bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial colonization in diverse surface soil types in Surtsey and diversity analysis of its subsurface microbiota
Authors: Marteinsson V. , Klonowski A. , Reynisson E. , Vannier P. , Sigurdsson B. D. , Ólafsson M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Colonization of life on Surtsey has been observed systematically since the formation of the island 50 years ago. Although the first colonisers were prokaryotes, such as bacteria and blue–green algae, most studies have been focused on the settlement of plants and animals but less on microbial succession. To explore microbial colonization in diverse soils and the influence of associated vegetation and birds on numbers of environmental bacteria, we collected 45 samples from different soil types on the surface of the island. Total viable bacterial counts were performed with the plate count method at 22, 30 and 37 °C for all soil samples, and the amount of organic matter and nitrogen (N) was measured. Selected samples were also tested for coliforms, faecal coliforms and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The subsurface biosphere was investigated by collecting liquid subsurface samples from a 181 m borehole with a special sampler. Diversity analysis of uncultivated biota in samples was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis and cultivation. Correlation was observed between nutrient deficits and the number of microorganisms in surface soil samples. The lowest number of bacteria (1 × 104–1 × 105 cells g−1) was detected in almost pure pumice but the count was significantly higher (1 × 106–1 × 109 cells g−1) in vegetated soil or pumice with bird droppings. The number of faecal bacteria correlated also to the total number of bacteria and type of soil. Bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were only detected in vegetated samples and samples containing bird droppings. The human pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria were not in any sample. Both thermophilic bacteria and archaea 16S rDNA sequences were found in the subsurface samples collected at 145 and 172 m depth at 80 and 54 °C, respectively, but no growth was observed in enrichments. The microbiota sequences generally showed low affiliation to any known 16S rRNA gene sequences.
MOPS-1.0: modelling the regulation of the global oceanic nitrogen budget by marine biogeochemical processes
Authors: Kriest I. , Oschlies A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Global models of the oceanic nitrogen cycle are subject to many uncertainties, among them type and form of biogeochemical processes involved in the fixed nitrogen cycle, and the spatial and temporal scales, on which the global nitrogen budget is regulated. We investigate these aspects using a global model of ocean biogeochemistry, that explicitly considers phosphorus and nitrogen, including pelagic denitrification and nitrogen fixation as sink and source terms of fixed nitrogen, respectively. The model explores different parameterizations of organic matter sinking speed, oxidant affinity of oxic and suboxic remineralization, and regulation of nitrogen fixation by temperature and different stoichiometric ratios. Examination of the initial transient behaviour of different model setups initialized from observed tracer distributions reveal changes in simulated nitrogen inventories and fluxes particularly during the first centuries. Millennial timescales have to be resolved in order to bring all biogeochemical and physical processes into a dynamically consistent steady state, for which global patterns of biogeochemical tracers and fluxes are reproduced quite well. Analysis of global properties suggests that particularly particle sinking speed, but also the parameterization of denitrification determines the extent of oxygen minimum zones, global nitrogen fluxes, and hence the oceanic nitrogen inventory. However, the ways and directions, in which different parameterizations of particle sinking, nitrogen fixation and denitrification affect the global diagnostics, are different, suggesting that these may, in principle, be constrained independently from each other. Analysis of the model misfit suggests a particle flux profile close to the one suggested by Martin et al. (1987). Simulated pelagic denitrification best agrees with the lower values between 59 and 84 Tg N yr−1 recently estimated by other authors.
Hydrological connectivity as indicated by transport of diatoms through the riparian–stream system
Authors: Martínez-Carreras N. , Wetzel C. E. , Frentress J. , Ector L. , McDonnell J. J. , Hoffmann L. , Pfister L.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are one of the most common and diverse algal groups (ca. 200 000 species, ≈10–200 μm, unicellular, eukaryotic). Here we investigate the potential of terrestrial and aerophytic diatoms (i.e. diatoms nearly exclusively occurring outside water bodies, on wet, moist or temporarily dry places) to infer surface hydrological connectivity between hillslope–riparian–stream (HRS) landscape units during storm runoff events. We present data from the Weierbach catchment (0.45 km2, NW Luxembourg) that quantifies the relative abundance of terrestrial and aerophytic diatom species on hillslopes and in riparian zones (i.e. surface soils, litter, bryophytes and vegetation) and within streams (i.e. stream water, epilithon and epipelon). We tested the hypothesis that different diatom species assemblages inhabit specific moisture domains of the catchment (i.e. HRS units) and, consequently, the presence of certain species assemblages in the stream during runoff events offers the potential for recording if there was or not hydrological connectivity between these domains. We found that a higher percentage of terrestrial and aerophytic diatom species was present in samples collected from the riparian and hillslope zones than inside the stream. However, diatoms were absent on hillslopes covered by dry litter, limiting their use to infer hillslope–riparian zone connectivity in some parts of the catchment. Our results also showed that terrestrial and aerophytic diatom abundance in the stream increased systematically during all sampled events (n = 11, 2010–2011) in response to incident precipitation and increasing discharge. This transport of terrestrial and aerophytic diatoms during events suggested a rapid connectivity between the soil surface and the stream. Diatom transport data was compared to two-component hydrograph separation, and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) using stream water chemistry and stable isotope data. This research suggests that diatoms were likely sourced exclusively from the riparian zone, since it was not only the largest terrestrial and aerophytic diatom reservoir, but also riparian zone water was a major streamflow source during rainfall events under both wet and dry antecedent condition.
Developing an open geographic data model and analysis tools for disaster management: landslide case
Authors: Aydinoglu A. C. , Bilgin M. S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Disaster management aims to reduce catastrophic losses of disasters. Geographic information technologies support disaster management activities for effective and collaborative data management considering the complex nature of disasters. This study with an original conceptual approach aims to develop interoperable geographic data model and analysis tools to manage geographic data sets coming from different sources. For landslide disaster, 39 scenario-based activities were analysed with the required data according to user needs in a cycle of activities at mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases. An interoperable geographic data model for disaster management (ADYS), enabling up-to-date exchange of geographic data, was designed, compliant with the standards of ISO/TC211 Geographic Information/Geomatics, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), and the Turkish National GIS (TUCBS). An open source and free analysis toolbox was developed and tested in the case study of activities such as landslide hazard analysis and a disaster warning system to support the Provincial Disaster Management Centres of Turkey. Open data models and analysis tools make effective activity management and data sharing possible. However, transforming data sets into data exchange formats is laborious.
Subduction or delamination beneath Apennines? Evidences from regional tomography
Authors: Koulakov I. , Jakovlev A. , Zabelina I. , Roure F. , Cloetingh S. , El Khrepy S. , Al-Arifi N.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In this study we present a new regional tomography model of the upper mantle beneath Italy and surrounding areas derived from inversion of travel times of P and S waves from the updated ISC catalogue. Beneath Italy we identify a high-velocity anomaly which behaves as a long narrow "sausage" with a steeply dipping part down to a depth of 400 km and then expanding horizontally over approximately 400 km. Rather than to interpret it as a remnant of the former Tethyan oceanic slab, we consider that it is made up of the infra continental lithospheric mantle of Adria, which is progressively delaminated, whereas its overlying crust becomes progressively accreted into the Apenninic tectonic wedge.
Summer snowfall on the Greenland Ice Sheet: a study with the updated regional climate model RACMO2.3
Authors: Noël B. , van de Berg W. J. , van Meijgaard E. , Kuipers Munneke P. , van de Wal R. S. W. , van den Broeke M. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We discuss Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) differences between the updated polar version of the regional climate model RACMO2.3 and the previous version RACMO2.1. Among other revisions, the updated model includes an adjusted rainfall-to-snowfall conversion, producing exclusively snowfall under freezing conditions; this especially favours snowfall in summer when upper air temperatures reach the freezing point. Summer snowfall in the ablation zone of the GrIS has a pronounced effect on melt rates, affecting modelled GrIS SMB in two ways. By covering relatively dark ice with highly reflective fresh snow, these summer snowfall have the potential to locally reduce melt rates in the ablation zone of the GrIS through a snow-albedo-melt feedback. At larger scales, SMB changes are driven by differences in orographic precipitation following a shift in large-scale circulation, in combination with enhanced moisture to precipitation conversion for warm to moderately cold conditions. A detailed comparison of model output with long-term observations from automatic weather stations and ablation stakes in west Greenland shows that the model update generally improves the simulated SMB-elevation gradient as well as the representation of the surface energy balance, although significant biases remain.
English-Language Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2010-2011
Authors: Tóth Gergely , Vasvári Louise O.
Published: February 2015

