bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase II Studies of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Heavily and Minimally Pretreated Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Chew Helen K. , Doroshow James H. , Frankel Paul , Margolin Kim A. , Somlo George , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Gordon Michael , Zhang Wu , Yang Dongyun , Russell Christy , Spicer Darcy , Synold Tim , Bayer Robert , Hantel Alexander , Stiff Patrick J. , Tetef Merry L. , Gandara David R. , Albain Kathy S.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Cisplatin and gemcitabine have single-agent activity in metastatic breast cancer, and preclinical data support synergy of the combination. Two parallel, phase II trials were conducted to evaluate the response rate, response duration, and toxicities of the combination. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed for correlation with outcomes.

Patients and Methods

Eligible women had measurable disease and heavily or minimally pretreated metastatic breast cancer. The heavily pretreated protocol required prior anthracycline and taxane therapy; cisplatin as part of high-dose therapy was allowed. All patients received cisplatin 25 mg/m2 on days 1 through 4 and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 2 and 8 of a 21-day cycle with prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the heavily pretreated group. Sera from a subset of patients were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism for polymorphisms in 10 genes of interest.

Results

Of 136 women enrolled, 74 were heavily pretreated. Both protocols accrued to their two-stage design. The response rate for both the heavily and minimally pretreated cohorts was 26%, and the median durations of response were 5.3 and 5.9 months, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, hormone receptor–negative disease was associated with a higher response rate. The most common grades 3 or 4 toxicities were thrombocytopenia (71%), neutropenia (66%), and anemia (38%). In a subset of 55 patients, the xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD)–751, x-ray cross-complementing group 3 (XRCC3) and cytidine deaminase polymorphisms were significantly associated with clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

Combination cisplatin and gemcitabine is active in metastatic breast cancer regardless of prior therapy. Genetic polymorphisms may tailor which patients benefit from this regimen.
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Complications and Outcomes of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Older Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Srokowski Tomasz P. , Fang Shenying , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Giordano Sharon H.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

To evaluate whether diabetes affects patterns of adjuvant chemotherapy use, toxic effects of chemotherapy, and breast cancer outcomes.

Patients and Methods

By using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, we identified patients aged 66 years or older who had stages I through III breast cancer that was diagnosed between 1992 and 2002. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of diabetes on use of chemotherapy, toxicities, and outcomes. The risks of all-cause mortality and breast cancer–specific (BCS) mortality were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Our cohort had 70,781 men and women, of whom 14,414 (20.36%) had diabetes. Among people who received chemotherapy (n = 11,826), 21.0% were diabetics. In this group, diabetics had lower odds of receiving anthracyclines (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.87) and taxanes (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99). Diabetes was associated with increased odds of being hospitalized for any chemotherapy toxicity (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.56), for infection or fever (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.7), for neutropenia (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.45), for anemia (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.47), and for any cause (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.46). Patients with diabetes had higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.39). There was a significant interaction between diabetes and chemotherapy use for BCS mortality. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients who did not receive chemotherapy had similar BCS mortality, but diabetic patients who did receive chemotherapy had higher BCS mortality than nondiabetic patients (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.35).

Conclusion

In this observational, hypothesis-generating study, patients who have breast cancer and diabetes are at increased risk of chemotherapy-related toxicities compared with nondiabetic patients who are receiving chemotherapy and have higher all-cause mortality.
Patient Involvement in Decisions to Limit Treatment: The Crucial Role of Agreement Between Physician and Patient
Authors: Winkler Eva C. , Reiter-Theil Stella , Lange-Rieß Dorothee , Schmahl-Menges Nina , Hiddemann Wolfgang
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The aim of this study was to describe, first, the decision-making process concerning the limitation of life-prolonging treatment (DLT); second, the extent to which patients are actually involved in these decisions; and third, to detect medical and ethical factors that affect patient involvement.

Patients and Methods

This prospective qualitative study enrolled 76 patients with incurable cancer with whom the limitation of life-prolonging treatment was discussed. Embedded researchers on the wards recorded the patient's history, medical condition, type of treatment limitation discussed, patient wishes, decision-making capacity, and patient involvement using an in-depth documentation procedure.

Results

While the majority of patients were informed about their diagnosis, therapy, and course of disease (99%, 97%, 90%, respectively), only 47% were involved in DLT. Two thirds of the patients preferred palliative care, and one third wished to extend their lifetime. If patients preferred palliative care, they were more often in line with physicians' treatment goals than patients who were striving for longer survival (91.4% v 46.7%; P = .001). They also were involved significantly more often in DLT. Multivariate analysis showed that age, Karnofsky performance index or decision-making capacity had no impact on patient involvement.

