bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome
Authors: Ragge Nicola K. , Lorenz Birgit , Schneider Adele , Bushby Kate , de Sanctis Luisa , de Sanctis Ugo , Salt Alison , Collin J. Richard O. , Vivian Anthony J. , Free Samantha L. , Thompson Pamela , Williamson Kathleen A. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , van Heyningen Veronica , FitzPatrick David R.
Published: April 2005

Heterozygous, de novo, loss‐of‐function mutations in SOX2 have been shown to cause bilateral anophthalmia. Here we provide a detailed description of the clinical features associated with SOX2 mutations in the five individuals with reported mutations and four newly identified cases (including the first reported SOX2 missense mutation). The SOX2‐associated ocular malformations are variable in type, but most often bilateral and severe. Of the nine patients, six had bilateral anophthalmia and two had anophthalmia with contralateral microphthalmia with sclerocornea. The remaining case had anophthalmia with contralateral microphthalmia, posterior cortical cataract and a dysplastic optic disc, and was the only patient to have measurable visual acuity. The relatively consistent extraocular phenotype observed includes: learning disability, seizures, brain malformation, specific motor abnormalities, male genital tract malformations, mild facial dysmorphism, and postnatal growth failure. Identifying SOX2 mutations from large cohorts of patients with structural eye defects has delineated a new, clinically‐recognizable, multisystem disorder and has provided important insight into the developmental pathways critical for morphogenesis of the eye, brain, and male genital tract. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidate gene analysis in human neural tube defects
Authors: Boyles Abee L. , Hammock Preston , Speer Marcy C.
Published: April 2005

Biochemical and developmental pathways, mouse models, and positional evidence have provided numerous candidate genes for the study of human neural tube defects. In a survey of 80 studies on 38 candidate genes, few found significant results in human populations through case‐control or family‐based association studies. While the folate pathway has been explored extensively, only theMTHFR677C > T polymorphism was significant, and only in an Irish population. Developmental pathways such as the Wnt signaling pathway andHoxgenes have also been explored without positive results. More than 90 mouse candidates have been identified through spontaneous and knockout mutations, but only the T locus (mouseBrachyurygene) showed association in an initial study that was not confirmed on follow‐up. Positional candidates have been derived from cytogenetic evidence, but preliminary genomic screens have limited power due to small sample sizes. Future studies would increase their power to detect association by using more samples. In addition a clarification of the phenotype would be beneficial as many studies used different inclusion criteria. Incorporating several types of data could highlight better candidates, as would looking beyond the traditional sources for candidate genes. Recent studies of an energy metabolism gene (UCP2) and vitamin B metabolism (Transcoalbumin) have produced promising results. Utilizing other model organisms may also be beneficial, as in a recent study from a chick model of NTDs in NCAM1. New approaches combined with traditional methods and increased sample sizes will help prioritize human NTD candidate genes and clarify the complex etiology of this condition. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Titelbild: Topochemical Photodimerization in the Coordination Polymer [{(CF3CO2)(μ‐O2CCH3)Zn}2(μ‐bpe)2]n through Single‐Crystal to Single‐Crystal Transformation (Angew. Chem. 15/2005)
Authors: Toh Ni Lian , Nagarathinam Mangayarkarasi , Vittal Jagadese J.
Published: April 2005

Eisenbahnpolymere sind eindimensionale Metallkoordinationspolymere mit einer molekularen Leiterstruktur. Das Titelbild zeigt eine derartige Struktur aus Zn‐(4,4′‐Bipyridylethylen)‐Einheiten, die durch eine photochemische [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition zwischen den Holmen in eine andere polymere 1D‐Koordinationsstruktur übergeht, was von einer quantitativen Einkristall‐Einkristall‐Transformation begleitet ist. Einzelheiten dazu finden Sie in der Zuschrift von J. J. Vittal et al. auf S. 2277 ff. (Das Titelbild wurde von Bellam Sreenivasulu gestaltet.)
The effect of fiber concentration on mechanical and thermal properties of fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Houshyar S. , Shanks R. A. , Hodzic A.
Published: April 2005

A novel composite material consisting of polypropylene (PP) fibers in a random poly(propylene‐co‐ethylene) (PPE) matrix was prepared and its properties were evaluated. The thermal and mechanical properties of PP–PPE composites were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with reference to the fiber concentration. Although, by increasing PP fiber concentration in PPE, no significant difference was found in melting and crystallization temperatures of the PPE, the storage, and the tensile and flexural modulus of the composites increased linearly with fiber concentrations up to 50%, 1.5, 1.0, 1.3 GPa, respectively, which was approximately four times higher than that for the pure PPE. There is a shift in glass transition temperature of the composite with increasing fiber concentration in the composite and the damping peak became flatter, which indicates the effectiveness of fiber–matrix interaction. A higher concentration of long fibers (>50% w/w) resulted in fiber packing problems, difficulty in dispersion, and an increase in void content, which led to a reduction in modulus. Cox–Krenchel and Haplin–Tsai equations were used to predict tensile modulus of random fiber‐reinforced composites. A Cole–Cole analysis was performed to understand the phase behavior of the composites. A master curve was constructed based on time–temperature superposition (TTS) by using data over the temperature range from −50 to 90°C, which allowed for the prediction of very long and short time behavior of the composite. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2260–2272, 2005
Preparation of insoluble fibroin films without methanol treatment
Authors: Lv Qiang , Cao Chuanbao , Zhang Ying , Ma Xilan , Zhu Hesun
Published: April 2005

