bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Unnatural Axially Chiral Biaryl δ‐Amino Acid Derivatives via a Chiral Phenanthroline‐Potassium Catalyst‐Enabled Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Cen Shouyi , Li Shan‐Shan , Zhao Yin , Zhao Mei‐Xin , Zhang Zhipeng
Published: June 2024

Axially chiral biaryl δ‐amino acids possess significantly different conformational properties and chiral environment from centrally chiral amino acids, therefore, have drawn considerable attention in the fields of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Herein, a novel chiral phenanthroline‐potassium catalyst has been developed by constructing a well‐organized axially chiral ligand composed of one 1,10‐phenanthroline unit and two axially chiral 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) units. In the presence of this catalyst, good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, 98 : 2 er) have been achieved in the ring‐opening alcoholytic dynamic kinetic resolution of a variety of biaryl lactams, thereby providing an efficient protocol for catalytic asymmetric synthesis of unnatural axially chiral biaryl δ‐amino acid derivatives.
Study on the synthesis and properties of a new fluorine‐containing copolyarylate
Authors: Wang Zhoufeng , Long Xiubo , Wang Bolin , Cheng Guojun , Ding Guoxin , Liu Yingying , Yao Wenlong
Published: June 2024

A range of new fluorine‐containing copolyarylates were successfully produced through interfacial polymerization using hexafluorobisphenol A (BPAF) featuring a symmetric trifluoromethyl group structure, bisphenol B (BPB), and two acyl chloride monomers as raw materials. The results indicated that the synthesized amorphous copolyarylates exhibited good solubility, with number average molecular weights (Mn) of 19,000–44,000 g/mol, weight average molecular weights (Mw) of 66,000–159,000 g/mol, and intrinsic viscosities of 0.66–1.19 dL/g. The thermal stability of copolyarylates increased with the increase of BPAF monomer content (0~100%), which was manifested by the linear increase of glass transition temperature (Tg) from 201.6 to 237.1°C, and the increase of 5% thermogravimetric weight loss temperature (T5%) from 474.1 to 491.5°C. The tensile strength of copolyarylates ranged from 52.63 to 59.93 MPa, the tensile modulus ranged from 1102.08 to 1502.84 MPa, and the elongation at break ranged from 32.0 to 75.5%. In addition, the copolyarylates had good dielectric properties with a dielectric constant of 2.58–3.75 at 107 Hz and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.021–0.028.
Genome‐wide patterns of homoeologous gene flow in allotetraploid coffee
Authors: Ortiz Andre J. , Sharbrough Joel
Published: June 2024

Premise

Allopolyploidy—a hybridization‐induced whole‐genome duplication event—has been a major driver of plant diversification. The extent to which chromosomes pair with their proper homolog vs. with their homoeolog in allopolyploids varies across taxa, and methods to detect homoeologous gene flow (HGF) are needed to understand how HGF has shaped polyploid lineages.

Methods

The ABBA‐BABA test represents a classic method for detecting introgression between closely related species, but here we developed a modified use of the ABBA‐BABA test to characterize the extent and direction of HGF in allotetraploid Coffea arabica.

Results

We found that HGF is abundant in the C. arabica genome, with both subgenomes serving as donors and recipients of variation. We also found that HGF is highly maternally biased in plastid‐targeted—but not mitochondrial‐targeted—genes, as would be expected if plastid–nuclear incompatibilities exist between the two parent species.

Discussion

Together, our analyses provide a simple framework for detecting HGF and new evidence consistent with selection favoring overwriting of paternally derived alleles by maternally derived alleles to ameliorate plastid–nuclear incompatibilities. Natural selection therefore appears to shape the direction and intensity of HGF in allopolyploid coffee, indicating that cytoplasmic inheritance has long‐term consequences for polyploid lineages.
From slenderness to robustness: Understanding long bone shape in sigmodontine rodents
Authors: Tulli María José , Carrizo Luz Valeria
Published: June 2024

The morphological evolution of the appendicular skeleton may reflect the selective pressures specific to different environments, phylogenetic inheritance, or allometry. Covariation in bone shapes enhances morphological integration in response to ecological specializations. In contrast to previous multivariate studies using classical linear morphometry, we use a geometric morphometric approach to explore the morphological diversity of long bones and examine relationships between ecological categories and morphological characters in a species‐rich and ecomorphologically diverse group of rodents. We examined the humerus, ulna, femur, and tibiofibula of 19 sigmodontine species with different locomotor types (ambulatory, quadrupedal‐saltatorial, natatorial, semifossorial and scansorial) to investigate the influence of locomotor type and phylogeny on limb bone shape and morphological integration of the appendicular skeleton. This study represents the most detailed examination of the morphological diversity of long bones in sigmodontines, employing geometric morphometrics within an ecomorphological framework. Our results indicate that functional demands and evolutionary history jointly influence the shape of forelimb and hindlimb bones. The main variation in bone shape is associated with a slenderness‐robustness gradient observed across all ecological categories. Quadrupedal‐saltatorial species, with their need for agility, possess slender and elongated limbs, while natatorial and semifossorial species exhibit shorter and more robust bone shapes, suited for their respective environments. This gradient also influences bone covariation within limbs, demonstrating interconnectedness between elements. We found functional covariation between the ulna‐tibiofibula and humerus‐tibiofibula, likely important for propulsion, and anatomical covariation between the humerus‐ulna and femur‐tibiofibula, potentially reflecting overall limb structure. This study demonstrates that the versatile morphology of long bones in sigmodontines plays a critical role in their remarkable ecological and phylogenetic diversification.
Eco‐friendly approaches to 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives: A comprehensive review of green synthetic strategies
Authors: Shah Drashti , Patel Ashish
Published: June 2024

