bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘McIntosh’ Apples do Not Benefit from Low-ethylene Controlled-atmosphere Storage
Authors: Lau O. L.
Published: September 2022

‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) held at 1.5C in a high–C2H4 (374 µl·liter−1), 2.2% O2 + 3.0% CO2 atmosphere were seldom softer than fruit held in a low-C2H4 (1.7 µl·liter−1) atmosphere with the same levels of O2 and CO2. Scrubbing of C2H4 is not cost-effective in maintaining dessert quality of ‘McIntosh’ apples in commercial controlled-atmosphere storage.
Isozymes and General Proteins from Various Watermelon Cultivars and Tissue Types
Authors: Biles C. L. , Martyn R. D. , Wilson H. D.
Published: September 2022

Xylem fluid and cotyledon, stem, and leaf tissue of eight watermelon [Citrullus lanatus Thunb. (Matsum. and Nakai)] cultivars differentially suspectible to races 0, 1, and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, (E.F. Sm.) Synd. and Hans., causal agent of fusarium wilt, were assayed for general proteins and specific enzymes using SDS and IEF-PAGE and starch gel electrophoresis (SGE). SGE detected no variant isozymes among the watermelon cultivars in the six enzyme systems examined (GOT, MDH, PGI, IDH, PGM, PER); however, electrophoretic variants between tissue types were observed. Cotyledon tissue expressed an additional peroxidase band not seen in stem tissue. When xylem fluid samples were applied to IEF and SDS-PAGE and silver-stained, variant protein banding patterns were observed between the cultivars. The fusarium wilt-susceptible cultivar Black Diamond lacked the protein bands at pI = 5.1, 5.2, and 5.6 that were present in other cultivars. In addition, wilt-resistant ‘Dixielee’ possessed a differential band at pI = 6.0. We believe this to be the first report of electrophoretic differences among commercial watermelon cultivars.
Ultrastructural Morphology of ‘Nonpareil’ Almond Pollen
Authors: Mulas M. , Agabbio M. , Nieddu G.
Published: September 2022

The stability of some morphological and biometric characteristics of ‘Nonpareil’ almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch.] pollen was evaluated to determine its usefulness in distinguishing among different cultivars. The influence of rootstock, irrigation, geographical location, and year on pollen grain size and pollen ultrastructural microsculpture was followed. No parameter was influenced by irrigation or rootstock, but grain size and pore diameter class distribution were significantly different for the years and localities studied.
In Vitro Culture of Guayule Using Pretreated Seeds
Authors: Finnie Jeffrey F. , Ackermann Christa , van Staden Johannes
Published: September 2022

Multiple shoot and callus formation was achieved with pretreated guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) seeds using a Murashige and Skoog basal medium. With BA, only shoots developed; NAA stimulated rooting. As guayule plants display a high degree of apomixis, this technique provides an ideal system for genetic manipulation. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyI)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA); 2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid (NAA).
Inheritance Patterns for Juice Vesicle Branching in the Citrinae (Aurantioideae)
Authors: Tisserat Brent , Roose Mikeal
Published: September 2022

Some Citrus spp. and cultivars exhibit juice vesicle branching. In this study, we determined that the branching trait is inheritable. The mode of inheritance of this trait was analyzed in progenies from various 2x × 2x and 2x × 4x citrus crosses. No consistent model for inheritance of branching has been found, although some crosses do suggest simple inheritance. We found that if one parent is a pummelo, even if this parent does not exhibit the branching trait itself, branching may be inherited by a substantial portion of the progeny, suggesting that more than one locus is involved in this trait.
Increased Cellulase Activity during Blackberry Fruit Ripening
Authors: Abeles Fred B. , Takeda Fumiomi
Published: September 2022

The two enzymes frequently associated with fruit softening and cell wall degradation during ripening are polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) and cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) (Huber, 1983). The work reported here provides evidence that, using a viscometric assay, cellulase, but not polygalacturonase, activity increased during the ripening of blackberries.
Gibberellic Acid Influences Petiole Characteristics and Postharvest Quality of Fresh-market Spinach
Authors: Johnson Jon R. , Rushing James W. , McGuinn Janice R.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) increases stem elongation and results in more upright growth habit of several crops, including spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) (3, 4). Treatment of spinach grown for processing and fresh market with GA3 increased yield and upright growth habit (1, 2). Gibberellic acid has not been evaluated for use on spinach grown in the southeastern United States for the prepackaged fresh market. The objectives of these studies were to determine the influence of GA3 rate on plant growth, yield, and post-harvest quality of prepackaged spinach
‘Choctaw’ Blackberry
Authors: Moore James N. , Clark John R.
Published: September 2022

‘Choctaw’ is the fifth in a series of erect-growing, high-quality, productive blackberry cultivars developed in the breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Previous releases from this program are ‘Comanche’ and ‘Cherokee’ in 1974 (Moore et al., 1974a, 1974b), ‘Cheyenne’ in 1977 (Moore et al., 1977), and ‘Shawnee’ in 1984 (Moore et al., 1985). ‘Choctaw’ ripens its fruit earlier in the season than the previous cultivars, thus extending the blackberry fruiting season.
Iriet—A New Avocado Cultivar
Authors: Lahav E. , Lavi U. , Zamet D. , Degani C. , Gazit S.
Published: September 2022

