bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Implant Impressions with Different Impression Coping Types and Shapes
Authors: Rashidan Nayereh , Alikhasi Marzieh , Samadizadeh Samad , Beyabanaki Elahe , Kharazifard Mohammad Javad
Published: October 2009

Background: Accurate recording of implant location is required so that definitive restorations are properly supported and do not place additional stresses on the implants. Movement of impression copings inside the impression material using an open‐tray or close‐tray impression technique during clinical and laboratory phases may cause inaccuracy in transferring the three‐dimensional spatial orientation of implants intraorally to the definitive cast. Consequently, the restoration may require corrective procedures.

Aim: This in vitro study compared the accuracy of two different impression techniques with two different impression coping shapes using polyether impression material to obtain precise definitive casts.

Materials and Methods: Two reference acrylic resin models (Technovits 4000, Heraeus Kulzer GmbH & Co., Wehrheim, Germany) with five internal connection implants having different shapes of impression copings (Implantium [Dentium, Seoul, South Korea] and Replace Select [Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden]) were fabricated. Twenty medium‐consistency polyether impressions of these models were made with square and conical impression copings of each system using open‐tray and close‐tray techniques. Matching implant replicas were screwed into the impression copings in the impressions. Impressions were poured with type IV stone, and the positional accuracy of the implant replica heads in x‐, y‐, and z‐axes (represented in [Δr]) and also rotational displacement (ΔΘ) were evaluated using a coordinate measuring machine (Mistral, DEA Brown&Sharpe, Grugliasco, Italy). These measurements (linear and rotational displacements) were compared with the measurements calculated on the reference resin models that served as control, and data were analyzed with a two‐way analysis of variance at α = 0.05.

Results: Less inaccuracy occurred in less retentive shape impression copings (Replace Select) compared with the more retentive one (Implantium) (pr < .001 and pΘ < .001), but there was no significant difference between direct and indirect impression techniques (pr and pΘ > .05).

Conclusion: The impression coping shape had more impact on impression inaccuracy than impression technique did. Understanding of the magnitude and variability of distortion when employing certain impression‐making methods and impression coping shapes helps the clinician to select a better implant component and impression technique.
Experiments on in vivo biofilm formation and in vitro adhesion of Candida species on polysiloxane liners
Authors: Mutluay Mustafa Murat , Oğuz Serra , Ørstavik Dag , Fløystrand Finn , Doğan Arife , Söderling Eva , Närhi Timo , Olsen Ingar
Published: October 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00329.x
 
Experiments on in vivo biofilm formation and in vitro adhesion of Candida species on polysiloxane liners

Objectives:  Microorganisms may colonise polysiloxane soft liners leading to bio‐deterioration. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro adhesion and in vivo biofilm formation of Candida species on polysiloxane surfaces.

Methods:  The materials used in this study were Molloplast B, GC Reline soft, Mollosil Plus, Silagum Comfort and Palapress Vario. The in vitro retention of clinical isolates of Candida albicans to the relining and denture‐base materials by microscopic (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), conventional culturing methods and antimicrobial properties of these materials were studied. Candida found on materials and mucosa following long‐term use were identified and quantified, and biofilms covering the surfaces were investigated by SEM.

Results:  There was a significant decrease in the number of cells attached in vitro to saliva‐coated surfaces compared with non‐treated surfaces. An oral Candida carriage of 78% was found. Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. intermedia and C. tropicalis were identified. In vivo biofilm formation on the liners appeared as massive colonisation by microorganisms.

Conclusions:  The results of the in vitro experiments suggest that salivary film influences early colonisation of different C. albicans strains. The film layer also minimises the differences among different strains. The Candida carriage of these patients was similar to denture‐wearing patients without soft liners.
LRRK2 in Parkinson’s disease: function in cells and neurodegeneration
Authors: Webber Philip J. , West Andrew B.
Published: October 2009

The detailed characterization of the function of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) may provide insight into the molecular basis of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) because mutations in LRRK2 cause a phenotype with strong overlap to typical late‐onset disease and LRRK2 mutations are responsible for significant proportions of PD in some populations. The complexity of large multidomain protein kinases such as LRRK2 challenges traditional functional approaches, although initial studies have successfully defined the basic mechanisms of enzyme activity with respect to the putative effects of pathogenic mutations on kinase activity. The role of LRRK2 in cells remains elusive, with potential function in mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, protein translation control, programmed cell death pathways and activity in cytoskeleton dynamics. The initial focus on LRRK2‐kinase‐dependent phenomena places emphasis on the discovery of LRRK2 kinase substrates, although candidate substrates are so far confined to in vitro assays. Here, hypothetical mechanisms for LRRK2‐mediated cell death and kinase activation are proposed. As a promising target for neuroprotection strategies in PD, in vitro and in vivo models that accurately demonstrate LRRK2’s function relevant to neurodegeneration will aide in the identification of molecules with the highest chance of success in the clinic.
LRRK2 in Parkinson’s disease: genetic and clinical studies from patients
Authors: Kumari Udhaya , Tan E. K.
Published: October 2009

Mutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) (PARK8) are associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson’s disease. Most studies have shown that LRRK2 mutations may explain between 5% and 13% of familial and 1–5% of sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Importantly, a common recurrent mutation (G2019S) located in the kinase domain has been reported across most ethnic populations, with the highest prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews and North African Arabs. A recent worldwide meta‐analysis pooling data from 24 populations reported a higher occurrence of G2019S in southern than in northern European countries and the penetrance is estimated to be ∼ 75% at the age of 79 years. The R1441 ‘hotspot’ amino acid codon residue (G/H/C) in the Ras of complex proteins domain is the second most common site of pathogenic LRRK2 substitutions after G2019S, with most carriers developing symptoms by the age of 75 years. Two polymorphic variants found almost exclusively among Asians (G2385R and R1628P) have been shown to increase the Parkinson’s disease risk by approximately two‐fold. The mutational event associated with R1628P is more recent, occurring ∼ 2500 years ago, compared to estimates of 4000 years for G2385R carriers. LRRK2 mutation carriers generally simulate late onset Parkinson’s disease and present with the usual typical clinical features. Genetic testing for G2019S in sporadic late‐onset Parkinson’s disease can be considered in some situations and may be useful in populations with high carrier status. The identification of asymptomatic mutation and risk variant carriers provides a unique opportunity for recruiting these subjects in potential neuroprotective trials and longitudinal studies to identify biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
Identification of an atypical insect olfactory receptor subtype highly conserved within noctuids
Authors: Brigaud Isabelle , Montagné Nicolas , Monsempes Christelle , François Marie‐Christine , Jacquin‐Joly Emmanuelle
Published: October 2009

Olfaction is primarily mediated by the large family of olfactory receptors. Although all insect olfactory receptors share the same structure with seven transmembrane domains, they present poor sequence homologies within and between species. As the only exception, Drosophila melanogaster OR83b and its orthologues define a receptor subtype singularly conserved between insect species. In this article, we report the identification of a new subtype of putative olfactory receptors exceptionally conserved within noctuids, a taxonomic group that includes crop pest insects. Through homology‐based molecular cloning, homologues of the previously identified OR18 from Heliothis virescens were identified in the antennae of six noctuid species from various genera, presenting an average of 88% sequence identity. No orthologues were found in genomes available from diverse insect orders and selection pressure analysis revealed that the noctuid OR18s are under purifying selection. The OR18 gene was studied in details in the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, where it presented all the characteristic features of an olfactory receptor encoding gene: its expression was restricted to the antennae, with expression in both sexes; its developmental expression pattern was reminiscent of that from other olfactory genes; and in situ hybridization experiments within the antennae revealed that the receptor‐expressing cells were closely associated with the olfactory structures, including pheromone‐ and non‐pheromone‐sensitive structures. Taken together, our data suggest that we have identified a new original subtype of olfactory receptors that are extremely conserved within noctuids and that might fulfil a critical function in male and female noctuid chemosensory neurones.
Epitope analysis of the rat dipeptidyl peptidase IV monoclonal antibody 6A3 that blocks pericellular fibronectin‐mediated cancer cell adhesion
Authors: Hung Ting‐Ting , Wu Jun‐Yi , Liu Ju‐Fang , Cheng Hung‐Chi
Published: October 2009

We previously showed that the rat dipeptidyl peptidase IV (rDPP IV) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6A3 greatly inhibits the pericellular polymeric fibronectin‐mediated metastatic cancer cell adhesion to rDPP IV. L311QWLRRI in rDPP IV has been proposed as the putative fibronectin‐binding site. However, the inhibitory mechanism of 6A3 has been elusive. Epitope mapping of 6A3 may help to understand the interaction between fibronectin and rDPP IV. In the present study, we showed that 6A3 species‐specifically recognized rDPP IV but inhibited fibronectin/rDPP IV‐mediated cell adhesions of various cancer types and species, which was independent of rDPP IV enzymatic activity. The 6A3 epitope was stably exposed in both native and denatured rDPP IV. On the basis of the resolved structures and the species variations in DPP IV sequences, we finely mapped the 6A3 epitope to a surface‐exposed Thr331‐dependent motif D329KTTLVWN, only 11 amino acids away from L311QWLRRI on the same plane as the fifth β‐propeller blade. The functionality of 6A3 epitope in rDPP IV was ultimately demonstrated by the ability of 6A3‐recognizable fragments to interfere with the inhibitory effect of 6A3 on full‐length rDPP IV binding to pericellular polymeric fibronectin. On the basis of structural analysis, and the fact that the preformed fibronectin fragment/rDPP IV complex was co‐immunoprecipitated by 6A3 and fixing the rDPP IV structure with paraformaldehyde did not avert the inhibitory effect, the mechanism of 6A3 inhibition may not be the result of complete competition or conformational change.

