bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maturation of the mucosal immune system underlies colitis susceptibility in interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice
Authors: Etling Michele R , Davies Sarah , Campbell Melanie , Redline Raymond W , Fu Pingfu , Levine Alan D
Published: April 2007

Elevated mucosal IL-12/23p40 and IFN-γ accompany early inflammation in IL-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice and then later decline while inflammation persists. This report addresses whether this cytokine profile reflects disease progression or inherent, age-related changes in mucosal immunity. IL-10−/− and wild-type (WT) mice were maintained in an ultrabarrier facility or transferred to conventional housing at 3, 12, or 30 weeks of age. Weight, stool changes, and histologic features were followed. Lamina propria mononuclear cells were cultured for cytokine analysis by ELISA. Ultrabarrier-housed IL-10−/− mice are statistically indistinguishable from WT mice by weight, disease activity index, and histologic inflammation. IL-10−/− mice but not WT, transferred at 3 weeks, develop colitis gradually, reaching a significant, sustained maximum by 15 weeks of age. Transfer at 12 weeks induces rapid disease onset in both strains, maximal at 15 weeks of age. Inflammation persists in IL-10−/−, and WT recover. IL-10−/− and WT mice transferred at 30 weeks demonstrate transient diarrhea and weight loss but no chronic inflammation. Probiotics delay symptom onset only in the 12-week-old group. IFN-γ production from ultrabarrier-housed IL-10−/− mice is elevated at 12 weeks of age, and older animals have decreased IFN-γ and increased IL-4. IL-10 is important for suppressing inflammation after transfer at 3 weeks of age and limiting inflammation after transfer at 12 weeks but has little influence at 30 weeks of age. Colitis onset, progression, and response to probiotic therapy vary with immune system age, suggesting that a distinct, Th1-driven, age-dependent cytokine profile may contribute to increased colitis susceptibility in otherwise healthy mice.
Erlotinib Plus Gemcitabine Compared With Gemcitabine Alone in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Phase III Trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group
Authors: Moore Malcolm J. , Goldstein David , Hamm John , Figer Arie , Hecht Joel R. , Gallinger Steven , Au Heather J. , Murawa Pawel , Walde David , Wolff Robert A. , Campos Daniel , Lim Robert , Ding Keyue , Clark Gary , Voskoglou-Nomikos Theodora , Ptasynski Mieke , Parulekar Wendy
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have a poor prognosis and there have been no improvements in survival since the introduction of gemcitabine in 1996. Pancreatic tumors often overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (HER1/EGFR) and this is associated with a worse prognosis. We studied the effects of adding the HER1/EGFR-targeted agent erlotinib to gemcitabine in patients with unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Patients and Methods

Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive standard gemcitabine plus erlotinib (100 or 150 mg/d orally) or gemcitabine plus placebo in a double-blind, international phase III trial. The primary end point was overall survival.

Results

A total of 569 patients were randomly assigned. Overall survival based on an intent-to-treat analysis was significantly prolonged on the erlotinib/gemcitabine arm with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99; P = .038, adjusted for stratification factors; median 6.24 months v 5.91 months). One-year survival was also greater with erlotinib plus gemcitabine (23% v 17%; P = .023). Progression-free survival was significantly longer with erlotinib plus gemcitabine with an estimated HR of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.92; P = .004). Objective response rates were not significantly different between the arms, although more patients on erlotinib had disease stabilization. There was a higher incidence of some adverse events with erlotinib plus gemcitabine, but most were grade 1 or 2.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this randomized phase III trial is the first to demonstrate statistically significantly improved survival in advanced pancreatic cancer by adding any agent to gemcitabine. The recommended dose of erlotinib with gemcitabine for this indication is 100 mg/d.
Removable Prostheses Revisited: Challenges for Primary Dental Care. 1. Complete Dentures
Authors: Preston Antony J
Published: April 2007

The provision of removable prostheses remains a significant aspect of primary dental care. In the recent past and in the near future, there have been and will be significant new influences on how removable prostheses are provided for patients in the UK. In this paper, the first of a series of three, the trends in edentulousness in the UK will be summarised, and important changes that are likely to influence complete denture provision will be outlined. The paper will then go on to provide an update of clinical procedures in complete denture provision. A second paper will consider partial denture provision, and a third paper will deal with overdentures.
Primary Double Tooth: Report of a Rare Correlation with the Permanent Dentition
Authors: Cho Shiu-yin
Published: April 2007

Double tooth is a developmental anomaly that is seen more frequently in the primary than the permanent dentition. Double tooth involving primary canines and lateral incisors is found only in the mandible. The succeeding permanent lateral incisor is often found missing congenitally in the same region. This article reports a rare case of a double tooth involving a mandibular primary canine and lateral incisor. Instead of agenesis, the double tooth has been succeeded by a permanent supernumerary tooth in the same region.
A Longitudinal Study into Changing Ethical Attitudes of Newly-Qualified Dentists in South-East England
Authors: Gordon Edgar , Batchelor Paul
Published: April 2007

Objective

To report the ethical stances taken by newly-qualified dental graduates working in the south-east of England and how these changed over their first two years in practice.

