bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operational surface UV radiation product from GOME-2 and AVHRR/3 data
Authors: Kujanpää J. , Kalakoski N.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product, version 1.20, generated operationally in the framework of the Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M SAF) of the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) is described. The product is based on the total ozone column derived from the measurements of the second Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) instrument aboard EUMETSAT's polar orbiting meteorological operational (Metop) satellites. The input total ozone product is generated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) also within the O3M SAF framework. Polar orbiting satellites provide global coverage but infrequent sampling of the diurnal cloud cover. The diurnal variation of the surface UV radiation is extremely strong due to modulation by solar elevation and rapidly changing cloud cover. At the minimum, one sample of the cloud cover in the morning and another in the afternoon are needed to derive daily maximum and daily integrated surface UV radiation quantities. This is achieved by retrieving cloud optical depth from the channel 1 reflectance of the third Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) instrument aboard both Metop in the morning orbit (daytime descending node around 09:30 LT) and Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the afternoon orbit (daytime ascending node around 14:30 LT). In addition, more overpasses are used at high latitudes where the swaths of consecutive orbits overlap. The input satellite data are received from EUMETSAT's Multicast Distribution System (EUMETCast) using commercial telecommunication satellites for broadcasting the data to the user community. The surface UV product includes daily maximum dose rates and integrated daily doses with different biological weighting functions, integrated UVB and UVA radiation, solar noon UV Index and daily maximum photolysis frequencies of ozone and nitrogen dioxide at the surface level. The quantities are computed in a 0.5° × 0.5° regular latitude–longitude grid and stored as daily files in the hierarchical data format (HDF5) within two weeks from sensing. The product files are archived in the O3M SAF distributed archive and can be ordered via the EUMETSAT Data Centre.
Climatology of Vb-cyclones, physical mechanisms and their impact on extreme precipitation over Central Europe
Authors: Messmer M. , Gómez-Navarro J. J. , Raible C. C.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Cyclones, which develop over the western Mediterranean and move northeastward are a major source of extreme weather and known to be responsible for heavy precipitation over Central Europe and the Alps. As the relevant processes triggering these so-called Vb-events and their impact on extreme precipitation are not yet fully understood, this study focusses on gaining insight into the dynamics of past events. For this, a cyclone detection and tracking tool is applied to the ERA-Interim reanalysis (1979–2013) to identify prominent Vb-situations. Precipitation in the ERA-Interim and the E-OBS datasets is used to evaluate case-to-case precipitation amounts and to assess consistency between the two datasets. Both datasets exhibit high variability in precipitation amounts among different Vb-events. While only 23 % of all Vb-events are associated with extreme precipitation, around 15 % of all extreme precipitation days (99 percentile) over the Alpine region are induced by Vb-events, although Vb-cyclones are rare events (2.3 per year). To obtain a better understanding of the variability within Vb-events, the analysis of the 10 heaviest and lowest precipitation Vb-events reveals noticeable differences in the state of the atmosphere. These differences are most pronounced in the geopotential height and potential vorticity field, indicating a much stronger cyclone for heavy precipitation events. The related differences in wind direction are responsible for the moisture transport around the Alps and the orographical lifting along the Alps. These effects are the main reasons for a disastrous outcome of Vb-events, and consequently are absent in the Vb-events associated with low precipitation. Hence, our results point out that heavy precipitation related to Vb-events is mainly related to large-scale dynamics rather than to thermodynamic processes.
High-frequency performance of electric field sensors aboard the RESONANCE satellite
Authors: Sampl M. , Macher W. , Gruber C. , Oswald T. , Kapper M. , Rucker H. O. , Mogilevsky M.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We present the high-frequency properties of the eight electric field sensors as proposed to be launched on the spacecraft "RESONANCE" in the near future. Due to the close proximity of the conducting spacecraft body, the sensors (antennas) have complex receiving features and need to be well understood for an optimal mission and spacecraft design. An optimal configuration and precise understanding of the sensor and antenna characteristics is also vital for the proper performance of spaceborne scientific instrumentation and the corresponding data analysis. The provided results are particularly interesting with regard to the planned mutual impedance experiment for measuring plasma parameters. Our computational results describe the extreme dependency of the sensor system with regard to wave incident direction and frequency, and provides the full description of the sensor system as a multi-port scatterer. In particular, goniopolarimetry techniques like polarization analysis and direction finding depend crucially on the presented antenna characteristics.
The terminator "toy" chemistry test: a simple tool to assess errors in transport schemes
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Conley A. J. , Lamarque J.-F. , Vitt F. , Taylor M. A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. This test extends the evaluation of transport schemes from prescribed advection of inert scalars to reactive species. The test consists of transporting two interacting chemical species in the Nair and Lauritzen 2-D idealized flow field. The sources and sinks for these two species are given by a simple, but non-linear, "toy" chemistry that represents combination (X + X → X2) and dissociation (X2 → X + X). This chemistry mimics photolysis-driven conditions near the solar terminator, where strong gradients in the spatial distribution of the species develop near its edge. Despite the large spatial variations in each species, the weighted sum XT = X + 2X2 should always be preserved at spatial scales at which molecular diffusion is excluded. The terminator test demonstrates how well the advection–transport scheme preserves linear correlations. Chemistry–transport (physics–dynamics) coupling can also be studied with this test. Examples of the consequences of this test are shown for illustration.
High-resolution modelling of interactions between soil moisture and convection development in mountain enclosed Tibetan basin
Authors: Gerken T. , Babel W. , Herzog M. , Fuchs K. , Sun F. , Ma Y. , Foken T. , Graf H.-F.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau plays a significant role in the atmospheric circulation and the Asian monsoon system. Turbulent surface fluxes and the evolution of boundary layer clouds to deep and moist convection provide a feedback system that modifies the Plateau's surface energy balance on scales that are currently unresolved in mesoscale models. This work analyses the land surface's role and specifically the influence of soil moisture on the triggering of convection at a cross-section of the Nam Co Lake basin, 150 km north of Lhasa using a cloud resolving atmospheric model with a fully coupled surface. The modelled turbulent fluxes and development of convection compare reasonably well with the observed weather. The simulations span Bowen-ratios of 0.5 to 2.5. It is found that convection development is strongest at intermediate soil moistures. Dry cases with soils close to the permanent wilting point are moisture limited in the convection development, while convection in wet soil moisture cases is limited by cloud cover reducing incoming solar radiation and sensible heat fluxes. This has a strong impact on the surface energy balance. This study also shows that local development of convection is an important mechanism for the upward transport of water vapour that originates from the lake basin that can then be transported to dryer regions of the plateau. Both processes demonstrate the importance of soil moisture and surface–atmosphere interactions on the energy and hydrological cycles of the Tibetan Plateau.
