bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
America Latina en el Mundo-Uno
Authors: Cúneo Dardo
Published: March 2007

El mundo está haciendo caminos de revolución. El partido revolucionario de mayor actividad decisiva: el progreso tecnológico. A él se debe la ruptura de viejas escalas, la remoción de los estilos de vida, la ampliación de los horizontes del hombre en una medida que, acaso, sólo pudiera asociar como circunstancia afín el descubrimiento de América y de las rutas de circunnavegación. Estos años sorpresos de la década del 60 serán — ya lo están siendo — escenario de decisivos cambios en el desempeño cultural de los pueblos, en las relaciones de las naciones entre sí; y el significado de ellos no podrá ser definido, ni medido, como los criterios tradicionales pudieran haberlo hecho, porque, ahora, actúa, la remoción de los conceptos clásicos de espacio y tiempo. Su índole, su sentido y sus ritmos provienen, esencialmente, de las nuevas fuerzas tecnológicas desatadas por la segunda guerra mundial.
Viajeros Norteamericanos en el Pacifico Antes de 1825
Authors: Núñez Estuardo
Published: March 2007

Aunque las conexiones marítimas de los países latinoamericanos del Pacífico con los Estados Unidos sólo se intensifican desde comienzos del siglo XIX, dando lugar a las obras de Amasa Delano, David Porter y Samuel B. Johnston, no pueden soslayarse los comienzos de esas relaciones, cuanto más remotas más débiles en los albores del siglo XVIII.
Dos Palabras Sobre Historia Política y Social del Paraguay
Authors: Domingo Antonio Caceres L.
Published: March 2007

No es fácil escribir una historia política y social del Paraguay, país de compleja psicología, pero, naturalmente, al través de un minucioso estudio, pueden quedar totalmente aclarados sus facetas ideológicas, sociales y políticas. No pueden diferir demasiado nuestros criterios si todos pensáramos ciñéndonos a la lógica. Por desgracia no es muy intensa nuestra vocación por la lógica, frente a nuestros propósitos primarios de hacer influir y pesar nuestras personas y —por otro lado— ensalzar y descabezar ídolos. La demagogia siempre ofrece una ciencia más barata pero mil veces menos real. Con todo, digamos que la historia es un edificio al que no debemos despojarle de sus cimientos, pero sí colocarla al trasluz de una especie de “Rayos X” de la historia sin tomar “caballos de batalla” demagógicos. Pensamos hacer en esta obra un enfoque imparcial y analítico sin preconceptos que nos impongan un interés político.
Manaus, 1910: Portrait of a Boom Town
Authors: Bradford Burns E.
Published: March 2007

Boom and collapse characterized the history of the Brazilian rubber industry. Its rise and fall followed a pattern well established by dyewood, sugar, gold, diamonds, tobacco, cotton, and cacao. The story of these industries points out one of the major themes in Brazilian history: the recurrence of economic cycles during which one product of the soil dominates the development of the entire country or a large part of it. This cyclical development prompted the Brazilian economist J. F. Normano to conclude: “The history of Brazilian economy is a sensational record with amazing fluctuations. It is a history of the appearance and disappearance of entire industries.” A team of American economists sent to study the economy in the late forties concurred.
Estudios Rubendarianos: “No Hay Escuelas, Hay Poetas”
Authors: Balseiro José Agustín
Published: March 2007

Como Casi Todo grande y verdadero poeta, Rubén Darío es multiforme y ecléctico. Frecuentemente nos sorprende con su busca y con su hallazgo de numerosos caminos expresivos y estéticos.

Pronto, y con sutil sagacidad, lo adivinó así Juan Valera cuando, con sólo Azul a la vista, escribió la primera de sus dos Cartas publicadas en El Impartial de Madrid en octubre de 1888:

ni es usted romántico ni naturalista, ni neurótico, ni decadente, ni simbólico, ni parnasiano. Usted lo ha revuelto todo: lo ha puesto a cocer en el alambique de su cerebro, y ha sacado de ello una rara quintaesencia.

Con más ancha y abarcadura perspectiva ya, Arturo Marasso pudo afirmar después:

supo de todas ¡as escuelas, de todos los poetas, de pintores y músicos, de Grecia, de Roma, de la ciencia moderna y antigua, … Trajo a nuestra lengua una aleación rara y preciosa. Innovador como Garcilaso, en la métrica y el estilo, por la magnitud de su creación de su arte, dará, en la lírica castellana, nombre a una época.
The Agricultural Economy of Nicaragua
Authors: Winters Donald H.
Published: March 2007

Nicaragua has been, and will undoubtedly continue to be, primarily an agricultural country. Of the country's exports, agricultural and forestry products have consistently represented over 88% of the total value. One notable characteristic of Nicaraguan agriculture is its diversification, at least in respect to its other Central American neighbors. The expanded cotton and cottonseed exports since 1951, and the normally consistent exports of coffee are by far the most important agricultural products in terms of foreign exchange. In addition, four other commodities (sesame, cattle and meat, timber, and sugar) each yielded over a million dollars in foreign exchange during the years 1957 and 1958.
Mexico y las Corrientes Nacionalistas en América Latina
Authors: de Magis Marìa Elena Rodrìguez
Published: March 2007

