bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of active peptides from backbones of Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans by electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry
Authors: Shabeena Yousuf N. , Nazeer Rasool Abdul
Published: June 2011

In our present investigation, Nemipterus japonicus and Exocoetus volitans backbone protein were hydrolysed by proteases like trypsin and pepsin, respectively. The protein hydrolysates were purified by different chromatographic methods, and the resulted purified peptides were analysed for their amino acid sequences by electrospray ionisation–MS/MS. The analysis of peptides showed sequences as Gly‐His‐Met‐Ser (451.8 Da) and Leu‐Glu‐Val‐Lys‐Pro (596.9 Da) for N. japonicus and E. volitans muscle, respectively. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids contributes more to the antioxidant activities of peptides than other amino acids. Moreover, sequence of amino acids in peptides plays an important role in their antioxidant activities.
Juice from king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) leaf sheathes: chemical characterisation and use in soft drink formulation
Authors: Tramonte Karina Cardoso , Provesi João Gustavo , Albuquerque E Silva Iolanda Moreira Dutra , Murakami Aureanna Nairne Negrão , Maraschin Marcelo , De Mello Castanho Amboni Renata Dias , Amante Edna Regina
Published: June 2011

The heart of palm is a food extracted from several species of palm trees. Only 10–20% of the raw material is transformed into canned hearts of palm, therefore this agro‐industry generates a large quantity of solid residue. The aim of this work was to extract and characterise a juice produced from this solid residue. This extract is compared with the traditional fruit juices (orange and pineapple juices), obtaining higher contents of minerals, such as magnesium (22.80 mg/100 g) and potassium (276.90 mg/100 g), phenolic compounds (gallic, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, syringic and caffeic acids) and high free radical scavenging capacity (expressed as 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl), which suggest high antioxidant activity. Additionally, a new soft drink was formulated using this king palm juice as its main ingredient. The soft drink samples formulated with this juice had high sensory acceptability and high intention of consumption, which suggests an important and low‐cost application for this industrial residue.
Marked point pattern analysis on genetic paternity data for uncertainty assessment of pollen dispersal kernels
Authors: Niggemann Marc , Wiegand Thorsten , Robledo‐Arnuncio Juan J. , Bialozyt Ronald
Published: June 2011

1.  Obtaining accurate estimates of the pollen dispersal kernel is central to a wide range of ecological studies. Assessing their statistical uncertainty is as important, but rarely considered.

2.  We developed a new method of marked point processes for nonparametric estimation of dispersal kernels based on data of genetic paternity analysis that does not require assumptions about the shape of the dispersal distribution. This allows for construction of Monte Carlo simulation envelopes of a given null model, such as random mating, and for uncertainty assessment of the observed dispersal kernel.

3.  We applied our method to characterize spatial patterns of pollen flow in an isolated population of Populus nigra in Central Germany and to assess the associated statistical uncertainty in estimates of within‐population dispersal kernels. We compared our nonparametric within‐population kernel estimate with that of established methods of parametric kernel fitting including: (i) a general mating model, (ii) a simplified mating model using categorical paternity data and (iii) least‐squares regression of the nonparametric kernel estimate.

4.  Our analysis showed a significant departure from the random mating null model. We found a highly significant excess of mating events at short distances (<400 m) and a weakly significant shortage of mating events at larger distances (1500–2000 m). Simulation envelopes of the null model were very wide at larger distances (>2000 m), indicating large uncertainty on the detailed shape of the kernel’s tail.

5.  Results of the point pattern analysis were consistent with kernel fits using published maximum‐likelihood mating models. Model selection revealed that two‐component pollen dispersal kernels were the most parsimonious functions.

6. Synthesis. Our approach of nonparametric kernel estimation could be widely applied for dispersal data from genetic paternity analysis and complements traditional kernel estimation by providing a nonparametric kernel estimate and effective methods for an uncertainty assessment in kernel estimation. Our results indicate that statistical model fitting may substantially underestimate the uncertainty in kernel estimation, especially at larger distances.
Crystal structures of DntR inducer binding domains in complex with salicylate offer insights into the activation of LysR‐type transcriptional regulators
Authors: Devesse Laurence , Smirnova Irina , Lönneborg Rosa , Kapp Ulrike , Brzezinski Peter , Leonard Gordon A. , Dian Cyril
Published: June 2011

Activation of LysR‐type transcription factors (LTTRs) is thought to result from conformational changes that occur when inducer molecules bind to their Inducer Binding Domains (IBDs). However, the exact nature of these changes remains to be fully elucidated. We present the crystal structures of two truncated constructs of the LTTR DntR in their apo‐ forms and in complex with its natural inducer molecule, salicylate. These provide a fuller picture of the conformational changes that can occur in LTTR IBDs and offer insights that may be relevant when considering the mechanism of activation of LTTRs. Two of the crystal structures show that DntR IBDs can bind up to two inducer molecules. The full extent of conformational changes observed is achieved only when inducer molecules are bound in both binding sites identified. Point mutations disrupting the putative secondary binding site produce DntR variants with a reduced response to salicylate in a whole cell system, suggesting that this site is functionally relevant.
Deferral from donating blood of men who have sex with men: impact on the risk of HIV transmission by transfusion in France
Authors: Pillonel J. , Heraud‐Bousquet V. , Pelletier B. , Semaille C. , Velter A. , Saura C. , Desenclos J.‐C. , Danic B. ,   the blood donor epidemiological surveillance study group
Published: June 2011

Background  In France, men who have sex with men (MSM) are permanently excluded from blood donation. This policy is felt to be discriminatory by MSM activists. Furthermore, the policy is not fully respected because some MSM do not report their sexual behaviour before donating.

