bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transferrable, Large‐area and Highly Conductive PEDOT : PSS Film and Its Application for Flexible Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Kyaw Aung Ko Ko , Li Chang'an , Wong Grayson Dao Hwee , Tam Teck Lip Dexter , Ouyang Jianyong , Wang Xizu , Zhu Qiang , Suwardi Ady , Xu Jianwei
Published: November 2022

A facile method was demonstrated to prepare large‐area (∼100 cm2), conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT : PSS) dense film via post‐treatment with sulfuric acid at 160 °C on a glass substrate. This PEDOT : PSS dense films exhibited a high electrical conductivity of up to 1800 S cm−1 without significantly compromising with the high humidity level, and could be easily transferred onto various flexible substrates such as plastics and paper with excellent adhesion. The conductive PEDOT : PSS dense films can be made a flexible and foldable thermoelectric module, showing an output voltage of 2.2 mV at ΔT=26 K. On the other hand, PEDOT : PSS thin films, which were prepared using a similar method, could be transferred onto the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and suitable to serve as flexible transparent electrodes for optoelectronic devices. Our simple method would hold great promise for scalability and mass production of large‐area, freestanding and conductive PEDOT : PSS polymer film for a variety of applications.
Metaheuristic optimization based feature subset selection with deep belief network for stress prediction in working employees
Authors: Swaminathan Anitha , Muthuraman Vanitha
Published: November 2022

Stress is a physiological response to mental, emotional, or other physical challenges that humans face in real time situations, particularly in working environment. In recent times, there is a considerable increase in work related stress among working employees. The conventional stress assessment approaches are only based on self‐reported questionnaires that are subjective and could not offer instant details regarding the person's condition. So, continual observation of stress using the recent technologies can be used to effectively comprehend the stress patterns and offer better understandings about probable future involvements. So, the advent of deep learning (DL) models assists the stress prediction process to understand the patterns effectively and offer effective perceptions about possible future interventions. In this view, this article presents a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) based feature selection with deep belief network (DBN) model, named GSAFS‐DBN to predict stress among working employees. The proposed GSAFS‐DBN model aims to predict the stress level by the selection of features and optimal classification process. In addition, the GSAFS‐DBN technique involves the design of GSA based feature selection technique to choose an optimal subset of features. Moreover, DBN model is employed for the classification process to determine the proper class labels. Furthermore, Adamax optimization algorithm is applied to improve the training process of the DBN model. The effectiveness of the proposed model is examined using an own stress prediction dataset with 1197 samples of employees gathered from schools, banks, and universities and so forth. A detailed comparison study is implemented to highlight the enhanced predictive performance of the GSAFS‐DBN approach in terms of different evaluation measures like sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, F‐score.
Ethical Frameworks for Disclosure of Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers to Research Participants: Conflicting Norms and a Nuanced Policy
Authors: Bunnik Eline M. , Smedinga Marthe , Milne Richard , Georges Jean , Richard Edo , Schermer Maartje H. N.
Published: November 2022

More and more frequently, clinical trials for Alzheimer disease (AD) are targeting cognitively unimpaired individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. It is not always clear whether AD biomarker information should be disclosed to research participants: on the one hand, research participants may be interested in learning this information because of its perceived utility, but on the other hand, learning this information may be harmful, as there are very few effective preventive or therapeutic options available for AD. In this article, we bring together three separate sets of ethical guidance literature: on the return of individual research results, on an individual's right to access personal data, and on transparent enrollment into clinical trials. Based on these literatures, we suggest policies for the disclosure of AD biomarker test results in longitudinal observational cohort studies, clinical trials, and hybrid research projects, such as the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) project, in which we served as an ethics team. We also present and critically discuss recommendations for disclosure of AD biomarkers in practice. We underscore that, as long as the clinical validity of AD biomarkers remains limited, there are good reasons to avoid actively disclosing them to cognitively unimpaired research participants.
Demonstration Project: Transitioning a Research Network to New Single IRB Platforms
Authors: Burr Jeri S. , Johnson Ann , Risenmay Annie , Bisping Stephanie , Serdoz Emily S. , Coleman Whit , Sward Katherine A. , Rothwell Erin , Dean J. Michael
Published: November 2022

Since the 2016 National Institutes of Health (NIH) mandate to use a single IRB (sIRB) in multicenter research, institutions have struggled to operationalize the process. In this demonstration project, the University of Utah Trial Innovation Center assisted the Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network to transition from using individually negotiated reliance agreements and paper‐based documentation to a new sIRB master agreement and an informatics platform to capture reliance documentation. Lessons learned that can guide other academic institutions and IRBs as they operationalize sIRBs included the need for sites to understand what type of engagement or reliance is required and their need to understand the difference between reliance and activation. Requirements around local review remain poorly understood. Further research is needed to determine approaches that can achieve the NIH vision of reviews becoming more efficient and improving study start‐up times, relieving administrative burden while advancing human research protections.
Isostructural Family of Rare‐Earth MOFs Synthesized from 1,1,2,2‐Tetrakis(4‐phosphonophenyl)ethylene
Authors: Steinke Felix , Otto Tobias , Ito Sho , Wöhlbrandt Stephan , Stock Norbert
Published: November 2022