Insoluble fibroin films were prepared without methanol treatment. A 15 wt % fibroin solution was obtained through concentration, and then, the insoluble film was achieved by the adjustment of the drying temperature and rate. These films were examined through Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy to determine the structure of the silk fibroin. The physical and mechanical properties were investigated to discover the feasibility of using these films as biomedical materials. When fibroin films were dried above 60°C, abundant β‐sheet crystals existed in the fibroin films, and many globule‐containing micelles aggregated and interacted with each other, which resulted in excellent mechanical properties of the regenerated fibroin films in the wet state. Interestingly, the amide III band of the random coil structure in the fibroin films dried at 70 and 80°C was shifted to a lower frequency, 1228 cm−1, which meant that a partly orientated structure formed. This may have also affected the mechanical properties of the fibroin films. The tensile strength and breaking elongation of the films dried at 70°C were 29.8 MPa and 59.6%, which is distinctly superior to fibroin films treated with methanol. If the drying temperature was raised to 60°C, the stability of the films in water was also excellent. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2168–2173, 2005
Preparation and characterization of micron‐sized non‐porous magnetic polymer microspheres with immobilized metal affinity ligands by modified suspension polymerization
Authors: Ma Zhi‐Ya , Guan Yue‐Ping , Liu Xian‐Qiao , Liu Hui‐Zhou
Published: April 2005

A novel preparation method of micron‐sized non‐porous magnetic polymer microspheres with immobilized metal affinity ligands was developed. A modified suspension polymerization of methacrylate (MA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) was performed in the presence of oleic acid‐coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles to obtain magnetic poly (methacrylate‐divinylbenzene) (mPMA‐DVB) microspheres. Through ammonolysis using ethylenediamine (EDA) and subsequent carboxymethylation with chloroacetic acid, magnetic polymer microspheres with chelate ligands of iminodiacetic acid (IDA) were obtained. Charging with copper ions resulted in magnetic polymer microspheres capable of binding proteins that display metal affinity. The morphology, magnetic properties, and composition of magnetic polymer microspheres were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Bovine hemoglobin (BHb) was adopted as a model protein to investigate their affinity adsorption capacity. It was found that the adsorption capacity was as high as 168.2 mg/g microspheres and with rather low non‐specific adsorption. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2174–2180, 2005
Effect of acrylic acid on the properties of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber blends
Authors: Ismail H. , Supri  , Yusof A. M. M.
Published: April 2005

The effect of acrylic acid (AAc) on the torque, stabilization torque, mechanical energy, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphological characteristics of recycled poly(vinyl chloride)/acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (PVCr/NBR) blends was studied. The blends were melt mixed at a temperature of 150°C and rotor speed of 50 rpm. AAc was used to improve the compatibility of PVCr/NBR blends. Virgin PVCv/NBR blends were prepared to provide a comparison. It was found that PVCr/NBR + AAc blends exhibit higher stabilization torque, mechanical energy, stress at peak, and stress at 100% elongation, but lower elongation at break and swelling index than those of PVCr/NBR and PVCv/NBR blends. SEM study of the tensile fracture surfaces of the blends indicated that the presence of AAc increased the interfacial interaction between PVCr and NBR phases, thus improving the compatibility between PVCr and NBR phases. However, thermal gravimetry analysis of the blends showed that the presence of AAc decreased the thermal stability of PVCr/NBR blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2181–2191, 2005
Gas barrier changes and morphological alterations induced by retorting in ethylene vinyl alcohol–based food packaging structures
Authors: López‐Rubio Amparo , Hernández‐Muñoz Pilar , Gimenez Enrique , Yamamoto Tomoyuki , Gavara Rafael , Lagarón Jose M.
Published: April 2005

Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)–based packaging structures were analyzed in terms of both barrier properties and morphological alterations after a retorting process and as functions of ethylene content. From the results, it was found that the samples do have a substantial decrease in oxygen barrier properties and that the kinetics of recovery strongly depends on the copolymer ethylene fraction. A morphological deterioration was also observed as a result of retorting, particularly for packaging structures composed of EVOH copolymers of low ethylene contents. However, the polymer morphology and barrier properties were restored after a dry thermal treatment of the retorted samples. Interestingly, preannealing of copolymers of low ethylene content rendered them more resistant to the retorting process by means of promoting both a more robust crystallinity and a lower water sorption capacity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2192–2202, 2005
Physicomechanical properties of α‐cellulose–filled styrene–butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Haghighat M. , Zadhoush A. , Khorasani S. Nouri
Published: April 2005

In this research, the influence of adding α‐cellulose powder to styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds was investigated. Physicomechanical properties of SBR–α‐cellulose composites, including tensile strength, elongation, Young's modulus, tear strength, hardness, abrasion, resilience, and compression set, before and after ageing, were determined and analyzed. Young's modulus, hardness, and compression set increased and elongation and resilience decreased with increasing α‐cellulose loading in the composites, whereas tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance initially increased at low α‐cellulose concentration (5 phr), after which these properties decreased with increasing α‐cellulose content. Lower loadings of α‐cellulose (5 phr) showed better results than higher loadings, given that tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance increased at low α‐cellulose concentration. Theoretical prediction of elastic modulus was carried out using rule of mixtures, Hashin, Kerner, and Halpin–Tsai equations. Calculated results show that these equations are not suitable for accurate prediction for the work carried out. However, these models can be used with confidence for the prediction of elastic modulus because experimental results are higher than the calculated values. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2203–2211, 2005
Nanoencapsulation of capsaicin by complex coacervation of gelatin, acacia, and tannins
Authors: Xing Fubao , Cheng Guoxiang , Yi Kejing , Ma Linrong
Published: April 2005

