bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edward and Emma Whitehurst in Slavery
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This interlude takes readers back into the antebellum period to understand what propelled Edward and Emma Whitehurst into Union lines in May 1861. It describes their lives in slavery, from Emma’s work as a field hand to Edward’s labor as a “hired-out” slave, a position that enabled them to save his wages in the hope of one day purchasing their freedom. It also narrates the arrival of war in their part of Newport News, Virginia, and the way in which planters in the region began leaving the area first. This opened up room for enslaved people like the Whitehursts to flee to Union lines beginning in mid-May, 1861.
We Worked and Made Beautiful Things
Authors: Tone-Pah-Hote Jenny
Published: September 2019

During the early twentieth century, Kiowa people expertly deployed material culture as symbols of themselves as a people. Beadwork specifically illustrated the significance of kinship and is use and exchange among people, which constructed family relationships and a sense of belongingness. Beadwork and other expressive forms were highlighted in the American Indian Exposition, a fair, and an event, which provided a venue of public display that encouraged intertribal competition. The chapter also examines the representation of young women as American Indian Exposition princesses.
Introduction
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

The introduction lays out the major argument that food practices are an understudied but significant form of African American cultural and political behaviour. Throughout the twentieth century, race leaders saw food production and consumption as key mechanisms that could be used to perform and construct ideas about their relationship to the US nation state as well as to a stateless black nation. The issue of black political and national identification was particularly urgent in the post-Emancipation moment. However, this book demonstrates that culinary nationalism continued to animate African American political life throughout the next century and beyond. This examination of food habits also yields insights into the felt, bodily experiences of individuals who did not make these decisions out of political calculation alone but out of concern for their health and quality of life. Although all of the subjects of this volume agreed that food decisions were crucial, their ideas about which foods the race should eat often differed.
World War I, the Great Depression, and the Changing Symbolic Value of Black Food Traditions
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

This chapter demonstrates that the push for voluntary rationing during World War I rendered foods like beef and wheat, which were once of enormous symbolic significance to black food reformers, as unpatriotic. Black food reformers had to choose between performing a U.S. patriotic food identity that demanded conservation and sacrifice and continuing to shun foods like pork and corn that were associated with the plantation South and thus with the history of slavery. Assimilationist eaters generally chose U.S. patriotism, a choice that inevitably muted some of the earlier antagonism that members of the middle class had shown toward the iconic southern foods they associated with the history of slavery. Ultimately, the economic pressures of the Great Depression worked to mute the machinations of even the most ardent food reformers as the community’s emphasis shifted from what to eat to the even more dire problem of having enough to eat.
The Civil Rights Movement and the Ascendency of the Idea of a Racial Style of Eating
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

The chapter begins with an examination of the symbolic significance of the sit-ins at restaurants and lunch counters throughout the South as black protesters asserted their right to eat iconic American food items like hamburgers and to drink the symbolic beverage of Coca-Cola on equal terms with their fellow citizens. At the same time that many demonstrators became disillusioned with the only partially fulfilled promises of the civil rights movement, the alternative concept of a black national culinary identity emerged in the form of “soul food.” Southern food practices were rebranded as an essential black culinary production, and eating dishes like collard greens and chitterlings become a means of expressing fidelity to the idea of a stateless black nation.
Culinary Nationalism beyond Soul Food
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses radical black critiques of the soul food tradition that emerged beginning in the late 1960s. Some began to associate the diet with bad health and criticized its linkages to the cuisine of slavery. These food reformers advocated for the rejection of both traditional American foods and the soul food menu. Their largely vegetarian diet was designed to dissociate themselves from the foodways of slavery as well as from the ethos of domination associated with carnivorism. They hoped that their healthful eating practices would strengthen their bodies to prepare themselves for a concerted program of black nation building.
Introduction
Authors: Geist Edward M.
Published: September 2019

This introduction describes the scope of the book and its methodological approach. It defines key concepts such as “civil defense,” “garrison state,” and “agitation” that are employed in the subsequent chapters. It also provides an outline of the book and previews its arguments.
Inauspicious Beginnings
Authors: Geist Edward M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the development of civil defense in the United States and Soviet Union up until the early 1950s. The predecessors of civil defense first appeared during the 19th century, but it only fully blossomed with the introduction of strategic bombing. Both the United States and Soviet Union possessed large civil defense organizations during the Second World War, but these proved ill-adapted to the requirements of the nuclear age in the postwar period. This chapter argues that the failure of the United States and the Soviet Union to pursue civil defense against nuclear weapons during the late 1940s can be attributed to domestic political factors as opposed to technical obstacles or strategic considerations. This tardy start left both superpowers ill-prepared when they decided to develop passive defenses to protect their populations form nuclear attack in the following decade.
The Window of Survivability
Authors: Geist Edward M.
Published: September 2019

