bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reverse phase ion pair chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as a method for tungsten speciation in natural waters
Authors: Zhao Qian , Hu Shun
Published: March 2024

In the past 20 years, the occurrence of tungsten-related health and safety incidents has drawn the close attention of scholars to the toxicity of tungsten and its health and environmental effects. The upper limit of tungsten concentration in water, its mobility and toxicity are all closely related to its speciation. Although polytungstates have been proven to be more toxic and migratory than monomeric tungstates, there is limited information about their abundance in natural environments due to the lack of a reliable analytical approach for determination. In this study, we conducted a simultaneous analysis of monomeric and polymeric tungsten species in natural water using reverse-phase ion pair chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Polytungstates and five monotungstates, including tungstate as well as mono, di, tri, and tetrathiotungstate, were chromatographically separated within 35 min of using ethanol (12 - 48% gradient) as the mobile phase. The detection limit of polytungstates was 1.50 µg/L. Although common for the analysis of metals, experimental studies based on electrospray ionization - high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) have indicated that samples containing polytungstates should not be acidified, as it could result in the transformation of monotungstates to artifact polytungstates. Overall, our study offers an effective method for the analysis of various tungsten species, especially polytungstates, at environmentally relevant concentrations.
Garnet growth in a geological blink of an eye: evidence from high-precision Lu-Hf chronology
Authors: Tual Lorraine , Smit Matthijs A. , Cutts Jamie A. , Musiyachenko Kira , Kooijman Ellen , Majka Jaroslaw , Foulds Ian
Published: March 2024

Mineral reactions determine rocks' physical and rheological properties, but whether these reactions occur close to or far from equilibrium, and whether they are continuous or pulsed, is generally unclear. Garnet, the Rosetta Stone of metamorphic processes, presents an unparalleled potential to track the timing and rate of such reaction sequences often recorded and preserved in its growth zones. Here, we used a combination of major and trace-element mapping of garnet to identify single growth zones linked to specific mineral reactions. We extracted each zone by laser microsampling to perform high-precision Lu-Hf chronology and investigate whether and to what extent garnet keeps up with tectonic processes. The analyses were done on a single 1.3 cm-sized garnet grain from a mica schist from the Schneeberg Complex, Italy. The garnet grain was chemically characterised by major- and trace-element mapping (EPMA, LA-ICPMS), and five compositionally distinct micro-domains were extracted using a laser mill. Each single zone was divided into multiple garnet aliquots to enable multi-point isochrons. The four inner zones, corresponding to ~ 85% of the total garnet volume, yielded identical ages with a weighted mean of 98.4 ± 0.1 Ma (2σ). The outermost zone shows a strong chemical contrast with the rest of the grain, yielding a resolvably younger age of 97.8 ± 0.3 Ma. The data show that garnet growth in metapelites may take less than 1 Ma and, within that short time, progresses in several pulses that last less than c. 200 kyr. Our results demonstrate that garnet growth may occur much faster than required for changes in P–T conditions caused by tectonic processes. Pulsed, ultrafast garnet growth occurred instead at isobaric and isothermal conditions, far removed from equilibrium, and resulted in high-flux fluid production. While challenging the equilibrium paradigm, this example provides a rare glimpse into reaction overstepping and the rapid pushes of the system to attain equilibrium during periods of efficient matrix element transport.
Deep Sea Surface Height Multivariate Interpolation
Authors: Archambault Théo , Garcia Pierre , Charantonis Anastase Alexandre , Béréziat Dominique
Published: March 2024

The Sea Surface Height (SSH) is an important variable of the ocean state. It is currently estimated by satellites measuring the return time of a radar pulse. Due to this remote sensing technology, nadir-pointing altimeters take measures vertically, only along their ground tracks. Recovering fully gridded SSH fields involves a challenging spatiotemporal interpolation. The most widely used operational product, the Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System (DUACS), combines data from several satellites through linear optimal interpolation to estimate the SSH field. However several studies demonstrate that DUACS does not resolve mesoscale structures, motivating our interest in improving interpolation methods. Recently, Deep Learning has emerged as one of the leading methods to solve ill-posed inverse imaging problems. Deep Neural Networks can use multi-variate information to constrain the interpolation. Among them, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data is based on a different remote-sensing technology, which leads to higher data coverage and resolution. Deep Learning methods have been proposed to interpolate SSH from track measurements, efficiently using SST contextual information. However, training neural networks usually requires either a realistic simulation of the problem on which we have access to SSH ground truth or a loss function that does not require it. Both solutions present limitations: the first is likely to suffer from domain gap issues once applied to real-world data, and training on observations only leads to lower performance than supervision on complete fields. We propose a hybrid method: a supervised pretraining on a realistic simulation, and an unsupervised fine-tuning on real-world observations. This approach was performed using a deep Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture. We compare the performances of the same neural network architecture trained in the three described settings: simulation-based training, observation-based training, and our hybrid approach. Preliminary results show an improvement of approximately 25% over DUACS in the interpolation task on the Ocean Data Challenge 2021 dataset. We further explore the ability of the architecture proposed to produce near real-time forecasts of SSH.
Evaluation of annual and interannual trends of marine Chlorophyll concentration
Authors: Mangin Antoine , Jutard Quentin , Prat Aurélien , Demaria Julien , Bretagnon Marine
Published: March 2024

