bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Smoking,GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Grazuleviciene Regina , Danileviciute Asta , Nadisauskiene Ruta , Vencloviene Jone
Published: March 2009

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between maternal smoking, GSTM1, GSTT1 polymorphism, low birth weight (LBW, < 2,500 g) and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR, < 2,500 g and gestation ≥ 37 weeks) risk. Within a prospective cohort study in Kaunas (Lithuania), a nested case-control study on LBW and IUGR occurrence among 646women with genotyping of GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms who delivered live singletons was conducted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to study the association of maternal smoking and polymorphism in two genes metabolizing xenobiotics. Without consideration of genotype, light-smoking (mean 4.8 cigarettes/day) during pregnancy was associated with a small increase in LBW risk, adjusted OR 1.21; 95% CI 0.44 – 3.31. The corresponding odds for IUGR risk was 1.57; 95% CI 0.45 – 5.55. The findings suggested the greater LBW risk among light-smoking mothers with the GSTM1-null genotype (OR 1.91; 95% CI 0.43 – 8.47) compared to those with GSTM1-present genotype (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.26 – 4.47). When both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were considered, the synergistic effect was found among smoking mothers: GSTT1-present and GSTM1-null genotype OR for LBW was 3.31; 95% CI 0.60-18.4 and that for IUGR was 2.47; 95% CI 0.31 – 13.1. However there was no statistically significant interaction between maternal smoking, GSTT1- present and GSTM1-null genotypes for LBW (OR 1.45; 95% CI 0.22 – 10.1, p = 0.66) and for IUGR (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.10 – 12.6, p = 0.93).The results of this study suggested that smoking, even at a low-level, ought to be considered a potential risk factor for adverse birth outcomes and that genetic polymorphism may contribute to individual variation in tobacco smoke response.
Slow Unfolding of Monomeric Proteins from Hyperthermophiles with Reversible Unfolding
Authors: Mukaiyama Atsushi , Takano Kazufumi
Published: March 2009

Based on the differences in their optimal growth temperatures microorganisms can be classified into psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Proteins from hyperthermophiles generally exhibit greater stability than those from other organisms. In this review, we collect data about the stability and folding of monomeric proteins from hyperthermophilies with reversible unfolding, from the equilibrium and kinetic aspects. The results indicate that slow unfolding is a general strategy by which proteins from hyperthermophiles adapt to higher temperatures. Hydrophobic interaction is one of the factors in the molecular mechanism of the slow unfolding of proteins from hyperthermophiles.
Current Status of Older and New Purine Nucleoside Analogues in the Treatment of Lymphoproliferative Diseases
Authors: Robak Tadeusz , Korycka Anna , Lech-Maranda Ewa , Robak Pawel
Published: March 2009

For the past few years more and more new cytotoxic agents active in the treatment of hematological malignancies have been synthesized and become available for either in vitro studies or clinical trials. Among them the class of antineoplastic drugs belonging to the purine nucleoside analogues group (PNAs) plays an important role. Three of them: pentostatin (DCF), cladribine (2-CdA) and fludarabine (FA) were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Recently three novel PNAs: clofarabine (CAFdA), nelarabine (ara-G) and forodesine (immucillin H, BCX-1777) have been synthesized and introduced into preclinical studies and clinical trials. These agents seem to be useful mainly for the treatment of human T-cell proliferative disorders and they are currently undergoing clinical trials in lymphoid malignancies. However, there are also several studies suggesting the role of these drugs in B-cell malignancies. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, clinical activity and toxicity of PNAs accepted for use in clinical practice, as well as new agents available for clinical trials.
Selenium as an Essential Micronutrient: Roles in Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
Authors: Zeng Huawei
Published: March 2009

Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and selenium deficiency is associated with several disease conditions such as immune impairment. In addition, selenium intakes that are greater than the recommended daily allowance (RDA) appear to protect against certain types of cancers. In humans and animals, cell proliferation and death must be regulated to maintain tissue homeostasis, and it has been well documented that numerous human diseases are directly related to the control of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Thus, the elucidation of the mechanisms by which selenium regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis can lead to a better understanding of the nature of selenium’s essentiality and its role in disease prevention. This article reviews the status of knowledge concerning the effect of selenium on cell cycle and apoptosis
Conservative treatment of partial gastrocnemius muscle avulsions in dogs using therapeutic ultrasound
Authors: Gradner G. , Hittmair K. M. , Dupré G. , Bockstahler B. A. , Mueller M. C.
Published: March 2009

Objectives: In this report two cases of partial gastrocnemius muscle avulsion treated with pulsed therapeutic ultrasound are described. Methods: The outcome in these two dogs was evaluated using ultrasonographic imaging and the measurement of ground reaction forces with a force plate. Results: Both dogs showed an amelioration of the clinical signs within one month after commencement of the ultrasound therapy. The follow-up time for these cases was one year and six months respectively. Both of the dogs were free of lameness and had returned to their normal amount of exercise. Palpation of the fabella associated with the muscle injury did not produce any signs of pain. Ultrasonographic imaging did not detect any signs of haemorrhage or oedema, although scarring of muscle fibres was present. The force-plate analyses revealed an improvement. Clinical significance: These results suggest that therapeutic ultrasound could be a beneficial treatment modality for this kind of muscle injury.
Can owners and clinicians assess outcome in dogs with fragmented medial coronoid process?
Authors: Owen M.R. , Colborne G.R. , Toscano M.J. , Burton N.J.
Published: March 2009

Objectives: To investigate the long term reliability of clinician and owner visual analogue score (VAS) for dogs with unilateral forelimb lameness attributable to fragmented medial coronoid process (FMCP) when compared to objective gait analysis. Methods: Nine dogs with unilateral thoracic limb lameness due to FMCP underwent inverse dynamics gait analysis at initial presentation, and at one, two, six and 12 months following diagnosis. Total support moments were calculated and a total support moment ratio (TSMR) derived as an objective assessment of thoracic limb asymmetry. A VAS questionnaire for lameness was completed by the owner of each dog for each visit. Video footage of each dog walking and trotting at each visit was compiled, assigned to random order and subjected to VAS for lameness by a specialist in small animal surgery. Data from owner and clinician VAS lameness questionnaires were compared to the thoracic limb TSMR.