Prior to the introduction of thermonuclear weapons in the mid-1950s, civil defense to protect civilian populations appeared relatively plausible. Despite these apparently favourable conditions, both U.S. and Soviet civil defense failed to actualize their ambitious institutional goals. This chapter examines the political and institutional reasons for this failure. Even after the death of Stalin enabled a reappraisal of the USSR’s stultifying strictures on permissible discussions of nuclear weapons, official ideology and obsessive secrecy still crippled civil defense. The insistence that the highest level of Party leadership approve assumptions about nuclear war made it impossible for the program to respond to rapid strategic and technological developments. In the United States, the opposition of a handful of well-placed opponents in Congress limited funding to a small fraction of that which civil defense officials sought.
Introduction
Authors: Pinho Patricia de Santana
Published: September 2019

The introduction explains the three central issues in light of which African American roots tourism in Brazil is examined: 1) The construction of diasporic identities through tourism, and how national and racial identities may contradict one another; 2) Roots tourism as a means for transnational black solidarity; 3) The geopolitics of the black diaspora since African Americans interact with Afro-Brazilians simultaneously as co-participants in the African diaspora and as citizens of the United States.
The introduction also discusses the theoretical frameworks adopted in the book and the applicability of cultural studies and post-structuralism to study tourism discourses and practices, as well as the challenges of carrying out ethnographic research on tourists, subjects that are defined as being “on the move.”
Introduction
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

The introduction sketches the contours of the British six-week invasion and eleven-month occupation of Havana in 1762–1763, a major event in the history of the Atlantic world. It describes the framework of the book, “an event history” that relies on multiple, overlapping temporal and spatial frames in order to tie together many different strands of history, historical actors, perspectives, and scales. In giving a long-term history of the causes, central dynamics, and enduring consequences of this event, the book focuses on the crucial role of the slave trade and people of African descent. The actions of people of African descent and imperial rivalry over the slave trade shaped both the invasion and occupation of Havana in ways yet to be fully understood. The rest of the book explores the painful irony that black soldiers’ brave service in Havana during the British siege helped lead to new Spanish policies that endorsed and expanded slavery and the slave trade.
Imagining the Conquest
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 gives a history of British expansion into Caribbean waters claimed by Spain and developing conflict over commercial access to and political control over the island of Cuba. A deep-seated obsession with capturing Havana developed as early as the sixteenth century, during these years of English and later British advance. In the early eighteenth century, the British-dominated slave trade to Spanish America and the contraband traffic that accompanied it led to conflicts with Spain that precipitated a cycle of wars. The Spanish monarchy sought exclusive political and commercial control over its overseas territories, yet, to its dismay, the local dynamics of these wars led to even more regional autonomy and integration for its overseas possessions. Through a cycle of eighteenth-century wars targeting Spanish America, British subjects developed closer commercial ties with Havana, and British commanders gained better knowledge of how to attack the city with each failed attempt.
“La dominación inglesa”
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 focuses on Havana elites during the city’s eleven-month occupation by British forces. Eager to trade for goods and enslaved Africans with their frequent commercial partners, Havana’s elite residents ended up betraying those who had fought so hard to ward off the British attack. During the occupation, they cozied up to the British commander Lord Albemarle and seized commercial opportunities in the hybrid space they so often occupied, where layers of British and Spanish empire overlapped. Ultimately, Albemarle’s army was too weak and his governing practices were too corrupt for the occupation to have a lasting economic impact on Havana, but in the meantime the city’s leading merchants and landowners managed to shape the period of British rule to their own advantage.
Spanish Reoccupation
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

The final section of the book moves across the fifty years after the occupation, exploring Spain’s efforts to reconstitute its authority in Havana and the many reverberations of the occupation throughout broader Atlantic and global systems. The actions of individuals in Cuba during this crucial episode of fighting and occupying revised understandings in the metropole that would go on to shape new policies with global ramifications. The exemplary service of black soldiers in defending Cuba from attack helped to convince the Spanish state of the “utility” of Africans for achieving its imperial ambitions and the wisdom of procuring, on its own, more populations of African descent for its overseas colonies. In addition, disloyalty among elites during the occupation convinced Spain that the way to tie the island better to its sovereign was to make more enslaved Africans available to these eager buyers.
Conclusion
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

