bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognizing and Treating Uncommon Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents Who Have Been Severely Maltreated: Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the characteristics of borderline personality disorder, a disorder that may occur with relative frequency in adolescents who have been severely maltreated. Behaviors indicating the possibility of borderline personality disorder existing are reviewed, as are comorbid disorders. Suggestions for treatment for the adolescent and his or her family are explored.
Recognizing and Treating Uncommon Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents Who Have Been Severely Maltreated: Dissociative Disorders
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2004

Children who have experienced severe maltreatment may use dissociation as a strategy to cope with the ongoing trauma of their maltreatment. Although dissociation may help children cope with maltreatment, it can become maladaptive if it is used in other contexts. This article explores the symptoms of dissociate disorders and the ways that maladaptive dissociation can develop in maltreated children. Strategies for distinguishing dissociative disorders from other disorders in children are reviewed and treatment strategies for children and adolescents with maladaptive dissociation, and their families, are explored.
Recognizing and Treating Uncommon Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents Who Have Been Severely Maltreated: Reactive Attachment Disorder
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J. , Hazan Cindy
Published: May 2004

This article explores reactive attachment disorder, a disorder that has been linked to severe and chronic maltreatment. The fundamental concepts of attachment theory are reviewed briefly, and the two types of behaviors associated with reactive attachment disorder in children and adolescents are discussed. Treatment strategies are explored, including the controversial holding or rebirthing strategies.
Recognizing and Treating Rare Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents Who have been Severely Maltreated: Schizophrenia
Authors: Haugaard Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2004

Although schizophrenia is rare in younger adolescents and even rarer in prepubertal children, research over the past 2 decades has shown that schizophrenia does develop in some children and adolescents. This article reviews the symptoms of schizophrenia in children and adolescents and provides guidelines for distinguishing these symptoms from those of more common childhood disorders. Strategies for providing treatment to children who have schizophrenia and their families, including the use of medications, are reviewed.
Three Voices in Portraiture: Actor, Artist, and Audience
Authors: Bloom Collette M. , Erlandson David A.
Published: May 2004

This article explores the interaction of artist and actor voice as presented by Lawrence-Lightfoot and Davis in three portraits of African American secondary school female principals that had been constructed in the lead author’s dissertation study. After describing various manifestations of actor and artist voice, emphasis shifts to a third voice—that of the audience. The responses of six diverse reviewers are examined in terms of how they reflect the artist’s intent and add new meaning to the portraits. The article concludes with brief thoughts about the interpretation of portraits, the uses of portraits, and the factors that prepare an audience to learn from a portrait.
Doing Race in the Context of Feminist Interviewing: Constructing Whiteness Through Talk
Authors: Best Amy L.
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author examines how fieldwork serves as an interactional context through which the qualitative researcher’s racial identity and the racial identities of those under study are actively managed, negotiated, and solidified. Focusing on the context of feminist interviewing, the author highlights how the researcher and the researched, as they both construct their symbolic worlds through talk of it, rely on taken-for-granted notions about what whiteness means and in doing so, embed these notions within the research encounter. She gives particular consideration to the relations of talk through which whiteness gains meaning to theorize how her own racial position as racial insider/ outsider became meaningful through and to research. Defining whiteness as interactional accomplishment, the author argues that as researchers do research, they also are actively engaged in doing race. Two interviews conducted for an ethnography of high school proms serve as the basis of this analysis.
The Ambivalent Practices of Reflexivity
Authors: Davies Bronwyn , Browne Jenny , Gannon Susanne , Honan Eileen , Laws Cath , Mueller-Rockstroh Babette , Petersen Eva Bendix
Published: May 2004

Reflexivity involves turning one’s reflexive gaze on discourse—turning language back on itself to see the work it does in constituting the world. The subject/researcher sees simultaneously the object of her or his gaze and the means by which the object (which may include oneself as subject) is being constituted. The consciousness of self that reflexive writing sometimes entails may be seen to slip inadvertently into constituting the very (real) self that seems to contradict a focus on the constitutive power of discourse. This article explores this site of slippage and of ambivalence. In a collective biography on the topic of reflexivity, the authors tell and write stories about reflexivity and in a doubled reflexive arc, examine themselves at work during the workshop. Examining their own memories and reflexive practices, they explore this place of slippage and provide theoretical and practical insight into “what is going on” in reflexive research and writing.
A Discourse that Disciplines, Governs, and Regulates: The National Research Council’s Report on Scientific Research in Education
Authors: Bloch Marianne
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the National Research Council (2002) report’s six guiding principles that define good scientific educational research. The principles and discussion focus on good educational research in terms of the “rigor” of the research as well as the “scientific” base and principles adhered to in doing the research. This article critically examines the normative base from which the consensual definitions of rigorous research and good science were drawn for the report and by its authors, and looks at the margins where other research falls, by definition. By using a variety of examples of research from around the world that highlights the need for complex historical, political, and cultural lens to examine policy, research, knowledge and power constructions, Bloch suggests that the report represents only one truth among many, limiting further inquiry. By examining the relation between knowledge and truth, the danger in a limited perspective is underlined.
Guarding the Castle and Opening the Gates
Authors: Ryan Katherine E. , Hood Lisa K.
Published: May 2004

