bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los ángeles de Charly: entre el ser nacional ideal del Proceso de Reorganización Nacional y el ser real del rock nacional argentino
Authors: Favoretto Mara , Wilson Timothy
Published: June 2014

Desde su inicio, la dictadura argentina que se auto-denominó el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional se propuso la consolidación de un único ser nacional, una identidad nacional compartida por todos los argentinos, que se basaba en una exagerada e idealizada visión de la tradición hispánica de la figura heterosexual masculina fuerte y la figura femenina sumisa y obediente. En sus declaraciones y comunicados oficiales, el Proceso intentaba la reinstauración de valores correspondientes a un pasado imaginado, que constituía casi una caricatura de ideales clásicos como el "ángel del hogar" y el "código de honor". Pero esta represiva maquinaria censora y propagandista vio su contrapunto en otra "máquina": nace en los mismos días que el Proceso una banda de rock del músico Charly García llamada La Máquina de Hacer Pájaros. El discurso poético de La Máquina contradecía sutilmente el discurso del régimen, en momentos en que era sumamente peligroso disentir. En este trabajo se analiza el discurso del ser nacional ideal, que el régimen militar intentaba imponer por la fuerza, en contraste con el ser nacional real que contraponían las letras de las canciones de Charly García. En contra del rol tradicional de esposas e hijas obedientes que se bombardeaba desde el discurso oficial, en las canciones de La Máquina de Hacer Pájaros, las mujeres eran protagonistas: heroínas, diosas, y bailarinas. En lugar del "ángel del hogar" que proponía el Proceso, los "ángeles" en las canciones de García son las mujeres independientes del siglo XX.
O caso do Som Imaginário: contracultura, experimentação e indústria fonográfica entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970
Authors: Moreira Maria Beatriz Cyrino , Santos Rafael dos
Published: June 2014

A banda Som Imaginário surgiu no ano de 1969 com o intuito de acompanhar o músico Milton Nascimento em sua turnê na qual promovia seu álbum Milton (1970). Nos anos seguintes, o grupo pôde alçar vôos independentes que resultaram em três discos gravados pela Odeon em 1970, 1971 e 1973. Neste artigo, pretendemos articular a produção musical do grupo com o contexto da MPB no começo da década de 70, marcado principalmente pela ditadura em seu momento mais repressivo e pela consolidação da indústria fonográfica no país. No que se refere aos dois primeiros álbuns, ambos homônimos, nos deteremos nas letras das canções, que revelam os posicionamentos políticos e os valores culturais daquela geração dos anos de 1970, que sofria os efeitos da repressão ditatorial ao mesmo tempo em que recebia tardiamente as informações estrangeiras da contracultura e do movimento hippie. Musicalmente, consideraremos o álbum Matança do porco de 1973, totalmente instrumental, como um importante exemplo daquele momento histórico. Através da análise de sua produção e de sua estruturação composicional tentaremos levantar algumas questões, sobretudo aquelas que envolvem os conflitos e as acomodações dos elementos do nacional-popular e internacional - popular na sua criação e as condições da indústria fonográfica naquele período.
Imagens precárias: inscrições tênues de violência ditatorial no Brasil
Authors: Seligmann-Silva Márcio
Published: June 2014

Este texto apresenta uma reflexão sobre a difícil inscrição na memória cultural dos fatos violentos ocorridos na ditadura civil-militar no Brasil (1964-1985). Ele desenvolve uma análise da precariedade dessas inscrições, que têm que enfrentar a ausência de ressonância na esfera pública. A privatização do trabalho da memória bloqueia a elaboração lutuosa e jurídica dos fatos terríveis ocorridos naquele período. O autor procura mostrar as estratégias de apresentação desse passado e a sua difícil inscrição a partir dos trabalhos de artistas como Rosângela Rennó, de fotógrafos e de escritores, como Renato Tapajós e Urariano Mota.
Memórias manchadas e ruínas memoriais em A mancha e "O condomínio", de Luis Fernando Veríssimo
Authors: Lehnen Leila
Published: June 2014

Este artigo propõe que locais esquizofrênicos da memória - locais construídos como palimpsestos de várias (e muitas vezes contraditórias) versões do passado - estão conectados com o que o antropólogo James Holston (2008) denomina de "cidadania diferenciada". O artigo estabelece uma analogia entre os direitos diferenciados da memória e as disposições constitucionais que legalizam as diferenças sociais e civis e que, segundo Holston, são uma das características da cidadania diferenciada.
Na sala de edição: "Mãe judia, 1964", de Moacyr Scliar
Authors: Gavioli Nicola
Published: June 2014

Tentativas de cobrir responsabilidades dos crimes da ditadura e de alterar ou silenciar a força dos depoimentos de vítimas de violência continuam a se manifestar no Brasil contemporâneo. O propósito deste artigo é mostrar como o texto "Mãe judia, 1964", de Moacyr Scliar, ilumina, sob a aparência de conto de aprendizagem e de monólogo de uma doente mental, uma prática violenta que, sem deixar marcas em suas vítimas, teve efeitos graves e duradouros na sociedade brasileira. O processo de normalização, através das armas da persuasão, da banalização e do silêncio, de um recente passado traumático, é mostrado aos leitores como reconhecível e por isso contrastável.
Relíquias da casa velha: literatura e ditadura militar, 50 anos depois
Authors: Pellegrini Tânia
Published: June 2014

