bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity analysis: Richness versus evenness
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2024

Richness and evenness, two important components of diversity, have been the subject of numerous studies exploring their potential dependence or lack thereof. The results have been contradictory and inconclusive, but tending to indicate only a low (positive or negative) correlation. While such reported studies have been based on particular data sets and species abundance distributions, the present article provides the results of a study using randomly generated abundance distributions and hence more generalizable findings and valid statistical results. The results reveal no statistically significant correlation between richness and evenness based on such random sample of abundance distributions and on four well‐known measures of diversity, including Simpson's indices and the entropy index. Of the two diversity components, evenness is found to have the strongest influence on diversity, but for numbers‐equivalent or effective‐number formulations, richness tends to be the most influential diversity component. For analyzing the tradeoff between richness and evenness for any given diversity measure and abundance distribution, the richness‐evenness curve is introduced as a new tool for diversity analysis.
The role of heterotrophic plasticity in coral response to natural low‐light environments
Authors: Luo Yong , Yu Xiaolei , Huang Lintao , Gan Jianfeng , Lei Xinming , Jiang Lei , Liu Chengyue , Sun Youfang , Cheng Meng , Zhang Yuyang , Zhou Guowei , Liu Sheng , Lian Jiansheng , Huang Hui
Published: September 2024

Coastal darkening is emerging as a global threat to fringing reefs. While some reef‐building corals exhibit resistance to low‐light environments, the mechanisms behind this resistance, particularly the role of coral hosts, remain inadequately understood. Here, we investigated variations in underwater photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and employed the Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR) to estimate the contributions of autotrophic (i.e., dissolved inorganic matter, DIM) and heterotrophic sources (i.e., particulate organic matter, POM, and dissolved organic matter, DOM) to the nutrition of the reef coral Galaxea fascicularis on the Luhuitou turbid reef in the northern South China Sea. Our findings revealed that the heterotrophic contribution to coral nutrition increased to 58.5% with decreasing PAR and that the heterotrophic contribution was significantly negatively correlated with δ13C difference between host and symbiont (δ13Ch–s). Moreover, we observed significant seasonal variations in the respective contributions of POM and DOM to coral nutrition, linked to the sources of these nutrients, demonstrating that G. fascicularis can selectively ingest POM and DOM based on their bioavailability to enhance its heterotrophic contribution. This heterotrophic plasticity improved the low‐light resistance of G. fascicularis and contributed to its prominence within coral communities. However, with a low‐light threshold of approximately 3.73% of the surface PAR for G. fascicularis, our results underscore the need for effective strategies to mitigate low‐light conditions on nearshore turbid reefs. In summary, our study highlights the critical role of heterotrophic plasticity in coral responses to natural low‐light environments, suggesting that some reef‐building corals with such plasticity could become dominant or resilient species in the context of coastal darkening.
Water Niche Characteristics of Subalpine Shrub in Eastern Qilian Mountains, China
Authors: Chou Lifang , Jia Wenxiong , Zhang Yue , Lan Xin , Luo Huifang , Yu Zhijie , Wang Zhi
Published: September 2024

The investigation and research of plant niche provide new ideas for understanding the extent of resource utilization by plants and the coexistence relationship among species. Taking the subalpine shrub plants in the eastern Qilian Mountains as the research object, the contribution rate of each potential water source to the shrub plants was estimated using the Bayesian mixed modelling (MixSIAR), and the spatial and temporal characteristics of their water niche were analysed quantitatively using Levins' niche breadth index and Pianka's niche overlap index. The results showed that shrub plants on the semi‐shady slope exhibited larger water niche breadth and overlap compared to those on the semi‐sunny slope, which indicated that shrub plants on the semi‐shady slope had strong adaptability to the water environment, but the competition for water among them was more intense. Furthermore, the water niche breadth and overlap of shrub plants decreased with the promotion of the growth stage, which was related to changes in precipitation and plant physiological characteristics during their growth cycle. Among the studied species, Potentilla fruticosa Linn., Salix oritrepha Schneid., Salix cupularis Rehd. and Rhododendron thymifolium Maxim. had broader water niche breadth in different habitats, indicating superior adaptability to the subalpine environment. Despite that the water niche overlap among shrub plants was high and their competition for water resources was intense, there was no absolute positive correlation between niche breadth and overlap. The research can provide a theoretical reference for the rational allocation of species during vegetation restoration in Qilian Mountain National Park.
Preparation of fat‐free mulberry ice cream by using inulin and whey protein isolate as a fat substitute
Authors: Sangsuriyawong Anantita , Suwanmongkol Pathompol , Peasura Napassorn , Kornsakkaya Nichapha , Disnil Sasapin , Sinchaipanit Pornrat , Nirmal Nilesh
Published: September 2024

