bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey and Analysis of Implementation Status of Science and Technology Mini Projects Course in Middle School
Authors: Xu Lintong , Zhang Yiping
Published: November 2024

Cultivating students' inquiry ability, hands-on ability and innovation ability is the top priority of quality education nowadays. Science and technology mini projects contain a lot of scientific knowledge which are related to science teaching in middle school. Incorporating these handcraft projects into science practical teaching activities will no doubt provide students with more practice opportunities to "learn by doing" and enhances their engagement with scientific knowledge. This study was conducted through a questionnaire survey of middle school students to understand the status quo of the implementation of science and technology mini projects course. It was found that students expressed a strong passion about the course, and they believed that such course could improve their core science literacy. However, in the actual teaching arrangement, the implementation of science and technology mini projects course was not satisfactory. The main reasons for this were the tight schedule of class time due to the influence of general education environment, and the lack of concepts and development ability of teachers to carry out relevant courses. Based on the results of the survey, this study puts forward suggestions combined with the current education situation. Teachers should dig deeper into the science and technology mini projects course’ topics that are compatible with textbook teaching, and while pushing students to complete the tasks of the course, they should provide timely and effective feedback on the production process and outcomes to the students. This will help establish a positive learning cycle and ultimately promote the successful implementation of science and technology mini projects course.
New Therapeutic Approaches in the Management and Outcomes of Pediatric Asthma
Authors: Karaut Thana Sarkis
Published: November 2024

Background: Asthma continues to lead to significant health issues and deaths worldwide, and there has been little progress in treatment outcomes over the past ten years, even though treatment costs have risen.
Methodology: This mini review compared new therapeutic approaches for treatment of pediatric asthma, searching the literature from May 2004 to August 2024 using PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and CINAHL. Keywords such as ‘Mepolizumab,’ ‘Omalizumab,’ ‘pediatric asthma,’ and ‘biologic therapies’ were used, along with MeSH terms. After screening and full text review, 26 of 642 initial studies were selected for inclusion. This literature review explores emerging therapeutic approaches for managing pediatric asthma, focusing on monoclonal antibody treatments, inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs), macrolides, vitamin D supplementation, and innovative devices like temperature-controlled laminar airflow (TLA) and electronic monitoring tools.
Results: In patients with severe eosinophilic asthma, monoclonal antibody therapies such as omalizumab and mepolizumab reduced exacerbations by 48% with omalizumab and 53% with mepolizumab. Long acting muscarinic antagonists and macrolides also led to improvements in lung function and a reduction in flare ups. Supplementation with vitamin D and temperature controlled laminar airflow devices were found to improve asthma control, especially in children with vitamin D deficiency and severe asthma.
Conclusion: Recent advancements in pediatric asthma treatment, including monoclonal antibodies, inhaled corticosteroids, non-pharmacological devices, long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs), macrolides, vitamin D supplementation have shown significant improvements in asthma control and quality of life. These therapies offer personalized approaches, particularly for children with severe asthma or specific inflammatory phenotypes. Future research should explore the long-term safety of biologics and investigate cost-effective methods to introduce these therapies in underserved regions.
Evaluation of NGASL Biomarkers and Some Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Renal Disorders in Ramadi City, Iraq
Authors: Hanoon Hind A. , Hayani Dhyauldeen Aftan Al , Mustafa Thana I , Hamid Safa Mohammad , Rasoul Safaa Mohammad Abdel , Atallah Safa Ahmed , Danhash Saleh Mohammad
Published: November 2024

This study was designed to determine the effect or the relationship between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGASL) and some kidney function parameters in kidney disorder patients to detect the level of serum markers in kidney disorder patients (acute glomerular nephritis, renal calculi, and acute renal failure) in Ramadi City. 120 male and female samples participated; the present study was divided into three groups of 90 patients (30 acute glomerular nephritis, 30 renal calculi, and 30 acute renal failure) and 30 healthy control individuals. The serum NGASL was measured using an ELISA technique. Kidney function tests (serum creatinine and serum urea, HB, and WBC)) were also measured by the quantitative method. The result showed low significant (p > 0.001) differences in hemoglobin and WBC percent in the acute renal failure group compared with other groups, and when compared between the studied groups, the results showed high significant (p< 0.001) differences in urea and creatinine concentration in the acute renal failure group compared with the AGN and RC groups. On the other hand, the result showed high significant(p<0.001) differences in level of NGASL in Acute Renal Failure group compare with others groups. The correlation between parameters showed a higher negative correlation between Hb with urea, creatinine, and NGASL (r = -0.571, -0.508, and -0.463), respectively. In addition to the higher correlation between urea and creatinine with NGASL (r = 0.670, 0.406),. So can be considered NGASL a biomarker for kidney injury or kidney disorder. That may indicate the NGASL effect of renal disease and may be used as predictive parameters for kidney diseases.
Multidrug Resistant Profile of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) Isolated from Diabetic Patients in Some Hospitals of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Isma’il Safiya , Iliyasu Mahmud Yerima , Ibrahim Musa A. , Umar Ahmed Faruk
Published: November 2024

