bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A regional trauma organization as a coordinating body for a regional pandemic response: A brief report
Authors: Keller, RN Jodi , Kovach, RN, MS Sherri , Gascon, PhD Gregg M. , Falcone, MD Robert E.
Published: December 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SASRS-CoV-2) in 2019-2020 had a substantial impact on the healthcare resources of the world community. An organized regional response was essential to saving lives, preserving and distributing health care resources, and coordinating health care efforts. This brief report describes how a long-established regional trauma organization (RTO) provided that coordination in Central, Southeast, and Southeast Central Ohio during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Beirut blast 2020: Lessons learned from the Swiss Emergency Medical Team specialized “Mother & Child”
Authors: Hagon, MD Olivier , Dumont, MD, PD Lionel
Published: December 2020

On August 4, 2020, Beirut was hit by a devastating explosion leading to mass casualties: thousands were injured and there were significant damages to residences, offices, and health structures. The Emergency Medical Team (EMT) specialized “Mother and Child” was deployed by the Swiss Humanitarian Aid in order to support local health facilities, empower local health professionals to resume clinical activities and ensure access, and continuity of patient care in particular in the fields of gynecology-obstetrics and pediatrics. This communication presents the particularities of an EMT deployment in an urban area of an upper middle-income country with some recommendations for such settings.
Visualization of the Dynamics of Changes in Structured Data by the Example of Covid-19 Development
Authors: Trubakova Anna , Trubakov Andrey
Published: December 2020

It is very important to visualize the initial data in a decision-making system with human participation in a proper way. Decision-making complexity, the correctness of the decisions made often depend on it. Nowadays there are many different data visualizations today such as graphs, bar charts, pie and histograms, etc. However, the situation becomes more difficult, if it comes to visualizing the dynamics of changes of structured data. Structured data is understood in this paper as data in which the observed value has an internal structure and consists of a large number of components (characteristics). This paper provides a formal description of structured data and proposes an approach to displaying the graph of their change, by which one can judge not only the general process of the observed value, but also the change in the internal structure (components included in it and their influence on human decision-making). The area of potential application of this approach, as well as its structure features and capabilities are demonstrated in the work. The description of the developed software is given for modeling the situation with the spread of COVID-19 in Bryansk region where the proposed version of visualization is used. Examples of specific situations are considered in which this approach turned out to be useful and helpful. The possibility to use the proposed method in other applied areas is described at the end of the work.
Tujuan Pendidikan Perspektif Al-Quran dan Pendidikan Barat
Authors: Nurrohmah Mia Roswantika , Syahid Akhmad
Published: December 2020

This article stimulated by the fact that the aim education of the Al-Qur’an perspective and western education are still not understood by various group. This condition is influenced by the lack of curiosity about the educational goals of the Al-Qur’an perspektive and westren education. The aims of article was to give a clear picture about the aim education of Al-Qur’an perspective and western education.This study revealed that the aims of education of the Al-Qur’an in relation and westren education can be known by the public. The implication of this current study is to create awareness among the society towards the educational objectives of Al-Quran and western education perspective. The method used in this study uses analytical methods, types of research, and research data sources. The data analysis method used is by using descriptive methods, namely a method that examines a condition, a system of thought or an event that occurs in the present. This type of research belong to the type of library research, namely research activities on existing data and literature.

Key words: The Aims Of Education, Al-Quran, Westren Education
Desain Program Pembelajaran Perspektif Keberagamaan Peserta Didik Sekolah Menengah Atas
Authors: Zainab Khoirunnisa Shidqiyyah
Published: December 2020

Adolescence was a period in human life whose age and role limits are often not very clear. From such phenomena, one of the tools that can prevent the occurrence of adolescent problems, either self-inflicted, parents and society in general was a steady and steady Islamic religious education, as well as fostering a healthy and commendable personality. The purpose of this article was  to analyze the students' religious development program that was a plan of activities, was used as a guide to make students able to practice their religious teachings well. This type of research was  descriptive qualitative. Data analysis method was used by using descriptive methods. The results show  that the implementation of religious programs in high school, seems to be more under the responsibility of the vice-principal of the student field, by looking at the data obtained, so many religious program activities to improve the quality of religious diversity of students in schools, either in the long term ( annual), monthly, weekly, and daily, which was a habituation activity.

