bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mnemonic Techniques Used by College Students in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Buck Kenneth A. , Boltwood Charles E.
Published: September 2011

9 categories of mnemonic techniques college students would employ in paired-associate learning were delineated. No significant differences were found between men and women by category of memory aids, and the 9 categories of memory aids were divided into two major classifications. The primary aids accounted for 59% of the memory aids reported and were evenly distributed (about 15%) among first letter, imagery, phonetic clustering, and simple repetition. The remaining 41% were evenly distributed (about 8%) among the secondary aids of semantic clustering, other, descriptive story, personal experience, and mediation. There was a significant difference in total percentages of memory aids between the primary and secondary classifications but not within the classifications.
Personal Adjustment and Authoritarian Attitudes toward the Mentally ILL
Authors: Fracchia John , Sheppard Charles , Pintyr Joseph , Crovello James , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

The relationship between authoritarian attitudes, which reflect the belief that mentally ill persons comprise an inferior class requiring coercive handling, and personal adjustment was examined for 77 female psychiatric aides at a large state mental hospital. Correlations and analysis of variance suggested the lack of a systematic association between the two variables.
Body-Build Stereotypes: A Cross Cultural Comparison
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Pool Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

The body-build stereotypes of 185 Mexican children (150 males, 35 females, Mage = 12.6 yr., SDage = 2.1 yr.) were assessed through the use of a 56-item Verbal Check List containing words or phrases pertaining to physical, social, and personal dimensions of psychosocial experience. Similar to American samples, significant proportions of the Mexican children made negative Endomorph and Ectomorph attributions, and positive Mesomorph attributions. Despite these general similarities, some evidence was found which indicated that these evaluative distinctions were less marked in the Mexican sample. The need for future research on body-build stereotypes is noted and suggestions for such research are made.
Effects of Modeling and Model-Observer Similarity in Imitation and Generalization of Aggressive Verbal Behavior
Authors: Dove John L. , McReynolds William T.
Published: September 2011

This study involved 80 male undergraduates and was designed to assess the effects of varying model and observer similarity on a measure of social activism on the imitation and generalization of aggressive verbal behavior. The 2 × 2 × 2 design varied S's and model's espoused social activism and modeled verbal aggression. Significant modeling and S-activism effects were observed; however, there were no significant generalization or interaction effects. The latter findings suggest a need for further clarification in modeling theory in delineating the boundary conditions for the occurrence and extent of the imitative process.
“Spontaneous” Improvement in the Social Positions of Emotionally Disturbed Children in Regular Classes
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to measure change in the social positions of emotionally disturbed children through time and to assess the importance of acceptance by peers for the development of a healthy personality. The results showed that rejection of emotionally disturbed children was not maintained. This change in social position was not the result of an increase in the positive perceptions of emotionally disturbed children but an absence of negative perceptions by peers. These findings suggest that reduction in negative perceptions by peers may produce the social climate for good development. These results suggest that for good development, stress placed on the importance of acceptance by peers should be discounted.
Instructions and Reinforcement in the Modification of a Conversion Reaction
Authors: Hersen Michel , Gullick Eugenia L. , Matherne Paula M. , Harbert Terry L.
Published: September 2011

The effects of two variables, instructions and social reinforcement, were examined sequentially in a case of a conversion reaction. Reinforcement in the form of praise resulted in an increase in S's ability to walk. When reinforcement was removed, other variables including instructions, expectancy, social reinforcement from other patients, and self-reinforcement may have contributed to unexpected improvements in walking. However, reinstitution of reinforcement led to the most dramatic increases in walking.
The Jesness Inventory as a Predictor of Awol Recidivism
Authors: Fraas Louis A. , Price Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This study represents an attempt to predict recidivism of U.S. Army AWOL prisoners by means of the Jesness inventory. Total inventory raw score and individual scale raw scores did not predict performance measures (report or fail to report to next duty assignment) after completion of a correctional program.
Comparison of Measures of Depression by the Experimental Investigation of Single Cases
Authors: Neufeld R. J. , Rogers T. B. , Costello C. G.
Published: September 2011

Two depressed patients were administered a series of tests, varying in the degree of situation-specificity shown by each test, several times over the course of therapy. Analyses indicated that (1) greater item variance is associated with the less situation-specific measures, (2) test sensitivity for detecting change during therapy appears to vary for different Ss. This latter finding was interpreted as indicating the need for further research oriented toward documenting these subject differences.
Personality Characteristics of Female Psychology, Science and Art Majors
Authors: Barton K. , Cattell H.
Published: September 2011

Using Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Test the personality profiles of psychology, art, and science majors at Wellesley College were compared among themselves and with an older group of successful female psychologists. A discriminant function analysis yielded significant similarities and differences between the psychology, art, and science major groups.
Repeated Presentation and Retention of Meaningful Information
Authors: Howe Michael J. A.
Published: September 2011