The passage of No Child Left Behind legislation and the publication of the National Research Council’s Scientific Research in Education have generated much discussion and criticism of the call for educational research and evaluation that is more scientific. Using examples from their own field research and evaluation experiences, the authors illustrate their concerns with the concepts and principles of scientific-based research. They propose both qualitative and quantitative methods are critical for studying the structural, political, systemic issues that surround complex educational issues and organizations. The authors call for the creation of a space for public engagement to include the public’s collective wisdom and experiences to discuss and deliberate educational issues and generate possible solutions.
Refusing Alternatives: A Science of Contestation
Authors: St. Pierre Elizabeth Adams
Published: May 2004

Taking issue with the narrow vision of science the federal government’s demand for scientific-based research in education has produced, this article calls for an analysis of the power relations involved in this debate, an epistemological analysis of its politics, and resistance to its adverse effects on children and teachers in classrooms.
The Brave New World of Research Surveillance
Authors: Nelson Cary
Published: May 2004

Institutional review boards (IRBs) were created to review biomedical and psychological research involving demonstrable risk to human participants. During the past half decade, however, many campus IRBs have begun to review humanities and social science research, thereby substantially expanding their mission and effectively imposing on faculty moral and ethical standards inappropriate to historical research. Moreover, IRBs have traditionally reviewed research plans, not potential publications. But the only way for IRBs to guarantee adherence to their standards for human conduct campus wide would be to exercise prior restraint on publication. That would seriously undermine academic freedom.
Qualitative Research and Institutional Review Boards
Authors: Lincoln Yvonna S. , Tierney William G.
Published: May 2004

Although it is not their intention, institutional review boards (IRBs) often impede the conduct of studies that are not conventional and/or experimental designs. As a consequence, studies that are qualitative, participatory action research, action research, postmodern, and/or critical theorist in orientation often undergo endless revisions as IRBs seek to make them appear more conventional. Among the reasons for this are lack of training in alternative epistemologies and/or paradigms for conducting research, lack of understanding the kinds of data that will be generated by these studies, and occasionally, prejudice on the part of members of the boards regarding what constitutes sound research. Several actual case studies are reported, and a variety of strategies for addressing IRBs’ concerns are proposed.
Qualitative Research, Power, and the Radical Right
Authors: Lincoln Yvonna S. , Cannella Gaile S.
Published: May 2004

Recent legislative and executive orders that mandate preferred methods for evaluating the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 signal a much larger movement in the social sciences. Attacks stemming from the “culture wars” of the 1990s have spread to forms of research labeled “unscientific,” including postmodern research and qualitative research. Examination of the sources of the attacks reveals a wide network of new and recent foundations with decidedly right-wing political views, the establishment and growing power of the National Association of Scholars, and other well-funded efforts to discredit research that uncovers and exposes deep inequities in social life and schooling on gender, race, social class, religion, and/or sexual orientation. Each of these well-funded sources of attack is discussed and the agenda of each is dissected.
Three Tales From Melting Pot Boils Over
Authors: Athens Lonnie
Published: May 2004

The three tales retold here from Melting Pot Boils Over revolve around different challenges that “Pop,” a Greek immigrant, faced while operating a segregated café. In the first, a “White” ne’er-do-well breaks into Pop’s café, drinks several bottles of his wine, and passes out under a booth. Pop must decide whether to press charges against the intruder, a long-time patron of the café. In the second, a “Black” patron provokes Pop while giving his order. Both Pop and a Native American patron react angrily to the provocation, and the Black patron takes offense at their reaction. In the final tale, a race riot breaks out in Pop’s café when a White male patron makes vulgar gestures toward two Black waitresses. Pop, who is the sole provider for his family, must find a way to regain the good will of both his Black and White patrons to keep his café thriving.
Teen Dating Relationships and Aggression
Authors: LAVOIE FRANCINE , ROBITAILLE LINE , HÉBERT MARTINE
Published: May 2004

