bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling and assessment of the electric field strength caused by mobile phone to the human head
Authors: Buckus Raimondas , Strukcinskiene Birute , Raistenskis Juozas , Stukas Rimantas
Published: June 2015

Background/Aim. Electromagnetic field exposure is the one of the most
important physical agents that actively affects live organisms and
environment. Active use of mobile phones influences the increase of
electromagnetic field radiation. The aim of the study was to measure and
assess the electric field strength caused by mobile phones to the human head.
Methods. In this paper the software ?COMSOL Multiphysics? was used to
establish the electric field strength created by mobile phones around the
head. Results. The second generation (2G) Global System for Mobile (GSM)
phones that operate in the frequency band of 900 MHz and reach the power of 2
W have a stronger electric field than (2G) GSM mobile phones that operate in
the higher frequency band of 1,800 MHz and reach the power up to 1 W during
conversation. The third generation of (3G) UMTS smart phones that effectively
use high (2,100 MHz) radio frequency band emit the smallest electric field
strength values during conversation. The highest electric field strength
created by mobile phones is around the ear, i.e. the mobile phone location.
The strength of mobile phone electric field on the phantom head decreases
exponentially while moving sidewards from the center of the effect zone (the
ear), and constitutes 1-12% of the artificial head?s surface. Conclusion. The
highest electric field strength values of mobile phones are associated with
their higher power, bigger specific energy absorption rate (SAR) and lower
frequency of mobile phone. The stronger electric field emitted by the more
powerful mobile phones takes a higher percentage of the head surface. The
highest electric field strength created by mobile phones is distributed over
the user ear.
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in combination with immunoablative protocol in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A 10-year follow-up of the first transplanted patient
Authors: Obradovic Dragana , Tukic Ljiljana , Radovinovic-Tasic Sanja , Petrovic Boris , Elez Marija , Ostojic Gordana , Balint Bela
Published: June 2015

Introduction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immunemediated disease of the
central nervous system that affects young individuals and leads to severe
disability. High dose immunoablation followed by autologous hemopoietic stem
cell transplantation (AHSCT) has been considered in the last 15 years as
potentialy effective therapeutic approach for agressive MS. The most recent
long-time follow-up results suggest that AHSCT is not only effective for
highly aggressive MS, but for relapsing-remitting MS as well, providing
long-term remission, or maybe even cure. We presented a 10- year follow-up of
the first MS patient being treated by immunoablation therapy and AHSCT. Case
report. A 27-year-old male experienced the first symptoms - intermitent
numbness and paresthesia of arms and legs of what was treated for two years
by psychiatrist as anxiety disorder. After he developed severe paraparesis he
was admitted to the Neurology Clinic and diagnosed with MS. Our patient
developed aggressive MS with frequent relapses, rapid disability progression
and transition to secondary progressive form 6 years after MS onset [the
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 7.0 Ambulation Index (AI) 7]. AHSCT
was performed, cyclophosphamide was used for hemopoietic stem cell
mobilization and the BEAM protocol was used as conditionig regimen. No major
adverse events followed the AHSCT. Neurological impairment improved, EDSS
6.5, AI 6 and during a 10-year followup remained unchanged. Brain MRI
follow-up showed the absence of gadolinium enhancing lesions and a mild
progression of brain atrophy. Conclusion. The patient with rapidly evolving,
aggressive, noninflammatory MS initialy improved and remained stable, without
disability progression for 10 years, after AHSCT. This kind of treatment
should be considered in aggressive MS, or in disease modifying treatment
nonresponsive MS patients, since appropriately timed AHSCT treatment may not
only prevent disability progression but reduce the achieved level of
disability, as well.
Increased Skeletal Muscle Capillarization Independently Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Older Adults After Exercise Training and Detraining
Authors: Prior Steven J. , Goldberg Andrew P. , Ortmeyer Heidi K. , Chin Eva R. , Chen Dapeng , Blumenthal Jacob B. , Ryan Alice S.
Published: June 2015

Intramuscular signaling and glucose transport mechanisms contribute to improvements in insulin sensitivity after aerobic exercise training. This study tested the hypothesis that increases in skeletal muscle capillary density (CD) also contribute to exercise-induced improvements in whole-body insulin sensitivity (insulin-stimulated glucose uptake per unit plasma insulin [M/I]) independent of other mechanisms. The study design included a 6-month aerobic exercise training period followed by a 2-week detraining period to eliminate short-term effects of exercise on intramuscular signaling and glucose transport. Before and after exercise training and detraining, 12 previously sedentary older (65 ± 3 years) men and women underwent research tests, including hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and vastus lateralis biopsies. Exercise training increased Vo2max (2.2 ± 0.2 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2 L/min), CD (313 ± 13 vs. 349 ± 18 capillaries/mm2), and M/I (0.041 ± 0.005 vs. 0.051 ± 0.007 μmol/kg fat-free mass/min) (P < 0.05 for all). Exercise training also increased the insulin activation of glycogen synthase by 60%, GLUT4 expression by 16%, and 5′ AMPK-α1 expression by 21%, but these reverted to baseline levels after detraining. Conversely, CD and M/I remained 15% and 18% higher after detraining, respectively (P < 0.05), and the changes in M/I (detraining minus baseline) correlated directly with changes in CD in regression analysis (partial r = 0.70; P = 0.02). These results suggest that an increase in CD is one mechanism contributing to sustained improvements in glucose metabolism after aerobic exercise training.
Design of FLAT-SUGAR: Randomized Trial of Prandial Insulin Versus Prandial GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Together With Basal Insulin and Metformin for High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes
Authors:   The FLAT-SUGAR Trial Investigators
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

