bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliar diagnostic characters in Iberian species of Isoetes L. (Isoetaceae, Pteridophyta)
Authors: Prada Carmen , Rolleri Cristina H.
Published: October 2008

This is a comparative study of foliar morphology of the species of Isoetes L. growing in the Iberian Península. The taxa included are /. durieui and /. histrix (terrestrial), /. setaceum, and /. velatum subsp. Velatum (amphibious), and /. brochonii, I. echinosporum, I. x hickeyi, I. lacustre, I. longissimum and /. velatum subsp. Asturicense (aquatic). Material of an undescribed amphibious tetraploid taxon related to /. velatum was also included in this study and referred as Isoetes sp. until proper description. Several Iberian collections, together with European and American specimens of some of the taxa were analyzed. Selected diagnostic characters of the microphylls are: cuticular ornamentation (striae, ridges and warts), cuticular flanges, epidermal patterns, stomata distribution and dimensions, foliar transverse sectíons outline, degree of development of the mesophyll, presence or absence, and distribution of the mechanical tissues (collenchyma), diaphragms, and presence or absence and type of intercellular pectic protuberances. All characters are stable, and do not vary with the age of the plants or the microphylls. Cuticular striae, ridges and warts, as well as stomata develop early in plantlets. Stomata present in the microphylls of two aquatic taxa (/. longissimum, I. velatum subsp. asturicense) suggest that their absence is not entirely due to influence of aquatic environment. Collenchyma occurs, also, in species growing in different habitats. Restored herbarium material proved to be as useful as fresh or fixed material, an important advantage in the case of Isoetes species, many of which grow in vulnerable áreas or are known only through herbarium specimens due to destruction of their pristine habitats.
On generic rank and phylogenetic relationships of Dorycnopsis Boiss. (Leguminosae, Loteae)
Authors: Degtjareva Galina , Valiejo-Roman Carmen , Samigullin Tahir , Sokoloff Dmitry
Published: October 2008

Nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data as well as morphological data show that Dorycnopsis gerardii (L.) Boiss. can not be placed in the genus Anthyllis L. The genus Dorycnopsis Boiss. includes two species, D. gerardii and D. abyssinica (A. Rich.) V.N. Tikhom. et D.D. Sokoloff (=Vermifrux abyssinica (A. Rich.) J.B. Gillett). Morphological similarity between Dorycnopsis gerardii and Anthyllis onobrychioides Cav. might be best explained by evolutionary parallelism. Anthyllis (including Hymenocarpos Savi but excluding Dorycnopsis and the monotypic Tripodion Medik.) is well-resolved as a highly supported monophyletic group in analyses of nrITS data set.
Clethra formosa (Clethraceae), una nueva especie de Costa Rica
Authors: Morales Juan Francisco , Alfaro Evelio
Published: October 2008

Clethra formosa (Clethraceae), a new species endemic to high elevations of the Central and Talamanca cordilleras in Costa Rica is described. Photographs of the proposed species are included as well as a discussion of its taxonomic affinities, mainly with Clethra pyrogena Sleumer, which appears to be its nearest relative.
Acacia polyphylla var. rhytidocarpa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), un nuevo taxon de Bolivia y Brasil
Authors: Rico Arce María de Lourdes
Published: October 2008

Acacia polyphylla var. rhytidocarpa, a new taxon for Bolivia and Brazil is described and illustrated.
Biología, distribución e integración del alga alóctona Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) en las comunidades bentónicas de las costas de Galicia (NW de la Península Ibérica)
Authors: Cremades Ugarte Javier , Freire Gago Oscar , Peteiro García César
Published: October 2008

Undaria pinnatifida is an Asian seaweed that is valuable as an edible species. This kelp was first reported for Spain in the 1980s on Galician coasts, where it is now widely distributed and incorporated into the native community. In Galicia, intertidal populations of the sporophytic phase typically inhabit sites under moderate wave-exposure in the early spring, albeit they can be found throughout the year as the species displays at least two recruitment periods per year. The morphology varies between individuals and depends strongly on the spatiotemporal pattern of environmental conditions. The chronology of the introduction of this species and the types of habitat where it is currently integrated on Galician coasts clearly reveal that the presence and local expansion of this kelp is influenced largely by human activities, mainly shellfish aquaculture and maritime traffic. U. pinnatifida has a slow natural expansion, limited aggressiveness and it temporarily fills empty niches; this kelp displays luxuriant growth only on artificial substrates or in otherwise disturbed communities.
A taxonomic revision of Acaciella (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)
Authors: Rico Arce M. de L. , Bachman S.
Published: October 2008

The genus Acaciella Britton & Rose is reinstated. All species are neotropical with the highest species diversity along the Pacific coast of Mexico. The genus is characterised by three features exceptional in Acacia Miller: unarmed plants, lack extrafloral nectaries and pollen polyads 8-celled. With the exception of the number of stamens, Acaciella shares more features with the genus Piptadenia (tribe Mimoseae) than with Acacia. In terms of pollen and free aminoacids it is related to the pantropical Acacia subgen. Aculeiferum. Molecular studies place Acaciella sister to a monophyletic clade comprising elements of the mainly Australian Acacia subgen. Phyllodineae, and the pantropical tribe Ingeae. The 85 validly published names in Acaciella are referred here to 15 accepted species and five varieties. One new species and one variety are described, and two new names and five new combinations proposed. Twenty one names are lectotypified. Keys, descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps and conservation
On the presence of fertile gametophytes of Padina pavonica (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from the Iberian coasts
Authors: Gómez Garreta Amelia , Rull Lluch Jordi , Barceló Martí M. Carme , Ribera Siguan M. Antonia
Published: October 2008

