bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finding the most variable stars in the Orion Belt with the All Sky Automated Survey
Authors: Caballero J.A. , Cornide M. , Castro E. de
Published: March 2010

We look for high‐amplitude variable young stars in the open clusters and associations of the Orion Belt. We use public data from the ASAS‐3 PhotometricV‐band Catalogue of the All Sky Automated Survey, infrared photometry from the 2MASS and IRAS catalogues, proper motions, and the Aladin sky atlas to obtain a list of the most variable stars in a survey area of side 5° centred on the bright star Alnilam (εOri) in the centre of the Orion Belt. We identify 32 highly variable stars, of which 16 had not been reported to vary before. They are mostly variable young stars and candidates (16) and background giants (8), but there are also field cataclysmic variables, contact binaries, and eclipsing binary candidates. Of the young stars, which typically are active Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri stars with Hαemission and infrared flux excess, we discover four new variables and confirm the variability status of another two. Some of them belong to the well knownσOrionis cluster. Besides, six of the eight giants are new variables, and three are new periodic variables (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The young open cluster Trumpler 3
Authors: Maciejewski G. , Bukowiecki L.
Published: March 2010

We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of the poorly investigated open cluster Trumpler 3. Basic parameters such as the age of 70 ± 10 Myr, the color excess E (B – V) = 0.30 ± 0.02 mag, the distance of 0.69 ± 0.03 kpc and the limiting radius of 12′ were redetermined and compared with previous preliminary studies. The distance of 0.65 ± 0.09 kpc was determined independently by spectral parallaxes. Simultaneously, our analysis allowed us to estimate a total number of members to be Ntot = 570 ± 90 and a total mass of the cluster to be Mtot = 270 ± 40 M⊙. We also determined a state of cluster's dynamical evolution. We conclude that Trumpler 3 is a young low‐massive stellar ensemble with a typical mass function slope, located near to the outer edge of the Galaxy's Orion Spur. As a result of a wide‐field search for short period variable stars, 24 variables were discovered in the cluster's area. Only one of them – a variable of the γ ‐Dor type – was found to be a likely cluster member (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increased Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Children with Family History of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: E. Lefkou , Fragakis N. , Ioannidou E , Bounda A , Theodoridou S , Klonizakis P , Garipidou V
Published: March 2010

Background

Parental history of coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered an important risk factor for early atherosclerosis

Hypothesis

The onset of the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis initiates early during childhood in children with positive family history (PFH) of CAD.

Methods

We studied 55 healthy children (5–15 years), 30 (16 male) with PFH and 25 age and sex matched control subjects. Blood samples were taken to measure white blood count (WBC), glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (SDE), C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐a). We performed cultures on monocytes (from peripheral blood) measuring in the cell culture supernatants the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNF‐a, by using the immunoassay ELISA method.

Results:

Higher values of body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, LDL, cholesterol, TG, SDE, leucocytes, and CRP were calculated in children with PFH. Significantly higher values of cytokines in monocell cultures were measured in the PFH group compared to the control group (IL‐6 = 139.32 ± 80.84 pg/ml versus 14.30 ± 12.97 pg/ml, p < 0.001 and TNF‐a = 39.91 ± 11.80 pg/ml versus 8.65 ± 4.35 pg/ml, p < 0.001). IL‐6 values in plasma and cultures were found independently associated with PFH of premature CAD (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, respectively). A similar relation was found for TNF‐a values measured in cultures (p = 0.005) and CRP values in plasma (p < 0.001). The values of IL‐6 were found proportionally related to TG.

Conclusion

In individuals with PFH of CAD the inflammatory process of atheromatosis appears to begin early in childhood. Except for triglycerides, this inflammatory process appears to occur independently of several traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation of a Small‐Molecule Inhibitor of the Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl‐xL from a DNA‐Encoded Chemical Library
Authors: Melkko Samu , Mannocci Luca , Dumelin Christoph E. , Villa Alessandra , Sommavilla Roberto , Zhang Yixin , Grütter Markus G. , Keller Nadine , Jermutus Lutz , Jackson Ronald H. , Scheuermann Jörg , Neri Dario
Published: March 2010

Bcl‐xL is an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl‐2 protein family and an attractive target for the development of anticancer agents. Here we describe the isolation of binders to Bcl‐xL from a DNA‐encoded chemical library using affinity‐capture selections and massively parallel high‐throughput sequencing of >30 000 sequence tags of library members. The most potent binder identified, compound 19/93 [(R)‐3‐(amido indomethacin)‐4‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)butanoic acid], bound to Bcl‐xL with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 930 nM and was able to compete with a Bak‐derived BH3 peptide, an antagonist of Bcl‐xL function.
Development and application of a multiplexable flow cytometry‐based assay to quantify cell‐mediated cytolysis
Authors: Cao Lan‐Feng , Krymskaya Ludmila , Tran Vivi , Mi Shu , Jensen Michael C. , Blanchard Suzette , Kalos Michael
Published: March 2010

