bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Breeding-Back of the Tarpan
Authors: Heck Heinz
Published: September 2009

In Oryx, Vol. I, No. 3, the translation was published of an article by Heinz Heck entitled “The Breeding-back of the Aurochs”. In this Herr Heck described his experiments in resurrecting the aurochs, the wild ancestor of all present-day breeds of European cattle which became extinct over 300 years ago. The method used he calls “breeding-back” in which the aim is to direct the race back to a common ancestor. From skeletal remains and contemporary descriptions and paintings it was known what the aurochs looked like: a large neat, the bulls black with a broad yellowish-white stripe down the back and the cows red-brown; both sexes had white colouring round the muzzle and long, strong, curved, pale horns with black tips.
Wild Life and its Protection in Angola
Authors: Da Silva S. Newton
Published: September 2009

In spite of the considerable economic development of the last twenty-five years, and hence the occupation and “miseen-valeur” of large formerly unexplored areas and the intensification of motor car traffic in consequence of the opening of new roads, Angola is still a country with plenty of game. Game abounds especially in the southern part with its extended savannas. Certain areas, still little explored and thus still undisturbed along the Rivers Cunene and Cubango (Okavango), for instance, are known as exceptionally rich in game.
The Wild Life Situation in Southern Rhodesia, 1952
Authors: I. D. M.
Published: September 2009

It is sad to have to report that the game in Southern Rhodesia is fast disappearing and if the Government's present policy continues for much longer, it will be exterminated except in a few areas. In the past, this has happened in the Union of South Africa and now it is to repeat itself north of the Limpopo.
A Message to the Members of the Fauna Preservation Society from Mr. Fairfield Osborn
Authors: Osborn Fairfield
Published: September 2009

There are essences in human life which defy analysis. Who can measure the influence upon the human spirit of an inspiring passage of music or of a radiant line of poetry or prose ? The inner being of man is forever something apart from utilitarian or material influences. The story of Christ going into the wilderness has been accepted through the ages not merely as a symbol but as an essential episode in the personality of an individual. “I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills from whence cometh my help” is a prayer flowing naturally from the human heart that senses the oneness of the individual and the natural world.
Two Elephant Calves
Authors: Sheldrick David
Published: September 2009

On 1st July, 1954, the labourers working at the new lodge site at Aruba dam in the Royal Tsavo National Park, reported having seen a lone elephant calf come down to drink and go off again on its own. On the 3rd July, while watching some elephants watering at the dam, I noticed a small elephant calf wandering about in an aimless fashion at the far end of the dam. This calf made no attempt to join the herd watering, although it must have been aware of their presence, as they were making a considerable noise. After about twenty minutes the herd moved off, and the calf remained at the water's edge. This was obviously the same calf that had been seen by the labourers two days before. The surrounding country was extremely dry and there were several lions in the area, so I felt his chances of survival were pretty remote if left to his own devices. I decided, therefore, to capture him and try to rear him in captivity.
Roe Fawns
Authors: Tegner Henry
Published: September 2009

Roe-deer frequently bear twin fawns. My own observations in Northumberland during the past twenty years, however, led me at first to believe that single fawns were more usual in this part of the country. I was rather surprised, therefore, to learn that the Hancock Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne had received a number of roe fœtuses, during the early months of the past three years, all of which proved to be twins, in each case a male and a female.
The Swiss National Park
Authors: Zimmerli G. N.
Published: September 2009

The idea of a Swiss national park originated with the Swiss Society for Nature Research and this Society played the leading part in its realization. In 1906 the Society set up as part of its own organization a Swiss Nature Protection Commission and charged it to search for an area in Switzerland suitable for establishment as a reserve, in which all the animal and plant life could be protected against interference by man and so could be left entirely to the play of natural forces. It was not easy to find in Switzerland a suitably large area which still retained its original characteristics, was virtually free from human settlement, and contained some wealth of fauna and flora. After a careful survey of the whole country it became clear that the most suitable region was the Lower Engadine, with its isolated valleys on the eastern border of the country. The district in which, at the beginning of the century, bears had still lived was the one in which primitive nature could be found in its truest state.
The Courtship of African Elephants
Authors: Poles W. E.
Published: September 2009

The Luangwa Valley Game Reserve, in the northern, eastern and southern provinces of Northern Rhodesia, covers approximately 5,000 square miles. It is in two separate sections, divided by a comparatively narrow corridor which is inhabited by an African community. This strip of country embraces the Munyamadzi and Mupamadzi rivers, two of the Luangwa's rare perennial tributaries and cuts north-east to south-west across the valley from the Muchinga Hills to the Luangwa river.
Roe Deer and Fallow
Authors: Carne P. H.
Published: September 2009

It is of great interest to have confirmation from so experienced an observer as Dr. Peter Delap of apparent antipathy between roe and fallow deer in Lakeland, more especially as he suggests that the dominant species there is the roe. In every instance which I have investigated in the south where the two species have come into territorial collision, the successful contestant for “living-space” has been, in the long run, the fallow.
Notes on Roe Deer
Authors: Page F. J. Taylor
Published: September 2009

