bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Head Extraction, Interregional Exchange, and Political Strategies of Control at the Site of Wata Wata, Kallawaya Territory, Bolivia, During the Transition between the Late Formative and Tiwanaku Periods (A.D. 200-800)
Authors: Becker Sara K. , Alconini Sonia
Published: March 2015

This study focuses on trophy head taking during the transition between the Late Formative period and Tiwanaku period (A.D. 200-800) based on evidence from a dedicatory offering found at the site of Wata Wata, east of the Titicaca Basin. Although trophy-head taking was common in other precontact Andean cultures, evidence of the practice among cultures from this region is usually present only in iconography and not in actual physical remains. We explore the nature of this find and its placement within the trade and ceremonial center of Wata Wata. The three individuals included in the offering underwent various levels of violence at or around the time of death, including beheading, cranial and facial fracturing, defleshingjaw removal, and possible eye extraction. Such violence makes it unlikely that the heads were offered as part of a cult to revere ancestors. We argue that these heads, entombed in a ritual cache and sealed with a capstone, embody a strategic metaphor to remove authority and influence from the individuals, because skulls can be Andean symbols of power in life and the afterlife. The violent acts carried out on these crania may also have been a way to advertise broader changes during this transitional period in the Kallawaya region, a strategic exchange corridor between ecological zones in the Central Andes.
Institutional Multilingualism in NGOs: Amnesty International’s Strategic Understanding of Multilingualism
Authors: Tesseur Wine
Published: March 2015

Institutional multilingualism is most often associated with large intergovernmental institutions such as the European Union and the United Nations. Institutional multilingualism in non-governmental organisations (NGOs), however, has remained invisible to a large extent. Like international governmental organisations (IGOs), NGOs operate across linguistic borders. This raises the question whether NGOs use language and translation in the same way as IGOs. The present article takes Amnesty International as a case study, and explores what institutional multilingualism means for this organisation, how it is reflected in its language policy, and how it is put into practice. By gaining insight into the particular case of Amnesty International, this article aims to make a contribution to institutional translation studies.
Dialogue, Reassurance and Understanding: Framing Political Translations during the 1980 and 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendums
Authors: McDonough Dolmaya Julie
Published: March 2015

In Canada during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s, more than one thousand works – and about one hundred translations – were published on the topics of Quebec nationalism, independence movements, and sovereignty referendums, in both of Canada’s official languages. Despite the diversity of these publications, which included biographies, political analyses, and polemical essays, almost all the works touched on themes that have generated controversy in Canada. The paratexts in these translations are therefore an important resource that highlight perceived differences between the political opinions of Francophone and Anglophone readers. This article will analyze the paratexts in the English and French translations to show how the target language audience was encouraged to read a translation of a work that was very clearly not addressed to them, and which in some cases even criticized the very audience it now addressed. Finally, it will examine which features these English and French paratexts do and do not share, while trying to determine why these similarities and differences exist.
Le Projet Rideau Project : le théâtre « co-lingue », le bilinguisme officiel et le va-et-vient de la traduction
Authors: Nolette Nicole
Published: March 2015

En 2009, le Théâtre la Catapulte, compagnie professionnelle francophone de création et de production théâtrale de la capitale nationale canadienne, montait un spectacle ambulatoire « co-lingue » où les spectateurs devaient circuler entre différents lieux du quartier central et historique du Marché By d’Ottawa. La composition de ce spectacle, leProjet Rideau Project, comptait six pièces de vingt minutes, dont trois étaient rédigées en français et trois en anglais, de six auteurs et metteurs en scène différents. Les négociations linguistiques au coeur du projet ont exigé l’apport de traducteurs de théâtre pour rééquilibrer la dynamique des langues dans le contexte de sa représentation : quatre pièces en anglais et deux pièces en français au festival de théâtre anglophone, et la proportion inverse au festival francophone. Selon sa propre appellation, « co-lingue », leProjet Rideau Projectmet en relief les enjeux dramaturgiques et traductologiques propres à la pratique et à la mise en scène de l’hétérolinguisme théâtral dans un contexte de bilinguisme officiel.
Updated survival analysis of two sequential prospective trials of R‐MACLO‐IVAM followed by maintenance for newly diagnosed mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Hosein Peter J. , Sandoval‐Sus Jose D. , Goodman Deborah , Arteaga Alexandra Gomez , Reis Isildinha , Hoffman James , Stefanovic Alexandra , Rosenblatt Joseph D. , Lossos Izidore S.
Published: March 2015