The tetraphosphonic acid 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(4‐phosphonophenyl)ethylene (H8L) was used as linker in the synthesis of eight new isostructural, phosphonate‐based metal‐organic frameworks of composition [M2(H2O)2(H2L)] ⋅ xH2O (M=Y3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, Lu3+; 1.5<x<4), denoted as M‐CAU‐34. The compounds were synthesized under hydrothermal reaction conditions, using the corresponding metal nitrates as starting materials. The determination of the crystal structure was achieved by a combination of electron and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) data. In addition, a thorough characterization by thermogravimetric and elemental analysis, IR‐ and Raman‐spectroscopy as well as H2O‐sorption is given.
The role of post‐trauma stress symptoms in the development of chronic musculoskeletal pain and disability: A systematic review
Authors: Jadhakhan Ferozkhan , Evans David W. , Falla Deborah
Published: November 2022

Background and Objective

Traumatic injuries are amongst the leading causes of death and disability in the world across all age groups. This systematic review aimed to (1) describe the role of post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) on the development of chronic pain and/or pain‐related disability following musculoskeletal trauma and (2) report pain and or pain‐related disability by injury severity/type.

Database and Data Treatment

Electronic databases were searched, from inception to 31 November 2021 and updated on 10 May 2022, to identify studies in which: participants were adults aged ≥16 years sustaining any traumatic event that resulted in one or more musculoskeletal injuries; an outcome measure of PTSS was used within 3 months of a traumatic event; the presence of pain and/or pain‐related disability was recorded at a follow‐up of 3 months or more. Two reviewers independently screened papers and assessed the quality of included studies.

Results

Eight studies were included. Owing to between‐study heterogeneity, the results were synthesized using a narrative approach. Five studies investigated the relationship between PTSS and pain. Participants with PTSS were more likely to develop persistent pain for at least 12 months post‐injury. Six studies assessed the relationship between PTSS and pain‐related disability. The results suggest that patients with PTSS had significantly higher disability levels for at least 12 months post‐injury.

Conclusion

Findings from this comprehensive systematic review support a clear relationship between PTSS post‐injury and future pain/disability, with the potential importance of certain PTSS clusters (hyper‐arousal and numbing).

Significance

The findings of this systematic review indicate an association between PTSS reported within 3 months of a traumatic musculoskeletal injury and the development of longer‐term pain and disability. The PTSS clusters of ‘hyper‐arousal’ and ‘numbing’ appear to be of particular importance in this relationship.

Prospero Registration Number

CRD42021285243.
Co‐mutation landscape and clinical significance of RAS pathway related gene mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Ren Yanling , Lang Wei , Mei Chen , Luo Yingwan , Ye Li , Wang Lu , Zhou Xinping , Xu Gaixiang , Ma Liya , Jin Jie , Tong Hongyan
Published: November 2022

Single gene mutations in the RAS pathway are uncommon and of unknown significance in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients, RAS pathway‐related gene mutations (RASwaymut) as a whole may be significant and require further elucidation. The clinical and molecular data of 370 MDS patients who were newly diagnosed between 1 November 2016 and 31 August 2020 in our hospital were collected and retrospectively reviewed. RASwaymut were detected in 57 (15.41%) patients. Higher median percentage of marrow blasts (2% vs. 1%, P = 0.00), more co‐mutated genes (4, interquartile range [IQR]: 2–5. vs. 2, IQR:1–4, P = 0.00), more higher risk patients according to international prognostic scoring system‐revised (IPSS‐R) (80.70% vs. 59.11%, P = 0.002) as well as higher acute myeloid leukemia transformation rate (35.09% vs. 14.38%, P = 0.02) were observed in patients with RASwaymut when compared to those with wild type RAS pathway‐related genes (RASwaywt). The most frequent co‐mutated genes were ASXL1 (28.6%), TET2 (23.2%), U2AF1, RUNX1, TP53 (14.3%); DNMT3A (12.5%), among which ASXL1 mutation rate were significantly higher than those with RASwaywt (p < 0.05). RASwaymut had no significant effect on response to disease‐modifying treatment in MDS patients. However, Overall survivals (OS) of RASwaymut patients were significantly shorter than those with RASwaywt (16.05 m. vs. 92.3 m, P = 0.00), especially in patients with marrow blasts less than 5% (P = 0.002), normal karyotype (P = 0.01) and lower risk (P = 0.00). While multivariate prognostic analysis showed that RASwaymut co‐mutated with TET2 was an independent poor prognostic factor for all MDS patients (P = 0.00, hazrad ratio [HR] = 4.77 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4–9.51) and RASwaymut patients (P = 0.02, HR 2.76, 95% CI 1.21–6.29). In conclusion, RASwaymut was associated with higher IPSS‐R risk, higher incidence of leukemic transformation thus shorter OS in MDS patients, it could be viewed as a whole to predict poor prognosis. Co‐mutation with TET2 may promote disease progression and was an independent poor prognostic factor in MDS patients.
Spatiotemporal tracking of small extracellular vesicle nanotopology in response to physicochemical stresses revealed by HS‐AFM
Authors: Sajidah Elma Sakinatus , Lim Keesiang , Yamano Tomoyoshi , Nishide Goro , Qiu Yujia , Yoshida Takeshi , Wang Hanbo , Kobayashi Akiko , Hazawa Masaharu , Dewi Firli R. P. , Hanayama Rikinari , Ando Toshio , Wong Richard W.
Published: November 2022

