bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical study on tilting salt finger in a laminar shear flow
Authors: Zhang Xianfei , Wang Ling-ling , Lin Cheng , Zhu Hai , Zeng Cheng
Published: February 2018

Salt fingers as a mixing mechanism in the ocean have been investigated for several decades, together with a key issue being focused on their convective evolution and flux ratio variation. However, related studies on tilting fingers in the ocean produced by shear flow have been ignored by previous researchers. In this paper, a 2-D numerical model is presented to study the evolution of the double-diffusion salt finger in a two-layer thermohaline system with laminar shear flow. The model is divided into a steady-state solver and double-diffusion convection system, aimed to reveal the effect of shear flow on salt fingers and analyze the mechanism behind the shear and fingers. Several cases are conducted for Re = 0 ∼ 900 to study the evolution of salt fingers in a laminar shear flow and the variation of salt flux with Re. The results show that salt fingers exist and tilt in the presence of laminar shear flow. The mass transport in the vertical direction is weakened as the Reynolds number increases. An asymmetric structure of the salt finger is discovered and accounts for the morphological tilt and salt flux reduction.
Thermodynamics of single polyethylene and polybutylene glycols with hydrogen-bonding ends: A transition from looped to open conformations
Authors: Lee Eunsang , Paul Wolfgang
Published: February 2018

A variety of linear polymer precursors with hydrogen bonding motifs at both ends enable us to design supramolecular polymer systems with tailored macroscopic properties including self-healing. In this study, we investigate thermodynamic properties of single polyethylene and polybutylene glycols with hydrogen bonding motifs. In this context, we first build a coarse-grained model of building blocks of the supramolecular polymer system based on all-atom molecular structures. The density of states of the single precursor is obtained using the stochastic approximation Monte Carlo method. Constructing canonical partition functions from the density of states, we find the transition from looped to open conformations at transition temperatures which are non-monotonously changing with an increasing degree of polymerization due to the competition between chain stiffness and loop-forming entropy penalty. In the complete range of chain length under investigation, a coexistence of the looped and open morphologies at the transition temperature is shown regardless of whether the transition is first-order-like or continuous. Polyethylene and polybutylene glycols show similar behavior in all the thermodynamic properties but the transition temperature of the more flexible polybutylene glycol is shown to change more gradually.
Enhanced stimulated Raman scattering by femtosecond ultraviolet plasma grating in water
Authors: Liu Fengjiang , Yuan Shuai , He Boqu , Nan Junyi , Khan Abdul Qayyum , Ding Liang'en , Zeng Heping
Published: February 2018

Efficient forward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) was observed along 400-nm femtosecond (fs) laser filaments in water. SRS conversion dominated over self-phase modulation induced continuum generation as the input pulse energy was above 4 μJ (∼30 Pcr), implying that plasma in the aqueous filamentation channel played an important role in compensating for the group velocity walk-off between the pump and Stokes pulses. By overlapping two synchronous fs 400-nm filaments to form plasma grating in water, significant enhancement of SRS conversion was observed. Such a SRS enhancement originated from the ultrahigh plasma density in the intersection region of the preformed plasma grating.
Carrier concentration dependent photoluminescence properties of Si-doped InAs nanowires
Authors: Sonner M. , Treu J. , Saller K. , Riedl H. , Finley J. J. , Koblmüller G.
Published: February 2018

We report the effects of intentional n-type doping on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of InAs nanowires (NWs). Employing silicon (Si) as a dopant in molecular beam epitaxy grown NWs, the n-type carrier concentration is tuned between 1 × 1017 cm−3 and 3 × 1018 cm−3 as evaluated from Fermi-tail fits of the high-energy spectral region. With the increasing carrier concentration, the PL spectra exhibit a distinct blueshift (up to ∼50 meV), ∼2–3-fold peak broadening, and a redshift of the low-energy tail, indicating both the Burstein-Moss shift and bandgap narrowing. The low-temperature bandgap energy (EG) decreases from ∼0.44 eV (n ∼ 1017 cm−3) to ∼0.41 eV (n ∼ 1018 cm−3), following a ΔEG ∼ n1/3 dependence. Simultaneously, the PL emission is quenched nearly 10-fold, while the pump-power dependent analysis of the integrated PL intensity evidences a typical 2/3-power-law scaling, indicative of non-radiative Auger recombination at high carrier concentrations. Carrier localization and activation at stacking defects are further observed in undoped InAs NWs by temperature-dependent measurements but are absent in Si-doped InAs NWs due to the increased Fermi energy.
Anomalous frequency behavior of temperature dependent impedance spectra of the LuFe2O4 multiferroic
Authors: Gamzatov A. G. , Gajiev G. M. , Aliev R. A. , Emiraslanova L. L. , Kaul A. R. , Markelova M. , Yu Seong-Cho
Published: February 2018

