bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household Saving in Pakistan: Some Findings from Time-Series
Data
Authors: Qureshi Zia M.
Published: August 2018

The paper tests some household savings hypotheses with
time-series data for Pakistan over the 1950-51 - 1976-77 period. The
permanent income model is found to give a much better explanation of the
year-to- year variations in household saving than does the simple
current income model. Among other findings is a highly significant
correlation between ch;lI1ges in the real rate of return on financial
assets and household saving.
Production Functions and Input Elasticities in the Construction
of Low -Cost Housing: A Comparison of Building Firms in Pakistan with
Firms in Five other Countries
Authors: Ahmed Ehsan
Published: August 2018

In this study, data relating to construction firms of five
developing countries are analysed to explore the possibilities of
substitution between capital and labour and between skilled and
unskilled labour. The study concludes that, in general, both the
elasticities are quite low.
Mahmood Hasan Khan. Underdevelopment and Agrarian Structure in
Pakistan. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1981. pp.xviii+
307.
Authors: Perry Douglas H.
Published: August 2018

Students of the land ownership patterns in Pakistan have
always been hampered by extreme lack of data, neither the 1960 census
nor the 1972 census reveal anything about the actual ownership structure
of land. Khan's book goes some distance in providing numbers on land
ownership (for 1971 and 1976), and also documents methods and failures
of land reform efforts over the past century in Pakistan, disaggregated
to show efforts in this regard in both the provinces of Sind and Punjab.
The book actually provides an overwhelming amount of data - some 87
pages of charts and tables document a book of under 200 pages of
text.
Distortions in the Factor Market: Models and Realities
Authors: Flфystad Gunnar
Published: August 2018

This paper confronts the theory of distortions in the factor
market with empirical evidence. It is generally concluded that there
would not be much to gain in terms of increased production for the
economy as a whole from a technically efficient reallocation of labour
and capital between industries. However, distortions in the factor
market may be of importance in some sectors of the economy which means
that imperfections in the factor market should be of concern for
economic policy.
Sub-optimal Tariff Policy and Gains from Trade for LDCs with
Urban Unemployment
Authors: Khan M. A li , Lin Po-Sheng
Published: August 2018

In this paper we examine the issue of gains from trade in a
setting which admits urban unemployment and a variety of urban, labour
market conditions. In addition to the conventional criterion, we also
consider the case when the size of the urban unemployed is the sole
determinant of welfare. The results lean heavily on factor market
stability and are sensitive to the commodity being imported and to the
assumption of intersectoral mobility of capital.
Socio-Economic Indicators in Rural Pakistan: Some
Evidence
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan , Iqbal Mahmood
Published: August 2018

This study attempts to quantify the inter-provincial and
interdistrict differences among villages with respect to the
availability of and access to certain crucial inputs and services which
affect the level of living and even quality of life in rural areas..
Using the taxonomic method for rank ordering and clustering of regions,
this comparative analysis should help in identifying the areas
(provinces or districts) and activities (or services) in each area which
may require immediate or special attention of policy makers and
planners..
"Green Revolution and Redistribution of Rural Incomes: Pakistan's
Experience" A Comment
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

"Green Revolution would indeed have exacerbated rural income
inequalities if all that has been said so far accorded with the actual
conditions prevailing in Pakistan. It will be shown in this paper that
the majority of the above arguments are 'not correct, and that part of
the evidence which has been used to demonstrate the adverse consequences
of Green Revolution on income distribution is particularly
untrustworthy. The paper also demonstrates that Green Revolution has
been the most viable rural development strategy ever pursued in
Pakistan." [4, pp.174-175]
Alternative Optimal Social Orders
Authors: Tinbergen Jan
Published: August 2018

The structure of the optimal order should be found by
scientific analysis. State of the art shifts over time. Marx's
scientific socialism was based on science a century ago; it must be
adapted accordingly. Laissez faire was based on too simple assumptions.
Collective goods and marginal welfare equality require State
intervention. Level of decision-making must be supranational in some
fields. Controversial points and the 'research needed to reduce
controversies are listed.
Mohammad A. Qadeer. Urban Development in the Third World:
Internal Dynamics of Lahore, Pakistan. New York: Praeger. 1983. xivx +
282 pp.
Authors: Mohammad Faiz
Published: August 2018

Anyone who likes to analyse the world in terms of comparative
statics would , in Ihe light of this book's contents. find his approach
erroneous as the book leaves no doubt in the reader's mind that only by
unfolding the forces of dynamics can one grasp some reality underlying
any change. The author, who grew up in the walled city of Lahore, has,
with a beautiful combination of his personal experiences and theorising
ability, produced a remarkable study of the intricate processes which
may have shaped the existing physical and socio-economic structures of
the city.
Performance Evaluation of Public Enterprise in Pakistan:
Experiment in Social Accounting System
Authors: Mehdi Istaqbal
Published: August 2018