A phase II trial of R‐MACLO‐IVAM followed by thalidomide maintenance for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) demonstrated promising progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. Thalidomide maintenance was associated with significant toxicity and was subsequently modified to rituximab maintenance. Herein, we present updated results and follow‐up. Two sequential phase II trials included chemotherapy‐naïve patients with MCL up to 75 years old. Four cycles of R‐MACLO‐IVAM chemotherapy were delivered as previously described. Patients who achieved complete responses (CR) were eligible for thalidomide or rituximab maintenance therapy. Among 36 patients enrolled, the MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI) was low in 53%, intermediate in 36% and high in 11%. Thirty‐five patients completed at least 2 cycles of chemotherapy; 34 (94%) achieved a CR. After a median follow‐up of 74.4 months, the 5‐year PFS was 51% (95% CI 33–68%) and the 5‐year OS was 85% (95% CI 73–97%). Two deaths occurred during the chemotherapy phase due to disease progression and neutropenic sepsis, respectively. One patient developed secondary acute myeloid leukemia after 7 years. R‐MACLO‐IVAM chemotherapy is effective for patients with newly diagnosed MCL. Am. J. Hematol. 90:E111–E116, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A de novo proximal 3q29 chromosome microduplication in a patient with oculo auriculo vertebral spectrum
Authors: Guida Valentina , Sinibaldi Lorenzo , Pagnoni Mario , Bernardini Laura , Loddo Sara , Margiotti Katia , Digilio Maria Cristina , Fadda Maria Teresa , Dallapiccola Bruno , Iannetti Giorgio , Alessandro De Luca
Published: March 2015

Oculo auriculo vertebral spectrum (OAVS; OMIM 164210) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder originating from an abnormal development of the first and second branchial arches. Main clinical characteristics include defects of the aural, oral, mandibular, and vertebral development. Anomalies of the cardiac, pulmonary, renal, skeletal, and central nervous systems have also been described. We report on a 25‐year‐old male showing a spectrum of clinical manifestations fitting the OAVS diagnosis: hemifacial microsomia, asymmetric mandibular hypoplasia, preauricular pits and tags, unilateral absence of the auditory meatus, dysgenesis of the inner ear and unilateral microphthalmia. A SNP‐array analysis identified a de novo previously unreported microduplication spanning 723 Kb on chromosome 3q29. This rearrangement was proximal to the 3q29 microdeletion/microduplication syndrome region, and encompassed nine genes includingATP13A3andXXYLT1, which are involved in the organogenesis and regulation of the Notch pathway, respectively. The present observation further expands the spectrum of genomic rearrangements associated to OAVS, underlying the value of array‐based studies in patients manifesting OAVS features. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of new vinyl acetate grafting onto epoxidized linseed oil in aqueous media
Authors: Jebrane Mohamed , Cai Shengzhen , Panov Dmitri , Yang Xi , Terziev Nasko
Published: March 2015

Modified poly (vinyl acetate) copolymers with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) as co‐monomer have been prepared. The polymerization was performed in aqueous medium without any additional protective colloid in the presence of sodium persulfate as catalyst. The effect of vinyl acetate (VAc)/ELO feed ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst amount has been studied. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the reaction between ELO and VAc resulted in slight decrease and shift in ELO characteristic bands of oxirane groups; and new bands were detected in the copolymer spectra attributed to PVAc and ELO functional groups. Moreover, new signals attributable to the copolymer were observed in the 1H NMR spectra (δ 4.07 and 1.62 ppm) and in the 13C NMR spectra (δ 15.29 and 31.0 ppm). Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a single Tg for the copolymerization product of VAc and ELO and two Tg for the PVAc/ELO blend, indicating the chemical reaction between VAc and ELO. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42089.
Teleconnections and variability in observed rainfall over Saudi Arabia during 1978–2010
Authors: Athar H.
Published: March 2015

The analyses of monthly and annual variability, and the seasonal teleconnections with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El‐Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) circulation indices, for rainfall from 26 stations in Saudi Arabia (SA), for 33‐year period (1978–2010), are presented. High interannual variability with non‐monsoonal annual cycle characterizes the rainfall climate of SA in recent 33‐year period. Eight of 26 stations display statistically significant simultaneous teleconnections with IOD and ENSO in the September–October–November (SON) season. These eight stations are situated north of 21.50°N (nSA) and are located in northern and in southeastern regions of nSA.
Economic analysis of royalactin production under uncertainty: Evaluating the effect of parameter optimization
Authors: Torres‐Acosta Mario A. , Aguilar‐Yañez Jose M. , Rito‐Palomares Marco , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J.
Published: March 2015

Royalactin is a protein with several different potential uses in humans. Research, in insects and in mammalian cells, has shown that it can accelerate cell division and prevent apoptosis. The method of action is through the use of the epidermal growth factor receptor, which is present in humans. Potential use in humans could be to lower cholesterolemic levels in blood, and to elicit similar effects to those seen in bees, e.g., increased lifespan. Mass production of Royalactin has not been accomplished, though a recent article presented a Pichia pastoris fermentation and recovery by aqueous two‐phase systems at laboratory scale as a possible basis for production. Economic modelling is a useful tool with which compare possible outcomes for the production of such a molecule and in particular, to locate areas where additional research is needed and optimization may be required. This study uses the BioSolve software to perform an economic analysis on the scale‐up of the putative process for Royalactin. The key parameters affecting the cost of production were located via a sensitivity analysis and then evaluated by Monte Carlo analysis. Results show that if titer is not optimized the strategy to maintain a low cost of goods is process oriented. After optimization of this parameter the strategy changes to a product‐oriented and the target output becomes the critical parameter determining the cost of goods. This study serves to provide a framework for the evaluation of strategies for future production of Royalactin, by analyzing the factors that influence its cost of manufacture. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:744–749, 2015
Dinuclear Palladium Complexes with Two Ligand‐Centered Radicals and a Single Bridging Ligand: Subtle Tuning of Magnetic Properties
Authors: Broere Daniël L. J. , Demeshko Serhiy , de Bruin Bas , Pidko Evgeny A. , Reek Joost N. H. , Siegler Maxime A. , Lutz Martin , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar
Published: March 2015