Glycemic variability may contribute to adverse medical outcomes of type 2 diabetes, but prior therapies have had limited success in controlling glycemic fluctuations, and the hypothesis has not been adequately tested.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

People with insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk were enrolled during a run-in period on basal-bolus insulin (BBI), and 102 were randomized to continued BBI or to basal insulin with a prandial GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLIPULIN) group, each seeking to maintain HbA1c levels between 6.7% and 7.3% (50–56 mmol/mol) for 6 months. The primary outcome measure was glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring; other measures were HbA1c, weight, circulating markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk, albuminuria, and electrocardiographic patterns assessed by Holter monitoring.

RESULTS

At randomization, the mean age of the population was 62 years, median duration of diabetes 15 years, mean BMI 34 kg/m2, and mean HbA1c 7.9% (63 mmol/mol). Thirty-three percent had a prior cardiovascular event, 18% had microalbuminuria, and 3% had macroalbuminuria. At baseline, the continuous glucose monitoring coefficient of variation for glucose levels was similar in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

FLAT-SUGAR is a proof-of-concept study testing whether, in a population of individuals with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, the GLIPULIN regimen can limit glycemic variability more effectively than BBI, reduce levels of cardiovascular risk markers, and favorably alter albuminuria and electrocardiographic patterns. We successfully randomized a population that has sufficient power to answer the primary question, address several secondary ones, and complete the protocol as designed.
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Associated With Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Effoe Valery S. , Correa Adolfo , Chen Haiying , Lacy Mary E. , Bertoni Alain G.
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies on the association between hs-CRP and incident type 2 diabetes among African Americans have been inconclusive. We examined the association between hs-CRP and incident diabetes in a large African American cohort (Jackson Heart Study).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

hs-CRP was measured in 3,340 participants. Incident diabetes was defined by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, physician diagnosis, use of diabetes drugs, or A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) at follow-up. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes, adjusting for age, sex, education, diabetes family history, alcohol, HDL, triglycerides, hypertension status, hypertension medications, physical activity, BMI, HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMAIR), and waist circumference.

RESULTS

Participants (63% women) were aged 53.3 ± 12.5 years. During a median follow-up of 7.5 years, 17.4% developed diabetes (23.1/1,000 person-years, 95% CI 21.3–25.1). After adjustment, the HR (hs-CRP third vs. first tertile) was 1.64 (95% CI 1.26–2.13). In separate models, further adjustment for BMI and waist circumference attenuated this association (HR 1.28 [95% CI 0.97–1.69] and 1.35 [95% CI 1.03–1.78, P < 0.05 for trend], respectively). Upon adding HOMAIR in the models, the association was no longer significant. In adjusted HOMAIR-stratified analysis, the hs-CRP–diabetes association appeared stronger in participants with HOMAIR <3.0 compared with HOMAIR ≥3.0 (P < 0.0001 for interaction). The association was also stronger among nonobese participants, although not significant when adjusted for HOMAIR.

CONCLUSIONS

Low-grade inflammation, as measured by hs-CRP level, may have an important role in the development of diabetes among African Americans with a lesser degree of insulin resistance.
Isothermal section of Nd–Mn–As phase diagram at 800 °C
Authors: Gu Zheng Fei , Xu Cheng Fu , Hu Kai , Cheng Gang , Lin Rui San , Hong Liang Jie
Published: June 2015

The isothermal section of the Nd–Mn–As ternary system at 800 °C has been constructed in this work by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. This isothermal section consists of 11 single-phase regions, 19 two-phase regions and 9 three-phase regions. The maximum solubility of As in (Mn) is about 2.602 at.% As and that of Mn in Mn3As and NdAs is below 1 at.% Mn. The highest solid solubility of Nd in MnAs is less than 1.25 at.% Nd. The decomposition temperature of NdAs2 → NdAs + As is about 668 °C. The phase Nd3As could be slowly composed by peritectic reaction L + NdAs → Nd3As at higher temperature. The phase Mn3As still exists under this experimental condition. No ternary compound was found to exist in this section at 800 °C.
Paradoxical herniation after decompressive craniectomy provoked by lumbar puncture or ventriculoperitoneal shunting
Authors: Creutzfeldt Claire J. , Vilela Marcelo D. , Longstreth William T.
Published: June 2015

OBJECT

Two patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy after head trauma deteriorated secondary to paradoxical herniation, one after lumbar puncture and the other after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. They motivated the authors to investigate further provoked paradoxical herniation.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the records of 205 patients who were treated at a single hospital with decompressive craniectomy for head trauma to identify those who had had lumbar puncture performed or a ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed after craniectomy but before cranioplasty. Among the patients who met these criteria, those with provoked paradoxical herniation were identified. The authors also sought to identify similar cases from the literature. Exact binomials were used to calculate 95% CIs.

