bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Large Transferrin‐binding Protein fromActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeSerotype 7
Authors: Wilke M. , Franz B. , Gerlach G.‐F.
Published: May 2010

The binding of transferrin at the surface ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae(A. pp.) is mediated by two proteins of ∼ 60 and 100 kDa. The 60 kDa protein has been shown to be highly divergent among different serotypes and to induce a serotype‐specific protective immune response. In this study we have characterized the 100 kDa transferrin‐binding protein ofA. pp.serotype 7 and designated it as TfbB. ThetfbB gene was found to be located immediately downstream of thetfbA gene. It was cloned and sequenced, and antibodies raised against the isolated recombinant protein detected, with a constant intensity, a 100 kDa protein inA. pp.serotypes 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, and a polypeptide of ∼ 103 kDa in serotypes 1, 3, 5A and 12. In addition, comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence showed more than 40% identity with the large transferrin‐binding proteins ofNeisseria meningitidisandHaemophilus influenzae.The TfbB protein was expressed inE. coliouter membranes in a conformation eliciting porcine transferrin‐specific binding activity. Sera of pigs immunized with these TfbB‐containingE. colimembranes recognized functional membrane‐associated TfbB protein whereas no such reaction was observed upon immunization with isolated recombinant TfbB protein. A preliminary animal experiment showed that TfbB‐containing outer membrane preparations from recombinantE. colican reduce significantly the mortality of anA. pp.infection with the homologous strain.
Nachweismethoden fürSalmonella abortus ovissowie Untersuchungen in Schafherden im nördlichen Baden‐Württemberg
Authors: Sting R. , Nagel C. , Steng G.
Published: May 2010

Testing of Diagnostic Methods for Identification ofSalmonella abortus ovisin Sheep Flocks in Northern Baden‐Württemberg

Investigations into the incidence ofSalmonella abortus ovis (S. abortus ovis) infections should not be neglected in diagnosis of ovine abortion cases. For detection of this pathogen agent, direct cultivation, as well as pre‐enrichment combined with enrichment procedures in tetrathionate or Rappaport‐Vassiliadis medium, should be performed with respect to the features ofS. abortus ovis.The detection limit ofS. abortus ovisusing pre‐enrichment and enrichment media could be determined using 6.5 times 103‐6.5 times 104bacteria. For subsequent cultivation ofS. abortus ovisGassner, XLD or Rambach agar are suitable.

In infected sheep showing no excretion ofS. abortus ovis, the pathogen can be detected by serological studies using microagglutination or the ELISA test. The ELISA test proved to be more sensitive than the microagglutination test, detecting antibodies againstS. abortus ovisin 17% of the 814 sheep tested. The microagglutination test revealed positive results in only 2% of the sheep tested.

Untersuchungen auf den ErregerSalmonella abortus ovis (S. abortus ovis)sollten bei Abortgeschehen des Schafes nicht fehlen. Wegen der besonderen kulturellen Anforderungen derS. abortus ovis‐Keime sollten für den Erregernachweis Direktkulturen ebenso wie Anreicherungen in Tetrathionat‐ oder Rappaport‐Vassiliadis‐Medien in Verbindung mit Voranreicherungen eingesetzt werden. Die Nachweisgrenze vonS. abortus ovislag bei Anwendung von Voranreicherungs‐ und Anreicherungsmedien bei 6,5 times 103bis 6,5 times 104Keimen. Für nachfolgende kulturelle Anzüchtungen von S. abortus ovis sind Gassner‐, XLD‐und Rambach‐Agar geeignet.

S. abortus ovis‐infizierte Schafe ohne Erregerausscheidung können mit Hilfe serologischer Untersuchungen unter Anwendung des Langsamagglutinations‐ oder des ELISA‐Testes erkannt werden. Hierbei erwies sich der ELISA‐Test mit 17% positiven der 814 getesteten Tiere sensitiver als der Langsamagglutinationstest mit nur 2% positiven Reaktionen.
Bacteria Associated with Enzootic Pneumonia in Goats
Authors: Orós J. , Fernández A. , Rodríguez J. L. , Rodríguez F. , Poveda J. B.
Published: May 2010

A histological and microbiological study of lung samples from 83 slaughtered goats (33 kids and 50 adults) drawn from a flock with a history of pleuropneumonia caused by mycoplasmas of theM. mycoidesgroup was carried out. A total of 82% (27/33) of kids and 36% (18/50) of adult goats presented pulmonary lesions characteristic of enzootic pneumonia: lesions took the form of bronchointerstitial pneumonia with peribronchial and peribronchiolar proliferation of lymphocytes. Microbiological analysis confirmed a range of mycoplasma species, includingMycoplasma mycoidesssp.mycoidesLarge Colony (MmmlC) (3.70%; 1/27),Mycoplasma mycoidesssp.capri (Mmc)(7.40%; 2/27),Mycoplasma putrefaciens(22.2%; 6/27),Mycoplasma arginini(3.70%; 1/27) andMycoplasmasp. (7.40%; 2/ 27), as well asPasteurella multocida(14.8%; 4/27), associated with enzootic pneumonia lesions in younger animals, whereasMycoplasmasp. was associated with enzootic pneumonia in adult goats (22.0%; 4/18). Cilia‐associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus found by histochemical examination was associated with enzootic pneumonia in kids (25.9%; 7/27) and goats (44.4%; 8/18), being the first description of this bacterium in adult goats.
Further Characterization of α2‐Macroglobulin Binding Properties ofActinomyces pyogenes
Authors: Ding H. , Lammler Ch.
Published: May 2010

