bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Racial Profiling Be Avoided Under Arizona Immigration Law? Lessons Learned From Subtle Bias Research and Anti‐Discrimination Law
Authors: Nier Jason A. , Gaertner Samuel L. , Nier Charles L. , Dovidio John F.
Published: April 2011

Arizona Senate Bill 1070 requires law‐enforcement officers to verify the citizenship of individuals they stop when they have a “reasonable suspicion” that someone may be unlawfully present in the United States. Critics of the law fear it will encourage racial profiling. Defenders of the law point out that the statute explicitly forbids most forms of racial profiling. By drawing on the lessons learned in the domain of antidiscrimination law, we discuss how social psychological research can inform this debate and illuminate challenges associated with fair enforcement of the statute. We conclude that the Arizona law, paired with a lack of comprehensive training and ineffective testing procedures for detecting discrimination, will likely result in many Latinos being illegally targeted on the basis of their race. While certain actions, such as effective training and oversight, may help mitigate discrimination, these safeguards are not likely to completely eliminate biased outcomes.
A Mechanical Comparison of Equine Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Techniques: An Axial Locking Compression Plate and Two Abaxial Transarticular Cortical Screws versus an Axial Dynamic Compression Plate and Two Abaxial Transarticular Cortical Screws
Authors: Sod Gary A. , Riggs Laura M. , Mitchell Colin F. , Martin George S.
Published: April 2011

Objectives: To compare in vitro monotonic biomechanical properties of an axial 3‐hole, 4.5 mm narrow locking compression plate (ELCP) using 5.0 mm locking screws and 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion (ELCP–TLS) with an axial 3‐hole, 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) using 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion (DCP–TLS) for equine proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis.

Design: Experimental.

Animal Population: Cadaveric adult equine forelimbs (n=18 pairs).

Methods: For each forelimb pair, 1 PIP joint was stabilized with an axial ELCP using 5.0 mm locking screws and 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion and 1 PIP joint with an axial 3‐hole narrow DCP (4.5 mm) using 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion. Six matching pairs of constructs were tested in single cycle to failure under axial compression, 6 construct pairs were tested for cyclic fatigue under axial compression, and 6 construct pairs were tested in single cycle to failure under torsional loading. Mean values for each fixation method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group with statistical significance set at P<.05.

Results: Mean yield load, yield stiffness, and failure load under axial compression, single cycle to failure, of the DCP–TLS fixation were significantly greater than those of the LCP–TLS fixation. There was no significant difference between the mean number of cycles to failure in axial compression of the LCP–TLS and the DCP–TLS fixations. Mean yield load, yield stiffness, and failure load under torsion, single cycle to failure, of the LCP–TLS fixation were significantly greater than those of the DCP–TLS fixation.

Conclusion: The DCP–TLS construct provided significantly greater stability under axial compression in single cycle to failure than the ELCP–TLS construct, the ELCP–TLS construct provided significantly greater stability under torsional loading in single cycle to failure than the DCP–TLS construct, and there was no significant difference in stability between the 2 constructs for cyclic loading under axial compression.
Treatment of Hydrocephalus with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting in Twelve Dogs
Authors: Shihab Nadia , Davies Emma , Kenny Patrick J. , Loderstedt Shenja , Volk Holger A.
Published: April 2011

Objective: To report use of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in dogs for management of hydrocephalus for which no cause could be identified.

Study Design: Case series.

Animals: Dogs with hydrocephalus (n=12).

Methods: Medical records (June 2003–June 2009) were reviewed to determine preoperative clinical findings, initial postoperative, and long‐term outcome. Additional follow‐up information was obtained from owners and referring veterinarians.

Results: All dogs had signs of forebrain dysfunction, 7 had vestibular signs and 3 had signs of spinal pain. Postoperative complications included pain (n=4), undershunting because of shunt kinking (n=1) and seizures (n=1). Initial improvement occurred in all dogs and was sustained in 9 dogs, 1 of which required revision surgery.

Conclusions: Sustained clinical improvement can be achieved in hydrocephalus with no active underlying cause by use of ventriculoperitoneal shunting.
Laparoscopic‐Assisted Colopexy and Sterilization in Male Dogs: Short‐Term Results and Physiologic Consequences
Authors: Mathon Didier H. , Palierne Sophie , Meynaud‐Collard Patricia , Layssol‐Lamour Catherine , Dulaurent‐ Ferrieres Alice , Colson Arnaud , Lacroix Marlene , Bousquet‐Melou Alain , Delverdier Maxence , Autefage Andre
Published: April 2011

Objective: To describe laparoscopic‐assisted colopexy and sterilization, and evaluate outcome and effects in healthy male dogs.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Animals: Male Beagle dogs (n=7).

Methods: A laparoscopic‐assisted, extracorporeally sutured colopexy, and sterilization by ligation and section of the testicular vessels and ductus deferens were evaluated 11 weeks after surgery. Ex vivo tensile tests were performed on the colopexy sites and loss of testicular function was assessed by monitoring serum testosterone, and by ultrasonographic and histologic examinations of the testes. Systemic inflammation and potential iatrogenic colonic functional disorders were investigated by monitoring serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) in the perioperative period and from a sulfapyridine (SP) kinetic profile obtained before and 10 weeks after surgery.

