bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Performance of Three Methods for Separating Non-Spontaneous and Spontaneous Speech Through Simulation
Authors: Kenny Owen P. , Nelson Douglas J. , Bodenschatz John S. , McMonagle Heather
Published: March 2007

The ability to distinguish spontaneous from non-spontaneous speech can prove helpful, such as in forensic evidence situations, sorting voice-mail responses from voice-mail menus, and automatic segmentation of spontaneous responses from prepared questions. The latter situation occurs when trying to create a database of spontaneous data from data of a speaker responding spontaneously to prepared prompts. This paper outlines and compares three methods for automatically classifying spontaneous and non- spontaneous speech, and presents the experimental results of the performance of all three methods, evaluated on high quality simulated data. All three methods are based on an analysis of the probability distributions of prosodic features extracted from speech signals.
Data-Based Choice of Batch Size for Simulation Output Analysis
Authors: Sherman Michael
Published: March 2007

The use of batch means is a well known technique for estimating the variance of point estimators computed from simulation experiments. The batch means variance estimator is simply the (appropriately scaled) sample variance of the estimator computed on subsets of consecutive observations. For the method to be practical, a good choice of batch length is necessary. We propose a method to estimate the optimal batch length using only the observed data. In contrast to results that model the unknown underlying dependence structure in terms of a few unknown parameters (e.g., autoregression), the method is completely model-free. The proposed algorithm makes use of previous asymptotic results giving the order of batch length as a function of the simulation length in order to calibrate an empirical estimate of batch length for a shorter simulation length. We describe the algorithm, present three numerical studies that demonstrate its efficacy, and discuss large-sample consistency.
Inventory Control: A Simulation and Decision Support System
Authors: Sobotka Anna
Published: March 2007

The creation of inventories occurs in logistic chains of goods flow. This results from both technological conditions and from the rationali sation requirements of organisational activities. In logistic chains within single companies, there are inventory systems of different levels. This article presents an example of a two-level system of inventory control in construction company logistics. In order to investigate and analyse this system, a simulation model was employed. The results obtained from the simula tion were used to select input parameters which radically influence the functioning of the sys tem. Selected parameters were used to build a criterion function. Total inventory costs are presented as a regression function. The analyti cal form of a cost function arrived at in this way allows the examination of tendencies in forming logistic costs in relation to controlling changes in variables. Here we propose employ ing simulators of inventory systems in decision support systems (DSS) for the logistics of a company's physical supply of products, in-process materials and raw materials.
Effect of Concurrent Partnerships and Sex-Act Rate on Gonorrhea Prevalence
Authors: Welch Gavin , Chick Stephen E. , Koopman James
Published: March 2007

The disease gonorrhea (GC) is a major public health problem in the United States, and the dynamics of the spread of GC through popula tions are complicated and not well understood. Studies have drawn attention to the effect of concurrent sexual partnerships as an influen tial factor for determining disease prevalence. However, little has been done to date to quantify the combined effects of concurrency and within-partnership sex-act rates on the prevalence of GC. This simulation study examines this issue with a simplified model of GC transmission in closed human populations that include concurrent partnerships. Two models of within-partnership sex-act rate are compared; one is a fixed sex-act rate per partnership, and the other is perhaps more realistic in that the rate depends on the number of concurrent partners. After controlling for total number of sex acts, pseudo-equilibrium prevalence is higher with the fixed sex-act rate than under the concurrency-adjusted rate in all the modeled partnership formation conditions.
The Design of a Station-Centric Network Model for Evaluating Changes to the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standard
Authors: Christensen Kenneth J. , Molle Mart L. , Yeger Boaz
Published: March 2007

Local area networks allow multiple computers to com municate within a single building or area. The IEEE 802.3 standard defines Ethernet, the most widely used LAN technology. The IEEE 802.3 working group is re viewing possible additions to the standard. The Binary Logarithmic Arbitration Method (BLAM) defines an enhanced medium access control (MAC) algorithm that reduces packet delays, improves fairness and better sup ports multimedia applications. Gigabit Ethernet defines another set of changes to the MAC algorithm to sup port operation at 1000-Mbps rates. In both cases, careful simulation modeling studies were needed since the be havior of Ethernet can be sensitive to minor changes in the algorithm. This paper presents a station-centric Eth ernet model that is now being used to evaluate the per formance of BLAM and a proposed collision-truncating repeater for Gigabit Ethernet. This allows for detailed modeling of station behavior to accurately model het erogeneous station types and traffic sources within an Ethernet. It is also possible to model a mix of BEB and BLAM stations within a single Ethernet. This model, when used with a CSIM18 simulation engine, can simu late transmission of a million packets in a five-station Ethernet with 25% offered load in less than 30 seconds on a 200-Mhz Pentium Pro Personal Computer.
Hardware Support for Multivariable Floating Point Function Generation
Authors: O'Grady E. Pearse , Young Baek-Kyu
Published: March 2007

