bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Might the Self be a Substance after all?
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: March 2007

Substance theories of the Self have enjoyed little attention or support since the seventeenth century. Locke and Hume established the empiricistic standards for understanding the concept and Kant, within a very different tradition, seemed to render it jejune. Ryle famously and relentlessy subjected substance theories to a criticism bordering on ridicule. At present, such theories and the Self they would sustain have received yet another and different challenge from social constructionists. This article attempts to show, however, that substantialism has not asserted the weak propositions so easily refuted by its critics and is grounded in still other propositions that are largely immune to the usual arguments adduced against ontological claims for the Self. Within very limited space, there is an additional attempt to clarify a number of Cartesian and Kantian positions typically misunderstood in contemporary discussions.
Social Psychology and the Rhetoric of Truth
Authors: Ibanez Tomas
Published: March 2007

The main argument of this paper is that science has endorsed the defining features, and the social functions, of the `Rhetoric of Truth' which supports the exercise of power in every society. The general structure of the `Rhetoric of Truth' and the specific traits of the scientific rhetoric of truth are analysed before entering into a consideration of the diverse implications which stem from the inclusion of standard social psychology in the frame of the scientific rhetoric of truth. The conclusion points to the need to shift the basic assumptions of social psychology in a post-empiricist and a postmodern direction.
Conceptual Rigor Mortis
Authors: Anthony Tara , Mullen' Brian
Published: March 2007

In his paper entitled `Conceptual rigor versus practical impact', Chow (1991) argued against Rosnow and Rosenthal's (1989) recent call for caution and sophistication in the evaluation of the results of empirical studies. Chow also holds forth upon the purported failings of meta-analysis as a form of integrating research findings that is antithetical to the purpose of reviewing research. This commentary considers the paucity of evidence in support of Chow's assertions and illuminates the syllogistic fallacies used to disguise the deficiencies rife in Chow's paper. This commentary also provides correct information regarding fundamental issues in meta-analysis, the relationships between effect size, sample size and significance level, and the putative distinction between the concern for practical impact and Chow's notion of `conceptual rigor'.
Making Waves: Deconstruction and Developmental Psychology
Authors: Morss John R.
Published: March 2007

Deconstruction is an intellectual style which has exerted considerable influence in literary theory and in social theory but rather little influence to date within psychology. This paper discusses the extent to which developmental psychology in particular has been and could be influenced by deconstruction. Deconstruction is an emerging feature of contemporary critical work within developmental psychology. Some characteristic techniques of deconstruction are summarized, after which available applications are surveyed. It is concluded that deconstruction presents a serious challenge to orthodox developmental psychology, and offers a stimulating set of ideas for those involved in theoretical work in the discipline.
Social Identity Notions and Theories
Authors: Schiffmann Rudolf
Published: March 2007