Este ensaio, amparado em consulta a jornais e revistas de várias décadas, além de revisitar parte da produção crítica sobre o tema e de retomar minhas próprias pesquisas anteriores, procura relacionar as ações específicas do regime militar para o campo da cultura com a efetiva consolidação da indústria cultural brasileira. O pressuposto é que essa consolidação engendrou, de forma tensionada, modificações significativas nas matrizes preexistentes na nossa ficção, sobretudo temáticas, que foram traduzindo o mal-estar e a perplexidade geradas naqueles anos difíceis, bem como suas derivações até os dias de hoje.
O baú da República: mobilidades e memórias em Leite derramado
Authors: Sena Tatiana
Published: June 2014

O artigo analisa o entrelaçamento entre memória e espaço no romance Leite derramado, de Chico Buarque, argumentando que os decursos temporais e espaciais da trajetória do centenário narrador-protagonista, Eulálio Montenegro d’Assumpção, delineiam uma cartografia política do Brasil, com especial ênfase na modernidade republicana.
A impossibilidade de se dizer o indizível: reflexões sobre o duplo na novela "O unicórnio", de Hilda Hilst
Authors: André Willian
Published: June 2014

O objetivo deste estudo é refletir sobre a manifestação do duplo na novela "O unicórnio", de Hilda Hilst, como evidência da impossibilidade de se expressar aquilo que não pode ser expresso. Ecoando a experiência insólita de Gregor Samsa, a narradora dessa novela vê-se subitamente transformada em uma criatura desproporcional, absurda. Duplo da narradora, esse novo "eu" que ela se torna explicita a tortuosa relação, que percorre todo o texto, entre uma profunda necessidade de se compreender o mundo e um mundo que se fecha ríspido em seu silêncio, negando-se a ser compreendido. Interpretando o surgimento do duplo-unicórnio como marca principal dessa confrontação, esperamos esboçar, nas próximas linhas, algumas reflexões sobre os limites da linguagem diante do indizível.
Avaliação da saúde auditiva em crianças com HIV/AIDS
Authors: Buriti Ana Karina Lima , Oliveira Simone Helena dos Santos , Muniz Lilian Ferreira , Soares Maria Júlia Guimarães de Oliveira
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Avaliar a audição de crianças com HIV/AIDS e analisar os resultados dessa avaliação, associando-os à faixa etária e ao tempo de diagnóstico. Métodos Caracteriza-se por ser um estudo descritivo e transversal. Foram incluídas 23 crianças com HIV/AIDS, em acompanhamento em dois serviços de atendimento especializado (SAE), em João Pessoa (PB). As crianças foram submetidas à avaliação audiológica básica (audiometria e imitanciometria) e os achados foram analisados com o uso de estatística descritiva. Resultados No exame audiométrico, observou-se 39 orelhas alteradas, apresentando maior ocorrência para perda discreta. Na avaliação imitanciométrica, predominou a curva do tipo B, seguida da curva A, As e C, respectivamente. Ao associar os tipos de perdas auditivas à faixa etária e ao tempo de diagnóstico do HIV, obteve-se diferença (p<0,001) para ambas as variáveis. Conclusão Crianças portadoras de HIV/AIDS apresentam perda auditiva e existe associação com a idade e com o tempo de infecção. Evidencia-se a necessidade de realizar um trabalho educativo junto aos familiares e à própria criança com HIV, acerca de medidas que podem ser adotadas para preservar, ao máximo, a saúde auditiva.
Manutenção das habilidades auditivas pós treinamento auditivo
Authors: Filippini Renata , Brito Natália Faria Siqueira , Neves-Lobo Ivone Ferreira , Schochat Eliane
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Verificar a eficácia do Treinamento Auditivo e a manutenção das habilidades auditivas treinadas após um, dois, ou três anos do seu término, com o intuito de comprovar a eficácia do treino em longo prazo. Métodos Dez crianças com alteração do processamento auditivo - graus variando entre leve a moderado, moderado e moderado a severo - passaram por um programa de treinamento auditivo de oito semanas e foram reavaliadas imediatamente após o treino (PÓS-1) e um, dois, ou três anos depois (PÓS-2). Resultados Foram observadas diferenças significativas no desempenho médio, entre a avaliação pré-treino e as avaliações PÓS-1 e PÓS-2, sem diferenças entre as duas últimas. Não foram observadas correlações entre o intervalo de tempo entre PÓS-1 e PÓS-2 e a diferença no desempenho dessas avaliações. Em PÓS-1, a maioria das avaliações apresentou-se dentro da normalidade, ou com alterações leves do PA, sendo que 60% dos indivíduos mantiveram tais resultados em PÓS-2. Conclusão Verificamos, neste estudo, que o Treinamento Auditivo é eficaz na intervenção dos Transtornos do Processamento Auditivo e que os benefícios obtidos após o treinamento se mantêm, mesmo após um, dois, ou três anos do seu término.
Unusual Ovipositional Behavior of the Stink Bug Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Taylor Melise E , Bundy C S , McPherson J E
Published: June 2014

