bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Biologically Active Multilayer Films Using Inkjet‐Printed Templates
Authors: Swartz Joshua D. , Deravi Leila F. , Wright David W.
Published: March 2010

As a non‐invasive, rapid prototyping technique, piezoelectric inkjet printing using the Dimatix Materials Printer (DMP) is incorporated to template 2D biologically active surfaces. In these studies, a bioinspired ink is synthesized and printed directly onto gold‐coated silicon nitride substrates and into polymer‐coated 96‐well plates. Once deposited on a surface, these patterns are reacted with varying concentrations of a model enzyme glucose oxidase in the presence of a silica precursor, monosilicic acid. The reaction mechanism and order of reactant products within and along the patterns are shown to directly affect the integrity and overall microstructure of the biologically active films. Using profilometry measurements and scanning electron microscopy, a biologically active platform is optimized without significantly compromising the activity of the enzyme. In fact, enzyme activity, constrained within a thin film, is reported for the first time over variable reaction parameters. When compared to the enzyme free in solution, the immobilized enzyme is 25.9% active, where nearly 100% of the activity is retained after repeated usage.
Integration of Density Multiplication in the Formation of Device‐Oriented Structures by Directed Assembly of Block Copolymer–Homopolymer Blends
Authors: Liu Guoliang , Thomas Carla S. , Craig Gordon S. W. , Nealey Paul F.
Published: March 2010

Non‐regular, device‐oriented structures can be directed to assemble on chemically nanopatterned surfaces such that the density of features in the assembled pattern is multiplied by a factor of two or more compared to the chemical pattern. By blending the block copolymers with homopolymers and designing the chemical pattern rationally, complicated structures such as bends, jogs, junctions, terminations, and combined structures are fabricated. Previously, directed assembly of block copolymers has been shown to enhance the resolution of lithographic processes for hexagonal arrays of spots and parallel lines, corresponding to the bulk morphologies of block copolymer systems, but this is the first demonstration of enhanced resolution for more complicated, device‐oriented features. This fundamental knowledge broadens the range of technologies that can be served by the directed assembly of block copolymers.
Recent Development of Active Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions
Authors: Mazumder Vismadeb , Lee Youngmin , Sun Shouheng
Published: March 2010

This review focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of nanoparticle (NP) catalysts of Pt‐, Pd‐ and Au‐based NPs as well as composite NPs. First, new developments in the synthesis of single‐component Pt, Pd and Au NPs are summarized. Then the chemistry used to make alloy and composite NP catalysts aiming to enhance their activity and durability for fuel cell reactions is outlined. The review next introduces the exciting new research push in developing CoN/C and FeN/C as non‐Pt catalysts. Examples of size‐, shape‐ and composition‐dependent catalyses for oxygen reduction at cathode and formic acid oxidation at anode are highlighted to illustrate the potentials of the newly developed NP catalysts for fuel cell applications.
Physical activity, physical exertion, and miscarriage risk in women textile workers in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wong E.Y. , Ray R. , Gao D.L. , Wernli K.J. , Li W. , Fitzgibbons E.D. , Camp J.E. , Heagerty P.J. , De Roos A.J. , Holt V.L. , Thomas D.B. , Checkoway H.
Published: March 2010

Background

Strenuous occupational physical activity and physical demands may be risk factors for adverse reproductive outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective study in the Shanghai, China textile industry study collected women's self‐reported reproductive history. Occupational physical activity assessment linked complete work history data to an industry‐specific job‐exposure matrix. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression for the first pregnancy outcome and utilized generalized estimating equations to consider all pregnancies per woman.

Results

Compared with women employed in sedentary jobs, a reduced risk of miscarriage was found for women working in jobs with either light (OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.50) or medium (OR 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.66) physical activity during the first pregnancy and over all pregnancies (light OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.61; medium OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.80). Frequent crouching was associated with elevated risk (OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.93; all pregnancies per woman).

Conclusions

Light/medium occupational physical activity may have reduced miscarriage risk, while specific occupational characteristics such as crouching may have increased risk in this cohort. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:497–505, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica in bricklaying education at Dutch vocational training centers
Authors: Huizer Daan , Spee Ton , Lumens Mieke , Kromhout Hans
Published: March 2010

Background

Construction workers are educated at vocational training centers before they begin their working lives. Future bricklayers and their instructors are exposed to respirable dust and possibly to hazardous respirable crystalline silica from trial mortar.

Methods

Thirty‐six personal air samples were collected at six training centers to estimate exposure to respirable dust for both students and teachers. A selection of 22 samples was analyzed for crystalline silica.

Results

Average respirable dust exposures ranged from 0.59 mg/m3 for teachers to 1.45 mg/m3 for students performing recycling and cleaning tasks. In 45% of the analyzed samples, respirable crystalline silica was detected. Exposure to silica remained below the Dutch OEL (75 µg/m3). Exposure was significantly less for teachers than for students. This effect was found in both types of vocational training centers present in the Netherlands. Dry sweeping, as performed at all locations in this study, contributed considerably to the exposure to respirable dust. A first step in reducing exposure to dust and silica at training centers would therefore be to avoid dry sweeping. The presence of a dust extraction system, although not optimally designed, also significantly lowered exposure.

