bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residents' attitude and perception toward impact of mountain tourism inGilgit‐BaltistanPakistan
Authors: Ali Amjad
Published: December 2020

In recent years, tourism development has been more pronounced in the mountain regions of Pakistan and planners are increasingly turning to tourism as one of the viable local economic development strategies. To gain local support for tourism development, planners are now challenged with understanding how the mountain community perceives the tourism impact. This paper examines the perception of local residents toward the impact of tourism and the determinants of residents' attitude toward tourism impact in Hunza valley of Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan. To identify the respondents of the study, simple random sampling technique was used and the data were collected through a field survey from 342 local residents. The results of the study reveal that residents of the mountain region show a high level of agreement regarding the positive economic contribution of tourism in the region. However, residents are very concerned about the increasing environmental consequences of tourism. Regression analysis shows that residents' attitudes toward tourism impact has significantly influenced by the perceived economic, environmental, and social impact of tourism. Keeping in view the environmental concerns of the local populace, this study recommends that Gilgit‐Baltistan should develop an ecotourism model that has the potential to provide economic opportunities for local communities while ensuring no environmental degradation.
Synthesis and characterization of novel laccol based polyurethanes
Authors: Arachchilage Imalka H. A. M. , Basi Joseph , Islam Shahedul , Harmon Julie P.
Published: December 2020

Development of polyurethanes (PU) has come a long way from their origin in 1937 and has unique applications in a diverse set of fields. Recent PU developments are focusing more on the naturally‐derived diols in the synthesis process in an effort to make them more environmentally friendly. In this study, three different diisocyanates (aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, and aromatic diisocyanates) were combined with laccol, which extracted from Vietnamese lacquer sap (Toxicodendron succedanea) to synthesize novel PUs. Influence of the different diisocyanates in novel PUs, hydrogen bonding capability, and crosslinking ability were investigated to provide a broader characteristic scope for future developments. Resulting materials illustrated good thermal stability after exposed to higher temperatures and the hydrogen bonding regions corresponding to NH (3326 cm−1) and CO (1652 cm−1) groups were shifted to higher wavenumber according to Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy analysis. Further curing occurred with temperature treatment and improved the overall quality of novel PUs. Powder X‐ray analysis, micro hardness, and swelling analysis were utilized to identify molecular packing and crosslinking effects. Higher crosslink density observed for cycloaliphatic and aromatic diisocyanate incorporated novel polyurethanes compared to aliphatic diisocyanate incorporated polyurethane.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of tramadol to inform dose adjustment and drug‐drug interactions according to CYP2D6 phenotypes
Authors: Xu Miao , Zheng Liang , Zeng Jin , Xu Wenwen , Jiang Xuehua , Wang Ling
Published: December 2020

Objectives

The objective of this study was to establish physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of tramadol and its active metabolite O‐desmethyltramadol (M1) and to explore the influence of CYP2D6 gene polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and M1. Furthermore, we used PBPK modeling to prospectively predict the extent of drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) in the presence of genetic polymorphisms when tramadol was co‐administered with the CYP2D6 inhibitors duloxetine and paroxetine.

Methods

Plasma concentrations of tramadol and M1 were used to adjust the turnover frequency (Kcat) of CYP2D6 for phenotype populations with different CYP2D6 genotypes. PBPK models were developed to capture the pharmacokinetics between CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs), poor metabolizers (PMs), and ultra‐rapid metabolizers (UMs). The validated models were then used to support dose adjustment in different CYP2D6 phenotypes and to predict the extent of CYP2D6‐mediated DDIs when tramadol was co‐administered with paroxetine or duloxetine.

Results

The PBPK models we built accurately describe tramadol and M1 exposure in the population with different CYP2D6 phenotypes. In our prediction, the area under the concentration‐time curve (AUCinf‐tDlast ) of M1 is 70% lower in PMs than in EMs, 27% lower in IMs, and 15% higher in UMs. Based on the models we built, we suggest that the oral dose of tramadol should be 50% higher for IMs and 25% lower for UMs to achieve an approximately equivalent plasma exposure of M1 as in EMs. When tramadol was co‐administered with paroxetine or duloxetine, the magnitude of the inhibitor‐substrate interaction was lowest in EMs (0.45), secondary in IMs (0.39), and highest in PMs (0.18) in terms of M1.

