bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased GABAA receptors and benzodiazepine binding sites in the anterior cingulate cortex in autism
Authors: Oblak A. , Gibbs T.T. , Blatt G.J.
Published: July 2009

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; BA 24) via its extensive limbic and high order association cortical connectivity to prefrontal cortex is a key part of an important circuitry participating in executive function, affect, and socio‐emotional behavior. Multiple lines of evidence, including genetic and imaging studies, suggest that the ACC and gamma‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA) system may be affected in autism. The benzodiazepine binding site on the GABAA receptor complex is an important target for pharmacotherapy and has important clinical implications. The present multiple‐concentration ligand‐binding study utilized 3H‐muscimol and 3H‐flunitrazepam to determine the number (Bmax), binding affinity (Kd), and distribution of GABAA receptors and benzodiazepine binding sites, respectively, in the ACC in adult autistic and control cases. Compared to controls, the autistic group had significant decreases in the mean density of GABAA receptors in the supragranular (46.8%) and infragranular (20.2%) layers of the ACC and in the density of benzodiazepine binding sites in the supragranular (28.9%) and infragranular (16.4%) lamina. In addition, a trend for a decrease in for the density of benzodiazepine sites was found in the infragranular layers (17.1%) in the autism group. These findings suggest that in the autistic group this downregulation of both benzodiazepine sites and GABAA receptors in the ACC may be the result of increased GABA innervation and/or release disturbing the delicate excitation/inhibition balance of principal neurons as well as their output to key limbic cortical targets. Such disturbances likely underlie the core alterations in socio‐emotional behaviors in autism.
Order‐restricted Scores Test for the Evaluation of Population‐based Case–control Studies when the Genetic Model is Unknown
Authors: Hothorn Ludwig A. , Hothorn Torsten
Published: July 2009

The Cochran–Armitage (CA) linear trend test for proportions is often used for genotype‐based analysis of candidate gene association. Depending on the underlying genetic mode of inheritance, the use of model‐specific scores maximises the power. Commonly, the underlying genetic model, i.e. additive, dominant or recessive mode of inheritance, is a priori unknown. Association studies are commonly analysed using permutation tests, where both inference and identification of the underlying mode of inheritance are important. Especially interesting are tests for case–control studies, defined by a maximum over a series of standardised CA tests, because such a procedure has power under all three genetic models. We reformulate the test problem and propose a conditional maximum test of scores‐specific linear‐by‐linear association tests. For maximum‐type, sum and quadratic test statistics the asymptotic expectation and covariance can be derived in a closed form and the limiting distribution is known. Both the limiting distribution and approximations of the exact conditional distribution can easily be computed using standard software packages. In addition to these technical advances, we extend the area of application to stratified designs, studies involving more than two groups and the simultaneous analysis of multiple loci by means of multiplicity‐adjusted p‐values for the underlying multiple CA trend tests. The new test is applied to reanalyse a study investigating genetic components of different subtypes of psoriasis. A new and flexible inference tool for association studies is available both theoretically as well as practically since already available software packages can be easily used to implement the suggested test procedures.
Rounding Strategies for Multiply Imputed Binary Data
Authors: Demirtas Hakan
Published: July 2009

Multiple imputation (MI) has emerged in the last two decades as a frequently used approach in dealing with incomplete data. Gaussian and log‐linear imputation models are fairly straightforward to implement for continuous and discrete data, respectively. However, in missing data settings that include a mix of continuous and discrete variables, the lack of flexible models for the joint distribution of different types of variables can make the specification of the imputation model a daunting task. The widespread availability of software packages that are capable of carrying out MI under the assumption of joint multivariate normality allows applied researchers to address this complication pragmatically by treating the discrete variables as continuous for imputation purposes and subsequently rounding the imputed values to the nearest observed category. In this article, we compare several rounding rules for binary variables based on simulated longitudinal data sets that have been used to illustrate other missing‐data techniques. Using a combination of conditional and marginal data generation mechanisms and imputation models, we study the statistical properties of multiple‐imputation‐based estimates for various population quantities under different rounding rules from bias and coverage standpoints. We conclude that a good rule should be driven by borrowing information from other variables in the system rather than relying on the marginal characteristics and should be relatively insensitive to imputation model specifications that may potentially be incompatible with the observed data. We also urge researchers to consider the applied context and specific nature of the problem, to avoid uncritical and possibly inappropriate use of rounding in imputation models.
Charge‐Transfer State and Large First Hyperpolarizability Constant in a Highly Electronically Coupled Zinc and Gold Porphyrin Dyad
Authors: Fortage Jérôme , Scarpaci Annabelle , Viau Lydie , Pellegrin Yann , Blart Errol , Falkenström Magnus , Hammarström Leif , Asselberghs Inge , Kellens Ruben , Libaers Wim , Clays Koen , Eng Mattias P. , Odobel Fabrice
Published: July 2009

