bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depressive and Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Clinical Effects: A Trial of Fluphenazine versus Flupenthixol in Maintenance of Schizophrenic Out-patients
Authors: Knights Angela , Okasha M. S. , Salih Mohamed Ali , Hirsch S. R.
Published: August 2008

Fifty-seven patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were started on either fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate injections in a double-blind trial just prior to discharge into the community. During the six month follow-up 30 per cent dropped out of the treatment. Of those observed for six months, 7 per cent relapsed, 54 per cent experienced depressive symptoms and 88 per cent extrapyramidal side-effects. Analysis of both clinical data and the ratings failed to discriminate between the two drugs.
Further Observations on the Duration of Depot Neuroleptic Maintenance Therapy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Johnson D. A. W.
Published: August 2008

Two patient samples, with different criteria for selection, have been surveyed following maintenance therapy discontinuation. The patients had previously remained in a steady mental state on depot injections for periods varying between one and four years. Both the rates of relapse and pattern of relapse suggest that patients responding to medication need to remain on maintenance therapy for a minimum of four years. The results further suggest that in chronic schizophrenia the drugs only suppress symptoms and that the prognosis following discontinuation is substantially unchanged by increased duration of medication, even after four years. The possibility of using short-term ‘drug holidays’ to reduce the risk of unwanted effects was explored; after only three months without drugs, the risks of relapse were significantly increased.
A Comparative Study of Reactive Psychosis and Acute Psychosis Without Precipitating Stress
Authors: Kapur R. L. , Pandurangi A. K.
Published: August 2008

A study was carried out to compare the antecedent factors, phenomenology, treatment required and prognosis in 30 cases of Reactive Psychosis and 30 cases of Acute Psychosis without antecedent stress, matched on age and sex. Both groups were followed up for 7 months.

It was found that the two groups differed markedly on several dimensions: The Reactive Psychotics had more hysterical and affective features, more vulnerable personality, higher stress experience in their life prior to illness and relatively better prognosis compared to the Acute Psychotics. The difference still remained when those in either of the groups who at the end of the follow-up turned out to be schizophrenics or suffering from affective disorder were excluded from analysis.
School Phobic Children at Work
Authors: Baker Hazel , Wills Ursula
Published: August 2008

Seventy-one school phobic children seen at a child guidance clinic were followed up after they had passed school leaving age. Their record in work and further education was compared with the length of time they were off school, whether or not they returned to school, and the occurrence of further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic. It was found that whether or not the child returned to school and the length of time he was off school had no relationship to future performance at work or in further education. A significantly larger number of children receiving further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic failed to reach their potential in work or further education. Adequate treatment of the underlying conditions appears to be more important than returning the child to school.
A Case of Insane Automatism?
Authors: Cope Rosemarie V. , Donovan W. Martin
Published: August 2008

Epileptic automatism is now believed to be a rare disorder, and only a very small number of cases have been described (Knox, 1968; Gunn and Fenton, 1971; and Gunn, 1978) in which aggressive behaviour has occurred during automatism. There are important legal issues involved if a serious crime is committed and insane automatism is given as the defence.
Bipolar Affective Disorder in Old Age
Authors: Shulman Kenneth , Post Felix
Published: August 2008

In a retrospective study of 67 elderly bipolar patients the first manic attack occurred at about age 60, often after a long period from the time of the first affective episode, after which further depressive episodes occurred. This calls into question Perris’ criteria for unipolar diagnosis. Among the men, a preponderance of cerebral-organic disorders was found. The evidence for sub-classification of bipolar disorders into secondary or symptomatic manias is discussed. The recurrent nature of the illness in old age stresses the need for further evaluation of lithium prophylaxis.
Serum Immunoglobulins and Cognitive Status in the Elderly: 2. An Immunological-Behavioral Relationship?
Authors: Eisdorfer Carl , Cohen Donna
Published: August 2008

In 42 patients with cognitive dysfunction (senile dementia) significant correlations between immunoglobulins and various tests of intelligence were observed. Serum IgG emerged as the single best predictor of behavioural status. There is need for further research in this field.
Interhemispheric Transfer of Stereognostic Information in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Carr Sally A.
Published: August 2008

Ten chronic schizophrenic in-patients and ten matched normal controls were tested on a cross-hemispheric stereognostic task, using both meaningful objects and non-meaningful shapes of wood, under four different retention intervals. The main finding was that the schizophrenic group but not the control group displayed deficits in intermanual transfer of tactual material, as compared to the same task performed within hands.