The facile and tunable preparation of unique dinuclear [(L⋅)PdXPd(L⋅)] complexes (X=Cl or N3), bearing a ligand radical on each Pd, is disclosed, as well as their magnetochemistry in solution and solid state is reported. Chloride abstraction from [PdCl(NNOISQ)] (NNOISQ=iminosemiquinonato) with TlPF6 results in an unusual monochlorido‐bridged dinuclear open‐shell diradical species, [{Pd(NNOISQ)}2(μ‐Cl)]+, with an unusually small Pd‐Cl‐Pd angle (ca. 93°, determined by X‐ray). This suggests an intramolecular d8–d8 interaction, which is supported by DFT calculations. SQUID measurements indicate moderate antiferromagnetic spin exchange between the two ligand radicals and an overall singlet ground state in the solid state. VT EPR spectroscopy shows a transient signal corresponding to a triplet state between 20 and 60 K. Complex 2 reacts with PPh3 to generate [Pd(NNOISQ)(PPh3)]+ and one equivalent of [PdCl(NNOISQ)]. Reacting an 1:1 mixture of [PdCl(NNOISQ)] and [Pd(N3)(NNOISQ)] furnishes the 1,1‐azido‐bridged dinuclear diradical [{Pd(NNOISQ)}2(κ1‐N;μ‐N3]+, with a Pd‐N‐Pd angle close to 127° (X‐ray). Magnetic and EPR measurements indicate two independent S=1/2 spin carriers and no magnetic interaction in the solid state. The two diradical species both show no spin exchange in solution, likely because of unhindered rotation around the PdXPd core. This work demonstrates that a single bridging atom can induce subtle and tunable changes in structural and magnetic properties of novel dinuclear Pd complexes featuring two ligand‐based radicals.
Synthesis of Anionic Phosphorus‐Containing Heterocycles by Intramolecular Cyclizations Involving N‐Functionalized Phosphinecarboxamides
Authors: Robinson Thomas P. , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: March 2015

We report that the 2‐phosphaethynolate anion (PCO−) reacts with propargylamines in the presence of a proton source to afford novel N‐derivatized phosphinecarboxamides bearing alkyne functionalities. Deprotonation of these species gives rise to novel five‐ and six‐membered anionic heterocycles resulting from intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the resulting phosphide at the alkyne functionality (via 5‐exo‐dig or 6‐endo‐dig cyclizations, respectively). The nature of the substituents on the phosphinecarboxamide can be used to influence the outcome of these reactions. This strategy represents a unique approach to phosphorus‐containing heterocylic systems that are closely related to known organic molecules with interesting bio‐active properties.
Treatment decisional regret among men with prostate cancer: Racial differences and influential factors in the North Carolina Health Access and Prostate Cancer Treatment Project (HCaP‐NC)
Authors: Morris Bonny B. , Farnan Laura , Song Lixin , Addington Elizabeth L. , Chen Ronald C. , Nielsen Matthew E. , Mishel Merle , Mohler James L. , Bensen Jeannette T.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

It has been demonstrated that treatment decisional regret affects quality of life in patients with prostate cancer (CaP); however, there are limited studies that identify factors associated with treatment decisional regret, particularly within a racially diverse patient population that has extended follow‐up.

METHODS

Logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between decisional regret and potential predictors in a population‐based cohort of 348 African American men and 446 Caucasian American men approximately 3 years after CaP diagnosis.

RESULTS

Of 794 research participants, 12% experienced treatment decisional regret. Decisional regret was associated with androgen‐deprivation therapy (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1‐4.0), recent urinary bother (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.6‐7.3), satisfaction with understanding potential treatment side effects (very unsatisfied: OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 5.5‐32.2; somewhat unsatisfied: OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 2.3‐11.2; neutral: OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.9‐7.6), and CaP treatment effect on the spousal relationship (very affected: OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.0‐7.6; somewhat affected: OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4‐7.3; neutral: OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9‐7.6). Younger African Americans were more likely to experience regret than older African Americans (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1‐8.1), and older African Americans were less likely to experience regret than older Caucasian Americans (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1‐0.7).

