bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of smart-phone use in food delivery operations for logistics optimization: From the perspective of consumer logistical practices
Authors: Phuoc Nguyen Van  , Valerie Fabiano
Published: January 2022

As a result of the rapid growth of smartphones, numerous research studies have been conducted in the marketing field. Nonetheless, there has been limited research examining the impact of smartphones on consumer logistical behaviors. The purpose of this research, which is based on consumer logistics, is to acquire a better understanding of the impact of smartphone usage by adopting a case study of supermarket purchasers while they shop for food. Fiction has emerged as the preferred optimization method for forecasting future smartphone use, which illustrates two potential supermarket universes. Such smartphone usage is still minimal. They will enable us to identify managerial drivers and then provide insight on the specific values associated with the rise of consumer logistical practices.
Editorial Foreword
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

After several decades wherein the Viking studies seemed to allow little ground for new discoveries the past decades have shown the tremendous research potential they still offer to scholars. Gradually, the classical image of Viking warlords which permeated the historical writing starting already with – and often based on – the medieval chronicles has been nuanced and other hypostases of the Norseman have been discussed: the Viking as a trader, explorer, state crafter, etc. New study programmes of Viking studies have been established at universities in Scandinavia, but also in Britain, United States and Western Europe. Fresh historical sources have been discovered and old sources have been reinterpreted. In correlation with ethnographical studies, recent archaeological excavations and new insights into mythology, they greatly expanded our knowledge of the Viking Age and its continental and global role.
Sociologia do Trabalho e Mestrados Profissionais: busca de identidade e reconhecimento da profissionalidade docente
Authors: Marques Walter Rodrigues , Machado André Nogueira , Lima Mariceia Ribeiro , Costa Raquel Marques , Santos Francinete Braga , Sá Raimunda Maria Barbosa , Araújo Ivameire Martins Alves , Costa Jocenilson Mendes
Published: January 2022

O artigo tem como foco destacar a importância do reconhecimento da profissionalidade docente como atividade atribuída especificamente a professores e professoras, tendo em vista que a desenvolvem durante suas vidas no exercício da função. Objetiva trazer visibilidade para a profissão de professor no intuito de fazer com que a sociedade valorize o trabalho dos professores e das professoras brasileiras, refletindo sobre a importância de uma profissão que é base para todas as outras, pois é por meio do trabalho desses agentes da educação que todas as profissões se desenvolvem. Para isso, buscamos conceituar também o termo “trabalho”, trazendo as contribuições da Sociologia do Trabalho e autores como Ricardo Antunes, Ricardo Ramalho, Jacob Carlos Lima e Jacques Le Goff. No concernente à profissionalidade, trouxemos autores como Maria do Céu Roldão, Sílvia de Paula Gorzoni, Claudia Davis, Neusa Banhara Ambrosetti, Patrícia Cristina Albieri de Almeida. Sobre os mestrados profissionais em educação e o desenvolvimento da docência profissional - Tânia Maria Hetkowski e a legislação brasileira.
Estresse e cultura organizacional: o papel do psicólogo na prevenção e tratamento da Síndrome de Burnout
Authors: Marques Walter Rodrigues , Coelho Amanda Marcos , Marques Francisca Rodrigues , Birino Jonathan Serra , Araújo Ivameire Martins Alves , Costa Raquel Marques , Sousa Verbena Vieira Ribeiro de , Machado André Nogueira
Published: January 2022

O ensaio discute o processo de vivência de prazer-sofrimento do estresse na cultura organizacional. A qualidade de vida nos remete a uma reflexão crítica e sistêmica, em meio ao mundo do trabalho. Tendo em vista que esta vivência traz prejuízos para o colaborador e para a organização (diversos problemas de saúde, absenteísmo e queda de produtividade), objetivamos analisar as implicações da cultura organizacional que favorecem o estresse no colaborador. Utilizamos como metodologia a análise da literatura pertinente à Síndrome de Burnout e das relações do mundo do trabalho assim como os aspectos destacados pelos autores sobre as formas de prevenção e tratamento da síndrome. Destacamos que os referenciais teóricos que utilizamos situam-se nas áreas de saúde, administração e psicologia. Por fim, destacamos que o psicólogo é figura central no processo de prevenção e tratamento à Síndrome de Burnout.
ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN PADA BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA DAN BANK NEGARA INDONESIA DI TINJAU DARI ANALISIS CAMEL
Authors: Hari Yulia Santy , Pangkey Roy.I.J , Bacilius Aprili
Published: January 2022

