bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Process optimization for low‐fat deep‐fried zucchini slices preparation: Effect of Aloe vera gel coating concentration, frying temperature, and frying time
Authors: Ganjloo Ali , Bimakr Mandana , Nazari Parisa
Published: September 2022

There is strong evidence that the consumption of fried foods is associated with an increased risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, the effects of different process variables including Aloe vera gel concentration (5–25% w/w), frying temperature (150–190°C), and frying time (1–5 min) were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken design to introduce a new low‐fat deep‐fried zucchini slices. The optimum conditions based on maximum moisture content and hardness, minimum oil content, and total color difference (ΔE) were found to be 13.55% w/w gel concentration, 150°C frying temperature, and 1.50 min frying time. Compared to the uncoated samples, a reduction of 32.70% in oil content and 10.42% in hardness was observed for coated samples produced under optimum conditions. Moreover, moisture content and ΔE of coated samples were increased by 9.41% and 3.64%, respectively. Sensorial evaluation revealed that the deep‐fried coated zucchini slices prepared under optimum conditions had higher overall acceptability compared with uncoated samples. It can be concluded that A. vera gel coating is a promising approach to developing new product low‐fat deep‐fried zucchini slices.

Novelty impact statement

A. vera gel coating can be used to produce low‐fat deep‐fried zucchini slices. It is expected that the optimized conditions highlighted in this work (13.55% w/w gel concentration, 150°C frying temperature, and 1.50 min frying time) will be useful in obtaining low‐fat deep‐fried zucchini slices of acceptable quality attributes.
Investigating the temporality of binary taste interactions in blends of sweeteners and citric acid in solution
Authors: Junge Jonas Y. , Mielby Line A. , Zeng Yan , Sun Yuan‐Xia , Byrne Derek V. , Castura John C. , Kidmose Ulla
Published: September 2022

This study investigated sweet–sour taste interactions in novel sweeteners using a 3 × 2 factorial design consisting of Sweetening System (three levels: sucrose; d‐allulose; and a blend of d‐allulose and Monk fruit extract) and Acidity (two levels: with or without citric acid). 110 untrained Chinese subjects participated using the temporal check‐all‐that‐apply (TCATA) method. Mixed‐model ANOVA was conducted to investigate the effect of Sweetening System, Acidity, and their interactions on the fractional Area Under the Curve within three 20 s time intervals (attack, evolution, finish). Treatments were compared using Dunnett's test with sucrose as control. Citric acid suppressed the sweet taste of both sucrose and d‐allulose more than the blend of d‐allulose and Monk fruit extract throughout attack and evolution time intervals. This finding was confirmed by a significant interaction between Sweetening System and Acidity for sweet taste. Sour taste was not affected differently by different Sweetening Systems or the difference in sweetener concentration.

Practical Applications

This study showed that the sweet taste of a blend of sweeteners could be altered by citric acid to have a similar temporal profile as sucrose in most of the evaluation time. This emphasizes the importance of not only conducting evaluations of novel sweeteners in aqueous solutions but also considering studies in more complex matrices and the choice of the methodology used to measure the sensory profile.
Understanding the effects of seasonal variation in prey availability on prey switching by large carnivores
Authors: Vettorazzi M. , Mogensen N. , Kaelo B. , Broekhuis F.
Published: September 2022

Optimal foraging theory predicts that carnivores select prey species based on intrinsic factors, such as body size, vulnerability, and abundance. Prey abundance can vary significantly, especially when prey species move in and out of an area en masse in search of food. However, little is known about how these resource pulses influence the prey profiles of large carnivores. Using data on lion (Panthera leo) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) kills in the Maasai Mara in Kenya, we investigate whether changes in prey abundance, as a result of a mass annual migration of herbivores, influence the prey profiles of these two carnivore species. Furthermore, for cheetah we investigate whether there are sex‐specific differences in prey profiles in response to changes in prey abundance. Using data from 387 lion kills and 220 cheetah kills (160 female and 60 male), we found that changes in prey abundance had a strong influence on prey profiles, but that for cheetahs this varied by sex and social grouping. More specifically, during the migration, when there is an influx of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), lions and male cheetah (particularly those in coalitions) were more likely to feed on wildebeest than out of the migration. In addition, when wildebeest were less abundant, lions switched to buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Overall, the breadth of the prey profiles was narrower during the migration compared to out of the migration but this was most significant for lions and coalitions of male cheetahs. These changes in prey profiles could have an impact on herbivore dynamics, human‐wildlife conflict and ecological interactions more broadly. Through the detailed characterisation of prey profiles, we contribute to the understanding of predator–prey dynamics and trophic interactions in complex, multi‐species ecosystems and illustrate the importance of taking into account inter‐ and intraspecific variations in predators when modelling predator–prey dynamics.
Naringenin confers defence against Phytophthora nicotianae through antimicrobial activity and induction of pathogen resistance in tobacco
Authors: Sun Mingming , Li Lei , Wang Chengdong , Wang Luanming , Lu Di , Shen Danyu , Wang Jie , Jiang Caihong , Cheng Lirui , Pan Xuhao , Yang Aiguo , Wang Yuanying , Zhu Xiaowei , Li Bin , Li Yiting , Zhang Feng
Published: September 2022

