bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Essential Factors Affecting Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis usingMoringa oleiferaLeaves
Authors: Isah Mustapha , Malek Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik , Susanto Hendra , Asraf Muhammad Hariz , Matmin Juan
Published: July 2024

The presence of secondary metabolites inMoringa oleiferais the decisive factor for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Among the metabolites involved in this process, phenols and flavonoids in the plant extract are the two most important groups, acting both as reducing and stabilizing agents.M. oleifera, a well-known herb from Indonesia, was used in this study due to its exceptional properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory among others. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in the aqueous extract ofM. oleiferaleaves were determined, and the values were 62.01 ± 2.05 mg/g and 71.97 ± 0.94 mg/g, respectively. The synthesis factors including pH, extract volume, and temperature for the synthesis of AgNPs were optimized using the onefactor- at-a-time approach. The synthesis experiment showed that a pH of 8.0, an extract volume of 0.3 mL, and a temperature of 80°C resulted in the highest intensity of localized surface plasmon resonance at a wavelength of 419 nm, which favored the synthesis after 24 h of reaction time. Due to the remarkable content of metabolites,M. oleiferacan be used as a promising candidate for the effective synthesis of AgNPs.
The effectiveness of the combination of Dioscorea bulbifera L. extract and leri water as a bio-insecticide
Authors: Oksari Ade Ayu , Susanty Devy , Rizki Fathan Hadyan , Wanda Irvan Fadli , Arinana Arinana , Dadang Dadang
Published: July 2024

Dioscorea bulbifera L. and leri water have the potential to control dry wood termites because they contain several compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, chlorine, and tannins) that can eradicate termites and damage insect body cells. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of D. bulbifera extract and leri water against Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. The completely randomized design investigation employed three replications and nine treatments. In this study, only one test, namely the contact poison test, was applied. A variety of concentrations, a D. bulbifera extract source, and leri water were used as the treatment in this investigation. Termite mortality, test weight reduction, and the degree of damage were the parameters that were measured. The treatment significantly decreased the test's weight and the degree of damage. Still, it had no statistically significant impact on mortality, according to the DMRT test, at a substantial level of 5%. The results showed that the best mortality, test weight reduction, and degree of damage were found in the combination of stem (50%): leri water (50%), which were 62.22% (equal to corrected mortality of 45.16%), 8.34%, 16.47%, respectively. The combination of these extracts efficiently inhibits dry wood termites, according to this result.
An Empirical Study on the Correlation between Early Stopping Patience and Epochs in Deep Learning
Authors: Hussein Bootan M. , Shareef Shareef M.
Published: July 2024

Early stopping is a technique used to prevent overfitting in deep learning models by stopping the training process when the validation loss stops improving. The optimal number of epochs to train a model depends on various factors, including the patience value used in early stopping. In this study, we investigated the correlation between early stopping patience and the number of epochs in deep learning models. We conducted experiments using a convolutional neural network on the CIFAR-10 dataset with varying patience values and a fixed number of epochs. Our results show that the optimal number of epochs to train the model depends on the patience value used in early stopping. Higher patience values generally require more epochs to achieve the best validation accuracy, while lower patience values may result in premature stopping and suboptimal performance. However, longer training times do not necessarily improve validation accuracy, and early stopping can effectively prevent overfitting. Our findings suggest that the choice of patience value and number of epochs should be carefully considered when training deep learning models, and that early stopping can be an effective technique for preventing overfitting and improving model performance.
Leveraging IoT (Internet of Things) for Reservoir Evaluation in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Ali Sivar Qays
Published: July 2024

Using IoT (Internet of Things) in reservoir evaluation can significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of data collection, monitoring, and analysis in the oil and gas industry. Determining the shale volume distribution is one of the most crucial factors to take into account when evaluating the formation, Since the presence of shale lowers the reservoir’s effective porosity and permeability. The volume and distribution of shale and the effective porosity of the formation are estimated utilizing wireline well log data along with Techlog software. The Lower Jurrasic formations are composed of four formations (starting from top to bottom) which are Alan, Mus, Adaiyah and Butmah. In this study, the only studied reservoir formations are Alan, Mus and Adaiyah as provided in the dataset. Shale volume has been calculated by using the gamma ray, the combinations of Neutron-Density and Neutron-Sonic logs were utilized in order to calculate the effective porosities. According to the results, it was concluded that the top of Mus and Adaiyah formations can provide the best reservoir quality and results in comparison with other formations and zones due to the low shale volume and higher effective porosity.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Benzylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates with 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Derivatives
Authors: Wu Yu-Da , Huang Bo-Wei , Han Jeng-Liang , Chen Yu-Chun
Published: July 2024

The organocatalytic asymmetric benzylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates with 2,4-dinitrotoluene derivatives as nucleophiles is described. The developed reaction provides a straightforward access to functionalized 2,4-dinitrotoluene derivatives of biological and synthetic relevance. Highly functionalized products have been chemoselectively and efficiently obtained in good to high yields (up to 84%) and with excellent stereoselectivity (up to >20:1 dr, >99 ee).
Efficient Oxidation with Singlet Oxygen from 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrin under Blue LED Irradiation and Air Atmosphere: Simplified Preparation of Key Building Blocks for Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Hasumi Masato , Tsutsumi Tomohiro , Hayakawa Ichiro , Shikama Daiki
Published: July 2024

