bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning-based muscle segmentation and quantification at abdominal CT: application to a longitudinal adult screening cohort for sarcopenia assessment
Authors: Graffy Peter M. , Liu Jiamin , Pickhardt Perry J. , Burns Joseph E. , Yao Jianhua , Summers Ronald M.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To investigate a fully automated abdominal CT-based muscle tool in a large adult screening population.

Methods:

A fully automated validated muscle segmentation algorithm was applied to 9310 non-contrast CT scans, including a primary screening cohort of 8037 consecutive asymptomatic adults (mean age, 57.1±7.8 years; 3555M/4482F). Sequential follow-up scans were available in a subset of 1171 individuals (mean interval, 5.1 years). Muscle tissue cross-sectional area and attenuation (Hounsfield unit, HU) at the L3 level were assessed, including change over time.

Results:

Mean values were significantly higher in males for both muscle area (190.6±33.6 vs 133.3±24.1 cm2, p<0.001) and density (34.3±11.1 HU vs 27.3±11.7 HU, p<0.001). Age-related losses were observed, with mean muscle area reduction of -1.5 cm2/year and attenuation reduction of -1.5 HU/year. Overall age-related muscle density (attenuation) loss was steeper than for muscle area for both sexes up to the age of 70 years. Between ages 50 and 70, relative muscle attenuation decreased significantly more in females (-30.6% vs -18.0%, p<0.001), whereas relative rates of muscle area loss were similar (-8%). Between ages 70 and 90, males lost more density (-22.4% vs -7.5%) and area (-13.4% vs -6.9%, p<0.001). Of the 1171 patients with longitudinal follow-up, 1013 (86.5%) showed a decrease in muscle attenuation, 739 (63.1%) showed a decrease in area, and 1119 (95.6%) showed a decrease in at least one of these measures.

Conclusion:

This fully automated CT muscle tool allows for both individualized and population-based assessment. Such data could be automatically derived at abdominal CT regardless of study indication, allowing for opportunistic sarcopenia detection.

Advances in knowledge:

This fully automated tool can be applied to routine abdominal CT scans for prospective or retrospective opportunistic sarcopenia assessment, regardless of the original clinical indication. Mean values were significantly higher in males for both muscle area and muscle density. Overall age-related muscle density (attenuation) loss was steeper than for muscle area for both sexes, and therefore may be a more valuable predictor of adverse outcomes.
Icons, Troubled and Troubling
Authors: Gérard Colas
Published: June 2019

The Vimānārcanakalpa, a text of around the 10th century C.E., belongs to the Vaikhānasa medieval corpus of ritual manuals. It contains a wealth of ritual and iconographic prescriptions about man-made icons of Viṣṇu and his manifestations, management of power in icons, atonements for ritual shortcomings, etc. According to the Vimānārcanakalpa, the duty of the founder patron, the priests and the whole society is to perpetuate ritual and preserve the integrity of icons as defectless bodily forms in an unsullying environment, because the benefits aspired to by them through the installation of icons are constantly threatened. Dependent on numerous internal (material damage, ritual defects, etc.) and external (theft, defilement, etc.) factors, icons are forever prone to troubles and can become troubling when deprived of ideal conditions.
On Pre-reflectivity of Self-consciousness in the Traditions of Advaita and Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta
Authors: Marcus Schmücker
Published: June 2019

By pointing out different forms of pre-reflective consciousness and comparing them to the concepts of self in Advaita and Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta, it could be shown that both schools apply a kind of consciousness that corresponds to Frank’s concept of self-consciousness and self-knowledge. As demonstrated, the first form of pre-reflective consciousness complies with the advaitic teaching of an unchangeable eternity of consciousness, which is subjectless and understood as being without time and space, even as being omnipresent. It appears impossible to relate it to something else without it being objectified. The Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta school reinterprets the concept of pure consciousness and accepts it as objectifiable consciousness, which is now considered “knowledge”. At the same time it presupposes a kind of individual consciousness which is called “I”. Moreover, this school uses the argument that consciousness is unobjectifiable against the Advaitin to establish that objectifying does not imply the cessation of consciousness, that is, in their case the consciousness of the individual self. Rāmānuja thus theorises, a thesis continued by Veṅkaṭanātha, that knowledges (saṃvit) can be remembered over time because, first, they are based on a constant self, that is, a pre-reflective “I”-consciousness, and secondly, through this “knowledge”, they can be known again by referring to itself in another state (avasthā) than it earlier held. But what does this mean for the familiarity of (self‑)consciousness? Is it mediated? The self, the “I”-consciousness, is always in a new, changed state of knowledge. As far as self-luminosity is possible, even if the self can be objectified, it is possible to say, without negating consciousness, that it is immediately aware of being in a special state if this can be proven through different means of knowledge.
A náusea e as ideias de O existencialismo é um humanismo: uma leitura crítica
Authors: Vieira Nathan Ramos
Published: June 2019

