bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Anxiety and Resistance in Policy and Programme Evaluations
Authors: Geva-May Iris , Thorngate Warren
Published: July 2003

Evaluators of an organization whose programmes or policies are under evaluation frequently encounter anxiety and resistance from the evaluees. Literature abounds with suggestions for developing collaborative interactions. Few studies, if any, show circumstances where the evaluees' need for co-operation and support transcends the inherent anxiety and resistance and triggers for the evaluees' desire for moral support and advice. An analysis of the socio-psychological factors involved in the circumstances described in this study may shed light on how the evaluator can develop the evaluation process to enhance the collaboration with the evaluees. Here we report and analyse three case histories of such evaluations to determine the critical features of the evaluations that made them collaborative rather than conflictual. The common issues raised shed light on practices that alleviate anxiety in the evaluation process.
Sexualizing Governance and Medicalizing Identities: The Emergence of `State-Centered' LGBT Health Politics in the United States
Authors: Epstein Steven
Published: July 2003

In recent years, `state-centered' LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered) health advocacy has emerged as a distinctive form of health activism in the United States. These advocates seek the inclusion of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgendered persons as subjects and objects of biomedical research. Much of their attention has focused on changing the policies, practices, and priorities of agencies of the US Department of Health and Human Services, including the National Institutes of Health. This emphasis has developed out of the convergence of two trajectories: the histories of specific activist movements that show an increasing willingness to engage directly with the state; and the adoption by the state of a `policy paradigm' for including `special populations' within the concerns of federal health agencies. The impact of state-centered LGBT health advocacy can be traced in a number of specific domains. However, the partial successes of these efforts raise troubling questions about the medicalization of LGBT identities and the limitations of biomedical citizenship.
Gender Migration: A Sociological Analysis (or the Leaving of Liverpool)
Authors: King Dave
Published: July 2003

This article argues that gender reassignment is best conceptualized for sociological purposes as gender migration, drawing parallels with the process of geographical migration. Both gender and geographical migrants often see themselves as beginning a new life; social membership and identity has to be reworked and negotiated; a new way of life has to be learnt; the old one has to be left behind. Migrants of both kinds are often regarded as undesirable and threatening; the legitimacy of settlement in the new country/gender may be denied; the granting of citizenship and other rights may be refused. The consequence may be that the migrant permanently occupies a position of marginality rather than full integration.
Drowning in a Sea of Estrogens: Sex Hormones, Sexual Reproduction and Sex
Authors: Roberts Celia
Published: July 2003

Contemporary life is taking its toll on sex, according to scientific, environmental and pop-scientific literature. Both women and men are being overwhelmed with estrogens and hormonally active chemicals in their environments - in water, plastics, and food. Such `estrogenization' produces interesting questions about the `nature' of sex, gender and reproduction, and their relations to each other. This paper critically juxtaposes contemporary discourses on estrogenization with feminist work on sex, gender and reproduction. It asks: How might a feminist theorizing of the body take on questions about sex hormones without essentializing sex or reproduction, or underestimating their relevance as biological actors in the production of sex?
The `Fair Deal'? Unpacking Accounts of Reciprocity in Heterosex
Authors: Braun Virginia , Gavey Nicola , McPhillips Kathryn
Published: July 2003

Reciprocity is a basic premise of egalitarian relationships, and is typically depicted as a `good thing' within heterosexual sex and relationships. Here we examine a discourse of reciprocity - articulated as orgasm for both partners - evident in accounts of heterosex collected from 15 heterosexual women and 15 men. We argue that notions of reciprocity are not necessarily as liberatory as they might seem, as they do not occur in a social or sexual vacuum. In conjunction with other dominant sexual meanings, a discourse of reciprocity produces entitlements and obligations that can render `choice' in heterosex problematic, particularly for women.
Aesthetics and Quality in Popular Television Drama
Authors: Geraghty Christine
Published: July 2003

This article seeks to extend the debate about evaluating television by focusing specifically on television drama. It reviews some of the reasons why such evaluation has been difficult in cultural studies but suggests that by refusing evaluation in relation to television cultural studies academics are opting out of a key debate in broadcasting and failing students who in their own viewing and practical work are making evaluative judgements. The article suggests that rather than looking for one set of television aesthetics, as Williams, Ellis and others have done, a more precise approach might attend to particular television categories, in this case television drama. The article compares the position in film and in television, suggesting that one of the problems is that television lacks a critical culture in which evaluation is openly discussed. It offers a framework for assessing individual programmes and, through an analysis of some textbooks on teaching television, indicates how this tactic would open up the rather narrow approaches to evaluation that currently concentrate mainly on ideological questions of representation.
Women with a Mission
Authors: Jermyn Deborah
Published: July 2003