We report the synthesis and the characterizations of a novel dyad composed of a zinc porphyrin (ZnP) linked to a gold porphyrin (AuP) through an ethynyl spacer. The UV/Vis absorption spectrum and the electrochemical properties clearly reveal that this dyad exhibits a strong electronic coupling in the ground state as evidenced by shifted redox potentials and the appearance of an intense charge‐transfer band localized at λ=739 nm in dichloromethane. A spectroelectrochemical study of the dyad along with the parent homometallic system (i.e., ZnP–ZnP and AuP–AuP) was undertaken to determine the spectra of the reduced and oxidized porphyrin units. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic analysis showed that the photoexcitation of the heterometallic dyad leads to an ultrafast formation of a charge‐separated state (+ZnP–AuP.) that displays a particularly long lifetime (τ=4 ns in toluene) for such a short separation distance. The molecular orbitals of the dyad were determined by DFT quantum‐chemical calculations. This theoretical study confirms that the observed intense band at λ=739 nm corresponds to an interporphyrin charge‐transfer transition from the HOMO orbital localized on the zinc porphyrin to LUMO orbitals localized on the gold porphyrin. Finally, a Hyper–Rayleigh scattering study shows that the dyad possesses a large first molecular hyperpolarizability coefficient (β=2100×10−30 esu at λ=1064 nm), thus highlighting the valuable nonlinear optical properties of this new type of push–pull porphyrin system.
A High‐Barrier Molecular Balance for Studying Face‐to‐Face Arene–Arene Interactions in the Solid State and in Solution
Authors: Chong Yong S. , Carroll William R. , Burns William G. , Smith Mark D. , Shimizu Ken D.
Published: July 2009

An atropisomeric molecular balance was developed to study face‐to‐face arene–arene interactions. The balance has a large central 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene diimide surface that forms intramolecular arene–arene interactions with two pendent arms. The balance adopts distinct syn and anti isomers with varying numbers of intramolecular interactions. Thus, the strength of the arene–arene interaction could be quantitatively measured by NMR spectroscopy from the anti/syn ratios. The size of the arene arms was easily varied, which allowed examination of the relationship between arene size and strength of the interaction. A nonlinear size dependence was observed in solution with larger arene arms having a disproportionately stronger arene–arene interaction. The intramolecular arene–arene interactions were also characterized in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography. These studies were facilitated by the kinetic stability of the syn and anti isomers at room temperature due to the high isomerization barrier (ΔG=27.0 kcal mol−1). Thus, the anti isomer could be selectively isolated and crystallized in its folded conformation. The X‐ray structures confirmed that the anti isomers formed two strong intramolecular arene–arene interactions with face‐to‐face geometries. The solid‐state structure analysis also reveals that the rigid framework may contribute to the observed nonlinear size trend. The acetate linker is slightly too long, which selectively destabilizes the balances with smaller arene arms. The larger arene arms are able to compensate for the longer linker and form effective intramolecular arene–arene interactions.
Rotational Spectrum of the Mixed van der Waals Triad Pyridine–Ar–Ne
Authors: Melandri Sonia , Giuliano Barbara M. , Maris Assimo , Evangelisti Luca , Velino Biagio , Caminati Walther
Published: July 2009

We report the Fourier transform microwave spectra of four isotopologues of the hetero triad pyridine–Ar–Ne, formed by the combination of two isotopes of the nitrogen atom (14N and 15N) in pyridine with two isotopes of the rare gas (RG) atoms (20Ne and 22Ne), by using pulsed jet spectroscopy. We detected the conformer denoted [1,1], with the Ne and Ar atoms located one on each side of the ring plane. The [2,0] species, with the two RG atoms on the same side of the ring, was not observed. Ab initio MP2/6‐311++G** calculations suggest the rotational spectrum of this species to be complicated by the presence of several almost equivalent minima, separated by very low barriers. Four structural van der Waals parameters, RAr, RNe, θAr and θNe, which localize the RG atoms with respect to pyridine, are determined. The 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are obtained for the isotopologues containing this nucleus.
Regioselective Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrophosphinylation of Alkynes: Synthesis of Enantiopure α‐ or β‐Substituted Vinylphosphane Oxides
Authors: Duraud Amélie , Toffano Martial , Fiaud Jean‐Claude
Published: July 2009

Palladium was found to catalyze regioselective Markovnikov addition of chiral enantiopure 1r‐oxo‐2c,5t‐diphenylphospholane (1) to terminal alkynes, whereas rhodium catalysis offers selectively the (E)‐anti‐Markovnikov adduct. This strategy offers rapid access to chiral and enantiopure α‐ or β‐substituted‐1‐alkenylphospholanes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Preparation and evaluation of a sulfoalkylbetaine‐based zwitterionic monolithic column for CEC of polar analytes
Authors: Wang Xiaochun , Lin Xucong , Xie Zenghong
Published: July 2009