The standard ice cream consists of high calories and fat which could cause metabolic syndrome upon regular consumption. Therefore, this study developed a fat‐free ice cream using fat replacer including inulin (carbohydrate‐based) and whey protein isolate (WPI, protein‐based) at various concentrations (6%, 8%, and 10%) or their combination (1:1). Additionally, freeze‐dried mulberry fruit powder was used as a functional ingredient. The results indicated that both, inulin and WPI, function differently thereby affecting the physicochemical properties of the ice cream. The combination of inulin:WPI at a 4:4 ratio produced high‐quality standard ice cream with a higher sensory score. Further incorporation of freeze‐dried mulberry powder (2%) in a selected fat‐free ice‐cream base showed enhanced sensory, nutraceutical, and textural properties of the ice cream. All fat‐free and fat‐free mulberry ice cream had a trace amount of fat (0.06%), while the calorie was reduced to 88.9 kcal/serving compared with a full‐fat ice cream (195.7 kcal/serving). Hence, fat‐free mulberry ice cream with 74.5% of nonfat milk, 5.0% of skim milk powder, 8% of inulin:WPI (4:4), 9.5% of sugar, 0.5% of emulsifier, and 2% freeze‐dried mulberry powder could serve as the best alternative to the full‐fat ice cream.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Thiocarbonylation for the Synthesis of Thioester‐Substituted Benzofurans with S‐Aryl Thioformates as the Thioester Sources
Authors: Ge Xing , Lin De‐Jiang , Qi Xinxin , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: September 2024

A palladium‐catalyzed cyclization and thiocarbonylation reaction is disclosed for the synthesis of thioester‐containing benzofurans. By using S‐aryl thioformates as efficient and convenient thioester surrogates, a variety of thioester‐functionalized benzofurans were formed in moderate to excellent yields with very good functional group tolerance. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and no manipulation of toxic CO gas and odorous thiols.
Evaluation of Singrauli Coals for Sustainable Energy Utilisation: Insight From Geochemical and Petrographic Perspectives
Authors: Gopinathan P. , Mahato Abhishek , Kumar Om Prakash , Kumar Alok , Subramani T. , Karmakar Amit , Hazra Bodhisatwa , Banerjee Pradip K. , Saini Manoj K. , Sethi Manoj K.
Published: September 2024

The study investigated 50 Permian coals from the Singrauli Coalfields in the Son Valley Basin, India, using advanced petro‐geochemical techniques to assess their source rock properties, energy and utilisation potential and to reconstruct the paleodepositional environment. Petrological analysis indicated vitrinite reflectance values between 0.39% and 0.49%, classifying the Singrauli coals as sub‐bituminous to high volatile bituminous rank and indicating a thermally immature state. The results of geochemical analysis (volatile matter: 36.8%–46.5% and Tmax: 420°C–425°C) further support the above contention. High carbon content (average 77.89%), low sulphur content (average 0.46%) and varying nitrogen and oxygen levels in studied coal enhance its environmental suitability. The hydrogen index (HI: 163–279 mg HC/g TOC) values suggest a predominance of type‐III kerogen with mixed type‐II–III kerogen, further supported by petrographic data. Moreover, geochemical and petrographic data suggested the suitability of Singrauli coals for gasification. The high total organic carbon (TOC ≥ 38 wt%) indicated admirable potential as a source rock for hydrocarbon generation, particularly within the gas‐source rock zone, highlighting their suitability for energy production. Petrographic indices indicated a wet forest swamp origin with a telmatic source and bog region under ombrotrophic to mesotrophic hydrological circumstances. The association of macerals and total sulphur content further supported the conclusion of a freshwater environment during peat deposition.
A prospective registry study of the epidemiology and management of childhood cancer in the Gambia—The first year experience
Authors: Adegoke Samuel , Jallow Cherno , Ogun Olufunmilola , Camara Wuday , Jaiteh Musa , Mendy Peter , Ogun Gabriel , Leigh Ousman , Pizer Barry
Published: September 2024

Background and Aim

Globally, over 180,000 children develop cancers yearly, with about 80% residing in low‐ or middle‐income countries where cancer‐associated mortality is also high. In The Gambia, cumulative incidence rate of 27.6 childhood cancers/million population was reported between 2002 and 2011. The current study appraised newly‐established pediatric oncological services in The Gambia.

Methods

In this prospective registry study, children with cancer who presented at the pediatric units, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, between November 2022 and October 2023 were assessed. Data on sociodemographic variables, mode of admission and presentation, tumor type, diagnostic methods, and challenges such as laboratory support, treatment, use of blood/blood products; and eventual outcome were analyzed.

Results

The median (interquartile range, IQR) age at presentation of the 44 children was 36.0 (22.3–117.0) months. Wilms tumor was the most common tumor 12 (27.3%); followed by leukemia 11 (25.0%); germ cell tumor 8 (18.2%); lymphoma 6 (13.6%); retinoblastoma 4 (9.1%); rhabdomyosarcoma 2 (4.5%) and one central nervous system tumor (2.3%). The median(IQR) duration of symptoms before presentation was 48 (21–90) days, presentation to diagnosis 7.5 (3–20.8) days, and first symptom to diagnosis 62.5 (32–126.8) days. Treatment refusal and abandonment rates were 20.5% and 13.6%, respectively. Families of 93.8% of children could not procure cytotoxic drugs due to nonavailability, high cost, or both. Adequate laboratory monitoring was only available in 6.8%, and none had platelet concentrate transfusion or radiotherapy. The nine (20.5%) who completed treatment are currently being followed up, 10(22.7%) are still receiving chemotherapy, while 2(4.5%) were referred. Eight (18.2%) died, predominantly from metastasis (75%) and severe drug toxicities (25%).