None.
Recordando a Benjamin Kohl
Authors: Fabricant Nicole , Canessa Andrew
Published: February 2015

[this is a literary essay and therefore does not have an abstract]
Preliminary pages / Páginas preliminares
Authors: Preliminary pages BSJ
Published: February 2015

Preliminary pages / Páginas preliminares
Convocatoria / Call for Papers Vol. 21, 2015
Authors: Convocatoria BSJ
Published: February 2015

Convocatoria / Call for Papers Vol. 21, 2015
“Los embrujos secretos del trópico”. Frontera amazónica y producción del espacio estatal en la obra cinematográfica de Jorge Ruiz
Authors: Pareja Roberto
Published: February 2015

This article studies the cinematography of Jorge Ruiz making use of the socio-spatial theory of Henri Lefebvre. It argues that his documentaries, ethnographic films and newsreels for the cinema constitute a discursive totality that presents aesthetically the production of the Bolivian state space during the twentieth century. From an audiovisual rhetoric that plays with notions of verticality, horizontality and centrality, Ruiz’s work locates Andean space as the focal point of state modernization and situates the Amazon basin at the margins of the state. It concludes that in making the Amazon region visible in the nation’s discourse this had the effect of displacing class antagonisms in favor of the conflict between center and regions.
Carlos Hugo Molina Saucedo. Andrés Ibáñez, un caudillo para el siglo XXI. La Comuna de Santa Cruz de la Sierra de 1876; Andrey Schelchkov. Andrés Ibáñez y la Revolución de la Igualdad en Santa Cruz: primer ensayo de federalismo en Bolivia, 1876-1877
Authors: Cunha Filho Clayton Mendonça
Published: February 2015

