bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Method for Quantitative Determination of Wear and Tear of Machines’ Elements in Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Klyus Oleh
Published: July 2016

A method for quantitative determination of wear and tear of machines’ elements in the scope of endoscopic tests using artificial and reference bases as point of machine parts are presented in this paper. The proposed method allows also for determining the shape and form of the operated parts, since locating artificial bases in a few points on the circumference, in one plane, allows the form of the tested part to be determined. To use artificial base in which relevant reference bases, demonstrating that a certain dimension has been reached, are included.
Issues of Container Handling Modeling in the Aspect of Generating the Corrosion and Mechanical Wear
Authors: Szyszko Małgorzata
Published: July 2016

In this article indicated the need to include additional hoisting and lowering phases of containers in the ship’s hold between cell guides. This necessity comes from literature studies and long years observations of real container handling processes in seaports. This gave the basis to discussions on the necessity of introducing models in additional phase describing the processes of container handling, what will have the impact on much more precisely way to describe a real object. In addition, this paper presents issues concerning the identification of hoisting and lowering processes on the base of handling of containers into the ship’s hold from the point of view of correlation hoisting speed in relation to the security of the hold, crane and cargo placed inside the container.
HIF-1α Is an Essential Mediator of IFN-γ–Dependent Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Braverman Jonathan , Sogi Kimberly M. , Benjamin Daniel , Nomura Daniel K. , Stanley Sarah A.
Published: July 2016

The cytokine IFN-γ coordinates macrophage activation and is essential for control of pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms by which IFN-γ controls M. tuberculosis infection are only partially understood. In this study, we show that the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an essential mediator of IFN-γ–dependent control of M. tuberculosis infection both in vitro and in vivo. M. tuberculosis infection of IFN-γ–activated macrophages results in a synergistic increase in HIF-1α protein levels. This increase in HIF-1α levels is functionally important, as macrophages lacking HIF-1α are defective for IFN-γ–dependent control of infection. RNA-sequencing demonstrates that HIF-1α regulates nearly one-half of all IFN-γ–inducible genes during infection of macrophages. In particular, HIF-1α regulates production of important immune effectors, including inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, eicosanoids, and NO. In addition, we find that during infection HIF-1α coordinates a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis in IFN-γ–activated macrophages. We find that this enhanced glycolytic flux is crucial for IFN-γ–dependent control of infection in macrophages. Furthermore, we identify a positive feedback loop between HIF-1α and aerobic glycolysis that amplifies macrophage activation. Finally, we demonstrate that HIF-1α is crucial for control of infection in vivo as mice lacking HIF-1α in the myeloid lineage are strikingly susceptible to infection and exhibit defective production of inflammatory cytokines and microbicidal effectors. In conclusion, we have identified HIF-1α as a novel regulator of IFN-γ–dependent immunity that coordinates an immunometabolic program essential for control of M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo.
Parallel Solution of Linear Systems
Authors: Kaber Sidi-Mahmoud , Loumi Amine , Parnaudeau Philippe
Published: July 2016

Computational scientists generally seek more accurate results in shorter times, and to achieve this a knowledge of evolving programming paradigms and hardware is important. In particular, optimising solvers for linear systems is a major challenge in scientific computation, and numerical algorithms must be modified or new ones created to fully use the parallel architecture of new computers. Parallel space discretisation solvers for Partial Differential Equations (PDE) such as Domain Decomposition Methods (DDM) are efficient and well documented. At first glance, parallelisation seems to be inconsistent with inherently sequential time evolution, but parallelisation is not limited to space directions. In this article, we present a new and simple method for time parallelisation, based on partial fraction decomposition of the inverse of some special matrices. We discuss its application to the heat equation and some limitations, in associated numerical experiments.
Prospects of studying magical realism in Nigerian literature
Authors: Wandama Wadinga
Published: July 2016

This paper exposes some of the reasons why magical realism is an interesting topic in literary studies today. It is a brief review of some notable magic realist writers and their popular works. It draws attention to the possibility of studying magical realism in Nigerian literature using the novels of some Nigerian authors who have met the criteria that literary theorists have proposed for the study of this mode. This paper also reviews some of the important features of magical realism in world literature today.
The search for viable local government system in Nigeria: an interrogation
Authors: Odo Linus Ugwu
Published: July 2016

The history of the Nigerian local government system has been one long episode of trails and errors aimed at achieving viable local government institution without much success. Local government in the country began its long series of reforms from the colonial period when the colonial government attempted to de-concentrate the local administration as a basis for socio-economic development of the Nigerian state. With the shift in the mandate of local government from being primarily extractive, law and order agency to one engaged in grassroots development, the objective came to be re-defined as comprising bringing government closer to the people. However, the success of the local government as a veritable tool for grassroots development is largely dependent on its viability. This paper was thus inspired by the desire to interrogate why the search for viable local government system in Nigeria has been futile since the country’s political independence with a view to proffering the pathway to sustainable viable local government system capable of ensuring effective grassroots development and transformation in the country.Keywords: Local Government, Search, Viable, System, Interrogation, Development, Transformation
Influence of self-concept and social acceptance on academic achievement of students with visual impairment in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Eguavoen Edward O. , Eniola Mikel Sunday
Published: July 2016

