bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Complications in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with L-Asparaginase
Authors: Galstyan Gennadii Martinovich , Polevodova O.A. , Bazhenov A.V. , Troitskaya V.V. , Gavrilina O.A. , Gitel'zon D.G. , Vasil'ev A.E. , Parovichnikova E.N.
Published: February 2018

The article provides a literature review on the use of the L-asparaginase (ASP) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and describes two clinical cases. During the treatment with ASP as part of remission induction therapy thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in the central nervous system were registered. In both cases these complications were associated with reduced plasma levels of antithrombin III (АТ), hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia. The risk factors for thrombohemorrhagic complications in ALL patients during ASP treatment are reviewed including combined ASP + anthracycline therapy, oral contraceptives, glucocorticosteroids, thrombophilia and the presence of central venous catheter (CVC). Possible mechanisms of thrombosis as well as the timing of its occurrence and possible localisation are discussed. The article considers different strategies for prevention and treatment of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications in ALL patients receiving ASP. In all ALL patients receiving ASP plasma levels of fibrinogen and AT should be assessed before treatment initiation, on day 3 after the injection and further every 5 to 7 days within a period of 3 weeks after the injection. Novel oral anticoagulants are not dependent on blood AT levels and may be used for prevention and treatment of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications associated with ASP intake. Finally, recommendations for the correction of AT levels and hypofibrinogenemia are given.
Drinking and recreational water exposures among Canadians: Foodbook Study 2014–2015
Authors: Janicki Rachelle , Kate Thomas M. , Pintar Katarina , Fleury Manon , Nesbitt Andrea
Published: February 2018

In Canada, over 400,000 enteric diseases related to drinking water occur each year, highlighting the importance of understanding sources of Canadians’ drinking and recreational water exposures. To address this need, a population-based telephone survey of 10,942 Canadians was conducted between 2014 and 2015, assessing Canadian's drinking water sources and recreational water exposures using a seven-day recall method. Results were analyzed by province/territory, season, age group, gender, income, education, and urban/rural status. Store-bought bottled water was reported by nearly 20% of survey respondents as their primary drinking water source, while approximately 11% of respondents reported private well. The proportion of private well users was significantly greater than the national average in the Maritime Provinces where approximately 40–56% of respondents reported this as their primary drinking water source. As expected, Canadians’ recreational water activities and exposures (e.g., swimming, pool, lake, and waterpark) peaked during summer and were most commonly reported among children aged 0–9 years. Waterborne disease in Canada requires a multi-faceted public health approach. Canadian baseline data on water exposures can inform policy and public health strategies (e.g., recreational water guidelines, private well water testing recommendations) and support research and risk assessment related to mitigating waterborne illness.
Effect of water-to-cement ratio and curing method on the strength, shrinkage and slump of the biosand filter concrete body
Authors: Chan Nicole , Young-Rojanschi Candice , Li Simon
Published: February 2018

The biosand filter is a household-level water treatment technology used globally in low-resource settings. As of December 2016, over 900,000 biosand filters had been implemented in 60 countries around the world. Local, decentralized production is one of the main advantages of this technology, but it also creates challenges, especially in regards to quality control. Using the current recommended proportions for the biosand filter concrete mix, slump was measured at water-to-cement ratios of 0.51, 0.64 and 0.76, with two replicates for each level. Twenty-eight-day strength was tested on four replicate cylinders, each at water-to-cement ratios of 0.51, 0.59, 0.67 and 0.76. Wet curing and dry curing were compared for 28-day strength and for their effect on shrinkage. Maximum strength occurred at water-to-cement ratios of 0.51–0.59, equivalent to 8–9.3 L water for a full-scale filter assuming saturated media, corresponding to a slump class of S1 (10–40 mm). Wet curing significantly improved strength of the concrete mix and reduced shrinkage. Quality control measures such as the slump test can significantly improve the quality within decentralized production of biosand filters, despite localized differences in production conditions.
Membrane integrated process for advanced treatment of high strength Opium Alkaloid wastewaters
Authors: Insel Güçlü , Karagunduz Ahmet , Aksel Murat , Cokgor Emine , Kor-Bicakci Gokce , Ozyildiz Goksin , Toroz Ismail , Keskinler Bulent
Published: February 2018

In this study, an integrated aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR)-nanofiltration (NF) system has been applied for advanced treatment of Opium processing wastewaters to comply with strict discharge limits. Aerobic MBR treatment was successfully applied to high strength industrial wastewater. In aerobic MBR treatment, a non-fouling unique slot aeration system was designed using computational fluid dynamics techniques. The MBR was used to separate treated effluent from dispersed and non-settleable biomass. Respirometric modeling using MBR sludge indicated that the biomass exhibited similar kinetic parameters to that of municipal activated sludge systems. Aerobic MBR/NF treatment reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) from 32,000 down to 2,500 and 130 mg/L, respectively. The MBR system provided complete removal of total inorganic nitrogen; however, nearly 50 mgN/L organic nitrogen remained in the permeate. Post NF treatment after MBR permeate reduced nitrogen below 20 mgN/L, providing nearly total color removal. In addition, a 90% removal in the conductivity parameter was reached with an integrated MBR/NF system. Finally, post NF application to MBR permeate was found not to be practical at higher pH due to low flux (3–4 L/m2/hour) with low recovery rates (30–40%). As the permeate pH lowered to 5.5, 75% of NF recovery was achieved at a flux of 15 L/m2/hour.
Pesticide leaching by agricultural drainage in sloping, mid-textured soil conditions – the role of runoff components
Authors: Zajíček Antonín , Fučík Petr , Kaplická Markéta , Liška Marek , Maxová Jana , Dobiáš Jakub
Published: February 2018

