bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the complementary principle of evaporation: from the original linear relationship to generalized nonlinear functions
Authors: Han Songjun , Tian Fuqiang
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The complementary principle is an important methodology for estimating actual evaporation by using routinely observed meteorological variables. This review summaries its 56-year development, focusing on how related studies have shifted from adopting a symmetric linear complementary relationship (CR) to employing generalized nonlinear functions. The original CR denotes that the actual evaporation (E) and “apparent” potential evaporation (Epa) depart from the potential evaporation (Ep0) complementarily when the land surface dries from a completely wet environment with constant available energy. The CR was then extended to an asymmetric linear relationship, and the linear nature was retained through properly formulating Epa and/or Ep0. Recently, the linear CR was generalized to a sigmoid function and a polynomial function. The sigmoid function does not involve the formulations of Epa and Ep0 but uses the Penman (1948) potential evaporation and its radiation component as inputs, whereas the polynomial function inherits Ep0 and Epa as inputs and requires proper formulations for
application. The generalized complementary principle has a more rigorous
physical base and offers a great potential in advancing evaporation estimation. Future studies may cover several topics, including the boundary
conditions in wet environments, the parameterization and application over different regions of the world, and integration with other approaches for further development.
VULCANIZATE STRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS WITH SILICA AND CARBON BLACK BINARY FILLER SYSTEMS
Authors: Kim Il Jin , Ahn Byungkyu , Kim Donghyuk , Lee Hyung Jae , Kim Hak Joo , Kim Wonho
Published: May 2020

The physical properties of rubber compounds are mainly determined by the filler dispersion within the rubber matrix, filler–rubber interaction, and chemical crosslink structure caused by sulfur. Carbon black or silica is typically used as a reinforcing filler in tire tread compounds; however, binary filler systems comprising the two types of filler are also currently being used to complement each other. This study used binary filler systems to manufacture vulcanizates and classified the vulcanizate structures as chemical crosslinks caused by sulfur, physical crosslinks caused by carbon black (carbon black–bound rubber), and silica–silane–rubber networks caused by silica and silane. The effect of each vulcanizate structure on the physical properties was also calculated. In the proposed binary filler system, silica chemically bonds with rubber molecules, unlike carbon black. Therefore, the crosslink density per unit of silica content was 19% higher than that of carbon black, in which rubber molecules were physically adsorbed on the surface. Tensile properties affected by 1 unit of crosslinking density for each filler were calculated, and silica was found to contribute more in the low-elongation range, whereas carbon black contributed more in the high-elongation range. Regarding tan δ at 60 °C and abrasion resistance per unit crosslink density of filler, carbon black made a greater contribution than silica, whereas silica had a greater contribution to wet traction and snow traction.
Dinah Morris and Elizabeth Evans: The Importance of Revivalist Methodism inAdam Bede
Authors: Muscutt Robert James
Published: May 2020

Although the connection between Dinah Morris and George Eliot's aunt Elizabeth Evans is well known, little attention has been given to the documented, more detailed facts of the aunt's life, especially concerning her experience as a revivalist Methodist woman preacher from around 1800 and later. My article attempts to provide this information and to show how it impacts on contemporary and current reading of the novel by dealing with perceptions of Methodism, and the historical reality confronting a woman preacher at the time of the novel's setting.
RURAL WORKERS EXPOSURE TO ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES
Authors: Lorenzatto Luciane Baierle , Da Silva Maria Isabel Gonçalves , Roman Junior Walter Antonio , Rodrigues Junior Sinval Adalberto , De Sá Clodoaldo Antônio , Corralo Vanessa
Published: May 2020

Pesticides are compounds widely used in agriculture, due the productive
efficiency increase. However, these toxic compounds can exert negative effects to
environment and human health. This work aim was analyzing the occupational
exposure of rural workers to pesticides, through a descriptive-analytical study
with cross-sectional and quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 63
farm workers. Socioeconomic profile characterization, pesticide management,
and health conditions was carried out through interviews. After biological samples
collection, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was assessed in two
moments: pre- and post-exposure to pesticides in one of planting and harvesting
cycle. Rural workers age mean was 48.1 ± 7.6 years. They reported using personal
protective equipment, although incompletely or inadequately, and 46% reported
pesticide poisoning. Mood disorders such as anxiety (50.3%) and depressive state
(27.0%) were also reported by workers. There was a significant decrease in the
activity of the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase enzyme from 0.83 ± 0.06 delta
pH/hour to 0.71 ± 0.11 delta pH/hour (p < 0.05). Individual comparison of
enzyme activity values showed that 19.6% of the workers were intoxicated with
carbamate and organophosphate. Contamination is attributed to the inadequate
management of pesticides. Adopting measures to minimize intoxications and
other harmful effects on the health of rural workers is considered urgent.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FUNCTION OF PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREAS IN ENTERPRISE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Ikematsu Priscila , Bitar Omar Yazbek , Longo Mariana Hortelani Carneseca , Campos Sofia Julia Alves Macedo , Ferreira André Luiz
Published: May 2020