Since 1997, remote sensing of the ocean colour has routinely documented ecosystems health and productivity on a global scale. Therefore, these observations, especially chlorophyll-a concentration, are particularly important not only for the management of living marine resources but also for climate studies as the ocean might act as a sink or a source of carbon for the atmosphere. In such a context, reliable evaluations of trends, whether seasonal, annual, or especially interannual variations, are critical.There are several products of surface chlorophyll concentrations derived from ocean colour sensing available through the Copernicus Marine Service. Some of them are more adapted to specific regional seas and use adapted algorithms for chlorophyll retrieval. There also exist chlorophyll products at global scale that are built with different assumptions each of them aiming at building the best time series (from 1997 up to now) for climate analysis. Moreover, some products offer uncertainty estimates and/or quality indicators that are useful for trend computations. We will present an intercomparison of trend evaluations made with these different products at different time scales (annual and interannual). Differences will be commented on and explained.
Connecting exoplanet mantle mineralogy to surface dynamic regime
Authors: Spaargaren Rob , Ballmer Maxim , Mojzsis Stephen , Tackley Paul
Published: March 2024

Based on stellar compositions, we know that rocky exoplanets show a diversity in interior compositions, and therefore mantle mineralogies. The mantle mineralogy controls physical parameters of the mantle, such as viscosity, and therefore strongly affects thermal and dynamical evolution of the interior. However, it is unknown whether mantle mineralogy plays a role in establishing a planets surface dynamic regime (e.g., mobile lid, stagnant lid, episodic lid), which plays a pivotal role in determining a planets’ habitability. Here, we investigate the long-term dynamical evolution of Earth-sized planets with a range of mantle mineralogies based on stellar compositions.We explore the long-term evolution of an Earth-sized rocky planet, varying mantle mineralogy, by employing a 2D global-scale model of thermochemical mantle convection. We include the effects of composition on planet structure, mantle physical properties, and mantle melting. We investigate how composition affects thermal evolution, and whether it has an effect on the propensity of a planet towards plate tectonics-like behaviour.We find that density contrast between crustal material and the underlying mantle, governed by mantle Fe content, plays a vital role in determining dynamical behaviour. A very light crust is unable to subduct, locking a planet into a stagnant lid regime. Meanwhile, a very dense crust may settle at the core-mantle boundary, unable to be re-entrained into the overlying mantle. This leaves a depleted, infertile mantle and could potentially lock most of the planets water and heat producing element budget into the lowermost mantle. Mantle viscosity,  governed by Mg/Si ratio, plays a primary role in discerning between an episodically mobile and a fully stagnant lid, but has little effect on the propensity towards a fully mobile lid regime. Therefore, while composition plays a major role in determining planet material properties and dynamics, its effects on habitability are not straightforward. 
Cyclogeostrophic inversion for estimating Sea Surface Currents from SWOT altimeter data
Authors: Bertrand Vadim , E V Z De Almeida Victor , Le Sommer Julien , Cosme Emmanuel
Published: March 2024

The spatial resolution of the Sea Surface Height (SSH) observations provided by the SWOT mission opens unprecedented perspectives for estimating ocean near surface circulation at scales
Hydroclimatic versus geochemical controls on silicate weathering rates
Authors: Kuppel Sylvain , Goddéris Yves , Riotte Jean , Ruiz Laurent
Published: March 2024

Water is the first order controlling factor of the weathering reactions. In the recent years, efforts have been made towards the building of model cascades able to simulate the water fluxes and the residence time of the water in the various compartments of the critical zone. Those hydrological constrains are then injected into numerical models simulating the water-rock interactions from the surface down to the impervious bedrock. In this contribution, we describe such a model cascade, where the water-rock interaction model WITCH is fed by the process-based ecohydrological model EcH2O-iso. This model cascade, WITCH2O, is designed for the modeling of water fluxes & stores, as well as the weathering reactions and transport of weathering products (including atmospheric CO2 consumption), from the vertical profile to the catchment scale, and from the submonthly to decadal time scales. We deployed WITCH2O along a gneiss-saprolite-ferralsol profile in a small tropical forested catchment in peninsular India. Long-term observations of water and geochemical fluxes are available, allowing for a 2-step model calibration and evaluation (hydrological and geochemical) across the different processes simulated. Using various temporal averages of simulated water fluxes and stores, preliminary results highlight that seasonal hydrological variability (driven by monsoon dynamics and deep root water uptake) is key for capturing groundwater nutrient concentrations, despite highly-buffered water table variations. We also explore how this non-linear dependence of weathering fluxes upon hydrological states is modulated by the propagation of uncertainties regarding i) modeled hydrology and ii) uncertainties in geohydrochemical properties (e.g. reactive surface and mineral abundance).
WSN-Based Irrigation Scheduling Model for Sugarcane Crops
Authors: Kushwaha Yogesh , Panigrahi Rajib , Pandey Ashish
Published: March 2024

