bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Cereal Bars Containing Pineapple Peel Flour (Ananas comosus L. Merril)
Authors: Aparecida Damasceno Karina , Alvarenga Gonçalves Carlos Antonio , Dos Santos Pereira Geyzielle , Lacerda Costa Luciene , Bastianello Campagnol Paulo Cezar , Leal De Almeida Patrícia , Arantes‐Pereira Lucas
Published: September 2016

Cereal bars are nutritious food composed of several ingredients including cereals, fruits, nuts and sugar among others. Thus, this study aimed to develop cereal bars containing pineapple peel flour. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments, as follows: Control (0% flour); T1 (3% flour); T2 (6% flour); and T3 (9% flour), for the variables moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrates. It was observed that the higher the pineapple peel flour content, the greater the crude fiber content in the cereal bars was, evidencing the significant amounts of crude fiber in the pineapple peel. In the texture analysis, although an increase in bar consistency was observed with increasing concentrations of pineapple peel flour, no differences were observed up to 6% flour addition when compared to the control. With respect to the sensory attributes, the samples scored among the hedonic terms 7.0 (moderately good) and 9.0 (very good). It can be concluded that the pineapple peel flour is a good alternative to be introduced in human diet, in addition to significantly reduce waste generation in the pulp industries.

Practical Applications

In this study, we produced cereal bars using different concentrations of pineapple peel flour (PPF), a co‐product of the fruit industry. We observed that the addition of up to 6% PPF in the cereal bars did not alter the sensory acceptance and increased the fiber content. We believe that these findings may be useful for the production of cereal bars with healthier characteristics and reduce the environment impact caused by industrialization of pineapple.
Hypertension Treatment and Concern About Falling: Baseline Data from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial
Authors: Berlowitz Dan R. , Breaux‐Shropshire Tonya , Foy Capri G. , Gren Lisa H. , Kazis Lewis , Lerner Alan J. , Newman Jill C. , Powell James R. , Riley William T. , Rosman Robert , Wadley Virginia G. , Williams Julie A. ,   the SPRINT Research Group
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To determine the extent of concern about falling in older adults with hypertension, whether lower blood pressure (BP) and greater use of antihypertensive medications are associated with greater concern about falling, and whether lower BP has a greater effect on concern about falling in older and more functionally impaired individuals.

Design

Secondary analysis involving cross‐sectional study of baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT).

Setting

Approximately 100 outpatient sites.

Participants

SPRINT enrollees aged 50 and older (mean age 69) diagnosed with hypertension (N = 2,299).

Measurements

Concern about falling was determined using the shortened version of the Falls Efficacy Scale International as measured at the baseline examination.

Results

Mild concern about falling was present in 29.3% of participants and moderate to severe concern in 17.9%. Neither low BP (systolic BP<120 mmHg, diastolic BP <70 mmHg) nor orthostatic hypotension was associated with concern about falling (P > .10). Participants with moderate to severe concern about falling were taking significantly more antihypertensive medications than those with mild or no concern. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, no associations were evident between BP, medications, and concern about falling. Results were similar in older and younger participants; interactions between BP and age and functional status were not significantly associated with concern about falling.

Conclusion

Although concern about falling is common in older adults with hypertension, it was not found to be associated with low BP or use of more antihypertensive medications in baseline data from SPRINT.
Depression and Anxiety Screens as Simultaneous Predictors of 10‐Year Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults in Primary Care
Authors: Khambaty Tasneem , Callahan Christopher M. , Perkins Anthony J. , Stewart Jesse C.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To examine depression and anxiety screens and their individual items as simultaneous predictors of incident diabetes mellitus.

Design

Ten‐year follow‐up study of individuals screened for the Improving Mood‐Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) trial.

Setting

Two large urban primary care clinics in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Participants

Diverse sample (53% African American, 80% of lower socioeconomic status) of 2,156 older adults initially free of diabetes mellitus.

Measurements

Depression and anxiety screens were completed during routine primary care visits between 1999 and 2001. Incident diabetes mellitus data were obtained from an electronic medical record system and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services analytical files though 2009.

Results

Over the 10‐year period, 558 (25.9%) participants had diabetes mellitus onset. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic and diabetes mellitus risk factors revealed that a positive screen for anxiety, but not for depression, predicted incident diabetes mellitus when entered into separate models (anxiety: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15–1.61, P < .001; depression: HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.95–1.46, P = .13) and when entered simultaneously into one model (anxiety: HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.12–1.61, P < .001; depression: HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.83–1.31, P = .73). The feeling anxious (P = .03) and the worry (P = .02) items predicted incident diabetes mellitus independent of the depression screen.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that screening positive for anxiety is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in older adults independent of depression and traditional diabetes mellitus risk factors. Anxiety requires greater consideration and awareness in the context of diabetes mellitus risk assessment and primary prevention.
Use of Indwelling Urinary Catheters in Nursing Homes: Implications for Quality Improvement Efforts
Authors: Gurwitz Jerry H. , DuBeau Catherine , Mazor Kathleen , Sreedhara Meera , Lemay Celeste , Spenard Ann , Pandolfi Michelle , Johnson Florence , Field Terry
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To describe the epidemiology of indwelling urinary catheter use in nursing homes (NHs).

