bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Take ‐ Acquiring The Environmentally Sound Ship Of The 21st Century
Authors: Markle Stephen P. , Gill Sean E.
Published: October 2008

Department of Defense (DoD) program managers are increasingly challenged with the difficulties of balancing the risks associated with cost, schedule and performance in an environment of extreme competition for increasingly scarce resources. Requirements associated with environmental, safety and health (ESH), in the context of thirty to forty‐year service lives have not been consistently, or in some cases adequately, addressed in DoD programs.

Environmental protection (EP) requirements generally do not fit the normal requirements generation and product synthesis model typically applied to weapon system development. As with all requirements, early identification is the key to integration into the total system. Recognition that EP requirements must be integrated at program conception led to development of the ESH Integration Model by the U.S. Navy Lewis and Clark (T‐AKE) ship acquisition program. Institutionalization of this model has enabled the T‐AKE Program to establish EP performance requirements for the twelve‐ship class that substantially reduce the environmental footprint of the Navy.

Compared to the fifteen ships that it will be replacing, T‐AKE will require fifty percent less manning and reduce waste streams by seventy percent enabling an annual life cycle cost savings of $5 million in ashore waste disposal costs. The T‐AKE Program has been the first to achieve the Chief of Naval Operation's vision for the “Environmentally Sound Warship of the 21st Century” through design integration of EP requirements.
The Float‐On/Float‐Off Heavy Lift and Return Home of USS Cole
Authors: Wasalaski R. , Anderson R. , Lt. S.  , Gant G.
Published: October 2008

On October 12, 2000, terrorists bombed the USS Cole (DDG 67), an Arleigh Burke class destroyer. The vessel was in the process of receiving fuel while moored alongside a dolphin in the middle of the harbor at Aden, Yemen. With no local repair facilities and a tense diplomatic situation, the badly damaged, but stable vessel had to leave Aden for repairs at another site. After a few intense days of weighing different options, handicapped with limited information, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) granted approval on October 14 to pursue a heavy lift operation. Two days later on October 16, the Navy awarded a contract voyage charter to heavy lift/dry transport the vessel to the United States on board a semi‐submersible heavy lift ship. This paper will discuss a chronology of events and the associated engineering that culminated in the successful loading off the coast of Yemen and the safe transit home of this fully armed and badly‐damaged warship. Detailed discussion will include the following: events leading up to the decision to heavy lift, preliminary engineering done in Oslo, Norway, detailed engineering done on board MV Blue Marlin, planning and execution of the loading operation, post loading and seafastening, the decision to fit a temporary patch, route planning, and the voyage home. The paper will also present the salient and unique characteristics of the Marlin class, currently the world's largest semi‐submersible heavy lift ships.
Tech Solutions — Powered by Naval Research
Authors: Mastroianni L.S. , Sonnefeld M.D.
Published: October 2008

The Office of Naval Research is currently developing a web‐based tool that will allow Sailors and Marines to seek science and technology (S&T) solutions to pressing naval needs. The Naval Fleet/Force Technology Innovation Office (NFFTIO) currently provides this capability by placing Naval Research Science Advisors (NRSAs) at various Navy and Marine Corps commands throughout the world and by facilitating access to the Department of the Navy (DoN) S&T community. However, the current process does not connect today's tech‐savvy Sailors and Marines to the DoN S&T community as well as it could. The development of this web site, and the subsequent process to develop the solutions, will allow for an easily accessible method for identifying problems, communicating the pertinent aspects of those problems to the DoN S&T community, identifying common problems across Fleet/Force commands, and developing and exploring potential solutions. The various aspects of the process include the validation of the needs with the Fleet/Force commanders, solicitation of potential solutions from the DoN S&T community, development and selection of a project to provide a solution, and demonstrating the solution with the requesting Fleet/Force command. Every effort will be made to coordinate with appropriate acquisition commands to ensure that successful solution demonstrations are transitioned to the entire Fleet/Force. A pilot study is being conducted at several commands throughout the Fleet/Force to develop and refine this web site and the underlying processes. This paper will describe the challenges of this initiative, the web‐enabled process, and the progress of the pilot.
Features as an Abstraction for Designer Convenience in the Design of Ships
Authors: Summers Joshua D. , Maxwell Douglas B. , Camp Christopher M. , Butler Alley C.
Published: October 2008

This paper reports on a research effort involving design of a class of ships — nuclear submarines. It focuses on the use of features as a means of design abstraction, and it is found that a principal motivation for the use of features in this design environment is the convenience of the early stage submarine designer. To support this argument, a review of feature research is presented. Experiments in the development of feature catalogs are described, and implementation through two generations of feature‐based submarine CAD systems are discussed. The architecture of the feature‐based submarine CAD systems includes the use of Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), the ACIS geometric modeler, and user interfaces which store/recall hierarchical submarine feature information easily. Strong connections to object‐oriented programming and object‐oriented databases are recognized. Conclusions are drawn regarding the use of features for ship designer convenience and regarding support provided by hierarchical, parameterized features for other means of design automation.
Technology Advances and Tanker Spill Prevention
Authors: Rodgers G.
Published: October 2008

