bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh-Bloch mode based monolayer bend waveguide
Authors: Gao Dong-Bao , Zhu Ji-Lin , Zhang Sai , Zhou He-Feng , Zeng Xin-Wu ,   College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China,   College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Published: January 2021

A monolayer bend waveguide is designed based on the features of Rayleigh-Bloch (RB) mode wave in one-dimensional diffraction grating. The feasibility that the RB mode wave can transmit along the bend waveguide is demonstrated by the time-domain and frequency-domain finite element method, respectively. The results show that two different modes of transmission wave exist because of employing the circled unit cells. They possess different acoustical energy localization positions. In mode-1, the energy is localized between unit cells. In mode-2, the energy is localized in the center of unit cell, therefore, acoustic wave transmits with nearly no loss. Modulated sinusoidal wave and Gaussian pulse wave are used in the time-domain investigation. Because only RB mode waves can transmit and different modes have different energy distributions, the bend waveguide acts as an acoustic filter for the broadband waves. This study is conducive to the acoustic wave directional transmission, acoustic signal detection and identification.
Evolution of complexity for critical neutral Gauss-Bonnet-anti-de Sitter black holes
Authors: Liang Hua-Zhi , Zhang Jing-Yi ,   School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Published: January 2021

General Gauss-Bonnet gravity with a cosmological constant allows two anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes to be taken as its vacuum solutions. It is found that there is a critical point in the parameter space where the two AdS vacuums coalesce into one, which is very different from the general Gauss-Bonnet gravity. Susskind’s team proposed a Complexity/Action duality based on AdS/CFT duality, which provides a new method of studying the complexity of black holes. Fan and Liang (Fan Z Y, Liang H Z 2019 Phys. Rev. D 100 086016) gave the formula of the evolution of complexity for general higher derivative gravity, and discussed the complexity evolution of the neutral planar Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black holes in detail by the numerical method. With the method of studying the complexity of general higher derivative gravity proposed by Fan and Liang (2019), we investigate the complexity evolution of critical neutral Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black holes, and compare these results with the results of the general neutral Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black holes, showing that the overall regularities of the evolution of the complexity of these two objects are consistent, and their main difference lies in the dimensionless critical time. As for the five-dimensional critical neutral Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black holes, when the event horizon of the black holes is flat or spherical, the dimensionless critical times of black holes with different sizes are identical, all reaching their minimum values. While in the higher dimensional cases, the differences in dimensionless critical time among spherically symmetric critical neutral Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black holes with different sizes are obviously less than those of general ones. These differences are probably related to the criticality of the neutral Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black holes.
Remarks on Riemann and Ricci Solitons in $(\alpha,\beta)$-Contact Metric Manifolds
Authors:   Marin Drinov Academic Publishng House, Blaga Adara M. , Laţcu Dan Radu
Published: January 2021

We study almost Riemann solitons and almost Ricci solitons in an $(\alpha,\beta)$-contact metric manifold satisfying some Ricci symmetry conditions, treating the case when the potential vector field of the soliton is pointwise collinear with the structure vector field.
On a New Analytic Theory of the Moon's Motion II: Orbit and Length of Months
Authors:   Marin Drinov Academic Publishng House, Calvet Ramon González
Published: January 2021

The differential equation in polar coordinates of the Moon's orbit is outlined from the first-order approximation to the Lagrange equations of the Sun-Earth-Moon system expressed with relative coordinates and accelerations. The orbit of the Moon calculated this way is similar to Clairaut's modified orbit and has better parameters than those previously published. An improvement to this orbit is proposed based on theoretical arguments. With help of this new orbit, the variations in the draconic, synodic and anomalistic months are also computed showing very good agreement with observations.
Examples of Gibbs States of Mechanical Systems with Symmetries
Authors:   Marin Drinov Academic Publishng House, Marle Charles-Michel
Published: January 2021

In a previous paper, the notion of Gibbs state for the Hamiltonian action of a Lie group on a symplectic manifold was given, together with its applications in Statistical Mechanics, and the works in this field of the French mathematician and physicist Jean-Marie Souriau were presented. Using an adaptation of the cross product for pseudo-Euclidean three-dimensional vector spaces, we present several examples of such Gibbs states, together with the associated thermodynamic functions, for various two-dimensional symplectic manifolds, including the pseudo-spheres, the Poincar{\'e} disk and the Poincar{\'e} half-plane.
The Spiric Sections of Perseus and the Uniform Parameterizations of the Cassinian Ovals
Authors:   Marin Drinov Academic Publishng House, Mladenov Ivaïlo  M.
Published: January 2021

Here we derive explicit formulas that parameterize the Cassinian ovals based on their recognition as the so called spiric sections of the standard tori in the three-dimensional Euclidean space which was suggested in the ancient time by Perseus. These formulas derived originally in terms of the toric parameters are expressed through the usual geometrical parameters that enter in the present day definition of the Cassinian curves. All three types of morphologically different curves are illustrated graphically using the corresponding sets of parameters and respective formulas. The geometry of the ovals can be studied in full details and this is done here to some extent. As examples explicit formulas for the embraced volume and the surface area of the dumbbell like surface generated by the oval are presented. Last, but not least, new alternative explicit parameterizations of the Cassinian ovals are derived in polar, and even in non-canonical Monge forms.
Orthogonal Multiple Access
Authors: Escudero‐Garzás José J. , Céspedes Máximo M.
Published: January 2021