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment decisional regret remains an important issue in CaP survivors beyond initial treatment. Potential interventions should involve younger African Americans and patient spouses. Increased regret may reflect the unexpected influence of treatment side effects on the patient's everyday life; helping the patient relate potential side effects to his individual situation could improve patient satisfaction. Cancer 2015;121:2029–2035. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Efficient, Chemical‐Catalytic Approach to the Production of 3‐Hydroxypropanoic Acid by Oxidation of Biomass‐Derived Levulinic Acid With Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Wu Linglin , Dutta Saikat , Mascal Mark
Published: March 2015

3‐Hydroxypropanoic acid (HPA), a precursor to acrylic acid, can be produced in high yield by oxidation of the biomass‐derived platform chemical levulinic acid. While treatment of levulinic acid with H2O2 under acidic conditions gives predominantly succinic acid, a remarkable reversal of selectivity is observed under basic conditions, leading either directly to HPA or, under modified conditions, initially to 3‐(hydroperoxy)propanoic acid, which can be quantitatively hydrogenated to HPA.
Generalized boundary condition memristor model
Authors: Ascoli Alon , Corinto Fernando , Tetzlaff Ronald
Published: March 2015

A number of resistive switching memories exhibit activation‐based dynamical behavior, which makes them suitable for neuromorphic and programmable analog filtering applications. Because the Boundary Condition Memristor (BCM) model accounts for tunable activation thresholds only at the on and off boundary states, it is not quantitatively accurate in the description of these kinds of memristors and in the investigation of their circuit applications. This paper introduces the Generalized Boundary Condition Memristor (GBCM) model, preserving the features of the BCM model while allowing, further, an ad‐hoc tuning of activation‐based dynamics, which enables an appropriate modulation of the conditions under which memristors may operate as storage elements or data processors. A simple circuit implementation of the novel model is presented, and time‐efficient simulations confirming the improvement in modeling accuracy over the BCM model are shown. As a proof‐of‐concept for the suitability of the GBCM model in the exploration of the full potential of memristors in neuromorphic circuits and programmable analog filters, this paper adopts it to model fundamental synaptic rules governing the mechanisms of learning in neural systems and to gain some insight into key issues in the design of a couple of filters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is suspended sediment?
Authors: Parsons Anthony John , Cooper James , Wainwright John
Published: March 2015

Suspended sediment is conventionally regarded as that sediment transported by a fluid that it is fine enough for turbulent eddies to outweigh settling of the particles through the fluid. Early work in the fluvial field attributed suspension to turbulence, and led to the notion of a critical threshold for maintaining sediment in suspension. However, research on both turbulence structures and the interactions between suspended sediment and bedforms in rivers has shown a more complex story and, although there appear to have been no studies of the impact of bedforms on aeolian suspended sediment concentrations, turbulent flow structures and transport rates of saltating particles have been shown to be affected. This research indicates that suspended sediment neither travels with the same velocity as the flow in which it is suspended, nor is it likely to remain in suspension in perpetuity, even under conditions of steady flow or in unsteady flow the where dimensionless critical threshold is permanently exceeded. Rather, like bedload, it travels in a series of hops, and is repeatedly deposited on the bed where it remains until it is re‐entrained. Is there, therefore, a qualitative difference between suspended and saltating sediment, or is it just a quantitative difference in the size of the jump length and the frequency of re‐entrainment? It is our contention that the distinction of suspension as a separate class of sediment transport is both arbitrary and an unhelpful anthropocentric artefact. If we recognize that sediment transport is a continuum and applies to any fluid medium rather than split into different “processes” based on arbitrary thresholds and fluids, then recognizing the continuity will enable development of an holistic approach sediment transport, and thus sediment‐transport models that are likely to be viable across a wider range of conditions than hitherto. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connexin43 hemichannels mediate secondary cellular damage spread from the trauma zone to distal zones in astrocyte monolayers
Authors: Rovegno Maximiliano , Soto Paola A. , Sáez Pablo J. , Naus Christian C. , Sáez Juan C. , von Bernhardi Rommy
Published: March 2015

The mechanism of secondary damage spread after brain trauma remains unsolved. In this work, we redirected the attention to astrocytic communication pathways. Using an in vitro trauma model that consists of a scratch injury applied to an astrocyte monolayer, we found a significant and transient induction of connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannel activity in regions distal from the injury, which was maximal ∼1 h after scratch. Two connexin hemichannel blockers, La3+ and the peptide Gap26, abolished the increased activity, which was also absent in Cx43 KO astrocytes. In addition, the scratch‐induced increase of hemichannel activity was prevented by inhibition of P2 purinergic receptors. Changes in hemichannel activity took place with a particular spatial distribution, with cells located at ∼17 mm away from the scratch presenting the highest activity (dye uptake). In contrast, the functional state of gap junction channels (dye coupling) was not significantly affected. Cx43 hemichannel activity was also enhanced by the acute extracellular application of 60 mM K+. The increase in hemichannel activity was associated with an increment in apoptotic cells at 24 h after scratch that was totally prevented by Gap26 peptide. These findings suggest that Cx43 hemichannels could be a new approach to prevent or reduce the secondary cell damage of brain trauma. GLIA 2015;63:1185–1199
HR Practices and Knowledge Brokering by Hybrid Middle Managers in Hospital Settings: The Influence of Professional Hierarchy
Authors: Currie Graeme , Burgess Nicola , Hayton James C.
Published: March 2015

