bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note
Authors: Daniels F. J.
Published: January 2010

In a learned and thoughtful book by Professor Gelb, of Chicago (A Study of Writing: the Foundations of Grammatology2), which I am quite incompetent to review as a whole, there are a number of misleading statements in the section headed Japanese Syllabary. The excuse for drawing attention to them here is that if uncorrected they may put readers who are without a knowledge of Japanese onto false tracks.

That the katakana, ‘ side kana’, is ‘so named because it appears chiefly in addition to the Chinese word signs’ (p. 159) is not the generally accepted explanation, nor does it seem very likely. The reason usually given for the name is that the katakana signs are parts, generally one or the other side, of Chinese characters.
The Nicomachean Ethics in Arabic
Authors: Arberry A. J.
Published: January 2010

The most exciting experience I had during my visit to Morocco in the winter of 1951–52a visit made possible by the generosity of the Eockefeller Trust was the discovery, in the famous Qarawūyūn Library in Fez, of a manuscript containing one half, the second half, of an Arabic translation of the Nicomachean Ethics.The shortness of my stay in that ancient and fascinating Moorish city, and the disabling indisposition that befell me there, made it impossible for me to do more at the time than take note of the existence of this precious codex; but later the authorities of the Institut des Hautes Etudes Marocaines in Rabat, to whom I am infinitely obliged, procured for me a microfilm of the manuscript. It is now my high privilege to publish this preliminary note, in anticipation, I hope, of a full edition later on.
The Final Particle Fwu
Authors: Graham A. C.
Published: January 2010

The Chinese demonstrative fwu has recently been examined in an article by Dr. B. Schindler.1 The use of as a final particle is, however, discussed only in connexion with the combination and Schindler does not commit himself to a definite decision as to its function. That the final f￡ deserves a detailed investigation is sufficiently shown by a glance at the definitions given by standard Western authorities:
Some Notes on the Phonology of the Nzema and Ahanta Dialects
Authors: Berry J.
Published: January 2010

The domain of h- and q- which are prosodic features is stated in this paper to be the radical and its immediate extensions and affixes: for example, *h(edide), eating, is phonetically elile, and *q(edade), sleeping, is phonetically date. But as in other Akan languages, especially Twi, h- and q- may prove in Nzema also to be a feature of larger pieces.
Doctrine and Practice in Islamic Law: One Aspect of the Problem
Authors: Coulson N.J.
Published: January 2010

The biographer al-Mālikī reports that, in the year A.H. 171, Rūh b. Hatam, the governor of the Maghrib, offered the post of qādī to ‘Abd Allāh b. Farūk, a scholar-jurist of Qairawān. ‘Ibn Farūk firmly refused the offer. The governor, however, forced him to take his seat in the mosque and ordered the litigants to address their pleas to him, Ibn Farūk weeping the while and crying to them: “Have mercy upon me, that Allah may have mercy upon you”. When he thus refused to judge, the governor ordered that he be bound and taken up to the roof of the mosque: if he should then still refuse he was to be thrown over the edge.
Tadamine's Preface to the ōi River Poems
Authors: Ceadel E.B.
Published: January 2010

In an article ‘The Ōi river poems and preface’, Asia Major, N.S., III, 1, 1952, 65–106, 1 examined the Japanese preface written by Ki no Tsurayuki, and quoted (p. 74) a passage by Fujiwara no Kiyosuke which stated that the Ōi river poems had a Japanese preface written by Mibu no Tadamine.
/A-/ and /as-/ Verb Forms in Amharic
Authors: Appleyard D. L.
Published: January 2010

The Amharic verb expresses various aspects of action by a system of derived stems. The basic stem is modified either internally (by various infixes) or externally (by the addition of one of a number of prefixes). To these derived forms there are usually applied terms taken directly from, or modelled on. traditional European grammatical terminology. These terms, such as passive, reflexive, causative, factitive, etc., do not fully describe the function of the particular forms to which they are applied. They can also lead to an incorrect understanding of the exact function of a particular form. However, they have been and continue to be used if only through long custom and familiarity. In the Amharic verbal system there are two excellent examples of this, namely those two forms called by some scholars causative and factitive and by others first and second causative, respectively; they are, of course, those derived forms with prefix /a-/ and /as-/ respectively. Whilst in many examples these preformatives can be found to express what causative and factitive (or any other such name) may be defined as meaning, there are in these two instances just as many examples to the contrary. For example, ‘he fed’, does express a causative turn of the base form ‘he ate’, but ‘he acquired’ and the derived ‘he studied’ do not appear to have such a clear relationship.
The Khwarezmian Glossary—IV
Authors: Mackenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

