bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Administration of Criminal Justice
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Solomon Peter H.
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents Russian criminal justice as it was constituted in 2020–2021. It begins with an analysis of the 2001 Criminal Procedure Code—its accomplishments and omissions; the stages of the process (pretrial, trial, appeal); and the roles played by different actors, including judges on various courts. We then examine the continuing accusatorial bias, its roots, and the failure to address them; the chequered story of the revival and development of jury trials, including at district courts from 2019; and the proliferation of simple alternatives such as reconciliation, judicial fines, and the plea process, along with the tendency to expand the use of administrative violations in place of criminal prosecutions. We conclude with consideration of how sentencing practice has minimized the use of custodial sanctions for non-violent crimes and the complex of measures that limit the number of persons with criminal records.
Conclusion
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Solomon Peter H.
Published: December 2023

Our analysis of the practice of courts in Russia and the management of its judiciary confirms that Russia’s courts are effective—in both reality and popular perception—in their handling of everyday disputes and, for the most part, in confronting crimes, accusatorial bias notwithstanding. At the same time, there are mechanisms, formal and informal alike, which ensure that, as a rule, cases that matter to the regime or powerful persons have the results that they seek. In short, the idea of ‘legal dualism’, understood in a loose and flexible way, provides an apt metaphor that captures the multiple narratives of law that were found in Russia’s judicial system in the Putin years. Within the governance of the judiciary, the role of the presidency has increased and, consequently, so has judicial dependence. Yet, the actual administration of justice—in the civil, business, and criminal realms at least—has improved, often because of procedural and institutional changes, many of which were promoted by top judges. Finally, we outline scenarios for the future development of courts in Russia.
Case-shift on Megrelian adverbs
Authors: Rostovtsev-Popiel Alexander
Published: December 2023

Case-shift is the phenomenon whereby the case marking assigned to core arguments in the clause can show sensitivity to the TAM series of the verbal predicate. In Megrelian (Kartvelian; Western Georgia) case-shift affects case marking on verbal arguments, but also determines the case-marking of certain adverbs. In the context of a particular verbal type, inverted verbs, adjectival adverbs of degree and measure appear to agree in case with one of the core arguments of the clause they modify. This chapter provides a comprehensive description of this remarkable and apparently unique agreement phenomenon, explores the complex conditions involved in its operation, and suggests a possible scenario for its emergence in Megrelian.
Introduction
Authors: Carrillo Raquel Rojo
Published: December 2023

the hispanic rite (also known as “Mozarabic”, “Visigothic”, or “Old Hispanic” rite)
The Vespertinus Texts
Authors: Carrillo Raquel Rojo
Published: December 2023

Awareness Of The textual features of a chant genre facilitates comprehension of its liturgical and musical features. Before looking at the liturgical assignments and the melodies of a plainchant genre, we can learn much about the genre’s creation, performance, and transmission through assessment of its texts alone. In this chapter, I identify generic norms of the vespertini through study of their texts. It is possible to detect in these texts the main sections and subsections of each vespertinus, as well as two distinct chant formats, each with its own structure and performative implications. Close inspection of the vespertinus texts reveals that the main link between each vespertinus’s sections and subsections is a shared character and topic(s) delivered by a given voice to a given addressee. Building on analysis of the relationship between the vespertinus texts and their textual sources, it is possible to demonstrate that vespertinus texts were crafted following very different procedures, ranging from quoting the Bible verbatim to modifying it quite significantly, and these procedures can exist together even within a single vespertinus. I argue that, in the vespertini, modifications of scripture help to fulfill the aim of creating a unified message for each chant, and that these modifications do not necessarily reflect, as proposed by previous scholars, different chronological stages in the production of this repertoire.
Tracing the Music of a Hispanic Rite Chant Genre
Authors: Carrillo Raquel Rojo
Published: December 2023