Results: No intraoperative complications were recorded and clinical outcome was considered fair in all dogs. A mean tensile force of 42 N was required to disrupt colopexies. No relevant postoperative increase in CRP concentrations or changes in SP kinetics were observed. Testicular function was lost.

Conclusions: Laparoscopic‐assisted colopexy achieved adhesion of the colon to the abdominal wall and testicular endocrine function and spermatogenesis were eliminated by laparoscopic castration.
Treatment of a Coxofemoral Luxation in a Pony Using a Prosthetic Capsule Technique
Authors: Kuemmerle Jan M. , Fürst Anton E.
Published: April 2011

Objective: To report open reduction and joint stabilization using a prosthetic capsule technique for treatment of a craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in a lightweight pony.

Study Design: Clinical report.

Animals: Pony stallion (8 years old, 113 kg).

Methods: A craniodorsal approach to the coxofemoral joint was performed under general anesthesia. After open reduction, a prosthetic capsule technique was used. Four 3.5 mm self‐tapping cortical anchor screws were implanted: 2 screws were inserted above the cranial aspect of the dorsal acetabular rim, and 2 screws were inserted into the femoral neck. Subsequently, a #5 USP ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene suture was placed through these anchor screws in figure‐8 fashion to serve as a prosthetic capsule. Routine closure and a medial patellar desmotomy completed the surgical procedure. Postoperatively, the pony was cross tied for 4 weeks to prevent it from lying down.

Results: Neither short‐term nor long‐term complications occurred and the pony was sound at the follow‐up examination performed 15 months postoperatively.

Conclusions: A prosthetic capsule technique can be used successfully to stabilize the coxofemoral joint after open reduction of a craniodorsal luxation in a lightweight pony.
Licensing Strategies in the Presence of Patent Thickets
Authors: Lin Lihui
Published: April 2011

Many key industries (e.g., biomedical, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, and information technologies) are characterized by cumulative innovations, where the introduction of a new product or service often requires many complementary technologies. When these technologies are protected by intellectual property rights owned by many firms, patent thickets exist, which researchers have argued may hinder the development of cumulative innovations. Specifically, patent thickets may lead to excessive royalty burdens for potential licensees, which is called “royalty stacking,” and if such costs are passed on to consumers, prices of products based on cumulative technologies will be driven up, dubbed as “double marginalization.” The literature, however, does not address these issues under different forms of licensing contracts.

This article develops a game‐theoretic model where a downstream firm seeks to license N patents that read on its product from upstream firms. It discusses a variety of licensing forms widely used in practice and attempts to discover whether royalty stacking and double marginalization occur under these forms of licenses. It also studies the impact of bargaining power between parties. It is found that when patent ownership becomes more fragmented, neither royalty stacking nor double marginalization occurs under profit‐based royalty, fixed fee, and hybrid licenses. Such problems occur only under pure quantity‐based or pure revenue‐based royalty licenses when the downstream firm's bargaining power is low. It is also shown that no matter how fragmented the ownership structure of patent is, hybrid licenses consisting of a fixed fee and a quantity‐ or revenue‐based royalty rate lead to the same market outcomes as a fully integrated firm that owns all the patents and the downstream market.

This article has interesting implications for both research and practice. First, the results show that even under the same patent ownership structure, different forms of licenses lead to quite different market outcomes. Therefore, it is suggested that firms and policy makers pay more attention to contractual forms of licenses when trying to minimize the negative impact of patent thickets. Second, the extant literature has largely assumed that quantity‐based royalties are used, where double marginalization is the most severe. In practice, revenue‐based royalties are most common, under which double marginalization is much milder. Third, the results show that patent pools can be most effective in mitigating royalty stacking and double marginalization when quantity‐based or revenue‐based royalties are the sole or primary payment form, especially when downstream firms have low bargaining power.
Statistics: All Together Now, One Step at a Time
Authors: DRUMMOND GORDON B. , PATERSON DAVID J. , McLOUGHLIN PAUL , McGRATH JOHN C.
Published: April 2011

Please cite this paper as: Drummond, Paterson, McLoughlin and McGrath (2011). Statistics: All Together Now, One Step at a Time. Microcirculation 18(4), 312.
Emergency Department Abnormal Vital Sign “Triggers” Program Improves Time to Therapy
Authors: McGillicuddy Daniel C. , O’Connell Francis J. , Shapiro Nathan I. , Calder Shelly A. , Mottley Lawrence J. , Roberts Jonathan C. , Sanchez Leon D.
Published: April 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:483–487 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Background:  Implementation of rapid response systems to identify deteriorating patients in the inpatient setting has demonstrated improved patient outcomes. A “trigger” system using vital sign abnormalities to initiate evaluation by physician was recently described as an effective rapid response method.

Objectives:  The objective was to evaluate the effect of a triage‐based trigger system on the primary outcome of time to physician evaluation and the secondary outcomes of therapeutic intervention, antibiotics, and disposition in emergency department (ED) patients.