A method suited for hardware implementation as sists in evaluating a multivariable, floating-point function F(X,Y,...Z) defined on an N-dimensional rectangular grid. A preprocessing stage analyzes the function's breakpoints for each dimension. It determines a subinterval range that includes the breakpoint range for that dimension and subdivides the subinterval range into equal-sized subintervals in a procedure that enables easy identification of the breakpoint interval containing a subinterval. The method's run-time stage processes the N com ponents of the input argument in parallel to iden tify the N-dimensional rectangular cell containing the input argument. At run time, two additions and a multiplication convert each component of the input argument to an index identifying the sub intervat containing it. Then two table lookups iden tify the breakpoint interval containing the sub interval. An implementation of a two-variable function generator that uses bilinear interpolation is sketched to illustrate application of the cell-iden tification method.
Pour une sociologie du renouveau
Authors: Grumelli Antonio
Published: March 2007

At the moment the question is being discussed every where of the adaptation of ecclesiastical structures to current social changes. This has happened either be cause of consciousness of tensions that have made themselves felt or because of the fact that people are preparing for the Council. It is clearly of importance that some organised sociological reflection be done now on the significance of « renewal » and the process by which it comes about. This article aims at provid ing a preliminary outline of the problem.
In the Eye of the Hurncane: Religious Implications of Contemporary Trends
Authors: Gannon Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

L'un des problèmes critiques' auxquels est aujourd'hui confrontée la sociologie de la religion est celui de savoir si les concepts et les mesures couramment utilisés dans les recherches empiriques sur la religion et la « religiosité » cor~ respondent bien aux faits sociaux qu'ils prétendent représenter. A considérer la crise culturelle qui affecte aujourd'hui le monde occidental, il apparaît que le cadre traditionnel des croyances et des valeurs, qui soutenaient auparavant lés at~ titudes religieuses et morales et leur fournissait des motiva~ tions, se trouve, depuis peu, sérieusement ébranlé ou radi~ calement transformé.

Si les études empiriques sur la religion veulent tenir compte de ,cette situation ét se rendre compréhensibles pour la société actuelle, il faut recourir à une définition plus large de la croyance et à des mesures de la religiosité culturellement plus fines.. C'est dans le contexte des mutations fondamentales qui affectent les bases, rationnelles de la conscience con~ temporaine qu'il faut situer la religion ; il faut en outre ap~ profondir l'analyse des liens qui unissent la religion d'au~ jourd'hui et les systèmes sociaux. Pour être en mesure d'iden~ tifier les implications religieuses majeures des courants ac~ tuels, la sociologie doit soumettre à un examen minutieux tous les éléments de son cadre d'analyse.

La réalisation de ce programme, suppose que. l'on tienne compte en sociologie de la religion du poids de la théorie sur la recherche et que l'on explicite systématiquement les prér supposés théoriques et factuels qui ont trait, à la forme, et au fonctionnement des systèmes religieux. Cet article tente une exploration de chacun de ces problèmes et plaide pour de nouvelles orientations de recherché,, fondées sur une pers pective socio-culturelle plus globale.
Ritual and Cultural Lag : The Feast of San Isidro In Tiraque (Bolivia)
Authors: Tortosa José M.
Published: March 2007

Le phénomène du « cultural lag » apparaît sous un jour différent d'après le palier où se situe la recherche : au niveau institutionnel, à celui de la pensée, ou encore au niveau popu laire. L'article décrit une fête populaire à Tiraque (Bolivie), et essaie d'interpréter le phénomène à travers les solutions four nies par l'« Eglise des laïcs » face au problème que son histoire lui pose. Tout en soulignant le caractère expérimental de la religiosité populaire, l'auteur se pose la question de la possi bilité de généraliser ses conclusions à des sociétés autres que celles qui sont à l'origine de l'article.
La « Semaine pour la Paix » aux Pays-Bas. Action et évaluation
Authors: Beemsterboer Kees
Published: March 2007

This article presents an investigation which evaluates the effects of the action conducted by inter-ecclesiastical groups during the " Week for Peace " in the Netherlands. The author tried to see what real influence these annual campaigns had on public opinion and behavior. Three successive investigations in 1969 and 1970 permitted the measurement of: the degrees of implication of the actors of these groups ; the degree of participation of the public aimed at ; the degree of listening where action in the public arises ; the degree of accomplishment of the objectives fixed by those responsible for these actions. The combined investigations end in recommendations for better attainment of the objectives.
The Mexican Medicine Huckster
Authors: Simoni Joseph J. , Balla Richard A.
Published: March 2007

The deviant occupation of medicine huckstering is explored by concentrating not only upon the huckster himself but also upon his clients and the larger context in which he operates. The data indicate that the medicine huckster presents an extremely favorable response to social psychological factors operative within a subculture of poverty. The deviance of medicine hucksterism is not due to some breakdown of social equilibrium, but is itself one source of such equilibrium. This study suggests that the deviant role of the huckster is not a marginal role, but rather an interstitial role within Mexican society.
Learning to "Fiddle" Customers
Authors: Ditton Jason
Published: March 2007

