bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional boundaries and psychotherapy: a review
Authors: De Sousa Avinash
Published: August 2012

Psychotherapy is a vital component of any treatment programme in the management of psychiatric disorders. It is very essential that the therapist receives adequate training prior to embarking on therapy with patients. There are various ethical issues and boundaries that the therapist must be aware of when dealing with psychiatric patients. Both experienced and novice therapist may experience confusion and dilemma when it comes across certain boundaries for the benefit of the patients. The present article introduces the readers the various boundaries that need to be maintained in psychotherapy and how the boundary is crossing or violations can lead to serious problems. The issue of gifts, fees, transference, physical contact between therapist and patient and sexual boundary violations are discussed. The need for focusing on boundaries in psychotherapy training is stressed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i2.11701 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(2):16-26
Catching Leaders’ Mood: Contagion Effects in Teams
Authors: Volmer Judith
Published: August 2012

Much of the behavior at work takes place within teams. Leaders of teams experience different feelings that, in turn, can have an impact on how team members feel and perform. This study examined the effects of leaders’ mood on individual team members’ mood, group affective tone, and team outcomes (actual team performance, potency, and goal commitment) in a laboratory study, with a sample of 63 students working in three-person teams. Furthermore, the study investigated the mediating role of group affective tone in the leaders’ mood–team outcomes relationship. Results demonstrated that leaders influence team members’ individual mood, group affective tone, actual team performance, and potency. Moreover, group affective tone mediated the relationship between team leaders’ mood and potency. Taken together, the findings suggest that in order to enhance subordinates’ work experience and to attain desired outcomes, leaders should be aware of their mood and its potential effects.
Continuous Process for Biodiesel Production in Packed Bed Reactor from Waste Frying Oil Using Potassium Hydroxide Supported on Jatropha curcas Fruit Shell as Solid Catalyst
Authors: Buasri Achanai , Chaiyut Nattawut , Loryuenyong Vorrada , Rodklum Chao , Chaikwan Techit , Kumphan Nanthakrit
Published: August 2012

The transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO) with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide catalyst supported on Jatropha curcas fruit shell activated carbon (KOH/JS) was studied. The catalyst systems were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as residence time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst bed height in packed bed reactor (PBR) on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. SEM images showed that KOH was well distributed on the catalyst support. The optimum conditions for achieving the conversion yield of 86.7% consisted of a residence time of 2 h, reaction temperature of 60 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio of 16 and catalyst bed height of 250 mm. KOH/JS could be used repeatedly five times without any activation treatment, and no significant activity loss was observed. The results confirmed that KOH/JS catalyst had a great potential to be used for industrial application in the transesterification of WFO. The fuel properties of biodiesel were also determined.
Impacts of Ventilation Ratio and Vent Balance on Cooling Load and Air Flow of Naturally Ventilated Attics
Authors: Wang Shimin , Shen Zhigang
Published: August 2012

The impacts of ventilation ratio and vent balance on cooling load and air flow of naturally ventilated attics are studied in this paper using an unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Buoyancy-driven turbulent ventilations in attics of gable-roof residential buildings are simulated for typical summer conditions. Ventilation ratios from 1/400 to 1/25 combined with both balanced and unbalanced vent configurations are investigated. The modeling results show that the air flows in the attics are steady and exhibit a general streamline pattern that is qualitatively insensitive to the variations in ventilation ratio and vent configuration. The predicted temperature fields are characterized by thermal stratification, except for the soffit regions. It is demonstrated that an increase in ventilation ratio will reduce attic cooling load. Compared with unbalanced vent configurations, balanced attic ventilation is shown to be the optimal solution in both maximizing ventilating flow rate and minimizing cooling load for attics with ventilation ratio lower than 1/100. For attics with ventilation ratios greater than 1/67, a configuration of large ridge vent with small soffit vent favors ventilating air flow enhancement, while a configuration of small ridge vent with large soffit vent results in the lowest cooling energy consumption.
Estimation of River Pollution Index in a Tidal Stream Using Kriging Analysis
Authors: Chen Yen-Chang , Yeh Hui-Chung , Wei Chiang
Published: August 2012

Tidal streams are complex watercourses that represent a transitional zone between riverine and marine systems; they occur where fresh and marine waters converge. Because tidal circulation processes cause substantial turbulence in these highly dynamic zones, tidal streams are the most productive of water bodies. Their rich biological diversity, combined with the convenience of land and water transports, provide sites for concentrated populations that evolve into large cities. Domestic wastewater is generally discharged directly into tidal streams in Taiwan, necessitating regular evaluation of the water quality of these streams. Given the complex flow dynamics of tidal streams, only a few models can effectively evaluate and identify pollution levels. This study evaluates the river pollution index (RPI) in tidal streams by using kriging analysis. This is a geostatistical method for interpolating random spatial variation to estimate linear grid points in two or three dimensions. A kriging-based method is developed to evaluate RPI in tidal streams, which is typically considered as 1D in hydraulic engineering. The proposed method efficiently evaluates RPI in tidal streams with the minimum amount of water quality data. Data of the Tanshui River downstream reach available from an estuarine area validate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method. Results of this study demonstrate that this simple yet reliable method can effectively estimate RPI in tidal streams.
Using Crowdsourced Geodata for Agent-Based Indoor Evacuation Simulations
Authors: Goetz Marcus , Zipf Alexander
Published: August 2012