Methods:  A separate‐samples pre‐ and postintervention study was conducted using retrospective chart review of outcomes in ED patients for three arbitrarily selected 5‐day periods in 2007 (pretriggers) and 2008 (posttriggers). There were 2,165 and 2,212 charts in the pre‐ and posttriggers chart review, with 71 and 79 patients meeting trigger criteria. Trigger criteria used to identify patients at triage were: heart rate of <40 or >130 beats/min, respiratory rate of <8 or >30 breaths/min, systolic blood pressure of <90 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of <90% on room air. Median times (in minutes) were compared between pre‐ and posttrigger groups with interquartile ranges (IQRs 25–75), with the Wilcoxon rank sum test used to determine statistical significance.

Results:  Overall median times were decreased among the posttriggers group. Median times to physician evaluation (21 minutes [IQR = 13–41 minutes] vs. 11 minutes [IQR = 5–21 minutes]; p < 0.001), first intervention (58 minutes [IQR = 20–139 minutes] vs. 26 minutes [IQR = 11–71 minutes]; p < 0.01), and antibiotics (110 minutes [IQR = 74–171 minutes] vs. 69 minutes [IQR = 23–130 minutes]; p < 0.01) were significant. Median times to disposition (177 minutes [IQR = 121–303 minutes] vs. 162 minutes [IQR = 114–230 minutes]; p = 0.18) were not significant.

Conclusions:  Implementation of an ED triggers program allows for more rapid time to physician evaluation, therapeutic intervention, and antibiotics.
Delirium in Older Emergency Department Patients Is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Length of Stay
Authors: Han Jin H. , Eden Svetlana , Shintani Ayumi , Morandi Alessandro , Schnelle John , Dittus Robert S. , Storrow Alan B. , Ely E. Wesley
Published: April 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:451–457 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The consequences of delirium in the emergency department (ED) remain unclear. This study sought to determine if delirium in the ED was an independent predictor of prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS).

Methods:  This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care, academic ED from May 2007 to August 2008. The study included English‐speaking patients aged 65 and older who were in the ED for less than 12 hours at enrollment. Patients were excluded if they refused consent, were previously enrolled, were unable to follow simple commands at baseline, were comatose, or did not have a delirium assessment performed by the research staff. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM‐ICU) was used to determine delirium status. Patients who were discharged directly from the ED were considered to have a hospital LOS of 0 days. To determine if delirium in the ED was independently associated with time to discharge, Cox proportional hazard regression was performed adjusted for age, comorbidity burden, severity of illness, dementia, functional impairment, nursing home residence, and surgical procedure. A sensitivity analysis, which included admitted patients only, was also performed.

Results:  A total of 628 patients met enrollment criteria. The median age was 75 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 69–81), 365 (58%) patients were female, 111 (18%) were nonwhite, 351 (56%) were admitted to the hospital, and 108 (17%) were delirious in the ED. Median LOS was 2 days (IQR = 0–5.5) for delirious ED patients and 1 day (IQR = 0–3) for nondelirious ED patients (p < 0.001). The hazard ratio (HR) of delirium for time to discharge was 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57 to 0.89) after adjusting for confounders, and indicated that ED patients with delirium were more likely to have prolonged hospital LOS compared with those without delirium. For the sensitivity analysis, which included only hospitalized patients, the adjusted HR was 0.76 (95% CI = 0.58 to 0.99).

Conclusions:  Delirium in older ED patients has negative consequences and is an independent predictor of prolonged hospitalizations.
Only a Multipronged Strategy Can Advance the Function Life Cycle Logistics
Authors: BORSCH CHARLES
Published: April 2011

The Life Cycle Logistics career field is by definition not a professional one. Department of Navy Life Cycle Logisticians must nevertheless operate to high degrees of professionalism in order to successfully plan, resource, and execute sustainment programs for defense systems that are effective and maximally affordable for the Fleet to own and operate. The multifaceted solutions to the challenge of advancing both the functions of logistics and its career workforce, in lieu of professional certification, is the subject of this paper.
The Ballistic Response of Cross‐Stiffened Panels from a Rocket‐Propelled Grenade
Authors: PAHOS SPIRO J.
Published: April 2011

Cruise ships often transit the littoral zone of developing countries where piracy thrives. The attack against Seaborne Spirit on November 5, 2005 was countered successfully by the ship's crew but the toll could have been a lot heavier that day. Nowadays, although international forces police high‐risk waters, the risk map is constantly evolving, and there have been instances where even naval vessels had to change their route in order to avoid perilous areas. In the Seaborne Spirit attack approximately 100 miles off the Somali Coast, although the crew thwarted the pirates from coming any closer to the ship, the assailants managed to launch a rocket‐propelled grenade (RPG) that miraculously failed to explode when it hit the ship's side. This paper carried out the analysis of blast and impact in a fluid–structure interaction model with LS‐DYNA solver. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the ballistic response of cross‐stiffened panels, commonly used in ship and offshore structures, from the impact with an RPG warhead. It was found that although an RPG alone cannot threaten a highly redundant structure as a ship or an offshore platform, the developed jet from the shaped charge is certainly threatening to passengers and crew.
Optimal Feedback Control of Power Systems Using Eigenstructure Assignment and Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: FERRESE FRANK , DONG QING , NATARAJ NAT , BISWAS SAROJ
Published: April 2011