Design

Observational cohort study.

Setting

A purposeful sampling strategy was used to identify a diverse sample of 28 Connecticut NHs, defined in terms of ownership, quality ratings, and bed size.

Participants

Long‐stay (>100 days) residents of study NHs with an indwelling urinary catheter present at any time over a 1‐year period.

Measurements

Duration of catheter use was determined, and indications for catheter placement were documented. Indications considered appropriate included urinary retention or outlet obstruction, pressure ulcer (Stage 3 or 4 with risk of contamination by urine), hospice care, and need for accurate measurement of input and output. During quarterly follow‐up assessments, whether the catheter was still in place or had been removed for any reason other than routine maintenance was determined.

Results

The overall rate of any urinary catheter use per 100 resident‐beds over a 1‐year period was 4.8 (range 1.0–9.9, median 5.1). Of the 228 residents meeting eligibility criteria, a documented indication for the catheter was present in the NH record for 195 (86%). Of those with a documented indication, 99% (n = 193) had one or more indications deemed appropriate, including urinary retention (83%), pressure ulcer (21%), hospice care (10%), and need for accurate measurement of input and output (6%). The urinary catheter was removed at some point during the period of observation in 49% (n = 111) of participants; those with a shorter duration of catheter use before study enrollment were more likely to have the catheter removed during the follow‐up period. Of the 111 residents who had the catheter removed, 58 (52.3%) had it reinserted at some point during follow‐up.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that indwelling urinary catheter use in long‐stay NH residents is uncommon and generally appropriate and that efforts to improve catheter care and outcomes should extend beyond a singular focus on reducing use.
A historical perspective: Simian AIDS—an accidental windfall
Authors: Gardner Murray
Published: September 2016

Background

For the past 30 years, Simian AIDS has provided an indispensible animal model for the human disease. This historical perspective highlights the circumstances leading to the creation of this experimental model.

Methods

Historical information and stored non‐human primate (NHP) specimens, including isolates of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), were analyzed by molecular epidemiologic methods to trace the lineage and transmission of SIV among NHPs at US primate centers.

Results

The rhesus and stump‐tailed macaque models of Simian AIDS are the result of the accidental transmission of SIV from healthy sooty mangabey carriers to naïve macaques during the course of human kuru experimental transmission studies at UC Davis during the 1960s.

Conclusions

Simian AIDS, first recognized in the 1980s, is the accidental result of experimental kuru transmission experiments carried out in the 1960s, which led to the discovery of infectious prions but inadvertently transmitted SIV, unknown at that time, from sooty mangabeys to macaques.
Timing of sequential use of double‐balloon catheter and oral misoprostol for induction of labor
Authors: Kehl Sven , Böhm Lena , Weiss Christel , Heimrich Jutta , Dammer Ulf , Baier Friederike , Sütterlin Marc , Beckmann Matthias W. , Faschingbauer Florian
Published: September 2016

Aim

The best time to commence cervical ripening with a balloon catheter is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether application of a balloon catheter in the morning or in the evening is better when sequential prostaglandin application is planned.

Methods

This multicenter historical cohort study included 415 women with an unfavorable cervix undergoing labor induction at term. Labor was induced with a double‐balloon catheter and the sequential use of oral misoprostol if necessary. The balloon catheter was placed in the morning group between 02:00–15:00 and in the evening group between 15:00–02:00. The primary outcome measure was the cesarean section rate. Secondary outcome measures included failed labor induction (no vaginal delivery within 72 h).

Results

The cesarean section rate did not differ between the groups (morning 26.9%, evening 24.3%; P = 0.5553); however, more women in the morning group did not deliver within 72 h (8.8% vs 3.1%; P = 0.0138). In nulliparous women, labor induction failed more often in the morning group (12% vs. 4%, P = 0.043). In parous women, the induction‐to‐delivery interval was longer in the morning group (1756 vs. 1349 min; P = 0.046), and there were fewer deliveries within 24 h (35% vs. 56%, P = 0.016).

Conclusions

When sequential use of a double‐balloon catheter and oral misoprostol for labor induction is planned, the preferable time for catheter placement is in the evening. This resulted in fewer failed inductions in nulliparous women and a shorter induction‐to‐delivery interval and more deliveries within 24 h in parous women.
Helicobacter pylori infection and polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent and young adult patients
Authors: Tokmak Aytekin , Doğan Zeynal , Sarıkaya Esma , Timur Hakan , Kekilli Murat
Published: September 2016

Aim

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of infertility among women of reproductive age. Chronic systemic inflammation has been considered to play a role in the development of PCOS. Helicobacter pylori has been shown to lead to both local gastric and chronic systemic inflammation. In the light of this, the aim of the present study was to investigate a possible link between H. pylori and PCOS.

