bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Fourier pseudospectral method for the “good” Boussinesq equation with second‐order temporal accuracy
Authors: Cheng Kelong , Feng Wenqiang , Gottlieb Sigal , Wang Cheng
Published: June 2014

In this article, we discuss the nonlinear stability and convergence of a fully discrete Fourier pseudospectral method coupled with a specially designed second‐order time‐stepping for the numerical solution of the “good” Boussinesq equation. Our analysis improves the existing results presented in earlier literature in two ways. First, a
convergence for the solution and
convergence for the time‐derivative of the solution are obtained in this article, instead of the
convergence for the solution and the
convergence for the time‐derivative, given in De Frutos, et al., Math Comput 57 (1991), 109–122. In addition, we prove that this method is unconditionally stable and convergent for the time step in terms of the spatial grid size, compared with a severe restriction time step restriction
required by the proof in De Frutos, et al., Math Comput 57 (1991), 109–122.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 202–224, 2015
Understanding public awareness of nonprofit organizations: exploring the awareness–confidence relationship
Authors: McDougle Lindsey
Published: June 2014

Public confidence has often been viewed as a critical indicator of legitimacy within the nonprofit sector. Indeed, confidence is believed to be among one of the sector's most important commodities. Surveys, however, have shown that the public does not always have much confidence in the performance of nonprofit organizations. Although this lack of confidence is certainly concerning, few studies have assessed whether the public actually has any awareness of what nonprofit organizations are, and no studies have examined the personal characteristics associated with more (or less) nonprofit awareness. Thus, by using individual‐level data from a survey of public attitudes toward nonprofits in San Diego County (n = 1002), the purpose of this study was to explore how individual characteristics relate to nonprofit awareness and to examine the extent to which awareness of the sector influences confidence in the performance of nonprofit organizations. The findings from the study indicate that nonprofit awareness varies by several individual‐level characteristics—with many of those likely to be the most dependent on nonprofit services being the least aware of the sector. The findings also indicate that awareness of the sector is the most significant predictor of confidence in the performance of nonprofits.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pan myeloid antigen‐negative pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
Authors: Cetin Neslihan , Lorsbach Robert B.
Published: June 2014

Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a relatively common type of acute myeloid leukemia in children. We describe two unusual cases of AMKL that by flow cytometry (FC) lacked expression of any commonly evaluated myeloid antigens. One case presented as a periorbital myeloid sarcoma and clinically was thought to be a solid tumor. In both cases, the leukemic blasts were variably positive for the megakaryocytic marker CD61. Cytogenetics confirmed the presence of the t(1;22) in one case. Cytogenetics and inclusion of megakaryocytic markers in FC panels when evaluating pediatric specimens is critical for appropriate diagnosis for myeloid antigen negative AMKL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2089–2091. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring frailty using claims data for pharmacoepidemiologic studies of mortality in older adults: evidence and recommendations
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun , Schneeweiss Sebastian
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Geriatric frailty is a common syndrome of older adults that is characterized by increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes and influences treatment choice. Pharmacoepidemiologic studies that rely on administrative claims data in older adults are limited by confounding due to unmeasured frailty. A claims‐based frailty score may be useful to minimize confounding by frailty in such databases. We provide an overview of definitions and measurement of frailty, evaluated the claims‐based models of frailty in literature, and recommend ways to improve frailty adjustment in claims analysis.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to April 2014, without language restriction, to identify claims‐based multivariable models that predicted frailty or its related outcome, disability. We critically appraised their approach, including population, predictor selection, outcome definition, and model performance.

Results

Of 152 reports, three models were identified. One model that predicted poor functional status using healthcare service claims in a representative sample of community‐dwelling and institutionalized older adults showed an excellent discrimination (C statistic, 0.92). The other two models that predicted disability using either diagnosis codes or prescription claims alone in institutionalized or frail adults had limited generalizability and modest model performance. None of the models have been applied to reduce confounding bias in pharmacoepidemiologic studies of drug therapy.

Conclusions

We found little research conducted on development and application of a claims‐based frailty index for confounding adjustment in pharmacoepidemiologic studies in older adults. More research is needed to advance this innovative, potentially useful approach by incorporating the expertise from aging research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of crack‐fiber interaction in fiber‐reinforced composites using optical caustic method
Authors: Tang Can
Published: June 2014

In this article, the matrix crack‐fiber buddle interaction in fiber‐reinforced composites is investigated analytically and experimentally. First, the influence of the fiber buddle on the matrix crack is analyzed based on Eshelby equivalent inclusion method. Then the effect of dimensions and material properties of the fiber buddle on the stress intensity factor (SIF) of the matrix crack is studied numerically. Finally, a low velocity impact experiment of fiber‐reinforced composites with a matrix crack is conducted using optical caustic method to verify the analytical and numerical results. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:852–857, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molecular mobility and physical ageing of plasticized poly(lactide)
Authors: Dobircau Larisa , Delpouve Nicolas , Herbinet Romuald , Domenek Sandra , Le Pluart Loïc , Delbreilh Laurent , Ducruet Violette , Dargent Eric
Published: June 2014