Conclusion

Late presentation and diagnosis, poverty, unavailability of drugs, suboptimal or lack of laboratory testing, blood product, adjuvant medications, and psychosocial supports contributed to high treatment refusal, abandonment, and mortality. These daunting challenges can be ameliorated with regular community sensitization, frequent cancer auditing, and strong political will.
Enterprise risk management implementation challenges in medical laboratories in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Vhanda Donald , Chinowaita Kudzai , Chinowaita Frank , Vhanda Reynold , Nherera Brenda , Dzinamarira Tafadzwa , Chitungo Itai James Blessing
Published: September 2024

Background

Medical laboratories play crucial roles in healthcare, and effective enterprise risk management (ERM) is necessary to ensure business continuity, patient safety, and quality of care. In medical laboratories, ERM is important for enhancing patient safety, regulatory compliance and accreditation, quality management, business continuity, and cyber security. By following ERM principles and approaches, the medical laboratories can proactively manage their risks, improve patient safety, and maintain a high level of quality and reliability of outcomes. However, implementing ERM in medical laboratories faces unique challenges. This study explored the specific challenges and offers practical solutions for overcoming them to ensure successful ERM implementation in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Methodology

A cross‐sectional survey was done through 41 self‐administered questionnaires and interviews with medical laboratory staff from the six main medical laboratories in Harare. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data were analyzed using mean scores of Likert scale responses.

Results

The main challenges identified in the study included increased workload, staffing, organizational structures, timeliness of information, inadequate information technology support, and insufficient financial support in ERM. These can be addressed by portfolio management of risks, leveraging on cutting edge technology, restructuring to ensure swift responses to issues and redistributing staff workload, and training personnel to avoid burnouts and ensure maximum efficiency.

Conclusion

Implementing ERM in medical laboratories requires understanding and addressing these challenges. By following the ERM principles and approaches the medical laboratories can proactively manage their risks, improve patient safety and maintain a high level of quality and reliability of outcomes ERM is still a new approach in the sector and needs further research.
Emerging chemistry in improving the metabolism or degradability of organic/polymeric conjugated materials for biomedical applications
Authors: Tian Yu , Wu Wenbo , Li Zhong'an
Published: September 2024

Organic/polymeric conjugated materials are playing an increasingly important role in biomedical field. Their special properties such as fluorescence, photosensitization, and photothermal conversion make them promising candidates for disease diagnosis and phototherapy. However, these conjugated materials are usually extremely hydrophobic, so they tend to take a relatively long time to be excreted or metabolized after theranostics, leading to unpredictable side effects, which has made their clinical implementation a daunting task. In this review, we will focus on the safety of organic/polymeric conjugated materials for biomedical applications and discuss in detail the general strategies to improve their metabolism or degradability by rational molecular design, based on representative examples. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are also presented by considering further perspectives.
Adapting Segment Anything Model for 3D Brain Tumor Segmentation With Missing Modalities
Authors: Lei Xiaoliang , Yu Xiaosheng , Bai Maocheng , Zhang Jingsi , Wu Chengdong
Published: September 2024

The problem of missing or unavailable magnetic resonance imaging modalities challenges clinical diagnosis and medical image analysis technology. Although the development of deep learning and the proposal of large models have improved medical analytics, this problem still needs to be better resolved.The purpose of this study was to efficiently adapt the Segment Anything Model, a two‐dimensional visual foundation model trained on natural images, to address the challenge of brain tumor segmentation with missing modalities. We designed a twin network structure that processes missing and intact magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities separately using shared parameters. It involved comparing the features of two network branches to minimize differences between the feature maps derived from them. We added a multimodal adapter before the image encoder and a spatial–depth adapter before the mask decoder to fine‐tune the Segment Anything Model for brain tumor segmentation. The proposed method was evaluated using datasets provided by the MICCAI BraTS2021 Challenge. In terms of accuracy and robustness, the proposed method is better than existing solutions. The proposed method can segment brain tumors well under the missing modality condition.
Cross‐Layer Connection SegFormer Attention U‐Net for Efficient TRUS Image Segmentation
Authors: Shi Yongtao , Du Wei , Gao Chao , Li Xinzhi
Published: September 2024

Accurately and rapidly segmenting the prostate in transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images remains challenging due to the complex semantic information in ultrasound images. The paper discusses a cross‐layer connection with SegFormer attention U‐Net for efficient TRUS image segmentation. The SegFormer framework is enhanced by reducing model parameters and complexity without sacrificing accuracy. We introduce layer‐skipping connections for precise positioning and combine local context with global dependency for superior feature recognition. The decoder is improved with Multi‐layer Perceptual Convolutional Block Attention Module (MCBAM) for better upsampling and reduced information loss, leading to increased accuracy. The experimental results show that compared with classic or popular deep learning methods, this method has better segmentation performance, with the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 97.55% and the intersection over union (IoU) of 95.23%. This approach balances encoder efficiency, multi‐layer information flow, and parameter reduction.
An Automatic Measurement Method of the Tibial Deformity Angle on X‐Ray Films Based on Deep Learning Keypoint Detection Network
Authors: Zhao Ning , Chang Cheng , Liu Yuanyuan , Li Xiao , Song Zicheng , Guo Yue , Chen Jianwen , Sun Hao
Published: September 2024