Conclusion

The current example uses the PBPK model to guide dose adjustment of tramadol and to predict the effect of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms on DDIs for rational clinical use of tramadol in the future.
Bond flexing, twisting, anharmonicity and responsivity for the infrared‐active modes of benzene
Authors: Yang Yong , Xu Tianlv , Kirk Steven R. , Jenkins Samantha
Published: December 2020

In this investigation we have used next generation QTAIM to fully quantity the response to the four infrared (IR)‐active modes of all the bonding in benzene. This has been undertaken in terms of bond‐flexing, bond‐torsion and bond‐anharmonicity and the tendencies toward IR‐responsivity and IR‐non‐responsivity. Bond‐anharmonicity was not present for the CC bonds of the lowest frequency mode (721.57 cm−1) measured as the absence of relative sliding of the bond critical point (BCP) along the containing bond‐path. Additionally, bond‐flexing and bond‐anharmonicity were absent for this mode by the variation of the wrapping (torsion) of the {p,p′} path‐packet, referred to as the Precession K, along the bond‐path. The remaining three IR‐active mode possessed step‐like and variations in the K profiles and displayed anharmonic character. The presence of non‐nuclear attractors was detected for the IR‐active mode with frequency 1573.93 cm−1 with CC K profiles that most closely resemble those of the relaxed benzene.
Smartphones for latent fingerprint processing and photography: A revolution in forensic science
Authors: Haertel Maryah E. M. , Linhares Eduardo J. , de Melo André L.
Published: December 2020

Smartphones are a great technological revolution of the last decade. Their characteristics, such as high‐resolution cameras, internal storage, and processing capacity, make them useful for different technical solutions, such as forensics. The latent fingerprint is a critical piece of evidence in crime scenes; it is invisible to the naked eye, so different methods for improving visualization are essential. Several techniques, based on chemical and physical processes, have been developed over time. Smartphones can help improve visualization through optical features. Recent studies have evaluated combining methods of acquiring latent fingerprints with smartphones, showing different principles for this purpose. Using this type of tool remains controversial, especially regarding its admissibility in court. Studies in this area are necessary since these tools would make the lives of forensic scientists much easier. Among the main reasons for its application in crime scenes are ease of use, wide availability for purchase, and the low cost involved, which is of great interest to developing countries. This work aims to show that a smartphone camera is also a suitable tool for enhancing and acquiring latent digital fingerprints with sufficient quality for forensic use. This review shows further research and discusses image quality, admissibility in court, and its importance for developing countries due to its low cost.

This article is categorized under:

Digital and Multimedia Science > Mobile Forensics

Crime Scene Investigation > From Traces to Intelligence and Evidence

Digital and Multimedia Science > Multimedia Forensics
Development and validation of a WD‐XRF method for quantitative trace analysis: Application in the food industry
Authors: Gazulla María Fernanda , Rodrigo Marta , Ventura María Jesús , Orduña Mónica , Andreu Cristina
Published: December 2020

Kaolins, clays, sepiolites, nitrates, carbonates, and so forth are commonly used in the food industry, either as additives or technological contributories in fining and bleaching processes. These materials must be thoroughly controlled as they can contain some heavy metals that must be in very low concentration as they are toxic to humans. Methods using ICP‐OES, AAS, and ICP‐MS for the determination of trace elements are quite tedious and time‐consuming, due to the necessity of a previous sample treatment to extract the analyte in an aqueous matrix, and non‐ecological as this sample treatment implies the use of acids and thermal processes. A robust WD‐XRF method for accurate quantitative determination of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, and As was developed, reaching the following detection limits: 1 mg·kg−1 for Pb and Cd, 2 mg·kg−1 for Cr and As, and 3 mg·kg−1 for Ni and Hg. For that, a thorough study for the optimisation of the sample preparation was undertaken, studying different kind of binders for pellet preparation, as well as the optimisation of the measurement conditions to be able to reach the requirements stated in food regulation. Besides, an exhaustive search of reference materials was also conducted in order to be able to construct appropriate calibration curves. The methodology was validated both by analysing certified reference materials different from the ones used for calibration and by the use of different analytical techniques to get independent results.
The Process of Internalisation. Theoretical and Practical Implications of the Study on the Phases of the Development of Mental Actions
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

In this lecture, Galperin gives exhaustive descriptions of the phases or forms of learners’ activities in the process of the development of mental actions
Development of Physical Actions
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

In this lecture, Galperin discusses the process of the developmentofphysical actions, which are also referred to as motor skills.
Einleitung
Authors: Krebs Marcel , Mäder Roger , Mezzera Tanya
Published: December 2020

