bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Agritourism Service Quality for Domestic and Foreign Tourists in Kerala: A SERVQUAL Approach
Authors: T Maria Poulose , K. N. Ushadevi
Published: October 2024

Aims: The article aimed to measure the quality of services offered at the agritourism centre to ensure the operational effectiveness of centres as well as the tourist satisfaction. The study uses the SERVQUAL model, which assesses dimensions such as tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, to identify the strengths and weaknesses in service delivery in Kerala's agritourism sector. Understanding these differences is critical for tailoring experiences to meet the diverse expectations of both domestic and foreign visitors [1].
Objective: Analyse the Service Quality for Domestic and Foreign Tourists at Agritourism centres.
Methodology: Primary survey was conducted among 150 domestic tourists and 150 foreign tourists who visited agritourism centres in Kerala using pre tested structured questionnaire.
Results: The service quality analysis shows the highest satisfaction level of domestic tourists and lowest satisfaction level of foreign tourists towards the overall services provided at the agritourism center. The analysis revealed a lack of efficient signage boards, lack of trained guides and lack of accessibility features for disabled individuals at the agritourism destinations. Aside from these areas, the services demonstrated a higher level of performance. Neglecting these aspects will results in various negative outcomes, affecting tourists’ satisfaction and overall efficiency. Signage boards at agritourism destinations offer essential directions, enhance the overall visitor experience, and ensure both safety and accessibility. By focusing in clear, informative, and thoughtfully designed signs, agritourism destinations can boost visitor satisfaction, enhance their operations, and achieve success in a competitive market. The presence of trained guides will also enhance the tourists experience by ensuring safety, delivering valuable educational content, boost operational efficiency, provide personalized customer service, and support cultural and community engagement. Investing in well-trained guides enables agritourism destinations to improve the quality of their services, create memorable and rewarding experiences for visitors. Prioritizing the disability-friendly practices will play a key role in shaping a welcoming, inclusive, and successful industry that serves all individuals equitably.
Conclusion: The study identified the quality gaps that experienced by the tourists at agritourism centres. Upholding high service quality in agritourism destinations is crucial for ensuring visitor satisfaction, gaining a competitive advantage, managing reputation, and maximizing both economic and community benefits [2]. Ultimately, high service quality will become the key driver of growth and prosperity for agritourism destinations.
The Impact of Technological Innovations on Bank Performance in Emerging Economies
Authors: Manasseh Charles O. , Logan Chine Sp , Ede Kenechukwu K.
Published: October 2024

On a global scale, technological innovations have achieved great success in the process of economic development of national economies, especially in the banking sector. Technological innovation is largely used by the banking sector to create competitive intelligence and competitive advantage, as it helps banks improve their services and cost efficiency, as fewer employees and fewer traditional branches are needed. However, this current study focused on examining the impact of technological innovation on bank performance in 40 emerging markets from 2000 to 2021. Findings from the correlation results show that there are strong positive correlations between technological innovation and bank performance in emerging markets. Similarly, we also find the existence of cointegration between technological innovation and bank performance and the existence of a long-run relationship between technological innovation and bank performance in emerging markets, as implied by the results of tied tests. Our study also found from ARDL and GMM results that there are long-term significant relationships between technological innovation and emerging market bank performance. After making these discoveries, we recommended policies such as improving the technology hub of emerging markets and extending banking services to emerging markets' underbanked populations living in remote areas using technology tools to improve bank performance in emerging markets.
Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage in a Patient Anticoagulated with Apixaban for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): A Rare Case Report
Authors: Abdellah Boucetta , Hamady Siyam , Ismail AL Fakihi , Badr Abdelani , Drighil Abdenasser , Bouziane Maha , Habbal Rachida
Published: October 2024

Context: Adrenal hemorrhage is a recognized yet rare complication associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies that increase the risk of thrombosis. The incidence of adrenal hemorrhage in patients with APS has a diagnostic yield of approximately one-third, indicating that it may often go unrecognized in clinical practice. Traditionally, the management of APS has relied on anti-vitamin K therapy, such as warfarin. However, the advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has prompted discussions about their use as an alternative. Recent clinical guidelines, however, strongly advise against the use of DOACs in patients with APS due to concerns over their safety and efficacy in preventing thromboembolic events.
Case Presentation: This case study describes a 53-year-old woman with a history of venous thromboembolism who was treated with apixaban, a direct oral anticoagulant. She presented with acute abdominal pain and symptoms suggestive of adrenal insufficiency. Initial evaluations revealed significant changes in her clinical condition, leading to further diagnostic imaging. A CT scan demonstrated bilateral adrenal hemorrhage, which was a surprising finding given her anticoagulation therapy.
Subsequent laboratory tests indicated a positive triple antibody profile, confirming a diagnosis of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. This case is particularly noteworthy as there have been limited documented instances of adrenal hemorrhage in patients receiving chronic anticoagulation with apixaban. The presentation of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage in the context of APS adds a crucial dimension to the understanding of the disease and its management.
Conclusion: This case highlights the potential for serious complications, such as adrenal hemorrhage, in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly those treated with direct oral anticoagulants. It underscores the necessity for clinicians to remain vigilant for such rare yet significant events in the management of APS. Additionally, this case raises important questions regarding the appropriateness of DOACs in this patient population, especially given the latest recommendations against their use. Increased awareness and further investigation into the implications of anticoagulation strategies in APS patients are warranted to improve patient outcomes and safety.
Comprehensive Survey of Machine Learning Techniques for Seizure Detection and Prediction: Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: Affandi Adnan M. , Talmees Fayez A.
Published: October 2024

