bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE VALIDITY OF FNAA AND AAS METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF Cu AND Fe ELEMENTS IN BIOTA SAMPLES
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Samin Samin , Supriyanto C.
Published: January 2019

The validity test of Fast Neutron Activation Analysis (FNAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method for analysis of Cu and Fe elements in biota samples has been done. The validity test was represented by the validation test, homogenous test, Z-score test, t test and F test for both methods. The respective validity test results for Cu and Fe elements show that the FNAA precision test were 2.28% and 2.96% while the accuracy were 98.07% and 98.55%, and the precision of AAS validation test results were 1.72% and 2.29% and the accuracy were 98.50% and 98.35%. The uncertainty results for Cu and Fe by FNAA were 2.74% and 3.42%, while AAS were 2.98% and 3.73%. The limit of detection  for both methods of Cu and Fe were 1.05 µg/g and 1.35 µg/g, while AAS were 0.05 µg/g  and 0.904 µg/g, and the value of Z-score in the range ≥-2 and ≤+2 for both methods. In this case the precision, accuracy, uncertainty, limit of detection and value Z-score on both methods  are valid or property to be applied for element analysis. After FNAA and AAS methods were validated then were applied for determining of element contents in biota samples. From the homogenous test result was found that the samples of biota is homogeny, while t test shows that there is no significant difference in average concentration, F test of both methods shows that there is no difference in accuracy.   Keywords: The validity test, FNAA and AAS, Cu and Fe, biota samples
ANTI-MALARIAL COMPOUND FROM THE STEM BARK OF Erythrina variegata
Authors: Herlina Tati , Supratman Unang , Soedjanaatmadja M. S. , Subarnas Anas , Sutardjo Supriyatna , Abdullah Noor Rain , Hayashi Hideo
Published: January 2019

During the course of our continuing search for novel anti-malarial compounds from Indonesian plants, the methanol extract of the bark of E. variegata showed significant anti-malarial activity toward Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The methanol extract of the bark of E. variegata  was separated by using bioassay-guide fractionation. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most activity, exhibiting equipotency against both strains of parasite with IC50 of 23.8 µg/mL against 3D7 and 9.3 µg/mL against K1. Furthermore, by using the anti-malarial activity to follow separation, the ethyl acetate fraction was separated by combination of column chromatography to yield an active compound. The chemical structure of active compound was determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and comparison with those previously reported and identified as an isoflavonoid, warangalone. The warangalone showed anti-malarial activity against both strains of parasite used with IC50 of 4.8 µg/mL against 3D7 and 3.7 µg/mL against K1.   Keywords: Antimalarial, Erythrina variegata, warangalone
SPECTROSCOPICAL STUDY OF AN ETHER FRACTION ISOLATE FROM STEAM BARK OF “ JATI” (Tectona grandis, L)
Authors: Mandey Fredryk , Chalik Raimundus , Ibrahim Ismail
Published: January 2019

This research is aimed to primarily study the spectroscopy of ether fraction of from Jati wood (T. grandis, L). The stem bark of T.grandis, L was firstly extracted undergoes a reflux in methanol solvent. Further, the dried methanol crude extract was extracted with diethyl ether and moreover separated its chemical constituents by using of column chromatography using degraded mixtures of n-hexane - ethyl acetate from 9:1 to 7:3. After a final column chromatography from the E fraction, a white needles crystal with a melting point of 295 - 297.5 °C was resulted. This results was then confirmed undergoes a spectroscopic analysis including UV, FTIR, H-NMR, and Mass spectroscopy to get an acid of 3β-hydroxy-20(29)-lupen-28-oic or commonly known as betulinic acid.   Keywords: betulinic acid, spectroscopy, primarily study
UTILIZATION OF MEMBRANE MICROFILTRATION IN PREPARATION OF HYDROLYZED VEGETABLE PROTEIN FROM FERMENTED RED BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) EXTRACT AS FORTIFICATION AGENT
Authors: Moerniati Sri , Susilowati Agustine , Aspiyanto Aspiyanto
Published: January 2019

Preparation of Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (HVP) as savory flavor from fermented red bean broth through stirred membrane cell using micro filtration membrane with pore size of 0.45 µm was performed to get fortified agent utilized in preparation of beans sauce. The objective of this work was to study an effect of pressure and kind of red bean broth extract on content of total protein, soluble protein and dry solid in the retentate and permeate as hydrolyzed vegetable protein used for fortified agent of red bean sauces. Preparation process of hydrolyzed vegetable protein was done using fixed rotary speed of 400 rpm, pressure of 20, 25 and 30 psi at room temperature. To investigate the effect of pressure on this separation, the feed were red bean broth extract fermented for 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, respectively. Fermentation process were conducted using salt fermentation with inoculum of Rhizopus-C1, salt and red bean ratios of 30:10:60%. The analysis of flux and contents of total protein, dissolved protein and dry solid in the retentate and permeate was carried out, and the result of experiment showed that interaction of Red bean broth extract with 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of fermentation and operation condition of microfiltration membrane separation tends to affect on flux and content of total protein, dissolved protein and dry solid in retentate and permeate. Red bean broth extract for 6 weeks fermentation resulted higher protein content in permeate as hydrolyzed vegetable protein than in retentate. Permeate at pressure of 25 psi gives flux value of 0.0217 mL/cm2.minute and contents of total protein of 1.31 %, dissolved protein of 6.9 mg/g, and dry solid of 2.6%, while retentate as hydrolyzed vegetable protein or fortified agent indicate contents of total protein of 1.52%, dissolved protein of 4.15 mg/g, and dry solid of 3.64%. It was found that micro filtration process was able to increase dissolved protein content of about 3 times.   Keywords: Microfiltration, membrane, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (HVP), fermented red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH NANO PARTICLES AS BACKFILL ON THE RADIOACTIVE WASTE REPOSITORY
Authors: Poernomo Herry
Published: January 2019

