bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Latinized Dragon: China and Latin America in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Yang Hengyi , Arana Araya Ignacio
Published: September 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

China y América Latina en una nueva fase: Desafíos en el siglo XXI. Edited by Pamela Aróstica and Walter Sánchez. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria, 2019. Pp. 270. ISBN: 9789561126268.

China–Latin America Relations in the 21st Century: The Dual Complexities of Opportunities and Challenges. Edited by Raúl Bernal-Meza and Li Xing. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. Pp. 289. $79.64 hardcover. ISBN: 9783030356132.

Sino–Latin American Economic and Trade Relations. Edited by Chai Yu and Yue Yunxia. Singapore: Springer, 2019. Pp. 193. $64.50 hardcover. ISBN: 9789811334047.

China, the United States, and the Future of Latin America. Edited by David B. H. Denoon. New York: New York University Press, 2017. Pp. 432. $39.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781479821648.

Globalizing Patient Capital: The Political Economy of Chinese Finance in the Americas. By Stephen B. Kaplan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. 390. $84.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107182318.

Dependency in the Twenty-First Century? The Political Economy of China-Latin America Relations. By Barbara Stallings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. 75. $20.00 paperback. ISBN: 9781108793032.

Dragonomics: How Latin America Is Maximizing (or Missing Out on) China’s International Development Strategy. By Carol Wise. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020. Pp. 328. $36.57 hardcover. ISBN: 9780300224092.
NOVATION AND ADVANCE CONSENT
Authors: Lau Kwan Ho
Published: September 2022

Professor Goode once observed that “Novation need not be left to ad hoc agreement; it is open to the parties to provide for it in advance and in particular to establish a contractual mechanism by which novation takes place automatically on the occurrence of a designated act or event”. This deceptively straightforward proposition is examined in the present article. It explores the legal footing for, and the risks in adopting a pristine version of, the proposition, and considers possible safeguards that may be incorporated within the process of scrutiny, if in any case there arises concern over the effectiveness of a novation that is undertaken pursuant to consent given in advance.
A new species of the genus Paurodontella Husain & Khan, 1968 (Nematoda: Hexatylina, Sphaerularioidea) with its molecular phylogenetic study
Authors: Esmaeili Mehrab , Heydari Ramin
Published: September 2022

A new species of the genus Paurodontella, Paurodontella minora n. sp., collected from Alborz Province, Iran, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular characters. The new species is characterized by its body length of 393 (350–438) μm and 380 (n = 1) μm in female and male, respectively, 6–7 incisures in lateral field, lip region annulated and continuous with body contour, and total stylet 6.1 (5.5–7.0) μm long. Basal pharyngeal bulb with small posterior extension projecting reaching to the intestine. Excretory pore situated at the level of basal pharyngeal bulb region, no post-uterine sac, conical tail, narrowing to a rounded tip, and rare male with slender tylenchoid spicules and adanal bursa. The new species comes close in morphology and morphometrics to four known species of the genus, namely Paurodontella asymmetrica, Paurodontella balochistanica, Paurodontella densa and Paurodontella niger. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using D2–D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rDNA gene sequence, P. minora n. sp. formed a major clade with species of the genera in the family Sphaerulariidae (Paurodontella, Paurodontoides, Veleshkinema and Sphaerularia) and a sister relation with the members in the families Neotylenchidae and Anguinidae with the same clade support values in Bayesian inference.
Stages of sight translation: Evidence from eye movements
Authors: Lijewska Agnieszka , Chmiel Agnieszka , Inhoff Albrecht W.
Published: September 2022

The aim of the study was to investigate the coordination of source text comprehension and translation in a sight translation task. The study also sought to determine whether translation strategies influence sight translation performance. Two groups of conference interpreters—professionals and trainees—sight translated English sentences into Polish while their eye movements and performance were monitored. Translation demands were manipulated by the use of either high- or low-frequency critical words in the sentences. Translation experience had no effect on first-pass viewing durations, but experts used shorter re-view durations than trainees (especially in the low-frequency condition). Professionals translated more accurately and with less pausing than trainees. Translation in the high-frequency condition was more accurate and had shorter pauses than in the low-frequency condition. Critical word translation accuracy increased with the translation onset latency (TOL) for individual sentences, and pause durations were relatively short when TOLs were either relatively short or long. Together, these findings indicate that, in sight translation, the initial phase of normal reading for comprehension is followed by phases in which reading and translation co-occur, and that translation strategy and translation performance are linked.
Some Notes on Theme, Character, and Symbol in “Rosmersholm”
Authors: Gustafson Alrik
Published: September 2022

The talent which Ibsen had for arousing controversy among his
contemporaries is well known. Beginning with Love's
Comedy as early as 1863, and reaching a climax with the
challenging cluster of social reform plays A Doll's House,
Ghosts, and An Enemy of the
People in the years 1879-82, Ibsen's plays fulfilled as no
other Scandinavian literature of the day Georg Brandes’ dictum that
literature should “put problems into debate.” All literate Scandinavia in
the late 1870's and early 1880's may be described as a gigantic debating
society, in which people of sharply opposing views on social, political, and
religious subjects came to grips with each other. In such discussions
Ibsen's plays more often than not provided the point of departure for the
clash of opinion.
The Origins of the So-called Elizabethan Multiple Stage
Authors: Hosley Richard
Published: September 2022