Goals to alert the bridge watch for imminent grounding or collision with shallow underwater dangers, have long been stymied by lags in active sonar technology. Thus “lower hemisphere” designs for shallow underwater search have been unable to exploit solutions useful topside for the “upper hemisphere” guarded by radar and other technology. While the radar environment normally exhibits single path, direct line‐of‐sight conditions for prime targets, the shallow water sonar environment is cluttered by a mix of echoes and multipath returns for identical ranges. Thus we first must accommodate to a quirky hydroacoustic environment as a major design subsystem for any shallow water navigational sonar. Secondly, for large carriers found in the world tanker fleet, there is recognition that some simple backfit solution is needed for any electroacoustic interface, the sonar transducer. Commercial carriers have not been designed or built with special hull considerations such as sonar domes and recesses; therefore, this second vital subsystem requires particular design attention for projecting hydro‐acoustic energy and receiving return echoes. Several recent patents are on file which apply to this problem. Thirdly, signal processing considerations provide a set of design‐critical factors. High speed digital signal processors (DSPs) of recent “parallel” design offer opportunities to search at high speed and to unravel the confusing mix of acoustic energy found in shallow water returns. Past hurdles are endemic for these three critical subsystems: hydroacoustic environment, electroacoustic transducer design, and signal processing, but now these seem most amenable to technology transfer.
A Statistical Method for Estimating the Life Expectancy of Certain Shipboard Equipment
Authors: Smith Dennis E. , Breslin David A. , Toms Gregory S.
Published: October 2008

This paper reviews an inexpensive statistical‐sampling methodology that can be used to determine the attrition rates of certain types of shipboard equipment. The methodology relies on surveys that are conducted in conjunction with regularly scheduled ship visits over a period of time and a statistical analysis of the survey results. The statistical technique allows for reasonably accurate estimates to be made of attrition rates.

The specific example cited in this paper is related to galley‐type refrigeration equipment, such as salad chillers, beverage dispensers, et cetera. In the case of galley‐type refrigeration equipment, the Navy needs to know whether the Fleet's inventory of equipment relying on Class I Ozone‐Depleting Substances (ODSs) will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of fiscal year (FY) 2005, at which time supplies of ODS‐based refrigerants will no longer be available for use by ship galleys. This paper outlines the process used to gather data, the analysis of the data, and concludes that the Navy's inventory of galley equipment using Class I ODSs will be replaced through natural attrition by the end of FY05.

The methodology reviewed by this paper has wider applications. For various types of shipboard equipment, the methodology can also be used to estimate with reasonable accuracy life expectancies, configurations, conditions, and other items of interest.
Engineering Aegis Cruiser Topsides ‐ Enhancing Design Capabilities and Life Cycle Support
Authors: Day Dana L. , Puglisi Donald C. , Gross Gary D. , Latimer John A. , Mulkern Kevin M. , Farsaie Ali , Korkalo Christine M.
Published: October 2008

The U. S. Navy is in the process of modernizing ship structures manufactured before 3‐D computer aided design capabilities were available. Detailed 2‐D views on large engineering drawings can be confusing to personnel performing removal and installation activities. 3‐D tools and capabilities would be highly beneficial to the modernization and implementation of the desired improvements by reducing confusion.

To help meet this challenge for the cruiser conversion program, it was necessary to capture cruiser topside design model data. This task involved acquiring detailed 3‐D measurements of equipment and structure on the topside of a baseline representative Aegis cruiser on a non‐interfering basis. The 3‐D measurements were achieved by using a 3‐D laser scanner to remotely capture dimensional information of a ship's topside. These measurements have been used to create an As Is 3‐D model of the topside of a baseline representative Aegis cruiser to support cruiser conversion design efforts. The 3D model has provided accurate locations for topside equipment relative to ship structure.