This review article offers an environmentally benign synthesis of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives, with a focus on sustainable methodologies that have minimal impact on the environment. These derivatives, known for their diverse applications, have conventionally been associated with synthesis methods that utilize hazardous reagents and produce significant waste, thereby raising environmental concerns. The green synthesis of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives employs renewable substrates, nontoxic catalysts, and mild reaction conditions, aiming to minimize the environmental impact. Innovative techniques such as catalyst‐based, catalyst‐free, electrochemical synthesis, green‐solvent‐mediated synthesis, grinding, microwave‐mediated synthesis, and photosynthesis are implemented, providing benefits in terms of scalability, cost‐effectiveness, and ease of purification. This review emphasizes the significance of sustainable methodologies in the synthesis of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole and boots for continued exploration in this research domain.
High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol by NH2‐UiO‐66‐(Indole‐2,3‐Dione)‐Fe
Authors: Li Meiling , Zhao Yingzhe , Yang Yisen , Zhang Renjie , Wang Yanyue , Teng Yunan , Su Zhuizhui , Zhang Jianling
Published: June 2024

The photocatalytic oxidation of biomass‐derived benzyl alcohol provides a promising way for the synthesis of benzoic acid, which is an important intermediate with wide applications. To improve the efficiency of photocatalytic benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzoic acid is of great interest. In this work, we propose the utilization of NH2‐UiO‐66‐ID‐Fe catalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid, where NH2‐UiO‐66 is a typically used metal‐organic framework, ID is indole‐2,3‐dione (ID) that has biocompatibility, light absorption property and can be covalently combined with amino‐functionalized substances. The NH2‐UiO‐66‐ID‐Fe catalyst exhibits improved light absorption and photo‐generated electron‐hole separation ability compared with NH2‐UiO‐66. The photocatalytic performance of NH2‐UiO‐66‐ID‐Fe was examined for the oxidation of bio‐based benzyl alcohol under mild conditions of air atmosphere, room temperature and no additive or additional oxidant involved. The results show that the conversion of benzyl alcohol and the selectivity to benzoic acid could both reach over 99 % in 6 h, and the generation rate of benzoic acid per gram of catalyst is 3.36 mmol g−1 h−1. The reaction mechanism was detected by radical trapping method and in situ electron paramagnetic resonance. This study presents an efficient and environmentally benign avenue for the synthesis of carboxylic acid compounds.
Hydrogen production from woody biomass gasification: a techno‐economic analysis
Authors: Gubin Veronica , Benedikt Florian , Thelen Ferdinand , Hammerschmid Martin , Popov Tom , Hofbauer Hermann , Müller Stefan
Published: June 2024

Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are necessary to slow global warming and decrease the likelihood of irreversible climate scenarios. There is thus an urgent need for low‐emissions fuels. This study conducted a techno‐economic analysis of two different industrial plant concepts for producing hydrogen from woody biomass. One was a large‐scale centralized 60 MWH2 option using dual fluidized bed gasification with CO2 removal. The other was a small‐scale decentralized 1 MWH2 option using fixed‐bed gasification without CO2 removal. Mass and energy balances were calculated by the process simulation software IPSEpro. Key performance indicators, including technical, economic, and environmental parameters, were derived. Overall energy efficiencies of 64.2 and 59.5% and hydrogen yields of 87 and 68 gH2 kg−1BM.db were determined for hydrogen production by dual fluidized bed and fixed‐bed gasification, respectively. The levelized costs of hydrogen amounted to 5.6 and 15.0 €2022 kg−1H2 and agreed quite well with values from the literature. Flexible and decentralized heat, electricity, and hydrogen production based on fixed‐bed gasification within a multiproduct plant were also evaluated. The results show that the multiproduct plant could be economically feasible if at least 63% of the annual operating hours were dedicated to hydrogen production, and assuming a hydrogen selling price of 17.5 €2022 kg−1H2 in Austria. In conclusion, both of the processes that were evaluated are conceivable technologies for the transition of the energy system towards renewable energy sources from a technical and economic point of view, although small‐scale hydrogen production is considerably more expensive.
An optimised Cell for in situ XAS of Gas Diffusion Electrocatalyst Electrodes
Authors: Sherwin Connor , Celorrio Veronica , Podbevsek Ursa , Rigg Katie , Hodges Toby , Ibraliu Armando , Telfer Abbey J. , McLeod Lucy , Difilippo Alessandro , Corbos Elena C. , Zalitis Chris , Russell Andrea E.
Published: June 2024

