bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catchment management modeling: From headwaters to the coasts
Authors: Lye Koh Hock , Ling Lee Hooi
Published: June 2006

This paper presents a brief exposition of methodology and approaches in water quality management and simulation analysis for three study areas with distinct features varying in size from 40 to 122,000 hectares (ha) in Malaysia. It shows how water quality management simulations contribute towards management and operational decisions regarding three separate issues; namely the banning of logging in water catchment areas, the sustainable development of a township, and the efficient operation of a reservoir. Three distinct numerical simulation models, one for each case, were used to provide relevant water quality predictions pertinent to the three distinct studies essential to management decisions.
Biochemical and molecular indicators in aquatic ecosystems: Current status and further applications in Malaysia
Authors: Tan S. G. , Yap C. K.
Published: June 2006

Malaysia's aquatic ecosystems contribute 1.6% of her gross domestic product and provide employment to about 100,000 people. They are sources of a significant proportion of the nation's food supply, mainly by marine capture fisheries; but aquaculture, both marine and freshwater is becoming increasingly important. Hence, characterization of the species diversity of Malaysian biological resources (bioresources) is of paramount importance. One of the key components in any biodiversity investigation is elucidation of the population genetic structure of the species being studied, as it is an indication of the status of the species within the ecosystem. It is here that biochemical protein level and molecular DNA level indicators play crucial roles. Thus far, the studies that had been done in Malaysia using such biochemical and molecular markers were mainly on freshwater aquatic species that are important to aquaculture such as the catfish, Mystus nemurus and Clarias macrocephalus, and tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and O. mossambicus, and the prawns Penaeus monodon and P. merguiensis. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite markers had been used to study two species of marine turtles that nest on Malaysia's pristine beaches, the hawk's bill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata and the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. However, none of the top ten marine fish species endemic in this country had been studied yet. A start had been made to study the genetic structure of the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, with a view to using it as a biomonitoring agent of environmental pollution. An association was found between increased heterozygosity level for allozyme loci and heavy metal pollution index in this species. This paper discusses these findings and makes suggestions for the use of biochemical and molecular markers as potential biomonitoring agents of pollution levels in future ecotoxicological studies of Malaysia's aquatic ecosystems.
Riverine fish and fisheries in Malaysia: An ignored resource
Authors: Abdul Salam Muhamad Nasir , Gopinath N.
Published: June 2006

There is an urgent need to manage and conserve riverine fish resources in Malaysia. These resources have largely been ignored, but are an important source of both income and food. Having particularly diverse fish fauna in rivers provides the basis for a fishery, and it has been estimated that there are over 300 species of freshwater fish dwelling in the many riverine ecosystems of Malaysia.

The fishing industry has generated a substantial income in Malaysia, and although the number of anglers visiting riverine habitats is still vague, it has been estimated that most fishermen in Malaysia are freshwater anglers. Consumption of these freshwater fish in inland rural areas is widespread.

There is thus a need to protect the fishery resources and fishery-related habitats, and at the same time promote the enjoyment of fishing as a recreational activity. This paper aims to identify the riverine fish ecosystems in Malaysia, as well as to suggest achievable management and conservation plans in order to preserve this valuable resource.
Challenges of global environmental issues on ecosystem management in Malaysia
Authors: Hassan Mohd Nasir , Awang Muhamad , Jaafar Abu Bakar
Published: June 2006

Environmental problems and their management, particularly when related to urban ecosystems, are becoming increasingly challenging. The end-of-pipe method which has been practiced in the past, and is manifested in our laws and regulations, has gradually changed towards a more pro-active approach. Industries now recognize that environmental management and pollution control are no longer liabilities, but rather opportunities to increase their competitiveness. The general public is increasingly aware of the fact that they have to pay more for management of the environment that is based on the end-of-pipe approach. International agencies and industries world-wide are responding positively with a new paradigm shift towards proactive environmental management through voluntary initiatives. The most challenging task in Malaysia however, is to convince the small and medium scale enterprises to shift from the old to the new management system. While local government agencies remain the key players in the management of urban ecosystems, they still lack human resources and the capacity to handle new challenges. This paper discusses new initiatives towards achieving sustainable urban ecosystem management. It highlights the tools and approaches that are being used as alternatives to the existing end-of-pipe approaches. These tools include, eco-management, wastes minimization, ISO 14000 standardization, design for environment, eco-labeling, life cycle assessment and industrial ecology.
Root invariants in the Adams spectral sequence
Authors: Behrens Mark
Published: June 2006

Let

E
E

be a ring spectrum for which the

E
E

-Adams spectral sequence converges. We define a variant of Mahowald’s root invariant called the ‘filtered root invariant’ which takes values in the

E
1

E_1

term of the

E
E

-Adams spectral sequence. The main theorems of this paper are concerned with when these filtered root invariants detect the actual root invariant, and explain a relationship between filtered root invariants and differentials and compositions in the

E
E

-Adams spectral sequence. These theorems are compared to some known computations of root invariants at the prime

2
2

. We use the filtered root invariants to compute some low-dimensional root invariants of

v
1

v_1

-periodic elements at the prime

3
3

. We also compute the root invariants of some infinite

v
1

v_1

-periodic families of elements at the prime

3
3

.
Frankel’s theorem in the symplectic category
Authors: Kim Min
Published: June 2006

