bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passive sampling in contaminated sediment assessment: Building consensus to improve decision making
Authors: Parkerton Thomas F , Maruya Keith A
Published: October 2013

Contaminated sediments pose an ongoing, pervasive, global challenge to environmental managers, because sediments can reflect a legacy of pollution that can impair the beneficial uses of water bodies. A formidable challenge in assessing the risks of contaminated sediments has been the elucidation and measurement of contaminant bioavailability, expressed as the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) in interstitial water, which serves as a surrogate measure of the substances' chemical activity. Recent advances in passive sampling methods (PSMs) enable Cfree of sediment-associated contaminants to be quantified at trace levels, thereby overcoming current limitations of predictive models. As a result, PSMs afford the opportunity for a paradigm shift from traditional practice that can effectively reduce uncertainty in risk assessment and bolster confidence in the science used to support management of contaminated sediments. This paper provides a brief overview of the 5 subsequent papers in this series that review literature on PSM use in sediments for both organic and metal(loid) contaminants, outline the technical rationale for using PSMs as a preferred basis for risk assessment over conventional chemical analyses, describe practical considerations for and uncertainties associated with laboratory and field deployment of PSMs, discuss management application of PSMs, including illustrative case studies in which PSMs have been used in decision making, and highlight future research and communication needs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:163–166. © 2013 SETAC

Key Points

Forty-five experts from around the world reached consensus on the utility and application of passive sampling methods that target Cfree for improved management of contaminated sediments. The objectives and highlights of subsequent papers included in this series that support this conclusion are briefly summarized.
Progression of carcinogen‐induced fibrosarcomas is associated with the accumulation of naïve CD4+ T cells via blood vessels and lymphatics
Authors: Ondondo Beatrice , Jones Emma , Hindley James , Cutting Scott , Smart Kathryn , Bridgeman Hayley , Matthews Katherine K. , Ladell Kristin , Price David A. , Jackson David G. , Godkin Andrew , Ager Ann , Gallimore Awen
Published: October 2013

The tumor microenvironment comprises newly formed blood and lymphatic vessels which shape the influx, retention and departure of lymphocytes within the tumor mass. Thus, by influencing the intratumoral composition of lymphocytes, these vessels affect the manner in which the adaptive immune system responds to the tumor, either promoting or impairing effective antitumor immunity. In our study, we utilized a mouse model of carcinogen‐induced fibrosarcoma to examine the composition of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes during tumor progression. In particular, we sought to determine whether CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) became enriched during tumor progression thereby contributing to tumor‐driven immunosuppression. This was not the case as the proportion of Tregs and effector CD4+ T cells actually declined within the tumor owing to the unexpected accumulation of naïve T cells. However, we found no evidence for antigen‐driven migration of these T cells or for their participation in an antitumor immune response. Our data support the notion that lymphocytes can enter tumors via aberrantly formed blood and lymphatic vessels. Such findings suggest that targeting both the tumor vasculature and lymphatics will alter the balance of lymphocyte subpopulations that enter the tumor mass. A consideration of this aspect of tumor immunology may be critical to the success of solid cancer immunotherapies.
A specific groove design for individualized healing in a canine partial sternal defect model by a polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffold coated with bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Xuan Yiwen , Tang Hua , Wu Bin , Ding Xinyu , Lu Zhongyuan , Li Wei , Xu Zhifei
Published: October 2013

The reconstruction of sternal defects remains clinically challenging for thoracic surgeons. Here we aimed to explore the individualized reconstruction of partial sternal defects with new biodegradable material in a large animal model. We used the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique to manufacture polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) tissue scaffolds with individualized grooves to repair the sternal defect. The defects were surgically created in a sternocostal joint of eighteen Beagle dogs. The animals were separated into three groups (n = 6): Blank group, PCL/HA group, and PCL/HA/BMSCs group. Radiographic examination, histological, and histomorphometric analyses were performed to evaluate the result. In the blank group, the defect site couldn't maintain its original integrity due to no bone union. In the PCL/HA group and PCL/HA/BMSCs group, it was observed that the scaffolds retained their shapes without significant degradation at 12 weeks. Both groups could observe new bone‐union by radiographic and histological examination. And PCL/HA/BMSCs would be more mineralized tissue area at implant sites (p < 0.05). These results reveal that using the FDM technique to manufacture the PCL/HA scaffolds with specific grooves could repair the sternal defect satisfactorily. Furthermore the scaffolds with BMSCs‐seeded could enhance the amount of bone ingrowth and seemed to be more promising. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3401–3408, 2014.
Polymeric cryogels are biocompatible, and their biodegradation is independent of oxidative radicals
Authors: Shakya Akhilesh Kumar , Holmdahl Rikard , Nandakumar Kutty Selva , Kumar Ashok
Published: October 2013

