bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective removal of heavy metal ions (Pb, Cu, and Cd) from contaminated water by limestone mine wastes
Authors: Fathy Aya T. , Moneim Mohamed A. , Ahmed Ezzat A. , El-Ayaat Abdalla M. , Dardir Fatma M.
Published: January 2025

Limestone mining waste and its derived CaO were checked as an adsorbents of pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions from water solution. The characterization of Limestone and calcined limestone was studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Surface area measurements (BET). The optimum conditions of sorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration, and contact time factors were investigated for pristine limestone and calcined limestone absorbents. The results indicate that the optimum initial concentrations of (Ci) were 1200, 500, and 300 ppm for Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively, using calcined limestone adsorbent, while using the pristine limestone adsorbent, the corresponding optimum initial concentrations were 700, 110, and 50 ppm. In the ternary system sorption, the results indicated that the selectivity sequence of the studied metals by limestone can be expressed as Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+, while calcined limestone exhibits a higher selectivity for Pb2+ compared to Cu2+ and Cd2+. Hence, various adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were examined to explore different patterns and behaviors of adsorption. So, the results indicate that calcined limestone has great potential for eliminating cationic heavy metal species from industrial water solutions.
Intelligent skin disease prediction system using transfer learning and explainable artificial intelligence
Authors: Abbas Sagheer , Ahmed Fahad , Khan Wasim Ahmad , Ahmad Munir , Khan Muhammad Adnan , Ghazal Taher M.
Published: January 2025

Skin diseases impact millions of people around the world and pose a severe risk to public health. These diseases have a wide range of effects on the skin’s structure, functionality, and appearance. Identifying and predicting skin diseases are laborious processes that require a complete physical examination, a review of the patient’s medical history, and proper laboratory diagnostic testing. Additionally, it necessitates a significant number of histological and clinical characteristics for examination and subsequent treatment. As a disease’s complexity and quantity of features grow, identifying and predicting it becomes more challenging. This research proposes a deep learning (DL) model utilizing transfer learning (TL) to quickly identify skin diseases like chickenpox, measles, and monkeypox. A pre-trained VGG16 is used for transfer learning. The VGG16 can identify and predict diseases more quickly by learning symptom patterns. Images of the skin from the four classes of chickenpox, measles, monkeypox, and normal are included in the dataset. The dataset is separated into training and testing. The experimental results performed on the dataset demonstrate that the VGG16 model can identify and predict skin diseases with 93.29% testing accuracy. However, the VGG16 model does not explain why and how the system operates because deep learning models are black boxes. Deep learning models’ opacity stands in the way of their widespread application in the healthcare sector. In order to make this a valuable system for the health sector, this article employs layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) to determine the relevance scores of each input. The identified symptoms provide valuable insights that could support timely diagnosis and treatment decisions for skin diseases.
Evaluating climate-related financial policies’ impact on decarbonization with machine learning methods
Authors: D’Orazio Paola , Pham Anh-Duy
Published: January 2025

This study examines how Climate-Related Financial Policies (CRFPs) support decarbonization and renewable energy transitions across 87 countries from 2000 to 2023. Using the Policy Sequencing Score (PSS) and a bindingness-weighted adoption indicator, it explores the relationships between CRFPs, CO2 emissions, and Renewable Energy Production (REP) across diverse economic and institutional contexts. Findings reveal significant variation in outcomes. Advanced economies and OECD countries leverage structured policies and robust institutions to achieve steady emissions reductions and REP growth, with diminishing returns at higher policy intensities. Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) face institutional and structural constraints but show strong responsiveness to targeted policies, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where renewable energy growth potential is notable. Regions such as Latin America and East Asia display mixed trends, reflecting unique challenges and opportunities. Binding policies prove essential for environmental outcomes, particularly in institutionalized settings, while EMDEs require capacity building and international cooperation to address barriers. This study highlights the importance of tailoring CRFPs to specific contexts, emphasizing policy sequencing, enforcement, and capacity building. By identifying global and regional variations, the findings provide actionable insights for aligning financial systems with climate goals, fostering a sustainable low-carbon transition, and addressing equity challenges.
No evidence for active viral infection in unicentric and idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease by Viral-Track analysis
Authors: Miller Ira , Mumau Melanie D. , Shyamsundar Saishravan , Sarmiento Bustamante Mateo , Horna Pedro , Gonzalez Michael V. , Fajgenbaum David C.
Published: January 2025

Castleman disease (CD) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by pathologic lymph node changes and a range of symptoms due to excessive cytokine production. While uncontrolled infection with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is responsible for the cytokine storm in a portion of multicentric CD (HHV-8-associated MCD) cases, the etiology of unicentric CD (UCD) and HHV-8-negative/idiopathic MCD (iMCD) is unknown. Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding the pathogenesis of UCD and iMCD, including occult infection given the precedent established by HHV-8 infection. To investigate potential active infections in UCD and iMCD, we implemented Viral-Track, a computational method that identifies viral mRNA sequences from next-generation sequencing data. We applied Viral-Track to short sequencing reads from a cohort of UCD (n = 22), iMCD (n = 19), and controls (n = 86). While viral sequences for several unusual viruses were identified in individual CD patients,  sequences for the same virus were not found across multiple CD patients or they were not specific to CD samples and were also found in non-CD samples. These results suggest that active viral infection is unlikely to be a pathological driver of UCD or iMCD.
Influence of heat-assisted vat photopolymerization on the physical and mechanical characteristics of dental 3D printing resins
Authors: Lim Jung-Hwa , Shin Seung-Ho , Jung Young-Eun , An Hongseok , Kim Jong-Eun
Published: January 2025

