illustrated with Kipling's own satirical drawings from the manuscripts, and brought together with his other autobiographical writings (some previously unpublished), this fascinating book sheds new light on the intriguing relationship between Kipling's life and work.
Structure and Method in Aristotle's Meteorologica
Authors: Wilson Malcolm
Published: December 2013

In the first full-length study in any modern language dedicated to the Meteorologica, Malcolm Wilson presents a groundbreaking interpretation of Aristotle's natural philosophy. Divided into two parts, the book first addresses general philosophical and scientific issues by placing the treatise in a diachronic frame comprising Aristotle's predecessors and in a synchronic frame comprising his other physical works. It argues that Aristotle thought of meteorological phenomena as intermediary or 'dualizing' between the cosmos as a whole and the manifold world of terrestrial animals. Engaging with the best current literature on Aristotle's theories of science and metaphysics, Wilson focuses on issues of aetiology, teleology and the structure and unity of science. The second half of the book illustrates Aristotle's principal concerns in a section-by-section treatment of the meteorological phenomena and provides solutions to many of the problems that have been raised since the time of the ancient commentators.
Trauma and Forgiveness
Authors: Alford C. Fred
Published: December 2013

Contrary to the view of trauma popularized by literary theorists, Trauma and Forgiveness argues that the traumatized are capable of representing their experience and that we should therefore listen more and theorize less. Using stories and case studies, including testimonies from Holocaust survivors, as well as the victims of 'ordinary' trauma, C. Fred Alford shows that, while the traumatized are generally capable of representing their experience, this does little to heal them. He draws on the British Object Relations tradition in psychoanalysis to argue that forgiveness, which might be expected to help heal the traumatized, is generally an attempt to avoid the hard work of mourning losses that can never be made whole. Forgiveness is better seen as a virtue in the classical sense, a recognition of human vulnerability. The book concludes with an extended case study of the essayist Jean Améry and his refusal to forgive.
The Victorian Novel and the Space of Art
Authors: Gilmore Dehn
Published: December 2013

This interdisciplinary study argues for the vital importance of visual culture as a force shaping the Victorian novel's formal development and reading history. It shows how authors like Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Wilkie Collins and Thomas Hardy borrowed language and conceptual formations from art world spaces - the art market, the museum, the large-scale exhibition, and art critical discourse - not only when they chose certain subjects or refined certain aspects of realism, but also when they tried to adapt various genres of the novel for a new and newly vociferous mass audience. Quandaries specific to new forms of public display affected authors' sense of their relationship with their own public. Debates about how best to appreciate a new mass of visual information impacted authors' sense of how people read, and consequently the development of particular novel forms like the multi-plot novel, the historical novel, the sensation novel, and fin-de-siècle fiction.
Smart Structures Theory
Authors: Chopra Inderjit , Sirohi Jayant
Published: December 2013

The twenty-first century could be called the 'Multifunctional Materials Age'. The inspiration for multifunctional materials comes from nature, and therefore these are often referred to as bio-inspired materials. Bio-inspired materials encompass smart materials and structures, multifunctional materials and nano-structured materials. This is a dawn of revolutionary materials that may provide a 'quantum jump' in performance and multi-capability. This book focuses on smart materials, structures and systems, which are also referred to as intelligent, adaptive, active, sensory and metamorphic. The purpose of these materials from the perspective of smart systems is their ability to minimize life-cycle cost and/or expand the performance envelope. The ultimate goal is to develop biologically inspired multifunctional materials with the capability to adapt their structural characteristics (stiffness, damping, viscosity, etc.) as required, monitor their health condition, perform self-diagnosis and self-repair, morph their shape and undergo significant controlled motion over a wide range of operating conditions.
Wilhelm II
Authors: Röhl John C. G.
Published: December 2013

This final volume of John Röhl's acclaimed biography of Kaiser Wilhelm II reveals the Kaiser's central role in the origins of the First World War. The book examines the Kaiser's part in the Boer War, the Russo-Japanese War, the naval arms race with Britain and Germany's rivalry with the United States as well as in the crises over Morocco, Bosnia and Agadir. It also sheds new light on the public scandals which accompanied his reign from the allegations of homosexuality made against his intimate friends to the Daily Telegraph Affair. Above all, John Röhl scrutinises the mounting tension between Germany and Britain and the increasing pressure the Kaiser exerted on his Austro-Hungarian ally from 1912 onwards to resolve the Serbian problem. Following Germany's defeat and Wilhelm's enforced abdication, he charts the Kaiser's bitter experience of exile in Holland and his frustrated hopes that Hitler would restore him to the throne.
The Europeanization of Workplace Pensions
Authors: Hennessy Alexandra
Published: December 2013