Prime Suspect constitutes a transitional text in the history of TV crime drama, for its simultaneous intervention into the genre's sexual politics and representation of `realism'. Camerawork is structured around a gendered dichotomy and there is an explicit concern in the text with who `looks', and at whom. The refusal or inability to be able to `see' the female victims becomes a motif highlighting the relative visibility and invisibility of different women and, with it, the gendered power structures contained in the act of looking. With its graphic attention to forensic detail and the foregrounding of the authenticity of the corpse, Prime Suspect paved the way in 1991 for the kinds of visual signifiers of `realism' now taken for granted in the genre. The intersection of these themes marks this text as a decisive moment in Lynda La Plante's ongoing reconfiguration of the boundaries and structures of TV crime drama.
Post-Fordism, Monopoly Capitalism, and Hollywood's Media Industrial Complex
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: July 2003

This article seeks a dialectical critique of and synthesis between two conflicting paradigms. In exploring the changing structures and global markets of Hollywood's media industrial complex, it draws on, but also critiques, post-Fordist accounts of corporate change and market competition. It identifies the new dominance of the multi-divisional corporate structure and its combination with subsidiary and subcontractor modes of inter-corporate relations together with a new emphasis on branding to tap into segmented global markets. The second paradigm, the political economy of the media approach, has failed, to its detriment, to draw on or to engage theoretically with post-Fordist discussions. This is largely because post-Fordist accounts implicitly or explicitly suggest that one of the central dynamics of advanced capitalism - namely, its tendency towards the centralization and concentration of capital (the Three Cs Thesis) - is being corrected or reversed. Political economy rightly refutes this but we have to explain why the real relations take the appearance-forms (of autonomy and plurality) that they do and how this connects to the cultural dimension of the media-industrial complex. The analysis includes a case study of Disney as a multi-integrated corporation.
Interpersonal Concerns in Social Encounters between Majority and Minority Group Members
Authors: Shelton J. Nicole
Published: July 2003

Dyadic interactions between Whites and Blacks were examined. Whites' concern about appearing prejudiced was manipulated by informing Whites that it was extremely important not to be prejudiced during the interaction. Blacks' concern about being the target of prejudice was manipulated by informing them that their dyadic partner was prejudiced against Blacks. The findings show that these two concerns differentially impacted individuals' own and their partner's experiences in the interaction. Specifically, Whites who tried not to be prejudiced experienced more anxiety and enjoyed the interaction less, but were liked more by their Black partner. Additionally, Blacks who believed their partner was prejudiced enjoyed the interaction more, and their White partner experienced less anxiety and enjoyed the interaction more. The implications of these findings for interpersonal intergroup encounters are discussed.
The Bogus Pipeline and Motivations to Respond without Prejudice: Revisiting the Fading and Faking of Racial Prejudice
Authors: Plant E. Ashby , Devine Patricia G. , Brazy Paige C.
Published: July 2003

The current work draws upon recent developments in attitude and prejudice theory as well as the assessment of people's motivation to respond without prejudice in order to reexamine the classic bogus pipeline technique. Specifically, the present study examines the joint impact of individual differences in the source of motivation to respond without prejudice and the social context in which racial beliefs are reported (i.e. private, public, pipeline) on stereotype endorsement scores. Results revealed that stereotype endorsement scores in the various reporting conditions were moderated by participants' source of motivation to respond without prejudice. The findings are consistent with the argument that responses under bogus pipeline conditions assess people's awareness of their experience of bias, whereas private reports assess people's personal beliefs about the appropriateness of the stereotype of Black people.
Effects of Inequality and Reasons for Inequality on Group Identification and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
Authors: Smith Eliot R. , Jackson Jay W. , Sparks Cheri W.
Published: July 2003

Three studies tested the hypotheses that inequality among group members, as well as specific reasons for inequality, would significantly influence strength of group identification and cooperative responses to a social dilemma. In Study 1, participants reacted to scenarios describing a public good social dilemma. For some scenarios there was an equal distribution of initial resources, while in others the distribution was unequal. As predicted, group identification led to more cooperation in the dilemma. Starting with more money tended to reduce group identification for females but to increase it for males. In Study 2, participants were faced with an actual one-trial public good social dilemma involving real money. In some conditions, participants began with endowments of different sizes, and the inequality was explained as either random or justified. As predicted, reasons for inequality as well as the fact of inequality had an impact on group identification which, in turn, influenced cooperation in the dilemma. Replicating the results of Study 1, different conditions tended to enhance group identification for women and men. Study 3 was a conceptual replication of Study 2, and resulted in similar findings. Overall, these results may have important implications for real-world dilemmas, where inequality among the parties is almost always a salient feature.
Cultural Essentialism and Cultural Anxiety
Authors: Grillo R. D.
Published: July 2003