We have measured temperature dependent impedance spectra of LuFe2O4 multiferroic polycrystalline samples in the temperature range of 100–400 K, in a wide frequency range of measuring AC voltage: from 20 Hz to 120 MHz. In spectra measured at 30–70 MHz and at 200–260 К, we observed anomalous positive temperature coefficient of resistance. We explain the anomaly on the basis of the generalized barrier model.
Influence of convection at outer ceramic surfaces on the characterization of thermoelectric modules by impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Beltrán-Pitarch Braulio , García-Cañadas Jorge
Published: February 2018

Impedance spectroscopy is a useful method for the characterization of thermoelectric (TE) modules. It can determine with high accuracy the module's dimensionless figure of merit (zT) as well as the average TE properties of the module's thermoelements. Interpretation of impedance results requires the use of a theoretical model (equivalent circuit), which provides the desired device parameters after a fitting is performed to the experimental results. Here, we extend the currently available equivalent circuit, only valid for adiabatic conditions, to account for the effect of convection at the outer surface of the module ceramic plates, which is the part of the device where convection is more prominent. This is performed by solving the heat equation in the frequency domain including convection heat losses. As a result, a new element (convection resistance) appears in the developed equivalent circuit, which starts to influence at mid-low frequencies, causing a decrease of the typically observed semicircle in the impedance spectrum. If this effect is not taken into account, an underestimation of the zT occurs when measurements are performed under room conditions. The theoretical model is validated by experimental measurements performed in a commercial module with and without vacuum. Interestingly, the use of the new equivalent circuit allows the determination of the convection heat transfer coefficient (h), if the module's Seebeck coefficient is known, and an impedance measurement in vacuum is performed, opening up the possibility to develop TE modules as h sensors. On the other hand, if h is known, all the properties of the module (zT, ohmic (internal) resistance, average Seebeck coefficient and average thermal conductivity of the thermoelements and thermal conductivity of the ceramics) can be obtained from one impedance measurement in vacuum and another measurement under room conditions.
On-demand generation of background-free single photons from a solid-state source
Authors: Schweickert Lucas , Jöns Klaus D. , Zeuner Katharina D. , Covre da Silva Saimon Filipe , Huang Huiying , Lettner Thomas , Reindl Marcus , Zichi Julien , Trotta Rinaldo , Rastelli Armando , Zwiller Val
Published: February 2018

True on-demand high-repetition-rate single-photon sources are highly sought after for quantum information processing applications. However, any coherently driven two-level quantum system suffers from a finite re-excitation probability under pulsed excitation, causing undesirable multi-photon emission. Here, we present a solid-state source of on-demand single photons yielding a raw second-order coherence of g(2)(0)=(7.5±1.6)×10−5 without any background subtraction or data processing. To this date, this is the lowest value of g(2)(0) reported for any single-photon source even compared to the previously reported best background subtracted values. We achieve this result on GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots embedded in a low-Q planar cavity by employing (i) a two-photon excitation process and (ii) a filtering and detection setup featuring two superconducting single-photon detectors with ultralow dark-count rates of (0.0056±0.0007) s−1 and (0.017±0.001) s−1, respectively. Re-excitation processes are dramatically suppressed by (i), while (ii) removes false coincidences resulting in a negligibly low noise floor.
Radiated field of rotating charged parallel plates and its frequency spectrum
Authors: Wang Zongxin , Cao Zhenxin , Yang Fei
Published: February 2018

Antennas in the ultra low frequency (ULF, 300 Hz to 3 kHz) and very low frequency (VLF, 3∼30 kHz) bands are usually very large. In this study, we developed a very small antenna, which can radiate electromagnetic waves in these frequency bands. The antenna consisted of two rotating charged plates (RCPs), which were charged by the voltage source. Numerical results of the radiated far field and its frequency spectrum are presented for three cases: (a) the antenna is charged with DC voltage, (b) the antenna is charged with AC voltage, and (c) the antenna rotates with variable speed and is fed with DC voltage. The predominant frequency component was equal to the rotating frequency of the RCPs fed with DC voltage. If the RCPs were fed with AC voltage two dominant frequencies were generated, which were determined by the difference in frequency between the RCP rotation frequency and the AC source frequency. When the RCPs rotated with variable speed and were fed with DC voltage, many frequency components were generated, which were determined by the initial rotational speed of the RCPs and their acceleration.
Multi-scale characteristics of coal structure by x-ray computed tomography (x-ray CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP)
Authors: Cai Ting-ting , Feng Zeng-chao , Zhou Dong
Published: February 2018

