bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paternalistic Leadership and Organizational Commitment
Authors: Hakimian Fatemeh , Farid Hadi , Ismail Mohd Nazari , Ismail Ismi Arif
Published: March 2015

In the competitive world of business, organizational commitment is considered to be one of the fundamental organizational issues facing managements. Committed employees have become a valuable contribution to a variety of organizations. Since leaders’ behaviors play an important role in organizational commitment, managers are encouraged to motivate employees to strengthen their commitments to competently serve their organizations. The structures of societies in addition to cultural values are influential factors in determining appropriate leader behaviors. Since Paternalistic leadership is an integrated part of Asian organizations, Malaysia was selected as the country of choice to conduct this study. This research was designed to investigate the relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment; Each dimension was investigated separately in accordance to quantitative methodology. In total, 287 questionnaires from the employees of Malaysian SMEs were selected to be used for the purpose of data analysis. Data management and analysis were performed using SEM-PLS. The statistical results indicated the significant relationship between paternalistic leadership and Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment. Paternalistic leadership is a significantly persuasive factor that elevates the phenomenal of affective and normative commitment. This finding also came to the attention that under the umbrella of Paternalistic leadership, distress of losing a specific leader might be a determining factor for employees to continue their cooperation and employment with the organization. In addition to offering theoretical contributions, this study has provided a practical guideline for Malaysian SMEs managers who aim to increase commitment among employees who function under their Paternalistic leadership.
Empirical Analysis of Non Performing Assets Related to Private Banks of India
Authors: Mehta Laveena , Malhotra Meenakshi
Published: March 2015

In present scenario, Indian banks are struggling with challenges related with NPA’s. Some years before these banks were in Flourishing heights.but health of these banks deteriorated because of non performing assets. Many Indian banks have been controlled their non performing assets up to a level, but some banks still have been failed to control their NPA’s status, as a result, NPA hitting the profitability of these banks. Through this research paper we have examined the trend of NPA’s over the past 8 years and the relationship between NPA’s and profitability of private sector banks. According to the Reserve bank of India priority sector lending must be promoted so that those sectors who can’t approach the organized market for lending purposes and can’t afford the higher commercial rate of interest, can get loans in an easy way. RBI specified the percentage of loans to priority sectors out of the total money lent by the banks.  This paper examines the NPA in Priority Sector Lending and the impact of priority sector lending on the gross NPA of private sector banks. The result showed the significant impact of priority sector lending on gross NPA of private Sector banks. This study revolves between the period 2005 and 2012.
Planktic and Benthic14C Reservoir Ages for Three Ocean Basins, Calibrated by a Suite of14C Plateaus in the Glacial-to-Deglacial Suigetsu Atmospheric14C Record
Authors: Sarnthein Michael , Balmer Sven , Grootes Pieter M , Mudelsee Manfred
Published: March 2015

This article presents a compilation of planktic and benthic14C reservoir ages for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and early deglacial from 11 key sites of global ocean circulation in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Ocean. The ages were obtained by14C plateau tuning, a robust technique to derive both an absolute chronology for marine sediment records and a high-resolution record of changing reservoir/ventilation ages (Δ14C values) for surface and deep waters by comparing the suite of planktic14C plateaus of a sediment record with that of the atmospheric14C record. Results published thus far have used as atmospheric14C reference U/Th-dated corals, the Cariaco planktic record, and speleothems. We have now used the varve-counted atmospheric14C record of Lake Suigetsu terrestrial macrofossils to recalibrate the boundary ages and reservoir ages of the seven published records directly to an atmospheric14C record. In addition, the results for four new cores and further planktic results for four published records are given. Main conclusions from the new compilation are the following: (1) The Suigetsu atmospheric14C record on its varve-counted timescale reflects all14C plateaus, their internal structures, and relative length previously identified, but implies a rise in the average14C plateau age by 200–70014C yr during the LGM and early deglacial times. (2) Based on different14C ages of coeval atmospheric and planktic14C plateaus, marine surface water Δ14C may have temporarily dropped to an equivalent of ∼0 yr in low-latitude lagoon waters, but reached >250014C yr both in stratified subpolar waters and in upwelled waters such as in the South China Sea. These values differ significantly from a widely assumed constant global planktic Δ14C value of 400 yr. (3) Suites of deglacial planktic Δ14C values are closely reproducible in14C records measured at neighboring core sites. (4) Apparent deep-water14C ventilation ages (equivalents of benthic Δ14C), deduced from the sum of planktic Δ14C and coeval benthic-planktic14C differences, vary from 500 up to >5000 yr in LGM and deglacial ocean basins.
Radiocarbon Dating the Late Upper Paleolithic of Cantabrian Spain: El Mirón Cave Date List IV
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy , Morales Manuel R González , Higham Thomas , Richards Michael , Talamo Sahra
Published: March 2015