The effects of heat-assisted vat photopolymerization (HVPP) on the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed dental resins, including the morphometric stability of 3D-printed crowns, were investigated. A resin tank was designed to maintain the resin at 30, 40, and 50 ℃ during the 3D printing process. Test specimens were fabricated using a commercial dental resin, with untreated resin serving as the control group. Key properties such as viscosity, curing kinetics, surface microhardness, flexural properties, and dimensional accuracy were evaluated. The viscosity of the resin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing temperature, thereby enhancing its flow properties. Photo-DSC analysis revealed a 17.58% increase in peak heat flow at 50 ℃, indicating accelerated polymerization. Surface microhardness improved significantly (P < 0.05) with HVPP, though a slight reduction was observed at 50 ℃ compared to that at 30 and 40 ℃. The flexural strength, modulus, and resilience were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) at higher temperatures, with 50 ℃ yielding the best mechanical properties. However, 3D morphometric analysis showed increased root mean square deviation from the CAD design at elevated temperatures. Our results suggest that HVPP enhances the durability of dental prostheses, although careful optimization of the printing temperature is essential to balance their strength and accuracy.
A sensory neuroprosthesis enhances recovery from treadmill-induced stumbles for individuals with lower limb loss
Authors: Li Suzhou , Triolo Ronald J. , Charkhkar Hamid
Published: January 2025

Over 50% of individuals with lower limb loss report a fear of falling and avoiding daily activities partly due to a lack of plantar sensation. Providing direct somatosensory feedback via neural stimulation holds promise for addressing this issue. In this study, three individuals with lower limb loss received a sensory neuroprosthesis (SNP) that provided plantar somatosensory feedback corresponding to prosthesis-floor interactions perceived as arising from the missing foot generated by electrically activating the peripheral nerves in the residuum. Participants walked on a treadmill while receiving perturbations involving brief increases in the belt speed. Perturbations were initiated during early stance and randomly delivered to intact and prosthetic sides with the SNP active or inactive. With the SNP active, participants exhibited decreased trunk angular sway and peak trunk flexion angular velocity during recovery from both prosthetic and intact side perturbations. For prosthetic side perturbations, peak ground reaction force magnitudes decreased when the SNP was active. For intact side perturbations, peak ground reaction force magnitudes increased on the prosthetic side’s first recovery step after the perturbation, which resulted in a more symmetric recovery because the force approached the response on the intact side’s first recovery step following a prosthetic side perturbation. These results suggest participants integrated the feedback from the SNP into their sensorimotor control for maintaining stability and gained confidence in relying on their prosthetic limb during recovery. Restoring plantar sensation with a SNP for individuals with lower limb loss could lead to reduced risk of falling by improving recovery from trips.
Nighttime light extent and intensity explain the dynamics of human activity in coastal zones
Authors: Mokhtari Zahra , Bergantino Angela Stefania , Intini Mario , Elia Mario , Buongiorno Alessandro , Giannico Vincenzo , Sanesi Giovanni , Lafortezza Raffaele
Published: January 2025

Studying human activity in coastal areas is crucial for urban planning, sustainability, and economic development. However, there is limited evidence of ongoing monitoring of human activities in these areas. Thus, a quantitative analysis of the spatio-temporal changes, trends, and variability of Nighttime light (NTL) in the Italian Coastal Zone over the past decade (2014–2023) was conducted to assess human activity dynamics. The findings of our study indicate the following: (1) NTL increases over the years in both extent and intensity along the coastal zone; (2) NTL extent and intensity vary by season, with the coastal zone being brighter in summer; and (3) a highly heterogeneous NTL pattern was found where some locations became hot spots (significant upward trend) or cold spots (significant downward trend) while others remain unchanged. By explaining the intensification of human activity, this study can provide insight into identifying the patterns of economic development and environmental conditions contributing to more effective planning in coastal zones.
Topological orbital Hall effect caused by skyrmions and antiferromagnetic skyrmions
Authors: Göbel Börge , Schimpf Lennart , Mertig Ingrid
Published: January 2025

The topological Hall effect is a hallmark of topologically non-trivial magnetic textures such as magnetic skyrmions. It quantifies the transverse electric current that is generated once an electric field is applied and occurs as a consequence of the emergent magnetic field of the skyrmion. Likewise, an orbital magnetization is generated. Here we show that the charge currents are orbital polarized even though the conduction electrons couple to the skyrmion texture via their spin. The topological Hall effect is accompanied by a topological orbital Hall effect even for s electrons without spin-orbit coupling. As we show, antiferromagnetic skyrmions and antiferromagnetic bimerons that have a compensated emergent field, exhibit a topological orbital Hall conductivity that is not accompanied by charge transport and can be orders of magnitude larger than the topological spin Hall conductivity. Skyrmionic textures serve as generators of orbital currents that can transport information and give rise to considerable orbital torques.
Probing out-of-distribution generalization in machine learning for materials
Authors: Li Kangming , Rubungo Andre Niyongabo , Lei Xiangyun , Persaud Daniel , Choudhary Kamal , DeCost Brian , Dieng Adji Bousso , Hattrick-Simpers Jason
Published: January 2025