Characterization of fly ash nano particles as backfilled material candidate in the radioactive waste repository has been done. The objective of this research is to determine the permeability (K) and migration rate (Vr) of uranium in the backfilled material of fly ash, zeolite, and zeolite + fly ash mixtures. The experiment was carried out by the fixed bed method in a column contains fly ash, or zeolite, or zeolite+fly ash mixtures. It was filled with the saturated water and was flown by uranyl nitrate solution of 500 ppm as the simulated uranium. The uranium effluents was sampled in every 15 minutes and it was analyzed using spectrometer. The concentration of which represented as Ct and by using concentration profile of Co/Ct, then Vr of uranium in the backfilled material can be determined. The experiment result showed that ≤ 38 mm of fly ash particles sizes could improve the characteristic feature of 196 mm of zeolite sizes as backfilled material with the decreasing permeability values from Kzeolite = 4.06x10-3 cm/s to Kzeolite+fly ash = 5.00x10-5 cm/s and the decreasing of the migration rate from Vr zeolite = 1.65x10-4 cm/s to Vr zeolite+fly ash  = 2.91x10-6 cm/second.   Keywords: fly ash, zeolite, backfill materials, uranium migration, radioactive waste repository
SEDIMENTS AND NUTRIENT DYNAMICS IN THE LAKE MARKERMEER, THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Rozari Philiphi De
Published: January 2019

Lake Markermeer is a large fresh water lake in the centre of the Netherlands. Since Lake Markermeer is categorised as a shallow lake, it is very susceptible for sediment resuspension. The general objective of this study is to investigate sediment and nutrient dynamics in Lake Markermeer sediments. This research was carried out in a 5 months period from November 2007 until March 2008 using sediment trap methods. Sampling sites for sediment traps are located at the two fixed sites in which each sampling site had duplicates bottom and half-depth traps. The collection of the sediment traps samples was conducted every two weeks. The parameter measured in sediment traps were: sediment trap yields, Loss on ignition (LOI), total N and total P. Statistical t test analysis was utilised to compare the value of each parameter between two sampling stations as well as between bottom and half depth at the same stations.The results for the sediment trap activities showed that at the two fixed sampling stations, the sediment trap yields in the bottom part tend to be higher than half depth. This difference between bottom and half-way traps is statistically significant. Also, a significant difference was found between STA and STB, both for bottom and half-depth traps. A similar result was found for LOI. For total N and P  the results showed that there were no significant differences between bottom and half-depth at the two fixed sampling stations.   Keywords: Lake Markermeer, resuspension, sediment trap
METHYL MERCURY IN GREEN MUSCLE (Mytilus viridis L.) FROM FISH MARKET MUARA ANGKE : BEFORE AND AFTER COOKING
Authors: Winarno Ermin K. , Andayani Winarti , Sumartono Agustin
Published: January 2019

The determination of methyl mercury content in green muscle (Mytilus viridis L.) that were taken from Pasar Pelelangan Ikan Muara Angke, Jakarta Bay has been carried out. Sampling was taken in November 2005 and March 2006, the samples were bought from the green muscle sellers. The aim of this research is to know the effect of cooking on the content of methyl mercury in green muscle. Samples were homogenized, weighed and washed with aceton and toluene. After washing, the homogenized material was added with HCl solution, extracted with toluene, then the methyl mercury content in toluene extract was analyzed using gas chromatography. The results of this research showed that methyl mercury concentration in raw and cooked green muscle respectively were 0.803 + 0.019 mg/g and 0.443 + 0.035 mg/g (in November 2005) and 0.096 + 0.014 mg/g and 0.079 + 0.016 mg/g (in March 2006) respectively. The methyl mercury content in raw (in November 2005) was higher than in cooked green muscle as permitted concentration in the sea biota by WHO and FAO, it is 0.5 ppm (mg/g), on the other hand the result of the second sampling in March 2006 showed that methyl mercury content in green muscle was lower than permitted concentration. Cooking process of the green muscle decreased methyl mercury content 44.85% (sampling in November 2005) and 17.71% (sampling in March 2006), because methyl mercury that bonded to protein were distributed to boiling water. Methyl mercury content in green muscle after cooking was still lower than the permitted concentration.   Keywords: methyl mercury, green muscle, Mytilus viridis L., Muara Angke
LOWEST EXCITED STATES REORDERING IN (ARENE)M(CO)3, WHERE M = Cr or W, COMPLEXES
Authors: Purwoko Agus Abhi , Lees Alistair J.
Published: January 2019

A series of electronic spectral changes was observed when (arene)M(CO)3 complexes (where arene = benzene, chlorobenzene, phenyltrimethylsilane, acenaphthene, mesitylene, and M = Cr or W) were irradiated with 313 nm light in benzene solution at 298 K in the presence of excess pyridine. These photolysis were neatly leading to the formation of (arene)M(CO)2(py) without any interference from further net photoreaction or thermal reaction on the same time scale. The lower photoreactivity was exhibited by acenaphthene complex. The influences of ring substituents in these complexes and of entering ligands on their photoreactions are discussed in detail with respect to reordering of their electronic states.     Keywords: photolysis, arene metal tricarbonyl, excited states reordering
STUDY ON THE CONFORMATIONS OF p-(NITRO)METHOXYCALIX[4]ARENE AND p-(tert-BUTYL)METHOXYCALIX[4]ARENE USING HIGH LEVEL AB INITIO METHOD
Authors: Sudrajat Hanggara , Sriwijaya Danis , Siagian Herman , Armunanto Ria
Published: January 2019