Conclusion

Only half of the patients were involved in DLT. Surprisingly, the main predictor of patient involvement was not their medical condition, but agreement with physicians' palliative treatment goals. These results show that if physicians switch to comfort care in terminally ill patients and patients are not yet prepared to follow this line, treatment limitations are often decided without involving the patient.
Serum Amyloid A As a Prognostic Marker in Melanoma Identified by Proteomic Profiling
Authors: Findeisen Peter , Zapatka Marc , Peccerella Teresa , Matzk Heike , Neumaier Michael , Schadendorf Dirk , Ugurel Selma
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Currently known prognostic serum biomarkers of melanoma are powerful in metastatic disease, but weak in early-stage patients. This study was aimed to identify new prognostic biomarkers of melanoma by serum mass spectrometry (MS) proteomic profiling, and to validate candidates compared with established markers.

Patients and Methods

Two independent sets of serum samples from 596 melanoma patients were investigated. The first set (stage I = 102; stage IV = 95) was analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption and ionization time of flight (MALDI TOF) MS for biomarkers differentiating between stage I and IV. In the second set (stage I = 98; stage II = 91; stage III = 87; stage IV = 103), the serum concentrations of the candidate marker serum amyloid A (SAA) and the known biomarkers S100B, lactate dehydrogenase, and C reactive protein (CRP) were measured using immunoassays.

Results

MALDI TOF MS revealed a peak at m/z 11.680 differentiating between stage I and IV, which could be identified as SAA. High peak intensities at m/z 11.680 correlated with poor survival. In univariate analysis, SAA was a strong prognostic marker in stage I to III (P = .043) and stage IV (P = .000083) patients. Combination of SAA and CRP increased the prognostic impact to P = .011 in early-stage (I to III) patients. Multivariate analysis revealed sex, stage, tumor load, S100B, SAA, and CRP as independent prognostic factors, with an interaction between SAA and CRP. In stage I to III patients, SAA combined with CRP was superior to S100B in predicting patients' progression-free and overall survival.

Conclusion

SAA combined with CRP might be used as prognostic serological biomarkers in early-stage melanoma patients, helping to discriminate low-risk patients from high-risk patients needing adjuvant treatment.
Phase II Trial of Vorinostat in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme: A North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study
Authors: Galanis Evanthia , Jaeckle Kurt A. , Maurer Matthew J. , Reid Joel M. , Ames Matthew M. , Hardwick James S. , Reilly John F. , Loboda Andrey , Nebozhyn Michael , Fantin Valeria R. , Richon Victoria M. , Scheithauer Bernd , Giannini Caterina , Flynn Patrick J. , Moore Dennis F. , Zwiebel James , Buckner Jan C.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, represents a rational therapeutic target in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

Patients and Methods

Patients with recurrent GBM who had received one or fewer chemotherapy regimens for progressive disease were eligible. Vorinostat was administered at a dose of 200 mg orally twice a day for 14 days, followed by a 7-day rest period.

Results

A total of 66 patients were treated. Grade 3 or worse nonhematologic toxicity occurred in 26% of patients and consisted mainly of fatigue (17%), dehydration (6%), and hypernatremia (5%); grade 3 or worse hematologic toxicity occurred in 26% of patients and consisted mainly of thrombocytopenia (22%). Pharmacokinetic analysis showed lower vorinostat maximum concentration and area under the curve (0 to 24 hours) values in patients treated with enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants, although this did not reach statistical significance. The trial met the prospectively defined primary efficacy end point, with nine of the first 52 patients being progression-free at 6 months. Median overall survival from study entry was 5.7 months (range, 0.7 to 28+ months). Immunohistochemical analysis performed in paired baseline and post-vorinostat treatment samples in a separate surgical subgroup of five patients with recurrent GBM showed post treatment increase in acetylation of histones H2B and H4 (four of five patients) and of histone H3 (three of five patients). Microarray RNA analysis in the same samples showed changes in genes regulated by vorinostat, such as upregulation of E-cadherin (P = .02).

Conclusion

Vorinostat monotherapy is well tolerated in patients with recurrent GBM and has modest single-agent activity. Histone acetylation analysis and RNA expression profiling indicate that vorinostat in this dose and schedule affects target pathways in GBM. Additional testing of vorinostat in combination regimens is warranted.
Randomized Phase II and Pharmacogenetic Study of Pemetrexed Compared With Pemetrexed Plus Carboplatin in Pretreated Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Smit Egbert F. , Burgers Sjaak A. , Biesma Bonne , Smit Hans J.M. , Eppinga Pier , Dingemans Anne-Marie C. , Joerger Markus , Schellens Jan H. , Vincent Andrew , van Zandwijk Nico , Groen Harry J.M.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

We performed a randomized phase II trial comparing pemetrexed with pemetrexed plus carboplatin (PC) in patients experiencing relapse after platinum-based chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods

Main eligibility criteria were histologic or cytologic proof of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), relapse more than 3 months after platinum-based chemotherapy, normal organ function, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2. Patients were randomly assigned to pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 (arm A) or carboplatin area under the curve 5 and pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 (arm B), both administered intravenously every 3 weeks. Response assessment was performed every 6 weeks; toxicity assessment was performed every 3 weeks. Primary end point was time to progression (TTP); secondary end points were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. The study was designed to detect a 33% decrease in the hazard of disease progression in the combination arm (α = 0.05, two-sided log-rank test). Polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase, the reduced folate carrier, γ-glutamyl hydrolase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHF) were investigated in peripheral WBCs of consenting patients.

