bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It doesn't take longer to keep good health records on dairies
Authors: Giebel S. K. , Wenz J. R. , Poisson S. A. , Moore D. A. , Schneider C. S.
Published: February 2023

For those attempting to understand risks for disease and how to make genetic improvement in the health of dairy cattle, on-farm health records are generally perceived to be of poor quality and limited utility. However, a survey of WA and ID dairies found that 83% of 237 respondents were satisfied with the quality and usefulness of their health records, which were used primarily for making individual cow culling and treatment decisions. Additionally, treatment records are viewed as an important tool to avoid drug residues in meat and milk. In a study of 50 herds, only 56%, 30%, and 30% of the dairies entered treatments given when recording mastitis, metritis, and lameness events, respectively. Taken together; these facts indicate that 'Good Health Records' must address three important functions: individual cow health management decision making, drug residue avoidance and regulatory compliance, and herd health management decision making. Current user-defined dairy health records often lack the necessary accuracy and consistency required of 'Good Health Records'. Until common dairy management software define health data entry in a similar manner as that for reproduction data entry, dairies will need to implement standard health data entry protocols to achieve 'Good Health Records'. Many dairy producers are concerned that implementation of standard health data entry protocols will take too much time. The objective of this study was to determine the change in time required to capture and enter health data following implementation of standard health data entry protocols and determine the amount of feedback required to achieve protocol compliance.
Impact of Component® TE-G with Tylan® on performance of stocker calves
Authors: Denney G. L. , Rodning S. P. , Rankins D. L. , Gard J. A.
Published: February 2023

Evaluation of Component® TE-G with Tylan® (Elanco Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) on stocker calf performance.
Utilization of a 5- or 14-day progestin-based estrous synchronization protocol with sorted semen in beef heifers
Authors: Powell J. G. , Lester T. D. , Reynolds J. L. , Davis A. J. , Hornsby J. A. , Rorie R. W.
Published: February 2023

Estrous synchronization protocols that utilize progestin via a controlled internal drug-release insert (CIDR) in conjunction with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin (PG) treatments have been shown to be effective in beef heifers. Sorted semen is more costly than unsorted semen; thus, AI pregnancy rates need to be maximized when sorted semen is used. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a 5-day versus a 14-day CIDR protocol when sorted semen is utilized for AI in beef heifers. A secondary objective was to determine the effect of timing of insemination on pregnancy rates when using sorted semen.
Outcome of a bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a South Dakota herd including reproductive losses, persistent infection, and mortality data from PI animals
Authors: Morarie S. E. , Braun L . J. , Holler L. D.
Published: February 2023

Infection of pregnant dams with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) during the first trimester of gestation can result in the establishment of a persistent infection in the fetus and BVDV is then constitutively shed by the persistently infected (Pl) calf. PI cattle have been identified as a major reservoir for the virus. BVDV control and eradication efforts focus on the detection and removal of PI animals from herds. This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of an isolated outbreak of BVDV infection in a South Dakota cattle herd in 2003.
Critical success factors transitioning from conventional to automatic milking in the United States
Authors: Smink Ben , Kool Peter , Van der Tol Rik
Published: February 2023

Early studies on automatic milking systems (AMS) in Europe revealed an increase in bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) and difficulties for farmers to adapt to new management routines. Since then AMS technology and information management have improved with its introduction in the US. Herd management support has increased to assist producers during the transition from conventional to AMS. The aim of this study was to determine milk production and quality results of AMS in the US and define key success factors for successful transition to AMS milking.
Performance of calves fed fresh colostrum from their dams, compared with that of calves fed colostrum from cows other than their dams
Authors: Donovan G. A. , Sims L. J. , Fisk K. , Sapp W. , Pinedo P.
Published: February 2023

Adequate colostrum feeding is the most important management factor determining calf health and survival. Colostrum not only provides immunoglobulins, but it is also an important source of nutrients and nonspecific immune factors, including maternal leukocytes and cytokine proteins, all of which protect the newborn calf against infectious diseases early in life. Considering the potential role of these non-immunoglobulin factors, our hypothesis was that dairy calves fed fresh colostrum from their dams would perform better than those fed colostrum from cows other than their dams that had been stored cold and had a preservative added. The objective was to assess performance (growth and survival) of calves fed fresh colostrum from their dams, compared with that of calves fed colostrum from cows other than their dams that had been treated with a potassium sorbate preservative and stored refrigerated (up to 48 hours) or frozen.
evaluation of the preventative and curative properties of 3 foot bath products used to control digital dermatitis
Authors: Cramer G. , Lopez Benavides M.
Published: February 2023