Results: Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between TSMR and owner VAS at four weeks post treatment but at no other period of evaluation. There was no significant correlation between TSMR and clinician VAS score at any evaluation period.

Clinical Significance: Assessments by owner and clinicians using VAS appear to be of limited use as a long term outcome measure for dogs with unilateral lameness due to FMCP when compared to objective gait analysis. There is a tendency for owners to underestimate forelimb lameness with increasing time which is not supported by quantitative measures of gait.
Non-selective cutaneous sensory neurectomy as an alternative treatment for auto-mutilation lesion following arthrodesis in three dogs
Authors: Jaggy A. , Malik Y. , Howard J. , Rüfenacht S. , Spreng D. , Forterre F.
Published: March 2009

Objective: To describe an alternative method for the treatment of non-responsive self-mutilation injuries in three dogs after carpal/tarsal arthrodesis. Study design: Case series Animals: Two dogs with carpal injury and one dog with tarsal injury treated by arthrodesis Methods: All dogs developed self-mutilation injuries due to licking and/or chewing of the toes within 21–52 days of surgery. Clinical signs did not resolve within one week after conservative treatment with wound debridement and protective bandages. Following general anaesthesia, a deep horseshoe-shaped skin incision, including the subdermal tissue, was performed proximal to the selfmutilation injury transecting the sensory cutaneous afferent nerves. The skin incision was closed with simple interrupted sutures. Results: All wounds healed without complication. Self-mutilation resolved completely within 24 hours after surgery in all dogs. No recurrence was observed (5 months to 3 years). Conclusion: Non-selective cutaneous sensory neurectomy may lead to resolution of self-mutilation following arthrodesis in dogs. Clinical relevance: Failure of conservative treatment in self-mutilation injuries often leads to toe or limb amputation as a last resort. The technique described in this case series is a simple procedure that should be considered prior to amputation. The outcome of this procedure in dogs self-multilating due to neurological or behavioral disturbances unrelated to carpal or tarsal arthrodesis is not known.
Rupture of the lateral lobe of the biceps brachii tendon in an Arabian horse
Authors: Spadari A. , Romagnoli N. , Valentini S. , Spinella G.
Published: March 2009

Rupture of the lateral lobe of the proximal tendon of the biceps brachii muscle was diagnosed in an Arabian horse. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the only report of this condition in horses. Although clinical signs were helpful in the identification of the location of disease, ultrasonographic examination was a more definitive and noninvasive means of diagnosing the pathological condition. Bursoscopic examination of the intertubercular bursa was also useful in obtaining confirmation of the diagnosis, and for debridement and lavage of the bursa.
Cartilage replacement in dogs
Authors: Muschter N. , Richter A. , Ahrens H. , Gosheger G. , Fehr M. , Bullerdiek J. , Hauschild G.
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the behaviour of canine chondrocytes following colonisation of a β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP, Cerasorb®, Curasan) matrix. In total, five of these cylinders were inoculated with 1.5 ml of cell suspension and subsequently incubated for about one week. In the second part of the experiment, another five Cerasorb® cylinders were each studded with two cartilage chips of variable size and then incubated for about one week. The series of experiments were analyzed using cell staining and imaging techniques that included scanning electron microscopy. Cell migration onto the matrix was proven for both colonization methods. It was observed that colonising the cylinders by pipetting cell suspension on them produced far better results, with respect to both growth rate and spreading of the cells, than did colonisation by studding with cartilage chips. A homogenous, surface-covering colonisation with predominantly living cells was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy in the chondrocyte morphology. In comparison to cell-culture controls, there was a clearly better colonisation, with cells attached to both the material's primary grains and its micropores. The ceramic studied is well accepted by canine chondrocytes, and appears to be fundamentally well-suited as a matrix for bio-artificial bone-cartilage replacement. Additional qualitative analyses and a series of experiments aiming to accelerate cell proliferation are planned for subsequent studies.
Electrochemotherapy of Tumours
Authors: Sersa G. , Cemazar M. , Snoj Marko
Published: March 2009

Several novel tumour-targeting and drug-delivery approaches in cancer treatment are currently undergoing intensive investigation, among them physical approaches such as tissue electroporation. [...]
Using Trainable Hearing Aids to Examine Real-World Preferred Gain
Authors: Mueller H Gustav , Hornsby Benjamin W.Y. , Weber Jennifer E.
Published: March 2009

