bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of boron on seed yield and seed quality of organic white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
Authors: Stoltz E. , Wallenhammar A.‐C.
Published: September 2014

The effects of boron (B) application on flower development, nectar production, germination and seed yield were investigated in organic seed crops of white clover grown in soils with <1 mg B kg−1. Application techniques of a liquid B product were studied in two field experiments in 2009–2011. Three rates of B application to the soil at sowing and three rates of B as a foliar application in the harvest year were compared with untreated control plots. None of the B treatments had a significant effect on seed yield, relative to the control. In one experiment, with a dense crop stand, the results indicated a small (10%) yield increase with B applied to the soil. Seed germination and B concentration of shoots, roots and seeds were unaffected by B application, although the soil concentration increased. In seeds with an average B concentration of 22 mg kg−1, 73% germinated as normal seedlings and 14% were assessed as hard seeds; corresponding values for seeds with an average B concentration of 17 mg kg−1 were 60 and 38% respectively. The results indicate the need for further studies of factors determining B uptake in white clover.
The Feminist Pacifism of William James and Mary Whiton Calkins
Authors: Foust Mathew A.
Published: September 2014

In this paper, I accompany William James (1842–1910) and Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) in the steps each takes toward his or her respective proposal of a moral equivalent of war. I demonstrate the influence of James upon Calkins, suggesting that the two share overlapping formulations of the problem and offer closely related—but significantly different—solutions. I suggest that Calkins's pacifistic proposal is an extension of that of her teacher—a feminist interpretation of his psychological and moral thought as brought to bear on the problem of war. Calkins's brand of pacifism widens the scope of James's “moral equivalent of war” in a way that is consonant with feminist ideals of inclusiveness and social justice. I conclude by commenting on how James's and Calkins's pacifism can continue to be extended fruitfully in contemporary feminist pacifist theory and practice.
Clinician perceptions of wound biofilm
Authors: Metcalf Daniel G. , Bowler Philip G.
Published: September 2014

In wound care today, biofilm is a subject area of great interest and debate. There is an increasing awareness that biofilm exists in the majority of non‐healing wounds, and that it is implicated in both recalcitrance and infection. Together with the presence of devitalised host tissue, biofilm is recognised as a component of the wound environment that requires removal to enable wound progression. However, uncertainty exists among wound care practitioners regarding confirmation of the presence of biofilm, and how best to remove biofilm from a non‐healing wound. While recent efforts have been taken to assist practitioners in signs and symptoms of wound biofilm, continuing research is required to characterise and confirm wound biofilm. This research was conducted as part of a market research process to better understand the knowledge levels, experiences, clinical awareness and impact of biofilm in wound care, which was undertaken across the USA and Europe. While knowledge levels and experiences vary from country to country, certain wound characteristics were consistently associated with the presence of biofilm.
Sexual pigmentation and parental risk‐taking in yellow warblers Setophaga petechia
Authors: Grunst Andrea S. , Grunst Melissa L. , Rotenberry John T.
Published: September 2014

Adult‐directed predation risk imposes important behavioral constraints on parents and might thus alter relationships between costly sexual ornaments and parental performance. For instance, under low predation risk, highly ornamented individuals might display better parental performance than others, as predicted by ‘good parent’ models of sexual selection. However, under high risk of predation, highly ornamented individuals might abandon parental effort if conspicuous to predators, or if social partners are more willing to take parental risks when paired with highly ornamented mates. We experimentally elevated perceived adult‐directed predation risk near nests to explore how carotenoid‐ and phaeomelanin‐based pigmentation in both sexes relate to parental risk‐taking for offspring in the yellow warbler Setophaga petechia. Compared to other males, males with more intense carotenoid‐based pigmentation maintained higher levels of paternal effort under predation risk at highly concealed nests, but reduced nestling provisioning rate more at exposed nests. Further, when faced with predation risk, females with more phaeomelanin‐based pigmentation reduced nestling provisioning rate less than other females, regardless of nest concealment. Females displayed higher parental effort across treatments when paired to males with more colorful carotenoid pigmentation. However, birds did not reduce parental effort under risk less when paired to a highly ornamented mate, suggesting that predation risk did not accentuate differential allocation. Males did not take fewer parental risks than females. Results indicate that nest concealment modifies parental risk‐taking by males with colorful carotenoid‐based pigmentation, and suggest that female melanin‐based pigmentation may indicate boldness and greater a propensity to take parental risks.
Manual or Automated Sphygmomanometer? A Historical Cohort to Quantify Measurement Bias in Blood Pressure Recording
Authors: Nargesi Arash A. , Ghazizadeh Zaniar , Larry Mehrdad , Morteza Afsaneh , Heidari Firuzeh , Asgarani Firuzeh , Esteghamati Alireza , Mohammad Kazem , Nakhjavani Manouchehr
Published: September 2014

