bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Terrorism: Cases Regarding Food Disasters
Authors: Batu Ozlem
Published: October 2024

Food is a need for human life as important as air and water. The energy and nutrients necessary for the continuation of life, growth and development, protection of health, mobility, learning and thinking skills are provided by food.

Nutrition is the use of foods at the right time, in sufficient quantities and in a balanced manner, to provide the nutrients needed for the vital phenomena we have mentioned. In this section of the book, food-related health problems and crises experienced around the world, their causes, and whether they are predictable or preventable will be discussed. Food-related problems that arise around the world can generally be grouped under four headings. The first is the problems arising from the eating habits of individuals and societies, and the second is the problems experienced in food safety. Third; disruptions to food security. The fourth is due to factors that are not directly related to food, apart from these disruptions. Food safety includes the implementation of all hygiene and sanitation rules without interruption and the prevention of risks that may occur in the production, processing, transportation, storage, sales and consumption chain processes in order to prepare healthy food. The term food security means that people have access to the food they need for a healthy diet, in sufficient, safe and timely ways at affordable costs. The situations mentioned here are related to each other and can be thought of as the rings of a chain, and in possible problems, problems are generally observed in all rings. Foodborne diseases are defined as infectious or toxic diseases that occur as a result of consuming foods contaminated with chemical agents or microorganisms. This contamination of foodstuffs can occur at any stage from the initial production of food to its consumption and may result from water, soil or air pollution.
Radionuclides in Food
Authors: Akpolat Veysi , Akpolat İrem
Published: October 2024

Radiation can be found naturally or can be created by human-made artificial sources. Radioactive unstable elements divide to become stable, they release the excess energy in their nuclei to their surroundings by producing different types of radiation. This uranium, radium, thorium, potassium, etc. on earth. Cosmic rays coming from the sun and outer space, together with unstable elements, create a certain level of natural radiation in the environment. Therefore, natural radiation comes from many naturally occurring radioactive substances found in the soil, water, air and body in the environment where we spend our daily lives.The intake of natural radioisotopes into the body through digestion varies depending on the consumption rate of food and beverages and the radioisotope concentration. The concentration of radioisotopes naturally found in foods varies depending on the natural background levels, climate and agricultural practices of the region. Likewise, eating habits vary from region to region and country to country.All foods contain radionuclides, which are transferred from soil to crops on land and from water to fish in seas, lakes and rivers. Natural radionuclides in drinking water and food generally have very low levels and are safe for human consumption. In normal situations, a reference level of 1 mSv in a year applies to the individual radiation dose from the consumption of food. The same reference level applies separately to drinking water. These references are determined by the WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius Commission has established “Guideline Levels” for radionuclides in foods destined for human consumption and traded internationally.
Allergic Toxicity of Foods
Authors: Kan Ahmet , Karakeci Yusuf Serhat
Published: October 2024

Food allergies are common and affect up to 10% of infants in some countries. Oral ingestion of certain nutrients may cause adverse reactions such as urticaria and anaphylaxis. Substances (biological, chemical, or physical) that can cause reactions in sensitive people are called food allergens. Many factors affect the type and severity of the reaction, such as the type and amount of the allergen, the way it enters the body, and the personal hypersensitivity level. Food allergy is a growing health problem affecting a significant number of people worldwide. Food allergy is increasing markedly in prevalence in both western and developing countries. Various chemicals in foods are common in all food groups, and it is extremely difficult to implement multiple diets to avoid these chemicals. It is also important to acknowledge the lack of rigorous research on food allergy-like symptoms caused by chemicals. To accurately detect such diseases, objective methods need to be investigated in more detail and standardized. Healthcare professionals need to distinguish food allergies from allergy-like toxic reactions.
Cephalopod By-Products: Bioactive Compounds, Properties, Usages, Health Benefits and Risks
Authors: Kilinc Berna , Kilinc Irem
Published: October 2024

Numerous by-products from the wastes of marine items can be obtained and utilized in a wide range of sectors. The by-products obtained from cephalopod wastes are evaluated and used in various industries (such as food, medicine, and agriculture) by evaluating the wastes of the head, skin, intestines, ink, etc., much like all other wastes derived from marine goods. Because these by-products are rich in nutrients and contain biological substances, they are anticipated to be improved in several industries. Additionally, it should be stated that research to produce financial gains will be funded and that the by-products of these marine things will be acquired. In particular, this study investigates the synthesis of antioxidant and antibacterial agents, the extraction of bioactive components and their use as food additives, the synthesis of gelatin and peptides from cephalopod by-products, the impact of cephalopod by-products on extending shelf life, and the health risks and benefits of cephalopod by-products.
How Affect Antibiotic Residues Our Health?
Authors: Sevim Cigdem
Published: October 2024

