bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The degree of severity and structure of cognitive disorders in patients with cerebrovascular disease, depending on the level of 25-hydroxycalciferol
Authors: Shvartsman Gregory I. , Pervova Evgeniya M. , Goldobin Vitaly V. , Tertyshnaya Natalia M.
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND: In recent years, a significant increase in cerebrovascular pathology, which is often accompanied by cognitive deficits, has been noted all over the world.
AIM: The aim of this study is to determine the severity and structure of cognitive disorders depending on the level of 25(OH)D in patients with cerebrovascular disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 146 patients with cerebrovascular disease aged from 30 to 80 years were examined. The comparison group consisted of 40 patients, comparable in age and gender, without the studied pathology. During the study, the level of 25(OH)D, interleukin-6, highly sensitive C-reactive protein in the peripheral blood was determined in patients and a neuropsychological examination was performed.
RESULTS: In patients with cerebrovascular disease, the level of 25(OH)D it was lower in comparison with patients without this pathology. Patients with higher rates of inflammatory factors had significantly lower concentrations of 25(OH)D in the peripheral blood. The study revealed a correlation between the level of 25(OH)D in peripheral blood and the results of neuropsychological testing: direct MMSE, MoCA, FAB and reverse Schulte tables (performance). When assessing cognitive disorders in patients with cerebrovascular disease, according to the results of neuropsychological testing, it was possible to identify significantly significant differences between the main and the comparison group according to the following scales: MMSE (p = 0.04), MoCA (p = 0.001), FAB (p = 0.007), Schulte Tables (performance) (p = 0.06), respectively. When interpreting the MMSE scale, significantly significant differences between the groups were found in the attention assessment (p = 0.03), and in the analysis of the MoCA scale in the sections delayed reproduction (p = 0.03) and conceptualization (p = 0.04), respectively. In patients with cerebrovascular disease, memory is most affected by the type of delayed reproduction failure, which was observed in 53-76% of cases in our study.
CONCLUSIONS: The study found that the higher the concentration of 25(OH)D and the lower the level of interleukin-6 and highly sensitive CRP in the peripheral blood, the less likely it is to develop cognitive disorders. In patients with cerebrovascular disease, memory is most affected by the type of delayed reproduction failure.
Visualisation of GABAergic neurons and synapses in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry for two forms of glutamate decarboxylase
Authors: Razenkova Valeria A. , Korzhevskii Dmitrii E.
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND: Taking into account the importance of GABAergic brain system research and also the opportunity to achieve specific and accurate results in laboratory studies using immunohistochemical approaches, it seems important to have a reliable method of visualization GABA-synthesizing cells, their projections and synapses, for the morphofunctional analysis of GABAergic system both in normal conditions and in the experimental pathology.
AIM: The aim of the study was to visualize analyze GABAergic neurons and synapses within rats brain using three different antibody types against glutamate decarboxylase and to identify the optimal conditions for reaction performing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on paraffin brain tissue sections of 5 adult Wistar rats. Immunohistochemical reactions using three antibody types against glutamate decarboxylase isoform 67 (GAD67) and glutamate decarboxylase isoform 65 (GAD65) were performed. Additional controls on C57/Bl6 mice and Chinchilla rabbits brain samples were also carried out.
RESULTS: Antibodies used in the research made it possible to achieve high quality of GABAergic structures visualizing without increasing background staining. At the same time different antibody types are distinct in their efficacy to perform immunohistochemistry reaction on laboratory animal brain tissue samples. By performing additional controls, we discovered that there is necessary to adsorb secondary reagents immunoglobulins in order to eliminate nonspecific staining. It was found that GAD67 and GAD65 distribution in rat forebrain structures is different. It was stated that GAD67 immunohistochemistry most completely reveals GABAergic brain structures compared to GAD65 immunhistochemistry. The possibility of determining morphological features of GABAergic neurons and synaptic terminals, as well as performing quantitative analysis, was demonstrated.
CONCLUSIONS: The approach proposed makes it possible to specifically visualize GABAergic structures of the central nervous system of different laboratory animals. This could be useful both in fundamental studies and in pathology research.
Fostering Maritime Innovations Th rough Human Capital: Exploring the Status Quo of the Adriatic Universities
Authors:   University of Montenegro, Faculty of Maritime Studies Kotor, Šekularac - Ivošević Senka
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the paper is to emphasize the need for enhancing participation of the Adriatic maritime universities and researchers in modern innovation processes in maritime industry. The paper primarily analyses human capital in regard to two constituent components - academic (academic rank and the length of research experience) and collaborative (expertise in innovation projects, the frequency of participation, the constraints related to partnerships and funds). The research is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis. The dependence between the components associated with human capital is quantitatively determined by means of the Pearson's chi-square test and the R programme. The qualitative analysis relies on coding of the attitudes of the maritime researchers about collaborative innovations in maritime industry. The coding was performed by means of the Atlas.ti 8.4.24. programme. Results confirm the significance of human capital for maritime research, identify constraints on the realization of innovations and specific innovations the maritime researchers are working on. Additionally, the paper detected the lack of strategic transformation of the universities that would strengthen collaborative innovations in maritime industry. The paper proposes formation of collaborative network/platform for an efficient use of human capital in scientific research and maritime and economic integrations in the Adriatic region.
SH-wave generation by dislocation sources—A numerical study
Authors: Herrmann Robert B.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A numerical technique is presented for attaining the SH-wave contribution to tangential displacements due to point dislocation sources in a plane layered Earth. The method uses contour integration in the complex k-plane and includes the contribution of branch line integrals along the real and imaginary axes of the k-plane as well as poles along the real axis. Examples are provided to illustrate the effect of neglecting the P-SV contribution to tangential displacements, the effect of improper truncation in estimating far-field time histories, as well as the relative contribution of the various singularities in the complex k-plane to the solution.
Earthquake recurrence intervals and plate tectonics
Authors: Molnar Peter
Published: September 2021

