bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment of basic nutrition knowledge of adolescents with eating disorders and their parents
Authors: Castillo Marigold , Feinstein Ronald , Tsang James , Fisher Martin
Published: May 2014

Objective: This study aims to determine and compare the level of basic nutrition knowledge of adolescents with eating disorders and their parents to adolescents without eating disorders and their parents.

Materials and methods: This six-month convenience based survey recruited a total of 182 adolescents with and without an eating disorder and their parents. The surveys were conducted in a suburban adolescent medicine office. Main outcome measures were based on the 18 basic nutrition questions, while means, standard deviations, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, and χ2 were all employed for the analysis.

Results: None of the groups correctly answered more than half of the questions. In terms of the percentage of correct responses, there was a statistically significant difference between adolescents with eating disorders and their parents compared with adolescents without an eating disorder and their parents. Fewer than 16% of respondents in each group correctly answered the recommended daily caloric balance of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Conclusions: There is a deficiency in basic nutrition knowledge among adolescents with and without eating disorders and their parents. A significant increase in basic nutrition education needs to occur in order to increase the understanding of what is a “healthy” diet.
Pre-Course Simulation as a Predictor of Satisfaction with an Emergency Nursing Clinical Course
Authors: Roh Young Sook , Lim Eun Ju
Published: May 2014

Recent research suggests that simulation education can effectively improve nursing students’ practical competence and can enhance educational outcomes. But very few studies have identified the relationships between pre-course simulation and course satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre-course simulations and other advanced learning modalities (i.e. pre-course e-learning, observation, and clinical placement skill performance) predicted students’ satisfaction with an emergency nursing clinical course. Second-year Korean nursing students (N = 284) participated in an integrated clinical course consisting of self-directed pre-course e-learning, a 2-hour pre-course simulation, and an 80-hour emergency room clinical placement with observation. Multiple regression analyses found that pre-course simulation, clinical placement skill performance, observation during the clinical placement, and pre-course e-learning accounted for 47.2% of the variance in course satisfaction. Notably, pre-course simulation made the largest contribution to course satisfaction, accounting for 29.1% of the variance. Pre-course simulation, skill performance, observation, and pre-course e-learning all significantly influenced learner satisfaction. Findings suggest that integrating simulation into the clinical curriculum may enhance clinical course satisfaction.
On the order of weighted approximation of unbounded functions by some generalizations
of Gadjiev–Ibragimov operators
Authors: Ghorbanalizadeh Arash M.
Published: May 2014

The generalization of Gadjiev–Ibragimov operators by means of Kantorovich and Kirov–Popova is considered and the order of weighted approximation of unbounded functions are obtained.
Numerals and number words in Shua
Authors: McGregor William B.
Published: May 2014

This paper is concerned with expressions of numerical concepts in Shua, an endangered Khoe-Kwadi language spoken in north-eastern Botswana. It is demonstrated that a range of different systems of number representation are available to speakers. These differ in terms of the degrees to which they are integrated into the system of the language. A set of defining criteria for numerals as a lexical category is proposed, and it is argued that only members of one of the paradigmatic sets of number expressions satisfy all of the criteria. This is a “restricted” system of numerals distinguishing just ‘1, 2, 3, 4, few, many’. A detailed description of the morphosyntactic features of the members of this system is provided. Similarly, a detailed description is provided of features of the modern elaborated and extended set of number words, which are based primarily on borrowings from English, but also include extensions of terms for monetary units. The range of senses and uses of the numerals and other expressions of numbers is overviewed, including distributive and collective senses.
Confounding Equivalence in Causal Inference
Authors: Pearl Judea , Paz Azaria
Published: May 2014

The paper provides a simple test for deciding, from a given causal diagram, whether two sets of variables have the same bias-reducing potential under adjustment. The test requires that one of the following two conditions holds: either (1) both sets are admissible (i.e. satisfy the back-door criterion) or (2) the Markov boundaries surrounding the treatment variable are identical in both sets. We further extend the test to include treatment-dependent covariates by broadening the back-door criterion and establishing equivalence of adjustment under selection bias conditions. Applications to covariate selection and model testing are discussed.
Is Scientific Knowledge Useful for Policy Analysis? A Peculiar Theorem Says: No
Authors: Pearl Judea
Published: May 2014

Conventional wisdom dictates that the more we know about a problem domain the easier it is to predict the effects of policies in that domain. Strangely, this wisdom is not sanctioned by formal analysis, when the notions of “knowledge” and “policy” are given concrete definitions in the context of nonparametric causal analysis. This note describes this peculiarity and speculates on its implications.
Toward fractional gradient elasticity
Authors: Tarasov Vasily E. , Aifantis Elias C.
Published: May 2014

The use of an extension of gradient elasticity through the inclusion of spatial derivatives of fractional order to describe the power law type of non-locality is discussed. Two phenomenological possibilities are explored. The first is based on the Caputo fractional derivatives in one dimension. The second involves the Riesz fractional derivative in three dimensions. Explicit solutions of the corresponding fractional differential equations are obtained in both cases. In the first case, stress equilibrium in a Caputo elastic bar requires the existence of a nonzero internal body force to equilibrate it. In the second case, in a Riesz-type gradient elastic continuum under the action of a point load, the displacement may or may not be singular depending on the order of the fractional derivative assumed.
Analysis and Fabrication of Control Surface of a Missile
Authors: Kumar A. Kiran
Published: May 2014