Tomando como ponto de partida uma apresentação das ideias defendidas por Sartre em O existencialismo é um humanismo, dentre as quais se destacam questões relativas a angústia, ao desamparo, ao desespero, a subjetividade e a universalidade do homem, a questão da má-fé, o humanismo existencialista e a transcendência, realizar uma leitura crítica de A náusea. Apresentadas as questões principais, terá prosseguimento a leitura do romance publicado em 1938, cujo objetivo será apresentar ao leitor que as ideias apresentadas na conferência que posteriormente foi publicada em 1946 já estavam presentes na Náusea, aparecendo em Antoine Roquentin e sua estadia na cidade fictícia de Bouville, onde figuras caricatas e reflexões pessoas exibem a carga dos posicionamentos defendidos em O existencialismo é um humanismo.
O pecado como categoria existencial
Authors: Schmaelter Matheus Maia
Published: June 2019

Na segunda parte da obra publicada em 1849, intitulada A doença para a morte (Sygdomen til Døden), o filósofo e teólogo dinamarquês Søren Kierkegaard, através do pseudônimo Anti-Climacus, trata da existência individual do ser humano a partir de categorias tipicamente cristãs, realizando assim um movimento caracteristicamente teológico de pensamento, que dará tom predominante a toda a obra em questão. Pretendemos, neste artigo, analisar sua reflexão a respeito da categoria do pecado enquanto uma categoria existencial. Para tanto, recorremos à chamada teologia da cruz, do reformador Matinho Lutero, a fim de apontar os fundamentos que a sustentam.
Complete denture series part 2: tips on how to correct 10 avoidable errors
Authors: Jayachandran Sivakumar , Leyssen Wouter , Walmsley A Damien
Published: June 2019

The first article of this series identified the common reasons for referral for complete denture patients to secondary care. With this background, this article provides general dental practitioners (GDPs) with clinical tips to avoid the common errors whilst making complete dentures.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: The use of the clinical tips may help GDPs to improve their clinical success in treating complete denture patients and, in turn, aim to avoid improper referrals to secondary care.
Treatment options for deciduous molar hypomineralization: a report of three cases
Authors: Quintero Yasmy , Restrepo Manuel , Saldarriaga Jenny Angélica , Saldarriaga Alexandra , Santos-Pinto Lourdes
Published: June 2019

Deciduous molar hypomineralization (DMH) is an enamel defect of systemic and multifactorial origin that affects the second deciduous molar. Currently, its treatment is based on guidelines for Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), a disturbance that affects permanent molars and may or may not be associated with permanent incisors. To date, there are no guidelines for DMH. Therefore, three different therapeutic approaches are presented to treat DMH, emphasizing the relevance of early diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment options, and tailored to take into account each patient's and parents' specific needs, as well as the involved tooth, severity of DMH, patients' symptoms and behaviour.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: To understand the clinical implications of DMH since the diagnosis and delayed treatment of this enamel alteration could have important complications in both the primary and permanent dentition.
Non dental incidental findings on dental panoramic radiographs: identification and management
Authors: Ahsan-Mohammed Aisha , Clarkson Rosalyn J , Carmichael Fiona A
Published: June 2019

All relevant ‘dental’ radiographic anomalies require a report, be they related to the teeth, mandible, maxillary sinuses, temporomandibular joints or soft tissues. However, non-dental incidental findings are often present on dental radiographs, some of which may be due to systemic disease: these should also be assessed. We compare the confidence at diagnosing, and subsequent management of, three such incidental findings between specialist dental and maxillofacial radiologists and recently qualified dentists. The imaging features and clinical implications of dense bone islands, carotid artery calcification and osteoporosis are described.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: Dental panoramic radiographs cover structures not confined to the tooth-bearing areas and incidental findings in these regions should be recognized and appropriately reported, in line with IR(ME)R legislation.
A Novel Framework to Measure Executive Function in Down Syndrome With Applications for Early Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia
Authors: Smith Elizabeth , Hedge Craig , Jarrold Christopher
Published: June 2019

Executive function (EF) decline is a consistent early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among adults with Down syndrome (DS), which means that baseline measures of EF for individuals with DS are vital to allow detection of meaningful decline. We developed a framework to extract measures of three core components of EF (memory updating, inhibitory, and temporal components) within one task. Increases in memory load, inhibitory load, and temporal demands led to significant increases in reaction times and significant decreases in accuracy among 18 adults with DS and 18 typically developing matched individuals; thus, the expected effects of all three manipulations were detected. Good test-retest reliability indicated that this framework has the potential to provide a simple, baseline EF measure for individuals with DS.
Television, gas and electricity: Consuming comfort and leisure in the British home 1946–65
Authors: Rees Emily
Published: June 2019

The arrival of television into the British home in the post-war period coincided with rising standards of comfort, provided by utilities such as gas and electricity and the devices that they powered. Television, in its capacity as a broadcast medium, was another utility flowing into the post-war home, providing domestic leisure. This article will explore how the material image of the television set became emblematic of the modern, leisure-based home, examining how it was used, in conjunction with gas and electricity, to construct an idealized comfortable home. This relationship was promoted in lifestyle magazines, advertisements, design publications and exhibitions. I will argue that from this relationship an idealized television lifestyle emerged, based around comfort and leisure, which was used to promote the consumption of gas and electricity, thus embedding television’s material form in consumer culture. In this way, the article will position the history of television in relation to the other utilities which shaped the home in this period, namely gas and electricity.
FAR SPACE-WISE - Without Edges a Center Cannot Exist in Stasis
Authors: Ajalon Jamika
Published: June 2019