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) play a crucial role in local and distant cell communication. The intrinsic properties of sEVs make them compatible biomaterials for drug delivery, vaccines, and theranostic nanoparticles. Although sEV proteomics have been robustly studied, a direct instantaneous assessment of sEV structure dynamics remains difficult. Here, we use the high‐speed atomic force microscopy (HS‐AFM) to evaluate nanotopological changes of sEVs with respect to different physicochemical stresses including thermal stress, pH, and osmotic stress. The sEV structure is severely altered at high‐temperature, high‐pH, or hypertonic conditions. Surprisingly, the spherical shape of the sEVs is maintained in acidic or hypotonic environments. Real‐time observation by HS‐AFM imaging reveals an irreversible structural change in the sEVs during transition of pH or osmolarity. HS‐AFM imaging provides both qualitative and quantitative data at high spatiotemporal resolution (nanoscopic and millisecond levels). In summary, our study demonstrates the feasibility of HS‐AFM for structural characterization and assessment of nanoparticles.
産褥期に肺血栓塞栓とともに発症した特発性冠動脈解離の1例(Spontaneous coronary artery dissection with pulmonary thromboembolism during puerperium)
Authors: 大祐 小林 , 嘉尚 越田
Published: November 2022

31歳の女性で双胎妊娠切迫早産の診断のもと，約4か月の間，安静加療が続けられていた。妊娠36週目に無症候性に，1児の胎児死亡が認められ，緊急帝王切開術となった。術後2日目，呼吸苦と咽頭部の閉塞感を訴え，胸部造影CT検査の結果，肺血栓塞栓症が認められた。精査加療目的でICU入室となったが，12誘導心電図で広範囲誘導のST上昇と，心エコー図検査で心尖部を中心とした無収縮が認められ急性冠症候群が疑われた。右心負荷所見はなく，肺血栓塞栓症は長期安静の結果，慢性的に生じたものと推測され否定的であった。一方，手術侵襲や胎児死亡による身体的・精神的ストレスの影響から，たこつぼ症候群も疑われた。緊急冠動脈造影検査の結果，seg.7に解離による100%閉塞病変が認められ，特発性冠動脈解離と診断された。冠動脈形成術となり，解離遠位端にre–entryが作成され偽腔の血腫が吸引されたことで，血流の改善が得られた。基礎疾患のない妊産婦における産褥期の重篤な疾患として，肺血栓塞栓症の診断がなされたときも，特発性冠動脈解離を常に鑑別に考え，背景疾患や病態に応じて集学的に対処することが求められる。
下肢ガス壊疽を生じた盲腸癌による後腹膜穿通の1例(A case of retroperitoneal perforation due to colon cancer with gas gangrene)
Authors: 貴広 池下 , 優太郎 須藤 , 弘毅 清水 , 雄司 藤田 , 紀雄 秋山
Published: November 2022

症例は75歳女性。右下腿の疼痛，発赤を主訴に近医受診しcomputed tomography（CT）検査を施行され，右後腹膜膿瘍および右下腿蜂窩織炎の診断で当院に救急搬送された。来院時，右鼠径部から下腿にかけて握雪感を伴う発赤および疼痛を認めたが，腹部所見は認めなかった。造影CTでは回盲部に腫瘍性病変を認め，腫瘍から連続し右腸腰筋周囲から下腿までガスを伴う膿瘍形成を認めた。盲腸癌の後腹膜穿通による下肢ガス壊疽の診断で同日緊急手術を行った。術中，結腸回盲部に腫瘤性病変を認めた。後腹膜への癒着が強く，剥離すると腫瘍は自壊し後腹膜側に穿通しており，腸腰筋周囲に多量の便を認めた。回盲部切除および右鼠径部，右大腿，右下腿のドレナージ術も同時に行った。術後3度の右下肢のデブリードマンを要した。その後縫合不全などの合併症なく，第79病日に退院となった。稀ではあるが，下肢ガス壊疽の原因として癌による後腹膜腔への穿通も考慮する必要がある。
The Embodied Journey of an Idea: An Exploration of Movement Creativity in Circus Arts
Authors: Richard Veronique , Glăveanu Vlad , Aubertin Patrice
Published: November 2022

Knowledge about embodied creativity is in its infancy. In circus arts, performers are nowadays ‘owning’ their creativity making this performance domain fruitful to study embodied creativity. Building on socio‐cultural creativity perspectives and radical embodied cognitive sciences, the current study aimed at exploring movement creativity by tracking the journey of embodied ideas in a Circus School. Specifically, this research questioned how the interactions between actors, audiences, affordances, and actions support the emergence and evolution of movement ideas. A narrative ethnographic research design, gathering process observationsin situ, was used to scrutinize the movement ideas generated by student‐artists, teachers, and artistic advisors over a 4‐month period. Reflexive thematic analysis led to the design of an exhaustive mapping which illustrates the key findings. Namely, the journey of an embodied idea is influenced by stimulating spaces and collaborative socio‐cultural environment which ignite the actors' desire to create. This desire, in turn, unfolds into multiple ideational pathways paved with research strategies (e.g., improvisation, constraints, variability) and emotions (i.e., pleasant and unpleasant). Embodied ideas then go through an assessment process leading (or not) to its growth. Results are discussed in light of embodied, pedagogical, and emotional considerations offering an alternative to the conceptualization of idea.
Asymptotic stability of nonlinear diffusion waves for the bipolar quantum Euler–Poisson system with time‐dependent damping
Authors: Wu Qiwei , Hou Xiaofeng
Published: November 2022