Conclusions

To assess a construction worker's lifetime exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica, the vocational training period should also be taken into account. Several epidemiological studies have shown that time since first exposure can be an important risk factor for chronic health effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 628–634, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insertional translocation detected using FISH confirmation of array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) results
Authors: Kang Sung‐Hae L. , Shaw Chad , Ou Zhishuo , Eng Patricia A. , Cooper M. Lance , Pursley Amber N. , Sahoo Trilochan , Bacino Carlos A. , Chinault A. Craig , Stankiewicz Pawel , Patel Ankita , Lupski James R. , Cheung Sau Wai
Published: March 2010

Insertional translocations (ITs) are rare events that require at least three breaks in the chromosomes involved and thus qualify as complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR). In the current study, we identified 40 ITs from approximately 18,000 clinical cases (1:500) using array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in conjunction with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmation of the aCGH findings, and parental follow‐up studies. Both submicroscopic and microscopically visible IT events were detected. They were divided into three major categories: (1) simple intrachromosomal and interchromosomal IT resulting in pure segmental trisomy, (2) complex IT involving more than one abnormality, (3) deletion inherited from a parent with a balanced IT resulting in pure segmental monosomy. Of the cases in which follow‐up parental studies were available, over half showed inheritance from an apparently unaffected parent carrying the same unbalanced rearrangement detected in the propositi, thus decreasing the likelihood that these IT events are clinically relevant. Nevertheless, we identified six cases in which small submicroscopic events were detected involving known disease‐associated genes/genomic segments and are likely to be pathogenic. We recommend that copy number gains detected by clinical aCGH analysis should be confirmed using FISH analysis whenever possible in order to determine the physical location of the duplicated segment. We hypothesize that the increased use of aCGH in the clinic will demonstrate that IT occurs more frequently than previously considered but can identify genomic rearrangements with unclear clinical significance. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser‐induced dielectric breakdown in tetramethylgermane/tetramethyltin mixtures: deposition of nanostructured Sn/Ge/C and GeSn/C films
Authors: Křenek Tomáš , Murafa Nataliya , Bezdička Petr , Šubrt Jan , Pola Josef
Published: March 2010

Transversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser‐irradiation of gaseous tetramethylgermane (TMG)–tetramethyltin (TMT) mixtures in Ar results in decomposition of both organometallic compounds and in chemical vapour deposition of nanostructured films analyzed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. They were shown to have similar morphology and elemental composition and constituents dependent on the TMG–TMT ratio. The analyses confirm the presence of nanosized carbon‐rich (graphitic) structures that incorporate CM and MM (M Ge, Sn) bonds containing an amorphous phase together with crystalline, either β‐Sn or metastable Sn‐rich GeSn alloy. The unique latter constituent is favored at high concentrations of TMG precursor. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of alkanes and alcohols with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by complex Os3(CO)10(µ‐H)2
Authors: Shul'pin Georgiy B. , Kozlov Yuriy N. , Shul'pina Lidia S. , Petrovskiy Pavel V.
Published: March 2010

Trinuclear carbonyl hydride cluster, Os3(CO)10(µ‐H)2, catalyzes oxidation of cyclooctane to cyclooctyl hydroperoxide by hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile solution. The hydroperoxide partly decomposes in the course of the reaction to afford cyclooctanone and cyclooctanol. Selectivity parameters obtained in oxidations of various linear and branched alkanes as well as kinetic features of the reaction indicated that the alkane oxidation occurs with the participation of hydroxyl radicals. A similar mechanism operates in transformation of benzene into phenol and styrene into benzaldehyde. The system also oxidizes 1‐phenylethanol to acetophenone. The kinetic study led to a conclusion that oxidation of alcohols does not involve hydroxyl radicals as main oxidizing species and apparently proceeds with the participation of osmyl species, ‘OsO’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facing our mortality: transforming our suffering
Authors: Groves Richard F.
Published: March 2010

Are love and life stronger than death? Is the inevitability of our mortality the ultimate source of existential suffering? Or, as the proverb goes, how do we live knowing that we shall die? Love may be the most powerful force in the universe but it cannot stop death. In the course of living, we all will experience the pain of losing our most beloved relationships. Furthermore, the degree to which our own mortality affects our living is incontestable. While every cell in our being desperately wants to live, the only inevitable reality is that one day we shall all die. In moments of profound loss or when our own mortality is threatened, it would seem that death is the greatest source of suffering in life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Model for Calculating the Lumbar Lordosis Angle in Early Hominids and in the Spine of the Neanderthal From Kebara
Authors: Been Ella , Barash Alon , Marom Assaf , Aizenberg Itzhak , Kramer Patricia A.
Published: March 2010