A lengthy period of participation observation and subsequent semistructured interviewing among the bread salesmen in an Englishfactory bakery showed that the salesmen regularly steal small sums of money from their customers. Paradoxically, although this is clearly (and seriously) theft, the salesmen manage to sustain a def inition of the practice as trifing. This paper shows that the salesmen's adoption of systematic theft (and their definition of it as unimportant) is a rational response to a critical organisational dilemma, and that ultimately, the responsiblity for illegality lies squarely with the bakery management.
Sex Differences in the Determinants of Occupational Status
Authors: Mclaughlin Steven D.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the equivalence of occupational status as it is assigned to typically male andfemale occupations. An argument is developed for the conceptualization of occupational status as a function of the nature of the occupational task. A determination is then made of the extent to which these occupational tasks contribute to occupational status and a comparison is made of the size of the contribution for male and female occupations. The findings suggest that the occupational task characteristics predict status scores relatively well and make substantially different contributions to status depending on the sex identification of the occupation. The implications of this findingfor the validity of recent research comparing the male and female status attainment process are discussed.
Effects of Spinning Conditions on Structure and Properties of Open-End Cover-Spun Yarns
Authors: Cheng K.B. , Murray Richard
Published: March 2007

Critical settings and their effects on the properties of open-end cover spun yams produced by a novel system are explained. The yams are constructed from open-end rotor spun (OER) yarns and textured polyester yarns combined within the yarn formation zone of the rotor during the open-end rotor spinning process. The end result is a textured yarn wrapped as a sheath around an OER yarn core, in which the wraps per meter distribution is uniform, the yarn remains soft, and tensile properties are better than for an equivalent OER yarn.
Handle of Bleached Knitted Fabric Made from Fine Yak Hair
Authors: Yan Kelu , Höcker Hartwig , Schäfer Karola
Published: March 2007

The handle and other mechanical properties of selectively bleached and unbleached fabrics knitted from fine yak hair are evaluated by means of the FAST system. Results of amino acid analysis and SEM investigations are used as a basis for discussing the reasons for handle impairment. An improved process for better handle and less fiber damage is suggested.
Enzymatic Treatments of Flax Fabric
Authors: Bhattacharya S.D. , Shah J.N.
Published: March 2007

High consumption of flax worldwide has prompted research into the ultimate goal of re establishing a flax/linen industry. Flax fabric is conventionally treated with caustic soda to remove about 10 to 16% noncellulosic gummy material in order to make it commer cially acceptable and more easily processed. Enzymatic treatments are gaining popularity because of their beneficial effects on the environment. In this study, to remove noncel lulosic gummy materials from flax, gray flax fabrics are treated with the enzyme BGLU, which has hemicellulase and pectinase activities. It is applied at various concentrations and conditions, which are then optimized. Enzyme treatments have a significant effect on the physicomechanical properties of flax, and they are analyzed and compared with a conventionally processed sample. The pretreatment process with enzyme is studied in terms of the various constituents in the gummy material. The chemical changes are investigated with infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis in terms of dyeability. Subjective means of evaluation are also used to study surface features by image analysis.
Notes on the Resilience of Pile Floor Coverings
Authors: Beckwith O.P. , Barach J.L.
Published: March 2007

The following papers by members of the staff of the Product Engineering and Re search Laboratories of the Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company are based on a discussion of Resilience of Pile Floor Coverings presented in a Symposium on Resilience of Fibers and Fabrics sponsored by The Institute of Polymer Research at The Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, January 25, 1947. The papers cover a time period from 1932 to the present.
A New Theory of Non-Linear Viscous Elasticity
Authors: Burte Harris , Halsey George
Published: March 2007

The stress-strain curve of a material is calculated on the hypothesis that when flow occurs a section of the molecular chain constituting the material changes from a configuration A to a con figuration B and thereby becomes unable to elongate again. Except for a small elastic deformation of both structures, the elongation is proportional to the fraction of the material in the B configura tion. The two components are assumed to be in solution with one another, and the rates of trans formation are then proportional to the relative abundance of the transformed species. These rates are written in the manner of the Eyring theory of reaction rates. Systems of more than two com ponents are discussed and several examples are calculated. The calculated curves show good qualitative agreement with stress-strain curves of the nylon-wool-rubber type.
Location of Melamine Resin in Treated Wool Fibers
Authors: Marshall Fred T. , Aulabaugh Sarah J.
Published: March 2007

A dye-staining and sectioning technique has been developed which permits, for the first time, a direct, visual determination of the location of melamine resin in treated wool fibers. The resin appears to be distributed uniformly within the fiber structure. Techniques are described and the results are illustrated by photomicrographs (one in color).
Stress-Strain Relationships. in Yarns Subjected to Rapid Impact Loading
Authors: Smith Jack C. , Blandford Josephine M. , Schiefer Herbert F.
Published: March 2007