Groundwater-dependent ecosystems: recent insights, new techniques and an ecosystem-scale threshold response
Authors: Eamus D. , Zolfaghar S. , Villalobos-Vega R. , Cleverly J. , Huete A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are at risk globally due to unsustainable levels of groundwater extraction, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In this review, we examine recent developments in the ecohydrology of GDEs with a focus on three knowledge gaps: (1) how do we locate GDEs, (2) how much water is transpired from shallow aquifers by GDEs; and (3) what are the responses of GDEs to excessive groundwater extraction? The answers to these questions will determine water allocations that are required to sustain functioning of GDEs and to guide regulations on groundwater extraction to avoid negative impacts on GDEs. We discuss three methods for identifying GDEs: (1) fluctuations in depth-to-groundwater that are associated with diurnal variations in transpiration, (2) stable isotope analysis of water sources in the transpiration stream; and (3) remote sensing methods. We then discuss several methods for estimating rates of GW use, including direct measurement using sapflux or eddy covariance technologies, estimation of a climate wetness index within a Budyko framework, spatial distribution of ET using remote sensing, groundwater modelling and stable isotopes. Remote sensing methods often rely on direct measurements to calibrate the relationship between vegetation indices and ET. ET from GDEs is also determined using hydrologic models of varying complexity, from the "White method" to fully coupled, variable saturation models. Combinations of methods are typically employed to obtain clearer insight into the components of groundwater discharge in GDEs, such as the proportional importance of transpiration vs. evaporation (e.g., using stable isotopes) or from groundwater vs. rainwater sources. Groundwater extraction can have severe consequences on structure and function of GDEs. In the most extreme cases, phreatophytes experience crown dieback and death following groundwater drawdown. We provide a brief review of two case studies of the impacts of GW extraction and discuss the use of C isotope ratios in xylem to reveal past influences of GW extraction. We conclude with a discussion of a depth-to-groundwater threshold in mesic and semi-arid GDEs. Across this threshold, significant changes occur in ecosystem structure and function.
Reconciling high altitude precipitation in the upper Indus Basin with glacier mass balances and runoff
Authors: Immerzeel W. W. , Wanders N. , Lutz A. F. , Shea J. M. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Mountain ranges in Asia are important water suppliers, especially if downstream climates are arid, water demands are high and glaciers are abundant. In such basins, the hydrological cycle depends heavily on high altitude precipitation. Yet direct observations of high altitude precipitation are lacking and satellite derived products are of insufficient resolution and quality to capture spatial variation and magnitude of mountain precipitation. Here we use glacier mass balances to inversely infer the high altitude precipitation in the upper Indus Basin and show that the amount of precipitation required to sustain the observed mass balances of the large glacier systems is far beyond what is observed at valley stations or estimated by gridded precipitation products. An independent validation with observed river flow confirms that the water balance can indeed only be closed when the high altitude precipitation is up to a factor ten higher than previously thought. We conclude that these findings alter the present understanding of high altitude hydrology and will have an important bearing on climate change impact studies, planning and design of hydropower plants and irrigation reservoirs and the regional geopolitical situation in general.
How do icebergs affect the Greenland ice sheet under pre-industrial conditions? – a model study with a fully coupled ice-sheet–climate model
Authors: Bügelmayer M. , Roche D. M. , Renssen H.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Icebergs have a potential impact on climate since they release freshwater over a widespread area and cool the ocean due to the take-up of latent heat. Yet, so far, icebergs have never been modelled using an ice-sheet model coupled to a global climate model. Thus, in climate models their impact on climate has been restricted to the ocean. In this study, we investigate the effect of icebergs on the climate of the mid- to high latitudes and the Greenland ice sheet itself within a fully coupled ice-sheet (GRenoble model for Ice Shelves and Land Ice, or GRISLI)–earth-system (iLOVECLIM) model set-up under pre-industrial climate conditions. This set-up enables us to dynamically compute the calving sites as well as the ice discharge and to close the water cycle between the climate and the cryosphere model components. Further, we analyse the different impact of moving icebergs compared to releasing the ice discharge at the calving sites directly. We performed a suite of sensitivity experiments to investigate the individual role of the different factors that influence the impact of the ice release on the ocean: release of ice discharge as icebergs versus as freshwater fluxes, and freshening and latent heat effects. We find that icebergs enhance the sea-ice thickness around Greenland, thereby cooling the atmosphere and increasing the Greenland ice sheet's height. Melting the ice discharge directly at the calving sites, thereby cooling and freshening the ocean locally, results in a similar ice-sheet configuration and climate as the simulation where icebergs are explicitly modelled. Yet, the simulation where the ice discharge is released into the ocean at the calving sites while taking up the latent heat homogeneously underestimates the cooling effect close to the ice-sheet margin and overestimates it further away, thereby causing a reduced ice-sheet thickness in southern Greenland. We conclude that in our fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–cryosphere model set-up the spatial distribution of the take-up of latent heat related to iceberg melting has a bigger impact on the climate than the input of the iceberg's meltwater. Moreover, we find that icebergs affect the ice sheet's geometry even under pre-industrial equilibrium conditions due to their enhancing effect on sea ice, which causes a colder prevailing climate.
A process-based approach to estimate point snow instability
Authors: Reuter B. , Schweizer J. , van Herwijnen A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Snow instability data provide information about the mechanical state of the snow cover and are essential for forecasting snow avalanches. So far, direct observations of instability (recent avalanches, shooting cracks or whumpf sounds) are complemented with field tests such as the rutschblock test, since no measurement method for instability exists. We propose a new approach based on snow mechanical properties derived from the snow micro-penetrometer that takes into account the two essential processes during dry-snow avalanche release: failure initiation and crack propagation. To estimate the propensity of failure initiation we define a stress-based failure criterion, whereas the propensity of crack propagation is described by the critical cut length as obtained with a propagation saw test. The input parameters include layer thickness, snow density, effective elastic modulus, strength and specific fracture energy of the weak layer – all derived from the penetration-force signal acquired with the snow micro-penetrometer. Both instability measures were validated with independent field data and correlated well with results from field tests. Comparisons with observed signs of instability clearly indicated that a snowpack is only prone to avalanche if the two separate conditions for failure initiation and crack propagation are fulfilled. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an objective method for estimating snow instability has been proposed. The approach can either be used directly based on field measurements with the snow micro-penetrometer, or be implemented in numerical snow cover models. With an objective measure of instability at hand, the problem of spatial variations of instability and its causes can now be tackled.
The effect of paternal bull on milk fat composition of dairy cows of different breeds
Authors: Kirchnerová Katarí­na , Vršková Martina , Huba Ján
Published: May 2015

