bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diploid Paragonimus westermani: the experimental completion of its life-cycle
Authors: Shibahara T.
Published: June 2009

Experimental completion of the life-cycle of Paragonimus westermani (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae) (diploid type) from egg to adult has been achieved in the laboratory for the first time. A dog was fed metacercariae of P. westermani from naturally infected freshwater crabs, Geothelphusa dehaani. The adult flukes were recovered and their eggs were incubated in water at 28°C, hatching after 20 days. Laboratory reared marsh snails, Semisulcospira libertina, were exposed to miracidia from embryonated eggs. One of 47 snails became infected with a large number of 2nd generation rediae containing fully mature cercariae 245 days after exposure. Paragonimus-free crabs (G. dehaani) were then infected with the intramolluscan larvae. Of the 40 crabs examined 34–70 days after infection, 17 were infected with a total of 84 metacercariae. A cat and 4 dogs were fed with 55 metacercariae obtained. Eighty to 100 days later, a total of 40 flukes was recovered; 39 flukes were adults with eggs in their Uteri.
Effect of antibiotics on protein synthesis in filarial parasites
Authors: Wani J. H. , Srivastava V. M. L.
Published: June 2009

Acanthocheilonema viteae,Litomosoides cariniiandSetaria cerviwere found to actively synthesize proteinsin vitro. Different centrifugation fractions and their TCA-precipitable fractions were assessed for the distribution of newly synthesized proteins. Penicillin and streptomycin inhibited the process inA. viteae. The synthesis inS. cerviwas susceptible to puromycin, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, neomycin and polymyxin B. The process inL. cariniiwas strongly blocked by puromycin while chloramphenicol had no significant effect.
Migration and development of the larvae of Gnathostoma nipponicum in the rat, second intermediate or paratenic host, and the weasel, definitive host
Authors: Ando K. , Sato Y. , Miura K. , Matsuoka H. , Chinzei Y.
Published: June 2009

Migration and development of the larvae of Gnathostoma nipponicum in the rat as second intermediate or paratenic host and the weasel as definitive host were examined to clarify the pathogenesis in each animal. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) given orally to rats remained in the stomach for 12 h post-infection (PI). After that, larvae transiently invaded various organs and finally moved into the muscle within 48 h. The percentage of eosinophils in the blood taken from the jugular vein of rats infected with AdL3 reached a maximum (about 6%) on day 20 PI and then decreased. IgG antibody titre for G. nipponicum measured by ELISA began to increase on day 5 PI and reached a plateau on day 20 PI. The AdL3 given orally to weasels moved from the stomach into the muscle and then increased in size. Half of them invaded the muscle within 5 days, whereas the majority of them invaded the muscles within 20 days PI. Morphology of worms which invaded the muscles indicated that they were still the larval form with three rows of hooklets on the head bulb. The larvae in the muscles developed to young adult worms with seven rows of hooklets on the head bulb within 40 days PI. These young adult worms invaded the oesophageal wall and formed a tumour within 60 days PI. It was presumed that worms invaded the oesophageal wall though the adventitia. Ferret and mink were shown to be potential final hosts of G. nipponicum.
The migration and attrition of Strongyloides ratti in naive and sensitized rats
Authors: McHugh T.D. , Jenkins T. , Greenwood R. , McLaren D.J.
Published: June 2009

Compressed organ autoradiography has been utilized to study the migration of the homogonic strain of Strongyloides ratti from the site of skin penetration to the gut. This transit is characterized by rapid disappearance of parasites from the cutaneous site of infection, followed by vascular dispersal throughout all organs investigated. For the first time, parasite migration in both naive and previously sensitized hosts is compared; the principal stations of migration are the same in the two groups although there is a quantitative difference in accumulation of parasites with time in these stations. Parasite attrition occurs in both groups of animals; however, in naive rats it is not manifest until day 20–25 post challenge, whereas in sensitized rats immune elimination occurs as early as 48 h post challenge.
Ultrastructural study on spermatogenesis in Ganeo tigrinum, an intestinal trematode of Rana tigrina
Authors: Sharma P.N. , Rai N.
Published: June 2009

Spermatogenesis and the structure of the spermatozoon of the frog intestinal fluke, Ganeo tigrinum has been examined by electron microscopy. Each testis is covered by a tunica consisting of sustentacular cells and fibrous material. Internally the testis is lined by undifferentiated spermatogonial cells, with cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes. The arrangement of the diverse spermatogonic cell populations is similar to those studied in other digeneans. During spermatogenesis the elongation and spiralling of nuclear materials occurs synchronously in the late spermatid stage. The G. tigrinum spermatozoon appears to be biflagellate due to the presence of two filaments. Between the two filaments is an elongated nucleus; these elements fuse to form the monopartite shaft of the sperm. The spermatozoon of G. tigrinum is characterized by the presence of an unusually long nucleus that even surpasses the length of the mitochondrion. At almost half the length of the spermatozoon there is sharp rotation between first axial filament, mitochondrion and the nucleus. Both the axial filaments show 9+1 arrangement of axonemal units throughout the spermatozoon.
The Karyotypes ofCalicophoron microbothriumandCarmyerius gregariusfrom Egyptian ruminants
Authors: Ashour A.A. , Hassan N.H.A. , Ibrahim A.M. , El-Kabbany A.I
Published: June 2009