Crowdsourced geodata has been proven to be a rich and major data source for environmental simulations and analysis, as well as the visualization of spatial phenomena. With the increasing size and complexity of public buildings, such as universities or hotels, there is also an increasing demand for information about indoor spaces. Trying to stimulate this growing demand, both researchers and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) communities envision to extend established communities towards indoors. It has already been showcased that VGI from OpenStreetMap (OSM) can be utilized for different applications in Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) as well as for simple shortest path computations inside buildings. The here presented research now tries to utilize crowdsourced indoor geodata for more complex indoor routing scenarios of multiple users. Essentially, it will be investigated if, and to what extent, the available data can be utilized for performing indoor evacuation simulations with the simulation framework MATSim. That is, this paper investigates the suitability of crowdsourced indoor information from OSM (IndoorOSM) for evacuation simulations. Additionally, the applicability of MATSim for agent-based indoor evacuation simulations is conducted. The paper discusses the automatic generation simulation-related data, and provides experimental results for two different evacuation scenarios. Furthermore, limitations of the IndoorOSM data and the MATSim framework for indoor evacuation simulations are elaborated and discussed.
Optimality Principles in the Regulation of Metabolic Networks
Authors: Berkhout Jan , Bruggeman Frank J. , Teusink Bas
Published: August 2012

One of the challenging tasks in systems biology is to understand how molecular networks give rise to emergent functionality and whether universal design principles apply to molecular networks. To achieve this, the biophysical, evolutionary and physiological constraints that act on those networks need to be identified in addition to the characterisation of the molecular components and interactions. Then, the cellular “task” of the network—its function—should be identified. A network contributes to organismal fitness through its function. The premise is that the same functions are often implemented in different organisms by the same type of network; hence, the concept of design principles. In biology, due to the strong forces of selective pressure and natural selection, network functions can often be understood as the outcome of fitness optimisation. The hypothesis of fitness optimisation to understand the design of a network has proven to be a powerful strategy. Here, we outline the use of several optimisation principles applied to biological networks, with an emphasis on metabolic regulatory networks. We discuss the different objective functions and constraints that are considered and the kind of understanding that they provide.
Antibacterial and Synergy of Berberines with Antibacterial Agents against Clinical Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Zuo Guo-Ying , Li Yang , Han Jun , Wang Gen-Chun , Zhang Yun-Ling , Bian Zhong-Qi
Published: August 2012

Antibacterial activity of berberine (Ber) and 8-acetonyl-dihydroberberine (A-Ber) alone and combined uses with antibacterial agents ampicillin (AMP), azithromycin (AZM), cefazolin (CFZ) and levofloxacin (LEV) was studied on 10 clinical isolates of SCCmec III type methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Susceptibility to each agent alone was tested using a broth microdilution method and the chequerboard and time-kill tests for the combined evaluations, respectively. The alone MICs/MBCs (mg/mL) ranges were 32–128/64–256 (Ber) and 32-128/128-512 (A-Ber). Significant synergies were observed for the Ber (A-Ber)/AZM and Ber (A-Ber)/LEV combinations against 90% of the tested MRSA strains, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) values ranged from 0.188 to 0.500. An additivity result was also observed for the Ber/AZM combination by time-kill curves. These results demonstrated for the first time that Ber and A-Ber enhanced the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of AZM and LEV to a same extent, which had potential for further investigation in combinatory therapeutic applications of patients infected with MRSA.
Preparation of Dry Extract of Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Guaco) and Determination of Its Coumarin Levels by Spectrophotometry and HPLC-UV
Authors: Soares e Silva Luciana , Santos da Silva Luciane , Brumano Larissa , Stringheta Paulo César , Aparecida de Oliveira Pinto Miriam , Moreira Dias Leticia Oliveira , De Sá Martins Muller Camila , Scio Elita , Fabri Rodrigo Luiz , Castro Helena C. , Da Penha Henriques do Amaral Maria
Published: August 2012

Guaco (Mikania glomerata Sprengel) syrup is one of the most popular herbal medicines used to treat the symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis, cough and hoarseness. The coumarin 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, is one of the major constituents of Guaco and contributes to its pharmacological effects. The pharmaceutical capsule form of dry extract of Guaco is recommended by the Brazilian Program of Medicinal Plants and Herbal Medicines and used in primary health care. In order to identify a new protocol to obtain the raw material for Guaco capsule production we evaluated two methods, including a freeze-drying process (lyophilization) and the spray-dryer technique, as well as the use of two adjuvants, Maltodextrins and Aerosil®, in different concentrations. The coumarin levels of the dried extracts were analyzed by UV-spectrophotometry and HPLC-UV/DAD. The adjuvant Aerosil® 8% showed better dry powder physical appearance. Lyophilization was observed to be the best process to obtain the dry extract of Guaco based on the measured coumarin levels.
Antiviral Effect of Matrine against Human Enterovirus 71
Authors: Yang Yajun , Xiu Jinghui , Zhang Xu , Zhang Liangfeng , Yan Kai , Qin Chuan , Liu Jiangning
Published: August 2012

