bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Magnetocaloric, Electrical Properties and Theoretical Investigations in Manganite La0.67Sr0.1Ca0.23MnO3 Type Perovskite
Authors: Mohamed Za. , Abassi Mounira , Tka E. , Dhahri J. , Hlil E. K.
Published: August 2015

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems
Authors: Lash Timothy D.
Published: August 2015

Review: [142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: BINOLs Modified at the 3,3′‐Positions: Chemists′ Preferred Choice in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Li Guozhu , Liu Fengjiao , Wu Mingshu
Published: August 2015

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies for Polypeptides and Proteins by Chemical Ligation
Authors: Chen Ming , Heimer Pascal , Imhof Diana
Published: August 2015

Review: 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Saturated Heterocycles via Metal‐Catalyzed Alkene Hydroamination or Hydroalkoxylation Reactions
Authors: Julian Lisa D.
Published: August 2015

Review: recent developments over the last 5‐10 years
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidations of Organic Molecules: Pathways for Two‐Electron Oxidation with a Four‐Electron Oxidant and a One‐Electron Redox‐Active Catalyst
Authors: McCann Scott D. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: August 2015

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods and Mechanisms for Cross‐Electrophile Coupling of Csp2 Halides with Alkyl Electrophiles
Authors: Weix Daniel J.
Published: August 2015

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel Complexes for Catalytic C‐H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Johnson S. A.
Published: August 2015

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonbranched‐Chain Oxidation: Low‐Reactive RO·4 and HO·4 1:2 Adduct Radicals Shortening Kinetic Chains
Authors: Silaev Michael M.
Published: August 2015

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ethers from Esters; from Exceptional Transformation to Synthetic Method
Authors: Jakopovic Ivana Palej , Kapic Samra , Alihodzic Sulejman , Sunjic Vitomir
Published: August 2015

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Multicomponent Reactions Involving Carbohydrates
Authors: Khan Md. Musawwer , Yousuf Raveed , Khan Sarfaraz , Shafiullah Shafiullah
Published: August 2015

Review: [59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis(indolyl)methane Alkaloids: Isolation, Bioactivity, and Syntheses
Authors: Praveen P. J. , Parameswaran P. S. , Majik M. S.
Published: August 2015

Review: [34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanine Polyene Reactivity: Scope and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Gorka Alexander P. , Nani Roger R. , Schnermann Martin J.
Published: August 2015

Review: 143 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Flavin‐Catalyzed Reactions for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Iida H. , Imada Y. , Murahashi S.‐I.
Published: August 2015

Review: [54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Perspective on the Synthesis of Aziridine
Authors: Jung Jae‐Hoon , Ha Hyun‐Joon
Published: August 2015

Review: [10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sponge‐Like Ionic Liquids: A New Platform for Green Biocatalytic Chemical Processes
Authors: Lozano Pedro , Bernal Juana M. , Garcia‐Verdugo Eduardo , Sanchez‐Gomez Gregorio , Vaultier Michel , Burguete M. Isabel , Luis Santiago V.
Published: August 2015

Review: [49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed C—S Bond Coupling Reaction
Authors: Lee Chin‐Fa , Liu Yi‐Chen , Badsara Satpal Singh
Published: August 2015

Review: [93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Bond Functionalization of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleosides: A Synthetic and Mechanistic Perspective
Authors: Gayakhe Vijay , Sanghvi Yogesh S. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Kapdi Anant R.
Published: August 2015

Review: [88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Programmable Supramolecular Polymerizations
Authors: van der Zwaag Daan , de Greef Tom F. A. , Meijer E. W.
Published: August 2015

Review: 17 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Aminopropenal‐ and Aminopentadienal Rearrangement
Authors: Neuenschwander Markus
Published: August 2015

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Click Reactions with Boronic Acids to Build Supramolecular Architectures in Water
Authors: Arzt Matthias , Seidler Christiane , Ng David Y. W. , Weil Tanja
Published: August 2015

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Soft Fluorescent Nanomaterials for Biological and Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Peng Hong‐Shang , Chiu Daniel T.
Published: August 2015

Review: 158 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Catalyst Preparation Toward Catalyst Synthesis
Authors: Gates Bruce C.
Published: August 2015

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein‐ and Peptide‐Directed Approaches to Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters
Authors: Hu Yihui , Guo Wenjing , Wei Hui
Published: August 2015

Review: [85 refs.
One‐Pot Solvothermal Synthesis of TiO2 Nanobelt/Graphene Composites for Selective Renal Cancer Cells Destruction
Authors: Cheng Jinsheng , Wan Weihong , Zhu Wenjuan
Published: August 2015

Little attention has been paid to synthesis and application of TiO2 nanobelt/grapheme composites (TiO2/GR). In this work, a facile one‐pot solvothermal approach to synthesize TiO2/GR was developed. In such processes, the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets was accompanied by generation of TiO2/GR in one‐step. In vitro experiments revealed that the renal cancer (RENCA) cell viability decreased sharply to 4.72% in the presence of the resulting composites in the near infrared light (NIR) window.
Multi‐modal magnetic resonance imaging and histology of vascular function in xenografts using macromolecular contrast agent hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG‐GdF)
Authors: Baker Jennifer H. E. , McPhee Kelly C. , Moosvi Firas , Saatchi Katayoun , Häfeli Urs O. , Minchinton Andrew I. , Reinsberg Stefan A.
Published: August 2015