The conclusion explores the way the invasion and occupation of Havana has been remembered in Cuba, Spain, Britain, and the United States during the 250 years since these events transpired. In general, the role of people of African descent, the institution of racial slavery, and imperial rivalry over the slave trade has been whitewashed or left out of the story. In Spain and Cuba, nationalistic readings of the event have stressed the loyalty of people in Cuba to either Spanish empire or a burgeoning sense of Cuban patria. In Britain the event has virtually been forgotten, a history that went nowhere, other than to prove the strength of British arms. Instead, the obsession with capturing and controlling Cuba gained a second life in the United States. It influenced U.S. intervention in the Spanish-American-Cuban war in the nineteenth century and continues to haunt U.S.-Cuban relations to this day.
What a Place This South Is
Authors: Matthews Scott L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines Farm Security Administration photographer Jack Delano’s images of Greene County, Georgia during the New Deal. It highlights his collaboration with sociologist Arthur Raper who was conducting his own fieldwork in Greene County for the FSA. With Raper’s assistance, Delano created an extraordinary photographic record, making Greene the most photographed county in the most documented region during the New Deal. Nevertheless, Delano emphasized certain images of Greene County that link his work to the region’s broader documentary tradition. His photographs both exposed the poverty and environmental exploitation that were products of the region’s cotton economy and romanticized the county’s seemingly premodern folk and agrarian roots, which neutralized his work’s reformist agenda. This chapter also uncovers the resistance Raper and Delano faced to their documentary work in Greene County. Some whites feared Raper’s work with New Deal agencies might undermine white supremacy while the county’s rural black people occasionally expressed resentment at the intrusion of a government photographer, even one motivated by New Deal liberalism. These suspicions and acts of resistance led Raper and Delano to create a sanitized images of Greene County in Tenants of the Almighty, a documentary book that represented the culmination of their collaboration.
Documenting SNCC and the Rural South
Authors: Matthews Scott L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the cultural politics of civil rights movement photography by analysing the work of Danny Lyon who worked as a photographer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee between 1962 and 1964. It explores how documentarians such as Robert Frank, Walker Evans, and James Agee inspired Lyon’s documentary work and how the political culture of the New Left influenced his work’s reception. The chapter first focuses on Lyon’s photographs of black SNCC activists in the South, particularly Robert Moses. Lyon’s photographs of Moses helped spread a romantic mythology around Moses and SNCC that was useful in recruiting white liberal support up North. Lyon also photographed the rural South’s landscapes and people extensively. Many in the New Left romanticized rural black southerners as true outsiders, the authentic opposites of their industrialized and commercialized societies back home. Consequently, Lyon’s photographs had the capacity to aestheticize the same conditions that SNCC recognized as the source of black subjugation. The chapter also highlights how these images and themes appeared and circulated in a civil rights movement photography book, The Movement, which Lyon contributed to and helped produce.
Conclusion
Authors: Matthews Scott L.
Published: September 2019

The Epilogue explores the legacy and continued relevance of documentary work of the South. It highlights how the region’s documentary tradition influenced the work of travel writer Paul Theroux and his 2015 book, Deep South, which also includes photographs by Steve McCurry. Theroux and McCurry returned to many iconic sites in the region’s tradition, including Hale County, Alabama, and their work often resorted to clichés borrowed from their documentary predecessors. Travel writing functioned as one of the South’s first documentary forms of witness and its persistence in the twenty-first century testifies to the enduring need to seek out and document places that retain vestiges of the past where one can still encounter and record the roots of the region’s social and economic problems as well as its indigenous cultures. In this regard Deep South, like past travel writing and documentary work, imagines the South as the still alluring and yet pathological colonial appendage of the nation in need of reform. The chapter closes by reflecting on why the South will remain of interest to documentarians and why documentary will continue to generate contentious debates over the nature of identity and reality.
Southern Blues
Authors: Greene Kevin D.
Published: September 2019

Born at the turn of the twentieth century in Jim Crow Arkansas, Lee Bradley experienced the hardships of growing up black in the Mississippi and Arkansas River deltas. Introduced to music at a young age, Bradley developed an unusual talent as a country fiddler. Over time, he gained enough renown that his musicianship offered opportunities for work outside of his poor, sharecropping community. Just as he began cultivating his own sense of local music celebrity, he was pulled into the United States Army as a member of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I. His experiences abroad as a solider had an enormous impact on his understanding of the South, Jim Crow, and his own plight upon his return.
We Love the Blues, but Tell Us about Jazz
Authors: Greene Kevin D.
Published: September 2019

