bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Redesigned Planet?
Authors: Parrington John
Published: December 2020

Given the speed of change in the development of new technologies mentioned in this book such as genome editing, optogenetics, stem cell organoids, and synthetic biology, it is hard to predict exactly how radically these technologies are likely to transform our lives in coming decades. What is clear is that as exciting as the new biotechnologies are in terms of their impact on medical research, medicine, and agriculture, they also raise a whole number of socio-political and ethical issues. These include concerns about whether monkeys engineered to have genetic similarities to humans might lead to a ‘Planet of the Apes’ scenario, and fears about ‘designer babies’ being produced in the future to have greater beauty, intelligence or sporting skill. Although one potentially positive new development is the rise of a ‘biohacker’ movement which seeks to make molecular biology more accessible to ordinary people, there are also fears that in the wrong hands genome editing might be used to create new types of biological weapons for terrorist organisations. While such fears should not be dismissed as just an overreaction, to some extent they rest on an underestimation of the complexity of the Iink between the human genome and looks, intelligence, and sporting ability, or of the difficulties involved in creating a deadly virus that is worse than naturally occurring ones. Ultimately, the best way to ensure that new technologies are used for human benefit, not harm, is to take part in an informed debate and use public lobbying to argue for them to be developed safely, ethically, and responsibly.
Infinity and Continuity
Authors: Sylla Edith Dudley
Published: December 2020

Aristotle assumes that continuity is found in geometry and in physical bodies and motions. Thomas Bradwardine’s De continuo, composed in the mid-fourteenth century, attempts to demonstrate that recent indivisibilist (or atomistic) theories such as those proposed by Henry of Harclay and Walter Chatton, are self-contradictory. The work ends, possibly incomplete, by concluding that, except for human souls, indivisibles do not exist in physical reality. This may lead to the conclusion that issues concerning the relations of continuity and indivisibles belong to mathematics and therefore concern entities in the mind or imagination, rather than entities in the outside world.
Points as Higher-Order Constructs
Authors: Varzi Achille C.
Published: December 2020

Euclid’s definition of a point as “that which has no part” has been a major source of controversy in relation to the epistemological and ontological presuppositions of classical geometry, from the medieval and modern disputes on indivisibilism to the full development of point-free geometries in the 20th century. Such theories stem from the general idea that all talk of points as putative lower-dimensional entities must and can be recovered in terms of suitable higher-order constructs involving only extended regions (or bodies). This chapter focuses on what is arguably the first thorough proposal of this sort, Whitehead’s theory of “extensive abstraction”, offering a critical reconstruction of the theory through its successive installments: from the purely mereological version of ‘La théorie relationniste de l’espace’ (1916) to the refined versions presented in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge (1919) and in The Concept of Nature (1920) to the last, mereotopological version of Process and Reality (1929).
The Predicative Conception of the Continuum
Authors: Koellner Peter
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the predicative conception of the continuum. It has three parts. The first part gives a historical account of the origins of the concept of predicativity, from its birth in the general logical setting of Russell’s work on the paradoxes, to its relocation to a more specific mathematical setting in Weyl’s work on his limitative conception of analysis. The second part traces the development of the subsequent analysis of the concept of predicativity, and culminates in Feferman’s celebrated analysis. The third part addresses—in the light of these developments —the question of what the continuum looks like from the predicative point of view. Three predicative conceptions of the continuum are distinguished—one associated with Weyl, and two associated with Feferman—and it is argued that each predicative conception involves, in one way or another, a radical departure from our default conception of the continuum.
Point-Free Continuum
Authors: Gerla Giangiacomo
Published: December 2020

From Euclid until now, all the proposals of axiomatization of geometry assumes as a primitive the notion of point. It was only in the first half of the twentieth century that there appeared works exploring the possibility of a point-free geometry, to be understood as a contraction of geometry in which the notion of point is not assumed as a primitive one but it is defined. Instead of points, regions are taken as primitive, where a region is intended as a "situs" able to be occupied by a solid body. This chapter is an attempt to analyze the literature on this subject and to compare some of the most important contributions.
War Work
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

Around the time of World War II, Mead’s personal and professional lives changed dramatically. She divorced Reo Fortune to marry her third husband, Gregory Bateson. She gave birth to a daughter, Mary Catherine Bateson. She turned her anthropological lens on her own culture for the book And Keep Your Powder Dry, part of a larger effort to galvanize Americans for the war effort. Mead’s religiosity was attenuated in this period, for two reasons. One, Bateson, an atheist, did not want their daughter to be indoctrinated, and Mead complied. Two, Mead believed that the challenge of fascism called for a broadly ethical, humanistic response, in which religious narrowness—especially, the alliance of religion and nationalism—could be dangerous.
Positive Regulation and Success
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