The so-called Elizabethan multiple stage is perhaps best illustrated in
the reconstruction by John Cranford Adams. This consists of the following
elements: an “outer stage,” an “inner stage” or “study,” obliquely set
tiring-house doors (one on either side of the inner stage), obliquely set
second-story “window-stages” (one above each of the tiring-house doors), an
“upper stage” or “chamber” directly above the inner stage, a “tarras” or
balcony running in front of the upper-stage curtains, a third-story
musicroom directly above the upper stage, and a system of six traps set in
the outer and inner stages. At one time or another (one supposes) most
students of the Elizabethan stage have accepted this complex combination of
separate playing-areas as more or less “Elizabethan“; and most of them have
also, in time, come to be more or less disillusioned with the
conception.
Local philanthropy and the transformation of culture in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Reisman Leah Margareta Gazzo
Published: September 2022

Scholars suggest that philanthropic activity in Latin America is limited. However, this suggestion overlooks the potential for philanthropists focused on specific localities to significantly influence the places in which they work. In this article, I explore the case of cultural philanthropy in Oaxaca, Mexico to advance our understanding of philanthropy in Latin America by highlighting the work of operating foundations funding locally with little state regulation. In Oaxaca, a small number of philanthropists have transformed the cultural sector by building and managing a proliferation of cultural institutions. They have imbued these institutions with a unique vision for Oaxacan culture, derived from a combination of four philanthropic goals – public access, knowledge production, Western aesthetic value, and efficiency, which have arisen via social and professional networks between philanthropists. Oaxaca’s philanthropists have advanced their vision for Oaxacan culture by critiquing and compelling action by the state’s government, thus solidifying their impact on Oaxaca. This case study shows the importance of a local lens in describing philanthropy in Latin America, highlights the importance of social and professional networks in shaping local philanthropic work, and illuminates the mechanisms by which philanthropists working locally can expand their impact on cultural heritage by compelling state action.
Maintaining Prehospital Intubation Success with COVID-19 Personal Protective Precautions
Authors: Avery Pascale , McAleer Sam , Rawlinson David , Gill Stuart , Lockey David
Published: September 2022

Background:

Tracheal intubation is a high-risk intervention for exposure to airborne infective pathogens, including the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During the recent pandemic, personal protective equipment (PPE) was essential to protect staff during intubation but is recognized to make the practical conduct of anesthesia and intubation more difficult. In the early phase of the coronavirus pandemic, some simple alterations were made to the emergency anesthesia standard operating procedure (SOP) of a prehospital critical care service to attempt to maintain high intubation success rates despite the challenges posed by wearing PPE. This retrospective observational cohort study aims to compare first-pass intubation success rates before and after the introduction of PPE and an altered SOP.

Methodology:

A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2019 through August 30, 2021. The retrospective analysis used prospectively collected data using prehospital electronic patient records. Anonymized data were held in Excel (v16.54) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (v28). Patient inclusion criteria were those of all ages who received a primary tracheal intubation attempt outside the hospital by critical care teams. March 27, 2020 was the date from which the SOP changed to mandatory COVID-19 SOP including Level 3 PPE – this date is used to separate the cohort groups.

Results:

Data were analyzed from 1,266 patients who received primary intubations by the service. The overall first-pass intubation success rate was 89.7% and the overall intubation success rate was 99.9%. There was no statistically significant difference in first-pass success rate between the two groups: 90.3% in the pre-COVID-19 group (n = 546) and 89.3% in the COVID-19 group (n = 720); Pearson chi-square 0.329; P = .566. In addition, there was no statistical difference in overall intubation success rate between groups: 99.8% in the pre-COVID-19 group and 100.0% in the COVID-19 group; Pearson chi-square 1.32; P = .251.

Non-drug-assisted intubations were more than twice as likely to require multiple attempts in both the pre-COVID-19 group (n = 546; OR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.19-3.90; P = .01) and in the COVID-19 group (n = 720; OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.1; P = <.001).

Conclusion:

This study presents simple changes to a prehospital intubation SOP in response to COVID-19 which included mandatory use of PPE, the first intubator always being the most experienced clinician, and routine first use of video laryngoscopy (VL). These changes allowed protection of the clinical team while successfully maintaining the first-pass and overall success rates for prehospital tracheal intubation.
Income disparities in mental health: investigating the role of food insecurity by disability status
Authors: Williams Meredith R , Do D Phuong
Published: September 2022

Objective:

To investigate whether food insecurity helps explain the association between income and psychological distress and if its role differs by disability status.

Design:

Using 2011–2017 National Health Interview Survey cross-sectional data (n 102 543), we conducted linear regression models, fully interacted with disability status, to estimate the association between income-to-poverty ratio (IPR) (<1, 1–<2, 2–<4, ≥4) and psychological distress (Kessler 6 (K6) Scale, range: 0–24). Base models adjusted for socio-demographic factors. We then added food security (secure, low and very low), interacted with disability, and conducted post-estimation adjusted Wald tests.

Setting:

USA.

Participants:

Nationally representative sample of non-institutionalised adults 18 years and older.