`Culturespeak' (Hannerz) is everywhere, but what is `loose on the streets', says Wikan, is typically an `old model' of culture, which `anthropologists have done their share to spread'. Whereas she wants to denounce this model (and reproach anthropologists for endorsing it), we should try to understand how and why, not just culture, but essentialist versions of culture have such popular grip; and why anxiety about `our' culture now seems ubiquitous, permeating much contemporary political and media rhetoric, among both `majority' and `minority' populations, and across political and religious spectra. This is a complex issue, and this article is a preliminary study, set mainly within the context of contemporary Europe, of a set of issues that require systematic, local-level, and comparative investigation. Not particularly concerned with anthropology's own internal arguments, the article ends with some pessimistic conclusions about the room for anthropological intervention in contemporary public debates about culture.
What is a Sexual Act?
Authors: Godelier Maurice
Published: July 2003

The author analyses the meanings that sexual intercourses between sexes take for the Baruya, a population of inner New Guinea. There are two kinds of intercourses, homosexual before marriage, heterosexual after. The relation between these two kinds of sexualities refers to a set of representations, values, symbols and social practices which are to show the social and cosmic superiority of masculine over feminine, of man over woman and thus, in body practices, the superiority of one sex over the other. The author shows that imaginary representations of the role of body substances such as sperm, menstrual blood, milk, are a base to the superiority of men and inferiority of women: these representations participate in the constitution of individual identity and on the myths of the origin of cosmic and social order which enhance the primacy of woman on man. The author shows that these datas don't presuppose in any way the predominance of the symbolic on the imaginary, but rather on the contrary.
Sex in the New Europe
Authors: Kulick Don
Published: July 2003

This article is a critical discussion of the 1998 Swedish law that made it a crime to purchase or attempt to purchase `a temporary sexual relationship'. It discusses the cultural context in which the law was proposed and passed, and it reviews newspaper articles and government commissioned reports that assess the effects of the law. The point of the article is to argue that the law is about much more than its overt referent `prostitution'. Instead, the argument is made that the law is a response to Sweden's entry into the EU. For a variety of reasons, anxiety about Sweden's position in the EU is articulated through anxiety about prostitution. The Swedish case is one where we can see that sexuality is one site where boundaries and roles in the new Europe are being imagined and negotiated.
Final Fantasies
Authors: Fantone Laura
Published: July 2003

In the last decades videogames have become very popular. In this article I argue that they establish a new relationship between bodies and identities. In videogames, the storylines are based on a mixture of other types of media fiction, where women's bodies are overrepresented and stereotypical, because of the market logic underlying these new media productions, which target a wide audience. Nevertheless, videogames' interactivity shapes new experiences of acting through other bodies. The erotic gaze on virtual bodies is shaped by the elements of exoticism and the grotesque. The virtual spaces and actions are characterized by exoticism (the recurrent presence of death, fear, surprise, thrills) and the realism necessary to involve the user's senses. I also argue that interaction in games is a process of imagination and action. The game user acts through another body, which he/she controls. This process opens possibilities for a resisting oppositional gaze and subversive practices, beyond the commercial aims of the games' designers. Of course, there are oppressive aspects of the virtual bodies; a female body becomes a mathematical series of polygons, out of space and time, and, only as such, the object of desire of invisible cyberteenagers. Nevertheless, as gendered subjects, to have a virtual body to play with is a liberating appropriation of a space not designed for us.
Surgical Passing
Authors: Davis Kathy
Published: July 2003

Since the emergence of cosmetic surgery at the turn of the 20th century, individuals in the US and Europe have looked to cosmetic surgery not only as a way to enhance their appearance, but also as a way to minimize or eradicate physical signs that - they believe - mark them as `different', that is, other than the dominant, or another, more desirable, `racial' or `ethnic' group. In my article, I raise the question of how such ethnic cosmetic surgery might differ from other types of cosmetic surgery (such as breast augmentations for `enhancing' femininity or face-lifts to eliminate signs of aging) and, more generally, whether ethnic cosmetic surgery raises different normative or ethical issues. After a brief foray into the history of cosmetic surgery and its connections with racial science, I turn to the current practice of ethnic cosmetic surgery, situating it in contemporary political controversies about race and beauty. I draw upon the case of Michael Jackson - arguably the best known recipient of this kind of cosmetic surgery - in order to analyze how cosmetic surgery for people of color or for the `ethnically marginalized' is framed in a discourse of `race' and the consequences this framing has for feminist thinking about embodiment and embodied identity. Finally, I return to the relative ease or unease that cosmetic surgery evokes among its critics.
The Challenge of Choice
Authors: Boran Idil
Published: July 2003