El hombre moderno, con su sentido de progreso infinito, acuñó el principio del nacionalismo. Se trataba de un nacionalismo expansivo que debía forjar una sociedad fuerte que se convirtiera en la comprobación de la capacidad de todos y cada uno de sus miembros. Cuando el liberalismo trae a Latinoamérica todos los ideales de la Modernidad y el deseo de incorporarse a ella y planea el progreso de los distintos países, se dice que en este momento empieza a despertar en el continente la conciencia nacionalista. Durante todo el siglo XIX, sin embargo, este nacionalismo no pasó de ser una mera fórmula o ideal. El liberalismo latinoamericano que se expresa a través de diferentes partidos, al igual que su opositor, el conservadurismo, creó una seudoburguesía que encontró su mejor forma de desarrollo aliándose a los intereses occidentales, que en su proceso de expansión buscaban nuevos mercados.
The Mexican Indian: Image and Identity
Authors: Iwanska Alicja
Published: March 2007

In spite of the growing economic interdependence among contemporary nations, the rapid diffusion of knowledge among contemporary peoples about each other, and the existence of the United Nations, our times are characterized far more by flourishing of nationalism than by emerging internationalism. In fact, we have been experiencing the decline of universalistic thinking rather than its emergence. Great international organizations like the United Nations or the Common Market operate pragmatically rather than ideologically. We not only note with surprise the striking absence of new universalistic ideologies in those new international organizations, but we also observe rapid decline of the previously established universalistic ideologies like Catholicism and Marxism. Marxism began as, and remained for some time, truly international ideology.
El campo uruguayo a través de tres grandes novelistas: Acevedo Díaz, Javier de Viana y Carlos Reyles
Authors: Valdés Ildefonso Pereda
Published: March 2007

El campo ha sido y es el centro de interés de la narrativa uruguaya y seguirá siéndolo mientras la capital no complete su absorción y la narrativa se circunscriba al tema urbano, fenómeno difícil de predecir, dada la importancia geopolítica del campo en la vida uruguaya. En esta área importante de genuina creación cabe colocar desde las novelas de Acevedo Díaz, con excepción de Brenda de tema urbano, algunas novelas de Carlos Reyles: Beba, El terruño, y El gaucho florido, porque Reyles fue escritor urbano en La raza de Caín, hasta las novelas y cuentos de nuestros últimos narradores.
Students and the Political System of the University of Buenos Aires
Authors: Newton Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

The National University of Buenos Aires, the largest and for many years the most prestigious in Latin America, is today more commonly taken as the archetype of the political Latin American university—and the connotations of “political” are wholly pejorative. This notoriety may be due in part, as Kalman Silvert suggests, to the high visibility of the University, especially to touring North American newsmen. Nevertheless, as its numerous critics allege, there seems to be abundant evidence to link politics to the manifest disarray of the educational process: in the well-publicized brawls among contending student factions and confrontations between demonstrators and the police, student strikes in opposition to procedural reforms desirable on grounds of efficiency, the reputed “terrorization” of heterodox professors, several student homicides in recent years, the distressingly high incidence of abandonos (for it is assumed, erroneously, that many withdrawals from the University are motivated by disgust with its politics); student political behavior as in the abusive reception tendered W. W. Rostow by a student group in Economic Sciences in February 1965, may have international repercussions. Such depressing phenomena have led even temperate and knowledgeable observers to speak of the “failure” of the University, and to call for a thoroughgoing structural overhaul, conducive, among other things, to depoliticization.
Analysis of Real Growth and Wealth in the Latin American Republics
Authors: Teichert Pedro C. M.
Published: March 2007

The following study was prepared with the purpose in mind of exposing and clearing up some frequent confusion and misconceptions existing among Latin American experts about fundamental concepts of growth, standards of living, future potentialities, accumulated wealth, as well as inflationary problems in connection with the area's economic development.

There seems to exist some evidence that in the past few years too much has been written and said about Latin American economic development without the benefit of statistical data. Frequently the latter — when used at all — have been misinterpreted and unpleasant data were omitted with a consequent distortion of the truth. Writers in other disciplines have then built on these findings and further distortions of the Latin American picture have resulted. It also has become very fashionable to theorize and perhaps in that process to make up some facts that will fit the theory to be developed, generally the pet project of the investigator.
Les valeurs sociales influencent-elles favorablement la croissance économique?
Authors: Corten André
Published: March 2007

S'il faut entendre par valeurs ces conceptions générales qu'on a sur la science et la technique, sur le progrès ou sur l'innovation, ou ces dispositions plus générales encore vis-à-vis de l'univers physique ou humain, comme l'orientation vers l'avenir ou l'esprit prométhéen, il n'est en fait guère démontré qu'elles exercent une influence favorable sur la croissance économique. Sans aucun doute ces valeurs culturelles se retrouvent avec une fréquence remarquable dans les pays industrialisés. Mais la question est de savoir si dans les pays au seuil de la croissance, ces valeurs culturelles peuvent favoriser la croissance économique définie provisoirement comme un accroissement continu du produit global.
Ensayo sobre la Confederatión Perú-Boliviana: “El Crucismo”
Authors: Navarro Gustavo
Published: March 2007