Antibiotics play a vital role in managing bacterial infections in both humans and animals, making their use in food animals particularly significant. Due to their importance, the administration of antibiotics in livestock must be handled with precision, ensuring they are used strictly according to recommended dosages and under close supervision. Adhering to prescribed waiting periods following antibiotic treatment in animals is crucial to ensure that any residues are adequately cleared before the animals enter the food supply. To ensure the responsible use of antibiotics in food animals, it is ideal that only veterinary professionals administer these medications. This approach helps guarantee that antibiotics are used appropriately and only when necessary, thereby reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance and other related issues. Additionally, integrating genetic advancements and biological agents, such as vaccines, offers promising alternatives to the use of low doses of antibiotics in managing animal diseases. These methods can effectively prevent and control infections, reducing the need for antibiotics and subsequently lowering the levels of antibiotic residues that may be transmitted to humans through the environment and food products. By minimizing the use of antibiotics in food animals, we can significantly decrease the presence of antibiotic residues in the food chain. This reduction is essential for mitigating the potential adverse health effects on humans. When antibiotic residues enter the human body through food consumption, they can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a serious public health threat. Therefore, adopting strategies that limit antibiotic use in food animals, such as improved veterinary oversight, genetic improvements, and the use of vaccines, is critical for safeguarding human health. Moreover, these practices contribute to more sustainable and responsible animal husbandry. By focusing on preventive measures and alternative disease management strategies, we can enhance animal health and welfare while simultaneously protecting human health. This holistic approach not only addresses the immediate concerns of antibiotic residues but also promotes long-term solutions for disease control in animal populations. As a result, we can create a safer food supply and a healthier environment, benefiting both current and future generations.
Preservation and Storage of Food
Authors: Saka Gunay
Published: October 2024

In order to meet their nutritional needs, people have developed methods to store food without spoiling since time immemorial. Today, different methods are being developed with new technologies. In this article, it is aimed to examine food preservation and storage methods and to make suggestions to consumers.

The World Health Organisation states that safe food is the primary determinant of human health and access to safe, nutritious and healthy food is a basic human right. Unsafe food leads to infectious diseases and poisoning, creating a vicious cycle of disease, malnutrition and disability, especially affecting vulnerable groups. To ensure food safety, food should take measures to prevent contamination during storage, transport and delivery.The characteristics and types of foods are important in the processes to be applied to foods and in the selection of storage conditions. Food preservation is a behavioural strategy used to store food for future use. Food preservation involves different food processing steps to maintain food quality at the desired level in order to obtain maximum benefits and nutritional values. When deciding on food preservation methods to be applied at different stages of the food chain, the process should be analysed and the correct method should be determined according to the characteristics of the products. It is also necessary to know who will consume the food after storage. While determining the storage methods of foods, attention should be paid to the knowledge and behaviour of consumers. When selecting the method to be used in the storage of foods, care should be taken to ensure that the method has the ability to eliminate the spoilage factors and the method that will least affect the natural elements, flavour, smell, appearance and structure of the food.

There are chemical, biological and physical methods for food preservation / storage. In addition to traditional methods such as boiling, pasteurisation, sterilisation, freezing, drying, fermenting, there are new technological methods such as freeze drying, irradiation, high pressure, High Electric Field Drying Method, smart packaging, controlled atmosphere. During storage, no packaged or unpackaged foodstuffs should come into contact with the floor. In food stocks, ""first in, first out principle"" should be followed. Cooked and raw products should not be together during cold storage. During storage, foods should be stored in closed boxes to preserve freshness. Purchased foods should be used first according to the order of purchase. There should be no pests, rodents and pets in the warehouses. Cleaning tools, detergents, etc. chemicals should not take place in these warehouses. Food should be stored in a way to prevent contact with any surface.
Health, Right to Health and Healthcare Services
Authors: Tas Filiz
Published: October 2024

Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in which an individual is safe and free from disease. It is a fundamental human right recognized by the World Health Organization and is indispensable for individuals to participate fully in social life and achieve their full potential and goals. The right to health includes accessing healthcare services as well as enjoying the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The healthcare services play an important role in the promoting and protecting the right to health. These services involve the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases and reha- bilitation of the individuals. They also include the promotion of healthy lifestyles, educa- tion and advocacy for public health policies. The healthcare services should be accessible, affordable and of high quality to reduce inequalities, and provided to the individuals with- out discrimination or barriers based on socioeconomic status. In many countries, basic access to health services is limited due to factors such as poverty, lack of infrastructure and inadequate financing. Governments and international organizations have a responsibility to ensure that all individuals can have access to essential healthcare services. This requires investing in healthcare systems, training healthcare staff and implementing the policies that promote equality in healthcare and social justice. Finally, health is a fundamental human right that must be protected and promoted through access to quality health services. The governments and relevant organizations must cooperate and collaborate to ensure that all individuals have the opportunity to live in good health.
Legal Remedies for Health Workers Who Are Victims of Violence in Turkey
Authors: Temizer Mithat
Published: October 2024