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting around 50 million individuals globally, with seizures posing significant detriments to their quality of life. Enhancing the accuracy of seizure detection and forecasting through technological means can lead to transformative improvements in patient management and outcomes. This survey offers a detailed examination of machine-learning techniques for automated seizure recognition and anticipation using electroencephalogram (EEG) data. This paper examine various approaches including traditional machine learning models, deep learning architectures like convolutional and recurrent neural networks, and hybrid methods. Key challenges include EEG signal complexity, inter-patient variability, and limited labeled data. We analyze performance metrics, datasets, and clinical translation potential across studies. We confront key challenges such as the intricacy of EEG signals, the variability among patients, and the scarcity of annotated data. The survey evaluates performance indicators, available datasets, and the prospect of clinical implementation across diverse studies. Although deep learning approaches exhibit substantial potential, hurdles pertaining to adaptability and elucidation persist. Future directions, including the incorporation of multimodal data, the application of federated learning strategies, and the pursuit of explainable AI, are poised to propel the domain forward. This survey endeavors to reconcile technological advancements with clinical needs, offering a vital compendium for both researchers and healthcare practitioners focused on the cutting-edge of machine learning in epilepsy care.
Correlation among Yield, Quality and Mechanization Amicable Traits in Sugarcane Clones
Authors: Reddy G. Eswara , Rakesh G. , Saicharan M. , Swapna N. , Swathi Y. , Naik B. Balaji , Kumar M. Vijay , Sridhar M.
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to identify superior clones suitable for mechanical harvesting, which is essential to improve the production efficiency, cost effectiveness, cane loading efficiency infield losses and also to investigate the relationships among the yield and quality parameters with cane yield and sugar yield in sugarcane. This experiment was conducted at Regional sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur, Nizamabad district, Telangana state in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for fifteen yield, quality and mechanization amicable characters. Correlation coefficient results indicated that cane yield was positively correlated with commercial cane sugar, number of tillers at 120 days after planting, cane height, cane girth, single cane weight. So, selection for cane yield alone will also increase the other characters because these traits are positively correlated with cane yield. The Angle of inclination is negatively correlated with cane yield and positively correlated with ratio of crown weight to cane weight, brix%, sucrose%, purity% and CCS%. Results indicate that the genotypes should be selected on the basis of number of millable canes, cane length, cane girth and single cane weight for getting higher sugarcane yield. Furthermore, mechanization amicable genotypes can be selected which are near to erect nature and also having less crown weight.
Effect of Bio-Agents on Enzymatic Activity and Nematode Management in Tomato Plants Infected with Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Dhayal Raju , Chandrawat B.S. , Choudhary Kavita , Mittal G.K. , Dadrwal Basant Kumar
Published: October 2024

The tomato (Solanum esculentum Mill.) is one of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops worldwide. It serves as a favorable host for plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Investigations were carried out to determine the effectiveness of bio-agents against root-knot nematodes in pot conditions. The bio-agents included Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus subtilis, Verticillium lecanii, Trichoderma harzianum and, Trichoderma asperellum) against root-knot nematode in pot condition. Effect of bio-agents was also estimated for accumulation of PPO and PAL and Root-knot nematode-infected tomato roots containing phenol. The results of the experiment showed that all the bio-agents significantly increased the levels of PPO, PAL, and phenol in tomato roots, improved plant growth parameters, and reduced nematode reproduction compared to the untreated control. The best treatment with the highest PPO, PAL, and phenol activity among the investigated bio-agents was determined to be Trichoderma harzianum at 3 gm/kg soil, followed by Bacillus subtilis and Metarhizium anisopliae. It improves the plant growth parameter and lowers the number of nematodes in the pot.
Assessment of BxN Hybrids for Fodder Productivity in South Gujarat, India
Authors: L. M. Patil, , S. R. Gomkale, , D. J. Modi, , H. M. Vasava,
Published: October 2024

A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Bharuch, Gujarat to evaluate eight Bajra x Napier (BxN) hybrids viz. BNH-10, BNH-11, CO-5, CO-6, DHN-5, DHN-15, Phule Jaywant, and Phule Gunwant for their fodder yield potentials and quality parameters over three years (2021-2024). A Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications was employed for the experiment. The pooled results of three years revealed that significant variations were observed in hybrids investigated. The hybrid BNH-11 consistently and significantly outperformed other tested hybrids, demonstrating superior performance across multiple parameters, including plant height (143.25 cm), tillers per plant (26), leaf-to-stem ratio (1.14), green fodder yield (207.05 MT ha⁻¹), dry matter yield (80.36 MT ha⁻¹) and crude protein yield (6.06 MT ha⁻¹). Phule Gunwant closely followed BNH-11, performing on par across all evaluated parameters. These findings indicate that BxN hybrids exhibit substantial potential for fodder production, supporting their use in sustainable livestock farming systems in the region.
Improving the Germination Performance of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees) through Hydropriming, Halo-Priming and Osmopriming Under Salinity Condition
Authors: Shruti Saumya , Trivedi Ashwin , Patil Kalyanrao , Chaudhary Kamlesh
Published: October 2024

