bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Analysis of Minority Interest Discounts in Estate and Gift Taxation
Authors: Woodruff Gregg S. , Langstraat Craig J. , Malloy John M.
Published: November 2011

One of the most litigated and adjusted areas in taxation has been the determination of the minority interest discount in estate and gift taxation. Valuation disputes arise because the valuation processes for estate and gift taxation are “inherently imprecise,” and the goals of the taxpayer and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) are diametrically opposed. The IRS's vigorous defense of the estate and gift tax base and the taxpayersa' attempts to pay no more tax than is their legal duty have resulted in a history of situations where the taxpayer and the IRS turn to the courts for adjudication. This paper addresses the basis for a minority interest discount, the determination whether ownership interests are in fact minority interests, and the importance of facts and law in the determination of the minority interest discount. A comprehensive analysis of estate and gift tax cases that determined minority interest discounts is used as a basis for planning ideas to maximize these discounts.
The Federal Tax Implications of Redating Stock Option Grant Dates and Exercise Dates
Authors: Pippin Sonja , Wong Jeffrey , Mason Richard
Published: November 2011

Backdating of stock option grants is receiving substantial investigative attention by the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Department of Justice, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and the Internal Revenue Service. The redating of stock options has significant potential economic and legal implications to executives, employees, and shareholders of the granting firms. Accordingly, this topic is of considerable current interest in both the academic and popular press. In this paper, we discuss the tax implications of manipulating stock option grant and exercise dates, review the tax treatment of stock option and stock purchase plans including I.R.C. §162(m) and I.R.C. §409A implications, and present a real world example illustrating the potential economic magnitude of this problem to both the option grantees and the option granting firms.
The Substantial Authority Conduct Standard for Undisclosed Tax Positions: Establishing the Weight Afforded Acceptable Authorities
Authors: Nash Claire Y. , Parker James
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT: The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) provides that tax return preparers who have taken undisclosed positions on tax returns must be able to demonstrate that they have met the “substantial authority” standard of conduct to avoid IRC §6694 preparer penalties. However, there is limited guidance regarding: (1) the weight to afford an authority in an analysis of the law, and (2) the level of confidence tax return preparers must have that a position taken will be upheld if challenged. In the absence of definitive guidance, tax return preparers are left to their own subjective determination regarding whether they have met the provisions of the conduct standard.

This article reviews the statutory conduct provisions and factors considered by the courts in determining the precedential value, or deference, to be afforded authorities acceptable under the Code. In this article, the authors show how an analysis of case law can be used when there is uncertainty regarding the weight to afford an authority available to support an undisclosed tax position.
Study of diamond film nucleation by ultrasonic seeding in different solutions
Authors: Varga Marián , Ižák Tibor , Kromka Alexander , Veselý Marian , Hruška Karel , Michalka Miroslav
Published: November 2011

In this study we have investigated diamond nucleation on Si substrates by ultrasonic seeding with different liquid solutions of Ultradispersed Detonation Diamond (UDD) powder in a mixture of metal nano- or microparticles (Ni, Co, Y). The influence of different solutions on nucleation efficiency was investigated. For highlighting nucleation centers and better evaluation of the nucleation process the nucleated samples were moved into a Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MW CVD) reactor and a ”short-time” (10 min), then followed by a ”long-time” (+1 hour), diamond deposition was performed. The morphology of samples was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the chemical composition of grown diamond layer was investigated by Raman Spectroscopy. From the measurements we found out that microsized metal particles positively influenced nucleation and the uniformity of the deposited diamond thin film. The lowest surface roughness was achieved in the case of nanodiamond powder mixed with Co and Y metal powder. The influence of Ni, Co and Y to the nucleation and early growth stage are discussed.
Massive scalar field quasinormal modes of a black hole in the deformed Hořava-Lifshitz gravity
Authors: Wang ChunYan , Gao YaJun
Published: November 2011

We calculated the quasinormalmodes ofmassive scalar field of a black hole in the deformed Hořava-Lifshitz gravity with coupling constant λ = 1, using the third-order WKB approximation. Our results show that when the scalar field mass increases, the oscillation frequency increases while the damping decreases. And we find that the imaginary parts are almost linearly related to the real parts, the behaviors are very similar to that in the Reissner-Nordström black hole spacetime. These information will help us understand more about the Hořava-Lifshitz gravity.
Parallel image scanning with binary phase grating
Authors: Brenner K.-H. , Buschlinger R.
Published: November 2011

We discuss a novel approach for parallel image scanning, whereby the intensity peaks are generated by a binary phase grating instead of a lens array. These gratings under certain conditions generate one light spot per grating period in several transverse planes. The diameter of the focal spot is not restricted by the numeric aperture according to Abbe’s law and can be used to scan a specimen with many spots simultaneously. Thus, imaging speed could be increased significantly. We discuss the principle effect and approaches to scanning as well as challenges for a potential implementation.
Upper intestine - New target for type-2 diabetes: A review
Authors: Martha Srinivas , De las Heras Javier , Ramreddy Srividya , Veldandi Uday K , Pantam Narayana
Published: November 2011