What is regulatory success and how is it to be achieved across the core tasks of regulation? There are familiar examples of regulatory systems that seem to have failed—the financial crash of 2009 offers an instance of a hugely costly failure of regulation and government. What, though, does successful regulation look like? This chapter looks at the challenges involved in producing regulatory systems that achieve success for affected parties. It outlines the jobs that regulators have to do and the difference made by doing these well or badly. It examines why regulation can fail and describes the qualities associated with the excellent regulators. It sets down how businesses can respond to regulatory systems in an effective manner and looks at the conditions under which ‘win-win’ outcomes are possible for firms and regulators.
Strategies for Success
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

Governments can set up a host of regulatory frameworks. They can pass laws, name and shame, impose taxes, create civil law rights, and so on. They can hand over regulation to independent agencies, and even allow firms to regulate themselves and monitor performance. This chapter looks at strategic choices and the conditions for using different devices successfully. It also reviews the potential of new-style and ‘non-regulatory’ controls such as ‘nudges’. The chapter emphasizes that positive regulation is predisposed to operate by harnessing self-regulatory capacities. Controls within firms, meta-regulatory systems, and schemes of industry self-regulation all provide means of passing the task of front-line control to firms or their associations. These approaches, like collaborative processes, bring a variety of advantages, but there are challenges in deploying such arrangements so as to produce desired results at lowest cost and in a manner that sustains public confidence.
Impacts on the Ground
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

Regulators have to ensure their activities will actually influence behaviour on the ground. This chapter looks at the possible enforcement methods and the impacts these tend to have on interested parties. It outlines how to choose the least intrusive intervention styles that are acceptable. Positive regulatory enforcement demands attention to the stage at which interventions are made and to opportunities to encourage firms’ capacities to comply voluntarily with regulations. Enforcement actions revolve around two key issues—who to go after and what to do to change behaviour. Risk-based regulation offers a way of prioritizing targets for attention but is infused with qualitative judgements and does not assist greatly on choices of intervention strategy. Collectively, ‘compliance’, ‘deterrence’, and ‘responsive’ approaches do not go so far as the GRID approach in combining attention to two needs: matching intervention tools to firm-types and taking on board both the levels of risks and their volatility.
Guittone d’Arezzo
Authors: Bowe David
Published: December 2020

Chapter 1 demonstrates the dialogic nature of Guittone d’Arezzo’s performance of conversion through the intertextual relationship between his pre- and post-conversion poetry, written as ‘Guittone’ and ‘Frate Guittone’, respectively. This analysis is the first step in a discussion of the ‘corrective intertextuality’ used by authors (including Dante) to construct teleological narratives of subjectivity, often with recourse to religious authority. The chapter confronts the tension between irony and sincerity inherent in Guittone’s particular, intertwined performances of subjectivity and conversion across his whole corpus. The chapter gives an in-depth account of the destabilizing effects of (Frate) Guittone’s two voices and two phases of poetic writing.
Introduction
Authors: Chen-Wishart Mindy , Vogenauer Stefan
Published: December 2020

