bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mejoramiento de la resistencia al desgaste abrasivo de la fundición al alto cromo ASTM A-532 a través de ciclos de tratamiento térmico
Authors: Higuera-Cobos Oscar Fabián , Dumitru Florina-Diana , Mesa-Grajales Dairo Hernán
Published: April 2016

Las fundiciones blancas de hierro al alto cromo son muy usadas en la minería y en la perforación de pozos petroleros, debido a su alta resistencia al desgaste, sin embargo, debido a que en el estado de colada su microestructura es austenítica, es necesario someterlas a un adecuado ciclo de tratamiento térmico. Este trabajo estudia los efectos de los diferentes medios de enfriamiento después de un tratamiento de desestabilización de la microestructura y, por ende, el efecto del grado de endurecimiento sobre el comportamiento a la abrasión de una fundición blanca al alto cromo hipoeutéctica. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de que el enfriamiento al aire, seguido por inmersión en CO2, puede reducir eficazmente la austenita retenida, esto no es suficiente para transformarla completamente en martensita. El bajo porcentaje de austenita retenida incrementa la dureza del material, pero disminuye la resistencia a la abrasión de las fundiciones al alto cromo. La mejor combinación de dureza y resistencia al desgaste se encontró en las muestras enfriadas al aire, debido al porcentaje de austenita retenida y a una moderada precipitación de carburos de cromo.
Phosphorus and Zinc Interaction Influence Leaf Area Index in Fine vs. Coarse Rice (Oryza sativa L) Genotypes in Northwest Pakistan
Authors: , Amanullah , , Inamullah , Shah Zahir , Khan Khalil Shad
Published: April 2016

Leaf area index (LAI) is a measure of leafiness per unit ground area and denotes the extent of photosynthetic machinery is an important growth and yield-determining factor because it is a major determinant of light interception and transpiration. Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) and rate are the most important factors affecting leaf area index (LAI) of rice(Oryza sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P ha-1) and zinc levels (0, 5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha-1) on LAI of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes [fine (Basmati-385) and coarse (Fakhr-e-Malakand & Pukhraj)]. The experiment was conducted on farmer field at Batkhela, Malakadnd in Northwest Pakistan during summer 2011 and 2012. When combined over the two years, the data revealed that the highest LAI at three different growth stages (tillering, heading and physiological maturity) was obtained with application of the highest P level (120 kg ha-1) being at par with 80 kg P ha-1, while the lowest LAI was recorded when P was not applied. Similarly, the highest LAI was obtained with application of the two higher Zn levels (10 and 15 kg Zn ha-1), while the lowest LAI was recorded when Zn was not applied. In case of rice genotypes, the highest LAI was obtained from Pukhraj than other two genotypes at all growth stages. The other two rice genotypes (Fakher-e-Malakand and Basmati-385) produced statistically similar LAI at different growth stages. The higher LAI of Pukhraj was attributed to its long and wider leaves that resulted in higher mean single leaf area, leaf area per tiller, per hill and per square meter. The LAI was highest at heading stages than at early (tillering) and later (physiological maturity) growth stages. The increase in LAI was attributed to the increase in tillers number and leaf area hill-1. The increase in LAI showed positive impact on crop growth rate, dry matter accumulationand yield. Application of 120 kg P + 10 kg Zn ha-1 to rice genotype Pukhraj was more beneficial in terms of higher LAI and productivity in the study area.
„AZON A BOLDOG NAPON...” A boldogság konstrukciója és a költői megnyilatkozás problémája Nabokov Hangok című elbeszélésében
Authors: GYÖNGYI MIKOLA
Published: April 2016

A tanulmány Nabokov korai korszakának egyik legmeghatározóbb költői kategóri- ájával, a boldogsággal foglalkozik. Nabokov Hangok című elbeszélésének elemzésé- vel azt vizsgálja, hogyan jelentkezik először a boldogság témamotívuma Nabokov prózájában. A szöveg szoros olvasása mellett kitér azokra a narratológai eljárásokra, melyek a későbbiekben is meghatározóak lesznek a nabokovi prózában. Az elem- zés során feltárul a bonyolult összefüggés a boldogság tudatállapota, a felfokozott percepció és az alkotás között, nem függetlenül a fiatal Nabokov pszichológiai stúdiumaitól, mindenekelőtt William James munkáitól. Mindemellett az elemzés kitér a legfontosabb orosz irodalmi utalásokra és allúziókra is, megkísérli értelmezni Tolsztoj, Csehov, Tyutcsev és Mandelstam műveinek továbbíródását a Hangokban.
SINTESIS NANOKOMPOSIT POLIANILIN/ZnO DENGAN METODE POLIMERISASI ANTARMUKA DAN UJI AKTIVITAS FOTODEGRADASINYA TERHADAP RHODAMIN B PADA CAHAYA TAMPAK
Authors: Nugroho Muhamad Wisnu , Riapanitra Anung , Iswanto Ponco
Published: April 2016