The stink bug Bagrada hilaris (Bermeister) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an Old World pest recently established in North America. Literature on the ovipositional behavior of B. hilaris is limited. As part of a study on the seasonal biology of B. hilaris in New Mexico, we included observations of the odd egg-laying behavior of this bug. Here, we describe and illustrate the phases associated with this behavior.
Prospective Social Entrainment: Imitation Interventions in Children With Autism
Authors: Doepke Karla , Mulderink Thomas , D’Santiago Verenice , Karlen Claire
Published: June 2014

Imitation provides the basis for acquiring knowledge, as well as providing a foundation for the development of reciprocal social skills. Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) do not naturally imitate others, and it is hypothesized that deficits in imitation may impede their ability to develop both academically and socially. Early imitation intervention studies, using traditional direct teaching (e.g., teacher-directed discrete trial training), focused on the learning function of imitation and were successful in improving skill acquisition but had little impact on the development of socially successful interactions. More recently, imitation interventions have targeted reciprocal or synchronous imitation (e.g., child-directed reciprocal imitation training), focused on the social function of imitation and have resulted in gains in imitation abilities and concomitant improvements in social engagement. This article explores imitation deficits in individuals with ASD, describes basic and applied research focusing on improving imitation skills, discusses implications for clinical intervention, and provides a synthesis of the current literature within the framework of prospective cognition.
Multilevel Prospective Dynamics in School-Based Social and Emotional Learning Programs
Authors: Meyers Adena B. , Hickey Anna M.
Published: June 2014

A growing body of evidence supports the effectiveness of school-based interventions aimed at improving children’s social functioning and preventing emotional and behavioral difficulties. These social and emotional learning (SEL) programs vary in their pedagogical approaches, with some focusing on individual-level skill development and others emphasizing contextual changes designed to improve interpersonal dynamics and climate at the classroom or building level. Most programs use elements of both approaches in complementary ways. Ecological theory suggests that individual and environmental factors interact with and reciprocally influence each other in the context of school-based preventive interventions. Changes in school structure and culture may help improve outcomes for children, whereas enhanced social skills may lead to improved school climate. This article reviews evidence regarding these multilevel and cross-level prospective dynamics within school-based SEL interventions.
Treatment Integrity:Fundamental to Education Reform
Authors: Detrich Ronnie
Published: June 2014

Education reform efforts are frequently introduced and discontinued without producing the promised impact. The problem may lie not with the quality of the reform initiative but rather with the quality of its implementation or treatment integrity. This article reviews the variables that influence treatment integrity and some specific approaches for increasing it and concludes with a proposed data-based decision-making approach to scaling up treatment integrity in large educational systems. If true education reform is to occur, then it will be necessary to assure that the reform efforts are implemented with integrity.
The Commercial Production of Coalbed Methane: A Review of 53 Wells in the Black Warrior Basin
Authors: Dunn B. W.
Published: June 2014

The following is a review of the actual performance of 53 conventionally drilled vertical coalbed methane wells developed by a joint coal industry/gas industry effort owned equally by Jim Walter Resources Inc. (JWR), a subsidiary of Jim Walter Corporation of Tampa, Florida and Enhanced Energy Resources, Inc. (EER) a subsidiary of Kaneb Services Inc. of Houston, Texas. The unique characteristics of the coalbed reservoir are briefly described. Actual gas production and computer model predictions are compared and the costs and revenues are discussed with specific emphasis on the economic results.

This paper differs from previous technically oriented discussions of coalbed methane production in that economic viability, initially established in February of 1982, continues to be demonstrated. There are a number of technical papers on the theory and technology several of which are references for this paper.

Production Area I (31 well production area developed in 1981-1982) has been generating an operating profit for 30 months. Production Area II (22 well production area developed in the spring of 1983) has produced operating profits each of it's 14 months. Operating oncome was favorably influenced by the completion of an 8″ transmission line in January of 1983 and more recently by the reduction in operating costs effected by Black Warrior Methane (BWM) the operator of the Brookwood Joint Venture since August of 1983. Initial production in late 1979 was evaluated in the form of a five well pilot project before commercial development commenced in late 1981. A total of 31 wells were drilled by mid 1982. First sales were in February of that year. An additional 22 conventional vertical wells were delivering to the sales pipeline by the summer of 1983 for a total of 53 wells from two production areas.

