bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculated Risks
Authors: Rodricks Joseph V.
Published: December 2009

Safeguarding economic prosperity, whilst protecting human health and the environment, is at the forefront of scientific and public interest. This book provides a practical and balanced view on toxicology, control, risk assessment and risk management, addressing the interplay between science and public health policy. This revised edition provides a detailed analysis on chemical and by-product exposure, how they enter the body and the suitability of imposed safety limits. Chapters on dose, with particular emphasis on children and vulnerable subpopulations, reproductive and developmental toxicants and toxicity testing are included. With updated and comprehensive coverage of international developments of risk management and safety, this will have broad appeal to researchers and professionals involved in chemical safety and regulation as well as the general reader interested in environmental pollution and public health.
Radiation in the Atmosphere
Authors: Zdunkowski Wilford , Trautmann Thomas , Bott Andreas
Published: December 2009

This book presents the theory and applications of radiative transfer in the atmosphere. It is written for graduate students and researchers in the fields of meteorology and related sciences. The book begins with important basic definitions of the radiative transfer theory. It presents the hydrodynamic derivation of the radiative transfer equation and the principles of variance. The authors examine in detail various quasi-exact solutions of the radiative transfer equation and give a thorough treatment of the radiative perturbation theory. A rigorous treatment of Mie scattering is given, including Rayleigh scattering as a special case, and the important efficiency factors for extinction, scattering and absorption are derived. The fundamentals of remote sensing applications of radiative transfer are presented. Problems of varying degrees of difficulty are included at the end of each chapter, so readers can further their understanding of the materials covered in the book.
Climate Change in Prehistory
Authors: Burroughs William James
Published: December 2009

How did humankind deal with the extreme challenges of the last Ice Age? How have the relatively benign post-Ice Age conditions affected the evolution and spread of humanity across the globe? By setting our genetic history in the context of climate change during prehistory, the origin of many features of our modern world are identified and presented in this illuminating book. It reviews the aspects of our physiology and intellectual development that have been influenced by climatic factors, and how features of our lives - diet, language and the domestication of animals - are also the product of the climate in which we evolved. In short: climate change in prehistory has in many ways made us what we are today. Climate Change in Prehistory weaves together studies of the climate with anthropological, archaeological and historical studies, and will fascinate all those interested in the effects of climate on human development and history.
Seabed Fluid Flow
Authors: Judd Alan , Hovland Martin
Published: December 2009

Seabed fluid flow involves the flow of gases and liquids through the seabed. Such fluids have been found to leak through the seabed into the marine environment in seas and oceans around the world - from the coasts to deep ocean trenches. This geological phenomenon has widespread implications for the sub-seabed, seabed, and marine environments. Seabed fluid flow affects seabed morphology, mineralization, and benthic ecology. Natural fluid emissions also have a significant impact on the composition of the oceans and atmosphere; and gas hydrates and hydrothermal minerals are potential future resources. This book describes seabed fluid flow features and processes, and demonstrates their importance to human activities and natural environments. It is targeted at research scientists and professionals with interests in the marine environment. Colour versions of many of the illustrations, and additional material - most notably feature location maps - can be found at www.cambridge.org/9780521819503.
From Luminous Hot Stars to Starburst Galaxies
Authors: Conti Peter S. , Crowther Paul A. , Leitherer Claus
Published: December 2009

Luminous hot stars represent the extreme upper mass end of normal stellar evolution. Before exploding as supernovae, they live out their lives of a few million years with prodigious outputs of radiation and stellar winds, dramatically affecting both their evolution and environments. A detailed introduction to the topic, this book connects the astrophysics of massive stars with the extremes of galaxy evolution represented by starburst phenomena. A thorough discussion of the physical and wind parameters of massive stars is presented. HII galaxies, their connection to starburst galaxies, and the contribution of starburst phenomena to galaxy evolution through superwinds, are explored. The book concludes with the wider cosmological implications, including Population III stars, Lyman break galaxies and gamma-ray bursts, for each of which massive stars are believed to play a crucial role. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in astrophysics interested in luminous hot stars and galaxy evolution.
Stargazing Basics
Authors: Kinzer Paul E.
Published: December 2009

How do I get started in astronomy? Should I buy binoculars or a telescope? What can I expect to see? This wonderful informal guide to astronomy has all the information an absolute beginner needs to get started. It explains the basic techniques and equipment you need for exploring the night sky, from observing with the naked eye to using binoculars and telescopes. It then takes you on a tour of the night sky, covering the Moon, Sun, stars, planets, and more. The book gives sound advice on purchasing affordable binoculars, telescopes, and accessories, and is illustrated with photos taken by the author, showing how objects in the sky actually look through modest amateur equipment. Whether you are a parent thinking of buying a telescope for your children, or a newcomer yourself, this book has all you need to know to take the first steps into the fascinating world of astronomy.
Principles of Embedded Networked Systems Design
Authors: Pottie Gregory J. , Kaiser William J.
Published: December 2009

