bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The forgotten merits of GIC restorations: a systematic review
Authors: Mustafa Hawshan Abdulrahman , Soares Ana Prates , Paris Sebastian , Elhennawy Karim , Zaslansky Paul
Published: June 2020

Objective

To reevaluate proven strengths and weakness of glass ionomer cements (GICs) and to identify agreement versus conflicting evidence in previous reports regarding the transition between GIC and the tooth, and the existence of an “interphase”.

Materials and methods

Relevant electronic databases (PubMed, Embase via Ovid and Medline via Web of science) were searched for publications of evidence relating to the transition zone at the GIC-tooth interphase. Studies were examined and grouped according to characteristics of GIC-tooth attachment area quantified by X-ray and optical microscopy techniques in 2D and 3D.

Results

Inclusion criteria comprised of in vitro studies that showed images of the conventional GIC-tooth substrate attachments using at least one of the following techniques: SEM, CLSM, or μCT. The search identified 419 studies, from which 33 were included. Ten studies demonstrated the existence of an interphase layer and five studies quantified the layer thickness (1–15 μ). Twenty-nine publications studied different failure modes of the GIC-tooth interphase. Eleven studies described discontinuities inside the GIC bulk.

Conclusion

The GIC-tooth interphase attributes evolve with time. Good attachment is evident even under compromised surface preparation. The GIC-tooth attachment area is resistant to acidic dissolution as compared to both tooth and GIC bulk. In general, studies revealed mostly intact GIC-tooth interphases with only some cracked interphases.

Clinical significance

GIC bonds to the tooth structure and forms an acid resistant attachment zone that might enhance caries inhibition. Due to fluoride release and ease of use, GIC provides a cost effective treatment, ideal for low income or high caries populations.
Multinucleated giant cells within the in vivo implantation bed of a collagen-based biomaterial determine its degradation pattern
Authors: Tanneberger Anna Maria , Al-Maawi Sarah , Herrera-Vizcaíno Carlos , Orlowska Anna , Kubesch Alica , Sader Robert , Kirkpatrick C. J. , Ghanaati Shahram
Published: June 2020

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to characterize the cellular reaction to a xenogeneic resorbable collagen membrane of porcine origin using a subcutaneous implantation model in Wistar rats over 30 days.

Materials and methods

Ex vivo, liquid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a leukocyte and platelet-rich cell suspension, was used to evaluate the blood cell membrane interaction. The material was implanted subcutaneously in rats. Sham-operated rats without biomaterial displayed physiological wound healing (control group). Histological, immunohistological, and histomorphometric analyses were focused on the inflammatory pattern, vascularization rate, and degradation pattern.

Results

The membrane induced a large number of mononuclear cells over the observation period, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. After 15 days, multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) were observed on the biomaterial surface. Their number increased significantly, and they proceeded to the center of the biomaterial on day 30. These cells highly expressed CD-68, calcitonin receptor, and MMP-9, but not TRAP or integrin-ß3. Thus, the membrane lost its integrity and underwent disintegration as a consequence of the induction of MNGCs. The significant increase in MNGC number correlated with a high rate of vascularization, which was significantly higher than the control group. Physiological wound healing in the control group did not induce any MNGCs at any time point. Ex vivo blood cells from liquid-PRF did not penetrate the membrane.

Conclusion

The present study suggests a potential role for MNGCs in biomaterial degradation and questions whether it is beneficial to accept them in clinically approved biomaterials or focus on biomaterials that induce only mononuclear cells. Thus, further studies are necessary to identify the function of biomaterial-induced MNGCs.

Clinical relevance

Understanding the cellular reaction to biomaterials is essential to assess their suitability for specific clinical indications and outline the potential benefit of specific group of biomaterials in the respective clinical indications.
On the evolution and application of the concept of electrochemical polarization
Authors: Zalka Dóra , Péter László
Published: June 2020

This paper yields an overview on the evolution of the concept of polarization applied to electrochemical systems, ranging from electrodes to cells. The historical discussion starts at the early phase of the development of electrochemistry when current-controlled measurements were possible only, and when the early definitions of polarization, depolarization and depolarizer were created. A number of contemporary handbooks, recommendations and other reference resources are listed in which these concepts are represented in various ways, from conservative definitions to attempts of redefining them. The traditional definitions are confronted with the everyday use of professional language, drawing attention to the fact that the widespread application of potential-controlled electrochemical measurements led to new meanings. Some suggestions are made that open room for the application of the term of polarization in accord with the modern methodologies, without compromising the traditional introduction of the term. Polarization-related phenomena in biological membranes are not dealt with in the present work.
Which multi-attribute utility instruments are recommended for use in cost-utility analysis? A review of national health technology assessment (HTA) guidelines
Authors: Kennedy-Martin Matthew , Slaap Bernhard , Herdman Michael , van Reenen Mandy , Kennedy-Martin Tessa , Greiner Wolfgang , Busschbach Jan , Boye Kristina S.
Published: June 2020

Background

Several multi-attribute utility instruments (MAUIs) are available from which utilities can be derived for use in cost-utility analysis (CUA). This study provides a review of recommendations from national health technology assessment (HTA) agencies regarding the choice of MAUIs.