In a previous experiment it was found that when young adult Ss made repeated attempts to recall verbal information they frequently repeated their earlier errors, despite the fact that they were able to listen to the correct version of the information after each recall attempt. The present study was designed to discover whether the earlier results could be extended to conditions typical of those in which humans acquire verbal knowledge, and retention was repeatedly assessed by a multiple-choice recognition test. Considerable repetition of errors was observed. When Ss made incorrect responses to the same question on two successive sessions, the incorrect choice in the second session was twice as likely to be the same choice made in the first session as it was to be any of the alternatives.
Comparison of Sequential Associations Produced on Two Occasions
Authors: Devane J. R.
Published: September 2011

Ss produced 4 successive associations to each of a set of 20 stimulus words on 2 occasions. The distribution within the sequences at Time 2 of the initial responses of Time 1 indicated that the sequences were not composed of independent responses. The distribution within the sequences of Time 1 of the initial responses of Time 2 was virtually identical.
Affection for People as a Function of Affection for Dogs
Authors: Brown Larry T. , Shaw Terry G. , Kirkland Karen D.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of affection for dogs were used to select 3 groups of 16 Ss each, a Low Affection group, a Moderate Affection group, and a High Affection group. Ss took the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) test, and a 2 (Sex) × 3 (Level of Affection) analysis of variance was carried out on the scores for each of the 6 FIRO-B scales. On the Expressed Affection scale the Low Affection group scored significantly lower than the Moderate Affection group. The men of the Low Affection group also obtained the lowest scores on the Wanted Affection scale. It was concluded that low expressed affection for dogs accompanies low affection for people and, in the case of men, low desire for such affection. Some support for this conclusion was also found for people reporting low affection for cats.
Reliability and Validity of the Paragraph Completion Test: Theoretical and Empirical Notes
Authors: Gardiner Gareth S. , Schroder Harold M.
Published: September 2011

The Paragraph Completion Test has become the most widely used measure of the integrative component of conceptual complexity: namely, the ability to think in multi-conceptual terms about given stimulus domains. The test has consistently predicted complex behavioral performance in experimental settings and correlates positively with theoretically related measures of personality and cognition. Inter-rater, split-half, and preliminary test-retest reliability coefficients are also satisfactory, making the test a psychometrically sound and valid measure of complexity.
Comparison of Non-Brain-Damaged Schizophrenic and Brain-Damaged Non-Schizophrenic Males on the Wist
Authors: Albott William L. , Gilbert Lloyd G.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation is addressed to the issue of differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and brain damage in the area of thought disorder. The Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST), Form A, was used to ascertain the extent and type of thought disorder of the two groups of Ss (male VA patients). Results showed that the WIST Summary score did not differentiate the two groups of Ss. Subtest scores and error types, however, discriminated the two groups. Results were discussed in light of Mednick's theory of psychological deficit and in terms of contributions to variance stemming from the test's psychometric properties (i.e., stimulus complexity).
Predicting Behavior in a Social Influence-Situation from Attitude-Scale Measures of Prejudice
Authors: Montgomery Robert L. , Enzie Russell F.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether Ss with high or low scores on attitude scales measuring prejudice would be influenced differently by black and white confederates, 40 high- and 40 low-scoring white college students participated in an autokinetic study for two sessions. In Session I, Ss participated alone and were anchored to see the light move 1 to 5 in. During Session II, Ss participated with either a black or white confederate who made estimates in a range of 6 to 10 in. Results indicated that (a) highly prejudiced people were influenced more ( p < .005) by a white confederate than by a black one, (b) low-prejudiced people accepted influence about as readily from a black confederate as a white, and (c) highly prejudiced people were more ( p < .025) easily influenced than low-prejudiced people by a white confederate.
Internal Consistency of Poi Scales
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

Data from a sample of 500 male prisoners were analyzed to obtain K-R 20 estimates of internal consistency for the 12 scales on the Personal Orientation Inventory. As might be expected from the varied content of the items in each scale, their internal consistency was low to moderate.
Modification of Caloric Intake in Anorexia Nervosa: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Elkin Thomas E. , Hersen Michel , Eisler Richard M. , Williams James G.
Published: September 2011

The effects of feedback, reinforcement, and increased food presentation on caloric intake were sequentially examined in an experimental single-case design with an anorexia nervosa patient. Although feedback on weight and a point-reinforcement system for weight gains led to increased consumption, augmenting the amount of food presented in combination with feedback and reinforcement resulted in the most dramatic change in caloric intake.
“Confidence-Rating” Analysis on Response Amplitude Scores of Classical Discrimination Conditioning Data
Authors: Colliver Jerry A.
Published: September 2011