Although target cell cytolysis has been widely employed to describe effector function of cells, cytolysis assays as commonly employed do not generate quantitative data. In this report we describe the development and application of a statistically supported flow cytometry‐based assay to quantify cell‐mediated cytolysis. The assay depends on the use of the fluorescent dye CFSE to distinguish target from effector cells, the DNA intercalating dye 7AAD to distinguish dead from live cell events, and on the establishment of a cytolysis curve that allows for the derivation of statistically robust data. We demonstrate that the cytolysis curve is well described by a four parameter logistic regression model provided that (i) the range of effector to target (E:T) ratios studied allows for full description of the logistic curve, and (ii) an adequate number of data points are collected to estimate the model parameters. We show that the assay is highly reproducible and accurate, and comparable in sensitivity with the standard 51Cr assay. We report on the potential for this assay to generate quantitative data on the cytolytic activity of both CD8 T and NK cells; describe a relationship between the efficiency of effector cell degranulation and target cell cytolysis throughout a range of E:T ratios, and demonstrate the potential to multiplex with other platforms to obtain broader datasets for the effector phenotype of cells. Appropriate use of this assay will enhance the ability to derive quantitative and integrated correlative datasets from basic, translational, and clinical studies. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Comparison of platelet counts by CellDyn Sapphire (Abbot Diagnostics), LH750 (Beckman Coulter), ReaPanThrombo immunoplatelet method (ReaMetrix), and the international flow reference method, in thrombocytopenic blood samples
Authors: Sehgal Kunal , Badrinath Y. , Tembhare Prashant , Subramanian P. G. , Talole Sanjay , Kumar Ashok , Gadage Vijaya , Mahadik Shashikant , Ghogale Sitaram , Gujral Sumeet
Published: March 2010

Background:

We compared the international flow reference method (IRM) platelet counts with those obtained from CellDyn Sapphire (impedance and optical counts), LH750 (impedance counts), and the flowcytometry based ReaPanThrombo Immunoplatelet method (ReaMetrix). We further evaluated the degree of agreement of above methods with the IRM at the transfusion thresholds of 10 × 109l−1and 20 × 109l−1.

Methods:

A total of 104 thrombocytopenic blood samples with platelet count of <50 × 109l−1were selected for the study. All samples were tested in parallel by various methods within 6 h of blood collection.

Results:

For bias estimation, a Bland–Altman analysis was done by taking the IRM as the standard method. The bias for CDS‐I counts was +6.505 × 109l−1(95% LA −2.110 to +15.122), for CDS‐O counts the bias was −3.779 × 109l−1(95% LA −8.950 to +1.392), for LH750 the bias was +0.111 × 109l−1(95% LA −5.862 to +6.084) and that for ReaMetrix was −1.602 × 109l−1(95% LA −7.400 to +4.194). The LH750 had the least average bias and it overestimated platelet counts marginally. The ReaMetrix method showed the highest degree of agreement with the IRM, at both the threshold points with aKvalue of 0.960 (threshold ≤ 10 × 109l−1) and 0.923 (threshold ≤ 20 × 109l−1).

Conclusions:

Impedance platelet counts from LH750 were more accurate than optical methods in thrombocytopenic patients. ReaMetrix immunoplatelet counts show the maximum degree of agreement with the IRM at clinically relevant transfusion thresholds. We conclude that as current platelet transfusion thresholds are based on results of automated hematology analyzer methods, the true thresholds may be determined using the IRM and CD41/61 based single‐platform immunoplatelet methods. © 2010 Clinical Cytometry Society
Extraction of Nitraria tangutorum seed lipid using different extraction methods and analysis of its fatty acids by HPLC fluorescence detection and on‐line MS identification
Authors: Suo Yourui , Wang Lingyun
Published: March 2010

The seed lipid of Nitraria tangutorum was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, microwave‐assisted reflux extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction, or solvent reflux extraction. The experimental parameters of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction including pressure, temperature, particle size, and extraction time were investigated. A facile and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of 30 saturated and 9 unsaturated fatty acids by HPLC with fluorescence detection after pre‐column derivatization was developed. Fatty acid derivatives were separated on a reversed‐phase Eclipse XDB‐C8 column in conjunction with gradient elution. Identification of fatty acid derivatives was carried out by on‐line APCI/MS in positive‐ion mode. Excellent quantitative linear responses of the 39 fatty acids were observed in the range of 0.014 to 14 μmol/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9992. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.32–3.7 nmol/L (S/N = 3). The fatty acids in Nitraria tangutorum seed lipid with or without saponification extracted by the four different methods were determined and compared. The results indicated that the mass percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) in Nitraria tangutorum seed lipid was up to 79%, and the best method was supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.
Policosanol characterization and accumulation during ripening of Tunisian Olea europaea L. fruits
Authors: Sakouhi Faouzi , Boukhchina Sadok , Absalon Christelle , Fouquet Eric , Kallel Habib
Published: March 2010