Carlos Hugo Molina Saucedo. Andrés Ibáñez, un caudillo para el siglo XXI. La Comuna de Santa Cruz de la Sierra de 1876Andrey Schelchkov. Andrés Ibáñez y la Revolución de la Igualdad en Santa Cruz: primer ensayo de federalismo en Bolivia, 1876-1877
A construção do Estado Plurinacional na Bolívia como tentativa de institucionalizar o abigarrado
Authors: Cunha Filho Clayton Mendonça
Published: February 2015

The objective of this work is to analyze the construction of the Plurinational State as an attempt to provide Bolivia with an institutional framework adequate for its particular reality, starting from its own indigenous models. I begin by examining the concept of abigarrada social formation coined by René Zavaleta to describe the Bolivian society and how that same concept positions itself in relation to Gino Germani’s theory of modernization and Dipesh Chakrabarty’s theoretical notions in describing the process of expansion from Capitalism in peripheral countries. Immediately following, I discuss the implications of that Bolivian abigarramiento in the construction of the Nation-State and its limitations in the country, after which I examine the proposal for the composition of the Plurinational State and conclude by discussing some of the practical implications that have arisen up to today for the new institutional experiment and its perspectives for consolidating the country.
Churata y la narrativa indigenista: del indigenismo ortodoxo hacia el metaindigenismo
Authors: Bosshard Marco Thomas
Published: February 2015

The present article analyses several indigenist texts by Gamaliel Churata ("El gamonal", "Tojjras" y El pez de oro), comparing these with themes in indigenist fiction written by authors such as Alcides Arguedas, Jorge Icaza, Ciro Alegría and José María Arguedas. It observes that Churata’s writing gives expression to a type of meta-indigenism that transcends orthodox indigenisms before these had been established.
Conexiones revolucionarias: repercusiones de la expropiación petrolera mexicana en Bolivia, 1938
Authors: Zuleta María Cecilia
Published: February 2015

This article deals with a relevant subject in Latin American historiography, that being the Mexican oil expropriation during the Lázaro Cárdenas government and provides original information as well as an innovative approach that goes beyond strictly national historiographies, with the intention of contributing both to Bolivian and Mexican history. The Mexican expropriation of 1938 reached a transnational dimension beyond its diplomatic implications; an experience perceived through quite different prisms in each Latin American country. How was the Mexican expropriation viewed in the Bolivian Andes? We have argued that in La Paz and Sucre, various sectors of the society read that expropriation through the filters of the conflict with Standard Oil of Bolivia and of the ideological and political debate surrounding the recently created YFPB. This nationalistic episode was charged with another meaning in adopting it to a Bolivian context, by simultaneously being in dialogue with the previous substratum of the reception to the Mexican revolution in the region, together with the particular Andean political, economic and diplomatic context. Reasons of national and international order explain the reactions in Bolivia when faced with the Mexican petroleum episode, as well as the perception of those reactions by the Mexican diplomatic corps.
Profile of Fluoride Release from a Nanohybrid Composite Resin
Authors: Assed Bezerra Silva Raquel , Ribeiro Santos Fernanda Regina , Cesar Cropanese Spadaro Augusto , Morseli Polizello Ana Cristina , De Rossi Andiara , Moreira Marilia Rodrigues , Nelson-Filho Paulo
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the amount and profile of fluoride release from a fluoride-containing nanohybrid composite resin (Tetric® N-Ceram) by direct potentiometry. Thirty specimens (5 mm diameter x 3 mm high; n=10/material) were made of Tetric® N-Ceram, Vitremer® resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (positive control) or Filtek® Z350 nanofill composite resin (negative control). The specimens were stored individually in plastic tubes containing 1 mL of artificial saliva at 37°C, which was daily renewed during 15 days. At each renewal of saliva, the amount of fluoride ions released in the solution was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode with ion analyzer, and the values obtained in mV were converted to ppm (µg/mL). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the resins Tetric® N-Ceram and Filtek® Z350 did not release significant amounts of fluoride during the whole period of evaluation (p>0.05). Only Vitremer® released significant amounts of fluoride ions during the 15 days of the experiment, with greater release in first 2 days (p<0.05) and stabilization in the subsequent days (p>0.05). In conclusion, the nanohybrid composite resin Tetric® N-Ceram did not present in vitro fluoride-releasing capacity throughout the 15 days of study.
Review: Both Sides of the Table: Autoethnographies of Educators Learning and Teaching With/In [Dis]ability by Phil Smith
Authors: Lukin Josh
Published: February 2015

Book review.
Speaking of Freedom: U.S. Multicultural Literature and Human Rights Talk In an Emerging Democracy
Authors: Levin Amy
Published: February 2015

