bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobilität als Strategie und Ressource – Das Beispiel von Jäger-Sammlern und Hirtennomaden
Authors: Groh Dieter
Published: March 2017

The so-called primitive societies, such as nomadic cultures and hunters-gatherers, successfully employed mobility as a strategy for sustainably exploiting extensive geographical areas, or even as a resource in itself. Likewise, up to the beginning of the twentieth century, our immediate
ancestors utilized mobility in the form of migrations to take advantage of horizontally dispersed resources. Yet today, mobility itself has become a type of behavior that indiscriminately devours all kinds of resources. Supported by numerous examples from the field of ethnology, the present
study shows how certain subgroups of the human species succeeded in controlling both man and the environment through mobility. Taking the form of both regional and long-distance migrations, this type of mobility was one of man's many strategies to survive in a fickle environment. In pre-modern
societies, mobility was a key component of the group's survival strategy. The success of this type of survival hinged on the ability of the species' subgroups to incorporate man's domination of nature into society at large. This system of survival operated primarily according to the imperative
or central category of reducing risk (safety first principle, risk-avoiding strategy). This is inseparably bound up with two other categories: the leisure preference and underproductivity, by which is meant the under-exploitation of an ecological niche's carrying capacity. A mere reading
of the lessons history has to offer us is not likely to result in a reorientation of our behavior. More promising towards that end, however, would be a thorough understanding of the strategies employed by the human race that have enabled it to evolve successfully without destroying its basis
of survival. Up until the dawn of the modern era, mankind's mobility remained confined to the main categories of subsistence economies in many societies. Then, as it began to free itself from these constraints, mobility took on more dangerous aspects, and is today a problem that demands our
immediate attention.
Auf der Suche nach einem Dialog mit der Natur Leitbilder aus der Innenwelt zum Übergang in eine nachhaltige Gesellschaft
Authors: Abt Theodor
Published: March 2017

If our planet is to survive, modern scientists demand that natural science must transform the aim of total domination of nature into a dialogue with nature. This means a new respectful relationship between man and nature, whereby man also listens to what nature has to say. But can we
hear what nature has to say? The basic assumption of this article is that the images from the deeper layers of our inner fantasy- and dream-life are a product of nature as well. Thus the question which is pursued is whether these images, which come from an inner transpersonal layer and which
relate to environmental problems, could provide some insight into the problem of our disturbed relationship with nature. If those images are found to be really meaningful, then a further investigation into the relationship between the inner world and the outer environment problems is called
for. A set of five archetypal dreams, each of them supplemented with a commentary, is presented, discussed and evaluated. As a first conclusion it is stated that there seems to be meaning and wisdom in those products of the unconscious. Thus looking more systematically at dreams that relate
to our environmental problems could contribute to a dialogue between man and nature.
Vom Reden zum Tun: Die Fallstudie in den Umweltnaturwissenschaften
Authors: Müller-Herold Ulrich , Neuenschwander Markus
Published: March 2017

Although environmental science is mainly concerned with the analysis of facts, the practitioner's necessity is to act. The case method of instruction seeks to combine those activities. The case studies as performed by the environmental science department of the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology (ETH) are built around the concepts of action, balance, and group learning. Between 50 and 100 students work, in small groups, on one large, multidimensional object such as a brook or a townlet. Their efforts are coordinated in order to achieve an ecologically meaningful
overall result. In 1992, 76 students investigated Deponie Riet, a landfill site near the town of Winterthur. At the end, after 240 hours of work for each of them, they presented a body of 24 worked-out proposals for an improved management of Deponie Riet, together with a concept for its
far future. The further development of these case studies is expected to lead to a method called Ecostatus. Ecostatus corresponds to a medical “check-up“: It uses a carefully chosen set of representative key quantities in order to come to a reasonable idea of the total state
and to act appropriately.
Global Analysis and Distribution of Unbalanced Urbanization Processes: The Favela Syndrome
Authors: Kropp Jürgen , Lüdeke Matthias K.B. , Reusswig Fritz
Published: March 2017

A qualitative functional analysis of the archetypical cause-effect pattern constituting social and environmental degradation in uncontrolled and rapidly growing cities (Favela Syndrome) is performed. This analysis is carried out in the framework of the Syndrome Concept which aims to
describe the total complex of present Global Change by a limited number of archetypical cause-effect patterns, called Syndromes. Based on the qualitative analysis, which is formalized in a Favela Syndrome specific network of symptoms (qualitative state variables) and their interrelations (qualitative
interactions like “enforces” or “weakens”), an indicator is developed which allows the detection of the hypothesized qualitative cause-effect pattern in a geographically explicit form. This spatial intensity measurement is performed on the basis of global data sets
using Fuzzy-Logic methods. In the case of incomplete data probabilistic methods are applied in order to obtain the maximum information from the underlying data. Using this evaluation scheme it is possible to calculate truth values for the occurrence of the Favela Syndrome for 78 countries
with no or relatively low uncertainty and for further 35 countries with low to medium uncertainty. Some other countries show a high uncertainty with respect to the indicator results. Therefore, even under an inherent uncertainty regarding the available knowledge and data, a generalized and
systematic diagnosis of the “hot spots” of urbanism on the global scale is possible. Furthermore, the underlying model allows to introduce a sensitive factor, which enables decision makers to develop management strategies with respect to this pattern of an unadapted urban growth.
Abwasser geklärt – alles klar?
Authors: Baumann Urs
Published: March 2017