‘Iriet’ (previously 12–15) is the name given to an avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seedling selected in a breeding project conducted at the Akko Experiment Station in Western Galilee, Israel (Lahav et al., 1985). One of the objectives was to find a late cultivar, similar to ‘Hass’, but with larger fruit. In Spring 1973, ‘Hass’ trees were caged with beehives. The progeny fruits were harvested in Winter 1974 and seedlings were planted in Spring 1975. ‘Iriet’ was selected as the best cultivar from this population.
‘Jersey Queen’, a Cloned Cultivar of Asparagus
Authors: Howard Ellison J. , Kinelski John J. , Garrison Stephen A.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus plants are highly variable in yield, disease resistance, and most other plant characteristics because of the dioecious nature of the species. It is common for the highest-yielding plants in an open-pollinated cultivar of asparagus to yield 10 times more than other plants (Ellison et al., 1960). This kind of variability offers an opportunity to select superior plants for cloning. ‘Jersey Queen’ is such a female, previously identified and tested as Md 10.
Phony Disease Influences Peach Leaf Characteristics
Authors: Evert D. R. , Smittle D. A.
Published: September 2022

Midshoot peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] leaves were collected in 1984 and 1985 from phony-diseased [presumably infected with Xylella fastidiosa (Wells et al.)] and healthy trees of several cultivars at intervals during the summer. Leaves were evaluated for specific chlorophyll content, specific leaf weight, and color (lightness, hue, and saturation). The darker green of diseased trees reported previously could not be attributed to the quantitative changes in the leaf characteristics measured in this study. Midshoot leaves from diseased trees were more yellow and less green than midshoot leaves from healthy trees.
Excised-shoot Assay for Tolerance of Peach to Leucostoma persoonii
Authors: Chang L. S. , Iezzoni A. F. , Adams G.
Published: September 2022

Dormant, excised shoot segments from peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] seedlings previously identified as tolerant, intermediate, or susceptible to Leucostoma persoonii were evaluated for longitudinal canker necrotic length after incubation in contact with a culture of L. persoonii growing on clarified oatmeal agar. The differences in seedling canker necrotic lengths were significant and corresponded with field ratings of disease susceptibility. Seedling Yennoh 1-39 and NJ672017002 1-8 were the most tolerant, whereas Loring 14-20 and Elberta 8-25 were the most susceptible. The excised-shoot assay is sufficiently quick, reliable, and related to field disease reaction to be used as a screening procedure in the breeding of peach cultivars tolerant to L. persoonii.
Combining Ability among Inbred Onions for Resistance to Fusarium Basal Rot
Authors: Krueger S. K. , Weinman A. A. , Gabelman W. H.
Published: September 2022

Seven inbred onion (Allium cepa L.) lines representing a range of responses for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. emend. Snyd. and Hans. f. sp. cepae, the causal agent of fusarium basal rot, were mated in a complete diallel. The resultant inbred, F1, and reciprocal F1 progenies were evaluated for resistance in a greenhouse seedling test. Mean squares for general combining ability, specific combining ability, and reciprocal effects for resistance to fusarium basal rot were significant (P = 0.000). The parent with the highest general combining ability for resistance was W404, particularly when used as a seed parent. Reciprocal differences were significant in several hybrid combinations. The greenhouse screening procedure is described.
Initiating Rhizomes of Lowbush Blueberry with the Cytokinin 2iP
Authors: Gates Judy C. , Smaglila John M.
Published: September 2022

The cytokinin N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1-4-purine-6-amine (2iP) has been used to proliferate explants of Ericaceous spp. in vitro (2, 3, 6); these explants often have a rhizomatous growth habit. (4, 6). The studies described here were designed to determine the effects of 2iP on rhizome development of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) seedlings and rooted cuttings to aid in enhancing plant cover and yield (5, 7).
A Repository for Sweet Potato Germplasm
Authors: Jarret Robert L.
Published: September 2022

In recognition of the genetic vulnerability of sweet potato in the United States, a formal resolution to support the establishment of a repository for sweet potato germplasm was presented at the 1978 annual meeting of the Sweet Potato Collaborators Workgroup. This was followed, in 1980, by the convening of an ad hoc working group in Charleston, S.C., where the need for and the objectives of a clonal repository were discussed at length (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 1981). The principal recommendations of this working group were the designation of a U.S. clonal repository for conservation of sweet potato germplasm, the designation of the National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) as a repository for botanical seed of lpomoea batatas L. (Lam.) and related species, and a recognition of the need for improved quarantine procedures, including those for virus assay and elimination. These recommendations are in accord with the needs and objectives of other national and international sweet potato research programs as identified at a recent planning conference in Lima, Peru (International Potato Center, 1988).
Flower Judging to Develop Professionalism among Floriculture Students
Authors: Wolnick Dennis J.
Published: September 2022

“I chose A over B because it had better overall quality and uniformity. The color of A is particularly nice and the whole group is in very good condition. Both A and B are better than C, which lacks uniformity and appears old.”
The Present Situation and Future of Citrus Production in China
Authors: Zhaomin Shen
Published: September 2022