It’s 100 degrees in Yangon (formerly Rangoon), and I am trying to explain to a student that when she analyzes irony in Hamlet in her MA thesis, she may want to consider politics and the ways in which Shakespeare commented both on Elizabethan England and the nature of power more generally. Ophelia doesn’t even come up in the conversation. I pause for a moment to adjust the feeble fan near my desk, imagining a Danish winter.  The potential parallels between the play and the political situation in my host country are glaringly obvious. Dare I say something? Is my student oblivious to this matter, or is she choosing to ignore it, knowing the fragility of human rights in the emerging democracy?In February 2013, I served as the first US Fulbright scholar in a Myanmar public university in almost thirty years. Our discipline was chosen for this venture because, according to the project overview, “American literature is not a sensitive subject with the Ministry of Education and thus a good idea.” Knowing it to be risky, I introduced Masters students and their faculty to recent US literature, focusing primarily on works by women and minorities beginning with the Civil Rights movement. My texts were selected from those I teach in my course on US women writers at home, but in Myanmar, they were discussed with predominantly female groups representing the many religious and ethnic groups within Myanmar.  On other occasions, I met with women from NGOs or participated in programs on Women’s Studies and issues such as human trafficking.The experience yielded multiple opportunities to reflect and theorize about the nature of global rights and reciprocity; I was able to compare how women in Myanmar and the US responded to concerns relevant to marginalized populations, even as I confronted issues arising from post-colonialism and male privilege daily.  Yet the most intriguing parts of the experience were the silences, evasions, and hesitations which constantly interrupted conversations about the opportunities for improving civil rights in the shift toward democracy.  Slowly, we were able to use literature to draw implicit parallels and open conversations about “sensitive topics” so that in the end, the experience was transformative for all of us. Adapting a line from a Naomi Shihab Nye poem, one of my students wrote, “Until you speak Myanmar, you will not understand freedom.” And she was right.My presentation will analyze how US multicultural women’s literature provided scaffolding for more extensive conversations about women and human rights, drawing on literary theory and student narratives as appropriate.
Review: High Schools, Race, and America’s Future: What Students Can Teach Us About Morality, Diversity, and Community by Lawrence Blum
Authors: Bell Sophie
Published: February 2015

Review of High Schools, Race, and America’s Future: What Students Can Teach Us About Morality, Diversity, and Community by Lawrence Blum
Teaching Cisneros in India: Post(?)colonial Parables
Authors: Dittmar Linda
Published: February 2015

Setting: As Fulbright grants put it, I was a “cultural ambassador” to India twice, 1994-95 and 2009-10, but what exactly does being a “cultural ambassador” mean?
Fishing
Authors: Legros Georges Danielle
Published: February 2015

A poem.
A Whole New World: Income Tax Considerations of the Bitcoin Economy
Authors: Akins Benjamin W. , Chapman Jennifer L. , Gordon Jason M.
Published: February 2015

A Whole New World:  Income Tax Considerations of the Bitcoin Economy
Do we need antiplatelet therapy in thrombocytosis? Pro
Authors: Alberio Lorenzo
Published: February 2015

Thrombocytosis (defined as platelets >450 × 109/l) has several aetiologies. After having excluded spurious thrombocytosis (e. g., due to microspherocytes, schistocytes, cryoglobulins, or bacteria), the differential diagnosis of true thrombocytosis encompasses secondary causes (as diverse as inflammation, infection, malignancy, iron deficiency, or asplenia), primary hereditary (rare forms of familial thrombocytosis) and primary acquired entities (either in the context of a myelodys-plastic syndrome or more frequently a myeloproliferative neoplasia). This manuscript addresses the following aspects: 1) diagnostic approach to thrombocytosis; 2) various mechanisms leading to a high platelet count; 3) potential of some of these mechanisms to modulate platelet function, producing hyper-reactive platelets and thus exerting a direct impact on the thrombotic risk; 4) indication of anti-thrombotic treatment in patients with thrombocytosis. There is a single prospective randomized clinical trial showing the benefit of acetyl-salicylic acid in polycythaemia vera. For other types of primary thrombocytosis and for secondary forms, treatment decisions have to be individualized according to the patient thrombotic and bleeding risks, taking into account the mechanism causing thrombocytosis. This manuscript discusses experimental and clinical data suggesting that besides patients with essential thrombocythaemia and other forms of primary thrombocytosis also those with thrombocytosis in the context of chronic inflammation, malignancy, or exposure to high altitude might benefit from anti-platelet treatment.
Tien jaar Verordening (EG) nr. 1/2003: een succesverhaal zonder meer?
Authors: Parret Laura , van der Wal Gerard
Published: February 2015

Tien jaar Verordening (EG) nr. 1/2003: een succesverhaal zonder meer?

