bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Topographical Mapping of GastricHelicobacter‐like Organisms and Their Association with Histological Changes in Apparently Healthy Dogs and Cats
Authors: Happonen I. , Saari S. , Castren L. , Tyni O. , Hänninen M.‐L. , Westermarck E.
Published: May 2010

The occurrence and topographical mapping of the gastricHelicobacter‐like organisms (GHLOs) and their association with histological changes were studied in apparently healthy dogs and cats. Multiple samples were collected for histological examination from the fundus, corpus and antrum of the stomach of 10 dogs and 10 cats. Fundus and corpus were also sampled for transmission electron microscopy (three dogs, six cats), and for culture (eight dogs, six cats). In all dogs, GHLOs were detected in the fundus and corpus, and in the antrum of nine dogs, and significantly more often in the fundus and corpus (in all sample sites examined) than the antrum (P < 0.01). In cats, GHLOs were demonstrated in 6/10 individuals, and in all regions and sample sites. In dogs GHLOs were detected in all sample sites of the fundus and corpus. Lymphocytes, plasma cells and lymphocyte aggregates were found in all dogs in all regions; there were significantly more plasma cells in the antrum than in the corpus (P < 0.05). Neutrophils were found in six dogs, and eosinophils in seven dogs. In cats, lymphocyte aggregates were found only in GHLO‐positive cats, which also had more lymphocytes in the fundus and corpus than GHLO‐negative ones (P < 0.05). In dogs, no statistically significant association was found between the number of GHLOs and inflammatory parameters. Four dogs showed histological changes comparable to mild chronic gastritis and another six dogs to mild active chronic gastritis. Mild chronic gastritis was found in the antrum of all cats, and it occurred significantly more often in the antrum than in other regions (P < 0.01). In cats, there was a statistically significant association between GHLOs and chronic gastritis in the fundus and corpus (P < 0.05). GHLOs resembling human ‘Helicobacter heilmannii’ were identified in all the dogs and cats studied by electron microscopy, andHelicobacter felisin one dog in addition. Culture was successful in three dogs and one cat; ‘H. heilmannii’ was identified in two of the dogs, andH. felisin the third dog and the cat. GHLOs were found to be common in apparently healthy dogs and cats. Based on the results of this study, one sample from the fundus and corpus is enough to demonstrate GHLOs. In cats, GHLOs may cause histological changes comparable to chronic gastritis, but in dogs this association remained unclear. It is also questionable if the histological criteria for human gastritis, used in the present study, are suitable for dogs and cats.
A Dicephalic Goat With Other Defects
Authors: Ramadan R. O.
Published: May 2010

A case of dicephalus was reported in a black‐coat female goat kid which survived for 18 h. The head was joined at the level with the axis. The trunk was single and the kid stood on four legs. The goat had duplication of the oesophagus, the heart, the lungs, the spleen and the liver. The associated defects were in the form of polycystic kidneys, unilateral atlanto‐occipital fusion and pervious urachus.
Stimulation of Food Intake by Xylazine in Sheep
Authors: Mohammad F. K. , Wahed R. A. , Al‐Dabbagh B. K.
Published: May 2010

The effect of xylazine (0.05 and 0.15 mg/kg, intramuscularly) on food (concentrate) intake was examined in ewes. Xylazine at 0.15 mg/kg significantly increased the 2 and 24 h food intake in comparison with control values. Xylazine treatments significantly and dose‐dependently decreased the heart rate, respiratory rate and ruminal motility, and increased the rectal temperature when compared with pretreatment values. The changes in the physiological variables and the slight tranquilizing effect of xylazine apparently did not interfere with the food intake. The data suggest that xylazine increases food intake in freely feeding sheep.
Outbreak of Dermatophilosis in a Horse Herd in Israel
Authors: Yeruham I. , Elad D. , Egozi O.
Published: May 2010

A retrospective study of an outbreak of dermatophilosis in a herd of 18 adult horses and 13 foals, in Israel, is presented. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time such an outbreak has been reported from a country in the Mediterranean climatic zone.

This outbreak might be associated with exposure of the horses to water and humidity as a result of excessive rainfall in November 1994, as well as intensive washing of the horses and a long period spent by the animals in a marshy manege.
Inhibition of PAF‐induced Platelet Aggregation by WEB 2086 ‘in‐vitro’, an Antagonist to the Receptor for Platelet‐Activating Factor, in Bovine
Authors: Silva M. Bastos da , Herion F. , Raskinet R. , David J.‐L. , Gustin P. , Dessy C. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

The sensitivity of bovine platelet aggregation in response to PAF stimulation and the ability of WEB 2086 (a thieno‐triazolodiazepine) to inhibit response to PAF‐induced platelet aggregation were investigated in the blood from five healthy male Belgian Blue calves. The recorded response to PAF showed a plateau which was dependent on the PAF concentration. Platelet aggregation induced by PAF consists of two mechanisms: reversible and irreversible aggregations which are accompanied by the release of platelet granule contents. Reversible aggregation occurred above (2 .10−9mol/l) PAF, and irreversible aggregation occurred above (2 .10−7mol/l) PAF. Addition of WEB 2086 to bovine plateletsin vitroinduced a rightward shift in the dose‐response curve to PAF. WEB 2086 inhibited PAF‐induced aggregation in a competitive reversible manner (pA2= 7.61). The results of our study show that PAF induces platelet aggregation in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and that addition of WEB 2086 to bovine plateletsin vitroinhibits PAF‐induced Platelet Aggregation.
Oximetry for Amniotic Fluid Embolism Detection in Mini‐pigs: Tail or Snout?
Authors: Petroianu G. A. , Maleck W. , Bergler W. F. , Altmannsberger S. H. G. , Rüfer R.
Published: May 2010