Using gelatin and acacia as wall and capsaicin as core substance, nanocapsules were prepared by mixing two solutions of oppositely charged polymers, and then treated by hydrolysable tannins. The morphology and size distribution of the nanocapsules were analyzed by transmission electron microscope and laser particle size analyzer, respectively. The nanocapsules had a mean diameter of 300–600 nm, with mean drug loading content (20.81%) and encapsulation efficiency (81.17%) with good dispersion and spherical morphology. The interaction between gelatin and tannins is discussed in the article. Moreover, the addition of hydrolysable tannins in the system had an important influence on the morphology and particle distribution of the nanocapsules because of the synergistic actions of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2225–2229, 2005
Study on PET fiber modified by nanomaterials: Improvement of dimensional thermal stability of PET fiber by forming PET/MMT nanocomposites
Authors: Xiao Weizhen , Yu Huimin , Han Keqing , Yu Muhuo
Published: April 2005

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and PET/montmorillonite(MMT) (2.5 wt %) nanocomposites with high molecular weight were prepared by solid‐state polycondensation and their fiber was spun and drawn under various conditions. The influence of MMT nanomaterials on the thermal shrinkage of PET fiber was investigated and the structure was studied using the methods of WAXD, DSC, fiber orientation measurement, etc. The results showed that the MMT nanomaterials improved the thermal stability of microstructure of PET fiber. The fusion heat of PET/MMT was higher than that of PET, which generally implied the high orientation or high crystallinity. However, the degree of orientation and the crystallinity of PET/MMT fiber measured by WAXD were lower than that of pure PET fiber. It is suggested that the strong interaction between MMT layer and PET restricted the motions of PET molecular chains, which developed “a special continuous network structure” and prohibited the thermal shrinkage of PET fiber. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2247–2252, 2005
Equilibrium swelling studies of highly swollen acrylamide/mesaconic acid hydrogels
Authors: Üzüm Ömer Barış , Karadağ Erdener
Published: April 2005

Acrylamide/mesaconic acid (AAm/MA) hydrogels were prepared by free radical solution polymerization in aqueous solution of acrylamide (AAm) with mesaconic acid (MA) as comonomer and two multifunctional crosslinkers such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate (BDMA). Swelling experiments were performed in water at 25°C, gravimetrically. The influence of mesaconic acid content in hydrogels was examined. Swelling of AAm/MA hydrogels was increased up to 2301% (for containing 20 mg MA and crosslinked by EGDMA) to 3296% (for containing 80 mg MA and crosslinked by BDMA), while AAm hydrogels swelled up to 1330% (crosslinked by BDMA) to 1400% (crosslinked by EGDMA). The values of equilibrium water content of the hydrogels are 0.9301–0.9706. Diffusion behavior was investigated. Water diffusion into hydrogels was found to be non‐Fickian in character. Diffusion coefficients of AAm/MA hydrogels were calculated by the short time approximation and found to be from 38.01 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 to 182.73 × 10−6 cm2 s−1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2253–2259, 2005
Relying on electronic journals: Reading patterns of astronomers
Authors: Tenopir Carol , King Donald W. , Boyce Peter , Grayson Matt , Paulson Keri‐Lynn
Published: April 2005

Surveys of the members of the American Astronomical Society identify how astronomers use journals and what features and formats they prefer. While every work field is distinct, the patterns of use by astronomers may provide a glimpse of what to expect of journal patterns and use by other scientists. Astronomers, like other scientists, continue to invest a large amount of their time in reading articles and place a high level of importance on journal articles. They use a wide variety of formats and means to get access to materials that are essential to their work in teaching, service, and research. They select access means that are convenient—whether those means be print, electronic, or both. The availability of a mature electronic journals system from their primary professional society has surely influenced their early adoption of e‐journals.
Distributed multi‐agent information filtering—A comparative study
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. , Peng S. , Raje R. , Mostafa J. , Palakal M.
Published: April 2005

Information filtering is a technique to identify, in large collections, information that is relevant according to some criteria (e.g., a user's personal interests, or a research project objective). As such, it is a key technology for providing efficient user services in any large‐scale information infrastructure, e.g., digital libraries. To provide large‐scale information filtering services, both computational and knowledge management issues need to be addressed. A centralized (single‐agent) approach to information filtering suffers from serious drawbacks in terms of speed, accuracy, and economic considerations, and becomes unrealistic even for medium‐scale applications. In this article, we discuss two distributed (multi‐agent) information filtering approaches, that are distributed with respect to knowledge or functionality, to overcome the limitations of single‐agent centralized information filtering. Large‐scale experimental studies involving the well‐known TREC data set are also presented to illustrate the advantages of distributed filtering as well as to compare the different distributed approaches.
Quantitative analysis of helix–coil transition of block copolypeptide, Glu12–Ala12, by combined use of CD and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Yamazaki Toshimasa , Furuya Hidemine , Watanabe Takeshi , Miyachi Sayaka , Nishiuchi Yuji , Nishio Hideki , Abe Akihiro
Published: April 2005