According to Farsides (1993), Schiffmann and Wicklund's (1992) criticism of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 1986) is untenable. In particular, their claim that social identity theory should be abandoned in favour of Tesser's (1980, 1986) self-evaluation maintenance model or Wicklund and Gollwitzer's (1981, 1982) symbolic self-completion theory is rejected by Farsides. In the reply to Farsides, it is shown that his argumentation is not conclusive. In the same vein, Schiffmann and Wicklund's (1992) claim to abandon social identity notions is pursued. Extra-theoretical reasons underlying adherence to these notions are discussed, and a direction for investigating social identity processes more productively is proposed.
Adult Mother-Daughter Relationships
Authors: Henwood Karen L.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical developments are considered in two waves of research which inform our understanding of adult mother-daughter relationships. The first wave introduces the perspective of feminist object relations theory. The second addresses the issue of re-visioning sister-hood. Both combine a concern for feminist issues and psychoanalytic theory, exploring the unconscious relational dynamics of mothering and daughtering as they are implicated in the reproduction of, and resistance to, socially stratified power/gender relations. Three main issues are addressed: (i) the critique of object relations theory on grounds of essentialism; (ii) reasons for viewing individuation-separation theory as a patriarchal myth; and (iii) the argument that the standing of adult mother-daughter relationships can be enhanced, as a metaphor for understanding women's relationships more widely, by invoking the concept of female desire. The implications of the various controversies and debates for critical psychology are considered. I propose that the emotional significations or meanings of adult mother-daughter relationships are constituted within webs of discourse and relations of power across the lifespan.
Right and Wrong Footing
Authors: Potter Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This paper comments on Leudar and Antaki's (1996) argument that psychologists need to pay more attention to issues of footing and discourse participation. While strongly endorsing the general argument, problems are identified with some of the specific claims and analyses. First, the paper unhelpfully conflates the issue of failure to deal with footing with the issue of relating talk to general theories and arguments. Second, it suffers from problems of internal coherence with respect to its critique of others. Third, there are limitations to its theorizing of discourse participation.
The Spread of Statistical Significance Testing in Psychology
Authors: Hubbard Raymond , Parsa Rahul A. , Luthy Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Because the widespread use of statistical significance testing has deleterious consequences for the development of a cumulative knowledge base, the American Psychological Association's Board of Scientific Affairs is in the process of appointing a Task Force whose charge includes the possibility of phasing out such testing in textbooks and journal articles. Just how popular is significance testing in psychology? This issue is examined in the present historical study, which uses data from randomly selected issues of the Journal of Applied Psychology for the period 1917-94. Results indicate that the practice of significance testing, at one time of restricted usage, has expanded to the point that it is virtually synonymous with empirical analysis. The data also lend support to Gigerenzer and Murray's (1987) allegation that an inference revolution occurred in psychology during the period 1940-55. Unfortunately, it is concluded that the ubiquity of significance testing constitutes a classic example of the overadoption of a methodology.
Fodor, Cherniak and the Naturalization of Rationality
Authors: Chiappe Dan L. , Vervaeke John
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the question of whether rationality can be explained. We begin by discussing Fodor's sceptical view, together with some retorts by Philip Cam and Dan Dennett. Next we outline Chemiak's theory of minimal rationality, which claims to rescue central systems from inexplicability. We argue that Chemiak comes to his conclusion about the possibility of an explanation of rationality by misconstruing the task for psychology. There is an axiological and a deontic sense of rationality, and psychology has to explain our competence for realizing the deontic sense, not merely how we manage to satisfy the axiological criteria for rationality, as Chemiak maintains. We conclude by showing that Chemiak has failed to provide such a theory. Moreover, we argue that it is unlikely that a naturalistic explanation of rationality is even possible. Explanations have to presuppose rationality, such that we cannot get beyond the Veil of Reason to explain the naturalistic genesis of rationality. Nonetheless, we maintain that much psychological work on rationality is possible, subject to the constraint that the determination of relevance is taken as a primitive operation.
The Nexus Misconceived
Authors: Maraun Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Certainly, the issues raised by Wittgenstein's account of measurement deserve serious debate. However, for such dialogue to produce a satisfying scholarly yield, an accurate depiction of his philosophy is required. Unfortunately, the commentaries of Jost and Gustafson (1998) and Chow (1998) carry on a dubious tradition in the social sciences of misunderstanding Wittgenstein's most essential insights. The most crippling of these is a failure to grasp Wittgenstein's remarks on the autonomy of the conceptual (rules) with respect to the empirical, and the implication of this autonomy for the treatment of conceptual and empirical issues in science.
On What Gibson (and the Rest of Us) Cannot Do without: Comment on Sharrock and Coulter (1998)
Authors: Wetherick N. E.
Published: March 2007

Sharrock and Coulter (1998) suggest that no process intervenes between the perceiver and the perceived object. Perception is simply the assimilation of objects to linguistic categories. Both Gibson and the cognitivists err in supposing otherwise, though Gibson is nearer the truth since he insists that what we perceive are objects in the real world, not mental models of them. It is here suggested (following Taylor, 1962) that all parties have overlooked the need for a learning process to enable us to perceive objects as objects in the real world, prior to categorization. It is not self-evident how we get from the visual input to the perceived object, nor can the process rationally be regarded as innate.
National Stakeholders in the Global Contest for Corporate Investment
Authors: Mueller Frank
Published: March 2007

In order to appropriate the benefits of their competences against contesting claimants - such as employees, trade unions, suppliers or governments - multinational firms employ strategies which can be attributed to three central motives: first, introducing competition into hierarchical intracorporate relations; second, imposing change in the established work regime in pursuit of rationalization; and third, building firm-specific corporate competences including employee involvement and teamworking. Examples from the automotive sector demonstrate the importance of bargaining over the location of future new investment, and how this is used to facilitate changes in the existing workplace regime. In order to understand such investment decisions it is necessary to refer to three indirect motives: a `signalling rationale', a `change rationale' and a `concession bargaining rationale'.
Do Institutions Matter? Convergence and National Diversity in the Restructuring of Employment in British and Danish Banking
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: March 2007

This article examines changing employment relations in British and Danish banking. The analytical focus is the relative balance of convergent and divergent tendencies when nationally distinct institutional systems are subject to similar economic and technological pressures. Using statistical and documentary data in addition to interviews with management and trade union representatives, the author concludes that there is considerable evidence of convergence, but that the trend towards greater managerial discretion provides scope for continuing national differentiation.
Towards a Formalization of the Semantics of Some Temporal Prepositions
Authors: Brée David S. , Feddag Allel , Pratt Ian
Published: March 2007

