bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BLOOD LEUKOCYTES PHENOTYPING BY HEMATOFLOW METHOD IN PATIENTS WITH ONYCHOMYCOSIS
Authors: Savchenko A. A. , Borisov A. G. , Anisimova E. N. , Belenyuk V. D. , Kudryavtsev I. V. , Reshetnikov I. V. , Kvjatkovskaja S. V. , Cejlikman V. Je. , Zorin A. N.
Published: July 2016

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the information content of Hematoflow method in the pathogenetic significance in determining the violations of the cellular responses of innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the decision on the appointment of immunotropic treatment of patients with onychomycosis. The study involved 42 patients with onychomycosis feet and hands/feet at the age of 20–45 years before the appointment of a systemic antifungal therapy. The diagnosis of mycosis, onychomycosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of the fragments of the damaged nail plate. The growth of the fungus culture on special media was observed in 64% of patients. 24 healthy persons were examined as controls. A study of the phenotype of white blood cells was performed on a dual-platform technology hematology analyzer and flow cytometry using a set of antibodies Cytodiff: CD36-FITC, CD2-PE, CD294(CRTH2)-PE, CD19-ECD, CD16-PC5 и CD45-PC7. The phenotypic composition evaluation of the white blood cells by the Hematoflow method allowed to establish in patients with onychomycosis the violation cellular innate and adaptive immunity. Minor changes were detected in the population composition of granule cells in the peripheral blood of patients manifested to an increase in the content of the young and segmented granulocytes. When monotsitopeniya patients with onychomycosis increases the content of the «classic» monocytes and decreases the level of «non-classical» monocytes. Changes in the composition of blood monocytes subpopulation identified in patients with the infection lasting up to 3 years and stored in the course of the disease. The most pronounced changes were found in patients with onychomycosis by the performance of adaptive immunity. Lymphopenia in these patients is realized by reducing the number of immature and mature B-cell, but by increasing the content of T-lymphocytes. Moreover, if the content of immature B-cells have decreased in patients with a duration of infection of up to 3 years, the change in the number of mature Tand B-lymphocytes detected during disease duration 3–10 and 10 years. These changes in the content of Tand B-lymphocytes reflect immunopathogenetic processes and determine the importance of Tand B-cell immunity in onychomycosis. In general, the Hematoflow method is informative in assessing violations the cell of innate and adaptive immunity. It allows to evaluate the severity of the immunopathological process mechanism and the level of damage to the immune system, can recommend its use for a personalized approach to the appointment immunotropic treatment.
CYTOKINES AND HERPESVIRUSES IN CHILDREN WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: Zheleznikova G. F. , Skripchenko N. V. , Ivanova G. P. , Surovtseva A. V. , Monakhova N. E.
Published: July 2016

It was determined earlier (G.P. Ivanova, 2012) that a chronic course of leukoencephalitis in teenagers caused by inadequate response of cytokine system to the combination of two herpesviruses (HV) — EBV and HHV-6, leads to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) in 44% of cases. The research objective was to characterize the cytokine response in children with MS with simultaneous screening of the presence of active HV infections. 39 children with the diagnosis “MS” were under observation, 34 of them had relapsing-remitting (RR) MS, and 5 children had a progressing course of MS (PMS). Concentration of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFNα, IFNγ, and IL-4 was identified in blood serum and cerebrospinal liquid (CSF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HV DNA was revealed by PCR. Cytokine status in children with MS had some differences depending on the phase of the disease, clinical severity of the relapse and the course of MS. The relapse phase of RRMS was associated with the accumulation of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-6 in the blood, and index IFNγ/IL-4 modulations in accordance with the clinical severity of the relapse. A severe aggravation of the disease in children with PMS was accompanied by the increase of IL-8 system response. HV DNA was revealed in 27 patients from 39 ones (69%) in blood and in 17 patients (44%) in CSF with the predominance of EBV (93%), frequently in combination with HHV-6. During an acute period the frequency of HV DNA identification increased 2–3 times to compare with the remission period. Unlike children with RRMS, a mixed-infection of 3–4 herpes viruses was revealed in all 5 patients with PMS. According to the results summary it is possible to make a conclusion that HV-infection has an important role in MS pathogenesis in teenagers, taking part in the aggravation and progression of the disease by its effect on the cytokine system response. EBV-infection dominates among HV, however the risk of MS development increases to a great extent in the case of EBV association with another lymphotropic virus — HHV-6.
THE AGGREGATION OF BACTERIA KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FACTOR
Authors: Sadrtdinova G. R.
Published: July 2016

