bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group Testing for Identification
Authors: Bilder Christopher R.
Published: May 2019

Grouping (pooling) items together and testing them as one unit for a binary trait is the process known concurrently as group testing and pooled testing. As long as trait prevalence is small, group testing can lead to significant reductions in the number of tests when compared to testing each item individually. The purpose of this article is to outline commonly used group‐testing algorithms and describe how to calculate their corresponding operating characteristics. Focus is on using group testing to identify whether an item has a particular trait rather than estimating the probability an item has this trait.
Children and News
Authors: Fromm Megan , Smith Julie
Published: May 2019

Children represent a unique news audience. As they mature, children move into age groups and stages of cognitive development that require new approaches to both news consumption and news media education. Parents should take care to help children engage in news consumption that is appropriate in order to mitigate negative habits or socializing effects. Parents and educators can implement a media literacy approach to help young people mature into healthy news habits that promote citizenship and civic engagement.
Media Literacy and Social Activism
Authors: Murakami Kyoko
Published: May 2019

Social activism is socially and culturally motivated action for change. In this entry, four leading theoretical and conceptual approaches to media literacy and social activism that reflect diverse interests and methodologies are explored; these are the protection approach, critical media literacy approach, media art education approach, and media literacy education movement. Furthermore, this paper examines the limitations and future of media literacy and social activism from global perspectives. Although the term
activism
is not well defined and continues to change depending on one's conception and value system, both social activism and media literacy competencies are essential for the functioning of democratic societies.
Resisting Persuasive Intent
Authors: Chen Yvonnes
Published: May 2019

The surge of media literacy education in the United States and abroad has largely corresponded to scholars' concerns about how media negatively impact audiences' attitudes and behaviors. One of the tenets of media literacy, therefore, is to develop resistance toward this persuasive intent and to foster critical viewing skills. Media literacy activities include media analysis, evaluation, and production, most of them being based on mass communication or behavior change theories. Persuasion theories, such as the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) and the persuasion knowledge model (PKM), could offer additional insights into enhancing the complexity of media literacy research.
Real‐World Effectiveness of Common Treatment Strategies for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Results From a Canadian Cohort
Authors: Chhabra Amieleena , Oen Kiem , Huber Adam M. , Shiff Natalie J. , Boire Gilles , Benseler Susanne M. , Berard Roberta A. , Scuccimarri Rosie , Feldman Brian M. , Lim Lily Siok Hoon , Barsalou Julie , Bruns Alessandra , Cabral David A. , Chédeville Gaëlle , Ellsworth Janet , Houghton Kristin , Lang Bianca , Morishita Kimberly , Rumsey Dax G. , Rosenberg Alan M. , Tse Shirley M. , Watanabe Duffy Karen , Duffy Ciaran M. , Guzman Jaime ,   ReACCh‐Out Investigators
Published: May 2019

Objective

Undervaluing the effectiveness of conventional treatments may lead to overtreatment with biologic medications in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Using data from a nationwide inception cohort and strict methods to control bias, the aim of our study was to estimate the real‐world effectiveness of simple JIA treatment strategies recommended in current guidelines.

Methods

Children with JIA who were recruited at 16 Canadian centers from 2005 to 2010 were followed for up to 5 years. For each child, all observed treatment changes over time were assessed by independent physicians using prospectively collected data and published response criteria. Success was defined as attainment of inactive disease or maintenance of this state when stepping down treatment; minimally active disease was deemed acceptable for children with polyarticular JIA. Success rates were calculated for treatments tried ≥25 times, and logistic regression analysis identified features associated with success.

Results

A total of 4,429 treatment episodes were observed in 1,352 children. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) monotherapy was attempted 697 times, mostly as initial treatment when <5 joints were involved, with a 54.4% success rate (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 50.3–58.6). NSAIDs plus joint injections had a 64.7% success rate (95% CI 59.8–69.7). Adding methotrexate to NSAIDs and/or joint injections (attempted 566 times) had a 60.5% success rate (95% CI 55.7–65.3). In adjusted analyses, each additional active joint reduced chances of success for treatment with NSAIDs (odds ratio [OR] 0.90 [95% CI 0.85–0.94]) and for methotrexate combinations (OR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94–0.99]). Each additional year after disease onset reduced chances of success for treatment with methotrexate combinations (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.72–0.95]).

Conclusion

These real‐world effectiveness estimates show that conventional nonbiologic treatment strategies that are recommended in current guidelines are effective in achieving treatment targets in many children with JIA.
Acadia to pay $17 million in OTP lab Medicaid billing fraud
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2019

In the largest health care fraud settlement in West Virginia history, Acadia Healthcare Company will pay $17 million to the state to resolve charges that it defrauded Medicaid of $8.5 million in billing for urine and blood tests it wasn't certified to perform and did not, in fact, perform. Not only did Acadia order the tests unnecessarily, but it padded the billing for them. This occurred going back to 2012. The settlement, announced May 6 by United States Attorney Mike Stuart and others, will result in almost $2.2 million going directly to West Virginia. “$8.5 million in Medicaid fraud means $8.5 million in fraud to the taxpayers,” said Stuart in announcing the agreement, which refers to Acadia's seven CRC Health opioid treatment programs (OTPs) in the state.
Recent Advances on Black Phosphorus for Biomedicine and Biosensing
Authors: Ge Xiaoxiao , Xia Zhonghong , Guo Shaojun
Published: May 2019