Methods

A total of 167 nullipar and single adolescent and young adults (AYA) were recruited for the study: 86 (51.5%) had PCOS and 81 (48.5%) were age‐matched controls. The average age was 18.57 ± 2.40 (range, 14–24 years). The recent Amsterdam European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ESHRE/ASRM) guidelines including all three of the Rotterdam criteria were used to diagnose PCOS, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to measure H. pylori IgG.

Results

There was no significant association between the PCOS and non‐PCOS groups with regard to the presence of H. pylori IgG (P = 0.924), white blood count or C‐reactive protein (P = 0.064; P = 0.383, respectively).

Conclusion

The prevalence of H. pylori was not different with regard to PCOS status in AYA. More studies are needed to investigate a possible link between PCOS and H. pylori.
Nonstandard Work Schedules and Private Safety Nets Among Working Mothers
Authors: Su Jessica Houston , Dunifon Rachel
Published: September 2016

Although the implications of nonstandard work schedules (work outside of the typical 9 – 5, Monday – Friday schedule) for individuals and families are increasingly well understood, it is unclear how such schedules are associated with perceived social support for working mothers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and a variety of methodological approaches, we found mixed evidence for this relationship. Results from ordinary least squares and propensity‐weighted models suggest that working a nonstandard schedule is associated with weaker perceived support, particularly among those who are Black and less educated, and those who exclusively work such a schedule. Conversely, results from fixed‐effects models suggest that changing from a standard to a nonstandard schedule is associated with modest increases in perceived social support. These results add nuance to our understanding of the implications of nonstandard work schedules for families.
Extracurricular Activities in Multiethnic Middle Schools: Ideal Context for Positive Intergroup Attitudes?
Authors: Knifsend Casey A. , Juvonen Jaana
Published: September 2016

This study examined processes by which extracurricular participation is linked with positive ethnic intergroup attitudes in multiethnic middle schools in California. Specifically, the mediating roles of activity‐related cross‐ethnic friendships and social identities including alliances with multiple groups were examined in a sample including African American or Black, East or South‐East Asian, White, and Latino youth (N = 1,446; Mage = 11.60 in sixth grade). Results of multilevel modeling suggested that in addition to activity‐related cross‐ethnic friendships, complex social identities mediated the association between availability of cross‐ethnic peers in activities and ethnic intergroup attitudes. Results are discussed in terms of how activities can be structured to promote cross‐ethnic relationships and complex social identities, as well as positive ethnic intergroup attitudes.
Efficacy of a novel drug, zonisamide, in the modulation of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hirayama Masaaki , Minato Tomomi , Maeda Tetsuya , Nakamura Tomohiko , Katsuno Masahisa
Published: September 2016

Background

Urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine is frequently used as an index of cytotoxicity, particularly for oxidative stress. Current research shows that urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels increase with age, disease duration and severity in patients with Parkinson's disease. In particular, a previous study reported that 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels were increased in patients with hallucinations.

Aim

Urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels were investigated as an indicator of clinical progression of Parkinson's disease. Urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine was examined in association with oxidative stress, in addition to modification by drug administration.

Methods

We recruited 122 patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age 66.9 ± 7.9 years; severity [Hoehn and Yahr scale] 2.2 ± 0.9). Data obtained from 73 patients who underwent long‐term analysis of urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels for at least two consecutive years were used for longitudinal analysis. Changes in urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels were used as a disease biomarker, while Hoehn and Yahr stage was used as an indicator of severity.

Results

Baseline urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels were found to significantly correlate with age at examination, Hoehn and Yahr stage, scores on the total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, and part 1.2 (hallucinations). In patients received dopamine agonists, changes in Hoehn and Yahr stage and urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine were significant over 1 year, indicating a worsening of pathology. In zonisamide‐treated patients, urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels usually decreased.

Conclusion

In Parkinson's disease patients, oxidative stress correlates with disease progression. As studies suggest zonisamide inhibits neuronal cell death, our results support a possible role for zonisamide in the suppression of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease.
Subcellular reprogramming of metabolism during cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hoermiller Imke I. , Naegele Thomas , Augustin Hanna , Stutz Simon , Weckwerth Wolfram , Heyer Arnd G.
Published: September 2016

Metabolite changes in plant leaves during exposure to low temperatures involve re‐allocation of a large number of metabolites between sub‐cellular compartments. Therefore, metabolite determination at the whole cell level may be insufficient for interpretation of the functional significance of cellular compounds. To investigate the cold‐induced metabolite dynamics at the level of individual sub‐cellular compartments, an integrative platform was developed that combines quantitative metabolite profiling by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) with the non‐aqueous fractionation technique allowing separation of cytosol, vacuole and the plastidial compartment.

