bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OX40 Is a Potent Immune-Stimulating Target in Late-Stage Cancer Patients
Authors: Curti Brendan D. , Kovacsovics-Bankowski Magdalena , Morris Nicholas , Walker Edwin , Chisholm Lana , Floyd Kevin , Walker Joshua , Gonzalez Iliana , Meeuwsen Tanisha , Fox Bernard A. , Moudgil Tarsem , Miller William , Haley Daniel , Coffey Todd , Fisher Brenda , Delanty-Miller Laurie , Rymarchyk Nicole , Kelly Tracy , Crocenzi Todd , Bernstein Eric , Sanborn Rachel , Urba Walter J. , Weinberg Andrew D.
Published: November 2013

OX40 is a potent costimulatory receptor that can potentiate T-cell receptor signaling on the surface of T lymphocytes, leading to their activation by a specifically recognized antigen. In particular, OX40 engagement by ligands present on dendritic cells dramatically increases the proliferation, effector function, and survival of T cells. Preclinical studies have shown that OX40 agonists increase antitumor immunity and improve tumor-free survival. In this study, we performed a phase I clinical trial using a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) that agonizes human OX40 signaling in patients with advanced cancer. Patients treated with one course of the anti-OX40 mAb showed an acceptable toxicity profile and regression of at least one metastatic lesion in 12 of 30 patients. Mechanistically, this treatment increased T and B cell responses to reporter antigen immunizations, led to preferential upregulation of OX40 on CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and increased the antitumor reactivity of T and B cells in patients with melanoma. Our findings clinically validate OX40 as a potent immune-stimulating target for treatment in patients with cancer, providing a generalizable tool to favorably influence the antitumor properties of circulating T cells, B cells, and intratumoral regulatory T cells. Cancer Res; 73(24); 7189–98. ©2013 AACR.
Effect of Both Local and Systemically Administered Dexamethasone on Long-Term Hearing and Tissue Response in a Guinea Pig Model of Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Lee Jason , Ismail Hudaifa , Lee Jun Ho , Kel Gordana , O'Leary Jonathan , Hampson Amy , Eastwood Hayden , O'Leary Stephen J.
Published: November 2013

Dexamethasone administered prior to cochlear implantation has been shown to reduce the loss of residual hearing in experimental settings. However, its effect on the tissue response around the implant has not been extensively studied. In this study dexamethasone sodium phosphate was administered to guinea pigs via local delivery to the round window (2% dexamethasone for 120 min prior to surgery, ‘local 2/120', or 20% dexamethasone for 30 min prior to surgery) or intravenously (2 mg/kg dexamethasone for 60 min) prior to implantation. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were monitored for 3 months, after which the cochleae were embedded in Spurr's resin and sectioned. The extent of the tissue response and the survival of the neurosensory structures were analysed. Both local 2/120 and systemically delivered dexamethasone improved ABR thresholds when compared with control animals. Systemic dexamethasone also reduced the tissue response around the electrode. This suggests that whilst both locally and systemically administered dexamethasone can protect residual hearing after cochlear implantation, their effects upon the tissue response to implantation may differ.
Walking while Talking and Falls in Aging
Authors: Ayers Emmeline I. , Tow Amanda C. , Holtzer Roee , Verghese Joe
Published: November 2013

Background: While divided attention tasks are recognized as predictors of falls in older adults, a comprehensive examination of this association is lacking. Objective: We examined the validity of a ‘walking while talking' (WWT) task for predicting falls. Methods: We studied the associations of 8 selected gait markers measured during WWT (individually as well as domains derived by factor analysis) with incident falls in 646 adults (mean age 79.9 years; 61% women) enrolled in an aging study who received quantitative gait assessments. Cox regressions adjusted for multiple potential confounders and normal-pace walking were used to examine the associations. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 2.6 years, 337 participants (52%) fell. Step length was the only individual WWT parameter that predicted falls [hazard ratio (HR) 0.98; p = 0.034]. Factor analysis identified 3 gait domains, of which only the pace factor predicted falls (HR 1.31; p = 0.002). Results remained robust after adjusting for multiple potential confounders and accounting for normal-pace walking. Conclusions: WWT performance was a significant predictor of falls. Gait domains in WWT should be further studied to improve current fall risk assessments and to develop new interventions.
Gentamicin Concentration Gradients in Scala Tympani Perilymph following Systemic Applications
Authors: Hahn Hartmut , Salt Alec N. , Schumacher Ulrike , Plontke Stefan K.
Published: November 2013