For some time, I have explored the possibilities and narratives of WOC as FAR. Not that she uniquely holds this post, but rather that she holds this post uniquely - her intersectionality makes her the subject most likely to become FAR. What I want to suggest is how her very existence disrupts chrono-political narratives, and how her knowledge of this reality fuels an agency. She creates extraordinary tomes in Othered time zones.
Familienleben transnational
Authors: Ammann Dula Eveline
Published: June 2019

Wie organisieren transnationale Familien ihre multi-lokalen Lebenswelten? Welche Bedeutung kommt innerfamiliären Hierarchien zu? Welche sozialwissenschaftlichen Methodologien sind geeignet, um das transnationale Familienleben im gesellschaftlichen Kontext zu erforschen? Anhand der biographieanalytischen Untersuchung einer Familie aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien zeigt Eveline Ammann Dula die Verknüpfung der Mikro-, Meso- und Makro-Ebenen von Migrationsprozessen auf und betrachtet biographische Narrationen als Artikulation transnationaler sozialer Räume. Sie zeigt dabei die wechselseitige Beeinflussung und intergenerationale Übertragung von Migrationserfahrungen auf. Die empirische Studie schließt an die Transnationale Migrationsforschung, die Biographieforschung und die Intersektionalitätsforschung an.
The construction of an Italian diasporic identity in the city of Buenos Aires at the turn of the 19th century
Authors: González Daniela Anabel
Published: June 2019

Daniela Anabel González studies the processes of identity construction developed by the Italian immigrants who massively arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, at the turn of the 19th century. Through the analysis of a set of popular song lyrics, comments made in cultural magazines and memories written by artists of the time, the author seeks to reveal the strategies of appropriation and resistance that this community put into practice to build their identity in the diaspora, and the heterogeneous and changing character of this identity. As the analysis of the documents shows, the members of the Italian elite tried to distinguish themselves from argentine people through the celebration and vindication of their own intellectual traditions while the broader sectors of the diasporic Italian society attempted to integrate themselves into the receiving culture. These integration attempts, which involved multiple tensions, negotiations and identity redefinitions, found in popular art and music expressions a proper place to manifest themselves, and to trigger significant hybridization processes that influenced both Argentine and Italian culture.
La competencia colaborativa en la formación inicial de maestros AICLE: la propuesta de la Universidad Pontificia Comillas
Authors: López Hernández Alfonso
Published: June 2019

La investigación sobre el perfil competencial del docente AICLE es clara al respecto: para ser eficaz, debe saber trabajar en equipo. Una idea ajena al modelo tradicional del profesor como “rey” de su aula, de las puertas cerradas, que también y por desgracia es el predominante en la universidad. El presente artículo describe la apuesta formativa que realiza la Universidad Pontificia Comillas, desde el Área de Inglés de los grados de Educación, para que sus estudiantes reciban la mejor formación posible en AICLE y, en concreto, en la competencia colaborativa, a través de modelos concretos y visibles de colaboración entre sus profesores.
Energy, Economic Growth, and Ecological Crisis
Authors: Kolasi Erald
Published: June 2019

Can economic growth continue forever? This relatively simple question has posed some intellectual headaches for modern capitalism. Capital cannot tolerate any limits—that is, the drive for growth and the search for new markets are both necessary for the political and economic survival of capitalism. Viewed in this light, the implications of the question present something of an existential challenge to the current order. Capitalism cannot acknowledge any natural limits to economic growth, for that would mean acknowledging its ultimate demise. To keep up the pretense that capitalism represents a quasi-eternal and invincible system, most political leaders and economists who support the current order have begun reciting a series of elaborate narratives about the relationship between human economies and the natural world.
Niveles de literacidad en tercer grado de una institución educativa de Bello
Authors: Suárez Palacio Paula Andrea , Vélez Múnera Maribel , Londoño Vásquez David Alberto
Published: June 2019

En el artículo se describe el proceso de la investigación realizada en la Institución Educativa Hernán Villa Baena (I.E.H.V.B.) en el municipio de Bello-Antioquia con el objetivo de analizar los niveles de literacidad de los niños y niñas de tercer grado de esta institución. La investigación realizada es de tipo mixta, dado el tratamiento descriptivo del corpus (cualitativo) y el análisis estadístico que lo acompañó (cuantitativo). Para dar cumplimiento al objetivo propuesto a los estudiantes se les aplicaron tres pruebas (diagnóstica, propuesta educativa llamada Con las TIC leo y comprendo y la prueba de salida); de igual manera, se contó con la participación de madres y docentes a quienes se les realizó una entrevista. Los resultados muestran que los niveles de literacidad de los estudiantes mejoraron a partir de la implementación de la propuesta pedagógica, además se hallaron diferencias entre las percepciones que tienen los docentes y las madres en relación al proceso de aprendizaje de lectura y escritura de los niños.
Ideologemas del español en la primera mitad del siglo XX en Colombia
Authors: Molina Ríos Juliana Angélica
Published: June 2019