A method for preparing important building blocks for natural product synthesis has been developed using singlet oxygen generated from 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin under blue LED irradiation. Using this method, the allylic oxidation of dicyclopentadiene proceeded smoothly in air atmosphere with an 87% yield. The conditions, using TPP under blue LED irradiation, were expanded to include the oxidation of cyclopentadiene. The approach offers a simple and cost-effective method of synthesizing important building blocks for natural product synthesis.
Urgent action needed: addressing the regulatory gap in e-cigarette trade and usage
Authors: Izquierdo-Condoy Juan S. , Ortiz-Prado Esteban
Published: July 2024

Tobacco use is associated with serious health problems. Global efforts, such as the World Health Organization’s Framework for Tobacco Control, have reduced tobacco use, but challenges remain. Initially perceived as aids for smoking cessation, e-cigarettes have gained popularity among young people and non-smokers. Government approaches to regulating e-cigarettes range from treating them like tobacco, requiring a prescription for their use to outright bans. Although touted as a valuable alternative, evidence suggests that increased e-cigarette use carries potential direct and indirect health risks, necessitating urgent regulatory measures on a global scale. Lack of defined and uniform regulations poses substantial public health risks, compounded by marketing targeting vulnerable groups. Immediate interventions, public awareness, and research are essential to effectively control the current e-cigarette epidemic.
Predictors of the prevalence and importance of the observed trinary control system in rural China
Authors: Jiang Shanhe , Zhang Dawei , Irwin Darrell D. , Jiang Xin , Zhao Yichen
Published: July 2024

Western criminological literature continues to focus on the binary control system (formal vs. informal), while China has long employed the trinary system (formal, semiformal, and informal) in its construction of social control. China scholars have investigated the prevalence and importance of the trinary control system as a key to understanding social control. However, there is a lack of research on their predictors. The current study aims at investigating the correlates of the prevalence and importance of the observed trinary control system in rural China. Using the sample data of 2343 respondents collected from 164 villages in rural China, the study found that both individual and village factors were the predictors of the prevalence of the observed controls exerted by village committees, a measure of semiformal control, and police, a measure of formal control, in maintaining community social order. Findings included the reported prevalence of four control mechanisms as significant predictors of their importance in community order maintenance. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Bridging knowledge gaps for the conservation and management of a ‘Data Deficient’, diadromous fish: the Indo-Pacific tarpon, Megalops cyprinoides
Authors: Das Judith , Shanmughan Ashna , Dahanukar Neelesh , Raghavan Rajeev , Ranjeet K.
Published: July 2024

Context The Indo-Pacific tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides) is a diadromous species, for which limited information is available regarding demographics and exploitation levels. Aim We aimed to fill critical knowledge gaps on population dynamics and exploitation levels of M. cyprinoides along the south-western coast of India. Methods Structured length frequency-based population dynamics models were used to determine the growth, mortality and exploitation levels of the species. Key results Habitat-related variations in growth patterns were found, with positive allometric growth in the marine (b = 3.208), and negative allometric growth in freshwater (2.759) and estuarine (2.876) habitats. Different estimates of natural mortality suggested high fishing pressure, potentially threatening the long-term sustainability of local M. cyprinoides populations. Conclusions This study provides the first comprehensive estimates of demographic parameters of M. cyprinoides, and contributes significantly to our knowledge required for the management of Indo-Pacific tarpon fisheries. The critical need to address overfishing and habitat degradation to ensure long-term sustainability of local populations is highlighted. Implications Knowledge generated through this study will help inform improved conservation assessments of this ‘Data Deficient’ species, in addition to informing the development and implementation of conservation and management plans.
The short-term effect of COVID-19 infection history on semen parameters in men referred to infertility centres
Authors: Osatd-Rahim Negar , Ghorbani Fatemeh , Jalali Mahsa , Karimi Fatemeh , Ebrahimzade-bideskan Alireza , Karimi Sareh
Published: July 2024

Context In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic became a threat to human health and induced global concern. The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes various disorders in the body’s systems, and the reproductive system is no exception. Further, the rate of infertile couples is increasing and part of this is related to male infertility. Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 infection history on semen quality in men referred to public and private infertility centres. Methods In this research, patients were divided into two groups: 88 men with a history of COVID-19 (Covid+) and 51 men without (Covid−). After semen collection, sperm parameters, fertilisation rate and oxidative stress were investigated. Key results Sperms with normal morphology and mature chromatin in patients with COVID-19 infection history decreased, and seminal oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation were increased; moreover, the fertilisation rate in the Covid+ group decreased in compare to the Covid− group. Conclusion COVID-19 infection increases oxidative stress in the semen, so has a negative effect on some sperm parameters and fertilisation rate. Implications COVID-19 infection impairs semen quality by increasing in oxidative stress, thus reducing the fertility potential.
Nucleosomes play a dual role in regulating transcription dynamics
Authors: Brahmachari Sumitabha , Tripathi Shubham , Onuchic José N. , Levine Herbert
Published: July 2024