Embedded network systems (ENS) provide a set of technologies that can link the physical world to large-scale networks in applications such as monitoring of borders, infrastructure, health, the environment, automated production, supply chains, homes and places of business. This book details the fundamentals for this interdisciplinary and fast-moving field. The book begins with mathematical foundations and the relevant background topics in signal propagation, sensors, detection and estimation theory, and communications. Key component technologies in ENS are discussed: synchronization and position localization, energy and data management, actuation, and node architecture. Ethical, legal and social implications are addressed. The final chapter summarizes some of the lessons learned in producing multiple ENS generations. A focus on fundamental principles together with extensive examples and problem sets make this text ideal for use on graduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science. It will also appeal to engineers involved in the design of ENS.
Real Science
Authors: Ziman John
Published: December 2009

Scientists and 'anti-scientists' alike need a more realistic image of science. The traditional mode of research, academic science, is not just a 'method': it is a distinctive culture, whose members win esteem and employment by making public their findings. Fierce competition for credibility is strictly regulated by established practices such as peer review. Highly specialized international communities of independent experts form spontaneously and generate the type of knowledge we call 'scientific' - systematic, theoretical, empirically-tested, quantitative, and so on. Ziman shows that these familiar 'philosophical' features of scientific knowledge are inseparable from the ordinary cognitive capabilities and peculiar social relationships of its producers. This wide-angled close-up of the natural and human sciences recognizes their unique value, whilst revealing the limits of their rationality, reliability, and universal applicability. It also shows how, for better or worse, the new 'post-academic' research culture of teamwork, accountability, etc. is changing these supposedly eternal philosophical characteristics.
Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds
Authors: Liebman Matt , Mohler Charles L. , Staver Charles P.
Published: December 2009

Concerns over environmental and human health impacts of conventional weed management practices, herbicide resistance in weeds, and rising costs of crop production and protection have led agricultural producers and scientists in many countries to seek strategies that take greater advantage of ecological processes and thereby allow a reduction in herbicide use. This book provides principles and practices for ecologically based weed management in a wide range of temperate and tropical farming systems. After examining weed life histories and processes determining the assembly of weed communities, the authors describe how tillage and cultivation practices, manipulations of soil conditions, competitive cultivars, crop diversification, grazing livestock, arthropod and microbial biocontrol agents, and other factors can be used to reduce weed germination, growth, competitive ability, reproduction and dispersal. Special attention is given to the evolutionary challenges that weeds pose and the roles that farmers can play in the development of new weed-management strategies.
Primate Dentition
Authors: Swindler Daris R.
Published: December 2009

Primate dentitions vary widely both between genera and between species within a genus. This book is a comparative dental anatomy of the teeth of living non-human primates that brings together information from many disciplines to present the most useful and comprehensive database possible in one consolidated text. The core of the book consists of comparative morphological and metrical descriptions with analyses, reference tables and illustrations of the permanent dentitions of 85 living primate species to establish a baseline for future investigations. The book also includes information on dental microstructure and its importance in understanding taxonomic relationships between species, data on deciduous dentitions, prenatal dental development and ontogenetic processes, and material to aid age estimation and life history studies. Primate Dentition will be an important reference work for researchers in primatology, dental and physical anthropology, comparative anatomy and dentistry as well as vertebrate paleontology and veterinary science.
The Biology of Apples and Pears
Authors: Jackson John E.
Published: December 2009

Biology of Apples and Pears is a comprehensive reference book on all aspects of pomology at the organ, tree and orchard level. It provides detailed information on propagation, root and shoot growth, root stock effects, canopy development in relation to orchard design, flowering, pollination, fruit set, fruit growth, fruit quality factors and quality retention in store. It also deals with mineral nutrition, water-relations and irrigation, diseases and pests and biotechnology. The book emphasises the scientific basis of modern tree and orchard management and fruit storage. It describes key cultivar differences and their physiology and genetics and environmental effects and cultivar x environment interactions in tropical and sub-tropical as well as temperate zone conditions. It is written for fruit growers, extension workers, plant breeders, biotechnologists and storage and crop protection specialists as well as for researchers and students of pomology and horticulture.
Heights in Diophantine Geometry
Authors: Bombieri Enrico , Gubler Walter
Published: December 2009

Diophantine geometry has been studied by number theorists for thousands of years, since the time of Pythagoras, and has continued to be a rich area of ideas such as Fermat's Last Theorem, and most recently the ABC conjecture. This monograph is a bridge between the classical theory and modern approach via arithmetic geometry. The authors provide a clear path through the subject for graduate students and researchers. They have re-examined many results and much of the literature, and give a thorough account of several topics at a level not seen before in book form. The treatment is largely self-contained, with proofs given in full detail. Many results appear here for the first time. The book concludes with a comprehensive bibliography. It is destined to be a definitive reference on modern diophantine geometry, bringing a new standard of rigor and elegance to the field.
Fixed Point Theory and Applications
Authors: Agarwal Ravi P. , Meehan Maria , O'Regan Donal
Published: December 2009