The karyotypes of the two amphistomesCalicophoron microbothriumFischoeder, 1901 andCarmyerius gregarius(Looss, 1896), Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 from Egyptian ruminants were studied using the air drying technique. The two species have similar number of chromosomes (n = 9), but differ in chromosome morphology. All the chromosomes ofC. microbothriumare subtelocentric, except the first and the fifth are metacentric, whereas the chromosomes ofC. gregariusare submetacentric, subtelocentric and acrocentric. Some cells in the two species showed tetraploidy. The results are discussed in terms of the phylogenetic relationship of different amphistomes.
Light microscopic observations of Echinostoma caproni metacercariae during in vitro excystation
Authors: Ursone R.L. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Light microscopy was used to study excystation of Echinostoma caproni metacercariae in various media. Optimal excystation was observed in an alkaline trypsin-bile salts medium (TB) at 40 ± 1°C. The percentage of excystation in TB medium declined following either acid pepsin or acid saline pretreatment. Excystation rarely occurred in either trypsin or bile salts alone. Dissolution of the outer cyst occurred in TB medium thus facilitating excystation. Activation of the larva within the inner cyst led to its eventual release through an aperture in the mucoid plug region. Excystation of this species was facilitated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. There were considerable differences in excystation events between this species and the related allopatric species, E. trivolvis
Abundance/host size relationship in a fish trematode community
Authors: Saad-Fares A. , Combes C.
Published: June 2009

The abundance of six species of trematodes: Aphanurus stossichi, Bacciger israelensis, Diphterostomum israelense, Plagioporus idoneus, Lepocreadium album and L. pegorchis, parasitic in the digestive tract of marine teleostei (Sparidae) collected near Jounieh (east Mediterranean), was analysed as a function of the host-size. In two parasite/host systems, infections were observed from the lowest size classes of the sample, with a clear tendency to an increase of abundance in older fish. In four others, parasites appear only above a rather high threshold class, young individuals never being infected. In the last three parasite/host systems, host invasion may occur early or late, but infection decreases above a well defined size class, old fishes rarely or never being infected. A given trematode species. when parasitizing several host species, shows similar abundance/host size relationships, e.g. P. idoneus in Diplodus vulgaris and Oblada melanura. When more than one species of trematode infects a single host species, curves can be markedly distinct; for instance, L. pegorchis was collected from Pagellus erythrinus below 15 cm. whereas D. israelense parasitized the same fish approximately above the same size. There is no evidence that such a replacement of one trematode by another in the course of host growth is a result of interspecific competition.
Ultrastructure of the spermatid and spermatozoon of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Authors: Zhao Bin , Liu Bing
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the spermatid and spermatozoon of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala) was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. The flagellum and nucleus in the spermatid gradually expanded simultaneously. The karyoplasm of the spermatid transformed into dense inclusions and a multibarrel structure, which were also found in the spermatozoan body. The multibarrel structure was located close to the flagellum and consisted of many irregular microtubes. The flagellum of the developing spermatozoon was observed in a concavity of the spermatid nucleus. The microtubule arrangement of the flagellum was ″9+2″. No mitochondria or acrosome were observed in spermatozoa.
Em18 and Em16, new serologic marker epitopes for alveolar echinococcosis in Western blot analysis, are the only two epitopes recognized by commercially available weak positive (cut off) sera for Em2plus-ELISA
Authors: Ito A. , Osawa Y. , Nakao M. , Horii T. , Okamoto M. , Itoh M. , Yamashita T.
Published: June 2009

The assay system for antibody responses against Em2, the most specific antigen for serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), has been established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but not by Western blot assay, since Em2 antigen is not protein but carbohydrate in nature. Recently we reported that previously undescribed protein epitopes, designated Em18 and Em16 due to their molecular weights, were good serologic markers for AE by Western blot analysis. It has been shown that Em18 and Em16 are the only two epitopes recognized by commercially available weak positive (cut off) sera for the Em2plus-ELISA.
Onchocerca fasciata: histochemical demonstration of succinate and NADH dehydrogenase
Authors: Omar M.S. , Raoof A.M.S.
Published: June 2009

The activities of selected enzymes of the respiratory chain system in Onchocerca fasciata (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) have been investigated histochemically. Thus, the localization and distributions of NADH dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (EC 1.3.99.1) and cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) were investigated in various tissues of the adult female worm by employing MTT, Nitro BT (dehydrogenases) and DAB (cytochrome oxidase). Different tissues varied considerably in their enzymatic activities. The hypodermis and reproductive tissues showed strong and identical localization of NADH and SDH dehydrogenase activities reflecting high metabolic rates. Little or no dehydrogenase activities were observed in the intestine and cuticle. In contrast to the two dehyrogenases, no activity was observed for cytochrome oxidase in any of the tissues in adult or embryonic stages of the worm. The significance of these results with respect to the energy metabolism of the worm is discussed. It is suggested that O. fasciata lacks a classical, mammalian-type respiratory pathway and that oxidative phosphorylation is of no importance as an energy generating pathway in this essentially anaerobic parasite.
Optimum concentrations of essential components for the development of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in vitro
Authors: Hata H.
Published: June 2009