The article acknowledges the formation of bacterial biofilms in strains of bacteria species Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae when grown in liquid media under the influence of negative factors (chemical factor) — containing agents. Biofilms, as a community of microorganisms cause many chronic infections (meningitis, inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, urogenital infections) and create problems in the industry (fouling of processing equipment, ship hulls, oil platforms, biocorrosion metal products). Ordinary disinfectants, such as chlorine and sodium chlorite, can not remove the biofilm, so finding an effective means of dealing with them is enough actual problem. Various antibacterial agents are ineffective in combating biofilms, since bacteria produce large amounts of polysaccharides — substances that help the colony stay without disintegration. Polysaccharide serves as a barrier layer for substances in water, including for biocides. This is the main reason for the survival of microorganisms even in the heavily chlorinated water. In the study the latest data took into account on the subject, especially concerning adverse effects of oxygen on the growth of bacterial cells and directs action as a factor in the formation of biofilms. In our study we analyzed the latest generation disinfectant as an influencing factor. Working concentrations were shown in three embodiments. The number of strains studied was 6 (3 strains of each species). All strains were obtained from the Department of Museum MVE and VSE Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy n.a. P.A. Stolypin. In our research the biofilm community formation phenomenon has been confirmed, marked differences in biofilm formation, depending on the intensity (in this case, concentration) of the promoter and bacteria species. In vivo biofilm is easily destroyed by mechanical action (shaking test tubes with the medium). Biofilm recovery after this manipulation was not observed. The results of further studies on solid medium (meatpeptone agar) and the color smear simple dye (Gram) into the death of the bacterial cells have not been confirmed. In all cases, bacterial growth was observed, characteristic of these types of bacteria. The studies were conducted in 2015 on the basis of the Research Innovation Center of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ulyanovsk) and with the financial support of the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere.
Direct Evolutionary Search for Nash Equilibria Detection
Authors: Lung Rodica Ioana
Published: July 2016

A Direct method of computing mixed form Nash equilibria of a normal form game by using a simple evolutionary algorithm is proposed. The Direct Evolutionary Search algorithm (DES) uses a generative relation for Nash equilibria with binary tournament selection and uniform mutation. Numerical experiments are used to illustrate the efficiency of the method.
Detecting Topic-oriented Overlapping Community Using Hybrid Hypergraph Model
Authors: Shen Gui-lan , Yang Xiao-ping , Sun Jie
Published: July 2016

A large number of emerging information networks brings new challenges to the overlapping community detection. The meaningful community should be topicoriented. However, the topology-based methods only reflect the strength of connection, but ignore the consistency of the topics. This paper explores a topic-oriented overlapping community detection method for information work. The method utilizes a hybrid hypergraph model to combine the node content and structure information naturally. Two connections for hyperedge pair, including real connection and virtual connection are defined. A novel hyperedge pair similarity measure is proposed by combining linearly extended common neighbors metric for real connection and incremental fitness for virtual connection. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets validate our proposed method outperforms other baseline algorithms.
Data-driven Control of the Activated Sludge Process: IMC plus Feedforward Approach
Authors: Rojas Jose David , Arrieta Orlando , Meneses Montse , Vilanova Ramon
Published: July 2016

In the work presented in this paper, data-driven control is used to tune an Internal Model Control. Despite the fact that it may be contradictory to apply a model-free method to a model-based controller, this methodology has been successfully applied to a Activated Sludge Process (ASP) based wastewater treatment. In addition a feedforward controller over the influent substrate concentration was also computed using the virtual reference feedback tuning and applied to the same wastewater process to see the effect over the dissolved oxygen and the substrate concentration at the effluent.
Teach or Perish: The Stavka System and its Impact on the Quality of Instruction
Authors: Steiner-Khamsi Gita
Published: July 2016

The post-Soviet teacher salary system is referred to as a “teaching load” (stavka) system, because the number of teaching hours accounts for the wide range of teachers’ income. This article discusses the challenges of the stavka system, presents a few changes and modifications over time, and provides examples of salary reforms of two countries: the 2007 teacher salary reform in Mongolia and the 2011 reform in K yrgyzstan. The UNICEF Kyrgyzstan study identifies six negative consequences of the high correlation between the salary and the number of hours taught: vulnerability of teachers, micromanagement of teachers, overcrowding of schools, vacancies as placeholders or “strategic vacancies”, excessive teaching loads, the redistribution of teaching hours to non-specialists. The Government of Mongolia successfully replaced the teaching load system with a workload system in 2007. In Kyrgyzstan, the re-stratification process led to a revolt of those who lost in the wake of the reform. Within a period of two years only, they ensured that the stavka-system was, with a few exceptions, put back in place.
EFEITOS DO CLONAZEPAM NA ESQUIVA INIBITÓRIA NO PEIXE-DOURADO (CARASSIUS AURATUS)
Authors: Carvalho Paula Danielle Palheta , Gouveia Jr Amauri
Published: July 2016

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito do clonazepam na esquiva inibitória (EI) de um ambiente branco em peixes-dourados, descrito como aversivo para peixes dessa espécie. Foram utilizados 30 peixes dourados distribuídos em quatro grupos, conforme a concentração de fármaco (0 mg/ml, n = 9; 0,001 mg/ml, n = 7; 0,003 mg/ml, n = 7; e 0,006 mg/ml, n = 7). A droga foi administrada por via hídrica em 86 ml de água por 180 segundos. Para EI, foi utilizado um aquário dividido em dois compartimentos, um preto e um branco, por uma porta corrediça, sendo o animal inicialmente colocado no compartimento preto. Após 180 s, a porta foi removida e o tempo de travessia para o compartimento branco foi registrado (latência), cada travessia correspondendo a uma tentativa, sendo sete no total. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA de duas vias seguida do teste de Dunnet. Os resultados indicaram diferença estatisticamente significativa na latência entre as tentativas, com aumento da latência. O teste de Dunnet mostrou diferença significativa entre as tentativas 1 e 6 e 1 e 7 e entre os grupos controle e grupo com a concentração de 0,006 mg/ml. Os dados indicam: 1) redução do valor aversivo do lado branco, o que demonstra o efeito ansiolítico do clonazepam; e 2) que o clonazepam não impediu a esquiva inibitória. Palavras-chave: esquiva inibitória, clonazepam, Carassius auratus.
CLASSES FUNCIONAIS E DE EQUIVALÊNCIA DERIVADAS DE LINHA DE BASE DE DISCRIMINAÇÕES SIMPLES E CONDICIONAIS EM CRIANÇAS
Authors: Canovas Daniela De Souza , Postalli Lidia Maria Marson , Souza Deisy Das Graças de
Published: July 2016