Results:

The association between income and psychological distress was stronger for people with disabilities. Compared to those in the highest income category (IPR ≥4), poor individuals (IPR < 1) with and without disabilities scored 2·10 (95 % CI (1·74, 2·46)) and 0·81 (95 % CI (0·69, 0·93)) points higher on the K6 Scale, respectively. Accounting for food insecurity reduced the estimated income disparity in psychological distress significantly more among individuals with disabilities (0·96 points or 46 %) than without disabilities (0·34 points or 42 %), decreasing the difference in the income disparity between those with and without disabilities by 48 % (0·62 points). Further, food insecurity more strongly predicted psychological distress for individuals with disabilities independent of socio-economic disadvantage.

Conclusions:

Food insecurity plays a more important role in shaping patterns of psychological distress for people with disabilities, explaining more of the association between income and psychological distress among those with than without disabilities. Improving food security may reduce mental health disparities.
Implementation of the Convention against Torture in Taiwan: Filling the Gap in the International Struggle against Torture?
Authors: DOUBEK Pavel
Published: September 2022

The universal system of protection against torture established by the United Nations (UN) is confronted with daily incidents of torture and other cruelties in all regions of the world. Moreover, despite the ratification of UN treaties, most governments lack a genuine commitment to address these abuses. In contrast, the anti-torture safeguards under the UN Convention against Torture and its Optional Protocol are currently being implemented in Taiwan, even though Taiwan is not part of the UN and cannot participate in the international human rights dialogue. The process of incorporation of UN anti-torture documents by a non-UN member is all but easy. This article shows, however, that commitment to combat torture goes beyond the UN treaty system and might be a welcome contribution towards the current debate on fostering compliance with human rights treaties both in Asia-Pacific and around the globe.
Unser Wunschkind - Hauptsache gesund?
Authors: Spranger Stephanie
Published: September 2022

Eine Humangenetikerin gibt einfühlsame Einblicke in ihre tägliche Praxis

Eltern, die für ihr Kind das Risiko einer genetisch bedingten Krankheit befürchten, benötigen neben Befunden aus der vorgeburtlichen Diagnostik, wie zum Beispiel aus speziellen Ultraschalluntersuchungen, dem nicht invasiven-pränatalen Bluttest (NIPT) oder Ergebnissen der Fruchtwasseruntersuchung viele weitere Informationen, damit sie die individuell richtige Entscheidung treffen können. Unter Umständen müssen sie eine Fehlgeburt oder eine Behinderung ihres Wunschkindes in Betracht ziehen und kommen in die Situation, über die Beendigung der Schwangerschaft nachdenken und entscheiden zu müssen. Diese Situation kann für Paare emotional sehr belastend sein. 
Die Autorin beschreibt in kurzen, persönlichen Geschichten ganz unterschiedliche Beratungsanlässe aus ihrer langjährigen Praxis und leitet die Leserin?/?den Leser anhand von Beispielen, Tipps und erklärenden Abbildungen einfühlsam durch komplexe medizinisch-genetische Sachverhalte:
 •Wie entsteht eine Eizelle, eine Samenzelle, ein Kind aus beiden Zellen? 
•Wie und mit welcher Wahrscheinlichkeit können genetisch bedingte Erkrankungen entstehen? 
•Wie sind genetisch bedingte Erkrankungen zu erkennen und zu diagnostizieren? 
•Welche Rolle spielen das Alter von Frau und Mann, Medikamenten- und Drogenkonsum?
 Eltern und Paare haben so die Chance, sich während oder noch vor einer Schwangerschaft über ihre Wünsche und individuellen Grenzen klar zu werden.
Measuring Health Literacy in Childhood and Adolescence with the Scale Health Literacy in School-Aged Children – German Version
Authors: Fischer Saskia M. , Dadaczynski Kevin , Sudeck Gorden , Rathmann Katharina , Paakkari Olli , Paakkari Leena , Bilz Ludwig , Germany the HBSC Study Group
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Health literacy can help explain health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, suitable instruments for assessing health literacy in this age group are rare, especially in the German-speaking countries. One economical measure is the 10-item Health Literacy in School-Aged Children (HLSAC) scale, developed and reviewed as part of the WHO Child and Adolescent Health Study (HBSC, Health Behavior in School-Aged Children). In the present study, we tested dimensionality, measurement invariance, and associations with health-related measures of the German version of the scale (HLSAC–German), using data from the 2018 national German HBSC study ( N = 4,347 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years). We also tested HLSAC–German with 11-year-olds, representing an expansion of the original scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses consistently demonstrated the unidimensionality of the scale (α = .88). Complete scalar measurement invariance was found for sex and partial scalar measurement invariance for age groups and school type, allowing for the comparison of means. Associations with indicators of health and health behavior further demonstrate the construct validity of the scale. The analyses show that the scale is suitable for the economic measurement of a general factor of health literacy in 11- as well as in 13- and 15-year-olds.
Arbeitsgestaltung bei hoher Arbeitsintensität und Zeit- und Leistungsdruck
Authors: Schuller Katja , Schulz-Dadaczynski Anika
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung. Eine hohe Arbeitsintensität (AI) wird von Beschäftigten als Zeit- und Leistungsdruck (ZLD) erlebt. Sie gilt als Schlüsselfaktor psychischer Belastung, dem geeignete Arbeitsschutzmaßnahmen entgegengesetzt werden müssen. In mehreren Projekten erforscht die Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) die betriebliche Umsetzung dieser Arbeitsschutz- und Gestaltungsaufgabe, um zu beantworten, 1) warum es nicht gelingt, hohe AI/ZLD in der betrieblichen Praxis ausreichend zu vermeiden (Barrieren) und 2) welche Gestaltungsansätze in der Praxis dennoch entwickelt werden. Inhaltsanalytisch thematische Auswertungen von 79 leitfadengestützen Interviews aus zwei Studien (Studie 1: Akteursperspektive, Studie 2: Beschäftigtenperspektive) zeigen, dass zwei Faktoren die Entwicklung von Schutzmaßnahmen durch betriebliche Akteur_innen beeinträchtigen: die Komplexität der Entstehungsbedingungen und als gering wahrgenommene Gestaltungsspielräume. Beide Faktoren werden mit Bezug zu hoher AI/ZLD weiter ausdifferenziert. Weiterhin werden in der Zusammenschau der Perspektiven vielfältige Ansätze herausgearbeitet und diskutiert, mit denen hoher AI/ZLD auf den verschiedenen Ebenen des Unternehmens begegnet wird.
Sedimentary Organics in Glen Torridon, Gale Crater, Mars: Results From the SAM Instrument Suite and Supporting Laboratory Analyses
Authors: Millan M. , Williams A. J. , McAdam A. C. , Eigenbrode J. L. , Steele A. , Freissinet C. , Glavin D. P. , Szopa C. , Buch A. , Summons R. E. , Lewis J. M. T. , Wong G. M. , House C. H. , Sutter B. , McIntosh O. , Bryk A. B. , Franz H. B. , Pozarycki C. , Stern J. C. , Navarro‐Gonzalez R. , Archer D. P. , Fox V. , Bennett K. , Teinturier S. , Malespin C. , Johnson S. S. , Mahaffy P. R.
Published: September 2022