Orthogonal multiple access (MA) techniques harmonize the access of multiple users to the network, thus preventing the collision of transmissions from different users. Preserving the orthogonality between transmissions can be achieved in the frequency domain MA, time domain MA, and code domain MA techniques that have been used in 2G and 3G. A more robust technique, known as orthogonal frequency division MA, combines time and frequency domains and was incorporated to LTE (Long Term Evolution). For 5G New Radio, the adoption of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)‐based MA implies significant differences related, among others, to the fact that NR supports different numerologies according to the selected subcarrier spacing.
Vehicle‐To‐Vehicle Channels
Authors: Bian Ji , Wang Cheng‐Xiang
Published: January 2021

Vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) channel modeling is critical for the design and performance evaluation of intelligent transportation systems and mobile ad hoc networks, which enables vehicles to access various information and therefore improve traffic efficiency and driving safety. This article first reviews the recent V2V channel measurements and discusses important V2V channel characteristics. The differences between V2V channels and conventional cellular channels are clarified. Then, a comprehensive review of V2V channel models, which include two‐dimensional (2D) V2V channel models, three‐dimensional (3D) V2V channel models, 3D nonstationary V2V channel models, general 5G channel models supporting V2V communication scenarios, and multimobility V2V channel model allowing for velocity and trajectory variations, is provided. Furthermore, important statistical properties of the multimobility V2V channel model such as spatial‐temporal cross‐correlation function (ST‐CCF), Doppler power spectrum density (PSD), Doppler spread, and stationary interval are provided. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are summarized.
Other Channels
Authors: Wang Jue , Li Ye , Khuwaja Aziz A. , Feng Wei , Chen Yunfei , Ge Ning
Published: January 2021

With the fast development of Internet of Things in the 5G era, it has been attracting increasing research attention to provide broadband wireless data coverage in the remote rural and maritime areas. Owing to the geographical limitation of available base station (BS) sites in these tough scenarios, various transmission platforms, e.g. elevated terrestrial BSs, unmanned aerial vehicles, and satellites, should be exploited collaboratively, so as to form a three‐dimensional layered cellular network. Intuitively, different transmission platforms may correspond to quite different wireless channel models because of their different heights, as well as different propagation environments. This renders it challenging to elaborately establish an efficient remote rural/maritime network. In this article, we provide a survey on the remote rural/maritime channel models, aiming to support practical network designs, and offer a comprehensive reference for practitioners. Particularly, we discuss typical transmission scenarios for the remote rural/maritime coverage, the possible frequency bands, and more importantly, the available path loss and small‐scale fading models for the wireless channels. Different from conventional urban/suburban scenarios, we also briefly discuss potential approaches to exploit the unique characteristic of remote rural/maritime wireless channels.
3GPP TR 38.901 Channel Model
Authors: Zhu Qiuming , Wang Cheng‐Xiang , Hua Boyu , Mao Kai , Jiang Shan , Yao Mengtian
Published: January 2021

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) recommends an accurate and compatible stochastic channel model for 0–100 GHz frequency band, which is useful to design, optimize, and evaluate the fifth‐generation (5G) systems. This standardized model can be acquired by generating the large‐ and small‐scale fading models. This article firstly reviews the main existing channel models suitable for millimeter‐wave (mmWave) frequency band as well as the typical channel modeling methods, i.e. the deterministic and stochastic models. Secondly, the generation procedure of stochastic channel model in the 3GPP standard (TR 38.901) is illustrated in detail. The large‐ and small‐scale fading parts are also simulated to demonstrate the effect of channel parameters on the channel characteristics. Finally, as an alternative model in the 3GPP standard, the map‐based hybrid channel model is demonstrated and analyzed. When the digital map and material parameters of obstacles are known, this model can predict the channel characteristics accurately using the ray‐tracing (RT) method.
SDMN Security
Authors: de Oca Edgardo Montes
Published: January 2021

Software‐Defined Mobile Networks (SDMNs) is a rapidly emerging paradigm that involves designing and implementing mobile networks and functions as software allowing the introduction of generic, commodity, and off‐the‐shelf hardware and software in the core and radio access parts. It involves separating the data and control planes (SDN) and introducing Network Function Virtualization (NFV). These architectural and technical changes introduce new capabilities with respect to manageability, scalability, and dynamicity but also new vulnerabilities that will be discussed in this section, followed by the presentation of different solutions. Particular focus is made on distributed and highly flexible and programmable security monitoring architectures since they are important for providing the awareness of the state of the network at all levels (i.e. from the application to physical layers, at the data, and control planes) and enable the prevention and reaction to security breaches involving anomalies, sensitive data loss, and cyber‐attacks.
Caching in Wireless Device‐To‐Device Networks
Authors: Wan Kai , Ji Mingyue
Published: January 2021