Background: While there have been many studies of real-world preferred hearing aid gain, few data are available from participants using hearing aids with today's special features activated. Moreover, only limited data have been collected regarding preferred gain for individuals
using trainable hearing aids. Purpose: To determine whether real-world preferred hearing aid gain with trainable modern hearing aids is in agreement with previous work in this area, and to determine whether the starting programmed gain setting influences preferred gain outcome. Research
Design: An experimental crossover study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Following initial treatment, each subject crossed to the opposite group and experienced that treatment. Study Sample: Twenty-two adults with downward sloping sensorineural
hearing loss served as participants (mean age 64.5; 16 males, 6 females). All were experienced users of bilateral amplification. Intervention: Using a crossover design, participants were fitted to two different prescriptive gain conditions: VC (volume control) start-up 6 dB above
NAL-NL1 (National Acoustic Laboratories—Non-linear 1) target or VC start-up 6 dB below NAL-NL1 target. The hearing aids were used in a 10 to 14 day field trial for each condition, and using the VC, the participants could “train” the overall hearing aid gain to their
preferred level. During the field trial, daily hearing aid use was logged, as well as the listening situations experienced by the listeners based on the hearing instrument's acoustic scene analysis. The participants completed a questionnaire at the start and end of each field trial in which
they rated loudness perceptions and their satisfaction with aided loudness levels. Results: Because several participants potentially experienced floor or ceiling effects for the range of trainable gain, the majority of the statistical analysis was conducted using 12 of the 22 participants.
For both VC-start conditions, the trained preferred gain differed significantly from the NAL-NL1 prescriptive targets. More importantly, the initial start-up gain significantly influenced the trained gain; the mean preferred gain for the +6 dB start condition was approximately 9 dB
higher than the preferred gain for the −6 dB start condition, and this difference was statistically significant (p < .001). Partial eta squared (ŋ2)  =  0.919, which is a large effect size.Deviation from the NAL-NL1 target was not significantly influenced
by the time spent in different listening environments, amount of hearing aid use during the trial period, or amount of hearing loss. Questionnaire data showed more appropriate ratings for loudness and higher satisfaction with loudness for the 6 dB below target VC-start condition. Conclusions:
When trainable hearing aids are used, the initial programmed gain of hearing instruments can influence preferred gain in the real world.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION OF ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas
Published: March 2009

Diversification of activities is one of the main strategies of an enterprise. This is a complicated and controversial process. Some consider it to be a perspective approach, while others think that it is too risky and, therefore, unreliable. To solve this problem, diversification of enterprise activities should be measured. A survey of the methods of diversification measurement shows that they are not accurate and do not reflect the real situation. With the increase of diversification of enterprise activities, two parameters, the number of divisions and the relationship between their activities, vary. The indicator of diversification should assess and integrate both parameters. In this process, the effect of each of the above parameters on the organisational structure, determining the outcome of diversification, should be examined. In this environment, the variation in the number of enterprise activities (or their directions) is more important because the establishment of new divisions depends on it. The variation in the relationships between the particular activities does not necessarily lead to the emergence of a new division. The calculations based on the data obtained from Lithuanian construction enterprises show that the indicator of enterprise diversificiation offered in the present paper satisfies all the considered requirements, while the calculations of its values for actual enterprises demonstrate that it may be successfully used in practice. Santrauka Viena iš pagrindinių įmonių plėtros strategijų – jų veiklos diversifikacija. Šis fenomenas pasižymi dideliu kompleksiškumu, todėl yra gana prieštaringas. Vienais atvejais manoma, kad tai perspektyvus būdas, kitais – kad diversifikacija yra per daug rizikinga, todėl vargu ar prasminga. Norint atsakyti į šiuos klausimus, veiklos diversifikaciją reikia išmatuoti. Matavimo būdų apžvalga rodo, kad jie yra netikslūs ir neatspindi realios padėties. Stiprėjant įmonės veiklos diversifikacijai, kinta du įmonės parametrai – padalinių skaičius ir jų atliekamų darbų santykis. Diversifikacijos rodiklis turi abu šiuos parametrus tinkamai įvertinti ir sujungti. Tai atliekant reikia atsižvelgti į kiekvieno iš šių parametrų įtaką organizacinei įmonės struktūrai, svarbiausiam įmonės veiklos diversifikacijai padariniui. Svarbesnis yra įmonės veiklos krypčių skaičiaus kitimas, nes nuo jo priklauso naujų padalinių atsiradimas. Verslo variacija dar ne visada gali būti naujo padalinio atsiradimo priežastis. Pateikiamas įmonių veiklos diversifikacijos rodiklis atitinka visus šiuos reikalavimus. Jo reikšmių skaičiavimas realioms įmonėms parodė, kad jis gali būti taikomas praktiškai.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Mang Herbert A. , Kaklauskas Gintaris
Published: March 2009

„Editorial" Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 15(1), p. 5-6
Quality of extra virgin olive oil affected by several packaging variables
Authors: Guil-Guerrero José Luis
Published: March 2009

The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of the quality index of three extra-virgin olive oil varieties (EVOO), stored according to different packaging variables for one year. The selected quality parameters were: acidity index, peroxide value (PV), K270 coefficient, fatty acid (FA) profile, carotenoids and chlorophylls. This study was carried out by monthly analyzing several bottled EVOO varieties -Picual, Hojiblanca and Arbequina- obtained during the present harvesting season. In addition, other Picual EVOO stored in a mill deposit, as well as bottled Picual EVOO from the previous harvesting season were analyzed monthly. The oils were packaged in dark and transparent glass bottles. The results showed that the acidity and K270 parameters increased slightly in all cases, while PV value changes were significant in EVOOs stored in transparent glass bottles. FA profiles were slightly modified throughout the storage period, although oleic acid slightly increased at the end of the analytical period, especially in the EVOO stored in deposits. Regarding pigment, chlorophylls losses were more noticeable than those related to carotenoid. According to the present results, the best packaging conditions for EVOO were deposits, followed by dark glass bottles. In addition, this study demonstrated that EVOO collected from the previous harvesting season and stored under nitrogen atmosphere could be packaged in glass bottles without appreciable quality changes, as compared with EVOO packaged in the same bottles and obtained during the current harvesting season.
The contents of sesamol and related lignans in sesame, tahina and halva as determined by a newly developed polarographic and stripping voltammetric analysis
Authors: Tokusoglu Ozlem , Koçak Süleyman , Aycan Sule
Published: March 2009