We shall investigate the asymptotic behavior of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the one‐dimensional bipolar quantum Euler–Poisson system with time‐dependent damping effects
for
. Applying the technical time‐weighted energy method, we prove that the classical solutions to the Cauchy problem exist uniquely and globally, and time‐algebraically converge to the nonlinear diffusion wave.
A singularly perturbed vector‐bias malaria model incorporating bed net control
Authors: Salman Sanaa Moussa
Published: November 2022

A malaria transmission disease model with host selectivity and insecticide‐treated bed nets (ITNs), as an intervention for controlling the disease, is formulated. Since the vector is an insect, the vector time scale is faster than the host time scale. This leads to a singularly perturbed model with two distinctive intrinsic time scales, two‐slow for the host and one‐fast for the vector. The basic reproduction number
is calculated, and the local stability analysis is performed at equilibria of the model when the perturbation parameter
. The model is analyzed when
using asymptotic expansions technique. The results show that if over 30% of humans use ITNs, then
can be reduced below 1, and hence, malaria disease can be eliminated. In addition, the dynamics on the slow surface indicate that the infected vectors decay fast when
according to the numerical simulations.
Examining the factor structure of the DSM‐5 Level 1 cross‐cutting symptom measure
Authors: Gibbons Alison B. , Farmer Cristan , Shaw Jacob S. , Chung Joyce Y.
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The DSM‐5 Level 1 Cross‐Cutting Symptom Measure (DSM‐XC) was developed by the American Psychiatric Association as a transdiagnostic mental health symptom survey. Despite its promise as a screening tool, few studies have assessed its latent dimensionality or provided guidance on interpreting responses. We examined the factor structure of the DSM‐XC in a convenience sample of participants with varying degrees of psychopathology.

Methods

Participants (n = 3533) were enrolled in an online study on the mental health impact of COVID‐19 (NCT04339790). We used a factor analytic framework with exploratory and confirmatory analyses to evaluate candidate factor solutions. Convergent validity analysis with concurrent study measures was also performed.

Results

Six‐factor and bifactor candidate solutions both had good fit and full measurement invariance across age, sex, and enrollment date. The six‐factor solution resulted in constructs labeled as: mood, worry, activation, somatic, thought, and substance use. A general psychopathology factor and two residual factors (mood and anxiety constructs) explained the variance of the bifactor solution.

Conclusions

Our analysis supports that the DSM‐XC is a multidimensional instrument spanning many mental health symptoms. We provide scoring solutions for two factor structures that capture broader constructs of psychopathology. Use of a convenience sample may limit generalizability of findings.
Rhabdomyosarcoma xenotransplants in zebrafish embryos
Authors: Siebert Jakob , Schneider Michaela , Reuter‐Schmitt Daniela , Würtemberger Julia , Neubüser Annette , Driever Wolfgang , Hettmer Simone , Kapp Friedrich G.
Published: November 2022

Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. High‐risk and metastatic disease continues to be associated with very poor prognosis. RMS model systems that faithfully recapitulate the human disease and provide rapid, cost‐efficient estimates of antitumor efficacy of candidate drugs are needed to facilitate drug development and personalized medicine approaches. Here, we present a new zebrafish‐based xenotransplant model allowing for rapid and easily accessible drug screening using low numbers of viable tumor cells and relatively small amounts of water‐soluble chemicals. Under optimized temperature conditions, embryonal RMS xenografts were established in zebrafish embryos at 3 h postfertilization (hpf). In proof‐of‐principle experiments, chemotherapy drugs with established clinical anti‐RMS efficacy (vincristine, dactinomycin) and the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor trametinib were shown to significantly reduce the cross‐sectional area of the tumors by 120 hpf. RMS xenograft models in zebrafish embryos henceforth could serve as a valuable addition to cell culture and mammalian models of RMS and represent a rapid and cost‐effective solution for preclinical candidate drug testing.
Time‐dependent properties of high‐density polyethylene with wood/graphene nanoplatelets reinforcement
Authors: Al‐Maqdasi Zainab , Pupure Liva , Emami Nazanin , Joffe Roberts
Published: November 2022

The effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the long‐term performance of wood fiber/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composite is investigated by using short‐term creep tests with an efficient, faster data analysis approach. Previously, it was shown that the addition of GNPs at 15 wt% into HDPE reduces the viscoplastic (VP) strain developed during 2 h creep by ~50%. The current study shows that 25 and 40 wt% wood content in HDPE reduce the VP strains developed during 2 h creep time by >75% with no noticeable effect of the increased wood content. However, further addition of GNPs results in more than 90% total reduction in the VP strains. The current study shows that the development of the VP strains in the hybrid composites follows Zapas model. Viscoelastic (VE) response of these composites is nonlinear and thus is described by Schapery's model. Parameters for VP and VE models are obtained from the creep experiments and were validated in a separate loading‐unloading test sequence. Results show a very good agreement between experiments and predictions for the studied materials as long as the micro‐damage is not present.
Aspects of halloysite nanotubes integration in epoxy nanocomposites: Curing kinetics and deformation mechanism
Authors: AlKhateab Baidaa , Haghighi Poudeh Leila , Elmas Sinem , Sas Hatice S. , Yildiz Mehmet
Published: November 2022