Black phosphorus nanostructures (nano‐BPs) include BP nanosheets, BP quantum dots, and BP nanoparticles. Since first being discovered in 2014, nano‐BP has become one of the most popular nanomaterials. Nano‐BP has many unique properties, such as excellent surface activity, tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, moderate on/off ratio, excellent biocompatibility, good biodegradation, etc., all of which make nano‐BP particularly attractive in biomedicine and biosensing. This review article comprehensively summarizes recent advances in synthesis, functionalization, biomedicine, and biosensing applications of nano‐BP. Different methods are first introduced, such as mechanical cleavage, liquid‐phase ultrasonic exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, solvothermal treatment, and acoustic‐microfluidic stripping, for making the nano‐BP. Then two strategies are emphasized to enhance ambient stability of nano‐BP, namely physical encapsulation and chemical modification. Next, how to develop nano‐BP as advanced imaging agents, nanocarriers, and nanomedicine for bioimaging (fluorescence imaging, thermal imaging, and photoacoustic imaging) and disease treatment (phototherapy and photo/chemical/immune synergistic therapy) is demonstrated. The biosensing applications on nano‐BP is introduced, including electrochemical biosensor, fluorescence biosensor, chemiluminescence biosensor, electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor, and colorimetric biosensor. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives on nano‐BP in bioapplications are discussed.
Biomimetic Materials with Multiple Protective Functionalities
Authors: Liu Zenghe , Zhang Luzhi , Guan Qingbao , Guo Yifan , Lou Jiaming , Lei Dong , Wang Shuliang , Chen Shuo , Sun Lijie , Xuan Huixia , Jeffries Eric Meade , He Chuanglong , Qing Feng‐Ling , You Zhengwei
Published: May 2019

Natural tissues possess superior material properties such as self‐healing, mechanical robustness, and mechanical gradients that allow organisms to adapt and survive in dangerous environments. Although highly desired, imparting synthetic materials with these biomimetic protective features remains a challenge. Here, the versatile dimethylglyoxime–urethane (DOU) moiety is used to create a multifunctional polyurethane (DOU‐PU). The reactivities of DOU including reversible dissociation, metal coordination, photolysis enabled self‐healing, high strength and toughness, mechanical gradient formation, and spatially controlled functionalization. By incorporating DOU, a multifunctional protective film is produced with superior resistance to mechanical damage, rapid room temperature self‐healing, and anti‐counterfeiting features. This super biomimetic film is expected to be very useful for the protection of various types of valuable objects such as electronics, diplomas, currency, and automobiles.
A Hierarchical Nanoparticle‐in‐Micropore Architecture for Enhanced Mechanosensitivity and Stretchability in Mechanochromic Electronic Skins
Authors: Park Jonghwa , Lee Youngoh , Barbee Meredith H. , Cho Soowon , Cho Seungse , Shanker Ravi , Kim Jinyoung , Myoung Jinyoung , Kim Minsoo P. , Baig Chunggi , Craig Stephen L. , Ko Hyunhyub
Published: May 2019

Biological tissues are multiresponsive and functional, and similar properties might be possible in synthetic systems by merging responsive polymers with hierarchical soft architectures. For example, mechanochromic polymers have applications in force‐responsive colorimetric sensors and soft robotics, but their integration into sensitive, multifunctional devices remains challenging. Herein, a hierarchical nanoparticle‐in‐micropore (NP‐MP) architecture in porous mechanochromic polymers, which enhances the mechanosensitivity and stretchability of mechanochromic electronic skins (e‐skins), is reported. The hierarchical NP‐MP structure results in stress‐concentration‐induced mechanochemical activation of mechanophores, significantly improving the mechanochromic sensitivity to both tensile strain and normal force (critical tensile strain: 50% and normal force: 1 N). Furthermore, the porous mechanochromic composites exhibit a reversible mechanochromism under a strain of 250%. This architecture enables a dual‐mode mechanochromic e‐skin for detecting static/dynamic forces via mechanochromism and triboelectricity. The hierarchical NP‐MP architecture provides a general platform to develop mechanochromic composites with high sensitivity and stretchability.
Valley‐Hall Photonic Topological Insulators with Dual‐Band Kink States
Authors: Chen Qiaolu , Zhang Li , He Mengjia , Wang Zuojia , Lin Xiao , Gao Fei , Yang Yihao , Zhang Baile , Chen Hongsheng
Published: May 2019

Extensive researches have revealed that valley, a binary degree of freedom (DOF), can be an excellent candidate of information carrier. Recently, valley DOF is introduced into photonic systems, and several valley‐Hall photonic topological insulators (PTIs) are experimentally demonstrated. However, in the previous valley‐Hall PTIs, topological kink states only work at a single frequency band, which limits potential applications in multiband waveguides, filters, communications, and so on. To overcome this challenge, here a valley‐Hall PTI, where the topological kink states exist at two separated frequency bands, is experimentally demonstrated in a microwave substrate‐integrated circuitry. Both the simulated and experimental results demonstrate the dual‐band valley‐Hall topological kink states are robust against the sharp bends of the internal domain wall with negligible intervalley scattering. This work may pave the way for multichannel substrate‐integrated photonic devices with high efficiency and high capacity for information communications and processing.
Spontaneous Self‐Assembly of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets into Cuboid Crystals with High Intensity Blue Emission
Authors: Bi Chenghao , Wang Shixun , Kershaw Stephen V. , Zheng Kaibo , Pullerits Tönu , Gaponenko Sergey , Tian Jianjun , Rogach Andrey L.
Published: May 2019

