bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zwischen ,Wissenschaft des Judentums' und politischem Messianismus Saint-Simonismus und deutsche Reformbewegung
Authors: Ferruta Paola
Published: June 2009

The relationship between the religious political group of the Saint-Simonians and the German movement for political reform around 1830 has already been amply investigated. Significantly less explored is the Jewish aspect of this connection. The article focuses on the significance of the participation of the Jewish members of the Saint-Simonian movement and the cultural transfer initiated by them with German Jewish intellectuals and political activists such as Gabriel Riesser.
Temperature Variability over South America
Authors: Collins Jennifer M. , Chaves Rosane Rodrigues , da Silva Marques Valdo
Published: June 2009

The variation of air temperature at 2 m above the earth’s surface in South America (SA) between 1948 and 2007 is investigated primarily using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. In December–February (austral summer), the majority of SA has a mean temperature between 21° and 24°C during 1948–75, and for 1976–2007 the mean temperature is above 24°C. In June–August (austral winter), warmer temperatures are observed in the tropical region in the recent period. The results indicate that Northeast Brazil (NEB) and central Brazil are warmer in the more recent period. In the last seven years (2001–07) compared to the earlier periods, greater warming is noted in the tropical SA region, mainly in NEB and over the North Atlantic Ocean, and cooling is observed in part of the subtropical SA region. Supporting evidence for the warming in Brazil is given through analyses of station data and observational data. The results presented here indicate that the climate change over SA is likely not predominantly a result of variations in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (the most important coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon to produce climate variability over SA). Instead, the climate changes likely occur as a response to other natural variability of the climate and/or may be a result of human activity. However, even without ascertaining the specific causes, the most important finding in this work is to demonstrate that a change in the temperature patterns of SA occurred between 1948 and 2007.
The Effects of SST-Induced Surface Wind Speed and Direction Gradients on Midlatitude Surface Vorticity and Divergence
Authors: O’Neill Larry W. , Chelton Dudley B. , Esbensen Steven K.
Published: June 2009

The effects of surface wind speed and direction gradients on midlatitude surface vorticity and divergence fields associated with mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) variability having spatial scales of 100–1000 km are investigated using vector wind observations from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite and SST from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite. The wind–SST coupling is analyzed over the period June 2002–August 2008, corresponding to the first 6+ years of the AMSR-E mission. Previous studies have shown that strong wind speed gradients develop in response to persistent mesoscale SST features associated with the Kuroshio Extension, Gulf Stream, South Atlantic, and Agulhas Return Current regions. Midlatitude SST fronts also significantly modify surface wind direction; the surface wind speed and direction responses to typical SST differences of about 2°–4°C are, on average, about 1–2 m s−1 and 4°–8°, respectively, over all four regions. Wind speed perturbations are positively correlated and very nearly collocated spatially with the SST perturbations. Wind direction perturbations, however, are displaced meridionally from the SST perturbations, with cyclonic flow poleward of warm SST and anticyclonic flow poleward of cool SST.

Previous observational analyses have shown that small-scale perturbations in the surface vorticity and divergence fields are related linearly to the crosswind and downwind components of the SST gradient, respectively. When the vorticity and divergence fields are analyzed in curvilinear natural coordinates, the wind speed contributions to the SST-induced vorticity and divergence depend equally on the crosswind and downwind SST gradients, respectively. SST-induced wind direction gradients also significantly modify the vorticity and divergence fields, weakening the vorticity response to crosswind SST gradients while enhancing the divergence response to downwind SST gradients.
The Influence of Solar Forcing on Tropical Circulation
Authors: Lee Jae N. , Shindell Drew T. , Hameed Sultan
Published: June 2009

The response of the seasonal tropical circulation to an 11-yr solar cycle forcing is studied with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) ModelE, which includes fully interactive atmospheric chemistry. To identify characteristic solar signals in the tropical circulation, the model experiments are carried out with certain imposed conditions: a doubly amplified solar forcing and the present-day and preindustrial greenhouse gases and aerosol conditions, with the mixed layer or fully coupled dynamic ocean model. In both the model and the NCEP reanalysis, tropical humidity increases in response to enhanced solar irradiance are found to be statistically significant in both solstice seasons. Changes are also found in the vertical velocities for both the Hadley and Walker circulations in some areas of the Pacific region. With present-day greenhouse gas and aerosol conditions, the ascending branch of the Hadley cell is enhanced near the equator, and the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is shifted northward in response to solar forcing during the boreal winter. Enhancement of the meridionally averaged vertical velocity over the western Pacific indicates strengthening of the Walker circulation in response to solar forcing in both solstice seasons. In present-day conditions, the tropical circulation response to an 11-yr solar forcing is generally consistent with that derived from previous observational works.
Historical SAM Variability. Part II: Twentieth-Century Variability and Trends from Reconstructions, Observations, and the IPCC AR4 Models*
Authors: Fogt Ryan L. , Perlwitz Judith , Monaghan Andrew J. , Bromwich David H. , Jones Julie M. , Marshall Gareth J.
Published: June 2009

This second paper examines the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) variability from reconstructions, observed indices, and simulations from 17 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models from 1865 to 2005. Comparisons reveal the models do not fully simulate the duration of strong natural variability within the reconstructions during the 1930s and 1960s.