Policosanol is a mixture of bioactive molecules shown to have beneficial effects in treating hypercholesterolemia. Food products enriched in policosanol are currently available in the US market. In the present study, eight policosanol components were identified by GC‐MS during the ripening of Meski olives. The quantitative characterization of these compounds was performed using GC‐FID. The results showed that the maximum level of total policosanol components (947.20 mg/100 g oil) was reached at the 26th week after the flowering date of Meski olives. Hexacosanol and tetracosanol were the predominant policosanol components at Meski olive maturity. However pentacosanol, heptacosanol and tricosanol were less present in the olives and they accounted for 14% of the total policosanol at complete maturity of the fruit. The total policosanol content of Meski olives was higher than that of beeswax and whole sugar cane, which belong to the sources of dietary supplements containing policosanol. These findings indicate that olive is a potential source of these health‐enhancing compounds for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.
Effect of triacylglycerol species on the crystallizing behavior of a model water/oil emulsion
Authors: Tanaka Leo , Isogai Tomoyuki , Miura Susumu , Murakami Mototake
Published: March 2010

The crystallizing behavior of a model water/oil (W/O) emulsion with different fat formulas was investigated. The model W/O emulsion was stored in a programmable oven under a temperature fluctuation cycle of 5 °C for 12 h and 20 °C for another 12 h. Crystal growth was observed using a polarization microscope, until the crystals were over 100 μm in diameter, which causes texture degradation. We examined whether the texture degradation is related to the fatty acid formula and the triglyceride formula by carbon number. We also examined the effect of the triglyceride species concentration estimated from the fatty acid formula on the texture degradation. The palmitic acid content was related with texture degradation at high concentration among the fatty acid species. The triglyceride content was not related with texture degradation. Triacylglycerol species with palmitic acid such as tripalmitate (PPP) and 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (POP) were related with texture degradation. The summed up concentration of three triglycerides [PPP, POP and 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐glycerol (PPO)] was related with texture degradation.
Sox10 is necessary for oligodendrocyte survival following axon wrapping
Authors: Takada Norio , Kucenas Sarah , Appel Bruce
Published: March 2010

Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, which form the myelinating glia of the vertebrate central nervous system, undergo a stepwise developmental progression entailing specification from neuroepithelial precursors, proliferation, migration to expand and distribute the population, and differentiation to ensheath axons with myelin. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that regulate each of these steps during development is important, because this might lead to therapies to promote remyelination following neural injury or disease. Genetic studies in mice indicated that the Sox10 transcription factor is required during the differentiation stage to promote myelin gene expression. However, whether Sox10 also promotes other features of oligodendroctye differentiation remained unknown. In this study, we used time‐lapse imaging to investigate the behavior and fates of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in zebrafish embryos and larvae that lacked Sox10 function. This revealed that the myelinating subset of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrates, divides, and wraps axons normally, but then dies. Nonmyelinating oligodendrocyte progenitors divided more frequently, maintaining a normal population size. New oligodendrocytes produced by these progenitors wrapped axons and survived, but did not express myelin genes at high levels. We conclude that, in addition to promoting myelin gene expression, Sox10 function is necessary for the survival of myelinating oligodedrocytes subsequent to axon wrapping but is not required for the survival of nonmyelinating OPCs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The challenge of funding fundraising
Authors: Holmes Robert J.
Published: March 2010

Universities use various mechanisms to fund the development operation, including gift taxes, management fees, unrestricted giving, and earnings on cash holdings. Much in the way of planning how best to fund fundraising is required before you hire a single major gift officer or start an annual giving program.
Determining the success of fundraising programs
Authors: Hiles Thomas S.
Published: March 2010

Evaluating the effectiveness of your fundraising program is much more than simply looking at dollars raised. Other measurements, such as number of visits, proposals submitted, effectiveness in dealing with objections, and effectiveness at managing prospects, can also help university leaders determine the success of their development programs.
Integrating development, alumni relations, and marketing for fundraising success
Authors: Stevick Thomas R.
Published: March 2010

This chapter describes practical steps that universities can take to more fully integrate their advancement offices to increase fundraising success. The author suggests using the for‐profit integration of sales and marketing offices as a model for university action.
Holocene laminated sediments from the southern Gulf of California: geochemical, mineral magnetic and microfossil study
Authors: Pérez‐Cruz Ligia , Urrutia‐Fucugauchi Jaime
Published: March 2010

Geochemical, magnetic mineral analyses and microfossils (radiolarians) are used to characterise a Holocene laminated sequence from the Alfonso Basin, northern Bay of La Paz, southern Gulf of California. In most cases, dark and light laminae show similar bulk chemical compositions and magnetic mineral properties. However, dark laminae contain relatively more terrigenous elements (Al, Si, Fe, K and Mg) supporting a pluvial origin related to the volcanic siliceous tuffs around the Bay of La Paz. In light laminae, calcium content is higher, representing biogenic input. The magnetic signal is dominated by low coercivity, fine‐grained low‐titanium titanomagnetites and magnetite. Hysteresis ratio parameters in domain state plots show that samples fall in the pseudo‐single domain field, indicating mixtures of single‐ and multi‐domain particles. Variations in hysteresis saturation magnetisation parameters for dark and light laminae reflect changes in relative mineral concentration. Results indicate a dominant volcanic source for magnetic minerals into the basin, associated with variable pluvial and/or aeolian transport. Low radiolarian abundance in dark laminae seems to be associated with larger penetration and longer residence time of oligotrophic subtropical waters into the bay that occurred during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Light laminae are the result of episodic pulses of high productivity. We suggest that dark/light laminae result from oceanographic and climatic cyclic processes, with main terrigenous input variation possibly associated with ENSO forcing of pluvial influx, and/or latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The laminated sequence of the Alfonso Basin formed a non‐annual depositional system, in contrast to the varved sediments characteristic of the central Gulf of California basins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracing growing degree‐day changes in the cuticle morphology of Betula nana leaves: a new micro‐phenological palaeo‐proxy
Authors: Wagner‐Cremer Friederike , Finsinger Walter , Moberg Anders
Published: March 2010