It has been shown in prior studies that round window membrane (RWM) application of gentamicin produced a robust basal-apical concentration gradient in the perilymph of scala tympani (ST) with peak concentrations in the basal turn of ST. These gradients potentially contribute to the clinical efficacy and safety of intratympanic gentamicin applications for the treatment of Ménière's disease. The present study aimed to establish the distribution of gentamicin along ST perilymph after systemic applications. Gentamicin sulfate was applied intravenously in the amounts of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight (BW) over a period of 3 h or as a 300 mg/kg BW subcutaneous bolus injection. At 3 and 5 h after the start of the application perilymph of ST was aspirated from the cochlea apex of the right and left cochlea, respectively, and 10 sequential 1-µl perilymph samples from the apex of each cochlea were quantitatively analyzed using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. In contrast to local RWM delivery, systemic application of gentamicin resulted in the highest perilymph levels in the apex of the cochlea with decreasing concentrations towards the basal regions of ST. The absolute gentamicin concentrations increased with the amount of drug applied and time before sampling. While it is likely that the basal-apical gradient measured after local drug applications to the round window niche is the result of the direct uptake of drugs into the perilymph of the ST, distribution by diffusion and a very low perilymph flow towards the cochlear apex, computer simulations suggested that the apical-basal gradient observed with these systemic applications can be explained by higher entry rates of gentamicin in the apex compared to the basal turns of the cochlea. It is also possible that gentamicin enters perilymph indirectly from the blood via the endolymph. In this case the faster kinetics in apical turns could be due to the smaller cross-sectional area of ST relative to endolymph in the apical turns.
Impaired Leukocytes Autophagy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Chen Wei-Ting , Hung Kuo-Chun , Wen Ming-Shien , Hsu Po-Yaur , Chen Tien-Hsing , Wang Horng-Dar , Fang Ji-Tseng , Shie Shian-Sen , Wang Chao-Yung
Published: November 2013

Background: Proteins and cytoplasmic organelles undergo degradation and recycling via autophagy; its role in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still unclear. We hypothesize that impaired kidney function causes autophagy activation failure. Methods: We included 60 patients with stage 5 CKD and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects as controls. Patients with conditions that could affect autophagy were excluded. Leukocytes were isolated and analyzed from peripheral blood samples collected after overnight fasting and 2 h after breakfast. Results: Overnight fasting induced conversion of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 I to II (γLC3) and increased mRNA levels of the autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) and Beclin-1 in healthy subjects, which were nearly absent in CKD patients (p = 0.0001). Moreover, no significant difference in autophagy activation was observed between CKD patients with or without hemodialysis. Correlation studies showed that γLC3 was negatively associated with the left atrium size. Changes in Atg5 transcript levels were negatively associated with the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and changes in Beclin-1 transcript levels were negatively associated with the mitral inflow E- and A-wave sizes. Conclusion: These data suggest that CKD patients have impaired autophagy activation, which cannot be reversed with hemodialysis and is closely related to their cardiac abnormalities.
Role of Soluble Endothelial Cell–Selective Adhesion Molecule Biomarker in Albuminuria and Kidney Function Changes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Park Meyeon , Vittinghoff Eric , Ganz Peter , Peralta Carmen A. , Whooley Mary , Shlipak Michael G.
Published: November 2013

Objective—

Endothelial dysfunction is a possible mechanism to explain the association between atherosclerosis and kidney disease. This study evaluated circulating soluble endothelial cell–selective adhesion molecule (sESAM), a marker of endothelial dysfunction, as a risk factor for kidney function decline and albuminuria.

Approach and Results—

In the Heart and Soul Study, we measured sESAM from baseline serum samples and defined elevated levels of sESAM by the highest quartile (quartile 4 [Q4]: >65.4 ng/mL). We evaluated the associations of high sESAM with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and ratio of urine albumin to creatinine (ACR), and with longitudinal changes in eGFR and ACR. Among 990 participants with sESAM measurements, median sESAM was 54.5 ng/mL (interquartile range, 45.3–65.8). After multivariable adjustment, elevated levels of sESAM were strongly and independently associated with baseline reduced eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
(odds ratio [OR], 11.44;
P
<0.0001) and ACR ≥30 mg/g (OR, 5.23;
P
<0.0001). Associations of sESAM (Q4 versus quartile 1 [Q1]) with change in ACR (β=54.47;
P
<0.0001) were also significant after full adjustment. The association with change in eGFR (1.56%;
P
=0.0049) was not statistically significant after application of the Bonferroni correction for multiple markers. In unadjusted models, sESAM was associated with rapid kidney function loss, defined as 3% annual eGFR decline (OR, 2.28;
P
=0.0003), although this was attenuated by adjustment (OR, 2.11;
P
=0.0095).

Conclusions—

sESAM is associated with albuminuria and reduced kidney function in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. These findings implicate endothelial dysfunction as a potential contributor to the elevated kidney disease risk in persons with cardiovascular disease.
Modulation of Protein C Activation by Histones, Platelet Factor 4, and Heparinoids
Authors: Kowalska M. Anna , Zhao Guohua , Zhai Li , David George , Marcus Stephen , Krishnaswamy Sriram , Poncz Mortimer
Published: November 2013

Objective—

Histones are detrimental in late sepsis. Both activated protein C (aPC) and heparin can reverse their effect. Here, we investigated whether histones can modulate aPC generation in a manner similar to another positively charged molecule, platelet factor 4, and how heparinoids (unfractionated heparin or oxygen-desulfated unfractionated heparin with marked decrease anticoagulant activity) may modulate this effect.

