bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing oxygen consumption in global inland waters in the Anthropocene
Authors: Wang Junjie , Bouwman Alexander F. , Vilmin Lauriane , Beusen Arthur H.W. , Mogollón José M. , van Hoek Wim J. , Liu Xiaochen , Duan Weili , Middelburg Jack
Published: February 2023

The concentration of oxygen in aquatic environments influences redox reactions of chemicals, nutrient biogeochemistry, water quality, biological activities, and ecosystem health. While hypoxia and declining oxygen concentrations in marine environments have been widely reported, oxygen in global inland-water systems and its spatiotemporal changes with the changes in climate, hydrology and human activities remain unknown. To unravel the changing global inland-water oxygen cycle and driving mechanisms, here we quantify the global inland-water oxygen production, consumption, exchange with the atmosphere and transport along the aquatic continuum during 1900-2010 using the spatially-explicit, integrated assessment model IMAGE-DGNM including the mechanistic in-stream biogeochemistry module (DISC). The model keeps track of oxygen and nutrient supply from the land, and describes their coupled transformations and transport from upstream through various waterbodies to downstream. During 1900-2010, global inland-water oxygen production and consumption rapidly increased by over a factor of six and three, respectively, while river oxygen export to oceans stayed around 0.4 Pg yr-1. Despite the increasing ratio of oxygen production to consumption, inland waters overall act as an increasing sink of oxygen in the atmosphere during 1900-2010. Globally, low-order streams contribute the most to the freshwater oxygen sink, followed by lakes and recently important reservoirs, while high-order rivers overall act as an oxygen source to the atmosphere.
Extracting peat oxidation from ecosystem respiration with the PEATLAND-VU model
Authors: van der Velde Ype , van der Berg Merit , Boonman Jim , Lippman Tanya , van Huissteden Jacobus
Published: February 2023

Measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between ecosystem and atmosphere is a widely used method to determine peat oxidation from drained peat soils. The net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), which is the net CO2 flux over a year with accounting for harvest (C-export), is taken as an estimate for peat oxidation. This might be the case if the short-term carbon cycle, dominated by vegetation, is in balance within one year. Carbon processes are, however, often complex determined by weather conditions and interactions between different carbon pools. To better estimate the contribution of the soil carbon pools, including peat oxidation, to the measured CO2 fluxes within a season or a year, a reliable model is needed. PEATLAND-VU is a 1D process based model, consisting of four submodels for 1) soil physics (water table, soil temperature and soil moisture), 2) biomass production, 3) CH4 production, oxidation and transport, and 4) CO2 production. CO2 production is the sum of decomposition from different soil organic matter (SOM) pools, like litter, root exudates, microbial biomass and peat. We improved the PEATLAND-VU model and calibrated it for two intensively used drained peat meadows in the Netherlands, that are equipped with sensors for measuring continuously CO2 fluxes and all environmental variables related to that. These sites have a reference field and a field with elevated groundwater level.In this presentation, we discuss the model performance on these sites. We will show the contribution of the different sources to the ecosystem respiration, and how the modelled peat oxidation relates to the measured NECB.
Controls on bedrock hillslope erosion in the European Alps
Authors: Dennis Donovan , Scherler Dirk
Published: February 2023

Erosion rates in cold, bedrock hillslopes where temperatures are below freezing for a considerable portion of the year are believed to be set by frost-cracking. Nevertheless, numerous studies from the European Alps have shown that permafrost thaw-induced rockfalls can contribute non-trivially to long-term erosion rates.Here, we report 27 new bedrock hillslope erosion rates from across the European Alps estimated using in-situ cosmogenic 10Be. Samples were collected from bedrock hillslopes as well as talus slopes with identifiable (steep, bedrock) source areas using amalgamated sampling techniques. Our sites range in elevation from 2700 m to 4040 m, and consist of a range of lithologies, bedrock temperature conditions, and deglaciation histories. Furthermore, several of our selected sites include hillslopes wherein erosion rates have been previously estimated by others using methods other than in-situ cosmogenic nuclides. We explore how our rates vary against these previously derived rates, which may integrate over shorter (or, in exceptional cases, longer) timescales.Preliminary calculations yield 10Be-based erosion rates ranging from 0.1 mm yr-1 to 2.7 mm yr-1 and show no apparent correlation with elevation, aspect, or bedrock thermal conditions. In addition to erosion rates, we likewise calculate site-specific frost-cracking intensities using modern ground surface temperatures and modelled paleoclimatic conditions. Comparing the calculated frost-cracking intensities against our erosion rates inferred using 10Be suggests that frost-cracking alone is likely not the rate-limiting erosion rates in cold, high-Alpine bedrock hillslopes.
The Nitrogen Games – the invasive success of Fallopia japonica
Authors: Grange Sierra , Girardi Johanna , Mendoza Lera Clara , Dyckmans Jens , Brunn Melanie , Jungkunst Hermann
Published: February 2023