Methods

A longitudinal self-completed questionnaire-based study using scenarios and closed questions was completed by an initial group of 135 vocational dental practitioners at the very beginning of their vocational training year, at the end of the year, and, finally, at the end of the subsequent year. Their answers were then analysed to see whether or not their views had changed during this period.

Results

At the commencement of the study in 2003, 133 (99%) newly-qualified dental graduates completed the questionnaire and answered the closed questions. The following year, 129 (96%) completed these documents and in 2005, at the end of the study, this figure was 97 (72%). There was considerable variation in the attitudes taken by the responding dentists. Reported attitudes changed over the study period in seven of the nine scenarios. Responses to the scenarios used could be grouped into three categories: those in which there was no change; those in which the change happened following completion of vocational training; and those in which there was a continual change. Answers to the four closed questions indicated a growing negativity to practice within the National Health Service over the study period.

Conclusions

Dental educators need to be aware of the findings from this study. The importance of the ethical attitudes held and the reasons underpinning them should be explored if problems with delivery of care are to be avoided in the future.
Cardiovascular and Oral Disease Interactions: What is the Evidence?
Authors: Ford Pauline J , Yamazaki Kazuhisa , Seymour Gregory J
Published: April 2007

This paper reviews the evidence for the interaction of oral disease (more specifically, periodontal infections) with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis as the underlying aetiology in the vast majority of cases. The importance of the role of infection and inflammation in atherosclerosis is now widely accepted, and there has been increasing awareness that immune responses are central to atherogenesis. Chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases are among the most common chronic infections, and a number of studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and an increased risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. Although it is recognised that large-scale intervention studies are required, pathogenic mechanism studies are nevertheless required so as to establish the biological rationale. In this context, a number of hypotheses have been put forward; these include common susceptibility, inflammation via increased circulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the blood vessels, and the possibility of cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry between bacterial and self-antigens.

In this latter hypothesis, the progression of atherosclerosis can be explained in terms of the immune response to bacterial heat shock proteins (HSPs). Because the immune system may not be able to differentiate between self-HSP and bacterial HSP, an immune response generated by the host directed at pathogenic HSP may result in an autoimmune response to similar sequences in the host. Furthermore, endothelial cells express HSPs in atherosclerosis, and cross-reactive T cells exist in the arteries and peripheral blood of patients with atherosclerosis. Each of these hypotheses is reviewed in light of current research. It is concluded that although atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is almost certainly a multifactorial disease, there is now strong evidence that infection and inflammation are important risk factors. As the oral cavity is one potential source of infection, it is wise to try to ensure that any oral disease is minimised. This may be of significant benefit to cardiovascular health and enables members of the oral health team to contribute to their patients’ general health.
Goodness‐of‐fit testing using components based on marginal frequencies of multinomial data
Authors: Reiser Mark
Published: April 2007

The goodness‐of‐fit test based on Pearson's chi‐squared statistic is sometimes considered to be an omnibus test that gives little guidance to the source of poor fit when the null hypothesis is rejected. It has also been recognized that the omnibus test can often be outperformed by focused or directional tests of lower order. In this paper, a test is considered for a model on a data table formed by the cross‐classification ofqdichotomous variables, and a score statistic on overlapping cells that correspond to the first‐ throughqth‐order marginal frequencies is presented. Then orthogonal components of the Pearson–Fisher statistic are defined on marginal frequencies. The orthogonal components may be used to form test statistics, and a log‐linear version of an item response model is used to investigate the order and dilution of a test based on these components, as well as the projection of components onto the space of lower‐order marginals. The advantage of the components in terms of power and detection of the source of poor fit is demonstrated. Overcoming the adverse effects of sparseness provides another motive for using components based on marginal frequencies because an asymptotic chi‐squared distribution will be more reliable for a statistic formed on overlapping cells if expected frequencies in the joint distribution are small.
Predicting Pediatric Distress During Radiation Therapy Procedures: The Role of Medical, Psychosocial, and Demographic Factors
Authors: Klosky James L. , Tyc Vida L. , Tong Xin , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Kronenberg Mindy , de Armendi Alberto J. , Merchant Thomas E.
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to identify demographic, medical, and psychosocial variables that predict radiation therapy–related distress among pediatric patients with cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. Seventy-nine children between the ages of 2 and 7 years were consecutively enrolled in the study. Radiation therapy–related distress was measured by rates of anesthesia, observed behavioral distress, and heart rate.