Third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were cultured to young adult stages in Waymouth's chemically defined medium MB 752/l, which comprises higher concentrations of the essential components histidine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, choline chloride and glucose than various other chemically defined media. The present study has shown that choline chloride and tryptophan are required at relatively higher concentrations for worm development than those of the other essential components.
Ultrastructure of the alimentary tract of third-stage larvae of Litomosoides carinii
Authors: Ogbogu V.C. , Storey D.M.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructural morphology of the alimentary tract of the third-stage larvae of Litomosoides carinii (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is described. The oesophagus possesses the characteristic tri-radiate lumen and is lined by cuticle. The lumen of the oesophagus is tightly occluded anteriorly by particulate material and posteriorly at the oesophagointestinal junction. Three glands are present in the glandular region, one dorsal and two subventral. These glands contain secretory granules with similar morphological and staining properties. The lumen of the intestine is ill-defined without microvilli and apparently non-functional. It is likely that the larvae feed via the transcuticular route.
Immunocharacterization ofTaenia soliumoncosphere and metacestode antigens
Authors: Garcia-Allan C. , Martínez N. , Flisser A. , Aluja A. , Allan J.C. , Craig P.S.
Published: June 2009

A partial immunocharacterization of oncosphere and metacestode antigens ofTaenia soliumwas carried out and compared to antigens from other taeniid species. The results indicated thatT. soliummetacestode antigen contained epitopes cross reactive with rabbit anti-sera to adult and oncospheral stages of the parasite. Oncospheres, however, consisted largely of stage specific antigens. Western blot analysis indicated thatT. soliumandT. pisiformisshared several oncospheral antigens; however, this was not the case withT. soliumandT. hydatigena. Western blot analysis showed a time-related increase in the number of molecules recognized by antibodies toT. soliumoncosphere and metacestode antigens in pigs experimentally infected withT. soliumeggs. Oncosphere specific antibodies were detected in pig sera one month after experimental infection whereas antibodies to cystic stage antigens were not present until the 3rd to 5th month post infection. Sera from neurocysticercotic patients as well as naturally infected cysticercotic pigs recognized high molecular weight antigens in the oncospheres.
Prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminths of Nigerian goats
Authors: Nwosu C.O. , Ogunrinade A.F. , Fagbemi B.O.
Published: June 2009

A total of 120 gastro-intestinal tracts and 960 faecal samples were examined to assess the prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminth parasites of Red Sokoto (maradi) goats slaughtered at Ibadan between May 1991 and April 1992. Egg types of strongyles, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Skrjabinema, Dicrocoelium and Moniezia were encountered in 93%, 83%, 44%, 0.9%, 2.3% and 31% of the faecal samples respectively. However, only strongyle, Strongyloides and Trichuris eggs occurred in large numbers and were more common during the rainy season than in the dry season. The parasites recorded and their prevalences were Haemonchus contortus (90.0%), H. ovis (5.0%), Strongyloides papillosus (80.8%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (78.3%), T. axei (69.2%), Trichuris ovis (72.5%), T. globulosa (38.3%), Oesophagostomum columbianum (67.5%), Cooperia curticei (58.3%) Gaigeria pachyscelis (40.8%), Skrjabinema ovis (5.0%), Nematodirus battus (5.8%), Moniezia expansa (29.2%), M. benedeni (10.0%), Paramphistomum spp. (5.0%) and Cysticercus tenuicollis (33.3%). Haemonchus ovis is reported for the first time in Nigeria. Mixed infections were most prevalent. Young goats were more commonly infected and had higher worm counts than adult goats. Only Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides and Cooperia spp. occurred in large numbers. Irrespective of the age of the goats, higher worm counts were generally encountered during the rainy season than in the dry season. The results are discussed in relation to the control of helminthiasis in grazing animals in Nigeria.
A cross-sectional study of helminths in rural scavenging poultry in Tanzania in relation to season and climate
Authors: Permin A. , Magwisha H. , Kassuku A.A. , Nansen P. , Bisgaard M. , Frandsen F. , Gibbons L.
Published: June 2009

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of helminths in rural scavenging poultry on six hundred adult chickens selected randomly from six villages in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania during the wet and the dry seasons, was conducted. The trachea and gastrointestinal tract of each bird were examined for the presence of parasites. All chickens were infected with one or several species of helminths, the average being 4.8 ±1.7 helminths per chicken during the wet season and 5.1 ± 1.8 during the dry season. A total of 29 different helminth species were shown in the trachea or the gastrointestinal tract. The following species were identified:Syngamus trachea(0.7% (wet season), 2% (dry season));Gongylonema ingluvicola(6.3%, 17.7%);Tetrameres americana(54.3%, 60.3%);Dispharynx nasuta(0%, 2.7%);Acuaria hamulosa(8.3%, 19.3%);Ascaridia galli(28.3%, 32.3%);Heterakis gallinarum(74.0%, 78.7%);H. isolonche(18.7%, 5.0%);H. dispar(25.7%, 6.3%);Allodapa suctoria(40.0%, 52.0%);Subulura strongylina(3.3%, 1.0%);Strongyloides avium(0.3%, 3.0%);Capillaria annulata(2.0%, 0.0%);C. contorta(9.0%, 1.0%);C. caudinflata(2.0%, 4.3%);C. obsignata(8.7%, 25.0%);C. anatis(4.0%, 9.0%);C. bursata(1.0%, 2.7%);Raillietina echinobothrida(41.3%, 46.3%);R. tetragona(25.3%, 21.3%);R. cesticillus(8.7%, 2.7%);Choanotaenia infundibulum(0.0%, 3.7%);Hymenolepis carioca(9.0%, 18.0%);H. cantaniana(48.0%, 43.0%);Amoebotaenia cuneata(39.3%, 36.0%);Metroliasthes lucida(1.0%, 0.3%);Davainea proglottina(5.7%, 0.3%) andPolymorphus boschadis(0.3%, 0.0%). No trematodes were found. No correlation was found between season and prevalence, or season and mean worm burdens. Twelve helminths of the species recovered represent new local records.
The effect of long term storage on the lipid reserves and fatty acid composition of cysts and hatched juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Holz R.A. , Wright D.J. , Perry R.N.
Published: June 2009