Intake of milk fat in human nutrition is important because of unsaturated and especially essential fatty acids (FAs), linoleic and α-linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is found only in meat and milk of ruminants. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of paternal bulls on fatty acids composition in milk fat of dairy cows of different breeds. The milk samples were taken in total from 299 dairy cows from 11 dairy farms. In experiment Holstein (H, n = 105), Red Holstein (R, n = 120) and Pinzgau (P, n = 74) breeds originated from different bulls were used. Individual milk samples were analyzed for fatty acids in milk fat using gas chromatography (apparatus GC Varian 3800, Techtron, USA), using FID detector in capillary column Omegawax 530; 30 m. In the chromatography records there were identified 54 fatty acids inclusive of particular isomers. Their relative proportions were expressed in percent's (%). Among the studied breeds, the highest content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) - 0.67%, essential FAs (EFA) - 2.98%, monounsaturated FAs (MUFA) - 25.84% and the lowest atherogenic index (AI) - 3.10 was at breed P. Within this breed there was high variability and daughters of bull COS1 achieved significant above-average values of CLA content 1.07%, EFA 3.71%, MUFA 29.93% and under breed average AI = 2.40. The group of daughters of NOB3 was significant lower in CLA, 0.50% as compared with an average of P breed. . From the breed H bull MTY2 showed significantly higher value of 0.62% CLA, EFA 3.42%, 34.29% MUFA and lower value of AI, 1.9 as compared to H breed average. Statistically significantly lower levels of CLA 0.29% and 21.46% MUFA and higher AI 3.72 in milk fat of his daughters, bull STY3 may be considered as potential worser of these properties. At the breed R bull MOR506 showed in compar to the breed average significantly higher value of the EFA 3.80% and also the higher content of CLA 0.50% and MUFA 25.09%, resulting in statistically significant lower AI = 2.91. Bull MOR506 could be considered as potential improver of milk fat composition. The above described variability in the composition of milk fat of dairy cows and the subsequent relationships between these values suggest that the selection of the bull according to the fatty acid composition of milk fat may be considered.
Attaining Communicative Competency in Pharmacy Practice: A Retrospective Analysis of the Construction of a Communication Course for International Pharmacy Graduates
Authors: Mickleborough Tim , Peters Colette
Published: May 2015