In this section, the remedies of health workers who are victims of violence will be briefly mentioned. First, the remedies of health workers against unjustified denunciations and complaints will be mentioned, and the current situation will be examined within the framework of the Civil Servants Law No. 657, the Law No. 4483 on the Prosecution of Civil Servants and Other Public Officials and the new amendments to the Law on Health Services No. 3359. It will then summarize what will be done about unjustified denuncia- tions and complaints against health workers through a three stage system. In the second part, the remedies of healthcare workers who are victims of violence within the scope of criminal law will be mentioned, and these remedies will be elaborated on the crimes of injury, insult and threat. The Turkish Criminal Code No. 5237 and the Criminal Proce- dure Code No. 5271 will be evaluated separately for each type of crime and the effects of the new amendments to the Law on Health Services No. 3359 on the related crimes will be discussed. In the third part, the remedies of healthcare professionals within the scope of compensation law will be discussed. General information will be given about the com- pensation lawsuits they can file in case they are subjected to unjustified denunciation and complaint and in case they are victims of violence.
Definition, Types, Causes and Consequences of Violence
Authors: Cifci Sema , Yasar Beril Nisa
Published: October 2024

Violence is a social problem that poses serious threats and results in negative consequenc- es in all areas of an individual’s life. The phenomenon of violence, which is also regarded as a significant health problem, is one of the focal issues addressed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The violence, which continues to be an important health problem both on global and local scales, affects individuals of all ages. It can be experienced not only physically but also in the form of psychological, economic, sexual and digital vio- lence. This type of violence has both health, social and economic effects on society. The most important step to be taken to prevent the violence is to include this issue in the cur- riculum at all levels of education to academia. Preventing violence can only be possible by producing preventive policies and ensuring the continuity of these policies. It is essential that the relevant ministries, law enforcement agencies, the judiciary, other relevant official and non-governmental institutions and organizations, act in cooperation to make the nec- essary legal regulations for to overcome this challenging issue.
Risk and Crisis Management in Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Arabaci Zeynep
Published: October 2024

Risk and crisis management enables healthcare professionals to provide treatment and care services in a safe environment. Crises are typically challenging situations that often create both material and spiritual adversities but also allow for the assessment of opportunities, can be managed by making use of strategic management plans, and are usually in exceedingly difficult circumstances (expected or unexpected). Healthcare services face numerous challenges every day. Therefore, integrated risk and crisis management within healthcare institutions should be conducted through different processes. A review of the literature on risk and crisis management reveals numerous studies covering the recent COVID-19 pandemic period. However, beyond the COVID-19 crisis, healthcare professionals may face various other risks and crises. Thus, it is very important to carry out studies on scenarios such as natural disasters, economic crises, migration, and others from this perspective.
History of Gene Therapy
Authors: Oral Diclehan
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy aims to treat genetic diseases by introducing genetic material into cells to correct medical conditions or enhance health. This involves using nucleic acids, viruses, or genetically modified microorganisms to integrate therapeutic genetic material into the recipient’s genome. Recent advancements have significantly progressed gene therapy, focusing on treating inherited and acquired diseases like cancer and cardiovascular ailments through clinical trials. Overcoming delivery efficiency and immune reaction challenges is crucial for widespread clinical use. Gene therapy is categorized into germline and somatic gene transplantation, with somatic alterations not being passed to future generations. Rapid developments in molecular biology since the 1990s have expanded gene therapy’s potential to address genetic defects and various diseases, with promising results from animal experiments leading to human trials.
Head Muscles
Authors: Aydin Kabakci Anil Didem
Published: October 2024