Die tiefe Überzeugung, dass es uns nur dann gut gehen kann als Gesellschaft und Staat, wenn für das Wohlergehen und für Perspektiven auch für die Verletzlichen unter uns gesorgt ist, brachte mich zur Sozialen Arbeit. Die Präambel unserer Bundesverfassung beinhaltet, dass «…die Stärke des Volkes sich misst am Wohl der Schwachen» – diesem Grundwert mit Taten zu folgen, motiviert mich auch heute noch täglich. Die Thematik Sucht zieht sich durch meinen beruflichen Werdegang.
A composite Higgs with a heavy composite axion
Authors: Gherghetta Tony , Nguyen Minh D.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We consider the strong dynamics associated with a composite Higgs model that simultaneously produces dynamical axions and solves the strong CP problem. The strong dynamics arises from a new Sp or SU(4) hypercolor gauge group containing QCD colored hyperfermions that confines at a high scale. The hypercolor global symmetry is weakly gauged by the Standard Model electroweak gauge group and an enlarged color group, SU(N + 3) × SU(N)′. When hyperfermion condensates form, they not only lead to an SU(5)/SO(5) composite Higgs model but also spontaneously break the enlarged color group to SU(3)c× SU(N)D. At lower energies, the SU(N)D group confines, producing two dynamical axions that eliminates all CP violation. Furthermore, small instantons from the SU(N)′ group can enhance the axion mass, giving rise to TeV scale axion masses that can be detected at collider experiments. Our model provides a way to unify the composite Higgs with dynamical axions, without introducing new elementary scalar fields, while also extending the range of axion masses that addresses the strong CP problem.
Twelve-month service use, suicidality and mental health problems of European adolescents after a school-based screening for current suicidality
Authors: Kaess Michael , Schnyder N. , Michel C. , Brunner R. , Carli V. , Sarchiapone M. , Hoven C. W. , Wasserman C. , Apter A. , Balazs J. , Bobes J. , Cosman D. , Haring C. , Kahn J.-P. , Keeley H. , Kereszteny A. , Podlogar T. , Postuvan V. , Varnik A. , Resch F. , Wasserman D.
Published: December 2020

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in adolescents and help-seeking behaviour for suicidal behaviour is low. School-based screenings can identify adolescents at risk for suicidal behaviour and might have the potential to facilitate service use and reduce suicidal behaviour. The aim of this study was to assess associations of a two-stage school-based screening with service use and suicidality in adolescents (aged 15 ± 0.9 years) from 11 European countries after one year. Students participating in the ‘Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe’ (SEYLE) study completed a self-report questionnaire including items on suicidal behaviour. Those screening positive for current suicidality (first screening stage) were invited to an interview with a mental health professional (second stage) who referred them for treatment, if necessary. At 12-month follow-up, students completed the same self-report questionnaire including questions on service use within the past year. Of the N = 12,395 SEYLE participants, 516 (4.2%) screened positive for current suicidality and were invited to the interview. Of these, 362 completed the 12-month follow-up with 136 (37.6%) self-selecting to attend the interview (screening completers). The majority of both screening completers (81.9%) and non-completers (91.6%) had not received professional treatment within one year, with completers being slightly more likely to receive it (χ2(1) = 8.948, V = 0.157, p ≤ 0.01). Screening completion was associated with higher service use (OR 2.695, se 1.017, p ≤ 0.01) and lower suicidality at follow-up (OR 0.505, se 0.114, p ≤ 0.01) after controlling for potential confounders. This school-based screening offered limited evidence for the improvement of service use for suicidality. Similar future programmes might improve interview attendance rate and address adolescents’ barriers to care.
Oxidative stress and inflammation: determinants of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and possible therapeutic targets
Authors: Fabiani Iacopo , Aimo Alberto , Grigoratos Chrysanthos , Castiglione Vincenzo , Gentile Francesco , Saccaro Luigi F , Arzilli Chiara , Cardinale Daniela , Passino Claudio , Emdin Michele
Published: December 2020

Chemotherapy with anthracycline-based regimens remains a cornerstone of treatment of many solid and blood tumors but is associated with a significant risk of cardiotoxicity, which can manifest as asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction or overt heart failure. These effects are typically dose-dependent and cumulative and may require appropriate screening strategies and cardioprotective therapies in order to minimize changes to anticancer regimens or even their discontinuation. Our current understanding of cardiac damage by anthracyclines includes a central role of oxidative stress and inflammation. The identification of these processes through circulating biomarkers or imaging techniques might then be helpful for early diagnosis and risk stratification. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies relieving oxidative stress and inflammation hold promise to prevent heart failure development or at least to mitigate cardiac damage, although further evidence is needed on their efficacy, either alone or as part of combination therapies with neurohormonal antagonists, which are the current adopted standard.
Life after Social Death: Leaving the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Identity Transition and Recovery
Authors: Ransom Heather J. , Monk Rebecca L. , Qureshi Adam , Heim Derek
Published: December 2020

It is well documented that religiosity is linked with positive indicators of well-being, but less research has examined the psychosocial impacts of leaving “high-control” religions. Theoretically situated in recovery and desistance literature underpinned by the social identity approach, the current study examined cross-sectionally the extent to which ‘disfellowshipped’ former Jehovah’s Witnesses’ experiences of ostracism and post-exit identification with others are associated with diminished psychological well-being and identity transition success. It also examined the extent to which the type of exit (forced vs. voluntary) and prior religious commitment shaped these outcomes. The authors recruited 554 adults (62% female; M age = 37.26, SD age = 12.82) via online social support networks for former Jehovah’s Witnesses. Path analysis tested the mediating and moderating functions of exit method (forced vs. voluntary), commitment level during membership, and post-exit group identification with groups on outcomes of identity transition, recovery identity, self-esteem, and well-being. Results indicate that individuals who voluntarily left the Jehovah’s Witnesses reported more ostracism than those who were disfellowshipped (forced out) and that a higher level of prior religious commitment was associated with post-religious identity transition success and diminished self-esteem. Findings further suggest that distinct aspects of respondents’ social identity were related differentially to outcomes in partial support of the theoretical framework. Future research and theory development efforts are deemed necessary to better understand the etiology of how exiting high-control religions impacts psychosocial outcomes.
The Importance of Biosemiotics for Morphology
Authors: Schult Joachim , Preik Onno , Kirschner Stefan
Published: December 2020

