bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milk Feeding Practices and Knowledge on Breastfeeding Among Nursing Employees in Selected Government Offices in Baguio City and La Trinidad, Benguet
Authors: Olatic-Degay Imelda P.
Published: February 2025

This research was conducted to determine the milk feeding practices and knowledge level of the mother respondents on breastfeeding. A cross sectional survey was done among 87 nursing mothers in nine regional offices in the Cordillera Administrative Region. The dominant milk feeding practice is mix feeding which is, a combination of breast and bottle feeding while few mothers practiced exclusive breastfeeding. The primary factor considered in selecting the feeding method was the child’s health. Breastfeeding was initiated few hours after birth while bottle and mix feeding were initiated at varied times implying initial practice of breastfeeding. Cessation of milk feeding varied from a few months after birth to as long as 24 months or even beyond. Most nursing mothers are very knowledgeable on many aspects of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding during work hours is usually not achieved due to heavy workload and distance from home among breastfeeding mothers. Conversely, bottle and mix feeding are challenged by the expensive cost of infant formulas and painful breast due to engorgement arising from incomplete emptying of breasts. Hence, most breastfeeding mothers enjoy extended and compensable break time. One of the identified problems for complete breastfeeding among nuring mothers is that few workplaces have the comfort of lactation rooms or child care center. Most nursing mothers who practice bottle feeding felt that they do not enjoy the benefits of being a mother at all. Common perceived needs range from extended maternity leave, breastfeeding periods during work hours, and provision of lactation rooms. The enhancement of breastfeeding campaigns and implementation of all the provisions of the Expanded Breastfeeding Act of 2009 (RA 10028) by all stakeholders may encourage more mothers to breastfeed.
Cytological Effects of Medicinal Plant Extracts Using the Allium Test
Authors: Dom-ogen Elizabeth T. , Lirio Lorenza G.
Published: February 2025

Conducted from April to July 2009, this study determined the effect of hot water extracts of medicinal plants Centella asiatica, Plantago major, Sarcandra glabra and Smallanthus sonchifolia on the cells of the Allium cepa L. root tips particularly on mitotic index. The study found out the possible cytological effects of the extracts on the occurrence of chromosome abnormalities, and determined the effects of the extracts on the gross morphological parameters of the roots.Onion root tips treated with C. asiatica, P. major, S. glabra and S. sonchifolia, plant leaf extracts showed high mitotic indices in the metaphase stage, 101.3%, 113.0%, 139.0% and 144.7%, respectively. Cells failed to divide at telophase as proven by mitotic index, 28.0% (C. asiatica), and 27.7% (P. major), 26.0% (S. glabra) and 18.3% (S. sonchifolia) respectively compared to the control with 49.3% indicating inhibition of cell division. Likewise, the plant extract-treated onion cells exhibited some abnormalities in the chromosomes such as: c metaphase or c-mitosis in S. sonchifolia, S. glabra and P. majortreated cells; and anaphase chromosome bridges in C. asiatica-treated cells. Extracts from C. asiatica and P. major showed lower degree of cytotoxicity as compared to that of S. glabra and S. sonchifolia. Comparing with the normal cell growth and development in the control (distilled water), macroscopic abnormalities were also observed such as root swellings or c-tumor in C. asiatica-treated root.
Phytonutrient Analyses of Panawil (Leptosalena heankei, C. Presl)
Authors: Paing Joyce N. , Pladio Louisa P.
Published: February 2025

Panawil (Leptosolena haenkei C. Presl) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae which is endemic to Northern Luzon, Philippines. It thrives in cluster in a very specific area of Benguet and Mountain Province. The phytonutrient analyses revealed that the indigenous vegetable panawil is a rich source of phytochemicals (terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, total phenolics, and antioxidants); minerals (phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc); and vitamins A (β-carotene) and C (ascorbic acid). Phytonutrient analyses of the plant samples collected from different parts of Benguet and Mountain Province reveal that there is no significant difference, except that there is a high significant difference in vitamin C of panawil from both Benguet and Mountain Province.
Growing Areas and Traditional Production Practices of Arabica Coffee in Benguet
Authors: Tad-awan Belinda A. , Amado Von Y. , Doco Joyce D.
Published: February 2025