The lipid composition of three batches of single generation cysts of Globodera rostochiensis, stored dry at 4°C for 1,7 and 13 years, comprised 81%, 74% and 53% neutral lipids, 14%, 18% and 27% non-acidic phospholipids and 5%, 8% and 20% free fatty acids, respectively. Lipids in eggs from two batches of G. pallida cysts, stored for 3 and 7 years, comprised 80% and 67% neutral lipids, 15% and 23% non-acidic phospholipids and 5% and 10% free fatty acids, respectively. All batches contained the same fatty acids which were dominated by C18:l, C20:l and C20:4. The fatty acid profiles of hatched J2 of G. rostochiensis from two batches, stored for 1 and 9 years, differed only in their free fatty acid fractions. Thus, while it is not possible to determine the age of cysts by their fatty acid profile, it may be possible to use the relative amounts of the main lipid classes as an indicator of age. Four batches of hatched J2 of G. pallida were investigated, with sample A hatched during the second week in potato root diffusate, B during week 3, C during week 4 and D during weeks 5 and 6 and stored for 3.5 days (on average) after hatching. Total lipid content was 27.2%, 31.5%, 18.5% and 6.3% of the dry weight for A, B, C and D, respectively. In the neutral lipid fraction of D an increase in C18:l and to a lesser extent C18:2 was observed. In the free fatty acid fraction of sample D, the percentages of C18:l, C18:2 and C18:3 were greater but the percentages of C20:3 and C20:4 were smaller compared with sample C. Fresh early hatched J2 of G. rostochiensis were compared with later hatched and stored (for 13 days on average) individuals for their lipid content and fatty acid composition. The lipid content was 26.1% and 11.4% in fresh and stored J2, respectively. Total lipid consisted of 77% and 70% neutral lipid, 18% and 26% non-acidic phospholipid and 6% and 4% free fatty acid in fresh and stored J2, respectively. In the neutral lipid fraction of stored J2 C18:l, C16:0 and C18:0 increased, whereas C20:4, C20:l and C20:3 decreased. Therefore, both neutral lipid and free fatty acid fractions showed changes in their fatty acid profiles after long delayed hatching and/or storage in both PCN species.
Hormones Corticotropes et Cortico-surrénales dans les Infections à Helminthes
Authors: Galliard Par Henri
Published: June 2009

Les conceptions concernant les propriétées de la cortisone et l'ACTH ont beaucoup évolué. On considérait ces hormones commenuisibles dans les infections bactériennes et parasitaires puisque leur principale propriété est de neutraliser la réaction inflammatoire, histiocytaire et macrophagique. Or dans beaucoup de cas on a observé des résultats favorables dans différentes infections, et on a fait remarquer que plus le processus septicémique est sévère, meilleur est l'effet obtenu. Dans les infections à protozoaires sanguicoles les résultats sont extrèmement divergents même chez l'homme.
The Nature of the Spear Guiding Apparatus in Dorylaimidae
Authors: Goodey J. Basil
Published: June 2009

Confusion exists about the true nature of the guiding apparatus surrounding the spear in Dorylaims. Thorne and Swanger (1936), commenting on the guiding ring, say: “There are at least two types; the collapsible cylindrical form with cutinized borders that give the appearance of a “double” ring such as that of Dorylaimus stagnalis (Fig. 2A), and the single muscular ring as found in D. obscurus (Fig. 2E). From the guiding ring a thin sheath envelops the spear to its base”.
Acquired Immunity and Helminthic Disease
Authors: Taylor E. L.
Published: June 2009

Resistance against an infective organism is a self evident requirement for healthy survival within the endemic area of any spreading disease, the most constant and the most effective force being the immunity that is acquired as a result of infection. In developed parts of the world most members of the human community must go through the process of acquiring resistance to measles, mumps and chicken pox in order to have assurance that they will not at some time be incapacitated by one or the other. The dog community is in a similar position with regard to distemper. This principle for preparation to live healthy in an infected environment is widely accepted for the microbial crowd—diseases of man and animals, but has not so far received general acceptance for diseases caused by parasitic worms.
The In Vitro Action of Immune Serum on the Juveniles of the Nematode, Oesophagostomum columbianum (Curtice, 1890) Stossich, 1899
Authors: Dhar D. N. , Singh Kunwar Suresh
Published: June 2009

1. A precipitate was formed at the oral opening, excretory pore and anal opening of the fourth stage juveniles of O. columbianum in the presence of immune serum in vitro, causing their immobilisation and subsequent death in large numbers. The precipitates failed to appear on these juveniles in normal serum or in saline; nor did they appear on the third stage juveniles on incubation in immune sera. Apparently the excretory-secretory products of the fourth stage juveniles of O. columbianum serve as antigen and play an important role in the stimulation of antibodies in the host.