Type-2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic progressive disease, affects 200 million people worldwide will leads to increased death by more than 50% in the next 10 years. The ingested nutrients stimulate the release of gut peptides called incretins, which enhance the insulin secretion from pancreatic β cell, in addition to this, recently, another gut mediated mechanisms called intestine-brain-liver axis to regulate glucose homeostasis by a neural circuit, initiated in the intestine in response to nutrient sensing, that increases sensitivity to insulin levels. In this mini review, the underlying mechanisms of gut related glucose regulation and its impact on the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Key Words: Type-2 diabetes; Intestinal nutrients; Long chain fatty acids; intestine-brain-liver axis; metabolic surgery DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v2i1.3403 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 56-62
An interesting case of Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease: Persistent left umbilical vein in a 50 year old man
Authors: Thukral Anubhav , Srivastava Vaibhav , Dwivedi Amit Nandan Dhar , Mishra Manish , Tripathi Kamlaker
Published: November 2011

A middle aged man of 50 years presented with features of portal hypertension without any features of liver decompensation or cirrhosis, found to have abnormal flow pattern in peri-umbilical vein, confirmed by Doppler to have a patent left umbilical vein. This represents a very treatable cause of portal hypertension as ligation of vein may result in complete reversal of disease process. The case also outlines importance of routine general examination like of seeing the direction of flow in periumbilical veins even in obvious cases of portal hypertension that helped us in detection of this case. Key Words: Portal hypertension; Periumbilical vein DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v2i1.3780 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 63-64
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SOME POULTRY DISEASES AT GAIBANDHA DISTRICT IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Islam A. , Trisha A.A. , Das M. , Amin M.R.
Published: November 2011

A total of 325 chickens, duck and pigeon, dead or sick, brought for diagnosis to the FDIL (field disease investigation laboratory), Guibandha during the period from July, 2005 to June, 2006 were taken into consideration in this study to know the seasonal occurrence of diseases and their comparison and to identify the effect of season and age for developing the diseases. Among the examined birds 251 were chicken including local and commercial birds, 67 were ducks and 7 were pigeon. The diagnosed diseases were parasitic diseases including coccidiosis, ascaridiosis and schistosomiasis; viral diseases including new castle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), avian leucosis (AL) and duck plague (DP), bacterial diseases including salmonellosis, pasteurellosis and colibacillosis, non-infectious diseases including ascites, egg bound, cannibalism and fatty liver hemorrhagic disease, MC complex (mycoplasmosis-colibacillosis complex) and fungal infection including aspergillosis. The occurrence of parasitic diseases (86.2%) was the highest, followed by viral diseases (32.6%), bacterial diseases (25.8%) and non-infectious diseases (12.9%). In chickens the occurrence of parasitic diseases was the highest (88.4%) followed by bacterial diseases (28.3%), viral diseases (27.1%), non-infectious diseases (16.30%), MC complex (3.6%) and aspergillosis (1.6%). Bacterial diseases were significantly (p<0.05) higher in winter as well as in rainy season compared to summer season. Occurrence of pasteurellosis was significantly (p<0.05) higher in winter (p<0.05) and rainy (p<0.01) season compared to summer season. Parasitic diseases were significantly (p<0.01) higher in winter (97.2%) compared to summer (83.3%). The occurrence of coccidiosis was 88% and it was significantly (p<0.01) higher in winter (97.2%) compared to summer (82.2%). Egg bound was present among 10% birds and it was significantly (p<0.05) lower in rainy season compared to summer season. In case of ducks the presence of parasitic diseases was the highest (77.60%) followed by viral diseases (56.7%), bacterial diseases (16.40%) and non-infectious diseases (1.50%). Duck plague was present in 56.7% birds and it was significantly (p<0.05) higher in winter (80%) season compared to summer (44.8%) season. The occurrence of duck plague was observed in 56.70% birds and it was significantly (p<0.05) higher in laying stage (67.60%) than pullet stage (43.30%). Incase of pigeon 28.60% birds showed bacterial infections and 85.70% birds showed parasitic infestations. Present study suggests that various infectious and non-infectious diseases are prevalent among the poultry of Guibandha district. So effective control measures should be taken to minimize this problem.
EVALUATION OF MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODIES AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND ITS EFFECT ON VACCINATION IN BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Jalil MA , Samad MA , Islam MT
Published: November 2011