Lameness in the dairy industry has been identified as a disease with both detrimental economical and animal welfare implications. Digital dermatitis (DD) is a common cause oflameness in the dairy industry affecting 90% of free stall herds, and approximately 20% of cows within an affected herd. Common control strategies include the use foot baths with various chemical products including formalin, copper sulfate, antibiotics or commercially available products. Unfortunately, there is very little evidence in the literature supporting the use of these products. Evidence exists to support the use of formalin, copper sulfate, and antibiotics but few studies have been done to determine the efficacy of other commercially available products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preventative and curative properties of two experimental products in comparison to formalin.
Effect of manual rupture of ovarian cysts on reproductive parameters in dairy cattle
Authors: Villarroel A. , Krahn B. J.
Published: February 2023

Ovarian cysts are common pathologic structures that interfere with reproduction in dairy cattle. Studies in the 1970's effectively used manual rupture to eliminate cysts without hormonal treatment in about 45% of cases. However, reports of ovarian injuries after manual rupture deters of its wide implementation. Hormonal protocols can achieve resolution in up to 70% to 80% of cases. The objective of this study was to determine if the combination of manual rupture and hormonal treatment can help improve resolution of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle, compared with that of hormonal treatment alone.
Lymphatic vessel puncture of the bovine udder
Authors: Rae D. Owen , Khol Johannes L. , Pinedo Pablo J. , Neumann Laura M. , Buergelt Claus D. , Baumgartener Walter
Published: February 2023

Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacteriumavium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), is a costly and important disease of ruminants in all developed countries. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis is challenging during the early stages of the disease, and currently available laboratory tests do not have satisfactory sensitivity when used to test MAP-infected cows before the onset of clinical signs. The lymphatic system plays a major role in the defence against infection and is an important part of the immune system. The superficial lymph vessels of the bovine udder are accessible for collection of lymphatic fluid by lymph vessel puncture in lactating cows.

The objectives of the study were to: 1) evaluate the feasibility of lymph collection from the bovine udder under field conditions, 2) investigate the potential for detection of MAP in the collected lymphatic fluid of cows infected with MAP, and 3) evaluate lymphatic fluid use as a diagnostic medium for detection of MAP-infected animals in the subclinical stages of JD.
Derivation and interpretation of the MilkBot® lactation model in monitoring health of dairy cattle
Authors: Ehrlich J. L.
Published: February 2023

The MilkBot® model is a nonlinear lactation model that has been shown to perform well both in summarizing differences in lactation-curve shape and in projecting future milk production for individual lactations. An understanding of the derivation and assumptions behind the model aids in interpretation of model parameters, which constitute a concise language for summarizing the distribution of milk production within a lactation.
Staphylococcus aureus transmission and control in a robotic milking dairy herd
Authors: Woolpert M. E. , Ochoa A. S. , Barlow J. W.
Published: February 2023

Robotic or automated milking systems (AMS) are being introduced as an alternative to conventional milking systems. Investment in an AMS may be advantageous for some dairy farmers, particularly in terms of reducing labor costs and shifting labor from the repetitive, physical task of milking to other areas of farm management. Research on the effect of AMS on udder health has focused on somatic cell count measures. Theoretically, the consistency of milking hygiene practices is improved with AMSs, where quarters are milked individually, pre-milking stimulation, and preand post-milking teat disinfection are applied uniformly, and individual quarter milking teat cups are sanitized between cows. These AMS factors should contribute to the control of the transmission of contagious mastitis pathogens; however, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted to quantify the dynamics of mastitis pathogen transmission in AMS under field conditions. The objectives of this study were to describe the transmission dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy herd with an AMS and to estimate the diversity of S. aureus strains in that herd by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of selected isolates.
In vitro susceptibility testing of ceftiofur against bovine mastitis pathogens isolated as part of an ongoing surveillance program (2002- 2010)
Authors: Mullins Lisa M. , Baillargeon Paul , Johansen Lacie , Lindeman Cindy J.
Published: February 2023

Although many antimicrobial susceptibility reports have been published that include mastitis pathogens, few have compared susceptibility trends over time and geographical areas. In 2001, Pfizer Animal Health (PAH) initiated a pilot susceptibility surveillance program, and requested that six veterinary diagnostic laboratories submit bacterial pathogens isolated from naturally occurring mastitis infections for susceptibility testing at PAR. That year, 354 pathogens were tested. The program has grown and more than 1,200 isolates are tested each year. Results of ceftiofur activity against mastitis pathogens for the years 2002 to 2010 are reported here. SPECTRAMAST® was approved in 2005 for the treatment of clinical mastitis associated with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Strep. dysgalactiae, and Escherichia coli in lactating dairy cattle and for the treatment of subclinical mastitis associated with Staphylococcus aureus, Strep. dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis in dairy cattle at the time of dry off.
How we use the BQA feedyard welfare assessment as an educational tool
Authors: Sjeklocha David
Published: February 2023

