bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Giselle: From Paris to St. Petersburg and Back Again
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses productions of Giselle performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet, tracing changes and revisions made between 1842 and 1907 under the supervision of Jules Perrot, Marius Petipa, and others. It also discusses the 1863 revival of Giselle at the Paris Opéra that was performed until 1868 and included revisions and interpolations that have since become canonical. A description of source material leads to a detailed account of the choreography, mime, and action of the St. Petersburg Giselle based on the choreographic notation made in the Stepanov system by Nikolai Sergeyev circa 1903. Elements of this production are compared with the Lyon Giselle recorded by Henri Justamant circa 1858 and the conclusion is drawn that both versions share a common source in the 1841 Paris Opéra Giselle. The chapter ends with a survey of selected twentieth-century Western productions of Giselle that were based on the St. Petersburg version.
Paquita in Paris and Lyon
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the first production of Paquita in Paris and Lyon. Set in France during the period of the Napoleonic Empire, it is cloak-and-dagger comedy-drama culminating in a lengthy final ballroom scene that is the predecessor of today’s Grand pas. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of Bonapartism in France in the 1840s, followed by an examination of Spanish character dance, the critical reception of the Paris production, and Édouard Deldevez’s score (including his use of borrowings and recurring melodies, and ways of providing music appropriate for Roma, Spanish, and French characters). A description of source material leads to a detailed account of the choreography, mime, and action of Paquita as described in Henri Justamant’s staging manual and the Paris Opéra répétiteur.
Paquita in St. Petersburg
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

This chapter follows the evolution of Paquita on the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet stage from its 1847 premiere to its 1881 revival by Marius Petipa, with musical contributions by Ludwig Minkus, to its documentation in the Stepanov choreographic notation system by Nikolai Sergeyev circa 1904–1905. Petipa’s exposure to the works of original Paquita choreographer Joseph Mazilier is chronicled and his love of Spanish dance and the ways in which he incorporated Spanish dance vocabulary into his choreography are explored. A description of source material leads to detailed account of the choreography, mime, and action of the St. Petersburg Paquita based on Sergeyev’s notations and an Imperial-era répétiteur that include the ballet’s celebrated children’s mazurka and Grand pas. Though these dances have endured, the complete Paquita is the lone work among the five ballets under discussion in this volume that did not establish itself in the modern classical repertory.
Le Corsaire in St. Petersburg
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses how Le Corsaire found a permanent home on the Russian stage following its 1858 St. Petersburg premiere. However, the swashbuckler that eventually sailed into the twentieth century bore only partial resemblance to Joseph Mazilier and Adolphe Adam’s 1856 Paris original. What had largely been a pantomime ballet, showcasing the acting talents of its original stars, became heavily populated with dances interpolated over decades, many composed by Cesare Pugni. The replacement of narrative-driven dances and the eventual omission of the ballet’s fourth scene contributed to a loss of dramatic coherence in what had once been Saint-Georges’s well-crafted albeit far-flung narrative. Following a performance history, a description of source material leads to detailed account of the choreography, mime, and action of the St. Petersburg Le Corsaire based on choreographic notations, made primarily by Nikolai Sergeyev in the Stepanov system during the first years of the twentieth century, and an Imperial-era répétiteur.
From Le pas des fleurs to Le jardin animé
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the genesis and evolution of the divertissement Le pas des fleurs, which was first added to the 1867 revival of Le Corsaire at the Paris Opéra, with music by Léo Delibes and choreography by Joseph Mazilier. A brief examination of Delibes’s score is followed by a discussion of the Paris production of the divertissement and its subsequent incorporation into the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet production of Le Corsaire in 1868, in which the divertissement was renamed Le jardin animé. Extant source material, including Marius Petipa’s preparatory notes and choreographic notations made in the Stepanov system, provides a rare opportunity to trace Petipa’s ongoing conception of Le jardin animé over the course of time, from 1868 into the first years of the twentieth century. Descriptions of the dance based on these sources reveal Petipa’s use of polyphonic choreography, an important feature of his dance design.
Raymonda
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