Morphology and its relevance for systematics is a promising field for the application of biosemiotic principles in scientific practice. Genital coupling in spiders involves very complex interactions between the male and female genital structures. As exemplified by two spider species,Nephila clavipesandNephila pilipes ssp. fenestrata, from a biosemiotic point of view the microstructures of the male bulb’s embolus and the corresponding female epigynal and vulval parts form the morphological zone of an intraspecific communication and sign-interpreting process that is one of the prerequisites for sperm transfer. Hence these morphological elements are of high taxonomic value, as they play an essential role in mating and fertilization and consequently in establishing and preserving a reproductive community. Morphology clearly benefits from a biosemiotic approach, as biosemiotics helps to sort out species-specific morphological characters and to avoid problematic typological interpretations.
“An Eye Turned into a Weapon”: a Philosophical Investigation of Remote Controlled, Automated, and Autonomous Drone Warfare
Authors: Müller Oliver
Published: December 2020

Military drones (unmanned combat aerial vehicles) combine surveillance technology with missile equipment in a far-reaching way. In this article, I argue that military drones could and should be object for a philosophical investigation, referring in particular on Chamayou’s theory of the drone, who also coined the term “an eye turned into a weapon.” Focusing on issues of human self-understanding, agency, and alterity, I examine the intricate human-technology relations in the context of designing and deploying military drones. For that purpose, I am drawing on the postphenomenological approach developed by Don Ihde in order to systematize the manifold aspects of human-technology relations in a four-level model (embodiment relations, hermeneutic relations, alterity relations, and background relations). This inquiry also includes a critical reflection on the (often hidden) normative implications of this technology. In doing so, I do not intent to offer an exhaustive relational ontology of military drones. I rather aim at providing a framework that is able to capture the core dimensions of this technology and their complex interrelations in a systematic way that has been missing in the philosophical debate so far.
An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome
Authors: Fliers E. , Boelen A.
Published: December 2020

The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) was first reported in the 1970s as a remarkable ensemble of changes in serum TH (TH) concentrations occurring in probably any severe illness. Ever since, NTIS has remained an intriguing phenomenon not only because of the robustness of the decrease in serum triiodothyronine (T3), but also by its clear correlation with morbidity and mortality. In recent years, it has become clear that (parenteral) feeding in patients with critical illness should be taken into account as a major determinant not only of NTIS but also of clinical outcome. Moreover, both experimental animal and clinical studies have shown that tissue TH concentrations during NTIS do not necessarily reflect serum low TH concentrations and may decrease, remain unaltered, or even increase according to the organ and type of illness studied. These differential changes now have a solid basis in molecular studies on organ-specific TH transporters, receptors and deiodinases. Finally, the role of inflammatory pathways in these non-systemic changes has begun to be clarified. A fascinating role for TH metabolism in innate immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, was reported in recent years, but there is no evidence at this early stage that this may be a determinant of susceptibility to infections. Although endocrinologists have been tempted to correct NTIS by TH supplementation, there is at present insufficient evidence that this is beneficial. Thus, there is a clear need for adequately powered randomized clinical trials (RCT) with clinically relevant endpoints to fill this knowledge gap.
Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Authors: Costello M. Christina Schilling , Lee Linda S.
Published: December 2020

Purpose of Review

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of > 4700 recalcitrant compounds, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. This review aims to (1) identify PFAS sources and fate processes relevant to agricultural systems and (2) expand on plant uptake mechanisms and plant responses to PFAS.

Recent Findings

The number of PFAS being quantified in studies involving soil, water, and plants is increasing. Transformation of precursors that tend to stay in the rhizosphere can lead to long-term PFAS reservoir to plants. Some PFAS are readily taken up, particularly the shorter-chain PFAS, and can evoke metabolic responses and phytotoxic effects at high concentrations. PFAS translocation from roots to shoots occurs through both active and passive transport mechanisms. Both PFAS uptake and effects vary between and within species.

