bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult testosterone levels have little or no influence on dominance in men
Authors: Hines Melissa
Published: July 2002

There is substantial evidence that psychological factors
influence human testosterone levels, but little support if any for
an influence of circulating testosterone on dominance in men.
Persistent interest in testosterone as an explanation of behaviors
such as dominance and aggression might reflect the influence of
cognitive schemas regarding race and sex rather than empirical
evidence.
The science of life as seen through Rose-coloured glasses
Authors: Anderson Mike
Published: July 2002

This commentary takes issue with two of Rose's central
themes from the perspective of the psychology of intelligence. In the
case of reductionism, I argue that Rose fails to live up to
his own rhetoric by claiming a veto from his own discipline (biology)
over facts of the matter in another (psychology). In the case of
“Lifelines,” Rose's argument is contradicted
by evidence from both individual differences and developmental change
in intelligence.
Individual differences and the adaptiveness of patriarchal ideology
Authors: MacDonald Kevin
Published: July 2002

Campbell's target article significantly advances the
field but fails to give adequate weight to individual differences.
Moreover, there is no convincing rationale why males gain by making
females less aggressive than they would otherwise be. It is also as
likely that patriarchal ideology serves women's interests by
canalizing genetic influences on individual differences within a more
adaptively circumscribed range as it is to counter their interests by
preventing them from challenging male hegemony.
The structure of basins of attraction and their trapping regions
Authors: NUSSE HELENA E. , YORKE JAMES A.
Published: July 2002

In dynamical systems examples are common in which two or more
attractors coexist, and in such cases, the basin boundary is
nonempty. When there are three basins of attraction, is it
possible that every boundary point of one basin is on the boundary
of the two remaining basins? Is it possible that all three
boundaries of these basins coincide? When this last situation
occurs the boundaries have a complicated structure. This
phenomenon does occur naturally in simple dynamical systems.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure and
properties of basins and their boundaries for two-dimensional
diffeomorphisms. We introduce the basic notion of a ‘basin cell’. A
basin cell is a trapping region generated by some well chosen
periodic orbit and determines the structure of the corresponding
basin. This new notion will play a fundamental role in our main
results. We consider diffeomorphisms of a two-dimensional
smooth manifold $M$ without boundary, which has at least three
basins. A point $x\in M$ is a Wada point if every open
neighborhood of $x$ has a nonempty intersection with at least
three different basins. We call a basin $B$ a Wada basin if
every $x\in\partial\bar{B}$ is a Wada point. Assuming $B$ is the
basin of a basin cell (generated by a periodic orbit $P$), we show
that $B$ is a Wada basin if the unstable manifold of $P$
intersects at least three basins. This result implies conditions
for basins $B_{1},B_{2},\ldots,B_{N}(N\ge 3)$ to satisfy
$\partial\bar{B}_{1}=\partial\bar{B}_{2}=\cdots
=\partial\bar{B}_{N}$.
Hypercyclic and chaotic semigroups of linear
operators
Authors: DESCH WOLFGANG , SCHAPPACHER WILHELM , WEBB GLENN F.
Published: July 2002

We investigate hypercyclic and chaotic behavior of linear strongly continuous
semigroups. We give necessary and sufficient conditions on the semigroup to
be
hypercyclic, and sufficient conditions on the spectrum of an operator to
generate a hypercyclic semigroup. A variety of examples is provided.
Groups of automorphisms of trees and their limit sets
Authors: HERSONSKY SA'AR , HUBBARD JOHN
Published: July 2002

Let $T$ be a locally finite simplicial tree and
let $\Gamma\subset{\rm Aut}(T)$ be a finitely generated discrete subgroup. We
obtain an explicit formula for the critical exponent of the
Poincaré
series
associated with $\Gamma$, which is also the Hausdorff dimension of the limit
set of $\Gamma$; this uses a description due to Lubotzky of an
appropriate fundamental domain for finite index torsion-free subgroups
of $\Gamma$.
Coornaert, generalizing work of Sullivan, showed that
the limit set is of finite positive measure in its dimension; we give a new
proof of this result. Finally, we show that the critical exponent is locally
constant on the space of deformations of
$\Gamma$.
Codimension one Anosov flows and a conjecture of
Verjovsky
Authors: SIMIĆ SLOBODAN
Published: July 2002

Let $ \Phi $ be a $C^2$ codimension one Anosov flow on a compact
Riemannian manifold $M$ of dimension greater than three. Verjovsky
conjectured that $ \Phi $ admits a global cross-section and we affirm
this conjecture when $ \Phi $ is volume preserving in the following
two cases: (1) if the sum of the strong stable and strong
unstable bundle of $\Phi$ is $ \theta $-Hölder continuous for all $
\theta < 1 $; (2) if the center stable bundle of $ \Phi $ is
of class $ C^{1 + \theta} $ for all $ \theta < 1 $. We also show how
certain transitive Anosov flows (those whose center stable bundle is
$C^1$ and transversely orientable) can be ‘synchronized’, that
is,
reparametrized so that the strong unstable determinant of the time $t$
map (for all $t$) of the synchronized flow is identically equal to $
e^t $. Several applications of this method are given, including
vanishing of the Godbillon–Vey class of the center stable foliation of
a codimension one Anosov flow (when $ \dim M > 3 $ and that foliation
is $ C^{1 + \theta} $ for all $ \theta < 1 $), and a positive answer
to a higher-dimensional analog to Problem 10.4 posed by Hurder and
Katok in [HK].
Nondense orbits of flows on homogeneous spaces
Authors: KLEINBOCK DMITRY Y.
Published: July 2002