It is of great benefit to study the material and structural heterogeneity of coal for better understanding the coalbed methane (CBM) storage and enrichment. In this paper, multi-scale X-ray computed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) at multi scales were conducted to thoroughly study the material distribution, heterogeneity, pore development, porosity and permeability of coal. It is suitable and reasonable to divide the testing samples into three structural categories by average density and heterogeneity degree, and the meso structure in the three categories accords with the morphology on SEM images. The pore size distribution and pore development of each subsample cannot be correspondingly related to their respective structure category or morphology due to different observation scales, while the macro pore size development, accumulated macro pore volume and macro pores porosity accord with the meso structure category and morphology information by CT and SEM at the same scale very well. Given the effect of macro pores on permeability and the contribution of micro pores to CBM storage capacity, reservoirs with developed micro pores and macro pores may be the most suitable coal reservoir for CBM exploitation.
Characterization of high-purity 82Se-enriched ZnSe for double-beta decay bolometer/scintillation detectors
Authors: Silva B. C. , de Oliveira R. , Ribeiro G. M. , Cury L. A. , Leal A. S. , Nagorny S. , Krambrock K.
Published: February 2018

Zinc selenide (ZnSe), when enriched with 82Se isotope, is one of the most promising materials for the construction of a bolometer/scintillation detector to study neutrinoless double beta decay (0νDBD). Because the 0νDBD is a very rare event, a high quantity of high-purity monocrystalline ZnSe is needed, which means high costs. Therefore, the knowledge of the best material parameters, especially the presence of point defects, is essential to make feasible the construction of such a detector. In this work, both the as-grown and thermally annealed ZnSe enriched to 95% with the 82Se isotope grown by the Bridgman technique from high-purity starting materials were characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), photo-EPR, neutron activation, photoluminescence, and electrical measurements. It is shown that although thermal annealing increases crystal homogeneity and reduces microcracks, the scintillation efficiency is much better for the as-grown material. The higher scintillation efficiency is due to the presence of donor acceptor pairs in the as-grown material, which are responsible for strong luminescence/scintillation in the red spectral region. By photo-EPR, the donor acceptor pairs are identified as closed VZn − AlZn pairs which are lost during the annealing procedure. Electrical characterization shows that the as-grown material is of good quality as it has high electron mobility at low temperatures. Excellent material parameters for the construction of the bolometer/scintillation detector based on enriched Zn82Se are discussed.
Mediating exchange bias by Verwey transition in CoO/Fe3O4 thin film
Authors: Liu X. H. , Liu W. , Zhang Z. D. , Chang C. F.
Published: February 2018

We report the tunability of the exchange bias effect by the first-order metal-insulator transition (known as the Verwey transition) of Fe3O4 in CoO (5 nm)/Fe3O4 (40 nm)/MgO (001) thin film. In the vicinity of the Verwey transition, the exchange bias field is substantially enhanced because of a sharp increase in magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant from high-temperature cubic to low-temperature monoclinic structure. Moreover, with respect to the Fe3O4 (40 nm)/MgO (001) thin film, the coercivity field of the CoO (5 nm)/Fe3O4 (40 nm)/MgO (001) bilayer is greatly increased for all the temperature range, which would be due to the coupling between Co spins and Fe spins across the interface.
Dynamics of delayed pathogen infection models with pathogenic and cellular infections and immune impairment
Authors: Elaiw A. M. , Raezah A. A. , Alofi B. S.
Published: February 2018

We study the global dynamics of delayed pathogen infection models with immune impairment. Both pathogen-to-susceptible and infected-to-susceptible transmissions have been considered. Bilinear and saturated incidence rates are considered in the first and second model, respectively. We drive the basic reproduction parameter R0 which determines the global dynamics of models. Using Lyapunov method, we established the global stability of the models’ steady states. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations.
Investigating the real translucency of the endodontic fiber posts
Authors: Camilotti Fernando , Bonardi Cláudia , Somer Aloisi , Novatski Andressa , Szesz Anna Luiza , Loguércio Alessandro Dourado , Kniphoff da Cruz Gerson
Published: February 2018