Methods

A list was compiled of HTA agencies that provide or refer to published official pharmacoeconomic (PE) guidelines for pricing, reimbursement or market access. The guidelines were reviewed for recommendations on the indirect calculation of utilities and categorized as: a preference for a specific MAUI; providing no MAUI preference, but providing examples of suitable MAUIs and/or recommending the use of national value sets; and recommending CUA, but not providing examples of MAUIs.

Results

Thirty-four PE guidelines were included for review. MAUIs named for use in CUA: EQ-5D (n = 29 guidelines), the SF-6D (n = 11), HUI (n = 10), QWB (n = 3), AQoL (n = 2), CHU9D (n = 1). EQ-5D was a preferred MAUI in 15 guidelines. Alongside the EQ-5D, the HUI was a preferred MAUI in one guideline, with DALY disability weights mentioned in another. Fourteen guidelines expressed no preference for a specific MAUI, but provided examples: EQ-5D (n = 14), SF-6D (n = 11), HUI (n = 9), QWB (n = 3), AQoL (n = 2), CHU9D (n = 1). Of those that did not specify a particular MAUI, 12 preferred calculating utilities using national preference weights.

Conclusions

The EQ-5D, HUI, and SF-6D were the three MAUIs most frequently mentioned in guidelines. The most commonly cited MAUI (in 85% of PE guidelines) was EQ-5D, either as a preferred MAUI or as an example of a suitable MAUI for use in CUA in HTA.
Fuel production using membrane reactors: a review
Authors: Hafeez Sanaa , Al-Salem S. M. , Manos George , Constantinou Achilleas
Published: June 2020

Population growth has led to higher consumption of fossil fuel, and subsequently to a major increase of greenhouse gases emissions to the atmosphere, thus inducing global warming. Fossil fuel supplies are depleting, and the price of these fuels is increasing. Moreover, there are concerns about related emissions of toxic pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and aromatic hydrocarbons. Here, we review alternative fuel technologies. We focus on how membrane reactors improve the existing production processes of renewable fuels. Advantages and environmental benefits of membrane reactors are compared to the conventional techniques. Membrane reactors have been applied successfully to improve biodiesel, hydrogen and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Membranes help the conversion of products, whilst shifting the equilibrium of the reaction and reducing undesired by-products. Membrane reactors also overcome immiscibility issues that hinder conventional reactor processes. Overall, membrane reactors reduce cost and energy needed for the treatment of wastewater from fuel production.
An approach to constructing genuinely entangled subspaces of maximal dimension
Authors: Demianowicz Maciej , Augusiak Remigiusz
Published: June 2020

Genuinely entangled subspaces (GESs) are the class of completely entangled subspaces that contain only genuinely multiparty entangled states. They constitute a particularly useful notion in the theory of entanglement but also have found an application, for instance, in quantum error correction and cryptography. In a recent study (Demianowicz and Augusiak in Phys Rev A 98:012313, 2018), we have shown how GESs can be efficiently constructed in any multiparty scenario from the so-called unextendible product bases. The provided subspaces, however, are not of maximal allowable dimensions, and our aim here is to put forward an approach to building such. The method is illustrated with few examples in small systems. Connections with other mathematical problems, such as spaces of matrices of equal rank and the numerical range, are discussed.
Lactate Production Precedes Inflammatory Cell Recruitment in Arthritic Ankles: an Imaging Study
Authors: Neveu Marie-Aline , Beziere Nicolas , Daniels Rolf , Bouzin Caroline , Comment Arnaud , Schwenck Johannes , Fuchs Kerstin , Kneilling Manfred , Pichler Bernd J. , Schmid Andreas M.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Inflammation is involved in many disease processes. However, accurate imaging tools permitting diagnosis and characterization of inflammation are still missing. As inflamed tissues exhibit a high rate of glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism may offer a unique approach to follow the inflammatory response and disease progression. Therefore, the aim of the study was to follow metabolic changes and recruitment of inflammatory cells after onset of inflammation in arthritic ankles using hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively.

Procedure

Experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase-specific antibodies (GPI) containing serum. To monitor pyruvate metabolism, the transformation of hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate into hyperpolarized 1-13C-lactate was followed using MRS. To track phagocytic immune cell homing, we intravenously injected a perfluorocarbon emulsion 48 h before imaging. The animals were scanned at days 1, 3, or 6 after GPI-serum injection to examine the different stages of arthritic inflammation. Finally, to confirm the pyruvate metabolic activity and the link to inflammatory cell recruitment, we conducted hematoxylin-eosin histopathology and monocarboxylase transporter (MCT-1) immune histochemistry (IHC) of inflamed ankles.