Keywords: Design of Learning Programs, Religious Programs
Analysis Factors Affecting Accounting Organization in Pharmaceutical Producing Enterprises in Vietnam
Authors: Dung Nguyen Thi Phuong
Published: December 2020

This study analyzes and evaluates the factors affecting the organization of the accounting work in pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam in the current period. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Research data was collected from 156 surveys, implemented for subjects including directors, deputy directors, chief accountants, accountants of 48 pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam. Data were processed using SPSS 22.0 software.
Design of Justice
Authors: Freeke K. (Klaartje) , Monster W. (Wikke)
Published: December 2020

Design of Justice; over het ontwerp van de zittingszaal

Waar gebruiken we een zittingszaal eigenlijk voor? Als arena voor een strijd? Als een plek waar hoor en wederhoor plaatsvindt? Wat voor ruimte is er nodig om recht te spreken? We zijn met verschillende mensen in gesprek gegaan over deze vragen, ook met wetenschappers, en zo werd de kiem gelegd voor het vak Design of Justice, dat op acht onderwijsinstellingen zal worden gedoceerd. In deze bijdrage doen wij verslag van de eerste resultaten hiervan.
Weg met de wraking en alle kaarten op tafel
Authors: Jahae J.I.M.G. (Han)
Published: December 2020

Weg met de wraking en alle kaarten op tafel

In deze bijdrage wordt gepleit voor de afschaffing van de wraking zodat de rechtbank meer regie kan nemen over het onderzoek ter terechtzitting
Sterke strafrechtelijke keten door sturing
Authors: Westra R.L.N. (René) , Bakker G.J.C.M. (Gerard)
Published: December 2020

Sterke strafrechtelijke keten door sturing

Deze bijdrage schetst een indicatief beeld van sturing in de strafrechtsketen en benoemt een aantal uitdagingen die thans op dat gebied aanwezig zijn.
De strafbaarstelling van gebruikers
Authors: Hamelzky Y. (Yamit)
Published: December 2020

De strafbaarstelling van gebruikers

In het kader van ontwrichtende criminaliteit ontstaat steeds meer aandacht voor de gebruikerskant. Zo ook voor de harddrugsgebruiker, die een ontwrichtende invloed op de samenleving heeft. Dit artikel beantwoordt daarom de vraag of strafbaarstelling van harddrugsgebruik legitiem en rechtvaardig is. Teneinde deze vraag te beantwoorden wordt getoetst aan de criteria voor strafbaarstelling en worden de argumenten die ten grondslag liggen aan de strafbaarstelling van de prostituant die misbruik maakt van prostituees die slachtoffer zijn van mensenhandel ter inspiratie gebruikt.
An Update on Treatment Modalities for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment: A Literature Review
Authors: Vij Neeraj , Traube Blake , Bisht Roy , Singleton Ian , Cornett Elyse M. , Kaye Alan D. , Imani Farnad , Mohammadian Erdi Ali , Varrassi Giustino , Viswanath Omar , Urits Ivan
Published: December 2020

Context: Ulnar nerve entrapment is a relatively common entrapment syndrome second only in prevalence to carpal tunnel syndrome. The potential anatomic locations for entrapment include the brachial plexus, cubital tunnel, and Guyon’s canal. Ulnar nerve entrapment is more so prevalent in pregnancy, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and patients with occupations involving periods of prolonged elbow flexion and/or wrist dorsiflexion. Cyclists are particularly at risk of Guyon’s canal neuropathy. Patients typically present with sensory deficits of the palmar aspect of the fourth and fifth digits, followed by motor symptoms, including decreased pinch strength and difficulty fastening shirt buttons or opening bottles. Evidence Acquisition: Literature searches were performed using the below MeSH Terms using Mendeley version 1.19.4. Search fields were varied until further searches revealed no new articles. All articles were screened by title and abstract. Decision was made to include an article based on its relevance and the list of final articles was approved three of the authors. This included reading the entirety of the artice. Any question regarding the inclusion of an article was discussed by all authors until an agreement was reached. Results: X-ray and CT play a role in diagnosis when a bony injury is thought to be related to the pathogenesis (i.e., fracture of the hook of the hamate.) MRI plays a role where soft tissue is thought to be related to the pathogenesis (i.e., tumor or swelling.) Electromyography and nerve conduction also play a role in diagnosis. Medical management, in conjunction with physical therapy, shows limited promise. However, minimally invasive techniques, including peripheral percutaneous electrode placement and ultrasound-guided electrode placement, have all been recently studied and show great promise. When these techniques fail, clinicians should resort to decompression, which can be done endoscopically or through an open incision. Endoscopic ulnar decompression shows great promise as a surgical option with minimal incisions. Conclusions: Clinical diagnosis of ulnar nerve entrapment can often be delayed and requires the suspicion as well as a thorough neurological exam. Early recognition and diagnois are important for early institution of treatment. A wide array of diagnostic imaging can be useful in ruling out bony, soft tissue, or vascular etiologies, respectively. However, clinicians should resort to electrodiagnostic testing when a definitive diagnois is needed. Many new minimally invasive techniques are in the literature and show great promise; however, further large scale trials are needed to validate these techniques. Surgical options remains as a gold standard when adequate symptom relief is not achieved through minimally invasive means.
Cytotoxic Effects of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaf of Elaeagnus angustifolia in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line (HepG2)
Authors: Ghanghareh Manijeh , Zare Maryam
Published: December 2020