Results

Two hundred forty patients were enrolled. Median TTP was 2.8 months for arm A versus 4.2 months for arm B (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.89; P = .005). Median OS was 7.6 months and 8.0 months and ORR was 4% and 9% for arms A and B, respectively. Subgroup analyses found adenocarcinoma to be associated with favorable outcome. Toxicities in both arms was negligible, with one potential toxic death in arm A. Patients with MTHFR C677T homozygous mutation had increased progression-free survival compared with patients with wild-type or heterozygous mutations (P = .03).

Conclusion

PC as second-line treatment for relapsed NSCLC resulted in a significant 33% reduction of the hazard of disease progression as compared with pemetrexed alone.
Phase III Trial of Bevacizumab in Combination With Gemcitabine and Erlotinib in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Van Cutsem Eric , Vervenne Walter L. , Bennouna Jaafar , Humblet Yves , Gill Sharlene , Van Laethem Jean-Luc , Verslype Chris , Scheithauer Werner , Shang Aijing , Cosaert Jan , Moore Malcolm J.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Treatment with gemcitabine provides modest benefits in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. The addition of erlotinib to gemcitabine shows a small but significant improvement in overall survival (OS) versus gemcitabine alone. Phase II results for bevacizumab plus gemcitabine provided the rationale for a phase III trial of gemcitabine-erlotinib plus bevacizumab or placebo.

Patients and Methods

Patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned to receive gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2/week), erlotinib (100 mg/day), and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg every 2 weeks) or gemcitabine, erlotinib, and placebo in this double-blind, phase III trial. Primary end point was OS; secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate, and safety.

Results

A total of 301 patients were randomly assigned to the placebo group and 306 to the bevacizumab group. Median OS was 7.1 and 6.0 months in the bevacizumab and placebo arms, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.07; P = .2087); this difference was not statistically significant. Adding bevacizumab to gemcitabine-erlotinib significantly improved PFS (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.86; P = .0002). Treatment with bevacizumab plus gemcitabine-erlotinib was well tolerated: safety data did not differ from previously described safety profiles for individual drugs.

Conclusion

The primary objective was not met. The addition of bevacizumab to gemcitabine-erlotinib did not lead to a statistically significant improvement in OS in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. PFS, however, was significantly longer in the bevacizumab group compared with placebo. No unexpected safety events were observed from adding bevacizumab to gemcitabine-erlotinib.
Forecast Accuracy Uncertainty and Momentum
Authors: Han Bing , Hong Dong , Warachka Mitch
Published: March 2009

We demonstrate that stock price momentum and earnings momentum can result from uncertainty surrounding the accuracy of cash flow forecasts. Our model has multiple information sources issuing cash flow forecasts for a stock. The investor combines these forecasts into an aggregate cash flow estimate that has minimal mean-squared forecast error. This aggregate estimate weights each cash flow forecast by the estimated accuracy of its issuer, which is obtained from their past forecast errors. Momentum arises from the investor gradually learning about the relative accuracy of the information sources and updating their weights. Empirical tests validate the model's prediction of stronger momentum in stocks with large information weight fluctuations and high forecast dispersion. We also identify return predictability attributable to changes in the information weights.
Optimal Entry Timing in Markets with Social Influence
Authors: Joshi Yogesh V. , Reibstein David J. , Zhang Z. John
Published: March 2009

Firms routinely face the challenging decision of whether to enter a new market where a firm's strong presence in an existing market has a positive influence (the leverage effect) on product adoption in the new market, but the reciprocal social influence on the existing market is negative (the backlash effect). In this paper, we show that a firm's optimal entry strategy in this situation cannot be characterized by the familiar “now or never” or “now or at maturity” strategies proposed in the literature. We show that a strong leverage effect does not necessarily provide the justification for a firm to enter a new market, and neither should a strong backlash effect necessarily deter a firm from embracing a new market. The optimal strategy is predicated on a judicious trade-off between the three factors of leverage, backlash, and patience. Thus, an astute manager can always find the opportune time to enter the new market if she takes into account the dynamic and recursive nature of cross-market interaction effects, where leverage enhances the backlash but backlash weakens the leverage in a nonlinear, dynamic fashion. We illustrate that firms stand to benefit from explicit considerations of these effects in deciding whether and when to enter a new market. Furthermore, we explore how the optimal time of entry into the new market relates to the time of peak sales for the existing market, demonstrating that depending on the interactive effects of leverage and backlash, entry could be optimal either before or after peak sales in the existing market.
Employment Horizon and the Choice of Performance Measures: Empirical Evidence from Annual Bonus Plans of Loss-Making Entities
Authors: Matějka Michal , Merchant Kenneth A. , Van der Stede Wim A.
Published: March 2009