Biocompatibility and in vivo degradation are two important characteristics of cell scaffolds. We evaluated these properties for four different polymeric macroporous cryogels, polyvinylcaprolactam, polyvinyl alcohol‐alginate‐bioactive glass composite, polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate–gelatin (pHEMA–gelatin), and chitosan–agarose–gelatin in mice. All the cryogels were synthesized at subzero temperature and were implanted subcutaneously in C57Bl/10.Q inbred mice. Both local and systemic toxicities were negligible as determined by serum tumor necrosis factor α analysis and histology of surrounding tissues nearby the implants. Complete integration of cryogels into the surrounding tissues with neovascular formation was evident in all the mice. At the implantation site, massive infiltration of macrophages and few dendritic cells were observed but neutrophils and mast cells were clearly absent. Macrophage infiltrations were observed even inside the pores of cryogel implants. To ascertain whether oxidative radicals are involved in the cryogel degradation, we implanted these gels in mice deficient for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Rapid gel degradation was observed in the absence of ROS, and there was no significant difference in the biodegradation of these cryogels between ROS sufficient and deficient mice thereby excluding any major role for ROS in this process. Thus, we demonstrate the biocompatibility and ROS‐independent biodegradable properties of cryogels that could be useful for tissue‐specific tissue engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3409–3418, 2014.
Comparison of Nestin‐Expressing Multipotent Stem Cells in the Tongue Fungiform Papilla and Vibrissa Hair Follicle
Authors: Mii Sumiyuki , Amoh Yasuyuki , Katsuoka Kensei , Hoffman Robert M.
Published: October 2013

We have previously reported that hair follicles contain multipotent stem cells, which express nestin and participate in follicle growth at anagen as well as in the extension of the follicle sensory nerve. The nestin‐driven green fluorescent protein (ND‐GFP) transgenic mouse labels all nestin‐expressing cells with GFP. The hair follicle nestin‐GFP cells can differentiate into neurons, Schwann cells, and other cell types. In this study, we describe nestin‐expressing multipotent stem cells in the fungiform papilla in the tongue. The nestin‐expressing multipotent stem cells in the fungiform papilla are located around a peripheral sensory nerve immediately below the taste bud and co‐express the neural crest cell marker p75NTR. The fungiform papilla cells formed spheres in suspension culture in DMEM‐F12 medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The spheres consisted of nestin‐expressing cells that co‐expressed the neural crest marker p75NTR and which developed expression of the stem cell marker CD34. P75NTR, CD34 and nestin co‐expression suggested that nestin‐expressing cells comprising the fungiform papilla spheres were in a relatively undifferentiated state. The nestin‐expressing cells of these spheres acquired the following markers: β III tubulin typical of nerve cells; GFAP typical of glial cells; K15 typical of keratinocytes; and smooth‐muscle antigen (SMA), after transfer to RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), suggesting they differentiated into multiple cell types. The results of the current study indicate nestin‐expressing fungiform papilla cells and the nestin‐expressing hair follicle stem cells have common features of cell morphology and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, suggesting their remarkable similarity. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1070–1076, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyk2 and Src Mediate Signaling to CCL18‐Induced Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Li Hai‐Yan , Cui Xiu‐Ying , Wu Wei , Yu Feng‐Yan , Yao He‐Rui , Liu Qiang , Song Er‐Wei , Chen Jing‐Qi
Published: October 2013

Pyk2 and Src phosphorylation is initiated by CCL18, which promotes breast cancer metastasis via its functional G protein‐coupled receptor PITPNM3. However, the function of Pyk2 and Src in CCL18‐induced breast cancer metastasis is poorly understood. Quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reactions (qRT‐PCRs), Western blot, boyden chamber assay, and adherence assay were performed to delineate the consequences of Pyk2/Src in CCL18‐induced breast cancer cells. Co‐immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to analyze the interaction of proteins. Upon the binding of CCL18 to PITPNM3, Pyk2 translocates from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane to form a stable complex with PITPNM3, subsequently activating Src kinase. Moreover, upon stimulation with CCL18, Pyk2 and Src become essential for integrin alpha5/beta1 clustering‐dependent adherence, migration, and invasion. Pyk2 and Src are important in CCL18‐induced breast cancer metastasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 596–603, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Unconventional Role of BMP‐Smad1 Signaling in DNA Damage Response: A Mechanism for Tumor Suppression
Authors: Liu Huijuan , Bao Dandan , Xia Xuechun , Chau Jenny Fung Ling , Li Baojie
Published: October 2013