Binding of125I‐labelled α2‐macroglobulin (α2M) toActinomyces pyogeneswas investigated. The binding of α2M proved to be time dependent, saturable, and could be inhibited by unlabelled α2M, but not by fibrinogen, haptoglobin, fibronectin, or albumin. The α2M binding site was sensitive to treatment with proteolytic enzymes and heat, indicating its protein nature. The dissociation constant (Kd) was 4.447 times 10−9M, and the number of binding sites per bacterial cell was calculated to be 5200. The kinetic analysis indicated an homogenous population of binding sites. Binding of α2M to the surface ofA. pyogeneshad no significant influence on the phagocytosis of the bacteria by polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Serologic Survey for Antibodies toBorrelia burgdorferiin Sheep, Goats and Dogs in Cordillera Province, Bolivia
Authors: Ciceroni L. , Ciarrocchi S. , Pinto A. , Paradisi F. , Roselli M. , Bartoloni A. , Guglielmetti P. , Vasquez C. Valdez , Barahona H. Gamboa
Published: May 2010

A serosurvey for antibodies toBorrelia burgdorferiusing an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted on sheep, goat and dog serum samples collected in Cordillera Province, Bolivia, in 1992. Sera from 98 sheep, 218 goats and 43 dogs were tested. The observed seroprevalence in sheep and dogs was 0.0%, whereas the seropositivity rate for goat serum samples was 5.0%. Upon analysing 10 positive sera by Western immunoblotting, five reacted against the specific protein antigens and all of them met the criteria for positivity on the basis of immunoglobulin G (IgG) bands, indicating that goats in Cordillera Province were exposed toB. burgdoferi.These findings, which are further proof of the existence ofB. burgdorferiinfection in Bolivia, indicate the serologic analysis of goats as a suitable tool for Lyme borreliosis surveillance.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Detection of PorcineChlamydia trachomatisand RuminantChlamydia psittaciSerovar 1 DNA in Formalin‐Fixed Intestinal Specimens from Swine
Authors: Schiller I. , Koesters R. , Weilenmann R. , Kaltenboeck B. , Pospischil A.
Published: May 2010

In previous studies chlamydiae were detected immunohistologically in the gut of 66 out of 311 pigs. The aim of the present investigation was the classification of these intestinal porcine chlamydiae. For the study, DNA extracted from 52 paraffin‐embedded intestinal tissues was amplified in nested polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) withChlamydiaomp1 genus‐ and species‐specific primers. Some of the amplification products were cloned and sequenced. In 45 cases DNA could be amplified with genus‐specific primers. Species‐specific PCR and sequencing showed that in 42 cases the chlamydial omp1 genotype wasChlamydia trachomatis.Sequenced DNA fragments were 95–99% identical with the porcine strain S45. In three further cases sequencing analysis provided DNA sequences which were 100% identical withChlamydia psittaciB577 (serovar 1) omp1 genotype. So far as the authors are aware this is the first report on the occurrence ofC. psittaciserovar 1 in pigs.
Possible Migration of Harderian Gland Immunoglobulin A Bearing Lymphocytes into the Caecal Tonsil in Chickens
Authors: Akaki C. , Simazu M. , Baba T. , Tsuji S. , Kodama H. , Mukamoto M. , Kajikawa T.
Published: May 2010

This study was designed to evaluate the significance of the Harderian gland (HG) in the chicken IgA‐production system by investigating the influence of HG on the increase of surface IgA (sIgA)‐positive cells in other lymphoid organs and also the possibility of migration of HG lymphocytes into other organs. Non‐contact culture of splenic or caecal tonsil (CT) lymphocytes with HG whole cells did not enhance the expression of sIgA. The experiment of HG lymphocyte transfer showed that the transferred HG lymphocytes migrated mainly into the CT in the 3‐week‐old recipient, and mainly into the CT and bursa of Fabricius (BF) in the 6‐week‐old recipient. It was also found that the transferred sIgA‐positive HG lymphocytes migrated selectively into CT in both 3‐week‐old and 6‐week‐old recipients. These results indicated that chicken HG plays a central role not only in governing the local immunity in the eyes and respiratory tract but also as an organ which supplies precursory IgA‐producing cells involved in local immunity in the intestine.
Eine neue Bordetella‐Spezies beim Schaf?
Authors: Mitsching M. , Hönig J. , Krüger M.
Published: May 2010

Occasionally the occurrence of isolates of the genus Bordetella has been reported, with unclear assignment to one of the known species in sheep from New Zealand and Great Britain. In this study we describe the isolation of strains belonging to the genus Bordetella in a flock of sheep from Germany. These isolates were characterized biochemically by serological tests and whole cell fatty acid analysis. Our isolates could be divided into three subgroups by their differential growth on MacConcey‐ and Tyrosine agar. A clear assignment to one of the known Bordetella species was not possible.

Es wurde bereits vereinzelt über das Auftreten von Bordetella‐Isolaten bei Schafen in New Zealand und Großritanien berichtet, bei denen keine eindeutige Spezieszuordnung möglich war. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen beschreiben den Nachweis von Bordetella‐Isolaten mit unklarer Spezieszugehörigkeit aus einem Schafbestand in Deutschland.