The study was conducted to determine the persistence of maternally derived antibody (MDA) and its effects on protection against NDV in broiler chickens and to investigate the status of humoral immune response following vaccination with BCRDV® (F-strain, lentogenic) at different ages of broiler chickens during the period from August to October,  2008. A total of 90 day-old broiler chicks of Cobb 500 strain with the history of vaccination of parent stock against Newcastle disease (ND) was divided into three groups (A, B and C). Birds of group A (n = 35) were used for the study of protection ability of MDA against NDV, the birds of group B (n = 45) were used for the measurement of humoral immune response in chickens following vaccination at different ages and birds of group C (n = 10) were used for the determination of persistence of maternally derived antibody. The level of antibody titre against NDV was determined by HI test. The protective potentiality of MDA and vaccine was determined by the rate of survivability of the chickens following challenge infection. It was observed that the MDA titre in day-old chicks was higher and gradually declined at minimal level at day 28. The MDA titre of 128 or above protected the birds following challenge infection with virulent NDV. There were significant decrease in HI titres of chickens which were vaccinated once at day 1 and day 7, and could not withstand challenge infection with virulent NDV. Single vaccination with BCRDV® at day 14 triggered the production of antibody but could not provide complete protection to the birds. The birds which were boosted with the same vaccine 7 days and 21 days after primary vaccination produced better immune response. However, the birds which were vaccinated primarily at day 1 and boosted at day 7 could not withstand the challenge completely. Of the other regimens of twice vaccination, primary vaccination at day 7 and booster dosing at day 28 was found to be the best in terms of immune response and protection potentiality. Therefore, it may be concluded that (a) The MDA titre level of 128 or above is sufficient to protect broilers against challenge with virulent NDV,( b) Primary vaccination at day 7 followed by a booster dosing at day 28 may be followed for better immune response and protection against ND in broilers.DOI: 10.3329/bjvm.v7i2.5995Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2009). 7(2) : 296 – 302
PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF BROILER CHICKENS IN GAZIPUR DISTRICT
Authors: Ahmed MS , Sarker A , Rahman MM
Published: November 2011

The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of infectious diseases in broiler chickens at kapasia in Gazipur district during the period from 16th October to 16th December 2008. Detection was made on the basis of history, clinical findings and post-mortem lesions. A total of 199 broiler chickens were examined during the study where Colibacillosis 104 (52.26%), Mycoplasmosis 25 (12.56%), Salmonellosis 02 (1.01%), Omphalitis 23 (11.56%), Coccidiosis 09 (4.52%), Gumboro 22 (11.06%), Mycotoxicosis 11 (5.53%) and mixed infection of Gumboro & Coccidiosis 03 (1.51%) were recorded. In the conclusion it has been remarked that Collibacillosis is a major problem for broiler production and hence poultry farmers can not earn their profit perfectly due to adverse effect of those diseases. Further laboratory examination is needed to confirm the identified diseases.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF UDDER AND TEAT DISEASES IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: Uddin MA , Kamal MM , Haque ME
Published: November 2011

An epidemiologic study was conducted on 581 dairy cows (indigenous and its crosses 371, exotic crosses 210) of 4 government establishments to find prevalence of udder and teat diseases and their association with udder and teat characteristic, milk yield and milk flow rate in dairy cows. Mastitis (25.5%) was most common disease followed by udder skin diseases (15.0%) and teat diseases (12.6%). Prevalence of injuries and other lesions was higher in the skin of fore left udder quarter (22.7%) and teat (17.7%) and rear left teat end (4.5%). Mastitis was found to be associated with Sahiwal and Sindhi cross cow, poor body condition, bottle shaped teat, teat with round end, injuries and other lesions to the udder and teat skin and teat diseases. Udder skin diseases were strongly associated with indigenous cows, cow aged 5-10 years, small milk vein, larger front udder, and bottle shaped teats and flat end teats. Milk flow rate was higher in Sahiwal and Sindhi cross cows, large milk vein, larger front udder, funnel and cylindrical teats and pointed teat ends. Risk factors of udder and teat diseases, milk yield and milk flow rate in high yielding indigenous and its cross cows were not similar to those of exotic cows and their crosses. The relationship of udder and teat diseases; and udder and teat characteristics varies with the genetic composition of the dairy cows. Therefore, further genomic study needs to confirm association of udder and teat diseases with host characteristics.
PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITOSIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MILK PRODUCTION WITH THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN RED CHITTAGONG CATTLE
Authors: Rahman MM , Samad MA
Published: November 2011

The prevalence of sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis and their effects on health and milk production with therapeutic management were studied in 87 Red Chittagong cattle (RCC) reared at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from March to July 2008. Of the 87 RCC aged between 1 to 96 months which included 22 milch cows, 15 pregnant cows, 8 dry cows, 18 weaned calves and 24 unweaned calves. Parasitological examination of faecal samples of all the selected 87 RCC showed that 51.72% (n = 45) animals affected with different types of gastro-intestinal parasites, of which 37.93% had single, 12.64% had dual and only 1.15% animals had triple types of infection. An overall 34.48% paramphistomiasis, 25.29% balantidiasis, 2.30% toxocariasis, 2.30% strongyloidiasis, 1.15% trichuriasis and 1.15% fascioliasis was recorded in RCC. However, toxocariasis (18.75%), strongyloidiasis (18.75%) and trichuriasis (6.25%) were recorded in calves up to 6 months old, and paramphistomiasis (34.48%) and fascioliasis (1.15%) in cattle more than 6 months of age whereas balantidiasis (25.29%) was recorded in all age groups of cattle. The anthelmintic efficacy of the combined commercial preparations with Tetramisole hydrochloride 2.0g and Oxyclozanide 1.4g per bolus (Levanid®, Acme ; Tetranid®, Techno Drugs) @ 1 bolus / 100 kg body weight with a single oral dose caused 100% reduction of faecal egg count at day 7 post-treatment. A single oral dose of 1% copper sulfate solution @ 10 ml / kg and metranidazole (Flagyl®, Aventis) @ 4 mg /kg body weight resulted 100% and 42.85% reduction of Balantidium coli trophozoites, respectively. The average milk production records of RCC affected with gastro-intestinal parasitosis (1.41litre / day / animal) were compared with the mean milk production records at day 7 post-anthelmintic treatment (1.73 liter / day / animal) and results showed an average increased milk yield +0.32 litre / day / animal. This study indicates that RCC affected with sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis caused ill-health and decrease milk yield like zebu and cross-bred cattle. It may be concluded from this study that the RCC should be regularly monitored through faecal examination for the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites in order to provide rational treatment and control management to make the RCC farming profitable. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7395 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 11-16
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM BUFFALO CALVES IN SOME SELECTED AREAS OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Paul SK , Khan MSR , Rashid MA , Hassan J , Mahmud SMS
Published: November 2011