Beginning in 1950, Broonzy would tour Europe and the United Kingdom for much of the 1950s while new generations in Britatin, Holland, France, Belgium, and more began discovering and rediscovering African American music from the pre-war period. Big Bill became one of the first African American blues artists to tour there, quickly becoming a fan favorite, especially in England. A subculture of continental Europeans from the period developed a lively community of jazz enthusiasts whose record collections and academic writings connected these post-war devotees across borders and languages. Central to their fascinations and curiosities was the juxtaposition between Bebop and traditional, New Orleans jazz. Many traditionalists loathed Bebop and through Big Bill, discovered the blues impact on but delineation from the music they loved so much. In the UK, the folk music revival spread, thanks in large part to Alan Lomax, and Lomax, by this point a good friend, found in Big Bill a treasure who could highlight his and the revival’s pretensions on black blues. In effect, Broonzy began navigating these audiences, essentially reinvigorating his career and building celebrity across the Atlantic.
The Civil War at the Dawn of the Great Depression
Authors: Silber Nina
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores why and how the Great Depression prompted Americans to look back at the US Civil War while also considering the type of Civil War memory Americans inherited from the 1920s. That memory continued to be slanted toward romantic stories of reconciliation and sentimental reflections on the Lost Cause, although some new influences – specifically the rise of modernism and a more visible and militant African American presence in art and politics – were also beginning to reshape the memory of the war.
Stories Retold, Memories Remade
Authors: Silber Nina
Published: September 2019

The chapter considers how traditional ways of remembering the Civil War began to shift as fewer of the war’s participants – soldiers and civilians – were still alive. Important new actors helped shape new memories about the war including writers and artists in the New Deal’s Federal Arts programs, the National Park Service (now serving as stewards of many Civil War battlefields), and producers and artists in Hollywood. These new actors gave greater visibility to Civil War stories that had often been overlooked – including John Brown’s antislavery crusade and tales that more explicitly acknowledged racial oppression. Still, Lost Cause themes showed surprising staying power, albeit in ways that were adapted for modern audiences.
Slaves of the Depression
Authors: Silber Nina
Published: September 2019

The language of slavery reverberated over the course of the Depression, with many Americans describing their working and living conditions in these years as something akin to slavery. Yet the language of “white enslavement” assumed particular power in these years, especially for the way it spoke to the immediate and unexpected economic crisis experienced by white Americans. In contrast, black enslavement seemed quaint and far less troubling. This pattern was apparent in the dramas put on by the Federal Theatre, the interviews conducted by writers in the WPA with former slaves, and in Hollywood films like I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang; Judge Priest; and the Prisoner of Shark Island.
Conclusion
Authors: Silber Nina
Published: September 2019

The book concludes by observing how the memory of the Civil War has long been, and continues to this day, to be contested ground, often pitting neo-Confederate defenders against those committed to racial justice. Some of that contest has been reflected through the continued relevance of Abraham Lincoln as well as the important symbolic space occupied, more recently, by the Confederate flag and Confederate monuments.
Introduction
Authors: Averbeck Robin Marie
Published: September 2019

The Introduction lays out the subject matter of the book, identifies key assumptions and methodological choices, presents the core arguments, and identifies the intended audience for the book. It opens with the story of Lyndon Baines Johnson’s famous speech on black poverty at Howard University to introduce the subject matter. It then articulates the argument that liberalism is historically entwined with racism, and that American liberalism is much more intertwined with conservativism than is generally recognized, and that the concept of racial capitalism is particularly useful for understanding this. The Introduction makes clear that the book is an intellectual history of postwar liberal thinking on black poverty, particularly the idea of a culture of poverty.
Conclusion
Authors: Averbeck Robin Marie
Published: September 2019

The conclusion connects the historical significance of Great Society liberalism to contemporary politics. In particular, it highlights how the abandonment of the black poor and the rise of mass incarceration were assisted by the idea of a culture of poverty, which ended up justifying harsher and more punitive measures to deal with the social fallout of the intergenerational poverty racial capitalism produced. It concludes with an argument that in order for the left to work towards a truly transformative politics, it must abandon the idea that certain liberal tenets can be used to achieve radical ends.
Diabetes at Home
Authors: Armstrong-Hough Mari
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses interview data collected from Japanese patients, members of the general public, and health care providers to examine personal explanatory models and illness narratives surrounding type 2 diabetes. Participants articulated a model of health that revolves around the idea of an “ordered” life. In particular, order comes from careful adherence to a classification of time and relies on a clear division of domestic labor. Having a “rhythm” to one’s life, and observing regular, unchanging hours for core activities like waking, eating, and bathing were identified as key to a healthy life. But the responsibility for this temporal maintenance falls largely on women: women work to organize the time of loved ones into a healthy, regular rhythm. Men without mothers, wives, sisters, or daughters to take care of them are thus thought to be particularly at risk of illness.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Mary-Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2019