Salinity is a significant global issue that adversely affects seed germination and seedling vigour across a wide range of crops. Priming, however, is considered a basic method to enhance seed performance (germination and vigour) under saline conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of different priming treatments on seedlings under varying salinity levels (0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 dS m⁻¹) in Kalmegh, a traditionally valuable medicinal plant. Seeds were primed through four methods viz., T0- Non-primed (control), T1- Hydro primed (distilled water), T2- halo priming with NaCl (0.8%), T3- halo priming with CaCl2 (0.8%) and T4- osmo priming with KNO3 (1%) for 6 hours at 25ºC in the dark. This experiment was arranged in a factorial design based on a CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with three replications. The results demonstrated that priming treatments significantly improved germination percentage, seedling length (cm), seedling fresh weight (mg), seedling dry weight (mg), and vigour indices. Notably, seeds primed with KNO3 showed the highest germination performance at all salinity levels. Even at the highest salinity level, they achieved a germination percentage of 94% and a Seedling Vigour Index I of 506, compared to the control group, which exhibited a germination percentage of 88% and a Seedling Vigour Index I of 298. KNO3 priming at 0 dS/m produced the highest seedling length (8.5 cm), root length (2.7 cm), shoot length (6.4 cm), fresh weight (26.32 mg), and dry weight (10.3 mg).
Structural stability, Electronic and Optical Properties of Bulk MoS2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: A DFT Approach
Authors: Yamusa Shehu Aminu , Shaari Amiruddin , Isah Ibrahim
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the structural stability, electronic, and optical properties of MoS2 in hexagonal and trigonal phases using the first-principles method, the results show that the two-phase bulk MoS2is stable. The material has a bandgap of 1.37eV and 1.52eV in hexagonal and trigonal phases which are in agreement with the available literature and also indicated that both phases of the materials are semiconductors. The work shows the materials have a potential for use in optoelectronic applications due to their significant response to incident radiation
A educação afro-brasileira e indígena nas escolas: perspectivas a partir da Lei nº 11.645/2008
Authors: Costa Pablo Rogério Rosas , Silva Fábio Rogério Kruger Araújo da , Almeida Paulo Roberto de , Neto José Maria Nogueira
Published: October 2024

Resumo: A pesquisa sobre a implementação da Lei nº 11.645/2008, que tornou obrigatório o ensino da história e cultura afro-brasileira e indígena nas escolas, teve como objetivo avaliar como essa legislação tem sido aplicada e os desafios e oportunidades que surgem nesse processo. Utilizando uma metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica, foram analisados livros, artigos e outros documentos relevantes para entender o impacto da lei na educação brasileira. Os resultados revelaram que, embora a lei represente um avanço significativo ao incluir essas culturas no currículo escolar, a implementação enfrenta obstáculos como a falta de formação adequada para os professores, a carência de materiais didáticos e a resistência institucional. No entanto, a pesquisa também destacou iniciativas bem-sucedidas que têm contribuído para uma educação mais inclusiva e crítica, como projetos interdisciplinares e colaborações com comunidades. A conclusão sublinha que, apesar dos desafios, a Lei nº 11.645/2008 possui um potencial transformador, promovendo uma educação que respeita e valoriza a diversidade cultural do Brasil. Para que isso se concretize, é essencial investir em formação docente, materiais didáticos e na participação ativa de toda a comunidade escolar
Climate Change and Its Impact on Violence Against Rural Women in India: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
Authors: . .
Published: October 2024

This research paper explores the complex relationship between climate change and gender-based violence, particularly focusing on rural women in India. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the paper investigates how rising temperatures, economic disruptions, and migration due to climate change exacerbate gender inequalities and increase instances of domestic violence. Drawing on data from UN Women, JAMA Psychiatry, and various Indian scholars such as Radhakamal Mukerjee, Indra Munshi, Bina Agarwal, and Shobhita Jain, this study provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of this phenomenon
Management in domestic accounting
Authors: Bigeli Beatriz Cilene Mafra Neves , Rocha Lanna Hellen Lima , Pontes Marina Povoa , Magalhães Alyne Crystina Alves , Freire Elizangelia Carvalho
Published: October 2024

The present work on Household Accounting: family budget proposes to study the role of integrated accounting in the daily life of individuals. The objective is to show the importance of accounting for the control of financial education planning, in order to achieve family stability. For data collection, information was extracted through bibliographic research and through the application of a questionnaire composed of six closed questions and two open questions for discussion. The questionnaire was answered in the classroom by 32 students, thus composing the sample of this study. The data were analyzed as a percentage and later presented in a pie format to clarify doubts. The results showed that the students are inserted in the accounting environment, aiming at a healthy administration in the environment in which they live, especially in the domestic environment
A Aplicação Do Direito Administrativo Na Gestão Pública
Authors: Nascimento Isidro José Bezerra Maciel Fortaleza Do , Bichler Marquinhos Hartwig , Brehm Eraldo Vieira , Silva Thaís Giselle Maia Da
Published: October 2024