The analysis of permanent preservation areas (PPAs) is an important step to design technological and locational alternatives for the environmental assessment of enterprises, as well as to support the issuance ofenvironmental licenses. Thus, the aim of the current study is to present the method developed for the environmental assessment of ventures that have direct or indirect effects on PPAs and on their environmental functions. Five steps were proposed for this analysis: the conceptualization of PPAsbased on a literature review; technical visit to the study site; analysis of the environmental functions of PPAs; PPA mapping; and evaluation of projects and future uses to be applied to the area. The herein proposed method was effective and efficient in the presented case studies, since it allowedrecommending adjustments in the project presented by the entrepreneur and technically supported the selection of the best locational alternative by taking into consideration the environmental legislation requirements.
INFLUÊNCIA DO FÓSFORO INORGÂNICO E VALOR DE PH NA REMOÇÃO DE FORMULAÇÃO À BASE DE GLIFOSATO EM AMBIENTE AQUOSO POR ADSORÇÃO
Authors: Cuba Renata Medici Frayne , Paiva Débora Cristina Aguiar Chaves , Cintra Túlio Salatiel , Terán Francisco Javier Cuba
Published: May 2020

A degradação dos recursos hídricos provocada pelas atividades antrópicas tem alterado as características físico-químicas de águas superficiais, o que, por sua vez, interfere na mobilidade de compostos capazes de se fixarem em sedimentos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho avaliou a influência da concentração de fósforo edo valor de potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) na cinética e na capacidade de adsorção do glifosato (solução comercial) em argila expandida, utilizando sistema constituído de coluna de leito fixo operado em regime hidrodinâmico fechado com circulação contínua do adsorbato. Utilizou-se o modelo de planejamento experimental para três concentrações de fósforo, 0,8, 8 e 16 mg L-1 e três valores de pH, 4, 7 e 10, totalizando nove ensaios. Verificou-se que o aumento do pH e da concentração de fósforo levou à diminuição na velocidade de adsorção, enquanto o mecanismo cinético foi afetado somente pela concentração de fósforo, prevalecendo o mecanismo de pseudossegunda ordem nas concentrações de 0,8 e de 8 mg L-1 eo intrapartícula para a maior concentração. A capacidade de adsorção foi afetada por ambos os parâmetros. A cada aumento de 0,16 no valor de pH e 0,22 mg L-1 na concentração de fósforo, a massa adsorvida de glifosato diminuiu em 0,000385 mg g-1 e 0,000205 mg g-1, respectivamente. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o aumento do pH e da concentração de fósforo diminuiu tanto a capacidade quanto a velocidadede adsorção do glifosato (formulação comercial), enquanto o mecanismo cinético somente foi alterado para a concentração de fósforo de 16 mgL-1.
Energías renovables e innovación para el desarrollo territorial, vientos de esperanza en San Nicolás, Estelí, Nicaragua
Authors: Betanco Maradiaga Juan Alberto
Published: May 2020

La problemática energética provocada por el uso de combustible fósil es global. Sin embargo, las soluciones con alternativas energéticas renovables son locales, teniendo repercusiones en los territorios, la población, los recursos y la economía. Por lo tanto, deben considerarse las iniciativas locales e involucrar a los actores sociales, económicos y productivos en las decisiones. Las presentes reflexiones parten de la revalorización del recurso viento que posee el municipio de San Nicolás en Estelí, con potencial disponible para ser aprovechado en la generación de energía eléctrica. El reto consiste en analizar una propuesta de innovación social para el municipio, que introduzca una nueva organización de la gestion energetica y conlleve al desarrollo territorial. Se considera como medio innovador la organización de una cooperativa que involucre a actores claves y que logre: concertación social, cooperación socio institucional, captación de inversión privada para la instalación de aerogeneradores para la generación distribuida y beneficios sociales en educación, salud, Tics y la mitigación del impacto ambiental. Las presentes reflexiones, se derivan del desarrollo de la primera fase del proyecto de investigación “Desarrollo de un sistema eólico para proveer energía eléctrica y su impacto en el desarrollo humano sostenible en la región de Las Segovias”.
Housing Difficulties in Post-war Poland: A Case Study of Wrocław from 1945 up to the 1960s
Authors: Fic Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

Housing problems were an inherent feature of the entire communist system—both in the People’s Poland and in other countries of the Soviet bloc. Wrocław was no exception in this respect. However, its geographical location and historical and political entanglement caused the problems of the communist era to be much more intense and acute in Wrocław. A deficit of flats, their low quality and questionable aesthetics were a distinctive feature of the constructions in all the cities of the Soviet bloc. In Wrocław however, combined with the extreme under-investment, these problems were exceptionally clear. Therefore, it seems that Wrocław exemplifies these shortcomings and can be a good case study to get acquainted with the daily grief of the people of the Polish Republic of Poland, related to the housing difficulties.
Effects of Nutrition on Osteoarthritis in Women Over the 50 Years: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
Authors: Kim Kyeong-Rae , Park Jae-Eun , Lim So-Young , Kim Ho , Jang Il-Tae , Lee Kwang-Yeol
Published: May 2020