The genome is under constant attack by self‐produced reactive oxygen species and genotoxic reagents in the environment. Cells have evolved a DNA damage response (DDR) system to sense DNA damage, to halt cell cycle progression and repair the lesions, or to induce apoptosis if encountering irreparable damage. The best studied DDR pathways are the PIKK‐p53 and PIKK‐Chk1/2. Mutations in these genes encoding DDR molecules usually lead to genome instability and tumorigenesis. It is worth noting that there exist unconventional pathways that facilitate the canonical pathways or take over in the absence of the canonical pathways in DDR. This review will summarize on several unconventional pathways that participate in DDR with an emphasis on the BMP‐Smad1 pathway, a known regulator of mouse development and bone remodeling. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 450–456, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population pharmacogenetic‐based pharmacokinetic modeling of efavirenz, 7‐hydroxy‐ and 8‐hydroxyefavirenz
Authors: Abdelhady A.M. , Desta Z. , Jiang F. , Yeo C.W. , Shin J.G. , Overholser B.R.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic and pharmacogenetic covariates that influence the disposition of efavirenz (EFV) and its major metabolites. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed from a randomized, cross‐over, drug‐interaction study in healthy male Korean subjects (n = 17). Plasma concentrations of EFV and its hydroxy‐metabolites (0–120 hours) were measured by LC/MS/MS. Genomic DNA was genotyped for variants in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, 2B6, 3A5, and MDR1 genes. A PK model was built in a stepwise procedure using nonlinear mixed effect modeling in NONMEM 7. The covariate model was built using the generalized additive modeling and forward selection‐backward elimination. Model‐based simulations were performed to predict EFV steady‐state concentrations following 200, 400, and 600 mg daily oral dose among different CYP2B6 genotypes. The final model included only CYP2B6 genotype as a covariate that predicts EFV clearance through the formation of 8‐OH EFV that represented 65% to 80% of EFV clearance. The total clearance of EFV in CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype was ∼30% lower than CYP2B6*1/*1 or CYP2B6*1/*6 alleles (P < .001). Clopidogrel reduced both formation and elimination clearances of 8‐OH EFV by 22% and 19%, respectively (P = .033 and .041). Other demographics and genotype of accessory CYP pathways did not predict EFV or metabolites PK. CYP2B6 genotype was the only significant predictor of EFV disposition. The developed model may serve as the foundation for further exploration of pharmacogenetic‐based dosing of EFV.
Analysis of risk factors for recurrence after curative resection of well‐differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors based on the new grading classification
Authors: Tsutsumi Kosuke , Ohtsuka Takao , Fujino Minoru , Nakashima Hiroshi , Aishima Shinichi , Ueda Junji , Takahata Shunichi , Nakamura Masafumi , Oda Yoshinao , Tanaka Masao
Published: October 2013

Background

It is difficult to predict the malignant potential of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) precisely. This study investigated the validity of a new grading system adopted by the World Health Organization 2010 classification to determine risk factors for recurrence of PNETs.

Methods

Data of 70 patients with PNETs who underwent curative resection were retrospectively examined by uni‐ and multivariate analyses. Histopathological findings were re‐reviewed by experienced pathologists. NET G1 was defined as mitotic count <2 per 10 high power fields (HPF) and/or ≤2% Ki67 index, and NET G2 as 2–20 mitosis per 10 HPF and/or 3–20% Ki67 index.

Results

There were 58 patients with NET G1 and 12 with NET G2. Incidence of recurrence was 11.4%. Univariate analysis demonstrated significant risk factors for recurrence including NET G2 of histological grade (P = 0.0089), male gender (P = 0.0333), tumor size ≥ 20 mm (P = 0.0117), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0004), liver metastasis (P < 0.0001), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.046), and neural invasion (P = 0.0002). By multivariate analysis, histological grade (hazard ratio; 59.76, P = 0.0022) and neural invasion (hazard ratio; 147.49, P = 0.0016) were significantly associated with recurrence of PNETs.

Conclusions

This study confirmed the prognostic relevance of the new grading classification and that evaluation of perineural invasion and histological grade should be considered as prognostic predictors in well‐differentiated PNETs (NET G1 and G2).
Climatology, annual cycle and interannual variability of precipitation and temperature in CORDEX simulations over West Africa
Authors: Gbobaniyi Emiola , Sarr Abdoulaye , Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba , Diallo Ismaila , Lennard Chris , Dosio Alessandro , Dhiédiou Arona , Kamga Andre , Klutse Nana Ama Browne , Hewitson Bruce , Nikulin Grigory , Lamptey Benjamin
Published: October 2013

We examine the ability of an ensemble of 10 Regional Climate Models (RCMs), driven by ERA‐Interim reanalysis, in skillfully reproducing key features of present‐day precipitation and temperature (1990–2008) over West Africa. We explore a wide range of time scales spanning seasonal climatologies, annual cycles and interannual variability, and a number of spatial scales covering the Sahel, the Gulf of Guinea and the entire West Africa. We find that the RCMs show acceptable performance in simulating the spatial distribution of the main precipitation and temperature features. The occurrence of the West African Monsoon jump, the intensification and northward shift of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL), during the course of the year, are shown to be realistic in most RCMs. They also capture the mean annual cycle of precipitation and temperature, including, single and double‐peaked rainy seasons, in terms of timing and amplitude over the homogeneous sub‐regions. However, we should emphasize that the RCMs exhibit some biases, which vary considerably in both magnitude and spatial extent from model to model. The interannual variability of seasonal anomalies is best reproduced in temperature rather than precipitation. The ensemble mean considerably improves the skill of most of the individual RCMs. This highlights the importance of performing multi‐model assessment in properly estimating the response of the West African climate to global warming at seasonal, annual and interannual time scales.
The change of cherry first‐flowering date over South Korea projected from downscaled IPCC AR5 simulation
Authors: Hur Jina , Ahn Joong‐Bae , Shim Kyo‐Moon
Published: October 2013