Scientific machine learning (ML) aims to develop generalizable models, yet assessments of generalizability often rely on heuristics. Here, we demonstrate in the materials science setting that heuristic evaluations lead to biased conclusions of ML generalizability and benefits of neural scaling, through evaluations of out-of-distribution (OOD) tasks involving unseen chemistry or structural symmetries. Surprisingly, many tasks demonstrate good performance across models, including boosted trees. However, analysis of the materials representation space shows that most test data reside within regions well-covered by training data, while poorly-performing tasks involve data outside the training domain. For these challenging tasks, increasing training size or time yields limited or adverse effects, contrary to traditional neural scaling trends. Our findings highlight that most OOD tests reflect interpolation, not true extrapolation, leading to overestimations of generalizability and scaling benefits. This emphasizes the need for rigorously challenging OOD benchmarks.
Global patterns and drivers of coupling between anammox and denitrification processes across inland aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Xu Xiaoguang , Yang Yuxuan , Zhou Yiwen , Ma Jie , Li Jining , Zhou Xiaohong , Zhao Xiaoli , Wu Fengchang , Song Kang
Published: January 2025

Denitrification and anammox collectively drive nitrogen loss from aquatic ecosystems, yet their global patterns and interactions remain unclear. To fill this gap in knowledge, we compiled a global dataset on anammox and denitrification, encompassing river, lake, wetland, and estuary ecosystems and comprising 2539 observations from 136 peer-reviewed papers. Here, we show that aquatic ecosystems with abundant denitrifying bacteria tend to have abundant anammox bacteria, but the abundance of anammox bacteria is lower than that of denitrifying bacteria. Importantly, we observed that hotspots for denitrification in aquatic ecosystems were also hotspots for anammox, and we explained the variation in anammox (21.55 (95% CI: 8.21–58.90) nmol-N g-1 day-1) and denitrification rates (171.76 (95% CI: 65.40–519.25) nmol-N g-1 day-1) across aquatic ecosystems. These results highlight that anammox should be included in models for accurate nitrogen budget assessment in aquatic ecosystems on a global scale, especially in the context of future climate warming.
Dietary limonin alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium-induced colitis via dual targeting virulence SopB and SopE2 and inhibiting RAC1/CDC42/Arp2/3 pathway and regulating gut microbiota
Authors: Cui Xinhua , Wang Yang , Liu Jiajia , Liu Ziyan , Zhao Meng , Yu Wanlu , Zhu Mingmei , Xu Hongyue , Lu Baochun , Peng Danping , Shi Jinyang , Liao Ning , Niu Sijia , Shen Jiayi , Qiu Jiazhang , Yu Lu
Published: January 2025

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) causes severe colitis, necessitating the development of effective drugs.
Scalable manufacturing and reprocessing of vitrimerized flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) based on commercial soy polyols
Authors: Liu Wangcheng , Zhang Yaqiong , Chen Peter , Shao Lin , Cao Yiding , Zhao Baoming , Lee Ellen C. , Wang Xiaojiang , Zhang Jinwen
Published: January 2025

Preparation and reprocessing of flexible soy-PUFs are implemented. Dynamic covalent chemistry enabled the facile thermal reprocessing of soy foam into sheet products under mild conditions.
Identification, quantification and sourcing of fossil hydrocarbons in ancient Egyptian mummies by V and Ni trace elements
Authors: Anduze Océane , Gourier Didier , Binet Laurent , Malergue Alex , Grossi Vincent , Lattuati-Derieux Agnès
Published: January 2025

The non-destructive detection of trace elements V and Ni by PIXE, and vanadyl ions by EPR has made it possible to quantify and determine the origin of the bitumen present in embalming matter used for mummification in ancient Egypt.
Photoinduced radical cyclization reaction of isocyanides with α-carbonyl bromides to access 11-alkyl-substituted 1,4-dibenzodiazepines
Authors: Li Ao-Yun , Xie Rong , Zhou Quan , Huang Peng-Fei , Liu Yu
Published: January 2025

A photochemical radical cascade cyclization reaction of isocyanides with α-carbonyl bromides under mild conditions is disclosed for accessing 1,4-dibenzodiazepines, demonstrating good tolerance towards various functional groups.
Palladium-decorated unconventional graphene oxide for unprecedented hydrogen storage
Authors: Ghotia Shankar , Banerjee Seemita , Kumar Asheesh , Dwivedi Neeraj , Srivastava Avanish Kumar , Kumar Pradip
Published: January 2025

The developed Pd-rHGO nanocomposite material exhibited great potential for hydrogen storage, achieving a hydrogen storage capacity of 6.62 wt% at nearly ambient conditions and a pressure of 50 bar.
Significant suppression of exothermic heat flow in silicon anodes via in situ polymerization of phosphonium ionic liquids
Authors: Cho Won-Jang , Lee Seunghyeon , Kulkarni Uddhav , Jeon Jaeyoung , Im TaeYeong , Jeong You Kyeong , Hwang Dong Soo , Bae Jong-Seong , Ahn Kyoungho , Hong Jongsup , Yi Gi-Ra
Published: January 2025