The implications of this result are discussed in relation to the possibility that some basic neurological disorder may accompany schizophrenia.
A Double-Blind Comparison of Dothiepin and Amitriptyline in Patients with Primary Affective Disorder: Serum Levels and Clinical Response
Authors: Mendlewicz J. , Linkowski P. , Rees J. A.
Published: August 2008

In a double-blind parallel group study, thirty-two patients suffering from a primary affective disorder received either dothiepin or amitriptyline. Serum concentrations of total dothiepin plus northiaden or amitriptyline and nortriptyline were estimated. A similar therapeutic response was seen with both drugs but there was no correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline or nortriptyline, whereas serum dothiepin correlated positively with clinical response.
Transfer of Special Hospital Patients to the NHS
Authors: Dell Susanne
Published: August 2008

In 1976, 163 patients were approved by the Department of Health and Social Security for transfer from the Special Hospitals to the open wards of the National Health Service. By autumn 1978, a quarter were still waiting for admission. Patients meeting most difficulty were the severely handicapped non-offenders, who were usually refused unseen on the ground that local subnormality hospitals were full. The role of the DHSS and of the Regional and Area Authorities was in general restricted to bewailing problems they could not help to solve.

Some two years after their transfer, enquiries were made in the NHS about the 105 transferred patients. Removal back to the Special Hospital had been requested for seven, and another three had been removed by the police and prosecuted.
Lithium Restores Abnormal Platelet 5-HT Transport in Patients with Affective Disorders
Authors: Coppen Alec , Swade Cynthia , Wood Keith
Published: August 2008

Kinetic analysis of the transport of 5-HT into the blood platelets of depressed patients and recovered depressive patients has shown that the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is significantly decreased both before and after recovery from the illness. This abnormality is corrected by both short and long-term lithium treatment. As a corollary to these studies, the effect of lithium in vitro on 5-HT uptake has been studied and the results are opposite to those reported in vivo. These findings suggest that lithium acts indirectly, and possible mechanisms of its action are discussed.
Causes of Death in Schizophrenia and Manic-Depression
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Woolson Robert F. , Fleming Jerome A.
Published: August 2008

Causes of death were studied in a cohort of 200 schizophrenic, 100 manic, and 225 depressive patients who were followed in a historical prospective study. These patients were admitted between 1934 and 1944 and were studied 30 to 40 years later. Five cause of death categories were considered in this analysis: (1) unnatural deaths, (2) neoplasms, (3) diseases of the circulatory system, (4) infective and parasitic diseases, and (5) other causes. For each cause of death, the expected number of deaths was calculated from vital statistics for the State of Iowa for the time period of follow-up. Observed numbers of deaths were contrasted with expected numbers of deaths to assess statistical significance for each diagnostic group. There was a significant excess of unnatural deaths in all diagnostic groups in both sexes, with the exception of female manics. This group, however, did show a significant excess of circulatory system deaths. Both male and female schizophrenics showed a substantial excess of infective disorder deaths.
Computed Tomography in the Elderly 2. Senile Dementia: Diagnosis and Functional Impairment
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Levy Raymond
Published: August 2008

Clinical, psychometric and computed tomographic (CT) data are presented on three groups of elderly subjects: 50 normals, 40 patients with senile dementia and 41 suffering from affective disorder. Demented subjects showed significantly more CT evidence of cerebral atrophy than non-demented subjects, but there was considerable overlap. Although patients with a history or clinical signs of cerebral infarction were specifically excluded, such infarcts were found more often in CT scans of the dementia subjects than in the others, particularly when the diastolic blood pressure was raised. When correlating cognitive impairment with CT changes, ventricular size emerged as more important in the dementia patients, in contrast to the controls, in whom cortical atrophy was related to lower scores on a cognitive test. Other interesting findings included an inverse relationship between cortical atrophy and paranoid delusions.
Computed Tomography in the Elderly 3. Affective Disorder
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Levy Raymond
Published: August 2008

Clinical and computed tomographic (CT) data on a consecutive series of 41 elderly patients with affective disorders are presented, and comparisons made with a group of 50 healthy controls. In both groups ventricular size increased with age, but only in the controls was there an age correlation with sulcal widening. Using clinical and radiological criteria, the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in the patient group was 12 per cent. A sub-group of patients with enlarged ventricles emerged, whose first depression began later in life, and who at the time of this study were older and showed more ‘endogenous’ features than the remainder. It is suggested that this provides further evidence that organic cerebral factors may have aetiological significance in some depressions of old age.
Causal Models and Logical Inference in Epidemiological Psychiatry
Authors: Bebbington Paul
Published: August 2008

The paper examines the nature of causality and how the concept can be interpreted and used in epidemiological psychiatry. The relationship of causality to logical relations is reiterated, and it is emphasized that these relationships in their pure form cannot apply to any one cause of an effect which is the outcome of several causes. In such a case the relation of the cause to the effect is one of weak implication. The fact of weak implication opens the door to the construction of certain causal models, and the possibilities afforded by this situation are illustrated by reference to the work of Brown et al (1975). Weak implication may be an intransitive relationship, and this is shown to invalidate certain ways of testing such models and the conclusions which arise from them.
Delayed Onset of Maternal Affection After Childbirth
Authors: Robson Kay Mordecai , Kumar R.
Published: August 2008

Information about perceptions of labour and delivery and about immediate emotional reactions to their newborn babies was obtained from two groups of primiparous women (n = 112 and n = 41) and from 40 multiparae. About 40 per cent of primiparae and 25 per cent of multiparae recalled that their predominant emotional reaction when holding their babies for the very first time had been one of indifference. Maternal affection was more likely to be lacking after delivery if the mother had had a forewater amniotomy and had, in addition, either experienced a painful and unpleasant labour or been given more than 125 mg of pethidine.