The four preceding articles in this series have been devoted to the chapter ‘Verbs’ of Das chwaresmische Sprachmaterial einer Handschrift der ‘Muqaddimat al-adab’ von Zamaxšari, I, attention being focused chiefly on the doubtful or erroneous transliterations of the Xw. glosses provided by the editor, Johannes Benzing. In this final article we return to the incomplete chapter on ‘Nouns’ which begins the book. Many of the glosses in Muq., 1–72 (Benzing, 1–60) remain sadly obscure, being insufficiently pointed hapax legomena of the type CCByk, BC'Dyk. Even some of these entries show the inadequacy of Benzing's transliteration scheme, e.g. TBBc 22.1 to indicate ‘BBBc with the points of t, probably for the first letter’,RNB 25.4 for ‘RBB with one point, probably for -n-’, B'BBwk 40.3 which could well be B'mwk. kCYNyk 26.5 but BCBByk 44.4 for the identical sequence of undotted letters, šY'MY'Nyk 49.1 for what could as well be šΛS'Byk, NTY 58.4 ‘owl’ for what is undoubtedly, if surprisingly, nty. In every such case reference to the facsimile is absolutely essential, and occasionally profitable, as will be seen below.
Dental and Alveolar Nasals in Dravidian
Authors: Shanmugam S. V.
Published: January 2010

Burrow and Emeneau (1961, p. xiii, n. 3) have observed that ‘Ta. and Ma. seem to have evidence for two phonemes [/n/, the dental and /ṉ/, the alveolar]a in PDr., but the matter is not yet clear’. This is mainly due to the non-availability of data about the distribution of these phonemes in those two languages and the allophonic distribution, if any, in other languages. With the help of increased material available now, an attempt is made in this paper to find out the history of the development of the two nasal phonemes in Ta. and Ma. and to establish their allophonic nature in PDr. Since definite information about the phonetic nature of the phoneme /n/ is not available for languages such as Kui, Parji, Nk. [Ch.] etc., this study is incomplete to some extent.
The Healing art and the Limits of Change in nature according to Ibn Hazm
Authors: Tritton A. S.
Published: January 2010

The British Museum manuscript Or. 843 is the second part of Kitāb al-fisal fī 'l-milal by Ibn Hazm and includes several additions to the printed text. The longest has two sections and begins on folio 142 r., 1. 7. The first is quite new, is on medicine, and is purely theological, a defence of the healing art because the results are foreordained by God like all else. The second, beginning on folio 143 r., 1. 7, is longer than the print, adds kīmiyā to the title, and goes more into detail. The wording of the two texts differs widely. The world is a sphere (kura) of one substance which remains unchanged though its qualities change. Chickens eat dung, an unclean thing, but this feeds plants and trees, and the strictest Muslim has no scruple in eating corn, fowls, and fruit. To argue from analogy is wrong except within narrow limits. The sorcerer's claim to be able to turn a man into a donkey is absurd. Only angels and jinn can change their shapes.
Nemara and Faw
Authors: Beeston A. F. L.
Published: January 2010

The many thousands of inscriptions conventionally classified under the headings of Dedanite, Lihyanite, Safaitic, and Thamudic, all share the characteristic of a definite article in the form h- or hn-. Pre-Islamic texts displaying the distinctively Arabic article al are a mere handful; among them, easily the most important is the funerary text of Umru' al-Qays at Nemara (RES 483). This very minuscule corpus has recently been enlarged by two inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw (anciently Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil; near modern Sulayyil, on the trade route linking Nagrān with the eastern Arabian coast), publicized by Dr. Abdul Rahman al-Ansary in spring 1977 at the first International Symposium on Studies in the History of Arabia at Riyadh. These texts are particularly welcome in that they are written in fine monumental South Arabian script, and thus do not pose the acute problems of reading occasioned by the exceedingly ambiguous scripts of Nemara and the other northern texts.
The Nung-chia‘School of the Tillers’ and the origins of peasant Utopianism in China
Authors: Geaham A. C.
Published: January 2010

Among the philosophical schools of ancient China, the Nung-chia ‘School of the Tillers’ is the one of which we know least. The surviving information has been assembled by Feng Yu-lan , who identifies it as the one school which reflects the aspirations of the peasants. He finds only one recognizable spokesman, Hsü Hsing, the teacher of ‘the words of Shen-nung’ who came with his followers to settle in the small state of T‘eng , probably about 315 B.C. A disciple named Ch‘en Hsiang visited Mencius, and we have a report of the conversation from the Confucian point of view. Ch‘en Hsiang says of the Duke of T‘eng:

‘A worthy ruler feeds himself by ploughing side by side with the people, and rules while cooking his own meals. Now T‘eng on the contrary possesses granaries and treasuries, so the ruler is supporting himself by oppressing the people’.
Bayso revisited: some preliminary linguistic observations—II
Authors: Hayward R. J.
Published: January 2010

3.0. The nominal system

The description of the nominal system will be divided into three sections, the first, two dealing with nouns and pronouns, and the last with categories of items which are dependent upon nouns.
The Ālokā of Haribhadra and the Sāratamā of Ratnākaraśānti: a Comparative Study of the Two Commentaries of the Aṣṭasāhasrikā
Authors: Jaini Padmanabh S.
Published: January 2010

Of the several commentaries on the Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñā-pāramitā-sūtra, the Abhisamayālaṅkāra-ālokā of Haribhadra (ninth century) and the Sāratamā of Ratnākaraśānti (eleventh century) are the only two works that have survived in the original Sanskrit. The Ālokā is well known through the editions of Tucci and Wogihara, and critical works in this field by Obermiller and Conze. The Sanskrit text of the Sāratamā is now awaiting publication in the Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series, Patna. It is based on two incomplete MSS photographed by the late Rāhula Sāṃkṛtyāyana in the year 1937 and preserved in the library of the Bihar Research Society, Patna.
Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army—I
Authors: Ayalon David
Published: January 2010