Human enterovirus 71, a member of the Picornaviridae family, is one of the major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease in children less than six years old. This illness has caused mortalities in large-scale outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. No vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. In this study, antiviral effect of matrine against enterovirus 71 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Matrine could suppress the viral RNA copy number on rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Moreover, matrine treatment of mice challenged with a lethal dose of enterovirus 71 reduced the mortality and relieved clinical symptoms. The results showed that matrine may represent a potential therapeutic agent for enterovirus 71 infection.
Hyperspectral Time Series Analysis of Native and Invasive Species in Hawaiian Rainforests
Authors: Somers Ben , Asner Gregory P.
Published: August 2012

The unique ecosystems of the Hawaiian Islands are progressively being threatened following the introduction of exotic species. Operational implementation of remote sensing for the detection, mapping and monitoring of these biological invasions is currently hampered by a lack of knowledge on the spectral separability between native and invasive species. We used spaceborne imaging spectroscopy to analyze the seasonal dynamics of the canopy hyperspectral reflectance properties of four tree species: (i) Metrosideros polymorpha, a keystone native Hawaiian species; (ii) Acacia koa, a native Hawaiian nitrogen fixer; (iii) the highly invasive Psidium cattleianum; and (iv) Morella faya, a highly invasive nitrogen fixer. The species specific separability of the reflectance and derivative-reflectance signatures extracted from an Earth Observing-1 Hyperion time series, composed of 22 cloud-free images spanning a period of four years and was quantitatively evaluated using the Separability Index (SI). The analysis revealed that the Hawaiian native trees were universally unique from the invasive trees in their near-infrared-1 (700–1,250 nm) reflectance (0.4 > SI > 1.4). Due to its higher leaf area index, invasive trees generally had a higher near-infrared reflectance. To a lesser extent, it could also be demonstrated that nitrogen-fixing trees were spectrally unique from non-fixing trees. The higher leaf nitrogen content of nitrogen-fixing trees was expressed through slightly increased separabilities in visible and shortwave-infrared reflectance wavebands (SI = 0.4). We also found phenology to be key to spectral separability analysis. As such, it was shown that the spectral separability in the near-infrared-1 reflectance between the native and invasive species groups was more expressed in summer (SI > 0.7) than in winter (SI < 0.7). The lowest separability was observed for March-July (SI < 0.3). This could be explained by the invasives taking advantage of the warmer summer period to expand their canopy. There was, however, no specific time window or a single spectral region that always defined the separability of all species groups, and thus intensive monitoring of plant phenology as well as the use of the full-range (400–2,500 nm) spectrum was highly advantageous in differentiating each species. These results set a basis for an operational invasive species monitoring program in Hawai’i using spaceborne imaging spectroscopy.
Multiplatform Mobile Laser Scanning: Usability and Performance
Authors: Kukko Antero , Kaartinen Harri , Hyyppä Juha , Chen Yuwei
Published: August 2012

Mobile laser scanning is an emerging technology capable of capturing three-dimensional data from surrounding objects. With state-of-the-art sensors, the achieved point clouds capture object details with good accuracy and precision. Many of the applications involve civil engineering in urban areas, as well as traffic and other urban planning, all of which serve to make 3D city modeling probably the fastest growing market segment in this field. This article outlines multiplatform mobile laser scanning solutions such as vehicle- and trolley-operated urban area data acquisition, and boat-mounted equipment for fluvial environments. Moreover, we introduce a novel backpack version of mobile laser scanning equipment for surveying applications in the field of natural sciences where the requirements include precision and mobility in variable terrain conditions. In addition to presenting a technical description of the systems, we discuss the performance of the solutions in the light of various applications in the fields of urban mapping and modeling, fluvial geomorphology, snow-cover characterization, precision agriculture, and in monitoring the effects of climate change on permafrost landforms. The data performance of the mobile laser scanning approach is described by the results of an evaluation of the ROAMER on a permanent MLS test field. Furthermore, an in situ accuracy assessment using a field of spherical 3D targets for the newly-introduced Akhka backpack system is conducted and reported on.
Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology
Authors: Gomez Carles , Oller Joaquim , Paradells Josep
Published: August 2012

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging low-power wireless technology developed for short-range control and monitoring applications that is expected to be incorporated into billions of devices in the next few years. This paper describes the main features of BLE, explores its potential applications, and investigates the impact of various critical parameters on its performance. BLE represents a trade-off between energy consumption, latency, piconet size, and throughput that mainly depends on parameters such as connInterval and connSlaveLatency. According to theoretical results, the lifetime of a BLE device powered by a coin cell battery ranges between 2.0 days and 14.1 years. The number of simultaneous slaves per master ranges between 2 and 5,917. The minimum latency for a master to obtain a sensor reading is 676 µs, although simulation results show that, under high bit error rate, average latency increases by up to three orders of magnitude. The paper provides experimental results that complement the theoretical and simulation findings, and indicates implementation constraints that may reduce BLE performance.
Formal Specification and Validation of a Hybrid Connectivity Restoration Algorithm for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Zafar Nazir Ahmad
Published: August 2012