Tobacco black shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a serious disease in tobacco cultivation. We found that naringenin is a key factor that causes different sensitivity to P. nicotianae between resistant and susceptible tobacco. The level of basal flavonoids in resistant tobacco was distinct from that in susceptible tobacco. Of all flavonoids with different content, naringenin showed the best antimicrobial activity against mycelial growth and sporangia production of P. nicotianae in vitro. However, naringenin showed very low or no antimicrobial activity to other plant pathogens. We found that naringenin induced not only the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, but also the expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis‐related genes. Naringenin induced the expression of the basal pathogen resistance gene PR1 and the SAR8.2 gene that contributes to plant resistance to P. nicotianae. We then interfered with the expression of the chalcone synthase (NtCHS) gene, the key gene of the naringenin synthesis pathway, to inhibit naringenin biosynthesis. NtCHS‐RNAi rendered tobacco highly sensitive to P. nicotianae, but there was no change in susceptibility to another plant pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. Finally, exogenous application of naringenin on susceptible tobacco enhanced resistance to P. nicotianae and naringenin was very stable in this environment. Our findings revealed that naringenin plays a core role in the defence against P. nicotianae and expanded the possibilities for the application of plant secondary metabolites in the control of P. nicotianae.
Mechanisms of UV‐B light‐induced photoreceptor UVR8 nuclear localization dynamics
Authors: Fang Fang , Lin Li , Zhang Qianwen , Lu Min , Skvortsova Mariya Y. , Podolec Roman , Zhang Qinyun , Pi Jiahao , Zhang Chunli , Ulm Roman , Yin Ruohe
Published: September 2022

Light regulates the subcellular localization of plant photoreceptors, a key step in light signaling. Ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B) induces the plant photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) nuclear accumulation, where it regulates photomorphogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism for the UV‐B‐regulated UVR8 nuclear localization dynamics is unknown.

With fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), cell fractionation followed by immunoblotting and co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assays we tested the function of UVR8‐interacting proteins including CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), REPRESSOR OF UV‐B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (RUP1) and RUP2 in the regulation of UVR8 nuclear dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana.

We showed that UV‐B‐induced rapid UVR8 nuclear translocation is independent of COP1, which previously was shown to be required for UV‐B‐induced UVR8 nuclear accumulation. Instead, we provide evidence that the UV‐B‐induced UVR8 homodimer‐to‐monomer photo‐switch and the concurrent size reduction of UVR8 enables its monomer nuclear translocation, most likely via free diffusion. Nuclear COP1 interacts with UV‐B‐activated UVR8 monomer, thereby promoting UVR8 nuclear retention. Conversely, RUP1and RUP2, whose expressions are induced by UV‐B, inhibit UVR8 nuclear retention via attenuating the UVR8–COP1 interaction, allowing UVR8 to exit the nucleus.

Collectively, our data suggest that UV‐B‐induced monomerization of UVR8 promotes its nuclear translocation via free diffusion. In the nucleus, COP1 binding promotes UVR8 monomer nuclear retention, which is counterbalanced by the major negative regulators RUP1 and RUP2.
Elevated CO2 induces rapid dephosphorylation of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase in guard cells
Authors: Ando Eigo , Kollist Hannes , Fukatsu Kohei , Kinoshita Toshinori , Terashima Ichiro
Published: September 2022

Light induces stomatal opening, which is driven by plasma membrane (PM) H+‐ATPase in guard cells. The activation of guard‐cell PM H+‐ATPase is mediated by phosphorylation of the penultimate C‐terminal residue, threonine. The phosphorylation is induced by photosynthesis as well as blue light photoreceptor phototropin. Here, we investigated the effects of cessation of photosynthesis on the phosphorylation level of guard‐cell PM H+‐ATPase in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Immunodetection of guard‐cell PM H+‐ATPase, time‐resolved leaf gas‐exchange analyses and stomatal aperture measurements were carried out.

We found that light–dark transition of leaves induced dephosphorylation of the penultimate residue at 1 min post‐transition. Gas‐exchange analyses confirmed that the dephosphorylation is accompanied by an increase in the intercellular CO2 concentration, caused by the cessation of photosynthetic CO2 fixation. We discovered that CO2 induces guard‐cell PM H+‐ATPase dephosphorylation as well as stomatal closure. Interestingly, reverse‐genetic analyses using guard‐cell CO2 signal transduction mutants suggested that the dephosphorylation is mediated by a mechanism distinct from the established CO2 signalling pathway. Moreover, type 2C protein phosphatases D6 and D9 were required for the dephosphorylation and promoted stomatal closure upon the light–dark transition.

Our results indicate that CO2‐mediated dephosphorylation of guard‐cell PM H+‐ATPase underlies stomatal closure.
How broad is the selfing syndrome? Insights from convergent evolution of gene expression across species and tissues in the Capsella genus
Authors: Zhang Zebin , Kryvokhyzha Dmytro , Orsucci Marion , Glémin Sylvain , Milesi Pascal , Lascoux Martin
Published: September 2022

The shift from outcrossing to selfing is one of the main evolutionary transitions in plants. It is accompanied by profound effects on reproductive traits, the so‐called selfing syndrome. Because the transition to selfing also implies deep genomic and ecological changes, one also expects to observe a genomic selfing syndrome.