Most mothers developed affection for their babies within a week of delivery and, in all groups of subjects, no longer term adverse effects were seen, such as post-natal depression or aggressive impulses directed at the baby. Three months post-natally it was, however, found that a mother was more likely to express feelings of dislike or indifference towards her baby if she was clinically depressed at the time.
The use of a Contract Admission Procedure on an Acute Psychiatric Admission Ward
Authors: Cook D. A. G. , Skeldon I.
Published: August 2008

The patients discharged from a 24 bed acute psychiatric admission ward over a six-month period after the introduction of a contract admission procedure were compared with a similar group, discharged over the identical six-month period of the preceding year, before the use of the new procedure. The length of stay in hospital was found to be reduced, but preliminary studies suggest that the re-admission rate is not significantly altered. There was no evidence to suggest that shortening the length of stay in hospital increased the likelihood of relapse, nor were increased demands made on the day hospital service.
Work and Suicide: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Shepherd D. M. , Barraclough B. M.
Published: August 2008

The work histories of 75 completed suicides and 150 controls were compared to test Durkheim's theory of the protective nature of work. The suicides showed more unemployment, more absence through illness, had more frequent job changes and held their jobs for shorter periods. They were less likely to retire gradually. There was no difference in social class mobility. Suicides were more likely to come from high risk occupations. The comparatively poor work record of the suicides is attributed to their high level of psychiatric morbidity.
Lithium Treatment in Post-psychotic Depression
Authors: Kammen Daniel P. Van , Alexander Paul E. , Bunney William E.
Published: August 2008

Six of eleven drug-free schizophrenic patients who were depressed following remission of their illness showed a significant decrease in their depressive symptomatology during a double-blind, placebo substitution lithium trial. Traditional indicators of prognosis did not predict lithium response in this small sample; the schizophrenic patients tolerated the lithium well. Lithium should be studied further in a larger patient sample as an adjunct in the treatment of post-psychotic depression, which frequently is treatment resistant.
Tryptophan, Cortisol and Puerperal Mood
Authors: Handley S. L. , Dunn T. L. , Waldron G. , Baker J. M.
Published: August 2008

Plasma Cortisol, free and total tryptophan were determined in 71 subjects on 8 occasions between 36 weeks gestation and 6 weeks post-partum. Affect was measured by rating scales and clinical interview. Twenty-eight subjects were judged to have experienced post-partum ‘blues'. Seasonal variation occurred in the incidence of ‘blues' and in Cortisol and free tryptophan levels. Puerperally-depressed mood was correlated with high Cortisol at 38 weeks irrespective of season. Free tryptophan was reduced in ‘blues' subjects but only at the time of year when free tryptophan was normally high. Total tryptophan was low antenatally; a rapid rise on days 1 and 2 post-partum was superimposed on a slower return to normal. This initial peak was clearly absent in 37 per cent of subjects. Its absence was significantly related to occurrence of post-partum ‘blues' and of complaints of depression in the ensuing 6 months. This finding is discussed in relation to the possible occurrence of an occult disturbance of tryptophan handling in subjects susceptible to depression.
Psychiatry, Ethics and the Criminal Law
Authors: Wootton Barbara
Published: August 2008

I am indeed sensible of the honour which you have conferred upon me, first, by including me among the honorary Fellows of the Royal College, and further by inviting me to deliver the 1979 Maudsley lecture. Equally am I conscious of my conspicuous lack of qualifications for these honours. My original university degree was in economics, a subject which hardly impinges upon psychiatry. My interest in your profession derives primarily from 44 years' experience as a magistrate (more often than not presiding) in London adult or juvenile courts, and, secondarily, from service as the former head of a University Department training social workers. Through these experiences I have not only had contacts with numerous psychiatrists about court cases and students, but have also got to know many of them personally, both at home and abroad. In this country my particular friends were the late Aubrey Lewis and our much beloved Peter Scott whose premature death has left a gap which many of us feel can never be filled. But I stand before you as a layman without any relevant professional qualification.
Artefactual Illness to Attract Medical Attention
Authors: Carney Michael W. P.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes 35 patients whose artefactual illness gained them admittance to hospital. The 15 wanderers were more likely than the 20 non-wanderers to have been in more than 10 hospitals, possessed histories exceeding 10 years, presented with abdominal or psychiatric complaints, volunteered poor work records and displayed psychopathic traits. The non-wanderers were more likely than the wanderers to possess socially conformist personalities. Twenty-six patients had severe sexual/marital problems. Neither group attended well for psychiatric follow up appointments.
The Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) Profile in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Hsu L. K. G. , Crisp A. H.
Published: August 2008