This fourth date list for the long cultural sequence in El Mirón Cave (Cantabria, Spain) reports on 19 new AMS assays for Solutrean, Initial, Lower, and Middle Magdalenian and Azilian levels, ranging from about 19 to 11 uncalibrated kyr. Key results are provision of further precision on the transition between the Solutrean and Magdalenian at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the very exact dating of a Magdalenian human burial and its relationship to both major living floors and closely associated rock art in the cave.
AMS Radiocarbon Dates for Pleistocene Fauna from the American Northeast
Authors: Boulanger Matthew T , Lattanzi Gregory D , Parris David C , O'Brien Michael J , Lyman R Lee
Published: March 2015

Northeastern North America has produced an incredible number of late Pleistocene faunal remains; however, many of these were discovered and excavated prior to the development of radiocarbon dating. Moreover, many of the 14C dates that do exist for such specimens were assayed prior to the development of purified collagen extraction methods, were performed on botanical remains of unspecified association with the faunal remains, or were accepted without concerns of young-carbon contamination from museum preservatives. Here, we present a set of high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates obtained on Pleistocene faunal specimens from Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Our data contain both newly discovered specimens and specimens that have resided in museum collections for over a century.
Nile Delta Production Challenges - Temporary Production Facility Solutions
Authors: Vaughan Richard David , Noreldin Ahmed Mostafa , Junker Heinrich , Baydoon Mohamed Mahmoud , Jespersen Christian , Hart Fred
Published: March 2015

This paper presents the process of an accelerated commissioning of a gas field in the Egyptian Nile Delta in 2013. The Disouq Development Project and Production and Reservoir Teams of RWE Dea (Nile Delta) AG together with DISOUCO (the JV Operator) implemented a Temporary Production Facility (TPF) at North West Khilala Field (Onshore Nile Delta, Egypt) to achieve timely first gas production of 50 MMSCFD during 2013. The careful evaluation of this project can serve as a guide to others who are involved in the planning and preparation of onshore facility installations in challenging geopolitical settings.

The installation success on North West Khilala Field was accomplished by carefully focusing on several key areas: an appropriate fit-for-purpose organisation among participating companies, a clearly defined technical scope, and a rational philosophy and effective relationships with regulatory organisations. Active involvement of a fully integrated team of production geoscientists together with drilling, completion, reservoir, facility and commissioning engineers was critical in achieving success.

Based on an economic business case RWE Dea AG mutually decided with JV Shareholder Partner EGAS to deviate from the original Plan of Development (PoD) submitted in 2010 and start the construction of temporary production facility at North West Khilala field in parallel to the execution of the approved development project. The work included the perforation, completion and testing of already drilled North West Khilala wells (1 discovery and 2 appraisal wells), finalisation of flowline/trunkline installations from the wells to the temporary production facility and tie-in of the TPF to the national grid export lines.

By executing the temporary production facility plan, RWE Dea AG has been able to make a seamless transition from facility design and construction to facility production and export of first gas and condensate in less than 5 months.

Introduction

The Concession Agreement for gas and crude oil exploration and exploitation for Disouq Area was signed by RWE Dea Nile GmbH (RWE Dea AG), EGAS and the Government of the A.R.E on 20.07.2004, after the Egyptian Parliament ratified the Concession Agreement (CA) and issued it as a law No. 152 of 2004. RWE Dea AG has acted as sole operator with a 100% interest during Exploration, Development and Production.

Since year 2007 RWE Dea AG has discovered seven gas fields in the Disouq Concession which is located north of the city of Tanta in Egypt's cultivated Nile Delta belt expanding towards the Mediterranean Sea. The fields are Northwest Khilala (NWK), North Sidi Ghazy (NSG), Northwest Sidi Ghazy (NWSG), South Sidi Ghazy (SSG), Sidi Salem Southeast 1 (SSSE), Sidi Salem Southeast 2 (SSSE) and Disouq (DSQ) (see Figure 1).
Validation of a Model for Teaching Canine Fundoscopy
Authors: Nibblett Belle Marie D. , Pereira Mary Mauldin , Williamson Julie A. , Sithole Fortune
Published: March 2015

A validated teaching model for canine fundoscopic examination was developed to improve Day One fundoscopy skills while at the same time reducing use of teaching dogs. This novel eye model was created from a hollow plastic ball with a cutout for the pupil, a suspended 20-diopter lens, and paint and paper simulation of relevant eye structures. This eye model was mounted on a wooden stand with canine head landmarks useful in performing fundoscopy. Veterinary educators performed fundoscopy using this model and completed a survey to establish face and content validity. Subsequently, veterinary students were randomly assigned to pre-laboratory training with or without the use of this teaching model. After completion of an ophthalmology laboratory on teaching dogs, student outcome was assessed by measuring students' ability to see a symbol inserted on the simulated retina in the model. Students also completed a survey regarding their experience with the model and the laboratory. Overall, veterinary educators agreed that this eye model was well constructed and useful in teaching good fundoscopic technique. Student performance of fundoscopy was not negatively impacted by the use of the model. This novel canine model shows promise as a teaching and assessment tool for fundoscopy.
Exploration of examinees’ traits that affect the score of Korean Medical Licensing Examination
Authors: Yim Mi Kyoung
Published: March 2015