We examine the extent to which employment horizon concerns affect the relative emphasis on financial versus nonfinancial performance measures in annual bonus plans. We argue that managers of loss-making firms are likely to voluntarily or forcibly depart in the near future and, consequently, have a shorter employment horizon. Loss-making firms then need to increase the emphasis on forward-looking nonfinancial performance measures to motivate long-term effort of their managers. Thus, we hypothesize that the emphasis on nonfinancial performance measures is greater in loss making than in profitable firms even after controlling for the informativeness of earnings. We find consistent support for our hypothesis using different (archival, survey, and field) data sources and various proxies for short employment horizon and the emphasis on nonfinancial performance measures.
Verbalization and problem solving: Insight and spatial factors
Authors: Gilhooly K. J. , Fioratou E. , Henretty N.
Published: March 2009

Two groups of participants attempted eight examples of each of four different problem types formed by combining insight versus non‐insight and verbal versus spatial factors. The groups were given different verbalization instructions viz., Silent (N = 40) or Direct Concurrent (N = 40). There were significant differences between insight and non‐insight tasks and between spatial and verbal tasks in terms of solution rates and latencies. Significant interactions between the verbal versus spatial factor and verbalization condition on solution rates and latencies reflected a greater (negative) effect of verbalizing on spatial as against verbal problems. However, no significant interactions of the insight versus non‐insight factor with verbalization condition on solution rates or latencies were found. These results favoured the ‘business as usual’ view of insight problem solving as against the ‘special process’ view which predicted larger effects of verbalization for insight problems as against non‐insight problems.
Am I too fat to be a princess? Examining the effects of popular children's media on young girls' body image
Authors: Hayes Sharon , Tantleff‐Dunn Stacey
Published: March 2009

The current study investigated the effects of brief exposure to appearance‐related media on young girls' body image. One hundred and twenty‐one girls aged 3–6 years old participated. Results indicated that exposure did not affect body dissatisfaction or engagement in appearance‐related play behaviours. This is the first empirical study to provide support for previous findings that suggest media exposure does not affect body image in young girls. In contrast to older populations, it is possible that young children may adopt the persona of attractive characters with whom they identify rather than comparing themselves to the characters. Although nearly all girls liked the way they looked, self‐report data indicated that nearly one‐third of the participants would change something about their physical appearance and nearly half of the girls worried about being fat. Exposure to appearance‐related media did not exacerbate concerns.
A survey of UK selection practices across different organization sizes and industry sectors
Authors: Zibarras Lara D. , Woods Stephen A.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents results of a study examining the methods used to select employees in 579 UK organizations representing a range of different organization sizes and industry sectors. Overall, a smaller proportion of organizations in this sample reported using formalized methods (e.g., assessment centres) than informal methods (e.g., unstructured interviews). The curriculum vitae (CVs) was the most commonly used selection method, followed by the traditional triad of application form, interviews, and references. Findings also indicated that the use of different selection methods was similar in both large organizations and small‐to‐medium‐sized enterprises. Differences were found across industry sector with public and voluntary sectors being more likely to use formalized techniques (e.g., application forms rather than CVs and structured rather than unstructured interviews). The results are discussed in relation to their implications, both in terms of practice and future research.
Disbelieving Suspense: Suspended Sentences of Imprisonment and Public Confidence in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Freiberg Arie , Moore Victoria
Published: March 2009

This article examines the ambivalent nature of suspended sentences of imprisonment and public reactions to them. In Australia, and elsewhere, they have created confusion, have been in and out of political and judicial favour and have been repeatedly modified. The article discusses the Victorian Sentencing Advisory Council's review of suspended sentences, with particular reference to public perceptions of the sentence and the council's various proposals for reform. It examines, in particular, four issues relating to this sanction: (1) the meaning of punishment, (2) the severity of punishment, (3) truth in sentencing and the nature of substitutional sanctions and (4) the appropriateness of the sanction for specific offences. The article concludes with a discussion as to whether public perceptions matter in the broad sentencing context and notes that public perceptions are only one of a number of factors driving sentencing reform.
Notes on a Scandal: The Official Enquiry Into Deviance and Corruption in New Zealand Police
Authors: Rowe Michael
Published: March 2009