We prove that if an

(
n
−
1
)

(n-1)

-dimensional torus acts symplectically on a

2
n

2n

-dimensional symplectic manifold, then the action has a fixed point if and only if the action is Hamiltonian. One may regard it as a symplectic version of Frankel’s theorem which says that a Kähler circle action has a fixed point if and only if it is Hamiltonian. The case of

n
=
2

n=2

is the well-known theorem by McDuff.
Stirring the Frequentist Pot with a Dash of Bayes
Authors: Bennett Andrew
Published: June 2006

Rethinking Social Inquiry (RSI) is a key turning point in a long arc of development and contestation within and between qualitative and quantitative research methods in the social sciences. It builds on and further advances three important trends in these research methods: a renaissance in qualitative methods in the last decade, the continuing refinement of statistical and formal methods, and a nascent convergence of methodologists of all kinds behind a more pluralistic vision of methodology that includes growing interest in multimethod work. RSI achieves these contributions not just substantively but symbolically, bringing together leading methodologists in the quantitative and qualitative traditions, most notably the editors themselves, to address the tough issue of what would constitute shared standards for good research regardless of method. Although much of the initial commentary on RSI will no doubt focus on its critiques of Designing Social Inquiry, I suspect that in the long run the subtitle of RSI (“Diverse Tools, Shared Standards”) better captures what will be its lasting contribution to the social sciences.
Inactivation of Rho GTPases by p190 RhoGAP reduces human pancreatic cancer cell invasion and metastasis
Authors: Kusama Toshiyuki , Mukai Mutsuko , Endo Hiroko , Ishikawa Osamu , Tatsuta Masaharu , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Inoue Masahiro
Published: June 2006

A number of small GTPases are involved in cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, acting as molecular switches that cycle between GTP‐ and GDP‐bound states. GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs) have been established as a major class of negative regulators of Rho GTPase signaling. To investigate the biological function of p190 RhoGAP toward RhoA in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, we generated a chimera made of the RhoGAP domain of p190 and the C‐terminus of RhoA (p190‐RhoA chimera), and transfected it into human pancreatic cancer cells, AsPC‐1. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐induced activation of RhoA, as well as RhoB and RhoC, to a lesser extent, was significantly inhibited in p190‐RhoA chimera‐transfected AsPC‐1 cells compared with that of control cells (mock‐infected), when assessed by pull‐down assay for GTP‐bound RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC, respectively. EGF‐induced invasion of p190‐RhoA chimera transfectants was significantly inhibited compared with that of mock‐infected cells in a modified Boyden chamber assay. Furthermore, the mice injected intrasplenically with AsPC‐1 cells that overexpressed the p190‐RhoA chimera had a marked reduction in the number and size of metastatic nodules in the liver. These data suggest that the inhibitory action of p190 RhoGAP toward RhoA offers a novel approach to the treatment of invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 848–853)
Triclads (Turbellaria: Tricladida) as predators of lake‐dwelling stonefly and mayfly nymphs
Authors: REYNOLDSON T. B. , BELLAMY PATRICIA
Published: June 2006

It has been demonstrated by using a serological technique that Polycelis nigra (Müller) and P. tennis (Tjima) feed on mayfly and stonefly nymphs in unproductive lakes. Such feeding is less in productive lakes where these insects form a smaller proportion of the invertebrate fauna of the stony littoral zone. These nymphs form a significantly larger part of the diet of P. nigra than of P. tenuis; both triclad species feed more on stoneflies than mayflies.
Interrelations of photosynthetic behaviour and buoyancy regulation in a natural population of a blue‐green alga
Authors: REYNOLDS C. S.
Published: June 2006

The photosynthetic activity of Anabaena cirdnalis and associated changes in buoyancy were determined from prepared suspensions exposed in the natural light field of Crose Mere. The observations are related to variations in subsurface irradiance and temperature. Parallel experiments, aimed at trapping algal colonies undertaking controlled vertical movements within the lake system, are also described. Buoyancy loss and downward migration are clearly associated with specific photosynthetic rates: rates as low as 1.8 mg O2 (mg chlorophyll a) h−1 are shown to be sufficient to effect buoyancy loss, while movements in the lake tend towards a depth where rates of 5–7 mg O2 (mg chlorophyll a)−1 h−1 are possible. These rates are significantly less than those possible at light saturation. The effect of increasing temperature is to depress the population in the light‐gradient. The significance of this response is discussed in relation to the growth of natural populations of blue‐green algae.
Occurrence of tomato spotted wilt and cucumber mosaic viruses in field‐grown tomato crops and associated weeds in northeastern Spain
Authors: LAVIÑA A. , ARAMBURU J. , MORIONES E
Published: June 2006

The occurrence of cucumber mosaic (CMV) and tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) viruses in the main vegetable producing regions of northeastern Spain was studied during the growing seasons of 1992 and 1993. by sampling in July and September. Both viruses were found widely distributed in field tomato crops and surrounding weeds. Coastal areas were the most affected by both CMV and TSWV, whereas inland TSWV was nearly absent. Higher levels of infection were found in autumn for TSWV in tomato crops and weeds, and for CMV in tomatoes. From the 51 weed species of 19 families collected. 25 species were found infected with CMV and 15 with TSWV. Among them, Convolvulus arvensis. Malva sylvestris, and Sonchus tenerrimus could be of special importance as local reservoirs; commonly associated with tomato crops. they were infected quite frequently with CMV and/or TSWV and being perennial, could maintain the viruses between cropping seasons.
The effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the length of the incubation period of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)
Authors: XU X‐M.
Published: June 2006

The effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the incubation period of apple powdery mildew, caused byPodosphaera leucotricha, were studied. At constant temperatures, incubation periods ranged from 3 to 12 days over temperatures 8°C–30°C, and no visible lesions developed at 32°C. A nonlinear model was developed to describe the relationship between temperature and the rate of mildew colony development. The resulting curve is bell‐shaped with an optimum temperature at about 23°C. When this model was used to predict mildew development under fluctuating temperatures at an integration step of 48 min, however, it consistently overestimated development rate for fluctuating periods with average temperatures higher than 20°C. A nonlinear model was also fitted directly to the fluctuating temperature data, thus taking into account the nonlinear effect. The overestimation of development rate by the constant model for high temperatures was confirmed when the two models were compared. This overestimation probably resulted from differences in the levels of relative humidity between constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. Possible practical use of the model is discussed.
The ability of Phytophthora cinnamomi to infect through unwounded and wounded periderm tissue of Eucalyptus matginata
Authors: O'GARA E. , HARDY G. E. ST. J. , McCOMB J. A.
Published: June 2006

Unwounded and wounded periderm tissue of 1‐year old stems of Eucalyptus marginata were infected and lesioned after 5 days’exposure to either mycelium or motile zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Lesions produced by P. cinnamomi were longer in wounded than in unwounded stems. The inclusion of non‐sterile mine site soil with inocula in the unwounded treatments did not affect the rate or extent to which P. cinnamomi colonized E. marginata stem tissue. The ability of P. cinnamomi zoospores to infect unwounded suberized woody tissue of E. marginata, has important implications for mine site rehabilitation in P. cinnamomi infested areas. This is the first study to demonstrate clearly that zoospores of P. cinnamomi can infect and invade unwounded suberized tissue.
THE FREE ENERGY OF THE FORMATION OF DOLOMITE FROM ITS CARBONATE COMPONENTS
Authors: HALLA F.
Published: June 2006

Three methods for the determination of the free energy A F, of the reaction,

image

are discussed: the method of two triple points, that of combining solubility products and that of combining dissociation pressure curves.

The first method, although thermodynamically well founded, fails by irreversibility, and by the third method data of sufficient accuracy are unlikely.

The solubility products (L) necessary for the second method may be derived either from solubility or from pH measurements, the results being in good agreement. For dolomite, L25D= (1.26 ± 0.24) · 10‐17 is the average of values from the experiments described in this paper and these of Kramer (1959). The mean value obtained from the solubility and the pH data is Δ F1°= 1720 ± 280 cal.; for LM25 the two values 3.43 · 1.3 · and 1.3 · 10‐7 have been found in both ways.
THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES ON DOLOMITE FORMATION AND THEIR GEOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS: AN INTERIM REPORT
Authors: HALLA FRANZ , CHILINGAR GEORGE V. , BISSELL HAROLD J.
Published: June 2006

Many theories have been advanced for the origin of sedimentary dolomites. Yet some of these theories are chemically and thermodynamically unsound. The present paper is an interim report on the study of thermodynamics (and chemistry) of dolomite formation. It is hoped that this and other similar papers on chemistry and thermodynamics of dolomite formation will prevent the perpetuation of unsound and untenable theories in the geological literature.
A GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF THE FACIES MODEL OF SALT MARSH DEPOSITS
Authors: BOUMA A. H.
Published: June 2006

Salt marsh deposits are developed along many tidal flat areas, lagoons, bays, etc. They are characterized by small thickness, special sedimentary structures, high organic content, growth of phanerogamous halophytes, and often by scarcity or absence of microfauna. A graphical representation of a section at Ameland (The Netherlands) is given, as well as radiographs of a sandy (Ameland) and a clayey (California) marsh sample. Little structural difference exists between the two.
SEDIMENTOLOGY OF GULLIVAN BAY AND VICINITY, FLORIDA1
Authors: HOLMES CHARLES W. , EVANS RICHARD G.
Published: June 2006

On the southwest coast of Florida a shoreline reentrant t Cape Roma D forms Greater Gullivan Bay. Evidence is available which suggests that the reentrant may be structurally controlled. The bay lies between the Cape Romano shoals to the north and the irregular, low energy, mangrove ridge shorelinz of the Ten Thousand Islands to the southeast.

Two main currents affect the area. One, the longshore current from the north, enters the bay through the shoals, whereas the other, a tidal current, enters from the south, proceeds through the mangrove island archipelago and sweeps down the bay and back out to the open Gulf.

Regionally the sediment becomes coarser seaward, a reflection of the fine material of the mangrove island shoreline and of the coarse shell material on the shelf beyond the shoals. In specific parts of the area such as the bay, shoals, islands and shelf, size of the detritus is relatively constant. The mean grain size of the carbonate, however, is variable. Sorting of the bottom sediment is best over the shoals and in the bay indica‐ ting the location of the most effective currents.

