bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors relate to the variability of health outcomes as well as the mean: A GAMLSS tutorial
Authors: Bann David , Wright Liam , Cole Tim J
Published: January 2022

Background:

Risk factors or interventions may affect the variability as well as the mean of health outcomes. Understanding this can aid aetiological understanding and public health translation, in that interventions which shift the outcome mean and reduce variability are typically preferable to those which affect only the mean. However, most commonly used statistical tools do not test for differences in variability. Tools that do have few epidemiological applications to date, and fewer applications still have attempted to explain their resulting findings. We thus provide a tutorial for investigating this using GAMLSS (Generalised Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape).

Methods:

The 1970 British birth cohort study was used, with body mass index (BMI; N = 6007) and mental wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale; N = 7104) measured in midlife (42–46 years) as outcomes. We used GAMLSS to investigate how multiple risk factors (sex, childhood social class, and midlife physical inactivity) related to differences in health outcome mean and variability.

Results:

Risk factors were related to sizable differences in outcome variability—for example males had marginally higher mean BMI yet 28% lower variability; lower social class and physical inactivity were each associated with higher mean and higher variability (6.1% and 13.5% higher variability, respectively). For mental wellbeing, gender was not associated with the mean while males had lower variability (–3.9%); lower social class and physical inactivity were each associated with lower mean yet higher variability (7.2% and 10.9% higher variability, respectively).

Conclusions:

The results highlight how GAMLSS can be used to investigate how risk factors or interventions may influence the variability in health outcomes. This underutilised approach to the analysis of continuously distributed outcomes may have broader utility in epidemiologic, medical, and psychological sciences. A tutorial and replication syntax is provided online to facilitate this (https://osf.io/5tvz6/).

Funding:

DB is supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ES/M001660/1), The Academy of Medical Sciences / Wellcome Trust (“Springboard Health of the Public in 2040” award: HOP001/1025); DB and LW are supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/V002147/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
A test of the pioneer factor hypothesis using ectopic liver gene activation
Authors: Hansen Jeffrey L , Loell Kaiser J , Cohen Barak A
Published: January 2022

The pioneer factor hypothesis (PFH) states that pioneer factors (PFs) are a subclass of transcription factors (TFs) that bind to and open inaccessible sites and then recruit non-pioneer factors (non-PFs) that activate batteries of silent genes. The PFH predicts that ectopic gene activation requires the sequential activity of qualitatively different TFs. We tested the PFH by expressing the endodermal PF FOXA1 and non-PF HNF4A in K562 lymphoblast cells. While co-expression of FOXA1 and HNF4A activated a burst of endoderm-specific gene expression, we found no evidence for a functional distinction between these two TFs. When expressed independently, both TFs bound and opened inaccessible sites, activated endodermal genes, and ‘pioneered’ for each other, although FOXA1 required fewer copies of its motif for binding. A subset of targets required both TFs, but the predominant mode of action at these targets did not conform to the sequential activity predicted by the PFH. From these results, we hypothesize an alternative to the PFH where ‘pioneer activity’ depends not on categorically different TFs but rather on the affinity of interaction between TF and DNA.
Allosteric modulation of the adenosine A2A receptor by cholesterol
Authors: Huang Shuya Kate , Almurad Omar , Pejana Reizel J , Morrison Zachary A , Pandey Aditya , Picard Louis-Philippe , Nitz Mark , Sljoka Adnan , Prosser R Scott
Published: January 2022

Cholesterol is a major component of the cell membrane and commonly regulates membrane protein function. Here, we investigate how cholesterol modulates the conformational equilibria and signaling of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in reconstituted phospholipid nanodiscs. This model system conveniently excludes possible effects arising from cholesterol-induced phase separation or receptor oligomerization and focuses on the question of allostery. GTP hydrolysis assays show that cholesterol weakly enhances the basal signaling of A2AR while decreasing the agonist EC50. Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance (19F NMR) spectroscopy shows that this enhancement arises from an increase in the receptor’s active state population and a G-protein-bound precoupled state. 19F NMR of fluorinated cholesterol analogs reveals transient interactions with A2AR, indicating a lack of high-affinity binding or direct allosteric modulation. The combined results suggest that the observed allosteric effects are largely indirect and originate from cholesterol-mediated changes in membrane properties, as shown by membrane fluidity measurements and high-pressure NMR.
The Possible Role of the English Word Power (EWP) Program in Motivating ICT Foundation Students to Learn English at a University of Technology in South Africa
Authors: Shange Thembeka
Published: January 2022

This study reports on the possible role of the English Word Power (EWP) program in motivating ICT Foundation students to learn English at a University of Technology in South Africa. Current research indicates that computer-assisted language programs increase motivation and increase enjoyment of learning activities, but no study in South Africa has been conducted on whether this is the case with the EWP program. A qualitative approach was adopted. The sample comprised 44 purposefully selected student observations (n = 44); and five students completed journals. The findings from student observations indicate that they were enthusiastic about the program and that they enjoyed it. The findings from the journals show that students were unsure about certain instructions used in the program and they were too preoccupied with getting the correct answers. It is concluded that ICT Foundation students are positively motivated by the EWP program because, for most of them, learning by means of computers is a new experience in terms of their previous schooling backgrounds. This paves the way for further investigations in developing CALL programs that will have an impact on student learning. Future research should focus on whether similar computer-based programs like EWP do increase student learning.
The Complex Effects of Picturebooks on English as a Foreign Language Reading
Authors: Shen Shiyi , Huang Ting
Published: January 2022