The quality of in situ XAS of electrochemical systems is highly sensitive to electrode disturbances, such as gas evolution and gas consumption at an electrolyte/catalyst interface. A novel in situ spectro‐electrochemical X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (SPEC‐XAS) cell is presented as a new tool for the characterisation of gas evolving and consuming electrocatalysts at high overpotentials. By utilising a thin, porous membrane with efficient electrolyte and gas circulating loops, an improved three phase interface is established that enabled efficient gas supply and minimised the interference from bubble formation. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements were conducted in fluorescence mode with three experiments selected to demonstrate the cell's performance. The first two reactions; an in‐situ study of a highly active amorphous iridium oxide catalyst during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and an in‐situ study of copper oxide during the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) are used to exemplify the XAS data quality achieved under operational conditions. Thirdly, a detailed XAS investigation of a highly dispersed platinum catalyst during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is presented, along with comparative data in nitrogen. These measurements show the retention of oxygen on the surface of the platinum metal particles down to 0.48 V (vs. RHE), well below the platinum oxide reduction peak.
Comparative Study of Thermodynamic Performances: Ammonia vs. Methanol SOFC for Marine Vessels
Authors: Duong Phan Anh , Ryu Bo Rim , Nam Tran The , Lee Yoon Hyeok , Jung Jinwon , Lee Jin‐Kwang , Kang Hokeun
Published: June 2024

In response to escalating environmental concerns and the imperative to institute effective energy management strategies, the pursuit of alternative fuels has emerged as a pivotal endeavor for realizing sustainable energy solutions. Methanol and ammonia have surfaced as particularly promising and environmentally friendly liquid fuels, holding significant potential for aiding in the attainment of decarbonization objectives and addressing global energy requirements. This research proposes and scrutinizes a sophisticated cogeneration system integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), gas turbine (GT), steam Rankine cycle, and organic Rankine cycle. Direct utilization of ammonia and methanol as fuel in this intricate system is examined, with the design and modeling facilitated through the utilization of Aspen HYSYS V.12.1. The thermodynamic performance of the proposed system is rigorously assessed by employing the foundational principles of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The direct SOFCs fueled by ammonia and methanol exhibit notable energy efficiencies of 64.25 % and 58.42 %, respectively. Remarkably, the amalgamated systems showcase heightened energy efficiencies, witnessing a commendable increase of 12.64 % and 10.66 % when powered by ammonia and methanol, respectively, as compared to individual SOFC systems. Examination of exergy destruction reveals the SOFC as the principal contributor, with electrochemical and chemical processes constituting the primary sources of irreversibility. Additionally, explicit values for exergy destruction in the GT, afterburner, and heat exchanger components are provided. A comprehensive parametric study underscores the pivotal role of the fuel utilization factor (Uf), identifying a value of 0.85 as optimal and significantly augmenting the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This analysis not only substantiates the potential of ammonia and methanol as effective carriers for hydrogen but also underscores the efficacy of waste heat recovery as a viable strategy for enhancing the overall thermodynamic performance of an SOFC system. The findings presented herein contribute valuable insights, paving the way for the strategic utilization of alternative fuels and cogeneration systems in the broader context of sustainable and environmentally conscious energy solutions.
Bushy‐Tailed QACs: The Development of Multicationic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with a High Degree of Alkyl Chain Substitution
Authors: Toles Zachary E. A. , Thierer Laura M. , Wu Alice , Bezold Elise L. , Rachii Diana , Sanchez Christian A. , Vargas‐Cuebas Germán G. , Keller Taylor M. , Carroll Patrick J. , Wuest William M. , Minbiole Kevin P. C.
Published: June 2024

Quaternary ammonium compounds have served as a first line of protection for human health as surface disinfectants and sanitizers for nearly a century. However, increasing levels of bacterial resistance have spurred the development of novel QAC architectures. In light of the observed reduction in eukaryotic cell toxicity when the alkyl chains on QACs are shorter in nature (≤10 C), we prepared 47 QAC architectures that bear multiple short alkyl chains appended to up to three cationic groups, thus rendering them “bushy‐tailed” multiQACs. Antibacterial activity was strong (often ~1–4 μM) in a varied set of bushy‐tailed architectures, though observed therapeutic indices were not significantly improved over QAC structures bearing fewer and longer alkyl chains.
Rapid Electrophilic 211At‐Astatination of Trimethylgermyl Arenes
Authors: Müller Marius , Battisti Umberto Maria , Zabrocki Merlin , Hansson Ellinor , Jensen Holger , Aneheim Emma , Lindegren Sture , Herth Matthias Manfred
Published: June 2024