The debate over the posture of early hominids is longstanding, perhaps because the absence of a reliable method for reconstructing the lumbar lordosis angle (LA) in early hominid spines has made it difficult to determine whether their posture resembled or differed from that of modern humans. We have developed a new model for predicting the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine of early hominids based on the relationship between the lordotic curvature and the orientation of the articular processes in the lumbar spines of living primates (modern humans and nonhuman primates). The orientation of the inferior articular processes explains 89% of the variation in lordotic curvature among living primates and, thus, should be a reliable predictor of the lumbar LA in disarticulated hominid spines. Based on this model, we calculated a LA of 25–26 degree angle for the Kebara 2 Neanderthal. The calculated value for Kebara 2 is below the normal range of lordosis for modern humans (30–79 degree angle). Anat Rec 293:1140–1145, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteus in the World of Proteins: Conformational Changes in Protein Kinases
Authors: Rabiller Matthias , Getlik Matthäus , Klüter Sabine , Richters André , Tückmantel Sandra , Simard Jeffrey R. , Rauh Daniel
Published: March 2010

The 512 protein kinases encoded by the human genome are a prime example of nature's ability to create diversity by introducing variations to a highly conserved theme. The activity of each kinase domain is controlled by layers of regulatory mechanisms involving different combinations of post‐translational modifications, intramolecular contacts, and intermolecular interactions. Ultimately, they all achieve their effect by favoring particular conformations that promote or prevent the kinase domain from catalyzing protein phosphorylation. The central role of kinases in various diseases has encouraged extensive investigations of their biological function and three‐dimensional structures, yielding a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that regulate protein kinase activity by conformational changes. In the present review, we discuss these regulatory mechanisms and show how conformational changes can be exploited for the design of specific inhibitors that lock protein kinases in inactive conformations. In addition, we highlight recent developments to monitor ligand‐induced structural changes in protein kinases and for screening and identifying inhibitors that stabilize enzymatically incompetent kinase conformations.
Ionic Liquid Immobilized Nickel(0) Nanoparticles as Stable and Highly Efficient Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation in the Aqueous Phase
Authors: Hu Yu , Yu Yinyin , Hou Zhenshan , Yang Hanming , Feng Bo , Li Huan , Qiao Yunxiang , Wang Xiangrui , Hua Li , Pan Zhenyan , Zhao Xiuge
Published: March 2010

Nickel nanoparticles (NPs) well‐dispersed in the aqueous phase were conveniently prepared by reducing nickel(II) salt with hydrazine in the presence of the functionalized ionic liquid 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium bromide. UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the presence of a weak interaction of the functionalized ionic liquid with NiII and Ni0 complexes. The face‐centered cubic structure of the Ni0 NPs was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal that smaller Ni0 particles of approximately 6–7 nm average diameter assemble to give larger, blackberry‐shaped particles with an average diameter of around 35 nm. The Ni NPs were employed as highly efficient catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of CC double bonds in the aqueous phase under mild reaction conditions (40–90 °C at 1.0–3.0 MPa), and the Ni0 nanocatalysts in the aqueous phase are stable enough to be reused at least seven times without significant loss of catalytic activity during subsequent reuse cycles.
Controlled Preparation of Inorganic Nanostructures on Substrates by Dip‐Pen Nanolithography
Authors: Li Yan , Sun Hao , Chu Haibin
Published: March 2010

Controlled preparation of inorganic nanostructures on substrates is very important for various applications of functional inorganic nanomaterials. Dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN), as an atomic force microscopy (AFM) based technique, can directly fabricate nanostructures with precise position and morphology control on the nanometer scale and meanwhile image the produced nanostructures in situ at high resolution. This Focus Review summarizes the challenges and progress in preparing inorganic nanostructures with DPN. The ink and reaction design, morphology and structure control, high‐speed lithography, and the application of DPN‐generated nanopatterns are all involved. The evolution and development of this technique, its superiorities, and unique properties are also discussed.
Ensemble flood forecasting in Africa: a feasibility study in the Juba–Shabelle river basin
Authors: Thiemig Vera , Pappenberger Florian , Thielen Jutta , Gadain Hussein , de Roo Ad , Bodis Katalin , Del Medico Mauro , Muthusi Flavian
Published: March 2010

The European flood alert system (EFAS) achieves early flood warnings for large to medium‐size river basins with lead times of 10 days. This is based on probabilistic weather forecasts, the exceedance of alert thresholds and persistence. The methodologies have been tested for different events and time scales in mid‐latitude basins in Europe. In this article, the transferability of the EFAS‐methodologies to equatorial African basins is assessed with the analysis of the Juba–Shabelle river basin as an example using a variety of different meteorological data sources. In this context, ERA‐40 and CHARM have been used for the calculation of climatologies; re‐forecasts of the current operational European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts model provided hindcasts of historic flood events. The results show that flood events have been detected successfully in more than 85% of all cases, with a high accuracy in terms of timing and magnitude. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Risk modelling with the mixed Erlang distribution
Authors: Willmot Gordon E. , Lin X. Sheldon
Published: March 2010