Students with visual impairment do experience discrimination, stigmatization, neglect and isolation from significant others around them. These unsavory experiences do have significant impact on their normal learning process. Although several studies have been conducted on the teaching and learning of students with visual impairment, little or no attention is paid to the impact of certain factors affecting their academic achievement. This study, therefore, examined the influence of self-concept and social acceptance on academic achievement of students with visual impairment in Oyo state. Using descriptive research design of correlational type, twenty-seven students with visual impairment were selected using enumerative sampling technique from junior secondary schools in Oyo State. A structured questionnaire having three research instruments were used for data collection: Self-concept Scale for Blind Adolescents (r = 0.82), Social Acceptance Scale (r = 0.72) and Academic Achievement Test (r = 0.75). Two hypotheses were tested at the 0.05 level of significance. Data obtained were analysed using Pearson product moment correlation statistics. The results indicated that there was significant relationship between academic achievement and self-concept of students with visual impairment in Oyo state (r = 0.21; P < .05) and social acceptance and academic achievement of students with visual impairment in Oyo state (r = 0.36; P< .05). Based on the findings, recommendations were made that parents of children with visual impairment should treat all children equally with their sighted peers to improve their self-concept which will impact positively on their academic achievement in school, special educators should be given methodological guidance in order to work on this throughout the educational process for students with visual impairment to enhance their academic achievement.Keywords: Self-concept, Social acceptance, Academic achievement, Visual impairment
The influence of family factors on delinquent adolescents in secondary schools in Edo South Senatorial District of Edo State
Authors: Osagie-Obazee Gloria E. , Eduwen Friday O.
Published: July 2016

This study was carried out with the aim of finding out the influence of family factors on delinquent adolescents in secondary schools in Edo South Senatorial District of Edo State. This study ascertained the extents to which family factors such as parent child rearing style, family type and parent socio economic background could encourage and influence delinquent activities. A total of two hundred (200) adolescents were used as sample for the study. This sample size was drawn from ten (10) secondary schools through stratified random sampling. Three research questions were raised and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.5 level of significant. A questionnaire was designed by the researcher and was validated by three experts in the field of measurement and evaluation. The point bi serial statistic was used to analysis data gathered from the field. The major findings revealed that family factors such as parent child rearing style, family type and socio-economic status (the variable of the study) do not significantly account for delinquent behaviour among secondary school students in Edo South Senatorial District. Other factors such as assault from mass media, cultural and ethnic beliefs could be responsible for delinquent acts. It was recommended that federal, state and local government should embark on intensive and massive campaign against unwholesome programmes in our media. Parents should be assisted by guidance counsellors to stress the need for adequate value orientation in their children.Keywords: Family, Adolescent, Delinquency
Introduction: the theoretical legacy of Augusto Graziani
Authors: Bellofiore Riccardo , Passarella Marco Veronese
Published: July 2016

Augusto Graziani (1933–2014) was one of the most eminent Italian economists of the twentieth century. He is internationally known as the founding father of the theory of monetary circuit. His contributions to economic theory went beyond the circuit, especially in the early part of his career. They included both other theoretical areas (for example, a critical review of Walras's general equilibrium model) and the analysis of the ‘uneven development’ of the Italian economy. Even his approach to ‘circuitism’ was quite original and cannot be reduced to a special branch of post-Keynesianism. This introduction to the symposium on ‘The Economics of Augusto Graziani’ highlights some key points of his heretical thinking, and gives a quick summary of the papers that follow.
Morphology and Mixing of BC Particles Collected in Central
California During the CARES Field Study
Authors: Moffet Ryan C. , O'Brien Rachel E. , Alpert Peter , Kelly Stephen T. , Pham Don Q. , Gilles Mary K. , Knopf Daniel , Laskin Alexander
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Aerosol absorption is strongly dependent on the internal heterogeneity (mixing state) and morphology of individual particles containing black carbon (BC) and other non-absorbing species. Here, we examine an extensive microscopic data set collected in the California central valley during the CARES 2010 field campaign. During a period of high photochemical activity and pollution buildup, the particle mixing state and morphology were characterized using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) at the carbon K-edge. Observations of compacted BC core morphologies and thick organic coatings at both urban and rural sites provide evidence of the aged nature of particles. Based on the observation of thick coatings and more convex BC inclusion morphology, the contribution of fresh BC emissions at the urban site was relatively small. These measurements of BC morphology and mixing state provide important constraints for the morphological effects on BC optical properties expected in aged urban plumes.
Indexação social no Skoob: a descrição do livro “O Mundo de Sofia” a partir de tags e resenhas
Authors: Sousa Raquel Juliana Prado Leite de , Benetti Marina
Published: July 2016

Introdução: O Skoob é uma rede social brasileira baseada na troca de informações sobre livros e revistas, que permite ao usuário, ou skoobers, a inserção de tags para a organização de suas estantes pessoais, bem como para o compartilhamento público de descrição dos recursos. A análise da etiquetagem de livros literários é um indicativo do comportamento dos leitores frente à atividade de indexação social.