Classes funcionais podem ser estabelecidas a partir do ensino de discriminações simples e reversões repetidas. Apesar de eficiente, esse procedimento pode favorecer a ocorrência de erros, com possíveis interferências na formação de classes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de um procedimento de ensino sem reversões sobre a aprendizagem de discriminações simples e condicionais, sobre a transferência de funções entre estímulos e sobre a formação de classes funcionais e de equivalência, em crianças pré-escolares. As crianças aprenderam três discriminações simples, e os estímulos S+ e S– de um desses pares eram incluídos como modelos em uma tarefa de discriminação condicional, com um novo par de estímulos de comparação. Os seis participantes aprenderam as discriminações simples e condicionais, com um número relativamente pequeno de erros. As sondas eram misturadas com tentativas de linha de base de discriminação simples e condicional. Nas sondas de discriminação simples com o par de estímulos que só haviam tido função de estímulos de comparação, todas as crianças selecionaram o estímulo que havia sido correlacionado com o modelo que teve função de S+ na linha de base de discriminações simples (transferência de funções). Nos testes de discriminações condicionais, três participantes apresentaram emergência (imediata ou atrasada) de novas relações, o que pode ser interpretado como formação de classes funcionais. Dois dos participantes foram, então, expostos ao ensino de novas discriminações condicionais e responderam nas sondas de discriminação simples e condicional de acordo com as funções de estímulo estabelecidas no treino (formação de classes funcionais e de equivalência). A variabilidade entre participantes foi similar à observada em procedimentos com reversão, que geraram mais erros do que este estudo, o que sugere que a ocorrência de erros não é uma variável crítica na explicação da variabilidade. Palavras-chave: discriminação simples, discriminação condicional, classes funcionais, classes de equivalência, crianças pré-escolares.
A PSICOLOGIA PODE SER UMA CIÊNCIA DA MENTE?
Authors: Skinner Burrhus Frederic
Published: July 2016

Muitos psicólogos, como os filósofos antes deles, olharam dentro de si mesmos para a explicação de seus comportamentos. Eles sentiram [felt] sentimentos e observaram processos mentais por meio da introspecção. Entretanto, a introspecção nunca foi muito satisfatória. Os filósofos reconheceram sua inadequação, embora insistindo que esse é, todavia, o único meio de autoconhecimento. Os psicólogos outrora já tentaram aprimorá-la pelo uso de observadores treinados e dos instrumentos de metal [brass instruments] sobre os quais Willian James teve opinião desfavorável. A introspecção já não é mais muito usada. Psicólogos cognitivistas podem ver representações e podem até argumentar que elas são as únicas coisas que podem ser vistas, mas eles não afirmam que veem a si mesmos processando-as. Ao contrário, como os psicanalistas, que enfrentam o mesmo problema com processos que não podem ser vistos porque são inconscientes, voltaram-se para a teoria. Teorias, contudo, precisam de confirmação, e por isso muitos se voltaram para a ciência do cérebro, em que se pode dizer que os processos são inspecionados [inspected], em vez de serem observados instrospectados [introspected].3 Se a mente é “o que cérebro faz”, o cérebro pode ser estudado como qualquer outro órgão. Consequentemente, então, a ciência do cérebro deveria dizer-nos o que significa construir uma representação da realidade, armazenar uma representação na memória, converter uma intenção em ação, sentir alegria ou tristeza, tirar uma conclusão lógica, e assim por diante.
Sexual maturity, handedness and sexual dimorphism of the freshwater crab Dilocarcinus pagei in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: DAVANSO Thiago Maia , TADDEI Fabiano Gazzi , HIROSE Gustavo Luis , COSTA Rogerio Caetano da
Published: July 2016

This study estimated the sexual maturity of Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861 based on relative growth and gonadal development. In addition, a possible sexual dimorphism was reported. The specimens were monthly captured from October 2005 to September 2007 in the Marimbondo/Furnas Hydroelectric Plant Reservoir, municipality of Icem in northwestern São Paulo State. Handedness was recorded for males, with the right cheliped propodus invariably longer and wider than the left. The estimated carapace width for morphological sexual maturity in males was 28.7 mm, based on the biometric relationship of the cheliped propodus length vs. carapace width; for females, this value was 24.2 mm, using the relationship of the abdominal width vs. carapace width. The size at gonadal maturity was estimated at 39.2 mm and 39.9 mm, for males and females respectively (CW50). There was not sexual dimorphism in relation to carapace width. For a crab to be able to procreate, it must reach morphological maturity and have developed gonads. Thus a minimum capture size based on the size, at which 50% of the population is considered reproductive, can ensure the continued preservation of this species.
Avaliação de probióticos sobre parí­¢metros de desempenho de pós-larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: COSTA Aline Horácio da , RIBEIRO Karina , SILVA-JÚNIOR Walter Pedro , PONTES Cibele Soares
Published: July 2016