The research was conducted to identify the specific growing areas and traditional production and conservation practices on Arabica coffee in the different municipalities of Benguet.
Locations of Arabica coffee production areas were obtained using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation device and processed through ArcView software to generate maps. A survey instrument was pre-tested then formal and informal interviews were conducted with 106 coffee growers in the 13 municipalities of Benguet. Secondary data were obtained from the local government units and other government agencies.
Arabica coffee in Benguet thrives at elevations ranging from 531 to 1,800 m asl classified under three agro-ecological zones; the high hills, low mountain and mid-mountain zones. The high hills zone with elevations from 500-1,000 m asl had temperatures ranging from 28.95-32.30C; areas under low mountain zones had elevations from 1,001 to 1,500 m with temperature range of 25.43-28.0 0C and the mid-mountain zone (1,501-2,000 m asl) has temperature range of 18.0-24.00C.
The common cropping pattern practiced among the coffee growers was the combination Arabica coffee with agricultural crops and woody perennials. Production and conservation practices of Arabica coffee growers such as raising seedlings in a nursery or in shaded areas, transplanting of wildlings growing under coffee plants to a new growing site, and rejuvenation through tapping or capping and pruning of old Arabica coffee trees were noted. Production practices observed by Arabica coffee growers was mainly organic. There was non-application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides among Arabica coffee growers.
Performance of New Sweetpotato Entries Under La Trinidad, Benguet Conditions
Authors: Gonzales Ines C. , Botangen Esther T. , Simongo Donita K.
Published: February 2025

Twelve sweet potato entries namely; J06-11-10, JK 18-4, JK 7-4, JK 23-1, J06-30-3, JK 06-11-12, SG 02-07-05, SG 02-05-01, SG 02-05-01, SG 98-16-02, SG 03-09-01, SG 02-06-02, SG 02-13-02 and two (2) check varieties NSIC 30 and NSIC 31 were evaluated for its yield performance and acceptability under La Trinidad conditions for dry and wet season trials from 2009-2011.
Results showed that SG 02-07-05, SG 98-16-02, J06-11-10 had the highest yield with 24.18 t ha-1, 22.39 t ha-1 and 20.04t ha-1 respectively. SG 02-07-05 significantly outyielded the check variety NSIC 31. Based on the sensory evaluation J06-11-10 was the third top highest yielder. SG 02-05-01, JK 18-4, JK 7-4, SG 02-06-02, JK 23-1, J06- 30-3, SG 02-13-02, (NSIC 20 as check variety) were found highly acceptable with rating of 7-like very much. The highest dry matter content of 35% was recorded by JK 18-4 and JK 23-1. Most entries are ridgedly deformed.
Correlation of the High School Average Grade, College Academic Performance, and Clinical Performance of BSU BSN Batch 2012
Authors: Panagan Vicente Jr. G. , Na-oy Annabelle M. , Napeek Aimelyn Joy D. , Orias Dorcas B. , Padawil Wilma B.
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted to find out the correlation of high school academic grade and college performance of the Benguet State University College of Nursing Batch 2012. Specifically, it aimed to determine if there is a correlation between the college academic performance, clinical performance, and high school average grade based on the type of school the respondents have graduated from, which are Private-Urban, Public-Rural, Private-Rural, Public-Urban. Moreover, it is intended to find the relationship between the number of failing students and type of school they graduated from in high school.
Using the correlation research method, the study focused on the original BSU-BSN Batch 2012. The Pearson’s Product-Moment of Correlation Coefficient was the main statistical tool used.
Results revealed that high school average grade has a correlation on the college academic performance, clinical performance, and general weighted average of the students. The high school average grades should be considered upon admission of freshmen student nurses; and failure in college does not have a relationship with the type of school graduated from.
Based on the conclusions, it is recommended, that high school academic performance be among the determining factors for admission in higher institution, for it can predict the college performance of a student. The type of high school does not affect the students’ college performance, therefore, students should try their best during basic education to help them in pursuing their college career and job opportunities. For future researches, studies on factors affecting failed students in college may be conducted and to study other batches of the college may also be considered. Lastly, further researches on factors affecting the performance of students upon entering college may be studied.
Species Profile and Associated Indigenous Knowledge of Trees and Shrubs Used as Tea in Benguet
Authors: Tacloy John G.
Published: February 2025

To conserve indigenous shrubs and trees used as tea for environmental and socio-economic development, profiling of these species was conducted. The research focused in identifying and in obtaining initial information as to the nature of the habitat, flowering/fruiting periods, and respondents’ indigenous knowledge of the shrubs and trees used as tea.
 Data were gathered through interviews with community folks using structured questionnaire, augmented by field observations. There were 79 respondents who contributed information; almost all are farmers and the great majority are elders and women.
 Eighteen indigenous trees/shrubs were identified by the respondents being used as tea. The most popular being known to more than one third of the respondents is ‘Beltik’ (Syzygium sub-caudatum), followed by ‘Dael’ (Cipadessa baccifera), and ‘Amututin’ (Drimys/Tasmannia piperata).
Among these species, only ‘Beltik’, ‘Talugtug’ (Gaultheria leucocarpa), and ‘Tsa-ang gubat’ (Carmona retusa) are used as tea; the rest are chiefly used as medicinal plants but being prepared as tea.
Mostly used are the leaves, followed by the bark, rarely both the leaves and the bark or the fruits/ seeds. These parts are used fresh, air-dried, or sun-dried, and prepared mainly by boiling. All species were reported to provide health benefits. As cited by the respondents, propagation of the species is mainly through the use of wildlings, seeds, cuttings, and flowering/fruiting usually varies with locations.
The species are found in mossy forest, except ‘Bangkoro’ (Morinda citrifolia L.), ‘Dita’ (Alstonia scholaris), ‘Tuai’ (Bischofia javanica), ‘Narra’ (Pterocarpus indicus) and ‘Tsa-ang gubat’ which are found in lower elevations.
Soil Fertility Status of Major Agricultural Areas in the Seven Municipalities of Benguet
Authors: Laurean Carlito P. , Fagyan Alexander W. , Dayap Emilia P.
Published: February 2025