The high invasion success of Fallopia japonica in Europe and North America is related to its niche construction strategy. A hotly debated and prominent possibility is that F. japonica uses weapons for chemical niche construction, which could have considerable consequences for plant nutrition and ecosystem functioning. At least one of its phenolic compounds is capable of inhibiting nitrification and nitrification is actually lower in F. japonica invaded systems. It was assumed that F. japonica has a higher affinity for ammonium and can therefore outcompete native plants that prefer nitrate. However, the uptake of ammonium by F. japonica has only been minimally studied and it has been shown that nitrogen-use efficiency seems to be the main trait. In a lab study using stable isotope labelling we tested nitrogen and carbon uptake of F. japonica against the strongest native competitor in European riparian zones U. dioica. We hypothesized that F. japonica has a greater potential to take up ammonium and that U. dioica would take advantage of the nitrate supply, and that F. japonica would have a slightly better nitrogen-use efficiency than U. .We performed combined ¹³C-CO2 and ¹⁵N-NO3 and -NH4 labelling on young F. japonica and U. dioica plants. They were pulse labelled with ¹³CO₂ and fertilized with ¹⁵N enriched nitrate or ammonium (44 mg N kg -¹ dry soil). Atom excess of ¹⁵N and ¹³C, was measured after seven days in non-rooted soil, rhizosphere, fine roots, transport roots, and shoots. Contrary to our expectations, F. japonica always utilized less soil mineral N independent of the type of nitrogen.Overall, our data revealed that the ability of F. japonica to inhibit nitrification is not based on an affinity for ammonium. Therefore, it appears that F. japonica constructs its biogeochemical niche in a way to benefit from nitrogen-use efficiency, which we found to be higher, by supressing nitrification in nutrient rich habitats.
The POM-C / MAOM-C ratio as a compliance indicator for sustainable soil organic carbon management of arable soils in Central Europe
Authors: Just Christopher , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid , Wiesmeier Martin
Published: February 2023

Soil organic matter consists of components that differ in their specific stabilization/decomposition dynamics, and turnovers. From a simplified viewpoint, two fractions in particular can be distinguished from one another. Particulate organic matter (POM) is predominantly unbound in the soil matrix. The POM decomposition rate is defined by its inherent chemical recalcitrance and occlusion within aggregates. Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) is significantly smaller and is protected from decomposition by its adsorption to mineral surfaces. MAOM-C has therefore significantly longer mean residence times in soil than POM-C. Since the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are determined by C input/output balances, it is important to decrease C output quantities by increasing the long-term stabilization of OC within the MAOM-C stocks. However, MAOM-C cannot be enriched indefinitely. It is limited by the amount of clay and fine silt particle surfaces it can adsorb to and to the general land-use management. We investigated the validity of a POM-C/MAOM-C ratio indicator on 25 long-term field experiments in Central Europe to evaluate the sustainability of SOC management measures. We found that the POM-C/MAOM-C ratio might be used to assess the sustainability of agricultural management in before/after management change comparisons. Accordingly, a sharply increasing ratio indicates that the change in management does not adequately affect the long-term MAOM-C storage of soil. Moreover, we found a dependence between the POM-C/MAOM-C ratio and the MAOM-C sequestration deficits in soils, where arable soils with a POM-C/MAOM-C ratio indicator > 0.35 are close to MAOM-C saturation. If these observations are repeatable on further arable soils, the POM-C to MAOM-C ratio of 0.35 could be used as a management target to avoid organic over-fertilization and N loss, especially in coarse-textured soils. Thereby, the indicator might help to optimize SOC management and sequestration on arable soils and support climate change mitigation strategies.
Quick calculation of wind field in urban area within a free and open source GIS: evaluation of the URock model
Authors: Bernard Jérémy , Lindberg Fredrik , Oswald Sandro
Published: February 2023

The wind speed varies significantly within a neighborhood due to building and vegetation size and position. A good estimation of these spatial variations is useful for several applications (outdoor thermal comfort, air pollution, building energy consumption and thermal comfort, etc.) but might be time-consuming using Computational Fluid Dynamic tools and difficult to produce for non experts.URock is a Python library that has been developped within UMEP, a city-based climate service tool integrated as plug-in in the free and open source QGIS software. It is based on the Röckle approach already used in non open source softwares such as QUIC-URB and SkyHelios: first an initial wind field is set according to empirical laws derived from wind tunnel observations; second the mass air flow is balanced minimizing the modifications of the initial wind field. This method is less accurate than traditional CFD method but quicker and simple to implement for non specialists. This work presents the evaluation of URock against wind tunnel observations.
Limits of adaptation to climate-related risks in the Peruvian Andes: A case study in the Río Santa and Salkantay catchments
Authors: Hagen Isabel , Schnyder Sanne , Yanac León Inés , Juhola Sirkku , Muccione Veruska , Huggel Christian
Published: February 2023