Many prepositions can be used to convey temporal information relevant to the period of a proposition. Three types of information are identified: the duration of the proposition (floating), its duration relative to the time of reference of the discourse and its absolute location on the time axis. Some prepositions can be used in all three manners, others in only one; rules are given for determining in which manner the former are being used in any given sentence. Within each manner, there are several different possible uses to which temporal prepositions are put. These uses distinguish between existential and universal quantification over time, indicate whether or not the extremes of the period are to be included and mark for motion through time. To capture these a semantics for the 9 temporal prepositions indicating periods is provided using the first-order predicate calculus. An explanation is proffered for why some of these uses can be filled by two prepositions.
The Semiotics of Wristwatches
Authors: Freake Douglas
Published: March 2007

This article examines wristwatches as meaningbearing objects, essential to modern industrial societies. It discusses the everyday uses of wristwatches, including occasions on which they are given as gifts, gestures in which they are involved, and their role as cybernetic devices for modern workforces. It then looks at three advertisements which indicate how wristwatches are linked to the larger ideological assumptions of North American society. The paper concludes with an account, supported by evidence from these advertising texts, of changing attitudes to time in the postmodern period.
News Time
Authors: Bell Allan
Published: March 2007

The news is one kind of story, and time is a basic element of story. A feature of all kinds of stories is their chronological time structure: events tend to be told in the order in which they happened. Although when is one of the journalist's basic facts, news stories follow a radically different ordering. They begin generally with the most recent event and cycle back through earlier events, giving information in instalments. This makes news discourse uncohesive and difficult to understand. Modern news discourse has developed this time structure through a combination of the news values of recency and novelty, the journalistic practices of the deadline and the scoop, and technology which increasingly enables live coverage in `real' time. One result is that news neglects the why and how because of its concept of when.
No Time for a Rest?
Authors: Deem Rosemary
Published: March 2007

This article explores the idea that women in western societies, including those with male partners and/or children, may perceive and use their leisure, including holidays, to disrupt intensified life styles, or to interrupt the domination of clock time and work routines. Recent trends in research and theorizing on women's leisure, including post-structuralist and postmodernist critiques of such leisure, are examined, particularly for their theoretical and methodological sensitivity to, and use of, concepts of time. It is argued that leisure can take many different forms, depending on the social class, paid work, cultural capital and household situation of individual women. However, since much leisure may itself be subject to time intensification, holidays, including those taken at home, may provide a way in which women can `slow down' and escape for a while from hectic lives. Using recent pilot research work, the article also suggests ways in which these ideas could be more extensively researched.
The End of Time?
Authors: Donaldson Mike
Published: March 2007

Many of the best studies of time have been concerned with the transitions from one temporal order to another, and in particular the origins and the pervasive global impact of metric time. This focus risks attributing a facticity and durability to capitalist time at the expense of other temporalities. This study counterbalances this problem by exploring the time use and `Dreamtime' of Australian Aborigines, from pre-history, through the British invasion to the present day. Despite the massive disruptions in temporal order, significant continuities are revealed.
Gender, Work Time and Flexible Employment
Authors: Boje Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to analyse how differentiation in men's and women's work time arrangements in the Danish market has changed in recent decades. This is a time period characterized by profound restructuring in the economy. On the one hand, the Danish labour market has been characterized by a decline in part-time employment for women and growth in the proportion of part-time work in the male labour force. On the other hand, a growth in non-standard forms of employment - e.g. temporary work, multi-job-holding and variable working hours - has taken place in the Danish labour force simultaneously with the decline in part-time employment. The article gives a short overview of the literature on flexibility and work time and analyses the impact of part-time and other forms of non-standard employment relations on women's labour market position and employment stability.
Time for the Environment: The Tutzing Time Ecology Project
Authors: Adam Barbara , Geißler Karlheinz , Held Martin , Kümmerer Klaus , Schneider Manuel
Published: March 2007

This paper introduces the Tutzing `Time Ecology' Project, started in 1991. It demonstrates the relevance of time theory to environmental practice at the everyday and political level. It reports on conferences and publications to date.
Nonstop Acceleration
Authors: Held Martin , Nutzinger Hans G.
Published: March 2007