The continuous, non‐invasive real‐time monitoring of arterial oxygenation (pulse oximetry) has become a standard of care in both human and veterinary medicine. It allows reliable, simple and inexpensive assessment of the arterial oxygenation status. In pigs, commonly used sites for oximetry‐probe placement are the ear, snout or tongue, while more recently the ‘pig‐tail oximetry’ has been suggested. In a study regarding the coagulation system during amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) in mini‐pigs, we compared tail and snout for oximetry‐probe placement and compared them with the ‘gold standard’: blood‐gas analysis (BGA). In both the AFE group and the control group, the tail measurements were slightly lower and the snout measurements were slighly higher than the BGA results. In the experimental model used, both tail and snout measurements were able to detect a temporary desaturation immediately after amniotic fluid embolism (AFE). Blood‐gas analysis (BGA) performed on blood drawn from a large artery missed the event. Clinically, there is no significant difference between snout and tail as oximetry‐probe placement sites: both are reliable oximetry sites in mini‐pigs.
Duodeno‐Abomasal Reflux in Cows with Abomasal Displacement
Authors: Geishauser T. , Seeh C.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate abomaso‐duodenal digesta transport during abomasal displacement and after surgical correction of the abomasum, using intra‐abomasal bile acid concentration. In healthy cows, bile acids were found in the abomasum, indicative of duodeno‐abomasal reflux being a physiological event. In cows with left abomasal displacement (LDA), right abomasal displacement (RDA) and abomasal volvolus (AV), abomasal bile acid concentration was significantly higher than in healthy control cows. This was found to be true during surgery, on the first day as well as on the third day after surgery. Abomasal bile acid concentration was significantly different between LDA, RDA and AV, with LDA, RDA and AV showing lowest, intermediate and highest values respectively. In those with LDA and RDA, abomasal bile acid concentration significantly increased from surgery to first day after surgery, and decreased from first to third day after surgery. In AV cows, however, bile acid concentration declined constantly from surgery to third day after surgery. These findings indicate pathological duodeno‐abomasal reflux during abomasal displacement and after surgical correction of the abomasum. Reflux seems to differ between forms of displacement (LDA < RDA < AV) and during recovery. Pathological duodeno‐abomasal reflux is discussed as a consequence of functional and/or mechanical impediments on abomaso‐duodenal digesta transport during abomasal displacement and after surgical correction of the abomasum.
Total and Differential Cell Count by Direct Microscopic Method on Ewe Milk
Authors: Morgante M. , Ranucci S. , Pauselli M. , Beghelli D. , Mencaroni G.
Published: May 2010

On 700 milk samples from single half udders of Comisana ewes, somatic cell count (SCC) and differential cell count (DCC) were determined, using a Fossomatic 90 cell counter (Foss Electric, Denmark) (SCCF) and milk smears stained with May Grünwald‐Giemsa (DCCS). SCC and DCC were also determined with modified KOVA® SYSTEM (Hicor Biomedical Inc. Irvine, CA, USA) (SCCK and DCCK, respectively). Out of 665 milk samples from half udders without clinical signs of mastitis, 640 (Class I) were sterile, while 25 (Class II) were bacteriologically positive. Out of 35 milk samples (Class III) from half udders with clinical signs of mastitis, 25 were bacteriologically positive. Mean results (after logarithmic transformation of cells/ml/103) of SCCF and SCCK for all the 700 milk samples were 1.89 ± 0.58 and 1.86 ± 0.60 with linear correlation coefficient (r) of 0.960, while least squares means for Class I, II and III were 1.78, 2.23 and 3.73 respectively and 1.75, 2.19 and 3.74 with r of 0.894, 0.979 and 0.987. Mean results of DCCS and DCCK were 38.1 ± 23.3, 34.9, 52.1, and 82.2 PMNL% and 41.8 ± 21.7, 38.6, 60.2, and 87.3 PMNL% with r of 0.855, 0.812, 0.697 and 0.805. The results showed high correlation coefficients and a good reliability between SCCK and SCCF and high correlation coefficients for DCC methods. In conclusion, it could be suggested that the possibility of routine use of the KOVArSYSTEM method is particularly useful in detecting if an abnormal SCC is due to a polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes increase.
Clinical and Pathological Aspects of an Outbreak of Equine Leukoencephalomalacia in Spain
Authors: Cerrillo G. Naranjo , Rodríguez F. Soler , Gordo L. Gómez , Salcedo M. Hermoso de Mendoza , Cordero V. Roncero
Published: May 2010

In 1988 an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia was diagnosed in equids that had eaten corn with a pinkish fungal growth. The fungus was then identified as Fusarium moniliforme.