Sewage treatment plants cannot perform miracles. Any water-soluble organic substances which can be neither degraded nor adsorbed to the biomass will remain in the clarified waste water. The number of such xenobiotic substances is steadily increasing. Can such substances be made responsible
for the increase in undesired effects on aquatic organisms? In the present article, we cannot answer this question definitely. We show, however, that by using relatively simple tests, many substances and products can be investigated with respect to their behaviour in sewage treatment plants.
Substances and products with a potential to do damage to the biological treatment step and to pollute the purified effluent are identified and thus could in principle be removed from commercial distribution. We hold that at least all stable metabolites of everyday chemicals should be investigated
regarding their impact on water ecology. In this article we present a simple test system for obtaining such stable metabolites. We also present the concept of an analytical procedure by means of which ecologically relevant organic substances can be detected in treated effluents. Organic
substances contained in effluent water are obtained via solid-phase extraction and are separated by means of gradient-elution thin-layer chromatography. Biological detections using bacteria, algae, fungi, and pollen are performed directly on the separation plate. Substances yielding toxic
bands are recovered and further investigated spectroscopically. By means of these techniques, we were able to find everyday chemicals, in particular surfactants, leaving their traces in purified effluents.
Internationale Koordination der Erforschung globalen Wandels
Authors: Graßl Hartmut
Published: March 2017

Research on global environmental change has to be co-ordinated internationally. All four existing programmes on global environmental change, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), DIVERITAS for biodiversity research and the
International Human Dimension Programme (IHDP) can act as an early warning warning system for sustainable development.
Asynchronien von Gesellschaft, Natur und Recht Asynchronien von Gesellschaft, Natur und Recht
Authors: Winter Gerd
Published: March 2017

The abstraction of the modern mind from societal time structures has often been argued as being detrimental to life quality. This article aims at extending the discussion to the time structures of the natural environment. Linear and cyclical time structures in nature are stressed by
man's forcing of evolutionary processes and overloading of material cycles. Natural internal distortions and external factors cause catastrophic sequences and are supplemented by human impact. The article analyzes such asynchronisms and proceeds to ask what institutions, and, more specifically,
whether the legal system, would be capable of alerting civilization to the resulting risks and induce society to react appropriately. With the principles of precaution, sustainability and liability the law has indeed engendered instruments of slowing down, adaptation to natural cycles, and
prevention of catastrophic trajectories thereby countervailing other legal rules that release the very dynamics of stress. However, the very process of legal intervention has a time pattern of its own and the slowness of international law-making, in particular, serves as a major obstacle to
the timely reorientation of a society that is more respectful of natural time structures. Societal self-governance may help to find the proper balance with time, however, making regulatory systems more time-conscious is indispensible to this effort.
Kommunale Nachhaltigkeit durch Organisationslernen?: Ein Plädoyer für Bescheidenheit Kommunale Nachhaltigkeit durch Organisationslernen?: Ein Plädoyer für Bescheidenheit
Authors: Pamme Hildegard
Published: March 2017

Organizational learning is often seen as an opportunity for local sustainability strategies. However, by making use of special views in organizational sociology, this paper argues that it will actually be very difficult to increase the ecological efficiency of local governments using
the concepts of organizational learning. The challenge lies in the fact that organizations like local governments have certain dynamics that hinder environmental progress. For example, local governments are typically embedded in complex surroundings and cannot be independent in their decisions.
Moreover, they tend to aim at achieving acceptance rather than at solving problems. Additionally, such organizations are characterized by relationships of power. The paper evaluates these conceptual considerations by looking at the decision making and implementation of Local Agenda 21 Processes,
the Environmental Impact Assessment, as well as the Environmental Management and Audit Scheme. Returning to organizational sociology, the author concludes that organizational learning for sustainability is easier if the method of recursive reorganisation is applied because it can integrate
the difficulties of organizational learning into the learning process.
Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) – einer der größten internationalen Wildtierkorridore
Authors: Raimer Frank , Ford Tony
Published: March 2017