Let $F$ be a nonquasi-unipotent one-parameter (cyclic) subgroup of a unimodular Lie group $G$, $\Gamma$ a discrete subgroup of $G$. We prove that for certain classes of subsets $Z$ of the homogeneous space $G/\Gamma$, the set of points in $G/\Gamma$ with $F$-orbits staying away from $Z$ has full Hausdorff dimension. From this we derive applications to geodesic flows on manifolds of constant negative curvature.
Editorial
Authors: Blakemore Ken , Bytheway Bill
Published: July 2002

With the start of volume 18, our second as editors of the journal,
we are
joined as newly-appointed Review Editors by Miriam Bernard and
Judith Phillips.

Tony Warnes became review editor in 1987 and, by our calculation,
he has ‘put to bed’ 46 sets of abstracts and reviews, concluding
with
those that appeared in the last edition. Tony has made a major
contribution to the development of the journal over the past decade.
Several hundred books have passed through his hands and, as a result,
the review pages have become an invaluable resource for those coming
to gerontology, either as students, postgraduate researchers or from
other disciplines. He has located reviewers working in many different
settings – both on the geographical and the disciplinary maps. In
this
way the international gerontological network has been greatly
enhanced. Many of those who have written reviews will have benefited
from his astute and encouraging editorship.
From Manchuria to the tradition village: on the construction of place via pelimanni music
Authors: Järviluoma Helmi
Published: July 2002

Introduction

There are no traces of the mid-Finnish village ‘Perikylä’ on existing maps. It features only in the ‘old folks’ memories', says the retired bus-driver, Matti Tulijoki, who wrote a melancholic waltz in memory of his native five-farm village, ‘in a weak moment’. He called the waltz ‘Memories of Perikylä’, and I have chosen it for analysis from the repertoire of the amateur musical group Virtain pelimannit, in which Mr Tulijoki is an accordion player and a pelimanni. Pelimanni is a term that has been used in Finland for centuries to denote a musician who plays a folk instrument. It is also used for the players who, from the start of the Finnish folk music movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, joined the groups that were being formed all over the country, carrying the name of each municipality. This paper uses the case study, Music and Identity at Grassroots Level (Järviluoma 1997), in which I analysed the ways in which one such amateur music ensemble creates and maintains different sides of its identity. The group comes from Virrat, a country town of 9,000 people in central Finland. One of the central themes of the case study was place, and I will draw upon the study here to examine how ‘place’ is present in both the players' music and their speech about music.
Conference on Genetic Programming (GP-97)
Authors: Langdon W. B.
Published: July 2002

The Second International Conference in Genetic Programming (GP-97), like the first, was held on the beautiful Stanford University campus in California under the chairmanship of John Koza. More than 350 people from all over the world gathered together for four days to see presentations, posters, tutorials and trade presentations on a range of topics. In addition to GP and related topics in Genetic Algorithms (GAs) and classifier systems, the up and coming fields of evolvable hardware (EHW) and biocomputing (also called DNA computing) were also represented.
Motion planning in crowded planar environments
Authors: Lasovsky Yoav , Joskowicz Leo
Published: July 2002

We present a new algorithm for fine motion planning in geometrically complex situations. Geometrically complex situations have complex robot and environment geometry, crowded environments, narrow passages and tight fits. They require complex robot motions with coupled degrees of freedom. The algorithm constructs a path by incrementally building

a graph of linearized convex configuration space cells and solving a series of linear optimization problems with varying objective functions. Its advantages are that it better exploits the local geometry of narrow passages in configuration space, and that its complexity does not significantly increase as the clearance of narrow passages decreases. We demonstrate the algorithm on examples which other planners could not solve.
Moral canals: trust and social capital in the work of Hume, Smith and Genovesi
Authors: Bruni Luigino , Sugden Robert
Published: July 2002

It is a truism that a market economy cannot function without trust. We must be able to rely on other people to respect our property rights, and on our trading partners to keep their promises. The theory of economics is incomplete unless it can explain why economic agents often trust one another, and why that trust is often repaid. There is a long history of work in economics and philosophy which tries to explain the kinds of reasoning that people use when they engage in practices of trust: this work develops theories of trust. A related tradition in economics, sociology and political science investigates the kinds of social institution that reproduce whatever habits, dispositions or modes of reasoning are involved in acts of trust: this work develops theories of social capital. A recurring question in these literatures is whether a society which organizes its economic life through markets is capable of reproducing the trust on which those markets depend. In this paper, we look at these themes in relation to the writings of three eighteenth-century philosopher-economists: David Hume, Adam Smith, and Antonio Genovesi.
Bastardy and the Great Famine: Ireland, 1845–1850
Authors: KENNEDY LIAM
Published: July 2002

‘A woman who has had an illegitimate child is looked on with contempt, and
would not be associated with. But the young women have a great deal of
discretion, and few of them go astray in that way.’