Maintaining inter-actor connectivity is extremely crucial in mission-critical applications of Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs), as actors have to quickly plan optimal coordinated responses to detected events. Failure of a critical actor partitions the inter-actor network into disjoint segments besides leaving a coverage hole, and thus hinders the network operation. This paper presents a Partitioning detection and Connectivity Restoration (PCR) algorithm to tolerate critical actor failure. As part of pre-failure planning, PCR determines critical/non-critical actors based on localized information and designates each critical node with an appropriate backup (preferably non-critical). The pre-designated backup detects the failure of its primary actor and initiates a post-failure recovery process that may involve coordinated multi-actor relocation. To prove the correctness, we construct a formal specification of PCR using Z notation. We model WSAN topology as a dynamic graph and transform PCR to corresponding formal specification using Z notation. Formal specification is analyzed and validated using the Z Eves tool. Moreover, we simulate the specification to quantitatively analyze the efficiency of PCR. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of PCR and the results shown that it outperforms contemporary schemes found in the literature.
Sensor-Generated Time Series Events: A Definition Language
Authors: Anguera Aurea , Lara Juan A. , Lizcano David , Martínez Maria Aurora , Pazos Juan
Published: August 2012

There are now a great many domains where information is recorded by sensors over a limited time period or on a permanent basis. This data flow leads to sequences of data known as time series. In many domains, like seismography or medicine, time series analysis focuses on particular regions of interest, known as events, whereas the remainder of the time series contains hardly any useful information. In these domains, there is a need for mechanisms to identify and locate such events. In this paper, we propose an events definition language that is general enough to be used to easily and naturally define events in time series recorded by sensors in any domain. The proposed language has been applied to the definition of time series events generated within the branch of medicine dealing with balance-related functions in human beings. A device, called posturograph, is used to study balance-related functions. The platform has four sensors that record the pressure intensity being exerted on the platform, generating four interrelated time series. As opposed to the existing ad hoc proposals, the results confirm that the proposed language is valid, that is generally applicable and accurate, for identifying the events contained in the time series.
Instrumentation in Developing Chlorophyll Fluorescence Biosensing: A Review
Authors: Fernandez-Jaramillo Arturo A. , Duarte-Galvan Carlos , Contreras-Medina Luis M. , Torres-Pacheco Irineo , Romero-Troncoso Rene de J. , Guevara-Gonzalez Ramon G. , Millan-Almaraz Jesus R.
Published: August 2012

Chlorophyll fluorescence can be defined as the red and far-red light emitted by photosynthetic tissue when it is excited by a light source. This is an important phenomenon which permits investigators to obtain important information about the state of health of a photosynthetic sample. This article reviews the current state of the art knowledge regarding the design of new chlorophyll fluorescence sensing systems, providing appropriate information about processes, instrumentation and electronic devices. These types of systems and applications can be created to determine both comfort conditions and current problems within a given subject. The procedure to measure chlorophyll fluorescence is commonly split into two main parts; the first involves chlorophyll excitation, for which there are passive or active methods. The second part of the procedure is to closely measure the chlorophyll fluorescence response with specialized instrumentation systems. Such systems utilize several methods, each with different characteristics regarding to cost, resolution, ease of processing or portability. These methods for the most part include cameras, photodiodes and satellite images.
Laser-Based Trespassing Prediction in Restrictive Environments: A Linear Approach
Authors: Auat Cheein Fernando , Scaglia Gustavo
Published: August 2012

Stationary range laser sensors for intruder monitoring, restricted space violation detections and workspace determination are extensively used in risky environments. In this work we present a linear based approach for predicting the presence of moving agents before they trespass a laser-based restricted space. Our approach is based on the Taylor’s series expansion of the detected objects’ movements. The latter makes our proposal suitable for embedded applications. In the experimental results (carried out in different scenarios) presented herein, our proposal shows 100% of effectiveness in predicting trespassing situations.Several implementation results and statistics analysis showing the performance of our proposal are included in this work.
Improving Service Management in the Internet of Things
Authors: Sammarco Chiara , Iera Antonio
Published: August 2012

In the Internet of Things (IoT) research arena, many efforts are devoted to adapt the existing IP standards to emerging IoT nodes. This is the direction followed by three Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Working Groups, which paved the way for research on IP-based constrained networks. Through a simplification of the whole TCP/IP stack, resource constrained nodes become direct interlocutors of application level entities in every point of the network. In this paper we analyze some side effects of this solution, when in the presence of large amounts of data to transmit. In particular, we conduct a performance analysis of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), a widely accepted web transfer protocol for the Internet of Things, and propose a service management enhancement that improves the exploitation of the network and node resources. This is specifically thought for constrained nodes in the abovementioned conditions and proves to be able to significantly improve the node energetic performance when in the presence of large resource representations (hence, large data transmissions).
Slope Estimation during Normal Walking Using a Shank-Mounted Inertial Sensor
Authors: López Antonio M. , Álvarez Diego , González Rafael C. , Álvarez Juan C.
Published: August 2012