Steadily improving operating income over the 30 months of sales operations, attributable to improvements in operational techniques and cost reduction demonstrates economic viability. The application of this information to the reservoir model predictions of long term deliverability permits future economic performance to be projected. Significant proved reserves have also been established.
A New Chemical EOR for Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Mahmoud M. A. , Abdelgawad K. Z.
Published: June 2014

Recently the low salinity water flooding has been introduced as an effective enhanced oil recovery method in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. The recovery mechanism using low salinity water injection is still debatable. The suggested mechanisms are: wettability alteration, interfacial tension reduction, and rock dissolution. In this paper we will introduce a new chemical EOR method for sandstone and carbonate reservoirs that will give better recovery than the low salinity water injection without treating sea water. The new chemical EOR fluid can be used at low concentrations and can be added to the raw sea water without treatment or softening. Low salinity water was proved to cause damage to the reservoir because of the calcium sulfate scale formation during the flooding process. These chemicals are chelating agents at high pH value such as EDTA and HEDTA.

Coreflood experiments and zeta potential measurements were performed using EDTA and HEDA chelating agents added to the sea water and injected into Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone cores of 6 in. length and 1.5 in. diameter. The coreflooding experiments were performed at 100°C and high pressure. The newly introduced EOR method does not cause sulfate precipitation and the core permeability was not affected. The coreflooding effluent was analyzed for cations using the ICP to explain the recovery mechanism. The effect of iron minerals on the rock surface charge will be investigated through the measurements of zeta potential for different rocks containing different iron minerals.

The oil recovery increase in both sandstone and carbonate cores was up to 23% of the initial oil in place using the new fluid system. The rock dissolution, interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, and wettability alteration were the recovery mechanism in order. The IFT reduction was due to the high pH of the newly introduced fluid. The existence of iron minerals in sandstone rocks increase the positive values of zeta potential and this will change the rock towards more oil wet. Adding EDTA and HEDTA chelating agents at high pH to the sandstone rocks containing iron changed zeta potential to be negative in which changing the rock towards more water wet.
Impact of Brine Composition on Carbonate Wettability: A Sensitivity Study
Authors: AlShaikh Murtdha , Mahadevan Jagannathan
Published: June 2014

Brine composition has a significant demonstrated impact on the recovery of oil in laboratory corefloods. While low-salinity waterflood in clastics has been studied extensively the impact of brine composition on the recovery in carbonates is relatively less understood and studies are more recent. Wettability measurements using contact angles can reflect the surface energy changes due to adsorption of natural surfactants present in crude oil and the electrostatic, structural components due to the formation of double layer.

In this study we measure the impact of ion composition on the contact angles and interfacial tensions between crude-oil, brine and restored/aged calcite mineral surface using a drop profile analysis method. A 9-factor experimental design is used to quantify the impact of six salts and three interactions. This experimental method design (following the Taguchi method) has the objective to identify the combination of different salts that leads to the lowest oil-wetness and highest water-wetness as measured through the contact angles. The salts used in this study are MgSO4, CaSO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The interaction parameters studied are between sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, sodium chloride and calcium chloride, sodium chloride and magnesium chloride respectively.

Based on the outcomes of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the results we conclude that the chlorides have the maximum impact on the contact angle change to water-wetness (22% and 31 % respectively for sodium and calcium salts). Reduction in chlorides has the obvious benefit of changing the contact angle to more water-wet and this is a fairly well established result also. The interaction between chloride and sulphates and the interaction between sodium and magnesium ions was found to be significant.

The above results indicate that a combination of salts such as high sulphates with lower cation concentration, can lead to more water-wet conditions. This combination is found to be optimal brine chemistry that leads to the lowest contact angle or the most water-wet condition. It is interesting to note that the lowest contact angle of ~29 degrees (highly water-wet) was obtained with a relatively high total dissolved solid content of 157,000 ppm. This observation is in line with some of the recent studies reported in the literature on carbonate rock corefloods and offers a fundamental explanation.
Schmidt-Wenzel and Peng-Robinson Equations of State for CO2/Hydrocarbon Mixtures: Binary Interaction Parameters and Volume Translation Factors
Authors: Deo Milind D. , Nutakki Ram , Orr Franklin M.
Published: June 2014

In this work, optimum binary interaction parameters for a number of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and CO2 for the Peng-Robinson and the Schmidt-Wenzel equations of state have been determined and trends with respect to temperature, and molecular size and type have been examined. The capability of the two equations of state for liquid density predictions has been assessed and a volume translation approach to improve density predictions has been evaluated.
Field-Wide Variations in Residual Oil Saturation in a North Sea Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Davies G. W. , Gamble I. J. A. , Heaviside John
Published: June 2014

An extensive set of core waterflood data is analyzed to provide a reservoir-wide description of residual oil saturation, Sor. Such core tests are influenced by many parameters, including rock structure, wettability, fluid properties, and experimental procedures. With a data set as large as that used here (more than 200 waterfloods) the effects of these factors can be separated. We investigated rock structure, permeability, porosity, initial water saturation, Swi, and wettability. The data indicated that variations in Sor were caused by trends in Swi and wettability, both of which varied with depth across the transition zone. This implies that a unique Soi/Sor relationship for this reservoir does not exist. The work presented here was used to rescale relative permeability data in regions of the field where spatial variation in Swi exists. The value of the large database for defining trends in reservoir behavior was significant and enabled more accurate reservoir simulation.
Acrylamide-Polymer/Chromium(III)-Carboxylate Gels for Near Wellbore Matrix Treatments
Authors: Sydansk Robert D.
Published: June 2014