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common pathogenic inflammatory, distressing and occasionally life-threatening condition that affects people of all ages and genders, with difficulty in treatment due to the high rate of antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is the primary cause of UTIs in humans both in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients are more prone to urinary tract infection due to their immunocompromised system and hyperglycemia level compared to non- diabetic patients. Antibiotics are becoming less and less effective, therefore there is an urgent need to curtail this problem in order to have good administration of antibiotics to patients for effective treatment.
Aim: To determine the multidrug resistance profile of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from diabetic patients in some hospitals of Bauchi metropolis, Nigeria
Methods: A total of 288 study participants were enrolled in the study, (194 diabetic and 94 non- diabetic patients). Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from all the participants in sterile containers. Each urine sample was streaked onto CLED (cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient) agar, incubated at 370C for 24hours and the isolates were identified using standard methods. Data obtained were analyzed statistically.
Results: A total of 64 UPEC were isolated from diabetic patients and 35 UPEC was isolated from non-diabetic patients. The age group of 31-40 had high frequency of occurrence in both the study participants, 18(28.1) in DM and 9(25.7) in NDM patients. While age group of 10-20 had 5(7.8) in DM and 2(5.7) in NDM patients and ≥ 71 years 2(3.1) in DM and 1(2.9) in NDM patients had the least. There was no significant difference between age group and the number of isolates as p> 0.05. Highest frequency of UPEC was found within the female 36(56.3) in DM and 20(57.1) in NDM patients than their male counterparts 28(43.8) in DM and 1(2.9). Type2 patients have high frequency of isolates compared to the Type 1 patients in Both the study participants. In the present study, 52 UPEC isolates from diabetic patients and 27 UPEC isolates from non-diabetic patients were resistant to 1 drug in 3 or more antimicrobial agents classes (multidrug resistance). The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin and piperacillin-tazobactams, while the least resistance was in imipenem.
Conclusion: The study established that UPEC infection was more prevalent in diabetic than non-diabetic patients, and also more prevalent in the middle age group, female gender and Type2 diabetic patients. A high rate of multidrug resistance was observed in both the study participants, and this signals a tremendous problem in prescription of antibiotics to patients. The emergence of multi resistant strains of UPEC has added to the need for urgent development of more control measures and policies on the use of antibiotics.
Impact of Tillage Practices and Chickpea Varieties on Nutrient Uptake in a Mungbean-Chickpea Cropping System
Authors: Badole K.D. , Giri M.D. , Akshay D. V. S.
Published: November 2024

Aims: To study the effect of tillage management on nutrient concentration and uptake of different varieties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under mungbean-chickpea crop sequence
Study Design:  strip plot design.
Place and Duration of Study: Pulses Research Unit, Washim Road, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Dr. PDKV), Akola, Maharashtra, India during the rabi season of 2019-20.
Methodology: There were four tillage practices and two varieties (eight treatments) replicated five times. Main plot treatments include tillage practices for chickpea crop and Sub plot treatments includes two varieties of chickpea, JAKI-9218 and PDKV-Kanak (AKG-1303).
Results: There were four tillage practices and two varieties (eight treatments) replicated five times. The findings showed that the effect of different tillage treatments and varieties on the nitrogen (% N), phosphorus (% P) and potassium (% K) content in seed and straw of chickpea crop was found non-significant. Nutrient uptake (kg/ha) in seed and straw and total uptake (kg/ha) of nutrient by crop was higher with treatment tractor drawn cultivator + harrowing + sowing + one hoeing + one hand weeding (T1). The variety JAKI-9218 recorded significantly greater nutrient uptake than the PDKV-Kanak.
Conclusion: Nutrient concentration (%) and uptake (kg/ha) in seed and straw and total uptake (kg/ha) of nutrient by crop was higher with treatment tractor drawn cultivator + harrowing + sowing + one hoeing + one hand weeding and JAKI-9218.
Arquiteturas Com Sentido Social: O Caso Medellín
Authors: Gonçalves Alexandre Ribeiro , Boaventura Deusa Maria Rodrigues , Neto Eurípedes Afonso Da Silva , Pereira Maíra Teixeira
Published: November 2024

Over the first two decades of the 21st century, Medellín has established itself as a global benchmark in social
urbanism, becoming a model case study for academics and policymakers exploring innovative urban planning
strategies. Confronting historical challenges such as urban violence, housing insecurity, and social segregation,
the city embarked on a transformative journey centered on public spaces, designed as vehicles for inclusion and
citizenship empowerment. The administration of Sergio Fajardo (2004–2007) marked a turning point,
orchestrating investments in public transportation, social housing, parks, schools, and libraries. Notable among
these initiatives were the Integral Urban Projects (PUI), which combined urban planning, community
participation, and social improvements. While widely celebrated, these practices have also faced criticism. Recent
studies highlight challenges such as the failure to meet growing housing demand, the displacement of vulnerable
populations to peripheral areas, and the gentrification of certain regions. Moreover, concerns persist about the
risk of creating stereotypical narratives that overstate the city’s achievements while overlooking deeper systemic
issues. Medellín continues to face profound structural challenges. Although the global recognition of its progress
has been largely positive, it risks overshadowing unresolved issues, such as persistent socio-spatial inequalities
and mounting pressures from the real estate market. Despite these challenges, the city’s architectural
achievements—defined by the hybridization of tradition and innovation, a strong social commitment, and a deep
connection to the local context—have garnered significant international acclaim. Medellín’s legacy underscores the pressing need for integrated urban policies that harmonize global recognition with sustainable and inclusive solutions for the future
Secondary structure and topology of the transmembrane domain of Syndecan‐2 in detergent micelles
Authors: Li Qingxin , Ng Hui Qi , Kang CongBao
Published: February 2019