RESULTS. Younger age and higher observed behavioral distress predicted the use of anesthesia, higher baseline heart rate predicted lower initial observed behavioral distress, and prone treatment position was associated with increases in both observed behavioral distress and heart rate relative to baseline.

CONCLUSIONS. Modifiable treatment and psychological variables directly relate to pediatric radiation therapy–related distress. Implementation of developmentally appropriate and cost-effective interventions to reduce procedural radiation therapy distress is warranted.
The current management of vaginal birth after previous caesarean delivery
Authors: Ball Elizabeth , Hinshaw Kim
Published: April 2007

Key content

Judicious promotion of vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) is a reasonable strategy to counter the rising caesarean section rate.

VBAC can achieve cost savings along with greater patient satisfaction.

Appropriate augmentation of labour with oxytocin is not associated with an increase in scar rupture rate.

Induction of labour with prostaglandin should be approached with caution as it is associated with an increased risk of scar rupture.

With careful selection and monitoring, VBAC can be considered in twin pregnancy.

Learning objectives

To be aware of the specific level of risk of common complications associated with VBAC (including scar rupture) to facilitate appropriate counselling of women.

To become familiar with evidence‐based tools that can help predict the outcome of planned VBAC.

To know the signs and symptoms indicating impending or acute scar rupture in order to be able to manage women undergoing VBAC safely in the intrapartum period.

Ethical issues

Should society be concerned about the trend towards normalising caesarean birth?

To what degree should women be able to choose repeat caesarean section in the absence of a medical indication?

Research confirms that the majority of women can safely achieve a vaginal delivery after one caesarean section. Should units with low rates of successful VBAC be expected to review and justify their outcomes?

Please cite this article as: Ball E, Hinshaw K. The current management of vaginal birth after previous caesarean delivery. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:77–82.
Uterine leiomyosarcomas: a review of the diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls
Authors: Harry Vanessa N , Narayansingh Gordon V , Parkin David E
Published: April 2007

Key content

Uterine leiomyosarcomas are the most common uterine sarcoma and they are notoriously aggressive in nature.

Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and they are usually detected as an incidental finding at surgery.

Tumour stage is the most important prognostic factor.

Misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis can occur following the use of conservative techniques for managing uterine fibroids.

The primary treatment is surgical, while the role of adjuvant therapy is still to be clearly defined.

Learning objectives

To appreciate the diagnostic challenges faced with uterine leiomyosarcomas, especially in view of the similarities with uterine fibroids.

To learn about the current views on surgical treatment and adjuvant therapy.

To have an understanding of the novel therapies currently under investigation.

Ethical issues

Can we offer women conservative non‐surgical treatment for fibroids if we cannot confidently exclude leiomyosarcomas?

Please cite this article as: Harry VN, Narayansingh GV, Parkin DE. Uterine leiomyosarcomas: a review of the diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:88–94.
@ TOG
Authors: Edey Katharine , Barnfield Sonia , Keay Stephen
Published: April 2007

With the start of the MMC (Modernising Medical Careers) selection process, one interview is likely to play a more significant role than any other in job selection. Interview skills are not generally taught at medical school and there is a rapidly expanding industry in courses for medical interviews, although many of the required skills are generic. We review some medical and non‐medical sites that aim to help you get the most out of the interview process.
Early Childhood Development and E-Learning in Africa: The Early Childhood Development Virtual University Programme
Authors: Pence Alan
Published: April 2007

This article explores the development and evaluation of the graduate-level Early Childhood Development Virtual University (ECDVU) programme in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2001 through to 2004. It outlines the history of the ECDVU and the establishing of a Sub-Saharan programme for future leaders in the early childhood field guided by the key principle of community capacity building, developed through the author's involvement in an undergraduate educational programme in aboriginal communities of western Canada. The article explores the role of online technologies in the design, implementation and assessment of the ECDVU programme. A complex mix of online and face-to-face engagement was seen to underpin the programme's success in supporting students to enhance their contribution to the development of early childhood programmes in their respective communities.
Exploring the Potential of Online Technology as a Tool for Informing the Practice of License-Exempt Child Care Providers
Authors: Clark Douglas
Published: April 2007