The main symptoms observed appeared acutely and were overexcitement, blindness, incoordination, facial paralysis and death within 24 h. The main pathological changes were restricted to the central nervous system. Macroscopically they consisted of hyperemia and haemorrhages, the consistency was friable and the gyri were somewhat flattened. Microscopically, the lesions were profuse and had extensive haemorrhages, and numerous neurons appeared in different stages of degeneration and necrosis, with satellitosis and neuronophagia. Perivascular cuffs formed by macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes were also observed. These lesions were present in both brain and cerebellum, with a marked oedema and massive necrosis of the Purkinje cell layer of the latter.
Sprayed Medicated Feed with Sulfadimidine for Piglets
Authors: Wanner M. , Küng K. , Riond J.‐L.
Published: May 2010

The bioavailability of two different forms of medicated feed containing 2000 mg sulfadimidine (SDM) per kg was determined in three groups of eight piglets. In the first group, pharmacokinetic parameters of SDM were determined after a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and after single oral doses of 45 mg/kg body weight ingested either as an oleus solution sprayed directly onto the feed pellets ready for use (SPR) or as a commercially available premix incorporated into the feed before pelletising (PMX). After the single intravenous administration, the mean ± SD of the volume of distribution was 0.34 ± 0.05 1/kg, the total body clearance 0.37 ± 0.07 ml/minkg, the mean residence time 15.5 ± 2.5 h, and the elimination half‐life 11.1 ± 2.0 h. Although no statistical significance existed, a single meal with PMX was associated with slightly higher mean values for the maximum serum concentration (Cmax), the time to reach Cmax, and the bioavailability (52.98 ± 6.60 μg/ml, 6.8 ± 1.1 h, 59.7 ± 12.1%, respectively, vs. 40.04 ± 13.19 μg/ml, 6.0 ± 1.4 h, 49.0 ± 18.6% for SPR). The remaining two groups of piglets received medicated feed with either SPR or PMX during a 3‐day period both with restrictive (twice‐daily) or ad libitum feeding according to a cross‐over design. In all four cases, potentially efficacious plasma SDM concentrations between 50 and 150 μg/ml were obtained within 24 h after initiation of the treatment. With PMX, plasma concentrations tended to be higher than with SPR with both feeding regimens. Ad libitum feeding was associated with a significantly higher food intake and hence a higher SDM intake resulting in higher plasma concentrations. Additionally, plasma concentrations were more constant over time with ad libitum feeding whereas they declined considerably between meals in restrictively fed animals. In vitro dissolution tests of the two types of medicated feed revealed that SDM was rapidly released from SPR (58% within 15 min) and that SDM release from PMX was markedly slower (3% within 15 min). Despite the relatively slow rate of in vitro dissolution, in vivo absorption of SDM was satisfactory. It is concluded that both forms of SDM medicated feed may be considered bioequivalent and potentially efficacious in piglets.
Effect of a Paramunity Inducer on Reproductive Performance of Gilts
Authors: Kyriakis S. C. , Alexopoulos C. , Giannakopoulos K. , Tsinas A. C. , Saoulidis K. , Kritas S. K. , Tsiloyiannis V.
Published: May 2010

Optimal reproductive performance of gilts is an economically important characteristic which is influenced amongst others by the general health condition of the animal. In the present pilot study, we examined whether reproductive performance of gilts that were transported from a breeding to a commercial farm can be improved by paramunization, e.g. by enhancing the non‐specific immunological response of the animal. Three groups of gilts were submitted to various treatments as follows. The first group received no treatment and served as the control group. The gilts of the second group were injected twice with a paramunity inducer derived from a sheep parapoxvirus (Baypamun liquid, Bayer, Germany), once 2 days before the transport and a second time 2 h before departure. The gilts of the third group were treated as those of the second group, but received an additional injection 2 days after their arrival at the commercial farm. Gilts were compared up to their first farrowing with regard to the appearance of oestrus, the number of the gilts which became pregnant, and the cost of supportive medication. Their litter size at farrowing, the number of piglets born alive and the litter weight have also been recorded. The results show that the number of gilts that showed oestrus and became pregnant was increased after Baypamun liquid treatment, particularly in the third group. The cost of supportive medication per gilt was much lower in treated groups compared to untreated animals. The treatment did not have a significant effect on the total number of piglets born, but some beneficial effect was seen in the number of piglets born alive and the average piglet weight at birth of gilts treated three times with Baypamun liquid. It was concluded that paramunization of gilts at the time of transport may improve their reproductive performance.
Xylazine Impairs the Anticonvulsant Activity of Conventional Antiepileptic Drugs in Mice
Authors: Wlaź P. , Roliński Z.
Published: May 2010

In this study the influence of xylazine upon the threshold of electrically‐induced convulsions and the anticonvulsant action of diazepam, phenobarbital and phenytoin was studied in mice. All drugs were given as solutions intraperitoneally (i.p.). Xylazine did not alter seizure threshold at any of the doses tested (range 0–6 mg/kg i.p.). However, when combined with seizure‐increasing doses of phenobarbital and phenytoin, xylazine at a dose of 2 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the ability of these anticonvulsants to increase seizure threshold. Xylazine also reduced the anticonvulsant effect of diazepam, though insignificantly. Our data indicate that xylazine should be contraindicated in animals on the anticonvulsant medication.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis: Potential Test for Use in Geriatric Companion Animal Health Programmes
Authors: Batamuzi E. K. , Kristensen F. , Jensen A. L.
Published: May 2010

The electrophoretic patterns of 117 serum samples from 37 clinically healthy old dogs (age: 10.0 ± 2.5 years, ẍ ± SD) 47 old dogs (age: 9.7 ± 2.0 years) with different diseases, 18 clinically healthy young dogs (age: 2.9 ± 1.6 years) and 15 young dogs (age: 2.0 ± 1.0 years) with different diseases were evaluated using agarose as a supporting matrix. Three major electrophoretic patterns were identified after densitometric scanning. The first pattern was a predominant pattern for the young healthy dogs (found in 67% of dogs in that group) and was considered normal for healthy dogs. The second pattern had relatively higher proportions of β and γ globulins (polyclonal immunoglobulinaemia) and was a predominant pattern among the old healthy dogs (found in 51% of dogs in that group). The findings regarding the second pattern appear to suggest that they had been exposed to antigens during their lives and that they had a well developed and responsive humoral immune response. The third pattern was characterized by high levels of α globulins, it was the most common pattern in the old diseased dogs (found in 70% of the dogs in that group). The third pattern was considered to indicate an inflammatory response among old dogs when compared to young dogs (P < 0.01). These patterns appear to suggest that because of aging and/or accumulated injury geriatric dogs will have high levels of polyclonal γ‐globulinaemia or acute phase reactants.