Contemporary sources furnish fairly ample information on the structure of the Mamluk army and the units from which it was composed; but, though some of their definitions and descriptions come near to the truth, the present writer has found none of them to be completely accurate. He is of the opinion that the treatment of this question by modern Orientalists is also in need of some emendation, and he here submits the composition of the Mamluk army which, in his opinion, is the correct one, and the grounds for his suggestion will be presented in the course of the discussion.
Studies in Islamic Metal Work—III
Authors: Rice D. S.
Published: January 2010

The Türk ve Islam Müzesi in Istanbul possesses a hitherto unpublished ewer (Inv. No. 217) signed by a Mawṣilī artist (Pl. I). This is an unpretentious vessel, made of beaten brass and sparingly decorated with inlaid designs. It stands 37 cm. high without the lid (which is a later addition) and measures 20 cm. in its widest diameter.
Saladin and the Assassins
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

In the year 577/1181–2, in a letter to the Caliph in Baghdad explaining his activities in Syria, Saladin writes that he is engaged in a struggle for Islam against a three-fold enemy—the infidel Frankish invader, the heretical and murderous Assassins, and the treacherous Zangid rulers of Mosul, whom he accuses of intelligence and even alliance with both Franks and Assassins.
Population Statistics of Ming China
Authors: van der Speenkel Otto Berkelbach
Published: January 2010

In this study of the population statistics of Ming China I have relied almost exclusively upon figures from contemporary sources: theVeritable Records(Shih-lu) of the dynasty, theCollected Statutes(Ta-Ming Hui-tien), theImperial Topography(Ta-Ming Yi-t'ung-chih), theHuang-yü K'ao, and a number of provincial and local gazetteers.

The first question that arises in using such works is that of the reliability of their figures and indeed of Chinese statistics in general. A great deal of scepticism has been, and still is, expressed on this point. To take a single example only: everyone who has researched in this field has experienced over and over again that where a Chinese text gives both a global total and an itemized breakdown of that total, the sum of the separate items usually amounts to something more than (or less than) the global figure, and hardly ever agrees exactly with it. A natural reaction from this unsatisfactory state of affairs is to reject all the figures concerned as unreliable. To do this, however, is tantamount to denying the possibility of quantitative investigation in Chinese economic and institutional history. Before coming to such an extreme conclusion it is at least advisable to see whether the figures are capable of rational emendation, and whether figures so emended will show a higher degree of internal consistency.
Particle-Noun Complexes in a Berber Dialect (Zuara)
Authors: Mitchell T. F.
Published: January 2010

‘Particle’ and ‘Noun’ are not a priori categories of universal applicability. Ad hoc definition of their ‘meaning’ is given under A. Detailed description of structural relations observable between them follows at B.
Βεσήχανα πόλις: ad BSOAS., XIV, 512, n. 6
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: January 2010

Hardly had the article ‘A Farewell to the Khagan of the Aq-Aqatärān’ been printed, when my eye fell on a passage in Pliny which settles the problem posed by Mšyk. Shapur, it will be recalled, defeated the Roman army, under Gordianus (who fell in the battle), at Mšyk = MHCIXICH and MICIXH, and renamed the town (and district) Pērōz-Šabūr. The ancient name, in a form which precisely corresponds with the Parthian spelling Mšyk, is mentioned by Pliny, v, 21, 4 (§ 90): scinditur Euphrates a Zeugmate dlxxxxiv mp. circa vicum Massicen, et parte laeva in Mesopotamiam vadit per ipsam Seleuciam, circa eam praefluenti infusus Tigri; dexteriore autem alveo Babylonem … petit; a later passage, vi, 30, 3 (§ 120), indicates that the left branch referred to is the Narmalchas, the ‘Royal River’. The identity of Massice with Pēroz-Šabūr could have been recognized, even without the help of the inscription, by comparing Pliny with Ammianus Marcellinus, who made a statement in similar terms, xxiv, 2, 7, hinc pars fluminis scinditur … ducens ad tractus Babylonos interiores …, alia Naarmalcha nomine … Ctesiphonta praetermeat; the latter branch was crossed by the Roman army, which immediately came upon Pirisabora.
Extracts from the Technical Manual on the Ayyūbid Mint in Cairo
Authors: Ehrenkreutz A. S.
Published: January 2010

In the Manuscript Collection of the Cairo Library (Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriya), there is an unpublished and practically unknown manuscript (Kashf al-Asrār al-'Ilmiya bi Dār aḍ-Ḍarb al-Miṣriya), which contains a treatise dealing with problems of the Egyptian mint. It was composed by Manṣūr ibn Ba'ra a-ahabī al-Kāmilī. Although the manuscript is only a late copy of the original work, it constitutes an important source for the study of the monetary system and minting problems of medieval Egypt.
An Arabic Account of the Province of Safed—I
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: January 2010

Arabic manuscript no. 4525 in the Istanbul University Library consists of what appears to be the first part of a history of Safed. The manuscript bears no indication either of the title of the work or of the name of its author. The text begins on the second page; the first contains only a brief quotation on Safed from the Mu‘jam al-buldān of Yāqūt.
Caucasica IV
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