To investigate helix–coil transition mechanisms, conformations of Glu12–Ala12, EA, in aqueous solution have been studied in detail over the pH range from 2 to 8 and the temperature range from 20 to 60°C using CD and NMR spectroscopy. The 750‐MHz NMR spectra displayed excellent dispersion of the backbone amide proton signals, and permitted essentially complete sequence‐specific resonance assignments. These assignments, together with short‐ and medium‐range nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) constraints and coupling constants, enable us to analyze conformational characteristics of all the residues in the EA peptide individually. A combined use of CD and NMR techniques reveals that the EA peptide assumes a stable α‐helix from Glu12 to Ala19 in 0.1M NaCl solution at 20°C above pH 7. The α‐helix is getting longer as decreasing pH. Below pH 4, the peptide assumes the longest α‐helix from Glu3 to Ala23. The important observation of the present study is that the helix–coil transition occurs stepwise, residue by residue, from both the N‐ and C‐termini of the α‐helix. No conformational equilibrium between the helical and random‐coil states is detected for the residues in the central region of the α‐helix. Quantitative analysis of temperature‐induced helix‐to‐coil transitions at various pHs provides a pH‐independent residual enthalpy change ΔHr = 0.95 kcal res−1. Similar values have been reported for a 50‐residue alanine‐rich peptide (1.2 kcal res−1), poly‐L‐glutamate (1.1 kcal res−1), poly‐L‐lysine (1.1 kcal res−1), and poly‐L‐alanine (0.86 kcal res−1). Those investigations, along with our present result, suggest that ΔHr is mainly determined by the transformation of the backbone associated with the disruption of the intramolecular hydrogen bond. These results should increase our understanding of the helix–coil transition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
A well‐defined amphipathic conformation for the calcium‐free cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic, daptomycin, in aqueous solution
Authors: Rotondi Kenneth S. , Gierasch Lila M.
Published: April 2005

Daptomycin is a 13‐residue cyclic lipopeptide with Ca2+‐dependent bactericidal activity against a variety of high‐risk pathogens. Ring closure in daptomycin is via an ester linkage between the side chain of Thr4 and the C‐terminal carboxyl of the main chain; the N‐terminal residue is capped by a decanoyl aliphatic chain. Extensive NMR data obtained under solution conditions that minimize aggregation have provided constraints for a detailed conformational analysis of daptomycin in aqueous solution, which should facilitate the rational design of improved analogs and enhance understanding of its mode of action. Transannular and shorter‐range nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) as well as amide temperature shifts and 3JNHα coupling constants indicate that daptomycin adopts a well‐defined conformation containing a distorted hairpin formed by Gly5–D‐Ala6 type II′ β‐turn. A number of hydrophobic moieties (the lipid N‐cap and the Trp1 and Kyn13 side chains) are clustered at one end of the hairpin, while neutral polar and anionic residues are localized on the other end, leading to amphipathicity in the molecule. These features suggest a mode of action in which the large hydrophobic cluster of the peptide interacts with the acyl chain region of a membrane. This interaction may be facilitated by Ca2+ ions, both by neutralizing the anionic charges and by favoring association with the membrane head groups. Interestingly, our findings differ from two recent articles in which the aqueous conformation of Ca2+‐free daptomycin is reported to lack a well‐defined conformation (D. Jung, A. Rozek, M. Okron, and R. E. W. Hancock, Chemistry & Biology, 2004, Vol. 11, pp. 949–957) or is suggested to populate an alternate conformation (L.‐J. Ball, C. M. Goult, J. A. Donarski, J. Micklefield, and V. Ramesh, Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2004, Vol. 2, pp. 1872–1878). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
Metabolite profiling for analysis of yeast stress response during very high gravity ethanol fermentations
Authors: Devantier Rasmus , Scheithauer Britta , Villas‐Bôas Silas Granato , Pedersen Sven , Olsson Lisbeth
Published: April 2005

A laboratory strain and an industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown at high substrate concentration, so‐called very high gravity (VHG) fermentation. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was applied in a batch process using 280 g/L maltodextrin as carbon source. It was shown that known ethanol and osmotic stress responses such as decreased growth rate, lower viability, higher energy consumption, and intracellular trehalose accumulation occur in VHG SSF for both strains when compared with standard laboratory medium (20 g/L glucose). The laboratory strain was the most affected. GC‐MS metabolite profiling was applied for assessing the yeast stress response influence on cellular metabolism. It was found that metabolite profiles originating from different strains and/or fermentation conditions were unique and could be distinguished with the help of multivariate data analysis. Several differences in the metabolic responses to stressing conditions were revealed, particularly the increased energy consumption of stressed cells was also reflected in increased intracellular concentrations of pyruvate and related metabolites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anaerobic treatment of complex chemical wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor: Process optimization and evaluation of factor interactions using the Taguchi dynamic DOE methodology
Authors: Venkata Mohan S. , Chandrasekhara Rao N. , Krishna Prasad K. , Murali Krishna P. , Sreenivas Rao R. , Sarma P.N.
Published: April 2005

