bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observer‐Based Adaptive L2 Disturbance Attenuation Control of Semi‐Active Suspension with MR Damper
Authors: Cheng Ming‐Xing , Jiao Xiao‐Hong
Published: July 2016

A novel nonlinear observer‐based adaptive disturbance attenuation control strategy was proposed for a quarter semi‐active suspension system with a magneto‐rheological (MR) damper in light of the intrinsic nonlinearity, parameter uncertainty, state immeasurability and road randomness. Adaptive adjusting parameters were adopted to avoid the curve fitting and identification of the system parameters by a great deal of experimental data for shortening the development cycle of the control system. Based on the reduced‐order observer, the system states including the immeasurable virtual state of MR damper and inconveniently measured states of suspension system were estimated for the realistic frame of the proposed controller in practice. The dissipative system theory was utilized to reduce the influence of the road disturbance on the system control performance. Simulation results in the bump road and B‐class road indicate that, whether there are perturbations of the system parameters or not, the proposed control scheme always ensures a better performance on the suspension travel, ride comfort and handling stability in comparison with other existing methods.
Impact of cell culture on recombinant monoclonal antibody product heterogeneity
Authors: Liu Hongcheng , Nowak Christine , Shao Mei , Ponniah Gomathinayagam , Neill Alyssa
Published: July 2016

Recombinant monoclonal antibodies are commonly expressed in mammalian cell culture and purified by several steps of filtration and chromatography. The resulting high purity bulk drug substance still contains product variants differing in properties such as charge and size. Posttranslational modifications and degradations occurring during cell culture are the major sources of heterogeneity in bulk drug substance of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The focus of the current review is the impact of cell culture conditions on the types and levels of various modifications and degradations of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. Understanding the relationship between cell culture and product variants can help to make consistently safe and efficacious products. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1103–1112, 2016
A comparison of orbitally‐shaken and stirred‐tank bioreactors: pH modulation and bioreactor type affect CHO cell growth and protein glycosylation
Authors: Monteil Dominique T. , Juvet Valentin , Paz Jonathan , Moniatte Marc , Baldi Lucia , Hacker David L. , Wurm Florian M.
Published: July 2016

Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) support the suspension cultivation of animal cells at volumetric scales up to 200 L and are a potential alternative to stirred‐tank bioreactors (STRs) due to their rapid and homogeneous mixing and high oxygen transfer rate. In this study, a Chinese hamster ovary cell line producing a recombinant antibody was cultivated in a 5 L OSR and a 3 L STR, both operated with or without pH control. Effects of bioreactor type and pH control on cell growth and metabolism and on recombinant protein production and glycosylation were determined. In pH‐controlled bioreactors, the glucose consumption and lactate production rates were higher relative to cultures grown in bioreactors without pH control. The cell density and viability were higher in the OSRs than in the STRs, either with or without pH control. Volumetric recombinant antibody yields were not affected by the process conditions, and a glycan analysis of the antibody by mass spectrometry did not reveal major process‐dependent differences in the galactosylation index. The results demonstrated that OSRs are suitable for recombinant protein production from suspension‐adapted animal cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1174–1180, 2016
Development of dielectrophoresis separator with an insulating porous membrane using DC‐Offset AC Electric Fields
Authors: Hakoda Masaru
Published: July 2016

Our previous studies revealed that the dielectrophoresis method is effective for separating cells having different dielectric properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the separation characteristics of two kinds of cells by direct current (DC) voltage offset/alternating current (AC) voltage using an insulating porous membrane dielectrophoretic separator. The separation device gives dielectrophoretic (DEP) force and electrophoretic (EP) force to dispersed particles by applying the DC‐offset AC voltage. This device separates cells of different DEP properties by adopting a structure in which only the parallel plate electrodes and the insulating porous membrane are disposed in the flow path through which the cell‐suspension flows. The difference in the retention ratios of electrically homogeneous 4.5 μm or 20.0 μm diameter standard particles was a maximum of 82 points. Furthermore, the influences of the AC voltage or offset voltage on the retention ratios of mouse hybridoma 3‐2H3 cells and horse red blood cells (HRBC) were investigated. The difference in the retention ratio of the two kinds of cells was a maximum of 56 points. The separation efficiency of this device is expected to be improved by changing the device shape, number of pores, and pore placement. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical EngineersBiotechnol. Prog., 32:1292–1300, 2016
Process performance and bacterial community dynamics of partial‐nitritation biofilters subjected to different concentrations of cysteine amino acid
Authors: Rodriguez‐Sanchez Alejandro , Munoz‐Palazon Barbara , Maza‐Marquez Paula , Gonzalez‐Lopez Jesus , Vahala Riku , Gonzalez‐Martinez Alejandro
Published: July 2016