The highly populated Peruvian Andes is impacted by a multitude of climate-related risks. Comprehensive climate risk management and adaptation measures can bring risks down to an acceptable level, as determined by the local population. However, increased magnitude and frequency of risks, together with the possibility of reaching adaptation limits, are hindering risk reduction. Adaptation limits are reached due to a complex interplay between socio-economic, cultural, political, institutional, technical and bio-physical factors. Whilst there is an emerging conceptual understanding of adaptation limits, there is little empirical research investigating limits in real-world settings.The aim of this study is to identify and define the limits of adaptation on a local scale, which limits are approaching and which have already been reached. We investigate the limits of adaptation in two catchments in the Peruvian Andes. The most prevalent climate-related risks in these two regions are from glacial lake outburst floods, landslides, shifts in precipitation patterns, and glacier retreat. We use a conceptual framework developed by Juhola et al. (unpublished), and determine adaptation limits and the intolerable risks space through investigating human wellbeing, governance systems, ecosystem functions and climate hazards in the two localities. The data was collected through a thorough literature review, together with 50 semi-structured interviews conducted in May-July 2022; 28 with local residents in the Río Santa and Salkantay catchments, and 22 interviews with experts from 14 different local and national institutions and NGOs. The interviews were analysed in Atlas.ti using a content analysis approach. We emphasize the focus on basic needs and wellbeing, to encompass not only what are obvious losses from climate impacts, such as loss of life or livelihood, but also more intangible losses, such as limited mobility, loss of a social network, or loss of local knowledge. The conclusions of this study can help decision makers and practitioners improve the positive impact of future risk management and adaptation projects in the two regions.
Measurement of the isotopic signature of boreal wetland methane emissions
Authors: Fisher Rebecca , Woolley Maisch Ceres , Lowry David , France James , Rockmann Thomas , van der Veen Carina , Fowler C. Mary R. , Nisbet Euan G.
Published: February 2023

The use of δ2H as well as δ13C methane isotope measurements will help improve regional and global source apportionment and understanding of reasons for methane’s continued and accelerating growth. However more data on regional variability in isotopic signatures of the main sources is required as well as regular measurements of both isotopes in methane in background air.Field campaigns across Canada in June 2022 and to northern Finland and Norway in August 2022 were carried out to collect air samples for methane δ13C and δ2H isotopic characterisation from boreal wetlands.In Finland and Norway a road campaign with continuous measurements of methane mole fraction was carried out from Södankyla, Finland to Aidejavri, Norway, with a generally decreasing gradient in methane from south to north and this has been compared with land cover maps. Air samples for isotopic analysis were collected at Södankyla, Kaamanen and Lompolojänkkä fens in Finland and Aidejavri and Suossjavri degrading palsa mires in Norway. In Canada δ2H and δ13C isotopic signatures were determined in methane emitted by wetlands in northern Ontario including at Fraserdale, and northern Saskatchewan (East Trout Lake).Overall the mean signatures of emissions from the boreal samples collected were -67‰ for δ13C and -320‰ for δ2H, but there was significant local variability when sampling air close to ground level. Aircraft campaigns would be a better way of identifying the integrated isotopic signature of regional wetland emissions (as demonstrated previously for δ13C signatures across northern European wetlands). Weekly sampling for methane δ13C and δ2H was started at Pallas Sammaltunturi in northern Finland in August 2022. These data will be used to identify the regional source signature of emissions.
Microbial necromass ≠ microbial biomass: Microbial death pathways affect soil organic carbon sequestration
Authors: Camenzind Tessa , Mason-Jones Kyle , Mansour India , Rillig Matthias C. , Lehmann Johannes
Published: February 2023

The last two decades soil organic matter research developed rapidly, uncovering a central role of soil microorganisms in the sequestration and storage of soil organic carbon (C), especially through accumulation of their necromass. However, despite strong evidence that the so-called soil microbial carbon pump is an important process, the direct characterization of microbial necromass in soil is difficult to achieve, leaving the actual chemical composition and formation of necromass unresolved. To fill this knowledge gap, we compiled evidence from microbiological literature on the processes of microbial dying, here referred to as microbial death pathways (MDPs). We discuss how fungi and bacteria die in soil, regarding the causes of death but also the consequences for chemical composition of microbial necromass. Evidence from existing literature clearly shows that MDPs in soil microorganisms represent relevant processes that affect necromass composition and its subsequent fate. Depending on environmental conditions and the relative significance of different MDPs, cell wall : cytoplasm ratios increase, while nutrient contents and easily degradable compounds are depleted. Thus, microbial necromass does not equal microbial biomass. These insights on microbial necromass are relevant for our understanding of mechanisms underpinning biogeochemical processes: (i) the quantity and persistence of microbial necromass is also governed by MDPs, not only the initial  biomass composition; (ii) efficient recycling of nutrients in microbial biomass during MDPs may minimize nitrogen losses during the process of C sequestration; (iii) human-induced disturbances do not only affect microbial activity, but also necromass quantity and composition. We present evidence for this novel concept of MDP, showing that not only microbial growth, but also death drive the soil microbial carbon pump. Additionally, we show some first data on actual experiments with “real” microbial necromass based on these principles, and discuss possibilities to explore this topic in future research studies.
On the role of Rossby wave phase speed for persistent temperature extremes
Authors: Wicker Wolfgang , Domeisen Daniela
Published: February 2023