This book provides a clear exposition of the flourishing field of fixed point theory. Starting from the basics of Banach's contraction theorem, most of the main results and techniques are developed: fixed point results are established for several classes of maps and the three main approaches to establishing continuation principles are presented. The theory is applied to many areas of interest in analysis. Topological considerations play a crucial role, including a final chapter on the relationship with degree theory. Researchers and graduate students in applicable analysis will find this to be a useful survey of the fundamental principles of the subject. The very extensive bibliography and close to 100 exercises mean that it can be used both as a text and as a comprehensive reference work, currently the only one of its type.
Second Order Partial Differential Equations in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Da Prato Giuseppe , Zabczyk Jerzy
Published: December 2009

Second order linear parabolic and elliptic equations arise frequently in mathematics and other disciplines. For example parabolic equations are to be found in statistical mechanics and solid state theory, their infinite dimensional counterparts are important in fluid mechanics, mathematical finance and population biology, whereas nonlinear parabolic equations arise in control theory. Here the authors present a state of the art treatment of the subject from a new perspective. The main tools used are probability measures in Hilbert and Banach spaces and stochastic evolution equations. There is then a discussion of how the results in the book can be applied to control theory. This area is developing very rapidly and there are numerous notes and references that point the reader to more specialised results not covered in the book. Coverage of some essential background material will help make the book self-contained and increase its appeal to those entering the subject.
Medical Writing
Authors: Goodman Neville W. , Edwards Martin B. , Black Andy
Published: December 2009

Effective communication is the ultimate, but often daunting, purpose of any piece of medical research. Medical Writing: A Prescription for Clarity provides practical information enabling first drafts to be turned into clear, simple, unambiguous text, without loss of individuality. Written by a medical consultant and an experienced medical editor, it is sympathetic to the problems and needs of medical writers. Like the preceding two editions, this expanded third edition deals with the basic craft of writing for publication, from spelling and grammar to choosing the best word or phrase. Whether writing a simple clinical report or thesis, wanting to supervise others, or wanting just to develop greater skill in effective writing, this book is the ideal guide and reference. Clear, simple and precise, and illustrated with apt cartoons, this is an invaluable handbook.
A Clinical Guide to Inherited Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Clarke Joe T. R.
Published: December 2009

This user-friendly clinical handbook provides a clear and concise overview of how to go about recognizing and diagnosing inherited metabolic diseases. The reader is led through the diagnostic process from the identification of those features of an illness suggesting that it might be metabolic through the selection of appropriate laboratory investigation to a final diagnosis. The book is organized into chapters according to the most prominent presenting problem of patients with inherited metabolic diseases: neurologic, hepatic, cardiac, metabolic acidosis, dysmorphism, and acute catastrophic illness in the newborn. It also includes chapters on general principles, laboratory investigation, neonatal screening, and the principles of treatment. This new edition includes much greater depth on mitochondrial disease and congenital disorders of glycosylation. The chapters on neurological syndrome and newborn screening are greatly expanded, as are those on laboratory investigation and treatment, to take account of the very latest technological developments.
The Medico-Legal Back: An Illustrated Guide
Authors: Dickson Robert A. , Butt W. Paul
Published: December 2009

Back pain and back injury is an extremely common problem, producing chronic, debilitating symptoms for sufferers, and resulting in millions of pounds of lost revenue in absence from work and paid in compensation for spinal injuries. Originally published in 2004, The Medico-Legal Back addresses the problem for a legal readership, in a clear, concise and reader-friendly style. It does away with the need to search for and then extract complex information from many different sources, and as such will be an indispensable guide to the problem for all lawyers, judges and medico-legal experts, as well as being of value to the orthopaedic surgeon with an interest in the spine. Of particular value is the use throughout the book of analogies drawn on anatomical technicalities and common movements, situations and incidents of everyday life.
Ethics and Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Goodman Kenneth W.
Published: December 2009

The growth of evidence-based medicine has occurred against a backdrop of health care reform, managed care, cost containment and quality improvement, and clinicians have been urged to adopt the rigours of science while remaining true to their 'clinical judgement'. This tension - between efforts to make medical practice more scientific and the suspicions of many clinicians - has caused one of the greatest practical and ethical challenges in the history of the health professions. This incisive book reviews the history and conceptual origins of evidence-based practice, and discusses key ethical issues that arise in clinical practice, public health and health policy. Essential reading for all physicians, and practitioners in epidemiology and public health, it will also be suitable as a text in medical and public health school courses on evidence-based practice.
The Economics of Cancer Care
Authors: Bosanquet Nicholas , Sikora Karol
Published: December 2009

This 2006 book examines the interaction of economics and the delivery of cancer care in the global context. It analyses the causes of tension between those paying for care, those providing the care and those marketing drugs and devices. The concept and requirement for rationing is examined in different economic environments. As cancer increases in incidence and prevalence, the economics of providing care becomes a more important subject than ever before. Written by a leading health economist and oncologist, this was the first comprehensive book on the economics of cancer care continues to be of interest to health professionals and policy makers alike.
Global Bioethics, edited by H. Tristram EngelhardtJr. Salem, MA: M & M Scrivener Press, 2006.
Authors: Trotter Griffin
Published: December 2009