China is one of the areas where citrus originated, with >4000 years history of citrus growing. Many cultivars are found here. The climate is suitable, and there are vast areas with great potential for citrus development.
Soil Mulches Influence Reproductive and Vegetative Growth of ‘Fern’ and ‘Tristar’ Day-neutral Strawberries
Authors: Fear Carlos D. , Nonnecke Gail R.
Published: September 2022

Soil mulches (clear, white, or white-on-black polyethylene or straw) were evaluated for their effects on growth and development of day-neutral ‘Fern’ and ‘Tristar’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Plants mulched with straw or white-on-black polyethylene flowered and yielded more than plants mulched with clear or white polyethylene. Conversely, more crowns per plant, runners per plot, and greater leaf, crown, and root dry weights were associated with plants mulched with clear polyethylene than with those mulched with straw or white-on-black polyethylene. In midsummer, late-afternoon soil temperatures were highest under clear followed by white, white-on-black, and straw mulches. The results suggest that flowering is most profuse and vegetative growth least when day-neutral cultivars are grown on mulches that moderate soil temperatures.
Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrogen Effects on Growth of Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass
Authors: Eggens J. L. , Wright C. P. M. , Carey Ken
Published: September 2022

Five cultivars of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Emerald’, ‘Penncross’, ‘Penneagle’, ‘Prominent’, and ‘Seaside’) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), a weed, were grown in pot culture in silica sand and supplied with nutrient solutions in which 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the N (210 mg·liter−1) was and the remainder was . Growth rate, as measured by new leaves and tillers, and final size, as measured by leaf width, leaf number, tiller number, and cover, were significantly different among species and cultivars and among N ratios. All species/cultivars produced their best growth with some mixture of and . Annual bluegrass grew better in high- conditions, while the bentgrass cultivars grew as well or better in high conditions. There were significant differences among the bentgrass cultivars in their sensitivity to N source, with ‘Penncross’ being the most sensitive and ‘Seaside’ the least.
Fresh Conifer Bark Reduces Root-knot Nematode Galling of Greenhouse Tomatoes
Authors: McGrady John J. , Cotter Donald J.
Published: September 2022

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of fresh and aged conifer barks on galling by the root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) (Chitwood)] on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots. Fresh bark (stored at sawmill) exhibited significant nematicidal activity (reduced galling) when used as a medium component [50% or 75% with sand (v/v)]. Galling on tomatoes grown in aged bark (used as a culturing medium for tomatoes for 5 years) was extensive. When 10% or 20% fresh conifer bark was mixed into beds, galling was less extensive on tomato roots than on roots from tomatoes grown in an unamended medium. The nematicidal property of conifer bark diminished during long-term use. Increases in medium pH, which occurred during continuous cropping, could have contributed to the reduced nematicidal activity with time.
Views in Support of Plant Patents for Sexually Propagated Plants
Authors: White Allenby
Published: September 2022

I probably need not tell you that the American Seed Trade Association has been actively studying the question of breeders’ rights since 1961. These have been anxious years and with them has come a growing awareness that, however matters are finally settled, the seed industry will never again be quite the same.
Proposed Points of Agreement on Breeder Protection
Authors: Munger Henry M.
Published: September 2022

The following statements were written in the hope of expediting discussion at the session in Davis, California on August 18, 1968 on “Plant Patents and Alternate Methods of Breeder Protection.” All except 5(e) were distributed to the four panel members in advance of the meeting. Three indicated their agreement with them and the fourth offered no dissent. Copies were distributed at the meeting and while no vote was taken, there appeared to be general agreement on the statements. In addition, several spoke in favor of, and none against, adding an additional point which is listed here as 5(e).
Potassium Nutrition of Subtropical Fruits
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W.
Published: September 2022

By far the most important subtropical fruit is citrus and the most widely grown citrus is the sweet orange. Lemon and grapefruit also are important citrus species. Other important subtropical fruits are dates, figs, and olives. Tropical fruits are most numerous in kinds, and a few, such as the avocado, litchi and mango are grown on a commercial scale in the subtropical regions. Others, such as bananas, pineapples, coffee, and papaya, are strictly tropical. It is not an uncommon practice to apply K, but it is done in many cases without a demonstrated need. With the realization of the broad effects of K, such a practice should not be followed, but K level should be adjusted to give optimum response for both quality and yield. For this diagnostic methods and standards are required.
Potassium Nutrition of Woody Ornamental Plants
Authors: Davidson Harold
Published: September 2022

When one searches the literature for information pertaining to the nutrition of woody ornamental plants it soon becomes obvious that there has not been too much published in this field. And most of the experimental work on the nutrition of trees has been concerned with varying combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Also, most of the work that is reported was done in the field, either to trees growing in the landscape or in nurseries and as a result most of the studies report a positive response only to the application of nitrogen and little or no response to the application of phosphorus or potassium. A brief review of some of the literature on fertilizer experiments is contained in the works of Wikle (18) and Himeleck (9). Since this symposium is concerned with potassium in horticulture, I will confine most of my remarks to the place that this mineral element has on the growth and development of woody ornamental plants.
The Effect of Vernalization and Photoperiod on Flowering of Tall Bearded Irises1,2
Authors: Buxton J. W. , Mohr H. C.
Published: September 2022