The specific requirements of the performance evaluation system
for public enterprises emanate from the peculiar characteristics of
those institutions. The concept of public enterprise implicitly assumes
the existence of two dimensions - the enterprise dimension and the
public dimension. The enterprise dimension involves the setting up of a
recognizable organization engaged in the production of goods and
services, marketed at a price, and whose transactions are formulated
through a system of commercial accounts such as balance sheets and
profit-and-loss accounts_ The public dimension, on the other hand,
involves public ownership, public management, and control, and assumes
the existence of public purposes and the fulfillment of public interest
[9. p. 39].
Autarky in Food: Evidence and Prospects
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar
Published: August 2018

Without going into details which have been discussed elsewhere
[5, pp.1- 4], we would like to emphasize the importance of self
sufficiency in food in terms of its direct contribution to more
judicious use of domestic resources and economic development, reduction
of risks associated with dependence on world food market, enhanced
welfare of consumers and producers, and, above all, saving of foreign
ex• change (7, p. 263). The present paper examines Pakistan's prospects
of attaining this goal. Since Pakistan's programme of self sufficiency
in food has been synonymous with wheat self-sufficiency [25, p. 1 J,
this paper focuses on wheat alone. In line with its objective, the
present paper is divided into four sections. Section II reviews
Pakistan's achievements in self sufficiency in wheat, beginning with the
early Fifties. In Section III, the emphasis is on Pakistan's prospects
of maintaining self• sufficiency in wheat. Section IV summarises the
conclusions and recommends policies for the future course of action.
Factors' Employment Absorption, Growth and Income Distribution
through Foreign Trade: Pakistan's Case
Authors: Hamadani S. M. Mazahir Hasnain
Published: August 2018

Despite the recent migration of Pakistan's labour to the
Middle East countries, Pakistan is still characterized as a
labour-abundant and capital-scarce developing country. As such, it is
important that Pakistan's production structure should be such as to
employ greater labour and lesser capital per unit of output in the
different sectors of the economy. To provide pertinent information to
the policy makers in this regard, we here try to estimate how much of
labour and capital are employed and absorbed per unit of output in
Pakistan's internationally traded goods.
Pakistan: Energy Consumption and Economic Growth
Authors: Riaz T.
Published: August 2018

After the Arab oil embargo of 1973, oil prices rose rapidly
and the energy importing economies experienced an exogenously determined
real supply shock, which, in most cases, led to a fall in their rates of
economic growth and a corresponding rise in the rates of inflation. The
energy situation emerged as a serious issue and the relationship between
energy consumption and economic growth came into sharp focus. The last
decade has been a period of disequilibrium, structural adjustment and
adoption of strategies to cope with the previously unknown phenomenon of
stagflation.
Renewable Sources of Energy in Pakistan
Authors: Qurashi M. M.
Published: August 2018

This paper has been divided into three parts. Part I sets the
background of energy for development and some features of the Pakistan
situation. Part II shows the need for renewable sources and introduces
their likely contribution in the near future (2,000 A.D.). In the third
part, we examine the various renewable sources of energy to obtain
estimates of their economics and give broad recommendations.
Changes in Consumption Patterns and Employment under Alternative
Income Distributions in Pakistan
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad , Malik Muhammad Hussain
Published: August 2018

The demand and employment effects of alternative distributions
of the existing as well as the additional income generated through
growth of the economy have been analysed in this paper. The results show
that income redistribution in favour of the low-income households would
increase the demand for basic necessities like wheat, pulses, edible
oils, etc., while the demand for certain other commodities would
decrease. The results also show that the consumption levels of the poor
households can be significantly increased with income redistribution
without much adverse effects on the rich. The employment effects are
found to be positive and substantial.
The Controversial Debate on Development Economics: An
Opinion
Authors: Cohen S.I.
Published: August 2018

Papers on the state of development economics (DE) often make
good presidential addresses and inaugural lectures and fit well into
Festschriften for old-timers. With notable exceptions, many papers show
significant degrees of repetition, speculation and ideology in
arguments. In general, the negative tones in the debate tend to exceed
the positive tones. This paper, which has a positive tone, focuses
particularly on epistemological aspects of the discussion which have
hardly been treated so far. In doing so, we emphasize the mutual
relationship between DE and mainstream economics and hope to be in a
better position to pass judgments on DE and the debate on DE. The paper
sketches an outline for evaluation, gives a verdict and ends with a few
sentences on potential breakthroughs.
Project Appraisal in Pakistan: A Review
Authors: Sahibzada Shamim A. , Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

