bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Urethane Side Chain Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrrole
Authors: Dharmapurikar S. , Aher J. , Puyad A. , Kakade G. K. , Kalalawe V. G. , Kanetkar M. V.
Published: May 2021

The synthesis of Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) having secondary interaction in the side chain explores its possibility to use in electronic and sensing applications. Herein we report easy method to engineer side chains of DPP. The hydrogen bonding is introduced on the side chain by substitution of urethane side chains on Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPPurethane).The urethane side chain comprises a branched alkyl chain with good yields and purities. The DPPurethane characterized by NMR and IR, optical properties along with energy minimized structure were studied.
In Silico Biological Profile Prediction of Some Selectively Synthesized Acyl Rhamnopyranosides
Authors: Chowdhury S. A. , Bhattacharjee S. C.
Published: May 2021

Over the past several decades significant biological activities including brains protective and antimicrobial activities have made sugar esters (SEs) as a topic of great interest. In this context, unimolar 3-chlorobenzoylation of methyl α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4) using dibutyltin oxide method regioselectively furnished only the 3-O-substitution product 5 in excellent yield. The reaction proceeded via the formation of a cyclic 2,3-O-dibutylstannylene intermediate where equatorial hydroxyl group is activated by the tin atom leading to the formation of product 5 only. To get biologically important rhamnopyranoside esters chlorobenzoate 5 was further converted into three newer 2,4-di-O-acyl products 6-9 with other acylating agents using direct acylation method. Prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) indicated that these rhamnopyranoside esters have many promising biological profiles including CYP2H substrate, membrane permeability inhibitor and better antifungal activities. Additionally, ADMET and drug likeness properties of SEs 5-8 were predicted and discussed.
A Case Study on Disaster Insurance in Kenya
Authors: Mohtasin Fahmid
Published: May 2021

This study aims to provide a comprehensive outlook on the active disaster insurance scene in the East African country, Kenya. It begins with a geographic and economic analysis of the country followed by its historical challenges with natural disasters, namely droughts. The study is both qualitative and quantitative in nature and mostly deals with secondary sources of data. Establishing the current status of the country, the discussion brings into light the three insurance programs that have gained prominence there in the last decade: Kenyan Livestock Insurance Program (KLIP), Area Yield Index Insurance (AYII), and Kilimo Salama or Safe Agriculture. These programs use state of the art remote sensing technology to determine the availability of pasture, crop yields, etc. through standardized vegetation indices. Once the indices reach a predetermined minimum threshold, they trigger the payout mechanisms of the respective programs, economically uplifting the vulnerable communities involved and avoiding potential disaster. The programs are partially subsidized by the government which allows ease of adoption for local communities and helps stabilize the economy by keeping the agriculture and livestock sectors in balance. The study also acknowledges the limitations faced by the programs in order to provide a more realistic depiction and aims to encourage the piloting of similar programs in other developing nations like Bangladesh.

Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 57-64, April 2021
Immune Responses Induced in Chickens by Capsular Extract of P. Multocida Isolated From Farm Rat
Authors: Akter Mashuda , Hossain Md Mosaraf , Hassan Md Kamrul , Yadav Ravi , Morsheda Fahima , Khan Md Shahidur Rahman , Siddique Mahbubul Pratik
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to investigate the immune response induced in chickens by capsular extract of Pasteurella multocida isolated from rats wandering in and around the poultry farms. The rat isolate of P. multocida was isolated and identified by cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, followed by capsular extract preparation and experimental vaccine development. The isolated P. multocida was found Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore forming rod occurring singly or pains and occasionally as chains or filaments in Gram’s-staining method. The isolates consistently produced acid from dextrose, sucrose and mannitol but not fermented maltose or lactose. The Capsular antigen was extracted and confirmed by acriflavine test. Finally, experimental fowl cholera vaccine was prepared. Primary vaccination was performed at the dose rate of 5.6×107 CFU/ml through intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in birds of group A (10 birds) and group B (10 birds) and group C (10 birds) were control birds. Secondary vaccination was similarly performed after 15 days of primary vaccination in groups A and B. The levels of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination sera were determined by passive haemagglutination test. The passive haemagglutination antibody titre was recorded on 15 and 35 days of post vaccination in groups A and B. It was demonstrated that experimental capsular extract fowl cholera vaccine conferred 100% protection (p<0.01) against challenge infection and found to be safe. It could be suggested that after thorough field trial, the experimentally prepared capsular extract FC vaccine using rat isolate of P. multocida may be used side by side with conventional FC vaccine.

Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 117-124, April 2021
Morphological Identification and Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Backyard Chicken From Selected Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Abdullah SM , Barman Amrito , Ali Md Yakub , Islam Md Saiful , Mohanta Uday Kumar
Published: May 2021

Poultry industry is the promising sub-sector in livestock, which has been expanding day by day. Among the poultry species, backyard chicken is one of the appropriate incomes generating species in rural areas of Bangladesh. Parasitic infections have been considered as one of the major hindrances for backyard chicken rearing. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of backyard chicken in some selected areas of Bangladesh through their detailed morphological identification. A total number of 108 gastrointestinal tracts were examined for helminths from April 2018 to July 2018. The collected helminths were identified according to the keys and description of Yamaguti (1961) and Soulsby (1982). A high rate of helminth infection (100%) was observed in backyard chickens in Bangladesh. One cestode, Raillietina tetragona (67.59%); two nematodes, Ascaridia galli (43.51%) and Heterakis gallinarum (28.70%); and two trematodes, Catatropis verrucosa (21.29%) and Echinostoma revolutum (6.48%) were encountered during the study. Most of the helminths were recovered from small intestine followed by caecum. All five species of helminths were found from Dhaka and Pabna, but surprisingly no trematodes were found from Bandarban. Out of 108 chickens, 29.62% were infected with single species of helminths while the rest 70.38% harbored mixed infections. This work strongly suggests that helminths create serious problems in backyard chicken as they hamper production and therefore, appropriate control strategies are needed to design for better production.

Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 145-155, April 2021
Dose Optimization of Ovatide Hormone for Induced Breeding of Freshwater Gang Magur, Hemibagrus Menoda (Hamilton, 1822)
Authors: Hasan Md Zahid , Islam Md Fakhrul , Haque Syed Ariful , Islam Md Saiful , Rahman Md Mokhlasur , Miah Md Idris
Published: May 2021

An experiment on induced breeding of gang magur, Hemibagrus menoda (Hamilton, 1822) using Ovatide hormone was carried out at in the Field Laboratory Complex of Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. This study consists of three treatments each with three replications. The objective of the experiment was to find out the effective dose of Ovatide hormone for induced breeding. A total number of 54 brood fish were used for the experiment among which 36 were male and 18 were female. Brood fish were kept in the ratio of 2♂:1♀ for breeding purpose. Female brood fish were injected at the rate of 7, 5, 3 ml Ovatide/kg body weight while the males were injected with 3, 2.5 and 1.5 ml Ovatide/kg body weight respectively in T1, T2, and T3 at the same time. The brood fish were injected with single dose of Ovatide in all treatments. Ovulation rates were 0%, 100%, 63%; fertilization rates were 0%, 97%, and 90%, and hatching rates were 0%, 95% and 76% in treatments T1, T2, and T3 respectively. Fertilized eggs were incubated for 21-22 h in all the treatments. Higher ovulation rate (100 %), fertilization rate (97%), hatching rate (95%) and survival rate (85%) were found in treatment T2. Therefore, the optimum dose of Ovatide hormone for induced breeding of H. menoda is 2.5 and 5 ml Ovatide/kg body weight of male and female brood fish, respectively.

Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(1): 171-179, April 2021
Can the use of benzodiazepines increase the risk of dementia?
Authors: Jaracz Jan , Rakowska Natalia A.
Published: May 2021

Objective. This study aims to provide up-to-date data on the possible relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and the subsequent occurrence of dementia.
Literature review. Benzodiazepines (BDA) have been used in medicine for over half a century. Initially, they were considered very safe, especially when compared to older generation drugs. Over time, more and more information about possible side effects became available and the problem of abuse and addiction was growing. One of the side effects of BDA is possible deterioration of cognitive functions, particularly relevant in elderly population. In recent years, numerous studies have been published, the results of which indicate the possible impact of using this group of drugs on the risk of developing dementia. The possibility of reverse causality, i.e. when BDA is included in the prodromal phase of dementia to alleviate such symptoms as anxiety or insomnia, is also discussed.
Conclusions. Although numerous studies confirm a higher incidence of dementia in BDA users, this relationship has not been clearly confirmed due to methodological problems and possible influence of many additional factors.
Two in one: simultaneous use of two long-acting antipsychotics in schizophrenia
Authors: Jarema Marek
Published: May 2021

Objectives. This paper aims to review the literature regarding the possible simultaneous use of two long-acting antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Selected literature review. Despite using the appropriate dose in antipsychotic treatment and continuing it for the necessary period, it happens that such treatment may be considered ineffective. In such a case, to supplement the clinical effect of antipsychotics, the addition of a second antipsychotic medication, mood stabiliser, or an antidepressant may be considered. If the inadequate response to the treatment results from poor medication adherence, the use of long-acting antipsychotic is re­commended. Some clinicians, however, try to use two long-acting antipsychotics simultaneously.
Conclusions. Sparse available data did not allow us to conclude that the simultaneous use of two long-acting antipsychotic agents significantly improves the outcome of pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia.
SOSIALISASI MENUMBUHKEMBANGKAN MINAT MENULIS SEJAK DINI
Authors: Widodo Anggoro , Basri Hasan
Published: May 2021