Simulations from six global climate models participating in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 are used to project future changes in regional early spring (February–April) temperature and in cherry (Prunus yedoensis) first‐flowering date (FFD) over South Korea in order to investigate a potential plant growth response to local climate change. For the study, we statistically downscale daily Historical (1986–2005), RCP4.5 (2071–2090), and RCP8.5 (2071–2090) gridded model data to 59 cherry FFD observation sites over South Korea. In order to reduce the uncertainties in the model simulation produced by a single model, multi‐model ensemble (MME) is performed after eliminating the mean systematic bias of each model. A shift of cherry FFD under global warming is estimated and compared with the observation and Historical simulation by applying the downscaled data to a DTS phenological model. The analysis reveals a projected advance in cherry FFD over South Korea by 2090 of 6.3 and 11.2 days compared to the current dates due to a rising mean temperature of about 2.0 and 3.5 K under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, which approximately correspond to moving north at a speed of 0.01 and 0.03oN year−1, respectively. These average yearly advances (0.07 and 0.13 days year−1) of cherry FFD in the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 simulations are 0.22 and 0.16 days year−1 lower, respectively, than the value of 0.29 days year−1 derived in previous studies with the SRES A2 scenario. Regardless of the difference between the SRES A2 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the discrepancy in the advancement tendency was primarily attributed to the inability of the previous studies to eliminate the systematic model biases, which led to overestimation of both the temperature and the FFD changes.
Application of an electronic nose in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer
Authors: Leunis Nicoline , Boumans Marie‐Louise , Kremer Bernd , Din Sinh , Stobberingh Ellen , Kessels Alfons G. H. , Kross Kenneth W.
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Electronic nose (E‐nose) technology has various applications such as the monitoring of air quality and the detection of explosive and chemical agents. We studied the diagnostic accuracy of volatile organic compounds (VOC) pattern analysis in exhaled breath by means of an E‐nose in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Study Design

Cohort study. Exhaled breath samples from patients with HNSCC were analyzed by using an E‐Nose.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients diagnosed with HNSCC exhaled into a 5‐litre Tedlar bag. The control group consisted of 23 patients visiting the outpatient clinic for other (benign) conditions. Air samples were analyzed using an E‐nose.

Results

Logistic regression showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in VOC resistance patterns between patients diagnosed with HNSCC and the control group, with a sensitivity of 90% and a corresponding specificity of 80%.

Conclusions

E‐nose application holds a promising potential for application in the diagnosis of HNSCC due to its rapid, simple, and noninvasive nature.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 124:1377–1381, 2014
Vibroplasty in mixed and conductive hearing loss: Comparison of different coupling methods
Authors: Vyskocil Erich , Riss Dominik , Honeder Clemens , Arnoldner Christoph , Hamzavi Jafar‐Sasan , Baumgartner Wolf‐Dieter , Flak Stefan , Gstoettner Wolfgang
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate modified coupling techniques of the Vibrant Soundbridge system in patients with mixed and conductive hearing loss and to compare it with conventional vibroplasty.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

Two different groups were evaluated: 1) nine cases of conventional incus vibroplasty in comparison with 2) nine patients with modified coupling of the floating mass transducer. In the modified coupling approach, the vibrant floating mass transducer was attached to 1) the stapes/oval window, 2) the round window, or 3) the drilled promontory bone (promontory fenestration window). In three patients, an additional ossiculoplasty was performed. Preoperative and postoperative aided and unaided pure‐tone and free‐field audiometry and Freiburg monosyllabic word test were used to assess hearing outcome.

Results

Functional hearing gain obtained in patients with mixed and conductive hearing loss who underwent modified coupling was 39 dB. Patients with pure sensorineural hearing loss who received conventional incus coupling showed a functional hearing gain of 25 dB. Average functional gain was 41 dB in the oval window group, 45 dB in the round window group, and 30 dB in the promontory fenestration window group. Word recognition test revealed an average improvement of 51% and 21% in the modified and in the conventional approach, respectively.

Conclusions

Modified vibroplasty is a safe and effective treatment for patients with conductive and mixed hearing loss. Coupling the floating mass transducer to the promontory bone (promontory fenestration window) is a viable option in chronically disabled ears if oval and round window coupling is not possible.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 124:1436–1443, 2014
Myoglobin Interactions with Polystyrene Surfaces of Different Hydrophobicity
Authors: Muntean Stela‐Andrea , Michels Matthias A. J. , Lyulin Alexey V.
Published: October 2013

The atomistic molecular‐dynamics simulations of the initial stage of myoglobin adsorption on amorphous polystyrene surfaces with varying hydrophobicity are presented. The polystyrene surfaces as non‐oxidized (hydrophobic) and oxidized (hydrophilic) films, both in united‐atoms and dummy‐hydrogen atoms representations are modeled. The protein is placed initially at different distances and orientations from the polymer. We monitor the interactions between the protein and the polystyrene surface for the same polystyrene surface in contact with the protein in different initial orientations and for one initial orientation of the protein in contact with different polystyrene surfaces. By comparing the stability and the number of myoglobin‐polystyrene atomic contacts and the interaction energies, it is found that the initial contact of the protein with the hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces is stronger than with the hydrophilic ones. The orientations of the myoglobin in which the more rigid protein parts face the polymer exhibit stronger initial contact with the polymeric surface.
Oleic acid increases hepatic sex hormone binding globulin production in men
Authors: Sáez‐López Cristina , Soriguer Federico , Hernandez Cristina , Rojo‐Martinez Gemma , Rubio‐Martín Elehazara , Simó Rafael , Selva David M.
Published: October 2013

Scope

Low circulating sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Mediterranean diet has been associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the increase of circulating MUFA associated with olive oil consumption (primary fat source in Mediterranean diet) increases SHBG serum levels.