The ring shown in the accompanying photograph was made in mid-July by a roe doe and her twin fawns. The site chosen for their play was an old flint excavation near Brandon in Suffolk. During the early nineteenth century individual miners extracted flint by digging vertical shafts which were later filled in. A large number of crater-like pits and mounds of excavated earth remain and it was around the rim of one of these pits and its nearby mound that the deer chose to train its young. They were observed on several occasions circling rapidly. So frequent were these amazing displays of agility that a track was worn down to the chalky soil.
Mkomazi Game Reserve
Authors: Anstey David
Published: September 2009

During the past decade the slow retreat of wild life from its former wide range in northern Tanganyika has quickened. In many areas its disappearance is an accomplished fact; in others, such as the north Tanga country, the game population has been reduced to a figure that is probably below the minimum density for continued existence.
Spear-Fishing and Fish Extermination
Authors: Lewis Norman
Published: September 2009

Fish inhabiting shallow coastal waters in all accessible parts of the world are at this moment in the process of being exterminated, through the mass invasion of these waters by spear-fishermen. On the Mediterranean shores of France and Spain, and all round the coastline of Italy the process is almost complete, so far as several species of fish are concerned, and we learn from the magazines of spear-fishing enthusiasts, of new centres of their sport being continually established on the more remote coasts of the Adriatic, of Greece and of North Africa.
Weapons of the two African Rhinoceroses
Authors: Pitman Charles R. S.
Published: September 2009

In Oryx, November, 1955, there is an interesting note by Mr. E. O. Shebbeare—“Weapons of the Great Indian Rhinoceros”—indicating that this rhinoceros uses a pair of “tushes”, in the lower jaw, as its weapons of offence, and he asks the question whether the African rhinos actually use their horns as weapons.
Weapons of the Great Indian Rhinoceros
Authors: Glover Richard
Published: September 2009

The following note on the Great Indian rhinoceros appeared in The United Services Journal, November, 1849. Though it bears out Mr. Shebbeare's opinion, given in the last Oryx, that in general this rhinoceros uses his “tushes” not his horn in attack, it does also suggest that the horn may sometimes be of use as a secondary weapon.
The Balance of Nature—What Does it Mean?
Authors: De La Tour G. Dennler
Published: September 2009

Maintaining the balance of nature means keeping up the biological equilibrium; that is the quantitative balance between living beings, animals and plants. The term should refer to an area which can be defined fairly clearly, preferably from a biological standpoint.
A New Wild Life Reserve in Ceylon
Authors: Norris C. E.
Published: September 2009

In 1949 work commenced on the most ambitious development scheme so far carried out in Ceylon, for the opening up of some 400,000 acres of forest for agricultural and industrial purposes. The whole scheme comes under the auspices of an autonomous body “The Gal Oya Development Board”. A dam has been built across the Gal Oya, which is a perennial river, to form, a vast reservoir, the largest in the island, covering some 35·8 square miles. Large tracts of forest-land have been cleared for cultivation and settlement and a net-work of roads and distributory channels has been constructed.
The National Park of Gorongoza
Authors: de Alcantara Mario
Published: September 2009

“Gorongoza is, without any doubt, one of the most marvellous wild life sanctuaries in the world. The variety and abundance of animals is wonderful. Nobody should let slip an opportunity of seeing this place where old Africa has been safely preserved.”

These were the words of admiration which Mr. Victor Cahalane, chief biologist of the United States National Parks Department, entered in the visitors' book after his visit to the Gorongoza Park.
The National Park Idea: How to Interest the African Public
Authors: Bere R. M.
Published: September 2009

The world's first National Park was the Yellowstone Park in the United States of America, established by the United States Congress in 1872 “as a pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people”. This great Park, of over two million acres, was soon followed by others, first in America and then elsewhere, in a world-wide movement which has gradually been gaining impetus and which still continues, East and Central Africa being amongst the last and most tardy recruits to the field. Throughout, the emphasis has been on the preservation of wild land areas for public outdoor recreational and educational use. In 1933 the first move was made at international level to give tangible expression to this movement in the “Conference for the Protection of the Fauna and Flora of Africa”, held in London during that year and attended by delegates from all over the continent: other international meetings have followed.
Gorillas of Eastern Nigeria
Authors: March E. W.
Published: September 2009

A former chief of the Nigeria Forest Service once told me that a boyhood fascination for R. M. Ballantyne's book The Gorilla Hunters was one important deciding factor in his choice of tropical forestry as a career. I cannot claim any such romantic incentive in the choice of a career but nonetheless when I found myself in charge of a territory containing the habitat of one of the few remaining gorilla colonies in the Commonwealth, I was more than interested at the prospect of visiting the area and possibly observing these animals in their haunts.
Tweedsmuir Park
Authors: Tweedsmuir The Lady
Published: September 2009