The authors aimed to quantify end‐digit and threshold biases in blood pressure (BP) measurement with manual and digital sphygmomanometers. In a 3‐year follow‐up, end‐digit and threshold biases were investigated and a new index, called the deviation index, was used to quantify measurement bias. The distribution of systolic and diastolic BPs became close to normal after implementation of digital sphygmomanometers. The appearance of zero end digits decreased from 97% to 30% (P<.0001). The deviation index decreased from 97% to 20% (P<.0001). Mean systolic and diastolic BPs increased immediately after implementation of automated sphygmomanometers (124.22±0.83 vs 132.90±0.78 and 74.38±0.50 vs 80.43±0.51, respectively; P<.0001 for both) but showed a linear decreasing trend during follow‐up (systolic −3.59 mm Hg per year; 95% confidence interval, −5.57 to −1.61 [P<.0001]; diastolic: −2.52 mm Hg per year; 95% confidence interval, −3.78 to −1.26 [P<.0001]). Threshold bias decreased from 12.94% to 6.68% (P<.0001). Replacing manual sphygmomanometers with digital devices decreased end‐digit and threshold biases in BP measurement. The deviation index can be used to quantify the magnitude of measurement bias.
Implant‐ and patient‐centred outcomes of guided surgery, a 1‐year follow‐up: An RCT comparing guided surgery with conventional implant placement
Authors: Vercruyssen Marjolein , van de Wiele Gerlinde , Teughels Wim , Naert Ignace , Jacobs Reinhilde , Quirynen Marc
Published: September 2014

Aim

To assess, in a randomized study, the implant (clinical and radiological) and patient outcomes of guided implant placement at 1‐year follow‐up, compared to conventional implant treatment.

Material and Methods

A total of 314 were placed in 59 patients, randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups. Radiographic and clinical parameters were recorded at the time of implant placement, prosthesis instalment (baseline) and at 1‐year follow‐up. Patient satisfaction was measured with the oral health‐related quality of life instrument (OHIP‐49).

Results

No implants were lost. The mean marginal bone loss after the first year of loading was 0.04 mm (SD 0.34) for the guided surgery and 0.01 mm (SD 0.38) for the control groups. In the guided surgery groups, the mean number of surfaces with BOP and plaque at 1‐year follow‐up was 1.41 (SD 1.25) and 1.10 (SD 1.22), for the control groups this was, respectively, 1.37 (SD 1.25) and 1.77 (SD 1.64). The mean pocket probing depth was 2.81 mm (SD 1.1) for the guided, and 2.50 mm (SD 0.94) for the control groups. For all treatment groups, a significant improvement in quality of life was observed at 1‐year follow‐up (p ≤ 0.01), no differences between groups were observed.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, no difference could be found at 1‐year follow‐up between the implant and patient outcome variables of guided or conventional implant treatment.
Epidemiology of inherited epidermolysis bullosa in Romania and genotype–phenotype correlations in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Dănescu S. , Has C. , Senila S. , Ungureanu L. , Cosgarea R.
Published: September 2014

Background

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare and so far incurable genetic disease, affecting mainly the skin and mucosal membranes, manifesting with blisters triggered by minor mechanical trauma. Since only few epidemiological data on EB are available, we established a Registry for EB and implemented molecular diagnostic methods.

Objective

We present epidemiologic data from the EB Registry and genotype–phenotype correlations.

Methods

In 2006, a registry of patients with EB was initiated in the Department of Dermatology of the University of Medicine, as well as molecular diagnostic tools. The patients were diagnosed on clinical bases, and whenever possible, immunofluorescence mapping and molecular analysis were performed.

Results

89 EB patients were enrolled in the study from 2006 to 2012: 58 patients with dystrophic EB (DEB), 20 with EB simplex, one patient was diagnosed with Kindler syndrome; in 10 patients, the type of EB could not be determined.

Discussion and Conclusion

We have estimated, the total number of EB patients in Romania and we have estimated the incidence and the prevalence of EB. We have also managed to approximate the distribution of EB types in Romania. Moreover, we performed a phenotypic and genotypic characterization in some of the patients included in the EB register.
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: atypical presentations and outcomes
Authors: Kostopoulos T.C. , Krishna S.M. , Brinster N.K. , Ortega‐Loayza A.G.
Published: September 2014

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is an acute drug eruption characterized by erythematous plaques and papules studded with numerous, pinpoint pustules. Several atypical clinical presentations and triggers of AGEP have been described in the literature. These include systemic presentations similar to toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) and localized presentations mimicking other medication reactions. We herein aim to review atypical presentations and medication triggers of AGEP to assist clinicians in recognizing this condition and making appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Triple‐marker PCR assay of sentinel lymph node as a prognostic factor in melanoma
Authors: Ito T. , Wada M. , Nagae K. , Nakano‐Nakamura M. , Nakahara T. , Hagihara A. , Furue M. , Uchi H.
Published: September 2014

Background

Metastasis of sentinel lymph node (SLN) is generally evaluated on histopathological examination and controversy still exists over the usefulness of PCR assay of SLN.

Objective

To investigate the prognostic value of triple‐marker PCR assay of SLN.

Methods

A total of 165 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent SLN biopsy were included. Clinical and histopathological data were retrieved from each patient's file and triple‐marker PCR assay (tyrosinase, GP‐100 and MART‐1) was performed on the SLN as well as routine histopathological evaluation. PCR positivity was defined as the expression of all three PCR markers. To evaluate melanoma‐specific survival (MSS) and disease‐free survival (DFS), we used the Kaplan–Meier method and the log‐rank test. Multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards regression model were also performed.