While effects of picturebooks on reading were examined in higher grades (e.g., high school students) (Ajayi, 2009), little is known about the emerging English as Foreign Language (EFL) Kindergartens to 4th graders (i.e., K-4) students in China. Language institutes are critical phenomena for EFL K-4 education in China (Shi, 2019). Aiming to test the hypothesis that picturebooks have positive effects for reading, this study adopted within-subjects and between-subjects design to examine the effects of picturebooks on EFL reading comprehension of K-4 students in a language institute in China. Thirty-two participants were assigned into two groups to complete multiple choice and ordering tasks. The results showed that students reading with picturebooks outperformed in the two tasks than those who did not, especially on answering literal questions. With pedagogical implication as a goal, we suggest that EFL teachers need to (1) provide scaffoldings in class such as activating students’ prior knowledge, (2) make connections to students’ experience in the reading process. (3) select picturebooks considering the complex relationship between pictures and texts.
Microservice security: a systematic literature review
Authors: Berardi Davide , Giallorenzo Saverio , Mauro Jacopo , Melis Andrea , Montesi Fabrizio , Prandini Marco
Published: January 2022

Microservices is an emerging paradigm for developing distributed systems. With their widespread adoption, more and more work investigated the relation between microservices and security. Alas, the literature on this subject does not form a well-defined corpus: it is spread over many venues and composed of contributions mainly addressing specific scenarios or needs. In this work, we conduct a systematic review of the field, gathering 290 relevant publications—at the time of writing, the largest curated dataset on the topic. We analyse our dataset along two lines: (a) quantitatively, through publication metadata, which allows us to chart publication outlets, communities, approaches, and tackled issues; (b) qualitatively, through 20 research questions used to provide an aggregated overview of the literature and to spot gaps left open. We summarise our analyses in the conclusion in the form of a call for action to address the main open challenges.
Model design and parameter optimization of CNN for side-channel cryptanalysis
Authors: Liu Yun Lin , Chen Yan Kai , Li Wei Xiong , Zhang Yang
Published: January 2022

Background

The side-channel cryptanalysis method based on convolutional neural network (CNNSCA) can effectively carry out cryptographic attacks. The CNNSCA network models that achieve cryptanalysis mainly include CNNSCA based on the VGG variant (VGG-CNNSCA) and CNNSCA based on the Alexnet variant (Alex-CNNSCA). The learning ability and cryptanalysis performance of these CNNSCA models are not optimal, and the trained model has low accuracy, too long training time, and takes up more computing resources. In order to improve the overall performance of CNNSCA, the paper will improve CNNSCA model design and hyperparameter optimization.

Methods

The paper first studied the CNN architecture composition in the SCA application scenario, and derives the calculation process of the CNN core algorithm for side-channel leakage of one-dimensional data. Secondly, a new basic model of CNNSCA was designed by comprehensively using the advantages of VGG-CNNSCA model classification and fitting efficiency and Alex-CNNSCA model occupying less computing resources, in order to better reduce the gradient dispersion problem of error back propagation in deep networks, the SE (Squeeze-and-Excitation) module is newly embedded in this basic model, this module is used for the first time in the CNNSCA model, which forms a new idea for the design of the CNNSCA model. Then apply this basic model to a known first-order masked dataset from the side-channel leak public database (ASCAD). In this application scenario, according to the model design rules and actual experimental results, exclude non-essential experimental parameters. Optimize the various hyperparameters of the basic model in the most objective experimental parameter interval to improve its cryptanalysis performance, which results in a hyper-parameter optimization scheme and a final benchmark for the determination of hyper-parameters.

Results

Finally, a new CNNSCA model optimized architecture for attacking unprotected encryption devices is obtained—CNNSCAnew. Through comparative experiments, CNNSCAnew’s guessing entropy evaluation results converged to 61. From model training to successful recovery of the key, the total time spent was shortened to about 30 min, and we obtained better performance than other CNNSCA models.
Improving bioinformatics software quality through incorporation of software engineering practices
Authors: Noor Adeeb
Published: January 2022

Background

Bioinformatics software is developed for collecting, analyzing, integrating, and interpreting life science datasets that are often enormous. Bioinformatics engineers often lack the software engineering skills necessary for developing robust, maintainable, reusable software. This study presents review and discussion of the findings and efforts made to improve the quality of bioinformatics software.

Methodology

A systematic review was conducted of related literature that identifies core software engineering concepts for improving bioinformatics software development: requirements gathering, documentation, testing, and integration. The findings are presented with the aim of illuminating trends within the research that could lead to viable solutions to the struggles faced by bioinformatics engineers when developing scientific software.

Results

The findings suggest that bioinformatics engineers could significantly benefit from the incorporation of software engineering principles into their development efforts. This leads to suggestion of both cultural changes within bioinformatics research communities as well as adoption of software engineering disciplines into the formal education of bioinformatics engineers. Open management of scientific bioinformatics development projects can result in improved software quality through collaboration amongst both bioinformatics engineers and software engineers.

Conclusions

While strides have been made both in identification and solution of issues of particular import to bioinformatics software development, there is still room for improvement in terms of shifts in both the formal education of bioinformatics engineers as well as the culture and approaches of managing scientific bioinformatics research and development efforts.
Prior exposure to weathered oil influences foraging of an ecologically important saltmarsh resident fish
Authors: McDonald Ashley M. , Martin Charles W. , Rieucau Guillaume , Roberts Brian J.
Published: January 2022