Syndecans are single‐span membrane proteins playing important roles in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. The transmembrane domain of syndecans is critical for signal transduction across the cell membrane. Here, the structure of the transmembrane domain of syndecan‐2 in detergent micelles was investigated using solution NMR spectroscopy. Backbone resonance assignment was obtained, and NMR studies show that the transmembrane domain forms a helix in detergent micelles, which is also supported by the hydrogen and deuterium exchange experiment. A study of the dynamics revealed the rigid structure of the transmembrane domain formed in solution, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement defined the topology of the transmembrane domain in detergent micelles. This structural analysis may facilitate a better understanding of the role of the syndecan‐2 transmembrane domain in signal transduction.
How elevated blood alcohol concentration level and identification format affect eyewitness memory: A field study
Authors: Altman Christopher M. , McQuiston Dawn E. , Schreiber Compo Nadja
Published: February 2019

Research shows that alcohol has a small and inconsistent effect on eyewitness recall and no effect on witnesses' lineup decisions. Much of this literature has tested participants with low‐to‐moderate blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels, and no study has directly examined how identification procedure impacts intoxicated witnesses' decisions. In the present study, bar patrons' (N = 132) BAC levels were recorded before participating in a task. Midway through the task, they were interrupted by an intruder. Participants then recalled the incident via a staged interview and attempted to identify the intruder from a target‐present or target‐absent showup or lineup. Although elevated BAC levels (high as 0.24%) reduced the quantity and quality of information provided, BAC had no effect on witnesses' identification decisions regardless of format. Results highlight the importance of testing witness memory across a broad BAC spectrum and provide evidence that alcohol does not affect witnesses' identification ability.
Pushing PbS/Metal‐Halide‐Perovskite Core/Epitaxial‐Ligand‐Shell Nanocrystal Photodetectors beyond 3 µm Wavelength
Authors: Killilea Niall , Wu Mingjian , Sytnyk Mykhailo , Yousefi Amin Amir Abbas , Mashkov Oleksandr , Spiecker Erdmann , Heiss Wolfgang
Published: February 2019

PbS nanocrystals have been proven to be highly suitable for photodetector fabrication by facile solution processing, and have been successfully tested as photosensitive material in imaging devices. So far, their spectral response has been blue‐shifted with respect to that of commercial bulk PbS detectors, due to quantum confinement in nanostructures smaller than the exciton Bohr radius. Here, a PbS nanocrystal synthesis approach is introduced, allowing to surpass this limit, and thus to push the cut‐off wavelength to the value of the bulk material. To avoid self‐absorbance from ligands within the spectral range of the photoconducting signal, an all inorganic metal‐halide‐perovskite is applied to form a semiconducting ligand shell. The photoconductors, which are provided from a single drop, do not only show a record in long wavelength operation for PbS nanocrystal detectors but also a room temperature detectivity > 1010 Jones, which is on par with that of commercial bulk PbS detectors. Combining these properties might find application in future low‐cost infrared imagers, which are currently still elusive due to their high prices.
Interface Engineering for Modulation of Charge Carrier Behavior in ZnO Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Kang Zhuo , Si Haonan , Zhang Suicai , Wu Jing , Sun Yu , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yue
Published: February 2019

Photoelectrochemical water splitting via consumption of solar energy is considered an alternative approach to address both fossil resource and global warming issues. On the basis of the bottom‐up technique, major strategies have been developed to enrich the complexity of nanostructures by incorporating various functional components to realize outstanding photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance for hydrogen evolution, such as high solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency and long‐term stability. In such a PEC system, each nanomaterial component individually, and more importantly, together with the formed interfaces, contributes to PEC performance elevation. Specifically, the two types of interfaces that have emerged, i.e., the interfaces between photoelectrodes and electrolytes (solid–liquid contact) and the interfaces inside photoelectrodes (solid–solid contact), have both been effectively engineered to facilitate charge separation and transportation and even enhance the antiphotocorrosion properties. A comprehensive understanding, summary, and review of such interface engineering protocols may provide novel and effective approaches for PEC system designing.
Gap‐Surface Plasmon Metasurfaces for Broadband Circular‐to‐Linear Polarization Conversion and Vector Vortex Beam Generation
Authors: Heiden Jacob T. , Ding Fei , Linnet Jes , Yang Yuanqing , Beermann Jonas , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I.
Published: February 2019