Purpose: It aims to identify the effect of five variables to score of the Korean Medical Licensing Examinations (KMLE) for three consecutive years from 2011 to 2013. Methods: The number of examinees for each examination was 3,364 in 2011 3,177 in 2012, and 3,287 in 2013. Five characteristics of examinees were set as variables: gender, age, graduation status, written test result (pass or fail), and city of medical school. A regression model was established, with the score of a written test as a dependent variable and with examinees’ traits as variables. Results: The regression coefficients in all variables, except the city of medical school, were statistically significant. The variable’s effect in three examinations appeared in the following order: result of written test, graduation status, age, gender, and city of medical school. Conclusion: written test scores of the KMLE revealed that female students, younger examinees, and first-time examinees had higher performances.
An investigation of self‐incompatibility within the genus Restrepia
Authors: Millner Helen. J. , McCrea Alison. R. , Baldwin Timothy C.
Published: March 2015

• Premise of the study: The genus Restrepia (Orchidaceae) is indigenous to montane rain forests of Central and South America. Recently, as habitat has fragmented and wild populations dwindled, the chances for successful cross‐pollination within the genus have been reduced. Since cultivated species of Restrepia have been vegetatively propagated, they remain genetically close to those in the wild, making ex situ collections of the genus useful model populations for investigating breeding systems. Restrepia are found in clade B of the Pleurothallidinae, the only clade in which self‐incompatibility (SI) has not yet been confirmed. In the current study, private collections of Restrepia were used to study the operation of SI within the genus to assist future ex situ conservation of this and related genera.

• Methods: A variety of self‐pollination, intraspecific, and interspecific crosses were performed across the genus, and pollen tube growth was studied.

• Key results: Individual species exhibited varying degrees of SI. Self‐pollinations performed across 26 species in the genus produced few viable seeds, with the exception of R. aberrans. Viable “filled” seeds with embryos were shown to require an intraspecific cross. Primary hybrids between species produced >90% seeds with embryos that germinated well.