Estudiando esta época que en la historia americana se llama “crucismo”, es rare que algún boliviano después de leer los documentos históricos sobre el Mariscal don Andrés Santa Cruz no se apasione. Investigando esta época que se llama “crucismo” se logra sin dificultad comprender lo que fue Bolivia, lo que quiso ser y lo que es ahora. Nuestras desgracias nos vienen desde esa etapa, por haber querido ser grandes y abatido las alas del cóndor andino, por no haber comprendido con cerebro la “Confederatión”, como no la comprendieron los adversaries del Mariscal Santa Cruz. Y no es temerario decir que nuestra expiatión como bolivianos nace desde la batalla de Yungay. Es curioso, por otra parte, que la mayoría de los bolivianos no conocen su propia historia y no se reconcilian espiritualmente, pensando que todas las cosas son transitorias y que los pueblos siguen a sus caudillos y se encarnan en ellos.
The Changing Role of the Military in Argentina
Authors: Potash Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The Argentine military emerged as a major political force with its overthrow of the Irigoyen government in September, 1930. It remains an active political force to this day. The role the military has played during this period has varied in terms of the specific objectives sought, the methods used, and the intensity of its action, but at no time did it cease to be a political force, at no time have the governing authorities whether military or civilian been able to discount its desires or demands. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the nature of the role the military played between 1930 and 1958 and to attempt an assessment of its more recent activities. As used in this paper, the term “military” will refer to the officers, active and retired, of the three armed services. The oneyear conscripts who have comprised the bulk of the enlisted men in the army and a substantial part of those of the navy and air force have never been initiators of political action.
Power Structure and its Communication Behavior in San José, Costa Rica
Authors: Edwards Harold T.
Published: March 2007

The word “community” has been defined as a “structuring of elements and dimensions to solve problems which must be or can be solved within the local area.” This problem-solving process by which the community is directed, segmented, and formed into a structure has been the basis of many community power studies. Floyd Hunter was among the first to study this process, employing what has been termed the reputational method of community study. This method is now considered a standard technique for determining community power structures. It consists of a series of interviews with selected community knowledgeables who are asked to name the most influential individuals in the area. This is followed by a second round of interviews with those influentials who received the highest number of “votes” or mentions from the knowledgeables, asking them for a similar listing in order to rank the group of influentials according to their power in the community.
The Racial Composition of the Population of Colombia
Authors: Lynn Smith T.
Published: March 2007

The Redman, the Negro, and the white man were the three colors in the human palette of Nueva Granada. With these and their derivatives time has worked, during the course of four centuries, to create every possible mixture, blend, and shade of mankind, every human color possible without the addition of the yellow element from Asia. But the more important blendings were those of the white and Indian to form the great mestizo group of the highlands and of the white and Negro to produce the mulattoes who share the hot, sultry lowlands with the more pure-blooded descendants of the Africans. In the twentieth century the immigration of a few hundred Japanese, who settled in the Cauca Valley, has added the last of the major human types to the population of Colombia.
El Panorama Interamericano Visto por Investigadores de la URSS
Authors: Ely Roland T.
Published: March 2007

Hasta los críticos más ardientes de la Unión Soviética han de admitir que las realizaciones de ese inmenso conglomerado de repúblicas en el campo de la educación pública han sido impresionantes en las últimas generaciones. Lo certifican los hechos y las cifras disponibles tanto en fuentes soviéticas como en las occidentales, al extremo de que la abundancia de datos numéricos al respecto hace más bien pensar en un exceso de “kremlinólogos”.

Por ese motivo fue con gran placer que acepté la invitación de J. Gvishiani, vicepresidente del Comité Estatal de la URSS … para la Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, en el marco del intercambio cultural norteamericano-soviético, para tomar conocimiento directo de la labor que realizan en Moscú diversas ramas de la Academia de Ciencias, particularmente el Instituto de América Latina. Habituado a estudiar in situ los problemas interamericanos —materia a la que vengo dedicando desde hace varios años mi más fervoroso empeño— traté de aprovechar al máximo la experiencia que se me brindaba.
Cotton and Cattle in the Pacific Lowlands of Central America
Authors: Parsons James J.
Published: March 2007

The well-drained, fluvio-volcanic outwash plain of the Pacific coast of Central America, stretching from the Mexican border to the Gulf of Nicoya, has undergone remarkable change in recent years. Malarial control, highway and port construction, and the initiative of governments and private land-owners, have made this the most active zone of agricultural development in Central America. Large-scale mechanized cotton farms and livestock ranches have been eating rapidly into the dry tropical forest that until recently covered most of this coastal apron at the foot of the 700-mile long Central American volcanic chain, producing important new sources of employment and foreign exchange earnings. Acreage in sugar cane and essential oil grasses (citronella and lemon grass) also has been expanding, and the booming shrimp export trade has added yet another fillup to the economies of these pocket-sized countries so long plagued with coffee or banana monoculture.
Government and Development: Managerial Attitudes in Latin America
Authors: Lauterbach Albert
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the attitudes of Latin American enterprise managers toward the role of government, as compared with that of private initiative and investment, in the economic development of the nation. Most of its data was obtained in the course of a broader investigation of managerial attitudes toward economic development, which was carried out in ten countries during the years 1959 to 1963. In addition to interviews, extensive information was obtained from informal conversations with businessmen, attendance at meetings of managerial groups, and the study of materials prepared by trade associations or individual companies.
One America – Two Cultures
Authors: Kilgore William J.
Published: March 2007

In the desire to realize a strong and free community of the American peoples, there is need to take seriously the words of Graça Aranha, the Brazilian philosopher: “All progress is an aspiration toward freedom. This is the true fulcrum, the stimulus, the reason for being of a society…. The search for freedom and its realization as the foundation of community is the end of all existence…. Freedom is like life itself, it is born and grows in pain.”