Dynamics of pesticides and their metabolites in drainage waters during baseflow periods and rainfall-runoff events (RREs) were studied from 2014 to 2016 at three small, tile-drained agricultural catchments in Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic. Drainage systems in this region are typically built in slopes with considerable proportion of drainage runoff originating outside the drained area itself. Continuous monitoring was performed by automated samplers, and the event hydrograph was separated using 18O and 2H isotopes and drainage water temperature. Results showed that drainage systems represent a significant source for pesticides leaching from agricultural land. Leaching of pesticide metabolites was mainly associated with baseflow and shallow interflow. Water from causal precipitation diluted their concentrations. The prerequisites for the leaching of parental compounds were a rainfall-runoff event occurring shortly after spraying, and the presence of event water in the runoff. When such situations happened consequently, pesticides concentrations in drainage water were high and the pesticide load reached several grams in a few hours. Presented results introduce new insights into the processes of pesticides movement in small, tile-drained catchments and emphasizes the need to incorporate drainage hydrology and flow-triggered sampling into monitoring programmes in larger catchments as well as in environment-conservation policy.
Advanced treatment of biologically treated coking wastewater by persulfate oxidation with magnetic activated carbon composite as a catalyst
Authors: Song Xiulan , Wang Chao , Liu Meiqin , Zhang Miao
Published: February 2018

Advanced treatment of biologically treated coking wastewater (BTCW) using persulfate (PS) oxidation with magnetic activated carbon composite (CuFe2O4:AC w/w ratio of 1:1.5, denoted as 1.5-MACC) as a green catalyst was evaluated at ambient temperature (30 °C). Effects of PS (K2S2O8) and 1.5-MACC doses on PS decomposition and total organic carbon (TOC) removal in BTCW were also studied during 360 min. The results showed that the 1.5-MACC/PS system has a much better performance on TOC removal in BTCW than only 1.5-MACC or PS system. PS decomposition and TOC removal follow first-order kinetics in the 1.5-MACC/PS system. The optimum condition of the 1.5-MACC/PS system to treat BTCW is with a K2S2O8 dose of 4 g L−1 and 1.5-MACC dose of 5 g L−1. Under this condition, TOC in the PS oxidation effluent is 20.4 mg L−1 with a removal efficiency of 85.4%. TOC removal is a synergistic effect of adsorption and oxidation. TOC oxidation is due to the generation of ·SO4− via the activation of PS by CuFe2O4 impregnated AC. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that phenol compounds and esters were removed significantly by the 1.5-MACC/PS system. When 1.5-MACC was used for the fourth time in the 1.5-MACC/PS system, the removal ratio of TOC was still over 62.2% in 360 min reaction. Thus, the 1.5-MACC/PS system has a potential practical application in treatment of BTCW.
Recent Advances in the Use of Metallic Nanoparticles with Antitumoral Action - Review
Authors: da Silva Patricia Bento , Machado Rachel Temperani Amaral , Pironi Andressa Maria , Alves Renata Carolina , de Araújo Patricia Rocha , Dragalzew Amanda Cutrim , Dalberto Ingrid , Chorilli Marlus
Published: February 2018

The term cancer represents a set of more than 100 diseases that are caused due to
an uncontrolled growth of cells; and their subsequent spread to the other tissues and organs of
the body by a phenomenon, called ‘metastasis’. According to the estimates provided by the
World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is expected to account for about 10 million deaths
per year by 2020 and 21 million cancer cases, which may lead to 13 million deaths by 2030,
making cancer as the cause of highest mortality in contrast to other diseases. The search for
potential therapeutics against cancer, which can reduce the side-effects that occur due to the
difficulty of recognition between cancerous and normal cells, has ever been increased. In this
view, nanotechnology, especially metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), comes to aid in the development
of novel therapeutic agents, which may be synthesized or modified with the most diverse
functional chemical groups; this property makes the metallic nanoparticles suitable for
conjugation with already known drugs or prospective drug candidates. The biocompatibility,
relatively simple synthesis, size flexibility and easy chemical modification of its surface, all
make the metallic nanoparticles highly advantageous for opportune diagnosis and therapy of
cancer. The present article analyzes and reports the anti-tumor activities of 78 papers of various
metallic nanoparticles, particularly the ones containing copper, gold, iron, silver and titanium
in their composition.
Recent Progress in the Development of Fluorometric Chemosensors to Detect Enzymatic Activity
Authors: Wei Tingwen , Wang Fang , Zhang Zhijie , Qiang Jiang , Lv Jing , Chen Tiantian , Li Jia , Chen Xiaoqiang
Published: February 2018