Readers are invited to contact Greg S. Loeben in writing at Midwestern University, Glendale Campus, Bioethics Program, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308 (gloebe@midwestern.edu) regarding books they would like to see reviewed or books they are interested in reviewing.
Saturn's equinoctial auroras
Authors: Nichols J. D. , Badman S. V. , Bunce E. J. , Clarke J. T. , Cowley S. W. H. , Crary F. J. , Dougherty M. K. , Gérard J.‐C. , Grodent D. , Hansen K. C. , Kurth W. S. , Mitchell D. G. , Pryor W. R. , Stallard T. S. , Talboys D. L. , Wannawichian S.
Published: December 2009

We present the first images of Saturn's conjugate equinoctial auroras, obtained in early 2009 using the Hubble Space Telescope. We show that the radius of the northern auroral oval is ∼1.5° smaller than the southern, indicating that Saturn's polar ionospheric magnetic field, measured for the first time in the ionosphere, is ∼17% larger in the north than the south. Despite this, the total emitted UV power is on average ∼17% larger in the north than the south, suggesting that field‐aligned currents (FACs) are responsible for the emission. Finally, we show that individual auroral features can exhibit distinct hemispheric asymmetries. These observations will provide important context for Cassini observations as Saturn moves from southern to northern summer.
Phase-sensitive terahertz spectroscopy with backward-wave oscillators in reflection mode
Authors: Pronin A. V. , Goncharov Yu. G. , Fischer T. , Wosnitza J.
Published: December 2009

In this article we describe a method which allows accurate measurements of the complex reflection coefficient r̂=|r̂|⋅exp(iφR) of a solid at frequencies of 1–50 cm−1 (30 GHz–1.5 THz). Backward-wave oscillators are used as sources for monochromatic coherent radiation tunable in frequency. The amplitude of the complex reflection (the reflectivity) is measured in a standard way, while the phase shift, introduced by the reflection from the sample surface, is measured using a Michelson interferometer. This method is particular useful for nontransparent samples, where phase-sensitive transmission measurements are not possible. The method requires no Kramers–Kronig transformation in order to extract the sample’s electrodynamic properties (such as the complex dielectric function or complex conductivity). Another area of application of this method is the study of magnetic materials with complex dynamic permeabilities different from unity at the measurement frequencies (for example, colossal-magnetoresistance materials and metamaterials). Measuring both the phase-sensitive transmission and the phase-sensitive reflection allows for a straightforward model-independent determination of the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of such materials.
Why nitrogen cannot lead to p-type conductivity in ZnO
Authors: Lyons J. L. , Janotti A. , Van de Walle C. G.
Published: December 2009

Based on electronic structure and atomic size considerations, nitrogen has been regarded as the most suitable impurity for p-type doping in ZnO. However, numerous experimental efforts by many different groups have not resulted in stable and reproducible p-type material, casting doubt on the efficacy of nitrogen as a shallow acceptor. Based on advanced first-principles calculations we find that nitrogen is actually a deep acceptor, with an exceedingly high ionization energy of 1.3 eV, and hence cannot lead to hole conductivity in ZnO. In light of this result, we reexamine prior experiments on nitrogen doping of ZnO.
Quasistatic force and torque on a spherical particle under generalized dielectrophoresis in the vicinity of walls
Authors: Lo Y. J. , Lei U.
Published: December 2009

Quasistatic force and torque were derived on a spherical particle with radius R at a distance h next to a wall, or to the closer wall for case between two parallel walls, under generalized dielectrophoresis using effective moment approach and image method. The wall effect is minor for electrorotation and traveling wave dielectrophoresis but is significant for conventional dielectrophoresis when (L/h)(R/2h)3≥O(1), which is validated via the calculation using the Maxwell stress tensor method. Here L is the length scale of the electric field. The results can be applied in the study of cell manipulation and characterization in microfluidic devices.
Revalidation
Authors: Price Chris , Simon Chantal
Published: December 2009

Revalidation for general practitioners is about to become a reality. It is envisaged that the process will be live within 18 months and that GPs should already be accumulating evidence for use in the process. For many GPs the purpose of, and the process for, revalidation is shrouded in mystery.
A User-Friendly Method to Isolate and Single Spore the Fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Magnaporthe grisea Obtained from Diseased Field Samples
Authors: Jia Yulin
Published: December 2009

Although M. oryzae has been studied under extensively for several decades worldwide, descriptions of methods for efficient single spore isolation from diseased leaves from the field are not available. The ability to isolate the fungus from field samples is essential for specialists around the globe to study M. oryzae. The objective of this study was to develop a user-friendly method to isolate and evaluate M. oryzae from field samples.