We took advantage of the three independent transitions from outcrossing to selfing in the Capsella genus to characterize the overall impact of mating system change on RNA expression, in flowers but also in leaves and roots. We quantified the extent of both selfing and genomic syndromes, and tested whether changes in expression corresponded to adaptation to selfing or to relaxed selection on traits that were constrained in outcrossers.

Mating system change affected gene expression in all three tissues but more so in flowers than in roots and leaves. Gene expression in selfing species tended to converge in flowers but diverged in the two other tissues. Hence, convergent adaptation to selfing dominates in flowers, whereas genetic drift plays a more important role in leaves and roots.

The effect of mating system transition is not limited to reproductive tissues and corresponds to both adaptation to selfing and relaxed selection on previously constrained traits.
Nutrient status regulates MED19a phase separation for ORESARA1‐dependent senescence
Authors: Cheng Steven Le Hung , Wu Hui‐Wen , Xu Haiying , Singh Reuben Manjit , Yao Tao , Jang In‐Cheol , Chua Nam‐Hai
Published: September 2022

The mediator complex is highly conserved in eukgaryotes and is integral for transcriptional responses. Mediator subunits associate with signal‐responsive transcription factors (TF) to activate expression of specific signal‐responsive genes. As the key TF of Arabidopsis thaliana senescence, ORESARA1 (ORE1) is required for nitrogen deficiency (−N) induced senescence; however, the mediator subunit that associates with ORE1 remains unknown.

Here, we show that Arabidopsis MED19a associates with ORE1 to activate −N senescence‐responsive genes. Disordered MED19a forms inducible nuclear condensates under −N that is regulated by decreasing MED19a lysine acetylation. MED19a carboxyl terminus (cMED19a) harbors a mixed‐charged intrinsically disordered region (MC‐IDR) required for ORE1 interaction and liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS).

Plant and human cMED19 are sufficient to form heterotypic condensates with ORE1. Human cMED19 MC‐IDR, but not yeast cMED19 IDR, partially complements med19a suggesting functional conservation in evolutionarily distant eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic cMED19 revealed that the MC‐IDR could arise through convergent evolution.

Our result of MED19 MC‐IDR suggests that plant MED19 is regulated by phase separation during stress responses.
Capnocytophaga gingivalis is a potential tumor promotor in oral cancer
Authors: Zhu Weiwen , Shen Weili , Wang Jie , Xu Yanbin , Zhai Rundong , Zhang Jiayi , Wang Mengqi , Wang Mengyao , Liu Laikui
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To investigate the role of oral microbiome in promoting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the salivary microbiome of 108 controls and 70 OSCC cases by16S rRNA gene sequencing and detected the fluorescence signal of OSCC‐related pathological bacteria by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay (FISH). The invasion and migration assays were used to show the differences of invasive and migrative abilities between control and experimental groups. Quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blotting were used to verify the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Results

In our study, the overall microbiome abundance and composition were richer in the 108 controls than in the 70 OSCC cases. We demonstrated that Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus, and Lactobacillus were highly abundant in the saliva of OSCC patients by 16S rDNA sequencing and FISH. Moreover, we found that Capnocytophaga gingivalis (C. gingivalis) was highly presented in OSCC tissues by FISH. We focused on C. gingivalis and found that its supernatant induced OSCC cells to undergo EMT, causing the cells to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype associated with highly invasive and metastatic properties.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results indicated that C. gingivalis might invade OSCC tissues and played an important role in OSCC by promoting OSCC invasion and metastasis by inducing EMT. Hence, the role of C. gingivalis in cancer progression revealed a new direction for the research of OSCC.
The unique contribution of motor ability to visuospatial working memory in school‐age children: Evidence from event‐related potentials
Authors: Lin Chih‐Chien , Hsieh Shu‐Shih , Huang Chung‐Ju , Kao Shih‐Chun , Chang Yu‐Kai , Hung Tsung‐Min
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the unique contribution of motor ability to visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and neuroelectric activity in school‐age children. Seventy‐six children aged 8.7 ± 1.1 years participated in this cross‐sectional study. We assessed aerobic fitness using the 20‐m endurance shuttle run test, muscular fitness (endurance, power) using a standard test battery, and motor ability (manual dexterity, ball skills, and static and dynamic balance) using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. A modified delayed match‐to‐sample test was used to assess VSWM and the P3 component of event‐related potentials. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that greater aerobic fitness was associated with smaller coefficient of variation of reaction time (p = .008), greater muscular fitness was associated with higher response accuracy (p = .022), greater motor ability was associated with higher response accuracy (p < .001) and increased P3 mean amplitude (p < .001) after controlling for age. Furthermore, the positive associations of motor ability with response accuracy (p = .001) were independent of muscular fitness. The findings from this study provide new insight into the differential associations between health‐related fitness domains and VSWM, highlighting the influence of motor ability on brain health and cognitive development during childhood.
Four reasons why functional traits are not being used in restoration practice
Authors: Merchant Thomas K. , Henn Jonathan J. , de Silva Isabel , Van Cleemput Elisa , Suding Katharine N.
Published: September 2022