Background: Cancer is one of the most complicated diseases with various treatments, which each has its special side effects. So, pharmaceutical companies are intended to develop new drugs with minimum side effects. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity effects and the redox potential of alcoholic extract of Oleaster leaf on liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Methods: Oleaster leaves were collected from Qazvin (Iran), and the alcoholic extract of the plant leaves was prepared. HepG2 cells were cultured in DMEM medium and treated with 50, 100, 200, 400, and 600 μg/mL of the extract. The cytotoxicity effect of the extract was evaluated using the MTT and the Neutral Red assays. Redox potential in HepG2 cells was assessed using NO, catalase, and GSH tests. The expression of Bax and bcl-2 genes in HepG2 cells was evaluated for apoptosis analysis. Results: The results showed that the extract could significantly (P < 0.001) reduce the viability of HepG2 cells. Also, the extract significantly increased the amount of released NO, catalase activity, and GSH concentration. RT-PCR results showed that Oleaster leaf extract significantly change the expression of bax and bcl-2. Conclusions: The results showed that the leaves of the Oleaster plant contain compounds with cytotoxicity properties, so it can be considered as a potent candidate for liver cancer treatment.
In depth learning based method of denoising joint transform correlator optical image encryption system
Authors: Lang Li-Ying , Lu Jia-Lei , Yu Na-Na , Xi Si-Xing , Wang Xue-Guang , Zhang Lei , Jiao Xiao-Xue ,   Advanced Laser Technology Research Center, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China,   Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
Published: December 2020

There is serious noise interference in the decryption process of the joint transform correlator (JTC) optical encryption system, so the quality of the decrypted image cannot meet the accuracy requirements in most cases. The quality of decrypted image can be improved to a certain extent when the phase key is designed by the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm and the iterative algorithm fuzzy control algorithm, but the complexity of the design process is inevitable and the quality of the decrypted image still needs improving. Recently, the in depth learning technology has attracted the attention of scholars in the fields of computer vision, natural language processing and optical information processing. In order to deal with the noise interference in the JTC optical encryption system, combining the current deep learning method, in this paper we propose a new denoising method for JTC optical image encryption system based on in depth learning, the dense modules are added into the generated network to enhance the reuse of feature information and improve the performance of the network. The latest self-attention mechanism area is added into the network to distinguish the weights of different channels and learn the relationship between channel and channel, so that the network can selectively strengthen the useful feature information but suppress useless feature information. The density module and the channel attention module are integrated into a DCAB synthesis module, which can effectively extract the image feature information and improve the performance of the network. The receptive field of the convolution kernel is enlarged by two down-sampling and the feature map is restored to its original size by two up-sampling. The VGG-19 is used to extract high-frequency details and texture features of images, meanwhile, the non-adversarial loss and mean-square error (MSE) loss are added into the loss function to reduce the difference among the image samples. The quality of noise-reduced images in this method are obviously better than that of the existing denoising algorithms by evaluating intuitive visual observation or SSIM (structural similarity), PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) and MSE. The results of numerical calculation and simulation experiments show that this method can greatly eliminate the influence of noise on the JTC optical image encryption system, and effectively improve the effectiveness and feasibility of JTC optical image encryption system for high-quality image encryption.
Coverage and transmission bandwidth analyses of undersea-to-air magnetic induction communication with relay transmission
Authors: Zhang Xin , Tong Yu-Ze , Tian Zhi-Ying , Wang Jin-Hong , Yao Ze ,   School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi ’an 710072, China,   Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
Published: December 2020

The transboundary information transmission across the air-and-sea interface is of great practical significance. No matter from the perspective of scientific research or from the view of applications, transboundary communication is a hot and challenging field. Magnetic induction communication has the unique advantages of two-way transboundary transmission, insusceptible to complex hydro-logical environment, and especially suitable for shallow water channel and other environments with harsh propagation characteristics, providing a promising solution for transboundary information transmission. However, the rapid attenuation of magnetic field component with the increase of distance and frequency limits the coverage and transmission rate of the transboundary magnetic induction communication. Therefore, enhancing magnetic field component at a distance has become a focus of magnetic induction communication research. An undersea-to-air transboundary magnetic induction communication scheme based on relay transmission is proposed in this paper, in which a virtual distributed antenna array is formed by processing and relaying the received signals performed at the relay terminals, and the distributed spatial diversity gain can be obtained which is used to enhance the underwater magnetic field component, expand the magnetic induction propagation range, and increase the transmission bandwidth and improve the receiving signal-to-noise ratio as well. Moreover, even in a dynamic marine environment, the relay transmission can be effectively realized and the communication performance can be guaranteed. In this paper, the propagation model of relay transmission based undersea-to-air transboundary magnetic induction communication is established by using the magnetic dipole model in layered conductive media. The effective communication range of direct and relay communication are defined by using their receiving thresholds, and the basic methods and steps to determine the relay location are presented. The communication coverage and available transmission bandwidth of undersea-to-air transboundary magnetic induction communication under different relay scenarios are analyzed and compared by calculating the underwater magnetic induction strength distribution. The numerical results indicate that the underwater coverage and available bandwidth of transboundary magnetic induction communication can be simultaneously doubled under the appropriate number and location of relays. The research in this paper suggests that the relay transmission scheme for magnetic induction communication is suitable for the application in dynamic environment with high propagation loss, which greatly increases the feasibility and effectiveness of the magnetic induction communication as a transboundary communication technology.
One-dimensional modeling and simulation of end loss effect in magnetized liner inertial fusion
Authors: Zhao Hai-Long , Xiao Bo , Wang Gang-Hua , Wang Qiang , Kan Ming-Xian , Duan Shu-Chao , Xie Long , Deng Jian-Jun ,   Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
Published: December 2020