Case studies of mid-latitude summer heatwaves commonly regard stationary synoptic-scale Rossby waves as the primary dynamical forcing. Whether this relationship between upper-tropospheric Rossby wave phase speed and persistent temperature extremes can be generalized is less clear. Here, we evaluate interannual and intra-seasonal variability of Rossby wave phase speed in reanalysis datasets employing circumglobal spectral analysis and investigate episodes with a low or a high zonal phase speed, respectively. Locally, we find evidence of Rossby wave phase preferences during episodes with a low phase speed, where preferred locations of ridges coincide with regions of increased heatwave frequency, but globally, there is no indication of an increased heatwave frequency. Unexpectedly, the finding of Rossby wave phase preferences and increased heatwave frequency also hold for episodes with a high phase speed, although in different areas of the summer hemisphere mid-latitudes. These findings, in particular about episodes with a zonal phase speed, will improve our mechanistic understanding of the dynamical drivers of heatwaves.
Reconceptualizing macroeconomic dynamics of water-energy-land for nature positive development pathways
Authors: Ilyas Ansir
Published: February 2023

In recent years, research on the water-energy-land (WEL) nexus has grown significantly not least because of the highly interconnectedness of the respective domains, but also for the crucial nature-economy interactions that underpin the future of our planet. With climate change and biodiversity crises looping, our conventional siloed biophysical and economic models are no longer adequate at providing prudent guidance to the interrelated sustainability questions. A new approach is urgently needed to tackle the issues of nature and the economy. In this research, we are developing a global-scale dynamic system model of nature, macroeconomy and finance that gives guidance on the crucial policy questions on the WEL nexus and biodiversity dynamics. We provide a critique of the existing modeling approaches, our novel conceptualization for a multidimensional model - with crucial elements, interactions, and underlining theories - which provides insights into the underlying source of biodiversity loss and the trade-off between different economic activities to safeguard livelihoods and achieve the so-called ‘nature positive’ pathways.
Drivers of global carbon emissions 1990-2014
Authors: Duan Cuncun
Published: February 2023

The identification of the drivers of carbon emissions is fundamental for carbon reductions at the national level. In this study, structural decomposition analysis (SDA) is applied to 112 countries in the world from 1990 to 2014. Carbon dioxide emissions are decomposed into six driving factors: population, fuel mix, energy intensity, production structure, consumption patterns, and consumption volume. Then, the contributions of five final consumers and the six driving factors to the total carbon dioxide emissions are quantified. Based on the CO2 emissions intensity and the CO2 emissions growth rates, 112 countries are classified into 4 groups and the effects of all driving factors vary significantly among groups. Energy intensity is the most significant factor that negatively influences the total carbon emission in all groups. Fuel mix and production structure show potential positive effects on reducing carbon emissions in Group 2 (e.g. the USA, Greece, Italy) and Group 3 (e.g. Germany, the UK, Sweden), but they increase the carbon emissions in Group 1 (e.g. China) and Group 4 (e.g. Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan). Consumption volume results in a dramatic increase in the carbon emissions in all groups, which implies that the increasing purchasing power of households and government is the most notable obstacle to carbon dioxide mitigation. Population growth accelerates the carbon emissions in developing countries in Group 4. Thus, the race between household consumption volume growth and energy intensity reduction is vital for carbon emission mitigation in Group 4.
Stable Isotope Analysis of Non-exchangeable Hydrogen in Sugars by Oxidation/Derivatisation to hexamethylenetetramine and Elemental Analyzer-Chromium/High Temperature Conversion- Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Li An , Abrahim Aiman , Kelly Simon
Published: February 2023

Stable hydrogen isotope may provide evidence to identify the botanical origin of exogenous sugars added to honey, due to a combination of factors such as the systematic global variation of meteorological waters and morphological differences affecting rates of evapotranspiration prior to water incorporation into plant carbohydrate prior to photosynthesis. Here we report an simplified method, which involves the preparation of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), produced through chemical transformation of sugar molecules, to allow direct analysis of the carbon-bound non-exchangeable hydrogen (CBNE) by elemental analyser high temperature chromium reduction coupled to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (EA-Cr/HTC-IRMS). We have optimized the reaction conditions for oxidation and derivatisation in terms of reaction time and pH of solution. A two month-monitoring for of the repeatability of δ2H values of an HMT standard  has demonstrated stable and reliable results of this technique. The procedure is relatively straightforward, convenient and easy to apply compared with alternative reported CBNE analysis methods for foodstuffs, particularly those where isolating sugars is challenging and consensus over dual-water equilibration conditions are contentious.  Moreover, it has the advantage over other methods by avoiding the use of corrosive and explosive reagents such as sugar nitro-derivatives.  This study has also demonstrated the potential to identify from the presence of rice syrup, which is currently a significant challenge for the honey industry.
A new approach to geochronology in very fine-grained sediments
Authors: Zutterkirch Isabel C. , Kirkland Christopher L. , Barham Milo , Elders Chris
Published: February 2023