Two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana representing antipodes in the diversion of carbohydrate metabolism between sucrose and starch were compared to Col‐0 wildtype before and after cold acclimation to investigate interactions of cold acclimation with subcellular re‐programming of metabolism. A multivariate analysis of the data set revealed dominant effects of compartmentation on metabolite concentrations that were modulated by environmental condition and genetic determinants. While for both, the starchless mutant of plastidial phospho‐gluco mutase (pgm) and a mutant defective in sucrose‐phosphate synthase A1, metabolic constraints, especially at low temperature, could be uncovered based on subcellularly resolved metabolite profiles, only pgm had lowered freezing tolerance. Metabolic profiles of pgm point to redox imbalance as a possible reason for reduced cold acclimation capacity.
Explaining the content of impact assessment in the United Kingdom: Learning across time, sectors, and departments
Authors: Fritsch Oliver , Kamkhaji Jonathan C. , Radaelli Claudio M.
Published: September 2016

While several studies have documented how evidence‐based policy instruments affect public policy, less research has focused on what causes changes over time in the analyses mandated by the instruments, especially in Britain. Thus, we take the analytical content of a pivotal regulatory reform instrument (impact assessment) as a dependent variable, draw on learning as a conceptual framework, and explain the dynamics of learning processes across departments, policy sectors, and time. Empirically, our study draws on a sample of 517 impact assessments produced in Britain (2005–2011). Experience and capacity in different departments matter in learning processes. Guidelines also matter, but moderately so. Departments specialize in their core policy sectors when performing regulatory analysis, but some have greater analytical capacity overall. Peripheral departments invest more in impact assessment than core executive departments. The presence of a regulatory oversight body enhances the learning process. Elections have different effects, depending on the context in which they are contested. These findings contribute to the literature on regulation, policy learning, and policy instruments.
A Comparative Exposure Assessment of Campylobacter in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Pintar Katarina D.M. , Thomas Kate M. , Christidis Tanya , Otten Ainsley , Nesbitt Andrea , Marshall Barbara , Pollari Frank , Hurst Matt , Ravel Andre
Published: September 2016

To inform source attribution efforts, a comparative exposure assessment was developed to estimate the relative exposure to Campylobacter, the leading bacterial gastrointestinal disease in Canada, for 13 different transmission routes within Ontario, Canada, during the summer. Exposure was quantified with stochastic models at the population level, which incorporated measures of frequency, quantity ingested, prevalence, and concentration, using data from FoodNet Canada surveillance, the peer‐reviewed and gray literature, other Ontario data, and data that were specifically collected for this study. Models were run with @Risk software using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean number of cells of Campylobacter ingested per Ontarian per day during the summer, ranked from highest to lowest is as follows: household pets, chicken, living on a farm, raw milk, visiting a farm, recreational water, beef, drinking water, pork, vegetables, seafood, petting zoos, and fruits. The study results identify knowledge gaps for some transmission routes, and indicate that some transmission routes for Campylobacter are underestimated in the current literature, such as household pets and raw milk. Many data gaps were identified for future data collection consideration, especially for the concentration of Campylobacter in all transmission routes.
Statistical Modelling of a Terrorist Network
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Vu Duy , Francis Brian
Published: September 2016

The paper investigates the group structure in a terrorist network through the latent class model and a Bayesian model comparison method for the number of latent classes. The analysis of the terrorist network is sensitive to the model specification. Under one model it clearly identifies a group containing the leaders and organizers, and the group structure suggests a hierarchy of leaders, trainers and ‘foot soldiers’ who carry out the attacks.
The Pattern of Social Fluidity within the British Class Structure: A Topological Model
Authors: Bukodi Erzsébet , Goldthorpe John H. , Kuha Jouni
Published: September 2016

It has previously been shown that, across three British birth cohorts, relative rates of intergenerational social class mobility have remained at an essentially constant level among men and also among women who have worked only full time. We establish the pattern of this prevailing level of social fluidity and its sources and determine whether it also persists over time, and we bring out its implications for inequalities in relative mobility chances. We develop a parsimonious model for the log-odds-ratios which express the associations between individuals’ class origins and destinations. This model is derived from a topological model that comprises three kinds of readily interpretable binary characteristics and eight effects in all, each of which does, or does not, apply to particular cells of the mobility table, i.e. effects of class hierarchy, class inheritance and status affinity. Results show that the pattern as well as the level of social fluidity are essentially unchanged across the cohorts, that gender differences in this prevailing pattern are limited and that marked differences in the degree of inequality in relative mobility chances arise with long-range transitions where inheritance effects are reinforced by hierarchy effects that are not offset by status affinity effects.
Cultivating Better Food Access? The Role of Farmers' Markets in the U.S. Local Food Movement
Authors: Schupp Justin L.
Published: September 2016