Device‐to‐Device (D2D) communication is an important component in 5G communication technology due to the relative short‐communication range and high‐frequency reuse. In this article, we consider a specific D2D technology termed cache‐aided D2D communication or D2D caching networks, where devices can store content in their local storage and serve each other when part/all of the requested contents are available in their local storage. In the literature, researchers have shown that the gain in terms of communication load or throughput of D2D caching networks compared to the conventional cellular network is multiplicative as a function of the per‐device storage size. These fundamental results lead to a significant attention of the D2D caching network in recent years. In this article, we review some of the important results in this research area. First, we discuss D2D caching networks under a simplified channel model calledprotocol model. This can provide us some key insights of the gain achieved by D2D caching networks. In this part, we investigate both coded and uncoded delivery approaches. Second, we relax this simplified model assumption and apply more realistic physical layer channel model and Poisson Point Processes(PPPs) for the user device location distributions. This article focuses on different modeling, performance metrics, and analysis approaches of D2D caching networks.
5G
Control Plane Advances
Authors: Qi Caixia
Published: January 2021

5G control plane supports several new functions based on the requirements from diverse new services and different virtualized deployment scenarios. For the services with low latency, control and user plane separation function allows deploying user plane function (UPF) closer to radio access network. For the services with high reliability, ultrareliable and low‐latency communication function provides redundant transmission mechanism to the related packets. For the services with high mobility, session and service continuity mode function supports service continuity for different applications when the routing is optimized. Network slicing function provides customized networks to meet customized market needs, including customized functions, capability, and deployments, and topology enhancement function gives more flexibility to the deployment of session management function and UPF.
Big Data Analytics for 5G Networks: Utilities, Frameworks, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Taufique Azar , Rizwan Ali , Imran Ali , Arshad Kamran , Zoha Ahmed , Abbasi Qammer H. , Imran Muhammad A.
Published: January 2021

In order to meet the challenges of ambitious capacity, user experience, and resource efficiency gains, the next‐generation cellular networks need to leverage end‐to‐end user and network behavior intelligence. This intelligence can be gathered from the mobile network big data which includes the massive telemetric data about network health and status as well as data about user whereabouts, preferences, context, and mobility patterns. As a result, exploitation of big data on wireless cellular network is emerging as an indispensable approach for harnessing intelligence in future wireless communication networks. In this article, we first identify and classify the big data that can be gathered from different layers and ends of a wireless cellular network. We then discuss several new utilities of the big data that can bridge the existing gaps to meet 5G requirements. After that we summarize the existing literature on data analytics for cellular network performance. We present different platforms and two different frameworks to implement big data analytic‐based solutions in 5G and beyond and compare their pros and cons. We then discuss how key performance indicators (KPIs)‐based data collection may not suffice in 5G. Through an exemplary study, we show how to unleash the full potential hidden within the big data, granularity of low‐level performance indicators, and how context is essential. Finally, we highlight the opportunities that can be availed from big data in cellular network and the challenges therein.
5GforV2X
Authors: Sroka Paweł , Kliks Adrian
Published: January 2021

Wireless communications between vehicles have been evolving for many decades, gaining more and more attention by car manufacturers and popularity by car drivers; in recent years, research activities in this domain have significantly accelerated. Development toward fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks creates great opportunities for inclusion of automotive vertical sectors in the overall ecosystem of cellular communications. However, the proliferation of IEEE 802.11p‐based solutions causes that these technologies have to efficiently coexist, leading potentially for tighter convergence in the future. In that context, in this article, the provided overview of key and dominant solutions in the domain of vehicle‐to‐anything (V2X) wireless communications is complemented with selected, practical applications of the described technologies. Next, the research achievements and current standardization activities for V2X communications within 5G community are followed by the analysis of the futuristic concept of edge intelligence, where context information is processed by dedicated units mounted on surrounding infrastructure for better communication and decision‐making by, possibly autonomous, cars. The whole article is concluded with a brief description of V2X‐related challenges lying ahead of automotive and wireless communications industry.
Uridine‐responsive epileptic encephalopathy due to inherited variants in CAD: A Tale of Two Siblings
Authors: McGraw Christopher M. , Mahida Sonal , Jayakar Parul , Koh Hyun Yong , Taylor Alan , Resnick Trevor , Rodan Lance , Schwartz Marc A. , Ejaz Ayesha , Sankaran Vijay G. , Berry Gerard , Poduri Annapurna
Published: January 2021

We report two siblings with intractable epilepsy, developmental regression, and progressive cerebellar atrophy due to biallelic variants in the gene CAD. For the affected girl, uridine started at age 5 resulted in dramatic improvements in seizure control and development, cessation of cerebellar atrophy, and resolution of hematological abnormalities. Her older brother had a more severe course and only modest response to uridine started at 14 years old. Treatment of this progressive condition via uridine supplementation provides an example of precision diagnosis and treatment using clear outcome measures and biomarkers to monitor efficacy.
Dual‐Effective Chronic Wounds Management System through a Monoglyceride Binary Blend Matrix Based Thermal‐Responsive Phase‐Transition Substrate
Authors: Jin Liguo , Cheng Haoxin , Xie Xuanping , Chen Xinyu , Tian Guangqi , Zhu Zhenling , Wang Shuhua , Xin Hongbo , Wang Xiaolei
Published: January 2021