This chapter sets the scene for Volume III of Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia. It describes the genesis and the main objectives of the series, ie to facilitate conversations between Asian jurisdictions and between them and ‘Western’ jurisdictions. It provides some basic information on the populations and the economic importance of the 13 Asian jurisdictions covered (China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam). Moreover, it comments on the methodology employed throughout the volume and reproduces the guidance that the editors provided to the various contributors in order to ensure that their chapters cover roughly the same ground. The last and longest part of this chapter contains an overview of the content of the further 22 chapters included in Volume III of the series.
The Regulation of Unfair Terms and Consumer Protection in Japan
Authors: KIHARA Hiroyuki
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how Japanese contract law deals with extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation, sometimes targeted exclusively at standard terms or consumer contracts. It also analyses how the Japanese courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, such as public policy, good faith, interpretation, or the rules on procedural fairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical clauses are analysed to illustrate how Japanese courts regulate unfair contract terms in practice.
Contract Terms in the Philippines: Incorporation, Interpretation, Implication, and Unfair Terms
Authors: DIZON Michael Anthony C
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the law of the Philippines on contractual interpretation and the regulation of unfair terms. With regard to the former, it discusses two closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts: the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms, as well as to what extent additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, good faith, and the negotiations of the parties; and it shows how the law of the Philippines resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. With regard to the latter, the chapter details the various responses available to tackle extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation targeted at terms in consumer contracts. Attention is also paid to the enforcement mechanisms for measures of consumer protection. The chapter further analyses how the courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, including the rules on procedural unfairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how the courts in the Philippines deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling and how they regulate unfair terms in practice.
The Interpretation and Implication of Contractual Terms in Singapore
Authors: Yihan GOH
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines two closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts in Singapore: first, the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms and, second, the extent to which additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, the negotiations of the parties, and the Evidence Act; and it shows how Singapore law resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how Singapore courts deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling in practice.
Regulating Unfair Terms and Consumer Protection
Authors: BOOYSEN Sandra
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how Singapore contract law deals with extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation, sometimes targeted exclusively at standard terms or consumer contracts. It also analyses how the Singapore courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, such as contract formation, interpretation, or the rules on procedural fairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical clauses are analysed to illustrate how Singapore courts regulate unfair contract terms in practice.
Ascertaining Contractual Terms in Taiwan
Authors: Ying-Chieh WU
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the ascertainment of contract terms, and thus two closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts, in Taiwan: first, the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms and, second, to what extent additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, and the negotiations of the parties; and it shows how Taiwanese law resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how Taiwanese courts deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling in practice.
The Werewolves of Arcadia
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: December 2020

This chapter separates the ancient data on the werewolves of Mt Lykaion into three categories: (1) that bearing on the elaborate complex of aetiological myths about Lykaon himself and his human sacrifice, the bulk of which is surprisingly late; (2) that bearing upon the historical Anthid rite associated with the Lykaia festival, a rite of maturation with affinities to such rites known from other Greek cities; and (3) that bearing upon a traditional tale in which Damarchus was transformed into a wolf at the Lykaia festival. The data in the latter two categories is heavily and confusingly concatenated and must be disentangled. When the two data-sets are appropriately disaggregated, both the rite and the traditional tale become easier to make sense of. We can now see that those performing the Anthid rite are (supposedly) transformed into wolves not by eating human flesh, but simply by virtue of being chosen by lot or, more immediately, by the act of doffing their clothes and swimming across a pool. After a period doubtless equivalent to one or two years patrolling the wilderness (under light arms?), they return across the pool and recover their clothes, and with them their humanity. And we can now see that the Damarchus tale described not one performer of the Anthid rite amongst others, but an avowedly exceptional set of events, events explicitly presented as another ‘myth.’ This story found its home amongst a distinctive suite of supernatural stories attaching to the outstanding athletes of archaic Greece.
Basic notions
Authors: Chruściel Piotr T.
Published: December 2020

The aim of this chapter is to set the ground for the remainder of this work. We present our conventions and notations in Section 1.1. We review some basic facts about the topology of manifolds in Section 1.2. Lorentzian manifolds and spacetimes are introduced in Section 1.3. Elementary facts concerning the Levi-Civita connection and its curvature are reviewed in Section 1.4. Some properties of geodesics, as needed in the remainder of this book, are presented in Section 1.5. The formalism of moving frames is outlined in Section 1.6, where it is used to calculate the curvature of metrics of interest.
Elements of causality
Authors: Chruściel Piotr T.
Published: December 2020

A standard part of studies of black holes, and in fact of mathematical general relativity, is causality theory, which is the study of causal relations on Lorentzian manifolds. An essential issue here is understanding the influence of energy conditions on the causality relations. The highlights of such studies include the incompleteness theorems, known also as singularity theorems, of Penrose, Hawking and Geroch, the area theorem of Hawking, and the topology theorems of Hawking and others. The aim of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the subject, with a complete exposition of those topics which are needed for the global treatment of the uniqueness theory of black holes. In particular we provide a coherent introduction to causality theory for metrics which are twice differentiable.
Projection diagrams
Authors: Chruściel Piotr T.
Published: December 2020

In this chapter we show that one can usefully represent classes of non-spherically symmetric geometries in terms of two-dimensional diagrams, called projection diagrams, using an auxiliary two-dimensional metric constructed out of the spacetime metric. Whenever such a construction can be carried out, the issues such as stable causality, global hyperbolicity, the existence of event or Cauchy horizons, the causal nature of boundaries, and the existence of conformally smooth infinities become evident by inspection of the diagrams.
Dynamical black holes
Authors: Chruściel Piotr T.
Published: December 2020