AS IN OTHER liturgies, in the Hispanic rite, the relationship between the melodies of a plainchant genre and the texts and liturgical contexts with which they are associated is normally unique in each genre. By studying this relationship, it is possible to detect the rules that govern it, as well as the features that are normal in a genre, and the features that, instead, are particularities or exceptions. Furthermore, analysis of this relationship discloses the possible reasons that might justify particularities and exceptions. The present chapter comprises the results of my comprehensive study of the vespertinus melodies in light of their texts and liturgical assignments. These results reveal a coherent repertoire with identifiable generic norms. The vespertinus repertoire analyzed in this chapter is an example of the unique way in which text, liturgy, and music interact within a particular genre, differentiating that genre from other plainchant genres.
The Forensic Road
Authors: Youdin Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 explores wecriminal justice policy in the United States and how it is affected by the intersection of racism, ethnicity, gender, being an LGBTQ+ person, being impoverished, and having abused or sold psychoactive substances. This intersectional phenomenon instigates discrimination and violates human rights according to the International Guidelines of Human Rights and Drug Policy. Unfortunately, incarcerating impoverished people and people of color in jail or prison becomes their treatment for abusing or selling psychoactive substances. Also addressed in this chapter are the various types of stigmata that impact the lives of people incarcerated for psychoactive substance abuse as well as impacting family and friends of those incarcerated.
Tracking Circuits
Authors: Youdin Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 provides a method of tracking wanting (craving), a cognitive event that allows a therapist and person being treated to develop a heightened awareness when activation of the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse occurs. This awareness provides an opportunity to employ several neuroscience-informed psychotherapeutic interventions with precision when this neurocircuitry is activated in the limbic system and frontal lobes. The tracking procedure described in this chapter is a complex methodology derived from multiple psychological theories—single-subject design, the self-regulation model, delay discounting, choice theory, and contingency management. The role of episodic memory and performance memory in psychoactive substance abuse is explored and described in relationship to the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse.
Being Mindful and Existential
Authors: Youdin Robert
Published: December 2023

In Chapter 7, readers learn how mindfulness-based interventions create an opportunity of choice to substitute states of relaxation and existential awareness as a restorative response to impulsive reactivity and mood disturbances driven by the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse. Mindfulness-based interventions provide necessary psychoeducation that enables people to understand how to achieve the ability to accept past and present realities with a nonjudgmental mindset in order to disengage from past negative associations and to cease catastrophic constructions of future events. Relaxation techniques are presented that change internal reactive responses of one’s emotions, bodily sensations, and thought processes to reduce or ultimately eliminate aversive emotional responses and negative self-judgments that are associated with abusing psychoactive substances.
Speaking of Anger
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

Words matter, particularly when it comes to describing anger. We often rely on idiom, metonym, and metaphor speak to our understanding and experience of anger. In addition to the author’s personal experience, this chapter draws upon interviews and global scholarship to explore the wealth of approaches English has to offer for discussing anger. These range from the hedging terms we use to deny our feelings to violent metaphors that reflect both the physiology and the implications of rage to scatological idioms that hint at our disgust. By paying careful attention to the word choices of angry humans we can better understand what they are experiencing. The chapter then turns to languages around the globe to consider universalities as well as cultural differences. It touches on the distinctive ways anger is expressed in Zulu, Chinese, Chewong, Gaelic, and Taita and how each language reveals a unique understanding of anger. This cross-cultural perspective can help expand our own anger lexicons.
Race and Anger in Later Life
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses racism and anger in later life. It describes how American streets have been sites of racial anger since well before the country was established. Although large protests have become the public manifestations of racial anger, it also surfaces every day in response to subtle or ambiguous microaggressions. The legacy of American racism is manifest in the life expectancies of people of color. During the COVID pandemic, live expectancy in America declined overall, with the largest drops experienced by Hispanics, African Americans, Native Americans and Alaska Natives. Police violence remains a leading cause of death for young men of color. The chapter calls for honest conversation about racism and its consequences and celebrates the resilience of people of color in America.
Embracing the Anger
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