The critical demand for freshwater resources worldwide necessitates their efficient utilization.  The agricultural sector is one of the major consumers of fresh water. However, in traditional irrigation techniques, about 60% of the water is wasted, resulting in low water use irrigation efficiency. Practical sensor-based methods are desperately needed to determine the soil water status for adequate irrigation scheduling. Using cutting-edge solutions to improve irrigation management is essential to water resource conservation. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are an innovative technology advancing agriculture toward greater efficacy and sustainability. This research focused on developing a WSN-based irrigation system to minimize water losses under actual field conditions. The designed system was integrated with Fr4 capacitive-based soil moisture and DS18B20 soil temperature sensors, specifically evaluated for managing irrigation in loamy soil for sugarcane cultivation. The sensors were strategically installed at depths of 15 cm, 30 cm, and 45 cm below the surface of the soil. Throughout the crop's growth season, these sensors continuously measure the soil parameters (soil moisture content, soil temperature) and wirelessly transfer them to a cloud server through the ZigBee protocol to facilitate remote accessibility. The data was easily accessible online via a web service. An analytical approach utilizing a weighted average method was employed to interpret the soil moisture data collected from the three depths. This technique accurately depicted the soil water condition in the crop's root zone.Furthermore, by setting a threshold according to the sensor's soil water content, the system may precisely initiate irrigation operations when needed. Overall, the WSN-based irrigation management system aims to improve productivity, reduce water waste, and increase the overall sustainability of agricultural operations. The efficacy of the developed system was field validated in terms of cost, efficiency, and ease of replicating before being delivered for societal use. With cloud-based data analysis and monitoring, users/farmers can access the irrigation system from anywhere and monitor it online. The experimental findings indicate that this irrigation management system utilize less water along with high water use efficiency. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN); Soil Moisture Sensors; Irrigation Scheduling.
Climate Predictions @ DWD – towards a seamless climate prediction website
Authors: Mannig Birgit , Paxian Andreas , Tivig Miriam , Wehring Sabrina , Leppelt Thomas , Pasternack Alexander , Castino Fabiana , Stanley Kelly , Früh Barbara
Published: March 2024

To support decision-making processes, Germany's National Meteorological Service, Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) is developing an operational seamless climate prediction service. Climate predictions from subseasonal to the decadal time scales are consistently presented on a single platform, the DWD climate predictions website (http://www.dwd.de/climatepredictions) [1]. To strengthen the idea of seamless climate information, we are working on a seamless timeseries, which contextualizes climate predictions with observations from the past and future climate projections.National users from different sectors (e.g. water, energy, forestry, agriculture) regularly take part in the discussion and evaluation process of the DWD climate prediction website. Design and content of the climate service were developed as a co-design with national users.To meet users’ needs regarding spatial resolution, climate predictions on all timescales are downscaled using the empirical-statistical downscaling EPISODES [2]. Presented on the website are bias corrected weekly (subseasonal), 3-month (seasonal) 1- and 5-year (decadal) means of temperature and precipitation on global and national scale. DWD always presents its climate predictions in combination with the corresponding prediction skill.We provide climate predictions in two categories of different complexity. The “basic climate predictions” offer simplified climate predictions, which will be presented on an interactive platform soon. In a second “expert climate predictions” section, we offer more detailed information on global, European, and national climate predictions.The newest user-oriented addition on the website will be climate predictions and the corresponding evaluations of soil moisture. This new product is calculated with the AMBAV model [3], which retrieves its input variables from DWD’s high-resolution climate predictions. Additionally, user surveys have shown high interest in climate extremes. Currently DWD is working on the publication of several extreme indices concerning drought and heat. Plans for further extensions include multi-year seasonal predictions and multi-model predictions.[1] A. Paxian, B. Mannig, M. Tivig, K. Reinhardt, K. Isensee, A. Pasternack, A. Hoff, K. Pankatz, S. Buchholz, S. Wehring, P. Lorenz, K. Fröhlich, F. Kreienkamp, B. Früh (2023). The DWD climate predictions website: towards a seamless outlook based on subseasonal, seasonal and decadal predictions. Climate Services 30, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100379.[2] Kreienkamp, F., Paxian, A., Früh, B., Lorenz, P., Matulla, C., 2018. Evaluation of the Empirical-Statistical Downscaling method EPISODES. Clim. Dyn. 52, 991–1026 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4276-2.[3] https://www.dwd.de/DE/fachnutzer/landwirtschaft/dokumentationen/allgemein/ambav-20_doku.html
Heavy and extreme precipitation events in the Sichuan Basin during the 2020 summer season in a set of kilometre-scale simulations
Authors: Detjen Laura , Curio Julia , Ou Tinghai
Published: March 2024