On the North American continent, many wildlife species have persisted that have disappeared or are highly endangered in Europe. Observations of extensive wolf (Canis lupus) migrations along the Rocky Mountains led to the establishment of the Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y)
conservation project in 1997. The project is aimed at preserving biodiversity by creating one of the world's largest wildlife corridors ranging from the Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern part of the USA to the Yukon Territory in northern Canada. More than 270 organisations, First
Nations, and governmental institutions are involved in the project. Research on urban regeneration shall identify areas for wildlife corridors, winter refuges, or rest areas. Some 200 large areas with high protection status in the Rocky Mountains need to be complemented by additional buffer
zones, wildlife areas and national parks in the near future. The Y2Y corridor is intended to be linked to a comprehensive wildlife corridor system connecting the southern USA with Central and South America. On the North American continent, many wildlife species have persisted that
have disappeared or are highly endangered in Europe. Observations of extensive wolf (Canis lupus) migrations along the Rocky Mountains led to the establishment of the Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) conservation project in 1997. The project is aimed at preserving biodiversity by creating
one of the world's largest wildlife corridors ranging from the Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern part of the USA to the Yukon Territory in northern Canada. More than 270 organisations, First Nations, and governmental institutions are involved in the project. Research on urban regeneration
shall identify areas for wildlife corridors, winter refuges, or rest areas. Some 200 large areas with high protection status in the Rocky Mountains need to be complemented by additional buffer zones, wildlife areas and national parks in the near future. The Y2Y corridor is intended
to be linked to a comprehensive wildlife corridor system connecting the southern USA with Central and South America.
Straßen und Wildtierpopulationen in Modellen: Zwei Beispiele für den Beitrag der Modellierung zur Erforschung der Landschaftszerschneidung Straßen und Wildtierpopulationen in Modellen: Zwei Beispiele für den Beitrag der Modellierung zur Erforschung der Landschaftszerschneidung
Authors: Frank Karin , von Toschanowitz Katharina Tluk , Kramer-Schadt Stephanie
Published: March 2017

The study addresses the following two questions: What is the contribution of modelling to fragmentation research? Which steps between problem recognition and problem solution are facilitated by modelling and which are not? Potential and limitations of models are demonstrated by two
examples from the field of landscape fragmentation. Both examples address the problem of habitat fragmentation due to roads by analysing their effect on territorial wildlife populations. This paper shows that models can neither set normative goals nor values, but can contribute to a scientific
justification of conservation goals and can support decision-making. The two examples give rise to the conclusion that fragmentation research has to be embedded in a (landscape) ecological context. The study addresses the following two questions: What is the contribution of modelling
to fragmentation research? Which steps between problem recognition and problem solution are facilitated by modelling and which are not? Potential and limitations of models are demonstrated by two examples from the field of landscape fragmentation. Both examples address the problem of habitat
fragmentation due to roads by analysing their effect on territorial wildlife populations. This paper shows that models can neither set normative goals nor values, but can contribute to a scientific justification of conservation goals and can support decision-making. The two examples give rise
to the conclusion that fragmentation research has to be embedded in a (landscape) ecological context.
Nachwachsende Rohstoffe in der Stromerzeugung – Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökonomie und Umwelt Nachwachsende Rohstoffe in der Stromerzeugung – Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Ökonomie und Umwelt
Authors: Leible Ludwig , Kälber Stefan
Published: March 2017

For many years there have been high expectations of renewable resources in energy production or as raw materials. Thus, this article attempts to identify an interim balance in this field, focussing on electricity production from biomass.After a short description of the different
sources and possible uses of renewable resources, the increasing importance of renewable resources in research and development work is placed in a historical context. Subsequently, the motivation and political objectives of promoting the supply and use of renewable resources are discussed,
including the possible risks of this use. Results concerning power production costs, CO2 mitigation costs, and employment effects are presented. Based on the results in the different dimensions, the difficulties of an overall assessment are described in detail. The article closes
with an outlook on further developments presenting aspects relevant to research and promotions strategies.
Traditions of Change: The Restructuring of European Transport Systems Before Motorisation Wandel mit Tradition: Die europäischen Verkehrssysteme vor der Motorisierung
Authors: Popplow Marcus
Published: March 2017

This essay provides a brief overview of the emergence of systems of transport preceding the advent of individual motorisation around 1900. While the success story of railways in the 19th century is well known, earlier developments in European transportation systems are usually
acknowledged only in passing. Since the Middle Ages, however, changes in transportation such as switching from oxen to horses as draft animals, the emergence of coach travel for the upper classes in the 16th and 17th centuries, the establishment of postal services and
the construction of canal systems successively exerted a deep influence on local and regional economies as well as mentalities and world views of the general populace. With these contexts in mind, current ecological problems caused by transportation may appear to be deeply rooted in pre-industrial
developments. While the seemingly evolutionary character of the regular sequence of transport revolutions throughout Western history seems to limit the possibility of radical changes in our mobility, historical studies might, at least, serve to better understand the interplay of actors that
yields change in transportation systems. Historisch betrachtet scheinen sich Verkehrssysteme beinahe evolutionär zu entwickeln. Die Rückschau zeigt aber auch, daßnicht nur wirtschaftliche Faktoren ihren Wandel bestimmen – ein wichtiger Hinweis für den ökologischen
Umbau des heutigen Verkehrs.
HGF: Das Helmholtz-EOS-Forschungsthema Katastrophenmanagement
Authors: Merz Bruno
Published: March 2017

Die Folgen extremer Naturereignisse nehmen weltweit immer dramatischere Ausmaße an. Katastrophenmanagement ist daher eines der drei Forschungsthemen des Forschungsnetzwerks Helmholtz-EOS Die Folgen extremer Naturereignisse nehmen weltweit immer dramatischere
Ausmaße an. Katastrophenmanagement ist daher eines der drei Forschungsthemen des Forschungsnetzwerks Helmholtz-EOS
DGH: Empfehlungen zur Evaluation transdisziplinärer Forschung DGH: Empfehlungen zur Evaluation transdisziplinärer Forschung
Authors: Loibl Marie Céline
Published: March 2017