Two varieties of tall bearded iris, ‘Color Carnival’ and ‘First Violet’, were grown at minimum temperatures above 20° F throughout the fall and winter months. Groups of these plants were transferred periodically to a 65° house where they received either long or short-day treatments. Plants of ‘Color Carnival’ flowered under long days, regardless of the length of the vernalization period; under short days, some flowering occurred if the plants received more than 8 weeks of vernalization. Plants receiving 16 or more weeks of vernalization flowered equally well under long days or short days. Plants of ‘First Violet’ did not flower under flowering did not occur until the plants had long days unless the plants had received 16 or more weeks of vernalization; under short days received 20 or more weeks of vernalization. The longer the plants had been held at the minimum temperature, the shorter the time required for flowering after being transferred to 65°.
New Vegetable Varieties List XVI1
Authors: _ _ , Barnes W. C.
Published: September 2022

Fifteen prior lists of new vegetable varieties introduced since 1936 were published in Vols. 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 75, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, and 92 of Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science.

The following abbreviations are used: Exp. desig.-experimental designation; orig.-originated at or by; intr.-introduced by; par.-parentage or parents; char.-outstanding characteristics; res.-resistant to; sim.--similar to or resembles; sel.-selection or selected; sl.-slight or slightly; adapt.-adapted to or adaptation.
Evaporative Cooling Techniques for Regulating Plant Water Stress
Authors: Carolus Robert L.
Published: September 2022

The water stress or “potential” (6) of a plant is dependent on both the level of available soil moisture and the atmospheric stress. Atmospheric stress increases with increase in air temperature, in radiant energy which influences plant temperature, and in air movement which influences plant temperature and relative humidity near the stomatal openings on leaf surfaces. Atmospheric stress decreases with an increase in relative humidity. Under satisfactory light and nutrient conditions, the level of water stress in a plant is the dominant factor controlling growth and many aspects of plant development. The optimum level of available soil moisture for the most satisfactory growth, development and quality of a crop is not a fixed value but varies with and is dependent on the climatic parameters that influence water stress.
Cranberry Growth and Composition as Influenced by Nitrogen Treatment1
Authors: Eck Paul
Published: September 2022

Increasing rates of N fertilizer from 16 to 64 lbs. of N/acre were associated with increased vine growth, and increased upright length in ‘Early Black’ cranberry. N content of stem tissue averaged 0.40%, runner leaves ranged from 0.92 to 1.09% N, fruiting uprights from 0.84 to 1.04% N, and non-fruiting uprights from 0.89 to 1.10% N. Leaf and upright N composition were highly correlated to N rate but stem N content did not correlate with N level. N content of runner leaves correlated best with vegetative growth. A significant quadratic component of the regression of N content of runner leaves upon upright length and of N content of fruiting uprights on runner production suggested that excessive vegetative growth may have influenced N composition in these tissues through a dilution mechanism.
The Influence of Gibberellin A3 (GA3) on Fruit of the Highbush Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. ‘Jersey’1
Authors: Hooks R. F. , Kenworthy A. L.
Published: September 2022

GA3 (0, 250, and 500 ppm) was applied at 75% full bloom to blueberry bushes caged with and without bees and to open pollinated bushes. GA3 significantly increased fruit yield per bush, reduced seed wt per fruit, and increased the rate of berry enlargement as compared to fruit not pollinated. No effect was observed on soluble solids and titratable acidity. GA3 appeared to substitute for the effect of pollination and fertilization.
Inhibition of Flowering in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) by Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Kachru Raj B. , Singh R. N. , Chacko Elias K.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) at concn of 10−1, 10−2m applied on the buds of “on” year ‘Dashehari’ mango tree just before flower bud differentiation, inhibited flowering 95% and 75%, respectively. Concn of 10−3 and 10−4m inhibited flowering to a much lesser extent, but delayed the emergence of panicles by nearly 2 weeks.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

Fruit crops may be classified into 3 categories according to their temperature requirements for successful culture. Some fruits, such as banana, mango, and papaya, are classed as tropical fruits and cannot be grown in areas where temperatures approach freezing. They may, in fact, be damaged by temperatures well above freezing. Subtropical fruits, including oranges, lemons, avocados, figs and dates, can withstand more cold than the tropical fruits. They may, under certain conditions, endure temperatures slightly below freezing. The temperate fruits, such as apple, peach, grape, blueberry, and blackberry enter a rest period at the onset of cold weather and can withstand very cold temperatures while dormant. However, certain minimum amouts of winter cold are required for breaking the rest period and allowing normal growth and development the following spring. This requirement of a cold-induced rest period break makes temperate fruits unadapted to tropical climates.
Breeding Rubus for Warm Climates1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H.
Published: September 2022