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi explorar o papel do Direito Administrativo na gestão pública, destacando como ele regula e orienta a administração pública para garantir eficiência, transparência e responsabilidade. Utilizando uma abordagem bibliográfica, a pesquisa analisou livros, artigos e teses, empregando leitura flutuante e análise qualitativa para entender os conceitos e práticas do Direito Administrativo. Os resultados mostram que o Direito Administrativo fornece a base normativa essencial para a organização e operação da administração pública, definindo princípios como legalidade, moralidade e eficiência. A pesquisa revelou que esse ramo do direito é crucial para a regulamentação das atividades estatais, incluindo a gestão de recursos, a responsabilização dos agentes públicos e o controle das ações governamentais. A conclusão sublinha a importância do Direito Administrativo para assegurar uma gestão pública eficaz e justa, enfatizando sua capacidade de adaptação às mudanças sociais e tecnológicas. A integração de novas tecnologias e a promoção da participação cidadã são destacadas como áreas chave para a evolução contínua do Direito Administrativo e da administração pública
Casual Racism Against Kashmiri Students And Their Otherization
Authors: Ali Irshad , Aftab Moin
Published: October 2024

This paper intends to investigate the occurrence of racism against the people of Kashmir in mainland India, its manifestations over time, and its effects on the personal and professional life of Kashmiris currently residing outside Kashmir. Casual racism is a form of racism which involves making subtle racist remarks, usually in the form of jokes and off-handed comments, and subjecting them to certain prejudices and stereotypes against them. While it has always been present in India, there has been a significant rise in recent years, resulting in several incidents like hate-crimes, evictions, and a general sense of fear in the community. Through a review of literature and data analysis, this study aims to comprehend the factors contributing to the escalation of this form of racism, its manifestations in society, and its consequences for Kashmiris. The research also suggests potential solutions to combat this type of behaviour and promote tolerable environment in general
Interaction between human angiogenin and the p53 TAD2 domain and its implication for inhibitor discovery
Authors: Yeo Kwon Joo , Jee Jun‐Goo , Hwang Eunha , Kim Eun‐Hee , Jeon Young Ho , Cheong Hae‐Kap
Published: November 2017

Interaction between angiogenin and the p53 TAD2 domain in cancer cells can inhibit the function of the p53 tumor suppressor and promote cell survival. Based on a model structure using NMR and mutational analysis, positively charged 31RRR33 and 50KRSIK54 motifs of human angiogenin were identified as p53‐binding sites that could interact with negatively charged D48/E51 and E56 residues of the p53 TAD2 domain, respectively. These results suggest that 31RRR33 and 50KRSIK54 motifs of human angiogenin might play a critical role in the regulation of p53‐mediated apoptosis and angiogenesis in cancer cells. This study identifies potential target sites for screening angiogenin‐specific inhibitors that could not only inhibit p53 binding but could also simultaneously inhibit cell binding, internalization, DNA binding, and nuclear translocation of human angiogenin.
Temporal and Environmental Factors Driving Vibrio Vulnificus and V. Parahaemolyticus Populations and Their Associations With Harmful Algal Blooms in South Carolina Detention Ponds and Receiving Tidal Creeks
Authors: Greenfield D. I. , Gooch Moore J. , Stewart J. R. , Hilborn E. D. , George B. J. , Li Q. , Dickerson J. , Keppler C. K. , Sandifer P. A.
Published: November 2017

Incidences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and Vibrio infections have increased over recent decades. Numerous studies have tried to identify environmental factors driving HABs and pathogenic Vibrio populations separately. Few have considered the two simultaneously, though emerging evidence suggests that algal blooms enhance Vibrio growth and survival. This study examined various physical, nutrient, and temporal factors associated with incidences of HABs, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in South Carolina coastal stormwater detention ponds, managed systems where HABs often proliferate, and their receiving tidal creek waters. Five blooms occurred during the study (2008–2009): two during relatively warmer months (an August 2008 cyanobacteria bloom and a November 2008 dinoflagellate bloom) followed by increases in both Vibrio species and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, and three during cooler months (December 2008 through February 2009) caused by dinoflagellates and euglenophytes that were not associated with marked changes in Vibrio abundances. Vibrio concentrations were positively and significantly associated with temperature and dissolved organic matter, dinoflagellate blooms, negatively and significantly associated with suspended solids, but not significantly correlated with chlorophyll or nitrogen. While more research involving longer time series is needed to increase robustness, findings herein suggest that certain HAB species may augment Vibrio occurrences during warmer months.
Whole‐Ocean Changes in Silica and Ge/Si Ratios During the Last Deglacial Deduced From Long‐Lived Giant Glass Sponges
Authors: Jochum K. P. , Schuessler J. A. , Wang X.‐H. , Stoll B. , Weis U. , Müller W. E. G. , Haug G. H. , Andreae M. O. , Froelich P. N.
Published: November 2017