The US Navy has a continuing interest and investment in basic and applied research in the area of automation and control. The potential naval applications for this research are numerous and wide ranging. The need for advances in control and automation systems exists from missile defense, to shipboard auxiliary systems, to naval aircraft, and virtually everywhere in between. This research is performed in industry, academia, and in naval laboratories across the nation. This paper will detail particular research in control theory being performed in the area of automation and controls in the naval laboratories. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to manipulate the state and control weighting matrices of a linear quadratic regulator to achieve an optimal control for a desired eigenstructure. The algorithm is demonstrated on a nonlinear power system model, and is found to be highly effective in the stabilization of the system output performance, showing both rapid convergence and a closed loop eigenstructure very close to the specified eigenstructure.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in massive localized lymphedema of the morbidly obese: a report of five cases and review of the literature
Authors: Shon Wonwoo , Ida Christiane M. , Boland‐Froemming Jennifer M. , Rose Peter S. , Folpe Andrew
Published: April 2011

A significant proportion of angiosarcoma arises in the setting of chronic lymphedema, often following surgery for breast carcinoma (Stewart–Treves syndrome). Massive localized lymphedema (MLL), a relatively recently described and rare pseudotumor most often occurring in morbidly obese patients, is thought to be the result of derangements in lymphatic drainage secondary to excessive adipose tissue. Only a very small number of cases of angiosarcoma have been reported in patients with MLL. We reviewed the clinical and pathological features of five patients with angiosarcoma arising in this unusual clinical setting. The tumors arose in three women and two men, who were in the age range from 36 to 81 years (median: 52 years). All patients were or had recently been morbidly obese (mean body mass index = 47.2 kg/cm2; range:37.6–68.5 kg/cm2) and had long‐standing soft tissue changes of MLL. The tumors arose in the thigh (two cases), lower leg (two cases) and abdomen/proximal thigh (one case) and ranged from 6 to 28.5 cm in size (mean: 15.9 cm). All tumors were conventional high‐grade angiosarcomas and microscopically exhibited an admixture of vasoformative, spindled and epithelioid features. Microscopic changes of MLL, including dermal fibrosis, expansion of interlobular fibrous septa and lymphangiectasia, were identified in all cases. Clinical follow‐up (four cases; mean: 13.8 months; range: 2–32 months) showed one patient to be dead of disease, one patient to be dead from therapy‐related complications and two patients to be alive without disease. One case was too recent for meaningful clinical follow‐up. We conclude that lymphedema secondary to obesity should be recognized as a significant risk factor for the development of angiosarcoma. The clinical and pathological features of angiosarcoma arising in this distinctive clinical setting appear to be identical to those of other lymphedema‐associated angiosarcomas. With the continuing epidemic of obesity in Western societies, the incidence of obesity‐related angiosarcoma is probably to increase. Consequently, it is critical that lymphedematous areas in obese patients be carefully examined for clinical evidence of early angiosarcoma, with the hope that timely diagnosis may lead to improved patient outcome.

Shon W, Ida CM, Boland‐Froemming JM, Rose PS, Folpe A. Cutaneous angiosarcoma arising in massive localized lymphedema of the morbidly obese: a report of five cases and review of the literature.
Quantitative evaluation of healthy epidermis by means of multiphoton microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
Authors: Benati Elisa , Bellini Valerio , Borsari Stefania , Dunsby Christopher , Ferrari Chiara , French Paul , Guanti Mario , Guardoli Davide , Koenig Karsten , Pellacani Giovanni , Ponti Giovanni , Schianchi Simona , Talbot Clifford , Seidenari Stefania
Published: April 2011

Background/purpose: Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) enables the assessment of unstained living biological tissue with submicron resolution, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) generates image contrast between different states of tissue characterized by various fluorescence decay rates. The aim of this study was to compare the healthy skin of young individuals with that of older subjects, as well as to assess the skin at different body sites, by means of MPM and FLIM.

Methods: Nineteen elderly patients were examined on the outer side of the forearm, whereas 30 young individuals were assessed on the dorsal and volar sides of the forearm and on the thigh.

Results: Cell and nucleus diameters, cell density and FLIM vary according to the epidermal cell depth and the skin site. In elderly subjects, epidermal cells show morphologic alterations in shape and size, with smaller cell and nucleus diameters; the number of basal cells is decreased, whereas the mean fluorescence lifetimes at both the upper and the lower layers increase.

Conclusion: This study provides quantitative and qualitative data on normal epidermis at different skin sites at different ages and represents a reference for the clinician attempting to understand the effectiveness of MPM and FLIM in discriminating diseased states of the skin from normal ones.
CEPHALOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND DETERMINATION OF GENERAL SKULL TYPE OF CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS
Authors: SCHMIDT M. J. , NEUMANN A. C. , AMORT K. H. , FAILING K. , KRAMER M.
Published: April 2011