In this chapter we review what is known about dynamical black hole-solutions of Einstein equations. We discuss the Robinson–Trautman black holes, with or without a cosmological constant. We review the Cauchy-data approach to the construction of black-hole spacetimes. We propose some alternative approaches to a meaningful definition of black hole in a dynamical spacetime, and we review the nonlinear stability results for black-hole solutions of vacuum Einstein equations.
Introduction
Authors: Muldoon James
Published: December 2020

The introduction sets out the overall aim of the book and provides a brief historical snapshot of the German council movements. In addition to sketching some of the key debates that occurred within the council movements and outlining their political programmes, the introduction also presents my interpretive approach. The study has a particular focus on forgotten political alternatives that may not have achieved their full realization in the final institutions of the new republics founded at the end of the war. I attempt to uncover political programmes that were raised during this revolutionary period, particularly those that expressed the democratic and socialist ambitions of rank-and-file council delegates.
The Politics of Bad Options
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

Why did the Eurozone crisis prove to be so difficult to resolve? Why was it resolved in a manner in which some countries bore a much larger share of the pain than other countries? Why did no country leave the Eurozone rather than implement unprecedented austerity? Who supported and who opposed the different policy options in the crisis domestically, and how did the distributive struggles among these groups shape crisis politics? Building on macro-level statistical data, original survey data from interest groups, and qualitative comparative case studies, this book argues and shows that the answers to these questions revolve around distributive struggles about how the costs of the Eurozone crisis should be divided among countries, and among different socioeconomic groups within countries. Together with divergent but strongly held ideas about the “right way” to conduct economic policy and asymmetries in the distribution of power among actors, severe distributive concerns of important actors lie at the root of the difficulties of resolving the Eurozone crisis as well as the difficulties to substantially reform European Monetary Union (EMU). The book provides new insights into the politics of the Eurozone crisis by emphasizing three perspectives that have received scant attention in existing research: A comparative perspective on the Eurozone crisis by systematically comparing it to previous financial crises, an analysis of the whole range of policy options, including the ones not chosen, and a unified framework that examines crisis politics not just in deficit-debtor, but also in surplus-creditor countries.
Putting the Eurozone Crisis Experience in Perspective
Authors: Reinke Raphael , Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

Much research has treated the Eurozone crisis as a sui generis event. Yet we can only examine exactly how the Eurozone crisis is distinct from other crises if we compare it to other, similar crises. This chapter therefore develops a comparative framework that allows for us to study the distributional trade-offs inherent in crisis management of a large set of crises, including the Eurozone crisis. It argues the relative costs of external vs. internal adjustment will shape crisis politics, including the willingness of these countries to accept harsh conditionality in return for external financial support. The chapter develops measures to compare national vulnerabilities to internal and external adjustment and analyzes the crisis responses for a sample of 142 crisis episodes that occurred in a sample of 122 countries between 1990 and 2014. Our analysis shows that the vulnerability profile is a useful tool for analyzing crisis responses across a wide variety of balance-of-payments (BOP) crises. It also demonstrates that the Eurozone crisis is unusual because all crisis countries were located in the “misery corner”: Deficit country vulnerabilities to both internal and external adjustments were exceptionally high, and vulnerabilities frequently increased over the course of the crisis. In such a setting, quick and decisive crisis solutions are hard to find.
Crisis Politics in Deficit Countries
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

How did the preferences of interest groups shape the design and contentiousness of crisis policies in deficit countries? And how did external actors influence their crisis responses? This chapter investigates these questions by drawing on a wealth of primary and secondary sources including newspaper coverage, voter public opinion data, interest group position papers, sovereign bailout documentation, and original qualitative evidence from seventeen in-depth interviews with national interest group representatives in Ireland, Spain, and Greece. There was a large consensus among both interest groups and voters across all three countries that external adjustment—that is, unilateral euro exit—should be avoided at all cost. This left financing and internal adjustment as the only options, and significant conflicts flared up in all three countries about how the costs associated with internal adjustment (and to a lesser extent financing) should be distributed. Within the confines set by the Troika, which effectively narrowed down the range of options available to deficit countries, interest groups pushed for reforms to which they were least vulnerable. Business interests, for example, generally supported adopting comprehensive spending-based consolidation measures and labor market reform. Conversely, labor unions and social policy groups actively supported policies that would entail stronger burden-sharing between firms and workers. Overall, internal adjustment policies adopted across all three cases generally reflected the preferences of employer associations more than those of workers, but especially in Spain and Greece, this was associated with considerable political upheaval.
Distributive Conflict and Interest Group Preferences in Surplus Countries
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