Alexandra Hennessy examines an area of Europeanization that has been largely ignored by political analysts: the development of an internal market for workplace pensions. This book offers an analysis of what is at stake in workplace pension reforms, tracing how different states approached them and how national political economy models have shaped actors' bargaining strategy at the EU level. Employing statistical analysis, formal modelling, and in-depth case study research, Hennessy highlights the role of informal signalling and communication processes in designing a common pension market. This book offers a theoretical framework that accounts for historical institutionalism, informal signalling processes and discourse in the Europeanization of workplace pensions – a must-read for students of comparative social and public policy, comparative politics and European politics.
The Promise and Pitfalls of Community Resilience
Authors: Uscher-Pines Lori , Chandra Anita , Acosta Joie
Published: December 2013

An important shift in terminology has occurred in emergency preparedness, and the concept of community resilience has become ubiquitous. Although enhancing community resilience is broader than preparedness, and emphasizes a distinct set of activities and participants, the terms are often used interchangeably. The implications of this shift have not been fully explored. This commentary describes the potential promise and pitfalls of the concept of community resilience and recommends strategies to overcome its limitations. We believe that resilience has the power to dramatically change this field in immense, positive ways, but some important challenges such as confusion about definitions and lack of accountability must first be overcome. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:603-606)
‘What things mean in our daily lives’: a history of museum curating and visiting in the Science Museum's Children's Gallery from c.1929 to 1969
Authors: NIELSEN KRISTIAN H.
Published: December 2013

The Children's Gallery in the Science Museum in London opened in December 1931. Conceived partly as a response to the overwhelming number of children visiting the Museum and partly as a way in which to advance its educational uses, the Gallery proved to be an immediate success in terms of attendances. In the Gallery, children and adults found historical dioramas and models, all of which aimed at presenting visitors with the social, material and moral impacts of science and technology on society throughout history. Also, there were numerous working models with plenty of buttons to press, handles to turn and ropes to pull. Controversial visitor studies carried out in the 1950s revealed that the historical didacticism was more or less lost on the children who came to the Gallery. Consequently, the New Children's Gallery that opened in 1969 had to some extent abandoned the historical perspective in favour of combining instruction with pleasure in order to make the children feel that ‘science is a wonderful thing’.
Five-year prospective study of paediatric acute otitis media in Rochester, NY: modelling analysis of the risk of pneumococcal colonization in the nasopharynx and infection
Authors: FRIEDEL V. , ZILORA S. , BOGAARD D. , CASEY J. R. , PICHICHERO M. E.
Published: December 2013

During a 5-year prospective study of nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization and acute otitis media (AOM) infections in children during the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era (July 2006–June 2011) we studied risk factors for NP colonization and AOM. NP samples were collected at ages 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, and 30 months during well-child visits. Additionally, NP and middle ear fluid (MEF) samples were collected at onset of every AOM episode. From 1825 visits (n = 464 children), 5301 NP and 570 MEF samples were collected and analysed for potential otopathogens. Daycare attendance, NP colonization byMoraxella catarrhalis, and siblings aged <5 years increased the risk ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeNP colonization. NP colonization withS. pneumoniae,M. catarrhalis, orHaemophilus influenzaeand a family history of OM increased the risk of AOM. Risk factors that increase the risk of pneumococcal AOM will be important to reassess as we move into a new 13-valent PCV era, especially co-colonization with other potential otopathogens.
Abnormal dynamic changes in β-tubulin in somatic nuclear transfer cloned mouse embryos
Authors: Shen Jingling , Wang Zhendong , Shen Xinghui , Zheng Zhong , Zhang Qinghua , Feng Xiuqing , Hu Lili , Lei Lei
Published: December 2013

The efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cloning remains low, thus limiting the applications of this technique. In this study, we used immunochemistry and confocal microscopy to detect the microtubule component, β-tubulin, in SCNT, parthenogenetic (PA), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos before the first mitotic division. β-Tubulin is the component subunit of microtubule, which plays critical roles in regulating localization of cellular organelles, and the growth, maturation and fertilization of oocytes. Our results demonstrated similar changes of spindle patterns in PA and ICSI embryos. The second meiotic division resumed 1 h post-treatment, and the cytoplasmic asters (CAs) disappeared. After about 4–6 h of treatment, pronuclei formed with the midbodies connecting each other. Meanwhile, the CAs reappeared and a microtubule network developed in the cytoplasm. However, SCNT embryos showed abnormal multipolar spindles, and the pseudopronuclei that contained many nucleoli existed after 6 h of SrCl2 activation. Enucleated oocytes alone did not form spindle-like structures when they were artificially activated for 6 h, indicating that somatic cell chromosomes might be necessary for spindle formation in SCNT embryos. These results demonstrated abnormal changes of β-tubulin in mouse SCNT embryos, compared with PA and ICSI embryos.
TEM Study of Discontinuous Reactions in Highly Supersaturated Cu-Co Alloys
Authors: Suguihiro N.M. , Pinto A.L. , Solórzano I.G.
Published: December 2013

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
The Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway Contributes to the Integrity of Tight Junctions in Brain Endothelial Cells
Authors: Artus Cédric , Glacial Fabienne , Ganeshamoorthy Kayathiri , Ziegler Nicole , Godet Maeva , Guilbert Thomas , Liebner Stefan , Couraud Pierre-Olivier
Published: December 2013

Wnt morphogens released by neural precursor cells were recently reported to control blood–brain barrier (BBB) formation during development. Indeed, in mouse brain endothelial cells, activation of the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway, also known as the canonical Wnt pathway, was shown to stabilize endothelial tight junctions (TJs) through transcriptional regulation of the expression of TJ proteins. Because Wnt proteins activate several distinct β-catenin-dependent and independent signaling pathways, this study was designed to assess whether the noncanonical Wnt/Par/aPKC planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway might also control TJ integrity in brain endothelial cells. First we established, in the hCMEC/D3 human brain endothelial cell line, that the Par/aPKC PCP complex colocalizes with TJs and controls apicobasal polarization. Second, using an siRNA approach, we showed that the Par/aPKC PCP complex regulates TJ stability and reassembling after osmotic shock. Finally, we provided evidence that Wnt5a signals in hCMEC/D3 cells through activation of the Par/aPKC PCP complex, independently of the Wnt canonical β-catenin-dependent pathway and significantly contributes to TJ integrity and endothelial apicobasal polarity. In conclusion, this study suggests that the Wnt/Par/aPKC PCP pathway, in addition to the Wnt/ β-catenin canonical pathway, is a key regulator of the BBB.
Highly sensitive hot electron bolometer based on disordered graphene
Authors: Han Qi , Gao Teng , Zhang Rui , Chen Yi , Chen Jianhui , Liu Gerui , Zhang Yanfeng , Liu Zhongfan , Wu Xiaosong , Yu Dapeng
Published: December 2013

A bolometer is a device that makes an electrical resistive response to the electromagnetic radiation resulted from a raise of temperature due to heating. The combination of the extremely weak electron-phonon interactions along with its small electron heat capacity makes graphene an ideal material for applications in ultra-fast and sensitive hot electron bolometer. However, a major issue is that the resistance of pristine graphene weakly depends on the electronic temperature. We propose using disordered graphene to obtain a strongly temperature dependent resistance. The measured electrical responsivity of the disordered graphene bolometer reaches 6 × 106 V/W at 1.5 K, corresponding to an optical responsivity of 1.6 × 105 V/W. The deduced electrical noise equivalent power is 1.2 "Equation missing", corresponding to the optical noise equivalent power of 44 "Equation missing". The minimal device structure and no requirement for high mobility graphene make a step forward towards the applications of graphene hot electron bolometers.
Physical key-protected one-time pad
Authors: Horstmeyer Roarke , Judkewitz Benjamin , Vellekoop Ivo M. , Assawaworrarit Sid , Yang Changhuei
Published: December 2013

We describe an encrypted communication principle that forms a secure link between two parties without electronically saving either of their keys. Instead, random cryptographic bits are kept safe within the unique mesoscopic randomness of two volumetric scattering materials. We demonstrate how a shared set of patterned optical probes can generate 10 gigabits of statistically verified randomness between a pair of unique 2 mm3 scattering objects. This shared randomness is used to facilitate information-theoretically secure communication following a modified one-time pad protocol. Benefits of volumetric physical storage over electronic memory include the inability to probe, duplicate or selectively reset any bits without fundamentally altering the entire key space. Our ability to securely couple the randomness contained within two unique physical objects can extend to strengthen hardware required by a variety of cryptographic protocols, which is currently a critically weak link in the security pipeline of our increasingly mobile communication culture.
Discrimination of lymph node metastases using desorption electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Abbassi-Ghadi N. , Veselkov K. , Kumar S. , Huang J. , Jones E. , Strittmatter N. , Kudo H. , Goldin R. , Takáts Z. , Hanna G. B.
Published: December 2013