The gametophytes of Padina pavonica (L.) Thivy have received little attention in literature. Both female and predominantly male monoecious gametophytes of P. pavonica are recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula. A detailed description of the morphology and the disposition of oogonia and antheridia is presented. In addition, a comparison with literature data on this and other Padina species is carried out.
Helianthemum sicanorum (Cistaceae), a new species from Sicily
Authors: Brullo Salvatore Brullo , Giusso del Galdo Gian Pietro , Sciandrello Saverio
Published: October 2008

Helianthemum sicanorum, an endemic species occurring on calcareous marls near Gela (S Sicily), is described and illustrated. Due to its habit and flower morphology, H. sicanorum shows close relationships with H. kahiricum Del., circumscribed to the semi-arid habitats of northern Africa and the Middle East. H. sicanorum is quite rare and localized on steep slopes facing the sea, where it is a member of thermophilous garigues of the Cisto-Micromerietea class.
Brachyotum sertulatum, a new species of Melastomataceae from Colombia
Authors: Ulloa Ulloa Carmen
Published: October 2008

A new species of Melastomataceae, Brachyotum sertulatum C. Ulloa, from southern Colombia is described and illustrated. It is characterized by a conspicuous single row of large tubercles sub-marginal on the leaf blade above. It is endemic to the Páramo de las Papas in the Colombian massif (Macizo Colombiano), between the departments of Cauca and Huila at around 3400 m. Due to the restricted distribution and small population it is assigned the category of Endangered (EN).
The systematic position of Cubanthus and other shrubby endemic species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in Cuba
Authors: Steinmann Víctor W. , Van Ee Benjamin , Berry Paul E. , Gutiérrez Jorge
Published: October 2008

Cubanthus (Euphorbiaceae) has traditionally been recognized as a small genus of three similar species restricted to Cuba and Hispaniola. In this study we used DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS and chloroplast ndhF gene regions to investigate its systematic position and the position of four other shrubby Euphorbia species endemic to Cuba: E. cubensis, E. helenae, E. munizii, and E. podocarpifolia. The results demonstrate that all of these taxa belong to a well-supported Antillean clade nested within Euphorbia that also includes E. punicea and E. gymnonota. For that reason, we treat Cubanthus as a section of Euphorbia instead of a separate genus. Euphorbia sect. Adenorima is relegated to a synonym of sect. Cubanthus. New names are proposed for Cubanthus brittonii and Cubanthus linearifolius (Euphorbia millspaughii and E. scutiformis, respectively), and a new combination is made for Cubanthus umbelliformis (Euphorbia umbelliformis). Section Cubanthus belongs to clade C of Euphorbia and is part of a New World assemblage that includes members of sections Euphorbiastrum, Pteroneurae, Portulacastrum, Stachydium, and the former genus Pedilanthus. Based on both the molecular results and morphological differences, two subsections are proposed: subsect. Cubanthus and subsect. Moa. The molecular phylogeny supports the hypothesis that section Cubanthus radiated entirely within the Antilles and the nearby Bahamian archipelago.
Helictotrichon devesae, a new endemic grass species from Castilla-La Mancha (Central Spain)
Authors: Romero Zarco Carlos
Published: October 2008

Helictotrichon devesae Romero Zarco (Aveneae; Poaceae), a new grass species is described and its anatomical and morphological characters are compared in relation to other species in the genus.
Argyrolobium armindae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a new species from the Canary Islands
Authors: Marrero Águedo
Published: October 2008

Argyrolobium armindae Marrero Rodr. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) is here described. This is the first report of this genus, not only for Canary Islands but also for Macaronesia. The taxonomic relationships between Argyrolobium armindae and related species, habitat, ecology, biogeographical significance and conservation status are discussed.
Secondary metabolites of lichens in the snow zone of the Sierra Nevada in Mérida-Venezuela and their role in the absorption of ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Rojas-Fernández José Alberto , Balza-Quintero Alirio , Marcano Vicente , Rojas Paula Andrea , Dávila-Vera Delsy , Peña-Contreras Zulma , Mendoza-Briceño Rosa Virginia , Palacios-Prü Ernesto
Published: October 2008

Photochemical analyses of secondary compounds in lichens from the venezuelan andean snow zone were carried out in order to know the absorbance capacity of UV radiation at the UVA, UVB and UVC ranges and to determine its probable UV protective function. Spectrophotometric (UV) and fine layer chromatographic techniques (TLC) were utilized to separate and identify the compounds. UV radiation values were obtained from the Red Bioclimática del Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada de Mérida which constitutes a program supported by the University of Los Andes, Venezuela. Results indicated the existence of 22 species of lichens at the snow zone; 55% of these species showed a strong resistance to UVC radiation, 95% to UVB radiation, whereas the 100% revealed a strong resistance to UVA radiation. The substances that have the highest resistance to UVA and UVB radiation are characterized by having ester bonds among phenolic units depsids and constitute the most abundant products in lichens, whereas the substances having both ester and ether bonds among the two phenolic units depsidones revealed a higher capacity to absorb UVC radiation that could indicate a primitive origin.
Carpology of some East Asian Cardueae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Zarembo E. V. , Boyko E. V.
Published: October 2008