Partial‐nitritation processes are used for the biological treatment of high nitrogen‐low organic carbon effluents, such as anaerobic digestion reject water. The release of certain products generated during the anaerobic digestion process, such as amino acids, could potentially reduce the performance of these partial‐nitritation bioprocesses. To investigate this, four partial‐nitritation biofilters were subjected to continuous addition of 0, 150, 300, and 500 mg L−1 cysteine amino acid in their influents. The addition of the amino acid had an impact over the performance of the partial‐nitritation process and the bacterial community dynamics of the systems analyzed. Ammonium oxidation efficiency decreased with the addition of the amino acid, and a net nitrogen elimination occurred in presence of cysteine through the operation period. Bacterial community dynamics showed a decrease of Nitrosomonas species and a proliferation of putative heterotrophs with nitrification capacity, such as Pseudomonas, or denitrification capacity, such as Denitrobacter or Alicycliphilus. The addition of cysteine irreversible affected the bioreactors, which could not achieve the performance obtained before the addition of the amino acid. A mathematical predictive equation of the process performance depending on cysteine concentration added and operational time under such concentration was developed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1254–1263, 2016
Effect of aeration and agitation on extractive fermentation of clavulanic acid by using aqueous two‐phase system
Authors: Viana Marques Daniela A. , Santos‐Ebinuma Valéria C. , Pessoa‐Júnior Adalberto , Porto Ana L. F. , Torres Beatriz Rivas , Converti Attilio
Published: July 2016

In this work, the effects of agitation and aeration rates on aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS)‐based extractive fermentation of clavulanic acid (CA) by Streptomyces variabilis DAUFPE 3060 were investigated through a 22 full factorial design, where oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) were selected as the responses. Aeration rates significantly influenced cell growth, OUR, and CA yield, while OTR was practically the same in all the runs. Under the intermediate agitation (950 rpm) and aeration conditions (3.5 vvm) of the central point runs, it was achieved OTR of 1.617 ± 0.049 mmol L−1 h−1, OUR of 0.132 ± 0.030 mmol L−1 h−1, maximum CA production of 434 ± 4 mg L−1, oxygen mass transfer coefficient of 33.40 ± 2.01 s−1, partition coefficient of 66.5 ± 1.5, CA yield in the top and bottom phases of 75% ± 2% and 19% ± 1%, respectively, mass balance of 95% ± 4% and purification factor of 3.8 ± 0.1. These results not only confirmed the paramount role of O2 supply, broth composition and operational conditions in CA ATPS‐extractive fermentation, but also demonstrated the possibility of effectively using this technology as a cheap tool to simultaneously produce and recover CA. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1444–1452, 2016
High concentration biotherapeutic formulation and ultrafiltration: Part 1 pressure limits
Authors: Lutz Herb , Arias Joshua , Zou Yu
Published: July 2016

High therapeutic dosage requirements and the desire for ease of administration drive the trend to subcutaneous administration using delivery systems such as subcutaneous pumps and prefilled syringes. Because of dosage volume limits, prefilled syringe administration requires higher concentration liquid formulations, limited to about 30 cP or roughly 100–300 g L−1for mAb's. Ultrafiltration (UF) processes are routinely used to formulate biological therapeutics. This article considers pressure constraints on the UF process that may limit its ability to achieve high final product concentrations. A system hardware analysis shows that the ultrafiltration cassette pressure drop is the major factor limiting UF systems. Additional system design recommendations are also provided. The design and performance of a new cassette with a lower feed channel flow resistance is described along with 3D modeling of feed channel pressure drop. The implications of variations in cassette flow channel resistance for scaling up and setting specifications are considered. A recommendation for a maximum pressure specification is provided. A review of viscosity data and theory shows that molecular engineering, temperature, and the use of viscosity modifying excipients including pH adjustment can be used to achieve higher concentrations. The combined use of a low pressure drop cassette with excipients further increased final concentrations by 35%. Guidance is provided on system operation to control hydraulics during final concentration. These recommendations should allow one to design and operate systems to routinely achieve the 30 cP target final viscosity capable of delivery using a pre‐filled syringe. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:113–124, 2017
Spatio‐Temporal Variation of Terpenoids in Wild Plants of Pentalinon andrieuxii
Authors: Hiebert‐Giesbrecht Mickel R. , Escalante‐Erosa Fabiola , García‐Sosa Karlina , Dzib Gabriel R. , Calvo‐Irabien Luz M. , Peña‐Rodríguez Luis M.
Published: July 2016

Pentalinon andrieuxii (Müll.Arg.) B.F.Hansen & Wunderlin (Apocynaceae) is a vine native to the Yucatan peninsula, where it is widely used in Mayan traditional medicine to treat, among other ailments, the wounds caused by cutaneous leishmaniasis. Among the secondary metabolites isolated from P. andrieuxii are the triterpene betulinic acid and the chemically unusual tri‐norsesquiterpene urechitol A; however, to date, there is no existing knowledge about the accumulation dynamics of the ubiquitous betulinic acid or the novel urechitol A in the plant. In this article, we report on the accumulation of both secondary metabolites in wild individuals of P. andrieuxii; our results show that while the content of betulinic acid in plant leaves bears no apparent relation to plant ontogeny, the content of urechitol A in root tissue is clearly related to plant development.
Prebiotic‐Like Condensations of Cyanamide and Glyoxal: Revisiting Intractable Biotars
Authors: Lavado Nieves , Escamilla Juan Carlos , Ávalos Martín , Babiano Reyes , Cintas Pedro , Jiménez José Luis , Palacios Juan Carlos
Published: July 2016