RESULTS

None of 26 patients who underwent a lumbar puncture within 1 month of craniectomy deteriorated, whereas 2 of 10 who underwent a lumbar puncture 1 month afterward did so (20% [95% CI 2.4%–55.6%]). Similarly, after ventriculoperitoneal shunting, 3 of 10 patients deteriorated (30% [95% CI 6.7%–65.2%]). Timing of the procedure and the appearance of the skin flap were important factors in deterioration after lumbar puncture but not after ventriculoperitoneal shunting. A review of the literature identified 15 additional patients with paradoxical herniation provoked by lumbar puncture and 7 by ventriculoperitoneal shunting.

CONCLUSIONS

Lumbar puncture and ventriculoperitoneal shunting carry substantial risk when performed in a patient after decompressive craniectomy and before cranioplasty. When the condition that prompts decompression (such as brain swelling associated with stroke or trauma) requires time to resolve, risk is associated with lumbar puncture performed ≥ 1 month after decompressive craniectomy.
Does release of antimicrobial agents from impregnated external ventricular drainage catheters affect the diagnosis of ventriculitis?
Authors: Bayston Roger , Ashraf Waheed , Ortori Catherine
Published: June 2015

OBJECT

Recently concern has arisen over the effect of released antimicrobial agents from antibiotic-impregnated external ventricular drainage (EVD) catheters on the reliability of CSF culture for diagnosis of ventriculitis. The authors designed a laboratory study to investigate this possibility, and to determine whether there was also a risk of loss of bacterial viability when CSF samples were delayed in transport to the laboratory.

METHODS

Three types of commercially available antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters were perfused with a suspension of bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) over 21 days. Samples were analyzed for bacterial viability and for concentrations of antibiotics released from the catheters. The authors also investigated the effect on bacterial viability in samples stored at 18°C and 4°C to simulate delay in CSF samples reaching the laboratory for analysis.

RESULTS

Bacterial viability was significantly reduced in all 3 catheter types when sampled on Day 1, but this effect was not observed in later samples. The results were reflected in stored samples, with significant loss of viability in Day 1 samples but with little further loss of viable bacteria in samples obtained after this time point. All samples stored for 18 hours showed significant loss of viable bacteria.

CONCLUSIONS

While there were differences between the catheters, only samples taken on Day 1 showed a significant reduction in the numbers of viable bacteria after passing through the catheters. This reduction coincided with higher concentrations of antimicrobial agents in the first few hours after perfusion began. Similarly, bacterial viability declined significantly after storage of Day 1 samples, but only slightly in samples obtained thereafter. The results indicate that drugs released from these antimicrobial catheters are unlikely to affect the diagnosis of ventriculitis, as sampling for this purpose is not usually conducted in the first 24 hours of EVD.
Entropy, Information Theory, Information Geometry and Bayesian Inference in Data, Signal and Image Processing and Inverse Problems
Authors: Mohammad-Djafari Ali
Published: June 2015

The main content of this review article is first to review the main inference tools using Bayes rule, the maximum entropy principle (MEP), information theory, relative entropy and the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, Fisher information and its corresponding geometries. For each of these tools, the precise context of their use is described. The second part of the paper is focused on the ways these tools have been used in data, signal and image processing and in the inverse problems, which arise in different physical sciences and engineering applications. A few examples of the applications are described: entropy in independent components analysis (ICA) and in blind source separation, Fisher information in data model selection, different maximum entropy-based methods in time series spectral estimation and in linear inverse problems and, finally, the Bayesian inference for general inverse problems. Some original materials concerning the approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and, in particular, the variational Bayesian approximation (VBA) methods are also presented. VBA is used for proposing an alternative Bayesian computational tool to the classical Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We will also see that VBA englobes joint maximum a posteriori (MAP), as well as the different expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms as particular cases.
Do Relocated Villages Experience More Forest Cover Change? Resettlements, Shifting Cultivation and Forests in the Lao PDR
Authors: Boillat Sébastien , Stich Corinna , Bastide Joan , Epprecht Michael , Thongmanivong Sithong , Heinimann Andreas
Published: June 2015

This study explores the relationships between forest cover change and the village resettlement and land planning policies implemented in Laos, which have led to the relocation of remote and dispersed populations into clustered villages with easier access to state services and market facilities. We used the Global Forest Cover Change (2000–2012) and the most recent Lao Agricultural Census (2011) datasets to assess forest cover change in resettled and non-resettled villages throughout the country. We also reviewed a set of six case studies and performed an original case study in two villages of Luang Prabang province with 55 households, inquiring about relocation, land losses and intensification options. Our results show that resettled villages have greater baseline forest cover and total forest loss than most villages in Laos but not significant forest loss relative to that baseline. Resettled villages are consistently associated with forested areas, minority groups, and intermediate accessibility. The case studies highlight that resettlement coupled with land use planning does not necessarily lead to the abandonment of shifting cultivation or affect forest loss but lead to a re-spatialization of land use. This includes clustering of forest clearings, which might lead to fallow shortening and land degradation while limited intensification options exist in the resettled villages. This study provides a contribution to studying relationships between migration, forest cover change, livelihood strategies, land governance and agricultural practices in tropical forest environments.
Ascorbate Peroxidase and Catalase Activities and Their Genetic Regulation in Plants Subjected to Drought and Salinity Stresses
Authors: Sofo Adriano , Scopa Antonio , Nuzzaci Maria , Vitti Antonella
Published: June 2015