O objetivo do trabalho foi a avaliação da diferença entre o tratamento com o probiótico 1 (P1) e o tratamento com o probiótico 2 (P2) no cultivo larval de Litopenaeus vannamei, com duração de 18 dias. O tratamento com o P1 consistiu na adição do probiótico comercial Epicin G2 (Epicore Networks Eastampton, Estados Unidos) contendo Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. pumilus e Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No tratamento com o P2 foi utilizado o probiótico comercial ProBacyl (Bern&Roc Aquacultura Ltda, Ceará-Mirim, Brasil) com uma mistura de B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pediococcus acidilactici e bactérias probióticas (total). As unidades experimentais consistiram em seis tanques de 15.000 L, e cada tratamento contou com três repetições. Os probióticos foram aplicados diariamente na água, avaliando-se o potencial zootécnico e a resistência a estresse iônico de larvas e pós-larvas (PL). Os parí­¢metros salinidade, temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido foram controlados. As pós-larvas submetidas ao P2 apresentaram valores médios maiores (p < 0,05) para comprimento (PL 1 e PL 5), pesos úmido e seco (PL 5) e percentual de metamorfose (90%) em relação í­Â s pós-larvas do outro tratamento, e os valores das demais variáveis não diferiram. A sobrevivência final foi de 56,4% e 64,9% para pós-larvas submetidas ao P1 e ao P2, respectivamente. Dessa forma, o probiótico 2 apresentou melhores resultados que o P1 para o cultivo de L. vannamei em sistema de larvicultura comercial em algumas fases de desenvolvimento.
Crustáceos decápodes capturados na pesca do camarão-sete-barbas no sublitoral não consolidado do litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: FRANSOZO Adilson , SOUSA Aline Nonato de , RODRIGUES Gabriel Fellipe Barros , TELLES Jeniffer Natália , FRANSOZO Vivian , NEGREIROS-FRANSOZO Maria Lucia
Published: July 2016

Estudos sobre as comunidades são essenciais para uma interpretação adequada dos eventos perturbadores, sejam eles antrópicos ou não. Na pesca camaroneira, muitos crustáceos sem valor econômico são capturados. Tal fato é atribuí­­do ao uso de um apetrecho de pesca não seletivo (rede double-rig), tornando a pesca uma atividade desestabilizadora das comunidades bentônicas. Este estudo apresenta um panorama sobre as espécies de crustáceos decápodes capturados na pesca de Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (camarão-sete-barbas). As coletas foram realizadas no perí­­odo de novembro/1988 a outubro/1989 na Enseada da Fortaleza, litoral norte paulista. Foram coletados 20.377 indiví­­duos pertencentes a 44 espécies, das quais a mais abundante foi X. kroyeri com 13.206 indiví­­duos. Os maiores valores de í­­ndice de diversidade (Shannon-Wiener) foram observados nos pontos amostrais II e V, que correspondem a áreas de exclusão natural de pesca. Este estudo aponta que, em locais onde a atividade pesqueira é mais intensa, a biodiversidade pode ser afetada.
Seletividade do matapi nas capturas de Macrobrachium amazonicum no baixo Rio Tocantins, Amazônia, Brasil
Authors: COSTA Danilo Acatauassú da Silva , MARTINS Jeronimo Carvalho , SILVA Kátia Cristina de Araújo , KLAUTAU Alex Garcia Cavalleiro de Macedo , CINTRA Israel Hidenburgo Aniceto
Published: July 2016

O estudo teve por objetivo determinar a seletividade do matapi utilizado na captura do camarão-da-amazônia, Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) no baixo rio Tocantins. As pescarias foram realizadas no perí­­odo chuvoso e no perí­­odo seco de 2013 em três pontos de coleta. Foram utilizados trinta matapis por ponto de coleta, com espaçamento entre talas de 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10 mm, todos com iscas de farelo de babaçu. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para comparar as médias de comprimento total e de peso e o fator de condição dos espécimes, com erro de 5%; as relações peso/comprimento foram analisadas pelo teste t bilateral com Î±=5%, e a seletividade, pela construção das curvas de seleção. Os resultados demonstram que os machos são maiores e as fêmeas, mais pesadas. As relações peso/comprimento apresentaram correlação positiva, diferindo entre os sexos (t = -4,59; p < 0,0001), sendo que machos e fêmeas exibiram crescimento alométrico negativo. O fator de condição foi mais elevado no perí­­odo chuvoso. O matapi com espaçamento entre talas de 5 mm é o mais indicado para a pesca, levando-se em consideração a captura de 50% da população adulta e o volume capturado.
A Study on Financial Inclusion Initiatives and Challenges in India With Reference to PMJDY
Authors: A Suresh , Narayana Dr. M. Srinivasa , Kumar Dr. P. Vijay
Published: July 2016

Financial inclusion has progressed in a miserably slow pace, regardless of 68 long years of independence, and several decades of existence of nationalised banks and progress of technology, especially mobile based in the last decade. The present paper is an attempt to discuss the overview of The Jan Dhan Yojana, an ambitious financial inclusion programe which was launched in India on August 28, 2014 with Main aim is to eradicate financial untouchability by opening bank accounts for poor. This paper also seeks to provide evidence on impact of Pradhan Mantri JanDhan Yojna in India, the various issues, challenges, and present status of financial services in the country. This paper studied secondary data sources to represent the conclusion.
Más allá del Liberalismo: el Enfoque de las Capacidades y la Justicia Social Crítica
Authors: Pereira Gustavo
Published: July 2016