Analyses of the sedimentary record, in particular the origin, routing and timing of deposition, can provide insight into a vast array of different geological processes over Earths history. However, understanding the provenance of very fine-grained sediments, particularly clay minerals, is typically challenging given their difficulty in being precisely dated. Yet the provenance of clay material may potentially provide greater detail on more distal detritus relative to other more conventional sand-sized provenance indicators (e.g. zircon). Triple quadrupole laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which allows in-situ Rb-Sr dating, offers several potentially significant advances in the geochronology of fine-grained Rb bearing mineral phases. Nonetheless, dating of very fine-grained sediments, especially those formed in the Phanerozoic after the terrestrial vegetative evolution, is challenged by the inevitable mixing of potentially different generations of Rb bearing minerals within the volume ablated by the laser (~90,000 µm3). Rb-rich minerals will dominate the isotopic budget of any mixture and may help to constrain age components within the sample. In this study, we present in-situ Rb-Sr data of six variably biostratigraphically constrained Paleozoic shale samples from the Barnicardy-1 drill core (Canning Basin, Western Australia). We develop a new Monte-Carlo modelling approach to improve the constraint on Rb-Sr ages by confining the range of initial Sr-ratios from analysed mixtures via a priori knowledge of the samples stratigraphic level. Rb model age components (~620 Ma)  imply clay detritus was sourced from the Paterson Orogen and helps refine the stratigraphy of the Canning Basin.
A Comprehensive and Self-consistent Model of Terrestrial Planet Formation
Authors: Haghighipour Nader , Sudol Jeffrey
Published: February 2023

We have developed the currently most comprehensive and self-consistent approach to realistically simulate the formation of terrestrial planets in our solar system including the formation of Mars. Our approach begins with simulating the collisional growth of planetesimals and continues with resolving giant impacts and the full formation of terrestrial planets. It takes into account the dynamical friction due to the debris and planetesimal disks, migration of planetesimals and embryos, and the perturbation as well as possible migration of giant planets. As the most important step toward a fully comprehensive and realistic model, our approach incorporates SPH simulations into N-body integrations in real time allowing, for the first time, collisions to be simulated accurately as they occur. Results point to several important findings. For instance, in the context of our solar system, almost all simulations produced an Earth-analog. They also demonstrated that the similarities between the size and mass of Earth and Venus are a natural outcome of the formation process, and Mars-sized planets appear in systems where the mass distribution in the planetesimal disk is non-uniform. When studying the effects of giant planets, results showed that secular resonances are the main reason that our solar system does not have Super-Earths. They are also the reason that terrestrial planets form interior to 2.1 AU. Simulations also show that the capture into resonance of migrating giant planets does not play a significant role on the formation of terrestrial planets, and while giant planets may affect the inventory of planet-forming material and water-carrying objects, especially when they migrate, they play no role in the mechanics of the formation of terrestrial planets and the transfer/transport of water to them. Formation and water delivery is merely due to the mutual interactions of planetary embryos, a process that occurs even when no giant planet exists. We will present the results of our study and discuss their applications to extrasolar planets. 
Spatial and temporal variability of floods in Indonesia based on governmental data, Twitter messages and paper reports
Authors: Latos Beata , Baranowski Dariusz , Flatau Maria , de Bruijn Jens , Barabasz Katarzyna , Łabuz Michał , Permana Donaldi , Paski Jaka
Published: February 2023

Indonesia, with its tropical and monsoonal climate, is exposed to heavy precipitation and enormous rainfall accumulation which results in weather-driven hazards, including extreme rainfall events and floods. There are several conventional sources of data to estimate potential of anomalously high precipitation in Indonesia, including rain gauge data, satellite data and meteorological reanalysis. Even though they allow assessment of precipitation variability, their usefulness is limited by biases and data gaps. Furthermore, assessment of a variability in precipitation patterns is not the same as identification of their adverse societal effects, such as floods.  Due to the proliferation of social media, these conventional data sets can be supplemented with crowd-sourced information that can potentially provide longer-term, accurate records and cover a larger area. In this study, we demonstrated that Twitter is a useful source for flood detection and created a flood database. Twitter-based flood database is derived for subregions of major islands within Indonesia: Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Sulawesi, and validated against data from governmental reports and local paper articles. Results show that Twitter-based retrieval performs well in comparison with other sources, but only in regions characterized by sufficiently large pool of active users. Flood events and extreme rainfall events (defined using in-situ and satellite data) were compared in terms of their spatial and temporal distribution, as well as their meteorological drivers. In general, on each of the island, there is a seasonal cycle: a wet season during boreal winter, when the Southeast Asian monsoon provides an environment supportive of rain events, and a dry season during boreal summer. On intraseasonal scale, Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) creates the conditions favorable for weather extremes. MJO activity causes an increase in the local rainfall rate, with a significant increase in a chance of observing extreme precipitation during favorable MJO phase.  
Unveiling new resources of high technological critical metals in hydrothermal pyrite and pyritic mine residues from VMS of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain)
Authors: Yesares Lola , Gonzalez-Jiménez José María , Piña Rubén
Published: February 2023