Changing growing‐season properties in the northern latitudes are among the most obvious consequences of ongoing global change. Available techniques including satellite monitoring and phenological observations enable the detection of changes over the last few decades to centuries, but the full range of natural variability is still difficult to capture. Here we introduce a new approach to reconstruct growing season properties, by studying imprints of prolonged growing season on epidermal cell growth in Betula nana. A high correlation between cell expansion determined in annually collected B. nana leaves and subfossil leaf fragments collected from recent peat sections in northern Scandinavia, and climatic indices such as budburst date, growing‐season degree‐days and May–September mean temperatures, enable the establishment of a new micro‐phenological proxy for growing season characteristics. The applicability of the epidermal cell undulation index (UI) is tested by comparison with historical instrumental records of growing‐season degree‐days for the last 200 a. The results demonstrate the potential of the new leaf‐morphology‐based technique to reconstruct and quantify past changes in growing degree‐days beyond instrumental data series. Applied to abundant B. nana leaf remains from peat and lake sediments, the UI may enable a reconstruction of growing degree‐days throughout the Holocene and other parts of the late Quaternary. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical anatomy of cartilaginous structures of the Asian nose: Clinical implications in rhinoplasty
Authors: Kim Chang‐Hoon , Jung Dong Hak , Park Mi‐Na , Yoon Joo‐Heon
Published: March 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The morphologic features of upper and lower lateral cartilage and septal cartilage of the cadaveric nose were analyzed to provide practical anatomical knowledge for Asian rhinoplasty.

Study Design:

Cadaveric dissection.

Methods:

A total of 21 Korean adult cadavers were dissected. External nasal morphology was observed, measured, photographed, and analyzed. Histologic features were observed with a light microscope in coronally‐transected specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Results:

The lengths of the upper and lower lateral cartilage of Korean cadaveric noses were similar to those of white noses. The widths of the upper and lower lateral cartilage were substantially smaller in Korean cadaveric noses than in those of whites. Upper lateral cartilage include substantial transverse portions near the keystone area that should be preserved in component reduction rhinoplasty. The relationships between the upper lateral cartilage and the lower lateral cartilage were divided into four types. Type I, in which the upper lateral cartilage and lower lateral cartilage are interlocked to form a Z‐shape, is the most common. The posterior portion of the septal cartilage, which is connected to the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer, is thickest.

Conclusions:

Cartilaginous structures of Asian noses were substantially different from those of whites in terms of their shape, size, thickness, and relationship with other structures. The data from surgical anatomical observations of the cartilaginous framework of Korean cadaveric noses provided in this report will provide valuable information for performing rhinoplasty on Asian patients. Laryngoscope, 2010
Fundamentals of RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization Kinetics
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: March 2010

Summary: The polymerization rate of RAFT‐mediated miniemulsion polymerization, in which the time fraction of active radical ϕA is larger than a few percent, basically increases with reducing the particle size. For smaller particle sizes, however, the statistical variation of monomer concentration among particles may slow down the polymerization rate. The rate retardation by increasing the RAFT concentration occurs with or without the intermediate termination in a zero‐one system. According to the present theoretical investigation, smaller particles are advantageous in implementing a faster polymerization rate, a narrower MWD, and a smaller number of dead polymer chains.
Emulsifier‐Free, Organotellurium‐Mediated Living Radical Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Kitayama Yukiya , Chaiyasat Amorn , Okubo Masayoshi
Published: March 2010

Summary: Emulsifier‐free organotellurium‐mediated living radical emulsion polymerization (emulsion TERP) of styrene was successfully carried out using a water‐soluble TERP agent, poly(methacrylic acid)‐methyltellanyl (PMAA30‐TeMe) (degree of polymerization of PMAA, 30) and a water‐soluble thermal initiator, 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) (V‐501), which were neutralized with NaOH, at 60 °C with stirring at 220 rpm, where most of monomer floated as a layer onto an aqueous medium. The polymerization proceeded without an induction period and completed within 20 h, resulting in a stable PS emulsion without any coagulation, although the particle size distribution was bimodal. The polymerization livingness was maintained, although the experimental number‐average molecular weight (Mn) differed from theoretical Mn, and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) reached a slightly high value (2.1) at the completion of the polymerization.
Metal Nanoparticle/Polymer Hybrid Particles: The Catalytic Activity of Metal Nanoparticles Formed on the Surface of Polymer Particles by UV‐Irradiation
Authors: Tamai Toshiyuki , Watanabe Mitsuru , Teramura Tomohiro , Nishioka Noboru , Matsukawa Kimihiro
Published: March 2010