Signal-detection theory was used to analyze classical discrimination-conditioning data. A “confidence-rating” type of analysis of response amplitudes was used to test the signal-detection-theory assumptions of underlying normal distributions with equal variances. The data showed that S behaved as if he could hold several criteria simultaneously and gave larger amplitude conditioned responses when the sensory response exceeded larger criterion values. In addition, d' did not vary with conditioned-response amplitude. Plotting the receiver-operating-characteristic curves generated by the analysis of conditioned-response amplitude on double-probability paper supported the assumptions of signal-detection theory of underlying normal distributions with equal variances.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XIV. Trends in Peace Research
Authors: Ellis Lee
Published: September 2011

A review of peace abstracts indicates that wars generally increase the proportional level of behavioral research pertaining to peace, but that this has been less true for the Vietnam War than for the two previous wars in which the United States has been involved.
Relationships among Three Measures Used in Screening Mentally Retarded for Placement in Special Education
Authors: Christian Walter P. , Malone Daniel R.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship among Wechsler and Stanford-Binet IQ scores, Wide Range Achievement Test scores, and Adaptive Behavior Scale scores for a sample of 129 institutionalized mentally retarded children and adolescents in a Special Education program. Significant but small to moderate correlations (.26 to .50) were obtained between WRAT and IQ scores and between behavior scale scores and IQ. Each measure differentiated between special education training levels. Use of the Adaptive Behavior Scale may provide an important supplement to more frequently used screening procedures such as IQ and achievement scores.
Bias in the Twenty-Statements Test: Administration Time, Incomplete Protocols, and Intelligence
Authors: Nudelman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

Investigation of the relationship between completion of the Twenty-statements Test and intelligence indicates that completers of the test are more intelligent than are noncompleters when the test is rapidly administered. Elimination of incomplete protocols from analysis therefore biases the working sample in favor of the more intelligent respondents. Administration times of at least 12 min. or the use of shorter forms can be expected to reduce or eliminate this bias.
Correlations of IQS on Verbal and Nonverbal Tests of Intelligence
Authors: McLaurin William A. , Jenkins John F. , Farrar William E. , Rumore Mary C.
Published: September 2011

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Otis Mental Ability Test, Advanced Progressive Matrices, Revised Beta Examination, the D 48 Test, and the Minnesota Paper Form Board were administered to 131 college students to determine the intercorrelations among nonverbal and verbal tests of intelligence. The obtained coefficients were corrected for restriction of range on the WAIS IQs. Between Progressive Matrices and the WAIS Full Scale IQ r = .74 and for the Matrices and the Otis IQ r = .75. The other nonverbal tests showed a low to moderate relationship with the IQ scores.
Children's Figure Drawings and Changing Attitudes toward Sex Roles
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Tolor Belle
Published: September 2011

Based on an analysis of the sex of the first drawn figure as being the product of both sexual identificatory ties and cultural attitudes toward the sexes, it was hypothesized that the more positive contemporary values assigned to the female role would be reflected in a greater percentage of girls now drawing their own sex as compared to previous times. This expectation was confirmed with two separate normative samples. The second hypothesis, predicting a differential effect of an instructional set stressing sexual equality as compared with a set stressing sexual role distinction or a control condition, was not supported.
Establishing Validity of Anagram Verbalization
Authors: Rosen Steven M. , Taub Harvey B.
Published: September 2011

Underwood's (1965) false recognition procedure was adapted to validate the method of anagram verbalization. Overt anagram verbalizations collected from 10 Ss during an earlier study were presented with varying frequency as sound stimuli to a second sample, after the same anagrams were attempted covertly. Following the stimulus list, the second sample of Ss ( N = 29) estimated the number of times each sound had been read. Frequency judgments of sounds which had occurred commonly among Ss in the previous study were significantly greater than judgments of sounds occurring only once in the first sample. It is concluded that sounds which appeared frequently on an overt basis also occurred covertly, inflating subsequent estimates of list occurrence. The findings are interpreted as validating the method of anagram verbalization.
Generalization of Stimulus Control in a Summer Camp
Authors: Taylor G. E. , Rickard Henry C.
Published: September 2011

A manual signal was used to demonstrate stimulus control of noise level in a summer camp for 57 behaviorally disturbed children. The stability of control over time and the generalization of control to novel situations and signalers were examined.
Stimulus Change in Extinction of a Blocked Response
Authors: Martin L. J. , Bradley J. I. , George R. J.
Published: September 2011

Influences of the partial reinforcement effect due to changes in visual stimuli at the onset of extinction were evaluated. Following blocking of the learned response, changes in stimuli in the apparatus reduced perseveration during extinction. The greatest effect was observed when a single stimulus change occurred. Redundant changes had progressively reduced influence.
Reversal- and Non-Reversal-Shift Discrimination Learning as a Function of Drive in Albino Rats
Authors: Cohen Jerome S. , Telegdy Gabor A.
Published: September 2011