Parish of St. Mary's, Cork, 1835

While the claim may seem surprising, Irish society enjoys no mean place
in the history of sexuality. Malthus may be said to have re-focused
attention on the folly of giving free rein to the passion between the sexes,
and some historians, as well as contemporary commentators, viewed the
state of pre-Famine Ireland as a confirmation of the dangers of runaway
population growth. Post-Famine Irish society, by contrast, gave the
appearance of being fashioned according to the principles of Malthusian
population policy: an older age at marriage for men and women, a rising
incidence of permanent celibacy and a relative absence of ‘vice’. Indeed,
long before the end of the Victorian era Irish people were renowned for
their prudential approach to matters sexual. This extended to sex outside
marriage. Irish illegitimacy rates were amongst the lowest in the Western
world. Ideologues protested the virtue and purity of Irish women, and of
the Irish race more generally.
READING AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING.John M. Henderson,
Murray Singer, & Fernanda Ferreira (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995.
Pp. iv
+ 351. $34.50 paper.
Authors: Koda Keiko
Published: July 2002

This volume sets forth an excellent overview of cutting-edge research in reading and
language processing and illuminates many of the controversial issues related to human
cognition. Readers will find, as an example, apt commentaries on the tension between
connectionist modeling and the antecedent symbolic processing, and the subsequent efforts of
researchers to resolve paradigmatic conflicts. As a result, several hybrid models, incorporating
elements of a symbolic system and an activation-based connectionist mechanism, have
emerged. Similarly, the logic and value of relevant research procedures are debated.
Methodological scrutiny, in fact, is a prominent theme throughout the volume. Among other
things, a variety of online measures, such as technologically enhanced procedures for
eye-movement tracking, pupillometry monitoring, and moving-window display techniques, are
discussed.
THE TEACHING AND ACQUISITION OF SOUTH ASIAN LANGUAGES.Vijay Gambhir (Ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. Pp. xv +
226. $29.95 cloth.
Authors: Lakshmanan Usha
Published: July 2002

The last thirty years have witnessed considerable research in the fields of second language
acquisition (SLA) and second language teaching (SLT). However, most of this research has been
concerned with second languages such as English, Spanish, French, and German. There has been
comparatively little research on the less commonly taught second languages such as Hindi and
other South Asian languages. As the editor states in the preface, enrollment in courses on South
Asian languages has rapidly grown in universities in the United States and there is an urgent need
for a careful examination of the issues relevant to the teaching and learning of these languages.
The purpose of the book is to fill the existing gap and to generate an interest among both
researchers and practitioners in the teaching and learning of South Asian languages.
Buzzsaws and blueprints: what children need (or don't need) to learn language
Authors: SABBAGH MARK A. , GELMAN SUSAN A.
Published: July 2002

Review essay on: B. MACWHINNEY (ed.), The emergence of language.

Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999.

An old joke that has been circulating for the past decade or so goes as follows:

a biologist, a physicist, and a cognitive scientist were sitting around

discussing the great achievements of their fields. The biologist waxed

eloquent about the insights of Darwin's theory of evolution; the physicist

expounded on the implications of Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Then the cognitive scientist spoke up: ‘Our great discovery is the thermos.

You put a cold drink in, the drink stays cold. You fill it with hot soup, the

soup stays hot. This is amazing, for how does the thermos know?’

Obviously, this cognitive scientist has asked the wrong question about how

the thermos maintains temperatures. In The emergence of language (henceforth,

EL), an edited collection of chapters authored by an interdisciplinary

group of computer scientists, linguists, and cognitive and developmental

psychologists, it is suggested that perhaps language acquisition researchers

have been making the same mistake as the errant cognitive scientist. To be

sure, language is an extremely complex phenomenon, yet it is also elegant.

Recognition of these characteristics in all aspects of language (thanks in large

part to Chomskyan approaches to linguistics) highlights a well-known

apparent paradox: language is hopelessly complex but children acquire it

with ease. Solutions to this paradox have typically inspired researchers to

posit rules or other kinds of blueprints – knowledge (innate or acquired) that

children have to guide their language acquisition. But are these rules truly

necessary? Perhaps children do not KNOW how to acquire language any more

than a thermos knows how to maintain temperature.
Effects of maintaining and redirecting infant attention on the production of referential communication in infants with and without Down syndrome
Authors: LEGERSTEE MARIA , VARGHESE JEAN , BEEK YOLANDA VAN
Published: July 2002

The effects of maternal interactive styles on the production of referential communication were assessed in four groups of infants whose chronological ages ranged between 0;6 and 1;8. Two groups of infants with Down syndrome (DS), one (n = 11) with a mean mental age (MA) of 0;8.6, and the other (n = 11) of 1;4.5, were matched on MA with two groups (n = 10 each) of typically developing infants. Infants were seen bi-monthly, for 8 months, with mothers, same-aged peers, and mothers of the peers. Results showed that High MA non-Down syndrome (ND) infants produced more words, and High MA DS infants produced more gestures when playing with mothers than peers. Mothers exhibited more attentional maintaining behaviours than peers, in particular to High MA infants, but they redirected the attentional focus of Low MA infants more. Sequential loglinear analyses revealed interesting contingencies between the interactive strategies of mothers and the referential communicative behaviours of their infants. Whereas maintaining attention increased, redirecting attention decreased the likelihood of the production of gestures and words in children. However, redirecting attention was followed by maintaining attention. Thus, mothers redirect the attentional focus in order to promote joint attention and referential communication. Furthermore, words and gestures of the children also promote joint attention in mothers. This highlights the reciprocal nature of these dynamic communicative interactions.
Legislation Update – Radio and EMC in the Automotive Environment
Authors: Beadman Terry
Published: July 2002