The research works was conducted with a view to isolate and identify the Escherichia coli (E. coli) organism from diarrhoeic cases of buffalo reared in selected areas of Bangladesh as well the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated E. coli in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202 during the period from April 2008 to May 2009. A total of 50 rectal swab samples were collected from 4 different places namely Haluaghat and Boira of Mymensingh, Madupur of Tangail and Kazipur of Sirajgonj districts. The samples were aseptically carried to the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene and subjected to different cultural, morphological and biochemical examinations. Upon cultural, morphological and biochemical examinations 23 (45%) samples were found to be positive for E. coli. The highest prevalence was found in Haluaghat, Mymensingh (53.33%) and the lowest (40.00%) in Boira, Mymensingh and Kazipur, Sirajganj. Antibiogram study revealed that the isolated E. coli was highly sensitive to Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin, moderately sensitive to Cefalexin and Amoxicillin, and resistant to Nalidixic acid and Erythromycin. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7398 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 23-26
Occurrence of Plasmids in the Aromatic Degrading Bacterioplankton of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Jutkina Jekaterina , Heinaru Eeva , Vedler Eve , Juhanson Jaanis , Heinaru Ain
Published: November 2011

Plasmids are mobile genetic elements that provide their hosts with many beneficial traits including in some cases the ability to degrade different aromatic compounds. To fulfill the knowledge gap regarding catabolic plasmids of the Baltic Sea water, a total of 209 biodegrading bacterial strains were isolated and screened for the presence of these mobile genetic elements. We found that both large and small plasmids are common in the cultivable Baltic Sea bacterioplankton and are particularly prevalent among bacterial genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Out of 61 plasmid-containing strains (29% of all isolates), 34 strains were found to carry large plasmids, which could be associated with the biodegradative capabilities of the host bacterial strains. Focusing on the diversity of IncP-9 plasmids, self-transmissible m-toluate (TOL) and salicylate (SAL) plasmids were detected. Sequencing the repA gene of IncP-9 carrying isolates revealed a high diversity within IncP-9 plasmid family, as well as extended the assumed bacterial host species range of the IncP-9 representatives. This study is the first insight into the genetic pool of the IncP-9 catabolic plasmids in the Baltic Sea bacterioplankton.
Cumulative Risk Assessment and Environmental Equity in Air Permitting: Interpretation, Methods, Community Participation and Implementation of a Unique Statute
Authors: Ellickson Kristie M. , Sevcik Sarah M. , Burman Shelley , Pak Steven , Kohlasch Frank , Pratt Gregory C.
Published: November 2011

In 2008, the statute authorizing the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to issue air permits was amended to include a unique requirement to analyze and consider “cumulative levels and effects of past and current environmental pollution from all sources on the environment and residents of the geographic area within which the facility's emissions are likely to be deposited.” Data describing the Statute Area suggest it is challenged by environmental and socioeconomic concerns, i.e., concerns which are often described by the phrase ‘environmental equity’. With input from diverse stakeholders, the MPCA developed a methodology for implementing a cumulative levels and effects analysis when issuing air permits in the designated geographic area. A Process Document was created defining explicit steps a project proposer must complete in the analysis. An accompanying Reference Document compiles all available environmental health data relevant to the Statute Area that could be identified. The final cumulative levels and effects methodology is organized by health endpoint and identifies hazard, exposure and health indices that require further evaluation. The resulting assessment is summarized and presented to decision makers for consideration in the regulatory permitting process. We present a description of the methodology followed by a case study summary of the first air permit processed through the “cumulative levels and effects analysis”.
Solubility Enhancement of Steviol Glycosides and Characterization of Their Inclusion Complexes with Gamma-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Upreti Mani , Strassburger Ken , Chen You L. , Wu Shaoxiong , Prakash Indra
Published: November 2011

Steviol glycosidesrebaudioside (reb) A, C and D have low aqueous solubilities. To improve their aqueous solubilities, inclusion complex of steviol glycosides, reb A, C and D and gamma cyclodextrin were prepared by freeze drying method and further characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of gamma cyclodextrin on chemical shifts of the steviol glycosides was also studied in proton NMR experiments as well as in solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR experiments. These results indicated that the steviol glycosides were clearly in inclusion complex formation with the gamma cyclodextrin which also results in solubility enhancement of these steviol glycosides. Phase solubility studies showed that amounts of soluble reb A, C and D increased with increasing amounts of gamma cyclodextrin indicating formation of 1:1 stoichiometric and higher order inclusion complexes.
Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Hapukotuwa Nirmala K. , Grace J. Kenneth
Published: November 2011