Drive level affected reversal rather than non-reversal-shift learning during initial shift-discrimination trials. Animals under high water deprivation during the original simultaneous discrimination and reversal-shift discrimination made more initial (first trial-block) errors during reversal-shift than animals that were maintained on moderate deprivation during either or both discrimination tasks.
Imaginal Attributes in Learning Sentence-Embedded Noun Pairs
Authors: Kulhavy Raymond W. , Heinen James R. K.
Published: September 2011

168 Ss learned 10 pairs of sententially embedded nouns. The sentences presented the nouns in either a positive interactive, negative interactive or noninteractive context. Ss saw the sentences in either a bizarre or nonbizarre form. Noun-vividness, defined as the presence or absence of a color adjective, was varied as a within- Ss factor. Ss learned significantly more nonbizarre pairs, and the nonbizarre groups significantly outperformed a standard paired-associate control group. There were no effects for the type of interaction or vividness. The results were discussed in terms of encoding difficulty and selective attentional processes during learning.
Explicit and Inexplicit Guidance in Problem Solving and Ability to State Principles
Authors: Stinessen Leif
Published: September 2011

Problem solving of Ss who were given explicit verbal information and Ss who were given nonexplicit visual information before practice was studied. When Ss were given explicit information, those who verbalized a principle after practice solved significantly more problems than those who did not verbalize a principle, while when Ss were given nonexplicit information, no difference was found with respect to number of problems solved between Ss who verbalized a principle and those who did not.
Ethnic Stereotyping by Men and Women
Authors: Koslowsky Meni
Published: September 2011

The influence of sex in stereotyping has received little attention in previous research. Most studies were probably confounded with social desirability. The present investigation analyzed effects of sex under control for social desirability. Results indicated that women stereotype less than men. This may corroborate the often repeated finding that women are internally or emotionally motivated, whereas men respond more readily to external cues.
Socialization as Related to Delinquency Classification
Authors: Smith Patricia M. , Austrin Harvey R.
Published: September 2011

The socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory was administered to 3 groups of Ss, these being normals, level I delinquents convicted of minor offenses and level II delinquents convicted of felonies. Significant differences ( p < .001) were obtained between scores of normals and level I delinquents and between normals and level II delinquents, but not between delinquent groups. It was concluded that the socialization scale was a useful measure for noting proneness to delinquency but not for discriminating degree of delinquency.
Effects of Feedback on Self-Reinforcing Behavior in Relation to Self-Acceptance
Authors: Oziel L. Jerome , Berwick Peter T.
Published: September 2011

96 high and low self-accepting Ss were divided into 8 treatment groups: (a) a low group who received facilitating feedback for self-reinforcing responses; (b) a group comparable to the previous one but who also were given positive feedback on social comparison; (c) a low group who received inhibiting feedback for negative self-reinforcement responses; and (d) a group of low-control Ss. The remaining four groups were Ss high in self-acceptance; they were treated in a comparable fashion to the first four groups but instead given feedback designed to decrease their self-reinforcement rate. Ss were given the California Personality Inventory and the Berger measure of self-acceptance as well as self-ratings of creativity and intelligence before and after treatment. There were few significant changes for the post-measures following the conditioning treatment. The major outcome is questioning some hypotheses from past research concerning the relationship between self-reinforcement and self-acceptance.
Sex and Status Effects on Perception of Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Moore Tanes
Published: September 2011

The effects of ascribed academic status, target-person's sex, and rater's sex on the perception of height, weight, and physical attractiveness, and the interrelations among these variables, were studied. College students ( N = 301; 61% females) rated a male or a female identified as possessing one of five levels of academic status. In all status conditions the male and female were seen as about equal in height, the male was estimated as heavier than the female, and at the lowest and intermediate status levels, female Ss saw the male as more attractive than the female, while the reverse tended to be the case for males' ratings of the targets. Height and weight estimates were inversely correlated for the male target, and positively related for the female target. Height estimates were positively related to attractiveness ratings for the male target, while neither height nor weight estimates predicted attractiveness ratings for the female target.
Internal-External Locus of Control and Perception of Authority Figures
Authors: Ferguson Ben , Kennelly Kevin
Published: September 2011