In this paper we propose an approach for the estimation of the slope of the walking surface during normal walking using a body-worn sensor composed of a biaxial accelerometer and a uniaxial gyroscope attached to the shank. It builds upon a state of the art technique that was successfully used to estimate the walking velocity from walking stride data, but did not work when used to estimate the slope of the walking surface. As claimed by the authors, the reason was that it did not take into account the actual inclination of the shank of the stance leg at the beginning of the stride (mid stance). In this paper, inspired by the biomechanical characteristics of human walking, we propose to solve this issue by using the accelerometer as a tilt sensor, assuming that at mid stance it is only measuring the gravity acceleration. Results from a set of experiments involving several users walking at different inclinations on a treadmill confirm the feasibility of our approach. A statistical analysis of slope estimations shows in first instance that the technique is capable of distinguishing the different slopes of the walking surface for every subject. It reports a global RMS error (per-unit difference between actual and estimated inclination of the walking surface for each stride identified in the experiments) of 0.05 and this can be reduced to 0.03 with subject-specific calibration and post processing procedures by means of averaging techniques.
A Highly Miniaturized, Wireless Inertial Measurement Unit for Characterizing the Dynamics of Pitched Baseballs and Softballs
Authors: McGinnis Ryan S. , Perkins Noel C.
Published: August 2012

Baseball and softball pitch types are distinguished by the path and speed of the ball which, in turn, are determined by the angular velocity of the ball and the velocity of the ball center at the instant of release from the pitcher’s hand. While radar guns and video-based motion capture (mocap) resolve ball speed, they provide little information about how the angular velocity of the ball and the velocity of the ball center develop and change during the throwing motion. Moreover, mocap requires measurements in a controlled lab environment and by a skilled technician. This study addresses these shortcomings by introducing a highly miniaturized, wireless inertial measurement unit (IMU) that is embedded in both baseballs and softballs. The resulting “ball-embedded” sensor resolves ball dynamics right on the field of play. Experimental results from ten pitches, five thrown by one softball pitcher and five by one baseball pitcher, demonstrate that this sensor technology can deduce the magnitude and direction of the ball’s velocity at release to within 4.6% of measurements made using standard mocap. Moreover, the IMU directly measures the angular velocity of the ball, which further enables the analysis of different pitch types.
Approaches to α-amino acids via rearrangement to electron-deficient nitrogen: Beckmann and Hofmann rearrangements of appropriate carboxyl-protected substrates
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sosale , Rao V Mohana
Published: August 2012

The titled approaches were effected with various 2-substituted benzoylacetic acid oximes 3 (Beckmann) and 2-substituted malonamic acids 9 (Hofmann), their carboxyl groups being masked as a 2,4,10-trioxaadamantane unit (an orthoacetate). The oxime mesylates have been rearranged with basic Al2O3 in refluxing CHCl3, and the malonamic acids with phenyliodoso acetate and KOH/MeOH. Both routes are characterized by excellent overall yields. Structure confirmation of final products was conducted with X-ray diffraction in selected cases. The final N-benzoyl and N-(methoxycarbonyl) products are α-amino acids with both carboxyl and amino protection; hence, they are of great interest in peptide synthesis.
Shale Gas The Promise and the Peril
Authors:   Research Triangle Energy Consortium, Rao Vikram
Published: August 2012

Shale gas has the potential to transform the U.S. energy-based economy in the electricity, transportation, and chemical sectors. U.S. success can be expected to translate to Europe and other parts of the world. Shale gas production is uniquely enabled by hydraulic fracturing, a technique that has come under heavy scrutiny for its potential to cause environmental damage. In this book, Vikram Rao addresses the issues surrounding shale gas in a balanced fashion. The book is intended to inform both sides of the fracturing debate, where currently rhetoric is overtaking understanding. Tailored for a nontechnical audience—with technical chemistry and geology information couched in sidebars—the book culminates in suggestions for research and guidance for policymaking.
Figures de la violence dans l'art pictural
Authors: Ferrières-Pestureau Suzanne
Published: August 2012

Résumé L’inflation de la violence observée dans certaines pratiques artistiques contemporaines interroge le psychanalyste sur le rapport qu’entretiennent ces artistes avec une violence qui apparaît de moins en moins médiatisée par le travail de la représentation. Partant de ce constat, l’auteur retrace l’évolution de l’expression de cette violence dans l’art et plus particulièrement dans la peinture depuis le Moyen Âge jusqu’à nos jours. Cette évolution témoignerait selon les historiens de l’art d’une « crise de la représentation » dont on pourrait retrouver les effets dans certaines pathologies actuelles liées notamment à des défauts de symbolisations secondaires.
La fonction de la violence dans un cas de psychose : trouble ou béquille ?
Authors: Lippi Silvia
Published: August 2012

Résumé Nous avons tenté de montrer à travers l’analyse d’un cas de cure analytique, que les comportements violents de certains psychotiques ne sont pas seulement la conséquence d’une relation agressive et ravageante avec l’autre spéculaire (soi-même ou le prochain), antichambre d’un rapport de persécution avec le monde extérieur, mais une défense. Celle-ci n’a pas la solidité d’une suppléance symbolique, mais elle peut maintenir le sujet, pour un certain temps, dans une « hésitation structurelle », autrement dit, sur le seuil d’une structure clinique avérée, la paranoïa. La violence peut devenir une forme de « traitement » pour le psychotique, lorsque celui-ci arrive à la transformer, à en faire une béquille pour son existence.
Clinique de couple et états limites : de la violence et de l'espace
Authors: Bastien Danielle , Kalonji-Ditunga Johan
Published: August 2012