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) suite instrument on board NASA's Curiosity rover has characterized the inorganic and organic chemical composition of seven samples from the Glen Torridon (GT) clay‐bearing unit. A variety of organic molecules were detected with SAM using pyrolysis (up to ∼850°C) and wet chemistry experiments coupled with evolved gas analysis (EGA) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. SAM EGA and GCMS analyses revealed a greater diversity and abundance of sulfur‐bearing aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds in the sediments of this Gale crater unit than earlier in the mission. We also report the detection of nitrogen‐containing, oxygen‐containing, and chlorine‐containing molecules, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in GT, although the sources of some of these organics may be related to the presence of chemical reagents in the SAM instrument background. However, sulfur‐bearing organics released at high temperature (≥600°C) are likely derived from Martian sources (e.g., igneous, hydrothermal, atmospheric, or biological) or exogenous sources and consistent with the presence of recalcitrant organic materials in the sample. The SAM measurements of the GT clay‐bearing unit expand the inventory of organic matter present in Gale crater and is also consistent with the hypothesis that clay minerals played an important role in the preservation of ancient refractory organic matter on Mars. These findings deepen our understanding of the past habitability and biological potential of Gale crater.
Can We Use the Water Budget to Infer Upland Catchment Behavior? The Role of Data Set Error Estimation and Interbasin Groundwater Flow
Authors: Gordon Beatrice L. , Crow Wade T. , Konings Alexandra G. , Dralle David N. , Harpold Adrian A.
Published: September 2022

Water budgets are essential for characterizing water supplies from snow‐dominated upland catchments where data are sparse, groundwater systems are complex, and measurements are prone to error (ε). One solution is imposing water budget closure (CWB) by ignoring difficult‐to‐measure variables, including inter‐basin groundwater fluxes (G) and ε. However, conventional CWB‐based analyses, which derive evapotranspiration (ET) from precipitation (P) and streamflow (Q) (e.g., the Budyko hypothesis), are limited in their ability to take advantage of recent advances in ET products, physically‐based frameworks for improving inferences about G, or tools to statistically characterize ε (Triple Collocation [TC]); all of which offer promise for improved water supply predictions via open water budgets (OWB). We clarify the value of these advances in upland settings by comparing standard land surface model, Ensemble Mean, and TC‐Merged P and ET products in 114 upland catchments. When compared against a long‐term OWB, we find that the CWB assumptions are unsupported in 75%–100% of our 114 catchments, depending on the product. We then show how applying these CWB assumptions in snowy, steep catchments where ε is large can inflate inferences about streamflow response to climate change by up 9 times more than independent (OWB) estimates of ET using TC. Finally, we demonstrate how advances in OWB analysis reveal that high, arid settings with deep permeable substrate are groundwater exporters while most other basins are groundwater importers. Our results highlight the advantages of OWB analyses that harness new products, tools, and frameworks for characterizing inter‐basin groundwater fluxes in critical upland settings.
Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 2. The Stratosphere
Authors: Averbuch G. , Sabatini R. , Arrowsmith S.
Published: September 2022