El propósito del presente artículo es dar cuenta de algunos avances de orden teórico-interpretativo de la relación que existe entre las estructuras de poder que se configuran y se reproducen en la enseñanza del español y la vida política de Colombia. Así, la categorización que estructura los avances está directamente relacionada con la noción de ideologemas propuesta desde la perspectiva glotopolítica, por medio de la cual se establece la mirada hacia la legislación y los libros de texto del español. Se presenta la revisión de la legislación sobre la enseñanza del español que se produjo en Colombia durante el periodo de 1903-1949, desde el análisis de las ideologías lingüísticas, particularmente, los ideologemas. Desde esta perspectiva, se identificaron tres ideologemas centrales en dicha época: a) la lengua como dispositivo de blanqueamiento de la raza, b) la lengua como dispositivo de progreso y c) la lengua como elemento esencial en la consolidación de la nación. Derivado de este análisis, la reflexión final que surge está relacionada con cuáles ideologemas se mantienen o cambian en el periodo de 1980 y en el contexto actual de posconflicto en Colombia.
Hubungan jenis kelamin, status gizi, konsumsi susu dan olahannya dengan kadar asam urat pada lansia
Authors: Novianti Anugrah , Ulfi Eriliyabuduni , Hartati Lilik Sri
Published: June 2019

Background: The prevalence of gout increased based on age, highest at age 70-79 years 9.3%, age 60-69 years 8%, age 50-59 years 3.7%, and age 40-49 years 3.3%. Meanwhile, based on gender, the prevalence of gout diagnosed with health workers was higher in women at 13.4% compared to men 10.3%. Overweight and obesity can trigger an increase in uric acid levels, so it is one of a risk factor for hyperuricemia. Various high protein and purine foods have long been considered a risk factor for gout. Similarly, the possibility that consumption of dairy products especially cow's milk has a role in protecting the risk of gout based on the results of metabolic studies.Objective: To determined the relationship of sex, body mass index (BMI), dairy products consumption and uric acid levels of the elderly in Cipondoh Sub-District Tangerang.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. Research participants were collected by using purposive sampling. Primary data consisted of respondent characteristics, dairy products consumption, BMI, and uric acid levels.Results: The results of this research have shown there was a correlation between BMI and uric acid level p = 0.007, dairy products consumption and uric acid level p = 0.0001, but there was no correlation between sex and uric acid level p = 0.204 in the elderly at Cipondoh Sub-District Tangerang.Conclusion: There was a correlation between BMI, dairy products consumption with uric acid levels of the elderly in Cipondoh Sub-District Tangerang.
How Topographic Maps Affect: Experiencing Washington, DC through the Maps of the “Other”
Authors: Kent Alexander James , Hopfstock Anja
Published: June 2019

Does the type of map we use affect how we engage with a place in situ? This paper describes a creative activity that aimed to explore how the use of different topographic maps affects our engagement with an urban environment. Three groups of participants explored the neighbourhood surrounding the Gelman Library at George Washington University, each using an extract from a different map (all with street-level detail of the area) as a guide: (1) a contemporary selection from OpenStreetMap; (2) a United States Geological Survey (USGS) map from 1965; and (3) a Soviet military plan from 1975. The 32 participants recorded their experiences by taking photographs and uploading them to a shared online bulletin board (Padlet). After gaining feedback via group discussion, the resulting 108 images were classified, interpreted and mapped. The findings indicate that the groups’ engagement with their environment varied with the specific map used, and was possibly influenced by their interpretation of its function, although differences in individual perceptions and responses were more pronounced than between-map differences. The activity provides a starting point for understanding the role topographic maps play in the relationship between emotions and environment and offers some avenues for further research.
Sytuacja prawnomiędzynarodowa Wysp Alandzkich w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Brańka Tomasz
Published: June 2019

Wyspy Alandzkie są szwedzkojęzycznym terytorium autonomicznym Finlandii. Szeroka autonomia, przyznana na mocy decyzji Ligi Narodów z 1921 r., umożliwiła samodzielne podjęcie decyzji dotyczącej integracji bałtyckiego archipelagu ze Wspólnotami Europejskimi na początku lat 90. ubiegłego wieku. Artykuł przedstawia proces dochodzenia do członkostwa Wysp Alandzkich, skupiając się na szczególnym statusie, jaki przyznano archipelagowi. Dzięki wspólnemu zaangażowaniu władz autonomicznych i władz centralnych Finlandii oraz przychylnej postawie WE udało się wypracować derogacje, które w swojej istocie dotykają podstawowych zasad tej organizacji. W ten sposób Alandczykom udało się zabezpieczyć nie tylko szwedzkojęzyczny charakter Wysp (utrzymanie prawa domicylu), ale także zapewnić ochronę własnej gospodarki (wyłączenie z ustaleń w zakresie unijnego prawa podatkowego).
Ground States of a 𝐾-Component Critical System with Linear and Nonlinear Couplings: The Attractive Case
Authors: Wu Yuanze
Published: June 2019