Bamboo is widely grown and utilized as a construction material around the world, particularly in the tropics. At present, there are about 70 bamboo species and varieties recorded from Hawaii. The objective of our study was to determine the relative resistance of six Hawaii-grown bamboo species to attack by Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann). Four-week laboratory feeding trials were performed as described in standard E1-09 of the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA 2009). Samples of each of the six bamboo species were individually exposed to 200 termites (with 10% soldiers); and termite mortality, wood mass loss, and visual appearance of the samples (on a scale of 0–10) were recorded at the conclusion of the trail. Mean mass losses of the six species as a result of termite feeding ranged from 13–29%; with the two most resistant bamboo species, Gigantocholoa pseudoarundinacea and Bambusa oldhamii, demonstrating significantly greater resistance to termite attack than the most susceptible bamboo species, Guadua anguistifolia, with both termite species. Dendrocalamus brandisii, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, and Bambusa hirose were intermediate in their termite resistance. Overall, we observed very little difference in wood preference between C. formosanus and C. gestroi. Although bamboo is a very promising construction material, and species clearly differ in their susceptibility to termite attack, all six species evaluated in the present study would require additional protection for use under conditions of high termite pressure.
The Manufacture and Characterisation of Aluminium Foams Made by Investment Casting Using Dissolvable Spherical Sodium Chloride Bead Preforms
Authors: Jinnapat Apichart , Kennedy Andrew
Published: November 2011

Open cell Al foams have been made by infiltrating molten Al into preforms made from porous salt spheres. Infiltration has been effected using simple pressure-assisted vacuum investment casting where the maximum infiltration pressure difference was less than 36 psi. The preform and resulting foam density decreased with increasing compaction pressure and the foam density increased with increasing infiltration pressure. For low pressure infiltration, and high density preforms, salt dissolution was rapid due to the porous nature of the salt spheres. Infiltration of molten Al occurred into the beads and, for high density preforms and higher infiltration pressures, the volume of metal in the beads exceeded that in the cell walls, drastically decreasing the NaCl dissolution rate. A simple approach is shown whereby the data from mercury porosimetry can be used to predict the resulting foam density, thereby aiding the design of preform and beads structures.
Phenolic Compounds from Allium schoenoprasum, Tragopogon pratensis and Rumex acetosa and Their Antiproliferative Effects
Authors: Kucekova Zdenka , Mlcek Jiri , Humpolicek Petr , Rop Otakar , Valasek Pavel , Saha Petr
Published: November 2011

Experimental studies have shown that phenolic compounds have antiproliferative and tumour arresting effects. The aim of this original study was to investigate the content of phenolic compounds (PhC) in flowers of Allium schoenoprasum (chive), Tragopogon pratensis (meadow salsify) and Rumex acetosa (common sorrel) and their effect on proliferation of HaCaT cells. Antiproliferative effects were evaluated in vitro using the following concentrations of phenolic compounds in cultivation medium: 100, 75, 50 and 25 µg/mL. Phenolic composition was also determined by HPLC. The results indicate that even low concentrations of these flowers’ phenolic compounds inhibited cell proliferation significantly and the possible use of the studied herb’s flowers as sources of active phenolic compounds for human nutrition.
Xanthate Based Radical Cascade Toward Multicomponent Formation of Pyrrolopyrimidines
Authors: Kaïm Laurent El , Grimaud Laurence , Pravin Patil
Published: November 2011

A short sequential synthesis of pyrrolidino- pyridines and pyrimidines illustrates the potential of combining Ugi-Smiles couplings with radical tin-free processes.
A Conjugated Aptamer-Gold Nanoparticle Fluorescent Probe for Highly Sensitive Detection of rHuEPO-α
Authors: Sun Jiefang , Guo Aitao , Zhang Zhaoyang , Guo Lei , Xie Jianwei
Published: November 2011

We present here a novel conjugated aptamer-gold nanoparticle (Apt-AuNPs) fluorescent probe and its application for specific detection of recombinant human erythropoietin-α (rHuEPO-α). In this nanobiosensor, 12 nm AuNPs function as both a nano-scaffold and a nano-quencher (fluorescent energy acceptor), on the surface of which the complementary sequences are linked (as cODN-AuNPs) and pre-hybridized with carboxymethylfluorescein (FAM)-labeled anti-rHuEPO-α aptamers. Upon target protein binding, the aptamers can be released from the AuNP surface and the fluorescence signal is restored. Key variables such as the length of linker, the hybridization site and length have been designed and optimized. Full performance evaluation including sensitivity, linear range and interference substances are also described. This nanobiosensor provides a promising approach for a simple and direct quantification of rHuEPO-α concentrations as low as 0.92 nM within a few hours.
The Effect of Composition of Different Ecotoxicological Test Media on Free and Bioavailable Copper from CuSO4 and CuO Nanoparticles: Comparative Evidence from a Cu-Selective Electrode and a Cu-Biosensor
Authors: Käkinen Aleksandr , Bondarenko Olesja , Ivask Angela , Kahru Anne
Published: November 2011