• Conclusions: The type of SI operating within the genus was considered to be best explained by gametophytic self‐incompatibility (GSI) with interspecific variation in its phenotypic expression. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to SI in the Pleurothallidinae and conservation strategies for Restrepia and related genera.
Increasing frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections during tigecycline use
Authors: Ulu-Kilic Aysegul , Alp Emine , Altun Dilek , Cevahir Fatma , Kalın Gamze , Demiraslan Hayati
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The widespread use of tigecycline raises the question of increasing infection rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in ICUs which are not affected by this antibiotic. Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine if treatment with tigecycline is a risk factor for PA infection in ICU patients. Methodology: A retrospective and observational study was conducted at Erciyes University Hospital, Turkey, between 2008 and 2010. The Erciyes University Hospital is a 1300-bed tertiary care facility. The patients included in this study were hospitalized in four adult ICUs. Patients with PA infections (case group) were compared with patients with nosocomial infection other than PA (control group). Results: A total of 1,167 patients with any nosocomial infections were included in the study. Two hundred and seventy eight (23.8%) of the patients had PA infection during their ICU stay. Fifty nine patients (21.2%) in the case group received tigecycline before developing PA infections, which were found to be significantly more frequent than in the controls (p < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors for PA infection were previous tigecycline use (4 times), external ventricular shunt (4.2 times), thoracic drainage catheter (2.5 times) and tracheostomy (1.6 times). Conclusion: Our results contribute to the need for new studies to determine the safety of tigecycline use, especially for the treatment of critically ill patients. Since tigecycline seems to be an alternative for the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms, rational use of this antibiotic in ICU patients is essential.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis viruses and risk factors in blood donors of Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Lopez-Balderas Nayali , Bravo Elide , Camara Mireya , Hernandez-Romano Pablo
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Hepatitis B and C are among the most important transfusion-transmitted infections and sources of liver diseases worldwide. In Veracruz, Mexico, liver diseases are important causes of mortality, and the prevalence reports of these viruses are scarce. This study sought to determine the prevalence of these infections in blood donors, in order to increase the safety of blood products in this region. Methodology: A retrospective study was performed on blood donors who attended the Veracruz State Blood Transfusion Center from 2006 to 2010. All samples were screened for transfusion-transmitted infections. The prevalence rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were determined, and demographic data obtained from clinical records were used to evaluate risk factors. Results: A total of 56,377 donors were serologically screened; of them, 403 were seropositive for HCV (357 men and 46 women), and 61 were positive for HBsAg (52 men and 9 women). The overall prevalence rates were 0.72% (0.63%–0.76%) for HCV and 0.11% (0.08%–0.14%) for HBsAg. The risk factors for HBsAg positivity were being a cattleman and living in the Huasteca Baja region, whereas those for HCV were being a fisherman, living in the Papaloapan region, and having an elementary-level or lower education. Conclusions: This is the first study to show that being a fisherman is a risk factor for HCV. The implementation of nucleic acid test technology will help to identify the real risks for transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C in Veracruz.
Assessment of Brazilian pharmacists’ knowledge about antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Del Fiol Fernando de Sa , Barberato-Filho Silvio , Lopes Luciane Cruz , Bergamaschi Cristiane da Cassia , Boscariol Rodrigo
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a multifaceted problem of global significance. In addition to developing new drugs and using antimicrobial guidelines, it is essential that health professionals understand all aspects of the problem and the most effective ways to handle it. This study evaluated pharmacists’ level of knowledge about bacterial resistance and antibiotic use in Brazil. Methodology: The study was conducted using a survey provided electronically to pharmacists in São Paulo State, Brazil. Results: In total, 754 pharmacists completed the survey. The majority of the pharmacists were young (under 30 years of age), female, and worked in community pharmacies. Pharmacists who worked in hospital or community pharmacies reported a greater AR interference in their work than did pharmacists working in other locations (p < 0.05). With respect to factors that contribute to AR, pharmacists placed little weight on the role of inadequate hand washing or lack of immunization campaigns. The pharmacists also believed that vaccination was of limited value in combating AR and instead placed the highest value on educational campaigns. The study showed that pharmacists who used package inserts and advertising material as their source for updated information had a poorer understanding of the appropriate use of antibiotics than did those who obtained their information from scientific journals, textbooks, or scientific meetings. Conclusions: The results highlight the need for adequate information regarding AR to reach health professionals such as pharmacists. Governments should promote campaigns for integrated actions to combat the serious global problem presented by AR.
Hematological and serum biochemical findings in clinical cases of cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease
Authors: Abutarbush Sameeh M
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an acute viral disease of cattle that is currently emerging in the Middle East region and poses a serious threat to Europe and the rest of the world. The objective of this study was to describe hematological and serum biochemical findings associated with natural clinical infection of LSD in cattle. Methodology: A total of 129 animals clinically infected with LSD were enrolled in the study. Venous blood sample were collected from study animals, and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were measured. Results: Leukocytopenia was found in 8.7%, while leucocytosis was found in 18.2% of affected cattle. Decreased hematocrit concentration was seen in 18.3%. Most affected cattle had reduced mean corpuscular volume (43.7%), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (14.3%), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (11.5%). All cattle with abnormal platelets count had thrombocytopenia. Hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperalbuminemia were found in 69%, 59.6%, and 37.2% of affected cattle, respectively. Decreased creatinine concentration was seen in 65.8%. Hyperkalemia and hyperchloremia was found in 9.6% and 10.4% of the affected cattle, respectively. Conclusions: LSD appears to be associated with inflammatory leukogram, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperproteinemia, decreased creatinine concentration, hyperchloramia, and hyperkalemia. These are likely due to the associated severe inflammatory process and disease complications such as anorexia and reduced muscle mass. This is the first study that documents hematological and serum biochemical findings associated with LSD infection. Understanding the blood profile picture may give further insight to the pathogenesis of the disease and help in treatment of individual cattle.
Antibody responses to influenza viruses in paediatric patients and their contacts at the onset of the 2009 pandemic in Mexico
Authors: Miranda-Novales Guadalupe , Arriaga-Pizano Lourdes , Herrera-Castillo Cristina , Pastelin-Palacios Rodolfo , Valero-Pacheco Nuriban , Pérez-Toledo Marisol , Ferat-Osorio Eduardo , Solórzano-Santos Fortino , Vázquez-Rosales Guillermo , Espitia-Pinzón Clara , Zamudio-Lugo Irma , Meza-Chávez Abigail , Klenerman Paul , Isibasi Armando , López-Macías Constantino
Published: March 2015