This measurement procedure should help in every aspect of topside design by creating more accurate surface combatant topside models. Pedigreed models would aid in studies of antenna coverage, interference, and combat system performance that is sensitive to antenna placement relative to each other and to ship structure. 3‐D laser surveying provides a cost‐effective method of maintaining current topside configuration data for the entire U.S. naval Fleet.
Toward More Effective Technology Insertions for Chemical and Biological Defense
Authors: Vogt Christopher J. , Novick Peter
Published: October 2008

The Department of Defense has a relatively well funded chemical and biological defense program, delivering a number of new technologies to the U.S. Navy and other services. However, observations from forward Fleet operations and recent Fleet battle experiments suggest that these technology insertions are not necessarily resulting in improved chemical and biological defense capabilities. It is also apparent that the Department of Defense investments are too heavily focused on past threats versus today's emerging threats. During the Cold War, the focus was on preparing operating forces to operate in a contaminated environment, a material and equipment‐intensive mission. As far as fixed sites are concerned (including ships in port and at anchor), today's threat is more likely a terrorist attack, requiring those sites to have a credible first response capability. This paper advocates a more flexible approach to chemical and biological defense by the Department of the Navy, and changes to the Department of Defense investment strategy for chemical and biological defense. A number of specific recommendations are offered, most of which are executable with existing funds.
Reliability‐Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Guidelines for Stiffened Panels and Grillages of Ship Structures
Authors: Assakkaf Ibrahim A. , Ayyub Bilal M. , Hess Paul E. , Atua Khaled
Published: October 2008

Stiffened panels and grillages are very important components in ship and offshore structures, and therefore they should be designed for a set of failure modes that govern their strength. They form the backbone of most ship's structure, and they are by far the most commonly used element in a ship. They can be found in bottom structures, decks, side shell, and superstructures. To evaluate the strength of a stiffened panels or grillages, it is necessary to review various strength predicting models and to study their, biases, applicability, and limitations for different loading conditions acting on the element. In this paper, strength limit states for various failure modes of ship panels are presented. For each limit state, commonly used strength models were collected from many sources for evaluating their limitations and applicability and to study their biases and uncertainties. Wherever possible, the different types of biases resulting from these models were computed. The bias and uncertainty analyses for these strength models are needed for the development of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) guidelines for stiffened panels and grillages of ship structures. The uncertainty and biases of these models were assessed and evaluated by comparing their predictions with ones that are more accurate or real values.

The objective of this paper is to develop load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for stiffened panels and grillages of ship structures. Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the biases and uncertainties for these models. Recommendations for the use of the models and their biases in LRFD development are provided. The first‐order reliability method (FORM) was used to develop the partial safety factors (PSFs) for selected limit states.
Development of Shipbuilder and Supplier Relationships
Authors: Daidola John C. , Higginbotham John H.
Published: October 2008

The overseas experience has indicated that strong shipbuilder/supplier relationships serve to strengthen the entire industrial base. The need for and approach to development of a framework or model for a world class shipbuilder/supplier infrastructure for U.S. shipyards is considered in light of this experience. In concert, a process for establishing an internationally competitive supplier network for collaboration with U.S. shipyards is identified. Success in this endeavor should contribute significantly to countering premiums charged by foreign suppliers to U.S. shipbuilders.
To the Edge of the Possible: U.S. High Speed Destroyers, 1919–1942 Part 2: Secondary Hull Form Parameters
Authors: Toby A. Steven
Published: October 2008

Between the two world wars high speed destroyers routinely logged top speeds of 35 to 40 knots on sea trials. In order for such a fast destroyer to be successful, all the hull form parameters had to be optimized for straight line performance (often, at a sacrifice of other desirable characteristics of a warship). In this paper the optimization process for certain “secondary” hull form parameters, the prismatic and midsection coefficients, is described using speed‐power calculations for sample ships based on USS Fletcher (DD 445), a late example of the high speed destroyer. The behavior of transom shape is also discussed using worm curves from model tests of U.S. Navy destroyers of the period.
Monitoring the Navy's Strategic Reserve of Ozone‐Depleting Substances
Authors: Smith Dennis E. , Breslin David A. , Toms Gregory S. , Norton P.
Published: October 2008

The domestic production of the most powerful ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire‐fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of ODSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of ODSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained Fleet operations into the middle of the century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may face similar challenges.

This is the third of three papers that cover all aspects of the Navy's strategic reserve of ODSs. Breslin (1999) documented the history of the Navy's effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support Fleet operations until the middle of the century. Breslin, Smith, and Toms (2000) addressed in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. This paper discusses the Navy's plan for monitoring the Navy's strategic reserves of ODSs and describes the methods used in the monitoring process. In particular, it discusses the underlying assumptions and statistical techniques associated with the Navy's prediction of the expected drawdown of the reserves. A comparison of actual data, collected since the strategic reserves began operations in 1995, with the predicted reserve drawdown, is included in the paper.
A Systems Approach to the Propeller Redesign for the U.S. Navy SEAL Swimmer Delivery Vehicle (SDV)
Authors: Renick Dirk , Hanson Chris
Published: October 2008