The part above the line passing from front to back through the mandibular symphsis, process of mastoid (temporal bone) and external occipital protuberance (occipital bone) is called regions of head. In this region, there are facial muscles, muscles of scalp, muscles of face, muscles of mastication, muscles of eyeball, muscles of tympanic cavity and muscles of palate and tounge. There are muscles in the human face that allow a variety of facial expressions to occur. These muscles are used to show surprise, disgust, anger, fear, and other emotions. The most common clinical issues affecting facial musculature are paralysis, blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm, bruxism, and aging. Peripheral facial paralysis may lead to psychosocial impairments such as depressive symptoms, high anxiety levels, and poor quality of life. The quality of life of patients with peripheral facial paralysis decreases. Face yoga consists of various exercises that can provide an anti-aging and anti-wrinkle effect by targeting various muscles on the face. It can help eliminate the signs of aging by strengthening the muscles in the areas where wrinkles form by performing certain movements on the face. In addition, many muscles in the facial region are the main materials of plastic and reconstructive surgery in the creation of facial aesthetics and architecture.
Muscles of the Back
Authors: Ciftci Rukiye
Published: October 2024

The back is the posterior part of the body. The skeletal and muscular structure of the back is largely responsible for supporting and moving the torso. Additionally, the back contributes to the support and stabilization of the upper extremity and head, enabling their movements to be smooth and purposeful. The bony structures that make up the back include the vertebrae, the proximal parts of the ribs, the upper sections of the pelvic bones, and the posterior basal part of the skull. The muscles associated with this region connect the vertebrae and vertebrae to each other and also to the skull and pelvis. The soft tissues located in the back include the skin, subcutaneous fat tissue, fascia layers, and muscles. Some muscles and fascia not only attach to axial skeletal elements but also to parts of the pectoral and pelvic girdles. While some of the back muscles help us maintain an upright posture, others are responsible for executing fundamental movements. If our back muscles are strong, they can also prevent postural disorders. The muscles of the back develop from the ventral and dorsal parts of the myotomes. The superficial muscles develop from the ventral part of the myotomes and migrate towards the back, and these muscles are called extrinsic muscles. During this migration, they also drag along their blood vessels and nerves. The deep group of back and neck muscles develop from the dorsal part of the myotomes and receive their nerves from the dorsal rami of the corresponding spinal nerves, and these muscles are known as primary back muscles (intrinsic back muscles). The deep back muscles fill the spaces on both sides of the spine and form sequential functional chains, ensuring that the torso remains upright.
Abdominal Muscles
Authors: Solgun Dag Selma
Published: October 2024

One of the main subjects of anatomy education is muscular system anatomy. Muscular system anatomy is the set of muscles that form the skeletal system in the human body and enable the body to move. In this section, the abdominal region extending between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below is discussed. Abdominal muscles and their clinical importance are explained. First of all, general information about the abdominal area is given. Then, topics such as abdominal wall topography, anterior - lateral - posterior abdominal wall anatomy and clinical information are explained respectively. In the anatomy of the anterior- lateral- posterior abdominal wall is explained the anterolateral wall muscles of the abdomen (external abdominal oblique muscle, internal abdominal oblique muscle, cremaster muscle, transversus abdominis muscle, rectus abdominis muscle, and pyramidalis muscle), and posterior wall muscles of the abdomen (quadratus lumborum muscle, iliac muscle, psoas major muscle, and psoas minor muscle), neural innervation of the muscles, their vessels (artery, vein, and lymphatic), the functions of the muscles, and the fascia layer surrounding the muscles and their extensions. At the same time, at the end of the topic, clinical information about this region is given and its connection with clinical situations and its importance in human life are tried to be emphasized. At the same time, at the end of the topic, clinical information about this region is given and its connection with clinical situations and its importance in human life are tried to be emphasized. At the end of the chapter, clinical information is given about abdominal muscle palpations, the clinical importance of fascial spaces in the abdominal wall, abdominal surgical interventions and incisions, hernias, abscesses and abdominal pain. While clinical information about abdominal muscles is given, the most common conditions encountered in the clinic are mentioned. A lot of research was done and various sources were used to write this section. The information in this section appeals to all readers who are interested in the abdominal muscles and clinic.
Lower Limb Muscles
Authors: Kilic Safak Nazire , Karaca Bozdag Zekiye
Published: October 2024

The thigh (femur) is the first fixed segment of the free lower side and extends to the knee. The upper limit is in front of the groin, indicated posteriorly by the line of the plica glutealis. The lower limit is the line passing 4 cm (or 2 fingers) proximal to the base of the patella. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone and is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It is examined in 4 parts: superior, inferior, anterior and posterior. It prevents the tendon of the quadriceps muscle from rubbing against the knee joint and increases the angle of insertion of the muscle. The knee joint is formed by the condyles of the femur and tibia, with the kneecap at the front of the joint. The fibula is not part of the joint. The bony surfaces that make up the joint are of different widths. Although it is flexible, it is more important for supporting weight. The leg skeleton is made up of two bones called the tibia and fibula. The tibia is in the inner-anterior part and the fibula is in the outer-posterior part. Only the tibia is joined to the femur. This makes it a thicker bone. In living things, the gap between two bones is closed by a membrane.