Sintesis nanokomposit polianilin/ZnO (PANI/ZNO) secara polimerisasi antarmuka dan uji fotodegradasinya pada senyawa Rhodamin B telah dilakukan. Garam Emeraldine dari PANI dan nanokomposit PANI disintesis secara polimerisasi antarmuka menggunakan dua fase pelarut organik/air. Hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi transisi elektronnya secara spektroskopi UV-Vis dan gugus fungsi yang terbentuk secara spektrofotomeri FT-IR. Karaktersisasi menggunakan UV-Vis DRS menunjukkan bahwa PANI, PANI/ZnO 5% dan PANI/ZnO 10% memiliki nilai energi band gap sebesar 2,0 eV. Analisis secara SEM menunjukkan berkurangnya ukuran partikel seiring penambahan ZnO. Penentuan berat molekulPANI adilakukan menggunakan viskosimeter Ostwald menunjukkan berat molekul PANI sebesar 2835,03 g/mol. Uji fotodegradasi pada lampu tungsten selam 240 menit mendapatkan hasil penurunan konsentrasi Rhodamin B berturut-turut sebesar 67.9% 85.09% and 80.24% untuk  PANI, PANI/ZnO 5% dan PANI/ZnO 10%
Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation (HILS) Based Design and Evaluation of an Intelligent Gantry Crane System
Authors: Wahyudi  ,   Department of Mechatronics Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, PO BOX 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Jalani Jamaludin ,   Department of Mechatronics and Robotics, Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein, Onn, Johor, Malaysia
Published: April 2016

The use of gantry crane systems for transporting payload is very common in industrial applications. However, moving the payload using the crane is not an easy task especially when strict specifications on the swing angle and on the transfer time need to be satisfied. To overcome this problem, this paper describes development of an intelligent gantry crane system based on the mechatronics design. A lab-scale gantry crane is designed and then its intelligent controllers are developed. Fuzzy logic controllers are adopted, designed and implemented for controlling payload position as well as the swing angle of the gantry crane. The performance of the proposed intelligent gantry crane system is evaluated on a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) environment. Moreover robustness of the proposed system is also evaluated experimentally in the HILS environment. The result shows that the proposed intelligent gantry crane system designed based on the mechatronics design approach has better performance than the automatic gantry crane system controlled by classical PID controllers. Moreover the result also shows that the intelligent gantry crane system is more robust to parameter variation than the automatic gantry crane system.
Rapid Generation of Surface Dimples Using End Milling
Authors: Kogusu Shinichi ,   Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, 2-1303-8, Ikeda, Omura, Nagasaki 856-0026, Japan, Ishimatsu Takakazu , Ougiya Yasuhiko ,   Dept. of Mechanical Systems Eng., Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
Published: April 2016

Structured surfaces on metal are often employed to enhance lubricating features, reduce the hydrodynamic drag force along wings and also decorate the metal surfaces for architectural ornament. It is important to note that only horizontal movements of a ball-end mill at high feed speed generate the indented surface on metal surfaces. In this paper we propose a technique to estimate the dimples generated on the metal surfaces using a machining center with an oval-end mill. Firstly, a technique to simulate the generating process of the dimples with the machining center is explained. The technique is effective in forecasting the geometry of the dimples with accuracy. Secondly, a technique to determine the cutting condition to generate the desired dimpled surface is proposed. The design specifications of the dimpled surface are the geometry of the dimples and the spacing between the dimples. The proposed technique was successfully used to decorate a metal surface.
Optimal Structure Design Methodology for Compound Multiaxis Machine Tools - II - Investigation of Basic Structure -
Authors: Nakaminami Masamitsu ,   Manufacturing Technology Department, MORI SEIKI CO., LTD., Tokuma Tsutomu , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Sakashita Sachinori , Moriwaki Toshimichi , Nakamoto Keiichi ,   Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Setsunan University,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe University
Published: April 2016

Compound multiaxis machine tools are used to machine high-value-added parts through integrating milling and turning. Compound machine tools are generally structured based on a conventional NC lathe by incorporating Y axis and automatic tool changer (ATC) components for milling. Due to complexity of the structure and functional versatility required for a compound machine tool, accuracy, productivity, and return on investment (ROI) must be improved over conventional NC lathes and machining centers. In the sections that follow, we discuss design methodology for compound multiaxis machine tools, focusing on the design of an optimal basic structure for high accuracy and high productivity. We propose a box in box structure, a movable column-Y axis, and a boring machine structure. We analyzed static rigidity, dynamic features, and movement accuracy of machine structures theoretically using FEM for three proposed structures. We found that the box in box structure is suitable for compound multiaxis machine tools to achieve high accuracy and high productivity.
Development of Die Mold Processing Machine with Multi-Spindles and Axes
Authors: Kitamura Akihiro ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Takahashi Ichiro , Anzai Masahiro , Takeuchi Yoshimi ,   Advanced Development and Supporting Center, RIKEN
Published: April 2016