Acrylamide-polymer/chromium(III)-carboxylate gels have been developed for application to matrix reservoirs as near-wellbore total-shutoff treatments. Laboratory development, testing, and characterization of the new chromium(III) (CrIII) aqueous gels are reported. Results of this study indicate that these gels can be applied to elevated-temperature (up to 260°F) and high-salinity reservoirs. The single-fluid gels are produced by crosslinking low-molecular-weight Polyacrylamide with a CrIII-carboxylate-complex crosslinking agent. Use of low-hydrolysis Polyacrylamide facilitates the application to high-temperature reservoirs.
Imbibition of Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Keijzer P. P. M. , de Vries A. S.
Published: June 2014

The goal of dilute surfactant flooding is to reduce the interfacial tension of the oil/water system to very low values in order to release the residual oil. The question then arises whether oil that would normally be produced by imbibition is lost as a result of such flooding; since the surfactant decreases or eliminates the capillary forces that underlie imbibition.

To study the imbibition behaviour of surfactant solutions, we first focussed on miscible-fluid systems. Both theoretically and experimentally we have shown that miscible fluids can indeed be imbibed, depending on the affinity of the different fluids for the solid.

These effects persist as long as equilibrium (complete mixing) has not been attained. A similar behaviour is expected for low-tension immiscible fluid systems.

We present experimental results showing that indeed the (equilibrium) interfacial tension between model oils and surfactant solutions is not the driving force behind imbibition. For the surfactant systems studied, the conclusion is that lowering the interfacial tension has some effect on the imbibition rate but no effect on ultimate recovery.
A General History Matching Algorithm for Three-Phase, Three-Dimensional Petroleum Reservoirs
Authors: Makhlouf Eliana M. , Chen Wen H. , Wasserman Mel L. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: June 2014

A numerical algorithm is developed to estimate absolute permeability in multi-phase, multilayered petroleum reservoirs based upon noisy observation data, such as pressure, water cut, gas-oil ratio and rates of liquid and gas production from individual layers. A Chevron Black-Oil code is used as the basic reservoir simulator in conjunction with this history matching algorithm. Since the history matching inverse problem is ill-posed due to its large dimensionality and the insensitivity of the permeability to measured well data, regularisation and spline approximation of the spatially varying absolute permeability are employed to render the problem computationally well behaved. A stabilizing functional with a gradient operator is used to measure the non-smoothness of the parameter estimates in the regularization approach, and the regularization parameter is determined automatically during the computation. The numerical minimization algorithm is based on the partial conjugate gradient method of Nazareth. Numerical examples are considered in two- and three-phase reservoirs with three layers. The effects of the degree of regularization, spline approximation versus zonation, and differing true areal permeability distributions on the performance of the method are considered.
Feasibility of Near-Wellbore Heating by Electromagnetic Irradiation
Authors: Fanchi John R.
Published: June 2014

An algorithm is developed for estimating the temperature increase near a wellbore associated with electromagnetic heating (EMH) processes. The algorithm accounts for heat loss to confining strata. It is useful for generating a temperature profile of an irradiated reservoir. EMH processes are most applicable as well stimulation techniques. They do not heat enough of the reservoir to serve as a general reservoir heating technique.
Diffusion Effects in Gasflooded Light-Oil Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Morel D. , Bourbiaux B. , Latil M. , Thiébot B.
Published: June 2014

The combined effects of gas diffusion and stripping in the matrix blocks of light-oil fractured reservoirs subjected to methane or nitrogen gas flooding are experimentally studied with a specific automated apparatus. 1D and 3D experiments are performed with a methane pentane mixture. In addition to hydrocarbon recovery, local saturations are measured using a gamma-ray attenuation technique.

Most of the pentane in place is recovered within several weeks. Two main differences appear between methane and nitrogen diffu- sion tests: (a) pentane recovery is about twice as fast with methane as with nitrogen, and (b) saturation profiles reveal a strong capillary end effect for nitrogen injection with an accumulation of liquid near the fissure (1D).

Compositional simulations, including diffusion and capillary phenomena, show that diffusion and Darcy flow take part in the recovery process.
A New Concept of TLP With Gravity-Type Template
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Iida Y. , Mori N. , Kawanishi T. , Hirakawa S.
Published: June 2014

A new concept of TLP (Tension Leg Platform) with gravity-type template which allows slide to an ultimate earthquake load is verified to be reasonable and practical by means of analyses and laboratory experiments.