ResumenEl enfoque de las capacidades ha estado principalmente asociado al liberalismo, ya que sus figuras fundacionales, Sen y Nussbaum, se han explícitamente asumido como parte de esa corriente de pensamiento. Sin embargo, puede afirmarse que algunas de las características de dicho enfoque podrían encontrar su mejor formulación, proyección y desarrollo fuera del liberalismo. La justicia social crítica a partir de sus conceptos constitutivos de reconocimiento, intersubjetividad y alta sensibilidad a la vulnerabilidad se presenta como un espacio normativo más apropiado para el desarrollo y la  proyección del enfoque de las capacidades. Esta tesis es ilustrada a través de dos importantes discusiones normativas, la primera de ellas es la que tiene por tema a la métrica de justicia y la segunda es la que hace a la forma de entender la democracia, la ciudadanía y la razón pública. A partir de la interpretación de estos conceptos es que se justifica que la justicia social crítica es un mejor marco normativo para el enfoque de las capacidades que el liberalismo.  AbstractThe capabilities approach has been primarily associated with liberalism, since its founding figures, Sen and Nussbaum, have expressly assumed themselves as part of that school of thought. However, it can be argued that some of the characteristics of such approach could find their best formulation, projection and development outside liberalism. Critical social justice, from its constituent concepts of recognition, intersubjectivity and high sensitivity to vulnerability, seems to be a more appropriate normative space for the development and projection of the capabilities approach. This thesis is illustrated through two important normative discussions, the first of which is the one that has the metric of justice as its subject, and the second is the one related to the way democracy, citizenship and public reason are understood. From the interpretation of these concepts, it can be justified that critical social justice is a better normative framework for the capability approach than liberalism is.
Effective Sentences in Indonesian
Authors: Udayana I Nyoman
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to describe effective sentences in Indonesian. It is shown that (in Indonesian) an effective sentence could be manifested by the addition or subtraction of a sentence element such as the copula adalah ’to be’, the prepositions dari ‘of’, the relative pronoun yang, and clause reduction. Effectiveness tied to a reduced clause only undergoes a subtraction of a sentence element such a nominal predicate and the subject of a dependent clause. Importantly, it is shown that effectiveness can be said to be universal (i.e. the analysis is supplemented by the English data) which automatically corroborate and support the effectiveness phenomena in Indonesian.
The Correlation of Hand Muscle Load and Learning Outcomes towards Typing Activities of Balinese Script Using Keyboard of Aksara Bali Smart
Authors: Suhartana IKG , Adiputra N , Tirtayasa K , Sutjana IDP
Published: July 2016

The computer was to a tool that helps the human activities in various field unlike for education, banking, simulation, war, and so on. In regarding the education was used to learning e.g. typing a script. The computer was included three main components i.e. input components, a processing component, and an output component. The keyboard was included as an input component. Redesigning a keyboard was done to producing a special keyboard of aksara Bali smart that have the character feature was composed on it. In order to prove the efficiency and effectiveness the tool itself would be tested the connection of hand muscles load and learning outcomes of typing activity Balinese script using the keyboard of aksara Bali smart. The technique of correlating descriptive was used that involved 23 students, including 17 males and 6 females who met criteria the inclusion and exclusion randomly were selected. The analysis of correlation test showed that there was a connection to decreasing a muscle hand load with the improvement of learning outcomes an aksara Bali typing by aksara Bali smart tool to strong characters of rxy=-0,600 and p=0,002. The value of <0.05 indicated a strong and significant correlation between hand muscle load in learning outcomes negatively. The higher of muscle load decreasing, therefore, the lower was in learning outcomes and vice versa.
Laryngeal structure and function in dogs with cough
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and type of laryngeal abnormalities in dogs examined because of cough that did not have signs of upper airway disease and to compare the prevalence of those abnormalities among dogs with various respiratory tract diseases.

DESIGN Prospective study.

ANIMALS 138 dogs with cough that did not have signs of upper airway disease.

PROCEDURES The study was conducted between July 2001 and October 2014 and included dogs examined for cough that had laryngoscopic and bronchoscopic examinations performed by 1 examiner. Laryngeal hyperemia and swelling were recorded, and laryngeal function was assessed before and after doxapram stimulation when indicated. Results were compared among dogs on the basis of cough duration (acute [< 2 weeks], subacute [2 weeks to 2 months], and chronic [> 2 months]) and disease diagnosed (inflammatory airway disease, airway collapse, lower respiratory tract infection, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy).