The aim and objective of the project work is the modeling of control surface which has complex three dimensional aerodynamic profiles using solid works software, performing analysis of the model with the imposed loads and boundary conditions using ANSYS to estimate the maximum stress and deflection. The material used for this component is titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) which has good properties like resistance to corrosion, high strength to weight ratio, which are mostly needed for aerospace vehicles. The actual dimensions of control surface are 350×225×20. The model of the control surface is scaled to 1:2 for manufacturing using Proe/Manufacturing module, the part programmes are generated and are transferred to the specific machine through DNC system.

Control surface is probably the most commonly used form of missile control, particularly for long range airto-air missiles and surface-to-air missiles. The primary reason for this application is because tail provides excellent maneuverability at high angles of attack.

Deckel E3LV CNC milling machine has been used for manufacturing the control surface. Development of 3D model using solid works then it is transferred to PROE software for generating error-free tool path and checking the tool path using simulation. Post processing of CL (cutter location) Data file to generate CNC part program, transferring the same to the respective machine tool via DNC system from CAM workstation and manufacturing of the control surface. Co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) is used for the inspection of features, as the control surface is having complex three-dimensional aerodynamic profile. On this machine, every dimension of the control surface has been inspected and found that the dimensions are within the design considerations of the given design.
Justified skepticism about Apgar scoring in out-of-hospital birth settings
Authors: Grünebaum Amos , McCullough Laurence B. , Brent Robert L. , Arabin Birgit , Levene Malcolm I. , Chervenak Frank A.
Published: May 2014

Background: The Apgar score is used worldwide to assess the newborn infant shortly after birth. Apgar scores, including mean scores and those with high cut-off scores, have been used to support claims that planned home birth is as safe as hospital birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of 5 min Apgar scores among different birth settings and providers in the USA.

Methods: We obtained data from the National Center for Health Statistics of the US Centers for Disease Control birth certificate data for 2007–2010 for all singleton, term births of infants weighing ≥2500 g (n=13,830,531). Patients were then grouped into six categories by birth setting and birth attendant: hospital-based physician, hospital-based midwife, freestanding birth center with either certified nurse midwife and/or other midwife, and home-based delivery with either certified nurse midwife or other midwife. The distribution of each Apgar score from 0 to 10 was assessed for each group.

Results: Newborns delivered by other midwives or certified nurse midwives (CNMs) in a birthing center or at home had a significantly higher likelihood of a 5 min maximum Apgar score of 10 than those delivered in a hospital [52.63% in birthing centers, odds ratio (OR) 29.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 28.29–30.06, and 52.44% at home, OR 28.95, 95% CI: 28.40–29.50; CNMs: 16.43% in birthing centers, OR 5.16, 95% CI: 4.99–5.34, and 36.9% at home births, OR 15.29, 95% CI: 14.85–15.73].

Conclusions: Our study shows an inexplicable bias of high 5 min Apgar scores of 10 in home or birthing center deliveries. Midwives delivering at home or in birthing centers assigned a significantly higher proportion of Apgar scores of 10 when compared to midwives or physicians delivering in the hospital. Studies that have claimed the safety of out-of-hospital deliveries by using higher mean or high cut-off 5 min Apgar scores and reviews based on these studies should be treated with skepticism by obstetricians and midwives, by pregnant women, and by policy makers. The continued use of studies using higher mean or high cut-off 5 min Apgar scores, and a bias of high Apgar score, to advocate the safety of home births is inappropriate.
Personnel-itis: a myth or a pathology? A retrospective analysis of obstetrical and perinatal outcomes for physicians and nurses
Authors: Tsafrir Ziv , Ascher-Landsberg Jesica , Ezra Meir , Kupferminc Michael J. , Maslovitz Sharon , Levin Ishai , Many Ariel
Published: May 2014

Objective: To evaluate whether medical personnel differ from the general population in obstetrical and perinatal outcomes.

Materials and methods: The participants comprised 46 physicians and 116 nurses employed at one medical center who gave birth in its maternity hospital. General medical and obstetrical data on their latest (“index”) pregnancy and delivery were extracted from real-time computerized patient files. The control group included 162 women who gave birth during the same period in the same hospital.

Results: The study group had significantly more deliveries, cesarean sections, and terminations of pregnancy prior to the index pregnancy. The medical personnel conceived significantly more often with assisted reproductive technologies (ART) (18.8% vs. 8% for controls, P<0.05), and had significantly more obstetrical complications, i.e., premature contractions, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclamptic toxemia, and 2nd/3rd trimester bleeding or chorioamnionitis (42.5% vs. 29% for controls, P<0.05). The rate of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC) was lower in the study group (22.2% vs. 33.3% for controls, P=0.03). There was no difference in gestational age at delivery, birth weight, or adverse neonatal outcome.