This study uses infrasound detections from a repetitive source to estimate the effect of the atmosphere's temporal variability on infrasound. While a previous paper focused on infrasound propagation through the troposphere to a distance of 54 km, this study uses stratospheric returns detected 256 km from the source. Based on source‐receiver pairs, the empirical Green's function is calculated every 20 s for 52 events; these allow generating a set of synthetic signals where variations are ascribed to variation in the atmosphere. In addition, observations are compared with numerical simulation results based on realistic atmospheric conditions. Results show that variations of stratospheric infrasound signals are observed over timescales ranging from tens of seconds to minutes and have dominant periods ranging from tens to hundreds of seconds. These results motivate using infrasound to probe short temporal changes in the middle atmosphere and study their underlying phenomena.
Crustal‐Scale Fault Systems in the Korean Peninsula Unraveled by Reflection Seismic Data
Authors: Zappalá Samuel , Malehmir Alireza , Hong Tae‐Kyung , Juhlin Christopher , Lee Junhyung , Papadopoulou Myrto , Brodic Bojan , Park Seongjun , Chung Dongchan , Kim Byeongwoo , Lee Jeongin
Published: September 2022

An approximately 40‐km long high‐resolution reflection seismic profile (P3) was acquired in the metropolitan area of Seoul in South Korea for the purpose of fault system imaging in a highly noisy and challenging urban environment. Two 12t seismic vibrators (mini‐vibs) were used as the seismic source. Data were recorded using a dual element seismic spread; 20 m spaced 421 wireless seismic recorders connected to 10 Hz geophones and 20 micro‐electro‐mechanical‐based landstreamer sensors (2 m sensor spacing) attached to one of the vibrators. The purpose of the dual spread employed was to delineate both near‐surface and deep structures. The processing results show good quality and the processing work was complemented by different analysis to further constraints the geological interpretation. The survey results provide evidence for the 3D geometry of three fault systems, including Chugaryeong, Pocheon, and Wangsukcheon faults. A gently westerly dipping set of reflectivity underlying a dome‐shaped package of reflectivity is interpreted as a fault, and could project to the known surface position of the Pocheon fault. The dome‐shaped reflectivity is interpreted as folded and faulted dyke or sill systems. Downward continuation of the interpreted fault intersects the sub‐vertical Chugaryeong fault in a zone where the current seismicity is observed, suggesting that these two major fault systems may have jointly evolved in the form of splay faults. Reflections from the Wangsukcheon fault are also present in the data and interpreted to dip approximately 60° to the east, in an opposite direction to the two other faults.
Comparison Among All‐Sky Simulations, FY‐3E MWTS‐3 and FY‐4A AGRI Observations of the First Typhoon Malakas in 2022
Authors: Niu Zeyi , Zou Xiaolei
Published: September 2022

The newly launched early morning satellite Fengyun‐3E (FY‐3E) helps to form a three‐orbit constellation for better observing the first Typhoon Malakas in 2022. Together with MetOp‐B and NOAA‐20, global observations are made available 6 times daily from three temperature sounders of MWTS‐3, AMSU‐A, and ATMS onboard FY‐3E, MetOp‐B, and NOAA‐20, respectively. Having channel frequencies much less than 200 GHz, brightness temperatures (TBs) at different sounding channels are linearly related to temperatures at different altitudes. This allows Malakas's warm cores to be retrieved from MWTS‐3, AMST‐A, and ATMS TB observations. The warm‐core maxima of Malakas at 250 hPa has a single‐peaked diurnal cycle, with its maximum and minimum peaking around midnight and noon, respectively. FY‐3E MWTS‐3 observations allowed the intensity and phase of the diurnal cycle better captured. The diurnal variations of warm core retrieved from all‐sky TB simulations of the ERA5 reanalysis and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis compared well with the three‐orbit constellation retrieval. All‐sky simulations of TB from the NCEP GFS analysis compared more favorably with FY‐4A AGRI TB observations than those from the ERA5 reanalysis.
Effects of Guide Field and Background Density and Temperature on Energy Conversion at Magnetic Reconnection Front
Authors: Shu Yukang , Lu San , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Zheng Jian , Ding Weixing
Published: September 2022

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental energy converting process changing the topology of the magnetic field in space. We investigate how the guide field and the background plasma density and temperature influence the energy converting process during magnetic reconnection using a two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulation code. It is shown that the guide field reduces both the reconnection rate and the energy conversion rate. Although the downstream Poynting flux from the reconnection site is enhanced during guide field magnetic reconnection, it does not participate in energy conversion as the inflow and outflow of Poynting flux from the left and right boundaries of the reconnection front cancel each other out. The major input of the Poynting flux participating in energy conversion comes from the upper and lower boundaries of the reconnection front. An electrostatic perturbating structure arises in cases with a strong guide field. Apart from the reconnection rate and the energy conversion rate, the energy outflow is altered by changing background plasma density and temperature. Our research shows that the energy input at a well‐developed reconnection front in the case of the guide field does not come from the reconnection site, which implies the reconnection front can be an effective energy converter in the magnetosphere independent of the reconnection site once formed from the transient magnetic reconnection. These simulation results show that the guide field and background density and temperature quantitatively alter the energy conversion at the magnetic reconnection front, but the energy conversion pattern remains unchanged.
Legislative
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

As Congress convenes again and enters a new budget cycle, it theoretically follows a two‐tiered approach to funding a program. First, a congressional committee is supposed to authorize spending for a program, and then another committee appropriates the money for it. Authorizing committees are also charged with overseeing and adjusting programs.