Résumé Les auteurs, un psychiatre et une psychanalyste travaillant en co-thérapie, présentent un cas de clinique de couple relevant des états limites. Repartant des possibilités qu’offre le cadre particulier d’une co-thérapie, ils proposent des pistes pour tenter de sortir des impasses de ce travail qui ne permet pas l’appui sur le refoulement secondaire comme dans la névrose. Pour ce faire, ils empruntent deux voies différentes bien que complémentaires, Roussillon et Winnicott pour l’une, Minkowski et Lacan pour l’autre, afin de tenter de penser ce qui a sous-tendu leur travail clinique et de donner sens à l’espace de la violence et à la violence de l’espace.
Après-guerre et violence d'ex-combattants au Burundi
Authors: Ndimubandi Alexis
Published: August 2012

Résumé Basé sur une analyse des récits de l’après-guerre au Burundi, cet article met en exergue une récurrence de la violence des ex-combattants. Il soutient que l’après-guerre ne va pas de pair avec le renoncement aux habitudes violentes d’autant plus que l’arrêt de la guerre est plus une décision politique qu’une réelle volonté de déposer les armes. L’article souligne aussi que la démobilisation découle plus de la désillusion et du désenchantement par rapport à la vie combattante et/ou à la carrière militaire que d’un véritable abandon de la violence. Il met en évidence que l’après-guerre est plus une façon de dire qu’une réelle manière de vivre.
La Bretagne depuis trente ans : le regard d'une ethnologue canadienne
Authors: Badone Ellen
Published: August 2012

Résumé La question des changements en Bretagne est abordée ici du point de vue d’une ethnologue qui a mené des recherches sur le terrain dans le Finistère entre 1981 et 2011. Ce récit n’est que partial, fondé sur les paroles des gens, les lieux et les objets sociaux que j’ai rencontrés. Se centrant sur quatre domaines de la vie sociale qui sont fondateurs de l’identité bretonne – la langue, l’attachement au pays, la religion et les « activités culturelles » (musique, théâtre, festoù-noz , fêtes locales) –, l’article montre que, malgré les transformations incontestables dans ces domaines depuis une trentaine d’années, il est néanmoins possible de discerner une manière d’« être breton » subtile, changeante, mais distinctive et reconnaissable par les gens du pays aussi bien que par les observateurs extérieurs.
Algues vertes, terrain glissant
Authors: Le Chêne Monique
Published: August 2012

Résumé Cet article décrit les logiques qui sous-tendent les discours et les attitudes envers les algues vertes. Il montre une imbrication de plusieurs logiques : culturelle, économique, sociale, idéologique, éthique. Il dévoile également la force du continuum qui existe entre les représentations et les significations données aux algues vertes et les solutions admises pour leur traitement et leur valorisation.
« Tout est bon dans le Breton »
Authors: Le Coadic Ronan
Published: August 2012

Résumé Depuis les années 1990 un humour d’autodérision se développe à profusion en Bretagne sur divers supports (textiles et cartes postales, notamment). Il a pour caractéristiques d’être généralisant, d’une part, et mû par des buts lucratifs, d’autre part. Se présentant volontiers comme novateur, il ne fait cependant, pour l’essentiel, qu’exploiter une veine ancienne. Son succès commercial s’explique par le contexte global et local dans lequel il s’exprime.
Le passé pour présente demeure ?
Authors: Le Couédic Daniel
Published: August 2012

Résumé En Bretagne, de 1960 à 2000, l’essor de l’habitat pavillonnaire a été soutenu par l’aspiration à une architecture censée perpétuer des valeurs identitaires par ailleurs malmenées. Depuis une décennie, délaissant ce registre, la promotion de la maison individuelle s’appuie au contraire sur des modèles géométriques, dépourvus de tout décor, naguère considérés comme négateurs des particularités. Ce qui conduit à s’interroger sur les mécanismes qui actionnent le désir en matière domiciliaire et sur les intentions des pouvoirs publics lorsqu’ils entendent les orienter.
Abchristianisation. Écarts et départs dans le clergé breton (1960-1990)
Authors: Tranvouez Yvon
Published: August 2012

Résumé Le concile Vatican II a été rapidement suivi d’une crise concomitante aux événements post-68, et a entraîné en Bretagne un certain nombre de défections ou de marginalisations dans les élites catholiques, notamment des années 1960 aux années 1980. Isolant le cas du clergé, cette étude essaie de décrire, à partir de six témoignages publiés, le processus de détachement de la religion, et de comprendre les raisons de ce phénomène, en distinguant crise professionnelle, crise intellectuelle et crise psychologique.
Existe-t-il des affections psychosomatiques du cerveau ?
Authors: Dimitriadis Yorgos
Published: August 2012