The ability to control and manipulate the polarization state of light is of crucial importance in many modern optical applications ranging from quantum technologies to biomedical sciences. Here, an ultrathin quarter‐wave plate (QWP) with a gap‐surface plasmon metasurface is designed, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated, allowing for broadband and efficient conversion between circular and linear polarizations with ≈85% average reflectance across a 200 nm wide bandwidth in the near‐infrared range (750–950 nm). Based on the QWP design, a general method is further derived to generate vector vortex beams (VVBs) that possess spatially varied distributions of the polarization vector and carry specified orbital angular momentums by using space‐variant QWP unit cells. The fabricated metasurface exhibits highly efficient VVB generation over a wavelength range from 750 to 950 nm, with average efficiencies of ≈72% and ≈68% for the right circularly polarized and left circularly polarized incident light, respectively. The developed approach allows compact, cost‐effective, and high‐performance polarization converters to be realized, paving the way for the ultimate miniaturization of optical devices with arbitrary control of light fields.
Third‐Harmonic Generation from Plasmonic Metasurfaces Coupled to Intersubband Transitions
Authors: Yu Jaeyeon , Park Seongjin , Hwang Inyong , Kim Daeik , Jung Joo‐Yun , Lee Jongwon
Published: February 2019

Nonlinear responses in metasurfaces have shown great promise for various applications, such as nonlinear holography, spectroscopy, and novel nonlinear light sources. Metasurfaces that produce nonlinear responses have the advantage of greatly relaxed phase‐matching conditions, which can simplify nonlinear optical systems. However, the practical use of nonlinear metasurfaces with an accessible optical pump source requires giant nonlinear responses. A multi‐quantum‐well‐loaded nonlinear metasurface designed for third‐harmonic generation at λ ≈ 8.9 µm with a record‐high third‐order nonlinear optical response is presented for condensed matter systems in the infrared spectral range of up to 4.4 × 10−14 m2 V−2. About 1.8 × 10−3% third‐harmonic generation power conversion efficiency is experimentally achieved in 400 nm thick metasurfaces with a pump intensity of only 210 kW cm−2. The multi‐quantum‐well structure can be used to produce second‐harmonic generation when combined with properly designed nanoresonators to allow multiple and simultaneous harmonic generations on the same chip.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Annulation of o‐Haloarylamidines with Aryl Acetylenes: Synthesis of Isoquinolone and 1‐Aminoisoquinoline Derivatives
Authors: Xie Hao , Xing Qiaoyan , Shan Zhifei , Xiao Fuhong , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: February 2019

An efficient method for the synthesis of substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolone derivatives via nickel‐catalyzed annulation of substituted 2‐halobenzamidines with aryl alkynes in the presence of water is described. Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines were formed as the dominated products when dry dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the solvent. Furthermore, when benzyl substituted amidines were used as the substrates, debenzylation reaction occured to provide various 1‐aminoisoquinoline products.

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Regioselectivity Switch in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allenylic Cycloadditions of Allenic Esters: [4+1] or [4+3] Cycloaddition/Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Li Long , Luo Pengfei , Deng Yuhua , Shao Zhihui
Published: February 2019

The first Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allenylic [4+1] cycloaddition was successfully developed. Alternatively, tuning the Pd catalyst switched the reactivity toward an unprecedented [4+3] cycloaddition/cross‐coupling. Ligands play a vital role in controlling the reaction pathway, allowing highly selective access to different products from identical substrates. Biological evaluation of the obtained compounds led to the discovery of new antitumor targets. A possible mechanism is proposed, suggesting two interesting catalytic cycles for the cycloaddition with palladium‐butadienyls. This study also demonstrated the potential and utility of allenic esters as 1,4‐biselectrophiles and C4 synthons for participating in cycloaddition reactions.
Migratory Arylboration of Unactivated Alkenes Enabled by Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Wang Wang , Ding Chao , Li Yangyang , Li Zheqi , Li Yuqiang , Peng Long , Yin Guoyin
Published: February 2019

An unprecedented arylboration of unactivated terminal alkenes, featuring 1,n‐regioselectivity, has been achieved by nickel catalysis. The nitrogen‐based ligand plays an essential role in the success of this three‐component reaction. This transformation displays good regioselectivity and excellent functional‐group tolerance. In addition, the incorporation of a boron group into the products provides substantial opportunities for further transformations. Also demonstrated is that the products can be readily transformed into pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Unexpectedly, preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that although the metal migration favors the α‐position of boron, selective and decisive bond formation is favored at the benzylic position.
Peripheral and Central Sensitization of Pain in Individuals With Hand Osteoarthritis and Associations With Self‐Reported Pain Severity
Authors: Steen Pettersen Pernille , Neogi Tuhina , Magnusson Karin , Berner Hammer Hilde , Uhlig Till , Kvien Tore K. , Haugen Ida K.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Pain sensitization, an important osteoarthritis (OA) pain mechanism, has not been substantially investigated in patients with hand OA. It is unknown how peripheral and central sensitization are related to self‐reported hand pain.