The ability to communicate effectively is an essential skill required by licensed pharmacists and it plays an integral role in meeting standards of practice. Acquiring the communication skills needed to successfully complete these standards of practice can be particularly challenging for International Pharmacy Graduates, or IPGs, many of whom are second language learners. This paper retrospectively analyses the construction of a communication course for IPGs, viewed through the theories of Lev Vygotsky and Donald Schön, which assists the IPGs in developing their communication skills for the Canadian context and applying them in increasingly independent ways. Course satisfaction surveys from two IPG cohorts were reviewed for qualitative feedback that would discuss the students’ appreciation for the course design in relation to their learning. In general, students appreciated the learning supports in the first half of the course, but had more difficulty with the second half of the course that was designed to create a level of ambiguity that mimicked real life pharmacy practice. The authors felt more research is needed in this area of instruction design; however, this unique course design could have future implications for teaching communicative competency for international health care professionals.
How to measure innovation in radiotherapy: an application of the Delphi method
Authors: Jacobs Maria , Boersma Liesbeth , Dekker Andre , Govers Mark , Lambin Philippe , Van Merode Frits
Published: May 2015

Objective: Innovation is an important driver for improving the quality of health care, yet a tension exists between innovation and providing cost-effective health care. To develop strategies that promote innovation, parameters are needed that are indicative of innovation. However, no recognised indicators of innovation in radiotherapy are currently available. The aim of this study is to fill that gap by providing a framework for measuring innovation. This should facilitate future multi-centric studies on strategies aimed at promoting innovation in radiotherapy.Methods: We applied the Delphi method in four rounds. The chairpersons of all Dutch radiotherapy departments were asked to suggest indicators. The resulting inventory was assessed by a number of Dutch radiation oncologists, medical physicists and managers. After implementig a cut-off score on suitability and measurability, we asked Dutch professors on innovation to assess the remaining indicators. Finally, the chairpersons reached consensus.Results: On the basis of the Delphi study, we derived 13 indicators in four categories, more specific product innovation, technology innovation, market innovation and organisational innovation, for measuring both incremental and radical innovations in radiotherapy; these indicators are also suitable for measuring the generation and adoption of innovations.Conclusions: We were successful in reaching consensus amongst the experts on indicators that measure innovations in radiotherapy. The developed tool will be used to investigate the relation between innovation and possible factors inhibiting or stimulating successful innovation and between the level of innovation and its effects.
The Impact of Stochastic Extraction Cost on the Value of an Exhaustible Resource: An Application to the Alberta Oil Sands
Authors: Almansour Abdullah , Insley Margaret
Published: May 2015

The optimal management of a non-renewable resource extraction project is studied when input and output prices follow correlated stochastic processes. The decision problem is specified by two Bellman equations describing the project when it is currently operating or mothballed. Solutions are determined numerically using the Least Squares Monte Carlo methodology. The analysis is applied to an oil sands project which uses natural gas during extracting and upgrading. The paper takes into account the co-movement between crude oil and natural gas prices and proposes two price models: one incorporates a long-run link between the two while the other has no such link. Incorporating a long-run relationship between oil and natural gas prices has a significant effect on the value of the project and its optimal operation and reduces the sensitivity of the project to the natural gas price process.
Non-discrimination Clauses: Their Effect on British Retail Energy Prices
Authors: Price Catherine Waddams , Zhu Minyan
Published: May 2015

UK governments and the energy regulator have shown increasing concern about the health of competition in the residential energy market, following their pioneering deregulation at the end of the last century. We identify the effects of introducing the non-discrimination clauses in 2009, a major regulatory intervention and the first since deregulation. We explore the effect of this intervention on the price movements of the six major players, and find that the nature of competition in the industry has changed, with less effective rivalry between the regional incumbents and large regional competitors following the intervention; companies seem to have ‘retreated’ to their home regions, leaving a market where pricing behaviour resembles more closely a duopoly between British Gas and the regional incumbent.
The Rebound Effect for Passenger Vehicles
Authors: Linn Joshua
Published: May 2015