Introduction: On April 2009, the Mexican Ministry of Health received notification of cases of severe pneumonia mostly affecting young healthy people; this was the beginning of the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. The nature of the immune response to the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic strain in Mexico at the beginning of the pandemic outbreak has not been completely defined. We describe the serological response to the 2009 pandemic influenza virus in paediatric patients with influenza-like illness, their household contacts (HHCs), and exposed health-care workers (HCWs) at the beginning of the pandemic outbreak in Mexico City. Methodology: thirty pre-epidemic and 129 epidemic samples were collected and serum antibodies were measured against A(H1N1)2009 pandemic virus and two non-pandemic swine influenza viruses by an haemagglutination inhibition assay . Results: 91% (29/32) of the convalescence samples from confirmed patients had an antibody titre ≥ 10 (GMT 25), 63% (41/65) of the HHCs (GMT 12), 41% of HCWs (GMT 6) and 13% (4/30) of pre-epidemic samples (GMT 6) for the pandemic influenza virus. Of the 32 confirmed cases, 60% had an antibody titre ≥ 40 for the pandemic strain, 53% for the A/swine/Iowa(H1N1) virus (GMT 62) and 43% for the A/swine/Texas(H3N2) virus (GMT 66). Conclusion: The antibody response to 2009 pandemic influenza virus was widespread in convalescence samples from patients with confirmed pandemic influenza infection but the GMT was below the protective titre. There was no evidence that antibodies to the swine influenza viruses had cross-protective effect against the 2009 pandemic influenza virus.
Comparison of P1 and 16S rRNA genes for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by nested PCR in adults in Zhejiang, China
Authors: Zhou Zibo , Li Xiangzhi , Chen Xiaojian , Yao Lili , Pan Changwang , Huang Huicong , Luo Fangjun , Zheng Xiaoping , Sun Xiaojing , Tan Feng
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the most common atypical pathogen that causes respiratory infections in humans. Laboratory tests are important in the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae because of the atypical features in clinical signs and symptoms. Nowadays, both the P1 adhesin gene and 16S ribosomal (r) RNA (rRNA) gene of M. pneumoniae have been widely detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the most suitable target in the detection of M. pneumonia via nested PCR. Methodology: Both the P1 adhesin gene and 16S rRNA gene for nested PCR reaction conditions were optimized through an orthogonal test and single-factor experiment. Then, the sensitivity of the two sets of targets was evaluated. Finally, based on the optimal conditions, 55 clinical samples of throat swabs collected from adult patients in 2013 were examined by established nested PCR. Result: The results revealed that PCR detection of the 16S rRNA gene was more sensitive than the P1 adhesin gene because the detection limits for both the P1 gene and 16S rRNA gene were at least 100 fg and 10 fg of M. pneumoniae DNA, respectively. Furthermore, the positive rate for detection of the 16S rRNA gene (30/55; 54.5%) was higher than that of the P1 adhesin gene (25/55; 45.5%). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the 16S rRNA gene is more suitable for diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection than the P1 adhesin gene due to its higher sensitivity and positive rate in clinical samples.
First report of cervicofacial lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium haemophilum in an immunocompromised adult patient
Authors: Atiya Nadia , Sulaiman Helmi , Chong Jennifer , Ng Kee Peng
Published: March 2015

We report the first case of an immunocompromised adult patient presenting with cervicofacial lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium haemophilum, confirmed using hsp65 gene sequencing and line-probe assays. In resource-limited settings, especially in developing countries, appropriate culture methods and rapid molecular diagnostic tools such as hsp65 gene sequencing for identification of this organism may not be readily available. This may cause M. haemophilum infections to go unrecognised or lead to delays in diagnosis. Lack of heightened awareness about the potential for this mycobacterial species to cause infections may also contribute to possible underestimation of M. haemophilum cases in the developing world.
Responses to peginterferon alfa-2a vs alfa-2b plus ribavirin in a Mexican population with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Sandoval-Ramirez Jorge Luis , Mata-Marín José Antonio , Huerta García Gloria , Gaytán-Martínez Jesús Enrique
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The WHO estimates that 180 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) throughout the world. Despite the emergence of new therapies, the combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin remains the accepted standard of care in low-income countries, including Mexico. Two types of peginterferon are available (peginterferon alfa-2a and peginterferon alfa-2b), and both are recommended for the treatment of HCV, although there is controversy over which treatment option is most effective. Methodology: This was a retrospective cohort study at a infectious disease center in Mexico City. Patients were included if they had received peginterferon alfa-2a or peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin. Age, sex, body mass index, AST platelet ratio index, HCV RNA viral load, levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, and hemoglobin, and platelet and leukocyte counts of the subjects were assessed before treatment and at weeks 4, 12, 24, 48, and 6 months post treatment. Results: Eighty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria. A sustained virological response (SVR) occurred in 33 (38%) of them, 11 (33%) given peginterferon alfa-2a and 22 (67%) given peginterferon alfa-2b (p = 0.17). Seventeen patients (20%) relapsed, 7 (41%) of those given peginterferon alfa-2a and 10 (59%) of those given peginterferon alfa-2b (p = 0.76); 27 (31%) patients were non-responders (p = 0.09). The rates of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Similar SVR rates and frequencies of adverse events were observed. Either type of interferon can be used to treat HCV infection in the Mexican population
Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: the journey across time
Authors: Al-Hajoj Sahal , Varghese Bright
Published: March 2015

Saudi Arabia is the third-largest Arab country with a moderate annual burden of tuberculosis. However, tuberculosis (TB) is among several infectious diseases that have not been brought under control, despite the government’s considerable efforts. This is clearly evidenced by the ongoing transmission of several imported and indigenous clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, the country faces the threat from rising proportions of extrapulmonary TB, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections, and drug resistance. Furthermore, the country falls behind the global targets set by World Health Organization for the success rate of TB treatment. The country needs more population-based research studies, centralized and easily accessible clinical data registries, and centralized research and diagnostic facilities. This review focused on the trends of mycobacterial infections and on future proposals to improve TB control measures in Saudi Arabia.
Chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi: an old wine in a rare bottle
Authors: Khan Sadia , Kumar Anil , Vinod Vivek , Prabhakar Vivek , Eapen Malini , Thomas Jacob , Dinesh Kavitha , Karim Shamsul
Published: March 2015

