bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A repeated‐measures analysis of the effects of soft tissues on wrist range of motion in the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs: Implications for the functional origins of an automatic wrist folding mechanism in crocodilia
Authors: Hutson Joel David , Hutson Kelda Nadine
Published: June 2014

A recent study hypothesized that avian‐like wrist folding in quadrupedal dinosaurs could have aided their distinctive style of locomotion with semi‐pronated and therefore medially facing palms. However, soft tissues that automatically guide avian wrist folding rarely fossilize, and automatic wrist folding of unknown function in extant crocodilians has not been used to test this hypothesis. Therefore, an investigation of the relative contributions of soft tissues to wrist range of motion (ROM) in the extant phylogenetic bracket of dinosaurs, and the quadrupedal function of crocodilian wrist folding, could inform these questions. Here, we repeatedly measured wrist ROM in degrees through fully fleshed, skinned, minus muscles/tendons, minus ligaments, and skeletonized stages in the American alligatorAlligator mississippiensisand the ostrichStruthio camelus. The effects of dissection treatment and observer were statistically significant for alligator wrist folding and ostrich wrist flexion, but not ostrich wrist folding. Final skeletonized wrist folding ROM was higher than (ostrich) or equivalent to (alligator) initial fully fleshed ROM, while final ROM was lower than initial ROM for ostrich wrist flexion. These findings suggest that, unlike the hinge/ball and socket‐type elbow and shoulder joints in these archosaurs, ROM within gliding/planar diarthrotic joints is more restricted to the extent of articular surfaces. The alligator data indicate that the crocodilian wrist mechanism functions to automatically lock their semi‐pronated palms into a rigid column, which supports the hypothesis that this palmar orientation necessitated soft tissue stiffening mechanisms in certain dinosaurs, although ROM‐restricted articulations argue against the presence of an extensive automatic mechanism. Anat Rec, 297:1228–1249, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The anatomy of the larynx of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus, and its sound‐producing functions
Authors: Schoenfuss Heiko L. , Bragulla Hermann H. , Schumacher Jeffrey , Henk William G. , Craig George J. , Hillmann Daniel J.
Published: June 2014

This study describes the morphology of the laryngeal apparatus in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) with respect to respiration, deglutition, and vocalization. We also examined the intrinsic cricoarytenothyroid muscle (Musculus (M.) diverticuli laryngei) which forms the laryngeal diverticulum, to ascertain its interactions with the laryngeal cartilages during respiration and sound production. Five fetal larynges and four from adult whales were studied using noninvasive imaging, as well as macroscopic and microscopic techniques. The larynx extends from the skull base into the thoracic inlet. The dorsally curved laryngeal stalk, supported by epiglottis and the corniculate processes of arytenoid cartilages, is situated within the nasopharynx. The epiglottic cartilage exhibits a prominent medial ridge. The arytenoid cartilages are rod‐shaped, and extend through the laryngeal cavity. The thyroid cartilage possesses a prominent caudal horn with a fibrous articulation to the ventrally incomplete cricoid cartilage. The M. thyroepiglotticus forms the connection between epiglottic and thyroid cartilages. The M. cricothyroideus lateralis connects the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage with the cricoid cartilage and the M. cricothyroideus medialis connects the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. An extensive laryngeal diverticulum (Diverticulum laryngis), formed by the laryngeal mucosa and M. diverticuli laryngei, is positioned caudo‐ventral to the laryngeal vestibule. The mucosa thickens into a fold medial to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages. Experiments with airflow combined with histological and anatomical evidence strongly suggest a sound producing function for these (vocal) folds. This analysis provides the first account of sound producing structures and function in bowhead whales. Anat Rec, 297:1316–1330, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological Analysis of the Flippers in the Franciscana Dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei, Applying X‐Ray Technique
Authors: Castillo Daniela Laura Del , Panebianco María Victoria , Negri María Fernanda , Cappozzo Humberto Luis
Published: June 2014

Pectoral flippers of cetaceans function to provide stability and maneuverability during locomotion. Directional asymmetry (DA) is a common feature among odontocete cetaceans, as well as sexual dimorphism (SD). For the first time DA, allometry, physical maturity, and SD of the flipper skeleton—by X‐ray technique—of Pontoporia blainvillei were analyzed. The number of carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, and morphometric characters from the humerus, radius, ulna, and digit two were studied in franciscana dolphins from Buenos Aires, Argentina. The number of visible epiphyses and their degree of fusion at the proximal and distal ends of the humerus, radius, and ulna were also analyzed. The flipper skeleton was symmetrical, showing a negative allometric trend, with similar growth patterns in both sexes with the exception of the width of the radius (P ≤ 0.01). SD was found on the number of phalanges of digit two (P ≤ 0.01), ulna and digit two lengths. Females showed a higher relative ulna length and shorter relative digit two length, and the opposite occurred in males (P ≤ 0.01). Epiphyseal fusion pattern proved to be a tool to determine dolphin's age; franciscana dolphins with a mature flipper were, at least, four years old. This study indicates that the flippers of franciscana dolphins are symmetrical; both sexes show a negative allometric trend; SD is observed in radius, ulna, and digit two; and flipper skeleton allows determine the age class of the dolphins. Anat Rec, 297:1181–1188, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Monochromatic Light on Development of Cecal Tonsil in Young Broilers
Authors: Li J. , Wang Z. , Cao J. , Dong Y.L. , Chen Y.X.
Published: June 2014