abstract

The frequency of occurrence of earthquakes with different seismic moments is expressed in terms of the rate of slip on a fault and to the largest seismic moment likely to occur in the region. Beginning from the Gutenberg-Richter empirical expression relating the relative recurrence of events with different magnitudes and using another empirical relation between magnitude and seismic moment, the relative number of events with seismic moment greater than or equal to Mo is given by N(Mo) = αMo−β. β can be determined from parameters in these empirical expressions. From average rates of slip on faults, this expression can be used to give the recurrence rates for events of different seismic moment: α = (1−β)MoΣ/Momax1−β where Momax is the maximum possible seismic moment in a region, and MoΣ is the average rate of occurrence of the seismic moment. On a fault of area A, with shear modulus μ, and long-term average rate of slip v, MoΣ = μAv. A similar expression can be given for α for regions where deformation is distributed over a broad area without a major throughgoing fault. Using rates of convergence at island arcs determined from plate motions for the last 5 m.y., the calculated frequency of occurrence of earthquakes with large seismic moments agrees well with the historic record. At present, uncertainties in the requisite parameters and in assumptions on which the recurrence relation is based, however, make such an approach only marginally better than reliance on the historic record alone. With more data constraining β, the largest possible seismic moments, the role of fault creep, and long-term rates of slip or deformation, however, this approach to seismic risk should be a more reliable predictor of recurrence rates than the existing historic record. As an example, the formulas are applied to the southeastern Caribbean.
The July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake—A complex sequence of intraplate events
Authors: Butler Rhett , Stewart Gordon S. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: September 2021

abstract

The Tangshan earthquake (Ms = 7.7), of July 27, 1976 and its principal aftershock (Ms = 7.2), which occurred 15 hr following the main event, resulted in the loss of life of over 650,000 persons in northeast China. This is the second greatest earthquake disaster in recorded history, following the 1556 Shensi Province, Chinese earthquake in which at least 830,000 persons lost their lives. Detailed analyses of the teleseismic surface waves and body waves are made for the Tangshan event. The major conclusions are: (1) The Tangshan earthquake sequence is a complex one, including strike-slip, thrust, and normal-fault events. (2) The main shock, as determined from surface waves, occurred on a near vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault, striking N40°E. (3) A seismic moment of 1.8 × 1027 dyne-cm is obtained. From the extent of the aftershock zone and relative location of the main shock epicenter, symmetric (1:1) bilateral faulting with a total length of 140 km may be inferred. If a fault width of 15 km is assumed, the average offset is estimated to be 2.7 meters with an average stress drop of about 30 bars. (4) The main shock was initiated by an event with a relatively slow onset and a seismic moment of 4 × 1026 dyne-cm. The preferred fault-plane solution, determined from surface-wave analyses, indicates a strike 220°, dip 80°, and rake −175°. (5) Two thrust events follow the strike-slip event by 11 and 19 sec, respectively. They are located south to southwest of the initial event and have a total moment of 8 × 1025 dyne-cm. This sequence is followed by several more events. (6) The principal aftershock was a normal-fault double event with the fault planes unconstrained by the P-wave first motions. Surface waves provide additional constraints to the mechanism to yield an oblique slip solution with strike N120°E, dip 45°SW, and rake −30°. A total moment of 8 × 1026 dyne-cm is obtained. (7) The triggering of lesser thrust and normal faults by a large strike-slip event in the Tangshan sequence has important consequences in the assessment of earthquake hazard in other complex strike-slip systems like the San Andreas.
Vertical soil-structure interaction effects
Authors: Little R. R. , Raftopoulos D. D.
Published: September 2021