Temperate climate blackberries and raspberries exhibit weak growth and sparse fruiting in Florida (6, 8) because insufficient chilling in winter is obtained for normal termination of rest. Florida's native blackberries have been harvested since pioneer days for jams, pies, and fresh use, but this industry has remained very small. Rubus breeding was initiated at the University of Florida in 1953 to produce better bramble cultivars adapted for growing in warmer climates. Few introduced species and cultivars have an inherent low chilling requirement with sufficient winter cold hardiness to survive in Florida. Native types produce small berries with fruit quality below commercial acceptability. Moreover, lack of flavor is recognized as a limiting factor in most of the low chilling germplasm, especially in the trailing blackberries and ‘Mysore’ raspberry. Two reviewers of the Rubus project, G. M. Darrow, 1957, and I. C. Haut, 1958, suggested that major efforts should be made to combine features of high fruit quality from the non-adapted temperate zone varieties with climatically adapted local types.
Male Sterility in Pelargonium hortorum Bailey1
Authors: Dale T. , Rogers O. M.
Published: September 2022

The inheritance of male sterility in geranium is described and 2 genes, ms1 and ms2 are identified.
Infeasibility of Irradiating Fresh Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Maxie E. C. , Sommer N. F. , Mitchell F. G.
Published: September 2022

Since World War II, the news media have occasionally carried stories claiming unusually long shelf lives for irradiated fruits and vegetables, often at room temperature. The biochemistry and physiology of senescence make these claims biologically absurd. True, an uncritical review of the “scientific” literature prior to 1964 might have led one to believe that irradiation had a commercial potential for a wide variety of commodities. Many studies were of questionable validity, however. Products were sealed in airtight containers, physiological state (maturity) was ignored, quality evaluation was ignored or at best subjective, sample size was inadequate for statistical treatment, dosimetry was not reliably determined, geometry of radiation distribution into the product seemed highly variable, pathological studies were not quantitative, and often not even qualitative, and experiments were stationary, precluding exposure of the commodity to the injury associated with transport and marketing. Our studies, in contrast, covering 15 years and designed to avoid these criticisms, have led us to conclude that irradiation has technical promise for but few commodities‐‐and that economic feasibility reduces possible application even further.
Some Physiological Effects of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide and Ethylene on Immature ‘McIntosh’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Looney Norman E.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied early in the season and ethylene applied postharvest were found to influence respiration and ethylene production by immature ‘McIntosh’ apples. Ethylene treatment increased respiration of SADH-treated and non-treated fruit equally until July, when SADH began to suppress this ethylene-induced effect. Only fruits treated with ethylene produced measurable quantities of ethylene and a peak in this response was apparent in fruits harvested in mid- to late June in each of the 2 seasons studied. SADH greatly suppressed this response to ethylene.
Tolerance of Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) to Alachlor and Two Fluorinated Pyridazinone Herbicides1
Authors: Devlin Robert M. , Demoranville I. E.
Published: September 2022

2-Chloro-2, ‘6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor), 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluro-m-tolyl)-3 (2H) pyridazinone (SAN-6706), and 4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (SAN-9789) were applied to ‘Early Black’ cranberry vines in the spring at rates of 8, 12, and 16 lb. active ingredient/acre. No phytotoxicity on vine growth or appearance was detected in the alachlor plots or in plots receiving lower rates (8 and 12 lb./acre) of SAN-6706 and SAN-9789 but the higher rate caused a temporary chlorosis at the base of the cranberry leaf blade. No significant differences were detected between untreated and treated berries in respect to yield and berry size, dry wt, pectin content, and anthocyanin development.
Preparing Graphic Materials for Publication1
Authors: Maxie E. C. , Edwards Don
Published: September 2022

Communication of research results in an accurate, intelligible manner in as much a part of research project as the experiments themselves. Otherwise the task is incomplete and the cost unjustified. Hence, the quality of a manuscript destined for publication should receive as much attention as do the design and execution of experiments.

Space in journals is costly; the 70 sq inches of usable space on a page of HortScience costs $115—$1.64 per sq inch—when printing, mailing, reprint, and overhead costs are considered. These costs must be shared by the Society and the author of a paper, or his institution. Thus, papers should be planned to get the maximum amount of clear information into the least amount of space. Brevity and quality are not necessarily synonymous; neither are they incompatible
Influence of Light Sources and Intensities on Pot Plant Chrysanthemum Development1
Authors: Moon Robert E. , Payne R. N. , Morrison Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Growth and flowering of pot chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. cv. Neptune under total fluorescent lighting were comparable in quality to that of greenhouse grown plants. Daytime supplementary fluorescent light, in most cases, was not of significant benefit.
Effects of Ethephon and Benzimidazoles on Corm and Cormel Production by Gladiolus Cormels1
Authors: Magie R. O.
Published: September 2022

Ten fungicidal treatments with and without 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) at 1000 ppm were applied to Fusarium-inoculated, dormant cormels by soaking or by vacuum infusion. Water-control treatments resulted in nearly complete disease loss by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli Sny. & Hans. Treatments with 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (TBZ) or methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl) were effective in controlling the disease. Application of TBZ suspension by vacuum infusion increased corm and cormel production over the soak treatment. The effectiveness of TBZ was increased also by adding 100 ppm Ortho X-77 Spreader, or by adding phosphoric acid to dissolve the chemical at pH 3. The addition of ethephon increased corm production in the 10 treatments by 50% and cormel production by 90%. The increases in corm and cormel production were, respectively, 61 and 116% where ethephon was added to the most effective vacuum infusion treatments, namely: TBZ + X-77, TBZ + phosphoric acid, and benomyl + X-77 with or without dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Ethylene
Authors: Lieberman Morris , Kunishi Alice
Published: September 2022