Previously, the different monochromatic lights have been demonstrated to affect splenocyte proliferation and melatonin (MEL) secretion in broilers. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of different monochromatic lights on the development and immune function of broiler cecal tonsils, and to disclose the mechanisms underlying these phenomena. A total of 185 broilers (P0) including intact, sham‐operated, and pinealectomized groups were exposed to blue light (BL), green light (GL), red light (RL), and white light (WL) by a light‐emitting diode system for 14 days. Compared with RL groups, the GL in the intact and sham‐operated groups showed larger follicle areas (66.70%), higher percentages of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive cells (33.33%), increased numbers of IgA+ cells (48.60%), and increased antioxidase activity (33.33%–61.37%), whereas, the density of iNOS and MDA content in GL were lower (43.63%–54.43%) than that of RL. In contrast, after pinealectomy, the area of follicles, the percentage of PCNA‐positive cells, the number of IgA+ cells, and the antioxidase activity decreased in the different light treatments, but the density of iNOS and MDA content increased substantially. There was no significant difference in these parameters between broilers exposed to GL and other lights (P = 0.085–1.000). The results suggested that the enhanced effects of GL on the development and immune function of cecal tonsils in young broilers were mediated by elevated antioxidative status via up‐regulation of MEL. Anat Rec, 297:1331–1337, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distribution of Matrix Proteins in Perichondrium and Periosteum During the Incorporation of Meckel's Cartilage into Ossifying Mandible in Midterm Human Fetuses: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Shibata Shunichi , Sakamoto Yujiro , Yokohama‐Tamaki Tamaki , Murakami Gen , Cho Baik Hwan
Published: June 2014

Immunohistochemical localization of versican and tenascin‐C were performed; the periosteum of ossifying mandible and the perichondrium of Meckel's cartilage, of vertebral cartilage, and of mandibular condylar cartilage were examined in midterm human fetuses. Versican immunoreactivity was restricted and evident only in perichondrium of Meckel's cartilage and vertebral cartilage; conversely, tenascin‐C immunoreactivity was only evident in periosteum. Therefore, versican and tenascin‐C can be used as molecular markers for human fetal perichondrium and fetal periosteum, respectively. Meckel's cartilage underwent endochondral ossification when it was incorporated into the ossifying mandible at the deciduous lateral incisor region. Versican immunoreactivity in the perichondrium gradually became weak toward the anterior primary bone marrow. Tenascin‐C immunoreactivity in the primary bone marrow was also weak, but tenascin‐C positive areas did not overlap with versican‐positive areas; therefore, degradation of the perichondrium probably progressed slowly. Meanwhile, versican‐positive perichondrium and tenascin‐C‐positive periosteum around the bone collar in vertebral cartilage were clearly discriminated. Therefore, the degradation of Meckel's cartilage perichondrium during endochondral ossification occurred at a different rate than did degradation of vertebral cartilage perichondrium. Additionally, the perichondrium of mandibular condylar cartilage showed tenascin‐C immunoreactivity, but not versican immunoreactivity. That perichondrium of mandibular condylar cartilage has immunoreactivity characteristic of other periosteum tissues may indicate that this cartilage is actually distinct from primary cartilage and representative of secondary cartilage. Anat Rec, 297:1208–1217, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of Mice, Monkeys, And Men: Physiological And Morphological Evidence For Evolutionary Divergence Of Function In Mimetic Musculature
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Durham Emily L. , Matthews Lea C. , Smith Timothy D. , Parr Lisa A.
Published: June 2014

Facial expression is a universal means of visual communication in humans and many other primates. Humans have the most complex facial display repertoire among primates; however, gross morphological studies have not found greater complexity in human mimetic musculature. This study examines the microanatomical aspects of mimetic musculature to test the hypotheses related to human mimetic musculature physiology, function, and evolutionary morphology. Samples from the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) and the zygomaticus major (ZM) muscle in laboratory mice (N = 3), rhesus macaques (N = 3), and humans (N = 3) were collected. Fiber type proportions (slow‐twitch and fast‐twitch), fiber cross‐sectional area, diameter, and length were calculated, and means were statistically compared among groups. Results showed that macaques had the greatest percentage of fast fibers in both muscles (followed by humans) and that humans had the greatest percentage of slow fibers in both muscles. Macaques and humans typically did not differ from one another in morphometrics except for fiber length where humans had longer fibers. Although sample sizes are low, results from this study may indicate that the rhesus macaque OOM and ZM muscle are specialized primarily to assist with maintenance of the rigid dominance hierarchy via rapid facial displays of submission and aggression, whereas human musculature may have evolved not only under pressure to work in facial expressions but also in development of speech. Anat Rec, 297:1250–1261, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variation in Timing, Duration, Intensity, and Direction of Adolescent Growth in the Mandible, Maxilla, and Cranial Base: The Fels Longitudinal Study
Authors: Nahhas Ramzi W. , Valiathan Manish , Sherwood Richard J.
Published: June 2014