Accepted for publication 30 September 2009. Published 15 December 2009.
Phylogeography and marine retention
Authors: Small Scott T. , Wares John P.
Published: December 2009

A number of studies now point to the association of patterns of phylogeography with discontinuities in coastal current patterns. If such phylogeographic patterns are indicative of populations that retain local diversity, as has been predicted by recent modelling, such results may be of use in marine reserve planning. Here we show that there is a distributional correlation on the Pacific coast of North America between marine reserve placement and phylogeographic patterns. A number of factors could contribute to this correlation, but its existence suggests the utility of genetic studies in marine conservation planning.
GSEVM v.2: MCMC software to analyze genetically structured environmental variance models
Authors: Ibáñez‐Escriche N. , Garcia M. , Sorensen D.
Published: December 2009

This note provides a description of software that allows to fit Bayesian genetically structured variance models using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The gsevm v.2 program was written in Fortran 90. The DOS and Unix executable programs, the user’s guide, and some example files are freely available for research purposes at http://www.bdporc.irta.es/estudis.jsp. The main feature of the program is to compute Monte Carlo estimates of marginal posterior distributions of parameters of interest. The program is quite flexible, allowing the user to fit a variety of linear models at the level of the mean and the logvariance.
Global Analysis of Predator–Prey System with Hawk and Dove Tactics
Authors: Wang X. , Wang W. , Zhang G.
Published: December 2009

Functional response of the Holling type II is incorporated into a predator–prey model with predators using hawk‐dove tactics to consider combination effects of nonlinear functional response and individual tactics. By mathematical analysis, it is shown that the model undergoes a sequence of bifurcations including saddle‐node bifurcation, supercritical Hopf bifurcation and homoclinic bifurcation. New phenomena are found that include the bistable coexistence of prey and predators in the form of a stable limit cycle and a stable positive equilibrium, the bistable coexistence of prey and predators in a large stable limit cycle that encloses three positive equilibria and a stable positive equilibrium within the cycle, and the bistable coexistence of two stable limit cycles.
The Lost Community? Public Housing and Social Capital in Santiago de Chile, 1985–2001
Authors: TIRONI MANUEL
Published: December 2009

Chile has achieved a dramatic reduction in material poverty since 1990, in part through a massive programme of state‐subsidized housing that has almost eliminated slums, especially in Santiago. Sceptics assert that the improvement in material conditions has been accompanied by a decline in the cohesion and quality of ‘community’ in poor neighbourhoods. This article challenges this assertion, using data from a 1985 survey conducted in poblaciones (i.e. public housing dating from the 1960s) and a 2001 survey conducted in newly built public housing or villas. In contrast to popular wisdom, these surveys suggest that villas score higher than poblaciones in most indicators of social capital analyzed. Finally, this article contends that in order to comprehend the relation between poverty, space and community, more networked and decentred analytical approaches are needed.

Le Chili est parvenu à une diminution drastique de la pauvreté matérielle depuis 1990, en partie grâce à un énorme programme de logements financés par l'État qui a quasiment éliminé les taudis, notamment à Santiago. Les sceptiques affirment que l'amélioration des conditions matérielles s'est accompagnée d'un recul de la cohésion et de la qualité de la «communauté» dans les quartiers pauvres. L'article conteste cette opinion en s'appuyant sur une enquête menée en 1985 dans les poblaciones (logements sociaux datant des années 1960) et sur une étude de 2001 réalisée dans les logements sociaux ou villas bâtis récemment. Allant à l'encontre de l'avis général, ces enquêtes suggèrent que les villas dépassent les poblaciones sur la plupart des indicateurs de capital social analysés. Pour finir, l'article avance que, pour comprendre la relation entre pauvreté, espace et communauté, il faut des approches analytiques plus interconnectées et décentrées.
Inflation Stabilisation with Durable Goods and Endogenous Time Preference*
Authors: MANSOORIAN ARMAN , MOHSIN MOHAMMED
Published: December 2009

We consider inflation stabilisation policies for a small open economy with an endogenous time preference when consumption exhibits durability. The time preference effect and the durability effect have competing influences on the adjustment of consumption expenditures, which will likely exhibit an initial boom followed by a recession. Further, inflation stabilisation leads to an increase in labour supply and a boom in investment and output. The country experiences a sharp deterioration in its net foreign asset position.
Depression, anxiety and body image after treatment for invasive stage one epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: BISSELING Karin C. H. M. , KONDALSAMY‐CHENNAKESAVAN Srinivas , BEKKERS Ruud L. M. , JANDA Monika , OBERMAIR Andreas
Published: December 2009

Background:  Diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in young women has major implications including those to their reproductive potential. We evaluated depression, anxiety and body image in patients with stage I EOC treated with fertility sparing surgery (FSS) or radical surgery (RS). We also investigated fertility outcomes after FSS.