Estuarine ecosystem balance typically relies on strong food web interconnectedness dependent on a relatively low number of resident taxa, presenting a potential ecological vulnerability to extreme ecosystem disturbances. Following the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) oil spill disaster of the northern Gulf of Mexico (USA), numerous ecotoxicological studies showed severe species-level impacts of oil exposure on estuarine fish and invertebrates, yet post-spill surveys found little evidence for severe impacts to coastal populations, communities, or food webs. The acknowledgement that several confounding factors may have limited researchers’ abilities to detect negative ecosystem-level impacts following the DwH spill drives the need for direct testing of weathered oil exposure effects on estuarine residents with high trophic connectivity. Here, we describe an experiment that examined the influence of previous exposure to four weathered oil concentrations (control: 0.0 L oil m−2; low: 0.1 L oil m−2; moderate: 0.5–1 L oil m−2; high: 3.0 L oil m−2) on foraging rates of the ecologically important Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Following exposure in oiled saltmarsh mesocosms, killifish were allowed to forage on grass shrimp (Palaeomonetes pugio) for up to 21 h. We found that previous exposure to the high oil treatment reduced killifish foraging rate by ~37% on average, compared with no oil control treatment. Previous exposure to the moderate oil treatment showed highly variable foraging rate responses, while low exposure treatment was similar to unexposed responses. Declining foraging rate responses to previous high weathered oil exposure suggests potential oil spill influence on energy transfer between saltmarsh and off-marsh systems. Additionally, foraging rate variability at the moderate level highlights the large degree of intraspecific variability for this sublethal response and indicates this concentration represents a potential threshold of oil exposure influence on killifish foraging. We also found that consumption of gravid vs non-gravid shrimp was not independent of prior oil exposure concentration, as high oil exposure treatment killifish consumed ~3× more gravid shrimp than expected. Our study findings highlight the sublethal effects of prior oil exposure on foraging abilities of ecologically valuable Gulf killifish at realistic oil exposure levels, suggesting that important trophic transfers of energy to off-marsh systems may have been impacted, at least in the short-term, by shoreline oiling at highly localized scales. This study provides support for further experimental testing of oil exposure effects on sublethal behavioral impacts of ecologically important estuarine species, due to the likelihood that some ecological ramifications of DwH on saltmarshes likely went undetected.
Hyaluronic acid plasma levels during high versus low tidal volume ventilation in a porcine sepsis model
Authors: Thomas Rainer , Liu Tanghua , Schad Arno , Ruemmler Robert , Kamuf Jens , Rissel René , Ott Thomas , David Matthias , Hartmann Erik K. , Ziebart Alexander
Published: January 2022

Background

Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx can be observed regularly during sepsis. Moreover, sepsis may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires lung protective ventilation with the two cornerstones of application of low tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure. This study investigated the effect of a lung protective ventilation on the integrity of the endothelial glycocalyx in comparison to a high tidal volume ventilation mode in a porcine model of sepsis-induced ARDS.

Methods

After approval by the State and Institutional Animal Care Committee, 20 male pigs were anesthetized and received a continuous infusion of lipopolysaccharide to induce septic shock. The animals were randomly assigned to either low tidal volume ventilation, high tidal volume ventilation, or no-LPS-group groups and observed for 6 h. In addition to the gas exchange parameters and hematologic analyses, the serum hyaluronic acid concentrations were determined from central venous blood and from pre- and postpulmonary and pre- and postcerebral circulation. Post-mortem analysis included histopathological evaluation and determination of the pulmonary and cerebral wet-to-dry ratios.

Results

Both sepsis groups developed ARDS within 6 h of the experiment and showed significantly increased serum levels of hyaluronic acid in comparison to the no-LPS-group. No significant differences in the hyaluronic acid concentrations were detected before and after pulmonary and cerebral circulation. There was also no significant difference in the serum hyaluronic acid concentrations between the two sepsis groups. Post-mortem analysis showed no significant difference between the two sepsis groups.

Conclusion

In a porcine model of septic shock and ARDS, the serum hyaluronic acid levels were significantly elevated in both sepsis groups in comparison to the no-LPS-group. Intergroup comparison between lung protective ventilated and high tidal ventilated animals revealed no significant differences in the serum hyaluronic acid levels.
Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51: a comprehensive review on origin, genetics, sensory properties, production dynamics, and physiological aspects
Authors: Jaimez Ramon E. , Barragan Luigy , Fernández-Niño Miguel , Wessjohann Ludger A. , Cedeño-Garcia George , Sotomayor Cantos Ignacio , Arteaga Francisco
Published: January 2022

Many decades of improvement in cacao have aided to obtain cultivars with characteristics of tolerance to diseases, adaptability to different edaphoclimatic conditions, and higher yields. In Ecuador, as a result of several breeding programs, the clone CCN 51 was obtained, which gradually expanded through the cacao-production regions of Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Peru. Recognized for its high yield and adaptability to different regions and environments, it has become one of the most popular clones for breeding programs and cultivation around the world. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the origin, genetics, morphological, volatile compounds, and organoleptic characteristics of this clone. Physiological evidence, production dynamics, and floral biology are also included to explain the high yield of CCN 51. Thus, characteristics such as osmotic adjustment, long pollen longevity, and fruit formation are further discussed and associated with high production at the end of the dry period. Finally, the impact of this popular clone on the current and future cacao industry will be discussed highlighting the major challenges for flavor enhancement and its relevance as a platform for the identification of novel genetic markers for cultivar improvement in breeding programs.
Effectiveness of antifungal treatments during chytridiomycosis epizootics in populations of an endangered frog
Authors: Knapp Roland A. , Joseph Maxwell B. , Smith Thomas C. , Hegeman Ericka E. , Vredenburg Vance T. , Erdman Jr James E. , Boiano Daniel M. , Jani Andrea J. , Briggs Cheryl J.
Published: January 2022