Methods and results

A total of 315 men were included. In these patients, nutrition data and plasma samples for SHBG assessment were obtained. In vitro studies to examine the effects of oleic and linoleic acid on SHBG production using HepG2 cells were performed. We provided evidence that SHBG serum levels were significantly higher in subjects using olive oil for cooking in comparison with subjects using sunflower oil. The SHBG levels correlated positively with MUFA (p < 0.001) and negatively with saturated fatty acids (p = 0.003). In the multiple regression analysis, MUFA were independently associated with SHBG levels and accounted for the 20.4% of SHBG variance. In vitro studies revealed that oleoyl‐CoA increases SHBG production by downregulating PPAR‐γ levels in HepG2 cells.

Conclusion

Olive oil consumption is associated with elevated SHBG serum levels. PPAR‐γ downregulation induced by oleoyl‐CoA is an important underlying mechanism of such regulation.
Sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine contrarily affect the induction of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Leucht Katharina , Fischbeck Anne , Caj Michaela , Liebisch Gerhard , Hartlieb Eva , Benes Petr , Fried Michael , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Rogler Gerhard , Hausmann Martin
Published: October 2013

Scope

The major alimentary sources for the plasma membrane lipid sphingomyelin (SM) are dairy products, eggs, and meat. We recently reported that the SM metabolite ceramide induces cathepsin D mediated apoptosis in murine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and increases inflammation in acute colitis. We investigated the impact of SM and phosphatidylcholine on apoptosis in human IECs and point out BH3‐interacting death agonist (BID) as link between cathepsin D and apoptosis.

Methods and results

HT‑29 and isolated human IECs were stimulated with SM or phosphatidylcholine. SM treatment resulted in increased apoptosis. Phosphatidylcholine showed contrary effects. Western revealed higher amounts of cathepsin D and BID activation upon lipid stimulation. Western blotting revealed BID activation through SM in both an induced and a spontaneous mouse model of colitis.

Conclusion

Dietary phospholipids may induce or abolish apoptosis in IECs and seem to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. This nutritional factor might be considered when evaluating the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Effects of SMase‐ and SM treatment on inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium induced animal models of colitis and in vitro experiments are discussed as controversial. Variable sources of SM, feeding techniques, and mouse strains might play a role.
Shoulder strength profiles in children with and without brachial PLEXUS PALSY
Authors: Brochard Sylvain , Alter Katharine , Damiano Diane
Published: October 2013

Introduction: We characterized bilateral shoulder strength and the balance of antagonist/agonist muscle pairs in children with brachial plexus palsy (BPP) and with typical development (TD). Methods: In 15 children with unilateral BPP and 11 with TD, bilateral maximal isometric shoulder strength in flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, and abduction/adduction was recorded using a hand‐held dynamometer. Correlation between strength and active range of motion were evaluated using the Mallet score. Results: Children with BPP had strength asymmetry in all muscles, whereas children with TD had significant strength asymmetry for flexors and abductors. In children with BPP, extensors and external rotators were the weakest muscles, leading to sagittal and transverse plane muscle imbalances. Higher strength values were related to better active range of motion. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of documenting shoulder strength profiles in children with BPP which may help predict deformity development. Muscle Nerve 50: 60–66, 2014
Parental attitudes toward newborn screening for Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Wood Molly F. , Hughes Sarah C. , Hache Lauren P. , Naylor Edwin W. , Abdel‐Hamid Hoda Z. , Barmada M. Michael , Dobrowolski Steven F. , Stickler David E. , Clemens Paula R.
Published: October 2013

Introduction: Disease inclusion in the newborn screening (NBS) panel should consider the opinions of those most affected by the outcome of screening. We assessed the level and factors that affect parent attitudes regarding NBS panel inclusion of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Methods: The attitudes toward NBS for DMD, BMD, and SMA were surveyed and compared for 2 categories of parents, those with children affected with DMD, BMD, or SMA and expectant parents unselected for known family medical history. Results: The level of support for NBS for DMD, BMD, and SMA was 95.9% among parents of children with DMD, BMD, or SMA and 92.6% among expectant parents. Conclusions: There was strong support for NBS for DMD, BMD, and SMA in both groups of parents. Given advances in diagnostics and promising therapeutic approaches, discussion of inclusion in NBS should continue. Muscle Nerve 49: 822–828, 2014
Adapting Cognitive Interviewing for Nursing Research
Authors: Izumi Shigeko , Vandermause Roxanne , Benavides‐Vaello Sandra
Published: October 2013