La psychanalyse - et surtout la psychanalyse lacanienne - permet de penser l’appareil psychique en rapport avec la catégorie du symbolique. Le langage et surtout les signifiants qui le constituent se distinguent des signes du fait que chaque signifiant renvoie à un autre et non pas à un objet quelconque. Dans des conditions spécifiques, cette dimension constitutive du langage peut s’éclipser et le signifiant peut se réduire au signe. Chez les psychotiques le symbolique est en carence car cette opération de renvoi, propre à la catégorie du signifiant, est défectueuse du fait que le désir de la mère est resté pour l’enfant sans médiation par la fonction du père en tant que tiers de la relation mère-enfant. Dans la schizophrénie (et certaines psychoses délirantes en général) dans des conditions spécifiques, la fonction du signifiant tombe en panne et le monde du schizophrène devient ainsi un monde où plusieurs événements sont énigmatiques et lui font signe. Le schizophrène essaie de pallier à ces signes qui l’envahissent, soit par une attitude interprétative tous azimuts, (qui correspond à la notion d’humeur délirante de Jaspers), soit par l’apathie. Ces deux versions d’attitude correspondent à des processus stéréotypés (et humoraux) par lesquels le schizophrène essaie d’éviter l’angoisse que l’énigme du désir de l’Autre lui pose, et - en même temps - à des processus psychosomatiques de l’organe cerveau. La notion neurobiologique de kindling de Robert Post, celle de mismaching des stimuli de David Hemsley, et celle de seeking system de Jaak Pansepp peuvent servir à la compréhension du processus psychosomatique qui se met en marche chez le schizophrène.
Pour une approche intégrative de l'autisme infantile
Authors: Golse Bernard , Robel Laurence
Published: August 2012

Le lobe temporal supérieur se trouve aujourd’hui au cœur des réflexions en matière d’autisme infantile, trouble psychopathologique qui représente la forme majeure d’échec de l’accès à l’intersubjectivité (d’où l’impossibilité d’intégrer le fait que l’autre existe en tant qu’autre). Ce processus d’accès à l’intersubjectivité semble impliquer fortement le lobe temporal supérieur, du fait des différentes fonctions qui s’y trouvent localisées : reconnaissance des visages, reconnaissance de la voix humaine, analyse des mouvements d’autrui et surtout articulation des différents flux sensoriels émanant de l’objet et permettant que celui-ci puisse être ressenti comme extérieur à soi-même. Au moment où l’approche psychanalytique des troubles autistiques et les données cognitives récentes se rejoignent pour faire de l’intersubjectivité le fruit du « mantèlement » ou de la comodalisation des flux sensoriels en provenance des objets, des études récentes en neuroimagerie cérébrale révèlent des anomalies anatomiques et fonctionnelles du lobe temporal supérieur chez les enfants autistes. Un dialogue est donc désormais possible entre ces différentes disciplines, laissant espérer une approche intégrative de l’autisme infantile dans laquelle le lobe temporal supérieur pourrait occuper une place centrale, non pas forcément comme lieu d’une hypothétique cause primaire de l’autisme, mais plutôt comme maillon intermédiaire et comme reflet du fonctionnement autistique lui-même.
Sommes-nous fous du langage ?
Authors: Patris Michel
Published: August 2012

Pour les neurosciences, l’accès à la parole est un progrès, pour ne pas dire une merveille. Pour les analystes, cela reste un mystère et plusieurs écrits de Freud abordent ce mystère de l’accession au symbolique.
Que s'enseignent mutuellement la psychanalyse et la neurologie ?
Authors: Thibierge Stéphane , Morin Catherine
Published: August 2012

Il est exposé comment, dans toute psychose, s’observent à la fois une atteinte de l’image spéculaire et une absence de refoulement de l’objet, au sens que la psychanalyse donne à ce terme. La même corrélation s’observe dans la somatoparaphrénie (personnification de la main gauche paralysée à la suite d’une lésion cérébrale) : l’image du corps est défaite, tandis que l’objet vient au premier plan, non refoulé, dans les propos du patient. Cela permet de poser l’hypothèse que, de manière inverse, la consistance et la permanence de l’image spéculaire dans la névrose sont liées au refoulement de l’objet. Cela laisse également supposer que dans les cas neurologiques ou psychiatriques d’atteinte de l’image spéculaire, la cognition ne peut pas être explorée suivant des méthodes identiques à celles en usage pour des sujets névrosés.
Quelques réflexions sur la pertinence clinique et psychopathologique de la notion de « suppléance »
Authors: Pellion Frédéric
Published: August 2012

La notion de « suppléance » a été mise en avant tardivement par Jacques Lacan. Elle intervient sur le fond d’un travail de plusieurs décennies sur la clinique et la théorie psychanalytique des psychoses, mais elle est aussi solidaire d’une réflexion plus large sur les enjeux et la portée pour la psychanalyse de la notion de « structure ». Nous nous proposons donc ici : 1) de retracer l’émergence de cette notion ; 2) d’examiner comment elle remanie certaines des notions antérieures, sans s’y substituer.
L'identité autochtone
Authors: Levy Sydney
Published: August 2012