Aggression is considered the most challenging of the behavioral and psychological symptoms (BAPS) of dementia. This chapter opens with the author’s experience of her father’s anger and dementia. It critiques the use of chemical restraint to manage angry dementia patients and introduces several possible alternatives. It traces the history of American responses to anger, noting the modern tendency to dismiss or reject anger, particularly that of people who are cognitively impaired. It introduces the notion that anger is inherently protective and suggests that turning towards anger with awareness and compassion might improve care and enrich later life for everyone.
Changing the World
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces older adults with dynamism, commitment, and deep engagement who are not hostile to social change and who marshal personal resources to help shape the world in which they want to live. Most of their activism stems from personal experiences of injustice or personal trauma. Each activist experiences and deploys anger differently, but they all must be judicious in their expression of this stigmatized emotion, even as they access its energy to accomplish their goals. Some see themselves resisting the pervasive ageism that contributes to social aging and others strive to protect the environment, a process that frequently exposes them to both anger and despair. The chapter concludes with reflection on the personal benefits of activism for older adults.
Children’s Strategies
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter tackles the process of identifying aggressors in child abuse narratives and cases. It recognizes coercive control’s aim to have a monopoly over all resources available through a family space. In cases of coercive control, children’s stories are examined as both a source of evidence about abuse in the household and for signs of “duress.” The chapter then elaborates on Anna Freud’s theory of identification with the aggressor by referencing the cases of Mariah Knock and Anna Covlin allegedly betraying their mother. Freud recognized that the child identifies with the aggressor both to ward off threats and danger while simultaneously serving individuation.
The Coercive Control of Magdalena and Daniel Pelka
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter focuses on the case of child abuse as tangential spouse abuse referencing the coercive control of Magdalena Luczak. It offers a forensic analysis into a partner’s primary purpose in coercively controlling a child to subordinate his adult victim. Children in similar cases are considered “secondary” victims because the tactics used to harm the children are chosen for their effect on the adult victim primarily. The chapter explains how a forensic analysis deciphers the logic of coercive control and elicits a vocabulary of motives consistent with early intervention. It then considers a major shift in concern for children from their basic physical health and safety to their well-being as fully entitled rights-bearing persons.
A Modern Media
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter covers the case known as “modern-day Medea.” It details Rachel’s imprisonment for allegedly creating a risk of injury to her children even though she fronted horrendous physical and sexual abuse along with hostage-like levels of control from her live-in boyfriend, Roberto. Roberto’s omnipresence loomed because of her prior isolation from her mother, sister, and friends at the diner where she had worked. Moreover, Roberto’s seeming omnipotence reflected his assumption of control over every facet of her life, such as basic resources and personal support in an effort to impoverish Rachel and the children and increase their dependence. The chapter highlights how Rachel’s case is a peculiar mix of gender bias and compassion for children.
The Single Thought
Authors: Segala Marco
Published: December 2023

Schopenhauer’s metaphysics of nature, as investigated in the Second Book of the first edition of The World as Will and Representation (1819), relies on one philosophical discovery—namely, that the will is the thing in itself and the essence of the phenomenal world—and several considerations based on scientific knowledge. Such scientific content has rarely attracted the interest of commentators: philosophers and historians of philosophy are more attracted to the other, ‘pure’ philosophical themes of Schopenhauer’s work—epistemology, aesthetics, and ethics. This chapter shows that metaphysics of nature (and all the related scientific discourse) is also philosophically relevant. It is an expression of the “single thought” that The World as Will and Representation would convey to its readers. As such, scientific and metaphysical truth, together with beauty and goodness, provide a guide to a decent life that counteracts the otherwise unbearable weight of existence.
Becoming True Britons
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

An Irish Anglican withdrawal group, frightened by the rise of the Catholics, coalesced around the annual week-long “Powerscourt meetings,” held at one of Ireland’s greatest Big Houses, from 1831 through 1836. They dealt with an ecclesiology based on the primitive-Church (small faith groups), with their own hermeneutics (how to read the scriptures) and, crucially, with a new take on how to interpret biblical prophecy. Taking a lead from Edward Irving and his translation of the writings of the Chilean Jesuit Manuel Lacunza, they embraced the then-novel idea of the literal physical Second Coming of Jesus. Later this was expanded by John Nelson Darby to include the concept of the secret Rapture that would occur before the millennium. The expansion of the Irish Brethren to England (notably Plymouth—hence the popular name, “Plymouth Brethren”), Bristol, and London in the late 1830s was the first step in a series of migrations that brought their system to the New World.
The Wasp-Waist Passage
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman
Published: December 2023

The organizing figure of speech for this chapter is a phenomenon noted by ecologists and biologists: that competitive species often pass through a narrow corridor before emerging to expand in range and to flourish. The concept applies to ideas and to social phenomena as well. Radical American evangelical apocalypticism went through just such a narrow corridor between, roughly, 1868 and 1872, and this ideational passage opened out in the years 1873–1875. Thereafter apocalypticism spectacularly flourished. This chapter discusses the personnel (all males with good pulpits or at least good publicity) who formed something close to a fraternity networked around Waymarks. James Hall Brookes, George C. Needham, and several others who led the American prophetic movement are included.
How the Pandemic Changed People, Experiences, and the World
Authors: Spires Angela , Miller Monica K.
Published: December 2023