A review of analytical and computational properties of the mixed Erlang distribution is given in the context of risk analysis. Basic distributional properties are discussed, and examples of members of the class are provided. Its use in aggregate claims, stop‐loss analysis, and risk measures is considered, as are applications in ruin theoretic analysis of the surplus process. Statistical estimation of model parameters is then discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability, toxicity, and biological activity of host defense peptide BMAP28 and its inversed and retro‐inversed isomers
Authors: Kindrachuk Jason , Scruten Erin , Attah‐Poku Sam , Bell Kelli , Potter Andrew , Babiuk Lorne A. , Griebel Philip J. , Napper Scott
Published: March 2010

Host defense peptides (HDPs) contribute to immune defense through direct antimicrobial activity as well as modulation of host immune responses. While the antimicrobial activity of HDPs has been successfully exploited as topical antibiotics, their use as systemic immunomodulatory antimicrobials has been limited by their toxicity and biological instability. Peptide modification strategies to address these characteristics, while maintaining biological activity, are likely essential to capture the full therapeutic potential of HDPs. Here we investigate the stability, toxicity, and biological activity of theL, inversed (D), and retro‐inversed (RI) isomers of BMAP28. TheDand RI isomers both form symmetrically related structures toLBMAP28 and resist proteolytic degradation. With respect to toxicity, the considerable hemolytic activity ofLBMAP28 is approximately halved with theDisomer and eliminated with RI BMAP28. Furthermore, whileDBMAP28 maintains the same cytotoxicity profile against epithelial cells and monocytes as the natural peptide, RI BMAP28 is markedly less toxic against these cell types. As prophylactic antimicrobials, all three isomers significantly reduced bacterial loads [99.99% bacterial clearance by each peptide at the highest dose (20 mg kg−1)], when administered 18 h prior to challenge in a mouse model of peritoneal infection. This protection appears to be mediated through neutrophil recruitment and activation of macrophages for bacterial clearance. Collectively, the increased stability and retained biological activity ofDand RI BMAP28 make these isomers attractive as antimicrobial therapeutics. In particular, the protection conferred by RI BMAP28, combined with its reduced toxicities, make it a strong candidate for further consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 14–24, 2011.
Derepressive effect of NH on hydrogen production by deleting the glnA1 gene in Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Li Xinfeng , Liu Tong , Wu Yongqiang , Zhao Guoping , Zhou Zhihua
Published: March 2010

Purple non‐sulfur (PNS) bacteria produce hydrogen by photofermentation of organic acids in wastewater. However, NH in wastewater may inhibit hydrogen synthesis by repressing the expression and activity of nitrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing hydrogen production in PNS bacteria. In this study, the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 6016 glnA gene encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) was knocked out by homologous recombination, and the effects on hydrogen production and nitrogenase activity were examined. Using 3 mM glutamine as the nitrogen source, hydrogen production (1,245–1,588 mL hydrogen/L culture) and nitrogenase activity were detected in the mutant in the presence of relatively high NH concentrations (15–40 mM), whereas neither was detected in the wild‐type strain under the same conditions. Further analysis indicated that high NH concentrations greatly inhibited the expression of nifA and nitrogenase gene in the wild‐type strain but not in the glnA1− mutant. These observations suggest that GS is essential to NH repression of nitrogenase and that deletion of glnA1 results in the complete derepression of nitrogenase by preventing NH assimilation in vivo, thus relieving the inhibition of nifA and nitrogenase gene expression. Knocking out glnA1 therefore provides an efficient approach to removing the inhibitory effects of ammonium ions in R. sphaeroides and possibly in other hydrogen‐producing PNS bacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 564–572. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐cleaving purification tags re‐engineered for rapid Topo® cloning
Authors: Wu Wan‐Yi , Gillies Alison R. , Hsii Judy F. , Contreras Lydia , Oak Seachol , Perl Michael B. , Wood David W.
Published: March 2010

In this work, our previously reported ΔI‐CM and ΔIG‐CM mutant inteins were rationally re‐engineered to be compatible with Invitrogen's Topo® cloning system. The resulting new inteins include the vaccinia virus topoisomerase I DNA recognition sequence TCCTT at their 3′ ends, making them compatible with the highly convenient one‐step Topo® cloning method. Addition of the Topo® recognition sequence resulted in an altered amino acid sequence at the C‐termini of the inteins, changing their final five residues from VVVHN to VLVHN. Despite this change, these modified inteins retained their self‐cleaving function, and continue to exhibit pH and temperature‐sensitive cleaving characteristics as required for their use in generating self‐cleaving affinity tags. Although the C‐terminal modification decreased the intein cleavage rate under optimal conditions, cleavage can typically be completed within several hours at pH 6.5 and 37°C. In particular, the modified ΔIGT‐CM intein is compatible with both the Topo® and Gateway® methods simultaneously, allowing fast parallel construction of multiple expression vectors with varying combinations of target proteins, self‐cleaving affinity tags and promoters. These newly engineered inteins increase the functionality of intein‐mediated technology, making it possible to explore a large number of combinations between target genes, self‐cleaving affinity tags and expression hosts in a fast and efficient manner. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
A spreadsheet tool for antenna design
Authors: Kabalan Karim Y. , El‐Hajj Ali , Al‐Husseini Mohammed , Mneimneh Suha
Published: March 2010