Macromolecular gadolinium (Gd)‐based contrast agents are in development as blood pool markers for MRI. HPG‐GdF is a 583 kDa hyperbranched polyglycerol doubly tagged with Gd and Alexa 647 nm dye, making it both MR and histologically visible. In this study we examined the location of HPG‐GdF in whole‐tumor xenograft sections matched to in vivo DCE‐MR images of both HPG‐GdF and Gadovist. Despite its large size, we have shown that HPG‐GdF extravasates from some tumor vessels and accumulates over time, but does not distribute beyond a few cell diameters from vessels. Fractional plasma volume (fPV) and apparent permeability–surface area product (aPS) parameters were derived from the MR concentration–time curves of HPG‐GdF. Non‐viable necrotic tumor tissue was excluded from the analysis by applying a novel bolus arrival time (BAT) algorithm to all voxels. aPS derived from HPG‐GdF was the only MR parameter to identify a difference in vascular function between HCT116 and HT29 colorectal tumors. This study is the first to relate low and high molecular weight contrast agents with matched whole‐tumor histological sections. These detailed comparisons identified tumor regions that appear distinct from each other using the HPG‐GdF biomarkers related to perfusion and vessel leakiness, while Gadovist‐imaged parameter measures in the same regions were unable to detect variation in vascular function. We have established HPG‐GdF as a biocompatible multi‐modal high molecular weight contrast agent with application for examining vascular function in both MR and histological modalities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image‐based estimation method for field inhomogeneity in brain echo‐planar images with geometric distortion using k‐space textures
Authors: Kumazawa Seiji , Yoshiura Takashi , Honda Hiroshi
Published: August 2015

Echo‐planar imaging (EPI) can suffer from geometrical distortion due to magnetic field inhomogeneity. To correct the geometric distortions in EPI, a magnetic field map is used. Our purpose was to develop a novel image‐based method for estimating the field inhomogeneity map from the distorted EPI image and T1‐weighted image of the brain using k‐space textures. Based on magnetic resonance imaging physics, our method synthesizes the distorted image to match the measured EPI image through the generating process of EPI image by updating the estimated field inhomogeneity map. The estimation process was performed to minimize the cost function, which was defined by the synthesized EPI image and the measured EPI image with geometric distortion, using an iterative conjugate gradient algorithm. The proposed method was applied to simulation and human data. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method quantitatively, we used the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) between the ground truth and the results estimated by our proposed method. In simulation data, the values of the NRMSE between the ground truth and the estimated field inhomogeneity map were <0.08. In both simulation and human data, the estimated EPI images were very similar to input EPI images, and the NRMSE values between them were <0.09. The results of the simulated and human data demonstrated that our method produced a reasonable estimation of the field inhomogeneity map. The estimated map could be used for distortion correction in EPI images. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 142–152, 2015
Hierarchical MoSe2 Nanosheets/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites as Anodes for Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Zhang Zhian , Fu Yun , Yang Xing , Qu Yaohui , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: August 2015

The preparation and electrochemical storage behavior of hierarchical MoSe2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were studied. The preparation was achieved by a facile hydrothermal route. The results show that MoSe2 has a high capacity for lithium ion and sodium ion storage and that the incorporation of rGO has further improved the electrochemical property of MoSe2 effectively. As anode materials for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries, the MoSe2/rGO composites demonstrate excellent rate performance and cycling stability of 917 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles for Li+ storage and 430 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles for Na+ storage at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, which is attributed to the robust hierarchical structure and the synergistic effects between MoSe2 nanosheets and rGO. Therefore, the electrochemical evaluations suggest that the obtained hierarchical structure MoSe2/rGO composites hold great potential as anode materials for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries.
Identification of Core Segment of Amyloidal Peptide Mediated by Chaperone Molecules by using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Yu Yue , Yang Yanlian , Wang Chen
Published: August 2015

We illustrate in this work that pristine assemblies of amyloidal peptides can be obtained by perturbations of reduced scanning bias, and show a broad distribution in peptide length. In contrast, the chaperone‐mediated peptide co‐assembly presents ordered lamellar structures with a homogeneous distribution in length, which could be attributed to the core segment of the peptide. The efforts are beneficial for gaining insight into the aggregation propensity of peptides and inter‐peptide interactions.
Rationally Designed Supramolecular Organic Hosts for Benzo[a]pyrene Binding and Detection
Authors: Radaram Bhasker , Levine Mindy
Published: August 2015