Conclusions: Medical personnel utilized ART more frequently and had more pregnancy complications as well as a lower incidence of VBAC than non-personnel. Neonatal outcomes were similar for both groups.
Incorporating first trimester analytes to predict delivery of a large for gestational infant in women with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Gabbay-Benziv Rinat , Esin Sertac , Baschat Ahmet A.
Published: May 2014

Aim: To investigate first trimester maternal characteristics of women with impaired glucose tolerance that deliver large for gestational age (LGA) infants.

Methods: Nested analysis from a prospective study of singleton pregnancies enrolled at first trimester. We studied women with an abnormal 1 h glucose challenge test that had normal follow-up oral glucose tolerance testing. Maternal characteristics, ultrasound parameters and serum analytes were stratified by subsequent delivery of an LGA infant. Parameters identified as significant on univariate analysis were used for a derivation of prediction by logistic regression. Odds ratio and prediction performance was determined using receiver operator curve (ROC) statistics.

Results: A total of 33/114 (28.9%) women meeting the criteria delivered LGA infants. Maternal height (cm), and first trimester pregnancy-associated protein-A and free β-hCG (MoM) predicted delivery of an LGA infant (ROC area under curve 0.73; 95% CI 0.63–0.83). At a cutoff value of 0.172 the prediction rule achieved 91% sensitivity, 44% specificity, 41% positive predictive and 92% negative predictive value.

Conclusion: Maternal height and first trimester high free β-hCG and PAPP-A levels may be used as predictors for delivery of LGA infants in women with impaired glucose tolerance.
International Adjudication of Land Disputes: For Development and Transnationalism
Authors: Bechky Perry S.
Published: May 2014

This short article offers two observations about international adjudication of land disputes. First, the article shows that such adjudication is intended to further development, but that this goal is served better, if counter-intuitively, by rejecting the so-called
High performance computing in quantitative finance: A review from the pseudo-random number generator perspective
Authors: Mascagni Michael , Qiu Yue , Hin Lin-Yee
Published: May 2014

The great demand for high computational capabilities is omnipresent in every facet of modern financial activities, ranging from financial product pricing, trading and hedging at the front desk on the one end to risk management activities for in house monitoring and legislative compliance on the other. While this demand is met by scalable high performance computing, along with it come new challenges. As a notable proportion of financial computations involve the use of pseudo-random numbers, the engagement of a large number of parallel threads leads to consumption of large amount of pseudo-random numbers, uncovering potential intra-thread and inter-thread correlation that will lead to bias and loss of efficiency in the computation. This paper reviews, in the setting of derivative instrument pricing, the performance of some commonly used scalable pseudo-random number generators constructed based on different parallelization strategies: (1) parameterization (SPRNG), (2) sequence-splitting (TRNG and RngStream), and (3) cryptography (Random123). In addition, the potential impact of intra-thread and inter-thread correlation in pricing and sensitivity analysis of some common contingent claims via Monte Carlo simulation is examined.
Crystal structure of triethyl(5-benzoyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methanetricarboxylate, C21H23NO7
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wang Meng-Xue , Guo Kai
Published: May 2014

C21H23NO7, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 8.369(2) Å, b = 10.984(2) Å, c = 11.900(2) Å, α = 84.12(3)°, β = 72.05(3)°, γ = 79.81(3)°, V = 1022.9 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0584, wRref(F2) = 0.1739, T = 293 K.
Crystal structure of 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-amine-1-(4-nitrophenyl)- piperazine (1:1), C10H14N3O2·C6H8N3O2, C16H23N6O4
Authors: Wang Xin-Yi , Wang Mei-Zi , Guo Feng-Jiao , Sun Juan , Qian Shao-Song
Published: May 2014

C16H22N6O4, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 7.4257(7) Å, b = 11.390(1) Å, c = 11.998(1) Å, α = 65.648(3)°, β = 89.905(3)°, γ = 74.090(3)°, V = 881.9 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0478, wRref(F2) = 0.1439, T = 273 K.
Crystal structure of (3aR,8aS,9aS)-8a-methyl-3,5-dimethylenedecahydronaphtho[ 2,3-b]furan-2(3H)-one, C15H20O2
Authors: He Jing-Yu , Jia Hui-Zhen , Yao Qing-Guo , Liu Si-Jie , Hu Rui-Sheng
Published: May 2014

C15H20O2, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 6.5445(5) Å, b = 8.7394(6) Å, c = 22.794(2) Å, V = 1303.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0748, wRref(F2) = 0.1419, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of 4-iodobenzoic acid— 4-((pyridin-4-yl)methylthio)- pyridine (1:1), C18H15IN2O2S
Authors: Qiang Hong , Tu Shu-Jie , Yang Yong-Li
Published: May 2014

C18H15IN2O2S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 21.078(3) Å, b = 10.537(2) Å, c = 7.938(1) Å, β = 94.46(1)°, V = 1757.7 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0344, wRref(F2) = 0.0846, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of cis-dibromidobis(quinoline-κN)platinum(II) acetonitrile monosolvate, C20H17Br2N3Pt
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: May 2014

C20H17Br2N3Pt, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 10.2237(7) Å, b = 10.4395(7) Å, c = 10.6023(7) Å, α = 105.302(1)°, β = 110.421(1)°, γ = 99.419(1)°, V = 981.1 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0221, wRref(F2) = 0.0551, T = 180 K.
Crystal structure of (2,2ʹ-bipyridine-κ2N,Nʹ)dibromidopalladium(II) dibromomethane monosolvate, C11H10Br4N2Pd
Authors: Ha Kwang
Published: May 2014