A novel polymethacrylate‐based monolithic column with covalently bonded zwitterionic functional groups was prepared by in situ copolymerization of N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐methacryloxyethyl N‐(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (SPE), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), and vinylsulfonic acid (VS) in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of cyclohexanol and ethylene glycol. This monolith was developed as a separation column for CEC. While SPE functioned as both an electrostatic interaction stationary phase and the polar ligand provider, VS was employed to generate EOF. PETA, which has much more hydrophilicity due to a hydroxyl sub‐layer, was used to replace ethylene dimethacrylate as a cross‐linker. The monolith provided an adequate EOF when VS level was maintained at 0.6% w/w. Different monolithic stationary phases were easily prepared by adjusting the ratio of PETA/SPE in the polymerization solution as well as the composition of the porogenic solvent. The observed RSD were ≤3.6, ≤4.3 and ≤5.6% for the EOF velocity, retention time, and column efficiency, respectively. The column efficiencies greater than 145 000 theoretical plates/m for thiourea and 132 000 theoretical plates/m for charged cytidine were obtained. The poly(SPE‐co‐PETA‐co‐VS) monolith showed good selectivity for neutral and charged polar analytes. It was found that the separation mechanism of charged polar solutes was attributed to a mixed mode of hydrophilic interaction and electrostatic interaction, as well as electrophoresis. No peak tailing was observed for the separation of basic compounds, such as basic nucleic acid bases and nucleoside on the monolith.
About the role of enantioselective selector–selectand interactions and the mobilities of diastereomeric associates in enantiomer separations using CE
Authors: Lomsadze Ketevan , Martínez‐Girón Ana B. , Castro‐Puyana María , Chankvetadze Lali , Crego Antonio L. , Salgado Antonio , Marina María Luisa , Chankvetadze Bezhan
Published: July 2009

It is generally accepted that the selective binding of enantiomers of the chiral analyte to a chiral selector is necessary for enantioseparations in CE, whereas the role of mobility differences between the temporary diastereomeric associates formed between the enantiomers and the chiral selector has been commonly neglected. One of the authors of this study suggested in 1997 that the mobility difference between the diastereomeric associates of two enantiomers with the chiral selector may be solely responsible for a separation of enantiomers in CE and enantioselective selector–selectand binding may be not necessarily required. Several indirect confirmations of this hypothesis have been described in the literature within the last few years but a dedicated study proving this concept has not been published yet. The present data obtained for the two chiral antimycotic drugs ketoconazole and terconazole by CE and NMR spectroscopy unequivocally support this concept.
Simultaneous separation of epinephrine and norepinephrine enantiomers by EKC: Application to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Castro‐Puyana María , Drewnowska Renata , Pérez‐Fernández Virginia , Ángeles García María , Crego Antonio L. , Marina María Luisa
Published: July 2009

A new analytical methodology using EKC with a CD as chiral selector was developed enabling the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of two chiral neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine). Different experimental conditions (type and concentration of the chiral selector, nature and concentration of buffer and separation voltage) were optimized. The use of 10 mM carboxyethyl‐β‐CD in 100 mM Tris‐phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) with an applied voltage of 30 kV and a temperature of 15°C allowed the separation of epinephrine and norepinephrine enantiomers with high chiral resolution (Rs>2.5). Moreover, after evaluating the analytical characteristics of the method, it was applied to the quantitation and purity testing of L‐epinephrine as active pharmaceutical ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations where D‐epinephrine and L/D‐norepinephrine can be present as impurities.
Analysis of genetic variation in Globocephaloides populations from macropodid marsupials using a mutation scanning‐based approach
Authors: Fazenda Inês P. , Beveridge Ian , Chilton Neil B. , Jex Aaron R. , Pangasa Aradhana , Campbell Bronwyn E. , Huby‐Chilton Florence , Carvalho Luís M. , Gasser Robin B.
Published: July 2009

Three species of Globocephaloides, parasitic nematodes occurring in macropodid marsupials in different areas of Australia, were characterized by the sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS‐1 and ITS‐2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Samples were subjected to PCR‐coupled SSCP analysis and targeted sequencing, in order to assess genetic variation within and among individuals from different host species. Both SSCP and sequence data supported the current classification of morphospecies. Contrary to a previous hypothesis that cryptic species exist within the Globocephaloides trifidospicularis “complex”, no or minor (0.2%) variation was detected among individuals from different hosts or geographical origins. Within G. macropodis populations, there was a consistent difference in both the ITS‐1 (5.2%) and ITS‐2 (7.1%) sequences between individuals derived from Macropus agilis and those from Macropus dorsalis. Although the results suggested that G. macropodis from each host species represented sibling species, future morphological study of individuals representing each G. macropodis genotype is warranted to provide further support for this hypothesis. (Nucleotide sequence data have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession nos. GQ131400‐GQ131409.)
On the statistical description of the AoA of the uplink interfering signals in a cellular communication system
Authors: Baltzis Konstantinos B. , Sahalos John N.
Published: July 2009

A common assumption in the analysis and modelling of co‐channel interference (CCI) is the circular shape of the cells. However, despite its simplicity, this approach has certain drawbacks. In this paper, we propose an alternative approximate method which considers hexagonal‐shaped cells. We develop a geometrical‐based stochastic model and derive analytical expressions for the statistics of the angle‐of‐arrival of the uplink interfering signals in a cellular system. Simulations performed exhibit the characteristics of our proposal and evaluate both hexagonal and circular approximations. The impact of various parameters on the performance of a cellular system is also investigated. The derived expressions simplify the analysis of wireless networks and improve the accuracy of the simulations when hexagonal cells are employed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoreline tracking and implicit source terms for a well balanced inundation model
Authors: Franchello Giovanni
Published: July 2009