The TLP is applicable for the water depth equal to or more than 500m and the seabed, fairly flat with a certain bearing capacity. Installation work of the TLP is planned to be performed without divers so that the platform has small cost sensitivity to water depth.
Stimulation Optimization in a Low-Permeability Upper Devonian Sandstone Reservoir: A Case History
Authors: Hopkins Christopher W. , Gatens J. Michael , Caballero James S. , Jankura Bruce E.
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the results of a successful stimulation optimization study performed on the Fifth Elk Sand reservoir in the Council Run Field, Centre Co. and Clinton Co., PA. The systematic approach used to optimize stimulation results included pre-fracture well test and production data analysis, fracture treatment design optimization, and post-fracture treatment evaluation. This study led to a substantial improvement in stimulation results and an engineered approach for fracturing future wells.
Development of An Analytical Streamtube Model for Estimating Steam Drive Performance
Authors: Emanuel A. S.
Published: June 2014

A streamtube model has been developed for estimating the performance of single pattern or full field steam drive projects. The model is based on the algorithm of Aydellote and Pope1 for steam displacement adapted to fixed streamtubes. The program is useful for EOR screening and has potential for project design sensitivity studies.
Reinfiltration in Fractured Porous Media: Part 2 - Two Dimensional Model
Authors: Firoozabadi Abbas , Ishimoto Koichiro , Dindoruk Birol
Published: June 2014

The fractional flow equation in a two-dimensional space with mixed boundary conditions is solved, and the expression for the reinfiltration rate across the faces of a matrix block is derived. The results show that there is a considerable variation in rate of reinfiltration across a vertical face of a matrix block. For a matrix block with an inclined face, the lower portion could drain liquid, but the upper portion could be under reinfiltration. The results also show that reinfiltration could be effective in a small area at the top portion of a matrix block.
Minimization of Grid Orientation Effects Through Use of Higher Order Finite Difference Methods
Authors: Chen W. H. , Durlofsky L. J. , Engquist B. , Osher S.
Published: June 2014

Grid orientation effects can arise in simulations of recovery processes when the mobility ratio of the displacement is unfavorable. These effects result from the application of numerical solution techniques to equations describing physically unstable displacement processes. In theory, the introduction of stabilizing terms (such as physical dispersion in the case of a miscible displacement) in the governing equations acts to minimize these effects. In practice, however, the numerical dispersion resulting from the first order discretization of the convective terms overwhelms the physically dispersive terms, and the stabilizing effects of these terms are not accurately modeled.

In this paper, we apply higher order, shock capturing, finite difference methods to the simulation of miscible and immiscible displacement processes. This will be shown to reduce numerical dispersion to a level where the effects of the stabilizing terms can be accurately resolved numerically, resulting in the minimization of grid orientation effects. Two different families of higher order methods are investigated. The first such method, a so-called second order TVD (total variation diminishing) scheme, reduces numerical dispersion somewhat relative to the usual first order scheme. The second method investigated, a third order ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) scheme, reduces numerical dispersion even further, to an extent such that the stabilizing terms can be accurately resolved. This will be seen to nearly eliminate grid orientation effects in some cases in which the usual first order finite difference approach yields highly grid dependent solutions and the second order approach yields slightly grid dependent solutions.
The Effects of Wettability and Heterogeneities on the Recovery of Waterflood Residual Oil With Low Pressure Inert Gas Injection Assisted by Gravity Drainage
Authors: Catalan Lionel J. J. , Dullien Francis A. L. , Chatzis Ioannis
Published: June 2014

It is shown that in the laboratory a very large percentage of low viscosity waterflood residual oil can be recovered with low pressure inert gas injection, assisted by gravity drainage, from both water-wet and oil-wet samples. A semipermeable membrane made with a mixed-wet paste assures the production of both oil and water, but prevents gas production and eliminates capillary end effects. Stacks of short core plugs can be produced equally as a single core if a coarse version of the mixed-wet paste is used between adjacent plugs. In water-wet cores, displacement of waterflood residual oil requires a positive spreading coefficient of oil on water in the presence of gas. Parallel-type macroscopic heterogeneities in the formation may have relatively little effect on the course of oil recovery, but they prevent the establishment of a uniform saturation in the core cross-section. Because the oil is redistributed in smaller pores during gravity drainage, microscopic pore scale heterogeneities decrease the recovery efficiency.
A Methodology for The Economic Evaluation of Exploration Projects
Authors: Rosbaco Juan
Published: June 2014

Notwithstanding the amount of information on this subject, the economic evaluation of oil exploration projects still has two major drawbacks: (a) the common belief that economics are of no value due to the uncertainties involved, and (b) the fact that the few methodologies that cover all stages of evaluation are not widespread.

This paper presents a simple way of visualizing the exploration business. The methodology, commonly used by company managers, is no more than the formulation of disbursements, potential earnings and probabilities, in terms that are typical of gambling: participation cost, success probability and associated bonus. This very simple perception of the problem plainly demonstrates the need to assign a numerical value not only to the project costs but also to its likely outcome and occurrence probabilities.

Once the need to evaluate is established, a methodology and a work sequence, successfully applied in many different cases, are proposed. How to solve each of the above stages shall be designed considering the nature, quantity and quality of all available data.