A key characteristic of the Eurozone crisis is that the burden of adjustment was carried almost exclusively by crisis countries. Surplus countries did not contribute to the necessary rebalancing, even though internal adjustment likely would have reduced some of the pressure on deficit states. The chapter argues that surplus countries’ resistance to internal adjustment is rooted in domestic distributive struggles about the design of possible adjustment policies. To explore this argument, original survey data is leveraged from 357 economic interest groups from Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands and qualitative interviews with interest group representatives. The chapter shows that although there is general support for internal adjustment among economic interest groups, they disagree heavily about how exactly to achieve this goal. Together with a broad consensus to avoid a breakup of the Eurozone, the resulting deadlock turned interstate financing—such as bailouts to crisis countries—into a politically attractive strategy. Rather than being rooted only in ordoliberal ideology or export orientation, distributive conflicts thus contributed significantly to surplus countries’ resistance to adjust.
Initial Conditions and Emergence of Corporate Reorganization in the United States and England
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

This chapter is a scene-setting exercise, offering a brief and highly selective review of almost one hundred years of corporate reorganization in the US and England. It seeks to provide some explanation for the very different ways in which corporate reorganization developed in each jurisdiction. Overall, its purpose is to help to sketch out the conditions which prevailed when the account in the book really begins in the 1970s, and how they offer significant explanatory power for the way in which corporate reorganization law and practice emerges in each jurisdiction. Specifically, the chapter investigates the relatively stable corporate reorganization law and practice which prevailed in each jurisdiction for much of the twentieth century, and, in each case, the institutional logics, practices, and identities which gave rise to it.
The Rise of Leverage
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the first of the changes in logic and practice in the fields of finance and non-financial corporates with which the book is concerned: the rise of the leveraged capital structure. It explores the implications of the leveraged capital structure for the ways in which corporate reorganization law is mobilized and adapted by the participants in the corporate reorganization process. It argues that the first step in analysing these new adaptations is to focus on the concepts which are used to describe them. It further argues that when this is done certain implications are revealed for current debates about the content and reform of US corporate reorganization law. It argues that England has had fewer problems in framing appropriate concepts for analysing the new adaptations which are under examination in the chapter. However, it hints at potential challenges for England for the future, developed later in the book.
The Rise of Trading
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the second of the changes in logic and practice in the field of finance with which the book is concerned: the shift from hold-to-maturity debt investment strategies to trading strategies. The argument is made that the concept of collective action problems in US corporate reorganization law ought to be replaced by different concepts when the reorganization is among sophisticated, strongly adjusting financial creditors and investors and when debt trades in secondary markets. The chapter further argues that the more recent development of modern corporate reorganization law in England and Wales has enabled terms and concepts to emerge which are better adapted to traded debt markets. Overall, however, the chapter emphasizes the relationship between reduced salience of the collective action concept and a secondary market for distressed debt. It does not suggest a new, universal conceptual framework for corporate reorganization law in which the collective action concept is permanently replaced.
The Fall of the Lifetime Manager
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

Chapter 6 explores the significance of shifts in the identities of debtor firms, and of the individuals who manage them, for the concept of debtor control rights in Chapter 11. The argument is made that these changes in identities suggest reasons to question the concept of allocation of control rights to the debtor as a means of incentivizing early filing. However, the argument is made that the concept of debtor control rights is important in a different way when the purpose of the case is to deleverage a complex, leveraged capital structure. When the chapter turns to examine England, it reveals that participants in this type of reorganization case have mobilized corporate reorganization law in ways which take account of the new demands of the debtor control concept, but without bringing on board inherited ideas associated with the concept from traditional US corporate reorganization practice.
The Approach in the Book and Implications for Reform
Authors: Paterson Sarah
Published: December 2020