Molecular mobility and physical ageing of amorphous plasticized polylactide (PLA) with two different contents of mesolactide are studied with the help of thermal analysis. Used plasticizers are acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and triacetin (TA), two molecules with established miscibility and plasticizing efficiency. Lower plasticizer permanence of TA compared with ATBC is found. The plasticizer molecules decreased the size of the cooperativity domains at the glass transition temperature Tg and likely in the glassy state by decreasing intermacromolecular interactions and notwithstanding the mesolactide content of PLA and the chemical identity of the plasticizer. The recovery function is given and shows a significant effect of the plasticizer on the physical ageing. The supplementary free volume brought by the plasticizer enhances molecular mobility in the glassy state and increases structural relaxation at one order of magnitude. The comparison between different plasticizers reveals that the structural relaxation is however independent from the type of plasticizer and the percentage of mesolactide in PLA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:858–865, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood
Authors: Hennecke Marie , Bleidorn Wiebke , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Wood Dustin
Published: June 2014

Recently, researchers interested in personality development have begun to acknowledge the roles of motivation and self–regulation for why traits change across adulthood. We propose three preconditions under which individuals may change their own levels of a personality trait through self–directed efforts. Firstly, individuals need to desire changing their trait–related behaviours either as an end in itself or in order to achieve other goals. Secondly, they need to consider behavioural changes feasible and be able to implement the desired changes. Thirdly, behavioural changes need to become habitual in order to constitute a stable trait. After elaborating on these three conditions, we review evidence attesting to the importance of motivation and self–regulation for trait development. We conclude with a discussion of the mutual interdependence of traits and goals, as well as the limits of self–regulated personality change. From our framework, we derive why personality changes across adulthood tend to be small to medium only, namely because they may require that all three preconditions for self–regulated personality change are fulfilled. We provide reasons for why people might not view change as desirable, feasible or fail to maintain it over time. Finally, we propose ideas for potential study designs to research self–regulated personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Lysine ubiquitination and acetylation of human cardiac 20S proteasomes
Authors: Zong Nobel , Ping Peipei , Lau Edward , Choi Howard J. H. , Ng Dominic C. M. , Meyer David , Fang Caiyun , Li Haomin , Wang Ding , Zelaya Ivette M. , Yates John R. , Lam Maggie P. Y.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Altered proteasome functions are associated with multiple cardiomyopathies. While the proteasome targets polyubiquitinated proteins for destruction, it itself is modifiable by ubiquitination. We aim to identify the exact ubiquitination sites on cardiac proteasomes and examine whether they are also subject to acetylations.

Experimental design

Assembled cardiac 20S proteasome complexes were purified from five human hearts with ischemic cardiomyopathy, then analyzed by high‐resolution MS to identify ubiquitination and acetylation sites. We developed a library search strategy that may be used to complement database search in identifying PTM in different samples.

Results

We identified 63 ubiquitinated lysines from intact human cardiac 20S proteasomes. In parallel, 65 acetylated residues were also discovered, 39 of which shared with ubiquitination sites.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

This is the most comprehensive characterization of cardiac proteasome ubiquitination to date. There are significant overlaps between the discovered ubiquitination and acetylation sites, permitting potential crosstalk in regulating proteasome functions. The information presented here will aid future therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating the functions of cardiac proteasomes.
Conditional Control Charts for Monitoring the Weibull Shape Parameter under Progressively Type II Censored Data
Authors: Haghighi Firoozeh , Castagliola Philippe
Published: June 2014

In this paper, (i) we propose new conditional Shewhart‐type control charts for monitoring the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution under a progressively type II censoring strategy, and (ii) we generalize the control charts proposed by Guo and Wang1for the progressively type II censoring case. We provide a comparison between these control charts in terms of the out‐of‐controlaverage run lengthobtained by simulation for both the known and unknown parameter cases. A real example consisting of data from breaking stress of carbon fibers is also presented for illustration and comparison of the proposed control charts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terrain Classification in Complex Three‐dimensional Outdoor Environments
Authors: Santamaria‐Navarro Àngel , Teniente Ernesto H. , Morta Martí , Andrade‐Cetto Juan
Published: June 2014

This paper presents two techniques to detect and classify navigable terrain in complex three‐dimensional (3D) environments. The first method is a low level on‐line mechanism aimed at detecting obstacles and holes at a fast frame rate using a time‐of‐flight camera as the main sensor. The second technique is a high‐level offline classification mechanism that learns traversable regions from larger 3D point clouds acquired with a laser range scanner. We approach the problem using Gaussian processes as a regression tool, in which the terrain parameters are learned, and also for classification, using samples from traversed areas to build the traversable terrain class. The two methods are compared against unsupervised classification, and sample trajectories are generated in the classified areas using a nonholonomic path planner. We show results of both the low‐level and the high‐level terrain classification approaches in simulations and in real‐time navigation experiments using a Segway RMP400 robot.
Detection of immunolabels with multi‐isotope imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Thiery‐Lavenant G. , Guillermier C. , Wang M. , Lechene C.
Published: June 2014