This qualitative exploratory study uses discussion groups with 24 Canadian teens aged 14 to 19 to cast new light on aggression in teen dating relationships. Data collected confirm that violence is present in numerous ways and that the teens' explanatory models still attribute part of the responsibility to victims. The teens suggested individual, couple, and social factors, such as the influence of peers and pornography. Findings indicate that future research should study forms of abuse specific to teens and that prevention programs should address nonconsensual violence as well as the consensual use of violence in sexual relationships.
The Multidimensional Nature of Sexual Harassment
Authors: WELSH SANDY
Published: May 2004

Little information is available concerning women's formal complaints of sexual harassment. Using data from sexual harassment complaints lodged with the Canadian Human Rights Commission between 1978 and 1993, this research attempts to address two concerns: (a) What types of sexual harassment behaviors are experienced by women complainants? and (b) Are these experiences of sexual harassment characterized by isolated or multidimensional incidents? The research shows that women complainants experience a range of behaviors, with quid pro quo harassment occurring in only 14% of the complaints. Complaints are also found to have a multidimensional nature and can be characterized as either containing poisoned environment harassment or quid pro quo sexual behaviors.
Prevalence and Consequences of Male-to-female and Female-to-male Intimate Partner Violence as Measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey
Authors: TJADEN PATRICIA , THOENNES NANCY
Published: May 2004

Using data from a telephone survey of 8,000 U.S. men and 8,000 U.S. women, this study compares the prevalence and consequences of violence perpetrated against men and women by marital and opposite-sex cohabiting partners. The study found that married/cohabiting women reported significantly more intimate perpetrated rape, physical assault, and stalking than did married/cohabiting men, whether the time period considered was the respondent's lifetime or the 12 months preceding the survey. Women also reported more frequent and longer lasting victimization, fear of bodily injury, time lost from work, injuries, and use of medical, mental health, and justice system services.
“Consumer” Recommendations for Batterers Programs
Authors: GONDOLF EDWARD W. , WHITE ROBERT J.
Published: May 2004

This exploratory “consumer” study summarizes the responses of batterers and their female partners to an open-ended question asking for recommendations for batterer programs. As part of a multisite evaluation (N = 840 men), 594 men and 616 female partners responded 3 and 6 months after—program intake. Nearly half of the men (42%) and half of the women (54%) made no recommendations, suggesting acceptance of the programs' approaches and formats. However, 14% of the men and 13% of the women did recommend modifications. Men's recommendations were more likely to call for more supportive counseling, and women's recommendations were more likely to relate to safety and information. Only a very small percentage (6%) of women recommended couples or coeducational counseling. Men with higher education and White women were more likely to offer recommendations. Recommendations significantly varied by program site, but no association existed for program dropouts.
Mothers' Perceptions of the Impact of Woman Abuse on Their Parenting
Authors: LEVENDOSKY ALYTIA A. , LYNCH SHANNON M. , GRAHAM-BERMANN SANDRA A.
Published: May 2004

Previous studies have examined the effects of domestic violence on women's parenting solely through questionnaire data. The current study, consistent with feminist theory, examines women's narratives about parenting in domestic violence situations through a semistructured interview. Thematic analysis of these interviews revealed that most women believed that their parenting was affected by their partner's violence. Interestingly, women reported not only negative effects of the violence on their parenting but also some positive effects, indicating that women frequently actively mobilize their resources to respond to the violence on behalf of their children. These findings are in contrast to theoretical conceptualizations of women who have experienced domestic violence as helpless or as focused solely on the batterer's needs.
Survivors' Identification of Protective Factors and Early Warning Signs for Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: SHORT LYNN M. , MCMAHON PAMELA M. , CHERVIN DORYN DAVIS , SHELLEY GENE A. , LEZIN NICOLE , SLOOP KIRA SUE , DAWKINS NICOLA
Published: May 2004

An exploratory, qualitative study generated hypotheses about women in violent heterosexual relationships: reasons women stay, what helps end the violence, barriers, potential early warning signs, resources, racial differences, and location differences. Twenty-two focus groups of urban and rural African American and White women in five U.S. regions were convened. Participants were at least 18 years of age, had experienced physical violence in intimate relationships, and had been free of violence for at least 6 months. Findings provide insights and tangible suggestions for social institutions to help victims. The findings suggest a need for health communications messages and interventions to help others vulnerable to abuse.
Accounting for Domestic Violence
Authors: DELL PIPPA , KOROTANA ONKAR
Published: May 2004

It is argued in this article that theoretical explanations of domestic violence act as powerful discourses that shape our understanding of social reality; that is, they act as social practices that have real (material) effects. This study uses Q methodology to explore subjective variability in the use of the term domestic violence. From the 40 participants' completed Q sorts, five interpretable factors emerged that suggest that domestic violence should be seen as an arbitration of connected discourses predicating social practices rather than an act whose causes are psychologically clear.
Generic Violence Prevention and Gendered Violence
Authors: MATTHEWS NANCY A.
Published: May 2004