A new monoglyceride‐based heat‐sensitive substrate is proposed, for the first time, as a wound management system. First, an appropriate portion of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) is mixed to provide a thermal phase responsive matrix (GMO‐GMS, GG). Subsequently, to improve the photothermal responsive and antibacterial performance, silver nanoparticles (Ag) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (rGO‐Ag) is added to the GG matrix to obtain (GG‐rGO‐Ag). According to the systematic studies from uninfected, infected, and diabetic wound models, by applying near infrared (NIR) laser, the phase change of GG‐rGO‐Ag can be triggered to release Ag on demand for sterilization. More importantly, this smart GG substrate can also promote the production of vascular endothelial growth factor protein, thus serving as a NIR defined mufti‐effective wound management system.
Interplay of Different Major Ampullate Spidroins during Assembly and Implications for Fiber Mechanics
Authors: Saric Merisa , Eisoldt Lukas , Döring Volker , Scheibel Thomas
Published: January 2021

Major ampullate (MA) spider silk has fascinating mechanical properties combining strength and elasticity. All known natural MA silks contain at least two or more different spidroins; however, it is unknown why and if there is any interplay in the spinning dope. Here, two different spidroins from Araneus diadematus are co‐produced in Escherichia coli to study the possible dimerization and effects thereof on the mechanical properties of fibers. During the production of the two spidroins, a mixture of homo‐ and heterodimers is formed triggered by the carboxyl‐terminal domains. Interestingly, homodimeric species of the individual spidroins self‐assemble differently in comparison to heterodimers, and stoichiometric mixtures of homo‐ and heterodimers yield spidroin networks upon assembly with huge impact on fiber mechanics upon spinning. The obtained results provide the basis for man‐made tuning of spinning dopes to yield high‐performance fibers.
Advances in Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Carbonylative Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling Reaction: An Update
Authors: Bhattacherjee Dhananjay , Rahman Matiur , Ghosh Sumit , Bagdi Avik Kumar , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Das Pralay , Hajra Alakananda
Published: January 2021

Transition metals have been an indispensable component of modern catalysis and among these palladium is the top‐ranked choice of chemists as a catalyst. After the several important developments of palladium catalysed C−C cross‐coupling reactions, carbonylative transformations have been realised as an attractive post modification of these reactions. Carbonylative Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reaction is among such transformations for direct incorporation of CO fragment for the preparation of biaryl or aryl/alkyl ketones via transition‐metal catalysis. Ketone functionality is basically a valuable building block having huge pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Moreover, carbonylative Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling is also used in the synthesis of various natural bioactive molecules through the direct joining of molecular fragments via CO bridge. In this review, the past decade developments in the carbonylative Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions are documented in detail with modern approaches in transition‐metal catalysis.

magnified image
In Situ Stable Generation of Reactive Intermediates by Open Microfluidic Probe for Subcellular Free Radical Attack and Membrane Labeling
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Feng Shuo , Li Weiwei , Xie Tianze , Zhang Wanling , Lin Jin‐Ming
Published: January 2021

Subcellular stimulation by free radicals is crucial for deeper insight of cell behaviors. However, it remains a tough challenge due to the high spatial precision requirement and short life of radicals. Herein, we report a versatile open microfluidic probe for stable generation of free radical and subcellular stimulation. By optimizing parameters, the chemical reaction can be confined in a microregion with a diameter of several μm, and the real‐time produced reactive radicals can attack the desired subcellular region of a single cell. In order to reveal the attacked region, fluorescent cyanine 3 labeled tyramide free radicals are synthesized, and the target microregion on a single cell is successfully stained by the covalent linking reaction between radicals and membrane proteins, which proves the feasibility of our method. We believe this method will open new avenues for short‐lived reactive intermediates stimulation at the single‐cell/sub‐cell level and selective membrane labeling.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the Promotional Effect of Acid Sites on the Diffusion of Alkenes through Small‐Pore Zeolites
Authors: Cnudde Pieter , Redekop Evgeniy A. , Dai Weili , Porcaro Natale G. , Waroquier Michel , Bordiga Silvia , Hunger Michael , Li Landong , Olsbye Unni , Van Speybroeck Veronique
Published: January 2021