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an important relatively stable non-radical reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced by normal aerobic metabolism in plants. At low concentrations, H2O2 acts as a signal molecule involved in the regulation of specific biological/physiological processes (photosynthetic functions, cell cycle, growth and development, plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses). Oxidative stress and eventual cell death in plants can be caused by excess H2O2 accumulation. Since stress factors provoke enhanced production of H2O2 in plants, severe damage to biomolecules can be possible due to elevated and non-metabolized cellular H2O2. Plants are endowed with H2O2-metabolizing enzymes such as catalases (CAT), ascorbate peroxidases (APX), some peroxiredoxins, glutathione/thioredoxin peroxidases, and glutathione sulfo-transferases. However, the most notably distinguished enzymes are CAT and APX since the former mainly occurs in peroxisomes and does not require a reductant for catalyzing a dismutation reaction. In particular, APX has a higher affinity for H2O2 and reduces it to H2O in chloroplasts, cytosol, mitochondria and peroxisomes, as well as in the apoplastic space, utilizing ascorbate as specific electron donor. Based on recent reports, this review highlights the role of H2O2 in plants experiencing water deficit and salinity and synthesizes major outcomes of studies on CAT and APX activity and genetic regulation in drought- and salt-stressed plants.
Use of Cumulative Assessments in U.S. Schools and Colleges of Pharmacy
Authors: Vyas Deepti , Halilovic Jenana , Kim Myo-Kyoung , Ravnan Marcus , Rogan Edward , Galal Suzanne
Published: June 2015

The Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education (ACPE) has taken a strong stance on assessment in pharmacy education. One available assessment tool is cumulative assessments, which may be administered at various points in the curriculum. This article presents the results of a survey of U.S. schools of pharmacy regarding the use of cumulative assessments within their curriculum. A 20-question survey tool was emailed to 125 schools of pharmacy. A total of 105 out of 125 schools participated (response rate 84%). Of these, 52 schools currently have a cumulative assessment program; 18 have one cumulative exam prior to advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs); 19 have a cumulative exam every didactic year; and seven have accumulative exams every semester, except during APPEs (n = 44). Increased faculty workload emerged as the top challenge faced by schools that have implemented a cumulative assessment program. Eighteen schools indicated that no outcomes are measured to determine the utility of the cumulative assessment. From these results, it appears that almost half of participating U.S. schools have implemented a cumulative assessment plan. However, it is apparent that more research needs to be done to determine which outcomes are expected to improve with the implementation of such an assessment plan.
Optical Fiber Tweezers Fabricated by Guided Wave Photo-Polymerization
Authors: Ribeiro Rita , Queirós Raquel , Soppera Olivier , Guerreiro Ariel , Jorge Pedro
Published: June 2015

In this work the use of guided wave photo-polymerization for the fabrication of novel polymeric micro tips for optical trapping is demonstrated. It is shown that the selective excitation of linear polarized modes, during the fabrication process, has a direct impact on the shape of the resulting micro structures. Tips are fabricated with modes LP02 and LP21 and their shapes and output intensity distribution are compared. The application of the micro structures as optical tweezers is demonstrated with the manipulation of yeast cells.
A Space-Time Network-Based Modeling Framework for Dynamic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Routing in Traffic Incident Monitoring Applications
Authors: Zhang Jisheng , Jia Limin , Niu Shuyun , Zhang Fan , Tong Lu , Zhou Xuesong
Published: June 2015

It is essential for transportation management centers to equip and manage a network of fixed and mobile sensors in order to quickly detect traffic incidents and further monitor the related impact areas, especially for high-impact accidents with dramatic traffic congestion propagation. As emerging small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) start to have a more flexible regulation environment, it is critically important to fully explore the potential for of using UAVs for monitoring recurring and non-recurring traffic conditions and special events on transportation networks. This paper presents a space-time network- based modeling framework for integrated fixed and mobile sensor networks, in order to provide a rapid and systematic road traffic monitoring mechanism. By constructing a discretized space-time network to characterize not only the speed for UAVs but also the time-sensitive impact areas of traffic congestion, we formulate the problem as a linear integer programming model to minimize the detection delay cost and operational cost, subject to feasible flying route constraints. A Lagrangian relaxation solution framework is developed to decompose the original complex problem into a series of computationally efficient time-dependent and least cost path finding sub-problems. Several examples are used to demonstrate the results of proposed models in UAVs’ route planning for small and medium-scale networks.
Efficient Sustainable Operation Mechanism of Distributed Desktop Integration Storage Based on Virtualization with Ubiquitous Computing
Authors: Kim Hyun-Woo , Park Jong , Majigsuren Duinkhorjav , Jeong Young-Sik
Published: June 2015