2. Inactivation of the immune serum did not destroy the precipitin type of antibody, nor was it affected when the immune animals had been treated with cortisone.

3. Immune serum from animals receiving multiple infections showed a higher antibody titre.

4. The possible way in which the antibody acts on the fourth stage juveniles, causing their immobilisation and subsequent death, is discussed.
On a Successful Peritoneal Transplant of Cardiofilaria nilesi into an Experimental Chicken
Authors: Gooneratne Brendon W. M.
Published: June 2009

A successful peritoneal transplant of 5 Cardiofilaria nilesi adult worms, 3♀ Symbo; and 2♂ Symbo; is reported. Microfilaraemia in the recipient chicken was found on the 6th day after the transplant. The count rose to 4/20 c.mm., from 1/20 c.mm. in 19 days after the transplant. The highest count recorded was 14/20 c.mm. The microfilaraemia persisted for 63 days.
A Technique for the Recovery of Strongyle Larvae from Masticated Herbage
Authors: Heath D. D. , Major G. W.
Published: June 2009

A technique for the recovery and counting of infective strongyle larvae from macerated herbage obtained through oesophageal fistulae is described. The method is also useful for examining samples of herbage gathered by hand.
Anomalous Positions of the Plerocercoid of Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Orr T. S. C.
Published: June 2009

The position of the plerocercoid in the body cavity of rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus was investigated. It is shown that in 6 fish out of 880 fry examined at one month old, plerocercoids occurred in the pericardial cavity and dorsal muscle tissue whereas in 733 immature fish and 220 adult fish the plerocercoid was recovered only from the body cavity. The anomalous positions of the plerocercoids are discussed, and it is suggested that the small size of the rudd fry and the short duration of the plerocercoid in the body cavity prevented site recognition, and may have resulted in the anomalous positions.
Helminths collected from Equines in Edinburgh and in London
Authors: le Roux P. L.
Published: June 2009

Since the beginning of October, 1923, the writer had the opportunity of collecting helminths from 25 horses slaughtered in Edinburgh, and from 20 horses and one donkey slaughtered in London.

The Edinburgh material was collected during the months October, November and December from aged horses, the London material during February, March and April, likewise from aged horses and from a very old donkey. The donkey was found to harbour at least 26 species of nematodes, 15 of which have not hitherto been recorded from England.

From the horses examined in London, 38 species of helminths were obtained, 19 of which are new to England, and in Edinburgh 38 species, 11 of which have not hitherto been recorded from Scotland.
A Second Series of Field Experiments in Lincolnshire on the Chemical Treatment of Soil infected with Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hurst Richard H. , Franklin Mary T.
Published: June 2009

Previous experiments on the application of ferric oxide or of calcium
cyanamide to “potato-sick” land were carried out at the Kirton Agricultural Institute. The results were reported by Hurst & Franklin (1937), and indicated that ferric oxide had no effect either on the yield of potatoes or on the hatching of H. schachtii larvae, but that calcium cyanamide showed promise and was worthy of further trial. Experiments with this chemical were, by the kind permission of Mr. J. C. Wallace, Principal of the Kirton Agricultural Institute, and with the co-operation of Mr. J. Wood, A.R.C.S., continued for a second year.
The Longevity of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Leiper J. W. G.
Published: June 2009

There appears to be a common belief among veterinarians that liver-fluke infections, caused by Fasciola hepatica, are only transient and that if the animals do not succumb to the disease the parasites pass out of the body in about nine months' time. For instance, Mönnig's “Veterinary Helminthology and Entomology” states on p. 39: “The flukes (Fasciola hepalica) usually live about 9 months in the sheep and then die and pass out through the intestine.” Clunies Ross & Gordon, in their “Parasites of Sheep in Australia” (1936), say: “The majority of flukes probably die after about 9 months but some at least may survive for 2 years.” One might question on what scientific evidence these statements are based. Thomas (1881), discussing longevity, says with regard to one sheep examined: “The ewe had been kept under conditions which render re-infection highly improbable, and it follows, therefore, that the life of the liver-fluke may extend beyond one year”
Experiments to determine the relative Toxicity of Ammonium Chloro-acetate and related Chemicals to the Potato Eelworm (Heterodera schachtii)
Authors: Smedley Enid M.
Published: June 2009

Since 1935 a large number of chemicals including chloro-acetic acid and various water-soluble chloro-acetates, received from the Pest Control Committee of Imperial Chemical Industries, have been tested for their value in controlling the potato strain of Heterodera schachtii under the direction of Prof. R. T. Leiper, F.R.S.

Soils from Yorkshire and Ayrshire were used in the experiments, as they are of very different types, and might conceivably respond differently to chemical treatment.
Observations on the Life History of Ollulanus tricuspis Leuck., the Stomach Worm of the Cat
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

Until recently, it had generally been accepted that the life history of Ollulanus tricuspis was a complicated one involving an intermediate host, the mouse. Last year, however, I drew attention to the fact that the larval stages, both in the cat and in the mouse, believed by Leuckart to belong to Ollulanus, were really those of Ælurostrongylus, the lungworm of the cat. Subsequent work has enabled some of the details of the life history of Ollulanus to be elucidated—although by no means all—and these are considered in this paper.
A Note on the identity of the nematode genera Anguillulina and Tylenchus
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Anguillulina has been revived by Baylis and Daubney (1926) as the correct generic name for those worms which for many years have been considered as belonging to the genus Tylenchus, at least by most specialists on nematodes and plant-pathologists. Gervais and van Beneden on pp. 101 and 102 of the second volume of their work Zoologie Médicale, published in 1859, gave a brief account of the eelworm parasite of wheat causing “purples” or “cockles” and that found by Kuhn in 1858 in the heads of the fuller's thistle, teasle, both of which they designate as Anguillulines (Anguillulina) as follows:—Anguillilina tritici and Anguillulina dipsaci.