This is the first study to report the application of DESI-MSI for the identification of lymph node cancer metastases.
Preparation of size tunable giant vesicles from cross-linked dextran(ethylene glycol) hydrogels
Authors: López Mora Néstor , Hansen Jesper S. , Gao Yue , Ronald Andrew A. , Kieltyka Roxanne , Malmstadt Noah , Kros Alexander
Published: December 2013

We present a novel chemically cross-linked dextran–poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel substrate for the preparation of dense vesicle suspensions under physiological ionic strength conditions.
pH dependence of the electroreduction of nitrate on Rh and Pt polycrystalline electrodes
Authors: Yang Jian , Sebastian Paula , Duca Matteo , Hoogenboom Thijs , Koper Marc T. M.
Published: December 2013

From a study of the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate on Pt and Rh electrodes over a wide pH range, HNO3 is suggested as the only reducible species in nitrate reduction on Pt, whereas both HNO3 and the nitrate anion are reducible on Rh.
Guidance of growth mode and structural character in organic–inorganic hybrid materials – a comparative study
Authors: Klepper K. B. , Nilsen O. , Francis S. , Fjellvåg H.
Published: December 2013

We investigated the influence of the functionality of organic ligands on film properties in organic–inorganic hybrid thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition.
Recent advancements in optofluidics-based single-cell analysis: optical on-chip cellular manipulation, treatment, and property detection
Authors: Huang Nien-Tsu , Zhang Hua-li , Chung Meng-Ting , Seo Jung Hwan , Kurabayashi Katsuo
Published: December 2013

Optofluidic techniques could evolve to perform a series of single-cell analysis processes, including manipulation, treatment, and property detection.
E88, a new cyclic-di-GMP class I riboswitch aptamer fromClostridium tetani, has a similar fold to the prototypical class I riboswitch, Vc2, but differentially binds to c-di-GMP analogs
Authors: Luo Yiling , Chen Bin , Zhou Jie , Sintim Herman O. , Dayie T. Kwaku
Published: December 2013

C-di-GMP has emerged as a ubiquitous second messenger, which regulates the transition between sessile and motile lifestyles and the virulence factor expression in many pathogenic bacteria using both RNA riboswitches and protein effectors.
Effects of alternative splicing on the function of bestrophin-1 calcium-activated chloride channels
Authors: Kuo Yu-Hung , Abdullaev Iskandar F. , Hyzinski-García María C. , Mongin Alexander A.
Published: December 2013

The proposed Ca2+-activated Cl− channel protein Best1 (bestrophin 1) is expressed and functionally important in the retina and in the brain. Human BEST1 has two known splice variants, Best1V1 and Best1V2, which arise from alternative splicing of two exons: exon 2 splicing results in a unique N-terminal domain, whereas alternative splicing of exon 11 produces two mutually exclusive C-termini. Prior studies were limited to Best1V1 and its clinically relevant mutations. In the present work, we cloned a novel splice variant of Best1V1 missing exon 2 (Best1V1Δex2) and differing from each of the two previously identified isoforms by one alternatively spliced domain. This finding allowed us to determine the role for alternative splicing of the Best1 N- and C-termini. We heteroexpressed Best1V1Δex2 in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells, and compared its properties with Best1V1 and Best1V2. Western blot analysis confirmed protein expression from all three splice variants. Both Best1V1 and Best1V1Δex2 successfully formed Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, demonstrating that the N-terminus encoded by exon 2 is not essential for channel function. In contrast, Best1V2-expressing cells had no detectable Ca2+-activated Cl− currents, pointing to a critical role for splicing of the C-terminus. Surface protein biotinylation demonstrated that Best1V1 and Best1V1Δex2 are trafficked to the plasma membrane, whereas Best1V2 is not. These results define the impact of alternative splicing on Best1 function, and should be taken into consideration in future modelling of the Best1 protein structure.
The leptin receptor is expressed in the Leydig cells of Merino rams, but its expression is not affected by long-term differences in the plane of nutrition
Authors: Gil J. , Genovese P. , Sartore I. , Bielli A. , Montossi F. , Viñoles C.
Published: December 2013