A flame-retardant protective layer formed via in situ polymerization of phosphonium-based ionic liquid monomers, driven by electron-induced reduction of allyl groups during lithiation on the silicon surface.
Twin spacing manipulation of (111)-oriented nanotwinned copper via aeration flow control in a high-speed direct-current electroplating system with thiol organic additives
Authors: Wei Hsiang-Sheng , Liu Kuan-Ling , Tsou Hsu , Ku Hao-Yu , Hu Chi-Chang
Published: January 2025

It is a challenge to develop a cost-effective and time-efficient process for manufacturing nanotwinned copper foil with the precise control of twin spacing, a crucial determinant of nanotwinned copper properties.
Broadband and warm white emission in Cs2In1−xCl5·H2O:xAg+ phosphors enabled by H3PO2-mediated stabilization
Authors: Qin Ying , Pan Yuexiao , Wang Haoshuai , Zhao Tiantian , Xu Weiyou , Miao Qian , Zou Jun
Published: January 2025

This study presents Cs2InCl5·H2O, a material that achieves broadband white-light emission through the doping of Ag+ and the strategic incorporation of H3PO2.
Agent‐based digital twins for collaborative machine intelligence solutions
Authors: He Yiming , Shen Weiming
Published: January 2025

The deep integration of digital twins (DT) and agents is expected to open up new collaborative machine intelligence solutions. A new concept, namely, agent‐based digital twins (ADT), is proposed to establish a novel machine intelligence framework with automatic perception, self‐evolution and autonomous collaboration.
Distributed H∞$H_\infty$ control for roller kiln temperature based on adaptive dynamic programming
Authors: Luo Zeng , Chen Ning , Chen Jiayao , Luo Biao , Li Binyan , Gui Weihua
Published: January 2025

The roller kiln with multi‐temperature zones used for cathode material sintering is an interconnected system with time delay in energy transfer and precise control of the temperature for the preparation of cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. However, the interconnection between the temperature zones, the time delay of the temperature state, and the disturbance of the external environment make it difficult to control the sintering process. For this reason, this paper develops a distributed control of the temperature of roller kiln based on adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). Firstly, the heat transfer mechanism of sintering process is discussed; the law of energy conservation provides the physical basis for the sintering process on which the autocorrelation function method identifies the time delay. Then, the cost function is constructed by combining the Lyapunov–Krasovskii function containing the time delay, the temperature state, the heating power of the silicon carbon rod and the perturbation. Subsequently, Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaac equation with the optimal cost function and the optimal distributed control strategy are approximated by neural network of ADP. Finally, the stability of the closed‐loop system is proved by Lyapunov functional analysis, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the simulation results of roller kiln temperature control.
Monitoring high‐temperature sensor with optical performance using graphene in power plant industries
Authors: Sharifi Hadi , Nouri Moqadam Aslan , Mohsen Daraei Omid , Pourziad Ali , Bemani Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Optical sensors getting widespread usage in almost every field, especially industries. A high thermal optical sensor is proposed to predict the environmental temperature in power plants. A high sensitivity, accuracy, low cost, compact size, linear operation, and suitable transmission coefficient optical sensor in a wide thermal range is achieved that changing the surrounding temperature has a severe effect on the conductivity of graphene which changes the transmission power of the sensor. In this paper, the position of the graphene sheet affects the interaction of light and graphene, effectively. A maximum sensitivity of 17.47% is achieved in K temperature deviation. The Cylindrical diameter is 4.1 lambda, the smallest in size among the references checked and has the desired performance up to 2000 K, indicating the suitable efficiency of the sensor and the fibre optic sensor with graphene coating has great potential in the field of measurement, especially in the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere in the industry.
Preparation of metal–organic framework nanosheets with electron‐rich groups for SO2 adsorption
Authors: Lian Hongsong , Huang Jin , Lai Yonghua , Liu Huixin , Zheng Dongsheng , Xiao Song , Yuan Hongye
Published: January 2025

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new type of porous crystalline materials, hold great promise for gas purification in electrical insulation equipment, especially for the selective capture of SO2 produced from the decomposition of SF6. However, challenges remain in the design and synthesis of MOF‐based adsorbents with salient SO2 adsorption performance due to the limited effective interactions with SO2 molecules. This study reports the successful direct synthesis of two‐dimensional (2D) MOFs nanosheets coordinated by Zr4+ and tridentate carboxylic organic ligands with nitrogen‐containing electron‐rich groups within the organic ligands. The resulting MOF nanosheets exhibit enhanced interactions with SO2 molecules due to the spatial location and electronic properties of the nitrogen groups, thereby conducing to the adsorption of SO2. Additionally, by precisely controlling the positioning of nitrogen groups, the Zr‐BTB‐NH2 (BTB‐NH2: 1,1′:3′,1″‐Terphenyl]‐4,4″‐dicarboxylic acid, 3,3″‐diamino‐5′‐(3‐amino‐4‐carboxyphenyl) and Zr‐TPY (TPY: 4′‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐[2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine]‐5,5″‐dicarboxylic acid) MOFs synthesised in this study achieve differentiated SO2 adsorption capacities of 39.3 cm³·g⁻1 and 66.3 cm³·g⁻1, respectively, surpassing those of several previously reported MOFs. This strategy provides a novel design strategy for developing efficient SO2 absorbents and lays a foundation for the further development of absorbents promising for gas remediation in electrical insulation equipment.
Control strategy of frequency and DC voltage for interfacing converter of hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on improved virtual synchronous generator
Authors: Ashrafi Sina , Mousavi‐Rozveh Seyed Ali , Khorsandi Amir , Hosseinian Seyed Hossein
Published: January 2025