This article describes a spreadsheet tool for the design of major antenna elements and antenna arrays. The antenna elements included are the dipole, circular loop, long wire, rectangular and circular patch antenna. Linear, circular, planar, and cylindrical array types can also be simulated. It is also possible to study an antenna behavior for given parameters, plot its patterns, and estimate its directivity and half‐power beam width. These parameters are inputted or changed through worksheet cells, or through simple dialog boxes. This tool is useful for educational purposes as it enables junior students to put hands on antenna design and simulation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 209–215, 2011
An active learning framework for object‐oriented analysis and design
Authors: Kim Suntae , Kim Jintae , Park Sooyong
Published: March 2010

This paper presents an active learning framework to describe modeling knowledge on object‐oriented design methods and evaluate students' models. It helps students learn the methods with feedbacks. Modeling knowledge and feedbacks are specified in simple rules by instructors. Given the knowledge, our framework validates models and gives feedbacks for violations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 400–409, 2012
Leading partnerships: Competencies for collaboration
Authors: Amey Marilyn J.
Published: March 2010

One strategy used with increasing frequency to meet the needs of multiple constituencies is partnerships and forms of organizational collaboration, consortia, and networks. This chapter explores the kinds of skills and thinking required of community college leaders to engage in effective partnerships.
Learning to be reflective leaders: A case study from the NCCHC Hispanic leadership fellows program
Authors: Sullivan Leila González , Wiessner Colleen Aalsburg
Published: March 2010

Reflection can make community college leaders more effective. Reflection catalysts employed in a leadership development program helped to foster multiple levels of reflection and contributed to the development of participants' reflective dispositions.
University‐based community college leadership programs: Where future community college leaders are prepared
Authors: Friedel Janice Nahra
Published: March 2010

This chapter describes major factors influencing the shape, content, and direction of the new EdD programs and discusses some unique challenges in establishing a separate cohort program in community college leadership. These insights may be useful as individuals examine graduate programs in leadership development, and as community college search committees seek to hire new leaders.
Drying of Pentaerythritol obtained from Batch Crystallization
Authors: Prlic Kardum J. , Sander A.
Published: March 2010

This work was aimed at investigating the kinetics of vacuum drying pentaerythritol obtained by batch crystallization from aqueous solution. The quality of the crystals dried after rinsing with ethanol and acetone was analyzed, and then compared with the data obtained from the unrinsed crystals. Drying was carried out in the laboratory vacuum dryer under different pressures and temperatures. The experimentally‐obtained drying curves were successfully approximated by the two‐parameter Page model. Parameters, k and n, of the mathematical model were correlated with the process conditions. The parameter k grew with increasing drying rate. The parameter n was influenced by the type of solvent that was removed. It decreased with the increase of the boiling point of the solvent.
Avalanche Time of Granular Flows in Rotary Kilns
Authors: Liu X. , Zhou S. , Specht E.
Published: March 2010

Discrete avalanching is the dominant motion of granular beds in industrial rotary kilns. The avalanche time is an important parameter influencing the heat‐ and material transfer inside the kiln. Experiments are conducted on a rotating cylinder to measure the time evolution of avalanches. Nonspherical particles (rice) and low filling degrees are used in order to simulate the operating conditions in industrial kilns. The difference between the average critical angle and stop angle of the avalanche is found to be in the range of 7°–9°, i.e., much higher values than ever reported in literature. As the filling degree is three times increased, the average critical angle is found to be approximately constant, whereas the average stop angle is slightly increased and the avalanche time is increased by 20 %. For all experimental configurations, the average avalanche time occupies about 35 %–38 % of the total circle time (elevation time plus avalanche time). Experimental data are used to test theoretical models from different authors. Comparison demonstrates that the models proposed by Mellmann and Davidson et al. can predict well the increasing tendency of average avalanche time with filling degrees. The former has higher accuracy with errors less than 5 % for all experiments. Results of this work are useful for kiln design and further theoretical studies on dynamics of granular avalanches.
Quality‐Controlled Reactive Crystallization of SrSO4 To Produce High‐Valued Chemicals
Authors: Mikami T. , Hirasawa I.
Published: March 2010

Precipitation of monodispersed SrSO4 particles was carried out in the presence of polyethylenimine (PEI). PEI additions varied some particulate properties, e.g., sizes, shapes, size distribution widths, and agglomeration ratios. The present paper mainly focuses on the influence of PEI dosage on crystal size distributions. PEI‐assisted double jet techniques require no difficult controls of feeding rates, therefore, this idea will be applicable to precipitation of other inorganic compounds for the purpose of producing monodispersed nano‐/microparticles.
Determination of Distribution Coefficients in 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methyl Imidazolium Chloride‐Methylimidazole Mixtures by Zone Melting
Authors: Solà Cervera J. L. , Keil P. , König A.
Published: March 2010