The major agricultural soils of the seven municipalities of Benguet namely: Bokod, Itogon, Kabayan, Kapangan, La Trinidad, Sablan and Tuba were assessed of their fertility status to develop maps reflecting the soil fertility and develop fertilizer recommendation for specific crop grown and lime requirement of the acidic soil from March 2010 to December 2011. One composite sample representing the different soil series from the seven municipalities were collected and analyzed for soil pH; organic matter (OM); soil nutrients available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K); and cation exchange capacity (CEC).
Results show that majority of the agricultural soils in Kabayan, La Trinidad, Sablan and Tuba have strongly acidic soils unfavorable for crop production. Only the soils of Bokod, Itogon and Kapangan are moderately favorable to favorable although some sampling sites of the areas have pH values below 5.0.
Agricultural soils of Kapangan have deficient organic matter and soil nutrient phosphorus whereas soils in the municipalities of Bokod, Itogon, Kabayan, La Trinidad, Sablan and Tuba have moderate amounts of organic matter and phosphorus. Soils in Bokod, Kabayan, La Trinidad and Tuba have moderate amount of soil nutrient K while soils of Itogon, Kapangan and Sablan are deficient of the element. The cation exchangecapacity of the soils are adequate in all the soils studied in the seven municipalities of Benguet.
Based from the results of soil analysis soil fertility maps per municipality and fertilizer recommendation for specific crops grown including the lime requirement of acid soils were produced.
The Practice Micro-Teaching Among Pre-Service Teachers: For Policy Formulation
Authors: Lubrica Joel V. , Lubrica Maria Azucena B.
Published: February 2025

The supplementation of micro-teaching with video-recording can provide benefits to pre-service teachers along pedagogical content knowledge and reflective practice. This idea is based on the perceptions of pre-service science teachers after they have viewed video-recordings of their micro-teaching.
Although the participants felt some anxiety when informed that their micro-teaching will be recorded on video, they also perceived that some actions, both on the part of the subject teacher and on the micro-teacher, can be done to alleviate this anxiety.
There was a significant negative relationship between micro-teaching grade and perceived drawbacks of being under a video camera i.e the higher the grade, the lesser the perceived extent of disadvantages of being video-recorded. In general, the benefits of video-recording outweighed its drawbacks. Thus, the combination of micro-teaching and video-recording can assist in student development, in relation to both pedagogical content knowledge and reflective practice. Consequently, an institutional policy that requires the supplementation of micro-teaching with video-recording may be considered.
The Implement of Waste Segregation Scheme in La Trinidad, Benguet
Authors: Lubrica Maria Azucena B.
Published: February 2025

This study assessed the implementation of the waste segregation scheme in La Trinidad. Assessment of the practices related to the implementation showed that most of the variables were rated highly a factor. The top five were as follows: residents segregate their waste religiously; residents dispose their garbage according to schedule; local government officials involve associations in the implementation; residents’ associations support the scheme by including this in their program of activities and sanctions are given to those who do not follow the scheme. Majority of the respondents or 53% considered the scheme a success.
Resulting logistic regression model showed that respondents who considered that the practice of residents disposing their garbage according to schedule as highly a factor in the waste segregation scheme were 1.3 times more likely to consider the implementation a success; those who considered the practice of barangay officials meeting the residents and explaining to them the scheme as highly a factor in the waste segregation scheme were 5.8 times more likely to consider the implementation a success; residents from Ambiong were 4.5 times more likely to consider the implementation a success and those from Tawang were 1.3 times more likely to consider the implementation of the scheme a success.
Gender Dimensions of and Challenges in Local Health Legislation
Authors: Kiwang Ann Heather B.
Published: February 2025