Objetivo: Explorar a indexação social realizada no Skoob, a fim de analisar os conceitos utilizados em tags, comparando-os aos conceitos presentes em resenhas escritas pelos leitores.

Metodologia: Foi selecionado o livro “O mundo de Sofia: romance da história da filosofia”, de Jostein Gaarder. Primeiramente levantou-se a discrepância das tags mais populares atribuídas ao livro. Em seguida, através da Análise de Conteúdo com abordagem qualitativa, foram analisadas 30 resenhas, a fim de levantar os conceitos presentes na apreciação crítica dos leitores. Por fim, foi feita uma comparação entre os conceitos das tags e das resenhas.

Resultados: Houve discrepância entre as tags no que se refere ao número (singular e plural). Os conceitos levantados nas resenhas foram agrupados em três categorias: a) Assunto; b) Gênero; e c) Juízos de valor. Os conceitos presentes nas tags e nas resenhas, de um modo geral, foram diferentes.

Conclusão: Foi possível, através da análise das resenhas, aprofundar a compreensão de alguns conceitos presentes nas tags. Entretanto, dentre os conceitos mais citados nas resenhas apenas filosofia e mistério estão presentes entre as tags mais populares.
Enterprise Valuation Analysis Based on Grey Prediction Model and Index Selection—A Case Study of Huayi Brothers Media Group
Authors: Luo Na , Chen Jiangrui , Kong Lingyi , Zhu Yuanfeng
Published: July 2016

Research on the investment value of enterprises has been a significant area, which the market investors and corporate decision-makers always pay much attention to. In this paper, Huayi Brothers Media Group, the leading enterprise of the film industry, is chosen as the research subject. The paper firstly targeted the difficulties of evaluating Huayi Brothers through analyzing its financial data. Then we used the improved grey prediction method as an absolute valuation model to estimate the cash flow, with relative valuation models, including PE, PB, PS and PEG, as supplements. From the results, we reached a conclusion that these two kinds of valuation models have a similar market value for Huayi Brothers at about 40 billion, which should be reliable when compared with the current average value, about 39 billion, evaluated by 13 official valuation mechanisms. What’s more, the share price of Huayi Brothers in the bull market in 2015 is far higher than the reasonable range of value, and thus we advised that short-term investors have better not make an investment on Huayi Brothers until its share price is in a reasonable range.
Tashkent ‘68: A Cinematic Contact Zone
Authors: Djagalov Rossen , Salazkina Masha
Published: July 2016

This essay seeks to reconstruct the history of the first Tashkent Festival of Cinemas of Asia and Africa (1968). It offers an account of the festival as a highly heterogeneous and productive site for better understanding the complex relationship between the Soviet bloc and the Third World in the crucial moment between the victory of post-colonial independence movement and the end of the Cold War.
Violence and the Production of Borders in Western Slavonia
Authors: Dragojević Mila
Published: July 2016

This article examines how the production of a dividing line, through violence, the accompanying narratives, and the policing of a physical border from 1991 to 1995, shaped and influenced the lives of ordinary people, all residents of Western Slavonia. How was it possible for people to be divided so abruptly and effectively in a community with a history of multiethnic solidarity? How were these new social divisions produced and reproduced over the course of warfare on a social level? By considering new archival sources, in-depth interviews, and recent scholarly publications, this study argues that such dividing line made the process of ethnicization, or of polarization, possible. Thus, by representing the space where the top-level political cleavages, local-level cleavages, and individuals’ beliefs and momentary choices meet, the wartime dividing line effectively transformed former neighbors into political enemies who were no longer familiar, visible, or accessible on a human level.
Quantitation of Compounds in Wine Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy: Description of the Method and Collaborative Study
Authors: Godelmann Rolf , Kost Christian , Patz Claus-Dieter , Ristow Reinhard , Wachter Helmut
Published: July 2016

To examine whether NMR analysis is a suitable method for the quantitative determination of wine components, an international collaborative trial was organized to evaluate the method according to the international regulations and guidelines of the German Institute for Standardization/International Organization for Standardization, AOAC INTERNATIONAL, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, and the International Organization of Vine and Wine. Sugars such as glucose; acids such as malic, acetic, fumaric, and shikimic acids (the latter two as minor components); and sorbic acid, a preservative, were selected for the exemplary quantitative determination of substances in wine. Selection criteria for the examination of sample material included different NMR spectral signal types (singlet and multiplet), as well as the suitability of the proposed substances for manual integration at different levels of challenge (e.g., interference as a result of the necessary suppression of a water signal or the coverage of different typical wine concentration ranges for a selection of major components, minor components, and additives). To show that this method can be universally applied, NMR measurement and the method of evaluation were not strictly elucidated. Fifteen international laboratories participated in the collaborative trial and determined six parameters in 10 samples. The values, in particular the reproducibility SD (SR), were compared with the expected Horwitz SD (SH) by forming the quotient SR/SH (i.e., the HorRat value). The resulting HorRat values of most parameters were predominantly between 0.6 and 1.5, and thus of an acceptable range.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DA HEMOCROMATOSE: UMA REVISÃO NARRATIVA
Authors: Wahlbrink Daiane , Rempel Claudete , Moreschi Claudete , Rodrigues João Batista Pozzato
Published: July 2016