Benefiting from laser preheat and magnetization, magnetized liner lnertial fusion (MagLIF) has a promising potential because theoretically it can dramatically lower the difficulties in realizing the controlled fusion. In this paper, the end loss effect caused by laser preheat in MagLIF process is chosen as an objective to explore its influences, and a one-dimensional and heuristic model of this effect is proposed based on the jet model of ideal fluid, in which the high-dimensional influences, such as geometric parameters and sausage instability, are taken into consideration. To complete the verification progress, the calculation results of one-dimensional MIST code and two-dimensional programs TriAngels and HDYRA are compared, and the application scopes of this heuristic model are discussed and summarized. Based on this model, the key parameters and influences of the end loss effect on the MagLIF implosion process and pre-heating effect are obtained. The calculation results show that the MagLIF load maintains a similar hydrodynamic evolution process in most of the implosion processes with different laser entrance radii, and experiences the same percentage of mass (～16%) lost during stagnation stage. With the same driving current, the fuel temperature will rise higher in the model with more mass losing, so the fusion yields do not change too much. The mass loss ratio seems to play a dominant role. It is recommended to design the laser entrance hole as small as possible in the experiment to increase the yield. The predictions obtained after considering the end loss effect lower the preheating temperature and fusion yield, but no change happens to the regularity trend. As the liner height increases, the preheating temperature, peak current, fuel internal energy, and fusion yield each still show a monotonically downward trend. Therefore, under the premise of fixed driving capability and laser output capability, it is suggested that the liner height in MagLIF load design should be as short as possible. The established heuristic model and conclusions are helpful in better understanding the physical mechanism in the process of MagLIF preheat and end loss.
Hjemmelsspørgsmål i sager om akutanbringelser af nyfødte
Authors: Adolphsen Bente , Holst Nicolaj Sivan , Adolphsen Caroline
Published: December 2020

Nærværende artikel indeholder en analyse af de danske regler om akutanbringelser af nyfødte børn og Ankestyrelsens praksis på området. Artiklen søger at bidrage med perspektiver til forståelsen af et komplekst sagsområde, hvor faglige vurderinger på et højt niveau er påkrævet, men hvor sagernes akutte karakter kan medføre, at sådanne vurderinger ikke kan foretages før efter afgørelsen er truffet.
Videns- og beslutningsgrundlag hos kommunale beslutningstagere på sundhedsområdet
Authors: Banke Charlotte , Von Seelen Jesper , Frydenlund Gitte
Published: December 2020

Danske kommuner har overtaget hovedansvaret for den borgerrettede sundhedsfremme og forebyggelse efter kommunalreformen i 2007. Dette, sammen med pres fra økonomien og den demografiske udvikling, betyder at kravet til gode beslutningsprocesser med kvalificerede vidensgrundlag er høje. Dette projekt har til formål at afdække, hvilke typer af viden, de kommunale beslutningstagere (administrative og politikere) lægger vægt på, når de skal træffe beslutning om iværksættelse og drift af borgerrettet forebyggelse eller sundhedsfremmende tiltag. Gennem et interviewstudie af henholdsvis en politiker fra sundhedsudvalget, direktøren for sundhedsområdet, samt en chef/mellemleder fra sundhedsområdet i tre danske kommuner, beskrives de vigtigste kilder til den viden, de tre niveauer trækker på. Politikerne trækker primært på forvaltningens egne analyser, på oversat forskning, og på borgerne via en kombination af forskellige råd og eget lokalkendskab. Tilmed beskrives etik som primært et politisk domæne. Direktørerne trækker primært på eget kendskab til og viden om borgernes ønsker og behov, forvaltningens medarbejdere som kilder til fagspecifik viden, samt på økonomi, jura og etik. Cheferne trækker primært på økonomi, budgettet, lovgivningen, egne analyser og oversat forskning fra Sundhedsstyrelsen, KL og VIVE.
Assessment in the Classroom
Authors: Gottlieb Margo , Katz Anne
Published: December 2020