The contents of antioxidant lignans (Sesamol) in sesame, commercial formulations of tahina and halva, which are processed tahina foods, were determined by Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) with a capillary hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). A platinum wire was used as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl was the reference electrode. Samples have been analyzed by standard addition procedures and found to be quantitative (p
Feeding guild composition of a macrobenthic subtidal community along a depth gradient
Authors: Dolbeth Marina , Teixeira Heliana , Marques João Carlos , Pardal Miguel Ângelo
Published: March 2009

The feeding guild composition of a macrobenthic community from southern Portugal was studied along a depth gradient (1.3 to 32 m). This gradient comprised shallow areas with severe physical stress and deeper areas with no significant hydrodynamic impact at the seafloor. The main goal was to determine the influence of the spatial and temporal differences of the hydrodynamic impact at the seafloor on the feeding guild composition of the macrobenthic community. The feeding guild composition changed gradually with depth, which reflects the differences in the hydrodynamics impact at the seafloor. Herbivores and sand-lickers dominated at the shallowest depths with fine sands, which correlated with higher levels of primary production. Scavengers were also distributed in the shallow areas, which was associated with the lower predation impact. Suspension feeders, in accordance with their physiological requirements, were distributed in coarser sands subjected to a physical impact. Carnivores, surface deposit feeders and sub-surface deposit feeders were distributed mainly below 8 m depth, where there was no significant impact from the wave climate. Carnivores were associated with coarser sands and were mainly small polychaetes and nemerteans. Sub-surface and surface deposit feeders were more abundant in the deepest areas of the depth gradient with fine sands and mud deposits with higher organic content. However, surface deposit feeders also occurred at shallower depths. Some seasonal differences related to disturbance impacts were found in the numerical dominance of the feeding guilds.
Reproductive biology and diet of Mustelus punctulatus (Risso, 1826) (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) from the Gulf of Gabès, central Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Saïdi Bechir , Bradaï Mohamed Nejmeddine , Bouaïn Abderrahman
Published: March 2009

Specimens of Mustelus punctulatus were collected between January 2002 and December 2005 from commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Gabès (central Mediterranean Sea). Males and females reached a maximum total length (TL) of 111 and 122 cm respectively. Males matured between 76 and 88.5 cm TL, with a size at maturity (TL50) of 81.4 cm TL. Females matured between 88 and 100 cm TL with a TL50 of 95.6 cm. Females had an annual reproductive cycle. Mating occurred through late-May and June. Ovulation occurred from early July to mid-August with parturition occurring from mid-May to early June, after a gestation period of 11 months. The size at birth was estimated to be 24.5 to 30.5 cm TL. Positive linear relationships were detected between the TL of mature females and ovarian and uterine fecundities. Mustelus punctulatus is an opportunistic predator that consumes a wide range of demersal and benthic prey items. It preys mainly on crustaceans, teleosts and molluscs. Polychaetes, sipunculids, echinoderms and tunicates are also consumed. The species change their main food item as they grow, from crustaceans to teleosts then to molluscs.
Recent sea-level changes in the southern Bay of Biscay: transfer function reconstructions from salt-marshes compared with instrumental data
Authors: Leorri Eduardo , Cearreta Alejandro
Published: March 2009

In order to assess the accuracy and regional significance of salt-marsh reconstructions of former sea level based on foraminiferal transfer functions, we compared the calibration of the foraminiferal assemblages of two salt-marsh cores from two estuaries using the regional transfer function constructed for the southern Bay of Biscay. The foraminifera-based reconstructions were placed into a temporal framework using 137Cs, heavy metal concentrations, and 210Pb-derived sediment accumulation rates. The resulting relative sea-level (RSL) curves were compared with the nearest tide-gauge data (Santander). The two RSL trends from core sediments show excellent agreement and are in very good agreement with instrumental data, providing a regional relative sea-level rise of 1.9 mm yr-1 for the 20th century.
Alterations of the structure of Posidonia oceanica beds due to the introduced alga Caulerpa taxifolia
Authors: Molenaar Heike , Meinesz Alexandre , Thibaut Thierry
Published: March 2009

The impact of Caulerpa taxifolia on the structure of shallow Posidonia oceanica beds was studied in permanent quadrats from 1995 to 2005 at the invaded site of Cap Martin and the control site of Cap d’Antibes (French Riviera, France). The cover of C. taxifolia, shoot density, number of orthotropic and plagiotropic shoots and proportion of ramifications of P. oceanica were measured yearly. The cover of C. taxifolia in the invaded zone rapidly reached a maximum of infestation in 2000 with 93% of the quadrats covered by the alga. In 2001 an unexplained phenomenon led to a sharp decrease in the infestation and in the following years the colonisation remained low. Within the 10 years of the study, P. oceanica did not disappear from the permanent quadrats, but we observed a drastic change in the structure of the meadow invaded by C. taxifolia. Between 1999 and 2000 a decrease in the shoot density observed at both sites was probably related to the warm temperature event recorded in 1999 (from 636 to 143 shoots m-2 at the invaded site and from 488 to 277 at the control site). At the invaded site, the seagrass never recovered its initial density even after a sharp decrease in C. taxifolia. The orthotropic/plagiotropic shoot ratio was strongly modified at the invaded site, where plagiotropic shoots became dominant because of an increase in their ramification.
Suprabenthic fauna from the Bellingshausen Sea and western Antarctic Peninsula: spatial distribution and community structure
Authors: San Vicente Carlos , Munilla Tomas , Corbera Jordi , Sorbe Jean-Claude , Ramos Ana
Published: March 2009