There are prior articles on osteoarthritis of demographic and nutritional factors, previous studies show a lack of empirical analysis using public data, focusing primarily on predicting or assessing risk factors focusing on demographic characteristics. Since the disease called osteoarthritis itself has yet to be clearly treated, we would like to establish that the preventive medical aspect of osteoarthritis is very important and that prevention through nutrient intake can reduce the social and economic costs of osteoarthritis. We intend to prepare basic data for osteoarthritis by analyzing the prevalence of osteoarthritis in women over the 50 age based on demographic and nutritional characteristics using the 7th National Nutrition Survey data in 2016 and 2017. As results, cholesterol and sodium negatively affect the odds of osteoarthritis and nutrients classified as inorganic reduce the odds of osteoarthritis in 50 age women to 59 years old. In addition, in women over 60 and under 69 years of age, vitamin B has been found to reduce the risk of osteoarthritis and iron has a significant effect on women in their 70s and older. Therefore, these nutrients are ‘micronutrients’ and, among the five major nutrients, were identified as the nutrients that assisted the ‘macronutrients’.
Handbuch Hochschullehre Digital
Authors: Handke Jürgen
Published: May 2020

For years, the digitalisation of higher education scenarios has been an important topic at universities, but has not yet been properly implemented. Driven by the challenges of the Corona crisis, ideas for implementation are suddenly urgently needed.

With this guide, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Handke shows ways in which the digitalisation of higher education can be managed. Starting from general problems of traditional higher education, he shows with several examples how to overcome the problems of traditional teaching with innovative digitisation concepts and to use them in such a way that significant added value is created through the interaction of well-accepted analogue concepts with digital content delivery formats.
Microencapsulation for Clinical Applications and Transplantation by Using Different Alginates
Authors: Goncu Beyza , Yucesan Emrah
Published: May 2020

Microencapsulation has been the most frequently used technique for several different disciplines such as cell-based therapies and/or transplantation. Technology is based on the idea of combining and coating a material or isolating from an external source. Microencapsulation may be performed with different materials and, among natural biocompatible materials, alginate-based microencapsulation technique is the most appropriate material for microencapsulation. The structural components of alginate materials are the derivatives of alginic acid, which is found in brown algae as an intercellular gel matrix. This alginate is preferred for clinical applications due to its safety in human studies. Therefore, the choice and the combined system need to be carefully optimized to achieve biocompatible application through cell microencapsulation especially for long term. Specifications of alginate such as primary source, isolation process, viscosity, and purity contribute to improve its biocompatibility. Clinically, cell microencapsulation is the major contribution to the field of transplantation by its technique and additionally provides local immune isolation. This chapter discusses the potential benefits of clinically suitable alginates and their applications. This promising technology may highlight its considerable potential for patients that require transplantation and/or replacement therapy in the future.
Retos de la comunicación digital ante el coronavirus
Authors: Santa María Rosario
Published: May 2020

El pasado 17 de marzo el Grupo Daguisa Hotels, segunda cadena hotelera de Andorra, tuvo que cerrar sus seis hoteles a causa del coronavirus, dejando tan solo operativa a una persona del departamento de reservas para que pudiera gestionar las cancelaciones de todos aquellos clientes que tenían una reserva en una fecha posterior. Como directora de cuentas de su agencia de comunicación –Undatia Comunicación–, la situación planteaba retos muy singulares.
Evaluation of Rice Offal Meal Improved by Rumen Filtrate Fermentation on the Performance and Economics of Producing Table Rabbits
Authors: Kpehe Albert Terlumun , Tuleun Comfort Dooshima , Kaankuka Fabian Gyizaka , Tiough Samuel Mtsegh
Published: May 2020

In an effort to expand the knowledge base on the use of non conventional feedstuff in rabbit nutrition, the nutritional potential and the cost effectiveness of using rice offal fermented with rumen filtrate for 48 hours was investigated using twenty five (25) growing crossbred rabbit bucks weighed between 625.34 g-631.21 g for 10 weeks. The rabbits were divided into five (5) treatment groups of five (5) rabbits each with each rabbit serving as a replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. The control group was fed with a diet containing maize as the main energy source while the remaining four groups were fed with diets in which the maize was replaced with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% Rumen filtrate fermented-rice offal meals respectively. Final weight was similar (P>0.05) in rabbits fed maize-based control diet and those fed diet containing 5% to 20% Rumen Filtrate Fermented Rice Offal Meals (FRO). The experimental diets had significant (P<0.05) effect on the daily feed intake, and daily body weight gain with rabbits on 20% having superior weights of 93.88 g and 20.54 g respectively, and a better feed conversion ratio of 4.57 g. The cost of feed per kg of weight gain was lowered progressively from N446/kg for the control diet to N307/kg for the 20% FRO diet, where the lowest feed cost was observed, with a concomitant improvement in overall production profitability. It was concluded that fermenting rice offal with rumen filtrate had high potential as a possible replacement for maize in rabbit diet at inclusion levels of up to 20%. The use of this agricultural by-product can reduce the cost of rabbit production, increase the availability of cheaper animal protein for the populace, generate higher profit margins for the livestock farmer and reduce environmental pollution. It was therefore recommended that feed manufacturers and rabbit farmers can incorporate up to 20% of bovine rumen filtrate-fermented rice offal meal in the diets of rabbits without compromising performance.
Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium on the Yield Components of BARI Bush Bean-2 and Post-harvest Nutrient Status of the Soil
Authors: Roy Basudeb , Paul Alok Kumar , Shamsuddoha A. T. M.
Published: May 2020