The recently-emerged amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has had an unprecedented impact on global amphibian populations, and highlights the urgent need to develop effective mitigation strategies. We conducted in-situ antifungal treatment experiments in wild populations of the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog during or immediately after Bd-caused mass die-off events. The objective of treatments was to reduce Bd infection intensity (“load”) and in doing so alter frog-Bd dynamics and increase the probability of frog population persistence despite ongoing Bd infection. Experiments included treatment of early life stages (tadpoles and subadults) with the antifungal drug itraconazole, treatment of adults with itraconazole, and augmentation of the skin microbiome of subadults with Janthinobacterium lividum, a commensal bacterium with antifungal properties. All itraconazole treatments caused immediate reductions in Bd load, and produced longer-term effects that differed between life stages. In experiments focused on early life stages, Bd load was reduced in the 2 months immediately following treatment and was associated with increased survival of subadults. However, Bd load and frog survival returned to pre-treatment levels in less than 1 year, and treatment had no effect on population persistence. In adults, treatment reduced Bd load and increased frog survival over the entire 3-year post-treatment period, consistent with frogs having developed an effective adaptive immune response against Bd. Despite this protracted period of reduced impacts of Bd on adults, recruitment into the adult population was limited and the population eventually declined to near-extirpation. In the microbiome augmentation experiment, exposure of subadults to a solution of J. lividum increased concentrations of this potentially protective bacterium on frogs. However, concentrations declined to baseline levels within 1 month and did not have a protective effect against Bd infection. Collectively, these results indicate that our mitigation efforts were ineffective in causing long-term changes in frog-Bd dynamics and increasing population persistence, due largely to the inability of early life stages to mount an effective immune response against Bd. This results in repeated recruitment failure and a low probability of population persistence in the face of ongoing Bd infection.
Salivary miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study
Authors: Mariam Arshiya , Miller-Atkins Galen , Moro Amika , Rodarte Alejandro I. , Siddiqi Shirin , Acevedo-Moreno Lou-Anne , Brown J. Mark , Allende Daniela S. , Aucejo Federico , Rotroff Daniel M.
Published: January 2022

Background

Improved detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is needed, as current detection methods, such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and ultrasound, suffer from poor sensitivity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate many cellular functions and impact cancer development and progression. Notably, miRNAs are detectable in saliva and have shown potential as non-invasive biomarkers for a number of cancers including breast, oral, and lung cancers. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first report of salivary miRNAs in HCC and compare these findings to patients with cirrhosis, a high-risk cohort for HCC.

Methods

We performed small RNA sequencing in 20 patients with HCC and 19 with cirrhosis. Eleven patients with HCC had chronic liver disease, and analyses were performed with these samples combined and stratified by the presence of chronic liver disease. P values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using a false discovery rate (FDR) approach and miRNA with FDR P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Differential expression of salivary miRNAs was compared to a previously published report of miRNAs in liver tissue of patients with HCC vs cirrhosis. Support vector machines and leave-one-out cross-validation were performed to determine if salivary miRNAs have predictive potential for detecting HCC.

Results

A total of 4,565 precursor and mature miRNAs were detected in saliva and 365 were significantly different between those with HCC compared to cirrhosis (FDR P < 0.05). Interestingly, 283 of these miRNAs were significantly downregulated in patients with HCC. Machine-learning identified a combination of 10 miRNAs and covariates that accurately classified patients with HCC (AUC = 0.87). In addition, we identified three miRNAs that were differentially expressed in HCC saliva samples and in a previously published study of miRNAs in HCC tissue compared to cirrhotic liver tissue.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates, for the first time, that miRNAs relevant to HCC are detectable in saliva, that salivary miRNA signatures show potential to be highly sensitive and specific non-invasive biomarkers of HCC, and that additional studies utilizing larger cohorts are needed.
Discovery of potential protein biomarkers associated with sugarcane white leaf disease susceptibility using a comparative proteomic approach
Authors: Leetanasaksakul Kantinan , Roytrakul Sittiruk , Phaonakrop Narumon , Kittisenachai Suthathip , Thaisakun Siriwan , Srithuanok Nitiya , Sriroth Klanarong , Soulard Laurent
Published: January 2022

Sugarcane white leaf disease (SCWLD) is caused by phytoplasma, a serious sugarcane phytoplasma pathogen, which causes significant decreases in crop yield and sugar quality. The identification of proteins involved in the defense mechanism against SCWLD phytoplasma may help towards the development of varieties resistant to SCWLD. We investigated the proteomes of four sugarcane varieties with different levels of susceptibility to SCWLD phytoplasma infection, namely K88-92 and K95-84 (high), KK3 (moderate), and UT1 (low) by quantitative label-free nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS). A total of 248 proteins were identified and compared among the four sugarcane varieties. Two potential candidate protein biomarkers for reduced susceptibility to SCWLD phytoplasma were identified as proteins detected only in UT1. The functions of these proteins are associated with protein folding, metal ion binding, and oxidoreductase. The candidate biomarkers could be useful for further study of the sugarcane defense mechanism against SCWLD phytoplasma, and in molecular and conventional breeding strategies for variety improvement.
Experimental Study on Prevention of Thermal Runaway Propagation in Pouch-type Lithium-ion Batteries
Authors: Park Moon-Woo , Choi Don-Mook
Published: January 2022

In this study, thermal runaway propagation characteristics and measures to prevent this phenomenon were analyzed by applying abnormal thermal conditions to pouch-type lithium-ion batteries. Experiments were conducted in a 1.5 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m experimental chamber. During the experiment, pouch-type lithium-ion batteries were grouped according to capacity, quantity, and the use of fire extinguishing agents. Experiments showed that when thermal runaway occurred in a cell, it propagated to the adjacent cell after a certain period. The surface temperature of the cell where thermal runaway first occurred was above 200 ℃, and thermal runaway propagated via heat transfer to the adjacent cell. In the case of thermal runaway, when a fire extinguishing agent was applied, the propagation of thermal runaway to adjacent cells was prevented due to a cooling effect. However, at a cell capacity of 100 Ah, flame generation persisted and thermal runaway was unavoidable. To prevent thermal runaway propagation, it is necessary to select an extinguishing agent that exerts a cooling effect. The capacity and structure of the model unit should be considered when installing fire extinguishing systems.
Modern Historical and Cultural Values of Volunteer Fire Brigade: Sulsan Volunteer Fire Brigade in Impi-myeon, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do
Authors: Lee Sang-Hee , Yoon Myung-O
Published: January 2022