Researchers have been investigating the light intensity scattered by a translucent fiber post with application in dentistry by different methods. In this work, we introduce a new system capable to record a light scattered profile, step-by-step, as a function of the length of the translucent fiber post. To support our studies, an extensive characterization of the system was carried out and this is presented and discussed here. The system was implemented using the phase sensitive detection. The equipment measures the light scattered without the need of any preparing parts and the fiber post is fixed directly in the fiber post holder becoming ready for measurement. Measures can be recorded with a spatial resolution smaller than 0.01 mm throughout the length of the fiber post being investigated. The system was implemented by using a photomultiplier tube that improves sensitivity for the optical detection. The recorded result is a signal directly proportional to the scattered light and it allows us to obtain a normalized profile that can be used as a map of the scattered light of the fiber post in study. Furthermore, we are able to demonstrate a low intensity of light in the tip region of the fiber post, along with the dependency of the light attenuation with the fiber post body volume and shape. This new system will certainly contribute to achieve better results in fiber post designing and in restoration of endodontic treated teeth because it provides a more well-founded choice of the fiber post to be used, and of the time of exposure to the curing light.
Standing order use in general practice: the views of medicine, nursing and pharmacy stakeholder organisations
Authors: Taylor Robyn , McKinlay Eileen , Morris Caroline
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Standing orders are used by many general practices in New Zealand. They allow a practice nurse to assess patients and administer and/or supply medicines without needing intervention from a general practitioner. AIM To explore organisational strategic stakeholders’ views of standing order use in general practice nationally. METHODS Eight semi-structured, qualitative, face-to-face interviews were conducted with participants representing key primary care stakeholder organisations from nursing, medicine and pharmacy. Data were analysed using a qualitative inductive thematic approach. RESULTS Three key themes emerged: a lack of understanding around standing order use in general practice, legal and professional concerns, and the impact on workforce and clinical practice. Standing orders were perceived to extend nursing practice and seen as a useful tool in enabling patients to access medicines in a safe and timely manner. DISCUSSION The variability in understanding of the definition and use of standing orders appears to relate to a lack of leadership in this area. Leadership should facilitate the required development of standardised resources and quality assurance measures to aid implementation. If these aspects are addressed, then standing orders will continue to be a useful tool in general practice and enable patients to have access to health care and, if necessary, to medicines without seeing a general practitioner.
Identifying factors behind the general practice use of the term ‘decline’ for the childhood immunisation programme in New Zealand
Authors: Turner Nikki , Taylor Lynn , Chong Angela , Horrell Barbara
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The role of healthcare providers and their use of systems is one of the most important factors in vaccination uptake. AIM To identify reasons and find patterns behind why immunisation providers code the word ‘decline’ in their system for childhood immunisation events. METHODS A qualitative study involving face-to-face semi-structured interviews with staff members involved in immunisation delivery. General practices were purposively selected for having either high or low rates of registered children coded on the electronic practice management system as having declined immunisation events. Thematic analysis was undertaken using an inductive approach to link themes to the data. RESULTS A total of 35 interviews were conducted with practice nurses; 21 were from practices with high rates of registered children recorded as having declining immunisation events, and 14 practices with low rates of declining. Common themes were: effective use of systems, early and ongoing engagement, adequate health care practitioner time and practitioner experience. Practices with low rates of coded decliners had stronger approaches for early and ongoing engagement, and were less likely to use formalised decline forms. As practice immunisation coverage rates improved over time, there was perceived to be less expressed vaccine hesitancy from families. CONCLUSIONS The reasons for coding individuals as ‘decliners’ are a complex mixture of individual, community, practitioner and practice systems. Front-line providers need adequate tools, time and resourcing to support effective and ongoing engagement with families. Community factors have influence but can change over time.
Changing perspectives of the role of community pharmacists: 1998 – 2012
Authors: Bryant Linda , Maney Joanne , Martini Nataly
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION In New Zealand, extended medicines management roles proposed for pharmacists include the optimisation and monitoring of medicines in patients with long-term conditions through greater collaboration with general practitioners (GPs). Although some collaborative roles have been successfully implemented in hospitals, barriers for both pharmacists and GPs hinder interprofessional working relationships in the community. AIM To compare data from a 2012 study with two previous studies (1998, 2002) examining perceptions of community pharmacists and GPs of the expanding medicines management roles of community pharmacists. METHODS In 2012, a survey, modelled on the 1998 and 2002 studies, was sent to 600 community pharmacists and 600 GPs. Analyses considered the five-point Likert scale to be a continuous variable. A change of ≥ 10% between any two surveys indicated a relevant change for comparison. RESULTS Increasing agreement, which differed considerably between professions, was apparent for most expanding medicine management roles over the 14 study years. In all three studies, pharmacists were open to expanding their roles to include monitoring, screening, advisory and prescribing roles. GPs were most accepting of the traditional dispensing role with a positive shift towards pharmacists’ involvement in medicines management over time. DISCUSSION Over 14 years, GPs became more accepting of community pharmacists’ involvement in extended medicines management roles, although still had low acceptance of the more clinical roles. Pharmacists considered increased involvement in medicines management as their role, but appeared to lack confidence in their ability to do this role.
‘By the way….how’s your sex life?’ – A descriptive study reporting primary health care registered nurses engagement with youth about sexual health
Authors: Martel Rhiannon , Crawford Ruth , Riden Helen
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Youth rates of sexually transmitted infections in New Zealand are among the highest in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Registered nurses employed in primary healthcare settings (PHC RNs) may lack confidence engaging with youth about their sexual health. AIM To identify what facilitates PHC RNs to discuss sexual health with youth. METHODS This descriptive study was undertaken in two phases. In phase one, 23 PHC RNs completed an online survey. Phase two followed up the survey with semi-structured interviews with seven PHC RNs. RESULTS Most PHC RNs are female, aged between 40 and 60 years old and identify with New Zealand or other European ethnicity. Participants identified specific educational needs relating to youth sexual health that are not being met: legal and ethical issues (65%); cultural issues (65%); youth sexual (44%) and psychological (52%) development; and working with gay, lesbian, bisexual or transsexual youth (48%). Lack of time was cited as a barrier to engaging with youth about sexual health by 30% of the participants. Ongoing support practices such as regular debriefing, reflections of practice and case reviews with colleagues (74%); support from other sexual health providers (87%); and access to educational materials about youth sexual health aimed at health professionals (100%) were perceived to be useful to increase confidence in discussing sexual health with youth. DISCUSSION The PHC RNs lacked knowledge and confidence engaging with youth about sexual health. PHC RNs need resourcing to provide culturally safe, effective sexual health care to youth.
Phylogenetic analysis of Zieria (Rutaceae) in Australia and New Caledonia based on nuclear ribosomal DNA shows species polyphyly, divergent paralogues and incongruence with chloroplast DNA
Authors: Barrett Rosemary A. , Bayly Michael J. , Duretto Marco F. , Forster Paul I. , Ladiges Pauline Y. , Cantrill David J.
Published: February 2018