Summary: Polymer particles decorated with metal nanoparticles were prepared by UV‐irradiation of polystyrene latex particles incorporating polymethylphenylsilane (PS/PMPS) and P[S‐co‐NIPAM]/PMPS particles (NIPAM: N‐isopropyl acrylamide) in the presence of metal salts. The metal nanoparticle/polymer hybrid particles were used as a catalyst for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol with NaBH4. The Pd‐ and Ag‐P(S‐co‐NIPAM)/PMPS hybrid particles had larger metal nanoparticles and the lower catalytic activity than those of Pd‐ and Ag‐PS/PMPS, respectively. The surface functional group of the polymer particles affected the formation of the metal nanoparticles and their catalytic activity.
Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide protect endothelial nitric oxide synthase against damage by oxidized low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Lei Yen‐Ping , Liu Cheng‐Tzu , Sheen Lee‐Yan , Chen Haw‐Wen , Lii Chong‐Kuei
Published: March 2010

Garlic is viewed as an effective health food against atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined whether diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) protect endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation against oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL) insult and through what mechanism. We found that DADS and DATS reversed the suppression of eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation by ox‐LDL, and wortmannin abolished the reversal by DADS and DATS. Similarly, the inhibition of cellular cGMP and nitric oxide production by ox‐LDL was reversed by DADS and DATS (p<0.05). This increase in nitric oxide bioavailability by the allyl sulfides was attenuated by wortmannin. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that DADS and DATS preserved the interaction of eNOS with caveolin‐1 in the membrane. In addition, DADS and DATS suppressed the reduction of the cellular eNOS protein content by ox‐LDL. When cycloheximide was added to block protein synthesis, DADS and DATS suppressed eNOS protein degradation similarly to that noted by MG132. Ox‐LDL increased chymotrypsin‐like proteasome activity, and this increase was inhibited by the allyl sulfides and MG132 (p<0.05). These results suggest that DADS and DATS protect eNOS activity against ox‐LDL insult. This protection can be attributed partly to their mediation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B signaling and prevention of eNOS degradation.
Phenethyl isothiocyanate suppresses nitric oxide production via inhibition of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt‐induced IFN‐γ secretion in LPS‐activated peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Okubo Toru , Washida Kazuto , Murakami Akira
Published: March 2010

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a constituent of many cruciferous vegetables, is well known to have versatile physiological activities, including chemopreventive effects. On the other hand, its anti‐inflammatory effects are poorly reported. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with a wide variety of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of PEITC on NO production in LPS‐activated peritoneal macrophages from ICR mice. The signaling pathway of LPS‐induced NO production was examined using neutralizing antibodies [anti‐interferon (IFN)‐γ and anti‐interleukin (IL‐12)] and specific protein kinase inhibitors, as well as others. The activity of PEITC toward NOx production was assessed in mice that received LPS via intraperitoneal administration. The neutralizing antibody of anti‐IFN‐γ, but not anti‐IL‐12, suppressed LPS‐induced NO production by 90%. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase, suppressed Akt and IFN‐γ mRNA expression up‐regulated by LPS, whereas PEITC exhibited a similar inhibition profile. Furthermore, oral administration of PEITC significantly suppressed the serum concentration of NOx in ICR mice. Our results suggest that PEITC suppresses LPS‐induced NO production via inhibition of Akt activation and the resultant decrease in expression of IFN‐γ. This is one of the first reports to demonstrate a marked anti‐inflammatory effect of PEITC following its oral administration.
Controlled Radical Polymerization: Industrial Stakes, Obstacles and Achievements
Authors: Destarac Mathias
Published: March 2010

The extraordinary scientific development of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) contrasts with the very limited number of commercially available products derived from these technologies. The present comprehensive survey takes up existing public knowledge on industrial features of CRP and gives a critical point of view on its global status, and on each CRP technique in particular. The main techniques, namely RAFT/MADIX, NMP, ATRP, OCRP, OHRP and (R)ITP, are introduced. The focus is put on their current status in industry, based on selected patent literature, conference proceedings, professional press releases and technical data sheets of commercial products. This includes the industrial availability of CRP agents, the types of polymers that have been already commercialized or that are at an advanced stage of development, and the related applications and markets. The strengths and weaknesses are given for the different CRP techniques, and ways of improvements are suggested. As is often the case for strong technological breakthroughs, the CRP processes face a multitude of hurdles (at different degrees depending on the type of CRP), that must be overcome and which greatly increase the time‐to‐market for polymer products compared to mature technologies. In spite of its slow development, CRP is seen as a revolutionary method to produce precisely controlled, next generation specialty polymer additives and materials.