ABSTARK
Tujuan riset ini merupakan guna mengenali gimana kinerja keuangan PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk serta PT. Bank Negeri Indonesia ( Persero) Tbk dengan memakai prosedur CAMEL (Capital, Assets, Management, Earning, Liquidity) periode 2014 hingga 2018. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil analisis laporan keuangan PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk serta PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk bersumber pada metode CAMEL mendapatkan predikat sehat sejak tahun 2014 sampai 2018. Sehingga PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk dapat menunjukkan prestasi peningkatannya pada rasio CAR, KAP, ROA, dan LDR sedangkan PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk menunjukkan prestasinya pada rasio NPM dan LDR. Efektivitas dari kedua bank ini memiliki ketahanan yang baik dalam menghadapi gejolak perekonomian saat ini sehingga nilai kesehatan yang dibentuk menunjukkan kedua bank tersebut dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik.
ANALISIS PENGELOLAAN DANA DESA DI DESA KAMANGA KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA
Authors: Tuwo Glory , Tanor Linda , Winerungan Robert
Published: January 2022

Penelitian memiliki tujuan dalam memberikan pengetahuan mengenai bagaimana pengelolaan dana desa pada Desa Kamanga Kecamatan Tompaso Kabupaten Minahasa apakah proses perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengelolaan dan pertanggungjawabannya sesuai dengan prosedur dan aturan yang berlaku, serta apa asas-asas pengelolaannya bisa terwujud. Serta faktor pendukung dan penghambat yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan penggunaan dana desa. Peneliti menggunakan metode analisis data kualitatif untuk memahami proses pengelolaan dana desa di Desa Kamanga. Sumber data menggunakan data sekunder, wawancara, observasi serta pencatatan. Studi yang dilakukan memberikan hasil berupa dana yang dikelola dengan baik pada tingkat desa. Pemerintah Desa Kamanga sudah sangat baik dalam melakukan sebuah rencana bahkan hingga pertanggungjawaban. Melalui penerapan rencana, Hukum Tua mengadakan musrenbang dulu baru menyusun APBD. Dalam implementasinya, Hukum Tua meminta TPK melaksanakan aktivitas dimana telah ditetapkan untuk dikerjakannya. Dalam hal melakukan penataan usaha, seorang bendahara TPK dan desa memiliki sebuah tugas dalam melakukan pembukuan serta pelaporan atas hasil tanggung jawa dari dana desa.
ANALISIS PENGETAHUAN WAJIB PAJAK UMKM TENTANG TARIF UMKM BERDASARKAN PP NO.23 TAHUN 2018 (STUDI KASUS DI KELURAHAN PELELOAN KECAMATAN TONDANO SELATAN, KABUPATEN MINAHASA)
Authors: Manopo Gloria , Senduk Ventje , Bacilius Aprili
Published: January 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini yang pertama untuk mengetahui pengetahuan wajib pajak UMKM tentang tarif UMKM berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No.23 Tahun 2018, dan yang kedua untuk mengetahui pengetahuan wajib pajak UMKM mengenai ketentuan umum dan tata cara pembayaran pajak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 23 wajib pajak UMKM yang terdaftar di Kelurahan Peleloan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan wajib pajak UMKM masih rendah dengan adanya Peraturan Pemerintah No.23 Tahun 2018 dengan tarif 0,5% serta pelaksanaanya belum menyeluruh karena kurangnya sosialisasi dari pemerintah kepada masyarakat dan pengetahuan wajib pajak UMKM terhadap ketentuan umum dan tata cara perpajakan juga masih belum banyak diketahui sehingga mempengaruhi keputusan mereka untuk memenuhi kewajiban perpajakannya.
ANALISIS SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGELUARAN KAS PADA CV. KOMBOS TENDEAN MANADO
Authors: Sewa Angeli , Manaroinsong Johny , Kambey Anita N.
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana sistem informasi akuntansi penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas pada perusahaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada CV. Kombos Tendean Manado. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, dengan data observasi langsung dan wawancara dengan pihak yang terkait mengenai penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sistem akuntansi penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas pada perusahaan telah dilaksanakan secara sistematis dengan menggunakan aplikasi Dealer Management System (DMS) untuk mencatat semua transaksi penerimaan dan pengeluaran kas, namun dalam penggunaan aplikasi Dealer Management System (DMS) masih saja ditemukan kesalahan dalam penginputan data dan gangguan jaringan sehingga harus dicatat secara manual.
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS DAN LIKUIDITAS TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA TAHUN 2016-2018
Authors: Sayow Tresa , Mundung Bertha , Miran Michael
Published: January 2022

Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Profitabilitas dan Likuiditas terhadap Kebijakan Dividen pada perusahaan manufaktur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan kuantitatif. Data sekunder yang digunakan berupa laporan tahunan perusahaan selama 3 tahun. Populasi yang digunakan adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2016-2018 sebanyak 168 Perusahaan. Teknik pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik porposive sampling. Akan tetapi dalam penelitian ini hanya terpilih 12 perusahaan manufaktur yang memenuhi kriteria pemilihan sampel. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis regresi data panel. Persamaan regresi data panel yang terpilih adalah Common Effect Model. Hasil peneltian secara parsial menyimpulkan bahwa profitabilitas berpengaruh terhadap kebijakan dividen, begitu juga likuiditas berpengaruh terhadap kebijakan dividen.
Kata Kunci : Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Kebijakan Dividen
EVALUASI PEMAHAMAN PELAKU UMKM DESA KUMELEMBUAI TERHADAP STANDAR AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN ENTITAS MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH
Authors: Kessek Ribka lidia margareta , Sumual Tinneke E. M. , Miran Michael Miran
Published: January 2022

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Untuk Mengetahui bagaimana pemahaman pelaku UMKM Desa Kumelembuai tentang Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro Kecil dan Menengah serta Untuk mengetahui fackor apakah yang menyebabkan kurangnya pemahaman UMKM Desa Kumelembuai terhadap Standar Akuntansi Entitas Mikro Kecil dan Menengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pelaku UMKM Desa Kumelembuai belum memahami Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro Kecil dan Menengah dan UMKM di Desa Kumelembuai belum siap untuk menerapkan Standar Akuntansi Entitas Mikro Kecil dan Menengah, hal ini disebabkan oleh karena Standar Akuntansi Entitas Mikro Kecil dan Menengah masih sangat baru dan belum adanya upaya dari pemerintah maupun lembaga-lembaga terkait bahkan pihak perbankan untuk memberikan sosialisasi kepada pelaku UMKM Desa Kumelembuai.
P52 (P. Rylands Gk. 457) and the Nomina Sacra: Method and Probability
Authors: Hurtado L. W.
Published: January 2022

This article responds to the recent proposal (by Chris Tuckett) that space considerations suggest that P52, our earliest NT manuscript, would have written out the name of Jesus in full. This would have implications for the study of the nomina sacra, abbreviations used for divine names (and some other terms) in all our other NT manuscripts. The main emphasis of this article is the importance of taking account of all scribal features of manuscripts in attempting to establish probabilities for lacunae. Careful attention to method and to all the scribal features of P52 suggests that the use of an abbreviated form of the name ‘Jesus’ is more probable than not, and that P52 is not an early exception to the rule that all NT manuscripts use nomina sacra.
Galatians 3:16: What Kind of Exegete Was Paul?
Authors: Collins C. John.
Published: January 2022

This article aims to understand Paul’s argument about ‘seeds’ and ‘seed’ in Galatians 3:16 — first, by discerning which text of Genesis lies behind it; and secondly, by using recent grammatical work on ‘seed’ in Hebrew to discern whether the Hebrew is collective or singular. The article concludes that Paul was using Genesis 22:18, which speaks of an individual offspring, and that he properly applied it to Jesus as a Messianic text.
Where Was Ancient Zion?
Authors: Leithart Peter J.
Published: January 2022

It is commonly assumed that ‘Zion’ refers to the temple mount or to the city of Jerusalem as a whole. By examining texts in Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles, the article demonstrates that ‘Zion’ in the historical books of the OT always refers to a specific area of Jerusalem, namely, the fortress that David conquered and named the ‘City of David’. This shows a continuity of usage across several centuries, and raises the possibility that the Psalms and prophets sometimes use ‘Zion’ to refer to the Davidic city and its institutions. The article ends with a brief examination of some of these texts, and argues that the specifically Davidic understanding of ‘Zion’ offers fresh insight into the meaning of these passages.
Passover and Last Supper
Authors: Routledge Robin
Published: January 2022