The HyFlux2 model has been developed to simulate severe inundation scenario due to dam break, flash flood and tsunami‐wave run‐up. The model solves the conservative form of the two‐dimensional shallow water equations using the finite volume method. The interface flux is computed by a Flux Vector Splitting method for shallow water equations based on a Godunov‐type approach. A second‐order scheme is applied to the water surface level and velocity, providing results with high accuracy and assuring the balance between fluxes and sources also for complex bathymetry and topography. Physical models are included to deal with bottom steps and shorelines. The second‐order scheme together with the shoreline‐tracking method and the implicit source term treatment makes the model well balanced in respect to mass and momentum conservation laws, providing reliable and robust results.

The developed model is validated in this paper with a 2D numerical test case and with the Okushiri tsunami run up problem. It is shown that the HyFlux2 model is able to model inundation problems, with a satisfactory prediction of the major flow characteristics such as water depth, water velocity, flood extent, and flood‐wave arrival time. The results provided by the model are of great importance for the risk assessment and management. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The economic significance of conditional skewness in index option markets
Authors: Jha Ranjini , Kalimipalli Madhu
Published: July 2009

This study examines whether conditional skewness forecasts of the underlying asset returns can be used to trade profitably in the index options market. The results indicate that a more general skewness‐based option‐pricing model can generate better trading performance for strip and strap trades. The results show that conditional skewness model forecasts, when combined with forward‐looking option implied volatilities, can significantly improve the performance of skewness‐based trades but trading costs considerably weaken the profitability of index option strategies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:378–406, 2010
Examination of long‐term bond iShare option selling strategies
Authors: Simon David P.
Published: July 2009

This article examines volatility trades in Lehman Brothers 20+ Year US Treasury Index iShare (TLT) options from July 2003 through May 2007. Unconditionally selling front contract strangles and straddles and holding for one month is highly profitable after transactions costs. Short‐term option selling strategies are enhanced when implied volatility is high relative to time series volatility forecasts. Risk management strategies such as stop loss orders detract from profitability, while take profit orders have only modest favorable effects on profitability. Overall, the results demonstrate that TLT option selling strategies offered attractive risk‐return tradeoffs over the sample period. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:465–489, 2010
General equilibrium and preference free model for pricing options under transformed gamma distribution
Authors: Vitiello Luiz , Poon Ser‐Huang
Published: July 2009

The gamma class of distributions encompasses several important distributions, either as special or limiting cases or through simple transformations. Here we derived closed form and preference free European option pricing formulae for various (transformed) gamma distributions under the general equilibrium RNVR framework. The gamma class of distributions is used historically in hydrology for modelling natural events. Our models can be used to price derivatives associated with these natural phenomena, which will help to encourage greater risk sharing through financial securitization. Our pricing formulae are theoretically sound even if the underlyings and the derivative instruments are not (frequently) traded. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:409–431, 2010
Overexpression of GAP‐43 reveals unexpected properties of hippocampal mossy fibers
Authors: Rekart Jerome L. , Routtenberg Aryeh
Published: July 2009

The mossy fiber (MF) system targets the apical dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells in the stratum lucidum (SL). In mice overexpressing the growth‐associated protein GAP‐43 there is an apparent ectopic growth of these MFs into the stratum oriens (SO) targeting the basal dendrites of these same pyramidal cells (Aigner et al. (1995) Cell 83:269–278). This is the first evidence to our knowledge that links increased GAP‐43 expression with growth of central axons. Here we studied the Aigner et al. transgenic mice but were unable to confirm such growth into SO. However, using quantitative methods we did observe enhanced growth within the regions normally targeted by MFs, for example, the SL in the CA3a region. These contrasting results led us to study MFs with double‐immunostaining using an immunohistochemical marker for MFs, the zinc transporter, ZnT3, to visualize the colocalization of transgenic GAP‐43 within MFs. Unexpectedly, using both fluorescence and confocal microscopy, we were unable to detect colocalization of GAP‐43‐positive axons with ZnT3‐positive MF axons within the MF pathways, either in the region of the MF axons or in the SL, where MF terminals are abundant. In contrast, the plasma membrane‐associated presynaptic marker SNAP‐25 did colocalize with transgenic GAP‐43‐positive terminals in the SL. Synaptophysin, the vesicle‐associated presynaptic terminal marker, colocalized with ZnT3 but did not appear to colocalize with GAP‐43. The present findings raise important questions about the properties of granule cells and the MF mechanisms that differentially regulate axonal remodeling in the adult hippocampus: (1) Because there appears to be at least two populations of granule cells defined by their differential protein expression, this points to the existence of an intrinsic heterogeneity of granule cell expression beyond that contributed by adult neurogenesis; (2) Giventhe present evidence that growth is induced in mice overexpressing GAP‐43 in adjacent non‐GAP‐43 containing MFs, the potential exists for a heretofore unexplored interaxonal communication mechanism. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CA3 NMDA receptors are required for the rapid formation of a salient contextual representation
Authors: McHugh Thomas J. , Tonegawa Susumu
Published: July 2009