Radio approval for spectrum management, and vehicle EMC type approval for road safety,
are different approvals for different purposes. Modern vehicle applications of radio systems
for telematics purposes have resulted in both of these approvals having to be applied to radio
systems fitted to vehicles. This paper looks at automotive EMC legislation and its
interpretations relating to radio issues. The changes to radio type approval with the
implementation of directive 1999/5/EC and the interpretations for automotive systems are
discussed.
On Foot Navigation: When GPS Alone is Not Enough
Authors: Ladetto Quentin , Merminod Bertrand , Terrier Philippe , Schutz Yves
Published: July 2002

Integration of GPS/INS navigation systems is a common topic for aeronautical and road
applications. The use of these technologies for personal localisation requires more than just
portable sensors and a change of ergonomics; it requires a totally different approach for
dead reckoning algorithms. This paper will focus on different human applications and
reveals the particular problem encountered.
A Study on the Application of Pulse Doppler Radar in VTS
Authors: Xinggu Zhang
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the necessity and feasibility of the
application of Pulse Doppler Radar in
vts through analysing the limitations of the non-coherent, single frequency,
radar and the
advantages of PD radar.
High Speed Craft and Colregs – A Proposal
Authors: Clements Dick
Published: July 2002

Pike has pointed out the increasing risk of collision resulting

from the expansion of the fast
commercial vessel fleet and has made some proposals for alleviating the
problems. This paper
points out some difficulties with Pike's proposals and suggests,
instead, a simpler modification
of the philosophical basis of the colregs which would equally

alleviate the greater risks of collision introduced by higher speed craft.
Sir Laurence Kirwan, KCMG, TD
Authors: R. M. W.
Published: July 2002

Sir Laurence Kirwan, Director and Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society from 1945 to
1975, and one of the founders of the Institute, of which he was an Honorary Member, died in
London on 16 April 1999 aged 91. The events that took place early in 1946, and led to the
foundation of the Institute of Navigation the following year, have been well documented by Pat
Hansford in his article in the special issue of the Journal (September 1997) published to
commemorate the Institute's fiftieth anniversary. Kirwan was a member of the original Steering
Committee and then of the Provisional Council which undertook the preliminary work that
culminated in the inaugural meeting in March 1947. He served on the first elected Council as
Chairman of the Executive Committee, which in those days assumed responsibility for
administering the Institute between meetings of the Council.

In his article, Hansford recalls how the Royal Society, when approached about the formation
of the Institute, had suggested that (in the somewhat uncertain situation immediately after the
war) the new body might thrive best, at any rate to start with, under the aegis of an existing
scientific society with similar objectives. Kirwan, then the recently appointed Director of the
Royal Geographical Society, took the suggestion up by proposing various ways in which the
RGS might assist the new body, and notably by offering it accommodation; and the Institute
has, of course, been at the Society's house ever since. The original accommodation was not
lavish but, quite apart from the prestigious address and pleasant and appropriate surroundings,
the facilities available included the use of the Society's lecture theatre and the Council and
committee rooms. It is difficult to see how the new body, with a handful of members and no
money, could have survived without some such assistance. But it was perhaps at a deeper level
that the arrangement was to prove so influential, for it brought the young Institute into
immediate contact with the liberal traditions of the learned societies in this country, concerned
essentially with the subject rather than the benefit of its members, no doubt very much as the
Royal Society would have wished.
Why is There This Urge to Pass ‘Close To’?
Authors: Millns A. T. C.
Published: July 2002

One of the first occasions that navigators became aware of the potential problem generated
by the (then) recently-invented radar, was the so-called radar-assisted collision which occurred
outside of New York between the Stockholm and the Andrea Doria in 1956. Forty-seven lives
were lost in the Andrea Doria and five on the Stockholm.

Radar (Radio Detection And Range) had been invented and began its sea service during the
Second World War. Its use had been, as its name implied, to give initial warning of, and the
range of, another vessel on a simple Cathode Ray Tube. As the system was enhanced and the
Plan Position Indicator (PPI) style of display came into prominence, complete stretches of the
coastline were shown. Its usage was enhanced so that ships began to be navigated by radar.
However, the navigator himself was still very much in touch with the natural elements, through
the very open design of the bridge at that time.