Ab initio calculations have been performed in order to investigate the conformational characteristics of p-(nitro)methoxycalix[4]arene and p-(tert-butyl)methoxycalix[4]arene. The structures of four types (cone, partial cone, 1,2-alternate and 1,3-alternate) of conformers for each compound have been optimized by ab initio method at the restricted Møller-Plesset fourth-order perturbation (RMP4) level of theory using 6-311G and 6-311G++(d,p) basis sets. General trends in relative stabilities of p-(nitro)methoxycalix[4]arene and p-(tert-butyl)methoxycalix[4]arene are similar and decrease in following order: partial cone > cone > 1,3-alternate > 1,2-alternate. The calculated results of the most stable conformation of partial cone structure agree with the reported NMR experimental observations.     Keywords: ab initio, RMP4, conformational characteristics, p-(nitro)methoxycalix[4]arene, p-(tert-butyl)methoxycalix[4]arene
MECHANISM OF BORAX CRYSTALLIZATION USING CONDUCTIVITY METHOD
Authors: Suharso Suharso
Published: January 2019

The kinetics of crystal growth of borax has been studied by using conductivity method at temperature of 25 °C and at various relative supersaturations. It was found that the growth rate increases with increasing supersaturation. At low concentration, growth occurs via a spiral growth mechanism and at high concentration birth and spread is the principal mechanism operating.     Keywords: borax; growth rate; crystallization; conductivity method
WAX ESTERS PRODUCTION BY ALCOHOLYSIS OF PALM OIL FRACTIONS
Authors: Gunawan Erin Ryantin , Suhendra Dedy
Published: January 2019

The lipase synthesis of wax esters using palm oil fractions (palm oil and palm kernel oil) and long chain alcohol as substrates was carried out. The present work focuses on the synthesis of wax esters using Lipozyme. Five parameters such as reaction time, temperature, amount of enzyme, molar ratio of substrates and various organic solvents of the reaction system were investigated. The optimum yields were achieved at the reaction temperature of 40 - 50 °C for palm oil (PO) and 40 °C for palm kernel oil (PKO) alcoholysis, a reaction time of 5 - 7 h for PO and 7 - 10 h for PKO alcoholysis, 0.15 g of enzyme for both PO and PKO alcoholysis, molar ratio at 3:1 (alcohol: PO or PKO), and the best solvent for the reactions was hexane. Percentage yields of esters obtained at these optimum reaction conditions was 83% refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm oil alkoholysis and 87% for RBD palm kernel oil alcoholysis respectively   Keywords: palm oil, palm kernel oil, enzymatic, alcoholysis, wax ester, oleyl alcohol
AB INITIO STUDY OF AMMONIA CLUSTERS: (NH3)n (n = 2-6)
Authors: Kandau Herudi , Sudrajat Hanggara , Napitupulu Andreas , Khairi Syahrul , Al-Fatony Zaky , Siagian Herman
Published: January 2019

Hydrogen bonded neutral clusters of ammonia, (NH3)n (n = 2-6), have been theoretically investigated employing the D95++(d,p) (and wherever necessary, higher) basis sets at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level as well as with second-order Møller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory. While the ammonia trimer and tetramer exhibit perfect molecular symmetries and are nonpolar, the pentamer and hexamer both optimize with slight deviations from perfect symmetries and are seen to posses marginal, but nonzero dipole moments. The (NH3)n linear clusters are seen to be chemically softer than the corresponding cyclic ones.   Keywords: ab initio calculation, ammonia clusters, Hartree-Fock, Møller-Plesset
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ARIAL PARTS OF Cleome rutidosperma DC PLANT
Authors: Rahman S. M. Mizanur , Munira Serajum , Hossain M. Amzad
Published: January 2019

Two new compounds were identified as 2-ethyl-cyclohex-2-ene-6-hydroxy-methylene-1-carboxylic acid and 3b-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, respectively, from the petroleum ether extracts of Cleome rutidosperma plant. These two constituents is the first time occurrence in this plant. The structures of the two different type of compounds are elucidated with the help of UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, DEPT 90, DEPT 135 and mass spectral data.   Keywords: Cleome rutidosperm DC; isolation; spectral analysis
PHENOL-2-(1-METHYL ETHOXY)-METHYL CARBAMATE COUMPOUND IN ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF STEM BARK OF Aglaia angustifolia
Authors: Chairul Sofnie M.
Published: January 2019

Isolation of carbamate coumpound from ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of Aglaia angustifolia (Meliaceae), was carried out. The dried stem bark of A. angustifolia was extracted with ethanol (polar solvent), ethyl acetate (medium of polar) and water. From there extract solvent was biological activity test to Crocidolomia binotallis. Ethyl acetate extract solvent more active than another solvent, so that this extract was fractioned and clean up using chromatograpgy column, use SiO2 as stationary phase, mixture of n-hexane/ethyl acetate (10:1 ~ 1:1), ethyl acetate, and ethanol respectively as elution solution. The result of Biological activity test to C. binotallis showed that fraction of ethyl acetate inhibited growth on LC50 3.57 ppm. The compound of isolation result using HPLC, GCMS, FTIR and NMR was identified as phenol-2(1-methyl ethoxy) methyl carbamate coumpound, active as botanical insecticide.   Keywords: Meliaceae, A. angustifolia, carbamate, phenol-2 (1-methyl ethoxy) methyl carbamate
IMMOBILIZATION OF PAPAIN ON CHITOSAN
Authors: Cahyaningrum Sari Edi , Narsito Narsito , Santoso Sri Juari , Agustini Rudiana
Published: January 2019