Classroom assessment is broadly conceived of in this entry as what teachers and students do regularly to gather, analyze, and share information to improve teaching and learning. Classroom assessment is an area of the field of language assessment that gives attention to the social aspects of learning and language development rather than to the more cognitively oriented high‐stakes interpretation of scores that are distal to classroom learning. Sociocultural theory provides a basis for assessment in the language classroom by highlighting social interaction between teachers and students as well as active engagement among students in meaning making. From this perspective classroom assessment creates opportunities for multilingual learners to express themselves in multimodal ways through their participation in student‐centered projects, products, and performances as evidence of their content and language learning. Rather than maintaining the dichotomy of assessment for formative or summative purposes, in some circles, more productive concepts are assessmentaslearning, assessmentforlearning, and assessmentoflearning. This three‐way distinction of classroom assessment purposes offers a framework for empowering students and teachers as decision makers about the integration of classroom assessment.
Assessment of Speaking
Authors: Ginther April
Published: December 2020

Assessment of speaking requires that we either observe a “live” oral performance or capture the performance by some means for later evaluation. Capturing speaking performances in audio and video, once a considerable challenge, has become a relatively easy task due to technological advances. Language testers and applied linguists have offered cognitive, psycholinguistic, and sociocultural perspectives that provide strong practical and theoretical foundations for the development of and research on speaking assessments, including but not limited to research on fluency, pronunciation, varieties, and interaction. These multifaceted perspectives enrich and expand our conceptualizations of the underlying constructs and allow test developers to create speaking assessments that focus on the aspects of speaking they value most highly. However, to develop reliable and valid speaking assessments, it makes sense to begin with the basics: methods, scales, and raters.
Automatic Speech Recognition
Authors: Levis John , Suvorov Ruslan
Published: December 2020

Recent advances in technology and computing have made a profound impact on automatic speech recognition (ASR). With the advent of deep learning and a proliferation of digital devices, interactive ASR‐based systems such as Siri, Cortana, and Alexa have become an integral component of many people's daily lives. The application of ASR technology in applied linguistics has been demonstrated to provide unique affordances for the development of second language (L2) learners' speaking skills, ratings of L2 pronunciation, and reading instruction. Despite a number of existing technological challenges and limitations, ASR technology is believed to possess strong pedagogical potential for enhancing L2 learning and instruction and is anticipated to play an increasingly prominent role in education in general.
Cultural Approaches to Translation
Authors: Katan David
Published: December 2020

This entry discusses how culture impinges on the reading and the understanding of texts. It investigates the idea that culture is a manifestation of difference, and proposes four approaches for the translator, expanding on Schleiermacher's classic idea of translation as leaving the writer in peace by moving the reader to the writer or vice versa. The characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach are illustrated. The first suggestion is “translating from cultures.” This is an anthropological approach overtly framing the text within its context through thick translation. The second main approach, “translating for cultures,” closely follows Schleiermacher. The approach is divided into two parts, depending on whether the translator wishes to highlight or reduce the difference. Highlighting difference is favored by cultural studies scholars to protect vulnerable groups and difference itself; while reducing difference, favored by linguists, aims to reduce barriers to the text. The final approach, “translating between cultures,” is an intercultural approach, which accepts that the reader's “cultural filter” will always distort and otherwise affect reading of the translation. In all cases, it is necessary to construct the model or ideal reader, as it is through imagining the reader that the most appropriate approach can be ascertained.
Paired and Group Oral Assessment
Authors: Vo Sonca
Published: December 2020

The paired and group oral assessment formats involve candidates interacting together to perform a task while one or more examiners observe their performances and rate their language proficiency. Communicative language teaching led to the popularity of pair work and group work in the language classroom, and so too has pair and group work become more widespread in communicative approaches to assessment. The five examinations of the Cambridge Main Suite are particularly well known for incorporating paired tasks. Examples of tasks utilized in these exams include candidates discussing color photographs, constructing a story together when each speaker knows half of it, or making a joint decision on an issue presented in the task material. The College English Test‐Spoken English Test (CET‐SET) in China is perhaps the most large‐scale use of group tasks. Here, the task is for a group of three or four candidates to discuss a topic among themselves. Paired and group oral assessments are also used in schools and universities for placement testing, progress monitoring, and exit testing or matriculation, and are the subject of much validation research.
Influence of Thermal Processing on Resoloy Wire Microstructure and Properties
Authors: Xue Ju , Griebel Adam J. , Zhang Yaping , Romany Cristina , Chen Bowen , Schaffer Jeremy , Weihs Timothy P.
Published: December 2020