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I‐Z‐I complexes in congenital myopathy
Authors: Rhodes Roy H. , Sharer Leroy R.
Published: March 2010

A 3‐month‐old boy with hypotonia at birth succumbed to a congenital myopathy. The major finding in his muscle biopsy corresponded to I‐Z‐I complexes described previously in embryonic skeletal muscle. A few previous myopathy cases have described findings suggestive of I‐Z‐I–like complexes. A mutation affecting mononuclear myoblasts or early myotubes was suspected, although an acquired lesion could not be ruled out. The findings may also have been altered by secondary events in this unusual case. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Origin of ulnar compound muscle action potential investigated in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the wrist
Authors: Higashihara Mana , Sonoo Masahiro , Imafuku Ichiro , Ugawa Yoshikazu , Tsuji Shoji
Published: March 2010

The compound muscle action potential from the abductor digiti minimi muscle is bi‐lobed, and its second peak is formed by far‐field potentials (FFPs). We investigated their origin in two patients with ulnar neuropathy at the wrist that spared the hypothenar muscles. FFPs were lost or distorted, which indicated that the deep motor branch–innervated muscles, such as the interossei, mainly contributed to the FFPs, especially to their initial N1 and steep following P1 components. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Effects of anterior trocar guided transvaginal mesh surgery on lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Ek Marion , Altman Daniel , Falconer Christian , Kulseng‐Hanssen Sigurd , Tegerstedt Gunilla
Published: March 2010

Aims

To assess the effects of trocar guided transvaginal mesh on lower urinary tract symptoms after anterior vaginal wall prolapse repair.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐one patients undergoing anterior transvaginal mesh surgery was prospectively evaluated at baseline and 1 year after surgery using the urogenital distress inventory (UDI).

Results

Overall UDI scores declined from 91 before surgery to 31 one year after surgery (P < 0.001). UDI subscales for obstructive and irritative symptoms improved 1 year after surgery (P < 0.001 for both) while stress symptoms did not (P = 0.11).

Conclusion

Trocar guided transvaginal mesh surgery for anterior vaginal wall prolapse was associated with an overall resolution of most symptoms associated with overactive bladder syndrome and bladder outlet obstruction. These beneficial effects should be weighed against an increased risk for stress urinary incontinence related to the procedure. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1419–1423, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of a conceptual model of uncertainty in children and adolescents with cancer
Authors: Stewart Janet L. , Mishel Merle H. , Lynn Mary R. , Terhorst Lauren
Published: March 2010

Despite recognition as a significant stressor in childhood cancer, illness‐related uncertainty from the perspective of children remains under‐studied. We tested a conceptual model of uncertainty, derived from Mishel's uncertainty in illness theory, in 68 school‐aged children and adolescents with cancer. As hypothesized, uncertainty was significantly related to psychological distress, but only one hypothesized antecedent (parental uncertainty) significantly predicted children's uncertainty. An alternative model incorporating antecedent developmental factors (age and illness‐specific expertise) explained 21% of the variance in child uncertainty; controlling for stage of treatment, uncertainty was higher in children with shorter time since diagnosis, older age, lower cancer knowledge, and higher parental uncertainty. These findings provide the foundation for further studies to understand children's management of uncertainty and its contribution to psychological adjustment to illness. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:179–191, 2010
A review of trepanations in Anatolia with new cases
Authors: Erdal Y. S. , Erdal Ö. D.
Published: March 2010

In this study, trepanations in ancient Anatolia were discussed from a historical perspective. Trepanations were studied in respect to temporal and spatial distribution, sex and age distribution, techniques and reasons, completeness, healing and number of holes. Forty individuals from 23 different Anatolian settlements are identified to have undergone trepanations. Cranial trepanations in Anatolia show a distribution over a period of 10 000 years ranging from the Aceramic Neolithic period to the Late Ottoman period and spread to whole Anatolia. The greater majority of the individuals had single trepanation orifices while only four individuals were identified with multiple holes. It is observed that the surgical procedure was predominantly carried out on males in Anatolia. Main techniques of trepanations used in Anatolia are drilling and cutting. Early cases of trepanation were made by drilling; however, this technique has been used for cranial surgery until the Ottoman period. Scraping and rectangular sawing techniques first applied in the Early Bronze Age. The boring‐and‐cutting technique was only applied in the Iron Age. More than half of the trepanations practiced due to cranial trauma. Training and treatment besides of cranial trauma are also considered as likely causes of trepanations in Anatolia. It is concluded that trepanation techniques are similar to South America and the Mediterranean region rather than Europe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and simulation of mid‐ and far‐infrared spectra in the presence of cirrus
Authors: Cox C. V. , Harries J. E. , Taylor J. P. , Green P. D. , Baran A. J. , Pickering J. C. , Last A. E. , Murray J.E.
Published: March 2010