Die Isolate wurden mittels biochemischer und serologischer Methoden sowie auf der Basis ihrer Ganzzellfettsäuremuster charakterisiert. Durch das unterschiedliche Wuchsverhalten auf Mac Concey‐ und Tyrosin‐Agar konnten drei verschiedene Typen voneinander abgegrenzt werden.
Antibiotic Residues and Prevalence of Mastitis Pathogen Isolation in Heifers During Early Lactation Following Prepartum Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Oliver S. P. , Lewis M. J. , Gillespie B. E. , Dowlen H. H.
Published: May 2010

The present study was conducted to determine if antibiotic treatment of heifer mammary glands earlier in the prepartum period reduced the occurrence of residues in milk without compromising efficacy in treatment of intramammary infections. Heifers were assigned randomly to two groups: 1. untreated negative control (n = 42); and 2. intramammary infusion of 200 mg cephapirin sodium (n = 40) 14 days prior to expected calving. Mammary secretions were collected before treatment and during early lactation, and were analyzed for residues by theBacillus stearothermophilusdisc assay. Only four of 127 samples (3.1%) obtained from cephapirin‐treated mammary glands at 3 days after calving were positive for residues and most (three of four) were from a heifer that calved within 3 days of treatment. Mammary secretions were also collected before treatment, and at 3 and 30 days after calving for microbiological evaluation. For untreated control heifers, mastitis pathogens were isolated from 67.3% of samples obtained from mammary glands 14 days prior to expected calving, 55.6% obtained 3 days after calving and 36.4% of samples obtained 30 days postpartum. A similar percentage of samples (63.8%) was positive for mastitis pathogens at 14 days before expected calving prior to antibiotic treatment. However, only 15.1% of samples obtained at 3 days after calving and 7.9% of samples obtained 30 days postpartum from mammary glands of antibiotic‐treated heifers contained mastitis pathogens. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci were isolated most frequently. Intramammary infusion of antibiotics earlier in the prepartum period markedly reduced the occurrence of residues in milk during early lactation without affecting efficacy.
Molecular and Phenotypic Features of Aeromonads Isolated from Snails (Helix aspersa) Affected with a New Summer Disease
Authors: Kodjo A. , Haond F. , Richard Y.
Published: May 2010

Forty‐four aeromonads were isolated during the summer of 1994 from snails (Helix aspersa) affected or not by a newly described disease. Sma I rRNA gene restriction patterns (ribotyping) and nine selected conventional phenotypic tests were performed to retrospectively determine relationships among these isolates regarding the disease. Results from ribotyping were found highly discriminant in strain differentiation and suggest the possible existence of a group of Aeromonas associated with the disease. Biochemical and molecular characterizations indicated that most of these disease‐associated aeromonads could belong to the phenospecies A. hydrophila. Phenospecies of aeromonads from healthy snails were distinct from those isolated from diseased snails and could be identified as A. caviae or remained undetermined. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a probable pathogenic aeromonad found in snails, extending the host‐pathogen spectrum of Aeromonas.
Molecular Epidemiology of Animal Virus Diseases
Authors: Haas L.
Published: May 2010

In this review the application of methods of molecular epidemiology, particularly the combined approach of amplifying defined fragments of viral genomes using the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent nucleotide sequencing analysis, is described. Emphasis is put on examples of a few important diseases (e.g. those caused by morbilliviruses, rhabdoviruses, pestiviruses and aphthoviruses) to demonstrate the impact of this methodology. Molecular epidemiology is already an important and very sensitive tool to study the evolution of viruses at a level superior to previous methodologies and providing a better understanding of epidemiological relationships.
Detection and Characterization of EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coliin Slaughtered Cattle
Authors: Borie C. F. , Monreal Z. , Martinez J. , Arellano C. , Prado V.
Published: May 2010

Fecal samples from slaughtered cattle were studied for enterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) by DNA hybridization with biotin‐labelled DNA probes specific for the EHEC virulence plasmid, Shiga‐like toxin I (SLT I), Shiga‐like toxin II (SLT II) andeaegene. Among 136 animals analysed, 47 (34.5%) were found to carry EHEC. The cytotoxic genotypes observed for EHEC strains were: 60.4% SLT I, 12.5% SLT II and 10.4% SLT I+SLT II; 16.7% resulted SLT I and SLT II negative. A total of 14 out of 48EHEC strains (29.2%) hybridized with a fimbrial probe and 14 of 48 strains with aneaeprobe. An important number of strains (18 out of 48) belonged to serogroups O157, O26 and O111, serogroups also commonly isolated from haemolytic uremic syndrome cases in Chile. While EHEC isolates from the same animal were usually of the same serogroup, one animal was found to carry two EHEC strains of different serogroups. A total of 50% of EHEC strains were sorbitol negative, irrespective of the O serogroup or EHEC genotypic profile. Results obtained in this study strongly suggest that cattle in Chile are a reservoir of EHEC associated with disease in humans.
Comparative Study of the Pathogenic Properties of a Belgian and a Greek Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV) Isolate for Sows in Gestation
Authors: Koenen F. , Vanderhallen H.
Published: May 2010

Thirteen conventional sows were inoculated between 61 and 92 days of gestation with a Belgium or a Greek EMCV isolate to investigate the difference in pathogenicity of both strains for sows in gestation. The Belgian EMCV strain was isolated from the offspring of a sow with productive failure and without myocardial lesions. The Greek strain was isolated from a 3‐month‐old pig with prominent myocardial lesions. The present study demonstrates a transplacental virus transmission with fetal death following an infection of the sows in gestation with both isolates. The fetal pathogenicity was more severe with the Greek strain than with the Belgian isolate. No myocardial lesions were noticed.
Eperythrozoon ovis Infection in a Commercial Flock of Sheep
Authors: Brun‐Hansen H. , Grønstøl H. , Waldeland H. , Hoff B.
Published: May 2010

A flock of sheep consisting of 60–70 winterfed ewes was examined. Blood was collected from approximately 30% of the sheep four times from 1991 to 1995. Eperythrozoon ovis (Ep. ovis) organisms were not detected in blood smears stained with Wright's stain in 1991 and 1993. In 1995, examination of blood smears stained with acridine orange revealed Ep. ovis organisms in 11 of 26 sheep, whereas examination of smears stained with Wright's stain revealed organisms in only one ewe with a high degree of infection.

The prevalence of antibodies detected by IFAT varied from 58–100%. The antibody titres varied from 1:20 to 1:12000.