In the United States, government funding underwrites the cost of child care services for over 1.7 million children from income-eligible families. About one in four American children served by these subsidies is cared for in a setting where a state-issued license to operate is not required, but in many states the percentages are higher. In Illinois, the use of this form of child care accounts for nearly half of all children receiving services through the state's child care subsidy program each year. Relatives, friends or neighbors are the most common providers of informal child care arrangements, yet most are not closely connected to resources and supports available to them via the state's established early childhood regulatory system. In 2005, a state-wide study was undertaken to better understand the potential of Internet technology as a tool for connecting Illinois license-exempt providers with resources to inform their care-giving practices. This project was underwritten by the Child Care Bureau of the US Department of Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, and was strengthened by cooperation from the Illinois Network of Child Care Resource and Referral Agencies. Data drawn from telephone interviews with a representative sample of 102 providers describe the background characteristics of license-exempt providers relevant to their past and prospective engagement in early childhood information and training. Furthermore, this study examined Illinois license-exempt providers' current levels of access to computers and Internet connections along with their perceptions about the degree to which the Internet has a role in their daily routines and activities. Additional outcomes show the extent to which these providers engage in a range of online pursuits such as communicating by email, seeking news and weather reports, conducting web-based business, and seeking online information about early childhood education and care.
Online Romance Languages Cross-Comprehension in the Development of Educational Competence: A Study of Future Teachers' Perceptions
Authors: Sá Maria Helena Araújo E , Melo Sílvia
Published: April 2007

This article presents perceptions of Portuguese teacher education students concerning their participation in the Galanet project's plurilingual online communication (with Romance languages) and, particularly, the contribution of this participation in the development of their educational competence in relation to personal, intercultural and pedagogical dimensions. The results suggest the potential of online plurilingual communication for promoting plurilingualism and Romance intercomprehension, as well as in the development of future teachers' professional identities.
From Distance Education to E-Learning: A Multiple Case Study on Instructional Design Problems
Authors: Power Michael
Published: April 2007

Distance education, increasingly dubbed online learning and even e-learning, represents an important societal movement, as witnessed by the sudden emergence of a worldwide knowledge industry in which universities play a central role. Many universities, in implementing e-learning, have undertaken a process whereby faculty are being encouraged to move on-campus created knowledge to online-disseminated knowledge. In attempting to do so, a distance education university-inspired model is often implemented which is foreign to traditional university practice. In doing so, numerous design-related problems are encountered by learning technologists, educational developers (United Kingdom), or instructional designers (USA), who assist faculty in this ‘migratory’ process. This study presents findings from a multi-case study dealing with such instructional design-related problems and charts the emergence of a relevant instructional design model for universities developing e-learning.
Women, Violence and the Internet
Authors: Clayton Pamela M.
Published: April 2007

This article explores a hypothesis that the Internet and the World Wide Web form an alternative resource to that provided by conventional adult education providers. The example used is the dissemination and transfer of information on and analysis of issues concerning women and violence. Four important issues for adult (that is, post-compulsory) education are choice, appropriateness and quality of provision, access and participation, and the wider benefits of learning, including the social. This article raises these issues through giving an overview of the use made by women of the Internet, with specific reference to women and violence, based on an analysis of web pages in the English language and registered on the Google search engine.
Platinum Nanoparticle Clusters Immobilized on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Electrodeposition and Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity for Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Zhao Y. , Fan L. , Zhong H. , Li Y. , Yang S.
Published: April 2007

3D flowerlike Pt nanoparticle clusters are electrodeposited onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using a three‐step protocol, which is all‐electrochemical and involves a key, second step of a potential pulse sequence. This 3D fractal morphology is in marked contrast to the 2D uniform nanoparticle dispersion of MWCNTs, which is achieved when the second step adopts cyclic voltammetry instead of a potential‐step method. The former is found to exhibit significantly higher electrocatalytic activity and better stability than the latter for oxidation of methanol. These attractive features are attributable to the unique 3D flowerlike structure of Pt nanoparticle clusters on MWCNTs with much higher electrochemically active surface areas. Our work points to a new path for the preparation of 3D Pt/MWCNT nanocomposites, which are promising as electrocatalysts in direct methanol fuel cells.
High fever–related maternal diseases as possible causes of multiple congenital abnormalities: A population‐based case‐control study
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E. , Puhó Erzsébet H. , Ács Nándor , Bánhidy Ferenc
Published: April 2007

BACKGROUND:

Multiple congenital abnormalities (MCAs) represent the most severe category of structural birth defects; therefore, we decided to evaluate the possible etiological factors for MCAs.

METHODS:

The population‐based large data set of the Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (1980–1996) was evaluated.

RESULTS:

We compared the data of 1,349 cases with MCAs, 2,405 matched population controls without any defect, and 21,494 malformed controls with isolated congenital abnormalities. An association was found between a higher risk for MCAs and high fever–related influenza, common cold with secondary complications, tonsillitis, and recurrent orofacial herpes (adjusted ORs with 95% CIs: 2.3, 1.8–2.9). However, the risk for MCAs was reduced by antifever drug therapy (adjusted OR with 95% CI: 1.6, 0.9–2.9).