Structured digital abstract

 MINT‐7261577: DppIV (uniprotkb:P14740) binds (MI:0407) to FNIII14 (uniprotkb:P04937) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
NMR structural characterization of HIV‐1 virus protein U cytoplasmic domain in the presence of dodecylphosphatidylcholine micelles
Authors: Wittlich Marc , Koenig Bernd W. , Stoldt Matthias , Schmidt Holger , Willbold Dieter
Published: October 2009

The HIV‐1 encoded virus protein U (VpU) is required for efficient viral release from human host cells and for induction of CD4 degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasmic domain of the membrane protein VpU (VpUcyt) is essential for the latter activity. The structure and dynamics of VpUcyt were characterized in the presence of membrane simulating dodecylphosphatidylcholine (DPC) micelles by high‐resolution liquid state NMR. VpUcyt is unstructured in aqueous buffer. The addition of DPC micelles induces a well‐defined membrane proximal α‐helix (residues I39–E48) and an additional helical segment (residues L64–R70). A tight loop (L73–V78) is observed close to the C‐terminus, whereas the interhelical linker (R49–E63) remains highly flexible. A 3D structure of VpUcyt in the presence of DPC micelles was calculated from a large set of proton–proton distance constraints. The topology of micelle‐associated VpUcyt was derived from paramagnetic relaxation enhancement of protein nuclear spins after the introduction of paramagnetic probes into the interior of the micelle or the aqueous buffer. Qualitative analysis of secondary chemical shift and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data in conjunction with dynamic information from heteronuclear NOEs and structural insight from homonuclear NOE‐based distance constraints indicated that micelle‐associated VpUcyt retains a substantial degree of structural flexibility.
Entry and the accumulation of capital: A two state variable extension to the Ramsey model
Authors: Brito Paulo , Dixon Huw
Published: October 2009

In this paper we consider the entry and exit of firms in a dynamic general equilibrium model with capital. At the firm level, there is a fixed cost combined with increasing marginal cost, which gives a standard U‐shaped cost curve with optimal firm size. Entry is determined by a free entry condition such that the cost of entry is equal to the present value of incumbent firms. The cost of entry (exit) depends on the flow of entry (exit). Equilibrium is saddle‐point stable and the stable manifold is two‐dimensional. Transitional dynamics can, under certain circumstances, be non‐monotonic.
Associations of the IL‐1 and TNF gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to duodenal ulcer disease in Chinese Han population
Authors: Mei Q. , Xu J.‐M. , Cao H.‐L. , Bao D.‐M. , Hu N.‐Z. , Zhang L. , Hu Y.‐M.
Published: October 2009

Our aim was to investigate whether genetic polymorphism of IL‐1Β‐511, IL‐1RN, TNF‐A‐308 are involved in the susceptibility to duodenal ulcer (DU). 437 unrelated Chinese Han patients with DU and 148 healthy controls were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method for the IL‐1B‐511, TNF‐A‐308 gene polymorphisms and the VNTR polymorphism in intron 2 of the IL‐1RN gene polymorphisms. There was no difference in the genetic polymorphism of IL‐1Β‐511, IL‐1RN and TNF‐A‐308 in the patients with DU compared with control. After stratified by Helicobacter pylori infection, they also could not reach significant differences in this study. No statistically significant differences were observed in DU group compared with control according to combination of the IL‐1Β‐511 and IL‐1RN genotypes regardless of H. pylori positivity. These findings show that no evidence for the involvement of a proinflammatory polymorphism in the IL‐1Β‐511, IL‐1RN and TNF‐A‐308 in the susceptibility to DU in China.
Testing molecular-cloud fragmentation theories: self-consistent analysis of OH Zeeman observations
Authors: Mouschovias Telemachos Ch. , Tassis Konstantinos
Published: October 2009

The ambipolar-diffusion theory of star formation predicts the formation of fragments in molecular clouds with mass-to-flux ratios greater than that of the parent-cloud envelope. By contrast, scenarios of turbulence-induced fragmentation do not yield such a robust prediction. Based on this property, Crutcher et al. recently proposed an observational test that could potentially discriminate between fragmentation theories. However, the analysis applied to the data severely restricts the discriminative power of the test: the authors conclude that they can only constrain what they refer to as the ‘idealized’ ambipolar-diffusion theory that assumes initially straight–parallel magnetic field lines in the parent cloud. We present an original, self-consistent analysis of the same data taking into account the non-uniformity of the magnetic field in the cloud envelopes, which is suggested by the data themselves, and we discuss important geometrical effects that must be accounted for in using this test. We show quantitatively that the quality of current data does not allow for a strong conclusion about any fragmentation theory. Given the discriminative potential of the test, we urge for more and better-quality data.
MILK STERILIZATION USING MEMBRANES
Authors: MADAENI S.S. , YASEMI M. , DELPISHEH A.
Published: October 2009

Hydrophilic polyvinylidenefluoride microfiltration membranes were used for milk sterilization, i.e., to remove bacteria, spores, yeast, molds and somatic cells from milk, while allowing the other milk components to pass through and be retained in the milk. Sterilization is used for enhancing the quality, safety and shelf life of milk and dairy products. The aim of this research was determination of microfiltration ability for milk sterilization, investigation of the effects of affecting parameter and to establish a rational for removal mechanism of undesired species. The influence of transmembrane pressure, temperature, cross‐flow velocity and presence of fat globules on membrane performance were elucidated.

