bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geneva Humanitarian Law Conference 1975
Authors: Green L. C.
Published: June 2019

The second session of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law applicable to Armed Conflicts met in Geneva from February 3 until April 18, 1975. The purpose of this session of the Conference was the adoption — or perhaps more correctly the successful drafting — of two Protocols to be added to the Geneva Red Cross Conventions of 1949, in order to protect further the victims of international and non-international conflicts respectively; it was also to consider proposals directed to the humanization of methods of warfare, including the prohibition or restriction of conventional weapons considered to be purely indiscriminate or likely to cause an amount of suffering disproportionate to the purpose of the armed conflict.
Canadian Sovereignty in the Arctic: A Comment on The Arctic in Question
Authors: Wang Erik B.
Published: June 2019

The international lawyer sometimes reads the current literature on the Canadian Arctic with a sense of uneasiness. A wide range of writers and scholars maintain an active discourse on questions relating to what is usually called “Arctic sovereignty.” It is not that the lawyer feels he has any special wisdom or monopoly on discussions of questions of “sovereignty.” The sovereignty concept has several layers of meaning, only one of which can be said to be the special preserve of the lawyer. Public discussion in Canada is largely, and legitimately, focussed on policy questions that flow from sovereignty, from Canada's right to exercise authority, to the exclusion of that of any other state, over vast areas of arctic lands and waters. If war is too important a matter to be left to the generals, perhaps sovereignty is too important a matter to be left to the lawyers. Nevertheless, the lawyer is sometimes troubled by a tendency of non-legal commentators to blur his favourite distinctions and to question some of his most firmly held assumptions.
The Canadian Yearbookand International Law in Canada after Twenty-five Years
Authors: Cohen Maxwell
Published: June 2019

In Geological Time a quarter of a century does not rate high on the scale of perspectives. But for law and lawyers, for ongoing politics and policies, twenty-five years in an age of electronic communications, ballistic missile speeds, and space activities can include a planetary march of revolutionary proportions. Indeed, the rise and fall of empires now may be counted in years or decades rather than in centuries. The paradox of our age is that the future marks a constant acceleration of political processes, with conservative forces such as law and other social controls hard put to keep up with escaping events. The compression of time at the end of the twentieth century is its dominant feature.
Droit et souveraineté à l'aube du XXIe siècle
Authors: Morin Jacques-Yvan
Published: June 2019

The author explores the relationship between the concept of sovereignty and international law. First, he examines this theme in its changing historical context, particularly the subordination of law to sovereignty by Hegel and the nineteenth-century positivists, and the various attempts by Kelsen and others in the twentieth century to assert the primacy of international law. He then examines the stress laid upon sovereignty as a means of obtaining a more just international economic order by states of the Third World. The implications of bilateral and multilateral agreements that grant broad powers to financial and economic international institutions are also examined to determine their impact upon the sovereignty of less developed countries. The author also examines the implications of the extensive practice of treaty-making and the adoption of rules and standards within a range of Specialized Agencies of the United Nations. He also traces the gradual development of the European Economic Community from free trade area to European union as envisaged by the Single European Act, under which the sovereignty of member states is steadily giving way. In the final analysis, the author concludes that sovereignty is a relative concept. It is not sovereignty itself which is impeding the development of a true community of states but rather the many economic, social, political, and psychological conflicts which impede the development of common values uniting the whole international community.
L'évolution des rapports entre le droit canadien et le droit international un demi-siècle après l'affaire des conventions internationales de travail
Authors: De Mestrall A.L.C.
Published: June 2019

This article reviews the suggestion implicit in two recent obiter dicta of the Supreme Court of Canada and the widely held view in English Canada that the Labour Conventions Reference was wrongly decided, and that parliament should have exclusive jurisdiction to implement any treaty. It is argued that reversal of this rule would constitute a fundamental change in the nature of the Canadian federal system; is not warranted by any functional argument and has never been requested by the principal interested party, namely the government of Canada. It is also argued that the only proper way to make such a change is by way of formal constitutional amendment. Given the existence of a host of treaties covering every imaginable field of human conduct, a blank cheque to parliament to implement any treaty would in effect constitute one of the most major changes of the Constitution in our hutory. Among the problems considered is that of the extreme fluidity of the concept of a treaty in international law. The author suggests that other avenues exist for the expansion of federal legislative jurisdiction to implement treaties in the field of international trade if this is necessary.
Maxwell Cohen at Eighty: International Lawyer, Educator, and Judge
Authors: MacDonald R. St. J.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Depuis plus d'un demi-siècle, Maxwell Cohen figure parmi les plus brillants membres de la communauté des juristes internationaux au Canada. Cette description de sa vie et de son œuvre nous place dans le contexte de la société canadienne du vingtième siècle et fait état de son rôle d'éducateur, de savant, de practicien, co-président de la Commission mixte internationale et juge ad hoc à la Cour internationale de justice. Le présent article décrit également l’importance de son rôle de commentateur des relations canado-américaines.
State Immunity. Re Canada Labour Code: A Common Sense Solution to the
Commercial Activity Exception
Authors: Hornby Ross
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Dans l’affaire Re Code canadien du travail, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 3, la Cour suprême du Canada interprétait pour la première fois la Loi sur l’immunité des États, L.R.C. 1985, ch. S-18. Cette loi fédérale, adoptée en 1982, codifie la théorie restrictive de l’immunité de juridiction des tribunaux du droit international coutumier. Elle établit une règle générale de l’immunité, à laquelle s’applique cependant un certain nombre d’exceptions, notamment l’exception de l’activité commerciale.