The observed patterns, especially the one showing high levels of α‐globulins, could be a valuable parameter in the search for individuals requiring special attention and thus for the establishment of health programmes for geriatric dogs. With further effort, serum protein electrophoresis might prove to be a useful test for the evaluation of geriatric companion animals for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic reasons.
Collagen Dysplasia in a Litter of Garaffiano Shepherd Dogs
Authors: Rodríguez F. , Herráez P. , Monteros A. Espinosa de los , Calabuig P. , Rodríguez J. L.
Published: May 2010

A connective tissue disease resembling the human Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome is reported in three Garafiano shepherd dogs from the same litter. The clinical signs included skin hyperextensibility and fragility, joint laxity, and ocular lesions. Microscopical studies showed abnormalities in the packing of collagen in fibrils and fibres in the skin. Systemic connective tissue defects were demonstrated in one necropsied puppy.
Responses of Heat Stressed Chickens to Exogenous Reverse Triiodothyronine (rT3)
Authors: Bobek S. , Sechman A. , Wieczorek E. , Wronska‐Fortuna D. , Koziec K. , Niezgoda J.
Published: May 2010

Heat stress is accompanied by a decrease in basal metabolic rate and plasma thyroid hormones. Unlike 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), 3,3′,5′‐triiodothyronine (rT3) displays hypometabolic properties and antagonizes the hypermetabolic effect of T3. This study analyses the role of rT3 in heat (38–39 °C) stressed immature chickens. Two experiments which differed in frequency of rT3 injections (one or two times a day), duration of heat stress (72 or 48 h) and blood sampling were performed. The dose was 14 μg rT3/100 g b.wt./injection (s.c.). It has been shown that rT3 treatment aggravates heat stress symptoms (enhances circulating corticosterone, catecholamines and free fatty acids) and increases mortality. The critical survival time of the rT3 treated and heated birds was at first 24 h of stress. No more chickens died during the next days of the experiment despite the continuation of rT3 injection, suggesting that rT3 might disturb the adaptation to heat. Reverse T3 in heat stressed chickens led to the highest reduction in food consumption (69.9 %) and body weight gain (14.0 % compared to initial weight). The opposite effect in water consumption (216.9 %) was observed. In a neutral environment, rT3 significantly suppressed body temperature 6 h after injection (40.4; control: 41.1 °C), confirming its hypometabolic properties. However, at the same time rT3 significantly enhanced body temperature in heat stress (43.03 versus heated control 42.56 °C). In addition, in rT3 treated birds decreased plasma triglycerides (TG; 24.3 %) and increased plasma free fatty acids (FFA; neutral temperature: 26.4 %; heat stress: 57 %) were demonstrated. A correlation between corticosterone and FFA (r = 0.52) shows that some of the FFA may originate from lipolysis since hormones of the pituitary‐adrenocortical axis accelerate lipolysis. The remaining part of the increased FFA appears to be due to suppressed utilization of FFA as a consequence of hypometabolic properties of rT3. Low and negative relation between TG and FFA (r = −0.26; P < 0.05) may support such an assumption. The two times higher peak of corticosterone in the rT3 and the overheated group, as compared to the heated control, occurred at 6 h of heat stress and indicates that rT3 increases the unfavourable effect of high temperature. This was also confirmed by elevated plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline in rT3‐injected and heated chickens (55.5 and 120%, respectively). However, a single and two times higher peak of adrenaline at 24 h of heat stress was observed in saline treated birds, but not in rT3 supplemented animals, suggesting that this difference might explain one of the factors responsible for high mortality. In conclusion, the results obtained demonstrate that physiological doses of rT3, a hypometabolic hormone, enhance the unfavourable effect of heat stress in chickens.
Effect of 5‐HT2and 5‐HT3Receptor Antagonists on Cholera Toxin‐Induced Fluid Hypersecretion in the Pig Jejunum
Authors: Grøndahi M. L. , Jensen G. M. , Skadhauge E. , Hansen M. B.
Published: May 2010

5‐Hydroxytryptamine is a mediator in cholera toxin‐induced hypersecretion in the small intestine. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists ketanserin, granisetron, ondansetron and tropisetron on cholera toxin‐induced hypersecretion in the pig jejunum. Hypersecretion was induced by cholera toxin in ligated jejunal loops. The antagonists were administered subcutaneously at a dose of 100 μg/kg. Furthermore, the effect of intraluminally instilled ondansetron was studied. None of the antagonists altered basal absorption or caused fluid hypersecretion. Cholera toxin caused a dose‐dependent electrolyte and fluid hypersecretion. The apparent maximal effect, 6.8 ± 0.4 mg fluid x mg dry loop−1, was reduced by ondansetron, granisetron and tropisetron by about 40 %, 30 %, and 20 %, respectively, whereas ketanserin had no effect. Intraluminal ondansetron reduced the effect of cholera toxin by about 50 %. These results demonstrate that 5‐hydroxytryptamine3antagonists administered subcutaneously reduce the cholera toxin‐induced hypersecretion in the pig jejunum. Finally, the results support species differences with respect to the antagonistic effect of the tested drugs in cholera toxin‐induced hypersecretion.
Immunohistochemical Examination of Light‐chain Expression (Λ/kRatio) in Canine, Feline, Equine, Bovine and Porcine Plasma Cells
Authors: Arun S. S. , Breuer W. , Hermanns W.
Published: May 2010