Marius Petipa’s 1898 Raymonda was the choreographer’s last evening-length ballet to achieve longevity. The ballet’s genesis involved the development of its libretto, which featured exoticism and reflected nineteenth-century Crusades narratives. The structure of the ballet emphasized spectacle and dance over mime and action, a trend in Petipa’s later works. The score by Glazunov, rich with recurring motifs, demonstrated an attempt to continue the Imperial Ballet’s collaboration with major Russian composers following the death of Tchaikovsky. A brief chronicle of Raymonda’s St. Petersburg performance history between 1898 and 1903 leads to an examination of source material, including published music scores and a choreographic notation made circa 1903 in the Stepanov method by Nikolai Sergeyev, and a description of the ballet’s action, choreography, and mime. The chapter also includes a short survey of selected Raymonda productions in twentieth-century Russia and in the West.
Establishing a Prisoners’ Collective
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

The Palestinian Prisoners Movement emerged out of the need to organize against intolerable crowding and starvation-level rations in the 1960s and 1970s. Aided by prison management’s attempt to disperse ‘hothead’ prisoners, leaders were able to bring new organizational ideas across the prison system. This chapter explains this history and the role of political factions—primarily Fatah, Hamas, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad—in structuring the Movement’s daily life, education, and leadership. It describes the Movement’s repertoire of resistance, that is, strategies that members used to assert control over space, educate themselves, maintain security, and wrest demands from the prison authorities during the Movement’s height before and during the First Intifada. The chapter also delves into the ‘Mother of All Battles’, a massive 1992 hunger strike, and how leadership structures developed in prison provided a model for leadership of the First Intifada.
Division in Prison
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

Already weakened by the Israel Prison Service’s strategic repression of collective action and intra-faction competition, the Prisoners Movement was ill prepared for the 2007 conflict between Hamas and Fatah. Leaders in prison produced a reconciliation proposal, known as the Prisoners’ Document or Reconciliation Document, but outside leadership rejected it. A short time later, the outbreak of violence in Gaza between Fatah and Hamas created the necessity—or pretext—for the prison authority to divide the Movement. Some prisons were still divided until 2015, when the research concluded. The separation benefited Hamas, Fatah, and the prison administration, and so in many prisons, it became permanent. Despite the division, the Prisoners Movement fought a collective threat together: IPS switched its uniforms from brown to bright orange, which the Palestinian captives saw as an attempt to equate them with US detainees in the war on terror. Palestinian politically motivated prisoners’ uniforms remain brown.
Investor–State Disputes and the Development of International Law
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

In negotiating the Washington Treaty referring the Alabama claims to arbitration, Great Britain’s negotiators understood that the arbitration tribunal was to assess the legal basis and dimension of American claims for the depredations of Confederate cruisers such as the Alabama, whereas the United States claimed that, in addition to such direct damages, the tribunal was also entitled to assess indirect damages for the prolongation of the Civil War. The difference in the enormity of the resultant claims (US$14 million versus US$10 billion in gold) was immense. In a wonderful act of arbitral imagination, the arbitral tribunal was able to keep the arbitration on track but sidestep the American claims for indirect damages.
The Transparency of International Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

Much has been written about the confidentiality and the privacy of arbitration proceedings but, until recently, almost nothing has been said about the secrecy of court proceedings relating to either a confidential arbitration or a confidential award. Such secrecy is the historical landmark of absolute tyranny; and its despotic attractions remain self-evident. This chapter examines the limitations on the confidentiality of the arbitral process and of arbitral awards once they are challenged in court proceedings, and also highlights the need for a spectrum that recognizes the fact that different arbitrations may give rise to quite different demands in terms of confidentiality.
Case Studies: Presidential Government Formation in Asia Compared
Authors: Lee Don S.
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides key background on the four presidential democracies in Asia, namely South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia, concerning the president’s relationship with the four political institutions—the legislature, the ruling party, the party system, and the bureaucracy—and the dynamics of presidential government formation surrounding this relationship. The chapter uses unique information from in-depth interviews with more than forty key members of top political elites, including vice presidents, prime ministers, and ministers from important policy areas, such as foreign affairs, defense, and finance, as well as from archival research undertaken during year-long fieldwork in these countries. This chapter also introduces original data on three decades of presidential government formation and more than 1500 ministerial appointments from the four cases, between their respective years of democratization and 2018, that will be statistically analyzed in the subsequent chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Don S.
Published: July 2024