A set of 211At‐astatoarenes were synthesized from corresponding trimethylgermyl arenes with an average radiochemical conversion (RCC) of ca. 50 % for electron‐rich and approx. 70 % in case of electron‐deficient arenes. Both electron rich and electron poor substrates were successfully radiolabeled at room temperature (RT) using relatively low precursor amounts (0.15 μmol/0.02 mL solvent (7.5 mM)). Ready access to ortho‐, para‐ and meta‐ astatinated arenes was achievable. Optimized reaction conditions were successfully applied to label a poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor with a RCC of approx. 50 %. We believe that trimethylgermyl derivatives are a viable addition to the astatination precursor toolbox and facilitate astatination of arenes. The developed labeling method should easily be applicable for productions under good manufacturing practice (GMP).
Creating value by corporate anti‐corruption models: An empirical analysis in the Italian scenario
Authors: Trequattrini Raffaele , Nappo Fabio , Cuozzo Benedetta , Manzari Alberto
Published: June 2024

This paper aims to identify the main issues and drivers of sustainable corporate governance to prevent corruption and increase companies' profitability by drafting corporate organizational models, highlighting exploratory evidence from the corporate sample. This document is based on two phases. First, the analysis aims to understand any link between adopting an organization, management, and control model according to Legislative Decree 8 June 2001, no.—231 and company performance. The survey concerned a sample of companies operating in the construction sector. We have therefore tried to demonstrate whether the companies in possession of the so‐called “231 model” present higher profitability than the same companies in the industry, which, on the contrary, have decided not to adopt this model. Second, the content analysis research method is applied to the corporate organizational models that have adhered to drafting the documents on the sample of companies. It was investigated whether companies operating in the construction sector, which adopt an organizational model, have higher performances than companies which do not adopt an organizational model in line with the Italian Legislative Decree 231 and whether there is a correlation between the adoption of a “complete” organizational model in line with Italian Legislative Decree 231 and company performance. This paper proposes the analysis of the sustainable compliance models of Italian companies to prevent corruption and profitability in their corporate governance and the path for future research on the topic.
Extracranial metastasis from a frontal embryonal tumor to the parotid: Cytomorphologic features of a rare occurrence
Authors: Gupta Anjali , Gupta Parikshaa , Chatterjee Debajyoti , Gupta Nalini , Bhatia Vikas
Published: June 2024

Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare and aggressive malignancies accounting for less than 1% of all central nervous system tumors. The occurrence of metastasis to extracranial sites, especially the parotid region, is highly uncommon. We present a rare case of metastatic frontal embryonal tumor (ET) in the parotid region. A 9‐year‐old boy presented with a progressively enlarging left parotid mass. Past history revealed that he was a known case of a frontal lobe embryonal tumor. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) combined with immunocytochemistry from the parotid revealed a metastatic embryonal tumor. This case report highlights the importance of considering metastatic tumors in evaluating parotid masses, even in pediatric patients, and emphasizes the diagnostic potential of FNAC in diagnosing such rare and unusual tumors for prompt and appropriate patient management.
THADA‐IGF2BP3 gene fusions in thyroid fine needle aspiration is involved in the pathway to “noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features”
Authors: Zand Amanda , Kim Teresa H. , Rodriguez Erika F. , Moatamed Neda A.
Published: June 2024

Background

The increased usage and adaptation of molecular testing of thyroid fine needle aspirations (FNA) has expanded the variety and number of gene fusions identified. While the identified number of molecular alterations is increasing, the definitive association between preoperative molecular analysis and phenotype has yet to be established. The aim of this study was to examine Thyroid adenoma‐associated (THADA)‐IGF2BP3 molecular fusions with FNA categorization, surgical pathology diagnosis, and other molecular alterations detected by ThyroSeq Genomic Classifier testing.

Methods

FNA cytology samples of thyroid nodules from 04/2017 to 01/2023 with the diagnosis of atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS; Bethesda III) or follicular neoplasm suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN; Bethesda IV) with associated ThyroSeqV3 testing were reviewed. Parameters including patient demographics, FNA diagnosis, ThyroSeq V3 results, and surgical pathology follow up were examined.

Results

87 out of 249 (35%) FNA specimens of thyroid nodules displayed molecular alterations. 64 cases (74%) had a cytology diagnosis of AUS and 23 (26%) had FN. RAS mutation was observed in 48 cases. On surgical follow‐up, 17 (35%) cases showed non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP), while 14 (29%) patients had a malignant diagnosis. THADA‐IGF2BP3 fusions were seen in 8 cases, all with NIFTP on surgical pathology follow‐up (100%).