A field experiment was carried out at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Farm during the Rabi season of 2008 to investigate the effect of nitrogen and potassium on the yield and yield components of BARI Bush Bean-2. The red brown terrace soil of Tejgaon was silty clay loam in texture having pH 5.6. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment comprises 4 levels of nitrogen in the form ofurea (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg nitrogen/ha) and 4 levels of potassium from Muriate of Potash (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg potassium /ha). There was combination of sixteen treatments including control (no fertilizer). The results obtained revealed that different levels of nitrogen and potassium showed significant variations on the parameters studied. The treatment N80K40 (80 kg nitrogen + 40 kg potassium) gave the highest pod length (11.67 cm), pod diameter (3.13 cm), average single pod weight (5.99 g), total pod weight per plant (29.07 g), pod yield per plot (2033.33 g) and pod yield per hectare (4.96 tons).Thus the findings of the experiment suggested that combined use of 80 kg nitrogen + 40 kg potassium produced the maximum yield of BARI Bush Bean-2 in red brown terrace soil of the Tejgaon series.
Impact of Agricultural Policies on the Egyptian Cotton Sector Using Policy Analysis Matrix
Authors: ELsamie Mohamed A. , Ali Tarek , Eliw Moataz
Published: May 2020

The Egyptian cotton sector is considered one of the most important export strategic sectors in Egypt, where the Egyptian government takes many agricultural policies that lead to an increase in exports of that crop to foreign markets, as these policies that the government takes have a major impact on the producers of that crop, and this study examined the impact of Agricultural policies on the Egyptian cotton crop, using the policy analysis matrix to know the effect of government policies on the producers of that crop and also the impact of those policies on Egyptian exports of the cotton crop, and the results showed that when comparing the financial and economic performance of the elements of cotton crop production, the financial performance was less than the economic performance on all cost items except workers' wages [1], indicating that the Government is subsidizing cost items, thereby supporting cotton producers. Comparing the average variable costs of cotton during the study period financially and economically shows that the financial valuation exceeds the economic valuation, with the average variable costs of $418.36 at market prices [2] , amounting to $368.84 at world prices, The results also showed that the Nominal Protection Coefficient for the output of the Egyptian cotton in the period under study (2000-2017) was 0.74, indicating the lack of a fair production policy during that period, perhaps due to the fact that the value of the Nominal Protection Coefficient  for the production of the Egyptian cotton crop was lower than the correct one. It also indicated that the value of the Nominal Protection Coefficient for production supplies was 0.92, which indicates a decrease in government support for that crop compared to the value of the effective protection factor of 0.72 during the period under study (2000-2017). This indicates that the factor of the cost of domestic resources for the Egyptian cotton crop is 0.47, and this indicates that the Egyptian cotton has a comparative advantage in foreign markets, the study recommended Maintaining the foreign markets of the Egyptian cotton crop, as it has a global comparative and competitive advantage, and provides the state with foreign exchange, which contributes significantly to the Egyptian national economy.
Mushroom Diversity of Dhenkanal District, Odisha, India: Source of Alternative Foods and Medicines
Authors: Rout Yasaswinee , Behera Falguni , Kumar Sanjeet , Sahoo Malay Prithwiraj , Devi Rajkumari Supriya
Published: May 2020

Aims: The demand for nutraceutical and their products are increasing in modern era throughout the world. The prime sources of nutraceutical are floral & faunal wealth including microbial diversity. Among them, wild mushroom play a vital role and provide food for local communities which have medicinal values too. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been taken to enumerate the wild mushroom available in Dhenkanal district of Odisha state.

Place and Duration of Study: The survey was carried out in selected areas of Dhenkanal district of Odisha state in 2019 and species are photographed followed by identification using Flora’s book and available literature.

Results: Survey revealed that 60 species of wild mushrooms are recorded belonging to 33 genus and 25 families. It was observed that 10 species are edible and consumed by local communities rest are poisonous or bitter which could be used to isolate bioactive compounds to treat lethal disease.