Cognitive interviewing (CI) has been used by instrument developers to examine how well an instrument generates the intended data when tested with prospective respondents. In using CI to test a new instrument to measure patients' perceptions of the quality of nursing care, the authors found challenges in applying a theory‐based traditional CI approach derived from experimental psychology to more clinically oriented nursing research. The purposes of this article are to describe these challenges and the modifications of CI to capture the nursing care perspectives of hospitalized participants, and to present interpretive phenomenology as a theoretical orientation for clinically situated CI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 623–633, 2013
CdTe‐Based QDs: Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and Tumor Cell Death by Targeting Transferrin Receptor
Authors: Gallo Juan , García Isabel , Genicio Nuria , Penadés Soledad
Published: October 2013

In the past few years, quantum dots have attracted great attention owing to their unique photoluminescent properties. One of the most promising fields of application for QDs is biomedicine, but for any application in this area, the nanocrystals have to be water soluble, biocompatible and should emit in the near‐infrared region. As “traditional” QDs preparations rely on wet chemistry reactions on non‐polar solvents, an extra step must be introduced to render the nanocrystals soluble in the aqueous media. This extra step can reduce the quality of the final QDs. Direct preparations of CdTe‐based QDs in water are developed to overcome this problem. Here, the preparation in water of red‐emitting CdTe‐based QDs coated with different organic ligands, including sugar conjugates is presented. The viability of human cell lines in their presence is assessed. A red‐emitting QD is further functionalized with proteins and antibodies to demonstrate their in vitro potential for targeting and killing cancer cells.
Electrical and optical properties of TiO2 thin films prepared by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition
Authors: Dang Van‐Son , Parala Harish , Kim Jin Hyun , Xu Ke , Srinivasan Nagendra B. , Edengeiser Eugen , Havenith Martina , Wieck Andreas D. , de los Arcos Teresa , Fischer Roland. A. , Devi Anjana
Published: October 2013

We report on the electrical and optical characterisation of the high‐permittivity (high‐κ) TiO2 thin films grown by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition on Si (100) and glass substrates, respectively. TiO2 films were incorporated in metal‐oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structures with an Al metal gate electrode. The as‐deposited films were amorphous; however upon annealing in the temperature range 500–900 °C, crystalline TiO2 in the anatase phase was formed. This was further confirmed by performing Raman measurements where the characteristic features corresponding to the anatase phase were observed. Transmittance and absorption spectra of the as‐deposited and annealed films were performed by UV–Vis measurements showing more than 70% of transmittance. The formation of stoichiometric TiO2 was revealed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) analysis performed on annealed samples (500–900 °C). The dielectric constants were calculated from capacitance–voltage (C–V) curves of the MOS structure on the as‐deposited film and annealed films revealing a significant improvement of the dielectric constants from 10 to 75 at AC frequencies of 100 kHz for the 700 °C annealed TiO2 thin films. The increase in the dielectric constant for annealed films could be attributed to the transformation of film structure from amorphous to polycrystalline (anatase). However, the transformation of amorphous to crystalline phase, leads to an increase in the leakage current which was also found best fitted with Schottky emission mechanism at moderated electric fields.
Mask‐free prototyping of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor devices utilizing focused electron beam induced deposition
Authors: Shawrav Mostafa Moonir , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Belic Domagoj , Gavagnin Marco , Bethge Ole , Schinnerl Markus , Bertagnolli Emmerich
Published: October 2013

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a novel direct‐writing technique to produce noble metal nanostructures. In this work, FEBID has been employed for the first time to fabricate metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). Experimental parameters such as precursor temperature, substrate temperature and the (de)focus of the electron beam have been optimized to deposit electrode structures of a relatively large area within a short timeframe. Using FEBID, gold electrodes have been deposited on top of an atomic layer deposited (ALD) dielectric aluminum oxide layer. Chemical composition of the produced structures has been studied using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Current–voltage (I–V) measurements have confirmed the conductivity of FEBID gold nanowires (NWs). Measured capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of FEBID‐fabricated MOSCAP prototypes resemble the typical C–V characteristics of conventionally fabricated MOSCAPs, thus confirming the functionality of our FEBID devices.

Illustration of a MOS capacitor fabricated by FEBID.
Spectral properties of a molecular wire in the Kondo regime
Authors: Greuling A , Temirov R. , Lechtenberg B. , Anders F. B. , Rohlfing M. , Tautz F. S.
Published: October 2013