The concern for the achievement of the fullest realization of the meaning of freedom has been the strongest unifying force within the countries and between the people of the Americas. “We recognize,” wrote the great Venezuelan philosopher and Chilean educator Andrés Bello, “the American spirit, the love of freedom and of humanity.” “Culture,” stated Antonio Caso of Mexico, “is not conceived without freedom. Only in an environment of freedom is the work of civilization able to mature.”
Problems of Development in Peru
Authors: Taylor Milton C.
Published: March 2007

During the last national election in Peru, one of the candidates charged that the Indians probably lived better under the Inca rulers. Rather than being political hyperbole, this observation points up the stark reality which is the root cause of Peru's economic and social problems. With a relatively thin middle class, Peru's population of about 11.6 million is largely polarized into a small elite, whose wealth is conspicuous even by Latin American standards, and the larger proportion of the population living in the high sierra or in the slums surrounding each coastal city, which barely manages to exist under conditions of abject poverty. This skewed distribution of wealth and income, long apparent even to the most casual observer, has been confirmed by a recent study which indicates that the top 10 per cent of the spending units receive 60 per cent of the disposable income, and 8,760 spending units, representing only .25 per cent of the total, receive 35 per cent of the income.
El Comercio Extranjero a Fines de la Dominación Española
Authors: Villalobos R. Sergio
Published: March 2007

Generalmente suele señalarse la dictación del Reglamento del libre comercio entre España e Indias de 1778, como la decisión de mayor importancia que tomó la corona española en el siglo XVIII en materias de comercio, relegándose a un segundo término medidas anteriores como el establecimiento de los navios de registro y otras posteriores que ampliaron el horizonte de los comerciantes españoles y criollos. Nuestro propósito es referirnos a estas últimas, que dieron nueva fisonomía a la actividad mercantil y que en conjunto representan, además, la apertura del mercado americano a una influencia directa del comercio extranjero, lo que significó, en último término, la virtual quiebra del monopolio español con mucha anterioridad a los sucesos de 1810. No sería arriesgado afirmar que en los últimos años del régimen español, las colonias eran proveídas con gran holgura y dentro de los términos legales — para excluir el contrabando — desde los más variados centros fabriles del extranjero y que sus productos encontraban colocación en mercados foráneos.
The Cabildo and Colonial Loyalty to Hapsburg Rulers
Authors: Pike Fredrick B.
Published: March 2007

A striking feature of Spanish-American colonial rule is the contrasting loyalty of cabildos to Hapsburg rulers during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their restiveness and finally their role in fomenting the emancipation movements against Bourbon kings. The following article will attempt to explain the shift in cabildo attitudes.

Difficulties are at the outset encountered by the fact that, on the surface, there were at least two factors which might have been expected to lessen, rather than to nourish, the loyalty of local chambers to Hapsburg rulers. First, there was the indifference and apathy of council members in attending to the official business with which cabildos were theoretically concerned. This attitude suggests that councilmen realized they were, in spite of certain guarantees and legal prescriptions, a relatively impotent agency on the actual level of day-by-day administration.
La Estructura Del Liderazgo y Sus Características en una Comunidad de Costa Rica
Authors: Holden David E. W.
Published: March 2007

Los Estudios sobre el liderazgo se han llevado a cabo en muchos lugares diferentes, empleando un número de métodos distintos. Estos métodos varían en el enfoque y en los resultados obtenidos: uno se limita a preguntar a los informantes claves, quiénes son los líderes de la comunidad, y en acercarse a esos líderes repitiendo la pregunta a cada una de las personas que aparecen en la lista. Conforme más y más van apareciendo en la lista, se entrevista también a las nuevas personas mencionadas. El resultado final es una lista de personas que se describen como líderes o que tienen influencia en los asuntos de la comunidad. Los líderes principales en este caso son aquellos que aparecen con más frecuencia en las diferentes listas obtenidas.
La Abolicion de la Esclavitud en Centroamerica
Authors: Durán Carlos Martínez , Contreras Daniel
Published: March 2007

En el curso de estos últimos años, los países hispanoamericanos han venido celebrando con singular júbilo el sesquicentenario de sus independencias nacionales. El pensamiento de sus más altos valores humanos ha enriquecido la historiografía de nuestra América, y ha venido a confirmar en sentido crociano, que toda nuestra Historia es también hazaña de libertad. Nuestra lucha se agita contemporáneamente, pues cada día conquistamos y reconquistamos nuestra libertad. El hombre de nuestras naciones todavía se debate en servidumbres y esclavitudes, mas su libertad y dignidad son valores permanentes.
Urquiza's Account of the Battle of Pavon
Authors: Dusenberry William
Published: March 2007

The battle of Pavón was one of the most important in Argentine history, for it symbolized the definitive union of all the Argentine provinces. This battle took place on the plains of Pavón, in the province of Santa Fe, on September 17, 1861. Most historians agree that it signalled the beginning of Argentina as a nation.