Following the Stockholm/Andrea Doria tragedy, navigators came to terms with the fact that
their PPI view of the world was a relative one rather than the actual world. Plotting the
observations became the norm.
Protection of mahogany: a catalytic species in the destruction of rain forests in the American tropics
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M.
Published: July 2002

Mahogany as a catalytic species.
Logging of American (bigleaf ) mahogany (Swietenia spp.) initiates a series of events that leads to degradation and later destruction of tropical forests in the New World. It also is a spear-point for penetration of indigenous areas by loggers, who inflict both social and environmental impacts on the tribes. Mahogany populations are declining and are not being replenished by natural regener-ation; the situation of the species continues to worsen in the field.
Knowledge base for finite-element mesh design learned by
inductive logic programming
Authors: DOLšAK BOJAN , BRATKO IVAN , JEZERNIK ANTON
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses an important application of
machine learning (ML) in design. One of the major bottlenecks
in the process of engineering analysis by using the finite-element
method—a design of the finite-element mesh—was
a subject of improvement. Defining an appropriate geometric
mesh model that ensures low approximation errors and avoids
unnecessary computational overhead is a very difficult
and time-consuming task based mainly on the user's
experience. A knowledge base for finite-element mesh design
has been constructed using the ML techniques. Ten mesh
models have been used as a source of training examples.
The mesh dataset was probably the first real-world relational
dataset and became one of the most widely used training
set for experimenting with inductive logic programming
(ILP) systems. After several experiments with different
ML systems in the last few years, the ILP system CLAUDIEN
was chosen to construct the rules for determining the appropriate
mesh resolution values. The ILP has been found to be an
effective approach to the problem of mesh design. An evaluation
of the resulting knowledge base shows that the mesh design
patterns are captured well by the induced rules and represent
a solid basis for practical application. The aim of this
paper is not only to present the real-life ML application
to design, but also to describe and discuss a relation
of the work being done to the topic of this special issue:
the proposed “dimensions” of ML in design.
Temporal representation of state transitions
Authors: MA JIXIN , KNIGHT BRIAN , NISSAN EPHRAIM
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a knowledge-based temporal
representation of state transitions for industrial real-time
systems. To allow expression of uncertainty, we shall define
fluents as disjuncts of positive/negative time-varying
properties. A state of the world is represented as a collection
of fluents, which is usually incomplete in the sense that
neither the positive form nor the negative form of some
properties can be implied from it. The world under consideration
is assumed to persist in a given state until an action(s)
takes place to effect a transition of it into another state,
where actions may either be instantaneous or durative.
High-level causal laws are characterized in terms of relationships
between actions and the involved world states. An effect
completion axiom is imposed on each causal law to guarantee
that all the fluents that can be affected by the performance
of the corresponding action are governed. This completion
requirement is practical for most industrial real-time
applications and in fact provides a simple and effective
treatment to the so-called frame problem.
The seroepidemiology of B. pertussis infection in Catalonia, Spain
Authors: DOMÍNGUEZ A. , VIDAL J. , PLANS P. , SALLERAS L.
Published: July 2002

A survey of the seroprevalence of pertussis antibodies in a representative sample of the population from Catalonia was carried out. Ninety-seven municipalities and 30 schools were randomly selected to recruit the 2126 subjects who participated in the study. A serum sample was obtained from all individuals participating in the study in order to determine levels of pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) antibodies by ELISA test. Sociodemographic data were collected for all subjects. The prevalence of PT antibodies was 75 % and that of FHA antibodies 89 %. Significant increments were observed with age, both in the prevalence of PT (P < 0·0001) and of FHA (P = 0·018). Of the sociodemographic variables studied, only urban habitat was significantly associated to PT antibodies. The agreement observed among the two types of antibodies studied was weak (κ = 0·264). Routine revaccination with the acellular vaccine in children over 7 years of age, in adolescents and adults seems a reasonable strategy to prevent the appearance of cases of pertussis in the community.
Molecular epidemiology of recent outbreaks of swine vesicular

disease: two genetically and antigenically distinct variants

in Europe, 1987–94
Authors: BROCCHI E. , ZHANG G. , KNOWLES N. J. , WILSDEN G. , McCAULEY J. W. , MARQUARDT O. , OHLINGER V. F. , DE SIMONE F.
Published: July 2002

Viruses from the recent epidemic of swine vesicular disease

(SVD) in Europe have been isolated and characterized by antigenic and

genetic methods to examine the likely epidemiological origins of the

disease. Antigenic analysis was performed on 77 SVD viruses (SVDV)

isolated in Europe between 1966 and 1994 using two panels of monoclonal

antibodies (MAb) in a trapping ELISA. Genetic analysis of 33 of the SVD

viruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR)

amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the 1D (VP1) coding region

was also performed. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences with each

other and with three other previously published SVDV sequences revealed

four distinct groups which correlated exactly with the results of the

pattern of reactivity with MAbs. The first group consisted solely of

the earliest SVD virus isolated (ITL/1/66) while the second

group comprised viruses present in Europe and Japan between 1972 and

1981. The third group consisted of viruses isolated from outbreaks of

SVD in Italy between December 1988 and June 1992. Viruses isolated

between 1987 and 1994 from Romania, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain

formed a fourth group. The genetic and antigenic similarity of the most

recent virus isolates from Western Europe to a virus isolated in

Romania 5 years previously suggests that the possible origin of the

recent epidemic of swine vesicular disease in Western Europe was in

Eastern Europe.
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis

viruses in Chinese drug addicts
Authors: BAOZHANG T. , KAINING Z. , JINXING K. , RUCHANG X. , MING L. , CAIXIA Z. , LI T.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of antibody against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV)
and

five hepatitis B virus

markers (HBVM) was measured in 176 Chinese drug addicts, of whom 23 were

AIDS patients.