First, Chapter 10 applies the approach developed in the book to the current reform debate in the US and England. It suggests that the US reform debate has persisted in measuring the extent to which new adaptations of Chapter 11 have moved it from the way in which it was originally conceived, rather than creating new conceptual frameworks for analysing new adaptations and the case for reform. The chapter shows how this can lead to policy missteps, and the reasons for using the approach developed in the book instead. Secondly, Chapter 10 explores the ways in which the US has sought to export the original policy goals of Chapter 11, and the effect which this has had on the way in which the English reform debate is framed. Once again, it shows how a bottom-up approach, rooted in the arguments in the book, provides a more effective frame for debating the case for reform.
V.S. Naipaul, Caribbean Writing, and Caribbean Thought
Authors: Ghosh William
Published: December 2020

This book presents a new portrait of V.S. Naipaul, one of the twentieth-century’s most controversial writers about colonialism and its aftermath, by looking at his relationship with the Caribbean, the region of his birth. It argues that whilst Naipaul presented himself as a global public intellectual—a citizen of nowhere—his writing and thought was shaped by his Caribbean intellectual formation, and his investment in Caribbean political debates. Focusing on three key forms of Caribbean writing—the novel, the historical narrative, and the travel narrative—it shows how the generic, stylistic, and formal choices of writers had great political significance. Telling the story of his creative and intellectual development at three crucial points in Naipaul’s career, it offers a new intellectual biography of its principal subject. By showing Naipaul’s crucial place in the history of Caribbean ideas, it also provides new perspectives on a number of major writers and thinkers from the region, including C.L.R. James, Eric Williams, Kamau Brathwaite, Sylvia Wynter, George Lamming, Derek Walcott, Maryse Condé, and David Scott.
Socialist Schemes and Suburban Dreams
Authors: Walker Nathaniel Robert
Published: December 2020

Socialist reform schemes served as the dominant venue for utopian dreaming in the first half of the 1800s. Proposals for radical shifts away from urban life emerged from the minds of famous figures such as Charles Fourier and Robert Owen, whose faith in scientific progress was matched only by their hatred of the miserable industrial slum. In addition to socialist visionaries, well-meaning politicians, bureaucrats, businessmen, and architects exhausted much labor, most of it futile, in their attempts to ameliorate the conditions of the rookeries of London and other cities, either by bringing parks into the city or by dispersing working-class residents into the meadows with railroads. Their goals were only realized on paper, where the futuristic terms of utopian architecture were also being set: glass, metal, mechanization, and the use of cosmopolitan ornamentation were placed before the reading public as the building forms of the great, green age to come.
Empires of Hygiene and Horror
Authors: Walker Nathaniel Robert
Published: December 2020

With the popular utopian novel well established by 1875, a growing number of writers entered the scene, each offering their take on the problems of the city and the promises of high-tech suburban life. Benjamin Ward Richardson, a famous physician, made an international splash with his vision of Hygeia, a City of Health, promising to deploy green spaces and leverage new building materials to create modern, happy communities. Critics and designers responded in droves, with several rejecting Richardson’s reformed urbanism as too dense, while others committed to actually building Hygeia-inspired suburbs. The first science-fiction dystopian novels were also published in these years, prophesying monstrous, swarming metropolises where human life would be devalued by rampant materialism and pervasive artificiality. Thus, the ideal future of the happy, healthy suburb received its literary foil: the megacity of inhuman density and anonymity. The cumulative message was clear: a life in gardens is the only hope.
Electroweak Geometry and Fields
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

A formulation of electroweak field theory which is equivalent to the usual one, but completely dispenses with structure groups, is presented. The notions of Higgs field and symmetry breaking are treated within this approach, and the various terms of the electroweak Lagrangian are worked out.
First-order Theory of Fields with Arbitrary Spin
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

By exploiting the previously exposed results in 2-spinor geometry, a general description of fields of arbitrary spin is exposed and shown to admit a first-order Lagrangian which extends the theory of Dirac spinors. The needed bundle is the fibered direct product of a symmetric ‘main sector’—carrying an irreducible representation of the angular-momentum algebra—and an induced sequence of ‘ghost sectors’. Several special cases are considered; in particular, one recovers the Bargmann-Wigner and Joos-Weinberg equations.
Quantum Bundles
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

A quantum bundle, namely a bundle whose sections are quantum fields, is defined as a classical vector bundle tensorialised by a suitable operator algebra related to a bundle of quantum states. The fundamental differential geometric notions for quantum bundles, including tangent, vertical and jet prolongations, and connections, can be conveniently introduced in terms F-smoothness. A short introduction to anti-fields and Batalin-Vilkovisky algebra naturally fits into this scheme.
Quantum Fields
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