One authorizing committee, however—the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, newly chaired by George A. Brown (D‐CA)— has lost some of its power to formulate the nation's science policy to the House Appropriations Committee. One of Brown's challenges—cited by observers—is to regain some of his committee's old control on setting the course of science.
Indian Ocean violates conventional plate tectonic theory
Authors: Gordon Richard G.
Published: September 2022

A new study of magnetic profiles and other plate tectonic data in the Indian Ocean predicts that India and Australia, previously thought to move in unison as part of the same rigid plate, are approaching each other at about 12 mm/year. According to conventional plate tectonic theory, plates are internally rigid with earthquakes concentrated at plate boundaries and occurring only rarely in plate interiors. However, many large earthquakes occur within the conventionally defined plate interior between Australia and India [Stein and Okal, 1978; Bergman and Solomon, 1985]. The Indian Ocean earthquakes are scattered over many hundreds of kilometers, a region much larger than the ∼1–20 km width of typical ocean plate boundaries. Questions exist concerning how much motion is taken up by the deformation represented by the earthquakes, and whether this shows that tectonic plates deform.
Sonic imaging reveals new plate boundary structures offshore New Zealand
Authors: Collot J.‐Y. , Delteil J. , Herzer R. H. , Wood R. , Lewis K.
Published: September 2022

Recent bathymetry and sonar imagery studies of offshore portions of the plate boundary transecting New Zealand allow the first confident mapping of detailed tectonic and sedimentary patterns of the region. Working in late 1993 aboard the R/V L'Atalante of the Institut Francais de Recherche pour l' Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), we recorded soundings of a wide swath of seabed to elucidate major structural transitions along the plate boundary. Results of the study, part of the GEODYNZ‐SUD program developed jointly by institutions in France and New Zealand, will be complemented by New Zealand cruises to the Puysegur and Hikurangi margins. The total data set will be processed and interpreted during the next two years.
Global Positioning System offers evidence of plate motions in eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Burc Oral M. , Reilinger Robert E. , Nafi Toksöz M. , King Robert W. , Aykut Barka A. , Kinik Ibrahim , Lenk Onur
Published: September 2022

Geophysicists are using the Global Positioning System (GPS), a highly precise satellite navigation system, to monitor the slow movements (cm/yr) of the crustal plates composing the Earth's surface and the deformations where such plates interact. We report the results of repeated GPS measurements in the complex zone of interaction between the Eurasian, Arabian, and African plates in Turkey. The GPS observations made between 1988 and 1992 indicate that western, central, and east central Turkey are decoupled from the Eurasian plate and are moving as a more or less coherent unit about an axis located north of the Sinai peninsula. Other space‐based measurements of crustal motion in Greece and along the Hellenic arc [Smith et al., 1994] suggest that this coherent motion includes southern Greece and the south central Aegean Sea. We refer to this region (shaded in Figure 1) as the Anatolian plate.
Predicting the spread of radioactive substances from the Kursk
Authors: Gerdes R. , Karcher M. , Kauker F. , Köberle C.
Published: September 2022

On August 12, 2000, the Russian nuclear submarine Kursk sank in the Barents Sea, just 100 nautical miles northeast of its home port in Murmansk. The accident, which claimed the lives of all 116 persons onboard the vessel, occurred in a sea that is one of the most important fishing areas for both Russia and Western Europe. The sinking and the potential hazard posed by the wreck have spurred considerable public interest. The fuel of its two reactors, a potential source of radioactive contamination, could leak or suddenly release during salvage. Oceanic circulation could spread the soluble radioactive substances through the Barents Sea into the Arctic interior, the Nordic Seas, and the Atlantic.
New science education initiative brings seismology into the classroom
Authors: Hamburger Michael W. , Pavlis Gary L. , Phinney Robert A. , Steinberg Daniel , Owens Thomas J. , Hall‐Wallace Michelle
Published: September 2022

Prince Galitsin's invention of the electromagnetic seismograph in 1914 revolutionized the young science of seismology. Now, the venerable research instrument is proving to have an equally powerful impact—in the arena of public education. Over the past 5 years, a number of initiatives have extended the boundaries of seismology research outside the ivory towers of research institutions and into America's schools, museums, and teaching colleges. These initiatives are built on the premise that educational seismology offers a special opportunity for capturing students' innate curiosity for natural phenomena in the world around them, and that this curiosity can be used to teach a wealth of fundamental principles of physics and Earth science. These school‐based seismograph stations, now numbering in the hundreds, are demonstrating a growing potential to contribute both to science education and scientific research.
Potentially Pluto‐bound
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

NASA has given the green light to a proposal to proceed with preliminary design studies for a mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. The project, labeled “New Horizons: Shedding Light on Frontier Worlds,” could launch in 2006 and fly by Pluto before 2020.