The Synoptic Gospels present the Last Supper as a Passover meal. Whether this coincided with the actual Passover or, as some suggest, was held a day early, it was viewed by the participants as a Passover meal, and the words and actions of Jesus, including the institution of the Lord’s Supper, would have been understood within that context. In order to better appreciate the significance of what happened at the Last Supper, this article looks at the form that the Passover celebration is likely to have taken at the time of Jesus, and notes links with the meal Jesus shared with his disciples.
What Shall We Call Each Other? Part One: The Issue of Self-designation in the Pastoral Epistles
Authors: Trebilco Paul
Published: January 2022

This paper discusses, in two parts, the ‘self-designations’ for their readers which were used by the authors of the Pastoral Epistles (here in part one), the Johannine Letters and Revelation (to follow in part two). Different ways in which self-designations might relate to terms coined by outsiders are considered in the introduction. It is argued that the term ‘Christian’ was an ‘outsider-coined’ term, which does not seem to have been regularly used for the purposes of self-designation in the literature considered here. The key terms used for self-designation in the Pastoral Epistles are ‘brother and sister’ and ‘the believers’, which, it is argued here, are used both by the author and the readers. Reasons why these particular self-designations were used are offered. Comparative conclusions will follow the investigation of self-designation in the Johannine Letters and Revelation in Part Two.
Of Rags and Riches: The Benefits of Hearing Jeremiah 9:23-24 Within James 1:9-11
Authors: Williams H. H. Drake III
Published: January 2022

James 1:9–11 encourages the poor and warns the rich about their perceived positions. Despite the apparent simplicity of the teaching, scholars have questioned the identity of the rich person, the nature of the boasting, and the relationship that this teaching has to the other teachings within James 1. Hearing a scriptural echo from Jeremiah 9:23–24 [LXX 9:22-23] within James 1:9–11 can contribute to this discussion. When the context of Jeremiah 9:23–24 and its early interpretations within Jewish literature are heard, they can help identify the rich person in James 1:9–11 as a Christian believer, specify the boasting as a heroic boast, and provide connections with this teaching and others within James 1.
Contextual Influences in Readings of Nehemiah 5: A Case Study
Authors: Williams Gary R.
Published: January 2022

A survey of the literature on Nehemiah 5 reveals how contemporary context influences the interpretation and application of the text, for good and for ill. Application must adapt to contemporary needs, but our context may blind us to a passage’s most obvious implications. Interpretation is both illumined and skewed by contextual concerns. Some principles are offered for reading aright the Scriptures in light of text, content and contextual differences.
The Destiny of the Nations in Revelation 21:1-22:5: A Reconsideration
Authors: Mathewson Dave
Published: January 2022

There has been a variety of attempts to account for the presence of the nations in Revelation 21:1–22:5 and their inclusion in eschatological salvation, when their judgement and destruction has already been described in Revelation 19–20. Many scholars have suggested that John envisions the salvation of a segment of the nations, while the unbelieving meet their doom in the lake of fire. A few have suggested that the tension can be resolved by reference to universalism: ultimately even the wicked who are punished will be redeemed. One of the most significant attempts to account for the destiny of the nations is in the work of Bauckham, who suggests that John gives priority to the vision of salvation and envisions the conversion of the nations in fulfilment of OT expectations, while a few who refuse to repent will experience punishment. Through an examination of the key texts in Revelation 21:1–22:5, namely 21:3; 21:24; and 22:2, this article suggests that the tension between the judgement and salvation of the nations must be allowed to retain its full force. Neither side of the tension should be privileged over the other. The tension functions in a rhetorical manner: to present the options available to the nations, and to highlight the reversal of power structures and the absolute sovereignty of God.
Festivals in Genesis
Authors: Rudolph David J.
Published: January 2022

The study presents a case for translating מֹועֲדִים in Genesis 1:14 as ‘festivals’ or ‘festivals and seasons’. After surveying the growing support for this rendering in biblical scholarship, the article considers the evidence of usage, literary context, ANE background, and Second Temple Jewish literature.
Yahweh’s Suspension of Free Will in the Old Testament: Divine Immorality or Sign-Act?
Authors: Irwin Brian P.
Published: January 2022