We studied whether the long-term effects of nutrition on ram reproductive potential are mediated by changes in the expression and distribution of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) in the testes. Thirty-two young Merino rams were allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial design, with either natural (NP) or improved pastures (IP), with (+S) or without (–S) supplementation. After 14 weeks of treatment, a blood sample was taken to measure leptin concentrations and rams were castrated. The weights of testicles (TW) and epididymides (EW) were recorded before tissue sampling for the detection of Ob-Rb expression by immunohistochemistry. TW was positively affected by the interaction IP × S, but not EW and bodyweight (BW), which were affected either by IP or S (P < 0.05). TW and EW were greatest (g) in IP+S rams (290.6 ± 40.1 and 57.6 ± 2.3), followed by IP–S (284.6 ± 61.4 and 52.5 ± 2.3), NP+S (282.6 ± 37.9 and 55.8 ± 2.3), and NP–S rams (208.5 ± 48.7 and 44.4 ± 2.3; P < 0.01). Expression of Ob-Rb was observed in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells, without any effect of treatments on the percentage of positive Leydig cells or on staining-intensity score. The serum leptin concentrations were similar among groups. The absolute volume of the seminiferous epithelium (mL) was affected by IP and S, as well as by their interaction (IP–S: 179.7 ± 13.1, IP+S; 174.9 ± 9.0; NP+S: 178.0 ± 10.2; NP–S: 120.8 ± 9.8; P < 0.05). We conclude that, under the conditions of the present study, the long-term improvement of nutrition promoted histological changes of increased spermatogenesis of Merino rams, but was not related to changes in the expression of the Ob-Rb receptor in the Leydig cell cytoplasm.
Tumor suppressor and deubiquitinase BAP1 promotes DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Yu Helen , Pak Helen , Hammond-Martel Ian , Ghram Mehdi , Rodrigue Amélie , Daou Salima , Barbour Haithem , Corbeil Luc , Hébert Josée , Drobetsky Elliot , Masson Jean Yves , Di Noia Javier M. , Affar El Bachir
Published: December 2013

Significance

BAP1 is a deubiquitinase of histone H2A involved in chromatin remodeling. Several studies identified BAP1 as major tumor suppressor inactivated in various cancers. Nonetheless, the manner in which BAP1 protects against cancer development remains enigmatic. We now show that BAP1 is recruited to double-strand DNA break sites and promotes error-free repair of these lesions. We also provide the first evidence that phosphorylation coordinates the function of BAP1 in promoting cellular recovery from DNA damage. Thus, our study represents a significant advance in the field of ubiquitin signaling in the context of cancer development.
Impulsiveness and Antisocial Behaviors in Men and Women: An Epidemiological General Population Study in the Southwest of Montreal
Authors: Reyes Andrea , Crocker AnneG. , Weinstein Kerry , Roy Laurence , Caron Jean
Published: December 2013

There is a dearth of literature on the interplay between impulsivity, gender and antisocial behaviors in the general population. Using data from the Montreal Epidemiological Catchment Area study, we sought to identify gender differences in impulsivity and assess whether gender moderates associations between impulsivity and antisocial behaviors. No gender differences were found in impulsivity. Among both men and women, impulsivity was correlated with criminality, aggression and substance dependence. Gender was correlated with criminality, self-aggression, and substance dependence, but did not moderate the relation between impulsivity and any of the outcomes. This study demonstrates that impulsivity is associated with antisocial behaviors equally in both men and women.
The Red Sneakers Effect: Inferring Status and Competence from Signals of Nonconformity
Authors: Bellezza Silvia , Gino Francesca , Keinan Anat
Published: December 2013