The diffusion of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is of fundamental importance for many zeolite‐catalyzed processes. Transport of small alkenes in the confined zeolite pores can become hindered, resulting in a significant impact on the ultimate product selectivity and separation. Herein, intracrystalline light olefin/paraffin diffusion through the 8‐ring windows of zeolite SAPO‐34 is characterized by a complementary set of first‐principle molecular dynamics simulations, PFG‐NMR experiments, and pulse‐response temporal analysis of products measurements, yielding information at different length and time scales. Our results clearly show a promotional effect of the presence of Brønsted acid sites on the diffusion rate of ethene and propene, whereas transport of alkanes is found to be insensitive to the presence of acid sites. The enhanced diffusivity of unsaturated hydrocarbons is ascribed to the formation of favorable π–H interactions with acid protons, as confirmed by IR spectroscopy measurements. The acid site distribution is proven to be an important design parameter for optimizing product distributions and separations.
The Atypical Hysteresis of [Fe(C6F5Tp)2]: Overlay of Spin‐Crossovers and Symmetry‐Breaking Phase Transition
Authors: Benchohra Amina , Li Yanling , Chamoreau Lise‐Marie , Baptiste Benoit , Elkaïm Erik , Guillou Nathalie , Kreher David , Lescouëzec Rodrigue
Published: January 2021

The [FeII(C6F5Tp)2] spin‐crossover complex is an atypical molecular switch, which can be converted upon annealing between two archetypal spin‐crossover behaviours: from an extremely gradual spin‐crossover to a broad hysteretic spin‐transition (of ca. 65 K). The hysteresis shows an uncommon “rounded shape” that is reproducible upon cycling temperature. In depth structural studies reveal a first crystal phase transition, which occurs upon melting and recrystallizing at high temperature. This first irreversible transition is associated with a radical change in the crystal packing. More importantly, the “rounded and broad” hysteretic transition is shown to occur in a non‐cooperative SCO system and is associated with the occurrence of a symmetry‐breaking phase transition that appears when roughly ca. 50 % of the SCO complexes are switched.
Ultra high efficiency/low pressure supercritical fluid chromatography (UHE/LP‐SFC) for triglyceride analysis: Identification, quantification, and classification of vegetable oils
Authors: Lesellier Eric , Latos Anna , West Caroline
Published: January 2021

Triglycerides of vegetable oils have been extensively studied. Non‐aqueous reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and silver‐ion chromatography are most frequently used to achieve their separation. In previous works, we presented the use of supercritical fluid chromatography with long columns (75 cm) packed with fused‐core particles to provide ultra‐high‐performance separations, with a low‐toxicity fluid (carbon dioxide) compared to the usual liquid‐phase methods. In the present paper, we describe the quantification of triglycerides with supercritical fluid chromatography and evaporative light‐scattering detection. Thanks to the isocratic elution mode, this quantification can be simplified, assuming (a) identical response coefficients for compounds having a close structure, (as only triglycerides are quantified), and (b) constancy of the response coefficient along the analysis (no elution gradient). Therefore, the relative concentrations of triglycerides were easily assessed. Only one calibration curve for one reference compound (in this case triolein) was required. The resulting relative concentrations are in good accordance with the numerous publications available. Relative quantification with UV detection at 210 nm is also proposed, facilitated by the very low UV absorption of carbon dioxide and with a calibration curve taking account of the variation of UV response according to double bond number. Nineteen vegetable oils are compared. The identification of triglycerides was carried out based on previous knowledge of these oils, but also with the help of a Goiffon retention diagram, based on the relationship between the logarithm of retention factor and the total double bond number. Finally, cluster analyses were computed, based on evaporative light‐scattering detection or UV quantification data. They allow a quick comparison of the triglyceride content between the oils, in the goal to exchange one by the other for certain applications, or to compare a new oil to well‐known ones.
Chlorophyllase‐Catalyzed Chlorophyll Removal from Vegetable Oils Using Recombinant Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Enzymes
Authors: Sharafi Ebrahim , Dehestani Ali , Farmani Jamshid , Parizi Ali Pakdin , Taheri‐Kafrani Asghar
Published: January 2021

Chlorophyllase converts chlorophyll and pheophytin into their colorless derivatives (chlorophyllide/pheophorbide and phytol). This activity can be used in chlorophyll removal from vegetable oils. Chlorophyllase genes from Oscillatoria acuminata (OscChlase) and Citrus aurantium (CitChlase) were isolated, cloned, and expressed in E. coli. Bioinformatics analysis showed that both chlorophyllases shared a conserved GHSXG lipase motif responsible for their catalytic activity. SDS‐PAGE and immunoblot assays revealed that both enzymes had a molecular weight of 35 kDa. The purified chlorophyllases were stable at a broad range of temperatures and showed the highest activity at 40 °C. OscChlase and CitChlase exhibited the highest activity at pH 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that OscChlase was able to hydrolyze bacteriochlorophyll‐a more efficiently than the recombinant CitChlase (Vmax/Km of 0.38 for OscChlase vs. 0.01 min−1 mg protein for CitChlase). Instead, CitChlase hydrolyzed chlorophyll‐b more efficiently than OscChlase. Both enzymes were able to reduce the chlorophyll content of olive (from 623.1 to as low as 87.2 mg per kg oil) and canola oil (from 537.2 to as low as 101.1 mg per kg oil). The ratio of oil to the aqueous reaction media affected chlorophyll hydrolysis (P < 0.05). The lower the oil ratio was (10%), the higher the chlorophyll removal was (75–86%). The efficiency of CitChlase in chlorophyll removal was higher than that of OscChlase at oil ratios of 10 and 20, but lower at 30% ratio (P < 0.05). This is the first report on the application of recombinant OscChlase and CitChlase in chlorophyll removal (up to 86%) from vegetable oils.
The protein challenge: matching future demand and supply in Indonesia
Authors: Sari Yessie W , Widyarani  , Sanders Johan P M , Heeres Hero J
Published: January 2021

Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world and in the coming years food production will need to catch up with its growth. To fulfill the protein demand of this growing population, the productivity of the Indonesian agricultural sector should be increased. This can be achieved either by expanding the agricultural land or by increasing the productivity of existing agricultural land and protein use efficiency. An expansion of agricultural land is not always possible or desirable: large parts of Indonesia comprise forest areas, including tropical rain forests. Consequently, the optimization of the use of existing agricultural land is inevitable. The present manuscript describes and discusses the current protein consumption and production in Indonesia. It presents the levels predicted for 2035, which would imply a strong gap between consumption and production. Alternatives therefore need to be considered to avoid protein shortage in the future. These would include the use of new biomass resources, utilization of agricultural residues as alternative protein sources for feed and other nonfood applications, and biorefining of biomass sources. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Catalytic valorization of lignocellulosics: from bulk biofuels to value‐added chemicals
Authors: Zhang Shen , Yu Youfang , Sheng Kuichuan , Liu Jianglong , E Shuang , Jin Caidi , Xu Zenghua , Zhang Ximing
Published: January 2021

Lignocellulose is a key starting material for the production of biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. This review discusses various catalytic systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems, for biomass valorization. Different strategies of biomass‐derived catalyst systems for value‐added chemicals are evaluated. Novel strategies for using biomass‐derived carbon‐based catalysts are proposed as a potential way to make the valorization process economically viable. This review also provides a comprehensive assessment of the fabrication of biomass‐derived carbon as catalytic support for biorefinery applications and discussion about mechanism of the synergistic catalytic effect between the biochar and catalyst. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed CH/NH Carbonylative Cyclization of 2‐Aryl Quinazolinones with Isocyanates as CO Surrogates
Authors: Choi Jin Ho , Do Kim Hak , Kang Ju Young , Jeong Taejoo , Ghosh Prithwish , Kim In Su
Published: January 2021

The ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed CH carbonylation of 2‐aryl quinazolinones with isocyanates as carbonyl sources is described. The developed method provides direct access to biologically relevant isoindoloquinazolinone core through CH aminocarbonylation followed by intramolecular annulation. A broad range of substrate scope and functional group tolerance were observed. Gram‐scale reactions and synthetic transformations demonstrate the synthetic potential of this protocol.
Hemosiderotic dermatofibroma mimicking melanoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Li Changzhao , Allen Hunter , Loxas Margarita , Sharma Poonam
Published: January 2021

Hemosiderotic dermatofibroma (HDF) often mimics melanoma clinically. A definite diagnosis relies on histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry. As it can progress to aneurysmal dermatofibroma (ADF), complete excision is recommended.
Simultaneous hot and cold thyroid nodules: Which is malignant?
Authors: Otsuka Yuki , Nakano Yasuhiro , Omura Daisuke , Iwamoto Takayuki , Hayashi Ruiko , Otsuka Fumio
Published: January 2021

Physicians should be aware of the risk of malignancy in patients with toxic multinodular goiter. Radionuclide scan cannot be used to predict the malignant potential of thyroid nodules. A comprehensive evaluation of imaging studies is needed.
Recycling of Graphite Anode from Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries for Preparing Fe‐N‐doped Carbon ORR Catalyst
Authors: Ruan Dingshan , Zou Ke , Du Ke , Wang Fengmei , Wu Lin , Zhang Zhenhua , Wu Xiaofeng , Hu Guorong
Published: January 2021

In this work, we recycled anode graphite of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs) to prepare an ORR electrocatalyst applied in fuel cells. The discarded graphite was used as a carbon carrier and doped with N and Fe via simple pyrolysis with polyaniline and iron salt. Importantly, in comparison with the commercial Pt/C catalyst, the obtained catalyst exhibits better catalytic activity, methanol resistance and durability. Currently, fuel cells and lithium‐ion batteries are served as two major energy sources in vehicles. This work provides a novel guideline for recycling the graphite anode of LiBs and paves a way forward for the application of a superior and low‐cost electrocatalyst in fuels.
Dynamic Optimization of Autocatalytic Esterification in a Semi‐batch Reactor
Authors: Rohman Fakhrony Sholahudin , Sata Suhairi Abdul , Othman Mohd Roslee , Aziz Norashid
Published: January 2021

Dynamic optimization of autocatalytic esterification in a semi‐batch reactor was employed to identify the most robust optimization method. Techniques such as control vector parameterization, orthogonal collocation, and multiple shooting were selected, compared, and analyzed. Three objective functions were considered, namely, maximizing conversion, minimizing final time, and maximizing operation profit using multiple input parameters, i.e., feed rate and temperature. Results from the dynamic optimization indicated that the most effective feed flow rate and temperature trajectory were demonstrated by the orthogonal collocation. The maximum conversion, minimum final time, and maximum profit from this approach were determined.
How the Physicochemical Properties of the Bulk Material Affect the Ablation Crater Profile, Mass Balance, and Bubble Dynamics During Single‐Pulse, Nanosecond Laser Ablation in Water
Authors: Kalus Mark‐Robert , Barcikowski Stephan , Gökce Bilal
Published: January 2021