The territory of the present-day Soviet republic of Azarbayjan roughly corresponds to the ancient Caucasian Albania (in ArmenianAḷovan-k', orAḷvan-k', in ArabicArrān>al-Rān). Twenty-six languages were spoken in Albania and it had its own kings (Strabo, xi, 4). However, during the seven centuries between Pompey's expedition in 66–5 B.C., to which we owe most of our information on the ancient life of the country, and the Arab invasion in the 7th century A.D., great changes had taken place in the area, under the influence of the Persian expansion up to the Caucasian passes, the Khazar and Alān inroads from the north, and the Armenian cultural activities which resulted in the conversion of the surviving Albanians to the Armenian form of Christianity. The Arab geographers refer to the Arrānian language as still spoken in the neighbourhood of Barda'a (Persian:Pērōz-ābādh, ArmenianPartav), but now only the two villages inhabited by the Udi are considered as the direct continuators of the Albanian linguistic tradition.
'Gentry Society
Authors: Pulleyblank Edwin G.
Published: January 2010

Wolfram eberhard's recent A History of China has attracted great interest. Reviewers have praised it for its readability and broad sweep and for the way in which it goes beyond a mere chronicle of political and cultural events and tries to penetrate to underlying causes. At the same time they have noted many errors of detail and have expressed surprise and incredulity at the many new generalizations presented with an air of established finality. It was, of course, impossible for Eberhard to present detailed evidence or argumentation in support of his views in a brief general history. The subsequent publication of Das Toba-Reich Nordchinas and Conquerors and Rulers has enabled us to form a better judgment of the value of at least a part of his work.
Vyavahāra: Light on a Vanished Controversy from an Unpublished Fragment
Authors: Derrett J. D. M.
Published: January 2010

No one interested in the Classical Hindu Law could read Dr. S. K. Belvalkar's Critical Note to Śāntiparva, Adhyāya 121, śl. 14 and ff., without experiencing a great curiosity. The important account given by Bhīṣma of the nature and purpose of Daṇḍa (Punishment) incidentally produces an Indian counterpart to the Roman jus naturale, the full implications of which deserve investigation elsewhere. Amongst the details we find a description of Daṇḍa as follows:—

nīlōtpala-dala-śyāmaś=caturdaṃṣṭraś=caturbhujaḥ

aṣṭapān=naikanayanaś=śankukarṇōrdhvarōmavān

jaṭī dvi-jihvas tāmrāsyō mṛja-rāja-tanucchadaḥ ētad-rūpaṃ bibharty=ugraṃ Daṇḍō nityaṃ durāvaraḥ.
Studies In Islamic Metal Work—V
Authors: Rice D.S.
Published: January 2010

The middle of the 14th century offers a convenient dividing-line in the study of Islamic metal work. Few distinguished works were produced after that date and practically no new motifs were added to the artists' repertoire. In a passage of hisTopography of Cairo, Maqrizi exposes the decadence of inlaid metal work in the latter half of the 14th century and explains some of the reasons which led to it. In view of the importance of this contemporary account, I am translating it in full in an appendix to this paper (pp. 228–31).
Postscript To Zurvān
Authors: Zaehner R. C.
Published: January 2010

In the preface to my recently published book, Zurvän, A Zoroastrian Dilemma,1 I said: ‘I have not found it necessary to alter much in the proof stage only what seemed to me to be positive mistakes’. During the two and a half years that the book was in the Press, however, I had come across evidence which I had not noticed before and which seems to be worth considering. There is further evidence of the theory put forward in the book that the original Zandiks persecuted by Kartir were identical with the Dahris. On the other hand, the references to Mithraism in the book are largely out of date, and I gladly avail myself of this opportunity to correct them.
Additional Notes On Chinese ‘Gentry Society’
Authors: Eberhard Wolfram
Published: January 2010

In his article in BSOAS, xv, 1953, pp. 588–597, Professor E. G. Pulleyblank has made a number of statements which, in my opinion, need explanation and correction. This is not the place to discuss wider problems of Chinese gentry society in detail; this will be done on another occasion. I limit my notes, therefore, to a few interesting points.
An Interpretation of The Different Accounts of the Visit of The Tamīm Delegation to the Prophet in A.H. 9
Authors: 'Abafat W.
Published: January 2010

OF all the delegations that are said to have come to pay homage to the Prophet in Madina in A.H. 9, none received so much attention from Arab historians as the delegation of the trībe of Tamlm. They tell1 of a boasting competition between members of the delegation and representatives of the Prophet, which resulted in their defeat and subsequent conversion to Islam. This explanation of the conversion of the Tamīmīs, which was accepted in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2 does not appear, however, to be warranted by the circumstances. Moreover, the confusion apparent in the whole story casts grave doubt at least on its details as well as on the degree of importance usually assigned to it, and, furthermore, the poems connected with the story appear to be of later date.
An Arabic Translation Of The Commentary Of Themistius
Authors: Lyons M. C.
Published: January 2010