We report a detailed investigation into the nature of products that are generated by the reactions of cyanamide and glyoxal, two small molecules of astrochemical and prebiotic significance, under different experimental conditions. The experimental data suggest that the formation of oligomeric structures is related in part to the formation of insoluble tholins in the presence of oxygen‐containing molecules. Although oligomerization proceeds well in water, product isolation turned out to be impractical. Instead, solid precipitates were obtained easily in acetone. Crude mixtures have been thoroughly scrutinized by spectroscopic methods, in particular NMR and mass spectroscopy (ESI mode), which are all consistent with the generation of a few functional groups that are embedded into regular chains of five‐ and six‐membered rings, thereby pointing to a supramolecular organization. Three different models of cross‐condensation and chain growth are suggested. These synthetic explorations provide further insights into the formation of complex organic matter in interstellar scenarios and extraterrestrial bodies that might have played a pivotal role in chemical evolution.
Modelling of binary fluidized bed reactors for the sorption‐enhanced steam methane reforming process
Authors: Chao Zhongxi , Zhang Yuanwei , Wang Yuefa , Jakobsen Jana P. , Jakobsen Hugo A.
Published: July 2016

A 1 m high laboratory‐scale and a 4 m high industrial‐scale sorption‐enhanced steam methane reforming (SE‐SMR) fluidized bed reactor were simulated using a three‐fluid model. The performance of the SE‐SMR process was compared with the steam methane reforming (SMR) process. The influences of the superficial gas velocities and the solid loading (packed bed heights) on the reactor performance (hydrogen purity) were studied. The simulation results show that a higher purity of the hydrogen product can be obtained in a SE‐SMR reactor. The superficial gas velocity is an important parameter. In the present study, it has been found that the binary sorbent‐catalyst particles are well mixed when the bed is operated at m/s. The sorbent can adsorb CO steadily, thus the dry mole fraction of the hydrogen product can get above 0.95 in the 1 m laboratory‐scale bed, and above 0.97 in the 4 m industrial‐scale bed. However, when the laboratory scale bed is operated at a lower superficial gas velocity of m/s, the binary sorbent‐catalyst particles are segregated. When the bed is operated at a higher superficial gas velocity of 0.3 m/s, the process work load is increased, and the gas residence time in the reactor is decreased. Therefore, the hydrogen product purity is further decreased. The simulation results also show that there is an optimal bed height limit for the 4 m industrial‐scale bed, at which further increase of the packed bed height cannot increase the hydrogen purity.
Cancer patients with delirium in the emergency department: A frequent and distressing problem that calls for better assessment
Authors: Lawlor Peter G.
Published: July 2016

Delirium is acknowledged as a common complication of cancer that frequently results in a visit to the emergency department, yet it is often poorly assessed, and the diagnosis is missed as a result. Because age is a major risk factor for delirium and population demographics are changing, there is a critical need to develop optimal delirium screening strategies for cancer patients who access this point of care. See also pages 2918–24.
Decelerating and Trapping Large Polar Molecules
Authors: Patterson David
Published: July 2016

Manipulating the motion of large polyatomic molecules, such as benzonitrile (C6H5CN), presents significant difficulties compared to the manipulation of diatomic molecules. Although recent impressive results have demonstrated manipulation, trapping, and cooling of molecules as large as CH3F, no general technique for trapping such molecules has been demonstrated, and cold neutral molecules larger than 5 atoms have not been trapped (M. Zeppenfeld, B. G. U. Englert, R. Glöckner, A. Prehn, M. Mielenz, C. Sommer, L. D. van Buuren, M. Motsch, G. Rempe, Nature 2012, 491, 570–573). In particular, extending Stark deceleration and electrostatic trapping to such species remains challenging. Here, we propose to combine a novel “asymmetric doublet state” Stark decelerator with recently demonstrated slow, cold, buffer‐gas‐cooled beams of closed‐shell volatile molecules to realize a general system for decelerating and trapping samples of a broad range of volatile neutral polar prolate asymmetric top molecules. The technique is applicable to most stable volatile molecules in the 100–500 AMU range, and would be capable of producing trapped samples in a single rotational state and at a motional temperature of hundreds of mK. Such samples would immediately allow for spectroscopy of unprecedented resolution, and extensions would allow for further cooling and direct observation of slow intramolecular processes such as vibrational relaxation and Hertz‐level tunneling dynamics.
Growth of Eu(OH)3 large single crystals by solid KOH assisted hydrothermal method and luminescent and magnetic properties
Authors: Wu Hai , Zhang Youjin , Zhou Maozhong , Yao Chengpeng , Ge Xianjin
Published: July 2016

Large single crystals of lanthanide hydroxides [Ln(OH)3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Tb)] up to several millimeters have been grown by using solid KOH assisted hydrothermal method. Eu(OH)3 samples, as a representative of the Ln(OH)3 crystals, were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), 4‐circle single‐crystal diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FESEM image shows hexagonal prism morphology for the Eu(OH)3 large crystals. Research on the photoluminescence and magnetic properties of Eu(OH)3 species was conducted.
Impact of agglomeration on crystalline product quality within the crystallization process chain
Authors: Terdenge Lisa‐Marie , Wohlgemuth Kerstin
Published: July 2016