In the clinical application of the parallel external fixator, medical practitioners are required to quantify deformity parameters to develop corrective strategies. However, manual measurement of deformity angles is a complex and time‐consuming process that is susceptible to subjective factors, resulting in nonreproducible results. Accordingly, this study proposes an automatic measurement method based on deep learning, comprising three stages: tibial segment localization, tibial contour point detection, and deformity angle calculation. First, the Faster R‐CNN object detection model, combined with ResNet50 and FPN as the backbone, was employed to achieve accurate localization of tibial segments under both occluded and nonoccluded conditions. Subsequently, a relative position constraint loss function was added, and ResNet101 was used as the backbone, resulting in an improved RTMPose keypoint detection model that achieved precise detection of tibial contour points. Ultimately, the bone axes of each tibial segment were determined based on the coordinates of the contour points, and the deformity angles were calculated. The enhanced keypoint detection model, Con_RTMPose, elevated the Percentage of Correct Keypoints (PCK) from 63.94% of the initial model to 87.17%, markedly augmenting keypoint localization precision. Compared to manual measurements conducted by medical professionals, the proposed methodology demonstrates an average error of 0.52°, a maximum error of 1.15°, and a standard deviation of 0.07, thereby satisfying the requisite accuracy standards for orthopedic assessments. The measurement time is approximately 12 s, whereas manual measurement requires about 15 min, greatly reducing the time required. Additionally, the stability of the models was verified through K‐fold cross‐validation experiments. The proposed method meets the accuracy requirements for orthopedic applications, provides objective and reproducible results, significantly reduces the workload of medical professionals, and greatly improves efficiency.
Simulation Design of a Triple Antenna Combination for PET‐MRI Imaging Compatible With 3, 7, and 11.74 T MRI Scanner
Authors: Hernandez Daniel , Nam Taewoo , Lee Eunwoo , Ko Guen Bae , Lee Jae Sung , Kim Kyoung‐Nam
Published: September 2024

The use of electromagnetism and the design of antennas in the field of medical imaging have played important roles in clinical practice. Specifically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes transmission and reception antennas, or coils, that are tuned to specific frequencies depending on the strength of the main magnet. Clinical scanners operating at 3 Teslas (T) function at a frequency of 127 MHz, while research scanners at 7 T operate at 300 MHz. An 11.74 T scanner for human imaging, which is currently under development, will operate at a frequency of 500 MHz. MRI allows for the high‐definition scanning of biological tissues, making it a valuable tool for enhancing images acquired with positron emission tomography (PET). PET is an imaging modality used to evaluate the metabolism of organs or cancers. With recent advancements in the development of portable PET systems that can be integrated into any MRI scanner, we propose the design based on electromagnetic simulations of a triple‐tuned array of dipole antennas to operate at 127, 300, and 500 MHz. This array can be attached to the PET inset and used in 3, 7, or 11.74 T scanners.
Challenges and solutions in FISH for formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue: A scoping review
Authors: Lemes Cássia Campanhol , Germano da Silva Andressa , Ribeiro Daniel Araki , Malinverni Andréa Cristina de Moraes
Published: September 2024

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has revolutionized molecular cytogenetic analysis since the 1980s, enabling precise localization of DNA sequences in cells and tissues. Despite its relevance, applying FISH to formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples encounters significant technical challenges. This review addresses the main issues encountered in this context, such as inadequate fixation, contamination, block and slide age, inadequate pretreatment, and FISH technique. Proposed solutions include optimized pretreatment protocols, monitoring of blockage, careful selection of probes, and thorough analysis of results. Implementing good laboratory practices and quality control strategies are essential to ensure reliable results. Additionally, the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital pathology offers new perspectives for improving the efficiency and accuracy of FISH in FFPE samples. This review highlights the importance of a careful and personalized approach to overcome the technical challenges associated with FISH in FFPE samples, strengthening its role in research and clinical diagnosis.

Research Highlights

Few FISH studies on FFPE: The scarcity of studies specifically addressing FISH applications in FFPE tissues highlights a critical gap in the literature.

Troubleshooting FISH in FFPE tissues: Identifying and addressing common challenges in FISH techniques when applied to FFPE samples, such as signal quality and hybridization efficiency.

Critical aspects of FISH technique: Discuss the main technical considerations crucial for successful FISH in FFPE tissues, including sample preparation, probe selection, and protocol optimization.
Liver transplant recipients have worse metabolic body phenotype compared with matched non‐transplant controls
Authors: Bhati Chandra , Kirkman Danielle , Forsgren Mikael F , Kamal Hiba , Khan Hiba , Boyett Sherry , Leinhard Olof Dahlqvist , Linge Jennifer , Patel Vaishali , Patel Samarth , Wolver Susan , Siddiqui Mohammad S
Published: September 2024

Background and Aim

Quantification of body compartments, particularly the interaction between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, is emerging as novel a biomarker of metabolic health. The present study evaluated the impact of liver transplant (LT) on body compartments.