Menulis merupakan kegiatan komunikasi, sama dengan komunikasi lisan, pesan yang tepat dan efektif akan memudahkan penerima pesan memahaminya. Penggunaan bahasa dalam menulis merupakan perwujudan kegiatan berfikir yang akan berpengaruh pada kegiatan bertindak. Siswa SDIT Al Marzukiyah memiliki potensi untuk mengembangkan minat menulis mereka, karena mereka bisa membuat sebuah cerita dalam bentuk paragraph. Tetapi sayangnya para siswa belum memahami bagaimana cara membuat struktur kalimat yang baik dan benar.  Cara pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode pengajaran kepada siswa dasar-dasar akan menulis yang baik dan benar. Setelah melaksanakan kegiatan “Sosialisasi menumbuhkembangkan minat menulis sejak dini” siswa dapat membuat kalimat dan struktur paragraph dengan baik dan benar dan siswa menjadi bersemangat untuk menulis.
PENDIDIKAN SEKSUAL SEJAK DINI PADA ANAK
Authors: Rachmawati Dian , Nurhidayah, S. Psi., M.Si Siti
Published: May 2021

Sexual education is a clear and correct information regarding the issue of human sexuality which includes knowledge of conception, pregnancy, and the birth of sexual behavior which is properly given and related to the norms prevailing in society. This Community Service aims to provide knowledge for children to know personal areas that must be protected from others and children can protect themselves from the crimes that are around them by refusing from behaviors that are not liked by children such as saying "no", “don’t” and "please". The results of the activities held in the form of teaching sexual education from an early age to children at the Raudhatul Athfal Islamic Kindergarten, the children know the areas of their private bodies that should not be touched by others except themselves, fathers, and mothers and children can reject the behavior disliked by children. Children can point out which areas of the body are not allowed by others and tell who can touch them.
PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN APARATUR SIPIL NEGARA TERHADAP KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT ATAS PENGELOLAAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN PADA BADAN PENDAPATAN DAERAH KABUPATEN KARAWANG
Authors: Aryanti Santi , Alrasyid Muhammad Harun
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality variables, on community satisfaction with land and building tax management in rural and urban areas in regional revenue agencies in Karawang district. The methodology used in this study uses a quantitative approach with an explanatory type to answer hypotheses, with data analysis techniques using simple linear regression statistical tests. The results of the analysis show that there is an influence between service quality and community satisfaction based on results based on results (R) of 0.672, so this situation indicates a strong and significant positive (relationship) / influence between the personnel service quality variable on the Community Satisfaction variable based on the assessment criteria criteria and The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.452, for the level of Community Satisfaction with the Service Quality of State Civil Servants in the Management of PBB P2 at the Regional Revenue Agency of Karawang Regency, based on the Community Satisfaction Survey it is included in category B, namely Good with a conversion value of 76.67, while the elements Services that fall into the awake category are service time, fees / rates, executive competence, executor behavior, complaint handling, and input, while what needs to be improved are requirements, systems, procedures and procedures, product specifications for the type of service and facilities and infrastructure.
ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN BIAYA KULIAH PROGRAM STUDI S1 AKUNTANSI ANTAR PERGURUAN TINGGI SWASTA DI BEKASI
Authors: Putri Anisa
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the tuition fee components and to analyze the comparison of tuition fees for the undergraduate accounting study program at private universities in Bekasi. The research method uses descriptive methods. The type of data is secondary data. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that the component of tuition fees for undergraduate accounting study programs at private universities in Bekasi consisted of registration fees, development costs, tuition fees per semester, laboratory fees, practice fees, exam fees (UTS and UAS), proposal fees and thesis fees, and graduation fee. The total cost of studying an undergraduate accounting study program at private universities in Bekasi is the most expensive, namely Esa Unggul University. The total cost of studying an undergraduate accounting study program at a private university in Bekasi is the most expensive, namely STIE BII. The total value of tuition fees varies for each private university in Bekasi.
The Effects of Diversity on Achieving Reduced Inequalities
Authors: Dirrler Phyllis
Published: May 2021

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) were introduced in 2015 by the United Nations and include 17 goals and 169 actions on how to achieve a more sustainable future. This research addresses the SDG 10, which focuses on the reduction of inequalities. By 2030 the goal is to achieve reduced income inequalities, opportunity inequalities and all other forms which might hinder equal chances. The United Nations has already introduced financial and economic measures on how to achieve equality. The aim of this review paper is to challenge the current approaches by emphasizing that too little attention is paid on the people themselves. The goal achievement will require working groups of diverse nationalities, backgrounds, tenures and values. This research presents why it is essential to include diversity research in the work and how this can influence group processes and outcomes, such as conflict, performance or group commitment.
Security in Virtual Space: Praxeological Dimension in Security Strategies
Authors: Yatsenko Olena
Published: May 2021