The United States and many other countries are dramatically tightening fuel economy standards for passenger vehicles. Higher fuel economy reduces per-mile driving costs and may increase miles traveled, known as the rebound effect. The magnitude of the elasticity of miles traveled to fuel economy is an important parameter in welfare analysis of fuel economy standards, but all previous estimates from micro data impose at least one of three behavioral assumptions: (a) fuel economy is uncorrelated with vehicle and household attributes; (b) for multivehicle households, each vehicle can be treated as an independent observation in statistical analysis; and (c) the effect of gasoline prices on vehicle miles traveled is inversely proportional to the effect of fuel economy. Two approaches to relaxing these assumptions yield a large estimate of the rebound effect; a one percent fuel economy increase raises driving 0.2 or 0.4 percent, depending on the approach, but the estimates are not statistically significantly different from one another.
The Informational Efficiency of European Natural Gas Hubs: Price Formation and Intertemporal Arbitrage
Authors: Nick Sebastian
Published: May 2015

In this study, the informational efficiency of the European natural gas market is analyzed by empirically investigating price formation and arbitrage efficiency between spot and futures markets. Econometric approaches accounting for nonlinearities induced by the low liquidity-framework and by technical constraints of the considered gas hubs are specified. The empirical results reveal that price discovery generally takes place on the futures market. Thus, the futures market seems to be more informationally efficient than the spot market. The theory of storage seems to hold at all hubs in the long run. There is empirical evidence of significant market frictions hampering intertemporal arbitrage. UK’s NBP and Austria’s CEGH seem to be the hubs at which arbitrage opportunities are exhausted most efficiently, although there is convergence in the degree of intertemporal arbitrage efficiency over time at the hubs investigated.
Contribuição à filogenia de abelhas Melipona com uso de sequências parciais da região ITS1 do nrDNA
Authors: Bomfim Isac Gabriel Abrahão , Freitas Breno Magalhães , Venturieri Giorgio Cristino , Jorge Daniel Macedo de Melo , Lobo Marina Duarte Pinto , Torres Davi Coe , Grangeiro Thalles Barbosa
Published: May 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, por meio de dados moleculares de sequências de DNA, as relações filogenéticasde abelhas indígenas sem ferrão do táxon Melipona nativas do Brasil. Procurou-se, assim, fornecersubsídios para facilitar uma futura revisão taxonômica sobre esse grupo de abelhas. Sequências parciais daregião do espaçador transcrito interno I (ITS1) do DNA ribossômico nuclear (nrDNA) foram obtidas de espécimesde M. flavolineata, M. mondury e M. fasciculata, coletados em estados do Norte, Nordeste e Sudestedo Brasil. O alinhamento múltiplo das sequências geradas em conjunto com outras 25 do gênero Melipona,depositadas no GenBank ou publicadas em artigos científicos por outros autores, apresentou 141 caracteresalinhados, com uma distância genética média de 0,075 (Jukes-Cantor) entre todas as sequências estudadasdo táxon Melipona. As árvores obtidas através dos métodos de Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Máxima Parcimônia(MP) e Máxima Verossimilhança (MV) apresentaram essencialmente a mesma topologia, que define trêsclados: (i) espécimes do subgênero Melipona s. str. (M. subnitida, M. quadrifasciata e M. mandacaia); (ii)espécimes do subgênero Melikerria (M. quinquefasciata e M. fasciculata); e (iii) espécimes do subgêneroMichmelia (M. mondury, M. flavolineata e M. scutellaris). Os dados moleculares gerados no presente trabalho confirmam a organização taxonômica do gênero Melipona em pelo menos três subgêneros (Melipona,Melikerria e Michmelia), e demonstram a utilidade da sequência da região ITS1 do nrDNA para resolverrelações de parentesco infragenéricas em Meliponina.
Avaliação dos padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos de cepas de Escherichia coli portadoras e não portadoras dos genes stx1, stx2 e eae
Authors: Pereira Murillo Ceola Stefano , Rigueiro André Luiz Nagatani , Ono Rafael Keith , Rigobelo Everlon Cid
Published: May 2015

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os padrões de resistência de cepas de Escherichia coli, portadoras e nãoportadoras dos genes stx1, stx2 e eae, isoladas de fezes de bovinos leiteiros, a dez antimicrobianos. Foramcoletadas 800 amostras de fezes de vacas leiteiras de duas propriedades rurais da região de Dracena (SP),durante o período de janeiro a junho de 2011. Após o isolamento das cepas, foi extraído o DNA das amostraspelo método de fervura. O DNA foi amplificado e verificou-se a presença dos genes de virulência deE. coli produtora da toxina shiga. Foram identificadas 90 amostras com a presença somente do gene stx1,97 amostras somente com o gene stx2, 45 amostras somente com o gene eae e 115 amostras sem os genesde virulência. Os padrões de resistência foram similares entre os isolados portadores ou não dos genes devirulência stx1, stx2, eae. Contudo, não foi verificada nenhuma relação entre os padrões de virulência e ospadrões de resistência aos antimicrobianos entre as amostras.
Nefropatia induzida por contraste iodado
Authors: Martín Cláudia Matsunaga , Lorigados Carla Aparecida Batista , Kogika Márcia Mery , Ferrante Bruno , Grunkraut Alessandra Sendyk , Pinto Ana Carolina Brandão de Campos Fonseca
Published: May 2015