This study presents a phylogeny of Zieria Sm. (Rutaceae) based on sequences of internal transcribed spacer and external transcribed spacer regions of nrDNA, and using Neobyrnesia suberosa J.A.Armstr. as the outgroup. The phylogeny includes 109 samples, representing 58 of the 60 currently recognised species of Zieria, with multiple accessions of most. Ten species were resolved as monophyletic on the basis of two, or in one case four, samples. Monophyly of four species was neither supported nor rejected, and all other species with more than one accession were resolved as polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Results showed that divergent paralogues of nrDNA are present in some individuals, although the underlying evolutionary process that gave rise to those paralogues is uncertain. Divergent paralogues within genomes could predate speciation and be variably retained or variably detected within the species sampled here; alternatively, they could represent novel nrDNA combinations formed through hybridisation after speciation. There was no strong evidence for recombination between paralogues or that paralogues represent pseudogenes. Variation of nrDNA sequences was clearly incongruent with previously published cpDNA variation, with the nrDNA potentially providing a better indication of species relationships in Zieria. Evidence for this comes from the greater level of congruence, in some species at least, between nrDNA and existing species-level taxonomy than between cpDNA and taxonomy. Incomplete lineage sorting is proposed as a plausible cause for much of the conflict between nrDNA and cpDNA in Zieria, although, in most cases, there was insufficient information to identify the underlying causes with confidence. Implications for species-level taxonomy are discussed.
MLH1-rheMac hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome in rhesus macaques
Authors: Brammer David W. , Gillespie Patrick J. , Tian Mei , Young Daniel , Raveendran Muthuswamy , Williams Lawrence E. , Gagea Mihai , Benavides Fernando J. , Perez Carlos J. , Broaddus Russell R. , Bernacky Bruce J. , Barnhart Kirstin F. , Alauddin Mian M. , Bhutani Manoop S. , Gibbs Richard A. , Sidman Richard L. , Pasqualini Renata , Arap Wadih , Rogers Jeffrey , Abee Christian R. , Gelovani Juri G.
Published: February 2018

Significance

The discovery of
MLH1
-rheMac hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome in rhesus macaques (
MLH1
-rheMac HNPCC), which is an orthologue of Lynch syndrome in humans, is highly significant in the field of oncology. The hereditary nature of this disease should allow for planned cross-breeding of rhesus macaques to assess the effects of homozygous versus heterozygous
MLH1
gene mutations, as well as other comutations and environmental factors that may affect the development of colon cancers. Also, the
MLH1
-rheMac HNPCC syndrome in rhesus macaques can serve as an important model for development of novel approaches to diagnosis and therapy of Lynch syndrome in human patients.
Direct observations of rock moisture, a hidden component of the hydrologic cycle
Authors: Rempe Daniella M. , Dietrich William E.
Published: February 2018

Significance

Soil moisture has long been recognized as a key component of the hydrologic cycle. Here, we quantify significant exchangeable water held in weathered bedrock, beneath the soil, that regulates plant-available water and streamflow. We refer to this as rock moisture—a term parallel to soil moisture, but applied to different material. Deep weathered bedrock capable of storing plant-available moisture is common, yet this reservoir of rock moisture—distinct from soil and groundwater—is essentially unquantified. At our study site, the volume of rock moisture exceeds soil moisture and is a critical and stable source of water to plants in drought years. Our observations indicate that rock moisture now needs to be incorporated into hydrologic and climate models.
Isovaleronitrile co-induced with its precursor, l-leucine, by herbivory in the common evening primrose stimulates foraging behavior of the predatory blue shield bug
Authors: Noge Koji , Tamogami Shigeru
Published: February 2018