The Taguchi robust experimental design (DOE) methodology has been applied on a dynamic anaerobic process treating complex wastewater by an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR). For optimizing the process as well as to evaluate the influence of different factors on the process, the uncontrollable (noise) factors have been considered. The Taguchi methodology adopting dynamic approach is the first of its kind for studying anaerobic process evaluation and process optimization. The designed experimental methodology consisted of four phases—planning, conducting, analysis, and validation connected sequence‐wise to achieve the overall optimization. In the experimental design, five controllable factors, i.e., organic loading rate (OLR), inlet pH, biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio), temperature, and sulfate concentration, along with the two uncontrollable (noise) factors, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alkalinity at two levels were considered for optimization of the anae robic system. Thirty‐two anaerobic experiments were conducted with a different combination of factors and the results obtained in terms of substrate degradation rates were processed in Qualitek‐4 software to study the main effect of individual factors, interaction between the individual factors, and signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio analysis. Attempts were also made to achieve optimum conditions. Studies on the influence of individual factors on process performance revealed the intensive effect of OLR. In multiple factor interaction studies, biodegradability with other factors, such as temperature, pH, and sulfate have shown maximum influence over the process performance. The optimum conditions for the efficient performance of the anaerobic system in treating complex wastewater by considering dynamic (noise) factors obtained are higher organic loading rate of 3.5 Kg COD/m3 day, neutral pH with high biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio of 0.5), along with mesophilic temperature range (40°C), and low sulfate concentration (700 mg/L). The optimization resulted in enhanced anaerobic performance (56.7%) from a substrate degradation rate (SDR) of 1.99 to 3.13 Kg COD/m3 day. Considering the obtained optimum factors, further validation experiments were carried out, which showed enhanced process performance (3.04 Kg COD/m3‐day from 1.99 Kg COD/m3 day) accounting for 52.13% improvement with the optimized process conditions. The proposed method facilitated a systematic mathematical approach to understand the complex multi‐species manifested anaerobic process treating complex chemical wastewater by considering the uncontrollable factors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potentiometric Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism by Using a Genetic Field‐effect transistor
Authors: Sakata Toshiya , Miyahara Yuji
Published: April 2005

Potentiometric measurement of allele‐specific oligonucleotide hybridization based on the principle of detection of charge‐density change at the surface of a gate insulator by using of a genetic field‐effect transistor has been demonstrated. Since DNA molecules are negatively charged in aqueous solution, a hybridization event at the gate surface leads to a charge‐density change in the channel of the FET and can be directly transduced into an electrical signal without any labeling of target DNA molecules. One of the unique features of our method is to utilize DNA binders such as intercalators as charged species for double‐stranded DNA after hybridization, since these are ionized and carry positive charges in aqueous solution. Single‐base mismatch of the target DNA could be successfully detected both with the wild‐type and with the mutant genetic FETs by controlling the hybridization temperatures and introducing Hoechst 33258 as DNA binder. The genetic FET platform is suitable as a simple, accurate, and inexpensive system for SNP typing in clinical diagnostics.
Impact of different definitions on the interpretation of coronary remodeling determined by intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Hibi Kiyoshi , Ward Michael R. , Honda Yasuhiro , Suzuki Takeshi , Jeremias Allen , Okura Hiroyuki , Hassan Ali H.M. , Maehara Akiko , Yeung Alan C. , Pasterkamp Gerard , Fitzgerald Peter J. , Yock Paul G.
Published: April 2005