The Sichuan Basin (SB), a lowland region in southwest China located at the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), regularly experiences heavy and extreme precipitation events. These extreme events often lead to flooding that can pose a threat to life and livelihoods of people in this densely populated area. A notable example is the summer of 2020, during which large parts of East Asia were affected by anomalously high precipitation. In the SB, these events broke the previous record of daily accumulated rainfall at multiple stations.  Since such events are expected to increase in both frequency and intensity in a warmer climate, understanding their causes and the physical processes involved is of high relevance in the SB region. Modelling the climate in mountainous regions with complex topography is challenging but recent developments in convection-permitting modelling make it possible to perform process-based studies.The CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study Convection-Permitting Third Pole (CPTP) aims to improve our understanding of the water cycle over the TP and its surrounding regions using a multi-model ensemble of kilometre-scale simulations. Recent results using a set of CPTP simulations for one extreme precipitation event suggest that an accurate representation of the large-scale forcing is crucial to correctly simulate the event. In this study, we assess how well different kilometre-scale CPTP simulations capture multiple observed heavy and extreme precipitation events that occurred in the SB during the summer of 2020 by validating them against observations and reanalysis data. In addition, we analyse how the simulations differ among each other in representing the observed events and related important physical factors, e.g. large- and mesoscale circulation and moisture transport. A realistic representation of extreme events in climate models can provide a basis for more reliable future projections and uncertainty estimates.
Exploring the impact of Local Climate Zones to the efficacy of cooling materials at the urban scale
Authors: Stavrianos Nikolaos Michail , Agathangelidis Ilias , Cartalis Constantinos , Giannaros Christos
Published: March 2024

The Mediterranean region is an exceptionally thermally vulnerable area, projected to suffer from frequent and severe heatwaves in the coming decades. Numerical simulations enable a comparative assessment of different heat adaptation strategies. Additionally, the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme allows a standardized classification of urban neighbourhoods depending on their urban form. In this work, high resolution microscale simulations using ENVI-met are conducted for Athens, Greece, under typical summer conditions (simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model) and idealized configurations of high density LCZs 2 and 3. For each LCZ, a total of four simulations are performed, starting from the base situation and three additional scenarios where cooling materials are applied on ground surfaces and/or rooftops. Each scenario is assessed in terms of the reduction in air temperature within the simulation area. Findings indicate that the efficacy of cooling materials varies depending on LCZ characteristics. Understanding these differences is necessary for implementing targeted strategies to mitigate urban overheating for specific urban settings.
Impact of the Greenland Ice Sheet on the Atmosphere and Ocean
Authors: Andernach Malena , Kapsch Marie-Luise , Mikolajewicz Uwe
Published: March 2024

The accelerating mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and its potential disappearance under high-emission scenarios, make the understanding of associated implications of a melted GrIS for the global climate paramount. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects of a disintegrated GrIS on the atmosphere and ocean. For this, a set of steady-state simulations with altered topography resembling an ice-free state was performed with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The model consists of components for the atmosphere, ocean and land, and includes dynamic vegetation. Additional sensitivity experiments, allow for the first time to disentangle the individual contributions of changes in the GrIS surface elevation and properties (e.g., albedo, vegetation cover) to the simulated climate response. In a scenario with disintegrated GrIS, the atmospheric circulation is different. Reduced blocking and warmer air temperatures over Greenland induce differences in near-surface winds in the Arctic. In the ocean, the transport of sea ice and water masses changes in absence of the GrIS. Sea-ice export increases through the Norway-Svalbard section, the Nares Strait and the Canadian Archipelago, while it decreases through the Fram Strait. Further, water-mass export through the Fram Strait and import through the Norway-Svalbard section weakens, whereas export through the Nares Strait and the Canadian Archipelago increases. Due to the changed ocean-mass transports, the Arctic Ocean and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas freshen. The freshening in the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas increases the buoyancy, attenuating deep-water formation. In the Labrador Sea, a higher salt import via Davis Strait decreases vertical stability, allowing for enhanced deep-water formation. The sensitivity experiments show that the oceanic response can be predominantly attributed to the change in wind stress due to the lower surface elevation over Greenland, amplified by the change in Greenland’s surface-properties. Only in the Labrador Sea, changes in GrIS surface properties dominate the differences in the signal. Heat from a stronger summer warming over Greenland due to the reduced albedo and changes in vegetation is stored in the Labrador Sea and keeps ocean temperature warmer throughout the entire year, as compared to an experiment considering only a lower surface elevation. These findings suggest that both reduced mechanical blocking and changes in Greenland’s surface properties, due to a disintegration of the GrIS, are key for the atmospheric and oceanic response. Further, the simulations indicate that a disintegrated GrIS influences not only the local climate around Greenland but also the remote climate. This is a step forward in understanding the distinct effects of a changing GrIS on the full climate system.
A multi-method approach to characterise and quantify pyrogenic carbon in tropical urban agroecosystems. 
Authors: Asabere Stephen Boahen , Ankit Ankit , Peplau Tino , Drollinger Simon , Poeplau Christopher , Sauer Daniela , Don Axel
Published: March 2024