Since 2004, the New Zealand Police Service has been engulfed by a series of scandals relating to allegations that officers have committed rape and sexual assault and conducted inappropriate sexual relations with vulnerable people. Moreover, it has been claimed that other officers engaged in corrupt practices to thwart the investigation and prosecution of criminal behaviour of police officers. In 2007, a Commission of Inquiry report established a program of reform intended to shape the future direction of the police service.This article provides an overview of these scandals, the context in which they have emerged, and the political and policing response to them. The analysis contained in the Commission report is compared with that offered by comparable investigations of police deviance and corruption in other countries. The methodological and conceptual limitations of the Commission are outlined and the prospects of the recommendations are considered.
Does Indigeneity Matter? Sentencing Indigenous Offenders in South Australia's Higher Courts
Authors: Jeffries Samantha , Bond Christine
Published: March 2009

In Australia, research investigating Indigenous differences in sentencing is limited.This study examines the impact of offenders' Indigenous status on the decision to imprison and length of imprisonment in South Australia's Higher Courts. Results indicate that Indigenous offenders were less likely than their non-Indigenous counterparts to be sentenced to a term of imprisonment when appearing before the court under similar circumstances. However, when sentence length was decided, Indigenous offenders were sentenced to longer periods of imprisonment. The theoretical implications of these research findings are explored including conflict and focal concerns (attribution) perspectives.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Technique to Monitor External Polymeric Pipeline Coatings
Authors: Papavinasam Sankara , Attard Michael , Revie R. Winston
Published: March 2009

Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) can be used to monitor changes in several material properties, including mass, electrochemical, viscosity, adsorption, and deposition. In this paper, EQCM was evaluated to determine if it can monitor changes to the metal-coating interface well before any visible/physical changes to the coating. Modified cathodic disbondment (CD) experiments were carried out over a period of 14 months on 13 coatings used to protect the external surfaces of oil and gas pipelines. During the experiments, EQCM measurements were recorded by placing the quartz crystal at the coating-steel interface. After the experiments, the CD area was measured and compared with the EQCM measurements. Of the 117 panels of 13 different pipeline coatings tested, for 67 % of coatings EQCM correctly predicted the coating performance. Twenty-five percent of coatings performed better than that predicted from EQCM data. Only for 8 % of coatings EQCM measurements predicted better performance but the coatings disbonded during CD area measurement. Based on these observations it was concluded that microscopic changes to the metal-coating interface could be assessed from oscillation frequency of the EQCM crystal placed at the metal-coating interface. However, in order to obtain useful information, extreme care should be exercised in placing the fragile EQCM crystal at the metal-coating interface.
Symposium on Application of Soil Testing in Highway Design and Construction
Authors: ASTM Committee D-18
Published: March 2009

Description

Eight papers cover: Examples of Highway Soil Engineering; Ohio's Typical Moisture-Density Curves; Soil Classification Scheme Based on Compaction Tests; plus five others
Some Historical Developments in Paper Testing
Authors: Willets WR , Marchetti FR
Published: March 2009

Paper testing in one form or another is undoubtedly as old as papermaking itself. Perhaps it is not too fanciful to assume that the ancient Egyptian scribe examined his sheets of papyrus to ascertain whether they would be suitable for his inscription; of the proper texture, thickness and over-all appearance. He can be visualized as holding a sheet up to the light to determine its formation, as feeling it between thumb and fingers to gage its smoothness and bulk, and possibly even tearing a corner to see whether it had proper strength. It is certain that, unless human nature has changed over the centuries, he complained at times to his supplier that the sheet was not suitably ink receptive—that it was improperly sized.
Clupak Paper—A New Type of High-Stretch Paper—Its Manufacture and Performance
Authors: Diaz RJ
Published: March 2009

Ever since papermakers made the great change from handmade sheets to continuous-web paper machines, they have been trying to recapture some of the isotropic properties of paper they lost in the process. Machine-direction tensile strengths are often over twice as high as cross-machine direction tensile strength. Cross-machine direction stretch, on the other hand, is in the order of 3 to 5 per cent, whereas machine-direction stretch is rarely over 2 per cent. For many years one of the largest uses for paper has been in the packaging industry. In 1957, almost 800,000 tons of kraft paper were used in the multiwall sack field alone, and here it has been observed that those papers with the highest tensile strength have not always been the strongest or best in actual use. Increased extensibility, even at the expense of tensile strength, will many times insure better end-use performance. Creped papers, despite their lower tensile strength, and rough surface not conducive to good printing, find widespread use in the multiwall sack field. It is an established fact that high humidity produces higher paper stretch capacity and lower tensile strength. Conversely, with low relative humidity, tensile strength increases while stretch capacity decreases. Yet despite the increased tensile strength, multiwall sack breakage is higher in winter months when the relative humidity is lower. Therefore, the paper industry has been interested in the effects of stretch on paper behavior and in a means for producing increased stretch capacity, or extensibility in paper as an “on machine” operation. Interest in the advantages to be gained from increased extensibility is attested to by the number of patents issued for various means of inducing both machine-direction and cross-machine direction stretch in paper webs.
Advances in the Uses of Concrete in Transportation
Authors: Catton MD
Published: March 2009