When a textile yarn is impacted transversely, strain waves and transverse waves which " travel outwards away from the point of impact are initiated. Each strain-wave front travels at constant velocity. A transverse-wave front, however, changes its velocity each time it meets a reflected strain-wave front. This effect forms the basis of a new method used to measure strain-wave propagation velocities in a selection of textile yarns. Velocities obtained in this way are in good agreement with velocities obtained by two other methods. These velocities range in values from 1400 m. /sec. for undramn nylon to 5000 m./sec. for high tenacity rayon and glass fiber.
Mass Transfer and the Washing Process
Authors: Tuzson John , Short Brant A.
Published: March 2007

Published soil removal data suggest that the mass transfer process in a washing ma chine (transport of materials between cloth and bath) may influence or even dominate the soil removal process. Therefore, mass transfer is investigated in a small scale washer (Terg-O-Tometer).

The process is characterized by the transfer coefficient, which is the inverse of the time constant. It is correlated using dimensional analysis with such variables as the bath volume, the water-holding capacity of the cloth load, the agitation speed, and stroke angle.

Actual experiments are conducted with water-soluble substances; their results sup port the theoretical developments set forward. The transfer coefficient is directly proportional to agitation speed and stroke angle, inversey proportional to the water- holding capacity of the cloth load, and independent of the bath volume.

Finally the mass transfer process is compared in a full-size machine, a small commer cial washer, and the test device by scale-up experiment. Good agreement is found, thus confirming the full-scale application of the results.
The Reactivity of Some Epoxides toward Cellulose
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: March 2007

The reactivity of 25 mono- and diepoxides towards cellulose under hot, anhydrous, acidic conditions has been investigated using a small scale procedure which permits the study of reagents available only in small amounts. The epoxides were emulsified in aqueous solutions of zinc perchlorate catalyst and applied to cellulose in the form of a small piece of cotton fabric. The impregnated sample was then heated at an elevated temperature. The extent of reaction was followed by changes in the density of the cellulose fibers, in their solubility in cuprammonium hydroxide, and in the crease re covery of the fabric. The latter two criteria were important only with difunctional reagents.

The compounds tested were principally aliphatic and alicyclic epoxides in the mole cular weight range of 70 to 300. The results suggest that to be able to react with cel lulose under these conditions, the epoxide must be non-volatile, water-soluble to some degree, and free from steric hindrance of certain sorts.
Formaldehyde Treatment of Partially Swollen Cotton
Authors: Chance Leon H. , Perkins Rita M. , Reeves Wilson A.
Published: March 2007

Two processes for producing wash-wear cotton fabrics by treatment with formaldehyde are described. One of these processes consists of reacting the fabric in a wet swollen condition in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid. This fabric has good wet wrinkle recovery only and is therefore referred to as the Form-W process. It has good strength retention and is suitable for line-drying after washing. The other process consists of reacting the fabric in a wet, partially swollen condition in a solution of acetic acid,. water, hydrochloric acid, and formaldehyde. It is referred to as the Form-D process because the fabrics have good dry (as well as wet) wrinkle recovery. These fabrics are suitable for either line-drying or tumble-drying. It is very important in both processes that the fabrics be well mercerized if adequate strength is to be re tained. Softeners also improve the tearing strength. Laboratory and pilot-plant appli cations are described, and data on the physical properties of the fabrics presented. Reaction rates of the Form-D process at various temperatures are given. Also, preliminary work on other solvents and catalysts is discussed briefly.

Cross-linking with formaldehyde at various degrees of fiber swelling is discussed briefly from a theoretical standpoint.
Quantitative Investigation of the X-Ray Diffraction Picture of Some Typical Rayon Specimens
Authors: Hermans P.H. , Weidinger A.
Published: March 2007

The X-ray diffraction pictures of some typical specimens of highly orientated rayon are studied quantitatively using a dirfractometer technique with Geiger counter detection and strictly monochromatized radiation.

The results allow of a more reliable separation between crystalline interferences and background than heretofore possible. The background of orientated rayons is aniso tropic and has a complicated intensity distribution. It has maxima at about 2θ = 21° on the equator and at about 2θ = 35° on the meridian.

Evaluation of the intensities of the principal paratropic and diatropic interferences reveals about the same relative differences in crystallinity between the rayons investigated as those given by the method of crystallinity determination employed earlier. Absolute values of the crystalline fraction could not, however, be derived from the present work.

The relative intensities of the principal crystalline interferences are measured and found to be in reasonable agreement with those calculated for the Andress lattice struc ture. Some typical deviations are specified.

The crystallinity of tire cord rayon was found to be somewhat lower than that of textile rayon and the crystallites in the former somewhat smaller in lateral dimension according to measurements of line width. In the series of specimens investigated there is a correlation between crystallinity and line width. It seems that higher crystallinity tends to go parallel with larger or more perfectly ordered crystallites, a correlation which is also reported to have been observed in other polymers.

It is shown that orientation derived from the azimuthal spread of either the diatropic or the paratropic interferences leads to equal results. This is in support of the method developed earlier for quantitative determination of orientation from the paratropic lines in simple exposures on flat film.