A series of electronically dissymmetric all‐organic macrocycles were synthesized using straightforward synthetic procedures. These macrocycles vary in the nature of the substituents, the geometry of the linkage that connects the electron‐deficient aromatic ring, the type of linkage, and the presence or absence of a heteroaromatic ring. These small structural variations impart significant differences in the performance of these macrocycles in binding benzo[a]pyrene, with binding constants up to 2.5 × 104 M–1 obtained. They also lead to significant differences in their ability to promote non‐covalent energy transfer from benzo[a]pyrene to a BODIPY fluorophore, with energy transfer efficiencies ranging from 32 % to 398 %. These differences can be explained using a variety of computational investigative techniques, which highlight the flexibility of the macrocycle architectures to accommodate benzo[a]pyrene and to promote close donor–acceptor interactions.
Memory distortion and attitude change—Two routes to cognitive balance
Authors: Berthold Anne , Blank Hartmut
Published: August 2015

We report novel research investigating memory distortion as an alternative route to cognitive balance, comparing it with attitude change as a well‐known balancing mechanism. Participants received statements from multiple communicators about a controversial topic (national pride in Study 1 and climate protection in Study 2) and remembered these statements immediately or 1 week later. This resulted in initially balanced or unbalanced combinations of the liking for individual communicators and the communicators' statements and in subsequent balance increases due to liking change or misremembering of statements. The contribution of memory distortion to balance was significant but weaker and less efficient than that of liking change, and the contributions were empirically independent (i.e., uncorrelated and differentially related to third variables—specifically, memory strength and individual cognitive consistency motivation). They also had a different temporal trajectory (liking change fast and memory distortion slow). We discuss theoretical and practical implications.
Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐Modified Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Electroanalysis
Authors: Akanda Md. Rajibul , Sohail Manzar , Aziz Md. Abdul , Kawde Abdel‐Nasser
Published: August 2015

Pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) have several advantages over other carbon‐based or commercial metal electrodes, including widespread availability, very low cost, and ease of modification. To make the best use of PGEs in electroanalysis, significant recent advances in the development of different nanomaterial‐PGEs have been observed. The literature published up to mid‐2015 is summarized in the present review, with a focus on the various methodologies used to readily modify graphite pencil electrodes using nanomaterials. This review also touches on the surface characterization of these electrodes and their potential applications in a variety of electrochemical detection applications. The review outlines the scope for further research in this area and discusses the importance of surface modifications of conventional PGE electrodes using nanomaterials or a combination of nanomaterials and electroactive polymers.
Char‐supported Fe–Zn–Cu sorbent prepared by ultrasonic‐assisted impregnation for simultaneous removal of H2S and COS from coke oven gas
Authors: Dou Jinxiao , Tahmasebi Arash , Li Xianchun , Yin Fengkui , Yu Jianglong
Published: August 2015

Lignite char supported Fe–Zn–Cu sorbents were prepared by ultrasonic‐assisted impregnation method for the simultaneous removal of H2S and COS from coke oven gas (COG). Sulfidation experiments were carried out in a fixed‐bed quartz reactor using simulated COG. The results showed that the addition of Cu can significantly increase the sulfidation reactivity of char‐supported Fe–Zn sorbents. Char‐supported Fe–Zn–Cu sorbents with Fe:Zn:Cu molar ratio of 2:1:0.5 could simultaneously remove H2S and COS in the temperature range of 200–400°C. The sulfur capacity reached to 17.62 g S per 100 g sorbent at 400°C. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggested that the addition of Cu into the Fe–Zn sorbent leads to the formation of composite oxides. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 352–358, 2016
Production and Hedging Under Smooth Ambiguity Preferences
Authors: Wong Kit Pong
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the optimal production and hedging decisions of the competitive firm facing ambiguous price and background risk. Ambiguity is modeled by a second‐order probability distribution that captures the firm's uncertainty about which of the subjective beliefs govern the price and background risk. Ambiguity preferences are modeled by the (second‐order) expectation of a concave transformation of the (first‐order) expected utility of profit conditional on each plausible subjective joint distribution of the price and background risk. When the background risk is additive in nature, we show that the separation theorem holds in that the firm's optimal production decision depends neither on the firm's attitude toward ambiguity nor on the incident of the underlying ambiguity. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which the firm's optimal forward position is completely characterized. When the background risk is multiplicative in nature, we derive sufficient conditions under which the firm reduces its optimal output level and opts for an under‐hedge. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we show that the behavior of the firm is affected by the introduction of ambiguity even when the firm is ambiguity neutral. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:506–518, 2016
Grade of dysplasia and malignant transformation in adults with premalignant laryngeal lesions
Authors: van Hulst Annelienke M. , Kroon Wouter , van der Linden Evi S. , Nagtzaam Lily , Ottenhof Sarah R. , Wegner Inge , Gunning Amy C. , Grolman Wilko , Braunius Weibel
Published: August 2015

Background

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the significance of the grade of dysplasia in the development of invasive carcinoma.

Methods

A systematic search was performed to identify all relevant evidence. Titles and abstracts were screened using predefined criteria. Remaining articles were critically appraised. Absolute risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results

Seven articles were included. Four studies demonstrated an increased risk for the development of laryngeal carcinoma from mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia. Three studies showed an increased risk between the categories of mild and moderate dysplasia.

