bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the use of an on-farm system for bacteriologic culture of milk from cows with low-grade mastitis
Authors: Neeser Nicole L. , Hueston William D. , Godden Sandra M. , Bey Russell F.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine factors associated with implementation and use of an on-farm system for bacteriologic culture of milk from cows with lowgrade mastitis, including information on how producers used the on-farm bacteriologic culture system to guide antimicrobial selection practices and the resulting impact on patterns of antimicrobial use.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Sample Population—Producers of 81 dairy farms.

Procedure—Farms that used an on-farm system for bacteriologic culture of milk from January 2001 to July 2003 were surveyed.

Results—Over half of those producers continuing to use the on-farm culture delayed antimicrobial treatment pending results of bacteriologic culture. Most other producers initiated empirical antimicrobial treatment while bacteriologic culture results were pending. Several barriers to the use of an on-farm system were identified. Significant reductions in rates of antimicrobial use were detected when comparing antimicrobial use rates before and during use of the on-farm system. Most producers chose to treat cows with mastitis caused by gram-positive pathogens with antimicrobials, whereas treatment choices for cows with mastitis caused by gram-negative bacteria and in cases in which no growth was detected varied.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Readily available results permit antimicrobial selections to be made on the basis of the causative agent of mastitis. Adoption of an on-farm system for bacteriologic culture of milk may result in significant reductions in the percentage of cows treated with antimicrobials. Decreasing antimicrobial use may have several benefits including preventing unnecessary discarding of milk, decreasing the potential for drug residues in milk, and improving treatment outcomes as a result of targeted treatments.
Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea
Authors: Ushida Kazunari , Fujita Shiho , Ohashi Gaku
Published: January 2006

The selective ingestion of plant gum exudates by chimpanzees has been frequently observed at various study sites. At Bossou, Guinea, chimpanzees also frequently ingest Albizia zygia gum exudate. A functional explanation for this behavior is lacking, so we evaluated its possible contribution of energy in the form of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) as well as minerals. An in vitro fermentation study of A. zygia gum using the fecal bacteria of a Bossou chimpanzee showed that carboxylic acids were produced with a 6‐hr lag phase up to 44 mmol/l by 18 hr of incubation. Acetate was the most abundant acid produced, followed by lactate and propionate. The energy supplied from the fermentation of a piece of gum exudate (20–30 g) was negligible in comparison with the estimated daily energy requirements of chimpanzees in the wild. However, A. zygia gum exudate (20–30 g) can supply sufficient amounts of calcium, manganese, magnesium, and potassium to fulfill the daily requirements for these minerals in chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 68:143–151, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labile sex differences in long calling in cotton‐top tamarins
Authors: Scott Jillian J. , Carlson Kirsten L. , Snowdon Charles T.
Published: January 2006

Sex differences in behavior are quite common among nonhuman primates. In sexually monomorphic species, sex differences might be expected to be less evident than in polygynous and highly dimorphic species. Callitrichid primates (marmosets and tamarins) are cooperative breeders that exhibit little sexual size dimorphism. However, several sex differences in the structure and usage of vocalizations have been reported. In one such study, McConnell and Snowdon [Behaviour 97:273–296, 1986] reported that female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) emitted significantly more normal long calls than males during simulated intergroup encounters. In the course of collecting a library of normal long calls, we replicated a portion of that study 20 years later with the same colony and similar methods. To our surprise we found a reversal of sex differences. In the same experimental situation, males gave significantly more normal long calls than females. In a further replication 2 years later, males still called more but the effect was less pronounced. The dramatic change in sex differences within the same species and colony over a 22‐year period suggests that behavioral sex differences in callitrichids may be quite labile, and that repeated sampling over several years may be necessary to establish true sex differences. Am. J. Primatol. 68:153–160, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lethal intergroup aggression by chimpanzees in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Watts David P. , Muller Martin , Amsler Sylvia J. , Mbabazi Godfrey , Mitani John C.
Published: January 2006

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have hostile intergroup relations throughout most or all of their geographic range. Hostilities include aggressive encounters between members of neighboring communities during foraging and during patrols in which members of one community search for neighbors near territory boundaries. Attacks on neighbors involve coalitions of adult males, and are sometimes fatal. Targets include members of all age/sex classes, but the risk of lethal intergroup coalitionary aggression is highest for adult males and infants, and lowest for sexually swollen females. The best‐supported adaptive explanation for such behavior is that fission‐fusion sociality allows opportunities for low‐cost attacks that, when successful, enhance the food supply for members of the attackers' community, improve survivorship, and increase female fertility. We add to the database on intergroup coalitionary aggression in chimpanzees by describing three fatal attacks on adult males, plus a fourth attack on an adult male and an attack on a juvenile that were almost certainly fatal. Observers saw four of these attacks and inferred the fifth from forensic and behavioral evidence. The attackers were males in two habituated, unprovisioned communities (Ngogo and Kanyawara) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We also summarize data on other intercommunity attacks at Ngogo. Our observations are consistent with the “imbalance of power” hypothesis [Manson & Wrangham, Current Anthropology 32:369–390, 1991] and support the argument that lethal coalitionary intergroup aggression by male chimpanzees is part of an evolved behavioral strategy. Am. J. Primatol. 68:161‐180, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Describing the organization of dominance relationships by dominance‐directed tree method
Authors: Izar Patrícia , Ferreira Renata G. , Sato Takechi
Published: January 2006