This chapter reviews the key findings of the book, discusses the implications of the findings for scholarship and policy, and suggests directions for future research. This book seeks to provide a comprehensive, comparative, and empirically supported understanding of presidential government formation in new democratic settings. Yet, the book’s arguments and the findings presented to substantiate them unavoidably have limitations, and more research needs to be conducted to expand the book’s analysis. This book is a new endeavor to illuminate presidential leadership strategy in addressing key competing goals in government and to explore how the president’s ability to achieve these goals in given institutional circumstances shapes government formation. Therefore, this book takes a significant step toward greater understanding of the role of cabinet appointments in the governance of presidential democracies in Asia and beyond.
Evolutionary thinking
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains the essential concepts needed to understand the process of evolution and the history it has produced: natural selection; inclusive fitness and the gene’s-eye-view as tools to understand cooperation and conflict; what adaptations are and how to recognize them; the importance of large numbers; neutral evolution and the mechanisms that produce neutrality; mechanisms that cause random change, their consequences, and how those are used; the evolution of development and the developmental origins of health and disease; phylogenetics and the comparative method. These concepts are deployed later in the book to help explain, for example, how pathogens and cancer evolve, why our bodies are imperfect and vulnerable, and why we grow old and die.
Mismatch, the Transition to Modernity, and the diseases of civilization
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses why and how we became mismatched to the modern environment and the consequences of that mismatch for health and disease. Biological change lags cultural change with both ecological (demographic) and evolutionary consequences. The Demographic Transition reduced birth and death rates, leading to increased lifespan and populations with more older people. That increased the importance of the expression late in life of the pleiotropic effects of genes selected to improve reproductive performance early in life. Changes in the developmental environment promoted increases in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Reductions in breastfeeding and increases in cesarean sections promoted increases in obesity and asthma. Abundant food, changes in diet, and less exercise promoted cardiovascular disease. Less exposure to parasitic worms caused increases in asthma, allergies, and autoimmune disease. Evolution does not act quickly enough to adjust our biology to these new environments, and the environments will keep changing. Biology must continue to lag culture.
A system perspective on health and disease
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides a general overview of a systems science approach to address complex problems. Basic notions of systems science, such as system states, state variables, stability, robustness, and resilience are introduced and discussed in the context of organismal physiology. The concept of hemostasis, as viewed from first principles, is a system’s property to maintain stability of selected state variables. Their values are monitored by homeostatic sensors, such as endocrine cells, and deviations from set points are corrected by homeostatic effectors, which include different tissues and organs, depending on the homeostatic variable. Physiological adaptation and rheostasis are alternatives to homeostasis, whereby the internal state adapts to the external environment by changing organismal settings, such as metabolic demands. Health and diseases are distinct states of the organism and transitions between these states characterize acute and chronic diseases. Upon transition from a healthy to a disease state, secondary problems can arise as complications of the initial disease. These transitions are non-random and, in their totality, can be conceptualized as disease graphs. These graphs have tree structure, rooted at a healthy state, with each layer of branching corresponding to diseases caused by complications of the preceding branch points.
What is an ill person?
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the evolutionary origins of the vulnerabilities that permit aging, cancer, and metastasis; the history that generated human genetic diversity in disease and drug response; the evolutionary forces that shaped the human life history; the concepts needed to understand plastic responses to environmental differences; and notable aspects of the human life history, including oocytic atresia, selective spontaneous abortions, and menopause. The sick person that a doctor tries to treat has an evolutionary history that has produced vulnerabilities, some with known origins, and genes whose variation has consequences for disease risk and drug response. That person also has a developmental history in which early life events have influenced the risks of late life disease. The evolutionary privileging of the reproductive success of genes over the survival of individuals has produced vulnerabilities that make us susceptible to disease and aging.
What is a disease?
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses approaches to define disease states and offers a disease classification system that is based on evolutionary causalities. Any disease can be viewed as a deviation from a normal physiological state. However, not any conceivable deviation produces a disease: some deviations are incompatible with life, others are well tolerated, and still others are efficiently prevented by built-in constraints of the system. While risks for all diseases are dictated by the gene—environment interactions, the relative contributions of genetics and environment vary with purely genetic diseases and purely environmental diseases being at the extremes of a spectrum. Most diseases fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they are drivers of extrinsic or intrinsic mortality in humans’ evolutionary history. The natural recovery without medical intervention is possible for the former but not for the latter, because defense mechanisms only evolved for protection from the factors of extrinsic mortality. Finally, many diseases in the first category are due to the costs of defenses—a problem that is often amplified by the mismatch of evolutionary history and modern environments.
Aging