Consider the system

{

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+

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=

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,

\left\{\begin{aligned} \displaystyle-\Delta u_{i}+\mu_{i}u_{i}&\displaystyle=% \nu_{i}u_{i}^{2^{*}-1}+\beta\mathop{\sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^{k}}u_{j}^{\frac{2^{*}}% {2}}u_{i}^{\frac{2^{*}}{2}-1}+\lambda\mathop{\sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^{k}}u_{j}&&% \displaystyle\phantom{}\text{in}\ \Omega,\\ \displaystyle u_{i}&\displaystyle>0&&\displaystyle\phantom{}\text{in}\ \Omega,% \\ \displaystyle u_{i}&\displaystyle=0&&\displaystyle\phantom{}\text{on}\ % \partial\Omega,\quad i=1,2,\ldots,k,\end{aligned}\right.

where

k
≥
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,

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(

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,

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and

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>
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are constants, and

β
,
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>
0

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are parameters. By showing a unique result of the limit system, we prove existence and nonexistence results of ground states to this system by variational methods, which generalize the results in [7, 18]. Concentration behaviors of ground states for

β
,
λ

{\beta,\lambda}

are also established.
Uncountably Many Solutions for Nonlinear Helmholtz and Curl-Curl Equations
Authors: Mandel Rainer
Published: June 2019

We obtain uncountably many solutions of nonlinear Helmholtz and curl-curl equations on the entire space using a fixed point approach. The constructed solutions are mildly localized as they lie in the essential spectrum of the corresponding linear operator. As a new auxiliary tool a limiting absorption principle for the curl-curl operator is proved.
Particle size and polymer formation dependence of nanostructure in antireflective surfaces by injection molding process
Authors: Kurihara Kazuma , Hokari Ryohei , Miyake Koji
Published: June 2019

The effects of nanomolding characteristics on an antireflective surface fabricated via injection molding were investigated. The optical property of a sub-wavelength structure (SWS) of our own making was also measured. The sizes of nanostructures fabricated on SWS molds were controlled by changing the average particle diameters used as mask and the time of reactive ion etching. The maximum filling ratio of the injected polymer was increased from 51.7% to 90.4% by changing the average particle diameters from 83.8 nm to 111.2 nm. In addition, the filled ratio of the injected polymer was increased from 51.7% to 73.7% under the same processing conditions. The results of the measurements of the optical property indicated that the reflectance of small-sized and large-sized SWSs fabricated with the same process condition was decreased at the wavelengths of 550 nm and 980 nm, respectively. The wavelength showed that the minimum reflectance was varied from the visible range to the near-infrared range by changing the size of the SWS under the same processing condition. This result led us to conclude that we can obtain antireflection surfaces for any wavelength by varying the size of the SWS under the same injection-molding condition.
Direct-write grayscale lithography
Authors: Grushina Anya
Published: June 2019

Grayscale lithography is used to produce three-dimensional (3D) structures on micro- and nanoscale. During the last decade, micro-optics and other applications were actively pushing the market demand for such structures. Direct-write systems that use lasers and heated scanning probes can be used for high-precision grayscale micro- and nanolithography. They provide solutions for the most demanding applications in research and industrial manufacturing. At both the micro- and nanoscale, though, some challenges remain, mainly related to throughput. Ongoing R&D efforts and emerging new applications drive several companies to join forces in order to meet the market demands for grayscale lithography of today and in the future.
A Rheological Fuzzy Model for Lime Plasticity and Mortar Consistency
Authors: Atzeni Cirillo , Sanna Ulrico , Spanu Nannina
Published: June 2019

This paper is concerned with a fuzzy model developed for describing the rheological properties of lime pastes and mortars. We have identified the physical parameters on which the flow properties of these materials depend, and whose complex interrelationships make it difficult to model the phenomena using a traditional approach. The basic notions of fuzzy modelling are described, a technique which enables different kinds of variables and other knowledge elements to be handled in a formal context that can be easily computerized. Applying the Fuzzy Approximation Theorem we can develop a model irrespective of whether the correlation functions are expressed in explicit analytical form or not. The definitions of the fuzzy sets for the different variables are provided which, together with IF/THEN rules comprise the knowledge base of the model. The model is then applied to determine the plasticity of lime pastes and consistency of lime-based mortars using ordinary fuzzy inference mechanisms.
Rheological Master Curves of Crystallizing Polymer Mixtures
Authors: Kapnistos M. , Vlassopoulos D.
Published: June 2019

We present a simple methodology for extending linear viscoelastic measurements of crystallizing polymers to the high-frequency regime, where usually crystallization kinetics represents an obstacle. The idea is to perform rapid quenches, below the melting temperature (which corresponds to the high-frequency region), account for the thermal equilibration and the very slow early stages of crystallization, and perform the measurements before really crystallization sets in, in the “quasi-equilibrium” state. Albeit tedious, when properly done, this method works remarkably well, as demonstrated for a particular polybutadiene mixture, and opens the route for obtaining rheological master curves in a wide variety of crystallizing polymers.
Morphology Development During Microconfined Flow of Viscous Emulsions
Authors: Vananroye Anja , Van Puyvelde Peter , Moldenaers Paula
Published: June 2019