Methods:  A retrospective study was undertaken in which 62 patients completed questionnaires related to anxiety, depression, body image and fertility outcomes. Additional information on adjuvant therapy after FSS and RS and demographic details were abstracted from medical records. Both bi‐ and multivariate regression models were used to assess the relationship between demographic, clinical and pathological results and scores for anxiety, depression and body image.

Results:  Thirty‐nine patients underwent RS and the rest, FSS. The percentage of patients reporting elevated anxiety and depression (subscores ≥ 11) were 27% and 5% respectively. The median (interquartile range) score for Body Image Scale (BIS) was 6 (3–15). None of the demographic or clinical factors examined showed significant association with anxiety and BIS with the exception of ‘time since diagnosis’. For depression, post‐menopausal status was the only independent predictor. Among those 23 patients treated by FSS, 14 patients tried to conceive (seven successful), resulting in seven live births, one termination of pregnancy and one miscarriage.

Conclusion:  This study shows that psychological issues are common in women treated for stage I EOC. Reproduction after FSS is feasible and led to the birth of healthy babies in about half of patients who wished to have another child. Further prospective studies with standardised instruments are required.
Diameter Assessment of the Third Ventricle with Transcranial Sonography in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Schminke Ulf , Lorenz Leif , Kirsch Michael , Von Sarnowski Bettina , Khaw Alexander V. , Kessler Christof , Dressel Alexander
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Diameter measurement of the third ventricle with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and recently also with transcranial sonography (TCS) has emerged as a surrogate marker for brain atrophy and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aims to evaluate TCS measurements of the third ventricle diameter in a clinical routine setting against MRI.

METHODS

Transverse diameters of the third ventricle were determined in 27 MS patients using both, TCS and MRI. In TCS, the distance between the leading edges of the brain‐ventricle interfaces was assessed in axial image planes. In MRI, the transverse diameter of the mid‐portion of the third ventricle was measured on axial T1‐weighted images.

RESULTS

The mean diameter of the third ventricle was 4.0 mm (SD 1.7 mm), when measured with MRI, and 4.4 mm (SD 1.7 mm), when measured with TCS. The 95% limits of agreement of the Bland‐Altman Plot were 2.93 mm (95% CI 2.08 to 3.78 mm) and −2.23 mm (95%CI −3.08 to −1.38 mm). Pearson correlation coefficient was .71 (P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

TCS may appear suitable as screening examination for the extent of brain atrophy at a single‐point study, but at least in the early stages of the disease, TCS is not useful to monitor disease progression.

J Neuroimaging 2010;20:53‐57.
Modelling of Drug Disposition Kinetics inIn VitroIntestinal Absorption Cell Models
Authors: Heikkinen Aki T. , Korjamo Timo , Mönkkönen Jukka
Published: December 2009

Abstract: One major prerequisite for an orally administered drug is the ability to cross the intestinal epithelia from intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. Therefore, the absorption potential of molecules is studied early on during the drug development process. Permeation experiments using cultured cell monolayers are one of the most often applied methods to screen and also to predict in more detail the intestinal absorption potential of molecules in preclinical phase. Furthermore, these studies are also used to screen the molecules for transporter interactions as well as for more detailed mechanistic studies of the transfer routes involved. Several mathematical and computational models with complexity varying from simple non‐mechanistic single barrier models to mechanistically more detailed compartmental models have been developed to describe the drug disposition during thesein vitropermeation experiments. This MiniReview gives an overview of these models and their applications. Also the implications of these models to the prediction of intestinal absorptionin vivoare discussed.
Environmental monitoring of Vibrio cholerae using chironomids in India
Authors: Raz Nili , Danin‐Poleg Yael , Broza Yoav Y. , Arakawa Eiji , Ramakrishna Balakrishnan S. , Broza Meir , Kashi Yechezkel
Published: December 2009

Environmental Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to the non‐O1/non‐O139 serogroups are natural inhabitants of freshwater including estuarine environments. Recent findings indicated that chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae), the most widely distributed insects in freshwater, serve as a natural reservoir of these bacteria. Here we study the role of chironomids, particularly exuviae as carriers and as a monitoring tool for the distribution of V. cholerae in the environment. During a survey conducted in India (June 2006), 326 V. cholerae non‐O1/non‐O139 isolates were isolated from chironomid egg masses, larvae and exuviae. In addition, a heat‐stable enterotoxin (nag‐st) positive strain was isolated from exuviae during the local cholera outbreak. We identified 62 different strains in a subset of 102 isolates by analysis of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), demonstrating a high variation of V. cholerae on hosting chironomids. Our results show that chironomids can both maintain and distribute this overwhelming diversity of environmental V. cholerae strains, including toxigenic ones. Exuviae proved to be an efficient tool for the monitoring of environmental V. cholerae, offering simple, direct and practical access for on‐shore collection. Finally, finding toxigenic V. cholerae on chironomids in endemic areas, together with molecular typing, may potentially improve monitoring of cholera in the future.
Channeling Calcium: A Shared Mechanism for Exocytosis–Endocytosis Coupling
Authors: Vogel Steven S.
Published: December 2009