The curing kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin using amine‐based hardener in the presence of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are investigated by performing isothermal and dynamic differential scanning calorimetry measurements, followed by a detailed analysis of the experimental data via the kinetic free method and three common model‐based analysis. Kamal and Sourour model gave the best fit for the experimental data and thus, was further modified by Williams–Landel–Ferry diffusion control equations to calculate the diffusion constants near the glass transition temperature (Tg). The optimized model is used to find the curing kinetics parameters of epoxy/HNTs nanocomposites, and those finding are further validated and explained by performing rheometric measurements. Noncatalytic and autocatalytic curing reactions and diffusion constants are all functions of the amount of HNTs. HNTs shift the curing reaction slightly toward higher temperatures and promote etherification reactions, leading to an increase in the curing enthalpy, as extra bonds will be formed between HNTs and epoxy resin during the polymerization. The combination of acceleration and inhibition mechanisms dictates the complex kinetics of the reactions at high concentrations of HNTs, while the produced local topology of the polymeric network depends highly on HNTs weight ratio. Furthermore, to investigate the mechanical performance of the prepared nanocomposites under flexural loads, three points bending tests are performed in both modes, dynamic and static, followed by a fractography analysis of the fractured surfaces. The mechanical properties have improved by the addition of pristine HNTs without compromising the Tg of the polymer. This study provides a set of observational relationships between various chemical interactions during polymerization and the final topology and performance of the polymer, which in turn aims to bridge the gap in the literature between the curing kinetics of epoxy/HNTs nanocomposites and the performance of these nanocomposites under various thermal and mechanical stresses.
Electrospun coaxial microfiber‐based water detecting sensor using expansion pressure mechanism
Authors: Kim Huiseon , Shin Min Jae
Published: November 2022

We fabricated a water‐detecting sensor using an electrospun coaxial microfiber. Polydiacetylene (PDA) was used as the color‐change material, and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the core material. Although several polymeric materials have been used as shell materials, the water‐detecting sensor was fabricated only using polycaprolactone (PCL). When the core material (PEO or PVA) comes in contact with water, it expands, changing the color of the PDA in the shell from blue to red on account of the stress due to the expansion of the core material. Selecting a suitable polymer for the shell is essential for sensor operation. The elastic property of PCL is crucial for the sensor fabrication. The solvent of the electrospinning core material also affected the properties of the sensor. The rate of color change was controlled using the thickness of the core and shell of the coaxial microfibers, and the fastest observed time was 53 s.
Disentangling aNeotropicalpest species complex: genetic diversity and population structure of the native rice stink bugOebalus poecilusand the invasiveO. ypsilongriseus
Authors: Vieira Juliana L. , de Oliveira Luiz O. , Barrigossi José Alexandre F. , Guedes Raul Narciso C. , Smagghe Guy , Maebe Kevin
Published: November 2022

Background

A first step in any pest management initiative is recognizing the existing problem – identifying the pest species and its abundance and dispersal capacities. This is not simple and even more challenging when insidious (invasive) species are involved constituting a pest complex. Understanding a species' population diversity and structure can provide a better understanding of its adaptation and relative pest potential. Such is the need for the native rice stink bugOebalus poecilusand the invasiveO. ypsilongriseusin low and high flatlands of South America.

Results

The genetic structure differed between both rice stink bug species (FST = 0.157,P = 0.001), where 84% of the overall genetic variability takes place within species and three genetic groups were recognized through Bayesian approach (K = 3).Oebalus poecilusexhibited slightly higher genetic diversity (HE = 0.253) and structuring (FST = 0.050,P = 0.001) than the invasiveO. ypsilongriseus(HE = 0.211;FST = 0.038,P = 0.013). Nonetheless, only the former exhibited significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances (r = 0.48,P = 0.013).

Conclusion

Despite the pointed peculiarities, the obtained results indicate overlap in both species' occurrence and similar genetic structure allowing for a compound problem to be dealt with as the complex requires managing without, as yet, a prevailing species or a niche specialization. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Identification and characterization of key genes in insulin signaling pathway as molecular targets for controlling the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea
Authors: Yan Liqiong , Du Hui , Li Ye , Li Xue , Sun Lili , Cao Chuanwang
Published: November 2022

Background

The insulin signaling pathway is closely related to metabolism, growth, reproductive capacity and lifespan of insects. However, the physiological function of the insulin signaling pathway is little known in Hyphantria cunea.

Results

Five insulin signaling pathway genes (HcInR, HcPI3K, HcAKT, HcFOXO and HcTOR) in H. cunea were identified and characterized in this study. The spatiotemporal expression profiles of the genes showed that HcInR, HcAKT, HcPI3K and HcTOR expressions were higher at the egg stage than those in other development stages, whereas HcFOXO was highly expressed in the adult stage; all of these genes were highly expressed in the larval digestive system, especially in the midgut and hindgut. After RNA interference (RNAi) of the five genes in 5th instar H. cunea larvae, weight gain and survival rate (except in the siHcAKT‐injected group) were significantly decreased, and the developmental duration of larval and pupal stages were prolonged. In addition, knockdown of five genes in 7th instar larvae decreased the pupation rate, survival rate and oviposition capacity, and resulted in abnormal development during larval–pupal transition.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the insulin signaling pathway plays essential roles in growth and development and the molting process in H. cunea, providing an important basis for developing new potentially molecular targets for RNAi‐based pest control and understanding the mechanism of H. cunea outbreak. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The flotation separation of apatite from dolomite using a fatty acid‐based collector and the mechanisms of adsorption
Authors: Kang Yuntao , Zhang Qin
Published: November 2022