Colloidal all‐inorganic perovskite nanocrystals have gained significant attention as a promising material for both fundamental and applied research due to their excellent emission properties. However, reported photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs) of blue‐emitting perovskite nanocrystals are rather low, mostly due to the fact that the high energy excitons for such wide bandgap materials are easily captured by interband traps, and then decay nonradiatively. In this work, it is demonstrated how to tackle this issue, performing self‐assembly of 2D perovskite nanoplatelets into larger size (≈50 nm × 50 nm × 20 nm) cuboid crystals. In these structures, 2D nanoplatelets being isolated from each other within the cuboidal scaffold by organic ligands constitute multiple quantum wells, where exciton localization on potential disorder sites helps them to bypass nonradiative channels present in other platelets. As a result, the cuboid crystals show an extremely high PL QY of 91% of the emission band centered at 480 nm. Moreover, using the same synthetic method, mixed‐anion CsPb(Br/Cl)3 cuboid crystals with blue emission peaks ranging from 452 to 470 nm, and still high PL QYs in the range of 72–83% are produced.
Mapping first‐line health care providers' roles, practices, and impacts on care for workers with compensable musculoskeletal disorders in four jurisdictions: A critical interpretive synthesis
Authors: Hudon Anne , Lippel Katherine , MacEachen Ellen
Published: May 2019

Background

First‐line health care providers are the primary access point for workers' benefits. However, little is known about their impact on quality of care and return‐to‐work. Our objective was to critically compare literature on the practices of first‐line providers for workers with musculoskeletal injuries in Ontario and Quebec (Canada), Washington State (United States), and Victoria (Australia).

Methods

A critical interpretive synthesis of peer‐reviewed scientific literature was conducted. The search across six databases yielded 59 relevant publications that were critically appraised.

Results

Three themes emerged: 1) how policies about first‐line health care providers' modulate worker access to care, 2) how these providers' roles, practices, and training shape disability management, and 3) how the quality of care and disability outcomes are evaluated.

Conclusions

First‐line health care providers have a critical influence on workers' trajectories of care. A focus on their role while taking the complexity of the context into account will help orient future policy changes.
Work injuries in internal migrants to Alberta, Canada. Do workers' compensation records provide an unbiased estimate of risk?
Authors: Cherry Nicola , Galarneau Jean‐Michel , Haan Michael , Haynes Whitney , Lippel Katherine
Published: May 2019

Introduction

It is not known whether out‐of‐province Canadians, who travel to Alberta for work, are at increased risk of occupational injury.

Methods

Workers' compensation board (WCB) claims in 2013 to 2015 for those injured in Alberta were extracted by home province. Denominator data, from Statistics Canada, indicated the numbers from Alberta and Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) employed in Alberta in 2012. Both datasets were stratified by industry, age, and gender. Logistic regression estimated the risk of a worker from NL making a WCB claim in 2013 or 2014, stratified by time lost from work. Bias from under‐reporting was examined in responses to injury questions in a cohort of trades' workers across Canada and in a pilot study in Fort McMurray, Alberta.

Results

Injury reporting rate in workers from NL was lower than those from Alberta, with a marked deficit (odds ratio [OR] = 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12‐0.27) for injuries resulting in 1 to 30 days off work. Among the 1520 from Alberta in the trades' cohort, 327 participants reported 444 work injuries: 34.5% were reported to the WCB, rising to 69.4% in those treated by a physician. A total of 52 injuries in Alberta were recorded by 151 workers in the Fort McMurray cohort. In logistic regression, very similar factors predicted WCB reporting in the trades and Fort McMurray cohorts, but those from out‐of‐province or recently settled in Alberta were much less likely to report (OR = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.00‐0.40).

Conclusion

Differential rates of under‐reporting explain in part the overall low estimates of injuries in interprovincial workers but not the deficit in time‐loss 1 to 30 days.
Sickness presenteeism: Are we sure about what we are studying? A research based on a literature review and an empirical illustration
Authors: Navarro Albert , Salas‐Nicás Sergio , Llorens Clara , Moncada Salvador , Molinero‐Ruíz Emilia , Moriña David
Published: May 2019

Background

There has been an increasing interest in studying sickness presenteeism (SP). An ever‐increasing amount of scientific literature is published using this term, yet there appears to be considerable heterogeneity in how it is assessed, which could result in substantial differences in the definition and interpretation of the phenomenon really being studied. We aim to discuss what really is being studied, depending on how the phenomenon is operationalized, measured, and analyzed.

Methods

A study based on a literature review and an empirical illustration using data of the third Spanish Psychosocial Risks Survey (2016).

Results

Differences are observed based on the population in which SP is measured, the cut‐off points used to define a worker as presenteeist, the reasons for an SP episode and even an analysis of the phenomenon treated as a count or as a dichotomous.

