bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Psychoanalysis of Jack Williamson
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

When I Fell in love with science fiction in my early teens, Jack Williamson was one of the first objects of my adulation. Whether he was writing grand space opera as in The Legion of Space, or philosophical explorations of freedom versus security as in The Humanoids, or prescient melodramas of genetic engi­ neering as in Dragon’s Island, he clearly knew what he was doing, and he did it without pretension. Though I had no information about Williamson’s back­ ground or personality, his books and his no-nonsense name led me to imagine him as a lean and tough Westerner, a fearless and forthright man of thoughtfully considered action.
George Bush and Saddam Hussein
Authors: Elms Alan C
Published: November 2023

‘Counterplayer “ is a key term in Erik Erikson’s magnificent psychobiogra- phy of Mahatma Gandhi. An early chapter is titled “The Counterplayer”; a later one is “Companions and Counterplayers.”1 Erikson says his host on his first visit to India had been “Gandhi’s prime counterplayer” during a crucial campaign of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance). Yet the term “counterplayer” is not listed in the book’s extensive index, and it is not defined by Erikson. When I asked him where he had gotten the term, he seemed surprised that the question should even arise. He thought of it as a standard English word. “Counterplayer” is not a standard English word. It does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary or the American Heritage Dictionary or Webster’s Third New International.
Monotheism and Ritual
Authors: Goodman L E
Published: November 2023

Ritual has a wider influence on our lives than many a functionalist is inclined to admit—or even allow. Yet those who most disparage its role are often quickest to condemn the woman whose nylons have crooked seams, the man who wears mismatched socks or comes to work without a tie—or the student without a brightly colored beanie topped by a red plastic propeller, if de rigueur this year, say, at the freshman banquet. Much of what passes as a conflict between ritual and freedom, or even between ritual and reason, is in fact a conflict among rival ritual claims, and one question we must ask about the norms by which people live, or would like to live, or would like others to live, is why and how rituals dare make any claim at all.
Long Vowels and Vowel + Laryngeal
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

r. “iH1 > G i: before a consonant, but apparently “-ye in final position. PIE “weyH-‘rush’: “wiH-s-‘force, vehemence’ > G “i:c;, L vfr.
Anaptyxis in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In L an anaptyctic vowel develops regularly within intervocalic -cl- of whatever source, and -bl-, -pl-: it is i before l exilis and o (later u) before l pinguis (176a). PIE “pe1½-tlo- ‘drinking utensil’ > Pital. “potlom > “poclom (223-2) > pocolom, poculum ‘drinking cup’. “fok-li-s > L foci/is ‘easy’; cf. focul ‘easily’ < “fokl < “fok-li and focultiis ‘capa­ city, power’ < “fokltiit- < “fok-li-tiit-. OL HERCLE-that is, “Hercles-nom.sg. (lw. from G ‘HpaKAe11c;, probably via Etruscan) > “Hercoles > Hercules. Pital. “sta-0/om ‘place of abode’, “sta-0/is ‘firm’ (“stlfz-, zero grade of “steH2-) “stab!- > L stabulum, stabilis : Osc. staflatas nom.pl. ‘statutae’. PIE “s(y)uH-dhleHi- ‘sewing tool’ (193a) > Pital. “sii0lii > “siiblii > L siibula ‘shoemaker’s awl’.
Laryngeals
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The laryngeals are the latest addition to the PIE inventory of sounds. Their reconstruction dates back to the suggestion by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in 18791 (a period when the system of reconstructed PIE sounds was undergoing general rethinking) that the alternation of” e,”o, and “ii with “a, as they are traditionally written, was not analogous to the alternation of “e and ii with zero. Rather, they were better seen as parallel to the alternations of” ey with “i, or “en with “11. That is, the “a was not a residue of the long vowel, but an element in its own right (118).
Glides
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Sievers’ IAW. The PIE glides are “y and “w. They occur as such adjacent to a syllabic (usually a full grade vowel), and via ablaut interchange with “i and “u respectively, as discussed in 110-29. In Greek, Latin, Germanic, and Inda-Iranian there is evidence for a different kind of alternation-between”iy and “y, and perhaps between *uw and *w. Unlike ablaut alternations, whose conditions are unrecoverable, the distribution of these alternants is transparent: PIE “iy occurred after a heavy syllable, namely a syllable containing a diphthong, a long vowel, or ending in two or more consonants; “y occurred elsewhere. (Note that all syllabics count as vowels equally: “wrg- has the same weight as “ped-.) Thus the adjective-forming suffix usually cited as “-yo- would actually have had two forms, “-yo- and “-iyo-: to “ped- ‘foot’, “ped-yo- (whence G 1rd·fx; ‘afoot’, Ved. ptidya- ‘pedal’ adj.); to “reHrJt- ‘king’, “reHrJt-iyo- (whence L regius ‘regal’-not xreius < xreH1gyos-and Ved. riijiyti-). Indic evidence is limited to the oldest Vedic texts; later, a Sanskrit sound law converts most inherited -iy- and -uv- from any source to -y- and -v-, and in fact the latter are what actually stand in the Vedic texts as transmitted: rii/yti-, dy!ius ‘sky’, svti- ‘own’, and some dozen others. The readings riijiyti-, diy!ius, suvti-, and so on, in place of what stands in the text are justified by the metrics of the particular line.
PIE *w
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