Within the high quality Metal Mold Manufacturing industry there is a continuing effort to reduce overall costs and shorten lead time from design to completion. This is particularly true in the Automotive Industry where model change over has become more frequent. The molds required for automotive type three dimensional shaped exteriors and interiors are typically in the range of 2400 mm X 4800 mm and can weigh up to 19 tons. Currently, the processing of these large-scale molds requires the material to be put on the table of a machine tool that has a long travel and a bed length of more than twice the travel. By using large-scale horsepower, low spindle speeds and slow feed rates the mold is generated. The dynamics of this industry led to the development of a truly original, unparalleled machine tool. This multi-head, large-scale mold processing machine was found to feature a 40-50% decrease in the processing time required for mold manufacture. The newly developed machine has a range of 1-4 heads allowing a variety of different curved surfaces to be processed at the same time, on the same mold. The multi-tasking capability of this machine tool results in quality improvement and over all cost reduction.
Development of High-Speed, High-Precision 5-Axis Integrated Machine Tools
Authors: Mori Masahiko ,   Mori Seiki Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, Ota Hidehito , Fujishima Makoto
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the development of high-speed, high-precision 5-axis machine tools which can be used for both milling and turning. Conventional 5-axis machine tools are generally difficult to operate because the visibility is poor. Moreover, their precision is inadequate and the rotary axis speed is insufficient for turning. To deal with these factors, we developed a simple, high-precision 2-axis rotary actuator with high-speed direct drive motors. We studied the machining performance of 5-axis machining centers equipped with such direct drive motors.
Tilted Tool Axis Machining on 5-Axis Machine Tools
Authors: Yamada Makoto ,   Hakodate National College of Technology, Kondo Tsukasa , Tanaka Fumiki , Kishinami Takeshi ,   Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University,   Kushiro National College of Technology
Published: April 2016

High-efficiency machining and high-quality cutting are required in mold and die machining. To produce high-quality molds and dies, we require high rigidity for cutting tools and machining with effective cutting edges. We propose tilted tool axis machining, which involves indexing using 2-axis rotary motion and machining using 3-axis feed motion on a 5-axis machining center. To conduct tilted tool axis machining by ball end mill, we must know the tool attitude to ensure stable cutting and how to control the tool attitude to stable cutting conditions. Our main objective was to clarify the tool attitude ensuring stable cutting conditions and to develop automatic determination of the indexing angle for mold and die machining. We start by discussing machining experiments using a dynamic force dynamometer on a 5-axis machining center to analyze machining features using a tilted tool axis ball end cutting tool. We then determine machining evaluation from which the results of machining experiments are determine using a tilted tool axis ball end cutting tool. We propose calculation of optimum indexing angle candidates for machining surfaces using normal vectors of surfaces and cutting edges. We then show machinable area evaluation for the calculated indexing angle based on inverse offset method with a state flag. We then give examples demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal.
Design and Nanomotion Control of a Noncontact Stage with Squeeze Bearings
Authors: Yoshioka Hayato ,   Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan, Gokan Toshimichi , Shinno Hidenori ,   Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Published: April 2016

As the need to develop high-performance highly accurate positioning has grown in a wide range of industries, it has become necessary to comprehensively study desirable stage positioning systems based on new design concepts. Achieving nanometer positioning requires simultaneous noncontact drive and support of the moving stage. We developed a linear motordriven stage positioning system with squeeze bearings and evaluated squeeze bearing and positioning performance of the proposed positioning system through a series of actual stage driving experiments that confirmed the stage's nanopositioning capability.
Effect of Servo Valve Dynamic on Precise Position Control of a Pneumatic Servo Table
Authors: Fujita Toshinori ,   Tokyo Denki University, 2-2, Nishiki-cho Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Kawashima Kenji , Miyajima Takashi , Ogiso Taro , Kagawa Toshiharu ,   Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 R2-46, Midori-Ku, Nagatuta, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
Published: April 2016

In experimentally investigating the effect of servo valve dynamics on control of a pneumatic servo table with an air bearing, we propose control using a PDD2 and a feedforward controller, then test step and trajectory tracking response with natural servo valve frequencies. We confirmed that pneumatic servo performance is affected by servo valve dynamics. We found that tracking error fell below +- 0.5 mm when the servo valve has a natural frequency of 300 Hz.
Positioning Control of Pneumatic Parallel Manipulator
Authors: Takaiwa Masahiro ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, Noritsugu Toshiro
Published: April 2016

This paper describes one of the control methods which attain robust motion control performances of parallel manipulator. We used pneumatic cylinders as a driving actuator, focusing on air compressibility valid for the minute force control and impact absorption in environmental contact. Assuming that pressure control is indispensable to improve pneumatic fluid actuator control performances, we constructed positioning control system with a pressure control loop. We confirmed the feasibility of such control through experiments.
Advanced Photomask Defect Repairing Technology Using FIB and SPM
Authors: Takaoka Osamu ,   Mask Repair Product Department, MR Technical Group, SII Nanotechnology Inc., 36-1 Takenoshita, Oyama-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 410-1393, Japan
Published: April 2016