Enzymes are a class of macromolecules that function as highly efficient and specific
biological catalysts requiring only mild reaction conditions. Enzymes are essential to
maintaining life activities, including promoting metabolism and homeostasis, and participating
in a variety of physiological functions. Accordingly, enzymatic levels and activity are
closely related to the health of the organism, where enzymatic dysfunctions often lead to corresponding
diseases in the host. Due to this, diagnosis of certain diseases is based on the levels
and activity of certain enzymes. Therefore, rapid real-time and accurate detection of enzymes
in situ are important for diagnosis, monitoring, clinical treatment and pathological
studies of disease. Fluorescent probes have unique advantages in terms of detecting enzymes,
including being simple to use in highly sensitive and selective real-time rapid in-situ noninvasive
and highly spatial resolution visual imaging. However, fluorescent probes are most
commonly used to detect oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases due to the processes
and types of enzyme reactions. This paper summarizes the application of fluorescent probes to
detect these three types of enzymes over the past five years. In addition, we introduce the
mechanisms underlying detection of these enzymes by their corresponding probes.
Inhibitors of ER Aminopeptidase 1 and 2: From Design to Clinical Application
Authors: Georgiadis Dimitris , Mpakali Anastasia , Koumantou Despoina , Stratikos Efstratios
Published: February 2018

Endoplasmic Reticulum aminopeptidase 1 and 2 are two homologous enzymes that
help generate peptide ligands for presentation by Major Histocompatibility Class I molecules.
Their enzymatic activity influences the antigenic peptide repertoire and indirectly controls
adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that these two enzymes are tractable
targets for the regulation of immune responses with possible applications ranging from
cancer immunotherapy to treating inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Here, we review the
state-of-the-art in the development of inhibitors of ERAP1 and ERAP2 as well as their potential
and limitations for clinical applications.
DNA Double Strand Breaks Repair Inhibitors: Relevance as Potential New Anticancer Therapeutics
Authors: Kopa Paulina , Macieja Anna , Galita Grzegorz , Witczak Zbigniew J. , Poplawski Tomasz
Published: February 2018

DNA double-strand breaks are considered one of the most lethal forms of DNA damage. Many effective anticancer therapeutic approaches used chemical and physical methods to generate DNA double-strand breaks in the cancer cells. They include: IR and drugs which mimetic its action, topoisomerase poisons, some alkylating agents or drugs which affected DNA replication process. On the other hand, cancer cells are mostly characterized by highly effective systems of DNA damage repair. There are two main DNA repair pathways used to fix double-strand breaks: NHEJ and HRR. Their activity leads to a decreased effect of chemotherapy. Targeting directly or indirectly the DNA double-strand breaks response by inhibitors seems to be an exciting option for anticancer therapy and is a part of novel trends that arise after the clinical success of PARP inhibitors. These trends will provide great opportunities for the development of DNA repair inhibitors as new potential anticancer drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances.
Mapping of Protein-Protein Interactions: Web-Based Resources for Revealing Interactomes
Authors: Gemovic Branislava , Sumonja Neven , Davidovic Radoslav , Perovic Vladimir , Veljkovic Nevena
Published: February 2018

Background:

The significant number of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) discovered
by harnessing concomitant advances in the fields of sequencing, crystallography, spectrometry
and two-hybrid screening suggests astonishing prospects for remodelling drug discovery.
The PPI space which includes up to 650 000 entities is a remarkable reservoir of potential
therapeutic targets for every human disease. In order to allow modern drug discovery
programs to leverage this, we should be able to discern complete PPI maps associated with a
specific disorder and corresponding normal physiology.

Objective:

Here, we will review community available computational programs for predicting
PPIs and web-based resources for storing experimentally annotated interactions.

Methods:

We compared the capacities of prediction tools: iLoops, Struck2Net, HOMCOS,
COTH, PrePPI, InterPreTS and PRISM to predict recently discovered protein interactions.

Results:

We described sequence-based and structure-based PPI prediction tools and addressed
their peculiarities. Additionally, since the usefulness of prediction algorithms critically depends
on the quality and quantity of the experimental data they are built on; we extensively
discussed community resources for protein interactions. We focused on the active and recently
updated primary and secondary PPI databases, repositories specialized to the subject or
species, as well as databases that include both experimental and predicted PPIs.

Conclusion:

PPI complexes are the basis of important physiological processes and therefore,
possible targets for cell-penetrating ligands. Reliable computational PPI predictions can speed
up new target discoveries through prioritization of therapeutically relevant protein–protein
complexes for experimental studies.
Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Luo Zhidong , Fan Shuran , Gu Chuying , Liu Weicong , Chen Jinxiang , Li Baohong , Liu Jianqiang
Published: February 2018

Background:

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new class of porous organic-inorganic
crystalline hybrid materials that governed by the self-assembled of metal atoms and organic struts have
attracted tremendous attention because of their special properties. Recently, some more documents have
reported different types of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) as biodegradable and physiological
pH-responsive systems for photothermal therapy and radiation therapy in the body.