Animal welfare has become a major concern for the meat-consuming public. While the vast majority of producers take the welfare of their livestock very seriously, groups opposed to animal agriculture have been able to expose, by undercover video, acts of blatant abuse on multiple animal agriculture operations. In the past, producer organizations have made attempts to establish animal welfare programs, but these were actually little more than generalized animal welfare statements. As consumers have requested more knowledge and transparency in how their food is produced, producers (and their respective associations) have responded positively. One of the ways that the beef industry has responded is by designing animal welfare programs that apply objective measurements. The application of this type of program has become not only a benchmark for animal handlers, but it can also be used as a tool for education and assessing progress.
Production records in cow-calf operations
Authors: Bolinger John
Published: February 2023

Production records can be used to measure herd performance. They identify potential areas for improvement and lead to management decisions to address these areas. These decisions are then evaluated by monitoring performance with production records, continuing the cycle.

A variety of software programs can be used to manage production records efficiently. Spreadsheet programs are more suited to individual management events, while database programs allow one to analyze farms both across multiple years on the herd level and on an individual-cow basis. With both types of programs, appropriate reports can be generated for the management team to evaluate and analyze together.
Current concerns about veterinary product use and cowcalf fertility
Authors: Larson Bob L.
Published: February 2023

Monitoring and ensuring the fertility of breeding cattle and protecting them from pregnancy-wasting disease are key veterinary services provided to beef cattle clients. Questions about the effect of insecticides, vaccines, and other technologies to improve or compromise bovine reproduction require a thorough investigation of the available evidence to supply clients with informed recommendations.
Pre-weaning pneumonia in cow-calf herds
Authors: Daly Russell F.
Published: February 2023

The risk factors associated with outbreaks of pneumonia in pre-weaned beef calves are not as well characterized as those associated with bovine respiratory disease in post-weaned calves. Therefore, the expertise of veterinarians is often called upon to investigate these outbreaks with the goal of identifying pertinent risk factors that may be avoided in subsequent years. Field investigations of pre-weaning beef calf pneumonia cases should begin with a review of the facts surrounding the operation, their animals, and their management. Veterinarians should attempt to describe the outbreak in terms of the animals, their locations, and timing. Among the most critical items to determine are a workable case definition that differentiates an affected calf from a non-affected calf, and dates of illness onset. When a good understanding of the various risk factors present in the outbreak is obtained, the calves and their environment should be examined to further add to the information set. Antemortem diagnostics should be considered only when there is a clear understanding of how the results will be used. In many cases, however, testing for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus persistently infected animals may be a worthy consideration. Significant risk factors for the herd's pre-weaning beef calf pneumonia problems may be determined simply from review of the information gained from the history and examination. Otherwise, simple calculations of incidence rates between calves in different risk factor categories, as well as risk ratios and construction of histograms, may be useful to help determine significant risk factors for the herd.
Evaluation of ampicillin trihydrate for treatment of metritis and subsequent fertility in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Lima F. L. , Vieira-Neto A. , Martinez N. M. , Risco C. A. , Galvão K. N. , Santos J. E. P.
Published: February 2023

Metritis affects 10%-30% of dairy cows and results in production losses, impaired fertility, and increased risk of culling and death early in lactation. Economic losses of metritis have been estimated at $328/affected cow. Cows that develop metritis are at an increased risk to develop clinical and subclinical endometritis. Escherichia coli expressing fimH early postpartum (1-3 days in milk [DIM]) has been associated with development of metritis, which suggests this bacterium has an important role and is a virulence factor for initial tissue damage and subsequent bacterial infection and development of uterine diseases. It is possible that reduction of the amount of E. coli in the uterus of cows with metritis in early lactation might reduce its detrimental impact. Ampicillin is efficacious against E. coli, but to date, studies to evaluate the efficacy of ampicillin for the treatment ofmetritis in dairy cows are lacking. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of ampicillin trihydrate (AMP) for the treatment of metritis in dairy cows compared with that of ceftiofur hydrochloride (CEFT). Our hypothesis was that AMP would be an effective treatment for metritis in dairy cows.
Effect of induced subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) on dry matter intake, energy status, and immune-cell function in dairy cows
Authors: Martinez N. , Risco C. A. , Sinedino L. D. P. , Bisinotto R. S. , Driver J. P. , Santos J. E. P.
Published: February 2023

Objectives were to create a model to induce subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) (blood ionized calcium [Ca2+] < 1.0 mM), and to study the effects of induced SCH on clinical parameters and function of innate and adaptive immune cells in dairy cows.
Evaluation of the CARDY Potassium Meter as a point-of-care instrument for measurement of plasma and blood potassium concentrations in cattle
Authors: Megahed A. A. , Hiew M. H. , Constable P. D.
Published: February 2023