Approach and Results—

We measured in vitro and in vivo effects of histones, platelet factor 4, and heparinoids on aPC formation, activated partial thromboplastin time, and murine survival. In vitro, histones and platelet factor 4 both affect thrombin/thrombomodulin aPC generation following a bell-shaped curve, with a peak of >5-fold enhancement. Heparinoids shift these curves rightward. Murine aPC generation studies after infusions of histones, platelet factor 4, and heparinoids supported the in vitro data. Importantly, although unfractionated heparin and 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin both reversed the lethality of high-dose histone infusions, only mice treated with 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin demonstrated corrected activated partial thromboplastin times and had significant levels of aPC.

Conclusions—

Our data provide a new contextual model of how histones affect aPC generation, and how heparinoid therapy may be beneficial in sepsis. These studies provide new insights into the complex interactions controlling aPC formation and suggest a novel therapeutic interventional strategy.
Positive Feedback Regulation of Agonist-Stimulated Endothelial Ca
2+
Dynamics by K
Ca
3.1 Channels in Mouse Mesenteric Arteries
Authors: Qian Xun , Francis Michael , Köhler Ralf , Solodushko Viktoriya , Lin Mike , Taylor Mark S.
Published: November 2013

Objective—

Intermediate and small conductance K
Ca
channels IK1 (K
Ca
3.1) and SK3 (K
Ca
2.3) are primary targets of endothelial Ca
2+
signals in the arterial vasculature, and their ablation results in increased arterial tone and hypertension. Activation of IK1 channels by local Ca
2+
transients from internal stores or plasma membrane channels promotes arterial hyperpolarization and vasodilation. Here, we assess arteries from genetically altered IK1 knockout mice (IK1
−/−
) to determine whether IK1 channels exert a positive feedback influence on endothelial Ca
2+
dynamics.

Approach and Results—

Using confocal imaging and custom data analysis software, we found that although the occurrence of basal endothelial Ca
2+
dynamics was not different between IK1
−/−
and wild-type mice (
P
>0.05), the frequency of acetylcholine-stimulated (2 μmol/L) Ca
2+
dynamics was greatly decreased in IK1
−/−
endothelium (515±153 versus 1860±319 events;
P
<0.01). In IK1
−/−
/SK3
T/T
mice, ancillary suppression (+Dox) or overexpression (−Dox) of SK3 channels had little additional effect on the occurrence of events under basal or acetylcholine-stimulated conditions. However, SK3 overexpression did restore the decreased event amplitudes. Removal of extracellular Ca
2+
reduced acetylcholine-induced Ca
2+
dynamics to the same level in wild-type and IK1
−/−
arteries. Blockade of IK1 and SK3 with the combination of charybdotoxin (0.1 μmol/L) and apamin (0.5 μmol/L) or transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels with HC-067047 (1 μmol/L) reduced acetylcholine Ca
2+
dynamics in wild-type arteries to the level of IK1
−/−
/SK3
T/T
+Dox arteries. These drug effects were not additive.

Conclusions—

IK1, and to some extent SK3, channels exert a substantial positive feedback influence on endothelial Ca
2+
dynamics.
Spectrum of Transient Visual Symptoms in a Transient Ischemic Attack Cohort
Authors: Lavallée Philippa C. , Cabrejo Lucie , Labreuche Julien , Mazighi Mikaël , Meseguer Elena , Guidoux Céline , Abboud Halim , Lapergue Bertrand , Klein Isabelle F. , Olivot Jean-Marc , Sirimarco Gaia , Gonzales-Valcarcel Jaime , Touboul Pierre-Jean , Amarenco Pierre
Published: November 2013

Background and Purpose—

Transient visual symptoms (TVS) are common complaints. They can be related to transient ischemic attacks, but the nature of the symptoms often remains uncertain, and data on prognosis are scarce. We studied the prevalence, presentation, and effect of different types of TVS, paying particular attention to the association with high-risk pathology of embolism.

Methods—

A total of 2398 patients with suspected transient ischemic attack admitted to the SOS-TIA clinic between January 2003 and December 2008 underwent immediate evaluation and treatment.

Results—

Eight hundred twenty-six (34.5%) patients had TVS, including 422 (17.6%) patients with isolated TVS. Transient monocular blindness was the most frequent TVS (36.3%), followed by diplopia (13.4%), homonymous lateral hemianopia (12.3%), bilateral positive visual phenomena (10.8%), and lone bilateral blindness (4.5%). Positive diffusion-weighted imaging was found in 11.8%, 8.1%, 8.1%, and 5.0% of patients with homonymous lateral hemianopia, diplopia, lone bilateral blindness, and transient monocular blindness, respectively. Among 1850 patients (595 patients with TVS) with definite/possible transient ischemic attack or minor stroke, a major source of embolism of cardiac or arterial origin was found less frequently in patients with isolated or nonisolated TVS than in patients without TVS (19.6%; 19.7% versus 28.1%, respectively;
P
<0.001). However, we found a higher rate of atrial fibrillation in patients with homonymous lateral hemianopia (23.2%) than in patients with other TVS (4.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 6.71; 95% confidence interval, 2.99–15.06) or nonvisual symptoms (9.1%; adjusted odds ratio, 4.39; 95% confidence interval, 2.26–8.50).