The objective of this study was to compare the categorizations and determinants related to remodeling by the three definitions commonly used. Several morphological and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies have demonstrated the fundamental importance of arterial remodeling in atherosclerosis. However, lack of consensus on how to define remodeling has led to conflicting analyses of factors that influence this process. Analysis of preinterventional IVUS images of 514 lesions in native coronary arteries was performed. Arterial remodeling was defined as outward by definition 1, when [cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the external elastic membrane (EEM) at the lesion site (EEMlesion)]/[EEM CSA either at the proximal (EEMprox ref) or distal (EEMdistal ref) reference site with the least amount of plaque] was > 1.05, intermediate when this ratio was between 0.95 and 1.05, and inward when < 0.95. Remodeling was defined as outward by definition 2 when EEMlesion > both EEMprox ref and EEMdistal ref, inward when EEMlesion < both EEMprox ref and EEMdistal ref, and intermediate when EEMlesion was intermediate between EEMprox ref and EEMdistal ref. By definition 3, vessel remodeling was defined as outward when EEMlesion > (EEMprox ref + EEMdistal ref)/2 and intermediate/inward when EEMlesion ≤ (EEMprox ref + EEMdistal ref)/2. The frequency of outward remodeling was significantly higher by definitions 1 and 3 than by definition 2, whereas a higher frequency of inward remodeling was observed in definition 1, resulting in significantly different remodeling distributions between the three definitions (P < 0.0001). By multivariate logistic analysis, the only clinical determinants related to outward remodeling was younger age, and only by definition 3. IVUS determinants varied significantly between the three definitions. The only consistent determinants among the three definitions were smaller lumen CSA at the reference site and larger plaque + media CSA at the lesion site. This study demonstrates the significant impact of different remodeling definitions on the incidence and determinants of remodeling patterns. The marked variability in categorization of remodeling underscores the importance of developing a standard methodology. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Structures and Energetics of BenSin and Be2nSin (n = 1—4) Clusters
Authors: Binning R. C. Jr. , Bacelo Daniel E.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fused Stars and Nano‐Stripes in the Rare Earth Halide La7Sb11Br4.
Authors: Zheng Chong , Mattausch Hansjuergen , Li Shoujian
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Bivalent Metal Hypophosphites Sr(H2PO2)2, Pb(H2PO2)2 and Ba(H2PO2)2.
Authors: Kuratieva Natalia V. , Naumova Marina I. , Podberezskaya Nina V. , Naumov Dmitry Yu.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two Alkali Metal Chlorites, LiClO2 and KClO2.
Authors: Smolentsev Anton I. , Naumov Dmitry Yu.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mn2GeSe4.
Authors: Deiseroth Hans‐Joerg , Aleksandrov Krasimir , Kremer Reinhard K.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High‐Level ab Initio Thermochemical Data for Halides of Chromium, Manganese, and Iron
Authors: Nielsen Ida M. B. , Allendorf Mark D.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High‐Pressure Synthesis of the New Rare‐Earth Oxoborate β‐Gd2B4O9.
Authors: Emme Holger , Huppertz Hubert
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New Phosphate Langbeinites, Rb2YbTi(PO4)3 and Rb2Yb0.32Ti1.68 (PO4)3, Investigated at 293 and 150 K.
Authors: Gustafsson Joacim C. M. , Norberg Stefan T. , Svensson Goeran , Albertsson Joergen
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sr11Ge4N6: A New Nitride Composed of [GeN2Sr7]4+ Antiperovskite‐Type Slabs and [Sr4Ge]4+ Layers, Separated by Sheets of Bent [GeIIN2]4‐ Ions.
Authors: Gal Zoltan A. , Clarke Simon J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Comparison of the Clinopyroxene Compounds CaZnSi2O6 and CaZnGe2O6.
Authors: Redhammer Guenther J. , Roth G.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Base Activation of Lewis Acids: Vinylogous Aldol Additions of Silyl Dienol Ethers to Aldehydes.
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Heemstra John R. Jr.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
trans‐1,2‐Diaminocyclopentane‐Based Catalyst for the Asymmetric Addition of Alkyl‐, Aryl‐, and Vinyl Groups to Ketones.
Authors: Anaya de Parrodi Cecilia , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Relay in Enantioselective Conjugate Radical Additions Using Pyrazolidinone Templates. How Does Metal Geometry Impact Selectivity?
Authors: Sibi Mukund P. , Prabagaran Narayanasamy
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Lewis Acid Assisted Chiral Lewis Acid (LLA) System: Development of Boroxin—Ti—BINOL‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Xia Guoyao , Shibatomi Kazutaka , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a New Axially Dissymmetric Ligand with Large Perfluoroalkyl Groups.
Authors: Omote Masaaki , Nishimura Yuji , Sato Kazuyuki , Ando Akira , Kumadaki Itsumaro
Published: April 2005

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Polystyryl‐Supported TBD as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Fringuelli Francesco , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vittoriani Carla , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: April 2005

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Tandem Michael Addition—Carbene Insertion Reaction of 1‐Alkynyl(aryl)(tetrafluoroborato)‐λ3‐bromanes: 1‐(Phenylsulfonyl)‐ and 1‐(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)cyclopentene Annulation.
Authors: Ochiai Masahito , Tada Norihiro , Nishi Yoshio , Murai Kentaro
Published: April 2005

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Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols with Phenyltrimethylammonium Tribromide in the Presence of a Catalytic Amount of Antimony(III) Bromide or Copper(II) Bromide.
Authors: Sayama Shinsei , Onami Tetsuo
Published: April 2005

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Selective and Clean Oxidation of Alcohols with Benzimidazolium Fluorochromate (BIFC) under Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Sivamurugan V. , Rajkumar G. Abraham , Arabindoo Banumathi , Murugesan V.
Published: April 2005

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Productive Chloroarene C—Cl Bond Activation: Palladium/Phosphine‐Catalyzed Methods for Oxidation of Alcohols and Hydrodechlorination of Chloroarenes.
Authors: Bei Xiaohong , Hagemeyer Alfred , Volpe Anthony , Saxton Robert , Turner Howard , Guram Anil S.
Published: April 2005

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Highly Effective Peroxidic Epoxidation of Olefins Using Hexathiocyanatorhenate(IV) as Catalyst and Bicarbonate as Co‐Catalyst.
Authors: Dinda Subhajit , Chowdhury Sujoy Roy , Malik K. M. Abdul , Bhattacharyya Ramgopal
Published: April 2005

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H‐Bonding Organocatalyzed Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Systems with Nitroolefins.
Authors: Dessole Gabriella , Herrera Raquel P. , Ricci Alfredo
Published: April 2005

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Ring‐Closing Metathesis Dimerizations of Enynes and Deprotections of Propargyl Ethers Mediated by Carbene Ruthenium Complexes.
Authors: Hahn Dong‐Woo , Byun Dong‐Min , Tae Jinsung
Published: April 2005

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A Convenient Procedure for Parallel Ester Hydrolysis.
Authors: Anderson Marc O. , Moser Jamie , Sherrill John , Guy R. Kiplin
Published: April 2005

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VO(acac)2 Catalyzed Oxidative Deprotection of Oximes, Hydrazones, and Semicarbazones.
Authors: De Surya Kanta
Published: April 2005