Conclusions

Analysis of THADA‐IGF2BP3 fusion, in our institutional series, shows close association with NIFTP cases. THADA‐IGF2BP3 fusion, which seems to be a favorable prognostic indicator in general, may serve as a molecular marker for non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP).
HbA1c and the risk of developing peripheral neuropathy in childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes: A follow‐up study over 3 decades
Authors: Baldimtsi Evangelia , Amezcua Salvador , Ulander Martin , Hyllienmark Lars , Olausson Håkan , Ludvigsson Johnny , Wahlberg Jeanette
Published: June 2024

Aims

We have evaluated long‐term weighted mean HbA1c (wHbA1c), HbA1c variability, diabetes duration, and lipid profiles in relation to the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), nephropathy, and retinopathy in childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

In a longitudinal cohort study, 49 patients (21 women) with childhood‐onset type 1 diabetes were investigated with neurophysiological measurements, blood tests, and clinical examinations after a diabetes duration of 7.7 (±3.3) years (baseline) and followed with repeated examinations for 30.6 (±5.2) years. We calculated wHbA1c by integrating the area under all HbA1c values since the diabetes diagnosis. Lipid profiles were analysed in relation to the presence of DPN. Long‐term fluctuations of HbA1c variability were computed as the standard deviation of all HbA1c measurements. Data regarding the presence of other diabetes complications were retrieved from medical records.

Results

In this follow‐up study, 51% (25/49) of the patients fulfilled electrophysiological criteria for DPN. In nerve conduction studies, there was a deterioration in the amplitudes and conduction velocities for the median, peroneal, and sural nerves over time. Patients with DPN had a longer duration of diabetes, higher wHbA1c, and increased HbA1c variability. The lowest wHbA1c value associated with the development of DPN was 62 mmol/mol (7.8%). The presence of albuminuria and retinopathy was positively correlated with the presence of neuropathy.

Conclusions

More than half of the patients had developed DPN after 30 years. None of the patients who developed DPN had a wHbA1c of less than 62 mmol/mol (7.8%).
What determines how governance indicators shape policy processes? Evidence from three environmental issues in India
Authors: Guin Pradeep , Rajeshwari B. , Mahajan Bhavayta
Published: June 2024

Governance indicators influence and shape policy processes. The need for exploring how governance indicators lead to efficient policy responses is a long‐drawn debate in the field of policy studies. While existing literature is mostly from developed world, there is a dearth of empirical evidence from developing countries like India. As cities continue to remain the fulcrum of economic growth despite the much‐argued development model practised across India, it remains to be seen how governance indicators determine policy processes in cities. Adapting United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific's (UNESCAP's) module on eight governance indicators we studied the policy process of three diverse climate change‐linked environmental issues ‐ air pollution, dengue, and extreme heat, from three urban Indian metropolis ‐ Delhi, Kolkata, and Ahmedabad, respectively. We used a semi‐structured questionnaire to interview 33 stakeholders. We coded interview findings and formulated a color‐coded matrix to highlight the importance of governance indicators by environmental issues. Transparency, accountability and participation played an important role in shaping policy processes. The importance of other governance indicators varied due to diversity in administrative structures across three cities. Our study's findings highlight a complex relationship between governance indicators and policy processes linked to the environmental issues. Our study shows that the relevance of governance indicators in shaping policies around environmental issues is determined by the nature of the environmental issue and the structure of governance. In addition, our study adds four new indicators, governance structures, capacity building, informality, and gender‐inclusivity, which influence policy processes.
Local authority engagement with small and medium‐sized enterprises in energy efficiency: Governance approaches used in the Energy Efficient Scotland programme
Authors: Sugar Katherine , Wade Faye , Webb Janette
Published: June 2024

Meeting net zero emissions targets requires co‐operation of multiple actors across scales and sectors, including small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs); research on action by SMEs to improve energy efficiency of their buildings has however been limited. This article focuses on the work of local authorities in engaging SMEs in energy efficiency initiatives. Empirical findings are from systematic analysis of semi‐structured interviews with local authorities participating in the Energy Efficient Scotland pilot programme for national scale retrofit. The modes of governance conceptual framework (self‐governing, governing by partnership, governing through enabling, governing by provision and governing by authority) is combined with a local government capacities framework (responsibility, political authority, finance, personnel, knowledge and energy materialities) to explore the different strategies available to local authorities. Findings reveal that local authorities utilise various modes of governing for engaging SMEs; however some governing modes (self‐governing, governing through authority and governing through provision) proved more effective than others (governing through partnership and through enabling). The results demonstrate that the modes of governance used to engage SMEs in energy efficiency depend on local authority capacities. However, Scottish local authority capacities are varied, resulting in differential ability to utilise the different modes of governing. Government policy for heat in buildings therefore needs to be sensitive to the specificities of different local authorities in order to extend their capacities for engage SMEs through both direct and enabling modes of governance.
Purely organic room temperature phosphorescent materials toward organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Li Hui , Chen Cheng , Ye Zongji , Feng Kai , Huang Jiani , Xie Gaozhan , Tao Ye
Published: June 2024