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, it drastically changed life as everyone knew it. Thousands of jobs were lost, and people began to work at home. Students started learning online, and many households became crowded and chaotic. People struggled to adjust to change, including social engagements, travel, and religious gatherings. Healthcare dramatically changed for many, including those delivering and receiving that care. Fear pushed people to hoard items, misinformation led to conspiracy beliefs, and stress contributed to violence and mental health struggles. Families struggled as loved ones were separated, roles changed, and new life demands emerged. Politics and the economy experienced dramatic changes. Even animals and the environment experienced pandemic changes. Despite these struggles, there were countless examples of kindness. This chapter highlights some of the ways the pandemic changed the world—and the people in it.
Reactance Theory, Freedom Seeking, Protesting, and Other COVID-19 Behaviors
Authors: Kim Jungkeun , Park Jooyoung , Chan Ricky Y. K. , Marshall Roger
Published: December 2023

Reactance theory is a sociopsychological theory suggesting that when people have their freedom limited, they develop a strong motivational state directed toward re-establishing the threatened or eliminated freedom. For example, when people’s freedom to engage in a certain behavior is threatened, they become increasingly motivated to engage in the behavior. After the initial shock of COVID-19, policies were almost ubiquitously enacted to prevent people from working outside the home and having group and face-to-face interactions. According to reactance theory, these strong measures will make some people feel that their personal freedom is threatened, and they could consequently come to increasingly desire to engage in these forbidden activities even in violation of direct government orders. This explains why many people have protested stay-home and other government restrictions, sometimes even to the extent of offering violence. This chapter applies the psychological reactance theory to explain people’s freedom-seeking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic and outlines the lessons to be learned from the pandemic situation in terms of the management and control of these behaviors.
Cooperation and Acting for the Greater Good During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Boggio Paulo S. , Böhm Robert , Perc Matjaž , Sjåstad Hallgeir
Published: December 2023

Cooperation is essential to overcome global pandemics and other health crises, as many preventive measures require people to bear a personal cost to benefit other people or society as a whole. Wearing a face mask, for example, protects other people more than it protects oneself. This chapter first discusses several key mechanisms that are known to promote cooperative behavior in economic games and real-world scenarios. Then a review is given of the experimental research on what type of interventions could support a cooperative response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the chapter focuses on message-based interventions that are intended to promote social distancing, physical hygiene, mask wearing, vaccine uptake, and information seeking. The chapter concludes with some suggested interventions, lessons learned, and future research ideas.
Party Polarization and COVID-19
Authors: Lin Jennifer , Druckman James N.
Published: December 2023

COVID-19 constituted a fundamental threat. In many cases, such threats bring people together. Yet, in the United States this was not the case. This chapter explores the impact of polarization on Americans’ reaction to COVID-19. The chapter begins by reviewing work on affective polarization and its rise over time. Then work that reveals substantial polarization of elite discourse regarding COVID-19 is reviewed; this polarization likely contributed to partisan differences in the public’s response to COVID-19. These partisan distinctions covered a range of attitudes, behaviors, and attributions. Nonetheless, an ironic dynamic is seen regarding affective polarization particularly. The extent of affective polarization initially decreased with the onset of COVID-19; yet, it remained at levels high enough that it drove partisan responses. These findings highlight the distinction between the extent of polarization and the consequences of polarization. The chapter concludes by discussing potential antidotes to how polarization divides countries during periods of existential threat.
Social Networks and COVID-19
Authors: Peoples Clayton D. , Furlano Kayla
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic is inextricably linked with social networks. The virus spreads through contact with others—often via channels created by social networks. Although not universal, part of the societal response to the pandemic has involved attempting to limit contact in various ways, which in turn changes the nature of interactions and the structure of networks. Many people are working or learning from a distance via technology as some employers and schools shift to remote models. Additionally, as some areas enact stay-home orders, peoples’ face-to-face networks are constrained to those who live within the same household. Given the well-established impact of social networks on behavior, this shift to constrained networks and remote interactions has an impact on various facets of people’s lives. The purpose of this chapter is to use social network theory to both explain COVID-19 contagion and explore the pandemic’s impact on behavior. Future research ideas and “lessons learned” related to social networks are discussed.
Inequality in Healthcare
Authors: Berthelot Emily R. , Bornstein Susan G.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic amplified the structural inequality in health and healthcare experienced by people of color, older adults, and those of low socioeconomic status. The chapter outlines relevant structural inequality theories, then applies these theories to explain the disparate outcomes of COVID-19 in specific populations. In addition to these structural inequities, minorities often have a distrust of healthcare due to historical and contemporary experiences, which can further exacerbate healthcare disparities. During the pandemic, many disadvantaged groups could not afford medical care or were unable to use telehealth communications secondary to lack of technology. Frequently, these people were essential workers and/or were unable to socially isolate. The income, insurance coverage, and status gaps between wealthy and disadvantaged Americans may be both cause and consequence of healthcare inequalities. These inequalities dramatically influenced individuals’ experiences during the pandemic. The chapter closes with a discussion of the “lessons learned” for healthcare policymakers and ideas for future social science research on structural inequality related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nostalgia and Protection of Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Wildschut and Tim , Sedikides Constantine
Published: December 2023