The analysis of (bio)available copper in complex environmental settings, including biological test media, is a challenging task. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of a recombinant Pseudomonas fluorescens-based biosensor for bioavailability analysis of CuSO4 and CuO nanoparticles (nano-CuO) in seventeen different ecotoxicological and microbiologial test media. In parallel, free Cu in these test media was analysed using Cu-ion selective electrode (Cu-ISE). In the case of CuSO4, both free and bioavailable Cu decreased greatly with increasing concentration of organics and phosphates in the tested media. A good correlation between free and bioavailable Cu was observed (r = 0.854, p < 0.01) indicating that the free Cu content in biological test media may be a reasonably good predictor for the toxicity of CuSO4. As a proof, it was demonstrated that when eleven EC50 values for CuSO4 from different organisms in different test media were normalized for the free Cu in these media, the difference in these EC50 values was decreased from 4 to 1.8 orders of magnitude. Thus, toxicity of CuSO4 to these organisms was attributed to the properties of the test media rather than to inherent differences in sensitivity between the test organisms. Differently from CuSO4, the amount of free and bioavailable Cu in nano-CuO spiked media was not significantly correlated with the concentration of organics in the test media. Thus, the speciation of nano-CuO in toxicological test systems was not only determined by the complexation of Cu ions but also by differential dissolution of nano-CuO in different test conditions leading to a new speciation equilibrium. In addition, a substantial fraction of nano-CuO that was not detectable by Cu-ISE (i.e., not present as free Cu-ions) was bioavailable to Cu-biosensor bacteria. Thus, in environmental hazard analysis of (nano) particulate materials, biosensor analysis may be more informative than other analytical techniques. Our results demonstrate that bacterial Cu-biosensors either in combination with other analytical/speciation techniques or on their own, may serve as a rapid (eco)toxicological screening method.
The EROI of Conventional Canadian Natural Gas Production
Authors: Freise Jon
Published: November 2011

Canada was the world’s third largest natural gas producer in 2008, with 98% of its gas being produced by conventional, tight gas, and coal bed methane wells in Western Canada. Natural gas production in Western Canada peaked in 2001 and remained nearly flat until 2006 despite more than quadrupling the drilling rate. Canada seems to be one of many counter examples to the idea that oil and gas production can rise with sufficient investment. This study calculated the Energy Return on Energy Invested and Net Energy of conventional natural gas and oil production in Western Canada by a variety of methods to explore the energy dynamics of the peaking process. All these methods show a downward trend in EROI during the last decade. Natural gas EROI fell from 38:1 in 1993 to 15:1 at the peak of drilling in 2005. The drilling intensity for natural gas was so high that net energy delivered to society peaked in 2000–2002, while production did not peak until 2006. The industry consumed all the extra energy it delivered to maintain the high drilling effort. The inability of a region to increase net energy may be the best definition of peak production. This increase in energy consumption reduces the total energy provided to society and acts as a contracting pressure on the overall economy as the industry consumes greater quantities of labor, steel, concrete and fuel. It appears that energy production from conventional oil and gas in Western Canada has peaked and entered permanent decline.
Le social comme socio-genèse - Éléments de réflexion sur les rapports actuels de la sociologie et de la sémiotique
Authors: Ostrowetsky Sylvia , Bordreuil J.-Samuel
Published: November 2011

Dans cet article les auteurs s'interrogent sur les nouveaux types de relations qui se nouent entre sciences du langage et sciences de la société. Consécutivement à la percée de la philosophie analytique, des sémiologies de l'énonciation, au développement du courant pragmatique il semble que la frontière qui unit et sépare les deux disciplines se soit déplacée ; d'où, sans doute, des remous de part et d'autre.

L'article s'ouvre sur l'étude croisée de la sociologie implicite des nouvelles approches linguistiques, et de la sémiotique des sociologues. Il conclut à une dissymétrie dans la manière dont les deux pôles scientifiques s'affectent l'un l'autre. Si les nouveaux courants linguistiques développent en tendance une sociologie qui diffuse autour d'un noyau central qui serait constitué par les sociabilités langagières, la sociologie, en règle générale, tend à maintenir le langage dans le ghetto de la communication, l'assignant au simple rôle de chambre d'enregistrement de rapports sociaux (d'intérêt ou de pouvoir). L'examen de l'accueil fait à la notion de performativité témoigne de cette résistance.

Pour une grande part cette réduction de la socialité du langage procède, en sociologie, d'une méfiance à l'égard du caractère micro-social des analyses en question (d'où l'insistance à thématiser le social comme extériorité englobante et donc déterminante) .