Discussion:

n this review paper aims at describing the benefits of using MOF nanoparticles in the field of
biomedicine, and putting into perspective their properties in the context of the ones of other NPs. The first
section briefly reviews the biomaterial scaffolds of MOFs. The second section presents the main types of
stimuli-responsive mechanisms and strategies from two categories: intrinsic (pH, redox state) and extrinsic
(temperature, light irradiation and magnetic field) ones. The combinations of photothermal therapy and
radiation therapy have been concluded in detail. Finally, clinical applications of MOFs, future challenges
and perspectives are also mentioned.

Conclusion:

This review outlines the most recent advances MOFs design and biomedical applications,
from different synthesis to their use as smart drug delivery systems, bioimaging technology or a combination
of both.
Mechanisms Involved in Glycemic Control Promoted by Exercise in Diabetics
Authors: Andrade Eric Francelino , de Oliveira Silva Víviam , Orlando Débora Ribeiro , Pereira Luciano José
Published: February 2018

Introduction:

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high glycemic
levels for long periods. This disease has a high prevalence in the world population, being currently observed
an increase in its incidence. This fact is mainly due to the sedentary lifestyle and hypercaloric
diets. Non-pharmacological interventions for glycemic control include exercise, which promotes
changes in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Thus, increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and decreased
insulin resistance through modulating adipocytes are the main factors that improve glycemic
control against diabetes.

Conclusion:

It was sought to elucidate mechanisms involved in the improvement of glycemic control
in diabetics in front of the exercise.
Feasibility of Using a Smartwatch to Intensively Monitor Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Prospective Cohort Study (Preprint)
Authors: Wu Robert , Liaqat Daniyal , de Lara Eyal , Son Tatiana , Rudzicz Frank , Alshaer Hisham , Abed-Esfahani Pegah , Gershon Andrea S
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with accelerated decline in lung function, diminished quality of life, and higher mortality. Proactively monitoring patients for early signs of an exacerbation and treating them early could prevent these outcomes. The emergence of affordable wearable technology allows for nearly continuous monitoring of heart rate and physical activity as well as recording of audio which can detect features such as coughing. These signals may be able to be used with predictive analytics to detect early exacerbations. Prior to full development, however, it is important to determine the feasibility of using wearable devices such as smartwatches to intensively monitor patients with COPD.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a feasibility study to determine if patients with COPD would wear and maintain a smartwatch consistently and whether they would reliably collect and transmit sensor data.

METHODS

Patients with COPD were recruited from 3 hospitals and were provided with a smartwatch that recorded audio, heart rate, and accelerations. They were asked to wear and charge it daily for 90 days. They were also asked to complete a daily symptom diary. At the end of the study period, participants were asked what would motivate them to regularly use a wearable for monitoring of their COPD.

RESULTS

Of 28 patients enrolled, 16 participants completed the full 90 days. The average age of participants was 68.5 years, and 36% (10/28) were women. Survey, heart rate, and activity data were available for an average of 64.5, 65.1, and 60.2 days respectively. Technical issues caused heart rate and activity data to be unavailable for approximately 13 and 17 days, respectively. Feedback provided by participants indicated that they wanted to actively engage with the smartwatch and receive feedback about their activity, heart rate, and how to better manage their COPD.

CONCLUSIONS

Some patients with COPD will wear and maintain smartwatches that passively monitor audio, heart rate, and physical activity, and wearables were able to reliably capture near-continuous patient data. Further work is necessary to increase acceptability and improve the patient experience.
Editorial
Authors: Ferenc Alvanize Valente Fernandes , Wassem Joyce
Published: February 2018

Editorial - v. 8, n. 3, set./dez. 2017
Circulating miRNA Profiles Associated With Hyperglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Satake Eiichiro , Pezzolesi Marcus G. , Md Dom Zaipul I. , Smiles Adam M. , Niewczas Monika A. , Krolewski Andrzej S.
Published: February 2018

We investigated plasma microRNA (miRNA) profiles associated with variation of hyperglycemia, measured as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), in two panels of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Using the HTG Molecular Diagnostics EdgeSeq platform, 2,083 miRNAs were measured in plasma from 71 patients included in a screening panel. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the candidate miRNAs in plasma from 95 patients included in an independent replication panel. We found 10 miRNAs replicated in both panels and 4 with high statistical significance. The strongest positive correlations with HbA1c were found with miR-125b-5p (rs = 0.40, P = 6.0 × 10−5) and miR-365a-3p (rs = 0.35, P = 5.9 × 10−4). The strongest negative correlations were found with miR-5190 (rs = –0.30, P = 0.003) and miR-770-5p (rs = –0.27, P = 0.008). Pathway analysis revealed that 50 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were significantly enriched by genes targeted by these four miRNAs. The axon guidance signaling pathway was enriched (P < 1 × 10−7) by genes targeted by all four miRNAs. In addition, three other pathways (Rap1 signaling, focal adhesion, and neurotrophin signaling) were also significantly enriched but with genes targeted by only by three of the identified miRNAs. In conclusion, our study identified four circulating miRNAs that were influenced by variation in hyperglycemia. Dysregulation of these miRNAs, which are associated with hyperglycemia in patients with T1D, may contribute to the development of diabetes complications. However, there are multitudes of possible mechanisms/pathways through which dysregulation of these miRNAs may impact risk of diabetes complications.
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Death in Individuals With Prediabetes Defined by Different Criteria: The Whitehall II Study
Authors: Vistisen Dorte , Witte Daniel R. , Brunner Eric J. , Kivimäki Mika , Tabák Adam , Jørgensen Marit E. , Færch Kristine
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE

We compared the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in subgroups of prediabetes defined by fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), or HbA1c.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In the Whitehall II cohort, 5,427 participants aged 50–79 years and without diabetes were followed for a median of 11.5 years. A total of 628 (11.6%) had prediabetes by the World Health Organization (WHO)/International Expert Committee (IEC) criteria (FPG 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and/or HbA1c 6.0–6.4%), and 1,996 (36.8%) by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria (FPG 5.6–6.9 mmol/L and/or HbA1c 5.7–6.4%). In a subset of 4,730 individuals with additional measures of 2hPG, 663 (14.0%) had prediabetes by 2hPG. Incidence rates of a major event (nonfatal/fatal CVD or all-cause mortality) were compared for different definitions of prediabetes, with adjustment for relevant confounders.

RESULTS

Compared with that for normoglycemia, incidence rate in the context of prediabetes was 54% higher with the WHO/IEC definition and 37% higher with the ADA definition (P < 0.001) but declining to 17% and 12% after confounder adjustment (P ≥ 0.111). Prediabetes by HbA1c was associated with a doubling in incidence rate for both the IEC and ADA criteria. However, upon adjustment, excess risk was reduced to 13% and 17% (P ≥ 0.055), respectively. Prediabetes by FPG or 2hPG was not associated with an excess risk in the adjusted analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Prediabetes defined by HbA1c was associated with a worse prognosis than prediabetes defined by FPG or 2hPG. However, the excess risk among individuals with prediabetes is mainly explained by the clustering of other cardiometabolic risk factors associated with hyperglycemia.
Level of competence of the administrative staff at Yarmouk University in light of their demographic differences
Authors: Darawsha Najwa
Published: February 2018

The present study aims at revealing the level of competence of the administrative staff at Yarmouk University. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a population of 291 individuals were randomly selected. The results show that level of functional efficiency was average. Moreover, there were statistically significant differences due to gender and qualification. The female participants scored significantly higher than the males and those who have postgraduate degrees were always significantly different from the other participants. The results did not reveal any statistically significant differences due to the effects of years of service and job title. In light of these results, the researcher recommends the need to pay more attention to the use of technology in the workplace to create an environment conducive to the activation of the functional efficiency and to exploit the creative energies available as quickly and effortlessly as possible.
Breaking desire : a study of the use of metaphorin Mohamed al-Yehyai `s novel Hawd al shahawat
Authors: Arous Besma
Published: February 2018

This study aims to examine the use of metaphor and its role in revealing the deep and hidden messages in Mohamed Al-Yehyai’s novel “ Hawd al-Shahawat “(Desire Basin). Analyzing the metaphors in their contexts leads to a deeper understanding of the relation between them and the “personal myth” and other concepts such as the collective unconscious and collective myth. These metaphors are pertinent in the novel and are used very effectively to connect various components and strengthen its heterogeneity and narrative continuity. Analysis of the metaphor of ‘Basin’ reveals that the use of metaphor is the appropriate approach to reach an in-depth interpretation of the text.
The Relationship of Social, Economic and Psychological Factors to Domestic Violence against Children in the region of Al-Jawf of Saudi Arabiatic
Authors: Al-Quisi Salim , Sharari AbdelMohsen
Published: February 2018

The study aimed to identify the relationship of social, economic and psychological factors to the domestic violence against children in the region of Jawf Saudi Arabia. The study sample consisted of 150 educational advisors in the public schools. The study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship to social and psychological factors in physical, psychological and negligence violence against children in the region of Jawf Saudi Arabia, while economic factors showed insignificant effect. The most important implications of violence against children are as follow: Lack of self-confidence, introverted and not responding to any exciting, anxiety, fear, appearance neglect, aggression, desire for revenge, stubbornness, various injuries because of the lack of care and supervision, isolation, insecurity, hatred, shame, and smoking cigarettes. The study recommended proper family upbringing methods based on democracy compatible with our Islamic religion instead of the authoritarian upbringing methods in order to avoid the practice of domestic violence against children.
Scientific Research Obstacles – Jordan Experiment
Authors: Fadda Eyad Hakam
Published: February 2018