In this study, papain was immobilized on chitosan with Mg(II) cosslinked agent. Studies on free and immobilized papain systems for determination of optimum pH, optimum temperatur, thermal stability and reusability were carried out. The results showed that free papain had optimum pH 6.5 and optimum temperature 55 °C while the immobile papain hadoptimum pH 8 and optimum temperature 80 °C. The thermal stability of the immobilized papain, relative to that of the free papain, was markedly increased. The immobilized papain can be reused for at least six times.   Keywords: papain, immobilization, chitosan
THE EFFECTS OF GRADIENT VELOCITY AND DETENTION TIME TO COAGULATION – FLOCCULATION OF DYES AND ORGANIC COMPOUND IN DEEP WELL WATER
Authors: Lindu Muhamad
Published: January 2019

The treatment of deep well water of Trisakti University by coagulation and flocculation using baffle channel system has been conducted. The detention time of hydrolic were varied. The coagulant dose was varied as 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm. Water of well sampel was added by coagulant with rotation velocity 200 rpm for 1 minute. The optimal coagulant dose was determined by measuring turbidity, colour, total suspended solids and organic compound. The result showed that the organic compound and colour of deep well water of Trisakti University could be reduced by coagulation and flocculation process by hydrolyc system. The optimal dose of the coagulant was 250 ppm. The removal efficiency of colour and organic compound using optimal dose for continuous flow reactor reached after water flow passed the reactor for 3 - 5 times detention time in the reactor. The optimal gradient velocity (G) was 30 - 35 sec-1 and collision energy (GT) was 65.000 - 79.000 to get optimal flocculation. With this condition, the removal efficiency of turbidity, colour and organic was more than 90%.   Keywords: coagulation, flocculation, colour, organic compound, deep well
ADSORPTION OF Th-232 AND U-238 BY γ- Al2O3-HUMATE AT SINGLE AND COMPETITIVE SYSTEMS
Authors: Muzakky Muzakky , Santosa Sri Juari
Published: January 2019

The calculation experiments of adsorption capacities of Th-232 and U-238 in γ- Al2O3-humate at single system and competitive with Freundlich method has been done. The purpose of the research is (1) to characterize γ- Al2O3-humat functional groups, (2) to know γ- Al2O3-humat solubility and (3) to predict adsorption capacities of U-238 and of Th-232 at adsorbent γ-Al2O3-humate. The characterization of functional groups γ- Al2O3-humate is done by Fourier Transform Infra red (FTIR) Spectrometry. Based on perception results of functional spectra characteristic of γ-Al2O3-humate is similar with humic substance with decrease at stretching -OH at 3400 - 3300 cm-1, and C=O stretching of COOH spectra, C=C aromatic or hydrogen bond of C=O at 1725-1720 cm-1spectra. The solubility testing of γ-Al2O3-humate indicated that the compound it's effective used as adsorption U-238 and of Th-232 at pH 1 to 4 conditions. At single adsorption system with 1000 mg/L of U-238 or Th-232 feed, 0.001 g up to 0.1 g weight of γ-Al2O3-humate were got for U-238 balanced to 992.15 mg/L and 980.66 mg/L for Th-232.  By using regression line curve between ln C and ln x/m, adsorption capacities of U-238 and Th-232 at single system can be calculated as 3.63 mg/g and 2.93 mg/g, respectively, while adsorption capacity of Th-232 was increases to 8.08 mg/g and U-238 decreases to 0.91 mg/g at competitive system.   Keywords: U-238, Th-232, adsorption Freundlich, Spectrometry Fourier Transform Infra Red
IMMOBILIZATION OF HUMIC ACID ON CHITOSAN USING PROTECTED CROSS-LINKING REACTION METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION AS SORBENT FOR Pb(II), Cd(II), AND Cr(III)
Authors: Santoso Uripto Trisno , Umaningrum Dewi , Irawati Utami , Nurmasari Radna
Published: January 2019

Immobilization of humic acid (HA) on chitosan has been done by using a protected cross-linking reaction method and the product was then utilized as sorbent for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III). HA was cross-linked with chitosan by using glutaraldehyde in order to obtain sorbent insoluble in aqueous acidic and basic solution. Protection of the active sites of HA was carried out by interacting HA with Pb(II) before performing the cross-lingking reaction in order to maintain its adsorption capacity The result showed that the amount of immobilized HA on chitosan was 99.7% by weight. The solubility of the immobilized HA were < 0.5% at pH 6 and < 1.0% at pH 12. The amount of immobilized HA and its solubility indicated that the protection pretreatment did not interfere the cross-linking reaction between HA and chitosan. The adsorption capacity of the sorbent for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) were 416.7 mg/g, 332.3 mg/g, dan 714.3 mg/g, respectively.   Keywords: immobilization, cross-linking, humic acid, chitosan, sorbent
SELF-CLEANING GLASS BASED ON ACID-TREATED TiO2 FILMS WITH PALMITIC ACID AS MODEL POLLUTANT
Authors: Aprilita Nurul Hidayat , Kartini Indriana , Ratnaningtyas Sofy Herawati
Published: January 2019

Preparation and characterization of self-cleaning glass based on acid-treated TiO2 films as well as evaluation on their self-cleaning properties have been carried out. Palmitic acid photodegradation was used as model pollutant. Acid-treated TiO2 powders were deposited on glass surface by using spraying technique. The XRD results showed that acid-treated TiO2 film exhibited decreased anatase crystalline size. The corresponding SEM images showed porous surface morphology. Layer densification was observed as the film thickness increased. TiO2 photocatalytic activity increased as the length of UV radiation increased. Best results were obtained at experimental condition of 35 hours UV radiation time. It is also observed that the thickness of TiO2 layers influenced the efficiency of palmitic acid photodegradation. The film with 1.661 µm thick TiO2 layers and 6.933 mg weight (0.7164 mg/cm2) could degrade 97.54 % mg palmitic acid/cm2 thin film.   Keywords: TiO2 films, acid treatment, self-cleaning glass
CALCIUM ABSORPTION KINETIC ON INDONESIAN RICE
Authors: Wariyah Chatarina , Astuti Mary , Supriyadi Supriyadi , Anwar Chairil
Published: January 2019