Restoration ecologists devote considerable time and resources to understanding the role of functional traits in community assembly and ecosystem functioning. However, while functional traits show promise in supporting restoration practice in some circumstances, traits are not often explicitly considered by practitioners. Here we highlight four reasons that are preventing the use of traits in restoration, ranging from different restoration targets and frameworks to practical considerations around species selection, databases, plant stock availability, and measurement approaches. We provide actions that can be taken by researchers, practitioners, plant stock producers, and policy makers to better incorporate functional traits in restoration practice and show how traits can complement existing practices to achieve both traditional/taxonomic and functional restoration targets. We hope to guide critical partnerships, missing research, and immediate actions to leverage the value of traits at all stages in the restoration process.
Insurance groups, product diversification, and the role of surplus lines affiliation
Authors: Baggett Courtney B. , Cole Cassandra R.
Published: September 2022

The market share of surplus lines insurers has grown considerably. We examine the impact of surplus lines representation within insurer groups on the extent of product diversification. Initial evidence suggests that groups with greater surplus lines representation are more diversified than other groups. These results hold when controlling for the joint impact of surplus lines representation and size, as well as surplus lines representation and the percentage of overall business written in personal lines. However, when examining the subsample of groups affiliated with surplus lines insurers, we find some evidence that supports the product focus hypothesis, which states surplus lines insurers are used to further focus on existing product lines already being written by other members of the group.
Convalescent plasma and COVID‐19: Time for a second—second look?
Authors: Joyner Michael J. , Carter Rickey E. , Fairweather DeLisa , Wright R. Scott
Published: September 2022

In this short narrative, we highlight some of our experiences leading the US Convalescent Plasma Program at the beginning of the pandemic in the spring and summer of 2020. This includes a brief summary of how the program emerged and high‐level lessons we learned. We also share our impressions about why convalescent plasma was used at scale in the United States, early in the pandemic and share ideas that might inform the use of convalescent plasma in future outbreaks of novel infectious diseases.
The robotic production of spatiality: Predictability, partitioning, and connection
Authors: Sumartojo Shanti , Lundberg Robert , Kulić Dana , Tian Leimin , Carreno‐Medrano Pamela , Mintrom Michael , Lugli Daniele , Allen Aimee
Published: September 2022

Robots are an increasing presence in our public spaces. Accordingly, in this paper, we make an argument for the importance of understanding how they produce spatiality by developing three robotic logics: predictability, partitioning, and connection. We show how the robotic bias towards orderly categories exists alongside processual accounts of spatiality, and how the forms of anticipatory knowability that robots require play out in the contingent flow of everyday human life, where knowledge emerges as we move in and become engaged with our environments. We analyse the tensions at play here, reviewing how robotic programming and behaviours treat the spaces in which robots operate, and then interrogating robotic ways of understanding, structuring, and acting in their surroundings. This paper argues that, through the emplaced bodies of robots, their computational logics participate in an emergent production of spatiality that always exceeds their preference for knowability. Given that robots are already beginning to reconfigure our cities, we argue that unreflective accommodations of these logics should be resisted, and that we instead need better understandings of how robots' logics shape their agential capacities in our shared worlds.
Incidence and characteristics of hypotensive transfusion reaction: 10‐year experience in a single center
Authors: Kwon Soon Sung , Kim Sinyoung , Kim Hyun Ok
Published: September 2022

Background

Hypotensive transfusion reaction (HyTR) is rare. It is characterized by a rapid onset of hypotension during transfusion, which usually resolves quickly upon cessation of transfusion. Information on the incidence and clinical characteristics of HyTR has been reported in only a few studies.

Study Design and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed HyTR cases from 10‐year hemovigilance data in a tertiary care hospital in Seoul, Korea.

Results

We identified 37 HyTRs in 35 patients, and the overall incidence of HyTR was 0.50 per 10,000 transfused units. Among the blood components, the incidence of HyTR was highest in filtered random donor platelets (0.75 per 10,000 units). About half of the HyTRs occurred within 15 min after the start of transfusion (19/37). Blood pressure returned to the normal range within an hour in 73.0% of the cases (27/37). All HyTR cases recovered without severe complications. Known risk factors for HyTR were not prominent in our cohort of patients, with no patients taking angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and only five patients transfused with bedside filtered platelets.

Discussion

HyTR can occur in patients with various conditions and types of blood components. Understanding the clinical characteristics of HyTR facilitates proper management, leading to improved transfusion safety.
Experimental Assessment of a Reverse Brayton Cycle Based On Automotive Turbochargers and E-Chargers for Cryogenic Applications
Authors: Serrano Jose R. , Dolz V. , Ponce-Mora Alberto , López-Carrillo Juan Antonio
Published: September 2022