Data investigations and research on the history of firefighting were conducted considering a recent fire museum construction plan. To devise a plan to develop a volunteer fire brigade (the basis of firefighting) in a situation in which most of the real data have been lost or discarded and only some firefighting vehicles and suppression equipment remain, a site visit and relic survey were conducted at the Sulsan Volunteer Fire brigade site in Impi-myeon in Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do. It was found that fire wells, manual pumps used since the Japanese colonial period, volunteer fire brigade buildings, and a fire watchtower installed in the 1960s remain. Based on the results and considering the historical and cultural values of the Sulsan Volunteer Fire brigade in Impi-myeon at that time, this study emphasized the importance of fire history and culture, the need to designate and preserve such sites as registered cultural properties, and the new role of the volunteer fire brigade.
Study on Effective Response Plans for Disaster Sites with Multiple Casualties
Authors: Chae Jin , Yun Soon Joong
Published: January 2022

This study draws implications through a case analysis of disaster sites with multiple casualties. Based on this, through a survey targeting firefighters working at disaster sites, this study aimed to present an effective response improvement plan at disaster sites with multiple casualties. First, it is necessary to strengthen the operational capability of the emergency medical center of the first responders. Second, an easy and convenient triage pocket book should be produced and distributed to strengthen the triage capability of all firefighters, including paramedics. Third, it is necessary to introduce the multiple casualty e-triage system for casualty management. Fourth, the communication system for prompt on-site dispatch at public health centers and DMAT should be improved. Lastly, it is necessary to re-establish the severity classification criteria for cardiac arrest patients at disaster sites.
Investigation on the Ignition of Self-Regulating Heating Cables due to Overheating
Authors: Yu Young-Cheon , Jee Seung-Wook
Published: January 2022

Owing to the self-regulating heating cables installed to prevent freeze-up, hundreds of fires are reported annually. According to the Fire Statistical Yearbook of 2020, provided by the National Fire Agency of Korea, a total of 2,245 fires occurred due to seasonal equipment, of which 240 were caused by heating wires. It is reported that the fires due to the self-regulating heating cables are mainly caused by short circuit, heat storage, poor contact, and electric leakage. Herein, the possibility of ignition in self-regulating heating cables owing to overheating is investigated. Test samples were prepared according to the IEC 60738 standard, and the resistance characteristics and surface conditions were analyzed at varying temperatures. It was found that the self-temperature control function of these cables was lost at a specific temperature. In addition, the ignition of self-regulating heating cables was confirmed through a fire reproduction test at the experimental temperature.
An Outlaw Approach Example In Relief Printmaking: The Outlaw Printmakers Group
Authors: SEZER Emrah
Published: January 2022

Bu çalışma, yüksek baskı tekniği ile eserlerini üreten Outlaw Printmakers grubunun özgün baskı resme olan yaklaşımından yola çıkarak, özgün baskı resmin geleneksel kuralları ve bu kuralların güncel sanat ortamı içerisinde esnetildiği
uygulamaları, sanatçıların tutumları ve eserleri üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Baskı resim teknikleri ilk önce çoğaltım ve röprodüksiyon aracı olarak kullanılır. İlerleyen süreçte baskı resimler, belirlenen tekniğin imkânlarına
göre kurgulanan ve üretilen eserlere dönüşerek, güzel sanatlar alanına dâhil olur. Sanat ortamı içerisinde, kalıplar aracılığı ile çoğaltılabilen özgün baskı resimlerin, adedini ve değerini belirleyebilmek için bazı kurallara ihtiyaç
duyulur. Ancak özgün baskı resmin geleneksel kuralları, yaşanan sanatsal ve toplumsal değişimler sonucunda esnetilmeye başlanır. Bu çalışmada, eserlerini çoğunlukla yüksek baskı resim tekniği ile üreten sanatçıların oluşturduğu
Outlaw Printmakers grubunun, özgün baskı resme olan yaklaşımlarından yola çıkılarak, özgün baskı resmin kuraldışı uygulamaları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, ulusal ve uluslararası literatür taraması yapılarak, birinci bölümünde yüksek
baskı tekniğinin ortaya çıkışı ve güzel sanatlar alanına dâhil oluşu araştırılmış, ikinci bölümünde baskı yöntemleri ile üretilen resimlerin bir sanat eseri olarak kabul edilebilmesi için taşıması gereken özellikler ortaya konulmuştur.
Üçüncü bölümde ise Outlaw Printmakers grubunun, isimlerine de ilham olan, özgün baskı resme kuraldışı yaklaşımları, sanatçıların tutumları ve eserleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bu makale ile grup sanatçılarının eserleri ve yüksek
baskı tekniğine olan yaklaşımlarından örnekler ile günümüz sanatçılarına kuralların ötesini gösterip, özgün baskı tekniklerinin çoğaltabilme ve bu sayede eserlerini birçok mecrada paylaşabilme imkânı sunduğunu vurgulayarak katkı
sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
On The Trail A “Leeuwendaalder (Lion-dollar)” Found in Divriği Castle Excavation
Authors: ESER Meryem ACARA
Published: January 2022