CONCLUSIONS:

An association was found between high fever–related maternal diseases and a higher risk for MCAs; however, a certain portion of these MCAs is preventable by antifever therapy. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A virtualized laboratory for earthquake engineering education
Authors: Kuester Falko , Hutchinson Tara C.
Published: April 2007

Physical laboratory‐based experiments have been established as a fundamental learning tool in many areas of science and engineering education. They have particularly enriched engineering education by supporting different learning styles. However, the type of physical experiments is generally governed by the available infrastructure and resources, frequently limiting the exposure to valuable educational material to a relatively small audience. With the creation of “Virtualized Laboratories” this problem can be addressed in the form of realistic, multi‐dimensional digital records, capturing the essential characteristics of a physical experiment. To this end, in this paper we present a virtualized laboratory for earthquake engineering education that utilizes virtual reality technology to capture and disseminate the results of shake table experiments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 15–29, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20091
A comparative study of student performance in traditional mode and online mode of learning
Authors: Shen Qiping , Chung Jacky K. H. , Challis Di , Cheung Ronnie C. T.
Published: April 2007

There has been interest for many decades in comparing the effectiveness of technology‐delivered instruction with traditional face‐to‐face teaching and measurable student outcomes have been an important indicator. Having pointed to salient aspects of the current academic environment and to some of the key literature in this area, this article analyses the performance of two groups of students studying in the traditional mode and the online mode in a masters program delivered by a Department of Computing at a university in Hong Kong. Over 2,000 students have participated in the study between 2000 and 2004. This article includes a comparison of the results between different delivery modes of study each year as well as between different classes over the 4‐year period. Although traditional mode students have achieved a slightly better performance in examinations in comparison with online mode students, the article concludes that there are no significant differences in overall performance between the students. With the impact of technologies on higher education and the demands of a complex and rapidly changing society in the 21st century, this Hong Kong study contributes to the literature that finds mode of study is not a key determinant of success. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 30–40, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20092
Computer‐based management environment for an assembly language programming laboratory
Authors: Rodríguez Santiago , Pedraza José L. , Dopico Antonio G. , Rosales Francisco , Méndez Rafael
Published: April 2007

This article describes the environment used in the Computer Architecture Department of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) for managing small laboratory work projects and a specific application for an Assembly Language Programming Laboratory. The approach is based on a chain of tools that a small team of teachers can use to efficiently manage a course with a large number of students (400 per year). Students use this tool chain to complete their assignments using an MC88110 CPU simulator also developed by the Department. Students use a Delivery Agent tool to send files containing their implementations. These files are stored in one of the Department servers. Every student laboratory assignment is tested by an Automatic Project Evaluator that executes a set of previously designed and configured tests. These tools are used by teachers to manage mass courses thereby avoiding restrictions on students working on the same assignment. This procedure may encourage students to copy others' laboratory work and we have therefore developed a complementary tool to help teachers find “replicated” laboratory assignment implementations. This tool is a plagiarism detection assistant that completes the tool‐chain functionality. Jointly, these tools have demonstrated over the last decade that important benefits can be gained from the exploitation of a global laboratory work management system. Some of the benefits may be transferable to an area of growing importance that we have not directly explored, i.e. distance learning environments for technical subjects. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 41–54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20094
AUTOMATH: MATLAB‐based educational software for vehicle's performance and longitudinal dynamics
Authors: Boada María Jesús López , Babé Antonio Gauchía , Boada Beatriz López , López Vicente Díaz
Published: April 2007

In this article, we present an educational software called AUTOMATH, developed to allow the engineering students to learn easily and rapidly about the vehicle's performance and longitudinal dynamics. This software uses the graphical user interface (GUI) capabilities of MATLAB which has shown to be a good choice if the teacher wishes to collaborate with students on a GUI because engineering students are typically familiar. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 55–63, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20095
Residue curve map for homogeneous reactive quaternary mixtures
Authors: Binous Housam
Published: April 2007

We show how one can compute residue curve maps (RCMs) for the methyl acetate and isopropyl acetate chemistries at atmospheric pressure. These computations involve solving a complex system of differential algebraic equations (DAEs). This can be readily achieved using the built‐in functions of Mathematica and MATLAB. The governing equations, which depend on transformed compositions, are provided. Equations to compute vapor–liquid equilibrium when there is dimerization in the gas phase are given because of the presence of acetic acid in both quaternary mixtures. The occurrence of a chemical reaction leads to the disappearance of an azeotrope in the methyl acetate chemistry. On the other hand, a reactive azeotrope appears in the isopropyl acetate chemistry. Transformed compositions of these azeotropes are provided. The MATLAB programs and Mathematica notebooks are available from the author upon request or via http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/search/?search_results=1;search_person_id=1536 or http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadAuthor.do?objectType=author&objectId=1093893. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 73–77, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20084
Geology and Mining System (GMS) for computer‐aided mine valuation
Authors: Erarslan Kaan
Published: April 2007