Methods

Individuals with verified hand OA in the Nor‐Hand study underwent quantitative sensory testing of pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) locally (painful and nonpainful finger joints) and remotely (wrist, trapezius, and tibialis anterior muscles), and testing of temporal summation (TS), a manifestation of central sensitization. We examined cross‐sectional associations of PPT tertiles and TS with hand pain using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) (range 0–10) and the Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN) pain subscale (range 0–20). Linear regression models were adjusted for demographics, psychosocial factors, and radiographic severity.

Results

This study included 282 participants (88% female) with a median age of 61 years (interquartile range [IQR] 57–66). Participants with the lowest PPTs in their finger joints and in most remote locations reported higher NRS pain values, compared to patients with the highest PPTs, with adjusted β values ranging from 0.6 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.0, 1.2) to 0.9 (95% CI 0.3, 1.5). The 118 participants (42%) with TS reported higher mean ± SD NRS pain values compared to those without TS (4.1 ± 2.4 versus 3.1 ± 1.7; adjusted β = 0.6 [95% CI 0.2, 1.1]). Neither PPTs nor the presence of TS were associated with AUSCAN pain.

Conclusion

Central sensitization was common in patients with hand OA. Lower local and widespread PPTs and the presence of TS were associated with higher hand pain intensity, even after adjustment for demographics, psychosocial factors, and radiographic severity. Sensitization may therefore represent a possible treatment target.
miR‐130a‐3p regulated TGF‐β1‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition depends on SMAD4 in EC‐1 cells
Authors: Tian Xiaokang , Fei Qian , Du Mingyu , Zhu Hongming , Ye Jinjun , Qian Luxi , Lu Zhiwei , Zhang Wenjun , Wang Yan , Peng Fanyu , Chen Jie , Liu Baoling , Li Qian , He Xia , Yin Li
Published: February 2019

Metastasis and invasion are the primary causes of malignant progression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial step of acquisition of "stemness" properties in tumor cells. However, the mechanism of esophageal cancer metastasis remains unclear. This research was designed to explore the role and mechanism of SMAD4 and miR‐130a‐3p in the progression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)‐induced EMT in vivo and in vitro. The expression of miR‐130a‐3p in ESCC cell line and normal esophageal epithelial cell was determined by RT‐qPCR. The protein expression levels of TGF‐β‐induced changes in EMT were analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Dual‐luciferase report assays were used to validate the regulation of miR‐130a‐3p‐SMAD4 axis. The effect of miR‐130a‐3p and SMAD4 in TGF‐β‐induced migration, invasion in the ESCC cell line EC‐1 was investigated by wound healing assays and Transwell assays. Here we found that knocked down SMAD4 could partially reverse TGF‐β‐induced migration, invasion, and EMT progression in the ESCC cell line EC‐1. miR‐130a‐3p, which directly targets SMAD4, is down‐regulated in ESCC. miR‐130a‐3p inhibits the migration and invasion of EC‐1 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, miR‐130a‐3p inhibits TGF‐β‐induced EC‐1 cell migration, invasion, and EMT progression in a SMAD4‐dependent way. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the mechanism underlying ESCC metastasis. The TGF‐β/miR‐130a‐3p/SMAD4 pathway could be potential targets for clinical treatment of ESCC.
Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Comparison between a Chinese cohort and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data
Authors: Xiao Qin , Xiao Haifan , Ouyang Shuyu , Tang Jinming , Zhang Baihua , Wang Hui
Published: February 2019

Background

The optimal standard treatment for primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) remains undetermined. In this study, we conducted two areas of research on SCCE. First, we analyzed differences in SCCE characteristics between Chinese and U.S. patients. Second, we evaluated optimal treatment strategies for SCCE in the Chinese cohort.

Methods

Data from 137 Chinese SCCE patients collected from two cancer centers in China were compared with 385 SCCE patients registered in the U.S. SEER program. Prognostic factors were further analyzed in the Chinese group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline features between the groups.

Results

There were more Chinese SCCE patients with regional stage disease (41.6%) and surgery was the principal local therapy (78.1%), while 51.7% of U.S. patients was at advanced stages and tended to receive radiotherapy as the main therapy (45.2%). Median overall survival (MST) of Chinese patients was 15.0 months, compared with 8.0 months for U.S. patients (P < 0.001). However, the survival differences between groups disappeared after PSM (MST: 12.5 m vs 9.0 m, P = 0.144). Further analysis found that surgery tended to achieve clinical benefits only for patients with localized disease (T1‐4aN0M0). Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may prolong survival in patients with regional and extensive disease.