This introduction contextualizes black women’s politics within the historical and social landscape of political culture in black Washington. While African American women’s political activism stretched back to the seventeenth century, it was during the 1920s and 1930s that their political campaigns gained more visibility, and Washington, D.C. was a key location for this process. Inspired by the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and emboldened by World War I’s message of democracy, black women formed partisan organizations, testified in Congress, weighed in on legislation, staged protest parades, and lobbied politicians. But in addition to their formal political activities, black women also waged informal politics by expressing workplace resistance, self-defense toward violence, and performances of racial egalitarianism, democracy, and citizenship in a city that very often denied them all of these rights. Jim Crow Capital connects black women’s formal and informal politics to illustrate the complexity of their activism.
The Women Will Be Factors in the Present Campaign
Authors: Murphy Mary-Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines black women’s national politics in the 1920s. For years, African American women had been organizing in their churches, mutual benefit associations, the Phyllis Wheatley Young Women’s Christian Association, and clubs. The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and pending presidential election in 1920 inspired women to connect their existing alliances with partisan causes. Black women seized on their location in the nation’s capital to advocate on behalf of African Americans living across the country. Black women across the city formed eight, distinctive political organizations, using them as instruments to lobby for economic justice, protest southern disfranchisement, express opinions about Supreme Court nominations, and weight in on which monuments and memorials would grace the national mall. While elite and middle-class women dominated the leadership of most political organizations, the National Association of Wage Earners attracted a working-class membership through its unique recruitment strategies and mission of economic justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Murphy Mary-Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2019

The Conclusion discusses how, after World War II, black women and men in Washington, D.C. achieved important victories in the struggle for racial justice in their city, including the end to racial segregation, desegregation of the public schools, voting rights, and the restoration of Home Rule through the election of mayor and city council. However, Washington, D.C. is not a state, and members of Congress can still use the nation’s capital as a political pawn and deny democracy to its residents. Black women in the nation’s capital put their stamp on post-war movements for justice, including black freedom, feminism, welfare rights, Black Lives Matter, and Say Her Name. Black women’s prescient visions for economic justice, safety from violence, and legal equality remain more relevant than ever before.
God with Us
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

For many, the struggle over civil rights was not just about lunch counters, waiting rooms, or even access to the vote; it was also about Christian theology. Since both activists and segregationists ardently claimed that God was on their side, racial issues were imbued with religious meanings from all sides. Whether in the traditional sanctuaries of the major white Protestant denominations, in the mass meetings in black churches, or in Christian expressions of interracialism, southerners resisted, pursued, and questioned racial change within various theological traditions.
God with Us examines the theological struggle over racial justice through the story of one southern town-Americus, Georgia-where ordinary Americans sought and confronted racial change in the twentieth century. Documenting the passion and virulence of these contestations, this book offers insight into how midcentury battles over theology and race affected the rise of the Religious Right and indeed continue to resonate deeply in American life.
Demonstration Plot for the Kingdom
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the history of Koinonia Farm, an interracial Christian farming community and its founders, Clarence and Florence Jordan. It examines Jordan’s theological commitments and upbringing, the founding of Koinonia Farm, its mission and work, and its persecution in the 1950s. The chapter concludes with an examination of Jordan’s Cottonpatch Gospels, which offer insight into Koinonia Farm’s radical orthodoxy in terms of race relations in the South.
Marching to Eternity
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the theological origins of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee as well as its activities in Southwest Georgia. It examines the movement beginning with Charles Sherrod’s work in Albany Georgia in 1961 and continuing into Americus in the summer of 1965, emphasizing the theological commitments of grassroots participants. The chapter tells the story of the Americus and Sumter County Movement, including the integration of the Martin Theater, the persecution of the Americus Four, the Leesburg Stockade, the Kwik Check boycott, the jailing of women attempting to vote, and numerous other marches and demonstrations.
The Devil Won, Hands Down
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter details the response of segregationists and conservatives to the civil rights movement. It describes the depiction of the movement as violent following the death of Andy Whately, the ostracization of white Southerners who sympathized with demands for justice, like Warren Fortson, and the establishment of private Christian schools in response to integration. In these actions, white conservatives reframed their resistance to racial justice in theological terms that would come to define the Religious Right.
Kneeling-In
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the rise of the kneel-in movement and the moral confrontation it provoked. Envisioned by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, kneel-ins protested segregation in sacred spaces and highlighted the theological foundations of the freedom struggle. The chapter tells the story of the kneel-in movement in Atlanta and, in the summer of 1965, in Americus. The kneel-ins at First Baptist Church and First Methodist Church in Americus were covered by the national press, provoking a firestorm of criticism and praise, as recorded in letters sent to the church. Kneel-ins also sparked a crisis within white Protestantism, particularly for the Georgia Methodist Conference and Bishop John O. Smith.
Kid Thugs Are Spreading Terror through the Streets
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