The less developed countries face real problems in allocating
their scarce resources to multifarious needs such as the development of
adequate physical and social infrastructure and for investment in the
primary and secondary sectors. Thus, the role of the government in the
developmental process in these countries should be to control investment
in the public and private sectors with a view to maximizing both
national income and social welfare. For this, it is imperative that only
such projects arc selected as contribute most to the achievement of
these objectives. This necessitates sound planning.
The Potential for Economic-Demographic Development: Whither
Theory? (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Sirageldin Ismail
Published: August 2018

Changes in stable socio-demographic systems, barring
environmental accidents have occurred when major new production
technologies are widely adopted and socially institutionalized. In most
instances, this process of change is associated with a high degree of
specialization and through it with the opening up of local markets and
their integration into the wider regional and international system of
trade and exchange. It must be emphasized that major technological
changes are but one facet, albeit a central one, in the development of
our ever-evolving technological civilization. But as major new
"production technologies" take hold, a new system of human settlements
and social relations evolves which is in harmony with the new wave of
emerging "techniques".
Elasticity and Buoyancy of Federal Taxes in Pakistan
Authors: Gillani Syeda Fizza
Published: August 2018

This paper focuses on the revenue-expenditure activities of
the federal government and evaluates the performance of the fiscal
system on the basis of estimates of revenue productivity. Two
methodologies for the estimation of the short-run and long-run
elasticity and buoyancy for tax revenue are evaluated. It is found that
the Divisia Index method is superior on both theoretical and practical
grounds and the results obtained are substantiated by the proportional -
adjustment method. The study finds that the built-in elasticity of
Pakistan's tax system was greater than unity.
Mahmood Ali Ayub and Hideo Hashimoto. The Economics of Tin Mining
in Bolivia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank 1985.
Authors: Hillman John
Published: August 2018

The Bolivian economy is a textbook case of the distortions
produced by an enclave of mineral production, mainly tin, and its
political life has largely focused on the problem of ensuring that the
mining industry plays a constructive role in national economic
development. Bolivia was not able to force the private owners of the
major mines to make such a contribution and as a result their properties
were nationalized in the Revolution of 1952, and have since been
operated by a State owned corporation, COMIBOL. Although the mines had
long been starved of fresh investment, the political economy of the
Revolution further stripped resources from the mining sector in order to
diversify the economy, and the economic crisis that was then generated
forced serious attention on the technical operation of the industry.
Over the past thirty years there have been several attempts to
rehabilitate the nationalized mining industry, drawing on the expertise
of foreign technical staff, and on foreign private and public capital
which have generated a large number of studies and much internal
political controversy. This book by two World Bank economists is the
first attempt to provide a comprehensive account of the issues facing
those responsible for formulating a policy for Bolivian mining which is
based on some reliable statistics. It is theoretically and historically
informed, and, most importantly, though sensitive to the intensely
political nature of the problem, has no political axe of its own to
grind.
Stabilizing Pakistan's Supply of Wheat: Issues in the
Optimization of Storage and Trade Policies
Authors: Pinckney Thomas C.
Published: August 2018

The variability of Pakistan's wheat production in recent years
has highlighted the need for the country to develop a storage and trade
strategy which takes into account the needs of producers, consumers, and
the government. Production variability is a problem despite the fact
that cereal production is considerably less unstable in Pakistan than in
most other countries in the world, primarily because of the presence of
irrigation works [14]. Nevertheless, the country has experienced three
significant shortfalls in wheat production in the last nine years, and
is presently faced with the different but no less severe problem of an
exceptionally large crop. A strategy is needed for dealing with both
production shortfalls and surpluses.
Some Considerations for Demographic Assessment of Developing
Countries
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The need for a serious consideration of demographic phenomena
and the global concern for a systematic and continuous assessment of
population dynamics was stimulated by the growing momentum of population
growth, especially in the developing countries. Awareness of the
imperativeness of demographic assessment began to grow when efforts for
social and economic development were systematically initiated in the
developing countries. The process of demographic assessment requires
availability of data about different aspects of population, in
particular, size, age-sex distribution and geographical distribution not
only at a given point of time but also at different points of time. Data
are also needed on births and deaths in the population. The basic and
most important concern is with assessing the base population along with
its necessary characteristics, and with working out the basic
demographic parameters of fertility and mortality. Collection of data,
estimation of basic parameters, and analytical efforts for an
understanding of the role of socioeconomic and demographic variables are
all a part of demographic assessment.
Sources of Pakistan's Economic Growth
Authors: Burney Nadeem A.
Published: August 2018