As new PFAS emerge, it will be necessary to continue expanding the list of PFAS quantified in land-applied media and assessing their accumulation potential in plants. While controlled laboratory or greenhouse studies have merit, comprehensive field studies are needed to provide clarity on PFAS fate and their relative risk in agricultural systems. Field studies should include identifying site-specific PFAS sources, quantifying a broader suite of PFAS and identifying potential precursors, evaluating plant uptake of replacement PFAS, reporting of soil properties and climatic conditions, and assessing risk of impacts to source and irrigation waters. This information can be utilized to inform future studies towards evaluating and mitigating risks to our food chain associated with PFAS in agricultural systems.
The Fantastic of the Everyday: Re-Forming Definitions of Cinematic Parables with Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Mayward Joel
Published: December 2020

Recent publications on theology and film attempting to explain what a parable is remain less clear about how or why a parable works for cinema, and many definitions do not fully take into account the formal dynamics of film qua film nor parable qua parable. I seek to demonstrate the benefits of a more precise conception of cinematic parables by utilizing philosopher Paul Ricoeur's understanding of “parable” to make theological interpretations of film that take audio-visual aesthetics into consideration. I conclude with three recent examples of cinematic parables in order to demonstrate this Ricoeurian parabolic hermeneutic: Asghar Farhadi's Iranian melodrama, A Separation (2011), American filmmaker Anna Rose Holmer's enigmatic The Fits (2016), and Aki Kaurismäki's droll Finnish comedy, The Other Side of Hope (2017). Ultimately, I make a case for film as theology, what I am calling “theocinematics.”
I. Introduction
Authors: Deville Adam
Published: December 2020

“How has the ecumenical movement changed in the twenty-five years since Ut Unum Sint was written?”
Psychiatry, psychology and homosexual prisoners in New Zealand, 1910–1960
Authors: Brickell Chris
Published: December 2020

Psychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy played an important role in attempts to regulate and rehabilitate New Zealand men imprisoned for sodomy and indecent assault between 1910 and 1960. Little attention has, so far, been paid to the specific psychological ‘treatment’ of such incarcerated men in the international context, but New Zealand’s archives offer-up much valuable detail. This article adopts a Foucauldian approach and explores shifting epistemic beliefs alongside the specific practices of key medical officials, and it considers how prisoners’ subjectivities were shaped in the process. Attempts to displace homoerotic desire gradually gave way to the articulation of same-sex sexuality. New possibilities emerged: when the psychologising of homosexuality in prisons opened the door to self-expression it showed an affinity with the organised resistance of the 1970s.
First search for low-frequency CH with a Square Kilometre Array precursor telescope
Authors: Tremblay Chenoa D. , Green J. A. , Mader Stacy L. , Phillips Chris J. , Whiting Matthew
Published: December 2020

The diatomic free radical methylidyne (CH) is an important tracer of the interstellar medium, and the study of it was critical to our earliest understanding of star formation. Although it is detectable across the electromagnetic spectrum, observations at radio frequencies allow for a study of the kinematics of the diffuse and dense gas in regions of new star formation. There is only two published (single-dish) detections of the low-frequency hyperfine transitions between 700 and 725 MHz, despite the precise frequencies being known. These low-frequency transitions are of particular interest as they are shown in laboratory experiments to be more sensitive to magnetic fields than their high-frequency counterparts (with more pronounced Zeeman splitting). In this work, we take advantage of the radio quiet environment and increased resolution of theAustralian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder(ASKAP) over previous searches to make a pilot interferometric search for CH at 724.7883 MHz (the strongest of the hyperfine transitions) in RCW 38. We found the band is clean of radio frequency interference, but we did not detect the signal from this transition to a five-sigma sensitivity limit of 0.09 Jy, which corresponds to a total column density upper limit of 1.9$\times 10^{18}$cm–2for emission and 1.3$\times 10^{14}$cm–2for absorption with an optical depth limit of 0.95. Achieved within 5 h of integration, this column density sensitivity should have been adequate to detect the emission or absorption in RCW 38, if it had similar properties to the only previous reported detections in W51.
Denying Due Process While Promoting Democracy: The Iraqi Detention Story
Authors: Brugnoli L Amber
Published: December 2020

During times of military occupation following an armed conflict it is not uncommon for the victors to implement mass detention programmes aimed both at providing security and bringing criminals to justice. International human rights regimes serve as overarching guidance for these programmes but are subject to broad interpretations, so it is often unclear what regulations or laws should inform day-to-day operations. Military and civilian lawyers may find themselves practising in a foreign jurisdiction for which they have no training or experience, let alone licensure. Law enforcement officers and military police are forced to adapt long-held practices to a new environment. Questions arise as to the rights that detained individuals possess, as these programmes frequently combine rules from different legal systems with no clear authoritative hierarchy. Attention is focused on the treatment of detained individuals with far less emphasis placed on their due process rights or other fundamental legal freedoms. This article examines one such instance, the US detention programme in Iraq, and highlights the numerous ethical and professional conflicts presented when members of one justice system are transplanted into another without proper preparation and background.
Propagation of shear Alfvén waves in a two-ion plasma and application as a diagnostic for the ion density ratio
Authors: Robertson J. , Carter T. A. , Vincena S.
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we propose an efficient diagnostic technique for determining spatially resolved measurements of the ion density ratio in a magnetized two-ion species plasma. Shear Alfvén waves were injected into a mixed helium–neon plasma using a magnetic loop antenna, for frequencies spanning the ion cyclotron regime. Two distinct propagation bands are observed, bounded by