The microfiltration mechanism was studied for both whole and skim milks. For whole milk (3.5–4% fat), the profiles indicated that at the beginning of filtration, standard blocking is the dominant mechanism. Over time the bacteria, fat and casein micelles filled the pores and formed a cake layer on the membrane surface. For skim milk (0.05–0.5% fat) the profiles indicated three model, standard blocking, intermediate blocking and cake deposition. This was proved using scanning electron microscopy.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The practical application of the current research is utilization of microfiltration membrane instead of other techniques including heat processes for milk sterilization. The proposed procedure increases the milk shelf life, savethe valuable nutrients and removes all hazardous ingredients including spores and enzymes.
EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE ON MIXTURES DURING NONELECTROSTATIC AND ELECTROSTATIC POWDER COATING
Authors: SOMBOONVECHAKARN CHANUN , BARRINGER SHERYL A.
Published: October 2009

Two mixtures, 44 and 256µm NaCl and 64 and 191 µm starch, were nonelectrostatically or electrostatically coated onto an aluminum target. The coating processes cause the proportion of each powder in the mixture to be different on the target than in the initial mixture. First, some loss of powder occurs during the targeting step; thus, not all of the powder land on the target. This targeting loss is caused by the individual powder characteristics and interactions that occur between powders in the mixture. Also, an uneven distribution is produced on the target due to the way the powder is dispersed. Finally, adhesion loss occurs on the target, also due to individual and mixture characteristics. During nonelectrostatic coating, the largest cause of the change in proportion was targeting losses. During electrostatic coating, the largest cause was adhesion loss. Interactions in the mixture decreased the change in proportion, except for nonelectrostatically coated NaCl.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Food coatings consist of mixtures of powders of different sizes. It is desirable to maintain the same proportions of the powder components on each food sample as in the applied coating. Mixtures change proportions due to differences in particle size, so all of the powders in the mixture should have a similar size range to reduce changes during coating. During nonelectrostatic coating, the differences in targeting losses are the biggest cause of this change, so coating systems need to be designed to minimize the differences in targeting losses. Electrostatic coating reduced targeting loss by a large amount; therefore, it is one method to reduce the change in proportions caused by targeting loss. However, electrostatic coating increased the differences in mixture adhesion loss, so products need to be designed to minimize the adhesion loss, such as by adding oil on the product surface.
GROWTH INHIBITION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS VEGETATIVE CELLS AND SPORES USING CHICKEN IMMUNOGLOBULIN Y
Authors: SONG MIN S. , KIM CHEON J. , CHO WON I. , SUNWOO HOON H.
Published: October 2009

Egg yolk antibody (IgY) was isolated by the water dilution method from the egg yolk of chickens immunized with Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells and spores. Specific binding activity of IgY against C. perfringens vegetative cells and spores remained relatively high during the immunization period (up to 9 weeks). The titer of specific IgY against C. perfringens spores was 1.4‐fold less than that of specific IgY against C. perfringens vegetable cells. The specific IgY powder (10 µg/mL) was found to inhibit the growth of C. perfringens vegetative cells or C. perfringens spores in a liquid medium. The difference of C. perfringens vegetative cell growth between the treatment and control groups was 8.9 × 106 colony forming units (cfu)/mL at 8 h of incubation and 9.95 × 107 cfu/mL at 24 h of incubation. Significant cfu reductions in C. perfringens spores were also observed with specific IgY powder at 24 h of incubation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

IgY antibody exerts an antimicrobial activity against pathogens by binding, immobilizing and consequently reducing or inhibiting the growth, replication or colony forming ability of pathogenic bacteria; thus, it is proved to be a viable alternative for antibiotics and preservatives. In this study, IgY against Clostridium perfringens can be used to replace chemical preservatives in food industries. Because IgY functions well at low temperature, it can be used to inhibit the growth of Clostridia which germinate in refrigerated storage conditions, thus preventing foodborne enterotoxicity caused by such bacteria. In practical applications, natural antimicrobial IgY antibody can be applied to meat products for the improvement of food safety.
DETECTION AND DISCRIMINATION OF ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII (CRONOBACTER SPP.) BY MID‐INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Authors: LIN MENGSHI , AL‐HOLY MURAD , AL‐QADIRI HAMZAH , KONG FANBIN , RASCO BARBARA A. , SETIADY DEWI
Published: October 2009