Conclusion: The present study highlights the diversity of wild mushroom in Dhenkanal district of Odisha and their food & medicinal potentials for future nutraceuticals & pharmaceuticals.
Self-Medication with Antibiotics and Its Predictors among the Population in Khartoum Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan in 2018
Authors: Elmahi Osman Kamal Osman , Balla Siham Ahmed , Khalil Hiba Ahmed
Published: May 2020

Background: Self-medication is a personal self-initiated behaviour of diagnosis of a disease and self-treatment of its symptoms and signs.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and the diseases commonly treated with antibiotics, the most commonly used antibiotics, the sources of obtaining it and the predictors of self-medication with antibiotics.

Study Design: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Khartoum Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan during April 2018.

Methods: 246 adults (130 males, 116 females) over 18 years were included in the study. A closed-ended, pretested and pre-validated questionnaire was used to interview the participants.

Data was analysed using SPSS Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and figures. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the predictors of self-medication with antibiotics. Ethical approval and voluntarily signed consent were obtained prior to embarking on the study.

Results: 148(60.2%) participants practiced self-medication with antibiotics, 111(75%) of whom obtained the antibiotics over the counter in community pharmacies. The most commonly used antibiotic was amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (38.5%). The major reason behind taking antibiotics without prescription was long distances to healthcare facilities (43.2%). The commonest symptom which encouraged self-medication with antibiotics was abdominal pain (27%). Females were 3.55 times more likely to use self-medication with antibiotics than males. Participants who lacked health insurance cards were 2.65 times more likely to practice self-medication with antibiotics.

Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics is alarmingly high in Khartoum Locality. Over the counter purchase of antibiotics was the main route of self-medication. Gender and lack of health insurance were significant predictors of self-medication. Mass education through different media and policy reform are recommended.
Application of Explosion-Proof RFID Technology in Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Cho Namjin , Im Dongsu , Kwon Jungdon , Cho Teayeon , Lee Junglim
Published: May 2020

Nuclear power plants store and use flammable gases and liquids and consequently risk explosions. Therefore, nuclear plants employ explosion-proof equipment; however, this equipment is not always sufficiently maintained. This lack of maintenance can affect the safety-related equipment intended to shut down the reactor, because the explosion-proof equipment itself can act as an ignition source. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology should be explored as a tool to improve both the convenience and efficiency of maintenance. We analyzed and compared explosion-proof RFID technology that can be used in nuclear power plants.
Job Satisfaction Determinants among Firefighters in Pohang Earthquake
Authors: Park Seongyun , Jo ByungWan
Published: May 2020

As the Pohang earthquake steadily occurred along with big and small aftershocks, the damage caused was extensive. Firefighters on the front line are responsible for the initial response, thus their job stress is very high; this study identified the determinants of job satisfaction for firefighters in Pohang. The summary of the study is as follows. First, most of the firefighters in the Pohang earthquake had 10 years of employment, were 30 and 40 years of age, and most of them completed higher education t. Second, their job satisfaction was influenced by compensation, organizational conflict, and job burden as per this order. Third, job characteristics did not significantly affect job satisfaction.
Construction of a Site- and Period-Specific Seismic Hazard Map for the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Jee Hyun Woo , Han Sang Whan
Published: May 2020

The 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquakes caused casualties and economic damage in the surrounding areas. Therefore, the importance of earthquake damage prediction and seismic design in the Korean peninsula has increased. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is one of the well-known methods for predicting earthquake damage. The objective of this study is to construct Korean Peninsula seismic hazard maps of 5% damped response spectrum acceleration and peak ground acceleration, using PSHA. To consider the local effects for each site's classification, seismic hazard maps were constructed by considering the site amplification model. To conduct seismic design, uniform hazard response spectra (UHRS) were also constructed for the Korean peninsula.
Development and Utility Evaluation of a Multi-Composite Water Balance Model
Authors: Gwon Yonghyeon , Son Kyunghwan , Lee Kyoungdo , Choi Gyewoon
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to develop a water balance model capable of daily analysis of the water supply situation in a multi-composite area, evaluate the utility of the model, and conduct a water balance analysis. The multi-composite water balance model, which was developed to determine the daily water balance in an area, includes five modules: "Weather data build and area mean data," "Rainfall-runoff analysis," "Benefit area and demand estimation," "Reservoir water balance analysis," and "River basin water balance analysis." The study selected eight cities in northwestern Chungcheongnam-do in Korea as target areas and evaluated the utility of the water balance model. Further, the study used observation and model simulation data for its analysis, which found a high degree of accuracy as well as correlation. In addition, daily water balance analysis was conducted to estimate the potential supply, demand, supply, shortage, surplus supply, and shortage days in the river basin, while the ratio of shortage to demand was also determined to identify areas vulnerable to drought. In the future, it will be possible to establish drought countermeasures and facility operation plans by identifying areas with water supply vulnerability using the developed model.
Assessment of Nakdong River Basin Management: Target Water Quality Achievement and Future Challenges
Authors: Kang Kyeong Hwan , Kim Junghyeon , Jeon Hyeonjin , Kim Kyoungwoo , Byun Imgyu
Published: May 2020