Une voie se dessine alors, qui reste, des deux côtés, à parcourir et qui tenterait d'objectiver les productions sociales, même massives (par exemple les productions architecturales) comme des procès "sémiurgique " ou "sémio-génétiques" . Dans cette perspective quelques jalons sont posés esquissant ce que pourrait être une socio-sémiotique des mouvements identitaires contemporains (régionalisme, féminisme, traditionnalisme) .
Les chantiers sociaux de la sémiotique
Authors: Landowski Eric
Published: November 2011

Les développements récents de la sémiotique générale (renouveau de la réflexion sur les modalités dans le cadre de la grammaire narrative, approfondissement de la problématique de l'énonciation) ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d'analyse, particulièrement intéressantes en vue d'une approche des discours et des pratiques signifiantes envisagés sous l'angle de l'interaction sociale. De ce point de vue, plutôt que de revendiquer prématurément son autonomie, la socio-sémiotique naissante a pour objectif (et en même temps pour condition de possibilité) d'apporter sa contribution à la mise en oeuvre d'une sémiotique de deuxième, ou de troisième génération, appelée à transcender, en particulier, la distinction classique entre l'organisation "interne" des objets sémiotiques et leur "contexte". Assumant les acquis d'un premier structuralisme, et les dépassant, le projet socio-sémiotique relève ainsi d'une problématique qui n'exclut par principe aucune des trois dimensions -sémantique, syntaxique et pragmatique- du faire sémiotique, mais qui vise au contraire à les intégrer dans le cadre d'une théorie générale de la signification,
L'arabisation au Sud Soudan; vers quelles perspectives culturelles?
Authors: Miller Catherine
Published: November 2011

Miller Catherine, "Arabisation in Southern Sudan : Towards what cultural perspective ?

This paper deals with the process of arabisation in Southern Sudan and its cultural consequences. Arabisation in the South of Sudan is going on on two levels: first, an official arabisation which tries to impose Arabic, excluding the English language ; second, the development of an Arabic lingua franca, used between the different tribes as a language of communication, this lingua franca beginning to be the young urban children's mother tongue. These two processes do not follow the same constraints and are not perceived in the same way by the South Sudan speakers. It seems that in Juba, the main town of South Sudan, a new culture is emerging.
Le marché dans la ville : un lieu de sociabilité à travers la parole
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: November 2011

Lindenfeld Jacqueline, "Urban marketplaces as loci of sociability through speech".

A comparison of various public places in the city (public parks and malls, shopping places other than periodic markets, cafés and periodic markets) put into focus the extremely fluid nature of sociability on marketplaces ; speech is one of the essential ingredients of this sociability. Two types of speech patterns (vendors' calls and jokes), precisely because of their aggressive nature, help make for less impersonal relations between urbanités. They contribute to the construction of social reality on the basis of immediate situation at the marketplace, as well as any pre-established social categorisation.
Encore le racisme, et toujours l'analyse du discours
Authors: Fiala Pierre
Published: November 2011

Fiala Pierre, "Which differences? Racism again, still discourse analysis"

Thanks to work in sociology, economy, ideology (0. Cox on the grounds of racism in the '50s ; C. Guillaumin on the ideological and discursive mechanisms of racialization in the '70s), more recent research on discourse analysis dealing with racism and xenophobia is not limited to strictly political or ethic viewpoints. Connected with other domains of linguistics (socio-linguistics, ethnography of communication, lexicology, the study of argumentation, pragmatics), discourse analysis does help towards advancing anti-racist thinking.
Junior s'entraîne très fort : ou le smurf comme mobilisation symbolique
Authors: Bachmann Christian , Basier Luc
Published: November 2011

Bachmann Christian & Luc Basier, "Johnny trains hard: smurf as symbolic community".

On the basis of an ethnographic enquiry in large lots of the Paris suburbs, the authors analize a "challenge" scene: a candidate being presented for a smurf competition, in the shape of musically rhythmed ironical free verse. This scene which involves a "risk of public degradation" (Garfinkel) is analyzed in the marginalized communities.
Que fait la sociolinguistique avec l'analyse du discours et vice versa
Authors: Vincent Diane
Published: November 2011

Vincent Diane, "What does sociolinguistics do with discourse analysis and vice-versa ?"

Defining sociolinguistics as a social theory of linguistic change and use, the paper notes that discourse analysis (in spite of the difference of use of this term in French and American schools) is starting from the same premisses as the former discipline (corpus, knowledge of the community, taking the interaction into account), but without relying on a pre-existing linguistic description. From these remarks, the author examines sociolinguists' discourse analysis and underlines its originality, as well towards other discourse analyses as towards variationist sociolinguistics. The analysis relies on the examination of the discursive and sociolinguistic role of punctuating words in Franco-Canadian.
La référence à la personne en français parlé : le cas de "on"
Authors: Boutet Josiane
Published: November 2011

Boutet Josiane, The reference to persons in spoken French : the case of "on".

French personnal pronouns have the property of refering to various persons. Those referential shifts have been described in rhetoric, historical and descriptive grammar. Recently, Laberge and Sankoff analyse the competition between "on" and "tu, vous" in oral French within the frame of variationist linguistics. We examine the fact that the principle of referential equivalence is applied to the syntax of pronouns and we raise arguments in favour of an enunciative representation of their functionning. We insist upon the importance of ambiguity, indecidability and indétermination in interpreting "on".
Les mailles de la communication d'une population maya : les Mocho
Authors: Petrich Perla
Published: November 2011

Petrich Perla, "The comunication network in a Maya population group: the Mocho"

This paper analyzes the adaptation and resistance mechanisms of a Mexico Indian group in front of the language unification national policy. The first part describes the symbolic relationship between the members of this group, the Mocho, and this language, Motozintleco. The second one deals with the consequences of the contacts between this language and Spanish. Language unification is apparently total, but considering the context enables one to find places resisting the official language. In this situation, Spanish is made to rule the discourse of power, whereas Motozintleco holds the key to symbolectal and gestual communication. It is, however, a dynamic process which might lead to total assimilation.
Pour une approche discursive de la phraséologie - Remarques en vrac sur la locutionalité et quelques points de vue qui s'y rapportent, sans doute
Authors: Fiala Pierre
Published: November 2011

Fiala Pierre, "Towards a discursive approach of phraseology. Random remarks about illocutionarity, and some corresponding viewpoints".