During the austral summers of 2003 and 2006 suprabenthic assemblages were investigated at 35 stations located in the Bellingshausen Sea and off the western Antarctic Peninsula, at depths ranging from 45 to 3280 m. Suprabenthos was collected with a Macer-GIROQ sledge equipped with an automatic opening and closing system. This study presents data on the occurrence and relative abundance of the major suprabenthic taxa collected in the water layer immediately adjacent to the bottom (10-140 cm above bottom). Assemblages were dominated by Peracarida and the most common groups were Amphipoda, Mysida, Isopoda and Cumacea. Among the 66 taxa identified, 40 account for more than 80% of the dissimilarity levels among any of the different combinations between groups of stations. The highest dissimilarity values in the segregation of the pairwise station groups were obtained for Mysidae, Lysianassidae, Gammaridea, Cumacea and Munnopsidae. The recorded faunistic patterns showed dependences in the environmental variables depth and percentage of mud in the sediment, as single and combined variables.
A STUDY OF MODELS FOR HANDGRIP FORCE PREDICTION FROM SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF EXTENSOR MUSCLE
Authors: Hou Wensheng , Zheng Xiaolin , Jiang Yingtao , Zheng Jun , Peng Chenglin , Xu Rong
Published: March 2009

Force production involves the coordination of multiple muscles, and the produced force levels can be attributed to the electrophysiology activities of those related muscles. This study is designed to explore the activity modes of extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) using surface electromyography (sEMG) at the presence of different handgrip force levels. We attempt to compare the performance of both the linear and nonlinear models for estimating handgrip forces. To achieve this goal, a pseudo-random sequence of handgrip tasks with well controlled force ranges is defined for calibration. Eight subjects (all university students, five males, and three females) have been recruited to conduct both calibration and voluntary trials. In each trial, sEMG signals have been acquired and preprocessed with Root–Mean–Square (RMS) method. The preprocessed signals are then normalized with amplitude value of Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC)-related sEMG. With the sEMG data from calibration trials, three models, Linear, Power, and Logarithmic, are developed to correlate the handgrip force output with the sEMG activities of ECRL. These three models are subsequently employed to estimate the handgrip force production of voluntary trials. For different models, the Root–Mean–Square–Errors (RMSEs) of the estimated force output for all the voluntary trials are statistically compared in different force ranges. The results show that the three models have different performance in different force ranges. Linear model is suitable for moderate force level (30%–50% MVC), whereas a nonlinear model is more accurate in the weak force level (Power model, 10%–30% MVC) or the strong force level (Logarithmic model, 50%–80% MVC).
HAND GESTURE RECOGNITION IN A LEG SPORT SYSTEM
Authors: Lin Chern-Sheng , Li Kun-Cheng , Chen Chia-Tse , Chang Chia-Chang , Chung Der-Song
Published: March 2009

This study added a hand gesture quick interactive operation to the human–machine interface of a leg sport system. Hands are of varying skin color, thus, the background noise and light rays during detection can lead to misjudgments. This study adopted the YCbCr color system to detect skin color and minimize the impact of light rays to mark the characteristic point after the skin color had been separated. The system defines three simplified gestures: clenching the fist with the forefinger and reaching out represents the mouse pointer, clenching the fist with the forefinger and thumb and reaching out represents the left button of the mouse, and clenching the fist with the forefinger and little finger and reaching out represents the right button of the mouse, namely clicking the mouse is replaced by hand gestures. The change in the characteristic point is used for operating the hand mouse and interactive connection with games to achieve a preferred presence and feeling of reality.
High‐performance HTLcs‐derived CuZnAl catalysts for hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming
Authors: Tang Ying , Liu Ye , Zhu Ping , Xue Qingsong , Chen Li , Lu Yong
Published: March 2009

A series of CuZnAl oxide‐composite catalysts were prepared via decomposition of CuZnAl hydrotalcite‐like compounds (HTLcs). The catalysts derived from CuZnAl HTLcs (Cu: 37%, Zn: 15%, Al: 48% mol; using metal nitrate or acetate precursors) at 600°C provided excellent activity and stability for the methanol steam reforming. CuZnAl HTLcs were almost decomposed completely at 600°C to form highly dispersed CuO with large specific surface area while forming CuAl2O4 spinel that played a key role in separating and stabilizing the nano‐sized Cu and ZnO during the reaction. The CuZnAl catalyst prepared from metal acetates could highly convert H2O/MeOH (1.3/1, mol/mol) mixture into hydrogen with only ∼0.05% CO at 250°C or ∼0.005% at 210°C. It is evidenced that the former afforded stronger Cu‐ZnO interaction, which might be the intrinsic reason for the significant promotion of catalyst selectivity. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Reduced fat oxidation and obesity risks among the Buryat of Southern Siberia
Authors: Leonard William R. , Sorensen Mark V. , Mosher M.J. , Spitsyn Victor , Comuzzie Anthony G.
Published: March 2009