Methods  We estimated the fraction of the current risk of HIV attributed to MSM. We then constructed a model based on data obtained from behavioural and epidemiological surveys to assess the impact of a new strategy in which MSM would only be deferred if they report more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months.

Results  Thirty‐one HIV seroconversions occurred among repeat donors between 2006 and 2008, giving a risk of one in 2 440 000 donations. Fifteen of these seroconversions (48%) were MSM. If all MSM had abstained from donating blood, the risk would have been 1 in 4 700 000 donations, half the current risk. The new strategy would result in an overall HIV risk of between 1 in 3 000 000 (close to the current risk) to 1 in 650 000 donations (3·7 times higher than the current risk).

Conclusions  Changing the current MSM deferral policy may increase the risk of transfusion–transmission of HIV. However, this does not take into account a possible better compliance with MSM with a less stringent policy that would be perceived as more equitable. Conversely, relaxing the policy could encourage some MSM to seek an HIV test in blood centres. Thus, further qualitative study is needed to assess possible changes in compliance linked to a new policy.
Mechanisms and genetic diversity for host plant resistance to spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus in sorghum, Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Singh B. U. , Sharma H. C. , Rao K. V.
Published: June 2011

Levels of resistance to spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus, in the germplasm are low to moderate and therefore we evaluated 25 sorghum genotypes for resistance to stem borer to identify lines with diverse mechanisms of resistance to this insect. Leaf glossiness was significantly and negatively associated with low deadheart formation. Dwarf genotypes with fewer nodes showed more deadheart formation. Antixenosis and/or antibiosis for leaf feeding, and reduced deadheart formation, tunnelling, and number of exit holes resulted in lower losses owing to C. partellus damage. Axillary tillers compensated for loss in grain yield owing to borer infestation as a result of deadheart formation, but their synchrony for maturity with the main plant is quite important. Path coefficient analysis revealed that direct effects of stem tunnelling on loss in grain yield were greater than leaf feeding and deadhearts. However, leaf feeding via stem tunnelling showed maximum indirect effects on loss in grain yield. Estimates for broad‐sense heritability and genetic advance suggested that it is possible to improve for grain yield under stem borer infestation. Heritability estimates for grain yield were usually higher than for stem borer damage parameters. Multi‐trait cluster analysis placed the test genotypes into four and five clusters in rainy and post‐rainy seasons, respectively. The genotypes placed in different groups, and showing resistance to leaf feeding, deadheart formation, stem tunnelling, and/or compensation in grain yield can be used for sorghum improvement.
Calcium‐sensing receptors induce apoptosis during simulated ischaemia–reperfusion in Buffalo rat liver cells
Authors: Xing Wen‐Jing , Kong Fan‐Juan , Li Guang‐Wei , Qiao Kun , Zhang Wei‐Hua , Zhang Li , Bai Shu‐Zhi , Xi Yu‐Hui , Li Hong‐Xia , Tian Ye , Ren Huan , Wu Ling‐Yun , Wang Rui , Xu Chang‐Qing
Published: June 2011

1. Calcium‐sensing receptors (CaSR) exist in a variety of tissues. In 2010, we first identified its functional expression in Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells and demonstrated that the activation of CaSR was involved in an increased intracellular calcium through the Gq subunit–phospholipase C–inositol triphosphate pathway. However, its role and related mechanism in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is still unclear.

2. Therefore, in the present study, BRL cells were incubated in ischaemia–mimetic solution for 4 h, then reincubated in the normal culture medium for 10 h to establish a simulated I/R model. We assayed the apoptotic ratio of BRL cells by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining; analyzed the expression of CaSR, cytochrome c (Cyt‐c), caspase‐3, Bcl‐2, Bax, extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38 by Western blotting; and measured the concentration of intracellular calcium by laser‐scanning confocal microscopy.

3. The results showed that simulated I/R increased the expression of CaSR and induced apoptosis in BRL cells. GdCl3, a specific activator of CaSR, further increased CaSR expression, intracellular calcium, and apoptosis in BRL cells during I/R. The activation of CaSR downregulated Bcl‐2 expression, upregulated Cyt‐c, caspase‐3, and Bax expressions, and promoted p38 and ERK‐1/2 phosphorylation.