The compound, heterogenuous character of the notion of complex unity is examined within some reference theories, and from locution or sentence intuition. This stems both from formal language and discursive functioning criteria, e.g. collocation frequency on discourse typology. This is more specifically evidenced through two specific approaches, text segmenting, and considering the varying allocution syntactic schemes.
L'analyse de discours est-elle brevetable ?
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2011

Compte tenu de l'expérience accumulée depuis les débuts de l'Analyse de Discours dans les années 1960, un certain nombre d'éléments de base permettent de proposer une procédure de description minimale des textes à des fins diverses. L'article propose une grille de description et un exemple d'application. On peut espérer que cette grille et la mise au point d'un matériel annexe de dépouillement permette à des non spécialistes d'utiliser dans leurs recherches les problématiques de l'Analyse de Discours.
Monographie de sept Francophones transplantés en R.F.A.
Authors: Varro Gabrielle
Published: November 2011

L'approche micro-sociologique d'un petit groupe de Francophones (quatre Français, deux Algéro-Allemandes) résidant à Cologne, permet d'entrevoir comment des gens vivent leurs migrations individuelles. L'examen de leurs trajectoires, leurs activités et projets, leurs statuts d'étrangers privilégiés et leurs pratiques langagières, met en évidence leurs stratégies d'insertion dans le pays d'accueil. Le bilinguisme a un effet original, celui de constituer en "élite" de jeunes Européens dont le statut économique reste précaire. Leur situation est contrastée avec celle des «migrants» : leur spécificité langagière, liée à un statut étranger valorisé, est un facteur d'intégration et non d'exclusion sociale.
Un modèle socio-psychologique du développement bilingue
Authors: Hamers Josiane F.
Published: November 2011

A socio-psychological model of bilingual development.

After a recollection of the successive models of bilingualism: additive and subtractive bilingualism (Lambert), semilingualism (Skutnabb-Kangas), contextualisation and literacy (Cummins) and Hammers' and Blanc's psychosocial model, the author studies the socio-cognitive factors that such a model has to integrate in order to give a satisfying representation of bilingual development. The author examines in succession the socio-semiotic functions, contextualized and decontextualized language, and the factors of acquisition of differentiated social use.
Vue d'en bas : Des écrits "malhabiles" pendant la période révolutionnaire
Authors: Branca-Rosoff Sonia
Published: November 2011

Branca-Rosoff Sonia - "Seen from below : Clumsy writings during the Revolutionary period".

A linguistic study of the style of Revolutionary period texts (from Provence) written by authors of little experience. The difficulty of writing did not lead the authors to transcribe oral, much less so « popular » oral. We always find a complex writing process involving 1) concern with the law (public identity, insisting upon the veracity of such discourse, borrowing from the very language of law, 2) accumulating (often clumsily) rhetoric markers borrowed from sophisticated language. Of course such a style has much to do with the very times, but it raises more generally the problem of the use and image of writing for adults whose trade trade it is not.
Travaux en analyse de la conversation. Entretiens avec Charles et Marjorie Goodwin. Propos recueillis
Authors: Lacoste Michèle , Dannequin Claudine
Published: November 2011

Charles et Marjorie Goodwin présentent brièvement leur trajet professionnel et théorique, ainsi que leurs méthodes de travail en analyse de conversation. Les travaux de Charles Goodwin portent essentiellement sur des conversations en situation réelles enregistrées en vidéo, et l'analyse vise à intégrer dans un point de vue unitaire les éléments verbaux, kinésiques et gestuels. Le travail de Marjorie Harness Goodwin est d'orientation plus anthropologique, et est axé, dans une perspective goffmanienne, sur l'anthropologie urbaine de groupes d'enfants (en particulier d'enfants noirs des milieux pauvres). Les entretiens sont précédés d'une présentation de Michèle Lacoste.
Observables et réalité de l'acquisition d'une langue étrangère : Séquences de négociation et processus d'acquisition
Authors: Vasseur Marie-Thérèse
Published: November 2011

On a exploré ici le domaine de la négociation et les formes que celle-ci peut prendre dans les interactions natifs/non-natifs. L'étude est centrée sur la question des potentialités acquisitionnelles de ces négociations soulevée par le concept de séquence potentiellement acquisitionnelle (De Pietro, Matthey et Py). L'analyse des données prélevées en situation non-institutionnelle démontre surtout la grande complexité des phénomènes et l'extrême variabilité des procédés interactionnels. Elle souligne aussi la distance qui existe entre types d'interactions et acquisition.