Over the last 20 years, obesity and associated metabolic diseases have emerged as major global health problems. Among urbanizing populations of developing regions of the world, childhood undernutrition often coexists with adult overnutrition, a phenomenon known as the “dual nutritional burden”. A recent work (Frisancho 2003: Am J Hum Biol 15:522–532) suggests that linear growth stunting in early childhood may contribute to adult obesity by reducing the body's ability to oxidize fat. We test central aspects of this model drawing on data from 112 adult Buryat herders (53 males; 59 females) from Southern Siberia. The results are consistent with the predictions of the model, but only for women. Shorter Buryat women (height‐for‐age Z‐scores ≤ −1) have significantly lower fasting fat oxidation levels compared to their taller counterparts. Shorter women are also significantly heavier and fatter, and have higher serum lipid levels. Among all Buryat women, reduced fat oxidation is significantly correlated with percent body fatness, serum triglyceride levels, and serum leptin levels, after controlling for relevant covariates. Additionally, Buryat women with high dietary fat intakes and low fat oxidation are significantly fatter and have higher lipid and leptin levels than those with low fat intakes and high fat oxidation. These results suggest that developmental changes in fat oxidation may play a role in the origins of obesity among populations with high rates of linear growth stunting. Further longitudinal research is necessary to elucidate the pathways through which early‐life undernutrition may increase risks for adulthood obesity and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen/isoflavone interactions in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Cline J. Mark , Wood Charles E.
Published: March 2009

Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogenic components of dietary soy, which are widely consumed for their potential health benefits. Soy isoflavones appear to decrease breast and endometrial cancer risk in human observational studies, but paradoxically stimulate growth of breast cancer cells in culture and uterine enlargement in rodents. We have shown that these compounds are not estrogenic in cynomolgus monkeys even at relatively high doses, but that they reduce estrogen‐induced proliferative responses of the breast and endometrium. This effect may be mediated through estrogen receptor interactions and/or modulation of endogenous estrogen metabolism. Interindividual variation in isoflavone absorption and metabolism contributes to the degree of estrogen antagonistic effect. Our recent studies have also shown that individual isoflavone metabolites such as glyceollins may have unique selective estrogen receptor modulator‐like activity, acting as tissue‐specific antagonists without agonist activity. Rodent studies and human epidemiologic data suggest that timing of exposure and dose relative to endogenous estrogen concentrations are important determinants of effect, and studies of dietary soy on breast development and pubertal maturation are under way. Because soy isoflavones are both abundant in standard monkey chow diets and widely available as dietary supplements for human beings, these findings have broad relevance to the health of human and nonhuman primates. Am. J. Primatol. 71:722–731, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient Construction of α‐Spirocyclopropyl Lactones: Iridium–Salen‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation
Authors: Ichinose Masami , Suematsu Hidehiro , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: March 2009

Drei‐ und siebengliedrige Ringe lieferte die Titelreaktion von terminalen Olefinen mit Vinyldiazolacton als Carbenquelle (siehe Beispiel). Die Dreiringe entstanden mit hoher trans‐Selektivität, und bei 1,3‐Dienen wurde hoch regioselektiv die terminale Doppelbindung cyclopropaniert. Hydrolyse dieser Lactone und Cope‐Umlagerung führten mit hoher Enantioselektivität zu den Siebenringen.

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Stereodivergente De‐novo‐Synthese verzweigter Aminozucker durch Lewis‐Säure‐induzierte Umlagerung von 1,2‐Oxazinen
Authors: Pfrengle Fabian , Lentz Dieter , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: March 2009

Gut getarnt: 1,2‐Oxazine wie 1 lagern unter Einwirkung von Lewis‐Säuren in bicyclische Produkte vom Typ 2 um, die als geschützte Äquivalente von Aminozuckern in Oligosaccharide eingebaut werden können. Nachfolgende reduktive Schritte erzeugen ungewöhnliche Oligosaccharide 3 mit C‐2‐verzweigten 4‐Aminozuckereinheiten. Die meisten Reaktionen erfolgen unter exzellenter Stereokontrolle und ermöglichen die Synthese einer Kollektion von Stereoisomeren.

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Ein zweikerniger Nickel(I)‐Distickstoffkomplex und seine Reduktion in Einelektronenschritten
Authors: Pfirrmann Stefan , Limberg Christian , Herwig Christian , Stößer Reinhard , Ziemer Burkhard
Published: March 2009

Elektron für Elektron: β‐Diketiminatonickel(I)‐Komplexfragmente sind dazu in der Lage, Distickstoff durch Koordination zu aktivieren. Der entstehende Komplex kann in zwei Einelektronenschritten reduziert werden, wodurch die N‐N‐Bindung weiter aktiviert wird. Das Bild zeigt die Molekülstruktur des einfach reduzierten Komplexes mit μ‐η1:η1‐gebundenem N2.

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Complete Chiral Resolution Using Additive‐Induced Crystal Size Bifurcation During Grinding
Authors: Noorduin Wim L. , van der Asdonk Pim , Meekes Hugo , van Enckevort Willem J. P. , Kaptein Bernard , Leeman Michel , Kellogg Richard M. , Vlieg Elias
Published: March 2009

Wählerisches Mahlwerk: Mit einem maßgeschneiderten Additiv gelingt es sogar ohne Racemisierung in Lösung, durch abrasives Mahlen zu einem enantiomerenreinen Festkörper zu gelangen. Dieses neuartige Verfahren der Enantiomerentrennung beruht auf einer asymmetrischen Gabelung in der Kristallgrößenverteilung als Folge eines stereoselektiv gehinderten Kristallwachstums. R=o‐Tolyl.