Literature shows that production of scientific research in the Arab world is at very low level. According to UNESCO statistics for 2004, all Arab countries allocated approximately a tot al of $ 1.7 billion for scientific research, which is close to 0.3% of their Gross National Income (GNP). In contrast, France, Denmark and the United States each allocates an annual 2 to 2.6% of their GNPs for research. This confirms the size of the gap between the reality of research in the Arab world and western and developed countries which are known for their considerable contribution to the advancement of knowledge and human civilization and their generous spending on scientific research, especially in light of UNESCO’s recommendations of spending around 1% of GNP on research. It should be noted that scientific research in the Arab world is mainly funded by the public sector with a contribution of 80% of total research allocations. This is in stark contrast with the state of research in developed countries, where research is funded mainly by the private sector, which is the case in Japan, where 70% of research is funded by the private sector. Importance of conducting research has been emphasized in the outcomes of the Arab Conference for the Development of Scientific Research, held in Amman in October of 2015 under the patronage of the Union of Arab Universities Secretary General, with participation from a number of Arab countries. The conference made several recommendations to resolve the obstacles that impede scientific research in the Arab world which include administrative corruption, theft of scientific research proposals, and the participation of too many academics and researchers in certain joint research projects just for the sole reason of gaining approval of the project by the concerned authorities.
Translation and EFL in Oman
Authors: Al-Ma’ani Musallam , Al-Kindi Al Ghalia
Published: February 2018

The history of the didactics of translation indicates that it has been effectively used in the teaching of foreign languages. In the case of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), translation can have a sufficiently facilitating role in its teaching and learning. Particularly for the teaching of EFL in Oman, where English is taught at all stages of the educational system, translation from and into Arabic and English may improve the mastery of English. But there is disagreement among EFL teachers on the use of translation in their classes. This paper explores the views of EFL teachers in Oman with regard to the feasibility and usefulness of translation in EFL teaching. Findings suggest that EFL teachers in Oman are almost split on this vital issue.
Female Life Expectancy Rates and Factors Affecting them: An Analytical-Quantitative Study
Authors: Zarrouk Mohamed
Published: February 2018

This paper explores the question of identity, in terms of self and historical construction in a sample of Omani women’s novel, by looking specifically at the ways the narratives focused on the local and the borrowed, the free and slave, the tribal and non- tribal and articulated their vision of their individual selves, their actions and established relationships resulting from of their historical circumstances. The research focuses on the narrative viewpoint, on the way the speaking subject self-seeing and its focalization, on the narrator view of the other, be it different or similar. The resources from which the research started are structured on feminine identities that have a standpoint from their historical evolution and from the formation of their identities. It also has an attitude. about the other whether it is different in terms of gender, race or descent.
Research Centers in Saudi Arabia “the present and hopeful realities and merits": A theoretical study
Authors: Al-Maizar Hind
Published: February 2018

During the 1960s, the Arab countries began to establish specialized research centers such as the National Center for Social and Criminal Research in Egypt. And according to the latest report from the University of Pennsylvania in 2015, the number of research centers in Arab countries varied and showed a kind of disparity in numbers. Although Saudi Arabia possesses the financial, physical, economic, political, and societal components that help to create large numbers of research centers at a high level, it ranks 15th among Arab countries and has only four research centers. This raises the question about: What are the present realities and future hopes of research centers in Saudi Arabia? So, this current study focuses on: the number of research centers in Western countries in comparison to Arab countries, the reality of research centers in Saudi Arabia, and the obstacles facing the establishment of research centers in the country and in the Gulf countries. It also provides a set of proposals that may lead to an increase in the number of research centers in Saudi Arabia, the issues to be studied by such research centers, and the future vision for decision-makers. The results of the study show the small number of research centers in Saudi Arabia in particular and the Gulf countries in general compared to foreign countries. They also show that the United States of America obtained the first rank among other Western countries and Egypt ranked first among Arab countries.
Interception in the Holy Quran and its Rhetorical Purposes
Authors: Mohammed Jameel
Published: February 2018

The study sets out to present a definition of interception in the language and terminology of the Holy Quran and examines in detail all rhetorical purposes of the interception sentence contained in the holy book, which were found to be forty one rhetorical purposes. It focuses as well as the linguistic interest of the interception sentence. A discussion of placements of interception sentences followed, explaining ten states where interception could only be used in the holy Quran without discussing interception placements in language books. The study also includes opinions of past and modern Quran interpreters concerning interception as it cited most of famous Quran interpretation books as well as reliable language references.
Caracterización de pacientes internados con trastornos de personalidad
Authors: Capurro Marcos Hernán , Arce Andrés , Arrom Cristina , Arrom Suhurt Carmen Marina , Arrom María Auxiliadora , Rivera Jessica , Hermida Christian
Published: February 2018