To investigate differences between Internals' and Externals' characteristic views of figures in authority, the Authority Figure Perception Test, a paper-and-pencil test, was constructed (scale reliabilities ranged from .82 to .33) and administered along with Rotter's I-E Scale to 76 male preparatory high school students. As hypothesized, Internals more than Externals perceived figures in authority (a) as more encouraging of constructive environmental manipulations ( r = .36), (b) as more supportive when difficulty is encountered ( r = .41), (c) as more positively reinforcing ( r = .26), (d) as having more predictable standards ( r = .53), (e) as acting more upon issue-oriented reason ( r = .43), and (f) in a generally more positive light ( r = .55; ps < .025, 1-tailed tests). As age increased in the present sample, the tendency to perceive authority figures (a) as positively reinforcing ( r = .25), (b) as having predictable standards ( r = .23), and (c) in a generally positive light ( r = .25) decreased ( ps < .05, 2-tailed tests).
Social Desirability in Rotter's Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Vuchinich Rudy E. , Bass Barry A.
Published: September 2011

Although significant correlations were obtained between the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale and Rotter's scale, the relationship was not consistent throughout the range of Locus of Control scale scores. Significant differences were found among Marlowe-Crowne scores when separated according to high, low, or medium Locus of Control scale score subgroups.
Effects of Group Conflict, Problem-Relevance, Manipulative Success and Decision-Satisfaction on Machiavellianism
Authors: Cronen Vernon E. , Mihevc Nancy
Published: September 2011

60 Ss participated in groups making personally relevant decisions that affected their grades. The MACH IV test was administered before and after the discussions. It was hypothesized that Ss' perceptions of manipulative success and decision-satisfaction would be significant predictors of change in Machiavellian orientation in high-conflict groups but not in low-conflict groups. Data were analyzed as two separate step-wise regression problems. Only manipulative success was a significant predictor of change for the high-conflict group members ( F = 6.1, df = 1/23, P < .025). An unexpected though nonsignificant relationship was found in low-conflict groups between decision-satisfaction and changes in MACH IV scores ( F = 1.8, df = 1/32, P < .1).
Double-Alternation Runway Performance as a Function of Inter- and Intra-Reinforcement Odor Cues
Authors: Davis Stephen F. , Prytula Robert E. , Harper Wyatt E. , Tucker Howard K. , Lewis Clarence , Flood Larry
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 12 rats served as Ss in a three-phase investigation into the production and utilization of odor cues in the runway. Both groups were trained under double-alternation patterns of reward-nonreward with one group serving as start-box donor-odorants, while the second group actually traversed the runway. During the first two phases the run- Ss were water-reinforced, and the donor-odorants were food-reinforced. The reinforcement schedules for the run and donor-odorant Ss were positively correlated during the first phase and negatively correlated during the second phase. In the third phase both groups were food reinforced and the reinforcement schedules once again positively correlated. The results indicated that significant double-alternation patterning was shown by the run- Ss only in the goal measure during Phases I and II. However, significant patterning was shown in start, run, and goal measures during Phase III, suggesting the specificity of odor cues to deprivational states.
Differential Effectiveness of Mother vs Stranger in the Control of Children with Behavior Problems: An Experiment in Child Swapping
Authors: Rudestam Kjell E. , Fisher Roger H. , Fiester Alan R.
Published: September 2011

Mothers of 5- to 7-yr.-old children with behavior problems were observed while managing the behavior of their own child and a matched control child in three laboratory tasks. The results indicated that the children were less compliant and exhibited more attention-seeking behavior with their own mothers. Moreover, mothers relied more frequently on aversive control procedures with their own children and more often rewarded their undesirable behaviors than those of the other children. Implications suggest that the systems-maintaining aspects of the mother-child relationship can progressively exacerbate both deviant behaviors of children and ineffective behaviors of parents and that effective retraining of parents might well begin with the temporary “swapping” of poorly behaved children.
Generality of Response to Humor and Wit in Cartoons, Jokes, Stories and Photographs
Authors: Groch Alice S.
Published: September 2011

Four types of cartoons, the O'Connell Story Test, humorous photographs, and humorous literature were presented to 30 men and 30 women college students in an experiment designed to assess the generality of humor and structure of wit. Little relationship was found between cartoons and other humorous media, although there was a correlation of .336 between the O'Connell Humor score and appreciation of absurdity cartoons. Responses to humorous photographs and literary selections were not correlated with responses to cartoon types, but showed some relation to the O'Connell Hostile Wit score. Significant sex differences were noted in ratings of cartoon types.
Male and Female Leaders: Comparison of Performance and Behavior Patterns
Authors: Wexley Kenneth N. , Hunt Peter J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined similarities and differences in behavior patterns and skills of male and female leaders ( n = 32) under four standardized conditions (males supervising males or females, females supervising males or females). Analysis of variance yielded no significant differences between the performance of male and female leaders on both their human-relations and administrative-technical skills. Bales' Interaction Process Analysis showed that female leaders exhibited more release of tension, agreed more often, gave more opinions, and asked for more suggestions than did male leaders. Differences in the measured behaviors of male as well as female subordinates in groups supervised by male and female leaders were found. The behaviors and skills of the leaders were not related to the sex of subordinates.
An Objective Measure of the Self-Evaluation Motive
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The development of a true-false inventory designed to measure need for self-evaluation produced a form having 25 items. A reliability coefficient (KR-20) of .79 was obtained for a sample of 177 undergraduates (88 men and 89 women).
Adequacy of Socialization as an Interpretation of the Social Desirability Response Set
Authors: Oakland James A.
Published: September 2011