For nearly a decade prior to this battle, Argentina had suffered from internal strife and division. On February 3, 1852, the forces of Justo José de Urquiza, Governor of the province of Entre Ríos, had overthrown the army of Juan Manuel de Rosas, the violent caudillo who had ruled the province of Buenos Aires with a heavy hand since 1829;1 during the greater part of his regime, Rosas had handled foreign affairs for all fourteen of the provinces of the Argentine Confederation. Rosas was forced into exile in England. As a matter of course, Argentine then looked to Urquiza for leadership.
La Guerra de Independencia Desde el Punto de Vista Sociologico
Authors: del Pozo Juan Yepes
Published: March 2007

Tema apasionante, sin duda, el contenido en el epígrafe que sirve de título al presente estudio, no sólo por el caudal de observaciones que ofrece, sino, lo que es más, por la serie trascendente de implicaciones y consecuencias que han derivado de ese acontecimiento histórico que fue la lucha titánica, heroica y tenaz, por la emancipación de la corona ibérica.

Hace más de un siglo que ocurrió tan magno y grávido suceso envuelto en oleadas cárdenas de luz y de fuego depurador de instituciones y hombres y, sin embargo, cuan actual se torna cada vez, mostrando a las claras influjos y secuelas como si fuese ayer, en una rotación sin término, emuladora e incitante.
La Propiedad de la Tierra
Authors: Núñez Lucio Mendieta y
Published: March 2007

La tierra, como factor geográfico y objeto de ocupación y de apropiación por parte del hombre, ha ejercido una influencia muy grande en las sociedades humanas. En un principio, marcó las rutas seguidas por las bandas trashumantes de seres humanos que peregrinaban con el propósito de hallar una región propicia dentro de la cual pudiesen subsistir, porque esas bandas seguían generalmente los rumbos más accesibles y que, a la vez, les ofrecían los alimentos necesarios.

En la época de la economía recolectora la tierra es, para los incipientes grupos sociales, simplemente una zona dentro de la cual se mueven constantemente en busca del diario sustento; pero desde entonces empieza a perfilarse el territorio del Estado, porque defienden esa zona de incursiones extrañas. Cada grupo trata de conservar aquella en que subsiste recogiendo los frutos silvestres, aprovechándose del agro y de los animales adecuados para satisfacer sus necesidades como algo exclusivo. Esas primeras luchas van estableciendo el habitat de las diversas hordas, si bien de límites móviles e imprecisos.
Law as a Means to Change
Authors: Goins John F.
Published: March 2007

In that remarkable little book, so deftly argued and so elegantly phrased, which he wrote about anthropologists and coincidentally Peasant Society and Culture, Robert Redfield made more than one wise observation, but one was both a promise and a suggestion. Noting that peasant society in one sense consists of two connecting halves, he remarks that “we may be able to see a sort of link or hinge between the local life of a peasant community and the state or feudal system of which it is a part.”

The recognition and disclosure of connections in the extended relations of indigenous peoples — especially those who comprise major elements of modern states — is surely one way in which anthropologists, from the peculiar advantage of their ethnographic tradition, can contribute something of method and point of view to the study of large, compound societies and cultures.
Dos Bibliotecas Coloniales de Potosi
Authors: Ovando-Sanz Guillermo
Published: March 2007

Conozco pocos estudios sobre lo que contenían las librerías o bibliotecas durante la colonia y será de no poco interés, para los que escriben sobre la historia de Charcas, el conocer algunos catálogos completos de tales repositorios. Por el momento, doy cuenta de dos de ellos.
La Comunicación en Masa y el Imperialismo Cultural
Authors: Kingsley Robert E.
Published: March 2007

A principios de este año, en Arica, Chile, se reunió un grupo de intelectuales para discutir sus puntos de vista sobre la manera de estimular un mayor intercambio cultural —mediante ideas, libros, películas, individuos— entre los países de las Americas. Inevitablemente, también se trajo a colación el reverso de la moneda: la supuesta influencia perniciosa de los medios de difusión en masa, tales como la televisión y las películas, la cual se censuró severamente, y con ello el “imperialismo cultural” de los Estados Unidos.
Big Metrópole, América do Sul
Authors: Goldman Frank Perry
Published: March 2007

Big Metrópole, América Do Sul é um estudo de urna metrópole que consta entre as maiores na América do Sul, e é fácilmente identificável. Foi entáo, por insistencia do autor em por énfase na universalidade dos processos que frequentemente observa no desenvolvimento rápido da urbanização, industrialização e comunicação moderna, é que foi dado o nome de Big Metrópole, América do Sul ao estudo feito sobre a cidade de Sao Paulo. É interessante notar que foi só com a urbanização, industrialização, e comunicação, moderna que Big Metrópole, América do Sul se enquandra dentro de padroes que se encontram em quase todas as novas grandes metrópoles em qualquer parte do mundo. O trabalho tambem nao tem a pretensáo de ser pioneiro no campo e o autor está cíente de trabalhos feitos com o mesmo espirito e é por causa disto que pode-se afirmar urna certa aceitagáo das hipóteses levantadas.
Como Vivia un Escritor Desterrado
Authors: Sánchez Luis Alberto
Published: March 2007

No me referiré a mis dos primeras salidas del Perú, al contar la forma como un escritor latinoamericano alcanza a defenderse de los duros embates de la fortuna, cuando su Fatum le asigna los penosos deberes de proscrito. Sin embargo, en la segunda de ellas, fui actor de ciertos pasajes nada despreciables para una novela picaresca. Con todo, a partir de la tercera salida, es que comenzaron para mí las mayores perplejidades y el ingenio se me afiló hasta el punto de convertirse en estilete, bisturí y aguja de marear, muy necesaria ésta cuando la vida nos obliga a perder toda noción del rumbo.