A point-of-care analyzer ( CARDY K + meter C-131, www.horiba.co.jp) for the measurement of potassium concentration ([K]) has recently become available. The objective of this study was to validate the CARDY meter for the measurement of [K] in bovine plasma and blood.
Pulmonary lesions and clinical disease response to Mannheimia haemolytic a challenge 10 days following administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin
Authors: Amrine D. E. , White B. J. , Larson R. L. , Mosier D. A.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes significant economic loss to the beef cattle industry. Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) is considered the predominant bacterial pathogen associated with BRD. The purpose of this randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of metaphylactic administration of tildipirosin or tulathromycin 10 days prior to experimental inoculation with MH on the development of pulmonary lesions in beef heifers.
Effects of dietary grain content on performance and morbidity of newly received beef heifers
Authors: Redding C. J. , Thomson D. U. , Schutz J. S. , Bartle S. J. , Reinhardt C. D. , Hubbert M. E.
Published: February 2023

Feedlot performance is negatively affected by the onset of infection and disease. The role of receiving calf diet composition in the development of clinical disease is debatable. This study was conducted to compare the effects of a low-concentrate diet with those of a high concentrate diet on the performance and health of newly received heifer calves.
Association between risk assessment scores and lactating cow Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis ELISA results on Ontario dairy farms
Authors: Pieper L. , Godkin A. , Sorge U. S. , Lissemore K. D. , DeVries T. J. , Kelton D. F.
Published: February 2023

Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic, gastrointestinal disease of ruminants, including cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). After calves become infected by means of ingestion of MAP in feces, colostrum or milk, it usually takes years before signs of JD can be detected. Currently, there is no treatment for JD. Disease control strategies focus on farm management practices to prevent the disease from spreading. Subclinical and clinical JD significantly impairs the production and reduces the slaughter value of affected dairy cattle. Of great concern is the suspected association between JD in cattle and Crohn's disease in humans; however, a definite link between those two diseases has not yet been established. To control JD, the Ontario dairy industry launched the Ontario Johne's Education and Management Assistance Program (OJEMAP) in January 2010. The OJEMAP is based on a veterinary administered on-farm risk assessment and management plan (RAMP), where a high risk score indicates a high risk for MAP transmission. Farmers can test lactating cows for antibodies against MAP by use of an ELISA performed on milk or serum. The RAMP focuses on management strategies for biosecurity, calving area, calf and heifer rearing, lactating and dry-cow hygiene, and general manure handling. As of April 2013, half of all Ontario dairy farms have voluntarily participated in this program; however, an evaluation of the use of the RAMP and its association with Johne's disease in this broader Ontario program has not been conducted. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine relationships among RAMP scores, ELISA results, and the recommendations made by the veterinarians administering the RAMP.
Relationship between uterine pathology and depletion of oxytetracycline concentrations in plasma and milk after intrauterine infusion
Authors: Gorden P. J. , Coetzee J. F. , Lee C. J. , Wulf L. W.
Published: February 2023

Up to 90% of dairy cows develop bacterial contamination of the uterus during the first week after calving. Intrauterine treatment with antimicrobials is commonly practiced on dairy farms, even though studies demonstrating improved reproductive performance after treatment are lacking. Intrauterine infusion of antimicrobials can result in costly milk discard, and increases the risk for antimicrobial residue in bulk-tank milk intended for human consumption. Because there are currently no antimicrobials approved for intrauterine administration in cattle, the veterinarian is primarily responsible for ensuring that milk from treated cows is free from antimicrobial residues. Results of previous trials have indicated considerable variation in the depletion profile of drugs after intrauterine infusion. For this study, we hypothesized that the variability in the elimination of oxytetracycline in milk is associated with the extent of uterine pathology among cases.
Impact of livestock production type vaccination priority order on the control of a foot and mouth disease outbreak in the central United States
Authors: McReynolds S. W. , Sanderson M. W.
Published: February 2023

The central United States (US) has a large livestock population including cattle, swine, sheep, and goats that are fully susceptible to foot and mouth disease (FMD). Introduction of FMD to the US would have potentially devastating consequences to the livestock industry. Identification of optimal control measures including potential vaccination strategies is essential to minimize the impact of a FMD outbreak. Both dairy and large feedlot operations have frequent indirect contacts, which make them key production types for FMD transmission and thus should be the focus of control strategies. To address this issue, we developed simulation scenarios to assess the impact of livestock production type vaccination priority on FMD outbreaks using the North American Animal Disease Spread Model (NAADSM), a spatially explicit, stochastic infectious disease model.
Comparison of gastrointestinal parasites and management practices between organic and conventional dairy herds in Minnesota
Authors: Schroth S. L. , Stromberg B. E. , Heins B. J. , Lombard J. E. , Kelton D. F. , Sorge U. S.
Published: February 2023