4. In conclusion, increased CaSR expression plays a vital role in apoptosis induced by I/R injury, in which its mechanism is related with calcium overload and the activation of the mitochondrial and mitogen‐activated protein kinase apoptotic pathways. The regulation of CaSR activity might serve as a novel pharmacological target to prevent and treat liver disease.
“Preclinical” MSA in definite Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Rodriguez‐Diehl Roberta , Rey Maria Jesus , Gironell Alexandre , Martinez‐Saez Elena , Ferrer Isidre , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , Jagüe Jordi , Nos Carlos , Gelpi Ellen
Published: June 2011

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic alpha‐synucleinopathy clinically characterized by variable degrees of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autonomic dysfunction. The histopathological hallmark of MSA is glial cytoplasmic inclusion (GCI). It is considered to represent the earliest stage of the degenerative process in MSA and to precede neuronal degeneration. Sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (sCJD) is a fatal, rapidly progressive dementia generally associated with ataxia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal symptoms and myoclonus. Definite diagnosis needs neuropathological demonstration of variable degrees of spongiform degeneration of neuropil, neuronal loss, astro‐ and microgliosis, and the presence of abnormal deposits of the misfolded prion protein PrPres. Both diseases, CJD and MSA are infrequent among neurodegenerative diseases. In the present report we describe clinical and neuropathological findings of a previously healthy 64‐year‐old woman who developed symptoms of classical CJD. At post mortem examination, the brain showed in addition to classical methionine/methionine PrPres type 1 (MM1) sCJD changes and moderate Alzheimer‐type pathology, features of “preclinical” MSA with minimal histopathological changes. These were characterized by discrete amounts of alpha‐synuclein immunoreacive glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the striato‐nigral system, isolated intraneuronal inclusions in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra, as well as some vermiform intranuclear inclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the coexistence of definite sCJD and “minimal changes” MSA in the same patient.
Cerebellopontine angle subependymoma without fourth ventricle extension: An uncommon tumor in a rare location
Authors: Cunha Alexandre Martins , Brito Ana Carolina Gonçalves , de Almeida Lima Gabriela , de Souza Luis Alberto , Simões Elington Lannes , Telles Carlos , Montagna Nádia
Published: June 2011

Subependymomas are benign tumors that occur predominantly in the ventricular system. We describe a case of a 57‐year‐old man with a large cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumor which expanded into the jugular foramen. Complete surgical excision of the tumor was achieved through a retrosigmoid approach and the histopathological diagnosis was subependymoma. Subependymomas located exclusively in the CPA without extension into the fourth ventricle are extremely rare. The mainly pathological features and the difficulty in correctly diagnosing these cases preoperatively, even with MRI, are discussed.
Effects of several TIG weld repairs on the axial fatigue strength of AISI 4130 aeronautical steel‐welded joints
Authors: NASCIMENTO M. P. , VOORWALD H. J. C. , FILHO J. DA C. PAYÃO
Published: June 2011

Welded joints of airframes critical to the flight‐safety are commonly repair welded during its operational live. In this study, the effect of up to three weld repairs by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on the axial fatigue strength of AISI4130 steel used in an airframe critical to the flight‐safety was investigated. The tests were performed on hot‐rolled steel plate specimens, 0.89 mm thick, with load ratio R= 0.1, constant amplitude, at 20 Hz frequency and room temperature. The results obtained indicated that the axial fatigue strength decreased with the GTAW process itself, and with the subsequent repair cycles, as a consequence of microstructural and microhardness changes and of weld profile geometry factors, which induced high stress concentration at the weld toe.
Localization of GABA‐A receptor alpha subunits on neurochemically distinct cell types in the rat locus coeruleus
Authors: Corteen Nicole L. , Cole Tomilola M. , Sarna Ayshia , Sieghart Werner , Swinny Jerome D.
Published: June 2011

The locus coeruleus (LC) provides the major source of noradrenaline to the central nervous system and is modulated by neurochemically diverse afferents. LC function is central to arousal, memory, cognition and the stress response, with dysfunction of the LC–noradrenergic axis implicated in debilitating psychiatric disorders. The precise targeting of neurotransmitter receptors within the LC is essential for processing the information contained in diverse afferents and thus LC output. The inhibitory modulation of LC neurons is thought to be effected mainly through GABA‐A receptors (GABAARs). Diverse GABAARs are pentameric complexes assembled from a repertoire of subunits resulting in substantial diversity in their molecular, functional and pharmacological properties throughout the brain. The precise location of distinct GABAAR subunits in subregions of the LC, and the neurochemical identity of the cells that express them, remains to be determined. Here, we show that the GABAAR alpha1 subunit is expressed exclusively in neurochemically and morphologically diverse non‐noradrenergic cell types within the LC, which may innervate the principal noradrenergic cells. Thus, the GABAAR alpha1 subunit could provide a neurochemical signature for a pool of local circuit interneurons in the LC. In contrast, non‐overlapping GABAAR alpha2 and alpha3 subunit‐immunoreactive puncta were enriched on noradrenergic dendrites and, to a lesser extent, on somata. The study reveals a cell‐type‐ and domain‐specific expression pattern of distinct GABAAR subunits in the LC. These data will serve as a template for understanding inhibitory modulation of this region and facilitate more directed pharmacological strategies for disorders arising from the impairment of LC function.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor rapidly increases AMPA receptor surface expression in rat nucleus accumbens
Authors: Li Xuan , Wolf Marina E.
Published: June 2011