Exocytotic insertion of calcium channels can couple exocytosis with endocytosis.
U74389F, a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant, improves neoendothelial morphology, but not neointimal thickening after balloon catheter injuryThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue on Advances in Cardiovascular Research.
Authors: Murthy Subramanyam N. , Akers, Donald L. , Chen I-Li , Osgood, Thomas A. , Santiago Raphael , Fonseca Vivian A. , Kadowitz Philip J. , McNamara Dennis B.
Published: December 2009

U74389F is a compound in a family of 21-aminosteroids devoid of classical glucocorticoid action that inhibit lipid peroxidation. These compounds improve neurologic function and tissue survival after head or spinal cord injury. Dexamethasone inhibits development of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and improves attenuated nitric oxide (NO) production of the rabbit aorta subsequent to balloon catheter injury. We tested the hypothesis that U74389F is protective in a catheter-induced endothelial-denuded and arterial injury model. A 4-Fr Fogarty balloon (BALL) embolectomy catheter was passed through the thoracic aorta of New Zealand White rabbits treated with 15 mg/kg U74389F (LAZ) 2 days before and 1 week after injury. Animals were killed at 4 weeks after surgical intervention, and formation of IH was determined by calculating the intimal/medial ratio (I/M). The treatment groups of animals were injured untreated (BALL), injured treated (BALL/LAZ), uninjured treated (CONTROL/LAZ), and sham-operated treated (SHAM/LAZ). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that after injury lazaroid treatment produced an improvement of the neoendothelium (alignment in the direction of blood and fewer intercellular gaps) as compared with injured but untreated aortas. Relaxation to acetylcholine (NO formation) was impaired in aortic rings from catheterized animals; lazaroid treatment improved the relaxation to 10–6 mol/L acetylcholine but not to lower concentrations. I/M for SHAM/LAZ, BALL, and BALL/LAZ was 0.02 ± 0.02, 21.6 ± 1.6, and 17.2 ± 2.5, respectively; BALL vs. BALL/LAZ, p < 0.06. An increased contractile response to 120 mmol/L KCl was observed after lazaroid treatment. This is the first report of lazaroid-mediated improvement in the neoendothelial morphology, improved neoendothelial NO generation, and augmented hypopolarizing contractile response, but no attenuation in the development of IH.
TESTING FLAVOR SYMMETRIES BY B-FACTORY
Authors: ARAKI TAKESHI , KUBO JISUKE
Published: December 2009

The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) parameters are investigated in detail in recent predictive models which are based on low-energy non-Abelian discrete family symmetries. Some of the models can already be excluded at the present precision of the determination of the CKM parameters, while some of them seem to survive. We find that to make the uncertainties of the theoretical values comparable with the assumed uncertainties of ~1° and ~2° in ϕ2(α) and ϕ3(γ), respectively, at about 50 inverse atto barn achieved at a future B factory, it is necessary to reduce the uncertainties in the quark masses, especially that of the strange quark mass by more than 60%.
Tourette Syndrome and Klippel-Feil Anomaly in a Child with Chromosome 22q11 Duplication
Authors: Clarke Raymond A. , Fang Zhi Ming , Diwan Ashish D. , Gilbert Donald L.
Published: December 2009

This is the first case description of the association of Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS), Tourette Syndrome (TS), Motor Stereotypies, and Obsessive Compulsive Behavior, with chromosome 22q11.2 Duplication Syndrome (22q11DupS). Neuropsychiatric symptoms in persons with 22q11.2 deletion, including obsessive compulsiveness, anxiety, hyperactivity, and one prior case report of TS, have been attributed to low copy number effects on Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT). However, the present unique case of 22q11DupS and TS suggests a more complex relationship involving another gene(s) at or near this locus.
Double Hopf Bifurcation with Strong Resonances in Delayed Systems with Nonlinerities
Authors: Xu J. , Chung K. W.
Published: December 2009

An efficient method is proposed to study delay‐induced strong resonant double Hopf bifurcation for nonlinear systems with time delay. As an illustration, the proposed method is employed to investigate the 1 : 2 double Hopf bifurcation in the van der Pol system with time delay. Dynamics arising from the bifurcation are classified qualitatively and expressed approximately in a closed form for either square or cubic nonlinearity. The results show that 1 : 2 resonance can lead to codimension‐three and codimension‐two bifurcations. The validity of analytical predictions is shown by their consistency with numerical simulations.
Treatment of Vascular Lesions of the Tongue with Nd:YAG Laser
Authors: Dias Coelho Joana , Serrão Vasco
Published: December 2009

The treatment of vascular lesions of the tongue is a very challenging procedure since the maintenance of the lingual tissue is of critical importance. Numerous treatment options have been described in literature but the Nd:YAG Laser appears to be one of the safest therapeutic options. We described a successful treatment of vascular lesions of the tongue with an excellent clinical result after only one treatment session with the Nd:YAG laser, with conservation of the lingual tissue and its functionality.
Proximal Sciatic Nerve Intraneural Ganglion Cyst
Authors: Swartz Karin R. , Wilson Dianne , Boland Michael , Fee Dominic B.
Published: December 2009