The local food movement has grown substantially in the United States in recent years. Proponents have hailed this growth as a shift away from a conventional food system rife with inequality toward one that introduces more just outcomes for society. While the movement's development and popularity have proliferated, little research has examined nationally how successful it is at delivering on its promises. By combining the social movement and food system literatures with quantitative methodology, this article examines the accessibility of the farmers' market across the United States. Using multivariate logistic regression, the analysis focuses on several identifying characteristics of individuals within and characteristics of neighborhoods across the United States to explore what increases (or decreases) the likelihood of a farmers' market being located within their boundaries. The results suggest that several social, economic, and racial differences exist between those living in areas with farmers' markets and those in areas that do not. Additionally, the analysis found that several neighborhood characteristics significantly influence the likelihood of a farmers’ market being present, including a neighborhood's socioeconomic status, the quality of neighborhood infrastructure, participation rates in social support programs, and the prevalence of poverty. In addition to posing questions of accessibility for the local food movement this research contributes to our understanding of grassroots social movements by examining the avenues and potential limitations that they negotiate while ensuring their stated goals are reached.
Measurement of the Appearance and Growth of Tow Buckling Defect in the Frame of Complex Shape Manufacturing Process by Using Fringe Projection Technique
Authors: Ouagne P. , Soulat D. , Tephany C. , Gillibert J.
Published: September 2016

During the manufacturing of composite complex shape parts, defects such as tow buckles characterised by out of plane elevation may appear. The parameters controlling the appearance and growth of the defect are not completely understood and need to be investigated. A device capable of reproducing tow buckles has been used to study the tow buckling phenomenon. Several techniques able to measure out of plane elevations are discussed to detect the appearance and evaluate continuously the growth of the tow buckle in relation to its size and shape. The fringe projection technique was chosen as it gives the best compromise between the size of the defect to measure and its resolution.

If the in‐plane bending angle is the main criterion at the origin of the tow buckle appearance and growth, it is not the only one. This work shows that the fabric architecture such as the space between the tows perpendicular to the one showing the buckle is also crucial to control the buckle's appearance and growth. It also shows that the differential bi‐axial loading of the fabric as well as the stiffness of the tows in the three main directions greatly influences the appearance of the defect.
Racialised dissatisfaction: homelessness management and the everyday assemblage of difference
Authors: Lancione Michele
Published: September 2016

Faced with increased waves of refugees, economic migrants and internal vulnerable groups, the challenge for the contemporary European city is to welcome, assist and manage these populations in ways capable of fostering a positive and productive articulation of difference. The paper tackles this issue by investigating the ways in which difference is perceived, negotiated and performed among Italian and migrant homeless people in Turin, Italy. Through the presentation of detailed ethnographic material, the paper proposes a processual and affective take on the everyday assemblage of race and it questions the role of normative spaces in its making. The notion of racialised dissatisfaction is advanced in this sense, signalling how street‐level racism among the homeless poor is deeply connected to the broader machinery of homelessness management and the material and affective components of life on the street. Despite its contextualised ethnographic nature, the paper offers insights that encompass the analysed case and advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of everyday life at the urban margins.
Aspergillus spp. panophthalmitis with intralenticular invasion in dogs: report of two cases
Authors: Wooff Penelope J. , Dees Darryl D. , Teixeria Leandro
Published: September 2016

This case series describes the ocular, clinical and histologic manifestations of disseminated Aspergillosis in two dogs. Two dogs presented for severe unilateral panophthalmitis and secondary glaucoma with positive Aspergillus spp. titers. Case 1 showed no clinicopathologic systemic symptoms of fungal dissemination, however, case 2 was affected with acute renal failure. The affected eye of case 1 did not respond to medical therapy and was enucleated for comfort. The affected eye of case 2 responded to aggressive topical and systemic medical therapies, however, the patient was euthanized for acute renal failure. Globes were collected for histologic evaluation at the time of death. Histology of both revealed panophthalmitis with presence of significant intraocular hemorrhage, multifocal fungal granulomas, retinal and optic nerve changes consistent with secondary glaucoma, rupture of the anterior lens capsule, and fungal invasion and colonization of the intralenticular space. These cases represent a unique and devastating ocular manifestation of disseminated Aspergillosis. Cases presenting with uveitis and secondary glaucoma of unknown origin, especially with confirmed or suspected lens capsular rupture, should have serologic testing for this infectious agent.
Cellular Exit Strategies of Intracellular Bacteria
Authors: Hybiske Kevin , Stephens Richard
Published: September 2016