It may be pointed out, in passing, that they were not consistent in the use of the word, for at the end of the description of A. dipsaci they spell it as Anguillula not Anguillulina. This may, however, perhaps be regarded as an unintentional slip or a printer's error. Bastian's paper in which first the name Tyleenchus and then Tylenchus is applied to members of this genus appeared in 1865 and he designated Tylenchus davainii as type species of the genus in a letter to Stiles dated March 22nd, 1904, vide Stiles and Hassall (1905).
The Occurrence of Tylenchus dipsaci Kühn, in Wild Host Plants in South-West England
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: June 2009

The plant parasitic nematode, Tylenchus dipsaci Kühn, commonly known as the stem eelworm, or alternatively when occurring in narcissus, the bulb eelworm, is a major pest of a wide range of cultivated plants. Accurate knowledge concerning the detailed life-history of the nematode is still of limited extent, despite the large numbers of workers who, throughout Europe and more recently North America, have devoted much time to a study of the subject. In particular it is clear that much remains to be learned concerning the “biologic strain” theory. Investigators, probably without exception, agree that a large number of, so-called, biologic strains of the worm occur. Each of these strains, while morphologically identical with the others, appears to be restricted more or less rigidly to a particular species of host plant.
On Ancylostoma braziliense (de Faria, 1910) and its Morphological Differentiation from A. ceylanicum
Authors: Biocca E.
Published: June 2009

The species of the genus Ancylostoma (Dubini, 1848) reported as parasites of the human intestine are A. duodenale, A. braziliense, and occasionally A. caninum and A. malayanum. “Creeping eruption ” is considered to be a cutaneous helminthiasis produced by larvae of an ancylostome that American authors accepted as A. braziliense. As a result of detailed studies of the parasite by Lane (1922), Darling (1924) and Schwartz (1927), the majority of parasitologists now treat A. ceylanicum as a synonym of A. braziliense, contrary to the opinions of de Faria (1914,1916) who described A. braziliense, and Looss (1914) who described A. ceylanicum. The solution of the problem is not only of systematic but also of epidemiological importance because de Faria (1914) expressed the opinion that A. braziliense is not pathogenic for man. In the present enquiry the writer has been able to demonstrate that A. braziliense and A. ceylanicum are two different species; and for this reason it is considered of interest to summarise the original descriptions of the two nematodes and the existing opinions concerning this problem.
Investigations on the Emergence of Larvae from the Cysts of the Potato-root Eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis.
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

The foregoing results throw light on the conditions under which hatching tests can be carried out. In the first place, pre-soaking cysts in water for a period of 10 days increases the rate of larval emergence but has no effect on the total number of hatchable larvae. Increase in temperature has a similar effect up to 25°C, but at 80°C. hatching is virtually inhibited. Volume of diffusate per cyst is without effect either on the number of hatchable larvae or on their rate of hatching. Neither was any effect observed from alterations in pH between 8.2 and 8.1. The effect of dilution is more or less linear when dilution is plotted geometrically against cither the number of hatchable larvae or the latter expressed as a proportion of the original cyst contents and subjected to angular transformation. For the effect to be appreciable, dilution must be of a high order. Dilution to a half or a quarter of the original concentration has little appreciable effect. The effect of dilution on the rate of hatching is not obvious and the variations in it resulting from dilution are probably random. Direct sunlight inhibits hatching, diffused daylight is without effect as compared with darkness ; cysts exposed to the action of sunlight and diffusate do not hatch when later removed to the dark. It appears reasonable to assume that this may be due to some lethal effect.
A Trichostrongylid, Paracooperia mazabukae sp. nov., from a wild ruminant, the Oribi, in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Leroux P. L.
Published: June 2009

Several specimens of a trichostrongylid, for which the name Paracooperia mazabukae sp. nov. is proposed, were collected from the duodenum of the Oribi (Ourebia ourebi), a small African antelope, in vicinity of the Nega Nega hills in the Mazabuka area, Northern Rhodesia.

Four species of Paracooperia Travassos, 1985, have hitherto been recorded from the small intestine of ruminants. Schwartz (1929) based his description of Cooperia nodulosa on specimens collected from nodules in the mucosa of the small intestine of a carabao (Bubalis bubalis) in the Philippine Islands. Mönnig (1981) described Cooperia serrata, since designated as the type of the genus Paracooperia Travassos, from the springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis), not Damaliscus albifrons as recorded by Daubney (1988) who records Cooperia serrata Mönnig, 1931, as having been collected frequently from sheep in the Rift Valley and the Athi Plains in Kenya. Daubney notes that the normal host of this helminth has not yet been discovered in Kenya.
Observations on Giant Cells in Potato Roots Infected with Heterodera rostochiensis
Authors: Cole C. S. , Howard H. W.
Published: June 2009

Giant cell formation was studied in the roots of potatoes grown in a soil infested with Heterodera rostochiensis.