The muscles of the lower limbs are essential for maintaining body movement and balance. These muscles play a role in walking, running, jumping and other daily activities. In addition, lower extremity muscles are essential for supporting body weight, maintaining balance and maintaining stability in various positions. These muscles, which have a complex anatomical structure, work together to optimise the body’s functions. Healthy and balanced lower extremity muscle function is essential for overall body performance and quality of life.
Anatomy of Pulmonary Circulation & Related Structures
Authors: Ozturk Soylemez Derya , Deniz Gulnihal
Published: October 2024

The pulmonary circulation, also known as the small circulation or pulmonary circulation, is the circulation between the heart and the lungs. Dirty blood from the upper and lower limbs, head, neck and trunk empties into the right atrium of the heart. From here, deoxygenated blood is transferred to the right ventricle and travels to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk. In the lungs, it becomes rich in oxygen at the alveolar level and returns to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins. This cycle is called pulmonary circulation. The right side of the heart is involved in the pulmonary circulation. For this reason, the right heart is morphologically examined in the pulmonary circulation. In the pulmonary circulation, the lung and heart serve as the main organs. In addition, the organs of the respiratory system take part in the oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle in the circulation. The nose is the first organ of the respiratory system and the oxygen taken in passes from the nose to the pharynx. Oxygen is transmitted from the pharynx to the larynx and then to the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lower segments and to the units of the lung responsible for gas exchange. After the deoxygenated blood transported from the right heart to the lung is oxygenated here, the resulting carbon dioxide is discharged into the external environment by following the same path in reverse. After the deoxygenated blood, which is transported from the right heart to the lungs, is oxygenated here, the resulting carbon dioxide is excreted into the external environment by following the same path in reverse. In other words, carbon dioxide collected from the lower segments of the lungs is discharged into the atmosphere using the order of bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and nose.
Physiology of Pulmonary Circulation & Related Structures
Authors: Algul Sermin , Ozcelik Oguz
Published: October 2024

The pulmonary circulation, which includes the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back, facilitates gas exchange and serves several other functions. It differs from systemic circulation but is crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Pulmonary vessels protect against thrombi and emboli, metabolize vasoactive hormones, and act as a blood reservoir. Hemodynamically, pulmonary circulation is characterized by high flow, low pressure, and low resistance. Pulmonary vascular resistance adjusts to changes in cardiac output and lung volume, impacting gas exchange efficiency. Hypoxia can induce pulmonary vasoconstriction, affecting blood flow distribution. In summary, pulmonary circulation plays a vital role in gas exchange and overall circulatory function.

The exchange of fluids in pulmonary capillaries is governed by factors such as hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures, similar to systemic circulation. Additionally, alveolar surface tension and pressure play crucial roles in fluid movement. Pulmonary edema, characterized by fluid accumulation in the lungs, can result from various factors including increased capillary pressure, permeability, or surface tension, as well as decreased plasma osmotic pressure. Lymphatic drainage helps remove excess fluid from the lungs. Blood flow in the lungs varies due to gravity, with greater flow in the lower regions. Ventilation-perfusion imbalances occur, influencing gas exchange efficiency. Regional disparities in ventilation-perfusion ratios are associated with diseases affecting different lung areas, such as tuberculosis being more common in the upper parts due to favorable oxygen levels.

Shunts and Venous Mixing: In the lungs, venous admixture, which is a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, occurs due to shunts and a low ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratio. Anatomical shunts occur through defects in the heart or pulmonary vessels, while a low VA/Q ratio results from inadequate oxygenation despite blood flow. Approximately 50% of venous admixture originates from anatomical shunts, while the rest is due to a low VA/Q ratio, particularly at the lung base. Both shunts and a low VA/Q ratio contribute to disruptions in gas exchange.

Bronchial Circulation: Bronchial circulation supplies blood to the walls of conducting airways but not to the terminal respiratory units. It consists of two pathways for venous return: bronchial veins and pulmonary veins. Bronchial blood flow accounts for 1-2% of cardiac output and can increase in inflammatory conditions. Neovascularization capacity allows bronchial circulation to provide collateral circulation in lung parenchyma, crucial in situations where pulmonary circulation is compromised.
Exercise and Sports in Cancer Patients
Authors: Gercek Hasan
Published: October 2024