Before transport data can be understood quantitatively, a few prerequisites have to be fulfilled: the geometric and the electronic structures of the metal/molecule contacts have to be known, and electron correlation effects have to be taken into account. Here we discuss experimental and theoretical approaches to tackle these challenges. On the theoretical side, density‐functional theory (including van der Waals‐corrections for structural optimization) is combined with many‐body perturbation theory and numerical renormalization group theory in order to include all relevant correlation effects. We had already discussed such features in a previous study [Phys. Rev. B 84, 125413 (2011)], but some remaining differences between our calculated spectra and our experimental data from a scanning‐tunnelling microscope remained unexplained. Here we show that the explicit incorporation of van der Waals interaction in the calculations, that had been negleted before, yields improved geometric structure and leads to much better agreement with our measured spectra. This clearly demonstrates the significant sensitivity of electronic transport to structural details.PTCDA molecule in a junction between a silver surface and an STM tip.
Thermally induced morphological transition of silver fractals
Authors: Solov'yov Ilia A. , Solov'yov Andrey V. , Kébaili Nouari , Masson Albert , Bréchignac Catherine
Published: October 2013

We present both experimental and theoretical study of thermally induced morphological transition of silver nanofractals. Experimentally, those nanofractals formed from deposition and diffusion of preformed silver clusters on cleaved graphite surfaces exhibit dendritic morphologies that are highly sensitive to any perturbation, particularly caused by temperature. We analyze and characterize the morphological transition both in time and temperature using the recently developed Monte Carlo simulation approach for the description of nanofractal dynamics and compare the obtained results with the corresponding experimental data. The reported results reveal essential and general features of dynamical systems having dendritic shape.
Influence of dielectric environment on the role of spin–orbit interaction for image potentials
Authors: Gumbs Godfrey , Roslyak Oleksiy , Huang Danhong , Balassis Antonios
Published: October 2013

We present a formalism for calculating the image potential for a two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with Rashba spin–orbit interaction (SOI) as well as for a 2D topological insulator (TI). The formalism is further generalized for including the Coulomb coupled multiple layers. Roles of broken inversion symmetry near the surface and the dielectric environment are investigated by using a surface‐response function. The insignificant role of SOI in 2DEG is dramatically enhanced in TI by selecting a small relative permittivity for the dielectric environment. Manipulating is proven to provide an efficient way to drive electrons with opposite spins into two different integral quantum Hall states. The prediction made in this paper is expected to be experimentally observable for a 2DTI system, such as Bi2 Se3, with a helical spin behavior and a dominant linear Rashba SOI‐like term in the energy dispersion.
Forty years of molecular electronics: Non‐equilibrium heat and charge transport at the nanoscale
Authors: Bergfield Justin P. , Ratner Mark A.
Published: October 2013

The“Quo Vadis?”meeting in Bremen (March 2013) was a spectacular opportunity for people involved in molecular electronics to catch up on the latest, to think back, and to project into the future. This manuscript is divided into two halves. In the first half, we address some of the history and where the field has advanced in the areas of measuring, modeling, making, and understanding materials. We review some big ideas that have animated the field of molecular electronics since its beginning, and are at the height of interest and accomplishment at the moment. Then, we discuss six major areas where the field is evolving, and in which we expect to see very exciting work in the years and decades ahead. As a representative of one of the neer themes, the second half of the paper is devoted to molecular thermoelectrics. It contains some formalism, some results, some experimental comparison, and some intriguing conceptual questions, both for pure science and for device applications.

An artist's rendition of a self‐assembled monolayer of polyphenylether molecules on Au contacted by a Au STM.
Bandgap Tuning by Using a Lattice Distortion Induced by Two Symmetries That Coexist in a Quantum Dot
Authors: Kong Eui‐Hyun , Chang Yong‐June , Park Hyun‐Jin , Jang Hyun M.
Published: October 2013

Among the interests in the application of quantum dots (QDs), the bandgap tuning is of key importance in controlling their material properties. The bandgap of a QD can be adjusted by adopting a variety of different physicochemical methods. Herein, a novel way of the bandgap tuning is developed in an Ag2S‐based QD system by suitably quenching the transformation from monoclinic Ag2S to cubic Ag and by subsequently inducing a lattice‐distorted region of ≈1‐nm‐scale in a QD. The two distinct crystalline phases of Ag2S and Ag coexisting with the lattice‐distorted region are experimentally demonstrated by visually showing this remarkable coexistence in a QD. A new approach is presented to the bandgap tuning (2.51 to 1.64 eV) and enhancing optical properties by suitably tailoring the degree of the lattice‐distorted region in a QD. This conceptual method could pave a new way to utilizing quantum effects in various QD applications.
Modeling of Bauschinger Effect During Stress Reversal
Authors: Uemori Takeshi , Sumikawa Satoshi , Yoshida Fusahito
Published: October 2013

It is widely known that the constitutive model of Bauschinger effect is one of key points to conduct the accurate sheet metal stamping. In the present research, the elasto‐plasticity behaviors of thin sheet metals were investigated by conducting in‐plane cyclic tension–compression tests in the different angle from the pre‐strained direction. In order to evaluate the accuracy of constitutive models for describing the above mentioned elasto‐plasticity behaviors, including the Bauschinger effect, some numerical experiments were conducted for the corresponding stress paths calculations by using three kinds of constitutive models: the isotropic hardening model (hereafter IH model), Yoshida–Uemori model (hereafter Y–U model), and the modified Yoshida–Uemori kinematic hardening model (hereafter modified Y–U model). From the comparisons, it is found that the author's present constitutive model shows a good agreement with the experimental stress–strain responses.
Modeling of Spray Cooling during Induction Hardening of Spur Gearwheels Made from 42CrMo4 Hardening and Tempering Steel
Authors: Rodman Dmytro , Boiarkin Viacheslav , Nürnberger Florian , Dalinger Andrej , Schaper Mirko
Published: October 2013