The outcome of this kind of orientation measurement is but little, almost negligibly, affected by the error involved in assuming the background maximum to lie at the mini mum between the A0 and A3 peaks and thus at a lower angle and at a slightly higher intensity than the true values.
The Crimp of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Alexander E. , Lewin M. , Litav Y. , Peres H. , Shiloh M.
Published: March 2007

An investigation of the crimp properties of cotton fibers is presented.

Two independent groups of parameters are used: one describing the geometry of the fiber and the other the dynamic behavior of its crimp.

The static parameters—the crimp diameter and the crimp ratio—are measured on a crimp meter. The dependence of these parameters on the applied load is determined, and some functional relationships are suggested.

The dynamic parameters used are the uncrimping energy and the uncrimping force. Both are determined from the load-elongation curves, recorded on the Instron tester. The coefficients of immediate and retarded recovery of crimp of fibers subjected to tensile deformation are determined.

Two varieties of cotton are tested: Deltapine 15 and Acala 1517. A significant diff ference between the mean static parameters of these varieties is found. The more crimped appearance of the Deltapine fibers is confirmed by the higher values of these parameters. Furthermore, the force necessary to draw out these fibers from the lot is found to be higher than for the Acala fibers. The values of the uncrimping energies of the Deltapine fibers are also found to be significantly higher than those of the Acala.

The values of the recovery coefficients show that about 50% of the uncrimping energy of the Deltapine fibers is recovered immediately after stretching. The corresponding recovery of the Acala fibers is about 25%. After 24 hr of relaxation, the fibers of both varieties show a recovery of 55%. The uncrimping force and its recovery coefficient are found td be less sensitive parameters for characterizing these cotton varieties.
The Physical Properties of Wool Fibers at Various Regains
Authors: Feughelman M. , Haly A.R.
Published: March 2007

Each water molecule in the keratin-water system is considered to have four asso ciations, each of which may be either an association directly with the keratin structure or an association with another water molecule. By assuming, as a first approximation, that the energy of binding of a water-keratin association is a fixed value above that of a water-water association, and using available data on the differential heats of wetting of keratin, the change in the proportion of keratin-water and water-water associations with change of regain may be calculated. From this, the proportion of water molecules with four, three; two, one, or no associations with keratin at any regain may be estimated.

If the water not associated at all with' the keratin structure is considered "free" or "liquid" water, and the associated water "bound" or "localized" water, then reasonable agreement is found with the corresponding water fractions estimated by Cassie. Experi mental data are presented which appear to indicate that these two fractions have a definite physical Significance

Nuclear magnetic resonance results are also discussed, to show where disagreement exists with the earlier concept of water sorption. The model presented is shown to be compatible with. these results and with other evidence from experiments on the drying of wool from saturation and from intermediate relative humidities.
Effects of Tension During Cross-Linking Treatments of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Hebert Jacques J. , Weiss Louis C. , Grant James N.
Published: March 2007

The effects of tension during cross-linking treatments on the physical properties of fabrics were investigated on 80 X 80 print cloth and 48 X 48 sheeting with scour and slack mercerization pretreatments. The treatments were with methylated methylol meka mine and tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide applied as pad-dry-and-cure resins, and with formaldehyde applied to the cotton in swollen and semi-swollen condition. The effects of tension during treatment with formaldehyde in swollen or semi-swollen condition were achieved only by wet stretching and drying the fabric under tension prior to the treatment. Changes in fabric properties as a result of tension were similar to, but smaller than. changes previously observed in fiber and yarn properties. Large changes in moduli were achieved by tension, especially on slack mercerized fabric. Tension increased strip breaking strength over the untensioned but lowered elongation and toughness index. Tension increased tear strength and had no appreciable effect on wrinkle recovery.
Mechanical Behavior of Fabrics
Authors: Brenner F.C. , Britt D.G.
Published: March 2007

The bending length c is a characteristic property of a fabric and is dependent upon the energy required to produce a given bending deformation under its own weight. The energy α required to produce a definite bending deformation in a one-inch-wide strip of fabric in a plate buckling experiment is also characteristic of it. It is shown that the values of c and α for a number of fabrics are empirically related, although it has not been possible to develop a functional relationship from the theory of mechanics. The rela tionship is dependent upon the orientation of the yarns to the plane of the bending. When the yarns are parallel to the plane of bending, c2 = 0.057 α w and when they are at 45° to the plane, c2 = 0.044 α w + 1.08, where w is the weight of the fabric per unit area.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers
Authors: Prevorsek Dusan C. , Lyons W. James
Published: March 2007

Experimentation has meluded investigation of the effects of frequency on the hfetime distributions of an acrylic sample and Types 52 and 420 Dacron2 fibers. Increase of frequency of cyclic loading was found to result In an increase in the dispersion of life times (in number of cycles) in the acryhe sample. The effect of mereasing the frequency was to raise the general level of the lifetime distributions of both Types 52 and 420 Dac ron. In general, the scatter in lifetimes at any one frequency was found to be much smaller for these samples than it was for the acrylic. The distributions for the two Dacrons were observed to be virtually unimodal. The third asymptotic function was acordmgly assumed to be apphcable. Estimates of parameters of this distribution. at various frequencies, were caculated and tabulated. A noteworthy finding was that while Type 420 Dacron has higher average lifetimes at various frequencies than Type 52, the minimum lifetimes of both are effectively zero. The average number of cycles to failure was found to increase with frequency in all three samples, although not in expected accord with a simple linear relationship. A possible explanation for the deviations is offered.