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), in southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the Earth’s largest metallogenic provinces. Extending about 250 km from Sevilla and Huelva provinces, in SW Spain, to Beja in Portugal, it groups, within a belt of 40-60 km, about 90 volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of polymetallic nature (Cu, Pb and Zn) with untapped resources of high technological critical metals hidden in both primary ores and related in situ waste material. A careful study of the geochemistry and mineralogy of pyrite (by means of EPMA, LA-ICP-MS, FE-SEM, EBSD and FIB-HRTEM) from polymetallic massive lenses and stockwork ores from various deposits show contrasting values of high technological critical metals. Pyrite (Py-1) crystallized at earliest stage of VMS deposit formation is rich in some High-Tech critical metals like Pb, Zn, and Sb, mostly hosted as nano-to-micron-sized particles of galena and tetrahedrite. In contrast, recrystallized pyrites affected by higher temperature hydrothermal overprint, showing spongy-looking (Py-2) or homogenous (Py-3) cores surrounded by external facets, are depleted in most High-Tech critical metals, expecting Au and Bi Cu, Ag, Co and Ni. Application of same methodological approach to pyritic wastes nearby the VMS deposits show also remarkable concentrations Au, Ag, Pb, Zn and Cu. This is the first ever estimation for the revalorization and reclassification of pyrite and their mining residues as possible new resource of technological metals in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Our results show that both primary and secondary sources are amenable for exploitation and recovery of metals necessary for the clean energy transition.
Estimating surface-level nitrogen dioxide concentrations from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI observations in Finland
Authors: Virta Henrik , Ialongo Iolanda , Szeląg Monika
Published: February 2023

In recent decades, satellite instruments have been providing observations of air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with global coverage. Since late 2018, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on-board the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite has produced NO2 vertical column densities (VCDs) with the best spatial resolution (currently 5.5x3.5 km at nadir). In order to compare satellite-based observations to traditional NO2 surface concentration measurements available from air quality (AQ) stations, methods based on chemical-transport model (CTM) simulations can be applied to convert satellite-based VCDs to surface concentrations. Such methods have been mostly developed and applied in regions with high NO2 concentrations at middle-low latitudes.In this paper, we test and adapt two methods to estimate surface-level NO2 concentrations from TROPOMI observations in Finland, which is characterised by low NO2 concentrations at a high latitude location. Satellite-based estimates show good correlation with co-located surface NO2 measurements from the Finnish AQ network, although the method lacking a correction for the level of NO2 mixing within the boundary layer is more prone to underestimation. New cut-off values accounting for the level of mixing were calculated to adapt the column-to-surface conversion to specific conditions in Finland. We also present an alternate approach to reduce the underestimation based on the linear relation between in situ measurements and surface-level estimates.We utilise chemical transport model simulations to correct our surface-level NO2 estimates to derive full annual mean concentration estimates compatible with annual limit values defined in AQ legislation. This correction is based on the temporal sampling differences between in situ station measurements and TROPOMI observations. The annual estimates tend to overestimate concentrations compared to ground-based measurements, but can be considered as an upper estimate of surface concentrations. They can therefore complement existing AQ station measurements, especially in regions where the surface networks are sparse. Despite the uncertainties, we find that the two Finnish AQ monitoring regions currently lacking surface stations have estimated mean annual concentrations well below existing limit values, suggesting no need for new ground-based monitoring stations.Overall, the results provide new information to complement traditional surface-based AQ measurements and to support national environmental authorities in air quality assessment and reporting.
Prediction of fracture index in tight reservoir based on depth residual shrinkage network
Authors: Gu Zhiyuan , Liu Ting , Song Yange
Published: February 2023

Improving the accuracy of fracture prediction is the key to tight oil and gas seismic exploration, and the Deep Residual Shrinkage Network (DRSN) can improve the feature learning effect of deep neural networks on strong noise data, so a small sub-network is introduced into the deep residual shrinkage network, and a set of thresholds is obtained by this sub-network, and then soft thresholding is performed on each wellside seismic attribute in the wellside seismic attribute combination in the sample set. By extracting various layer seismic attributes from the target layer time window, the development degree of fractures near the well is characterized by using the bilateral logging data, and the deep residual network model is established and trained according to the data characteristics. The trained network model was used to predict the fracture-type reservoir in tight reservoirs, and the coincidence rate between seismic prediction and logging interpretation of actual fracture index in work area is over 80%.
Central and Eastern Siberian High Latitude Lake Hydrochemistry
Authors: Heim Birgit , Wieczorek Mareike , Stoof-Leichsenring Kathleen , Biskaborn Boris K. , Morgenstern Anne , Overduin Paul P. , Eulenburg Antje , Baisheva Izabella , Kruse Stefan , Zakharov Evgenii S. , Pestryakova Luidmila A. , Elger Kirsten , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: February 2023