This research examines how people react to nonconforming behaviors, such as entering a luxury boutique wearing gym clothes rather than an elegant outfit or wearing red sneakers in a professional setting. Nonconforming behaviors, as costly and visible signals, can act as a particular form of conspicuous consumption and lead to positive inferences of status and competence in the eyes of others. A series of studies demonstrates that people confer higher status and competence to nonconforming rather than conforming individuals. These positive inferences derived from signals of nonconformity are mediated by perceived autonomy and moderated by individual differences in need for uniqueness in the observers. An investigation of boundary conditions demonstrates that the positive inferences disappear when the observer is unfamiliar with the environment, when the nonconforming behavior is depicted as unintentional, and in the absence of expected norms and shared standards of formal conduct.
3 Lagrangian Theory of Constraints
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter discusses how easy the Lagrangian method solves so-called constraint problems. Presented here are different methods of solving such problems, with corresponding examples. Constraints can be incorporated into the Lagrangian method in a particularly convenient way; if the constraints are idealised – such as frictionless surfaces or perfectly rigid bodies – then the equations of motion can be solved without knowing the forces of constraint. Also, the number of degrees of freedom of the Lagrangian system can be reduced by one for each constraint applied. The chapter also defines constraints, beginning with holonomic ones, which are the simplest class of constraints. A constraint is holonomic if it can be represented by a single function of the generalised coordinates, equated to zero.
10 Small Vibrations about Equilibrium
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter focuses on the one or more essentially stable equilibrium configurations of mechanical systems. When disturbed slightly, they vibrate about equilibrium in characteristic patterns called normal modes. The Lagrangian theory of these small vibrations is presented here for the simple case of systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom. The chapter defines equilibrium by using the example of a marble. A marble placed at rest at the bottom of a spherical bowl will remain there forever. A marble placed at rest, and very carefully, on the top of a sphere will also remain there so long as no forces other than gravity act, as will a marble placed on a flat, level tabletop. These examples illustrate the three types of equilibrium point. The first is called stable; the second, unstable; and the third, conditional.
13 Lagrangian Mechanics with Time as a Coordinate
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter presents an extended theory in which the traditional Lagrange equations and generalised energy theorem are combined into a single set of equations that restore the symmetry of the mathematical system. The traditional Lagrangian methods are analogous to the ‘coordinate parametric method’ in the calculus of variations, while the extended Lagrangian theory is analogous to the recommended ‘general parametric method’. The generalised energy theorem of traditional Lagrangian theory, which had been a separate equation analogous to the ‘second form’ of the Euler-Lagrange equations, gets restored to its proper place as just another of the extended Lagrange equations, which now form a complete set of equations appropriate to the problem.
Hamilton'S Principle and Noether's Theorem
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter presents extended forms of Hamilton's Principle and the phase space Hamilton's principle based on the extended Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods. Hamilton's Principle has already been treated in the context of traditional Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. Noether's theorem, a method for using symmetries of the extended Lagrangian to identify quantities that are conserved during the motion of the system, is also presented here. Noether's theorem is a powerful technique for discovering conserved quantities in complex Lagrangian systems. The chapter presents the basics of the method in the simple context of Lagrangian systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom. Both the traditional and the extended Hamilton's Principles are an application of the calculus of variations to mechanics. The traditional Hamilton's Principle uses the coordinate parametric method, while the extended Hamilton's Principle uses the general parametric method.
Relativity and Spacetime
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter introduces the ideas of special relativity with the assumption that it is an established theory whose experimental efficacy is unquestioned. It attempts to provide a deeper understanding of the theory, and to determine what the relativistic effects may be telling us about the world and the nature of spacetime. The discussion here begins with the relativity principle of Newtonian physics, since it underlies all discussions of relativity. This relativity principle is commonly called Galilean relativity, although the same ideas are found in the Principia and in works before Galileo. Certainly, Galileo provided a detailed and poetic statement of it in a book of wide influence, the Dialog Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galilei, 1632).
19 Canonical Transformations
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter describes canonical transformations as the most general phase-space transformations that preserve the extended Hamilton equations. There are several equivalent definitions of canonical transformations; three of them are presented here: the Poisson bracket condition, the direct condition, and the Lagrange bracket condition. Each of these three conditions has two forms, a long one that is written out in terms of partial derivatives and a symplectic one consisting of a single matrix equation. The chapter begins with the long form of the Lagrange bracket condition, and after introducing some necessary notation, derives the long and symplectic forms of all three. The definition of canonical transformation includes the Lorentz transformation of special relativity, since we are now operating in an extended phase space.
20 Generating Functions
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter proposes methods for creating transformations that will automatically be canonical. Canonical transformations can be created by first choosing what are called generating functions. Using one of these generating functions in the formalism to be described will generate a transformation that will be canonical by construction. The generating functions can be quite general, leading to a wide selection of possible canonical transformations. Not only does every generating function lead to a canonical transformation, the converse is also true. Given any canonical transformation, a generating function can always be found that will generate it. The chapter begins by first relating canonical transformations to the existence of an intermediate function that will be called a protogenerating function.
21 Hamilton-Jacobi Therory
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter focuses on the Hamilton-Jacobi theory, the apotheosis of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. Action functions encode all of the possible trajectories of a mechanical system satisfying certain criteria, and are the solutions of a non-linear, first-order partial differential equation called the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The characteristic equations of this differential equation are the extended Hamilton equations. An entire class of mechanics problems is thus reduced to the solution of a single partial differential equation. Aside from its use as a problem solving tool, the Hamilton-Jacobi theory has particular importance because of its close relation to the Schroedinger formulation of quantum mechanics. This connection is discussed in detail in the chapter, together with the Bohm hidden variable model and Feynman path integral method that are derived from it.
22 Angle‐Action Variables
Authors: Johns Oliver Davis
Published: December 2013