Enterobacter sakazakii can cause rare but life‐threatening diseases such as meningitis in infants and neonates. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy was used to detect and discriminate between eight E. sakazakii strains, two Enterobacter cloacae strains, three Escherichia coli strains and two Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. FT‐IR vibrational combination bands reflect subtle compositional differences in the cell membranes of E. sakazakii strains, especially in the region between 1,200 and 900 cm−1which contains absorption bands from carbohydrates. Two multivariate statistical analyses including principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) were used for data analysis. E. sakazakii strains were clearly distinguishable from the other strains by PCA. Based upon SIMCA analysis, 90% of E. sakazakii, 88% of E. cloacae, 91% of E. coli and 91% of K. pneumoniae samples were correctly classified, suggesting that this technique could be used to detect E. sakazakii strains rapidly and accurately.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) coupled with multivariate statistical analyses can be used to detect, discriminate and identify Enterobacter sakazakii strains that have been implicated in food safety incidents caused by contaminated infant formula. Compared with traditional microbiological plating methods, this new approach of using FT‐IR could be an alternative means for rapid and accurate detection of bacterial samples that are important in agricultural, food and medical areas.
EFFECT OF SANITIZER STRESS RESPONSE ON THE GROWTH KINETICS OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES ON IMITATION CRABMEAT AND IN BROTH AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE
Authors: EOM SOYOUN , JUNG YANGJIN , YOON KISUN
Published: October 2009

Two Listeria monocytogenes strains stressed with sodium hypochlorite sanitizers for 5 min were inoculated in broth or onto crabmeat and stored at 4, 10 or 25C. Lag time (LT) and specific growth rate (SGR) of unstressed and stressed L. monocytogenes were compared along with those of L. monocytogenes in pathogen modeling program. Compared with L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313, more rapid growth was observed in the stressed L. monocytogenes isolated from pork bulgogi (Korean marinated steak), regardless of the storage temperature. Overall, the effect of stress response on the growth kinetics was more obvious at 4C, where LT of stressed L. monocytogenes with 75 ppm sanitizer was extended up to four times compared with the unstressed sample. Although the overall growth rate of unstressed and stressed L. monocytogenes increased with the increase of temperature, sanitizer stress mainly affected LT in the growth curve, which varied with the strength of sanitizer, storage temperature and strain.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This research can help us to understand the behavior of stressed Listeria monocytogenes with sanitizer and the risk of stressed L. monocytogenes in the RTE foods, such as cooked crabmeat or shrimp at the retail market. Therefore, strict attention must be emphasized on the use of lethal concentration of sanitizer for optimal exposure times to avoid the incidence of sublethal‐injured L. monocytogenes in food processing plants, and thus additional hurdle technology must be considered for the potential growth of stressed L. monocytogenes in foods at the retail markets and home. The results of this study also indicate that the United States Department of Agriculture pathogen modeling program needs to be continuously expanded to include growth kinetics of stressed pathogen, especially L. monocytogenes as this is a psychrotrophic microorganism, which is resistant to various stresses in a food processing environment.
LEMON EXTRACT AS NATURAL PRESERVATIVE IN FRUIT SALAD
Authors: CONTE AMALIA , SCROCCO CARMELA , SINIGAGLIA MILENA , DEL NOBILE MATTEO ALESSANDRO
Published: October 2009

In this study the feasibility of using lemon extract to preserve the microbial quality of fresh fruit salad is addressed. In particular, two different packaging strategies were tested: lemon extract directly dissolved into the fruit solution and lemon extract dissolved into a gelatin that was put at the bottom of the salad tray. The microbiological quality decay kinetic of the differently packed cut fruit, stored at 4C, was determined by monitoring spoilage microorganisms for about 20 days. Results show that the active gel in the packaged fruit salad does not seem to affect to a great extent the growth of the investigated microorganisms; on the contrary, the use of the active solution seems to be effective in inhibiting the growth of the natural spoilage microflora, preserving the microbial quality of the packaged product for a longer time.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The results obtained in this research could be advantageously used by industry as a request of consumer demand for high‐quality convenience food. The present research represents a starting point to develop high safety packaging systems able to prolong the shelf life of fresh cut fruit. Encouraging results on the use of natural products to control postharvest rotting indicate that it is possible to substitute the synthetic compounds with preservatives safer for man and environment.
REDUCTIONS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI, COLIFORMS, AEROBIC PLATE COUNTS AND CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI BY A SMALL‐SCALE, HIGH‐PRESSURE SYSTEM DEVISED TO CLEAN A MINIATURIZED POULTRY GIBLETS TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Authors: OYARZABAL OMAR A. , FERGUS JEFFREY W. , MILLER ROBERT S. , GALE WILLIAM F. , CONNER DONALD E.
Published: October 2009

The efficacy of using direct high‐pressure hot water (60C, 140F) and a quaternary ammonium compound to clean the inside of stainless steel pipe used to transport chicken giblets was evaluated. The giblets were collected from a commercial processing plant and were inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni. The cleaning system was effective in reducing the numbers of inoculated C. jejuni and naturally occurring mesotrophic bacteria (aerobic plate counts) on the inside surface of the stainless steel pipe used to transport the giblets. However, the decreases in naturally occurring Escherichia coli and coliforms were not significant. These results suggest that additional improvements are needed to better disinfect the piping system used to transport giblets to reduce the potential for cross‐contamination with C. jejuni and E. coli. The devised cleaning system could be optimized to reduce the use of chemical agents, the cleaning time and the cost of cleaning pipes in poultry processing facilities.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