C11H10Br4N2Pd, triclinic, P1¯ (no. 2), a = 9.0574(9) Å, b = 9.4029(9) Å, c = 10.100(1) Å, α = 74.091(2)°, β = 66.818(2)°, γ = 81.760(2)°, V = 759.9 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0316, wRref(F2) = 0.0866, T = 200 K.
Manufacture and characterization of conductor-insulator composites based on carbon nanotubes and thermally reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Bowen Chris R. , Buschhorn Sam , Adamaki Vana
Published: May 2014

In this paper we present characterization data for carbon nanotube (CNT)-epoxy and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO)-epoxy nano-composites. The frequency-dependent ac conductivity and permittivity are examined as a function of volume fraction of carbon-based filler. The measured electrical properties and their frequency dependency are evaluated on the basis that such composites can be considered as a network of resistors and capacitors, whereby the resistors represent the conductive component (CNT or TRGO) and the capacitors are the insulating component (epoxy matrix). Differences observed between the frequency-dependent electrical properties of the CNT-epoxy and TRGO-epoxy composites are explained in terms of the different electrical conductivities of the CNT and TRGO phase.
Mechanical and barrier properties of copolyester-nanoclay composites
Authors: Mohan Turup P. , Kanny Krishnan
Published: May 2014

This paper examines the influence of nanoclay on the structure, thermal and mechanical and gas barrier properties of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based copolyester using a new modified formula. The copolyester considered in this work consists of partially replaced acid and diol monomers in main chain PET polymers, namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and isophthalic acid monomers, i.e., PET-IP. Nanoclays were filled from 0–3 wt% in PET-IP using the melt mixing method. The structural examination of composites tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the distribution of nanolayers of clay particles in polymeric matrix. Up to 1 wt% nanoclay in PET-IP, an exfoliated structure resulted and above 1 wt% nanoclay an intercalated structure resulted. It was observed that 0.5 wt% nanoclay filled PET-IP resulted in improved nucleation characteristics and above 0.5 wt% nanoclay dramatically increased the gas transport (CO2, O2, N2 and water vapor), thermal and mechanical properties. The results also showed that the distribution of nanoclays affected the gas barrier properties of the polymer and can be controlled by processing parameters.
Modeling of cesium sorption on biotite using cation exchange selectivity coefficients
Authors: Kyllönen Jarkko , Hakanen Martti , Lindberg Antero , Harjula Risto , Vehkamäki Marko , Lehto Jukka
Published: May 2014

For the modeling of cesium sorption on biotite, samples of natural biotite separated from gneissic rocks were converted into monoionic
potassium, sodium, and calcium forms, and sorption isotherms for Cs/K, Cs/Na and Cs/Ca exchange were determined at pH 6 and 8 in
E-4–E-8 M Cs solutions. Selectivity coefficients for Cs/K, Cs/Na, and Cs/Ca ion exchange reactions were calculated from
the isotherm data, using the Gaines-Thomas convention. At Cs loadings below 1% of the total ion exchange capacity, the overall
selectivity coefficient for Cs/Ca exchange was approximately five and seven orders of magnitude higher than those for Cs/Na and Cs/K
exchange, respectively. Based on the selectivity coefficients, the ion exchange isotherms were modeled with the U.S. Geological Survey
PhreeqC program, assuming three different types of ion exchange site: sites on the basal planes on biotite crystal surfaces with
95% site abundance, probable interlayer sites on crystal edges [frayed edge sites (FESs)] (0.02%) and third-type
sites (5%), the physical background of which is unclear. Of these three types, the FES sites were superior in Cs selectivity,
while the planar sites exhibited the lowest selectivity, and the third-type sites had selectivity between these two. The functionality
of the model was successfully verified by modeling the Cs sorption isotherms on crushed mica gneiss rock in saline
groundwater. Determination of the exchangeable ions K, Na, Ca, and Cs on the basal plane and edge surfaces by scanning electron
microscopy-energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) supports the results of modeling: edge sites highly prefer Cs ions and also
Ca and Na ions but not K ions.
Development of a new method for design of stiffened composite pressure vessels using lattice structures
Authors: Taghavian Seyed Hossein , Jam Jafar Eskandari , Zabihpoor Mahmood , Yousefzadeh Mahdi
Published: May 2014

A new method to design composite pressure vessels under strain and strength constraints using lattice structures is described. A graphical analysis is presented to find the optimum geometrical parameters of the rib for given fiber orientations. Minimum pressure vessel mass is determined from active execution of two constraints. Composite lattice structures are suggested as a new way of strain suppression among the commonly used methods such as (1) addition of extra plies, (2) use of composite material with a higher stiffness and (3) replacement of the circumferential layer with a second helical layer made of different materials. The experimental and analytical results of application of the method indicate that the vessel covered with composite lattice structures presented considerable weight savings with respect to traditional stiffened vessels.
Term spread regressions of the rational expectations hypothesis of the term structure allowing for risk premium effects
Authors: Argyropoulos Efthymios , Tzavalis Elias
Published: May 2014