Through the ages, time has been considered a gift from God - though it has always had to be used in an economical way. In the modern era, time came to be seen increasingly as the resource par excellence, and the equation `time is money' was established. During the industrial revolution, this approach led to an enormous leap in growth and acceleration, brought about by the large-scale exploitation of carbon deposits accumulated over millions of years. Thus the conditions were created which enabled humans both to ignore the rhythms of nature and to attain the `perpetual motion' and `rest-lessness' of the nonstop society. Still, this `theft of time' cannot be carried on endlessly since, in spite of technological progress, it undermines the conditions of possibility for future economic activity and is therefore not `rational' in the long term, even from an economic point of view.
Nanoplanet
Authors: Clark Nigel
Published: March 2007

Nanotechnology, or molecular engineering, is a hypothetical productive system based on the precise arrangement of atoms into molecular level devices and macroscale structures. As a response to the current environmental predicament it appears to engage with both long-term, cumulative damage and non-linear runaway accidents. As a complex adaptive system with capacities for self-replication and self-transformation, nanotech has the potential to engage with runaway events on their own terrain, thereby constituting a response to catastrophe which runs the risk of becoming as ecologically tumultuous as the catastrophe itself.
`Felling a List Coming On': Gender and the pace of life
Authors: Shaw Jenny
Published: March 2007

This research note explores the different meanings attached to the idea and experience of a fast pace of life. Based on material from the Mass-Observation Archive it argues that control over time is indicative of gender difference and that while largely the product of men and women's different positions vis-a-vis the labour market, there are also unconscious associations around gender and time which affect how successfully each sex manages to control time. Managing their time, like `reconciling' home and work, is felt to be harder for women than men because they are subject to the simultaneous but contradictory expectations to be both time-conscious and time-less. As a result, they tend to see a fast pace of life less positively than men.
Robes, Relics and Rights: the Vatican and the Beijing Conference On Women
Authors: Buss Doris E.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, the United Nations conference has become an increasingly important site for contesting views on social relations. Although UN conferences cover a broad range of topics, from the environment to development, a recurrent focus of international debate has been on gender, and particularly, women's sexual and reproductive autonomy. The Beijing Conference on Women (1995) represented, in some respects, a culmination of international positioning around gender and women's rights. As such, it attracted the participation of not only a large contingent of women's organizations, but also a significant number of fundamentalist and conservative religious groups. In this article, I explore the participation of the Vatican in the Beijing process. The Vatican has a long history of involvement in international population issues which has positioned it as a leading international actor in opposing women's rights to reproductive freedom. This article focuses on the rhetorical and discursive strategies used by the Vatican at Beijing. By focusing on how the Vatican has responded to a women's human rights agenda, the paper explores some of the ten sions and contradictions not only in the Vatican's position, but also in the campaign for women's rights. Through an examination of the Vatican's position at Beijing, the article offers some insight into the internationalization of rights debates and the sig nificance this has for those on the religious right.
Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Attractiveness in the EU Integration Process
Authors: Iammarino Simona , Santangelo Grazia D.
Published: March 2007

The analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the EU regions has shown changes in both the sectoral composition and the geographical orientation of productive investments operated by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Such variations may be attributable to factors such as the ‘deepening’ of the integration process in the 1980s and the early 1990s and the change in the location strategies of MNEs. Assuming regions as units of analysis with regard to economic integration, this paper provides a first description of where and in which sectors inward FDI is located in Italy, by carrying out a simple analysis at regional level in the period 1985-95. It attempts to shed some light on the characteristic features of Italian regional systems in order to assess their degree of attractiveness for FDI. The geographical distribution of foreign plants in Italy emphasizes the historical imbalances affecting the country, stressing the concentration of FDI in a few advanced regions and the marginalization of the Italian Mezzogiorno. Furthermore, the analysis turns to investigate whether FDI follows regional specialization models by distinguishing between EU and non-EU FDI in sectoral and geographical terms. EU investors turn out to be increasingly related to the sectoral comparative advantages of regional economic systems, while the matching between the specialization of non-EU FDI and that of local firms is relatively less pronounced.
EU Regional Innovation Strategies
Authors: Henderson Dylan
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the emergence of regional policy initiatives designed to stimulate learning, innovation and regional development in Europe’s less favoured regions. Drawing on the European Commission-sponsored Wales Regional Technology Plan as a case study, it examines progress and outcomes using the conceptual framework of regional experimentalism. The article concludes that the Wales RTP has helped to develop significant interactive learning processes among the regional state, firms and intermediaries. Important questions, however, are raised as to whether the RTP process in Wales has engendered the sufficiently path-breaking forms of dialogue anticipated by theorists. In this respect, the article suggests that regional experimentalism under-estimates the problems associated with creating novel policy processes in environments characterized by well entrenched interests and responsibilities.
Coal Mining in Upper Silesia under Communism and Capitalism
Authors: Riley Ray , Tkocz Maria
Published: March 2007