Observed far‐infrared and mid‐infrared radiance spectra measured insitu above cirrus with both the Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TAFTS) and the Airborne Research Interferometer Evaluation System (ARIES) are presented. Two sets of upwelling spectra between wavenumbers 100 and 1415cm−1 taken over ice cloud of visible optical thickness 0.1 and 0.3 are shown. These observations address the need for more measurements of radiance from cirrus, particularly in the far infrared, where experimental data are lacking. A test of consistency in modelling in both the far infrared and mid infrared is performed by fitting a model calculation of radiances in the infrared window region, and comparing with the measured radiances. In this consistency check, the sampling of the surrounding atmosphere and the cloud is given extensive consideration. The model was not able to consistently reproduce the observed radiance across the entire region, and was particularly poor in the 330–600cm−1 region of the far infrared. Possible causes are thought to be primarily model input uncertainties arising from inadequate sampling of cloud and atmosphere. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright.
Accuracy of peritoneal fluid measurements by transvaginal ultrasonography
Authors: Verguts J. , Timmerman D. , Bourne T. , Lewi P. , Koninckx P.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To assess the accuracy of the assessment of peritoneal fluid volumes of up to 1 L by transvaginal ultrasonography and to re‐evaluate the formula used to calculate total volume from the dimensions of the largest pocket.

Methods

Patients (n = 13) enrolled for a minor laparoscopic procedure were prospectively recruited. At the end of the procedure, with the patient in the 30° anti‐Trendelenburg position, Ringer's lactate was instilled into the abdomen in discrete steps up to 1 L. Following equilibration the diameters of the single pocket of fluid were measured by transvaginal ultrasonography in order to calculate the volume, and regression models were used to determine the relationship between this and the instilled volume. The body mass index (BMI) of the patient was evaluated as a parameter for predicting the instilled volume more accurately.

Results

The intra‐abdominal fluid volume could be calculated from the measured volume using a quadratic regression equation with an overall coefficient of variation of 19%. In individual patients, changes in volume could be assessed with a coefficient of variation of 7.3%. BMI was not found to be a significant parameter in relating the measured to the instilled volume.

Conclusion

Transvaginal ultrasound in a standardized setting can accurately estimate the volume of peritoneal fluid, with the accuracy consistent for small and large volumes. Changes in peritoneal fluid volume over time in the same individual can be measured more accurately than the total volume present. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A values‐based approach to vulnerability and adaptation to climate change
Authors: O'Brien Karen L. , Wolf Johanna
Published: March 2010

Values play a significant role in climate change debates. To date, however, the use of the term values has been narrowly focused on monetary worth, relative worth, or fair return on exchanges. This article argues that another, broader interpretation of values, one concentrating on intrinsically desirable principles or qualities is needed to understand and respond to climate change. How to respond to climate change impacts depends importantly on what the effects of climate change mean to those affected. Similarly, what is considered as effective and legitimate adaptation depends on what people perceive to be worth preserving and achieving. How to adapt to climate change therefore hinges on the values underlying people's perspectives on what the goals of adaptation should be. This article examines what a values‐based approach is, why it is needed, and what its benefits for understanding adaptation are. The implications for research and policy are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Public–private partnerships in global climate governance
Authors: Pattberg Philipp
Published: March 2010

This article assesses the contributions of public–private partnerships, understood as a specific type of networked climate governance, to effective and legitimate climate governance. The appraisal of networked governance in the climate change arena is based on three sets of criteria. First, their potential contribution to effective climate change mitigation and adaptation; second, their contribution to broader political goals such as increased participation and inclusiveness in global environmental governance; and third, their linkages and fit with the existing institutional architecture of international climate change governance. I conclude with a set of questions for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change
Nanodevices in diagnostics
Authors: Hu Ye , Fine Daniel H. , Tasciotti Ennio , Bouamrani Ali , Ferrari Mauro
Published: March 2010

The real‐time, personalized and highly sensitive early‐stage diagnosis of disease remains an important challenge in modern medicine. With the ability to interact with matter at the nanoscale, the development of nanotechnology architectures and materials could potentially extend subcellular and molecular detection beyond the limits of conventional diagnostic modalities. At the very least, nanotechnology should be able to dramatically accelerate biomarker discovery, as well as facilitate disease monitoring, especially of maladies presenting a high degree of molecular and compositional heterogeneity. This article gives an overview of several of the most promising nanodevices and nanomaterials along with their applications in clinical practice. Significant work to adapt nanoscale materials and devices to clinical applications involving large interdisciplinary collaborations is already underway with the potential for nanotechnology to become an important enabling diagnostic technology. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 11–32 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.82

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Characterisation of Siliceous Extra‐Framework Species in DAY Zeolites by 29Si MAS NMR and IR Spectroscopic Measurements
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Heidemann Detlev , Kurzhals Rolf , Kryukova Galina
Published: March 2010

Dealuminated Y zeolites (DAY) were obtained by steaming of NH4NaY at temperatures between 450 °C and 700 °C. They were characterised by means of 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR, IR spectroscopic and XRD measurements. The Si/Al framework ratios of samples were calculated using the 29Si MAS NMR signal intensities, the wave numbers of the double‐ring vibration band wDR and the asymmetrical TOT valence vibration wTOT of IR spectra as well as the XRD lattice constant a0. In contrast to actual Si/Al ratio obtained from wDR and a0, the NMR spectroscopic and wTOT values were determined to be too high because of the superposition of the signals coming from dealuminated zeolite framework and silica gel which forms in the zeolite as a result of steaming. The differently determined Si/Al ratios characterise the siliceous extra‐framework species.
Reactions of 1,1′‐Diphosphaferrocene with CuCl and CuBr Resulting in Cu4P4X4Fe2 (X = Cl, Br) Complexes with Adamantane‐like Topologies
Authors: Schnödt Johannes , Winter Rainer F. , Zabel Manfred
Published: March 2010