El término personalidad hace referencia a las características estables de un individuo y que se muestran en su forma de comportarse. Los trastornos de la personalidad (TP) son desviaciones extremas de la personalidad y han cobrado relevancia por su alta incidencia y por su presentación con otros trastornos mentales. La personalidad ha sido definida de forma general como la totalidad de los rasgos emocionales y conductuales que caracterizan a una persona en condiciones normales. Los TP son variantes de los rasgos de personalidad, inflexibles y desadaptativos, que causan o bien un deterioro funcional significativo o un malestar subjetivo. Se presenta una forma estable de comportamiento caracterizado por maneras de percibir e interpretar la realidad, afectividad y emociones, relaciones interpersonales y manejo de los impulsos apartados de lo que se espera culturalmente de la persona. La personalidad y sus trastornos resultan de la interacción de factores genéticos con otros determinados por la educación y crianza. La experiencia clínica señala que características anormales de la personalidad tienden a normalizarse a medida que el sujeto alcanza la edad media de la vida. Pero hay otros casos en los que en la senectud, los rasgos anormales de la personalidad pueden agravarse de nuevo y ser fuente de problemas para pacientes u cuidadores. Todos los trastornos de la personalidad han sido diagnosticados con cifras similares en todas las culturas del mundo. La prevalencia estimada de TP en la comunidad varía ampliamente según distintos estudios, desde un 5,9 hasta un 22 ,5%. No obstante, los TP son 4 veces más prevalentes en muestras clínicas que entre la población general. Representa el 10% de los pacientes ambulatorios y el 20% de los pacientes hospitalizados alcanzando el 49% en adolescentes internados. Las personas con patologías severas de la personalidad hacen un mayor uso de los servicios de salud mental.
Riesgo suicida en mujeres en situación de privación de libertad
Authors: Vargas Valentina , Arrom Suhurt Cristina , Cuellar Miguel , Fresco María Del Pilar , Arrom Suhurt Carmen Marina , Arrom María Auxiliadora
Published: February 2018

El suicidio es un problema grave de salud pública con factores que aumentan el riesgo. Esta conducta abarca un amplio espectro, desde la ideación suicida, preparación de un plan, obtención de los medios para llevarlo a cabo, hasta la posible consumación del acto.  En la actualidad el suicidio aqueja a gran parte de la población mundial, aproximadamente un millón de personas mueren cada año en el mundo por suicidio. En promedio se suicidan a diario tres mil personas y, por cada una, veinte lo intentan. En todos los países el factor de encarcelamiento multiplica la tasa de suicidio señala un estudio realizado en Cataluña, constituyendo una causa común de muerte en prisión. Esto se debe a que la privación de la libertad impacta de manera significativa en las personas que se encuentran en esta condición. Influye en el proyecto de vida del interno, afecta su salud mental, como estigma, cambio de modus vivendi, lo separa de familiares y otras fuentes de apoyo social. Se suman a estos factores las condiciones de la mayoría de los sistemas carcelarios deficientes, que violan los derechos humanos de los presidiarios por el hacinamiento, atención deficitaria a la salud, personal de guardia inadecuado, mezcla de la población carcelaria, entre otras En Paraguay ha habido un aumento en la tasa de suicidios en los últimos 5 años, siendo de 5,64 por cada 100.000 habitantes en el 2009 y de 6,81 en el 2014. La edad es otro factor de riesgo asociado, señala otro estudio, donde a nivel país se dieron más frecuentemente los suicidios en el rango de entre 18 a 29 años de edad.
Deterioro cognitivo en pacientes crónicos con esquizofrenia internados en el Hospital Psiquiátrico de Asunción. Año 2017
Authors: Fois Ibarrola María Laura , Galeano Boselli José
Published: February 2018

En la actualidad se define a la “esquizofrenia como una perturbación del pensamiento sensible al ambiente y harto a menudo persistente o recurrente con un sustrato de disfunción cerebral (cognitiva, perceptiva, anatómica o bioquímica) bastante convincente, que ha sido adquirida (por vía traumática, infecciosa, etc.) y o heredada por medio de los genes” Es un desorden cerebral que deteriora la capacidad de las personas para pensar, para dominar sus emociones, tomar decisiones y relacionarse con los demás. Es una enfermedad psíquica que afecta a la mente, al conjunto de actividades o procesos psíquicos conscientes o inconscientes. El cerebro enferma y entra en crisis debido a la tensión experimentada que actúa como catalizador o detonante de la enfermedad en una persona con predisposición a contraerla. Se tiene conocimiento de que las personas con esquizofrenia acuden por primera vez a un especialista cuando el primer episodio psicótico se ha manifestado. Se estima que los síntomas comenzaron a presentarse de tres a cinco años antes del primer episodio, buscar ayuda a menudo es considerado como un último recurso más que una elección racional. Esta situación pone de manifiesto el hecho de que en general los diagnósticos se realizan tardíamente y por lo tanto hay demora en comenzar el tratamiento efectivo. El Hospital Psiquiátrico de Asunción, tiene 150 pacientes con trastornos, de los cuales 20 pacientes padecen de esquizofrenia tanto graves como leves.
Perfil del profesional de Enfermería en Paraguay. Año 2017
Authors: Garay Duarte Zunilda
Published: February 2018