Transcription has a mechanical component, as the translocation of the transcription machinery or RNA polymerase (RNAP) on DNA or chromatin is dynamically coupled to the chromatin torsion. This posits chromatin mechanics as a possible regulator of eukaryotic transcription, however, the modes and mechanisms of this regulation are elusive. Here, we first take a statistical mechanics approach to model the torsional response of topology-constrained chromatin. Our model recapitulates the experimentally observed weaker torsional stiffness of chromatin compared to bare DNA and proposes structural transitions of nucleosomes into chirally distinct states as the driver of the contrasting torsional mechanics. Coupling chromatin mechanics with RNAP translocation in stochastic simulations, we reveal a complex interplay of DNA supercoiling and nucleosome dynamics in governing RNAP velocity. Nucleosomes play a dual role in controlling the transcription dynamics. The steric barrier aspect of nucleosomes in the gene body counteracts transcription via hindering RNAP motion, whereas the chiral transitions facilitate RNAP motion via driving a low restoring torque upon twisting the DNA. While nucleosomes with low dissociation rates are typically transcriptionally repressive, highly dynamic nucleosomes offer less of a steric barrier and enhance the transcription elongation dynamics of weakly transcribed genes via buffering DNA twist. We use the model to predict transcription-dependent levels of DNA supercoiling in segments of the budding yeast genome that are in accord with available experimental data. The model unveils a paradigm of DNA supercoiling-mediated interaction between genes and makes testable predictions that will guide experimental design.
Single-cell analysis of treatment-resistant prostate cancer: Implications of cell state changes for cell surface antigen–targeted therapies
Authors: Zaidi Samir , Park Jooyoung , Chan Joseph M. , Roudier Martine P. , Zhao Jimmy L. , Gopalan Anuradha , Wadosky Kristine M. , Patel Radhika A. , Sayar Erolcan , Karthaus Wouter R. , Kates D. Henry , Chaudhary Ojasvi , Xu Tianhao , Masilionis Ignas , Mazutis Linas , Chaligné Ronan , Obradovic Aleksandar , Linkov Irina , Barlas Afsar , Jungbluth Achim A. , Rekhtman Natasha , Silber Joachim , Manova-Todorova Katia , Watson Philip A. , True Lawrence D. , Morrissey Colm , Scher Howard I. , Rathkopf Dana E. , Morris Michael J. , Goodrich David W. , Choi Jungmin , Nelson Peter S. , Haffner Michael C. , Sawyers Charles L.
Published: July 2024

Targeting cell surface molecules using radioligand and antibody-based therapies has yielded considerable success across cancers. However, it remains unclear how the expression of putative lineage markers, particularly cell surface molecules, varies in the process of lineage plasticity, wherein tumor cells alter their identity and acquire new oncogenic properties. A notable example of lineage plasticity is the transformation of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)—a growing resistance mechanism that results in the loss of responsiveness to androgen blockade and portends dismal patient survival. To understand how lineage markers vary across the evolution of lineage plasticity in prostate cancer, we applied single-cell analyses to 21 human prostate tumor biopsies and two genetically engineered mouse models, together with tissue microarray analysis on 131 tumor samples. Not only did we observe a higher degree of phenotypic heterogeneity in castrate-resistant PRAD and NEPC than previously anticipated but also found that the expression of molecules targeted therapeutically, namely
PSMA
,
STEAP1
,
STEAP2
,
TROP2, CEACAM5
, and
DLL3
, varied within a subset of gene-regulatory networks (GRNs). We also noted that NEPC and small cell lung cancer subtypes shared a set of GRNs, indicative of conserved biologic pathways that may be exploited therapeutically across tumor types. While this extreme level of transcriptional heterogeneity, particularly in cell surface marker expression, may mitigate the durability of clinical responses to current and future antigen-directed therapies, its delineation may yield signatures for patient selection in clinical trials, potentially across distinct cancer types.
TFEB safeguards trophoblast syncytialization in humans and mice
Authors: Zheng Wanshan , Zhang Yue , Xu Peiqun , Wang Zexin , Shao Xuan , Chen Chunyan , Cai Han , Wang Yinan , Sun Ming-an , Deng Wenbo , Liu Fan , Lu Jinhua , Zhang Xueqin , Cheng Dunjin , Mysorekar Indira U. , Wang Haibin , Wang Yan-Ling , Hu Xiaoqian , Cao Bin
Published: July 2024