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains the evolution of aging. Aging is the decrease with age in intrinsic ability to survive and reproduce. Organisms that reproduce asymmetrically should age; those that reproduce symmetrically should not. It appears that all organisms reproduce asymmetrically. Aging evolves because older organisms contribute fewer genes to the next generation than younger organisms. This has two consequences: deleterious genes that are expressed only at later ages can accumulate in the population (mutation accumulation), and genes whose positive effects on reproductive performance early in life more than compensate for their negative effects on survival late in life (antagonistic pleiotropy) are selected. The body is disposable from the gene’s point of view because the amount of maintenance needed to maximize lifetime reproductive success is less than the amount needed to produce indefinite survival. Ten types of mechanisms have been identified that mediate aging, the most important of which is genomic instability. Aging appears to be unavoidable in almost all organisms, but some coelenterates may be an exception because they can remodel their tissues with stem cell lineages that continually replace old, damaged cells with intact, young ones. Humans could probably not evolve to live much longer, but there are ways to extend their health span.
Pathogens I
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the diversity of pathogens, their life cycles, genetics, and emergence. The thousands of pathogens that infect humans include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. They can be transmitted directly (in aerosols or by contact), in the water and soil, and by vectors, most importantly by arthropods—mosquitos, ticks, and lice. In the host some live within cells, others extracellularly. Various viruses and bacteria differ in the organization of their genomes in ways that affect their evolutionary potential. In bacteria the frequency and extent of horizontal gene transfer determine the rate at which genes for virulence and resistance are shared. Diseases have always emerged into human populations, but their rate of emergence has been increasing. Molecular phylogenetics allows more precises estimates of when and where diseases emerged, including plague, influenza, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. The evolution of an emerging disease can now be tracked almost in real time with high-throughput sequencing.
The microbiota in health and disease
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the microbiota—the micro-organisms that inhabit the human body—their diversity, how their composition is influenced by ecology, how they arrive in the body after birth, and how they influence the development of the host immune system. The microbiota function both as an organ within our body and as a potential source of pathogens. The disruption of the microbiota can produce disease. The gut microbiota induce gut-associated lymphoid tissue, influence the central and enteric nervous systems, and interact with the liver and lungs. The body manages the gut microbiota via immune system effects on gut mucus and the appendix. The microbiota produce metabolites with roles in digestion, defense, communication, and drug metabolism. The disruption of the gut microbiota can contribute to conditions that include diabetes, atherosclerosis, malnutrition, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and neurological disease. The skin microbiota have important roles in skin homeostasis and immune response, in defense against infections, and in wound healing. The vagina harbors a diverse and normally harmless microbiota, some of which can become pathogenic in the bladder and uterus. Whether the uterus and placenta have a microbiota is controversial.
Cancer
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses why we are vulnerable to cancer and how every cancer evolves. Both approaches yield insights into potential and actual therapies. We are vulnerable because we are multicellular organisms with stem cells for repair that have many of the characteristics of cancer cells; because the large number of cell divisions that occur in growth and development allow many somatic mutations to accumulate; because all cells contain all genes, and some cells express genetic support for movement and invasion. Very large animals have evolved mechanisms that reduce cancer risk; understanding how they have done so yields clues for therapy. Like pathogens, cancer cells evolve to suppress and evade immune defenses. Every cancer is a case of clonal evolution whose history can be inferred with molecular phylogenetics. Cancers evolve resistance to chemotherapy just as bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics, and strategies for managing that resistance evolution are proceeding along similar lines.
Reproductive medicine
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the innovations involved in the evolution of placental female reproduction, placental morphology, the evolution of implantation, the association between degree of invasiveness and risk of metastasis, and the contribution of placental morphology to the risk of pre-eclampsia. It covers parent–offspring conflict, genomic imprinting, and their consequences for the health of mother and infant. The female placental reproductive tract has evolved a set of quality control mechanisms that include oocytic atresia, sperm selection, and selective spontaneous abortion. They reduce the costs of time and effort invested in defective offspring. The hypotheses for the evolution of menstruation are discussed; a leading candidate is quality control. Hypotheses for the evolution of menopause include the Grandmother Hypothesis and the possibility that it is a byproduct of efficient quality control earlier in life.
Mental health disorders
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses evolutionary explanations of mental disorders. The null hypothesis is that a person with a mental disorder is in the tail of a distribution of states whose central region contains people with normal function. Other hypotheses are that mental disorders are exaggerations or disruptions of adaptations, that they are disruptions of homeostasis produced by mismatch, and that they are exaggerations of normal defense responses. Disorders that may be explained by these hypotheses include anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and depression. The smoke detector principle may explain phobias and panic attacks. Drug addiction may be explained by the hijacking of the innate reward system by compounds not encountered in our evolutionary history. This chapter explores the hypothesis that autism and schizophrenia lie on opposite ends of a single spectrum on which the position of an individual is influenced both by copy number variation and by parent–parent conflict over infant growth mediated by genomic imprinting. Evidence supports some contribution of those mechanisms to both disorders.
James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues"
Authors: Jenks Tom
Published: July 2024