Purely organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have shown broad application prospects in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their theoretical 100% exciton utilization, cost‐effectiveness, and flexibility. In recent years, with the deepening of research, various luminescent mechanisms have been proposed, and RTP materials have made significant progress, which have been effectively applied to OLEDs. This article comprehensively reviews the research progress of RTP materials in OLEDs and introduces the development of a series of high‐efficiency RTP materials from the perspective of molecular design strategies and photophysical properties. These conclusions draw a roadmap to address the inherent challenges in utilizing organic RTP materials to specifically advance the investigation of OLEDs.
An industrial heat source dataset based on remotely sensed active fire/hotspot detection in China from 2012 to 2021
Authors: Ma Caihong , Sui Xin , Guan Linlin , Xie Yanmei , Li Tianzhu , Zhang Pengyu , Qiu Yubao , Huang Weimin
Published: June 2024

The distribution of industrial heat sources (IHSs) is a crucial indicator for evaluating energy consumption and air pollution levels. However, there is a notable lack of IHS datasets in China that are frequently updated, span long periods, contain detailed characteristic information, have been individually validated and are publicly available. In this study, IHS datasets from China between 2012 and 2021 were constructed using the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) I Band 375 m NRT Active Fire/Hotspots (ACF) Product (VNP14IMGTDL_NRT) to monitor and analyse large‐scale IHSs. First, a density segmentation method based on an improved K‐means algorithm using ACF data and spatial topological correlation analysis was conducted to construct the IHS. Then, 4410 records covering China between 2012 and 2021, with 21 attributes, were obtained and verified, with an individual identification precision of 95.08% via manual verification based on high‐resolution remote‐sensing images and point of interest (POI) data. Finally, the trend of the spatiotemporal variation in IHSs was analysed using a long time series. The results showed that the spatial distribution of IHSs in China from 2012 to 2021 exhibited local aggregation and a gradual shift from east to west. In addition, the number of IHSs in China showed an initial increasing trend from 2012 to 2014, followed by a decrease since 2014, consistent with national energy reform‐related policies. The results of this study indicate the temporal variation in IHSs, enhance the precision of identifying fire location categories and demonstrate the potential for improving energy efficiency, reducing emissions and ensuring sustainable development in China.
Provenance study of marble artifacts from the Berenike (Egypt) archaeological site based on petrographic and isotopic data
Authors: Bojanowski Maciej J. , Mandera Sara , Zych Iwona
Published: June 2024

Fragments of marble revetment and floor slabs as well as some broken statuary and vessels were recovered from the excavation of a Roman temple in the harbor town of Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt. Petrographic analyses, including optical, cathodoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy as well as isotopic analyses (δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr), were conducted to determine the provenance of the marble. The aim was to reconstruct the commercial ties that led to this prized building stone being brought to Berenike. Most, if not all, of the slabs are of banded gray to white marble showing properties indicative of a Prokonnesian origin. This marble, exploited on Marmara Island (Sea of Marmara, Turkey) and extensively utilized throughout the Mediterranean, including Egypt from at least the second century A.D., might have been procured from the marble depots in Alexandria. This could have involved engaging a team of Bithynian master craftsmen for the project, presumably to embellish the main temple of the city during the reign of the Roman emperor Hadrian. The statuary and vessel finds are composed of white marble representing several sources. Some coarse‐grained specimens were surely extracted in Prokonnesos. For others, the source is uncertain and the likely candidates are Prokonnesos, Paros (Cyclades, Aegean Sea), and Ephesos (Aegean coast of Asia Minor). The fine‐grained varieties represented high‐quality Dokimian (Afyon region, Asia Minor) and most likely expensive Parian (lychnites type) marble. Marble from the ancient Gebel Rokham quarries in Egypt was also examined for comparison, but its properties have excluded this source in the case of the marble artifacts from Berenike analyzed in this work.
Morphological Complexity of Intrapapillary Capillary Loops for Predicting the Invasion Depth of Superficial Esophageal Neoplasms Using Narrow‐Band Imaging
Authors: Hwang Jeongeun , Park Hyungchul , Park Jooyoung , Kim Do Hoon , Kim Namkug
Published: June 2024

Predicting the invasion depth of superficial esophageal neoplasms (SENs) is crucial for an indication toward endoscopic treatment. We aimed to develop imaging biomarkers to predict the invasion depth of SENs using the intrapapillary capillary loop (IPCL) patterns. Texture and fractal analyses were performed on IPCL demarcations. Logistic regression models were built to distinguish narrow‐band images (NBIs) of T1b from T1a and high‐grade dysplasia (HGD). Classification performances of a base model composed of the age, sex, height, and body mass index of the patient, and a morphometric model comprising the texture and fractal metrics along with the base model parameters were compared. NBIs of 39 patients including T staging of 6 HGD, 22 T1a, and 11 T1b were analyzed. In the logistic regression by a multivariable generalized linear model classifying histological depths, only texture entropy was significantly and positively associated with the invasion depth. Lower texture entropy of IPCL demarcations was significantly associated with diagnoses of T1b (odds ratio: 0.144, 95% confidence interval: 0.019–0.687) in comparison to the stratum with higher texture entropy. The performance of the morphometric model represented by areas under the receiver operating curves (0.795) was better than that of the base model (0.562). We suggest morphometric analyses, particularly texture entropy, have the potential as image biomarkers to aid in the prediction of SEN invasion depth using IPCL patterns.
Quantiles of the gain distribution of an early childhood intervention
Authors: Battistin Erich , Lamarche Carlos , Rettore Enrico
Published: June 2024