Ethylene, a “broad spectrum” physiological agent in plant metabolism, has excited new interest in recent years following accumulation of evidence which places it in the category of a plant hormone. Every plant tissue produces ethylene and is influenced by ethylene at some stage in its life cycle; yet the origin of ethylene in plants and the pathways of its biosynthesis are for the most part still unknown. There has been much activity in this field in the past 6 years, and a great advance has been made in the discovery of a precursor of ethylene in metabolism (10). A number of ethylene-forming model systems were developed and these have led to proposals of enzymes, intermediates and pathways for ethylene biosynthesis in vivo. In this discussion I am going to consider these model systems and suggested pathways and evaluate their pertinance to ethylene biosynthesis in tissues.
Physiological Processes Involved in Abscission1
Authors: Leopold A. C.
Published: September 2022

The ability of plants to slough off organs by an active separation of cells seems to be distinctive to the higher plants. It is an adaptation which permits self-pruning of aged leaves, ripe fruits, or unset flowers and the lessening of the number of stem apices. The interest in abscission as an active physiological process is heightened by the fact that it is becoming increasingly important as agricultural technology requires increasing mechanization – witness the pressing need for regulation of defoliation, fruit thinning, and fruit abscission for mechanical harvesting. The body of literature on abscission has become very large (12), and it would seem to be useful to ask ourselves to define the morphological events involved in abscission, the principal regulatory agents involved, and the main cellular processes in abscission development.
Citrus Abscission1
Authors: Biggs R. H.
Published: September 2022

During the last decade intensive research has been conducted on the phenomenon of organ abscission in plants, as evidenced by several reviews (5, 9, 10, 40) and this symposium. Abscission is of interest because, among other things, a knowledge of the processes involved gives insight into the metabolism of cell walls, the ramifications of which are well known. Horticulturists have an additional interest, for a basic knowledge of this process has application in fruit production programs.
Yield of Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as Influenced by 5-Chloro, 2-Thenyl, Tri-n-Butyl-Phosphoniumchloride1
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Sistrunk W. A. , Fleming J. W.
Published: September 2022

A single foliar spray of 25 or 28 ppm 5-chloro,2-thenyl, tri-n-butyl-phosphoniumchloride (CTBP) when the first flowers opened increased yields of 2 cultivars planted in late summer and 2 of 4 cultivars planted in late spring, 1970. Yield increases were due to more pods. In general, CTBP treatments that increased yields did not influence seed and fiber development, shear press values, and color of 4-sieve and 5-sieve pods that were canned. Also, Ca, Mg, P, and K levels of 4-sieve, deseeded 5-sieve, and seeds from 5-sieve pods were not influenced by CTBP treatments.
Sawdust and Other Soil Substitutes and Amendments in Greenhouse Tomato Production1
Authors: Adamson R. M. , Maas E. F.
Published: September 2022

Additions of peat moss, sand, straw or sawdust were ineffective in increasing tomato yields in poorly aggregated greenhouse soils in Coastal British Columbia, but significant yield increases were obtained by growing the plants with nutrient solutions in soilless media. Although sand and a sand-sawdust mixture produced equally high yields, sawdust is commercially more practical due to lower cost and greater ease of handling but it requires more initial care to ensure continuous moisture availability for new transplants. Levels of essential elements required in nutrient solutions are given.
Abscisic Acid Levels in Peach Floral Cups1
Authors: Corgan J. N. , Martin George C.
Published: September 2022

Peach floral cup extracts were assayed for an inhibiting substance thought to be abscisic acid (ABA) at weekly intervals from November 11, 1969 to February 17, 1970. Inhibitor levels fluctuated during rest, but were relatively high at the termination of the rest period. Inhibitor levels then decreased after the chilling requirement was satisfied. Floral cup growth during the rest period was an exponential function.
The Relationship Between Pollinator Density and Seed Number in Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Wood G. W.
Published: September 2022

Field trials carried out with honeybees in New Brunswick showed no significant increase in no. of perfect seeds per berry when up to 8 colonies of bees were used per acre in commercial blueberry fields.
The Influence of Seed-Lot History on Sensitivity of Lettuce Seed to Temperature and Moisture Stress1
Authors: Pollock Bruce M. , Manalo J. R.
Published: September 2022

Germination of some lots of lettuce seeds is strongly inhibited by slight moisture stress at 25°C but not at 20°. Under soil conditions, this sensitivity to moisture stress could be a factor in plant establishment.
Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH) Prevents Whitefly Population Increase1
Authors: Tauber M. J. , Shalucha B. , Langhans R. W.
Published: September 2022