THAT there existed an Arabic translation of the commentary of Themistius on the De Anima of Aristotle has long been known through the references made to it in the works of Ibn Rushd.1 The commentary itself is mentioned by Ibn al-Nadīm in the Fihrist.2 In his note on the De Anima he says: ‘ Themistius wrote a commentary on the whole of this work. He dealt with the first section in two sections, the second in two, and the third in three ’—a division which corresponds to that of the Greek text as we have it. Unfortunately, on the subject of the translation, Ibn al-Nadim's article is not without ambiguity. According to it, Hunain ibn Ishāq translated the entire De Anima into Syriac, while his son, Ishāq, translated the greater part of it into Arabic, and then made a second and complete translation. Ibn al-Nadīm proceeds to quote Ishāq himself as saying: ‘ I translated this work into Arabic from a defective manuscript. Then, after thirty years, I found an extremely good manuscript with which I collated my first version’. The quotation ends with the words: ‘ and it is the commentary of Themistius ’.
The Appropriation Of Siva's Attributes By Devi;
Authors: bake A. A.
Published: January 2010

FROM the Western point of view the process by which the Goddess gradually established herself in the official Hindu Pantheon is of great interest. As it took place in historical times and in a culture which has known no violent breaks or radical changes of religion, it gives us a fairly continuous series of glimpses which illustrate the ways and means by which this prominence was reached. On the one hand we find accounts of the violent means—wars and massacres—employed by Devi in order to achieve recognition, as for instance in the Bengali folk-epics of Candi and Manasa-Devi. On the other hand, we find a series of philosophical-metaphysical speculations which increasingly stress the importance of the female principle in the workings of the Universe, and finally establish the Goddess in the very centre of things. Like her Lord Siva, Devi has many aspects, but—at least in the official and orthodox view—all these often conflicting aspects converge in the concept ‘The Goddess’, whatever their individual autonomy may have been or still is among the village worshippers. There is no doubt that, however young both Siva and the Goddess may be in official religion, they can claim a non-canonized existence prior perhaps to that of Brahma himself.
The ‘Broken Plurals’ Of Tigrinya
Authors: Palmer F. R.
Published: January 2010

THE paradigms that may be set up for the nominals in Tigrinya1 in terms of the category of number (established on syntactical and further morphological grounds) consist of two members, conveniently termed ‘singular’ and ‘plural’. The morphological analysis for the forms placed in this grammatical relationship may, for some of them, be given in terms of ‘external flection’ or ‘sumxation’, but for many forms, including those in commonest use, the differences of syllabic pattern, and other differences throughout the entire forms, justify the use of the traditional term ‘broken plural’. It is the purpose of this paper to make a phonological analysis to handle the morphological relation between the broken plurals and the singular forms with which they are grammatically paired.
The Problem Of Vowel Representation In The Isaaq Dialect Of Somali
Authors: Andrzejewski B. W.
Published: January 2010

IN representing the vowels of the Isaaq dialect of Somali2 we meet with many difficulties not only because of a large number of vowel distinctions but also on account of the operation of Vowel Harmony. I use the term Vowel Harmony in the same sense as Armstrong,3 i.e. as the harmony (or ‘matching’) of vowels belonging to the same series. Schleicher,4 Reinisch,5 and Abraham6 use this term quite differently, meaning by it certain types of assimilation of vowels without postulating two vowel series. Armstrong was the first writer in the literature on Somali to become aware of the existence and complexity of the problems under discussion.
Sufism In Somaliland: A Study In Tribal Islam
Authors: lewis I. M.
Published: January 2010

Although Somaliland has attracted the attention of a distinguished body of Italian scholars it has not yet been subjected to a specifically social anthropological study such as the present writer hopes to make. Excellent studies notably by Puccioni (1919–1937), Cerulli (1918–1943), and Colucci (1924,1943) have elucidated the sociology of the Somali and created a sound corpus of knowledge for future investigations. Colucci's Principi di diritto consuetudinario delta Somalia Meridionale (1924) provides a penetrating analysis delineating with great clarity the general framework of Somali social organization and the political structure of the Sab tribes of Somalia in terms of lineage organization. Cerulli's studies of tribal custom and social organization are also of great value;his ‘Note sul movimento musulmano nella Somalia ’, published over 30 years ago, is at present the foundation of all studies of Islam amongst the Somali. The present paper attempts to set this and other material on Somali religion in the context of the sociological investigation of the literature of the Somali which I have made elsewhere (Lewis, 1955), and in which I have been guided by Somali informants in London. It is hoped that the procedure adopted here may be of value in suggesting the lines along which field studies of Islam amongst the Somali might profitably be conducted, and also that it may make some contribution to studies of Islam amongst tribal societies generally.
An introduction to the historical geography of Gopakṣetra, Daśārṇa, and Jejākadeśa
Authors: Willis Michael D.
Published: January 2010

Emphasizing the importance of balanced geographical and historical knowledge in the late sixteenth century, Richard Hakluyt remarked: ‘Geographie and Chronologie are the sune and moone, the right eye and left eye of all history.’ In current studies of archaeology and history this emphasis remains apt, for to write a proper account of both artifacts and kings, they must be set geographi- cally in space and chronologically in time. The regions south of the River Yamunā, anciently known as Gopakṣetra, Daśārṇa, and Jejākadeśa (Maps 1 and 2), are rich in antiquarian remains, and have played an important role in the history of India, especially from the Gupta period to the time of the Muslim invasion. Their historical geography, however, has been generally ignored, and scholars have been content to describe the area simply as ‘ Central India’. The purpose of the present essay is to give an introduction to the historical geography of these provinces, and as such it can be taken as a foundation for further studies in local history and archaeology.
Tigre Syntax and Semitic Ethiopian
Authors: Eaz S.
Published: January 2010