The chapter proposes that the emotion of nostalgia (a sentimental longing for one’s past), by acting as a balancing feedback mechanism, counteracts negative states likely to be induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first tenet of this regulatory model of nostalgia proposes that the emotion is triggered by negative states. In support, the chapter reviews evidence that two negative states elicited by the pandemic—boredom and loneliness—not only undermine psychological adjustment, but also increase nostalgia. The second tenet of the regulatory model proposes that nostalgia, in turn, counteracts adversity by serving a number of key psychological functions. The chapter reviews supporting evidence for nostalgia’s capacity to strengthen meaning in life (countering boredom) and social connectedness (countering loneliness). By fostering psychological adjustment, nostalgia absorbs the detrimental impact of pandemic-induced distress and maintains homeostasis. As such, nostalgia contributes to preventing downward spirals of declining mental health during the pandemic. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
Leadership and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Stedham Yvonne , Mueller Steven
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented uncertainties in all aspects of people’s lives. During such times of crisis, effective leaders are able to create a sense of calm and openness that results in collaboration and receptivity to solutions. These transformational leaders impact others’ behavior because they are seen as trustworthy. Research on transformational leadership identifies behaviors that facilitate a leader’s impact: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence. These behaviors allow for the development of trust between leader and followers. Through examples of transformational leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter discusses how such leadership facilitated compliance with helpful pandemic behaviors and cultivated a shared a sense of togetherness rather than an individualistic sense of “everyone for themselves.” Lessons learned and directions for future research are.
Will the COVID-19 Pandemic Influence People’s Moral Beliefs and Behavior?
Authors: West Matthew P. , Yelderman Logan A.
Published: December 2023

Parasite-stress theory and moral foundations theory are rooted in an evolutionary psychology perspective. Together, these theories suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic might result in a “conservative shift” in people’s moral beliefs and behaviors, which in turn has implications for intergroup relations and punishment attitudes. In theory, conservative beliefs are an adaptive response to high rates of infectious diseases because they emphasize “tight-knit” ingroups and outgroup avoidance. The former provides a form of “insurance” for when infections do occur, and the latter functions to minimize exposure to infection. Although conservative beliefs might be an adaptive response, they are related to prejudicial and punitive behavior. Thus, one possible outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic is an increase in instances of outgroup bias/ingroup favoritism and increased support for punitive policies and actions, especially those targeting outgroup members. It is likely this conservative shift will be temporary. This chapter outlines the key concepts and assumptions of parasite-stress theory and moral foundations theory, applies these theories to conceptualizing a conservative shift and its consequences, and identifies hypotheses seated in these theories that future research can test.
World-Systems Analysis and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tyrala Michael
Published: December 2023

World-systems analysis is an approach of historical macrosociology according to which the structural dynamics of the capitalist world-economy entrench and reproduce dangerous asymmetries of power within and between countries, ultimately exacerbating societal vulnerability and undermining collective responses to external shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic and the global response to it are a case in point, with developed and developing countries not only differing wildly in their ability to provide their populations with adequate medical care and financial relief, but also distributing them highly unequally. The resulting tears in the social fabric further erode trust within and between societies and contribute to a festering of conspiratorial narratives that frustrate even the most basic public health measures, let alone the mass vaccination programs that are vital for ending the pandemic. This chapter utilizes world-systems analysis to explain these outcomes, arguing that unless the underlying structural dynamics are radically transformed, future external shocks will be increasingly more difficult to deal with. It concludes by discussing what such a radical transformation should entail and offers ideas for future research.
Selecting Personality and Individual Difference Theories to Predict COVID-19 Sentiment and Behaviors
Authors: Devereux Paul G.
Published: December 2023