The article examines sociality as a precondition for becoming a system of
social relation and communication, public opinion, and collective beliefs
in the virtual space. It is argued that the essence of the social is virtual,
such as social roles and hierarchies, habitus and rituals, institutions, and
others. It is defined the way of understanding virtual reality as a special
communicative space where take place a tendency to the disappearance
of personal and public, ethnic and social, or cultural factors of
differentiation. Instead, the sociality of cyberspace produces an effective
model of social cooperation, which serves as an embodiment of utopian
concepts of social order. Following the principles and emphases of
interpretation, the problem of sociality in the virtual space determines
ways of solving a wide circle of political, economic, ethnic, global, and
ecological problems. The sociality of virtual space is characterized by
anonymity, intensity, and operationality of its manifestation and
influence. Such transformations are explained by the general aggressive
nature of Infospace and the pursuit of subjectivity to the maximum of selfactualization. These characteristics emphasize the measurement of new
challenges to society’s security and well-being on a global scale.
IS LITHUANIA READY FOR AN UNPREDICTABLE FUTURE?: THE EU AND NATO CASES
Authors: VOLOVOJ Vadim
Published: May 2021

Today’s world is in transition, and nobody can predict what the future power balance will look like. Transatlantic relations and the EU are in trouble. They may transform significantly, but it seems that many European countries are not ready for fundamental change. The United States of Europe or Europe of Nations – what should be the choice for Lithuania and what can it do in case of NATO disintegration? This article is speculative futurology, with the goal of preparing for the future
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS OF GERMANY IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: GUSEV Leonid
Published: May 2021

It is necessary to specify that as a result of the (unification?) of Germany in 1990, its eastern frontier directly bordered with a number of former communist states. Since the beginning of the 90 years of cooperation with these states one of Germany’s main tasks became rendering aid to them in carrying out reforms. Germany, being one of leaders of the EU was interested in involvement of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the European market and in receiving benefits from this cooperation, besides; in the political sphere it was important to create a common and stable Europe. One can add that stability and safety in Europe was connected with EU expansion to the East. This article also analyzes how in recent years Germany has been influencing the countries of Central and Eastern Europe; demonstrating that Germany cooperated with countries of Eastern Europe not only within the European Union, but also in a bilateral format since for Germany, entry of the countries of the Central and Eastern European countries into the EU into EU was communicated with the realization of a complex of social, economic and political interests with the Visegrád group.
Defense Management and PESTLE Analysis
Authors: Akman M. Kubilay
Published: May 2021

Militaries are in a changing and evolving environment. Defence management,
with references to both military science and general management field, is
seeking possibilities, opportunities and methods for being transformed in this
dynamic environment and contexts. Managing, commanding and leading
requires to know what is around, how is the surrounding atmosphere of
organizations, what are the current socio-political, economic, environmental,
scientific and legal situations to be considered? PESTLE analysis is giving a
chance to defence managers for answering these questions. In this article we
will discuss PESTLE model and try to find a solution how we can enhance it
through a strategic approach.
Romanian civil protection. From the perspective of nato crisis response measures
Authors: Bratu Claudiu , Barbu Mariana
Published: May 2021

Civil protection activity is of national interest. Implementation of civil
protection measures and actions represents an element to analyze and quantify
the country good governance in peace time. The strategic objective of NATO
Crisis Response Measures implementation in civil protection area is that of
civil protection and consist in ensuring the continuity of constitutional
functions by the Romanian State and increasing the national resilience in the
context of civil protection situations occurrence, by protecting the population,
respectively reducing social and economic effects. The responsibility of the civil
protection system in the context of implementing NATO Crisis Response
Measures needs to be seen and understood as a fundamental element of state
functioning. The involvement of state structures in this area indicates the level
of stability/instability of the national and regional security environment. The
improvement of the Civil Protection national system should also be seen from
the perspective of internal and international challenges. These can be
addressed more effectively, with lower effects in terms of human and material
costs, through a correct approach to addressing legislative gaps, eliminating
relatively divergent and circumstantial approaches by the institutional form of
certain strategic issues. In a complex geopolitical context for Romania, the correct approach to civil protection, which as a whole addresses the protection
of the population in emergency, crisis or war situations, as well as the support
to military structures involved in military actions or in fulfilling the
responsibilities of the Host Nation Support, must represent a major concern for
the highest political decision-makers, namely the supreme legislative body that
is the Romanian Parliament.
RISK ANALYSIS AND DATA PROTECTION IMPACT ASSESSMENT CONDUCTED IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: OLENDER Aleksandra
Published: May 2021

The European Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016
on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and
on the free movement of such data and the repeal of Directive 95/46/EC introduced
a new one, a proactive model of protection of personal data processed in the
organization, based on a risk-based approach. It imposed on the administrators
new obligations related to conducting analyzes of the risk of violation of the rights
and freedoms of persons whose data they process. Considering the scope, scale
and categories of personal data processed, public sector entities face a huge
challenge to meet the restrictions of the EU legislator. An additional difficulty is
often a very extensive organizational structure, complicated processing processes,
limited financial resources and unadjusted IT systems. The article discusses issues
of risk analysis and impact assessment for the protection of personal data
processed in the public sector in order to meet the requirements of the GDPR. The
key issue in this respect is the adoption of an appropriate methodology in the risk
estimation process, because properly carried out it enables the implementation of
security measures adequate to potential threats.
FUTUROLOGY OF WARFARE – FROM LAND TO SPACE
Authors: Volovoj Vadim
Published: May 2021