Feminist analyses of violence against women are often isolated from other public attention to the problem of violence in general. The Choosing Non-Violence program examined here originated from a domestic violence organization but attempts to bridge the separation between generic violence prevention and domestic violence prevention. By approaching violence broadly and strategically aiming at adults' relationships with children, this program is able to reach audiences with a message about power and choice in relationships and increase awareness about gendered violence.
Having the Last Word
Authors: KONRADI AMANDA , BURGER TINA
Published: May 2004

How should feminists concerned about women's experiences with rape prosecution position themselves relative to victims' rights legislation? This interview-based study focuses on rape survivors' talk about their participation in the criminal justice process and their emotional investments in prosecution. The authors examine how they account for their participation in sentencing—in particular, how they justify having pursued particular kinds of involvements or not. The authors identify four motivations to write to the court and to attend or speak at sentencing. Then, the authors explain how rape survivors' prior involvement in court events, their emotional states, and the support they receive from others leads them to selectively engage in sentencing activities.
Methodological Issues in the Use of Survey Data for Measuring and Characterizing Violence Against Women
Authors: SCHWARTZ MARTIN D.
Published: May 2004

There are numerous methodological pitfalls in the use of survey data to study violence against women. This article reviews some of the major problems, including definitional problems, operationalization of concepts, recall bias, underreporting, question order, external validity, and the sex and ethnicity of interviewers. Recommendations for improving methodology are made, and some of the latest developments in the field are reviewed. It is argued that research ethics are particularly difficult and important in this field of study, not only for the potential emotional trauma to the respondents, but also for the potential for actual revictimization.
The Role of Profeminist Men in Dealing With Woman Abuse on the Canadian College Campus
Authors: DeKESEREDY WALTER S. , SCHWARTZ MARTIN D. , ALVI SHAHID
Published: May 2004

Stopping woman abuse on the North American college campus has not been very successful thus far. There is a major backlash, where students, faculty, and administrators too often either feel that the problem is not very significant or support the patriarchal rights of men. Programs begun by many campuses have not worked very well, partially because they depend on women to police the actions of men and partially because so few men come under formal social control that most offenders know that they can get away with their actions. Building on empirical research that suggests that male peer support is the most important factor on whether a male will be abusive, the authors suggest ways in which profeminist men can begin to tilt the balance against male aggression. This can include shaming or working with bullies or those who are abusive, protesting pornography, and involving oneself with education programs and/or support groups.
“Dowry Deaths” in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: VINDHYA U.
Published: May 2004

This article is an outcome of a research project that focused on the incidence, pattern, and judicial response of what have been labeled “dowry deaths” in the state of Andhra Pradesh in southern India. Cases that had been committed to court and tried during the 5-year period from 1988 to 1992 formed the database for the investigation. There were 498 reported cases of unnatural deaths of married women committed to court during this period in the two metropolitan cities and three districts that represent the distinct regions of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Of them, it was possible to obtain access to and analyze 340 cases. The article examines the reasons for the violence and analyzes the responses of the criminal justice system.
So Few Convictions
Authors: Du MONT JANICE , MYHR TERRI L.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the role of client-related characteristics in the legal processing of sexual assaults. Data were collected from the hospital and legal records of 187 women who presented to a sexual assault treatment center and the police of a large Canadian city in 1994. The data analyses revealed that cases involving older women and women who did not physically resist the assailant were less likely to have resulted in a charge. However, women who were known to the assailant for more than 24 hours (including current or previous partners) were more likely to see their cases forwarded for prosecution.
No Way Out
Authors: ADELMAN MADELAINE
Published: May 2004

This article theorizes the intersections between domestic violence and divorce. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Israel, including 49 interviews with battered women who found getting and/or being divorced difficult and dangerous, the author examined battered women's accounts of their experiences of the pluralistic and segregated family law system. She concludes that for battered women in Israel (Palestinians and Jews alike) the divorce process may be understood as part of or an extension of men's battering. With this analysis, the author illustrates the need to conduct locally specific, integrated domestic violence and divorce research.
Peer Education
Authors: SMITH POCO , WELCHANS SARAH
Published: May 2004