Economic growth is one of the most important objectives of
development policy in almost every country. It depends on the historical
accumulation of primary factors of production, e.g. labour and capital,
and on technological progress and a combination of socio-political and
institutional factors. Owing to interactions among these different
factors, it is difficult to delineate the role of each factor in
economic growth. It is precisely because of this that a systematic and
quantitative study of the sources of growth is indispensable. The
growth-accounting framework, introduced by Solow [15] to measure
productivity change and subsequently extended by Jorgenson and Griliches
[5], Christensen and Jorgenson [1], Hulten [4] and Denison [2], provides
an important method with which to study the growth experience of a
country.
Consumer Subsidies in Pakistan and other South Asian Countries
Authors: Zingel Wolfgang-Peter
Published: August 2018

Consumer subsidies have been playing an increasing role in
Pakistan since Independence. Largely as left-over economic controls of
World War II, a number of sophisticated instruments! have been applied
with different objectives at different times, surprisingly similar to
those applied in Europe. It is interesting to see how South Asian
countries, with their common colonial heritage of food administration
and agricultural market and price regulations, developed different
approaches after Independence, and to analyse the extent to which these
can be explained by their different resource endowments and political
ambitions and objectives.
Some Findings about the Unemployed Highly Educated Persons in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Shahrukh Rafi , Ali Syed Zahid
Published: August 2018

Two aspects of the problem of the unemployed educated persons
are discussed in this essay. Firstly, the magnitude and incidence of the
unemployment of such persons are examined. One point that becomes
apparent from looking at the secondary data is that the bulk of the
educated unemployed persons have been among those less than thirty years
of age. Thus it appears that, at least in the past, most of the highly
educated persons eventually got absorbed in the labour force. Secondly,
in the light of the above, the important problem that comes to the fore
is that of waiting. The results of an analysis of survey data,
particularly on this dimension of the unemployment of the educated, have
been reported here.
Trade Effects of Regional Co-operation: The Case of ASEAN
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja , Mahmood Riaz
Published: August 2018

Much interest has recently been shown in the effects of
regional trade co-operation among developing countries on their trading
patterns. This interest stems from the potential for facilitating
development in a group of developing countries through preferential
arrangements and from the expectation of significant mutual trade gains.
However, the experience of the implementation of discriminatory policies
among the developing countries has, in general, not yielded significant
gains in trade. An important exception is the Andean Pact, which
provided an important stimulus to the regional movement in Latin
America.
John Sender and Sheila Smith. The Development of Capitalism in
Africa. London and New York: Methuen. 1986. xii+l77 pp.
Authors: Tahir Pervez
Published: August 2018

This book is a powerful defence of the capitalist development
in Africa. It is also a Marxist defence, rooted as it is in the
realistic understanding of the concrete economic, social and political
situation in the sub-Saharan lands of Africa. The authors show how
post-colonial nationalistic fervour, when it fails to translate itself
into effective State interventions for exploiting domestic productive
initiatives, turns out to be a bad economic policy as well as a
disruptive political strategy. More revealing is the fact that when
populistic nationalism is combined with socialism without class
analysis, as in some African countries, so that the existence of the
capitalistic dynamic is denied, the socio-economic chemistry of
stagnation reigns unhindered. The consequent attempt to put the blame on
external factors and institutions fails to take into account a "general
characteristic of Marxist methodology, concerning the relative
analytical significance of internal as opposed to external forces" (p.
2). Specifically they state:
Aggregate and Regional Demand Response Patterns in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Ludlow Stephen
Published: August 2018

The econometric analysis of demand in Pakistan has, until
recently, been a relatively neglected field of analysis. Much of the
earlier work, reviewed in Ali (1985), consists of linear Engel curves
based on grouped data published by the Bureau of Statistics. Ahmad,
Leung and Stern (1984), and Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) use household
observations from the 1976 Micro-Nutrient Survey (MNS), to estimate 17
(9 of which are food items) and 13 commodity parameters and elasticities
based on a modified linear Expenditure System (LES) using Maximum
likelihood methods. The modified LES is a method of obtaining LES
parameters without independent price information, analogous to the ELES.
This method differs from the ELES in that expenditure information is
used, rather than income, see Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) for
details.
Sources of Income Inequality in Pakistan
Authors: Kruijk Hans De
Published: August 2018