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A New Application of N‐Bromosaccharin as a Selective and Efficient Oxidative Reagent for Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Oximes.
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Manesh Abbas Amini , Rostami Amin
Published: April 2005

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Pr(OTf)3 as an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Chemoselective Thioacetalization of Aldehydes.
Authors: De Surya Kanta
Published: April 2005

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An Entirely New Methodology for Synthesizing Perfluorinated Compounds. Synthesis of Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl Fluorides from Non‐Fluorinated Compounds.
Authors: Okazoe Takashi , Murotani Eisuke , Watanabe Kunio , Itoh Masahiro , Shirakawa Daisuke , Kawahara Kengo , Kaneko Isamu , Tatematsu Shin
Published: April 2005

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Amides Containing Two Norbornene Fragments. Synthesis and Chemical Transformation.
Authors: Kas'yan L. I. , Isaev A. K. , Kas'yan A. O. , Golodaeva E. A. , Karpenko D. V. , Tarabara I. N.
Published: April 2005

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Efficient Coupling Reactions of Arylalkynes and Aldehydes Leading to the Synthesis of Enones.
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Li Lyi , Xia Chun‐Gu , Zhao Pei‐Qing
Published: April 2005

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Manipulation of the Stereochemical Outcome and Product Distribution in the Henry Reaction Using CO2 Pressure.
Authors: Parratt Andrew J. , Adams Dave J. , Clifford Anthony A. , Rayner Christopher M.
Published: April 2005

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2,3‐Diphenylpropionic Acids as Potent VLA‐4 Antagonists
Authors: Ikegami Satoru , et al. et al.
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Arylketones Using Envirocat EPZG Catalyst.
Authors: Ghatpande Sonali , Mahajan Supriya
Published: April 2005

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Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by a Nickel Complex Having a Bulky Phosphine Ligand.
Authors: Ogoshi Sensuke , Ueta Mizu , Oka Masa‐aki , Kurosawa Hideo
Published: April 2005

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Reactions of 2,3,5‐Trichloro‐4,4‐ethylenedioxy‐2‐cyclopentenone with Some Ambident Nucleophiles. Sterically Loaded Functionalized 6‐Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐5‐enes.
Authors: Shavaleeva G. A. , Ivanova N. A. , Usmanova F. G. , Akhmetvaleev R. R. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: April 2005

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Double Reduction of Cyclic Aromatic Sulfonamides: A Novel Method for the Synthesis of 2‐ and 3‐Aryl‐Substituted Cyclic Amines.
Authors: Evans Paul , McCabe Thomas , Morgan Ben S. , Reau Sophie
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of N‐Substituted (3S,4S)‐ and (3R,4R)‐Pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diols: Search for New Glycosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Lysek Robert , Vogel Pierre
Published: April 2005

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Cesium Carbonate Promoted N‐Alkylation of Indoles.
Authors: Fink David M.
Published: April 2005

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Oxidation of p‐Aminophenols and Formal Radical Cyclization onto Benzene Rings: Formation of Benzo‐Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Fletcher Stephen P. , Clive Derrick L. J. , Peng Jianbiao , Wingert David A.
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridoimidazole‐2‐acetates: Effect of Carboxy and Methoxycarbonyl Groups at C(2) on the Inhibition of Some β‐ and α‐Glycosidases.
Authors: Terinek Miroslav , Vasella Andrea
Published: April 2005

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Ruthenium‐ and Gold‐Catalyzed Sequential Reactions: A Straightforward Synthesis of Substituted Oxazoles from Propargylic Alcohols and Amides.
Authors: Milton Marilyn Daisy , Inada Youichi , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Uemura Sakae
Published: April 2005

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A New Approach to the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4‐halomethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐oxazoles by Highly Regioselective Direct Halogenation with NBS or NCS/MeCN.
Authors: Yamane Taihei , Mitsudera Hiroyuki , Shundoh Takatsugu
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Spiroisoxazoline[5.9′]anthrone.
Authors: Manikandan S. , Karthikeyan S. , Raghunathan R.
Published: April 2005

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Silica Gel Supported InBr3 and InCl3: New Catalysts for the Facile and Rapid Oxidation of 2′‐Hydroxychalcones and Flavanones to Their Corresponding Flavones under Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Ahmed Naseem , Ali Hasrat , van Lier Johan E.
Published: April 2005

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Chlorosulfonation of 9‐Aryloctahydroxanthen‐1,8‐diones.
Authors: Cremlyn Richard J. , Shabbir Ghulam
Published: April 2005

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Preparation of Benzothiopyrano[2,3‐b]indoles by the Reaction of 1,3‐Dihydroindole‐2‐thiones with Certain Dienophiles.
Authors: Kamila Sukanta , Biehl Ed
Published: April 2005

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A Facile Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted‐6‐arylpyridines from Enaminones Using Montmorillonite K10 as Solid Acid Support.
Authors: Reddy G. Jagath , Latha D. , Thirupathaiah C. , Rao K. Srinivasa
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of 6‐Bromomethyl‐Substituted Derivatives of Pyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and Their Reaction with Nucleophiles.
Authors: Kalme Z. A. , Zhalubovskis R. A. , Shmidlers A. , Celmins J. , Duburs G.
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Some Novel Fluorinated Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines.
Authors: Singh S. P. , Naithani Rajesh , Aggarwal Ranjana , Prakash Om
Published: April 2005