This paper details work undertaken at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to improve the overall performance of the Navy SEAL swimmer delivery vehicle (SDV Mk VIII Mod 1) through the design of a wake adapted propeller to replace the existing stock propeller. First, an analysis was conducted of the currently installed propeller using a lifting surface vortex lattice propeller code developed at MIT by Kerwin. This gave the performance required for a new propeller. To start the design process, a lifting line propeller design code developed at MIT by Kerwin was used to find the potential efficiency gains possible with a wake‐adapted propeller with minimal hub drag. Then, a circuit model of the propulsion electric motor was derived and coupled with the lifting line program to match the operating point between the redesigned propeller and the motor. The result of this coupled analysis was a numerical prediction for the reduction in battery amperage draw. A prototype propeller was manufactured and tested, resulting in an 8.9 % reduction in battery current discharge.
Multiple‐Objective Optimization in Naval Ship Design
Authors: Brown Alan , Salcedo Juan
Published: October 2008

This paper presents an optimization methodology that includes three important components necessary for a systematic approach to naval ship concept design. These are: ▪ An efficient and effective search of design space for non‐dominated designs▪ Well‐defined and quantitative measures of objective attributes▪ An effective format to describe the design space and to present non‐dominated concepts for rational selection by the customer.

A Multiple‐Objective Genetic Optimization (MOGO) is used to search design parameter space and identify non‐dominated design concepts based on life cycle cost and mission effectiveness. A non‐dominated frontier and selected generations of feasible designs are used to present results to the customer for selection of preferred alternatives. A naval ship design application is presented.
Investigation of Silicone and Self‐Polishing Bottom Coating for High‐Speed Craft
Authors: Latorre R. , Philips R. , Miller A.
Published: October 2008

Successful operation of high‐speed craft requires close attention to the bottom hull coating system. A new generation of smooth anti‐fouling paints, with no adverse environmental impact, are being introduced to replace the tri‐butal tin (TBT) based coatings, banned in 2003 by IMO convention. This paper presents the results of high speed 2.23 m (7.54 ft) air cushion catamaran model tests with three of these new bottom coatings. The resistance tests show the bottom coatings result in a 2–7% drag reduction over the speeds tested.
Demonstrating the Electric Ship
Authors: Little G.T. , Erskine P.A. , Norton P.
Published: October 2008

Integrated full electric propulsion (IFEP) is an everyday reality as the power system solution for naval platforms, embracing recent advances in enabling technologies to deliver cost effective, survivable, power dense solutions in a variety of applications. The Ministry of Defence (MoD), in co‐operation with the French government has contracted ALSTOM Power Conversion Ltd to design, build and operate an electric ship technology demonstrator (ESTD); the main objective of which is to de‐risk integrated full electric propulsion equipment and systems to meet the requirements of future U.K. and French warship programmes. The key enabling technologies for ESTD are WR21 ICR gas turbine and the propulsion motor system (PM for ESTD). The ESTD is sited at the ALSTOM Power Whittle Research Centre, Whetstone near Leicester.

Key supporting objectives of ESTD are to demonstrate the practical integration of gas turbine generators, power electronics, energy storage systems and an advanced propulsion motor, analyse system performance and assess system operability and functionality.

The paper will review the ESTD and PM for ESTD programmes, providing design and progress detail together with a review of the way ahead for the facility. It will be shown that ESTD is a key part of the electric warship concept and a “world beating test facility”.pawnbrokers.
Modeling, Analysis, and Uncertainty Quantification of a Lightweight Torpedo Design
Authors: Penmetsa Ravi , Grandhi Ramana , Venkayya Vipperla
Published: October 2008

In designing a lightweight torpedo, multiple performance criteria from many disciplines, including structures, acoustics, controls, and hydrodynamics, have to be satisfied in order to maintain a high probability of success for the mission. These criteria could conflict with each other as design requirements, in which case the final design will be the configuration that minimizes conflicts. Performance criteria depend on various design parameters that constitute the configuration of the torpedo and these are usually assigned deterministic values. However, in reality, the parameters would exhibit variations, and thus the design criteria could potentially violate the feasible design space. Therefore, this paper presents a robust torpedo design strategy that provides the designer insight into the safety of the final configuration, subject to variations in design parameters. In this paper a torpedo is modeled using finite elements and its static and dynamic characteristics are analyzed subject to variations in the design parameters structural problem. In this paper, a torpedo is modeled using finite elements and its static and dynamic characteristics are analyzed subject to variations in the design parameters.
Application of Symbiotic Evolution‐based Fuzzy Neural Networks to Fault Diagnosis of Marine Propulsion Systems
Authors: Kuo Hsing‐Chia , Chang Hui‐Kuo
Published: October 2008