Conviene recordar que un escritor latinoamericano es una especie social distinta a la de los escritores europeos y norteamericanos, sobre todo en lo concerniente a su manera de trabajar y de ser retribuido. Mal que mal, estos últimos logran monetariamente algo que se acerca a lo adecuado, pero el latinoamericano, si no es periodista, está perdido.
Lord Action and Latin America
Authors: Kramer S. Paul
Published: March 2007

Lord Acton's detachment, keen historical sense and vast knowledge reveal an insight applicable to recent Latin-American events. As Acton warned, “History must be our deliverer not only from the undue influence of other times, but from the undue influence of our own”.

John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton was born in Naples in 1834. His paternal grandfather had made his career in the service of the King of Naples whose Prime Minister he was during the period of the French Revolution and Napoleon. His maternal grandfather was a noble of the Holy Roman Empire who served Napoleon and sat as a peer of France and a colleague of Talleyrand at the Congress of Vienna. His maternal great-uncle had been Archbishop Elector of Mainz, and his wife's family, the Arco Valleys, were active in French politics in the first half of the nineteenth century. Acton's step-father was Lord Granville, several times British Foreign Secretary.
Tierra y desarrollo de la comunidad en Canas y Canchis, Perú
Authors: Martínez Héctor
Published: March 2007

En este escrito se presentan algunos aspectos relacionados con la tierra en Canas y Canchis, dos provincias del sur del Perú, y se discuten algunos aspectos conectados con el desarrollo de la comunidad cuando esto se entiende como política encaminada a elevar los niveles de vida y de ingresos de las comunidades indígenas.

Es un análisis preliminar, logrado a partir de datos recientes obtenidos por procesos de foto-identificación llevados a cabo en la zona, y la utilización de factores inclinados, a propósito, en favor de los campesinos, con el objecto de discutir algunas ideas y opiniones muy frecuentes en cuanto a los objetivos y metas de los programas de desarrollo de la comunidad en áreas rurales.
La atención médica en Cuba hasta 1958
Authors: Hernández Roberto E.
Published: March 2007

La atención médica es una de las áreas donde muchos han estimado que más cambios favorables a la población se han efectuado por el régimen que gobierna a Cuba desde 1959. Este artículo no va a entrar en un análisis de esos cambios ni pretende hacer un juicio sobre los mismos. Pero sí aspira a que la situación que existía anteriormente se conozca un poco mejor para que de esa forma el interesado en estas cuestiones tenga más elementos de juicio.

Es necesario destacar que el sistema de atención médica en Cuba hasta 1958 resultaba único, si se compara con los demás países de este hemisferio, por el predominio de instituciones no lucrativas que prestaban servicios médicos a sus asociados mediante el pago de cuotas muy modestas. Este sistema estaba tan enraizado en el país que aún hoy se notan amplios vestigios del mismo a pesar de los cambios que han tenido lugar.
Psychopathologie du Diable
Authors: Douyon Emerson
Published: March 2007

On a beaucoup étudié Dieu, autant pour en approfondir la nature que pour en nier l'existence. Par contre, bien peu de chercheurs ont daigné explorer l'essence du démon. C'est sans doute parce que l'idée de Dieu semble douée d'une vertu tranquillisante, tandis que le concept du diable évoque je ne sais quoi d'insolite et d’ “anxiogène” au regard de la conscience.

Pourtant les notions de Satan et de Dieu sont complémentaires, parfois même solidaires. L'une s'oppose à l'autre comme I'antithèse à la thèse, l'anti-matière à la matière, le pôle négatif au pôle positif, l'imperfection du contingent à la perfection de l'intelligible. S'il est impossible de penser à un être tout puissant sans postuler une limitation éventuelle de cette puissance, il est tout aussi impensable d'imaginer un déchaînement de forces diaboliques sans évoquer un pouvoir inhibiteur antagoniste susceptible de freiner l'action de cet agent maléfique.
Instituições internaçionais para o desenvolvimento
Authors: da Silva Oyama Cesar Ituassú
Published: March 2007

Quem examinar as carnadas telúricas que permitiram e determinaram a interdependência internacional, verificará que um dos fatores preponderantes surge como pedra de toque liamizadora das situações opostas: é o desenvolvimento, enfrentando em seus múltiplos aspectos o que não obstante essa pluralidade, congrega-os a todos na fisionomia econômica.

Em tudo há urna fase histórica a presidir os eventos e a isso não foge o tema, cuja oportunidade nasceu com o primeiro homem. Mas quais os períodos sócio-etários que ensejaram e ensejam, ainda hoje, a formação da crista milenar do interêsse, denominador comum de todos os conflitos?