Following the rapid growth of ubiquitous computing, many jobs that were previously manual have now been automated. This automation has increased the amount of time available for leisure; diverse services are now being developed for this leisure time. In addition, the development of small and portable devices like smartphones, diverse Internet services can be used regardless of time and place. Studies regarding diverse virtualization are currently in progress. These studies aim to determine ways to efficiently store and process the big data generated by the multitude of devices and services in use. One topic of such studies is desktop storage virtualization, which integrates distributed desktop resources and provides these resources to users to integrate into distributed legacy desktops via virtualization. In the case of desktop storage virtualization, high availability of virtualization is necessary and important for providing reliability to users. Studies regarding hierarchical structures and resource integration are currently in progress. These studies aim to create efficient data distribution and storage for distributed desktops based on resource integration environments. However, studies regarding efficient responses to server faults occurring in desktop-based resource integration environments have been insufficient. This paper proposes a mechanism for the sustainable operation of desktop storage (SODS) for high operational availability. It allows for the easy addition and removal of desktops in desktop-based integration environments. It also activates alternative servers when a fault occurs within a system.
The Performance of the Smart Cities in China—A Comparative Study by Means of Self-Organizing Maps and Social Networks Analysis
Authors: Lu Dong , Tian Ye , Liu Vincent , Zhang Yi
Published: June 2015

Smart cities link the city services, citizens, resource and infrastructures together and form the heart of the modern society. As a “smart” ecosystem, smart cities focus on sustainable growth, efficiency, productivity and environmentally friendly development. By comparing with the European Union, North America and other countries, smart cities in China are still in the preliminary stage. This study offers a comparative analysis of ten smart cities in China on the basis of an extensive database covering two time periods: 2005–2007 and 2008–2010. The unsupervised computational neural network self-organizing map (SOM) analysis is adopted to map out the various cities based on their performance. The demonstration effect and mutual influences between these ten smart cities are also discussed by using social network analysis. Based on the smart city performance and cluster network, current problems for smart city development in China were pointed out. Future research directions for smart city research are discussed at the end this paper.
La coma del Tech. Un exemple de ravinement protohistorique dans les pyrénées orientales(A case of protohistoric gullying in the Eastern Pyrenees)
Authors: Allée Philippe , Denèfle Michèle
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Piégé dans une tourbière d'altitude des Pyrénées orientales, le cône de déjection de la Coma del Tech permet de dater l'âge d'un ravin et d'en reconstituer le rythme d'évolution. Les épisodes de ravinement sont récurrents depuis trois millénaires au moins, en relation avec une emprise croissante de l'homme sur le milieu. L'auteur s'interroge sur les facteurs anthropiques et climatiques de l'érosion. Il discute également de la représentativité de ce ravin granitique.
La S.N.C.F. et le transport régional à l'heure de la décentralisation. L'exemple de la région Midi-Pyrénées (The railway transport and the Midi-Pyrénées region)
Authors: Marconis Robert
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - In the early 1970's it was necessary for the S.N.C.F. (National Society of French Railway) to reduce losses, and it was suggested that little used and uneconomic railway lines be closed, with concentration of the traffic on the road. At the same times the regional power in communication was increasing. This paper shows the transport policy of the Midi-Pyrénées region : development in public transport (especially by railway), and cooperation with the S.N.C.F.
Les jardins privés familiaux (The private familial gardens)
Authors: Armand Françoise
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les jardins privés familiaux sont peu étudiés. S'appuyant sur des vues aériennes obliques, l'auteur esquisse une typologie des formes et du décor végétal des jardins de la banlieue ouest de Paris.
La forme du territoire : une analyse de paysage à travers l'œuvre de Vittorio Gregotti (Architecture and geography in the V. Gregotti's thought)
Authors: Benko Georges
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - This paper analyzes the attempt to conceptualize and the model of thought of the Italian architect Gregotti, who stresses the close connexion existing between architecture and geography. His realizations and his projects don't come off to set up the connexion he advocates between site and construction.
Des villes centres aux nouvelles banlieues : du couple à la famille ? (From the center of the city to newtowns : couple becomes a family)
Authors: Coutras Jacqueline
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Résider dans une ville centre ou dans une ville nouvelle en périphérie d'agglomération paraît correspondre à des projets personnels et familiaux nettement différenciés, centrés, l'un sur le couple, l'autre sur la famille. Les conditions de logement et les caractéristiques de l'organisation et de la vie urbaine qui prévalent dans chacun des deux milieux sont à l'origine de cette opposition établie par les ménages. Aller habiter dans une ville nouvelle représente l'accès à des conditions matérielles, morales et symboliques qui permettront au couple de se transformer en une famille.
Introduction
Authors: Dezert Bernard
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - A new division of industrial labour induces a great flexibility of the network of firms. Three factors are now essential to the new implant or maintenance of activities : the financial help of the State or corporates, the high qualification of the employees, the «flexibility» of managerials and engineers. Three examples show the influence of surroundings in the conversions of activities : Compiègne, Creil, Massy.
Oppida ou forteresses gauloises entre la Somme et la frontière belge : propositions de classement et de chronologie
Authors: Leman Delerive Germaine
Published: June 2015

Het onderzoek van de verschillende plannen van de oppida gelegen tussen de Somme en de Belgische grens laat toe vier centrale versterkingen te onderscheiden (met Munis gallicus en gracht in V) te Etrun (Pas-de-Calais), Avesnelles (Nord), Vermand (Aisne) en Mareuil Caubert (Somme). Deze plaatsen zijn verbonden door een wegennet dat tot in het begin van de Romeinse tijd is blijven bestaan.