The coevolution of intracellular bacteria with their eukaryotic hosts has presented these pathogens with numerous challenges for their evolutionary progress and survival. Chief among these is the ability to exit from host cells, an event that is fundamentally linked to pathogen dissemination and transmission. Recent years have witnessed a major expansion of research in this area, and this chapter summarizes our current understanding of the spectrum of exit strategies that are exploited by intracellular pathogens. Clear themes regarding the mechanisms of microbial exit have emerged and are most easily conceptualized as (i) lysis of the host cell, (ii) nonlytic exit of free bacteria, and (iii) release of microorganisms into membrane-encased compartments. The adaptation of particular exit strategies is closely linked with additional themes in microbial pathogenesis, including host cell death, manipulation of host signaling pathways, and coincident activation of proinflammatory responses. This chapter will explore the molecular determinants used by intracellular pathogens to promote host cell escape and the infectious advantages each exit pathway may confer, and it will provide an evolutionary framework for the adaptation of these mechanisms.
Linear Programming Formulation of Idle Times for Single-Server Discrete-Event Simulation Models
Authors: Chan Wai Kin Victor
Published: September 2016

Mathematical programming representations (MPRs) are discrete-event simulation models represented using math programming. In this paper, we first introduce an MPR formulation for single-server queueing systems based on idle times. We use this formulation to conduct a perturbation analysis to study the effect of imposing a constraint on idle times. We apply the formulation to obtain a linear programming-based gradient estimator for idle times. We demonstrate the integration of optimization into MRP and identify properties of the optimal solution to facilitate finding the optimal solution.
Two-dimensional MnO2/graphene hybrid nanostructures as anode for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Wu Shiyun , Fan Kaimin , Wu Minpin , Yin Guangqiang
Published: September 2016

Using density functional theory, we have investigated the adsorption and diffusion of lithium on the two-dimensional MnO2/graphene hybrid nanostructures. The simulation results show that the adsorption energy is increased compared with pure graphene and monolayer MnO2. At the same time, the diffusion barrier is greatly reduced as lithium diffuses on the graphene side. The results indicate that the MnO2/graphene hybrid nanostructure can be used as a good anode material for lithium ion batteries.
A nonmetric theory of gravity
Authors: Ni Wei-Tou
Published: September 2016

A nonmetric theory of gravity is presented, which agrees with all experiments to date. It possesses a Lagrangian-based nonmetric (i.e. nonminimum) coupling between electromagnetism and gravity which has complete continuous-coordinate-transformation symmetry but violates parity and time-reversal-invariance. The theory predicts the universality of free fall for test bodies, i.e. it obeys the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP). But due to the nonmetrical coupling between electromagnetism and gravity, it violates the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP). Hence, this theory disproves the conjecture due to Schiff which states that any gravitation theory that obeys the WEP must also, unavoidably, obey the EEP. Further examination of the empirical status implications of the EEP is therefore urged.
The Impact of the Purpose Prize™: Exploring a Method to Stimulate Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Pitt-Catsouphes Marcie , Berzin Stephanie Cosner , McNamara Tay K. , Halvorsen Cal , Emerman Jim
Published: September 2016

This study explores potential organizational outcomes associated with The Purpose Prize™, a prize designed to recognize the accomplishments of older adult social entrepreneurs. While previous studies have established relationships between social innovation prizes and public attention to different issues, research that has explored the impact of prizes on organizational outcomes is sparse. We present analyses based on surveys of 200 Purpose Prize™ applicants, fellows, and winners. Results suggest that the Purpose Prize™ was related to organizational-level variables, as measured by factors such as changes in budgets and media mentions. Those effects varied by number of issues addressed, whether the organization had a research component, and affiliation with the Purpose Prize™ Network. We discuss the limitations of this exploratory study, and consider the implications and the sustainable impact of prize awards on the organizations that receive them. Finally, we discuss the significance of the Prize's™ focus on older social entrepreneurs.
Offensive and Defensive Corporate Entrepreneurship: Learning to Think Like an Outsider
Authors: Ensign Prescott C. , Robinson Nicholas P.
Published: September 2016

This conceptual study describes an approach to corporate entrepreneurship using an outsider perspective – learning to think like an outsider. Three propositions using this perspective are examined in the context of offensive and defensive corporate entrepreneurship. The impact of market conditions on entrepreneurship are used as a basis for developing these propositions. Finally, we investigate the factors that have a significant impact on the success of entrepreneurial efforts by the firm. These variables include: processes, values, resources, organizational structure, corporate culture, and leadership. We use examples of how mature corporations have responded, with particular attention to the changes confronted by Research In Motion (RIM).
Teaching Public Health Professionals Entrepreneurship: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Martin W. Marty , Mazzeo John , Lemon Briana
Published: September 2016

Entrepreneurship is reflected in mass media and pop culture by television shows like Shark Tank and The Profit. In fact, entrepreneurship was characterized as the hype of the 1990s (De Leeuw, 1999) and entrepreneurship education has since been described as booming (Fayolle, 2013). The increase in college degree programs in entrepreneurship has been documented by a range of researchers (Jones et al., 2012; Kuratko, 2005; Wakefield, 2012). Recently, such entrepreneurship programs have begun to extend across campuses and beyond the walls of business schools. Such cross campus programs are currently to be found in curricula in the arts, the sciences, and engineering, as well as in medical schools (Nambisan, 2015).