Several passages in the Old Testament portray Yahweh as behaving in ways that seem unfair or immoral. Two such narratives are the episodes describing the hardening of Pharaoh’s heart and the spirit dispatched to deceive Ahab. In each of these two cases, careful attention to the literary context and the final form of the MT shows that Yahweh’s behaviour is best understood as a sign-act directed toward a specific end.
Figuring Out Figurines
Authors: Johnston Philip
Published: January 2022

Almost one thousand Judaean pillar figurines, or JPFs, have now been found. These small terracotta female figurines are distinctive to late monarchy Judah. They have been found all over its territory, but seldom elsewhere, and come almost entirely from the eighth and seventh centuries BC. Who or what do they represent? This article first summarises recent study of figurines, to set out their known characteristics. It then looks for textual evidence of figurines. It examines inscriptional and biblical references to Asherah, the main goddess of the Iron Age Levant and now often associated with these figurines, as well as other potential biblical terms. However, while there are many terms for images and idols, none is found to apply specifically to figurines. Finally it reviews the interpretation of figurines, concluding with observations which combine archaeological and biblical data.
‘I Am Against You’: Yahweh’s Judgement on the Nations and its Ancient Near Eastern Context
Authors: Sherwin Simon
Published: January 2022

‘I am against you’ is a phrase that occurs several times in the Old Testament in relation to Yahweh’s judgement on the nations. Both Nineveh and Babylon, the respective capitals of the two great superpowers of the day, are so addressed (Nah. 2:13; 3:5; Jer. 50:31; 51:25). Yet what does that mean against the wider background of Ancient Near Eastern literature? This paper examines the issues raised by this statement and the possible theological implications its usage has for pre-exilic Israelite religion.
Should the Holocaust Force Us to Rethink Our View of God and Evil?
Authors: Johnson John J.
Published: January 2022

This paper grapples with the impact the Holocaust has had on Jewish-Christian relations, and comes to the conclusion that the problem of evil is an age-old dilemma for biblical theists, and does not take on special meaning in light of the Holocaust (even though that was indeed a horrific event). The Holocaust must be seen in proper perspective, alongside all the many other large-scale atrocities which have occurred throughout history. The Holocaust raises the same issues as are found in the Book of Job, though the proper response is not a radical rethinking of Christian theology but, as Job long ago discovered, a humble, biblical acceptance of the limits of human understanding when faced with apparently pointless suffering.
1 Corinthians 7 in the Light of the Jewish Greek and Aramaic Marriage and Divorce Papyri
Authors: Instone-Brewer David
Published: January 2022

The first half of this study explored 1 Corinthians 7 in the light of the Graeco-Roman Greek and Latin marriage and divorce papyri.1 These papyri showed that much of 1 Corinthians 7 has its basis in Graeco-Roman vocabulary and social structures. The believers at Corinth were facing the problem that divorce under Graeco-Roman law was legally complete when the dowry was returned and the couple separated. Comparisons with Jewish marriage and divorce papyri show that the lifestyle and morals that Paul wishes the Corinthians to adopt are based primarily on the Jewish interpretation of the Old Testament. This is illustrated from both Greek Jewish papyri, which show a Judaism thoroughly embedded in the Graeco
Terminological Patterns and the First Word of the Bible: ב)ראשית) ‘(In the) Beginning’
Authors: Warning Wilfried
Published: January 2022

Close reading of the final text of the Pentateuch has brought to light three linguistic linkages based on the nouns ראשהת ‘beginning’, עמר’ Omer’, and אחרית’ end’. According to the text’s extant Endgestalt the two nouns ‘beginning’ and ‘Omer’ overlap in their respective seventh positions, and the two antonyms ‘beginning’ and ‘end’ in the seventh and seventh-from-last/twelfth positions. The conjecture has thus been corroborated that the text has been carefully composed by its ancient author.
The Role of Eyewitnesses in the Formation of the Gospel Tradition: A Review Article of Samuel Byrskog, Story as History – History as Story
Authors: Head Peter M.
Published: January 2022

The place of eyewitness reports within the formation of the gospel tradition remains controversial in contemporary gospel scholarship. This review article explains and engages critically with an important recent attempt to examine this subject, Samuel Byrskog’s, Story as History – History as Story. The introduction highlights the importance of the subject, and the lack of thorough treatments. We turn firstly to consider Byrskog’s first book, Jesus the Only Teacher, and then turn to a detailed exposition of the arguments, strengths and weaknesses of his new book.
Source Criticism & Genesis 34
Authors: Parry Robin
Published: January 2022