A new symbiotic evolution‐based fuzzy‐neural diagnostic system (SE‐FNDS) for fault diagnosis of propeller‐shaft marine propulsion systems is proposed. The SE‐FNDS combination of fuzzy modeling, back‐propagation training, and symbiotic evolution function auto‐generates its own optimal fuzzy neural architecture, a significant advantage over previous time‐consuming manual parameter determination. Two hundred and forty samples from a test propeller‐shaft system are taken over a range of 100 to 500 rpm, during normal and experimentally‐induced faulty operation. Compared to three traditional methods, diagnostic decisions from SE‐FNDS show 93.75% agreement with real conditions and less CPU time for system construction. The presented design is useful as a core module for more advanced computer‐assisted diagnostic systems and for direct application in marine propulsion systems.
Contributions to the Marine Use of Non‐Crimp Reinforcement By Means of Strength Tests
Authors: Neser Gokdeniz , Songuler Sinan , Tacar Mehmet Emin
Published: October 2008

It has been found that the use of non‐crimp reinforcements achieve acceptable levels of engineering parameters such as strength and stiffness when compared with other glass reinforced structures. Therefore, it is concluded that non‐crimp reinforcements are suitable materials for boatbuilding since they offer the advantage of production of lighter structures with less work. Tensile and flexural tests were conducted on orthophitalic polyester resin with hand – laid E glass stitched multilayer angle laminae with ten different thicknesses and with five different directions (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°). The assessment of the material was made in light of those experiments, and results are presented together with comparison of other reinforcement fibers (mat and woven roving). It is believed that the presented results are of direct use for designers.
The Navy and Asbestos Thermal Insulation
Authors: Rushworth Denis H.
Published: October 2008

Asbestos was once used in U. S. Navy shipboard pipe and machinery thermal insulation and in many other shipboard products. It was also used throughout the country in thousands of commercial products and in some products it remains in use today. The health hazards of asbestos have resulted in an increasing number of lawsuits that involve, among many others, manufacturers of Navy hardware. The plaintiffs in these lawsuits include many who were exposed to asbestos while serving in Navy ships built during and following WWII. Because the materials are dry, friable, and easily accessible, the most likely source of their Navy shipboard exposures was thermal insulation. In this article the evolution of thermal insulation systems in WWII and post‐WWII ships is described, Navy and national asbestos consumption patterns are compared, the asbestos industrial hygiene environment of the times are described, and a perspective on asbestos concerns from a hardware manufacturers’ standpoint is provided. The liability situation regarding asbestos may be seen as a pattern causing Navy manufacturers to seek some form of waiver of liability or other relief from the Government for all hazards arising from their Navy work. Naval engineers have a responsibility to understand the background surrounding the use of asbestos, particularly as they continue to deal with new systems and materials that could potentially impact the future health of those who come in contact with them.
ORTSTARS: The Way Ahead For Distance Support
Authors: Tonthat Hai , Fung James , Timm Joel , Godwin Lawana
Published: October 2008

ORTSTARS stands for Operational Readiness Test System Tech Assist Remote Support. ORTSTARS redefines what is possible in real‐time Next Generation In‐Service Engineering Agent distance support capabilities between Aegis Weapon System Class ships and shore support communities. The ORTSTARS concept improves Operational Availability, reduces Total Ownership costs and improves the quality of service and life for Sailors and shore support by instantly converting distributed information into value added real‐time knowledge to ascertain weapon system readiness. ORTSTARS will change the way distributed naval sites collaborate by: 1) allowing remote sites to communicate as if everyone were onboard the ship in the same room; 2) allowing sites to work together in real time; and 3) allowing support organizations to see the scenario on a remote user's computer and correct the problem during the support call without having to physically travel to the remote site. Deploying the ORTSTARS concept today sustains the Navy's Sea Power in the 21st Century strategic plan for building a surge‐capable force, as well as commands the precepts for embedding distance support requirements in the Next Generation system of warships: Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), DD(X) and CG(X). The ORTSTARS approach to proactive and predictive distance support provides a quantum leap in future distance support.
Shipboard and Dockside Trials of Ballast Water Treatment Technology
Authors: Wright David A. , Mackey Thomas P.
Published: October 2008

We report on two ongoing programs for testing the efficacy of ballast water treatment (BWT) systems carried out by a research team from the University of Maryland. The Baltimore Harbor Ballast Water Treatment Demonstration Program is the culmination of more than sixteen years research into treatment technologies for shipboard application, and focuses primarily on efficacy testing of different system components with the ultimate goal of determining the most cost effective combinations. The Shipboard Technology Evaluation (STEP) Program measures the performance of BWT systems already installed aboard vessels. Both programs provide information on aspects of biological endpoint determination that illustrate the potential merits and/or difficulties associated with their universal application. As such these initiatives are designed to complement and provide feedback to testing programs located in different geographic areas. The shipboard program provides additional in information on sampling and measurement problems associated with operating aboard a working vessel.
Biological Bilge Water Treatment System
Authors: Penny Richard L. , Suominen‐Yeh Marika
Published: October 2008