Per cent carbonate is lower in the bay sediments than in any other part of the region. A similar situation exists for the organic matter. The average per cent of organic matter in the sediments is about the same as that 011 the shelf.

In the lee of the shoals, at the head of the bay and in the bays of the lagoonal chain current activity is low, and a mixed sediment of quartz sand, not whole shells, silt and clay appears to be accumulating. The lower bay, because of the turbulent ebbing of the tidal current, is, in general, receiving only quartz sand. Furthermore, the shoals appear to be moving shoreward.
MINERALOGIC AND CHEMICAL VARIATIONS BETWEEN UPPER CRETACEOUS CONTINENTAL BELLY RIVER SHALES AND MARINE WAPIABI SHALES IN WESTERN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: CAMPBELL F. A. , LERBEKMO J. F.
Published: June 2006

Nineteen shales from the continental Belly River Formation and sixteen shales from the marine Wapiabi Formation were studied by X‐ray diffraction and fluorescence methods. The diffraction data indicate that dolomite and Mite are present in signifi‐ cant amounts only in the Wapiabi. Feldspar and 12 Å and 14 Å clays are more abundant in the continental shales. The marine shales are enriched in K, Ca, Rb and Zr. The continental shales are higher than marine shales in Sr and Mn. The Rb/K is higher in the marine shales, the Sr/Ca is lower than in the continental shales.
ON THE ATECTONIC ORIGIN OF FOLDS IN LIMESTONE
Authors: GIDON PAUL , LINDSTRÖM MAURITS
Published: June 2006

In principle, sedimentary folding in Early Ordovician limestones in Sweden corres‐ ponds to the arching of a marble plaque on the wall of the “H6tel de Ville” of Cham‐ bery. This folding is due to dilatation within an unyielding frame by the swelling of a certain layer.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS‐STRATIFIED UNITS, FURTHER DISCUSSlON
Authors: ALLEN J. R. L.
Published: June 2006

The revision of terms under criterion 3 as proposed by CROOK (1965) is timely and should be accepted. Useful new terms are proposed to describe the three‐dimensional shape of cross‐strata, but there is as yet insufficient evidence for using cross‐stratal shape as a criterion for classification in a scheme in which morphological characters are selected for their known genetical significance. The proposed revision of criterion 5 is difficult to accept because it is not in accord with known cross‐stratification genesis.
ZEOLITES IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, WITH REFERENCE TO THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND ZONAL DISTRIBUTION
Authors: IIJIMA AZUMA , UTADA MINORU
Published: June 2006

The authors have studied alterations of Cenozoic and Mesozoic pyroclastic rocks of Japan, which contain several kinds of zeolites in abundance. This paper summarizes zeolites in sedimentary rocks, with reference to the depositional environments and zonal distribution, by a survey of the literature in addition to the authors’ data.

The zonal distribution of zeolites is recognized in buried sedimentary rocks as follows:

image

The zeolites in syngenetic or early diagenetic origin depend strongly upon a specific sedimentary environment. Phillipsite occurs largely in pelagic sediments of the younger geologic age. Analcime is found in saline‐lake and terrestrial sediments in a warm, rather arid region, frequently associated with phillipsite, chabazite and natrolite. The zeolites are not influenced by the sedimentary environments but depend upon the depth of burial, i.e., increasing temperature and pressure. Most of clinop‐ tilolite, mordenite and erionite, forming at a relatively shallow depth, occur only as an alteration product of acidic to intermediate volcanic glass and cement of the post‐ Jurassic pyroclastic rocks. Laumontite, forming at a greater depth, on the other hand, is widely distributed in the pre‐Pliocene various sedimentary rocks.
SIZE DIFFERENTIATION IN A CROSS‐STRATIFIED UNIT
Authors: BASUMALLICK SUDHIR
Published: June 2006

Careful sampling of the constituent laminae of cross‐stratified units and their subsequent mechanical analyses have revealed a rhythmic pattern of size differentiation. The cross‐strata have been analysed in terms of our existing knowledge of the mechanics of layering in granular sediments. The concept of “elementary rhythm‐unit” has been introduced and the genesis of a cross‐stratified unit has been reviewed in terms of the growth and interplay of the elementary rhythm‐unit.
THE BOOMING SAND OF KORIZO, SAHARA, AND THE SQUEAKING SAND OF GOWER, S. WALES: A COMPARISON OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO MUSICAL SANDS
Authors: HUMPHRIES D. W.
Published: June 2006

The occurrence of the rare phenomena of a booming sand is recorded and an account given of its behaviour in the field. Its sedimentological properties are compared with those of a squeaking sand from the seashore. Both sands are moderately to wellsorted, and show similar roundness and sphericity. The desert sand is silent, whereas the seashore sand can be made to emit a noise in the laboratory. The marked distinction between the sands lies in the mechanical analyses based on the number frequency of grains, rather than on the weight frequency. A “body‐centred cubic” packing has been proposed for the desert sand and a “rhombic” packing for the seashore. Shear‐box tests on the disturbed sands appear to support the hypothesis of two different modes of packing. The source of the characteristic booming sound is discussed, but it is suggested that an explanation is more likely to be forthcoming from field investigation than from small‐scale laboratory studies.
FLUVIATILE RUN‐OFF AS A FACTOR IN THE PRIMARY DISPERSAL OF SUBMARINE GRAVELS IN FOVEAUX STRAIT, NEW ZEALAND
Authors: CULLEN DAVID J.
Published: June 2006