The present paper deals with the morphological, anatomical structure of achenes in the East Asian species of Rhaponticum, Klasea Serratula and Synurus. The structure of pericarp epidermal cells, mesocarp, has been described, as well as the structure of testa epidermal cells. The specific characters of the genera, as well as the identification characters of the species, are described.
Repercusiones territoriales del transporte marítimo y aéreo en la Isla de La Gomera
Authors: Hernández Luis José Ángel
Published: October 2008

Este trabajo estudia los efectos de la nueva movilidad territorial en la isla de La Gomera. La potenciación del transporte aéreo, con sus repercusiones en el intento de construir una nueva carretera hasta el aeropuerto, o la introducción de fast ferrys para competir con la nueva modalidad aérea, ha derivado en un modelo que compromete las exigencias del Protocolo de Kyoto. Igualmente, el incremento del tráfico marítimo en La Gomera, incide en el planteamiento de un nuevo puerto en Tenerife. Este puerto alejaría aún más el origen y destino final de los pasajeros y mercancías cuando se trasladan al área metropolitana Santa Cruz de Tenerife – La Laguna. Esto tiene sus efectos negativos por cuanto se incrementan las emisiones a la atmósfera o se ocupa más territorio para ampliar las carreteras
De la experiencia europea a la realidad en los países en vías de desarrollo: una propuesta para la comparación de acciones del Programa LEADER con iniciativas brasileñas de desarrollo local en el medio rural
Authors: Bruno Schmitt Henrique , Muscar Benasayag Eduardo
Published: October 2008

Se propone presentar algunas posibilidades de replicación de la estructura y de los conceptos de la Iniciativa europea LEADER al contexto territorial de los espacios rurales latinoamericanos, haciendo hincapié en la realidad brasileña. La replicación está basada en las experiencias vigentes de ámbito nacional: Programa de Fortalecimiento de la Agricultura Familiar y Programa Fome Zero (Hambre Cero). Como resultado del estudio del caso brasileño, se sugiere la ampliación del Modelo creado en esta investigación (Modelo de Acciones No Contemplados) a otros territorios latinoamericanos que carezcan de un punto de partida para proponer o actualizar planes de desarrollo local en el medio rural. Se fortalece la pertinencia de dicho estudio por la importante actuación de la Cooperación Europea en Latinoamérica a través de canales de Cooperación Técnica y Ayuda Humanitaria en la actualidad.
El origen de los derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España
Authors: Bordonado Bermejo Julia
Published: October 2008

El presente artículo se centra en el estudio del origen y posterior evolución de los derechos y libertades públicas de los extranjeros en España. Para ello se parte de la Constitución Española de 1978 que establece un “mandato constitucional” de desarrollar este tema en leyes orgánicas para su posterior aplicación. A partir de la Ley Orgánica 7/1985 la situación ha ido cambiando ya que había que cumplir con lo establecido en el artículo 13 de la “Carta Magna” de que los extranjeros gocen en España de los mismos derechos y obligaciones que los españoles. Estos derechos y obligaciones se encuentran recogidos en los Tratados Internacionales de los que España forma parte y en la Ley de aplicación interna que ha sido modificada en diversas ocasiones hasta llegar al texto definitivo de la Ley Orgánica 4/2000 en su redacción actual con las novedades introducidas por la Ley Orgánica 14/23.
La inmigración marroquí en Granada: su imagen y percepción por los jóvenes granadinos
Authors: Jiménez Bautista Francisco
Published: October 2008

Los inmigrantes marroquíes, en realidad, ¿son tantos? o, ¿es más un problema de actitud y comportamiento? Este artículo intenta dar respuesta a esta doble pregunta, en primer lugar, intentando conocer cuántos y de qué nacionalidad son, para enfrentarnos de esta manera a una “guerra” de cifras; en segundo lugar, vamos a concretar la imagen y percepción que tienen los jóvenes (de 14 a 25 años) de Granada frente a estos inmigrantes marroquíes; para ello, nos vamos a apoyar en los resultados de la encuesta realizada dentro del Proyecto: Ciudades contra el racismo. Granada, ciudad integradora, subvencionado por la Comisión Europea.
Efectos de la inmigración regularizada sobre el cambio en la estructura por regímenes y grupos de cotización de la Seguridad Social
Authors: Pumares Fernández Pablo
Published: October 2008

El artículo examina algunos de los efectos sobre el mercado laboral derivados de la intensa incorporación de trabajadores extranjeros al mercado de trabajo formal, que se ha producido en los años 2000, gracias a los sucesivos procesos de regularización. A través de la comparación de la segunda mitad de los noventa con la primera de los 2000 se llega a la conclusión de que han tenido una influencia decisiva en la mejora acelerada de la estructura por regímenes y grupos de cotización de la Seguridad Social, de la que los españoles han sido los principales beneficiados. Igualmente, se observa que se produce movilidad laboral ascendente entre los extranjeros, si bien limitada a los trabajos de carácter manual.
El comercio de los inmigrantes en el centro histórico de Barcelona en 2004
Authors: Serra del Pozo Pau
Published: October 2008