De andere oppida, van minder belang, werden gebouwd in een latere période en sommige werden niet voltooid (Liercourt Erondelle en de Tirancourtweg in de Somme).
Les thermes gallo-romains de Famars d'après les fouilles anciennes
Authors: Beaussart Philippe
Published: June 2015

Les thermes gallo-romains de Famars, dégagés durant la première moitié du XIXème siècle, occupaient approximativement le centre du vicus du Haut-Empire. Définitivement détruits et comblés avant le début du IVème siècle, Us firent place à la partie occidentale d'un Castellum qui devint le siège du préfet des Lètes-Nerviens.

L'alignement caractéristique des salles chaudes sur la façade sud des thermes de Famars indique que ces derniers s'inscrivent dans la série des thermes de plan dissymétrique, plan où les salles de bains sont disposées sur un des longs côtés d'une palestre. L'installation des pièces principales (frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium) répond ici à un agencement basé sur un circuit traditionnel menant le visiteur des salles froides aux salles chaudes. De plus la qualité de la construction plaide en faveur d'un édifice de bonne tenue dont la réalisation fut conditionnée par celle d'un aqueduc de 15 km. de longueur.
L'exploration archéologique de Bavay pendant "la drôle de guerre". Les carnets de M. Louis Sautois
Authors: Biévelet Henri
Published: June 2015

Tijdens de "drôle de guerre" kon een soldaat, J. Sautois, aangeworven door pastoor Biévelet, directeur van de opgravingen van Bavay, talrijke antitank loopgraven langs de wegen en aan de grens van Bavay maken. De ontdekkingen, waarbij een inscriptie, zijn in de oorlogshand Mngen helemaal verdwenen.

J. Sautois is ook verdwenen in de oorlog en zijn notitieboekjes blijven over als enige getuigen van deze waarnemingen. Het heeft er de schihn van dat op die manier talrijke Romeinse graven gelokaliseerd zijn.
Les niveaux antiques et la céramique du chantier du commissariat central d'Arras (Nemetacum), Pas-de-Calais
Authors: Jelski Georges
Published: June 2015

En 1969 des terrassements ont permis d'étudier à la périphérie de la ville antique, la première coupe complète des niveaux romains d'Arras sur une hauteur de 2 m. et une longueur de 40 m.

Les fouilles de sauvetage n'ont pu dater la stratigraphie que dans ses principaux niveaux. Il a pu être néanmoins établi que l'habitat s'est étendu à ce quartier périphérique au moins dès Tibère, avec déjà semble- t-il des structures orientées suivant le quadrillage urbain. Une rue paraît bien avoir été construite sous Claude. Reconstruite, elle disparaît avant un grand incendie. Il s'agit très probablement de celui des années 160-180 qui a été observé dans les quartiers périphériques proches.

Il est en effet également suivi d'un abandon, et d'une faible réoccupation, au cours du IIIème siècle, mais parmi les ruines, au milieu de terrains remis en culture. Une série d'ensembles clos de céramique qui s'étendent d'Auguste aux Flaviens sera publiée prochainement, ici deux ensembles permettent d'avoir une vue de la céramique ayant eu cours à Arras au Illème siècle.
Contribution à l'étude des céramiques médiévales et modernes hennuyères
Authors: Boucly J.-L.
Published: June 2015

A number of chance discoveries of medieval potteries made in Southern Hainault during those last years are bringing some important contributions to the study of grey and black ceramics for the making of which five new centres have been located : Bavai, Pont-sur-Sambre, Avesnes-sur-Helpe, Larouillies and Maroilles.

The imported terracottas chiefly come from the Dutch South-Limburg, the Rhine region and the mosan workshops in Andenne.
Peintures et sculptures gothiques du couvent des dames de Beaumont à Valenciennes
Authors: Hardy André , Beaussart Philippe
Published: June 2015

Bij de bouw van woningen in de Beaumontstraat te Valenciennes kwamen in november 1973 zeer waardevolle middeleeuwse overblijfselen aan het licht. Het gaat hier om de grond- vesten van het klooster van de Dames van Beaumont en vooral van de kerk, die snel werden opgegraven wat de archeologen toeliet twee grafkelders te ontdekken die zorgvuldig beschilderd bleken te zijn (op de twee muren aan de uiteinden). Men kan deze schilderingen dateren in de 14de eeuw, zij geven een beeld van de artistieke uitdrukking van die tijd, gebaseerd op een dubbel aspekt van het mysticisme : naast het them a van de tederheid (de Maagd en het kind) treft men er het pathetische thema van de kruisiging aan. Deze ontdekkingerj te Valenciennes bevestigen dat de polychromie van de 14de tot de 16de eeuw niet alleen in de Oude Neder- landen maar ook in Vlaanderen en Henegouwen verspreid was.
Dalles funéraires romanes tournaisiennes dans le nord-ouest de la France. A propos de la pierre tombale de Montay
Authors: Ghislain Jean-Claude
Published: June 2015

La dalle funéraire romane tardive de Montay (Nord) est encastrée dans le pavage, au pied de la façade occidentale de l'église Saint-Pierre et mérite d'être protégée.