Drawing upon the ability‐motivation‐opportunity (AMO) framework, our study extends understanding of the interaction between human resource (HR) practices and the brokering of knowledge by hybrid middle managers. Examining health care delivered to older people in a hospital setting, our study highlights that hybrid nurse middle managers broker knowledge downward through professional hierarchy to their peer group, but find it difficult to broker knowledge upward. Meanwhile, because they lack legitimacy with doctors, they lack the opportunity to broker knowledge interprofessionally. Hybrid medical middle managers are potentially more able to broker knowledge within their peer group. However, some of lower status intraprofessionally, like nurses, may lack legitimacy and opportunity to do so. Meanwhile, higher‐status medical middle managers may lack motivation to engage in knowledge brokering with peers outside their specialism. We suggest that inter‐ and intraprofessional power and status has important implications for HR practices to support knowledge brokering by hybrid middle managers. Should HR practices fail to support ability, motivation, and opportunity for knowledge brokering across and within professions, then a “broken” rather than “broker” chain may result. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychopharmacologic treatment of children prenatally exposed to drugs of abuse
Authors: Hulvershorn Leslie A. , Schroeder Kristen M. , Wink Logan K. , Erickson Craig A. , McDougle Christopher J.
Published: March 2015

Objective

This pilot study compared the pharmacologic treatment history and clinical outcomes observed in pediatric outpatients with psychiatric disorders exposed to drugs of abuse in utero to those of an age‐matched, sex‐matched and psychiatric disorder‐matched, non‐drug‐exposed group.

Methods

In this matched cohort study, medical records of children treated at an academic, child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic were reviewed. Children with caregiver‐reported history of prenatal drug exposure were compared with a non‐drug‐exposed control group being cared for by the same providers. Patients were rated with the Clinical Global Impressions—Severity scale (CGI‐S) throughout treatment. The changes in pre‐treatment and post‐treatment CGI‐S scores and the total number of medication trials were determined between groups.

Results

The drug‐exposed group (n = 30) had a higher total number of lifetime medication trials compared with the non‐drug‐exposed group (n = 28) and were taking significantly more total medications, at their final assessment. Unlike the non‐drug‐exposed group, the drug‐exposed group demonstrated a lack of clinical improvement.

Conclusions

These results suggest that in utero drug‐exposed children may be more treatment‐refractory to or experience greater side effects from the pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric disorders than controls, although we cannot determine if early environment or drugs exposure drives these findings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing Consensus Criteria for Sarcopenia: An Update
Authors: McLean Robert R , Kiel Douglas P
Published: March 2015

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, is a major cause of impaired physical function, which contributes to mobility disability, falls and hospitalizations in older adults. Lower muscle mass and strength are also associated with lower bone mineral density and greater risk for osteoporotic fractures. Thus, identification of sarcopenia could be important for fracture prevention as it may help improve fracture risk assessment, and muscle mass and strength can be improved with exercise, even among the frailest older adults. Unfortunately, there are no consensus diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. Consequently there is no guidance to help clinicians identify older adults with clinically meaningful low muscle mass or weakness. Further, development of novel sarcopenia therapies is hindered not only due to the difficulty in identifying participants for clinical trials, and but also because there are no validated, clinically appropriate endpoints for assessment of treatment efficacy. There is currently a major push to establish a consensus definition of sarcopenia, and recent work holds promise that this goal may be within reach. This article discusses the evolution of the definition of sarcopenia, and focuses on the latest recommended diagnostic criteria proposed by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project. While these empirically-based cut-points for clinically important low muscle mass and weakness are a significant step forward for the sarcopenia field, important questions remain to be answered before consensus diagnostic criteria can be definitively established. Ongoing work to refine sarcopenia criteria will further advance the field and bring this important contributor to falls, fractures and disability into the mainstream of clinical care and ultimately lead to better quality of life with aging. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Oncostatin M Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through JAK3‐STAT3 Pathway
Authors: Kakutani Yoshinori , Shioi Atsushi , Shoji Tetsuo , Okazaki Hirokazu , Koyama Hidenori , Emoto Masanori , Inaba Masaaki
Published: March 2015

Vascular calcification is a clinically significant component of atherosclerosis and arises from chronic vascular inflammation. Oncostatin M (OSM) derived from plaque macrophages may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic calcification. Here, we investigated the stimulatory effects of OSM on osteoblastic differentiation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) derived from various arteries including umbilical artery, aorta, and coronary artery and its signaling pathway. Osteoblastic differentiation was induced by exposure of HVSMC to osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) (10% fetal bovine serum, 0.1 μM dexamethasone, 10 mM β‐glycerophosphate and 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid 2‐phosphate in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium [DMEM]). OSM significantly increased alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and matrix mineralization in HVSMC from all sources. Osteoblast marker genes such as ALP and Runx2 were also up‐regulated by OSM in these cells. OSM treatment induced activation of STAT3 in HVSMC from umbilical artery as evidenced by immunoblot. Moreover, not only a JAK3 inhibitor, WHI‐P154, but also knockdown of JAK3 by siRNA prevented the OSM‐induced ALP activity and matrix mineralization in umbilical artery HVSMC. On the other hand, silencing of STAT3 almost completely suppressed OSM‐induced ALP expression and matrix mineralization in HVSMC from all sources. These data suggest that OSM promotes osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through JAK3/STAT3 pathway and may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic calcification. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1325–1333, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lyar Is a New Ligand for Retinal Pigment Epithelial Phagocytosis
Authors: Guo Feiye , Ding Ying , Caberoy Nora B. , Alvarado Gabriela , Liu Robert , Shen Chen , Yu Jisu , Zhou Yixiong , Salero Enrique , LeBlanc Michelle E. , Wang Weiwen , Li Wei
Published: March 2015