We investigate the distribution of gains among participants in the Infant Health and Development Program, an understudied randomized controlled trial that targets infants with low birth weight. Our primary focus is on assessing the effects in cognitive and health outcomes within distinct subgroups, which we define based on the outcomes that would occur in the absence of program participation. We propose a strategy to estimate the distribution of gains from the program by using anthropometrics measurements taken at birth, under the assumption that potential outcomes depend on underlying latent factors explaining neonatal health. Our findings reveal that the enhancements in cognitive and health outcomes at 36 months are not uniformly distributed among program participants. The variability in these effects can be attributed to several factors, including neonatal health, post‐natal shocks, and family income.
Dynamic optical coherence elastography for skin burn assessment: A preliminary study on mice model
Authors: Liu Heng , Yang Di , Jia Renfei , Wang Weike , Shang Jianwei , Liu Quanzhong , Liang Yanmei
Published: June 2024

Skin burns that include tissue coagulation necrosis imply variations in stiffness. Dynamic phase‐sensitive optical coherence elastography (OCE) is used to evaluate the stiffness of burned skin nondestructively in this paper. The homemade dynamic OCE was initially verified through tissue‐mimicking phantom experiments regarding Rayleigh wave speed. After being burned with a series of temperatures and durations, the corresponding structure and stiffness variations of mice skin were demonstrated by histological images, optical coherence tomography B‐scans, and OCE elastic wave speed maps. The results clearly displayed the variation in elastic properties and stiffness of the scab edge extending in the lateral direction. Statistical analysis revealed that murine skin burned at temperatures exceeding 100°C typically exhibited greater stiffness than skin burned at temperatures below 100°C. The dynamic OCE technique shows potential application for incorporating elasticity properties as a biomechanical extension module to diagnose skin burn injuries.
Discussing money with the one you love: How financial stress influences couples' financial communication
Authors: Mishra Nirajana , Garbinsky Emily N. , Shu Suzanne B.
Published: June 2024

When managing joint finances, couples need to have candid conversations about money. But what happens when one partner is feeling financially stressed? Our research investigates this question, exploring how an individual's perception of their current financial situation impacts their willingness to discuss money with their partner. Across eight studies (N = 8474), we found that when individuals experience high (vs. low) financial stress, they are less likely to communicate with their partner about finances due to greater anticipated conflict. The effect of financial stress on communication is attenuated when individuals do not anticipate conflict. Further, we demonstrate that viewing conflicts as solvable rather than perpetual increases the likelihood of engaging in financial communication with one's partner. These findings have notable implications for both individuals' financial well‐being and couples' relationship satisfaction.
Adaptive block imaging based on compressive sensing in AFM
Authors: Zhang Yuchuan , Chen Yongjian , Wu Teng , Han Guoqiang
Published: June 2024

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a kind of high‐precision instrument to measure the surface morphology of various conductive or nonconductive samples. However, obtaining a high‐resolution image with standard AFM scanning requires more time. Using block compressive sensing (BCS) is an effective approach to achieve rapid AFM imaging. But, the routine BCS‐AFM imaging is difficult to balance the image quality of each local area. It is easy to lead to excessive sampling in some flat areas, resulting in time‐consuming. At the same time, there is a lack of sampling in some areas with significant details, resulting in poor imaging quality. Thus, an innovative adaptive BCS‐AFM imaging method is proposed. The overlapped block is used to eliminate blocking artifacts. Characteristic parameters (GTV, Lu, and SD) are used to predict the local morphological characteristics of the samples. Back propagation neural network is employed to acquire the appropriate sampling rate of each sub‐block. Sampling points are obtained by pre‐scanning and adaptive supplementary scanning. Afterward, all sub‐block images are reconstructed using the TVAL3 algorithm. Each sample is capable of achieving uniform, excellent image quality. Image visual effects and evaluation indicators (PSNR and SSIM) are employed for the purpose of evaluating and analyzing the imaging effects of samples. Compared with two nonadaptive and two other adaptive imaging schemes, our proposed scheme has the characteristics of a high degree of automation, uniformly high‐quality imaging, and rapid imaging speed.

Highlights

The proposed adaptive BCS method can address the issues of uneven image quality and slow imaging speed in AFM.

The appropriate sampling rate of each sub‐block of the sample can be obtained by BP neural network.

The introduction of GTV, Lu, and SD can effectively reveal the morphological features of AFM images.

Seven samples with different morphology are used to test the performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm.