These experiments suggest that the traditional use of hot water and quaternary ammonium compounds to clean the inside of the piping system used to transport chicken giblets may not be sufficient to reduce the contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and mesotrophic bacteria (aerobic plate count). Poultry processors should be aware of the limitations of cleaning closed piping systems and develop and test high‐pressure systems to thoroughly clean the pipes used to transport giblets after processing to avoid potential sources of cross‐contamination with C. jejuni and mesotrophic bacteria.
Molecular characterization of adenovirus circulating in Central and South America during the 2006–2008 period
Authors: García Josefina , Sovero Merly , Laguna‐Torres Victor Alberto , Gomez Jorge , Chicaiza Wilson , Barrantes Melvin , Sanchez Felix , Jimenez Mirna , Comach Guillermo , De Rivera Ivette L. , Agudo Roberto , Arango Ana E. , Barboza Alma , Aguayo Nicolas , Kochel Tadeusz J.
Published: October 2009

Background  Human Adenoviruses are recognized pathogens, causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Serotype identification is critical for epidemiological surveillance, detection of new strains and understanding of HAdvs pathogenesis. Little data is available about HAdvs subtypes in Latin America.

Methods  In this study, we have molecularly characterized 213 adenoviruses collected from ILI presenting patients, during 2006‐08, in Central and South America.

Results  Our results indicate that 161(76%) adenoviruses belong to subgroup C, 45 (21%) to subgroup B and 7 (3%) to subtype E4.
Secondary Hypertension in Overweight and Stage 1 Hypertensive Children: A Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium Report
Authors: Kapur Gaurav , Ahmed Maheen , Pan Cynthia , Mitsnefes Mark , Chiang Myra , Mattoo Tej K.
Published: October 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:34–39. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

According to the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents, stage 1 hypertension is often primary in origin and associated with overweight. In contrast, stage 2 hypertension is more often secondary in origin and, hence, requires more extensive evaluation according to task force recommendations. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate whether the presence of stage 1 hypertension in overweight pediatric patients precludes workup for secondary hypertension (SH). This study included children (5–18 years) with hypertension (defined and staged per task force recommendations) referred to 4 pediatric nephrology centers in the Midwest region. Of the 246 referred patients, 166 patients with primary hypertension (PH) and SH were included for body mass index and hypertension stage analysis. The study revealed no significant differences in the mean age at diagnosis (PH, 13.1±3.1 years; SH, 12.4±3.8 years), distribution of overweight (PH, 89.4% BMI >85th percentile; SH, 80% BMI >85th percentile), and stage 1 (PH, 45%; SH, 40%) or 2 hypertensive (PH,55%; SH, 60%) children between PH vs SH. Overweight and presence of stage 1 hypertension should not preclude evaluation for SH.
Treatment of Hypertension in the Inpatient Setting: Use of Intravenous Labetalol and Hydralazine
Authors: Weder Alan B. , Erickson Steven
Published: October 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:29–33. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Acute blood pressure elevations are commonly treated in hospitalized patients. There are no guidelines for appropriate practice and no evidence that such treatment is useful. The authors performed a retrospective review of medical and pharmacy records to determine how often intravenous hydralazine and labetalol are ordered and administered. During a 1‐year study period, a total of 29,545 hospitalizations were recorded. The authors identified 2189 patients (7.4% of all patients) for whom 7242 orders were written for hydralazine as needed (10–20 mg per dose) and 5915 for labetalol (10–20 mg per dose). Ordered drugs were adminstered in 60.3% of patients, and the average number of doses administered was 5.3±8.2 (mean ± SD) for hydralazine and 5.6±7.7 for labetalol. Hospital length of stay (LOS) for patients for whom hydralazine was ordered was 12.0±15.9 days for those who received at least 1 dose and 7.1±9.0 days for those who did not receive a dose (P<.001). For patients for whom labetalol was ordered, patients receiving at least 1 dose had an LOS of 11.8±16.1 days vs 7.9±10.4 days for those who did not receive a dose (P<.001). Treatment of elevated blood pressure in in‐patients is a common practice. The authors suggest that evidence is needed to determine whether the practice is of benefit.
Urinary Dopamine Excretion and Renal Responses to Fenoldopam Infusion in Blacks and Whites
Authors: Weder Alan B. , Gleiberman Lillian , Sachdeva Amit
Published: October 2009