L’affaire opposait les États-Unis d’Amérique et l’Alliance de la fonction publique du Canada. Ce syndicat demandait l’accréditation à titre d’agent négociateur des civils canadiens travaillant comme personnes de métier pour la marine américaine à la base d’Argentia, à Terre-Neuve. En donnant raison aux États-Unis, la Cour a toutefois évité d’interpréter de façon trop étroite l’exception de l’activité commerciale comme le réclamait l’appelant (les États-Unis).

Rejetant toute “distillation antiseptique afin de qualifier une fois pour toute l’activité en question, quel qu’en soit l’objet,” la Cour dans l’arrêt majoritaire a opté pour une méthode contextuelle, faisant de la “nature” d’un acte, ainsi que son “objet” des facteurs pertinents dans l’application de l’exception de l’activité commerciale. Soucieuse d’aller au-dela de ce débat souvent stérile sur la “nature” et l“objet” d’une activité, la Cour a évalué l’impact de la non-immunité sur l’État étranger, essayant de concilier l’intérêt de ce dernier avec l’intérêt du public dans la juridiction de nos tribunaux.

La majorité a insisté sur la complexité des relations de travail des employés canadiens de la base faisant d’abord ressortir le fait qu’il s’agissait à la fois d’activités commerciales et d’activités souveraines de l’État. Elle a jugé que le fait pour les États-Unis de recruter localement du personnel d’entretien constituait une activité commerciale, et que par conséquent, les employés canadiens avaient le droit de demander aux tribunaux de faire respecter leur contrat de travail. Reconnaissant que l’application des dispositions du Code canadien du travail risqueraient de perturber les opérations militaire de la base, la majorité a toutefois reconnu l’immunité des États-Unis à l’égard de la gestion et du contrôle de l’emploi à la base.

Les dissidents ont mis en doute l’incidence du Code canadien du travail sur les activités militaires de la base et se seraient opposés à ce qu on fasse droit à la demande d’immunité du gouvernement américain. Ils ont cependant convenu avec la majorité que la façon dont la loi définit l’exception de l’activité commerciale ne s’opposait pas à l’examen de l’objet d’une activité et que le tribunal devait donc tenir compte de l’ensemble du contexte dans lequel elle s’est déroulée.
Reservations to Human Rights Treaties: Time for Innovation and Reform
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La pratique répandue de la formulation de réserves aux conventions internationales des droits de la personne est une préoccupation des organes de contrôle. Les règles coutumières concernant des réserves, qui sont codifiées dans la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, sont inappropriées pour un régime de protection des droits de la personne où la réciprocité des obligations est d'une importance mitigée. Lors de la ratification du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, les États-Unis ont formulé une série de réserves. Ceci a provoqué que le Comité des droits de l'homme aborde le sujet dans une observation générale. Le Comité propose des critères d'application du test de l'objet et le but du traité. Il constate que des réserves aux dispositions non-dérogeables sont acceptables. Toutefois, aucune réserve ne peut être formulée à l'égard d'une norme coutumière. De plus, le Comité clarifie la situation quant à la compétence des organes de contrôle de se prononcer sur la légalité des réserves. Mais la conséquence d'une réserve illégale demeure incertaine. L'intention réelle de l'état en question doit être établie afin de déterminer si l'état sera lié par le traité, et ce malgré l'incompatibilité de sa réserve. Une pratique en évolution suggère que les états peuvent reformuler ou amender des réserves après la ratification, même si la Convention de Vienne n'autorise pas une telle démarche.
Counting Chickens before They Hatch: New Hope or No Hope for Discipline in International Agricultural Trade
Authors: Chalifour Nathalie J. , Buckingham Donald
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le commerce des produits agrícoles a été un des secteurs les plus lents à s'ouvrir au libre-échange mondial. Cependant, l'époque des politiques nationales de protection de l'agriculture pourrait bien être révolue du fait de la conclusion del'Accord de libre-échange nord américainet del'Accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commercede 1994. Dans cet article, les auteurs analysent brièvement les dispositions de ces nouveaux accords relatives au commerce des produits agricoles, puis ib discutent de leur efficacité. Sehn les auteurs, l'inclusion de l'agriculture dans les échanges commeràaux libéralisés et les mécanismes de règlement des différends est, en général, de bon augure pour le commerce international. Toutefois, affirment-ils, la complexité, l'interrelation de ces accords, certains points faibles du régime de règlement des différends et le traitement toujours spécial accordé à l'agriculture par k droit commercial international représentent, par ailleurs, de “mauvais” signes. Finalement, on ne saurait prévoir si les manoeuvres politiques et les inévitables litiges auront pour effet de miner la nouvelle disàpline commerciale en matière agricole.
Le rejet du concept de patrimoine commun de l’humanité afin d’assurer la gestion de la diversité biologique
Authors: Mercure Pierre-François
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Avec l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention sur la diversité biologique, les ressources génétiques de la biosphère sont soumises à la juridiction de l’État à l’intérieur du territoire où elles se trouvent, conformément au principe de la souveraineté permanente des États sur les ressources naturelles. L’idée d’une gestion de ces ressources par la communauté internationale au profit de l’humanité, sehn les caractéristiques propres du concept de patrimoine commun de l’humanité, n’a pu être retenue à cause de l’attitude des pays développés. Ces derniers refusaient d’établir des mécanismes de préférence à l’égard des pays en développement, quant à la transmission des connaisances et des brevets en matière de biotechnologie, en échange de leur libre accès aux ressources génétiques.