We present a long-year data collection of freshwater chemistry from 590 high latitude lakes based on water sampling during our past expeditions in the Central and Eastern Siberian continuous permafrost regions. We compiled and standardised all acquired seasonal limnological data on major ions, alkalinity, pH and Electrical Conductivity including time series of data from lakes that we sampled repeatedly. The data collection encompasses diverse Siberian regions with numerous lakes along climate and vegetation gradients in the Khatanga and central Yakutian lowlands, to the glacial lakes of the Chukotka mountain region in Eastern Siberia and the central Lena Delta in the Arctic zone. The data collection is rich in standardised metadata following the metadata schema of the International Generic Sample Number (IGSN), which provides a unique and persistent identifier for physical objects (samples). Within the project FAIR Workflows to establish IGSN for Samples in the Helmholtz Association (FAIR WISH), funded by the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration Platform (HMC), we customised the GFZ-specific IGSN schema to better describe lakes and water samples in a hierarchical (parent and child) scheme with standardised metadata on lake and sample characteristics, ecoregions, principal investigators and many more.This standardised data collection will be made available in the PANGAEA data repository (www.pangaea.de) to enable analyses of land-to-lake geochemical fluxes and will support biodiversity, biogeochemical, bioindicator and many more analyses. In this presentation, we visualize the data in form of Piper and Schoeller plots in order to categorize the water bodies and investigate their geographic distribution and links to catchment vegetation, active layer depth, permafrost disturbances and lithology.
Coastal restoration measures to mitigate coastal flooding in a context of climate change: the case of the South-East of Sicily
Authors: Marino Massimiliano , Musumeci Rosaria Ester , Cavallaro Luca , Foti Enrico
Published: February 2023

The South-East of Sicily is characterized by a complex system of coastal lagoons. The site, is considered of great naturalistic value, as it hosts a rich biodiversity and represents an important stop for bird species that migrates through the Northern European-African route. According to recent studies, the site is subject to an ever-increasing climate related coastal erosion and flooding risk, with an estimated potential land loss of 6.2 km2 by 2100 (Antonioli et al. 2020). In the present work, the effectiveness of a dune revegetation is investigated, in order to understand the role played by environmental restoration in reducing coastal risk. A SWAN+XBeach (Booji et al. 1996; Roelvink et al., 2009) numerical modeling chain is developed, aimed to simulating the hydraulic and transport processes that characterize a coastal area, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the dune revegetation intervention. Results show a reduction of coastal flooding risk due to extreme wave events as an effect of the extended vegetated dune strip. Presence of the vegetation drastically improve coastal protection to the city area. Specifically, a reduction up to 42% of the flooded city area is observed. 

References 

Antonioli, F., Defalco, G., Moretti, L., Anzidei, M., Bonaldo, D., Carniel, S., ... & Schicchitano, G. (2019). Relative sea level rise and potential flooding risk for 2100 on 15 coastal plains of the Mediterranean Sea. In Geophysical Research Abstracts (Vol. 21). 

Booij, N., Holthuijsen, L.H. and R.C. Ris, 1996, The SWAN wave model for shallow water, Proc. 25th Int. Conf. Coastal Engng., Orlando, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 668-676. 

Roelvink, D., Reniers, A., van Dongeren, A., van Thiel de Vries, J., McCall, R., & Lescinski, J. , 2009. Modelling storm impacts on beaches, dunes and barrier islands. Coastal Engineering, 56(11-12), 1133-1152. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.08.006 
ASKOS Campaign 2021/2022: Overview of measurements and applications
Authors: Marinou Eleni , Amiridis Vassilis , Paschou Peristera , Tsikoudi Ioanna , Tsekeri Alexandra , Daskalopoulou Vassiliki , Baars Holger , Floutsi Athina , Kouklaki Dimitra , Pirloaga Razvan , Marenco Franco , Kazoudi Maria , O Connor Ewan , Pfitzenmaier Lukas , Zenk Cordula , Ryder Claire , Von Bismarck Jonas , Fehr Thorsten ,   ASKOS team
Published: February 2023