The notion of freedom of choice has a dual function in liberal theories of minority rights; it has been invoked both to defend group-specific rights and to draw the limits of these rights. This is the cause of a tension. This article explores the implications of this tension for public education in multination states. It is argued that the tension takes a specific form in language rights claims made by national groups that are not illiberal. For even if a linguistic group that lays claims of recognition is liberal, illiberal features may be the by-product of the autonomy sought by the group, which seems prima facie puzzling. The article suggests a possible direction to solve the puzzle through a redistribution of costs and benefits regarding language policy within the state.
Integrating Prenatal-Postnatal Smoking Interventions into Usual Care in a Health Maintenance Organization
Authors: Valanis Barbara , Labuhn Karen T. , Stevens Nancy H. , Lichtenstein Edward , Brody Kathleen K.
Published: July 2003

Consistent with the increasing national emphasis on providing health promotion in clinical care settings, Stop Smoking for OuR Kids (STORK), a research-derived, prenatal-postnatal smoking cessation intervention, was implemented throughout prenatal clinics, inpatient postpartum services, and pediatric clinics of Kaiser Permanente Northwest. Process data collected during the project rollout and maintenance to monitor the clinical practices of clinicians and staff members, patient responses to the intervention, and penetration of the intervention into the health maintenance organization priority population of prenatal smokers highlighted barriers to intervention delivery. These barriers fell into three categories related to the smoking intervention design, clinicians and staff members, and the organization. By monitoring the intervention implementation process, such problems were identified early. This allowed for implementing strategies to overcome many of these barriers and to assess their effectiveness. Keys to implementation success included simplifying the intervention activities, considering stakeholder needs, and providing tangible organizational resources and goals.
Using Innovative Video Doctor Technology in Primary Care to Deliver Brief Smoking and Alcohol Intervention
Authors: Gerbert Barbara , Berg-Smith Steven , Mancuso Michelle , Caspers Nona , McPhee Stephen , Null Daniel , Wofsy Judith
Published: July 2003

Given physicians' increased responsibilities and time constraints, it is increasingly difficult for primary care physicians to assume a major role in delivering smoking and alcohol assessment and intervention. The authors developed an innovative use of computer technology in the form of a “video doctor” to support physicians with this. In this article, two brief interventions, delivered by an interactive, multimedia video doctor, that reduce primary care patients' smoking and alcohol use are detailed: (a) a patient-centered advice message and (b) a brief motivational intervention. The authors are testing the use of the video doctor to deliver these interventions in a randomized, controlled study, Project Choice. A pilot study testing the feasibility and acceptability of the video doctor suggests it was well received and accepted by patients (n = 52) and potentially provides an innovative, cost-effective, and practical way to support providers' efforts to reduce smoking and alcohol use in primary care populations.
Teen Smoking Cessation Help Via the Internet: A Survey of Search Engines
Authors: Edwards Christine C. , Elliott Sean P. , Conway Terry L. , Woodruff Susan I.
Published: July 2003

The objective of this study was to assess Web sites related to teen smoking cessation on the Internet. Seven Internet search engines were searched using the keywords teen quit smoking. The top 20 hits from each search engine were reviewed and categorized. The keywords teen quit smoking produced between 35 and 400,000 hits depending on the search engine. Of 140 potential hits, 62% were active, unique sites; 85% were listed by only one search engine; and 40% focused on cessation. Findings suggest that legitimate on-line smoking cessation help for teens is constrained by search engine choice and the amount of time teens spend looking through potential sites. Resource listings should be updated regularly. Smoking cessation Web sites need to be picked up on multiple search engine searches. Further evaluation of smoking cessation Web sites need to be conducted to identify the most effective help for teens.
A Means to an End: Slim Hopes and Cigarette Advertising
Authors: Boyd Thomas C. , Boyd Carol J. , Greenlee Timothy B.
Published: July 2003

Alarming increases in the number of women smokers have focused attention on the tobacco industry's efforts to appeal to women who are likely to try and/or adopt tobacco products. The authors discuss the past 30 years of Virginia Slim advertisements and explore the link between consumers' values such as beauty and independence and tobacco use. A brief history of tobacco advertising efforts to appeal to women is followed by an exploratory study of Phillip Morris's advertising campaign for Virginia Slims. The authors use a means-end interpretation to explain the success of the advertisements and then discuss how a means-end framework can be used to create more effective antismoking messages.
Health Education Leadership Development: A Conceptual Model and Competency Framework
Authors: Wright Kathleen , Hann Neil , McLeroy Kenneth R. , Steckler Allan , Matulionis Rose Marie , Auld M. Elaine , Lancaster Brick , Weber Diane L.
Published: July 2003