In this contribution, a brief review is given of the dynamics of emulsions in microconfined shear flow. The interest in confined flow is triggered by the increasing importance of microfluidic applications in the processing industries. In a first part, some important aspects of confinement on single droplet dynamics are highlighted. The validity of the conclusions drawn from this part are subsequently applied to more concentrated systems. It is shown that microconfined emulsions can exhibit rich dynamics, and can display some peculiar morphologies.
Linear to Non-linear Rheology of Wheat Flour Dough
Authors: Ng Trevor S.K. , McKinley Gareth H. , Padmanabhan Mahesh
Published: June 2019

We provide an overview of transient extensional rheometry techniques for wheat flour doughs in which the deformation and material response is well defined. The behavior of a range of model doughs was explored with a Filament Stretching Extensional Rheometer (FISER). The measurements were also compared to data obtained with a new wind- up extensional rheometer; the SER universal testing platform. A simple empirical constitutive equation, which allows characterization of the experimental results with a small number of parameters, is presented to describe the resulting measurements. To characterize the relaxation modulus of the doughs, small amplitude shear tests were performed on samples that have been shear-mixed in a mixograph for varying lengths of time. The linear viscoelastic properties were found to exhibit a broad power-law dependence on the imposed oscillatory frequency that is very reminiscent of that exhibited by a critical gel. The critical gel model of Winter and Chambon [1, 2] was used as the basis for constructing a non-linear constitutive equation for the material stress by combining the relaxation modulus for the critical gel with a Lodge rubber-like liquid form for the kinematics. Transient uniaxial extensional data recorded from the FISER and SER instruments were then compared to the predictions of the constitutive equation. The model captures the initial power- law response and subsequent strain-hardening; however additional physics is required to describe the rheological phenomena at very large Hencky strains, including finite extensibility effects and filament rupture in extensional flows.
Rheological Behavior of Fugitive Organic Inks for Direct-Write Assembly
Authors: Therriault Daniel , White Scott R. , Lewis Jennifer A.
Published: June 2019

The rheological behavior of a fugitive organic ink tailored for direct-write assembly of 3D microfluidic devices is investigated. Rheological experiments are carried out to probe the shear storage and loss moduli as well as the complex viscosity as a function of varying temperature, frequency and stress amplitude. Master curves of these functions are assembled using time-temperature superposition. The fugitive ink, comprised of two organic phases, possesses an equilibrium shear elastic modulus nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of a commercial reference ink at room temperature and a peak in the relaxation spectrum nearly six orders of magnitude longer in time scale. The self-supporting nature of extruded ink filaments is characterized by direct video imaging. Comparison of the experimentally observed behavior to numerical predictions based on Euler-Bernoulli viscoelastic beam analysis yield excellent agreement for slender filaments.
Mechanical and Structural Properties of Maltodextrin/Agarose Microgels Composites
Authors: Loret Chrystel , Frith William J. , Fryer Peter J.
Published: June 2019

We present results from a new approach to the study of multicomponent gels, which allows independent investigation of the effect of phase volume and droplet size of the dispersed phase on the mechanical properties of the mixed gel composites. The method involves preparation of agarose microgels with different sizes, which are then embedded in maltodextrin gel matrices with different gel strengths. The effects of both phase volume and droplet size on composite properties are dependent on the phase modulus ratio. The higher the phase modulus ratio, the larger is the reinforcement effect and the effect of droplet size on mechanical properties of the maltodextrin/agarose composites. The observed behaviour was compared with literature models for the behaviour of composite materials.
The ‘Yield Stress Myth?’ Paper – 21 Years On
Authors: Barnes Howard A.
Published: June 2019

Consideration is given to the reaction to Barnes and Walters’ 4-page ‘The yield stress myth?’ paper published 21 years ago. It has been cited approximately 180 times since then, as either a standard reference for ‘yield stress’ papers, or to disagree with its sentiment that yield stresses do not actually exist, but are a useful approximation. The references that cite the paper are categorized and commented on.
Influence of Molecular Weight of SAN on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of ABS-plastics
Authors: Dreval’ V.E. , Vasil’ev G.B. , Borisenkova E.K. , Semakov A.V. , Kulichikhin V.G.
Published: June 2019