SADH is utilized in the floricultural industry to control plant ht, increase stem diam, and darken foliage. At the end of an experiment which was primarily devised to determine the effective duration of SADH on petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) cv. Plum Purple, we noted greenhouse whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), were abundant on the lower surfaces of most leaves on every stem of untreated plants, whereas treated plants were virtually pest-free. Closer examination showed that the leaves on SADH-treated petunias bore a considerable number of whitefly eggs. However, unlike the untreated plants, which sustained very large no. of the insect pest in all stages of development, there were only isolated instances of first instar nymphs and even fewer second, third, or fourth stages on the treated plants. This indicated that although adults do not avoid laying eggs on the sprayed petunias, population build-up does not occur.
Reduction in Last Internode Elongation of Cut Tulips by Growth Retardants1
Authors: Einert A. E.
Published: September 2022

The effects of several concn of growth retardant chemicals on the elongation of the last stem internode of cut tulips were studied. Compared to tap water, α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol (ancymidol) at 25 ppm reduced intemode growth by 31% with no detrimental effects on vase life or flower quality. The 2,4-dichlorobenzyl-tributylphos-phonium chloride (CBBP) was ineffective at 6-25 ppm. CBBP at 125 did reduce stem elongation but was toxic to the flower. Ancymidol in the vase solution retarded growth without altering water uptake by the stem.
Plant Growth Regulating Properties of 3-Carboxy-l-Pyridones1, 2
Authors: Yih Roy Y. , McNulty Patrick J. , Seidel Michael C. , Viste Kenneth L.
Published: September 2022

A new synthetic group of pyridones represented by 3-carboxy-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,6-dimethyl- 2-pyridone are growth regulators in various agronomic and ornamental plants.
Foliar Absorption of Chelated Iron from Solutions of High pH and Movement of Absorbed Iron Within the Leaf of Antirrhinum majus L. cv. Texas1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. , Chung Amy Hwei-mei
Published: September 2022

Iron-59 was absorbed more readily from solutions of pH 7.2 as chelated iron than as FeCl3 to the extent that chelation improved stability of Fe in solution. The chelates HEEDTA and RA157 were absorbed more than EDDHA, EDTA, or DTPA. The percentage of foliar absorbed iron that was translocated within the detached leaf from the application site ranged from 24% for RA157 to 68% for DTPA. A greater quantity of HEEDTA was translocated because of the greater amount absorbed, but only a small percentage of the absorbed 59Fe moved within the leaf. Autoradiographs indicated that distribution within the leaf resulted from translocation through vascular tissues.
Soil Temperature and Development of Cuttings and Seedlings of Tropical Foliage Plants1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Waters Will E.
Published: September 2022

Soil temp, maintained with electric heating cables to 75°F and 85° during the winter and 80° and 90° during the summer accelerated development of cuttings and seedlings of tropical foliage plants in central Florida and reduced time required for propagation up to 50% during the cool months of the year. Generally, plants held at 75° responded as well as those held at 85°.
Influence of Gibberellin on Time of Bud Development in Globe Artichoke12
Authors: Snyder M. J. , Welch N. C. , Rubatzky V. E.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) was applied to globe artichoke plants prior to bud enlargement in the fall, and to similar plants during bud development in the spring. Single applications of 25 or 50 ppm were adequate to induce accelerated flower bud development. The rate of bud development was more pronounced when GA3 was applied in the fall. Although total yields from treated and non-treated plants were not significantly different, earliness was increased.
Lunar Horticulture
Authors: Walkinshaw Charles H.
Published: September 2022

Sometime in the future, the United States may establish a lunar base as the first step toward colonization of our moon. To accomplish this, one of the primary goals will be to utilize native lunar materials for operation and maintenance of the permanent colony. Man's initial requirements in this extraterrestrial base could be compared to those of Admiral Richard E. Byrd in his first expedition to Antarctica in 1928. That is, settlers on the moon will be completely dependent upon supplies brought with them, as was Byrd's contingent at the Little America base.
The Necessity For High-Quality Vegetable Seed
Authors: Harrington J. F.
Published: September 2022

In former days a vegetable grower would plant many times more seed than the plants he needed, to ensure a stand even if the seed quality were poorer than expected. Any excess seedlings were thinned out by hand, and the crop was harvested by hand, involving several harvests, with no concern for uniform maturity. Today the situation is different. Labor is expensive and becoming more so. The trend is toward mechanization, which requires precision planting or planting to a stand, with a once-over harvest. Only high-quality seed will do the job.
Handling Seed to Insure High Seed Quality
Authors: Thompson David J.
Published: September 2022

In a broad sense, the term “handling seed”can refer to everything that happens between planting stock seed for a seed crop and planting of commercial seed by a grower. In a narrower sense, the term can refer to events between harvest of a commercial seed crop and planting by a grower. These events usually include seed harvest, processing, drying, storage, and transportation. They may also include fermentation, chemical treatment, sizing, blending, encapsulation, coating, and taping. Modern methods of handling seed through these events require machinery.
Emergence, Early Growth, and Salinity of Five Vegetable Crops Germinated by Sprinkle and Trickle Irrigation in an Arid Zone1
Authors: Shmueli M. , Goldberg D.
Published: September 2022