The acquisition of Pavlovian fear learning engages the hippocampus when the conditioned stimuli are multimodal or temporally isolated from the unconditioned stimuli. By subjecting CA3‐NR1 KO mice to conditioning protocols that incorporate time‐dependent components, we found that the loss of plasticity at recurrent CA3 synapses resulted in a deficits in contextual conditioning specifically when the exposure to the context was brief or when the unconditioned stimulus was signaled with a competing, predictive unimodal stimulus. Our results suggest CA3 contributes both speed and salience to contextual processing and support the theory of competition between multimodal and unimodal conditioned stimuli for associative learning. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remission induction, consolidation and novel agents in development for adults with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Hamadani Mehdi , Awan Farrukh T.
Published: July 2009

Chemotherapy regimens used for remission induction in AML have not changed significantly over the last several decades. However the recognition of the prognostic value of cytogenetics and genomics has been a major advance which is helping clarify the most optimal post‐remission consolidation strategy among various risk groups. We are not only beginning to realize the pitfalls of a ‘one‐fits‐all’ approach with intensive, cytarabine‐based chemotherapy as the mainstay, but we are finally beginning to reap the rewards of decades of basic, translational, and clinical research. Developing individualized, ‘targeted’ therapy for each AML patient based on unique molecular features of disease remains a daunting goal yet one that we can now begin to envision. Hypothesis‐based study designs—from pre‐clinical/laboratory experiments to phase‐I and subsequent efficacy trials—provide the foundation for advances in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment for patients with AML. Here we critically review the literature for the management of AML, try to give recommendations regarding the appropriate induction and remission strategy, clarify the role of stem cell transplantation and discuss novel agents on the horizon. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tubulin targets in the pathobiology and therapy of glioblastoma multiforme. II. γ‐tubulin
Authors: Katsetos Christos D. , Dráberová Eduarda , Legido Agustin , Dráber Pavel
Published: July 2009

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest form of primary brain cancer in adults. Despite advances in molecular biology and genetics of cancer there is no currently available treatment for these tumors. Aberrant patterns of γ‐tubulin expression and compartmentalization in GBM have been reported lending credence to the assertion that these changes might underlie perturbations in microtubule nucleation and mitosis associated with glioma tumorigenesis and tumor progression. This minireview focuses on the role of γ‐tubulin in the pathobiology of GBM in the light of emerging concepts concerning the function of γ‐tubulin and its potential role in tumorigenesis putting forward the concept that γ‐tubulin might serve as a novel marker of anaplastic change in gliomas. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 514–520, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p8/nupr1 regulates DNA‐repair activity after double‐strand gamma irradiation‐induced DNA damage
Authors: Gironella Meritxell , Malicet Cedric , Cano Carla , Sandi Maria José , Hamidi Tewfik , Tauil Ricardo Martin Neme , Baston Mariela , Valaco Pia , Moreno Silvia , Lopez Frederic , Neira Jose Luis , Dagorn Jean Charles , Iovanna Juan Lucio
Published: July 2009

The stress protein p8 is a small, highly basic, unfolded, and multifunctional protein. We have previously shown that most of its functions are exerted through interactions with other proteins, whose activities are thereby enhanced or repressed. In this work we describe another example of such mechanism, by which p8 binds and negatively regulates MSL1, a histone acetyl transferase (HAT)‐associated protein, which in turn binds the DNA‐damage‐associated 53BP1 protein to facilitate DNA repair following DNA γ‐irradiation. Contrary to the HAT‐associated activity, MSL1‐dependent DNA‐repair activity is almost completely dependent on 53BP1 expression. The picture that has emerged from our findings is that 53BP1 could be a scaffold that gets the HAT MSL1‐dependent DNA‐repair activity to the sites of DNA damage. Finally, we also found that, although p8 expression is transiently activated after γ‐irradiation, it is eventually submitted to sustained down‐regulation, presumably to allow development of MSL1‐associated DNA‐repair activity. We conclude that interaction of MSL1 with 53BP1 brings MSL1‐dependent HAT activity to the vicinity of damaged DNA. MSL1‐dependent HAT activity, which is negatively regulated by the stress protein p8, induces chromatin remodeling and relaxation allowing access to DNA of the repair machinery. J. Cell. Physiol. 221: 594–602, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analytical study of polychromy on exterior sculpted stone
Authors: Campos‐Suñol M. J. , De la Torre‐Lopez M. J. , Ayora‐Cañada M. J. , Dominguez‐Vidal A.
Published: July 2009