Auxiliary tests, made in an attempt to account for the large differences in fatigue behavior between Type 52 and 420 Dacron, showed the latter to have substantially higher molecular weight and better orientation.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers
Authors: Prevorsek Dusan C. , Lyons W. James
Published: March 2007

Tensile tests made on acrylic fibers broken in fatigue revealed substantial differences in the force-extension behavior of fatigued and unfatigued samples. The average break ing tenacity of the fatigued samples was found to be higher than that of the unfatigued, while the breaking extension was substantially reduced. Segments of fibers that had been broken in fatigue, on being fatigued a second time, were found to have a mean lifetime not significantly different from the first mean lifetime. Subjecting the acrylic fibers to cyclic tension under mild conditions ("pre-cycling") was found to have no observable influence on lifetime in a subsequent fatigue test. Measurements of the break ing tenacity of fibers made immediately after a cyclic loading treatment and others made 18 hr after the treatment indicated that the "rest" period had no detectable effect on this property. The results reported in this article, on the whole, are taken as indicating that fatigue in fibrous polymers is not a process of over-all, progressive damage, but one of catastrophic nature.
Persulfate Degradation of Wool
Authors: Needles H.L.
Published: March 2007

Degradation and discoloration of wool by persulfate in aqueous solution are greater at pH 1.6 than at pH 4.6. The main damage is believed to be due to attack by hy droxyl-free radicals resulting from decomposition of persulfate, since little damage can be attributed to hydrolytic action. Amino acid analyses on untreated and on degraded wool show significant attack of cystine, methionine, arginine, histidine, proline, tyrosine, and possibly phenylalanine. Evidence for non-hydrolytic cleavage of the protein chain and attack of terminal amino acids is presented.

N,N-Dimethylacetamide greatly moderates the action of persulfate on wool, probably through preferential reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Polyacrylamide on wool gives no protection against persulfate, but poly-N,N-dimethylacrylamide gives some protection.
The Estimation of Mothproofing Agents in Wool
Authors: Williams V.A.
Published: March 2007

Techniques for the removal of dieldrin from wool are compared and methods of analysis are described.

A culorimetric method [19] is satisfactory, when proceeded by prior cleanup of the extract. Gas chromatography on a silicone oil column, without any preliminary cleanup, gives an excellent separation of dietdrin. This method has been used to measure fastness properties of dieldrin-treated wool, and data obtained earlier with radioactive dieldrin [28] have been confirmed.'

The gas chromatographic procedure may also be used for the determination of other chlorinated mothproofing agents in wool, and the fastness properties of DDT and Dilene (TDE) on wool have been determined by this method. The washfastness of dieldrin, Dilene and DDT on wool are all similar, but fastness to dry cleaning is in the order dieldrin>Dilene>DDT.
Mechanics of Elastic Performance of Textile Materials
Authors: Freeston W. Denney , Platt Milton M. , Butterworth G.A.M.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical analyses of the torsional recovery of filaments and singles yarns and the ply back-twist required to give balanced plied yarns are presented. The methodology employed parallels that previously reported for filament bending recovery [4]. The filaments are assumed to be linearly elastic for shear stresses below the yield stress, to have a sharply defined yield point, and to exhibit linear work-hardening beyond the yield. Time effects, although not explicitly included, are discussed. The torsional behavior of small-diameter metal wire and some polymeric filaments is, approximated by these assumptions.

The effects of bending stresses and tensile stresses imposed on fibers during spinning or throwing are neglected. The yarn torque which develops from the application of a tensile stress to a twisted singles yarn, which would otherwise not exhibit any residual torque, is also neglected. However, the magnitudes of the possible effects of tension on filament torque, and filament bending on yarn torque are noted.