In the rodent nucleus accumbens (NAc), cocaine elevates levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Conversely, BDNF can augment cocaine‐related behavioral responses. The latter could reflect enhancement of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) transmission, because AMPARs in the NAc mediate some cocaine‐induced behaviors. Furthermore, in vitro studies in other cell types show that BDNF can promote AMPAR synaptic delivery. In this study, we investigated whether BDNF similarly promotes AMPAR trafficking in the adult rat NAc. After unilateral intracranial injection of BDNF into NAc core or shell, rats were killed at post‐injection times ranging from 30 min to 3 days. NAc core or shell tissue from both injected and non‐injected hemispheres was analysed by Western blotting. A protein cross‐linking assay was used to measure AMPAR surface expression. Assessment of tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling demonstrated that injected BDNF was biologically active. BDNF injection into NAc core, but not NAc shell, led to a protein synthesis‐ and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐dependent increase in cell surface GluA1 and a trend towards increased total GluA1. This was detected 30 min post‐injection but not at longer time‐points. GluA2 and GluA3 were unaffected, suggesting an effect of BDNF on homomeric GluA1 Ca2+‐permeable AMPARs. These results demonstrate that exogenous BDNF rapidly increases AMPAR surface expression in the rat NAc core, raising the possibility of a relationship between increases in endogenous BDNF levels and alterations in AMPAR transmission observed in the NAc of cocaine‐experienced rats.
Emissions Trading, New Enclosures and Eco‐Social Contestation
Authors: Bond Patrick
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The central operating strategy within the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and most of the advanced capitalist world's environmental policy is to address climate change through the market mechanism known as emissions trading. Based upon government issuance and private trading of emissions reductions credits and offsets, this approach quickly rose to $135 billion in annual trading. But in the wake of the collapse of climate negotiations in Copenhagen and a world financial crisis which undermined market faith in derivative investments, carbon trading has an uncertain future. Linkages between deep‐rooted financial market and emissions market problems are revealing in spatio‐temporal terms, especially in the context of a deeper overaccumulation crisis and investors’ desperate need for new speculative outlets. It is in the nexus of the spatial and temporal aspects of carbon financing amidst resistance to “new enclosures” by adversely affected peoples, that broader‐based lessons for global/local environmental politics and climate policy can be learned.
A Whole of Government Strategy for Family Violence Reform
Authors: Ross Stuart , Frere Marion , Healey Lucy , Humphreys Cathy
Published: June 2011

The Family Violence Reform strategy in Victoria is one of a number of contemporary government initiatives that have been framed within a whole of government model of policy reform. This article shows how the principles and processes of the whole of government approach were applied to the social problem of family violence. We examine the reasoning behind the adoption of this approach, what it was intended to achieve, the processes and activities that took place and stakeholders’ views about the outcomes and impact of this approach. The choice of a whole of government strategy reflected the need to address philosophical and organisational cultural differences about family violence and responses to it. Key elements were: the demonstrated commitment to reform and leadership provided by ministers, agency heads and senior managers; the involvement of community sector representatives; and the role of the Department of Planning and Community Development (DPCD).
Temporary Staff, Contractors, and Volunteers: The Hidden Workforce in Victorian Local Government
Authors: McKeown Tui , Lindorff Margaret
Published: June 2011

Theories of strategic Human Resource Management (HRM) emphasise the need to understand and effectively manage the workforce, and to align HRM practices with organisational strategy. Local government in Victoria was radically revised in 1993–94 with forced amalgamations, and later the introduction of Best Value Principles. Alongside this have been changes to council workforces. This article explores the composition of these workforces, and seeks to understand if strategic HRM practices underpin their management. It reports that in addition to the ‘known’ and ‘managed’ internal workforce, many councils have an external workforce which includes temporary staff, independent contractors, those working for external contractors, volunteers, work placement students and trainees. There is little evidence that theories of strategic HRM have been used to produce workforce planning strategies and policies relating to these staff, or that their management has been strategically aligned and reviewed to align with council strategies and business plans.
Understanding Employee Motivation to Innovate: Evidence from Front Line Employees in United States Federal Agencies
Authors: Fernandez Sergio , Pitts David W.
Published: June 2011

In a period of ongoing public sector reform in the United States (US), federal government agencies have been pushed to find new ways of performing their public functions more effectively and efficiently. Frontline public sector employees are a particularly vital source of innovations in organisational function and form. This study seeks to identify factors that motivate front line employees in the US federal bureaucracy to engage in innovative behaviour. The empirical analysis is based on data from the 2006 Federal Human Capital Survey. The results show that a constellation of factors encourage bottom‐up innovation, including the expectancy of innovation being rewarded, employee training and development, employee empowerment and involvement in decision‐making, and high‐exchange dyadic relationships with supervisors.
Finding Syntactic Structures from Human Motion Data
Authors: Park Jong Pil , Lee Kang Hoon , Lee Jehee
Published: June 2011