Conclusion

The risk of malignant transformation seems to increase with the grade of dysplasia, although percentages between studies are highly dissimilar. The wide variety and overlapping 95% CIs make it difficult to formulate a strong recommendation. However, moderate dysplasia is more prone for malignant transformation than previously thought, which might influence follow‐up and treatment decisions in the future. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Head Neck 38: E2284–E2290, 2016
Analysis of local chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate combined with systemic inflammation improves prognostication in stage II colon cancer independent of standard clinicopathologic criteria
Authors: Turner Natalie , Wong Hui‐Li , Templeton Arnoud , Tripathy Sagarika , Whiti Rogers Te , Croxford Matthew , Jones Ian , Sinnathamby Mathuranthakan , Desai Jayesh , Tie Jeanne , Bae Susie , Christie Michael , Gibbs Peter , Tran Ben
Published: August 2015

In Stage II colon cancer, multiple independent studies have shown that a dense intratumoural immune infiltrate (local inflammation) is associated with improved outcomes, while systemic inflammation, measured by various markers, has been associated with poorer outcomes. However, previous studies have not considered the interaction between local and systemic inflammation, nor have they assessed the type of inflammatory response compared with standard clinicopathologic criteria. In order to evaluate the potential clinical utility of inflammatory markers in Stage II colon cancer, we examined local and systemic inflammation in a consecutive series of patients with resected Stage II colon cancer between 2000 and 2010 who were identified from a prospective clinical database. Increased intratumoural chronic inflammatory cell (CIC) density, as assessed by pathologist review of hematoxylin and eosin stained slides, was used to represent local inflammation. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) >5, as calculated from pre‐operative full blood counts, was used to represent systemic inflammation. In 396 eligible patients identified, there was a non‐significant inverse relationship between local and systemic inflammation. Increased CIC density was significantly associated with improved overall (HR 0.45, p = 0.001) and recurrence‐free survival (HR 0.37, p = 0.003). High NLR was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (HR 2.56, p < 0.001). The combination of these markers further stratified prognosis independent of standard high‐risk criteria, with a dominant systemic inflammatory response (low CIC/high NLR) associated with the worst outcome (5‐year overall survival 55.8%). With further validation this simple, inexpensive combined inflammatory biomarker might assist in patient selection for adjuvant chemotherapy in Stage II colon cancer.
An injectable hydrogel derived from small intestine submucosa as a stem cell carrier
Authors: Kim Kyungsook , Kim Moon Suk
Published: August 2015

Small intestine submucosa (SIS) is used as an attractive biomaterial in the field of regenerative medicine because it possesses numerous bioactive factors such as cell adhesion proteins, growth factors, and glycosaminoglycans. In most cases, SIS has been used as sheet and sponge‐like forms. The goal of present study was to prepare an injectable SIS hydrogel and to examine the feasibility as anin vivostem cell carrier of injectable SIS hydrogel form. The rat muscle‐derived stem cells (rMDSCs) were simply incorporated into SIS hydrogel by mixing. The SIS hydrogel showed a porous microstructure.In vitrocytotoxicity test, attachment, and proliferation of rMDSCs on the SIS hydrogel were higher than those on tissue culture dishes. Then rMDSCs‐loaded SIS hydrogel was subcutaneously injected into rats. Thein vivoformed rMDSCs‐loaded SIS hydrogel implant induced the ingrowth of new vessels and cell proliferation. In addition, SIS and rMDSCs suppressed macrophage‐mediated inflammation. In conclusion, we confirmed that injectable SIS hydrogel could serve as a minimally invasive stem cell carrier. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1544–1550, 2016.
DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT CONSTRUCT: ANALYSIS OF THREE EMPOWERMENT SCALES
Authors: Miguel Marta C. , Ornelas José H. , Maroco João P.
Published: August 2015

This study aimed to contribute to the validation of psychological empowerment, which is a combination of sense of control (intrapersonal component), critical awareness of the sociopolitical environment (interactional component), and community involvement (behavioral component). Three scales of empowerment used to evaluate the 3 components were translated into Portuguese, adapted for the Portuguese population, and applied in person, by phone and by e‐mail. Participants were enrolled in or had completed a program of recognition of prior learning. We tested reflective and formative measurement models and the results suggested that a reflective model fits the data better than a formative one. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed psychological empowerment as a hierarchical third‐order factor. Second‐order factors correspond to the intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral empowerment components, reflected in first‐order factors: leadership competence, policy control, source of power, nature of power, instruments of power, and participation behaviors.
Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011–2012
Authors: Harvey David J.
Published: August 2015

This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo‐ and poly‐saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255–422, 2017
Concurrent recording of RF pulses and gradient fields – comprehensive field monitoring for MRI
Authors: Brunner David O. , Dietrich Benjamin E. , Çavuşoğlu Mustafa , Wilm Bertram J. , Schmid Thomas , Gross Simon , Barmet Christoph , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: August 2015

Reconstruction of MRI data is based on exact knowledge of all magnetic field dynamics, since the interplay of RF and gradient pulses generates the signal, defines the contrast and forms the basis of resolution in spatial and spectral dimensions. Deviations caused by various sources, such as system imperfections, delays, eddy currents, drifts or externally induced fields, can therefore critically limit the accuracy of MRI examinations. This is true especially at ultra‐high fields, because many error terms scale with the main field strength, and higher available SNR renders even smaller errors relevant. Higher baseline field also often requires higher acquisition bandwidths and faster signal encoding, increasing hardware demands and the severity of many types of hardware imperfection.