Conclusions

Without being completely exclusive, it seems that restricting the population of analysis to only those workers who consider that they should not have gone to work due to their health, and/or establishing low cut‐off points to define someone as presenteeist, would more clearly delimit the study of SP to the exercise of a right to sick leave. In contrast, working with the entire population or using high cut‐off points appears to relate the study of SP more with health status and less with the exercise of rights. On the other hand, taking the reasons for SP into account would probably help to improve interpretation of the phenomenon.
Pain in hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome: New insights using new criteria
Authors: Bénistan Karelle , Martinez Valeria
Published: May 2019

Features of the pain in hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (hEDS) are complex and insufficiently known by clinicians. We enrolled 37 hEDS patients. Disease status was ascertained using revised 2017 International Classification criteria, in the EDS French National Reference Center. Patients were evaluated with a clinical examination, quantitative sensory testing, and validated questionnaires. Thirty‐seven patients were evaluated. Pain had appeared at 10 ± 5 years old and became chronic at 20 ± 9 years old. hEDS was diagnosed at only 24 ± 10 years old. Ninety‐seven percent of them had severe chronic pain, which gradually increased over time in 75% of them. The main location of pain was in joints and predominated in lower limbs. Patients with a generalized presentation of pain had older chronic pain and a higher impact on the affective component. Neuropathic pain was frequent in the most painful joint and associated with heat hypoesthesia. An asymmetric proprioception was found in one third of the patients. A very high rate of attempted suicide was observed. To conclude, pain in hEDS is severe, chronic, and disabling. Sensorial and proprioceptive sensibilities are also affected. Peripheral neuropathic pain is frequent and central sensitization appears to be a key step in the evolution of disease.
A Comprehensive Review of Materials with Catalytic Effects in Li–S Batteries: Enhanced Redox Kinetics
Authors: Lim Won‐Gwang , Kim Seoa , Jo Changshin , Lee Jinwoo
Published: May 2019

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are cost‐effective and high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the insulating nature of active materials, the shuttle effect, and slow redox kinetics lead to severe capacity decay and low rate capabilities. Numerous multimodal approaches have been attempted to tackle these issues and have pushed the cycle stability and energy density to higher levels. Recently, accelerating the redox kinetics using catalytic materials has been considered as a means to realize high‐performance LSBs. In this Minireview, we provide an insightful overview of the advances in the design of LSB catalytic materials and mechanistic descriptions of their catalytic activities.
Nature's Combinatorial Biosynthesis Produces Vatiamides A–F
Authors: Moss Nathan A. , Seiler Grant , Leão Tiago F. , Castro‐Falcón Gabriel , Gerwick Lena , Hughes Chambers C. , Gerwick William H.
Published: May 2019

Hybrid type I PKS/NRPS biosynthetic pathways typically proceed in a collinear manner wherein one molecular building block is enzymatically incorporated in a sequence that corresponds to gene arrangement. In this work, genome mining combined with the use of a fluorogenic azide‐based click probe led to the discovery and characterization of vatiamides A–F, three structurally diverse alkynylated lipopeptides, and their brominated analogues, from the cyanobacterium Moorea producens ASI16Jul14‐2. These derive from a unique combinatorial non‐collinear PKS/NRPS system encoded by a 90 kb gene cluster in which an upstream PKS cassette interacts with three separate cognate NRPS partners. This is facilitated by a series of promiscuous intermodule PKS‐NRPS docking motifs possessing identical amino acid sequences. This interaction confers a new type of combinatorial capacity for creating molecular diversity in microbial systems.
Strong Metal–Support Interactions between Copper and Iron Oxide during the High‐Temperature Water‐Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Zhu Minghui , Tian Pengfei , Kurtz Ravi , Lunkenbein Thomas , Xu Jing , Schlögl Robert , Wachs Israel E. , Han Yi‐Fan
Published: May 2019

The commercial high‐temperature water‐gas shift (HT‐WGS) catalyst consists of CuO‐Cr2O3‐Fe2O3, where Cu functions as a chemical promoter to increase the catalytic activity, but its promotion mechanism is poorly understood. In this work, a series of iron‐based model catalysts were investigated with in situ or pseudo in situ characterization, steady‐state WGS reaction, and density function theory (DFT) calculations. For the first time, a strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) between Cu and FeOx was directly observed. During the WGS reaction, a thin FeOx overlayer migrates onto the metallic Cu particles, creating a hybrid surface structure with Cu‐FeOx interfaces. The synergistic interaction between Cu and FeOx not only stabilizes the Cu clusters, but also provides new catalytic active sites that facilitate CO adsorption, H2O dissociation, and WGS reaction. These new fundamental insights can potentially guide the rational design of improved iron‐based HT‐WGS catalysts.
A Smart Photochromic Semiconductor: Breaking the Intrinsic Positive Relation Between Conductance and Temperature
Authors: Sun Cai , Yu Xiao‐Qing , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Guo Guo‐Cong
Published: May 2019

Breaking the intrinsic rule of semiconductors that conductivity increases with increase of temperature and realizing a dramatic dropping of conductivity at high temperature may arouse new intriguing applications, such as circuit overload or over‐temperature protecting. This goal has now been achieved through T‐type electron‐transfer photochromism of one organic semiconductor assembled by intermolecular cation⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Conductivity of the viologen‐based model semiconductor (H2bipy)(Hox)2 (H2bipy=4,4′‐bipyridin‐1,1′‐dium; ox=oxalate) increased by 2 orders of magnitude after photoinduced electron transfer (a record for photoswitchable organic semiconductors) and generation of radical cation⋅⋅⋅π interactions, and fell by approximately 81 % at 100 °C through reverse electron transfer and degeneration of the radical cation⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The model semiconductor has at least two different electron transfer pathways in the decoloration process.
Katalytische Synthese von Kaliumacyltrifluoroboraten mithilfe chemoselektiver Kreuzkupplung eines bifunktionalen Reagenzes
Authors: Wu Dino , Fohn Nicole A. , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2019