$\omega < \varOmega _\textrm {Ne}$

and

$\omega _{ii} < \omega < \varOmega _\textrm {He}$

, where

$\omega _{ii}$

is the ion–ion hybrid cutoff frequency and

$\varOmega _\textrm {He}$

and

$\varOmega _\textrm {Ne}$

are the helium and neon cyclotron frequencies, respectively. A theoretical analysis of the cutoff frequency was performed and shows it to be largely unaffected by kinetic electron effects and collisionality, although it can deviate significantly from

$\omega _{{ii}}$

in the presence of warm ions due to ion finite Larmor radius effects. A new diagnostic technique and accompanying algorithm was developed in which the measured parallel wavenumber

$k_\parallel$

is numerically fit to the predicted inertial Alfvén wave dispersion in order to resolve the local ion density ratio. A major advantage of this algorithm is that it only requires a measurement of

$k_\parallel$

and the background magnetic field in order to be employed. This diagnostic was tested on the Large Plasma Device at UCLA and was successful in yielding radially localized measurements of the ion density ratio.
Effects of seed-rich habitat provision on territory density, home range and breeding performance of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur
Authors: DUNN JENNY C. , MORRIS ANTONY J. , GRICE PHILIP V. , PEACH WILL J.
Published: December 2020

Conservation measures providing food-rich habitats through agri-environment schemes (AES) have the potential to affect the demography and local abundance of species limited by food availability. The European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur is one of Europe’s fastest declining birds, with breeding season dietary changes coincident with a reduction in reproductive output suggesting food limitation during breeding. In this study we provided seed-rich habitats at six intervention sites over a 4-year period and tested for impacts of the intervention on breeding success, ranging behaviour and the local abundance of territorial turtle doves. Nesting success and chick biometrics were unrelated to the local availability of seed-rich habitat or to the proximity of intervention plots. Nestling weight was higher close to human habitation consistent with an influence of anthropogenic supplementary food provision. Small home ranges were associated with a high proportion of non-farmed habitats, while large home ranges were more likely to contain seed-rich habitat suggesting that breeding doves were willing to travel further to utilize such habitat where available. Extensively managed grassland and intervention plot fields were selected by foraging turtle doves. A slower temporal decline in the abundance of breeding males on intervention sites probably reflects enhanced habitat suitability during territory settlement. Refining techniques to deliver sources of sown, natural, and supplementary seed that are plentiful, accessible, and parasite-free is likely to be crucial for the conservation of turtle doves.
L2-L1 noncognate masked translation priming as a task-specific phenomenon
Authors: McPhedran Mark J. , Lupker Stephen J.
Published: December 2020

The masked translation priming effect was examined in Chinese–English bilinguals using lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks in an effort to understand why the two tasks seem to produce different patterns of results. A machine-learning approach was used to assess the participant-based factors that contribute to the sizes of translation priming effects in these tasks. As expected, the participant-based factors that predicted translation priming effects did vary across tasks. Priming effects in lexical decision were associated with higher self-rated listening, reading, and writing abilities in English. Priming effects in semantic categorization were associated with more frequent use of English in daily life, spoken English proficiency, and self-rated listening proficiency in English. These results are discussed within the framework of Multilink, the logic of which is then expanded in an attempt to account for these task differences.
A diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings from a case–control study in South China
Authors: Ye Yanbin , Zhuo Shuyu , Lu Wei , He Kaiyin , Sui Yi , Li Yanbing , Chen Yuming , Wu Shangling , Chen Peiyan , Fang Shi
Published: December 2020

Objective:

Various foods are associated with or protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was to examine the associations of foods and food patterns with the risk of T2DM in South China.

Design:

Case–control study.

Setting:

The dietary patterns were identified by a principal components factor analysis. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the associations between food groups and dietary patterns and the risk of T2DM.

Participants:

A total of 384 patients with T2DM and 768 controls.

Results:

After adjustment for total energy intake, the standard intake of grains (228·3 ± 71·9v. 238·8 ± 73·1 g/d,P= 0·025) and fruits (109 ± 90v. 145 ± 108 g/d,P< 0·001) were lower in T2DM than in controls. Four dietary patterns were identified: (1) high light-coloured vegetables and low grains, (2) high fruits, (3) high red meat and low grains and (4) high dark-coloured vegetable. After adjustment for covariables, multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses showed significant dose-dependent inverse associations between total fruit intake, whole grains intake and the score of the high-fruit dietary pattern (allPfor trend< 0·001) and the risk of T2DM. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) for T2DM comparing the extreme quartiles were 0·46 (0·29, 0·76) for total fruits, 0·48(0·31, 0·77) for whole grains and 0·42 (0·26, 0·68) for the high-fruit dietary pattern, respectively. Similar associations were observed for all subgroups of fruits (dark-colour and light-colour).