Rheological and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers (ABS) prepared via bulk polymerization depending on the molecular weight (Mw) of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) have been investigated. The tendencies of attaining the yield stress at steady-state shear flow and approaching to the “plateau” region of storage modulus at low frequencies in oscillatory tests were observed. Both these phenomena are induced by formation of the structural skeleton consisting of polybutadiene (PB) particles arranged in the SAN-matrix. Growth of Mw of SAN leads both to increase of the “plateau” value of storage modulus at low frequencies and the yield stress. This fact can be explained by the influence of Mw of SAN chains grafted onto PB particles on structure formation in ABS melts because of a redistribution of the ratio particle-particle / particle-matrix interactions. The elongational viscosity of ABS melts is a power function of Mw of SAN matrix. The power index of this function increases with the polymer straining that reflects orientation of SAN chains with their length increase. The strain-hardening index of ABS melts increases considerably with increase of SAN matrix Mw. However, it does not depend on presence of PB particles in the material. It means that the value of this index is governed by orientation effect in the SAN matrix. The impact strength of the investigated ABS samples is interrelated with rheological characteristics of ABS melts as well as Mw of SAN. The dependence of impact strength on Mw can be explained by increasing role of orientation effects of SAN chains with Mw increase in the copolymer fibrils connecting the walls of crazes formed at impact action.
Evaluation of Time Independent Rheological Models Applicable to Fresh Self-Compacting Concrete
Authors: Feys Dimitri , Verhoeven Ronny , De Schutter Geert
Published: June 2019

Self-Compacting Concrete is a new type of concrete which is more liquid compared to traditional concrete and which does not need any form of external compaction. As a result this type of concrete is suitable for a new placing technique: pumping SCC from the bottom in the formwork and letting it rise in the formwork due to the applied pressure. In order to understand the phenomena occurring during pumping operations, the rheological properties of SCC must be investigated and controlled. Tests have been performed with two different rheometers, which are described in this paper. For the Tattersall Mk-II rheometer, a calibration procedure has been worked out to eliminate secondary flows in the rheometer. Test results indicate that SCC is a thixotropic liquid, having a yield stress, showing shear thickening and having varying properties in time due to the occurring chemical reactions. In this paper, the time dependent effects will not be described. When trying to apply a rheological model to the obtained results, only the modified Bingham model seems appropriate. Applying the Bingham model results in the generation of negative yield stresses while the Herschel-Bulkley model has a parameter with a variable dimension and has a major mathematical restriction. The rheological properties of fresh SCC can be described with the modified Bingham model. A suitable parameter to describe shear thickening is defined as the ratio of the second order term in the shear rate of the modified Bingham model to the linear term (= c/m).
Landmark Paper Index: Application to Rheological (η-) Journals
Authors: Kröger Martin
Published: June 2019

We apply the Landmark Paper Index (LPI), calculate and analyze indices for all papers published in rheological journals (‘η-journals’) between 1991 and 2007. We discuss the effect of formal criteria on the LPI.
The Nonlinear History of Fibre Flow Research. Part 2: Continuation, Reflections and Suggestions
Authors: Björkman Ulf
Published: June 2019

Technical fibre flows are normally flocky but have theoretically mainly been treated as individual fibre flows. The reason for this can only be understood through the subject’s historic development. In Part 1 of this investigation the origin of fibre flow research was traced to the beginning of the 19th century, and was followed through its formative years at the first half of the 20th century up to about WWII. This second and final part takes us up to about the 1960s when the present main theoretical research tradition had been firmly established. An example of an alternative approach is given. Finally, some suggestions for future work are advanced. In Appendix methods of characterising the inner geometry of technical fibre suspensions are discussed
Influence of Viscosity-Modifying Admixtures on the Thixotropic Behaviour of Cement Pastes
Authors: Bouras R. , Chaouche M. , Kaci S.
Published: June 2019

Water soluble polymers such as cellulosic or starch ethers are often included in the mix-design of Self Compacting Concretes (SCCs) in order to improve their stability and robustness. The stability, including resistance to liquid-solid separation and sedimentation, may be attributed to the increase of the viscosity of the liquid phase due to the thickening effect of the polymer. The later is then referred to as a Viscosity-Modifying Admixture (VMA). In the present study, we consider the influence of VMAs on the rheological properties of the material at cement scale level. In particular, the change in the thixotropic properties of the cement paste due to the inclusion of VMA is investigated. It is found that addition of VMA significantly enhances rebuild-up kinetics at rest following shearing at high shear rate. The influence of VMA on the steady state rheological properties is also considered. As reported in the literature, the yield stress is found to monotonically increase with VMA content, while the consistency presents a minimum indicating the existence of an optimum value of the VMA for which the workability of the cement paste is maximum.
Extension of the Poiseuille Formula for Shear-thickening Materials and Application to Self-compacting Concrete
Authors: Feys Dimitri , Verhoeven Ronny , De Schutter Geert
Published: June 2019

In practice, while placing concrete in a formwork by pumping, the pressure generated by the pump is not controlled. In order to enhance the safety on the worksite, and in view of the current economic and ecologic arguments, it would be useful to dispose of an equation able to predict pressure losses based on the rheological properties of the concrete and the pipe configuration. This paper describes the derivation of an extended version of the Poiseuille formula, for shear-thickening materials with a yields stress, described by the modified Bingham equation. This formula is applied to flow-tests with self-compacting concrete. The results prove the applicability of this extended Poiseuille formula, showing that the flow is occurring in laminar regime, with no significant wall slip.
Pure Material Instability and the Concept of Yield Stress
Authors: Balan Corneliu
Published: June 2019