In this study, the software Geology and Mining System (GMS) has been developed for the education of geology and mining engineering students in mine valuation courses. The GMS has been applied in education for 2 years and it has been observed that the system serves to cognitive education purposes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 78–87, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20105
Interactive multimedia teaching of digital signal processors
Authors: Toral S. L. , Barrero F. , Martínez‐Torres M. R. , Gallardo S.
Published: April 2007

This article shows a novel approach to Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) teaching based on an interactive multimedia educational tool, designed with Shockwave™ and Macromedia Director™. The use and utility of the tool has been analyzed, and the benefits of this novel teaching methodology have been pointed out. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 88–98, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20110
Compassionate, safe and rigorous child protection practice with biological parents of adopted children
Authors: Turnell Andrew , Elliott Sharon , Hogg Viv
Published: April 2007

There is a worldwide trend towards re‐energizing the use of adoption as a tool of child protection, primarily designed to ensure that children do not languish in care. This paper poses the question: does this trend obscure the rights of relinquishing parents? By inquiring into a specific case, and reflecting on the themes surrounding this practice, the authors suggest that rigorous practice, which attends to the permanency needs of the child, is possible while simultaneously being responsive to the human rights of the biological parents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signs, symptoms and risk factors: health visitors' perspectives of child neglect
Authors: Lewin David , Herron Helen
Published: April 2007

Following a brief review of child neglect in England, this small scale, descriptive study ranked in descending order of importance, based on their expertise in the field of child protection, the perceptions of experienced health visitors with respect to 45 signs, symptoms and risk factors of child neglect derived from the literature. The research employed a prospective, survey design using anonymised, self‐completion, postal questionnaires and involved 124 health visitors working in East Anglia of whom 92 finally took part. The response rate was 74%. The study was conducted in 2002, over a period of one year, with respondents from care settings in Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, UK. On the basis of 4001 observations, findings demonstrated promising within‐cohort professional agreement regarding ways in which significant features of child neglect were similarly regarded by health visitors and reflected broadly the established wisdom in the literature. The top ten ranked child neglect characteristics included violence to the child, the child being excluded by the family, the child being left unattended or left to care for other children, violence within the home, a domestic atmosphere of high criticism and low warmth, evidence of human and animal excrement, an unsafe environment, the availability of little or no food, a history of child abuse and poor parenting and unmet medical needs. By contrast, poverty, poor hygiene, housing and state of clothing, financial pressures and unemployment were scored as least important. While the importance of establishing a professional consensus on neglect is considered crucial to improving the evidence base of all protecting neglected children, further investigation is needed on the extent to which perception data might be used in education and practice and its impact on the identification and management of child neglect. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child neglect and the law: catapults, thresholds and Delay
Authors: Dickens Jonathan
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses the dilemmas and challenges that arise when child neglect cases reach such a level of severity that court proceedings become necessary. It identifies the complexities of determining the appropriate social work and legal responses to child neglect, and of squaring these with wider organisational priorities and social policy imperatives. The paper draws on data from a series of interviews with local authority social work and legal staff. It highlights the ‘threshold criteria’ for the court's intervention, barriers to crossing them in neglect cases and the frequent need for a decisive event (a ‘catapult’) to do so. It shows the conflicts and tensions of reconciling social work and legal approaches, but also the overlaps and inter‐dependency between them. Despite the difficulties, the way forward lies in the interaction of different professional perspectives and skills, in ways that are both critical and supportive. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Juvenile prostitution and community rehabilitation: an exploratory analysis of beliefs and values
Authors: Robinson Rebecca , Páramo Pablo
Published: April 2007

A community, juvenile prostitution rehabilitation programme in Bogotá, Colombia, South America is described; and beliefs and values of the residents were explored. Multiple sorting procedures and multi‐dimensional scaling analysis elicited qualitative, structured, self‐report data, and investigated cognitive constructs. Participants discriminated between belief‐statements along two global dimensions: street‐life and prostitution; and rehabilitation. These were comprised of qualitatively different elements. Clinical implications for interventions with this group and the rehabilitation programme are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human rights and applied psychology
Authors: Kinderman Peter
Published: April 2007