Results

Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in all 165 patients: 61 patients (37.0%) were male and 104 (63.0%) were female, with a mean age of 60.2 years. Of the 165 melanomas, 81 (49.1%) were acral lentiginous melanomas. Compared with the patients with PCR positivity (1–2 markers) or PCR negativity, patients with PCR positivity (3 markers) had significantly poor MSS (5‐year survival rate, 58.7% vs. 84.4%; P < 0.0001) and DFS (5‐year survival rate, 25.0% vs. 83.9%; P < 0.0001), with median follow‐up of 42 months for MSS and 38 months for DFS. These survival rates of patients with PCR positivity (3 markers) were lower than those of patients with histopathologically positive SLN. In multivariate analysis, PCR positivity (3 markers) was an independent prognostic factor for both MSS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–7.33; P = 0.035) and DFS (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.08–5.69; P = 0.032).

Conclusions

The expression of three PCR markers was a significant prognostic factor for both MSS and DFS and might be closely correlated to a dismal prognosis.
The Size of DNA Molecules and Chromatin Organization in the Macronucleus of the Ciliate Didinium nasutum (Ciliophora)
Authors: Popenko Vladimir I. , Potekhin Alexey A. , Karajan Bella P. , Skarlato Sergei O. , Leonova Olga G.
Published: September 2014

Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was applied to analyze the molecular karyotype of the ciliate Didinium nasutum. The data obtained indicate that D. nasutum belongs to the ciliate species with subchromosomal macronuclear genome organization. No short “gene‐sized” DNA molecules were detected. Macronuclear DNAs formed a continuous spectrum from 50 kbp to approximately 1,000 kbp in size with a peak plateau between 250 and 400 kbp. The macronuclear DNA molecules were packed into chromatin bodies of 80–265 nm in size. Comparison of the PFGE and electron microscopic data shows that most if not all chromatin bodies contain more than one DNA molecule.
Feeding habits and ontogenic changes in digestive enzyme patterns in five freshwater teleosts
Authors: Solovyev M. M. , Kashinskaya E. N. , Izvekova G. I. , Gisbert E. , Glupov V. V.
Published: September 2014

Feeding habits and the activity of digestive enzymes (total alkaline proteases, α‐amylase and lipase) from dace Leuciscus leuciscus, roach Rutilus rutilus, Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio, perch Perca fluviatilis and pikeperch Sander lucioperca fry were studied in the Malye Chany Lake–Kargat Estuary (western Siberia, Russia). The diet of fry from all studied species was mainly composed of chironomid larvae and zooplanktonic organisms (i.e. cladocera and copepoda), whereas carnivorous species such as P. fluviatilis and S. lucioperca also preyed on fry from other fishes while detritus and microalgae were also important in the diet of ommivorous species. When comparing diet similarity (Sørensen–Dice index, QS) among fry at different stages of development, both omnivorous and carnivorous species showed a high level of similarity (0·67 < QS < 0·89 and 0·73 < QS < 0·89, respectively). Diet similarity values were in agreement with the overall digestive activity profile analysed by cluster analysis. Diet similarity suggested potential trophic competition when zooplanktonic and benthic prey began to decline towards autumn. The analysis of pancreatic digestive enzymes revealed a correlation among their activities and fry feeding habits with α‐amylase:total proteases (A:P) values higher than 1 in omnivorous species and lower (A:P ≤ 1) in carnivorous species.
The first record, tagging and release of a neonatal whale shark Rhincodon typus in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu H. H. , Lin C. Y. , Joung S. J.
Published: September 2014

On 27 October 2013, a Rhincodon typus was apparently chased by a group of Caranx ignobilis into nearshore waters near Green Island (Ludao), east of Taiwan. A fisherman brought it back to port where it was kept in a small sea pen until release. The R. typus was 78 cm total length, and was tagged and released on 29 October 2013.
Pro‐Poor Tourism as a Strategy to Fight Rural Poverty: A Critique
Authors: Gascón Jordi
Published: September 2014

Pro‐poor tourism (PPT) is a development methodology that aims to use tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. PPT has been adopted by multilateral institutions, official development agencies and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs). PPT assumes an absolute definition of poverty that is based on net income. This definition allows the consideration of a tourism initiative as ‘pro‐poor’ even though the income earned by the poor population may be marginal. This paper analyses whether PPT's concept of poverty adequately addresses the issues in rural poverty. We analyse one case of unequal distribution of income generated from tourism in the 1990s (Amantaní Island, Perú). The paper concludes that PPT's concept of poverty circumvents the fact that an unequal distribution of income could imply a loss in the quality of life for the majority of a rural population: the high‐income social sector tends to increase its economic and political power to the detriment of other social sectors.
Evolution in the English Department: The Biocultural Paradigms of Literary Darwinism and Adaptive Rhetoric
Authors: Parrish Alex C.
Published: September 2014