Of 176 drug addicts, 147 were members of ethnic minorities while 29 were

Han, the majority

ethnic group. The total prevalence rates of anti-HCV and HBVM were

35·8% and 50·6%

respectively, significantly different (P<0·01).

Anti-HCV and HBVM were together found in

22·7%. Similar prevalence rates were found among the different ethnic

groups. Among the

ethnic minorities, there was a significantly higher prevalence rate of

anti-HCV in intravenous

drug addicts (IVDA, 51·1%) than in oral drug addicts (20·3%).

Furthermore, the prevalence of

anti-HCV was significantly higher in needle-sharing abusers (60·4%)

than in non-needle sharing

ones (37·1%, P<0·05). The prevalence of HBVM
was

also significantly higher in needle-sharing abusers (69·8%) than
in

non-needle sharing ones (34·3%). Prevalence of HBsAg was

significantly higher in drug abusers with AIDS (47·8%) than in

IVDA only (16·1%). The anti-HCV positive rates among ethnic

minority people were: for the Yi people 69·2%, the Hui

55·6%, the Bai 53·9%, the Dai 26·8% and the Wa 23·1%.

No obvious difference was

identified for HBVM. The prevalence rates of HCV, HBV and HCV+HBV in IVDA
showed

no significant difference (P>0·05) between the two

regions. HIV, HCV and HBV infections

may promote each other and be related to needle-sharing behaviour in drug

abuse and to different subcultures and living habits.
Incidence and clinical symptoms of Aeromonas-associated

travellers' diarrhoea in Tokyo
Authors: YAMADA S. , MATSUSHITA S. , DEJSIRILERT S. , KUDOH Y.
Published: July 2002

In a survey examining the causes of travellers' diarrhoea

treated in Tokyo between July 1986

and December 1995, Aeromonas species were isolated from 1265

(5·5%) of 23215 travellers

returning from developing countries. Aeromonas species were the

fourth most frequent

enteropathogen isolated, following enterotoxigenic E. coli

(8·5%), Salmonella spp. (7·6%) and

Plesiomonas shigelloides (5·6%). Aeromonas

species were found in 1191 (5·6%) of 21257

patients with diarrhoea and in 74 (3·8%) of 1958 healthy

individuals without diarrhoea. Mixed

infection was observed in 512 (40·5%) cases. No significant

difference in the prevalence of

Aeromonas by year, season, age distributions, or sex was observed,

but a slight difference was

noted depending on the country where the travellers visited. Of the 1265

Aeromonas isolates,

893 strains (70·6%) were A. veronii biovar sobria, 330

(26·1%) were A. hydrophila, and 42

(3·3%) were A. caviae. The clinical symptoms of patients
from

whom Aeromonas species was

isolated as the only potential enteric pathogen were almost similar, which

were watery

diarrhoea (about 60%), abdominal cramps (43%), fever (around 15%), and
nausea or

vomiting (13%). Although the severity of illness was milder than that of

enterotoxigenic E. coli

alone, these data suggest that Aeromonas species are important

enteric pathogens in travellers' diarrhoea.
Vibrio furnissii isolated from humans in Peru: a possible

human pathogen?
Authors: DALSGAARD A. , GLERUP P. , HØYBYE L.-L. , PAARUP A.-M. , MEZA R. , BERNAL M. , SHIMADA T. , TAYLOR D. N.
Published: July 2002

During a cholera surveillance programme, Vibrio furnissii

was isolated in late January and

early February 1994 from stool samples collected from 14 persons of whom

six had diarrhoea.

The remaining eight persons were healthy family members or neighbours to

cholera cases. No

common source of infection was found. Strains isolated from stool

samples each showed

typical biochemical reactions of V. furnissii including gas

production. Each isolate, except one,

agglutinated O-antisera yielding a total of eight different serotypes.

Most isolates were sensitive

to 10 antibiotics tested, except to ampicillin and the vibriostatic agent

O/129 (10 μg). Eight of

14 (57%) strains carried plasmids in the size range

2·6–88 kb, however, no correlation was

found between antibiotic susceptibility patterns and plasmid content.

Altogether, seven closely

related HindIII ribotypes were observed among the 14

V. furnissii isolates studied. V. furnissii

strains isolated from family members and other persons living close

together often showed

different ribotypes suggesting that the isolation was not associated with

neighbourhood.

Serotyping, plasmid profiling and ribotyping revealed a high strain diversity

within V. furnissii,

however, the importance of V. furnissii as an enteric

pathogen remains to be elucidated.
Invasive pneumococcal infection in South and West England
Authors: SMITH M. D. , STUART J. , ANDREWS N. J. , TELFER BRUNTON W. A. , CARTWRIGHT K. A. V.
Published: July 2002

Variation in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease across

South and West England, in
1995, was measured through a survey of microbiology laboratories. A 100%
response rate was
achieved. The incidence by laboratory varied between 5·2 and 20·4

per 100000 catchment population (P<0·001). Adjusting
for pneumococcal
vaccine uptake rate in over 65 year olds,
hospital admission rates, blood culture system used and for the age and
sex structure of the
population, did not account for this variation. When blood culture sampling
rates were
included in a logistic regression model, the variation between
laboratories was much less and of
lower statistical significance (P=0·019).
Higher rates of blood culture sampling were associated
with a higher incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. Consistently
high sampling should be
encouraged because a higher diagnostic rate should result in more selective
prescribing of
antibiotics, and secondly because improved ascertainment of severe pneumococcal
infections is
a prerequisite for the evaluation of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
The persistence of swine vesicular disease virus infection in pigs
Authors: LIN F. , MACKAY D. K. J. , KNOWLES N. J.
Published: July 2002