El perfil de egreso es el conjunto de cualidades y características que de acuerdo a los conocimientos, habilidades, aptitudes y valores le permiten a una persona asumir las actitudes y competencias requeridas en una responsabilidad definida también, como la imagen contextualizada de la profesión en un momento y lugar, que orienta la determinación de los objetivos curriculares, sirve de referencia para la valoración de la calidad de la formación. En la República del Paraguay, el/la Enfermero/a es un/a profesional universitario/a generalista con competencias científico - técnicas, humanística, ética, legal, social y política; comprometido con la calidad de vida de las personas, en todo su ciclo vital, familiar y comunitario en sus diferentes contextos; con actitud crítica y reflexiva. Trabaja en la promoción de la salud, prevención de las enfermedades, curación y rehabilitación y en la etapa final de la vida, en todos los niveles de complejidad y/o en forma independiente. Provee cuidados autónomos e interdependiente, supervisa, administra, investiga y educa en diferentes áreas, e instruye al personal de enfermería y de atención de la salud, capacitado para gestionar su desarrollo profesional, con la finalidad de contribuir en la construcción de una sociedad más equitativa, justa y solidaria. El perfil de egreso de la carrera, en lo esencial, destaca el conjunto de capacidades, habilidades y actitudes que debe adquirir el egresado. Constituye un referente esencial para el diseño y la revisión curricular para la gestión docente, así como para la evaluación y acreditación de la carrera.
Neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) en una unidad de cuidados intensivos adultos, Hospital de Clínicas. Año 2016
Authors: Garay Duarte Zunilda
Published: February 2018

La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) se define como la infección del tejido pulmonar que ocurre posterior a 48 horas de la intubación orotraqueal. Representa la infección hospitalaria más frecuente, asociándose con una elevada tasa de mortalidad, morbilidad y costos. En la última década se ha producido un rápido aumento de la tasa de resistencia entre los patógenos bacterianos recuperados en las unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Los desafíos para la prevención de IAAS aumentan en una unidad de terapia intensiva, debido a la variedad de microorganismos, muchas veces multirresistentes, implicando en el uso de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro. Se caracteriza por realizar procedimientos invasivos para diagnosticar o posibilitar la cura del paciente, lo que torna el control de infecciones complicado. La NAVM es una complicación que ocurre en alrededor de 20-25 % de los pacientes ventilados durante más de 48 horas, con una incidencia de 1 % adicional por cada día de ventilación mecánica. Las cepas productoras de carbapenemasas de tipo KPC se han diseminado por todo el mundo y Paraguay no es una excepción. Debido a los factores de riesgo vinculados a los cuidados de la salud en áreas cerradas y con procedimientos invasivos así como al uso de antibioticoterapia previa, constituye todo un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico dado las escasas opciones disponibles, lo que obliga a optimizar el uso de los antimicrobianos así como a realizar combinaciones sinérgicas de los mismos que sólo en cierta medida han demostrado eficacia. Es una preocupación de la Organización Mundial de Salud, teniendo en cuenta que una mayor resistencia de los microorganismos a los antimicrobianos, genera enormes costos adicionales para los sistemas de salud, elevados costos para los pacientes y sus familias, y muertes innecesarias. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: determinar la incidencia de NAVM, la frecuencia por pacientes vigilados y el agente etiológico.
Vulneración del derecho a la salud en la prisión
Authors: Galeano Monti José , Balbuena Jara Oscar
Published: February 2018

Este trabajo tiene como principal objetivo llevar a cabo un análisis y descripción acerca del grado de acceso a servicios de salud de la población privada libertad, adulta y adolescente, varones y mujeres; específicamente en cárceles y centros educativos del Paraguay.
Predictores de mortalidad en niños de 15 años o menos que adquirieron el VIH por transmisión materno-infantil en el Paraguay
Authors: Aguilar Gloria , Espinosa Miranda Angélica , W. Rutherford George , Muñoz Sergio , Samudio Tania , Galeano Fernando , Kawabata Anibal , Ríos González Carlos Miguel
Published: February 2018

La pandemia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) se presenta actualmente como uno de los problemas más impactantes de salud pública a nivel mundial, con múltiples repercusiones que rebasan el ámbito sanitario. En el año 2015, 2,1 millones [1,8 millones–2,4 millones] de personas contrajeron la infección por el VIH en todo el mundo. Las nuevas infecciones en niños han descendido en un 50% desde el 2010. A nivel mundial, 150 000 [110 000–190 000] niños contrajeron la infección por el VIH en 2015, una cifra inferior a la de 2010, con 290 000 [250 000–350 000] nuevos casos. En América Latina, a pesar de los avances en el control de la epidemia del VIH, la tendencia de la mortalidad de los niños con VIH y los predictores de la misma no han sido bien caracterizadas en los escasos estudios publicados hasta la fecha, en Brasil, en una cohorte de 15 años de seguimiento en Belo Horizonte, y otra realizada en Vitoria, mostraron una mortalidad global al finalizar el seguimiento que variaba de 9.7 y 15% respectivamente, mientras que Bologna R. y col en Argentina encontraron una tasa de mortalidad de 0.86 cada cien pacientes año y una tasa global de mortalidad del 3,4%. Aunque los datos son bastante limitados para los países latinoamericanos, hay aún menos datos sobre la mortalidad de niños con infección por VIH transmitida perinatalmente en Paraguay. Hasta la fecha, los datos que se recopilan sobre los niños no han proporcionado una imagen clara de las tendencias en la mortalidad y los predictores de mortalidad para permitir a las autoridades sanitarias y del Programa Nacional de control de VIH/sida/ITS evaluar e implementar estrategias para reducir la mortalidad en niños que viven con el VIH.