In a paper presented at the 1985 Conference of this Society
[Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985)] we described some structural changes in
poverty and income inequality in Pakistan during the 1970s. All
inequality measures and poverty indicators pointed to the conclusion
that poverty has declined while at the same time inequality has
increased. However, the paper did not go deep enough into the reasons
why inequality has increased. It did appear that neither the urban/rural
distinction nor interprovincial income differences are important
determinants of overall income inequality in Pakistan 1 so that these
elements cannot contribute much to explaining changes in inequality. In
his comments, Kernal, (1986) suggests to extend the applied
decomposition technique by decomposing income also into its sources.
This is precisely the purpose of the present paper. In fact, total
income of a household (or any other unit) is the sum of income derived
from various sources like labour, property, remittances, etc.
Accordingly, income inequality is the aggregate of inequalities of these
sources and changes in overall inequality are made up of changes in its
components. Decomposition analysis is a clear and consistent framework
to investigate these issues. It provides a sense of proportion and
avoids to suggest - as some authors do - that overall inequality may
have decreased because inequality of one single component has decreased.
This kind of speculation is not possible within a decomposition
framework because the relative importance of that particular component
is taken into account and related to the importance of other components
together with their development over time.
Is Female Labour Force Participation Really Low and Declining in
Pakistan? A look at Alternative Data Sources
Authors: Afzal M. , Nasir Zafar Moeen
Published: August 2018

For working out appropriate strategies and action programmes
in order to fully utilize human resources for development and to advance
the role and the status of women in society, it is essential that the
statistical data collected on female participation in economic activity
should reflect their position adequately and accurately in all the
relevant sectors. In Pakistan, and other developing countries, the
rural-agricultural segments, in the overall population have a large
number of female workers who, directly and indirectly, contribute to
agriculture, household and other unregistered rural activities.
Similarly, in the urban organized sector, the work participation rate of
women has registered a constant increase as a result of the social,
economic and cultural changes which are taking place in these countries
due to their development programmes.
The Performance of Public Sector Enterprises: 1981-1986
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice , Sahibzada Shamim A
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the operational performance of seven
public sector enterprises in the large-scale manufacturing sector which
include the Federal Chemical and Ceramics Corporation (FCCCL), National
Fertilizer Corporation (NFC), Pakistan Automobile Corporation (PACO),
Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC), State Cement
Corporation of Pakistan (SCCP), State Engineering Corporation (SEC), and
State Petroleum Refining and Petro-chemical Corporation (PERAC).
Together, these seven corporations have some 67 units under their
control. Performance assessment can be undertaken in financial and
economic terms. Under the former, the key indicators of performance
include profitability ratios such as the Gross Profit Ratio, the Return
on Investment Ratio, and the Return on Equity Ratio. Other financial
ratios include the Debt: Equity Ratio, the Current Ratio, the Acid Test
Ratio, the Asset Turnover Ratio, the Return on Asset Ratio, and the Net
Profit Margin Ratio. These ratios may also be called Solvency and
liquidity Ratios as they measure the financial performance of the
enterprise concerned. The measures listed above dealing with the
financial profitability of enterprises are estimated in the annual
reports of the Experts Advisory Cell, of the Ministry of Production,
Government of Pakistan.
A Complete Set of Shadow Prices for Pakistan: Illustrations for
1975-76
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Coady David , Stern Nicholas
Published: August 2018

A consistent set of economy-wide shadow prices for Pakistan is
presented, based on input-output flows for the mid-1970s. This provides
broad parameters for policy at the sel10ral level, with indications as
to which sectors should be encouraged under alternative assumptions
concerning the behaviour of factor markets. Further, these parameters
arc useful as inputs for project evaluation. A number of agricultural
and manufacturing sectors arc identified as being socially profitable.
Finally, the shadow prices will be taken as parameters in a tax reform
exercise.
Noordin Sopite, Chew Lay See and Lim Siang Jin (eds.). ASI:.""AN
at the OOSSToads: Obstacles, Options and Opportunities in Economic
Cooperatjon. Malaysia: Institute of Strategic and International Studies
(ISIS) 1987.577 pp.Price: (hardbound edition) USS 25.
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was
established In 1967 as a loosely structured inter-governmental
organization, which provided a framework for discussing problems that
required a regional solution. For a long time, the reduction of regional
political tensions remained the main concern of ASEAN. Serious efforts
towards promoting intra-regional co-operation began in 1976 with
emphasis on trade liberalization and industrial co-operation. But apart
from a few cases, involving the regional economies and collective
external bargaining, the record of economic co-operation has been poor,
because of different levels of economic development of the member
countries, mutually competitive exports.. inward• looking industrial
policies and heavy dependence on the industrialized countries for
investment, technology and trade. So far, there have been only three
intra-ASEAN agreements to promote market sharing and a pooling of
resources: the preferential trade arrangements, the industrial
complementation agreement, designed to develop links in certain
industries to achieve greater economies of scale, and the industrial
joint venture agreement, which provides preferential treatment for
products of joint ventures involving the companies of at least two ASEAN
member countries. However the joint venture scheme has had only limited
success because of delays in implementation, while the scope of the
preferential trading arrangements has been limited by the consensus
approach in solving outstanding issues and by the concern of
higher-tariff member countries to protect domestic production and
employment. As a result, tariffs have been reduced only on
intra-regional trade of selected non-sensitive items. Most of the items
covered in the preferential trade agreements have low trade content and
minimal trade potential. The arrangements have also been difficult to
manage because of problems of administering the rules of
origin.
The Functional Form of the Aggregate Import Demand Equation:
Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