The first experimental results concerning the differential distribution coefficient, kdiff, for crystallization of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) out of EMIMCl‐ methylimidazole (MIM) mixtures (5 wt % MIM) are presented. The mixture was purified using the zone melting technique at a fixed crystallization rate of 1.44 mm/h. For quantification of the MIM content after purification an analytical method consisting of the combination of ion chromatography and UV/Vis detection was developed. A distribution coefficient of kdiff = 0.2 was found.
Process Optimization of Filling Up Crystallization
Authors: Markovits I. , Farkas B. , Farkas J. , Róna P. , Rausz V. , Jani‐Vakulya G. , Nagy K.
Published: March 2010

The optimization of filling up crystallization of a specific active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIe) is presented and discussed. Filling up crystallization is a special cooling crystallization method the main goal of which is to narrow the crystal size distribution (CSD) of the product. Fast cooling of the solution is achieved in the first section of the cooling profile as the hot solution of the API for crystallization is fed into the crystallizer, where a constant but significantly lower temperature is maintained by choosing a suitable addition rate of the hot solution and utilizing the cooling efficiency of the crystallizer. The process of determination for formulation of the crystals occurs during the filling up period of the crystallization. As a result of optimization, a parameter range is specified from which the process parameters can be chosen ensuring that the product specifications comply with the limitations.
Synthesis and Application of Tetraphosphane Ligands in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Terminal Olefins: High Regioselectivity at High Temperature
Authors: Yu Shichao , Zhang Xiaowei , Yan Yongjun , Cai Chaoxian , Dai Liyan , Zhang Xumu
Published: March 2010

A new class of substituted tetraphosphane ligands has been developed and applied in the rhodium‐catalyzed regioselective hydroformylation of terminal olefins. The high regioselectivity (linear selectivity is above 97 % for 1‐octene and 1‐hexene) at high temperature (140 °C) shown by these tetraphosphane ligands is remarkable considering the low regioselectivity commonly observed under similar reaction conditions when other bisphosphane analogues are used. The steric and electronic effects of substituents on the diarylphosphane moiety have also been examined.
Controlled Aggregation of Multiple Guanidinium Ions through a Hydrogen‐Bonded Network Assembly with Deprotonated Forms of Kemp’s Triacid
Authors: Han Jie , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: March 2010

A series of five complexes that incorporate the guanidinium ion and various deprotonated forms of Kemp’s triacid (H3KTA) have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The complex [C(NH2)3+]⋅[H2KTA−] (1) exhibits a sinusoidal layer structure with a centrosymmetric pseudo‐rosette motif composed of two ion pairs. The fully deprotonated Kemp’s triacid moiety in 3 [C(NH2)3+]⋅[KTA3−] (2) forms a record number of eighteen acceptor hydrogen bonds, thus leading to a closely knit three‐dimensional network. The KTA3− anion adopts an uncommon twist conformation in [(CH3)4N+]⋅ 2 [C(NH2)3+]⋅[KTA3−]⋅2 H2O (3). The crystal structure of [(nC3H7)4N+]⋅ 2 [C(NH2)3+]⋅[KTA3−] (4) features a tetrahedral aggregate of four guanidinium ions stabilized by an outer shell that comprises six equatorial carboxylate groups that belong to separate [KTA3−] anions. In 3 [(C2H5)4N+]⋅ 20 [C(NH2)3+]⋅11 [HKTA2−]⋅[H2KTA−]⋅ 17 H2O (5), an even larger centrosymmetric inner core composed of eight guanidinium ions and six bridging water molecules is enclosed by a crust composed of eighteen axial carboxyl/carboxylate groups from six HKTA2− anions.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbonylative [2+2+1] Cycloadditions and Cycloisomerizations of Bis(sulfonylallene)s
Authors: Kawamura Takamasa , Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Narita Syu , Takahashi Yasuhito , Hirata Shuichi , Kitagaki Shinji , Mukai Chisato
Published: March 2010

Novel [{RhCl(CO)dppp}2]‐catalyzed intramolecular carbonylative [2+2+1] cycloadditions of bis(phenylsulfonylallene) derivatives under CO, leading to the facile formation of bis(phenylsulfonyl)bicyclo[n.3.0] frameworks (n=4–6), have been developed. The terminal double bonds of both allenyl moieties served exclusively as the two π‐components. In particular, this newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for the construction of bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienones, which have hardly been prepared by the known Pauson–Khand (‐type) reactions. The bicyclo[7.3.0]dodecadienone homologue (one extra carbon) could be formed in rather low yields. Alternatively, novel cycloisomerizations of bis(phenylsulfonylallene) derivatives with catalysis by the same RhI complex under N2 readily produced the 3,4‐dimethylene‐2,5‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)cyclononene and the corresponding cyclooctene and cycloheptene frameworks.
Effect of kinetic models on hot spot temperature prediction for phthalic anhydride production in a multitubular packed bed reactor
Authors: Orozco G. A. , Gomez J. R. , Sanchez O. F. , Gil I. D. , Duran A.
Published: March 2010