Methods to describe dominance hierarchies are a key tool in primatology studies. Most current methods are appropriate for analyzing linear and near‐linear hierarchies; however, more complex structures are common in primate groups. We propose a method termed “dominance‐directed tree.” This method is based on graph theory and set theory to analyze dominance relationships in social groups. The method constructs a transitive matrix by imposing transitivity to the dominance matrix and produces a graphical representation of the dominance relationships, which allows an easy visualization of the hierarchical position of the individuals, or subsets of individuals. The method is also able to detect partial and complete hierarchies, and to describe situations in which hierarchical and nonhierarchical principles operate. To illustrate the method, we apply a dominance tree analysis to artificial data and empirical data from a group ofCebus apella. Am. J. Primatol. 68:189–207, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predation of arthropods by southern bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas) in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Veiga Liza M. , Ferrari Stephen F.
Published: January 2006

Bearded sakis are seed predators, but are also known to consume arthropods. This is the first detailed report of arthropod predation in southern bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas). Two groups were monitored–one in continuous forest, and one on a small island–between January 2003 and February 2004. The arthropod prey included spiders and six insect orders. Island group members spent more time foraging for arthropods (3.8% vs. 2.6% of activity time) but ingested less prey (3.7% vs. 4.6% of feeding time). Arthropods accounted for a small proportion of feeding records in most months, but there were occasional sharp peaks due to the exploitation of temporary agglomerations of insects. In November, arthropods accounted for 26.6% and 14.2% of the feeding records of the mainland and island groups, respectively. The results suggest that bearded sakis actively seek arthropods as a dietary supplement, but that they represent a minor resource during most of the year, even under conditions of intense habitat fragmentation (island group). Am. J. Primatol. 68:209–215, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Activities of New Cyanopyrane Derivatives Fused with Steroidal Nuclei
Authors: Amr Abdel‐Galil E. , Abdulla Mohamed M.
Published: January 2006

Thirteen new heterocyclic derivatives containing a cyanopyrane ring fused to a steroidal moiety were conveniently synthesized and screened for their anti‐inflammatory potencies comparable to that of the glucocorticoid prednisolone. Four compounds 5a, 5b, 6b, and 8 exhibited superior anti‐inflammatory indices (in rats, protection against carrageenan induced edema and inhibition of plasma PGE). All the candidates were less toxic than the reference drug concerning LD50 values. Synthetic steroidal structures fused to a substituted cyanopyrane ring seem to be a promising approach in search for novel leads for potent anti‐inflammatory agents.
Degree of blockiness of amide groups as indicator for difference in physical behavior of amidated pectins
Authors: Guillotin Stéphanie E. , Van Kampen Janine , Boulenguer Patrick , Schols Henk A. , Voragen Alphons G. J.
Published: January 2006

Thickening and gelling properties of commercial amidated pectins depend on the degree of amidation and methyl‐esterification, but also the distribution of these groups is of great importance. Methods have been developed during the last few years to determine the distribution of methyl esters over the pectic backbone. We applied the strategies developed for the analysis of high methyl‐esterified pectins for studying the distribution of amide groups in amidated pectins. Low methyl‐esterified amidated (LMA) pectins were digested before and after removal of methyl esters by an endo‐polygalacturonase to determine the degree of blockiness of the substituents. The nature of the substituents (amide groups compared to methyl esters) did not modify the behavior of the enzyme. Oligomers released were separated by using high‐performance anion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC–PAD) at pH 5. Fractions collected after on‐line desalting were identified by using MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry. Oligomers were found to elute from the column as a function of their total charge. For the same overall charge and size, oligomers with methyl esters eluted before oligomers with amide groups. Both amide groups and methyl esters of the LMA pectins studied were found to be semirandomly distributed over the pectic backbone, but this may vary according to the amidation process used. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 29–37, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Heat capacity changes associated with nucleic acid folding
Authors: Mikulecky Peter J. , Feig Andrew L.
Published: January 2006