Mankind is very close to the next revolution in military affairs. Hypersonic
missiles exist already. Robots and even cyborgs in perspective can enter the
reality from the movies. However, it is not clear if people are ready for such
changes. Do politicians, generals and scientists understand all legal and
humanitarian consequences of the coming military transformation? At the same
time ‘Race in Space’ among the ‘Big States’ begins. Yet, it does not seem to
change the global balance of power. But the weapon that will be able to
neutralize any nuclear attack can.
The EU Defense Policy and Caucasus-Caspian Regional Security - Tracing from Crisis Management till Stability: Georgia’s Case
Authors: Maisaia Vakhtang , Mikadze Miranda
Published: May 2021

A geopolitical situation in the region, labelled ‘the Caucasus-Caspian Region’
remains unstable since the period of the ‘New Cold War’ entered into force.
The region is predisposed toward bloody conflicts and regional war scenarios
that still persist. A vivid example of the situation is the brief Russo-Georgia war
of 2008, when Russian Armed Forces occupied Georgian territories and
Georgia was catapulted into the centre of the international arena as a postSoviet country struggling against the ‘Giant Actor’. These consequences
outlined the urgent need of European support and security for Georgians.
Backing the ceasefire agreement, between the EU, Georgia and the Russian
Federation known as the ‘Sarkozy-Saakashvili-Medvedev Peace Accord’, the
EU Military Monitoring Mission in aegis of the EU Defence Policy provision
has supervised and overseen how the Accord has been implemented by the
involved parties. After having considered the Kremlin decision an imposition of
the A2/AD system over the whole Black Sea Basin, including the CaucasusCaspian region, the stalemate between the USA and Russia is being detonated.
The confrontation between Great Powers over the regional hegemony
determination tailored with security perils – military power and energy security
instruments directly hit the European security environment where the EU
defence policy could be infrangibly and non-attainable. This might be
particularly important as it will cause the key risks and outline the urgent need
for emergency of threats. Therefore, the Caucasus-Caspian region generates those threat perceptions that can easily endanger the EU security and defence
policy implications or swart the community efforts to deal with crises
management outside the area of responsibility.
Rodzina wobec wybranych problemów funkcjonowania młodych w e-rzeczywistości
Authors: Wojtkowiak Monika
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe live in an era of the
informational societies when we can
observe the new phenomenones on a
collective level but also on the level of
individuality. The domination of the
Internet in everyday life of the young
people implicates that it is needed to
explore the problem of its impact on
shaping a personality, an identity or an
attitude of a user. The article relates to the
issue of how the young people function in
an e-web, especially taking cognisage of a
specific properties of that environment. It is
also an attempt to answer the question
about the possible role of a family towards
the dangers a young person encounters on
the Internet. The study especially focuses
on the proactive and supportive measures.
O zasadach dobrego zarządzania w sporcie
Authors: Siemion Katarzyna
Published: May 2021

Tezą niniejszego artykułu jest to,
że umowy w obrocie profesjonalnym powinny
przede wszystkim zapewnić wykonanie przedmiotu zobowiązania. Interes stron powinien być
drugorzędną kwestią z tego względu, że układając stosunek zobowiązaniowy, miały świadomość, do czego się zobowiązują i na jakich
warunkach. Zasady fair play powinny stanowić
dyrektywę interpretacyjną wyznaczającą prawny sens ustalonego stosunku prawnego. Jednakże zasady fair play nie funkcjonują powszechnie w obrocie prawnym ani gospodarczym. Obecnie, układając profesjonalne relacje,
dba się o odpowiednie zabezpieczenie interesu
jednej ze stron, niż o zabezpieczenie samego
zobowiązania. Większość zasad stosowanych w
szeroko definiowanym prawie ma swoje źródło
w prawie rzymskim. Przy opracowaniu stawianego problemu wykorzystano dogmatyczną
metodę badawczą, analityczną metodę badawczą, analizę orzecznictwa oraz w sposób fragmentaryczny metodę prawnoporównawczą..
Praktyka wykorzystania europejskiej inicjatywy obywatelskiej jako instrumentu demokracji przedstawicielskiej w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Doliwa-Klepacka Anna
Published: May 2021

Artykuł prezentuje uwarunkowania i wykorzystanie instrumentu demokracji
przedstawicielskiej w Unii Europejskiej, jakim
jest europejska inicjatywa obywatel-ska. Punktem wyjścia przeprowadzonych rozważań jest
przedstawienie prawnych wymogów odnośnie
przedłożenia inicjatywy, jednak zasadnicza
część odnosi się do zaprezentowania praktyki w
tym zakresie i próby oceny czynników, które
bezpośrednio wpływają na efektywność wykorzystania tego instrumentu prawnego. W tym
kontekście postawiono tezę, że obecne regulacje prawne nie dają obywatelom możliwości
realnego oddziaływania na Komisję Europejską
w zakresie przedłożenia wniosku legislacyjnego,
a mobilizacja i aktywność obywateli Unii Europejskiej nie są efektywnie wykorzystywane.
Dlaczego inwestorzy popełniają błędy? Neuroekonomia – czyli o tym, jak neurobiologia może pomóc prawnikom
Authors: Wiśniowska Joanna
Published: May 2021