History shows that the tempo of new developments in the United States is always quickened and sharpened in times of economic stress. History is again repeating itself in the concrete field as well as other fields where man's ingenuity finds opportunity for full play. It is fitting to develop this subject here in Detroit, the capitol of the greatest transportation factory the world has ever seen but the superlatives required to describe the automobile industry need not be repeated here.
Recent Developments in the Use of Asphalt for Transportation Purposes
Authors: Gray BE
Published: March 2009

Asphalt is a versatile material, having a number of properties which fit it for varied and often diverse uses. It is both elastic and plastic according to the manner in which it is employed. It is highly resistant to both acids and alkalies; is a nonconductor of electricity; is waterproof; and consequently highly durable. It is but natural that such a material should have wide use in industry and when to the above-named qualities there is added the one of high cementing value it follows that asphalt should be one of the important materials employed in the transportation field. In 1939 approximately 6,200,000 tons of asphalt were used of which 4,500,000 tons or 73 per cent were employed in the construction of streets, highways, airports, etc.
Building Design for Lateral Forces
Authors: Degenkolb HJ
Published: March 2009

The building public is rapidly becoming conscious of the necessity of designing structures for lateral forces. On the Pacific Coast we have experienced major destructive earthquakes and the presumption is that they will reoccur. The Midwest has recently experienced several cyclones and the East and South have suffered hurricanes. The deficiency of certain types of structures under these adverse forces has been graphically demonstrated to the public.
Developments in Structural Glued Laminated Construction
Authors: Eby RE
Published: March 2009

By definition, structural glued laminated members comprise an assembly of wood laminations in which the grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally and the laminations are bonded with adhesives. In addition, all laminations must be stress graded, production methods must meet exacting standards, and the adhesive used must develop a bond strength equal or greater than the strength of the wood—the basic assumption in all structural glue laminating. Laminating, as discussed in this paper, will be with reference to the above definition and requirements only, and will not include cross bonding of laminations such as plywood or veneering.
Strength Qualities of Dimension Lumber
Authors: Wood LW
Published: March 2009

Stress grading of lumber and working stresses for its use in structural design are well known. Most building codes give working stresses for wood. In the development of stress grading, principal emphasis was given to the larger timbers. More recently, increasing attention has been paid to the engineering design of light-frame structures and the strength values in the 2- or 3-in. dimension lumber used for framing. In response to this trend, many of the dimension grades of lumber have been redefined to make them stress grades. At the same time, not all dimension lumber is in stress grades, and engineers have demanded more information on the strength values in such lumber. That demand has led to the studies reported here.
New Developments in Engineered Wood Design and Construction
Authors: Ketchum V
Published: March 2009

This paper applies only to engineered timber construction using sawn lumber and timbers as they come from the mill and planing mill. It does not directly cover glued laminated construction, although some items may also concern glued laminated work.
Developments in Softwood Plywood Design and Construction
Authors: Countryman D
Published: March 2009

Developments within the softwood plywood industry which have affected applications of plywood in construction are reviewed. These include the activities of industry, through the Douglas Fir Plywood Assn., in developing quality standards. They also include the program of testing and research on design methods and structural applications carried on by the plywood industry and by the United States Forest Products Laboratory.

Available design procedures are mentioned and the development of working stresses traced. Application of these working stresses is outlined, using approximate design methods for tension, compression, flexure, and shear.

Common structural applications and construction practice are discussed for wall, roof, and floor sheathing, exterior applications, concrete forms, and overlaid plywood. Special structural applications for which plywood is commonly used are also listed, including shear diaphragms, built-up plywood beams, gusset plates for trusses and rigid frames, and stressed-skin panels. Several experimental types of roof structures are also mentioned, including hipped-plates, hyperbolic paraboloids, and elastic arches.