PIE *w remained in L as ‘consonantal u’ (the graphic distinction between v and u develops only much later); and in G as f, which was lost at an early period in Att.-Ion. PIE “weyd-, *wid- ‘see’ > L video, G fioE’iv, ioE’iv : Ved. vid-. PIE “weP-, “woP- ‘speak’ > L vox ‘voice’, G fbroc;, E1roc; ‘word’ : Ved. vdcas-. PIE “woyko- ‘settlement’ > L vfrus ‘district, village’, G fo’iKoc;, oiKoc; ‘house­ (hold)’ : Ved. vif- ‘tribe, homestead’, e-grade Go. weihs ‘country(side)’. (OE wfc ‘village; villa’ is a lw. from L; it survives in baili-wick and place names such as War-wick and Sand-wich.) L secundus ‘following’ < “secondos < * sequondos (sequor). L cotttdie ‘daily’ < * Potitei die (cf. quot ‘how many’). L cola ‘cultivate’ < *quolo < *kwelo: L inquiltnus ‘tenant’, G ?roAoc; ‘plowed land’ (if cognate. The semantics are fine, exactly paralleled by the develop­ ment of NE tillage; but from *Polos we would expect rather xKvAoc; by 44).
PIE *y
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In initial position, PIE “y remains in L as consonantal i. In G there are two outcomes: spiritus asper (which is sometimes then lost, 170b) and t- (201). 1. PIE “y’ikwr;(t) ‘liver’ > G 1rap, L iecur: Ved. yakft, Av. yiikara (with ii< “e as in G?). PIE “yos nom.sg.m., demonstrative prn. (the etymon of the rel. prn. in G and lnlr.) > G or; : Ved. yds. PIE “yoHr-ro- ‘year, summer’ > G wpcx ‘time, period’ (L hara is a G lw.), wpor; ‘year’ : Av. yiira n. ‘year’, Go. fer, OE gear, OHG fiir, NE year (Gmc. forms from e-grade “yeHr -ro-).
Lengthening of Consonants
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Synizesis. Sporadically, in a development particularly characteristic of Aeolic dialects but also found in Homer, Attic, and (most significantly) Mycenaean, a short front vowel before a back vowel lost its syllabicity and became [y].
Sandhi -Changes in External Combination
Authors: Sihler Andrew L
Published: November 2023

Changes in external combination, that is, those depending upon the relation of a word to adjacent words, are common in actual speech, but few such changes are represented in the written norms of most literary languages. In G certain of the changes belonging under this head-the familiar elision, crasis, and so on-are observed in our literary texts; but many others, common in inscriptions (and humdrum in substance), are disregard- ed. In L literary texts there is even less of such matters. But in both languages there are some recognized doublets, parallel in nature and extent to NE a an, as G e EK and L ex e, ab abs ii. Written Sanskrit of all periods is unusual among the world’s languages in indicating such changes in detail. Thus the form customarily cited as tat ‘that’ actually is written five different ways in the texts, depending on the initial sound of the following word: tat, tad, tan, tac, and ta/ The general term in descriptive linguistics for the phenomenon, sandhi, is taken over from Sanskrit. grammar (sa1f1dhi ‘combination’, lit. ‘putting together’).
Case Endings
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Notes on the preceding table. Further details will be found under discussion of the particular stems. r. The table gives a survey of the singular and plural case endings that are indicated for the parent speech by combined evidence (subject to the proviso in 253). The inflections of many IE languages have been influenced by pronominal endings, particularly in the o-stems. Those that bear on G and L noun inflection are included in the table with the distinguishing label pron. Under vowel stems the stem vowel is included, while under consonant stems only the endings proper are given; in both situations, when there is no overt element marking case function, this is indicated by -0 (zero). Stem markers are divided from case markers proper (or zero) by hyphens, except when the stem and the case marker were united by contraction or some other development. For example the nom.pl. of o-stems can be assumed to include the stem vowel “-o- and the ending “-es evident in other paradigms, such that PIE “-iis nom.pl. can with perfect confidence be resolved into ““-o-es; but the actual historical evidence takes us back only to “-i There is better agreement among the IE languages for the singular markers than for the plural ones. For most cases there is little connection between the forms of the singular and plural. Those that show the strongest formal resemblance appear to be late additions to the system; for instance, in one possible reconstruction there was an inst. “-bhi (in Gmc. and BS “-mi), either singular or (more likely) indifferent to number, whose pl. was “-bhis (*-mis).
Declension Ehrstems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