The analytical expressions obtained for the twist recovery of filaments as a function of filament diameter, material properties, and initial twist are verified experimentally. The analytical expressions for the twist recovery of singles yarns and the ply back- twist required to give balanced plied yarns are experimentally investigated. The causes of differences between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed.
The Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Grosberg P. , Kedia S.
Published: March 2007

The initial load-extension modulus of a cloth is analyzed and is shown to depend not only on the bending modutus of the yarn and the geometry it takes up in the cloth, but also on the history of the fabric. It is found that fabrics which still retain their stressed condition, which arose when the cloth was made, have a much higher modulus. By considering the extreme cases of grey and completely relaxed fabric, it is shown that the theoretical deductions are in accord with experimental findings.
A Theory of Elasto-Plastic Buckling
Authors: Olofsson Bertil , Oguchi Noboru
Published: March 2007

An elastic element (modulus E) and' a sliding element (yield stress σ p) are coupled in series to get a rheological model of an elasto-plastic structure and work-hardening is accounted for by coupling another elastic element (modulus Es) parallel to the sliding element. This is applied for the compression, recovery, and recompression curves obtained in copper wire buckling. Agreement between theory and experiment is excellent and it is demonstrated how yield starts on the compression and extension sides of the wire cross section and moves towards the center; a new pair of yield-limit positions appears for a new deformation (strain history). The same theory is applied to paper buckling, where the work-hardening effect mentioned must be introduced and calculated, and it is indicated that buckling involves a "weakening" of the structure compared to extension. It is also demonstrated that a model of frictional-elastic buckling developed for textile fabrics does not fit paper buckling well; this is an indication that the rhe ological coupling is significant.
Durability of Zirconium-Based Antimicrobial Treatments on Cotton
Authors: Conner C. James , Danna G.S. , Cooper A.S. , Reeves W.A.
Published: March 2007

The durability of zirconium-based antimicrobial treatments on cotton to water leach ing has been studied at various curing conditions. Both basic zirconyl acetate and zirconia deposited on cotton fabric from zirconyl acetate and zirconium ammonium car bonate water solutions, respectively, completely resist water leaching under the conditions of applications studied and the test conditions used. Combinations of copper borate with these zirconium compounds also resisted water leaching completely. l'henyl mercuric acetate and propionate in combination with zirconyl acetate were essentially completely resistant to water leaching at optimum curing conditions. Phenyl mercuric lactate in combination with zirconyl acetate apparently loses both mercury and zirconium on water' leaching regardless of curing conditions used. These phenylmercurials in combination with zircomum ammonium carbonate resisted water leaching better than with zirconyl acetate over a wider range of curing conditions, but losses of mercury and zirconium were still evident with phenyl mercuric lactate, The mercury loss from water leaching of these zirconium based fungicides is much less than the mercury loss from triethanol ammonium complexes of phenyl mercuric acetate and phenyl mercuric lactate deposited on the cotton fabric under similar curing conditions. Curing conditions for maximum durability of these zirconium-based antimierobial agents are suggested.
Moisture Transfer Through Chemically Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Mecheels Jürgen H. , Demeler Renate M. , Kachel Eberhard
Published: March 2007

A thermoregulatory model of the human skin is described, which allows quantitative measurements of moisture transfer through textile layers and its thermal effect on the heat loss of the human body. The influence of various finishes on the moisture-transfer properties of cotton fabrics was investigated with multiple-layer combinations. Finish ing processes which fundamentally change the behavior of fibers with respect to moisture were used. Cross-linking of. the cotton produces no decline in moisture transfer. Water-repellent finishing reduces the moisture transfer substantially, since the wettabil ity of the fibers is a parameter of the capillary conductivity of yarns and fabrics., To clarify this, measurements were carried out on viscose fabrics (extremely high-absorptive fiber) and on glass-fiber fabrics (of high wettability). The water-vapor permeability, according to the control-dish method was also investigated for comparison.

Controlled wear tests to estimate the significance of these laboratory measurements are also described. They show that cross-linking of cotton improves the body-comfort prop erties of fabrics and garments.
Chemical Changes in the Cuticle of Oxidized Wool
Authors: Andrews M.W. , Inglis A.S. , Williams V.A.
Published: March 2007

A simple method for obtaining cuticle from wool shrinkproofed by oxidative methods is described. Amino acid analyses of cuticle preparations show that the cuticle is modified far more than the rest of the fiber by successful treatments of this type. Cystine, tyrosine, and methionine are extensively changed by most treatments, but per monosulfuric acid oxidation mainly affects the content of cystine.

The extent to which cystine is modified varies with the shrinkproof treatment. The analyses suggest that, although treatments with permanganate/salt, permonosulfuric acid, and hypochlorite at pH 4.2 effect marked changes in the chemical nature of the cuticle, they are not as severe as dry chlorination or acid chlorinations with either hypochlorite or bromate/salt.
The Contribution of Single Fibers to the Rapid Creasing of a Wool Fabric
Authors: Griffith June C. , Mason P.
Published: March 2007

Mechanical properties of wool fibers, including stress relaxation, hysteresis, lateral compression, and permanent set in bending and in extension, have been related to the quality of creases formed in a wool fabric at saturation-water content under constant load and at different temperatures. Measurements of stress relaxation and hysteresis offered the most promise. In particular, an energy-loss factor L was defined. which successfully related the quality of creases obtained in acid and alkaline conditions to those obtained in water at different temperatures. The quantitative correlations ob tained did not apply to fabries treated with Benax or formaldehyde.
Wearability of Acala 1517C Cotton
Authors: Lee Julia S. , Finkner Morris D.
Published: March 2007

Experimental cotton fabries made from four lots of Acala 1517C cotton fiber selected for strength and fineness were used for constructing 192 gingham dresses. One dress of each fabric was assigned to each of 48 wearers. A schedule for regular wear and care was established. Over a series of 16 wear periods, dresses were withdrawn in replicates of three according to a random sampling plan.