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis commonly caused by Fonsecaea, Phialophora, and Cladophialophora spp. Out of these, Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the most common etiological agent, implicated in 70%–90% of the cases reported worldwide. The histopathological diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis is based on visualization of medlar or sclerotic bodies in the tissue. These sclerotic bodies divide by planar division. Rarely, budding is seen in these sclerotic bodies. As this entity can be confused with phaeohyphomycosis, it is important to be aware of such a presentation also. We report two cases of chromoblastomycosis that showed budding sclerotic bodies.
Clinical variables associated with disability in leprosy cases in northeast Brazil
Authors: Santos Victor Santana , Santos de Matos Andressa Mayara , Alves de Oliveira Lorena Sheila , Dolce de Lemos Ligia Mara , Gurgel Ricardo Queiroz , Reis Francisco Prado , Tavares de Gois Santos Vanessa , Feitosa Vera Lúcia Corrêa
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The clinical outcomes of leprosy include complications such as physical disabilities and deformities that vary according to the degree of impairment of nerve trunks. Knowledge of the factors that lead to the development of these complications is important for disability prevention programs. This study aimed to evaluate clinical factors associated with the occurrence of physical disability in leprosy cases. Methodology: This was a retrospective study of 2,358 cases of leprosy in Aracaju, northeast Brazil, between 2001 and 2011. Analysis was done using the Chi-square test and logistic regression model. Results: Significant factors associated with disability were found to be male gender, having more than two affected nerves, multibacillary leprosy classification, leprosy reaction, and lepromatous leprosy. The multivariate analysis revealed that the associated factors included having more than two affected nerves, leprosy reaction (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36 to 3.01), the multibacillary form (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI: 1.84 to 4.08), and lepromatous leprosy (aOR: 4.87, 95% CI: 2.86 to 16.08). Conclusions: The number of affected nerves, leprosy reaction, operational classification, and clinical presentation were identified as the main factors associated with the development of disability in leprosy patients.
Prozone-like phenomenon in travellers with fatal malaria: report of two cases
Authors: Santos Lurdes , Rocha Pereira Nuno , Andrade Paulo , Figueiredo Dias Paulo , Lima Alves Carlos , Abreu Cândida , Serrão Rosário , Ribeiro Manuela , Sarmento António
Published: March 2015

Malaria diagnosis remains a concern in non-endemic countries, with rapid diagnosis being crucial to improve patients’ outcome. Rapid diagnostic tests have high sensitivity but they also have flaws and false-negative results that might jeopardize malaria diagnosis. Some false-negative results might relate to a prozone-like effect. The authors describe two patients with false-negative rapid diagnostic tests in which a prozone-like effect might have been involved. The authors highlight that these tests should not be used without accompanying light microscopy observation of blood films and discuss potential benefits of using rapid diagnostic tests with more than one specific antigen for Plasmodium falciparum.
Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in southeast Iran: implications for malaria elimination
Authors: Tabatabaei Seyed Mehdi , Salimi Khorashad Alireza , Sakeni Mohammad , Raeisi Ahmad , Metanat Zahra
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is an X-linked genetic disorder with a relatively high frequency in malaria-endemic regions. It is an obstacle to malaria elimination, as primaquine administered in the treatment of malaria can cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals. This study presents information on the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Sistan and Balouchetsan province, which hosts more than 90% of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases in Iran. This type of information is needed for a successful malaria elimination program. Methodology: A total of 526 students were randomly recruited through schools located in southeast Iran. Information was collected by interviewing the students using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples taken on filter papers were examined for G6PD deficiency using the fluorescent spot test. Results: Overall, 72.8% (383/526) of the subjects showed normal G6PD enzyme function. Mild and severe G6PD deficiency was observed in 14.8% (78) and 12.2% (64) of subjects, respectively. A total 193/261 males (73.9%) and 190/265 (72%) females had normal enzyme activity. Mild G6PD deficiency was observed in 10.8% (28) and 18.9% (50) of male and female subjects, respectively. However, in comparison with females, a greater proportion of males showed severe enzyme deficiency (15.3% versus 9.1%). All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.006). Conclusions: G6PD deficiency is highly prevalent in southeast Iran. G6PD-deficient individuals are susceptible to potentially severe and life-threatening hemolytic reactions after primaquine treatment. In order to achieve malaria elimination goals in the province, G6PD testing needs to be made routinely available within the health system.
Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and AmpC- producing Escherichia coli among healthcare workers
Authors: Bassyouni Rasha H. , Gaber Sylvana Nady , Wegdan Ahmed Ashraf
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Commensal E. coli can be considered a reservoir of genes coding for antibiotic resistance that may be transmitted in hospitals by healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the fecal carriage rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli among HCWs. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 200 HCWs. Phenotypic screening for ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases was performed using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods followed by the combined disks test and double synergy differential test for confirmation. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and CIT groups for AmpC genes. Results: Of 200 E. coli isolates, 100% were susceptible to imipenem, and 59 (29.5%) were resistant to one or more third-generation cephalosporins. By molecular analysis, 21% (42/200) were colonized by ESBL-producing E. coli, and 3% (6/200) were colonized by AmpC-producing E. coli. The blaSHV gene was the predominant ESBL gene, detected in 81.8% of the resistant E. coli isolates. Conclusions: These findings highlight the increase in fecal carriage of E. coli carrying ESBL and AmpC genes among HCWs, which may be one of the causes of the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria in hospitals and requires sound infection control measures. This is the first study of the fecal carriage rate of E. coli carrying AmpC genes in HCWs.
A case of human infection with avian Influenza A/H7N9 virus in Beijing: virological and serological analysis
Authors: Pan Yang , Shi Weixian , Yang Peng , Wu Shuangsheng , Peng Xiaomin , Cui Shujuan , Zhang Daitao , Lu Guilan , Zhao Jiachen , Liu Yimeng , Wang Quanyi
Published: March 2015