Gender mainstreaming continues to form part of the Philippine government’s battle cry in its efforts to promote gender responsivepolicies and programs for the advancement of gender equality in the country. The success of these heath legislations and programs start with the process and the persons involved in their formulation. Members or representatives of the target beneficiaries of these laws and programs should actively participate in setting health agenda and priorities.
This research was conducted to provide information on the gender dimensions of and challenges in local health legislation with focus on the health ordinances of Municipality of La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines. Using textual analysis, health concerns addressed by existing municipal ordinances were identified. Interviews with key persons were conducted to understand the formulation and enactment of these health ordinances as well as to identify the problems met in their implementation.
Findings highlight the absence of women in the formulation and enactment of health ordinances. In the municipal health care delivery system, however, most of the personnel are women. Also, there is an apparent lack of adequate consultation between health legislators and the key persons charged with the implementation of the health ordinances resulting to several problems in the implementation process which include lack of personnel, lack of facilities and equipment as well as budgetary constraints. Raising these issues at the local level can make a significant difference in the delivery of health care services to intended beneficiaries.
Sweetpotato Cultivars Grown by Ethnolinguistic Groups in Northern Philippines
Authors: Meldoz Dalen T. , Gayao Betty T. , Backian Grace S.
Published: February 2025

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) is a traditional crop among ethnolinguistic groups in Northern Philippines. Sweetpotato as supplemental food of the family has a big role in the food system and the overall culture of ethnolinguistic groups. The study was carried out in Northern Philippines to document and identify the sweetpotato cultivars grown by different ethnolinguistic groups in the area. Documentation was done in three phases which included secondary data gathering, key informant interview and workshops and field visits among 13 indigenous peoples including two major ethnic groups from the selected municipalities. There were 179 sweetpotato cultivars identified and grown by the ethnolinguistic groups-99 are traditional and 80 were introduced cultivars. Ninety-four of these are commonly planted and claimed as presently abundant and maintained in the area, hence, posing no danger of becoming extinct. Sixty-three cultivars grown 50 years ago are considered endangered or rarely planted by the ethnolinguistic groups. Twenty-two cultivars are considered locally extinct due to replacement of superior cultivars, preference of households such as early maturing but low yielding, long maturing varieties, yield degeneration due to pest and disease occurrence and poor culinary acceptability. However, using these as criteria in selecting their preferences led to the loss of late maturing or good characteristics of the crop.
Broccoli Rotation and Residue Amendment: A Sustainable Management Option for Soil-borne Diseases of Strawberry
Authors: Villanueva Luciana M. , Agustin Floresca T.
Published: February 2025

Continuous strawberry monocropping increases the prevalence of soil-borne diseases caused by plant parasitic nematodes and fungi. This study was undertaken to verify the effects of broccoli rotation and residue amendment on the population of plant parasitic and free-living nematodes; to evaluate their effectiveness against major soil-borne fungal diseases of strawberry and to assess the profitability of the potential technology. Four rotation treatments were evaluated namely, Strawberry-strawberry (untreated); Broccoli-strawberry; Broccoli-broccoli-strawberry; and Strawberry-strawberry (The soil was applied with thiophanate methyl). The treatments were laid out using the Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Although not significant, broccoli-broccoli-strawberry and broccoli-strawberry rotations reduced the population of lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans) and foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides fragariae) in the soil, roots and leaves, respectively. The same treatments increased the number of free-living nematodes in the soil which are necessary in the decomposition of organic materials. Significant reduction in root necrosis and disease severity of fungal diseases was noted in the above treatments resulting in significant increase in strawberry yield. The highest return on cash expense (ROCE) was obtained from broccoli-broccoli-strawberry, followed by broccoli-strawberry with 238.61% and 143.75 %, respectively and lower on two croppings of strawberry drenched with fungicide (43.79%) and the lowest on untreated strawberry monocropping having only 21.84%.
Varietal Response of Cabbage to Drought Conditions in La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines
Authors: Tad-awan Belinda A. , Shagol Charlotte C.
Published: February 2025

Evaluation of varieties of crops with high tolerance to drought and other stresses is one climate change adaptation strategy. Since future climate conditions are not predictable, it is therefore crucial to evaluate different crop varieties that can withstand drought conditions in La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines which has an elevation of 1,521 m asl. Five varieties of cabbage which include Ace Green, Gladiator, Lucky Ball, Rare Ball, and Scorpio were evaluated for two cropping seasons from 2013-2015 to determine their performance under drought condition. The experiments were laid-out following Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. Drought imposition was done by subjecting plants to moderate drought (45-55 centibars soil matric potential) coinciding with the heading stage of cabbage. The cabbage varieties had varied performance in the two evaluation periods. Drought during the heading stage (starting at 70 DAT) resulted in delayed head initiation, poor heading percentage, low head weight, and decreased yield. Among the varieties evaluated, Lucky Ball and Ace Green consistently produced high yield and heading percentage in both evaluation periods.
Implementation of Inclusive Education in the Cordillera Administrative Region
Authors: Miguel Dante M.
Published: February 2025