Dispersal patterns, based upon the frequency distribution of rock types in the submarine gravels of Foveaux Strait, indicate a connection between the gravels and the present terrestrial drainage systems to the north and south of the Strait. It is inferred that the submarine gravels were initially deposited as fluviatile sediments during a former period of low sea‐level. It is further suggested that the significant factor regulating the proportions of the various rock types was not distance from the periphery of the present marine environment or the proximity or relief of the source areas. More important were the actual sizes of the water catchment and source areas on opposite sides of the Strait.
NON‐GREYWACKE “TURBIDITE” SANDSTONES IN THE WELSH GEOSYNCLINE
Authors: OKADA HAKUYU
Published: June 2006

In contrast with the commonly accepted notion regarding ancient turbidites, non‐greywacke sandstones are not uncommon in the typically graded turbidite facies of the Cambrian and Silurian sediments in north Wales. The sandstones are the arkosic and lithic types of PETTIJOHN (1957) or the feldspathic and lithic arenites of GILBERT (1954) and occur at the bottom of graded beds when the grain size tends to be above medium grade. Petrological features suggest that debris forming the sandstones in north Wales was not significantly modified during transportation and original provenance characters are well preserved.

The occurrence of such sandstones implies that: (1) the current concept of ancient graded greywackes in the turbidite facies should be revised; (2) non‐greywacke sandstones in ancient turbidites are comparable in petrological features to recent deep‐sea sands; (3) these sandstones are important in connection with the origin of the clay matrix in greywacke.
FORMULATION AND USE OF FLUORESCENT TRACER COATINGS IN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT STUDIES
Authors: YASSO WARREN E.
Published: June 2006

Commercially available, daylight and near‐ultraviolet fluorescent, colored dyes can be used in long‐ or short‐lived surface coatings on coarse sediments. Such tracer coatings make possible day‐ or nighttime visual and quantitative determination of river or beach sediment transport. Testing of five commercial coatings led to formulation of two additional coatings. A wide selection of dye colors is available for use in four coating mixtures. All coatings are insoluble in fresh or saline water. Single‐application coating thicknesses range between 0.0003 and 0.0024 inches. Still air drying time at room temperature for separated particles varies from 40 seconds to 14 minutes depending on coating mixture used. Volume production of marked particles in the field is possible.

Extensive sediment sampling in particle transport studies possibly may be eliminated by measuring visible light emission from coated particles under nearultraviolet excitation. A battery operated, portable photometer was assembled from a light cell, linear amplifier, and metering circuit. Laboratory calibration indicates that 5% differences in areal concentration of marked particles at given sampling locations can be determined.

Color coded sizes of fluorescent sand and gravel were used in a test of foreshore sediment transport pattern over a single tidal cycle. Initial trajectory (minimum transport angle) of particles moved by beach drifting is approximately equal to deep water angle of wave approach relative to the shoreline. Angular magnitude of the dispersion zone for each group of particles seems to be a function of particle size and point of introduction on the foreshore. Minimum average transport velocity of particles was 0.42 ft./min under test conditions.
PROTOINTRACLASTS: TEXTURE OF SOME WERFENIAN (LOWER TRIASSIC) LIMESTONES OF THE DOLOMITES (NORTHEASTERN ITALY)
Authors: BOSELLINI A.
Published: June 2006

Petrographic examination of some Werfenian limestones of the Dolomite region in northeastern Italy has revealed these iimestones to show an unusual granular texture. This texture seems to have originated during an early resedimentation attempt when the sediments in which they occur were still water impregnated. Because these “pseudo‐grains” never existed as free clastic entities but yet recall intraclastic grains they are defined as protointruclusts and the rock asprotointruclastic micrite.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THIN‐SECTIONING CLAYS
Authors: WEST IAN M.
Published: June 2006

Thin‐sections of clays can be produced very rapidly and without impregnating by smoothing a face on dry glass plates, mounting the chip on “Araldite” adhesive and finally washing off the clay. A thin film of clay is preserved with larger mineral grains held firmly in place. This is suitable for wet staining techniques or for covering with Canada balsam.
A SIMPLE MODEL OF A DIAGENETIC SYSTEM
Authors: SMALLEY I. J.
Published: June 2006

At the moment of deposition an ideal sediment has certain topological properties. The diagenetic process is driven by the reduction of surface area and this process is considered in relation to the topological properties. The connectivity and genus increase as cementation occurs and in some systems may decrease again. Relations between genus, density, depth of burial and time are considered for a sand‐sandstone system.
DIE SALINITÄTSFAZIES VON KEUPERSEDIMENTEN AUFGRUND VON BORGEHALTSBESTIMMUNGEN
Authors: HELING D.
Published: June 2006

The salinity facies of the Keuper sediments on the basis of the determination of boron content