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass. It is chemically inert and nutrient-deficient, making it relatively stable in soils. PyC can thus form an important pool of total soil organic carbon (TOC) for C preservation in soils. Despite its significance, data on the nature, level, and relative contribution of PyC to TOC in tropical urban agroecosystems is largely non-existent. In this study, we aim to determine the content and chemical composition of PyC in urban arable soils of Kumasi, a rapidly expanding city in Ghana, West Africa. PyC is likely enriched in these soils, mainly due to soot deposition from traffic, combined with widespread burning of household waste and use of charcoal for cooking.We sampled topsoils (0–10 cm) from arable fields under four levels of urbanisation intensity (UI), from low to high UI. We employed a range of analytical techniques including visual, chemothermal, thermogravimetric, and biomarker analysis, as well as fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Visual assessment indicated that ≥80% of all bulk soil samples contained charred macro particles, pointing to PyC enrichment in the urban arable soils. Separating TOC into particulate organic C (POC, ≥63 µm particle size) and mineral-associated organic C (MAOC,
Experimental modelling of local scour phenomenon at a series of repelling emergent spur dikes 
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Hanmaiahgari Prashanth Reddy
Published: March 2024

A spur dike is an elongated artificial structure with one end on the bank of a stream and the other end projecting into the current, and it is the most cost-effective river training structure that can be built at the channel’s banks. A series of spur dikes are usually more efficient in stabilizing the alluvial shores, whereas single spur dikes alter the local field. Thus, analyzing the local scour phenomena surrounding hydraulic structures in rivers is crucial to minimize the hazard of foundation collapse.Therefore, experiments have been conducted to study the phenomenon of local scouring around the series of repelling spur dikes under clear water conditions, analysis of flow behavior & alterations in the morphology of sediment bed, and turbulent fluctuation. The inclination angle of the non-submerged spur dike with the vertical wall was kept 600 during the study in the straight rectangular flume of length, width, and depth are 15 m, 0.91 m, and 0.70 m. While the projected length of spur dikes was 1/5 of the width of the channel, and the spacing between spur dikes was 2.5 * the projected length of spur dike. In laboratory experiments, the flow velocities and bed deformation around the series of repelling spur dikes were measured using an Acoustic Doppler velocimeter, a high-resolution laser displacement meter, and a point gauge.The test section consists of uniform sediment particles, the experiment was initiated with a leveled sediment bed, and a scouring phenomenon was observed throughout the experiment at the head, middle, and end of each spur dike in the u/s and d/s. The 3D velocity measurement is done at the head of the spur dike from u/s of the first spur dike till downstream of the third spur dike. Velocity measurements provide information on dominant agents responsible for the local scour.It was concluded that the maximum depth of the scour hole 14.47 cm at 1st spur dike head. Digging and siltation was a cyclic process till equilibrium was achieved during the experiment, and the flow was classified as subcritical and turbulent. The approaching flow has less strength between the 1st and 2nd spur dike as it moves upward mostly in the top section.  The negative values of  over some length was observed in the scoring zone near the bed. While comparing the value of non-dimensional Reynolds Shear Stress -u’v’/u*2,  -u’w’/u*2,  -v’w’/u*2, it was observed that -u’w’/u*2, had a much greater both positive and negative value compared to the other. The Turbulent Kinetic Energy distribution shows that there is relatively more turbulence surrounding the 1st spur dike.
Electrical resistance measurement strategies and their implementation in OhmPi
Authors: Kaufmann Olivier , Watlet Arnaud , Blanchy Guillaume , Fargier Yannick , Guyard Hélène , Clément Rémi
Published: March 2024