Die Qualitätssicherung von transdisziplinärer Forschung war Thema der gemeinsamen Tagung von DGH und SAGUF im Mai 2005 in Sommerhausen bei Würzburg. Im Mittelpunkt stand die Frage: Wie können wir die Evaluationspraxis verbessern? Die Qualitätssicherung
von transdisziplinärer Forschung war Thema der gemeinsamen Tagung von DGH und SAGUF im Mai 2005 in Sommerhausen bei Würzburg. Im Mittelpunkt stand die Frage: Wie können wir die Evaluationspraxis verbessern?
Warum blieb der Kollaps im neuzeitlichen Deutschland aus? Warum blieb der Kollaps im neuzeitlichen Deutschland aus?
Authors: Bachmann Günther
Published: March 2017

,,Kollaps" ist heute in aller Munde. Das Aussterben von Arten schreitet global voran, der Tod der Flußdelphine im Jangtse ist das Symbol des umweltvergessenen Wachstums in China. Flüssige Alpengletscher in Europa, Epidemien, Armut, Krieg und bankrotte Staaten in Afrika: Signale
für den Niedergang von Umwelt und Gesellschaft gibt es viele. Geredet wird darüber viel, nachgedacht wenig. Warum manche Gesellschaften kollabieren, welchen Anteil die Umwelt daran hat und was wir von untergegangenen Gesellschaften lernen können, beschreibt Jared Diamond in
seinem kürzlich in deutscher Übersetzung erschienenen Buch Kollaps. Lernen für die Zukunft kann man indessen nur mit guten Fragen: Warum blieb ein Kollaps in Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert aus? ,,Kollaps" ist heute in aller Munde. Das Aussterben von Arten schreitet
global voran, der Tod der Flußdelphine im Jangtse ist das Symbol des umweltvergessenen Wachstums in China. Flüssige Alpengletscher in Europa, Epidemien, Armut, Krieg und bankrotte Staaten in Afrika: Signale für den Niedergang von Umwelt und Gesellschaft gibt es viele. Geredet
wird darüber viel, nachgedacht wenig. Warum manche Gesellschaften kollabieren, welchen Anteil die Umwelt daran hat und was wir von untergegangenen Gesellschaften lernen können, beschreibt Jared Diamond in seinem kürzlich in deutscher Übersetzung erschienenen Buch Kollaps.
Lernen für die Zukunft kann man indessen nur mit guten Fragen: Warum blieb ein Kollaps in Deutschland im 18. Jahrhundert aus?
Knowing What We Don't Know: Environmental Research as Societal Learning Process Wissen, was wir nicht wissen: Umweltforschung als gesellschaftlicher Lernprozess
Authors: Keil Florian , Stieß Immanuel
Published: March 2017

Environmental research is not sufficiently prepared to cope with the complex, social-ecological structure of the problems it seeks to address. In order to strengthen its impact on societal decision-making processes, environmental research has to successfully mediate between the societal
request for reliable knowledge and the scientific necessity to assess the uncertainty of knowledge. Therefore, we argue that environmental research needs to facilitate structured-learning processes between science and society. On the basis of a multi-perspective discourse about what is considered
problematic or unproblematic concerning a given issue, an essential momentum for this process would be a common problem definition. Transdisciplinary research provides experiences with such processes and the methods to realise them. We conclude that environmental research has to adopt a transdisciplinary
mode of knowledge production in order to increase its problem-solution capacity. Our general thoughts are illustrated by an example from current research practice.
Regional Factors in the Development of Renewable Energies – Results of a Case Study in the Energy Region of Lower Lusatia Regionale Einflussfaktoren auf den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien – Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie in der Brandenburger Energieregion Lausitz
Authors: Keppler Dorothee
Published: March 2017

Which factors shape the development of renewable energies on a regional level? This article argues that supra-regional conditions, such as law and financial support, are only one part of the story. Presented are the results of a case study in the east German region of Lower Lusatia,
a traditional energy region, where lignite surface mining is still an important economic factor. The case study focused on the views of regional actors in the field of renewable energies. From interviews with these actors, it became apparent that renewable energy activities are supported,
or hindered, by: the involvement of regional pioneers and supporters, the regional mentality, the initial physical and socioeconomic situations, the availability of relevant information and know-how, regionally adjusted models and concepts, and regional cooperation. A central conclusion is
that the supra-regional support of renewable energies should not only focus on technology but also on the activities of regional actors and on the factors that are decisive for the success, or failure, of their efforts to mobilise a sufficient number of comrades. Die regionale Ebene hat
viele Potenziale, um die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien voranzutreiben. Eine Untersuchung in der Energieregion Lausitz zeigt, welche Faktoren hemmend oder fördernd wirken und wo die Akteure einer Region ansetzen können.
Woher kommt der Wachstumszwang?
Authors: Paech Niko
Published: March 2017