En la última década el creciente número de inmigrantes extranjeros en Cataluña se ha hecho especialmente patente en el distrito de Ciutat Vella de Barcelona, donde han proliferado los comercios de este colectivo. Los comercios de los inmigrantes en este distrito se caracterizan por tener unas reducidas dimensiones, una jornada larga y por la presencia de familiares empleados y de otros empleados del mismo origen geográfico que el del titular del negocio. Las tipologías predominantes de los comercios son: colmados, locutorios, envíos de remesas, bazares, carnicerías, minoristas y mayoristas de ropa, bares y restaurantes. Los titulares extranjeros mayoritarios son pakistaníes, indios, chinos, marroquíes, dominicanos, bangladeshis, filipinos y argelinos. El trabajo muestra la especialización geográfica por tipo de comercio y origen geográfico de los empresarios, la concentración de comercios por zonas y por calles y la correlación espacial entre comercio, residencia y centros de culto de los extranjeros.
Transformaciones y ajustes ante las nuevas dinámicas urbanas. Manifestaciones en la organización del territorio de Castilla-La Mancha
Authors: Cebrián Abellán Francisco
Published: October 2008

La aparición de nuevos procesos territoriales en la última década ha generado transformaciones profundas. Entre sus efectos están nuevas dinámicas urbanas, que han afectado de forma desigual y han supuesto una reorganización en el crecimiento y las funciones de las ciudades en el territorio. En Castilla-La Mancha el comportamiento ha venido condicionado por diferentes factores, que justifican que su espacio regional esté afectado por acusadas diferencias en la dinámica de sus ciudades. Las razones explicativas están asociadas a la influencia de metrópolis extrarregionales, al papel de la red de comunicaciones, y a procesos endógenos. El artículo recoge algunas reflexiones teóricas y los desiguales procesos de adecuación en las ciudades castellano-manchegas.
La construcción de ciudades innovadoras: transformaciones económicas recientes y desarrollo local en Getafe
Authors: Méndez Ricardo , García Palomares Juan Carlos , Michelini Juan José
Published: October 2008

En los últimos años, las ciudades intermedias han alcanzado cierto protagonismo en la bibliografía científica y en las estrategias de ordenación, como medio para promover un desarrollo territorial policéntrico y más equilibrado. Sin embargo, sólo algunas han mostrado esa capacidad de aprendizaje necesaria para impulsar iniciativas innovadoras y materializarlas en una mejora de su capacidad competitiva y de la calidad de vida de su población. El artículo analiza esos procesos en Getafe, una de las ciudades más innovadoras y activas del sur de la aglomeración metropolitana de Madrid. Presentado el contexto teórico, se describen las herencias históricas que fundamentan el proceso estudiado. Se analiza la construcción del proyecto de ciudad y sus consecuencias, especialmente, su evolución económica y productiva. Se finaliza con una reflexión sobre los actores locales, las redes y la coordinación institucional que explican el éxito del proceso.
Género y participación laboral en la comunidad de Madrid. Las dimensiones espaciales de un proceso de cambio
Authors: Rodríguez Moya Juana , Díaz Muñoz María Ángeles
Published: October 2008

En este artículo se estudian las características y evolución de la participación laboral según género en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo 1986-2001 en el marco de los procesos de cambio social, productivo y territorial que han afectado a la región en los últimos años. El trabajo se divide en dos partes: en la primera se estudia la caracterización del mercado laboral según género en relación con algunas variables sociodemográficas. En la segunda se adopta una perspectiva espacial: se reconocen las diferencias inter- municipales en el ritmo de incorporación de las mujeres al mundo laboral durante los últimos años, y también los patrones de distribución espacial de la participación de hombres y mujeres a lo largo de la Comunidad de Madrid. Por último, se estudia la relación de las tasas con un conjunto de indicadores municipales, lo que permitirá establecer algunos criterios para la interpretación de la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la participación femenina y su comparación con el caso de los hombres.
Modelo de interpretación fitoclimática de la dinámica vegetal. Aplicación a la cuenca madrileña del Alberche
Authors: Sancho García Inés , Fidalgo Hijano Concepción
Published: October 2008

Este trabajo propone la aplicación de un modelo fitoclimático de interpretación de la dinámica vegetal a la comarca del río Alberche (SW de la Comunidad de Madrid). Dicho modelo se basa en la correlación entre series de vegetación, representadas por su óptimo, y distintas variables bioclimáticas de especial significación. Permite recrear así la modificación experimentada por el elemento vegetal ante posibles variaciones en la capacidad de retención edáfica o en la escorrentía.
El desarrollo local en la ciudad media europea ante los proyectos de T.A.V.
Authors: Feliu Torrent Jaume
Published: October 2008

La ciudad media o intermedia europea ha sido calificada de «OGNI» (Objeto Geográfico No Identificado) por la falta de teorizaciones propias. Esta afirmación es especialmente cierta en el campo del desarrollo local, en las particularidades que juegan en el proceso de aprovechamiento de los recursos locales para crear un desarrollo endógeno. Esta investigación pretende, en primer lugar, recoger las opiniones de varios autores e instituciones para definir las características cuantitativas y cualitativas de esta realidad urbana. En segundo lugar, se quiere contextualizar la ciudad media en el territorio europeo y en las políticas a esta escala. Finalmente, se describen tres ejemplos de desarrollo local en ciudades medias a partir de la implantación del Tren de Alta Velocidad para mostrar cuáles son los factores diferenciales del desarrollo local en este fenómeno urbano.
Movilidad, vivienda y distribución territorial de la población marroquí en Cataluña
Authors: I Valls Andreu Domingo , Bayona i Carrasco Jordi
Published: October 2008