RESULTS Laryngeal hyperemia was detected in 73 of 134 (54%) dogs with cough of subacute or chronic duration, and its prevalence did not vary significantly among dogs with various diseases. Thirteen dogs had laryngeal paresis, and 13 dogs had laryngeal paralysis; dysphonia (n = 2) and stridor (1) were uncommon findings in those dogs. The prevalence of laryngeal dysfunction (paresis or paralysis) did not differ significantly among diseases.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that 26 of 138 (19%) dogs examined because of cough alone had laryngeal dysfunction, which suggested that a complete laryngoscopic examination should be included in the diagnostic evaluation of dogs with cough.
Drug susceptibility pattern in organisms isolated during acute exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Shrestha Sanjeet Krishna , Chaudhary Raina , Bhatta Sabita , Karki Manan , Srivastava Brajendra , Khunjeli Rabindra , Mousin Ushab Rana , Shrestha Jyoti
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Introduction

Disease process in chronic obstructive lung disease is interrupted by acute exacerbations. Bacterial and viral infections accounts for majority of cases. Gram positive and Gram Negative organism are both associated.

Materials and Methods

Sputum samples were collected from COPD patients in acute exacerbation, on the day of emergency visit. Drug susceptibility pattern was evaluated for the study population to identify the prevalence of susceptible and resistant organisms.

Results

Eighty-nine culture positive sputum samples were processed for drug susceptibility. Gram negative bacilli (88.76%) were isolated more than Gram positive cocci (11.24%). Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., Klebseilla sp. and E. coli were the most common Gram negative bacilli. Multi-drug resistance status was identified in higher percents in Acinetobacter sp. (81.25%), Pseudomonas sp. (62.5%) and Klebseilla sp. (46.6%). Aminoglycosides and Quinolones showed good sensitivity to GNBs. However, Carbapenems were found to be the most effective agents against these organisms.

Conclusion

Gram negative infection is common in COPD. Multi drug resistant pathogens are increasingly associated with acute exacerbations. Routinely used antibiotics are becoming less effective.
État et développement d’un programme de recherche
Authors: Lièvre Pascal
Published: July 2016

L’émergence d’une économie de la connaissance amène les managers à être confrontés à des situations de gestion que l’on qualifie d’extrêmes parce qu’elles se déploient dans un contexte évolutif, incertain et risqué. L’auteur explore dans cet article différentes pistes pour dégager des règles de gestion propres à cette classe de situations, à partir de terrains comme les expéditions polaires. Les résultats mettent en évidence trois registres d’intelligibilité : la construction du sens, les capacités d’ambidextrie organisationnelle et les dispositifs d’expansion des connaissances.
Weiterentwicklung der «Waldpolitik 2020» aus Sicht der Schweizer Waldstakeholder
Authors: Zabel Astrid , Lieberherr Eva
Published: July 2016

Advancement of the Swiss Forest Policy 2020 from stakeholders' perspectives

In light of the ending of the Swiss “ Forest Policy 2020”, this article assesses the goals, challenges and concerns of Swiss forest stakeholders in relation to forest policy post 2020. The data were collected through expert interviews and an online survey. The results show that securing an economically sustainable forest management and economically viable silvicultural businesses are key concerns for many stakeholders. Apart from these issues, several further and sometimes conflicting interests were mentioned. The study concludes that a debate on an adjustment of the weights given to goals in the Swiss Forest Policy 2020 may be commendable. However, there does not appear to be need for a complete change of course in order to address the stakeholders' needs and concerns. In terms of policy process, most stakeholders positively evaluated the past planning and development process of the Swiss Forest Policy 2020, but also provided suggestions for improvements. Finally, a network analysis revealed that the Swiss Federal Agency for the Environment, the Swiss Forest Owners Association and the Conference of Cantonal Foresters played a central role in the amendment of the Swiss Federal Forest Act. The analysis also showed that more stakeholders find each other as important than actually work together in a legislative process.
Future Directions for Conservation
Authors: Keulartz Jozef
Published: July 2016

The use of target baselines or reference states for conservation and restoration has become increasingly problematic and impractical, due to rapid environmental change, the paradigm shift in ecology from a static to a dynamic view of nature, and growing awareness of the role of cultural traditions in the reconstruction of baselines. The various responses to this crisis of baselines will to a significant extent determine the future direction of nature conservation. Although some hold onto traditional baselines and others try to refine or re-define the reference concept, the debate is currently dominated by two widely diverging reactions to the crisis: while the so-called ‘new environmentalists’ or ‘new conservationists’ declare the whole baseline notion obsolete, replacing a backward-looking approach with a forward-looking one, the ‘re-wilders’ push the baseline back to a deeper, more distant past. This article provides a critical assessment of the debate on these conversation options, with a special focus on the differences between Old World and New World perspectives.
Human and Non-Human Migration: Understanding Species Introduction and Translocation through Migration Ethics
Authors: Switzer David , Angeli Nicole Frances
Published: July 2016

Despite the propensity of species introductions to disrupt ecosystems through community disassembly, the use of species translocations is becoming more widely accepted. In this paper, we examine ethical investigations into human migration in an attempt to evaluate how translocation may be justified. Previous attempts to make the analogy between human and species migration have been prone to black and white thinking. We argue that the disagreement between nativist and cosmopolitan approaches to introduced species can be defused by extending the analogy through the migration ethics literature. Additionally, by extending the discussion to the special status of refugees, we are able to develop a theoretical framework for species migrations that acknowledges the risk of species introduction while recognising that special obligations towards endangered species may necessitate the use of translocations.
Moral Relevance of Range and Naturalness in Assisted Migration
Authors: Siipi Helena , Ahteensuu Marko
Published: July 2016