Seasonal indices are examined to understand the relative roles of forced and natural fluctuations. The models capture the recent (1957–2005) positive SAM trends in austral summer, which reconstructions indicate is the strongest trend during the last 150 yr; ozone depletion is the dominant mechanism driving these trends. In autumn, negative trends after 1930 in the reconstructions are stronger than the recent positive trend. Furthermore, model trends in autumn during 1957–2005 are the most different from observations. Both of these conditions suggest the recent autumn trend is most likely natural climate variability, with external forcing playing a secondary role. Many models also produce significant spring trends during this period not seen in observations. Although insignificant, these differences arise because of vastly different spatial structures in the Southern Hemisphere pressure trends. As the trend differences between models and observations in austral spring have been increasing over the last 30 yr, care must be exercised when examining the future SAM projections and their impacts in this season.
Relationships between Lightning Location and Polarimetric Radar Signatures in a Small Mesoscale Convective System
Authors: Lund Nicole R. , MacGorman Donald R. , Schuur Terry J. , Biggerstaff Michael I. , Rust W. David
Published: June 2009

On 19 June 2004, the Thunderstorm Electrification and Lightning Experiment observed electrical, microphysical, and kinematic properties of a small mesoscale convective system (MCS). The primary observing systems were the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array, the KOUN S-band polarimetric radar, two mobile C-band Doppler radars, and balloonborne electric field meters. During its mature phase, this MCS had a normal tripolar charge structure (lightning involved a midlevel negative charge between an upper and a lower positive charge), and flash rates fluctuated between 80 and 100 flashes per minute. Most lightning was initiated within one of two altitude ranges (3–6 or 7–10 km MSL) and within the 35-dBZ contours of convective cells embedded within the convective line. The properties of two such cells were investigated in detail, with the first lasting approximately 40 min and producing only 12 flashes and the second lasting over an hour and producing 105 flashes. In both, lightning was initiated in or near regions containing graupel. The upper lightning initiation region (7–10 km MSL) was near 35–47.5-dBZ contours, with graupel inferred below and ice crystals inferred above. The lower lightning initiation region (3–6 km MSL) was in the upper part of melting or freezing layers, often near differential reflectivity columns extending above the 0°C isotherm, which is suggestive of graupel formation. Both lightning initiation regions are consistent with what is expected from the noninductive graupel–ice thunderstorm electrification mechanism, though inductive processes may also have contributed to initiations in the lower region.
Voronoi, Delaunay, and Block-Structured Mesh Refinement for Solution of the Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere
Authors: Weller Hilary , Weller Henry G. , Fournier Aimé
Published: June 2009

Alternative meshes of the sphere and adaptive mesh refinement could be immensely beneficial for weather and climate forecasts, but it is not clear how mesh refinement should be achieved. A finite-volume model that solves the shallow-water equations on any mesh of the surface of the sphere is presented. The accuracy and cost effectiveness of four quasi-uniform meshes of the sphere are compared: a cubed sphere, reduced latitude–longitude, hexagonal–icosahedral, and triangular–icosahedral. On some standard shallow-water tests, the hexagonal–icosahedral mesh performs best and the reduced latitude–longitude mesh performs well only when the flow is aligned with the mesh. The inclusion of a refined mesh over a disc-shaped region is achieved using either gradual Delaunay, gradual Voronoi, or abrupt 2:1 block-structured refinement. These refined regions can actually degrade global accuracy, presumably because of changes in wave dispersion where the mesh is highly nonuniform. However, using gradual refinement to resolve a mountain in an otherwise coarse mesh can improve accuracy for the same cost. The model prognostic variables are height and momentum collocated at cell centers, and (to remove grid-scale oscillations of the A grid) the mass flux between cells is advanced from the old momentum using the momentum equation. Quadratic and upwind biased cubic differencing methods are used as explicit corrections to a fast implicit solution that uses linear differencing.
The Drying Out of Soil Moisture following Rainfall in a Numerical Weather Prediction Model and Implications for Malaria Prediction in West Africa
Authors: Cui Xuefeng , Parker Douglas J. , Morse Andrew P.
Published: June 2009