The paper is concerned with the rheological study of gels, complex materials which are characterised by an internal network structure developed in viscous liquids. This category of materials exhibits in viscometric motion a yield state at a critical value of the applied shear stress. The yield shear stress defines the plateau behaviour in the steady flow curve. The creeping experiments and the dynamics of the Oldroyd’s 3 constants model put in evidence the connection between the loss of stability of the network structure and the coexisting strain rates at a constant shear stress. The correlation between theory, numerical simulations and experiments are established. All the results are qualitatively consistent with the statement that the concept of yield stress is ’natural defined‘ in the context of the pure material (structural) instability (i.e. instability at zero Reynolds number) of constitutive relations with non-monotone flow curve.
Computational Rheology with Integral Constitutive Equations
Authors: Mitsoulis Evan
Published: June 2019

Computational rheology deals with the formulation and solution of constitutive equations for non-Newtonian materials. From these the emphasis is put on polymeric materials, which exhibit both viscous and elastic behaviour in flow and deformation. These materials are often called viscoelastic materials. Polymer solutions and melts (e.g. commercial plastics and rubber) are good examples of viscoelastic materials. Their processing under continuous (e.g. extrusion) or batch (e.g. injection molding) operations is the main occupation of the plastics and rubber industries, but the corresponding modelling and numerical simulation is a difficult task and a relatively recent undertaking.

The present work reviews modelling aspects of viscoelasticity and shows how the complex rheology of these materials is best captured through integral constitutive equations with a spectrum of relaxation times. Using such constitutive equations and the Finite Element Method (FEM), the solution of some benchmark problems of rheology becomes feasible. Examples will be shown from the flow of polymer melts and solutions in a 4:1 axisymmetric contraction encountered in standard capillary rheometry, as well as the flow around a sphere falling in a cylindrical tube. The emphasis will be on demonstrating the flow patterns via streamlines and predicting such viscoelastic phenomena as vortex growth, extrudate swell, and reduction of the drag coefficient, which are of particular interest to the rheological community as test cases of computational results.
A Rheo-optical Investigation into the Viscoelastic Moduli of Acidified Milk Gel
Authors: Arikainen E. O. , Earnshaw J. C. , Wehling A. , Waghorne E.
Published: June 2019

Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) in the backscattering geometry was employed to observe the evolution of the intensity correlation function during the acidification of skimmed milk by gluconic-δ-lactone (GDL). At the stage when the formation of casein particle gel is largely complete the correlation function at shorter decay times reveals the local structural arrest of the casein micelles, whereas at longer delay times it illustrates the hindered slow motion of casein micelle aggregates. We use the principles of the approach suggested by Mason, Gang and Weitz, linking the optically measured mean square displacement, <Δr2(t)>, of the microscopic particles in a dense colloid to its viscoelastic properties, to provide an estimate of the frequency dependent viscoelastic modulus of the acidified milk gel (AMG). We compare the viscoelastic moduli measured by the conventional mechanical rheometry with the optically measured ones. The results of the two different experimental methods are found to be in reasonable agreement.
A lightweight key generation scheme for end-to-end data authentication in Industrial Control Systems
Authors: Genge Béla , Haller Piroska , Duka Adrian-Vasile , Sándor Hunor
Published: June 2019

The recent advances in technology had an exceptional impact on the performance optimization and the provisioning of more flexible Industrial Control Systems (ICS). Nevertheless, most ICS communication protocols, as they are currently and widely implemented, are extremely vulnerable to various cyber attacks. This paper proposes a lightweight application-oriented data authentication scheme applicable to existing ICS infrastructures by adopting the characteristics and computational advantages of hash functions and hash chains. Extensive experimental results on a Phoenix Contact industrial controller, which runs the control logic of a real ICS implemented in a Romanian gas transportation network, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and its immediate applicability to existing installations.
Diagnosis of Primary Hydatid Cyst of Thyroid Gland: A Case Report
Authors: Eshraghi Mohsen , Shahmoradi Ladan , Ghoddoosi Mahdiieh , Sadati Seyed Jafar Adnani
Published: June 2019

A 34-year-old female patient was presented to the general surgery clinic of the hospital complaining of a growing tangible swelling in her neck. In physical examination, the patient had two palpable soft nodules in the left lobe of the thyroid which hadn’t invaded the surrounding tissues. The function of thyroid gland was normal and fine needle aspiration (FNA) result reported it benign. The patient went through a left lobectomy and isthmectomy. The histopathology report concluded a nodular hyperplasia and a Hydatid cyst. After surgery, the patient was examined searching for any other organs cyst, but there were no cystic lesion in the cranial, thoracic and abdominal cavities. Accordingly, the case was a primary thyroid hydatid cyst, which is rare, even in endemic regions like Iran.
Notes on the benthic marine algae of Puerto Rico. XII: additions to the flora
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Ruíz Hector , Norris James N.
Published: June 2019

Five species of benthic marine algae (Phaeophyceae: Lobophora littlerorum; Rhodophyta: Meristotheca cylindrica, Naccaria corymbosa, Xiphosiphonia pinnulata and Dipterosiphonia reversa) represent new distribution records from the coastal waters surrounding Puerto Rico in the northern Caribbean Sea. The latter two species are now reported for the first time from the western Atlantic Caribbean.