Whereas heat capacity changes (ΔCPs) associated with folding transitions are commonplace in the literature of protein folding, they have long been considered a minor energetic contributor in nucleic acid folding. Recent advances in the understanding of nucleic acid folding and improved technology for measuring the energetics of folding transitions have allowed a greater experimental window for measuring these effects. We present in this review a survey of current literature that confronts the issue of ΔCPs associated with nucleic acid folding transitions. This work helps to gather the molecular insights that can be gleaned from analysis of ΔCPs and points toward the challenges that will need to be overcome if the energetic contribution of ΔCP terms are to be put to use in improving free energy calculations for nucleic acid structure prediction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 38–58, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the estimation of nicorandil in human plasma
Authors: Bhatt Jignesh , Jangid Arvind , Shah Bhavin , Shetty Raghavendra , Kambli Sandeep , Subbaiah Gunta , Singh Sadhana
Published: January 2006

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the estimation of nicorandil in human plasma. Nicorandil was extracted from human plasma using solid‐phase extraction technique. Imipramine was used as the internal standard. A Betasil C18 column provided chromatographic separation of analytes followed by detection with mass spectrometry. The method involves a rapid solid‐phase extraction from plasma, simple isocratic chromatography conditions and mass spectrometric detection that enables detection at nanogram levels. The proposed method has been validated for a linear range of 1.0–500.0 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of ≥0.9993. The intra‐run and inter‐run precision and accuracy was within 10.0%. The overall recovery for nicorandil was 63.81%. The total run time was just 3.0 min. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the Quadruple‐potential Waveform for the Determination of Gentamicin Sulfate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Cai Ya‐Qi , Mou Shi‐Fen
Published: January 2006

In this paper, a quadruple‐potential waveform was investigated and optimized for the determination of gentamicin by reversed phase ion‐pair chromatography. Instead of a relatively high positive potential, a negative potential was adopted as a potential for the cleaning of gold working electrode. By this way, the formation of gold oxide resulting from the application of high positive potential during the analyte detection and electrode cleaning was greatly reduced, and therefore, the dissolution and recession of gold working electrode was also reduced. The good condition of gold working electrode achieved by this quadruple‐potential waveform can help us to obtain a good reproducibility. In order to acquire signal‐to‐noise ratio as high as possible, several waveform parameters affecting the detection of gentamicin were carefully selected. The analytical method has been applied to the determination of two real gentamicin samples, and good results with low relative standard deviation not more than 4% were obtained.
Mild and Efficient CuI Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Amides with Bromides
Authors: Deng Wei , Zhang Chen , Liu Min , Zou Yan , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: January 2006

In this article, a general, simple, and inexpensive catalyst system was developed for the amidation of aryl bromide by using CuI as catalyst, amino acid as ligand, and K3PO4 as base.
Multipeak Distributions of First Passage Times in Bistable Dynamics in a Model of a Thermochemical System
Authors: Nowakowski Bogdan , Kawczyński Andrzej L.
Published: January 2006

A master equation is used to study transitions between the stable limit cycle and stable focus in the two‐variable bistable system. The distribution function of the mean first passage time between these attractors and the relative dispersion of the mean first return time from the stable focus to itself as a function of the intensity of fluctuations are calculated and discussed. A coherence resonance is observed for the return time from the focus to itself.
Fundamental performance of triple magnetic circuit type cylindrical thermomagnetic engine
Authors: Takahashi Yutaka , Yamamoto Keiji , Nishikawa Masahiro
Published: January 2006

The engine essentially consists of a rotor made of temperature‐sensitive magnetic material and permanent magnets. When an object made of this material has a temperature distribution in the magnetic field, the force is generated in the direction from the low‐temperature side to the high‐temperature side by magnetic pressure.

This paper describes the fundamental performance of the triple magnetic circuit type thermomagnetic engine. A triple magnetic circuit type engine with water‐cooling system has ben designed. The performance characteristics such as power, resistance loss, and the relation between the temperature of the rotor and the rotation speed have been measured, and compared with the characteristics of a single magnetic circuit type engine. The net power is a maximum value of 3.7 W at a rotation speed of 0.4 rps. The power of the triple magnetic circuit type engine per unit magnetic circuit is about 4 times larger than that of the single magnetic circuit type engine. The resistance loss is 1.7 W at the maximum power point. The total power is 5.4 W. Electromagnetic braking loss is about 25% of the total power. The rate of electromagnetic braking loss to the total power increases with the rotation speed. The disk type rotor with small electromagnetic braking loss has been analyzed. Electromagnetic braking loss of the disk type engine becomes about 95% smaller than that of the cylinder type engine. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 68–74, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20127
Active solution space and search on job‐shop scheduling problem
Authors: Watanabe Masato , Ida Kenichi , Gen Mitsuo
Published: January 2006