‘niece; granddaughter’, ultimately from “nept-iHr, cf. G &vE1/;i& (simplex “nepot- ‘nephew, grandson’, L nepot-, Ved. napiit-). L neptis ‘niece, grand­ daughter’, an ordinary i-stem, has the same source. a. The Ved. cognate naptf- belongs to the vrkis paradigm, in fact, a different fem. type; in this word it apparently supplanted the original devI stem. 4- L regfna ‘queen’ is cognate with Olr. rigain /r’I-yav’/ (fem. of ri). (Late Ved. rfifnf-, though it is invariably mentioned in this connection, is certainly an Indic formation derived directly from r/i.fan-, itself not a direct cognate of the Celt. and L forms. It is formally and functionally superimposable on G &prrvwv.) The details present a number of difficulties, and so several-largely speculative--explanations of the L form have been pro­ posed. Of these the one endorsed here runs as follows. PIE “reHd,-niH2- > Pltal. “regpf-, which was remodeled first as “regpfii- (like “awfii’grandmoth­ er’, 3, above), further to “regpfnii- (a clear model being “galnfnii ‘hen’ to “ nos ‘cock’), whence regfna by a combination of dissimilation and attraction to the base-shape of reg- ‘king’, regius ‘royal’, and so on, and such forms as gallus vs. gallfna.
Neuter r/n-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

In a number of IE languages we find neuter nouns which end in -r (in Inir. also -r;t, -r;k) in the nom./acc.sg., in some derivatives, and sometimes in the nom./acc.pl., but which build the other cases (and some derivatives) to a stem in -n-. Hence the term ‘r/ n-stems’. This mode of inflection is attested only very fragmentarily within the familiar IE languages, but the type is obviously both ancient and important. For one thing, the lexicon involved belongs to the most basic stramm of vocabulary -body parts and words like ‘water’, ‘fire’, ‘blood’, and ‘day’. For another, though any given language has only a handful of such items, there is little lexical agreement from language to language, so that even though the type is attested only in scraps, the sum of words pointing to r/ n-inflection is considerable. The original, unaltered, mode of inflection is scantily attested within the familiar IE languages: L femur, feminis ‘thigh’ (remodeled femoris also oc­ curs); U utur acc. ‘water’, une abl. < ‘udni or ‘udneH1; or Ved. fidhar nom./ acc. ‘udder’, fidhnas gen. Less obvious, though in fact relatively untampered-with, is the G type vowp, voarnc;- ‘water’ and 1rap, ij1raroc;- ‘liver’, in which the stem -ar- somehow continues “-1J- (288).
Personal Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The personal pronouns in the IE languages show a bewildering variety of forms. The similarities are obvious, but the precise paradigms of the parent speech are very difficult to reconstruct. Even a full-blown grammar of PIE would be all but overwhelmed by a discussion of everything at stake. What are given as PIE forms here, therefore, are not always explained or defended, and are to be taken as points of departure for certain sets of correspondences, with more or less extensive remodeling that can be only briefly outlined. Even this elegant analysis leaves loose ends. It envisions a surprising position of the particle in PIE *ei,-om: in PIE, *ge, *i,a, like deictic particles in general, typically follow the modified element-seemingly, in clause-initial position were obliged to (Wackerna­ gel’s Law, 87 fn.)--as is the case with G j’E, PGmc. *mek, *j,ek, and the usual analysis of Ved. ahrim. Moreover, an analysis which does away with suppletion is not (for once) at­ tractive per se: suppletion, particularly in the nom. forms of PIE pronouns, is the rule (361, 374.1). Nor under this analysis is PGmc. *ek ‘I’ instead of xeka any less puzzling than before, though one possibility for rescue is the surmise of an early remodeling after *mek and *j,ek. Older Hitt. u-uk, later u-ug-ga are not conspicuously in harmony with the analy­ sis. Finally, a pronominal particle *-jjm is in any case otherwise needed for Ved. idtim ‘it’ (= L id plus *-om), iytim ‘she’ (*iH2-6m), and for Gmc. *-om in *j,atii ‘that’, *hitii ‘it’, *hwatii ‘what’, seen in Go j,ata, hita, OE hwtl/t.
Personal Endings of the Eventive Verb
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The personal endings that are common to several verb categories are for convenience discussed in advance of the treatment of tense stem formations in G and L. The two sets of endings traditionally known as primary and secondary are so called from their distribution (clearest in Inlr., G, and Hitt., but discernable in Gmc. and Ital.). Primary endings occur in the present and future indicative; secondary endings occur in the preterital tenses and the optative, with fluctuation in the subjunctive. The terms themselves indicate that the primary endings were imagined by G grammarians to be somehow basic, the secondary endings somehow derived from them or otherwise sub-ordinate. Unhappily, this is backwards: the ‘secondary’ endings of traditional grammar are in fact BASIC, what linguists call primary; and the ‘primary’ endings are DERIVED FROM the ‘secondary’ (basic) forms by the addition of one or another present-time marker. That is, they are what linguists would normally call secondary.
Second Conjugation
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

statives in -e- (452) and roots in -eHr. Both probably include the stem element “-ye/ o-. A few verbs continue causative/frequentatives in “-eye/ 0- (456.2). Finally, there are a very few denominatives of the Ved. deuayd- ‘be pious’, G µETpEw ‘measure’ type. 1. VERBS FROM ROOTS in “-eH1-, as “pleH1- ‘fill’, only surviving in compounds like compleo ‘fill up’ (cf. G aor. 1rAijTo, Ved. apriit); neo ‘spin’ (pple. netus; cf. Hom. vijµo: ‘thread’= L (epigr.) nemen”, Mir. snim, root “sneH1-); and flea ‘weep’ (cf. OCS ble.fg ‘bleat’). The perf. in -ev”i apparently reflects full grade, “pleHr, which is wrong for the perf. and right for the (root) aor., and at least some of these roots were certainly aoristic to begin with. Though it is likely, therefore, that the stem was originally “pie-ye-ti if not already “pleH1yeti, there is no way to tell for certain.
Moods In Proto-Indo-European
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