Clinical infestations with gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are considered by some to be among the most expensive diseases in the cattle industry due to lost productivity and increased operating expenses. The National Organic Program restricts the use of synthetic anthelmintics to emergency situations. Instead, organic farmers are required to implement best management practices and alternative therapies to prevent GI parasite infestations. At present, little is known about the burden of GI parasites in dairy cattle in Minnesota or the effectiveness of preventive management practices on organic dairies. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of GI parasites in cattle on Minnesota dairy herds, to evaluate the association of management practices with GI parasite egg counts, and to compare GI parasite egg counts between organic and conventional dairy farms.
Comparison of beta-hydroxybutryate determination by Fossomatic milk analysis to milk and blood tests in postpartum dairy cattle
Authors: Wilson D. J. , Goodell G. M.
Published: February 2023

A common method for detection of ketosis in early postpartum dairy cattle, which is usually associated with negative energy balance, is the measurement of the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in blood or milk. The primary objective of this study was to compare the agreement among 4 test methods used to detect BHB in blood and milk samples and classify whether the cow in question has ketosis. The test methods assessed were BHB blood test strips tested in a Precision XTRA®meter, milk test strips (Keto-Test®), DHIA milk meter-collected samples tested with a Fossomatic milk analyzer (Foss), and hand-stripped milk samples tested with a Foss. The secondary objective of this study was to compare milk-test methods for classifying the ketosis status of postpartum dairy cows. Fossomatic milk BHB testing is not commercially available in the US.
Effect of ambient temperature on viral replication and serologic titers following administration of a commercial intranasal modified-live IBR/ PI-3 vaccine in beef cattle housed in high and low ambient temperature environments
Authors: Grissett G. P. , White B. , Anderson D. E. , Larson R. , Miesner M.
Published: February 2023

The impact of ambient temperature at the time of vaccine administration on viral replication and calf immune response is not well defined. The research objective was to compare serologic response and viral replication following intranasal administration of a modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and parainfluenza type 3 (PI3) vaccine (N asalgen IP, Merck Animal Health) to beef heifers during periods of high (summer) and moderate ambient temperatures.
Comparison of thoracic auscultation, clinical score, and ultrasonography as indicators of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves
Authors: Buczinski S. , Forté G. , Francoz D. , Bélanger A. M.
Published: February 2023

Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in dairy replacement calves. The diagnosis of BRD is challenging because there is no gold standard for its diagnosis on-farm. Several subjective scoring methods, such as the Calf Respiratory Health Score (CRHS) from the University of Wisconsin, which is based on rectal temperature, and subjective assessment of cough, ocular-nasal discharge and ear drooping, are available to help dairy producers identify calves with BRD. Additionally, practitioners can use thoracic auscultation, a fundamental part of the physical examination, to aid in the diagnosis of BRD. Recently, thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) has been used to detect calves with lung consolidation secondary to bronchopneumonia. The objectives of this study were to compare the different tools available for the diagnosis of BRD in preweaned dairy calves, and to assess the association of lung consolidation on the risk of dying within 30 days after the initial examination.
Identification and determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of the main respiratory pathogens isolated from calves in dairy herds with respiratory diseases in Quebec
Authors: Francoz D. , Buczinski S. , Labrecque O. , Bélanger A. M. , Wellemans V. , Dubuc J.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) represents 1 of the 2 most important causes of morbidity and death in dairy calves. The detrimental effects of BRD in calves on dairy herds can be substantial and includes decreased profitability because of cost of treatments, decreased growth rate, increased risk of culling before first calving, and death. Calf enzootic pneumonia is associated with multiple bacterial and viral pathogens. In the past 10 years, emerging and re-emerging respiratory pathogens, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), and Mycoplasma bovis, have been identified as playing a major role in the development of BRD in dairy calves in North America. Field data regarding the prevalence of various BRD pathogens in dairy calves, particularly calves on small farms, are lacking. The objectives of this study were to identify the primary respiratory pathogens isolated from calves with BRD in Quebec dairy herds and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of those pathogens.
Perception of lameness management, education, and animal welfare implications in the feedlot from consulting nutritionists, veterinarians, and feedlot managers
Authors: Terrell S. P. , Thomson D. U. , Reinhardt C. D. , Apley M. D. , Larson C. K. , Stackhouse-Lawson K. R.
Published: February 2023

Increased production costs associated with an increase in the cost of feedstuffs has made animal health and production efficiency an ever more essential part of the feedlot beef industry. Compared with other feedlot health concerns, lameness has not been widely investigated but has been reported to account for 16% of all feedlot health problems. Costs associated with lame feedlot cattle include the cost of treatment, death loss, and loss due to chronic animals or realizer sale. Lameness, specifically footrot, is a cause of poor performance in feedlot cattle. The potential impact of lameness on cattle comfort and overall welfare, along with health and performance, warrants research to better understand the causes and pathogenesis of lameness.
Facility and management characteristics of large Upper Midwest dairy herds clustered by Dairy Herd Improvement records
Authors: Brotzman R. L. , Cook N. B. , Foy M. R. , Hess J. P. , Nordlund K. V. , Bennett T. B. , Gomez A. , Döpfer D. D.
Published: February 2023