Kaliumacyltrifluoroborate (KATs) werden immer wichtigere funktionelle Gruppen, und somit werden auch allgemeine Methoden für ihre Synthese benötigt. Wir berichten hier über ein bifunktionelles Iminiumreagenz, das sowohl ein Zinn‐Nukleophil als auch eine Trifluoroboratgruppe aufweist. Durch diese Kombination kann man mit Aryl‐ und Vinylhalogeniden chemoselektive Pd0‐katalysierte Migita‐Kosugi‐Stille‐Kreuzkupplungen durchführen, um das entsprechende KAT zu erhalten. Diese Methode macht es zum ersten Mal möglich, α,β‐ungesättigte Acyltrifluoroborate sowie Vorstufen zu Aminosäure‐KATs herzustellen.
Ferroelectric Behavior of a Hexamethylenetetramine‐Based Molecular Perovskite Structure
Authors: Morita Hagino , Tsunashima Ryo , Nishihara Sadafumi , Inoue Katsuya , Omura Yuriko , Suzuki Yasutaka , Kawamata Jun , Hoshino Norihisa , Akutagawa Tomoyuki
Published: May 2019

We report the development of a molecular ferroelectric material inspired by the hexamethylenetetramine (hmta) non‐centrosymmetric molecular rotator. The bromide salt of diprotonated hmta (hmtaH2) crystalized as (hmtaH2)(NH4)Br3 in a metal‐free ABX3 perovskite‐type structure, in which the A and B sites are occupied by hmtaH22+ and ammonium cations, respectively. The compound crystallized in the Pma2 polar space group. A distorted polar perovskite structure formed owing to the distortion of {(NH4)Br6} octahedrons that are stabilized through the formation of NH⋅⋅⋅Br hydrogen bonds and the orientational ordering of positive charges on the non‐centrosymmetric hmtaH2 molecules. This spontaneous polarization exhibited ferroelectric behavior with a nominally high Curie temperature (>400 K), in which the electrical switching of polarization originates from the rotation of the hmtaH2 unit.
Unprecedented Regioregular Poly(1,4‐arylene)s Prepared by Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Polymerization of 2,5‐Disubstituted Bromo(chloro)arylene
Authors: Shibuya Yushin , Nakagawa Naoki , Miyagawa Naoki , Suzuki Toyoko , Okano Kentaro , Mori Atsunori
Published: May 2019

The unprecedented synthesis of regioregular head‐to‐tail‐type poly(1,4‐arylene)s bearing different substituents at the 2‐ and 5‐positions is described. They were prepared by the polymerization of 2,5‐disubstituted bromo(chloro)arylenes by selective halogen–metal exchange with a Grignard reagent and subsequent cross‐coupling polymerization with a nickel catalyst [NiCl2(dppp)]. Formation of the regioregular poly(1,4‐arylene)s were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, and showed remarkable differences to those polymers having uncontrolled regioregularity. Polymerization of bromo(chloro)arylenes with a chiral alkoxy substituent also led to the regioregular head‐to‐tail‐type polyarylene, which demonstrated circular dichroism, thus suggesting formation of a structure with higher‐order regularity.
Preparation and characterization of melt‐stretched polypropylene–polypropylene‐g‐poly(α‐methyl styrene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐γ‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane)–silicon dioxide compound microporous membranes
Authors: Jiang Shan , Wang Wei , Chen Wei , Zhang Hongwen , Wang Kemin
Published: May 2019

Polypropylene (PP)–silicon dioxide (SiO2) compound microporous membranes were fabricated by a melt‐stretching method. Although the permeability, porosity, and hydrophilicity values of the microporous membranes were found to be highest at an SiO2content of 2 wt %, the heat resistance of the membranes was relatively low. To improve the heat resistance of the microporous membranes, a macromolecular coupling agent, PP‐g‐poly(α‐methyl styrene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐γ‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane) (PAGK), was introduced into the membrane. In the PP–PP‐g‐PAGK–SiO2composite systems, the content of SiO2was controlled at 2 wt %, and the proportion of PP‐g‐PAGK was varied. With increasing PP‐g‐PAGK content to 0.6%, the Gurley value decreased from 250 to 239 s, and the porosity increased from 50.8 to 51.6%. The hydrophilicity of the microporous membranes increased with the incorporation of PP‐g‐PAGK, and their water vapor transmission rate reached a maximum of 3360 g m−2/24 h at a PP‐g‐PAGK content of 0.6%. The heat resistance of the PP–PP‐g‐PAGK–SiO2compound microporous membranes was slightly higher than that of the pure PP microporous membrane. Additionally, the cycle performance of a cell assembled with the PP–PP‐g‐PAGK–SiO2membrane was better than that constructed with the pure PP membrane. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47937.
A new protocol for psychrometric pressure–volume curves of fern gametophytes
Authors: Krieg Christopher P. , Watkins James E. , McCulloh Katherine A.
Published: May 2019

Premise

Pressure–volume curves are a widely used analytical framework to derive several key physiological traits related to plant–water relations, including a species’ turgor loss point, osmotic potential at full turgor, and the elasticity of cell walls. We developed a novel protocol, including the preparation and treatment of fern gametophytes, to generate data for pressure–volume curve analyses using thermocouple psychrometry.

Methods and Results

Gametophytes of the fern species Polystichum lemmonii were grown from spore, harvested, and subjected to a series of drying intervals. We constructed pressure–volume curves using thermocouple psychrometers to calculate gametophyte water potential and a balance to measure relative water loss.