Cataluña destaca por ser el principal punto de asentamiento de la población marroquí en España, con una presencia inicial que se remonta a la década de los setenta, representado una de las corrientes migratorias más antiguas y consolidadas. Uno de cada tres marroquíes que residen en España se encuentra en Cataluña, actuando tanto como punto inicial de atracción como de recepción de la movilidad residencial producida en España. Esta población, en Cataluña, se caracteriza en comparación con otras nacionalidades por un mayor asentamiento, con una fuerte dispersión territorial, una mayor representación de núcleos familiares, o una proporción superior de residentes en viviendas de propiedad en comparación a otros colectivos de inserción más reciente. El propósito de este trabajo es trazar una panorámica de ese asentamiento tomando como muestra la difusión territorial, la inserción en el mercado laboral y la estructura familiar y residencial desde 1991 hasta 2006, cotejando esa evolución con el conjunto de la población extranjera.
Arbolado urbano, renta y precio de la vivienda en Madrid en el perímetro interior de la M-30
Authors: Molina Holgado Pedro , Berrocal Menárguez Ana Belén
Published: October 2008

En este artículo se analizan las relaciones existentes entre el valor económico del arbolado urbano, la renta per cápita y el precio de la vivienda usada en Madrid. El ámbito de estudio abarca todos los barrios situados en el interior del perímetro de la autopista M-30. El análisis se ha centrado en la comparación de las variables citadas, tomando en todos los casos como calle muestra un tipo de vía de sección y morfología específica y en gran medida homogénea, con amplia difusión en Madrid. La ausencia de calles de estas características en cinco barrios ha provocado su no inclusión en el análisis. Los resultados muestran correlaciones positivas débiles o moderados entre las variables socioeconómicas y el precio medio del arbolado. Sin embargo, la correlación aumenta si en el análisis se prescinde de aquellas zonas en las que la actual configuración de las estructuras verdes responde a situaciones económicas diferentes a las actuales.
Ferrocarriles y población en Colombia, influencias de la economía cafetera de inicios del siglo XX
Authors: Aponte Jorge
Published: October 2008

Colombia es un país cuya geografía ha determinado las formas de ocupación de su territorio. Su economía se ha desarrollado a través de los ejes del río Magdalena y el Cauca y privilegiado la consolidación de unos pocos centros urbanos que han dirigido las relaciones comerciales del país. Dicha condición ha afectado también la dinámica a través de la cual se ha estructurado su red vial a lo largo del siglo XX, en función de una economía exportadora que ha mantenido y perpetuado una fuerte regionalización de su territorio.
Patrimonio industrial y nuevas perspectivas funcionales para las ciudades en reestructuración
Authors: Benito del Pozo Paz , López González Alejandro
Published: October 2008

El presente trabajo se plantea como un análisis del papel jugado por el patrimonio industrial en ciudades que han estado afectadas por procesos de reconversión industrial y orientan su estrategia productiva hacia el desarrollo de nuevas funciones que implican la reutilización y puesta en valor de la herencia industrial por mecanismos y con objetivos dispares, según se deduce de los casos que sirven de base empírica: la ciudad siderúrgica de Avilés y la minera Ponferrada, en el Norte del país.
Gran propiedad y productividad agrícola en el campo del sur de España
Authors: Martín Martín Victor O.
Published: October 2008

El sector agrario sigue siendo muy importante en las regiones españolas de Andalucía y Extremadura. Las estrategias de la gran propiedad han organizado y organizan los sistemas agrarios dominantes en ambas regiones. Intentamos relacionar dichas estrategias con la escasa productividad de la agricultura del Sur de España. La hipótesis de partida es demostrar que las capacidades productivas de Andalucía y Extremadura están subdesarrolladas y, además, que la combinación de la agricultura industrializada con la que incorpora los nuevos planteamientos de la agricultura sostenible están disminuyendo aún más su productividad. El gran propietario como “señorito”, el jornalero “atado” a la tierra y el estancamiento de las fuerzas productivas son los tres ingredientes que explican el atraso del sur de España.
Enzymes, 1. General
Authors: Aehle Wolfgang , Perham Richard N. , Michal Gerhard , Caddow Alice J. , Concoby Beth
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Enzyme Nomenclature1.2.1.General Principles of Nomenclature1.2.2.Classification and Numbering of Enzymes1.3.Structure of Enzymes1.3.1.Primary Structure1.3.2.Three‐Dimensional Structure1.3.3.Quaternary Structure, Folding, and Domains1.3.4.The Ribozyme1.4.Enzymes and Molecular Biology1.4.1.Biosynthesis of Enzymes1.4.2.Enzymes and DNA2.Catalytic Activity of Enzymes2.1.Factors Governing Catalytic Activity2.1.1.Temperature2.1.2.Value of pH2.1.3.Activation2.1.4.Inhibition2.1.5.Allostery2.1.6.Biogenic Regulation of Activity2.2.Enzyme Assays2.2.1.Reaction Rate as a Measure of Catalytic Activity2.2.2.Definition of Units2.2.3.Absorption Photometry2.2.4.Fluorometry2.2.5.Luminometry2.2.6.Radiometry2.2.7.Potentiometry2.2.8.Conductometry2.2.9.Calorimetry2.2.10.Polarimetry2.2.11.Manometry2.2.12.Viscosimetry2.2.13.Turbidimetry2.2.14.Immobilized Enzymes2.2.15.Electrophoresis2.3.Quality Evaluation of Enzyme Preparations2.3.1.Quality Criteria2.3.2.Specific Activity2.3.3.Protein Determination2.3.4.Contaminating Activities2.3.5.Electrophoretic Purity2.3.6.High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography2.3.7.Performance Test2.3.8.Amino Acid Analysis and Protein Sequence Analysis2.3.9.Stability2.3.10.Formulation of Enzyme Preparations2.4.Overview of Industrial Enzyme Applications3.Enzyme Safety and Regulatory Considerations3.1.Safe Handling of Enzymes3.1.1.Possible Health Effects3.1.2.Control Technology3.2.Product Regulatory Considerations3.2.1.Food‐Use Enzymes3.2.2.Feed‐Use Enzymes3.2.3.Industrial‐Use Enzymes
Molluskicides
Authors: Schnorbach Hans‐Jürgen , Matthaei Hans‐Detlef , Müller Franz
Published: October 2008