Magnesium fine wires are critical components for the fabrication of various absorbable implants. Herein, Resoloy fine wires with diameters of 200 and 500 μm are prepared with a multipass, cold‐drawing technique before undergoing two brief thermal anneals at 350 or 450 °C. The as‐drawn, cold‐worked (CW) wires show small but elongated α‐Mg grains, with their long axes and basal planes parallel to the drawing direction. Fine, continuous, and uniformly distributed Mg24Dy5 particles are observed within the wire. Although the brief anneals at 350 and 450 °C do not alter the texture of the Mg grains or the area fraction, aspect ratio, or distribution of the secondary phase, they do enable recovery and partial recrystallization at 350 °C and complete recrystallization at 450 °C, thereby providing a wide range of mechanical properties. The 200 μm wires display slightly higher strengths and slightly lower elongations. Modified simulated body fluid (m‐SBF) immersion results indicate that the Resoloy wires exhibit relatively uniform corrosion with rates as low as 1.72 ± 0.09, 1.44 ± 0.21, and 1.97 ± 0.10 mm y−1 for the cold‐worked, 350 °C, and 450 °C wires with 500 μm diameter, respectively.
Passive Polarized Light Guiding and Thermally Induced Visible Fluorescence in Histidine Microstructures with Optical Switching Function
Authors: Handelman Amir , Lapsker Igor , Jacob Avi , Laikhtman Alexander
Published: December 2020

The increasing interest in implantable medical devices that incorporate photonic components has accelerated the search for new, biocompatible optical materials at micro‐ and nano‐scale. This work proposes use of the polar amino acid L‐histidine as a candidate for bio‐photonic devices. L‐histidine is self‐assembled into diverse solid‐state crystallized microstructures, one of which—the elongated hexagonal microplate—is shown to have passive waveguiding capability of polarized light. The interaction of polarized light with histidine microplates having different orientations and thicknesses is studied from Stokes parameters and Mueller matrix. The linear birefringence of histidine microplates is estimated by using the theory of generalized Jones matrix for biaxial crystals. Visible fluorescence in heated histidine microplates is discovered and its origin is discussed. The phenomenon of passive waveguiding capability of polarized light by such an elongated hexagonal microplate means that the microplate can be used as a part of an optical switch. The findings show that besides the known chemical and biological characteristics of the amino acid histidine, it also has optical properties that can be exploited in multifunctional biophotonic applications, such as waveguides, polarizers, interconnects, and light sources.
Stable and High‐Strain Dielectric Elastomer Actuators Based on a Carbon Nanotube‐Polymer Bilayer Electrode
Authors: Peng Zihang , Shi Ye , Chen Norris , Li Yanji , Pei Qibing
Published: December 2020

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have shown promises in numerous applications such as bio‐inspired robotics, tactile displays, tunable optics, and microfluidics, owing to their unique combination of large actuation strain, high energy density, and light weight. However, the practical applications of the DEAs have been hindered partly due to their poor reliability and durability under high‐strain actuation. A major failure mechanism is from the localized electrical breakdown. Compliant electrodes with self‐clearing capability have been studied to prevent premature failures. Here, an interpenetrating bilayer compliant electrode comprising a thin layer of a water‐based polyurethane (WPU) overcoated on an ultrathin single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) layer is reported. The thin polyurethane layer serves as the dielectric barrier to suppress corona discharges of the nanotubes in air. The SWNT+WPU bilayer electrode has the capability to self‐clear at the breakdown sites, enhancing the fault tolerance and mendability of the DEA at a large‐strain actuation. Stable actuation at 150% area strain for 1000 cycles under square‐wave voltage and 5.5‐h continuous actuation at a constant voltage have been achieved for acrylic elastomer‐based DEAs.
Magnetoelectric Tuning of Pinning‐Type Permanent Magnets through Atomic‐Scale Engineering of Grain Boundaries
Authors: Ye Xinglong , Yan Fengkai , Schäfer Lukas , Wang Di , Geßwein Holger , Wang Wu , Chellali Mohammed Reda , Stephenson Leigh T. , Skokov Konstantin , Gutfleisch Oliver , Raabe Dierk , Hahn Horst , Gault Baptiste , Kruk Robert
Published: December 2020

Pinning‐type magnets with high coercivity at high temperatures are at the core of thriving clean‐energy technologies. Among these, Sm2Co17‐based magnets are excellent candidates owing to their high‐temperature stability. However, despite intensive efforts to optimize the intragranular microstructure, the coercivity currently only reaches 20–30% of the theoretical limits. Here, the roles of the grain‐interior nanostructure and the grain boundaries in controlling coercivity are disentangled by an emerging magnetoelectric approach. Through hydrogen charging/discharging by applying voltages of only ≈1 V, the coercivity is reversibly tuned by an unprecedented value of ≈1.3 T. In situ magneto‐structural characterization and atomic‐scale tracking of hydrogen atoms reveal that the segregation of hydrogen atoms at the grain boundaries, rather than the change of the crystal structure, dominates the reversible and substantial change of coercivity. Hydrogen reduces the local magnetocrystalline anisotropy and facilitates the magnetization reversal starting from the grain boundaries. This study opens a way to achieve the giant magnetoelectric effect in permanent magnets by engineering grain boundaries with hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, it reveals the so far neglected critical role of grain boundaries in the conventional magnetization‐switching paradigm of pinning‐type magnets, suggesting a critical reconsideration of engineering strategies to overcome the coercivity limits.
Investigation of ZIF‐78 Morphology and Feed Composition on the Mixed Gas CO2/N2 Separation Performance in Mixed Matrix Membranes
Authors: van Essen Machiel , van den Akker Luuk , Thür Raymond , Houben Menno , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. , Borneman Zandrie , Nijmeijer Kitty
Published: December 2020