History of the Moods. It is common to say that the mood markers of PIE are limited to finite forms, and occur between the verb stem and the person ending. However, the use of moods in the Rigveda is constrained in ways not compassed in that statement: in the earliest Indic, subjunctives formed to secondary stems (frequentatives, causatives, desideratives, intensives, 456-7) are notably few in number; and optatives based on such stems are genuinely rare. This rarity is especially apparent in the case of the causative/frequentative formations in -dya- (456.2): for all of this very numerous class-there are some 150 stems in the RV-a mere four optative forms are found. Among the hundred-odd denominative stems there are a total of eight optatives; there are 18 optative forms to stems in -ya- (for example pafyema ‘may we see’); and not a single one to the passives in -yd-. In contrast, optatives are formed by the dozens to the 130 or so root-present stems; for example, a single, moderately common thematic stem, saca- ‘follow’, has 15 optative forms-half the tally of all characterized thematic stems together.
Subjunctive
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Function. The PIE subjunctive seems to have referred to a future event anticipated with some slight reservation on the part of the speaker -the equivalent of ‘I suppose’ or ‘in that case’. In Vedic the subj., whether to a pres. or aor. stem, is most often a simple future, occasionally something little different from an imperative. More saliently conditional, doubtful, or wished-for future events are typically in the opt. mood. The distinction may be pondered in the following passage from the AV: iydm agne nirf pdti’Jfl vedefta; . . . suviinii putrin mdhi{i bhaviiti; gatvi pdti’Jfl subhdgii vf rii_jatu ‘may this noble lady, 0 Fire, find a husband; giving birth to sons, she will become powerful; having attained a husband, let her rule in happiness’.1 Its only feebly modal force explains how the subj. could be transformed into a simple future tense in L (501-2) and some Celt. types. The mood is very common in the RV and the AV, outnumbering the opt. by a factor of three or four. However, it virtually disappears in the later language, only the rsg. -ani surviving as the so-called rsg. imperative. Its functions otherwise are assumed by the fut. in -(i){ya- (457C). In G, by contrast, the modal flavor seems to have increased with time, thereby encroaching on the function of the opt., with the result that the opt. forms eventually disappeared.
Imperative
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The classification of the imperative as a MOOD, correlative with subj., opt., and indicat., is obviously an analysis faute de mieux. But no straightforward alternative analysis suggests itself. Since the imperative is a kind of future, it is perhaps reminiscent of opt. and subj., moods; but probably it has most in common FUNCTIONALLY with the desiderative (457). The main differences are the roles: in the desiderative, desire is ascribed at will to any person, who is also the one to undertake the action, whereas in imperatives the desire for a (future) action is only on the part of the speaker, and the action itself is always on the part of someone else: ‘I want you to build a fire’ is not a possible expression via the IE desiderative. What sets the IE imperatives most sharply apart from the moods (and the desiderative also) is morphology: they have no special stem marker, in­ stead having special person-markers. In the 2pl. active there is no difference in form between the imperative and indicative endings (and in fact most of the special endings are lost in L). Of course, the expression of desire for a future action on the part of a speaker can be couched in a variety of ways, some of them using actual mood paradigms, as in the hortatory forms familiar from the classical languages, or else the sentence complement structure of NE let’s, or else syntactic particles (as in G µ ), and circumlocutions for various purposes, differing according to such variables as politeness, intimacy, and so on (Why don’t we sit down or How about sitting down or Perhaps you would like to sit down, and so on).
Participles
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Active Eventive Participles In -nt-. In PIE this participle was formed from the STEM, by means of the suffix *-ont-/*-11t-. That is, in contrast to such verbals as the infin. and verbals in * -to-- and * -no--, which were originally built directly to the root, there might be a distinct pple. in -nt- to every pres./imperf. or aor. stem, including denominatives. The often-repeated statement that the pple. was built to a TENSE stem is however not exactly correct. A contrast between a pres. and an imperfpple. was never possible-not because the distinction is irrelevant but because the two tenses were built to the same stem. The original meaning of the affix was essentially that of the NE participle in -iny;. functionally, the noun modified by the pple. corresponds to the noun that would stand in subject relation to a finite verb. If formed to a transitive verb, a participle would construe with a noun object exactly as a finite verb would (Lincoln Freeing the Slaves was a favorite theme for litho­ graphs, or Beware of Greeks bearing gifts). 555. PARTICIPLES AS NOMINA AGENTIS. Semantically, present participles and agent nouns have much in common: a ‘dancing [one]’ and a ‘dancer’ are functionally very similar. In a variety of IE languages, verbals in ..-ont­ routinely have some agentive role, as in Ved. safctint-‘pursuer, enemy’ (root sac- ‘follow’), next to stifcant- ‘assisting’; sravtint-‘stream’ (lit. ‘fl.ow-er’, root sru- ‘fl.ow’),
Eventive Stem Formations
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The parent speech had a number of present/imperfect formations, and a much smaller array of aorist formations. It is probable that each of these originally had some function. Some of these are becoming more clear, but we have to take some of the stem-formations merely as formal types. Synopsis of eventive stems FROM THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN POINT OF VIEW: In a given IE language some stem types will remain productive, while others disappear or are represented by a relic class or maybe a stray form or two. By phonetic changes one type may give rise to several; or conversely distinct stem types may merge in one. New types arise and become productive. The results are so diverse that classifications tailored to the specifics of the various branches of the IE family are unavoidable. This is an obstacle to straightforward comparison of the systems Greek and Latin, or even of details within the systems: the classification of L verbs under the four conjugations based on the infinitive, for example, is passably suited to the facts of L, but it would be quite unsuitable for G and for the parent language, in both of which there is little or nothing of ‘conjugations’ in the L sense.
Have International Differences in Educational Attainment Levels Narrowed?
Authors: Lichtenberg Frank R
Published: November 2023