COVID-19 behaviors can be, in part, explained by personality and individual difference factors, including empathy, altruism, narcissism, self-efficacy, religious beliefs, political affiliation (libertarianism), and personal relevance to health crises. Such differences could affect compliance-related behaviors/sentiment. Researchers must be purposeful when selecting which personality theories are most useful to explore their topic. This process includes exploring the components of the theory to identify how they might explain the issue at hand. Careful examination of the theory’s principles and supporting evidence will help to generate stronger hypotheses and better research. Theories that might have more explanatory power for pandemic containment behaviors are just world beliefs, moral disengagement, and locus of control as they each involve judgments about the world that influence behavior. This chapter describes the process of selecting these theories for studying COVID-19 and illustrates how they can generate future research ideas.
Epistemology and Philosophy of Language
Authors: Dasti Matthew R.
Published: December 2023

This chapter articulates the major contours of Nyāya epistemology as a two-level system. On the ground level, individuals are entitled to apparently veridical cognition on pragmatic grounds. But when legitimate doubt arises, one shifts to self-conscious review and certification of disputed views or cognition. Further refinements to this approach are offered in dialogue with Madhyamaka Buddhist skeptics and others. Other issues encountered include the philosophy of language, where Nyāya advocates referentialism. It answers the question about the referent of a common noun is by arguing that it could be an individual, its form, or a universal inhering in the individual, each of which may take prominence according to a speaker’s intentions. Finally, it considers the epistemic status of sacred testimony, arguing that it is no different from ordinary testimony except that its content concerns otherworldly realities.
Comic Songs Imitating Foreign Voices
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

In the Italian theatrical tradition, to inflect the voice through accent or vocabulary choices is to descend immediately from the realm of serious art music to the level of the comic. Such voices are the focus of this chapter, explored in examples from play texts and comic part-song repertoires, including examples of German, Kanuri (African), Turkish, and Jewish individuals, each spoofed through mispronunciations and foreign words. The tight coupling of sonic difference, class status, and racial/ethnic identity is foregrounded to argue that the sounding dimension of Otherness typifies a categorical difference in subjecthood that can be understood as specifically racial.
Trumpets and Drums Played by Enslaved Musicians
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

This chapter directly addresses an association between musical performers and (visibly) foreign bodies that has been regularly attested in more general scholarly work on Black Africans and enslaved retainers in early modern Europe. In the foreground are a series of archival sources from the 1630s that document the training of ethically marked (almost certainly enslaved) musicians who were incorporated into musical ensembles at the Florentine court. Two of these musicians were trained on the trumpet by the virtuoso Girolamo Fantini. At issue here is the way in which racialized bodies maintained and produced a significant rapport with particular musical sounds.
Music Proper to Enslaved Singers
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

This chapter serves as the capstone to the broader, more theoretical first half of the book. Building upon the various case studies elucidated in earlier chapters and directly considering several young Black pages within the Italian court system, this chapter articulates the musicality and comicity of the voices of the enslaved as they were regularly figured and understood in early modern Italy. Through an insidious conflation of social practice with racializing presumptions of “type,” the use of Black servants as entertaining figures relied upon and propagated stereotypical assumptions about Black musicality that continue to resonate even today. The chapter argues for the exoticizing potential of music itself, especially “low” or popular Western musical forms, marking voice and musical genre as expressive matter linked to the early modern Italian concept of razza (“race”).
Introducing Giovannino Buonaccorsi
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

Giovannino Buonaccorsi was an enslaved, Black, male soprano (presumably castrato) singer, active at the Medici court from 1651 until his death in 1674; he was frequently described in contemporary sources with the nickname “Giovannino Moro.” Buonaccorsi sang in a series of operas in the Florentine theater, La Pergola, and, in 1664, at least one season on the Venetian public stage. Details of Buonaccorsi’s life and performances survive in a remarkable number of visual, descriptive, musical, and archival sources. This chapter serves as an introduction to the information known about him (including new archival details), clearing up some of the confusions present in the extant literature. An analysis is given of the extant portrait of the singer, Ritratto di suonatore di liuto con cantore moro (Portrait of a lute player with a black singer, ca. 1662), painted by Baldassarre Franceschini, known as il Volterrano.
Buonaccorsi Sings on the Florentine Stage
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides an analysis of the various roles known to have been played by Black singer Giovannino Buonaccorsi on the Florentine stage at La Pergola theater, noting, in particular, the ways in which they fulfill a comic character type of the Italian vernacular stage. A comparison is made with the standard scene types of the commedia dell’arte. The analysis points up two different approaches to dialect and sound, suggesting that at least one other enslaved Black singer was active in Florentine opera of the period, perhaps one of the young Black men enslaved to Prince Matthias de’ Medici, Caralì, who was later baptized with the name “Mattia Medici.”
First, There Is Mother
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice , Kailo Kaarina
Published: December 2023