Le rejet du concept de patrimoine commun de l’humanité par les pays en développement a été encouragé par leur désillusionnement quant à son application à d’autres ressources naturelles communes, ainsi que par le traitement fait à la diversité biologique par la Commission mondiale sur l’environnement et le développement dans le rapport qu’elle a produit. Les pays en développement, s’appuyant sur le concept de développement durable, entendent poursuivre la réalisation des éléments constitutifs du nouvel ordre économique international à travers la gestion des ressources génétiques.
II Le Canada et le système monétaire international en 1996
Authors: Colas Bernard
Published: June 2019

La globalisation des Marchés financiers oblige des pays comme le Canada à repenser l'exercice de leur souveraineté. Elle met en évidence l'interdépendance entre pays industriels et économies émergentes ainsi que l'importance d'une action concertée au niveau international.

En 1996, le Canada a poursuivi, avec ses partenaires du Groupe des Sept, la mise en oeuvre des recommandations formulées au Sommet de Halifax l'année précédente. Celles-ci visaient à favoriser la stabilité du système financier international. Pour ce faire, le Canada a encouragé le renforcement des institutions financières internationales (I) et l'action des organismes de surveillance des institutions financières (II).
The Birth of the International Criminal Court: The 1998 Rome Conference
Authors: Kirsch Philippe , Holmes John T.
Published: June 2019

The adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on July 17, 1998, was an historic achievement culminating decades of efforts to establish a permanent body to bring to justice those responsible for the most serious international crimes. The Bureau of the Committee of the Whole of the Conference played a leading role in forging the final package that was overwhelmingly endorsed by the Conference. In developing this package, the Bureau went to considerable lengths to consult delegations and members of civil society and to accommodate the concerns of the vast majority of participants at the Rome Conference. The Rome Statute is a carefully crafted instrument balancing complex legal and policy concerns and fully consistent with the norms and standards of international law. The successful outcome of the Rome Conference was due to the recognition that this balanced approach was timely and appropriate. The credit for the achievement of this seminal moment in history is shared by the commitment of a core group of states, the so-called Like-Minded Group, the dedication of a number of ministers and delegates to the goal, and the strong, vocal, and committed support of members of civil society.
Nationality, State Succession, and the Right of Option: The Case of Québec
Authors: van Ert Gibran
Published: June 2019

Some advocates of Québec separatism claim that Quebecers could retain their Canadian nationality following Québec’s secession from Canada. This article examines international nationality law to test the accuracy of that claim. A device known as an option exists in international law as a means of allowing individuals to determine for themselves the effect of state succession upon their nationality. This article considers the place of options in the law of state succession, both as it now stands and as proposed by the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Nationality of Natural Persons in Relation to the Succession of States, 1997. Four possible arguments in favour of a Québécois option are given, the most convincing of which arises by analogy to state practice in the use of plebiscites. This argument suggests that international law would require the state of Québec to grant all Canadians affected by Québec’s secession a right to opt for Canadian nationality instead of Québécois nationality with the caveat that those opting to retain Canadian nationality could face expulsion from Québec. Finally, the article suggests that the development of human rights in international law should extend to recognize a true human right of option in cases of state succession. Regrettably, the ILC Draft hinders, rather than encourages, this desirable development.
Aspects historiques de la relation entre le droit international humanitaire et les droits de l'homme
Authors: Kolb Robert
Published: June 2019