Konsumenci aktywni na rynku
przejawiają tendencję do popełniania błędów o
podłożu behawioralnym, którymi obarczony
jest niemal każdy proces podejmowania decyzji.
Dzięki połączeniu obserwacji psychologicznych i
teorii ekonomicznych z postępem w dziedzinie
neurobiologii nowa gałąź nauki określana
mianem neuroekonomii dostarczyła wiedzy o
mechanizmach działania ludzkiego mózgu na
etapie podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych.
Znajdując biologiczne uzasadnienie dla najczęściej popełnianych przez konsumentów błędów
– dążenia do natychmiastowej gratyfikacji oraz
uzależnienia od punktu odniesienia – prawodawca uzyskał zupełnie nową wiedzę o funkcjonowaniu rynku. Powstaje pytanie, czy jest
możliwe wykorzystanie tej wiedzy w perspektywie regulacyjnej.
Acute effect of COVID-19 pandemic on urological consultations and urological surgery
Authors: Çakıcı Mehmet Çağlar , İplikçi Ayberk , Efiloğlu Özgür , Atış Gökhan , Yıldırım Asıf
Published: May 2021

Objective: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has greatly affected the clinical functioning of all sub-specialties, including urology. Clinicians have also been affected by this sudden chaotic process to a certain extent. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of pandemic period on urological consultations and urological surgery in the acute phase of our country.
Material and Methods: This retrospective study was designed after the approval of our hospital’s local ethics committee (decision number dated 22.07.2020: 2020/0458) was obtained. In the first 4 weeks after the first case in our country, the data of the patients who were consulted to the Urology clinic from the emergency service and other clinics in our hospital, which is a tertiary healthcare facility (Group 1), and patients in the same period of 2019 (group 2) were retrospectively collected. The demographic characteristics of the patients, specific triage evaluations for the pandemic, reasons for consultation and results were analyzed in detail.
Results: Of the total 377 patients, 123 (32.6%) were in Group 1, and 254 (67.4%) were in Group 2. While there was a similar distribution in the number of weekly consultations in group 2, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the second and third weeks in Group 1 and an increase in the fourth week (p = 0.025). Ninety-three patients (75.6%) in Group 1 and 180 patients (70.9%) in Group 2 were consulted from the emergency service (p = 0.116). The two most common reasons for consultation were urinary infections and urolithiasis in Group 1; urolithiasis and hematuria in Group 2 (p = 0.027). While the rate of urological surgical intervention was 24.4% in Group 1; it was 37.8% in Group 2 (p = 0.010).
Conclusion: The difficulty of the COVID-19 outbreak for clinicians has been to strike a balance between providing the most appropriate treatment while avoiding contamination for themselves and their patients. This balance in urology practice has emerged as a decrease in the rate of consultations resulting in surgery.
Keywords: consultation, coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic, urological surgery
Handheld ECG Tracking of in-hOspital Atrial Fibrillation (HECTO-AF): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mancinetti Marco , Schukraft Sara , Faucherre Yannick , Cook Stéphane , Arroyo Diego , Puricel Serban
Published: May 2021

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequent and causes substantial morbidity through AF-related strokes. Given the increasing prevalence of AF, screening methods are of interest given the potential to initiate timely appropriate anticoagulation.

Aims: The HECTO-AF trial aims to determine the efficacy of AF screening with a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) handheld device in naïve in-hospital patients.

Methods: The HECTO-AF is a single-center, open label, randomized controlled trial. Patients admitted to the general internal medicine ward of the University and Hospital Fribourg without previous diagnosis of AF were invited to participate in a screening program with a 1:1 allocation to either the screening group with intermittent single-lead handheld ECG recordings vs. a control group undergoing detection of AF as per routine clinical practice. The primary outcome was the prevalence of newly diagnosed AF during the hospital stay. Enrolment was terminated for poor patient recruitment and apparent futility before a sufficient sample for powered efficacy comparisons was enrolled.

Results: A total of 804 patients were included of whom 381 were allocated to the intervention and 423 to the control group. Mean age was 65 ± 16 and 464 (58%) were male. Median CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3 (13% heart failure, 57% hypertension, 19% diabetes mellitus, 14% prior stroke/transient ischemic attack, and 29% arterial disease) and all CHA2DS2-VASc risk factors were equally distributed between groups. The incidence of newly detected AF was 1.4% over a median of 6 hospitalized days. Seven patients (1.8%) were diagnosed with AF in the intervention group vs. 3 (0.7%) in the control group (p = 0.20).