Bu çalışmada, Divriği Kale kazısında 2014 yılında ele geçen bir “Leeuwendaalder (aslanlı dolar)” tanıtılacaktır. İlk inşasının Bizans Dönemi içerisinde olduğu düşünülen Divriği Kalesi, Anadolu’nun Orta Çağ-Türk dönemine ait önemli
kalelerinden birisidir. Kale, Sivas’ın güneydoğusunda, denizden 1250 m yükseklikte, Fırat Nehrinin kollarından birisi olan Çaltı Irmağı ile birleşen derenin vadi tabanında ve yamaçlarında yer alır. 2007 yılında başlayan kazı çalışmalarında
kalenin tarihçesine ışık tutan, Bizans, Selçuklu, Beylikler ve Osmanlı dönemlerine ait çeşitli buluntular ele geçmiştir. Çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan 1648 tarihli “Leeuwendaalder (aslanlı dolar), 2014 yılında Ana Kapı’nın yaklaşık
100 m kuzeyinde, kayaya oyulmuş iki mekândan güneydekinde bulunmuştur. Özgününde kaya mezarı olan bu mekânlar, daha sonra inşa edilen duvarlar ile konut/depo/işlik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bir daalder değerindeki gümüş sikke,
41 mm çapında, 25.45 gr ağırlığındadır. Ön yüzünde; iki sıra halinde noktalı daire içerisindeki yazı şeridi, zırhlı ve miğferli bir şövalye ile üzeri aslan tasvirli bir kalkanı çevreler. Arka yüzünde ise; yine iki sıra halinde
noktalı daire içerisindeki yazı şeridinin merkezinde bir aslan figürü yer alır. Ön yüzündeki yazıttan sikkenin Utrecht (Traiectum) baskısı olduğu, arka yüzündeki yazıttan ise 1648 yılında basıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. 1648 tarihli
gümüş “Leeuwendaalder”in, Gaziantep’te ve Mersin, Aydıncık’ta bulunan örneklerden sonra, Anadolu’da üçüncü buluntu yerinin Divriği olması, Nürnberg (Nuremberg) yüksüğü ve belki de toprak altında gün yüzüne çıkmayı bekleyen çağdaş
diğer buluntular kalenin 17. yüzyılda da Avrupalılar için bir uğrak yeri olduğunu göstermesi açısından önemli bir veridir.
Some Thoughts on Architect Alexandre Vallaury’s Grave with New Photos in his Centennial Anniversary of Death
Authors: ÖZKURT Mehmet Çağlayan
Published: January 2022

Alexandre Vallaury, 1850 yılında İstanbul’da dünyaya gelmiş levanten kökenli bir mimar ve mimarlık eğitmenidir. Vallaury, orta öğreniminin ardından mimarlık eğitimi almak üzere, bu alanda o dönem dünyanın en seçkin eğitim kurumlarından
biri olan, Paris’teki Ecole des National Beaux-Arts’a giderek burada yaklaşık dokuz yıl süren bir mimarlık eğitimi almıştır. Eğitiminin ardından İstanbul’a dönmüş ve 1880’lerin başından itibaren Osmanlı mimarlığına damga vuracak
olan eserlerini üretmeye başlamıştır. Vallaury bu mimari üretim faaliyetlerinin dışında, Osman Hamdi Bey’le olan yakın ilişkisi sayesinde Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi Âlisi’nin kuruluş ve yapılandırılmasında da oldukça etkin bir rol
üstlenmiş ve bu okulda yirmi beş yıl aralıksız mimarlık eğitmenliği görevini sürdürmüştür. 1908’de ilan edilmiş olan II. Meşrutiyet sonrası gelişen milliyetçi akımlar, mimarın da kariyerinin şekillenmesi ve sonlanmasında önemli
bir rol oynamıştır. Bu gelişmeyle birlikte Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi’ndeki görevinden istifa eden -ya da istifaya zorlanan- Vallaury, bu tarihten sonra aşama aşama İstanbul’u terk etmiş; Fransa’nın Grasse Kasabası’na yerleşerek,
hayatının son dönemlerini burada geçirmiş ve burada ölmüştür. Mimarın yaşamına ve aile köklerine ilişkin yapılmış olan erken monografik çalışmalarda, mimarın mezarı, araştırmacılar tarafından İstanbul’daki Feriköy Latin Katolik
Mezarlığı’nda aranmış ve ailenin kimi üyelerinin burada olduğu saptanmış fakat Alexandre Vallaury’nin mezarına ulaşılamamıştır. 2014 yılında yapılmış olan bir doktora tezinde, mimarın mezarının Grasse’de olduğu bilgisi verilmiş
fakat söz konusu çalışmada mezara ilişkin görsel malzeme sağlanmamıştır. Çalışmamız bu anlamda, mimarın ölümünün yüzüncü yılında, mezarının görsellerini bilim dünyasına sunmakta ve mimarın yaşamına dair yeni bilgiler sağlamaktadır.
Tradition, Belonging and Destruction: The Old Mosque of Çaykaya Village
Authors: KARAASLAN Muzaffer
Published: January 2022

Duvar resimleri ve boyalı nakışlar yüzyıllardır sanatçılar tarafından yapılan ve mimarinin ayrılmaz bir parçası haline dönüşen önemli bir sanat türüdür. Osmanlı sanatçılarının benimsediği bu sanat türü kesintiye uğramadan Cumhuriyet
sonrasında da devam etmiştir. Çalışmanın kapsamına alınan Ankara’daki Çaykaya Köyü Eski Cami’nin bezemeleri Cumhuriyet sonrasına aittir. Yapıdaki duvar resimleri ve boyalı nakışlar her ne kadar 1960 yılına ait olsa da Osmanlı’nın
geç dönemine ait örneklerle büyük benzerlik göstermektedir. Hatta seçilen temalar Osmanlı boyalı nakış geleneğinin Cumhuriyet dönemindeki devamı niteliğindedir. Bu durum halk sanatçılarının Cumhuriyet sonrasında gelenekten kopmadıklarını
ve geleneği devam ettirdiklerini açıkça kanıtlamaktadır. Söz konusu çalışmada sadece Çaykaya Köyü Eski Cami’nin duvar resimleri ve boyalı nakışları tanıtılmayacaktır. Aynı zamanda bezemelerin aidiyeti tartışılacak ve halk kültürü
içerisindeki yeri üzerine görüşler sunulacaktır. Çalışmanın bir diğer konusu koruma sorunudur. 20. yüzyılın ortalarına ait olan Anadolu kırsalındaki yapıların, tarihi eser statüsünde olmaması birçok yapının göz ardı edilmesine
ve hatta yıkılmasına neden olmaktadır. Haliyle Türkiye’de “önemsizleştirilmiş” bir grup yapı karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak söz konusu mimari eserler halk sanatının izlerini taşıması açısından oldukça önemlidir. Çaykaya Köyü Eski
Cami de hem mimari özellikleri hem de duvar resimleri ve boyalı nakışları açısından yok olmanın eşiğine gelmiş yapılardan biridir. Bu çalışmada Çaykaya Köyü Eski Cami’nin koruma sorunu üzerinde de durulacaktır.
Preliminary Investigations within the Conservation of Wall Paintings In the Late Roman Villa of Paphlagonia Hadrianoupolis
Authors: YETİŞ Ezgin , EROĞLU Murat , DENİZ Kıymet , KADIOĞLU Yusuf Kağan
Published: January 2022