We present a new approach to motion rearrangement that preserves the syntactic structures of an input motion automatically by learning a context‐free grammar from the motion data. For grammatical analysis, we reduce an input motion into a string of terminal symbols by segmenting the motion into a series of subsequences, and then associating a group of similar subsequences with the same symbol. To obtain the most repetitive and precise set of terminals, we search for an optimial segmentation such that a large number of subsequences can be clustered into groups with little error. Once the input motion has been encoded as a string, a grammar induction algorithm is employed to build up a context‐free grammar so that the grammar can reconstruct the original string accurately as well as generate novel strings sharing their syntactic structures with the original string. Given any new strings from the learned grammar, it is straightforward to synthesize motion sequences by replacing each terminal symbol with its associated motion segment, and stitching every motion segment sequentially. We demonstrate the usefulness and flexibility of our approach by learning grammars from a large diversity of human motions, and reproducing their syntactic structures in new motion sequences.
Expanding Catholicity through Ecumenicity in the Work of Yves Congar: Ressourcement, Receptive Ecumenism and Catholic Reform
Authors: MURRAY PAUL D.
Published: June 2011

With particular reference to Yves Congar (1904–95), this article first explores the relationship between ressourcement theology and the emergence of Catholic ecumenism. A critical issue is identified concerning the coherence of Congar's ecumenical work. In support of the reading pursued here – which finds a developing articulation of what has come to be called Receptive Ecumenism – Congar's three great works of ecumenical theology are closely engaged: Chrétiens désunis (1937); Chrétiens en dialogue (1964); Diversités et Communion (1982). The conclusion indicates the abiding significance of Congar's ecumenical work, which articulates a call to the fullness of catholicity into which Catholicism has still to grow.
The effects of triple vs. dual and monotherapy with rosiglitazone, glimepiride, and atorvastatin on lipid profile and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats
Authors: Ahmed Danish , Sharma Manju , Pillai K.K.
Published: June 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of triple oral therapy and different combination of rosiglitazone, atorvastatin, and glimepiride on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. The various biochemical parameters studied included glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c), fasting plasma sugar levels, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol in diabetic and normal rats. The present study demonstrates that atorvastatin could increase the effect of rosiglitazone and glimepiride and lipid‐lowering effect of combination of rosiglitazone and glimepiride (GLIM). According to our finding, similar results for rosiglitazone plus atorvastatin were obtained in terms of correcting lipid parameters, whereas the suppressive action of triple oral therapy of rosiglitazone and glimepiride, and atorvastatin on blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride was more beneficial than that of dual therapy of different combinations and monotherapy.
Damage Operator‐Based Lifetime Calculation Under Thermomechanical Fatigue and Creep for Application on Uginox F12T EN 1.4512 Exhaust Downpipes
Authors: Nagode M. , Šeruga D. , Hack M. , Hansenne E.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:   The article focuses on the application of a recently developed damage operator‐based lifetime calculation to a thermomechanically loaded exhaust downpipe. The damage operator approach enabling online continuous damage calculations for isothermal and non‐isothermal loading with mean stress corrections is reviewed. The article also highlights an extension of the strain‐life approach to take into account viscoplastic effects and creep. The transient results from thermal and structural analyses using finite element analyses have been applied to the exhaust downpipe in LMS Virtual.Lab and the damage predicted. Tested exhaust downpipes were then subjected to the same loading conditions as in the calculation, and load cycles were repeated up to the point of failure. Simulated and test results are comparable.
Current status of canine cancer registration – report from an international workshop
Authors: Nødtvedt A. , Berke O. , Bonnett B. N. , Brønden L.
Published: June 2011

This is a report from a workshop on canine cancer registration hosted at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science in Oslo in August 2010. The aim is to present a summary of the current efforts to gather data on canine (and feline) cancer based on information from participants at the workshop. A definition and classification of cancer registries is provided together with an inventory of the databases presented. Particular focus is placed on the distinction between population‐based and hospital‐based cancer registries. Future challenges are discussed and issues relating to harmonization of diagnostic coding, defining the population‐at‐risk, individual animal identification and data quality are included. Finally, other groups working within the field of cancer registration in companion animals are encouraged to contact the authors for future collaboration.
The sustainability of green funds
Authors: Scholtens Bert
Published: June 2011