A peer education program emphasizing male responsibility in decreasing sexual assault led to a decrease in rape tolerant attitudes among high school students immediately following a 45-minute presentation. Trained high school students presented information on sexual assault risk reduction, rape culture, sexual assault law, how to help a friend who has been assaulted, and male responsibility in preventing sexual assault. Whereas the scores of female students showed less acceptance of rape myths and victim-blaming attitudes than males at both pretest and posttest, the attitudes of male students showed more improvement following the presentation than those of the females.
Negotiating Feminist Survival: Gender, Race, and Power in Academe
Authors: KOIKARI MIRE , HIPPENSTEELE SUSAN K.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the role “in-house” victim advocates have played in the struggle to curb violence against women on college campuses. It uses the case study model to place the discussion about feminist strategies in higher education within a larger, historical context of second-wave feminist movements and negotiations between grassroots protest movements and institutional powers. The article analyzes both the new opportunities that the campus feminist movement has opened for women and how it falls short of its original goals and suggests “feminist survival strategies” in the post-second wave U.S. context.
Differential Police Treatment of Male-on-Female Spousal Violence
Authors: AVAKAME EDEM F. , FYFE JAMES J.
Published: May 2004

The assumption that police are relatively lenient with men who assault their spouses has led several U.S. political jurisdictions to enact mandatory arrest-for-wife-assault legislation. Although the leniency thesis underlying this legislation is widely believed, it is directly addressed by only three studies of varying rigor and generalizability. With new data, the present research uses multivariate techniques to reexamine the hypothesis that police are less aggressive in arresting wife assaulters, with results that support the leniency thesis. In addition, results suggest that police are more likely to arrest if the victim of spousal violence is a woman who is affluent, White, older, or suburban. The implications of these findings for mandatory arrest laws, crime control, and the debate on race and crime are discussed.
The Relative Effects of Offense, Offender, and Victim Variables on the Decision to Prosecute Domestic Violence Cases
Authors: HIRSCHEL DAVID , HUTCHISON IRA W.
Published: May 2004

Traditionally, even when the police have arrested suspected spouse abusers, prosecutors have been reluctant to follow through with prosecution. Using a sample of 424 cases in which abusers were either arrested on the scene or issued citations for court appearance, this research study investigates whether characteristics surrounding the offense (such as cause of the argument and victim injury), offender characteristics (such as prior record and substance abuse), or victim characteristics (such as relationship with the offender and substance abuse) most impact the prosecution's decision to prosecute. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
Abuse of Women With Disabilities
Authors: CURRY MARY ANN , HASSOUNEH-PHILLIPS DENA , JOHNSTON-SILVERBERG ANNE
Published: May 2004

Women with disabilities are at increased risk for emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. They are also at risk for experiencing disability-related abuse from multiple sources. This problem is compounded by the social context of disability, including pervasive discrimination and stereotyping by society. This article highlights the problem of abuse of women with disabilities and examines the state of the science through a review of literature. An ecological model is presented that examines relevant individual, environmental, and cultural factors. The authors hope that this article will stimulate awareness of this problem and future research in this important arena.
Toward Ethnically Specific Models of Employment, Public Assistance, and Victimization
Authors: HONEYCUTT TODD C. , MARSHALL LINDA L. , WESTON REBECCA
Published: May 2004

Among 836 low-income women, those receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) or food stamps had experienced more coercive sexual assault, abuse by past partners, psychological abuse by current partners, and types of victimization than women not receiving assistance. The two groups of women were equally likely to endure threats or violence from current partners. African Americans and European Americans were more likely to have been victimized than Mexican Americans. European Americans reported more severe victimization except current partner violence. Multiple regressions on employment and assistance showed victimization predictors that varied by ethnicity. The effects of abuse by current partners were limited and are likely to be indirect.
“The World was Never a Safe Place for Them”
Authors: HIRSCH AMY E.
Published: May 2004

Federal welfare reform legislation imposes a lifetime ban barring women with felony drug convictions from receiving TANF benefits or food stamps unless a state acts to waive the ban. Relatively little research has been done on women with felony drug convictions. This qualitative, preliminary study interviewed 26 women with felony drug convictions or pending charges and more than 30 criminal justice and public health staff members. This article examines the women's histories of childhood sexual and physical abuse and domestic violence, and the connections between that abuse and their drug usage and convictions. The women repeatedly experienced multiple types of violence, which are thoroughly intertwined with their drug usage, abusive relationships, and criminal activities, making the lifetime ban on public assistance benefits now in existence in 22 states harsh and counterproductive.
Predictors of Rape Myth Acceptance Among Male Clients of Female Street Prostitutes
Authors: MONTO MARTIN A. , HOTALING NORMA
Published: May 2004