To address field imperfections comprehensively, in this work we propose to expand the concept of magnetic field monitoring to also encompass the recording of RF fields. In this way, all dynamic magnetic fields relevant for spin evolution are covered, including low‐ to audio‐frequency magnetic fields as produced by main magnets, gradients and shim systems, as well as RF pulses generated with single‐ and multiple‐channel transmission systems. The proposed approach permits field measurements concurrently with actual MRI procedures on a strict common time base. The combined measurement is achieved with an array of miniaturized field probes that measure low‐ to audio‐frequency fields via 19F NMR and simultaneously pick up RF pulses in the MRI system's 1H transmit band. Field recordings can form the basis of system calibration, retrospective correction of imaging data or closed‐loop feedback correction, all of which hold potential to render MRI more robust and relax hardware requirements. The proposed approach is demonstrated for a range of imaging methods performed on a 7 T human MRI system, including accelerated multiple‐channel RF pulses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric Oxide-cGMP-PKG Pathway Acts on Orai1 to Inhibit the Hypertrophy of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Wang Y. , Li Z. C. , Zhang P. , Poon E. , Kong C. W. , Boheler K. R. , Huang Y. , Li R. A. , Yao X.
Published: August 2015

Cardiac hypertrophy is an abnormal enlargement of heart muscle. It frequently results in congestive heart failure, which is a leading cause of human death. Previous studies demonstrated that the nitric oxide (NO), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway can inhibit cardiac hypertrophy and thus improve cardiac function. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, based on the human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hESC-CM) model system, we showed that Orai1, the pore-forming subunit of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), is the downstream effector of PKG. Treatment of hESC-CMs with an α-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) caused a marked hypertrophy, which was accompanied by an upregulation of Orai1. Moreover, suppression of Orai1 expression/activity using Orai1-siRNAs or a dominant-negative construct Orai1G98A inhibited the hypertrophy, suggesting that Orai1-mediated SOCE is indispensable for the PE-induced hypertrophy of hESC-CMs. In addition, the hypertrophy was inhibited by NO and cGMP via activating PKG. Importantly, substitution of Ala for Ser34 in Orai1 abolished the antihypertrophic effects of NO, cGMP, and PKG. Furthermore, PKG could directly phosphorylate Orai1 at Ser34 and thus prevent Orai1-mediated SOCE. Together, we conclude that NO, cGMP, and PKG inhibit the hypertrophy of hESC-CMs via PKG-mediated phosphorylation on Orai1-Ser-34. These results provide novel mechanistic insights into the action of cGMP-PKG-related antihypertrophic agents, such as NO donors and sildenafil. Stem Cells  2015;33:2973–2984
Reconceiving Direction of Fit
Authors: Archer Avery ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2015

I argue that the concept of direction of fit (DOF) is best seen as picking out a certain inferential property of a psychological attitude. The property in question is one that believing shares with assuming and fantasizing and fails to share with desire.Unfortunately, the standard analysis of DOF obscures this fact because it conflates two very different properties of an attitude: that in virtue of which it displays a certain DOF, and that in virtue of which it displays certain revision conditions. I claim that the latter corresponds with the aim of an attitude, not its DOF. In order to remedy this failure of the standard analysis, I offer an alternative account of DOF, which I refer to as the two-content analysis.
An additional cysteine in a typical 2‐Cys peroxiredoxin ofPseudomonas promotes functional switching between peroxidase and molecular chaperone
Authors: An Byung Chull , Lee Seung Sik , Jung Hyun Suk , Kim Jin Young , Lee Yuno , Lee Keun Woo , Lee Sang Yeol , Tripathi Bhumi Nath , Chung Byung Yeoup
Published: August 2015

Peroxiredoxins (Prx) have received considerable attention during recent years. This study demonstrates that two typicalPseudomonas‐derived 2‐Cys Prx proteins, PpPrx and PaPrx can alternatively function as a peroxidase and chaperone. The amino acid sequences of these two Prx proteins exhibit 93% homology, but PpPrx possesses an additional cysteine residue, Cys112, instead of the alanine found in PaPrx. PpPrx predominates with a high molecular weight (HMW) complex and chaperone activity, whereas PaPrx has mainly low molecular weight (LMW) structures and peroxidase activity. Mass spectrometry and structural analyses showed the involvement of Cys112 in the formation of an inter‐disulfide bond, the instability of LMW structures, the formation of HMW complexes, and increased hydrophobicity leading to functional switching of Prx proteins between peroxidase and chaperone.
Distinguishing Occasional Abstention from Routine Indifference in Models of Vote Choice
Authors: Bagozzi Benjamin E. , Marchetti Kathleen
Published: August 2015