The quality of crystalline products, defined by e.g. purity or crystal size distribution (CSD), is primarily dominated by crystallization conditions but influenced by further downstream processes like solid‐liquid separation and drying also. Through uncontrolled agglomeration within the crystallization process chain the purity or CSD can be negatively affected. Therefore, in context of process optimization, missing knowledge of the impacts on the final product can lead to product batches out of specification. To increase the understanding of agglomeration and to provide insight into the relevance of holistic process optimization the agglomeration behavior of L‐alanine crystals is exemplarily quantified over the crystalline process chain. For the quantification the agglomeration degree (Ag) and the agglomeration degree distribution (AgD) are determined. The results show that the product quality achieved after crystallization is significantly affected by agglomeration during drying. Especially if washing after solid‐liquid separation is omitted, a broadening of the CSD is observed. Moreover, the evaluation by the AgD indicates that the final product can be ‐ despite similar characteristics of the CSD ‐ highly different. Consequently, it can be concluded that the characterization of the product quality by the CSD alone is insufficient and the quantification of agglomeration is essential for process optimization.
Formyl‐Modified Polyaniline for the Catalytic Dehydration of Fructose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Zhu Liangfang , Dai Jinhang , Liu Mingyang , Tang Dianyong , Liu Shuqing , Hu Changwei
Published: July 2016

We report an unprecedented solid organic‐base catalyst, formyl‐modified polyaniline (FS‐PAN), for the dehydration of fructose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with a high yield of 90.4 mol %. We demonstrate that the nitrogen atoms incorporated between the phenyl rings in the backbone of the polyaniline chain contribute to the basicity of the catalyst. The grafting of electron‐withdrawing formyl groups to the imine nitrogen atoms leads to a significant increase of basicity of the polymer catalyst owing to the greater localization of electrons at the amide nitrogen atom formed. A linear dependence of the yield of HMF on the grafting level of formyl groups in FS‐PAN indicates that the amide acts as the active phase. A possible reaction mechanism for this organic‐base‐catalyzed dehydration reaction is proposed. The side‐reaction of HMF rehydration is inhibited thoroughly, and the condensation of any reaction intermediates to undesirable oligomers is restrained by this base catalyst. This organic‐base catalyst can be recycled completely without loss of activity. This research highlights the first application of a highly effective and stable solid base catalyst for the transformation of renewable carbohydrates into fine chemicals.
QoS‐Aware MAC protocols utilizing sectored antenna for wireless sensor networks‐based smart grid applications
Authors: Yigit Melike , Durmaz Incel Ozlem , Baktir Selcuk , Gungor V. Cagri
Published: July 2016

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the most commonly deployed technology in smart grid environments owing to their advantages including low cost and successful adoption in various harsh smart grid environments. However, providing the quality of service (QoS) requirements of smart grid applications with WSNs is difficult because of the power constraints of sensor nodes and unreliable wireless links. In order to meet the QoS requirements of smart grid applications using WSNs, in this paper, we first propose a QoS‐aware omnidirectional antenna‐based medium access control (QODA‐MAC). Then, in order to investigate the impact of using sectored antennas on meeting QoS requirements, we also propose another QoS‐aware four‐sectored antenna‐based MAC protocol (QFSA‐MAC). The aim of the proposed approaches is to increase channel utilization with efficient service differentiation considering traffic flows with different requirements as well as providing reliable and fast delivery of data. We measure the performance of QODA‐MAC and QFSA‐MAC by making extensive simulations and compare them with each other. The results show that QFSA‐MAC outperforms the QODA‐MAC protocol and satisfies QoS requirements of smart grid applications by achieving significant improvement in terms of latency, energy consumption and data delivery. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel 5‐Hydroxy, 5‐Substituted Benzenesulfonamide Pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐Triones Attenuate Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibition of the Gelatinases, MMP‐2 and MMP‐9
Authors: He Wei , Jiang Jie , Yu Ze‐Qian , Zhou Jia‐Hua
Published: July 2016

Preclinical Research

A novel series of ten 5‐hydroxy, 5‐substituted benzene sulfonamide pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐triones were synthesized and their structures ascertained using 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, mass and elemental analysis. These compounds were subsequently tested for inhibition of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 where most exhibited activity with compound 5i being the most potent against MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 with IC50 values of 2.35 nM and 8.24 nM, respectively. Compound 5i was further analyzed in a mouse LPS‐induced acute lung injury model where it had protective activity. Histochemical studies indicated that 5i improved the vascular integrity of the lung. Drug Dev Res 77 : 251–257, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Boost retention with support for student‐veterans with disabilities
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: July 2016

The student population at Brandman University is 25 percent military or veteran. And 81.4 percent of student‐veterans are retained through graduation, said Loren O'Connor, Ph.D., assistant vice chancellor, Office of Accessible Education and Counseling Services. Many students have been so pleased with the institution as they earned their bachelor's degree that they stayed for their master's degree, he added.
Support students requesting accommodations on USMLE
Authors: Jain Neera R.
Published: July 2016