It is concluded that the availability of technical information and the development of adequate quality standards within the past two decades have contributed substantially to the acceptance of plywood as a construction material.
Navy Facilities for Evaluating Prefrabricated Buildings
Authors: Dykins JE
Published: March 2009

The building lest program was inaugurated by the Bureau of Yards and Docks in response to requests by the military services for better prefabricated buildings. The need for such a program became evident, during World War II when building demand far outstripped production. To meet this demand, production was stepped up to the point where little or no heed was being given to some of the basic design requirements. The resulting variety of buildings in production by the end of the war clearly pointed to the need for some sort of testing and standardization program.
Committee D-19: The First Quarter Century
Authors: Adams RC
Published: March 2009

The word “committee” is unhappy; it tends to have unfavorable connotations. For instance, a whimsical definition of committee is: “A group of persons who individually can do nothing and collectively agree that nothing can be done.”Recognizing this stigma, or perhaps contributing to it, was the report of an extensive study published by a research institution soon after World War II. By statistical means this purportedly scholarly investigation reached the dismaying conclusion that the optimum size for a committee was 0.7 member.
Sea Water Purification
Authors: Elliott OM
Published: March 2009

Most of the broad possibilities in the field of water conditioning are shown in Fig. 1.
The Mechanics of Fine Sieving
Authors: Whitby KT
Published: March 2009

It has been found for the nonsteady state conditions existing during test sieving on such machines as the standard Rotap sifter that the mechanism of sieving can be divided into two distinctly different regions with a transition region between.

Region 1 exists where there are many particles much less than the mesh size still on the sieve. An equation relating major sieving variables such as mesh size, particle size distribution, sieve loading, etc., was developed from experiments using four typical materials.

As particles much less than the mesh size are removed the mechanism changes and region 2 sieving begins. In region 2 all particles much less than the mesh size have been eliminated from the residue, and the particles remaining that can pass the sieve are very near mesh size. The cumulative percentage passing the sieve has been found to follow the log-normal law in region 2. From this fact an equation relating the major sieving variables in region 2 has been derived analytically and proven experimentally.

Using the laws developed for regions 1 and 2, the effects of material, sieve load, sieve motion, relative humidity and sieve material were investigated to a limited extent. These laws were also extended analytically to steady state sieving.

It is believed that the proposed sieving laws represent the best fit over the broadest range of conditions of any sieving laws that have been proposed to date.
Methods of Particle-Size Analysis
Authors: Loveland RP
Published: March 2009

Particle size is a generic term and embraces a wide range of sizes of matter. In this discussion it will be limited to those sizes that will pass through the common commercial sieves. Of the many methods for determining particle size, only a few are fundamental, that is, do not require calibration by other methods. The microscopic method is one of these few. This discussion will be restricted to this method. Although in the literature its only value is stated to be as a calibration method for other methods, and it is more laborious than some other methods, nevertheless it is being used as a routine method of measurement in many places. Measurement of the image of a particle with a rule seems very direct compared with the measurement of a physical property correlated with the size and it gives a sense of validity.
A Liquid Sedimentation Method for Particle Size Distributions
Authors: Cartwright LM , Gregg RQ
Published: March 2009

For the determination of particle size distributions in the range from 0.5 to 100 μ, a liquid sedimentation technique originally described by K. T. Whitby, and subsequently published by him, has been found to be a rapid and repeatable means for obtaining distributions on a wide variety of materials, such as catalysts, dusts, pigments, filter aids, salts, metal powders, clays, sandstones, etc.
Turbidimetric Particle Size Distribution Theory: Application to Refractory Metal and Oxide Powders
Authors: Michaels AI
Published: March 2009

An industrial survey of particle size methods currently in use and a correlation study on a group of tungsten metal powders were conducted to establish the present state of affairs in the refractory metals industry. Results indicate a wide diversity of techniques and no correlation between measurements, and confirm the need for standardization in the measurement of the particle size distribution of refractory metal powders. The turbidimetric sedimentation technique is concluded to be most suitable for these powders.

The theories of turbidimetry, sedimentation, and turbidimetric sedimentation are thoroughly reviewed and the sources of error inherent in each are analyzed. The author concludes that the errors arising in the turbidimetric sedimentation analysis of refractory metal powders tend to compensate each other, giving a measured distribution which differs from the true value only by an overestimation of the per cent weight in the 1 to 8 μ size range.

The causes of poor correlation between measurements obtained on refractory metal powders by different laboratories are discussed. Various methods for deagglomeration and suitable sedimentation media are described.
The Determination of Particle Size by Adsorption Methods
Authors: Fries RJ
Published: March 2009

This paper is essentially a survey of the methods and apparatus available for determining the particle size and surface area of finely divided solids by the adsorption of gases and liquids.

A general discussion of the calculation of particle size from surface area data is given, followed by a consideration of the effect of particle shape, porosity, and surface roughness on the validity of such a calculation.

The next section, dealing with gas adsorption methods, is devoted to a consideration of the evaluation of the monolayer capacity from the adsorption isotherm and the assignment of the area occupied by each adsorbate molecule. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the experimental techniques of gas adsorption and the various types of apparatus (volumetric and gravimetric, routine and research) which can be used.