Arguing that models of the evolution of coal production pay insufficient attention to the economic, political and social environment external to the mine, this article analyses changes in the Upper Silesian coal-mining industry during communism and after within a top-down, bottom-up framework. Three spatial scales are recognized: macro, meso and micro. Prior to the soft revolution of 1989, the Soviet model of heavy industrialization and international trading conditions were important issues, while at the national scale the government structured the industry and gave miners a special place in Polish society. Coal pro-duction could also be related to political vicissitudes. At the local scale the spatial characteristics of the industry strongly correlated with geology, bottom-up forces being weak The international collapse of communism fundamentally changed the fortunes of the industry, but despite the free market, the government continues to exercise considerable influence. Bottom-up forces are now more important, the col- lieries having a degree of autonomy, while the devolution of considerable political power to the counties has led to the enforcement of environmen- tal protection regulations.
Place, Politics and ‘Scale Dependence’
Authors: MacLeod Gordon
Published: March 2007

In analyzing the contemporary ‘recomposition of political space’ some researchers are drawing an inference between a putative ‘hollowing out’ of the state or ‘multi-level’ governance, and the growth of integrated economic development programmes enacted through closer articulation between local and regional political coalitions and the European Commission. This coupling of urban and regional analysis with state restructuring and re-scaling represents a welcome direction. There is, nevertheless, a real danger that such analysis simply ‘reads off’ emergent associationalist trends between EU institutions and regional alliances, or Euro-regionalism, as some inevitable outcome of a hastening trajectory towards a globalizing and Europeanizing economy and ‘hollowed out’ national states. Such an approach would fail to uncover the key social processes and ‘constituent relationships’ (Sayer, 1989) that activate these trends in particular places.

This paper argues for added sensitivity towards the ‘politics of place’, and towards the contingent and the contextual when analyzing the recomposition and re-scaling of European urban and regional governance. Not that this is to advocate the drift towards a morass of descriptive and empirical ‘mapping’ of Euro-regional partnerships. Rather, the author argues for appropriating suitable middle-range concepts with which to abstract from empirical forms and engage in explanation. He draws variously on Jessop’s regulation-theoretic approach to state restructuring, Lipietz’s work on the social relations of space, and Cox and Mair’s writings on ‘local dependence’ and the politics of scale, to analyze the political structuration of one particular instance of Euro-regionalism in the Objective 2 region of West Central Scotland. Here, a general appetite on the part of the European Commission to promote integrated, programmed regional initiatives met with the embedded scale dependencies and structurally situated strategic endeavor of a political alliance operating within a declining industrial space. The paper concludes with a call for European urban and regional analysis to increasingly uncover these ‘meeting places’ of the general and the particular.
Left handedness: Facts and Figures across Cultures
Authors: Mandal Manas K. , Dutta Tanusree
Published: March 2007

Approximately 10% of human beings are left handed, although the incidence rate dif fers as a function of sex, age, and culturelgeographical locations. Studies reveal that (a) the incidence of left handedness is more common in Euro-American than in Orien tal ( India, Japan, China) cultures, (b) the prevalence of left handedness throughout the historical era is best explained by genetic models, (c) left handedness is associated more with immune and psychopathological disorders, and (d) sanctions against left hand use are rooted to the belief system and social construction in a given culture. These obser vations were made in this article to ascertain the issues related to left handedness, espe cially in socio-cultural contexts.
Immigran t Men tal Health: Conflicts and Concerns of Indian Immigrants in the U.S.A
Authors: Juthani Nalini V.
Published: March 2007

This paper explicates the different factors which determine the adaptation of immi grants. Immigration is conceptualised as a stressful process which necessitates readjust ment on several dimensions of functioning. The varying adjustment patterns of immigrants as they cope with cultural changes are outlined. Focusing on Indian immigrants, four phases of adjustment (pre-immigration, transition, discontentment and adaptation periods) and their behavioural correlates are described. The conflicts and concerns of the post-1965 immigrants are articulated in terms of issues pertaining to dependency vs. independence, competition vs. collusion, loneliness and changing values and family commitments. The problems of women immigrants are also discussed.
Acculturative Stress and Acculturation A ttitudes Among Indian Immigran ts to the United Sta tes
Authors: Krishnan Ahalya , Berry J.W.
Published: March 2007