The United States Medical Licensing Exam is critical to the advancement of medical students. Passing the various Step exams is linked to students' ability to move forward in their training, while scores on Step 1 are often used as gatekeeping for competitive residency placements. Students with disabilities must make a comprehensive request for accommodations on these exams directly to the National Board of Medical Examiners. Given the already full schedules of medical students, this process can be daunting.
Practice change‐savvy leadership to guide your institution
Authors: Fullan Michael , Scott Geoff
Published: July 2016

We will need leaders at all levels of the university who can engage in combining analytical and emotional knowledge in the service of morally robust reform.
Disabled student loan debtors offered loan forgiveness
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: July 2016

As part of the Student Aid Bill of Rights, the Obama administration announced loan forgiveness for more than 387,000 federal student loan borrowers on the basis that these students are permanently disabled but have not yet sought loan forgiveness on their own. About 179,000 of these students, or nearly half, are currently in default on their student loans, and nearly 100,000 of these students face such debt that the government could legally seek to garnish their wages or Social Security because of the loan debt. The total of the loan forgiveness for these disabled students would be more than $7.8 billion.
Absence of net long‐term successional facilitation by alder in a boreal Alaska floodplain
Authors: Stuart Chapin F. , Conway Alexandra J. , Johnstone Jill F. , Hollingsworth Teresa N. , Hollingsworth Jamie
Published: July 2016

Long‐term experiments provide a way to test presumed causes of successional or environmentally driven vegetation changes. Early‐successional nitrogen (N)‐fixing plants are widely thought to facilitate productivity and vegetation development on N‐poor sites, thus accounting for observed vegetation patterns later in succession. We tested this facilitative impact on vegetation development in a 23‐yr field experiment on an Interior Alaska (USA) floodplain. On three replicate early‐successional silt bars, we planted late‐successional white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings in the presence and absence of planted seedlings of an early‐successional N‐fixing shrub, thinleaf alder (Alnus incana). Alder initially facilitated survivorship and growth of white spruce. Within six years, however, after canopy closure, alder negatively affected spruce survivorship and growth. Our three replicate sites followed different successional trajectories. One site was eliminated by erosion and supported no vegetation development during our study. The other two sites, which differed in site moisture, diverged in vegetation composition. Structural equation modeling (SEM) suggested that, in the drier of these two sites, alder inhibited spruce growth directly (presumably by competition) and indirectly through effects mediated by competition with other woody species. However, at the wetter site, alder had both positive and negative effects on spruce growth, with negative effects predominating. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in alder thickets further reduced height growth of spruce in the wetter site. We conclude that net effects of alder on white spruce, the late‐successional dominant, were primarily inhibitory and indirect, with the mechanisms depending on initial site moisture. Our results highlight the importance of long‐term research showing that small differences among initial replicate sites can cause divergence in successional trajectories, consistent with individualistic distributions of species and communities along environmental gradients. This divergence was detectable only decades later.
Garlic oil reduces ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation in vitro
Authors: Doreau Michel , Arturo‐Schaan Marisela , Laverroux Sophie
Published: July 2016

Nutritional policies recommend that animal products should be made to contain more polyunsaturated FA, especially n‐3 FA. This means finding ways to limit ruminal lipolysis and/or biohydrogenation. In pursuit of this goal, we performed an in vitro study to test the ability of four feed additives, typically used for other purposes, to reduce ruminal biohydrogenation of a linolenic acid‐rich substrate. The four additives tested were cinnamon essential oil, brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum), synthetic vitamin E, and garlic essential oil. The first three additives had no effect on ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation. Garlic essential oil led to a decrease in methane production (P < 0.001), an increase in propionate (P = 0.002) and butyrate (P < 0.001) production at the expense of acetate (P < 0.001), and a decrease in biohydrogenation evaluated by the disappearance of linolenic acid (P = 0.083) and linoleic acid (P = 0.008). Stearic acid proportion in FA decreased, while biohydrogenation intermediates such as C18:2t11c15 and vaccenic acid proportion increased (P < 0.001).

Practical applications: Garlic essential oil emerges as a promising additive for decreasing biohydrogenation, but its efficiency needs to be confirmed in vivo in different dietary conditions, and possible side effects of the incorporation of garlic oil in diets will have to be evaluated.