Various strategies can be envisaged to optimise the performance of an automatic resistivity meter when measuring electric resistances on a quadrupole. The objectives may be, for example, to maximise the signal-to-noise ratio of each measurement, to minimise the power delivered while ensuring that the voltage measured at the receiver reaches a fixed threshold, or to try to inject a given current independently of variations in the contact resistances. We describe how the variables controlled at the transmitter affect the signals received at the receiver as a function of the uncontrolled quantities during a soil resistivity measurement. We then propose some strategies for acquiring soil resistivity measurements based on these relationships, taking into account the physical characteristics and limitations of the transmitter and receiver. These strategies have been implemented in the software redesign included in version 2024 of OhmPi, an open-source resistivity meter.
FID GEO – a hub for the publication and the connection of diverse research results and groups in Germany
Authors: Lorenz Melanie , Elger Kirsten , Achterberg Inke , Semmler Malte
Published: March 2024

The Open Science movement has reached a point where the publication of research data and the creation of data management plans are required by both research funders and research institutions for the approval of research projects. Geoscientific data, in particular, are subject to various data laws. Examples for Germany are the Geological Data Act of 2020, the Geodata Access Act, the Data Use Act and the planned Research Data Act. In addition, all outputs along the lifecycle of research results – including samples, datasets, data reports, research software, scientific papers – are required to be made available/published according to the principles of Open Science and FAIR. This makes the research process increasingly transparent and visible, and at the same time makes the workflows more complex and challenging, especially in communities with low levels of digitalisation.The Specialized Information Service for Geosciences is a library-based infrastructure funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), which provides various services for the publication of different research results and for supporting the German-based geoscience community in handling their research processes. Research data and software can be published via our associated geosciences domain repository GFZ Data Services, hosted at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam. Scientific contributions in the form of scientific articles, conference proceedings etc. can be published via our domain repository for texts and geological maps GEO-LEOe-docs, hosted at the Goettingen State and University Library. Another central service of FID GEO is consulting and training. Here we support our community by training them how to publish and link their research results in the best possible way and how to make the complex research processes involved more practicable. We inform and reach out to our community through conference presentations, workshops, individual and group consultations. In addition, FID GEO supports the digitisation and publication of older data, research results and publications.Standardisation in the publication of research outputs in the geosciences takes place at very different levels. In geodesy and geophysics, for example, there are already well-established global standards, while in other disciplines there are even regional differences in the description of research results. This means that data curation alone is still very complex. Our experience in recent years has shown that information infrastructures such as FID GEO can act as a hub between different specialist groups so that they can learn from each other and benefit from their experiences.
Martian aerosol Climatology on Mars as Observed by NOMAD UVIS on ExoMars TGO
Authors: flimon zachary , Erwin Justin , Robert Severine , Neary Lori , Piccialli Arianna , Trompet Loic , Willame Yannick , Daerden Frank , Bauduin Sophie , Wolff Michael , Thomas Ian , Ristic Bojan , Bellucci Giancarlo , Patel Manish , Depiesse Cedric , Vandaele Ann-Carine , Mason Jon , Lopez-Moreno José juan , Vanhellemont Filip
Published: March 2024

The NOMAD (“Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery”) spectrometer suite onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is composed of three spectrometers. In this work, we will use the UVIS channel in occultation mode. An aerosol climatology had been produced covering the second half of MY 34 up to the end of MY 36. Aerosols are an important part of the Martian atmosphere and have a strong relationship with the atmospheric temperature. They are composed of dust, H2O ice, and CO2 ice. Dust is the main aerosol and has a significant contribution to the radiative transfer budget, as it absorbs solar radiation, leading to local heating of the atmosphere. Dust is confined to lower altitudes during the aphelion season and can reach higher altitudes during the perihelion, especially during dust storms that frequently arise on Mars during this period. The ice clouds are more present during the aphelion when the temperature is colder and follow a seasonal pattern. Several types of clouds can be found throughout the year, contrary to the dust they reflect the sunlight and cool locally the atmosphere. Using only the spectral range of UVIS dust, H2O ice, and CO2 ice cannot be differentiated because the three aerosols have similar spectral features in the UV-visible. Dust represents most of the aerosols present in the atmosphere, therefore only dust refractive indices are used in this work. Detection of CO2 and water ice will be investigated in future work using the infrared channel of NOMAD. Nevertheless, we presented a way of indirectly recognizing the composition of the aerosols using indirect parameters such as the temperature or comparison with other datasets.It is possible to distinguish the particle size between 0.1 to 0.8 µm with confidence. When the particles are larger it is not possible to retrieve the precise size. In conclusion we present a climatology of Martian aerosols, including vertical extinction profiles as well as vertical profiles of particle size distributions. The seasonal cycle of the dust is observed and recurring structures over different Martian years such as dust storms or ice clouds are detected. We also present a comparison with water vapor profiles and aerosol profiles during regional dust storms, we showed that the water vapor during the storm could condense to water ice due to the presence of dust condensation nuclei at high altitudes. The thermal and dynamical structure of the atmosphere, and chemical species are all sensitive to the aerosol’s abundance and size.
Deep-learning-based prediction of damages related to surface water floods for impact-based warning
Authors: Horton Pascal , Mosimann Markus , Kaderli Severin , Martius Olivia , Zischg Andreas Paul , Steinfeld Daniel
Published: March 2024