Field experiments were conducted to test the emergence, early growth, and salt build-up in soil and leaves with 5 vegetable crops germinated by sprinkle and trickle irrigation using saline water. In some of the crops (cucumber, tomato, pepper) trickle irrigation shortened the time until emergence and the stand was more uniform. Other crops (muskmelon, onion) responded in a similar manner to both irrigation methods. Seedling development was good with both methods. Trickling produced a higher salt concn in the 0 to 3-cm soil layer of the crop row, although this had no apparent effect on emergence, seedling wt, or chloride content of the leaves.
Southern Cooperative Snap Bean Trials 1946-681
Authors: Hoffman James C.
Published: September 2022

The Southern Cooperative Snap Bean Trials have been conducted annually since 1946. During the first 22 years, an average of 26 cooperators tested 285 new entries. Each entry remained in the trials an average of 2.3 years. Thirty-nine of the breeding lines tested were released as new cultivars, several of which have a wide range of adaptability in the United States and elsewhere. The average annual yield increased from an initial low of 203 bu/acre for the period 1947-51 to 247 bu/acre for the period 1964-68; and increase of 17.8%. This increase in yield corresponds with the increase obtained in commercial production during the same period.
Foliage Frost Resistance in Tuber-Bearing Solanums1
Authors: Richardson Daryl Garnet , Weiser Conrad J.
Published: September 2022

The threat of economic losses due to frost injury is present in almost every region of the world where potatoes are cultivated. Frost damage to foliage is particularly important in parts of South America where potatoes are a primary dietary staple, but losses are also significant in many regions of North America, Asia, Northern Europe and the USSR. Potatoes are commonly grown in the temperate regions and at high elevations in the tropics where frost is a chronic problem. A particularly harsh frost in Colombia, in 1967 caused an estimated $50 million loss. Fortunately many growers in the Andean region plant small insurance crops of wild-type potatoes which possess substantial frost resistance, although the the yield and quality is poor.
The Freezing Point of Detached Leaves as a Measure of Cold Hardiness of Young Budded Citrus Plants1
Authors: Hutcheson C. E. , Wiltbank W. J.
Published: September 2022

The freezing point of detached leaves of young, budded, container-grown ‘Hamlin’ orange plants was an acceptable measure of cold hardiness. Controlled freezing established that the mean leaf freezing point (MLFP) of detached leaves estimated cold hardiness within 0.86°C and was useful to predict the degree of damage to plants exposed to subfreezing temperatures.
Challenges in the 70's for Extension Horticulture
Authors: Rollins H. A.
Published: September 2022

Horticulture is entering a new and exciting era with unique and unlimited opportunities if only we will be imaginative and respond to the needs of all people. The general public, elected officials and even university administrators are beginning to demonstrate a greater interest in, and awareness of, the potentials of horticulture. The challenge is clear if only we will accept it.
Development of the Inflorescence in Petunia, Geranium, and Poinsettia under Ozone Stress1
Authors: Craker L. E. , Feder W. A.
Published: September 2022

Increasing concn of ozone up to 10 to 12 μl/liter decreased anthocyanin content and increased fresh wt but not size in flowers of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilmorin, cv. Blue Lagoon) and geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey, cv. Red Perfection). Bract anthocyanin increased and bract size decreased in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wildenow, cv. Paul Mikkelson) under the same ozone treatments. Responses were not associated with visible oxidant injury to plant leaves.
An Abnormal Nut Splitting Problem of Pecan (Carya illinoensis Koch)
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Taylor Glenn G.
Published: September 2022

A longitudinal splitting of pecan which causes loss of nuts of thin-shelled cultivars during the “water” stage of the kernel is described. A similar splitting was induced by forcing water into the nut with a hypodermic needle. Soaking of nuts in water either on or off the trees did not induce splitting.
The Effects of Prior Inoculations with Non-Pathogenic Fungi on Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon1
Authors: Shimotsuma Minoru , Kuc J. , Jones C. M.
Published: September 2022

Temperature, cultivar, locus of inoculation, and prior-inoculation (inoculation 24 hr earlier with 3 nonpathogenic fungi) affected the expression of fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporium f. niveum (E.F.Sm.) Snyder & Hansen, in watermelons. Prior inoculation with Helminthosporium carbonum Ulktrup was found to be more effective in cross protection than were Fusarium oxysporium f. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen, or Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & Berth. Temperatures of 27°C resulted in more fusarium infection than at 20° and obscured the expression both of genetic resistance and resistance induced by the prior-inoculations. Induced resistance increased plant survival and plant growth for 3 cultivars in field trials, but possibly produced deleterious effects in a resistant cultivar.
Tax ShelTax Shelter Aspects of Orchard Development Before and After Tax Reform1
Authors: Carman Hoy F. , Kenyon David E.
Published: September 2022

Many high income investors have used orchard development as a tool for systematically shifting ordinary income to capital gains. These tax shelter investments, concentrated in citrus, certain tree nuts and grapes, were one of the targets of the Federal Tax Reform Act of 1969. This paper examines the mechanics of a tax shelter investment in establishing almond orchards with emphasis on after tax costs and returns for investors in different marginal income tax brackets. The discussion can easily be extended to other tree crops. The citrus and almond amendments in the Tax Reform Act of 1969 requiring capitalization of development costs severely restrict the tax advantages of developing these two crops. A comparison of costs and returns after tax reform reveals that losses from the budgeted investment increase with increases in the investor’s marginal income tax bracket.