Applied and community psychology necessarily involves the consideration of human rights issues. The problems experienced by many of the clients of applied psychologists result from human rights abuses, the provisions of the Human Rights Act (1998) relate to the everyday practice of applied and community psychologists, and psychologists have a distinctive perspective on human rights. For psychologists, human rights reflect formalized systems for ensuring that people's basic needs are satisfied. Declarations of human rights and legal provisions therefore represent, for psychologists, codifications of how we collectively understand our relationships and social obligations. It is therefore argued that psychologists should positively advocate for the application of psychological science to these issues. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein–Small Molecule Interactions in Neocarzinostatin, the Prototypical Enediyne Chromoprotein Antibiotic
Authors: Baker James R. , Woolfson Derek N. , Muskett Frederick W. , Stoneman Rhys G. , Urbaniak Michael D. , Caddick Stephen
Published: April 2007

The enediyne chromoproteins are a class of potent antitumour antibiotics comprising a 1:1 complex of a protein and a noncovalently bound chromophore. The protein is required to protect and transport the highly labile chromophore, which acts as the cytotoxic component by reacting with DNA leading to strand cleavage. A derivative of the best‐studied member of this class, neocarzinostatin (NCS), is currently in use as a chemotherapeutic in Japan. The application of the chromoproteins as therapeutics along with their unique mode of action has prompted widespread interest in this area. Notable developments include the discovery of non‐natural ligands for the apoproteins and the observation that multiple binding modes are available for these ligands in the binding site. Mutation studies on the apoproteins have revealed much about their stability and variability, and the application of an in vitro evolution method has conferred new binding specificity for unrelated ligands. These investigations hold great promise for the application of the apoproteins for drug‐delivery, transport and stabilisation systems.
Adsorption of SO2 on Activated Carbon for Low Gas Concentrations
Authors: Zhang P. , Wanko H. , Ulrich J.
Published: April 2007

Adsorption experiments of SO2 on activated carbon has been carried out for low concentrations (about 100 ppm) at room temperature (15 to 33 °C) with varying humidity in the air. The breakthrough curves show that at high relative humidity or relative higher SO2 concentration, the load capacity increases with respect to temperature. The humidity of the air is also of benefit to the load capacity of SO2. When an adsorption process is interrupted and the activated carbon is kept closed for a while, the SO2 concentration at the exit of a fixed‐bed adsorber is similar to that of the fresh activated carbon and begins at a very low value. It appears that the sorption potential has been refreshed after the storage period. Analysis of desorption experiments by simultaneous thermal analysis combined with mass spectrometry (MS) after loading, shows that the physisorbed SO2 and H2O are desorbed at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, the MS peak of SO2 and H2O occur at the same time. Compared with desorption immediately after loading, after one day, the desorption peak due to the physisorbed SO2 disappears. From this, it can be concluded that the refreshment of the loading capacity of the activated carbon after storage is mainly due to a change in the nature of the SO2 from a physisorbed state to a chemisorbed form. The same mechanism leads to a continuous refreshment of the sorption potential by means of a chemical reaction during the adsorption process.
Creeping Film Models for Rotating Channels
Authors: Mondt E. , Brouwers B. , van Kemenade E.
Published: April 2007

A theoretical analysis is presented for the development of a liquid film at the walls of vertically placed centrifugal separators. The liquid film arises at the walls of these separators due to the action of the centrifugal force on the entrained liquid phases. The analysis applies to situations, for which the liquid load is small, i.e., the film thickness is much smaller than the height of the channel. This implies that the film can be regarded as a laminar boundary‐layer type flow with negligible inertia effects. Solutions are presented for situations in which the liquid droplets flow co‐currently and counter‐currently with the gas flow.
Using CFD and Ultrasonic velocimetry to Study the Mixing of Pseudoplastic Fluids with a Helical Ribbon Impeller
Authors: Ihejirika I. , Ein‐Mozaffari F.
Published: April 2007

A commercial CFD package was used to simulate the 3D flow field generated in a cylindrical tank by a helical ribbon impeller. The study was carried out using a pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress in the laminar mixing region. Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV), a noninvasive fluid flow measurement technique for opaque systems, was used to measure xanthan gum velocity. From flow field calculations and tracer homogenization simulations, power consumption and mixing time results were obtained. The torque and power characteristics remain the same for upward and downward pumping of the impeller, but the mixing times are considerably longer for the downward pumping mode. Overall, the numerical results showed good agreement with experimental results and correlations developed by other researchers. From the power and mixing time results, two efficiency criteria were utilized to determine the best pumping mode of the impeller.
Effect of CaSO4 Pelletization Conditions on a Novel Process for Converting SO2 to Elemental Sulfur by Reaction Cycles involving CaSO4/CaS – Part I. CaSO4 Pellet Strength and Reducibility by Hydrogen
Authors: Eob Choi M. , Sohn H. Y. , Ahmed Y. M. Z. , Mohamed F. M. , Han G. , Shalabi M. E. H.
Published: April 2007