Two groups of pigs were infected with a recent Italian isolate

of swine vesicular disease virus
(SVDV). Blood, nasal swabs and faeces were collected for up to 6 months
after exposure to
infection and animals were killed at regular intervals to
obtain tissues post-mortem. These
samples were examined for virus by conventional means and for viral RNA
(vRNA) by reverse
transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). Virus was identified
intermittently
from both clinically and subclinically infected animals in nasal swabs,
faeces and tonsillar
tissue by either virus isolation or RT-nPCR up to 63 days post infection
(dpi). Between 63 and
119 dpi virus was not detected in the secretions, excretions or tissues
of any pigs. Following
mixing of the two groups of animals at 119 dpi, SVDV was again identified
in faeces for up to
7 days suggesting that the stress of mixing reactivated the excretion
of virus in pigs from which
the agent could no longer be identified. Minor antigenic changes were identified
between the
parental virus and isolates recovered late in the course of infection.
Altered antigenicity
corresponded with deduced amino acid substitutions identified from differences
in nucleotide
sequence between early and late isolates. This investigation demonstrates
that SVDV and
vRNA can be present in pigs for considerably longer after exposure to infection
than has
previously been recognized and provides preliminary evidence for a carrier
state in swine
vesicular disease.
The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus and its
determinants in The Netherlands: a population-based survey
Authors: TERMORSHUIZEN F. , DORIGO-ZETSMA J. W. , de MELKER H. E. , van den HOF S. , CONYN-VAN SPAENDONCK M. A. E.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was assessed in a Dutch nationwide sample
(n = 7367). A questionnaire was used to study the association with various sociodemographic
characteristics. Overall, 33·8% (95% CI 31·6–36%) of the population had hepatitis A
antibodies. The seroprevalence was less than 10% in people under 35; it increased from 25%
at 35 years to 85% at 79 years. For those 15–49 years of age, Turks (90·9%) and Moroccans
(95·8%) had greater seroprevalence than autochthonous Dutch (20·2%) and other Western
people (25%). Low or middle socio-economic status, as indicated by the highest educational
level achieved, was associated with greater seroprevalence, independently of age and reported
immunization (OR 2·11 and 1·45; 95% CI 1·67–2·67 and 1·11–1·89, respectively). These data
suggest autochthonous Dutch and other Westerners born after World War II were exposed to
hepatitis A during childhood less frequently than older birth cohorts. Thus, more susceptibility
is likely in the coming decades. Since this means a greater risk of outbreaks in future years,
and since morbidity and mortality are more frequent in older persons, studying the cost
effectiveness of selective and general vaccination might be worthwhile.
Carriage of N. lactamica in a population at high risk of meningococcal disease
Authors: SIMMONS G. , MARTIN D. , STEWART J. , BREMNER D.
Published: July 2002

Carriage of Neisseria lactamica among household contacts of meningococcal disease (MCD)
cases was investigated during an epidemic in Auckland, New Zealand. The overall carriage rate
for N. lactamica was 10·5% (95% CI 7·4–13·5%)
with a peak carriage rate in 2-year-olds of 61·5% (95% CI 26·6–88·1%). Factors
associated with a significant (P < 0·05) increase in the
likelihood of carriage included runny nose, the number of people per bedroom and youth.
Genetic analysis of isolates revealed a striking correlation of strains within the same household
but a high level of diversity between households, suggesting that household contact is an
important factor in acquisition. For household contacts aged less than 5 years, there was a
higher rate of carriage amongst those in contact with MCD cases under 8 years old than for
contacts of cases aged 8 years and over. It is likely that development of MCD is a reflection of
the nature and intensity of the exposure to a virulent strain of N. meningitidis, coupled with an
absence of host resistance among those individuals not carrying N. lactamica.
Human rabies in Lebanon: lessons for control
Authors: BIZRI A. R. , AZAR A. , SALAM N. , MOKHBAT J.
Published: July 2002

Human rabies is known to be endemic in countries bordering Lebanon, but its prevalence in
Lebanon has not been studied before. All eight cases of human rabies reported to the Lebanese
Ministry of Public Health between 1991 and 1999 were reviewed, as well as three other cases
admitted to the American University of Beirut Medical Center. A total of 1102 cases of animal
bites to humans, the majority of which were dog bites, were reported to the Ministry of Public
Health between 1991 and 1996. In this period, 2487 doses of rabies vaccine were administered
to the above group, as post-exposure prophylaxis. Veterinarians, a high risk and educated
group, were interviewed, and only 7 out of 72 were found to have been vaccinated. Major
improvements in surveillance and reporting, better control of animal rabies, more awareness
especially among high risk groups, and regional cooperation, are all needed to prevent and
control this deadly infection.
Speciation by polyploidy in Odontophrynus americanus
Authors: Martino Adolfo L. , Sinsch Ulrich
Published: July 2002