This paper analyses the performance of the Dutch “Green Funds Scheme”. This scheme is a policy instrument to advance green projects. The scheme relies on tax compensation for private investors who save or invest in green institutions below market returns. The green institutions select and monitor certified green projects and pass through part of the lower funding costs to investors. Certification of the green projects is based on environmental value‐added and innovation. We provide a description of the characteristics of this incentive scheme and investigate the scheme's performance.
A Congenital Case of Circumscribed Acral Hypokeratosis
Authors: Arbesman Joshua , Loss Lesley C. , Helm Klaus F. , Rothman Ilene L.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Circumscribed acral hypokeratosis is a disorder characterized by areas of erythematous depressed skin with distinct histopathological findings typically found on the palmar and plantar surfaces. Most patients are middle‐aged women who report a multiyear history. We present an 10‐year‐old African American boy who had an asymptomatic, irregularly shaped erythematous lesion on his left medial foot that had been present since birth. A biopsy showed an abrupt, well‐demarcated decrease in the thickness of the stratum corneum layer, with no parakeratosis, that was consistent with a diagnosis of circumscribed hypokeratosis. This represents the first pediatric and congenital case of circumscribed hypokeratosis reported. We review the literature and discuss the ramifications of a congenital case on understanding the etiology of circumscribed hypokeratosis.
Efficacy of Oral Prednisolone Use in the Treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas in Indian Children
Authors: Grover Chander , Kedar Ashwini , Arora Pooja , Lal Brahmanand
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Approximately 10% to 15% of patients with infantile hemangioma (IH) require treatment that needs to be individualized according to the size, location, and type of IH. Oral corticosteroids [CS] have been the mainstay of therapy, but dose and duration of therapy have been variably reported in literature. The possible side effects with high dose CS is a constant deterrant. Twenty infants with IH requiring therapy were treated with prednisolone at a dose of 3 to 4 mg/kg/day. Response to therapy, adverse effects, and risk of rebound growth were monitored. All of the treated lesions responded to prednisolone at 3.1 mg/kg/day given for a mean duration of 9.16 weeks by showing a cessation of active growth; 90% of patients showed partial to excellent response (Grade 2 to Grade 4 improvement). In the remaining 10% of patients there was <25% regression in the lesion. The total duration of therapy with tapering doses was 29.9 weeks. No cases of rebound growth were seen. The incidence of adverse effects was low, with one patient developing CS‐induced hypertension (5%). Oral CS, given at appropriate doses, are a reasonably safe and highly efficacious treatment modality for IH. To prevent the risk of rebound growth, adequate prolongation of therapy is required.
Onychophagia‐Induced Longitudinal Melanonychia
Authors: Anolik Rachel B. , Shah Kara , Rubin Adam I.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  An otherwise‐healthy 13‐year‐old girl with previously normal nails developed longitudinal pigmented bands on multiple fingernails. Physical examination revealed faintly pigmented bands on multiple fingernails and on the left fifth toenail. We believed that the cause of the pigmented bands was onychophagia‐induced longitudinal melanonychia, a rare phenomenon, which emphasizes the need for dermatologists to question patients with melanonychia about their nail biting habits because they may not be forthcoming with this information.
Childhood Erythema Nodosum Associated with Kerion Celsi: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Zaraa Ines , Trojjet Sondes , El Guellali Nadia , El Euch Dalenda , Chelly Ines , Mokni Mourad , Zitouna Mohamed , Osman Amel Ben
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Erythema nodosum (EN) in association with kerion celsi is a rare condition in children, with only 11 cases having been reported in the English literature. We describe a new case in a 7‐year‐old boy in whom the disorder had begun 2 months before. He had many inflamed, boggy, suppurative nodules over the left occipitoparietal area of the scalp and, 2 weeks later, developed multiple painful, erythematous subcutaneous nodules of the shins, thighs, and upper limbs. EN was confirmed by histologic examination. Our review of the literature of all cases of EN during kerion showed that it usually occurs at or slightly after the height of infection or after drug introduction. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was involved in the majority of cases, and improvement of EN usually occurs with griseofulvin.
Accessory Scrotum Attached to a Peduncular Perineal Lipoma
Authors: Kavecan Ivana I. , Jovanovic‐Privrodski Jadranka D. , Dobanovacki Dušanka S. , Obrenovic Milan R.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  In this study, we report on the case of a newborn boy diagnosed after birth with an accessory scrotum attached to a peduncular type of perineal lipoma without any other associated congenital anomalies. The neonate underwent a simple surgical excision of the lipoma and accessory scrotum in the first month of life, and his postoperative course was uneventful. Histologic examination revealed normal scrotal skin and adipose tissue. Accessory scrotum has a high incidence of association with perineal lipoma (83% of reported cases) and other urogenital and anorectal anomalies, but urogenital or anorectal anomalies were not seen in our patient.
Fas‐mediated T‐cell apoptosis in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Comi Cristoforo
Published: June 2011

The Fas receptor is expressed by activated lymphocytes and is involved in switching off the immune response. Defective Fas function causes the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, but is also involved in common autoimmune disorders. Fas‐mediated T‐cell apoptosis is impaired in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), but not in Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). The defect seems to have a genetic component and involve the extrinsic apoptotic pathway mediated by caspase‐8. The analysis of clinical features shows that Fas function is lower in CIDP patients with a progressive course and axonal damage, suggesting that defective Fas function favors not only CIDP development but also its aggressive evolution. Moreover, testing T‐cell Fas function in patients with acute‐onset demyelinating polyneuropathy can help in early discrimination between GBS and acute‐onset CIDP.
Polymorphism of transient axonal glycoprotein‐1 in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Iijima Masahiro , Koike Haruki , Katsuno Masahisa , Sobue Gen
Published: June 2011