Conclusions—

Approximately 20% of patients with TVS had a major source of embolism detected, requiring urgent management. Atrial fibrillation was particularly frequent in patients with transient homonymous lateral hemianopia.
Cerebral Microbleeds as a Predictor of 1-Year Outcome of Poststroke Depression
Authors: Tang Wai Kwong , Chen Yangkun , Liang Huajun , Chu Winnie Chiu Wing , Mok Vincent Chung Tong , Ungvari Gabor Sandor , Wong Ka Sing
Published: November 2013

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are common in stroke survivors and community-dwelling elderly. The clinical significance of CMBs in the outcome of poststroke depression (PSD) is unknown. This study examined the association between the 1-year outcome of PSD and CMBs.

Methods—

The study population comprised 774 Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong. Three and 15 months after the onset of the index stroke, a research assistant administered the locally validated 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. PSD was defined as a Geriatric Depression Scale score of ≥7. Of the 213 patients with PSD at the 3-month follow-up, 135 (63.4%) attended the 15-month follow-up, at which time 89 (65.9%) patients remained depressed (nonremitters), and 46 (34.1%) had recovered (remitters). The presence and location of CMBs were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging.

Results—

In comparison with the remitters, nonremitters were more likely to have lobar CMBs (18.4% versus 4.3%;
P
=0.024). Lobar CMBs remained an independent predictor of PSD in the multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 4.96 (
P
=0.039).

Conclusions—

The results suggest that lobar CMBs may influence the outcome of PSD. The importance of CMBs in the clinical course of depression in stroke survivors warrants further investigation.
Evolution of Computed Tomography Angiography Spot Sign Is Consistent With a Site of Active Hemorrhage in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Dowlatshahi Dar , Wasserman Jason K. , Momoli Franco , Petrcich William , Stotts Grant , Hogan Matthew , Sharma Mukul , Aviv Richard I. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Chakraborty Santanu
Published: November 2013

Background and Purpose—

CT angiography spot sign predicts hematoma expansion in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The spot sign may represent a site of active extravasation, a locus of arrested hemorrhage forming fibrin globes, or represent associated epiphenomena such as hypertensive microaneurysms. We sought to describe the evolution of spot signs over 60 seconds in acute ICH using dynamic CT angiography and determine whether they grow and diffuse into the hematoma as would be expected with active extravasation.

Methods—

We prospectively identified consecutive patients presenting with spontaneous ICH <6 hours from symptom onset that completed dynamic CT angiography imaging over a 60-second acquisition protocol. We determined spot positivity, quantified spot volumes, and then used repeated-measures ANOVA to assess changes in spot volume over time.

Results—

We collected data on 35 patients; 13 of 35 (37%) patients were spot-positive. Spot-positive patients had larger median ICH volume compared with spot-negative patients (median 10.7 versus 49.2 mL;
P
=0.007). Maximal spot sign volumes ranged from 0.02 to 2.8 mL (median 0.17 mL). Spot sign volumes increased significantly with time (
P
<0.001) and seemed to disperse into the hematoma in all cases. Three of 13 (23%) spot-positive patients presented with 2 distinct spot signs, but the remaining patients either had only 1 spot sign or different contiguous components of an irregularly shaped spot sign.

Conclusions—

In this dynamic CT angiography study of ICH, spot signs evolve consistent with sites of active extravasation.
Bilateral Priming Accelerates Recovery of Upper Limb Function After Stroke
Authors: Stinear Cathy M. , Petoe Matthew A. , Anwar Samir , Barber Peter Alan , Byblow Winston D.
Published: November 2013

Background and Purpose—

The ability to live independently after stroke depends on the recovery of upper limb function. We hypothesized that bilateral priming with active–passive movements before upper limb physiotherapy would promote rebalancing of corticomotor excitability and would accelerate upper limb recovery at the subacute stage.

Methods—

A single-center randomized controlled trial of bilateral priming was conducted with 57 patients randomized at the subacute stage after first-ever ischemic stroke. The PRIMED group made device-assisted mirror symmetrical bimanual movements before upper limb physiotherapy, every weekday for 4 weeks. The CONTROL group was given intermittent cutaneous electric stimulation of the paretic forearm before physiotherapy. Assessments were made at baseline, 6, 12, and 26 weeks. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who reached their plateau for upper limb function at 12 weeks, measured with the Action Research Arm Test.

Results—

Odds ratios indicated that PRIMED participants were 3× more likely than controls to reach their recovery plateau by 12 weeks. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses showed a greater proportion of PRIMED participants achieved their plateau by 12 weeks (intention to treat, χ
2
=4.25;
P
=0.039 and per protocol, χ
2
=3.99;
P
=0.046). ANOVA of per-protocol data showed PRIMED participants had greater rebalancing of corticomotor excitability than controls at 12 and 26 weeks and interhemispheric inhibition at 26 weeks (all
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

Bilateral priming accelerated recovery of upper limb function in the initial weeks after stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.anzctr.org.au
. Unique identifier: ANZCTR1260900046822.
Gabonius gen. nov. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Detarieae), a distant cousin of Hymenostegia endemic to Gabon
Authors: WIERINGA JAN J. , MACKINDER BARBARA A. , VAN PROOSDIJ ANDRÉ S.J.
Published: November 2013