Nutrient sensing and adaptation in the placenta are essential for pregnancy viability and proper fetal growth. Our recent study demonstrated that the placenta adapts to nutrient insufficiency through mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition–mediated trophoblast differentiation toward syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs), a highly specialized multinucleated trophoblast subtype mediating extensive maternal–fetal interactions. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we unravel the indispensable role of the mTORC1 downstream transcriptional factor TFEB in STB formation both in vitro and in vivo. TFEB deficiency significantly impaired STB differentiation in human trophoblasts and placenta organoids. Consistently, systemic or trophoblast-specific deletion of
Tfeb
compromised STB formation and placental vascular construction, leading to severe embryonic lethality. Mechanistically, TFEB conferred direct transcriptional activation of the fusogen
ERVFRD-1
in human trophoblasts and thereby promoted STB formation, independent of its canonical function as a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that TFEB directed the trophoblast syncytialization response driven by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. TFEB expression positively correlated with the reinforced trophoblast syncytialization in human fetal growth–restricted placentas exhibiting suppressed mTORC1 activity. Our findings substantiate that the TFEB-fusogen axis ensures proper STB formation during placenta development and under nutrient stress, shedding light on TFEB as a mechanistic link between nutrient-sensing machinery and trophoblast differentiation.
Quantum acoustics unravels Planckian resistivity
Authors: Aydin Alhun , Keski-Rahkonen Joonas , Heller Eric J.
Published: July 2024

Strange metals exhibit universal linear-in-temperature resistivity described by a Planckian scattering rate, the origin of which remains elusive. By employing an approach inspired by quantum optics, we arrive at the coherent state representation of lattice vibrations: quantum acoustics. Utilizing this nonperturbative framework, we demonstrate that lattice vibrations could serve as active drivers in the Planckian resistivity phenomenon, challenging prevailing theories. By treating charge carriers as quantum wave packets negotiating the dynamic acoustic field, we find that a competition ensues between localization and delocalization giving rise to the previously conjectured universal quantum bound of diffusion,

ħ
/

m

∗

, independent of temperature or any other material parameters. This leads to the enigmatic
T
-linear resistivity over hundreds of degrees, except at very low temperatures. Quantum diffusion also explains why strange metals have much higher electrical resistivity than typical metals. Our work elucidates the critical role of phonons in Planckian resistivity from a unique perspective and reconsiders their significance in the transport properties of strange metals.
Different fluorescent labels report distinct components of spHCN channel voltage sensor movement
Authors: Wojciechowski Magdalena N. , McKenzie Chaseley E. , Hung Andrew , Kuanyshbek Alibek , Soh Ming S. , Reid Christopher A. , Forster Ian C.
Published: July 2024

We used voltage clamp fluorometry to probe the movement of the S4 helix in the voltage-sensing domain of the sea urchin HCN channel (spHCN) expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We obtained markedly different fluorescence responses with either ALEXA-488 or MTS-TAMRA covalently linked to N-terminal Cys332 of the S4 helix. With hyperpolarizing steps, ALEXA-488 fluorescence increased rapidly, consistent with it reporting the initial inward movement of S4, as previously described. In contrast, MTS-TAMRA fluorescence increased more slowly and its early phase correlated with that of channel opening. Additionally, a slow fluorescence component that tracked the development of the mode shift, or channel hysteresis, could be resolved with both labels. We quantitated this component as an increased deactivation tail current delay with concomitantly longer activation periods and found it to depend strongly on the presence of K+ ions in the pore. Using collisional quenching experiments and structural predictions, we established that ALEXA-488 was more exposed to solvent than MTS-TAMRA. We propose that components of S4 movement during channel activation can be kinetically resolved using different fluorescent probes to reveal distinct biophysical properties. Our findings underscore the need to apply caution when interpreting voltage clamp fluorometry data and demonstrate the potential utility of different labels to interrogate distinct biophysical properties of voltage-gated membrane proteins.
Adaptive Bregman–Kaczmarz: an approach to solve linear inverse problems with independent noise exactly
Authors: Tondji Lionel , Tondji Idriss , Lorenz Dirk
Published: July 2024

We consider the block Bregman–Kaczmarz method for finite dimensional linear inverse problems. The block Bregman–Kaczmarz method uses blocks of the linear system and performs iterative steps with these blocks only. We assume a noise model that we call independent noise, i.e. each time the method performs a step for some block, one obtains a noisy sample of the respective part of the right-hand side which is contaminated with new noise that is independent of all previous steps of the method. One can view these noise models as making a fresh noisy measurement of the respective block each time it is used. In this framework, we are able to show that a well-chosen adaptive stepsize of the block Bregman–Kaczmarz method is able to converge to the exact solution of the linear inverse problem. The plain form of this adaptive stepsize relies on unknown quantities (like the Bregman distance to the solution), but we show a way how these quantities can be estimated purely from given data. We illustrate the finding in numerical experiments and confirm that these heuristic estimates lead to effective stepsizes.
Information-theoretic measures and Compton profile of H atom under finite oscillator potential
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Sadhukhan Anjan , Saha Jayanta K , Roy Amlan K
Published: July 2024