This paper investigates the response of the land surface and the lowest section of the atmospheric surface layer to rainfall events and through the subsequent drying out period. The impacts of these sequences of rainfall and drying events in controlling near-surface temperatures are put into the context of malaria transmission modeling using temperature controls on the survivability of mosquitoes that are developing the malaria parasite. Observations using measurements from a dwelling hut, constructed to a local design at Wankama near Niamey, Niger, show that as the atmosphere gets moister and colder following rainfall, there is a potentially higher risk of malaria transmission during the rainy days. As the atmosphere gets warmer and drier during the drying period, there is a potentially decreasing rate of malaria transmission as the increasing temperature reduces the survivability of the mosquitoes. A numerical weather prediction model comparison shows that the high-resolution limited-area model outperforms the global-scale model and shows good agreement with the observations. Statistical analysis from the model results confirms that the findings are not restricted to a single location or single time of the day. It was also found that air temperatures over forest areas do not change as much during the study period, since the longer memory of the soil moisture means there is relatively little influence from single rainfall events.
Synoptic Climatological Analyses of Extreme Snowfalls in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: O’Hara Brian F. , Kaplan Michael L. , Underwood S. Jeffrey
Published: June 2009

The Sierra Nevada of eastern California receives heavy snowfall each year. However, it is the snowstorms that deposit heavy snowfall in a relatively short period of time that can cause major inconveniences and even life-threatening situations for the residents and visitors to the region. Some of these snowstorms are so extreme as to become legendary, and with increased population in this region a synoptic climatology of these extreme snowstorms can be a useful tool for assessing snowfall potential by operational forecasters. Additionally, the hydrological and climatological implications of extreme Sierra Nevada snowfalls are important for state and local resource- and emergency-planning purposes.

A climatology of these snowstorms will be presented. The period of study will include the snowfall seasons (October–May) 1949/50 through 2004/05. A total of 542 snowstorms occurred during these 56 snowfall seasons. These snowstorms were analyzed to determine any common synoptic features. The most intense snowstorms in the highest decile of snowfall totals were analyzed in more detail in order to determine the parameters associated with these strongest snowstorms.

Upper-level synoptic and thermodynamic characteristics associated with each snowstorm were then diagnosed to determine what common synoptic hydrodynamic and thermodynamic parameters the snowstorms share. Synoptic patterns were studied using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) model reanalysis data. Wind speeds at 200 hPa, and height anomalies at 500 hPa, were analyzed for each snowstorm from 3 days prior to the start of snowfall and continuing through the end of the storm. Anomalies and the transport of precipitable water were studied in order to determine the relative amount of moisture that was available to each snowstorm.

A conceptual model for forecasting the strongest snowstorms was developed. Key findings include the following: 1) the importance of a fetch of moisture from the subtropics with relatively large positive moisture anomalies, 2) the importance of the atmospheric moisture stream being normal to the Sierra, 3) the low static stability accompanying these snowstorms, and 4) the importance of relatively strong upper-level dynamics, which helped to intensify the systems as they approached the Sierra.
A New Method for Estimating Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Probabilities
Authors: DeMaria Mark , Knaff John A. , Knabb Richard , Lauer Chris , Sampson Charles R. , DeMaria Robert T.
Published: June 2009

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) Hurricane Probability Program (HPP) was implemented in 1983 to estimate the probability that the center of a tropical cyclone would pass within 60 n mi of a set of specified points out to 72 h. Other than periodic updates of the probability distributions, the HPP remained unchanged through 2005. Beginning in 2006, the HPP products were replaced by those from a new program that estimates probabilities of winds of at least 34, 50, and 64 kt, and incorporates uncertainties in the track, intensity, and wind structure forecasts. This paper describes the new probability model and a verification of the operational forecasts from the 2006–07 seasons.

The new probabilities extend to 120 h for all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and eastern, central, and western North Pacific to 100°E. Because of the interdependence of the track, intensity, and structure forecasts, a Monte Carlo method is used to generate 1000 realizations by randomly sampling from the operational forecast center track and intensity forecast error distributions from the past 5 yr. The extents of the 34-, 50-, and 64-kt winds for the realizations are obtained from a simple wind radii model and its underlying error distributions.