The author traces the historical evolution of the distinction between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. He demonstrates that the structures of the two regimes follow from the fact that while humanitarian law was designed to apply in periods of war, human rights law was to apply in periods of peace. The difference between the two are not matters of abstract logic. Rather, they have important consequences for the functioning of these important branches of international law.
L’affaire Desona: Réflexions sur la première sentence arbitrate rendue sur le fond sous le régime du chapitre 11 (investissement) de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain
Authors: Lévesque Céline
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

En novembre 1999, un tribunal arbitral rendait une décision dans l'affaireDesona, qui opposait des investisseurs américains au gouvernement du Mexique. Il s'agissait de la première décision rendue sur le fond dans une dispute entre un investisseur privé et un gouvernement sous le régime du chapitre 11 (investissement) de l'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA). Dans cette affaire, les investisseurs prétendaient que le Mexique avait agi en violation de ses obligations en vertu du chapitre 11, principalement en matière d'expropriation. Confrontés aux contours imprécis de la notion d'expropriation comprise dans l'ALÉNA, et à des faits non équivoques, les arbitres n'ont dit que le minimum nécessaire pour régler ce différend. En revanche, ils ont énoncé certains principes de base d'interprétation du chapitre 11, portant sur le pouvoir de régulation de l'État et la souveraineté des tribunaux nationaux. Cet article examine tout d'abord le chapitre 11 de l'ALÉNA, avant d'analyser les faits et la sentence arbitrale dans l'affaire Desona. L'auteur se permet finalement quelques réflexions sur la signification et les conséquences potentielles de la décision.
The Internet in Light of Traditional Public and Private International Law Principles and Rules Applied in Canada
Authors: Castel J.-G.
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the problems related to the use of the Internet in Canada in an international context. Does international law allow Canada to regulate the Internet and its actors even if they are located abroad? Under the constitution, which level of government has the authority to do so? In which circumstances have the courts in Québec and in the common law provinces personal jurisdiction over persons using the Internet in an international context and which law do these courts apply? When are Canadian courts prepared to recognize and enforce foreign judgments involving the Internet and its actors? The author deals with these questions and is of the opinion that in most situations the federal Parliament has the jurisdiction to prescribe and the Canadian courts have the jurisdiction to adjudicate with respect to the Internet and its actors in an international context without violating international law. However, to avoid conflicts of jurisdiction, it would be better to adopt an international convention covering the various aspects of the Internet.
In the Name of the International: The Supreme Court of Canada and the Internationalist Transformation of Canadian Private International Law
Authors: Wai Robert
Published: June 2019

This article discusses four judgments of the Supreme Court of Canada that transformed private international law in Canada and represent a striking episode in the internationalization of law — a form of judicial activism in the name of the international. It is argued that these cases evidence a mode of internationalization by internationalist policy consciousness that is distinct from, although often complementary to, internationalization via the mechanism of international treaties or changes in customary international law. The key features of this approach suggest some resemblances to the vision found in the traditions of liberal internationalism, Canadian internationalism, and public international law. The article cautions against several general dangers in the use of this approach in law reform and adjudication and uses two specific doctrinal issues in private international law to demonstrate what a richer policy discourse concerning internationalism would be.
Use of Economic Sanctions under International Law: A Contemporary Assessment
Authors: Majlessi M. Shervin
Published: June 2019

The growth in the use of collective economic sanctions in the post-Cold War epoch calls for a re-examination of the legal basis and constraints on the implementation of sanctions. This article is an attempt to explore, from a legal point of view, the problems and restrictions associated with sanctions, and to suggest the ways in which economic sanctions can be rendered more legitimate in terms of international legal requirements. It is argued that, in addition to the traditional treaty basis of collective sanctions, a breach of an erga omnes obligation is also a legitimate legal basis for economic sanctions. It is also contended that, in addition to traditional economic considerations, sanctions should be subject to other limitations such as respect for principles of international humanitarian law. After determining the restrictions on the implementation of sanctions, the author makes proposals for refining current practices in imposing economic sanctions. In conclusion, it is argued that collective sanctions have the potential of being used in a more humane and institutionally coherent way.
Deployment of Troops to Prevent Impending Genocide: A Contemporary Assessment of the UN Security Council’s Powers
Authors: Toufayan Mark
Published: June 2019

As civil conflicts between ethnic or religious groups have increased in number, the United Nations has developed greater effectiveness in intervening in such conflicts and has made preventive measures a focus of planning and undertakings of the UN system. One obstacle to implementing preventive measures is the problem of national sovereignty. This article looks at the still relatively unused potential of the UN to deploy military troops as a measure to deal with crises of serious magnitude before they erupt into genocide, highlighting both the obstacles posed by state sovereignty and the potential for success. The article offers a comprehensive study of the human rights provisions of the UN Charter to show how they can operate to authorize the UN to take action to prevent impending genocide. Further, Security Council action in southern Rhodesia, northern Iraq, Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti, and Rwanda is examined, both illustrating the potential of early military action and raising questions about the timing of preventive measures. The article concludes that the most important challenge facing the UN is how to improve its capacity to prevent impending genocide. The success of military action in preventing genocide will determine the acceptance of future preventive measures of this nature, as states weigh whether the cost to their sovereignty is reasonable in view of the benefits obtained.
International Law Making in Times of Competing Ideologies or Clashing Civilizations: Peaceful Coexistence and Soviet-Western Legal Dialogue in the Cold War Era
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