The Watts uprising and anti–police abuse activism ushered in a shift in politics and policing marked by Tom Bradley’s election and his commitment to liberal law-and-order policies. Focusing on the Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice Planning and efforts to combat youth crime during the 1970s, this chapter shows how a combination of liberal and conservative politicians and criminal justice officials focused on reforming a juvenile justice system they believed to be too lenient on youth offenders. By posing rehabilitation and diversion as alternatives to arrest and imprisonment, they provided the police with new discretionary authority to enter social institutions to supervise youth of color. In doing so, the police created new anti-gang units, such as the Community Resources against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) units and drug bust programs to monitor youth of color.
Police Crimes and Power Abuses
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

Reflecting broader trends in cities that had elected black mayors in the 1970s, Tom Bradley’s politics rested on a belief that law enforcement could provide equitable police service by committing to pluralist policies that were responsive to all city residents. As this chapter shows, however, reforms, such as diversifying the department, enhancing human relations training, and adopting community-oriented policing, provided only a semblance of civilian control of the police. As the police continued to aggressively police communities of color, it produced a new phase of anti–police abuse organizing, led by the Coalition against Police Abuse (CAPA), calling for an end to police crimes and power abuses. Some of the most notable demands were for an end to the use of the chokehold and for a police civilian review board.
The Enemy Within
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

Reductions to social service and urban aid budgets by the Reagan administration, economic crises, and growing conservatism among middle-class white voters reshaped political possibilities during the 1980s. Reductions in urban aid left only punitive solutions available to local policymakers facing drug crime and gang violence. The Bradley administration, as this chapter demonstrates, hoped to maintain its multiracial coalition and attract international capital by waging a militarized war on drugs as a war on gangs. The combined drug-gang war rationalized social and economic inequality and constructed black and Latino/a youth as criminal, thereby legitimating police militarization, disciplinary exclusion, criminalization, and removal of youth of color from the streets.
Epilogue
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

Not until the Rampart Scandal (the exposure of wide- spread corruption in the LAPD’s Rampart anti-gang Community Resources against Street Hoodlums unit) in the late 1990s led to a federal consent decree did the LAPD face rigorous oversight. While leading to a new era in the LAPD’s history, such oversight also opened possibilities for expanded police authority because decades of get-tough policies embedded police power in urban politics. As the conclusion to Policing Los Angeles, this chapter demonstrates the continued operation of the police power as well as the ways activists and residents in Los Angeles have continued to push for reform and restructuring of the Los Angeles Police department.
Stranger at Home
Authors: Wall Cheryl A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the work of one of the most influential essayists, James Baldwin. It is argued that Baldwin’s essays engage with what it means to be an American. It argues moreover that Baldwin employs the form of the essay to provide crucial insights into the relationships among citizenship, race, the nation, and identity. At the beginning of his career, Baldwin deploys what the author deems “strategic American exceptionalism”. That is, he adopted the language of American exceptionalism to advance the political interests of African Americans. While this rhetorical strategy is deployed partially to be make his views comprehensible to the larger public, it also illuminated his belief in American democratic ideals. This chapter charts Baldwin’s engagement with national and democratic discourse to provide a political indictment of the failure of the U.S. to enact these principles as it engaged black Americans. This chapter charts Baldwin’s complex and ambivalent relationship to the nation and democracy.
The Mystery of American Identity
Authors: Wall Cheryl A.
Published: September 2019

Although best known for his novel Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison’s essays, and the array of cultural and political agendas which prompt their conception, are integral to American literary theory and criticism. His essays defined the terms for ongoing debates around nineteenth and twentieth century American fiction, modernist aesthetics, and American culture. This chapter charts the various cultural, literary, and political interventions made by Ellison’s essays. Like James Baldwin (chapter 4), Ellison confronts the question of American identity, but he recasts it in terms of culture rather than of the individual. Through Ellison’s use of the vernacular process, which blends high and low styles, he maps cultural concerns onto the political stage. By emphasizing the cultural contributions made by African Americans, Ellison’s work complicates, reworks, and redefines our understanding of American culture.
Introduction
Authors: Calcaterra Angela
Published: September 2019