It has long been argued that the peculiar syntactic traits which typify the modern Semitic Ethiopian languages can be accounted for by the Cushitic substratum, notably the word order of the sentence and the system of qualification (the qualifier-qualified order of elements). It has been suggested that among these languages Tigre is ‘more Semitic’ since (a) it is much less rigid as regards word order, and (b) ‘it may optionally have either the Semitic pattern or the Cushitic one’. A parallel diachronic statement would be that as regards its syntax Tigre was more successful in resisting Cushitic influence or, for some reason, less exposed to it. Here, to avoid the problem of measuring the syntactic features of Tigre in general Semitic terms, Gə'əaz is usually taken as the mode for a Semitic language. In this respect it follows that descriptively Tigre is more Gə'əz-like than the other modern Semitic Ethiopian languages. In spite of the plausibility of such an explanation, it seems to be a matter of scholarly tradition rather than the result of thorough investigation, i.e. the belief that Tigre is the odd man out among its modern relations by virtue of its syntax is an impression rather than a proven observation.
Notes on Some Mosques in Eastern and Western Saudi Arabia
Authors: King G. R. D.
Published: January 2010

In studies of Islamic architecture dealing with the earliest periods, a natural emphasis has fallen on the mosques of the Holy Cities of Arabia, the Ḥaramayn, whenever the architecture of the Arabian Peninsula has been discussed. In later periods, extensions and restorations in the Ḥaram in Mecca and the Mosque of the Prophet in al-Madīna have likewise been discussed, but until recent times, little has been said of any other Arabian mosques. As far as mosques beyond the Ḥaramayn are concerned, this neglect has been caused largely by their inaccessibility; but as a result of the imbalance, students of Islamic architecture have been left to judge Arabia by the Prophet's Mosque, which was only truly Arabian at its foundation, and the Ḥaram and the Ka'ba, which were always unique in Islam in terms both of religion and of architecture. As for later extensions and restorations of either mosque, these tell more of the development of Islamic architectural style and taste beyond the Peninsula than of any Arabian religious architectural tradition.
Mani's Šābuhragā—II
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

The nearly complete 432 lines of the Šābuhragān presented in the first part of article come from a series, almost certainly unbroken, of 9 folios = 18 pages, each with 24 lines. It is possible that a whole folio, i.e. two pages, is missing between D v and E r, or between F v and G r, but the content of those pages makes it seem most unlikely. A question not yet considered is how the folios A-J were folded into a quire. A, B, C and E are double sheets, i.e. have at least partially preserved counter-folios (which we may call A2, B2, C2 and E2) still attached to them, on the left side of the fold and of the binder's stitch-holes. This, however, does not tell us from how many double sheets the quire was made. To establish this we must know which of our folios, if any, were the first and last of the quire. The main parts of H and J, M 505 a and b, are separate folios, though of very similar shape, and described as ‘fragments from a double sheet, whose pages were consecutive’ (Henning, apud Boyce, Catalogue, M 505). Confirmation and proof of this statement, presumably based on the content of the folios, comes from one of the fragments which complement them, viz. M 542 b, identified as ‘das verbindende Stück’ by Dr. Sundermann. This is still hinged (Boyce, Catalogue, ‘from the centre of a double sheet’), its side I clearly belonging to H and II to J (see pl. VI). There can be no doubt, therefore, that H-J was the centre double sheet of the quire.
Amharic interference in 'Afar translation
Authors: Bliese Loren F.
Published: January 2010

The 'Afar translation team of the Ethiopian Bible Society began in September 1976 and in the following two years completed about two-thirds of the New Testament. The team consisted of Alo Aydaahis, main translator; Guto Wuddo, assistant translator and tester, and Loren Bliese co-ordinator and exegete. Since English was difficult for the two 'Afar members of the team, the language used to translate from was the popular Amharic version being prepared by the Bible Society of Ethiopia. The use of Amharic as the source language resulted in interference in the 'Afar draft, as subsequent testing revealed.
Who were the first Ashtarkhānid rulers of Bukhara?
Authors: Burton J. Audrey
Published: January 2010

The dynasty which ruled the khānate of Bukhara during the greater part of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries claimed descent from Chingiz Khān's son Jochi, as did the Shaybānids of the preceding dynasty. It is known as Ashtarkhānid, to recall the place of origin of the family, viz. Astrakhan. More often it is referred to as Jānid, after Jānāī Muḥammad Khān, who is considered by some as the first ruler of the dynasty. But it will be seen that there is no clear basis for such an assumption, and that in fact his father and his eldest son were between them the founders of the dynasty
Labialization and the so-called sibilant anomaly in Tigrinya
Authors: Voigt Rainer M.
Published: January 2010

In Tigrinya, the cardinal numbers from 5 to 9 show a hushing sibilant instead of the hissing sibilant which is found in the corresponding ordinal numbers, i.e., 5th to 9th, and the multiples of ten, i.e., 50 to 90. We cite the forms as given by W. Leslau (1941: 127 ff.)
Reflexes of extinct phonemes in Semitic
Authors: Rosén Haiim B.
Published: January 2010