The paper investigates the relationship between acculturation experience and accultura tive stress among a group of 76 Asian Indian immigrants living in mid-western United States using Berry et al. 's(1987) model. The most preferred acculturation attitude was found to be one of Integration. Acculturative stress had significant positive relationships with attitudes of Separation and Marginalisation but negative relation ship with Integration. Assimilation was found predictive of psychological stress, Separation of psychosomatic stress and Integration of overall stress. Results generally supported the postulated model.
From Dissonance to Tolerance: Toward Managing Health in Tropical Cultures
Authors: MacLachlan Malcolm , Carr Stuart C.
Published: March 2007

Against a backdrop in which in which psychology is being increasingly criticised for failing to meet the pressing needs of Third World' peoples, we report findings from Malawi relevant to the management of health services in the tropics. Surveys of beliefs regarding malaria, schistosom iasis, epilepsy and psychiatric symptomatology have all revealed a remarkable "tropical tolerance "forboth modern medical and traditional forms of health service: belief in the "medical" consistently does not preclude belief in the "traditional", and vice versa. This paper presents reliable psychological evidence which may refute the universality of the dissonance reduction process, while supporting the integration of "traditional" types of health care into the predominantly "medical" and extremely understaffed Malawian health care system We derive hypotheses from this newly appreciated the oretical axis which may also have applications in other developing societies.
Proeconomic Attitudes and Development: A Cross-cultural Study
Authors: Biswas Urmi Nanda , Biswas S.N.
Published: March 2007

The study focuses on the impact of culture with differing levels of socioeconomic development and caste on proeconomic attitudes and beliefs of individuals while controlling for the effect of socioeconomic status. Data were collected from 265 respondents in villages of Gujarat and Orissa belonging to three different groups, namely, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and general castes. Analysis of the data suggests that while controlling for the effect of socioeconomic status, indi viduals' proeconomic beliefs and attitudes were significantly affected by their re gional cultures but not by their caste. These results are discussed in the light of cultural differences in these two states; implicationsfor development planners are highlighted.
Dismantling the Master's House: The Predicament of Feminist Publishing and Writing Today
Authors: Menon Ritu
Published: March 2007

Tracing the early connections between feminist publishing and the women's movement in a somewhat nostalgic mode before going on to note the decline in the feminist publishing trade today, we encounter the paradoxical situation in which this decline is marked by the rapid and significant spread of women's studies in the academy, the large number of feminist writings that are now being published by mainstream publishing houses, and the major impact of the women's movement upon governments' and international bodies' policies worldwide. Because of the commitment that feminist presses have towards feminist causes, we believe that feminist publishing is an activity that must retain its 'autonomy and solidarity' in order to retain its political potential.
Managing Ecosystems for Women's Health and Sustainable Development
Authors: Sudarshan Ratna M.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines gender issues in natural resource management, based on the experience of mining in the Kumaon, Uttaranchal. The method of analysis followed attempts a breakdown of activity patterns and responsibilities by gender. This is used to identify who gains and who loses with different patterns of resource use. It is observed that women's protests against mining in this area make the point that the disruption of traditional livelihoods has weakened the ecosys tem. Some general observations on appropriate interventions for sustainable resource use and development are derived from this. It is argued that local communities as well as policy makers need much more information and education on the implications of ecosystem health for communities.
India: Coping with the Challenges of the Global Technology Order
Authors: Kumar Mehta Pradeep , Sarma Atul
Published: March 2007

In a technology-driven global order, technological capabilities of a country are an impor tant determinant of its competitive strength both at home and in the world market. R&D efforts of its entrepreneurs are thus of critical importance. This paper considers India's R&D efforts in the context of a development paradigm shift from inward to the one of out ward orientation. It considers directional changes and thrusts of India's science and tech nology policies and R&D efforts in the context of emerging technological challenges. It finally suggests policy initiatives that would enable India to create its own niche and emerge as an important player in the global market.
Development of Science and Technology in Nepal
Authors: Singh Ramesh M. , Bhuju Dinesh R.
Published: March 2007