A new genus, Gabonius is described to accommodate a single species, Gabonius ngouniensis which was previously misplaced in Hymenostegia sensu lato. Gabonius ngouniensis is a widespread Gabonese endemic of evergreen forest. We assess G. ngouniensis as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN criteria. A distribution map of Gabonius is presented, as is a table comparing the morphology of Gabonius, the closely related, possibly sister genus Micklethwaitia and Hymenostegia sensu stricto from which G. ngouniensis has been excluded. The previously unreported seedling morphology is discussed.
A new infraspecific taxon of Phyllanthus myrsinites (Phyllanthaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Secco Ricardo De S.
Published: November 2013

Phyllanthus myrsinites subsp. platyphyllus, a new subspecies from Amazonas States, Brazil, is described and illustrated. It differs from Phyllanthus myrsinites subsp. myrsinites in its wide-orbiculate leaves that can be up to 2.7 cm wide, with a subapical gland 4–5 mm from the apex, secondary veins evident on the adaxial surface, and staminate flowers grouped only in the leaf axils.
Is Leopoldamys neilli (Rodentia, Muridae) a synonym of Leopoldamys herberti? A reply to Balakirev et al. (2013)
Authors: LATINNE ALICE , CHAVAL YANNICK , WAENGSOTHORN SURACHIT , ROJANADILOK PRATEEP , EIAMAMPAI KRAIRAT , SRIBUAROD KRIANGSAK , HERBRETEAU VINCENT , MORAND SERGE , MICHAUX JOHAN R.
Published: November 2013

Recently, Balakirev et al. (2013) presented a taxonomic revision of the genus Leopoldamys based on phylogenetic analyses. They identified five main Leopoldamys genetic lineages and suggested to rename several of them. According to these authors, the genetic lineage previously thought to belong to L. edwardsi (lineage L1) should be assigned to L. revertens while L. neilli (lineage L2) should be considered as a junior synonym of L. herberti. Using molecular and morphological data from a large sampling of Leopoldamys specimens, the aim of the present study was to investigate the taxonomic status of L. herberti and L. neilli. This study reveals that, contrary to Balakirev et al.’s statement, both genetic lineages L1 and L2 occur in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, close to the type locality of L. herberti. We also show that the external measurements and color pattern of L. herberti are highly similar to those of L1 specimens but are not consistent with the morphology of L2 specimens. Therefore these results strongly suggest that L. herberti should be assigned to the genetic lineage L1. Consequently L. neilli should not be considered as a junior synonym of L. herberti and this study confirms that the appropriate name of the genetic lineage L2 is L. neilli. Moreover, as our results show that L. herberti should be assigned to the lineage L1, this name has nomenclatural priority over L. revertens, the species name suggested by Balakirev et al. (2013) for this lineage.
A new record of Megatoma (Pseudohadrotoma) graeseri
(Coleoptera: Dermestidae: Megatominae) from Manitoba, Canada
Authors: HÁVA JIŘÍ
Published: November 2013

Megatoma (Pseudohadrotoma) graeseri (Reitter, 1887), an eastern Palaearctic species, is newly recorded in North America, with specimens reported from Manitoba, Canada.
A new species of Crossodactylodes (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil: first record of genus within the Espinhaço Mountain Range
Authors: BARATA IZABELA M. , SANTOS MARCUS T.T. , LEITE FELIPE S.F. , GARCIA PAULO C.A.
Published: November 2013

The genus Crossodactylodes comprises three species of Atlantic Rainforest endemic frogs strictly dependent on bromeliads where they spend their entire life cycle. The current geographic distribution of the genus covers highland areas of Atlantic Rainforest in the States of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil. We describe a new species of the genus from Parque Estadual do Pico do Itambé, at Santo Antônio do Itambé municipality, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Crossodactylodes itambe sp. nov. is characterized by the following combination of traits: male SVL 16.2 ± 1.3 (14.0–17.6 mm, n = 10), female SVL 16.2 ± 1.0 (13.5–18.0 mm, n = 15); snout short, rounded in dorsal view, sloping in lateral view; absence of vocal sac and vocal slits in males; absence of vomerine teeth; males with upper arms and forearms hypertrophied; cloacal flap prominent, simple; dorsal skin coarsely granular. The new species inhabits rupicolous bromeliads in open areas of rocky fields, and is recorded in altitudes between 1836 and 2062 m above sea level. This record extends the genus distribution for about 325 km northwest from where it was known. Crossodactylodes sp. nov. is the only species of the genus that occurs in open field habitats (campos rupestres), in very high altitudes of a non-costal mountain range (the Espinhaço Range).
Examining the Relationship between Drought Development and Rapid Changes in the Evaporative Stress Index
Authors: Otkin Jason A. , Anderson Martha C. , Hain Christopher , Svoboda Mark
Published: November 2013