This chapter introduces the angle-action method and provides several examples of its use, including its essential role in the ‘old’ quantum theory, a precursor to the Schroedinger wave equation that sought to introduce quantum ideas into a classical model. Angle-action methods are also used in what is called canonical perturbation theory, the study of systems that deviate only slightly from cyclic ones. That vast subject is best studied using the language of differential geometry. Study of the present chapter will give the reader a firm grasp of the angle-action foundation upon which canonical perturbation theory is constructed. Certain specialised systems of importance in astronomy and quantum theory can be treated by a canonical transformation to angle-action variables.
Riemann Surfaces
Authors: Donaldson Simon
Published: December 2013

The theory of Riemann surfaces occupies a very special place in mathematics. It is a culmination of much of traditional calculus, making surprising connections with geometry and arithmetic. It is an extremely useful part of mathematics, knowledge of which is needed by specialists in many other fields. It provides a model for a large number of more recent developments in areas including manifold topology, global analysis, algebraic geometry, Riemannian geometry, and diverse topics in mathematical physics. This text on Riemann surface theory proves the fundamental analytical results on the existence of meromorphic functions and the Uniformisation Theorem. The approach taken emphasises PDE methods, applicable more generally in global analysis. The connection with geometric topology, and in particular the role of the mapping class group, is also explained. To this end, some more sophisticated topics have been included, compared with traditional texts at this level. While the treatment is novel, the roots of the subject in traditional calculus and complex analysis are kept well in mind. Part I sets up the interplay between complex analysis and topology, with the latter treated informally. Part II works as a rapid first course in Riemann surface theory, including elliptic curves. The core of the book is contained in Part III, where the fundamental analytical results are proved.
Proof of the Main Theorem
Authors: Donaldson Simon
Published: December 2013

This chapter provides proof of the main analytical result, Theorem 5, for compact Riemann surfaces.
The Uniformisation Theorem
Authors: Donaldson Simon
Published: December 2013

This chapter proves the following theorem. Theorem 12: Let X be a connected, simply connected, non-compact Riemann surface. Then X is equivalent to either C or the upper half-plane H. The proof presented here follows the same general pattern as one already given to classify compact simply connected Riemann surfaces, but the non-compactness will require some extra steps.
Contrasts in Riemann surface theory
Authors: Donaldson Simon
Published: December 2013

Section 4.2.3 showed how to associate a compact connected Riemann surface to any irreducible polynomial P(z,w) in two variables. This chapter first establishes the converse — any compact connected Riemann surface arises from a polynomial P. It also explains how the whole theory can be cast in an algebraic form, involving fields of transcendence degree 1. The chapter then analyzes hyperbolic surfaces, covering models of the hyperbolic plane; self-isometries; geodesics; the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem; right-angled hexagons; and closed geodesics.
Waves, complex numbers and Fourier transforms
Authors: Sivia D.S.
Published: December 2013

This chapter provides a tutorial introduction to the basic physical concepts, and the associated analytical tools, needed for an understanding of wave phenomena. An everyday description of a wave would be a ‘wiggle’, or something that goes up-and-down as you move forward. The progression of the fluctuations could refer to changes in ‘height’ with respect to position at a fixed time, or with respect to time at a fixed position. Several examples of geometrical waves are presented here; they are unusual in that they have points where there are abrupt changes in the value of the function or its gradient. What they have in common with the more familiar sinusoidal variation is a regularly repeating pattern.
Small-angle scattering and the big picture
Authors: Sivia D. S.
Published: December 2013

This chapter focuses on small-angle scattering, which is used to obtain information regarding the size, shape, and assemblies of large molecules and aggregates. Most small-angle scattering experiments are carried out on dilute solutions, so that the sample consists of isolated and isotropically oriented examples of the object of interest located randomly within a sea of solvent. The chapter also discusses the Guinier relationship, which posits that the scattered signal is insensitive to the shape of the solute particles at the smallest Qs; only their overall size, in an rms sense, and the content of the sample, matter. As with all Fourier data, information about structural detail is found at higher Qs. Even then, distinction can be difficult since differences are blurred out by orientational averaging.
Energy exchange and dynamical information
Authors: Sivia D. S.
Published: December 2013