Verification results show that the new probability model is relatively unbiased and skillful as measured by the Brier skill score, where the skill baseline is the deterministic forecast from the operational centers converted to a binary probabilistic forecast. The model probabilities are also well calibrated and have high confidence based on reliability diagrams.
Operationalizing, Instilling, and Assessing Counseling Psychology Training Values Related to Diversity in Academic Programs
Authors: Winterowd Carrie L. , Adams Eve M. , Miville Marie L. , Mintz Laurie B.
Published: June 2009

In this article, we operationalize the values outlined in The Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity (henceforth the “Values Statement”) by identifying virtues and dispositions for trainees and trainers in academic programs. We describe specific strategies that program faculty may use to help instill these virtues and dispositions within their academic communities. Specifically, we provide specific recommendations for infusing diversity virtues and dispositions throughout all aspects of the academic program. We also provide suggestions regarding the assessment of virtues and dispositions. We then provide a case example of how these strategies might be implemented when trainees' personal values come in direct conflict with the values stated in the Values Statement.
Application of the Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity to the Admission Process
Authors: Loewy Michael I. , Juntunen Cindy L. , Duan Changming
Published: June 2009

This article addresses the responsibility of counseling psychology programs to communicate and implement the professional training values regarding diversity as articulated in the Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity (henceforth the “Values Statement”) clearly and directly in the advertising and admission process. This will help both applicants and admissions committees assess the best fit between program and applicant and allow for self-selection and committee selection with regard to applicants' aptitude to embody the training values (e.g., self-awareness, openness) specified in the Values Statement. The Values Statement can guide programs in their interview and selection process by providing a framework for assessing applicant readiness to pursue doctoral work in counseling psychology. Current admission practices in counseling psychology are reviewed in the context of the Values Statement. Then a model application review and interview process is described from advertising through selection.
Implementing the Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity in University Counseling Center Internships
Authors: Illfelder-Kaye Joyce , Lese-Fowler Karen , Bursley Kevin , Reyes Elizabeth , Bieschke Kathleen J.
Published: June 2009

This article examines the potential contribution of the Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity (henceforth the “Values Statement”) to predoctoral internship training programs housed in university counseling centers. The purpose of this article is to present recommendations for how to best implement the Values Statement in counseling center internship training programs. The authors begin by summarizing the commitment to diversity-related training and values espoused by the major training organizations relevant to internship training. They then describe issues internship training directors must consider when implementing the Values Statement into their training sites and provide recommendations for how to most effectively implement the Values Statement.
When Human Rights and Cultural Values Collide
Authors: Vera Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2009

This reaction article commends the authors of the Major Contribution articles for their courage and creativity in responding to a tension in the field of multicultural training. In an effort to extend the conversation on how the field should respond when cultural values collide in the training of psychologists, this reaction highlights some of the most provocative points raised in the Major Contribution and, in particular, expands on what are arguably the most contentious aspects of reconciling cultural conflicts in the training process: those conflicts involving religious beliefs.
Valuing Diversity
Authors: McCutcheon Stephen R. , Imel Zac E.
Published: June 2009

Articles in this issue describe the genesis, development, and implementation of the Counseling Psychology Model Training Values Statement Addressing Diversity. This commentary extends the dialog on issues inherent to the Values Statement and the accompanying articles contained in this issue, with particular attention to the resolution of conflicting values and to empirical findings related to attitude change of bias and prejudice.
Adult Attachment, Culturally Adjusted Attachment, and Interpersonal Difficulties of Taiwanese Adults
Authors: Wang Chia-Chih DC , Scalise Dominick A.
Published: June 2009

This study examines the applicability of Western adult attachment perspectives to interpersonal difficulties experienced by individuals with indigenous Chinese cultural backgrounds. A total of 275 Taiwanese university students completed self-report surveys of adult attachment, ideal attachment, and interpersonal problems. Culturally adjusted attachment scores were generated by regressing self-report attachment on ideal attachment to control for cultural difference. Findings from path analyses indicated that culturally adjusted attachment scores had a better fit with the model depicting relationships between attachment and interpersonal problems. Results with adjusted attachment scores indicated that Taiwanese individuals scoring high on attachment dimensions tended to have more interpersonal difficulties, which is consistent with the theory’s prediction. Findings and implications are discussed based on attachment perspectives and the Chinese cultural context in Taiwan.
Japan and the Axis, 1937—8: Recognition of the Franco Regime and Manchukuo
Authors: Rodao Florentino
Published: June 2009

After just one year of the Spanish Civil War, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident led to the Sino-Japanese War, both conflicts remaining for two years as daily reminders of the world conflicts of the time. This article attempts to emphasize the importance of the coincidence in time of those conflicts in delimiting each bloc, especially through a decision that was particularly divisive for the Japanese government, such as recognition of Franco's rebel government after the outbreak of the war in China. Efforts by Japanese Foreign Minister Hirota Kōki to avoid a decision that would further Japan's pro-Axis drift show the lines of division in the government. His maneuvers progressively failed, including the November 1937 proposal for negotiations to include the recognition of Manchukuo, accepted first by Franco's Spain, later by Italy and finally by the Germans. The article emphasizes the role of Italy in Asia, the reasons for Spanish actions, and the aims of other key persons in this period, such as Prime Minister Konoe, the postwar leader Yoshida Shigeru, or Ishihara Kanji, the officer who masterminded the 1931 invasion of Manchuria.
Obshchestvennost' as Key to Understanding Soviet Writers of the 1950s: Moskovskii Literator, October 1956—March 1957
Authors: Loewenstein Karl
Published: June 2009