Objetivou-se conhecer, na literatura existente, as características da hemocromatose. O estudo é uma Revisão Narrativa de Literatura, realizada em setembro de 2013, nas bases Medical Line (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), portal da Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SCIELO) e base de dados ScienceDirect, com os termos “hemocromatose” e “características” utilizadas no idioma português, sem recorte temporal. A busca inicial obteve 39 produções e a partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, esta revisão elegeu 16 artigos. Os resultados possibilitaram o entendimento de como ocorre o processo da hemocromatose, caracterizando-a em hereditária e adquirida. Também, foi possível conhecer a associação desta com outras doenças e sua relação com etnias. Constatou-se que a hemocromatose é caracterizada pela sobrecarga orgânica de ferro, sendo mais frequente em caucasoides. Pode ser classificada em hereditária ou primária e adquirida ou secundária. A hereditária é uma doença autossômica recessiva, geralmente associada a mutações no gene HFE, sendo C282Y e H63D as mais frequentes. A hemocromatose secundária está associada a doenças congênitas ou adquiridas, onde a anemia hemolítica ou a eritropoese ineficaz requerem múltiplas transfusões sanguíneas. A hemocromatose também está associada à ingestão excessiva de ferro, ao alcoolismo e a doença hepática crônica. É preciso alertar a população, principalmente a vulnerável, sobre as características da doença e a importância do tratamento precoce.Descritores: Hemocromatose; Sobrecarga de Ferro; Transferrina.
PROTOCOLOS DE PREVENÇÃO E TRATAMENTO DE ÚLCERAS POR PRESSÃO: ANÁLISE DA PRODUÇÃO BRASILEIRA
Authors: Soares Rhea Silvia de Avila , Lima Suzinara Beatriz Soares de , Eberhardt Thaís Dresch , Kessler Marciane , Fonseca Graziele Gorete Portella da , Saul Alexsandra Michelini Real , Muller Luis Antonio
Published: July 2016

Objetivo: analisar as produção de teses e dissertações em enfermagem referentes a protocolos de prevenção e tratamento de Úlcera por Pressão. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa de literatura. A busca de dados aconteceu em junho de 2013, no banco de teses e dissertações da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal Nível Superior, a partir da questão: “Qual a produção acadêmica a partir de teses e dissertações na área da enfermagem sobre protocolos ou medidas de prevenção e tratamento de Úlcera por Pressão?”. Resultado: O corpus da pesquisa foi composto por seis trabalhos com destaque para prevenção a partir da escala preditiva de risco de Ulcera por Pressão, Escala de Braden, ações preventivas e de tratamento utilizadas pela equipe de enfermagem e o conhecimento sobre Úlceras por Pressão. Conclusão: É necessário o aperfeiçoamento e ampliação da habilidade clínica dos profissionais de saúde no processo de avaliação de risco para Úlcera por Pressão através de protocolos. Descritores: Enfermagem; Úlcera por Pressão; Protocolo.
A IMIGRAÇÃO DOS SUÁBIOS DO DANÚBIO E AS DISCUSSÕES PELAS TERRAS DE ENTRE RIOS, GUARAPUAVA, PARANÁ
Authors: Dos Santos Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo analisa a imigração de um grupo especifico de deslocados pela Segunda Guerra Mundial denominado de Suábios do Danúbio. Esse grupo veio com o auxílio de organizações internacionais para o Distrito de Entre Rios no Município de Guarapuava-PR. A dificuldade dos Suábios do Danúbio foi que essas terras já encontravam habitadas por fazendeiros e um grupo de descendentes de ex escravos, o que promoveu algumas discussões. As indenizações para esses grupos estabelecidos inicialmente demoraram a serem pagas, e com os descendentes de ex escravos as discussões permanecem até os dias atuais. Para tal, utilizam-se bibliografia sobre o tema e algumas edições do periódico Folha do Oeste, produzido no referido município, além de algumas notícias atuais.
Beacons of Light in a World of Shadows
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: July 2016

Automation is a time‐ and money‐saving marvel for business operations and customers, but at the cost of human interaction—and possibly customer loyalty.
Lateral presentation of faces alters overall viewing strategy
Authors: Luke Christopher J. , Pollux Petra M.J.
Published: July 2016