We have developed a method that combines the use of stable isotopes, multi‐isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) and antibody. We began with using well‐established antibodies, anti‐actin and anti‐synaptophysin, in mouse intestinal cells. We extended the method to an immunogold assay to specifically localize Ribeye, a major protein component of retina synaptic ribbons, or to localize a synaptic vesicle‐containing protein, synaptophysin. Both are localized in presynaptic nerve terminal of photoreceptors cells in retina. Our results show that by MIMS analysis of the Au signal, we can directly identify antibodies tagged with non amplified 1.4 nm gold nanoparticles. They also demonstrate that the gold nanoparticle‐tagged antibodies do not dilute the 15 N/14 N signal used for measuring protein turnover. Thus, we can simultaneously and directly use MIMS to measure protein turnover and to identify cell type or specific protein. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marginalized multilevel hurdle and zero‐inflated models for overdispersed and correlated count data with excess zeros
Authors: Kassahun Wondwosen , Neyens Thomas , Molenberghs Geert , Faes Christel , Verbeke Geert
Published: June 2014

Count data are collected repeatedly over time in many applications, such as biology, epidemiology, and public health. Such data are often characterized by the following three features. First, correlation due to the repeated measures is usually accounted for using subject‐specific random effects, which are assumed to be normally distributed. Second, the sample variance may exceed the mean, and hence, the theoretical mean–variance relationship is violated, leading to overdispersion. This is usually allowed for based on a hierarchical approach, combining a Poisson model with gamma distributed random effects. Third, an excess of zeros beyond what standard count distributions can predict is often handled by either the hurdle or the zero‐inflated model. A zero‐inflated model assumes two processes as sources of zeros and combines a count distribution with a discrete point mass as a mixture, while the hurdle model separately handles zero observations and positive counts, where then a truncated‐at‐zero count distribution is used for the non‐zero state. In practice, however, all these three features can appear simultaneously. Hence, a modeling framework that incorporates all three is necessary, and this presents challenges for the data analysis. Such models, when conditionally specified, will naturally have a subject‐specific interpretation. However, adopting their purposefully modified marginalized versions leads to a direct marginal or population‐averaged interpretation for parameter estimates of covariate effects, which is the primary interest in many applications. In this paper, we present a marginalized hurdle model and a marginalized zero‐inflated model for correlated and overdispersed count data with excess zero observations and then illustrate these further with two case studies. The first dataset focuses on the Anopheles mosquito density around a hydroelectric dam, while adolescents’ involvement in work, to earn money and support their families or themselves, is studied in the second example. Sub‐models, which result from omitting zero‐inflation and/or overdispersion features, are also considered for comparison's purpose. Analysis of the two datasets showed that accounting for the correlation, overdispersion, and excess zeros simultaneously resulted in a better fit to the data and, more importantly, that omission of any of them leads to incorrect marginal inference and erroneous conclusions about covariate effects. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Use, Reuse, and End‐of‐Life Disposal and X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis Screening of Waste Mobile Phones in Nigeria
Authors: Babayemi Joshua O. , Osibanjo Oladele , Weber Roland
Published: June 2014

Insights into consumer behavior, hazards of inappropriate disposal, and opportunities to reclaim valuable resources
Physicochemical Treatment of Sugar Industry Wastewater: Coagulation Processes
Authors: Sahu Om Prakash , Chaudhari Parmesh Kumar
Published: June 2014

A case study from India identifies optimal dosages and pH
Designating the MVP
Authors: Strom Carolyn
Published: June 2014

This teaching tip highlights a strategy that assists teachers in structuring classroom discussions about texts. Specifically, this conversational technique helps students think and talk about a text beyond its literal meaning. During classroom conversations that employ this strategy, teachers help students extend their overall understanding of a text and give them structured opportunities to synthesize its information. This strategy requires students to make decisions about why a particular phrase is the Most Valuable Phrase (MVP) within a text as a whole. Using specific MVP criteria as a reference point, students practice explaining the ways in which certain phrases from a text are connected to its Main idea. Additionally, students are guided to analyze the author's craft by citing Vivid language and by explaining why a particular portion of a text qualifies as a “Phrase that stays.”
Iatrogenic perforation of intertwin membrane after laser surgery for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Peeters S. H. P. , Stolk T. T. , Slaghekke F. , Middeldorp J. M. , Klumper F. J. , Lopriore E. , Oepkes D.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate management and outcome of iatrogenic monoamniotic twins (iMAT) compared with twins with intact intertwin dividing membranes after laser surgery for twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of twins with and without iatrogenic rupture of the intertwin membranes that had been treated for TTTS with laser surgery at our center between 2004 and 2012. Primary outcomes were perinatal survival and severe neonatal morbidity. Secondary outcomes were mode of delivery, gestational age at birth and cord entanglement.