The utilization of automotive engine components for the development of a reverse Brayton cycle is shown in this study. The well-known characteristics of turbochargers and electrical centrifugal compressors commonly used in the automotive industry is a starting point for developing an experimental cycle configuration of a reverse Brayton refrigeration cycle with the ability to achieve up to 115 K after a multi-stage compression with intermediate cooling and a single-stage expansion in a radial turbine using air (R-729) as working fluid. The use of a variable nozzle turbine allows to evaluate the optimum rack position for each operating point, while having control over refrigeration capacity. Studies over the minimum cycle pressure at the inlet of the first stage of compression have been performed to assess the possible benefit of creating vacuum or pressurize the working fluid. A 1 m^3 cooling chamber was attached to the installation to test the ability of cooling different thermal loads working under different operation ways, open or closed cycle, this is, letting the working fluid to interact with the thermal load or cooling it through a heat exchanger. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters allows to obtain the coefficient of performance (COP) of the installation and the efficiency of each component. The analysis of turbomachinery performance will allow identifying weak points to improve cycle performance, and the coupling model between rotatory machines as well as to adapt the size of the installation to the refrigeration capacity required for different applications.
Participant-Level Analysis of the Effects of Interventions on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Powden Cameron J. , Koldenhoven Rachel M. , Simon Janet E. , Fraser John J. , Rosen Adam B. , Jaffri Abbis , Mitchell Andrew B. , Burcal Christopher J.
Published: September 2022

Context: Intervention studies for chronic ankle instability (CAI) often focus on improving physical impairments of the ankle complex. However, using an impairments-focused approach may miss psychological factors that may mediate function and recovery. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures can be used to assess several dimensions of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and deliver enhanced patient-centered care. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate group-level improvements in HRQoL and treatment response rates following various interventions in patients with CAI. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Data from 7 previous studies were pooled by the chronic ankle instability outcomes network for participant-level analysis, resulting in 136 patients with CAI. Several interventions were assessed including balance training, gait biofeedback, joint mobilizations, stretching, and strengthening, with treatment volume ranging from 1 to 4 weeks. Outcome measures were PROs that assessed ankle-specific function (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), injury-related fear (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire), and global well-being (Disablement in the Physically Active); the PROs assessed varied between studies. Preintervention to postintervention changes were evaluated using separate Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and effect sizes, and a responder analysis was conducted for each PRO. Results: Significant, moderate to large improvements were observed in PROs that assessed ankle-specific function, injury-related fear, and global well-being following intervention (P < .001). Responder rates ranged from 39.0% to 53.3%, 12.8% to 51.4%, and 37.8% for ankle specific function, injury-related fear, and global well-being, respectively. Conclusions: Various interventions can lead to positive improvements in HRQoL in patients with CAI. Treatment response rates at improving HRQoL are similar to response rates at improving impairments such as balance, further reinforcing the need for individualized treatment approaches when treating a patient with CAI.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Novel Antiviral Agent Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid, a SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease Inhibitor, in Healthy Adults
Authors: Shimizu Ryosuke , Sonoyama Takuhiro , Fukuhara Takahiro , Kuwata Aya , Matsuo Yumiko , Kubota Ryuji
Published: September 2022

Ensitrelvir is a novel selective inhibitor of the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2, which is essential for viral replication. This phase 1 study of ensitrelvir assessed its safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single (part 1,
n
 = 50) and multiple (part 2,
n
 = 33) ascending oral doses.
Drug Repurposing for Therapeutic Discovery against Human Metapneumovirus Infection
Authors: Van Den Bergh Annelies , Guillon Patrice , von Itzstein Mark , Bailly Benjamin , Dirr Larissa
Published: September 2022

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is recognized as an important cause of pneumonia in infants, in the elderly, and in immunocompromised individuals worldwide. The absence of an antiviral treatment or vaccine strategy against HMPV infection creates a high burden on the global health care system.
Phytogen Improves Performance during Spotty Liver Disease by Impeding Bacterial Metabolism and Pathogenicity
Authors: Yu Sung J. , Bajagai Yadav S. , Petranyi Friedrich , Stanley Dragana
Published: September 2022

The present study establishes the beneficial effects of the continuous phytogenic supplementation reflected in reduced diarrhea and mortality and higher egg productivity under normal conditions and during a natural outbreak of Spotty Liver Disease. Our data points to the importance of phytogen-driven alteration of microbial pathogenicity and fitness-related functional capabilities revealed on the commercial layer farm.
Prevalence of Type IV Pili-Mediated Twitching Motility in Streptococcus sanguinis Strains and Its Impact on Biofilm Formation and Host Adherence
Authors: Chen Yi-Ywan M. , Wang Hsing-Yi , Wu Chia-Hua , Lin Yu-Juan , Chiu Cheng-Hsun
Published: September 2022

Although the gene clusters encoding Tfp are commonly present in
Streptococcus sanguinis
, not all strains express surface-dependent twitching motility on agar surfaces. Regardless of whether the Tfp could drive motility, Tfp can serve as a ligand for the colonization of host cells.
Reovirus Efficiently Reassorts Genome Segments during Coinfection and Superinfection
Authors: Thoner Timothy W. , Meloy Madeline M. , Long Jacob M. , Diller Julia R. , Slaughter James C. , Ogden Kristen M.
Published: September 2022

Reassortment, or genome segment exchange between viruses, can generate novel virus genotypes and pandemic virus strains. For viruses to reassort their genome segments, they must replicate within the same physical space by coinfecting the same host cell.
A Morbillivirus Infection Shifts DC Maturation Toward a Tolerogenic Phenotype to Suppress T Cell Activation
Authors: Rodríguez-Martín Daniel , García-García Isabel , Martín Verónica , Rojas José Manuel , Sevilla Noemí
Published: September 2022