In this study, the ability of a new drought metric based on thermal infrared remote sensing imagery to provide early warning of an elevated risk for drought intensification is assessed. This new metric, called the rapid change index (RCI), is designed to highlight areas undergoing rapid changes in moisture stress as inferred from weekly changes in the evaporative stress index (ESI) generated using the Atmosphere–Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) surface energy balance model. Two case study analyses across the central United States revealed that the initial appearance of negative RCI values indicative of rapid increases in moisture stress preceded the introduction of severe-to-exceptional drought in the U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) by more than 4 weeks. Using data from 2000 to 2012, the probability of USDM intensification of at least one, two, or three categories over different time periods was computed as a function of the RCI magnitude. Compared to baseline probabilities, the RCI-derived probabilities often indicate a much higher risk for drought development that increases greatly as the RCI becomes more negative. When the RCI is strongly negative, many areas are characterized by intensification probabilities that are several times higher than the baseline climatology. The highest probabilities encompass much of the central and eastern United States, with the greatest increase over climatology within regions most susceptible to rapid drought development. These results show that the RCI provides useful drought early warning capabilities that could be used to alert stakeholders of an increased risk for drought development over subseasonal time scales.
Stokes Drift in Internal Equatorial Kelvin Waves: Continuous Stratification versus Two-Layer Models
Authors: Weber Jan Erik H. , Christensen Kai H. , Broström Göran
Published: November 2013

The Stokes drift in long internal equatorial Kelvin waves is investigated theoretically for an inviscid fluid of constant depth. While the Stokes drift in irrotational waves is positive everywhere in the fluid, that is, directed along the phase velocity, this is not always the case for internal Kelvin waves, which possess vorticity. For constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency, the Stokes drift in such waves is sinusoidal in the vertical with a negative value in the middle of the layer for the first baroclinic mode. For a pycnocline that is typical of the equatorial Pacific, this study finds for the first mode that the largest negative Stokes drift velocity occurs near the depth where the Brunt–Väisälä frequency has its maximum. Here, estimated drift values are found to be on the same order of magnitude as those observed in the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent at the same level. In contrast, a two-layer model with constant density in each layer yields a positive Stokes drift in both layers. This contradicts the fact that, as shown in this paper, the vertically integrated Stokes drift (the Stokes flux) must be zero for arbitrary Brunt–Väisälä frequency.
The Influence of Previous Disaster Experience and Sociodemographics on Protective Behaviors during Two Successive Tornado Events
Authors: Silver Amber , Andrey Jean
Published: November 2013

The role of previous disaster experience as a motivating factor for protective action during high-risk events is still a matter of considerable discussion and inconsistent findings in the hazards literature. In this paper, two events that occurred in August 2011 in Goderich, Ontario, Canada, are examined: an F3 tornado that impacted the community on 21 August 2011 and a tornado warning that was posted for the region 3 days later on 24 August 2011. This case study provided the opportunity to examine the roles of previous disaster experience and sociodemographics on the decision-making process during two successive potentially tornadic events. The results of this research are based on close-ended questionnaires completed by individuals who experienced both storms or who experienced only the subsequent storm on 24 August 2011 (n = 177). Physical cues were found to be the primary motivator during the 21 August 2011 tornado, while the tornado warning was the primary motivator during the subsequent storm. Additionally, there was an increase in the percentage of individuals who took protective action on 24 August 2011 regardless of the respondents’ presence or absence during the 21 August 2011 tornado. Finally, none of the tested sociodemographic variables was found to be statistically significant for the 21 August 2011 tornado, while only gender (female) was found to be positively correlated with protective behaviors on 24 August 2011. These findings suggest that previous disaster experience (either direct or indirect) and sociodemographics intersect in a variety of complex ways.
Contemporary Grammars of Resistance: Two French Social Movements
Authors: Bassel Leah
Published: November 2013

This article analyzes two social movements in France: the ‘Mouvement des Indigènes de la République’ [Movement of the ‘Indigenous’ of the Republic], and the ‘Réseau Éducation Sans Frontières’ [Education without Borders Network]. It explores the kinds of borders and underlying struggles that these social movements bring to light, and how their actions redraw borders. In these borderlands, actors in the two French resistance movements oppose exclusions and attempt to delegitimize the collective understanding of ‘la République’ that underpins them. This analysis builds on previous research demonstrating that social movements can succeed instrumentally in mobilizing participants when they resonate with and draw on participants’ ‘lifeworld’ (Edwards, 2008; Habermas, 1987). Moreover, I insist on the expressivist quality of these actions as performances of democratic freedom (Beltrán, 2009; Drexler, 2007). Finally, I consider some limitations and the broader lessons for border challenges.
The Signal Importance of Noise
Authors: Macy Michael , Tsvetkova Milena
Published: November 2013

Noise is widely regarded as a residual category—the unexplained variance in a linear model or the random disturbance of a predictable pattern. Accordingly, formal models often impose the simplifying assumption that the world is noise-free and social dynamics are deterministic. Where noise is assigned causal importance, it is often assumed to be a source of inefficiency, unpredictability, or heterogeneity. We review recent sociological studies that are noteworthy for demonstrating the theoretical importance of noise for understanding the dynamics of a complex system. Contrary to widely held assumptions, these studies identify conditions in which noise can increase efficiency and predictability and reduce diversity. We conclude with a methodological warning that deterministic assumptions are not an innocent simplification.
A PAM-based ontology concept and hierarchy learning method
Authors: Yu Miaomiao , Wang Junli , Zhao Xiaodong
Published: November 2013