Inclusive education promotes education for all. An inclusive school is thus where all types of learners can participate and be treated equally. This study focused on the implementation of inclusive education in selected schools in the Cordillera Administrative Region. It involved the profile of Children with Special Learning Needs (CSLN); problem behaviors of children; behavior modification techniques, accommodations, and teaching adjustments applied by teachers. The study was conducted in six inclusive schools from three divisions: Baguio City, Benguet, and Mt. Province during the school year 2012-2013. Descriptive research design was employed in which direct class observations, interviews and survey questionnaires were used to gather data. Findings showed that there was a total of 20 CSLN enrolled in the selected inclusive schools. The children had varied cases like intellectual disability, sensory impairments and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Problem behaviors displayed by the CSLN were dealt with by teachers using behavior modification techniques, accommodations, and teaching adjustments. The study likewise showed that most CSLN in the regular schools have mild to moderate cases. The challenging behaviors observed among the CSLN were very much different from those being displayed by regular students, hence, the frequency of applying BMTs, accommodation, modification, and adjustment to the former was slightly higher. A training proposal for inclusive teachers was designed as a result of the study.
Ragpat
Authors: Sagandoy Tecah C.
Published: February 2025

Among members of a Christian Spiritist group, it is believed that earthbound souls seek help from the living through omens, visions, dreams, mediums, or infliction of illness. Consequently, ragpat ti minatay [lifting of the soul], an intercessory prayer for the dead, is performed to help alleviate the sufferings of the earthbound soul seeking for help. As a member of the Spiritist group, I had the privilege to observe and participate in the conduct of ragpat ti minatay (ragpat, for brevity), thus, acquiring information that may not be readily accessible to non-members. My interviews with key informants and participants have revealed that the primary reason behind ragpat is helping ease the burdens of earthbound souls or suffering souls who are restless spirits fleeing to and fro or bounded in a dark state or place and ensuring these souls of a better spiritual state, happier and more peaceful than earthly life. For Spiritists considering themselves Christians, praying for the dead (i.e. ragpat) is a duty meant to be fulfilled in accordance with the Christian virtue of charity, in that loving and helping one another is extended to the living and the dead. A successful ragpat rests on the proper observance of its elements. Its success is also dependent on the soul’s willingness to repent, but ultimately, the success of ragpat rests on God’s forgiveness and abundant grace to repentant souls.
Sustainability Assessment of the Production, Decomposition Rate and NPK Content of Litterfall under the Coffea arabica–Based Agroforestry Systems in Atok, Benguet, Philippines
Authors: Bao-idang Conrado C. , Visco Roberto G. , Carandang Wilfredo M. , Pampolina Nelson M. , Castillo Arturo SA.
Published: February 2025

The study assessed the sustainability of coffee-based agroforestry systems in Atok, Benguet based on litterfalls. Data on the litter production, decomposition rate and NPK contents from 36 established experimental plots following the split-split plot design were gathered and analyzed. Sustainability levels were assessed using a Likert scale derived from published threshold levels. Analysis of data showed that average litter production was 10.585.2 t/ha/yr with a range of 4.421 to 17.65 t/ha/yr and was not significantly affected by elevation, type of shade trees and coffee ages. The average monthly litter decomposition rate was 4% and was significantly higher under the coffee-Alnus combination than those under the coffee-fruit trees. The average nutrient contents were 1.75% N, 0.14ppm P and 0.80% K, equivalent to an annual return of nutrients at an average of 185.51 kg/ha N, 28.50 kg/ha P and 85.39 kg/ha K. Only the N contents of the litters were significantly affected by the type of shade trees. Sustainability levels of litter production, decomposition rate, and NPK contents based on the computed average weighted means (AWM) were moderate to high with an overall AWM of 1.61 or “moderately sustainable”.
Makibaa
Authors: Samonte Leonardo L.
Published: February 2025

This study was conducted to document the living out (makibaa) practice in Bauko, Mountain Province. While migration generally happens purposely for economic and political reasons, the youth from this indigenous people’s village migrated because of their desire for educational advancement albeit the temporary period.
The study was about the iMiligan youth leaving their biological families to live with non-relatives in the lowlands. The research included the problems that the baa (foster children) encountered and how they managed such problems. Using descriptive method and purposive sampling technique, responses were gathered through in-depth interviews involving 26 key informants. Findings revealed that the participants moved to various destinations in the lowlands due to push and pull factors. The push factors are economic, geographical, social, political, and education. The pull factors are availability and proximity of schools, educational opportunities, values and skills’ development, and high demand from the among (foster parents). Participants described their stay in the lowlands as memorable, rewarding, and gratifying although some encountered negative experiences. Participants employed varied strategies in response to the negative encounters. The choice of destinations and prospective foster families followed some schemes and strategies such as referrals from former or current baa; by invitation from prospective foster parents or referrals of foster parents; and through request of biological parents for foster families.
Teaching Strategy to Enhance Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Instructional Skills
Authors: Yango Divina M.
Published: February 2025