Morbilliviruses pose a threat to global health given their high infectivity. The morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) severely affects small-ruminant-productivity and leads to important economic losses in communities that rely on these animals for subsistence.
Curriculum Guidelines for Graduate and Undergraduate Virology Courses
Authors: Kushner David B. , Cline Troy D. , Danthi Pranav , Debbink Kari M. , Ferran Maureen C. , Flenniken Michelle , Johnson Dylan M. , Mehle Andrew , Morales Daniel A. , Mukhopadhyay Suchetana , Parker John S. L. , Spriggs Chelsey C. , O’Donnell Lauren A. , Maginnis Melissa S.
Published: September 2022

Curriculum guidelines for virology are needed to best guide student learning due to the continuous and ever-increasing volume of virology information, the need to ensure that undergraduate and graduate students have a foundational understanding of key virology concepts, and the importance in being able to communicate that understanding to both other virologists and nonvirologists. Such guidelines, developed by virology educators and the American Society for Virology Education and Career Development Committee, are described herein.
Rotavirus Downregulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Noradrenergic Sympathetic Nervous System in Ileum, Early in Infection and Simultaneously with Increased Intestinal Transit and Altered Brain Activities
Authors: Hellysaz Arash , Svensson Lennart , Hagbom Marie
Published: September 2022

Previous studies have investigated the mechanisms of rotavirus diarrhea mainly by focusing on intrinsic intestinal signaling. Although these observations are compelling and have provided important mechanistic information on rotavirus diarrhea, no information is available on how the gut communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) during rotavirus infection or on how this communication initiates sickness symptoms.
Draft Genome Sequence of an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strain Carrying Genes for Colonization Surface Antigen 13 and a Heat-Labile Toxin
Authors: Njoroge Samuel M. , Madé Laure F. , von Mentzer Astrid , Kulohoma Benard W. , Kamanu Timothy K. , Ouko Tom T. , Kiiru John , Ward Melissa J. , Thomson Nicholas R. , Fèvre Eric M. , Woolhouse Mark , Kariuki Samuel
Published: September 2022

Here, we report the draft genome of ESEI_597, an enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) strain harboring genes encoding colonization surface antigen 13 (CS13) and a heat-labile toxin. The ESEI_597 strain was isolated from an 8-month-old child living in Korogocho, Kenya, in 2013.
Draft Genome Sequences of Three Antibiotic-Producing Soil Bacteria, Staphylococcus pasteuri WAM01, Peribacillus butanolivorans WAM04, and Micrococcus yunnanensis WAM06, with Growth-Inhibiting Effects against CommensalNeisseriaStrains
Authors: Reilly Emily , Alfaro Juan A. , Borzelleri Alexis R. , Branco Emma G. , Conklin Declan C. , Held Emmaly S. , Kulee Fio Z. , Kuzma Amelia J. , Langdon Nic , Lasko Alyssa M. , Neri Sean T. , Nichols Jasmine A. , Olawuyi Temitope R. , Park Eunice , Rugullies Kadrian , Wilkie Carter D. , Krebs Laura R. , Carter Dawn , Hudson André O. , Wadsworth Crista B.
Published: September 2022

We report the isolation, identification, and assemblies of three antibiotic-producing soil bacteria (Staphylococcus pasteuri,Peribacillus butanolivorans, andMicrococcus yunnanensis) that inhibit the growth ofNeisseriacommensals in coculture. With pathogenicNeisseriastrains becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, bioprospecting for novel antimicrobials using commensal relatives may facilitate discovery of clinically useful drugs.
Phosphoproteome Dynamics of Streptomyces rimosus during Submerged Growth and Antibiotic Production
Authors: Šarić Ela , Quinn Gerry A. , Nalpas Nicolas , Paradžik Tina , Kazazić Saša , Filić Želimira , Šemanjski Maja , Herron Paul , Hunter Iain , Maček Boris , Vujaklija Dušica
Published: September 2022

Streptomyces rimosusis best known as a primary source of oxytetracycline (OTC). The significant global market value of OTC highlights the need for a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that lead to production of this antibiotic.
Human Milk Oligosaccharide Utilization in Intestinal Bifidobacteria Is Governed by Global Transcriptional Regulator NagR
Authors: Arzamasov Aleksandr A. , Nakajima Aruto , Sakanaka Mikiyasu , Ojima Miriam N. , Katayama Takane , Rodionov Dmitry A. , Osterman Andrei L.
Published: September 2022

The predominance of bifidobacteria in the gut of breastfed infants is attributed to the ability of these bacteria to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Thus, individual HMOs such as lacto-
N
-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-
N
-neotetraose (LNnT) are considered promising prebiotics that would stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and confer multiple health benefits to preterm and malnourished children suffering from impaired (stunted) gut microbiota development.
Genomic and Molecular Identification of Genes Contributing to the Caspofungin Paradoxical Effect inAspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Zhao Shu , Martin-Vicente Adela , Colabardini Ana Cristina , Pereira Silva Lilian , Rinker David C. , Fortwendel Jarrod R. , Goldman Gustavo Henrique , Gibbons John G.
Published: September 2022