Methods

Totally 66 adult LT recipients were enrolled in whom body compartments including visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT), muscle fat infiltration (MFI), fat‐free muscle volume (FFMV), and liver fat (LF) were quantified via whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To provide non‐LT comparison, each LT recipient was matched to at least 150 non‐LT controls for same sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) from the UK Biobank registry.

Results

LT recipients (vs matched non‐LT controls) had significantly higher subcutaneous (13.82 ± 5.47 vs 12.10 ± 5.10 L, P < 0.001) and visceral fat (7.59 ± 3.75 vs 6.72 ± 3.06 L, P = 0.003) and lower LF (5.88 ± 7.14 vs 8.75 ± 6.50%, P < 0.001) and muscle volume (11.69 ± 2.95 vs 12.12 ± 2.90 L, P = 0.027). In subgroup analysis, patients transplanted for metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) cirrhosis (vs non‐MASH cirrhosis) had higher ASAT, VAT, and MFI. A trend toward higher LF content was noted; however, this did not reach statistical significance (6.90 ± 7.35 vs 4.04 ± 6.23%, P = 0.189). Finally, compared with matched non‐LT controls, patients transplanted for MASH cirrhosis had higher ASAT and VAT; however, FFMV and MFI were similar.

Conclusion

Using non‐LT controls, the current study established the higher‐than‐expected adiposity burden among LT recipients, which is even higher among patients transplanted for MASH cirrhosis. These findings provide data needed to design future studies developing radiomics‐based risk‐stratification strategies in LT recipients.
An epistemology of empathy and modern methods of social research: Intimations of the mind and early Chicago sociology
Authors: Hermanowicz Joseph C.
Published: September 2024

Empathic qualitative methods have become emblematic of early Chicago sociology. Yet methods were not formalized through the early 20th century and empathy was not in usage as a term. Only at mid‐20th century did methodological formalization in sociology begin to occur, and an additional quarter‐century passed before writing about empathy in sociological methods began to crystallize. Nevertheless, a portion of early Chicago sociologists, assimilating pragmatist thought, established a framework for the deployment of empathic acumen. Because empathy involves understanding others, it is argued that it is central to the study of social life. The article contends that understanding empathy must be as central to the social scientist's knowledge as it is to the effective deployment of research methods: a competent quest to generate knowledge about social life is premised on empathy. To heighten awareness of empathy, an epistemology is necessary. To this end, the article examines empathy as situated by a set of organizational and historical conditions that account for its origin and ascendance as a prescriptive characteristic of sociological work. The author draws attention to the significance of suffering and suggests that its religious precepts are transmuted for the conditions under which sociology develops in turn‐of‐the‐century Chicago.
Synthetic Approaches Toward Imidazo‐Fused Heterocycles: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kushwaha Pragati , Rashi  , Bhardwaj Ayush , Khan Danish
Published: September 2024

Imidazole moiety when fused with other heterocyclic system form numerous compounds with different types of pharmacological and biological activities. In this review, we discussed a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic methodologies and reaction mechanisms for imidazo‐fused heterocyclic molecules. These molecules represent a crucial class of compounds due to their significant applications and versatile chemical reactivity. This article meticulously examined various synthetic routes for the construction of imidazo‐fused heterocycles, ranging from traditional methods to modern approaches such as microwave‐assisted reactions, NPs‐catalyzed reactions, light‐mediated synthesis, electrochemical reactions, and transition metal‐free synthesis routes. By consolidating the current knowledge and highlighting future directions, this review aims to serve as a treasure for research community in the fields of organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and material science.
There is no 290‐Theorem for higher degree forms
Authors: Kala Vítězslav , Prakash Om
Published: September 2024

We study the universality of forms of degrees greater than 2 over rings of integers of totally real number fields. We show that such universal forms always exist, but cannot be characterized by any variant of the 290‐Theorem of Bhargava–Hanke.
Sacsin levels in PBMCs: A diagnostic assay for SACS variants in peripheral blood cells – A PROSPAX study
Authors: Tunca Ceren , İşlek Camadan Eylül Ece , Smolina Natalia , Palvadeau Robin J. , Öztop Çakmak Özgür , Vural Atay , Traschütz Andreas , Santorelli Filippo M. , Brais Bernard , Schüle Rebecca , Synofzik Matthis , Başak A. Nazlı
Published: September 2024

Background

Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay (ARSACS) is a common recessive ataxia that is still underdiagnosed worldwide. An easily accessible diagnostic biomarker might help to diagnostically confirm patients presenting SACS variants of unknown significance (VUS) or atypical phenotypes.

Objectives

To detect sacsin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and to validate its diagnostic biomarker quality to discriminate biallelic SACS patients (including patients with VUS and/or atypical phenotypes) against healthy controls, non‐ARSACS spastic ataxia patients, and heterozygous SACS carriers.