This investigation indicates that Ep. ovis infection once present in a flock of sheep may spread easily among the sheep, and that the infection seems to persist within the flock.
Atypical Strains of Verocytotoxin‐Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Beef Cattle at Slaughter in Veneto Region, Italy
Authors: Conedera G. , Marangon S. , Chapman P. A. , Zuin A. , Caprioli A.
Published: May 2010

Cattle arriving for slaughter at abattoirs in the Veneto region of N. Italy were examined for intestinal carriage of Escherichia coli O157. Rectal swabs were cultured in modified buffered peptone water and E. coli O157 was concentrated by an immunomagnetic separation technique; the magnetic beads were cultured onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar. Sorbitol non‐fermenting E. coli O157 was isolated from 15 (3.6%) of 419 feedlot cattle but not from 437 veal calves or 65 culled cows. All strains of E. coli O157 hybridized with DNA probes specific for the VT1 or VT2 genes, but two strains did not produce toxin detectable by Vero cell assay. Six different plasmid profiles were observed with all strains harbouring the large 93 kb plasmid characteristic of VTEC. Six strains produced urease but otherwise strains were biochemically typical of E. coli O157. One strain was resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphonamides but the remainder were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested. This is the first description of the isolation of verocytotoxin‐producing E. coli O157 from cattle in Italy. As the contamination of bovine carcasses with E. coli O157 during slaughter and processing has been demonstrated, the risk of transmission of this organism from beef cattle to the human population in the Veneto region, through foods of bovine origin or by other routes, should not be overlooked.
Natural Cilia‐Associated Respiratory Bacillus Infection in Rabbits Used for Elaboration of Hyperimmune Serum Against Mycoplasma sp.
Authors: Oros J. , Poveda J. B. , Rodriguez J. L. , Franklin C. L. , Fernandez A.
Published: May 2010

Cilia‐associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus was identified in lung lesions of rabbits used for elaboration of hyperimmune serum against Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. capri (Mmc). Numerous Warthin Starry (WS) positive filamentous bacteria aligned perpendicularly to the surface of bronchial epithelial lining were observed. Immunoperoxidase staining of these bacteria was detected using a serum anti‐rabbit CAR bacillus. Ultrastructural morphology corresponds to that of CAR bacilli previously reported in rabbits. The desirability of monitoring laboratory rabbits for CAR bacillus infection as part of the health programme is reinforced, especially in rabbits used for raising sera against respiratory pathogens of animal species in which CAR bacillus infection has been described. This is the first report of natural CAR bacillus infection in rabbits in Europe.
An Immunological Approach to the Evaluation of Welfare in Holstein Frisian cattle
Authors: Amadori M. , Archetti I. L. , Frasnelli M. , Bagni M. , Olzi E. , Caronna G. , Lanteri M.
Published: May 2010

Clinical immunological and haematological parameters, along with clinical conditions and growth rate, were studied in 413 male Holstein Frisian calves introduced into a large centre for genetic selection in different seasons of the year. Abnormalities were revealed by the laboratory tests in the great majority of calves after transportation stress, a general tendency to the restoration of physiological values being evident thereafter. Laboratory parameters were highly correlated with disease conditions: with three exceptions only, animals showed altered laboratory parameters some days before the occurrence of clinical symptoms. Eighteen per cent of animals showed altered laboratory parameters with no obvious clinical signs of disease; yet they experienced a reduced weight gain. Results suggest that clinical immunological and haematological parameters could be the foundation of a new, large‐scale, robust approach to the control of welfare in cattle, which should be integrated preferably by a further range of records and measures.
Aislamiento y Caracterización deYersinia enterocoliticade Cerdos y Bovinos en Chile. Isolation and Characterization ofYersinia enterocoliticafrom Swine and Cattle in Chile
Authors: Borie C. F. , Jara M. A. , Sánchez M. L. , Martin B. San , Arellano C. , Martínez J. , Prado V.
Published: May 2010

The ocurrence ofYersinia enterocoliticain tonsils and rectal swabs from 100 healthy pigs and the rectal swabs of 100 healthy cattle slaughtered at Santiago‐Chile were analysed.Yersinia enterocoliticawas isolated from 48 (48%) pigs but not from cattle. 98.2% of strains were of 4/O3 bioserogroup, considered to be pathogenic for humans. All of the strains were resistant to penicillin producing beta‐lactamase. Most of them were resistant to neomicin and tetracycline. The pYV marker was used to demostrate pathogenicity in all strains by four different assays: 65.5% of the strains were pYV positive by their plasmid profile; 73.3% by crystal violet binding; 84.5% by calcium dependency and 87.9% by hybridization with probe associated with cytotoxicity to Hep‐2 cells in vitro. All of theYersinia enterocoliticastrains were pYV positive with at least one of the four tests analysed, 46/58 strains were positive by three tests simultaneously. The similarities between associated cytotoxic genes of porcine and human strains is discussed. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics demostrated by the isolates strains suggest that the pigs in Chile are reservoir of potential pathogenicYersinia enterocoliticafor humans.
Treatment of Bovine Mastitis with Houttuynin Sodium Bisulphate
Authors: Hu S. H. , Du A. F.
Published: May 2010