Hans Christoph Binswanger geht in seinem Buch der Frage nach, weshalb moderne Volkswirtschaften permanent wachsen (müssen). Er führt die Wachstumsspirale auf inhärente Eigenheiten von Investitionen und des Marktes zurück. Darauf aufbauend zeigt Niko Paech an einem
Zahlenbeispiel, dass etwa ein Güterproduzent seine Investitionen und Produktion laufend steigern muss, um zahlungsfähig zu bleiben.
Nature is the Fundament, Not a Pillar – 20 Years Sustainable Development as a Concept of Legal Policy Natur ist Fundament, nicht Säule – 20 Jahre nachhaltige Entwicklung als rechtspolitisches Konzept
Authors: Winter Gerd
Published: March 2017

Der Brundtland-Bericht aus dem Jahre 1987 propagierte sustainable development als einen Weg, natürliche Ressourcen so zu nutzen, dass das Wohlergehen der Menschheit heute und in Zukunft gesichert ist. Seither wurde der Nachhaltigkeitsbegriff überdehnt und aus der Bindung
an die Natur gelöst. Der Begriff ist enger zu fassen und – insbesondere durch Skalierung – zu präzisieren, damit Nachhaltigkeit nicht nur in Präambeln, sondern auch in verbindlichen Regeln festgeschrieben werden kann.
Schools and Sustainable Development Schule und nachhaltige Entwicklung
Authors: Bänninger Christine , Di Giulio Antonietta , David Christine Künzli
Published: March 2017

Die Bedeutung von Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung ist unbestritten. Welche Funktionen Bildung im Kontext von Nachhaltigkeit genau erfüllen soll und wie sich Schulen konkret darauf ausrichten können, ist weniger klar. Der Beitrag ist Überlegungen zu diesen Fragen
gewidmet, die seit Oktober 2006 auch im Projekt Schule und nachhaltige Entwicklung – Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Instrumen tariums zur Standortbestimmung (StabeNE) des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds (SNF) an der Pädagogischen Hochschule (PH) der Fachhochschule Nordwest
schweiz (FHNW) bearbeitet werden.
Adaptation versus mitigation Zur Begriffspolitik in der Klimadebatte
Authors: Ziegler Hansvolker
Published: March 2017

Unbestritten ist inzwischen, dass das Klima sich ändert und menschengemachte Ursachen ganz entscheidend dazu beitragen. Zur Frage, wie man damit fertig werden soll, haben die früheren ,,Klimaleugner(innen)“ eine neue Front eröffnet: Anpassung (adaptation)
sei wichtiger als Vermeidung (mitigation). Die vom Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change eingeführten Begriffe sind jedoch keine Alternativen. Hinter dem Streit zeigt sich die alte Trennlinie zwischen dem Entwicklungsmodell der herrschenden Ökonomie und sustainable
development.
Die Interaktion zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft in der transdisziplinären Umweltforschung
Authors: Stauffacher Michael , Valsangiacomo Antonio , Pohl Christian
Published: March 2017

Gesellschaftliche Akteure verfügen über unterschiedliches Wissen, je nachdem, ob sie aus der Politik, der Wirtschaft oder der Zivilgesellschaft kommen. Transdisziplinäre Umweltforschung muss dies bei der Auswahl der Projektteilnehmer(innen) berücksichtigen.
Governance- und Entwicklungsforschung an der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU)
Authors: Hogl Karl , Nordbeck Ralf , Pregernig Michael , Hauser Michael
Published: March 2017

Die BOKU stellt aktuelle Projekte der Governance- und der Entwicklungsforschung vor. In beiden Forschungsrichtungen spielt Partizipation von Akteur(inn)en aus der Praxis eine wichtige Rolle.
Evaluation of Major Threats to Forest Biosphere Reserves: A Global View
Authors: Mehring Marion , Stoll-Kleemann Susanne
Published: March 2017

Forest ecosystems, where natural resource users are potentially in conflict with conservationists, are extremely threatened by various external factors. Resulting loss of forest cover and land-use change can have a great impact on the provision of ecosystem services (such as watershed
regulation, biodiversity maintenance). However, little is known on a global scale about the character and distribution of threats to forest biosphere reserves. In view of this knowledge gap, our analysis explores the occurrence of threats and their potential causes. A global telephone survey
of UNESCO biosphere reserve managers was conducted. Upon pinpointing climate change (in high-income countries) and illegal activities (in non-high-income countries) as major threats, we identified the group of forest-specific illegal activities (wildfire and its precursors) as an occurrence
chiefly predominant in non-high-income countries. Our results show that forest biosphere reserves in non-high-income countries are particularly under extreme threat, as they have to address both climate change and illegal activities, while the latter are less problematic in high-income countries.
The Relevance of Effective Protected Areas for Biodiversity Conservation: An Introduction
Authors: Stoll-Kleemann Susanne , Job Hubert
Published: March 2017