This article introduces emerging programs of study in the field of English (defined broadly) that operate under an evolutionary paradigm. Emerging from the “crisis of the humanities” that became known to a wider public audience in the late 20th‐century, literary Darwinism is examined as an alternative or addition to mainstream post‐structuralist theory, to which some attribute blame for the decline of literature's prestige. There are strong and weak forms of literary Darwinism in practice, ranging in approach from a complete paradigm shift to merely adding one more lens through which to read literature, film, and poetry in terms of both biology and culture. Rhetoric and composition scholarship is beginning to show interest in biocultural explanations for persuasive behavior as well. The nascent field of adaptive rhetoric combines the comparative study of human and nonhuman animal rhetorics with insight from evolutionary cognitive psychology, in order to gain further insight into the products of our evolved minds, such as rhetorical acts.
A Pacemaker Magnet Check Alone Is Sufficient for the Majority of Patients Postpacemaker Implant
Authors: JONES MICHAEL A. , WONG KELVIN C.K. , QURESHI NORMAN , RAJAPPAN KIM , BASHIR YAVER , BETTS TIMOTHY R.
Published: September 2014

Background

Patients postpacemaker implant can undergo a full assessment by pacing system programmer (PSP) or a magnet check. The former takes longer, but provides more detailed information; a magnet‐mode assessment is faster, but provides only capture data in an asynchronous pacing mode. A magnet‐mode assessment alone may be sufficient in most cases, and current clinical practice varies considerably.

Methods

A retrospective single‐center assessment of all pacemaker implants receiving PSP and magnet checks between September 2009 and April 2010. Patient records were reviewed. The results of PSP and magnet checks and any subsequent device‐related management were noted.

Results

A total of 168 patients underwent pacemaker implantation, magnet‐mode assessment, and then PSP interrogation during this period. Magnet‐mode assessment revealed a problem in only one patient—failure of atrial capture, leading to subsequent atrial lead repositioning. None of the remaining 167 patients have a serious problem at PSP interrogation; six had minor issues at PSP check, none of which required repeat surgical intervention.

Conclusions

The magnet‐mode test only provides information on lead capture in an asynchronous pacing mode, which is the most essential data postoperatively. Our study has suggested that a magnet‐mode assessment without PSP interrogation may be sufficient in the immediate postimplant assessment of these patients. Routine postimplant PSP interrogation is time consuming, labor intensive, and adds only minimal additional benefit to the safe management of these patients above and beyond a magnet check, coupled with informed assessment of the associated electrocardiogram/rhythm strip, clinical examination, and chest x‐ray.
Preprocedural ECG‐Gated Computed Tomography for Prevention of Complications during Lead Extraction
Authors: LEWIS ROBERT K. , POKORNEY SEAN D. , GREENFIELD RUTH ANN , HRANITZKY PATRICK M. , HEGLAND DONALD D. , SCHRODER JACOB N. , LIN SHU S. , MILANO CARMELO , DAUBERT JAMES P. , SMITH PETER K. , HURWITZ LYNNE M. , PICCINI JONATHAN P.
Published: September 2014

Background

Preprocedural multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) may identify patients at risk for mechanical complications during lead extraction.

Methods

To describe the use and feasibility of computed tomography scanning for preprocedural planning of lead extraction, we conducted a retrospective study of high‐risk patients, who underwent electrocardiogram (ECG)‐gated MDCT before planned lead extraction between January 1, 2012, and March 30, 2013.

Results

Among 30 patients the mean age was 63 ± 15 years, 60% were male, and 20% had prior sternotomy. Most devices were left sided (93%) and 24 had implantable defibrillators (80%). Indications for extraction included lead malfunction (n = 15; 50%), class I lead advisories (n = 11; 37%), and infection (n = 10; 33%). Overall, there were 65 leads extracted (mean 2.1 leads per patient). One extraction procedure was deferred due to MDCT evidence of significant myocardial perforation with the lead tip > 1 cm beyond the epicardium (n = 1, 3%). MDCT suggestion of lead adherence to central venous structures (n = 13, 43%) was associated with significantly longer laser times (88 ± 71 seconds vs 30 ± 37 seconds, P = 0.02) and larger sheath size (14.9 ± 1.3 vs 13.5 ± 1.2 French, P = 0.02). MDCT evidence of central venous occlusion or stenosis was not associated with increased laser times. Excluding the patient with MDCT evidence of significant perforation, clinical success was achieved in all patients (n = 29/29).

Conclusions

ECG‐gated MDCT scanning before lead extraction may facilitate the identification of significant perforation and patients at high risk for mechanical complication.
European Phyllodistomum (Digenea, Gorgoderidae) and phylogenetic affinities of Cercaria duplicata based on rDNA and karyotypes
Authors: Petkevičiūtė Romualda , Stunžėnas Virmantas , Stanevičiūtė Gražina , Zhokhov Alexander E.
Published: September 2014