Patients with anorexia nervosa show a decrease in psychoneurotic symptomatology as measured by the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) as their clinical status improves. Those who remain ill continue to display a moderate degree of varied psychopathology 4 to 8 years after their presentation. Vomiters and those with anxiety on eating with others can be distinguished on the CCEI from those without such features. Lower anxiety, phobia, obsessional and somatic scores at presentation are predictive of good outcome in terms of weight and menstrual function 4 to 8 years later.
Social Relationships, Adversity and Neurosis: A Study of Associations in a General Population Sample
Authors: Henderson Scott , Byrne D. G. , Duncan-Jones P. , Scott Ruth , Adcock Sylvia
Published: August 2008

A standardized study of the point prevalence of non-psychotic disorder was carried out on a systematic sample of Canberra residents (N = 756). Rates were estimated for PSE CATEGO diagnoses and the Index of Definition. The association between neurosis and deficiencies in social relationships was examined, using the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). An objective measure of exposure to adversity was also obtained at interview. Both attachment and social integration (affectionally close and more diffuse relationships) were found to be negatively associated with neurosis. This association holds in its own right, in addition to an interaction with the load of adversity. The associations are weaker for men.

The significance of this work lies in its demonstration of an association between neurosis and the lack of social ties, and in its attempt to obtain a specification of those elements in social relationships which, when deficient, may be associated with neurosis. The direction of causality has now to be investigated.
Schizophrenia: Schneider's First-Rank Symptoms and Outcome
Authors: Bland Roger C. , Orn Helene
Published: August 2008

The files of a narrowly defined group of schizophrenic patients, admitted to hospital for the first time in their lives in 1963, and who were representative of cases from a large un-selected population, were examined for Schneider's first-rank symptoms. Forty-three such patients were followed-up in 1977. Using stepwise regression, it was found that Schneider's first-rank symptoms relate to outcome such that they can ‘explain’ from 17 per cent to 26 per cent of the variance on four outcome measures. The presence of some first-rank symptoms correlated positively with good outcome, others negatively, whilst some correlated differently with different outcome measures. Thus, assessment of only the presence, absence or number of first-rank symptoms is unlikely to relate to outcome.
Sir John Charles Bucknill 1817–1897: Our Founder
Authors: Langley G. E. , Langley G. E.
Published: August 2008

‘Citizen, soldier and psychologist’ was the description of Sir John used by his obituarist. He was an eminent psychiatrist of his time, but why is he mentioned as a psychologist and what did he do for the Army to be rewarded with a knighthood? He established his career in rural Devon and at the age of 27 he became the first medical superintendent of the Devon County Lunatic Asylum, now the Exminster wing of Exe Vale Hospital. Here he remained for 18 years, but at the age of 45 on becoming Lord Chancellor's Visitor, he retired with a pension of £650, the fruits of leading a vigorous campaign on behalf of medical superintendents who were previously unsuperannuated.
Hereditary Factors in Sleepwalking and Night Terrors
Authors: Kales Anthony , Soldatos Constantin R. , Bixler Edward O. , Ladda Roger L. , Charney Dennis S. , Weber Gary , Schweitzer Paula K.
Published: August 2008

The families of 25 probands with sleepwalking and 27 probands with night terrors were studied. Eighty per cent of the sleepwalking pedigrees and 96 per cent of the night terror pedigrees included one or more individuals, other than the proband, who were affected by sleepwalking, night terrors, or both. Our data appear to fit a ‘two threshold’ multifactorial mode of inheritance. This finding supports the hypothesis that sleepwalking and night terrors share a common genetic predisposition, with sleepwalking being a more prevalent and less severe manifestation of the same substrate that underlies night terrors. Heritable factors predispose an individual to develop sleepwalking and/or night terrors, but expression of the trait may be influenced by environmental factors.
Introducing a Course in Psychiatry Within the Enviroment of a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Chynoweth R. , Cannon R. A.
Published: August 2008

In 1977, the University of Adelaide extended the psychiatric training of medical undergraduates to their 6th year. The four weeks course in psychiatry, for groups of no more than sixteen students at one time, was spent at an acute receiving unit of a psychiatric hospital and combined with a series of visits to a wide range of psychiatric subspecialties in the community. A systematic evaluation of the course showed that it was well received by students and by the preceptors who supervised students in the various hospitals and psychiatric units.
Psychiatric Disorders in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: The Laterality Effect
Authors: Shukla G. D. , Katiyar B. C.
Published: August 2008

Relationship between the psychiatric diagnosis and the side of temporal EEG focus was analysed in 62 temporal lobe epileptics. Neurotics had right temporal foci significantly more frequently, while there was no such laterality effect in other psychiatric diagnostic groups.
A Study of Mental Illness in Asians, West Indians and Africans Living in Manchester
Authors: Carpenter L. , Brockington I. F.
Published: August 2008