Understanding the key steps that drive the laser‐based synthesis of colloids is a prerequisite for learning how to optimize the ablation process in terms of nanoparticle output and functional design of the nanomaterials. Even though many studies focus on cavitation bubble formation using single‐pulse ablation conditions, the ablation efficiency and nanoparticle properties are typically investigated under prolonged ablation conditions with repetition rate lasers. Linking single‐pulse and multiple‐pulse ablation is difficult due to limitations induced by gas formation cross‐effects, which occur on longer timescales and depend on the target materials’ oxidation‐sensitivity. Therefore, this study investigates the ablation and cavitation bubble dynamics under nanosecond, single laser pulse conditions for six different bulk materials (Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Ti, and Al). Also, the effective threshold fluences, ablation volumes, and penetration depths are quantified for these materials. The thermal and chemical properties of the corresponding bulk materials not only favor the formation of larger spot sizes but also lead to the highest molar ablation efficiencies for low melting materials such as aluminum. Furthermore, the concept of the cavitation bubble growth linked with the oxidation sensitivity of the ablated material is discussed. With this, evidence is provided that intensive chemical reactions occurring during the very early timescale of ablation are significantly enhanced by the bubble collapse.
Hydrothermal‐Induced Formation of Well‐Defined Hollow Carbons with Curvature‐Activated N−C Sites for Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Chunxiao , Xu Wanli , Ye Liangwen , Liu Jingjun , Wang Feng
Published: January 2021

Metal‐free carbons have been regarded as one of the promising materials alternatives to precious‐metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to their high activity and stability. In this paper, well‐defined N‐doped hollow carbons (NHCs) are firstly synthesized by using an ammonia‐based hydrothermal synthesis that is environmentally friendly and suitable for mass production in industry and a commercial black carbon as raw material. Moreover, the shell thickness of the NHCs can be easily tuned by this hydrothermal strategy. Zn–air battery test results reveal shell thickness‐dependent activity and durability for ORR over the NHCs, which exceeds that obtained by commercial Pt/C (20 wt %). The enhanced battery performance can be attributed to the curvature‐activated N–C moieties on the hollow carbon surface, which served as the main active sites for ORR as evidenced by DFT calculations. The proposed approach may open a way for designing curved hollow carbons with high graphitization degree and dopant nitrogen level for metal–air batteries or fuel cells.
Characterization of the Simplest Thiolimine: The Higher Energy Tautomer of Thioformamide
Authors: Bernhardt Bastian , Dressler Friedemann , Eckhardt André K. , Becker Jonathan , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: January 2021

As sulfur‐containing organic molecules thioamides and their isomers are conceivable intermediates in prebiotic chemistry, for example, in the formation of amino acids and thiazoles and resemble viable candidates for detection in interstellar media. Here, we report the characterization of parent thioformamide in the solid state via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and its photochemical interconversion to its hitherto unreported higher energy tautomer thiolimine in inert argon and dinitrogen matrices. Upon photogeneration, four conformers of thiolimine form, whose ratio depends on the employed wavelength. One of these conformers interconverts due to quantum mechanical tunneling with a half‐life of 30–45 min in both matrix materials at 3 and 20 K. A spontaneous reverse reaction from thiolimine to thioformamide is not observed. To support our experimental findings, we explored the potential energy surface of the system at the AE‐CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pCVTZ level of theory and computed tunneling half‐lives with the CVT/SCT approach applying DFT methods.
Eventually consistent distributed ledger despite degraded atomic broadcast
Authors: Bénassy Grégory , Ooshita Fukuhito , Inoue Michiko
Published: January 2021

The distributed ledger or blockchain technologies originated from the Bitcoin have been rapidly widespread in recent years. However, it also gives incentive to malicious users who would like to break the system or take advantage of it (steal money, hide some information stored in the ledger, isolate a particular node from the rest of the network, and so forth). Thus, research focusing on overcoming potential attacks to distributed ledgers is required. In this article, we focus on attacks that damage underlying networks of distributed ledgers. Underlying networks offer useful communication primitives such as an atomic broadcast, however, such attacks may degrade the property of the primitives and make distributed ledgers relying on the primitives no longer work. Hence we should design algorithms to make the distributed ledgers still work even when some attacks degrade the primitives. As the first study for such situations, we consider a problem to implement distributed ledgers tolerating the degradation of an underlying atomic broadcast service that distributed ledgers are relying on. We consider the case where the uniform agreement property of the atomic broadcast is degraded, and propose new algorithms that could ensure to reach eventual consistency despite degraded atomic broadcast.
Differential MCMI‐III psychopathological profiles between intimate partner violence perpetrators with and without childhood family violence
Authors: Siria Sandra , Fernández‐Montalvo Javier , Echauri Jose A. , Arteaga Alfonso , Azkárate Juana M. , Martínez María
Published: January 2021