An interpretation of the social desirability response set as measuring, in part, the adequacy of socialization was supported in that the social desirability ratings of the 26 Ss with low scores on the Edwards Social Desirability Scale tended to be more varied than those of 26 Ss with high scores. It was suggested that this factor may be significant in the interpretation of individual personality test scores, that cross-fertilization between clinical theories and personality assessment research may be indispensible in this area, and that previous arguments for using ratings of social desirability as a means of personality assessment should be taken more seriously.
Children's Responses to Visual Complexity in a Play Setting
Authors: Gramza Anthony F. , Scholtz Gert J. L.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 4-yr.-old children were tested within a play environment containing Large climbing boxes which were structurally identical but presented two levels of visually patterned complexity. No preferences for either level of visual complexity were detected in the children's use of the boxes. This result confirmed predictions based on consideration of visual complexity as a form of unimodal complexity subordinate to multimodal complexity in an integral stimulus context represented by the play-setting tested.
Effects of Food Deprivation on Open-Field Behavior of Mice Exposed to Methyl Mercury
Authors: Morganti John B. , Lown Bradley A. , Stineman Carl , Massaro Edward J.
Published: September 2011

The joint effects of methyl mercury and food deprivation on activity of 40 mice in an open field were examined. Analysis gave a significant main effect for mercury but not deprivation, and a significant interaction between mercury and deprivation. Simple tests indicated that food deprivation enhanced the depression of activity associated with exposure to mercury.
Multivariate Discrimination of Students' Problem Behaviors
Authors: McClure Robert F.
Published: September 2011

This study identified personality differences among 3 groups of students who went for extensive personal counseling, who received disciplinary punishment from the dean of students, and who withdrew from school during the first semester; and 3 groups of matched controls who received no counseling, no discipline, and were still in school, respectively. Multiple discriminant analysis identified significant personality differences between counseled Ss and controls and between disciplined Ss and controls. A method for using this information for prediction of students' problems was suggested.
Biconditional Rule-Difficulty
Authors: Ciborowski Tom
Published: September 2011

Three different groups of college age Ss received biconditional rule-learning problems that were altered in such a way as to permit a direct test of an unpublished model of Ss' behavior proposed by C. K. Sawyer and P. Johnson and substantially extended by Salatas and Bourne (1972). The present experiment obtained strong support for the model and evidence to support the widely reported suggestion that the principal difficulty with a biconditional rule is that S must learn to classify together two groups of elements that share no elements in common. The major outcome of the experiment was that strong empirical support was obtained for a useful but arbitrary assumption by Salatas and Bourne concerning a metric for evaluating biconditional rule-difficulty.
Stability of College Students' Attitudes toward Women during One School Year
Authors: Etaugh Claire
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire concerning attitudes toward the role of women in society was administered once in the fall semester and again in the spring semester to 113 university students. Separate analyses by class (freshman through senior) and sex showed that the fall and spring scores did not differ significantly and were highly correlated. The stability of scores during the school year suggests that a previously reported shift to a more liberal viewpoint with increasing years of college experience may be due more to selective dropout of traditionally oriented students than to changes in attitudes within individuals.
Reading Order and Recall: A Developmental Look
Authors: Wilson Barry J. , English Richard A.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the effect of reading order and grade level on forward and backward measures of recall. 168 Ss from three grade levels learned an 8-pair paired-associate list of meaningful words. Word pairs were read either left-to-right or right-to-left. Appropriate practice trials and instructions were given prior to learning the list. Groups at each grade level received a cued recall test in both the A-B and B-A direction after learning the list. Controls also received a free recall test to assess treatment effects on availability of A and B terms. Fifth grade and ninth grade Ss differed significantly from college Ss in A and B term free recall but not A-B and B-A paced recall. Results were discussed in terms of differences in retrieval cues provided by the cued recall task. Associative asymmetry was found for all groups. There was no significant effect for reading order.
Student Authoritarian Attitudes and Perspectives on University Power Structures
Authors: Baum Bernard H. , Morrow John C. , Sorensen Peter F. , Kuraitis Vytenis P.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of student authoritarian attitudes and the perception of university control structures are examined. Responses to the F scale and Tannenbaum-Kahn Questionnaire were obtained from 72 students. Students scoring higher in authoritarianism ( n = 24) tend to desire greater control by the administration and faculty and less control by student groups and perceive new student groups, i.e., the Students for a Democratic Society and Black Students Association as having greater power than do students scoring lower in authoritarianism ( n = 24).
Olfactory Cues and Sand Digging by Male Mice
Authors: Wilsoncroft W. E.
Published: September 2011