“Peaceful Coexistence,” a basic premise for minimum world public order during the Cold War, has re-emerged as a possible paradigm-model for world order in the present era of clashing or colliding civilizations. When the idea of codifying the general principles of peaceful coexistence was first advanced in the still-continuing Cold War, it was rejected by specialist legal bodies like the United Nations' International Law Commission and also the Institut de droit international as too “political” and thus incapable of being reduced to a scientific-legal foundation. The resulting intellectual-legal gap was promptly filled, however, by the non-governmental International Law Association (ILA), which established its own expert committee. Long-range fruits of this ILA initiative — apart from the all-important opening of a direct East-West legal dialogue — were the celebrated UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 of October 1970 and the acceptance of the pragmatic, empirical, problem-solving, step-by-step approach to resolving East-West conflicts in concrete cases — the ultimate road to détente on a deliberately nonideological case-by-case basis. The Canadian Branch of the ILA, with the support of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs' Legal Division, was a leader in the ILA's decision to take up that project and participated fully until its successful completion.
Comments on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Emanuelli Claude C.
Published: June 2019

This comment takes a critical look at the method used by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in its study of customary humanitarian law. It argues that the ICRC study reduces the concept of international custom to its definition under Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. It also argues that the study overlooks some of the problems raised by the application of Article 38. It contends that the positions taken by the ICRC to identify customary rules of humanitarian law are somewhat ambiguous and even slanted. Finally, this comment suggests that, beyond questioning the ICRC study, it is the role of custom as a source of international law that is in question.
Les processus canadien et communautaire de négociation des traités, la Société civile et le Principe démocratique: Leçons à tirer de la Communauté européenne
Authors: Morrissette France
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Dans cette étude nous faisons d’abord l’analyse des processus canadien et communautaire de négociation des accords internationaux. Ensuite, sur cette toile de fond, nous décrivons puis évaluons les mécanismes existants d’intervention de la société civile, afin de mesurer jusqu’à quel point le Canada et la Communauté s’efforcent et réussissent, pendant le déroulement de ce processus, à assurer le dialogue ou le respect du principe démocratique, lors des interactions qu’il implique entre leurs différentes instances politiques et sociétales. Finalement, le but ultime de notre étude est de réfléchir sur l’existence de remèdes qui seraient de nature à assurer une prise en consideration constante et prévisible de l’idéal démocratique susmentionné à l’occasion du processus canadien de négociation des traités. C’est précisément avec cette idée en tête que nous avons étudié les solutions communautaires sur ce point, en pensant qu’elles pourraient possiblement constituer pour nous une source d’inspiration originale et intéressante.
Canada and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Prime Minister Chrétien’s Gloss on the UN Charter Principles on the Use of Force
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le premier ministre Jean Chrétien annoncait au Parlement le 17 mars 2003 — trois jours avant l’invasion de l’Iraq — que le Canada n’assisterait pas à une intervention par la force armée, sauf sous l’égide des Nations Unies et avec l’autorité préalable d’une résolution du Conseil de Sécurité. La declaration du premier ministre avait réaffirmé la politique historique classique du Canada, visant la primauté de la Charte et l’autorité du Conseil de Sécurité sur l’application de la force armée.
Le processus d’adhésion de la Turquie à l’Union européenne: Le rôle déterminant des critères politiques de Copenhague
Authors: Atak Idil
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La Turquie a officiellement obtenu le statut de pays candidat à l’adhésion à l’Union européenne en décembre 1999. Malgré des accords de longue date liant ce pays à l’Union, la perspective de son éventuelle adhésion continue de susciter des débats passionnés tant dans la classe politique qu’au niveau de l’opinion publique en Europe. Les opposants à l’adhésion de la Turquie font valoir des arguments d’ordre économique, culturel mais aussi des objections liées au non-respect par ce pays des principes démocratiques fondamentaux. L’article porte sur les progrès accomplis par la Turquie en matière de respect des droits humains et des droits des minorités depuis la fin des années 1990. Il explore le rôle joué par l’UE dans le processus de démocratisation. L’évolution des relations entre la Turquie et l’Union depuis l’ouverture des négociations d’adhésion le 3 octobre 2005 est également examinée.
I Commerce
Authors: Ouellet Richard
Published: June 2019

I Introduction

L’année 2006 s’annonçait propice à des changements dans la politique commerciale canadienne. Le 23 janvier, à l’issue d’élections générales déclenchées à la fin de l’année 2005, le Parti conservateur faisait élire 124 députés sur les 308 sièges en jeu et devenait le parti politique avec la plus importante représentation à la Chambre des communes. Le chef du parti, Stephen Harper, était donc appelé à devenir Premier ministre et à former un gouvernement minoritaire.