Karabük Hadrianoupolis Antik Kenti, Geç Roma Villası’nda bulunan duvar resimleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilen ön inceleme çalışmalarından oluşmaktadır. İnceleme çalışmalarında resimlerin korunma durumları, restorasyon geçmişi, nem koşulları,
UV- ampul görünümleri, optik mikroskop görüntüleri ile boya ve sıvalardan alınan numunelerin analitik ölçümleri değerlendirilerek korunma süreçlerinde uygulanabilecek öneriler getirilmiştir. Villa’da Oda-3, Oda-4 ve Oda-5’de yer
alan resimlerden yalnızca Oda-3’ün koruma örtüsü kaldırılarak numuneler alınmış; FTIR (Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi) Spektroskopisi, XRF (X-Işını Floresans), XRD (X-ışını difraksiyonu), KRS (Konfikal Raman Spektroskopisi), ince-kesit
petrografi ve sıva-boya katmanlarının belirlenebilmesi için en-kesit optik mikroskop görüntüleri incelenmiştir. IR spektrumlarında kireç, sülfat tuzları ve restorasyonda kullanılan akrilik reçinelere; XRF ölçümlerinde orta hidrolik
ve doğal çimento özellikli harçlar; XRD ölçümlerinde kalsit kristal yapısına; KRS ölçümlerinde karbon ve siderit (FeCO3) kaynaklı pigmentlere; ince-kesit petrografide tuğla kırıklı ve kıtıklı harçlara; en-kesit optik mikroskop
incelemelerinde fresko tekniği görüntülerine rastlanmıştır. Duvar resimlerinin koruyucu örtüsünün kaldırılması ile başlayan ve yeni bir örtü ile kapatılması ile tamamlanan 5 günlük ön inceleme çalışmasında %80 bağıl nemdeki sıva
ve duvarların nem değişimleri ölçülmüş, nem kontrolü sağlanmış, UV-ampul ile rötuş ve üzerine boyamaların tespiti yapılmaya çalışılmış, bordür ve lakunalar kontrol edilmiştir. Analitik incelemeler ve gözlemler çerçevesinde resimlerin
bulunduğu kısımların dış etkenlere karşı geçici olarak çatı ile kapatılması, fresko resim tekniğine uygun temizlik müdahalesi, yüzeydeki kalker kaynaklı beyaz tabakanın kaldırılması ve bitki gelişimi ile mücadele konularında koruma
önerileri sunulmuştur.
Impact of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Productive Aging
Authors: KALAYCI Işıl , UYSAL Meyrem Tuna
Published: January 2022

Amaç: Bu araştırmada, yaşlı bireylerin ücretli ve ücretsiz alanlarda üretken olduğu hipotezinden hareketle sosyo-demografik özelliklerin üretken yaşlanmaya olan etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve yöntem: Nicel veri toplama
tekniklerinin kullanıldığı, tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipte olan araştırma, Türkiye sınırları içinde yapılmış ve veriler Ekim-Kasım 2021 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Örneklem grubu 60 yaş ve üzeri toplam 200 katılımcıdan oluşmuştur.
İnternet üzerinden hazırlanan soru formu katılımcılara kartopu yöntemi ile gönderilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında, araştırmacılar tarafından ilgili literatür taranarak 2 farklı soru formu oluşturulmuştur. Veri analizinde tanımlayıcı
istatistiksel yöntemler (sayı, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma) ve Chi kare testi kullanılmıştır. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurul onayı alınmıştır (24.09.2021 tarih ve 19/298 sayılı Karar).
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaklaşık %56'sı evli, %57’si kadın ve %41'inin eğitim düzeyi okur-yazar, ilkokul seviyesindedir. Katılımcıların %91’i ücretli bir işte çalışmamaktadır. Ücretli işte çalışmak isteyenlerin %33,7’si 65-69
yaş aralığındadır (p<0,05) ve kadındır (%54). Katılımcıların %80’ni bir dernekte, %85,5’i siyasi kuruluşlarda, %91’i dini kurumlarda ve %77,5’i huzurevi, eğitim kurumu gibi alanlarda gönüllü olarak çalışmamaktadır. Katılımcıların
%24,5’i yakınlarının temizlik işlerine, %35’i yemek hazırlama işlerine, %44’ü alışverişlerine, %33,5’i kurum işlerine, %29,5’i bahçe işlerine, %14,5’i bakım onarım işlerine, %18,5’i el işlerine yardım etmektedir. Sonuç: Mevcut
araştırmanın bulguları, yaşlı bireylerin informel alanda üretken olduğunu göstermektedir. Üretken yaşlanmanın bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi yaşlı bireylerin psikolojik, sosyal ve sağlık ile ilgili desteklere yönlendirilmeleri açısından
önemlidir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de üretken yaşlanma konusunda gelecekteki araştırmaların yaygınlaşmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.
Remarks on the Settlement and Social Pattern of the Ihlara and Belisırma, Ihlara Valley in Byzantine Period
Authors: Sacit PEKAK Mustafa , COŞGUNARAS Hülya
Published: January 2022