Results

In total, 338 pregnancies were included. In 67/338 (20%) pregnancies, iMAT was suspected antenatally. In 47 of these 67 (70%), a preterm Cesarean section was performed for monoamnionicity. Perinatal survival was 108/134 (81%) vs 396/542 (73%) in twins with intact intertwin membranes (P = 0.13). Mean gestational age at birth in iMAT was 31 completed weeks, compared to 33 weeks in twins with intact membranes (P < 0.01). At birth, cord entanglement was present in 8/67 (12%) iMAT pregnancies. Severe neonatal morbidity was assessed in 106/110 (96%) in iMAT cases and 392/416 (94%) in controls. The incidence of severe neonatal morbidity was 28/106 (26%) in iMAT vs 72/392 (18%) in controls (P = 0.25). Severe cerebral injury was significantly increased in the iMAT group as compared with controls, at 16/106 (15%) vs 18/392 (5%) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Iatrogenic rupture of intertwin membranes was suspected in 20% of pregnancies treated with laser therapy for TTTS and was associated with a lower gestational age at birth and increased neonatal morbidity. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Preparation of PET/clay nanocomposites via in situ polymerization in the presence of monomer‐activated organoclay
Authors: Jahangiri Mohsen , Jafari Seyed Hassan , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Tarameshlou Mohammad , Ahmadi Iman Fotovat
Published: June 2014

Various polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/clay nanocomposites containing a commercial organoclay (organophilic montmorillonite nanoclay [OMMT]) and a monomer‐activated OMMT (remodified OMMT) were prepared via in situ interlayer polycondensation of dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol. In order to remodify the commercial OMMT nanoparticles, a diacid chloride monomer was applied. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by diverse methods, including X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The results of the study revealed that the PET/(remodified OMMT) nanocomposites possess a better state of clay dispersion as well as significantly better thermal properties as compared with the PET/OMMT nanocomposites. Moreover, the PET/(remodified OMMT) nanocomposites showed higher crystallization temperature, degree of crystallinity, maximum degradation temperature, and lower half‐time of crystallization than that of the PET/OMMT nanocomposites. It was found that the remodification process for OMMT led to less of a foaming problem during in situ polymerization. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:70–78, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigating El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and society relationships
Authors: Zebiak Stephen E. , Orlove Ben , Muñoz Ángel G. , Vaughan Catherine , Hansen James , Troy Tara , Thomson Madeleine C. , Lustig Allyza , Garvin Samantha
Published: June 2014

Throughout at least the past several centuries, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has played a significant role in human response to climate. Over time, increased attention on ENSO has led to a better understanding of both the physical mechanisms, and the environmental and societal consequences of the phenomenon. The prospects for seasonal climate forecasting emerged from ENSO studies, and were first pursued in ENSO studies. In this paper, we review ENSO's impact on society, specifically with regard to agriculture, water, and health; we also explore the extent to which ENSO‐related forecasts are used to inform decision making in these sectors. We find that there are significant differences in the uptake of forecasts across sectors, with the highest use in agriculture, intermediate use in water resources management, and the lowest in health. Forecast use is low in areas where ENSO linkages to climate are weak, but the strength of this linkage alone does not guarantee use. Moreover, the differential use of ENSO forecasts by sector shows the critical role of institutions that work at the boundary between science and society. In a long‐term iterative process requiring continual maintenance, these organizations serve to enhance the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of forecasts and related climate services. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:17–34. doi: 10.1002/wcc.294

This article is categorized under:

Climate, History, Society, Culture > World Historical Perspectives

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Scheduling and routing methods for cognitive radio sensor networks in regular topology
Authors: Li Wenxiang , Leung Victor C.M. , Zhu Chunsheng , Ma Yajie
Published: June 2014

Wireless sensor network of regular topology is efficient in area covering and targets locating. However, communications with fixed channels lead to low spectrum efficiency and high probability of conflicts. This paper proposes economical timeslots‐and‐channels allocation methods for scheduling links in square, triangle, and hexagon lattice topologies. Based on these scheduling methods in square lattice, the authors explore routing methods for load balance and delay minimization, respectively, and compare their effects on transmission delay and energy consumption. The OMNet++‐based simulation for square lattice verified the effectiveness of scheduling methods for improving network throughput and made performance comparison among different scheduling methods. It also proved that delay minimization‐oriented routing helps to reduce the energy consumption for node standing by and load balance‐oriented routing helps to reduce the energy consumption for packets transmission. However, there is trade‐off between the reductions of the two types of energy consumptions. The authors further propose the idea of hybrid routing with the two aforementioned routing methods for reducing overall energy consumption and explore the challenges and countermeasures for hybrid routing optimization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel method for camera‐trapping small mammals
Authors: MCCleery Robert A. , Zweig Christa L. , Desa Melissa A. , Hunt Rodney , Kitchens Wiley M. , Percival H. Franklin
Published: June 2014