There is considerable individual variation in the timing, duration, and intensity of growth that occurs in the craniofacial complex during childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this article is to describe the extent of this variation between traits and between individuals within the Fels Longitudinal Study (FLS). Polynomial multilevel models were used to estimate the ages of onset, peak velocity, and cessation of adolescent growth, the time between these ages, the amount of growth between these ages, and peak velocity. This was done at both the group and individual levels for standard cephalometric measurements of the lengths of the mandible, maxilla, and cranial base, the gonial angle, and the saddle angle. Data are from 293 untreated boys and girls age 4–24 years in the FLS. The timing of the adolescent growth spurt was, in general, not significantly different between the mandible and the maxilla, with each having an earlier age of onset, later age of peak velocity, and later age of cessation of growth as compared to the cranial base length. Compared to lengths, angles had in general later ages of onset, peak velocity, and cessation of growth. Accurate characterization of the ontogenetic trajectories of the traits in the craniofacial complex is critical for both clinicians seeking to optimize treatment timing and anatomists interested in examining heterochrony. Anat Rec, 297:1195–1207, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calbindin‐D28K Immunoreactivity in the Human Cerebellar Cortex
Authors: Flace Paolo , Lorusso Loredana , Laiso Giuliana , Rizzi Anna , Cagiano Raffaele , Nico Beatrice , Ribatti Domenico , Ambrosi Glauco , Benagiano Vincenzo
Published: June 2014

Calbindin‐D28k (CB) is a calcium‐binding protein largely distributed in the cerebellum of various species of vertebrates. As regards the human cerebellar cortex, precise data on the distribution of CB have not yet been reported. Aim of the present work was to analyze the distribution of CB in postmortem samples of human cerebellar cortex using light microscopy immunohistochemical techniques. Immunoreactivity to CB was detected within neuronal bodies and processes distributed in all cortex layers. In the molecular layer, the immunoreactivity was observed in subpopulations of stellate and basket neurons. In the Purkinje neuron layer, the immunoreactivity was observed in practically all the Purkinje neurons. In the granular layer, the immunoreactivity was observed in subpopulations of granules, of Golgi neurons, and also of other types of large neurons (candelabrum, Lugaro neurons, etc.). Immunoreactivity to CB was also observed in axon terminals distributed throughout the cortex according to layer‐specific patterns of distribution. The qualitative and quantitative patterns of distribution of CB showed no difference among the different lobes of the cerebellar cortex. This study reports that CB is expressed by different neuron types, both inhibitory (GABAergic) and excitatory (glutamatergic), involved in both intrinsic and extrinsic circuits of the human cerebellar cortex. The study provides further insights on the functional role of CB and on the neuronal types of the cerebellar cortex in which it is expressed. Anat Rec, 297:1306–1315, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Evaluation of Vertebrobasilar Artery System in Neuro‐Behçet and Behçet Disease using Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Authors: Kose Evren , Kamisli Suat , Dogan Metin , Tasolar Sevgi , Kahraman Ayşegül , Oztanir Mustafa Namik , Sener Serpil
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study is the evaluation of the vertebrobasilar artery system in patients with Behçet's and Neuro‐Behçet's disease. For this aim; 20 adults with clinically diagnosed Behcet's disease, 20 adults with Neuro‐Behçet's disease, and 19 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were examined by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). During MRA, diameters of left vertebral artery (LVA), right vertebral artery (RVA), basilar artery (BA), and proximal segment (P1) of posterior cerebral artery between origin and junction with the posterior communicating artery were measured. In all groups, LVA was dominant than RVA (P < 0.05). The diameters of BA and right P1 of Neuro‐Behçet's disease were larger than the other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the diameters of left P1 of Neuro‐Behçet's disease were larger but not statistically significant. There is no difference between the groups in terms of gender. Behçet's disease can affect vascular structures; therefore vertebrobasilar artery system should be examined in patients with Behçet's and Neuro‐Behçet's disease. Anat Rec, 297:1302–1305, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D Geometry and Quantitative Variation of the Cervico‐Thoracic Region in Crocodylia
Authors: Chamero Beatriz , Buscalioni Ángela D. , Marugán‐Lobón Jesús , Sarris Ioannis
Published: June 2014