Integrating renewable resources in microgrids (MGs) poses a substantial challenge: ensuring stability with low inertia. This paper provides control techniques for the AC frequency and the DC voltage for an isolated/islanded hybrid AC/DC MG using intelligent virtual synchronous generators (VSGs) and intelligent virtual capacitors (VCs). The suggested approaches take advantage of VSG's adaptive damping coefficient and VC's adaptive virtual resistance as defined by intelligent controls. The controllers operate independently, relying solely on local DC voltage and AC frequency measurements without additional communication infrastructure. Compared to the traditional VSG and VC, the hybrid MG with intelligent VSG and VC controls performs better in suppressing AC frequency and DC voltage deviations, regardless of operating mode (rectifier or inverter). Simulation studies in MATLAB/Simulink validate these findings, showing that the artificial neural network (ANN) approach reduces DC voltage deviation by 34.4% and AC frequency deviation by 26.3%, while the fuzzy logic control (FLC) approach further reduces these deviations, particularly DC voltage deviation by 41.9% and AC frequency deviation by 23.2%. ANN excels in reducing deviations for AC frequency, while FLC is more effective in lowering deviations for DC voltage. The proposed controllers' positive impact on system stability is assessed using small‐signal stability analysis.
A risk assessment method for power internet of things information security based on multi‐objective hierarchical optimisation
Authors: Sun Yunxiao , Zhuang Ling , Jia Ting , Cheng Dabei , Zhao Xindong , Guo Jing
Published: January 2025

Power Internet of Things (PIoT) relies on various smart sensors and edge devices to support the operational status of the power grid. To address the challenge of conducting a comprehensive information security risk assessment for communication among heterogeneous devices in PIoT, a reliable security risk assessment method is proposed. This method, based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), considers four key dimensions: the cloud platform, communication transmission, edge side and terminal side. It integrates information indexes, the asset loss and risk probability to construct a risk assessment scheme oriented towards PIoT information security. The judgement matrix of AHP which fails the consistency test, is modified by using an improved multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation (IMPSO) algorithm, while minimising semantic offset distance. Verified through a case study, this method effectively reduces the consistency index to an average of 0.01 and achieves a correlation of 90.86% with traditional AHP assessment results.
Modelling the evolution of the Galactic disc scale height traced by open clusters
Authors: Moreira Sandro , Moitinho André , Silva André , Almeida Duarte
Published: January 2025

Context. The scale height (SH) of the spatial distribution of open clusters (OCs) in the Milky Way exhibits a well-known increase with age that is usually interpreted as evidence for dynamical heating of the disc or for the disc having been thicker in the past.

Aims. We address the increase in the SH with age of the OC population from a different angle. We propose that the apparent thickening of the disc can be largely explained as a consequence of a stronger disruption of OCs near the Galactic plane by encounters with giant molecular clouds (GMCs).

Methods. We present a computational model that forms OCs with initial masses and follows their orbits, while subjecting them to different disruption mechanisms. To set up the model and infer its parameters, we used and analysed a Gaia-based OC catalogue. We investigate both the spatial and age distributions of the OC population and discuss the sample completeness. The simulation results are compared to the observations.

Results. Consistent with previous studies, the observations reveal that the SH of the spatial distribution of OCs increases with age. We find that it is likely that the OC sample is incomplete even for the solar neighbourhood. The simulations successfully reproduce the SH evolution and the total number of OCs that survive with age up to 1 Gyr. For older OCs, the model-predicted SH starts deviating from observations, although it remains within the uncertainties of the observations. This can be related to the effects of incompleteness and/or simplifications in the model.

Conclusions. The OC encounters with GMCs effectively explain the SH evolution of the OC population. An interesting result is that the average time for an object with a Sun-like orbit to encounter a GMC is approximately 700 Myr, aligning well with previous estimates for the Sun obtained through different methods.
Examining the evolution of the supersoft X-ray source RX J0513.9 − 6951
Authors: Tavleev A. , Suleimanov V. F. , Werner K. , Santangelo A.
Published: January 2025

Context. Supersoft X-ray sources (SSSs) are thought to be accreting white dwarfs (WDs) in close binary systems, with thermonuclear burning on their surfaces. The SSS RX J0513.9 − 6951 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) exhibits cyclic variations between optical low and high states, which are anti-correlated with its X-ray flux. This behaviour is believed to be the result of the periodic expansion and contraction of the WD due to variations in the accretion rate in the system.

Aims. We analyse the eight high-resolution XMM and six grating Chandra spectra of RX J0513.9 − 6951 with our grid of model atmosphere spectra of hot WDs computed under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. Our aim is to test a contraction model of the source variability by tracking the evolution of the WD properties.

Methods. We use a recently computed grid of hot WD model atmospheres, spanning a wide range of effective temperatures (Teff = 100−1000 kK in steps of 25 kK) and eight values of surface gravity. The LMC chemical composition of the atmospheres was assumed.