Elle est représentative de l'artisanat tournaisien d'exportation durant le premier tiers du XIIIème siècle, moins riche que certains monuments du XIIème siècle conservés en Angleterre et dans la France septentrionale.

Le décor méplat occupant la surface trapézoïdale est stylisé et composite. Il constitue une version aujourd'hui unique, d'une composition symétrique comportant un perron à degrés sur lequel se dresse un tronc garni de demi-cercles et surmonté de feuilles.

Les comparaisons précises avec des exemplaires de cette époque répartis en Belgique occidentale et dans le nord-ouest de la France, montrent qu'il s'agirait d'une interprétation géométrique du thème de l'Arbre de Vie, le plus fréquent dans cette production.
Notes sur une étape dans la genèse d'un espace industriel : la construction des "forts" roubaisiens dans la première moitié du XIXème siècle
Authors: Le Blan Martine
Published: June 2015

Until the third quarter of the XVIIIth century, the Flemish population knew a relatively high prosperity. Intensive farming and the spreading of linen industry were at the root of this favourable evolution. Linen industry represented then 20 to 25% of the physical product. It is then absurd to establish an exclusive link between rural industry and an impoverishing process.

The purchase power received a severe blow around the end of the XVIIIth century and the beginning of the XIXth. Through reduced wages and longer working days one attempted to resist foreign competition and technical improvements. As the economic growth slackened at the end of the "Ancien Régime", the demographic behaviour was altered and the population growth slowed down because of a more restricted marriage rate.
La longue insolence des tondeurs de draps dans la manufacture de Sedan au XVIème siècle
Authors: Gayot Gérard
Published: June 2015

In the course of the first half of the XVIIIth century, the shearers of the cloth manufacture of Sedan forced their will upon the cloth manufacturers about their working conditions, employment and wages. These skilled labourers, working in the finishing sector, adopted forms of organization and action found also at the same period in the cloth industry of Verviers (Belgium) and Monschau (Germany). But the power of this "internationale" of the shearers so much jeopardized the growth of their industry that the mill-owners of these three centres, encouraged by the example given by the Protestant cloth manufacturers of Monschau and Sedan, decided, between 1740 and 1750 to take over control of the manpower in the finishing sector ; thus, with the military and administrative control of the State, they put an end to this lasting insolence of the shearers.
Les ouvriers du livre et la Révolution Industrielle en France au XIXème siècle
Authors: Barbier Frédéric
Published: June 2015

Le monde de l'imprimerie voit, en France au XIXème siècle, se constituer, à côté d'un secteur demeuré très traditionnel, de nouvelles structures de production : les usines d'imprimerie, dont le prototype, à Paris, reste l'Imprimerie nationale. L'étude du monde des ouvriers du libre aborde, dans un premier temps, une typologie de ceux-ci, selon leur spécialisation, l'importance des établissements où ils travaillent, etc.. Puis sont examinées les conditions de travail, et, notamment, le double problème du temps de travail et de la rémunération. Au sein même des usines les plus intégrées, la permanence de certaines pratiques anciennes permet une transition plus souple entre l'atelier traditionnel et les contraintes nouvelles de l'industrialisation.
Gérer sa vie ? Etude statistique sur le profil de carrière des ouvriers de l'indiennage (1750-1820)
Authors: Caspard Pierre
Published: June 2015

By combining the parish and manufacture records, it was possible to reconstitute the career of the workers of a major Swiss manufacture of printed calico. From this study one gathers that children join the manufacture at quite an early age (as early as 5). That professional initiation is gradual, since, for some categories, it is spread over 20 years. Working stability is important owing to the real careers granted men and women, characterized by subtle hierarchical and wage progression. They most generally work until their last breath, though the wearing out of their working strength does not seem to mark the end of their lives, which, besides, happens at a relatively old age. This survey thus adds elements yet unknown to the study of social transition, which seems to have taken in the calico printing sector, rather gentle and original forms.
Radical-mediated dehydrative preparation of cyclic imides using (NH4)2S2O8–DMSO: application to the synthesis of vernakalant
Authors: Garad Dnyaneshwar N , Tanpure Subhash D , Mhaske Santosh B
Published: June 2015

Ammonium persulfate–dimethyl sulfoxide (APS–DMSO) has been developed as an efficient and new dehydrating reagent for a convenient one-pot process for the synthesis of miscellaneous cyclic imides in high yields starting from readily available primary amines and cyclic anhydrides. A plausible radical mechanism involving DMSO has been proposed. The application of this facile one-pot imide forming process has been demonstrated for a practical synthesis of vernakalant.
L’accès des femmes aux emplois de direction générale dans les grandes collectivités locales : état des lieux et points de résistance
Authors: Sam-Giao Muriel
Published: June 2015

Résumé Les résultats des enquêtes menées par l’Association des administrateurs territoriaux de France et la promotion Aimé Césaire à la fin 2009 et en 2010 sur un échantillon représentatif des plus importants employeurs territoriaux montrent la sous‑représentation des femmes : 10 % des directeurs généraux des services sont des femmes, tandis que c’est le cas de 20 à 25 % en moyenne des directeurs généraux adjoints. L’explication de cet apparent plafond de verre dans l’accès aux emplois de direction est complexe. L’examen du vivier de personnes susceptibles d’accéder aux emplois de direction générale montre que l’ascension professionnelle se fait en plusieurs étapes et qu’à chacune d’entre elles les femmes sont sous‑représentées. Dans ce contexte, il faut parler d’une multitude d’inégalités d’accès qui prennent la forme d’une « pyramide des plafonds de verre ».
Homogénéité et diversité des élèves administrateurs territoriaux
Authors: Magnier Jacqueline , Marchal Clémentine
Published: June 2015