Considerando a grande demanda por exames radiológicos que fazem uso de meio de contraste iodado naMedicina Veterinária, especialmente com o advento da tomografia computadorizada, que incrementou consideravelmenteas indicações para o uso dessas substâncias, esta revisão tem por objetivo abordar as principaisquestões relacionadas à nefropatia induzida por contraste. A nefropatia induzida por contraste consisteno declínio da função renal secundariamente à administração intravascular do meio de contraste iodado.O potencial nefrotóxico dos contrastes iodados está diretamente relacionado a suas características físico--químicas e a condições inerentes ao paciente, como a disfunção renal preexistente. Há grande preocupaçãoe ampla informação sobre a nefrotoxicidade dos meios de contraste iodado e a nefropatia induzida porcontraste no homem, no entanto, existem poucos estudos em pequenos animais.
Benefícios sobre a intensidade da dor, qualidade de vida e incapacidade de mulheres com dismenorreia submetidas a exercícios gerais versus método de Pilates: estudo-piloto
Authors: Peruzzo Bruna Cristina Taques , Ramalho Lisley Sousa , Figueiredo Marta Regina , Alfieri Fábio Marcon
Published: May 2015

Introdução: Dismenorreia primária é um distúrbio ginecológico caracterizado por dor relacionada à menstruação, sem causa patológica. Objetivo: Verificar e comparar a intensidade da dor, a incapacidade e a qualidade de vida em mulheres com dismenorreia primária submetidas a exercícios gerais versus Pilates. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 14 mulheres aleatorizadas em grupo de exercícios gerais (19,14±1 anos) e de Pilates (20,57±1,8 anos). Ambos os grupos realizaram duas sessões por semana durante 50 minutos, no período de dois meses e meio, totalizando 20 sessões. O grupo de exercícios gerais realizou alongamentos e fortalecimentos dos músculos abdominais, lombares e assoalho pélvico. O grupo de Pilates, por sua vez, praticou exercícios para conscientização de pelve, com contrações do transverso e reto do abdômen, glúteos, períneo e eretores da coluna. As participantes responderam aos questionários de índice de incapacitação de Oswestry para dor lombar, Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), para medir a intensidade da dor e ao Questionário de Qualidade de Vida SF-36, antes e após a intervenção. Os dados foram considerados estatisticamente significantes quando p<0,05. Resultados: Foram encontradas melhoras significativas após a intervenção em ambos os grupos, em todas as avaliações. Em relação à diferença entre os grupos, na avaliação sobre a incapacitação para dor lombar, o  grupo de exercícios gerais teve melhor resultado (p<0,003) do que o grupo de Pilates, assim como no domínio de estado da saúde (0,03) do Questionário SF-36. Conclusão: A prática de exercícios físicos gerais e Pilates por mulheres com dismenorreia podem reduzir a dor e a incapacidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida.
O trabalho da enfermagem no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Santos Ana Paula Azevedo , Laus Ana Maria , Camelo Silvia Helena Henriques
Published: May 2015

Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar, por meio de produções científicas nacionais e internacionais, os cuidados desenvolvidos pela equipe de enfermagem durante a assistência ao paciente no pósoperatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada por meio de busca às bases PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, SCOPUS e BDENF no período de fevereiro a junho de 2014, com o seguinte questionamento: “Quais os cuidados realizados pela equipe de enfermagem ao paciente no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca?” Utilizou-se como critério de inclusão artigos científicos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, em português, inglês e espanhol, disponíveis na íntegra. Foram selecionados 21 artigos e, mediante a sua leitura criteriosa, foi realizada análise descritiva, possibilitando o agrupamento dos dados em um núcleo temático: cuidando do paciente no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, que apontou subcategorias: assistindo o paciente após cirurgia cardíaca, gerenciando a dor e a comunicação como ferramenta no cuidado de enfermagem. Os cuidados desenvolvidos no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca demonstram a necessidade de organização do processo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem bem como competências específicas dos profissionais para atuarem nesse cenário, com intuito de promover um cuidado individualizado e qualificado.
Registered report: Discovery and preclinical validation of drug indications using compendia of public gene expression data
Authors: Kandela Irawati , Zervantonakis Ioannis ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: May 2015

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of 50 papers in the field of cancer biology published between 2010 and 2012. This Registered report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from ‘Discovery and Preclinical Validation of Drug Indications Using Compendia of Public Gene Expression Data’ by Sirota et al., published in Science Translational Medicine in 2011 (Sirota et al., 2011). The key experiments being replicated include Figure 4C and D and Supplemental Figure 1. In these figures, Sirota and colleagues. tested a proof of concept experiment validating their prediction that cimetidine, a histamine-2 (H2) receptor agonist commonly used to treat peptic ulcers (Kubecova et al., 2011), would be effective against lung adenocarcinoma (Figure 4C and D). As a control they also tested the effects of cimetidine against renal carcinoma, for which it was not predicted to be efficacious (Supplemental Figure 1). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife.
Lymphatic Pump Treatment as an Adjunct to Antibiotics for Pneumonia in a Rat Model
Authors: Hodge Lisa M. , Creasy Caitlin , Carter KiahRae , Orlowski Ashley , Schander Artur , King Hollis H.
Published: May 2015

Background: Lymphatic pump treatment (LPT) is a technique used by osteopathic physicians as an adjunct to antibiotics for patients with respiratory tract infections, and previous studies have demonstrated that LPT reduces bacterial load in the lungs of rats with pneumonia. Currently, it is unknown whether LPT affects drug effcacy.