Camera traps have increased our knowledge of animal distribution, activity, and behavior, but they are rarely used for small mammal research. This is likely because there are few techniques to that allow for species identification, reduce disturbance of bait from non‐target animals (e.g., raccoon [Procyon lotor]), and that can be used in all environments. In this paper we present a small mammal camera‐trapping methodology, the Hunt trap, which was designed to 1) work in tidal environments, 2) eliminate capture myopathy, 3) allow for successful identification of small mammal species, and 4) allow for continued trapping after disturbance by non‐target species. We tested the Hunt trap in the Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA, during February 2012 to February 2013. Live traps are still the best option when individuals must be physically captured for marking, radiotagging, demographic studies, or physiological assessments. However, if such data are not required, the Hunt trap design is an excellent technique to monitor species diversity, community composition, habitat selection, and distribution with efficiency and minimal effort. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Opportunistically acquired evidence is unsuitable data to model fox (Vulpes vulpes) distribution in Tasmania
Authors: Marks Clive A. , Obendorf David , Pereira Filipe , Edwards Ivo , Hall Graham P.
Published: June 2014

Despite the absence of direct observation of live foxes in the Tasmanian environment, a recent study concluded that foxes are now widespread on the island and proposed a habitat‐specific model incorporating 9 cases of physical evidence presumed to confirm their unique presence. We briefly review the history of fox incursions into Tasmania and then assess the quality of putative physical evidence against a defined evidentiary standard. Overall, 14 of 17 incidents described since 1998 were associated with between 1 and 4 criteria indicative of unreliable data or were not associated with adequately documented physical evidence. Anonymous and anecdotal information was fully or partially relied upon in 10 of 17 cases and of these 5 were widely acknowledged to be hoaxes. We conclude that opportunistically acquired evidence is a poor substitute for data obtained by properly designed and independent wildlife surveys for confirming unique fox incursions and as the basis of ecological models predicting true habitat‐specific fox distribution. Species rarity decreases the reliability of wildlife surveys and population models; thus validation of unique incursions in particular requires appropriate rigor in evidentiary standards and data quality. Precautionary management that may be considered in response to uncertain information, or opportunistically collected specimens of doubtful provenance, does not imply that such information should be treated as scientific data. We suggest that an eradication program is justified as a precautionary measure only after rigorous qualitative analysis reveals data capable of rejecting the null hypothesis that the species of interest is absent. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Nitrogen requirements of white‐lipped peccary (Mammalia, Tayassuidae)
Authors: Nogueira‐Filho Sérgio L. G. , Borges Rogério M. , Mendes Alcester , Dias Carlos T. S.
Published: June 2014

A study was conducted to determine the protein requirement of the white‐lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) performing a nitrogen (N) balance digestion trial. In a 4 × 4 Latin square design, four adult captive male peccaries were fed four isoenergetic diets containing four different levels of N (13.3, 19.2, 28.7, and 37.1 g N/kg dry matter). After 15 days of adaptation, the total collection of feces and urine was carried out for five consecutive days. By regression analysis between N intake and N in feces and urine, the metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN = 3.1 g/kg of dry matter intake) and daily endogenous urinary N (EUN = 91.0 mg/kg0.75) were determined. Likewise, by regression analyses between consumption of nitrogen and the nitrogen balance [NBN consumed–(fecal N + Urine N)] we estimated the daily requirement of 336.5 mgN/kg0.75. Therefore, if food intake is unrestricted, white‐lipped peccaries require a minimum content in their diet of about 4.5% crude protein as percentage of dry diet. These values are similar to those found in frugivorous wild ruminants, which reinforces the proposition that peccaries have a digestive physiology nearer to that of ruminants than of domestic pigs. Furthermore, the low nutritional maintenance requirements for white‐lipped peccary may explain how this species thrive in the Neo‐tropical region eating predominantly palm‐fruits that normally have low crude protein contents. Zoo Biol. 33:320–326, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First Record of Palynofossils from the Fulra Limestone Formation (Middle Eocene) of Kachchh Basin, Gujarat and their Palaeoenvironmental Implications
Authors: Sarkar Samir , Mandal J. P.
Published: June 2014