Genetic markers of some European Gorgoderidae species, including potential adults of Cercaria duplicata, were obtained and used to clarify phylogenetic affinities within the genus Phyllodistomum and to verify conflicting data existing on their life cycles. Molecular data and karyotype, 2n = 18, provide further support for ascription of C. duplicata to the Gorgoderinae. Sequences of C. duplicata form a robustly supported major clade, phylogenetically distinct from other known gorgoderid species in both ITS2‐ and 28S‐based phylogenetic trees. The molecular data revealed no match between C. duplicata and any species of Phyllodistomum, including adults found in the experimental studies. One of them, P. elongatum, showed no differences from type species P. folium. Other, P. angulatum, forms a robustly supported clade, which is closely related to P. macrocotyle clade in all phylogenetic trees. This study supports the concept that only P. macrocotyle is a parasite of Dreissena polymorpha among the phyllodistomes and life cycle described for the type species P. folium by Sinitsin (1905) can apparently be discounted. Previously reported low host specificity of P. folium was justified. Adults of P. folium were detected in eight teleost species from five families and four orders. Cystocercous cercariae of P. folium were recorded in sphaeriid bivalves of the genus Sphaerium and Pisidium. According to our molecular data, P. simile, parasite of bullhead, must be regarded as synonym of P. folium. Phyllodistomum umblae is most closely related to P. folium in the all phylogenetic analyses. Molecular phylogenies support a presumption that Phyllodistomum species with cystocercous cercariae developing in sphaeriid bivalves should be regarded as Phyllodistomum sensu stricto. The results reveal a clear need for reconsideration of the knowledge on gorgoderid life cycles based on experimental studies and re‐evaluation of the validity of some nominal Phyllodistomum species.
Low Omega-3 Index in 106 German Elite Winter Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Study
Authors: von Schacky Clemens , Kemper Maximilian , Haslbauer Robert , Halle Martin
Published: September 2014

The Omega-3 Index is defined as erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and represents an individual’s status in these two marine omega-3 fatty acids. A target range of 8 to 11% has been suggested, because values below predispose to cardiovascular events, especially sudden cardiac death, as well as to suboptimal brain function, like prolonged reaction times or even depression. Compared with the general population, elite athletes have an increased incidence of sudden death. The Omega-3 Index has not yet been investigated in elite athletes. In an exploratory approach, we determined the Omega-3 Index in 106 consecutive German national elite winter endurance athletes presenting for preparticipation screening, using a well-established analytical procedure (HS-Omega-3 Index). Surprisingly, only one athlete had a value within the target range, but all others had values <8%. We conclude that we have identified a deficiency of EPA and DHA in these elite athletes. This deficiency presents a potential option for prevention of cardiovascular events such as sudden cardiac death, and improving aspects of brain function. It will be important to scrutinize our finding by more thorough epidemiologic studies and appropriate intervention trials.
Do the Nutrition Qualifications and Professional Practices of Registered Exercise Professionals Align?
Authors: McKean Mark R. , Slater Gary , Oprescu Florin , Burkett Brendan J.
Published: September 2014

Australia has approximately 26,000 registered exercise professionals (REP), in comparison with 3,379 accredited practicing dietitians (APD). The REP workforce has the potential to reach more than 10% of the Australian population but there is limited data on their educational background and professional behaviors with regards to nutritional counseling of clients. The purpose of this research was to determine if REPs are working within their scope of practice and if their qualifications align with their practice, specifically as it relates to nutrition advice. Using a cross sectional descriptive study design, a self-administered online survey of REPs was conducted over 5 months. REPs were recruited through electronic and social media using a snowballing technique. The study focused on education, nutrition advice, and sources of information. A total of 286 respondents completed the survey, including 13 with tertiary dietetic qualifications i.e., APDs. The nationally recognized industry Certificate III/IV in Fitness was the most common qualification. The majority of REPs responding (88%) were working outside of their professional scope of practice, offering individual nutrition advice to clients across fitness and medical issues. This was despite 40% of REPs undertaking no further training in nutrition since graduating, and primarily basing advice on use of readily accessible sources of nutrition information. It is recommended the nutrition advice provided to REPs during training be limited to general nonmedical nutrition information in accordance with nationally endorsed evidence based guidelines and that issues pertaining to scope of practice be addressed with onward referral to other health professionals be advocated.
Effects of Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Coingestion on Multiple Indices of Mechanical Power Output During Repeated Wingate Tests in Trained Men
Authors: Griffen Corbin , Rogerson David , Ranchordas Mayur , Ruddock Alan
Published: September 2014

This study investigated the effects of creatine and sodium bicarbonate coingestion on mechanical power during repeated sprints. Nine well-trained men (age = 21.6 ± 0.9 yr, stature = 1.82 ± 0.05 m, body mass = 80.1 ± 12.8 kg) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover study using six 10-s repeated Wingate tests. Participants ingested either a placebo (0.5 g·kg−1 of maltodextrin), 20 g·d−1 of creatine monohydrate + placebo, 0.3 g·kg−1 of sodium bicarbonate + placebo, or coingestion + placebo for 7 days, with a 7-day washout between conditions. Participants were randomized into two groups with a differential counterbalanced order. Creatine conditions were ordered first and last. Indices of mechanical power output (W), total work (J) and fatigue index (W·s−1) were measured during each test and analyzed using the magnitude of differences between groups in relation to the smallest worthwhile change in performance. Compared with placebo, both creatine (effect size (ES) = 0.37-0.83) and sodium bicarbonate (ES = 0.22-0.46) reported meaningful improvements on indices of mechanical power output. Coingestion provided small meaningful improvements on indices of mechanical power output (W) compared with sodium bicarbonate (ES = 0.28-0.41), but not when compared with creatine (ES = -0.21-0.14). Coingestion provided a small meaningful improvement in total work (J; ES = 0.24) compared with creatine. Fatigue index (W·s−1) was impaired in all conditions compared with placebo. In conclusion, there was no meaningful additive effect of creatine and sodium bicarbonate coingestion on mechanical power during repeated sprints.
Investigation of the Mass Distribution of a Detailed Seated Male Finite Element Model
Authors: Vavalle Nicholas A. , Thompson A. Bradley , Hayes Ashley R. , Moreno Daniel P. , Stitzel Joel D. , Gayzik F. Scott
Published: September 2014