Calcium absorption kinetic from three varieties rice i.e. low-, medium-, and high amylose content were evaluated. Three calcium salt (calcium acetate, -lactate and - gluconate) were used as a fortifican. Each rice was soaked at the calcium salts at soaking temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 oC, for 30 min and the calcium content was analyzed periodically. Reaction rate constant was determined from slope of curve of the relation of soaking time and absorbed calcium. The activation energy was determined by Arrhenius equation. The research showed that rice calcium absorption follows the first-order kinetic and absorption rate tends to decrease with increasing temperature. Calcium absorptions were affected by calcium salt solubility. Calcium acetate was absorbed easier than calcium lactate and calcium lactate was absorbed easier than calcium gluconate, but the absorption rate constant of calcium acetate was lower than that of calcium lactate, and calcium lactate was lower than calcium gluconate. Based on amylose content of rice, the higher the amylose content, the lower calcium absorption rate. The activation anergy of the high amylose rice was higher than that of low amylose content.   Keywords: amylose content, calcium absorption, reaction kinetic, calcium salt
MUTATION ON Bacillus subtilis BAC4 USING ACRIDINE ORANGE AS AN EFFORT FOR INCREASING ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION
Authors: Supartono Supartono , Wijayati Nanik , Herlina Lina , Ratnaningsih Enny
Published: January 2019

The efforts to get a new antibiotic require to be done continuously, because infection diseases still become the main health problems in Indonesia. A new local strain of Bacillus subtilis BAC4 has been known producing an antibiotic that inhibites Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 growth. Nevertheless, the optimum conditions have not been studied seriously. The objective of this research was to conduct mutation on B. subtilis BAC4 in order to obtain a mutant cell that overproduct in producing antibiotic. The mutation process was performed by using acridine orange of 1 g.L-1 randomly at various volumes. The production of antibiotic was conducted using batch fermentation and antibiotic assay was performed with agar absorption method using S.  marcescens ATCC 27117 as bacteria assay. Research result provided a B. subtilis M10 mutant with overproduction of antibiotic. Characterization of B. subtilis M10 mutant showed that the mutant cell has size of (0.5-1.0) µm x (1.85-2.5) µm; spore has the form of ellipse with thick wavy wall, positive reaction for catalase, and forming acid from glucose and xylose.   Keywords: mutant, Bacillus, acridin, and antibiotics
PHENOL OXIDATION USING NATURAL ZEOLITE SUPPORTED METAL ION CATALYST
Authors: Wardhani Sri , Purwonugroho Danar , Mardiana Diah
Published: January 2019

Phenol which contained in waste water has to be reduced and it could be done by oxygen oxidation.  In order to increase the rate of reaction it was needed a catalyst. In this research the capability of various catalysts, namely zeolite-Zn(II), zeolite-Cu(II) and zeolite-Co(II)in oxidation of phenol has been investigated. The aim of this research was to study the type of metal ion catalyst towards the percentage of oxidated phenol. The oxidation process were carried out in an aqueous phenol of 100 ppm with oxygen flow rate of 200 mL/min. in the presence of catalysts with 0.2M of initial impregnation concentration. The capabilities of catalysts were performed by calculating the activation energy and it was done at two different temperatures, i.e. 70 and 90 oC. The percentage of oxidated phenol was determinated by measuring its concentration using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. In addition, the impregnated metal was calculated by measuring the ion concentration remains in the filtrate solution and it was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that metal ion types affected the catalytic activity. The order of phenol oxidationactivity decreased as Co(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II). The surface characteristics of catalysts were supported by pore volume and pore diameter i.e 0.009 cm3/g and 16.59 Å for Zn(II) whereas specific surface area was 10.32 m2/g for Zn(II), 0.004 cm3/g and 24.37 Å for Cu(II) whereas specific surface area was 3.57 m2/g for Cu(II), 0.001 cm3/g and 19.63 Å for Co(II) whereas specific surface area was 10.26m2/g for Co(II).   Keywords: phenol,natural zeolite, catalyst, oxidation
FTIR AND NMR STUDIES OF ADSORBED CETHYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN MCM-41 MATERIALS
Authors: Taba Paulina , Howe Russell F. , Moran Graine
Published: January 2019

The high use of surface-active agents (surfactants) by industry and households today leads to environmental pollution, therefore treatments are required to remove such substances from the environment. One of the important and widely used methods for removal of substances from solution is adsorption. In this research, MCM-41 and its modified product of MCM41-TMCS were used to adsorb cationic surfactants, cethyltrimethylammonium chloride, CTAC. FTIR and NMR methods were used to study the interaction between the surfactants and the adsorbents. MCM-41 was synthesized hydrothermally at 100 oC and its modification was conducted by silylation of MCM-41 with trimethylchloro silane (MCM41-TMCS). Both unmodified and modified MCM-41 can adsorb the surfactant. The interaction of CTAC with MCM-41 was mostly the electrostatic interaction between the electropositive end of the surfactant and MCM-41, whereas in modified MCM-41 hydrophobic interactions become more dominant. These hydrophobic interactions appear however to involve the methyl groups on the head group of the surfactant interacting with the modified surface.   Keywords: FTIR, NMR, adsorbed CTAC, MCM-41 materials
INTERCALATION OF OLYGOMER OF HYDROXYL-CHROMIUM INTO NATURAL KAOLINITE
Authors: Rodiansono Rodiansono , Ariyantie Reda , Abdullah Abdullah
Published: January 2019