Phonological distinctions vanish in the course of the evolution of a language, but in diachronic phonology it is known that the distinctive oppositions involved do not necessarily disappear as a consequence thereof. Certain effects brought about by the ancient phonemes while they were still articulatorily different do survive after the originally distinct articulations have merged into one. The surviving effects are customarily called ‘reflexes’, that is, of the phonemes now extinct, and it is they that permit us to assume with a considerable degree of certainty that the distinctions now perceivable by virtue of the surviving effects were once vested in different phonemes in the same language. The doctrine of phoneme reflexes has contributed immensely to an ampler, more complete, and more refined knowledge of the sound system of the ancient Indo-European languages. In Semitics, however, this line of investigation has hitherto been much less exploited. While there can be no doubt that we have a fairly good knowledge of what might be termed ‘the common Semitic sound system’, such insights can only tell us what phonological distinctions exist in one historical Semitic language, while being absent from another, and how correspondences should be drawn up between them. The advantage, however, of the study of reflexes is that it affords insights into the mechanism of one and the same language and permits inferences on historically unattested distinctions as well as the reconstruction of a stage of a language prior to its earliest written documentation. We can grasp here the real difference between comparison and reconstruction: while comparison enlightens us as to how languages differ, it cannot make us see the true identity or physiognomy of any given language. This latter task is dependent upon the doctrine of reflexes. If certain otherwise common Semitic distinctions involving pharyngals are reflected in Early Akkadian as neatly regulated mechanisms of vocalic patterns, we must infer that it is not true to say that Akkadian is set apart from other Semitic languages by the absence in it of pharyngal articulations, because these articulations, since they left traces, could not have been absent in that language in its earliest stages. The identity of Akkadian will, therefore, have to be established on the ground of the presence, rather than the absence, of a certain statable number of pharynsal phonemes.
On a new union catalogue of Manchu books
Authors: Walravens Hartmut
Published: January 2010

Over and over again, the question has been raised as to whether it is worth while studying Manchu. It can no longer be considered a short cut to mastering the difficulties of Chinese, and so the only Tungus written language seems to have been left entirely to the attention of linguists and, maybe, anthropologists. On the other hand, the growing interest of Chinese and Japanese scholars in the Manchu archives proves that there is much valuable information for the historian. A large number of Manchu books are buried in libraries and are hardly known and available even to Manchu specialists who deal with a limited number of well-known texts, classics, dictionaries, grammars, the Chin-p'ing-mei, and the Liao-chai chih-i. It is not that these materials do not offer interesting problems, but it is often overlooked that they only constitute a part of Manchu literature the scope of which is much wider, as systematic research in libraries all over the world has proved. Therefore the most pressing problem in Manchu studies is to gain bibliographical control over the existing texts and make them available to the researcher.
Zoroastrian Astrology in the Bundahišn
Authors: MacKenzie D. N.
Published: January 2010

One of the interesting features of the Pahlavi Bundahišn, the great work on cosmogony and cosmology completed in the ninth century A.D., is the manner in which traditional, orthodox beliefs derived from the Zoroastrian scriptures appear side by side with later and even contemporary scientific opinions. While in some parts, notably the astronomical chapter II, the resulting incongruity is undisguised, in others there has been a conscious effort of syncretism. The astrological sections are a case in point.
Al-Zuhrī: A Study on the Beginning of History Writing in Islam
Authors: Duri A. A.
Published: January 2010

The beginnings of history writing in Islam were cultivated in two centres—Medina, representing Islamic interests and primarily concerned with the Sīra (Life of the Prophet) and the early history of Islam, and Irāq—more specifically Kūfa and Basra—representing tribal interests and lines of historical studies. These beginnings were collective pursuits, individual activity being a part of a school and adding further to its development.
Mongol Place-Names in Mukri Kurdistan
Authors: Minorsky V.
Published: January 2010

My article written some twenty years ago had a twofold purpose: to insist on the importance of a systematic study of the toponymy of Persia and, by way of example, to examine the Mongolian stratum of placenames in the southernmost area of the Persian province of Azarbayjan.

Much of what I said in the first part of the original draft has happily become superfluous in view of the appearance of a very welcome series of volumes which, in the years 1328–32/1949–53, was published by the Persian Army Survey, under the title of Farhang-i joghrāfiyāyi-yī Irān. The production of this series is chiefly due to the enlightened endeavours of the former chief of the Survey, General Hosayn ‘Ali Razmārā (brother of the assassinated premier).
Vowel Harmony in Twi
Authors: Berry J.
Published: January 2010

Twi in this paper means Akuapem, Akyem, and Asante. For these three dialects V(owel) H(armony) can be stated in almost identical terms. It is in fact so stated by Christaller in the grammar1 but only briefly under ‘Euphony’. We give below some additional notes, approaching the problem somewhat differently.
The fate of Dāniyāl, prince of Bengal, in the light of an unpublished inscription
Authors: Digby Simon
Published: January 2010

The quantity of Oriental, and particularly Indian curiosities brought to the British Isles in two centuries of imperial rule has till very recently exceeded the interest of the educated British public in them. Many have lain unregarded for long periods in the attics and basements of the descendants of those who originally brought them back. Hence amid a mass of worthless or commonplace objects there are still pieces of historical or stylistic interest, in private ownership as well as in our great public collections, which have not yet attracted scholarly interest.
The origins of Bintulu 6, d
Authors: Blust Robert A.
Published: January 2010