Conclusion: There was a trend toward a higher AF detection over a median of 6 hospitalized days in the intervention group, but a definitive conclusion cannot be drawn due to the early termination of the present study. Systematic screening for AF in the hospital setting is resource-consuming, and of uncertain clinical benefit. The interpretation of single-lead handheld ECG is challenging and may result in inaccurate AF diagnosis.

Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT03197090].
Imaging the Subsurface Structure of Mount Agung in Bali (Indonesia) Using Volcano-Tectonic (VT) Earthquake Tomography
Authors: Ardianto Ardianto , Nugraha Andri Dian , Afif Haunan , Syahbana Devy Kamil , Sahara David P. , Zulfakriza Zulfakriza , Widiyantoro Sri , Priyono Awali , Rosalia Shindy , Saepuloh Asep , Kasbani Kasbani , Muttaqy Faiz , Rahsetyo Puput P. , Priambodo Imam C. , Martanto Martanto
Published: May 2021

Local seismic tomography is a well-known and commonly used method for obtaining detailed information about the internal structure of volcanoes. The eruption of Mt. Agung in 2017 was a vital opportunity scientifically because it is the first eruption that had sufficient seismic observation networks to carry out local seismic tomography at this volcano. In this study, we investigate the subsurface structure of Mt. Agung in Bali, which is one of the highest risk volcanoes in Indonesia. We conducted travel-time tomography using P- and S-wave arrival times of volcano-tectonic (VT) events to determine the three-dimensional (3D) Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs ratio structure beneath Mt. Agung. We used 1,926 VT events, with corresponding 9482-P and 8683-S wave arrival times recorded by eight seismic stations over an observation time spanning from October 18 to December 31, 2017. We obtain the hypocenter solution for VT events using the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm and use an optimum 1D velocity model as input for the Joint 3-D seismic tomographic inversion. Local earthquake tomography revealed five anomalous regions that are useful to describe the overall seismic activity around Mt. Agung. We interpret these anomalous regions qualitatively due to limited data resolution in this study. We have successfully localized a high Vp/Vs ratio (∼1.82), low Vs (−1.9%) and high Vp (+3.8%), within a low seismicity zone at depths between 2 and 5 km below the Mt. Agung summit, which may be related to a shallow magma reservoir. There is also an anomalous region between Mt. Agung and Batur with moderate to high Vp/Vs ratios (1.76–1.79) where most of the earthquakes recorded before the 2017 eruption originated. We interpret this anomaly to be related to the existence of sub-vertical dyke complex at depths between 8 and 14 km. The results of our study provide new insights into the subsurface structure of the magma plumbing system beneath Mt. Agung, which can be used to improve the quality of determining the location of the hypocenter and source modeling for future eruption forecasting.
Prevotella histicola Protects From Arthritis by Expansion of Allobaculum and Augmenting Butyrate Production in Humanized Mice
Authors: Balakrishnan Baskar , Luckey David , Bodhke Rahul , Chen Jun , Marietta Eric , Jeraldo Patricio , Murray Joseph , Taneja Veena
Published: May 2021

Bacterial therapeutics are the emergent alternatives in treating autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA].P. histicolaMCI 001 is one such therapeutic bacterium that has been proven to treat autoimmune diseases such as RA and multiple sclerosis [MS] in animal models. The present study characterizedP. histicolaMCI 001 isolated from a human duodenal biopsy, and evaluated its impact on the gut microbial and metabolic profile in a longitudinal study using the collagen-induced arthritis model in HLA-DQ8.AEo transgenic mice.P. histicolaMCI 001 though closely related to the type strain ofP. histicola, DSM 19854, differed in utilizing glycerol. In culture,P. histicolaMCI 001 produced vitamins such as biotin and folate, and was involved in digesting complex carbohydrates and production of acetate. Colonization study showed that duodenum was the predominant niche for the gavaged MCI 001. A longitudinal follow-up of gut microbial profile in arthritic mice treated with MCI 001 suggested that dysbiosis caused due to arthritis was partially restored to the profile of naïve mice after treatment. A taxon-level analysis suggested an expansion of intestinal genusAllobaculumin MCI001 treated arthritic mice. Eubiosis achieved post treatment withP. histicolaMCI 001 was also reflected in the increased production of short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]. Present study suggests that the treatment withP. histicolaMCI 001 leads to an expansion ofAllobaculumby increasing the availability of simple carbohydrates and acetate. Restoration of microbial profile and metabolites like butyrate induce immune and gut homeostasis.
Search for MHC/TCR-Like Systems in Living Organisms
Authors: Paganini Julien , Pontarotti Pierre
Published: May 2021