Simple models of aggregate production imply that productivity (output per worker or per unit of total input) depends on the “quality” oflabor input in general and the distribution of the work force by educational attainment in particular. International variation in (the level and growth rate ot) educational attainment should result in variation in (the level and growth rate ot) productivity. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze longitudinal, country-level data on educational attainment (and its determinants, enrollment rates) and to consider the “effect” of education differences on international productivity differences.
The Material Environment of London’s Youth
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Glowing descriptions of medieval London abound, beginning with Fitzstephen’s from the twelfth century.1 But looking at the city through the eyes of its children and youth gives a different perspective on the city and on the material conditions within it. The London that most children knew was an intimate one that included their house or tenement rooms, their street (which was also their play area), and their parish. This microcosm must be Our first vantage point as we investigate the London of young children. As the children, particularly the boys, grew, their perambulations could take them farther afield, as they went to school or began to be useful for errands. The city walls extended for 2 miles and 608 feet and enclosed only a little more than 1 square mile.2 One has a sense of an intimate environment in which one could walk from the Tower to Ludgate in about half an hour.
Orphans and T’Their Upbringing
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Reading through approximately 2,000 wardship cases in London’s Letter Books is enough to make a historian skeptical about Philippe Aries’s claim that children were not valued. London’s mayor, aldermen, and chamberlain were busy men with their own businesses, as well as official duties, but they paid careful attention to the welfare of citizens’ orphans who were in their charge. London’s laws were remarkably caring. Orphanhood was common in the cities of medieval Europe, but London’s approach was particularly protective of orphans’ lives and fortunes. Life was tenuous for parents as well as for children. Many of London’s children grew up in families with at least one stepparent, and some lost both parents and were reared by family friends or even by complete strangers. Female-headed households were not uncommon, nor were those with stepparents as well as stepsiblings. In this respect, these London children have much in common with modern American children who grow up with stepparents or with one parent (albeit because of a high divorce rate rather than because of high mortality).1 London’s laws granted medieval orphans more protection than our own courts give today’s children. They determined who would raise them, monitored the fortunes of the youth, and required that people who undertook to administer their estates have sureties who would also guarantee the return of the estate with their own money; they also
Years Of Attrition
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

The century following the Marshall opm10ns were years of diminution for the Indian people in the United States. The land base dissolved, the population declined, and in some areas, as in the buffalo plains, the very means of livelihood disappeared and the people were threatened with final extinction.
Epilogue In Alaska
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy
Published: November 2023

The Treaty of Cession by which Alaska passed from Russia to the United States in 1867 assured the “liberty, property, and religion” of those Russian subjects who chose to remain in Alaska, an assurance that extended to many settled natives, principally Aleuts. Natives not living in Russian settlements, referred to in the treaty as “the uncivilized tribes,” were to be “subject to such laws and regulations as the United States may, from time to time, adopt in regard to the aboriginal tribes of that country.”
Gnosticism as a Type of Religion
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

FOR the gnostic Christian, ancient or modern, the simple faith (pistis) of the believer is not sufficient. Instead, there must be knowledge (gnosis). Using this Greek verbal noun, the Church Fathers tagged the ancient heresiarchs with the derogatory name gnostics (gnostikoi), “those who know.” Often there was the ironic implication, “those who think they know something the rest of us do not know.” It is too simple, of course, to say that the gnostic knew, whereas the orthodox Christian believed. The New Testament writers and the Church Fathers also claimed to know something. In the New Testament and the writings of the Fathers, however, what is known is primarily an objective, received collection of data concerning “what God has done for man and to man and ... what man owes to God in the way of obedience.” The gnostics, on the other hand, knew something which was quite distinctive from common knowledge. They knew secret information that had not been and could not be revealed to hoi polloi. For instance, in The Apocryphon of James, Christ is reported to have appeared to James and Peter “after five hundred and fifty days since he had risen from the dead.”
The Transformation of Child Welfare into Children’s Protective Services
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