In the autumn of last year my husband and I had an opportunity of exploring the park which was named after his father in 1937. Tweedsmuir Park is set in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, which so many people confuse with the Rockies. In fact, the Rockies, which form an almost continuous chain reaching southwards to Mexico, lie further to the east. Between their high jagged summits and the Pacific are a large number of mountain outcrops, each with its own name. There are three such in Tweedsmuir Park: the Quanchus, the Pattullo and the Rainbow ranges. Together they form the Coast Mountains of British Columbia.
Sable at Shingwedzi
Authors: Tomkinson Robin
Published: September 2009

In May and June I spent three weeks in the Kruger National Park, staying at Skukuza, Letaba, Shingwedzi and Satara. Though all these places are intensely interesting, in many ways Shingwedzi is the best of all. Being the northernmost camp, except Punda Maria, it is less frequented, and the country more genuinely wild than the southern districts which are easier to reach and very crowded in the tourist season.
Predator Control and Predator-Prey Relationships
Authors: Gabrielson Ira N.
Published: September 2009

In the last twenty years, many careful studies of predation and predator-prey relationships have been carried on by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, by various state conservation departments, and by private individuals and universities. Many of these studies have been carefully planned to work with as many factors as possible under control. In many of them, control areas were established for comparative purposes. As a result, there is a growing mass of information on predation based on something more than opinion or conclusions drawn from isolated observations.
The Birth of an Elephant
Authors: Poppleton F.
Published: September 2009

On 21st December, 1956, while on a routine visit to the Nyamasagani area of the Park, I heard a great commotion in the bush and found that it was caused by a herd of elephants. Part of the herd was spread out, but on the left there was a closely packed mass of animals all facing outwards. In the centre of them was a small black slimy object, which turned out to be a new born calf. The birth had clearly just taken place because the mother, easy to identify by her condition, and another cow elephant were removing the membrane covering the calf. This was at 11.15 a.m. For the next four hours the elephants remained under observation.
Poaching on the Kruger Boundary
Authors: Ivy R. Hewitt
Published: September 2009

In 1938, when I took over the Sibasa reserve on the borders of the Kruger National Park, I found that professional native poachers had established their kraals and lands all along and just outside its boundary. There were miles of cultivated lands, all with massive bush fences. In these, gaps were left at intervals of five to twenty yards, and in every gap was placed a steel wire snare. During the night when all was quiet the animals would leave the park to raid the native lands. Sometimes the poachers' catch would be so great that the snared animals could not be dealt with before the vulture and hyaenas had completely devoured the carcases. The wanton waste was terrific.
The Progress of the European Bison
Authors: Źabiński Jan
Published: September 2009

The number of species in danger of disappearing from the earth increases every year. Nevertheless, even the brief story of the two species belonging to the genus of bison cannot fail to evoke a striking picture of the two different ways in which man proceeds with his destruction of the animal world. One of these ways is obvious: the other may be almost imperceptible.
The Requirements of a Conservation Programme
Authors: Serventy V. N.
Published: September 2009

A good conservation programme may be considered under four headings,

The need for modern and flexible legislation.

Control of reserves.

Policy formulation.

The enlistment of public sympathy.

The need for modern and flexible legislation.—The first essential is legislation to protect fauna from destruction either by farmers or “sportsmen”. In Western Australia we have almost model legislation along these lines. There is “blanket” protection for all mammals and birds, while provision has been made for some to be declared unprotected should all the circumstances warrant it. In other words the long-established privilege of human beings in English countries to be considered innocent until proven guilty, has been extended to these two major groups of animals. Reptiles are still outside this “blanket”, though some species have been given safety, but by and large, this legislation can be considered satisfactory. Yet a negative attitude to conservation is scarcely sufficient; there is the question of preserving the habitat. Without this, many species must inevitably disappear.
Conservation as a World Problem
Authors: Pearsall W. H.
Published: September 2009

One of the most important aspects of the conservation of nature is its relation to a world problem: that of producing food and raw material in quantities sufficient to balance increases in population. This problem may, of course, be considered from various points of view. I shall consider it mainly from the point of view of an ecologist, starting from the fact that because the amount of highly productive land under cultivation is diminishing rather than increasing, it will be necessary to turn to regions at present marginal or undeveloped in order to produce any considerable increase in production.
With Elephants and Pannikans in Ceylon
Authors: Wienman A. N.
Published: September 2009

When I first visited Ruaneliya Estate in the Bingiriya area, 75 miles from the heart of the city of Colombo, 200 of its 1,200 acres were under coconuts, the rest was jungle. In spite of occasional raids by elephants, the coconuts did well; but as surrounding areas were opened up, the elephants became isolated in Ruaneliya and the surrounding jungles and their visits to the coconut plantation became more and more frequent.
The Manas—Assam's Unknown Wild Life Sanctuary
Authors: Burnett J. H.
Published: September 2009

The many people who left India at the advent of Independence, especially those who knew her rivers and forests, must surely ponder over what “things” are like now. They may have read of the deforestation, the effects of the jeep and the shot-gun (although neither of these are really new), or they may just have heard, vaguely, that “things are not what they were”.
The Roe Deer
Authors: Fooks H. A.
Published: September 2009

Roe deer have been called the “Fairies of the Woods” and their elfish charm and graceful movements certainly bear out this name. Even when found living in the proximity of man, they never lose their shyness in the same way as would the red or fallow under the same circumstances.