But first, according to NASA, the project will need to pass a “confirmation review” of mission risks, including regulatory approval for its nuclear power source, and win sufficient funds from Congress. The mission received $30 million in Congressional funding for fiscal year 2002 for final design work and for contracting the launch vehicle, but the White House budget plan currently does not include mission funding for subsequent years.
Robust data storage in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assembly
Authors: Song Lifu , Geng Feng , Gong Zi-Yi , Chen Xin , Tang Jijun , Gong Chunye , Zhou Libang , Xia Rui , Han Ming-Zhe , Xu Jing-Yi , Li Bing-Zhi , Yuan Ying-Jin
Published: September 2022

DNA data storage is a rapidly developing technology with great potential due to its high density, long-term durability, and low maintenance cost. The major technical challenges include various errors, such as strand breaks, rearrangements, and indels that frequently arise during DNA synthesis, amplification, sequencing, and preservation. In this study, a de novo strand assembly algorithm (DBGPS) is developed using de Bruijn graph and greedy path search to meet these challenges. DBGPS shows substantial advantages in handling DNA breaks, rearrangements, and indels. The robustness of DBGPS is demonstrated by accelerated aging, multiple independent data retrievals, deep error-prone PCR, and large-scale simulations. Remarkably, 6.8 MB of data is accurately recovered from a severely corrupted sample that has been treated at 70 °C for 70 days. With DBGPS, we are able to achieve a logical density of 1.30 bits/cycle and a physical density of 295 PB/g.
Effects of adding household water filters to Rwanda’s Community-Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Rwamagana district
Authors: Haque Sabrina , Kirby Miles A. , Iyakaremye Laurien , Gebremariam Alemayehu , Tessema Getachew , Thomas Evan , Chang Howard H. , Clasen Thomas
Published: September 2022

Unsafe drinking water remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity. While Rwanda’s Community-Based Environmental Health Promotion Programme (CBEHPP) promotes boiling and safe storage, previous research found these efforts to be ineffective in reducing fecal contamination of drinking water. We conducted a cluster randomized control led trial to determine if adding a household water filter with safe storage to the CBEHPP would improve drinking water quality and reduce child diarrhea. We enrolled 1,199 households with a pregnant person or child under 5 across 60 randomly selected villages in Rwamagana district. CBEHPP implementers distributed and promoted water purifiers to a random half of villages. We conducted two unannounced follow-up visits over 13–16 months after the intervention delivery. The intervention reduced the proportions of households with detectableE. coliin drinking water samples (primary outcome) by 20% (PR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74–0.87,p < 0.001) and with moderate and higher fecal contamination (≥10 CFU/100 mL) by 35% (PR 0.65, 95% CI 0.57–0.74, p < 0.001). The proportion of children under 5 experiencing diarrhea in the last week was reduced by 49% (aPR 0.51, 95%CI 0.35–0.73,p < 0.001). Our findings identify an effective intervention for improving water quality and child health that can be added to the CBEHPP.
Advanced natural hydrated iron-alum oxides cation exchange resin for simultaneous phosphate and hardness removal
Authors: Tran Le Ba , Nguyen Trung Thanh , Padungthon Surapol , Le Tri Thich , Nguyen Thi Quynh Anh , Nguyen Nhat Huy
Published: September 2022

In this study, a hydrated iron-alum oxides-contained cation exchange resin (HIAO/225H) was synthesized for the first time from natural alum-ferric water of acid sulfate soil to improve the water quality. The HIAO/225H material was then characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX-mapping techniques and applied for phosphate and hardness removal tests. The phosphate removal by the HIAO/225H material reached equilibrium after 50 h with the highest adsorption capacity of 2.075 mg P g−1 (e.g., 69.16 mg P g−1 Fe) at pH 6, which was 1.12, 11.15, and 2.11 times higher than by hydrated ferric oxide/225H material, anion exchange resin (Akualite A420), and amphoteric ion exchange resin (MB6SR), respectively, under the same experimental conditions. The reason for the higher phosphate adsorption efficiency of HIAO/225H than the hydrated ferric oxide/225H material may be that HIAO contains Ca, Mg, and Al elements, leading to an easy formation of FeOOH on the surface. Particularly, HIAO/225H material was also effective for both hardness and phosphate removal with an adsorption capacity of 15.6 mg Ca g−1, 9.4 mg Mg g−1, and 1.825 mg P g−1, which is higher 1.2 times than the phosphate removal only. This may be due to co-precipitation to form Ca3(PO4)2 and Mg3(PO4)2 with the support of cation exchange resins. These results showed that the HIAO/225H material has a good performance in removing both phosphate and hardness, which could be applied in practical water and advanced wastewater treatment.
Cell wall synthesis and remodelling dynamics determine division site architecture and cell shape in Escherichia coli
Authors: Navarro Paula P. , Vettiger Andrea , Ananda Virly Y. , Llopis Paula Montero , Allolio Christoph , Bernhardt Thomas G. , Chao Luke H.
Published: September 2022