Although female street prostitutes are frequent victims of violence, there has been little research on their male clients. This study explores the level of “rape myth acceptance” and the predictors of rape myth acceptance among 1,286 men arrested for trying to hire street prostitutes in San Francisco (n = 950), Las Vegas (n = 254), and Portland, Oregon (n = 82). Rape myths are attitudes believed to support sexual violence against women. Questionnaires were administered to arrested clients prior to participation in programs designed to discourage reoffense. Results indicate low levels of rape myth acceptance among respondents, although a small number expressed higher levels. The strongest predictors of rape myth acceptance in regression analyses were attraction to violent sexuality, sexual conservatism, and thinking about sex less frequently.
“Bring My Scooter So I Can Leave You”
Authors: SAXTON MARSHA , CURRY MARY ANN , POWERS LAURIE E. , MALEY SUSAN , ECKELS KARYL , GROSS JACQUELINE
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the perceptions and experiences of women with physical and cognitive disabilities related to abuse by formal and informal personal assistance providers. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 72 women to explore how women define personal assistance abuse, the barriers they face in handling abuse, and strategies they recommend to prevent and/or stop abuse. Key themes that emerged included (a) the role of social and personal boundary confusion and power dynamics within the personal assistance services relationship; (b) expanded forms of abuse experienced by women with disabilities; (c) the complexity of using family and friends as providers; (d) personal, social, and systemic barriers that impede women's response to abuse; and (e) the benefits of supports that validate women's experiences and bolster their capacities to prevent and manage abuse. Findings suggested that, with experience, support, and appropriate resources, women with disabilities can effectively manage this challenge.
Family Violence Including Crimes of Honor in Jordan
Authors: ARAJI SHARON K. , CARLSON JOHN
Published: May 2004

This study describes university students' perceptions of the seriousness of family violence in Jordan, including crimes of honor and, within constraints, identifies demographic and attitudinal factors associated with these perceptions. Data were extracted from a comprehensive survey of a stratified random sample of students attending two major universities in Jordan during the spring of 1995. Descriptive statistics demonstrate that well more than half the students view six types of family violence as “very much of a problem.” Results indicate that only the social class variables of father's occupational status and mother's education significantly influence students' perceptions of family violence in the combined sample. Sex differences are found when data from men and women are analyzed separately. Study findings connected with the literature review demonstrate the need for extended research and offer support for Jordanians who are calling for legal and social reforms related to family violence.
Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing
Authors: ALVI SHAHID , SCHWARTZ MARTIN D. , DeKESEREDY WALTER S. , MAUME MICHAEL O.
Published: May 2004

That women have a greater fear of crime than men has often been termed irrational or paradoxical, but this article joins those who argue that the gendered nature of fear is well grounded. The authors investigate the extent to which various factors—including prior victimization, perceptions of neighborhood disorder, routine activities, and neighborhood satisfaction—predict women's perceptions of personal safety. Survey and semistructured interview data were collected from 219 women living in six urban public housing estates in eastern Ontario. Both disorder and neighborhood satisfaction have a moderately strong impact on perceptions of insecurity, whereas prior victimization is a negligible factor. One conclusion is that improving services (e.g., removing garbage, graffiti, vandalized items) may reduce fear as much as reducing crime.
Public Housing and Domestic Violence
Authors: RAPHAEL JODY
Published: May 2004

Emerging data reveal a high prevalence of domestic violence in public housing complexes. Although there is more domestic violence in lower income households, it is likely that the density in public housing—huge numbers of low-income persons living in close proximity to one another—contributes to these prevalence rates due to the high degree of disorder, documented lack of police response, and resultant low morale. In light of the many ways in which the environment of public housing complexes contributes to the prevalence of domestic violence, efforts to reduce density and to envision better ways to provide housing support for low-income women are essential.
Reflections on the Reproduction and Transformation of Gender Differences Among Women in the Shelter Movement in Germany
Authors: BRÜCKNER MARGRIT
Published: May 2004

The origins of autonomous women's support projects in Germany lie in feminist challenges to notions of women's inferiority and the desire to protest male violence and abuse. The early visions and ways of working involved an idealization of women and their abilities to create nonhierarchical and egalitarian structures. This article explores the contradictions inherent in this model and the tensions it has produced in conjunction with the challenges of funding by the state and moves toward professionalization.
Risk Factors for Physical Injury Among Women Assaulted by Current or Former Spouses
Authors: THOMPSON MARTIE P. , SALTZMAN LINDA E. , JOHNSON HOLLY
Published: May 2004

This study examined risk factors for physical injuries resulting from partner violence using data from the Canadian Violence Against Women Survey. Multivariate results indicated that experiencing violence before the union, having a partner who was drinking at the time of the assault, having children who witnessed the assault, experiencing previous violence by the same partner, fearing one's life was in danger, and experiencing high levels of emotional abuse were related to an increased risk of both minor and severe injuries. Both models had good predictive value: 80% concordance rate when predicting minor injuries and 90% concordance rate when predicting severe injuries. Knowledge of a woman's status on these risk factors would allow public health practitioners to intervene with battered women more effectively to prevent injuries.
Attitudes Toward Marital Violence
Authors: YOSHIOKA MARIANNE R. , DiNOIA JENNIFER , ULLAH KOMAL
Published: May 2004