Methods

Sacsin protein levels in PBMCs were assessed in patients versus controls and validated in skin‐derived fibroblasts.

Results

Patients with biallelic SACS variants – including patients with VUS and/or atypical phenotypes – showed loss of sacsin in PBMCs, with discriminative performance against healthy, heterozygous, and non‐ARSACS controls. This included all investigated SACS missense variants. Also, C‐terminal variants escaping nonsense‐mediated decay, while not differing from controls in expression level, showed lower molecular weight in this assay.

Conclusions

Assessing sacsin levels using PBMCs offers an easy, peripherally accessible diagnostic biomarker for ARSACS, with PBMCs being much less invasive and easier to handle than fibroblasts. Additionally, this might be a potential target‐engagement blood biomarker for sacsin‐increasing therapies.
Approximation of operators on real line
Authors: Gupta Vijay
Published: September 2024

There are exponential operators which are defined on the whole real line, namely, the Ismail–May operators
, connected to
, and the Gauss–Weierstrass operators
, connected with 1. Here we consider the composition
of these two operators and observe that the composition operator is not of exponential type operator. We find moment‐generating functions and moments of these operators and estimate some point‐wise convergence of these operators using the characteristic function. We also estimate quantitative Voronovskaya type asymptotic formula and error estimation. Also, the difference of the composition operators
with its components
and
is estimated in terms of modulus of continuity. Finally, we provide some graphs to see visualize the convergence by considering the function
.
The status of professional autonomy and its predictors in clinical nurses in Iran
Authors: Balasi Leila Rouhi , Hazrati Maryam , Ashouri Asieh , Ebadi Abbas , Elahi Nasrin
Published: September 2024

Aim

The present study aimed to assess professional autonomy among clinical nurses and identify its predictors using a native and contemporary tool, which is in line with the recent advancement in nursing professionalism in Iran.

Design

The study used an analytical cross‐sectional design.

Methods

A total of 1601 nurses working in medical centres nationwide under the Ministry of Health participated in the study. The research instrument consisted of two parts, including individual and organizational characteristics and a questionnaire on clinical nurses' professional autonomy. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics as well as multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS software.

Results

The results indicated that the total professional autonomy score among clinical nurses was 75.86 ± 12.03, with the majority (n = 1262, 78.9%) reporting high professional autonomy. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that nurses with 5–15 years of experience had 1.82 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 2.47–1.35) of having high professional autonomy compared to those with less than 5 years of experience. Similarly, nurses with over 15 years of experience had 2.25 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 1.56–3.26). Head nurses had 4.56 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 2.60–7.99) of having high professional autonomy compared to clinical nurses.

Conclusion

Educational interventions to enhance the professional autonomy of less experienced nurses, with more experienced nurses serving as role models, are recommended. Additionally, measures such as supporting nurses, providing effective communication training and empowering nurses are essential to promote professional mutual respect among nurses.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This study explored professional autonomy in clinical nurses in Iran. No patient or public contribution was investigated.
Educational Gaps in Dermatologic Diagnoses Among Otolaryngology Residents
Authors: Noveir Sasan Darain , Nadeem Wasiq , Cheng Carol E. , Lee Matthew K.
Published: September 2024

Otolaryngologists frequently serve as the first touchpoint for patients presenting with dermatologic conditions of the head and neck. This study aims to identify and quantify gaps in dermatologic training among otolaryngology residents, and to assess their diagnostic accuracy in comparison to dermatology residents. It comprised 14 multiple‐choice questions focused on common dermatologic diagnoses related to the head and neck. Sixty‐one dermatology and 36 otolaryngology residents participated in the study. Dermatology residents significantly outperformed otolaryngology residents, with average scores of 90% (SD = 8) compared to 71% (SD = 10) (P < .001). The observed effect size (Cohen's d = 2.010) significantly exceeded the expected effect size (0.603). Otolaryngology residents performed significantly lower on 7 out of the 14 questions. Analysis based on postgraduate year level showed no significant differences in scores within dermatology (P = .119) or otolaryngology (P = .402) residency programs.
Molecular design and application of low dielectric bismaleimide resin
Authors: Lu Shaolin , He Qianyi , Zeng Xiangxing , Ma Zetong , Yang Yuzhao , Chen Xudong
Published: September 2024

With the development of communications technology, the copper‐clad laminate (CCL) for integrated circuits (IC) pointed to the direction of high‐frequency and high‐speed development, that is, a lower dielectric constant and dielectric loss requirements. Bismaleimide (BMI) resins feature stable dielectric properties and excellent thermal stability over a wide temperature range, widely used in the manufacture of high‐frequency and high‐speed CCL substrates. However, the comprehensive performance of BMI resin itself, including dielectric properties, still cannot fully meet the needs of the ever‐changing communications industry, so the molecular design modification of BMI resin to enhance the dielectric properties is currently one of the key research directions for integrated circuit CCL. This paper reviews the development of BMI resins and their applications, focusing on the main methods of molecular design modification and formulation optimization, including allyl, diamine, internal chain‐extended, and chemical/physical blending modification. Finally, the low dielectric BMI resin and its application and development in high‐frequency and high‐speed CCL are summarized and prospected. Future research directions include the design and synthesis of multi‐component copolymers to further realize the balance between low dielectric and comprehensive performance, as well as exploring the possibility of novel composite modifications to provide more competitive high‐performance materials for the IC laminate field.