Conclusion:

In South China, a diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with lower risk of T2DM.
What Drives Religious Politicking? An Analysis of 24 Democratic Elections
Authors: Rosenberg Emma , Smith Amy Erica
Published: December 2020

Why do clergy talk with congregants about elections to a greater extent in Mozambique than Indonesia, or in the United States than Taiwan? Arguing that context shapes religious actors' micro-level incentives to discuss or avoid electoral politics, we seek to explain variation in religious politicking—religious leaders' and organizations' engagement in electoral campaigns. Our framework integrates individual-level and country-level approaches, as well as theories of modernization, secularism, and religious competition. Drawing on survey data from 24 elections in 18 democracies in the Comparative National Elections Project, we find that human development depresses religious politicking, while secularism and religious pluralism boost it. However, “civilizational” differences in levels of religious politicking are muted and inconsistent. Finally, at the individual level, across the globe, citizens with higher levels of education are consistently more likely to receive political messages. Our results suggest the insights obtained from an approach emphasizing individuals embedded in contexts.
Saving Lives by Predicting Dust Storms
Authors: Rocheleau Jackie
Published: December 2020

In the southwestern United States, dust storms form suddenly, quickly reducing visibility to zero. A new warning system may allow motorists to avoid these deadly hazards.
Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid‐Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8°20′N Near‐Axis Seamount Chain
Authors: Anderson Molly , Wanless V. Dorsey , Perfit Michael , Conrad Ethan , Gregg Patricia , Fornari Daniel , Ridley W. Ian
Published: December 2020

Lavas that have erupted at near‐axis seamounts provide windows into mid‐ocean ridge mantle heterogeneity and melting systematics which are not easily observed on‐axis at fast‐spreading centers. Beneath ridges, most heterogeneity is obscured as magmas aggregate toward the ridge, where they efficiently mix and homogenize during transit and within shallow magma chambers prior to eruption. To understand the deeper magmatic processes contributing to oceanic crustal formation, we examine the compositions of lavas erupted along a chain of near‐axis seamounts and volcanic ridges perpendicular to the East Pacific Rise. We assess the chemistry of near‐ridge mantle using a ∼200 km‐long chain at ∼8°20′N. High‐resolution bathymetric maps are used with geochemical analyses of ∼300 basalts to evaluate the petrogenesis of lavas and the heterogeneity of mantle feeding these near‐axis eruptions. Major and trace element concentrations and radiogenic isotope ratios are highly variable on <1 km scales, and reveal a continuum of depleted, normal, and enriched basalts spanning the full range of ridge and seamount compositions in the northeast Pacific. There is no systematic compositional variability along the chain. Modeling suggests that depleted mid‐ocean ridge basalt (DMORB) lavas are produced by ∼5%–15% melting of a depleted mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) mantle. Normal mid‐ocean ridge basalts (NMORB) form from 5% to 15% melting of a slightly enriched MOR mantle. Enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalts (EMORB) range from <1% melting of 10% enriched mantle to >15% melting of 100% enriched mantle. The presence of all three lava types along the seamount chain, and on a single seamount closest to the ridge axis, confirms that the sub‐ridge mantle is much more heterogeneous than is commonly observed on‐axis and heterogeneity exists over small spatial scales.
Stick‐Slip Tremor Beneath an Alpine Glacier
Authors: Umlauft J. , Lindner F. , Roux P. , Mikesell T. D. , Haney M. M. , Korn M. , Walter F. T.
Published: December 2020

Sliding of glacial ice over its base is typically described by a frictionless or slowly deforming bed. This view is challenged by recent seismic observations of stick‐slip motion at the ice‐bed interface. We revisit a high‐frequency (20–35 Hz) harmonic tremor recorded on Gornergletscher, Switzerland. In contrast to previous interpretation in terms of glaciohydraulic tremor, we present evidence for superimposed stick‐slip episodes as tremor sources: we locate the tremor source with matched field processing polarity optimization, which allows for azimuthal polarity patterns associated with nonisotropic moment tensors and yields a tremor source clustering near the glacier bed. Our analysis confirms an S wave radiation pattern in agreement with a double‐couple source derived from ice sliding over bedrock and explains our tremor observations in terms of glacier stick‐slip motion. Adding to observations of stick‐slip tremor beneath polar ice streams, this first report on stick‐slip tremor beneath Alpine ice favors widespread seismogenic glacier sliding.
Three‐Dimensional Electron‐Scale Magnetic Reconnection in Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Zhong Z. H. , Zhou M. , Deng X. H. , Song L. J. , Graham D. B. , Tang R. X. , Man H. Y. , Pang Y. , Khotyaintsev Yu V. , Giles B. L.
Published: December 2020