Results

Hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate MRS revealed a high rate of lactate production immediately at day 1 after GPI-serum transfer, which remained elevated during the progression of the disease, while 19F-MRI exhibited a gradual recruitment of phagocytic immune cells in arthritic ankles, which correlated well with the course of ankle swelling. Histopathology and IHC revealed that MCT-1 was expressed in regions with inflammatory cell recruitment, confirming the metabolic shift identified in arthritic ankles.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated the presence of a very early metabolic shift in arthritic joints independent of phagocytic immune cell recruitment. Thus, hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate represents a promising tracer to monitor acute arthritic joint inflammation, even with minor ankle swelling. Furthermore, translated to the clinics, these methods add a detailed characterization of disease status and could substantially support patient stratification and therapy monitoring.
Posttransplantationsdiabetes mellitus
Authors: Albersmeyer M. , Gehr B. , Liebl A. , Gerbig D.
Published: June 2020

Nach Organtransplantation entwickeln etwa 10–40 % aller Patienten einen Posttransplantationsdiabetes mellitus (PTDM). Risikofaktoren sind Alter, Übergewicht, präexistenter Prädiabetes und Immunsuppression (Calcineurininhibitoren, Steroide). PTDM ist mit einer Steigerung der kardiovaskulären Mortalität assoziiert, mutmaßlich auch mit Transplantatversagen und daher in der Nachsorge von großer Bedeutung für Organerhalt und Langzeitüberleben. Als Goldstandard zur Diagnose gilt der orale Glukosetoleranztest (OGTT), unterstützend kommen Nüchternglukose, HbA1c- und Spontanblutzuckerwerte hinzu. Im Gegensatz zum Typ-2-Diabetes wird der PTDM in umgekehrter Reihenfolge behandelt: Direkt nach Transplantation wird vorzugsweise Insulin gegeben, im Verlauf kann oft deeskalierend auf eine orale Therapie (OAD) umgestellt werden. Hinsichtlich der Integration von OGTT, Diabeteseinstellung/‑schulung sowie Beratung zu gesunder Lebensführung in die Routine könnten stationäre Rehamaßnahmen in spezialisierten Zentren die Versorgungskette sinnvoll ergänzen.
CFD Modeling and Experimental Validation of Top-Submerged-Lance Gas Injection in Liquid Metal
Authors: Obiso D. , Akashi M. , Kriebitzsch S. , Meyer B. , Reuter M. , Eckert S. , Richter A.
Published: June 2020

In the present work, the dynamics of a downward gas injection into a liquid metal bath is studied using a numerical modeling approach, and validated with experimental data. As in a top-submerged-lance (TSL) smelter, gas is injected through the lance into the melt. By this means, the properties of the liquid are closer to the actual industrial process than the typically used water/glycerol–air/helium systems. The experimental activity was carried out in a quasi-2D vessel

$$(144\times 144\times 12\,{\hbox {mm}}^{3})$$

(
144
×
144
×
12

mm

3

)

filled with GaInSn, a metal alloy with eutectic at room temperature. Ar was used as the inert gas. The structure and behavior of the gas phase were visualized and quantitatively analyzed by X-ray radiography and high-speed imaging. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was applied to simulate the multiphase flow in the vessel and the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) model chosen to track the interface using a geometric reconstruction of the interface. Three different vertical lance positions were investigated, applying a gas flow rate of

$$Q_{\text {gas}}=6850\,{\hbox {cm}}^{3}/{\hbox {min}}.$$

Q
gas

=
6850

cm

3

/
min
.

The CFD model is able to predict the bubble detachment frequency, the average void fraction distributions, and the bubble size and hydrodynamic behavior, demonstrating its applicability to simulate such complex multiphase systems. The use of numerical models also provides a deep insight into fluid dynamics to study particular phenomena such as bubble break-up and free surface oscillations.
Family of mappings with an equicontractive-type condition
Authors: Wardowski Dariusz
Published: June 2020

In a real Banach space X and a complete metric space M, we consider a compact mapping C defined on a closed and bounded subset A of X with values in M and the operator $$T:A\times C(A) \rightarrow X$$

T
:
A
×
C
(
A
)
→
X

. Using a new type of equicontractive condition for a certain family of mappings and $$\beta $$
β
-condensing operators defined by the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness we prove that the operator $$x\mapsto T(x,C(x))$$

x
↦
T
(
x
,
C
(
x
)
)

has a fixed point. The obtained results are applied to the initial value problem.
Fuel theft in road freight transport: understanding magnitude and impacts of anti-theft devices
Authors: Urciuoli Luca
Published: June 2020

Fuel is one of the most important cost items that road carriers include in their freight rates. It has been demonstrated that unexpected changes of fuel costs influence mobility, logistics performance and profit margins. Experts believe that criminal organizations are targeting the transport sector to steal, smuggle and contraband diesel fuel. Today, very little data exist across the scientific community, depicting this phenomenon. Hence, the goal of this study is to shed light on the problem of diesel theft in freight transport, with a focus on determining its magnitude, its geographical displacement, main modus operandi, and potential impact of protective measures. A survey is developed and used to collect data from members of the Swedish Association of Road Transport companies. Replies from 189 companies are collected (18.9% response rate) and analyzed. Overall, this study unveils that about 150,225 l of fuels have been stolen from Swedish road carriers. In addition, data reveals that only a minority of these companies are affected by the problem, opening the hypothesis that attacks are geographically concentrated in areas where transport/logistics operations are intense. Several devices are available today to avoid fuel theft. Among those, tank gauging and radar-based technologies are preferred by companies, in view of their deterring effects.
A note on universal operators between separable Banach spaces
Authors: Garbulińska-Wȩgrzyn Joanna , Kubiś Wiesław
Published: June 2020