Information-theoretic measures for

n
l
 

(
2

L
)

states of a H atom (with

n
=
1
−
10

and

l
=
0
−
2

, where n and l denote principal and angular momentum quantum numbers) have been investigated within a quantum dot by utilizing the Ritz variational principle, with the help of a Slater-type basis set. A well-established two-parameter (depth and width) model of finite oscillator potential is used to simulate the dot environment. The variationally optimized position (r)-space wave function is utilized to determine the momentum (p)-space wave function, leading to the generation of p-space radial density distribution. We explore the impact of cavity parameters on quantum information theoretic measures, such as Shannon (S) and Fisher information (I) entropy, in the ground as well as the excited state. The results of S were also used to test the Bialynicki–Birula–Mycielski inequality, related to the entropic uncertainty principle for the confined H atom. Some simple new fitting laws pertaining to S and I have been proposed. Furthermore, the p-space radial density is employed to derive the Compton profile of the confined H atom. Possible tunability of

S
,
I

and Compton profiles with respect to the parameters is noted.
Perspective: towards real-time extreme ultraviolet to x-ray imaging and spectroscopy of laser-driven materials
Authors: Popova-Gorelova Daria
Published: July 2024

Optical manipulation of light is a highly relevant concept in modern solid-state physics and its microscopic mechanisms are widely investigated. From this perspective, we discuss how x-ray and extreme ultraviolet pulses that probe a material during the time it is driven by optical light can deliver valuable microscopic details about electron dynamics.
Ultra-thin size-controllable surface plasmon polariton laser by PDMS-assisted imprinting
Authors: Zhao Jing , Lin Runkang , Wang Jinyao , Sun Jiaqian , Dong Keqian , Zou Huayi , Lu Jiangying , Ma Jingteng , Lu Shudi , Ma Fangyuan , Liu Kong , Yue Shizhong , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun
Published: July 2024

Plasmonic laser has great potential to overcome the optical diffraction limit, playing a crucial role in advancing nanophotonics and nanoelectronics for on-chip integration. However, current plasmonic lasers face several challenges, such as the difficulty in controlling nanowire (NW) size, disordered arrangement, and complicated fabrication process. Herein, ultra-thin gain media for plasmonic lasers below the cutoff size of the photonic mode are prepared using the polydimethylsiloxane-assisted imprinting. This method enables precise control over the size of the perovskite NW, with the minimum size achievable being 60 nm. As a result, the plasmonic lasing is achieved from the CsPbBr3 NW-based device with a threshold as low as ∼49.13 μJ cm−2 and a Quality Factor (Q) of 1803 at room temperature, demonstrating its capability for achieving high-quality lasing. Meanwhile, a dual-pumping time-resolved fluorescence study suggests that the radiative recombination lifetime of CsPbBr3 NWs is shortened by a factor of 10 due to the Purcell effect, confirming the plasmonic effect exhibited by the device. Furthermore, a plasmonic laser array is developed using this method, demonstrating the applicability of the imprinting method in complex graphic fabrication. This breakthrough provides a solution for the application of plasmonic laser arrays in optoelectronic integration.
Surface DBD in moist air for nitrogen fixation: a comparative study of pulsed versus amplitude-modulated AC powered discharge
Authors: Fujera Jiří , Hoffer Petr , Prukner Václav , Rotondo Palma Rosa , Arora Garima , Jirásek Vít , Lukeš Petr , Šimek Milan
Published: July 2024

Surface DBD (SDBD) discharge maintained in moist air in the immediate vicinity of the water surface is an effective source of reactive species for the production of plasma-activated water (PAW). In this work, we investigated the water activation process for two different DBD energization methods; i.e. using periodic HV pulses with nanosecond risetimes and amplitude-modulated HV AC. We combined UV–vis–NIR ICCD spectroscopy with electrical characteristics to determine the basic characteristics of SDBD microfilaments. Formation of N2O5/NO2/N2O/H2O2/NO2
−/NO3
− species was followed and the production yields of species generated in PAW (H2O2/NO2
−/NO3
−) were determined in a flow-through reactor under well-defined and stable discharge conditions. Both energization methods reached comparable energy efficiencies of nitrogen fixation in the range of 1–6 g kWh−1 with minimal concentrations of H2O2 (10 s μM). However, the AC-powered SDBD produced mainly NO3
− with minimal NO2
− (1/10 of NO3
−), while in the case of pulsed SDBD the better-balanced NO2
−/NO3
− ratio was achieved.
High sensitivity fiber optic current sensor based on Fabry–Perot interferometer manufactured by femtosecond laser
Authors: Hu Chuanju , Guo Xiaoshan , Jiang Chao , Cao Tingshui , Liu Changning , Shu Yukun , Sun Simei
Published: July 2024