Três são os estágios da humanidade em sua luta por melhores condições de vida: o homem, a sociedade e a comunidade, cada um deles representando urna etapa dura e difícil, atravessada nos séculos com urna tenacidade que sòmente o interôsse, no sentido alto do têrmo, poderia permitir.
The Educational Reforms of Dr. Mariano Gálvez
Authors: Williford Miriam
Published: March 2007

The liberal reform programs that developed in Spanish America following independence almost invariably included as one of their major objectives radical changes in the educational system. An outstanding example of this is the educational program proposed by Dr. Mariano Gálvez, Chief-of-State of Guatemala. Protected from foreign problems by virtue of the existence of the Central American Federation and its Liberal leader, Francisco Morazán, Gálvez had seven years (1831–1838) to develop far-reaching reforms. While the lack of Gálvez papers makes discussion and analysis of his domestic reforms difficult, it is possible to assess his role by an analysis of his public speeches, decrees, laws, archival records, and similar materials.
Fundamentos para urna Política Educacional Brasileira
Authors: Silva Luiz Gonzaga do Nascimento E
Published: March 2007

Inicio minha conferência com urna interrogação: haverá uma educação brasileira ? Em que sentido se pode falar numa educação brasileira ? Parece-me que são necessários uma delimitação e um esclarecimento a respeito da extensão dessas expressões. Não há uma educação brasileira no sentido de uma técnica de ensinar, de métodos pedagógicos, do objeto mesmo do ensino. Mas, ainda que conservando objetivos e processos que são universais e, pode-se dizer, intemporais, a educação é um processo da vida. Destinando-se à formação do homem, a fazê-lo adquirir um modo de comportamento para uma atuação na sociedade em que vá viver, e a resolver os problemas que esta lhe vá propor, não se pode compreender a educação destacadamente das formas da vida social e da circunstância histórica e mesológica.
Hostos y su pensamiento militar
Authors: Negroni Héctor Andrés
Published: March 2007

La figura egregia del patricio puertorriqueño Eugenio María de Hostos ha resultado ser en los últimos años objeto de innumerables estudios los cuales han aumentado la bibliografía de este hombre de dimensión universal.

Una fase de su vida, sin embargo, ha sido pasada por alto. A pesar de que encontramos estudios y ensayos sobre sus ideas políticas, pedagógicas, sociológicas, filosóficas, moralistas, literarias y revolucionarias, no encontramos en esta extensa bibliografía ningún intento de examinar el pensamiento militar en Hostos. Esta dimensión militar hostosiana es para mí una de las manifestaciones más activas del “hombre completo”.

Será mi propósito en este breve ensayo demostrar el impacto del pensamiento militar como influencia y como parte integral de este “inquebrantable espíritu”.
Lino Novás Calvo and the Revista de Avance
Authors: Souza Raymond D.
Published: March 2007

It is significant that Lino Novás Calvo began his literary career by publishing in the Revista de Avarice, for there are certain similarities between the problems involving artistic expression with which that journal dealt and Novás’ early development of his own art. One scholar has pointed out that one can see in the works published in the Revista de Avarice“ el impulso renovador de una época ansiosa de cambios profundos.” This desire for change manifested itself in the political as well as cultural spheres and led the journal to consider the relationships between artistic expression and political commitment. Novás’ early works reveal that he dealt with this same problem, and it is the intention of this article to consider the general orientation of the Revista de Avance in regard to this conflict and to examine the evolution of Novás’ own solution as revealed in the poetry he published in that journal.
The 1965 Congressional Election in Chile: An Analysis
Authors: Cope Orville G.
Published: March 2007

Political scientists have embarked upon the creation of “grand theories” of “political development” and “modernization” in the emerging nations of the world in an effort to explain the changing nature of various political systems. Applications of these theories to Latin America have been relatively recent. However, lack of sufficient scientifically verified data about Latin American social and political phenomena still exists, thus making generalized theories about political development inconclusive. This study is an attempt to provide an analysis of a national congressional election in a Latin American nation, Chile. A description of the legitimacy of Chile's changing election system and an examination of the issues and voting results of the 1965 congressional election serve as important points of entry into the complex subject of political development in one nation of Latin America.
Ecuador and the Eleventh Inter-American Conference
Authors: Reid Martz Mary Jeanne
Published: March 2007

Amid the aura of urgency in which many today view hemispheric affairs, criticisms of the Organization of American States are legion. In both Latin America and the United States, there are growing numbers who believe that the only viable alternative to complete systemic collapse is a radical organizational transformation. For critics of the inter-American organization, there has been a sharp predilection to place the burden of their argument on either a cataloguing of bureaucratic ills or a polemic attack upon the problems and inconsistencies of United States involvement. And certainly various North American actions and policies have helped contribute to the present precarious position of the OAS.
Estudo comparativo dos problemas de vida em duas culturas afins: Angola-Brasil
Authors: Ribeiro René
Published: March 2007

Atendência para polarisar dialeticamente as situações socio-culturais chegou a conquistar dentistas do calibre de Georges Balandier, que investiu ha algum tempo contra os estudos de mudança cultural e contra a antropologia prática ou aplicada. Este trabalho, embora não se preocupe com “choques entre civilizações”, tem como presuposto a possibilidade da mudança cultural e se contem nos limites da etnopsiquiatria e da etnopsicologia.
Urban Squatter Settlements in Peru: A Case History and Analysis
Authors: Dietz Henry
Published: March 2007