When garlic oil is added to a control substrate in an incubator containing rumen contents, biohydrogenation of linolenic acid (18:3c9c12c15) is reduced, and proportion of different unsaturated FA increases at the expense of stearic acid (18:0) which decreases from 71.8 to 62.2%. If this is confirmed in vivo, this may contribute to reduce saturated FA in milk and meat from ruminants.
Oxidative stability and microstructure of 5% fish‐oil‐enriched granola bars added natural antioxidants derived from brown alga Fucus vesiculosus
Authors: Karadağ Ayşe , Hermund Ditte B. , Jensen Louise Helene Søgaard , Andersen Ulf , Jónsdóttir Rósa , Kristinsson Hordur G. , Alasalvar Cesarettin , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: July 2016

The aims of this study were to (i) investigate the ability of Icelandic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation in granola bars fortified with fish oil‐in‐water emulsion; (ii) investigate whether addition of the seaweed extracts affected the physical microstructure of the oil droplets in granola bars. The oxidative stability of the bars at 20°C was evaluated over a period of 10 wk by measuring the development of peroxides and volatile compounds using dynamic headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (DHS GC‐MS). The physical microstructure was determined using microscopy. All extracts − except water extract in low concentration − reduced lipid oxidation during 10 wk of storage when added in a concentration of 0.5 or 1 g extract/100 g emulsion. Ethanol (EE) and acetone extracts (AE) (in the lowest concentration) were found to be most efficient as antioxidants in the bars. The antioxidant efficacy of these two extracts was among other related to an improved incorporation of the fish oil‐in‐water emulsions in the bars, high total phenolic content, high radical scavenging activity together with high interfacial affinity of phenolic compounds and probably regeneration of tocopherol.

Practical applications: The work showed the application potential of F. vesiculosus extracts as a natural antioxidant in low‐moisture foods such as granola bars. These findings implied that the multi‐functional nature of these extracts provides not only oxidative stability of the food but also a physical stability.

Granola bars enriched with 10% Sodium caseinate (Na‐Cas) fish oil‐in‐water emulsion where Fucus vesiculosus extracts where added as antioxidant to control lipid oxidation. Development of secondary oxidation product, 1‐penten‐3‐ol (ng/g granola bar) in the granola bars and confocal light scattering microscopic images of granola bar added 0.5 g acetone extract/100g emulsion (AE1) and the Control (Con) (without extract). The efficacy of acetone extracts to limit development of 1‐penten‐3‐ol in granola bars was found to be related to extract composition as well as the microstructure, as fish oil emulsions in the bars were more stable when this extract was added. Error bars indicate SD of the measurements (n = 3).
Converting defatted silkworm pupae by Yarrowia lipolytica for enhanced lipid production
Authors: Shi Xin‐Yi , Li Tai‐Ying , Wang Min , Wu Wei‐Wei , Li Wen‐Jing , Wu Qiong‐Ying , Wu Fu‐An , Wang Jun
Published: July 2016

The valorization of converting defatted silkworm pupae (DSWP) into microbial lipids by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was investigated. To obtain the best hydrolysis of DSWP and obtain the most final production after cultivation, the method of ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic pretreatment in the presence of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride salt ([Bmim]Cl) followed with trypsin hydrolysis was applied to pretreat the DSWP. Under the optimal conditions by response surface methodology, the highest weight loss achieved 84.97%, the hydrolysis degree (32.35%) and lipid yield (3.71 g/L) have increased by 6.0‐ and 1.3‐fold, respectively. When adding amount of defatted silkworm pupae hydrolysate (DSWPH) was 4 g/L, the yeast could produce lipid efficiently. Besides, the cost is much lower than the peptone. The replacement of peptone with DSWP for lipid production by Y. lipolytica W29 efficiently cut down the cost of microbial lipid production. The lipid concentration of yeast grew on medium with 4 g/L DSWPH adding amount has increased by threefold compared with control group, while the citric acid concentration was decrease to 0.27‐fold. Given the large amount of fatty acids accumulation, instead of citric acid accumulation, the DSWPH could replace the industrial nitrogen source in the future.

Practical applications: The developed enzymatic pretreatment method has changed the structural of DSWP assisted by using ultrasound and [Bmim]Cl, which application is suitable for the parallel utilization of the nutrient‐rich biomass and solving problems of the environmental corruption which caused by the DSWP. It covers more analytes and is more effective than other previously reported methods. Especially an effective, cheap, and safe degradation of DSWP into small moleculars is highly desirable. As a suitable nitrogen source replacement of peptone, the DSWPH is better for lipid production. The novel culture medium was good to the lipid production of Y. lipolytica W29 and has reduced the cost of microbial lipid.

Defatted silkworm pupae (DSWP) with high level of protein and slightly oil were hydrolyzed to culture Yarrowia lipolytica W29. The ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic pretreatment in the presence of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride salt ([Bmim]Cl) followed with trypsin hydrolysis was applied to pretreat the DSWP. The recycle use of ionic liquid reduced the cost of pretreatment. The degree of hydrolysate increased by 6.0‐fold and the weight lost up to 84.57%. FTIR and SEM characterizations indicated that the pretreatment promoted enzymatic hydrolysis. When replaced defatted silkworm pupae hydrolysate (DSWPH) with peptone at the weight ratio of 2:1, the concentration of lipid increased by 3.0‐fold and citric acid decreased to 0.27‐fold. Given the large amount of fatty acids accumulation, instead of citric acid accumulation, DSWPH could replace the industrial nitrogen source in the future.
Unusually Stable Isoxazolidinyl Epoxides: Synthesis and Reactivity in Nucleophilic Substitutions
Authors: Záborský Ondrej , Malatinský Tomáš , Marek Jaromír , Moncol Ján , Fischer Róbert
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of new N‐carbamoyl‐substituted isoxazolidine‐4,5‐diols and their 4,5‐anhydro analogues, isoxazolidinyl epoxides, is described. The 4,5‐unsubstituted 2,3‐dihydroisoxazole starting materials reacted directly with potassium osmate/4‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide and 3,3‐dimethyldioxirane, respectively. All addition reactions proceeded with excellent anti selectivity with respect to the substituent at C‐3. The obtained isoxazolidinyl epoxides as well as benzoylated isoxazolidine‐4,5‐diols were subjected to nucleophilic substitution reactions with various nucleophiles. 4‐Hydroxyisoxazolidines with chlorine, methoxy, and azide substituents bound to C‐5 were prepared in moderate to good yields. In terms of chemical stability, the discussed isoxazolidinyl epoxides can be isolated and stored for a long time.
On the Photochemistry of 1,2‐Benzisoxazole: Capture of Elusive Spiro‐2H‐azirine and Ketenimine Intermediates
Authors: Nunes Cláudio M. , Pinto Sandra M. V. , Reva Igor , Fausto Rui
Published: July 2016