This study described some essential viral and sera-characteristics of A/H7N9 virus infection in a 61-year old case patient. With the antiviral therapy and respiratory support, the patient showed a significant decrease of viral loads from 6.72 log10 copies/mL to 0 in 22 days, and a correlated increase of serum hemagglutination inhibition titers during the same period. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolated strain was highly homologous to previous strains isolated in the southeast of China. Drug resistance-associated R292K mutation became detectable 17 days after antiviral therapy, but no remarkable influence on the viral clearance was observed.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of HA-MRSA in Taif hospitals, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Eed Emad M , Ghonaim Mabrouk M , Hussein Yousry M , Saber Taiser M , Khalifa Amany S
Published: March 2015

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important organisms causing hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Molecular analysis of MRSA strains from Taif, Saudi Arabia, had not been previously done. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of MRSA isolated from Taif hospitals were investigated. Methodology: This study involved S. aureus strains isolated from different clinical samples from Taif hospitals. MRSA strains were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify S. aureus-specific sequence, mecA genes, and type of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). MRSA strains were typed using coagulase gene polymorphism. Results: In total, 390 strains of S. aureus were isolated, and 58 MRSA strains – 40 hospital-acquired  MRSA (HA-MRSA) and 18 community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) – were detected. HA-MRSA strains included three SCCmec types, while CA-MRSA strains included two SCCmec types. PCR amplification and restriction of the coagulase gene of the 58 MRSA isolates showed nine different patterns, while three strains were non-typable. HA-MRSA strains showed seven distinct restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns; the most frequent was pattern 2 (15 isolates), followed by patterns 1 and 4 (5 isolates each). CA-MRSA showed five RFLP patterns; the most frequent was pattern 3 (7 isolates) followed by pattern 8 (6 isolates). Conclusions: HA-MRSA strains were more common than CA-MRSA strains. SCCmec typing and coagulase gene polymorphism analysis may be useful methods for studying clonal relatedness of isolates and for discriminating between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis A,B, and C viruses in Turkish alcoholic cirrhotics and the impact of hepatitis B on clinical profile
Authors: Tekin Fatih , Gunsar Fulya , Erdogan Elvan Isik , Sertoz Ruchan Yazan , Karasu Zeki , Ersoz Galip , Ozutemiz Omer , Akarca Ulus
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The aims of this study were to detect the seroprevalence of hepatitis A, B, and C viruses in Turkish alcoholic cirrhotics, and to evaluate the impact of hepatitis B infection on clinical profile at first admittance. Methodology: Serological markers for hepatitis A, B, and C viruses in 300 alcoholic cirrhotics diagnosed between January 1994 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 148 eligible patients were divided into group 1 (HBsAg positive, n = 43) and group 2 (HBsAg and anti-HBc negative, n = 105). Clinical characteristics at first admittance of groups 1 and 2 were compared. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV total, HBsAg, and anti-HCV was found to be 91.5%, 16.3%, and 8.2%, respectively. The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma was higher in the HbsAg-positive group compared to HbsAg- and anti-HBc-negative group (16.3% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.007). Other clinical features were similar in the two groups. Conclusions: Alcoholic cirrhotics have higher frequencies of HBsAg and anti-HCV than the general population. These patients should be investigated for coexistent HBV and HCV infections, and HBV vaccination should not be neglected. Alcoholic cirrhotic patients with concomitant HBV infection should be closely screened for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Healthcare students and workers’ knowledge about epidemiology and symptoms of chikungunya fever in two cities of Colombia
Authors: Bedoya-Arias Juan Esteban , Murillo-García David Ricardo , Bolaños-Muñoz Erika , Hurtado-Hurtado Natalia , Ramírez-Jaramillo Valeria , Granados-Álvarez Santiago , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J.
Published: March 2015