The progression of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use has kindled new ways of learning. Effectiveness of new strategies of learning needs to be scientifically tested to assure their efficacy in instruction. The study aimed to look into the influence of blended learning environment on the pre-service teachers’ ICT instructional skills. Respondents of the study were pre-service teachers enrolled in Benguet State University. The study employed the static pretest-posttest control group experimental research design. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to treat the data. Research findings revealed that pre-service teachers’ performance before and after the conduct of face-to-face and blended modes of learning exhibited substantial increase in their learning. Exceedingly high learning result along use of blended mode were disclosed along technology literacy, knowledge deepening, knowledge creation, use of ICT to introduce new lessons and use of ICT to extend learning. Similarly, comparable learning results along face-to-face mode of learning were noted along technology literacy, knowledge deepening, knowledge creation, use of ICT to introduce new lessons, reinforce learning, and use of ICT to supplement knowledge. The use of both face-to-face and blended modes of learning led to significant acceleration of ICT skills development of pre-service teachers. Learning gains between blended learning and face-to-face modes learning are comparable. They are likewise complementary in developing the pre-service teachers’ ICT instructional skills
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Instructional Skills’ Needs of Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Lascano Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2025

The employability of the graduates in the 21st century includes the need for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) skills. This descriptive-survey study aimed to look into how preservice teachers of Benguet State University (BSU) perceived their need for ICT instructional skills for their employment. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The data were treated with the use of frequency counts, ranking, weighted mean, t-test, and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. The respondents reported that there is a high degree of need in terms of ICT instructional skills development particularly on the model digital age work and learning; and to promote and model digital citizenship and responsibility. The Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEE) pre-service teachers have higher degree of need for ICT instructional skills than the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSE) pre-service teachers. The results have implications for improving instruction and enhancing the curriculum.
Comparison of Floral Diversity of Pine Forest, Agroforestry and Agricultural Land-Uses in Talinguroy Research Station, Benguet State University, Northern Philippines
Authors: Guron Maricel A. , Lumpio Rey G. , Napaldet Jones T.
Published: February 2025

The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity identified insufficient knowledge bases as one of main barrier for biodiversity conservation. Additionally, tropical coniferous forest was identified as the least represented biome in terms of local-scale species richness amidst being susceptible to land-use change. This makes the study opportune and much needed as it documented and compared the floral diversity in three landuses, namely agriculture, agroforestry and tropical pine forest, of Talinguroy Research Station, Benguet State University in Cordillera Central Range, Northern Philippines using plot method. A total of 68 species belonging to 63 genera and 40 families was documented, Family Poaceae and Asteraceae being the most represented with 11 and 10 species. Greater Asteraceae and herb species were documented in agricultural plots>agroforesty>forest but indigenous/ endemic species, over-all species diversity, shrub and tree diversity was highest in forest>agroforestry>agricultural plots. Lowest species similarity was observed between agricultural plots and pine forest while highest between agroforestry and pine forest. These results illustrated a direct effect of human disturbance brought by land-use change on species diversity of the area. Greater disturbance resulted to a lower diversity of indigenous and endemic species, lower over-all species diversity, lower shrub and tree diversity but higher herb diversity. Moreover, the study found agriculture to cause more change in species composition than agroforestry. Interestingly, higher Asteraceae species were correlated positively with higher degree of human disturbance. Higher Asteraceae species were positively correlated with higher degree of human disturbance. These information are important baseline information in crafting conservation measures particularly for several endangered indigenous and endemic species in the region. Comparison
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Through PowerPoint Presentation:
Authors: Dolipas Bretel B. , Samuel Freda Kate D. , Pakipac Kenneth B.
Published: February 2025

The study determined the performance levels in analytic geometry, physics, and statistics of students who had used Information and Communication Technology (ICT) through PowerPoint presentation (PPT) as a tool in enhancing the teaching-learning process. The study also compared the performance levels in analytic geometry, physics, and statistics when students were grouped according to sex and according to the type of learning process used. Results of the study showed performance levels in analytic geometry, Physics, and Statistics of both males and females were satisfactory. Higher performance levels in mathematics problem solving aspect, Statistics concept, and Statistics overall were observed for students who used ICT in their learning process compared to students using the conventional method of teaching. In Physics, performance levels in the concept aspect, the problem solving aspect, and overall performance were all satisfactory regardless of the learning method used. Further research is suggested to verify the results of the study.
Competency Appraisal as a Tool in Improving the Board Exam Performance of Benguet State University Bachelor of Science in Forestry Graduates
Authors: Parao Marissa R. , Besic Elvira D. , Daipan Bernard Peter O. , Matso Nover M. , Sajise Marycel T. , Yabes Melbrenne D.
Published: February 2025