A novel fiber optic current sensor was prepared based on femtosecond laser processing technology and magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D. Its principle is to use the linear stretching of Terfenol-D material under the action of current to cause linear shift in the sensor spectrum. Firstly, we fabricated Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI1) using femtosecond laser in a tapered few mode fiber. Then, FPI2 was prepared using the end face of FPI1, quartz capillary, and single-mode fiber. When cascading FPI1 and FPI2, by adjusting the air-cavity length of FPI2, they form a harmonic vernier effect (HVE) sensor. In HVE sensors, FPI1 forms a cantilever beam inside the capillary, which is not affected by axial strain. Therefore, when the axial strain acts on the HVE sensor, the effective length of axial strain increases to the entire length of the quartz capillary, greatly amplifying the strain sensitivity. Finally, the Terfenol-D rod is pasted onto the HVE strain sensor, and the strain change coupled to the strain sensor caused by magnetic field changes is detected by measuring the wavelength shift of the sensor. As the magnetic field strength is directly proportional to the current in the energized coil, this sensor can measure current. The experiment found that the current sensitivity of the sensor is 5.30 nm A−1 in the range of 0.5 A–3.3 A, and the linear fitting coefficient is 0.9926. Additionally, the minimum measurable current change of the sensor is 23 mA. The current sensor is of advantages of high sensitivity, stable sensing performance, compact structure, easy fabrication and low cost, meaning wide application prospect.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of superconducting and normal state Nb3Sn
Authors: Zhai Gan , Halperin William P , Reyes Arneil P , Posen Sam , Sung Zuhawn , Tarantini Chiara , Brown Michael D , Larbalestier David C
Published: July 2024

The superconductor Nb3Sn has important applications for construction of very high-field superconducting magnets. In this work we investigate its microscopic electronic structure with 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The high-quality Nb3Sn powder sample was studied in both 3.2 T and 7 T magnetic fields in the temperature range from 4 K to 300 K. From measurement of the spectrum and its theoretical analysis, we find evidence for anisotropy despite its cubic crystal structure. Magnetic alignment of the powder grains in the superconducting state was also observed. The Knight shift and spin-lattice relaxation rate,

T
1

−
1

, were measured and the latter compared with BCS theory for the energy gap

Δ
(
0
)
=
2.7
±
0.3

k

B

T

c

at 3.2 T and

Δ
(
0
)
=
2.33
±
0.07

k

B

T

c

at 7 T, indicating suppression of the order parameter by magnetic field.
Investigation into the DNA's conformations and their conversions from the phase transition theory
Authors: Wang Ying , Su Xuchang , Shi Xuguang , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2024

The functions and transformation mechanisms of nucleic acids in their various states are of great importance in physiology and pathology. Based on the Landau model, this study reveals the mechanism of the existence of chirality and the transformation rules between different chiral conformations by studying the Duffing oscillation response of the local gauge potential on the DNA chain. The research results show that normal chiral DNA and DNA configuration transition behaviors exhibit regular nonlinear periodic oscillations. Moreover, the gauge potential value approaches zero at the B-Z junction site, which may add a criterion for detecting Z-forming sites. In addition, external force and damping play a key role in the chiral gauge potential of nucleic acids, and they can influence, regulate and even control the configuration transition of nucleic acids. Finally, we verified the rationality of our theory by combining x-ray crystal diffraction data of multiple configurations of DNA. This study provides new insights into the behavior and function of chiral DNA in organisms, and provides new possibilities for regulating DNA conformational transition in the future.
Magnetized multi-component plasmas sheath characteristics with three isothermal ion species
Authors: Shaw Akshaya Kumar , Sanyasi Amulya Kumar , Sharma Devendra
Published: July 2024

The dynamics of magnetized plasma sheath with three isothermal ions is studied numerically using the fluid model. The three ions (

A

r

+

,
K

r

+

,

and

X

e

+

) are assumed to be singly charged and have the same temperature. In the beginning, the concentrations for

A

r

+

and

X

e

+

were taken in the same proportions, and then the

K

r

+

ion density is introduced slowly in the plasma. It is found that the presence of a third ion has changed the dynamics of ion densities inside the sheath and simultaneously their respective velocities. Ion density and electron density profiles were estimated inside the sheath region in the presence of a weak and strong magnetic field as well at different

K

r

+

ion concentrations. Further, the dependence of magnetic field obliqueness on the ion density profile and its velocities inside the sheath is also studied, and observed ion density bunching at different conditions. Based on the results, we have tried to introduce a concept of the derivation of system Bohm velocity by considering the ion mass as equivalent mass for the three interacting ion systems in the plasma. It is found that the system Bohm velocity with the equivalent mass effect is larger than their individual thermal velocities and close to

A

r

+

Bohm velocity, and higher than the system Bohm velocity with reference to the density ratio and their respective individual Bohm velocities in an isothermal multi-component plasma.
Effect of capping rate on the performance of InAs/GaAs quantum dot solar cell
Authors: Rai Anjali
Published: July 2024

The GaAs capping layer significantly influences the structural and optoelectronic characteristics of the InAs quantum dot (QD). The capping rate modifies the essential parameters, such as size, shape, and composition, that determine the optical properties of the QDs. In this work, we present a theoretical model to study the effects of the capping rate on the absorption spectra of InAs dots embedded in the GaAs capping layer. The proposed model can be used for optimizing the structural and optical characteristics of InAs/GaAs QDs without using an annealing procedure or any capping material other than GaAs. In addition, the impact of three different GaAs capping layer growth rates on the performance of quantum dot solar cells is evaluated.
Thermodynamic potential and drag force of the impurity-polariton many-body interaction
Authors: Gong Xuebing
Published: July 2024