Intraneural ganglion cysts are nonneoplastic, mucinous cysts within the epineurium of peripheral nerves which usually involve the peroneal nerve at the knee. A 37-year-old female presented with progressive left buttock and posterior thigh pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a sciatic nerve mass at the sacral notch which was subsequently revealed to be an intraneural ganglion cyst. An intraneural ganglion cyst confined to the proximal sciatic nerve has only been reported once prior to 2009.
Anaerobic Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Pathways and Prospects
Authors: Foght Julia
Published: December 2009

Aromatic hydrocarbons contaminate many environments worldwide, and their removal often relies on microbial bioremediation. Whereas aerobic biodegradation has been well studied for decades, anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation is a nascent field undergoing rapid shifts in concept and scope. This review presents known metabolic pathways used by microbes to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons using various terminal electron acceptors; an outline of the few catabolic genes and enzymes currently characterized; and speculation about current and potential applications for anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Is Mediated by Leukocytic Toll-Like Receptor-2 and Reduced by Systemic Administration of a Novel Anti–Toll-Like Receptor-2 Antibody
Authors: Arslan Fatih , Smeets Mirjam B. , O'Neill Luke A.J. , Keogh Brian , McGuirk Peter , Timmers Leo , Tersteeg Claudia , Hoefer Imo E. , Doevendans Pieter A. , Pasterkamp Gerard , de Kleijn Dominique P.V.
Published: December 2009

Background—

Reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction is hampered by detrimental inflammatory responses partly via Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Targeting TLR signaling may optimize reperfusion therapy and enhance cell survival and heart function after myocardial infarction. Here, we evaluated the role of TLR2 as a therapeutic target using a novel monoclonal anti-TLR2 antibody.

Method and Results—

Mice underwent 30 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Compounds were administered 5 minutes before reperfusion. Cardiac function and dimensions were assessed at baseline and 28 days after infarction with 9.4-T mouse magnetic resonance imaging. Saline and IgG isotype treatment resulted in 34.5±3.3% and 31.4±2.7% infarction, respectively. Bone marrow transplantation experiments between wild-type and TLR2-null mice revealed that final infarct size is determined by circulating TLR2 expression. A single intravenous bolus injection of anti-TLR2 antibody reduced infarct size to 18.9±2.2% (
P
=0.001). Compared with saline-treated mice, anti-TLR2–treated mice exhibited less expansive remodeling (end-diastolic volume 68.2±2.5 versus 76.8±3.5 μL;
P
=0.046) and preserved systolic performance (ejection fraction 51.0±2.1% versus 39.9±2.2%,
P
=0.009; systolic wall thickening 3.3±6.0% versus 22.0±4.4%,
P
=0.038). Anti-TLR2 treatment significantly reduced neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte infiltration. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-10 were significantly reduced, as were phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase, phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and caspase 3/7 activity levels.

Conclusions—

Circulating TLR2 expression mediates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Antagonizing TLR2 just 5 minutes before reperfusion reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function and geometry. Anti-TLR2 therapy exerts its action by reducing leukocyte influx, cytokine production, and proapoptotic signaling. Hence, monoclonal anti-TLR2 antibody is a potential candidate as an adjunctive for reperfusion therapy in patients with myocardial infarction.
EEG-fMRI Fusion of Paradigm-Free Activity Using Kalman Filtering
Authors: Deneux Thomas , Faugeras Olivier
Published: December 2009

We address here the use of EEG and fMRI, and their combination, in order to estimate the full spatiotemporal patterns of activity on the cortical surface in the absence of any particular assumptions on this activity such as stimulation times. For handling such a high-dimension inverse problem, we propose the use of (1) a global forward model of how these measures are functions of the “neural activity” of a large number of sources distributed on the cortical surface, formalized as a dynamical system, and (2) adaptive filters, as a natural solution to solve this inverse problem iteratively along the temporal dimension. This estimation framework relies on realistic physiological models, uses EEG and fMRI in a symmetric manner, and takes into account both their temporal and spatial information. We use the Kalman filter and smoother to perform such an estimation on realistic artificial data and demonstrate that the algorithm can handle the high dimensionality of these data and that it succeeds in solving this inverse problem, combining efficiently the information provided by the two modalities (this information being naturally predominantly temporal for EEG and spatial for fMRI). It performs particularly well in reconstructing a random temporally and spatially smooth activity spread over the cortex. The Kalman filter and smoother show some limitations, however, which call for the development of more specific adaptive filters. First, they do not cope well with the strong nonlinearity in the model that is necessary for an adequate description of the relation between cortical electric activities and the metabolic demand responsible for fMRI signals. Second, they fail to estimate a sparse activity (i.e., presenting sharp peaks at specific locations and times). Finally their computational cost remains high. We use schematic examples to explain these limitations and propose further developments of our method to overcome them.