There I was confronted by a startling finding. An examination of the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and the Social Science and Humanities Index showed that absolutely no articles on “child abuse” (regardless of what term one used) had been published before 1962. Later research in other indexes proved me slightly wrong.37
Dealing with Child Abuse, the Red Herring of Child Welfare
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

From the outset, the current system is fueled by an inclination to investigate parents to find evidence that they are to blame for the harms and dangers befalling their children, and the balance in the dual role is tipped toward the investigative/coercive/child removal role to the detriment of the helping role. Attention is deflected from the context of poverty in which most families live who are reported to the agency.
The Economic Condition of Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

In the game that determines how our national income is distributed, there are winners, there are losers, and there are those who aren’t even in the game.
A Vision for the Future
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

Surprised by the unexpectedly high proportion of cases of cleft palate coming from certain sparsely populated counties in upstate New York… Gentry responded by doing what public health physicians have done for decades; he started putting up pins on a map, in this instance a map of New York state, one pin for each case… When all the pins were in place, they made a pattern that Gentry found familiar. Where had he seen it before? After some effort, he remembered. It was in a geology course, on a map of igneous rock formations… Some of these rocks emit natural radiation, and, as Gentry knew, radiation had been suspected as a possible source of cleft palate and other deformities present at birth.
Vedic India and the art of the word
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The language of India from its earliest documentation in the Rigveda has raised the art of the phonetic figure to what many would consider its highest form. Let us look at some examples; above all they impress us with their sheer exuberance.
Ireland and the art of the syllable
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Our knowledge of Early Irish metrics rests on the four texts published by R. Thurneysen as Mittelirische Verslehrenin Irische Texte3 (1891) 1-182, begun with ninth-century examples and worked successively in the tenth and eleventh century. This wealth of material has been organized and presented in concise and exemplary fashion in G. Murphy’s fundamental 1961 work, from which most of the present account is taken.
Most ancient Indo-Europeans
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Most scholars and thinkers since Aristotle have proceeded on the assumption that the chorus of Greek drama, certainly the chorus of comedy and satyr-play and possibly the chorus of tragedy as well, originated with the cult of Dionysos. Henrichs cites a number of recent treatments, from Pickard-Cambridge and Webster 1962 through Burkert 1966 to Winnington-Ingram 1985.
Italy and India: The elliptic offering
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

Both show ellipsis (gapping) of a finite verb of the semantic type ‘I propitiate’ or the like. In each case the identity of the deity addressed is clearly specified by the ritual context, which involves vocatives or explicit naming in the ritual instructions. The particular similarity of the phrases with the ablative pihaclu/piaculowas attributed to diffusion within Italy. Other Umbrian examples were noted with and without pihaclu,but the oldest example, in table LLa 25 in the native alphabet, showed a “minimalist” formula simply tiu puni tiu vinu‘Thee with mead, thee with wine’.
‘Truth of truth’, ‘most kavi of kavis’, ‘throng-lord of throngs’: An Indo-Iranian stylistic figure
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

We can be precise; the figure in Vedic has been exhaustively studied by H. Oertel (1937, cited by Narten 1986:164). He found (p. 37) a total of five examples in all of Vedic literature (counting the two instances of the same formula above as one), where ‘Das regierende Nomen wird durch ein superlativisches Adjektiv qualifiziert.’ All occur first in the Rigveda, and later instances are repetitions of the Rigvedic passages.
More strophic structures
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The enumerations are identical to those in the Germanic, Indic, and Irish healing charms to be discussed below (chapters 56 and 57).9 The body parts of the ram will call out (wewakkanzi §4) the sickness of the body part of the mortal: ‘head will lift sickness of head’ etc.
The saga of Iphitos and the hero as monster
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

The monstrous behavior of the hero Herakles abases him to the level of a monster, and in terms of formulaic echoes, to one in particular: the Kuklops. The utter wantonness and lawlessness of the Kuklops lies not in his cannibalism, but in his eating guests.
Thor’s hammer and the mace of Contract
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have studied the formulaic aspects of the narration of the dragon-slaying myth in a variety of early Indo-European languages. It was noted that the fullest expression of the mythological theme involved the specification of the WEAPON, typically identified as a mace, cudgel, or war club, often a metaphor for the thunderbolt.
The Wisdont of God
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: November 2023

On July 8, 1758, more than twelve thousand regular and provincial troops, one of the largest British expeditions ever assembled in North America, attacked the French-held Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga. Defended by fewer than four thousand Frenchmen under the marquis de Montcalm, Ticonderoga lay between Major General James Abercromby’s forces and their chief objective to the north, Crown Point, from which French and Indian forces protected the southern entrance to Lake Champlain and terrorized English settlers on the New York and Massachusetts frontier.1
On the Jewish Presence in Nineteenth-Century European Musical Life
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra
Published: November 2023