Some indication of giant cell formation was found in roots fixed 14 days after planting of sprouted tubers in the infested soil.

Giant cells may be formed by the cells of the cortex, the endodermis, the pericycle and the parenchyma cells of the central vascular strand.

The first giant cells appear to be formed in the cortex and pericycle.

Giant cells in the cortex are only found near the head of an eelworm.

Giant cell formation by the parenchyma cells of the central vascular strand leads to no cambium and hence no secondary xylem being produced in those sectors of the root where they occur.

The occurrence of sectors of the root in which there is no secondary xylem gives the central vascular strand an irregular appearance.

Some giant cells may be multinucleate. They all have granular cytoplasm.
Helminth Parasites of Hertfordshire Birds II.—Cestoda
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

Descriptions are given of 16 species of cestode found in Hertfordshire birds.

The taxonomic position of the genera Choanotaenia Railliet, 1896; Anomotaenia Cohn, 1900; and Paricterotaenia Fuhrmann, 1932, is discussed in detail.

A new species Anomotaenia verulamii, n.sp., from the Song Thrush (Turdus ericetorum) is described.

A new species Paricterotaenia albani, n.sp., from the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is described.

A new species Paricterotaenia mariae, n.sp., from the Robin (Erithacus rubecula) is described.

A total of 18 new host records and 23 new records for this country are reported.
Observations on Nematode Infections of Goats and Sheep in West Africa
Authors: Edwards E. E. , Wilson A. S. B.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the results of preliminary studies of the worm-burden of goats and sheep in Ghana, West Africa, based on fortnightly counts of nematode eggs in their faeces over a period of three years, 1954 to 1956, inclusive. Only eggs of nematodes
and Moniezia expansa were encountered apart from an occasional egg of Schistosoma sp., probably S. bovis, in two sheep. Four centres were involved in these investigations differing appreciably in regard to the amount and distribution of the rainfall. It would seem from the results obtained that:—

There are in the drier regions two distinct periods in the year when worm-egg production in goats and sheep reaches a high level compared with that at other times of the year, a high peak of production in June, sometimes a month either earlier or later, and a slight peak in November or December.

There are seasonal variations in the forest belt regions but here the peaks of egg-production are less evident and more irregular in respect to the time of their occurrences in different years.
On a New Filarioid Worm, Chiropterofllaria brevicaudata gen. et sp. nov. from the Fruit Bat, Pteropus hawaiiensis from Fiji
Authors: Symes C. B. , Mataika J. U.
Published: June 2009

A new genus and species of filarioid worm is described from the peritoneal cavity of fruit bats, Pteropus hawaiiensis from Fiji and the name Chiropterofilaria brevicaudata n. sp. is given to it. The microfilaria is described. This appears to be the first record of a nematode from this host. The new genus is differentiated from its nearest genus Lemdana in that the spicules are only slightly unequal; and in the female worms, the oesophagus usually make several turns around the vagina before joining the intestine. From the same host, a second microfilaria, Microfilaria fijiensis n. sp. is described, the adults of which were not found.
On a New Species of Euparadistomum (Dicrocoeliidae Odhner, 1910) from the Fox in Hyderabad (India)
Authors: Singh Satya Narayan
Published: June 2009

The present communication deals with an account of a new species of Euparadistomum based on material collected on two occasions from the gall bladder of the fox, Vulpex alopex. In all, nine specimens were available for study.

The flukes are flattened and pyriform with broadly rounded anterior and posterior ends. The body measures 4·3–5·9 mm. in length with a maximum width of 2·3–3·8 mm. attained at about the equatorial level of the body.
Improved Methods of Obtaining Clean Larvae of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Christie M. G. , Patterson J. E.
Published: June 2009

A pellet of sheep faeces containing eggs of Haemonchus contortus forms an adequate environment for the development of those eggs to third stage infective larvae, provided that it is kept moist. Observation shows a concentration of developing larvae on the external mucous coat of the pellet. These data suggest that optimum conditions for development would occur when pellets are separated one from another and standing on a water repellent surface, thus presenting the maximum free surface area and minimum opportunity for aggregation and hence of over crowding. The best method of recovering the infective larvae would be one that obtained larvae free from contamination without requiring them to expend energy in separating themselves from the contamination.
On a New Species of the Genus Thelazia Bosc 1819, from a Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) from Uganda
Authors: Wahid S.
Published: June 2009

Thelazia ugandensis n.sp. is described from a hooded vulture. It differs from the other known species in the length of the spicules, length of the gubernaculum and the number and position of male caudal papillae.
On Camallanus johni sp. nov., collected from Xenopus in Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

A number of male and female specimens were available for study. They were collected by my colleague Mr. J. McClelland who very kindly made them available for study.

Description: The worm is very small with the largest diameter at the cephalic end and tapers down posteriorly and rather markedly so in the female worm (Fig. 4). The cuticle has fine striations. The bivalve buccal capsule has a number of longitudinal ridges of varying lengths. The number of these ridges are different for the male and female. The head is slightly tilted ventrad. There is a pair of tridents. The ventral trident is small and indistinctly branched. The dorsal trident is large and clearly trifid. The posterior part of the buccal capsule ends in six small projections (Fig. 1).
Some Observations onTaeniid Ovicides: Screening techniques, and the effects of some inorganic compounds
Authors: Parnell I. W.
Published: June 2009

This paper details the requirements for taeniid ovicides and the problems involved, including a description of the main protective layers of taeniid eggs.