A close reading of the form and essence of Baldwin’s famous short story and of its inspiration rooted in Baldwin’s experience of racial injustice in America, his youth in Harlem, his witnessing of the effects of heroin addiction on a generation of his peers, his experience and understanding of the consolations and limits of religious practice, his transcendent embodiment of jazz as an element in the story, and, overall, the profound, world-wide influence the story has had in transforming perspectives on race and in creating greater sympathy and human harmony across the more than a half century in which the story has been read by many millions of people and been standard assigned reading in secondary and higher education classrooms.
Alien and Sedition
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines anti-Semitism and the struggle for civil rights under the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jews began as natural allies of George Washington and the Federalist party, but as the Federalists dabbled in anti-Semitism, Jews switched and joined Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans. Federalists unleased the Alien and Sedition Acts to restrict Irish, French, and Black citizenship and voting. These efforts were accompanied by anti-Semitic images and essays. With Jefferson’s victory in 1800, Jewish rights became secure despite Jefferson’s dislike of Jewish religion. As political protections for Jews became confirmed in the early nineteenth century, Christians found new religious ways to think about their fellow Jewish citizens. The chapter shows that Christians advocated citizenship for non-Christians because they saw political power emanating from the people. Struggles remained, however, as demonstrated in the political crisis over Jacob Henry’s election as a Jew in 1809 and the appointment and dismissal of Mordecai Manuel Noah as a diplomat in 1815.
Listening to Infrastructure
Authors: Fahmy Ziad
Published: July 2024