From two different continents, across the global North, come stories of the Woman Who Married the Bear. Not only are the stories present, but they are also widespread across modern cultures from Indigenous North America and Scandinavia to Russia and Korea. Moreover, the stories reach into deep antiquity. Since the late twentieth century, the existence of matriarchy has been acknowledged in anthropological and historical circles. Now that matriarchies are acknowledged and described by academia, it is worth exploring their antiquity in terms of bear spirituality, as descried in rock art, in caves, in ceremony, in ritual, and in tradition. Two scholars on two continents join forces to examine these questions, first by surveying and then by quizzing the Bear husband stories on their respective continents, winnowing down to the common elements of the stories, and finally, seeking out their commonalities of meaning in terms of matriarchal culture.
A New and Frightening Reality
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice
Published: December 2023

The Woman Who Married the Bear traces back to the Younger Dryas, 12,800–11,600 BP, a period of tremendous environmental upheaval across North America following the Firestone comet swarm strikes and resultant nuclear winter. Time bifurcated into “before the stars fell” and “after the stars fell,” with the giant short-faced bear before the stars fell transmuting into the cannibalistic Stone Giants after the stars fell, wearing their bear suits and hunting shorter people. Everyone dealt with murder of fellow beings now, as straight-up hunters or as cannibals. Bear marriage morphed into the sacrifice of the natural world, as instanced by the Bear husband, who inevitably died trying to protect his family. The Bear embodied self-sacrifice to the new hunting ethos. Although Indigenous North American cultures resumed matriarchy, it was necessarily through the Bear husband’s recognition that his renewal came about metaphorically in the wife’s children, as her matching gift of Blood.
Directed Digital Dissidence in Autocracies
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this book, we use the case of China to examine how state actors can transform the internet and online discourse into a key strategic element for maintaining the government and relieving domestic pressure on national institutions. Although scholars have long known that the democratizing influence of the internet can be blunted by autocratic states, in this book, we show that the online sphere can effectively be co-opted by states like China and transformed into a supporting institution. Our theory, directed digital dissidence, explains how autocracies manage critical online information flows and what impact this management has on mass opinion and behavior. While the expansion of the internet may stimulate dissidence, it also provides the central government an avenue to direct that dissent away from themself and toward selected targets. Under the strategy of directed digital dissidence, the Internet becomes a mechanism to dissipate threats by serving as a targeted relief valve rather than a building pressure cooker. We consider the process and impact of this evolving state-led manipulation of the political internet using data and examples from China. We employed an original large-scale random survey of Chinese citizens to measure Internet use, social media use, and political attitudes. We also consider the impact of the state firewall. Beyond simply identifying it, we focus on testing the effectiveness of the government strategy with empirical data. We also consider how dissent can be redirected across a broader range of targets, including nonstate actors and other nations.
The Chinese Internet
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we introduce the data, discuss how it was collected, and highlight some of the primary measures used throughout the book. We also provide evidence that many Chinese internet users perceive having had a personal experience with motivated internet manipulation forces or at least have heard that these forces exist. This finding lays the foundation for our argument that the Chinese government is actively trying to manage its citizens’ information exposure. Finally, we examine the factors that explain variation in citizens’ awareness of forces trying to shape the flow of information. This awareness is driven largely by the frequency with which citizens use the internet and their level of political interest.
Social Media
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we present evidence that dissidence is most likely to be located on social media sites such as Weibo, QQ, Kaixin001, Douban, and WeChat. It is here where citizens are likely to encounter information critical of local government. The central government actively censors information critical of itself, but our data and results suggest that they less actively limit critical information directed at the local level. Further, our results show that social media use is on the rise, which could increase the effect of allowing dissidence at the local level while limiting opposition directed at the central government. This finding is supportive of the directed digital dissidence theory. If social media use is connected to exposure to local-level critical flows and the central government sees this as useful strategy to help them maintain their authority, social media serves as a tool to maintain autocratic rule. This contrasts sharply with scholarship that sees social media as a democratizing force. Finally, the results of this chapter provide more evidence that it is the politically engaged who are the most exposed to critical information flows.
Managing the Information War
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we contend that directed digital dissidence is an effective strategy even in the face of technologically savvy users. This is true even when the users are both aware of the state’s strategy and actively trying to circumvent it. The empirical results of this final data-driven chapter are clear. While increasing use of the internet results in more wall jumping, it also diminishes the negative effects correlation of that wall jumping. More directly, the more online content is consumed, the greater chance the Chinese government has to mediate and redirect dissidence. We contend that this is a direct result of Chinese government’s control of the information flow on their side of the firewall. Simply, those who jump the wall are also more likely to be exposed to the central government’s propaganda, thus neutralizing the effect of the counterflow of information beyond the firewall.
Digital Directed Dissidence in Action
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, we explore the application of DDD to actual events in China. Pulling from recent examples, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the government’s response to the resulting popular dissent, we explore how directed digital dissidence works and where it does not work as effectively. By reviewing some specific examples of when directed digital dissidence was employed, we can explore the scope and limits of this governing strategy. We explore the power of the strategy and how it operates when the variables are shifting with new events. We also use these examples to see who is targeted in specific cases and how the individuals engaging in online discourse responded to the state employment of directed digital dissidence. Ultimately, this more qualitative chapter allows us to complement the quantitative studies and add context to this research.
How to Enter the Material and Social Worlds
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique
Published: December 2023