The Introduction has been considerably expanded to describe the phylum Molluska in more detail with respect to classification, biology, habitat, and damage to crops. The gastropods associated with human and animals are also briefly mentioned to complete the overview. In Chapter 2Methods for the Control of Slugs and Snails in Agriculture and Horticulturethe various methods available today to combat slugs and snails in agriculture and horticulture are described and the corresponding chemical and biological means are presented. Although some of the molluskicides are restricted in their use or even banned in Western countries they are included here because they are still in use in Developing Countries. The chemical compounds are presented according to their classification as pesticides. In the chapter “Toxicology” all available data relating to mammals and wildlife are presented rather than describing the toxicological profile of a compound, because the evaluations are still not harmonized worldwide, and would therefore lead to some potential problems for the reader.

1.Introduction2.Methods for the Control of Slugs and Snails in Agriculture and Horticulture2.1Corrosive and Dehydrating Agents2.2Cultural Control2.3Biological Control2.4Chemical Control2.5Fumigants2.6Inorganic and Metal‐Containing Compounds2.7Organic Compounds2.8Newer Developments2.9Older Molluskicides3.Toxicology3.1General Remarks3.2Inorganic and Metal‐Containing Molecules3.3Organic Compounds
Enzymes, 2. Discovery and Production
Authors: Chotani Gopal K. , Dodge Timothy C. , Terwisscha van Scheltinga Andreas Herman , Gölker Christian , Heng Meng H. , Kan John , Becker Todd , Fukui Saburo , Tanaka Atsuo , Schmuck Rainer , de Nobel Hans , Jones Brian , Aehle Wolfgang , Bott Rick
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:

1.

General Production Methods

1.1.

Microbial Production

1.1.1.

Organism and Enzyme Synthesis

1.1.2.

Strain Improvement

1.1.3.

Physiological Optimization

1.1.4.

The Fermentor and its Limitations

1.1.5.

Process Design

1.1.6.

Modeling and Optimization

1.1.7.

Instrumentation and Control

1.2.

Isolation and Purification

1.2.1.

Preparation of Biological Starting Materials

1.2.1.1.

Cell Disruption by Mechanical Methods

1.2.1.2.

Cell Disruption by Nonmechanical Methods

1.2.2.

Separation of Solid Matter

1.2.2.1.

Filtration

1.2.2.2.

Centrifugation

1.2.2.3.

Extraction

1.2.2.4.

Flocculation and Flotation

1.2.3.

Concentration

1.2.3.1.

Thermal Methods

1.2.3.2.

Precipitation

1.2.3.3.

Ultrafiltration

1.2.4.

Purification

1.2.4.1.

Crystallization

1.2.4.2.

Electrophoresis

1.2.4.3.

Chromatography

1.2.5.

Product Formulation

1.2.6.

Waste Disposal

1.3.

Immobilization

1.3.1.

Definitions

1.3.2.

History

1.3.3.

Methods

1.3.3.1.

Carrier Binding

1.3.3.2.

Cross‐linking

1.3.3.3.

Entrapment

1.3.4.

Characterization

1.3.5.

Application

2.

Discovery and Development of Enzymes

2.1.

Enzyme Screening

2.1.1.

Overview

2.1.2.

Natural Isolate Screening

2.1.3.

Molecular Screening

2.1.4.

Environmental Gene Screening

2.1.5.

Genomic Screening

2.1.6.

Proteomic Screening

2.2.

Protein Engineering

2.2.1.

Introduction

2.2.2.

Application of Protein Engineering in Academia and Industry

2.2.3.

Outlook
Enzymes, 5. Enzymes in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Aehle Wolfgang , Waldmann Herbert , Schultz Carsten , Gröger Harald , Dinkel Carlo , Drauz Karlheinz
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Examples of Enzymatic Conversions3.Enzyme‐Analogous Catalysts4.Commercial Applications5.Outlook
Enzymes, 6. Enzymes in Therapy
Authors: Kresse Georg‐Burkhard
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Requirements for the Use of Enzymes in Therapy

2.

Coping with Peculiar Protein Properties

3.

Sources of Enzymes and Production Systems

4.

Overview of Therapeutic Enzymes
Enzymes, 7. Enzymes in Analysis
Authors: Wulff Karl , Henniger Günther
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:1.Analytical Applications of Enzymes2.Enzymes for Food Analysis
Enzymes, 8. Enzymes in Genetic Engineering
Authors: Kessler Christoph
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:1.Restriction Endonucleases and Methylases2.DNA Polymerases3.RNA Polymerases4.DNA Nucleases5.RNA Nucleases6.Modifying Enzymes
Propyne
Authors: Buckl Klaus , Meiswinkel Andreas
Published: October 2008

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Production

2.