Accurate mass distribution in computational human body models is essential for proper kinematic and kinetic simulations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mass distribution of a 50th percentile male (M50) full body finite element model (FEM) in the seated position. The FEM was partitioned into 10 segments, using segment planes constructed from bony landmarks per the methods described in previous research studies. Body segment masses and centers of gravity (CGs) of the FEM were compared with values found from these studies, which unlike the present work assumed homogeneous body density. Segment masses compared well to literature while CGs showed an average deviation of 6.0% to 7.0% when normalized by regional characteristic lengths. The discrete mass distribution of the FEM appears to affect the mass and CGs of some segments, particularly those with low-density soft tissues. The locations of the segment CGs are provided in local coordinate systems, thus facilitating comparison with other full body FEMs and human surrogates. The model provides insights into the effects of inhomogeneous mass on the location of body segment CGs.
Intraindividual Movement Variability Within the 5 m Water Polo Shot
Authors: Taylor Paul G. , Landeo Raul , Coogan Jennifer
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore movement variability of throwing arm and ball release parameters during the water polo shot and to compare variability between successful (hit) and unsuccessful (miss) outcomes. Seven injury free, subelite, females completed 10 trials of the 5 m water polo penalty shot. Intraindividual coefficient of variation percentage (CV%) values were calculated for elbow and wrist angular displacement, wrist linear velocity and ball release parameters (height, angle and velocity). Coordination variability (elbow/wrist angular displacement) was calculated as the CV% of the mean cross-correlation coefficient. Elbow and wrist displacement variability decreased to 80% of throwing time then increased toward release. Wrist linear velocity variability reduced toward release. Individual CV% values ranged between 1.6% and 23.5% (all trials), 0.4% and 20.6% (hit), and 0.4% and 27.1% (miss). Ball release height and velocity variability were low (< 12%; all trials) whereas release angle variability was high (>27%; all trials). Cross-correlation results were inconclusive. Roles of the elbow and wrist in production of stable ball release height and velocity and control of the highly variable release angle in the water polo shot are discussed and suggested for further study. Optimal levels of variability warrant future investigation.
Joint Angles of the Ankle, Knee, and Hip and Loading Conditions During Split Squats
Authors: Schütz Pascal , List Renate , Zemp Roland , Schellenberg Florian , Taylor William R. , Lorenzetti Silvio
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to quantify how step length and the front tibia angle influence joint angles and loading conditions during the split squat exercise. Eleven subjects performed split squats with an additional load of 25% body weight applied using a barbell. Each subject’s movements were recorded using a motion capture system, and the ground reaction force was measured under each foot. The joint angles and loading conditions were calculated using a cluster-based kinematic approach and inverse dynamics modeling respectively. Increases in the tibia angle resulted in a smaller range of motion (ROM) of the front knee and a larger ROM of the rear knee and hip. The external flexion moment in the front knee/hip and the external extension moment in the rear hip decreased as the tibia angle increased. The flexion moment in the rear knee increased as the tibia angle increased. The load distribution between the legs changed < 25% when split squat execution was varied. Our results describing the changes in joint angles and the resulting differences in the moments of the knee and hip will allow coaches and therapists to adapt the split squat exercise to the individual motion and load demands of athletes.
Clinical Thresholds for Quadriceps Assessment After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kuenze Christopher , Hertel Jay , Saliba Susan , Diduch David R. , Weltman Arthur , Hart Joseph M.
Published: September 2014

Context:

Normal, symmetrical quadriceps strength is a common clinical goal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Currently, the clinical thresholds for acceptable unilateral quadriceps function and symmetry associated with positive outcomes after return to activity are unclear.

Objective:

To establish quadriceps-activation and knee-extension-torque cutoffs for clinical assessment after return to activity after ACLR.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients:

22 (10 female, 12 male; age = 22.5 ± 5.0 y, height = 172.9 ± 7.1 cm, mass = 74.1 ± 15.5 kg, months since surgery = 31.5 ± 23.5) recreationally active persons with a history of unilateral, primary ACLR at least 6 months prior and 24 (12 female/12 male, age = 21.7 ± 3.6 y, height = 168.0 ± 8.8 cm, mass = 69.3 ± 13.6 kg) recreationally active healthy participants.

Main Outcome Measures:

Patient-reported measures of pain, knee-related function, and physical activity level were recorded for all participants. Normalized knee-extension maximum-voluntary-isometric-contraction (MVIC) torque (Nm/kg) and quadriceps central-activation ratio (CAR, %) were measured bilaterally in all participants. Receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish thresholds for unilateral measures of normalized knee-extension MVIC torque and quadriceps CAR, as well as limb-symmetry indices (LSI). ROC curves then established clinical thresholds for normalized knee-extension MVIC torque and quadriceps CAR LSIs associated with healthy knee-related function.