This paper suggests a new empirical methodology of testing the predictions of the term spread between long and short-term interest rates about future changes of the former allowing for term premium effects, according to the rational expectations hypothesis of the term structure. To capture the effects of a time-varying term premium on the term spread, the paper relies on an empirically attractive affine Gaussian dynamic term structure model which assumes that the term structure of interest rates is spanned by three unobserved state variables. To retrieve accurate values of these variables from interest rates series, the paper suggests a new method which can overcome the effects of measurement (or pricing) errors inherent in these series on the estimates of the model. This method is assessed by a Monte Carlo study. Ignoring these errors will lead to biased estimates of term structure models. The empirical results of the paper provide support for the suggested term structure model. They show that this model can efficiently capture the time-varying term premium effects embodied in long-term interest rates, which can explain the failures of term spread to forecast future changes in long-term rates.
Highly stable heterodyne interferometer without periodic nonlinearity
Authors: Pengcheng Hu , Peng Chen , Xiaofei Diao , Jiubin Tan
Published: May 2014

Recently the Joo-type heterodyne interferometer was invented to overcome the
periodic nonlinearity, but there was less discussion about the optics
thermal drift of Joo-type interferometer. In this paper, the optics thermal
drift model of Joo-type interferometer is established, and a highly stable
heterodyne interferometer is proposed. Experimental results show that, the
proposed interferometer's periodic nonlinearity is 0.035 nm, while its
optics thermal drift coefficient is 18 nm/℃ approximately.
Modellbasiertes Prüfen zur Verifikation der
Funktionsfähigkeit von mikrostrukturierten
Oberflächen
Authors: Hartmann Wito , Weckenmann Albert
Published: May 2014

Eine Methode zur Prüfung der Funktionsfähigkeit von Mikrostrukturen,
welche verbesserte funktionale Eigenschaften wie Stoffübertragungs-,
Dichtheits- oder Reibeigenschaften ermöglichen sollen, wurde entwickelt.
Durch Modellieren und Simulieren der Funktion eines Werkstücks ist es
möglich den Grad der Funktionserfüllung basierend auf dimensionellen
Messungen zu berechnen. Vorteile dieses Ansatzes werden anhand einer
mikrostrukturierten Druckwalze vorgestellt und erläutert.
A RATHER LIMITED AFFAIR THE USES OF THEORY FOR DRAMATURGES AND TRANSLATORS OF PLAYS
Authors: Raab Michael
Published: May 2014

From a practitioner's point of view the essay tries to give an account of the financial side of translating for the theatre, the author's work on the German versions of new British and Irish plays as a dramaturge and productions of his own translation of Mark O'Rowe's Howie the Rookie. These practical considerations are set against some of the criteria developed by theory for the process of translation and its necessary degree of faithfulness to the original. Finally some suggestions are made how to narrow the gap between theory and theatre practice.
Intertextuality and History: America's Colonial Past in The Scarlet Letter (1995)
Authors: Obenland Frank
Published: May 2014

This essay discusses the representation of New England's colonial past in the most re cent cinematic adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter (185.0). Based on theoretical models developed by Renate Lachmann, this essay will show that the movie creates an effect of historicity in developing a web of intertextual references between the cinematic adaptation of The Scarlet Letter and a number of historical and literary documents. The intertextual structure of the film determines the cinematic recreation of the past and succeeds in simultaneously reconstructing different historical crises in American colonial history.
The Cultural Validity of Classical Music in Richard Powers’s The Time of Our Singing
Authors: Sauerberg Lars Ole
Published: May 2014

Richard Powers’s novel The Time of Our Singing (first published 2003) is a fictional prose narrative about the musical careers of two brothers of African-American and German-Jewish parentage in a social context affected by racial issues in twentieth-century USA. The novel explores music in terms of cultural and political appropriation and demonstrates, in the laboratory of fiction, the extent to which racial prejudice influences the use of and attitudes towards musical conventions. While, at the level of fabula, the musical careers of the two brothers are predestined to failure by their refusal to comply with ingrained social mores, the novel, at the level of sujet, nonetheless problematizes the notion of music as a pure social/cultural construct and, with the tragic plot, presents a case in favour of music as a redemptive aesthetic force transcending historically determined realities. This is brought about by a richly suggestive discourse full of descriptions and metaphors evoking inherently musical values.
Performing Jazz, Defying Essence: Music as a Metaphor of Being in Jackie Kay’s Trumpet
Authors: Eckstein Lars
Published: May 2014

The cultural validity of jazz has been evaluated very differently by various critical camps. Some voices try to essentialise jazz by either claiming it as a specifically African American tradition dominated by black, and mostly male musicians, or, alternatively, by explicitly limiting its cultural functionality to the black diaspora. Other voices, in contrast, insist on the hybrid genealogy and dialogic openness of jazz as a form of art that inherently defies boundaries of gender and race. Jackie Kay’s novel Trumpet fully subscribes to the latter opinion. Revolving around the jazz musician Joss Moody, Trumpet not only takes up jazz as a core theme but also refers to jazz-aesthetic principles and performative arrangements in its narrative design. Most importantly, however, Trumpet uses jazz as a metaphor of being, as a model of identity formation that privileges a performative approach to the social and biological constraints of gender and race
'After London': The Death of the Metropolis in the Fiction of Richard Jefferies
Authors: Lindner Oliver
Published: May 2014