In this work, the influence of the zeolitic imidazolate framework 78 (ZIF‑78) morphology, with 1D pores, on the mixed matrix membrane (MMM) CO2/N2 mixed gas separation performance is investigated as well as the influence of the feed composition and pressure. Low aspect ratio and a high aspect ratio ZIF‑78 particles are synthesized and incorporated in Matrimid with 10 and 20 wt% additive content. High pressure CO2 and N2 sorption measurements show that both the low and high aspect ratio ZIF‑78 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit similar sorption behavior. The incorporation of ZIF‑78 into Matrimid results in improved CO2 permeabilities up to 39%, without compromising the selectivity, relative to native Matrimid membranes. Both at low and high CO2 partial pressures, the MMMs containing the different ZIF‑78 morphologies show equal CO2 permeabilities, indicating that the ZIF‑78 morphology and consequently the aspect ratio are insignificant for these particular MMMs, contradicting previous observations in literature. Thus, depending on the MOF/polymer system, the MOF morphology and aspect ratio can be considered as a design aspect. Finally, a clear influence of feed composition and pressure on the MMM solubility coefficient and diffusivity is observed, emphasizing the importance of the mixed gas composition and measurement conditions.
Phosphorus‐Containing C12H27O4P as Functional Electrolyte Additives for High‐Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Graphite Li‐Ion Batteries with Excellent Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Li Canhuang , Wu Siyong , Qiu Yijing , Lu Dongsheng
Published: December 2020

As the most promising cathode material in new energy resources, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) are widely researched due to its high platform, low cost, and environment‐friendliness, when they are assembled with graphite into battery which can lead to a faster capacity decay because of unstable solid–liquid interface. This work is devoted to stabilize electrolyte and protect interface of LNMO/graphite full battery by adding multifunctional additive, tributyl phosphate (TBP). Theory calculation which exhibits disconnection of TBP can participate in the reaction to form a uniform and dense cathode electrolyte interface film (8–10 nm) and solid electrolyte interface film around 15 nm on both electrodes, more importantly, the existence of phosphoric acid functional group can hinder the attack of hydrofluoric acid and protect electrode film. Besides, comparing with its homolog, the high‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite battery with 1% TBP shows a preponderant discharged capacity retention of 77.8% after 150 cycles, while the blank is only 66%, this work provides a direction for electrolyte additives’ selection at high voltage and has far‐reaching significance for the application of phosphate ester materials.
Ultrathin Monolayer Mn2+‐Alloyed 2D Perovskite Colloidal Quantum Wells
Authors: Zhang Haihua , Yao Jiannian , Fu Hongbing
Published: December 2020

Atomically thin monolayer Mn2+‐alloyed 2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite colloidal quantum wells (CQWs) are demonstrated as efficiently tunable emitter with wide color gamut. Ultrathin character evidenced by the well‐controlled thickness of ≈1.8 nm, leads to alloying rather than doping mechanism reported previously, which facilitates uniform and large‐ratio substitution of Pb2+ by Mn2+ within the metal‐halide octahedra layer. Photoluminescence spectra reveal dual color emissions constituted by blue‐greenish intrinsic excitonic emission and reddish Mn2+ emission with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 32%. Two individual channels are created for precisely targeting the emission color in a wide gamut by finely controlling the excitonic emission via the chemical compositions of Br/I and the Mn2+ emission via the chemical compositions of Mn/Pb, respectively. Experimentally, high quality single‐component white emitter ultrathin CQWs are achieved with CIE coordinate value of (0.33, 0.32), 21% PLQY, and good film processibility. The results reveal great potential as applicant for next generation lighting and display technologies.
Electrochemical Oxidative Functionalization of Arylalkynes: Access to α,α‐Dibromo Aryl Ketones
Authors: Wang Dan , Wan Zhaohua , Zhang Heng , Lei Aiwen
Published: December 2020

A general and effective protocol to synthesize α,α‐dibromo aryl ketones has been developed via an electrochemical oxidative method. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature in an undivided cell without the addition of external oxidants. In the reaction process, LiBr acts as both bromine source and supporting electrolyte. This electrooxidation strategy has good substrate applicability and functional group compatibility. Moreover, the reaction could be scaled up efficiently in a continuous flow cell. The target product could undergo further functionalization for the synthesis of some useful heterocyclic compounds.

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Boron‐Catalyzed Dehydrative Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation of Arenes Using β‐Hydroxyl Ketone as MVK Precursor
Authors: San Htet Htet , Huang Jie , Lei Aye Seinn , Tang Xiang‐Ying
Published: December 2020

Boron‐catalyzed environmentally benign dehydrative Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of indole/pyrrole and aniline derivatives with β‐hydroxyl ketones has been developed for the first time. This method provides an efficient and green replacement of toxic and unstable methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) by safer and cheaper β‐hydroxyl ketone. The reaction features easy operation, wide substrate scope and significantly, only water is formed as by‐product.