The aim of the present paper is to describe an interdepartmental entrepreneurship curriculum with extra-curricular activities developed at DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois, for graduate students in public health. Before describing this entrepreneurship curriculum, the changing healthcare landscape is briefly reviewed; the conceptual links between entrepreneurship and the social determinants model of health explored, and entrepreneurship education in the health professions discussed. Shepherd and Patzelt (2015) assert that entrepreneurship scholarship has pushed health topics largely to the periphery. This paper represents an attempt to bring entrepreneurial education among public health professionals closer to the core of healthcare.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL STATE OF THE HUMAN KNEE JOINT WITH DEFECT CARTILAGE IN STANDING
Authors: QIU LULU , MA XUEMEI , GAO LILAN , MEN YUTAO , ZHANG CHUNQIU
Published: September 2016

Knee joint is the hub of human lower limb movement and it is also an important weight-bearing joint, which has the characteristics of load-bearing and heavy physical activities. So the knee joint becomes the predilection site of clinical disease. Once people have the cartilage lesions, their daily life will be affected seriously. The simulation of the knee joint lesions could provide help for clinical knee-joint treatment. Based on the complete model of knee joint, this paper use the finite element method to analyze the biomechanical characteristics of the defective knee joint. The results of simulation show that the stress of cartilages when standing on single leg is approximately doubled than that of standing on two legs. When standing on single leg, the 8-mm diameter osteochondral defect in femur cartilage can generate maximal changes in von-mises stress (by 36.74%), while the von-mises stress on tibia cartilage with 8-mm defect increase by 87%. The stress distribution of cartilages is almost the same, there is no obvious stress concentration when in defect. Increasing the defective diameter, femoral cartilage, meniscus and tibial all present an increasing trend towards stress. When increasing the applied load, the stress of the femoral cartilage, the meniscus and the tibial cartilage all increased.
RETHINKING THE PURPOSE OF MICRO ENTERPRISES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FOR MEXICO
Authors: MUNGARAY-LAGARDA ALEJANDRO , AGUILAR-BARCELÓ JOSÉ G. , OSORIO-NOVELA GERMÁN
Published: September 2016

A large body of economic literature has established that the primary purpose of any firm assuming unitary and constant elasticity of substitution of production inputs, among other necessary conditions, is profit maximization. However, the prevailing operating conditions of the micro enterprises raise concerns about the applicability of this formalization. Through an empirical study for Mexico using a four-input translog function (capital, labor, energy and supplies), and based on cross-sectional data, we find that the elasticities of substitution between production inputs are not unitary; in fact, some of them are complementary. This forces us to consider that instead of seeking to maximize profits, some types of micro enterprises are looking to optimize their installed capacity or achieve financial survival of the owner and their family, thus relaxing the foundations of economic analysis for the very small-scale and nascent micro enterprises.
Integration of Cat Swarm Optimization and Borda Ranking Method for Solving Dynamic Multi-Objective Problems
Authors: Orouskhani Maysam , Teshnehlab Mohammad , Nekoui Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2016

This paper introduces a dynamic multi-objective optimization algorithm integrated of Cat swarm algorithm and Borda count ranking method. In the proposed approach, the cats of population are ranked and sorted based on Borda selection method just before and after a change. Then the cats with the worst Borda’s rank are re-initialized to improve the diversity of population. Also, a multi-objective cat swarm optimization (CSO) as a population-based evolutionary algorithm is applied to converge to optimal front. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm achieves competitive results in comparison with traditional approaches.
POST-ANESTHESIA HIATUS HERNIA IN A BENGAL TIGER (PANTHERA TIGRIS TIGRIS)
Authors: Chang Yen-Chen , Jeng Chian-Ren , Pang Victor Fei , Lai Yen-Hsueh , Lien Chen-Yeh , Wang Pao-Jung , Guo Chun-Cheng , Chang Hui-Wen
Published: September 2016