Around the turn of the twentieth century, transportation infrastructure, especially related to the sounds of urban streets and the vehicles traveling on them, became an important site of loud sound in Egyptian cities. Transformations in the materiality of roads themselves, the construction of electric tramways, and the rise of automobiles all changed the acoustics of urban space, adding to the sonic intensities of Cairo and Alexandria. In response, new laws were implemented as a way of dealing with what was perceived as incessant “noise,” taking particular aim at lower-class Egyptians. Public discourse about sound and noise in this period was infused with class anxieties, civilizational shaming, and judgmental dualities concerning changing definitions of taste, class, and modernity, all within a context of new developments in roads, modes of transportation, and local auditory culture.
Listening to Korea
Authors: Hannah Chang Hyun Kyong
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines a range of sonic descriptions in the writings of North American Protestant missionaries in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Korea. These descriptions in the missionary archive point to listening practices firmly embedded in Western imperial and North American evangelical epistemologies. Instances of missionaries’ listening to the “natives” reveal two different conceptualizations of Koreans’ vocal practice. Many missionaries conceptualized it as an object of conversion and linked authentic Christian faith to the supposed universality of North American culture. Other missionaries conceptualized it as an object of folkloristic analysis, projecting essentialist ideas about Korean alterity to what they heard. This chapter argues that both forms of listening, despite their oppositional outlooks, were conditioned by an ingrained practice of listening that assumed Korean vocalization as an audible site of interiority.
Repetition
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces a new theory of repetition that unifies a wide range of procedures from the Renaissance to the present day. The theory emphasizes combinations of basic musical symmetries, including octave displacements permutation, and transposition; these can be used to form repeating contrapuntal patterns, sequences, rounds, transposing rounds, purely melodic sequences, structured arpeggiations, and a range of contrary-motion patterns. The unified framework allows us to appreciate the many forms of repetition woven into baroque and classical syntax. The chapter also considers approximate or near-sequences, proposing that sequences can sometimes function as analytical templates. Instead of analyzing music by removing unimportant notes, we reduce irregular structures to more regular models.
Musical Unease
Authors: Oyallon-Koloski Jenny
Published: July 2024

Jacques Demy’s final feature Trois places pour le 26 (1988) is a notable exception to the career-long financial challenges he experienced trying to make dance-driven musical cinema. With the material conditions secured to carefully design all aspects of production, Demy creates a backstage musical that flips the conventions of the subgenre in complex and discomposing ways. Demy also worked closely with American choreographer Michael Peters and their cast—particularly Mathilda May, Françoise Fabian, and Yves Montand—to make the cinematic choreography crucial to our understanding of character development and central to the subtle ways that the film challenges show musical conventions. By the late 1980s, dance culture in France had expanded, thanks to the emigration of American jazz dancers and government initiatives to financially support the art form, leading to more experimental contemporary movement forms (danse contemporaine) that would inspire Demy and the French filmmakers his work influenced.
Imperfect Bodies
Authors: Oyallon-Koloski Jenny
Published: July 2024