Bintulu, an Austronesian language spoken in the district capital of that name and in several smaller communities in the basin of the Kemena river, Fourth Division, Sarawak, has two previously unrecognized implosive stop phonemes, 6 and d. Where these segments occur in lexical items known to reflect a Proto-Austronesian (PAN) reconstruction, they appear to result from an unconditioned phonemic split of PAN *b, *d, *D, or *j. A hypothesis constructed to account for a wider range of linguistic facts offers an explanation of some of these apparent irregularities. Most if not all residual discrepancies can be accommodated under an ancillary hypothesis of borrowing, independently motivated by various considerations. The case of the Bintulu implosives is of general theoretical interest, as it necessitates modifications in some recent claims regarding the diachronic sources of implosive stops.
The shape of a rule and diachrony
Authors: Hetzron Robert
Published: January 2010

Are rules constructs of linguists or descriptions of actual associations latent in the speakers' mind? An interesting method of verifying the psychological reality of rules has been proposed by P. Kiparsky (1968). It can be summed up as follows. Given two chronological stages of a language (or two languages) where one can be said to be descended from the other, one first has to describe a phenomenon in the ancestor-language, then seek out and describe the phenomenon that can be considered a development thereof in the daughter-language. The two phenomena may be found somewhat different in certain respects, though still similar enough to be recognized as historically related. If the surface difference between the two phenomena, conceived as a change from the first to the second, can be explained, by comparing the formulation of the two descriptions, as a plausible modification of the first (set of) rule(s) naturally leading to the second, the chances are that the rules actually describe what appears in the speakers' mind, as part of collective knowledge. For Kiparsky, such a plausible change is primarily simplification.
Middle and Old Arabic Material for the History of Stress in Arabic
Authors: Balu J.
Published: January 2010

The scholastic investigation of stress in Arabic starts with Lambert's pioneering article in 1897. Lambert demonstrated that the accepted stress of Classical Arabic is not based on genuine tradition, but was formulated at the beginning of the seventeenth century by Erpenius, who was influenced by the (Syrian–) Lebanese pronunciation of Classical Arabic. Recognizing the secondary origin of the traditional stress in Classical Arabic, Lambert established the relationship of stress in Classical Arabic to that of the various Arabic dialects on an entirely new basis. He himself emphasized the originality of stress as it is preserved in the Maghribī dialects (ibid., 409).3 In 1907 the first fascicle of Brockelmann's monumental Grundriss appeared, in which (pp. 82 ff.) Brockel-mann advocated the originality of the traditional accentuation in Classical Arabic, as generally preserved in the Syrian-Lebanese dialects. In 1908, Kampffmeyer reached the conclusion that the system of stress in the Maghribī dialects is more original than that of the Syrian-Lebanese group. However, since he published only the first part of his Untersuchungen, he dealt only with the stress in Spanish Arabic and the Moroccan (pp. 7–58), in addition to his results (pp. 1–7) contained in his brief introduction. A short synopsis of his views, with additional material, is included in Kampffmeyer, EI. An important review of the stress in Arabic (pp. 35–41) is contained in Sarauw. Despite the late appearance of his work (1939), he had almost completed it at the time of his sudden death in 1925. Moreover, the main body of his treatise had been composed as early as 1908 (cf. p. 3), the same year in which Kampffmeyer claimed the originality of the Western (Maghribī) stress.
On amharic Relative Clauses
Authors: Fulass Hailu
Published: January 2010

In what follows I would like to discuss the structure of Amharic relative clauses. In the course of the discussion, I would like to make the following three claims which I will attempt to substantiate in turn. First, I believe that relativization is a kind of pronominalization and, consequently, the particle yä- that is attached to the main verb (or its auxiliary) of the relative clause is not a relative pronoun. Second, I maintain that the ‘yä- clause’ in subject position in Amharic cleft sentences is also a relative clause with an unspecified element as its head. My third claim is that Amharic genitive phrases originate from relative clauses and that the noun (phrase) in the genitive phrase to which the particle yä- is attached in surface structure is governed by a preposition in underlying structure, and the head of a genitive phrase is the head of the under-lying relative clause. In this connexion, I also argue that there is a rule in Amharic which moves the particle yä- (to the right) over, at least, one constituent.
Autograph Diary of an Eleventh-Century Historian of Baghdād—I
Authors: Makdisi George
Published: January 2010

The Arabic manuscript which forms a part of Majmū‘ No. 17, preserved in the ຒahirīya Library in Damascus, is the only fragment extant of a diary kept during the fifth/eleventh century by a contemporary historian of Baghdad, Abū ’Alī b. al-Bannā’ al-Ḥanbalī. An edition and translation of this fragment (hereafter referred to as the Diary) are given here for the first time. It covers in some detail a period of slightly more than one year, from A.H. 460 to A.H. 461 (corresponding to A.D. 1068–69), in the socio-religious history of Baghdad.
Sanza, A Characteristic Feature of Zande Language and Thought
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: January 2010

IN my book Witchcraft, oracles and magic among the Azande (1937) there emerged from the treatment of these three topics a picture of some features of the Zande mind, revealing itself often as a suspicious, distrustful, hostile
mind. Another facet of this mentality is revealed in the Zande concept of sanza (pi. asanza).