This study aims to interpret the axial patterning of the crocodylian neck, and to find a potential taxonomic signal that corresponds to vertebral position. Morphological variation in the cervico‐thoracic vertebrae is compared in fifteen different crocodylian species using 3D geometric morphometric methods. Multivariate analysis indicated that the pattern of intracolumnar variation was a gradual change in shape of the vertebral series (at the parapophyses, diapophyses, prezygapohyses, and postzygapohyses), in the cervical (C3 to C9) and dorsal (D1‐D2) regions which was quite conservative among the crocodylians studied. In spite of this, we also found that intracolumnar shape variation allowed differentiation between two sub regions of the crocodylian neck. Growth is subtly correlated with vertebral shape variation, predicting changes in both the vertebral centrum and the neural spine. Interestingly, the allometric scaling for the pooled sample is equivalently shared by each vertebra studied. However, there were significant taxonomic differences, both in the average shape of the entire neck configuration (regional variation) and by shape variation at each vertebral position (positional variation) among the necks. The average neck vertebra of crocodylids is characterized by a relatively cranio‐caudally short neural arch, whereby the spine is relatively longer and pointed orthogonal to the frontal plane. Conversely, the average vertebra in alligatorids has cranio‐caudally longer neural spine and arch, with a relatively (dorso‐ventrally) shorter spine. At each vertebral position there are significant differences between alligatorids and crocodylids. We discuss that the delayed timing of neurocentral fusion in Alligatoridae possibly explains the observed taxonomic differences. Anat Rec, 297:1278–1291, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal Development of the Digestive System in the Horse
Authors: Rodrigues Marcio N. , Carvalho Rafael C. , Franciolli Andre L. R. , Rodrigues Rosângela F. , Rigoglio Nathia N. , Jacob Julio C. F. , Gastal Eduardo L. , Miglino Maria A.
Published: June 2014

Since the horse has a highly precocial reproductive strategy, most organs are functionally well developed at birth and thus, embryonic and fetal life is interesting. Data on the development of important organs are very limited. Here, we detailed macroscopically and histologically the equine digestive system, focusing on the first third of gestation. At 21 days, the oral cavity was an empty space, and the liver contained proliferating endodermal cells. At 25 days, a fusiform stomach and the pancreatic bud were present. At 28 days, a small tongue and the esophagus occurred. At 30 days, primary and secondary palates were developed, the liver contained cords of hepatocytes, and the pancreas was triangular. At 40 days, crypts had formed in the intestinal loops, cell differentiation was observed in the hepatic parenchyma, and the pancreas was elongated. Pancreatic acini and islets were observed in fetuses of 50 days and intestines were highly convoluted. Three segments of the pharynx were distinguishable at 75 days. At 105 days, the intestinal villi were wide with round tips; especially, the liver, stomach, and oral cavity showed key steps of anatomical and cellular differentiation in early fetuses, whereas other areas, such as pancreas or pharynx were still immature in the investigated phase. Pluripotency analysis using Oct4 showed initial intense staining in all of the digestive system tissues and a later decreased becoming restricted to specific cell layers. In conclusion, our data may contribute to perform a chronological reference of developmental events for approaches predicting pregnancy disorders in horses. Anat Rec, 297:1218–1227, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative Distribution and Arrangement of Herbst Corpuscles in the Oropharynx of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
Authors: Crole Martina Rachel , Soley John Thomson
Published: June 2014

Herbst corpuscles are widely distributed throughout the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu in contrast to the general situation in birds. Knowledge of the comparative distribution of Herbst corpuscles in the oropharynx of these two commercially important ratite species may assist in a better understanding of their feeding habits. Tissue sections representing all parts of the oropharynx of five ostrich and five emu heads collected after slaughter were prepared for light microscopy, the Herbst corpuscles counted, and the relative percentage of corpuscles calculated for defined anatomical regions. Herbst corpuscles were more widespread in the oropharynx of the emu (where they were additionally found in the tongue and laryngeal mound) than in the ostrich but were absent from the pharyngeal folds in both species. The results further indicated that Herbst corpuscles were strategically located to aid in the handling and transport of food. In this context, the high concentration of Herbst corpuscles in the prominent median palatine and ventral ridges in the ostrich denote these structures as sensory organs, namely the palatal and interramal organs. The presence of these sensory organs, coupled with the higher relative percentage of Herbst corpuscles located on the rostral oropharyngeal floor, indicate that the part of the oropharynx caudal to the mandibular and maxillary rostra forms an important sensory region in the ostrich. Additionally, species‐specific concentrations of Herbst corpuscles within the oropharynx were identified which appear to assist in the accurate positioning of the tongue and laryngeal mound for cleaning the choana (internal nares) after swallowing. Anat Rec, 297:1338–1348, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ontogeny of the Larynx and Flight Ability in Jamaican Fruit Bats (Phyllostomidae) With Considerations for the Evolution of Echolocation
Authors: Carter Richard T. , Adams Rick A.
Published: June 2014