The basics of a Lagrangian field theory of quantum fields are laid down by exploiting the differential geometric notions introduced through F-smoothness. Infinitesimal vertical symmetries and currents in this setting lead, in particular, to the notion of BRST symmetry. The above results are applied to a fairly detailed study of a sample gauge field theory which includes spinor fields and ghosts.
Detectors
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

The notion of detector is brought forward as the ground for laying down the ideas of particle physics in relation to quantum field theory. Several notions related to the existence of a preferred time are discussed in such context.
Free Quantum Fields
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

The notion of free quantum field is thoroughly discussed in the linearised setting associated with the choice of a detector. The discussion requires attention to certain details that are often overlooked in the standard literature. Explicit expressions for generic fields, Dirac fields, gauge fields and ghost fields are laid down, as well the ensuing free-field expressions of important functionals. The relations between super-commutators of free fields and propagators, and the canonical super-commutation rules, follow from the above results.
Of Lascivious Mysticism and Other Hibernian Matters
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J.
Published: December 2020

Harold Frederic’s The Damnation of Theron Ware recasts The Scarlet Letter as a Methodist minister’s romance with Catholics and fin-de-siècle intellectual Catholicism. The Reverend Theron Ware is a liberal progressive Dimmesdale update, happily married at the novel’s outset, who is assigned to a fundamentalist, anti-Catholic congregation yet comes increasingly under the spell of a trio of erudite, somewhat unorthodox Catholic leaders—one of whom, Celia Madden, the Hester Prynne update, is a single woman, seemingly independent yet Church-integrated, whose mastery of the organ and articulation of Continental aesthetics are all too provocative to be ignored. The resultant interplay between Theron’s late-century Protestant dissipation and the edgy Catholicism of Celia and her erudite comrades (one priest, one scientist) is lit in knowing commentary—religious anthropology cum wicked irony—that hangs in the air long after Theron’s hurtful sexploration comes to its merciful—mercy-filled, Angel-conducted—end. In The Damnation of Theron Ware, the Catholic-inspired, Catholic-tutored mythopoetics of Protestant self-consciousness take a mighty leap forward, in seeming lock-step with Henry Adams and in anticipation of such contemporary thinkers as Richard Rodriguez, Camille Paglia, and James T. Fisher. Religious wanderlust is seen to drive forbidden love at least as much as the original way around. And the narrative staging of Protestant wonderment and wanderlust, dramatized in terms of the Protestant-side tangle between its persisting Calvinism and emergent liberal pragmatism, takes a nasty 180-degree turn against itself, courtesy of its Catholic protagonists—though, really, of its Protestant author.
No Forgiveness in Heaven, No Forgetting in Hell
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J.
Published: December 2020

Chapter 7 argues that the word which brings the “nasty, grim little tale” of Willa Cather’s The Professor’s House to the surface is “sin” and that the hermeneutic that makes sense of the Professor’s love-driven crisis of will is German-American Catholic. The starting point of this revisionist reading is non-controversial; The Professor’s House frames one great homosocial, alternatively domestic, putatively anti-capitalist intergenerational romance (Tom Outland’s reminiscences of his cowpoke buddy, Roddy Blake) inside another (Professor St. Peter’s idealization and idolization of Tom Outland), both of which seem to be as pure of heart—and of fluid exchange—as the pristine air and water of Outland’s Blue Mesa. But the women of the novel, especially wife Lillian and the two daughters, would seem to have a different story to tell, regarding the Professor’s investments in Outland and Outland’s retreat with Roddy and what male-male romance has in it for women—a subtext of feminist perspective and women’s values that emerges, in remarkable clarity, as if by miracle, from the fractured yet relentless Catholic insinuations of the novel: a veritable catechism of silent revelations and muted insistences beginning, in fact, with the reclamation of the discourse and provenance of sin. It comes as a surprise, then, that a novel as sophisticated in sociological inquiry, sexual wisdom, and experimental form as The Professor’s House—one of the most academically revered, or at least attended to, novels in the current modernist canon—can and does have a moral—indeed, it tests for morality.
Feast of Our Lady of Desire, Resplendent
Authors: Ferraro Thomas J.
Published: December 2020