Exercise are recognized as important components of the treatment process and quality of life for patients diagnosed with cancer. It has been scientifically proven that regular physical activity in oncologic patients positively affects both the course of the disease and the treatment process. This chapter examines the physiological, psychological, and social effects of exercise on cancer patients. Exercise can reduce symptoms such as fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression in patients undergoing cancer treatment. It also improves overall health by increasing cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and flexibility. Exercise can strengthen the immune system and reduce the severity of treatment-related side effects. For example, exercise plays a crucial role in alleviating side effects during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It is important that exercise programs are individualized and tailored to patients’ needs and physical capacity. Activities such as walking, swimming, light resistance exercises are appropriate and effective types of exercise for oncologic patients. These activities can help patients both maintain their physical health and improve their mental state.Moreover, exercise is also important in the post-treatment period. Regular exercise can reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and increase survival rates. Therefore, oncologic patients should be encouraged to engage in exercise at every stage of their lives. In conclusion, physical exercise are important tools for oncologic patients to maintain and improve their health during and after treatment. This chapter highlights the positive effects of exercise on cancer patients and provides appropriate exercise recommendations for these patients.The benefits of exercise for oncologic patients are extensive and varied. Psychologically, exercise helps cancer patients manage stress and maintain higher morale. Socially, group exercise programs provide opportunities for patients to engage in social interactions and reduce feelings of isolation. Thus, physical activity contributes not only to physiological well-being but also to psychological and social recovery. Overall, physical activity and exercise play a critical role in improving the quality of life and health outcomes for cancer patients during and after treatment. This chapter discusses how cancer patients can incorporate exercise into their lives and overcome potential barriers they might face in this process.
Palliative Care in Oncology Patients
Authors: Saygili Duzova Ulku
Published: October 2024

Symptom management and palliative care in oncology patients are critical to improving patients’ quality of life. Symptoms such as pain, nausea, fatigue and psychological stress are common during cancer treatment and these symptoms need to be managed effectively. Symptom management may involve a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Palliative care aims not only to relieve symptoms but also to meet the emotional, social and spiritual needs of patients and their families. Palliative care started at an early stage allows patients to have a better quality of life and alleviates the difficulties that occur in the later stages of the disease. Oncological rehabilitation focuses on the physical and psychosocial recovery of patients in the post-treatment period. Rehabilitation programs include exercise, nutritional counseling and psychological support to increase muscle strength, improve mobility and enable patients to return to daily living activities. This holistic approach helps oncology patients better manage the treatment process and improve their quality of life.
Lymphedema Rehabilitaion in Cancer Patients
Authors: Sahbaz Pirincci Cansu
Published: October 2024

The lymphatic system is responsible for the return of protein-rich interstitial fluid to the circulation and is also involved in the body’s defense and fat absorption. Due to damage to the lymphatic system or excessive production of lymph fluid in the body, the disease called lymphedema occurs. The type of lymphedema caused by genetic mutations that cause underdevelopment of lymphatic vessels and impaired lymphatic drainage capacity is called primary lymphedema, and the type that occurs as a result of damage to the previously normal lymphatic system due to causes such as recurrent infection, venous diseases, trauma, radiation, endocrine diseases, immobility is called secondary lymphedema. In our country, lymphedema that develops in the arm after breast cancer surgery is most common. One of the most important steps in the effective treatment of lymphedema is early diagnosis. There are no universally accepted criteria for the diagnosis of the disease. Taking patient history, volumetric measurement, circumference measurement, imaging methods (bioimpedance analysis, lymphoscintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound) are among the evaluation methods used in patients with lymphedema. The International Society of Lymphology has divided the treatment of lymphedema into 2 types: operative and conservative methods. Both treatments include skin care and patient education and these methods are used in lymphedema. In this section of the book, the anatomy of the lymphatic system, the pathophysiology of lymphedema, the assessment of lymphedema, and current lymphedema treatments are discussed.
Wound Care in Cancer Patients
Authors: Kilic Mustafa
Published: October 2024

Cancer treatment can cause various skin and mucosa injuries. These injuries, which seriously reduce the quality of life of patients, should be well identified, evaluated, treated and necessary protective measures taken by healthcare professionals. Having a standardized wound assessment tool ensures consistent and accurate transfer of information among healthcare providers. To provide infection control, it is important to select appropriate antibiotic agents and appropriate antimicrobial dressins or solutions. They should be able to use evidence-based practices in wound care. In addition to all these physiological interventions, it should be able to offer interventions to solve the psychosocial problems that the wound may cause on the patient and his family.
Pregnancy and Birth in Cancer Patients
Authors: Doner Serife Irem , Ugurlu Meltem
Published: October 2024

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in women of reproductive age. Pregnancy and birth in women with cancer is a psychologically, physiologically and medically sensitive issue. This book chapter deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that should be followed in women diagnosed with cancer and experiencing pregnancy, birth and postpartum period.