In 2006, the Korean Ministry of Environment established . The plan aimed at “Clean Water, Eco River 2015” and guided water quality protection and strengthened water management. This study evaluated the achievement of the target water quality among the 33 mid-level basins in the Nakdong River basin and assessments of the causes of non-achievement of the target water quality by mid-level basins. According to the 2015 water quality data, only 16 of the 33 mid-level basins achieved the target water quality. The low achievement of the target water quality was attributed to the failure to predict the pollutant load at the time of planning, problems with the management of tributaries, implementation of the , and problems with the representativeness of the water quality representative points. In addition, feasibility studies on the water quality monitoring representative point used in each mid-level basin were also performed; some mid-level basins required improvement or change of the representative points. This study also suggested further research to improve water quality, such as detailed studies of the management of pollutant load, mainstream tributaries, and water quality indicators, for the revision of the current ongoing .
Applicability Analysis of 2-D Model for Evacuation Map to Establish Dam Emergency Action Plan
Authors: Park Jun Hyung , Han Kun Yeun
Published: May 2020

Recent instances of “excessive disasters,” which can be characterized as unprecedented and catastrophic, cause great damage and loss of life. One such incident is dam failure, which significantly affects downstream regions. Therefore, it is imperative to select flood inundation areas and establish EAP in advance. In addition, to prevent possible damage due to dam failure, flood wave analysis and evacuation map should be based on accurate hydraulic analysis. Accordingly, this study highlights the challenges in existing hydraulic analysis and suggests a method of establishing EAP by applying the 2-D model. Further, it compares the applicability of establishing EAP between 1-D and 2-D models using the Sandae reservoir incident, the actual collapse case. Consequently, it found that compared to the 1-D model, flood inundation analysis using the 2-D model can accurately reflect on topography such as roads and buildings and provide a wide range of information such as flood depth and flood velocity distribution. Thus, this study is expected to recommend an efficient method of selecting flood inundation areas and establishing informative EAP.
Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasonography for elevated intracranial pressure detection
Authors: Wang Li‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Xiu , Chen Ying , Yu Ze‐Yang , Xing Ying‐Qi
Published: May 2020

Ultrasonographically measured optic nerve sheath diameter measurement has become a common noninvasive approach for detecting elevated intracranial pressure. We present a case of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage with elevated intracranial pressure. Postoperative arachnoiditis developed, and lumbar puncture revealed low intracranial pressure. However, ultrasonography revealed a dilated optic nerve sheath, denoting elevated intracranial pressure. This was confirmed by computed tomography showing ventricular dilation. Ophthalmoscopy revealed papilledema and hemorrhage. This case study demonstrated that noninvasive bedside ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter measurement can detect elevated intracranial pressure more accurately than lumbar puncture, especially in cases with intracranial infection.
Study on the Mechanical Properties of Metal Rubber with Complex Contact Friction of Spiral Coils based on Virtual Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Ren Zhiying , Shen Liangliang , Bai Hongbai , Pan Ling , Xu Jie
Published: May 2020

Metal rubber (MR) is an elastic porous material with a complex spiral network structure, which is widely used in aerospace, aviation, navigation, medical biomaterials, and other fields. The traditional preparation processes depend on multiple tests or artificial experience, which leads to time‐consuming and laborious. Herein, a virtual manufacturing method is proposed to realize the spatial multipoint dynamic contact analysis of a complex spiral network structure, that is, to study the mechanical properties of MR from the micro‐tribological point of view. Through real‐time capturing the spatial distribution characteristics of each contact point and the number of contact pairs and contact mode, it is found that the number of dry friction contact points between the wires is nonlinear positive correlation with the damping energy dissipation characteristics of MR. The preparation parameters, such as the wire diameter, the spiral wire pitch, and the blank winding angle, are selected to be investigated, and the controlling variable method is used to analyze the single factor influence in the virtual preparation process. The results show that the damping and energy consumption characteristics of MR can be improved effectively by reducing the wire diameter, by reducing the spiral wire pitch, or by increasing the winding angle of the blank. However, too small or too large preparation parameters cause stress concentration and affect the mechanical properties of the actual materials. The quasi‐static compression test is carried out through the preparation of the products, and the error between simulation and experiment results is <8%. Herein, the mechanism of contact friction between wire turns in MR is expounded. Also, this method can effectively guide the production of MR material, reduce the time of material design, and promote the popularization and application of the material.
Highly Active Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalytic Sites Realized in Ceria–Functionalized Graphene
Authors: Grewal Simranjit , Macedo Andrade Angela , Liu Ziqi , Garrido Torres Jose Antonio , Nelson Art J. , Kulkarni Ambarish , Bajdich Michal , Lee Min Hwan
Published: May 2020