SIINT has supplied high-accuracy microprocessing devices since 1985. As photomask defects are very minute, high-accuracy positioning as well as highaccuracy processing and height-controllability to secure printability are required of such devices. Conventionally devices based on focused ion beam (FIB) technology have been adopted to meet requirements for specifications. But there remain an increasing number of defects which cannot be covered by FIB. Recently developed, therefore, is a defect-repairing system to which scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has been applied in order to make up for the shortcomings inherent in FIB. This paper is intended to report on photomask-defect-repairing system based on FIB and SPM for industrial application which requires precision-positioning.
Optimal Fuzzy Self-Tuning of PI Controller Using Genetic Algorithm for Induction Motor Speed Control
Authors: Bouserhane Ismail K. ,   University Center of Bechar, B.P 417 Bechar 08000, Algeria, Hazzab Abdeldjebar , Boucheta Abdelkrim , Mazari Benyounes , Mostefa Rahli ,   Laboratoire de Développement et des Entraînements Electriques LDEE, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, B.P 1523 El-M’naouer (31000), Oran, Algeria
Published: April 2016

We present induction motor speed control using optimal PI controller fuzzy gain scheduling. To improve PI controller performance, we designed fuzzy PI controller gain tuning for indirect-field oriented IMspeed control using fuzzy rules on-line to adapt PI controller parameters based on error and its first time derivative. To overcome the major disadvantage of fuzzy logic control, i.e., the lack of design technique, we propose optimization of fuzzy logic tuning parameters using a genetic algorithm. Optimally designed fuzzy logic provides suitable PI controller gain to achieve the desired speed while varying load torque and parameters. Simulation demonstrated the performance of the proposed optimal fuzzy-logic tuning PI controller, and numerical validation results of our proposal showed performance comparable to a fuzzy controller having parameters chosen by a human operator.
Development of Measurement for Motion Accuracy of 5 Axis NC Machine Tool
Authors: Saiki Tomoyuki ,   Japan Fine Tech Co., Ltd, 1438-4 Kamiariki, Miyawaka, Fukuoka 823-0015, Japan, Tsutsumi Masaomi , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kouya Masahide , Ushio Masaki ,   Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan,   Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan,   Fukuoka Prefectural Government, 7-7 higashi koen, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-8577, Japan,   Fukuoka Industrial Technology Center, 3-6-1 Norimatsu, Yahata nishi-ku, Kitakyusyu, Fukuoka 807-0831, Japan
Published: April 2016

In terms of the realization for high accurate and effective machining of complicated shape having under cut shape and free formed surface, five axis controlled machine tools become indispensable because they have any tool position and attitude to avoid the collision between machine tool elements and work piece. In order to estimate the motion accuracy of NC machine tool, various kinds of certificate methods like circular cone cutting test prescribed with NAS and DBB method using the circular motion have been developed and standardized. These methods are mainly used for the motion testing of three-axis NC machine tools and therefore new method and measuring equipment for five-axis NC machine tool is needed. This study aims at developing the motion accuracy measurement system which can measure various kinds of motions like linier motion, circular motion and continuous curved motion under simultaneous five-axis controlling and establishing the compensate method of tool motion. Consideration is added from the viewpoint of motion accuracy using measurement system developed in this report in case simultaneous five-axis control motion command value from CL data.
Realization of Tubeless Stage in Semiconductor Exposure System
Authors: Shibazaki Yuichi ,   Next Generation Project Section, Development Headquarters, Precision Equipment Company, Nikon Corporation
Published: April 2016

We realized super fine positioning of the stage which is applied for the step and scan lithography apparatus using the following technologies. - Direct drive concept (not using “fine and coarse” stage configuration) - Newly developed air-bearing without moving tube for air supply. - Simple and light weight configuration - 3DOF (X Y Tz) counter-mass - Compensation of motor force ripple - Symmetry structure and driving at center of gravity
The Development of an Autonomous Mobile Crane System Considering On-Line Obstacle Recognition and Path Planning
Authors: Kaneshige Akihiro ,   Toyota National College of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Eiseicho 2-1, Toyota-City, Aichi 471-8525 Japan, Hasegawa Shigeo , Terashima Kazuhiko ,   Toyohashi University of Technology, Dept. of Production System Engineering, Hibarigaoka 1-1, Tempaku-Cho, Toyohashi-City, Aichi 441-8580 Japan
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this paper is to present a method to establish an autonomous mobile crane system which includes on-line obstacle recognition, path planning by on-line and suppression of sway of the transferred object. The system consists of three different parts: a visual system, a planning system and a control system. In the visual system, ultra sonic sensor is used to renew small part of environmental map during the transferring taking advantage of quick scanning time. In the planning system, proposed on-line path planning method is used in an artificial potential field based on the solution of the Laplacian differential equation. This path planning method can correspond to minor changes in the transportation environment during transportation. The on-line path planning has been accomplished by regenerating the updated potential field. In the control system, feed-forward controller by means of notch filter is used to achieve the suppression of sway of the transferred object. Finally, the usefulness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations and experiments.
Factory Tour to INA Facility, Nidec Sankyo
Authors: Yamafuji Kazuo ,   The University of Electro-Communications, Kawamura Takashi ,   Shinshu University
Published: April 2016