De auteurs bespreken enkele vernieuwingen van Verordening (EG) nr. 1/2003. In deze bijdrage concentreren zij zich op de decentralisatieaspecten: de invoering van de wettelijke uitzondering en de positie van de rechter enerzijds, en de mechanismen van samenwerking met nationale autoriteiten anderzijds. Bij de bespreking wordt geen exhaustief overzicht nagestreefd maar wordt een stand van zaken opgemaakt in het licht van de zorgen die bij de inwerkingtreding van de verordening werden geuit en de doelstellingen die destijds werden geformuleerd.
EU-burgerschap en de vrees voor sociaal toerisme: de zaak Dano
Authors: Pennings F.J.L.
Published: February 2015

In het arrest Dano is de vraag aan de orde of een Duitse basiswerkloosheidsuitkering mag worden geweigerd aan een Roemeense die in Duitsland verblijft, maar niet naar werk zoekt. De uitkering betreft een bijzondere non-contributieve uitkering in de zin van de Coördinatieverordening sociale zekerheid, en is daarom geen bijstandsuitkering. Het Hof van Justitie oordeelt dat de uitkering echter toch als bijstandsuitkering in de zin van Richtlijn 2004/38/EG mag worden gezien. Gelet op de daarin opgenomen bepalingen zijn de gelijkebehandelingsbepaling van de richtlijn en de Coördinatieverordening niet van toepassing. Dat betekent dat in dat geval een uitkering geweigerd mag worden.

HvJ 11 november 2014, zaak C-333/13, Dano, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2358
When the Well Runs Dry: The Slow Train Wreck of Global Water Scarcity
Authors: Patrick Roger
Published: February 2015

Water scarcity is a growing issue worldwide and has many contributing factors, the most significant of which is the overuse of groundwater in irrigated agriculture. It is important to act now to progressively bring water demand and supply into balance in order to secure water supply for the future.
One Water: The Need for More Holistic Thinking, Analysis, and Policymaking in Water
Authors: Maxwell Steve
Published: February 2015

Most of us in the water industry, and beyond, have tended to instinctively talk about different “kinds” of water ‐ drinking water or wastewater, groundwater versus surface water, seawater versus freshwater, rainwater, stormwater, and so on. This is how most of us in the premillennial generation have been brought up and been trained to think: that different kinds of water require different analytical approaches; different types of expertise and educational background; and different intellectual, policy, legal, or technological solutions. Over the past few years, there has been a dawning realization that this type of thinking is no longer sufficient for the times; it is no longer an appropriate lens through which to view the industry.
The Many Faces of DPR in Texas
Authors: Steinle‐Darling Eva
Published: February 2015

In a world where high‐quality water resources are becoming increasingly scarce, developing safe new measures for keeping up with soaring water demand is of paramount importance. One such option is to recycle water by treating wastewater to a standard that is suitable for drinking, a practice known as potable reuse. Several categories of potable reuse can be defined, including direct potable reuse, indirect potable reuse, and de facto potable reuse. De facto potable reuse represents the most common of the three forms.
Episodic tremor and slip near the Japan Trench prior to the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Hino Ryota , Suzuki Syuichi , Kaneda Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2015

Change in the rates of aseismic deformation prior to large earthquakes is a major area of interest in earthquake physics. Here we present evidence that episodic tremor and slip occurred in the shallow subduction zone within the source region of the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake prior to the main shock. Ocean bottom seismometers near the Japan Trench recorded some excitations in amplitude of ambient noise level accompanying both the 2008 and 2011 slow slip events. The observed signals show that low frequencies of 5–8 Hz dominated, suggesting that the excitations were due to small low‐frequency tremors accompanying the slow slip events. The largest amplitude tremor was observed just before the 2011 event. The estimated sources of tremors were possibly distributed within the coseismic slip area of the 2011 event, suggesting the shallow plate‐boundary thrust near the trench is a general location of slow earthquakes.
Ion acceleration processes in magnetic reconnection: Geotail observations in the magnetotail
Authors: Nagai T. , Shinohara I. , Zenitani S.
Published: February 2015

Ion outflow formation processes in magnetic reconnection are investigated on the basis of 3‐D ion velocity distribution function observations for magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail with the spacecraft Geotail. Ion acceleration processes up to 40 keV can be divided into two types, and these two types consist of two‐step processes. The first type is found close to the X line in the central part of the ion‐electron decoupling region of magnetic reconnection where an intense crosstail current layer exists and electrons make high‐speed outflow jets. In this region, inflowing ions and ions making the meandering motion coexist. Ions are accelerated up to ~10 keV in the north–south direction during the inflowing process, and then they are accelerated farther by the reconnection electric field in the duskward direction. The second type is found far from the X line in the outer parts of the ion‐electron decoupling region of magnetic reconnection. In this region, the Hall current loops are formed and the inflowing Hall electrons exist near the separatrix layers. Ions are accelerated and make the dawnward motion inside the Hall current loop in the inflowing process, and then they are farther accelerated to form tailward and earthward outflows. In this region, significant amount of ions is supplied as inflows, and outflows containing ions in the wide energy range (5–40 keV) are formed. Hence, both the north–south (vertical) electric field, which is probably the Hall electric field, and the duskward reconnection electric field operate ion acceleration processes for magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail.
Improving climate model simulation of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature: The importance of enhanced vertical atmosphere model resolution
Authors: Harlaß Jan , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun
Published: February 2015