Researchers commonly employ multinomial logit (MNL) models to explain individual-level vote choice while treating “abstention” as the baseline category. Though many view abstainers as a homogeneous group, we argue that these respondents emerge from two distinct sources. Some nonvoters are likely to be “occasional voters” who abstained from a given election owing to temporary factors, such as a distaste for all candidates running in a particular election, poor weather conditions, or other temporary circumstances. On the other hand, many nonvoters are unlikely to vote regardless of the current political climate. This latter population of “routine nonvoters” is consistently disengaged from the political process in a way that is distinct from that of occasional voters. Including both sets of nonvoters within an MNL model can lead to faulty inferences. As a solution, we propose a baseline-inflated MNL estimator that models heterogeneous populations of nonvoters probabilistically, thus accounting for the presence of routine nonvoters within models of vote choice. We demonstrate the utility of this model using replications of existing political behavior research.
Clustering of lifestyle characteristics and their association with cardio-metabolic health: the Lifestyles and Endothelial Dysfunction (EVIDENT) study
Authors: Patino-Alonso Maria C. , Recio-Rodríguez José I. , Magdalena-Belio José Felix , Giné-Garriga María , Martínez-Vizcaino Vicente , Fernández-Alonso Carmen , Arietaleanizbeaskoa María Soledad , Galindo-Villardon María Purificación , Gómez-Marcos Manuel A. , García-Ortiz Luis
Published: August 2015

Little is known about the clustering patterns of lifestyle behaviours in adult populations. We explored clusters in multiple lifestyle behaviours including physical activity (PA), smoking, alcohol use and eating habits in a sample of adult population. A cross-sectional and multi-centre study was performed with six participating groups distributed throughout Spain. Participants (n 1327) were part of the Lifestyles and Endothelial Dysfunction (EVIDENT) study and were aged between 20 and 80 years. The lifestyle and cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors were analysed using a clustering method based on the HJ-biplot coordinates to understand the variables underlying these groupings. The following three clusters were identified. Cluster 1: unhealthy, 677 subjects (51 %), with a slight majority of men (58·7 %), who were more sedentary and smokers with higher consumption of whole-fat dairy products, bigger waist circumference as well as higher TAG levels, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and CVR. Cluster 2: healthy/PA, 265 subjects (20 %), including 24·0 % of males with high PA. Cluster 3: healthy/diet, including 29 % of the participants, with a higher consumption of olive oil, fish, fruits, nuts, vegetables and lower alcohol consumption. Using the unhealthy cluster as a reference, and after adjusting for age and sex, the multiple regression analysis showed that belonging to the healthy/PA cluster was associated with a lower waist circumference, body fat percentage, SBP and CVR. In summary, the three clusters were identified according to lifestyles. The ‘unhealthy’ cluster had the least favourable clinical parameters, the ‘healthy/PA’ cluster had good HDL-cholesterol levels and low SBP and the ‘healthy/diet’ cluster had lower LDL-cholesterol levels and clinical blood pressure.
The relationship between microfilaraemic and amicrofilaraemic loiasis involving co-infection with Mansonella perstans and clinical symptoms in an exposed population from Gabon
Authors: Bouyou Akotet M.K. , Owono-Medang M. , Mawili-Mboumba D.P. , Moussavou-Boussougou M.N. , Nzenze Afène S. , Kendjo E. , Kombila M.
Published: August 2015

The relationship between the frequency of loiasis objective symptoms and microfilaraemic or amicrofilaraemic infection was assessed in 1148 exposed patients also infected, or not, with Mansonella perstans. Filarial infections were detected by direct microscopy, leucoconcentration and serology, with prevalence values of 39.5% Loa loa, 5.6% M. perstans and 3.4% co-infection with both filarial species. Amicrofilaraemic or occult loiasis (OL) predominated among L. loa-infected individuals, with a prevalence of 58.2%. Hypermicrofilaraemia (>8000 microfilariae (mf)/ml) was found in 18.4% of L. loa microfilaraemic patients, with 25.7% of them harbouring more than 30,000 mf/ml. Up to 34% of patients with OL showed evidence of Calabar swelling, compared with 26.3% of microfilaraemic patients (P= 0.03). Overall 5.3% of patients presented with adult worm migration across the eye, representing 16.3% of microfilaraemic individuals and 11.4% of amicrofilaraemic patients (P= 0.13). This symptom was similarly found in patients with more than 30,000 mf/ml (22%), those with microfilaraemia between 8 and 30,000 mf/ml (15.4%) and also in individuals with low or without microfilaraemia (16.1%) (P= 0.7). Five (14.3%) hypermicrofilaraemic patients did not present any L. loa-specific objective symptoms, as well as all the patients with single M. perstans infection. The presence of adult eye worm migration as a strong predictor of high microfilaraemia density would obscure the real burden of L. loa hypermicrofilaraemia in exposed individuals. For epidemiological purposes and control strategies, the mapping of L. loa in endemic areas should also take into account the group of patients with occult loiasis.
Under the radar: Sessile epifaunal invertebrates in the seagrassPosidonia australis
Authors: Demers Marie-Claire A. , Knott Nathan A. , Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2015