Echolocating bats have adaptations of the larynx such as hypertrophied intrinsic musculature and calcified or ossified cartilages to support sonar emission. We examined growth and development of the larynx relative to developing flight ability in Jamaican fruit bats to assess how changes in sonar production are coordinated with the onset of flight during ontogeny as a window for understanding the evolutionary relationships between these systems. In addition, we compare the extent of laryngeal calcification in an echolocating shrew species (Sorex vagrans) and the house mouse (Mus musculus), to assess what laryngeal chiropteran adaptations are associated with flight versus echolocation. Individuals were categorized into one of five developmental flight stages (flop, flutter, flap, flight, and adult) determined by drop‐tests. Larynges were cleared and stained with alcian blue and alizarin red, or sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Our results showed calcification of the cricoid cartilage in bats, represented during the flap stage and this increased significantly in individuals at the flight stage. Thyroid and arytenoid cartilages showed no evidence of calcification and neither cricoid nor thyroid showed significant increases in rate of growth relative to the larynx as a whole. The physiological cross‐sectional area of the cricothyroid muscles increased significantly at the flap stage. Shrew larynges showed signs of calcification along the margins of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, while the mouse larynx did not. These data suggest the larynx of echolocating bats becomes stronger and sturdier in tandem with flight development, indicating possible developmental integration between flight and echolocation. Anat Rec, 297:1270–1277, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphologic Observation of Mucosa‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Large Intestine of Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)
Authors: ZhaXi YINGPAI , Wang Wenhui , Zhang Wangdong , Gao Qiang , Guo Minggang , Jia Shuai
Published: June 2014

The structure and distribution of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) throughout the large intestine of 10 Bactrian camels were comparatively studied by anatomical and histological methods. The results showed that Peyer's patches (PPs) were mainly located on the mucosal surfaces of the entire ileocecal orifice, the beginning of the cecum and the first third of the colon. The shape of PPs gradually changed from “scrotiform” to “faviform” along the large intestine with the scrotiform PP as the major type in the ileocecal orifice. The distribution density also gradually decreased from the ileocecal orifice to the colon. The histological observations further revealed that the MALT in the form of PPs or isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF) and lamina propria lymphocytes was mainly present in the lamina propria and submucosa from the entire ileocecal orifice, where the muscularis mucosa is usually incomplete, to the colonic forepart. In addition, lymphoid tissue was much more abundant in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ileocecal orifice as compared to the cecum and colon. Statistically, the MALT of the ileocecal orifice contained a higher number of lymphoid follicles (37.7/10 mm2) than that of the cecum, colon, or rectum (P < 0.05). The germinal centers of the lymphoid follicles were clearly visible. Together, our data suggest that the ileocecal orifice constitutes the main inductive site for the mucosal immunity in the large intestine of the Bactrian camel; and that scrotiform PPs are likely to the result of long‐term adaptation of the Bactrian camel to the harsh living environment. Anat Rec, 297:1292–1301, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early pregnancy agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of gastroschisis among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California
Authors: Shaw Gary M. , Yang Wei , Roberts Eric , Kegley Susan E. , Padula Amy , English Paul B. , Carmichael Suzan L.
Published: June 2014

Background: Prevalence of gastroschisis has inexplicably been increasing over the past few decades. Our intent was to explore whether early gestational exposures to pesticides were associated with risk of gastroschisis. Methods: We used population‐based data, accompanied by detailed information from maternal interviews as well as information on residential proximity to a large number of commercial pesticide applications during early pregnancy. The study population derived from the San Joaquin Valley of California (). Cases were 156 infants/fetuses with gastroschisis and controls were 785 infants without birth defects. Results: Among 22 chemical pesticide groups analyzed, none had an elevated odds ratio with an associated confidence interval that excluded 1.0, although exposure to the triazine group showed borderline significance. Among 36 specific pesticide chemicals analyzed, only exposure to petroleum distillates was associated with an elevated risk, odds ratio = 2.5 (1.1–5.6). In general, a substantially different inference was not derived when analyses were stratified by maternal age or when risk estimation included adjustment for race/ethnicity, body mass index, folic acid supplement use, and smoking. Conclusion: Our study rigorously adds to the scant literature on this topic. Our a priori expectation was that we would observe certain pesticide compounds to be particularly associated with young age owing to the disproportionate risk observed for young women to have offspring with gastroschisis. We did not observe an exposure profile unique to young women. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 100:686–694, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A three‐protein biomarker panel assessed in diagnostic tissue predicts death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease
Authors: Severi Gianluca , FitzGerald Liesel M. , Muller David C. , Pedersen John , Longano Anthony , Southey Melissa C. , Hopper John L. , English Dallas R. , Giles Graham G. , Mills John
Published: June 2014