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is characterized by immune‐mediated peripheral demyelination. Although corticosteroid, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), and plasma exchange have been established as the most effective therapeutics, sub‐populations of patients show little or no response to either of these therapies. We identified the clinical, electrophysiological, and genetic features related to IVIg responsiveness in CIDP by conducting a multi‐center study. Muscle atrophy and decreased compound muscle action potential (CMAP) were pronounced in IVIg non‐responders, that is, features suggesting axonal dysfunction in peripheral nerves indicated IVIg unresponsiveness in CIDP. We then performed an association analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotype studies between the IVIg responders and non‐responders. We assessed SNPs of candidate genes that are particularly related to the function of Ranvier's node, paranode, or juxtaparanode. Two separate SNPs, corresponding to transient axonal glycoprotein‐1 (TAG‐1) and C‐type lectin domain family 10, member A (CLEC10A), showed significant differences between responders and non‐responders. Haplotype analysis of a series of expanded SNPs, from TAG‐1 or CLEC10A, showed that only TAG‐1 included a significant haplotype within one linkage disequilibrium block that accommodates IVIg responsiveness. Diplotype analysis of TAG‐1 also supported this observation. In conclusion, SNPs in TAG‐1, which is a key molecule for axon–Schwann cell interactions and is distributed at the juxtaparanode, are related to the IVIg responsiveness of CIDP patients.
Two recessive intermediate Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth patients with GDAP1 mutations
Authors: Chung Ki W. , Hyun Young S. , Lee Hae J. , Jung Hwa‐Kyoung , Koo Heasoo , Yoo Jeong H. , Kim Sang‐Beom , Park Chan I. , Kim Han N. , Choi Byung‐Ok
Published: June 2011

Various phenotypes have been reported in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease carrying mutations in the ganglioside‐induced differentiation‐associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene. Here, we report two recessive intermediate Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (RI‐CMT) patients with GDAP1 missense mutations: a His256Arg homozygous mutation (c.767A>G + c.767A>G) and compound mutations of heterozygous Pro111His (c.332C>A) and Val219Gly (c.656T>G). The Pro111His and Val219Gly are unreported mutations, but the His256Arg was previously reported. In both patients, histopathological findings showed well‐documented features of mixed demyelinating and axonal neuropathies, and nerve conduction velocities fall in the intermediate range. In addition, the patterns of fatty substitutions in leg magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were different by the mutation sites within the same GDAP1 gene.
A smooth transition protocol for patients with multifocal motor neuropathy going from intravenous to subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy: an open‐label proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Misbah Siraj A. , Baumann Andreas , Fazio Raffaella , Dacci Patrizia , Schmidt Dirk S. , Burton Janet , Sturzenegger Matthias
Published: June 2011

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the first‐line therapy for multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN). This open‐label multi‐centre study (NCT00701662) assessed the efficacy, safety, and convenience of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) in patients with MMN over 6 months, as an alternative to IVIG. Eight MMN patients (42–66 years), on stable IVIG dosing, received weekly SCIG at doses equivalent to previous IVIG using a “smooth transition protocol”. Primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to week 24 in muscle strength. Disability, motor function, and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) endpoints were also assessed. One patient deteriorated despite dose increase and was withdrawn. Muscle strength, disability, motor function, and health status were unchanged in all seven study completers who rated home treatment as extremely good. Four experienced 18 adverse events, of which only two were moderate. This study suggests that MMN patients with stable clinical course on regular IVIG can be switched to SCIG at the same monthly dose without deterioration and with a sustained overall improvement in HRQL.
The phenotype of the Gly94fsX222 PMP22 insertion
Authors: de Vries Sara D. J. , Verhamme Camiel , van Ruissen Fred , van Paassen Barbara W. , Arts Willem F. , Kerkhoff Henk , van Engelen Baziel G. M. , Lammens Martin , de Visser Marianne , Baas Frank , van der Kooi Anneke J.
Published: June 2011

Point mutations in PMP22 are relatively rare and the phenotype may vary from mild hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) to severe Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1 (CMT1). We describe the phenotype of the Gly94fsX222 mutation in the PMP22 gene. Medical records of all patients were reviewed and 11 patients were re‐examined. EMG was carried out in nine patients and nerve biopsy in one. Thirteen patients originating from seven families with a Gly94fsX222 mutation were included and consisted of 10 women and 3 men with a median age of 41 years (range 7–67). Five index patients were originally suspected of CMT1. Ten patients had abnormal motor skills during childhood. Nine patients had a history of pressure palsies. Involvement of the olfactory, trigeminal, facial, and pudendal nerves occurred in three patients. Twelve patients had pes cavus and one scoliosis. Distal anterior leg and distal arm weakness were found in 12 and 4 patients, respectively. Twelve patients had distal leg sensory abnormalities. Electrophysiological examination revealed a demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy, both resembling CMT1 and HNPP. Sural nerve biopsy showed demyelinating neuropathy with presence of tomacula. More than three‐fourths of the patients with Gly94fsX222 mutation demonstrated a CMT1 phenotype combined with transient deficits. Clinicians should test for this mutation in those patients exhibiting a generalised neuropathy combined with compressive like episodes.
Very early electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Albertí Maria A. , Alentorn Agustí , Martínez‐Yelamos Sergio , Martínez‐Matos Juan A. , Povedano Monica , Montero Jordi , Casasnovas Carlos
Published: June 2011