Cu4P4X4Fe2 (X = Cl, Br) cages are formed upon reactions of octaethyl‐1,1′‐diphosphaferrocene (odpf) with the respective CuI halide in CH2Cl2/CH3CN solvent mixtures. These cages have adamantoid Cu4X4P2 cores with two planar anelated CuP2Fe rings as the flaps. Both complexes 1 and 2 feature tri‐ and tetracoordinate CuI ions and an additional acetonitrile solvent molecule in the crystal. In 1, the solvent molecule is coordinated to one copper ion whereas it remains uncoordinated in 2. The tricoordinate CuI ions show a slight pyramidalization at the metal atom and somewhat short contacts to the other tricoordinate CuI ion in 2 or the Cu3‐triangle in 1. NMR spectroscopy revealed easy decoordination of the acetonitrile ligand from 1 and a dynamic “windshield‐wiper”‐type process that interconverts the differently coordinated phospholide rings of each odpf ligand and the tri‐ and tetracoordinate CuI ions.
PbADC and PbADC·H2O: Two Coordination Polymers with Acetylenedicarboxylate (ADC2–) as Bridging Ligand
Authors: Schuy Andrea , Stein Irena , Ruschewitz Uwe
Published: March 2010

Single crystals of PbADC (1) and PbADC·H2O (2) formed at the phase boundary of an aqueous silica gel containing acetylenedicarboxylic acid (HOOC–C≡C–COOH, H2ADC) and an aqueous solution containing Pb(NO3)2. By choosing different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2, compounds 1 and 2 were obtained as phase pure products. Additionally, 1 was obtained by grinding Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O with H2ADC resulting in a polycrystalline sample. The crystal structures of 1 (I41/amd, Z = 4; SrADC type structure) and 2 (P21/c, Z = 4, new structure type) were solved and refined from X‐ray single crystal data. Compound 1 exhibits a three‐dimensional framework structure: lead cations with a diamond‐like arrangement are interconnected by bridging ADC2– ligands. In 2 double‐layers are formed by lead cations, bridging ADC2– anions, and water molecules. These layers are held together by hydrogen bonds through water molecules and oxygen atoms of the ADC2– ligands. Suspending 1 for 24 h in water at ambient conditions leads to the formation of 2, which can be converted to 1 again by careful dehydration at approx. 400 K in vacuo. This reversible reaction can be structurally interpreted as a topochemical reaction, which transforms a 3D coordination network into a 2D network structure and vice versa, as both crystal structures show noticeable structural similarities.
Sodium Trinitratouranylate(VI) Na[UO2(NO3)3]
Authors: Bäcker Tobias , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: March 2010

Although potassium, rubidium, and cesium uranyl nitrate have been characterized a long time ago, the crystal structure and properties of the homologous sodium compounds has not been reported yet. Na[UO2(NO3)3] crystallizes in a unique structure [Pearson code cP72, cubic, P213, no. 198, Z = 4, a = 10.6324(14) Å, 938 unique reflections with Io > 2σ(Io), R1 = 0.0379, wR2 = 0.0947, GooF = 1.092, T = 293 K]. The structure is characterized by an open framework built by interconnected helical chains formed by {UO8} and {NaO6} units. The vibrational and optical (UV/Vis absorption and luminescence) spectra match well with those of the higher alkali metal uranyl nitrates.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of Ag3SbO4
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Jansen Martin
Published: March 2010

From solid state reactions of Ag2O and Sb2O3 at high temperatures under elevated oxygen pressures a new silver antimonate, Ag3SbO4, has been obtained. The crystal structure of Ag3SbO4 was determined from powder data (P4122 (no. 91) with a = 7.0436(1), c = 8.8665(1) Å, V = 439.88(2) Å3, Z = 4, Rp = 8,75 %, Rwp = 11.92 %, Rexp = 13.60 % ). Ag3SbO4 is isostructural to Ag3RuO4. The crystal structure is an ordered variant of the NaCl structure and consists of silver atoms and helical chains of edge sharing SbO6 octahedra running along c. Ag3SbO4 is diamagnetic and semiconducting (ρ = 50 Ω·cm at ambient temperature, Ea = 0.098 eV), and starts to decompose at 620 °C.
Das „Gewerbeflächenpotenzialmodell Saarland”
Authors: Domhardt Hans-Jörg , Hilligardt Jan
Published: March 2010

There is a need in spatial planning for transparent and intelligible methods of assessment and decision-making to deal with a range of complex issues. With the growing need and call for coordination at regional level, more and more importance is coming to be placed, in particular, on sound methods for identifying and assessing potential commercial sites as a basis for regional planning concepts. In considering the example of Saarland's “Commercial Site Potential Model”, this article outlines the development and application of such a model and discusses the experience gained in its application within the framework of this Land-wide study, paying special attention to GIS support.