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Addition–Hydroamination Reactions of Propargyl Cyanamides: Rapid Access to Highly Substituted 2‐Aminoimidazoles
Authors: Giles Robert L. , Sullivan John D. , Steiner Andrew M. , Looper Ryan E.
Published: March 2009

Ein wertvolles Pharmakophor, die 2‐Aminoimidazol‐Einheit, ist durch eine Reaktionssequenz aus Addition, Hydroaminierung und Isomerisierung mit vielfältigen Substitutionsmustern zugänglich (siehe Schema; R1,R4,R5=Alkyl; R3=Alkyl, Aryl; R2=H, Alkyl, Aryl). Die Synthese der Propargylcyanamid‐Vorstufen durch eine Dreikomponentenkupplung ermöglicht die Herstellung dieses wichtigen heterocyclischen Strukturmotivs in nur drei Stufen.

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“Splendid Isolation” eines Nichtmetalldikations
Authors: Müller Thomas
Published: March 2009

Eingesperrt, aber glücklich: Das Triflatsalz eines Germanium(II)‐Dikations – eines atomaren Nichtmetallkations also – konnte isoliert werden, indem das Germanium(II)‐Ion im [2.2.2]Cryptanden eingekapselt wurde (gezeigt sind die Strukturformel (links) sowie die Molekülstruktur im Kristall (Mitte: Kugel‐Stab‐Modell, rechts: Kalottenmodell)). Der Cryptand befriedigt den Elektronenbedarf des Kations und schirmt es sterisch ab.

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The Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of trans‐2,3‐Dihydropyridine N‐oxides and Piperidines
Authors: Andersson Hans , Gustafsson Magnus , Boström Dan , Olsson Roger , Almqvist Fredrik
Published: March 2009

Pyridin‐N‐oxide sind die Ausgangsverbindungen bei einer selektiven Synthese von trans‐substituierten Piperidinen. Eine sequenzielle Umsetzung mit Grignard‐Reagentien und Aldehyden oder Ketonen führt zur vollständig regio‐ und stereoselektiven trans‐2,3‐Addition. Hierbei werden substituierte 2,3‐Dihydropyridin‐N‐oxide in hohen Ausbeuten erhalten, die zu den entsprechenden Piperidinderivaten reduziert werden können (siehe Schema).

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Bemerkenswerte Stabilisierung von Ni0(η6‐Aren)‐Komplexen durch einen Ylid‐artigen Silylenliganden
Authors: Meltzer Antje , Präsang Carsten , Milsmann Carsten , Driess Matthias
Published: March 2009

Die Mischung macht's: Schwer zu fassende {Ni0(η6‐Aren)}‐Fragmente können durch den N‐heterocyclischen Silylenliganden 1, der eine zwitterionische Grenzstruktur aufweist, drastisch stabilisiert werden. Die σ,π‐Säure/Base‐Synergie zwischen Nickel und 1 erklärt die unerwartet hohe Stabilität des neuartigen Silylen‐Komplexes 2, der es zum ersten Mal ermöglicht, einen Arenaustausch an einem Ni0‐Zentrum zu untersuchen. Addition von B(C6F5)3 an 2 ergibt den neuartigen zwitterionischen Silylen‐Komplex 3. R=2,6‐iPr2C6H3.

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Structure and Reactivity of a Unique Y‐Shaped Tricoordinate Bis(silyl)platinum(II)–NHC Complex
Authors: Berthon‐Gelloz Guillaume , de Bruin Bas , Tinant Bernard , Markó István E.
Published: March 2009

Y statt T: Ein einzigartiger, dreifach koordinierter Bis(silyl)platin(II)‐Komplex mit Y‐Form konnte isoliert und charakterisiert werden (siehe Struktur; C hellgrau, N blau, Si rosa, Pt dunkelgrau). Dichtefunktionalrechnungen an einem Modellsystem gaben Aufschluss über die Eigenschaften dieses für Platin(II) ungewöhnlichen Koordinationsmodus.

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Complete Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity Control in the Halohydroxylation of Non‐activated Allenes Mediated by a Remote Sulfinyl Group
Authors: Ruano José Luis García , Marcos Vanesa , Alemán José
Published: March 2009

Keine Hürde ist zu hoch: Die Regio‐ und Stereoselektivität der Halogenhydroxylierung nichtaktivierter Allene wird durch anchimere Unterstützung vonseiten einer entfernten Sulfinylgruppe gesteuert (siehe Schema). Die gebildeten Halogenhydrine sind hervorragende chirale Ausgangsverbindungen für die Herstellung enantiomerenreiner Propargylalkohole und Baylis‐Hillman‐Produkte.

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Zur Funktion und Struktur synthetisch modifizierter Porine
Authors: Reitz Simon , Cebi Menekse , Reiß Philipp , Studnik Gregor , Linne Uwe , Koert Ulrich , Essen Lars‐Oliver
Published: March 2009

Die Anknüpfung von Modulatoren an einen trimeren Porin‐Ionenkanal wurde untersucht (Bild: Trimer mit einem Kronenethermodulator (orange)). Entscheidend für die konformative Heterogenität des hybriden Kanals ist das Zusammenspiel von Modulator und Protein. Ein‐Punkt‐Anknüpfungen in großen Poren reichen wohl nicht für eine Änderung seiner elektrophysiologischen Eigenschaften aus – dies erfordert zusätzliche nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen oder Zwei‐Punkt‐Anknüpfungen.