Five species of domestic animals were examined immunohistochemically and the light‐chain ratios of the immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells analysed. Forty dogs, 11 cats, 10 horses, 11 cattle and 14 pigs were tested using the sequential indirect immunoperoxidase and immunophosphatase methods. Tissues from the tonsils, spleen and cervical lymph nodes were analysed. It could be seen that the Λ/kratio in dogs, cats, horses and cattle is largely dominated by the Λ chains (Λ/kratio in dogs: 91/9 %, in cats: 92/8 %; in horses: 96/4 %; in cattle: 91/9 %). A more or less balanced ratio was observed only in the case of the pigs (52/48 %).
Human‐Interferon und60Kobalt‐Bestrahlung bei Tumorzellen des Hundes und der Katze–‐präklinische Studien
Authors: Kessler M. , Hammer A. S. , Bailey M. Q. , Tempel K. H. , Matis U.
Published: May 2010

Effects of Human Interferons and60Cobalt Radiation on Canine and Feline Tumour Cells–‐Preclinical Studies

This study examined the effects of recombinant human interferons (rHuIFN) α 2a, α 2b and γ on canine and feline tumour‐cell proliferation and radiosensitivity. Sensitivity of the cell lines to radiation and rHuIFN varied according to the histologic origin of the cells. In radiation experiments, one fraction of 400 cGy produced survival rates of between 76 and 25%. Sensitivity to IFN was higher in cell lines derived from round cell tumours compared to those derived from solid tumors. At doses of 100 and 1000 U/ml IFN α and IFN γ, survival rates of between 70 and 80% were observed. In combined treatment experiments, increase in IFN or radiation dose produced higher cell kills. Increasing the number of fractions had the most pronounced effect. Even small doses of human interferons can have significant effects on animal tumour cellsin vitro.
Effect of Cholera Toxin on Glucose Absorption and Net Movements of Water and Electrolytes in the Intestinal Loop of Sheep
Authors: Hyun H. S. , Onaga T. , Mineo H. , Kim J. T. , Kato S.
Published: May 2010

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of cholera toxin on glucose absorption and net movement of water and electrolytes in the jejunal loop of sheep. Intraluminal perfusion was performed at the rate of 1 ml/min with isotonic 10 mM glucose solution. Osmolality was adjusted by adding NaCl, and the outflow solution was collected every 10 min. After a 30 min control period, cholera toxin was applied intraluminally for 30 min at doses of 30, 60, and 120 μg/loop. In the control period, water, sodium and chloride were absorbed, while potassium and bicarbonate were secreted. Cholera toxin reversed the net absorption of water, sodium and chloride to net secretions, and this secretory response to cholera toxin was dose‐dependent. Bicarbonate secretion was stimulated dose‐dependently by cholera toxin. Potassium secretion was also increased at all doses, though this response was not dose‐dependent. The net glucose absorption was decreased dose‐dependently by cholera toxin. In conclusion, these results indicate that cholera toxin stimulates water and electrolyte secretion, and inhibits glucose absorption in the jejunal loop of sheep.
Mitotic Phase Distribution, Mitotic Activity and Apoptosis in Basal Cell Tumours of Canine Skin
Authors: Maiolino P. , Vico G. De , Papparella S.
Published: May 2010

This study evaluates the mitotic phase distribution, mitotic activity and apoptosis in 17 basal cell tumours of canine skin. The number of mitotic and apoptotic cell/mm2 of neoplastic epithelium is counted and the volume corrected mitotic and apoptotic index, respectively, are obtained (M/V and A/V index). Transmission electron microscopy is performed on selected cases to confirm the typical features of apoptosis.

The M/V index ranges from 9 to 45/mm2 of neoplastic epithelium, while the A/V index ranges from 5 to 111/mm2 of neoplastic epithelium. Even if the number of apoptotic cells is slightly higher than that of mitotic cells and vice versa, the mean values of the two parameters (mean M/V = 20.76 ± 10.86, mean A/V = 31.41 ± 24.53) tend to be equal. In fact, apoptotic and mitotic index are not statistically different (P = 0.11).

Furthermore, in all the samples examined, an increased proportion of metaphases (46.82%) is observed. These findings suggest that the discrepancy between apparent mitotic activity and tumour growth may be mainly due to the increased duration of the entire cell cycle rather than to the high incidence of apoptosis.
Morphological Studies on Experimental Oleander Poisoning in Cattle
Authors: Oryan A. , Maham M. , Rezakhani A. , Maleki M.
Published: May 2010