Conclusions

We present the first protocol for fern gametophyte pressure–volume curves that can accurately determine key physiological traits in fern gametophytes such as the turgor loss point and osmotic potential at full turgor.
Investigation of binding between fluoroquinolones and pepsin by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular simulation
Authors: Lian Shu‐Qin , Lian Jie , Wang Gui‐Rong , Li Lin , Yang Dong‐Zhi , Xue Yun‐sheng
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the interactions of pepsin with fluoroquinolones, including norfloxacin (NFX) or ofloxacin (OFX), were investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The effects of NFX or OFX on pepsin showed that the molecular conformation of pepsin and the microenvironment of tryptophan residues were changed under mimicked physiological conditions. Static quenching was suggested as a factor. Quenching constants and binding constants were determined and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at three temperatures (25°C, 31°C and 37°C). Molecular interaction distances (binding distance r) were obtained. Binding was enthalpy driven and the process was spontaneous. Synchronous fluorescence, three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular simulation were used for analysis. Interactions were further tested using molecular modelling. Quenching and binding constants of NFX with pepsin were the highest when testing NFX/OFX/fleroxacin/gatifloxacin with pepsin combinations. NFX was the strongest quencher, and affinity of NFX for pepsin was higher than that of OFX/fleroxacin/gatifloxacin.
Colorimetric Detection of Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ by a Multifunctional Chemosensor in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Jang Hyo Jung , Chae Ju Byeong , Jung Jae Min , So Haeri , Kim Cheal
Published: May 2019

A novel multifunctional colorimetric sensor HMBC ((E)‐3‐((2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)amino)benzofuran‐2‐carboxamide), based on 3‐aminobenzofuran‐2‐carboxamide and 2‐hydroxyl‐3‐methoxylbenzaldehyde, was designed and synthesized. The chemosensor HMBC could sense Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ by color changes from colorless to yellow. Limits of detection (0.38, 0.41, and 1.02 μM) of HMBC for Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ were much lower than the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) standard (1.70 μM) for Co2+ and the WHO guidelines (31.5 μM and 76 μM) for Cu2+ and Zn2+. Significantly, HMBC could be applied for the quantification of Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ in real samples. The sensing process of HMBC for Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ was well demonstrated by 1H NMR and UV–Visible titrations, Job plots, theoretical calculations, and ESI‐mass spectroscopy.
Isomorphic or dissimilar implementation among environmental management scheme adopters? Empirical evidence from the European context
Authors: Tessitore Sara , Testa Francesco , Iraldo Fabio , Daddi Tiberio
Published: May 2019

The research assessed the extent to which an environmental management scheme (EMS) had been implemented in 242 Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)‐registered companies in Europe. The actions taken by the surveyed enterprises to comply with the EMAS Regulation (1221/2009) and to implement the Deming cycle that characterizes the environmental management system and the EMAS standard were analyzed. We exploited a new institutional theory, which suggests that a firm's operations exert ongoing pressure on its decisions, leading to isomorphic behavior. The survey results were processed using cluster analysis, thereby enabling us to classify the companies into four groups. The classification of the groups is based on the implementation of Deming cycle composed of four main steps (“plan‐do‐check‐act”). These steps were totally or partially adopted by the EMAS companies.

So, different level of EMAS implementation emerged from the research. The cluster analysis confirmed that EMSs can be implemented in different ways and that EMAS achievements can be discretionary. If the scheme is not integrated into the organization, then a firm's adoption of EMS is likely to be only symbolic.
ARduino‐pH Tracker and screening platform for characterization of recombinant carbonic anhydrase in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hsu Kao‐Pang , Tan Shih‐I , Chiu Chen‐Yaw , Chang Yu‐Kaung , Ng I‐Son
Published: May 2019

Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is an ancient enzyme with zinc ion as its active site, which catalyzes the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to react with water and form bicarbonate ions. Due to its high catalytic efficiency on CO2 assimilation, CA is expected to use for carbon sequestration in industry. However, the protein expression level, thermostability and high‐throughput screening of an active CA are still with difficulty. In this study, the CA from Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense (denoted as SyCA) was selected for overexpressed in Escherichia coli by different pET vectors. The enzymatic properties including thermo‐stability, pH tolerance, effect of metal ion, and kinetic parameters were characterized through a novel ARduino‐pH Tracker (ART) for monitoring online effectively. The SyCA is thermophilic and acidophilic as it maintains 100% activity at 50°C, while the residual activity is 34.8% after heating at 80°C for 150 min and the optimal pH is 3–5. The kinetic analysis by ART system showed that the k
cat/K
m of free enzyme was 4.4‐folds that that of whole cell. On the other hand, the screening platforms as Wilbur–Anderson unit, phenol red indicator and size of colony forming unit have been established to explore CA with higher activity. The high‐throughput screening platform is support in direct evolution of CA and further used in the industry.
Impact of the preoperative prognostic nutritional index on survival outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinomas
Authors: Xue Wenbin , Tan Ping , Xu Hang , Yang Lu , Wei Qiang
Published: May 2019

Purposes

To investigate the value of prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).

Patients and methods

A total of 717 patients were included in our study from 2003 to 2016. PNI was calculated as 10 × serum albumin level (g/dL) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count (per mm3). Kaplan‐Meier analysis and Cox regression models were adapted to analyze the value of PNI on survival outcomes.