First admission rates have been determined for immigrants living in Manchester. They show that immigrants as a whole had about twice the rate of British-born subjects, but that various subgroups had rates still higher, including those aged 35–44 and Asian women. According to hospital diagnoses the psychiatric conditions responsible for these increased rates are schizophrenia (in all groups) and neuroses and personality disorders (in the Asians). A case note study of the psychopathology showed, however, that the most characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia were not more common in the immigrants. It is concluded that most of the immigrants are suffering from paranoid psychoses, not schizophrenia.
Somatization in Saudi Women: A Therapeutic Challenge
Authors: Racy John
Published: August 2008

Clinical experience with women in strictly controlled socially inferior positions in Saudi Arabia illustrates how somatic complaints can express emotional problems which have no other outlets. The women are passive and for therapy to succeed an alliance with a male relative is necessary. Measures to combat passivity can be of great benefit.
Thyroid-Induced Mania in Hypothyroid Patients
Authors: Josephson Allan M. , Mackenzie Thomas B.
Published: August 2008

This retrospective study, based on 18 case reports, describes an organic affective syndrome, manic type, occurring shortly after the initiation of thyroid replacement in hypothyroid patients. The symptomatology and homogeneity of the syndrome offers insight into the relationship between thyroid activity and affective disturbance. The patients experiencing mania showed concurrent psychopathology at the time of replacement therapy, frequently had a past history of personal or familial psychiatric disorder and were given dosages in the high range of normal. The potential morbidity of the manic state was considerable. These findings suggest that a group of hypothyroid patients at risk can be identified. In such a group, lower initial dosages and gradual increases in dosage may be indicated.
Sodium Valproate in Schizophrenia: Some Biochemical Correlates
Authors: Lautin A. , Angrist B. , Stanley M. , Gershon S. , Heckl K. , Karobath M.
Published: August 2008

Sodium valproate given in doses of 750–3000 mg daily to eight schizophrenic patients produced a qualitatively similar increase in symptoms in five. CSF showed no significant change in γ-aminobutyric acid or methoxy hydroxyphenyl glycol, but homovanillic acid increased non-significantly in five patients.
Cluster Analysis and the Classification of Depression
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C. , Grove William M. , Maurer Ralph
Published: August 2008

During recent years there has been considerable controversy concerning the classification of depressive disorders. Investigators disagree as to whether depressive disorders are a single phenomenon with varying degrees of severity or are a group of two or more discrete illnesses with differing courses, prognoses, responses to treatment, familial backgrounds, aetiologies, and clinical pictures (Eysenck, 1970; Kendell, 1976; Foulds and Bedford, 1976; Andreasen and Winokur, 1979). They also disagree about the boundaries between depressive disorders and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and normality (Rothet al, 1972; Kayet al, 1976; Kendell and Gourlay, 1970a and b; Tsuanget al, 1976). There is no consensus as to what constitutes adequate validation of a nosological class; a variety of independent validators have been proposed, including genetic factors, outcome, responses to treatment, and neurochemical or neurophysiological markers (Guze, 1978; Blashfield and Draguns, 1976; Kupferet al, 1975; Reider and Gershon, 1978).
Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis: Two Identical Twin Pairs
Authors: McGuffin Peter , Mawson David
Published: August 2008

Two pairs of monozygotic twins concordant for obsessive-compulsive neurosis are described. In each the proband and co-twin developed their symptoms independently and without prior knowledge of the other's illness. Despite this there was a marked similarity of symptoms within each pair. The existence of these and other pairs reported elsewhere, strongly suggests that familial and possibly genetic factors contribute to the aetiology of the disorder.
Child Abuse and Attempted Suicide
Authors: Roberts Jacquie , Hawton Keith
Published: August 2008

Of a sample of families containing abused and at risk children, in 29 per cent one or both parents had attempted suicide. The rate at which the suicide attempts were repeated within a year was higher than that expected for other attempters of the same age group. A previous history of psychiatric disturbance and marital breakdown was strongly associated with the combination of child abuse and suicidal behaviour. The relationship between child abuse and attempted suicide did not appear in most cases to have been a direct one; often both forms of behaviour seemed to reflect marital difficulties.
Linkage between Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Mendlewicz J. , Linkowski P. , Wilmotte J.
Published: August 2008

Heredity has been shown to be an important factor in the aetiology of manic-depressive psychosis. Recent linkage studies with colour blindness have suggested the presence of an X-linked dominant gene in the transmission of manic-depressive psychosis. We report here positive evidence of a linkage between manic-depressive psychosis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in an informative family assorting for both traits. These results strengthen previous linkage studies in affective illness and support the hypothesis of X-linkage in a subgroup of manic-depressive psychosis.
Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Erythrocyte Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Depressive Illness
Authors: Whalley L. J. , Scott M. , Reading H. W. , Christie J. E.
Published: August 2008

Erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase activities were examined in twelve unipolar depressed patients receiving ECT. Eleven patients undergoing diagnostic cystoscopy served as controls for the acute effects of anaesthesia, and sixteen healthy subjects served as non-depressed controls. The unipolar depressed patients had a slight reduction in their (Na++K+)-ATPase activity but effective ECT treatment was not associated with any increase in this activity. This approach is unlikely to cast further light on the membrane phenomenology of depressive illness.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Telephone Counselling Service
Authors: Hornblow A. R. , Sloane H. R.
Published: August 2008

Despite the recent proliferation of telephone counselling services, there have been few rigorous studies of their effectiveness. Effectiveness has been assessed in terms of possible changes in suicide rate, caller compliance with counsellor recommendations, counsellor performance, and caller satisfaction, though none of these indices have been entirely satisfactory (Auerbach and Kilmann, 1977; France, 1975; Greer and Anderson, 1979). We have compared counsellors' and callers' perceptions by recontacting callers shortly after their initial call for help.
Childhood Autism and Social Class: A Question of Selection?
Authors: Wing Lorna
Published: August 2008

Children with typical autism, other early childhood psychoses and severe mental retardation without autistic behaviour were identified in an epidemiological study in an area of South East London. The social class distribution of their fathers was examined and no significant differences were found between the groups, nor in a comparison with the general population of the area. Fathers of children with autism and related conditions referred to an out-patient clinic with a special interest in autism, mostly at their own request, and fathers joining the National Society for Autistic Children, were of higher social class than both the average for England and Wales and the fathers of the study children. Joining the NSAC during its early years, and keeping up membership were also linked with higher social class. The findings supported the view that reports of a social class bias in autism may be explained by factors affecting referral and diagnosis.
Viloxazine in the Treatment of Depressive Neurosis: A Controlled Clinical Study with Doxepin and Placebo
Authors: McEvoy Joseph P. , Sheridan William F. , Stewart W. R. C. , Ban Thomas A. , Wilson William H. , Guy William , Schaffer J. David
Published: August 2008

In a four-week, double-blind, clinical trial thirty-one patients with depressive neurosis were treated with viloxazine, doxepin, or placebo. There were no differences among the three groups in therapeutic effects. Many depressed out-patients improve on placebo. Viloxazine hydrochloride is one of a series of compounds developed to explore the central nervous system activity of the aryloxypropanolamine type of β-adreno-receptor antagonists. Initial clinical studies support the hypothesis that viloxazine has antidepressant properties in man (Bayliss et al, 1974; Bereen, 1973; Pichot et al, 1975; Tsegos and Ekdawi, 1974).
Lithium Therapy in Aggressive Mentally Subnormal Patients
Authors: Dale P. G.
Published: August 2008

In a series of fifteen aggressive mentally subnormal patients treated with lithium carbonate, there was an improvement in aggressive behaviour in eleven cases, three patients showed no change and one patient became worse during lithium treatment. The response to lithium therapy was assessed by clinical observation and retrospective analysis of daily ward reports. Treatment had to be discontinued in one patient who developed tardive dyskinesia, but otherwise side effects were not a problem.
Morbidity Risks of Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders among First Degree Relatives of Patients with Schizophrenia, Mania, Depression and Surgical Conditions
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Winokur George , Crowe Raymond R.
Published: August 2008

One thousand five hundred and seventy eight first degree relatives of schizophrenics, manics, depressives and controls were personally interviewed using the Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview Form without knowledge of the probands' diagnoses. Our data, based on blind diagnostic assessment of the relatives, support the distinction between schizophrenia and affective disorders, although the distinction between schizophrenia and mania was not clear-cut. Our data could not support familial subtyping of paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia, and unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Future studies attempting to develop research criteria for subtyping schizophrenia and affective disorders should utilize not only clinical and familial data but also biological markers and other non-familial variables.
Schizophrenia on Paternal and Maternal Sides: An Analysis of Familial Factors
Authors: Baron Miron
Published: August 2008

Slater's model of assessing distribution patterns of ancestral secondary cases in family trees was applied to pedigree data on schizophrenia. Eighteen schizophrenic probands with at least two ill second-degree relatives were available for study. The distribution of unilateral to bilateral pairs of affected relatives did not deviate significantly from that expected in polygenic inheritance. Contrasting pedigrees with family history of chronic schizophrenia with pedigrees loaded with ‘soft spectrum’ disorders, i.e., borderline schizophrenia, did not alter the consistency of the data with polygenic transmission.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Three Different Methods of Psychiatric Case Finding in the General Population
Authors: Isaac Mohan K. , Kapur R. L.
Published: August 2008

A study was carried out to compare the sensitivity as well as cost of three different methods of psychiatric case detection. It was found that the simplest method, which involved interviewing about 3 per cent of the adult population, with a questionnaire taking only five minutes to complete, picked up as many adult epileptics and nearly as many psychotics as the inquiry with all the adults in the population using a sophisticated structured interview schedule. A method of medium complexity, in which the short five-minute questionnaire was given to one adult member of each family, detected in addition to all adult epileptics and psychotics, and many juvenile epileptics and mentally retarded.

The cost of the simplest method was one-ninth and that of the method of medium complexity, one-fifth of the cost of the most sophisticated method.

The method of medium complexity is recommended for use in the rural psychiatry programme of the developing countries.
Cognitive Assessment of the Elderly Long-Stay Patient
Authors: Gibson Andrew J. , Moyes I. C. A. , Kendrick Don
Published: August 2008

The revised Kendrick battery was used to assess level of cognitive functioning and subsequent cognitive change in a group of 40 long-stay elderly psychiatric patients. If it had been used for diagnosing organic dementia in this group, half would have been classified as dementing, although the clinical evidence was against such a diagnosis. It may therefore misclassify individuals who are functioning at a low cognitive level for other reasons. Alternative assessment procedures are now available for use with the elderly.
Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scales (PGDRS) A Method of Assessment for Use by Nurses
Authors: Wilkinson Ian M. , Graham-White J.
Published: August 2008

Validity and reliability studies of a method of assessment of the elderly mentally ill by nurses are presented. The method has the advantages of being brief, meaningful and structured into three areas which provide useful distinctions for nursing: Orientation, Behaviour, and Physical Capacity. Applications of the scales are discussed.
Evaluation and Change in a Psychogeriatric Ward Through Direct Observation and Feedback
Authors: Burton Mark
Published: August 2008

Direct observations were made of patients' behaviour during occupational therapy sessions in a psychogeriatric ward, and were used to suggest changes in the conduct of these sessions, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the changes. The intervention was successful in bringing about situation-specific increases in clients' appropriate behaviour.
Psychose Passionnelle in Successive Generations
Authors: Berry Jeanine , Haden Philip
Published: August 2008

This paper describes two women. The first was admitted to hospital having suddenly, and without adequate reason, developed the idea that a senior married colleague at her workplace had fallen deeply in love with her. The second woman is her mother, who had been admitted to the same hospital twenty-two years earlier with a well systematized delusion that her husband was unfaithful. Both syndromes have been described by de Clérambault as two of the three forms of psychose passionnelle. The present report is intended to clarify the concepts of psychose passionnelle and demonstrate the similarities between jealousy and erotomania. We believe these case histories describe the first reported instance of psychose passionnelle in successive generations of one family.
Conspicuous Firesetting in Children
Authors: Strachan James G.
Published: August 2008

The records of 79 children whose firesetting led to referral to a Children's Hearing (the Scottish equivalent of a juvenile court) were examined. All but one of the children were boys. They had very disturbed backgrounds, with much family disruption and absent or unemployed fathers. Firesetting was predominantly a group activity and the damage caused was extensive. Although the children frequently engaged in other offences, in over 90 per cent there was no recurrence of reported firesetting within the limited period of possible follow-up.
Physostigmine and Arecoline: Effects of Intravenous Infusions in Alzheimer Presenile Dementia
Authors: Christie J. E. , Shering A. , Ferguson J. , Glen A. I. M.
Published: August 2008

Physostigmine (0.25 mg-1 mg), arecoline (2 and 4 mg) and saline were administered intravenously over 30 minutes in a randomized double blind design to 11 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer presenile dementia. Significant improvement was seen on a picture recognition test with physostigmine 0.375 mg and arecholine 4 mg. A trend towards improvement was also seen with physostigmine 0.25 mg and 0.75 mg, and arecholine 2 mg. For the majority of the patients improvement was only slight but in two patients it was clear cut and consistent.
Blood Platelets and Psychiatry
Authors: Campbell Iain C.
Published: August 2008

Blood platelets appear to have a somewhat schizoid existence. Haematologically they are intimately connected with the process of clot formation (for review, see Zucker, 1980) and, at least from a research standpoint, this aspect of their being is largely separate from their use as models of monoaminergic neurones (for reviews, see Maynert and Isaac, 1968; Abrams and Solomon, 1969; Lingjaerde, 1977; Stahl, 1977; Pletscher, 1978).
An Experimental Study of the Clinical Judgment of General Physicians in Evaluating and Prescribing for Depression
Authors: Fisch Hans-Ueli , Hammond Kenneth R. , Joyce C. R. B. , O'Reilly Michael
Published: August 2008

Fifteen general physicians were given profiles of symptom combinations representing 80 depressed patients. They were asked to judge the severity of the disorder and to prescribe. There were two phases to the experiment the formal structure of both being the same. In the first phase, all physicians based their judgments only on the cues of the Hamilton Depression scale; in the second, each physician defined his own cues. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to the observations. Agreement between the judges was low. Most had a more complex policy, in regard to both judgment of the severity of the depression and prescribing, when selecting their own cues than when restricted to textbook variables, but used it more consistently. The observations have important implications for training and research in psychiatry and in psychopharmacology.
Abnormal Sexual Behaviour in Pre-Pubescent Children
Authors: Pomeroy John C. , Behar David , Stewart Mark A.
Published: August 2008