Nepal has been a late starter in modem science and technology. In pursuance of self- reliance, it developed technological capabilities in some specific areas such as agriculture, civil engineering, architecture, metallurgy, water management, medicine, textile and paper manufacture, dyeing and food technology. Its isolation for over a century, coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West and colonial incursion in India, deprived the country from the advances in S&T elsewhere. After the advent of democracy in 1950, the country embarked on the path of modernisation. An initiation in S& T activities took place, along with the inception of a development plan, in 1956. The S& T sector received its due impor tance in development plan in the Sixth Plan (1980-85). Nepal's new constitution, promul gated in 1990, has emphasised the importance of S&T explicitly by including a Directive Principle to promote its advancement. Major S&T organisations, including a science academy, the Ministry for Science and Technology, and several research centres and insti tutions for higher education in science have evolved during last five decades. However, with the low ratio of S&T manpower (0.4 per 1, 000 population) and low R&D expenditure (0.35 per cent of GNP), Nepal faces formidable challenges seeking political commitments with long-term vision and recognition of S&T as the strategic variable for overall national development.
Infrastructure, Resident Patents and Income Levels in Developing Asia
Authors: Rasiah Rajah
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the state of basic and high-tech infrastructure, and their relationship with residents' patents and per capita incomes in Asia. Obviously, Asian economies with better basic infrastructure enjoyed relatively high per capita incomes, while not necessarily high levels of high-tech infrastructure and residents' patenting. Asian econ omies with high levels of high-tech infrastructure show high per capita income levels as well as high residents' patenting levels. High-tech endowments helped Korea and Chinese Taipei to generate substantial resident patents. The transitional economies enjoyed fairly strong high-tech endowments, which was not translated into strong resident patents owing to reforms and cutbacks on funding. China, India and Pakistan show weak high- tech endowments and resident patents, but still performed better than the South-East Asian second-tier newly industrialised economics (NIEs). The Arab economies, Malaysia and Thailand enjoy strong basic infrastructure, but lack high-tech endowments and, with that, resident's patenting capabilities.
From Brain Drain to Reverse Brain Drain: Three Decades of Korean Experience
Authors: Song Hahzoong
Published: March 2007

This paper examines three decades of the Korean experience of brain drain, that can be termed 'from brain-drain to reverse brain-drain', and governn.ent policies to deal with this phenomenon.

The results confirm the major role of economic factors in return-or-stay decisions of Korean scientists and engineers (KSEs) who earned PhDs in the US. And yet, when the difference in economic conditions between alternatives is narrowed, psy chological and emotional factors are identified to be important. In particular, this study suggests that some Confucian values work as an underlying element in KSEs' decisions. Consequently, this study indicates the importance of including a cultural analysis in the study of brain drain issues.

The Korean government tried to repatriate as many scientists and engineers as possible in the 1960s and 1970s. Yet, the effectiveness of policy measures during that period was limited. As the Korean economy continued to improve, many of the foreign educated scientists and engineers intended to return to Korea by the 1980s. From this time on, the Korean government adopted a policy to utilise the needed expertise of Koreans abroad, while helping them choose their residences by themselves.
'Imperial Corridor': Association, Transportation and Power in French Colonial Indochina 1
Authors: del Testa David W.
Published: March 2007

Historians have begun to examine French colonial Indochina with a newly critical eye. Improved access to archives in France, and easier access to archival materials and schol arly thought in Cambodia, Laos and especially Vietnam have resulted in a new attention to France's 'model' or 'golden' colony'.2 Scholars have started to apply to Indochina's history the critical thinking found in the growing literature that concerns the impact of technology and science on culture and society in colonial settings.3 This article is situated at the inter section of these trends.
Between Virginity and Spiritual Espousals: Models of Feminine Sainthood in the Christian West in the Middle Ages
Authors: Vauchez André
Published: March 2007

If less than 10 per cent of the saints worshipped in the West from the fifth to the twelfth century were women, from the second half of the twelfth century the picture begins to change, and this reversed tendency becomes even more pronounced after 1200. Women, even saints, were still perceived in terms of their ability to disown their femininity and emulate qualities of men. The worship of Mary and the growing emphasis on the feminine qualities of love and compassion in place of heroic self-sacrifice allowed women to be recog nised as saints in their own right. Overcoming handicaps entailed by their sex, a whole host of holy women, towards the end of the Middle Ages, were able to devise new forms of sainthood, combining evangelical freedom with a sometimes painful faithfulness to the Church.
Outstanding Issues in the International Response to HIV/AIDS: The WHO Perspective
Authors: Brundtland Gro Harlem
Published: March 2007

This is the text of the address delivered by the director general of the World Health Organisation (WHO) at the XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, in July 2000, which highlights the issues and challenges to global response to HIV/AIDS. The experience of two decades shows that tools are available to prevent HIV and provide care for people living with HIV/AIDS. Now is a historic opportunity, according to the WHO DG, for a wider and more effective response. To achieve this, leadership is required to act early and effectively, have clarity about what is at stake, certainty about what priorities are, have confidence in taking bold decisions and finally have the courage to make a difference. The address brings to the fore WHO perspectives on the issues to be addressed and articulates challenges and opportunities in combating the unprecedented tbreat posed by HIV/AIDS.
The Emerging International Health Care Market: The Impact of Technology and Innovation
Authors: Chandra Ashish , Cheek Ronald G.
Published: March 2007