Male Swiss-Webster mice ( N = 30) had access to a sand filled tube for 30 min. on 12 consecutive days. On Days 1 to 6 they dug sand that was clean, contained their own scent or was scented by other males. Ss dug significantly more scented (both own and other scented) than clean sand ( F = 6.31, p < 01) and dug the scented sand at significantly faster rates ( F = 4.05, p < .05). On Days 6—12 half the Ss in each group were switched to either clean or differently scented sand. No significant group differences were found although changes from scented to clean sand did depress the amount and rate of digging. Sand-digging studies have been used to test various motivational hypotheses, the present study illustrates the need for olfactory controls in such research and suggests the use of sand digging to study pheromones in mice.
Design of a Keller-Plan Course in Elementary Statistics
Authors: Abbott Robert D. , Falstrom Pauline M.
Published: September 2011

The design of a Keller-plan course in statistics was discussed.
Complexity of Effects of Personal Space
Authors: Grossnickle William F. , Lao Rosina C. , Martoccia C. T. , Range Donna C. , Walters Frances C.
Published: September 2011

Results from two studies failed to replicate the finding that attitude change is a direct function of distance and provided further evidence that personal space is a complex and multidimensional variable. The exact effect of personal space seems dependent upon its interactions with other factors.
Brief Stimuli Paired with Food: Comparison of Two Schedule Arrangements
Authors: Shull Richard L. , Guilkey Marilyn , Witty William
Published: September 2011

Pecks by pigeons produced food according to a fixed-interval schedule. Pecks also produced a brief blackout according to a small fixed-ratio schedule. Each food delivery was immediately preceded by a brief blackout, but not all blackouts were followed by food. The schedule of food and the schedule of blackouts were combined two ways. On one, a second-order schedule, each fixed-ratio completed during the fixed-interval produced the blackout. The first fixed-ratio completed after the fixed-interval elapsed produced the blackout-food compound. The second, a conjoint schedule, was identical except that the first peck after the fixed-interval elapsed produced the blackout-food compound regardless of the number of responses since the last blackout. Although the blackout was paired with food and was produced on a small fixed-ratio schedule under both arrangements, there was evidence of fixed-ratio-like response patterns only on the second-order schedule.
Diagnostic Implications of Wisc Digit Span Scores
Authors: Schoonover Sarah M. , Winne John F.
Published: September 2011

Some meaningful (significantly different from zero) correlations between Digit Span and other WISC variables were obtained for a sample of 324 children in 9 diagnostic groups. There is no evidence of reliable sex or diagnostic differences in these correlations.
Conditions Which Influence Acquisition and Application of Verbal Representations in Problem Solving
Authors: Stinessen Leif
Published: September 2011

Problem-solving performance of 24 Ss who solved the disctransfer problem by moving the discs was compared to the performance of 24 Ss who anticipated moves by naming the discs by number and pointing to where they should go. When the problem was solved by moving the discs, and the moves and the successive collections of discs were perceptually present, Ss were more likely to state principles for solving the problems than when it was solved by anticipating moves and when Ss had to imagine the moves and the successive collections of discs. With respect to the errors made, however, Ss who solved the problem by anticipating moves benefitted the most from being able to state a principle.
Influence of Selected Factors on Academic Achievement as Ranked by Black Students
Authors: Wen Shih-Sung
Published: September 2011

Analysis of 188 black undergraduates' beliefs concerning influence of some selected factors on their academic achievement indicated that, for the females, academic achievement was believed to be significantly more affected by internal factors than by external ones, and for Ss whose mothers had more education than fathers. Ss desire, efforts, abilities, knowledge about coursework, and educational background were ranked as the five most influential internal factors, while luck, difficulty of curriculum, instructors' fairness, rewards from others, and value attached to grade were ranked as the five least influential external factors.
Attribution of Ability: An Unexpected Recency Effect
Authors: Feldman Robert S. , Allen Vernon L.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated observers' attribution of ability based on a student's performance. 115 subjects viewed a graphical representation of one of four patterns of alleged performance on a series of concept-formation exercises: success in the first half and failure in the second half, failure in the first half and success in the second half, success in both halves, or failure in both halves. In contrast to the typical finding of a primacy effect in ability attribution, results showed a strong recency effect. Thus, the student's performance on the second half of the learning task was the major determinant of attribution of ability.
Another Perspective on Clinical Judgment
Authors: Shinedling Martin M. , Howell Robert J. , Carlson Gary
Published: September 2011