In the late nineteenth century, urban spaces attracted increasing criticism. Against the backdrop of environmental pollution, the miserable housing conditions of the poor and fears of degeneration, the metropolis came under close examination. Late Victorian writers responded to this discussion in particular. The essay investigates the representation of urban disorders in the works of Richard Jefferies. As a critic of industrialized society, Jefferies powerfully articulated a possible future of London in some of his shorter prose fiction and in his novel After London; or, Wild England (1885). Whereas his short story "Snowed Up" (1876) and the fragment "The Great Snow" (1876) portray a temporary 'death' of the city resulting from tremendous snowstorms, After London presents a complete overthrow of urban structures. Jefferies's pessimistic outlook on the future of the city will be analysed and brought within the context of other fictional texts of the period, which also focus on the future of London.
John Keats and Mythopoetics: A Reading of "La Belle Dame sans Merci"
Authors: Baumbach Sibylle
Published: May 2014

While the tide of Keats's "La Belle Dame sans Merci" points to Alain Chartier's medieval poem as major source, there is an even earlier subtext suggesting itself in both the ballad's narrative and structure. As demonstrated in this paper, Keats's depiction of the relationship between the knight and the fairy-figure, between poetic ward and mysterious muse, ,refers to the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice as it is presented in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Exceeding what can be regarded a fine example of creative reception, the recurrence to the classical tale of poetic inspiration and, as it were, despair adds a metapoetic level to "La Belle Dame." Playing on in a world that is depicted as having fallen silent, the ballad becomes a means for reviving orphic singing and enacts an encounter with antiquity, in which the poet's anxiety of belatedness is eventually overcome. Thereby Keats emerges as another Ovid or even a new writing, writing himself into a greater tradition of mythopoetry
No More Room in Hell: Utopian Moments in the Dystopia of 28 Days Later
Authors: Heinze Rüdiger , Petzold Jochen
Published: May 2014

Focusing on the zombie-film 28 Days Later (Danny Boyle) may at first sight seem an odd choice in the context of utopian writing, but links to utopia can in fact be drawn on various levels. Zombies, like utopia itself, can function as a means to comment on or criticize present society; the creation of zombies in 28 Days Later is linked to an utopian ideal, the elimination of rage; and the film can be read as a quest for a utopian space in a pastoral setting. Thus, the film is discussed as a self-referential mixture of genres that combines dystopia with apocalypse, utopia with the pastoral, and that ironically undercuts all its generic statements.
The ‘Search for Order’ and the Crisis of Masculinity: The Naturalist American Novel and the Cultural Anxieties of the ‘Strenuous Age’
Authors: Müller Kurt
Published: May 2014

This article discusses the American naturalist novel both as a reflection of and a reaction to the symptoms of cultural crisis around 1900. By the turn of the century, the modernization process had led to a widespread sense of uprootedness and disorientation, often resulting in feelings of displacement, anxiety, and identity diffusion, not least in terms of 'gender trouble: That, in turn, generated a strong need for stabilizing structures of order, control, and power. This need is reflected in the naturalist ecriture, which signifies a massive claim for power and control over the fictional material and over the reader, as well as in terms of plot construction and character conflict. Taking NOTTis's McTeague (1899) as a major example, the article demonstrates how the characters of that novel are motivated by an anxiety-ridden "search for order" (Wiebe t 967) and at the same time involved in a gender conflict constellation that is indicative of the crisis of masculinity that was part of the socio-psychological substratum of the 'strenuous age:
“Tell Nannan I Walked”: Reconstructing Manhood in Ernest J. Gaines's A Lesson before Dying
Authors: Crisu Corina Anghel
Published: May 2014

Drawing on a variety of philosophical and ethical views, as well as on African American studies, this paper discusses the way in which Emest J. Gaines's A Lesson
before Dying reconsiders the black male character in the context of racial prejudices in the segregated South in the late 1940s. The paper demonstrates that Gaines is one of the authors who had to face the difficult task of transforming the invisible African American presence into the central element of his narrative. From a silent, subjugated figure, from being simply a substitute of the white man, the black protagonist metamorphoses into a polytropic character. The article proposes a close textual and intertextual analysis of Gaines's reconstruction of black male identity. The main argument focuses on the way in which Gaines rewrites the earlier representation of the lonely rebellious African American - (de )constructing the image of the native son and invisible man - by insisting on the importance of the pedagogical role of the community.
“Parenthesis” and the Unreliable Author in Julian Barnes's A History of the World in 10½ Chapters
Authors: Lea Daniel
Published: May 2014