The concept of obshchestvennost' , a Russian term that is difficult to translate, helps us understand the ways that writers responded to Nikita Khrushchev's speech denouncing Stalin in 1956. The term can be seen as the public, public opinion or civil society, and was part of an attempt to transform the Moscow section of the Writers' Union. This article uses the concept to investigate the formation of a new newspaper called The Moscow Writer. The newspaper was envisioned as the way to re-create the section as a place for criticism of the current situation within the USSR. The newspaper's independent voice lasted a few months before the authorities intervened. This short interlude demonstrates the desire of writers to provide critical analysis of their position and their future, not to lead a revolution. It also shows the limits of Khrushchev's reforms; he would not allow independent opinion to emerge, even if produced by loyal group of writers.
Public Policies and the Development of National Computer Industries in Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, 1940—80
Authors: Cortada James W.
Published: June 2009

France, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union implemented various public policies designed to promote the development of local computer industries, beginning in the late 1940s, that had mixed results but were part of a larger pan-European interest in promoting national economic development through the use of technologies.
Terrorist Violence and Popular Mobilization: The Case of the Spanish Transition to Democracy
Authors: Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio , Aguilar Paloma
Published: June 2009

The hypothesis that terrorism often emerges when mass collective action declines and radicals take up arms to compensate for the weakness of a mass movement has been around for some time; however, it has never been tested systematically. In this article the authors investigate the relationship between terrorist violence and mass protest in the context of the Spanish transition to democracy. This period is known for its pacts and negotiations between political elites, but in fact, it was accompanied by high levels of terrorist violence and popular mobilization. To test the hypothesis, the authors have created two data sets, one on victims of terrorism and another on participation in demonstrations. The data clearly confirm that terrorism erupted in Spain when participation in demonstrations started to decline. This result sheds new light on the nonstructural conditions associated with the onset of terrorist violence.
Civil—Military Relations in the United States and Russia
Authors: Herspring Dale
Published: June 2009

The key to understanding civil—military relations in polities such as Russia and the United States is military culture. Military culture includes a variety of characteristics or norms of behavior. Some such as executive leadership, respect for military expertise, and a clear chain of command are critical and exist in both the American and Russian militaries. Looking at two periods in both countries (Yeltsin and George Bush II, and Putin and George Bush I), this article maintains that in those instances when military culture was ignored in either country (e.g., a lack of executive leadership, little respect for military expertise, and lack of a clear chain of command), conflict not only existed but also was acerbated. Conversely, in cases where the civilians were firmly in charge but respected military culture, conflict was minimized. Senior military officers felt free to express their opinions and had the perception that their views were always taken seriously.
Group Cohesion, Culture, and Practice
Authors: Kirke Charles
Published: June 2009

Anthony King's “The Word of Command: Communication and Cohesion in the Military” formed part of an ongoing debate in this journal on military group cohesion. For him, the main vector for cohesion is collective military practice in training and operations, which he sees as a precursor to social relationships. In his critique, Guy Siebold drew attention to social psychology's approach through the “standard model.” In this article, the author suggests that all approaches to military group cohesion would be enriched by an understanding of the organizational culture in which the soldiers are embedded. The author seeks to demonstrate this point by providing an outline of a model of British Army culture at the unit level, and showing how it adds value to military cohesion analysis by applying it to one of King's ethnographic examples and by briefly showing how it would provide a richer context for the use of social psychology's standard model.
Barcelona’s Urban Landscape
Authors: Casellas Antònia
Published: June 2009

Barcelona’s urban characteristics and its tourist appeal are not merely outcomes of the Modernist period or a recent dramatic urban transformation but rather the result of a long and tumultuous historic evolution. The present article presents an account of relevant historical, political, economic, and social forces shaping Barcelona’s urban evolution from the medieval times until the 1970s. The urban history of Barcelona illustrates how the landscape of a fashionable city is the result of urban planning in conjunction with many social, economic, and political events that often produce unexpected results.
Biologically inspired optimization: a review
Authors: Tang W.J. , Wu Q.H.
Published: June 2009