Oleander poisoning has been reported in man and animals. The present experiments address the gross and microscopic changes due to oleander poisoning in cattle. Minimum lethal doses (50 mg/kg) of oleander leaves were orally administered to three calves in a single dose and each of the other three animals received the same lethal dose in three equal parts with 24‐h intervals. The lesions in the three animals which received 50 mg/kg in a single dose resulted from the direct effect of the toxin on the vascular endothelial bed and demonstrated as petechial and diffused haemorrhages, congestion, oedema, cell degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs, heart, mesentry, kidneys, serosal and mucosal surfaces of omasum, abomasum and the intestine. The lungs also showed atelectasis, emphysema and disseminated intravascular coagulation. On the other hand, the animals which received divided doses showed lesions due to long‐term exposure to the toxic agent and/or as the result of tissue ischaemia. The lungs also showed cell necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in the interstitial tissue, and some of the cardiac muscle fibres rather showed fibromyolysis and cell infiltration between muscle fibres, epicardium and endocardium. The intestinal villi showed haemorrhagic, degenerative and necrotic changes and the eosinophils were infiltrated in mucosal and submucosal layers of this organ. Multifocal degenerative and necrotic changes with inflammatory cell infiltration were also present in the liver parenchyma.
Pre‐ and Postprandial Total Serum Bile Acid Concentration Following Acute Liver Damage in Dogs
Authors: Turgut K. , Demir C. , Ok M. , ÇIftçi K.
Published: May 2010

The importance of preprandial and postprandial total bile acids were investigated in dogs with liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration.

Six healthy and mature dogs were used. After base‐line clinical and biochemical examinations, hepatocellular damage was induced by oral CCI4administration. Determinations of plasma total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), total and direct bilirubin (TBil, DBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) along with histologic examination of the livers 10 days following CCl4administration were conducted to ensure that hepatic damage was in fact induced by the CCl4administration. Twelve h fasting preprandial and 2 h postprandial serum total bile acids (PRSBA, POSBA) concentrations were also measured.

The median plasma TP, Alb, TBil and DBil concentrations did not show any difference (P > 0.05) during the study. Plasma ALT activities increased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) between on the 3rd and 10th days of the experiment. The median serum values of PRSBA and POSBA were significantly different (P < 0.01) on the first day and continued to be different during the experiment.

In conclusion, POSBA seemed to be more reliable than PRSBA in the diagnosis of hepatic necrosis.
Combined Effect of Web 2086 (Paf Antagonist) and Ketoprofen (Nsaid) on Paf‐inducedex vivoPlatelet Aggregation in Bovine
Authors: da Silva M. Bastos , Herion F. , Raskinet R. , David J.‐L. , Gustin P. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

The effect of the specific PAF‐antagonist WEB 2086, a thieno‐triazolo‐diazepine, and ketoprofen, a NSAID, was investigated on PAF‐induced bovine platelet aggregation measuredex vivoin platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). WEB 2086 was infused intravenously over 1 min followed immediately by ketoprofen administration over 1 s (both drugs = 3 mg/kg), in a group of six healthy male Friesian calves. Depending on the PAF concentration, a reversible (10−8− 10−9mol/l) and irreversible (10−5−10−7mol/l) platelet aggregation was observed. The reversible aggregation was completely blocked by pretreatment of the animal with WEB 2086 and ketoprofen. The inhibitory effects observed during the irreversible aggregation were 47.22%, 54.00% and 88.00% at 10−5, 10−6and 10−7mol/l PAF, respectively. Moreover, the aggregation obtained in these condition became reversible. Maximal inhibitory effect of WEB 2086 and ketoprofen on PAF‐induced platelet aggregation in calves was observed within 30 min after administration of both drugs. This inhibition persisted even after 24 h and was significantly different from control with P < 0.05. The combined effect of both drugs exceeded the sum of the individual effects (synergism).

It was concluded that WEB 2086 and ketoprofen very effectively blocked PAF‐induced bovine platelet aggregation in platelet‐rich plasma. The study also suggested a synergism between both substances.
Plasma and Liver α‐tocopherol in Dairy Cows with Left Abomasal Displacement and Fatty Liver
Authors: Mudron P. , Rehage J. , Sallmann H.‐P. , Mertens M. , Scholz H. , Kovac G.
Published: May 2010

Thirty dairy cows with left abomasal displacement (LAD) and 14 healthy control cows were studied to assess the status of the natural antioxidant vitamin E, lipid peroxidation in the liver (malondialdehyde‐formation) and its relationship to hepatic lipidosis. Blood concentrations of α‐tocopherol, aminotransferase, glutamin dehydrogenase, free fatty acids, β‐hydroxybutyrate and glucose were determined, α‐tocopherol, tryglyceride, glycogen and malondialdehyde (MDA) in wet liver tissue samples were examined. The dietary α‐tocopherol intake and its plasma changes in LDA cows were also investigated. Cows were divided into four groups according to their liver triglyceride contents (< 20; 20–80; > 80 mg/g of fresh tissue; and control groups). The lowest plasma vitamin E and the highest liver vitamin E levels were found in cows with highest hepatic triglyceride content. The highest increase in plasma α‐tocopherol within 5 days was seen in cows with the lowest liver triglyceride (P < 0.01). The liver triglyceride was positively correlated with liver MDA (r = 0.38; P < 0.05) and negatively with plasma α‐tocopherol (r = −0.41; P < 0.01).
Evaluation of Three Pancreas Specific Protein Assays, TLI(Trypsin‐Like Immunoreactivity), PASP (Pancreas Specific Protein) and CA 19–9 (Glycoprotein) for use in the Diagnosis of Canine Pancreatitis
Authors: Archer F. J. , Kerr M. E. , Houston D. M.
Published: May 2010