The paper presents a discussion of the proposed methodology and a case history.
Application of Geostatistics to Forecast Performance for Waterflooding an Oil Field
Authors: Poquioma W. , Kelkar Mohan
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the results of the investigation on using geostatistical techniques (ordinary kriging and sequential indicator simulation) to generate distributions of porosity, permeability, initial water saturation, layer thickness and top of the structure of an oil field in Venezuela. These distributions were used in Black-oil simulator to evaluate waterflooding performance. Simulated results compared well with production data (shut-in reservoir pressures) without the help of conventional "history match". This comparison indicates that conditional simulation techniques can be effectively used to represent the variability of the reservoir properties.
Ionic Size and the Ability of Electrolytes as Clay Stabilizers
Authors: Huerta M. M. , McQuarrie D. A.
Published: June 2014

We have solved the Poisson-Boltzmann equation that explicitly considers ionic size effects of the electrolyte. We have used this model to calculate the net force of interaction between clay particles immersed in electrolytic solution with different counterions. We have found that the least net force of interaction between the clay particles is exhibited when particles are immersed in electrolytic solution with the smallest counterion. By using this model we are able to predict the trend of LiCl, NaCl and KCl in their ability as clay stabilizers in oil reservoirs.
Numerical Simulation Study of Gas Injection in the Lower Lagunillas Reservoir, Block III/IV, Lake Maracaibo
Authors: Todd M. R. , Claridge E. L. , Rodriguez R. A. , Prats M.
Published: June 2014

A numerical model has been developed for simulating gas injection processes for enhanced oil recovery in the Lower Lagunillas Block III/IV reservoir. The main elements of this model are 1) a fluid property package which includes phase behavior and transport properties for the inert-gas/solution-gas/oil/water system, and 2) a geological model which includes a detailed description of the reservoir stratification for the three main productive zones.

The gas injection processes are seen to be characterized by strong compositional effects. This makes predicted oil recovery results sensitive to the composition of the injected gas. Furthermore, through the well inflow and lift performances, the predicted oil recovery results are found strongly influenced by the field pressure performance. This makes the results sensitive to the production well and field operating policies.

Relative to continuing produced-gas injection at 30 MMscf/day, inert-gas (flue-gas) injection at a proposed rate of 90 MMscf/day might increase cumulative oil recovery by over 57 MM STBO. Produced-gas injection at 90 MMscf/day might increase cumulative oil production by another 52 MM STBO over inert-gas injection.
Pseudorelative Permeabilities from Fractal Distributions
Authors: Beier Richard A.
Published: June 2014

Fractal distributions of porosity and permeability in two-dimensional vertical cross sections can be used to represent reservoir heterogeneity. We compare a hybrid finite-difference/streamtube method and pseudo-relative permeabilities as two methods of using these distributions in reservoir simulations. We simulate waterflood displacements in a field case study and some additional sensitivity cases. In all the cases studied, predicted cumulative oil production values agree within 5 percent between the two methods.
Near-Critical Phase Behavior of Reservoir Fluids Using Equations of State
Authors: Arbabi Sepehr , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: June 2014

Phase behavior prediction by an equation of state in the near-critical region shows extreme sensitivity to the binary interaction coefficients. For binary mixtures, these coefficients have a systematic decreasing trend as the critical point is approached. Such a trend can be used to calculate the phase behavior of binary mixtures in the critical region. For complex near-critical reservoir fluids, a variable interaction coefficient may not provide satisfactory results. A fixed reduction of the binary interaction coefficients is a simple practical step towards EOS prediction of phase behavior of complex reservoir fluids.
Demulsifying the Produced Fluids from Marathon's M-1 Micellar/Polymer Project
Authors: Duke R. B.
Published: June 2014

Using conventional oilfield processing equipment, such as free-water knockouts, retention tanks, and heater treaters, in conjunction with commercially-available demulsifiers (CADs), the produced-fluid emulsion from Marathon's M-1 micellar/polymer project could not be broken in a cost-effective manner. After evaluating numerous CADs with dismal results, two polyoxypropylene amines (POPAs), found useful in laboratory demulsification studies, were field tested. Neither of the chemicals is manufactured primarily as a demulsifier.

Compared with the CADs, the field tests showed that the POPAs (1) markedly accelerated the separation rates, (2) dramatically improved the quality of the sell oil and disposal brine, (3) lowered chemical consumption and its corresponding cost by over 50 percent, (4) substantially reduced the amount of processing equipment, and (5) significantly decreased the number of operators required to man the treating facility. These findings led to the adoption of the POPAs as the treating chemicals for the M-1 Project.

This paper describes the produced-fluid emulsion from the M-1 Project, details the treating problems encountered while using CADs, and relates how the switch to the POPAs improved both the quality of the separations and the economics of the processing. The time frame for the ensuing discussion is at or near maximum oil production when emulsion problems are most pronounced.
New Procedure for Phase-Equilibrium Computations in Compositional Reservoir Simulators
Authors: Litvak M. L.
Published: June 2014

A new procedure for phase–equilibrium computations is proposed. It is applied in a three–phase compositional reservoir simulator for the definition of component distributions in hydrocarbon phases. An effective technique based on the volume balance method is used for the simultaneous solution of phase–equilibrium and reservoir flow material–balance equations.

Compositions of hydrocarbon phases are determined in the proposed procedure by minimizing the Gibbs free energy subject to two inequality constraints. A cubic equation of state is applied for the determination of fugacity coefficients and compressibility factors. Phase–equilibrium K–values or their reciprocals are used as independent variables. An effective minimization procedure is developed. In this procedure, a linear combination of conjugate vectors is selected as a descent direction and the mass conservation equations are exactly satisfied on each iteration.