Phagocytosis is critical to tissue homeostasis, as highlighted by phagocytosis defect of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with debris accumulation, photoreceptor degeneration and blindness. Phagocytosis ligands are the key to delineating molecular mechanisms and functional roles of phagocytes, but are traditionally identified in individual cases with technical challenges. We recently developed open reading frame phage display (OPD) for phagocytosis‐based functional cloning (PFC) to identify unknown ligands. One of the identified ligands was Ly‐1 antibody reactive clone (Lyar) with functions poorly defined. Herein, we characterized Lyar as a new ligand to stimulate RPE phagocytosis. In contrast to its reported nucleolar expression, immunohistochemistry showed that Lyar was highly expressed in photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) of the retina. Cytoplasmic Lyar was released from apoptotic cells, and selectively bound to shed POSs and apoptotic cells, but not healthy cells. POS vesicles engulfed through Lyar‐dependent pathway were targeted to phagosomes and colocalized with phagosome marker Rab7. These results suggest that Lyar is a genuine RPE phagocytosis ligand, which in turn supports the validity of OPD/PFC as the only available approach for unbiased identification of phagocytosis ligands with broad applicability to various phagocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2177–2187, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylene Blue Attenuates iNOS Induction Through Suppression of Transcriptional Factor Binding Amid iNOS mRNA Transcription
Authors: Huang Chao , Tong Lijuan , Lu Xu , Wang Jia , Yao Wenjuan , Jiang Bo , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2015

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) critically contributes to the development of endotoxin‐mediated inflammation. It can be induced by cytokines or endotoxins via distinct signaling pathways. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers iNOS expression through activation of the inhibitor of κB‐α (IκB‐α)‐nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) cascade, whereas interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) acts primarily through Janus kinase (JAK)‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Methylene blue (MB), an agent used clinically to treat numerous ailments, has been shown to reduce NO accumulation through suppression of iNOS activity. But it remains unclear whether MB affects iNOS induction. This knowledge gap is addressed in the present study using cultured cells and endotoxemic mice. With mouse macrophages, MB treatment prevented the LPS‐ and/or IFN‐γ‐stimulated iNOS protein expression. Real‐time PCR experiments showed that iNOS mRNA transcription was robustly blocked by MB treatment. The inhibitory effect of MB on iNOS expression was confirmed in vivo in endotoxemic mice. Further analysis showed that MB had no significant effect on IκB‐α degradation and NF‐κB or STAT1 phosphorylation in LPS/IFN‐γ‐stimulated cells. The nuclear transport of active NF‐κB or STAT1 was also not affected by MB treatment. But MB treatment markedly reduced the binding of NF‐κB and STAT1 to their DNA elements. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that MB reduced NF‐κB and STAT1 bindings to iNOS promoter inside the cell. These studies show that MB attenuates transcriptional factor binding amid iNOS mRNA transcription, providing further insight into the molecular mechanism of MB in disease therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1730–1740, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protocadherin20 Acts as a Tumor Suppressor Gene: Epigenetic Inactivation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Tao , Long Biaoli , Ren Guosheng , Xiang Tingxiu , Li Lili , Wang Zhaohui , He Ya , Zeng Quan , Hong Suling , Hu Guohua
Published: March 2015

Genetic alterations of 13q21 (PCDH 8,9,17, and 20) are frequently observed in multiple tumors, suggesting the presence of critical tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Protocadherin20 (PCDH20), located at 13q21.2, belongs to the δ1‐protocadherins, which constitutes one of the largest subgroup within the adherin superfamily. Frequent downregulation/silencing of PCDH20 was found in NPC cell lines using semiquantitative PCR. PCDH20 mRNA was broadly expressed in normal nasopharyngeal tissues and cell lines. Promoter methylation of PCDH20 was observed in 80% (4/5) of NPC cell lines and 78.4% (40 of 51) of primary tumors by methylation‐specific PCR, but rarely in normal nasopharygeal tissues and nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line (NP69). The silencing of PCDH20 can be reversed by pharmacological demethylation, indicating an epigenetic mechanism. Restoration of PCDH20 expression in NPC cells strongly suppressed cell numbers and colony formation. Overexpression of PCDH20 antagonized Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and promoted β‐catenin to translocate from nucleus to cytoplasm and membrane. PCDH20 significantly inhibited the migration and invasion ability of NPC cells. PCDH20 also inhibited epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through enhanced expression of E‐cadherin. Our study identified PCDH20 as a functional tumor suppressor and an important antagonist of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and EMT, with frequent epigenetic inactivation in NPC. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1766–1775, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel reductive graphene oxide‐based magnetic molecularly imprinted poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) polymers for the enrichment and determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish samples
Authors: Lin Saichai , Gan Ning , Zhang Jiabin , Chen Xidong , Cao Yuting , Li Tianhua
Published: March 2015