In this work, GJBW, a fatty acid‐based agent, was used as an efficient collector to separate dolomite from apatite to achieve high‐purity apatite. The flotation performance of dolomite and apatite in the phosphate (H3PO4) system treated with sodium oleate (NaOl) and GJBW, respectively, was studied and compared. Microheat tests, surface characterization, and flotation solution chemistry calculations were used to evaluate the adsorption mechanism of GJBW onto dolomite. The smoothness and flatness of dolomite treated and untreated with GJBW may be also detected via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Microflotation results illustrated that GJBW performed better than NaOl for separating apatite from dolomite under the H3PO4 system. The grade of P2O5 in concentrates treated with 10 mg/L GJBW was 31.49%, which was 4.98% higher than that of NaOl. The recovery rate of P2O5 was 87.05%, which was 4.71% higher than that of NaOl. Microheat tests demonstrated that GJBW generated a higher heat of adsorption onto dolomite than did the same concentration of NaOl, significantly enhancing the dolomite's hydrophobicity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, flotation solution chemistry calculations, and surface characterization further demonstrated that GJBW may ionize large amounts of RCOO− and H (RCOO)2− ions in solution, which can be significantly chemisorbed with numerous sites of Ca and Mg exposed to dolomite, forming dense point‐like adsorption onto dolomite. These findings shed more light on the mechanism of interaction between GJBW and dolomite, which has profound implications for the study and use of fatty acid‐based treatments in phosphate ores.
Immersion‐Triggered Active Switch for Spin‐Decoupled Meta‐Optics Multi‐Display
Authors: Li Zhe , Wan Chengwei , Dai Chenjie , Li Zhongyang
Published: November 2022

Meta‐optics exhibits many promising applications in various fields of optical displays, imaging, and information encryption. However, heading towards next‐generation intelligent displays, its broad implementation is critically restricted by the lack of practical active tuning capability. Beyond the conventional electrical/optical/mechanical/thermal tuning methods, liquid immersion has recently emerged as a facile mechanism for active spectral tuning. To further conquer the challenge in achieving active complicated optical‐field manipulation, here, an environment‐compliant switch for meta‐optics multi‐display is originally proposed and experimentally realized via the liquid immersion tuning scheme. By designing the spin‐decoupled phase array for left‐/right‐handed circular polarizations, it flexibly presents quad‐fold independent‐encoded phase distributions for different medium‐relevant and polarization‐controlled channels, thus enabling four switchable holographic images through immersion tuning. Such a proposed immersion tuning design is quite a straightforward approach for meta‐optics holographic displays, enjoying full‐spatial usage, design flexibility, and large‐scale facile implementation. Overall, the proposed liquid immersion tuning strategy for a meta‐optics multi‐display would strongly benefit the practical applications in biochemical sensing, environment‐adaptive displays, and information encryption.
Activating Nanomedicines with Electromagnetic Energy for Deep‐Tissue Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Fengshuo , Pu Kanyi , Li Jingchao
Published: November 2022

Immunotherapy is an attractive approach for cancer therapy, while its antitumor efficacy is still limited, especially for non‐immunogenic tumors. Nanomedicines can be utilized to convert the non‐immunogenic “cold” tumors to immunogenic “hot” tumors via inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), thereby promoting the antitumor immune response. Some nanomedicines that can produce local heat and reactive oxygen species upon the stimulation of electromagnetic energy are the main candidates for inducing the ICD effect. However, their applications are often restricted due to the poor tissue penetration depths of electromagnetic energy, such as light. By contrast, ultrasound, X‐ray, alternating magnetic field, and microwave show excellent tissue penetration depths and thereby can be used for sonodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, and microwave ablation therapy, all of which can effectively induce ICD. Herein, the combination of deep‐tissue electromagnetic energy with nanomedicines for inducing ICD and cancer immunotherapy are summarized. In particular, the designs of nanomedicines to amplify ICD effect in the presence of deep‐tissue electromagnetic energy and sensitize tumors to various immunotherapies will be discussed. At the end of this review, a brief conclusion and discussion of current challenges and further perspectives in this subfield are provided.
Comparison of various strategies to define the optimal target population for liver fibrosis screening: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Åberg Fredrik , Jula Antti , Färkkilä Martti , Salomaa Veikko , Erlund Iris , Männistö Satu , Vihervaara Terhi , Perola Markus , Lundqvist Annamari , Männistö Ville
Published: November 2022

Background & Aims

Liver fibrosis screening is recommended in high‐risk populations, but the optimal definition of “high risk” remains to be established. We compared the performance of several risk‐stratification strategies in a population‐based setting.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Finnish population‐based health examination surveys Health 2000 and FINRISK 2002–2012. The Chronic Liver Disease Risk Score (CLivD) was compared to previously published risk‐stratification strategies based on elevated liver enzymes, alcohol use, diabetes, fatty liver index, body mass index, and/or metabolic risk factors for their ability to detect either advanced liver fibrosis or incident severe liver events. Advanced fibrosis was defined as an Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELFTM) score >9.8 in the Health 2000 study (n = 6084), and incident liver events were ascertained from registry linkage in the combined FINRISK 2002–2012 and Health 2000 cohort (n = 26,957).

Results

Depending on the cohort, 53%–60% of the population was considered at risk using the CLivD strategy (low‐intermediate‐high risk, excluding the minimal‐risk category), compared to 30%–32% according to the other risk‐stratification strategies. The CLivD captured 85%–91% of cases in the population with advanced liver fibrosis and 90% of incident severe liver events within 10 years from baseline. This compares to 33%–44% and 56%–67% captured by the other risk‐stratification strategies, respectively. The 10‐year cumulative incidence of liver events varied by risk‐stratification strategy (1.0%–1.4%).