In this paper we propose a new searching method of Genetic Algorithm for the job‐shop scheduling problem (JSP). The coding method represents job number in order to decide a priority to arrange a job in the Gantt chart (called the ordinal representation with a priority) in JSP, and an active schedule is created by using left shift. We define an active solution at first. It is a solution that allows the creation of an active schedule without using left shift, and the setting of a defined active solution space. Next, we propose an algorithm, Genetic Algorithm with active solution space search (GA‐asol), which can create an active solution while solution is evaluated, in order to search the active solution space effectively. We applied it to some benchmark problems for comparison with other methods. The experimental results show good performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 61–67, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20185
Detection of object under outdoor environment by matching with partial and whole templates
Authors: Kunimitsu Satoshi , Asama Hajime , Kawabata Kuniaki , Mishima Taketoshi
Published: January 2006

This paper proposes the technique of augmented template matching that positions the object having a standard shape of two dimensions under the outdoor environment. The intensity of the object under the outdoor environment usually changes in various ways. The main reason is that the lighting condition changes, and the surface properties of the object change. It is difficult to apply the conventional template matching under the outdoor environment, because conventional template matching assumes the lighting condition does not change and the surface properties of the object do not change. Then, the partial template made by dividing the conventional template (the whole template) to increase information on the object to discriminate the object under the outdoor environment is introduced. The proposed technique is to calculate similarities with the partial and the whole templates, and to judge by the linear discriminant method. In this paper, the principle of the proposed technique and effectiveness based on the experimental result are shown. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 49–60, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20270
Development of ZnSe‐based white light emitting diodes with longer lifetimes of over 10,000 hr
Authors: Nakamura Takao
Published: January 2006

We have demonstrated ZnSe‐based white light emitting diodes (LEDs) with longer lifetimes of over 10,000 hr at 14.5A/cm2 by introducing an i‐ZnMgBeSe/p‐ZnMgSe double cladding structure, which includes a very thin i‐ZnMgBeSe layer for suppressing electron overflow and a p‐ZnMgSSe layer for efficient p‐type carrier concentration. By adopting the double cladding layer instead of only the conventional p‐ZnMgSSe cladding layer, rapid degradation is suppressed and the lifetime tendency becomes similar to that of the LEDs consisting of a III‐V semiconductor system. The device simulation and the temperature dependence of optical power showed that the i‐ZnMgBeSe layer played the main role in increasing electron confinement. Our experimental data and reliability test results indicate that the suppression of the electron overflow is essential to achieve a long lifetime acceptable for practical use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 42–48, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20285
The Cilix Method: A practical methodology for assessing cumulative impacts in environmental assessments
Authors: Eccleston Charles H.
Published: January 2006

Performing a cumulative impact analysis that rigorously satisfies the regulatory requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) can be a challenging and resource‐intensive task, particularly when preparing environmental assessments (EAs). A rigorous evaluation of cumulative impacts may require substantially more effort than is necessary to assess the direct and indirect impacts of an action. This article describes a new approach, referred to as the Cilix Method, that can provide a practical, streamlined, and defensible technique for assessing cumulative impacts in an EA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The joint readiness training center and Fort Polk installation Internal Environmental Assessment Program
Authors: Mazion Edward
Published: January 2006

For years, the Army has recognized the value of conducting internal environmental assessments as a means to attain, sustain, and monitor compliance with applicable federal, state, Army, and local environmental regulations. Army Regulation (AR) 200‐1, “Environmental Protection and Enhancement,” requires all installations to conduct internal assessments using established Army‐approved protocols. Historically, to comply with the Army's internal assessment requirement, Fort Polk conducted periodic compliance inspections of those installation organizations and facilities using hazardous materials or generating hazardous waste. The compliance inspections resulted in a reduction in the number of installation compliance deficiencies identified by federal, state, and Army compliance inspectors during external inspections. Although the periodic compliance inspections met the intent and regulatory requirements of AR 200‐1, the opportunity existed to expand compliance inspections and develop a more comprehensive internal assessment program. To that end, Fort Polk developed the Internal Environmental Assessment Program (IEAP) in 2004. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
New labdane derivative from the essential oil of Acalypha plicata Müll.Arg.
Authors: Meccia Gina , Rosquete Carmelo , Rojas Luis B. , Feliciano Arturo San
Published: January 2006

The essential oil from fresh leaves of Acalypha plicata Müll‐Arg. was obtained by hydrodistillation, yielding 0.03%. 15,16‐Epoxylabda‐13(16),14‐dien‐8α‐ol (1) was the major constituent (20.9%) of the oil and its structure was established by NMR techniques. Twenty‐four additional compounds were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Bicyclogermacrene (8.5%), τ‐muurolol (6.1%), β‐caryophyllene (6.0%) and epi‐bicyclosesquiphellandrene (5.5%) were other abundant constituents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multichannel thermometric study of skin temperature changes in humans while inhaling essential oils
Authors: Sugawara Yoshiaki , Fukui Hiromi , Shigeoka Chie , Hasegawa Ruri , Okimoto Aya
Published: January 2006