Houttuynin sodium bisulphate (HSB), αhydroxyl‐capryl‐ethyl‐sodium‐sulphonate, is a product formed by reacting sodium bisulphate with houttuynin, which is obtained from a medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata Thunb. From HBS an aqueous intramammary solution was made for the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis. A total of 104 acute and subacute mastitis cases were randomly assigned into two groups with 52 cases in each group: 1. an HSB group in which 80 mg HSB was infused into an affected gland; and 2. a PS group in which intramammary administration of 800 000 i.u. penicillin G in combination with 1 g of streptomycin (PS) was conducted. The treatments were administered twice daily until the inflammatory signs were eliminated and mammary secretion became normal. In acute mastitis, 88.2% (15 of 17) were clinically cured and 52.9% (nine of 17) microbiologically cured by HSB; in the PS group, 90.0% (18 of 20) were clinically cured and 55.0% (11 of 20) microbiologically cured. In subacute cases, the clinical and microbiological cure rates were 94.3% (33 of 35) and 45.7% (16 of 35) respectively, in the HSB group; and in the PS group the clinical and microbiological cure rates were 93.7% (30 of 32) and 43.8% (14 of 32), respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between HSB and PS groups in the treatment of acute as well as subacute mastitis. In addition, an inhibitory effect was found on the growth of lactic streptococcus in the milk collected within 48 h of intramammary treatment with penicillin G in combination with streptomycin. However, for HSB, a mild inhibitory effect on lactic streptococci was detected in the milk within 12 h of treatment.
Passive Protection of Specific Pathogen Free Chicks Against Infectious Bursal Disease by In‐Ovo Injection of Semi‐Purified Egg‐Yolk Antiviral Immunoglobulins
Authors: Eterradossi N. , Toquin D. , Abbassi H. , Rivallan G. , Cotte J.‐P. , Guittet M.
Published: May 2010

In order to develop an experimental model for passive immunity in SPF chickens, active neutralizing immunoglobulins (Ig) directed against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were extracted from the yolk of eggs laid by conventional layers immunized against IBDV. Concentrated Ig extracts were inoculated via the intra‐vitellin route into 7‐day‐old embryonated SPF hen eggs. Although detrimental to hatchability, Ig inoculation resulted in hatching two series of SPF chicks with passive immunity against IBDV. The neutralizing and ELISA antibody titres at 1 day‐old (respectively 12.64 and 13.15 log2; and 4915 and 4277), the kinetics of decay of the anti‐IBDV antibodies and the protection afforded by passive antibodies against highly virulent IBDV challenge proved highly consistent with data previously reported on conventional chicks. In‐ovo inoculation of purified egg‐yolk immunoglobulins may hence be a good experimental model for anti‐IBDV maternally‐transmitted immunity. This experimental model might possibly be adapted to other pathogens or vaccines for which interference with maternally derived antibodies is a matter of concern at 1 day‐old.
Herpesviruses in Tortoises: Investigations into Virus Isolation and the Treatment of Viral Stomatitis inTestudo hermanniandT. graeca
Authors: Marschang R. E. , Gravendyck M. , Kaleta E. F.
Published: May 2010

Various studies were done during a spontaneous outbreak of stomatitis‐rhinitis‐complex (mouth rot) in a collection of Mediterranean land tortoises (21Testudo hermanni, Hermann's tortoises, and threeTestudo graeca, spur‐thighed tortoises) in southern Germany. These studies were intended to help diagnose the causative agent, establish a possible diagnostic methodin vivoand provide information on the efficacy of aciclovir and ganciclovir against chelonian herpesviruses. ThirteenT. hermanniand noT. graecadied within a period of 6 weeks following the introduction of one apparently healthyT. graeca. Two of the deadTestudo hermanniwere submitted for post‐mortem examination. In addition, blood samples from 11 of the 12 tortoises still surviving at the beginning of this study were cultured for virus content and for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to chelonian herpesviruses and swabs from conjunctiva, pharynx and cloaca were cultured for the presence of viruses. Herpesviruses were isolated from tissues of the two deadTestudo hermanni(tongue, intestine, trachea, lung, spleen, heart and brain). Peripheral leukocytes from one of 11 blood samples were positive for herpesvirus isolation, indicating viremia in at least one animal. Nine of 11 pharyngeal swabs but none of the conjunctival and cloacal swabs yielded herpesviruses. Circulating neutralizing antibodies were present in two of two testedT. graeca, but absent in all of the nine samples fromT. hermanni.Aciclovir and ganciclovir were effective when testedin vitroagainst one of the herpesvirus isolates.
Zum Einfluß optischer Strahlung auf die Emigration der Drittlarven von Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum aus dem Kot
Authors: Barutzki D. , Gothe R.
Published: May 2010

Studies on the influence of optical radiation on the emigration of third stage larvae of Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum out of faeces

The influence of optical radiation on the emigration of third stage larvae out of faeces was investigated by exposing faeces containing infective larvae of Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum to broad‐band radiation of a sun‐simulating wavelength spectrum corresponding to a sunny day, a cloudy day, dawn, and a full‐moon night, as well as to monochromatic radiation of different wavelength spectrum at dawn and to complete darkness. It was demonstrated that third stage larvae of O. quadrispinulatum were able to differentiate between daylight and darkness responding to different irradiances with very high emigration rates at irradiances corresponding to dawn, and significantly lower emigration rates corresponding to full‐moon light, and darkness as well as a cloudy and sunny day. Infective larvae reacted to monochromatic radiation of different wave‐length spectrum at dawn and showed significantly higher emigration rates at the violet, green, yellow, and red light wavelength compared to darkness.