The boron concentration of illites from sediments of the German Keuper Basin has been investigated in order to define palaeosalinity. The regional boron distribution of the Schilfsandstein and Lettenkeupersandstein Formations which have been sedimented in great lateral uniformity plainly corresponds with the current directions evaluated from cross‐bedding measurements. Short‐time variations of palaeosalinity during the Gipskeuper Formation have no effect on boron concentration, thus confirming the laboratory experiments of the installation of boron in illites which indicated that considerable time is required for establishing the boron‐ illite equilibrium. The present investigations show that boron in illites can be success‐ fully applied to regional problems provided that close consideration is given to the mineralogical composition of the sediment.
PHOTOGRAPHIC BEACH MEASUREMENTS
Authors: DOLAN ROBERT
Published: June 2006

An automated photographic method is described for recording short‐interval changes in sand levels on a natural beach. Results of photographic technique are compared with profiles obtained by conventional surveying methods. Lapse‐time photography offers a wide range of possibilities for accurate and efficient beach measurements when information in large amounts is required.
FORTRAN PROGRAMME FOR THE ANALYSIS AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF GEOLOGICAL DATA
Authors: DAVIES DAVID K. , BEVAN JACQUELINE M.
Published: June 2006

Computers are being used increasingly for the analysis of quantitative geological data. An outline is given of the advantages of contemporaneously using both computer and a connected automatic plotter. It is suggested that the quality of the automatic plotter output is such as to preclude the services of a draftsman in the preparation of many graphics for publication.
SIGNIFICATION DES ÉTUDES RÉCENTES SUR LES ROCHES ARGILEUSES DANS L'INTERPRÉTATION DES FACIES SEDIMENTAIRES (Y COMPRIS LES SÉRIES ROUGES)
Authors: MILLOT GEORGES
Published: June 2006

The significance of recent studies on the argillaceous rocks in the interpretation of sedimentary facies (including the red beds)

Attapulgite and sepiolite are clay minerals, neoformed in the alkaline chemical facies. The ions, Si, Al, Mg, which are necessary for authigenesis, are leached from the continent under humid tropical conditions. Lateritic profiles originate only on the continents. If erosion begins again, the siderolithic facies, which contains a great proportion of inherited kaolinite, succeeds the alkaline chemical facies. These two facies are mutually connected in space and time.

The “red‐sandstone” facies consists of a reworking of altered rubidied sands, which originate in warm climates with alternating humid and dry seasons. It is the maintenance of erosion by living tectonics which determines the intensity of the alteration. The “bituminous‐coal” facies corresponds to conditions which are analagous to the previous periods, but more humid, with more intense subsidence and a higher general base level of erosion. Bituminous‐coal facies and red‐sandstone facies are characterized by the predominance of illite and are connected in time.

In the geochemical cycle, detrital argillaceous series succeed the carbonated and saliferous facies. Under certain conditions, these chemical facies indue a positive transformation, i.e., aggradation under the influence of the confined environment.

Thus, the detrital, transformed or neoformed clay minerals can be used as palaeogeographical or palaeoclimatical indicators
SPACE PHOTOGRAPHY: A NEW ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR THE SEDIMENTOLOGIST
Authors: WOBBER FRANK J.
Published: June 2006

Geologists increasingly concerned with detailed laboratory analyses at times overlook space‐age techniques that promise the collection of valuable sedimentological data. Orbital remote sensing, and particularly space photography, can provide synoptic environmental data for geoscientists including those familiar with applying aerial photography to the analysis of sedimentary environments. Color space photographs obtained incident to the Gemini Program provide unique tools for analyzing sedimentary environments and processes and provide data that cannot be duplicated by conventional aerial photographic techniques. The principal advantages of orbital geoscience data collection include frequency of coverage leading to environmental analysis within the full spectrum of seasonal contrasts, and opportunities for environmental syntheses by synoptic observations. Gemini space photography is an available source of semi‐quantitative data concerning changing environmental phenomena and mechanisms of sediment distribution. It also enables the survey and inventory of global sedimentary landforms. With the application of advanced sensors, increased system resolution, and repetitious photographic coverage, speedier and more reliable quantitative sedimentological analyses can be performed.
A SEMIAUTOMATIC MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER UTILIZING THE VICKERS IMAGE SPLITTING EYEPIECE1
Authors: SCHUBEL J. R. , SCHIEMER E. W.
Published: June 2006

Microscopic size analysis is the most direct of all size analysis procedures and is frequently used as a calibration technique for other methods. The commonly used microscopic procedures, however, are laborious and the results are frequently inaccurate because of the small number of particles measured by most investigators. Using the Vickers Eyepiece, we have built an inexpensive (> $ 1,000), semiautomatic microscopic size analyzer with which particles are sized, sorted into sixteen classes, and counted, accurately and quickly. The instrument combines direct observation with speed, accuracy, and ease of measurement to make it a valuable tool for the size analysis of a wide range of materials.
KORNGRÖSSENANALYSE GROBKLASTISCHER SEDIMENTE MIT HILFE VON AUFSCHLUSS‐PHOTOGRAPHIEN
Authors: NEUMANN‐MAHLKAU PETER
Published: June 2006

Granulometric analysis of rudites on outcrop‐photographs

As it is impossible to determine the grain‐size distribution of well‐consolidated rudites by sieving, it has been attempted to use outcrop‐photographs for their granulometric analysis. In order to assess the accuracy of this photo‐method, nineteen samples of poorly consolidated rudites were subjected to analysis by both methods. It resulted that the two sets of data obtained could be correlated rather well, using a relatively simple formula.