Protected areas are an important means of preserving biodiversity. This special issue investigates different ways of effectively managing protected areas. The ideal of undisturbed nature must be reconciled with people's need to use natural resources.
Protected Areas in a World of Eight Billion
Authors: McNeely Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2017

Threats to the integrity of protected areas continue to multiply. Climate change and its synergies with other global changes is an unprecedented challenge. In addition, the human population races toward eight or nine billion people, all of them clamouring for more resources. Facing
these challenges, how successful are protected areas likely to be in the future? How can they remain an important part of addressing the continuing loss of biodiversity, provide a link between people and the rest of nature, and continue to deliver essential ecosystem services that people will
require?
Aviation and Climate Protection Flugverkehr und Klimaschutz – Ein Überblick über die Erfassung und Regulierung der Klimawirkun gen des Flugverkehrs
Authors: Fischer Andreas Marc , Sausen Robert , Brunner Dominik , Staehelin Johannes , Schumann Ulrich
Published: March 2017

International air traffic is not yet embedded in international frameworks to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, apart from the EU emission trading system. This paper reviews the state of knowledge on the climate effects due to aviation. Recent findings reveal a much smaller
radiative forcing of line-shaped contrails than previously estimated. The greatest uncertainties regarding aviation's climate effects revolve around changes in cirrus cloud properties. The paper addresses issues on how to include aviation in international frameworks on climate protection.
Today's proposed methods to cover non-CO2 effects from air traffic (Radiative Forcing Index and Emission Weighting Factor) are shown to include significant shortcomings that prohibit their application in policy relevant measures. More elaborate techniques are under development.
Then, different approaches are presented to exemplify how emissions from international aviation can be allocated to national territories. For Switzerland an estimate based on the residence approach is explained in more detail. Finally, the paper elucidates the measures taken by the European
Union to include the aviation sector into its emission trading scheme.
Is Organic Farming Reflected in the Landscape? A Comparison of the Effects of Different Farming Techniques on Rural Landscapes Wird Biolandbau in der Landschaft sichtbar? Vergleich verschiedener Anbaumethoden in ihrer Wirkung auf die Agrarlandschaft
Authors: Steiner Regula S. , Pohl Christian
Published: March 2017

In 2005, approximately ten percent of the total farmland was being used for organic farming in Switzerland. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of organic farming on aspects such as soil and biodiversity. But what effect does organic farming have on the landscape? This study
answers this question by comparing different farms, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. A statistical analysis was made on data gathered from farms in Canton Zurich, including 300 farms that used conventional methods of agriculture, 130 farms using bioorganic methods and ten farms
utilising biodynamic production. The qualitative approach comprised the mapping of six farms for reference, to record the exact setting of the farmed areas and, in particular, to identify the ecological compensation areas in the landscape. The results from the quantitative and qualitative
investigations of the farms are illustrated by fictive landscapes. Referring to the three different cultivation methods, only slightly visible differences in the landscape can be ascertained. Nevertheless, with more organic farms the intensively used agrarian landscape would be richer in ecological
compensation areas and be enhanced with more hedges and high-stem fruit trees.
Innovationen der Landnutzung in Nordostdeutschland – Eine Fallstudie aus dem BioenergiesektorLand Use Innovations in North-East Germany – A Case Study from the Bioenergy Sector
Authors: Plieninger Tobias , Beetz Stephan , Bens Oliver , Hüttl Reinhard F. J.
Published: March 2017

Die ländlichen Räume Nordostdeutschlands sind Abwanderung und Alte rung der Bevölkerung sowie wirtschaftlicher Stagnation ausgesetzt. Gleichzeitig nimmt die Nachfrage nach ihren natürlichen Ressourcen stark zu. Am Beispiel des Bioenergiesektors werden die Potenziale
innovativer Landnutzungen für die Entwicklung der Region analysiert.Rural areas in North-East Germany experience out-migration and aging of their population as well as economic stagnation. But at the same time the societal demand for the natural resources of rural areas strongly
increases, e.g., for the provision of food, energy, and environmental services. This article questions whether this demand is able to trigger innovation that absorbs or reverses the economic and social marginalisation of rural areas. The emerging bioenergy industry is used to exemplify the
various aspects of the innovation concept and to analyse the interactions between different fields of innovation. It is concluded that rural areas need systemic innovations. Rural development effects can be achieved if regional contexts are considered and if learning innovation cultures institutionalise
collective exchange and negotiation processes.
Systemic Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms in Crop Production: Interdisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Gunther , Kleppin Lukas , Schröder Winfried , Breckling Broder , Reuter Hauke , Eschenbach Christiane , Windhorst Wilhelm , Höltl Karen , Wurbs Angelika , Barkmann Jan , Marggraf Rainer , Thiel Manuel
Published: March 2017

The GeneRisk research consortium analysed the implications of the cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMO). The risks involved transcend the borders of very different systems. Therefore, they need to be analysed using interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches.
One central scientific issue was the assessment of the spatial implications of GMO cultivation for areas of large extent, examining Bt-maize as the currently most relevant GM crop and oilseed rape as an additional example.
Die ,,Katastrophenlücke“ des 20. Jahrhunderts und der Verlust traditionalen RisikobewusstseinsThe "Disaster Gap" of the 20th Century and the Loss of Traditional Disaster Memory
Authors: Pfister Christian
Published: March 2017