Silicon is a keystone nutrient in the ocean for understanding climate change because of the importance of Southern Ocean diatoms in taking up CO2 from the surface ocean‐atmosphere system and sequestering carbon into the deep sea. Here we report on silicon isotopes and germanium‐to‐silicon ratios in giant glass spicules of deep‐sea sponge Monorhaphis chuni over the past 17,000 years. In situ measurements of Si isotopes and Ge concentrations show systematic variations from rim to center of the cross sections. When calibrated against seawater concentrations using data from modern spicule rims, sponge data indicate that dissolved silica concentrations in the deep Pacific were ~12% higher during the early deglacial. These deep Pacific Ocean data help to fill an important global gap in paleo‐nutrient records. Either continental sources supplied more silica to the deglacial ocean and/or biogenic silica burial was lower, both of which may have affected atmospheric CO2.
Atmospheric Flow Patterns Around the Southern Alps of New Zealand and Implications for Paleoaltimetry
Authors: Wheeler L. B. , Galewsky J.
Published: November 2017

The development of relief may generate leeside rain shadows where precipitation δ18O values are lower due to rainout on the windward side. The magnitude of lowering in paleo‐δ18O sampled from the leeside of a mountain range should, at least, in principle, be related to the elevation of the mountain range. In order for leeside proxies to record the highest elevations, the majority of air masses need to travel up and over the ridge crest before raining out on the leeside. If atmospheric flow patterns around the mountain range are dominated by flow deflection, air masses that reach the leeside are less likely to record the highest elevations. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, we demonstrate that modern atmospheric flow patterns in the Southern Alps of New Zealand are not dominated by flow deflection. The lack of flow deflection around the Southern Alps and the relatively low relief throughout the uplift history supports the use of leeside isotope records to constrain the timing of uplift, and that uplift likely occurred ~5 Ma based on leeside isotope records. In contrast, orogens that are characterized by high elevations and strong flow deflection, like the Sierra Nevada of California, may not be good candidates for leeside isotope‐based paleoaltimetry studies. Ideal candidates for such studies should be characterized by relatively low elevations, low atmospheric flow deflection, and relatively low relief throughout the period of uplift.
The Dominant Role of the East Siberian Sea in Driving the Oceanic Flow Through the Bering Strait—Conclusions From GRACE Ocean Mass Satellite Data and In Situ Mooring Observations Between 2002 and 2016
Authors: Peralta‐Ferriz Cecilia , Woodgate Rebecca A.
Published: November 2017

It is typically stated that the Pacific‐to‐Arctic oceanic flow through the Bering Strait (important for Arctic heat, freshwater, and nutrient budgets) is driven by local wind and a (poorly defined) far‐field “pressure head” forcing, related to sea surface height differences between the Pacific and the Arctic. Using monthly, Arctic‐wide, ocean bottom pressure satellite data and in situ mooring data from the Bering Strait from 2002 to 2016, we discover the spatial structure of this pressure head forcing, finding that the Bering Strait throughflow variability is dominantly driven from the Arctic, specifically by sea level change in the East Siberian Sea (ESS), in turn related to westward winds along the Arctic coasts. In the (comparatively calm) summer, this explains approximately two thirds of the Bering Strait variability. In winter, local wind variability dominates the total flow, but the pressure head term, while still correlated with the ESS‐dominated sea level pattern, is now more strongly related to Bering Sea Shelf sea level variability.
Nonlinear Gravity Wave Forcing as a Source of Acoustic Waves in the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere
Authors: Snively J. B.
Published: November 2017

Numerical simulations demonstrate theoretical predictions that gravity waves with short periods (∼4–8 min) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere may force secondary acoustic waves, with harmonic periods (∼2‐4 minutes), that can reach detectable amplitudes in the thermosphere and ionosphere. The mechanism is through their vertical fluxes of vertical momentum, which lead to forcing as they are disrupted by varying stratification or instability. This is shown likely to occur where horizontally or radially opposing gravity waves interact at large amplitudes, such as above large convective sources, and after overturning. Evanescence and reflection of the waves can lead to further enhancements of the vertical fluxes and the potential for forcing. Results thus identify one of likely several mechanisms for the nonlinear conversion from gravity waves to acoustic waves, to elucidate an unappreciated source of vertical coupling.
Climate and Anthropogenic Controls of Coastal Deoxygenation on Interannual to Centennial Timescales
Authors: Wang Yi , Hendy Ingrid , Napier Tiffany J.
Published: November 2017