Results. The obtained fitting parameters (effective temperature Teff, surface gravity log g, and bolometric luminosity L) evolve on the Teff − log g and Teff − L planes. This evolution follows the model tracks of WDs with masses of 1.05 − 1.15 M⊙ and thermonuclear burning on the surface. We show that, when the source has a relatively small photospheric radius and is optically bright, it lies below the stable-burning strip with a relatively low bolometric luminosity. Conversely, the fainter optical states correspond to higher bolometric luminosity and larger photospheric radii of the hot WD. RXJ0513 lies within the stable-burning strip during this state. This means that the optical brightness of the system is lower when the WD is larger, more luminous, and illuminates the accretion disc more effectively. These results contradict the contraction model, which predicts the opposite behaviour of the source. We use a model that assumes that the far UV/soft X-ray flux is reprocessed into the optical band due to multiple scattering in the cloud system above the accretion disc. More significant illumination can lead to rarefying of the cloud slab, thereby reducing the reprocessing efficiency and making the source fainter in the optical band.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) as a Biomarker for Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Brown Alison M. , Nock Sophie , Musgrave Kathryn , Unsworth Amanda J.
Published: January 2025

Cancer-associated thrombosis affects between 1 and 20% of all patients diagnosed with cancer and is associated with significant morbidity and a poorer prognosis. Risk assessment scores exist which include the measurement of biomarkers, and which aim to identify patients at a higher risk of developing thrombotic events, but these are poor predictors and rarely used in routine clinical practice.

VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor, produced by tumour cells, and released by platelets and is essential for tumour growth and progression. It also plays a role in the promotion of thrombosis through platelet activation and adhesion, and by inducing the expression of tissue factor. Therefore, the potential of VEGF to be used as a biomarker to predict cancer-associated thrombosis requires further investigation.

This study reviewed the published literature to determine whether circulating VEGF levels are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer.

PubMed and OVID databases were systematically searched according to PRISMA guidelines for relevant papers using the keywords “cancer” AND “thrombosis” AND “VEGF” up to July 2023. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied.

Seven papers (1,528 participants) were identified and included in the meta-analysis, three of which (922 participants) measured VEGF before a thrombotic event, and the remaining four (606 participants) measured VEGF at the time of the thrombosis. Our results showed that although plasma and serum VEGF tended to be higher in those who subsequently developed thrombosis than those who did not (mean difference 70.2 pg/mL for serum, and 11.44 pg/mL for plasma VEGF, 95% CI −2.39–25.73, p = 0.10), this was not found to be statistically significant. However, analysis of VEGF following blood sampling at the time of thrombosis showed a stronger statistically significant association between increased VEGF levels and presence of thrombosis (mean difference 117.02 pg/mL for serum, and 116.6 pg/mL for plasma VEGF, 95% CI 55.42–190.82, p = 0.0004).

Based on current studies, whilst it is increased at the time of thrombosis, VEGF is not effective as a predictive biomarker of CAT.
Are YouTube Videos Useful in Robot-assisted Segmentectomy Education?
Authors: Coşgun Tuğba , Doğruyol Talha , Tezel Çağatay
Published: January 2025

Background Segmentectomy operation became a preferable operation for small lesions due to the importance of saving lung parenchyma. Using robotic technology has too many advantages for segmentectomy operations. Web sites such as YouTube have become educational tools for surgical trainees. The aim of our study is to analyze YouTube videos for accurate and up-to-date information about robotic segmentectomy operations.

Methods The videos on www.youtube.com, which were reached on July 11, 2024, by using the keywords “robot segmentectomy” and “robotic segmentectomy lung,” were evaluated in this research. The videos were evaluated by using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) scoring system, Critical View of safety (CVS), and LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP-VEGaS).

Results Eighty-one videos were included. Almost half of the videos (n = 42) were affiliated with university hospitals. Preoperative imaging was seen in 49% of all videos; however, the rates were 32% and 20.9% for patients' demographics and preoperative assessment information, respectively. Only 29.6% of the videos presented the placement of trocars during the presentation.

Conclusion It has become possible to record high-quality videos easily with developing technology. However, our results showed that many of the videos do not include the parameters especially related to education. Our findings suggest that those videos are inadequate for trainees.
Enantioselective Synthesis of N-Alkylated Indoles Enabled by Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp3
)–C(sp3
) Coupling
Authors: Kui Xin , Zhou Jingjie , Qian Deyun , Peng Huijie
Published: January 2025

Although considerable efforts have been made to construct chiral functionalized indoles, catalytic and efficient methods to access a diverse range of chiral N-alkylated indoles bearing a stereocenter with two minimally different alkyl groups at the N-1 position from readily accessible substrates remain limited. Here, we describe a modular Ni-catalyzed C(sp3
)–C(sp3
) cross-coupling strategy that couples an array of N-indolyl-substituted alkenes with alkyl iodides to yield chiral α,α-dialkyl indoles in single regioisomeric form, in up to 90% yield and 99% ee.
Practical Povidone Iodine Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,5-Disubstituted Oxazoles from Acetophenones and α-Amino Acids
Authors: Ren Jiangmeng , Zeng Bu-Bing , Wang Jian , Sun Xue-Qin , Li Meng-Fei , Wang Shao-Dong
Published: January 2025