Objective: To determine whether the combination of antibiotics and LPT would reduce bacterial load in the lungs of rats with acute pneumonia.

Methods: Rats were infected intranasally with 5×107 colony-forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus pneumoniae. At 24, 48, and 72 hours after infection, the rats received no therapy (control), 4 minutes of sham therapy, or 4 minutes of LPT, followed by subcutaneous injection of 40 mg/kg of levofoxacin or sterile phosphate-buffered saline. At 48, 72, and 96 hours after infection, the spleens and lungs were collected, and S pneumoniae CFU were enumerated. Blood was analyzed for a complete blood cell count and leukocyte differential count.

Results: At 48 and 72 hours after infection, no statistically significant differences in pulmonary CFU were found between control, sham therapy, or LPT when phosphate-buffered saline was administered; however, the reduction in CFU was statistically significant in all rats given levofoxacin. The combination of sham therapy and levofoxacin decreased bacterial load at 72 and 96 hours after infection, and LPT and levofoxacin significantly reduced CFU compared with sham therapy and levofoxacin at both time points (P<.05). Colony-forming units were not detected in the spleens at any time. No statistically significant differences in hematologic findings between any treatment groups were found at any time point measured.

Conclusion: The results suggest that 3 applications of LPT induces an additional protective mechanism when combined with levofoxacin and support its use as an adjunctive therapy for the management of pneumonia; however, the mechanism responsible for this protection is unclear.
Pulmonary Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis From Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Case Report
Authors: Khachekian Arsineh , Shargh Sean , Arabian Sarkis
Published: May 2015

Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis (PLC) is the diffuse infltration of lymphatic systems by adenocarcinomas. Because of its vague clinical symptoms and absence of malignant features, confrmatory diagnosis requires transbronchial or open-lung biopsy. Tumor spread is postulated to occur by means of retrograde lymphatic permeation with tumor growth along the lymphatic channels and involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in a signaling pathway. The authors describe the case of a 45-year-old woman whose presentation with cough and dyspnea led to diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis with superimposed pulmonary hypertension, tumor thrombotic microangiopathy, and ultimately metastatic signet ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma. Because of the patient’s poor prognosis, she was given palliative care and died 29 days after admission. This case emphasizes the importance of the osteopathic principle of treating the whole patient and evaluating all organ systems. Physicians should be aware of PLC from gastric adenocarcinoma and consider it in patients with pulmonary symptoms who are unresponsive to antibiotics.
Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a Pediatric Patient After a 1600-m Run: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Booms CPT Zachary C. , Barbee MAJ George A.
Published: May 2015

Pneumomediastinum occurs as a result of traumatic or iatrogenic causes or in patients with preexisting lung conditions such as interstitial lung disease, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Spontaneous pneumomedi-astinum (SPM), however, is rarely seen in clinical practice. The authors report the case of a 14-year-old boy who presented to the emergency department with chest discomfort and shortness of breath after a 1600-m run as part of a physical education class. The patient was found to have SPM, was admitted to the pediatric service for monitoring and pain control, and made a full recovery within 24 hours. This case is notable because SPM occurred in the absence of identifable organic causes and as the result of sustained noncontact physical activity. A review of the literature provides background information and highlights pathophysiologic processes of SPM and suggested treatment. Physicians should consider pneu-momediastinum in young patients or runners presenting with chest pain even in the absence of any known inciting event.
风化壳古岩溶型碳酸盐岩储层成岩作用与成岩相
Authors: He Jiang , Feng Chunqiang , Ma Lan , Qiao Lin , Wang Yong
Published: May 2015