A long‐standing problem in climate modeling is the inaccurate simulation of tropical Atlantic (TA) sea surface temperature (SST), known as the TA SST bias. It has far‐reaching consequences for climate prediction in that area as it goes along, among others, with erroneous precipitation patterns. We show that the TA SST bias can be largely reduced by increasing both the atmospheric horizontal and vertical resolutions in a climate model. At high horizontal resolution, enhanced vertical resolution is indispensable to substantially improve the simulation of TA SST by enhancing surface wind stress. This also reduces biases in the upper ocean thermal structure and precipitation patterns. Although, enhanced horizontal resolution alone leads to some improvement in the mean climate, typical bias patterns characterized by a reversed zonal SST gradient at the equator and too warm SST in the Benguela upwelling region are mostly unchanged at a coarser vertical resolution.
Overview and new results in disturbance observer based adaptive vibration rejection with application to advanced manufacturing
Authors: Chen Xu , Tomizuka Masayoshi
Published: February 2015

Vibrations with unknown and/or time‐varying frequencies significantly affect the achievable performance of control systems, particularly in precision engineering and manufacturing applications. This paper provides an overview of disturbance‐observer‐based adaptive vibration rejection schemes; studies several new results in algorithm design; and discusses new applications in semiconductor manufacturing. We show the construction of inverse‐model‐based controller parameterization and discuss its benefits in decoupled design, algorithm tuning, and parameter adaptation. Also studied are the formulation of recursive least squares and output‐error‐based adaptation algorithms, as well as their corresponding scopes of applications. Experiments on a wafer scanner testbed in semiconductor manufacturing prove the effectiveness of the algorithm in high‐precision motion control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping Group IIB Metal Ions into Quantum Dot Shells via the One‐Pot Decomposition of Metal‐Dithiocarbamates
Authors: Bear Joseph C. , Hollingsworth Nathan , Roffey Anna , McNaughter Paul D. , Mayes Andrew G. , Macdonald Thomas J. , Nann Thomas , Ng Wing H. , Kenyon Anthony J. , Hogarth Graeme , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: February 2015

Almost half of solar energy reaching the Earth is in the infrared, and for solar cells, IR absorbing/emitting quantum dots are highly effective photovoltaic materials. As a possible approach to generating such materials, an investigation into the incorporation of group IIB metal ions during the shelling of II–VI and III–V semiconductor core/shell quantum dots is presented. Quantum dot shells consist of ZnS and an additional metal sulphide, obtained from the decomposition of metal dithiocarbamate single‐source precursors. Resultant quantum dots are characterized and interrogated using transmission electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, time‐of‐flight‐secondary ion mass spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, photoluminescence emission and lifetime spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that on incorporation of an additional metal sulphide during shelling, photoluminescence properties change dramatically according to the element and indeed, its concentration. Tunable infrared emission is achieved for Hg addition, thus a one‐pot method for the synthesis of infrared emitting quantum dots from visible luminescent cores is hereby developed.
Silver‐Nitrite‐Assisted In Situ Diazotization Reaction: Cross‐Coupling of Anilines with Arylboronic Acids at Room Temperature
Authors: Gowrisankar Saravanan , Seayad Jayasree
Published: February 2015

A Pd‐catalyzed, convenient, and simple one‐pot method for the preparation of unsymmetrical biaryls from anilines is established via an in situ diazotization reaction using silver nitrite (AgONO) as an alternative nitrosating reagent. The protocol works under ligand‐ and base‐free conditions at room temperature and tolerates a variety of functionalized anilines and arylboronic acids leading to the corresponding biaryl products in moderate to good yields.
Do nuclear DNA and dental nonmetric data produce similar reconstructions of regional population history? An example from modern coastal Kenya
Authors: Hubbard Amelia R. , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Irish Joel D.
Published: February 2015

This study investigates whether variants in dental morphology and nuclear DNA provide similar patterns of intergroup affinity among regional populations using biological distance (biodistance) estimates. Many biodistance studies of archaeological populations use skeletal variants in lieu of ancient DNA, based on the widely accepted assumption of a strong correlation between phenetic‐ and genetic‐based affinities. Within studies of dental morphology, this assumption has been well supported by research on a global scale but remains unconfirmed at a more geographically restricted scale. Paired genetic (42 microsatellite loci) and dental (nine crown morphology traits) data were collected from 295 individuals among four contemporary Kenyan populations, two of which are known ethnically as “Swahili” and two as “Taita;” all have well‐documented population histories. The results indicate that biodistances based on genetic data are correlated with those obtained from dental morphology. Specifically, both distance matrices indicate that the closest affinities are between population samples within each ethnic group. Both also identify greater divergence among samples from the different ethnic groups. However, for this particular study the genetic data may provide finer resolution at detecting overall among‐population relationships. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:295–304, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From the ground up: Integrative research in primate locomotion
Authors: Nalley Thierra K. , Lewton Kristi L.
Published: February 2015