The novel reductive graphene oxide‐based magnetic molecularly imprinted poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) polymers (rGO@m‐MIPs) were successfully synthesized as adsorbents for six kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in fish samples. rGO@m‐MIPs was prepared by surface molecular imprinting technique. Besides, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were employed as magnetic supporters, and rGO@Fe3O4 was in situ synthesis. Different from functional monomer and cross‐linker in traditional molecularly imprinted polymer, here, 3,4‐dichlorobenzidine was employed as dummy molecular and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) was adopted as the imprinted polymers. After morphology and inner structure of the magnetic adsorbent were characterized, the adsorbent was employed for disperse solid phase extraction toward PCBs and exhibited great selectivity and high adsorption efficiency. This material was verified by determination of PCBs in fish samples combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method. According to the detection, the low detection limits (LODs) of PCBs were 0.0035–0.0070 µg l−1 and spiked recoveries ranged between 79.90 and 94.23%. The prepared adsorbent can be renewable for at least 16 times and expected to be a new material for the enrichment and determination of PCBs from contaminated fish samples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the family Acetobacteraceae and their role in agriculture
Authors: Reis Veronica Massena , Teixeira Kátia Regina dos Santos
Published: March 2015

For centuries, the Acetobacteraceae is known as a family that harbors many species of organisms of biotechnological importance for industry. Nonetheless, since 1988 representatives of this family have also been described as nitrogen fixing bacteria able to plant growth promotion by a variety of mechanisms. Nitrogen fixation is a biological process that guarantees that the atmospheric N2 is incorporated into organic matter by several bacterial groups. Most representatives of this group, also known as diazotrophic, are generally associated with soil rhizosphere of many plants and also establishing a more specific association living inside roots, leaves, and others plants tissues as endophyte. Their roles as plant growth‐promoting microorganisms are generally related to increase in plant biomass, phosphate and other mineral solubilization, and plant pathogen control. Here, we report many of these plant growth‐promoting processes related to nitrogen fixing species already described in Acetobacteraceae family, especially Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and their importance to agriculture. In addition, a brief review of the state of art of the phylogenetics, main physiological and biochemical characteristics, molecular and functional genomic data of this group of Acetobacteraceae is presented.
Assessing the detectability of antioxidants in two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Bassanese Danielle N. , Conlan Xavier A. , Barnett Neil W. , Stevenson Paul G.
Published: March 2015

This paper explores the analytical figures of merit of two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography for the separation of antioxidant standards. The cumulative two‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography peak area was calculated for 11 antioxidants by two different methods—the areas reported by the control software and by fitting the data with a Gaussian model; these methods were evaluated for precision and sensitivity. Both methods demonstrated excellent precision in regards to retention time in the second dimension (%RSD below 1.16%) and cumulative second dimension peak area (%RSD below 3.73% from the instrument software and 5.87% for the Gaussian method). Combining areas reported by the high‐performance liquid chromatographic control software displayed superior limits of detection, in the order of 1 × 10−6 M, almost an order of magnitude lower than the Gaussian method for some analytes. The introduction of the countergradient eliminated the strong solvent mismatch between dimensions, leading to a much improved peak shape and better detection limits for quantification.
Fabrication of Functional Nanofibers Through Post‐Nanoparticle Functionalization
Authors: Jeoung Eunhee , Yeh Yi‐Cheun , Nelson Tyler , Kushida Takashi , Wang Li‐Sheng , Mout Rubul , Li Xiaoning , Saha Krishnendu , Gupta Akash , Tonga Gülen Y. , Lannutti John J. , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: March 2015

A facile method is developed to functionalize nanofiber surfaces with nanoparticles (NPs) through dithiocarbamate chemistry. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and quantum dots (QDs) are immobilized on the nanofiber surface. These surfaces provide scaffolds for further supramolecular functionalization, as demonstrated through the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairing of QD‐decorated fibers and fluorescent proteins.