1. Introduction of Nidec Sankyo and INA Facility Sankyo was established by three engineers in 1946 immediately after the Second World War as in the cases of Sony and Honda which were founded as venture enterprise and have developed to world leading companies. To begin with orgel, the company has produced high tech products such as machine tool, magnetic application machinery, optical instrument, card reader, and robot, appreciated by users. In 2003 the company became a member of Nidec group. The recent world market share of the company's product accounts for 80% in card reader for financial terminal, 70% in large LCD panel handling robot, 70% in COMBO type light pickup, and 40% in stepping motor for video camera. The company has sales of 112.6 billion yen and about 1,300 employees in 2007. The production and R&D facilities of Sankyo in Japan are located in Shimosuwa, Ina and Komagane. INA Facility we toured this time produces mainly industrial robot with the sales of 21 billion yen. The employees number about 180, 80 of them are engaged in design and development of machinery and electricity, 50 in manufacturing, and the rest, 50 in support business like purchase, production control and quality control.
Trial Formation of Artificial Bone by Inkjet Powder-Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Yamazawa Kenji ,   Advanced Engineering Team, Advanced Development and Supporting Center, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, Anzai Masahiro , Yokota Hideo , Himeno Ryutaro , Suzuki Hiroshi , Narahara Hiroyuki , Suzuki Shigeki ,   Computational Biomechanics Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan,   Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan,   NEXT21 K.K., 3-38-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Published: April 2016

Artificial bone implants are in relatively simple shapes for use mainly by cutting or manually. To produce a desired bone shape, we used tribasic calcium phosphate bone ash powder as the material and aqueous sodium chondroitin sulfate solution as the binder in inkjet powder-layered manufacturing. In experiments, we reproduced a rabbit femur with a precision of 0.6 mm and a minimum longitudinal hollow shaft 2 mm in diameter based on computed tomography data. We gave the brittle artificial bone a compressive strength of 3 MPa by dipping it in water and binder through its hydrate reaction.
A Reconfigurable and Modular Open Architecture Controller: the New Frontiers
Authors: M Farooq ,   College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Wang Dao Bo
Published: April 2016

A novel and flexible open architecture controller platform is presented for PUMA Robot system. The original structure of the PUMA robot has been retained. All computational units are removed from the existing PUMA controller, and the PC assumes the role of computing the control strategy. By assembling the controller from off-the-shell hardware and software components, the benefits of reduced cost and improved robustness have been realized. An Intel Pentium IV industrial computer is used as the central controller. The control software has been implemented using VC++ programming language. The trajectory tracking results show the validity of the new PC based controller.
Precision Analysis of Automatic Pouring Machines for the Casting Industry
Authors: Noda Yoshiyuki ,   Department of Production Systems Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Nishida Tadashi ,   Electric Engineering Department, Fujiwa Denki Co., Ltd.
Published: April 2016

This paper concerns automation of pouring process in casting industry. Recently, automatic pouring machines are used in casting with greensand mold. There are various types of automatic pouring machines such as a ladle-tilt type, stopper type, pressure type and so on. In this paper, we focus on the automation technology to the ladle-tilt type automatic pouring machines which have been widely used in East Asian. The pouring process requires the molten metal is poured quickly and precisely into the mold and is not spilled over the sprue cup. Therefore, the precision of pouring control in current automatic pouring machine is clarified in this paper. Then, the precision analysis of the automatic pouring machine is performed using mathematical model of the automatic pouring process. Finally, the automation technologies required for future pouring process are discussed in the paper.
Automation in Green Sand Processing Equipment
Authors: Fukihara Makoto ,   Sintokogio, Ltd., Makino Hiroyasu , Hashimoto Kunihiro
Published: April 2016

Green sand molding is indispensable in the mass production of iron castings such as those used for automobiles. Green sand processing equipment, which plays an important role in maintaining casting quality by supplying steadily mixed sand, includes that used in mold removal and sand recovery, sand cooling, storage, mixing, and supply to the molding machine, as detailed in the sections that follow.
Developing Innovative IT-Based Full Mold Casting
Authors: Kimura Hiroyoshi ,   Kimura Chuzosho Co., Ltd.
Published: April 2016