The specification of the appropriate functional form of the
aggregate import demand equation is an important methodological problem,
which affects the estimates of demand elasticities and the conclusions
about the impact of policy changes. In the absence of any guidance from
economic theory we determine the appropriate form empirically using a
generalized functional form based on the Box-Cox method and find, that
for a large number of developing countries the log-linear form is the
prefer. red choice for the aggregate import demand equation.
Is Foreign Aid an Obstruction to Democracy and Development in the
Third World?
Authors: Mullick M.A. Hussein
Published: August 2018

Aid was first initiated by the United States during the early
Fifties. It was supposed to help the efforts of the peoples of
underdeveloped countries to develop their resources and improve their
living and working conditions by encouraging the exchange of technical
knowledge and skills and the flow of investment capital to countries
which provide conditions under which the technical assistance and
capital can effectively contribute to raising standards of living,
creating new sources of wealth, increasing productivity and expanding
purchasing power.' Furthermore, it was initially meant to prove the
superiority of the 'Western' democratic order over Communism. Although
the genesis of aid sprang from the grand design to help the Third World
countries develop their economies along liberal and democratic lines,
the flow of aid in quite substantial amounts, however, began to
influence the mode of development in such a manner that aid became an
instrument of serving more the foreign policy considerations of the
donors rather than meeting the genuine development requirements of the
recipient nations. This change in policy slowly but steadily forced many
a young country to fall into the aid trap and by the time they discover•
ed their plight they had already become 'client' states. This was indeed
not a pleasant outcome of the whole exercise in 'aidmanship'.
Taxes and Subsidies on Agricultural Producers as Elements of
Intersectoral Transfer of Resources: Magnitude of the Transfer and
Search for Policy Options
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz Khan , Ghani Ejaz , Mushtaq Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Public policies in many diverse fields have implications for
the transfer of resources between sectors. Administered agricultural
prices, taxes, subsidies, an overvalued currency and protection provided
to producers are examples of some of the policies that have been used by
many governments in mobilizing resources for development. From the
vantage point of assessing the past performance and development
prospects of the agricultural sector, it is useful to have an idea about
the direction and extent of the resource transfer from this sector. The
knowledge of the policy instruments used to bring about the transfer is
also important. While the size of the transfer is a measure of the
overall incentives being provided, the tools used for the transfer have
unique implications for efficiency, equity and growth outcomes. The
purpose of the paper is confined to: (i) an estimation of the magnitude
of the transfer for the period 1972-73 to 1986-87; and (ii)
identification, in broad terms, of the direction that the restructured
public policies may take.
Landlessness in Rural Areas of Pakistan and Policy Options: A
Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Irfan Mohammad , Arif Ghulam Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The quantification of landlessness is a formidable task.
Conceptual ambiguities involved in the classification of landlessness
and data limitations compound the difficulties in the estimation.
Landlessness, which is an elusive concept, tends to acquire
interpretations which vary with the objectives, context and estimation
procedures adopted in different research endeavours. The denotation and
connotation of the concept of landlessness, the population of interest
(or at risk) and the objectives of measurement therefore need to be
spell out very clearly for a meaningful and policy-relevant exercise.
Identification of the state of landlessness using the criterion of
ownership and access to land, has often been made. While the 'ownership'
may be clear in certain contexts, that of 'access' needs further
explanations in terms of the nature, extent and type of access. A
related question, is the demarcation of the population or its subset
whose landlessness is to be estimated: are all the inhabitants of an
area or the ones who primarily depend on land for their livelihood be
regarded as the relevant population. The dependence on land needs to be
further specified whether the person is engaged in agricultural
operations as worker or not.
A General Theoretical Framework for Analyzing Capital
Accumulation in Agriculture
Authors: Mahmood Moazam
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a fremework for micro analysis of the
conditions of agrarian accumulation at the farm level. Individual or
group level accumulation is seen to result from the production
environment given to the producers. The producers' micro environment is
provided by the village, the region, the agrarian sector and the
economy.
Investment and Inequality in Pakistan's Education Sector
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja , Husain Fazal , Zahid G. M.
Published: August 2018