Investigating the many-body interaction among polaritons is a fundamental goal in comprehending nonlinear behaviors in microcavity semiconductor systems. Hence, the present study focuses on exploring the many-body interaction between excitons and impurities. It was observed that the energy eigenequation governing this system is of sixth-order, rendering it unsolvable. Consequently, a strategy involving the utilization of impurity weight was employed to partition the initial energy eigenequation into two fourth-order equations, a method deemed suitable for lower order approximations. Subsequently, Green’s function was applied to these two fourth-order equations. The analysis of the computed results, encompassing the energy spectrum, polariton density, and thermodynamic potential of the system, reveals that the many-body interaction between excitons and impurities induces the emergence of novel bound states of quasiparticles. Moreover, the inclusion of impurities leads to a decrease in both energy and density of polaritons. Furthermore, the investigation delves into the drag force exerted by impurities on excitons, demonstrating that the drag force escalates in a second-order fashion with impurity velocity and persists even as impurity velocity increases, surpassing the Landau’s equilibrium theory.
Investigation of solution structures in a nonlinear electric transmission network incorporating dissipative elements through physical phenomena analysis
Authors: Cui Qinghua , Sun Yiqun , Qi Jianming
Published: July 2024

This paper presents an innovative approach to solving the voltage equation in a multi-coupled nonlinear transmission network with dissipative elements. By employing the

G
′

G

2

-expansion method and fractional derivatives, we explore the behavior of current and voltage, considering memory effects. Our investigation delves into the impact of fractional calculus on signal transmission, revealing insights into period, amplitude, and propagation direction. Additionally, we analyze the influence of obliqueness angles and various fractional-order derivatives on voltage waveforms Stability analysis demonstrates the significant role of dissipative elements and modulation parameters on signal stability and network resistance to interference. Furthermore, we examine the effects of free parameters on signal transmission characteristics. Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between fractional order, wave obliqueness, and physical parameters on voltage propagation, addressing gaps in previous research.
An effective gauge field theory of the nucleon interactions
Authors: Boos Eduard
Published: July 2024

We discuss the possibility of constructing an effective gauge field theory of the nucleon interactions based on the ideas of isotopic invariance as well as hypercharge invariance as a local gauge symmetry and spontaneous breaking of this symmetry. The constructed effective field theory predicts the structure of interactions of protons and neutrons with ρ- and σ-mesons, and with pi-mesons and photons, as well as interactions of these particles with each other. The Lagrangian of the theory consists of several parts involving dimension 4 and 5 gauge invariant operators. Feynman rules for physical degrees of freedom that follow on from the Lagrangian define the structure of diagrams for one-boson exchanges between nucleons, predicting the internucleon one-boson-exchange potential as well as nucleon scattering amplitudes. The range of applicability of the effective theory is discussed and estimates are made of the resulting coupling constants. The theory predicts the mass of the neutral ρ
0-meson to be about 1 MeV larger than the mass of the charged mesons ρ
±. The vector ω-meson, which is a sterile particle with respect to the considered gauge group SU

I
(2) × U

Y
(1), can be added to the scheme via a gauge-invariant operator of dimension 5, as shown in the appendix.
Level statistics of the one-dimensional dimerized Hubbard model
Authors: Haderlein Karin , Luitz David J , Kollath Corinna , Sheikhan Ameneh
Published: July 2024

The statistical properties of level spacings provide valuable insights into the dynamical properties of a many-body quantum systems. We investigate the level statistics of the Fermi–Hubbard model with dimerized hopping amplitude and find that after taking into account translation, reflection, spin and η pairing symmetries to isolate irreducible blocks of the Hamiltonian, the level spacings in the limit of large system sizes follow the distribution expected for hermitian random matrices from the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. We show this by analyzing the distribution of the ratios of consecutive level spacings in this system, its cumulative distribution and quantify the deviations of the distributions using their mean, standard deviation and skewness.
Coherent X-ray radiation excited by a relativistic electron in a periodic layered medium
Authors: Noskov A.V. , Blazhevich S.V.
Published: July 2024

The work is devoted to the development of the theory of coherent X-ray radiation near the direction of Bragg scattering of a beam of relativistic electrons crossing a target with a periodic layered structure with three different amorphous layers per period. The coherent X-ray radiation is considered within the two-wave approximation of the dynamic theory of diffraction as a sum of parametric X-ray radiation and diffracted transition radiation excited in the target by a relativistic electron. Expressions describing the spectral-angular and angular densities of PXR and DTR have been obtained and studied.
Designed a photomultiplier tube X-ray framing camera based on pulse dilation technology
Authors: Fu Wenyong , Hu Chenman , Li Ling , Zhou Rongyan , Chen Ping
Published: July 2024