As a shared conceptual model that can express knowledge and a modelling tool that can describe conceptual model in the semantic and knowledge level, ontology plays an important role in the related fields of the Semantic Web, natural language processing and information retrieval. Ontology learning is a series of methods and technologies to construct ontology automatically or semi-automatically. Concept and hierarchy learning are the most important parts of the ontology construction. This paper proposes an ontology concept and hierarchy learning method based on the Pachinko Allocation Model. The above problem is transformed into a probability and statistical inference problem by building an ontology concept learning model. Gibbs sampling is used to estimate the parameters. Then, using the ontology concept generation algorithm based on WordNet, an abstract description of the ontology concept is obtained. Experimental results on the standard test dataset show that the proposed method can offer an effective solution to ontology concept and hierarchy learning.
(+)-Usnic Acid-induced Myocardial Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Yokouchi Yusuke , Imaoka Masako , Niino Noriyo , Kiyosawa Naoki , Sayama Ayako , Jindo Toshimasa
Published: November 2013

(+)-Usnic acid (UA) has been known to be a strong uncoupler, and mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–related stresses are suggested to be involved in the mechanism of hepatotoxicity. However, it has not been clarified whether UA causes toxicity in other mitochondria-rich organs such as the heart. We elucidated whether UA induces cardiotoxicity and its mechanism. UA was orally administered to rats for 14 days, and laboratory and histopathological examinations were performed in conjunction with toxicogenomic analysis. As a result, there was no alteration in blood chemistry, whereas cytoplasmic rarefaction of myocardium was observed microscopically. This finding corresponded to the swollen mitochondria observed ultrastructurally. Immunohistochemically, expression of prohibitin, indicating mitochondrial imbalance, increased in the sarcoplasmic area. Toxicogenomic analysis highlighted the upregulation of gene groups consisting of oxidative stress, ER stress, and amino acid limitation. Interestingly, the number of upregulated genes was larger in the amino acid limitation-related gene group than that in other groups, implying that amino acid limitation might be one of the sources of oxidative stress, not only mitochondria and ER-originated stresses. In conclusion, the heart was manifested to be one of the target organs of UA. Mitochondrial imbalance with complex stresses may be involved in the toxic mechanism.
The Study Pathologist’s Role in GLP Studies
Authors: Seaton Mark
Published: November 2013

Results of early nonclinical “General Toxicology” studies are used to set a safe starting dose for first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials. In FIH trials, the research subjects are typically healthy volunteers who have little to gain but much to lose if a trial goes wrong. With that in mind, good laboratory practice regulations require that a standardized system be used for the conduct, documentation, and retention of study-related materials. The study pathologist, working within that system of standards, documentation, and oversight, is key to the identification of potential target organs of toxicity and other toxicologically significant findings.
On the 75th Anniversary of ASPA
Authors: Klingner Donald E.
Published: November 2013

This article will (a) define public personnel management (HRM) as functions, job allocation, values and systems; (b) review the 1964 CRA and the evolution of social equity in the workplace; (c) recount the organizational history of ASPA since its creation in 1939; and (d) discuss the future of public HRM, social equity, and ASPA based on current changes and events.
Changing Familial Roles for Immigrant Adolescents From the Former Soviet Union to Israel
Authors: Kosner Anna , Roer-Strier Dorit , Kurman Jenny
Published: November 2013

This article examines how young immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union during their adolescence perceive and cope with the resulting changes in their family roles. Data collected via interviews and focus groups from adolescents and young adults ( N = 34) revealed six distinct roles: language broker, family navigator, breadwinner, cultural broker, self-caretaker, and counselor. These roles were reported to generate negative effects (e.g., lost childhood, distress) and simultaneously positive effects (e.g., gaining independence, life-experience). Various mechanisms facilitated coping, including help from friends and family, self-strength, and a sense of meaning. The findings challenge traditional views of role reversal and broaden the perspective on role change in immigration. This article discusses the importance of cultural context as well as implications of the findings for theory, research, and practice.
Malnutrition Coding 101
Authors: Giannopoulos Georgia A. , Merriman Louise R. , Rumsey Alissa , Zwiebel Douglas S.
Published: November 2013

Recent articles have addressed the characteristics associated with adult malnutrition as published by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (the Academy) and the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). This article describes a successful interdisciplinary program developed by the Department of Food and Nutrition at New York‐Presbyterian Hospital to maintain and monitor clinical documentation, ensure accurate International Classification of Diseases 9th Edition (ICD‐9) coding, and identify subsequent incremental revenue resulting from the early identification, documentation, and treatment of malnutrition in an adult inpatient population. The first step in the process requires registered dietitians to identify patients with malnutrition; then clear and specifically worded diagnostic statements that include the type and severity of malnutrition are documented in the medical record by the physician, nurse practitioner, or physician's assistant. This protocol allows the Heath Information Management/Coding department to accurately assign ICD‐9 codes associated with protein‐energy malnutrition. Once clinical coding is complete, a final diagnosis related group (DRG) is generated to ensure appropriate hospital reimbursement. Successful interdisciplinary programs such as this can drive optimal care and ensure appropriate reimbursement.
The use of static reduction in the finite element solution of two-dimensional frictional contact problems
Authors: Thaitirarot A , Flicek RC , Hills DA , Barber JR
Published: November 2013