L’arrivée aux affaires de ce gouvernement conservateur laissait présager une certaine rupture avec la politique étrangère canadienne telle qu’elle était pratiquée depuis Lester B. Pearson. Pendant la campagne électorale, M. Harper n’avait pas fait mystère de son intention de rapprocher à maints égards la politique étrangère canadienne de celle des États-Unis et de réchauffer les relations canado-américaines, notamment en réglant le conflit du bois d’oeuvre par la voie diplomatique plutôt que par la voie arbitrale.
Un nouveau chantier transatlantique: l’entente France-Québec sur la reconnaissance des qualifications professionnelles
Authors: Côté Charles-Emmanuel
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

L’Entente entre le Québec et la France en matière de reconnaissance mutuelle des qualifications professionnelles de 2008est sans doute la plus importante que le Québec a conclue au cours des dernières années. Celle-ci met en place un système franco-québécois de reconnaissance mutuelle des titres professionnels acquis en France ou au Québec, afin de permettre l’établissement permanent des professionnels sur le territoire d’accueil. Ce système, qui s’inscrit dans la nouvelle politique internationale du Québec, a subi l’influence significative du système général de reconnaissance mutuelle des qualifications professionnelles de la Communauté européenne. Les deux systèmes sont fondés sur le principe qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’harmoniser le contenu des formations pour opérer leur reconnaissance, mais que des mesures de compensation peuvent cependant être prescrites aux professionnels migrants. L’étude de la mise en oeuvre de l’ Entente montre que les ordres professionnels sont activement engagés dans la conclusion d’arrangements de reconnaissance mutuelle, mais que les mesures de compensation prescrites varient grandement d’une profession à l’autre. Certaines dispositions ambigües de l’Entente pourraient également s’avérer problématiques, quant à son champ d’application en particulier. Le fait que le système franco-québécois porte exclusivement sur l’établissement permanent des professionnels migrants signifie que celui-ci apparaît compatible avec le droit international économique et le droit communautaire, mais certaines difficultés pourraient survenir avec le droit international de l’investissement. Le nouveau chantier transatlantique qui est ouvert par l’Entente pourrait être un modèle à suivre, en plus de constituer un exemple où l’action international du Québec renforce celle du Canada sur la scène internationale, alors que celui-ci s’engage actuellement dans des négociations commerciales avec l’Union européenne..
Where Precision Is the Aim: Locating the Targeted Killing Policies of the United States and Israel within International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Elliot Michael
Published: June 2019

If state practice is any indication, targeted killing is increasingly becoming regarded as a viable and effective response to the threat posed by terrorist organizations. Its growing role in armed conflict makes it particularly important that international humanitarian law (IHL) prove capable of providing an effective framework within which this practice may be governed. As it is currently conceived, however, IHL has shown itself ill-suited to the particular nature of armed conflicts between states and terrorist organizations on a broad level and, more specifically, to the practice of targeted killing. This article examines the decision of the Israeli supreme Court in Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel as an example of an effort to fit targeted killing within IHL, focusing on its characterization of “terrorists” and its imposition of the “least harmful means” requirement. The author suggests that, while the former exposes the difficulty of reconciling this development in armed conflict with existing rules, the latter demonstrates the benefits of relying on fundamental principles of IHL, in this case that of military necessity. The article concludes by contending that it is these principles, rather than existing rules, that should be viewed as the appropriate mechanism by which to accommodate targeted killing within IHL.
The International Law Commission
Authors: Gotlieb A. E.
Published: June 2019

One of the principal achievements of the United Nations is its work in codifying and developing international law. The International Law Commission, created in 1949, a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, is the chief agency of the United Nations for achieving these tasks. The Chairman of the Commission at its sixteenth session, Professor Roberto Ago of Italy, stated in the Commission on July 16, 1964, that if the codification work which was now taking place in that body could be completed and accepted by states, progress would have been made without precedent since the time of Grotius.

So well-established has the International Law Commission become on the international scene that it is almost surprising to recall that the existence of this body rests, not on any specific wording of the United Nations Charter calling for the creation of such a body of experts, but on the general phraseology of Article 13 of the Charter which provides that “the General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: (a) promoting … and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification.” In the space of seventeen years the International Law Commission has achieved widespread recognition for the high quality of its work; it would be no exaggeration to say that it has come to be regarded as rivaling in importance the work of the International Court of Justice. As “the principal judicial organ of the United Nations,” as successor to the Permanent Court of Justice — a new feature of international institutions in the modern era — and as the highest international judicial tribunal, the International Court of Justice is regarded, in the general scheme of the Charter, as an exceptionally prestigious body.
Anti-Dumping Duties in Canada
Authors: Mackenzie K. C.
Published: June 2019

The regulation of international price discrimination, commonly referred to as “dumping,” has been one of the most vexing technical problems to trouble international trade in this century. A favourite weapon of a firm or cartel bent on coercing or eliminating competition has been the price war — sales at below cost for the purpose of driving competitors into line or out of the market. This type of unfair trade practice is not limited by national boundaries, but the normal techniques of controlling it, through antitrust or anti-combines legislation, are largely confined to domestic economies as national governments lack authority to regulate competitors operating exclusively in foreign jurisdictions.