Only a minority of prostate cancers lead to death. Because no tissue biomarkers of aggressiveness other than Gleason score are available at diagnosis, many nonlethal cancers are treated aggressively. We evaluated whether a panel of biomarkers, associated with a range of disease outcomes in previous studies, could predict death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease. Using a case‐only design, subjects were identified from three Australian epidemiological studies. Men who had died of their disease, “cases” (N = 83), were matched to “referents” (N = 232), those who had not died of prostate cancer, using incidence density sampling. Diagnostic tissue was retrieved to assess expression of AZGP1, MUC1, NKX3.1, p53, and PTEN by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Poisson regression was used to estimate mortality rate ratios (MRRs) adjusted for age, Gleason score, and stage and to estimate survival probabilities. Expression of MUC1 and p53 was associated with increased mortality (MRR 2.51, 95% CI 1.14–5.54, P = 0.02 and 3.08, 95% CI 1.41–6.95, P = 0.005, respectively), whereas AZGP1 expression was associated with decreased mortality (MRR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.96, P = 0.04). Analyzing all markers under a combined model indicated that the three markers were independent predictors of prostate cancer death and survival. For men with localized disease at diagnosis, assessment of AZGP1, MUC1, and p53 expression in diagnostic tissue by IHC could potentially improve estimates of risk of dying from prostate cancer based only on Gleason score and clinical stage.
Cardiovascular collapse post chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention due to a compressive left atrial hematoma managed with percutaneous drainage
Authors: Wilson William M. , Spratt J.C. , Lombardi W.L.
Published: June 2014

This case illustrates a potential complication of the retrograde approach using epicardial collaterals for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Hypotension post CTO PCI in a patient who has undergone previous cardiac surgery can have multiple causes, one of which is chamber compression from a localized hematoma due to coronary perforation as occurred in this case. This report is the first description of successful nonsurgical management of a left atrial hematoma causing cardiovascular collapse with percutaneous drainage. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early physiological regulation predicts the trajectory of externalizing behaviors across the preschool period
Authors: Perry Nicole B. , Nelson Jackie A. , Calkins Susan D. , Leerkes Esther M. , O'Brien Marion , Marcovitch Stuart
Published: June 2014

Early assessments of children's physiological functioning are shown to predict subsequent developmental outcomes. However, individual changes that occur in the development of physiological systems may be associated with the pattern of change in behavior across time. Thus, we examined change in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of physiological regulation, as a time‐varying predictor in order to assess whether RSA change at ages 3, 4, and 5 uniquely influenced the trajectory of externalizing behaviors from age 3 to 5. Results indicated that only at age 3 was RSA change significantly associated with decreases in externalizing behaviors over time. RSA change scores at ages 4 and 5 were unrelated to trajectories of externalizing behavior, suggesting that the ability to physiologically regulate by age 3 may contribute to the development of skills that facilitate more control over behavior throughout preschool, and therefore may be more strongly associated with the pattern of change in externalizing behaviors than later physiological regulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1482–1491, 2014.
Loss of tau results in defects in photoreceptor development and progressive neuronal degeneration in Drosophila
Authors: Bolkan Bonnie J. , Kretzschmar Doris
Published: June 2014

Accumulations of Tau, a microtubule‐associated protein (MAP), into neurofibrillary tangles is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. However, the mechanisms leading to this pathology are still unclear: the aggregates themselves could be toxic or the sequestration of Tau into tangles might prevent Tau from fulfilling its normal functions, thereby inducing a loss of function defect. Surprisingly, the consequences of losing normal Tau expression in vivo are still not well understood, in part due to the fact that Tau knockout mice show only subtle phenotypes, presumably due to the fact that mammals express several MAPs with partially overlapping functions. In contrast, flies express fewer MAP, with Tau being the only member of the Tau/MAP2/MAP4 family. Therefore, we used Drosophila to address the physiological consequences caused by the loss of Tau. Reducing the levels of fly Tau (dTau) ubiquitously resulted in developmental lethality, whereas deleting Tau specifically in neurons or the eye caused progressive neurodegeneration. Similarly, chromosomal mutations affecting dTau also caused progressive degeneration in both the eye and brain. Although photoreceptor cells initially developed normally in dTau knockdown animals, they subsequently degenerated during late pupal stages whereas weaker dTau alleles caused an age‐dependent defect in rhabdomere structure. Expression of wild type human Tau partially rescued the neurodegenerative phenotype caused by the loss of endogenous dTau, suggesting that the functions of Tau proteins are functionally conserved from flies to humans. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1210–1225, 2014
The microtubule destabilizing protein stathmin controls the transition from dividing neuronal precursors to postmitotic neurons during adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Boekhoorn Karin , van Dis Vera , Goedknegt Erika , Sobel André , Lucassen Paul J. , Hoogenraad Casper C.
Published: June 2014