Diploid and tetraploid populations of the leptodactylid frog Odontophrynus americanus were studied in the Cordoba province (central Argentine) to evaluate whether they represent a cryptic species pair rather than forms of the same species as they are considered at present. We examined three independent character complexes (external morphology, advertisement calls, allozymes) and quantified the character‐specific state of differentiation between diploids and tetraploids in comparison to that of the congeneric and widely sympatric O. occidentalis. Multivariate analysis of 15 morphometric characters indicated a remarkable degree of differention between both forms, but did not permit an unequivocal identification of individuals (rate of erroneous classification: 25%), whereas all O. occidentalis were classified correctly. In contrast, the temporal structure of the advertisement call permitted a distinction of diploids, tetraploids and O. occidentalis even based on a single call. The latter differed from the other by producing a call consisting of several pulse trains. The pulse rate of the O. americanus call, which consists of a single pulse train, was significantly lower in tetraploids than in diploids. The allozyme pattern and the corresponding allele frequencies indicated a close relationship among the three Odontophrynus taxa, but genetic distances obtained suggested a differentiation of gene pools at the level of species. Considering the degree of differentiation demonstrated in this study, the ploidy and the different geographical distribution, we conclude that diploids and tetraploids represent two species, similar to its North American counterpart Hyla chrysoscelis/H. versicolor. As the name O. americanus refers to tetraploids collected near Buenos Aires (Argentina), we describe the diploids as the new species Odontophrynus cordobae sp. nov.
Intrafamily conflict in relation to boys' adjustment at school
Authors: INGOLDSBY ERIN M. , SHAW DANIEL S. , GARCIA MONICA M.
Published: July 2002

Several theoretical models of child development have posited the spread of conflict within
families; however, few researchers have studied this process in association with relationships
children have with teachers and peers at school. The present study examined the direct, additive,
and interactive contributions of interparental, parent–child, and sibling conflict in relation
to teacher–child and child–peer conflict in a sample of 117 low-income boys from
ages 3.5 to 6 years. Overall, the results suggest that while conflict in any one dyadic family
relationship is only modestly associated with later conflictual relationships at school, risk for
conflict in relationships with teachers and peers increases when multiple forms of early
family conflict are experienced. Results are discussed in terms of the development of conflict
across early relationships.
Cortical plasticity in normal and abnormal cognitive development: Evidence and working
hypotheses
Authors: JOHNSON MARK H.
Published: July 2002

In this paper I review evidence and viewpoints on developmental plasticity in the cerebral
cortex. Although there is some degree of plasticity in the cortex during early postnatal life in the
human infant, this plasticity is constrained by various factors. Three working hypotheses about
postnatal cortical specialization of function are advanced, and some specific predictions about
the limits and extent of plasticity are assessed through both empirical evidence from infants and
simulations on simple cortical network models.
Flow in a double-film-fed fluid bead between contra-rotating rolls
Part 1: equilibrium flow structure
Authors: WILSON M. C. T. , GASKELL P. H. , SAVAGE M. D.
Published: July 2002

In multiple-roll coaters thin liquid films are transferred from roll to roll by means of liquid
‘beads’ which occupy the small gaps between adjacent rolls. Double-Film-Fed (DFF) beads are
those which feature two ingoing films instead of the usual one, and arise in the intermediate
stages of certain types of roll coater. One of the ingoing films, h1, is supplied from the previous
inter-roll gap while the other, h2, ‘returns’ from the subsequent gap. Such a flow
is investigated here under the conditions of low flow rate, small capillary number and negligible gravity and
inertia, using lubrication theory and finite element analysis. The thickness of film h1 is fixed
independently, while that of h2 is specified as a fraction, ζ, of the film output on the same
roll. This simple approach allows a degree of feedback between the output and input of the
bead, and enables one to simulate different conditions in the subsequent gap. Predictions of
outgoing film thicknesses made using the two models agree extremely well and show that, for
each value of ζ < 1, one outgoing film thickness decreases monotonically with speed ratio,
S, while the other features a maximum. Good agreement is also seen in the pressure profiles,
which are entirely sub-ambient in keeping with the small capillary number conditions. The
finite element solutions reveal that in the ‘zero-flux’ case (when ζ = 1) the flow structures
are very similar to those seen in an idealized cavity problem. In the more general (ζ < 1)
situation, as in single-film-fed meniscus roll coating, several liquid transfer-jets occur by which
liquid is conveyed through the bead from one roll to the other. The lubrication model is used
to calculate several critical flow rates at which the flow is transformed, and it is shown that
when the total dimensionless flow rate through the bead exceeds 1/3, the downstream flow
structure is independent of the relative sizes of the ingoing films.
Continuous symmetries of the discrete
nonlinear telegraph equation
Authors: ODY M. S. , COMMON A. K. , SOBHY M. I.
Published: July 2002

The method of classical Lie symmetries, generalised to differential-difference equations by
Quispel, Capel and Sahadevan, is applied to the discrete nonlinear telegraph equation. The
symmetry reductions thus obtained are compared with analogous results for the continuous
telegraph equation. Some of these ‘continuous’ reductions are used to provide initial data for
a numerical scheme which attempts to solve the corresponding discrete equation.