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Statistical Study of Risk Factors of End Stage Renal Failure in Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Salahuddin , Hussain Tariq , Azam Hashimuddin , Salahuddin Najma
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND: End Stage Renal Failure (ESRD) is the last stage of the chronic renal failure in which kidneys become completely fail to function.AIM: The basic aim of this study was to discover the important risk factors of ESRD and to construct a model for prediction of the ESRD patients in various hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were collected from the patients of renal diseases from three major hospitals of Peshawar. Brown method was used to obtain initial model, then backward elimination logistic regression analysis was performed to find the significant variables (risk factors). The response variable (ESRD) in this study is binary; therefore, logistic regression analysis is used to identify the significant variables. A Statistical Package GLIM and SPSS were used for fitting the model and for finding the significant variables.RESULTS: The backward elimination procedure selects predictor variables diabetic, hypertension, glomerulonephritis and heredity, for males. Thus, these variables are the main causes of ESRD. For females, the predictor variables selected are hypertension & (Diabetic*Hypertension), which means that hypertension and hypertensive diabetic are significant causes of ESRD.CONCLUSION: Our main conclusion from this analysis is that diabetic, hypertension and glomerulonephritis are the significant risk factors of ESRD.
Prediction of Gut Wall Integrity Loss in Viral Gastroenteritis by Non-Invasive Marker
Authors: Elnady Hala G. , Sherif Lobna S. , Saleh Maysa T. , El-Alameey Inas R. , Youssef Mai M. , El Shafie Amal I. , Helwa Iman , Raouf Haiam Abdel , EL-Taweel Ahmed N.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND: Intestinal fatty acid binding proteins (I-FABPs) are mainly expressed in the intestinal villi, which are the initial site of destruction in viral gastroenteritis.AIM: This study was designed to assess serum I-FABPs as a predictor of gut wall integrity loss in viral gastroenteritis.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case-control cross-sectional study was conducted on 93 cases of acute viral gastroenteritis. Twenty-eight healthy children matching in age were recruited as control group. Serum I-FABPs were measured using ELISA technique. Viral detection and typing were done by PCR for adenovirus, and by Reverse transcriptase PCR for rotavirus, astrovirus and norovirus.RESULTS: Serum I-FABPs level was significantly higher in the cases compared to the controls and was also higher in the 46 rotavirus gastroenteritis cases compared to other viral gastroenteritis cases. Serum I- FABPs level was significantly higher in severely dehydrated cases as compared to mildly dehydrated ones (P=0.037).CONCLUSION: Serum I-FABPs could be used as an early and sensitive predictor marker of gut wall integrity loss in children with viral gastroenteritis and its level can indicate case severity.
Serum Ceramide Kinase as a Biomarker of Cognitive Functions, and the Effect of Using Two Slimming Dietary Therapies in Obese Middle Aged Females
Authors: Moaty Maha I. A. , Fouad Suzanne , El Shebini Salwa M. , Kazem Yusr M. I. , Ahmed Nihad H. , Mohamed Magda S. , Hussein Ahmed M. S. , Arafa Atiat M. , Hanna Laila M. , Tapozada Salwa T.
Published: March 2015

AIM: Highlighting the impact of obesity on mental and cognitive functions using serum ceramide kinase enzyme concentration as a biomarker for cognitive evaluation in the middle aged females, and also targeting to control the obesity and simultaneously postponing the deterioration of the cognitive functions, by implementing two slimming dietary therapies each incorporating different functional ingredients known to boost cognition.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety six obese middle aged females, divided into two groups volunteered to follow a low caloric balanced diet combined with two bread supplements composed essentially of barley flour and wheat germ mixed with either 5% turmeric, group (A); or with 5% ginger, group (B) for 4 weeks, phase (1); to be followed by the hypocaloric diet alone for another 4 weeks, phase (2).RESULTS: By the end of phase (1), the biochemical analysis showed a positive response of the levels of C-peptide and modified homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; also increased levels of the serum ceramide kinase enzyme, coupled with improved cognitive functions tests. Improvement of the relevant metabolic profile, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure and the anthropometric measurements was detected.CONCLUSION: Using dietary therapy supported by special formulas which contain active ingredients succeeded in reducing weight and improving both the metabolic profile and the cognitive functions.
Investigation of Propolisâ€™ Effect on Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances and Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Levels of Hippocampus in Diabetic Rats Induced by Streptozotocin
Authors: KÃ¶ksal Burcu , Emre Memet Hanifi , Polat Alaadin
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND: Propolis is an organic resinous viscous substance collected from flower bud and plant sprig by bees. Propolis has a potential treatment agent for oxidative damage caused by diabetes in hippocampus due to its flavonoid and phenolic content.AIM: In this study effect of propolis on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and anti-oxidative enzyme levels of hippocampus in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin was investigated.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved measuring levels of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and TBARs in hippocampus tissue of STZ-induced diabetic rats (Adult Male Sprague Dawley rats) after applying propolis for one month. The subjects of the study were composed of 51 rats randomly assigned to four groups (Control, STZ, P+STZ and STZ+P). For analysis of data, Kruskal Wallis Test was utilized.RESULTS: The findings of the study showed that there were no significant difference in the levels of TBARS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px of hippocampus across the groups.CONCLUSION: Propolis application in four-week duration does not have effect on TBARS, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px levels of hippocampus of diabetic rats. These findings mean that more time for observing oxidative harms on hippocampus is needed.