We compare two types of universal operators constructed relatively recently by Cabello Sánchez, and the authors. The first operator $${\Omega }$$
Ω
acts on the Gurariĭ space, while the second one $${\mathbf {P}}_{{{\mathbb {S}}}}$$

P
S

has values in a fixed separable Banach space $${{\mathbb {S}}}$$
S
. We show that if $${{\mathbb {S}}}$$
S
is the Gurariĭ space, then both operators are isometric. We also prove that, for a fixed space $${{\mathbb {S}}}$$
S
, the operator $${\mathbf {P}}_{{{\mathbb {S}}}}$$

P
S

is isometrically unique. Finally, we show that $${\Omega }$$
Ω
is generic in the sense of a natural infinite game.
Exploring current physicians’ failure to communicate clinical feedback back to transferring physicians after transitions of patient care responsibility: A mixed methods study
Authors: Bowen Judith L. , Chiovaro Joseph , O’Brien Bridget C. , Boscardin Christy Kim , Irby David M. , Ten Cate Olle
Published: June 2020

Introduction After patient care transitions occur, communication from the current physician back to the transferring physician may be an important source of clinical feedback for learning from outcomes of previous reasoning processes. Factors associated with this communication are not well understood. This study clarifies how often, and for what reasons, current physicians do or do not communicate back to transferring physicians about transitioned patients.

Methods In 2018, 38 physicians at two academic teaching hospitals were interviewed about communication decisions regarding 618 transitioned patients. Researchers recorded quantitative and qualitative data in field notes, then coded communication rationales using directed content analysis. Descriptive statistics and mixed effects logistic regression analyses identified communication patterns and examined associations with communication for three conditions: When current physicians 1) changed transferring physicians’ clinical decisions, 2) perceived transferring physicians’ clinical uncertainty, and 3) perceived transferring physicians’ request for communication.

Results Communication occurred regarding 17% of transitioned patients. Transferring physicians initiated communication in 55% of these cases. Communication did not occur when current physicians 1) changed transferring physicians’ clinical decisions (119 patients), 2) perceived transferring physicians’ uncertainty (97 patients), and 3) perceived transferring physicians’ request for communication (12 patients). Rationales for no communication included case contextual, structural, interpersonal, and cultural factors. Perceived uncertainty and request for communication were positively associated with communication (p < 0.001) while a changed clinical decision was not.

Discussion Current physicians communicate infrequently with transferring physicians after assuming patient care responsibilities. Structural and interpersonal barriers to communication may be amenable to change.
Development and implementation of water safety plans for groundwater resources in the southernmost city of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Authors: Masroor Kazhal , Kermani Majid , Gholami Mitra , Fanaei Farzad , Arfaeinia Hossein , Nemati Sepideh , Tahmasbizadeh Masoumeh
Published: June 2020

The transfer of water from the source to the consumption point is always associated with the possibility of contamination in any of its various components. To resolve this problem, the World Health Organization has considered a water safety plan. The purpose of this study is to implement water safety plan in the water supply system of Bukan city. This study was performed on Bukan’s water supply system in 2019–20 using a software to guarantee the quality of the water safety plan and the WHO and IWA guidelines. The software checklists were prepared and after confirming the validity of the translation and its facial and content validity, it was completed based on the records of the Water and Sewerage Company and interviews with experts. Out of a total of 440 points of full-application of the program and 392 points for the reviewed phases, 183.6 points were acquired and 43.7% of WSP-coordinated implementation was observed. The highest percentage of WSP-coordinated implementation (75.2%) was assigned to the validation stage with the highest point, and the support program stage had the lowest percentage of performance (1.1%). Among the major components of the water supply system, the final consumption point received the most attention from the system. Given the lifespan of the introduction and use of WSP in the world, it was expected that better results would be obtained from evaluating the implementation and progress of this approach in Bukan’s water supply system. However, the implementation rate of this program in this city compared to other cities in Iran, showed that according to the implementation time (one year), the obtained results are relatively convincing and good and the water supply system has a moderate level of safety.
Effect of TiO2 particle and pore size on DSSC efficiency
Authors: González-Verjan V. A. , Trujillo-Navarrete B. , Félix-Navarro Rosa María , de León J. N. Díaz , Romo-Herrera J. M. , Calva-Yáñez J. C. , Hernández-Lizalde J. M. , Reynoso-Soto E. A.
Published: June 2020