Stabilized Propyne–Propadiene Mixtures
Synthetic Routes and Formation Mechanisms of Spherical Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
Authors: Tang Chengchun , Bando Yoshio , Huang Yang , Zhi Chunyi , Golberg Dmitri
Published: October 2008

A new concept is proposed to explain the formation of spherical boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reaction of trimethoxyborane (B(OMe)3) with ammonia. The intermediate phases formed during the CVD under different reaction conditions are analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and spectroscopy techniques. The transition mechanism from an intermediate B(OMe)3–xH3–xN (x < 2) phase having single BN bonds to the BN nanoparticles is elucidated. This particularly emphasizes the CVD temperature effect governing the conversion of the NH···OB hydrogen bonds in (OMe)3B · NH3 into the NB bonds in B(OMe)3–xH3–xN. The spherical morphology strongly depends on the remnant impurity oxygen formed upon Me2O group elimination in the intermediate. Two types of spherical BN nanoparticles primarily attractive for immediate commercialization (with C and H impurities at a level less than 1 wt %) are synthesized by the adjustment of experimental parameters: high oxygen‐containing (∼6.3 wt %) BN spheres with a diameter of ∼90 nm and a specific surface area of 26.8 m2 g−1; and low oxygen‐containing (<1 wt %) BN spheres with a diameter of ∼30 nm and a surface area of 52.7 m2 g−1. Finally, the regarded synthetic techniques are fully optimized in the present work.
Familial myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy: A report of eight African American families
Authors: Jain Maneesh , Ascensao Joao , Schechter Geraldine P.
Published: October 2008

Previous descriptions of familial myeloma have been mainly of Caucasian families. We report here eight African American families with familial multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy identified over a 30 year period. Six patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and two with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) reported a family history of MM or had family members with MGUS found on screening. A pedigree compiled for each family included a history of other cancers. In the eight families, 21 of 58 first degree relatives had a plasma cell dyscrasia including 12 MM, eight MGUS, and one amyloidosis patient(s). The age of the MM patients ranged from 50 to 78 years (median 61 years). Four families had two members with MM, including one mother–son and three sibling pairs. Two MM families each had two additional first degree relatives with MGUS, with three generations involved in one family. Anticipation was suggested in two families with parent–child pairs with monoclonal gammopathy. The eight pedigrees had 66 members, 21 of whom had a diagnosis of cancer, including non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease, or a clonal myeloproliferative disorder other than MM. Although the mode of genetic transmission and anticipation cannot be confirmed due to the small sample size, the increased number of MM and MGUS family members suggests underlying genetic susceptibility factors for plasma cell dyscrasias and possibly for other cancers in these families. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior of 10 patients with FG syndrome (Opitz–Kaveggia syndrome) and the p.R961W mutation in the MED12 gene
Authors: Graham John M. , Visootsak Jeannie , Dykens Elisabeth , Huddleston Lillie , Clark Robin D. , Jones Kenneth L. , Moeschler John B. , Opitz John M. , Morford Jackie , Simensen Richard , Rogers R. Curtis , Schwartz Charles E. , Friez Michael J. , Stevenson Roger E.
Published: October 2008

Opitz and Kaveggia [Opitz and Kaveggia (1974); Z Kinderheilk 117:1–18] reported on a family of five affected males with distinctive facial appearance, mental retardation, macrocephaly, imperforate anus and hypotonia. Risheg et al. [Risheg et al. (2007); Nat Genet 39:451–453] identified an identical mutation (p.R961W) in MED12 in six families with Opitz–Kaveggia syndrome, including a surviving affected man from the family reported in 1974. The previously defined behavior phenotype of hyperactivity, affability, and excessive talkativeness is very frequent in young boys with this mutation, along with socially oriented, attention‐seeking behaviors. We present case studies of two older males with FG syndrome and the p.R961W mutation to illustrate how their behavior changes with age. We also characterize the behavior of eight additional individuals with FG syndrome and this recurrent mutation in MED12 using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales 2nd edition, the Reiss Profile of Fundamental Goals and Motivation Sensitivities, and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Males with this MED12 mutation had deficits in communication skills compared to their socialization and daily living skills. In addition, they were at increased risk for maladaptive behavior, with a propensity towards aggression, anxiety, and inattention. Based on the behavior phenotype in 10 males with this recurrent MED12 mutation, we offer specific recommendations and interventional strategies. Our findings reinforce the importance of testing for the p.R961W MED12 mutation in males who are suspected of having developmental and behavioral problems with a clinical phenotype that is consistent with FG syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving the antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics finished with triclosan by the use of 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid and citric acid
Authors: Orhan Mehmet , Kut Dilek , Gunesoglu Cem
Published: October 2008

For producing antibacterial textiles, the conventional finishing processes have high productivity and low processing costs, but textiles finished in these ways exhibit low durability against laundering. Therefore, cotton fabrics were bleached with hydrogen peroxide, finished with triclosan, and then treated with polycarboxylic acids such as 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA) as crosslinking agents to provide durable antibacterial properties. The surface of fibers treated with BTCA had a greater crosslinked area, and the surfaces of fabrics treated with CA were exposed to greater amounts of deformation due to the mechanical and chemical influences after 50 launderings. The bleaching and finishing treatments did not dramatically affect the breaking strength. However, the polycarboxylic acid treatment (both BTCA and CA) alone showed reductions in the breaking strength when the acid concentration was increased. The polycarboxylic acids were fairly effective against both bacteria, even at lower concentrations, when they were applied to stand‐alone cotton fabrics, whereas the antibacterial activity decreased somewhat after the use of polycarboxylic acid and triclosan in the same recipes. Adding polycarboxylic acids to the antibacterial finishing recipes enhanced the durability after 50 launderings, and the durability of the recipes containing BTCA was much higher than that of the recipes containing CA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable interpenetrating polymer networks based on gelatin and divinyl ester synthesized from poly(caprolactone diol)
Authors: Mohamed Raja , Choudhary Veena , Koul Veena
Published: October 2008