Surface water floods are responsible for a substantial amount of damage to buildings, yet they have received less attention than fluvial floods. Nowadays, both research and insurance companies are increasingly focusing on these phenomena to enhance knowledge and prevention efforts. This study builds upon pluvial-related damage data provided by the Swiss Mobiliar Insurance Company and the Building Insurance of Canton Zurich (GVZ) with the goal of developing a data-driven model for predicting potential damages in future precipitation events.This work is a continuation of a previous method applied to Swiss data, relying on thresholds based on the quantiles of precipitation intensity and event volume, which, however, resulted in an excessive number of false alarms. First, a logistic regression has been assessed using different characteristics of the precipitation event. Subsequently, a random forest was established, incorporating terrain attributes to better characterize local conditions. Finally, a deep learning model was developed to account for the spatio-temporal properties of the precipitation fields on a domain larger than the targeted 1 km cell. The deep learning model comprises a convolutional neural network (CNN) for 4D precipitation data and subsequent dense layers, incorporating static attributes. The model has been applied to predict the probability of damage occurrence, as well as the damage degree quantified by the number of claims relative to the number of insured buildings.
Improving the temporal resolution of GNSS-IR water level monitoring using single-cycle periodogram
Authors: Feng Peng , Haas Rüdiger , Elgered Gunnar
Published: March 2024

GNSS-IR represents an innovative technique for monitoring water levels. By analyzing the frequency of interference patterns between the direct GNSS signals and the signals reflected off the water surface, GNSS-IR offers a robust alternative to traditional tide gauges. GNSS-IR provides various advantages, including cost savings, convenient implementation, and accurate separation of vertical land motion. Recently, commercial companies started to adopt GNSS-IR for operational water level monitoring campaigns. The Lomb-Scargle Periodogram (LSP) is widely used to determine the frequency of interference patterns in the GNSS signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. Subsequently, the frequency/period can be converted into reflector height and water level. The LSP retrieves only one dominant frequency for each satellite and each channel, ascending or descending, over a time period longer than 20 min. Consequently, the temporal resolution of GNSS-IR water level measurements with LSP is lower compared to traditional tide gauges. High-temporal-resolution water level data would be valuable for applications like coastal hydrodynamics and hurricane studies. To address the temporal resolution, we developed a Single-Cycle Periodogram (SCP) analysis. The SCP analysis uses the LSP retrieval as a priori value and determines the period for each SNR cycle by tracking the maximum/minimum point corresponding to constructive/destructive interferences. Due to the reduced data span, the SCP suffers from noise. To improve the data quality of the interference patterns, we installed a GNSS antenna 90 degree tilted, facing the horizon, taking advantage of the antenna gain characterises. Such an experimental installation exists at the Onsala Space Observatory, with a relative small reflector height of approximately 3 m. Usually a small reflector height GNSS-IR installation results in low temporal resolution due to few interference fringes. However, using the proposed SCP analysis, preliminary results from 26 days of data indicate a significant increase in the number of water level retrievals. The LSP method yields approximately 200 unevenly distributed results per day, with occasional gaps exceeding 30 min. The SCP method gives approximately 10 times more retrivals. Furthermore, using the nearby traditional tide gauge (in the Swedish observation network of sea level) as a reference, the SCP retrievals, averaged over 6 min, provide a higher accuracy compared to the unevenly distributed LSP results.
Mixed three-dimensional zonal variations in vegetation phenology based on global site observations
Authors: Gao Mengdi
Published: March 2024