The hippocampus is one of the two areas in the mammalian brain where adult neurogenesis occurs. Adult neurogenesis is well known to be involved in hippocampal physiological functions as well as pathophysiological conditions. Microtubules (MTs), providing intracellular transport, stability, and transmitting force, are indispensable for neurogenesis by facilitating cell division, migration, growth, and differentiation. Although there are several examples of MT‐stabilizing proteins regulating different aspects of adult neurogenesis, relatively little is known about the function of MT‐destabilizing proteins. Stathmin is such a MT‐destabilizing protein largely restricted to the CNS, and in contrast to its developmental family members, stathmin is also expressed at significant levels in the adult brain, notably in areas involved in adult neurogenesis. Here, we show an important role for stathmin during adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the mouse hippocampus. After carefully mapping stathmin expression in the adult dentate gyrus (DG), we investigated its role in hippocampal neurogenesis making use of stathmin knockout mice. Although hippocampus development appears normal in these animals, different aspects of adult neurogenesis are affected. First, the number of proliferating Ki‐67+ cells is decreased in stathmin knockout mice, as well as the expression of the immature markers Nestin and PSA‐NCAM. However, newborn cells that do survive express more frequently the adult marker NeuN and have a more mature morphology. Furthermore, our data suggest that migration in the DG might be affected. We propose a model in which stathmin controls the transition from neuronal precursors to early postmitotic neurons. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1226–1242, 2014
Dickkopf‐3 alters the morphological response to retinoic acid during neuronal differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cells
Authors: Alfonso Rocío Jiménez , Gorroño‐Etxebarria Irantzu , Rabano Miriam , Vivanco Maria dM. , Kypta Robert
Published: June 2014

Dickkopf‐3 (Dkk‐3) and Dkkl‐1 (Soggy) are secreted proteins of poorly understood function that are highly expressed in subsets of neurons in the brain. To explore their potential roles during neuronal development, we examined their expression in Ntera‐2 (NT2) human embryonal carcinoma cells, which differentiate into neurons upon treatment with retinoic acid (RA). RA treatment increased the mRNA and protein levels of Dkk‐3 but not of Dkkl‐1. Ectopic expression of both Dkk‐3 and Dkkl‐1 induced apoptosis in NT2 cells. Gene silencing of Dkk‐3 did not affect NT2 cell growth or differentiation but altered their response to RA in suspension cultures. RA treatment of NT2 cells cultured in suspension resulted in morphological changes that led to cell attachment and flattening out of cell aggregates. Although there were no significant differences in the expression levels of cell adhesion molecules in control and Dkk‐3‐silenced cells, this morphological response was not observed in Dkk‐3‐silenced cells. These findings suggest that Dkk‐3 plays a role in the regulation of cell interactions during RA‐induced neuronal differentiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1243–1254, 2014
Selection based on the size of the black tie of the great tit may be reversed in urban habitats
Authors: Senar Juan Carlos , Conroy Michael J. , Quesada Javier , Mateos‐Gonzalez Fernando
Published: June 2014

A standard approach to model how selection shapes phenotypic traits is the analysis of capture–recapture data relating trait variation to survival. Divergent selection, however, has never been analyzed by the capture–recapture approach. Most reported examples of differences between urban and nonurban animals reflect behavioral plasticity rather than divergent selection. The aim of this paper was to use a capture–recapture approach to test the hypothesis that divergent selection can also drive local adaptation in urban habitats. We focused on the size of the black breast stripe (i.e., tie width) of the great tit (Parus major), a sexual ornament used in mate choice. Urban great tits display smaller tie sizes than forest birds. Because tie size is mostly genetically determined, it could potentially respond to selection. We analyzed capture/recapture data of male great tits in Barcelona city (N = 171) and in a nearby (7 km) forest (N = 324) from 1992 to 2008 usingMARK. When modelling recapture rate, we found it to be strongly influenced by tie width, so that both for urban and forest habitats, birds with smaller ties were more trap‐shy and more cautious than their larger tied counterparts. When modelling survival, we found that survival prospects in forest great tits increased the larger their tie width (i.e., directional positive selection), but the reverse was found for urban birds, with individuals displaying smaller ties showing higher survival (i.e., directional negative selection). As melanin‐based tie size seems to be related to personality, and both are heritable, results may be explained by cautious personalities being favored in urban environments. More importantly, our results show that divergent selection can be an important mechanism in local adaptation to urban habitats and that capture–recapture is a powerful tool to test it.
A new method for measuring stand sapwood area in forests
Authors: Jaskierniak Dominik , Benyon Richard , Kuczera George , Robinson Andrew
Published: June 2014

We introduce a novel methodology for measuring stand sapwood area (SA), which provides a useful indicator of evapotranspiration from forest stands. The method is demonstrated in a 73‐year‐oldEucalyptus regnansforest comprising 784 stems over a 5 ha area. We used photos of stump cross‐sections to differentiate sapwood from heartwood and found 90% of stump segments to have a visible transition boundary. The digital images were corrected for lens distortion and scaled to an actual cross‐sectional area, with resulting stump perimeters corresponding well with field‐measured perimeters traced using string (root‐mean‐square error = 4 cm,R2 = 0.99). Calculated SA and basal area (BA) at stump height were coupled with tree and sapwood taper data to predict the SA:BA ratio at 1.3 m height (). Tree taper data were coupled with stump dimensions data in a mixed‐effects model to predict each stump's BA at 1.3 m, and sapwood taper data from buttress logs were used to improve each stems. Using this procedure, we found our study site to have anof 0.21 and total stand SA at 1.3 m height of 9.3 m2 ha−1.