The general skull morphology of the head of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) was examined and compared with cephalometric indices of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic heads. Measurements were taken from computed tomography images. Defined landmarks for linear measurements of were identified using three‐dimensional (3D) models. The calculated parameters of the CKCS were different from all parameters of mesaticephalic dogs but were the same as parameters from brachycephalic dogs. However, the CKCS had a wider braincase in relation to length than in other brachycephalic breeds. Studies of the etiology of the chiari‐like malformation in the CKCS should therefore focus on brachycephalic control groups. As Chari‐like malformation has only been reported in brachycephalic breeds, its etiology could be associated with a higher grade of brachycephaly, meaning a shorter longitudinal extension of the skull. This has been suggested for other breeds.
Spatially resolved kinematics of an ultracompact dwarf galaxy
Authors: Frank M. J. , Hilker M. , Mieske S. , Baumgardt H. , Grebel E. K. , Infante L.
Published: April 2011

We present the internal kinematics of UCD3, the brightest known ultracompact dwarf galaxy (UCD) in the Fornax cluster, making this the first UCD with spatially resolved spectroscopy. Our study is based on seeing-limited observations obtained with the ARGUS Integral Field Unit of the VLT/FLAMES spectrograph under excellent seeing conditions (0.5–0.67 arcsec FWHM).

The velocity field of UCD3 shows the signature of weak rotation, comparable to that found in massive globular clusters. Its velocity dispersion profile is fully consistent with an isotropic velocity distribution and the assumption that mass follows the light distribution obtained from Hubble Space Telescope imaging. In particular, there is no evidence for the presence of an extended dark matter halo contributing a significant (≳33 per cent within R < 200 pc) mass fraction, nor for a central black hole more massive than ∼5 per cent of the UCD's mass. While this result does not exclude a galaxian origin for UCD3, we conclude that its internal kinematics are fully consistent with it being a massive star cluster.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ULTRAFILTRATION AND MICROFILTRATION IN THE CLARIFICATION OF POMEGRANATE JUICE
Authors: MIRSAEEDGHAZI HOSSEIN , MOUSAVI SEYYED MOHAMMAD , EMAM‐DJOMEH ZAHRA , REZAEI KARAMATOLLAH , AROUJALIAN ABDOLREZA , NAVIDBAKHSH MAHDI
Published: April 2011

In this study, both microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) were applied to clarify pomegranate juice (PJ). Although MF resulted in greater permeate efficiency, the turbidities of the juices were similar when using these approaches. Also, changes in the pH, acidity, total soluble solids, phenolic components, anthocyanins and antioxidant activities were similar when using both membrane processes. According to the results of this study, there was a greater membrane fouling in the UF process when compared to the MF process. Pretreatment of the juices with an MF process reduced the membrane fouling in the UF process. However, further processing of the microfiltered PJ by a UF process did not have any influence on the turbidity but decreased the levels of valuable components (such as total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity levels) of the juice.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

According to this research, microfiltration (MF) can be used as a more convenient approach than ultrafiltration (UF) to clarify pomegranate juice (PJ). This is due to the fact that the yield of the clarified juice in the MF process was higher, but the chemical and nutritional properties of the permeated juices were similar in both applications. It was also found that complementary UF of a previously microfiltered PJ was ineffective in the clarification process of PJ.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND TSS ON PERFORMANCE OF EVAPORATION AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PINEAPPLE CONCENTRATION BY MICROWAVE VACUUM
Authors: ASSAWARACHAN RITTICHAI , NOOMHORM ATHAPOL
Published: April 2011

In the first part of this study, pineapple juice concentrated by microwave vacuum evaporation (MVE) and rotary vacuum evaporation (RVE) process were compared in terms of evaporation rate, electrical energy, color and apparent viscosity (µa). MVE provided 2.21 times higher evaporation rate and used 5.32 times less energy than RVE. Pineapple juice concentrates from MVE gave better color quality than from RVE at the same evaporation condition. However, there was a significant difference inµa of pineapple juice concentrates between the two evaporation methods. The second part was to investigate the effect of temperature and total solid soluble (TSS) on rheological behavior of concentrate pineapple juice from MVE. The values of consistency coefficient (k) were in the range of 23.855–257.771 Pa·sn, which decreased with the increasing temperature and concentration. The effect of temperature on k was described by Arrhenius model. The activation energy of k was in the range of 9.74–10.13 kJ/mol K. The power equation showed that the consistency coefficient non‐linearly increased with an increase in concentration. The effect of temperature and concentration on k of pineapple juice concentrate could be determined in terms of single logarithmic. Predicted models were developed to calculate k as a function of temperature and concentration. The result of validation showed the suitability of the mathematical model prediction in describing k of pineapple juice concentrate.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Vacuum evaporation process has the advantage being of highly efficient technology and provides high product quality. The vacuum evaporation is a unit operation in fruit juice processing by which fruit juice is evaporated at sub‐atmospheric pressure. Under subatmospheric pressure, the operation can be completed at lower temperature, and hence produce higher quality of concentrate juice than a conventional process, which is conducted at atmospheric pressure. In this study, the effect of heating system of vacuum evaporation between external heating by rotary vacuum and internal heating by microwave vacuum on juice quality and evaporation performances was investigated. For the food industry, characterization of flow behavior is essential for determining the processing operation and transport phenomena of liquid food, and flow behavior parameters are defined as a set of parameters indicating the food quality indexes. The relationship of temperature and concentration of pineapple juice on rheological behavior of pineapple concentrate was determined to develop mathematical model for predicting the change of flow behavior during the process.
EFFECT OF DE‐AWNING AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON SOME FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF PADDY
Authors: ALIZADEH MOHAMMADREZA , MINAEI SAEED
Published: April 2011

One of the specific traits of Iran's local paddy varieties is the presence of awns at the tip of the lemma that cause difficulties in the grain flow through chutes and orifices. In this study, the effect of de‐awning and moisture content of paddy on the angle of repose, coefficient of internal friction and coefficient of mobility were evaluated as a function of moisture content in the range of 7–23% dry basis (d.b.).