Von 1882 bis 1976 blieb die Schweiz von Naturkatastrophen weitge hend verschont. Diese ,,Katastrophenlücke“ trug dazu bei, dass Naturrisiken unterschätzt wurden. Nach der jüngsten Häufung von Naturkatastrophen ist eine neue, professionelle Risikokultur entstanden,
die auch auf Wissen früherer Generationen zurückgreift.Natural hazards and disasters were a frequent experience for many traditional communities of Western and Central Europe. Yet, in Switzerland, evidence of such events diminishes over the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, and the time series of severe disasters in Switzerland for the years between 1806 and 2007 shows that recorded incidences of loss of life and financial consequences were relatively infrequent between 1882 and 1976. It is argued that this "disaster gap" promoted the loss of what
is here termed "disaster memory", that is the risk of natural hazards was increasingly disregarded. However, the recent increased frequency and severity of disasters, together with an awakening of environmental consciousness and the growing certainty of global warming, has led to the emergence
of a novel, professional risk culture that takes advantage of the legacy of traditional accounts and records of historical disasters for the purposes of risk assessment.
Ignorance and Resilience in Local Adaptation to Climate Change – Inconsistencies between Theory-Driven Recommendations and Empirical Findings in the Case of the 2002 Elbe Flood Nichtwissen und Resilienz in der lokalen Klimaanpassung – Widersprüche zwischen theoriegeleiteten
Handlungsempfehlungen und empirischen Befunden am Beispiel des Sommerhochwassers 2002
Authors: Kuhlicke Christian , Kruse Sylvia
Published: March 2017

Klimaanpassung auf der lokalen Ebene muss mit Nichtwissen über klimatische und gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen umgehen. Das Konzept der Resilienz stellt dafür Handlungsstrategien bereit. In der Praxis werden diese aber kaum angewendet.This paper identifies a central
challenge relating to the adaptation to climate change on the local level: how to deal with the unknown and how to create a resilient environment. Although a consensus exists that our climate will change to a hitherto unknown extent, the anticipation of local and regional consequences has
reached its limits. The primary reason for this is the unknown interference of social development and natural processes. This paper suggests a practical typology of (non-)knowledge and distinguishes between two main strategies of how to deal with unknown developments: anticipation and resilience.
In a case study on the extreme Elbe flood in 2002, local adaptation strategies and lessons learned are investigated against the background of the previously introduced concepts of the unknown and adaptation strategies. The empirical findings show a gap between the local activities during and
after the flood event and the scientific concepts of resilient adaptation strategies. Local actions mainly rely on anticipation and strong expectations. Resilient features are hard to detect and mostly come into conflict with the realized local adaptation strategy.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage – eine Fata MorganaCarbon Dioxide Capture and Storage – a Mirage
Authors: Smid Karsten
Published: March 2017

Wem in der Wüste das Wasser ausgeht, der glaubt allzu gerne an die rettende Oase am Horizont. Doch wenn sich erst am Ende des Weges der vermeintliche Zufluchtsort als reine Luftspiegelung herausstellt, kann es für eine Umkehr zu spät sein. Es lohnt, sich vorab zu vergewis
sern, welche Richtung man einschlägt. Ist die Vision der Industrie von der klimafreundlichen Kohleverstromung mehr als eine Fata Morgana, mehr als heiße Luft?
Prekäre Balance: Ingenieurwissenschaft zwischen Innovations- und ReflexionskulturenDelicate Balance: Engineering Science between Innovation Cultures and Reflexive Cultures
Authors: Böschen Stefan
Published: March 2017

Sustainable development is a great challenge for both research and education in engineering sciences. It requires not only that a specific technology meets specific functional needs, but also that the technology is developed under democratic decision processes. I therefore argue that
we need to reflect on the specific structure of the epistemic culture of engineering sciences. Engineering sciences are characterized by a constellation of so-called innovation cultures and reflexive cultures. Innovation cultures are formed around an important scientific-technical principle,
like electronics or the transformation of chemical substances. Reflexive cultures analyze the specific structure of technological environments in order to avoid risks related to a specific technology. I elaborate on the innate tension between innovation cultures and reflexive cultures, using
synthetic chemistry and synthetic biology as main examples. I conclude that technical education has to 1. become more aware of the epistemic structure of engineering sciences, and 2. address the specific socio-political processes of embedding technology in society, thus promoting democratic
decisions on innovations and their risks.
Impact Assessment as a Means to Train Future Engineers for Sustainable Development
Authors: Sotoudeh Mahshid , Peissl Walter
Published: March 2017