Results

The cutoff value of PNI was set as 46.91 and 298 patients (47.6%) had PNI <46.91. The median follow‐up was 50 months. The results suggested that low PNI was significantly associated with worse pathologic features (all P < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that PNI < 46.91 was an independent predictor of poor overall survival (Hazard ratios [HR] = 1.777, 95% CI = 1.383‐2.284, P < 0.001), cancer‐specific survival (HR = 1.850, 95% CI = 1.399‐2.445, P < 0.001), and recurrence‐free survival (HR = 1.554, 95% CI = 1.229‐1.964, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Low preoperative PNI was associated with worse survival outcomes in patients with UTUC. PNI could be an easily assessed blood‐based biomarker to predict the prognosis in patients with UTUC treated with RNU.
Consequences of a high incidence of microsatellite instability and BRAF‐mutated tumors: A population‐based cohort of metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Aasebø Kristine Ø. , Dragomir Anca , Sundström Magnus , Mezheyeuski Artur , Edqvist Per‐Henrik , Eide Geir Egil , Ponten Fredrik , Pfeiffer Per , Glimelius Bengt , Sorbye Halfdan
Published: May 2019

Background

Immunotherapy for patients with microsatellite‐instable (MSI‐H) tumors or BRAF‐inhibitors combination treatment for BRAF‐mutated (mutBRAF) tumors in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is promising, but the frequency of these molecular changes in trial patients are low. Unselected population‐based studies of these molecular changes are warranted.

Methods

A population‐based cohort of 798 mCRC patients in Scandinavia was studied. Patient and molecular tumor characteristics, overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were estimated.

Results

Here, 40/583 (7%) tumor samples were MSI‐H and 120/591 (20%) were mutBRAF; 87% of MSI‐H tumors were mutBRAF (non‐Lynch). Elderly (>75 years) had more often MSI‐H (10% vs 6%) and MSI‐H/mutBRAF (9% vs 4%) tumors. Response rate (5% vs 44%), PFS (4 vs 8 months), and OS (9 vs 18 months) after first‐line chemotherapy was all significantly lower in patients with MSI‐H compared to patients with microsatellite stable tumors. MSI‐H and mutBRAF were both independent poor prognostic predictors for OS (P = 0.049, P < 0.001) and PFS (P = 0.045, P = 0.005) after first‐line chemotherapy. Patients with MSI‐H tumors received less second‐line chemotherapy (15% vs 37%, P = 0.005).

Conclusions

In unselected mCRC patients, MSI‐H and mutBRAF cases were more common than previously reported. Patients with MSI‐H tumors had worse survival, less benefit from chemotherapy, and they differed considerably from recent third‐line immunotherapy trial patients as they were older and most had mutBRAF tumor (non‐Lynch).
Film as an educational modality of psychiatry
Authors: Sipsock Danielle , Storey Kristyn
Published: May 2019

Why use film in psychiatry?
Crisis averted: An overview of the Bradley Hospital Crisis Clinic
Authors: Arzamarski Caley , Reichenberg Jared L.
Published: May 2019

You're in the middle of a meeting at work when you receive a missed call from school and a voicemail from the principal: “Please come pick up your daughter; a screenshot of her Instagram post was brought to our attention and we are extremely concerned about her safety.” You race to the school and find your red‐eyed daughter meeting with the school psychologist. The psychologist shows you the post, which includes thoughts of your daughter hurting herself. A safety assessment and a doctor's note are needed for her to return to school. You're terrified and shocked as you bring her to the emergency department (ED) to be evaluated. “I'm so confused,” you express to her in the car. “Why wouldn't you tell me you were feeling this way? I ask you about school every day and you always say everything's fine. …”
Keep Your Eye On…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2019

The high costs of raising children with ADHD

The benefits of cognitive processing therapy for PTSD

The link between adolescent alcohol use and adult anxiety (in rats)
Submitral valve aneurysm in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: A case report
Authors: Chineka Rumbidzai , Dixon Mark , Dzvanga Narcisious
Published: May 2019

Submitral valve aneurysms are a rare but well‐known pathology. These aneurysms should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young individuals who present with symptoms of heart failure and mitral regurgitation.
Deciphering the Crystal Structure of a Scarce 1D Polymeric Thorium Peroxo Sulfate
Authors: Bonato Laura , Virot Matthieu , Dumas Thomas , Mesbah Adel , Lecante Pierre , Prieur Damien , Le Goff Xavier , Hennig Christoph , Dacheux Nicolas , Moisy Philippe , Nikitenko Sergey I.
Published: May 2019

The preparation and structural characterization of an original Th peroxo sulfate dihydrate, crystallizing at room temperature in the form of stable 1D polymeric microfibres is described. A combination of laboratory and synchrotron techniques allowed solution of the structure of the Th(O2)(SO4)(H2O)2 compound, which crystallizes in a new structure type in the space group Pna21 of the orthorhombic crystal system. Particularly, the peroxide ligand coordinates to the Th cations in an unusual μ3‐η2:η2:η2 bridging mode, forming an infinite 1D chain decorated with sulfato ligands exhibiting simultaneously monodentate and bidentate coordination modes.
Triple Helical Ir(ppy)3 Phenylene Cage Prepared by Diol‐Mediated Benzannulation: Synthesis, Resolution, Absolute Stereochemistry and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Sato Hiroki , Blemker Michelle A. , Hellinghausen Garrett , Armstrong Daniel W. , Nafie Jordan W. , Roberts Sean T. , Krische Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Cyclometalation of a triple helical N‐doped phenylene cage prepared by ruthenium(0)‐catalyzed diol–diene benzannulation delivers a chiral, conformationally constrained Ir(ppy)3 analogue. Like the parent complex, fac‐Ir(ppy)3, the iridium‐containing PAH‐cage is phosphorescent, but displays enhanced resistance to oxygen quenching.
Family Firm Heterogeneity and Tax Aggressiveness: A Mixed Gamble Approach
Authors: Bauweraerts Jonathan , Vandernoot Julien , Buchet Antoine
Published: May 2019