In this work, we report the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles with a high surface area, from 120 to 168 m2 g−1 by the hydrothermal-microemulsion route and hydrothermal temperature effect over particle size, porosity, and photovoltaic parameter. The TiO2 samples were characterized by Raman, BET, TEM, SEM-FE, I–V curves, and EIS. The increase of hydrothermal temperature correlates with particle and pore size. Although when the synthesis temperature was 250 °C, the surface area presents an unexpected decrease of c.a. 28%. TiO2 samples were employed as thin-film photo-anodes for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) solar cells. Photovoltaic results showed that the sample prepared at 250 °C presented the more suitable textural properties for the DSSC application. The prepared TiO2 materials with a particle size of 6.93 ± 0.59 nm and anatase crystalline phase favor electron transport and diffusion of electrolyte species, which directly impact in solar cell efficiency.
Automatic optimization of outlier detection ensembles using a limited number of outlier examples
Authors: Reunanen Niko , Räty Tomi , Lintonen Timo
Published: June 2020

In data analysis, outliers are deviating and unexpected observations. Outlier detection is important, because outliers can contain critical and interesting information. We propose an approach for optimizing outlier detection ensembles using a limited number of outlier examples. In our work, a limited number of outlier examples are defined as from 1 to 10% of the available outliers. The optimized outlier detection ensembles consist of outlier detection algorithms, which provide an outlier score and utilize adjustable parameters. The automatic optimization determines the parameter values, which enhance the discrimination of inliers and outliers. This increases the efficiency of the outlier detection. Outliers are rare by definition, which makes the optimization with a few examples beneficial. Obtaining examples of outliers can be prohibitively challenging, and the outlier examples should be used efficiently.
How to Assess Rater Rankings? A Theoretical and a Simulation Approach Using the Sum of the Pairwise Absolute Row Differences (PARDs)
Authors: Bartok Larissa , Burzler Matthias A.
Published: June 2020

Although the evaluation of inter-rater agreement is often necessary in psychometric procedures (e.g., standard settings or assessment centers), the measures typically used are not unproblematic. Existing measures are known for penalizing raters in specific settings, and some of them are highly dependent on the marginals and should not be used in ranking settings. This article introduces a new approach using the probability of consistencies in a setting where n independent raters rank k items. The discrete theoretical probability distribution of the sum of the pairwise absolute row differences (PARDs) is used to evaluate inter-rater agreement of empirically retrieved rating results. This is done by calculating the sum of PARDs in an empirically obtained $$n\times k$$

n
×
k

matrix together with the theoretically expected distribution of the sum of PARDs assuming raters randomly ranking items. In this article, the theoretical considerations of the PARDs approach are presented and two first simulation studies are used to investigate the performance of the approach.
Parturition dates in wild Eurasian lynx: evidence of a second oestrus?
Authors: Mattisson Jenny , Odden John , Linnell John D. C. , Painer Johanna , Persson Jens , Andrén Henrik
Published: June 2020

Understanding reproductive physiology of a species is important to assess their potential to respond to environmental variation and perturbation of their social system during the mating or pre-mating seasons. We report 175 parturition dates from wild Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Scandinavia. Most lynx birth dates were highly synchronised around a mean of 30th May (SD = 9 days) with 173 of the 175 births ranging from May 2nd to June 30th. We detected two very late births on July 29th and August 15th in the absence of any indication that the females had given birth and lost a litter earlier in the year. We propose that these represent evidence of a second oestrus which is highly unusual in lynx because of their unique reproductive physiology. The rarity of these late season births has implications for lynx demography and social organisation.
Forming of rail car axles in a CNC skew rolling mill
Authors: Pater Zbigniew , Tomczak Janusz , Lis Konrad , Bulzak Tomasz , Shu Xuedao
Published: June 2020

This study relates to an innovative method for forming rail car axles by skew rolling in a CNC 3-roll mill. The rolling mill was constructed at the Lublin University of Technology. The use of this machine makes it possible to produce elongated axisymmetric parts that are up to 55 mm in diameter and up to 1000 mm in length. Experimental rolling tests are performed (in 1:5 scale) using this machine. Two types of axles are analysed: one manufactured in accordance with North American standards (AAR Class E) and one manufactured in compliance with European standards (BA302). Diameters of produced axles have a dimensional accuracy of ± 0.4 mm. Produced axles are free from internal cracks, and their surface defects (shallow helical grooves) can easily be removed by machining. The major shortcoming of the proposed method is the presence of chucking allowance. To eliminate this allowance, it is proposed that the forming process should be performed in two operations: rolling extrusion and skew rolling. Results of a numerical analysis were performed using the Simufact.Forming program confirms that rail car axles can be formed by the proposed method.
BPPV Viewer: A downloadable 3D BPPV model for study of otolith disease
Authors: Traboulsi Henri , Teixido Michael
Published: June 2020

Objective

To develop a downloadable three‐dimensional (3D) study tool of the membranous labyrinth in order to facilitate the study of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

Background

The diagnosis and treatment of BPPV depend on an understanding of the anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth and its position relative to the head. To date, many illustrations have been made to explain principles of diagnosis and treatment of BPPV, but few have been based on anatomical studies of the membranous labyrinth.