Canadian manufacturers have been particularly sensitive to dumping because of the presence next door of large and powerful American competitors and of the close economic proximity of the industries of Britain and continental Europe. Consequently, it is not surprising that Canada pioneered in the field of legislation against dumping, enacting the original provisions in 1904. At that time the government was under considerable pressure from Canadian industry to increase tariffs generally and the introduction of anti-dumping legislation was designed to pacify this group without resorting to an overall increase in customs duties.
The Abuse of Ambiguity: The Uncertain Status of Omar Khadr under International Law
Authors: Liss Ryan
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the unresolved question of the international legal status, and resulting rights, of Omar Khadr — a Canadian national detained by the United States on the battlefield in Afghanistan at the age of fifteen and subsequently incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay. The article focuses primarily on Khadr’s potential status as an “unlawful combatant” and as a child soldier. Acknowledging that there has been a great deal of scholarly debate surrounding these issues, it provides an overview of this debate through the lens of Khadr’s particular case. As the author observes, international law surrounding each aspect of Khadr’s status is far from clear. However, even accepting the existence of controversy and ambiguity surrounding Khadr’s status, the author argues that the United States and Canada have, seemingly, sought to exploit this ambiguity in order to justify disregard for his rights. The article concludes by observing that this approach is, in itself, contrary to the foundational principles of international humanitarian law.
Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2012 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2012
Authors: van Ert Gib , Allen Greg J. , Patel Eileen
Published: June 2019

Service of process — Hague Convention on Service Abroad — relationship with Ontario rules of court

Khan Resources Inc v Atomredmetzoloto JSC, 2012 ONSC 1522 (9 March 2012) (Ontario Superior Court of Justice)

At issue in this case, as in the Alberta Court of Appeal’s decision in Metcalfe Estate v Yamaha Motor Powered Products, also treated in this volume, is the ability of the court to resort to its domestic rules in order to effect service on a foreign defendant where the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (Service Convention) applies.
A Fresh Look at the Local Remedies Rule
Authors: Head Ivan L.
Published: June 2019

The 1960’s have been designated by the General Assembly as “United Nations Development Decade.” The main economic objective for the decade is the creation of conditions in which the national incomes of the developing countries will increase by 5 per cent yearly by 1970, and will continue to increase at the same rate thereafter. The means by which this objective is being pursued are many; among others are national planning, technical training and capital assistance, by both multilateral and bilateral agencies. Successful as these public sector assistance schemes have been, however, it is now recognized that an increasingly large share of responsibility must be borne by the private sector of the economies of the developed nations by means of overseas investment and international trade.
Le droit commercial international dans les rapports Est-Ouest
Authors: Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski Louis
Published: June 2019

Le Commerce International connaît depuis quelques années un progrès spectaculaire. Son volume est aujourd-hui trois fois plus considérable que celui de 1948. Le commerce communément appelé “Est-Ouest” se développe également de plus en plus. Les pays d’économie libre ont vendu en 1964 aux pays d’économie planifiée du type communiste-socialiste des biens d’une valeur totale de $6,682,200,000, ce qui représente une augmentation de 19.1 % en un an. La République Fédérale d’Allemagne a pris le premier rang comme vendeur pour une somme de $796,000,000. Le Canada, pour sa part, a accusé le solde actif le plus considérable, soit $535,000,000, quoique ses exportations n’aient pas dépassé le montant de $569,000,000, tandis que l’Allemagne s’est contentee d’un solde actif de $276,000,000. Les pays de l’Est, y compris la République Populaire de Chine, ont atteint une augmentation de leur commerce international de 9%, avec des ventes en 1964 aux pays de l’Ouest au montant de $6,779,000,000 et avec un solde actif de $97,000,000. La Chine populaire a dirige 68% de son commerce extérieur vers les pays non communistes; elle a importé en 1964 pour $1,750,000,000, ses exportations ayant dépassé $2,000,000,000.
The Status of Agents on Special Mission in Customary International Law
Authors: Ryan Michael H.
Published: June 2019