The present paper deals with the first record of a palynofloral assemblage recovered from the Fulra Limestone Formation exposed at the confluence of Fulra and Panandhro Nalas in the west of Babia hill, Kachchh basin, Gujarat. The recovered palynoflora consists of dinoflagellate cysts, fungal spores and ascostromata, pteridophyte spores, gymnosperm and angiosperm pollen. Some of the important constituents of the palynofloral assemblage are: Lygodiumsporites, Polypodiaceasporites, Polypodiisporites, Margocolporites, Tricolporopilites, Tricolporopollis, Graminidites, Aplanosporites, Phragmothyrites, Spiniferites, Operculodinium and Achomosphaera. Palynological data suggest that the Fulra Limestone Formation was mostly laid down in a shallow marine environment under a warm and humid tropical climate. Abundance of terrestrial palynofossils in some of the samples clearly points towards the relative proximity of the shore. A late middle Eocene age has been assigned for the Fulra Limestone Formation on the basis of recorded palynofossils.
Radon in Groundwater in Tumkur District of Karnataka with Special Reference to Sampling Sensitivity
Authors: Md. Najeeb K. , Vinayachandran N. , Jose Bijimol , Vashistha Rahul
Published: June 2014

Radon is a naturally occurring colourless and odourless radioactive gas that is soluble in water and is the main source of radioactivity of groundwater. Use of radon contaminated groundwater increased the radon levels in the air, especially in poorly ventilated houses, which is hazardous to health. Ingestion of such water for quite long period may lead to stomach cancer. The drinking water standards proposed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) exclude the permissible concentration of radon in drinking water. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in 1991 proposed a Maximum Concentration Level (MCL) of 11.1 Bq/l for public water supply. The water samples from the bore wells in Tumkur district of Karnataka show radon concentrations in the range of 5 to 250 Bq/l. Ninety percentages of the samples show radon levels above the permissible limit as per USEPA. The spatial variation and geological control over radon concentration in groundwater in the area and sampling sensitivity are discussed here. The study was conducted during March 2012.
Low-Reynolds-number wakes of elliptical cylinders: from the circular cylinder to the normal flat plate
Authors: Thompson Mark C. , Radi Alexander , Rao Anirudh , Sheridan John , Hourigan Kerry
Published: June 2014

While the wake of a circular cylinder and, to a lesser extent, the normal flat plate have been studied in considerable detail, the wakes of elliptic cylinders have not received similar attention. However, the wakes from the first two bodies have considerably different characteristics, in terms of three-dimensional transition modes, and near- and far-wake structure. This paper focuses on elliptic cylinders, which span these two disparate cases. The Strouhal number and drag coefficient variations with Reynolds number are documented for the two-dimensional shedding regime. There are considerable differences from the standard circular cylinder curve. The different three-dimensional transition modes are also examined using Floquet stability analysis based on computed two-dimensional periodic base flows. As the cylinder aspect ratio (major to minor axis) is decreased, mode A is no longer unstable for aspect ratios below 0.25, as the wake deviates further from the standard Bénard–von Kármán state. For still smaller aspect ratios, another three-dimensional quasi-periodic mode becomes unstable, leading to a different transition scenario. Interestingly, for the 0.25 aspect ratio case, mode A restabilises above a Reynolds number of approximately 125, allowing the wake to return to a two-dimensional state, at least in the near wake. For the flat plate, three-dimensional simulations show that the shift in the Strouhal number from the two-dimensional value is gradual with Reynolds number, unlike the situation for the circular cylinder wake once mode A shedding develops. Dynamic mode decomposition is used to characterise the spatially evolving character of the wake as it undergoes transition from the primary Bénard–von Kármán-like near wake into a two-layered wake, through to a secondary Bénard–von Kármán-like wake further downstream, which in turn develops an even longer wavelength unsteadiness. It is also used to examine the differences in the two- and three-dimensional near-wake state, showing the increasing distortion of the two-dimensional rollers as the Reynolds number is increased.
Tolerability and efficacy of the monoaminergic stabilizer (−)-OSU6162 (PNU-96391A) in Huntington’s disease: a double-blind cross-over study
Authors: Kloberg Angelica , Constantinescu Radu , Nilsson Marie Karin Lena , Carlsson Maria Lizzie , Carlsson Arvid , Wahlström Jan , Haghighi Sara
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate the safety (primary objective) and efficacy (secondary objective) of (−)-OSU6162 in Huntington’s disease (HD).

Methods

In a double-blind, cross-over trial, patients with HD were randomly assigned to start treatment on either (−)-OSU6162 or placebo. After 4 weeks, those patients who initially received active drug were switched to placebo for another 4 weeks, and vice versa. During the first week the (−)-OSU6162 dose was 15 mg twice daily, during the second week 30 mg twice daily, and during the last 2 weeks 45 mg twice daily. Motor, cognitive, mental and social functions were rated by the clinical investigator or by self-assessment, using established rating scales.

Results

Fifteen patients fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria completed the study. (−)-OSU6162 was well tolerated by all patients and no adverse effects were observed. (−)-OSU6162 treatment significantly improved the Short Form 36 Vitality score, mainly due to an improvement of the individual item ‘worn-out’ (VT3). In addition, an improvement of depressive symptoms was found using Beck Depression Inventory. In contrast to a general trend of improvement in several non-motor variables only small and non-significant differences between (−)-OSU6162 and placebo were found regarding motor functions.