A National Public Health Education Leadership Institute was developed through collaboration among national health education professional organizations, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and a school of public health. The institute provides health educators in leadership positions throughout the country access to a 15-month integrated and sequential professional leadership development program. This article presents a conceptual model and competency framework for that program. The model contains elements considered critical for design of leadership programs in public health and can be used by both professional development and academic programs to shape their design of leadership curricula.
Evaluation of Statewide Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiatives: Challenges, Methods, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Reininger Belinda M. , Vincent Murray , Griffin Sarah F. , Valois Robert F. , Taylor Doug , Parra-Medina Deborah , Evans Alexandra , Rousseau Michelle
Published: July 2003

Evaluation of community-based, teen pregnancy prevention initiatives is complex. This article describes the challenges encountered and solutions derived while creating a comprehensive evaluation of teen pregnancy prevention initiatives across 46 counties in a southeastern state. Background information on the evaluation and highlights of the data collection constructs, methods, and tools are provided. In particular, the efforts to appropriately scope the evaluation activities and the use of qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed. In addition, the key lessons learned from the evaluation are presented. This article's discussion of contextual influences and evaluation planning and implementation efforts may benefit program practitioners and evaluators in their future evaluation activities.
Health Educators are Leaders: Meeting the Leadership Challenge
Authors: Fertman Carl I.
Published: July 2003

Each of the certified health education specialist responsibilities and competencies for health educators has a leadership element. Health educators demonstrate leadership in a variety of roles with individuals, organizations, and programs. In this article, transformational and transactional leadership qualities are presented as reflection points on leadership for health educators.
The Use of Focus Groups to Plan Poison Prevention Education Programs for Low-Income Populations
Authors: Schwartz Lauren , Howland Mary Ann , Mercurio-Zappala Maria , Hoffman Robert S.
Published: July 2003

Children younger than 5 are at greatest risk for unintentional poisonings. Children in low-income situations are particularly vulnerable for exposures to potential poisons. Focus groups were conducted at a Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program located in a large urban public hospital in New York City to gain information from low-income parents of young children about real and perceived barriers to calling the local poison control center, resources for poison prevention messages, and ideas about public awareness campaigns. All focus group members were low-income parents of young children. Most participants reported that they would call 911 in the event of a poisoning due to child welfare and self-efficacy issues. Health education theory using the social-cognitive theory provides a framework for developing future poison prevention programs to address identified issues with parents of young children.
Water Vapour Transfer in Wet Waterproof Breathable Fabrics
Authors: Ren Y. J. , Ruckman J. E.
Published: July 2003

To answer the question of whether condensation occurring on the inner surface of a waterproof breathable fabric or moisture content within such a fabric has the greater effect on water vapour transfer rate experiments were conducted using two different types of waterproof breathable fabrics under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It was found from the experimental results that moisture content and condensation have effects on water vapour transfer in both porous polyurethane and hydrophilic laminated fabrics; higher moisture content and larger amounts of condensation increase the water vapour transfer. The water vapour transfer rate of polyurethane laminated fabrics was greater under isothermal conditions whilst the water vapour transfer rate of hydrophilic laminated fabrics was greater under non-isothermal conditions, especially when a fabric contains more moisture in either form. It was also found that the way moisture content and condensation affect the rate of water vapour transfer is different; the effect of moisture content is greater than that of condensation on water vapour transfer under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.
Liquid Repellency and Durability Assessment: A Quick Technique
Authors: Kasturiya Nishkam , Bhargava G. S.
Published: July 2003

Water and oil repellency are among the most common functional properties that need to be assessed for protective clothing, both during development and production. There are established techniques for the evaluation of these properties, but they are time consuming. Durability assessment requires washing of the repellent fabric and evaluation of repellency using standard techniques, which requires 2-3 days to reach on a conclusion. In this work a new technique based on contact angle measurement has been evolved that gives an indication of repellency within 2-3 min and durability of repellency within 30 min.
The Use of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment in Desizing PVA on Viscose Fabrics
Authors: Cai Zaisheng , Qiu Yiping , Hwang Yoon Joong , Zhang Chuyang , McCord Marian
Published: July 2003