Highlights

The development of bismaleimide resin and their applications are reviewed.

Bismaleimide monomers' synthesis and chemical reaction are summarized.

The modified methods of bismaleimide resin in low dielectric are reviewed.

Future research directions of low dielectric bismaleimide are prospected.
Bioelektrizität mit Laserlicht und Atomen messen
Authors: Middelmann Thomas , Sander‐Thömmes Tilmann , Lebedev Victor , Krüger Peter
Published: September 2024

Optische Magnetometer sind eine neue Klasse hochempfindlicher Quantensensoren. Sie werden bereits in der Größe einer Streichholzschachtel hergestellt und können Magnetfeldänderungen messen, die milliardenfach geringer als das Erdmagnetfeld sind. Sie werden eingesetzt, um die bioelektrischen Signale im menschlichen Körper magnetisch – und somit nichtinvasiv und prinzipiell berührungslos – zu messen. Am weitesten fortgeschritten ist ihr Einsatz in flexiblen Multisensorsystemen für die Magnetoenzephalographie. Darüber hinaus wird ihr Einsatz auch für Muskelsignalmessungen (Magnetomyographie) oder zur Defektanalyse von Batterien erforscht.
Sensitive Profiling of Mouse Liver Membrane Proteome Dysregulation Following a High‐Fat and Alcohol Diet Treatment
Authors: Antony Frank , Brough Zora , Orangi Mona , Al‐Seragi Mohammed , Aoki Hiroyuki , Babu Mohan , Duong van Hoa Franck
Published: September 2024

Alcohol consumption and high‐fat (HF) diets often coincide in Western society, resulting in synergistic negative effects on liver function. Although studies have analyzed the global protein expression in the context of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), none has offered specific insights on liver dysregulation at the membrane proteome level. Membrane‐specific profiling of metabolic and compensatory phenomena is usually overshadowed in conventional proteomic workflows. In this study, we use the Peptidisc method to isolate and compare the membrane protein (MP) content of the liver with its unique biological functions. From mice fed with an HF diet and ethanol in drinking water, we annotate over 1500 liver proteins with half predicted to have at least one transmembrane segment. Among them, we identify 106 integral MPs that are dysregulated compared to the untreated sample. Gene Ontology analysis reveals several dysregulated membrane‐associated processes like lipid metabolism, cell adhesion, xenobiotic processing, and mitochondrial membrane formation. Pathways related to cholesterol and bile acid transport are also mutually affected, suggesting an adaptive mechanism to counter the upcoming steatosis of the liver model. Taken together, our Peptidisc‐based profiling of the diet‐dysregulated liver provides specific insights and hypotheses into the role of the transmembrane proteome in disease development, and flags desirable MPs for therapeutic and diagnostic targeting.
Nicotine addiction and the influence of life adversity and acute stress on PYY: Prediction of early smoking relapse
Authors: Miller Amanda A. , Nakajima Motohiro , DeAngelis Briana N. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , al'Absi Mustafa
Published: September 2024

Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with earlier initiation and maintenance of tobacco smoking and with a greater risk of subsequent relapse. There is growing evidence that appetite hormones, including peptide YY (PYY), which modulates craving and satiety responses, play a role in stress and addiction processes. This study employed a quasi‐experimental design to examine the association between ELA and circulating PYY stress responses in smokers and nonsmokers (N = 152, ages 19–73 years) to examine the effects of nicotine addiction. Smokers initiated a quit attempt as part of the study and were classified as either abstinent smokers or relapsed smokers based on their nicotine use during the follow‐up period. PYY levels were measured at five timepoints during three lab sessions and compared between nonsmokers and the two smoking groups (abstainers, relapsers): while smokers were using nicotine ad libitum, 24 h after smokers initiated a quit attempt, and 4 weeks after smokers initiated a quit attempt. Multivariate analyses showed the main effects of time on PYY, which decreased over time within each session. The main effects of ELA during the first (ad libitum smoking) and second (24‐h post‐cessation for smokers) sessions indicated that experiencing ELA was associated with lower PYY. No systematic effect of nicotine addiction or relapse was observed in this study. These findings suggest that adults with higher ELA may experience lower PYY. Additional research is needed to further explore the role of PYY in stress and addiction processes.
Fabrication of a Reversible Fluorescence Sensor Based on Nitrogen‐Sulfur Co‐Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Detection of Mercury Ions: Experimental and DFT Insights
Authors: Bharati Jaryal Vishal , Singh Raghubir , Ali Sajjad , Bououdina Mohamed , Gupta Neeraj
Published: September 2024