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles play important roles in plant–insect and plant–plant interactions. The common evening primrose, Oenothera biennis, is often infested by the flea beetle, Altica oleracea, on which the predatory blue shield bug, Zicrona caerulea, is usually found. This observation suggests that the predatory bug can discriminate infested plants from intact ones to locate its prey. In this study, l-leucine-derived nitrogen-containing compounds [isovaleronitrile (3-methylbutanenitrile), (E/Z)-isovaleraldoxime and 3-methyl-1-nitrobutane] and some terpenes were identified as a characteristic volatile blend from herbivore-infested O. biennis leaves by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, chemical synthesis, and incorporation assays using deuterium-labeled l-leucine. Volatile emission was also elicited by exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA), but not by mechanical damage. l-Leucine accumulated temporarily in O. biennis leaves after MeJA treatment prior to isovaleronitrile emission. Behavioral assays revealed that Z. caerulea showed a strong preference for herbivore-infested leaves, their volatiles, and isovaleronitrile in laboratory conditions.
LITE microscopy: Tilted light-sheet excitation of model organisms offers high resolution and low photobleaching
Authors: Fadero Tanner C. , Gerbich Therese M. , Rana Kishan , Suzuki Aussie , DiSalvo Matthew , Schaefer Kristina N. , Heppert Jennifer K. , Boothby Thomas C. , Goldstein Bob , Peifer Mark , Allbritton Nancy L. , Gladfelter Amy S. , Maddox Amy S. , Maddox Paul S.
Published: February 2018

Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful approach for studying subcellular dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution; however, conventional fluorescence microscopy techniques are light-intensive and introduce unnecessary photodamage. Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) mitigates these problems by selectively illuminating the focal plane of the detection objective by using orthogonal excitation. Orthogonal excitation requires geometries that physically limit the detection objective numerical aperture (NA), thereby limiting both light-gathering efficiency (brightness) and native spatial resolution. We present a novel live-cell LSFM method, lateral interference tilted excitation (LITE), in which a tilted light sheet illuminates the detection objective focal plane without a sterically limiting illumination scheme. LITE is thus compatible with any detection objective, including oil immersion, without an upper NA limit. LITE combines the low photodamage of LSFM with high resolution, high brightness, and coverslip-based objectives. We demonstrate the utility of LITE for imaging animal, fungal, and plant model organisms over many hours at high spatiotemporal resolution.
STAT-3–independent production of IL-17 by mouse innate-like αβ T cells controls ocular infection
Authors: St. Leger Anthony J. , Hansen Anna M. , Karauzum Hatice , Horai Reiko , Yu Cheng-Rong , Laurence Arian , Mayer-Barber Katrin D. , Silver Phyllis , Villasmil Rafael , Egwuagu Charles , Datta Sandip K. , Caspi Rachel R.
Published: February 2018

Appropriate regulation of IL-17 production in the host can mean the difference between effective control of pathogens and uncontrolled inflammation that causes tissue damage. Investigation of conventional CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) has yielded invaluable insights into IL-17 function and its regulation. More recently, we and others reported production of IL-17 from innate αβ+ T cell populations, which was shown to occur primarily via IL-23R signaling through the transcription factor STAT-3. In our current study, we identify promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)–expressing iNKT, CD4−/CD8+, and CD4−/CD8− (DN) αβ+T cells, which produce IL-17 in response to TCR and IL-1 receptor ligation independently of STAT-3 signaling. Notably, this noncanonical pathway of IL-17 production may be important in mucosal defense and is by itself sufficient to control pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus infection at the ocular surface.
An explicit Waldspurger formula for Hilbert modular forms
Authors: Sirolli Nicolás , Tornaría Gonzalo
Published: February 2018

We describe a construction of preimages for the Shimura map on Hilbert modular forms and give an explicit Waldspurger type formula relating their Fourier coefficients to central values of twisted

L
L

-functions. Our construction is inspired by that of Gross and applies to any nontrivial level and arbitrary base field, subject to certain conditions on the Atkin-Lehner eigenvalues and on the weight.
The Indian Novel in the 21st Century
Authors: Singh Amardeep
Published: February 2018