This chapter discusses the concepts of X-ray and neutron scattering, considering the general case where there is an exchange of energy as well as momentum. The work of Brockhouse is followed here, wherein inelastic experiments are traditionally carried out with a triple-axis spectrometer. It differs from an elastic, or double-axis, setup through the addition of an analyser stage, since the final and incident energies are no longer assumed to be the same. The analyser is simply a monochromator that intercepts the scattered beam. Both selectively reflect particles of a given wavelength based on the Bragg condition satisfied by suitably oriented crystals. Although a triple-axis spectrometer is very versatile, each monochromation stage takes a heavy toll on the particle flux. One of the two can be avoided naturally at a spallation neutron source by using the time-of-flight technique.
Examples of inelastic scattering
Authors: Sivia D. S.
Published: December 2013

This chapter, which considers a number of examples of inelastic scattering, aims to gain an appreciation of the types of dynamical behaviour that can be probed with X-rays and neutrons, without being comprehensive or too theoretical. The earliest example of inelastic scattering at the atomic level dates back to 1922, with the work of Compton on the scattering of X-rays by a thin foil of graphite. He found that the signal at any given scattering angle contained two wavelengths: one was equal to that of the incident monochromatic beam, as expected from classical radiation theory, but the other was longer. Compton explained this component of the scattering by considering it to be the result of a billiard ball-type of collision between a photon and a stationary electron.
Exploring Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir
Published: December 2013

A series of seminal technological revolutions has led to a new generation of electronic devices miniaturized to such tiny scales that the strange laws of quantum physics come into play. There is no doubt that, unlike scientists and engineers of the past, technology leaders of the future will have to rely on quantum mechanics in their everyday work. This makes teaching and learning the subject of paramount importance for further progress. Mastering quantum physics is a very non-trivial task and its deep understanding can only be achieved through working out real-life problems and examples. It is notoriously difficult to come up with new quantum-mechanical problems that would be solvable with a pencil and paper, and within a finite amount of time. This book presents some 700+ original problems in quantum mechanics together with detailed solutions, covering nearly 1,000 pages on all aspects of quantum science.
One-dimensional motion
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter analyzes problems that deal with stationary states in the discrete spectrum; the Schrödinger equation in momentum space (the Green function and integral form of the Schrödinger equation); the continuous spectrum (reflection from and transmission through potential barriers); and systems with several degrees of freedom (particle in a periodic potential).
Perturbation theory; Variational method; Sudden and adiabatic theory
Authors: Galitski Victor , Karnakov Boris , Kogan Vladimir , Galitski, Jr. Victor
Published: December 2013

This chapter analyzes problems that deal with stationary perturbation theory (discrete spectrum); variational method; stationary perturbation theory (continuous spectrum); non-stationary perturbation theory (transitions in continuous spectrum); sudden perturbations; and adiabatic approximation.
Prologue
Authors: Moore Cristopher , Mertens Stephan
Published: December 2013

This prologue begins by considering three examples to demonstrate that in order to solve different problems, fundamentally different kinds of search and different types of proof are required. The first example deals with the nature of computation with a walk through the eighteenth-century town of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), which had seven bridges connecting the two banks of the river Pregel with two islands. A popular puzzle of the time was whether it is possible to walk through the city by crossing each bridge only once. This puzzle was solved by Leonhard Euler in 1736 in the form of a theorem which states that: A connected graph contains an Eulerian cycle if and only if every vertex has even degree. If exactly two vertices have odd degree, it contains an Eulerian path but not an Eulerian cycle. The second example deals with Hamiltonian paths or cycles, while the third involves factoring integers and chess problems. This book explores how to solve problems as efficiently as possible — and how, and why, some problems are extremely hard.
Insights and Algorithms
Authors: Moore Cristopher , Mertens Stephan
Published: December 2013

There are many forms of mathematical insights, but only a few major strategies can be used to construct polynomial-time algorithms. These include divide and conquer, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, duality, and reductions. This chapter explores these strategies and considers how a problem can be broken into subproblems that are small enough, and few enough, to solve quickly. It presents examples that demonstrate how to sort a pack of cards, align genomes, find short paths, hear the music of the spheres, route the flow of traffic, typeset beautiful books, build efficient networks, or run a dating service. The chapter begins with a classic example of recursion: the Towers of Hanoi, introduced by the mathematician Edouard Lucas. It then looks at several important problems where a divide-and-conquer strategy works and explains how so many other problems can be expressed in terms of reachability and shortest path.