Although there are several kinetic models for the production of phthalic anhydride from the partial oxidation of o‐xylene, only few studies have compared the effect of the kinetic model on the prediction of the hot‐spot temperature. In this work, the predicted temperature profile for the partial oxidation of o‐xylene to phthalic anhydride in a multitubular packed bed reactor was obtained for different kinetic mechanisms using one‐dimensional pseudo‐homogeneous and heterogeneous models. The predicted temperature profile using the one‐dimensional heterogeneous model with the kinetic model of Calderbank et al. but with the adjusted kinetic and transport parameters proposed by Anastasov presented a good correlation with regard to experimental data. Nevertheless, in the hot‐spot zone deviations, up to 30 K were presented. In conclusion, the temperature performance in the production of phthalic anhydride is suitably predicted by the one‐dimensional heterogeneous model and the Calderbank et al.'s kinetic model. Though, prediction using bidimensional models should be done to establish the best correlation with experimental data.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 3‐Benzazepin‐1‐ols as NR2B‐Selective NMDA Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Tewes Bastian , Frehland Bastian , Schepmann Dirk , Schmidtke Kai‐Uwe , Winckler Thomas , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: March 2010

Cleavage and reconstitution of a bond in the piperidine ring of ifenprodil (1) leads to 7‐methoxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepin‐1‐ols, a novel class of NR2B‐selective NMDA receptor antagonists. The secondary amine 7‐methoxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepin‐1‐ol (12), which was synthesized in six steps starting from 2‐phenylethylamine3, represents the central building block for the introduction of several N‐linked residues. A distance of four methylene units between the basic nitrogen atom and the phenyl residue in the side chain results in high NR2B affinity. The 4‐phenylbutyl derivative13(WMS‐1405,Ki=5.4 nM) and the conformationally restricted 4‐phenylcyclohexyl derivative31(Ki=10 nM) represent the most potent NR2B ligands of this series. Whereas13shows excellent selectivity, the 4‐phenylcyclohexyl derivative31also interacts with σ1(Ki=33 nM) and σ2receptors (Ki=82 nM). In the excitotoxicity assay the phenylbutyl derivative13inhibits the glutamate‐induced cytotoxicity with an IC50value of 360 nM, indicating that13is an NMDA antagonist.
Serine‐ and mannose‐modified liposomal contrast agent for computed tomography: evaluation of the enhancement in rabbit liver VX‐2 tumor model
Authors: Okada Masahiro , Isoda Takeshi , Kumano Seishi , Kagawa Yuki , Araki Tetsuro , Onishi Hiromitsu , Hori Masatoshi , Kim Tonsok , Motokui Yasuyuki , Wada Takeshi , Murakami Takamichi
Published: March 2010

Kupffer cell imaging is a powerful tool for the detection of liver cancer. This diagnostic procedure depends on the faculty of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) which takes up foreign bodies, including small particles. The current study aimed to develop a novel RES targeting liposomal contrast agent that functionalized with serine or mannose, the moiety specifically binding to a corresponding receptor on phagocytic cells. Liposomes loaded with non‐ionic X‐ray contrast media, Iohexol, were prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide reverse‐phase evaporation method and were intravenously injected to healthy rabbits in order to evaluate the liver parenchymal enhancement in X‐ray computed tomography (CT). From 10 to 40 min after injection, the mean enhancement value of the liver parenchyma approached 45 and 34 Hounsfield units (HU) when serine‐modified iodinated liposomal contrast agent (ILCA) and mannose‐modified ILCA were applied, respectively. The tumor‐to‐liver contrast values were also evaluated after the administration of the prepared ILCA to rabbits with VX‐2 carcinoma. For serine‐modified ILCA, tumor‐to‐liver contrast was 82 HU at 1 min and >24 HU at 10–40 min; for mannose‐modified ILCA, the values were 58 HU at 0.5 min and >21 HU at 10–40 min. These vales estimated from the region of intrest and the imaging figures of liver indicate the potential of ILCA for clinical use. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of recent screening on predicting the outcome of prostate cancer biopsy in men with elevated prostate‐specific antigen
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Cronin Angel M. , Aus Gunnar , Pihl Carl‐Gustav , Becker Charlotte , Pettersson Kim , Scardino Peter T. , Hugosson Jonas , Lilja Hans
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

Risk models to predict prostate cancer on biopsy, whether they include only prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) or other markers, are intended for use in all men of screening age. However, the association between PSA and cancer probably depends on a man's recent screening history.

METHODS:

The authors examined the effect of prior screening on the ability to predict the risk of prostate cancer by using a previously reported, 4‐kallikrein panel that included total PSA, free PSA, intact PSA, and human kallikrein‐related peptidase 2 (hK2). The study cohort comprised 1241 men in Gothenburg, Sweden who underwent biopsy for elevated PSA during their second or later visit for the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. The predictive accuracy of the 4‐kallikrein panel was calculated.

RESULTS:

Total PSA was not predictive of prostate cancer. The previously published 4‐kallikrein model increased predictive accuracy compared with total PSA and age alone (area under the curve [AUC], 0.66 vs 0.51; P < .001) but was poorly calibrated and missed many cancers. A model that was developed with recently screened men provided important improvements in discrimination (AUC, 0.67 vs 0.56; P < .001). Using this model reduced the number of biopsies by 413 per 1000 men with elevated PSA, missed 60 of 216 low‐grade cancers (Gleason score ≤6), but missed only 1 of 43 high‐grade cancers.