In this paper we present arguments for increasing expenditure
on the education sector. We show that there exist large inequalities in
the distribution of education services across regions and across genders
so that ensuring equal opportunity for all in education, either for
normative or economic reasons, will require large additional investments
in this sector. We also present evidence which shows that while the rate
of return to education in the country may not be high it has been
increasing over time, so that higher expenditure on the education sector
is also economically justifiable. Enrollments at all levels have been
increasing over time, along with household and institutional expenditure
on the education sector, which suggests a greater willingness to invest
in education. If the productivity of education is low then it would be
natural to expect a decline over time in the willingness of the people
and the government to bear t he costs of education. But first, we
examine the evidence about the increasing unemployment of educated
labour and show that this does not mean that there is an economic
surplus of education in the country, nor that the education sector is
overextended, but that it can be explained by 'search time'.
Households Headed by Women: Income, Employment and Household
Organization
Authors: Kazi Shahnaz , Raza Bilquees
Published: August 2018

The poverty of households headed by women has emerged as an
important development issue in the recent past. Evidence from many
developing countries, specially in Latin America and Africa, has
underlined the economic vulnerability of this group and predicted an
increasing incidence of female•headed households in developing societies
[Buvinic and Youssef (1978); Kossaudji and Mueller (1983); Merrick and
Schmink (1983)]. Among Asian countries sample surveys have revealed a
significant proportion of female-headed households in Sri Lanka,
Malaysia and some states in India (Visaria 1980). In the context of
Pakistan, research in this area is virtually non-existent. Although the
questionnaires of the various censuses do provide information on sex and
other characteristics of household heads, this data are not available in
tabulated form in any of the census reports. However, a recent survey of
1000 women in Karachi conducted in 1987 makes it possible for the first
time to investigate, in detail, the characteristics of female-headed
households. The sample of 680 working women and 320 non-working women
covered a whole range of social and income classes. Among the 680
working women was included the sub-sample of 100 female heads of
households. Combined information was collected on women and their
households through a fairly lengthy questionnaire: the interview
schedule comprised questions on earnings, ethnic affiliations,
education, age, sex, and occupation of all household members, division
of domestic responsibilities in the household and employment history of
individual women.
Economic Analysis of the Effects of Wheat Price Distortions in
Pakistan: 1975-90
Authors: Iqbal Nuzhat
Published: August 2018

Price distortions induce the inefficient utilisation of
resources by giving incorrect signals to producers and consumers. Since
distorted prices do not reflect the real value of resources, quantities
of goods and services produced may not be consistent with their demand.
These may be caused by a number of different reasons. They may, for
instance, be caused by monopolistic tendencies, preferential treatment
of a particular sector of the economy, establishment or diffusion of a
particular product or an input, etc. In fact, price distortions occur
sometimes from deliberate and sometime inadvertent government policies
of subsidies and price supports in pursuance of certain social or
economic objectives. In fact, where there is no government intervention,
prices equilibrate consumer demand with the productive capacities of
producers. If prices are distorted by any agency their allocative role
is seriously diminished. Resource use efficiencies increase if the
government restricts its role to ensuring proper functioning of the
market and lets prices be determined by the forces of demand and supply.
Nevertheless, it is now being increasingly recognised that agricultural
price distortions are inherently adverse to the national economy because
they stimulate a non-optional transfer of resources out of agriculture
when set too low, and putting an excessive burden on consumers when set
above world prices. This study shall discuss the price intervention
mechanism adopted in Pakistan, then; analyse the effects of distortions
of prices and the role of distorted prices in achieving the above
mentioned objectives.
Child Survival and Changing Fertility Patterns in
Pakistan
Authors: Satiiar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

Most earlier research, based on the theory of the demographic
transition, focused on the association between mortality decline as a
precedent to fertility decline. Whereas most of Europe experienced
declines in mortality prior to fertility declines, even there the
evidence is not conclusive that declines in mortality always preceded
changes in fertility [Knodel and Van de Walle (1979)]. In most Asian
countries which have experienced demographic transitions in the recent
past mortality and fertility have declined in close succession. The
position being taken here is that in certain settings substantial
fertility declines, or at least an alteration in fertility patterns, may
be a prerequisite to substantial declines in child mortality. The
association between fertility patterns and child survival is to be
investigated with a view to analysing the likely effects of changes in
fertility patterns on chances of child survival.
Trend of Rural Employment and Wages in Pakistan
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Chaudhry Ghulam Mustafa
Published: August 2018