Results:

Involved-quadriceps CAR above 89.3% was the strongest unilateral indicator of healthy-group membership, while quadriceps CAR LSI above 0.996 and knee-extension MVIC torque above 0.940 were the strongest overall indicators. Unilateral normalized knee-extension MVIC torque above 3.00 Nm/kg and quadriceps CAR LSI above 0.992 were the best indicators of good patient-reported knee-related outcomes.

Conclusions:

Threshold values established in this study may provide a guide for clinicians when making return-to-activity decisions after ACLR. Normalized knee-extension MVIC torque (>3.00 Nm/kg) and quadriceps CAR symmetry (>99.6%) are both strong indicators of good patient-reported outcomes after ACLR.
Reliability of Clinician Scoring of the Landing Error Scoring System to Assess Jump-Landing Movement Patterns
Authors: Markbreiter Jessica G. , Sagon Bronson K. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Welch Cailee E.
Published: September 2014

Clinical Scenario:

An individual’s movement patterns while landing from a jump can predispose him or her to lower-extremity injury, if performed improperly. The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a clinical tool to assess jump-landing biomechanics as an individual jumps forward from a box. Improper movement patterns, which could predispose an individual to lower-extremity injuries, are scored as errors. However, because of the subjective nature of scoring errors during the task, the consistency and reliability of scoring the task are important. Since the LESS is a newer assessment tool, it is important to understand its reliability.

Focused Clinical Question:

Are clinicians reliable at scoring the LESS to assess jump-landing biomechanics of physically active individuals?
Association of the Functional Movement Screen With Injuries in Division I Athletes
Authors: Warren Meghan , Smith Craig A. , Chimera Nicole J.
Published: September 2014

Context:

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) evaluates performance in 7 fundamental movement patterns using a 4-point scale. Previous studies have reported increased injury risk with a composite score (CS) of 14/21 or less; these studies were limited to specific sports and injury definition.

Objective:

To examine the association between FMS CS and movement pattern scores and acute noncontact and overuse musculoskeletal injuries in division I college athletes. An exploratory objective was to assess the association between injury and FMS movement pattern asymmetry.

Design:

Prospective cohort.

Setting:

College athletic facilities.

Participants:

167 injury-free, college basketball, football, volleyball, cross country, track and field, swimming/diving, soccer, golf, and tennis athletes (males = 89).

Intervention:

The FMS was administered during preparticipation examination.

Main Outcome Measure:

Noncontact or overuse injuries that required intervention from the athletic trainer during the sport season.

Results:

FMS CS was not different between those injured (n = 74; 14.3 ± 2.5) and those not (14.1 ± 2.4; P = .57). No point on the ROC curve maximized sensitivity and specificity; therefore previously published cut-point was used for analysis with injury (≤14 [n = 92]). After adjustment, no statistically significant association between FMS CS and injury (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% CI 0.53–1.91) existed. Lunge was the only movement pattern that was associated with injury; those scoring 2 were less likely to have an injury vs those who scored 3 (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.08–0.59). There was also no association between FMS movement pattern asymmetry and injury.

Conclusion:

FMS CS, movement patterns, and asymmetry were poor predictors of noncontact and overuse injury in this cohort of division I athletes.
The Effect of Dexamethasone Iontophoresis on Decreasing Pain and Improving Function in Patients With Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Brown Christopher D. , lauber Christine A. , Cappaert Thomas
Published: September 2014

Clinical Scenario:

Iontophoresis is a method of local transfer of ionized medicated and nonmedicated substances through the skin and into the target tissues using magnetic polarization. The anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) combined with iontophoresis make it a potentially desirable treatment for clinicians wishing to administer a noninvasive localized drug concentration without having a large systemic concentration of that drug. Since concurrent treatments are commonly used in clinical practice, many of the published studies that included the use of DEX also used concurrent treatments. However, this may make it difficult for clinicians to determine the individual effectiveness of DEX iontophoresis in treating musculoskeletal conditions.

Focused Clinical Question:

Does DEX iontophoresis, alone, decrease pain and improve function in patients with musculoskeletal conditions when compared with placebo or control?
Using a Daily Diary Approach to Understand the Psychological Experiences of Making Weight
Authors: Sitch Matthew , Day Melissa
Published: September 2014

Making weight refers to the process of reducing body weight to compete in weight-categorized sports. The current study explored judo athletes’ psychological experiences of making weight. Six international standard judo athletes participated for the length of time they required to make weight. An unstructured diary was used to collect data daily, supported by a follow-up interview. Data were analyzed using a holistic content analysis. Emergent themes included initiating the making weight process, competing demands of dual roles, temptation, impacts of restricted nutrition, and the desire for social support. Athlete stories provided rich descriptions of their experiences, revealing the extent to which difficulties were concealed and the process of making weight was normalized. Their accounts highlight the challenges associated with social support but the value of emotional disclosure. Future research should explore the potential uses of diaries as a form of disclosure.
Cliques in Sport: Perceptions of Intercollegiate Athletes
Authors: Martin Luc J. , Wilson Jessi , Evans M. Blair , Spink Kevin S.
Published: September 2014