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Phosphorus Compounds as Precursors and Catalysts for Radical C−C Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Maddigan‐Wyatt Jeremy , Hooper Joel F.
Published: December 2020

The photochemistry of organophosphorus compounds and their reactions with carbon‐centred radicals was studied from the 1950s to the 70s, but has not been well exploited in synthetic chemistry until very recently. This review discusses the various modes of reactivity that phosphorus compounds display in radical C−C bond forming reactions, including the role of phosphonium salts as radical precursors, phosphines and phosphites as deoxygenating agents from oxygen‐centred radicals and phosphines in electron‐ and charge‐transfer chemistry. We also highlight the potential that these processes have in the future development of new reactions and cascade processes.

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Organocatalytic Deuteration Induced by the Dynamic Covalent Interaction of Imidazolium Cations with Ketones
Authors: Galkin Konstantin I. , Gordeev Evgeniy G. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: December 2020

In this article, we suggest a new organocatalytic approach based on the dynamic covalent interaction of imidazolium cations with ketones. A reaction of N‐alkyl imidazolium salts with acetone‐d6 in the presence of oxygenated bases generates a dynamic organocatalytic system with a mixture of protonated carbene/ketone adducts acting as H/D exchange catalysts. The developed methodology of the pH‐dependent deuteration showed high selectivity of labeling and good chiral functional group tolerance. Here we report a unique methodology for efficient metal‐free deuteration, which enables labeling of various types of α‐acidic compounds without trace metal contamination.

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Productivity and profitability of mechanized deep nitrogen fertilization in mechanical pot‐seedling transplanting rice in South China
Authors: Li Lin , Zhang Zheng , Tian Hua , Ashraf Umair , Mo Zhaowen , Tang Xiangru , Duan Meiyang , Wang Zaiman , Wu Tiaoyan , Pan Shenggang
Published: December 2020

The deep nitrogen (N) fertilization coupled with mechanical pot‐seedling transplanting rice (DNF‐MPT) is an effective alternative to traditional transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) with broadcasting fertilizer; however, little is known about its effects on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, and economic profitability. In present study, a 2‐yr field experiment was conducted in early seasons (Mar.–July) of 2019 and 2020. All seedlings were transplanted by DNF‐MPT, whereas four treatments were designed as mechanized deep placement of all fertilizers as basal fertilizer (MD); mechanized deep placement of 70% basal fertilizer and 30% broadcasting fertilizers at panicle initiation (MDB); manual broadcasting of 40, 30, and 30% fertilizers at the transplanting, tillering, and panicle initiation stages, respectively (MB); and no fertilizer (CK). The results indicated that the MD treatment substantially improved the grain yield by 33.48–36.35%, total N accumulation by 26.38–44.15%, total phosphorus (P) accumulation by 28.72–30.23%, and total potassium (K) accumulation by 25.61–37.33% compared with MB. Deep placement of N fertilization treatments, that is, MD and MDB, remarkably promoted root morphological indexes including total root volume, total root length, and root superficial area. Furthermore, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase activities, and total chlorophyll content of leaves were also enhanced under deep placement of N fertilizer. Overall, the MD treatment had the highest benefit/cost ratio due to high gross returns and low input costs. Therefore, deep placement of N fertilizer coupled with mechanical pot‐seedling transplanting rice could be better alternative to conventional rice production system with more economic benefits.
Tall fescue management and environmental influences on soil, surface residue, and forage properties
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , Poore Matt. H.
Published: December 2020

Environmental characteristics within a region often form site‐specific agro‐ecological responses to management. Using 92 fall‐stockpiled tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] field trials in North Carolina and surrounding states, our objective was to test the influence of two management factors (forage utilization and pasture age) and two environmental factors (elevation and soil textural gradients) on soil properties at 0‐to‐10‐cm depth, surface residue carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents, and absolute forage mass and nutritive values and their responses to N fertilization. Soil organic C and N fractions (i.e., total, particulate, and mineralizable) were greater (a) with improved (rotational stocking) than conventional (haying and/or continuous grazing) forage utilization, (b) in older pastures, (c) at higher elevation, and (d) with finer texture. Soil chemical properties were variably affected by these factors, and soil‐test P was not affected. Surface residue N tended to be greater with improved than conventional forage utilization, but surface residue C was not affected by any of the factors. Crude protein was greater and dry matter yield response to N fertilizer was lower with improved than with conventional forage utilization. Forage mass was lower and nutritive values were greater at higher elevation. Soil organic C and total soil N sequestration rates during a 25‐yr period were 0.75 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 and 75 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Elevation and soil texture imparted strong environmental controls on a diversity of soil properties, but management factors mostly affected surface‐soil organic C and N fractions, which helped sustain forage productivity and nutritive value with lower N fertilizer input.