This study explored the differential prevalence of personality disorders (PD) and clinical syndromes between male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) with and without a history of childhood family violence (CFV). A sample of 981 perpetrators of IPV was assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐III (MCMI‐III). Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and MCMI‐III scales' scores between perpetrators with (n = 293) and without (n = 688) CFV were carried out. Results showed that IPV perpetrators with CFV had a lower level of education, were less frequently employed, and had higher rates of previous psychiatric history than perpetrators without CFV. Statistically significant differences between groups in almost all the MCMI‐III scales were found. Perpetrators with CFV presented with higher scores on most of the evaluated scales and showed a more severe psychopathological profile than perpetrators without CFV. The multivariate analysis showed that the main MCMI‐III domains related to CFV were higher scores on the disclosure and alcohol dependence scales and lower scores on the passive‐aggressive scale. These findings reveal that CFV is associated with a more severe psychopathological profile in perpetrators of IPV. In order to develop tailored interventions, the presence of CFV and psychopathological symptoms should be assessed in IPV perpetrators.
Laboratory Maintenance and Culture of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Fungus That Causes Bat White‐Nose Syndrome
Authors: Blehert David S. , Lorch Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2021

Pseudogymnoascus destructans is a fungal pathogen that causes white‐nose syndrome, an emerging and fatal disease of North American bats that has led to unprecedented population declines. As a psychrophile, P. destructans is adapted to infect bats during winter hibernation, when host metabolic activity and core body temperature are greatly reduced. The ability to maintain and cultivate isolates of P. destructans in the laboratory is necessary for conducting research with this fungus. This article describes protocols for culturing P. destructans from bat wing skin and soil, for cryopreserving the fungus, and for preparing liquid suspensions for laboratory experimentation. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

This article was corrected on 18 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.

Basic Protocol 1: Isolating Pseudogymnoascus destructans from bat wing skin

Basic Protocol 2: Isolating Pseudogymnoascus destructans from soil

Basic Protocol 3: Cryopreservation of Pseudogymnoascus destructans

Basic Protocol 4: Preparing liquid conidial suspension of Pseudogymnoascus destructans
Better spectral efficiency of device to device underlying massive multi‐input multi‐output using receiver filter algorithm and power control model
Authors: Heydari Faezeh , Ghazi‐Maghrebi Saeed , Shahzadi Ali , Rastegar Fatemi Mohammad Jalal
Published: January 2021

Benefits of device to device (D2D) underlying massive multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) cellular networks are noticeable in the fifth generation (5G) of mobile broadband networks. However, the interference of such coexistence from massive MIMO and D2D, due to resource sharing between cellular users and D2D users, should be decreased. Because of this issue, the spectral efficiency of such networks will be reduced. The challenges of such networks are to control the transmit power of their users and to mitigate cellular‐to‐D2D and D2D‐to‐cellular interferences. In this paper, we introduce two techniques to enhance the performance of these systems. Since, we propose a linear receiver filter with a special structure in such coexistence network to increase intended signal and then to increase spectral efficiency. Also, in this research, to decrease the whole interference, by explaining power sets for cellular and D2D transmitter for various distance intervals, we apply an open loop power control approach in the uplink as a suboptimal solution. This solution is a closed‐form solution and is often more useful and take lower time than the optimal solution. Also, we analyze spectral efficiency for the cellular uplink of such networks with the proposed frameworks. Numerical results approve that the two proposed techniques decrease the interferences. Simulation results demonstrate an enhancement in the cellular spectral efficiency.
Simulation investigation of the effect of various exhaust gas recirculation temperatures and amounts on the exergy terms in a direct injection diesel engine fueled by diesel/biodiesel
Authors: Jafarmadar Samad , Amini Niaki Seyed Reza
Published: January 2021

Recently, applying biodiesel as an alternative fuel to improve the combustion stability in combination with implementing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to bring in‐cylinder temperature under control has come under focus. Exergy analysis deals with the energy lost because of the irreversibilities and heat transfer across the combustion chamber. The present study investigates the effect of the various EGR amounts and temperatures on diesel/biodiesel combustion in a turbocharged direct injection diesel engine from the exergy analysis standpoint. The employed biodiesel percentages are considered at two levels, 0 and 20% (i.e., B0 and B20). The rates of EGR amount are 0, 5, 10, 13, and 20%, which are inducted into the combustion chamber at various temperatures of 370, 395, 575, 735, and 825 K. The results revealed that the higher EGR implementation at higher temperature had reduced the accumulative (acc) work and fuel burn exergies as well as irreversibility. In contrast, the total fuel and acc heat loss exergies are increased. The maximum and minimum acc exergy losses are detected for B0‐EGR20‐835 K and B0‐EGR5‐370 K, respectively.
Rapid recurrence in postoperative head and neck cancer: Underappreciated or overcalled problem?
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Kelly Charles , Kovarik Josef , McQueen Andrew
Published: January 2021

see page 1382.