Three radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the pancreas specific proteins TLI, PASP and CA 19–9 were evaluated in serum from normal control dogs (n = 40) and dogs with pancreatitis (n = 20). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found for serum TLI and PASP levels between the control and pancreatitis groups. However, only 3/20 dogs with pancreatitis had serum TLI concentrations greater than the highest concentration in control dogs. Concentrations of PASP in serum were higher in 15/20 dogs with pancreatitis than in the control dogs. The magnitude of the increase in concentrations of PASP in pancreatitis was small in the majority of cases. Thus these assays are of limited clinical value in the diagnosis of pancreatitis. There was no cross‐reactivity with dog serum in the CA 19–9 assay.
Efficacy of the Combination Sodium Ceftiofur‐Flumethasone in the Treatment of ExperimentalPasteurella haemolyticaBronchopneumonia in Calves
Authors: Sustronck B. , Deprez P. , Loon G. Van , Coghe J. , Muylle E.
Published: May 2010

Severe acute bronchopneumonia was induced in 18 conventional Friesian‐Holstein calves by inoculating them intratracheally with Pasteurella haemolytica type Al. Six of the calve received no treatment and served as controls. Six of the calves were treated with sodium ceftiofur and six were treated with sodium ceftiofur and flumethasone. The mortality rate in the group of calves treated with sodium ceftiofur and flumethasone was significantly lower and their clinical and haematological parameters returned to normal significantly faster than in the control calves and the calves treated with sodium ceftiofur alone.
A Comparative Study of Medetomidine‐Butotphanol‐Ketamine and Medetomidine‐Ketamine Anaesthesia in Dogs
Authors: Tomizawa N. , Tomita I. , Nakamura K. , Hara S.
Published: May 2010

The anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine (20 μg/kg)‐butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg)‐ketamine (MBK)(2.5, 5.0, 7.5mg/kg) and medetomidine (40 μg/kg)‐ketamine (5.0 mg/kg) (MK) were compared in dogs. The induction time (time from the initial injection of the sedative to lateral recumbency) by medetomidine‐butorphanol (6.0 ± 2.3 min) was significantly shorter than that by medetomidine alone (10.4 ± 2.9 min). The duration of anaesthesia induced by MK was shorter than that by MBK2.5. The analgesic effects of MBK were more potent man those of MK Mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly after administration of the sedatives, and then decreased to base‐line value after the ketamine injection and remained stable throughout the experimental period. Respiratory rate decreased gradually after the administration of each sedative and was depressed until 60 min after the ketamine injection. MBK anaesthesia is effective and widely available for therapeutic procedures depending upon the selection of the ketamine dose.
The Effect of Neomycin on the Kidney Function of the Horse
Authors: Fuentes V. O. , Gonzalez H. , Sanchez V. , Fuentes P. , Rosiles R.
Published: May 2010

The toxic effect of neomycin on the horse kidney was studied. Twelve horses were used, and were divided at random into three groups of four. The first group was treated twice a day with 10 mg/kg I.M. for 15 days and then euthanised; kidney and liver samples were studied and no histopathological changes were observed. Group 2 was treated with neomycin sulphate as in group 1, and group 3 was used as control. Blood samples were taken at 8.00 h and 20.00 h daily from both neomycin treated and control horses. Serum creatinine, potassium, sodium and urinary creatinine remained without change. On day 6 of treatment plasma urea (Urea)p decreased to 5.6 ± 2.0 mmol/L (P < 0.001) as compared with controls (8.0 ± 2 mmol/L). Urinary excretion of GGT increased on the third day of treatment to 118.6 ± 1 IU/L for treated and 89 ± 8 IU/L for controls (P < 0.001). Thereafter, GGT continued to be elevated significantly for the duration of the experiment, as compared with controls. The (GGT)/(Cr)u ratio increased significantly on the 9th day of treatment, and continued to be elevated for 6 days after treatment. Neomycin kinetics were similar during treatment. It was concluded that neomycin, in the dose used, was not harmful to kidney function in the horse.
A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of the Structural Component of the Bovine Vaginal Fluid at Oestrus
Authors: Rutllant J. , López‐Gatius F. , Camón J. , López‐Plana C. , López‐Béjar M.
Published: May 2010

The ultrastructure of the vaginal fluid of cows at oestrus was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Samples of vaginal fluid were collected from 7 normally cycling and healthy cows, 3 to 4 years of age, in oestrus. Evaluation of the patterns of crystallization was used as a previous assessment of the quality of the samples. SEM images revealed a structure made up of non‐oriented filaments constituting a network with a three‐dimensional arrangement. These filaments were of different diameters and ranged between 50 and 400 nm. Mesh size, defined as the minimum distance measurement between strands, ranged between 2 to 8 μm.
Food‐associated Drinking in Pygmy Goats: Importance of Histamine Receptors
Authors: Rossi R. , Rokitzky J. , del Prete E. , Scharrer E.
Published: May 2010

The combined effect of the histamine receptor antagonists Dexbrompheniramine (DXB: H1‐receptor antagonist) and Cimetidine (C: H2‐receptor antagonist) on food and water intake was investigated in pygmy goats. DXB (1 mg/kg BW0.75) and C (16 mg/kg BW0.75) were injected together intraperitoneally (i.p.)‐Cumulative food and water intake, as well as meal and draft pattern, were recorded. DXB and C significantly reduced cumulative water intake, whereas cumulative food intake did not change. Water to food ratio was also significantly diminished. Draft frequency and the percentage of drafts associated with meals were significantly reduced during the 6 h post injection, while meal frequency and meal size did not change during this period. The results show that blockade of the H1 and H2‐histamine receptors attenuates the association between water and food intake in pygmy goats. Therefore, mechanisms responsible for meal‐associated drinking seem to depend upon activation of histamine receptors.
Fat/Protein Ratio in First DHI Test Milk as Test for Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cows
Authors: Geishauser T. , Leslie K. , Duffield T. , Edge V.
Published: May 2010