One of the most important developments in Latin America since the end of World War II, has been the rapid growth of all major cities, generally at a pace well beyond the rate of growth of the rural areas as well as the countries as a whole. The expansion due to normal growth (high birth rates coupled with declining death rates and increased longevity) is at times high. However, such growth has often been augumented sharply due to a seemingly irreversible flow of migrants from the rural areas. And among the many problems and difficulties raised by such migration, the very large squatter shantytowns are perhaps the most obvious as well as the most misunderstood developments that have resulted. Both popular journalists and academic social scientists have commented at length and in lurid terms about the "belts of mushrooming misery" and the "festering sores" which these squatter settlements supposedly comprise.
An Analysis of Mexican Literacy
Authors: Greer Thomas V.
Published: March 2007

The ability to read and write in some language is of fundamental importance and is usually considered one of the prime indicators of the social and economic accomplishments and potential of a nation. The Ecuadorian scholar Gonzalo Rubio Orbe declares that "among the minimum and elementary requirements of the cultural capacity of the population for general development, and, in particular, economic development, nothing less than the elimination of illiteracy can be demanded."
The U. S.-Mexican Border as a Research Laboratory
Authors: Stoddard Ellwyn R.
Published: March 2007

The traditional approach to Latin American studies has been through the historical account, emphasizing specific leaders or epochs of a given Latin American nation in change, based on the assumption, mostly implicit, that each of these events may be considered as a unique phenomenon, subject to individual interpretation. This diachronic approach can well serve as a fruitful point of departure for systematic empirical investigations into border Latin American cultures. The contribution of a generalizing science such as sociology need not be suspected of an abortive rebellion against these established and accepted procedures. Rather, an empirical inquiry into the similarities and differences between border Latin American culture and our own gives a new dimension to the field of Latin American studies previously unavailable. This paper will attempt to illustrate the type of possible contributions of border research by using recent empirical studies.
Regional Party Voting in Jamaica (1959-1976)
Authors: Stone Carl
Published: March 2007

The analysis of voting behavior patterns from electoral statistics aggregated by regions and urban and rural districts has a long and rich tradition (Lipset and Rokkan, 1967). This mode of electoral analysis has, however, declined in usage due to the emergence of the sample survey method, which allows for a more detailed analysis of individual voting choices and the related social and attitudinal factors which influence them.

It is often forgotten, however, that aggregate analysis of area or geographically defined voting statistics is a low-cost research method when compared to the exclusive and much more expensive sample survey research method. Aggregate analysis can be applied effectively with careful adaptation to most of the areas of electoral analysis, particularly so in societies in which community and residential patterns are structured according to clear socioeconomic and stratification variables such as income, status, and occupation. This applies as well to societies in which regional and cerritorial divisions are more than just administrative units but represent focal points of local identities and loyalties.
U.S.-Canada Free Trade: What's in It for the U.S.?
Authors: Weintraub Sidney
Published: March 2007

Trade policy has played a larger role in the internal and international relations of Canada than of the United States, certainly in the last half century. There are many reasons for this: The Canadian economy is more open than that of the United States (e.g., merchandise exports as a percentage of gross national product were 30% in Canada and 7% in the United States in 1982); the United States is far more dominant in Canada's trade than any single country or group of countries such as the European Economic Community is in U.S. trade (in recent years about 70% of Canada's exports have been sent to the United States and more than 70% of its imports came from the United States; for the United States, about 15% of its exports in recent years went to Canada, its major trading partner, and between 15% and 20% of its imports have come from Canada); and with this double dependence on trade and on a single market, a selfinterested foreign policy must concentrate on trade policy (Grey, 1981: 3-4).
Policy-Making and the Quest for Consensus: Nationalizing Venezuelan Petroleum
Authors: Martz John D.
Published: March 2007

On 1 January 1976, President Carlos Andrés Pérez formally proclaimed the nationalization of Venezuela's massive petroleum industry. Standing upon the site of Zumaque Number 1, in 1914 the first commercially drilled well in the nation, he thus observed a historic benchmark in the evolution of the relationship between the foreign corporations and the Venezuelan state (Pérez, 1976a). After six decades' concessional exploration and exploitation, an era had ended. From the outset it was apparent that the 1976 nationalization was moderate and nonradical. As will be seen, both compensation and association agreements with international oil interests were central elements in the action. The latter in particular had been the focus during months of acrimonious national debate, as symbolized by article 5 and the Ley de Nacionalización de la Industria Petrolera. Moreover, it was largely upon discussion of its implications that a determined effort to achieve nonpartisan agreement ultimately foundered and sank.
Spruille Braden Versus George Messersmith: World War II, the Cold War, and Argentine Policy, 1945-1947
Authors: Trask Roger R.
Published: March 2007

Between 1945 and 1947, Argentina posed a complex and exasperating problem for the United States as it endeavored to develop policy to guide its relations with Latin America. Among the questions involved were how to deal with an alleged neofascist dictator in Argentina, how to preserve the aura of the so-called Good Neighbor policy, whether to provide arms and economic aid to Latin America, and whether to enter into a collective security agreement for the western hemisphere.