Résumé Les administrateurs territoriaux occupent en France les places de dirigeants dans la fonction publique territoriale. Ils accèdent à ce grade par concours, suivi d’une scolarité à l’Institut national des études territoriales (INET). En 2012, l’INET a lancé une enquête auprès de l’ensemble de ses anciens élèves pour mieux connaître leurs origines. Dont une partie est présentée dans cet article. Elle montre que les deux sexes sont aujourd’hui équitablement représentés parmi les élèves administrateurs, et que ces derniers sont issus de tous les territoires français. Toutefois, les milieux sociaux les plus défavorisés peinent encore à accéder à ce statut d’élite.
A comparison of the position of elite and non-elite riders during competitive show jumping
Authors: Nankervis K. , Dumbell L. , Herbert L. , Winfield J. , Guire R. , Launder E.
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the jumping positions of elite riders (within the top 150 of the British Showjumping rankings) with non-elites (unranked). Video footage of 10 elite and 10 non-elite riders jumping a one stride double combination (a vertical followed by a square oxer) within a 1.20 m competition was analysed. Four angles were measured: the angle between the trunk and the vertical (TRUNKvert), the hip angle (HIP), the angle of the thigh to the horizontal (THIGHhoriz) and the angle of the lower leg to the horizontal (LOWER LEGhoriz). Differences in the angles at five points throughout the double combination and the changes in angles between points were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. The effect of fence (vertical versus oxer) within groups (elite and non-elite) was also compared. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. HIP angle was significantly smaller on approach to the vertical (P=0.019) and significantly greater when approaching the oxer (P=0.001) for elite riders compared to non-elites. During approach to the oxer compared to the vertical elites had a greater HIP angle (P=0.007), whereas non-elites had smaller HIP (P=0.005) and THIGHhoriz (P=0.005) angles. During suspension, non-elite riders had a greater HIP (P=0.01) over the vertical and smaller LOWER LEGhoriz angle over the oxer (P=0.028) than elite riders. There were significant differences in change in HIP, THIGHhoriz and LOWER LEGhoriz angles between elite and non-elite riders between approach to and suspension over the oxer (P=0.007). During suspension, only elite riders showed an effect of fence with a greater HIP angle (P=0.005) and smaller TRUNKvert angle (P=0.013) over the oxer. Key differences in angles and change in angles exist between elite and non-elite riders. This information is useful in characterising elite rider position and identifying areas of interest for future study.
Small and medium agility dogs alter their kinematics when the distance between hurdles differs
Authors: Birch E. , Boyd J. , Doyle G. , Pullen A.
Published: June 2015

There is currently a lack of research examining the health and welfare implications for competitive agility dogs. The aim of this study was to examine if jump kinematics and apparent joint angles in medium (351-430 mm to the withers) and small (<350 mm to the withers) agility dogs altered when distances between consecutive upright hurdles differ. Dogs ran a course of nine hurdles; three set at 3.6 m apart; three at 4 m apart and three at 5 m apart. Both medium (P=0.044) and small (P=0.006) dogs landed closer to the hurdle when consecutive hurdles were set 3.6 m apart, with small dogs jumping slower at this distance (P=0.006). Results indicate that jump kinematics, but not apparent joint angles, alter when the spacing between hurdles differs. These findings may have implications for the health and welfare of agility dogs and should be used to inform future changes to rules and regulations.
Online Sport Brand Communities
Authors: Hajli Nick
Published: June 2015

Organizations have reached the point where they need to change their strategies in order to create value with customers. This is the modern marketing logic. It has mainly come about because consumers have been empowered to exert influence on companies. In this chapter we argue that a different perspective about consumer care has emerged through social media; consumers are no longer passive information users but are now active content creators who can be part of value creation in the marketplace. Therefore, this chapter analyses the opportunities that sport organizations can generate by co-creation of value through social media. The findings of this chapter create a picture of how virtual communities support co-creation of value for sports organizations.
Intellectual Property Rights and Social Media
Authors: Bugshan Hatem
Published: June 2015

Issues related to intellectual property rights in the Web 2.0 environment are rarely discussed. This chapter investigates the issues surrounding copyright in the digital era, which the market is increasingly using social media. The chapter describes the legal risks confronting people on using content in the digital era and examines the issues in this area. Valuable discussion will be generated for all users of digital content. The chapter investigates copyrights in the digital era through a case study, gathering data through interviews conducted in the UK. Research findings show lack of knowledge and instruction in the use of digital content and information produced through social media is the main reason for emerging conflict in this area. Knowledge about IPRs, and specifically copyrights in e-learning, needs to be provided for people. One of the issues that must be addressed by the use of Web 2.0 to learners is a full explanation of copyright laws. This will prevent content generated in this environment from infringing copyright.