abstract

An analytical expression describing the three-dimensional vertical soil-structure interaction effects is developed using Laplace and Hankel transformation techniques. Utilizing these transformation techniques and normal mode theory of vibration, an N-mass structural model is coupled to an elastic half-space representing the earth. The resulting interaction equation is solved by numerical iteration techniques for a model of a nuclear power plant subjected to actual earthquake ground excitation. The effects of the soil-structure interaction are evaluated by comparing free-field acceleration spectrum response curves with similar curves determined from the foundation motion. These effects are found to be significant for structures typical of modern nuclear power plants subjected to seismic ground motions.
The Lompoc, California, earthquake (November 4, 1927;M= 7.3) and its aftershocks
Authors: Hanks Thomas C.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Seismological observations local to the 1927 earthquake suggest an epicenter for it near 34.6°N, 120.9°W. These observations include S-P times for the immediate aftershocks recorded at four stations in southern California; S-P times reported for the main shock at Berkeley and Lick Observatory by P. Byerly; and a time-decaying (1934 to 1969) zone of seismicity centered offshore of Point Arguello, herein identified as the aftershock zone of the 1927 earthquake. This location is approximately 40 km southwest of the teleseismic location for the 1927 earthquake recently offered by W. Gawthrop, although a location intermediate to the one proposed here and the one by Gawthrop would satisfy uncertainties associated with both locations. Even so, the location farther offshore is suggested by the near absence of strong shaking in the adjacent coastal region, which seemingly precludes a near-coastal location for an earthquake of this magnitude. Furthermore, unpublished teleseismic first-motion data of G. Stewart and analysis of the distortion of a geodetic quadrilateral by J. Savage and W. Prescott argue against a faulting mechanism for the 1927 earthquake that involves predominantly right-lateral slip on a near-coastal and northwesterly striking fault of the San Andreas type.
Further study of spectral composition ofPcodas of earthquakes and explosions
Authors: Evernden J. F. , Kohler W. M.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The spectral compositions (bandwidth 0.4 to 4.5 Hz) of the P codas of 108 explosions and 225 earthquakes recorded at LASA are the basis of a technique by which all earthquakes studied are discriminated successfully from all Semipalatinsk explosions. Such complete separation is not achieved, however, for the full set of presumed Russian explosions. The lack of detectable change in frequency content of P signals in the distance range 30° to 90° suggests a very high Qp value for the central mantle. This result, together with the observed rate of amplitude decay for long-period S waves, implies Qs for the central mantle is high while Qs values for the crust-upper mantle and lower mantle are very low.
Wave propagation from extended, asymmetric surface sources in an elastic half-space
Authors: Maiti N. C. , Mitra M.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A procedure is given for the exact determination of the displacement produced in a half-space by arbitrary stresses acting on the surface. Solutions have been obtained for three different impulsive stress distributions acting on a circular portion of the surface and some common features of the solutions are examined. Numerical values of the surface displacement are exhibited graphically in the three cases showing that the pulses comprising the surface motion are oscillatory.
Earthquakes in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California
Authors: Klein Fred W.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A small seismograph network of six stations now monitors earthquakes in and near Lassen Volcanic National Park. The first 14 months of recording has revealed a northwest-trending seismic zone passing through the park. This zone is the resolved equivalent of a diffuse zone of historical epicenters passing through Lassen Park and Truckee, California, and is parallel to nearby lineaments in California, Oregon, and Nevada recognized from surface geology. Three dense concentrations of earthquakes correlate very closely with three geothermal areas. One concentration also outlines the north and east sides of the 4-km-diameter Mt. Tehama caldera. The recent dacite plug domes of Lassen Peak and Chaos Crags are nearly aseismic, however. Several approximate focal mechanism solutions indicate primarily normal faulting with east-west extension. This implies the northwest-trending seismic zone is undergoing extension and right-lateral shear. Extension directions near the center of the network display a radial symmetry that could be caused by a broad updoming or magma injection centered near Lassen Peak or Chaos Crags.
On the relation between modified Mercalli intensity and body-wave magnitude
Authors: Nuttli Otto W. , Bollinger G. A. , Griffiths Donald W.
Published: September 2021

abstract

This paper is concerned with estimating body-wave magnitude, mb, from the intensity distribution of an earthquake. Initially, it is assumed that modified Mercalli (MM) intensity values are directly related to the (A/T)z values of 1-Hz, Lg-wave ground motion. By comparison with the intensity values of a reference earthquake, magnitudes are calculated for 41 western and central United States earthquakes. Magnitudes of these earthquakes also are determined independently, in the conventional manner, using teleseismic P-wave amplitudes. Comparison of the two sets of magnitude values indicates that the assumed relation between 1-Hz, Lg-wave (A/T)z values and MM intensity does not hold exactly over the mb range of 4.0 to 6.2. An empirical equation is derived to adjust the mb values obtained from intensity data so that they agree with the teleseismic P-wave magnitudes.