Terrestrial climate and vegetation exhibit distinct zonal patterns in relation to longitude, latitude, and altitude, a phenomenon known as three-dimensional zonality. Accelerated warming rates since the industrial revolution, along with changes in latitude and altitude, have the potential to influence the geographical distribution of vegetative phenology. To comprehend and accurately predict changes in terrestrial ecosystems, it is critical to understand the three-dimensional zonal variations in global vegetation phenology. Using the PEP725, USA-NPN, and CPON phenological network datasets, we examined and compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of longitudinal, latitudinal, and elevational gradients at the beginning (SOS) and end (EOS) of the growing season over the last forty years in different regions and identified the potential mechanisms underlying these variations. It is revealed that the changes in latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal gradients of SOS vary by location. Between 1980-1990 and 2008-2018, the latitudinal gradient of SOS in Europe decreased threefold, from 1.38 days/degree to 0.37 days/degree. In China, the longitudinal, latitudinal, and altitudinal gradients of SOS have all decreased, indicating that SOS is becoming more synchronized across longitude, latitude, and elevation. Unlike SOS, the latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal gradients of EOS differ from species. For example, in Europe, the correlation between EOS and latitude has weakened for Aesculus hippocastanum and Betula pendula, indicating a reduced latitudinal gradient in EOS for these two tree species. In contrast, the correlation between latitude and EOS for Fagus sylvatica has strengthened, suggesting an increased latitudinal gradient in EOS for this species. In North America, due to the limited observation period, the changes in latitudinal gradients of plant phenological periods are not yet clear. These findings of mixed three-dimensional zonal variations in global vegetation phenology pose challenges for mitigating the possible adverse impacts of climate change.
Estimation of Irrigation Water Demand in the Southern Mediterranean Region through Explicit Integration of Irrigation Processes in a Land Surface Model: A Case Study of the Tensift Catchment (Morocco).
Authors: Moucha Ahmed , Jarlan Lionel , Quintana-Segui Pére , Barella-Ortiz Anais , Le Page Michel , Munier Simon , Chakir Adnane , Boone Aaron , Sghrer Fathallah , Calvet Jean-christophe , Hanich Lahoucine
Published: March 2024

The utilization of water by various socio-economic sectors has made this resource highly sought after, especially in arid to semi-arid zones where water is already scarce and limited. In this context, effective management of this resource proves to be crucial. Our study aims to: evaluate the performance of the new irrigation module in ISBA, quantify the water balance, and assess the impact of climate change and anthropogenic factors on this resource by the horizon of 2041-2060, utilizing high-resolution futuristic forcings from the study (Moucha et al., 2021). To assess the ISBA model with its new irrigation module, we initially compared observed and predicted fluxes with and without activation of the irrigation module. Subsequently, we compared irrigation water inputs at the ORMVAH-defined irrigated perimeters within the Tensift basin. The results of this evaluation showed that the predictions of latent heat flux (LE) considering all available stations in the basin shifted from -60 W/m² for the model without irrigation to -15 W/m². This indicates that the integration of the new irrigation system into ISBA significantly improves the predictions of latent heat flux (LE) over the period 2004-2014 compared to the regular model. Considering the irrigated perimeters, the study results demonstrated that the model with the integration of the irrigation module was capable of replicating the overall magnitude and seasonality of water quantities provided by ORMVAH despite a positive bias. Exploration of the water balance at the Tensift basin level revealed the ISBA model's ability, equipped with its irrigation module, to describe complex relationships among precipitation, irrigation, evapotranspiration, and drainage. Finally, the assessment of the impact of climate change and vegetation cover for the period 2041-2060, utilizing high-resolution SAFRAN forcings projected to the same horizon (Moucha et al., 2021), revealed an increase in irrigation water needs. These results are of paramount importance in the context of sustainable water resource management in arid and semi-arid regions.
Investigating Long-Term Interrelation between Groundwater and Surface Water Using Transfer Entropy
Authors: Chen Guang-YI , Chang Li-Chiu
Published: March 2024

The accelerated global development process has further intensified climate change, leading to a continuous rise in global temperatures and an exacerbation of climate change severity. This has resulted in an increased frequency of extreme hydrological events. Taiwan, influenced by complex terrain and uneven rainfall distribution, faces challenges in effectively storing rainfall, with individual rainfall allocations falling below the global average. In situations of insufficient surface water supply, groundwater becomes a crucial water source due to its low cost, resistance to pollution, and convenient accessibility. However, prolonged excessive extraction of groundwater not only causes land subsidence but also poses risks of severe disasters such as seawater intrusion. Taiwan’s groundwater is widely distributed and abundant, especially in some regions with advanced agriculture, where it becomes an indispensable key water resource. However, in the context of climate change, rainfall characteristics are subtly and gradually changing, which in turn has an indirect impact on groundwater resources. This study area is the Choshui River Basin located in central Taiwan. We utilize transfer entropy to analyze time series data from groundwater and surface water resources. Transfer entropy is a statistical masure used to quantify the directional flow of information between systems. This method excels in analyzing complex systems where traditional linear methods might fall short, offering insights into how one system influences or is influenced by another over time. It can be adeptly employed to analyze the long-term interaction mechanisms between groundwater and surface water. It specifically investigates the interrelationships and variations in regional groundwater levels during wet and dry seasons, both temporally and spatially. Through an integrated analysis of methods and relevant results, the study aims to explore the primary factors influencing groundwater variations, comprehend trends in groundwater level changes, and provide crucial information on groundwater characteristics. This study contributes to the optimization of the joint allocation and utilization of surface water and groundwater, and can serve as a reference strategy for the allocation and management of regional groundwater.