In the north of the Jingbian Gas Field in the Ordos Basin, a case study was made of the first section of the fourth sub-member of the fifth member of the Majiagou Formation (M51
4). Through detailed subsurface geological analysis, a realistic description of typical diagenetic features, systematic sampling and laboratory testing, with geological background and petrological characteristics as main clue, the diagenesis characteristics of crust-weathered ancient karst carbonate reservoirs were analyzed, and the diagenetic facies were recognized. The marine diagenetic environment of M51
4 was influenced by dolomitization and anhydritization, and was controlled by the palaeogeographic framework. As to the epidiagenetic environment controlled by ancient karst physiognomy, dissolution and packing effects of dissolved pore, fracture and cave types took place. For the buried diagenetic environment, extensive dissolution was common. Based on the coupling relationship between diagenesis and porosity-permeability network, a “diagenesis in marine diagenetic environment + diagenesis in epidiagenetic environment” combination principle was adopted to divide the diagenetic facies into four typical types: (I) medium-weak filling facies of anhydrite small nodule dolomitization-dissolved pore and fracture type; (II) medium-strong filling facies of anhydrite small nodule dolomitization-dissolved pore and fracture type; (III) strong filling facies of dolomitization-dissolved cave type; and (IV) strong filling facies of anhydrite lithification-dissolved pore and fracture type, and strong filling facies of dissolved cave type. With well-developed premium reservoir rocks, moderate karst intensity and medium-weak (deposition) filling, the type-I area was favorable for fracture-cave reservoir development
厚层灰岩油藏岩溶纵向分带研究
Authors: Qu Quangong , Zhang Jingxuan , Lu Youming , Zhu Fengyun
Published: May 2015

In district 4 of the Tahe Oilfield, the Ordovician Yingshan Formation was most petroliferous. Marine carbonate rocks with big thickness were widespread. Secondary pores, including dissolution pores, fractures and caves, served as the main reservoir spaces, while primary pores were poorly developed. According to modern karst hydraulic unit theory, a conceptual model of karst was established. Three palaeo-hydraulic zones were identified:vadose zone (including infiltration sub-zone and percolation sub-zone), phreatic zone and tranquil zone. The distribution of reservoirs was described using stochastic seismic inversion technology. The reservoirs were controlled by palaeo-hydraulic zones vertically and karst landforms horizontally, which was proved by field work.
南海西部深水区中新世断控台缘生物礁生长演化
Authors: Huang Hongguang , Du Xuebin , Lu Yongchao , Chen Ping
Published: May 2015

In the South China Sea; there were favorable conditions for reef development. However, the reef structure was not precisely described due to the lack of high-quality seismic data. Geologic and geophysical analyses were used to study the reefs in the fault-controlled margin of the southern uplift of the western deep-water area in the South China Sea. The reefs showed hummocky or lenticular shape, and the internal reef crest and reef ditch were observed clearly. Vertically, the reef structure displayed aggradational and progradational characteristics. There were three types of reef identified according to their growth speed, including slow-growth, constant-growth and fast-growth ones. For the first type, reefs grew slowly and retrograded to continents. For the other two types, reefs grew fast and aggraded vertically. The spatial distribution and growth speed of reefs were controlled by sea level changes; space changes and ancient morphology.
利用三环萜烷对比泌阳凹陷生物降解油油源
Authors: Pengfei Guo , Sheng He , Shukui Zhu , Derong Chai , Shiyan Yin
Published: May 2015

Biodegraded oils from the northern slope of the Biyang Sag were analyzed to examine the application of tricyclic terpanes to biodegraded oil-source correlation. Tricyclic terpanes are resistant to biodegradation ( biodegradation rank 8) . New tricyclic terpane parameters, such as (C23-C26/Cl9-C22)-tricyclic terpanes, (Cl9-C26/ C28-C29)-tricyclic terpanes and (C19-C26)-tricyclic terpanes/C29-Ts are effective oil-source correlation parameters. Correlation results suggested that the biodegraded oils in the lower member of Eh
3 on the northern slope of the Biyang Sag came from the mudstones in the lower member of Eh
3 of the central sag, and the oils in the upper member of Eh
3 mainly came from the mudstones in the upper member of Eh
3 of the central sag. The correlation results of oils and source rocks in the Zhu I Depression of the Pearl River Mouth Basin determined by the three tricyclic terpane parameters were consistant with previous results, further supporting the effectiveness of the parameters.
不同沉积环境中原油氮同位素差异特征研究
Authors: Liu Yazhao , Wu Minghui , Shi Shengbao , Wang Jie , Li Wei
Published: May 2015

As an important element of oil and organic matter, the contents and isotopes of nitrogen are different due to different sources from different environments and different late diagenetic processes after burial. The contents and isotopes of nitrogen in urea and caffeine show that these nitrogen parameters of samples are highly variable and indicate different depositional environments. The carbon and especially the nitrogen isotopes of crude oils formed in marine environments are lighter than those in continental environments, For samples from the same environment, high-temperature cracking causes nitrogen isotope fractionation. 14N is enriched in crude oils and nitrogen isotopes are lighter in high-maturity oils
High‐Resolution Multi‐Photon Imaging of Morphological Structures of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bixel Gabriele M. , Fretham Stephanie J.B. , Aschner Michael
Published: May 2015

In this protocol, we combine two‐photon excitation fluorescence with nonlinear optical measurements to reconstruct the three‐dimensional architecture of the pharyngeal region and the muscular system of the anterior and mid‐body region of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Femto‐second laser pulses excite second‐harmonic generation (SHG) and third‐harmonic generation (THG) signals, which show detailed structural information regarding the organization of myofibrils that are arranged around the central pharynx region. The combination of two‐photon excitation with SHG and THG imaging is a very powerful tool to study cell morphology, microarchitecture, and tissue arrangement in C. elegans. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.