In this study, both air-oxygen-helium and air-helium atmospheric pressure plasma treatments were employed to desize PVA on a rayon (viscose) fabric. Both the plasma treatments were able to remove some of the PVA on the rayon fabric and increase PVA solubility in cold water, resulting in a higher weight loss in cold washing. The effect of the atmospheric pressure plasmas became greater as the treatment time increased. Plasma treatment followed by one cold and one hot washing had the same effect as the conventional chemical treatments followed by two cycles of cold and hot washing. The atmospheric plasma treatment did not have negative effect on rayon fabric tensile strength.
The Legal Framework of Human Resources Development, Part II: Fair Employment, Negligence, and Implications for Scholars and Practitioners
Authors: Clardy Alan
Published: July 2003

Human resources development (HRD) programs may be covered by antidiscrimination, fair employment practices, particularly when HRD programs affect employment decisions. As such, applicant flow, adverse impact, and various kinds of validation studies may be indicated. Fair employment concerns also extend to potential religious discrimination and disability issues in training. Negligence in training design and administration is another liability that may exist. The underlying relationship between training and workers compensation is reviewed. Furthermore, the general conditions for negligence and malpractice in HRD are noted. HRD's role in due diligence examinations, although still emerging at this point, is discussed. Finally, the implications of the legal framework for HRD for both practitioners and scholars are reviewed.
An Exploratory Examination of the Literature on Age and HRD Policy Development
Authors: Rocco Tonette S. , Stein David , Lee Chan
Published: July 2003

Older workers are a differentiated employee group with different workplace issues. A literature review was conducted to further develop the framework (the three traditional components of human research development [HRD]—training and development, career development, and organizational development—combined with the three working patterns of remaining, returning, and retiring). In each intersection, a question was raised to assist HRD practitioners evaluate organizational policy and practices concerning older worker issues. Using the scanning method, emergent trends and issues were identified through a content analysis of abstracts. This study suggests a new conceptualization of the workspace as a field of interacting forces in which the older workers' decisions to remain, return, retire, or renew the work contract is moderated by organizational decisions to retain, retrain, recruit, or redesign the work contract for older workers.
The Contribution of Phenomenology to HRD Research
Authors: Gibson Sharon K. , Hanes Lisa A.
Published: July 2003

Phenomenology is an interpretive research methodology that has direct application to human resource development (HRD) because it helps explicate the essence of human experience. The authors argue that recognizing phenomenology as an integral methodology for HRD research is essential for the field to have a more complete understanding of the holistic nature and complexity of experiences that are relevant to HRD practice. This article reviews philosophical foundations of phenomenology that translate into a research methodology providing a distinctive contribution to the knowledge base of HRD. The application of research concepts based on the lifeworld perspective is explored with respect to guiding the phenomenological research process, using an illustrative example from one of the authors' research studies. The authors review the current state of phenomenological research in HRD and propose an agenda for future research in the field.
A Disservice to the Ideas of Theory, Research, and Expertise
Authors: Swanson Richard A.
Published: July 2003

A student casually states that he is going to the library to do some research when he is simply going there to read and retrieve a few documents. Finding and reading written materials by themselves are not research.

A businessperson claims to be doing action research when in fact she is simply solving a difficult workplace problem. Solving a problem by itself is not research.

A professor directs a brainstorming session and then helps the group to classify its ideas as well as choose the best option. Generating new ideas or hypotheses is not by itself research.

The successful executive or sports coach writes a book on leadership to expound on his personal theory of leadership. Personal theories by themselves do not qualify as sound theory.

A mortgage banker who can efficiently and accurately complete mortgage transactions is deemed by his colleagues as an expert. Because a person can do a job well does not constitute expertise.
Emetic Exposure and Desensitization Procedures in the Reduction of Nausea and a Fear of Emesis
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: July 2003

An emetic syrup was titrated according to a reduction schedule to recreate graduated levels of nausea in the exposure of a 34-year-old female who developed the fear of nausea and emesis (vomiting) after vomiting on stage during a piano recital. In this particular case, the patient was taught breathing retraining and anxiety-reduction techniques such as double swallowing, in addition to some imagery as a desensitization procedure to avoid reacting to nausea by vomiting. Results in similar case designs suggest that, at times, artificial methods such as the above may be used to create variations of a situation that cannot always be duplicated through pure imaginal exposure or during in vivo exposure, especially when the stimulus involves certain physiological responses such as a gastric regurgitation. A 2-year follow-up yielded no indication of relapse and a full return to prebaseline status.
The Case of Maria
Authors: Díaz-Martínez Angélica M.
Published: July 2003

This case presentation discusses the many variables involved when treating minority women in the United States. The case of Maria portrays a 21-year-old Portuguese woman who was referred to psychotherapy by her mother. On intake, Maria reported anxiety symptoms consistent with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and dysthymic symptoms. Cognitive behavioral as well as behavioral techniques were utilized in the treatment process to increase functioning and coping skills. In addition, issues of acculturation were further explored utilizing an ethnocultural assessment and a genogram. Implications for clinicians are discussed.
The Case of the Tumbling Tumbleweed
Authors: Callahan Jennifer L.
Published: July 2003