If The Merchant of Venice presents the most famous negative stereotype of the Jew in English literature, George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda (1876) is perhaps that literature’s most famous philosemitic novel. In this work we encounter a professional musician of great distinction whose high minded pursuit of truth in art is contrasted to the shallow dilletantism of the English upper classes. The name of this cosmopolitan gentleman is Professor Klesmer (klezmer is the Yiddish word for musician), and it has been suggested that he is modeled on the celebrated Russian pianist of Jewish origin, Anton Rubinstein.
Kirke’s Men: Swine and Sweethearts
Authors: Brilliant Richard
Published: November 2023

The animal nature of men and their surrender to the bestializing forces of unmediated desire have long been a topos of the moral critique of mankind, well before it was taken up by contemporary feminists. Whether or not this unflattering view is justified, the imagery of men as “pigs” has an arresting power due, no doubt in part, to the piggish behavior of pigs, gluttony and lust being their salient characteristics.
Aspasia in Greek History
Authors: Henry Madeleine M
Published: November 2023

Our ignorance of Aspasia’s life course is emblematic of our ignorance of the lives of all women in fifth-century Hellas. This only seems so shocking and our curiosity so keenly and urgently justified because Aspasia’s reputation has thrown her into high relief. In fact, however, we are even more ignorant of other women-nameless persons whose lives may have been quite similar to hers. To ask questions about Aspasia’s life is to ask questions about half of humanity. One may assume that her early life began typically, that is to say, inauspiciously, and that we must seek its broadest outlines not in the atypical but in the normative bounds. It would be necessary to do this even should it ever become demonstrable that every scurrilous anecdote about Aspasia had a factual basis. We must learn to forget Aspasia’s reputation.
Aspasia in the Postclassical West
Authors: Henry Madeleine M
Published: November 2023

The Greek East and the Latin West both figured women as sinful vessels. As Greek sources and the knowledge of Greek disappeared from the West, most information about Aspasia was lost. The Middle Ages, which has recently been identified as the time when feminist consciousness first germinated, saw women speaking and thinking in a Christian context, whether as mystics inspired by God, or as authorized to speak and think through their own motherhood. The Christian environment of that time would appear to have been an unpromising one for the development of Aspasia’s bios.
Nostos
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

The next several stories narrate Andrew’s return, or nostos, to Achaea. Unfortunately, these chapters survive almost exclusively in Gregory’s epitome (GE), which in tum was based not on The Acts of Andrew directly but on a Latin translation. Gregory’s surgery was brutal. He omitted nearly every speech and often tortured the story line in order to “summarize only the wonders.” For example, he devoted only thirty-eight lines to the content treated thus far. Almost nothing remains of the speeches, including Andrew’s long conversation with Captain Jesus. The residents of Myrmidonia are no longer cannibals, there is no reference to the old man and the fourteen executioners, Andrew never goes to the city of the barbarians, and he does not return to rescue people from the abyss. Apart from the retention of the word “Myrmidonia,” Gregory’s account contains nothing to suggest the slightest interest in Homer.
Back in Achaea
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

From this point to the end of the Acts, Andrew never leaves Achaea. After a few episodes in Patras (GE 22–24) he travels to Corinth (GE 25–27), Sparta (GE 28), Megara (GE 29), and returns to Patras (GE 30–33), where he will die. The Acts of Andrew thus conforms with Odyssey Books 13–24, which pertain entirely to Achaea. Books 13 and 14 take place in Ithaca, Book 15 moves to Sparta in order to bring Telemachus home via Pylos, and from the end of Book 15 to the end of the epic, the action occurs entirely in Ithaca.
Recognitions
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald
Published: November 2023

The third and final section of The Acts of Andrew narrates events leading up to the apostle’s death at the bands of Aegeates. The text of this section—conventionally but somewhat inaccurately called the Passion—survives nearly intact, thanks in large measure to the transformation of the martyrdoms of the apocryphal Acts into hagiographies for liturgical use. In this chapter I analyze Passion 1–50, Andrew’s preaching in Patras. In chapter 7 I discuss Passion 51–64, Andrew’s execution.
How Energy and Tension Interact
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Energy and tension form a complex relationship with each other.1 The two states are sometimes positively related; that is, as one increases so does the other. This is evident in such combinations as tense energy or calm-tiredness. But sometimes they are negatively related. As one increases the other decreases. This is seen in calm-energy and tense-tiredness. The circumstances in which these positive and negative relationships occur are important theoretical elements of a bio psychological model of mood.
Self-Regulation: Why, How, and How Effective?
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Moods intrude into our consciousness, and bad moods often motivate us to take action.1 But neutral moods may also result in action usually, behaviors that will make us feel even better. This is an elemental process that underlies much of our behavior, which is actually nothing less than the principle that people seek pleasure and avoid pain. Variations of this motivational view have been apparent for thousands of years, and most human behavior follows this pat tern.
Individual Differences in Mood-Regulating Strategies
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