This paper presents a review of the development of biologically inspired algorithms (BIAs), including the evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence, as well as the newly emerged bacterial foraging algorithms. Our retrospective review is classified to these three areas of BIAs, and their common features and functionalities are discussed respectively. In order to identify the roots and clarify the variants of various BIAs, our discussion is also extended to identify the difference between each algorithm, particularly by indicating their biological background. The review focuses on not only the background of the original studies of BIAs but also their principles and applications, which are supported with a number of references included in this paper.
Acquiring a new second language contrast: an analysis of the English laryngeal system of native speakers of Dutch
Authors: Simon Ellen
Published: June 2009

This study examines the acquisition of the English laryngeal system by native speakers of (Belgian) Dutch. Both languages have a two-way laryngeal system, but while Dutch contrasts prevoiced with short-lag stops, English has a contrast between short-lag and long-lag stops. The primary aim of the article is to test two hypotheses on the acquisition process based on first language acquisition research: (1) native speakers of a voicing language will succeed in producing short-lag stops in the target aspirating language, since short-lag stops occur early in first language acquisition and can be considered unmarked and since one member of the contrast is formed by short-lag stops in both voicing and aspirating languages, and (2) native speakers of a voicing language will succeed in acquiring long-lag stops in the target language, because aspiration is an acoustically salient realization. The analysis is based on an examination of natural speech data (conversations between dyads of informants), combined with the results of a controlled reading task. Both types of data were gathered in Dutch as well as in EngDutch(i.e. the English speech of native speakers of Dutch). The analysis revealed an interesting pattern: while the first language (L1) Dutch speakers were successful in acquiring long-lag aspirated stops (confirming hypothesis 2), they did not acquire English short-lag stops (rejecting hypothesis 1). Instead of the target short-lag stops, the L1 Dutch speakers produced prevoiced stops and frequently transferred regressive voice assimilation with voiced stops as triggers from Dutch into English. Various explanations for this pattern in terms of acoustic salience, perceptual cues and training will be considered.
Palestinian resistance and international solidarity: the BDS campaign
Authors: Bakan Abigail B. , Abu-Laban Yasmeen
Published: June 2009

Israel's recent war in Gaza ('Operation Cast Lead') has both exposed Israel's defiance of international law and provided the occasion for increasing support for an organised transnational boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) movement. The BDS movement is aimed at challenging the Israeli state's illegal military occupation and a host of corresponding repressive policies directed at Palestinians. However, the BDS campaign, and in particular the call for an academic boycott, has been controversial. It has generated a counter-response emphasising, variously, the goals of the movement as ineffective, counterproductive to peace and/or security, contrary to norms of academic freedom and even tied to anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism. Utilising a Gramscian approach, and drawing from Charles Mills' concept of 'racial contract', we examine the history of the divestment campaign and the debates it has engendered. We argue that the effectiveness of BDS as a strategy of resistance and cross-border solidarity is intimately connected with a challenge to the hegemonic place of Zionism in western ideology. This campaign has challenged an international racial contract which, from 1948, has assigned a common interest between the state of Israel and international political allies, while absenting Palestinians as simultaneously non-white, the subjects of extreme repression and stateless. The BDS campaign also points to an alternative — the promise of a real and lasting peace in the Middle East.
Dean Baker's war of position
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: June 2009

The US economist Dean Baker, along with his colleagues at the Center for Economic and Policy Research, has for the last decade been waging a Gramscian 'war of position' against neoliberal orthodoxy in the US. With the collapse of the housing market bubble (which Baker predicted) and the ensuing global economic crisis, his analysis has had more of a hearing in the mainstream. According to Baker, the internationalisation and deregulation of financial markets has been a mechanism for redistributing upwards the benefits of labour productivity growth and led to a hugely overblown financial sector prone to self-deception, criminality and highly speculative short-term profiteering. An alternative can be found, argues Baker, in Latin America's rejection of neoliberalism.
Tea — midwife and nurse to capitalism
Authors: Kemasang A.R.T.
Published: June 2009

Tea is and has for long been so ubiquitous a part of daily life, in the UK particularly, that its true significance remains almost invisible. Yet, as this article shows, it has nonetheless been of unprecedented importance in the historical, social and economic development of Britain, from the eighteenth century onwards, and not only as a major plantation-grown commodity of colonial trade. Indeed, its knock-on health benefits, as a counter to alcoholic alternatives and insanitary water supplies, were of primary importance to the growth and maintenance of the early industrial working class — and hence to the very development of Britain's early industrial and colonial supremacy.
A Dynamic Equilibrium between Inflation and Minimum Wages in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasooriya S.P.
Published: June 2009