Principal component analysis (PCA) is used on datasets with vast numbers of numeric variables and limited observations (e.g., dairy herd improvement [DHI] data) for unbiased selection of uncorrelated variables that describe the largest amount of variance. Cluster analysis (CA) divides objects of interest (e.g., dairy herds) into groups on the basis of similarity in multiple characteristics simultaneously. The aims of this project were to develop a novel method for discovering important DHI variables by use of PCA and then grouping herds by those variables via CA, and to survey herds to determine herd management characteristics of each group.
Effect of adding gut active carbohydrates to colostrum replacer on passive transfer of immunoglobulin G in Holstein dairy calves
Authors: Robichaud M. Villettaz , Godden S. M. , Haines D. M. , Haley D. B. , Pearl D. L. , LeBlanc S.
Published: February 2023

Early feeding of a sufficient quantity of high-quality colostrum is the key to good colostrum management and obtaining sufficient passive transfer of immunity in newborn calves. Various products have been added to colostrum to evaluate their potential for improving passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins (lg). Research findings suggest that maternal colostrum supplemented with gut-active carbohydrates (GAC) or mannan-oligosaccharides resulted in higher serum IgG concentrations in young mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing a commercial colostrum replacer (CR) with GAC on the serum IgG concentration and preweaning performance of dairy calves in a commercial farm setting.
Effect of oral meloxicam on feed intake and pain perception in Jersey calves following cautery dehorning with a local anesthetic
Authors: Bierman Thyra , Godden Sandra , Coetzee Hans , Chebel Ricardo , Cheeran Maxim , Cho Julie
Published: February 2023

Pain management during the dehorning of calves is an important welfare issue on dairy farms. The traditional approach of using only local anesthesia (i.e. a cornual nerve block with lidocaine) is only temporarily effective, and delays but does not prevent significant pain and distress to the calf. Recent research findings suggest that administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as injectable meloxicam in addition to local anesthesia can significantly reduce the signs of pain for ≥ 24 hours after cautery dehorning in 6- to 12-week-old Holstein calves. The objective of the current study was to conduct a randomized placebo-controlled trial to describe the effect of administration of oral meloxicam in addition to local anesthesia on behavioral measures of pain and distress following cautery dehorning in preweaned Jersey calves.
Effects of postpartum calcium treatment on blood calcium concentration
Authors: Blanc C. D. , Van derList Mark , Aly Sharif S. , Rossow Heidi , Silva-del-Río Noelia
Published: February 2023

To prevent the negative consequences of subclinical hypocalcemia, it is common practice to treat postparturient high-risk dairy cows with supplemental calcium prophylactically either by oral or IV administration; however, the effect of prophylactic calcium administration on blood calcium concentration has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prophylactic postpartum calcium treatments (IV and oral bolus) on postpartum blood calcium concentration.
integrated extension and education program to reduce mastitis and antimicrobial use
Authors: Schewe R. L. , Contreras A. , Kaytisinga J. , Escalante W. , Martinez R. O. , Hovingh E. P.
Published: February 2023

A critical, and often unrecognized, obstacle to implementation of mastitis control practices in many dairy herds is the behavior and attitude of farmers and employees. Additionally, increasing reliance on hired labor in the US dairy industry raises concerns with communication, training, and protocol compliance. The Quality Milk Alliance is a 5-year, USDA-NIFA funded project that seeks to reduce mastitis prevalence and antimicrobial drug use on dairy farms. This will be accomplished by the development of a team-building approach to address social and communication barriers to adoption of mastitis control practices. To that end, the first aim of the project used a combination of a mailed survey and focus group meetings to determine existing knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about mastitis control and antimicrobial use on dairy farms, as well as potential barriers to adopting and complying with herd protocols.
Air quality in open-lot dairies and cattle feedyards
Authors: Auvermann Brent
Published: February 2023