An eco‐friendly approach involving hydrothermal treatment followed by thermal annealing was adopted for the preparation of nitrogen‐sulfur co‐doped multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (NS‐CNT@600) using melamine and thiourea as precursors. The prepared NS‐CNT@600 were characterized using X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), High‐Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR‐TEM), Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV‐Vis). They were applied for the fluorescent detection of Hg2+ ions in water. A fluorescence quenching sensor for sensitive and precise detection of Hg2+ ions was developed by making use of the sensitivity of NS‐CNT@600 to fluorescence quenching behavior caused by interaction with Hg2+ ions. Additionally, the selectivity of NS‐CNT@600 towards Hg2+ ions was thoroughly investigated in the presence of other interfering metal ions. There was a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and Hg2+ concentration from 10 to 50 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.3 nM. The proposed method was also tested on real water samples with positive results. Physicochemical features and interaction mechanism of analyte‐material transduction were exclusively studied by combining fluorescence spectrophotometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculation techniques. The strategy provides an easy way to develop low‐cost, selective and sensitive probes for rapid fluorescent sensing of Hg2+ ions in aqueous solutions.
Fractal Growth Regulation and Mechanism of Copper Dendrite by Micro‐point Electrode Electrodeposition
Authors: Li Luxin , Wu Yujian , Wang Daiyi , Zeng Haoyue , Huang Yanyan , Li Tao , Yang Yuxin
Published: September 2024

The behavior of fractal growth based on copper metal was examined by micro‐point electrode electrodeposition. On this basis, the process and morphological characteristic of Cu fractal growth can be controlled by changing the electrodeposition time, current and concentration of Cu2+. The growth of snowflake Cu dendrites is confined to the two‐dimensional plane of the paper base to monitor the fractal structural changes. The electrodeposition process of snowflake Cu dendrites is deeply regulated by exploring the changing trend of fractal dimension. To further understand the fractal growth mechanism of Cu, the electro‐driven centripetal migration and random migration of ions are introduced in the traditional diffusion‐limited aggregation model. The simulated fractal patterns successfully correspond with the experimental results. The results are helpful to explore the fractal growth characteristics and dynamic mechanism of the electrodeposited copper dendrites, which lay a foundation for controlling the growth of the electrodeposited metal dendrites.
Continuous Flow Synthesis of the Nerve Agent Antidote Pralidoxime (2‐PAM) Iodide
Authors: Gomez Mauro R. B. P. , da Rocha Vinicius C. V. , Chaves Letícia S. , Gotardo Larissa E. , Leão Raquel A. C. , Kitagawa Daniel A. S. , de A. Cavalcante Samir F. , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A.
Published: September 2024

Pralidoxime salts are important medical countermeasures towards different organophosphorus compounds, either nerve agents or pesticides, as they act as acetylcholinesterase reactivators, avoiding health issues and even death that can result from intoxication with such chemicals. In this work, we present an expeditious study focuses on the optimization of a two‐step continuous‐flow synthesis of 2‐PAM. Initial attempts to replace the solvent composition in the oxime formation reaction with acetonitrile resulted in lower yields, highlighting the significance of a polar protic solvent. Subsequent optimization under continuous‐flow conditions revealed the successful execution of oxime formation at room temperature with a residence time of 20 minutes, achieving an impressive 96 % conversion, surpassing literature‐reported conditions. The methylation step required a high residence time of 60 minutes at 120 °C for a substantial conversion of 78 %. The two‐step continuous‐flow process demonstrated robustness, yielding 75 %, with space‐time yields of 0.32 g/h and 0.18 g/h. Further concentration adjustments increased space‐time yields to 3.2 g/h and 2.2 g/h. Despite solvent incompatibility, a strategic alteration of the reaction sequence allowed for a successful cascade process, integrating the methylation step in acetonitrile and the oxime formation in water. The continuous‐flow system, incorporating a heat exchanger, exhibited stability, maintaining full conversion and a space‐time yield of 0.3 g/h over extended periods. This systematic optimization not only enhances the efficiency of 2‐PAM synthesis but also provides insights into a scalable and practical continuous‐flow cascade process.
Tuning the Structures of Amide‐Imine Conjugates for Sequential Optical Recognition of Mo(VI) and AsO2− Ions
Authors: Khanra Somnath , Lohar Sisir , Das Debasis
Published: September 2024

Two amide‐imine conjugates where amide is synthesized by reacting hydrazine with 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and subsequently condensed with 2‐hydroxy naphthalene‐1‐carbaldehyde (m1) and 2‐hydroxy benzaldehyde (m2), selectively detects Mo(VI) at nano molar level via change in emission characteristics. The interactions have been authenticated from single crystal X‐ray structures of resulting Mo(VI) complexes (Mo1 and Mo2). Further, Mo1 selectively interacts with AsO2− via formation of H‐bond that facilitates its detection through change of emission characteristics. The binding constant of Mo1 for AsO2− is 1.02×105 M−1/2. The TCSPC studies support the interaction of Mo1 with AsO2−. The probe‐analyte interaction has also been established by different spectroscopic techniques like 1H NMR, ESI‐MS, FTIR and Jobs experiment. Theoretical DFT studies justifies the reason behind the interaction and support experimental spectroscopic findings. Notably, the sequential fluorescence recognition of Mo(VI) and AsO2− by m1 have been explored to construct a logic gate.