Eye tracking has been used during face categorisation and identification tasks to identify perceptually salient facial features and infer underlying cognitive processes. However, viewing patterns are influenced by a variety of gaze biases, drawing fixations to the centre of a screen and horizontally to the left side of face images (left-gaze bias). In order to investigate potential interactions between gaze biases uniquely associated with facial expression processing, and those associated with screen location, face stimuli were presented in three possible screen positions to the left, right and centre. Comparisons of fixations between screen locations highlight a significant impact of the screen centre bias, pulling fixations towards the centre of the screen and modifying gaze biases generally observed during facial categorisation tasks. A left horizontal bias for fixations was found to be independent of screen position but interacting with screen centre bias, drawing fixations to the left hemi-face rather than just to the left of the screen. Implications for eye tracking studies utilising centrally presented faces are discussed.
Stratigraphic and Earth System approaches to defining the Anthropocene
Authors: Steffen Will , Leinfelder Reinhold , Zalasiewicz Jan , Waters Colin N. , Williams Mark , Summerhayes Colin , Barnosky Anthony D. , Cearreta Alejandro , Crutzen Paul , Edgeworth Matt , Ellis Erle C. , Fairchild Ian J. , Galuszka Agnieszka , Grinevald Jacques , Haywood Alan , Ivar do Sul Juliana , Jeandel Catherine , McNeill J.R. , Odada Eric , Oreskes Naomi , Revkin Andrew , Richter Daniel deB. , Syvitski James , Vidas Davor , Wagreich Michael , Wing Scott L. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Schellnhuber H.J.
Published: July 2016

Stratigraphy provides insights into the evolution and dynamics of the Earth System over its long history. With recent developments in Earth System science, changes in Earth System dynamics can now be observed directly and projected into the near future. An integration of the two approaches provides powerful insights into the nature and significance of contemporary changes to Earth. From both perspectives, the Earth has been pushed out of the Holocene Epoch by human activities, with the mid‐20th century a strong candidate for the start date of the Anthropocene, the proposed new epoch in Earth history. Here we explore two contrasting scenarios for the future of the Anthropocene, recognizing that the Earth System has already undergone a substantial transition away from the Holocene state. A rapid shift of societies toward the UN Sustainable Development Goals could stabilize the Earth System in a state with more intense interglacial conditions than in the late Quaternary climate regime and with little further biospheric change. In contrast, a continuation of the present Anthropocene trajectory of growing human pressures will likely lead to biotic impoverishment and a much warmer climate with a significant loss of polar ice.
Interaction of sea ice floe size, ocean eddies, and sea ice melting
Authors: Horvat Christopher , Tziperman Eli , Campin Jean‐Michel
Published: July 2016

The effect of the horizontal size of sea ice floes on sea ice melting is commonly formulated using the ratio between side and basal floe area. This leads to the conclusion that floe size is not important for sea ice evolution when floes exceed about 30 m. This paper considers a mutual interaction between floe size, ocean circulation, and melting. We find that lateral density gradients form at the boundaries of floes and drive ocean‐mixed‐layer instability and energetic eddies that spread from the ice edge. The resulting circulation mixes heat horizontally, melting floes near their edges. Idealized ocean model experiments show that the sea ice response is sensitive to floe size in the range of 1–50 km, considerably larger than previously assumed important, as smaller floes melt more rapidly per unit ice area. It is proposed that the role of eddies and floe size distribution should be incorporated into current climate models.
Calcium enrichment in sea spray aerosol particles
Authors: Salter M. E. , Hamacher‐Barth E. , Leck C. , Werner J. , Johnson C. M. , Riipinen I. , Nilsson E. D. , Zieger P.
Published: July 2016

Sea spray aerosol particles are an integral part of the Earth's radiation budget. To date, the inorganic composition of nascent sea spray aerosol particles has widely been assumed to be equivalent to the inorganic composition of seawater. Here we challenge this assumption using a laboratory sea spray chamber containing both natural and artificial seawater, as well as with ambient aerosol samples collected over the central Arctic Ocean during summer. We observe significant enrichment of calcium in submicrometer (<1 μm in diameter) sea spray aerosol particles when particles are generated from both seawater sources in the laboratory as well as in the ambient aerosols samples. We also observe a tendency for increasing calcium enrichment with decreasing particle size. Our results suggest that calcium enrichment in sea spray aerosol particles may be environmentally significant with implications for our understanding of sea spray aerosol, its impact on Earth's climate, as well as the chemistry of the marine atmosphere.
Source of the dayside cusp aurora
Authors: Mende S. B. , Frey H. U. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: July 2016

Monochromatic all‐sky imagers at South Pole and other Antarctic stations of the Automatic Geophysical Observatory chain recorded the aurora in the region where the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites crossed the dayside magnetopause. In several cases the magnetic field lines threading the satellites when mapped to the atmosphere were inside the imagers' field of view. From the THEMIS magnetic field and the plasma density measurements, we were able to locate the position of the magnetopause crossings and map it to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko‐96 field model. Field line mapping is reasonably accurate on the dayside subsolar region where the field is strong, almost dipolar even though compressed. From these coordinated observations, we were able to prove that the dayside cusp aurora of high 630 nm brightness is on open field lines, and it is therefore direct precipitation from the magnetosheath. The cusp aurora contained significant highly structured N2+ 427.8 nm emission. The THEMIS measurements of the magnetosheath particle energy and density taken just outside the magnetopause compared to the intensity of the structured N2+ 427.8 nm emissions showed that the precipitating magnetosheath particles had to be accelerated. The most likely electron acceleration mechanism is by dispersive Alfvén waves propagating along the field line. Wave‐accelerated suprathermal electrons were seen by FAST and DMSP. The 427.8 nm wavelength channel also shows the presence of a lower latitude hard‐electron precipitation zone originating inside the magnetosphere.
Large flux of iron from the Amery Ice Shelf marine ice to Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Herraiz‐Borreguero L. , Lannuzel D. , van der Merwe P. , Treverrow A. , Pedro J. B.
Published: July 2016