Chapter 8, revisiting Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises and taking its cue from Jake Barnes’s Catholic conscience, argues that Jake acts in recurrent if unspoken penitential redress, crafting with Lady Brett Ashley a sentimental, extramarital intimacy enabled, in part, but only in part, by his war wound. Barnes’ story entails the pilgrimage of his Anglo-American caste-mates from the monetary social economy of Paris to the buddy-buddy warmth of the borderland Pyrenees to the fully anticapitalist, extravagantly Catholic peasant Spain, where in religious festival male camaraderie is awash from spurting wine sacks and the holy spectacle of the bullfights offers truly enfleshed sacrifice—bloody, at times deadly Lady Brett, much admired and accomplished if still soul-doubting as the Goddess of resplendent desire, seeks in Pamplona to defeat the distancing worship of a Marian throne, setting her sights instead on communion with the men in the art of spectatorship (afición) only then to commingle with its great young bullfighter, Pedro Romero. Jake serves, of course, as the man in waiting to Our Lady Ashley—whereby pimp-istry and cuckoldry, requited sentiment and frustrated desire, wishful thinking and perfected intimacy dance together in lovely co-determination. In Fiedler’s broadest terms of love and death, Hemingway takes Transgression & Redemption full circle, enacting a Provençale-ization of the American imagination so thoroughly that incommensurable violative love is proven incarnate in the embodied passions of the heart but cannot be normatively domesticated—by Woman’s dictate (no children!) as much as by man’s fate—thus their blessed alt-intimacy.
The ‘dark night of the soul’ and the purification of desire
Authors: Hole Sam
Published: December 2020

Chapter 4 examines John’s account of the initial stages of the transformation of the soul in The Ascent of Mount Carmel and The Dark Night of the Soul. The appetites that dominate the untransformed soul, giving rise to the sin that permeates ordinary human existence, must be stilled and purified before the soul can be united with God—and so strong is John’s commitment to divine transcendence that this process of transformation is, he believes, best depicted as the undergoing of a process of noetic, sensual, and spiritual ‘darkness’. Yet despite this vision of the apparent human separation from God, and despite John’s insistence throughout the ascent on the negation of all desire for the created order, his account does not present a pessimistic view of the desiring self. Instead, it relentlessly sets out (by means of his own distinctive, although at root Thomist, anthropology of the sensual and spiritual faculties) the stages by which the soul is progressively transformed. This chapter traces John’s account of the purification of these desires through the two stages of the ‘dark night of the soul’, and the associated passage of the soul from meditation to contemplation. In doing so, it attends both to John’s description of the deeply ascetical performance required in the ‘active night’ and the disorienting loving graced interventions of God (a prime example of his thoughtful and complex theory of the affections) in the ‘passive night’.
Virtual Subjects
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

Our task now is to talk about the types of entity which occupy the central position. What occupies that position? Given that it is evidently a self or subject which does so, the task is to say more about the nature of selves. What makes Pessoa’s heteronymic philosophy of self so fascinating is, precisely, that it stands as much opposed to both the Cartesian and the animalist pictures as it does, evidently, to the Humean account of selfhood. Heteronyms are virtual subjects. A virtual subject is an abstract entity, and there is a standard way to introduce and define abstract entities of any type. This is the method of definition by abstraction, first proposed by Gottlob Frege.
Orthonyms as Shadow Selves
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

Fernando Pessoa has introduced the term ‘heteronym’ for the coterie of virtual subjects whose identity he variously assumes. Within this group there is one whose name is ‘Fernando Pessoa’. When Pessoa writes about someone called ‘Fernando Pessoa’ he is employing an orthonym, and doing so precisely because within the imagined scenario he is not Fernando Pessoa. An orthonym, like a heteronym, is a virtual subject, but it is one which stands in a distinguished relationship with a simulating subject. The concept of an orthonym explains that of a literary doppelgänger.
The Reality of Subjects
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

Pessoa often expresses hesitation in his ability to tell what is more real and what is less, the actual or the virtual, veridical experience or dream, fact or fiction. At other times Pessoa offers something like a criterion to distinguish the imaginary from the empirical. Imagined entities are ‘one-sided’ in a manner actual entities are not. Pessoa’s view seems to be that subjects of experience are grounded (and therefore are not Cartesian souls), and that the grounding of both actual and virtual subjects is the same. The intuitive view that unsimulated subjects ground simulated ones, that Shakespeare is ‘more real’ than Hamlet, is regarded as deeply suspicious if not rejected outright. What we need is a way to make sense of the idea that subjects of experience which are simulated in imagination are no ‘less real’ than the subjects of experience in everyday life. There have, indeed, been studies which suggest that there is a functional equivalence in the two cases, such as Tamar Gendler’s studies of imaginative contagion.