The new procedure requires, approximately, the same amount of computations as the conventional approaches. However, it converges significantly faster and it is robust even near critical conditions.

This procedure has been implemented in an industrial reservoir simulator. It has been tested for different fluid conditions. The test results demonstrate that the proposed procedure is computationally more efficient and robust than existing techniques.
Higher Order Flux Update Function Method for Reduction of Numerical Dispersion and Grid Orientation Effect in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Shin D. , Merchant A. R.
Published: June 2014

Reservoir simulators have become one of the valuable tools which allow petroleum engineers to answer many important questions arising in the studies of petroleum recovery. They are the products of evolution over several decades and the technology is quite matured. There still exist some shortcomings, however. The most significant among them include:

1 In an unfavorable mobility ratio piston-type displacement, the oil recovery is dependent upon the grid system employed, 2 The error caused by the numerical dispersion inherent to low order numerical schemes can be significant in some cases.

Much work has been done in the past to alleviate these problems. Since the literature is quite extensive, we will not attempt to review all of it here.

The grid orientation effect was first reported by Todd et al.1 and confirmed later by Coats et al.2 Yanosik and McCracken3 proposed a nine-point scheme which has been proved to be effective in alleviating the grid orientation effect for some problems.
Temperature Distributions Along Propagating Leak-Off Dominated, Hot Water- or Steam-Induced Fractures
Authors: Boone Thomas J. , Bharatha S.
Published: June 2014

Commonly in thermal operations, steam is injected into a reservoir at pressures which cause the formation to fracture. As steam flows along the fracture, heat is lost by conduction into the fracture walls which may cause the steam to condense. A portion of the injected mass leaks off to the formation which contributes to convective heat losses. The purpose of this paper is to provide new insight into the relationship between heat and fluid transport through steam-induced fractures when injecting into oil sands reservoirs.

The developments in this work build on the models of: (1) Carter for leak-off dominated fractures; and (2) Marx and Langenheim for steam injection into a reservoir. First, a solution is developed for the temperature profile along a leak-off dominated fracture with hot water being injected at a constant rate and temperature, assuming heat-loss by conduction only. The solution is self-similar in that it is referenced to the current fracture area and is, therefore, independent of time. The solution is then extended to show that the more realistic case which includes convective heat losses is bounded by two self-similar solutions. Finally, assumptions which allow extension of the model to steam injection are described.

It is shown that the material parameters, including the formation's permeability, pressure diffusivity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, combine in one parameter which characterizes the solution for the injection of hot water. In practice, variation in the permeability is probably the largest single variable. The results also demonstrate and quantify regimes where heat loss from the fracture is dominated by either conduction or convection, along with a transition region.
A Direct IMPES-type Volume Balance Technique for Adaptive Implicit Steam Models
Authors: Farkas Éva , Valkó Péter
Published: June 2014

In this paper an IMPES-type thermal volume balance technique is presented applying a direct solution of the set of mass and energy conservation equations. The effect of the convective energy transport can be considered m the isothermal pressure (volume balance) equation by a modification of the coefficients. The solution yields the pressure implicitly, component masses and energy explicitly (IMPEME technique) while keeping the mass, and energy balances. The explicit treatment demands timestep limitation. Volume balance errors are used to control timesteps. Compared with the direct isothermal volume balance approach, significant volume balance errors occur only at the front and at well regions. This is the portion of the reservoir in an adaptive implicit method (AIM) where the fully implicit handling is used. The IMPEME method is proposed to be the explicit approximation of a thermal AIM. The method can also be incorporated in black oil or compositional isothermal volume balance models to include thermal effects.
Novel Approaches to the Determination of Archie Parameters II: Fuzzy Regression Analysis
Authors: Chen H. C. , Fang J. H. , Kortright M. E. , Chen D. S.
Published: June 2014

Fuzzy regression provides a means for fitting data when the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is vague, or data are imprecise, or the amount of data is insufficient. In this paper, we use it to determine the three parameters of the Archie equation from core resistivity measurements. First, we outline the methodology of fuzzy regression analysis. Next, we show the minimization of a fuzzy objective function by making use of the simplex method described in the previous paper. Last, we illustrate the approach with the same data sets used in the previous paper.
Development and Acceptance Testing of a Flush Joint Casing Connection with Improved Performance Properties
Authors: E. F. Klementich P. E. , Morey S. C. , Payne M. L. , Asbill W. T. , Banker E. , Bouche J. K.
Published: June 2014

A flush OD integral casing connector, with an 80% tension efficiency was successfully designed, developed, and laboratory tested to criteria generally accepted as an industry standard. The results show this connector approaches both geometric and performance transparency. Namely, it has the same OD and effective ID as the pipe body and the same pressure rating in burst and collapse as the API pipe body rating. Also, it is almost as strong in tension and compression as the pipe body. Connections with these characteristics permit the use of well plans which conserve hole diameter, thereby reducing drilling and pipe costs without compromising well integrity or safety.