Thus far, the literature in psychotherapy research on the relationship between specific factors and treatment outcome has focused on discrete, well-defined disorders. In contrast, this case study reviews a man who presents with a complex diagnostic picture. As a result, the student clinician drew from the literature examining the role of common factors, specifically of a supportive nature, in psychotherapy outcome. The client exhibited features from a variety of both Axis I and Axis II ailments, including alcohol dependence, sexual masochism, paraphilias, and borderline personality disorder. The challenges of case conceptualizing and treating an individual exhibiting multiple comorbid conditions are presented.
Behavioral Treatment for a Female Engaging in Autoerotic Asphyxiation
Authors: Martz Denise
Published: July 2003

Once thought to be a phenomenon only practiced by men, autoerotic asphyxiation, a form of sexual masochism that is life-threatening, has been documented in women. This case study presents a 22-year-old college female with comorbid depression and avoidant personality disorder complaining of the use of autoerotic asphyxiation during masturbation. This female was a virgin and reported that asphyxiation by use of a ligature had always been used since puberty during masturbation and was necessary for her to obtain orgasm. This behavior was conceptualized within an obsessive-compulsive cycle. Covert systematic desensitization using her written sexual fantasy across 10 psychotherapy sessions was able to neutralize the power of the fantasy to elicit orgasm. Subsequent behavioral deterrents and experimentation with a vibrator enabled this female to reach orgasm without engaging in asphyxiation. Following this success, psychotherapy continued to focus on managing her depression and avoidance tendencies.
Changing Perspectives in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management
Authors: Dang Cuong N. , Boulton Andrew J. M.
Published: July 2003

Diabetic foot ulceration is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus; it is the cause of more than half of nontraumatic lower limb amputations. Diabetic foot ulcers are the major cause of hospital admission for diabetic patients. Treatment costs are high. There have been advances in managing diabetic foot ulceration with the development of new dressings, growth factors, skin substitutes, and other novel approaches to stimulating wound healing. The management of vascular disease in the patient with diabetes mellitus is an essential and important consideration. However, the need for a multidisciplinary team to provide good foot care to diabetic patients is still vital for the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulceration.
Use of Herbal Medicines in Wound Healing: A Perspective Paper
Authors: Ryan Terence J.
Published: July 2003

Healing of chronic lower extremity wounds is a global problem, especially in the developing world where it is often only folk and traditional medicine that can be afforded. In the structured health services of the developed world, there are usually a wider range of possible therapies. In India, traditional medicines flourish in parallel with Western systems, and those who treat wounds may use the expertise of more than one system. Ayurveda is a traditional system that has evolved in India over centuries using especially native plant sources as remedies. Like many Asian systems, its theoretical basis concerns balance and energy in the individual. In this perspective paper, the author advocates awareness of plant products available for wound healing and a study of the extent of their utilization. They must be developed for safe use and their efficacy reviewed, taking into account cure well-being and patient satisfaction as well as cost. Developing a list of products and classifying them appropriately is a beginning for such studies.
Plant Medicines of Indian Origin for Wound Healing Activity: A Review
Authors: Biswas Tuhin Kanti , Mukherjee Biswapati
Published: July 2003

Research on wound healing drugs is a developing area in modern biomedical sciences. Scientists who are trying to develop newer drugs from natural resources are looking toward the Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine. Several drugs of plant, mineral, and animal origin are described in the Ayurveda for their wound healing properties under the term Vranaropaka. Most of these drugs are derived from plant origin. Some of these plants have been screened scientifically for the evaluation of their wound healing activity in different pharmacological models and patients, but the potential of most remains unexplored. In a few cases, active chemical constituents were identified. Some Ayurvedic medicinal plants, namely, Ficus bengalensis, Cynodon dactylon, Symplocos racemosa, Rubia cordifolia, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ficus racemosa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Euphorbia nerifolia, and Aloe vera, were found to be effective in experimental models. This paper presents a limited review of plants used in Ayurvedic medicine.
Nonhealing Wounds—A Therapeutic Dilemma
Authors: Chauhan V S , Rasheed M Adil , Pandley S S , Shukla V K
Published: July 2003