The method then is applied to estimate mb of some historical earthquakes which occurred prior to 1962. These include the set for which Kanamori and Jennings (1978) estimated ML from strong-motion accelerograms. Some noteworthy United States earthquakes also are considered. These include: the 1811 New Madrid earthquake for which mb is estimated to be 7.3; the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina earthquake, for which mb is estimated to be 6.6 to 6.9; the 1897 Giles County, Virginia earthquake, for which mb is estimated to be 5.8; the 1906 San Francisco, California earthquake, for which mb is estimated to be 6.8 to 7.1.

The intensity-attenuation method cannot be used for estimating mb of all historical earthquakes because the intensity data are not always adequate. In some cases, however, the total felt area or the area enclosed by the Modified Mercalli IV isoseism can be determined. It was found that empirical equations relating mb to these areas, which were derived for central and northeastern United States earthquakes, also apply for events in the southeast. These empirical methods are used to estimate mb values for a set of historical Virginia earthquakes.
Time functions appropriate for nuclear explosions
Authors: Burdick L. J. , Helmberger D. V.
Published: September 2021

abstract

The source-time function of megaton class nuclear explosions has been determined by modeling teleseismic short- and long-period body waves with synthetic seismograms. A simple analytic expression for the time function was used to closely match observations from both Novaya Zemlya and the U.S. test site at Amchitka. It was found that the time functions of all the events have a substantial overshoot. It was also found that, although the durations of the time functions did appear to depend on yield, the effect was very difficult to observe even in short-period records. All synthetics were computed by assuming a simple point source in a layered elastic half-space. It was not necessary to appeal to any nonlinear processes in the source region to explain the observations. Numerical calculations are presented to show that tectonic release triggered by earthquakes does not have a substantial effect on the P waves unless the long-period level of the tectonic event is as large or larger than the long-period level of the explosion. The pS wave, on the other hand, is shown to be very sensitive to even a moderate amount of tectonic release.
Shear-wave velocity at the base of the mantle from profiles of diffracted SH waves
Authors: Okal Emile A. , Geller Robert J.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Profiles of SH waves diffracted around the core (Sd) for three deep events at stations across North America and the Atlantic (Δ = 92° to 152°) are used to determine the properties of the lower mantle in the vicinity of the core-mantle boundary (CMB). The S-wave velocity above the CMB is found to be βc = 7.22 ± 0.1 km/sec, in agreement with gross earth models, but higher than previously reported values from direct measurements of Sd. The frequency imdependence of the Sd ray parameter argues strongly against the possibility of a low-velocity zone immediately above the core mantle boundary.

We compute synthetic seismograms for Sd by summing normal modes. A comparison of the present data with a synthetic profile for earth model 1066A gives excellent agreement at periods greater than 45 seconds. Synthetics for other models are used to substantially constrain the possibility of significant rigidity of the uppermost layer of the core.
Shear-wave travel times from SS
Authors: Butler Rhett
Published: September 2021

abstract

The seismic shear phase SS is considered as a tool in the reconnaissance of the Earth. The Hibert transform is empirically verified as a reasonable mimic of the distortion incurred at the internal caustic in the propagation of SS. Travel times are obtained by a waveform correlation technique for 26 well-recorded SHSH waves from the 1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake. Significant variation is found in the travel-time residuals for paths reflected under the Canadian shield. A correlation of the variation with tectonic sub-province is suggested. The data are sufficiently precise to indicate lateral heterogeneity of several percent in the upper mantle velocities within the Canadian shield.
An amplitude constrained P-wave velocity profile for the upper mantle beneath the Eastern United States
Authors: McMechan George A.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A P-wave velocity profile for the upper mantle at depths between 200 and 800 km beneath Eastern United States has been constructed from a combination of data from natural and artificial sources. Data for this part of the upper mantle are scarce, particularly beyond 20° epicentral distance, because of the sparse distribution of relevant sources and stations. Nevertheless, this study is the first to use amplitude constraints in a model determination for this region, and the model that has been chosen can account for the main observed amplitude features as well as travel times. The resulting velocity profile is similar to those previously determined for the regions to the north and west, but has a broadening of velocity transitions relative to those in the western United States. Evidence is found for the existence of lateral velocity inhomogeneity within the mantle.
Meteorological noise in wire strainmeter data from Parkfield, California
Authors: Goulty N. R. , Davis P. M. , Gilman R. , Motta N.
Published: September 2021

abstract

Four invar-wire strainmeters have been operated in shallow trench sites for 19 months beside the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield, California. Temperature and rainfall records were correlated with 1 yr of strainmeter data, and 90 per cent of the strain signal power at periods between 2 and 120 days was predicted entirely from these records, using a multi-channel, Wiener filtering technique. The residual strain series fluctuates with a peak-to-peak amplitude of nearly 10−6 strain. Anomalous strain signals taking place over several days would have to be larger than this to be identifiable. Previous work shows that signals of amplitude 10−7 strain are identifiable if they take place within hours. Deep creep events giving rise to such signals, which may occur as precursors to earthquakes, would need to be very large.