This chapter emphasizes how directors Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau deliberately sought to foreground the political symbolism of their choreographic choices in Jeanne et le garçon formidable (1998). Their film, which centers on an HIV positive character, makes the dancing body crucial to the narrative’s double emphasis on romance and the cultural erasure of the AIDS epidemic during this period, combining fictional and documentary modes of filmmaking. Choreographer Sylvie Giron uses danse contemporaine and its emphasis on pedestrian vocabulary to blend the movements of the professional corps of dancers and the lead actors (Mathieu Demy and Virginie Ledoyen), who were amateur dancers. Dance functions as an essential element in Jeanne et le garçon formidable, drawing attention to the resilience of the human body as well as its impermanence.
The Sheik of Araby’s Three Cool Cats
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 2 of Within You Without You examines two early Beatles recordings. “The Sheik of Araby” was composed in 1921 and had been widely played for over four decades when the Beatles recorded it. The pop number “Three Cool Cats” was originally by the Coasters. These two songs illustrate how Harrison and the Beatles had musical influences far beyond rockabilly, R&B, and early rock ’n’ roll. Harrison and his bandmates were equally well versed in pre-rock pop, novelty tunes, British music hall, vaudeville, jazz, Broadway, operetta, folk, and country and western music. The recordings also feature Harrison on soulfully adept lead vocals, accompanying himself with inventive guitar licks that drew upon Latin music, surf rock, and Middle Eastern modalities.
The Waiting Is the Hardest Part
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 13 of Within You Without You, “The Waiting Is the Hardest Part,” analyzes Harrison’s song “Blue Jay Way,” from the Beatles album Magical Mystery Tour. Inspired by a true story of Harrison’s real-life, all-night wait for his friend Derek Taylor (a former Beatles publicist) and his wife to arrive at a house Harrison was renting, on Blue Jay Way in Los Angeles, the song was based on an Indian-like drone composed on an organ in the rental house and given full psychedelic treatment in the recording studio. Backward vocals processed so that they no longer sounded human, and phasing, flanging, and multitracked vocals evoking a dream state, perfectly accord with the song’s theme itself. The song’s vocal riff, the querulous “Please don’t be long,” eventually morphs into “Please don’t belong,” perhaps Harrison’s subtle dig at the growing conformity found in the Sixties counterculture that was intended to be nonconformist.
Take a Piece, But Not Too Much
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 15 of Within You Without You, “Take a Piece, But Not Too Much,” closely examines George Harrison’s song “It’s All Too Much.” With its machine-like noises, whirring sounds, vocals in reverse, instruments that phase in and out, and use of repetitive chant, the track may well be the quintessential recording of the Beatles’ psychedelic phase. At the same time, Harrison’s lyrics argue largely against a drug-induced psychedelic outlook. The song likely inspired John Lennon’s “All You Need Is Love.” Lennon’s more simplified message was couched in a recording that mimicked many of the musical and sonic elements of “It’s All Too Much.”
When George “Quit” the Beatles
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 16 of Within You Without You, “When George ‘Quit’ the Beatles,” closely examines the incident in the films Let It Be and Get Back when George Harrison walked out of a Beatles rehearsal and said, “I’m leaving the band now.” This incident lived on in Beatles legend for decades as the moment when Harrison “quit” the Beatles. Close analysis of the footage in Get Back provides context for Harrison’s abrupt departure. Moreover, an exclusive interview with Let It Be director Michael Lindsay-Hogg, one of the only nonmembers of the group to be privy to what went on in the rehearsal sessions in January 1969, provides a much more nuanced interpretation of what provoked (and did not provoke) Harrison’s departure from the rehearsals. Finally, we learn how he returned to the band with newfound focus and enthusiasm (shared by his bandmates) after a series of conversations among the band members.
You’ve Got to Leave to Come Back
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 30 of Within You Without You, “You’ve Got to Leave to Come Back,” closely examines George Harrison’s “comeback” album of late 1987, Cloud Nine. Powered by a cover version of an old, obscure R&B number, “Got My Mind Set on You,” which made Harrison the last ex-Beatle to have a number-one hit, the album reintroduced Harrison to a whole new generation, given the heavy rotation his singles received on MTV. It reminded old fans that he was still alive and a creative force. The album paired Harrison with Jeff Lynne, the founder of Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) and a huge Beatles fan who was shifting his attention away from performing in favor of being an album producer. The album also set the stage for several future collaborations with Lynne, including the formation of the Traveling Wilburys supergroup and the mid-1990s archival Beatles project, Anthology.
Big Cities
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on big cities, which reflect a certain level of resiliency. Modern cities that have reached a large size reveal an implicit attitude that there are no limits, and that more is better. Indeed, one might interpret a very large city, most likely with vast amounts of surrounding sprawl, as the physical form of an ideology espousing limitless “freedom.” Another interpretation of big cities is that their sheer size and spread have tended to engender multiple forms of separation. The transition “from industrial to finance to corporate capitalism” that took place in big cities did not have the effect of producing “higher levels of consumption to successively lower strata” but instead had the effect of sorting people into differentiated neighborhoods. Affordable mass transit played a role in this sorting, too. The chapter then considers how large cities have also been likened to living organisms. It looks at examples of attempts at district adaptation, a phenomenon especially associated with big, old cities.
Garden Cities
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores garden cities, which are rare and hard to pull off under capitalism because the concept requires communal ownership of land and an integrated employment source. Much has been written about the concept’s originator, Ebenezer Howard, whose 1898 garden cities proposal was an anarchic, utopian vision of communal living. Long before the garden city idea emerged out of the 19th century, there was a long tradition of garden design having an influence on city form. Examples include the Champs Elysées and the gardens at Versailles. The main objective of a garden city was to have all the diversions of urban life contained within the settlement, minus the associated incivilities like pollution and crime. Garden city design emphasized access to green space and careful management of traffic, both strategies seen as promoting wholesomeness and moral uplift. However, in seeking to isolate themselves from the city, garden cities are said to engage in a “cult of isolation.”
Districts
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter assesses districts, which are created for specific purposes, such as to define college campuses, religious compounds, or public housing projects. The created districts are freed from constraint, emerging as places of inwardly focused, individualized experience and functionality. There are now districts devoted to every kind of purpose: entertainment districts, warehousing districts, and innovation districts. Historically, districts emerged out of the street-platting habits of surveyors who resisted aligning with other plats. If districts are created by an outside power like an imperialist government, they can be disruptive, even violent, and wildly out of step with existing settlement patterns. The classic case of these segregated districts occurred under European colonialism in Africa, India, and the Middle East. The chapter then considers the differences between wealthy and poor districts. It also looks at how districts can be created by consolidating buildings devoted to a common purpose, such as the civic district.
Sprawl
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the key concept of sprawl, which is development organized around freeways and widely spaced arterials. Sprawl often results in decentralization without a congealing node, culturally depleted. Unlike the planned suburb, sprawl does not put limits on commerce and embraces corporate commerce on a mass scale. The chapter explores the interplay of sprawl with the notions of exclusion and escape, both of which have high moral costs since aspirations of social equity are disregarded. It mentions how the individualism of sprawl feeds into the West’s fear of socialism. The phenomenon of “dense sprawl” indicates density without amenities and usable open space since people are forced to live densely without any of the usual compensations.
Boundaries
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the significance of boundaries. Regardless of boundaries’ many forms, they are meant to exclude and segregate, with the objective of social control and superiority. However, protection and exclusion often go hand in hand. A more forgiving interpretation of boundaries correlates to helping to concentrate and contain the resources a city or neighborhood needs while ensuring that resources do not spill out. The chapter explains how the phenomenon of walled cities highlighted the relationship between the city and the hinterland. It discusses the functions of European ring roads, greenbelts, and highways, which include the notion of social separators.
A Scene of Ambition
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