First DHI test milk that was sampled prior to displaced abomasum (DA) diagnosis was used to evaluate milk fat/protein ratio (FPR) for prediction of subsequent DA in dairy cows. Odds ratio, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratio were determined. Twenty‐seven DA cases were matched to three controls per case by herd and calving date. Milk was tested 18 to 23 days (95% CI) after calving, which was 9 to 17 days (95% CI) prior to DA diagnosis. Adjusted for parity and days in milk, a fat/protein ratio ≥1.4 was 8.6 times more likely (95% CI, 2.8 to 26) to come from a cow subsequently diagnosed with DA than a fat/protein ratio < 1.4. Using the cut off value of 1.4, the sensitivity of the FPR for DA was 80% and the specificity was 69%. A response operating characteristics curve indicated that the minimum sum of false negative and false positive results was at an FPR cut off value of 1.4. The likelihood ratio indicated that fat/protein ratios ≥ 1.6 are 3.3 times more likely to come from cows that are diagnosed subsequently with DA than from cows without DA. The fat/protein ratio in first DHI test milk might be useful as a test for subsequent DA in dairy cows.
Relationships between Health and Weight Loss during Lactation and between Health and Ability to Return to Oestrus after Weaning in Primiparous Sows
Authors: Sterning M. , Hultén F. , Holst H. , Einarsson S. , Andersson K.
Published: May 2010

The study comprises observations in 301 Swedish Yorkshire primiparous sows belonging to a research herd. During the 6 weeks of lactation, they were fed according to a conventional feeding regime based on litter size. The sows were weighed at farrowing and at weaning. After weaning the sows were checked dairy for standing reflex and blood samples for determination of plasma progesterone were drawn regularly. Diseases occurring during lactation were recorded in 223 sows. A clinical health examination of these sows was also performed on the day of weaning, including body temperature, condition scoring, appetite, locomotor disorders, remarks on legs and mammary glands. A blood sample was drawn 1 week before weaning in 155 sows for analysis of blood haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total white blood cell count, serum concentration of urea, creatinine, triglycerides, free fatty acids, total protein and electrophoretic separation of proteins. Sows with large weight loss had a higher total incidence of diseases during lactation, mastitis being the most common disease, than sows with small weight loss. Sows with large weight loss seemed to be more catabolic during late lactation than sows with small weight loss, according to the blood analyses. The blood analyses did not show any signs of subclinical infection being more common among sows with large weight loss than among sows with small weight loss. There were neither any significant differences in the total incidence of diseases during lactation nor in the health at weaning between sows returning to oestrus within 10 days of weaning and sows not returning within this time.
Hereditary Caprine Phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Gritz B. G. de
Published: May 2010

This report describes a hereditary caprine phaeochromocytoma in three generations. Besides conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining, potassium dichromate native staining method and transmission electron microscopy were performed.
Immunoreactivity of Canine Mammary Neoplasms with Monoclonal Antibody CC49
Authors: Shahar R. , Harmelin A. , Shamir M. H. , Schneebaum S.
Published: May 2010

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 binds to human tumour‐associated glycoprotein termed TAG—72. CC49 is a second‐generation MAb with higher affinity to TAG‐72 than the original MAb B72.3. CC49 was applied to 42 samples from different canine mammary tumours, belonging to seven different histopathological types. Immunoreactivity was detected by the use of an avidin‐biotin complex immuno‐peroxidase method. Most sections from all types of mammary neoplasm reacted with this MAb. Normal tissue did not stain or stained only weakly. The results of this study suggest CC49 has selective immunoreactivity for a variety of canine mammary tumours, which seems superior to that reported with MAb 72.3. These results support the proposal for further study of diagnostic and therapeutic uses of CC49 in the management of canine mammary tumours.
Effect of Rapeseed Feedstuffs with Different Glucosinolate Content and Iodine Administration on Gestating and Lactating Sow1
Authors: Schöne F. , Leiterer M. , Jahreis G. , Rudolph B.
Published: May 2010

In two experiments with a total of 60 sows during late pregnancy and at 28 days of lactation, diets containing rapeseed were compared with rapeseed free diets (control). In Experiment 1 dietary content of solvent extracted rapeseed meal was 250 g/kg (10 mmol glucosinolates/kg diet), in Experiment 2 diets containing 100 g/kg rapeseed were tested (2 mmol glucosinolates/kg diet). During late pregnancy all sows received 150 μg supplementary iodine/kg diet. In lactation, different subgroups received different rates of iodine administration (Exp. 1: 0, 100 or 1000 μg/kg diet; Exp. 2: 0, 150 or 300 μg/kg diet). Rapeseed feeds had no significant effect on feed intake, body weight of sows and rearing parameters in both experiments. There was a tendency (8%) toward lower litter weight at weaning in Exp. 1. Sow diets without supplementary iodine but containing glucosinolates (via rapeseed meal, rapeseed) caused significant reduction in thyroxine serum concentration of piglets, whereas this hormone did not change in sow serum. Thiocyanate was significantly increased in the serum of mothers. The minor increase of thiocyanate concentration of milk and piglets* serum points to negligible transfer of rapeseed glucosinolate degradation products to offspring. However, the milk iodine concentration was significantly decreased due to glucosinolates, and this seems to be the reason for impaired iodine and thyroid hormone status of piglets from sows given rapeseed feeds.