Other workers have shown that shallow, short-base line tiltmeters in California are also very sensitive to meteorological noise. Strainmeter and tiltmeter installations can be made less sensitive to meteorological noise, either by manufacturing instruments with long (∼1 km) base lines, or by using tunnel or borehole sites (≳100 m deep). Proven instruments of these types are costly, unless an underground site was already available. However, if networks of shallow, shortbase line strainmeters or tiltmeters are to be used for earthquake prediction, it is obviously desirable to invest in at least a few installations which are less sensitive to noise of meteorological origin.
Horizontal particle velocity and its relation to magnitude in the Western United States
Authors: Espinosa A. F.
Published: September 2021

abstract

A magnitude (ML) scaling law has been derived from the strong-motion data base of the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971, and the results have been compared with other strong-motion recordings obtained from 62 earthquakes in the Western United States. The relationship derived is ML = 3.21 + 1.35 log10Δ + log10v. An excellent agreement was obtained between the determined ML values in this study and those evaluated by Kanamori and Jennings (1978). This scaling law is applicable to the collected data from 63 earthquakes whose local magnitudes range from about 4.0 to 7.2, recorded at epicentral distances between about 5 to 300 km, and with short-period seismic waves in the range of 0.2 to 3.0 sec. The Long Beach earthquake of 1933, with an ML = 6.3 (PAS) and an ML = 6.43 ± 0.36 as determined by Kanamori and Jennings is in agreement with an ML = 6.49 ± 0.32 obtained in this study. The Imperial Valley earthquake of 1940, with an ML = 6.5 (PAS), compares well with an ML = 6.5 as determined in this study. The Kern County earthquake of 1952, with an ML = 7.2 (BRK), is in fairly good agreement with the ML = 7.0 ± 0.2 obtained in this investigation. This value is significantly lower than the commonly quoted 7.7 value for this event. The San Francisco earthquake of 1957, with an ML = 5.3 (BRK), agrees very well with an ML = 5.3 ± 0.1 as determined in this study. The Parkfield earthquake of 1966 has an ML = 5.8 ± 0.3, which is consistent with the 5.6 (PAS). The procedure developed here is applied to the data base obtained from the Western United States strong-motion recordings. The procedure allows the evaluation of ML for moderate and larger earthquakes from the first integration of the strong-motion accelerograms and allows the direct determination of ML from the scaled amplitudes in a rapid, economical, and accurate manner. It also has allowed for the extension of the trend of the attenuation curve for horizontal particle velocities at distances less than 5 km for different size events.
Anti-Racism Working Group
Authors: Bailly Anaïs , Brumley Benjamin P. , Mraz Megan A. , Morgan Benjamin S. , O'Neal Gwenelle Styles , Radis Brie , Wysor Nguema Susan R. , Keeler Colleen , Ocean Mia , Spencer Erin N.
Published: September 2021

Institutions of higher education fail to address ongoing systemic racism within their classrooms, boardrooms, and commons when university personnel and students are not prepared to discuss racism and structural inequalities that exist within the campus community. To address this at a public, Predominantly White Institution (PWI), a group of students, staff, and faculty developed an action-oriented community to increase awareness and advocacy efforts against systemic and micro-level racism. Founded by faculty in the university’s BSW and MSW programs, the Anti-Racism Working Group (ARWG) is composed of faculty, staff, and students from multiple university departments. The goals of ARWG include education and awareness, and dialogue about race, ethnicity, bias, power, and privilege; cultivating interdisciplinary faculty and student relationships, and inspiring anti-racist actions. This paper discusses and disseminates research about ARWG’s inaugural year and early assessments of the program. Data includes responses from students who attended ARWG workshops and found them useful in their conceptualization and self-awareness around race, privilege, and taking anti-racist action. ARWG members benefited around three themes including skill development, relationship building, and the increased awareness and ability to engage in productive discussions around race, power, and privilege. We share these results with other universities and organizations to encourage the creation of similar programs and to facilitate learning from our experiences.
Interracial Team Teaching in Social Work Education
Authors: Curiel Luis O.
Published: September 2021

This article aims to explore anti-racist social work education through interracial team teaching, where one instructor is White, and the other is Black, Indigenous, or a Person of Color (BIPOC). This pedagogical approach is presented as an emerging conceptual model to consider in anti-racist social work education. As an anti-racist approach to teaching, this model aims to engage students and faculty in a more active and accountable role in dismantling systemic racism and White supremacy through social work education. A close examination of published articles on interracial team teaching revealed an absence of theoretical frameworks to guide this teaching method. Critical Race Theory (CRT) emerged as a compatible theoretical framework for teaching anti-racism within an interracial team-taught model. Five CRT tenets from Sólorzano et al. (2005) align with previous studies to support this emerging pedagogical approach as a viable option. Findings suggest that anti-racist education requires explicitly naming terms like White supremacy, racism, and colonization within the social work curriculum. Interracial team teaching necessitates shared power and authority between instructors and calls for White educators to examine their White identity and resist performing allyship. Academic institution hiring practices need a greater representation of BIPOC faculty to reduce overburdening faculty of color.
Mentalizációs deficit traumás agysérült betegek körében
Authors: Tamás Viktória , Büki András , Herold Róbert
Published: September 2021