This paper explores the dynamic equilibrium between minimum wages and inflation in Sri Lanka. From a theoretical perspective, while minimum wages tend to be sluggish in the economy, changes in price levels are compulsive. This empirical investigation which includes causality, co-integration and error correction models, reveals the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between minimum wages and inflation, and a one-way causality between the two variables. An interruption in equilibrium leads not only to a significant adjustment process but also to structural changes in long-run equilibrium. Finally, macroeconomic stability is established through the impulse response function in a situation, where shocks are applied to both minimum wages and inflation. The study recommends policy-making entities contemplate a minimum wage adjustment process in a climate of unstable inflation.
Structural Shifts in the Current Account of India's Balance of Payments
Authors: Singh Bhupal
Published: June 2009

This paper explores structural shifts in the current account of India's balance of payments alongside the micro foundations from 1950 to 2008. Key structural features that emerge are the disappearance of twin deficits and the reversal of a unidirectional causality in the post-reform period from foreign savings to domestic investment. Current account deficit, although sustainable, is marked by a significant structural component after adjusting for remittances. Merchandise trade is characterised by higher quantity growth rather than price growth, a transition from low-technology to medium-technology exports, a shift in trade towards developing countries. Service exports exhibit reduced volatility and diversification from traditional to business and technology-related services. This period also witnessed a spatial shift in the sources of workers’ remittances from oil-producing to developed countries, with the overall behaviour of remittances influenced by the income effect in the host country, exchange rate movement and interest rate arbitrage.
Mixing Rules for the Piezoelectric Properties of Macro Fiber Composites
Authors: Deraemaeker A. , Nasser H. , Benjeddou A. , Preumont A.
Published: June 2009

This article focuses on the modeling of structures equipped with Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) transducers. Based on the uniform field method under the plane stress assumption, we derive analytical mixing rules in order to evaluate equivalent properties for d31 and d33 MFC transducers. In particular, mixing rules are derived for the longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients of MFCs. These mixing rules are validated using finite element computations and experimental results available from the literature.
An Evaluation of a Group Treatment Program With Youth Referred to the Juvenile Probation Service Because of Violent Crime
Authors: Khoury-Kassabri Mona , Sharvet Rachel , Braver Efi , Livneh Chaim
Published: June 2009

This study assesses the outcomes of group intervention program with violent juveniles. The intervention is based on the ecological approach of Edleson and Tolman (1992). Forty-eight juveniles referred to the juvenile probation service because of violent crime completed the 16 sessions of the intervention. Participants completed questionnaires addressing their attitudes toward violence, perpetration of violent behavior toward others, and sociodemographic factors, pregroup and postgroup intervention. The results show significant reductions in juveniles’ endorsement of violent behavior and in violence toward others. These reductions remained significant among the 27 juveniles who completed the 6-month follow-up. The discussion highlights the need for evaluation process among intervention programs conducted by social workers and recommends further research in the field.
Using a Socioecological Approach to Examine Participation in Sport and Physical Activity Among Rural Adolescent Girls
Authors: Casey Meghan M. , Eime Rochelle M. , Payne Warren R. , Harvey Jack T.
Published: June 2009

Adolescence is a critical time for developing lifelong healthy behaviors, including active lifestyles. Participation in sport and physical activity, however, declines during adolescence, and few studies have comprehensively identified why, particularly among rural girls. This article identifies a range of independent and interacting factors that influence sport and physical activity participation of rural adolescent girls. The socioecological model of health was used to guide four focus group discussions with Grade 7 girls ( n = 34). The results showed that adolescent girls were positively influenced when sports or physical activities were fun, when they involved being with friends, and when they were supported by families and teachers through role modeling and positive feedback. A range of intrapersonal and organizational factors affected perceived self-competence, particularly the coeducational nature of school physical education classes and peer teasing, which supported social comparisons of skill level. In promoting sport and physical activity to rural adolescent girls, focus must be directed on developmentally appropriate activities that are fun, offering opportunities for single-sex classes, and generating cultural changes that encourage noncompetitive and self-referencing activities.
The Construction of Patients' Involvement in Hospital Bedside Teaching Encounters
Authors: Monrouxe Lynn V. , Rees Charlotte E. , Bradley Paul
Published: June 2009

Active and sensitively managed patient involvement in medical education is vital in the drive toward the development of tomorrow's doctors' patient-centered professionalism. Bedside teaching encounters (BTE) involve clinicians, medical students, and patients, and comprise a formative and focused activity through which students learn both the “whats” and “hows” of physicianship. We present four case studies from our analysis of six BTEs, drawing on Goffman's dramaturgy theory and broader interactional research. We demonstrate the multiple roles participants play within BTEs, including actor, director, audience, nonperson, and prop. Although patients sometimes participated as team members, even taking the role of director, they were commonly positioned in less active roles: as audience, nonperson, and prop. In this article we discuss critically this commonality across the BTEs: the patient role as passive object at the point at which the serious act of teaching physical examination begins, even when patients actively reject this passive role.
Birth Talk in Second Stage Labor
Authors: Bergstrom Linda , Richards Lori , Proctor Adele , Avila Leticia Bohrer , Morse Janice M. , Roberts Joyce E.
Published: June 2009