During the past decade, many diagnostic instruments have
been developed that utilize electronic pulse dilation to achieve
temporal resolution in the sub-10 ps range. The motivation behind
these development efforts was the need for advanced diagnostics in
high-density physics experiments around the world. This technology
converts the signal of interest into a free electron cloud, which is
accelerated into a vacuum drift space. The acceleration potential
varies over time and causes axial velocity dispersion in the
electron cloud. This velocity dispersion is converted into time
separation after electrons pass through drift space. Then,
traditional time resolved methods were used to detect free
electrons, and the effective temporal resolution was magnified many
times. A gated microchannel plate (MCP) X-ray framing camera based
on pulse-dilation technology has been designed and manufactured in
the paper. Here, we discuss design details and applications of these
instruments. The temporal resolution measured without using
broadening technology is approximately 78 ps. When the excitation
pulse is applied to the PC, the pulse dilation technique is used to
increase the measured temporal resolution to 9 ps. The propagation
speed of gated pulses in MCP microstrip lines was measured using
fiber bundle method, which is approximately
1.8 × 108 m/s.
Maternal and child health climate change adaptation: a qualitative document analysis of South Asian National Adaptation Plans
Authors: Bhandari Dinesh , Robinson Eddie , Dhimal Meghnath , Borda Ann , Ebi Kristie L , Lokmic-Tomkins Zerina
Published: July 2024

Driven by the existential threats of climate change to planetary health, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established a mandate for National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) to facilitate adaptation planning in low- and middle-income countries. However, the extent to which NAPs consider health risks, particularly those affecting maternal and child health in the adaptation planning process, remains unexplored. Employing the READ approach for document analysis, this study assesses the thoroughness with which these risks were considered during the development and implementation of NAPs in selected Asia-Pacific countries: Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Timor-Leste. The findings reveal health is consistently identified as a high-priority sector vulnerable to climate change. Cambodia, Nepal, and Timor-Leste prioritized maternal and child health issues. Consequently, these countries have outlined a broader gender-based approach in their NAP development and implementation processes, addressing some of the maternal and child health threats posed by climate change. The findings underscore the need for enhanced efforts to prioritize reducing maternal and child health risks associated with climate change through effective interventions in national adaptation planning. This need could be met through evidence generation based on the maternal and child health impacts of climate change in under-represented countries. Additionally, the future development and updating of NAPs should involve a more comprehensive and diverse representation of women from various cultural and geographic backgrounds to prioritize the protection of maternal and child health in the climate change policy discourse.
The frequency of autumn western North Pacific tropical cyclone linking to spring western Pacific SST anomalies
Authors: Ma Xuan , Xie Fei , Chen Xiaosong , Liu Na , Liang Rizhou
Published: July 2024

Autumn typhoons, despite their lower occurrence rate, impose significant, and at times, greater economic impacts on Asia than summer typhoons. Accurately predicting the interannual variations in autumn typhoon frequency remains a persistent challenge. Our finding discovers a pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the western Pacific, termed the horseshoe-shaped mode (HWP), and finds a strong interannual correlation between the February–March SST anomalies in the western Pacific and September–October tropical cyclones (TCs) frequency in the western North Pacific. The February–March warming HWP triggers enhanced easterlies over the equatorial Pacific as a Kelvin wave response, strengthening the east-west SST gradient and, in turn, further intensifying the September–October HWP through positive feedback. The intensified September–October HWP could boost upwelling in the northwestern and southwestern Pacific and induce dynamic subsidence in the equatorial western Pacific, mirroring a localized reversal of Hadley-like circulation. This is accompanied by higher relative humidity, cloud cover, and longwave radiation over the western North Pacific, warming local SST and fostering TC formation. An SST-based statistical linear model could reproduce September–October TCs for both training and testing periods, demonstrating the reliability and stability of this linear model. Our results indicate that HWP could be an important indicator for improving TC prediction level.
Methane gas in breath test is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: An Sanggwon , Cho Eui-young , Hwang Junho , Yang Hyunseong , Hwang Jungho , Shin Kyusik , Jung Susie , Kim Bom-Taeck , Kim Kyu-Nam , Lee Wooyoung
Published: July 2024

Although the associations between a patient’s body mass index (BMI) and metabolic diseases, as well as their breath test results, have been studied, the relationship between breath hydrogen/methane levels and metabolic diseases needs to be further clarified. We aimed to investigate how the composition of exhaled breath gases relates to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and their key risk factors. An analysis was performed using the medical records, including the lactulose breath test (LBT) data of patients who visited the Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea, between January 2016 and December 2021. The patients were grouped according to four different criteria for LBT hydrogen and methane levels. Of 441 patients, 325 (72.1%) had positive results for methane only (hydrogen < 20 parts per million [ppm] and methane ⩾ 3 ppm). BMIs and NAFLD prevalence were higher in patients with only methane positivity than in patients with hydrogen and methane positivity (hydrogen ⩾ 20 ppm and methane ⩾ 3 ppm). According to a multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of only methane positivity was 2.002 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.244–3.221, P = 0.004) for NAFLD. Our results demonstrate that breath methane positivity is related to NAFLD and suggest that increased methane gas on the breath tests has the potential to be an easily measurable biomarker for NAFLD diagnosis.