The photochemistry of 1,2‐benzisoxazole (1) was studied using low‐temperature matrix isolation coupled with infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. We identified, for the first time, spiro‐2H‐azirine 2 and ketenimine 3 as intermediates in the photoisomerization of 1 to 2‐cyanophenol (4). These results constitute indirect evidence for the existence of vinylnitrene intermediates in the photochemistry of 1,2‐benzisoxazoles. The potential energy surface (PES) resulting from the N–O bond cleavage of 1 was compared with the respective PES of the parent isoxazole. Calculations at the CBS‐QB3 level show that no stabilization is gained for the triplet vinylnitrene upon introduction of a benzene ring fused with isoxazole. However, the energies of 2 and 3 are higher by 13–15 kcal/mol comparing with the 2H‐azirine and ketenimine analogs resulting from isoxazole, which explains why they had not been observed before. Our general mechanistic proposal also predicts well the photoisomerizations of 2 and 3 to 4.
Cyclic‐Protected Hexafluoroacetone as an Air‐Stable Liquid Reagent for Trifluoromethylations
Authors: Negishi Kazuyuki , Aikawa Kohsuke , Mikami Koichi
Published: July 2016

An air‐stable liquid trifluoromethylating reagent is readily synthesized from gaseous hexafluoroacetone and 2‐methylproline on a gram scale. The reaction of the trifluoromethylating reagent with tert‐butoxy cuprate K[Cu(OtBu)2] leads to the CuCF3 in high yield. This species is directly formed from the tetrahedral cuprate intermediate through intramolecular migration of the trifluoromethyl group to copper. The CuCF3 reagent prepared in situ by our method can be used for the trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides, arylboronic acids, and terminal alkynes in good to excellent yields, even on a gram scale. Furthermore, the CuC2F5 reagent can be prepared in the same way, and this can be used in the pentafluoroethylation of arylboronic acids or aryl bromides in good to excellent yields.
Temporal summation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex involves deactivation of posterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Perrotta A. , Chiacchiaretta P. , Anastasio M.G. , Pavone L. , Grillea G. , Bartolo M. , Siravo E. , Colonnese C. , De Icco R. , Serrao M. , Sandrini G. , Pierelli F. , Ferretti A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Temporal summation of pain sensation is pivotal both in physiological and pathological nociception. In humans, it develops in parallel with temporal summation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) of the lower limb, an objective representation of the temporal processing of nociceptive signals into the spinal cord.

Methods

To study the contribution of cortical and subcortical structures in temporal summation of pain reflex responses, we compared the fMRI signal changes related to the temporal summation threshold (TST) of the NWR with that related to the single NWR response. We studied 17 healthy subjects using a stimulation paradigm previously determined to evoke both the TST of the NWR (SUMM) and the NWR single response (SING).

Results

We found a significant activation in left (contralateral) primary somatosensory cortex (SI), bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), bilateral insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and bilateral thalamus during both SUMM and SING conditions. The SUMM versus SING contrast revealed a significant deactivation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and bilateral middle occipital gyrus in SUMM when compared to SING condition.

Conclusions

Our data support the hypothesis that temporal summation of nociceptive reflex responses is driven through a switch between activation and deactivation of a specific set of brain areas linked to the default mode network. This behaviour could be explained in view of the relevance of the pain processing induced by temporal summation, recognized as a more significant potential damaging condition with respect to a single, isolated, painful stimulation of comparable pain intensity.