Primate locomotor adaptation and evolution is a principal and thriving area of research by biological anthropologists. Research in this field generally targets hypotheses regarding locomotor kinetics and kinematics, form–function associations in both the soft and hard tissue components of the musculoskeletal system, and reconstructing locomotor behavior in fossil primates. A wide array of methodological approaches is used to address adaptive hypotheses in all of these realms. Recent advances in three‐dimensional shape capture, musculoskeletal physiological measurements, and analytical processing technologies (e.g., laser and CT‐scans, 3D motion analysis systems, finite element analysis) have facilitated the collection and analysis of larger and more complex locomotor datasets than previously possible. With these advances in technology, new methods of form–function analyses can be developed to produce a more thorough understanding of how form reflects an organism's mechanical requirements, how shape is influenced by external environmental factors, and how these investigations of living taxa can inform questions of primate paleobiology. The papers in this special section of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology present research that builds on that foundation, by combining new data on living primates and new methodologies and approaches to answer a range of questions on extant and extinct primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:495–497, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ablating N‐acetylaspartate prevents leukodystrophy in a Canavan disease model
Authors: Guo Fuzheng , Bannerman Peter , Mills Ko Emily , Miers Laird , Xu Jie , Burns Travis , Li Shuo , Freeman Ernest , McDonough Jennifer A. , Pleasure David
Published: February 2015

Canavan disease is caused by inactivating ASPA (aspartoacylase) mutations that prevent cleavage of N‐acetyl‐L‐aspartate (NAA), resulting in marked elevations in central nervous system (CNS) NAA and progressively worsening leukodystrophy. We now report that ablating NAA synthesis by constitutive genetic disruption of Nat8l (N‐acetyltransferase‐8 like) permits normal CNS myelination and prevents leukodystrophy in a murine Canavan disease model. Ann Neurol 2015;77:884–888
Multi‐responsive microgel of a water‐soluble monomer via emulsion polymerization
Authors: Tuncer Cansel , Samav Yasemin , Ülker Damla , Baker Serife Betül , Bütün Vural
Published: February 2015

Microgel of a water‐soluble monomer [2‐(N‐morpholino)ethyl methacrylate (MEMA)] was successfully prepared in aqueous media via emulsion polymerization by using a novel water‐soluble block copolymer as stabilizer. Characterization studies confirmed monodisperse spherical morphologies of microgels with a diameter of 280 nm at neutral pH. These microgels exhibited multi‐responsive behavior by responding solution pH, temperature, ionic strength, type of dispersing media, and magnetic particles. It swells well at low pH (<6.0) and at low temperature, but shrinks above pH 6.0, or even more shrinks with salt addition at neutral and basic conditions. In addition, the hydrodynamic diameter of PMEMA microgel was decreased gradually at basic and neutral pH when solution temperature was increased up to the lower critical solution temperature of PMEMA (LCST, 35°C), but microgel diameter did not change much above LCST. Multi‐responsive behavior of PMEMA microgel was investigated by using dynamic light scattering, UV‐Vis spectrophotometer and zeta potentiometer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42072.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children with congenital anomalies: A population‐based record linkage study
Authors: Salotti Jane A. , Tennant Peter W.G. , Windebank Kevin , Rankin Judith
Published: February 2015

Background

The etiology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), a rare cancer‐like disorder of the immune system, is largely unknown although a genetic component has been suggested based on familial cases, and reports of chromosome instability and genetic mutation. Associations between various cancers and congenital anomalies have been reported and although congenital anomalies have been noted in children with LCH only one study to date has reported their frequency. An association between congenital anomalies and LCH may suggest a common etiological pathway, in particular, a genetic pathway.

Methods

Data from two coterminous registries in the same geographic region were used. All cases of LCH on the Northern Region Young Persons Malignant Disease Register diagnosed between 1985 and 2010 were cross‐matched with live‐born cases of congenital anomaly registered by the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey.

Results

A total of 819,890 children and young people were born during 1985 to 2008. Of these, 13,799 (1.7%) had a congenital anomaly and 39 (0.005%) were diagnosed with LCH. Three LCH cases were identified among those with congenital anomalies, all three of whom had congenital heart disease. The relative risk of LCH for those with a congenital anomaly, compared with those without, was 4.87 (95% confidence interval, 1.50–15.81; p = 0.03).

Conclusion

LCH was associated with congenital anomaly in a small but statistically significant number of patients, raising the possibility of a common genetic pathway in some cases. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:157–160, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of internal herniation after gastric bypass surgery
Authors: Geubbels N , Lijftogt N , Fiocco M , van Leersum N J , Wouters M W J M , de Brauw L M
Published: February 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to provide a systematic and quantitative summary of the association between laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and the reported incidence of internal herniation (IH). The route of the Roux limb and closure of mesenteric and/or mesocolonic defects are described as factors of influence.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature, references and citations according to the PRISMA statement. Two independent reviewers selected studies that evaluated incidence of IH after LRYGB and possible techniques for prevention. Data were pooled by route of the Roux limb and closure/non-closure of the mesenteric and/or mesocolonic defects.