Few studies try to understand how the unique preferences of family firms affect tax strategies, and how family firm heterogeneity drives variation in tax activities. Drawing on the mixed gamble approach, this study examines the tax aggressiveness of different types of family firms, considering how various sources of heterogeneity alter the perception of potential gains and losses to socioemotional and financial wealth. Based on a panel dataset of 242 private family firms for the period 2012–2014, this study shows that strong family‐owned firms, family firms with a family CFO, family‐founder firms, and family‐named firms display lower levels of tax aggressiveness. These findings demonstrate that family firm heterogeneity is a crucial factor in the mixed gamble calculus of tax aggressiveness.
Combined substrate micropatterning and FFT analysis reveals myotube size control and alignment by contact guidance
Authors: Vajanthri Kiran Yellappa , Sidu Rakesh Kumar , Poddar Suruchi , Singh Ashish Kumar , Mahto Sanjeev Kumar
Published: May 2019

Most important evaluating criteria for in vitro skeletal muscle models include the extent of differentiation and the degree of alignment in the tissue model. Substrate micropatterning is considered as an effective tool as it recreates in vivo like cellular microenvironment and helps in understanding the fundamental concepts and mechanisms underlying myogenesis. However, the influence of micropatterning based contact guidance cues over satellite cell alignment and myotube formation needs to be explored and studied further. In the present work, we demonstrate the regulation of myotube size control and alignment through the substrate micropatterning. For this purpose, primary myoblast cells (i.e., satellite cells) isolated from rat hind limb muscle were characterized and cultured for a period of 14 days on micropatterned glass substrates processed by the microchannnel flowed plasma process. Several characteristic parameters of muscle differentiation, including the fusion index, maturation index, and average width of the myotubes were quantified. The functional behavior of cultured myotubes exhibiting spontaneous contractions was assessed through kymograph to determine the twitch frequency. In addition, we evaluated the degree of alignment of myotubes on micropatterned substrates through examining orientation order parameter and two‐dimensional fast Fourier transform analysis. Altogether, the outcomes reveal that the contact guidance cues arising due to micropatterning of the substrates could be a key regulator for controlling the size and degree of alignment of myotubes during the myogenesis process.
Runtime deadlock tracking and prevention of concurrent multithreaded programs: A learning‐based approach
Authors: Ghorbani Mehrdad , Babamir Seyed Morteza
Published: May 2019

Allocation of shared resources by multithreaded programs faces problem of deadlock. Many solutions have been presented to resolve this problem. Among others, the deadlock prevention is stressed when the deadlock detection and removal are costly. Removing deadlocks, which is carried out by aborting/recovering deadlocked threads, causes the waste of the resources used by the deadlocked threads. In such case, deadlock prevention can lead to avoiding the waste of resources. To this end, the runtime behavior of threads should be monitored in order to predict possible future deadlocks. In such case, the prediction mechanism becomes significant because a proper prediction helps us deny the allocation request of a resource by a thread if the allocation leads to a potential deadlock. A method to attain to proper prediction is learning the behavior of threads based on runtime monitoring their past behavior. In fact, based on past behavior of threads, potential deadlocks in their future behavior are verified, and current allocation request of a resource is denied if a future deadlock is predicted. The current study is an extension of our previous work where just deadlock tracking was predicted and no adaptation was suggested. In this study, a composite structure of a recurrent Neural Network (NN) called NARX (to track a potential deadlock) and a Multi‐perceptron NN called MLP (to select a suitable action to resolve the potential deadlock) is proposed. Based on the experimental results, the accuracy of the first NN was about 80%, leading to high performance of the second NN, and more than 82% of the real deadlocks were prevented by selecting suitable actions.
The Influence of Calcium Traces in Ultrapure Water on the Lateral Organization in Tetramyristoyl Cardiolipin Monolayers
Authors: Sturm Marina , Gutowski Olof , Brezesinski Gerald
Published: May 2019

Cardiolipin (CL) plays an important role in administering the structural organization of biological membranes and therefore helps maintaining the integer membrane functionality. CL has a dimeric structure consisting of four acyl chains and two phosphate groups. With its unusual structure, the phospholipid is responsible for curvature formation in CL containing biological membranes. The acidic properties of the phosphate head groups are still not sufficiently investigated since there are controversial results in literature. The main aim of this work was to gain deeper insights into the influence of the pH on the ionization degree of CL. During the experiments, it became clear that the used ultrapure water contained traces of calcium. These unexpected calcium ions had a major impact on the behavior of CL monolayers. Therefore, the focus was put on the analysis of CL layers without and with EDTA in the subphase used to complex divalent calcium ions. For the analyses, traditional surface pressure (π) – molecular area (A) isotherm experiments combined with total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TRXF) and grazing incidence x‐ray diffraction (GIXD) have been used.