The research community is making good progress in understanding the mechanical, biochemical, and atmospheric processes responsible for airborne emissions of particulate matter (PM, or “dust”), gases, and vapors from open-lot livestock production, especially dairies and cattle feedyards. Recent studies in Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, California, and Australia have expanded the available data on both emission rates and abatement measures. A national guidance document published by USDA last summer established what researchers believe to be the state of the art in estimating greenhouse-gas emissions from individual facilities. Although the uncertainties associated with our estimates of fugitive emissions are still unacceptably high, we have learned from our recent experience with ammonia that using a wide variety of credible measurement techniques, rather than focusing on 1 so-called “standard” technique, may be the better way to improve confidence in our estimates. The most promising control measures for gaseous emissions continue to be dietary strategies to increase nutrient-use efficiency, with management of corral-surface moisture a close second. For particulate matter, corral-surface management and moisture management may play comparable roles, depending on the mechanical strength of soils and the availability of water, respectively. The cost per unit reduction of emitted mass attributable to these abatement measures varies as widely as the emissions estimates themselves. Therefore, continued emphasis on process-based emissions research to reduce variances in emissions estimates, and to mitigate the contingency of prior, empirically based estimates is necessary. As a general rule, although cattle feedyard emission factors may be considered a reasonable starting point for estimating emissions from open-lot dairies, such estimates should be viewed with suspicion.
Using experimental and observational data to design, implement, execute, and maintain a herd health program for feedlots
Authors: Miles Delbert G.
Published: February 2023

Everyone in the beef cattle industry has access to the same antimicrobials and vaccines. Unfortunately, not all in the industry have access to the same data on products and vaccines available for use, making it difficult to make objective decisions.
Nutrition and reproduction interactions
Authors: Funston Rick
Published: February 2023

Direct reproductive traits as they are currently measured tend to be low in heritability, making the beef female’s environment key to reproductive success. Large cow size and high milk production translate into increased energy and protein requirements for the cow, even when not lactating. The increased nutrient requirements can significantly limit the carrying capacity of any farm or ranch. A cow’s nutrient requirements must match feed resources or reproduction will be compromised.
Transition nutrition
Authors: Dann Heather W.
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians and nutritionists should discuss diet formulation, feeding management, and health issues regarding transition cows with one another to help dairy herd managers achieve their goals. By working together and providing different perspectives and experiences, they can help identify areas of opportunity or provide solutions to problems in the transition program. Some areas of transition nutrition to focus on, based on recent research, include intake of fermentable carbohydrates, physically effective fiber, and energy and supply of metabolizable protein and limiting amino acids. Too frequently, transition nutrition failures result from poor delivery of the formulated diet(s) or non-nutritional stressors such as overcrowding, inappropriate moving or grouping of cows, or environmental stress. Veterinarians and nutritionists working together should be able to help motivate farmers to make management changes to achieve transition goals.
Genomics
Authors: Osterstock Jason B.
Published: February 2023

Use of genetic testing as an adjunct to traditional selection methods is becoming increasingly common. Today, the ratio of female-to-male genotyped Holstein cattle in the USDA Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding dairy genetic evaluation is 5 to 1. Producers are using this information to inform mating, heifer culling, and allocation of advanced reproductive technologies such as sexed semen, embryo transfer, and in vitro fertilization. The motivation to do so is not merely interest in new technology, but the impact that genomic data can have on the efficacy of genetic selection strategies, ultimately improving the rate of genetic progress and profitability. Veterinarians have an opportunity to be a part of this discussion, particularly because they actively manage so many ofthe non-genetic elements that influence the ability to design, implement, and benefit from genomically-enhanced selection. Importantly, the discussion around genomic technologies need not be complex. Sufficient context and understanding can be gained with just a few key concepts including common strategies, the impact of reliability on selection, and the logistics of dairy genetic evaluation systems.
Rules of engagement
Authors: Mongini Andrea
Published: February 2023

Goat dairies share many similarities with cowdairy operations, yet are also uniquely different incertain aspects. A dairy production veterinarian hasextensive knowledge that can be translated into smallruminant practice with a little background information.This article discusses ways in which goat and cow dairyoperations are both similar and different. This knowl¬edge will then allow a practitioner to develop a moreextensive goat dairy practice that meets the needs ofthe producer.
Watch out for the bottleneck
Authors: Mongini Andrea
Published: February 2023

Sheep and goats differ from cattle with respect to the diseases that infect them. In general, the common small ruminant diseases are chronic and incurable. There are a multitude of diseases that decrease production and efficiency of feed conversion, while increasing cull rates and death loss. The main disease issues in goat dairies in the US are caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), contagious lymphadenitis (CL), Johne’s disease, and Mycoplasma spp infections. On a large-scale operation, these diseases must be prevented in order for a farm to be economically viable. In this article, we discuss how to successfully manage large herds and prevent future spread or introduction of disease into the herd.
Relationship of rectal temperature at first treatment for bovine respiratory disease complex in feedlot calves to probability of not finishing the production cycle normally
Authors: Theurer M. E. , White B. J. , Larson R. L. , Holstein K. , Amrine D. E.
Published: February 2023