Methods

A previously reported 3D model of a human labyrinth was transposed to a 3D development software to allow the creation of markers along the semicircular ducts and utricle. These markers represent otoliths at different positions during movement of the model within the 3D environment. User‐friendly tools were created to navigate the model, to allow clear documentation and communication of studied problems, and to study the model across relevant planes. The final model can be downloaded and is available for general useat https://bppvviewer.com/download/.

Results

The model allows visualization of true membranous labyrinth anatomy in both ears simultaneously. The dependent portion of each semicircular duct, the planes of the cristae, and the position of the utricle can easily be visualized in any head position. Moveable markers can mark the expected progress of otolith debris with changes in head position and images can be captured to document simulations in various draw styles.

Conclusion

This simple model could offer insights that lead to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of BPPV. It may also be useful as a tool to teach BPPV.
Self-reported anosmia and dysgeusia as key symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Lee Daniel J. , Lockwood Joel , Das Paul , Wang Ri , Grinspun Eitan , Lee John M.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To slow down the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to identify specific symptoms for effective screening. While anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia have been identified as highly prevalent symptoms, there are wide geographic variations, necessitating the regional evaluation of the prevalence of the symptoms.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the self-reported symptoms among adults (over 18 years old) who underwent COVID-19 tests at an ambulatory assessment centre. We identified 1,345 patients (102 positive and 1,243 negative) who visited the assessment centre between March 16 and April 15, 2020. We randomly sampled negative patients in a 1:3 ratio. The primary outcome was the prevalence of self-reported anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between COVID-19 positivity and loss of smell and taste.

Results

Fifty-six of 102 (50%) positive patients and 72 of 306 (23.5%) negative patients completed the survey. Anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia were more prevalent among COVID-19 positive patients (41.1% v. 4.2%, p < 0.001 for smell and 46.4% v. 5.6%, p < 0.001 for taste). Anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia were independently highly associated with COVID-19 positivity (adjusted odds ratios 14.4 and 11.4 for smell and taste, respectively).

Conclusion

In this Canadian study, smell and taste loss may be key symptoms of COVID-19. This evidence can be helpful in the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, particularly settings of limited testing capacity.
Two Accounts of International Tax Justice
Authors: Ozai Ivan
Published: June 2020

The contemporary international tax regime has been increasingly criticized over the years from varied perspectives, particularly as to the unfairness it produces for developing countries. Some commentators argue it is unjust due to the lack of participation of developing countries in the policymaking process on an equal footing. Others suggest the international tax regime was designed by affluent countries to respond to self-interested goals. Some note that its current institutional design creates opportunities for tax competition and avoidance, which more seriously affect developing economies due to their relative dependence on corporate income tax and their greater vulnerability to capital mobility. Others specifically criticize how taxing rights, that is, the entitlement of countries to tax cross-border transactions, are currently allocated between home and host countries and how they disfavour capital-importing, developing countries.
Call 911: Lower Ambulance Utilization Among Young Adults, Especially Women, with Stroke
Authors: Kapoor Arunima , Lindsay M. Patrice , Yu Amy Y.X. , Goia Cristina , Cheskes Sheldon , Verbeek P. Richard , Swartz Richard H.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Delayed presentation to the emergency department influences acute stroke care and can result in worse outcomes. Despite public health messaging, many young adults consider stroke as a disease of older people. We determined the differences in ambulance utilization and delays to hospital presentation between women and men as well as younger (18–44 years) versus older (≥45 years) patients with stroke.

Methods:

We conducted a population-based retrospective study using national administrative health data from the Canadian Institute of Health Information databases and examined data between 2003 and 2016 to compare ambulance utilization and time to hospital presentation across sex and age.

Results:

Young adults account for 3.9% of 463,310 stroke/transient ischemic attack/hemorrhage admissions. They have a higher proportion of hemorrhage (37% vs. 15%) and fewer ischemic events (50% vs. 68%) compared with older patients. Younger patients are less likely to arrive by ambulance (62% vs. 66%, p < 0.001), with younger women least likely to use ambulance services (61%) and older women most likely (68%). Median stroke onset to hospital arrival times were 7 h for older patients and younger men, but 9 h in younger women. There has been no improvement among young women in ambulance utilization since 2003, whereas ambulance use increased in all other groups.

Conclusions:

Younger adults, especially younger women, are less likely to use ambulance services, take longer to get to hospital, and have not improved in utilization of emergency services for stroke over 13 years. Targeted public health messaging is required to ensure younger adults seek emergency stroke care.
Redescription, paleogeography, and experimental paleoecology of the Silurian phyllocaridGonatocaris
Authors: Collette Joseph H. , Plotnick Roy E.
Published: June 2020