The Antarctic continental shelf supports a high level of marine primary productivity and is a globally important carbon dioxide (CO2) sink through the photosynthetic fixation of CO2 via the biological pump. Sustaining such high productivity requires a large supply of the essential micronutrient iron (Fe); however, the pathways for Fe delivery to these zones vary spatially and temporally. Our study is the first to report a previously unquantified source of concentrated bioavailable Fe to Antarctic surface waters. We hypothesize that Fe derived from subglacial processes is delivered to euphotic waters through the accretion (Fe storage) and subsequent melting (Fe release) of a marine‐accreted layer of ice at the base of the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS). Using satellite‐derived Chlorophyll‐a data, we show that the soluble Fe supplied by the melting of the marine ice layer is an order of magnitude larger than the required Fe necessary to sustain the large annual phytoplankton bloom in Prydz Bay. Our finding of high concentrations of Fe in AIS marine ice and recent data on increasing rates of ice shelf basal melt in many of Antarctica's ice shelves should encourage further research into glacial and marine sediment transport beneath ice shelves and their sensitivity to current changes in basal melt. Currently, the distribution, volume, and Fe concentration of Antarctic marine ice is poorly constrained. This uncertainty, combined with variable forecasts of increased rates of ice shelf basal melt, limits our ability to predict future Fe supply to Antarctic coastal waters.
An in situ‐based analysis of the relationship between land surface “skin” and screen‐level air temperatures
Authors: Good Elizabeth Jane
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between land surface temperatures (LST) and screen‐level air temperatures (T2m) using in situ observations from 19 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) deployments located in a range of geographical regimes. The diurnal cycle is resolved using 1 min observations: a particular focus of the study is on the relationship between daily extremes of LST (LSTmax, LSTmin) and T2m (Tmax, Tmin). Temperature differences are analyzed with respect to cloud, wind speed, and snow cover. Under cloud‐free, low wind speed conditions, daytime LST is often several degrees Celsius (°C) higher than T2m at low‐to‐middle latitudes and at high latitudes during the summer months. In contrast, LST and T2m are often close (e.g., within 2°C) under cloudy and/or moderate‐to‐high wind speed conditions or when solar insolation is low or absent. LSTmin and Tmin are generally well correlated (r > 0.8, often r > 0.9), while seasonal correlations between LSTmax and Tmax are weaker (r > 0.6, often r > 0.8). At high latitudes, LST and T2m are well coupled in spring/autumn/winter; the relationship between LST and T2m tends to weaken with decreasing latitude. The timing of daily extremes is also investigated and it is found that LSTmin and Tmin typically occur close to sunrise, with Tmin occurring slightly after LSTmin. LSTmax occurs close to solar noon, with Tmax typically occurring 1–3 hours later. This study will inform temperature data users on differences between LST and T2m and aid development of methods to estimate T2m using satellite LSTs.
Upregulation of long noncoding RNA SPRY4‐IT1 correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis in cervical cancer
Authors: Cao Yang , Liu Yinglei , Lu Xiaoyan , Wang Ying , Qiao Haifeng , Liu Manhua
Published: July 2016

The identification of cancer‐associated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is critical for us to understand cancer pathogenesis and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression profile of the lncRNA SPRY4‐IT1 in cervical cancer and to identify its clinical significance in cancer progression. The expression levels of SPRY4‐IT1 in cervical cancer tissues were measured by quantitative real‐time PCR, and its correlation with overall survival of cervical cancer patients was analyzed statistically. Our results showed that the expression levels of SPRY4‐IT1 were higher in cervical cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Patients with higher SPRY4‐IT1 expression had advanced clinical characteristics and a shorter overall survival time than those with lower SPRY4‐IT1 expression. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that relative SPRY4‐IT1 expression was an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with cervical cancer. In addition, the model we have established shows a good prediction of the probability of 5‐year overall survival of patients according to the c‐index and calibration curve. Collectively, our data suggest that lncRNA SPRY4‐IT1 may be a novel molecule involved in cervical cancer progression, which may be of use as both a potential predictor and therapeutic target.
Light‐Mediated Manufacture and Manipulation of Actuators
Authors: Han Dong‐Dong , Zhang Yong‐Lai , Ma Jia‐Nan , Liu Yu‐Qing , Han Bing , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: July 2016