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) from hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers using emulsification technique. Tween 20 (0.001 wt % of gelatin) was employed as emulsifier for the preparation of semi and full IPNs. Gelatin (G), a hydrophilic component was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde (Glu) and divinyl ester (DVE), a hydrophobic component was polymerized/crosslinked using 3 mol % of AIBN as an initiator. Structural characterization was done using FTIR (doublet at 1620 and 1636 cm−1) and NMR (signals in the range of δ = 5–7 ppm), which confirmed the formation of DVE. Several samples were prepared by varying the ratio of gelatin : DVE (w/w) and the Glu concentration. The swelling characteristics (as a function of varying pH maintained using buffers) and degradation behavior (in phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4) of hydrogels was studied to investigate the effect of composition and crosslinker concentration. Percent water uptake decreased from 496 to 181 at pH 7.4 and pH 6.5 in IPNs as the concentration of DVE increased from 0.3 g to 0.7 g per g of gelatin. Semi‐IPNs, where DVE was not polymerized, demonstrated higher swelling at pH 7.4 in contrast to pH 6.5 irrespective of Glu concentration. Gelatin hydrogels degraded within 180 h and IPNs degraded within 290 h whereas DVE did not degrade till the study period of 20 days. The formation of IPN was confirmed by thermal characterization (DSC, TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Observation of cross‐sectional microstructure of disrupted honeycomb of Gx into closely packed fiber‐like structure upon interpenetration by SEM clearly suggests the formation of IPN. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on the properties of the electrospun silk fibroin/gelatin blend nanofibers for scaffolds
Authors: Yin‐Guibo  , Zhang‐Youzhu  , Bao‐Weiwei  , Wu‐Jialin  , De‐bing Shi , Zhi‐hui Dong , Wei‐guo Fu
Published: October 2008

Silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin blend nanofibers membranes as scaffolds were fabricated successfully via electrospinning with different composition ratios in formic acid. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the conformational transition of SF provided scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties. FTIR and DTA analysis showed the SF/gelatin nanofibers had more β‐sheet structures than the pure SF nanofibers. The former's breaking tenacity increased from 0.95 up to 1.60 MPa, strain at break was 7.6%, average fiber diameter was 89.2 nm, porosity was 87%, and pore diameter was 142 nm. MTT, H&E stain, and SEM results showed that the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of human umbilic vein endothelium cells (HUVECs) and mouse fibroblasts on the SF/gelatin nanofibers scaffolds were definitely better than that on the SF nanofibers scaffolds. The scaffolds could replace the natural ECM proteins, support long‐term cell growth, form three‐dimensional networks of the nanofibrous structure, and grow in the direction of fiber orientation. Our results prove that the addition of gelatin improved the mechanical and biological properties of the pure SF nanofibers, these SF/gelatin blend nanofiber membranes are desirable for the scaffolds and may be a good candidate for blood vessel engineering scaffolds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of chemical structure and shear force on the morphology and properties of jet printed black micropatterns using imide epoxy binders
Authors: Chang Chi‐Jung , Wu Meng‐Wei , Wu Chia‐Ming
Published: October 2008

Epoxy and epoxy acrylates with phthalimide groups on the main chain or pendent side chain were synthesized and used as binders for solvent‐free UV‐curable inks. Effects of chemical structures on the solubilities of binders in monomers, together with the influences of shear force and ink compositions on the morphology and nanoindentation properties of the microstripes were studied. PIK1 inks containing BAPSBD epoxy with phthalimide groups on the main chain showed shear‐thinning behaviors and pigment aggregation problems. Variations of the shear stress at different positions of the dispenser led to PIK1 microstripes with rough central regions and smoother edges. AMPDP acrylate with pendent phthalimide side chain afforded not only good solubility in monomers but also good thermal and mechanical properties after curing. Stripes prepared by the PIK2 ink containing AMPDP exhibited straight edge and smooth surface. Considering the solubility and compatibility in inks, together with properties of cured stripe, binders with pendent phthalimide groups are better candidate as UV‐curable ink compositions than those with main chain phthalimide groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of polyamides from substituted fluorene and diamides in the presence of a copper(I) catalyst
Authors: Ghaemy Mousa , Barghamadi Mohammad
Published: October 2008

2,7‐Dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene was synthesized by a two‐step reaction from fluorene and n‐octylboromide. This was reacted with benzamide for the preparation of a model compound and with terephthalamide, isophthalamide, and adipamide for the preparation of polyamides in the presence of a mixture of 10 mol % CuI and 20 mol % N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine as a catalyst and K2CO3 as a base. The monomer and the model compound were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The prepared polyamides were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and solubility and viscosity measurements. The obtained polyamides possessed excellent solubility in common organic solvents, and they exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of 0.93–1.19 dL/g. According to the differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the glass‐transition temperatures of the polyamides were in the range of 84–154°C. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that a 2% weight loss of the polyamides occurred in the temperature range of 218–253°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009