Diagnosis and treatment of cancers during pregnancy should be carefully planned according to trimesters in terms of both maternal and foetal health. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the first trimester are usually delayed because they may have teratogenic effects on the foetus. In the second and third trimesters, some chemotherapy drugs can be used more safely and uterine evacuation and hysterectomy can be performed.

Birth planning is also of special importance in women with cancer who are still pregnant. Premature delivery is avoided because of the high morbidity probability. However, preterm delivery can be planned in order to minimise the time without treatment and to prevent deterioration of the mother’s health status. Vaginal delivery is contraindicated for most cervical and vulvar cancers due to the potential for implantation of cancer cells into the vaginal laceration/episiotomy site. In addition, complications such as hysterectomy, blood transfusion, thromboembolism, sepsis may be seen in the mother during labour, while Apgar scores may decrease in the newborn and resuscitation may be needed.

In the postnatal period, breastfeeding is desirable for emotional attachment and as a healthy compensation for prenatal exposure to cancer treatment. However, the safety and feasibility of breastfeeding needs to be carefully assessed.

Psychosocial support during pregnancy, birth and postnatal periods in women with cancer strengthens the mother-infant relationship and contributes to the support of family formation.

In conclusion, pregnancy, birth and postpartum period in women with cancer is a complex process that requires a multidisciplinary approach and individualised treatment plans.

This chapter provides a detailed overview of the pathways to be followed and the points to be considered in the management of the association of cancer and pregnancy. Strategies for appropriate treatment and follow-up are emphasised to protect the health of both mother and baby.
Sources, Toxicity and Remediation Techniques of Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium and Selenium
Authors: Celik Ahmet
Published: October 2024

Mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), and selenium (Se) are significant environmental pollutants found in various forms in the environment, with diverse sources and adverse health effects. This book consists of three chapters.Chapter I focuses on Hg, recognized as one of the most hazardous heavy metals. Its extensive release from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include volcanic eruptions and weathering of rocks, while significant anthropogenic sources contributing to mercury pollution include mining, industrial processes, and the combustion of fossil fuels. Hg exists in various forms such as elemental mercury, mercuric sulfide, and methylmercury, with each form having different environmental behaviors and toxicities. Remediation techniques for mercury-contaminated soils include thermal desorption, electrokinetic extraction, soil washing, chemical stabilization, phytoremediation, and microbial methods.Chapter II adresses chromium, which occurs in two states: Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), with Cr(VI) being more harmful and associated with occupational carcinogenesis. Cr(VI) is primarily released from industrial processes such as chrome plating, stainless steel production, and leather tanning. Occupational exposure to Cr(VI) can lead to various health issues, including respiratory problems and increased cancer risk. Remediation methods for Cr (VI) encompass bioremediation and phytoremediation.Chapter III discusses Se, an essential trace element for living organisms, offering health benefits at low concentrations but posing significant environmental and health hazards at elevated levels. Natural sources of Se contamination include weathering of rocks and volcanic eruptions, while human activities such as metal smelting, coal-fired power plants, and agricultural drainage also contribute significantly. Se toxicity is predominantly associated with its inorganic forms, Se(IV) and Se(VI), which are highly mobile and bioavailable, leading to contamination of water, air, and soil. Remediation approaches for selenium, including membrane technology, phytoremediation, in situ bio-reduction, electro-coagulation (EC), adsorption, electrochemical technique, electrokinetics and the use of weak magnetic fields.Overall, this book presents sources of Hg, Cr (VI), and Se, their toxicity, and numerous remediation techniques.
Selenium
Authors: Celik Ahmet
Published: October 2024

Selenium (Se), a metalloid element in group VIA with an atomic number of 34, occurs naturally and as a result of human activities. Its environmental presence is critical for organisms but poses health risks at elevated levels. Se contamination stems from activities such as mining, coal-fired power plants, and agricultural drainage, significantly affecting water, air, and soil. In aquatic environments, selenium exists predominantly as Se(IV) and Se(VI), which are highly toxic and bioavailable, causing ecological harm.

Advanced technologies like membrane filtration and electrokinetics are effective for Se remediation. Membrane technologies offer high efficiency in large-scale selenium separation, employing materials like Na-modified quantum carbon dots and core-shell biofunctionalized polyamide matrices to enhance water permeability and Se ion rejection. Additionally, weak magnetic fields (WMF) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) systems improve selenium removal efficiency by facilitating chemical reactions that sequester Se ions.