Preparation of a kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite and characterization of its physico-chemical properties were conducted. The olygomer hydroxyl-chromium was prepared by adding Na2CO3 to 0.1 M chromium nitrate solution (ratio OH/Cr = 2) and then dried at 110 oC and 400 oC for 4 h. Characterization of kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite includes determination of acidity, functional groups, basal spacing, and surface area (BET-N2 sorption analyzer). The result showed that intercalation of hydroxyl chromium resulted in the decreasing of basal spacing but increased the specific surface area of kaolin. Drying of the intercalated kaolin at 400 oC decreased surface area, total volume pore and pore radius. FT-IR spectra showed that hydroxyl-chromium detected at wavelength of 2925 and 2855 cm-1.   Keywords: natural kaolin, intercalation, olygomer hydroxyl-chromium, kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF Shorea foxworthyi Sym STEAM BARK METHANOL EXTRACT
Authors: Alimuddin Andi Hairil , Masriani Masriani
Published: January 2019

Screening of antimicrobial activity compound from steam bark of Shorea foxworthyi Sym by Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography method have been conducted. The result of this research can be base in elucidation of antimicrobial activity compounds from S. foxworthyi Sym. The first step was done in this research that is maceration of S. foxworthyi steam bark using methanol solvent. Fractination to methanol extract was done using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate solvent, respectively. Phytochemical screening were done to methanol, chloroform, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions. Screening of antimicrobial activity compound were done to polar fraction such as methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fraction. The bacteria were used in this screening such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. thypii, and B. Subtilis. The extract was highest antimicrobial activity choosed to test by Thin Layer Chromatography-Bioautography. The result was showed that chloroform extract was had highest antimicrobial activity and the flavonoide of compaund was considered having antimicrobial activity.   Keywords: antimicrobial, TLC-Bioautography, and Shorea foxworthyi Sym
IN VIVO STUDY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ROLE ON ANTIHYPERCHOLESTEROL ACTIVITY OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL
Authors: Raharjo Tri Joko , Widhiyati Ariyani Setyo , Asih Endah Mulya , Sumiaty Sumiaty , Tambunan Raden , Setyopratiwi Ani
Published: January 2019

The role of phenolic compounds on antihypercholeserol activity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been investigated. The in vivo studies ware carried out by treatment of two groups of Wistar white mouse (Ratus norvegicus) using high phenolic VCO and low phenolic VCO respectively, followed by analysis of lipid profile in blood and liver serum of the mouse. In addition a group of hypercholesterol mouse was treated with low phenolic VCO and the blood serum lipid profile was compared with untreated hypercholesterol mouse. The results show that phenolic compound play an important role on antihypercholesterol of VCO. Group of mouse treated with high phenolic VCO have better lipid profile (blood serum: total cholesterol: 70 mg/dL, triglyceride: 76 mg/dL, HDL: 20 mg/dL, LDL: 35 mg/dL; liver serum: total cholesterol:7 mg/dL, triglyceride: 19 mg/dL) compared with the group treated with low phenolic VCO (blood serum: total cholesterol: 82 mg/dL, triglyceride: 100 mg/dL, HDL: 21 mg/dL, LDL: 41 mg/dL; liver serum: total cholesterol: 9 mg/dL, triglyceride: 34 mg/dL). Hypercholesterol mouse tests shown that low phenolic VCO treatment result in decreasing of blood serum cholesterol level by 52.10% which was not significantly different compared to untreated mouses (decreasing of blood serum cholesterol level by 48.61%).   Keywords: antihypercholesterol, phenolic compound, VCO, in vivo
COMBINED BIOLOGICAL-PHOTOCATALYTIC TREATMENT FOR THE MINERALIZATION OF A MIXTURE OF CHLOROPHENOLS IN AN ELECTROLYTE-CONTAINING MODEL WATER AND SPONTANEOUS SEDIMENTATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: Suryaman Dhanus , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kagaya Shigehiro , Yoshimura Toshiaki
Published: January 2019

To shorten the biological treating time and to examine the effect of electrolytes in a model water on the photocatalytic treatment, the combined biological-photocatalytic treatment was evaluated for removal of a mixture (total: 100 mg L-1, each: 25 mg L-1) of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in tap water. The mineralization of the four phenols was performed by a flow (biological treatment)-circulative flow (photocatalytic treatment) operation under black light and sunlight irradiations. After a large portion of biodegradable 2-CP and 2,4-DCP, and around half amount of slightly biodegradable 2,4,5-TCP were removed by the biological treatment, the remained three chlorophenols, biorecalcitrant PCP, and  biodegradation products were completely removed by the subsequent photocatalytic treatment. The combined treatment significantly shortened the degradation time only the biotreatment. High circulative flow rate (600 mL min-1) enabled for TiO2 particles to completely suspend in a tubular photoreactor and resulted in high removals of chlorophenols and TOC. Sunlight irradiation was successfully used and the saving of the electric energy of black light was possible. Since TiO2 particles in the tap water spontaneously sedimented on standing after the photocatalytic treatment, the combined system can be operated by integrating it with the TiO2 separation.   Keywords: photocatalysis, titanium dioxide, biodegradation, pollutant, wastewater
STABILITY OF BETACYANIN PIGMENTS FROM RED PURPLE PITAYA FRUIT (Hylocereus polyrhizus) : INFLUENCE OF PH, TEMPERATURE, METAL IONS AND ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: Tang, C.S Tang, C.S , Norziah M.H Norziah M.H
Published: January 2019