In this secondary analysis of videotape data, we describe birth talk demonstrated by caregivers to women during the second stage of labor. Birth talk is a distinctive verbal register or a set of linguistic features that are used with particular behaviors during specific situations, has a particular communication purpose, and is characterized by distinctive language features. Birth talk is found cross-culturally among speakers of diverse languages. Our findings show that birth talk occurred mainly during contractions and co-occurred with two general styles of caregiving: “directed toward forced bearing down” and “supportive of physiologic bearing down.” We also describe talk that occurred during rest periods, which was similar across the two styles. Caregivers' use of language tended to be either procedural (giving directions, instructions) or comfort related (encouraging and supporting). Linguistic features of the talk consisted of utterances of short duration, level pitch patterns with no sudden pitch shifts, and a restricted pitch range.
Delegation Guided by School Nursing Values: Comprehensive Knowledge, Trust, and Empowerment
Authors: Gordon Shirley C. , Barry Charlotte D.
Published: June 2009

As health care institutions in the United States respond to shrinking budgets and nursing shortages by increasing the use of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), school nursing practice is changing from providing direct care to supervising activities delegated to UAP. Therefore, delegation is a critical area of concern for school nurses. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore values guiding the delegation of health care tasks to UAP in school settings from the perspective of the school nurse. An inquiry focus group was conducted with 64 Florida school nurses. Values guiding delegation were comprehensive knowledge, trust, and empowerment. These values provided a framework for guiding the delegation process.
Stress and Failure Analysis of Repaired Sandwich Composite Beams using a Cohesive Damage Model
Authors: Ramantani D.A. , Campilho R.D.S.G. , De Moura M.F.S.F. , Marques A.T.
Published: June 2009

The behavior of a repaired sandwich beam subjected to four-point bending is investigated numerically using the ABAQUS® software and specially developed interface elements including a cohesive mixed-mode damage model based on the indirect use of fracture mechanics. The two major repair configurations for sandwich structures, namely overlap and scarf repair, are studied. The interface elements, placed at the middle of the adhesive, parent laminate/adhesive and adhesive/patch interfaces, allow to obtain stress distributions at these locations as well as to simulate damage onset and growth. The influence of several geometrical parameters, such as overlap length and patch thickness for overlap repairs, and scarf angle for scarf repairs, is evaluated in terms of stress analysis and strength predictions. Conclusions were drawn about design guidelines of the sandwich composite repair.
Examination of the Failure of Sandwich Beams with Core Junctions Subjected to Transverse Shear Loading
Authors: Johannes M. , Thomsen O.T.
Published: June 2009

The article concerns failure and fatigue phenomena associated with local effects occurring in the vicinity of junctions between different core materials in sandwich beams subjected to transverse shear loading. It is known from analytical and numerical modeling that these effects lead to stress concentrations at such junctions. However, their influence on the failure behavior is not fully understood, and there are indications that the available models overestimate the importance of the local effects. In the present article, typical sandwich beam configurations with glass fiber-reinforced plastic face sheets and core junctions between polymer foams of different densities and rigid aluminium were tested under quasi-static and fatigue loading conditions. The failure behavior was compared with results from finite element analyses using various failure criteria. It was found that for the transverse shear load case the inherent core shear stresses overrule the local effects in terms of being most critical with respect to causing failure for the most common sandwich configurations using low density semi-brittle polymer foam cores. A simple maximum shear stress criterion is appropriate for failure prediction (core shear failure) in those cases. However, if very strong core materials and thin face sheets are used, the stress concentrations induced by local effects can cause failure in the faces. Accordingly, the local face stresses can be of importance and should be taken into account for failure prediction.
Damage Assessment Due to Single Slamming of Foam Core Sandwich Composites
Authors: Charca S. , Shafiq B.
Published: June 2009

Foam core sandwich composite panels were slammed onto the body of calm water as a function of slamming energy (161—779 J) and deadrise angle (0°—45°). Higher slamming energy and lower deadrise angle resulted in greater damage to the material. Discrete pressure data though critical in ship design, failed to yield any relevant damage information. Catastrophic failure was observed to occur beyond a threshold strain of 0.0035 mm/mm. With the introduction of a hydroelasticity function, quasi-static analysis accurately predicted strain behavior under slamming. Post-failure analysis of noncatastrophically damaged specimens indicated very little reduction in flexural capacity in spite of a measurable change in the acoustic emission activity. Core shear along the interface with the facesheets and local buckling of the facesheet and resin fragmentation were observed to be the dominant modes of failure under slamming.