Zur Übcrprüfung des Einflusses von optischer Strahlung auf die Emigration von Oesophagostomum‐quadrispinulatum‐Drittlarven aus dem Kot wurden Fäzes mit Infektionslarven breitbandiger Strahlung eines sonnensimulierenden Spektralbereiches bei klarer und bedeckter Tag, Dämmerung und Vollmondnacht analogen Bestrahlungsstärken und monochromatischer Strahlung unterschiedlicher Wellenlängenbereiche bei Dämmerung entsprechender Bestrahlungsstärke sowie völliger Dunkelheit ausgesetzt. Dabei zeigte sich, daß Drittlarven von O. quadrispinulatum einerseits zwischen hell und dunkel unterschieden und andererseits in einem breiten Bereich optischer Strahlung abgestufte Bestrahlungsstärken wahrnahmen und darauf differenziert mit sehr hohen Auswanderungsraten bei einer Strahlung mit Dammerung analoger Bestrahlungsstärke und mit signifikant niedrigeren Emigrationsraten bei Vollmond, Dunkelheit sowie bedeckter und klarer Tag analoger Bestrahlungsstärke reagicrten. Bei Dämmerung analoger Bestrahlungsstärke nahmen Drittlarven sogar monochromatische Strahlung unterschiedlicher Wellenlängenbereiche wahr und zeigten eine signifikant gesteigerte Wanderaktivität bei violetter, grüner, gelber und roter Strahlung im Vergleich mit Dunkelheit.
Influence of Climate on Pasture Infectivity of Ovine Trichostrongyles in Dry Pastures
Authors: Romero C. Garcia , Valcárcel F. , Vázquez F. A., Rojo
Published: May 2010

The pattern of pasture contamination and the influence of some climatic factors on the development of ovine Trichostrongyles have been studied in dry pastures of Castilla‐La Mancha (central Spain) during a 3‐year period (1986–1988). The main identified genera were Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus, followed by Haemonchus, Cooperia and Nematodirus. Two peaks of pasture contamination were detected: from mid‐winter to early‐spring and from mid‐autumn to early‐winter. No significant differences in this pattern were observed during the 3 years except Haemonchus (1986–1988, P < 0.05; 1987–1988, P < 0.001). Seasons differed significantly (spring‐autumn, P < 0.05; summer‐the rest of the year, P < 0.001). The temperature was negatively correlated with the level of pasture infectivity (except for Trichostrongylus); however, the rainfall was positively correlated with pasture infectivity.
Rod‐Shaped Virus‐Like Particles in Intestinal Contents of Pheasant Chicks
Authors: ŜMid B. , Valiĉek L. , Kudrna J.
Published: May 2010

Rod‐shaped virus‐like particles (RSV), 55–85 nm in length and 18 nm in diameter, with 5 to 10 segments or helical turns, were demonstrated in the intestinal contents of young diarrhoeic pheasants by examination of a fresh sample. The origin of RSV seems to be splitting tails of bacteriophages.
Experimental Infection of Swine and Cat Central Nervous Systems by the Pig Paramyxovirus of the Blue Eye Disease
Authors: Ramirez.‐Herrera M. A. , Mendoza‐Magana M. L. , Dueñas S. H.
Published: May 2010

This study analyses whether the pig paramyxovirus of blue eye disease (PPBED) infects the central nervous system (CNS) utilizing anterograde and retrograde peripheral nerve transport systems. The virus was injected into muscle and skin, and inoculated per nasum. The presence of PPBED was detected by an immunohistochemical method using polyclonal mouse antibodies against the whole inactivated virus, and was revealed with polyclonal rabbit antibodies against mouse immunoglobulin G (lgG) labelled with peroxidase. The PPBED injected into the pig medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle was detected in a terminal branch innervating the MG muscle, in neural fibres of the sciatic nerve, in fibres of the ventral and dorsal spinal roots and in ventral horn neurones of the spinal cord. When PPBED was injected into the skin area innervated by the sural nerve, it was detected in neural fibres of the sural and sciatic nerves and in spinal cord dorsal horn neurones. The per nasum inoculum rapidly invaded the CNS through the olfactory nerve. The study concluded that, in order to invade the CNS, PPBED was transported retrogradely by peripheral cutaneous and muscular nerves, and anterogradely by the olfactory nerve. No PPBED was detected in either cat peripheral nerves or in cat CNS.
Monoclonal Antibody Characterization of Rabies Virus Strains Isolated in the River Plate Basin
Authors: Delpietro H. A. , Gury‐Dhomen F. , Larghi O. P. , Mena‐Segura C. , Abramo L.
Published: May 2010

In this study, 91 strains isolated in the River Plate Basin, South America, were examined from the epidemiological standpoint and with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the nucleocapsid of rabies virus. Such strains reacted to MAbs in accordance with nine different patterns (antigenic variants). Rabies virus was isolated from 49 cattle, 21 dogs, 11 non‐haematophagous bats, four vampire bats, two foxes, two horses, one buffalo, and one human. Five of the variants had not been described previously. It was also found that two cases of rabies in wild foxes (Cerdocyon thous) which had attacked persons in the Province of Chaco, Argentina, had been caused by variants from dog and vampire bat, while two cases in frugivorous bats (Artibeus lituratus) from Argentina and Brazil, had been infected by vampire bat variants. In addition, symptoms shown by cattle infected with strains which reacted as originating in canine vectors, differed from those observed in bovines from which the variants isolated corresponded to vampire bats.
Immunopotentiating Activities of Polysaccharide Fraction from Pine Seed Shell Extract
Authors: Baba T. , Itasaka Y. , Kodama H. , Mukamoto M. , Tsuji S.
Published: May 2010

The function of polysaccharide (PSE) extracted from pine seed shells as a immunopotentiator was investigated. The phagocytosis and chemotaxis of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MP) were augmented by oral administration of PSE. The incorporation of 3H‐thymidine by Con A‐stimulated mouse splenic cells was significantly intensified by administration of PSE but the adherent‐cells (MP)‐eliminated splenic lymphocytes was not increased. It is shown that the existence of activated MP is needed for the activation (proliferation) of T lymphocytes. The responsiveness of mouse T cells to alloantigen was also augmented by administration of PSE. The number of anti‐SRBC plaque‐forming cells in the spleen of mouse and chicken was also significantly increased. The results indicate that MP are first activated by oral administration of PSE and that the activation of T cells is then initiated indirectly by humoral factors (cytokines) produced by activated MP.
Partial Purification and Characterization of a Murine Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei Specific Aldolase
Authors: Kumar S. , Banyal H. S.
Published: May 2010