Two‐dimensional Hall reconnection model can explain the fast release of magnetic energy and most of its predictions have been demonstrated by in situ satellite observations. However, the three‐dimensional effect to reconnection remains poorly known. Recent numerical simulations have shown that three‐dimensional evolution is more complex than two‐dimensional in that reconnection occurs in multiple sites that are not necessarily in the primary neutral current sheet. Here, we present the first observational evidence for localized secondary reconnection at the separatrix surface of a magnetic flux rope (MFR). This secondary reconnection occurs between the axial magnetic field of the MFR, which points out‐of‐plane of the Earth's magnetopause reconnection, and the magnetospheric field. This three‐dimensional electron‐scale reconnection in the exhaust facilitates the cross‐scale energy conversion from the macro‐scale down to electron‐scale.
“Frame Wobbling” Causing Crustal Deformation Around the Ordos Block
Authors: Hao Ming , Wang Qingliang , Zhang Peizhen , Li Zhangjun , Li Yuhang , Zhuang Wenquan
Published: December 2020

An accurate and dense GPS velocity field across the Ordos block is presented based on extensive observations. We utilized velocities from evenly distributed GPS stations within the block to estimate the parameters of rigid block motion and internal strain. Our results indicate that the Ordos block behaves rigidly, with a negligible anticlockwise rotation. The velocity profiles, strain, and block motion suggest that: the interior of the block undergoes no differential motion and internal strain is insignificant; relative to the Ordos, the adjacent blocks move in different directions and at different rates, and exert varying forces on it; the adjacent blocks deform the Ordos block along its boundaries of grabens and fold‐thrust fault zones. The Ordos block accommodates the forces exerted by the adjacent blocks through strain and deformation across its boundaries, which should be high strain or strain gradient zones. This pattern of deformation is illustrated by frame wobbling.
Martian Mantle Heat Flow Estimate From the Lack of Lithospheric Flexure in the South Pole of Mars: Implications for Planetary Evolution and Basal Melting
Authors: Ojha Lujendra , Karimi Saman , Buffo Jacob , Nerozzi Stefano , Holt John W. , Smrekar Sue , Chevrier Vincent
Published: December 2020

Heat flow measurements are important for our understanding of planetary interior composition, structure, and evolution. In the absence of direct measurement, a first‐order estimate of a planet's interior heat flow can be made by modeling the lithosphere's viscoelastic response to stress exerted by large surface loads. Here, we model the Martian lithosphere's viscoelastic response to the south polar layered deposits and estimate the local mantle heat flow to be less than ∼10 mW/m2. Combined with our previous estimate of the low mantle heat flow from the north polar region (∼7 mW/m2), our results suggest that the Martian mantle may be globally depleted in heat‐producing elements. The relatively low mantle heat flow has significant implications for Mars' long‐term thermal evolution and on the possibility of basal melting in the south polar region.
Effective Vertical Diffusion by Atmospheric Gravity Waves
Authors: Liu Han‐Li
Published: December 2020

Quantification of heat and constituent transport by gravity waves (GWs) in global models is challenging due to limited model resolutions. Current parameterization schemes suffer from oversimplification and often underestimate the transport rate. In this study, a new approach is explored to quantify the effective vertical eddy diffusion by using a high‐resolution Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulation based on scale invariance. The WACCM simulation can partially resolve the mesoscale GW spectrum down to 250 km horizontal wavelength, and the heat flux and the effective vertical eddy diffusion by these waves are calculated directly. The effective vertical diffusion by the smaller‐scale, unresolved waves, is then deduced based on scale invariance, following the method outlined by H.‐L. Liu (2019) in quantifying GW momentum flux and forcing. The effective vertical diffusion obtained is generally larger than that obtained from parameterizations, and is comparable with that derived from observations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region.
Magnetotail Flux Accumulation Leads to Substorm Current Wedge Formation: A Case Study
Authors: Chu Xiangning , McPherron Robert , Hsu Tung‐Shin , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Weygand James M. , Liu Jiang , Bortnik Jacob
Published: December 2020

Reconnection‐generated earthward flows, magnetic field dipolarizations, and auroral expansions are related to substorm current wedge (SCW) development. It has been suggested that field‐aligned currents (FACs) within the SCW can be generated by flow vortices, pressure gradients, or both. Observations related to these generation mechanisms differ from one event to another, due to their different locations relative to SCW's central meridian and timing relative to the SCW's evolutionary state. A pattern of in situ observations consistent with these generation mechanisms has yet to emerge. Obtaining such a pattern of in situ observations relies on the satellite locations relative to the FAC driver regions, which are hard to determine because coincident magnetotail observations are sparse. To solve this problem, an SCW inversion technique was used to model the FAC locations and determine the connections between magnetospheric and ionospheric phenomena. Using this technique, the magnetic flux, a parameter that is relatively insensitive to FAC locations, was analyzed during an isolated substorm on February 13, 2008. We compared the temporal variations of the accumulated flux that caused magnetic dipolarization in the SCW and the flux within the auroral poleward boundary. We found them to be in good agreement with the flux transported by earthward flows. This agreement suggests that the accumulation of the magnetic flux leads to the generation of the SCW, causing magnetic dipolarization and auroral poleward expansion. The amount of accumulated flux was found to be positively correlated with the amplitudes of these substorm‐related phenomena.