Chronic wounds of the lower extremity are a therapeutic dilemma. In India, chronic wounds are caused by factors other than impaired circulation and diabetes, which account for most of this clinical problem in Western societies. A study of 2 topical agents, placental extract and phenytoin powder, is presented in this paper. One hundred fifty patients were randomly assigned to these treatments or to saline dressings (control). It was observed that patients receiving active topical treatments responded better than those in the control group. The importance of this finding should be viewed with the perspective that these topical treatments are inexpensive and easily available in India. The study also piloted measurements of angiogenic responses in 1 group, and the findings encourage further exploration with the technique and topical agent.
Language Ideologies in English Language Learner Contexts: Implications for Latinos and Higher Education
Authors: Razfar Aria
Published: July 2003

The concept of ideologies and language ideologies that drives this study is one rooted in the social practice of people. This qualitative study seeks to develop an understanding of how teachers' language ideologies mediate their instructional practices with English language learners (ELLs). Given that success in higher education highly depends on the ability to participate in academic discourse, structuralist and reductive literacy practices, mediated by structuralist language ideologies, put ELL students at a distinct disadvantage to be full participants in higher education.
Forging a Bourgeois Reader's Role: Luis Cañuelo and Mariano José de Larra as Protagonists of Spain's “Polemic” Press
Authors: Penrose Mehl Allan
Published: July 2003

The indebtedness of Mariano José de Larra to the late 18th-century Spanish journalist, Luis Cañuelo, is readily apparent, although Larra never acknowledged his influence. This article studies Cañuelo's influence on Larra's creation of a bourgeois reader role. The author believes that Cañuelo's particular brand of caustic sociopolitical commentary and his image of the reader as a member of a collective reformist movement most closely matched that of Larra.
Returns to College Education: An Analysis of Hispanic Workers
Authors: Kim Jongsung
Published: July 2003

This article investigates the college versus noncollege wage gap between Hispanic and White workers from 1994 to 2001. The earnings gap has been greater for Hispanic workers than for White workers during all years surveyed. The patterns of college versus noncollege earnings gaps show that Hispanic workers without a college education are going through a difficult period and also that their disadvantageous economic position will not improve in the near future.
Operationalizing the Community Variable in Offender Reintegration:
Authors: Bazemore Gordon , Erbe Carsten
Published: July 2003

Despite the new emphasis on reintegration as a broader way of thinking about parole and aftercare, practice and policy remain narrowly focused on managing offender risks and, in some cases, providing services. The authors argue that the community role in reentry has not been clearly articulated and suggest the need for a less individualized, more naturalistic intervention theory. Core principles and practices associated with a restorative community justice model provide tools for strengthening neighborhood informal social control and social support as vital forms of social capital in communities, which is necessary to increase the likelihood of reintegration. Based on emerging empirical research that clarifies the importance of the community role, the authors conceptualize the community role in building relationships of support and control around the offender as a key neglected independent variable in reentry and as a dependent variable for intervention strategies based on community building.
Defining Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century
Authors: Merlo Alida V. , Benekos Peter J.
Published: July 2003

Crime and public policy continue to be salient issues in the 21st century. This article reviews juvenile justice policy and examines initiatives that demonstrate positive directions for the future of the juvenile justice system. The authors summarize the history of juvenile justice and review recent developments that warrant further research to demonstrate rational, effective policies and strategies for responding to juvenile delinquency. The influences of ideology, politics, and the media on public policy are discussed, and the authors consider future issues in juvenile justice.
Survey of Transformative and Spiritual Dimensions of Higher Education
Authors: Duerr Maia , Zajonc Arthur , Dana Diane
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study, conducted in Winter 2003, was to document academic programs and other initiatives in North American universities and colleges that incorporate transformative and spiritual elements of learning. A combination of qualitative and quantitative instruments was used for data collection. Transformative learning has historically referred to a primarily epistemic, rational process whereby adult learners become aware of their unconscious roles, beliefs, and assumptions. The operational definition of transformative learning used in this study emphasized reflective learning, the intuitive and imaginative process, and the ethical, spiritual, and/or contemplative dimensions of education. Questionnaire responses and interviews indicated that although there is great interest in bringing transformative/spiritual elements into higher education, this movement still exists primarily among individual faculty within classrooms rather than as a departmental or institutional strategy. However, there are a number of notable initiatives in mainstream educational institutions. Survey participants were also asked about strategies that would support the transformative learning movement.
Autobiography and Transformative Learning
Authors: Johnson Rebecca Ruppert
Published: July 2003

The author gives an autobiographical account of her experiences with and investigation of autobiography as a vital part of the teaching/learning process in undergraduate English composition and literature classes and in graduate level adult education courses. She comments on the results of a survey of community college teachers who do and do not use autobiography, and offers a model of effectively integrating autobiography with any subject matter. She includes observations about how her own practice as a college teacher has changed because of using autobiography as a focus in its own right and as a spring board to lowering the “affective filter” no matter what the course content.