A mentalizáció vagy tudatelmélet, mint a szociális kogníciónk egyik aspektusa, az a készségünk, mellyel képesek vagyunk mások mentális állapotaira (intenciók, vágyak, gondolatok, érzelmek) következtetni, és ez alapján viselkedésüket előre jelezni. Ez a funkciónk jelentősen meghatározza a szociális világban történő részvételünket és eligazodásunkat, továbbá fontos szerepet játszik a társalgási szituációkban, a szociális interakciókban, a társas integrációban és adaptációban. Traumatikus agysérülés alkalmával – mely sokszor érinti a fiatalabb populációt – károsodhatnak azok az agyi régiók, melyek az elmeolvasó funkció alapjául szolgálnak. A koponyatraumák fokális vagy diffúz cerebralis sérüléseket okozhatnak, melyek következményeként gyakran alakul ki mentalizációs deficit. A témával kapcsolatban elsősorban olyan publikációkra kerestünk rá, melyek a tudatelméleti képességet traumás agysérülést elszenvedett egyének és kontrollszemélyek között hasonlították össze (komparatív jellegű eset-kontroll vizsgálatok). A közlemények felkutatására internetes/online felület alapú keresést végeztünk a PubMed, a Web of Science, a ScienceDirect, a Google Scholar, az APA PsycNET (PsycARTICLES) és az EBSCO Host oldalak felhasználásával. A keresés a témaspecifikus kulcsszavak következő kombinációja alapján történt: theory of mind vagy mentalizing vagy social cognition és traumatic brain injury vagy head/brain injury vagy diffuse axonal injury. A keresés alapján talált és feldolgozott tanulmányok/vizsgálatok (21 db) eredményei szerint a traumás agysérülés gyakran vezet különböző fokú mentalizációs deficithez. Jelenlegi összefoglaló közleményünkkel arra próbáljuk felhívni a figyelmet, hogy az elmeolvasási diszfunkció megjelenése és mértéke nagymértékben befolyásolhatja a betegség kimenetelét, az esetleges rehabilitációs idő hosszát és végső soron a traumás agysérült egyén életkilátásait. Emellett áttekintésünkkel igyekszünk állást foglalni a tudatelméleti képesség területspecifikus vagy terület általános volta mellett, traumás agysérült páciensek mintáján végzett kutatások alapján.
Is the implementation of Vojta therapy associated with faster gross motor development in children with cerebral palsy?
Authors: Sanz-Mengibar Jose Manuel , Menendez-Pardiñas Monica , Santonja-Medina Fernando
Published: September 2021

Vojta therapy has been reported as clinically beneficial for strength, movement and gross motor activities in individual cases and is being included within the second of three levels of evidence in interventions for cerebral palsy. The goal of this study is to understand the effect of Vojta therapy on the gross motor function. Our clinical trial followed a one group, pre-post design to quantify rates of changes in GMFM-88 after a two-months period undergoing Vojta therapy. A total of 16 patients were recruited. Post-intervention acceleration rates of GMFM-88-items acquisition (0.005; p<0.001) and Locomotor Stages (1.063; p<0.0001) increased significatively following Vojta the­rapy intervention. In this study, Vojta therapy has shown to accelerate the acquisition of GMFM-88-items and Loco­motor Stages in children with cerebral palsy younger than 18 months. Because functional training was not utilised, and other non-Vojta therapy intervention did not influence the outcome, Vojta therapy seems to activate the postural control required to achieve uncompleted GMFM-88-items.
Wnt pathway markers in low-grade and high-grade gliomas
Authors: Nagy Ádám , Tompa Márton , Krabóth Zoltán , Garzuly Ferenc , Maráczi Alexandra , Kálmán Bernadette
Published: September 2021

Aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway contributes to differentiation and maintenance of cancer stem cells underlying gliomagenesis. The aim of our research was to determine as to what degrees some Wnt markers are expressed in gliomas of different grades, lineages and molecular subtypes. Nine grade II, 10 grade III and 72 grade IV surgically removed, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded glioma specimens were included. Mutation status of IDH1 codon 132 was defined by immunohistochemistry and pyrosequencing in all tumors. Grade II and III astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors were further tested for the expression of p53 and ATRX by immunohistochemistry, and codeletion of 1p19q by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Expression levels of the non-canonical Wnt5a and Fzd2, and the canonical Wnt3a and beta-catenin Wnt pathway markers were determined by immunohistochemistry, and compared between subgroups stratified according to grade, lineage and the presence or absence of IDH1 R132H/C mutations. In the normal brain – grade II-IV glioma comparisons, a gradual increase was observed for the expressions of Wnt5a, Wnt3a, Fzd2 and beta-catenin. In the astroglial and oligodendroglial lineages of grade II and III gliomas, only the Wnt5a expression was significantly higher in the astroglial subgroup. Stratification according to the IDH1 status resulted in a significant increase of the Wnt3 expression in the wild type grade II-IV gliomas. These data extend previous observations and show a correlation of Wnt pathway activity with glioma grade. Further investigations of the Wnt marker expression regulation according to glioma lineage or IDH gene mutational status are in progress by using more exact molecular approaches.
Hepatic dysfunction in asphyxiated neonates: a prospective case: control study
Authors: Prasad Rajiv , Vaghela Vibhuti , Iyer Radhika , Verma Siddharth , Anadkat Jigar
Published: September 2021

Background: Birth asphyxia can lead to hypoxic damage to liver at cellular level which leads to release of liver enzymes in blood as well as altered liver function. This study aimed to study the alteration of hepatic function in birth asphyxia and correlate it with different stages of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).Method: A case control study was conducted at SMIMER Surat which involved 115 cases and 115 controls. Cases were full term neonates admitted in the NICU with an APGAR score of 6 or less at 1 minute of birth while controls were those neonates with an APGAR score of 7 or more. Blood samples were taken at 72 hours of life and liver function tests of the 2 groups were compared.Results: The difference in aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels of the cases and controls were statistically significant (p<0.05). However, difference in total protein and total bilirubin in between the 2 groups was statistically insignificant. The study also found that the difference in AST, ALT and LDH was statistically significant between HIE stage 1 and stage 2 (p<0.5), between HIE stage 1 and stage 3 (p<0.5) but insignificant between HIE stage 2 and stage 3 (p>0.5).Conclusions: The present study showed that the serum levels of hepatic enzymes were higher in full term neonates with perinatal asphyxia than full term neonates without perinatal asphyxia at the age of 72 hours. The enzyme levels showed an increasing trend with increasing severity of HIE.
Clinical and hematological profile of anemia in children aged 6 months to 12 years at tertiary care hospital in central India
Authors: Choudhary Priyanka , Kumar Saurabh , Ambhore Jaishree
Published: September 2021

Background: Anemia is a major global health problem. It results in significant morbidity and mortality among children.Methods: It is a retrospective study carried out with the help of medical records of Chirayu Medical College and Hospital Bhopal, from January 2017 to December 2019. Total number of 138 cases were taken in study as per inclusion criteria. Anemia was diagnosed on the basis of hemoglobin level and age of presentation. Anemia was classified into different types as per different hematological parameters and other relevant investigations.Results: Out of 138 children, 96 were found to be anemic. Majority of children were of age group 1 year to 5 years. There was male preponderance. It was found that 57% of children were anemic due to iron deficiency anemia, 16% were having thalassemia, 11% were having megaloblastic anemia, 5% with sickle cell anemia and 2% with aplastic anemia.Conclusions: Iron deficiency anemia is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Anemia control is a global priority. Strategies to combat anemia by forging public private partnership, iron supplementation program, iron fortification of food items (point of care and at the level of manufacturing) and dissemination of awareness regarding anemia and treatment should be implemented. Special care should be taken to diagnose and counsel other major causes of anemia like thalassemia depending on the endemicity.
Modified Intra-alveolar appliance — Case report
Authors: Aeran Himanshu , Tuli Avantika , Chauhan Akriti
Published: September 2021

Arch space/ Tooth size discrepancy occurs whenever there is a early loss of the deciduous molars which eventually leads to malocclusion. Prevention of this discrepancy has always been a challenge for a pediatric dentist. This case report describes modified bilateral distal shoe appliance fabricated due to inadequate abutment support.
Furcal perforation repair using MTA — A clinical case series
Authors: Kaur Avineet , Dodwad Reshma , Raghu K. N. , Kaslekar Mithun J , Shetty Vikram , Antony Alwin , Salma Ummey
Published: September 2021

The success of any endodontics therapy depends on, the diagnosis, treatment planning, access cavity preparation, maintenance and shaping following the canal obturation. Access is the initial and mainly crucial point of root canal treatment. For a good endodontic results well-designed access preparation is required. Perforations are a possible complication during root canal treatment. An assortment of materials including, calcium hydroxide, amalgam, glass ionomer, zinc oxide–eugenol and resin modified GI are being used for perforations. The idyllic material for treating perforations should be radiopaque and nonabsorbable. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with distinctiveness are as with high-quality outcomes in repair perforations. The idea of this case series is to explain the handling of furcal perforation.
“Soñadores y quijotes”: la faceta internacional del proyecto revolucionario guatemalteco (1944-1951)
Authors: Véliz Estrada Rodrigo
Published: September 2021