This article examines wife abuse attitudes among a sample of 507 Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Cambodian adults living in the United States. The findings show that 24% to 36% of the sample agreed that violence is justified in certain situations such as a wife's sexual infidelity, her nagging, or her refusal to cook or clean. Southeast Asian respondents were more supportive of attitudes supporting male privilege and of the use of violence in specific situations in comparison with the East Asian respondents. Korean respondents were unique in their relatively weak endorsements of violence in contrast to the remaining three groups studied.
“Marriage is Half of Faith and the Rest is Fear Allah”
Authors: HASSOUNEH-PHILLIPS DENA SAADAT
Published: May 2004

Understanding the problem of woman abuse requires attention to the cultural context in which it occurs. American Muslim women are a group whose culturally specific experiences of abuse in families have remained largely unstudied. To address this gap in knowledge, this study examined the cultural context of abuse among American Muslim women using an interpretive approach. This article examines culturally specific marriage practices and the ways that these practices interwine with women's abuse experiences. Findings indicate that American Muslim women's marriage practices are distinctly different from dominant American practices and that these practices significantly shape abuse experiences over time.
Equality and the Truth of Brahma
Authors: KAPUR NAINA
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the need to revive the tool of equality for more effective decision making in cases of violence against women in India, and suggests that feminists and judicial decision makers need to adopt attitudinal shifts. It begins with a living model of equality at the grassroots level and moves to the theoretical premise of substantive equality provided by the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). The third part looks at Project Equality—designed and delivered by Sakshi, a Delhi-based nongovernment organization (NGO) in the Asia-Pacific region—which illustrates how collaborative and inclusive education between NGOs and judges can better equip judges for effective decision making in women's rights cases. Finally, the article concludes with the impact that a shift from scientific to rights-based judicial decision making can have for women in situations of violence.
Achieving Successful Collaboration in the Evaluation of Sexual Assault Prevention Programs
Authors: SHAPIRO DEBORAH L. , RINALDI ALICIA
Published: May 2004

This article summarizes the collaborative evaluation of a sexual assault prevention education program. First, an overview of collaborative evaluation is provided, followed by a description of one program in which successful collaboration between a prevention educator and an evaluation consultant was achieved. Finally, the lessons that the collaborators learned are used to make recommendations for collaboration in the field of sexual assault prevention. Although additional time and personal commitment are required for true collaborative evaluation to take place, the benefits make such commitment worthwhile.
Violence, Injury, and Presentation Patterns in Spousal Sexual Assaults
Authors: STERMAC LANA , BOVE GIANNETTA DEL , ADDISON MARY
Published: May 2004

This study examined the nature and extent of coercion, violence, and physical injury among victims of sexual assaults committed by spouses(n = 97) and compared these to sexual assaults committed by boyfriends (n = 256) and acquaintances (n = 194). The results of the study reveal that women assaulted by spouses reported for treatment sooner than other groups of women and were more likely to call the police. Although assaults committed by spouse and boyfriend assailants were generally more physically violent and resulted in more victim injury than assaults by acquaintances, an overall linear relationship between variables and the degree of victim-perpetrator familiarity was not found. These results challenge the enduring stereotypes suggesting spousal sexual assaults are less serious and less violent.
Control and the Dalkon Shield
Authors: BAKER LISA
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes how medical and scientific discourses surrounding the Dalkon Shield legitimized and authorized the punishment and control of women's bodies. Women who used, or were targeted as potential users of, the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device were judged according to normative constructions of sex, hegemonic heterosexuality, and race. Eugenics and population control discourses were significant in classifying particular women as inferior and abnormal. Via pathologizing discourses and practices, the reproduction and sexual capacities of women, as a sexed group, were targeted and disciplined.
The Relationship Between Parents' Violence Against Daughters and Violence by Other Perpetrators
Authors: ROMITO PATRIZIA , SAUREL-CUBIZOLLES MARIE-JOSÈPHE , CRISMA MICAELA
Published: May 2004

This article examines the links between violence perpetrated by parents and subsequent victimization in a sample of 510 Italian women attending different health and social services, using both quantitative and qualitative data. Almost one quarter of the respondents reported some kind of abuse by one or both parents, fathers' violence being more common than mothers'; 9.6% had suffered subsequent sexual violence, and 18.2% had experienced partner violence. Violence by one or both parents during childhood—especially mothers' violence—was associated with an increased risk of suffering from sexual violence and from partner violence.
Impulsive, But Violent?
Authors: THERIAULT STEPHEN W. , HOLMBERG DIANE
Published: May 2004