For the past years, Benguet State University has devised an appraisal course to improve its national passing average for the forestry board exam. This study evaluated the effects of course competency in preparing Bachelor of Science in Forestry students for their board exam. Pre-test and post-test of students who enrolled in the course were done to assess students' level of preparation and perception of the various mock exams given and determine the most important factors affecting their performance. Furthermore, a comparison between the actual board exam and mock exam performance was made. Results showed that students have average levels of preparation and marginal expectation in their exam scores. Study habits and subject difficulty are important factors in their preparations. Generally, the course competency was able to help them prepare for the actual board exam.
The Integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in the Tertiary Level Curriculum of Benguet State University La Trinidad Campus
Authors: Banes Gigy G. , Dela Cruz Kristine Baniqued
Published: February 2025

The marginalization of indigenous cultures by western-based educational systems bawls the urgency to revitalize the Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) of the Indigenous Peoples to be at par with the era of globalization. The study aimed to establish baseline data on the experiences of the faculty members of Benguet State University in the integration of IKS in the curriculum. Key Informant Interviews (KII) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used to surface information from 33 key informants from the seven colleges and two institutes of Benguet State University-La Trinidad Campus. Findings show that some faculty members employed various initiatives in integrating IKS in their teaching methodologies even prior to the issuance of CHED Memorandum No. 2, s. 2019. Specifically, the IKS integration is evident mostly in the social sciences, and community development subjects. However, various challenges encountered by the educators affect the in-depth integration of IKS in the tertiary level curriculum. The absence of explicit university policy/memorandum and monitoring scheme on the IKS integration in the curriculum, teaching methodologies, and pedagogies impede the sustainable integration of IKS in the different subjects. Coupled with other factors like limited reference materials/resources on IKS, limited knowledge, exposure, and appreciation of IKS further weaken the hope for the faculty to integrate IKS in teaching. Despite these challenges, some faculty members do in-depth integration of IKS in the subjects they are handling, as reflected in their teaching pedagogies over the years. This finding implies that in-depth IKSP integration in the curriculum is a teacher’s initiative and cultural advocacy.
Working Conditions and Turnover Intentions of Teachers in Small Public Junior High Schools of Baguio City
Authors: Fernandez-Docallas Froidelyn , Batani Ruth S.
Published: February 2025

This study explored the teacher's working conditions and turnover intentions from six small public junior high schools of Baguio City using a sequential explanatory mixed-method design with 55 survey respondents and 24 interview and FGD participants. Teachers quantitatively described their working conditions as fair, while the majority qualitatively described the same as poor. Quantitative findings also revealed a low level of turnover intentions among teachers, but qualitative data say otherwise. Forcing teachers to pass learners who reasonably need to be retained for the sake of performance-based bonus is one of the cited reasons why teachers develop turnover intentions. However, despite the challenges at work, teachers find fulfillment in their service to young people and ‘good working relationship with fellow teachers as important coping mechanism. Overall, the study found no significant difference in the teachers’ level of perception of their working conditions when grouped according to sex, years in service, and civil status. The level of prevalence of turnover intentions differs significantly according to years in service, and working condition is significantly related to turnover intentions. Teachers’ coping mechanisms such as pagtitiis, malasakit, and finding comfort from their kapwa teachers sustained them in their profession.
Performance of Seed-Primed Ricebean (Vigna umbellata L.) Using Organic-Based Priming Materials and Priming Duration
Authors: Gayomba Hector C. , Tad-awan Belinda A. , Palaes Hilda V. , Busiguit Juniel S.
Published: February 2025

Ricebean is valued for its nutritional content and as a legume, it provides soil health benefits which is an essential element in farming systems. Long storage of its seeds aﬀects the seed quality which lessens the production as well as the income of the grower. For these reasons, seed priming is practiced to enhance seed performance for better crop stand. Thus, this study was conducted from January to June 2019 at Benguet State University (BSU) experiment area, La Trinidad, Benguet to determine the best organic-based priming materials for ricebean production; the best soaking duration for ricebean seeds; the interaction eﬀect of organic-based priming material and soaking duration of seeds on the growth and yield of ricebean; and the profitability of ricebean primed at diﬀerent duration using organic-based materials. Ricebean seeds primed with garlic extract has the earliest emergence and number of normal seedlings, heaviest seeds, and total seed yield. Among the soaking duration, 6 hours has the earliest emergence; highest percent emergence; the greatest number of normal seedlings and seeds per pod; and the heaviest 200 seed-weight and total seed yield. The growth and yield of the ricebean plants were not considerably influenced by the interactions of the priming duration and organic-based priming materials. Garlic extract priming material and six hours of priming showed the highest return on cash expenses.
Flexible Learning Opportunities and Challenges: Exploring the Experiences of Benguet State University During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Dolipas Ma. Theresa B. , Ngina Karryl Mae C. , Banes Gigy G.
Published: February 2025