Este artículo examina la agenda de la diplomacia guatemalteca desde la segunda guerra mundial hasta el inicio de la guerra fría. Argumenta que la estrategia que derivó de esta agenda permite observar las herencias de las disputas geopolíticas en América Central, la posición de los guatemaltecos frente a este escenario heredado y la capacidad de maniobra de su diplomacia. El trabajo es un primer esfuerzo por observar la política exterior de la primera parte del periodo revolucionario guatemalteco en su conjunto, con el fin de llenar agujeros que ayuden a complementar el sobrepeso de la historiografía en la intervención estadunidense de 1954. Se basa en nuevos repositorios guatemaltecos complementados con archivos consulares en París y archivos diplomáticos de Londres, Washington y Ciudad de México.
Association of peripheral anterior synechia, intraocular pressure, and glaucomatous optic neuropathy in primary angle-closure diseases
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China, Zhang Ming , Ye Cong ,   Glaucoma Institute, Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China, Fan Su-Jie ,   Handan Eye Hospital, Handan 056001, Hebei Province, China, Liang Yuan-Bo ,   Glaucoma Institute, Eye Hospital, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China, Wang Ning-Li ,   Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
Published: September 2021

AIM: To investigate the association of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) with intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) in primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).
METHODS: Totally 355 eyes (238 PAC and 117 PACG) of 181 patients were included in this retrospective analysis of baseline data from a randomized clinical trial. All patients had undergone a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. The extent of PAS in clock hours as determined on gonioscopy was documented. The independent effect of the extent of PAS on IOP and the prevalence of GON were determined using multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) models.
RESULTS: The frequency of GON increased with the extent of PAS and a higher IOP. PAS were more extensive (8 vs 1 clock hour, P<0.001) and IOP higher (28.01 vs 18.00 mm Hg, P<0.001) in PACG compared to PAC. The prevalence of GON among the PAS quartiles were 10.2% (PAS<0.5 clock hours), 16.9% (PAS≥0.5 and PAS<3 clock hours), 29.6% (PAS≥3 and PAS<7 clock hours), and 74.4% (PAS≥7 clock hours), respectively. After adjusting for IOP, age, gender, spherical equivalent, average Shaffer score and number of medications, the odds ratio (OR) for GON was 4.4 (95%CI: 1.5-13.0; P=0.007) with PAS≥3 clock hours and 13.8 (95%CI: 4.3-43.6; P<0.001) with PAS≥7 clock hours as compared to eyes with PAS<0.5 clock hours. The frequency of GON increased linearly with the extent of PAS. Extent of PAS was also associated with higher IOP. Eyes with both PAS≥6 clock hours and IOP≥21 mm Hg had the highest risk of GON compared to eyes with both PAS<6 clock hours and IOP<21 mm Hg (OR=18.0, 95%CI: 7.5-43.4; P<0.001).
CONCLUSION: The extent of PAS in PAC and PACG is an important predictor of higher IOP and is linearly associated with GON independent of IOP, suggesting other factors related to PAS formation may be involved in the development of GON in PACG.
Efficacy and safety of newly developed preservative-free latanoprost 0.005% eye drops versus preserved latanoprost 0.005% in open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: 12-week results of a randomized, multicenter, controlled phase III trial
Authors:   Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea, Kim Joon Mo , Lee Ji Woong ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University Medical School, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea, Kyung Haksu ,   Department of Ophthalmology, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea, Rho Seungsoo ,   Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea, Kim Chan Yun ,   Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
Published: September 2021

AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, safety and tolerability of newly developed preservative-free (PF) latanoprost generic [TJO-002] and compare it with benzalkonium chloride (BAK)-preserved latanoprost [Xalatan®] in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT).
METHODS: Included patients were aged ≥19y with POAG/OHT. After a washout period, patients with IOP 21-35 mm Hg at 9 a.m. were enrolled. After a full ophthalmic and glaucoma examination, 144 patients with POAG and OHT participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned either PF latanoprost (74 eyes) or BAK-preserved latanoprost (70 eyes). All subjects were examined at 4, 8, and 12wk after first administration. At each follow-up visit, IOP was measured at 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. and compliance was assessed. Throughout the study, all adverse events were recorded and monitored by the masked investigators who measured IOP.
RESULTS: Both groups showed a statistically significant decrease of average diurnal IOP at 12wk compared to baseline (-7.21±3.10 mm Hg in the PF latanoprost group and -7.02±3.17 mm Hg in the BAK latanoprost group, both P<0.0001). There was no statistically significant diurnal IOP variation between the groups. In terms of tolerability, pruritus, burning/stinging, and sticky eye sensation, severity was significantly lower in the PF latanoprost group than in the BAK latanoprost group (P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: PF latanoprost has at least similar efficacy in terms of IOP reduction and better tolerability compared with BAK latanoprost.