Results revealed that the effect of de‐awning and moisture content on frictional properties of paddy was highly significant (P < 0.01). For awned paddy, the angle of repose increased from 37.42 to 45.70°; coefficient of internal friction increased from 0.453 to 0.574; the angle of internal friction from 24.37 to 29.85° and coefficient of mobility decreased from 0.415 to 0.335 as the paddy moisture content increased from 7.64 to 23.38% d.b. In the case of de‐awned paddy, the angle of repose increased from 34.46 to 42.68°; coefficient of internal friction from 0.427 to 0.512; the angle of internal friction from 23.11 to 27.10° and the coefficient of mobility decreased from 0.430 to 0.370 at same range of moisture content.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Knowledge of frictional properties is important in predicting the lateral pressure on a retaining wall in storage bins or design of bins and hoppers for gravity flow. The coefficient and angle of internal friction has applications in problems of flow of bulk granular materials encountered in problems flow of bulk granular materials equipment. To predict the flow ability of the grains through openings, it is important to determine the angle of repose of the materials. In design and optimization of paddy handling systems, especially de‐awner machine, dryer, huller and cleaning systems, it is important to obtain these frictional properties during paddy postharvest operations.
The Political Ecology of Soil and Species Conservation in a ‘Big Australia’
Authors: KIRKPATRICK J.B.
Published: April 2011

Is the ‘Big Australia’ vision of a populous, prosperous Australian nation in 2050 compatible with the maintenance of productive soils and/or the maintenance of native species? This paper considers the implications of current tendencies in soil and species conservation and suggests some ways to avoid the more negative of them. Current land use in Australia is mining the soils on slopes. It seems likely that deposits of rock phosphate will be close to depletion by 2050, making fertilisers that are essential for industrial agriculture very expensive. Petroleum, which is converted into most of the food traded globally, seems also likely to be near depletion and expensive. The prospective substitution of coal for oil promises interesting changes to the global earth‐atmosphere system. Nevertheless, under an optimistic business as usual scenario, Australia probably could feed 36 million people in 2050, but not necessarily for very much longer. Thus, a ‘Big Australia’ in 2050 could be a way station on the road to a human population crash. The conservation of Australian native species has been hindered by frequent changes in all of funding, bureaucratic structure and scientific dogma. The political and social processes that support a growth economy encourage such short term thinking. A transition to long term thinking will be necessary if support systems for humans and other species are to be maintained.
Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activity of Novel 1,2,4‐Triazole Mannich Bases Containing a Substituted Benzylpiperazine Moiety
Authors: Wang Bao‐Lei , Liu Xing‐Hai , Zhang Xiu‐Lan , Zhang Ji‐Feng , Song Hai‐Bin , Li Zheng‐Ming
Published: April 2011

A series of novel Mannich bases with trifluoromethyl‐1,2,4‐triazole and substituted benzylpiperazine moieties were synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The single crystal structure of compound 4r was also determined. The preliminary bioassays showed that most of the lead compounds had low herbicidal activity against Brassica campestris, Echinochloa crusgalli, and KARI enzyme. However, most of them exhibited significant fungicidal activity at the dosage of 50 μg/mL toward five test fungi. Among the 18 novel compounds, several showed superiority over the commercial fungicide Triadimefon against Cercospora arachidicola and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum during this study. Meanwhile, some compounds displayed plant growth regulatory activity at the dosage of 10 μg/mL.
Process modification of a wire‐welding plant for efficient sulphate removal
Authors: Duranoğlu Dilek , Kadιrgan Neset , Üstün Beyza
Published: April 2011

Sulphate removal by chemical precipitation from the wastewater of a wire‐welding facility was investigated. Sulphate was precipitated by using limestone and a small amount of lime. Firstly, the relationship between the ionic strength of wastewater and sulphate removal efficiency was established. A kinetic study of sulphate precipitation was also conducted. Finally, modification of plating process was proposed to achieve the highest sulphate removal. According to the suggested modification, the sulphate concentration of final discharge could be down to 425 mg/L. Hence, if wire‐welding facilities modify their systems so that the wastewater is treated at the highest level of sulphate contents, the removal efficiency will be the highest, i.e. lesser amounts of sulphate will be discharged into sewage systems.
Comparison and Characterization of the Antioxidant Potential of 3 Wild Grapes―Vitis thunbergii, V. flexuosa, and V. kelungeusis
Authors: Tung Yu‐Tang , Cheng Kai‐Chung , Ho Shang‐Tse , Chen Yong‐Long , Wu Tung‐Lin , Hung Ke‐Chang , Wu Jyh‐Horng
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  This study considers a laboratory examination of the antioxidant performance of methanolic extracts from the leaves and stems of 3 common wild grapes (Vitis thunbergii, V. flexuosa, and V. kelungeusis) by various in vitro methods. It also seeks to identify the specific antioxidant constituent. Results revealed that, of these specimens, stem extracts of V. thunbergii exhibited good 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging and superoxide radical‐scavenging performance and ferrous ion‐chelating ability, as well as the highest total phenolic content (179.5 mg of GAE/g). The principal antioxidant, (+)‐lyoniresinol‐2a‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside, was isolated from the stem extracts of V. thunbergii and identified. Removal of this compound from the extracts caused an approximate 2‐ to 5‐fold decrease in antioxidant performance. This showed that (+)‐lyoniresinol‐2a‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside is the primary antioxidant in wild grapes. Results also indicated that the antioxidant performance of (+)‐lyoniresinol‐2a‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside was stronger than its lignan aglycone, (+)‐lyoniresinol.