The Indian novel has been a vibrant and energetic expressive space in the 21st century. While the grand postcolonial gestures characteristic of the late-20th-century Indian novel have been in evidence in new novels by established authors such as Vikram Chandra, Amitav Ghosh, and Salman Rushdie, a slate of new authors has emerged in this period as well, charting a range of new novelistic modes. Some of these authors are Kiran Desai, Aravind Adiga, Githa Hariharan, Samina Ali, Karan Mahajan, and Amitava Kumar. In general, there has been a move away from ambitious literary fiction in the form of the “huge, baggy monster” that led to the publication of several monumental postcolonial novels in the 1980s and 1990s; increasingly the most dynamic and influential Indian writing uses new novelistic forms and literary styles tied to the changing landscape of India’s current contemporary social and political problems. The newer generation of authors has also eschewed the aspiration to represent the entirety of life in modern India, and instead aimed to explore much more limited regional and cultural narrative frameworks. If a novel like Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children (1981) took its protagonist all over the Indian subcontinent and indexed a large number of important historical controversies in the interest of broad representation, Padma Viswnanathan’s The Toss of a Lemon (2008) limits itself to a focus on a single Tamil Brahmin family’s orientation to issues of caste and gender, and remains effectively local to Tamil Nadu. There is no central agenda or defining idiom of this emerging literary culture, but three major groupings can be identified that encapsulate the major themes and preoccupations of 21st-century Indian fiction: “New Urban Realism,” “Gender and Secular History,” and “Globalizing India, Reinscribing the Past.”
Maya Youth Literatures in the Diaspora
Authors: Boj Lopez Floridalma
Published: February 2018

Maya youth literatures in the diaspora are creative works of literature that defy easy categorization. Instead of focusing on form or genre, these works emphasize the refugee experience in relation to issues of state violence and migration in Guatemala and the United States. Mayan youth use do-it-yourself (DIY) publishing as a strategy to create narratives that embrace their experiences with their families and at schools, and in their efforts to create a Mayan community. As a result, these stories are reflective of not just their own experiences, but also their own political investments in how their Maya community is represented and written into existence.
Moore, Marianne
Authors: Millier Brett C.
Published: February 2018

Marianne Moore (1887–1972) is now considered a major Modernist poet, along with her friends Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams. Winner of the National Book Award, the Pulitzer Prize, and the Bolligen Prize, she was for a time (roughly 1955–1965) the most recognizable American poet (alongside Robert Frost), and her tiny pale face, wrapped by a long braid of white hair, and topped by a black tricorn hat, was known by many more people than knew her poems. The fey charm of her celebrity obscured for a long time her unique contribution to the Modernist poetic enterprise. Moore was an editor, critic, and translator, and edited the modernist journal the Dial from 1925–1929. As a poet, she wrote elaborately structured (she often wrote in syllabics, counting every syllable in every line and stanza) contemplations of the animal world, but with an eye to finding analogies in animal behavior for humanity’s moral struggles. A lifelong resident of New York City, Moore encountered nature in circuses and zoos, and in the pages of the National Geographic magazine, and often made use of lines from that magazine and other prose work in her poems, included in quotation marks. In addition nature and animals, her work is notable for its broad range of somewhat quirky subject matter. The elaborate formal structures of her poems conceal their absolutely correct grammatical construction; Moore claimed that she called them poems because she didn’t know what else to call them. Immune to the influence of literary fashion, she pursued her own goals of “humility, concentration, and gusto” in the composition of rigorously crafted, utterly idiosyncratic art.
Online Communities and Knowledge Collaborations
Authors: Faraj Samer , Shimizu Takumi
Published: February 2018

Online communities (OCs) are emerging as effective spaces for knowledge collaboration and innovation. As a new form of organizing, they offer possibilities for collaboration that extend beyond what is feasible in the traditional hierarchy. OC participants generate new ideas, talk about knowledge, and remix and build on each other’s contributions on a massive scale. OCs are characterized by fluidity in the resources that they draw upon, and they need to manage these tensions in order to sustain knowledge collaboration generatively. OCs sustain knowledge collaboration by facilitating both tacit and explicit knowledge flows. Further, OCs play a key role in supporting and sustaining the knowledge collaboration process that is necessary for open and user innovation. As collective spaces of knowledge flows, OCs are mutually constituted by digital technologies and participants. The future is bright for OC research adopting the knowledge perspective and focusing on how to sustain their knowledge flow.
Shame and Guilt
Authors: Turner Monique Mitchell
Published: February 2018

Shame and guilt are distinct emotional experiences that are often confused by lay people as similar. Yet, shame and guilt are aroused by distinct cognitive appraisals and lead to distinct emotional, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. There are distinctions between shame and guilt in psychology and communication. Differences are correlated with personality and individual proneness for shame and/or guilt.
Communications Research in Using Genomics for Health Promotion
Authors: Hamilton Jada G. , Hay Jennifer L. , McBride Colleen M.
Published: February 2018

It was expected that personalized risk information generated by genetic discovery would motivate risk-reducing behaviors. However, though research in this field is relatively limited, most studies have found no evidence of strong negative nor positive psychological or behavioral influences of providing genetic information to improve individual health behaviors. As noted by systematic reviews and agenda-setting commentaries, these null findings may be due to numerous weaknesses in the research approaches taken to date. These include issues related to study samples and design, as well as the motivational potency of risk communications. Moreover, agenda-setting commentaries have suggested areas for improvement, calling for expanded consideration of health outcomes beyond health behaviors to include information exchange and information-seeking outcomes and to consider these influences at the interpersonal and population levels.