To assess the possible skin temperature changes in humans induced by smelling fragrant compounds, temperature changes were monitored continuously with a multichannel skin thermometer during inhalation of essential oils in a climatic chamber at 20 °C and 60% relative humidity. Sensors were fixed to the tips of the left fingers and left palm of each subject and the obtained data were stored every 15 s using a personal computer connected to the skin thermometers. Skin temperature curves were then plotted from the arithmetic summation of the data from each channel. The essential oils examined in this study were basil, juniper and peppermint, because a sensory test indicated the opposite effects of basil vs peppermint and juniper vs peppermint when undertaking mental work. Using these paired odorants, the results showed that, compared with before and after mental work: (1) inhalation of both basil and juniper, from which a favorable impression was predominant in terms of the sensory evaluation spectrum, was statistically associated with increasing finger‐tip skin temperature (p < 0.05), implying an increasing propensity of the aroused state and arousal response; (2) inhalation of peppermint, from which an unfavorable sensory profile was expressed, resulted in decreasing finger‐tip skin temperature; although this tendency was found to be statistically negligible (p < 0.05). These attempts should be of importance in human chemoreception science as this paradigm is highly informative about non‐verbal responses to odorants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of essential oil of Stachys alpina L. ssp. dinarica Murb.
Authors: Kukić Jelena , Petrović Silvana , Pavlović Milica , Couladis Maria , Tzakou Olga , Niketić Marjan
Published: January 2006

Essential oils of aerial parts of Stachys alpina ssp. dinarica collected from two localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mt Jahorina and Mt Maglic, respectively) were investigated. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistilation and analyzed using GC and GC‐MS. Essential oil yields were 0.03 and 0.05% (w/w), respectively, and in each oil 71 components were identified, comprising 87.2 and 89.3% of the total amount. The main components in both samples were (E)‐caryophyllene (13.4 and 9.3%), germacrene D (12.3 and 5.5%), caryophyllene oxide (5.7 and 8.4%), (E)‐nerolidol (4.8 and 5.6%), n‐nonanal (5.3 and 5.0%) and linalool (1.7 and 5.7%, respectively). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of leaf essential oils from the indigenous ve conifers of Taiwan
Authors: Su Yu‐Chang , Ho Chen‐Lung , Wang Eugene I‐Chen
Published: January 2006

The chemical composition of leaf essential oils of ve conifers in Taiwan were examined. In Chamaecyparis formosensis leaf oil 60 compounds were identied, with α‐pinene (71.6%), δ‐2‐carene (4.6%), β‐myrcene (4.1%), γ‐muurolene (3.1%), β‐pinene (2.7%) and α‐caryophyllene (2.0%) predominating. Forty‐four compounds were identied in the leaf oil of C. obtusa var. formosana with α‐pinene (76.7%), β‐myrcene (5.7%), β‐pinene (3.2%), γ‐muurolene (2.8%), δ‐2‐carene (2.1%) and β‐phellandrene (2.1%) the major components. In leaf oil of Calocedrus formosana, we identied 81 compounds, with α‐pinene (69.8%), β‐caryophyllene (4.7%), β‐myrcene (4.3%) and limonene (2.0%) predominating. For the leaf oil of Taiwania cryptomerioides, 56 compounds were found, with limonene (44.5%), α‐pinene (14.4%), caryophyllene oxide (8.5%), δ‐2‐carene (3.9%), α‐terpineol acetate (3.6%) and β‐myrcene (2.6%) the main components. In leaf oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata var. konishii, there were 68 identied compounds, with α‐pinene (36.4%), α‐thujene (11.4%), α‐eudesmol (8.1%), elemol (5.8%), β‐elemene (3.5%), γ‐eudesmol (2.8%) and γ‐himachalene (2.7%) the major constituents. All ve species had monoterpene hydrocarbons as their main components. Except for Taiwania, in which limonene predominated, in all other species α‐pinene was the predominant component. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI to quantify VEGF‐enhanced tissue‐engineered bladder graft neovascularization: Pilot study
Authors: Cartwright Lisa , Farhat Walid A. , Sherman Christopher , Chen Jun , Babyn Paul , Yeger Herman , Cheng Hai‐Ling Margaret
Published: January 2006