A new process for converting sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur by reaction cycles involving calcium sulfide and calcium sulfate without generating secondary pollutants was developed at the University of Utah. In this process, sulfur dioxide is reacted with calcium sulfide to produce elemental sulfur and calcium sulfate. The latter is reduced by hydrogen to regenerate calcium sulfide. In the present work, the effects of different pelletization conditions for the initial reactant calcium sulfate on the strength and reactivity of the pellets were determined. These pelletization conditions included the type, amount, and impregnation method of catalyst, the binder amount, and sintering. The pellets with the best properties were then reduced with hydrogen in the temperature range 973 to 1173 K, while measuring the kinetics, over several cycles of the two‐step process. Nickel‐catalyzed and fired pellets produced by the use of molasses or cement as a binder showed the highest compressive strength as well as good reactivity during the cyclic tests. The binder amount did not significantly affect the reaction rate.
Die Chemische Reaktion im Chemieanfangsunterricht. Eine experimentelle Erarbeitung am Beispiel der Verbrennung
Authors: Heimann Rebekka , Harsch Günther
Published: April 2007

Zahlreiche Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler verschiedener Jahrgangsstufen erhebliche Probleme mit dem Verständnis grundlegender chemischer Begriffe aufweisen und trotz schulischer Instruktion an ihren ursprünglichen Vorstellungen festhalten (z.B. [1]). Dies gilt auch für den Begriff der chemischen Reaktion [z.B. 2‐5]. Der Einführung der chemischen Reaktion sollte also ein besonderes Augenmerk gelten. Man findet in der Literatur viele Vorschläge hierzu (z.B. [6‐9]). Was also ist das Charakteristische an diesem Beitrag? Unsere Einführung in die chemische Reaktion ist durch die folgenden Merkmale gekennzeichnet:

Konkret vernetzte Erarbeitung der verschiedenen Aspekte der chemischen Reaktion

Interpretation chemischer Reaktionen konsequent und von Anfang an mit dem Dalton‐Modell

Hilfe bei der Begriffsbildung durch systematisches Prüfen von Vorstellungen mit Hilfe von Experimenten, was gleichzeitig die Kompetenzentwicklung im Bereich der Erkenntnisgewinnung fördern soll

Wiederholte Anwendung des so erarbeiteten Begriffs in einem vernetzten Zusammenhang.

Diese Punkte sollen kurz erläutert werden. Grundlegende Aspekte des Begriffs der chemischen Reaktion sind die folgenden:

Entstehung komplett neuer Stoffe mit einer neuen Eigenschaftskombination;

Die prinzipielle Möglichkeit der Rückgewinnung der Edukte, also keine unwiederbringliche Zerstörung von Stoffen;

Die Erhaltung der Masse bei der Stoffumwandlung. Hinzu kommen energetische Veränderungen.
Chemie‐Edutainment auf dem Prüfstand: Evaluierung der „Zaubervorlesung mit Salvador Dalí”︁
Authors: Schiessl Wolfgang , Pfeifer Peter , van Eldik Rudi
Published: April 2007

Chemie ist kein beliebtes Fach. Befragungen unter Schülern gehen bis ins Jahr 1905 zurück und zeichnen ein einheitliches Bild [1]. Die mangelnde Popularität dieses Faches beschränkt sich jedoch nicht auf Schüler. Das Image der Chemie lässt in der gesamten Öffentlichkeit zu wünschen übrig. Allzu leicht bezieht man sich hier ausschließlich auf Chemie‐Unfälle und negative Schlagzeilen. Es fehlt am Verständnis, inwieweit chemische Grundlagen jeden Bereich unseres täglichen Lebens durchdringen, von Atemluft über Lebensprozesse bis zu Zahnpasta. Tatsächlich gilt: „Chemie ist unser Leben!”︁ [2]. Um hier Umdenken zu bewirken, stehen wir in der Verantwortung, vor allem Wissen um Chemie im Alltag zu vermitteln, sowohl Schülern, als auch der Öffentlichkeit. Angesichts der generell eher ablehnenden Haltung, ist dies jedoch kein leichtes Unterfangen. Gilt es doch als gesichert, dass Lernzuwachs wesentlich von der affektiven Haltung dem Inhalt gegenüber abhängt [3]. Edutainment verspricht hier einen interessanten Ansatz – unterhaltend und (quasi nebenbei) lehrreich zu sein. Der Begriff setzt sich zusammen aus „education”︁ und „entertainment”︁ und versucht eine Symbiose beider. Lehransätze dieser Art reichen mittlerweile von Lernsoftware bis zu aktuellen Fernsehsendungen, die Unterhaltung und Wissenstransfer zur besten Sendezeit kombinieren. Doch ist dies auch in einer abendfüllenden Veranstaltung live möglich?