Conclusions

Compared to previously reported traditional risk factor‐based strategies, use of the CLivD captured substantially more cases with advanced liver disease in the population and may be superior for targeting further fibrosis screening.
Perinatal outcome of late‐onset fetal growth restriction: etiology matters
Authors: Lei T.‐Y. , Li D.‐Z.
Published: November 2022

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Dall'Asta et al. Click here to view the article.
The comparative effects of erythromycin and amikacin on acute respiratoryPseudomonas aeruginosainfection
Authors: Yazdanian Mohsen , Barzegar Peyman Esmaeili Fard , Ranjbar Reza , Tahmasebi Elahe , Tebyaniyan Hamid , Barzegar Keyvan Esmaeili Fard , Hayati Farhad Zadeh , Farjanikish Ghasem
Published: November 2022

Background

One of the most common causes of pneumonia isPseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa). As with other microbial pathogens, this bacterium tends to develop resistance to various antibiotics. Amikacin and erythromycin, which are from the aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotic families, are used to treat respiratory infections caused byP. aeruginosa.

Objectives

This study explored whether amikacin, erythromycin or a combination of both works better againstP. aeruginosaacute lung infection.

Methods

For this study, 32 rats were used. The trachea of rats was exposed aseptically and their lung was infected withP. aeruginosathrough trachea. Then, according to the group, they received amikacin, erythromycin or a combination of both for 1 week. Finally, they were euthanised on the 3rd and 7th days post‐infection. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of the lungs, kidney and liver were performed. The right lung was collected for in vivo bacteriological analysis.

Results

The amikacin group (A group) had a statistically significantly lower macroscopic and microscopic scores than the other groups (p< 0.05). In vivo bacteriological test revealed that the A group had significantly lower lung bacterial load (p< 0.05).

Conclusions

In summary, it was concluded that amikacin could help alleviate the respiratory infection caused byP. aeruginosasolely, and it was more effective than erythromycin.
Randomised trial evaluating chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy and a novel monoclonal antibody for canine T‐cell lymphoma: A multicentre US study
Authors: Musser Margaret L. , Clifford Craig A. , Bergman Philip J. , Treml Laura S. , McAnulty Lydia C. Cook , McNiel Elizabeth A. , Johannes Chad M.
Published: November 2022

Background

Canine peripheral nodal T‐cell lymphoma is considered chemotherapy resistant and carries a relatively poor prognosis. Prospective evaluations reporting the impact of chemotherapy on progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival time for dogs with T‐cell lymphoma are lacking. This study examined the impact of L‐CHOP (L‐asparaginase, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone) chemotherapy or L‐CHOP in combination with AT‐005, a US Department of Agriculture‐licensed caninised monoclonal antibody, on PFS and response rates in dogs with clinical intermediate‐ and high‐grade peripheral nodal T‐cell lymphoma.

Methods

A prospective, randomised, placebo‐controlled, investigator‐ and owner‐blinded, multicentre study was completed. All dogs received a 19‐week L‐CHOP chemotherapy protocol with randomisation (1:1) into placebo or AT‐005 groups. Response was evaluated via the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group criteria for canine lymphoma.

Results

Forty‐nine dogs were enrolled (25 received placebo and 24 received AT‐005). Most demographic factors were similar between the two groups, with the exception that more dogs with stage IV and V disease were treated with AT‐005 (34% vs. 8%; p = 0.03). Median PFS was 103 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 56–118) in the placebo group versus 64 days (95% CI, 36–118) in the AT‐005 group. The overall response rate (ORR) for all dogs was 98% (48 of 49); complete response rate in the placebo group (64%) was not different from the AT‐005 group (67%).

Conclusions

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first prospective study to document that treatment with L‐CHOP chemotherapy, with or without AT‐005, may result in a high ORR, but relatively brief PFS in dogs with clinical intermediate‐ and high‐grade T‐cell lymphoma.
Unfair and Illegal Discrimination
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten , Schroeder Doris , Rodrigues Rowena
Published: November 2022

There is much debate about the ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) systems can include and perpetuate biases and lead to unfair and often illegal discrimination against individuals on the basis of protected characteristics, such as age, race, gender and disability. This chapter describes three cases of such discrimination. It starts with an account of the use of AI in hiring decisions that led to discrimination based on gender. The second case explores the way in which AI can lead to discrimination when applied in law enforcement. The final example looks at implications of bias in the detection of skin colour. The chapter then discusses why these cases are considered to be ethical issues and how this ethics debate relates to well-established legislation around discrimination. The chapter proposes two ways of raising awareness of possible discriminatory characteristics of AI systems and ways of dealing with them: AI impact assessments and ethics by design.
Flail chest injury—changing management and outcomes
Authors: Marasco Silvana F. , Nguyen Khuong Jacqueline , Fitzgerald Mark , Summerhayes Robyn , Sekandarzad Mir Wais , Varley Vincent , Campbell Ryan J. , Bailey Michael
Published: November 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess trends in management of flail chest injuries over time and to determine impact on patient outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective review of data from a prospectively collated database of all trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma service in Victoria was conducted. All trauma patients admitted to the hospital between July 2008 and June 2020 with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) code for flail chest injury were included.