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Gold‐Catalyzed Homogeneous Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Zhang Guozhu , Peng Yu , Cui Li , Zhang Liming
Published: March 2009

Oxidation von Gold? Ein Gold(I)/Gold(III)‐Katalysezyklus liegt der ersten oxidativen Kreuzkupplung in der Goldkatalyse zugrunde. Unter Verwendung von Selectfluor zur Gold(I)‐Oxidation lassen sich damit Gold(I)/Gold(III)‐Katalysezyklen in die moderne Goldchemie einführen. Dies kann die Grundlage für ein neues Teilgebiet der Goldforschung werden, in dem die leistungsfähige Goldkatalyse mit oxidativen metallkatalysierten Kreuzkupplungen kombiniert wird.

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Efficient Construction of α‐Spirocyclopropyl Lactones: Iridium–Salen‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation
Authors: Ichinose Masami , Suematsu Hidehiro , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: March 2009

Three‐ and seven‐membered rings were constructed by the title reaction of terminal olefins with vinyldiazolactone as a carbene source, the seven‐membered rings upon subsequent hydrolysis and Cope rearrangement when 1,3‐dienes were used (see example). The α‐spirocyclopropyl lactones were formed with high E (trans) selectivity and high enantioselectivity, and cyclopropanation occurred at the terminal double bond in 1,3‐dienes with excellent regioselectivity.

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Iron Polyoxometalate Single‐Molecule Magnets
Authors: Compain Jean‐Daniel , Mialane Pierre , Dolbecq Anne , Mbomekallé Israël Martyr , Marrot Jérôme , Sécheresse Francis , Rivière Eric , Rogez Guillaume , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang
Published: March 2009

Iron sandwich on a tungstate bun: Two new polyoxotungstates with paramagnetic iron(III) heteroatoms (see structure, W blue, Fe yellow, O red) possess S=15/2 and S=5 ground states. Both compounds are single‐molecule magnets, and the hexairon species shows large hysteresis (see picture) and quantum tunneling effects at low temperature. Electrochemical studies indicate that these species are stable in solution for a wide range of pH values.

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Addition–Hydroamination Reactions of Propargyl Cyanamides: Rapid Access to Highly Substituted 2‐Aminoimidazoles
Authors: Giles Robert L. , Sullivan John D. , Steiner Andrew M. , Looper Ryan E.
Published: March 2009

A valuable pharmacophore, the 2‐aminoimidazole moiety, can be accessed with a variety of substitution patterns through an addition–hydroamination–isomerization sequence (see scheme; R1,R4,R5=alkyl; R3=alkyl, aryl; R2=H, alkyl, aryl). The synthesis of the propargyl cyanamide precursors through a three‐component coupling enables the preparation of this important heterocyclic core structure in just three steps.

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How Do Redox Groups Behave around a Rigid Molecular Platform? Hexa(ferrocenylethynyl)benzenes and Their “Electrostatic” Redox Chemistry
Authors: Diallo Abdou K. , Daran Jean‐Claude , Varret François , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier
Published: March 2009

A new family of hexakis(ferrocenylethynyl)benzenes was synthesized by Negishi coupling from ethynylferrocenes and C6Br6 and can be reversibly oxidized to stable hexaferrocenium salts (see picture, ArF=[3,5‐C6H3(CF3)2]). Their cyclic voltammograms show a single six‐electron wave, three distinct two‐electron waves, or a cascade of six single‐electron waves, depending on the electrolyte counterion and number of methyl substituents on the ferrocenyl groups.

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The Striking Stabilization of Ni0(η6‐Arene) Complexes by an Ylide‐Like Silylene Ligand
Authors: Meltzer Antje , Präsang Carsten , Milsmann Carsten , Driess Matthias
Published: March 2009

The right mix does the trick: Elusive {Ni0(η6‐arene)} moieties can be dramatically stabilized by the N‐heterocyclic silylene ligand 1, which has a zwitterionic mesomeric structure. The σ, π‐acid–base synergism between nickel and 1 explains the unexpectedly high stability of the new silylene complexes 2, which enables arene exchange studies at a Ni0 center. Addition of B(C6F5)3 to 2 affords the zwitterionic silylene complex 3 (see scheme, R=2,6‐iPr2C6H3).

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Structure and Reactivity of a Unique Y‐Shaped Tricoordinate Bis(silyl)platinum(II)–NHC Complex
Authors: Berthon‐Gelloz Guillaume , de Bruin Bas , Tinant Bernard , Markó István E.
Published: March 2009

Y not? A unique, three‐coordinate Y‐shaped bis(silyl)platinum(II) complex was isolated and characterized (see structure; C light gray, N blue, Si pink, Pt dark gray). DFT studies on a model system shed light on the nature of this unusual coordination mode for platinum(II).

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Complete Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity Control in the Halohydroxylation of Non‐activated Allenes Mediated by a Remote Sulfinyl Group
Authors: Ruano José Luis García , Marcos Vanesa , Alemán José
Published: March 2009

No hurdle is too high: The regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the halohydroxylation of non‐activated allenes are controlled by a remote sulfinyl group through anchimeric assistance (see scheme). The resulting halohydrines are excellent chiral targets for the preparation of optically pure propargylic alcohols and Baylis–Hillman‐type products.

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One‐Pot Formation of Large Macrocycles with Modifiable Peripheries and Internal Cavities
Authors: Ferguson Joseph S. , Yamato Kazuhiro , Liu Rui , He Lan , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Gong Bing
Published: March 2009

The shape of things to come: Aromatic oligohydrazide macrocycles with planar backbones enforced by three‐center hydrogen bonds are formed in high yield from monomeric diacid chlorides and dihydrazides. Macrocycles consisting of six meta‐linked pyridine and benzene residues have an internal cavity of about 10 Å diameter, while those with alternating meta‐ and para‐linked benzene residues are larger and contain multiple convergent sites (see picture).

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