This is one of the first studies to apply genomewide association (GWA) analysis to identify genes involved in anAspergillus fumigatusphenotype.A. fumigatusis an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes hundreds of thousands of infections and ~100,000 deaths each year, and antifungal resistance has rapidly evolved in this species. A phenomenon called the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) occurs in some isolates, where high concentrations of the drug lead to increased growth rate.
Blue Light-Dependent Pre-mRNA Splicing Controls Pigment Biosynthesis in the Mushroom
Terana caerulea
Authors: Lawrinowitz Stefanie , Wurlitzer Jacob M. , Weiss Dieter , Arndt Hans-Dieter , Kothe Erika , Gressler Markus , Hoffmeister Dirk
Published: September 2022

The regulation of natural product biosyntheses in mushrooms in response to environmental cues is poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap and chose the cobalt crust mushroom
Terana caerulea
as our model.
Immunoinformatics Approach to Design Novel Subunit Vaccine against the Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Moin Abu Tayab , Patil Rajesh B. , Tabassum Tahani , Araf Yusha , Ullah Md. Asad , Snigdha Hafsa Jarin , Alam Tawfiq , Alvey Safwan Araf , Rudra Bashudev , Mina Sohana Akter , Akter Yasmin , Zhai Jingbo , Zheng Chunfu
Published: September 2022

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) vaccines have been developing for over 30 years, but polyphyletic and therapeutic vaccines have failed to get licensed. Our vaccine surpasses the limitations of many such vaccines and remains very promising, which is crucial because the infection rate is higher than most viral infections, affecting a whopping 90% of the adult population.
A Novel Cryptic Clostridial Peptide That Kills Bacteria by a Cell Membrane Permeabilization Mechanism
Authors: Szadkowska Monika , Olewniczak Michal , Kloska Anna , Jankowska Elzbieta , Kapusta Malgorzata , Rybak Bartosz , Wyrzykowski Dariusz , Zmudzinska Wioletta , Gieldon Artur , Kocot Aleksandra , Kaczorowska Anna-Karina , Nierzwicki Lukasz , Makowska Joanna , Kaczorowski Tadeusz , Plotka Magdalena
Published: September 2022

Antibiotic resistance is rising rapidly among pathogenic bacteria, becoming a global public health problem that threatens the effectiveness of therapies for many infectious diseases. In this respect, antimicrobial peptides appear to be an interesting alternative to combat bacterial pathogens.
First Patient-to-Patient Intrahospital Transmission of Clade I Candida auris in France Revealed after a Two-Month Incubation Period
Authors: Alanio Alexandre , Snell Hannah Marie , Cordier Camille , Desnos-Olivier Marie , Dellière Sarah , Aissaoui Nesrine , Sturny-Leclère Aude , Da Silva Elodie , Eblé Cyril , Rouveau Martine , Thégat Micheline , Zebiche Widad , Lafaurie Matthieu , Denis Blandine , Touratier Sophie , Benyamina Mourad , Dudoignon Emmanuel , Hamane Samia , Cuomo Christina A. , Dépret François
Published: September 2022

While large outbreaks of
C. auris
in hospital settings have been described, few clear cases of direct transmission have been documented. We here investigated the transmission of
C. auris
clade I between two patients with a 41- to 61-day delay between exposure and the development of colonization. This may lead to changes in the recommendations concerning treatment of
C. auris
cases, as an incubation period of this length is one of the first to be reported.
TurboID Screening of the OmpP2 Protein Reveals Host Proteins Involved in Recognition and Phagocytosis of
Glaesserella parasuis
by iPAM Cells
Authors: Jiang Changsheng , Ma Ningning , Cao Hua , Zeng Wei , Ren Jingping , Hu Yaofang , Zhou Jiaru , Zhang Mengjia , Li Chang , Lang Yifei , Li Wentao , He Qigai
Published: September 2022

G. parasuis
can cause serious Glasser’s disease, which is characterized by polyarthritis, meningitis, and fibrinous polyserositis in pigs. It can cause high morbidity and mortality in swine herds and major economic losses to the global pig industry.
Coevolution of Metabolic Pathways in Blattodea and TheirBlattabacteriumEndosymbionts, and Comparisons with Other Insect-Bacteria Symbioses
Authors: Kinjo Yukihiro , Bourguignon Thomas , Hongoh Yuichi , Lo Nathan , Tokuda Gaku , Ohkuma Moriya
Published: September 2022

The long-term coevolution between insects and their obligate endosymbionts is accompanied by increasing levels of genome integration, sometimes to the point that metabolic pathways require enzymes encoded in two genomes, which we refer to as “collaborative pathways”. To date, collaborative pathways have only been reported from sap-feeding insects.
Geographically weighted regression in mineral exploration: A new application to investigate mineralization
Authors: Wang Wenlei , Zhao Jie , Cheng Qiuming
Published: September 2022