Conclusions

Although there are huge differences in the tumor characteristics and treatment modalities of SCCE between Chinese and U.S. patients, the prognosis of SCCE is equally poor in both. Surgery should be considered for patients with localized disease, while chemoradiotherapy is recommended for patients with regional and extensive disease.
Streets of resilience: Exploring the role of educational outreach projects with street connected young people in Guatemala City
Authors: Stevenson Andrew , Oldfield Jeremy , Ortiz Emily
Published: February 2019

We explored resilience amongst street connected young people (SCYP) in Guatemala City in relation to two community‐based educational outreach projects who work with at risk young people. We investigated (a) how these projects adapt and constructed meaningful spaces of safety and protection for SCYP and (b) how their interactions with the families of SCYP impact on well‐being amongst SCYP. We focused on resilience‐building elements and practices, rather than on the dangers of street connectedness. Using ethnographic interviews, participatory photography, and image elicitation, we worked with eight young people and four adult project volunteers. Our research yielded evidence that dwellings, market stalls, and buildings used for religious purposes are being adapted as spaces of aspiration and opportunity to promote resilience. We found evidence of rifts between education projects and parents, and evidence for strategies for repairing these rifts. Our findings highlight the importance of community educational organisations in Guatemala City and have implications for their practice.
Know how to respond to allegations of sexual misconduct involving coaches
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: February 2019

Although one of the biggest sports‐law‐related headlines of this past year surrounded the multiple charges of sexual assault by a team physician, Larry Nassar, numerous other cases of inappropriate sexual contact involved coaches. The one consistent lesson learned across all of these cases boils down to the fact that these types of allegations can arise at any time, at any level, and in any sport. For example, sexual misconduct allegations have been filed by student‐athletes of both genders against male coaches as well as female coaches, and at both the head coach and assistant levels, and run the gamut from unwanted contact to inappropriate statements, texts, and photos.
Cross‐Isotopic Bioorthogonal Tools as Molecular Twins for Radiotheranostic Applications
Authors: Rosecker Veronika , Denk Christoph , Maurer Melanie , Wilkovitsch Martin , Mairinger Severin , Wanek Thomas , Mikula Hannes
Published: February 2019

Radiotheranostics are designed by labeling targeting (bio)molecules with radionuclides for diagnostic or therapeutic application. Because the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic compounds play a pivotal role, chemically closely related imaging agents are used to evaluate the overall feasibility of the therapeutic approach. “Theranostic relatives” that utilize different elements are frequently used in clinical practice. However, variations in pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and target affinity due to different chemical properties of the radioisotopes remain as hurdles to the design of optimized clinical tools. Herein, the design and synthesis of structurally identical compounds, either for diagnostic (18F and a stable metal isotope) or therapeutic application (radiometal and stable 19F), are reported. Such “molecular twins” have been prepared by applying a modular strategy based on click chemistry that enables efficient radiolabeling of compounds containing a metal complex and a tetrazine moiety. This additional bioorthogonal functionality can be used for subsequent radiolabeling of (bio)molecules or pretargeting approaches, which is demonstrated in vitro.
An Anticancer PtIV Prodrug That Acts by Mechanisms Involving DNA Damage and Different Epigenetic Effects
Authors: Kostrhunova Hana , Petruzzella Emanuele , Gibson Dan , Kasparkova Jana , Brabec Viktor
Published: February 2019

Dual‐ or multi‐action PtIV prodrugs represent a new generation of platinum anticancer drugs. The important property of these PtIV prodrugs is that their antitumor action combines several different mechanisms owing to the presence of biologically active axial ligands. This work describes the synthesis and some biological properties of a “triple‐action” prodrug that releases in cancer cells cisplatin and two different epigenetically acting moieties, octanoate and phenylbutyrate. It is demonstrated, with the aid of modern methods of molecular and cellular biology and pharmacology, that the presence of three different functionalities in a single molecule of the PtIV prodrug results in a selective and high potency in tumor cells including those resistant to cisplatin [the IC50 values in the screened malignant cell lines ranged from as low as 9 nm (HCT‐116) to 74 nm (MDA‐MB‐231)]. It is also demonstrated that cellular activation of the PtIV prodrug results in covalent modification of DNA through the release of the platinum moiety accompanied by inhibition of the activity of histone deacetylases caused by phenylbutyrate and by global hypermethylation of DNA by octanoate. Thus, the PtIV prodrug introduced in this study acts as a true “multi‐action” prodrug, which is over two orders of magnitude more active than clinically used cisplatin, in both 2D monolayer culture and 3D spheroid cancer cells.
A Series of Dibenzofuran‐Based n‐Type Exciplex Host Partners Realizing High‐Efficiency and Stable Deep‐Red Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Ito Takashi , Sasabe Hisahiro , Nagai Yuji , Watanabe Yuichiro , Onuma Natsuki , Kido Junji
Published: February 2019