Trends in rural employment and wages are important in a number
of ways. For example, a steady growth of job opportunities is a
precondition for productive employment of labour force under rapid
growth of population. Rising real wages of the working class would be
essential for incessant improvements ih the standard of living of the
masses. Lack of sufficient employment opportunities in rural areas
together with the consequent stagnating (even declining) wages may be a
potential cause of mass movement of rural labour to urban areas and
attendant formidable economy-wide problems. Similarly, aggregate growth
rates of employment and wages in contrast with those in productive
sectors have an important bearing on trends in income distribution and
poverty. Rapid growth of population, predominance of rural sector and a
general lack of studies on rural labour market conditions in less
developed countries, including Pakistan, call for a study such as the
present one, which explores the trends of rural employment and wages in
Pakistan. The paper carries four sections. Section 1 surveys the present
state of the rural labour market. Section 2 reports trends in rural
employment and discusses the various factors underlying those trends.
Employment situation being the basic determinant, wage trends,
especially those in agriculture, are highlighted in Section 3. Section 4
summarises the findings of the study and in their light makes some
policy recommendations.
Distribution of Agricultural Tax Burden within the Sector
Authors: Azhar B. A.
Published: August 2018

Considerable work has been done on the estimation of tax
burden on agriculture, but not enough on its distribution within the
sector. The main estimators of tax burden are: Qureshi (1986), Qureshi
(1987), Dorosch and Valdes (1990), Hamid, Nabi and Nasim (1~), Chaudhry
and Kayani (1991) and Chaudhry and Maan (1991a). The estimates of the
tax burden made by various authors are mutually not comparable due to
differences in coverage, assumptions and methodologies used. The latest
and the most comprehensive estimate of the total tax burden on
agriculture is that of Chaudhry and Maan (1991a). The authors have
included in their estimates the burden of all the direct, indirect and
implicit taxes of the federal, provincial and local governmeitts on
agriculture. The total burden on these taxes adds up to an incredible
level of 44 percent of the value added in agriculture during the 1980s.
The breakdown of the tax burden shows that direct taxes account for less
than one percentage point and the local taxes for less than two
percentage points. Half of the tax burden (22 percent) is contributed by
indirect taxes (and non-tax revenues). The remaining 20 percent of the
tax load is due to implicit taxation.
Development Economics: The Winds of Change (Presidential
Address)
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

Ever since its birth as a new discipline, development
economics has experienced the heights of universal acclaim as a pioneer
(ready to slay the dragon of poverty single-handed) as well as the
depths of a heretic isolation (as an outsider to the realm of mainstream
economics). Between these two views a consensus is emerging that there
is a role, though a reduced one, for development economics. This role
exists because the concern for growth and distribution, though in the
very veins of mainstream economics, has been highlighted fully only by
development economics. However, it is a somewhat reduced role because a
greater recognition of the (marginal) utility of free markets, in place
of an overly interventionist state - which requires it to speak the
language of neo-classical economics, makes it difficult for it to
differentiate its 'products' from those offered by others. There also
appears to be a changing perception about the key variable(s) that
development economics should focus on: the ends of development (i.e.,
improving the welfare of the people) rather than the means of achieving
it (i.e., the growth of per capita income); a more comprehensive
indicator of development composed of such components as longevity and
literacy, rather than just per capita income; human capital rather than
just physical capital to account for the positive contribution of
educati0n and health to economic growth; the gains from international
trade, instead of looking a. it as an instrument of exploitation of the
'periphery' by the 'centre'; the central role of total factor
productivity in achieving high rates of economic growth; and so
on.
Investing in All the People (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Summers Lawrence H.
Published: August 2018

I am honoured to have the privilege of addressing this
distinguished conference. I have read about Pakistan's accomplishments
and problems for many years and since coming to the World Bank I have
followed your government's bold reform efforts closely. I feel fortunate
to finally have the opportunity to visit your country. I decided to
speak today on "Investing in All the People" because an extensive body
of recent research has convinced me that once all the benefits are
recognised, investment in the education of girls may well be the highest
return investment available in the developing world. And, as I will make
clear, increasing the education of girls is an especially high priority
for Pakistan. Women's education may seem an odd topic for an economist
to address. But enhancing women's contribution to development is as much
an economic as a social issue. Economics, with its emphasis on
incentives, provides a useful way to understand why so many girls are
deprived of education and employment opportunities. And concrete
calculations demonstrate that there are enormous economic benefits to
investing in women.