This study explored the experiences of Benguet State University (BSU) students and faculty on flexible learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The researchers used an embedded mixed methods approach. Survey questionnaires in Google Forms for faculty members were distributed online and in print on the different campuses of BSU from July 2020 to May 2021. Questionnaires for students were distributed only in La Trinidad Campus. Descriptive statistical tools were utilized to analyze the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was employed for the qualitative data. Document review and analysis were done to validate the survey data. Findings indicate that both teachers and students faced challenges related to technological access, including infrastructure; financial constraints; and knowledge gaps. Despite these pedagogical and technical obstacles, both faculty and students demonstrated resilience in adapting to the demands and opportunities of flexible learning delivery. Institutional support was provided through training and the implementation of flexible distance learning guidelines. Various technology-friendly programs and social media apps such as Facebook, Google Classroom, Edmodo, and YouTube were used to supplement distance learning. Strengthening technological and pedagogical support and access for both educators and students may contribute to a robust distance learning structure that can be effectively applied in the long term.
Degree of Exposure to Internet Slang Language and the Essay Quality of English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners
Authors: Cahayon Mary Ann N. , Genuino Cecile
Published: February 2025

The way we communicate and the nature of language have changed dramatically due to computer-mediated communication through social networking sites (SNS). Online slang, particularly in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context, has been under-explored in bilingual situations. This quantitative correlation study examines the relationship between English as a Second Language (ESL) learners' exposure to internet slang language and essay quality in 130 participants. The study aims to explore the implications of online slang usage in bilingual situations, highlighting the need for further research in Internet Linguistics. The current study found a significant association between the degree of exposure to internet slang, specifically in terms of time spent and online jargon, and the respondents' essay quality. Since SNS can create platforms that allow for participation while also facilitating observation and habit formation, it is vital to be aware of learners’ second language development, as it can be a valuable tool for language instruction. In conclusion, internet slang does not hinder the second language development of the students; it merely transforms it.
The Impact of Social Media on Public Communication by Government Ministries in Kenya
Authors:   St. Paul's University, Ndeta Winnie
Published: February 2025

This study sought to investigate government ministries‘ use of social media in disseminating public information. The specific objective for the research was to examine the levels of engagement that government ministries‘ social media managers exhibit on social media sites and its influence on citizen engagement.The mixed method approach of data collection and analysis was utilized in the study. The research design adopted was a descriptive survey. It targeted the managers of government ministries‘ social media pages and the conversations on social media for respective government ministries in Kenya. Content analysis focused on the conversations that were undertaken online in 2015 on Facebook and Twitter for the Respective Ministries. A sample of 4 ministries was selected from the population of 13 ministries with Facebook and Twitter accounts. The data was collected through structured interviews and content analysis of conversations that were held online on the Social media pages. The findings indicate that the government ministries adopted social media in communicating with the members of the public and have accommodated the use of social media as one of the modes of communication in their communication strategies, this has helped in direct communication with members of the public. The study recommends that ministries critically look at the feedback on social media and engage the public more so that the public can participate directly in making decisions that affect them. There is still no mechanism of incorporating feedback from social media in policy making at ministerial level, this means that the communication strategies of the ministries should be explicit in terms of how the feedback will be incorporated in decision making and policy formulation in order to enhance citizen engagement and public participation.

Key Terminologies: Social Media, Government Ministries, Public Communication
Enhancing Effectiveness of the Public Sector Internal Auditors’. Evidence from Government Treasuries in Rift Valley Region, Kenya.
Authors:   St. Paul's University, Ndung'u Stephen Kanini
Published: February 2025

This paper focuses on the factors that enhance the effectiveness of internal auditors’in government treasuries within the Rift Valley region, Kenya. Variables of the study include internal auditors’independence, remuneration, reputation, training and how these factors impact on the effectiveness of internal auditors’. The need for public finances oversight cannot be wished away as Kenya has experienced widespread misappropriation of these resources. Through Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) the Kenyan government intends to build a strong Public Financial Management(PFM) system which ensures that the government and its departments are able to raise, manage, and spend public resources in an efficient and transparent manner. Despite these measures, management of public resources has not been very effective and in fact, what has been observed is that amounts being misappropriated have reached astronomical levels.Relevant literature was reviewed, theoretical bases expounded, gaps in literature highlighted, data collected and analyzed.The researchers found that positivecorrelation ranging from mediumto strong existed between all the independent and the dependent variables. Using multiple regression analysis, the researchers sought to establish the relationship between remuneration, independence, training and reputationand theeffectiveness of auditors’in the audit of financial statements. The results indicated R was 0.758 implying that there was a positive relationship between all the four independent variables. R2was 0.575 implying that 57.5% of the dependent variable could be explained by the independent variables and hence recommended that for an effective audit function in government treasuries, adequate resources have to be allocated to remunerate internalauditors’,treasuries should ensure the internalauditors’are free from management influence, internalauditors’engaged in treasuries audit have high competency in auditing and the internal auditors’reputation is critical and every effort should be made to enhance it. Key words; Auditors’ Effectiveness, Independence, Remuneration, Reputation,Training