Electrodiagnostic studies play a key role in the evaluation of patients with Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). However, at early stages patients may not meet current neurophysiologic criteria. We report electrodiagnostic findings for 18 patients with suspected GBS within 4 days of clinical onset. Fifteen patients (83%) showed abnormality in the motor nerve conduction study. Prolonged distal motor latency (DML) was the most frequent demyelinating parameter (seen in 55% of patients). Abnormal late responses were noted in 14 patients (77%). Electrodiagnostic study of cranial nerves was abnormal in eight (44%), and motor nerve conduction velocity was abnormal in only six patients (23%). The study shows a predominant motor neuropathy pattern followed by a sural‐sparing pattern; no patients showed a strictly normal electrodiagnostic study. Reduced distal compound muscle action potential and prolonged DML in the demyelinating range were associated with severity of GBS on admission. After the electrodiagnostic study, 5 patients (27%) already fulfilled electrodiagnostic criteria for acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 1 (5%) for the axonal variant of GBS, and 13 (72%) were classified as equivocal. We conclude that exhaustive electrodiagnostic studies of patients with suspected GBS in very early stages are useful in the diagnosis and management of the condition.
Risk factors for emergency postpartum hysterectomy: the neglected role of previous surgically induced abortions
Authors: OSSOLA MANUELA W. , SOMIGLIANA EDGARDO , MAURO MARIA , ACAIA BARBARA , BENAGLIA LAURA , FEDELE LUIGI
Published: June 2011

The objective of this retrospective case–control study was to identify clinical factors associated with emergency peripartum hysterectomy. Deliveries from January 2003 through October 2009 in this tertiary care obstetrics hospital were reviewed. Cases were women who underwent emergency peripartum hysterectomy. Controls were those who delivered immediately after the cases but in whom hysterectomy was not needed. They were matched to cases in a 5:1 ratio. Thirty‐eight cases and 190 controls were selected. Variables found to be significantly associated with emergency postpartum hysterectomy were a stage III–IV placenta previa (p<0.001), previous surgical abortions (p=0.001) and number of fetuses (p=0.039). The corresponding adjusted odds ratios were 40.2 (95% confidence interval 5.6–287.0), 6.0 (95% confidence interval 2.1–17.2) and 7.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1–55.0), respectively. The study confirms the detrimental role of major placenta previa in influencing the risk of postpartum hysterectomy, but also suggests multiple pregnancy and surgical abortion as potential additional risk factors.
Placental abruption and premature rupture of membranes
Authors: MARKHUS VIBECKE HØGBERG , RASMUSSEN SVEIN , LIE STEIN ATLE , IRGENS LORENTZ M.
Published: June 2011

Objective. To assess whether premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is associated with placental abruption. Design. Population‐based study. Setting. Data were extracted from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Population. All women with PROM (18 889 cases), including 3 077 cases of preterm premature rupture of membranes (p‐PROM), among a total of 355 416 singleton births in Norway during 1999–2005 with gestational age 17–44weeks. Methods. Logistic regression was used to assess whether placental abruption was associated with PROM in preterm and term births. Main Outcome Measures. Placental abruption. Results. The occurrence of placental abruption in p‐PROM was higher than in the total study population, 11.0 per 1 000 (34 of 3 077) vs. 4.2 per 1 000 (1 495 of 355 416; adjusted odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.8–3.7). Restricting the analyses to preterm births, the occurrence of placental abruption was less in p‐PROM (11.0 per 1 000) than in births without p‐PROM (36.1 per 1 000; adjusted odds ratio 0.3, 95% confidence interval 0.2–0.4). In term births, no statistically significant association was observed. Conclusions. The findings suggest that in p‐PROM the risk of placental abruption is not higher than in other preterm births; rather the opposite. However, comparing the risks in p‐PROM and the total gestational age range, the present study confirmed results reported in previous studies of a higher risk of placental abruption in p‐PROM than in the total birth population.
What causes geographical variation in the species–area relationships? A test from forests in China
Authors: Qiao Xiujuan , Tang Zhiyao , Shen Zehao , Fang Jingyun
Published: June 2011

The increase of species richness with sampling area and the decrease with latitude and altitude are two of the most frequently studied patterns in biogeography. However, few studies have simultaneously examined these two patterns to investigate how species–area relationships (SAR) vary with latitude and altitude. In this study, we explore the spatial patterns of SAR in forests in China by investigating numbers of species by life form group (trees, shrubs and herbs) in 32 nested plots from 12 mountains ranging from 18.7°N to 51.9°N in latitude and from 300 to 3150 m in altitude. The slopes of the power law SAR (z‐values) decreased with increasing latitude for all life forms except herbaceous plants, and also decreased with increasing altitude for all life forms but not for shrubs. Latitude and altitude, as well as their interactions, together explained 65.4, 61.8, 48.9 and 45.3% of the variation in z‐values for overall species, trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, respectively. In addition, actual evapotranspiration affected SAR significantly, but this effect varied significantly among life forms. We concluded that there are significant geographical patterns of SAR for China's forests, which is primarily controlled by energy availability.