A male, 9-year-old Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) with low serum T3 and T4 concentration died one day after recovering from anesthesia for routine health evaluations. Post-mortem radiographic findings revealed a distended stomach and loops of bowel in the thoracic cavity. At necropsy, severe displacement of abdominal viscera into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus was accompanied by rupture of the diaphragm, volvulus of abdominal viscera, strangulation of the intestines, and collapse of the lung. Microscopically, there were marked myodegeneration and myonecrosis of the diaphragm and varying degrees of congestion in the displaced organs. The thyroid had variably sized and shaped thyroid follicles with slight lymphocytic infiltration in the interstitium. The present case suggests that a hiatus hernia may be one of the life-threatening post-anesthesia complications in tigers with hypothyroidism.
CASE REPORT: ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL SARCOMA AND LIPOSARCOMA IN AN AFRICAN HEDGEHOG (Atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Tsai Fang-Yi , Chang Hui-Ming , Chang Hao-Kai , Kao Ju-Pai , Liao Jiunn-Wang
Published: September 2016

A 2-year-7-month-old female intact African hedgehog was presented with a subcutaneous mass around the right side of the neck as well as an intra-abdominal mass found during palpation. Surgical excision and exploratory laparotomy were performed. A uterine mass was identified during laparotomy and ovariohysterectomy was performed. The botryoid mass measured [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm and was located in the right uterine horn. It had a meat-like texture and was yellow-white and dark red in color. The removed subcutaneous mass measured [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm. The mass was well-encapsulated and had a yellow-white homogeneous texture on the cut surface. Histologically, the myometrium was invaded by neoplastic cells and the tissue boundaries were not obvious. Neoplastic cells were arranged in a whirling or intersecting pattern, with strong angiogenesis present. Vacuolated nuclei were round and oval to cigar shaped, with one to multiple nucleoli present. Immunohistochemistry revealed a positive reaction for CD10, but a negative reaction for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin in the uterine neoplastic cells. Histologically, well-differentiated adipocytes with sheets of undifferentiated polygonal neoplastic cells, which were characterized by vacuolated nuclei with prominent multiple nucleoli, were found in the subcutaneous mass. Neoplastic cells of the subcutaneous mass were positively stained with antibodies of MDM2 and estrogen receptor (ER), but failed to give a positive result for vimentin because the cross-species interaction was insufficient. The definitive diagnosis was endometrial stromal sarcoma and liposarcoma in an African hedgehog.
A fluid–structure interaction approach to investigate the quenching characteristics of a steel tube with temperature dependent properties
Authors: Sarker Pratik , Chakravarty Uttam K.
Published: September 2016

Quenching is commonly used for improving material properties of steel tubes because of their numerous applications. However, quenching generates some residual stress and deformation in the material due to rapid temperature fluctuations. The properties of the steel are strong functions of these variable temperatures and therefore, the estimated stress and deformation by constant property or static quenching analysis are not very realistic. This study describes the first extensive study of the quenching process of a steel tube including temperature dependent properties by three liquid quenchants using the dynamic fluid–structure interaction quench model. The cooling characteristics of the three liquid quenchants are compared to each other along with the transient temperature distributions in the steel tube. The time-varying nodal, axial, and radial residual stress and deformation of the tube are studied. It is found that, the effectiveness of quenching does not depend only on a particular quenchant, but also on the temperature-varying properties of the steel and the uniformity of the cooling which ultimately determine the criteria for selecting a suitable quenchant for a specific purpose.
The Strategic Urban Project Approach for Informal Settlement Upgrading in Brazil, Colombia and Indonesia: Vision, Action and Partnership
Authors: LIN Yanliu
Published: September 2016

The strategic urban project (SUP) approach has become an important mode of urban renewal in both developed and developing contexts. In the last few decades, the application of this approach has been extended from flagship projects at key locations in Western countries, to informal settlement upgrading in developing countries. However, there is a lack of a clear conceptual framework for meaningful understanding of the achievements and limitations of SUPs in the context of informal settlement upgrading. Our understanding of how the SUP approach deals with the issues of informal settlements is limited. This paper fills the research gap by developing such a framework and applying it to compare three representative cases, namely the Favela–Bairro Programme in Rio de Janeiro, the Social Urbanism Strategy in Medellin, and the Kampung Improvement Programme (KIP) in Surabaya.
Detection of Rogue Certificates from Trusted Certificate Authorities Using Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Dong Zheng , Kane Kevin , Camp L. Jean
Published: September 2016

Rogue certificates are valid certificates issued by a legitimate certificate authority (CA) that are nonetheless untrustworthy; yet trusted by web browsers and users. With the current public key infrastructure, there exists a window of vulnerability between the time a rogue certificate is issued and when it is detected. Rogue certificates from recent compromises have been trusted for as long as weeks before detection and revocation. Previous proposals to close this window of vulnerability require changes in the infrastructure, Internet protocols, or end user experience. We present a method for detecting rogue certificates from trusted CAs developed from a large and timely collection of certificates. This method automates classification by building machine-learning models with Deep Neural Networks (DNN). Despite the scarcity of rogue instances in the dataset, DNN produced a classification method that is proven both in simulation and in the July 2014 compromise of the India CCA. We report the details of the classification method and illustrate that it is repeatable, such as with datasets obtained from crawling. We describe the classification performance under our current research deployment.