Practical Application:  Of the 3 common wild grapes―Vitis thunbergii, V. flexuosa, and V. kelungeusis, the extracts or phytochemicals, derived from the V. thunbergii stems have excellent antioxidant properties, so they have great potential as a basis for natural health products that seek to prevent diseases caused by the overproduction of radicals.
Photodynamic Therapy with Pc 4 Induces Apoptosis of Candida albicans
Authors: Lam Minh , Jou Paul C. , Lattif Ali A. , Lee Yoojin , Malbasa Christi L. , Mukherjee Pranab K. , Oleinick Nancy L. , Ghannoum Mahmoud A. , Cooper Kevin D. , Baron Elma D.
Published: April 2011

The high prevalence of drug resistance necessitates the development of novel antifungal agents against infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens, such as Candida albicans. Elucidation of apoptosis in yeast‐like fungi may provide a basis for future therapies. In mammalian cells, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been demonstrated to generate reactive oxygen species, leading to immediate oxidative modifications of biological molecules and resulting in apoptotic cell death. In this report, we assess the in vitro cytotoxicity and mechanism of PDT, using the photosensitizer Pc 4, in planktonic C. albicans. Confocal image analysis confirmed that Pc 4 localizes to cytosolic organelles, including mitochondria. A colony formation assay showed that 1.0 μm Pc 4 followed by light at 2.0 J cm−2 reduced cell survival by 4 logs. XTT (2,3‐bis[2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl]‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxyanilide) assay revealed that Pc 4‐PDT impaired fungal metabolic activity, which was confirmed using the FUN‐1 (2‐chloro‐4‐[2,3‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐(benzo‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐methylidene]‐1‐phenylquinolinium iodide) fluorescence probe. Furthermore, we observed changes in nuclear morphology characteristic of apoptosis, which were substantiated by increased externalization of phosphatidylserine and DNA fragmentation following Pc 4‐PDT. These data indicate that Pc 4‐PDT can induce apoptosis in C. albicans. Therefore, a better understanding of the process will be helpful, as PDT may become a useful treatment option for candidiasis.
Description of microsatellite markers and genotyping performances using feathers and buccal swabs for the Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea)
Authors: YANNIC GLENN , SERMIER ROBERTO , AEBISCHER ADRIAN , GAVRILO MARIA V. , GILG OLIVIER , MILJETEIG CECILIE , SABARD BRIGITTE , STRØM HALLVARD , POUIVÉ EMMANUELLE , BROQUET T.
Published: April 2011

We report 22 new polymorphic microsatellites for the Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea), and we describe how they can be efficiently co‐amplified using multiplexed polymerase chain reactions. In addition, we report DNA concentration, amplification success, rates of genotyping errors and the number of genotyping repetitions required to obtain reliable data with three types of noninvasive or nondestructive samples: shed feathers collected in colonies, feathers plucked from living individuals and buccal swabs. In two populations from Greenland (n = 21) and Russia (Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, n = 21), the number of alleles per locus varied between 2 and 17, and expected heterozygosity per population ranged from 0.18 to 0.92. Twenty of the markers conformed to Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibrium expectations. Most markers were easily amplified and highly reliable when analysed from buccal swabs and plucked feathers, showing that buccal swabbing is a very efficient approach allowing good quality DNA retrieval. Although DNA amplification success using single shed feathers was generally high, the genotypes obtained from this type of samples were prone to error and thus need to be amplified several times. The set of microsatellite markers described here together with multiplex amplification conditions and genotyping error rates will be useful for population genetic studies of the Ivory gull.
Efficient screening of transgenic plant lines for ecological research
Authors: GASE KLAUS , WEINHOLD ARNE , BOZOROV TOHIR , SCHUCK STEFAN , BALDWIN IAN T.
Published: April 2011