Despite the current global decline in seagrass, sessile epifaunal invertebrates inhabiting seagrass ecosystems, particularly sponges and ascidians, have been poorly studied due to their taxonomic complexity. Understanding patterns of distribution of sessile epifaunal communities in seagrass meadows is an important precursor to determining the processes driving their distribution and species interactions. This study (1) identified the sponge and ascidian assemblage associated withPosidonia australismeadows and (2) determined distributional patterns of these invertebrates at a hierarchy of spatial scales in Jervis Bay, Australia. We used a fully nested design with transects distributed in the seagrass (10s m apart), two sites (100s m apart), and six locations (km apart). Within these transects, we recorded the abundance, volume, diversity and substratum used for attachment by sponges and ascidians. We encountered 20 sponge species and eight ascidian species; they were sporadically distributed in the seagrass meadows with high variability among the transects, sites and locations. A few sponge and ascidian species dominated the assemblage and were widespread across the largest spatial scale sampled. The remaining species were mostly rare and sparsely distributed. Sponges attached to a variety of substrata but most notably shells,P. australisand polychaete tubes. No obligate seagrass species were recorded although three species predominantly usedP. australisas a substratum. These sponge species relying heavily on seagrass for their attachment are likely prone to disturbances impacting their host habitat. Examining the response of sessile epifauna to the degradation of their seagrass habitat remains a key challenge for the future.
Genetic population structure of the blue sea star Linckia laevigata in the Visayas (Philippines)
Authors: Alcazar Diana Sr , Kochzius Marc
Published: August 2015

Coral reef associated marine invertebrates, such as the blue sea starLinckia laevigata, have a life history with two phases: sedentary adults and planktonic larvae. On the one hand it is hypothesised that the long pelagic larval duration facilitates large distance dispersal. On the other hand, complex oceanographic and geographic characteristics of the Visayan seascape could cause isolation of populations. The study aims to investigate the genetic diversity, genetic population structure and gene flow inL. laevigatato reveal connectivity among populations in the Visayas. The analysis is based on partial sequences (626 bp in length) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) from 124 individuals collected from five localities in the Visayas. A comparative analysis of these populations with populations from the Indo-Malay Archipelago (IMA) published previously is also presented. Genetic diversity was high (h = 0.98, π = 1.6%) and comparable with preceding studies. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a lack of spatial population differentiation among sample sites in the Visayas (ΦST-value = 0.009;P > 0.05). The lack of genetic population structure indicates high gene flow among populations ofL. laevigatain the Visayas. Comparative analysis with data from the previous study indicates high connectivity of the Visayas with the central part of the IMA.
NONVANISHING ELEMENTS FOR BRAUER CHARACTERS
Authors: DOLFI SILVIO , PACIFICI EMANUELE , SANUS LUCIA
Published: August 2015

Let $G$ be a finite group and $p$ a prime. We say that a $p$-regular element $g$ of $G$ is $p$-nonvanishing if no irreducible $p$-Brauer character of $G$ takes the value $0$ on $g$. The main result of this paper shows that if $G$ is solvable and $g\in G$ is a $p$-regular element which is $p$-nonvanishing, then $g$ lies in a normal subgroup of $G$ whose $p$-length and $p^{\prime }$-length are both at most 2 (with possible exceptions for $p\leq 7$), the bound being best possible. This result is obtained through the analysis of one particular orbit condition in linear actions of solvable groups on finite vector spaces, and it generalizes (for $p>7$) some results in Dolfi and Pacifici [‘Zeros of Brauer characters and linear actions of finite groups’, J. Algebra 340 (2011), 104–113].
SOME CLASSIFICATIONS OF LORENTZIAN SURFACES WITH FINITE TYPE GAUSS MAP IN THE MINKOWSKI 4-SPACE
Authors: TURGAY NURETTIN CENK
Published: August 2015

In this paper we study the Lorentzian surfaces with finite type Gauss map in the four-dimensional Minkowski space. First, we obtain the complete classification of minimal surfaces with pointwise 1-type Gauss map. Then, we get a classification of Lorentzian surfaces with nonzero constant mean curvature and of finite type Gauss map. We also give some explicit examples.
DIVISION I: COMMISSION 7: CELESTIAL MECHANICS & DYNAMICAL ASTRONOMY
Authors: Kneževic Zoran , Morbidelli Alessandro , Burns Joseph , Athanssoula Evangelia , Laskar Jacques , Malhotra Renu , Mikkola Seppo , Peale Stan , Roig Fernando
Published: August 2015

President of Commission 7 Zoran Knežević opened the business meeting at 18:40 and proposed the agenda which was accepted without change.
DIVISION II: COMMISSION 10: SOLAR ACTIVITY
Authors: van Driel-Gesztelyi Lidia , Scrijver Karel J. , Klimchuk James A. , Charbonneau Paul , Fletcher Lyndsay , Hasan S. Sirajul , Hudson Hugh S. , Kusano Kanya , Mandrini Cristina H. , Peter Hardi , Vršnak Bojan , Yan Yihua
Published: August 2015