Gonatocaris decora(Clarke, 1901) is an unusual, highly ornamented Silurian phyllocarid from the Pittsford Shale Member of the Vernon Formation, Salina Group of New York, that has been allied withEmmelezoein the past due to the possession of an ‘optic tubercle.’ The systematic positions ofGonatocarisandEmmelezoehave been difficult to assess due to the lack of complete remains, attributions based on spurious characters, and missing and unfigured specimens. Relatively recent collections ofGonatocaris decora, along with a relocation of the original type material ofEmmelezoe, have allowed a reexamination of all relevant genera and a more robust systematic placement forG. decora. Characters of generic importance forGonatocarisinclude a greatly elongated abdomen; an acute angle of the ventral carapace margin separating distinct anteroventral and posteroventral margins from each other; and distinctive, multiscale horizontal ridge-like ornament of the carapace valves. Growth was found to be isometric. Experimental work done using a model of the scale-like ornament and multiple grain sizes of substrate indicates that cuticle ornament may have served to increase friction between the animal and a fine sand substrate, although resistance to predation is the currently favored hypothesis. BecauseGonatocarisspecies are currently known only from the eastern margin of Laurentia and northern South China, it is likely that this genus was nektonic. Accumulations of similarly sized carapaces and other disarticulated sclerites in shallow-water settings may indicate spawning events following molting en masse.
Breakup Likelihood Following Hypothetical Sexual or Emotional Infidelity: Perceived Threat, Blame, and Forgiveness
Authors: Grøntvedt Trond Viggo , Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Bendixen Mons
Published: June 2020

Infidelity represents a major threat to relationships, often resulting in dissolution of couples. The process from infidelity to potential breakup was studied in 92 couples using questionnaires concerning hypothetical scenarios of sexual and emotional infidelity. Structural equation model analyses using couple data for both infidelity types suggest that the level of perceived threat to the relationship was the main predictor of likelihood of breakup for men and women. Following each type of imagined infidelity, this effect was partly mediated by forgiveness. For emotional infidelity, level of blame was associated with forgiveness and breakup. The effect of blame on breakup was fully mediated by keeping less distance. The mechanisms involved in these processes were highly similar for women and men.
Outcomes of Kawasaki disease with giant coronary aneurysms: a single-centre study in southwest China
Authors: Yuan Piaoliu , Su Danyan , Mandal Krishna D. , Qin Suyuan , Zhao Na , Pang Yusheng
Published: June 2020

Background:

Giant coronary aneurysms are the most severe complications of Kawasaki disease. There are few reports of outcomes from China. Most previous studies were based only on absolute aneurysmal dimensions. The aim of the present study was to catalog the outcomes of Kawasaki disease with giant coronary aneurysms in southwest China based on absolute dimensions and the z-score adjusted for body surface area.

Methods and results:

All patients diagnosed with giant coronary aneurysms (z-score ≥ 10 or absolute dimension ≥ 8 mm) between December, 2002 and December, 2018 were included. We retrospectively analysed patient characteristics and clinical data from 38 patients with giant coronary aneurysms. Over a median follow-up period of 30.5 months (range from 1.7 months to 22.3 years), including patients in chronic phase who had been diagnosed prior to 2002, eight patients had myocardial infarction, including two deaths and one patient with coronary artery bypass grafting. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year event-free rates were 0.63, 0.63, and 0.53 for thrombosis, respectively, and 0.86, 0.81, and 0.81 for major adverse cardiac events, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year regression-free rates were 0.94, 0.85, and 0.67, respectively. A total of 73.7% of patients remained active.

Conclusion:

In the early stages of Kawasaki disease, patients with giant coronary aneurysms often experience major cardiovascular events; however, they are also likely to have normalisation of the coronary internal luminal diameter. With long-term anticoagulation, close cardiologic monitoring, and prompt thrombolytic therapy, most patients can achieve disease-free periods.
The Eco-theological Significance of William Temple’s ‘Sacramental Universe’
Authors: Guess Deborah
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the project of recovering aspects of Christian thought which are significant for a contemporary eco-theological sensibility. The work of William Temple, in particular his concept of the sacramental universe, is discussed in relation to three eco-theological principles. Temple’s affirmation that matter has significance coheres with the principle that the Earth has value; his notion that the Incarnation is the pre-eminent expression of divine meaning connects with the principle that creation is expressive of divine mind and purpose; and the inter-disciplinary scope of Temple’s thought coheres with the principle of inter-connectedness. Temple’s concept of the sacramental universe might assist the engagement between theology and the present ecological context.
A new understanding of the history of limited liability: an invitation for theoretical reframing
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: June 2020