This study transformed the clinical versus actuarial controversy into an analysis of rule-of-thumb versus statistical decision-making strategies. To make direct comparisons, clinical and actuarial decision-making strategies by 10 doctoral students in psychology were translated into computer programs and their accuracy was evaluated in terms of classification criteria. Resulting analyses indicated that programmed clinical decision-making strategies, ‘clinistics,’ can contribute to the prediction of behavior. Such a contribution may be of great value inasmuch as statistical prediction may already have reached its theoretical limit in predicting behavior.
Behavioral Group Counseling for Adolescent Females with Behavioral Problems
Authors: Woody Robert Henley , Woody Jane Divita
Published: September 2011

A community-based program for 29 adolescent females with behavioral problems offered an alternative education facility, a recreation unit, a creative arts experience, and a behavioral counseling service. It represented an integration and implementation of humanistic and behavioral methods. Seven of 10 t tests comparing change in test scores suggested the program's effect was positive and merits further exploration.
Effects of Knowing Test Purposes on the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Wen Shih-Sung
Published: September 2011

14 male and 49 female black undergraduates were randomly assigned to two groups, who were given the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Form A, as pretest under the same standardized condition but as posttest under different conditions. For posttest, one group read three-paragraph descriptions of the actual purposes of the test before taking it. The other Ss read three-paragraph definitions of three psychological terms as placebo before taking the test. The hypothesis that knowing actual purposes of the test has no effect on responses was supported by these data.
A Measure of Individual Sense of Competence
Authors: Wagner Francis R. , Morse John J.
Published: September 2011

A paper-and-pencil instrument to measure an individual's “sense of competence” or his basic psychological feelings of confidence and competence resulting from mastery of his environment is developed in this research. The content validity of the instrument is demonstrated based on the interpretation of four factors extracted from factor analysis and the subsequent analytic oblique solution. The predictive validity of the instrument is strongly supported by two separate studies conducted by two different groups of researchers. Internal reliability is also tested and found to be satisfactory. Finally, the implications of the new instrument for future research, especially in organizational and work settings, are discussed.
Effect of Different Test Situations on Creativity Scores
Authors: Belcher Terence L.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the effect of the testing situation on scores on a creativity test. 60 fifth and sixth graders were randomly assigned to high- and low-stress and control groups. The results indicated a curvilinear relationship among creativity scores which was a result of the situational stress. Thus, too little or too much stress in such a situation could depress a score, while a moderate amount of stress might be beneficial.
Study of Altruism in Rats in an Appetitive Situation
Authors: Taylor Christopher J.
Published: September 2011

Six pairs of albino rats were tested in a 2-compartment box for altruistic behavior involving feeding a hungry partner. Three pairs of Ss could choose between two bars, one which fed the responder and another which fed the deprived partner, and 3 pairs could choose between one bar which fed the responder and another which fed both responder and partner. In both phases of the experiment, Ss had extensive visual contact and had experience as both responder and deprived partner. No altruistic behavior resulted in either phase, supporting previous studies involving appetitive situations.
Effect of Flooding and Order of CUE Presentation on Extinction of a Serial Conditioned Avoidance Response
Authors: Varnell J. Neil , McDaniel Max H. , McCullough James P.
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to investigate the effect of flooding and the order of serial-cue presentation on the extinction of a conditioned avoidance response. Previous research efforts have investigated the effect of flooding on extinction using a single conditional stimulus. 40 female albino rats, approximately 100 days old and weighing 250 to 300 gm., were tested. Flooding significantly facilitated the extinction of the conditioned avoidance response. Partial reversal of the order in which the serial cues were presented to the animals during flooding produced no significant differential effects. A brief analogy is drawn between the serial-cue conditioned avoidance learning model and the human phobic response. This study lends support to a current therapeutic technique which treats human phobic clients with a flooding procedure.
Some Effects of Social Stimulation on Maze Running in Rats
Authors: Langenes David J. , White Glenn M.
Published: September 2011

Evidence of social facilitation effects has been notably inconsistent in investigations using laboratory rats as subjects. The present study was designed to provide a systematic test of Zajonc's arousal hypothesis and to investigate the effects of four social stimulation conditions on running and eating behaviors of 20 white rats. The results indicated that social stimuli resulted in response inhibition, rather than facilitation. It is suggested that the social facilitation paradigm be modified to include additional parameters and response specifications.
Relationship between Locus of Control and Chronological Age
Authors: Ryckman Richard M. , Malikiosi Maria X.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to replicate and extend the findings of Lao (1974) which showed an increasing sense of personal efficacy from youth to adulthood, a stabilized sense of internal control through middle age, and no decrease in internality among elderly Ss. Current findings (100 college students, an occupational survey sample of 383) generally replicate these outcomes. Also, elderly Ss believed they were personally competent, and not at the mercy of powerful others or a capricious environment. Such findings question stereotypes of elderly as powerless and dependent on others to subsist in a threatening and unreliable environment.