Deep‐red to near‐infrared (NIR) OLEDs, which yield emission peak wavelengths beyond λ=660 nm, are applicable as unique light sources in plant growth or health monitoring systems. Compared with other visible‐spectrum OLEDs, however, research in the field of deep‐red OLEDs is not as advanced. In this work, three new types of dibenzofuran‐based host materials are developed as n‐type exciplex host partners. Combining these with the deep‐red iridium complex bis(2,3‐diphenylquinoxaline)iridium(dipivaloylmethane) ([(DPQ)2Ir(dpm)]) and N,N′‐di(naphalene‐1‐yl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine (α‐NPD) as a p‐type exciplex host partner, a highly efficient deep‐red OLED can be realized with a maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext,max) of over 16 % with Comission Internationale de l′Éclairge (CIE) coordinates of (0.71, 0.28). In addition, the effect of the doping concentration and the p/n ratio of the exciplex host on the efficiency and the lifetime of the OLEDs are investigated. Consequently, the optimized device exhibits a ηext,max of over 15 % and a six‐time longer lifetime operating at high brightness of 100 cd m−2 compared with other state‐of‐the‐art deep‐red OLEDs.
Not Your Usual Bioisostere: Solid State Study of 3D Interactions in Cubanes
Authors: Flanagan Keith J. , Bernhard Stefan S. R. , Plunkett Shane , Senge Mathias O.
Published: February 2019

Previous studies by Desiraju and co‐workers have implicated the acidic hydrogen atoms of cubane as a support network for hydrogen bonding groups. Herein we report a detailed structural analysis of all currently available 1,4‐disubstituted cubane structures with an emphasis on how the cubane scaffold interacts in its solid‐state environment. In this regard, the interactions between the cubane hydrogen atoms and acids, ester, halogens, ethynyl, nitrogenous groups, and other cubane scaffolds were cataloged. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of cubane as a substitute for phenyl. This could be achieved by analyzing all contacts that are directed by the cubane hydrogen atoms in the X‐ray crystal structures. As a result, we have established several new cubane interaction profiles, such as the catemer formation seen in esters, the preferences of halogen–hydrogen contacts over direct halogen bonding, and the stabilizing effects caused by the cubane hydrogen atoms interacting with ethynyl groups. These interaction profiles can then be used as a guide for designing cubane bioisosteres of known materials and drugs containing phenyl moieties.
Ice/Salt‐Assisted Synthesis of Ultrathin Two‐Dimensional Micro/Mesoporous Iron and Nitrogen Co‐Doped Carbon as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Li Hanyu , Zhang Zhengping , Iyoda Tomokazu , Dou Meiling , Wang Feng
Published: February 2019

An ice/salt‐assisted strategy has been developed to achieve the green and efficient synthesis of ultrathin two‐dimensional (2D) micro/mesoporous carbon nanosheets (CNS) with the dominant active moieties of Fe−N4 (Fe‐N‐CNS) as high‐performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The strategy involves freeze‐drying a mixture of iron porphyrin and KCl salt using ice as template followed by a confined pyrolysis with KCl as an independent sealed nanoreactor to facilitate the formation of 2D carbon nanosheets, N incorporation, and porosity creation. The well‐defined assembly of ultrathin 2D carbon nanosheets ensures high utilization of D1 and D3 Fe−N4 active sites, and effectively promotes the mass transport of ORR reactants by virtue of the pronounced mesoporous structure. The resulting Fe‐N‐CNS electrocatalyst was shown to exhibit superior ORR activity, better electrochemical durability, and methanol tolerance towards ORR in alkaline electrolyte relative to the commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst.
Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase: Scaffold Diversity and Structure‐Based Drug Design
Authors: Luna Giuseppe , Dolzhenko Anton V. , Mancera Ricardo L.
Published: February 2019

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of purines and their conversion into uric acid. XO is thus the target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. For more than 50 years the only XO inhibitor drug available on the market was the purine analogue allopurinol. In the last decade there has been a resurgence in the search for new inhibitors of XO, as the activity of XO and hyperuricemia have also been associated with a variety of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. In recent years the non‐purine inhibitor febuxostat was approved in Europe and the USA for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This drug was followed by another XO inhibitor called topiroxostat. This review discusses the molecular structures and activities of the multiple classes of inhibitors that have been developed since the discovery of allopurinol, with a brief review of the molecular interactions between inhibitors and XO active site residues for the most important molecules. The challenges ahead for the discovery of new inhibitors of XO with novel chemical structures are discussed.
An Additivity Scheme for Aromaticity: The Heteroatom Case
Authors: Finkelstein Patrick , Gershoni‐Poranne Renana
Published: February 2019

The nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS)‐XY‐Scan is a simple and easy tool for the quantitative measurement of the aromaticity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and identification of the existence of local and global ring currents. We recently introduced an additivity scheme that uses the NICS‐XY‐Scans of smaller building blocks to predict the aromatic profiles of larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon systems. We now report on an expansion of the methodology to include systems of varying aromatic natures containing the heteroatoms B, N, O, and S. The additivity approach allows for rapid and resource‐efficient generation of NICS‐XY‐Scans of large, complex systems. Moreover, it reveals that the magnetic criterion of aromaticity behaves in an additive manner, and that the ring currents of multi‐ring systems appear to be mostly localized within subunits of up to three rings.
Anchoring CoII Ions into a Thiol‐Laced Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Conversion of CO2 into CO
Authors: Liu Dong‐Cheng , Ouyang Ting , Xiao Ran , Liu Wen‐Ju , Zhong Di‐Chang , Xu Zhengtao , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: February 2019