Although some broader experimental work would still seem advisable, it became quite clear that the photo‐method is simpler as well as more accurate than the sieving method. It is therefore suggested to develop it as the standard method for granulometric studies of all rudites.
DAS KALZITGEFÜGE DER SPARITISCHEN KALKE DES PLASSEN (TITHONIUM, NÖRDLICHE KALKALPEN, OBERÖSTERREICH)
Authors: FENNINGER ALOIS
Published: June 2006

The sparitic Plassen Limestone (Tithonian, N.K.A., Upper Austria)

The sparitic Plassen Limestone (Tithonian, N.K.A., Upper Austria) shows various types of calcite‐fabric. We distinguish fibrous, fibrous‐drusy, and drusy cavity fillings. While the fibrous fabric can be interpreted as submarine precipitation soon after sedimentation, an explanation of the drusy calcites as submarine or subaerial precipitation remains an open question. There are, however, indications of subaerial influences. For the origin of the dismicrites an interpretation as shrinkage structures may be considered.
WHERE MOST GRAINS OF VERY COARSE SAND AND FINE GRAVEL ARE DEPOSITED
Authors: RUSSELL RICHARD J.
Published: June 2006

Although supplied to rivers, grains of about 1–6 mm diameters are notably deficient in fluvial deposits because they are more readily entrained and more rapidly transported than grains of larger or smaller size. Very coarse sand and fine gravel are rarely found in shallow‐water sediments for the same reason. Currents, mainly of wave origin, concentrate these grains in beaches, where they are present in more‐than‐ordinary abundance.
SUSPENDED LOAD IN THE RÍO DE LA PLATA DRAINAGE BASIN
Authors: DEPETRIS P. J. , GRIFFIN J. J.
Published: June 2006

The Río de la Plata Drainage Basin is the second largest in South America, with more than 75% of its discharge provided by the Paraná River and the remainder by the Uruguay River. Erosion rates, and silt‐ and clay‐size mineralogy indicate that most of the basin loads are provided by the mountainous environment‐type.
COMPOSITION OF MAGNESIAN CALCITES OF ALGAE AND PELECYPODS BY ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS1
Authors: MOBERLY RALPH
Published: June 2006

Electron microprobe analyses of skeletal carbonate structures in coralline algae and pelecypods show that the magnesian content of the calcite depends on skeletal growth rates. Growth rate is a function of certain variables, including water temperature, light, and physiological cycles. The Mg‐content of calcareous sediment from specific organisms is not, therefore, mainly dependent on water temperature, as is generally believed, but also on the other factors affecting growth.
EVOLUTION OF ZIRCONS IN SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS: A REPLY
Authors: SAXENA S. K.
Published: June 2006

In a discussion Kalsbeek (1967) suggests that my idea of an authigenic origin of zircons seems to be the result of mis‐identification of authigenic titaniferous minerals as zircon. Kalsbeek appears to have formed this opinion firstly because he sees all the crystals (Saxena, 1966a, plate IV) as zircons. I never mentioned this. Since 70% of the matrix in the sandstones consists of such aggregate, the very idea of having so much zircon in the rock would be fantastic and absurd.
DEPOSITION IN THE PROCESS OF HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT1
Authors: BAGNOLD R. A.
Published: June 2006

A simple theory is outlined, based on the conservation of energy, whereby such diverse processes as wind‐blown and river‐transported sediments, mud‐flows and sand avalanches can be brought together and explained in terms of the established concepts of general physics. It is shown that the mean rate of transport of sediment in turbulent suspension is determined by the whole size distribution of the transported sediment rather than by any arbitrarily defined mean size. This suggests that more detailed studies of the changes which occur in size distributions during the cycle of erosion transport and deposition would throw much‐needed light on the underlying processes.
THE ROLLABILITY APPARATUS
Authors: WINKELMOLEN A. M.
Published: June 2006

A new instrument to measure a functional‐shape property of sand grains is presented. This property, which is called “rollability”, is measured on the inside of a slightly inclined, revolving cylinder mantle. During the rolling shape segregation takes place and the time it takes the grains to emerge from the cylinder is a measure for their rollability.

The measurements are performed on 1/4–phi sieve fractions. Only very little material is needed for a measurement (30–200 mg) and the measurements last on the average 70 sec. Sizes between 88–700 μ are most suitable. Static electricity on quartz—the snag in most similar methods—is eliminated. The repeatability is 1% plus or minus. Since the measurement is completely automatized, personal bias is excluded.