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Steady pulsed imaging and labeling scheme for noninvasive perfusion imaging
Authors: Xu Jiadi , Qin Qin , Wu Dan , Hua Jun , Song Xiaolei , McMahon Michael T. , Northington Frances J. , Zhang Jiangyang , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Pekar James J.
Published: March 2015

Purpose: A steady pulsed imaging and labeling (SPIL) scheme is proposed to obtain high‐resolution multislice perfusion images of mice brain using standard preclinical MRI equipment. Theory and Methods: The SPIL scheme repeats a pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) module together with a short mixing time to extend the temporal duration of the generated PASL bolus to the total experimental time. Multislice image acquisition takes place during the mixing times. The mixing time is also used for magnetization recovery following image acquisition. The new scheme is able to yield multislice perfusion images rapidly. The perfusion kinetic curve can be measured by a multipulsed imaging and labeling (MPIL) scheme, i.e., acquiring single‐slice ASL signals before reaching steady‐state in the SPIL sequence. Results: When applying the SPIL method to normal mice, and to mice with unilateral ischemia, high‐resolution multislice (five slices) CBF images could be obtained in 8 min. Perfusion data from ischemic mice showed clear CBF reductions in ischemic regions. The SPIL method was also applied to postmortem mice, showing that the method is free from magnetization transfer confounds. Conclusion: The new SPIL scheme provides for robust measurement of CBF with multislice imaging capability in small animals. Magn Reson Med 75:238–248, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of renewable nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) from dimethylcarbonate
Authors: Duval Charlotte , Kébir Nasreddine , Charvet Agathe , Martin Amélie , Burel Fabrice
Published: March 2015

Novel fully renewable AA‐BB type nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) were synthesized using the transurethanization approach. Dicarbamate monomers were prepared by the reaction of a diamine with an excess of dimethylcarbonate (DMC), in presence of 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) as catalyst. Then, the dicarbamate was reacted with a diol to afford the polymer, in presence of TBD or K2CO3 as catalyst. Several renewable diamines and diols were tested. The two steps were conducted under neat conditions. The obtained materials exhibited Tg values varying from −38 to 42 °C, Tm values varying from 42 to 204 °C, and thermal stabilities above 200 °C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 1351–1359
Detection of urinary biomarkers in reservoir hosts of leptospirosis by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Nally Jarlath E. , Mullen William , Callanan John J. , Mischak Harald , Albalat Amaya
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Pathogenic leptospires colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts of infection and are excreted via urine into the environment. Asymptomatic reservoir hosts include a wide range of domestic and wild animal species and include cattle, dogs, and rats that can persistently excrete large numbers of pathogenic leptospires over many months. A similar presentation has been observed in humans categorized as “long‐term asymptomatic individuals” as they excreted leptospires in the absence of any clinical symptoms or positive serology.

Experimental design

In the current study, the urine of experimentally infected rats, which showed no clinical signs or positive serology, was analyzed by CE‐MS to identify urinary biomarkers of chronic infection.

Results

A discriminating peptide pattern of 43 polypeptides provided a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 83%, and an accuracy of 90% for the identification of urine from chronically infected rats (p< 0.05, AUC > 90%). The majority of discriminating peptides were decreased in abundance in urine of chronically infected rats, including a peptide derived from neprilysin, a membrane metalloendopeptidase, the expression of which has previously been shown to be diminished in infected urine.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Results highlight the diagnostic capabilities of urinary biomarkers to identify reservoir hosts of leptospirosis using CE coupled to MS.
A Prediction Region‐based Approach to Model Uncertainty for Multi‐response Optimization
Authors: Ouyang Linhan , Ma Yizhong , Byun Jai‐Hyun , Wang Jianjun , Tu Yiliu
Published: March 2015

Multi‐response optimization methods rely on empirical process models based on the estimates of model parameters that relate response variables to a set of design variables. However, in determining the optimal conditions for the design variables, model uncertainty is typically neglected, resulting in an unstable optimal solution. This paper proposes a new optimization strategy that takes model uncertainty into account via the prediction region for multiple responses. To avoid obtaining an overly conservative design, the location and dispersion performances are constructed based on the best‐case strategy and the worst‐case strategy of expected loss. We reveal that the traditional loss function and the minimax/maximin strategy are both special cases of the proposed approach. An example is illustrated to present the procedure and the effectiveness of the proposed loss function. The results show that the proposed approach can give reasonable results when both the location and dispersion performances are important issues. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Context and Implications Document for: Raising the achievement of white working class pupils: good practice in schools
Authors: Lewis Kirstin , Demie Feyisa
Published: March 2015

This guide accompanies the following article: Kirstin Lewis and Feyisa Demie. Raising the achievement of white working class pupils: good practice in schools. Review of Education, DOI:10.1002/rev3.3037
Supporting Teachers of English Learners by Leveraging Students' Linguistic Strengths
Authors: Jiménez Robert T. , David Sam , Pacheco Mark , Risko Victoria J. , Pray Lisa , Fagan Keenan , Gonzales Mark
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we seek to inform policy regarding the professional development of teachers of students who are learning English. To do this, we employ a framework that considers the pedagogical knowledge, practical teaching skills, and dispositions recommended by PD researchers and ELL teacher educators. We then present an approach that incorporates recommended teacher practices, dispositions, and types of knowledge that we call TRANSLATE, or Teaching Reading And New Strategic Language Approaches to English learners. We argue that translating carefully selected portions of grade‐level appropriate text has the potential to improve the English reading comprehension of ELLs. We illustrate this approach by highlighting how one of our research team's instructors was able to incorporate ELL students' linguistic expertise into their guided reading of a text so that they could engage in the kinds of metacognitive and metalinguistic behavior known to foster reading comprehension.