Abnormal sexual behaviour in pre-pubescent children is uncommon even in a psychiatrically referred population. Among 516 referrals there were 6 boys and 10 girls, the girls starting younger. The boys differed little in history or background from other conduct-disordered boys, but the girls were more commonly victims of sexual abuse and lacking a father in the home. The personalities of the girls suggested continued risk of sexual experimentation and possible development of personality disorder.
Relative Humidity and Manic Admissions in the London Area
Authors: Mawson David , Smith Alan
Published: August 2008

This report describes an investigation into a possible relationship between barometric pressure and relative humidity, and depressive and manic admissions in the London area. A negative correlation between manic admissions and relative humidity was observed when the data were examined in several ways.
Psychopathology and the Differentiation of Values, Emotions and Behaviours: A Repertory Grid Study
Authors: Leitner L. M.
Published: August 2008

Disturbed and non-disturbed subjects were compared on a Repertory Grid measure of the differentiation of values, emotions and behaviours. The disturbed subjects tended to show either excessively tightened or excessively loosened relationships between values, feelings and behaviours. Tight relationships denoted a close correspondence between a subject's assessment of these three items; loose relationships denoted a poor correspondence. Non-disturbed subjects showed more moderate relationships. Among the disturbed patients, loosened relationships were found in schizophrenics rather than neurotics or personality disorders and tightened relationships in neurotics and personality disorders rather than schizophrenics.
The Current Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Russell Gerald
Published: August 2008

Patients with anorexia nervosa may minimize their symptoms with the result that doctors often fail to appreciate the distress they experience. The drastic avoidance of food is passed off euphemistically as ‘dieting’, and in later stages of the illness the patient's suffering is increased by depression, loss of concentration and insomnia. Much misery is also endured by other members of the family who observe with dread the young girl's progressive wasting and appear overwhelmed by feelings of helplessness. The illness usually runs a prolonged course even when the outcome is eventually favourable. An uncertain but sizeable proportion of patients enter a chronic phase with persistent preoccupations about food, uncontrollable overeating, self-induced vomiting, and even more severe depression (bulimia nervosa). Anorexia nervosa is therefore an illness which exacts a high toll in terms of human suffering. For this reason and in view of an increased incidence of the illness (Kendellet al,1973; Crispet al,1976), it is desirable to improve methods of treatment and apply those currently available with the utmost skill.
The Two Manias: A Study of the Evolution of the Modern Concept of Mania
Authors: Hare Edward
Published: August 2008

In the year 1899 there occurred an event which has had great consequence for psychiatry. This was the publication of the sixth edition of Emil Kraepelin's textbook, where he introduced for the first time his distinction between manic-depressive insanity and dementia praecox. It was a distinction which rapidly became accepted almost everywhere in the world, and it still forms the basis of our thinking about the nature of the functional psychoses. Kraepelin's concept of mania was quite different from the concept of mania held during most of the nineteenth century; and so, historically speaking, there are two manias, more or less sharply separated by the Kraepelinian revolution. The purpose of the present essay is to give some account of the term mania in its pre-Kraepelinian sense and of the events which led Kraepelin to his new concept; and also (in Part II) to put forward a new idea of why this revolution came about.
The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression III. Comparison with Other Rating Instruments
Authors: Feinberg Michael , Carroll Bernard J. , Smouse Peter E. , Rawson Sarah G.
Published: August 2008

Patients in an affective disorders out-patient clinic were studied with four depression rating scales: the Hamilton rating scale (HRS) the Carroll rating scale (CRS) a clinical global rating of depression (CGRD) and the visual analogue scale (VAS). The overall correlations between the self ratings (CRS, VAS) and the observer ratings (HRS, CGRD) were highly significant. Both the HRS and the CRS distinguished mild from moderate, and moderate from severe depression. CRS scores increased more rapidly than HRS scores with increasing severity of depression. The concordance of self ratings and observer ratings was highest for the two structured instruments (HRS and CRS), and was lowest for the two global scales (CGRD and VAS). The global scales have the advantages of speed and simplicity, but at the cost of some reliability. Patients with non-endogenous depression had significantly increased self rating scores in comparison to patients with unipolar or bipolar endogenous depression. The correlations between the self ratings and the observer ratings were notably lower in patients with non-endogenous depression than in patients with endogenous depression. Euthymic bipolar patients rated themselves on the VAS as significantly less well than euthymic unipolar patients. The clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
The Work of the Psychiatrist in a Rehabilitation Hospital
Authors: Holland L K. , Whalley M. J.
Published: August 2008

Over an 18 month period, 49 patients in a physical rehabilitation hospital were referred to an attached psychiatrist. Formal psychiatric disorder was uncommon, and the mood changes and behaviour disturbances observed often resulted from a poor adjustment to recent physical disability by patients or their families. The most important role of the psychiatrist in management was in helping rehabilitation staff use their own skills to deal effectively with the inevitable emotional disturbances which occur in this setting.