In spring and summer their coats are a foxy red unrelieved by any other colour except on the lips, which arc black with a white patch near the corners of the mouth and a patch of yellowish hair on the target (the rump). Although they actually have a tail, this is not visible; yet many old prints and some modern drawings as well, show them with tails which would not shame a fallow.
Four Rare Indian Animals
Authors: Gee E. P.
Published: September 2009

Until 1952 there was no agency in India directly concerned with the preservation of the country's wild life, and the Forest Departments of the various States were only able to extend a limited measure of protection within certain of the reserved forests under their jurisdiction.

At the end of 1952 the constitution of the Indian Board for Wild Life, consisting of non-officials as well as of officials, to advise the Central Government in New Delhi, was an important step forward in nature conservation in India. It was followed within a very short time by the constitution of State Wild Life Boards in nearly all the States of the Indian Union. By now several States also possess separate Wild Life Departments, within the Forest Department, concerned solely with the preservation of wild life.
Wild Life Flash Photography
Authors: Kitchener H. J.
Published: September 2009

For some twenty odd years I have been a photographer of wild life in the Malayan jungle with some measure of success in the daylight field. But not until eighteen months ago did I turn my attention to night photography—after watching a large sambar stag, hind and fortnight-old fawn one moonlight night from a hide near a salt lick.

My cameras are an Agiflex III, 2¼ × 2¼, with a 24 cm. tele lens and a 35 mm. Kine Exakta VX with a 13·5 cm. tele lens. These cameras are used side by side on a brass bar which is fitted on to a turn-tilt head on a very heavy solid tripod. The tripod is firmly established at one observation window of the hide. At the other window two flashguns are mounted either on tripods or posts driven into the ground. A third flashgun— an extension unit from one of the two main flashguns—is mounted on a post at the corner of the hide some 8 feet away from the cameras and 6 feet above them.
The Threat to the Ceylon Elephant
Authors: Morgan-Davies A. M.
Published: September 2009

For a number of reasons peculiar to Ceylon it is a practical impossibility to make anything but a very approximate estimate of the total elephant population of this island. In 1950, however, the warden of the Department of Wild Life announced the total population to be not much in excess of 1,000 animals; and if we are to work on any figure in assessing the present and future population trend, we must accept this estimate. The warden states further that the annual net increase of the wild population is in the neighbourhood of 6 per cent to 7 per cent which allows for natural deaths, and according to this figure we should, at the close of 1957, have had a total wild elephant population of about 1,500 animals. This, however, takes no account of the number of deaths by gunshot injuries, illicit captures, casualties during periods of intense drought, etc., that take place annually and do not seem to diminish over the years. The result is that, instead of a gradual increase or even the maintenance of a constant population, there is an annual net decrease of approximately thirty animals.
Saving North America's Endangered Species
Authors: Lincoln Frederick C.
Published: September 2009

This is a brief report on some of the birds and mammals that are, or have been, on the endangered list and which, in whole or in part, are under the jurisdiction of the United States Government. It describes the position up to June 30, 1958.

Species that apparently have been lost for ever include the ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus principalis, and the Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis. It is believed that the last ivory-billed woodpecker was seen by a biologist of the Fish and Wildlife Service on what is known as the “Singer Tract” in northern Lousiana in 1944. Within recent years, reports have been received that there were a few of these birds in some remote swamps in northern Florida. Careful investigation by qualified ornithologists failed to confirm these reports and the refuge set up for their intended protection has been abandoned.* There has not been an authentic record of the Eskimo curlew since 1945, when two were rather reliably reported from Galveston Island, Texas.
Monophyly of marsupial intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites from South America and Australia
Authors: MERINO SANTIAGO , MARTÍNEZ JAVIER , VÁSQUEZ RODRIGO A. , ŠLAPETA JAN
Published: September 2009

Intraerythrocytic parasites (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) of the South American mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile, South America, and of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) from Australia were found to be monophyletic using SSU rDNA and partial LSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed both species within the family Sarcocystidae. These intraerythrocytic parasites of marsupials represent an as yet unnamed genus predicted to have bisporocystic oocysts and tetrazoic sporocysts, which is a characteristic feature of all members of the family Sarcocystidae. These results show that erythrocytic parasites share a common ancestor and suggest co-evolution with their vertebrate host.
BIAS REDUCTION AND LIKELIHOOD-BASED ALMOST EXACTLY SIZED HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PREDICTIVE REGRESSIONS USING THE RESTRICTED LIKELIHOOD
Authors: Chen Willa W. , Deo Rohit S.
Published: September 2009

Difficulties with inference in predictive regressions are generally attributed to strong persistence in the predictor series. We show that the major source of the problem is actually the nuisance intercept parameter, and we propose basing inference on the restricted likelihood, which is free of such nuisance location parameters and also possesses small curvature, making it suitable for inference. The bias of the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates is shown to be approximately 50% less than that of the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates near the unit root, without loss of efficiency. The error in the chi-square approximation to the distribution of the REML-based likelihood ratio test (RLRT) for no predictability is shown to be$({\textstyle{3 \over 4}} - \rho ^2)n^{ - 1} (G_3 (\cdot) - G_1 (\cdot)) + O(n^{ - 2}),$where |ρ| < 1 is the correlation of the innovation series andGs(·) is the cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of a$\chi _s^2 $random variable. This very small error, free of the autoregressive (AR) parameter, suggests that the RLRT for predictability has very good size properties even when the regressor has strong persistence. The Bartlett-corrected RLRT achieves anO(n−2) error. Power under local alternatives is obtained, and extensions to more general univariate regressors and vector AR(1) regressors, where OLS may no longer be asymptotically efficient, are provided. In simulations the RLRT maintains size well, is robust to nonnormal errors, and has uniformly higher power than the Jansson and Moreira (2006,Econometrica74, 681–714) test with gains that can be substantial. The Campbell and Yogo (2006,Journal of Financial Econometrics81, 27–60) Bonferroni Q test is found to have size distortions and can be significantly oversized.
How vocabulary size in two languages relates to efficiency in spoken word recognition by young Spanish–English bilinguals
Authors: MARCHMAN VIRGINIA A. , FERNALD ANNE , HURTADO NEREYDA
Published: September 2009

Research using online comprehension measures with monolingual children shows that speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition are correlated with lexical development. Here we examined speech processing efficiency in relation to vocabulary development in bilingual children learning both Spanish and English (n=26 ; 2 ; 6). Between-language associations were weak: vocabulary size in Spanish was uncorrelated with vocabulary in English, and children's facility in online comprehension in Spanish was unrelated to their facility in English. Instead, efficiency of online processing in one language was significantly related to vocabulary size in that language, after controlling for processing speed and vocabulary size in the other language. These links between efficiency of lexical access and vocabulary knowledge in bilinguals parallel those previously reported for Spanish and English monolinguals, suggesting that children's ability to abstract information from the input in building a working lexicon relates fundamentally to mechanisms underlying the construction of language.
The Role of Gender Stereotypes in U.S. Senate Campaigns
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: September 2009

In this article, we rely on data from the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) to examine the impact of gender for U.S. senators running for reelection. We propose a theoretical explanation for why an incumbent's gender may influence how citizens evaluate senators, and we present empirical evidence showing that people develop distinct impressions of men and women senators during campaigns. In the 2006 election cycle, women senators were viewed more positively than their male counterparts. Some of the advantages women senators enjoyed were consistent with established gender stereotypes. In particular, women senators were viewed as more honest and more caring than male senators. Moreover, women senators were viewed as more competent at dealing with health-care issues. However, we did not find evidence for gender stereotypes that traditionally produce more positive views of male senators. For example, we did not find that male senators were viewed as stronger leaders or more experienced than women senators. People did not view male senators as better able to deal with economic issues.
International Initiative and Domestic Reforms: European Union Efforts to Combat Violence against Women
Authors: Montoya Celeste
Published: September 2009

Since the 1990s, many countries have adopted policies aimed at combating violence against women; however, despite widespread policy adoption, actual reform has been uneven at best. In this article, I analyze the role played by international organizations and transnational networks in promoting women's human rights. In the first section, I examine the different mechanisms by which states adopt new policies and the implications they have on prospects for implementation. I propose a new model, the umbrella pattern, that accounts for the decoupling of policy and practice caused by states with limited local capacity. In addition, I argue that international organizations can improve the prospects for domestic implementation by engaging in capacity-building strategies, such as resource distribution and the facilitation of transnational networks. In the second section, I present an empirical study of the European Union and its efforts to address violence against women. In regards to policy adoption, I evaluate its efforts at policy promotion and then provide a comparative and aggregate analysis of policy adoption in member and candidate states. To address EU capacity-building efforts, I focus on one particular initiative, the Daphne project, which is the EU's primary mechanism for addressing gender violence.
“Whatever the Party Asks of Me”: Women's Political Representation in Chile's Unión Demócrata Independiente
Authors: Hinojosa Magda
Published: September 2009

The most conservative party in Chile, the Unión Demócrata Independiente, has nominated and elected more women to local-level office than any of the other major parties in the country. In this article, I argue that the candidate selection processes used by this party explain how it has proposed more women candidates for municipal office than parties with defined ideological commitments to increasing women's representation. The party's use of candidate selection procedures that are both exclusive and centralized allow women to avoid important obstacles on the path to obtaining candidacies. The case of the Unión Demócrata Independiente is important, first, because it allows us to understand how a party without a commitment to increasing women's participation can nonetheless do so, and second, because it lays bare the causal mechanisms of candidate selection procedures and increases our understanding of the effects that these processes have on female representation.
Why a Feminist Theorist Studies Methods
Authors: Ackerly Brooke
Published: September 2009

What are the injustices of the world? What causes them? How might we mitigate them? Feminism needs empirical inquiry in all subfields to inform our understanding of the world and our normative reflections on it. Feminist theorists do not necessarily need to do it ourselves, but we do need it. Because we need empirical research, we need to be able to evaluate its methodology. In international relations, feminist scholars adopt and develop methods previously developed in other fields for nonfeminist questions. Feminist theorists need to evaluate this adoption and development by feminist IR in order to learn all we can and should from feminist IR scholarship.
Recent changes in freezing level heights in the Tropics with implications for the deglacierization of high mountain regions
Authors: Bradley Raymond S. , Keimig Frank T. , Diaz Henry F. , Hardy Douglas R.
Published: September 2009

The height of the freezing level in the tropical atmosphere (the free air 0°C isotherm) has increased across most of the region, particularly in the outer Tropics. In the tropical Andes, south of the Equator, high elevation surface temperatures and upper air data show a similar trend in temperature, of ∼0.1°C/decade over the last 50 years. Meteorological observations at 5680 m on the summit of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, the largest ice mass in the Tropics, indicate that daily maximum temperatures often exceed 0°C from October–May, and rise well above freezing for much of the year around the ice cap margin at 5200 m. This is consistent with observations of a rise in the percolation facies (an indicator of surface melting) in recent decades, and other observations of marginal recession, showing that the ice cap is rapidly losing mass. Similar conditions are likely to be affecting other high elevation ice caps and glaciers in Ecuador, Perú and Bolivia, with important implications for water supplies in the region. Over the Tropics as a whole, freezing level height (FLH) is closely related to mean SSTs, with inter‐annual variations in FLH controlled by the phase of ENSO variability. More extensive monitoring of climatic conditions at high elevations in the mountains of the Tropics is urgently needed.
Coseismic deformation of the destructive April 6, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (central Italy) from GPS data
Authors: Anzidei M. , Boschi E. , Cannelli V. , Devoti R. , Esposito A. , Galvani A. , Melini D. , Pietrantonio G. , Riguzzi F. , Sepe V. , Serpelloni E.
Published: September 2009

On April 6, 2009, 01:32:39 GMT, the city of L'Aquila was struck by a Mw 6.3 earthquake that killed 307 people, causing severe destruction and ground cracks in a wide area around the epicenter. Four days before the main shock we augmented the existing permanent GPS network with five GPS stations of the Central Apennine Geodetic Network (CaGeoNet) bordering the L'Aquila basin. The maximum horizontal and vertical coseismic surface displacements detected at these stations was 10.39 ± 0.45 cm and −15.64 ± 1.55 cm, respectively. Fixing the strike direction according to focal mechanism estimates, we estimated the source geometry with a non linear inversion of the geodetic data. Our best fitting fault model is a 13 × 15.7 km2rectangular fault, SW‐dipping at 55.3 ± 1.8°, consistent with the position of observed surface ruptures. The estimated slip (495 ± 29 mm) corresponds to a 6.3 moment magnitude, in excellent agreement with seismological data.
Earthquake swarms in non‐volcanic regions: What fluids have to say
Authors: Bräuer Karin , Kämpf Horst , Strauch Gerhard
Published: September 2009

The detailed processes generating earthquake swarms are complex and not fully understood. Most earthquake swarms occur in volcanic regions and mid‐ocean rifts. Here, we report new 3He/4He data of free gases monitored at CO2‐rich degassing locations close to the Nový Kostel focal zone (NKFZ) located in the western Eger rift. The NKFZ is known for the recurrence of earthquake swarms at which the focal zone ranges between 6 and 12 km depth. At degassing locations neighboring to the NKFZ a progressive increase of mantle‐derived helium has been observed during the last 15 years – actually the highest 3He/4He ratios (>6 Ra) in Central Europe. The 3He/4He anomalies indicate hidden magmatic activity. We assume that the latest strong earthquake swarm in October 2008 was initiated by a hidden magma intrusion process from the upper mantle into the lower crust that has been indicated by a three month lasting increase of the 3He/4He ratios in spring 2006 at all degassing locations near the NKFZ.
Long‐term polar motion excited by ocean thermal expansion
Authors: Landerer Felix W. , Jungclaus Johann H. , Marotzke Jochem
Published: September 2009

Ocean warming is commonly considered unable to excite significant long‐term trends in polar motion. Here, however, we argue that this assumption needs to be revised. We demonstrate that steric sea level rise leads to a distinct pattern of horizontal mass redistribution within ocean basins and hence to ocean bottom pressure changes that alter Earth's inertia tensor on decadal and longer time scales. Based on Earth system model simulations, we estimate that ocean warming leads to polar motion of 0.15 to 0.20 milli‐arcseconds per one millimeter of thermal sea level rise. This is equivalent to a polar motion rate of about 0.47 milli‐arcseconds per year towards 155°W to 160°W for current projections of steric sea level rise during the 21st century. The proposed polar motion signal is therefore not negligible in comparison to other decadal and secular signals, and should be accounted for in the interpretation of polar motion observations.
Dynamic response of oceanic hydrates to sea level drop
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Flemings Peter
Published: September 2009

During sea‐level drop, water and gas pressures within oceanic hydrate systems can exceed the total vertical stress and this can drive slope failure and gas venting. We investigate this behavior with a multi‐phase fluid and heat flow model. During sea‐level drop, fluid pressures drop much less than the total stress due to both the high gas compressibility and hydrate dissociation. In permeable sediments, hydrate dissociation, water expulsion and gas mobility combine to induce underpressure and downward water flow from the seafloor. This study provides a causal mechanism for slope failure and fluid exchange that occur in hydrate systems during sea‐level fall.
ChemAxiom – An Ontological Framework for Chemistry in Science
Authors: Adams Nico , Cannon Edward , Murray-Rust Peter
Published: September 2009

We present ChemAxiom as the first ontological framework for chemistry in science. ChemAxiom enables discourse about chemical objects in a computable language and is useful for the management of chemical concepts and data, the retrospective typing of resources, the identification of ambiguity and supports chemical text mining.
Sex Differences in High‐fat Diet‐induced Obesity, Metabolic Alterations and Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity Deficits in Mice
Authors: Hwang Ling‐Ling , Wang Chien‐Hua , Li Tzu‐Ling , Chang Shih‐Dar , Lin Li‐Chun , Chen Ching‐Ping , Chen Chiung‐Tong , Liang Keng‐Chen , Ho Ing‐Kang , Yang Wei‐Shiung , Chiou Lih‐Chu
Published: September 2009

Obesity is a potential risk factor for cognitive deficits in the elder humans. Using a high‐fat diet (HFD)–induced obese mouse model, we investigated the impacts of HFD on obesity, metabolic and stress hormones, learning performance, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Both male and female C57BL/6J mice fed with HFD (3 weeks to 9–12 months) gained significantly more weights than the sex‐specific control groups. Compared with the obese female mice, the obese males had similar energy intake but developed more weight gains. The obese male mice developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperleptinemia, but not hypertriglyceridemia. The obese females had less hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia than the obese males, and no hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. In the contextual fear conditioning and step‐down passive avoidance tasks, the obese male, but not female, mice showed poorer learning performance than their normal counterparts. These learning deficits were not due to sensorimotor impairment as verified by the open‐field and hot‐plate tests. Although, basal synaptic transmission characteristics (input–output transfer and paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) ratio) were not significantly different between normal and HFD groups, the magnitudes of synaptic plasticity (long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD)) were lower at the Schaffer collateral‐CA1 synapses of the hippocampal slices isolated from the obese male, but not female, mice, as compared with their sex‐specific controls. Our results suggest that male mice are more vulnerable than the females to the impacts of HFD on weight gains, metabolic alterations and deficits of learning, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
Blood Vessel Density in De Novo Formed Adipose Tissue Is Decreased Upon Overexpression of TIMP‐1
Authors: Scroyen Ilse , Jacobs Frank , Cosemans Leentje , De Geest Bart , Lijnen Henri R.
Published: September 2009

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) play a role in the development of obesity by contributing to adipogenesis, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix degradation. We have evaluated a potential functional role of TIMP‐1, which inhibits most MMPs, in in vivo adipogenesis. Therefore, human (h) TIMP‐1 was overexpressed by injection in the tail vein of NUDE mice of an adenoviral vector 3 days before injection of 3T3‐F442A preadipocytes in the back. After 4 weeks of high‐fat diet, the de novo formed fat was analyzed. Overexpression of hTIMP‐1 had no effect on de novo formed fat pad mass. However, the blood vessel density of the fat pads from mice overexpressing hTIMP‐1 was significantly lower than in controls (587 ± 11 mm−2 vs. 806 ± 20 mm−2, P < 0.0001) whereas the adipocytes were somewhat larger (1,477 ± 44 µm2 vs. 1,285 ± 32 µm2, P = 0.03). Thus, in vivo hTIMP‐1 overexpression did not significantly affect the extent of de novo adipose tissue formation, but was associated with significantly lower blood vessel density.
Preferences and Self‐efficacy for Diet Modification Among Primary Care Patients
Authors: Bartfield Jessica K. , Ojehomon Norma , Huskey Karen W. , Davis Roger B. , Wee Christina C.
Published: September 2009