Highly polymorphic loci evolved many times over the history of species. These polymorphic loci are involved in three types of functions: kind recognition, self-incompatibility, and the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune system (AIS). In the first part of this perspective, we reanalyzed and described some cases of polymorphic loci reported in the literature. There is a convergent evolution within each functional category and between functional categories, suggesting that the emergence of these self/non-self recognition loci has occurred multiple times throughout the evolutionary history. Most of the highly polymorphic loci are coding for proteins that have a homophilic interaction or heterophilic interaction between linked loci, leading to self or non-self-recognition. The highly polymorphic MHCs, which are involved in the AIS have a different functional mechanism, as they interact through presented self or non-self-peptides with T cell receptors, whose diversity is generated by somatic recombination. Here we propose a mechanism called “the capacity of recognition competition mechanism” that might contribute to the evolution of MHC polymorphism. We propose that the published cases corresponding to these three biological categories represent a small part of what can be found throughout the tree of life, and that similar mechanisms will be found many times, including the one where polymorphic loci interact with somatically generated loci.
Epigenetic Regulation of NK Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Xia Miaoran , Wang Bingbing , Wang Zihan , Zhang Xulong , Wang Xi
Published: May 2021

Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate lymphocytes that can directly kill target cells without prior immunization. NK cell activation is controlled by the balance of multiple germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors. NK cells are a heterogeneous and plastic population displaying a broad spectrum of functional states (resting, activating, memory, repressed, and exhausted). In this review, we present an overview of the epigenetic regulation of NK cell-mediated antitumor immunity, including DNA methylation, histone modification, transcription factor changes, and microRNA expression. NK cell-based immunotherapy has been recognized as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Since epigenetic alterations are reversible and druggable, these studies will help identify new ways to enhance NK cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity by targeting intrinsic epigenetic regulators alone or in combination with other strategies.
Processing of Naturally Sourced Macroalgal- and Coral-Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) by High and Low Microbial Abundance Encrusting Sponges
Authors: Campana Sara , Hudspith Meggie , Lankes David , de Kluijver Anna , Demey Celine , Schoorl Jorien , Absalah Samira , van der Meer Marcel T. J. , Mueller Benjamin , de Goeij Jasper M.
Published: May 2021

Sponges play a key role in (re)cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients in coral reef ecosystems. Macroalgae and corals release different quantities of DOM and at different bioavailabilities to sponges and their microbiome. Given the current coral- to algal-dominance shift on coral reefs, we assessed the differential processing of macroalgal- and coral-DOM by three high and three low microbial abundance (HMA and LMA) encrusting sponge species. We followed the assimilation of naturally sourced 13C- and 15N-enriched macroalgal- and coral-DOM into bulk tissue and into host- versus bacteria-specific phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Additionally, we compared sponge-processing of the two natural DOM sources with 13C- and 15N-enriched laboratory-made diatom-DOM. All investigated sponges utilized all DOM sources, with higher assimilation rates in LMA compared to HMA sponges. No difference was found in carbon assimilation of coral- versus macroalgal-DOM into bulk tissue and host- versus bacteria-specific PLFAs, but macroalgal nitrogen was assimilated into bulk tissue up to eight times faster compared to the other sources, indicating its higher bioavailability to the sponges. Additionally, LMA sponges released significantly more inorganic nitrogen after feeding on macroalgal-DOM. Therefore, we hypothesize that, depending on the abundance and composition of the sponge community, sponges could catalyze reef eutrophication through increased turnover of nitrogen under coral-to-algal regime shifts.
Effects of Dynamic Hyperinflation on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Healthy Subjects — A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial
Authors: Urban Matthias Helmut , Mayr Anna Katharina , Schmidt Ingrid , Grasmuk-Siegl Erwin , Burghuber Otto Chris , Funk Georg-Christian
Published: May 2021

Objective:Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle is common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dynamic hyperinflation has been suggested as a key determinant of reduced diastolic function in COPD. We aimed to investigate the effects of induced dynamic hyperinflation on left ventricular diastolic function in healthy subjects to exclude other confounding mechanisms associated with COPD.

Design:In this randomized controlled crossover trial (NCT03500822,https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/), we induced dynamic hyperinflation using the validated method of expiratory resistance breathing (ERB), which combines tachypnea with expiratory resistance, and compared the results to those of tachypnea alone. Healthy male subjects (n= 14) were randomly assigned to the ERB or control group with subsequent crossover. Mild, moderate, and severe hyperinflation (i.e., ERB1, ERB2, ERB3) were confirmed by intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) using an esophageal balloon catheter. The effects on diastolic function of the left ventricle were measured by transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of the heart rate-adjusted transmitral E/A-ratio and E/e'-ratio.

Results:We randomly assigned seven participants to the ERB group and seven to the control group (age 26 [24-26] vs. 24 [24-34],p= 0.81). Severe hyperinflation decreased the E/A-ratio compared to the control condition (1.63 [1.49–1.77] vs. 1.85 [0.95–2.75],p= 0.039), and moderate and severe ERB significantly increased the septal E/e'-ratio. No changes in diastolic function were found during mild hyperinflation. PEEPi levels during ERB were inversely correlated with the E/A ratio (regression coefficient = −0.007,p= 0.001).

Conclusions:Our data indicate dynamic hyperinflation as a determinant of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in healthy subjects. Therapeutic reduction of hyperinflation might be a treatable trait to improve diastolic function in patients with COPD.