Nonharmful povidone iodine (PVP-I) was applied in the cyclization of acetophenones and α-amino acids to give 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles. Acetophenones with different substituents and natural α-amino acids were applied to our developed method, and more than 38 2,5-disubstituted oxazole compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields. Several naturally active 5-(3-indolyl)oxazole alkaloids such as pimprinine, labradorin, and pimprinol were successfully acquired in moderate yields using this strategy.
The Clinical Presentation, Treatment Modalities, and Outcomes Associated with Interhemispheric Subdural Hematomas
Authors: Kashif Muhammad , Nkrumah-Boateng Princess Afia , Hammad Elsayed Mohamed , Abdullahi Habiba , Awuah Wireko Andrew , Alibraheemi Mohammed Q. , Abdul-Hafez Hamza A. , Hernández-Hernández Alan , Al-Tarawni Fadi , Shama Mohsen Nabih , Azab Mohammed A. , Atallah Oday
Published: January 2025

Interhemispheric subdural hematoma (ISH) poses significant challenges in neurosurgical practice owing to its deep localization within the cerebral hemispheres. Despite widespread adoption of advanced neurosurgical technologies, adverse patient outcomes hinder progress in enhancing overall prognosis. This review seeks to evaluate the etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment modalities, and outcomes associated with ISHs, thereby informing clinical decision-making and improving patient care. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from 1964 to 2024. The search was limited to studies involving human subjects and published in English. Keywords such as “interhemispheric subdural hematoma” and “parafalcine subdural hematoma” were used in various combinations to identify relevant articles. Our search identified 167 individuals (87 females and 80 males) ranging in age from 6 weeks to 93 years. Trauma emerged as the leading risk factor, accounting for 86.8% of cases. Nausea and vomiting were the most frequent symptoms (14.7%), followed by headache (11.8%). Most patients (22.8%) had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 16, indicating moderate severity. Radiological analysis showed that subdural hematomas were almost evenly distributed between hemispheres, with 51% located in the right hemisphere and 49% in the left. Quantitative analysis revealed that 65.1% of patients were managed conservatively, particularly those with minimal neurological impairment, while 34% underwent surgery, including burr hole drainage and craniotomy. Of the surgical cases, 18.4% experienced complications. Our findings reveal that the outcome of ISH management depends on several factors, the most important being the etiology and size of the hematoma, the clinical presentation and comorbidities of the patient, and the interval between presentation and treatment.
Critical parameters of high-temperature superconductivity of yttrium cuprates
Authors: Shapiro B. Ya.
Published: January 2025

A theory explaining the superconducting properties of yttrium cuprates is proposed. It is shown that the interband transition between the one-dimensional band of chains and the two-dimensional band of layers results in high values of the critical temperature (the transition is due to the interaction between a hole and an optical phonon). The upper critical magnetic field is determined. In the region of self-consistent field, the critical field is determined by dependences typical of ordinary anisotropic superconductors. In the region of strongly interacting fluctuations, which is fairly wide for yttrium cuprates, the upper critical magnetic field as a function of temperature has a positive curvature and depends on the critical index of the similarity theory.
Transformation of electromagnetic energy into acoustic energy by conduction electrons in metals in a magnetic field (normal skin effect)
Authors: Vasil’ev A. N. , Gaidukov Yu. P. , Kaganov M. I. , Popova E. A. , Fiks V. B.
Published: January 2025

The frequency, field, and temperature dependences of the amplitude of sound excited by an electromagnetic wave at the boundary of a metal under normal skin efffect are analyzed. The resonance characteristics of surface impedance of a metal plate are studied upon a contact-free excitation of standing elastic waves across its thickness. A simple experimental technique is described for studying this phenomenon, and the electromagnetic excitation of transverse and longitudinal sounds in indium and tin single crystals is studied.
Magnetic translational disorder in layered antiferromagnets
Authors: Stepanov A. A. , Yablonskii D. A.
Published: January 2025

It is shown that if the interlayer interaction in layered magnets is weaker than the intralayer anisotropy, a state characterized by the loss of translational symmetry in a direction perpendicular to the layers may arise. This concept is used to explain the AFMR anomalies in (C2H5NH3)2MnCl4.
Ballistic thermoelectric effects in metallic point contacts
Authors: Bogachek Ė. N. , Shkorbatov A. G. , Kulik I. O.
Published: January 2025

Phonon-drag thermopower quenching in metallic point contacts of size smaller than electron–phonon relaxation length is investigated. This effect makes it possible to measure the absolute value of phonon-drag thermopower in bulk metals in a circuit formed by similar metals by point-contact technique. The asymmetry in heat release at contact sides upon a passage of current and the “ballistic Peltier effect” associated with it and consisting in the emergence of a temperature difference depending on current in a circuit made of a single metal are calculated.
Giant anomalies of magnetic susceptibility due to energy band degeneracy in crystals
Authors: Mikitik G. P. , Svechkarev I. V.
Published: January 2025

Giant anomalies in magnetic susceptibility are investigated under conditions of band degeneracy. It is found that at low temperatures the susceptibility value increases indefinitely as the chemical potential approaches the degeneracy energy. The types of degeneracy for which such anomalies are possible are established, and the features of magnetic susceptibility are specified for each particular case. The theoretical results are compared with available experimental data.
Effect of phase boundary transformation on the velocity of its steady-state motion in DyFeO3
Authors: Gnatchenko S. L. , Chizhik A. B. , Kharchenko N. F.
Published: January 2025