Tissue engineered organs require an immediately perfused vascular tree. Currently, neovascularization assessment requires animal sacrifice and graft harvest. In this pilot study we assess whether neovascularization of an engineered urinary bladder construct is enhanced with vascular‐derived endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and assessable non‐invasively with dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI). Rabbit bladder acellular matrix was hybridized with hyaluronic acid (ACM‐HA), fortified with one of three concentrations (0 ng, 10 ng, or 20 ng per gram of tissue) of vascular‐derived endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and grafted onto bladders in nine rabbits (3 per VEGF concentration). At 1, 2 and 3 weeks, one rabbit from each VEGF group underwent DCE‐MRI and graft harvest. Microvasculature was quantified with scrial optical transverse sectioning of CD31 stained whole mounts using PCl software. Masson trichrome and H&E staining were used to assess cellular proliferation and fibrosis. There was a significant difference in mean microvascular area (MVA) between the 10 and 20 ng VEGF groups (230187 vs 477894 μm2, P = 0.014) but not between the 0 and 10 ng groups (210497 μm2, P = 0.21). Gadolinium uptake increased with MVA and correlated with it on linear regression analysis (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.71). At three weeks, stromal cellularity was greatest, and fibrosis was least, in the high VEGF group. This preliminary work demonstrates improved neovascularization of bladder constructs with VEGF fortification of ACM‐HA and the feasibility of MRI as a non‐invasive method to assume angiogenesis in tissue engineered constructs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Raman spectroscopic study of the complex aromatic mineral idrialite
Authors: Jehlička J. , Edwards H. G. M. , Villar S. E. Jorge , Frank O.
Published: January 2006

Raman spectra were obtained on crystals of idrialite, a complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mineral. The presence of several major components based on benzonaphthofluorene, benzopicene and benzoindenofluorene in the spectra was confirmed by mass spectroscopy, and preliminary molecular vibrational assignments have been made from which key spectral signatures can be used in a database of biomolecular indicators. The survival of novel organic minerals such as idrialite in the geological record is important for an appreciation of the diversity of molecular compounds that need to be assessed in the search for life detection in terrestrial and extraterrestrial scenarios. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gel‐forming ability of surimi from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): influence of heat treatment and soy protein isolate
Authors: Luo Yongkang , Shen Huixing , Pan Dodong
Published: January 2006

The effects of setting conditions and soy protein isolate (SPI) on textural properties of surimi produced from grass carp were investigated. Effects of setting temperature, setting time and protein concentration on the breaking force and distance were evaluated and compared utilizing response surface methodology. Models for breaking force and breaking distance of grass carp surimi were established. Protein concentration was the major factor affecting the gel strength of grass carp surimi. Breaking force and distance of grass carp surimi gels decreased with increase of protein ratio from SPI at 30 °C and 40 °C for 60 min setting and heating at 85 °C for 30 min, but the breaking force obtained for addition of 100 g kg−1 SPI protein to grass carp surimi was higher than that for surimi alone at 60 °C for 60 min incubation and heating at 85 °C for 30 min. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Advances in proteomics data analysis and display using an accurate mass and time tag approach
Authors: Zimmer Jennifer S.D. , Monroe Matthew E. , Qian Wei‐Jun , Smith Richard D.
Published: January 2006

Proteomics has recently demonstrated utility for increasing the understanding of cellular processes on the molecular level as a component of systems biology approaches and for identifying potential biomarkers of various disease states. The large amount of data generated by utilizing high efficiency (e.g., chromatographic) separations coupled with high mass accuracy mass spectrometry for high‐throughput proteomics analyses presents challenges related to data processing, analysis, and display. This review focuses on recent advances in nanoLC‐FTICR‐MS‐based proteomics approaches and the accompanying data processing tools that have been developed to display and interpret the large volumes of data being produced. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 25:450–482, 2006
Frequency, location, morphology and aetiology of osseous mandibular condylar concavities
Authors: Oxenham M. F. , Whitworth J.
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to examine the morphology, frequency, location and aetiology of osseous concavities (OC) in the mandibular condyle. The temporomandibular joints of 435 skeletonised individuals of known age, sex and ancestry were macroscopically examined for osseous concavities and signs of osteoarthritis. Descriptive statistics (χ2) were used to compare results. It was found that OCs were present in 17.5% of the sample and did not vary by sex or ancestry. Posteriorly positioned OCs accounted for 72% of all OCs, and the frequency of OCs decreased with increasing age in contrast to the pattern seen for osteoarthritis. It is concluded that OCs are either developmental defects related to the late maturity of the condyle, and/or a function of regressive remodelling with posterior displacement of the condyle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical interventions for the treatment of radiation‐induced alopecia in pediatric practice
Authors: Rannan‐Eliya Yi Fan , Rannan‐Eliya Sahan , Graham Kenneth , Pizer Barry , McDowell Heather P.
Published: January 2006

Permanent alopecia can occur following treatment for pediatric malignant disease, especially cranial irradiation, resulting in identity and self‐image problems. This late effect is usually addressed through external cosmesis and psychological adjustment. Surgical options are less commonly utilized. The experience of reconstructive procedures in patients at RLC NHS Trust, Alder Hey with alopecia is presented. Four patients had scalp tissue expansion and one had hair transplantation. The reconstructive options available are discussed as well as the potential opportunities and difficulties in this population. Post‐radiotherapy alopecia can be successfully addressed by reconstructive surgery, and should be considered more often in this population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:731–736. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro evaluation of embolization effects of thermosensitive N‐isopropylacrylamide‐based copolymer solutions
Authors: Tian Feng , Zhang Bingqi , Zhao Xiaoli , Ji Weihang , Li Xiaowei , Cheng Guoxiang , Yao Kangde
Published: January 2006