The Business Meeting of Commission 10 was held as part of the Business Meeting of Division II (Sun and Heliosphere), chaired by Valentin Martínez-Pillet, the President of the Division. The President of Commission 10 (C10; Solar activity), Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi, took the chair for the business meeting of C10. She summarised the activities of C10 over the triennium and the election of the incoming OC.
DIVISION III: COMMISSION 15: PHYSICAL STUDIES OF COMETS AND MINOR PLANETS
Authors: Bockelée-Morvan Dominique , Gil-Hutton Ricardo , Cellino Alberto , Hestroffer Daniel , Belskaya Irina N. , Davidsson Björn J.R. , Dotto Elisabetta , Fitzsimmons Alan , Hestroffer Daniel , Kawakita Hideyo , Mothe-Diniz Thais , Licandro Javier , Wooden Diane H. , Yano Hajime
Published: August 2015

The business meeting of IAU Commission 15 (C15) took place in Beijing on 29 August 2012, from 14:00 to 18:00, in room 405 of the China National Convention Center. This report of the business meeting of Commission 15 at the 2012 IAU GA is based on the report provided by Alberto Cellino, past president, and on the minutes taken by Daniel Hestroffer, secretary of Commission 15 in the triennium 2009 to 2012, and current secretary.
DIVISION V: COMMISSION 42: CLOSE BINARIES
Authors: Ribas Ignasi , Richards Mercedes T. , Rucinski Slavek , Bradstreet David H. , Harmanec Petr , Kaluzny Janusz , Mikolajewska Joanna , Munari Ulisse , Niarchos Panagiotis , Olah Katalin , Pribulla Theodor , Scarfe Colin D. , Torres Guillermo
Published: August 2015

Commission 42 (C42) co-organized, together with Commission 27 (C27) and Division V (Div V) as a whole, a full day of science and business sessions that were held on 24 August 2012. The program included time slots for discussion of business matters related to Div V, C27 and C42, and two sessions of 2 hours each devoted to science talks of interest to both C42 and C27. In addition, we had a joint session between Div IV and Div V motivated by the proposal to reformulate the division structure of the IAU and the possible merger of the two divisions into a new Div G. The current report gives an account of the matters discussed during the business session of C42.
Is global poverty a crime against humanity?
Authors: Blunt Gwilym David
Published: August 2015

Pogge has repeatedly compared the causes of global poverty with historical crimes against humanity. This claim, however, has been treated as mere rhetoric. This article argues that there are good reasons to take it seriously. It does this by comparing Pogge’s thesis on the causes of global poverty with the baseline definition of crimes against humanity found in international law, especially the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It argues that the causes of global poverty are comparable with the crimes of slavery and apartheid. This has important consequences for cosmopolitan thought, as it makes the need for practical solutions to global poverty more urgent and raises questions about the global poor’s right to resist the international system by violent means.
Chasing the Frontier in Humanitarian Intervention Law: The Case forAequitas ad Bellum
Authors: SEOW Colin
Published: August 2015

The question whether humanitarian intervention may ever be lawfully carried out unilaterally outside the scope of Chapter VII of the UN Charter has captured the interest of many for years. Faced with legal formalist arguments under the UN Charter, those otherwise favouring the idea of humanitarian intervention often retreat into an apologist stance by conceding too quickly the lack of cogent legal justifications therefor, preferring instead to rely on moral and ethical reasoning. The doctrine of Responsibility to Protect, while seemingly promising when first mooted in 2001, has since effectively been rendered obsolete as a justification for unilateral humanitarian intervention following the UN World Summit in 2005. By examining the role that equity plays in Article 38(1)(c) of the ICJ Statute, this paper advances the view that anaequitas ad bellumexists in international law that, under certain strict conditions, enables unilateral humanitarian intervention to be lawfully carried out.
Kognitive Defizite bei Schizophren Erkrankten
Authors: Carolus Almut , Popova Petia , Rockstroh Brigitte
Published: August 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Kognitive Funktionseinschränkungen sind zentrales Merkmal schizophrener Erkrankungen und werden entsprechend im Behandlungskonzept berücksichtigt. Kognitive Remediationsprogramme gelten als wirksam, Effektstärken als moderat. Trainingsvarianten werden zur Effektoptimierung erprobt. Fragestellung: Ist gezieltes Funktionstraining in neuroplastizitäts-orientiertem Lernkontext effektiver als breitgefächertes Behandlungsprogramm und werden Effekte durch das Erkrankungsstadium moduliert? Methode: Bei 59 chronisch und 31 ersthospitalisierten schizophren Erkrankten wurden kognitive Defizite über Testleistungen der MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Test Battery gegenüber 25 gesunder Kontrollpersonen erfasst. Testleistungen vor, nach 4-wöchiger Interventionsphase mit zwei spezifischen Trainings oder Standardbehandlung und 3-monatiger Katamnese prüften den Einfluss von Interventionstypus und Erkrankungsstadium auf Leistungsverbesserung. Ergebnisse: Sowohl chronische wie erstmals behandelte Patienten aller Behandlungsgruppen verbesserten sich signifikant über die Messzeitpunkte, obwohl Defizite relativ zu Kontrollen fortbestanden. Schlussfolgerungen: Spezifisches Training verbessert kognitive Funktionen nicht über Zeit/Remissionseffekte hinaus.