Betacyanin pigments from red-purple pitaya fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) could be an attractive source of red colourant for food application. This paper presents results on the extraction of betacyanin pigments from pitaya fruits grown locally in Malaysia. Both the flesh of the fruit and its mesocarp were investigated and it was found that the flesh had higher pigment contents compared to its peel component. The concentration of betacyanins expressed as betanin equivalents per 100 g of flesh and peel were 10.1 ± 0.6 mg and 6.7 ± 0.2 mg, respectively when 80% methanol was used.  The stability of betacyanin pigments were investigated at different pH, temperature and in presence of different concentrations of metal ions (Cu2+ and Fe2+) and ascorbic acid. The results showed that the pigment was most stable at pH range between 5 and 6. However, it forfeited its stability to the heat induced at elevated temperatures. Metal ions (Cu2+ and Fe2+) proved to be capable of accelerating betacyanin degradation, with Cu2+ exhibiting the greatest effect. By contrast, supplementation with ascorbic acid could enhance the pigment stability against the detrimental effects caused by pH, temperature and metal ions. Nevertheless, if the concentration of ascorbic acid exceeds 0.7 %, it may change its role from pigment stabilizer to become a pro-oxidant.    Keywords: Betacyanin, pigments, pitaya fruit, Hylocereus polyrhizus, ascorbic acid
ISOLATION OF ACTINOMYCIN D FROM MARINE DERIVED Streptomyces
Authors: Rasyid Abdullah , Adachi Kyoko
Published: January 2019

The bioactive substance producing strain, a marine bacterium A5S-46 was found in the antibacterial screening. This strain was isolated from the artificial sponge set in the coastal seawater at Iriomote islands (Japan). The crude extract from culture broth of the strain A5S-46 was assayed to the antibacterial activity test against the seven kinds of bacterial test strains. The active substance accumulated in the both bacterial cells and culture supernatant. Based on the 1H NMR and the LC/PDA/MS data, the bioactive substance was identified to be actinomycin D.   Keywords: Marine bacteria, Actinomycin D, Antibacterial, Anticancer
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF I-, Br-, AND Cl- IN WATER USING AB INITIO PAIR POTENSIAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: Pranowo Harno Dwi
Published: January 2019

Monte Carlo simulations were performed for I-, Br- and Cl-, in water using ab initio pair potential. The systems consisting of one anion in 215 solvent molecules have been simulated at 298 K. Anion-water pair potentials have been newly developed based on ab initio calculations of split valence basis set plus polarization quality. The structure of the solvated ion is discussed in terms of radial distribution functions, coordination number and pair potential distribution. Structural properties were investigated by means of radial distribution functions and their running integration numbers, leading for the first solvation shell to an average 12.60 H2O around I- with I--O distance of 3.74 Å and I--H distance of 2.86 Å, 11.84 H2O around Br- with Br--O distance of 3.40 Å and Br--H distance of 2.42 Å, and 10.68 H2O around Cl- with Cl--O distance of 3.20 Å and Cl--H distance of 2.24 Å, respectively. The structure of the water-anion complexes are agreed with dipole orientation. Pair energy distribution of hydrated anions showed that the pair interaction energy are increase from I-, Cl-, to Br-, namely, -6.28, -9.98 and -13.67 kcal/mol, respectively. The coordination number distribution analysis for the first solvation shell of the all hydrated anions indicated a high exchange rate for the first solvation shell ligands.   Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation, halogen anion, ab initio
APPLICATION OF FENTON’S REAGENT ON REMEDIATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONs (PAHs) IN SPIKED SOIL
Authors: Nafie Nursiah La
Published: January 2019

Problem associated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated site in environmental media have received increasing attention. To resolve such problems, innovative in situ methods are urgently required. This work investigated the feasibility of using Fenton's Reagent to remediate PAHs in spiked soil. PAHs were spiked into soil to simulate contaminated soil. Fenton's Reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) and surfactant were very efficient in destruction of PAHs including naphthalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene from spiked soil. It was indicated by the fact that more than 96% of PAHs were degraded in the solution and the spiked soil.   Keywords: Environmental, Fenton's Reagent, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Spiked soil.
THE ENZYMATIC EFFECT (α-AMYLASE) ON VISCOSITY AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION OF MAIZE FLOUR MODIFIED
Authors: Suarni Suarni , Harlim Tj. , Upe Ambo , Patong Abd R.
Published: January 2019

Technology is required in making new product of maize flour. Enzymatic modification of three varieties of maize flours i.e. MS2, Srikandi and Local product has been conducted using α-amylase from mung bean sprouts has been carried out in Laboratorium Bioproses BB Pascapanen Bogor. A research was performed used the flour without addition of sprouts (as control) and with addition of 10, 20, 30 % of sprouts. Parameters observed were the change in viscosity of the maize flour; amylose, glucose and oligosaccharide contents. Results showed that there were changes in polymerization degree, dextrose equivalent, amylase content, viscosity (50 oC), viscosity (50 ºC/20΄), and carbohydrate composition. An enzymatic treatment using 20% of sprout to the three varieties gave results as follows:  amylose content was 20.02 - 24.02%, viscosity (50 ºC) was  210 - 230 BU, and viscosity (50 ºC/20΄) was 200 - 220 BU. Functional properties of the flour fulfilled with the soft texture product, such as  food material for children under five years old. Data of the modified flour can be utilized by consuments as an alternative food material.   Keywords: modified maize flour, viscosity and carbohydrate composition
OLIGOMERIC CHROMIUM(III) POLICATION SPECIES-PILLARED LAYERED TETRATITANATES ANION
Authors: Sutrisno Hari , Siswani Endang Dwi
Published: January 2019