Understanding dissolved oxygen variability in the ocean is limited by the short duration of direct measurements; however, sedimentary oxidation‐reduction reactions can provide context for modern observations. Here we use bulk sediment redox‐sensitive metal enrichment factors (MoEF, ReEF, and UEF) and scanning X‐ray fluorescence records to examine annual‐scale sedimentary oxygen concentrations in the Santa Barbara Basin from the Industrial Revolution (Common Era ~1850) to present. Enrichments are linked to measured bottom water oxygen concentrations after 1986. We reveal gradual intensification of the coastal oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on the southern California margin coinciding with the twentieth century anthropogenic warming trend that leads to reduced oxygen solubility and greater stratification. High‐frequency interannual oscillations become more prominent over the last three decades. These are attributed to local “flushing events” triggered by the transition from El Niño to La Niña conditions, which further amplify changes in the extratropical southern Californian OMZ.
Heat Flux Distribution of Antarctica Unveiled
Authors: Martos Yasmina M. , Catalán Manuel , Jordan Tom A. , Golynsky Alexander , Golynsky Dmitry , Eagles Graeme , Vaughan David G.
Published: November 2017

Antarctica is the largest reservoir of ice on Earth. Understanding its ice sheet dynamics is crucial to unraveling past global climate change and making robust climatic and sea level predictions. Of the basic parameters that shape and control ice flow, the most poorly known is geothermal heat flux. Direct observations of heat flux are difficult to obtain in Antarctica, and until now continent‐wide heat flux maps have only been derived from low‐resolution satellite magnetic and seismological data. We present a high‐resolution heat flux map and associated uncertainty derived from spectral analysis of the most advanced continental compilation of airborne magnetic data. Small‐scale spatial variability and features consistent with known geology are better reproduced than in previous models, between 36% and 50%. Our high‐resolution heat flux map and its uncertainty distribution provide an important new boundary condition to be used in studies on future subglacial hydrology, ice sheet dynamics, and sea level change.
The Rapid Responses of Magnetosonic Waves to the Compression and Expansion of Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Li L. Y. , Liu B. , Yu J. , Cao J. B.
Published: November 2017

Under different solar wind dynamic pressures, we observed the magnetosonic (MS) wave amplification and attenuation associated with the compression and expansion of the Earth's magnetosphere. By analyzing the wave and particle variations recorded by the twin Van Allen Probes, we found that the magnetospheric compression or expansion can alter the keV proton phase space density distribution in velocity space and thus affects the MS wave intensity in upper band (f > 50 Hz) in the dawnside magnetosphere (magnetic local time ~ 4.0–7.9 and L ~ 5.7–3.0). During the magnetospheric compression period, the reduction of the 0.1 to 2 keV protons and the enhancement of the 3 to 7 keV protons form a positive phase space density gradient in their velocity space (i.e., the proton ring distribution), and meanwhile, the upper band MS waves are significantly amplified in the proton ring distribution region. During the subsequent magnetospheric expansion period, the enhancement of the 0.1 to 2 keV protons and the reduction of the protons above 3 keV produce a negative phase space density gradient in their velocity space, and meanwhile, the upper band MS waves are rapidly damped. These observations demonstrate that the intensity of the upper band MS waves in the dawnside magnetosphere is highly variable during the change in solar wind pressure.
Estimating Trends and Variation of Net Biome Productivity in India for 1980–2012 Using a Land Surface Model
Authors: Gahlot Shilpa , Shu Shijie , Jain Atul K. , Baidya Roy Somnath
Published: November 2017

In this paper we explore the trend in net biome productivity (NBP) over India for the period 1980–2012 and quantify the impact of different environmental factors, including atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), land use and land cover change, climate, and nitrogen deposition on carbon fluxes using a land surface model, Integrated Science Assessment Model. Results show that terrestrial ecosystems of India have been a carbon sink for this period. Driven by a strong CO2 fertilization effect, magnitude of NBP increased from 27.17 TgC/yr in the 1980s to 34.39 TgC/yr in the 1990s but decreased to 23.70 TgC/yr in the 2000s due to change in climate. Adoption of forest conservation, management, and reforestation policies in the past decade has promoted carbon sequestration in the ecosystems, but this effect has been offset by loss of carbon from ecosystems due to rising temperatures and decrease in precipitation.
Algae Drive Enhanced Darkening of Bare Ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Stibal Marek , Box Jason E. , Cameron Karen A. , Langen Peter L. , Yallop Marian L. , Mottram Ruth H. , Khan Alia L. , Molotch Noah P. , Chrismas Nathan A. M. , Calì Quaglia Filippo , Remias Daniel , Smeets C. J. P. Paul , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Ryan Jonathan C. , Hubbard Alun , Tranter Martyn , van As Dirk , Ahlstrøm Andreas P.
Published: November 2017

Surface ablation of the Greenland ice sheet is amplified by surface darkening caused by light‐absorbing impurities such as mineral dust, black carbon, and pigmented microbial cells. We present the first quantitative assessment of the microbial contribution to the ice sheet surface darkening, based on field measurements of surface reflectance and concentrations of light‐absorbing impurities, including pigmented algae, during the 2014 melt season in the southwestern part of the ice sheet. The impact of algae on bare ice darkening in the study area was greater than that of nonalgal impurities and yielded a net albedo reduction of 0.038 ± 0.0035 for each algal population doubling. We argue that algal growth is a crucial control of bare ice darkening, and incorporating the algal darkening effect will improve mass balance and sea level projections of the Greenland ice sheet and ice masses elsewhere.
Nitrogen Availability Dampens the Positive Impacts of CO2 Fertilization on Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon and Water Cycles
Authors: He Liming , Chen Jing M. , Croft Holly , Gonsamo Alemu , Luo Xiangzhong , Liu Jane , Zheng Ting , Liu Ronggao , Liu Yang
Published: November 2017