Aksaray ilinin Güzelyurt (Karbala/Gelveri) ilçesine bağlı Ihlara (Irhala) Vadisi Orta Çağ’da Kappadokya’nın önemli bir Hıristiyan yerleşimidir. 1. yüzyıldan itibaren Kappadokya’da Hıristiyan cemaatin varlığı bilinse de Kappadokya 3.
yüzyılda Hıristiyanlığın önemli bir merkezi olmuş, bölgedeki dini yaşam özellikle 4. yüzyılda Kappadokyalı üç büyük kilise babası Nazianslı Gregorios, Nyssalı Gregorios ve Kayseria’lı Büyük Basileios ile şekillenmiştir. Büyük Basileios
Bizans Manastır sisteminin de temelini oluşturan Kapadokya’daki ilk kenobitik manastırları kurmuştur. Büyük Basileios her ne kadar Kappadokya ve Anadolu’da manastır hareketinin kurucusu olarak kabul edilse de bölgedeki manastır
varlığını destekleyecek herhangi bir yazılı belge günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Bölgedeki manastırların varlığı mimari verilerden hareketle ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. İyi organize olmuş, kaliteli işçilik sergileyen ve bir kilise içeren
yapı toplulukları manastır olarak tanımlanmış, Kappadokya’nın sadece keşişler tarafından yerleşilen bir manastır bölgesi olduğu özellikle seyyahlar ve bölgede erken dönemde çalışan araştırmacılar tarafından kabul edilmiştir. Benzer
bir genelleme ile 14 km uzunlukta kuzeybatı-güneydoğu doğrultusunda kıvrımlı bir şekilde uzanan Ihlara Vadisi de korunaklı, inzivaya çekilmeye uygun yapısından ve vadi boyunca yamaçlara oyulmuş çok sayıdaki kilise, kilise ile bitişik
yapı toplulukları ve ibadet mekanlarının varlığından dolayı bir “manastır yerleşimi” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ancak Kappadokya’da son yıllarda yürütülen çalışmalar manastır olarak tanımlanan yapı topluluklarının aslında bölgede var
olan aristokrat, soylu ya da güçlülerin (dynatoi) birer konutu, bunları içeren yerleşimlerin ise farklı karakterler sergileyen yerleşimler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ihlara Vadisi’nin Ihlara ve Belirsırma yerleşimlerinde yürüttüğümüz
çalışmalar da manastır olarak kabul edilen kayaya oyma yapı topluluklarının, vadideki varlıkları kilise duvar resimlerindeki yazıt ve bani portreleri ile desteklenen soylulara ait konutlar olduğunu düşündürmüştür. Bu nedenle bu
çalışmada Ihlara ve Belisırma yerleşimlerindeki kiliselerin duvar resimleri, yazıtları ve yeni tespit ettiğimiz kayaya oyma yapı toplulukları bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmiş, vadideki manastır olarak tanımlanan yapı topluluklarının
manastır olup olmadıkları sorgulanarak vadinin yerleşim yapısı üzerine yeni görüş ve öneriler sunulması hedeflenmiştir.
Niğde Castle Protection Decisions and Special Project Areas
Authors: TUNÇER Mehmet
Published: January 2022

Bu yazı; ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, Restorasyon Ana Bilim Dalı’ndan, 1980’li yıllardan bu yana tanıdığım, zaman zaman birlikte çalıştığımız, konferanslarda, bilimsel etkinliklerde birlikte olduğumuz sevdiğim, bizlere koruma konusunda
her zaman yol gösteren hocamız Prof. Dr. Mustafa Akpolat’a armağan olarak kaleme alınmıştır. Kendisi ile zaman zaman birlikte çalışmış ve ortak ürünler vermiştik. Bu yazıda; Prof. Dr. Mustafa Akpolat’ın “Sanat Tarihi” araştırmalarını
yaptığı, I. Derece Arkeolojik, Kentsel-Arkeolojik ve Kentsel Sit Alanlarında yürürlükte olan “Eskisaray ve Kale Mahallesi Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planı Kararları” ve bu çerçevede “Niğde Kalesi ve Çevresi Tarihi Çevre Koruma Kararları
ve Özel Proje Alanları” özetle ele alınacaktır. Planlama sürecinde alan araştırması için yerinde inceleme çalışmalarını gerçekleştirmek amacıyla, Niğde’de mimar, korumada uzman şehir plancısı, sanat tarihi ve restorasyon (alanında)
ilgili uzmanların katılımıyla arazi çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Belediye, Valilik ve Nevşehir Koruma Kurulu’ndan Niğde Kalesi sit alanlarına ilişkin harita, plan, koruma kurulu kararları, yazışmalar ve diğer ilgili bilgi ve belgeler
toplanmıştır. “Niğde Kalesi, Arkeolojik, Kentsel-Arkeolojik ve Kentsel Sit Alanları Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planı Revizyonu” için geliştirilen Koruma Planı Kararları ve Özel Proje Alanı Kararları özetle verilmiştir. Niğde Kalesi ve
yakın çevresi barındırdığı binlerce yıllık geçmişe sahip kültürel miras ve arkeoloji değerleri ve tarihsel konut dokusu ile mutlaka korunarak gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmalıdır. Bu konuda Koruma Planı uygulayıcıları Niğde Belediyesi
ve Koruma Kurullarına büyük görev düşmektedir. Niğde Belediyesi; Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı ve Niğde Valiliği’nden gerekli teknik ve parasal desteği alarak kültür varlıklarının korunması, onarımı ve çevre düzenlemelerinin yapılmasında
sorumlu en önemli yerel birimdir. Halkın bilgilendirilmesi, bilinçlendirilmesi ve parasal olarak desteklenmesi konularında sivil toplum kuruluşlarıyla birlikte çalışılmalıdır.