A complete study on the remnants of the polychromy in the main entrance portal of Saint Paul's church (16th century, Úbeda, Spain) has been carried out using Raman microspectroscopy in combination with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX). The polychromy in red areas showed the superposition of two well‐defined pictorial layers. The first one (probably original) was composed of cinnabar, red lead and hematite over a preparation coating containing calcite, gypsum and lead white. The second red pictorial layer was mainly constituted by cinnabar and was over a thicker preparation coating. Green samples showed a single pictorial layer over the weathered stone. The high fluorescence background made the examination of the latter samples extremely difficult by means of Raman microspectroscopy. SEM‐EDX detected abundance of copper and chlorine, and a detailed inspection of Raman spectra revealed the presence of a copper hydroxychloride, analogous to the naturally occurring mineral atacamite. Azurite remnants of the original polychromy were only found in the cracks of mortar joints. Alteration products like calcium and copper oxalates were also widely distributed in this layer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy analysis of 16th century Portuguese Ferreirim Masters oil paintings
Authors: Benquerença Maria‐João , Mendes N. F. C. , Castellucci E. , Gaspar Vítor M. F. , Gil Francisco P. S. C.
Published: July 2009

In the present work a set of eight altarpieces of the 16th century (1532–1534), attributed to the Ferreirim Masters (Gregório Lopes, Garcia Fernandes and Cristóvão de Figueiredo), from the Santo António de Ferreirim Monastery (North of Portugal), were analysed by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. For this purpose some samples were taken from the paintings to characterise its artist's ‘school’. It was found that the preparation was made with chalk and gypsum and the palette composed mainly of lamp black, azurite, lead white (mixed with other pigments), lead–tin yellow type I, goethite (the main constituent of yellow ochre), red lead (as under painting), haematite (the main constituent of red ochre) and vermilion. Indigo was detected in one sample. Some derivatives and degradation products were found mainly in the panels subjected to high temperatures during a fire occurred in 1954: a degradation product from massicot or red lead, lead carbonate (dehydrated derivative of lead white), bassanite and anhydrite (hemi‐ and dehydrated forms of gypsum). These results are compared with those of previous total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted caricatures
Authors: Pappas Dennis G.
Published: July 2009

The original Vanity Fair was an English weekly magazine from 1868 to 1914. It offered its readers articles on fashion, current events, reviews of the theater, new books, reports on social events (and the latest scandals), and other trivia.

Today, the old Vanity Fair is best known for its glorious caricature prints. Over 2,000 of these caricatures were printed, varying on at least 67 subjects. One category, doctors and scientists, presents four otolaryngologists. These four well known personalities will be presented with their satirical biographies, along with a brief historical account for each of their life after Vanity Fair. Laryngoscope, 2009
Cigarette smoke and reactive oxygen species metabolism: Implications for the pathophysiology of Reinke's edema
Authors: Branski Ryan C. , Saltman Benjamin , Sulica Lucian , Szeto Hazel , Duflo Suzy , Felsen Diane , Kraus Dennis H.
Published: July 2009

Objective/Hypothesis:

Oxidative damage mediates the lower airway response to cigarette smoke (CS). In the vocal folds, the tissue phenotype is both distinct and largely uncharacterized. We sought to investigate the effects of CS on the oxidative status and fibroblast phenotype in the vocal folds. Specifically, we hypothesized that CS would induce a hypermetabolic fibroblast phenotype and altered oxidative metabolism potentially providing insight into the relationship among CS, Reinke's edema (RE), and malignancy.

Study Design:

In vivo/in vitro.

Methods:

Heme oxygenase (HO)‐1 gene expression was examined in human tissue. In vitro, the effects of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on HO‐1 gene expression and secretion was assayed. In addition, CS‐mediated intracellular reactive oxygen species synthesis was quantified, and compared to the response in pulmonary fibroblasts (HFL). We then examined the effects of CSC on migration and proliferation in human vocal fold fibroblasts (HVOX).

Results:

HO‐1 expression was ∼4‐fold higher in RE samples versus vocal fold polyps. CSC induced HO‐1 gene expression and secretion in a time‐ and dose‐dependent fashion in vitro. CSC also increased intracellular ROS in both HVOX and HFL. CSC decreased HVOX proliferation and migration in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions:

These data suggest that the fibroblast phenotype is influenced by smoke. Our data suggest that the antioxidant response in the vocal fold tissue may be one mechanism of chemoprotection, a putative explanation for the observation that RE rarely transforms to malignancy. In addition, CSC does not appear to induce a hypermetabolic fibroblast phenotype as expected. Laryngoscope, 2009
Optimal permutation routing for low‐dimensional hypercubes
Authors: Laing Ambrose K. , Krumme David W.
Published: July 2009