Intercalation of oligomeric chromium(III) polycation species in layered tetratitanates was prepared by three steps: 1) ion-exchange of H+ for K+ in potasium tetratitanates, 2) intercalation of n-alchylamine (n-propylamine, n-butylamine, n-amylamine, and n-hexylamine) compounds in layered hydrogen tetratitanates by adding an aqueous solution of  5M n-alchylamine to  hydogen titanates with stiring at room temperature,  and 3) intercalation of oligomeric chromium(III) polycation species by mixing butylamine-intercalated tetratitanates with an aqueous solution of CrCl3.6H2O at pH various. The procedure was carried out by Chimie Douce method. The results showed that all of n-alchylamine-intercalated tetratitanates crystallize on monoclinic crystal system with the Bravais lattice C. The hight intensity of the first peaks (200)  indicated that butylamine and amylamine-intercalated tetratitanates have a remarkably high crystallinity without impurities phase. The interlayered distance (d) and  the lattice parameter projected along a increase with increasing the amount of C-atoms in n-alchylamine. At pH=1.3, [CrCl(H2O)5]2+ or [CrCl2(H2O)4]+ species was pillared more efective in layered tetratitanates than [Cr(H2O)6]3+ spesies and just one spesies, Cr(H2O)6]3+ at  pH=1.7. On the contrary, [Cr(OH)(H2O)5]2+ or [Cr(OH)2(H2O)4]+ was  intercalated more effevtive than [Cr(H2O)6]3+ species  at pH=5.3.   Keywords: tetratitanates, intercalation, oligomeric chromium(III) species, Chimie Douce.
INTERPRETATION OF OXYGEN –18 ISOTOPE IN SULPHATE FROM DEEP GROUNDWATER IN JAKARTA AREA
Authors: Pujiindiyati E. Ristin , Wandowo Wandowo , Abidin Zainal
Published: January 2019

It has been done a determination of d 18O (SO42-) and d 18O (H2O) value from Jakarta deep groundwater with depth 40-140 m. The aim of this research is to know some procesess influencing the composition of oxygen isotope in groundwater sulphate. A method commonly used to determine d 18O (H2O) value is according to Epstein-Mayeda. CO2 gas resulted from   equilibration process between water sample and CO2 gas standard in which oxygen isotopic reaction has occurred, is injected to mass spectrometer. For determination of d 18O (SO42-) value, Rafter method is used. CO2 gas released from reducing sulphate of water sample with graphite is injected to mass spectrometer. The results of d 18O (H2O) values obtained in this experiment have a narrow range from  -5,04 0/00 to  -6,65 0/00 SMOW whereas their d18O (SO42-) values have a wider range from +8,3 0/00 to +17,4 0/00 SMOW.  The more constant values of d 18O (H2O) performed that evaporation effects might not occur.  Based on the similarity between d18O (SO42-) values of deep groundwater and that of marine evaporite sulphate rocks, it is supposed that sulphate of Jakarta deep groundwater was derived from dissolution of this rocks. There was an indication of seawater intrusion around Pejagalan and Kamal Muara Penjaringan area based on the similarity between their d18O (SO42-) values and d18O (SO42-) of modern seawater.  The contribution of oxygen from water in sulphide oxidation reaction ranged 0% to 12% suggesting that oxygen in deep groundwater sulphate was mainly derived from atmospheric molecular oxygen   Keywords: oxygen isotope, sulphate, groundwater
STRUCTURE – ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS OF ISOEUGENOL, EUGENOL, VANILIN AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Authors: Aini Nur , Purwono Bambang , Tahir Iqmal
Published: January 2019

Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) technique between the theoretical parameters and antioxidant activities of isoeugenol, eugenol, vanillin and their derivatives as Mannich reaction products, have been analyzed. Antioxidant activities were examined by oxidation reaction of oleic acid at 60 °C with b-carotene methods, whereas theoretical parameters of the activities were determined by calculating Bonding Dissociation Enthalpy (BDE) and net charge of oxygen atom(-OH) using AM1 semi empiric methods. The result from both test showed in the following orders: BHT > Mannich product of isoeugenol > isoeugenol > Mannich product of eugenol > eugenol > Mannich product of vanillin > vanillin. The antioxidant activities increase with small the BDE value and high the net charge. Electron donating groups will increase the antioxidants activity with lowering the BDE value and increasing the net charge, while electron-withdrawing groups will decrease antioxidants activity.   Keywords: SAR, antioxidants, Bonding Dissociation Entalphy, eugenol.
IMMOBILIZATION OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE ENZYME FROM Penicillium sp-3 LOCAL STRAIN
Authors: Ahmad Ahyar , Syaiful Andi , Firman AP Firman AP , Patong Abdul Rauf
Published: January 2019

Immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme from Penicillium sp-3 local strain has been carried out using ionotropically entrapping method in  Ca-alginate membrane coupled with Na-polyacrilate. The entrapment of the enzyme in diffusion membrane occur spontaneously by cross-linking between Na-alginate/Na-polyacrilate and CaCl2. The GOD enzyme immobilized by addition of 1 % Na-polyacrilate has the highest encapsulation efficiency, that is 87.13 % with the smallest percentage of diffusion, i.e. 23.37% and the relative activity of 50%. The GOD immobilized enzyme had good stability at the pH range 4 - 7 during 30 minutes of storage and was stable at a temperature of 20 oC. The activity of the GOD enzyme after being utilized continuously for 5 times only decrease up to 47,06 % compared to that in the initial utilization.   Keywords: immobilization, glucose oxidase, Penicillium sp-3, calcium alginate, sodium  polyacrilate.