A new generation of research is adopting these recommendations. For example, there is a growing number of studies that are using communication theory to inform the selection of potential moderating factors and their effects on outcomes in understanding interpersonal effects of shared genetic risk. Researchers are taking advantage of natural social experiments to assess the general public’s understanding of genetics and inform approaches to improve their facility with the information. Additionally, there are examples of risk communication approaches addressing the complexity of genetic and environmental contributors to health outcomes. Although the pace of this translation research continues to lag behind genetic discovery research, there are numerous opportunities for future communications research to consider how emerging genomic discovery might be applied in the context of health promotion and disease prevention.
Queer Perspectives in Communication Studies
Authors: West Isaac N.
Published: February 2018

Queer perspectives in communication studies vary greatly, but they tend to share some common assumptions about the communicative force of norms, including those related to sexualities, genders, bodies, races, ethnicities, abilities, and desires. In general, queer perspectives question the legitimacy of hegemonic assumptions about bodies and sexualities, opting instead for more fluid and porous discourses and norms. Influenced by Michel Foucault’s theories about the productive and generative nature of discourses and Judith Butler’s elaboration on the performativity of identity and agency, communication studies scholars have mined queer theory for insights into our collective and individual investments in naturalized norms as well as efforts to resist them. One of the difficulties in corralling the varied meanings of “queer” into an encyclopedia entry is that it can operate as a noun, adjective, or verb, which has different implications for critics interested in its employ.
Clustering Techniques in Climate Analysis
Authors: Straus David M.
Published: February 2018

Clustering techniques are used in the analysis of weather and climate to identify discrete groups of atmospheric and oceanic structures and evolutions that occur more frequently than would be expected based on a background distribution, such as a multivariate Gaussian distribution. Some of the techniques identify states that are also unusually long-lived (or persistent). Familiar examples of atmospheric states identified from cluster analysis include a small number of seasonal mean midlatitude response patterns to El Niño events, and on intra-seasonal timescales the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Pacific–North America patterns. On weather timescales, cluster analysis has been used to objectively identify a number of typical synoptic patterns familiar to forecasters. Cluster analysis has also been used to categorize cyclone tracks.

A large variety of clustering techniques are available. One approach is to determine whether the underlying probability distribution contains multiple, distinct peaks, and to identify these peaks. The existence of more than one peak would indicate the existence of preferred states. These techniques rely on kernel density estimation and mixture modeling, and are most successful when applied to a very low-dimensional representation of the state space. The identification of multiple preferred states in higher dimensional representations can be achieved with the k-means and hierarchical clustering techniques. These techniques can be applied to cyclone tracks as well as to the usual meteorological variables.

In certain applications it may be desirable to allow a given state to belong to multiple clusters with differing probabilities. The mixture modeling technique gives such probabilities, as does the fuzzy clustering generalization of the k-means approach. A technique that tries to objectively identify an ordered array of states (or patterns) that best fit the underlying distribution in some sense makes use of self-organizing maps.

An alternative approach that identifies not only preferred states but also ones that are unusually persistent is the Hidden Markov method. The Hidden Markov method makes use of an underlying “hidden variable” whose evolution is modeled by a Markov process. This method can be generalized further to detect long-term changes in the population of the clusters by letting the evolution of the hidden state be governed by a non-stationary finite element vector autoregressive factor process.
Violence, Politics, and Gender
Authors: Bardall Gabrielle S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a conceptual orientation to the intersection of gender, politics, and violence. The first part of the article will introduce the subject by reviewing the primary conceptual framework and empirical knowledge on the topic to date and discussing the theoretical heritage of the concept. Establishing a key distinction between gender-motivated and gender differentiated violence, this article will discuss the gender dimensions of political violence and the political dimensions of gender-based violence. The latter half of the article reviews a number of the key questions driving research and dialogue in the field in the 21st century.
Libertarianism
Authors: Van Der Vossen Bas
Published: February 2018

Libertarianism is a theory in political philosophy that strongly values individual freedom and is skeptical about the justified scope of government in our lives. Libertarians see individuals as sovereign, as people who have a right to control their bodies and work, who are free to decide how to interact with willing others, and who cannot be forced to do things against their will without very strong justification.

For some, the argument in support of this view hinges on the principle of self-ownership. To them, individual rights are morally foundational, the basic building blocks of their theory. Many others, however, take a broader view, arguing that societies flourish when they offer people large degrees of freedom in both personal and economic matters.

As a result, libertarianism sees the state as playing at most only a very limited role in matters concerning distributive justice. Libertarians are skeptical about calls to reduce material inequality for its own sake, strongly favor free trade, and defend opening borders for migrants. They see policies that violate these commitments as inevitably involving wrongs against free and equal persons.