The magnitude and variability of the terrestrial CO2 sink remain uncertain, partly due to limited global information on ecosystem nitrogen (N) and its cycle. Without N constraint in ecosystem models, the simulated benefits from CO2 fertilization and CO2‐induced increases in water use efficiency (WUE) may be overestimated. In this study, satellite observations of a relative measure of chlorophyll content are used as a proxy for leaf photosynthetic N content globally for 2003–2011. Global gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration are estimated under elevated CO2 and N‐constrained model scenarios. Results suggest that the rate of global GPP increase is overestimated by 85% during 2000–2015 without N limitation. This limitation is found to occur in many tropical and boreal forests, where a negative leaf N trend indicates a reduction in photosynthetic capacity, thereby suppressing the positive vegetation response to enhanced CO2 fertilization. Based on our carbon‐water coupled simulations, enhanced CO2 concentration decreased stomatal conductance and hence increased WUE by 10% globally over the 1982 to 2015 time frame. Due to increased anthropogenic N application, GPP in croplands continues to grow and offset the weak negative trend in forests due to N limitation. Our results also show that the improved WUE is unlikely to ease regional droughts in croplands because of increases in evapotranspiration, which are associated with the enhanced GPP. Although the N limitation on GPP increase is large, its associated confidence interval is still wide, suggesting an urgent need for better understanding and quantification of N limitation from satellite observations.
The Signature of Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation Patterns in Antarctic Precipitation
Authors: Marshall Gareth J. , Thompson David W. J. , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: November 2017

We provide the first comprehensive analysis of the relationships between large‐scale patterns of Southern Hemisphere climate variability and the detailed structure of Antarctic precipitation. We examine linkages between the high spatial resolution precipitation from a regional atmospheric model and four patterns of large‐scale Southern Hemisphere climate variability: the southern baroclinic annular mode, the southern annular mode, and the two Pacific‐South American teleconnection patterns. Variations in all four patterns influence the spatial configuration of precipitation over Antarctica, consistent with their signatures in high‐latitude meridional moisture fluxes. They impact not only the mean but also the incidence of extreme precipitation events. Current coupled‐climate models are able to reproduce all four patterns of atmospheric variability but struggle to correctly replicate their regional impacts on Antarctic climate. Thus, linking these patterns directly to Antarctic precipitation variability may allow a better estimate of future changes in precipitation than using model output alone.
An Empirical Modification of the Force Field Approach to Describe the Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays Close to Earth in a Broad Range of Rigidities
Authors: Gieseler J. , Heber B. , Herbst K.
Published: November 2017

On their way through the heliosphere, galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are modulated by various effects before they can be detected at Earth. This process can be described by the Parker equation, which calculates the phase space distribution of GCRs depending on the main modulation processes: convection, drifts, diffusion, and adiabatic energy changes. A first‐order approximation of this equation is the force field approach, reducing it to a one‐parameter dependency, the solar modulation potential ϕ. Utilizing this approach, it is possible to reconstruct ϕ from ground‐based and spacecraft measurements. However, it has been shown previously that ϕ depends not only on the local interstellar spectrum (LIS) but also on the energy range of interest. We have investigated this energy dependence further, using published proton intensity spectra obtained by PAMELA and heavier nuclei measurements from IMP‐8 and ACE/CRIS. Our results show severe limitations at lower energies including a strong dependence on the solar magnetic epoch. Based on these findings, we will outline a new tool to describe GCR proton spectra in the energy range from a few hundred MeV to tens of GeV over the last solar cycles. In order to show the importance of our modification, we calculate the global production rates of the cosmogenic radionuclide 10Be which is a proxy for the solar activity ranging back thousands of years.
Cysteine and histidine residues are involved in Escherichia coli Tn21 MerE methylmercury transport
Authors: Sone Yuka , Uraguchi Shimpei , Takanezawa Yasukazu , Nakamura Ryosuke , Pan‐Hou Hidemitsu , Kiyono Masako
Published: November 2017

Bacterial resistance to mercury compounds (mercurials) is mediated by proteins encoded by mercury resistance (mer) operons. Six merE variants with site‐directed mutations were constructed to investigate the roles of the cysteine and histidine residues in MerE protein during mercurial transport. By comparison of mercurial uptake by the cell with intact and/or variant MerE, we showed that the cysteine pair in the first transmembrane domain was critical for the transport of both Hg(II) and CH3Hg(I). Also, the histidine residue located near to the cysteine pair was critical for Hg(II) transport, whereas the histidine residue located on the periplasmic side was critical for CH3Hg(I) transport. Thus, enhanced mercurial uptake mediated by MerE may be a promising strategy for the design of new biomass for use in the bioremediation of mercurials in the environment.
A role for caspase‐2 in sphingosine kinase 1 proteolysis in response to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells – implications for the CHK1‐suppressed pathway
Authors: Carroll Brittany L. , Bonica Joseph , Shamseddine Achraf A. , Hannun Yusuf A. , Obeid Lina M.
Published: November 2017