We quantified the bias in traditionalestimates that use cores to measure sapwood thickness and diameter tape to calculate SA. We show traditional methods underestimatethat increases with tree diameter and decreases with stem circularity, whereas our methodology gave more accurate measures of SA in large buttressing trees. Our methodology also provides a more efficient way of generating maps of SA variation across large forested catchments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes to southern Appalachian water yield and stormflow after loss of a foundation species
Authors: Brantley Steven T. , Miniat Chelcy Ford , Elliott Katherine J. , Laseter Stephanie H. , Vose James M.
Published: June 2014

Few studies have examined how insect outbreaks affect landscape‐level hydrologic processes. We report the hydrologic effects of the invasive, exotic hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) in a headwater catchment in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The study watershed experienced complete mortality of an evergreen tree species, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock), after infestation was first detected in 2003. Hemlock mortality resulted in a ~6% reduction in basal area in the watershed, and this loss was primarily concentrated in riparian zones. We used a paired‐watershed approach to quantify changes in water yield and peak stormflow using streamflow data from the infested watershed and a nearby watershed with significantly lower hemlock basal area. We hypothesized that yield would increase shortly after hemlock infestation but decrease over the longer‐term. We found that annual yield did not increase significantly in any year after infestation but decreased significantly by 12·0 cm (~8%) in 2010. Monthly yield also decreased after infestation, but changes were limited to the dormant season. The decline in yield is likely to persist as hemlock is replaced by species with higher transpiration rates. Peakflow increased significantly after infestation during the two largest flow events in the post‐infestation period. Changes in stormflow during extreme events may have been temporary as another evergreen, Rhododendron maximum, may have mitigated some of the changes after hemlock loss. Thus, streams draining watersheds where eastern hemlock has been lost due to HWA infestation demonstrate permanent reductions in yield and transient increases in peakflow during large‐flow events. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Sensory evaluation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of the volatile extracts of pummelo (Citrus maxima) peel
Authors: Sun Hao , Ni Hui , Yang Yuanfan , Chen Feng , Cai Huinong , Xiao Anfeng
Published: June 2014

Volatile extracts were prepared from the peel of pummelo by cold pressing (CP), water distillation (WD), simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE), microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE). They were analysed by sensory evaluation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The former technique showed that the CP essential oil (CP‐EO), MAE and UAE extracts possessed similar odour profiles to the natural pummelo odour, whereas the SDE extract and WD essential oil (WD‐EO) presented the fermented/overripe and alcohol/pungent notes, and the SFE extract had a sweet note. Although the GC‐MS analyses revealed the six extracts had a certain degree of differences in their compositions, they had similar major volatiles, including limonene (301 476–497 028 µg/ml), β‐myrcene (86 400–230 400 µg/ml), β‐pinene (1370–7129 µg/ml), linalool (1916–4482 µg/ml) and germacrene D (1165–2327 µg/ml). Analyses of odour activity values (OAVs) and cluster analysis revealed the fermented/overripe and alcohol/pungent notes of the SDE extract and WD‐EO were attributed to nerol, geraniol and linalool oxide. The sweet note of the SFE extract was ascribed to citronellal and limonene oxide. Besides, a lack of limonene, neral and geranial resulted in a light green aroma of the SFE extract. This information might be valuable for further development of aromatically desirable products from citrus fruits. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue remodeling in periplaque regions of multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions
Authors: Lieury Alice , Chanal Marie , Androdias Géraldine , Reynolds Richard , Cavagna Sylvie , Giraudon Pascale , Confavreux Christian , Nataf Serge
Published: June 2014

Our knowledge of multiple sclerosis (MS) neuropathology has benefited from a number of studies that provided an in‐depth description of plaques and, more recently, diffuse alterations of the normal‐appearing white or grey matter. However, there have been few studies focusing on the periplaque regions surrounding demyelinated plaques, notably in MS spinal cords. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the molecular immunopathology of periplaque demyelinated lesions (PDLs) in the spinal cord of patients with a progressive form of MS. To achieve this goal, the neuropathological features of PDLs were analyzed in postmortem tissues derived from the cervical spinal cord of 21 patients with primary or secondary progressive MS. We found that PDLs covered unexpectedly large areas of incomplete demyelination and were characterized by the superimposition of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory molecular signatures. Accordingly, macrophages/microglia accumulated in PDLs but exhibited a poor phagocytic activity toward myelin debris. Interestingly, while genes of the oligodendrocyte lineage were consistently down‐regulated in PDLs, astrocyte‐related molecules such as aquaporin 4, connexin 43 and the glutamate transporter EAAT1, were significantly upregulated in PDLs at the mRNA and protein levels. Overall, our work indicates that in the spinal cord of patients with a progressive form of MS, a tissue remodeling process that is temporally remote from plaque development takes place in PDLs. We propose that in spinal cord PDLs, this process is supported by subtle alterations of astrocyte functions and by low‐grade inflammatory events that drive a slowly progressive loss of myelin and a failure of remyelination. GLIA 2014;62:1645–1658