L’intuition de départ de cette recherche en psychanalyse a été d’approcher la question de l’identité nationale, à partir de la verticalité de l’Homme en son rapport à la Terre. Devant la violence, toujours actuelle, des discours autour des revendications nationales liées à une appartenance à la Terre des origines, question qui rencontre une impasse pour la pensée, la nécessité de travailler (du point de vue de la psychanalyse) les mythes autochtones s’avèrera féconde. On montre que penser les différentes dynamiques de la stabilité d’un axe vertical (souple ou rigide) permet de distinguer la Terre du Sol en imaginant une interaction entre ces deux entités. Ces différentes formes topiques Terre-Sol-Verticalité(s) conditionnent les dynamiques violentes individuelles et groupales des revendications nationalistes. Cette approche représente un travail de civilisation ( Kulturarbeit ) et éclaire en retour, à partir de l’image de la verticalité, la notion freudienne d’identification primaire. L’identité autochtone suppose une pensée de notre rapport vertical à la Terre.
L'affect et la raison
Authors: Tousseul Sylvain
Published: August 2012

Cet article se propose de comprendre comment l’expérience nous pousse à raisonner, et surtout, comment il est possible que ce soit nos affects qui animent nos logiques. En s’appuyant sur la métapsychologie freudienne et sur la logique aristotélicienne, il s’agit de montrer que les destins pulsionnels se déclenchent en fonction de conditions spatiotemporelles spécifiques, et qu’ils ont chacun une dynamique affective dont le mouvement constitue une logique rationnelle. Autrement dit, ce qu’Aristote a décrit en observant le discours, Freud l’a décrit en observant la clinique, car la raison n’est que l’expression langagière de nos affects.
Naître humain, devenir parent et être échographiste
Authors: Missonnier Sylvain
Published: August 2012

Pour devenir un espace de prévention médico-psycho-sociale interdisciplinaire, l’échographie obstétricale invite au dépassement du clivage entre spécialistes du soma et de la psyché à la Maternité. Dans sa pratique coutumière, le cadre échographique joue désormais un rôle essentiel dans l’évolution des processus de maternalité et de paternalité confrontés à l’inquiétante étrangeté du fœtus et à l’incertitude de son devenir humain. À l’instar d’une épreuve projective, l’examen échographique induit une effusion psychique parentale en amplifiant les conflits inhérents au processus de parentalité prénatale. Lors de cette rencontre, parents et professionnels sont dans une étroite réciprocité intersubjective. La menace ou la confirmation d’une anomalie fœtale pouvant déboucher sur une possible IMG (souvent imprudemment déniée), donne une tonalité potentiellement tragique à cette démarche échographique de diagnostic anténatal. Une préparation à la naissance et à la parentalité bien tempérée proposera un espace de réflexivité sur le diagnostic anténatal. Dans ce contexte de créativité et de vulnérabilité, l’échographiste est un médiateur/traducteur. À cette place, il peut favoriser la potentialité structurante de cet examen mais, tout autant, en stigmatiser la valence désorganisatrice. Dans le meilleur des cas, ce professionnel exposé bénéficiera d’un groupe de paroles type Balint à la mesure des enjeux psychologiques en présence. La formalisation de la négociation entre soignants et soignés d’un consentement mutuellement éclairé de cet examen et de ses conséquences occupe une place cruciale dans sa légitimité éthique et clinique.
L'enfant idéal n'existe pas
Authors: de Mijolla-Mellor Sophie
Published: August 2012

Cet article interroge la question de l’angoisse d’anormalité de l’enfant, ressentie par les parents, à l’aune de la découverte du fantasme d’enfant idéal relevée dans l’inconscient. L’enfant idéal n’existe pas, car il n’est que l’apparence derrière laquelle gît une autre exigence démesurée : revivre avec un enfant issu de soi, la relation idéale, que l’on n’a pas connue mais dont on garde la nostalgie, avec une mère elle-même idéale. À partir du matériel clinique de patientes enceintes suivies durant une analyse, cette hypothèse va être élaborée et mise à l’épreuve. Il sera question de savoir s’il existe dans l’inconscient maternel une représentation de l’embryon ou du fœtus, telle que pourtant les examens échographiques lui en fournissent l’image. L’examen échographique, s’il ouvre des possibilités incomparables, tant sur le plan médical que sur celui de l’affect et du désir de savoir, étaye parallèlement les craintes concernant la normalité.
Les expériences exceptionnelles : entre neurosciences et psychanalyse
Authors: Rabeyron Thomas
Published: August 2012

Après avoir présenté brièvement les expériences exceptionnelles et la clinique qui leur est associée, nous tenterons de montrer dans quelle mesure l’étude de ces expériences est d’actualité et de quelle manière elles se situent à l’interface entre psychanalyse et neurosciences. Dans cette perspective, trois axes principaux seront développés. Le premier concerne les liens entre des travaux récents portant sur les hallucinations non pathologiques et plus particulièrement les expériences exceptionnelles de type perceptif. Nous verrons dans quelle mesure ces hallucinations de type névrotique peuvent être considérées comme la conséquence de fortes angoisses de séparation. Nous développerons ensuite quelques réflexions concernant les états modifiés de conscience et les états hypnoïdes, en lien avec des expériences exceptionnelles comme les abductions. Enfin, cet article se terminera par un éclairage de ces mêmes expériences exceptionnelles à partir des recherches sur les neurones miroirs, articulées à la notion de perméabilité psychique.