The introduction argues for recognition of specific Native American aesthetic and literary cultures prior to European arrival and highlights their ongoing influence and significance during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During a period of American literary development known for white appropriation of Native American content, Native resistance to Euro-American settler colonialism involved aesthetic practices such as narrative mapping, visual art, storytelling, figurative representation, and adornment. These practices contributed to both Native and non-Native literary production, despite Euro-American authors’ assertions that sophisticated artistic traditions were a European import to the North American continent. Bringing the concepts “literary,” “aesthetic” and “representation” to bear on analysis of cross-cultural encounter, the introduction posits new modes of understanding points of connection or distance between Native and non-Native aesthetic practice.
Generational Objects
Authors: Calcaterra Angela
Published: September 2019

This chapter situates popular poet Lydia Huntley Sigourney’s writings not in the national literary marketplace she is known for mastering but among Mohegan tribal nationhood and its locally grounded forms. During the early nineteenth century, US authors turned to Indian subjects to cultivate a literary aesthetic that relied upon exclusive notions of national identity and sentiment. Encounter brought Sigourney into relation with other forms of fellow feeling than US nationalism, the philosophical discourse of sympathy, and the Christian rhetoric of forgiveness. Mohegan, Cherokee, and Choctaw modes of cultivating fellow feeling contributed to an uncommon aesthetic in Sigourney’s writings that unsettles our understanding of American literary nationalism. Sigourney’s work also serves as a point of connection between Mohegan, Cherokee, and Choctaw nationhood, as Cherokee and Choctaw mission students wrote directly to Sigourney to articulate the necessary ties between land and feeling for their Native communities.
Yours for the Cause of Peace and Brotherhood, 1930s–1960s
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

This chapter takes seriously the concept of Christian brotherhood, which emerged in the early civil rights years as a family language with the potential to undermine hierarchies involving racial difference. Brotherhood (and sometimes sisterhood) became a crucial idea for reformers hoping to get deeper inside human relationships than legal solutions to problems of discrimination seemed to promise. The chapter presents short intellectual studies of individual reformers who used the concept of brotherhood.
Gone Home
Authors: Brown Karida L.
Published: September 2019

Since the 2016 presidential election, Americans have witnessed countless stories about Appalachia: its changing political leanings, its opioid crisis, its increasing joblessness, and its declining population. These stories, however, largely ignore black Appalachian lives. Karida L. Brown’s Gone Home offers a much-needed corrective to the current whitewashing of Appalachia. In telling the stories of African Americans living and working in Appalachian coal towns, Brown offers a sweeping look at race, identity, changes in politics and policy, and black migration in the region and beyond.
Drawn from over 150 original oral history interviews with former and current residents of Harlan County, Kentucky, Brown shows that as the nation experienced enormous transformation from the pre- to the post-civil rights era, so too did black Americans. In reconstructing the life histories of black coal miners, Brown shows the mutable and shifting nature of collective identity, the struggles of labor and representation, and that Appalachia is far more diverse than you think.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

This detailed account of James Marshall Hendrix’s life before he transformed into “Jimi” Hendrix covers his hardscrabble childhood in Seattle, his early musical inspirations, first instruments and bands, and stint in the U.S. Army. Following his discharge, Hendrix embarks on his professional career, playing the chitlin circuit and making his first recordings as a studio musician. He then lands in New York City, where he lives in abject poverty until his “discovery” by Linda Keith and Bryan “Chas” Chandler. Chandler sees him perform “Hey Joe” and Bob Dylan’s “Like a Rolling Stone” in a Greenwich Village club and arranges his passage to London. In a move that will come back to haunt him, Hendrix agrees to let Chandler and Michael Jeffery manage his career.
February 1967
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

In interviews, Jimi credits Bob Dylan, Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, and other influences; discusses his band’s approach to performing; and disses the Monkees. As the Experience tours extensively in the U.K., the band receives widespread coverage in music magazines and local British newspapers, but mishaps and the relentless pace take their toll on Jimi, Mitch, and Noel. In studio sessions, the band completes “Fire,” “Foxey Lady,” “I Don’t Live Today,” and “Purple Haze.” With his Fender Stratocaster out of commission, Jimi records his iconic “Purple Haze” solos with a standard-strung, flipped-over, right-handed Fender Telecaster. A publishing agreement signed on February 16 confirms that Hendrix has composed more than a dozen of his most enduring songs during a six-week period. Writing for Melody Maker, Paul McCartney pens a rave review of the newly-released “Purple Haze” single by “the great Twinkle Teeth Hendrix!”
May 1967
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