Links between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and relationship aggression were explored in 157 college students. ADHD and comorbid disorders, such as conduct disorder (CD), were small but significant predictors of both physical and sexual aggression in relationships. The role of pragmatic language difficulties was also investigated. Verbal impulsivity—a tendency to blurt out thoughts and interrupt others—predicted relationships aggression. Once verbal impulsivity had been accounted for, ADHD and CD symptons were no longer significant predictors, suggesting that verbal impulsivity and an inability to successfully negotiate relationship difficulties might account for the ADHD-relationship aggression link.
Asymptotic Justice
Authors: Ames Lynda J. , Dunham Katherine T.
Published: May 2004

Justice is a difficult proposition for much intimate partner violence. The criminal justice system has often been reluctant to protect abused women and very reluctant to punish abusers. The authors report here on how probation, as one alternative outcome of criminal prosecution, can approximate justice for some victims and can keep some victims safer. Sentencing abusers to probation is more likely than jail and is often better for victims than releasing offenders withoutsupervision. Although this sentence will not end violence, it can come close, especially over time, to achieving some justice.
Missing Voices
Authors: Fleury Ruth E.
Published: May 2004

Many survivors of intimate partner violence turn to the criminal legal system for help in ending the violence against them. An increasing amount of research has focused on how the system ought to handle these cases. But, with few exceptions, the existing research has not examined survivors'satisfaction with the criminal legal system. The current research explored intimate partner violence survivors' patterns of satisfaction with the criminal legal system response. Survivors from three sites were interviewed after a domestic violence-related court case closed. Cluster analysis revealed four patterns of satisfaction with multiple components of the criminal legal system. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate an ecological model predicting cluster membership. Characteristics of the survivor and assailant, the criminal legal system response, and women's perceived control over this response were all related to satisfaction. Implications for improving the criminal legal system response to survivors of intimate partner violence are discussed.
The Effects of Batterer Intervention Programs
Authors: Gregory Carol , Erez Edna
Published: May 2004

This article presents the perspectives of battered women, whose partners have been court-ordered to participate in a batterer intervention program, on the program's effects on their partners, themselves, and their families. Through in-depth interviews, 33 women described their experiences, expectations, and feelings before, during, and after their partner participated in the program. The interviewees also discussed the impact of the program on their batterers'behavior and on their own lives. The study sheds light on the effects of program participation on batterers' behavior and the way in which referral and programparticipation affect their female partners. The results underscore the value of incorporating battered women's perspectives and experiences in evaluating the effects of battererintervention programs and designing their service delivery.
Wife Abuse Among a Sample of Divorced Women in Botswana
Authors: Maundeni Tapologo
Published: May 2004

Abuse of women in Botswana is widespread, but for many years it has received little attention. Based on interviews with 19 divorced women in Botswana who had experienced abuse during the course of their marriages, this article explores their perceptions of the abuse. Specifically, two major themes that dominated women's accounts are discussed: how women explained the abuse and the social factors that constrained them from leaving. Findings reported in this article are drawn from interviews with divorced mothers that the author conducted for a study of children's experiences of divorce in Botswana. The study was guided largely by the social-constructionist approach as well as the feminist perspective. Wife abuse was a common experience for most mothers in the study, and they had stayed in abusive marriages for many years. The article concludes by highlighting current responses to the problem of wife abuse and future challenges.
The Definitional Process of Domestic Violence in Japan
Authors: Yoshihama Mieko
Published: May 2004

Recognition of a phenomenon as a social problem and subsequent social mobilization are critical to the development of social policy and services to address it. Action-oriented research projects on domestic violence conducted by grassroots organizations have played an important role in shaping public discourse on the issue in Japan. This article examines the process by which domestic violence came to be recognized as a social problem in Japan, particularly highlighting the role of action-oriented research and the use of international mechanisms such as the United Nations conferences in raising public awareness and instigating changes in national policy.
Violence Against Immigrant Women
Authors: Raj Anita , Silverman Jay
Published: May 2004

Intimate partner violence against immigrant women is at epidemic proportions, but research has only recently begun to address the concern. A review of the legal, medical, and social science research literature reveals little data, but that which exist demonstrate that immigrant women's cultures, contexts, and legal status (a) increase vulnerability for abuse, (b) are used by batterers to control and abuse immigrant women, and (c) create barriers to women seeking and receiving help. Data also reveal that immigrant culture and context offer resiliency factors through which programs and policy can be used to better serve these populations.