This chapter places the work in the context of two major bodies of literature: studies of materiality since the 1980s, and the literature of the Spanish conquest and colonialism in Mexico. It provides a critique of studies of materiality that argue that scholars must focus more on the material world and less on the social world. Now that the literature on Spanish colonialism has only begun emphasizing Indigenous power in the last several decades, the chapter argues that it is no time to focus on things and abandon the social world. Instead, it argues that we must continue the project of studying how different groups of people, in competition and collaboration, created and transformed the material world. The chapter also provides a critique of the use of agency as a concept that guides work on materiality.
Different Beasts
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

Different Beasts: Humans and Animals in Spinoza and the Zhuangzi studies conceptions of human and animal identity as articulated in the ancient Chinese text known as the Zhuangzi and in the works of the seventeenth-century European philosopher Benedict de Spinoza. By examining how, in these very different philosophies, notions of humanness and animality intersect with ideas about human unity and solidarity, social order, and categories of social difference (such as gender, descent, and ability), Different Beasts opens new paths for understanding Spinoza and the Zhuangzi while also developing methodological insights into the practice of cross-cultural comparative philosophy. With its contextually grounded approach, Different Beasts mobilizes its comparanda to understand how the complex machinery behind the human-animal binary operates in different philosophical systems. Through a careful analysis of arguments, tales, and metaphors involving animals and humans, the work tackles fresh new questions, such as what the role of storytelling is in one’s engagement with animal perspectives, what part humor plays in imagining alternative life-enriching futures, and how attitudes toward institutional order inflect the boundaries between “us” and “them.”
Unmanaging the Personal and the Political Body in theZhuangzi
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 8 examines the Zhuangzi’s tales of identity blurring and self-fragmentation, which, whether the context is clinical death or sudden bodily and/or cognitive change, defy personal and group boundaries at the same time. This unstable and fragmentary view of personhood is certainly also informed by a cynical view of the ideological structures that organize human behavior to produce orderly, stable, and self-coherent persons and communities. The intertwining of these ontological and political discussions about order, stability, and unity comes to full fruition in the text’s narratives of distant antiquity, which are marked by feelings of nostalgia toward the absence of social distinctions, human-wildlife coexistence, and the unconstrained flourishing of all beings without strife.
Rethinking Animal Imagery in theZhuangzi
Authors: Özbey Sonya N.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 9 traces depictions of marginalized groups in the Zhuangzi with an eye toward potential associations of animality. It shows that although the text consistently dismantles prevalent ideas about distant lands, humble professions, and mutilated ex-convicts, it exhibits a negligent, inconsistent, and sometimes establishmentarian attitude toward women. This chapter argues that one of the factors contributing to this disparity is that the primary audience of the text is mainly men from lower-level elite background (shi 士), which, in the end, limits the extent of its subversive vision. Moreover, if we grant that there was possibly a soothing dimension to sanguine tales about distant lands (where a shi might be exiled) and about people finding fulfilment in menial jobs or despite having mutilated bodies (which are situations that a shi might fear), then perhaps there was simply less of an interest in offering uplifting reimaginations of women’s lives.