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Kishner Reduction of 3,3‐Dimethyl‐6‐trifluoromethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroindolo [2,3‐c]quinolin‐1‐one.
Authors: Kibal'ny A. V. , Afonin A. A.
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of 2‐Aryl and 2‐Hetaryl Derivatives of 2′‐Aminospiro[(1,3‐dioxane)‐5,5′‐thiazolin]‐4′‐one and Spiro[(1,3‐dioxane)‐5,5′‐thiazolidine]‐2′,4′‐dione
Authors: Ramsh S. M. , Ivanenko A. G. , Shpilyovy V. A. , Medvedskiy N. L. , Kushakova P. M.
Published: April 2005

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Some Pyrrole Substituted Aryl Pyridazinone and Phthalazinone Derivatives and Their Antihypertensive Activities.
Authors: Demirayak Seref , Karaburun Ahmet Cagri , Beis Rana
Published: April 2005

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Cyclization of N,N‐Bis(2‐chloroethyl)methylamine in Aqueous Hydrazine
Authors: Kushakova P. M. , Kuznetsov V. A. , Chernobroviy A. N. , Garabadgiu A. V.
Published: April 2005

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Regioselectivity of Nucleophilic Attack in the Reactions of 1,2,4‐Triazine 4‐Oxides with Certain C‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: Kozhevnikov D. N. , Prokhorov A. M. , Rusinov V. L. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Benz[5,6]azepino[4,3‐b]indoles by 1,7‐Electrocyclization of Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Nyerges Miklos , Pinter Aron , Viranyi Andrea , Bitter Istvan , Toeke Laszlo
Published: April 2005

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10‐Aryl‐7,7‐dimethyl‐5,6,7,8,9,10‐hexahydro‐11H‐pyrido[3,2‐b] [1,4]benzodiazepin‐9‐ones.
Authors: Tonkikh N. N. , Strakovs A. , Petrova M. V.
Published: April 2005

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11‐Aryl‐3,3‐dimethyl‐7‐ and 7,8‐Substituted 1,2,3,4,10,11‐Hexahydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e]‐1,4‐diazepin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Tonkikh N. N. , Strakovs A. , Rizhanova K. V. , Petrova M. V.
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Functionalized Oxacalix[4]arenes.
Authors: Katz Jeffrey L. , Feldman Michael B. , Conry Rebecca R.
Published: April 2005

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Phenylselenofluorination of Alkenes and Alkynes Promoted by Difluoroiodotoluene and Diphenyldiselenide.
Authors: Panunzi Barbara , Picardi Andrea , Tingoli Marco
Published: April 2005

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New Lanostane‐Type Triterpenes from Fomes officinalis.
Authors: Wu Xia , Yang JunShan , Zhou Liang , Dong YueSheng
Published: April 2005

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Urease Inhibiting Guaianolides from Amberboa ramosa.
Authors: Khan S. B. , Riaz N. , Afza N. , Malik A. , Azhar‐ul‐Haq Azhar‐ul‐Haq , Ahmed Z. , Lodhi M. A. , Choudhary M. I.
Published: April 2005

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Germacranolides from Calea urticifolia.
Authors: Yamada Masashi , Matsuura Nobuyasu , Suzuki Hiroto , Kurosaka Chihiro , Hasegawa Naoko , Ubukata Makoto , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Iinuma Munekazu
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Novel Amino Squaric Acids via Addition of Dianion Enolates Derived from N‐Boc Amino Acid Esters.
Authors: Ishida Toshikazu , Shinada Tetsuro , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: April 2005

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Ring‐Closing Double Reductive Amination Route to Aza‐Heteroannulated Sugars.
Authors: Laventine Dominic M. , Davies Michelle , Evinson Emma L. , Jenkins Paul R. , Cullis Paul M. , Fawcett John
Published: April 2005

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Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds by Ring Transformations of 2‐Formyl Pentose Glycals.
Authors: Bari Ahmed , Feist Holger , Michalik Dirk , Michalik Manfred , Peseke Klaus
Published: April 2005

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Application of a Double Mannich Reaction Using Bis(aminol) Ethers in the Synthesis of AE Ring Analogues of Methyl Lycaconitine.
Authors: Brocke Constanze , Brimble Margaret A. , Lin Diana S.‐H. , McLeod Malcolm D.
Published: April 2005

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Alkaloids of Arundo donax L. Part 15. A New Dimeric Indole Alkaloid Arundarine from the Roots of Arundo donax L
Authors: Khuzhaev V. U. , Zhalolov I. Zh. , Levkovich M. G. , Aripova S. F. , Shashkov A. S.
Published: April 2005

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First Synthesis of Double Headed 1,3,4‐Oxadiazino[6,5‐b]indole Acyclo C‐Nucleosides
Authors: Nasr Adel Z.
Published: April 2005

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Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 2′,3′,5′‐Tri‐O‐acetyl‐2,6‐dichloropurine Nucleoside Catalyzed by p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid Using Microwave.
Authors: Qu Guirong , Liu Qibin
Published: April 2005

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Racemic Sulprostone
Authors: Vostrikov N. S. , Vasikov V. Z. , Miftakhov M. S.
Published: April 2005

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A New 2‐Arylbenzofuran with Antioxidant Activity from the Black Colored Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Bran.
Authors: Han Sang Jun , Ryu Su Noh , Kang Sam Sik
Published: April 2005

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