Monitoring rectal temperature is a common component of health protocols, and treatment decision may be influenced by rectal temperature at time of initial diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The objective of this project was to determine potential associations between rectal temperature at first-time identification of BRD and the probability of not finishing the production cycle normally.
meta-analysis of vaccine effectiveness against bovine herpesvirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza-type 3 virus in cattle for bovine respiratory disease complex
Authors: Theurer M. E. , Larson R. L. , White B. J.
Published: February 2023

Multiple commercial vaccines are available with the goal of decreasing risk and severity of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). The objective was to perform a systematic review of published literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of vaccinating cattle with available viral vaccine antigens to mitigate the effects of BRDC compared to unvaccinated controls.
Disposition of ampicillin trihydrate in plasma, uterine tissue, and lochial fluid of post-partum dairy cattle
Authors: Credille Brent , Giguere Steeve , Vickroy Thomas W. , Fishman Heidi J. , Jones A. Lee , Ensley Douglas T.
Published: February 2023

Dairy cattle are susceptible to numerous infectious and metabolic disorders in the immediate postparturient period. Acute puerperal metritis (APM) is one of the most common clinical conditions seen in modern dairy cattle, affecting 18-33% of all cattle that calve. Antimicrobials are a mainstay of therapy for cattle with APM. Currently, three antimicrobials are labeled for systemic therapy in cattle with APM. Of these, products containing ceftiofur as the active compound are used most frequently. The United States Food and Drug Administration recently passed an order prohibiting the extra-label use of cephalosporins in major food-producing species because of concerns over the development of resistance to similar 3rd generation cephalosporin compounds used in critically ill human patients. Thus, it is prudent to consider and investigate the use of other antimicrobials for cattle with this important clinical disease. While emerging evidence would suggest that ampicillin trihydrate would have value as a therapeutic agent in dairy cattle with APM, the disposition of the drug in plasma, uterine tissue, and lochial fluid has not been investigated.
Temperatures of drug storage areas in large animal veterinary practice vehicles in the summer
Authors: Jones M. L. , Ondrak J. D. , Fajt V. R.
Published: February 2023

Large animal veterinarians carry drugs in storage areas in practice vehicles which are not typically refrigerated. The most common upper limits of storage temperatures for U.S. approved non-refrigerated drugs are 77°F or 86°F. Because ambient temperatures in many locations in the U.S. exceed these temperatures in summer, our objective was to measure storage area temperatures in two distinct geographic locations to evaluate the extent to which manufacturers’ recommended storage temperatures are exceeded.
The Texas A&M University Medical Sciences Library/AABP Partnership
Authors: Moberly H. K. , Fajt V. R. , Halling T. D. , Carrigan E.
Published: February 2023

Practicing evidence-based veterinary medicine, defined as the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient/client values, requires access to the research evidence. The Texas A&M University Medical Sciences Library and AABP are working together to provide AABP members with expert literature searching and access to the peer-reviewed literature.
Cobalt supplementation in pre-weaned beef calves affects humoral immune response, feedlot health, and final carcass characteristics
Authors: Sager Bob
Published: February 2023

Economic losses from bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle are $2 billion annually. Mineral supplementation during pre-weaning has potential to reduce sickness and improve health. Mineral cobalt (Co) is used by rumen-inhabiting microbes for the synthesis of vitamin B12, which is a cofactor for vital metabolic pathways in tissue carbohydrate and lipid metabolism required for maintenance and growth. Vitamin B12 is also vital for B cell proliferation to form plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Recent studies have shown that Co supplementation levels above NRC-recommended levels enhanced antibody response in weaned beef calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate if an oral Co (30 g CoO4) sustained-release bolus dosed preweaning affects humoral immune response during the post-weaning feeding period, reduces the incidence of BRD, and improves carcass characteristics.
Effect of castration regimen on health, performance, and inflammation in beef cattle
Authors: Powell J. G. , Roberts S. L. , Hughes H. D. , Richeson J. T.
Published: February 2023

Castration is a common management procedure for bull calves, and it is routinely performed without analgesia. In the US, there is no approved medication for analgesia in cattle. However, meloxicam is an NSAID that is FDA-approved and prescribed for pain relief in other species, such as companion animals, but its use in food producing animals is extra-label. The study objective was to determine the effects of castration method (surgical vs banding) at feedlot arrival and efficacy of meloxicam administered concurrent to castration compared to a negative control (calves castrated near birth).
Comparison of cardiopulmonary effects of 5 degree reverse Trendelenburg and horizontal positions in dorsally recumbent sevoflurane-anesthetized calves
Authors: Araújo M. J. , Deschk M. , Wagatsuma J. T. , Floriano B. P. , Silva G. L. , Santos P. S. P.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the study was to compare the cardiopulmonary effects of 5 degree reverse Trendelenburg (“head-up”) to the horizontal position in dorsally recumbent calves anesthetized with sevoflurane.