We are now living in an era of economic globalisation and many industries are now becoming multinational just to survive. This increases the level of complexity for mar keters of all companies, including health care companies, problems they could not have even imagined when they were a single-country company. Health care companies are organisations that have recently started going international. Hence, it is extremely essential for health care products and services marketers in the international arena to be aware of the international scenario including the international customer, foreign governments, and also the rapidly changing telecommunications and health care tech nology in domestic and international markets. This paper studies these aspects associated with the emerging international health care market and also some of the challenges these marketers may have to face in future.
Hospital Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of District Hospitals and Grant-in-aid Hospitals in Gujarat
Authors: Bhat Ramesh , Verma Bharat Bhushan , Reuben Elan
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on analysing the hospital efficiency of district-level govern ment hospitals and grant-in-aid hospitals in Gujarat. The study attempts to provide an overview of the general status of the health care services provided by hospitals in the state of Gujarat in terms of their technical and allocative efficiency. One of the two thrusts behind addressing the issue of efficiency was to take stock of the state of health care services (in terms of efficiency) provided by grant-in-aid hospitals and district hospitals in this state. The motivation behind addressing the efficiency issue is to provide an empirical analysis of the government's policy to provide grants to not-for-profit institutions to ensure the provision of hospital care in the state. The study compares the efficiency of grant-in-aid hospitals and public hospitals. This comparison between grant-in-aid hospitals and district hospitals in terms of their efficiency has been of interest to many researchers in countries other than India, and no consensus has been reached so far as to which category is more efficient. The relative efficiency of government and the not-for- profit sectors has been reviewed in this article. It is expected that the findings of the study would be useful to evaluate this policy and help policy makers to develop benchmarks in providing grants to such institutions.
The TRIPS Agreement: Implications for Access to Drugs in Developing Countries
Authors: Chaudhury Ranjit Roy , Gurbani N.K.
Published: March 2007

Globalisation will have an adverse effect on access to drugs as far as developing countries are concerned because when the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement comes into operation in 2005 the prices of drugs for which patents are in place will increase. However, this effect can be reduced if timely steps are taken to aggressively introduce programmes of rational use of drugs and the country enacts legislation to take advantage of the possible safe guards that have been incorporated into the TRIPS Agreement.
International Health Care for Expatriates and Travellers through Telemedicine: A Discussion
Authors: Cheek Ronald G. , Chandra Ashish
Published: March 2007

Driven by the global economy, employees in US organisations can expect an increase in international assignments. These assignments may be in locations that lack acceptable levels of health care services. The challenge for US organisa tions is to provide health services for their employees comparable to those avail able in their country. Telemedicine seems to be an option. It is the exchange of medical information from one site to another via electronic communication. This technology significantly increases the ability to deliver health care services to employees functioning outside the country. Telemedicine provides a virtual visit to the doctor's office, including access to complete patient records and the health care provider of the employee's choice. It supports faster, more accurate diagnosis and treatment, resulting in a higher quality of health care. Primary care physicians, medical specialists and referring physicians are able to share test results electronically, eliminating the problems of distance and time-consuming travel for health care. This paper discusses the improvements available in inter national health care as the result of telemedicine and technology innovations.
Management and Control of Sexually- transmitted Infections and their Implications for AIDS Control in South-East Asia
Authors: Grosskurth Heiner , Rangaiyan Gurumurthy
Published: March 2007

Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs) are highly prevalent in developing countries, including many parts of South-East Asia. The burden of diseuse due to these infections and their complications is enormous, particularly among women. STIs thus present a major public health problem in their own right. Accessible, affordable and effective treatment services need to be made available everywhere. The syndromic approach to STI diagnosis and case management based upon locally adapted standard treatment algorithm is byfarsuperiorto the presumptive clinical diagnostic approach that is still used in many parts of the region. This approach is particularly suitable in areas where efficient and affordable laboratory services are not available. STIs are known to enhance HIV transmission. Effective control of curable STIs has been shown to significantly reduce HIV incidence in popula tions. Such control measures should address all major steps of the Piot model: they should include primary prevention, screening to detect asymptomatic or neglected STI particularly among high- risk behaviour groups, and effertive treatment services for those who seek care forsymptomatic STI. So far the public health response to STI in South and South-East Asia has been varied. Some countries have addressed the problem quite vigorously, but most need to mount a much stronger coordinated response in the face of the accelerating HIV epidemic in the region. There is also a substantial need to systematically monitor and evaluate ongoing activities, including the quality of STI case management, and to make an attempt towards bridging the wide rift between policy and actual practices.