This paper focuses on the ambiguous status of the half-chapter in Julian Barnes's novel A History of the World in 10'½ Chapters (1989). "Parenthesis" stands in contradistinction to the other ten chapters in that it offers a concerted riposte to the provisionality of postmodern history by installing love as a structuring logic by which the terrifying randomness of the past can be negotiated. Much of the distinctiveness of "Parenthesis" derives from the intrusion of an authorial-narratorial figuration of Julian Barnes which, it is argued, lends the half-chapter a degree of authorial privilege and narrative stability that is not evident elsewhere. By reading the 'honesty' of Barnes's discourse on love as a postmodern strategy of seduction, it is claimed that the redemptive potential of love as a way of making meaning from chaos is compromised. To recognise this is to face the prospect that Barnes lulls his readers into believing that "Parenthesis" offers an escape from the scepticism of postmodernism only to confront them with their own naive desire for order in narrative as in history.
Academic achievement of children with and without migration backgrounds in an immersion primary school: A pilot study
Authors: Steinlen Anja K. , Piske Thorsten
Published: May 2014

This paper had two aims: a) to provide a review of studies investigating how children with migration backgrounds perform in tests examining their skills in the majority language of a country as well as their skills in a 3rd language learnt either in regular language-as-subjects lessons or in bilingual programmes such as those following the immersion approach, and b) to present the results of a pilot study investigating how primary school children with and without migration backgrounds enrolled in a partial immersion programme in Germany performed in tests examining their skills in the ambient language German and in the immersion language English. The review of previous research suggested that compared to children without a migration back-ground, children with a migration background living in Germany often achieve relatively poor results in studies examining their skills in the ambient language German. In studies examining migrant children’s skills in a new language such as English learnt in foreign language classrooms or in a bilingual secondary school setting, students with migrant backgrounds have, on the other hand, sometimes been found to perform equally well as or even better than students without a migration back-ground. However, there is a paucity of studies examining migrant children’s academic achievement in primary schools with bilingual programmes. The pilot study pre-sented here examined children in primary grades 1 to 4 who were enrolled in a partial immersion programme in Germany and who participated in tests examining their cognitive abilities, their literacy skills in the ambient language German and the immersion language English as well as their comprehension of English vocabulary and grammar. The results obtained in the different tests suggest that primary school immersion programmes may not only be suitable for children without, but also for children with migration backgrounds, including children with migration back-grounds whose parents are less inclined to education.
The incommensurate crystal structure of the Pd5B1-z phase; B ordering driven by elastic interaction between B atoms
Authors: Leineweber Andreas , Berger Tilman Georg , Udyansky Alexander , Bugaev Volodymyr N.
Published: May 2014

The atomic structure of the incommensurate Pd5B1-z phase has been analysed in detail by selected area electron diffraction and neutron-powder diffraction. That structure is based on a close-packed cubic arrangement of Pd atoms with the B atoms occupying the octahedral sites in a long-range ordered fashion. The ordering pattern of B is an incommensurately modulated one with a modulation vector of a length which changes with the B content (~PdB0.18-0.19) to adapt the ordering pattern continuously to the actual composition. The structure can be conceived to be constituted from “isolated” BPd6 units (also occurring in the previously reported Pd6B phase) and edge-sharing B2Pd10 octahedra units, which occur in a ratio reflecting the actual B content. As predicted on the basis of elastic interactions between B atoms, nearest neighbour B-B pairs occur (the B2Pd10 double octahedra units) in the structure of the Pd5B1-z phase, whereas occurrence of second-nearest neighbour B-B pairs is avoided. For the ideal composition Pd5B the crystal structure of the Pd5B1-z phase corresponds to that of monoclinic UCl5 with U playing the role of B and Cl that of Pd.
Loss of MAP Function Leads to Hippocampal Synapse Loss and Deficits in the Morris Water Maze with Aging
Authors: Ma Qiu-Lan , Zuo Xiaohong , Yang Fusheng , Ubeda Oliver J. , Gant Dana J. , Alaverdyan Mher , Kiosea Nicolae C. , Nazari Sean , Chen Ping Ping , Nothias Fatiha , Chan Piu , Teng Edmond , Frautschy Sally A. , Cole Greg M.
Published: May 2014

Hyperphosphorylation and accumulation of tau aggregates are prominent features in tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease, but the impact of loss of tau function on synaptic and cognitive deficits remains poorly understood. We report that old (19–20 months; OKO) but not middle-aged (8–9 months; MKO) tau knock-out mice develop Morris Water Maze (MWM) deficits and loss of hippocampal acetylated α-tubulin and excitatory synaptic proteins. Mild motor deficits and reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra were present by middle age, but did not affect MWM performance, whereas OKO mice showed MWM deficits paralleling hippocampal deficits. Deletion of tau, a microtubule-associated protein (MAP), resulted in increased levels of MAP1A, MAP1B, and MAP2 in MKO, followed by loss of MAP2 and MAP1B in OKO. Hippocampal synaptic deficits in OKO mice were partially corrected with dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and both MWM and synaptic deficits were fully corrected by combining DHA with α-lipoic acid (ALA), which also prevented TH loss. DHA or DHA/ALA restored phosphorylated and total GSK3β and attenuated hyperactivation of the tau C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) while increasing MAP1B, dephosphorylated (active) MAP2, and acetylated α-tubulin, suggesting improved microtubule stability and maintenance of active compensatory MAPs. Our results implicate the loss of MAP function in age-associated hippocampal deficits and identify a safe dietary intervention, rescuing both MAP function and TH in OKO mice. Therefore, in addition to microtubule-stabilizing therapeutic drugs, preserving or restoring compensatory MAP function may be a useful new prevention strategy.
The British military-industrial complex in history: The importance of political economy
Authors: Edgerton David
Published: May 2014