On May 1, Reprise Records issues the Jimi Hendrix Experience’s debut single in the U.S. During a series of interviews, Jimi addresses the racism he experienced during the Walker Brothers tour and the egregious minstrel-derived images conservative British journalists apply to him. Jet magazine, America’s “Weekly Negro News Magazine,” begins covering Jimi’s success abroad. In studio sessions, the Experience record “She’s So Fine,” “Taking Care of Business,” “Look Over Yonder,” “If 6 Was 9,” and portions of “Burning of the Midnight Lamp.” At the Saville, the band plays a triumphant set to a star-studded audience. Mid-month, Track Records releases Are You Experienced, the most revolutionary album in rock history, to rave reviews. The band spends the second half of the month on a European tour that takes them to West Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. Despite the chart-climbing record releases, intensive press coverage, and ever-expanding audiences, Jimi, Mitch, and Noel can barely survive on the small stipend they’re being paid, which leads them to a showdown with management at month’s end.
Dr. Michael White and the Widow’s Wail
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

Dr. Michael White is a jazz clarinetist, bandleader, composer, jazz historian and professor from New Orleans. White grew up in the Lower Ninth Ward, moved to a predominately-white neighbourhood at age 7, and later attended Xavier, a Catholic university with a largely African American student body. Growing up, White was a voracious reader who enjoyed learning the clarinet and Spanish. He worked as a freelance clarinet player in Ernest “Doc” Paulin’s brass band for parades and funeral marches.
White had an epiphany in 1978 when he discovered the work of George Lewis, who had died in 1968. Unlike the Creole clarinettists from family traditions of the Seventh Ward, Lewis drew his inspiration from the chant-like rhythms of small churches and the bent pitches of blues and country. White studied Lewis’s work, and also began researching the histories of the jazz players in his own family, including his ancestral cousins Willie “Kaiser” Joseph and “Papa John” Joseph. Like his idol George Lewis, White wanted to capture his people’s story through his music.
Prologue
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

In this prologue, Berry describes how the jazz funeral of black musician and composer Allen Toussaint coincided with a debate over removing four Confederate monuments. Through this lens, Berry examines how the events surrounding the Toussaint burial pageant magnified the roiling debate over myth, memory, and politics, as well as how the beguiling image of New Orleans grew from a culture of spectacle in tension with a city of laws, an official city the popular culture challenged. Through his descriptions of the Toussaint funeral, his own conversations with Toussaint prior to his death, and an examination of race, history, Mardi Gras, and identity in New Orleans, Berry examines how the city opened into a series of adventures in which its identity kept shifting, becoming a crossroads of humanity that forged a Creole culture rich in foodways, music, tradition, and more.
Seasonal characteristics of organic aerosol chemical composition and volatility in Stuttgart, Germany
Authors: Huang Wei , Saathoff Harald , Shen Xiaoli , Ramisetty Ramakrishna , Leisner Thomas , Mohr Claudia
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The chemical composition and volatility of organic aerosol (OA)
particles were investigated during July–August 2017 and February–March
2018 in the city of Stuttgart, one of the most polluted cities in Germany.
Total non-refractory particle mass was measured with a high-resolution
time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS; hereafter AMS).
Aerosol particles were collected on filters and analyzed in the laboratory
with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution
time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS;
hereafter CIMS), yielding the molecular composition of oxygenated OA (OOA)
compounds. While the average organic mass loadings are lower in the summer
period (5.1±3.2 µg m−3) than in the winter period (8.4±5.6 µg m−3), we find relatively larger mass
contributions of organics measured by AMS in summer (68.8±13.4 %)
compared to winter (34.8±9.5 %). CIMS mass spectra show OOA
compounds in summer have O : C of 0.82±0.02 and are more influenced by
biogenic emissions, while OOA compounds in winter have O : C of 0.89±0.06 and are more influenced by biomass burning emissions. Volatility
parametrization analysis shows that OOA in winter is less volatile with
higher contributions of low-volatility organic compounds (LVOCs) and extremely
low-volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs). We partially explain this by the
higher contributions of compounds with shorter carbon chain lengths and
a higher number of oxygen atoms, i.e., higher O : C in winter. Organic compounds
desorbing from the particles deposited on the filter samples also exhibit a
shift of signal to higher desorption temperatures (i.e., lower apparent
volatility) in winter. This is consistent with the relatively higher O : C in
winter but may also be related to higher particle viscosity due to the
higher contributions of larger-molecular-weight LVOCs and ELVOCs, interactions
between different species and/or particles (particle matrix), and/or thermal
decomposition of larger molecules. The results suggest that whereas lower
temperature in winter may lead to increased partitioning of semi-volatile
organic compounds (SVOCs) into the particle phase, this does not result in a
higher overall volatility of OOA in winter and that the difference in
sources and/or chemistry between the seasons plays a more important role.
Our study provides insights into the seasonal variation of the molecular
composition and volatility of ambient OA particles and into their potential
sources.