As international relations grow in their scope and intensity, it is not surprising to find the traditional modes of diplomatie intercourse, centred around the permanent mission, giving way in many spheres to new forms of contact among nations that are more adapted to the exigencies of modem statecraft. Rapid communications and transportation have rendered superfluous or obsolete many of the functions which historically have been the preserve of the sedentary diplomat. Summit meetings, high level talks, and “shuttle diplomacy” provide a more direct and immediate means of communication which is resorted to with increasing frequency in a time when the world seems confronted with a rapid succession of crises. Moreover, the permanent mission, which evolved at a time when diplomacy was concerned primarily with the maintenance of political representation in foreign capitals, is not always well suited as an agency for participation in international conferences and congresses or negotiations on highly technical or scientific questions. These are matters which in recent years have become of increasing importance in the conduct of international relations.
The Jessup Mooting Competition as a Vehicle for Teaching Public International Law
Authors: Brown Craig
Published: June 2019

The Philip G. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition is now well established as an annual event on the calendar of Canadian legal education. It may seem trite, therefore, to assert that the competition is a worthy pursuit for law students, that it should be preserved, and that a greater number of law schools should be encouraged to participate in it. The Jessup has great potential both as a teaching tool and as a basis for meaningful interaction among students from across the country and an attempt should be made to realize this potential. In this note, some suggestions are made for doing so.
X-Ray Observations of NP 0532
Authors: Rappaport Saul
Published: June 2019

The Crab Nebula pulsar, NP 0532, is the only one of the 56 known pulsars which has been observed to pulse in the optical spectrum. Even more spectacular are the vast quantities of pulsed X-rays which it has been found to emit. Soft X-rays in the 1–10 keV region have been observed during four sounding rocket flights (Fritz et al., 1969; Bradt et al., 1969; Boldt et al., 1969; Ducros et al. 1970) and harder X-rays, 25–200 keV, have been detected during two balloon flights (Fishman et al., 1969a, b; Floyd et al., 1969). From the results of these six experiments we summarize the properties of the X-ray pulsations from NP 0532.
Searches for Optical Pulsars
Authors: Willstrop R. V.
Published: June 2019

The limitations of searches for pulsed optical radiation from pulsars and other objects are considered for the two cases (a) when the period is known from radio observations, and (b) when the period is unknown. Results of searches by the author and by others are summarised.
Results of a Search for Visible Pulsars
Authors: Horowitz P. , Papaliolios C. , Carleton N. P.
Published: June 2019

A number of interesting celestial objects, including X-ray sources, nova and supernova remnants, white dwarfs, infrared stars, planetary nebulae, radio sources, and some other peculiar nebulosities have been searched with Fourier and correlation techniques for the presence of optical pulsars. The sensitivity of these methods was established with synthetic data and by observations of the Crab Nebula pulsar, the minimum detectable signal (5 standard deviations above noise) being approximately 20th visual magnitude, time averaged. To this limit no new pulsars were found over the range of periods searched from 5 msec to several seconds.
Radio Polarization of the Crab Nebula
Authors: Conway R. G.
Published: June 2019

Optical and radio measurements of polarization can be combined to find the configuration of the magnetic field throughout the Crab Nebula. The component in the line of sight is found from the radio rotation measure.

New measurements of polarisation at 11 cm with a resolution of 7′ x 14′ are combined with previous results to show that the rotation measure is fairly uniform and near −25 rad m−2 near the centre, but that it becomes irregular near the edges. It rises to 300 rad m−2 in the filaments, possibly indicating a concentration of electrons about 10–100 cm−3.
Dynamical Stability of Neutron Stars
Authors: Chanmugam G. , Gabriel M.
Published: June 2019

The Nemeth-Sprung equation of state is modified and used to obtain neutron star models. Contrary to the results of some authors it is found that neutron stars with central densities ≲ 1014 g cm-3 are dynamically stable. It is suggested that some pulsars may belong to this category of stars.
Young Pulsars – Pulsed Neutron Sources
Authors: Truemper J.
Published: June 2019

The prospects of observing a pulsed neutron flux at very high energies from pulsars are discussed. Most likely candidates are the Vela pulsar at 2 × 1016 eV and the Crab Pulsar at 1017 eV.
Physical Processes and Parameters in the Magnetosphere of NP 0532
Authors: Pacini F.
Published: June 2019

The Crab Nebula pulsar conforms to the model of a rotating magnetised neutron star in the rate of energy generation and the exponent of the rotation law.

It is suggested that the main pulse is due to electrons and the precursor to protons. Both must radiate in coherent bunches. Optical and X-ray radiation is by the synchrotron process.

The wisps observed in the Nebula may represent the release of an instability storing about 1043 erg and 1047–48 particles.

Finally, some considerations are made about the general relation between supernova remnants and rotating neutron stars.
Maser Theory of Pulsar Radiation
Authors: Chiu Hong-Yee
Published: June 2019

In this paper we present an account of a theory of pulsar radio emission. The emission mechanism is via a maser amplification process. This theory avoids the difficulty of coherent plasma emission, that the bandwidth of radiation must be less than 1/2 λ. The high brightness radio temperature and the insensitivity of pulsar radio flux to pulsar periods can be easily accounted for.