Although cliques are often referenced in sporting circles, they have received little attention in the group dynamics literature. This is surprising given their potential influence on group-related processes that could ultimately influence team functioning (e.g., Carron & Eys, 2012). The present study examined competitive athletes’ perceptions of cliques using semistructured interviews with 18 (nine female, nine male) intercollegiate athletes (Mage = 20.9, SD = 1.6) from nine sport teams. Athletes described the formation of cliques as an inevitable and variable process that was influenced by a number of antecedents (e.g., age/tenure, proximity, similarity) and ultimately shaped individual and group outcomes such as isolation, performance, and sport adherence. Further, athletes described positive consequences that emerged when existing cliques exhibited more inclusive behaviors and advanced some areas of focus for the management of cliques within sport teams. Results are discussed from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
Profiling, Exploiting, and Countering Psychological Characteristics in Talent Identification and Development
Authors: MacNamara Áine , Collins Dave
Published: September 2014

The importance of psychological characteristics as positive precursors of talent development is acknowledged in literature. Unfortunately, there has been little consideration of the “darker” side of the human psyche. It may be that an inappropriate emphasis on positive characteristics may limit progress. Negative characteristics may also imply derailment or the potential for problems. A comprehensive evaluation of developing performers should cater for positive dual effect and negative characteristics so that these may be exploited and moderated appropriately. An integrated and dynamic system, with a holistic integration of clinical and sport psychology, is offered as an essential element of development systems.
Moderated and Mediated Effects of Coach Autonomy Support, Coach Involvement, and Psychological Need Satisfaction on Motivation in Youth Soccer
Authors: Reynolds Amanda J. , McDonough Meghan H.
Published: September 2014

We examined whether coach involvement moderated the predictive effect of coach autonomy support on motivation both directly and indirectly via need satisfaction. 142 soccer players (106 female; 12-15 years) completed measures of coach autonomy support and involvement, need satisfaction, and motivation. For intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, need satisfaction mediated the effect of autonomy support, but there was also a moderated direct effect whereby autonomy support had a positive effect only when involvement was moderate to high. Autonomy support also positively predicted external regulation and negatively predicted amotivation via need satisfaction. Coach-athlete relationships that are both autonomy supportive and involved are associated with more adaptive forms of motivation, and findings suggest that lack of autonomy support may undermine need satisfaction and motivation.
Postinfective skin contracture: a rare cause of fifth metatarsophalangeal joint subluxation
Authors: Prakash Jatin , Mehtani Anil
Published: September 2014

Dislocation or subluxation of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) is common and usually follows a traumatic event. Non-traumatic causes usually include inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis), connective tissue disorders, crowded shoewear or flexor digitorum longus tendon contracture. We present a very unusual case of subluxation of the fifth MTP joint following a postboil skin contracture. The case was treated with the release of contracture by Z-plasty. It resulted in concentric reduction of the joint and normal skin healing.
Connection dynamics of higher-dimensional scalar–tensor theories of gravity
Authors: Han Yu , Ma Yongge , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: September 2014

The scalar–tensor theories (STTs) of gravity in spacetime dimensions (D+1)>2 are studied. By performing Hamiltonian analysis, we obtain the geometrical dynamics of the theories from their Lagrangian. The Hamiltonian formalism indicates that the theories are naturally divided into two sectors by the coupling parameter ω. The Hamiltonian structures in both sectors are similar to the corresponding structures of four-dimensional cases. It turns out that, similar to the case of general relativity (GR), there is also a symplectic reduction from the canonical structure of so (D+1) Yang–Mills theories coupled to the scalar field to the canonical structure of the geometrical STTs. Therefore, the non-perturbative loop quantum (LQG) gravity techniques can also be applied to the STTs in D+1 dimensions based on their connection-dynamical formalism.
Scattering solutions of the Klein–Gordon equation for a step potential with hyperbolic tangent potential
Authors: Rojas Clara
Published: September 2014

We solve the Klein–Gordon equation for a step potential with hyperbolic tangent potential. The scattering solutions are derived in terms of hypergeometric functions. The reflection coefficient R and transmission coefficient T are calculated, we observed superradiance and transmission resonances.
Numerical research on dynamic stress of phononic crystal ROD in longitudinal wave band gap
Authors: Shu Hai-Sheng , Shi Xiao-Na , Li Shi-Dan , Liu Shao-Gang , Wang Wei-Yuan , Shi Dong-Yan
Published: September 2014

For the propagation of harmonic longitudinal stress wave in phononic crystal rod (PCR), transfer matrix of elastic wave in PCR was derived based on the wave equation and band structure of infinite PCR was calculated. For semi-infinite PCR, theoretical derivation of dynamic stress solutions of arbitrary section and internal interfaces was conducted with Bloch theorem. Inherent relationship between dynamic stress and surface wave modal frequency (SWMF) was analyzed. Afterwards, numerical computation mainly focusing on dynamic stress level of the internal interfaces of PCR was given in detail. Finally, numerical analysis for finite PCR was carried out and verified by finite element simulation. Our results show that SWMF has a significant influence on the dynamic stress, and exactly it is the formal pole of stress solution whose nature is directly determined by the sort order of the two materials constituting the PCR.