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is an effective model for the investigation of spatially nonstationary relations among variables in the geographical and social sciences. GWR was introduced to the field of mineral exploration to further understanding of the location, controlling factors, and coupling mechanisms related to the triggering of mineralization—in other words, the where, what, and how. Previous studies reported that Cu and Au in a porphyry system present a paragenetic relation at different stages of mineralization, which can be an informative indicator in mineral exploration. As a successor, the current study further applies the GWR model to characterize the paragenetic relation between the ore-forming elements Cu and Au in the Duolong mineral district of Tibet, China, in a spatial scenario. Unlike the spatially varied ore-forming mechanism quantified by the regression coefficients of GWR, the coefficient of determination (R2) is discussed to verify the existence and to evaluate the strength of the paragenetic relation between Cu and Au, because regression coefficients can only inform the mutual influence between one and the other. Furthermore, the fractal and multifractal-based spectrum–area method is adopted to separate the GWR results into anomaly and background. Areas with GWR results that indicate the existence and intensity of a paragenetic relation are mapped as target areas for mineral exploration. The current quantitative recognition of mineralization represents a meaningful and useful extension to the application and interpretation of the GWR model.
A Method for Investigating Nanosecond Processes in Micropinch Discharge Plasma
Authors: Dolgov A. N. , Klyachin N. A. , Prokhorovich D. E.
Published: September 2022

The technique is described and the results of studies of the spatial structure and dynamics of  X-ray sources in the plasma of a micropinch discharge are presented. The applied technique made it possible to temporarily link the process of electron acceleration in a quasi-static electric field of a resistive nature to the process of forming a microstretch in a Z-pinch in a medium of heavy elements with a nanosecond time resolution.
Dilution Microcryostat–Insert for Microwave Spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Smirnov A. I. , Soldatov T. A. , Edelman V. S.
Published: September 2022

An autonomous dilution microrefrigerator manufactured as an insert into a helium cryostat with a superconducting magnet is described. In this refrigerator, the 3He circulation in the circuit filled with a 3He–4He mixture (mixer–heat exchanger–still–condenser–heat exchanger–mixer) is achieved due to the condensation of mixture vapors on the walls of the condenser, which is cooled by the 3He bath pumped out by a sorption pump, as well as entry of the condensate into the mixer under the action of gravity. An 8-mm-range resonator that contains a sample is connected to the mixer via a heat conductor; the sample is located at the center of a superconducting solenoid with a field of up to 80 kOe. Radiation passes from the generator through a waveguide to the resonator, and the signal that passed through the resonator arrives at the detector. The generator and detector are at room temperature. The device is designed for microwave spectroscopy of magnetic materials at temperatures in the range of ~0.09–3 K. The time within which the temperature is maintained at a level of ~0.1 K is 4–6 h. The results of a test experiment on the antiferromagnetic resonance in a MnCO3 single crystal are presented.
Feeding of Fish at the Seamounts of the Whale Ridge (South-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). 2. Splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens (Berycidae)
Authors: Gushchin A. V.
Published: September 2022

The feeding characteristics of splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens from the seamounts of the Whale Ridge have been studied. A wide range of food organisms in feeding of splendid alfonsino has been confirmed, comprising meso- and macroplankton of the sound-scattering layers of the mesopelagial. Benthic organisms have not been found in the food spectra of splendid alfonsino. The food spectra of splendid alfonsino differ in populations inhabiting distant groups of the seamounts of the Whale Ridge due to the difference in the composition of the available food items and environmental conditions, fish body size, season, and sampling period. Splendid alfonsino has a pronounced diurnal feeding dynamics: the fish feed most intensively in the evening and at the beginning of the night, when the organisms of the sound-scattering layers migrate to the upper water layers. At this time, maximum feeding and minimum digestion of food are noted. Splendid alfonsino selects organisms of 0.9–130.0 mm (on average, 36.1 mm) in size for feeding. As the body length increases, splendid alfonsino switches to feeding on larger prey, while the ratio of the size of the prey to the size of splendid alfonsino changes little (9.7–11.5%).
Targeting two distinct epitopes on human CD73 with a bispecific antibody improves anticancer activity
Authors: Gammelgaard Odd L , Terp Mikkel G , Renn Christian , Labrijn Aran F , Hamaker Oliver , Nielsen Aaraby Y , Vever Henriette , Hansen Soren WK , Gjerstorff Morten F , Müller Christa E , Parren Paul WHI , Ditzel Henrik J
Published: September 2022

Background

Immunosuppressive extracellular adenosine is generated by the enzymatic activity of CD73. In preclinical models, antibodies (Abs) targeting different epitopes on CD73 exert anticancer activity through distinct mechanisms such as inhibition of enzymatic activity, engagement of Fc receptors, and spatial redistribution of CD73.

Methods

Using controlled Fab arm exchange, we generated biparatopic bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) from parental anti-CD73 Abs with distinct anticancer activities. The resulting anticancer activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models.

Results

We demonstrate that different anticancer activities can be combined in a biparatopic bsAb. Remarkably, the bsAb significantly improved the enzyme inhibitory activity compared with the parental Abs, which led to neutralization of adenosine-mediated T-cell suppression as demonstrated by proliferation and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, the bsAb caused more efficient internalization of cell surface CD73 and stimulated potent Fc-mediated engagement of human immune effector cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions

Our data collectively demonstrate that complementary anticancer mechanisms of action of distinct anti-CD73 Abs can be combined and enhanced in a biparatopic bsAb. The multiple mechanisms of action and superior activity compared with the monospecific parental Abs make the bsAb a promising candidate for therapeutic targeting of CD73 in cancer. This concept may greatly improve future Ab design.