The application of water–air spray cooling in the process of induction surface hardening according to the simultaneous dual‐frequency technology represents a hitherto unexploited and equivalent alternative to conventionally employed polymer solutions. The reason for this is that the selection of the optimum parameters is associated with a high experimental outlay and analytical effort for performing the tests and evaluating the results, respectively, and the parameters must be selected for a specific application. In order to reduce this effort, a numerical model was developed to formulate the coupled thermal, microstructural, and mechanical processes during quenching by means of water–air spray cooling of induction heated spur gearwheels made from 42CrMo4 hardening and tempering steel. The model was implemented in the commercial simulation software ANSYS Workbench 13.0 and verified using simulation results for temperature development, hardness distribution, residual stresses, and distortion. A comparison of the simulated and experimental results show that the model introduced here is suitable for predicting the hardening results during quenching using spray cooling subsequent to induction heating.
Molecular mechanism of oxidative damage of lung in mice following exposure to lanthanum chloride
Authors: Hong Jie , Pan Xiaoyu , Zhao Xiaoyang , Yu Xiaohong , Sang Xuezi , Sheng Lei , Wang Xuecen , Gui Suxin , Sun Qingqing , Wang Ling , Hong Fashui
Published: October 2013

Exposure to lanthanoids (Ln) elicits an adverse response such as oxidative injury of lung in animals and human. The molecular targets of Ln remain unclear. In the present study, the function and signal pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in LaCl3‐induced oxidative stress in mouse lung were investigated. Mice were exposed to 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight by nasal administration for 6 consecutive months. With increased doses, La was markedly accumulated and promoted the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the lung, which in turn resulted in peroxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA, and severe pulmonary damages. Furthermore, LaCl3 exposure could significantly increase levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) and glutamate‐cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) expressions in the LaCl3‐exposed lung. These findings imply that the induction of Nrf2 expression is an adaptive intracellular response to LaCl3‐induced oxidative stress in mouse lung, and that Nrf2 may regulate the LaCl3‐induced pulmonary damages. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 357–365, 2015.
Microcystin‐LR‐Caused ROS generation involved in p38 activation and tau hyperphosphorylation in neuroendocrine (PC12) cells
Authors: Meng Guanmin , Liu Jinghui , Lin Shuyan , Guo Zonglou , Xu Lihong
Published: October 2013

Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR), a potent specific hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, has recently been reported to show neurotoxicity. Our previous study demonstrated that MC‐LR caused the reorganization of cytoskeleton architectures and hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal‐associated proteins tau and HSP27 in neuroendocrine PC12 cell line by direct PP2A inhibition and indirect p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. It has been shown that oxidative stress is extensively associated with MC‐LR toxicity, mainly resulting from an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanisms by which ROS mediates the cytotoxic action of MC‐LR are unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether ROS might play a critical role in MC‐LR‐induced hyperphosphorylation of microtubule‐associated protein tau and the activation of the MAPKs in PC12 cell line. The results showed that MC‐LR had time‐ and concentration‐dependent effects on ROS generation, p38‐MAPK activation and tau phosphorylation. The time‐course studies indicated similar biphasic changes in ROS generation and tau hyperphosphorylation, which started to increase within 1 h and reached the maximum level at 3 h followed by a decrease after prolonged treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with the antioxidants, N‐acetylcysteine and vitamin C, significantly decreased MC‐LR‐induced ROS generation and effectively attenuated p38‐MAPK activation as well as tau hyperphosphorylation. Taken together, these findings suggest that ROS generation triggered by MC‐LR is a key intracellular event that contributes to an induction of p38‐MAPK activation and tau phosphorylation, and that blockade of this ROS‐mediated redox‐sensitive signal cascades may attenuate the toxic effects of MC‐LR. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 366–374, 2015.
Minimal signatures of naturalness
Authors: El Hedri Sonia , Hook Anson
Published: October 2013

Abstract

We study the naturalness problem using a model independent bottom up approach by considering models where only the interaction terms needed to cancel the Higgs quadratic divergences are present. If quadratic divergences are canceled by terms linear in the Higgs field, then the collider phenomenology is well covered by current electroweakino and fourth generation searches. If quadratic divergences are canceled by terms bilinear in the Higgs field, then the signatures are highly dependent on the quantum numbers of the new particles. Precision Higgs measurements can reveal the presence of new particles with either vevs or Standard Model charges. If the new particles are scalar dark matter candidates, their direct and indirect detection signatures will be highly correlated and within the reach of XENON100 and Fermi. Observation at one of these experiments would imply observation at the other one. Observable LHC decay channels can also arise if the new particles mix with lighter states. This decay channel involves only the Higgs boson and not the gauge bosons. Observation of such decays would give evidence that the new particle is tied to the naturalness problem.