A rather general discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of surface area determination methods based on adsorption from liquid solutions is then presented, followed by a brief discussion of heat of wetting methods.

Finally, data from the literature are shown comparing the results of adsorption methods of particle size determination with several other methods, particularly electron microscopy.
A Study of the Blaine Fineness Tester and A Determination of Surface Area From Air Permeability Data
Authors: Ober SS , Frederick KJ
Published: March 2009

The Blaine fineness tester is a simple and inexpensive instrument for the measurement of specific surface by air permeability. This paper deals with the variables met in the use of this instrument and their effect on the precision and accuracy of the calculated surface areas. Modifications of the Kozeny-Carmen equation which have appeared in the literature are recited. A porosity function, based on a single correction factor, is proposed which makes surface area data from the Blaine fineness tester fully independent of test conditions. It is shown that this same factor can be used to bring these data into agreement with nitrogen adsorption values.
A Discussion of the ASTM Recommended Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments (D 1366)
Authors: Calbeck JH
Published: March 2009

The ASTM Tentative Recommended Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characteristics of Pigments (D 1366-55 T)1 was published in 1955 after Group 13 for Fineness Characteristics of Pigments of Subcommittee XV of ASTM Committee D-l cn Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products had struggled with this problem for 5 years. This paper deals with the development cf that recommended practice, the reasons for it, and discusses some technological phases of particle size measurement and reporting that were brought up in the committee.
Internal Friction, Plastic Strain, and Fatigue in Metals and Semiconductors
Authors: Mason WP
Published: March 2009

By using a barium titanate driver attached to a tapered brass horn, containing a specimen of metal, it is possible to stress the specimen to fatigue failure. The internal friction and plastic strain of the specimen can be measured from the ratio of the driving voltage to the pickup voltage from the titanate and from the resonant frequency. It is found that there are two amplitude ranges for which the internal friction and plastic strain vary with stress. The final phase for metals results in a very rapid rise in internal friction and plastic strain, and ends in fatigue failure. The effect of a static stress is to increase the stiffness of metals for small alternating stress amplitudes and to lower the value of the alternating stress required to produce fatigue failure. Germanium is not subject to fatigue failure in the manner of a metal but suffers brittle fracture. A theory based on the action of Frank-Read dislocation loops is shown to agree with the measured results. Fatigue stresses can be increased by metallurgical treatments which reduce the lengths of the Frank-Read sources.
Experience with Core Drilling Machines, Power Augers, and Electrical Resistivity on The Pennsylvania Turnpike
Authors: Shurig DG , Yoder EJ
Published: March 2009

This paper pertains to the use of small rotary diamond core drilling machines, power augers, and electrical resistivity units when used in combinaion for subsurface exploration in proposed highway cuts. Original subsurface data obtained on the Northeastern Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike System, extending from Philadelphia to Scranton, is compared to actual field conditions. A large number of shallow earth surface conditions have been categorized into six basic groups depending on the proportion of soil, unsound rock, sound rock, and attitude of the rock. Sound rock is defined relative to a stable highway cut slope. The capabilities and advantages of each machine, primarily in locating the top of sound rock in each of the six basic groups, are presented. Methods of using power augers to obtain slope design and excavation data are given. A comparison is made of the time and cost of using the core drill, power auger, and electrical resistivity equipment.
The Value of Soil Test Data in Local and Regional Road Planning
Authors: Ekse M
Published: March 2009

Many years of soil testing by state highway departments and by county and city engineering forces has made available a great wealth of test data which has considerable potential for use in local and regional road planning, particularly as related to road needs and to comparison analyses of construction requirements and costs in various local areas, counties, and regions of a state.
Ohio's Typical Moisture-Density Curves
Authors: Joslin JG
Published: March 2009

Since the summer of 1935, the Ohio Department of Highways has been using a specification for the control of the moisture and compaction of soils in the construction of soil embankments. This specification, with some modifications and improvements, has been used successfully for more than 22 years. It is based on the fact that each soil type, when subjected to a given compactive effort, has a moisture content at which maximum density can be obtained. This optimum moisture content, and the maximum density test used by the Ohio Department of Highways is the “ASTM Tentative Methods of Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils” D 698 — 57 T. This paper deals with the development and use of Ohio's typical moisture-density curves.
Materials in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Antal JJ
Published: March 2009

Nuclear properties were added to the list of criteria for the selection of materials at the onset of the Nuclear Age. From the beginning, the era of nuclear energy was beset with materials problems. Production of common and unusual materials of unprecedented purity was required by neutron absorption characteristics. The continual bombardment of a reactor's structural materials by nuclear particles as the result of fission required research into the fundamental and engineering aspects of radiation effects. As a result of this research, the lifetime of nuclear reactors has been significantly increased, and the nuclear reactor has become an indispensable tool for many new and old categories of materials research.