Significance

The study demonstrated that TST of the NWR involves a selective deactivation of PCC.
A Critical Review on Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis: Re‐exploring the Volcano‐relationship
Authors: Zeradjanin Aleksandar R. , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Polymeros George , Mayrhofer Karl J. J.
Published: July 2016

The “volcano”‐relationship for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction seems to be a generally accepted phenomenology in electrochemistry. Based on the Sabatier principle, which suggests a not too strong, nor too weak binding of reaction intermediates as prerequisite for high reaction rates, it provides a straightforward and intuitive explanation for a plethora of experimental results. However, while the Sabatier principle as a main paradigm of heterogeneous catalysis was never really disputed in the case of gas‐phase reactions, it remains questionable if it can be the main driving principle that governs activity trends of electrocatalytic reactions. This work provides an overview on this topic for the model hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), pointing out certain inconsistencies and contradictions found in literature. The critical assessment provides a viewpoint which could have important practical consequences and could provide different perspective on future catalyst design.
Signal Amplification Strategy for Highly Sensitive Detecting Brombuterol with Electrochemiluminescent Immunoassay by Using CdSe QDs as Label and Gold Nanoparticle as Substrate
Authors: Dong Tiantian , Yangxiao Kete , Zhao Kang , Deng Anping , Li Jianguo
Published: July 2016

A signal amplification strategy for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was designed based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and L‐cysteine capped CdSe QDs for highly sensitive detection of brombuterol (Brom) in the presence of K2S2O8 as the co‐reactant. Therein, AuNPs as the substrate can simplify the experiment process, accelerate the electron transfer rate, and enhance the ECL signal. In the presence of Brom standard solution, coating antigen immobilized on the electrode surface via AuNPs would compete with Brom for the limited binding sites of the CdSe QDs labeled Brom antibody. There was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the Brom concentration and ECL signal. Under the optimal conditions, immunosensor had a good linear range in 0.01–1000 ng mL−1 and a lower detection limit at 0.003 ng mL−1. The specificity and stability of the immuneosensor was also studied, it has been used for the determination of Brom in real samples with satisfactory results. The proposed immunosensor will extend the application of QDs in ECL immunoassays and open a new road for the detection of other small molecules in the future.
Ecological risk assessment for Pacific salmon exposed to dimethoate in California
Authors: Whitfield Aslund Melissa , Breton Roger L. , Padilla Lauren , Winchell Michael , Wooding Katie L. , Moore Dwayne R. J. , Teed R. Scott , Reiss Rick , Whatling Paul
Published: July 2016

A probabilistic risk assessment of the potential direct and indirect effects of acute dimethoate exposure to salmon populations of concern was conducted for 3 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of Pacific salmon in California. These ESUs were the Sacramento River winter-run chinook, the California Central Valley spring-run chinook, and the California Central Valley steelhead. Refined acute exposures were estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, a river basin–scale model developed to quantify the impact of land-management practices in large, complex watersheds. Both direct effects (i.e., inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity) and indirect effects (i.e., altered availability of aquatic invertebrate prey) were assessed. Risk to salmon and their aquatic invertebrate prey items was determined to be de minimis. Therefore, dimethoate is not expected to have direct or indirect adverse effects on Pacific salmon in these 3 ESUs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:532–543. © 2016 SETAC
Novel technology for coal mine methane utilization, process simulation and catalyst development
Authors: Wang Shiqing , Wang Xiaolong , Gao Shiwang , Yan Wei , Huang Yu , Chen Haoyi , Xu Shisen , Xiao Tiancun
Published: July 2016

Global methane emission from coal mines were estimated to be approximately 584 MMTCO2 E in 2010, which is a huge waste of energy resources and is an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Coal mine methane (CMM) whose methane content is 30∼60% with the rest of air is difficult to use directly. A novel process for CMM utilization is developed in this work. CMM is used as the feedstock for urea synthesis. This process does not require separation or further purification of CMM, but converts the methane into hydrogen through the oxygen in it and by adding steam. The reformate can be further processed into a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen with a molar ratio of H2:N2 = 3:1, which can then be used for urea synthesis. This process has been analyzed by Aspen Plus. It is found that the optimal CMM composition for urea production is 42% of methane in the air system, with water added at an H2O/CH4 ratio of 3.26. Reforming catalyst has been developed and tested in a simulated industrial reactor, with CMM simulated by mixing civil use grade methane and air. The reformate composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and the results match the simulation very well. A 10‐day test showed high stability of the catalyst. In addition, the reforming catalyst after 10 days of operation was characterized using XRD and Laser Raman. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamics‐related processes during the migration of acid gases and methane in deep sedimentary formations
Authors: Battistelli Alfredo , Berry Paolo , Bonduà Stefano , Bortolotti Villiam , Consonni Alberto , Cormio Carlo , Geloni Claudio , Vasini Ester M.
Published: July 2016

TMGAS, an equation of state module of TOUGH2 V.2.0 reservoir simulator, was used to model the migration of CO2, H2S, and CH4 in a deep sedimentary formation. The scope is the improvement of the description of non‐condensable gas (NCG) migration within modeling studies of sedimentary basins’ evolution. Different scenarios have been simulated with NCG migration taking place in a large sedimentary formation discretized with a full 3D Voronoi approach by using specifically improved versions of the pre‐ and post‐processing tools for TOUGH2 developed at the University of Bologna. Simulated reference scenarios are related to the migration of CO2, H2S, and CH4 generated at constant rate for 1 × 106 years in a fresh water aquifer. Additional scenarios are simulated with NCG migration taking place in the same formation but saturated with brine. The effects of pressure‐temperature‐composition (PTX) conditions on thermodynamic equilibria, phase composition, phase thermo‐physical properties and, consequently, on the migration features of different NCGs are modeled and discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd