bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of myeloperoxidase in the pathogenesis of postoperative adhesions
Authors: Saed Ghassan M. , Jiang Zhongliang , Diamond Michael P. , Abu‐Soud Husam M.
Published: July 2009

Hypoxia induces the adhesion phenotype, characterized by enhanced extracellular matrix molecule and cytokine expression. Additionally, hypoxia reduces myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in normal peritoneal fibroblasts to basal levels of adhesion fibroblasts indicating the importance of this enzyme in the development of the adhesion phenotype and also in tissue fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect and localize MPO and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in fibroblasts. Silencing of these genes was performed using siRNA technology. Levels of iNOS, MPO, type I collagen, and transforming growth factor were detected using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), while HPLC was used to measure nitrate/nitrite levels. Our results show a unique interaction between MPO and iNOS, which are colocalized in both cell lines. Silencing iNOS reduced MPO and nitric oxide levels while silencing MPO had similar results, but to a lesser extent in both cell types. Additionally, silencing iNOS reduced type I collagen and transforming growth factor‐β in adhesion fibroblasts, but to a lesser extent in peritoneal fibroblasts. These studies identify MPO and iNOS as key enzymes in the cellular response to hypoxia and consequent development of tissue fibrosis.
Collagen cross‐linking by adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells and scar‐derived mesenchymal cells: Are mesenchymal stromal cells involved in scar formation?
Authors: Van Den Bogaerdt Antoon J. , Van Der Veen Vincent C. , Van Zuijlen Paul P.M. , Reijnen Linda , Verkerk Michelle , Bank Ruud A. , Middelkoop Esther , Ulrich Magda M.W.
Published: July 2009

In this work, different fibroblast‐like (mesenchymal) cell populations that might be involved in wound healing were characterized and their involvement in scar formation was studied by determining collagen synthesis and processing. Depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the tissues, specific collagen cross‐linking routes are followed. In skin the cross‐linking of the pyridinium type is normally very low; however, in different forms of fibrosis increased levels of this type of cross‐linking have been found. The enzyme lysyl hydroxylase‐2b (LH‐2b) plays a crucial role in this type of cross‐linking. The gene expression levels of LH‐2b, α‐smooth muscle actin, and collagen types I and III were determined in dermis, subcutaneous fat, and (hypertrophic) scar tissue as well as in isolated cultured mesenchymal cells derived from these tissues, by real‐time RT‐polymerase chain reaction. Cultured mesenchymal cells from fat and scar tissue as well as the tissues itself showed significantly higher expression of LH‐2b, α‐SMA, and collagen type I than dermal mesenchymal cells. LH‐2b‐dependent pyridinium cross‐linking was significantly enhanced in fat and scar tissue compared with dermis. FACS analysis was performed to characterize the fibroblast‐like cells from the dermis, fat, and scar tissue. All cell populations express the distinct pattern of CD markers also expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells. Furthermore, parts of these cell populations were able to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. We conclude, therefore, that mesenchymal (stem) cells from the subcutaneous fat might be responsible for the accumulation of collagen in these scars.
A chronic pressure ulcer model in the nude mouse
Authors: Wassermann Esther , Van Griensven Martijn , Gstaltner Karin , Oehlinger Wolfgang , Schrei Karl , Redl Heinz
Published: July 2009

The pathophysiology of pressure ulcers is not yet fully understood. Widely used experimental models lead to pressure ulcers in the skin and the subcutaneous tissue only. The aim of the present study was to develop a clinically relevant deep pressure ulcer model in nude mice involving all relevant tissue layers. Balb/c nude mice were anesthetized and a steel disk was implanted under the great gluteus muscle. Full recovery was allowed for 10 days. Pressure was then periodically applied (2 hours compression, 1 hour recovery) using a Neodymium magnet in conjunction with the disk in the unanesthetized mouse. Cycles were repeated for 1, 4, 6, 8, or 10 times. Controls underwent the same procedure without placement of the magnet. The pressure ulcer grade was found to be cycle dependent,with the highest degree after 10 cycles. Histological evaluations revealed signs of necrosis in the skin and subcutaneous fat after four, and in the muscle after eight and 10 cycles of compression. Polymorphnuclear granulocyte infiltration in certain layers was found to be dependent on the number of cycles. We conclude that this clinically relevant nude mouse model can be used to investigate the mechanism of pressure ulcer development and to study new therapeutic approaches.
Comparative in vitro study on cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and binding capacity for pathophysiological factors in chronic wounds of alginate and silver‐containing alginate
Authors: Wiegand Cornelia , Heinze Thomas , Hipler Uta‐Christina
Published: July 2009

Chronic wounds contain elevated levels of proteases, proinflammatory cytokines, and free radicals. The presence of bacteria further exaggerates the tissue‐damaging processes. For successful treatment, the wound dressing needs to manage wound exudates, create a moist environment, inhibit infection, bind pathophysiological factors that are detrimental to wound healing, and provide thermal isolation. Furthermore, it has to relieve pain, be easy to use, show no allergic potency, and not release toxic residues. The present study suggests a comprehensive in vitro approach to enable the assessment of wound dressings to support optimal conditions for wound healing. Three alginate‐based wound dressings: alginate alone, alginate containing ionic silver, and alginate with nanocrystalline silver, were tested for biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity, and influence on chronic wound parameters such as elastase, matrix metalloproteases‐2, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐8, and free radical formation. Alginate was found to bind considerable amounts of elastase, reduce the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibit the formation of free radicals. Furthermore, alginate showed antibacterial activity and high biocompatibility. Incorporation of silver into alginate fibers increased antimicrobial activity and improved the binding affinity for elastase, matrix metalloproteases‐2, and the proinflammatory cytokines tested. Addition of silver also enhanced the antioxidant capacity. However, a distinct negative effect of silver‐containing alginates on human HaCaT keratinocytes was noted in vitro.
Impact of injection drug use on distribution and severity of chronic venous disorders
Authors: Pieper Barbara , Templin Thomas N. , Kirsner Robert S. , Birk Thomas J.
Published: July 2009

We examined chronic venous disorders (CVD) in persons who injected illicit drugs. The study design was cross‐sectional, comparative stratified by age, gender, ethnicity, as well as by three types of drug use (noninjection; arm or upper body injection only; and legs with or without upper body injection). Subjects completed demographic, health, and substances abuse questionnaires and were evaluated using the clinical component of the Clinical‐Etiology‐Anatomy‐Pathophysiology Classification. Seven hundred and thirteen participants were evaluated. Those who injected in the legs ± arms had significantly worse CVD. Thirty‐nine percent of leg ± arm injectors vs. 4.2% or noninjectors or arm only injectors had moderate to severe CVD. Persons who injected in the legs ± arms were 9.14 times more likely to develop venous ulcers than those that injected in the arms and upper body only and 34.64 times more likely as those who never injected. CVD was associated with injecting in the groin, legs and feet as compared with other sites. The pattern of disorders associated with leg injection is consistent with the underlying pathology of chronic venous insufficiency.
Adenovirus‐mediated METH1 gene expression inhibits hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model
Authors: Song Baoqiang , Zhang Wei , Guo Shuzhong , Han Yan , Zhang Yang , Ma Fucheng , Zhang Linxi , Lu Kaihua
Published: July 2009

Hypertrophic scarring remains a major problem for patients who have suffered from surgeries or burns. Vascularization plays an important role in the early phase of hypertrophic scarring. Therefore, the inhibition of angiogenesis might be used as a preventive strategy. In this study, we assessed the effect of anti‐angiogenesis resulting from adenovirus‐mediated METH1 (metalloprotease and thrombospondin1) gene expression on the hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model of hypertrophic scarring. We first investigated the number of microvessel and microcirculatory perfusion in untreated scars on days 10, 30, 60, and 90 after epithelialization. Then, we examined the effect of anti‐angiogenesis by adenovirus‐mediated METH1 expression on hypertrophic scar formation by calculating the scar elevation index, counting the microvessel and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region particle, and detecting the amount of collagen on days 30 and 60 after treatment. We found that untreated scar tissues at the proliferative phase (days 10–60 after epithelialization) had a significantly higher density of microvessel and microcirculatory perfusion than those at the mature phase (day 90 after epithelization) (both p<0.05). On days 30 and 60 after treatment, the hypertrophic scar formation was significantly inhibited in the treatment group. There was significantly reduced scar elevation index, microvessel count, number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region, and total collagen content for treated scars. Our results demonstrate that METH1 has a markedly inhibitive effect on the formation of hypertrophic scar, and may thus have a promising application in the prevention of human hyperthropic scars.
Oxygen deprivation inhibits basal keratinocyte proliferation in a model of human skin and induces regio‐specific changes in the distribution of epidermal adherens junction proteins, aquaporin‐3, and glycogen
Authors: Straseski Joely A. , Gibson Angela L. , Thomas‐Virnig Christina L. , Allen‐Hoffmann B. Lynn
Published: July 2009

It is generally accepted that hypoxia and recovery from oxygen deprivation contribute to the breakdown and ulceration of human skin. The effects of these stresses on proliferation, differentiation and expression of cell–cell adhesion molecules were investigated for the first time in an organotypic model of human skin. Fully stratified tissues were exposed to a time course of oxygen deprivation and subsequent reoxygenation. Regional changes in keratinocyte morphology, glycogen stores and cellular junctions were observed, with more differentiated layers of the epidermis exhibiting the first evidence of oxygen deprivation. Cellular swelling within the granular layer was concurrent with aquaporin‐3 depletion. The keratinocyte adherens junction proteins E‐cadherin and β‐catenin were dramatically decreased in a regio‐specific manner throughout the epidermis following oxygen deprivation. In contrast, P‐cadherin and the desmosomal proteins desmoplakin and desmoglein‐1 were refractory to oxygen deprivation. Relative to normoxic controls, hypoxic tissues exhibited increased mRNA levels of the transcriptional repressor Slug; however, mRNA levels of the related transcriptional factor Snail were unaffected. All cellular and molecular changes were reversible upon reoxygenation. These results show that oxygen deprivation and reoxygenation exert differential effects on epidermal adhesion proteins and suggest a novel role for cadherins, β‐catenin, and Slug in hypoxia‐induced junctional changes occurring in stratified squamous epithelium.
CD4/CD8 T‐Cell Ratio in Peritoneal Dialysis Effluents Predicts the Outcome of Peritonitis in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Griveas Ioannis , Fleva Alexandra , Karanikas Evagellos , Gogos Konstantina , Sakellariou George
Published: July 2009

This study aimed to clarify the role of peritoneal T‐lymphocytes in peritoneal immune defense mechanisms. This study was designed to examine the changes in T‐cell subpopulations during peritonitis in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Our observations were correlated to responses to treatment and with outcomes. The present study was carried out in 20 patients (8 males, 12 females) under CAPD. Peritonitis was diagnosed according to the criteria defined by the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on Peritonitis Management. Peritoneal dialysate effluent (PDE) samples were collected from our patients, and lymphocyte subsets (CD2+, CD3+, CD3+/4+, CD3+/8+, CD3−/16+56+, CD4/CD8 ratio) were quantitated by using monoclonal antibodies. CD4/CD8 ratio was measured every day during peritonitis until the patients had completely recovered. The serial measurements of the CD4/CD8 ratio made in the PDE during peritonitis followed two patterns: the first pattern was characterized by a progressive increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio. The CD4/CD8 ratios on days 5, 6, and 7 were significantly higher than those on day 1 (P < 0.05). Overall, the patients who exhibited pattern 1 had favorable clinical courses. The second pattern was characterized by high initial CD4/CD8 ratios, which progressively decreased significantly (P < 0.05). This second pattern was associated with a delayed clinical response to treatment. Symptoms and signs of peritonitis persisted beyond 72 h. The pattern of the CD4/CD8 ratio in PDE may determine the outcome of peritonitis in CAPD patients.
Post‐Traumatic Headache: Commentary: An Overview
Authors: Solomon Seymour
Published: July 2009

The history of post‐traumatic headache begins in the middle of the 19th century, and its latest iteration has been defined in the International Headache Classification of 2004. Contrary to the latter, there are instances when mild head injury without symptoms or signs of concussion may evoke the pathophysiological changes of migraine. The mechanisms of chronic post‐traumatic headache and the associated syndrome are complex and include pathophysiological, psychological, and socioeconomic factors. Treatment of these headaches is similar to that of the primary headaches with particular attention to nonpharmacological measures.
CD133+ cell content does not influence recovery time after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Jaime‐Pérez José Carlos , Guillermo‐Villanueva Víctor A. , Méndez‐Ramírez Nereida , Chapa‐Rodríguez Adrián , Gutiérrez‐Aguirre Homero , Gómez‐Almaguer David
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Infusion of an adequate dose of CD34+ mononuclear hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the single most important variable to assure success in hematopoietic grafting. CD133+ HSCs constitute the CD34+ subgroup with higher differentiation potential. The number of granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐mobilized CD133+ HSCs administered during hematopoietic grafting and its relationship with the number of days needed to regain hematopoiesis was determined.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty‐eight patients with malignant hematologic diseases who received an autologous (n = 15) or allogeneic (n = 23) HSC transplant were prospectively evaluated. G‐CSF was administered for 5 days at 10 µg/kg/day. Hematopoietic progenitors were recovered from peripheral blood on day 5 by leukopheresis. CD34+ and CD133+/CD34+ cell populations were quantified by flow cytometry; the number of days to hematologic recovery was documented.

RESULTS: A median dose of 4.56 × 106/kg CD34+ HSCs (range, 1.35 × 106‐14.6 × 106) was recovered and transplanted; of these grafted cells, a median 3.25 × 106 were also CD133+ (range, 1.25 × 106‐14.3 × 106). In the autologous group, the median number of days to reach a platelet (PLT) count of 20 × 109/L or greater was 12, and 15 days to obtain a neutrophil count of 0.5 × 109/L or greater; in the allogeneic group 13 and 16 days, respectively, were required (p > 0.05). A median 76.5% of G‐CSF–mobilized CD34+ HSCs coexpressed the CD133+ antigen (range, 23.1‐97.9).

CONCLUSIONS: A higher number of CD133+/CD34+ HSCs in the graft was not clearly associated with a shorter neutrophil or PLT recovery time in either allogeneic or autologous recipients.
Copulas: A Personal View
Authors: Embrechts Paul
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Copula modeling has taken the world of finance and insurance, and well beyond, by storm. Why is this? In this article, I review the early start of this development, discuss some important current research, mainly from an applications point of view, and comment on potential future developments. An alternative title of the article would be “Demystifying the copula craze.” The article also contains what I would like to call the copula must‐reads.
Not All Housing GSEs Are Alike: An Analysis of the Federal Home Loan Bank System and the Foreclosure Crisis
Authors: Cassell Mark K. , Hoffmann Susan M.
Published: July 2009

While the financial crisis of 2008 ultimately affected the range of U.S. financial institutions, it began with practices in home ownership finance. The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLBank) System was the first instrumentality created by the U.S. government, in 1932, to sustain affordable home ownership finance. In this article, the authors ask what role, if any, the FHLBanks played in the subprime lending and securitization practices that precipitated the current crisis. The authors analyze publicly available FHLBank financial data in terms of a framework focused on the System's assets: advances; mortgage loans acquired from members; and investments, particularly in mortgage‐backed‐securities. They conclude that the FHLBanks did not contribute significantly to problematic practices. Nonetheless, they recommend consideration of three reforms to the FHLBanks to ensure a return to effective regulation and responsible, affordable home ownership finance.
Government‐Sponsored Enterprises: Reality Catches Up to Public Administration Theory
Authors: Stanton Thomas H.
Published: July 2009

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are insolvent and in government hands. Political forces led many lawmakers to neglect warnings from public administration academics and practitioners about the vulnerabilities of government‐sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Private ownership combined with government backing let the two companies dominate their markets and the political process. GSEs successfully resisted bank‐type regulation and capital requirements. The options now include restoring the two GSEs in some form, transforming them into temporary or longer‐term wholly owned government corporations, or simply ending them. This article discusses the advantages and drawbacks of each option. Again, the public administration literature provides useful suggestions about organizational alternatives.
The Credit Rating Agencies and the Subprime Mess: Greedy, Ignorant, and Stressed?
Authors: Rom Mark Carl
Published: July 2009

The credit rating agencies (CRAs) were an important component of the subprime mess. This article describes what the CRAs are, what they do, what roles they play, and how they fit into the regulatory system. It outlines the types of mortgage securities that the CRAs rate and outlines the evolution of the subprime mess. It then assesses three prime suspects in the CRAs' problems: incentives, ignorance, and stress. The author concludes that all three factors were important, that public officials were slow to react, and that additional safeguards have been put into place to prevent such problems in the future.

I feel that the rating agencies are somewhat of a mystically anointed monopoly, not unlike our good friends Fannie and Freddie, but with even less accountability.

—Representative Richard H. Baker, 2005

Everyone assumed the credit agencies knew what they were doing.

—Joseph Mason, credit expert at Drexel University, 2008
Contracting Capacity and Perceived Contracting Performance: Nonlinear Effects and the Role of Time
Authors: Yang Kaifeng , Hsieh Jun Yi , Li Tzung Shiun
Published: July 2009

Contracting out has become a popular strategy in public service delivery, but it remains uncertain whether and how government can ensure contracting performance. As a result, a growing literature emphasizes the importance of governments' contracting capacities. Yet very few studies have empirically assessed how contracting capacities relate to contracting performance. This article identifies four types of contracting capacities in terms of agenda setting, contract formulation, contract implementation, and contract evaluation, relating them to three performance dimensions including cost, efficiency, and quality. Drawing from a manager survey from Taiwan, the article shows that the relationships between the capacities and the performance indicators are not always straightforward or linear, and the relationships are complicated by the role of time. The results suggest that contracting capacities have both benefits and costs, and the solutions rooted in the economics theory should not be taken beyond their appropriate boundaries.
Stakeholder Red Tape: Comparing Perceptions of Public Managers and Their Private Consultants
Authors: Feeney Mary K. , Bozeman Barry
Published: July 2009

Despite the abundance of red tape literature and the growing popularity of outsourcing in the public sector, no study has yet investigated red tape in consulting relationships. Using survey data from public managers and the contractors with whom they work, the authors investigate public managers' and private consultants' perceptions of organizational and contracting red tape. They identify the determinants of red tape perceptions, variation in those perceptions, and the characteristics of respondents with stronger divergent views of contracting red tape. The results indicate that government managers perceive higher levels of organizational red tape and contracting red tape than their consultants. Public managers' perceptions of red tape are associated with job satisfaction and time spent managing and communicating with consultants. Consultants' perceptions of red tape are associated with perceptions of the appropriateness of the government agency's rules, the number of years the firm has worked with the agency, and the percentage of the firm's cost‐plus contracts.
Governance of Terror: New Institutionalism and the Evolution of Terrorist Organizations
Authors: Helfstein Scott
Published: July 2009

A preoccupation with network approaches in terrorism studies has inadvertently marginalized the fact that terrorist groups are subject to many of the same bureaucratic forces that impact all purposeful organizations. Because typical organizations are subsumed in the concept of networks, it is curious that scholars have been so quick to bypass more traditional models of organizations and bureaucracy that may help us understand network topology. This article relies on the new institutional approach to organizational behavior. Using the Coase theorem to explain the costs and benefits associated with different organizational structures, it follows that counterterrorism efforts may drive some groups toward greater autonomy while compelling others to adopt common bureaucratic processes, often referred to as isomorphism. By exploring the different costs that terror groups face and examining the characteristics of terrorists associated with different groups, organizational theory can help explain a divergent trend in terrorism research: leaderless jihad and increased bureaucratization.
Implementing Public Utility Commission Web Sites: Targeting Audiences, Missing Opportunities
Authors: Wood Lawrence , Bernt Phyllis , Ting Carol
Published: July 2009

Research demonstrates that some government agencies are more accomplished than others when it comes to e‐government. More generally, various scholars suggest that e‐government is moving forward at a relatively slow pace, especially in relation to the sophistication of government Web sites. With these issues in mind, this research utilized interviews with state public utility commission staff members to explore their agencies' experiences with staffing, funding, coordinating, and prioritizing their e‐government efforts, particularly their Web site activities. Assessing such efforts in both quantitative and qualitative terms, this research found that a mix of various factors, including financial resources, knowledgeable staff, and administrative oversight, related to better performance. Moreover, although public utility commissions have a clear mission to serve both consumers and regulated utilities, this research indicates that the commissions are focusing more of their e‐government efforts on industry rather than citizens.
An Analysis of Individual NYSE Specialist Portfolios and Execution Quality
Authors: Liu Jerry W.
Published: July 2009

The value of specialist assistance to the trading of low‐volume stocks has important implications in exchange design. We study the relation between the structure of individual specialist portfolios and the transitory volatility of low‐volume stocks in these portfolios under the traditional NYSE auction‐dealer market structure. We find that the trading quality for inactive stocks is positively related to the trading volume of active stocks in the same specialist portfolios. These results are consistent with specialist subsidization of low‐volume stocks in their portfolios and suggest that specialists provide important support to the trading of inactive stocks if they have the resources.
The Halloween Effect in U.S. Sectors
Authors: Jacobsen Ben , Visaltanachoti Nuttawat
Published: July 2009

U.S. stock market sectors and industries perform better during winter than summer from 1926 to 2006. In more than two‐thirds of sectors and industries, the difference in summer and winter returns, known as the Halloween effect, is statistically significant. There are, however, large differences across sectors and industries. The effect is almost absent in sectors related to consumer consumption but is strong in production sectors. We find that neither liquidity changes nor well‐known risk factors can explain the anomaly. We illustrate how the differences between sectors and industries can improve the risk‐return tradeoff using sector rotation.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: ZANGWILL STEVEN , HAMILTON ROBERT
Published: July 2009

Background: Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular diastolic dysfunction with a clinical course in childhood that is often progressive despite medical therapy.

Methods: A review of the literature and clinical experience was used to summarize the natural history of this oftentimes devastating disease with a focus on diagnostic tools and therapeutic options.

Results: The clinical presentation of restrictive cardiomyopathy can be highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic to overt signs of heart failure with pulmonary hypertension. Emerging noninvasive diagnostic tools are increasingly helpful yet there remains a role for invasive studies including cardiac catheterization with or without endomyocardial biopsy. A significant risk of sudden death exists and may not be limited to those with more pronounced symptoms.

Conclusions: Children with restrictive cardiomyopathy require comprehensive evaluation with careful surveillance. Early listing for cardiac transplantation should be considered.
Automated External Defibrillators Utility, Rational, and Controversies
Authors: BERGER STUART
Published: July 2009

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and their role in resuscitation has been documented in the adult population with the reported beneficial outcomes documented in multiple studies. Data for children are lacking because of the relatively small incidence of cardiac arrest in the pediatric population as well as the absence of randomized studies. There have been a few studies that have reviewed sudden cardiac arrest in the school setting as well the use and efficacy of AEDs. This article will review the data with regard to cardiac arrest in the school settings as well as the potential benefits of school CPR‐AED programs. There are multiple criticisms and potential barriers of school CPR‐AED programs. The specific criticisms will be addressed.
Evolution of P‐Wave Morphology in Healthy Individuals: A 3‐Year Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Havmöller Rasmus , Carlson Jonas , Holmqvist Fredrik , Olsson Bertil , Platonov Pyotr
Published: July 2009

Background: Orthogonal P‐wave morphology in healthy men and women has been described using unfiltered signal‐averaged technique and holds information on interatrial conduction. The stability of P‐wave morphology in healthy subjects over time is not fully known.

Methods: Sixty‐seven healthy volunteers were investigated (29 males, aged 63 ± 14 years, 48 females, 60 ± 13 years). Orthogonal lead data (X, Y, and Z) were derived from standard 12‐lead ECGs (recording length 6 minutes, sampling rate 1kHz, resolution 0.625 μV) recorded at baseline (BL), and 3 years later at follow‐up (FU). P waves were then signal‐averaged and analyzed regarding P‐wave morphology, locations of maxima, minima, zero‐crossings, and P‐wave duration (PWD).

Results: No differences of P‐wave variables were observed at FU compared to BL, including PWD (127 ± 12 vs 125 ± 14 ms at BL and FU, respectively, n.s.). In 59 of the 67 subjects (88%), the P‐wave morphology was unaltered at FU. However, in the remaining eight cases a distinctively different morphology was observed. The most common change (P = 0.030) was from negative polarity to biphasic (−/+) in Lead Z (n = 5). In one case the opposite change was observed and in two cases transition into advanced interatrial block morphology was evident at FU.

Conclusions: In the majority of healthy subjects, P‐wave morphology is stable at 3‐year FU. Subtle morphological changes, observed principally in Lead Z, suggest variation of interatrial conduction. These changes could not be detected by measuring conventional PWD that remained unchanged in the total population.
Circadian Distribution of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with and without Structural Heart Disease in Untreated State
Authors: Deguchi Yoshiaki , Amino Mari , Adachi Kumiko , Matsuzaki Atsushi , Iwata Osamu , Yoshioka Koichiro , Watanabe Eiichi , Tanabe Teruhisa
Published: July 2009

Background: This study aimed to compare the circadian distribution of the onset, maintenance and termination of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) between structural and non‐structural heart diseases (SHD and NSHD, respectively) in the untreated state.

Subjects and Methods: We included 217 patients with 338 PAF (79 SHD patients with 131 episodes; 138 NSHD patients with 207 episodes). The probabilities for the onset, maintenance and termination of PAF for each hour were analyzed using Holter monitoring data and harmonic models being fitted into a cosinusoidal function.

Results: The SHD group had a triphasic circadian pattern at the onset with higher peaks at midnight, in the early morning and in the late afternoon (p < 0.05), whereas the NSHD group showed a single peak at midnight (p < 0.01). The probability of maintenance revealed a single peak during midnight (SHD, p < 0.0001; NHD, p < 0.01). The termination showed a peak at noon in the SHD group (p < 0.05), whereas there was a double peak at 10:00 am and 8:00 pm in the NSHD group (p = 0.06). RR intervals just after the PAF onset showed marked shortening in the daytime initiation PAF as compared to the nighttime initiation PAF in both SHD and NSHD groups (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: These observations suggest that the SHD group has very complex onset hours, whereas the NSHD group shows complex termination hours. Reflexly accelerated sympathetic tone just after the PAF onset is suggested in the daytime initiation PAF.
“Speaking Shadows”: A History of the Voice in the Transition from Silent to Sound Film in the United States
Authors: Taylor Jessica
Published: July 2009

In this paper I examine the media discourse surrounding the voice in the silent to sound film transition in American cinema. When the technologies of synchronized sound became widespread in the late 1920s the question of how this new technology would be incorporated into the well‐established film culture was of great interest, revealing some of the underlying ideologies of language at the time. These discussions worked to stabilize the new sound cinema around an ideology of the voice, closely tied to an ideology of American society, which became less audible as it became more certain, leaving behind its now naturalized structures of voiced race, class, gender and ethnicity. [voice, technology, cinema, race, gender]
The Circulation of Chisme and Rumor: Gossip, Evidentiality, and Authority in the Perspective of Latino Labor Migrants in Israel
Authors: Paz Alejandro
Published: July 2009

Cross‐culturally, the types of interactions that anthropologists have studied as “gossip” or “rumor” are opposed to types that constitute more authoritative texts. Instead of using participant structures to define such types of interactions, this opposition is used as a means to consider the evidential function of such descriptors. The discussion considers these issues from the perspective of non‐Jewish, Latino labor migrants in Israel, whose usage of chisme (“gossip”) versus rumor (“rumor”) maps to in‐group and out‐group sources. The paper further considers how such frames were used in a short‐lived weekly magazine, centered on the ritual chronotope of La Cancha (the soccer field), and also how a denunciation was quashed by producing an authoritative voice that condemned it as “chisme.” [gossip, evidentiality, authority, publicity, voice]
A pre‐event configuration for biological threats: Preparedness and the constitution of biosecurity events
Authors: SAMIMIAN‐DARASH LIMOR
Published: July 2009

Drawing on an inquiry into Israel's preparedness for biological threats, in this article I suggest a new analysis of biosecurity events. A complex and dynamic assemblage emerges to prepare for biological threats, one that I call a “pre‐event configuration.” The assemblage is composed of three core elements—the scientific element, the security element, and the public health element—each of which diagnoses threats and suggests appropriate solutions. This configuration also determines what will be perceived as an event for which preparation is needed and what will remain a nonevent. I maintain that the constitution of an event takes place beyond the actual time of its occurrence and is determined by the pre‐event configuration in the “time of event.” Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of events should combine an examination of actual events and their aftermath with an inquiry into their potentialities as determined by the pre‐event configuration. [biosecurity, preparedness, events, disasters]
Light and Electron Microscopy of the Spore of Myxobolus heckelii n. sp. (Myxozoa), Parasite from the Brazilian Fish Centromochlus heckelii (Teleostei, Auchenipteridae)
Authors: AZEVEDO CARLOS , CASAL GRAÇA , MATOS PATRÍCIA , FERREIRA IRIS , MATOS EDÍLSON
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT. A myxosporean parasitizing the gill filaments of the freshwater teleost fish Centromochlus heckelii collected in the Tocantins River (Lower Amazonian Region, Brazil) is described using light and electron microscopy. This parasite produces spherical to ellipsoidal cyst‐like plasmodia up to 250 μm in diameter, with a thick wall strengthened by several stratified juxtaposed crossed collagen layers, whose thickness varies according to the number of the layers. Several compressed fibroblasts are observed among the collagen fibrils. Deposits of spherical dense material are scattered at the internal periphery of the cysts. Plasmodia and different developmental stages, including immature and mature spores, filled the central region of the cysts. The spore body is ellipsoidal in valvar view and biconvex in sutural view. It is formed by two equal‐sized and symmetric valves measuring 12.7 μm long (12.2–13.1) (n=50), 6.6 μm wide (6.3–6.9) (n=25), and 4.0 μm (3.7–4.4) (n=20) thick. A thin layer formed by fine and anastomosed microfibrils is observed at the spore surface. Two equal, elongated pyriform polar capsules measure 2.9 μm (2.7–3.3) × 1.7 μm (1.4–2.0) (n=25), each containing four or five oblique polar filament coils. The binucleated sporoplasm contains numerous spherical sporoplasmosomes, glycogen particles, and a large vacuole with fine granular matrix. Based on the morphological and ultrastructural differences and specificity of the host, we describe this isolate as a new myxosporidian, Myxobolus heckelii n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea).
Ontogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of the Marine Ciliate Diophryopsis hystrix: Implications for the Systematics of the Diophrys‐like Species (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea, Euplotida)
Authors: SHAO CHEN , ZHANG QIANQIAN , AL‐RASHEID KHALED A. , WARREN ALAN , SONG WEIBO
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT. The cortical development of Diophryopsis hystrix, a small marine euplotid ciliate, was observed during binary division. The pattern of morphogenesis is generally similar to that of other Diophrys‐like species, with the exception of the marginal cirrus, which develops in a unique manner in D. hystrix being formed from the posterior end of the dorsal kinety anlage, in a similar manner to the formation of the caudal cirri. In the small subunit (SS) rRNA gene sequence tree, Diophryopsis represents a distinct clade separate from Diophrys. Furthermore, our ontogenetic and SSrRNA gene sequence data both support the suggestion that the Diophrys complex is sister to Uronychia, and should be considered as a distinct subfamily within the family Uronychiidae, i.e. Diophryinae Jankowski, 1979, comprising Diophrys, Diophryopsis, and Paradiophrys. Diagnoses of the subfamilies Diophryinae and Uronychiinae are provided.
A New Method for Synthesizing Li2.06Nb0.18Ti0.76O3 Powder at Low Temperatures
Authors: Wang Xia , Li Wei , Gu Jin‐lou , Li Yong‐sheng , Li Liang , Shi Jian‐lin
Published: July 2009

Li2.06Nb0.18Ti0.76O3 powder has been successfully prepared at low temperatures via a facile and manageable, activated pretreatment on the inert raw Nb2O5. It is demonstrated that with triethanolamine, citric acid, and hydrogen peroxide, this simple pretreatment process could activate Nb2O5 efficiently. Pure Li2TiO3 solid solution phase was thus obtained by calcining the mixture of the activated Nb2O5, LiOH·H2O, and Ti(C4H9O)4 at temperatures as low as 650°C, which is about 200°C lower than that of the traditional solid‐state method. To the best of our knowledge, this temperature is the lowest one for preparing Li2TiO3 solid solution. Additionally, the phase transformation and the morphology of the final powder are also discussed.
A Review of the Federal Guidelines That Inform and Influence Relationships Between Physicians and Industry
Authors: Birkhahn Robert H. , Jauch Edward , Kramer David A. , Nowak Richard M. , Raja Ali S. , Summers Richard L. , Weber Jim Edward , Diercks Deborah B. ,   on behalf of the SAEM Industry Relations Committee, 2008–2009
Published: July 2009

The effective delivery and continued advancement of health care is critically dependent on the relationship between physicians and industry. The private sector accounts for 60% of the funding for clinical research and more than 50% of the funding sources for physician education. The nature of the physician–industry relationship and the role of the physician as a gatekeeper for health care make this association vulnerable to abuse if certain safeguards are not observed. This article will review the current federal guidelines that affect the physician–industry relationship and highlight several illustrative cases to show how the potential for abuse can subvert this relationship. The recommendations and “safe harbors” that have been designed to guide business relationships in health care are discussed.
An Exploration of a Model of Social Networks and Multilateral Negotiations
Authors: Money R. Bruce , Allred Chad R.
Published: July 2009

Multilateral (many‐party) negotiations are much more complex than traditional two‐party negotiations. In this article, we explore a model of social network activity, especially clique formation, among parties engaged in multilateral negotiation and the implications that such networks might have on the negotiation process and outcome. Using data collected from 375 subjects participating in a negotiation simulation, our results reveal that, primarily, the negotiator's perspectives of clique formation (coalition building) — both his or her own and the other party's — have unique effects on the integrative, problem‐solving approaches used in the process and on the negotiator's satisfaction with outcomes. Secondarily, centrality (manifest as emergent power) has a positive effect on both problem solving and satisfaction. Interestingly, we found that those players who emerged as the most dominant and powerful were not as satisfied (in relative levels) as those who were less powerful.
The immune boundaries for stem cell based therapies: problems and prospective solutions
Authors: Abdelkrim Hmadcha , Juan Domínguez‐Bendala , Jane Wakeman , Mohamed Arredouani , Bernat Soria
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Classification and sources of stem cells

Limitations of stem cells

Alternatives to overcome the limitations of stem cells

Histocompatibility and immune rejection

Are ESCs immunogenic or immunoprivileged?

Overcoming the need for immune manipulation to avoid rejection

Manipulating immune tolerance for stem cell‐based therapies

Conclusions

Stem cells have fascinated the scientific and clinical communities for over a century. Despite the controversy that surrounds this field, it is clear that stem cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine. However, a number of significant hurdles still stand in the way of the realization of this potential. Chiefly among these are safety concerns, differentiation efficiency and overcoming immune rejection. Here we review current progress made in this field to optimize the safe use of stem cells with particular emphasis on prospective interventions to deal with challenges generated by immune rejection.
Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment‐resistant depression?
Authors: Parker G. , Brotchie H.
Published: July 2009

Parker G, Brotchie H. Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment‐resistant depression?

Objective:  As the authors have observed clinical benefit from the psychostimulants methylphenidate and dexamphetamine for treating resistant melancholic and bipolar depression, those drugs were evaluated in a consecutively recruited sample of 50 such patients.

Method:  Patients (27 bipolar, 23 unipolar) received either methylphenidate (n = 44) or dexamphetamine (n = 6), with 30 having it prescribed as an augmenting drug and 20 as monotherapy. At the final review, ranging from 6 weeks to 62 months (mean 57 weeks), 52% were still receiving their psychostimulant.

Results:  Thirty‐four per cent reported the psychostimulant as distinctly improving their depression, 30% reported some level of improvement and 36% reported no improvement and/or side‐effects. For improvers, the modal dose of methylphenidate was 20 mg. Significant side‐effects were reported by 18% (including one manic response), switching was rare and limited to the bipolar subjects, and most side‐effects were minor. Any positive response occurred rapidly and loss of efficacy was rare. Testing of tricyclic levels in some patients suggested that stimulant drugs may raise tricyclic levels in those who are rapid metabolizers.

Conclusion:  Although this study was not controlled, the high success rate in a diagnostically refined sample implies that the psychostimulants may be efficacious for patients with melancholic and bipolar depression who have failed to respond to orthodox antidepressant drugs.
Failures and complications in patients with birth defects restored with fixed dental prostheses and single crowns on teeth and/or implants
Authors: Krieger Oliver , Matuliene Giedre , Hüsler Jürg , Salvi Giovanni. E , Pjetursson Bjarni , Brägger Urs
Published: July 2009

Objectives: To assess retrospectively, over at least 5 years, the incidences of technical and biological complications and failures in young adult patients with birth defects affecting the formation of teeth.

Material and methods: All insurance cases with a birth defect that had crowns and fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) inserted more than 5 years ago were contacted and asked to participate in a reexamination.

Results: The median age of the patients was 19.3 years (range 16.6–24.7 years) when prosthetic treatment was initiated. Over the median observation period of 15.7 years (range 7.4–24.9 years) and considering the treatment needs at the reexamination, 19 out of 33 patients (58%) with reconstructions on teeth remained free from all failures or complications. From the patients with FDPs and single unit crowns (SCs) on implants followed over a median observation period of 8 years (range 4.6–15.3 years), eight out of 17% or 47% needed a retreatment or repair at some point due to a failure or a complication. From the three groups of patients, the cases with amelogenesis/dentinogenesis imperfecta demonstrated the highest failure and complication rates. In the cases with cleft lip, alveolus and palate (CLAP) or hypodontia/oligodontia, 71% of the SCs and 73% of the FDPs on teeth (FDP T) remained complication free over a median observation period of about 16 years. Sixty‐two percent of the SCs and 64% of the FDPs on implants remained complication free over 8 years. Complications occurred earlier with implant‐supported reconstructions.

Conclusions: Because healthy, pristine teeth can be left unprepared, implant‐supported SCs and FDPs are the treatment choice in young adults with birth defects resulting in tooth agenesis and in whom the edentulous spaces cannot be closed by means of orthodontic therapy. However, the trend for earlier and more frequent complications with implant‐supported reconstructions in young adults, expecting many years of function with the reconstructions, has to be weighed against the benefits of keeping teeth unprepared. In cases with CLAP in which anatomical conditions render implant placement difficult and in which teeth adjacent to the cleft require esthetic corrections, the conventional FDP T still remains the treatment of choice.
Solitary plaque on the scalp as a primary manifestation of Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Khalifeh Ibrahim , Hughey Lauren C. , Huang Conway C. , Reddy Vishnu V. B. , Sellheyer Klaus
Published: July 2009

Cutaneous Hodgkin lymphoma is infrequent and typically occurs after extensive involvement of the lymph nodes. The condition decreased significantly in incidence in the past two decades, likely owing to the new treatment protocols composed of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, recognition of this uncommon but significant disease manifestation is important from a prognostic and therapeutic perspective. We are sharing a recent case of Hodgkin lymphoma where the primary presentation appeared as a solitary plaque on the left side of the occipital scalp, clinically suspected to represent a ruptured follicular cyst. The patient underwent excisional biopsy. Histological assessment revealed Hodgkin lymphoma affecting the skin. Radiological studies showed no regional lymphadenopathy. However, two enlarged lymph nodes were identified in the mediastinum and were positron emission tomography avid. The patient underwent systemic treatment without further histopathological examination of these two lymph nodes. Not being clear if these enlarged two lymph nodes were related to his cutaneous disease or not, we cannot be sure if the patient was afflicted either by primary cutaneous Hodgkin lymphoma or by secondary cutaneous involvement because of hematogenous spread. In either case, primary or secondary cutaneous Hodgkin disease is an extreme rarity. The literature is critically reviewed.