Results

Forty-five articles included data on 31 320 patients. Lowest IH incidence was in the antecolic group, with closure of all defects (1 per cent; P < 0·001), followed by the antecolic group, with all defects left open and the retrocolic group with closure of the mesenteric and mesocolonic defect (both 2 per cent; P < 0·001). The incidence of IH was highest in the antecolic group, with closure of the jejunal defect, and in the retrocolic group, with closure of all defects (both 3 per cent).

Conclusion

The present systematic review includes a random-effects meta-analysis. The antecolic procedure, with closure of both the mesenteric and Petersen defects, has the lowest internal herniation incidence following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and predicted 3-year survival in treatment planning for frail patients with early breast cancer
Authors: Stotter A , Reed M W , Gray L J , Moore N , Robinson T G
Published: February 2015

Background

Endocrine therapy alone has been a popular treatment for oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in elderly patients, although it may be inadequate in those surviving more than 2–3 years. The aim of this study was to estimate 3-year survival in frail patients with early breast cancer, to inform treatment decisions.

Methods

A risk score was created to estimate 3-year survival in individual patients using data from patients who had Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in a specialist clinic before decisions about their breast cancer treatment were made. The data were analysed using logistic regression.

Results

Ninety-seven (29·6 per cent) of the 328 patients had died by 3 years. Four components of the assessment proved strongly associated with survival: Mini Mental State Examination, Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living, instrumental Activities of Daily Living and American Association of Anesthesiologists fitness grade. The derived CGA risk score gave an adequate level of discrimination and calibration, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0·75 (95 per cent c.i. 0·67 to 0·82) (Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic χ2 = 7·9, P = 0·448).

Conclusion

Detailed assessment can allow prediction of survival probability in frail elderly patients. Good scores indicate good survival prospects and a likely benefit from surgery; poor scores are associated with reduced survival, although with wide variation. CGA is recommended before making decisions on best treatment.
Physician Beliefs about Physical and Mental Competency of Patients Applying for Concealed Weapon Permits
Authors: Goldstein Adam O. , Viera Anthony J. , Pierson John , Barnhouse Kathy K. , Tulsky James A. , Richman Barak D.
Published: February 2015

Law enforcement officials have asked health care providers to evaluate patient applications for concealed weapon permits. The current study was designed to examine physician beliefs regarding competency to carry a concealed weapon for patients with specific physical and mental conditions. Among 222 North Carolina physicians who participated in this survey (40% response rate), large variation and uncertainty existed for determining competency. Physicians most frequently chose mild dementia, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and recent depression as conditions that would render a patient not competent to carry a concealed weapon. Male physicians and those owning a gun were more likely to deem a patient competent. Almost a third of physicians were unsure about competence for most conditions. Physicians asked to assess competency of patients to carry a concealed weapon have quite disparate views on competency and little confidence in their decisions. If physicians are expected to assess patient competence to carry a concealed weapon, more objective criteria and training are needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐year results of a low‐dose drug‐coated balloon for revascularization of the femoropopliteal artery: Outcomes from the ILLUMENATE first‐in‐human study
Authors: Schroeder Henrik , Meyer Dirk‐Roelfs , Lux Beata , Ruecker Ferdinand , Martorana Marcello , Duda Stephan
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To assess the safety and effectiveness of the Stellarex™ drug‐coated angioplasty balloon (DCB) to inhibit restenosis in the superficial femoral and/or popliteal artery.

Background

Treatment of peripheral arterial disease is challenged by restenosis, requiring revascularization procedures to maintain patency. DCBs are designed to deliver an anti‐proliferative drug to the vessel wall to diminish smooth muscle cell proliferation and maintain patency.

Methods

This prospective, single‐arm, multicenter study enrolled 50 patients with 58 lesions in the first cohort that required pre‐dilatation with an uncoated angioplasty balloon prior to inflation of the DCB. The primary effectiveness endpoint was 6‐month late lumen loss (LLL). The major secondary endpoint was major adverse event (MAE) rate at 6 months, defined as cardiovascular death, amputation, and/or ischemia‐driven target lesion revascularization.

Results

The mean lesion length was 7.2 cm and baseline stenosis was 75.1%. Calcification was present in 62.1% of lesions and 12.1% were occluded. Both endpoints met their prespecified performance goals; at 6 months, the MAE rate was 4% and the mean LLL was 0.54 mm. The primary patency rate was 89.5% at 12 months and 80.3% at 24 months. The freedom from clinically‐driven target lesion revascularization rate, per Kaplan‐Meier estimate, was 90.0% at 12 months and 85.8% at 24 months. Additionally, there were no amputations or cardiovascular deaths reported through 24 months.

Conclusions

The Stellarex DCB provides safe and durable clinical outcomes for treatment of femoropopliteal artery disease through 24 months. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.