The kinetics of antiferromagnet-weak ferromagnet phase transition induced by a magnetic field H = (O, Hy, Hz) is studied in dysprosium orthoferrite. The setting time for the equilibrium orientation of the antiferromagnetism vector in the antiferromagnetic state is measured and is shown to be much shorter than the time of motion of phase boundaries observed in a dynamic experiment. The problem on the steady-state motion of phase wall in DyFeO3 in the field H = (O, Hy, Hz) is solved numerically. It is shown that phase boundary transformation consisting in the variation of the angle of inclination and effective width of the wall leads to an asymmetric nonlinear field dependence of the velocity of its steady-state motion, which agrees qualitatively with the experimental dependence.
Observation of antiferromagnetic resonance in GdBa2Cu3Ox
Authors: Anders A. G. , Borisenko V. G. , Volotskii S. V. , Zvyagin A. I. , Kobets M. I. , Kosmyna M. B. , Pashchenko V. A. , Puzikov V. M. , Seminozhenko V. P. , Stepanov A. A.
Published: January 2025

The peculiarities of magnetic-resonance absorption in polycrystalline GdBa2Cu3O at a frequency ν0 = 37.35 GHz are investigated in the vicinity of the Néel temperature TN = 2.24 K. The temperature dependence of the position of resonance curve obtained for the antiferromagnetic phase makes it possible to determine the gap in the energy spectrum ϵ0 = 39 ± 2 GHz at zero temperature. It is shown that the broadening of the EPR line in the paramagnetic phase is described by the dependence Δ H ∝ (T−TN)−m for m ≃ 0.25.
Electronic structure and x-ray emission spectra of La2−xSrxCuO4
Authors: Antonov V. N. , Antonov VI. N. , Bar’yakhtar V. G. , Baglyuk A. I. , Ereshchenko A. A. , Maksimov E. G. , Nemoshkalenko V. V. , Perlov A. Ya. , Savrasov S. Yu. , Uvarov V. N. , Uspenskii Yu. A.
Published: January 2025

Experimental studies have been carried out of the x-ray emission spectra of atoms constituting La2−xSrxCuO4. The relativistic LMTO method is used to calculate the energy band structure, total and partial density of states, and the intensity distribution in the x-ray emission bands for all series of atoms constituting La2−xSrxCuO4. The results of theoretical calculations are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
Temperature dependence of the upper critical magnetic field of amorphous bismuth films
Authors: Belevtsev B. I. , Fomin A. V.
Published: January 2025

The effect of enhancement of disorder on temperature dependences of the upper critical magnetic field Hc2 (T) in two-dimensional amorphous bismuth films is investigated. It is shown that as the “sheet” resistance R□ (which is a measure of disorder) increases, the deviations of the Hc2 (T) curves from those predicted by the Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg (WHH) theory for dirty superconductors become larger. The values of Hc2 (T) and of the derivative (dHc2 (T)/dT)T = Tc (Tc is the superconducting transition temperature) are found to be higher than those in the WHH theory. The essential distinction of this work from previous investigations of amorphous bismuth consists in that the Hc2 (T) dependences for films with sufficiently large values of R□ (≳ 0.5 kΩ) have positive curvature which, according to modern ideas, is an indication of competition between localization and superconductivity of electrons. The obtained results are analyzed on the basis of available theories of the effect of disorder on Tc and Hc2 (T) and of the mutual effect of localization and superconductivity. For extremely thin films with R□ ≫ 1 kΩ, a strong increase (to − ∞ in the limit) in (dHc2 (T)/dT)T = Tc is detected with a large negative curvature in the Hc2 (T) dependences in the absence of a linear segment for T ≤ Tc, which is typical of the WHH theory. Such a behavior is satisfactorily described by the influence of structural heterogeneities of extremely thin films (of thickness 15−20 Å) and percolation effects associated with it.
Reconstruction of point contact function of the electron–phonon interaction for contacts with a high background level
Authors: Shustov G. R.
Published: January 2025

The effect of the finiteness of the phonon momentum mean free path lr on the form of the point-contact function (PCF) reconstructed from experimental data is investigated quantitatively for aluminum. The background level observed in experiments attains the values lr/d ∼ 10−2−10−3 (d is the characteristic size of a point contact), which is an indication of an effective accumulation of phonons in the contact region. In this case the PCF gpc(eV) reconstructed in the region of the L-maximum differs by ∼25% from the PCF reconstructed under the assumption that Lr/d = ∞. The point contact functions gpc(eV) reconstructed by two methods are compared with the theoretically calculated function gpct(eV) for aluminum. The correlation between the values of gpc(eV) and gpct(eV) is improved when the finiteness of lr is taken into account.
On the anomalous behavior of the magnetic moment trapped in a superconducting ceramic
Authors: Kokhreidze R. G. , Odenov S. V. , Sanikidze D. G.
Published: January 2025

The reversible variation of the magnetic moment trapped in a superconducting ceramic and a powder is studied by varying the temperature. A simplified model is proposed based on the concept of microloops with weak bonds. This concept provides a qualitative description of the experimental results.