Using solar energy to convert CO2 into valuable fuels or chemicals offers a powerful solution to urgent energy and environmental problems. However, the development of efficient and selective catalysts remains a considerable scientific challenge. To address this, catalytically active CoII centers can be anchored into the porous matrix of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by utilizing a robust Zr‐based MOF (Zr‐DMBD) functionalized with freestanding thiol groups to enable efficient post‐synthetic metal insertion. The thus‐prepared Zr‐DMBD−Co MOF solids are modified by well‐defined Co–thiolate units and have the capability of photocatalytically converting CO2 into CO with high efficiency and selectivity under visible‐light irradiation in a water‐containing system. The turnover number and CO selectivity reach as high as 97 941 and 98 %, respectively.
Observation of the dynamics of the dust structure in a dust trap in a double electric layer in a magnetic field up to 10,000 G
Authors: Pavlov S.I. , Dzlieva E.S. , D'yachkov L.G. , Novikov L.A. , Ermolenko M.A. , Ivanov A.Yu. , Karasev V.Yu.
Published: February 2019

In this work, we, for the first time, present the experimental study of complex plasmas in glow discharge in the narrow region of the current channel under magnetic fields up to 104 G. We obtain the conditions for the existence and stability of structures under the whole range of the magnetic field. We could detect a record‐breaking rotation velocity of the dusty structure, reaching 15 rad/s. Measurements of the angular velocity behaviour under varied magnetic fields were performed. In order to characterize the geometry of the dusty structure as a function of the magnetic induction, the size and shape of the sections normal to the discharge axis were measured. The inter‐particle distance as another informative characteristic was fixed for structures under a whole range of the applied magnetic field. Based on the results of the mentioned observations, we propose a qualitative interpretation of the rotation variation with the magnetic field. This interpretation includes the model of mechanisms driving the rotation of the dusty structure.
Why can't we make research grant allocation systems more consistent? A personal opinion
Authors: Cousens Roger
Published: February 2019

Uncertainty is expected to enter into our grant allocation processes at many points, not limited to those directly involving assessment by peers. The selection of grants for funding is thus prodigiously low in statistical power and will remain so. The replacement of current systems with some form of lottery, as has been proposed, seriously risks weakening the quality of applications. Opportunities exist for agencies to encourage and reward greater clarity and innovation in research outcomes.
On the design of deterministic dielectrophoresis for continuous separation of circulating tumor cells from peripheral blood cells
Authors: Aghaamoo Mohammad , Aghilinejad Arian , Chen Xiaolin , Xu Jie
Published: February 2019

Detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as a promising way to diagnose cancer, study its cellular mechanism, and test or develop potential treatments. However, the rarity of CTCs among peripheral blood cells is a big challenge toward CTC detection. In addition, in cases where there is similar size range between certain types of CTCs (e.g. breast cancer cells) and white blood cells (WBCs), high‐resolution techniques are needed. In the present work, we propose a deterministic dielectrophoresis (DEP) method that combines the concept of deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) and insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) techniques that rely on physical markers such as size and dielectric properties to differentiate different type of cells. The proposed deterministic DEP technology takes advantage of frequency‐controlled AC electric field for continuous separation of CTCs from peripheral blood cells. Utilizing numerical modeling, different aspects of coupled DLD‐DEP design such as the required applied voltages, velocities, and geometrical parameters of DLD arrays of microposts are investigated. Regarding the inevitable difference and uncertainty ranges for the reported crossover frequencies of cells, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on applied electric field frequency as design's determinant factor. Deterministic DEP design provides continuous sorting of CTCs from WBCs even with similar size and has the future potential for high throughput and efficiency.
Starches of two water yam (Dioscorea alata) varieties used as congeals in yogurt production
Authors: Tortoe Charles , Akonor Paa T. , Ofori Jemima
Published: February 2019

The physicochemical properties of water yam (Dioscorea alata var. Akaba and Matches) starches were determined prior to their use as congeals for yogurt production. The moisture content ranged from 9.34% to 15.8% for A100 (100% Akaba) and M100 (100% Matches), respectively, indicating lower moisture content in the Akaba variety compared to Matches variety. Similar trend was observed for their water activity. The pH ranged from 5.88 to 6.93 indicating low acidity of the water yam starches. The water absorption capacity (WAC) ranged from 4.10 to 4.89 g/g, seemingly restricted reflecting protein–moisture interaction of the starches. Although the swelling power did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) ranging from 10% to 14%, they were quite restrictive as the WAC. The L* values of the starches were predominantly lightness in color, highest for A100 sample. The pasting temperatures of Akaba (A100), Matches (M100), and A50:M50 were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Peak viscosity of the water yam starches was in a range of 509–528 BU. The highest attributes were for taste (6.4), mouthfeel (5.4), flavor (5.4) sourness (4.6) and consistency (5.9), which were obtained from 1.5 % Matches, 0.5 % Akaba + 0.5 % Matches, 1.0 % Akaba + 1.0 % Matches samples. The overall acceptability (5.8) was higher than the control yogurt (4.7), indicating sample 0.5% Akaba + 0.5% Matches as the best‐bet yogurt.