The development of efficient, durable, and cost‐effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential in the advancement of solar fuels, metal–air batteries, and unitized regenerative fuel cells. This work demonstrates an effective approach of activating 2D carbon for highly efficient bifunctional oxygen reactions without N‐doping, let alone a transition metal–nitrogen (TM–Nx) moiety, the usual component needed for high oxygen electrocatalytic activities. A solvothermally synthesized ceria (CeO2)–hydroxylated graphene hybrid catalyst shows excellent bifunctional ORR/OER activities both in alkaline and acidic solutions. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the activation of graphene occurs via topmost oxygens on ceria surface, but only when low coverage of hydroxyl groups is present on graphene. Furthermore, catalytically active forms of graphene share similar hydroxylated structural motifs. Finally, a simple approach of dramatically enhancing durability even in acidic media is demonstrated.
Fischesserite‐Inspired Recyclable Se‐Polyurethanes for Selective Gold Extraction
Authors: Dai Yiheng , Zheng Ke , Tan Yizheng , Xiang Wentian , Xianyu Banruo , Xu Huaping
Published: May 2020

Faced with ever‐severe gold mineral depletion, obtaining a sustainable gold resource by utilization of accumulating waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is of vital importance. Inspired by fischesserite, the first naturally occurring selenide of gold, a novel selenium‐containing polyurethane (Se‐polyurethane) is prepared. This material is able to extract aqueous gold in its elemental form with a selectivity 437 times over Cu2+and 443 times over Ni2+and a capacity of 802 mg gold g‐1. The extracted gold can be collected through a noncalcination post‐treatment procedure and the Se‐polyurethane can be recycled via a convenient regeneration procedure. Derived from this material, a high‐throughput circulating aqueous gold mining system and a crosslinked Se‐sponge are illustrated to mimic dynamic and static extraction processes, respectively for possible industrialization. These selenium‐containing materials have the potential to be a useful tool in gold extraction to help prevent future resource depletion.
Projections of yield losses and economic costs following deep wheel‐traffic compaction during the 2019 harvest
Authors: Daigh Aaron Lee M. , DeJong‐Hughes Jodi , Acharya Umesh
Published: May 2020

Economic projections after widespread deep compaction during wet harvests are essentially nonexistent. Therefore, we project state‐level economic costs to producers in North Dakota and Minnesota for the upcoming 2020 and 2021 crops. We provide economic cost graphs as functions of grain sell prices and fractions of land impacted by deep wheel‐traffic compaction. At corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sell prices of US$3.06 bu−1 and $8.78 bu−1 for North Dakota and $3.26 bu−1 and $8.98 bu−1 for Minnesota, we estimate a minimum economic cost of US$587 million through 2021, excluding environmental externalities and other feedbacks, for every 10% of lands compacted during the 2019 harvest. Actual impacted land area may range up to 30%, resulting in a range of US$0 to $1.76 billion of actual costs. Precise large‐scale, deep‐compaction reports/sensing is needed to determine actual fractions of impacted land. Policies incentivizing conservation practices to reduce the occurrence of field traffic on wet soils are strongly encouraged.
Origin of the Threshold Voltage Shift in a Transistor with a 2D Electron Gas Channel at the Al2O3/SrTiO3 Interface
Authors: Moon Taehwan , Lee Hyun Jae , Hyun Seung Dam , Kim Baek Su , Kim Ho Hyun , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: May 2020

A transistor is fabricated with a 2D electron gas (2DEG) channel at the Al2O3 (AO)/SrTiO3 (STO) interface. The threshold voltage (Vth) shift of the 2DEG channel in the Pt/AO/2DEG/STO stack induced by negative bias stress is investigated. Two‐terminal current–voltage and capacitance–voltage characterization through the gate and the source reveals that the metallic 2DEG channel turns into a semiconducting channel when the negative bias stress is applied. Transfer curve measurement with various stress conditions on the 2DEG field‐effect transistor is performed to evaluate the effect of the negative bias stress. The Vth becomes positive, and the channel conductance decreases after the application of negative bias stress. These variations are promoted by large stress bias and temperature. Electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis via scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that the chemical state of the interface changes from oxygen‐deficient to stoichiometric. Therefore, the change in the channel state from metallic to semiconducting originates from the decrease of oxygen vacancy concentration at the interface.
Saturable Absorption and Bistable Switching of Single Mode Fiber Core‐Guided Light by a 6 nm‐thick, Few Layers Graphene Coating on the Cladding Surface
Authors: Liu Fu , Qi Mei , Guo Tuan , Albert Jacques
Published: May 2020

The coupling of less than 80 µW of in‐plane polarized near‐infrared light in a 6 nm‐thick graphene layer deposited on an optical fiber produces important permittivity changes leading to bistability and self‐starting 50% modulation of over 1 W of continuous wave light in the core. These features arise from resonant coupling of core‐guided light into the cladding by a 12‐degree tilted, 1 cm long fiber Bragg grating via narrowband, polarization‐dependent resonances that allow the selection of cladding modes with electric fields polarized in the plane of the graphene. The pulse repetition rate of the modulation increases from 10 to 269 Hz for input powers ranging from 0.3 to 1.33 W in the core, with no evidence of saturation. Investigations into the origin of these effects through physical modelling and different experimental conditions point to photo‐induced Joule heating in the graphene layer giving rise to temperature increases of the order of 60 °C and corresponding permittivity changes in the graphene and underlying silica fiber. Those changes lead to shifts in the resonance positions which result in the equivalent of saturable absorption for light guided in the core without direct contact with the absorbing graphene layer.
Narrated Dissection Videos and Peer‐Mentoring to Enhance Anatomy Performance of Underrepresented Minority Students in Physical Therapy Education
Authors: Nation Haley , Kaliski Debora , Ortiz Alexis
Published: May 2020