Conclusions

(−)-OSU6162 offers promise for the treatment of HD, as a drug with good tolerability, capable of improving the patients’ experienced non-motor functions such as energy and mood and thus alleviating symptoms of great importance for their quality of life.
The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy in Moderating the Effect of Workplace Stress on Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Authors: Thompson Jason , Gomez Rapson
Published: June 2014

Seventy-eight employees (32 males, 46 females) took part in a study to test the hypothesis that the core self-evaluation components of self-esteem and self-efficacy moderate the relationship between workplace stressors (role conflict and role-ambiguity) and strain (depression, anxiety, and tension-stress). Results supported our hypotheses in that self-efficacy moderated the relationship between role ambiguity and depression and between performance role ambiguity and stress, while self-esteem moderated the relationship between role ambiguity and anxiety, between performance role ambiguity and anxiety, and between performance role ambiguity and stress. These findings reinforce the importance of considering role stress variables in relation to the context of an interactive person/environment fit model and provide further insight into the nature of the stress process itself. Furthermore, these results indicate that the function of self-esteem and self-efficacy in the stress process is not identical. Implications for the conceptualisation of the transactional model of stress are discussed.
The role of socio-economic position as a moderator of children's healthy food intake
Authors: Zarnowiecki Dorota M. , Parletta Natalie , Dollman James
Published: June 2014

Children of low socio-economic position (SEP) consume poorer diets than those of high SEP; however, there is limited understanding of why socio-economic gradients in diet occur. Some evidence suggests that determinants of dietary intake may differ between SEP groups. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the associations between personal and environmental variables and children's fruit and vegetable intake, and healthy dietary behaviours are moderated by SEP. A total of 395 children aged 9 to 13 years and their parents were recruited in Adelaide, South Australia. Personal and environmental dietary predictors were measured using child-completed online questionnaires and telephone interviews with parents. Dietary intake was measured using an online FFQ. First, dietary predictors were identified using correlated component regression, and subsequently tested for moderation by four SEP indicators using partial least-squares structural equation modelling. Fruit and vegetable intake and healthy behaviours were predicted by self-efficacy, attitudes and a supportive home environment. For girls, only the associations of self-efficacy with healthy behaviours were moderated by occupation. For boys, income moderated the associations of fruit and vegetable intake with attitudes, and healthy behaviours with supportive home environments. Occupation and employment moderated the associations of boys' family environments and fruit intake, and attitudes with healthy behaviours. Reducing socio-economic disparities in children's healthy dietary intake may be more successfully achieved by tailoring health promotion policies and interventions according to variables that moderate the relationships between dietary intake and SEP.
Spatial and temporal variation of planktonic cnidarian density in subtropical waters of the Southern Brazilian Bight
Authors: Nagata Renato Mitsuo , Nogueira Júnior Miodeli , Brandini Frederico Pereira , Haddad Maria Angélica
Published: June 2014

The spatial and temporal variations of planktonic cnidarians were studied across the inner continental shelf (≤40 m) off the State of Paraná in southern Brazil. Monthly zooplankton samples were taken between November 1997 and March 1999 at five stations. The holoplanktonicLiriope tetraphyllaandMuggiaea kochidominated during the entire period, comprising >80% of the specimens. The coast–ocean gradient became evident due to a near-coastal (≤20 m) assemblage formed byL. tetraphylla, Solmaris coronaand meroplanktonic medusae, and a distinct outer (25–40 m) assemblage formed by the medusaeCorymorpha gracilisandAglaura hemistomaand siphonophores. The estuarine runoff during warm rainy periods lowered the salinity (~30) at the inner stations (1, 2 and 3), providing appropriate conditions for the estuarine/coastal species. Wind-driven onshore advection of outer-shelf species to the inner isobaths occurred from late autumn to winter, when the rainfall decreased and salinity increased (>35). Population peaks occurred in both summer and winter at the inner stations. For most species, the seasonal patterns were inconsistent with other studies conducted in the Southern Brazilian Bight, suggesting irregular and unpredictable seasonal distributions of abundance. Whereas in high-latitude ecosystems the dynamics of cnidarian populations follows the seasonal productivity cycle, here, complex hydrographic processes seem to be more important in determining the structure and seasonal dynamics of this community.
The hydroid and early medusa stage ofOlindias formosus(Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae)
Authors: Patry Wyatt , Knowles Thomas , Christianson Lynne , Howard Michael
Published: June 2014