Plants stably transformed to manipulate the expression of genes mediating ecological performance have profoundly altered research in plant ecology. Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation remains the most effective method of creating plants harbouring a limited number of transgene integrations of low complexity. For ecological/physiological research, the following requirements must be met: (i) the regenerated plants should have the same ploidy level as the corresponding wild‐type plant and (ii) contain a single transgene copy in a homozygous state; (iii) the T‐DNA must be completely inserted without vector backbone sequence and all its elements functional; and (iv) the integration should not change the phenotype of the plant by interrupting chromosomal genes or by mutations occurring during the regeneration procedure. The screening process to obtain transformed plants that meet the above criteria is costly and time‐consuming, and an optimized screening procedure is presented. We developed a flow chart that optimizes the screening process to efficiently select transformed plants for ecological research. It consists of segregational analyses, which select transgenic T1 and T2 generation plants with single T‐DNA copies that are homozygous. Indispensable molecular genetic tests (flow cytometry, diagnostic PCRs and Southern blotting) are performed at the earliest and most effective times in the screening process. qPCR to quantify changes in transcript accumulation to confirm gene silencing or overexpression is the last step in the selection process. Because we routinely transform the wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, with constructs that silence or ectopically overexpress ecologically relevant genes, the proposed protocol is supported by examples from this system.
Ca‐Al‐Fe‐rich inclusion in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite
Authors: MARUYAMA Seiji , TOMIOKA Naotaka
Published: April 2011

Abstract– An anomalous Ca‐Al‐Fe‐rich spherical inclusion (CAFI) was found in the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. The CAFI has an igneous texture and contains large amounts of almost pure and coarse‐grained hercynite grains (approximately 56 vol%) as well as refractory phases such as grossite and perovskite. However, melilite and Mg‐spinel, which are common in ordinary Ca‐Al‐rich inclusions, are very rare (<1 vol%). Another unique characteristic of the CAFI is the presence in its core of dmitryivanovite (CaAl2O4), which was formed by shock metamorphism of a low‐pressure form of CaAl2O4 that was originally crystallized from a molten droplet. The fine‐grained hercynite and unidentified aluminous phase in the rim of the CAFI may have been produced from grossite during aqueous alteration in the Vigarano parent body.
Accounting for non‐independent detection when estimating abundance of organisms with a Bayesian approach
Authors: Martin Julien , Royle J. Andrew , Mackenzie Darryl I. , Edwards Holly H. , Kéry Marc , Gardner Beth
Published: April 2011

1. Binomial mixture models use repeated count data to estimate abundance. They are becoming increasingly popular because they provide a simple and cost‐effective way to account for imperfect detection. However, these models assume that individuals are detected independently of each other. This assumption may often be violated in the field. For instance, manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) may surface in turbid water (i.e. become available for detection during aerial surveys) in a correlated manner (i.e. in groups). However, correlated behaviour, affecting the non‐independence of individual detections, may also be relevant in other systems (e.g. correlated patterns of singing in birds and amphibians).

2. We extend binomial mixture models to account for correlated behaviour and therefore to account for non‐independent detection of individuals. We simulated correlated behaviour using beta‐binomial random variables. Our approach can be used to simultaneously estimate abundance, detection probability and a correlation parameter.

3. Fitting binomial mixture models to data that followed a beta‐binomial distribution resulted in an overestimation of abundance even for moderate levels of correlation. In contrast, the beta‐binomial mixture model performed considerably better in our simulation scenarios. We also present a goodness‐of‐fit procedure to evaluate the fit of beta‐binomial mixture models.

4. We illustrate our approach by fitting both binomial and beta‐binomial mixture models to aerial survey data of manatees in Florida. We found that the binomial mixture model did not fit the data, whereas there was no evidence of lack of fit for the beta‐binomial mixture model. This example helps illustrate the importance of using simulations and assessing goodness‐of‐fit when analysing ecological data with N‐mixture models. Indeed, both the simulations and the goodness‐of‐fit procedure highlighted the limitations of the standard binomial mixture model for aerial manatee surveys.

5. Overestimation of abundance by binomial mixture models owing to non‐independent detections is problematic for ecological studies, but also for conservation. For example, in the case of endangered species, it could lead to inappropriate management decisions, such as downlisting. These issues will be increasingly relevant as more ecologists apply flexible N‐mixture models to ecological data.
Gaudin subalgebras and stable rational curves
Authors: Aguirre Leonardo , Felder Giovanni , Veselov Alexander P.
Published: April 2011

Gaudin subalgebras are abelian Lie subalgebras of maximal dimension spanned by generators of the Kohno–Drinfeld Lie algebra $\Xmathfrak {t}_{\hspace *{.3pt}n}$. We show that Gaudin subalgebras form a variety isomorphic to the moduli space $\bar M_{0,n+1}$ of stable curves of genus zero with n+1 marked points. In particular, this gives an embedding of $\bar M_{0,n+1}$ in a Grassmannian of (n−1)-planes in an n(n−1)/2-dimensional space. We show that the sheaf of Gaudin subalgebras over $\bar M_{0,n+1}$ is isomorphic to a sheaf of twisted first-order differential operators. For each representation of the Kohno–Drinfeld Lie algebra with fixed central character, we obtain a sheaf of commutative algebras whose spectrum is a coisotropic subscheme of a twisted version of the logarithmic cotangent bundle of $\bar M_{0,n+1}$.
p-adic class invariants
Authors: Bröker Reinier
Published: April 2011

We develop a new p-adic algorithm to compute the minimal polynomial of a class invariant. Our approach works for virtually any modular function yielding class invariants. The main algorithmic tool is modular polynomials, a concept which we generalize to functions of higher level.