This chapter provides an overview of selenium’s physicochemical properties, sources, production, uses, environmental contamination, and treatment technologies, emphasizing innovative methods and technological advancements in Se remediation.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Trauma Patients
Authors: Cimen Erdem Yakup
Published: October 2024

Resuscitation in trauma patients is a critical component of emergency medical care that can mean the difference between life and death. Trauma patients often suffer from severe injuries that can result in significant blood loss, shock, and organ damage. Prompt and effective resuscitation is essential to stabilize the patient and prevent further complications.

One of the key principles of resuscitation in trauma patients is the concept of the ""Golden Hour."" This refers to the critical window of time following a traumatic injury during which prompt medical intervention can greatly improve the chances of survival. During this time, healthcare providers must focus on the ABCs of trauma resuscitation: airway, breathing, and circulation.

The first step in resuscitating a trauma patient is to ensure a patent airway. This may involve clearing debris from the mouth and throat, inserting an endotracheal tube, or performing a cricothyroidotomy in cases of severe airway obstruction. Adequate oxygenation is crucial to ensure that vital organs receive the oxygen they need to function properly.

Next, healthcare providers must assess and address any breathing problems the patient may have. This may involve providing oxygen therapy, assisted ventilation, or even performing chest decompression in cases of tension pneumothorax. Maintaining adequate breathing is essential to ensure that the patient’s blood is properly oxygenated.

Finally, healthcare providers must address any issues with circulation. Trauma patients often suffer from significant blood loss, which can lead to hypovolemic shock and organ failure. Intravenous fluid resuscitation is essential to restore circulating volume and improve perfusion to vital organs. In cases of severe bleeding, blood products may be necessary to replace lost blood and clotting factors.

In addition to addressing the ABCs of trauma resuscitation, healthcare providers must also be prepared to perform advanced interventions such as surgical procedures, interventional radiology, and pharmacological therapies as necessary. Rapid transport to a trauma center capable of providing definitive care is critical to ensuring the best possible outcome for trauma patients.

Overall, resuscitation in trauma patients is a complex and challenging process that requires a multidisciplinary approach involving emergency medical technicians, emergency department staff, trauma surgeons, and other healthcare providers. By following established protocols and guidelines for trauma resuscitation, healthcare providers can improve outcomes for trauma patients and give them the best chance of survival.
Postoperative Management in Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Baysal Yildirim Zeynep
Published: October 2024

Summary: Thoracic surgery has undergone significant advances in recent years related to anesthetic and surgical techniques and the prevention and management of complications related to the procedure. This has allowed improvements in patient clinical outcomes in surgeries of this kind. Despite the above, thoracic surgery, especially related to pulmonary resection, is not without risk, and is associated to considerable morbidity and mortality. Patients in the postoperative period of major thoracic surgery require intensive surveillance, especially the first 24-72 h after surgery. Admission to the ICU is especially recommended in those patients with comorbidities, a reduced cardiopulmonary reserve, extensive lung resections, and those requiring support due to life-threatening organ failure. During the postoperative period, intensive cardiorespiratory monitoring, proper management of thoracic drainage, aggressive pain control (multimodal analgesia and regional anesthetic techniques), nausea and multimodal rehabilitation are key elements for avoiding adverse events.
Hearing Screening Programs for Children
Authors: Sahin Abdulkadir
Published: October 2024

Hearing loss in children directly affects their speech and language development. Consequently, this can lead to challenges in their education, cognitive abilities, and social growth. It is important to recognize that the impact extends beyond the individual, having broader social repercussions. Early assessment and identification of hearing loss in children are crucial steps. The most effective approach involves a multidisciplinary team, including pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and audiologists, supported by national screening programs.
Developmental and Behavioral Screening
Authors: Karabag Kezban , Orbak Zerrin
Published: October 2024

Developmental and behavioral screenings are crucial in pediatric care for the detection and intervention of developmental and behavioral issues in early years. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) offers guidelines for healthcare providers to screen and evaluate children, stressing the integration of developmental and behavioral surveillance into routine pediatric care. When screenings indicate potential risks, children should immediately undergo comprehensive developmental and medical assessments and be enrolled in early intervention programs without waiting for the results. By early diagnosis and intervention, children at risk will reach their developmental potential and healthcare costs will be reduced.
Screening Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy
Authors: Sagsoz Nevin
Published: October 2024

CMV infection is widespread throughout the world and the risk of transmission between people through body secretions is high. During pregnancy, not only primary infections but also non-primary infections can be transmitted transplacental to the baby. It can cause serious mortality and morbidity in the fetus/newborn and is the most important cause of neurosensory hearing loss. There are new treatment motivations for this disease, for which there is no vaccine to date. Although current guidelines do not routinely recommend universal treatment, targeted therapy is important during pregnancy.