CONCLUSIONS:

Previous participation in PSA screening dramatically changed the performance of statistical models that were designed to predict biopsy outcome. A 4‐kallikrein panel was able to predict prostate cancer in men who had a recent screening history and provided independent confirmation that multiple kallikrein forms contribute important diagnostic information for men with elevated PSA. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase 7 gene (alanine to glycine substitution at amino acid 92) is associated with the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Wei Sheng , Liu Zhensheng , Zhao Hui , Niu Jiangong , Wang Li‐E , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Sturgis Erich M. , Wei Qingyi
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

The authors conducted a hospital‐based study of 1110 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and a control group of 1129 patients to replicate the associations reported by a recent, large European study between 2 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes, a substitution in ADH1B at amino acid 48 from arginine to histidine (R48H) (reference SNP number [rs]1229984; guanine to adenine [G→A]) and a substitution in ADH7 at amino acid 92 from alanine to glycine (A92G) (rs1573496; cytosine to guanine [C→G]), and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

METHODS:

Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). False‐positive report probabilities (FPRPs) also were calculated for significant findings.

RESULTS:

The ADH7 A92G GG and combined CG + GG genotypes were associated with a decreased risk of SCCHN (GG: adjusted OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13‐0.82; CG + GG: adjusted OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59‐0.94; FPRP, .098) compared with the CC genotype. This association was also evident in subgroups of older patients (aged >57 years), men, former smokers, patients with oral cancer, and patients with N) lymph node status (P < .05 for all); however, such associations were not observed for the ADH1B R48H SNP.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results support the ADH7 A92G SNP as a marker for the risk of SCCHN in non‐Hispanic white populations. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Adjuvant therapy and survival after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mayo Skye C. , Austin Donald F. , Sheppard Brett C. , Mori Motomi , Shipley Donald K. , Billingsley Kevin G.
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

The use of adjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is accepted in North America, but there is a paucity of data to support this practice. The relation between adjuvant therapy and survival was assessed in a population‐based cohort of patients with PAC.

METHODS:

A review was conducted of all cases of resected PAC from 1996 to 2003 using data from the state cancer registry augmented with data from primary medical record review. Use of adjuvant therapy was ascertained from registry data. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan‐Meier method, and a Cox proportional hazards model was developed for multivariate analysis.

RESULTS:

A total of 298 patients from 27 hospitals met criteria for inclusion. There were 228 patients (76.5%) who were resected with curative intent, with a median overall survival of 12 months. The 6‐month, 1‐year, and 5‐year survival rates were 80.2%, 58.4%, and 6.7%, respectively. Of the 228 patients resected, 122 (53.5%) received adjuvant treatment and had a median survival of 13.0 months versus 11.0 months for those with no adjuvant treatment (P= .16). After adjustment for surrogates of performance status, significant predictors of overall survival included no weight loss, T1/T2 pathologic stage, a microscopically complete resection (R0), and receipt of adjuvant therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:

An R0 resection and adjuvant therapy were found to be independently associated with an increase in overall survival in patients with resected PAC. These data underscore the importance of adjuvant therapy in resected PAC and the need for ongoing clinical trials to refine the efficacy and timing of adjuvant therapy in this disease. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Trends in oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related and HPV‐unrelated sites in a multicultural population
Authors: Auluck Ajit , Hislop Greg , Bajdik Chris , Poh Catherine , Zhang Lewei , Rosin Miriam
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND:

There is a growing recognition of the involvement of human papilloma virus infection in the etiology of head and neck cancers at some sites, mainly the base of the tongue, tonsils, and other oropharynx (hereafter termed oropharyngeal cancer). Other oral sites (hereafter termed oral cavity cancer [OCC]) show a stronger association with tobacco and alcohol. Little is known about the ethnic variation in incidence for these cancers. This study determined incidence rates of OCC and oropharyngeal cancer among South Asian, Chinese, and the general population in British Columbia, Canada.

METHODS:

Patients with OCC and oropharyngeal cancer diagnosed from 1980 to 2006 were identified through the British Columbia cancer registry, and surname lists were used to establish ethnicity. Age‐adjusted incidence rates were determined for these cancers by sex, topographical site, and ethnicity, and temporal trends were examined.

RESULTS:

Age‐adjusted incidence rates have been decreasing for OCC and increasing for oropharyngeal cancer in the general population for both sexes, with men having higher incidence rates than women. Ethnic differences were found, with the highest age‐adjusted incidence rates for OCC for men in South Asians and for women in Chinese, and with the highest age‐adjusted incidence rates for oropharyngeal cancer for men in Chinese and for women in the general population. Differences were also found for OCC topographical sites by sex and ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS:

The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer has now surpassed OCC in the British Columbia male population. Ethnic minorities are at higher risk than the general population for both OCC and oropharyngeal cancer for men, and for OCC for women. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.