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is a lipid kinase whose activity produces sphingosine 1‐phosphate, a prosurvival lipid associated with proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. SK1 overexpression has been observed in numerous cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that SK1 proteolysis occurs downstream of the tumor suppressor p53 in response to several DNA‐damaging agents. Moreover, loss of SK1 in p53‐knockout mice resulted in complete protection from thymic lymphoma, providing evidence that regulation of SK1 constitutes a major tumor suppressor function of p53. Given this profound phenotype, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which wild‐type p53 regulates proteolysis of SK1 in response to the DNA‐damaging agent doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. We find that p53‐mediated activation of caspase‐2 was required for SK1 proteolysis and that caspase‐2 activity significantly alters the levels of endogenous sphingolipids. As p53 is mutated in 50% of all cancers, we extended our studies to investigate whether SK1 is deregulated in the context of triple‐negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) harboring a mutation in p53. Indeed, caspase‐2 was not activated in these cells and SK1 was not degraded. Moreover, caspase‐2 activation was recently shown to be downstream of the CHK1‐suppressed pathway in p53‐mutant cells, whereby inhibition of the cell cycle kinase CHK1 leads to caspase‐2 activation and apoptosis. Indeed, knockdown and inhibition of CHK1 led to the loss of SK1 in p53‐mutant TNBC cells, providing evidence that SK1 may be the first identified effector of the CHK1‐suppressed pathway.
Chi‐Squared Tests: Basics
Authors: Koch Gary G. , Wiener Laura E.
Published: November 2017

This article discusses the underlying principles for chi‐squared tests and provides an overview for the scope of their applications. Specific topics are as follows: (i) the test for specified variance of univariate normal random variables; (ii) approximate randomization tests for hypotheses of no association of response variables with a set of groups; (iii) approximate tests for hypotheses pertaining to parameters in assumed likelihood functions. For these topics, the chi‐squared test statistics are quadratic forms, and they address departures from randomness for a vector of differences between observed values of estimates of interest and their expected values under corresponding null hypotheses, relative to the inverse of the applicable covariance matrix. It is of note that, sufficient sample size is necessary for (ii) and (iii) to support an approximately chi‐squared distribution for the test statistic with degrees of freedom equal to the dimension of the vector that is addressed.
Flower Senescence
Authors: Reid Michael S. , Chen Jen‐Chih
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Flower Opening and Senescence

Model Systems

Hormonal Regulation of Flower Senescence

Flower Senescence and Remobilization of Resources

Petal Senescence as Programmed Cell Death

Molecular Biology of Petal Senescence
Fruit Ripening and its Manipulation
Authors: Giovannoni James J.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Physiologies of Ripening Fruit

Model Ripening Systems

Ripening Processes and Their Manipulation
Genetic Manipulation of Leaf Senescence
Authors: Guo Yongfeng , Gan Susheng
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Strategies of Manipulating Leaf Senescence

IPT
‐Based Transgenic Techniques for Manipulation of Cytokinin Production

Development of the
SAG12
‐

IPT

Autoregulatory Cytokinin Production System

Use of the
SAG12
‐

IPT

to Manipulate Senescence in Crops

Other Strategies for Manipulation of Leaf Senescence

Closing Remarks

Acknowledgment
Genetic Control of Seed Development and Seed Mass
Authors: Ohto Masa‐aki , Stone Sandra L. , Harada John J.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview of Seed Development in Angiosperms

Genetic Control of Embryo Development

Genetic Control of Endosperm Development

Genetic Aspects of Testa Development

Control of Seed Mass

Perspective

Acknowledgements
Seed Coat Development and Dormancy
Authors: Debeaujon Isabelle , Lepiniec Loïc , Pourcel Lucille , Routaboul Jean‐Marc
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Development and Anatomy of the Seed Coat

Role of the Seed Coat in Seed Dormancy and Germination

Link between Seed Coat‐Imposed Dormancy and Longevity

Concluding Remarks
Lipid Metabolism in Seed Dormancy
Authors: Penfield Steven , Pinfield‐Wells Helen , Graham Ian A.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metabolic Pathways forTAGBreakdown and Conversion to Sucrose

Lipid Metabolism and Seed Dormancy

Mechanisms for the Involvement ofβ‐Oxidation in Dormancy Release

Conclusions
Strategies for the Investigation of Protein–Protein Interactions in Plants
Authors: Braun Hans‐Peter , Schmitz Udo K.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biochemical Procedures to Characterize Protein–Protein Interactions

Genetic Procedures to Characterize Protein–Protein Interactions

Cytological Procedures to Characterize Protein–Protein Interactions

Outlook

Acknowledgements
Histone Modifications and Transcription in Plants
Authors: Chua Yii Leng , Gray John C.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Histone Acetylation and Transcriptional Activation

Histone Methylation

Interplay between Histone Acetylation and Methylation in Transcriptional Regulation

Conclusions