Full mold casting (FMC), an effective manufacturing process for relatively large and small lot production, fits in well with information technology (IT) because FMC uses polystyrene foam for making patterns effectively shaped using CAD/CAM and a machining center, with IT making FMC extremely powerful in production. Kimura Chuzosho Co. which has been developing FMC since 1996, established original IT-based FMC in the early 2000s, maintaining domestic and international competitiveness in product quality, price, and cycle time as detailed in the sections this follow.
Development of Automatic Inspection System for Full Mold Patterns
Authors: Hori Yoshiyuki ,   Kogi Foundry Co., Ltd., Tanaka Kouhei , Matsumoto Tomohiro ,   Large Scale Casting Dept., Tianjin Rainbow Hills Cast Iron Co., Ltd., Kogi Corporation
Published: April 2016

Full mold casting is superior to wooden mold casting in accuracy, cost, and large iron casting, and is mainly used in metal molds for automobiles and machining parts. The most important operation of full mold casting is close inspection of EPS patterns. We developed a new automatic system and succeeded to mostly automating this work. Multiple photographs of patterns and composites are stored on a PC. Inspection involves comparing composite photographs of the patterns with 3D CAD data originating with the pattern. This enabled us to greatly improve inspection accuracy over manual inspection. We also developed a robot to shoot photographs automatically, shortening the time needed for shooting. The few problems this new system has will be resolved in the near future.
Factory Tour to Yamaha Motor
Authors: Yamafuji Kazuo ,   The University of Electro-Communications
Published: April 2016

Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., founded in 1955, is representative of global Japanese companies with factories worldwide that deliver a wide variety of products meeting customer needs. It employs 51,000 working on product lines including motorcycles, scooters, hybrid (power-assisted) bicycles, snowmobiles, boats, outboard motors, yachts, water vehicles, diesel engines, automobile engines, surface mounters for electronic parts, industrial robots, industrial unmanned helicopters, and electric wheelchairs. The December accounting term for fiscal 2007 showed unconsolidated sales of 799.2 billion yen and consolidated sales of 1,756.7 billion yen. The percentage of sales by product was 60.1% for motorcycles, 16.4% for marine use, 15.2% for special equipment, and 8.3% for others in the same fiscal year. The percentage of sales by region was 35.2% for the United States, 23.9% for Europe, 17.6% for Japan, 9.3% for Asia, and 14.0% for others. In the 21st century, Yamaha holds the basic philosophy of creating values and profits for sustainable growth and offering new excitement and a more fulfilling life for people worldwide.
Load Bearing Capacity of Surface-Rolled Sintered Metal Gears
Authors: Koide Takao ,   Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Ishizuka Ichiro , Takemasu Teruie , Miyachika Kouitsu , Oda Satoshi ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University,   Department of Mechanical and System Design, Tokyo University of Science, Suwa,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fukuyama University
Published: April 2016

The load bearing capacity of surface-rolled sintered metal gears were investigated. Sintered metal gears were made using hobs with different tooth profiles and surface-rolled to different degrees using two different rolling machines and heat-treated. The effect of surface-rolling on surface properties were examined by measuring porosity and hardness near rolled gear teeth surfaces. Run tests for test gears were conducted. The effects of surface-rolling on the load bearing capacity of sintered metal gears were determined, and the results were compared to the results for wrought steel gears.
Efficiency Comparison of Cutting Strategies for End Milling Processes Under Feedrate Scheduling
Authors: Ibaraki Soichi ,   Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Matsubara Atsushi , Murozumi Masanori ,   Mori Seiki Co., Ltd.
Published: April 2016

Technical advances in high-speed machining centers and cutting tools have made high-speed cutting a major player in manufacturing applications, but high-speed cutting provides higher machining efficiency only when machining conditions are appropriately set. In contrast, expert job shop operators often choose a heavy cutting strategy subject to higher depth of cut and a lower feedrate. Feedrate scheduling schemes are widely recognized as practically feasible for optimizing machining conditions in high-speed cutting. We compared the productivity of high-speed milling and heavy milling, assuming that using feedrate scheduling optimizes machining conditions. Possible cutting strategies are interpreted as constraints on cutting conditions or cutting performance, then machining conditions are scheduled optimally to maximize the productivity. A case study illustrates these points.
Tool Life of Small Diameter Ball End Mill for High Speed Milling of Hardened Steel - Effects of the Machining Method and the Tool Materials -
Authors: Iwabe Hiroyasu ,   Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Enta Kazufumi
Published: April 2016

We studied tool life, flank wear, and machined surface roughness in the high-speed milling of hardened steel on a small ball end mill using a high-speed milling machine. We found that: (1) Cutting edge flank wear increases in proportion to cutting length and the flank wear shape gradually has a resembalance to the shape of the actual cutting length. (2) Long tool life depends on stepdown pick-feed and down-milling conditions. (3) Surface roughness increases in proportion to cutting length, but a low surface roughness of 1.4 μm is obtainable for a 3,800 m cutting length in down-milling. (4) CBN tool flank wear is very low -- at least 1/15 th that of carbide tools under down-milling conditions, and a surface roughness of 1.6 μm is obtainable for a 67.2 km cutting length. We verified the effectiveness of CBN tools in high-speed milling of hardened steel under cutting conditions.
Creation of U-Shaped and Skewed Holes by Means of Electrical Discharge Machining Using an Improved Electrode Curved Motion Generator
Authors: Ishida Tohru ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka  University, Takeuchi Yoshimi
Published: April 2016