Thermosensitive N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm)‐co‐(N‐propylacrylamide (NPAAm)‐co‐vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) terpolymers (PNINAVP) were synthesized by conventional free‐radical polymerization. The thermoresponsive behaviour of their solutions was investigated by turbidimetry and dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements. The sol‐gel transition of the copolymer solutions occurred reversibly within 30 s, in response to the change of temperature. In vitro embolic model experiments indicated that a 5 wt% solution of 16:16:1 PNINAVP had a satisfactory embolization effect. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of the Initial Slope of the Small‐Angle Scattering Correlation Function of a Particle
Authors: Gille Wilfried , Mazzolo Alain , Roesslinger Benoit
Published: January 2006

The small‐angle scattering correlation function of a particle γ(r) results from scattering experiments. This function possesses a well‐defined slope γ′(0) at the origin. This slope is defined by the particle volume V and the whole surface area S of the particle via γ′(0) = –S/(4V).

In this paper it is demonstrated that this slope defines the mean chord length of the particle, $ \bar l=-1/\gamma \prime (0)=4V/S $. This theorem involves non‐convex particles, especially the case of particles with hollow parts. Consequently, for a large class of particle shapes the mean chord length is defined in terms of V and S.

This extension of the Cauchy theorem is developed by closer analysis of the set covariance C(r), of the small‐angle scattering correlation function γ(r), and of the so‐called linear erosion P(r) near the origin r→0. The cases of a single hollow sphere, of two touching spheres, and of the single hollow cylinder are discussed.
Characterization of TiO2 Smoke Prepared Using Gas‐Phase Hydrolysis of TiCl4
Authors: Zeatoun Lua'y , Feke Donald
Published: January 2006

The formation of submicron TiO2 smoke (a gas‐phase suspension) from titanium tetrachloride in a low‐pressure hydrolysis reaction in a simple reactor configuration has been studied. Particle size distribution, particle morphology and degree of crystallinity have been characterized as a function of reaction conditions. Highly crystalline anatase TiO2 particles with narrow size distribution and smaller particle size were formed at high reactor temperature, while larger, amorphous particles were found at lower reactor temperatures. These results are consistent with literature studies. At 817 °C, small (450 nm), spherical, unagglomerated particles could be produced. A gas‐phase dispersion of these particles is intended for use as seeds in subsequent kinetic studies of titanium dioxide formation reactions involving a rapid compression methodology.
Identification of Metal Contaminants on FCC Catalyst
Authors: Whitcombe Josh M. , Agranovski Igor E. , Braddock Roger D.
Published: January 2006

FCC Catalyst deactivation is a major source of expense in the refining industry. Of concern is the deposition of contaminant metals onto the catalyst particles, leading to premature deactivation. Samples of used catalyst were collected from a working refinery using the standard sampling ports. These samples were subjected to surface examination by Scanning Electron Microscope, and to X‐ray Micro Analysis to determine elementary composition of key metals. Particle mapping was conducted to obtain cross sectional composition of both used and fresh catalyst. It was found that metals preferentially deposit onto the outside of the catalyst particles, presumably causing premature de‐activation to occur. Although the particles are found in a high attrition environment, the metal deposits formed a rough outer surface on the particle. Mild attrition of these particles was found to remove this outside layer of material and help to restore the original chemical make up of the particles surface. This work has shown how refineries can investigate metal deposition onto particles surfaces which will help them better manage FCCU catalyst usage.
Milling of Organic Solids in a Jet Mill. Part 2: Checking the Validity of the Predicted Rate of Breakage Function
Authors: de Vegt Onno , Vromans Herman , Faassen Fried , van der Voort Maarschalk Kees
Published: January 2006

The particle size distribution of fine chemicals in the solid state, like active pharmaceutical ingredients, is often a critical parameter. To achieve the desired particle size distribution, milling of such materials is usually the method of choice. Since these chemicals are often scarcely available, experimental optimization of milling is not possible. Therefore, a model to predict the milling conditions has been developed. The model estimates the rate of breakage function, and needs mechanical properties like hardness and yield strength as input to calculate the rate of breakage function. This paper attempts to check the validity of the model by a series of experiments. A comparison of the experimental results with the outcomes of the model using five different model compounds has been performed. It appears that the rate of breakage function can be estimated by:

The model is able to rank the compounds by degree of fracture as an effect of milling. It was also possible to perform a quantitative prediction of the impact of milling pressure on the milling behavior. Finally, it appeared that the prediction of the large particles in the distribution was significantly better than small ones. Because the oversized material is usually the most critical parameter, the conclusion is that the model has acceptable practical applicability.
Mean Particle Diameters. Part V: Theoretical Derivation of the Proper Type of Mean Particle Diameter describing a Product or Process Property
Authors: Alderliesten Maarten
Published: January 2006