This article highlights the until quite recently neglected political-economic thinking in matters of defense in twentieth-century Britain. It argues that retrieving such analyses from the interwar years is an excellent although partial way to get at an alternative picture of interwar defense spending and the arms industry. Interestingly, the political-economic approach fell out of favor in the nuclear age, but became central from the 1970s in critical discussion of British militarism. Yet that political-economic view was limited in that it made important assumptions about the civilian origins and nature of modern war. The article challenges these assumptions, noting the military origins and nature of most military technologies, and indeed of many civilian technologies, too.
Channels of small-arms proliferation: Policy implications for Asia-Pacific
Authors: Koorey Stefanie , Markowski Stefan , Hall Peter , Brauer Jurgen
Published: May 2014

To develop effective policy to reduce the proliferation of illicit small arms in developing countries, it is necessary to have a good understanding of how these weapons are distributed and how illicit stockpiles are formed. This article captures structural characteristics of small-arms supply-chains and, in particular, stylizes the different mechanisms for funneling small arms to illicit users. The article draws on the experience of countries in South and Southeast Asia and of the Melanesian states of the Pacific. By focusing on the structural complexity of supply chains, the article highlights challenges that multichannel supply chains pose for governments in developing countries that seek to curb the flow of small arms into illicit stocks.
La romanización de la Iglesia católica en América Latina: una estratégia de larga duración
Authors: Roux Rodolfo R. de
Published: May 2014

Desde mediados del siglo XIX la Iglesia católica ha adelantado un proceso de romanización, es decir, su centralización y unificación institucional según las directivas de la Curia romana, con miras a integrar a todos los católicos del mundo en torno a la figura del Papa. En Iberoamérica ese proceso de romanización corresponde al final del Patronato o Padroado, que había convertido a los reyes de España y de Portugal (y luego al emperador del Brasil) en «patronos» de la Iglesia. La romanización - animada por un catolicismo «integral» y aun «integrista» - logró en las Iglesias latinoamericanas una renovación y reestructuración de las estructuras eclesiásticas y de la vida eclesial. En ese proceso de romanización, del que se analiza el porqué y el cómo, el Concilio Plenario de América Latina (Roma, 1899) fue un acontecimiento importante y la Iglesia católica brasileña es un ejemplo significativo.
Congregações femininas e difusão de um modelo escolar: uma história transnacional
Authors: Rogers Rebecca
Published: May 2014

Trata-se, neste artigo, de mostrar a riqueza das recentes pesquisas envolvendo a missão civilizatória das congregações francesas, quando, nos séculos XIX e XX, se lançaram na fundação de escolas para moças no estrangeiro. Tais trabalhos mostram a transferência dos modelos escolares franceses em territórios coloniais ou outros e analisam as coibições políticas que explicam certas iniciativas terem logrado mais êxito que outras. Cruzando os conhecimentos trazidos da história missionária, da história colonial e da história do gênero, o artigo se debruça sobre os estudos e as fontes que permitem considerar uma história transnacional das educadoras religiosas, quando se implantam no estrangeiro.
O conceito de liberdade como não dominação sob a perspectiva feminista
Authors: Almeida Carla Cecília Rodrigues , Elias Maria Ligia Ganacim Granado Rodrigues
Published: May 2014

O ponto central da teoria de Philip Pettit, referência fundamental no chamado novo republicanismo, é o conceito de liberdade como não dominação: uma pessoa livre é aquela que não vive sob desejo arbitrário ou dominação de outros. Para ele, esse conceito crucial unifica os autores neorrepublicanos, a despeito de suas variações analíticas, e pode articular preocupações de vários movimentos contemporâneos, como o feminista. Esse trabalho analisa os pontos de aproximação e tensão existentes entre o republicanismo de Pettit e algumas das preocupações presentes no campo plural e heterogêneo da teoria feminista. Defendemos o argumento de que, se tratado como um regulador político, o ideal de liberdade como não dominação pode ser bastante útil às feministas.
(Obs)cena: o lugar do desejo feminino em Gustav Klimt e Clarice Lispector
Authors: Rosito Valeria
Published: May 2014

Este artigo sublinha o lugar da (obs)cena para onde se desloca persistentemente o desejo feminino. Põe em diálogo a linguagem pictórica e a literária, voltando-se para a economia composicional da tela de Klimt "As três idades da mulher" e do conto clariceano "Ruído de passos". Considera os horizontes de sentidos agregados pela circulação e recepção de ambos os objetos, especialmente no que diz respeito à autonomia do detalhe na tela de Klimt. A discussão sugere ainda efeitos do deslocamento da crítica específica de gênero à luz da crítica cultural contemporânea, voltada para agendas mais diluídas sobre inclusão. Sustenta-se, finalmente, que a perspectiva de gênero ilumina decisivamente o ato interpretativo e se prova crucial no enriquecimento de contribuições filosóficas notórias de teóricos do discurso como Bakhtin.