Cell‐free P. berghei contains 26.1 times more aldolase activity as compared to normal mouse erythrocytes. Subcellular fractionation of cell‐free parasite showed maximum enzyme activity in the soluble fraction. The parasite enzyme was active in a narrow pH range of 7.8‐8.0. Of the enzyme activity 90 % was lost within 2 weeks at 4°C. Slight inhibition was observed with specific inhibitors ATP, pyrophosphate (PPi) and PEP. The F1, 6DP Km was 0.025 mM.
Intestinal Manifestations of Experimental SIV‐Infection in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta): A Histological and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Kuhn E.‐M. , Mätz‐Rensing K. , Stahl‐Hennig C. , Makoschey B. , Hunsmann G. , Kaup F.‐J.
Published: May 2010

Intestinal lesions were studied in 32 rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with different strains of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac (251/32H, 251/32H‐SPL and 251/MPBL) by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A spectrum of primary and secondary manifestations of SIV‐infection were detected. Primary changes included ‘SIV‐enteropathy’ in 12 monkeys and virus‐induced syncytial giant cell formation (GCF) of the intestine in two animals. A primary virus‐induced enteropathy occurred both as only histologically visible ‘SIV‐enteropathy’ and as ‘AIDS‐enteropathy’ accompanied by clinical signs of enteritis. Secondary opportunistic infections (Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium, Trichuris, Trichomonas, Spironucleus, Mycobacteria and Cytomegalovirus) were identified in 27 animals and three monkeys developed malignant lymphomas involving the intestinal tract. Compared to intestinal lesions in HIV‐infected patients, differences were found concerning the incidence of GCF and the range of opportunistic infections, with cryptosporidium, cytomegalovirus and mycobacteria occurring in both SIV‐infected macaques and AIDS patients. The present observations revealed that SIV‐infected rhesus monkeys provide an excellent model both for studies on the pathogenesis of HIV‐enteropathy and opportunistic infections and for the development of therapies against cryptosporidial, cytomegalovirus and mycobacteria infection. Comparison of three SIV‐strains revealed differences in primary and secondary lesions observed: SIVmac251/MPBL was correlated with severe primary SIV‐induced pathologic changes and SIVmac251‐SPL‐infected animals showed a higher incidence of malignant lymphomas.
The Efficacy of Enrofloxacin in‐Feed Medication by Applying Different Programmes for the Control of Post Weaning Diarrhoea Syndrome of Piglets
Authors: Kyriakis S. C. , Tsiloyiannis V. K. , Lekkas S. , Petridou E. , Vlemmas J. , Sarris K.
Published: May 2010

Post weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) in piglets is caused mainly by enterotoxigenic Escherichia (E) coli (ETEC) strains. Six different in‐feed usage programmes of enrofloxacin (ENR/Baytril°; L.E.R. 2.5 %) were tested for their efficacy on the control of post weaning colibacillosis in piglets, using seven groups with totally 336 weaned piglets for a 28 day period. One group (negative control) was offered feed free of antimicrobials, three groups were offered feed medicated with 50 ppm of ENR starting on weaning day for 5, 7 and 10 days respectively, three groups were offered feed medicated with 50 ppm of ENR starting 7 days post weaning for 5, 7 and 10 days respectively, and were compared with regard to the appearance of clinical signs, mortality, weight gain and feed conversion. The results showed that all ENR treatments reduced the incidence and severity of diarrhoea. Mortality was similar in all ENR treatments, but in the groups where the ENR was added for 10 days immediately after weaning and/or 7 days post weaning for 7 and 10 days respectively was lower compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). The evaluation of the weight gain data, as well as feed conversion ratio indicated that the six treated groups performed remarkably better than the control group (P < 0.05). No ETEC were detected on days 21 and 28 in all ENR groups contrary to the untreated control. It was concluded that a strategic medication initiated 7 days post weaning with 50 ppm of ENR and only for 7 and 10 days period of time is a useful tool in controlling PWDS due to ETEC.
The Efficacy of Enrofloxacin in‐Feed Medication by Applying Different Programmes for the Control of Post Weaning Oedema Disease in Weaned Piglets
Authors: Kyriakis S. C. , Tsiloyiannis V. K. , Vlemmas J. , Lekkas S. , Petridou E. , Sarris K.
Published: May 2010

Oedema disease (OD) usually occurs after weaning and is due to infection with (ETEEC) enterotoxaemic Escherichia (E.) coli. This study further examines the efficacy of three different in‐feed usage programmes of enrofloxacin (ENR/Baytril® L.E.R. 2.5%), on the control of post weaning OD in piglets. The recommended in‐feed dosage of ENR for this clinical indication, i.e. 50 p.p.m., was used. Five groups with a total of 240 weaned piglets for 28 days period were used in this trial. One group (negative control) was offered feed free of antimicrobials, one group was offered feed as that of the negative control group except that the feed consumption was restricted for the first 12 days post weaning, and three groups were offered feed ad libitum medicated with 50 p.p.m. of ENR starting 7 days after weaning for 5, 7 and 10 days, respectively, and were compared with regard to their performance. Mortality was lower compared to the negative control group in all ENR treatments (P < 0.05). The evaluation of the growth performance data, as well as feed conversion ratio, indicated that the three treated groups performed remarkably better than the control group (P < 0.05). It was concluded that a strategic medication initiated 7 days post weaning with 50 p.p.m. of ENR and usually for a 10 day period is useful in controlling and/or preventing post weaning OD due to ETEEC.
Pathology ofSerratia marcescensMastitis in Cattle
Authors: Guardo G. Di , Battisti A. , Agrimi U. , Forletta R. , Reitano M. E. , Calderini P.
Published: May 2010