EnSolve Biosystems Inc. manufacturers oil water separators that utilize mechanical means for separating free‐phase oil and biological means for processing residual emulsified oil in water. EnSolve installed its first biomechanical oil water separator, trade named the PetroLiminator, on board a Great Lakes ore carrier in January 2000. In the past five years PetroLiminator systems have been installed on numerous vessels and have discharged millions of gallons of treated bilge water below the required discharge standards. This paper will explore operational data from several of these installations and evaluate the data with current and pending regulations.
Design and Prototype Development of Advanced Oxidation Black and Gray Water Treatment Systems
Authors: Markle Stephen P.
Published: October 2008

Regulations governing the discharge of sewage from ships have been in force since the early 1970's. In response, the marine industry has developed ever more complex systems and processes for managing these wastes. The first compliance method involved holding wastes until they could be legally discharged; as technology advanced, treatment systems were developed and installed to enable discharge within regulated waters. As the size and number of ships as increased with maturation of the ocean tourism business, more restrictive regulations have been enacted to minimize the impact on sensitive waters. The trend is toward increasing regulation of both sewage and graywater. The most recent action occurred on 12 October 2005 when the Governor of California signed into law Senate Bill 771 regulating most ship liquid discharges within state waters. This paper describes the development of an innovative advanced wastewater treatment technology, based on advanced oxidation, bearing in mind the lessons learned from systems developed by industry over the past thirty years.
T‐AKE: Acquiring the Environmentally Sound Ship of the 21st Century
Authors: Markle Stephen P. , Gill Sean E.
Published: October 2008

Department of Defense (DoD) program managers are increasingly challenged with the difficulties of balancing the risks associated with cost, schedule, and performance in an era of intense competition for increasingly scarce resources. Requirements associated with environmental, safety, and health (ESH), in the context of thirty to forty‐year service lives, have not been consistently, or in some cases adequately, addressed in DoD programs. Environmental protection (EP) requirements generally do not fit the normal requirements generation and product synthesis model typically applied to weapon system development. As with all requirements, early identification is the key to integration into the total system. Recognition that EP requirements must be integrated at program conception led to development of the ESH Integration Model by the U.S. Navy Lewis and Clark (T‐AKE) Auxiliary Cargo Ammunition Ship Program. Institutionalization of this model has enabled the T‐AKE Program to establish EP performance requirements for the twelve‐ship class that substantially reduce the environmental footprint of the Navy. Compared to the fifteen ships that it will be replacing, T‐AKE will require fifty percent less manning and reduce waste streams by seventy percent enabling an annual life cycle cost savings of $5M in ashore waste disposal costs. The T‐AKE Program has been the first to achieve the Chief of Naval Operations vision for the “Environmentally Sound Warship of the 21st Century” through design integration of EP requirements.
Can Diversification Create Value? Evidence from the Electric Utility Industry
Authors: Jandik Tomas , Makhija Anil K.
Published: October 2008

Despite SEC and state‐level resistance, and contrary to the trend pursued by other firms, many electric utilities have diversified into non‐electric and unregulated businesses. Moreover, this failure to focus has been rewarded with higher firm values, again contrary to the discounts documented in the literature for other diversifying firms. Prior literature has questioned whether these premiums (or discounts) can be attributed to diversification per se. Rather, these premiums could arise from the characteristics of the diversifying firms, which have then endogenously chosen to diversify. In a new approach, where regulation can make the diversification decision largely exogenous, we examine the investment policies of the comparable electric‐segments in the diversifying and non‐diversifying utilities. We find that single‐segment electric utilities over‐invest compared to diversifying utilities, which explains their diversification premiums and implies that diversification can create value by opening up new investment opportunities.
Business School Rankings and Business School Deans: A Study of Nonprofit Governance
Authors: Fee C. Edward , Hadlock Charles J. , Pierce Joshua R.
Published: October 2008

We examine the relation between business school dean turnover and MBA program rankings from 1990–2002. We find little evidence that dean departures are related to changes in a school's overall rank in the US News & World Report rankings. However, dean turnover increases following drops in the Business Week rankings and deterioration in the student placement score as measured by US News & World Report. These results are significant in both a statistical and economic sense. Our findings suggest that schools react either directly to the rankings or to information that is reflected in the rankings.
Investor Recognition, Liquidity, and Exchange Listings in the Reformed Markets
Authors: Jain Pankaj K. , Kim Jang‐Chul
Published: October 2008

We examine multiple facets of firms' descisions to list on the NYSE. Although the average Nasdaq spreads are now comparable to the average NYSE spreads, we find that firms continue to switch from Nasdaq to the NYSE, and that they experience positive cumulative abnormal returns on listing. Using a simultaneous ststem of equations approach, we establish that enhanced investor recognition mainly explains this phenomenon. A logistic regression suggesrts that corporate listing choice is consistent with these findings, since eligible unlisted firms already have high volumes and recognition and might not benefit as much as do firms that actually switch.
Asset Opaqueness and Split Bond Ratings
Authors: Livingston Miles , Naranjo Andy , Zhou Lei
Published: October 2008