Practical experiments are carried out with two samples to verify the feasibility of the proposed adaptive algorithm.
Point‐of‐care ultrasound for Lemierre's syndrome during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A case report
Authors: Kawai Yosuke , Nishiyama Kei
Published: June 2024

Lemierre's syndrome is a fatal condition characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein (IJV). Early diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome in primary care remains challenging because of its rarity and common initial symptoms like fever and sore throat. The COVID‐19 pandemic has increased the difficulty of diagnosis, along with many diagnostic delays. Herein, we report a case in which an IJV thrombus was detected using point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS), leading to the diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, POCUS was a simple and noninvasive technique for screening Lemierre's syndrome without radiation and low droplet exposure.
Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin from dandelion as urease inhibitors: insights into the molecular interactions and inhibition mechanism
Authors: Li Yanni , Zou Hui , Sun‐Waterhouse Dongxiao , Chen Yilun
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Dandelion contains hundreds of active compounds capable of inhibiting urease activity, but the individual compounds have not yet been fully identified, and their effects and underlying mechanisms are not clear. The present study aimed to screen the urease inhibition active compounds of dandelion by urease inhibitory activity evaluation HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis, their mechanism of urease inhibition by polyphenols was explored using enzyme kinetic studies via Lineweaver‐Burk plots. Other investigations included isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance sensing, fluorescence quenching experiments, and single ligand molecular docking and two‐ligand simultaneous docking techniques.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction of dandelion flower exhibited the greatest inhibition (lowest IC50 0.184 ± 0.007 mg mL−1). Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin could be effective urease inhibitors that acted in a non‐competitive inhibition manner. Individually, chlorogenic acid could not only fast bind to urease, but also dissociate rapidly, whereas luteolin might interact with urease with the weakest affinity. The chlorogenic acid‐caffeic acid combination exhibited an additive effect in urease inhibition. However, the chlorogenic acid‐luteolin and caffeic acid‐luteolin combinations exhibited antagonistic effects, with the caffeic acid‐luteolin combination showing greater antagonism.

CONCLUSION

The present study reveals that chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and luteolin are major bioactive compounds for urease inhibition, indicating the molecular mechanisms. The antagonistic effects were observed between luteolin and chlorogenic acid/caffeic acid, and the interactions of the catalytic site and flap may account for the antagonistic effects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Innovative hybrid strategy for quality improvement of Goji tea: ultrasonic–ethyl oleate pretreatment combined with heat pump drying
Authors: Wang Zhaokai , Ren Guangyue , Liu Wenchao , Duan Xu , Zhao Yike , Yuan Yunxia , Liu Gangtian , Zhang Hui , Wang Libo
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Goji berries, renowned for their nutritional benefits, are traditionally dried to extend shelf life and preserve quality. However, conventional drying methods often result in uneven drying, color loss and reduced rehydration capacity. This study investigates an innovative hybrid strategy combining ultrasonic–ethyl oleate (US+AEEO) pretreatment with heat pump drying (HPD) to enhance the drying process of Goji berries.

RESULTS

Fresh Goji berries underwent US+AEEO pretreatment, which significantly disrupted the waxy layer, enhancing drying efficiency and water infiltration during rehydration. Compared to freeze drying (FD), HPD combined with US+AEEO pretreatment resulted in higher retention of total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in the Goji soaking soup. Specifically, the HPD‐US+AEEO samples exhibited the highest TPC and TFC levels, significantly outperforming FD samples. Additionally, the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays demonstrated higher scavenging activities in HPD‐US+AEEO samples. The rehydration kinetics revealed that HPD samples had a superior rehydration rate and final moisture content compared to FD samples. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging analyses confirmed enhanced water distribution and higher mobility in HPD‐US+AEEO samples. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a more porous structure in US+AEEO‐treated samples, facilitating better water absorption and functional component retention.

CONCLUSION

The combination of US+AEEO pretreatment with HPD significantly improves the drying process of Goji berries, enhancing nutrient retention, color preservation and rehydration properties. This innovative drying method offers a promising solution for producing high‐quality dried Goji berries, benefiting both the food industry and health‐conscious consumers. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Diffractive Neural Network on a 3D Photonic Device for Spatial Mode Bases Mapping
Authors: Wang Jue , Wang Kangrui , Cai Chengkun , Fu Tianhao , Wang Jian
Published: June 2024

Mode‐division multiplexing (MDM) techniques based on various spatial mode bases are of great significance in satisfying the demand for efficient capacity scaling. With the development of diverse MDM systems, the seamless connection and integration between them are particularly important. In this scenario, a laudable goal would be to implement flexible spatial mode bases mapping. To break the barrier between different MDM systems, a compact 3D photonic device based on diffractive neural network (DNN) is presented for mode bases mapping, transforming orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes into linearly polarized (LP) modes. Through simulations and experiments, a four‐layer optical neural network mode mapper (ONNMM) is successfully demonstrated, exhibiting its capability of mapping five orthogonal spatial modes between OAM and LP mode bases simultaneously. The ONNMM shows a vision for grooming MDM optical communications and interconnects, as well as other emerging applications enabled by intelligent 3D integrated compact devices.