Just a few days into Adams’s presidency, his honeymoon period ended abruptly when several of the secretaries threatened to resign if he sent James Madison on a diplomatic mission to France. Around the same time, Adams received the first dispatches from the current minister to France, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. He had been summarily dismissed from the country, and the United States and France appeared to be on the brink of war. Abigail’s arrival in Philadelphia was the one silver lining. Adams had been begging her to join him for months and he was overjoyed to have her company and support managing the President’s House.
Expect Nothing but the Most Unqualified Injustice
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

John Adams spent the summer impatiently waiting for updates from the envoys in France. While the desired diplomatic dispatches did not arrive, he received intelligence from his web of contacts spread out across Europe. His two best sources were his son John Quincy Adams, whom Adams had sent to Berlin, and Williams Vans Murray at The Hague. They sent official reports to the secretary of state, but they also sent private updates to the president at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts. In the fall, the Adamses returned to Philadelphia for the upcoming session of Congress. Adams drafted his annual address (today’s State of the Union) using these diplomatic reports and memorandums supplied by the cabinet secretaries on issues in their departments.
Envisioning a Gendered Christian Republic
Authors: Bond Jennifer
Published: July 2024

Chapter 2 explores how female pupils were able to harness nationalism to Christianity during waves of anti-foreign and anti-Christian hostility that rocked China in the 1920s. It focuses on several key flashpoints, including the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the shooting of Chinese protestors by British police in Shanghai on May 30, 1925, and the Movement to Restore Educational Rights which peaked as the Nationalist Government attempted to reunify China in 1926 and 1927. During these moments, girls used an overlapping gendered, Christian, and patriotic language of “service” to describe their social work with poor women and children and to defend their contributions to society. In the process, girls were able to forge their own vision of a gendered Christian modernity which could rejuvenate Chinese society.
The Occult School of Boston (ii) ‘Queer Shoulders at the Wheel’ (John Wieners and Gerrit Lansing)
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

The second chapter on the Occult School turns to John Wieners and Gerrit Lansing. The chapter emphasizes Wieners’ role as builder of community, in the context of his little magazine Measure and his best-known sequence The Hotel Wentley Poems. Arriving in the Boston area in the early 1960s, Gerrit Lansing’s magazine SET served as a sequel to Wieners’ dormant Measure. Reading Lansing’s editorial essay ‘The Burden of SET’, which prefigures countercultural movements later in the decade, the chapter argues that, like Wieners, he envisioned a social poetics in a generous spirit of collective queer identity. The chapter concludes by briefly turning to texts by Wieners which look back at the queer poetics of the late 1950s and early 1960s on the eve of Gay Liberation.
Early Jewish Migration from Lithuania
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

In 1868–1869, in the wake of a hunger crisis, hundreds of Lithuanian Jews crossed Russia’s western border seeking help from small Jewish communities in East Prussia. Overwhelmed by claims for support, Prussian Jews turned to a newly founded Jewish aid association, the Paris-based Alliance Israélite Universelle. The 1868–1869 crisis marks a turning point: for the first time Jewish community leaders in Central and Western Europe realized that Jewish migration would become a major challenge because the Russian Empire offered no viable economic prospects for a strongly growing population. A key question was where Russian Jews could settle. The memoir of a young Lithuanian Jew who left his home village in 1875 for East Prussia illustrates the wide gulf separating perceptions of established Jews in the West from the actual expectations of Jews on the move.
The 1881–1882 Pogroms and the Brody Crisis
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

The analysis of the 1881–1882 pogroms and strongly surging Jewish migration reveals a gap between the actual events and the public perception of a supposed Jewish mass flight from antisemitic violence. The crisis demonstrated that migration was emerging as a major Jewish response to political instability and economic crisis in the Russian Empire. One of the epicenters of the 1881–1882 events was Brody, a small Galician town on the border of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. In 1881 and 1882 thousands of Jewish migrants from Russia congregated in Brody, expecting support from Western Jewish aid associations. Among these migrants was the later prominent journalist Abraham Cahan. A close reading of his memoir, of contemporary sources, and of several recent studies shows that the pogroms had little to do with the migration of younger Jews to Western Europe and North America.
Slavery and Race
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: July 2024

Philosophers from Europe and colonial America engaged in lively debates about the morality of slavery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and these debates provide insights into the roots of modern racism. This book explores philosophical ideas, theories, and arguments that are central to early modern discussions of slavery. Some texts explicitly examine the morality of the transatlantic slave trade or of the enslavement of indigenous people in the Americas; others discuss slavery in predominantly theoretical ways. Based on these texts, the book shows that race and slavery came to be closely associated in this period. This association often occurred through an endorsement of the theory of natural slavery: Black and indigenous people were commonly viewed as natural slaves, or naturally destined for slavery. The theory that some people are natural slaves also features prominently in theoretical discussions of slavery, and many philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries embraced versions of it. This book surveys a wide range of historical material, from the views of well-known authors such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, to many less widely studied philosophers such as Gabrielle Suchon, Morgan Godwyn, and Epifanio de Moirans. By illustrating the significance and philosophical sophistication of early modern debates about slavery, this book serves as a valuable resource for scholars, instructors, and students who are curious about this widely neglected topic.