This study deals with the development of a new method of machining curved holes for water channels built in molds, holes which cannot be fabricated using current machining methods in practical use. Since holes are generally formed by drilling, water channels are a series of straight holes. This causes obstructions to the smooth flow of the coolant, leading to low efficiency and unstable performance in the cooling of the molds. To solve these problems, the authors have developed new devices that can machine curved holes, thus enhancing the degree of freedom of water channels. An earlier device consisted of simple mechanical parts installed on a die-sinking electrical discharge machine (EDM). It was able to fabricate an L-shaped curved hole. However, the controllability of the shape of the curved holes it produced was unfortunately low. To overcome this weakness, the device has been improved and now it can machine curved holes of a variety of shapes. Through application experiments, it has been found that U-shaped and skewed holes, holes which cannot be produced using conventional machining methods, can also be created employing the improved device.
Development of an Electrode Motion Control Device for Curved Hole Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Ishida Tohru ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Miyake Yasuhito , Teramoto Koji , Takeuchi Yoshimi ,   Production Engineering Department, TOYOTA L&F Company, Toyota Industries Corporation,   Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology
Published: April 2016

This study deals with the development of a new curved hole machining device which has been improved to diversify the shapes of the curved holes it produces. Holes are generally bored with drills, so they are straight. As a result, mechanical designers are limited to designing products with straight holes in them, even though straight holes may not be optimal for the products they design. This often becomes a problem when designing the water channels in molds or the pipelines used in pneumatic components or hydraulic equipment, since curved channels or curved pipelines would be optimal yet it is impossible for drills to produce them. To solve this problem, a method of machining curved holes is required, so the authors have developed devices which can produce them. Previous to this study, the most recent device was mechanically controlled, and the curved holes it produced were limited in shape. The device has been improved, and the latest device is controlled via software. Experimental results indicate that the improved device has much higher controllability of the shape of the curved holes it produces.
Development of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Product
Authors: Nakamoto Takeshi ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiba University, Matsuzaki Kazutoshi
Published: April 2016

To produce microparts using short unidirectional ferromagnetic fibers added to a liquid photopolymer, we applied a magnetic field to align fiber axes in the direction of the magnetic field, then, solidified the photopolymer by irradiating ultraviolet (UV) laser in the desired shape. The apparatus for applying the magnetic field consists of one vertical and four horizontal electromagnets whose magnitude and direction can be changed. We studied the degree of fiber alignment using this apparatus, producing several examples of microstructures.
Scenario Analysis of Global Resource Circulation with Traceability Index Targeting Sustainable Manufacturing
Authors: Kishita Yusuke ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Kunii Eisuke , Fukushige Shinichi , Umeda Yasushi , Fujimoto Jun ,   Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo
Published: April 2016

Global, or transboundary, resource circulation involves the movement of recyclable resources from developed to developing countries. Despite concomitant problems such as the dumping of hazardous materials, global resource circulation helps to conserve resources. The risk-based traceability this paper proposes for evaluating global circulation scenarios based on economic and environmental aspects clarifies conditions for sustainable global circulation. The key to its success is traceability, and this paper presents a case study on desktop computers whose simulation results demonstrate that reuse scenarios are economically superior to recycling scenarios, but are less traceable because of their longer supply chains. Implementing anti-risk measures improves traceability and lessens environmental risk.
Environmentally-Conscious Design Methods for Manufacturing Firms with Servicification
Authors: Sakao Tomohiko ,   Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Lindahl Mattias , Öhrwall-Rönnbäck Anna
Published: April 2016

Servicification is a key toward environmental conscious business in the manufacturing industry. After looking at the business and economic implications of Integrated Product and Service Offerings, the paper suggests specifications for methods beneficial for such a manufacturing company. The paper is based on the empirical case studies of 120 Swedish manufacturing firms of different sizes. It is expected to encourage discussion on this crucial theme in mature economies such as those of Europe and Japan.
Total Performance Analysis of Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Kondoh Shinsuke ,   National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba East, 1-2-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan, Mishima Nozomu , Hotta Yuji , Watari Koji , Kurita Tsuneo , Masui Keijiro
Published: April 2016

To evaluate the environmental impact of products, we propose a total performance indicator (TPI), an efficiency index that simultaneously takes into account cost, environmental impact, and value. We propose applying the TPI to evaluating manufacturing processes. Calculating the TPI of manufacturing-process segments lets us clarify bottlenecks limiting the enhancing of performance. We focus on a ceramic filter manufacturing process, determining segments that contribute little to creating value and cause considerable environmental impact and cost. Designers evaluating manufacturing processes using the TPI can quickly determine processes that are not “eco-efficient.”
A Uniform Pressure Apparatus for Micro/Nanoimprint Lithography Equipment
Authors: Lin Jian-Shian ,   Mechanical and System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Lai Chieh-Lung , Tu Ya-Chun , Wu Cheng-Hua , Takeuchi Yoshimi ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University
Published: April 2016