Recent years have seen a considerable growth of research interests in developing novel technologies that permit designable manufacture and controllable manipulation of actuators. Among various fabrication and driving strategies, light has emerged as an enabler to reach this end, contributing to the development of actuators. Several accessible light‐mediated manufacturing technologies, such as ultraviolet (UV) lithography and direct laser writing (DLW), are summarized. A series of light‐driven strategies including optical trapping, photochemical actuation, and photothermal actuation for controllable manipulation of actuators is introduced. Current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed. To generalize, light holds great promise for the development of actuators.
Phosphorene and Phosphorene‐Based Materials – Prospects for Future Applications
Authors: Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Bat‐Erdene Munkhjargal , Shapter Joseph G.
Published: July 2016

Phosphorene, a single‐ or few‐layered semiconductor material obtained from black phosphorus, has recently been introduced as a new member of the family of two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials. Since its discovery, phosphorene has attracted significant attention, and due to its unique properties, is a promising material for many applications including transistors, batteries and photovoltaics (PV). However, based on the current progress in phosphorene production, it is clear that a lot remains to be explored before this material can be used for these applications. After providing a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in phosphorene synthesis, advantages and challenges of the currently available methods for phosphorene production are discussed. An overview of the research progress in the use of phosphorene for a wide range of applications is presented, with a focus on enabling important roles that phosphorene would play in next‐generation PV cells. Roadmaps that have the potential to address some of the challenges in phosphorene research are examined because it is clear that the unprecedented chemical, physical and electronic properties of phosphorene and phosphorene‐based materials are suitable for various applications, including photovoltaics.
Iron–Titanium Oxide Nanocomposites Functionalized with Gold Particles: From Design to Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Barreca Davide , Carraro Giorgio , Gasparotto Alberto , Maccato Chiara , Warwick Michael E. A. , Toniato Elisa , Gombac Valentina , Sada Cinzia , Turner Stuart , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Fornasiero Paolo
Published: July 2016

Hematite–titania nanocomposites, eventually functionalized with gold nanoparticles (NPs), are designed and developed by a plasma‐assisted strategy, consisting in: (i) the plasma enhanced‐chemical vapor deposition of α‐Fe2O3 on fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrates; the radio frequency‐sputtering of (ii) TiO2, and (iii) Au in controlled amounts. A detailed chemicophysical characterization, carried out through a multitechnique approach, reveals that the target materials are composed by interwoven α‐Fe2O3 dendritic structures, possessing a high porosity and active area. TiO2 introduction results in the formation of an ultrathin titania layer uniformly covering Fe2O3, whereas Au sputtering yields a homogeneous dispersion of low‐sized gold NPs. Due to the intimate and tailored interaction between the single constituents and their optical properties, the resulting composite materials are successfully exploited for solar‐driven applications. In particular, promising photocatalytic performances in H2 production by reforming of water–ethanol solutions under simulated solar illumination are obtained. The related insights, presented and discussed in this work, can yield useful guidelines to boost the performances of nanostructured photocatalysts for energy‐related applications.
Surface‐Grafted Nanogel Arrays Direct Cell Adhesion and Motility
Authors: Sechi Antonio , Freitas Joana M. G. , Wünnemann Patrick , Töpel Alexander , Paschoalin Rafaella T. , Ullmann Sabrina , Schröder Ricarda , Aydin Gülcan , Rütten Stephan , Böker Alexander , Zenke Martin , Pich Andrij
Published: July 2016

It has long been appreciated that material chemistry and topology profoundly affect cell adhesion and migration. Here, aqueous poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) nanogels are designed, synthesized and printed in form of colloidal arrays on glass substrates using wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane templates. Using low‐temperature plasma treatment, nanogels are chemically grafted onto glass supports thus leading to highly stable nanogel layers in cell culture media. Liquid cell atomic force microscopy investigations show that surface‐grafted nanogels retain their swelling behavior in aqueous media and that extracellular matrix protein coating do not alter their stability and topography. It is demonstrated that surface‐grafted nanogels could serve as novel substrates for the analysis of cell adhesion and migration. Nanogels influence size, speed, and dynamics of focal adhesions and cell motility forcing cells to move along highly directional trajectories. Moreover, modulation of nanogel state or spacing serves as an effective tool for regulation of cell motility. It is suggested that nanogel arrays deposited on solid surfaces could be used to provide a precise and tunable system to understand and control cell migration. Additionally, such nanogel arrays will contribute to the development of implantable systems aimed at supporting and enhancing cell migration during, for instance, wound healing and tissue regeneration.
Carbon Nanoforms in Perovskite‐Based Solar Cells
Authors: Collavini Silvia , Delgado Juan Luis
Published: July 2016

During the past few years, the field of photovoltaics has been revolutioned through the use of perovskites as light‐harvesting materials. This has led to studying a whole range of organic structures fulfilling the energetical requirements within the typical architecture of a perovskite‐based solar cell. In this context, carbon nanoforms, with their interesting and versatile properties, are studied as charge transporting materials, electrodes or as additives within the light‐harvesting perovskite material. The latest findings concerning the exciting field of carbon nanostructures for PSCs are summarized.
Lack of correlation between patient reported location and severity of facial pain and radiographic burden of disease in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Falco Jeffrey J. , Thomas Andrew J. , Quin Xuan , Ashby Shaelene , Mace Jess C. , Deconde Adam S. , Smith Timothy L. , Alt Jeremiah A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Facial pain is a cardinal symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with significant impacts on patient treatment selection, quality of life, and outcomes. The association between facial pain and CRS disease severity has not been systematically evaluated with validated, facial pain–specific questionnaires. Our objective was to measure pain location, severity, and interference in patients with CRS, and correlate these to the location and severity of radiographic evidence of disease.