Results

Our study included 720 patients, mean age was 59.5 ± 17.3 years old, and 76.5% of patients were male. Length of ICU stay decreased on average by 9 h each year. Regional anaesthesia use increased by 15% per year (0% in 2009 to 36% in 2020) (p < 0.001). Surgical stabilisation of rib fractures increased by 16% per year (2.9% in 2009 to 22.3% in 2020) (p = 0.006). The use of invasive ventilation decreased by 14% per year (70% in 2008 to 27% in 2020) (p < 0.001), and invasive ventilation time decreased by 8 h per year (p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Over the past decade, we have seen increasing rates of regional anaesthesia and surgical rib fixation in the management of flail chest. This has resulted in lower requirements for and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay but has not impacted mortality in this patient cohort.
Citrus limon peroxidase-assisted biocatalytic approach for biodegradation of reactive 1847 colfax blue P3R and 621 colfax blue R dyes
Authors: Riaz Arjumand , Kalsoom Umme , Bhatti Haq Nawaz , Jesionowski Teofil , Bilal Muhammad
Published: November 2022

One of the big environmental problems in today’s world is dye-contaminated toxic waste. Peroxidase is known as highly efficient for the degradation of various pollutants, including dyes. Environmental contamination caused by the discharge of dyes into water bodies is an onerous challenge that poses both human and ecological hazards. In the current studies, biocatalysts used for enzyme decolorization (1847 Colafx Blue P3R and 621 Colafx Blue) are regarded as an eco-friendly method utilizing commonly available low-cost material lemon peels (Citruslimon peroxidase). Peroxidase was extracted in a phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 and partially purified by 20–80% ammonium sulfate precipitation technique from Citruslimon peels. The soluble enzyme was characterized in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The values of Km and Vmax (23.16 and 204.08 μmol/ml/min) were determined, respectively. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and a temperature of 55 °C. Citruslimon efficiently degraded 1847 Colafx Blue P3R and 621 Colafx Blue R dyes with maximum degradation of 83 and 99%, respectively, with an initial dye concentration of 200 ppm at pH 4 and 35 °C temperature within 5–10 min of incubation time. The effect of the redox mediator on the degradation process was examined. Results showed that the peroxidase HOBT system efficiently enhanced the degradation of dyes from water. Hence, Citruslimon peroxidase is an efficient biocatalyst for the treatment of effluents.
Faster Cut Sparsification of Weighted Graphs
Authors: Forster Sebastian , de Vos Tijn
Published: November 2022

A cut sparsifier is a reweighted subgraph that maintains the weights of the cuts of the original graph up to a multiplicative factor of$$(1\pm \epsilon )$$(1±ϵ). This paper considers computing cut sparsifiers of weighted graphs of size$$O(n\log (n)/\epsilon ^2)$$O(nlog(n)/ϵ2). Our algorithm computes such a sparsifier in time$$O(m\cdot \min (\alpha (n)\log (m/n),\log (n)))$$O(m·min(α(n)log(m/n),log(n))), both for graphs with polynomially bounded and unbounded integer weights, where$$\alpha (\cdot )$$α(·)is the functional inverse of Ackermann’s function. This improves upon the state of the art by Benczúr and Karger (SICOMP, 2015), which takes$$O(m\log ^2 (n))$$O(mlog2(n))time. For unbounded weights, this directly gives the best known result for cut sparsification. Together with preprocessing by an algorithm of Fung et al. (SICOMP, 2019), this also gives the best known result for polynomially-weighted graphs. Consequently, this implies the fastest approximate min-cut algorithm, both for graphs with polynomial and unbounded weights. In particular, we show that it is possible to adapt the state of the art algorithm of Fung et al. for unweighted graphs to weighted graphs, by letting the partial maximum spanning forest (MSF) packing take the place of the Nagamochi–Ibaraki forest packing. MSF packings have previously been used by Abraham et al. (FOCS, 2016) in the dynamic setting, and are defined as follows: anM-partial MSF packing ofGis a set$$\mathcal {F}=\{F_1, \ldots , F_M\}$$F={F1,…,FM}, where$$F_i$$Fiis a maximum spanning forest in$$G{\setminus } \bigcup _{j=1}^{i-1}F_j$$G\⋃j=1i-1Fj. Our method for computing (a sufficient estimation of) the MSF packing is the bottleneck in the running time of our sparsification algorithm.
Resistance to targeted therapies in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mecklenbrauck Rabea , Heuser Michael
Published: November 2022

The introduction of new targeted therapies to the treatment algorithm of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) offers new opportunities, but also presents new challenges. Patients diagnosed with AML receiving targeted therapies as part of lower intensity regimens will relapse inevitably due to primary or secondary resistance mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the main mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in AML. Resistance to FLT3 inhibitors is mainly mediated by on target mutations and dysregulation of downstream pathways. Switching the FLT3 inhibitor has a potential therapeutic benefit. During treatment with IDH inhibitors resistance can develop due to aberrant cell metabolism or secondary site IDH mutations. As a unique resistance mechanism the mutated IDH isotype may switch from IDH1 to IDH2 or vice versa. Resistance to gemtuzumab-ozogamicin is determined by the CD33 isotype and the degradation of the cytotoxin. The main mechanisms of resistance to venetoclax are the dysregulation of alternative pathways especially the upregulation of the BCL-2-analogues MCL-1 and BCL-XL or the induction of an aberrant cell metabolism. The introduction of therapies targeting immune processes will lead to new forms of therapy resistance. Knowing those mechanisms will help to develop strategies that can overcome resistance to treatment.