It describes some techniques used to assess the values of chemical compounds as taeniid ovicides.

It also lists the effects of fifty inorganic compounds on the unprotected eggs ofTaenia hydatigena, and of twenty-four of these compounds on eggs ofT. ovisor ofT. hydaligenain proglottids.
The Stomach WormTetrameres fissispina(Diesing, 1861) (Nematoda: Spiruridea) Infecting the Wood-Pigeon,Columba palumbusL., and Stock Dove,C. oenasL., in Cambridgeshire
Authors: Williams I. C.
Published: June 2009

Tetrameres fissispina(Diesing, 1861) is recorded for the first time from the Wood-Pigeon,Columba palumbusL., and Stock Dove,C. oenasL.

An account is given of a natural infection of Wood-Pigeons withT. fissispinaduring the winter months of 1962/63 and 1963/64 in Cambridgeshire.
A Biological Technique to Assess Numbers of Fasciola hepatica Metacercariae on Pastures
Authors: Ross J. G. , O'Hagan J.
Published: June 2009

A biological test to estimate the numbers of infective metacercariae of F. hepatica on pastures is described. The test is shown to be successful provided a snail site can be determined. Results from samples collected from field outbreaks are described and the possible applications of the test are discussed.
Acquired Resistance to Experimental Heterakis Infections in Chickens and Turkeys: Effect on the Transmission of Histomonas meleagridis
Authors: Lund Everett E.
Published: June 2009

Attempts were made to induce increased resistance to caecal worm infections in chickens and turkeys by giving 5-week-old birds embryonated Heterakis eggs. To test for such resistance, the birds were challenged 28 days later by feeding comparable numbers of embryonated eggs. To study the possible influence of any response on the transmission of blackhead, some of the birds received Heterakis eggs from worms grown in birds that had blackhead.

In blackhead-free chickens there was only a slight reduction in the number of worms recoveied from the initial infection as a result of the superimposed second infection. However, there were 37% fewer worms from the second feeding of eggs than were present in the control birds that had had no previous Heterakis infection. In blackhead-free turkeys, the immunized birds had fewer worms from both doses than did the controls. These reductions averaged about 40% in both instances.
On Two New Species of the Genus Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from North India
Authors: Singh Sunitha D.
Published: June 2009

Twenty-eight adult specimens of 2 new species, Aphelcnchoides appendurus and A. montanus, were collected from the rhizoids of moss adhering to the bark of pine trees in the Mussoorie Hills, at an altitude of 7,500 feet above sea level, in Uttar Pradesh, India.

The 2 new species, which belong to the “parietinus” group of the genus Aphelenchoides Fischer, 1894, are described and illustrated.
Oryctonema genitalis gen. et sp. nov., (Rhabditidae; Nematoda) from the Genital System of Oryctes monoceros Ol. (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in West Africa
Authors: Poinar George O.
Published: June 2009

A new nematode, Oryctonema genitalis gen. et sp. nov., which possesses features of both the Rhabditidae and Angiostomatidae, is described from the genital system of the dynastid beetle, Oryctes monoceros O1. in West Africa. Multiplication of O. genitalis occurs in the bursa copulatrix of female beetles and the nematodes sustain themselves for long periods in the numerous aedaegal ducts of the male beetle. The possible influence of these nematodes on host viability is discussed.
Effect of Irradiation on the Infective Stage Larvae of the Nematode, Oesophagostomum columbianum and their Use as a Vaccine
Authors: Dhar D. N. , Singh Kunwar Suresh
Published: June 2009

The effect of irradiation on the survival, behaviour and immunogenicity of the infective (3rd stage) larvae of O. columbianum was studied. The findings reported are:

1. Irradiation with up to 160,000 r does not significantly alter the survival of the larvae when stored at 4°C and at room temperature (26–32°C) for a period of 42 days.

2. Irradiation at 15.000 r to 40,000 r results in progressively fewer adults developing but more nodules being formed in the intestinal wall. Irradiation at 80,000 r results in the larvae failing to develop and establish in the host.
Two Terrestrial Nematodes from the McMurdo Sound Region, Antarctica, with a Note on Anaplectus arenicola Killick, 1964
Authors: Yeates G. W.
Published: June 2009

Plectus murrayi n. sp. is distinguished from other species by possessing 12 lips; stoma, amphid and excretory system are ‘plectoid’ rather than ‘anaplectoid’. Eudorylaimus antarcticus (Steiner, 1916) n. comb. is proposed for Dorylaimus antarcticus Steiner, 1916 and the species is redescribed. Both species were collected from mosses from the McMurdo Sound Region, Antarctica. Anaplectus arenicola Killick, 1964 has only six lips; stoma and excretory system are ‘anaplectoid’.
Testes Number in East African Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Coles G. C. , Thurston J. P.
Published: June 2009

One of the morphological features that has been considered of diagnostic value in distinguishing between different strains of Schistosoma spp. is the number of testes in the male worm. Hsu and Hsu (1957) demonstrated differences in testes number between different strains of Schistosoma japonicum, and Saoud (1966) subsequently showed differences between Schistosoma mansoni from Mwanza and S. mansoni from Egypt and Puerto Rico. Significant differences in testes numbers occurred between S. mansoni from Egypt and Wellcome strains if the worms were reared in hamsters, but not if they were reared in mice (Saoud, 1966).