We consider the offline problem of routing a permutation of tokens on the nodes of ad‐dimensional hypercube, under a queueless MIMD communication model (in which we have the constraints that each hypercube edge may only communicate one token per communication step, and each node may only be occupied by a single token between communication steps). For ad‐dimensional hypercube, it is easy to see thatdcommunication steps are necessary. We develop a theory of “separability” which enables an analytical proof thatdsteps suffice for the cased= 3, and facilitates an experimental verification thatdsteps suffice ford= 4. This result improves the upper bound for the number of communication steps required to route an arbitrary permutation on arbitrarily larged‐dimensional hypercubes to 2d‐ 4. We also find an interesting side‐result, that the number of possible communication steps in ad‐dimensional hypercube is the same as the number of perfect matchings in a (d+ 1)‐dimensional hypercube, a combinatorial quantity for which there is no closed‐form expression. Finally we present some experimental observations which may lead to a proof of a more general result for hypercubes with arbitrarily large dimensiond. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Integrating fundraising and campaigning
Authors: Lawson Roger , Ruderham Ruth
Published: July 2009

The world in which we are all fundraising is changing—and changing fast. We are seeing a new generation of donors coming through and the environment (not least the economy) that we operate in has also changed. And, on top of this, our need to engage people in different aspects of our organisations develops all the time.

As we become more integrated in the way we work, so our donors need us to be more integrated in the way we communicate with them. This paper explores why this is good for the charity and the donor and some of the ways that organisations are making this happen.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time localised forecasting of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation using neural network models
Authors: Love Barnaby S. , Matthews Adrian J.
Published: July 2009

Existing statistical forecast models of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) are generally of very low order and predict the evolution of a small number (typically two) of principal components (PCs). While such models are skilful up to 25 days lead time, by design they only predict the very largest‐scale features of the MJO. Here we present a higher‐order MJO statistical forecast model that is able to predict MJO variability on smaller, more localised scales, that will be of more direct benefit to national weather agencies and regional government planning. The model is based on daily outgoing long‐wave radiation (OLR) data that are intraseasonally filtered using a recently developed technique of empirical mode decomposition that can be used in real time. A standard truncated PC analysis is then used to isolate the maximum amount of variance in a finite number of modes. The evolution of these modes is then forecast using a neural network model, which does not suffer from the parametrisation problems of other statistical forecast techniques when applied to a higher number of modes. Compared to a standard 2‐PC model, the higher‐order PC model showed improved skill over the whole MJO domain, with substantial improvements over the western Pacific, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, South China Sea and Phillipine Sea. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Responding to public and private politics: corporate disclosure of climate change strategies
Authors: Reid Erin M. , Toffel Michael W.
Published: July 2009

The challenges associated with climate change will require governments, citizens, and firms to work collaboratively to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a task that requires information on companies' carbon risks, opportunities, strategies, and emission levels. This paper explores the conditions under which firms participate in this endeavor. Building on theories of how social activists inspire changes in organizational norms, beliefs, and practices, we hypothesize that shareholder actions and regulatory threats are likely to prime firms to adopt practices consistent with the aims of a broader social movement. We find empirical evidence of direct and spillover effects. In the domain of private politics, shareholder resolutions filed against a firm and others in its industry increase a firm's propensity to engage in practices consistent with the aims of the related social movement. Similarly, in the realm of public politics, threats of state regulations targeted at a firm's industry as well as regulations targeted at other industries increase the likelihood that the firm will engage in such practices. These findings extend existing theory by showing that both activist groups and government actors can spur changes in organizational practices, and that challenges mounted against a single firm or a single industry can inspire both firm and field‐level changes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Surface Markers by Combined Membrane-Polysome Translation State Array Analysis and Immunotranscriptional Profiling
Authors: Kolle Gabriel , Ho Mirabelle , Zhou Qi , Chy Hun S. , Krishnan Keerthana , Cloonan Nicole , Bertoncello Ivan , Laslett Andrew L. , Grimmond Sean M.
Published: July 2009

Surface marker expression forms the basis for characterization and isolation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Currently, there are few well-defined protein epitopes that definitively mark hESCs. Here we combine immunotranscriptional profiling of hESC lines with membrane-polysome translation state array analysis (TSAA) to determine the full set of genes encoding potential hESC surface marker proteins. Three independently isolated hESC lines (HES2, H9, and MEL1) grown under feeder and feeder-free conditions were sorted into subpopulations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on coimmunoreactivity to the hESC surface markers GCTM-2 and CD9. Colony-forming assays confirmed that cells displaying high coimmunoreactivity to GCTM-2 and CD9 constitute an enriched subpopulation displaying multiple stem cell properties. Following microarray profiling, 820 genes were identified that were common to the GCTM-2high/CD9high stem cell-like subpopulation. Membrane-polysome TSAA analysis of hESCs identified 1,492 mRNAs encoding actively translated plasma membrane and secreted proteins. Combining these data sets, 88 genes encode proteins that mark the pluripotent subpopulation, of which only four had been previously reported. Cell surface immunoreactivity was confirmed for two of these markers: TACSTD1/EPCAM and CDH3/P-Cadherin, with antibodies for EPCAM able to enrich for pluripotent hESCs. This comprehensive listing of both hESCs and spontaneous differentiation-associated transcripts and survey of translated membrane-bound and secreted proteins provides a valuable resource for future study into the role of the extracellular environment in both the maintenance of pluripotency and directed differentiation.
Radio resource allocation for interference management in mobile broadband OFDMA based networks
Authors: Hernández Ángela , Guío Israel , Valdovinos Antonio
Published: July 2009