Today's engineers are not only expected to develop new products and technical solutions to everyday problems. Against the background of sustainable development (SD) they should also be involved in developing comprehensive long-term solutions for global interrelated socio-economic and
environmental problems. These comprise poverty, climate change, energy supply, drinking water scarcity, and other features. Besides, even useful technologies that were developed for the improvement of the standard of living can have short- or long-term irreversible negative impacts on human
life or the environment (e.g., cooling systems with non-explosive CFC gases were developed to improve safety at home and ended up being banned for their ozone-depletion potential). Therefore, engineers need to consider social and environ mental side effects as well as potential unintended
impacts that could be caused by technological developments. Consequently, methods for inter- and transdisciplinary impact assessment (IA) should play a key role in engineering education (EE) right from the start. This paper points out some key questions for further research related to IA-relevant
courses in EE.
Landschaft, Landschaftsbewusstsein und landschaftliche Identität als Potenziale für die regionale Entwicklung – Eine empirische Fallstudie in Glarus Süd, SchweizLandscape, Landscape Awareness, and Landscape Identity as Potentials for Regional Development –
An Empirical Case Study in Southern Glarus, Switzerland
Authors: Meier Christine , Bucher Annemarie , Hagenbuch Reto
Published: March 2017

A transdisciplinary understanding of landscape – as a geographical space and as a cultural concept – offers a new approach for sustainable landscape development. This case study of a peripheral mountain region in Switzerland empirically investigates physical landscape as
well as landscape awareness and landscape identity on the part of the local population. It seeks to make both aspects of landscape useful for sustainable regional development. Physical landscape was described by cultural-geographical methods; landscape awareness and identity were investigated
by a quantitative-qualitative survey. The results show great affinity and a positive attitude of the residents towards their landscape. It was also revealed that the population seems to differentiate between "typical" rural landscapes associated with nature and cultural development, and "normal"
landscapes associated with settlements and infrastructure. Landscape is thus shown to be both a functional space and an important part of regional identity. Consequently, landscape has the potential to be relevant for sustainable development.Landschaft hat große Bedeutung für
die Identifikation der Bevölkerung. Das Beispiel einer Randregion mit Bevölkerungsrückgang und Agglomerisierung zeigt das Potenzial einer landschaftsorientierten Raumentwick lung, die ästhetische und emotionale Qualitäten der Landschaft und ihre Wirkung auf Psyche
und Identität einbezieht.
Die ökologische Aufklärung Warum der Mensch von einer Falle in die nächste tappt
Authors: Haase Dagmar
Published: March 2017

Die Wahrheiten der Ökologie können unbequem sein, passen sie doch weder in das fortschrittlich-technologische noch in das konservierend-grüne Weltbild des jungen 21. Jahrhunderts. So unbequem sie auch sind: Sie können uns helfen, das Verhältnis zwischen
Mensch und Natur realistisch einzuschätzen. Und damit kann nachhaltige Entwicklung gelingen.
Technik und gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz: Herausforderungen der Technikfolgenabschätzung
Authors: Renn Ortwin
Published: March 2017

Modern societies have problems in coping with technological change. There is hardly an area of one's personal or professional life that is not dominated by technological applications. At the same time, however, people demonstrate clear preferences for a natural lifestyle without a strong
dependence on a technological infrastructure. As a result of this gap between real life situation and personal preference, people search for orientations that can guide them through major lifestyle decisions, in particular about the desirable level of technology in their personal and social
environment. These decisions are partly based on psychological mechanisms of perception and information processing, partly constructed by linking symbolic connotations to technologies. This alignment of cultural and psychological associations to human artefacts is an important element in the
building of personal and social identity. For this reason, technology assessment cannot be confined to the task of estimating the potential consequences of technologies, but needs to include the personal and cultural associations that go hand in hand with the implications of technology's objective
properties. However, the valid assessment of the physical consequences is a needed part of technology assessment and also a necessary condition for an evaluation process, in which the symbols and values of the people affected are vital elements of an integrated assessment.
Past Global Changes (PAGES)
Authors: Oeschger Hans
Published: March 2017

“PAGES” is a Core Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Through the organization of coordinated national and international scientific efforts, PAGES seeks to obtain and interpret a variety of paleoclimatic records and to provide the data essential
for the validation of predictive climatic models. The PAGES Project is designed to increase our understanding of the natural physical processes which control the Earth's environmental systems, their temporal and spatial variability, their rates of change, and the linkages which operate between
environmental and ecological systems. PAGES builds on existing national programmes by providing the international framework needed to accomplish scientific endeavors which are beyond the capacity of any single nation.
Von der ökologischen Theorie zur Umweltplanung
Authors: Haber Wolfgang
Published: March 2017

The persuasive power of apparently simple ecological concepts – such as ecosystem stability, balance of nature, sustainability – is expected to result in successful environmental planning. However, these concepts disregard ecological reality whose main feature is huge complexity.
Ecological theory tries to explain complexity by means of systems theory, hierarchical organization levels, regulation and control strategies, and evolutionary aspects, both for living and non-living components of the environment. Human manipulation of the environment, bringing on cultural
evolution, by far preceded knowledge and understanding of basic ecosystem functions, thus promoting the erroneous idea of prediction and planning based on holistic concepts. Thus actual environmental planning and much of environmental legislation is doomed to failure and frustration, and
has to be replaced by an environmental strategy taking into account selforganization ot systems, hierarchical regulation processes, and chaos theory.