The worn fabries were tested at each of the wear periods for qualities pertaining to durability and appearance. Regression equations were calculated and trends of change plotted. Properties of the fabries from the four fiber lots were compared. Fiber fine ness was of greater importance than strength in maintaining desirable wearing qualities of the fabries.
Kinetics of the Reactions of Ethyleneurea Derivatives with Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Gonzales Elwood J. , Benerito Ruth R. , Berni Ralph J.
Published: March 2007

Cotton print cloth has been treated with 0.55 M solutions of 4,5-dihydroxy-2- imidazolidinone or dihydroxyethyleneurea (DHEU) in the presence of 0.03 M inorganic salts as catalysts. The rates of the reaction at 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85°C in the presence of ZnCl 2, Zn(NO3)2, MgCl2, and (Mg(NO 3)2 catalysts have been determined by following changes in bound nitrogen and changes in crease recovery properties of finished fabrics. Enthalpies, entropies, and free energies of activation of the etherification processes at 45°C have been calculated. Comparisons with corresponding values obtained previously for the cellulose-dimethylolethylencurea (DMEU) reactions are given in order to emphasize significant differences between reactions of cotton with the nietliylol and with the ring hydroxyls in light of the so-called "delayed cure" process for chemically modifying cotton.
Effect of Light Upon Wool
Authors: Launer Herbert F.
Published: March 2007

The photobleaching of undyed wool is shown to occur selectively in the spectral region of the causative light. For example, exposure to blue-violet (436 mμ) light causes higher reflectance (and transmittance), mainly near this wavelength. Similar wavelength correspondence or correlation was observed also at 405 and 546 mμ in the visible and at 365 and 389 mμ in the uv. Thus, wool tends to conform spectrally to the light to which it is exposed, by becoming permanently bluer, in blue light, greener in green light, whiter in white light, etc. Red light also bleaches wool but the photons are too weak to produce a well-defined maximum. The interpretation of this is that a part of the wool macromolecular structure, by absorbing radiant energy of a given wavelength, satisfies certain energy requirement and no longer absorbs, but reflects and transmits subsequent photons of that wavelength.
Deuterium-Hydrogen-Exchange Accessibility of Cellulose by Use of D218O and Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Guthrie John D. , Heinzelman Dorothy C.
Published: March 2007

A method for measuring the deuterium-hydrogen-exchange accessibility of cellulose and of chemically modified cellu luloses, based on the use of D218O and mass spectroscopy, has been applied to a variety of well characterized samples. The expected correlation of the values obtained with moisture regain determined at 65% relative humidity and 21° was found for unsubstituted celluloses, but not for substituted celluloses having covalently attached oxymethylene groups. It is postulated that this lack of correlation for the substituted celluloses is due to association of water with the oxymethylene groups, thus leading to higher moisture regain values than predicted from the deuterium-hydrogen-exchange values. A good correlation, however, was found between the deuterium accessibility of these substituted samples and their alkali centrifuge values. The effect on deuterium accessibility of heating purified cotton cellulose with D218O in sealed capillary tubes was also investigated.
Catalysts from Aluminum Alums in Crosslink Finishing
Authors: Kottes Andrews B.A. , Frick J.G.
Published: March 2007

Aluminum alums have been investigated as catalysts in the crosslink finishing of khitted and woven fabrics. Alums that were considered include potassium, ammonium, hydroxylaminium, and pyridinium aluminum alums, and the pseudo alum, magnesium aluminum alum. A number of treatments were employed, and the effects on fabric properties of ratios of monovalent cation to aluminum within a given sulfate mixture, of total catalyst concentration, and of curing times and temperatures were compared.

The alums are as effective catalysts as magnesium chloride under conventional curing conditions. Some are also effective at curing conditions that are less rigorous or more rigorous than usual. The catalysis is provided at low total concentrations Loss of strength is not in excess of that found with conventional catalysts and varies with the alum system used.
The Selected Physical and Hand Properties of Latex-Bonded Nonwovens
Authors: Paek Soae L. , Mohamed M.H.
Published: March 2007

The effect of binder levels and needle and harb variables on selected physical properties and correlation between three subjective hand properties of compactness, stiffness, and roughness and the physical properties were investigated. The binder levels significantly influenced the mean values of initial modulus, rupture strength, flexural rigidity, and fabric weight. While needle variable had significant effects on the mean values of initial modulus in the machine direction and percent elongation in the cross direction, barb variable showed no significant effect on the mean values of any of the physical properties investigated. Three subjective hand properties of compactness, stiffness, and roughness were evalu ated by the paired comparison method. The correlations between these hand ratings and initial modulus, rupture strength, flexural rigidity, and fabric weight were found to be significant.