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has overcome the limitation of light diffraction. It is capable of printing features less than 10nm in size with high lithographic resolution, high manufacturing speed, and low production cost. The uniformity of pressure, however, remains a critical issue. To improve the uniformity of pressure, we developed a flexible uniform pressure component based on Pascal's Law. When external force is applied to this component, uniform pressure is delivered to the mold and substrate. Average pressure over the embossed area using our improved nanoimprint equipment deviates by only 3.15%.
Factory Tour of Komatsu Oyama Plant
Authors: Hayama Sadaji ,   Hayama Authorized Professional Engineer Office
Published: April 2016

Here I'll be reporting on my visit to Komatsu's Tochigi Prefecture Oyama Plant on November 20, 2008, where General Manager Seiji Bandou showed me around the diesel engine machining and assembly shops at the engine manufacturing department of the Engines and Hydraulics Business Division. This visit and my interview with General Manager Bandou were made possible through the kind offices of Vice President Noriyoshi Yanase of the Institution of Tochigi Professional Engineers and a former senior Oyama Plant employee.
Path Planning and Control for Multiple AGVs Based on Improved Two-Stage Traffic Scheduling
Authors: Peihuang Lou ,   Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Xing Wu , Jiarong Wang
Published: April 2016

An improved two-stage traffic scheduling algorithm for path planning and conflict avoidance of multiple AGVs (Automated Guided Vehicle) is combined with an adaptive motion control algorithm for path following of a single AGV in this paper, in order to implement an integrated planning and control system. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used for feasible path planning both offline and online. Multiple objectives and constraints are added to the online GA when some digital map routes cannot be used due to unavoidable conflict. The conflict-free policy we propose changes the speed or route of the AGV with a lower priority to make the conflict settled. Adaptive motion control enables individual AGV to follow the planned paths at any given speed. The planned paths and given speed are the information links connecting traffic scheduling and motion control. Numerical simulation confirms the effectiveness of our traffic scheduling algorithm and the adaptability of the motion control algorithm.
A Fast Scheduler for Multiagent in a Warehouse
Authors: Rubrico Jose Ildefonso U. ,   Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Higashi Toshimitsu , Tamura Hirofumi , Nikaido Makoto , Ota Jun ,   Logistics and Automation Division, Murata Machinery Ltd.,   Murata Systems, Ltd., 3 Minamiochiai-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Published: April 2016

A major goal in scheduling multiagent for warehouse picking is to decrease operating cost by minimizing makespan among transport agents. Computational time must be within ten seconds for real-sized instances. Orders are initially batched by solving the split delivery vehicle routing problem, resulting trips are assigned to agents to balance their picking time, and trips are assigned to minimize blocking delays among agents. Simulation results confirmed that our proposal reduces picking time an average of 11.48% over conventional approaches.
Cutting Tool Protects for Soft Tissues in Bone-Milling Machining
Authors: Sugita Naohiko ,   Department of Engineering Synthesis, School of Engineering, The  University of Tokyo, Nakano Taiga , Osa Takayuki , Nakajima Yoshikazu , Fujiwara Kazuo , Abe Nobuhiro , Ozaki Toshifumi , Suzuki Masahiko , Mitsuishi Mamoru ,   Graduate School of Medicine, Density and Pharmaceutical Sciences,  Okayama University,   Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
Published: April 2016

Minimally invasive orthopedic surgery using a milling machine presents challenges. The milling machine we developed has a redundant axis to minimize cutting-tool contact with surrounding soft tissue. Important components are modeled based on physical requirements, and model-based geometric optimization improves performance. Here we discuss the protective mechanism, hardware, and software we developed to cover the nonworking cutting-edge portion and to protect against soft-tissue damage. We evaluated the effectiveness of this approach using cadaveric bone.
Control Method of Motion Error Compensation for NC Machine Tools
Authors: Nagaoka Kotaro ,   Advanced Technology R&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Published: April 2016

Servo systems of NC machine tools must minimize trajectory control tracking error by preventing machine resonance and trajectory error between forward and backward paths by improving symmetry. To address such issues, we propose two-degree-of-freedom control using a reference model and a servo control method with the mechanical-characteristics-compensator to compensate for machine vibration. Results of experiments confirmed the effectiveness of our proposed control.
Linear Measurement and Training Device for Leg Evaluation
Authors: Furutani Katsushi ,   Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Toyota Technological Institute, Tachi Hiroshi , Saito Mitsuru ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute
Published: April 2016

The measuring device we developed to evaluate the leg and use in physical training is driven by a linear motor using impedance or proportional-integral control. The leg is considered a second-order system in the short range. For a leg flexed at a constant speed, we calculated parameters from measured force, displacement, and acceleration and measured parameter transitions in exercise. While the damping coefficient remained almost flat during exercise, the spring constant changed.