In the framework of the Joint Aeolus Tropical Atlantic Campaign (JATAC), the ASKOS experiment was implemented in Cabo Verde during summer and autumn of 2021 and 2022. The main objective of ASKOS was the collection of an unprecedented dataset of synergistic measurements in the region, to be used to address a wide range of scientific objectives, namely the support of the validation of Aeolus mission’s products, the study of the processes affecting dessert dust transport (water vapor, giant particles, mixing with boundary layer dynamics), the characterization of the cloud microphysics, the effect of dust particles in the cloud formation over the region, the effect of the large dust particles on radiation and others.During the ASKOS experiment, intense ground-based remote sensing and airborne in situ measurements took place on and above Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, Cabo Verde. At the Ocean Science Center in Mindelo (OSCM), a full ACTRIS remote sensing super site was set up in 2021, including a multiwavelength-Raman-polarization lidar PollyXT, an AERONET sun photometer, a Scanning Doppler wind lidar, a microwave radiometer and a cloud radar belonging to ESA fiducial reference network (FRM4Radar). Additionally, the ESA’s reference lidar system eVe, a combined linear/circular polarization lidar with Raman capabilities, was deployed. In 2022, the operations were enhanced with the deployment of airborne in-situ aerosol measurements on-board UAVs deployed by the Cyprus Institute, solar radiation measurements supported by PMOD/WRC, dust particle orientation measurements from the WALL-E lidar of National Observatory of Athens, and radiosonde releases equipped with additional electric field and electric charge measurements. The campaign was supported by dedicated numerical weather and dust simulations from CAMS and ECMWF, and tailored WRF simulations with nested domains above the campaign site.  From the ASKOS dataset, three cases have been selected as "golden cases” where multiple JATAC airborne platforms and Aeolus satellite performed collocated measurements alongside with the ground-based instrumentation around the ASKOS operations site. Furthermore, multiple synergistic measurements with the JATAC airborne platforms were performed in the broader Cabo Verde region. Here, we quickly introduce ASKOS measurements and present first results. 
Predicting Outer Van Allen Belt Dynamics with the Prototype SafeSpace Service
Authors: Daglis Ioannis A. , Nasi Afroditi ,   SafeSpace Team
Published: February 2023

The European SafeSpace project has implemented a synergistical approach to improve space weather forecasting capabilities from the current lead times of a few hours to 2-4 days. We have combined the solar wind acceleration model MULTI-VP with the heliospheric propagation models Helio1D and EUHFORIA to compute the evolution of the solar wind from the surface of the Sun to the Earth orbit. The forecasted solar wind conditions are then fed into the ONERA Geoffectiveness Neural Network, to forecast the level of geomagnetic activity with the Kp index as the chosen proxy. The Kp index is used as the input parameter for the IASB plasmasphere model and for the Salammbô radiation belts code. The plasma density is used to estimate VLF wave amplitude and then VLF diffusion coefficients, while the predicted solar wind parameters are used to estimate the ULF diffusion coefficients through the NKUA EMERALD model. Plasmaspheric density and VLF/ULF diffusion coefficients are used by the Salammbô radiation belts code to deliver a detailed flux map of energetic electrons. Finally, particle radiation indicators are also provided as a prototype space weather service of use to spacecraft operators and space industry, accessible at http://www.safespace-service.eu. The performance of the prototype service has been evaluated in collaboration with space industry stakeholders. The work leading to this paper has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870437 for the SafeSpace (Radiation Belt Environmental Indicators for the Safety of Space Assets) project.
Greater rate of climate zone change in CMIP6 Earth System Models due to stronger warming rates
Authors: Bayar Ali Serkan , Yılmaz M. Tuğrul , Yücel İsmail , Dirmeyer Paul
Published: February 2023

Köppen-Geiger climate classification is a valuable tool to define climate zones based on the annual cycles of temperature and precipitation. In this study, we use the high-emission scenario global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and phase 5 (CMIP5) along with observations and apply the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. We aim to address the ecological consequences of climate change and compare the two generations of models. Compared to their predecessors, CMIP6 models show slightly improved performance in representing the reference period (1976-2005) observed climate zones. CMIP6 models project a 42-48% change in climate zones by the end of the century, depending on which ensemble subset is used. The projected change rates based on CMIP6 are above the global average for Europe (81-88%) and North America (57-66%). The reductions in the areas of cold and polar climate zones are more pronounced in CMIP6 models compared to CMIP5. Using an ensemble subset of CMIP6 models that are consistent with the latest evidence for equilibrium climate sensitivity limits the changes in climate zones, and their results converge towards the results based on CMIP5. CMIP6 models also project a greater rate of climate zone change throughout the century than CMIP5. The greater change rate observed in CMIP6 is essentially dominated by the stronger projected warming rates of these models, whose plausibility is a matter of concern.
Structurally complex forests are more resilient to extreme droughts
Authors: Ma Qin , Su Yanjun , Ma Qin , Niu Chunyue , Luo Xiangzhong , Liu Lingli , Kelly Maggi , Guo Qinghua
Published: February 2023

The increasingly frequent and severe droughts caused by global warming is threating the forest ecosystem health with pervasive tree mortality. Canopy Structure is one of the important factors that regulating drought-induced tree mortality. However, how tree structural influences the spatial and temporal patterns of tree mortality during droughts remains controversial. Through an analysis of nearly 1.5 million trees during the 2012-2016 drought in California, USA, we found tree mortality first decreased with height for small trees, then increased with tree height in the middle sized trees, and decreased again with tree height for matured big trees. We also found relative tree canopy size compared to neighboring trees demonstrates a consistent negative relationship with tree mortality across species. This new finding may be explained by the fact that trees in a structurally complex forest with tall neighboring trees may have higher crown shadow ratio and less water loss to evapotranspiration during the drought. Therefore, the relatively smaller trees in a structurally complex forest have higher survival rate even during an extreme drought. Our findings suggest that a new forest management strategy that re-establishes heterogeneity in tree species and forest structure could improve forest resiliency to severe and extended droughts.