Olindiasspp. medusae are found worldwide in sublittoral tropical and sub-tropical coastal regions; their occurrence near shore can result in human envenomation events. While behaviour of medusae and human contact with medusae has been documented for the genus, the hydroid (polyp) phase of theOlindiaslife cycle has eluded investigators for over a century. Given the recent debate among public media and scientific communities that jellyfish blooms are increasing worldwide, there is a growing urgency to understand how and why jellyfish populations bloom. In order to understand jellyfish population dynamics, the asexual benthic phase must be studied to determine when, where, and how juvenile medusae are produced. In this study, husbandry management strategies, including the creation of artificial habitat forOlindias formosusmedusae in aquaria were developed to encourage spawning and larval settlement. The resultant hydroid colony ofOlindias formosuswas discovered in November of 2012, utilizing the natural fluorescence of the medusa as a detection method. A description of the hydroid and early medusa stage is presented. These techniques provide a basis for locatingin situthe benthic hydroid phases within this genus and other fluorescent medusae, the discovery of which may lead to a better understanding of the causative factors for jellyfish blooms.
Do premorbid and post-onset cognitive functioning differ between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Trotta A. , Murray R. M. , MacCabe J. H.
Published: June 2014

Background

Schizophrenia (SZ) is characterized by a broad global cognitive impairment that precedes the onset of the disease. By contrast, some studies suggest that premorbid deficits are absent, or even reversed, in bipolar disorder (BD). However, studies have shown impairments in cognitive functioning after the illness onset in both disorders. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze those studies that compared premorbid and/or post-onset global cognitive function between SZ and BD.

Method

We searched Medline (PubMed), EMBASE and PsycINFO for studies where information on cognitive functioning was collected in both SZ and BD within the same study or using the same methods.

Results

Compared to healthy comparison groups, SZ patients showed a significant premorbid cognitive impairment [standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.597, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.707 to −0.487, p < 0.0001] and a large post-onset impairment (SMD −1.369, 95% CI −1.578 to −1.160, p < 0.0001). We found small significant deficits in premorbid intellectual function in the BD group when this was assessed retrospectively (−0.147, 95% CI −0.238 to −0.056, p = 0.001) but not prospectively (−0.029, 95% CI −0.199 to + 0.142, p = 0.744), and moderate cognitive impairment after onset (SMD −0.623, 95% CI −0.717 to −0.529, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

SZ is characterized by significant deficits in premorbid intellectual function but the evidence regarding premorbid function in BD is equivocal. After illness onset, patients with both disorders seem to suffer a further decline in cognitive function but the magnitude of the impairment remains greater in SZ than in BD.
What are the impacts of giving up the driving licence?
Authors: SIREN ANU , HAUSTEIN SONJA
Published: June 2014

Driving cessation is a gradual process, where driver's self-regulation plays an important role. Age-based licence renewal may interfere with this process and trigger premature driving cessation. The present study compares Danish drivers (aged 69 years at the baseline) who either renewed or gave up their driving licence. Data were collected in 2009 (N=1,792) and in 2012 (N=863). The standardised interviews covered respondents' background information, health and wellbeing, and transportation patterns. Non-renewers had poorer health already at baseline but did become more dependent on others in their activities after giving up their licence. In travel frequency, neither the differences between renewers and non-renewers nor the changes over time within the groups were pronounced. The groups differed in their use of transport modes already at the baseline: the renewers drove, while non-renewers travelled as passengers, used public transport, walked or cycled. Not renewing the licence was a strong predictor of unmet mobility needs, especially in relation to leisure activities. The present study indicates that younger seniors' mobility is not likely to be affected by the strict renewal policies. However, given the positive economic and safety consequences of independent mobility in old age, society should try to prevent unwarranted mobility loss. Having restrictive, ageist policies that moreover fail as societal investments may work against this goal.
Associations between parental feeding practices, problem food behaviours and dietary intake in New Zealand overweight children aged 4–8 years
Authors: Haszard Jillian J , Skidmore Paula ML , Williams Sheila M , Taylor Rachael W
Published: June 2014

Objective

Parents report that children’s eating behaviours are a major barrier to providing them with a healthy diet. Links between problem eating behaviours and parental feeding practices are not well established and have not previously been examined in overweight children. The aim of the present study was to assess associations between problem food behaviours, dietary intake and parental feeding practices of overweight children aged 4–8 years.

Design

Participants were recruited for a lifestyle intervention (n203). At baseline, children’s BMI was measured and parents completed comprehensive questionnaires about the feeding practices they used, the problem food behaviours their children exhibited and the foods their child consumed. A fussy eating scale was developed and associations were determined using correlations and regression analysis, including interactions.

Setting

Dunedin, New Zealand.

Subjects

Overweight children aged 4–8 years.

Results

Healthy eating guidance and monitoring by parents were related to the consumption of fewer unhealthy foods (B=−0·4,P=0·001 andB=−0·4,P<0·001). Conversely, a lack of parental control (child control) was related to a higher intake of unhealthy foods (B= 0·5,P<0·001).Parents of children who were fussy eaters monitored their child’s food intake less (P<0·001) and allowed the child more freedom over what he/she ate (P<0·001). These children consumed fewer fruit and vegetables than those who were not fussy eaters (P<0·001). However, fussy eaters with food-restrictive parents ate more fruit and vegetables (B=2·9,P<0·001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that a more structured food environment might be beneficial for the diet and food behaviours of young overweight children.