Limited data exist about patient preferences and self‐efficacy for different diets. We explored the preferences and self‐efficacy of primary care patients for reducing fat, reducing carbohydrates, or reducing calories. We conducted a self‐administered survey study of 71 primary care patients (response rate of 52%). Of patients, 59%, 53%, and 60% had high self‐efficacy for reducing fat, reducing carbohydrates, and reducing calories from their diet, respectively. Preferences were comparable, with 76% highly willing to reduce fat, 76% highly willing to reduce carbohydrates, and 72% of patients highly willing to reduce calories/portions. Female sex and higher BMI were associated with high self‐efficacy for all three dietary changes. A significantly higher proportion of nonwhites than whites had high self‐efficacy for reducing fat and reducing carbohydrates (P < 0.05). Obese patients in our study have similarly high willingness and self‐efficacy and comparable preferences for adopting changes consistent with three popular diets.
Cell‐surface display of the active mannanase in Yarrowia lipolytica with a novel surface‐display system
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Song , Jiang Zheng‐Bing , Song Hui‐Ting , Jiang Si‐Jing , Madzak Catherine , Ma Li‐Xin
Published: September 2009

A novel surface‐display system was constructed using the cell‐wall anchor protein Flo1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mannanase (man1) from Bacillus subtilis fused with the C‐terminus of Flo1p and the 6×His tag was inserted between Flo1p and man1. The fusion protein was displayed on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica successfully, and it was confirmed by immunofluorescence. In succession, the surface‐displayed mannanase was characterized. The optimum catalytic conditions for the recombinant mannanase were 55 °C at pH 6.0, and it exhibited high stability against pH variation. The highest activity of the recombinant mannanase reached 62.3 IU/g (dry cell weight) after the recombinant was cultivated for 96 h in YPD medium [1% (w/v) yeast extract/2% (w/v) peptone/2% (w/v) glucose]. To our knowledge, the present paper is the first to report that high‐activity mannanase is displayed on the cell surface of Y. lipolytica with Flo1p.
Class I Rab11‐family interacting proteins are binding targets for the Rab14 GTPase
Authors: Kelly Eoin E. , Horgan Conor P. , Adams Christine , Patzer Tomasz M. , Shúilleabháin Deirdre M. Ní , Norman Jim C. , McCaffrey Mary W.
Published: September 2009

Background information. Rab11 and Rab14 are two related Rab GTPases that are believed to function in endosomal recycling and Golgi/endosome transport processes. We, and others, have identified a group of proteins that interact with Rab11 and function as Rab11 effectors, known as the Rab11‐FIPs (family interacting proteins). This protein family has been sub‐classified into two groups—class I FIPs [FIP2, RCP (Rab coupling protein) and Rip11 (Rab11‐interacting protein)] and class II FIPs (FIP3 and FIP4).

Results. In the present study we identify the class I FIPs as dual Rab‐binding proteins by demonstrating that they also interact with Rab14 in a GTP‐dependent manner. We show that these interactions are specific for the class I FIPs and that they occur via their C‐terminal regions, which encompass the previously described RBD (Rab11‐binding domain). Furthermore, we show that Rab14 significantly co‐localizes with the TfnR (transferrin receptor) and that Rab14 Q70L co‐localizes with Rab11a and with the class I FIPs on the ERC (endosomal recycling compartment) during interphase. Additionally, we show that during cytokinesis Rab14 localizes to the cleavage furrow/midbody.

Conclusions. The data presented in the present study, which identifies the class I FIPs as the first putative effector proteins for the Rab14 GTPase, indicates greater complexity in the Rab‐binding specificity of the class I FIP proteins.
Activating transcription factor 2 increases transactivation and protein stability of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in hepatocytes
Authors: Choi Jeong Hae , Cho Hyun Kook , Choi Yung Hyun , Cheong JaeHun
Published: September 2009

HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor 1) performs a crucial role in mediating the response to hypoxia. However, other transcription factors are also capable of regulating hypoxia-induced target-gene transcription. In a previous report, we demonstrated that the transcription factor ATF-2 (activating transcription factor 2) regulates hypoxia-induced gene transcription, along with HIF-1α. In the present study, we show that the protein stability of ATF-2 is induced by hypoxia and the hypoxia-mimic CoCl2 (cobalt chloride), and that ATF-2 induction enhances HIF-1α protein stability via direct protein interaction. The knockdown of ATF-2 using small interfering RNA and translation-inhibition experiments demonstrated that ATF-2 plays a key role in the maintenance of the expression level and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. Furthermore, we determined that ATF-2 interacts directly with HIF-1α both in vivo and in vitro and competes with the tumour suppressor protein p53 for HIF-1α binding. Collectively, these results show that protein stabilization of ATF-2 under hypoxic conditions is required for the induction of the protein stability and transactivation activity of HIF-1α for efficient hypoxia-associated gene expression.