We examine the relation between asset opaqueness and split ratings. We find that firms with asset opaqueness problems are more likely to receive split bond ratings from Moody s and S&P rating agencies. Our results suggest that there is a causal link between asset opaqueness and split ratings.
What's in the News? Information Content of S&P 500 Additions
Authors: Cai Jie
Published: October 2008

I investigate the information content of S&P 500 index changes by examining the price and volume reaction of the industry and size matched firms. Using a sample of S&P 500 additions between 1976–2001, I find a significantly positive price reaction, but no volume reaction, for the matching firms. In addition, the matching‐firm price reaction is negatively related to the added firm's weight in its industry. These findings suggest that the index addition conveys favorable information about the added firm and its industry.
Stock Price Response to Calls of Convertible Bonds: Still a Puzzle?
Authors: Brick Ivan E. , Palmon Oded , Patro Dilip K.
Published: October 2008

The liquidity hypothesis predicts negative abnormal returns around the conversion‐forcing call announcements of convertible bonds, followed by a price recovery. We find the former but not the latter. The liquidity hypothesis also implies that the abnormal returns during the announcement and the post‐announcement periods should be related to proxies for the stock s liquidity. Again, our findings do not support these implications of the liquidity hypothesis. We conclude that the reason for the negative abnormal returns around the announcement of a conversion‐forcing call needs further examination.
The Effect of Substitute Assets on Yields in Financial Markets
Authors: Cyree Ken B. , Lindley James T. , Winters Drew B.
Published: October 2008

We examine the link between volume and liquidity in money markets where there are close substitutes. We find that the size of the market, as a proxy for trading volume, affects yield spreads over T‐bill rates. We examine the bankers acceptances market, when market size declined by half over the decade of the 1990s. Controlling for interest‐rate levels, day‐of‐the‐week, calendar, term structure, credit spread, time‐series, and cross‐equation effects, we find that the substitution effect does not eliminate the impact of market‐size changes on rates, but it does preserve the hierarchy of rates across instruments.
Access to Institutional Finance and the Use of Trade Credit
Authors: Atanasova Christina
Published: October 2008

I develop a conceptual framework for analyzing the effect of the availability of institutional loans on firms' demand for supplier (trade) finance. I test for the existence of credit constraints and their effect on corporate financing policies. My empirical results support the hypothesis that trade credit is taken up by firms as a substitute for institutional finance at the margin when they are credit constrained. Further, in line with studies on the credit channel of monetary policy transmission, I find an increased reliance on trade credit by financially constrained firms during periods of tight money.
Product Development and Market Expansion: A Real Options Model
Authors: Gamba Andrea , Micalizzi Alberto
Published: October 2008

We create a model that values complementary and substitute products with potentially correlated revenues, which must be developed sequentially. The model also incorporates the effects of changing market conditions. We find that the value of a combined project increases in correlation, but the probability of investing in the initial product is a decreasing function of correlation. These results are reversed if the products are substitutes. Regardless of the correlation level, higher levels of substitutability reduce the value of the combined projects and increase the probability of investing. Despite greater uncertainty during the phase of limited competition, the firm is more likely to invest early than to postpone investment.
Comparing the Power of Korean and American Presidents: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Kim Jaechun
Published: October 2008

Many observers of Korean politics have worried that the Korean president has wielded lopsided leverage over other political actors and institutions. By comparing “constitutional” and “para‐constitutional” features of the Korean and American political systems, this paper assesses the reasons that the Korean presidency has enjoyed overwhelming advantage. Assessment of constitutionally prescribed presidential powers–both legislative and non‐legislative–indicates that, compared to the American president, the Korean counterpart possesses strong leverage over the legislature. This paper also suggests that such para‐constitutional features of the Korean political system such as ’winner‐take‐all” and the ‘plebiscitary’ nature of the Korean presidential elections and strong party discipline have worked to the advantage of the Korean president. Although no analysis of the political system will be complete without the examination of “contextual” and “ecological” factors indigenous to that system, “institutional” analysis of this paper suggests that Korean politics may move toward a more advanced stage of democracy through adjusting some of the basic institutional arrangements of the country.
The Anatomy of Cultural Power: Elements and Implications for Global Politics
Authors: Paek Tae Youl
Published: October 2008

Until recently, the study of international politics was confined mostly to economic, military, and diplomatic aspects. In the aftermath of the Cold War and the advent of globalization, however, culture has been on the rise in the discipline. A new approach has come to appreciate the affect of culture on the nature and structure of power. It is the aim of this paper to identify and discuss the components of cultural power and their contributions to a nation's power from an international point of view. The thesis of this paper is that cultural power is different in character from economic power, military might, and diplomatic choice are factors, but are more symbolic and perceptible. At the same time, cultural power is also as influential as other aspects of power and can be a source of diffusion, absorption, and domination.
Mist-Abrasion Machining of Brittle Material and Its Application in Corrective Figuring of Optical Parts
Authors: Amirabadi H. , Shakeri M. , Horiuchi O. , Imen J.
Published: October 2008