This paper is meant to enable copying of the instrument,1 whereas methodology and results in regional applications have been treated elsewhere (WINKELMOLEN, 1969).
CONSOLIDATION AND SEDIMENTATION‐COMPRESSION STUDIES OF A CALCAREOUS CORE, EXUMA SOUND, BAHAMAS
Authors: MILLER DONALD G. , RICHARDS ADRIAN F.
Published: June 2006

SUMMARY

A comparison is made between the void ratio and pressure relationships resulting from a laboratory consolidation test and a sedimentation‐compression computation on a short core of calcareous mud or ooze of low plasticity. Geo‐technical measurements of grain size, bulk density, Atterberg limits, water content, vane shear strength, pore‐water salinity, and carbonate content are graphically related to depth in the core. Results of the laboratory consolidation test on this material differ markedly from the in‐place relationship between void ratio, or water content, and the effective overburden pressure, or burial depth, shown by the sedimentation‐compression curve. The previous maximum consolidation pressure, based on laboratory consolidation test data, is about 60 times greater than the computed in‐place effective overburden pressure. An explanation for this difference would include the different magnitudes of time available for consolidation, cementation occurring in‐place, and orientation of the constituents. It is suggested that results of the consolidation test on carbonate muds or oozes should be interpreted with caution for geological and engineering purposes.
DANGERS OF WORKING WITH ANISOLE IN FALLING‐DROP GRAIN‐SIZE ANALYSIS
Authors: DRAKE ELLEN T.
Published: June 2006

Anisole fumes are toxic. Prolonged inhalation may lead to poisoning. The falling‐drop apparatus using anisole must be operated under a fume hood. Extreme caution is recommended in any use of this compound.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY APPLIED TO QUARTZ GRAINS FROM A TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: DOORNKAMP JOHN C. , KRINSLEY DAVID
Published: June 2006

The examination, with a scanning electron microscope, of 200 quartz grains from a tropical environment (Uganda) shows the nature of chemical weathering on these grains. Five main types of features occur: solution pits; solution crevasses; chemical etching along quartz structures; blocky forms probably resulting from swelling; and widespread disintegration of the grain surface. Few of these features have previously been recorded.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF PENNSYLVANIAN‐AGE COAL PARTICLES IN RECENT RIVER SEDIMENTS, OHIO RIVER, KENTUCKY, AS AGE AND SEDIMENT RATE INDICATORS
Authors: MOORE BRUCE R.
Published: June 2006

The weight percentage of coal particles increased suddenly toward the upper levels of the river sediments. This increase is attributed to the onset of coal washing and mining operations in approximately the last 150 years. The distribution of these coal particles facilitates recognition of Recent sediments less than this age and also gives indications of sedimentation rates and regions of scour and deposition on the river banks and islands. The maximum rate of sedimentation found at the downstream end of an island was 114 cm/150 years equivalent to 450 cm of pore‐free sediment in 1,000 years.
BED‐LOAD SEDIMENTS
Authors: MOSS A. J.
Published: June 2006

Application of sieve and size‐shape analyses (Moss, 1962) to natural and artificial bed‐load deposits of shallow, unidirectional currents revealed that a textural sequence parallels one of primary structures. With increasing grain size and/or transporting power, sedimentary characteristics followed the stepwise pattern: fine ripple bed stage → coarse ripple bed stage → dune bed stage → rheologic bed stage.

Bed roughness (A population grain size) strongly influences sedimentation in the first three, the “bare bed” stages. Respectively, they evidently represent enclosure of the A population particles within the viscous sublayer, their protrusion above the layer which remains influential in their interstices, and the contraction of the layer to insignificance allowing almost fully turbulent flow. Transitions between these bed stages cause major changes in the A and B populations and take place on the bed. Transitions involving the rheologic bed stage, however, take place above the bed, reflecting changes in saltation intensity. The rheologic layer, a moving mass of particles kept dispersed by collisions but gravitationally held to the bed, produces distinctive sediments. Bed‐load sediments can form from arbitrary mixtures in seconds of time or centimetres of travel.

Ripples and dunes form only if flow conditions near the bed are fairly steady. Ripples, evidently sensitive to temporal current direction changes, are more readily prevented from forming than are dunes. Whereas structures dominate beds between parallel flume walls, in natural flows, often rife with temporal flow perturbations, plane beds are the more common. The characteristic textural features of the bed stages are shown whether or not the structures develop.

Evidently temperature‐sensitive, the fine to coarse ripple bed stage transition could probably be used as a basis for water palaeothermometry.
PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF RHOMBIC, CALCITE PSEUDOMORPHS FROM MID‐TERTIARY MUDSTONES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, U.S.A.
Authors: BOGGS SAM
Published: June 2006

Marine, mid‐Tertiary mudstones and siltstones of northwestern Oregon and western Washington contain unusual calcite pseudomorphs that commonly form the nuclei of carbonate concretions. These pseudomorphs typically have the shape of rhombic prisms, with dipyramidal terminations, that are much elongated due to multiple twinning (?). They appear similar to the glendonite pseudomorphs of New South Wales, however, their rhombic (orthorhombic?), prismatic form is at variance with the reported monoclinic form of the glendonite pseudomorphs. Internally, the pseudomorphs consist of granular calcite that takes the form of large ovoid crystals, radial or spherulitic crystals, fibrous but non‐radiating crystals, and mosaic crystals of clear spar.

The original mineral, believed to be aragonite or one of the hydrated carbonates, probably formed in soft, organic‐rich mud, possibly in the burrows of marine organisms. Changes in physico‐chemical conditions caused early solution of the original mineral, leaving hollows or molds that quickly filled by precipitation of granular calcite. Judging from the low δC13 values of the pseudomorphs, the carbonate carbon of this granular calcite was supplied from CO2 produced through decay of local masses of organic matter. Concretionary calcite, supplied from a different source as shown by much higher δC13 values, formed around the pseudomorphs. The entire pseudomorphic and concretionary process took place only a short distance below the depositional interface, prior to compaction and lithification of the host mudstone.