I investigate the historical development of limited liability – widely considered a cornerstone of the business corporation – and challenge the commonplace linear narratives about how limited liability evolved. I dismiss the claim that limited liability was invented with the very first joint-stock business corporations around 1600. I also reject the assertion that it became dominant with the limited liability acts of the mid-19th century. My argument is that it was only around 1800 that limited liability became a separate corporate attribute, distinct from legal personality, and that limited liability in the modern sense became a uniform attribute of all corporations only in the 20th century. Since corporations, stock markets and the corporate economy enjoyed a long and prosperous history well before limited liability in its modern sense became established and dominant, the economic theory of limited liability needs to be revisited. The paper opens a new set of conceptual, empirical and theoretical research questions, and points to new possibilities in terms of viable future liability regimes.
Financial globalization and institutions in Africa: the case of foreign direct investment, central bank independence and political institutions
Authors: Agoba Abel Mawuko , Agbloyor Elikplimi , Gyeke-Dako Afua Agyapomaa , Acquah Mac-Clara
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we examine the bi-directional relationship between financial globalization (proxied by foreign direct investment (FDI) flows) and economic institutions (proxied by central bank independence (CBI)) taking into consideration the role of political institutions. We test our argument on a sample of 48 African countries (1970–2012) using a two-step System Generalized Methods of Moments, with collapsed instruments and Windmeijer robust standard errors. Using two proxies for CBI, the study finds that while legal CBI does not have a significant impact on FDI, high central bank governor turnover rates have a significantly negative impact on FDI inflows. However, higher levels of political institutions significantly enhance the impact of legal CBI on FDI inflows, and dampen the impact of high central bank governor turnover rates on FDI inflows. The study also shows that, higher FDI inflows have a significantly positive impact on both legal andde factoCBI. This impact is accelerated in countries characterized by higher levels of political institutions.
Control of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) regrowth after failed applications of glufosinate or fomesafen
Authors: Haarmann Jesse A. , Young Bryan G. , Johnson William G.
Published: June 2020

Foliar herbicide applications to waterhemp can result in inadequate control, leading to subsequent regrowth that often necessitates a second herbicide application to prevent crop interference and seed production. The most effective herbicides and application timings are unknown in situations where waterhemp has regrown from previous injury, such as failed applications of glufosinate or fomesafen. The objective of this research was to determine the optimum combination of herbicide and time from the first failed herbicide application to a sequential herbicide application for control of waterhemp regrowth. Reduced rates of either glufosinate or fomesafen were applied to 30-cm waterhemp plants to mimic failure of the initial herbicide application in separate bare-ground experiments. Respray treatments of glufosinate, fomesafen, lactofen, 2,4-D, or dicamba were applied 3, 7, or 11 d after the initial application. Glufosinate and fomesafen as respray treatments resulted in 90% to 100% control of waterhemp regardless of application timing following a failed glufosinate application. After a failed application of fomesafen, applying glufosinate or 2,4-D resulted in 87% to 99% control of waterhemp. Waterhemp control with fomesafen and lactofen was 13% to 21% greater, respectively, when those treatments followed glufosinate compared with fomesafen as the initial herbicides. On the basis of these results, glufosinate and fomesafen should be used for respray situations after inadequate control from glufosinate; and 2,4-D or glufosinate should be used for respray situations following inadequate control from fomesafen where crop tolerance and herbicide product labels allow. Although glufosinate followed by glufosinate was very effective for controlling waterhemp regrowth, caution should be exercised to avoid sequential application of herbicide with the same site of action.
I Feel You, We Can Do This
Authors: Schade Hannah M. , Drewelies Johanna , Hülür Gizem , Hoppmann Christiane A. , Ram Nilam , Gerstorf Denis
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We investigated whether similarity between partners in positive and negative affect is associated with the perception that one manages everyday life well together as a couple (dyadic mastery). To this end, we used data from 99 older couples (mean age = 75 years; mean length of relationship = 45 years) obtained 5 times a day over 7 consecutive days as participants went about their everyday lives. Analyses using actor-partner interdependence models revealed that higher (average and momentary) similarity in negative affect between partners, but not positive affect between partners, was associated with higher levels of dyadic mastery among both men and women. Our results point to the significance of emotional similarity between partners for smooth relationship functioning.
Influence of Multiscale Orography on the Initiation and Maintenance of a Precipitating Convective System in North China: A Case Study
Authors: Hua Shaofeng , Xu Xin , Chen Baojun
Published: June 2020

Using convection‐resolving Weather Research and Forecasting simulation, this work studies a heavy rainfall event that occurred in the Shanxi Plateau, North China on 21–22 May 2017. Of particular interest is the influence of multiscale orography on the initiation and maintenance of the precipitating convective system. Results showed that the initial convection was triggered over the small‐scale Taiyue Mountain in the Shanxi Plateau. In the nighttime, with a stable boundary layer, orographic gravity waves were generated by the Taiyue Mountain. The gravity wave‐induced lifting cooled and saturated the lower troposphere adiabatically, thereby producing a moist absolutely unstable layer favorable for subsequent convection initiation. In the daytime, a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) was established due to the differential solar heating between the Taiyue Mountain and Changzhi Basin. The MPS upslope wind increased the low‐level convergence above the mountain, which eventually promoted the convection. This convection moved eastward and grew into a quasi‐stationary, quasi‐linear convective system in the eastern Shanxi Plateau, which was significantly impacted by the daytime MPS caused by the Shanxi Plateau and North China Plain. The low‐level easterlies associated with the plateau‐scale MPS hindered the eastward propagation of the precipitating system and enhanced the low‐level vertical wind shear ahead of the quasi‐linear convective system, resulting in an overall balance with the system cold pool circulation. These findings provide some new insights into the development of a precipitating convective system under the influence of multiscale orography in a relatively pure environment of weak synoptic forcing and convective available potential energy.