Polished surfaces are usually used for corrective figuring in ultraprecision machining, but in this research, corrective figuring of a rough quartz sample has been preformed before the polishing process. A capacitor probe has been used to measure out the flatness of a rough quartz sample since the laser interferometer measuring device restrictions. Mist-abrasion machining method is proposed for corrective figuring of the optical materials. By the new figuring method, not only the polishing time decreases but also its efficiency increases by bigger abrasive grain size. The fundamental characteristics and its applicability for corrective figuring of a flat quartz sample are investigated. Flatness of the rough quartz sample is improved from PV=0.4μm to PV=0.1μm before the polishing process by mist-abrasion figuring.
Process Yield Improvement Through Optimum Design of Fixture Layouts in 3D Multistation Assembly Systems
Authors: Phoomboplab T. , Ceglarek D.
Published: October 2008

Fixtures control the positions and orientations of parts in an assembly process. Inaccuracies of fixture locators or nonoptimal fixture layouts can result in the deviation of a workpiece from its design nominal and lead to overall product dimensional variability and low process yield. Major challenges involving the design of a set of fixture layouts for multistation assembly system can be enumerated into three categories: (1) high-dimensional design space since a large number of locators are involved in the multistation system, (2) large and complex design space for each locator since the design space represents the area of a particular part or subassembly surfaces on which a locator is placed, (here, the design space varies with a particular part design and is further expanded when parts are assembled into subassemblies), and (3) the nonlinear relations between locator nominal positions and key product characteristics. This paper presents a new approach to improve process yield by determining an optimum set of fixture layouts for a given multistation assembly system, which can satisfy (1) the part and subassembly locating stability in each fixture layout and (2) the fixture system robustness against environmental noises in order to minimize product dimensional variability. The proposed methodology is based on a two-step optimization which involves the integration of genetic algorithm and Hammersley sequence sampling. First, genetic algorithm is used for design space reduction by estimating the areas of optimal fixture locations in initial design spaces. Then, Hammersley sequence sampling uniformly samples the candidate sets of fixture layouts from those predetermined areas for the optimum. The process yield and part instability index are design objectives in evaluating candidate sets of fixture layouts. An industrial case study illustrates and validates the proposed methodology.
Fuzzy Logic Control of Microhole Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Kao Chen-Chun , Shih Albert J. , Miller Scott F.
Published: October 2008

A microhole electrical discharge machining (EDM) system with adaptive fuzzy logic control and precision piezoelectric stage is developed in this study. A high-speed EDM monitoring system is implemented to measure the gap voltage, current, and ignition delay time, which are used to derive three input parameters—the average gap voltage, deviation in spark ratio, and change in the deviation in spark ratio—for the fuzzy logic control. Servo displacement and speed of the piezoelectric stage during each sampling duration are synthesized in real time by the adaptive fuzzy logic controller. Effects of the single and multiple input parameters, ignition delay threshold value, and maximum servo displacement and speed on the EDM drilling process are experimentally studied. Experimental results show that the fuzzy logic EDM control system yields a much more stable and efficient microhole EDM drilling process.
Genetic diversity and relationships amongPrunus cerasifera(cherry plum) clones
Authors: Horvath Aniko , Christmann Hélène , Laigret Frédéric
Published: October 2008

Prunus cerasifera (Ehrh.) (cherry or Myrobalan plum) is a diverse species with several recognized subspecies and natural forms. It is used as rootstock or as an ornamental tree, and is considered to be one progenitor of the garden plum ( Prunus domestica L.). This study considers the genetic relationships among different P. cerasifera clones, including horticultural cultivars. Twenty nine P. cerasifera accessions of the Prunus Genetic Resources Collection of INRA were analysed using morphological traits, maternally inherited chloroplastic DNA (cpDNA) markers, and biparentally inherited microsatellite (SSR) markers. Ploidy information was obtained by flow cytometry. Multiple factorial correspondence analysis of morphological descriptors shows important differences between some clones, but most of the samples are grouped. Fifteen haplotypes of cpDNA were identified and clustered into three groups after statistical parsimony analysis. SSR markers revealed a total of 74 alleles, with a mean value of 10.6 alleles per locus. After analysis of ploidy level, P. cerasifera subsp. caspica was shown to have a hexaploid genome. Morphological and molecular data suggest that the taxonomic classification of some subspecies and of P. cerasifera subsp. caspica may need to be revised after analysis of additional individuals.