Microbiological, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations were carried out on four dairy cows affected bySerratia marcescensmastitis. The animals under study were from a herd of 120 lactating cows bred in the province of Rome. In the above herd,S. marcescensmastitis showed a prevalence of 20.8%.S. marcescenswas the only bacterial agent isolated, prior to and after slaughter, from the teat milk, the mammary gland and the supramammary lymph nodes of the four cows under study. Cytologically, the four subjects exhibited high cell counts in their milk, with an average of up to 5 570 000 cells/ml inS. marcescens‐infected quarters. Macroscopically, nodular lesions were apparent scattered throughout the mammary parenchyma, with enlargement of the regional lymph nodes. Histologically, a chronic, non‐purulent mastitis, characterized by a marked fibrous tissue proliferation and the coexistence of corpora amylacea within the glandular alveoli, was observed in association with chronic hyperplastic lymphadenitis involving the supramammary lymph nodes of the four cows. Immunohistochemically,S. marcescenswas demonstrated, by means of monoclonal antibodies, both in the mammary gland and in the supramammary lymph nodes from these four animals.
The First Isolation ofEubacterium suisin Hungary
Authors: Biksi I. , Fodor L. , Szenci O. , Vetesi F.
Published: May 2010

Eubacterium suiswas isolated from the preputium of seven out of 16 mature boars on two farms and from the urinary bladder of one out of five sows originating from a third herd. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolated strains were identical to that of the reference strain ofE suisATTC 33144. Three out of four strains isolated from Farm A were successfully subcultured aerobically, and then anaerobically again.E. suistogether withProteus mirabiliswas isolated from cystitis of a sow 4 days after artificial insemination. These are the first strains ofE. suisisolated in Hungary.
Relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Milk and Human Handlers in Dairy Farms in Trinidad
Authors: Adesiyun A.A. , Webb L.A. , Romain H.T.
Published: May 2010

The susceptibility of S. aureus strains isolated from milk and human handlers in dairy farms in Trinidad to bacteriophages was determined. Of the 110 strains isolated from bulk milk, 73 (66.4%) were typable either at routine test dilution (RTD) or 100‐RDT compared to 108 (72.5 %) of 149 strains from composite milk sensitive but the difference was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; X2). Strains of S. aureus from human handlers had significantly (P ≤ 0.05; X2) lower sensitivity, with only 90 (59.6%) of 151 strains typable. Phages in various groups were predominantly more active on both milk isolates, 54.1 % (98 of 181) and human strains, 73.3% (66 of 90). Phage 42D alone lysed 22 (12.2%) but with other phages typed 90 (49.7%) of 181 typable strains from milk compared to a lytic activity of only 1.1 % (1 of 90) alone and 35 (38.9 %) with other phages for strains isolated from human handlers. The differences were however not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; X2). Relatedness of S. aureus strains isolated from bulk milk, composite milk and human handlers on each farm was demonstrated in 21 (46.7 %) of 45 dairy farms using the phage patterns detected. Similarly, the relatedness of S. aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares and hands of each human milker was detected on 10 (35.7 %) of 28 dairy farms studied.

It was concluded that S. aureus strains from human milkers contaminated both composite and bulk milk on the farms studied while bovine strains of S. aureus were also acquired by humans during milking.
Effects of Lysozyme Dimer on Humoral Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in Non‐treated and Cyclophosphamide‐Immunosuppressed Mice
Authors: Obminska‐Domoradzka B. , ŚWitala M. , Dȩbowy J. , Kiczka W. , Garbulinski T.
Published: May 2010

The effects of lysozyme dimer on humoral response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and restoration of the response impaired by a single cyclophosphamide dose (200 mg/kg) were tested on mice. The effect of lysozyme dimer on the humoral response to SRBC in non‐treated with cyclophosphamide mice was determined in relation to doses (0.2, 2, 20 or 200 μg/kg) and the time of the drug administration with respect to the antigen before or after SRBC immunization. Moreover, the effect of lysozyme dimer on the humoral response in cyclophosphamide‐treated mice was studied depending on the dose applied and time of exposure to the drug in relation to SRBC. It has been found that lysozyme dimer potentiates the humoral response to SRBC in mice, resulting in an increased number of splenocytes producing haemolytic antibodies (PFC) and the total and 2‐mercaptoethanol resistant level of anti‐SRBC antibodies. A single exposure to lysozyme dimer gave the strongest stimulating action on SRBC when the doses of 2 or 20 μg/kg were administered 2 h prior to the antigen. The potentiating effect of the drug was reduced when it was administered 24 h before the antigen and also when single doses were as high as 200 μg/kg and as low as 2 μg/kg. Exposure to four doses of lysozyme dimer at 24 h intervals was more activating than a single injection. A strong potentiating effect on the specific response to SRBC was noted after four injections of lysozyme dimer at doses from 0.2 to 20 μg/kg. The effect of the drug did not depend on the time of exposure to the antigen. It has also been found that lysozyme dimer significantly reduces the suppressive effect of a high cyclophosphamide dose (200 mg/kg) on the humoral response of SRBC‐immunized mice. The protective action of lysozyme dimer was dose‐ and time‐dependent. The strongest protection was observed after three doses of 20 μg/kg administered prior to pharmacological immunosuppression. Reduction in the dose to 2 μg/kg and shorter treatment resulted in reduced protective effects. We have also found that the protective action of three doses of lysozyme dimer (2 or 20 μg/kg each) administered between cyclophosphamide injection and the antigen, or after antigen administration is weaker than such a treatment prior to cyclophosphamide immunosuppression.