It is now evident that people self-regulate their moods in a variety of ways, using many behaviors, sugars and other foods, as well as drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. But people aren’t all the same. In our research, we found pronounced differences in ways of self-regulating, depending on the type of person. For example, men and women have quite different ways of reacting to a bad mood. Significant differences also can be found between young and old, professionals and nonprofessionals, better or less educated, and even different weight types and levels of introversion and extra version.
Mood Substitution: Different Ways of Achieving the Same Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

In the movie Clean and Sober, Michael Keaton plays a hotshot Phil adelphia real estate agent who uses cocaine. Although at first he denies it, he really is an addict. Because of some legal problems, he enters a drug rehabilitation program to hide out for a while. In part, the movie is about his experiences of coming to grips with his addiction and detoxifying from the drug. In one scene Keaton is meeting in a restaurant with his “sponsor” M. Emmit Walsh. Walsh is a veteran Alcoholics Anonymous member whose role is to help and advise Kea ton, particularly during times when his urge to use cocaine is over whelming. In this scene, Walsh is eating chocolate ice cream and chocolate cake.
The Alleged Impossibility of Philosophical Poetry
Authors: Poetry The Alleged Impossibility of Philosophical
Published: November 2023

Among the opinions of the Stoic or Stoicizing thinker called “Aristo”1 which Philodemus professes to find astonishing is his approval of “good thought found in poems which present good thoughts and actions, or which aim at education”; the Epicurean writer adds, apparently as his own comment, “although no poet has written or is ever likely to write poems containing such thoughts”2-a remark which prompted Jensen to wonder “whether Lucretius’ poem was not yet known to him when he wrote that.”3 The recent discovery of a text of Lucretius in Philodemus’ library4 does not resolve this chronological question, since it could have been added to the collection after his death; and even if Philodemus saw the poem, we do not know whether his command of Latin was sufficient for him to appreciate its merits. More interesting than such biographical speculations is the question whether he would have felt obliged to condemn Lucretius’ poem if he did know it, that is, how broadly his criticism of Aristo is to be interpreted.
A Trinitarian Theology of Cross and Resurrection
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have shown us in general terms that God is revealed in Jesus Christ by the Holy Spirit as the triune God. To stop there, however, could leave us open to the valid criticism that all we have in revelation is an epiphany, an appearance of God in our space and time. This, while true, would fail to plumb the depth of the reality of God’s nature, his coming and appearing in the form of man. For he comes in Jesus Christ right into the midst of our human opposition and alienation, our sin and the opposing forces of the universe, frees us from their bondage, and reconciles us with himself. Revelation in our actual situation can take place only as reconciliation or atonement. God was in Christ reconciling the world to himself and has given us this knowledge by the Holy Spirit. What we are therefore discussing in this chapter is the Trinity and reconciliation—the mystery of salvation in Jesus Christ. For it is not in word only but also in act that God is and comes to us.

Put succinctly, I have argued that the center of our knowledge of the triune God is in Jesus Christ the Word incarnate. Further, the whole being, life, and activity ofJesus Christ is consummated and crowned on the cross and confirmed by the resurrection and the Holy Spirit. What I now propose to expound is a trinitarian theology of cross and resurrection. This in no way queries the importance of the incarnation. Modern perspectives, however, see the focal points of Christ’s life and work more in the cross and resurrection and interpret the incarnation in that light.
The Triune God and Mission
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

It can scarcely be said that the theology of mission has been a predominant feature of modern theological writing, much less a theology based on the Trinity. There has, however, been considerable reflection more recently on the nature of mission and its place in church life and theological thinking; this is so especially since the end of colonialism and the breakdown of the Corpus Christianum. The great Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 was a landmark in this respect, but it has since been seen more as the beginning of the ecumenical movement than as a stimulus to missionary work and thought. Current thinking is very varied; here we concentrate on that which relates directly or indirectly to a trinitarian basis and the implication for our understanding of the nature and goal of mission.
The Breakdown of the Child Abuse System
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

At the same time that heightened public awareness has led to an increase in the number of child abuse reports, it has also put greater stress on the child welfare system. The network of public agencies concerned with protecting the rights of children is being simultaneously under- and overutilized—underutilized because tens of thousands of abused and neglected children go unreported, overutilized because a significant portion of agency time is wasted chasing unfounded reports of abuse and neglect. As a result, the child welfare system is experiencing a frustrating mismatch between the public’s expectations of what the system can accomplish and the resources it has at hand. One consequence of this situation is a loss of direction and a precipitous drop in morale among child welfare workers.
C
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Cacmwri. [W] A servant of Arthur who helps track down the magical boar Twrch Trwyd. Cadw. [W] Cadw of Pictland is the only man who is allowed to shave Yspaddaden the Giant.
H
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Hafgan. [W] “Summer White.” He is the rival of Arawn, king of Annwn. He is slain by Pwyll of Dyfed in what appears to be an annual contest between Arawn and Hafgan, when Pwyll changes shapes with Arawn.
T
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Tabhfheis. [I] The Bull Feast. A ceremony associated with the choosing of the High Kings of Ireland. A druid would eat the flesh of a bull and drink its blood. He was then put to sleep by four other druids. The person that he dreamed of was the one chosen to become High King. If he lied about his vision, the gods would destroy him.