Dopamine is an endogenous natriuretic amine that contributes to the maintenance of sodium homeostasis. Deficiencies in the renal production of dopamine and the action of dopamine on renal tubular receptors have been observed in human hypertension and may contribute to salt sensitivity of blood pressure. Ethnic differences in the sodium‐to‐dopamine relationship may contribute to the higher prevalence of salt sensitivity in blacks. The authors assessed dopaminergic activity in two studies. In the first, daytime and nighttime excretion of sodium and dopamine were compared in 11 black and 17 white normotensive patients. No racial difference in the rate of sodium or dopamine excretion during either period was observed. In the second study, a graded infusion of the dopamine‐1 receptor agonist, fenoldopam, was performed in 14 black and 17 white normotensive patients. There was no racial difference in the natriuretic responses. Previously described lower rates of renal free water clearance and potassium excretion in blacks compared with whites were maintained during fenoldopam infusion, suggesting that dopamine is not a mediator of those differences. The authors conclude that there are no race‐related differences in dopamine excretion or activity in normotensive patients.
Nebivolol in High‐Risk, Obese African Americans With Stage 1 Hypertension: Effects on Blood Pressure, Vascular Compliance, and Endothelial Function
Authors: Merchant Nadya , Searles Charles D. , Pandian Anbu , Rahman Syed T. , Ferdinand Keith C. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Khan Bobby V.
Published: October 2009

The authors sought to determine whether nebivolol treatment results in changes in blood pressure (BP), nitric oxide bioavailability, and vascular function in obese African Americans with recently diagnosed stage 1 hypertension. Forty‐three obese, hypertensive African Americans (mean BP: systolic, 148.8±14.3 mm Hg; diastolic, 90.4±8.2 mm Hg) were treated with nebivolol (5–10 mg/d) for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were change in systolic and diastolic BP and efficacy in reaching normotensive BP. Mean systolic BP decreased by 9.2±14 mm Hg (P<.005) and diastolic BP decreased 6.8±9 mm Hg (P<.005) with 8 weeks of therapy. Significant improvements were seen in arterial compliance with nebivolol treatment as measured by aortic augmentation index (P<.005) and time to wave reflection (P=.013). Nebivolol treatment improved endothelial function as measured by flow‐mediated dilation (P<.005). Levels of erythrocyte cellular superoxide dismutase increased with nebivolol, indirectly suggesting increased bioavailability of nitric oxide (P<.005). Monotherapy with nebivolol in obese, hypertensive African Americans results in significant systolic and diastolic BP reduction by mechanisms that include improved vascular function and compliance.
Assessing the Validity of the Omron HEM‐907XL Oscillometric Blood Pressure Measurement Device in a National Survey Environment
Authors: Ostchega Yechiam , Nwankwo Tatiana , Sorlie Paul D. , Wolz Michael , Zipf George
Published: October 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:22–28. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Blood pressure (BP) readings taken by Omron HEM‐907XL were compared with the results obtained using sphygmomanometer (HgS) in 509 individuals using 2002 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) criteria. With the exception of diastolic BP in youth ages 13 to 19 years (mean difference, −1.77 mm Hg; standard deviation, 8.65), the Omron device met the criteria. Agreement for hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mm Hg) was above chance (κ=0.68) and, compared with HgS, Omron underestimated the prevalence of hypertension by 2.65%. The Omron and HgS measurements were highly correlated (r=0.94 for systolic BP and r=0.83 for diastolic BP). Both increased systolic and diastolic BP decreased device agreement (β‐coefficient=−0.10872, P<.0001; β‐coefficient=−0.25981, P<.0001, respectively). The Omron device meets AAMI criteria with the exception of diastolic BP in youth ages 13 to 19 years. However, Omron underestimated the prevalence of hypertension and device agreement decreases with increased systolic and diastolic BP.
Flood Effects on an Alaskan Stream Restoration Project: The Value of Long‐Term Monitoring1
Authors: Densmore Roseann V. , Karle Kenneth F.
Published: October 2009

Densmore, Roseann V. and Kenneth F. Karle, 2009. Flood Effects on an Alaskan Stream Restoration Project: The Value of Long‐Term Monitoring. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1424‐1433.

Abstract:  On a nationwide basis, few stream restoration projects have long‐term programs in place to monitor the effects of floods on channel and floodplain configuration and floodplain vegetation, but long‐term and event‐based monitoring is required to measure the effects of these stochastic events and to use the knowledge for adaptive management and the design of future projects. This paper describes a long‐term monitoring effort (15 years) on a stream restoration project in Glen Creek in Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. The stream channel and floodplain of Glen Creek had been severely degraded over a period of 80 years by placer mining for gold, which left many reaches with unstable and incised streambeds without functioning vegetated floodplains. The objectives of the original project, initiated in 1991, were to develop and test methods for the hydraulic design of channel and floodplain morphology and for floodplain stabilization and riparian habitat recovery, and to conduct research and monitoring to provide information for future projects in similar degraded watersheds. Monitoring methods included surveyed stream cross‐sections, vegetation plots, and aerial, ground, and satellite photos. In this paper we address the immediate and outlying effects of a 25‐year flood on the stream and floodplain geometry and riparian vegetation. The long‐term monitoring revealed that significant channel widening occurred following the flood, likely caused by excessive upstream sediment loading and the fairly slow development of floodplain vegetation in this climate. Our results illustrated design flaws, particularly in regard to identification and analysis of sediment sources and the dominant processes of channel adjustment.
Particular Solutions of a Two-Dimensional Infinite Wedge for Various Boundary Conditions With Weak Singularity
Authors: Li Z. L. , Wang Ch.
Published: October 2009