The bacterial division apparatus catalyses the synthesis and remodelling of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) to build the cell wall layer that fortifies the daughter cell poles. Understanding of this essential process has been limited by the lack of native three-dimensional views of developing septa. Here, we apply state-of-the-art cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) and fluorescence microscopy to visualize the division site architecture and sPG biogenesis dynamics of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. We identify a wedge-like sPG structure that fortifies the ingrowing septum. Experiments with strains defective in sPG biogenesis revealed that the septal architecture and mode of division can be modified to more closely resemble that of other Gram-negative (Caulobacter crescentus) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, suggesting that a conserved mechanism underlies the formation of different septal morphologies. Finally, analysis of mutants impaired in amidase activation (ΔenvC ΔnlpD) showed that cell wall remodelling affects the placement and stability of the cytokinetic ring. Taken together, our results support a model in which competition between the cell elongation and division machineries determines the shape of cell constrictions and the poles they form. They also highlight how the activity of the division system can be modulated to help generate the diverse array of shapes observed in the bacterial domain.
Effects of sediment flushing operations versus natural floods on Chinook salmon survival
Authors: Panthi Manisha , Lee Aaron A. , Dahal Sudesh , Omer Amgad , Franca Mário J. , Crosato Alessandra
Published: September 2022

Flushing is a common measure to manage and reduce the amount of sediment stored in reservoirs. However, the sudden release of large volumes of sediment abruptly increases the suspended solids concentration and alters the riverbed composition. Similar effects can be produced also by natural flood events. Do flushing operations have more detrimental impacts than natural floods? To answer this question, we investigated the impact of flushing on the survival of the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Sandy River (OR, USA), assuming that sediment is flushed from hypothetical bottom gates of the, now decommissioned, Marmot Dam. The effects of several flushing scenarios are analyzed with a 2D morphodynamic model, together with habitat suitability curves and stress indicators. The results show that attention has to be paid to duration: the shorter the flushing operation, the lesser the stresses on fish survival and spawning habitats. Flushing causes high stress to salmon eggs and larvae, due to unbearable levels of suspended sediment concentrations. It also decreases the areas usable for spawning due to fine-sediment deposition, with up to 95% loss at peak flow. Without the dam, the corresponding natural flood event would produce similar effects, with up to 93% loss. The study shows that well-planned flushing operations could mimic a natural impact, but only partly. In the long-term, larger losses of spawning grounds can be expected, since the removal of fine sediment with the release of clear water from the reservoir is a lengthy process that may be undesirable due to water storage reduction.
Prevalence and determinants of return to work after various coronary events: meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Kai Samantha Huo Yung , Ferrières Jean , Rossignol Mélisande , Bouisset Frédéric , Herry Julie , Esquirol Yolande
Published: September 2022

Return to work (RTW) after a coronary event remains a major concern. This systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies published between January 1988 and August 2020, aim to evaluate the prevalence of RTW after a coronary event (myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, angina pectoris) and to assess the determinants of RTW (such as follow-up duration, date of recruitment, country, gender, occupational factors, etc.). PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were followed. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Random-effects models were carried out to determine pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confident interval. A total of 43 prospective studies (34,964 patients) were investigated. RTW overall random effects pooled prevalence was estimated at 81.1% [95% CI 75.8–85.8]. Country, year of implementation or gender did not significantly modify the prevalence estimates. Lower level of education and degraded left ventricular ejection fraction decreased RTW prevalence estimates (respectively, 76.1% vs 85.6% and 65.3% vs 77.8%). RTW prevalence estimates were higher for white-collars (81.2% vs 65.0% for blue-collars) and people with low physical workload (78.3% vs 64.1% for elevated physical workload).Occupational physical constraints seem to have a negative role in RTW while psycho-logical factors at work are insufficiently investigated. A better understanding of the real-life working conditions influencing RTW would be useful to maintain coronary patients in the labor market.
Comparison of adenoma detection in different colorectal segments between deep-sedated and unsedated colonoscopy
Authors: Sui Yue , Wang Qing , Chen Hai-Hua , Lu Jun-Hui , Wen Qing , Wang Zhen-Zhen , Wang Guan-Feng , Jia Hui , Xiao Tao , Wang Na-Ping , Hao Jun-Lian , Zhang Yi-Ping , Cao Feng-Zhen , Wu Xiao-Peng , Chen Xing
Published: September 2022

To investigate if deep-sedated colonoscopy affects adenoma detection in certain colorectal segment. Review of colonoscopy reports, electronic images and medical records of individuals underwent screening colonoscopy with or without propofol sedation between October 2020 and March 2021 from seven hospitals in China. A total of 4500 individuals were analyzed. There was no significant difference in ADR between deep-sedated colonoscopy and unsedated colonoscopy [45.4% vs. 46.3%, P > 0.05]. The APP of deep-sedated colonoscopy was lower than unsedated colonoscopy (1.76 ± 0.81 vs. 2.00 ± 1.30, P < 0.05). Both average number of adenomas and luminal distention score of splenic flexure and descending colon were lower in deep-sedated colonoscopy (P < 0.05), and average number of adenomas was positively correlated with an improved distension score in splenic flexure and descending colon (splenic flexure r = 0.031, P < 0.05; descending colon r = 0.312, P < 0.05). Linear regression model showed deep-sedated colonoscopy significantly affected luminal distention of splenic flexure and descending colon as well as average number of adenomas detected in splenic flexure (P < 0.05). Deep-sedated colonoscopy decreased adenoma detection in splenic flexure and the luminal distention of splenic flexure and descending colon compared with unsedated colonoscopy.