Assisted migration is a controversial conservation measure that includes moving species threatened by climate change beyond their indigenous range. Sandler argues that assisted migration exhausts most of the value of the species moved and that assisted migration, thus, fails to be a workable conservation measure. We show how accepting the moral relevance of species’ indigenous range helps to reconcile Sandler's argument with earlier arguments about value loss in ecosystem restoration by Elliot and Katz. Contrary to Sandler, they do not favour losing a biological unit to retaining it in a human-influenced form. Drawing on the distinction between property- and history-based understandings of naturalness, we further argue that the outcomes of assisted migration to the predicted range are more natural in the property-based sense of the term, and thus retain more value, than the outcomes of ‘‘assisted migration'’ elsewhere.
Natural Bioactive Compounds: The Way Shown by Professor Maurizio Battino and His Group in an Italian Cutting-Edge Laboratory
Authors:   International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Office
Published: July 2016

Maurizio Battino, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche (Italy), is the Director of the Centre for Health and Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico (Santander, Spain) and Director of Nutrition and Health projects and Master courses at FUNIBER on-line platform (Barcelona, Spain).[...]
Correction: Alvarado, M., et al. Towards the Development of a Low Cost Airborne Sensing System to Monitor Dust Particles after Blasting at Open-Pit Mine Sites. Sensors 2015, 15, 19667–19687
Authors: Alvarado Miguel , Gonzalez Felipe , Fletcher Andrew , Doshi Ashray
Published: July 2016

The author wishes to change Figure 1 and Figure 3 from his paper published in Sensors [1], doi:10.3390/s150819667, website: http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/19667 for Figures 1 and 2 presented in this ‘Correction’.[...]
A Novel Wearable Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition Approach Using Artificial Hydrocarbon Networks
Authors: Ponce Hiram , Martínez-Villaseñor María , Miralles-Pechuán Luis
Published: July 2016

Human activity recognition has gained more interest in several research communities given that understanding user activities and behavior helps to deliver proactive and personalized services. There are many examples of health systems improved by human activity recognition. Nevertheless, the human activity recognition classification process is not an easy task. Different types of noise in wearable sensors data frequently hamper the human activity recognition classification process. In order to develop a successful activity recognition system, it is necessary to use stable and robust machine learning techniques capable of dealing with noisy data. In this paper, we presented the artificial hydrocarbon networks (AHN) technique to the human activity recognition community. Our artificial hydrocarbon networks novel approach is suitable for physical activity recognition, noise tolerance of corrupted data sensors and robust in terms of different issues on data sensors. We proved that the AHN classifier is very competitive for physical activity recognition and is very robust in comparison with other well-known machine learning methods.
Design of Flow Systems for Improved Networking and Reduced Noise in Biomolecular Signal Processing in Biocomputing and Biosensing Applications
Authors: Verma Arjun , Fratto Brian , Privman Vladimir , Katz Evgeny
Published: July 2016

We consider flow systems that have been utilized for small-scale biomolecular computing and digital signal processing in binary-operating biosensors. Signal measurement is optimized by designing a flow-reversal cuvette and analyzing the experimental data to theoretically extract the pulse shape, as well as reveal the level of noise it possesses. Noise reduction is then carried out numerically. We conclude that this can be accomplished physically via the addition of properly designed well-mixing flow-reversal cell(s) as an integral part of the flow system. This approach should enable improved networking capabilities and potentially not only digital but analog signal-processing in such systems. Possible applications in complex biocomputing networks and various sense-and-act systems are discussed.
Converging Urban Agendas: Toward Healthy and Sustainable Communities
Authors: Roseland Mark , Spiliotopoulou Maria
Published: July 2016

In light of recent developments such as the COP21 Paris climate agreement, the UN adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, and the Habitat III Conference, there is increasing recognition of the role of human settlements as key components of both global challenges and global solutions. “Urban sustainability” under various names has matured over the last three decades not only in planning and related fields, but also in wider professional and popular discourse. In this paper we trace a historical overview of urban sustainability theory and practice, and explain why urban sustainability planning and development currently face limited and inconsistent application. We show that this lack of public uptake is due in part to monitoring, assessment, and decision-support frameworks and tools that do not engage citizens and their governments in a shared “strong sustainability” analysis and/or vision. We argue that urban sustainability today clearly needs to embrace equity, inclusion, and other social considerations; contribute to constructive societal mobilisation and compelling policy-making; advocate for development as a better alternative to growth; encourage the integration of human and environmental health interests; and encompass triple-bottom-line-inspired outcomes. Focusing on community capital productivity and regeneration may be the key to advancing healthy and sustainable communities.
Maison forte et motte féodale dans le Bavaisis. Preux-au- Sart et Saint-Waast-la-Vallée
Authors: Loridant Frédéric , Duflot Laurent
Published: July 2016

L'Avesnois médiéval est très mal connu. Lors des prospections faites en novembre 1989, une maison forte et une motte ont été découvertes à Preux-au-Sart et Saint-Waast-la-Vallée. Elles n'avaient jamais été inventoriées. La maison forte (Preux-au-Sart) a été endommagée par les constructeurs d'un golf sans qu'ils le sachent. Notre intervention s'est bornée à un relevé en plan et en altitude et à une série de sondages. La motte de Saint- Waast-la-Vallée, n'étant a priori pas menacée, fut seulement relevée (coupe et plan) et inventoriée.
Jeu de rôle et Imitatio Christi : le Saint Jérôme pénitent de Barthel Bruyn du musée de la Chartreuse de Douai.
Authors: Martens Didier
Published: July 2016

Rollenspel en Imitatio Christi : Sint-Hieronymus als boeteling van Bartel Bruyn, in het Musée de la Chartreuse te Douai.