The particular solutions of a two-dimensional infinite wedge for various boundary conditions with lnr weak singularity have been investigated in this paper. The relations of the weak singularities and the discontinuities of the first kind of the boundary variables at a corner of a two-dimensional elastic body have been established. By using the relations, the singular behaviors of the unknown boundary variables at a corner of an elastic body can be obtained before solving the boundary value problem by using the boundary element method (BEM). Especially, if the boundary conditions at a corner are displacements prescribed, the values of the unknown tractions at the corner can be determined in advance. Thus, the difficulty related to the multivalued tractions at a corner in BEM analysis for problems with boundary displacements prescribed has been overcome completely. In addition, more appropriate shape functions for the unknown boundary field variables of a corner element can be constructed, and the accuracy of the BEM may be greatly increased.
The Magnetic Viscous Damping Effect on the Natural Frequency of a Beam Plate Subject to an In-Plane Magnetic Field
Authors: Lee Jui-Lin , Lin Chun-Bo
Published: October 2009

Several magnetic force models were developed to interpret various phenomena of a soft ferromagnetic beam plate subjected to a uniform external magnetic field with different incident angles. In this paper, a new transverse magnetic force model for the interface between a ferromagnetic material and the air is derived with the continuation of magnetoelastic stress across the material boundary. It is noted that both the normal and the tangential components of magnetic field on the material boundary are considered in this model. By applying such a transverse magnetic force and the effect of magnetic viscous damping, a new theoretical model is constructed in this study to predict the natural frequency of a soft ferromagnetic beam plate placed in an in-plane magnetic field. The numerical results of the present study are displayed graphically and compared with the experimental data, which appeared in literature to assure the exactness of the present work.
Modeling and Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of a Rigid Rotor System Supported by the Magnetic Bearing (Effects of Delays of Both Electric Current and Magnetic Flux)
Authors: Inoue Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Sugiyama Motoki
Published: October 2009

Active magnetic bearing (AMB) becomes widely used in various kinds of rotating machinery. However, as the magnetic force is nonlinear, nonlinear phenomena may occur when the rotating speed becomes high and delays of electric current or magnetic flux in the AMB relatively increase. In this paper, the magnetic force in the AMB is modeled by considering both the second-order delay of the electric current and the first-order delay of the magnetic flux. The magnetic flux in the AMB is represented by a power series function of the electric current and shaft displacement, and its appropriate representation for AMB is discussed. Furthermore, by using them, the nonlinear theoretical analysis of the rigid rotor system supported by the AMB is demonstrated. The effects of the delays and other AMB parameters on the nonlinear phenomena are clarified theoretically, and they are confirmed experimentally.
The Flexural Instability of Spinning Flexible Cylinder Partially Filled With Viscous Liquid
Authors: Firouz-Abadi R. D. , Haddadpour H.
Published: October 2009

This paper deals with the flexural instability of flexible spinning cylinders partially filled with viscous fluid. Using the linearized Navier–Stokes equations for the incompressible flow, a two-dimensional model is developed for fluid motion. The resultant force exerted on the flexible cylinder wall as the result of the fluid motion is calculated as a function of lateral acceleration of the cylinder axis in the Laplace domain. Applying the Hamilton principle, the governing equations of flexural motion of the rotary flexible cylinder mounted on general viscoelastic supports are derived. Then combining the equations describing the fluid force on the flexible cylinder with the structural dynamics equations, the coupled-field governing equations of the system are obtained. A numerical technique is devised with the obtained model for stability analysis of the flexible cylinder and some examples are presented. The effect of material viscoelasticity and structural damping on the stability margins of the flexible cylinder is examined, and some parameter studies on the governing parameters of the critical spinning speed are carried out.
Poromechanics Solutions to Plane Strain and Axisymmetric Mandel-Type Problems in Dual-Porosity and Dual-Permeability Medium
Authors: Nguyen Vinh X. , Abousleiman Younane N.
Published: October 2009

The two-dimensional Mandel-type problem geometry is well-known to bio-geomechanicians for testing rocks, cartilages, and bones with solutions in Cartesian coordinates for rectangular specimens or polar coordinates for cylindrical and disk samples. To date, all existing solutions are only applicable to single-porosity and single-permeability models, which could fall short when the porous material exhibits multiporosity and/or multipermeability characteristics, such as secondary porosity or fracture. This paper extends the plane strain and axisymmetric Mandel-type solutions from single-to dual-porosity and dual-permeability poromechanics. The solutions are presented in explicit analytical forms and account for arbitrary time-dependent external loading conditions, e.g., cyclic and ramping. The derived analytical solutions and results exhibit general behaviors characterized by two time scales. Stresses, pore pressures, and displacements are plotted for various time scale ratios to illustrate the interplaying effects of permeability and stiffness contrast of both porous regions, in addition to the interporosity exchange, on the overall responses of the system. Also, examples with realistic loading conditions for laboratory testing or field simulation such as cyclic and ramping are provided to demonstrate the engineering applications of the presented dual-poroelastic formulation and solutions.