This paper focuses on the inter‐cell interference (ICI) management problem in the downlink channel for mobile broadband wireless OFDMA‐based systems. This subject is addressed from the standpoint of different interrelated resource allocation mechanisms operating in multi‐cell scenarios in order to exploit frequency and multi‐user diversity: ICI coordination/avoidance and adaptive subcarrier and power allocation. Even though these methods can be applied in a stand‐alone way, a significant performance improvement is achieved if they are jointly designed and operate in a combined basis. Several alternatives for mixed frequency and power ICI coordination schemes are proposed in this paper. Connected with a proper power mask‐based design, the potential gain of a flexible frequency sectorization solution, halfway between fractional/soft frequency reuse and pure frequency sectorization, is explored. The main objective is to outperform fractional/soft frequency reuse offering an attractive trade‐off between cell‐edge user data rates and average cell throughput. Proposals concerning ICI coordination/avoidance have been evaluated in combination with several heuristic adaptive subcarrier and power allocation algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Kristallstrukturen der Cyanidofluoridoborate K[BFx(CN)4–x], x = 0–4
Authors: Bernhardt Eduard , Willner Helge
Published: July 2009

The crystal structure of K[BF3(CN)] (Pbcn (Nr. 60) with a = 13.3486(15) b = 6.5239(7) c = 10.0085(11) Å, and eight formula units per unit cell) has been determined and the one of K[BF2(CN)2] was confirmed and improved. The different networks in the complete series of borates K[BFx(CN)4–x], x = 0–4 are compared and discussed.
The Crystal Structures of Er3OFS3 and Er3OF3S2: Two Erbium Oxide Fluoride Sulfides with Condensed Tetrahedral [ZEr4] Units (Z = O and F)
Authors: Strobel Sabine , Müller Alexander C. , Schleid Thomas
Published: July 2009

The two new compounds Er3OFS3 and Er3OF3S2 vary mostly in their fluoride and sulfide content. The fluoride‐poor erbium(III) oxide fluoride sulfide Er3OFS3 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4/mmm (a = 374.86(2), c = 2068.41(9) pm, Z = 2) with two crystallographically different Er3+ cations. (Er1)3+ is surrounded by six S2– anions in the shape of a slightly distorted octahedron, whereas (Er2)3+ exhibits a coordination number of eight (4 × O2–/F– and 4 × S2– arranged as a square antiprism). In the crystal structure of Er3OFS3 edge‐sharing tetrahedral [ZEr4]10.5+ units (Zn– = 50 % O2– + 50 % F–) form condensed {}^2_\infty[OFEr2]3+ layers. These layers alternate with {}^2_\infty[ErS3]3– sheets, built up of [ErS6]9– octahedra, which are connected through four common edges, to complete the three‐dimensional crystal structure of Er3OFS3. The fluoride‐rich erbium(III) oxide fluoride sulfide Er3OF3S2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ccce (a = 538.31(2), b = 1892.03(9), c = 538.27(2) pm, Z = 4). Two crystallographically distinct Er3+ cations are present in its crystal structure. (Er1)3+ is surrounded by eight Zn– anions (Z = 25 % O2– + 75 % F–) in the shape of a twisted square antiprism, whereas (Er2)3+ holds a coordination number of nine (4 × O2–/F– and 5 × S2– arranged as a monocapped square antiprism), copying the arrangement around the Er3+ cations in PbFCl‐type ErFS. The three‐dimensional structure of Er3OF3S2 is built up of S2– sheets and {}^2_\infty[OF3Er3]4+ double layers, which are formed by strongly contorted tetrahedral [ZEr4]10.75+ units (Zn– = 25 % O2– + 75 % F–). The crystals of this compound show a prominent superstructure in the tetragonal space group I4/mmm with a = 380.59(3), c = 1892.03(9) pm and Z = 2. In the crystal structures of both title compounds, the light anions O2– and F– occupy one crystallographically unique Wyckoff position in a statistic allocation. Subject to the O/F content in the formulae, the ratio of O2–:F– is 1:1 in Er3OFS3 and 1:3 in Er3OF3S2.
Finite‐Time Thermodynamics and the Optimal Control of Chemical Syntheses
Authors: Schön J. Christian
Published: July 2009

The optimization of chemical processes that take place in a finite time constitutes an important application of finite‐time thermodynamics. In this study we investigate two generic optimal control problems for nucleation‐and‐growth based syntheses: the maximization of the amount of a crystalline solid phase generated via cooling from the melt within a finite time τ, and the maximization of the difference between two metastable crystalline modifications again synthesized by crystallization from a supercooled melt. In both cases the optimal temperature program consists in a bang‐bang solution with constant values of the temperature, where a switch from a temperature T1, where nucleation rates are high, to a temperature T0 > T1, where the growth rates of the crystallites are maximal, occurs. The location of the switching time ts* (0 ≤ ts* ≤ τ) is analyzed as function of the parameters of the models describing the chemical systems, and an application to the synthesis of glycerol crystals is given.