Mean particle diameters may be used to model the physical, chemical, or physiological properties of products or materials if these properties depend on the dispersed phases of the products. The type of mean diameter physically related to such product properties will give the best description. A theoretical approach was developed to derive this proper type of mean diameter $ \overline D_{p,q} $. These mean diameters $ \overline D_{p,q} $ are defined according to the Moment‐Ratio (M–R) definition system. They are expressed as the 1/(p–q)‐th power of the ratio of the p‐th and the q‐th raw moment of the number density distribution of the particle sizes. A number of examples from the areas of evaporation, heat transfer, and turbulent two‐phase flow are used to illustrate the theoretical approach. Particle‐particle interactions were not taken into account. Each example starts from a single‐particle model for a physical product property. The sum of contributions of all particles to this product property leads to a relationship between the product property and the relevant type of mean particle diameter $ \overline D_{p,q} $ (M–R system). The examples given also demonstrate the physical relevance of the nomenclature system for mean particle diameters $ \overline D_{p,q} $, developed earlier. The described theoretical derivation of the proper type of $ \overline D_{p,q} $ supports the empirical selection method of $ \overline D_{p,q} $, developed earlier, because it emphasizes that these mean diameters have clear physical meanings, from which physical hypotheses concerning the physical properties of the products may be derived.
Cystic Fibrosis Mutations with Widely Variable Phenotype: The D1152H Example
Authors: Mussaffi H. , Prais D. , Mei‐Zahav M. , Blau H.
Published: January 2006

D1152H is a type IV cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) mutation associated with abnormal chloride gating. Although comprising 5–6% of mutations on genetic screening, clinical reports of cystic fibrosis (CF) are rare, suggesting that the disease is mild, atypical, or even absent. We describe our experience, which contrasts with this assumption, in a retrospective case series encompassing 91 CF patients (74 Jewish) aged 8 months to 56 years, from 2000–2005. Nine patients of varied Jewish ethnic origins were homozygous (2 patients) or compound heterozygous for D1152H with 11 of 182 potential alleles (6%). Five were diagnosed at age 33–49 years. Of 4 infants, 1 was diagnosed by prenatal screening, 1 had a prenatal dilated bowel, and 1 had pulmonary symptoms. Sweat chloride was 28–120 meq/l. Three adults had chronic mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputum, and a forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) of 20–55%. One was on bilevel positive airway pressure (BIPAP) ventilation. The infants had pulmonary symptoms that responded well to therapy. All 9 patients had good nutrition, 6 were pancreatic‐sufficient, and 3 adults had subclinical pancreatic insufficiency. Three adults had recurrent pancreatitis. None had a bowel obstruction. Two of 3 adult males were fertile. Although asymptomatic at times, the D1152H mutation is associated with a broad clinical spectrum. This information is crucial for genetic counseling. Lung disease may be evident from infancy, and is severe in some adults, although all have outlived the median life expectancy of CF. Hopefully, with early diagnosis and therapy, prognosis can be good. A multicenter study of this mutation is warranted. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysomnographic findings in 320 infants evaluated for apneic events
Authors: Sanchez Ignacio , Vega‐Briceño Luis , Muñoz Carla , Mobarec Sebastián , Brockman Pablo , Mesa Tomás , Harris Paul
Published: January 2006

Apnea is a common problem that causes significant parental anxiety. The aim of this study was to describe polysomnographic findings in infants who were referred over a 4‐year period for an apnea and/or cyanotic event. Our hypothesis was that most infants with apnea or cyanosis events will have normal polysomnography (PSG). In total, 320 patients younger than 2 years old were recruited sequentially and prospectively. Patients underwent a day or overnight PSG by computerized polysomnograph; 78% of studies were performed with pH probe in situ. Subjects' ages ranged from 10 days to 21 months (55% male and 84% full‐term babies); 55% and 74% were younger than 3 and 6 months, respectively. The average total sleep time was 473.4 min (SD, 52.3), with mean sleep efficiency of 83.5%. The distribution of sleep stages was 56.5% active, 38.5%, quiet and 5.1% indeterminate sleep. Sixty‐nine percent (n = 220) of PSG studies were done overnight. There were significant differences in average sleep efficiency (78.1% vs. 83.3%) and REM sleep time (63.6% vs. 59.1%) between PSGs done during the day and overnight (P < 0.05). In total, 34 patients with apneas were studied. The median apnea index for the whole study population was 1.01 (range, 0.1–9.1). In conclusion, our study showed a high prevalence of normal polysomnographic findings in infants referred because of apnea and/or cyanotic events. New clinical prospective studies should be conducted to evaluate whether there is a correlation between PSG findings and outcome at follow‐up of infants with a history of apnea and cyanosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.