Het Musée de la Chartreuse te Douai bewaart een werk van Bartel Bruyn, Sint-Hieronymus als boeteling (fig. 1). Bruyn was de grote schilder in Keulen in de eerste helft van de 16de eeuw. De heilige eremiet is geknield voor een kruis voorgesteld, in het gezelschap van een opdrachtgeefster — een Domin- kanennon — en haar patroonheilige, Sint-Jan de evangelist. Het werk biedt een spectaculair voorbeeld van de "rollenspellen" die in de religieuze kunst van het einde van de middeleeuwen zo populair waren. De toeschouwer kan zich identifîcieren met de non, die afgebeeld is in een houding die op die van de heilige Hieronymus gelijkt. Het is zo gemakkelijk voor de toeschouwer zichzelf ook voor te stellen als de heilige zelf. Hij beweegt zich van de ene identificatie naar de andere. De heilige Hieronymus, geknield voor het kruis, imiteert in zijn devote houding de Passie van Christus. Het eindpunt van de identificatiereis die het schilderij aanbiedt is de Imitatio Christi zelf, waaraan de toeschouwer via tussenpersonen kan deelhebben.
Les monarchies européennes aux prises avec la justice ecclésiastique : l'exemple des anciens Pays-Bas espagnols.
Authors: Demars-Sion Véronique
Published: July 2016

A la fin du Moyen Age, toutes les monarchies européennes ont réagi contre le développement excessif de la justice ecclésiastique mais elles ne l'ont pas toutes fait de la même manière. La France gallicane a adopté la procédure d'appel comme d'abus tandis que l'Espagne ultramontaine a opté pour le sys tème du recours. L'exemple des anciens Pays-Bas est très instructif dans la mesure où ces deux modes de contrôle de la Justice d'Eglise s'y sont appliqués l'un après l'autre ; il démontre que ces deux procédures conçues dans le même but et reposant sur des mécanismes voisins divergent cependant par leur esprit, ce qui explique que le sort de la juridiction ecclésiastique ait basculé à la suite du changement de domination. En fait, à travers ce débat sur la délimitation des deux justices, c'est toute la question des rapports entre l'Eglise et l'Etat qui se trouve posée.
De l'exaltation spirituelle à l'action politique. José Streel ou le tragique destin d'un collaborateur belge.
Authors: Delaunois Jean-Marie
Published: July 2016

Le 21 février 1946, un journaliste et écrivain politique belge de 34 ans, José Streel, était fusillé pour collaboration avec l'occupant allemand. Dès les années trente, ce jeune intellectuel avait cru que seule l'instauration d'un ordre nouveau permettrait une régénération de la société.

Issu d'une famille paysanne, José Streel, formé au sein de l'Action catholique, subit des influences littéraires et politiques fondamentales : Barrés, Bloy, Maritain, mais surtout Maurras, un "maître" à ses yeux. Il pensa très tôt que le jeune mouvement rexiste de Léon Degrelle, qui commençait — nous sommes en 1933 — à se manifester bruyamment, pourrait réaliser ses idéaux de révolutions spirituelle et temporelle.

Après 1940, Streel définit et mena une politique de collaboration modérée dont le respect de l'indépendance nationale, de la monarchie et des traditions culturelles du peuple belge constituait l'assise. Mais, sa bonne foi ne suffit pas à convaincre la justice belge en 1945.

Le destin tragique de José Streel fut celui d'un "poète de l'esprit", qui se constitua son rexisme et sa collaboration, en dépit du bon sens.
Exergy Rate Profile of Multicomponent Distillation System
Authors: Adesina Kehinde Adewale , Popoola C. Abiodun
Published: July 2016

Exergy rate profiles, exergetic efficiency and irreversibility were used to examine the driving forces in multicomponent distillation system with the view to identifying feasible and efficient operating parameters. The mixture used comprised of 5% propane, 15% iso-butane, 25% nbutane, 20% iso-pentane and 35% n-pentane. Operating variables were feed temperature (-30 oC and -80 oC), pressure (800 kPa and 1200 kPa), and reflux-ratio (2 and 6). Stage-by-stage system exergy analysis was estimated. Column profiles of base case -30 oC, -80 oC, -30 oC-reflus ratio 6, -80 oC reflux ratio 6 and base case reflux ratio 6 did not crossed thus are thermodynamically feasible. Base case -30 oC-reflux ratio 2, -80 oC-reflux ratio 2, and base case-reflux ratio 2 were crossed and constricted and are infeasible. Base case results gave efficiency of 81.7% at depropanizer and 65.2% at debutanizer. Base cases sensitivity results with -30 oC, -80 oC and reflux ratio 6, efficiency range 57.40 – 70% and 65.20% - 54.90% for depropanizer and debutanizer respectively. Spitted cases gave 81.7% and 62.20% with more scatter profiles. Splitted feed base case -30 oC design gave the lowest overall system exergy loss rate of 1.12E+6 and efficiency of 95.70%. Design feasible parameters, system efficiency and irreversibility which form basis