Three‐dimensional virtual technology (3DVT) educational tools and peer‐tutoring have proven to be effective teaching strategies in improving student learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was threefold: (1) compare the anatomy academic performance between underrepresented minority (URM) and non‐minority (non‐URM) students, (2) compare the voluntary use of 3DVT dissection videos and peer‐mentoring between these two cohorts, and (3) estimate the association between the use of these teaching strategies on anatomy examinations and course grades at a school of physical therapy. Three‐dimensional virtual technology narrated dissection videos and peer‐mentoring were made available to all students. Time accessing the video and attending peer‐mentoring sessions was measured throughout the course for all students. Three practical and four written examinations and the final course grade were calculated. Numerous one‐way ANOVAs were used to compare examination/course grades between student cohorts (URM and non‐URM) and usage of the two educational strategies (3DVT and peer‐mentoring). Multiple linear regressions were performed with teaching strategies as predictors and grades as outcomes. Underrepresented minority students demonstrated significantly lower practical examination scores (P = 0.04), lower final course grades (P = 0.01), and a greater use of mentorship hours (P = 0.001) compared to non‐URM. The regression models with both predictors (3DVT and peer‐mentoring) combined demonstrated the greatest association with grades for both URM and non‐URM. For both groups of students, the association between predictors and practical examination scores, although fair, was not statistically significant. Peer‐mentoring seems to be the most effective teaching strategy in helping URM students succeed in anatomy.
(20S)‐Protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides Induced Cytotoxicity via Blockade of Autophagic Flux in HGC‐27 Cells
Authors: Han Qingqing , Han Lijuan , Tie Fangfang , Wang Zhenhua , Ma Chengjun , Li Ji , Wang Honglun , Li Gang
Published: May 2020

(20S)‐Protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2 and PPD have been demonstrated for their anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanism of their antitumor activity remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of these three ginsenosides on cell proliferation and death of human gastric cancer cells (HGC‐27 cells). The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, Western blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The results showed that both Rh2 and PPD were more effective than Rg3 in inhibiting HGC‐27 cell proliferation and inducing cytoplasmic vacuolation, while no significant changes in apoptosis were observed. Interestingly, cytoplasmic vacuolation and blockade of autophagy flux were observed after treatment with Rh2 and PPD. Rh2 obviously up‐regulated the expression of the LC3II and p62. Furthermore, the increase in lysosomal pH and membrane rupture was observed in Rh2‐treated and PPD‐treated cells. When HGC‐27 cells were pretreated with bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of endosomal acidification, cellular vacuolization was increased, and the cell viability was significantly decreased, which indicated that Rh2‐induced lysosome‐damage accelerated cell death. Furthermore, data derived from mitochondrial analysis showed that excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism were caused by Rh2 and PPD treatment in HGC‐27 cells. Taken together, these phenomena indicated that Rh2 and PPD inhibited HCG‐27 cells proliferation by inducing mitochondria damage, dysfunction of lysosomes, and blockade of autophagy flux. The number of glycosyl groups at C‐3 position could have an important effect on the cytotoxicity of Rg3, Rh2 and PPD.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection of the left anterior descending artery in a patient with COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Kumar Kris , Vogt Joshua C. , Divanji Punag H. , Cigarroa Joaquin E.
Published: May 2020

A 48‐year‐old woman with a past medical history of migraines and hyperlipidemia presented due to severe retrosternal chest pain with no other associated signs or symptoms. The patient was hemodynamically stable and was found to have an elevated troponin with electrocardiogram showing no ischemic changes. Computed tomography of the coronary arteries showed a left dominant system with dissection extending from the mid‐to‐distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery. The patient was subsequently discharged on medical therapy but returned 3 days later due to worsening chest pain. Electrocardiogram revealed inferior and anteroseptal ST segment changes with peak troponin of 14.9 ng/ml (reference range <0.80 ng/ml). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) nasopharyngeal swab was performed prior to urgent coronary angiogram. Coronary angiogram was performed with full personal protective equipment for respiratory and droplet precautions due to pending COVID‐19 testing results. Angiogram revealed spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) extending from the ostium of the LAD to the distal vessel. COVID‐19 testing returned positive while in intensive care unit. The patient was not a percutaneous coronary intervention candidate due to the extent of the dissection and was not a surgical candidate due to a lack of graftable target and medical management was continued. To our knowledge, this case is the first in which SCAD has been reported in the LAD in a patient with COVID‐19 with no other symptoms of respiratory illness or symptoms classically associated with the novel coronavirus. SCAD should be considered on the differential as one of the various cardiac manifestations of COVID‐19 infection.