Methods

Patients with CRS were enrolled into a prospective, cross‐sectional study. Patients completed the Brief Pain Inventory Short Form, which is a validated and widely used tool that measures pain location, severity, and interference with daily activities of living. The Lund‐Mackay (L‐M) computed tomography (CT) scoring system was used to operationalize the radiographic location and severity of inflammation. Facial pain location, severity, and interference scores were correlated to paranasal sinus opacification scores.

Results

Consecutive patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP; n = 37) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP; n = 46) were enrolled. No significant relationship was found between the location and severity of reported facial pain and radiographic findings of disease for patients with either CRSwNP or CRSsNP. There was no difference in pain location between patients with and without radiographic disease in a given sinus.

Conclusion

Facial pain in CRS is not predicted by the radiographic extent of disease. The location and severity of facial pain reported by the patient is not a reliable marker of the anatomic location and severity of sinonasal inflammation. Pain location should not necessarily be relied upon for guiding targeted therapy.
Selective Nitrate Recognition by a Halogen‐Bonding Four‐Station [3]Rotaxane Molecular Shuttle
Authors: Barendt Timothy A. , Docker Andrew , Marques Igor , Félix Vítor , Beer Paul D.
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of the first halogen bonding [3]rotaxane host system containing a bis‐iodo triazolium‐bis‐naphthalene diimide four station axle component is reported. Proton NMR anion binding titration experiments revealed the halogen bonding rotaxane is selective for nitrate over the more basic acetate, hydrogen carbonate and dihydrogen phosphate oxoanions and chloride, and exhibits enhanced recognition of anions relative to a hydrogen bonding analogue. This elaborate interlocked anion receptor functions via a novel dynamic pincer mechanism where upon nitrate anion binding, both macrocycles shuttle from the naphthalene diimide stations at the periphery of the axle to the central halogen bonding iodo‐triazolium station anion recognition sites to form a unique 1:1 stoichiometric nitrate anion–rotaxane sandwich complex. Molecular dynamics simulations carried out on the nitrate and chloride halogen bonding [3]rotaxane complexes corroborate the 1H NMR anion binding results.
Cobaltkatalysierte C‐H‐Thiolierung durch dehydrierende Kreuzkupplung
Authors: Gensch Tobias , Klauck Felix J. R. , Glorius Frank
Published: July 2016

Bei einer dehydrierenden Kreuzkupplung von Thiolen und Indolen zeigt das gefundene kooperative Reaktionssystem eine bisher unbekannte Reaktivität in cobaltkatalysierten C‐Heteroatom‐Bindungsknüpfungen. Die dirigierte C‐H‐Aktivierung unterdrückt hierbei die Thiolierung des Indols in der 3‐Position, die in Abwesenheit des Cobaltkatalysators beobachtet wird. Mechanistische Studien stützen die vorgeschlagene Sequenz von C‐H‐Aktivierung, Thiolattransfer und reduktiver Eliminierung.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Bischalcone Derivatives as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Authors: Arslan Tayfun , Çelik Gonca , Çelik Habip , Şentürk Murat , Yaylı Nurettin , Ekinci Deniz
Published: July 2016

Design and synthesis of a new type of bischalcones as an alternative to natural and synthetic bischalcones are reported for the first time. Key steps involved the solvent‐free Claisen–Schmidt condensation of chalcones, and the successful first application of the diazotization–diazocoupling reaction in the synthesis of CNNC‐linked bischalcones by simple structural modification ofp‐aminoacetophenone. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by means of FT‐IR,1H and13C NMR, ESI/MS, and elemental analysis. In addition, the newly synthesized compounds were screened for carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities. Almost all bischalcones exhibited moderate‐to‐good inhibitory activities.
New Finite Algorithm for Solving the Generalized Nonhomogeneous Yakubovich‐Transpose Matrix Equation
Authors: Hajarian Masoud
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the development of the conjugate direction (CD) method is constructed to solve the generalized nonhomogeneous Yakubovich‐transpose matrix equationAXB+CXTD+EYF=R. We prove that the constructed method can obtain the (least Frobenius norm) solution pair (X,Y) of the generalized nonhomogeneous Yakubovich‐transpose matrix equation for any (special) initial matrix pair within a finite number of iterations in the absence of round‐off errors. Finally, two numerical examples show that the constructed method is more efficient than other similar iterative methods in practical computation.