In this paper, detailed instructions are given for performing static reduction on a finite element description of an elastic contact problem, thus reducing the dimensionality of the problem to the set of contact nodes alone. This significantly reduces the computational time for the solution to evolutionary contact problems and also gives the user greater control over the detailed implementation of the contact and friction laws. The reduced stiffness matrix is also an essential ingredient in the determination of the critical coefficient of friction for the problem to be well posed, and it facilitates the determination of the conditions under which a frictional system may shake down under periodic loading.
A middle path between abandoning measurement and measurement theory
Authors: Humphry Stephen M.
Published: November 2013

Michell has argued that item response models carry an inherent paradox because they incorporate error. In counter-arguments, the paradox has been dismissed based on the claim that such models need to incorporate error terms. It has also been claimed that item response models use information contained within intervals. The aim is to describe a formal connection in item response models between error and the measurement unit. It is argued that given the connection, Michell’s criticisms are not as easily dismissed as some claim: His argument does raise questions about whether item response theory can be used to measure psychological attributes. On the other hand, Michell’s position offers little in the way of guidance about how to approach the scientific task of quantification. For this reason, the theoretical framework that he adopts is also critically examined with a particular focus on the way in which measurement in physics is approached.
Managing severe aggression in frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Powell Alice , Flynn Patrick , Rischbieth Sally , McKellar Duncan
Published: November 2013

Objective:

The aim of this paper is to present a case and discussion illustrating the limitations in the evidence base to guide practice in relationship to managing severe aggression in people with dementia. It also calls attention to the association between haloperidol use and increased mortality in dementia.

Method:

Case report and review of the literature.

Results:

A 60-year-old man with rapidly progressive frontotemporal dementia complicated by severe aggression was managed in specialised psychogeriatric services and high-dose haloperidol was used. This treatment decision was made following literature review, consultation with experts and a detailed risk–benefit analysis. Unfortunately, his physical condition deteriorated swiftly and he died soon after.

Conclusions:

Haloperidol is associated with increased mortality in patients with dementia. This case exposes the difficulties in managing severe aggression in dementia, with few safe and effective treatment options and a lack of consensus guidance in the area of very severe aggression in dementia.
Fear of Crime Online? Examining the Effect of Risk, Previous Victimization, and Exposure on Fear of Online Interpersonal Victimization
Authors: Henson Billy , Reyns Bradford W. , Fisher Bonnie S.
Published: November 2013

Research exploring the extent and nature of fear of crime has spanned decades; it has been examined in many contexts, among varied populations, and from different theoretical perspectives. However, researchers have been slow to estimate or explain individuals’ fear of online crime. The current study is among the first to address this issue by examining experiences from a random sample of undergraduate students enrolled at a large public university. In particular, we explore the links between perceived risk, online victimization, and fear of online interpersonal victimization (OIPV) and how these relationships vary by the victim–offender relationship. The effects of online exposure and demographic characteristics were also estimated. Results suggest that perceived risk of OIPV was significantly related to fear of OIPV for all types of victim–offender relationships, while previous online victimization was significant for fear of OIPV by intimate partners and friends/acquaintances only.
Trends in the Use of Total Ankle Replacement and Ankle Arthrodesis in the United States Medicare Population
Authors: Pugely Andrew J. , Lu Xin , Amendola Annunziato , Callaghan John J. , Martin Christopher T. , Cram Peter
Published: November 2013

Background:

Total ankle replacement (TAR) has gained acceptance as an alternative to traditional ankle arthrodesis (AA) for end-stage ankle arthritis. Little is known about long-term trends in volume, utilization, and patient characteristics. The objective of this study was to use longitudinal data to examine temporal trends in TAR and AA.

Methods:

We identified all United States fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries who underwent TAR and AA between 1991 and 2010 (n = 5871 and 29 532, respectively). We examined changes in patient demographics and comorbidity, nationwide and hospital volume, per capita utilization, and length of stay (LOS).

Results:

Between 1991 and 2010, both TAR and AA patients had modest shifts in characteristics, with higher rates of diabetes and obesity. Overall, TAR Medicare volume increased by more than 1000% from 72 procedures in 1991 to 888 in 2010, while per-capita standardized utilization increased 670.8% ( P < .001). AA volume increased 35.8% from 1167 procedures in 1991 to 1585 in 2010, while per-capita standardized utilization declined 15.6% ( P < .001). The percentage of all US hospitals performing TAR increased nearly 4-fold from 3.1% in 1991 to 12.6% in 2010, while the proportion performing AA remained relatively unchanged. LOS decreased dramatically from 8.7 days in 1991 to 2.3 days in 2010 in TAR and from 5.5 days to 3.2 days in AA ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Between 1991 and 2010, Medicare beneficiaries undergoing either TAR or AA became more medically complex. Both volume and per-capita utilization of TAR increased dramatically but remained nearly constant for AA. At the same time, mean hospital volume for both procedures remained low. Further research should be directed toward determining design, surgeon, and hospital variables that relate to optimal outcomes following TAR, which has become increasingly used for the treatment of ankle arthritis.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative series.