Most historical critics consider the story in Genesis 34 to be composed of two sources which differ considerably from the redactional unity in which they now stand. In this study a critique is offered of the arguments given for such an analysis of the chapter and it is argued that we ought to consider the story always to have existed as a unity.
Eschatology and Ethics: The Future of Israel and the Nations in Romans 15:1-13
Authors: Hafemann Scott
Published: January 2022

This essay takes as its starting point the working hypothesis that Paul’s argument in Romans 15:1-3, with its doxological focus, is determined by the Scripture cited therein, interpreted within its own canonical context. Rather than reinterpreting these texts christologically or ecclesiologically, the combination and sequence of quotes in 15:9-12 is shown to provide an outline of Paul’s eschatology in which the future redemption of Israel and judgement of the nations is the content of the Church’s hope and the foundation of her ethic of mutual acceptance.
Innocent Suffering in Mesopotamia
Authors: Bricker Daniel P.
Published: January 2022

Recent discussion of Mesopotamian texts holds to the idea that theodicy is present in this literature. An examination of the material which takes into account the cultural and religious views prevalent at the time will call into question the validity of classifying certain documents as theodicy. This study will attempt to evaluate the application of the term theodicy to the pertinent literature recovered from Mesopotamia thus far.
The Better Resurrection (Heb. 11:35): A Key to the Structure and Rhetorical Purpose of Hebrews 11
Authors: Cockerill Gareth Lee
Published: January 2022

This study demonstrates through a detailed study of Hebrews 11 that references to future resurrection (11:17-19 and 11:35) are of foundational importance to the structure and logic of the argument of the chapter, and thus to the faith encouraged by the author in this chapter. This further suggests that the common assumption that the resurrection of Christ was of no importance to the author of Hebrews is mistaken.
The Psalm quotations of Hebrews 1: A hermeneutic-free zone?
Authors: Motyer Stephen
Published: January 2022

The Old Testament quotations in Hebrews 1:5-13 pose a serious challenge to an evangelical hermeneutic that seeks to be self-conscious and responsible in its handling of biblical texts. These quotations appear, in contrast, wilful and arbitrary in their application to Christ. Assuming that some kind of hermeneutic steers them, even if it produces wilful and arbitrary results, this essay reviews the various suggestions about its nature, and then proposes a version of typology as the guiding hermeneutic—a version which might even be termed ‘deconstructionist’ in its underlying rationale.
Hebrews 6:4-8: A socio-rhetorical investigation (Part 1)
Authors: DeSilva David A.
Published: January 2022

Socio-rhetorical interpretation pursues a richly textured exegesis of Scripture through co-ordinating multiple methods of reading and investigating texts. This interpretive model is put to the test as it is applied to Hebrews 6:4-8. In this, the first instalment of a two-part article, Hebrews 6:4-8 is analysed within the contexts of classical rhetoric, Jewish and Graeco-Roman intertexture, and prominent aspects of the first-century social and cultural environment. This passage presents an argument ‘from the contrary’ supporting the author’s deliberative agenda of promoting commitment to Jesus and fellow believers, drawing heavily on the social codes of patronage obligations as well as a wide spectrum of intertextual resources. Perseverance is shown to be the only just and expedient course of action, since it alone preserves obligations of gratitude. Part 2 of this article (to appear in Tyndale Bulletin 50.2) will examine the ideology promoted within the passage and how it contributes to the author’s rhetorical goals. A final section will attempt to answer the questions raised by the investigation of the social context of ancient patronage for the appropriateness of such ideological constructs as ‘eternal security’ or ‘unpardonable sin’ when applied in an absolute sense to the dynamic relationship between God and God’s clients.
The spirit of prophecy and Pauline pneumatology
Authors: Hui Archie
Published: January 2022

The present article assesses the relationship of the concept of the Spirit of prophecy in Judaism to Pauline pneumatology. Since the functions and effects of the Spirit of prophecy in Judaism are disputed, the scholarly debate is reviewed, followed by a comparison of the Jewish concept and the Pauline view of the Spirit, demonstrating points of commonality and difference.
The Homonoia Coins of Asia Minor and Ephesians 1:21
Authors: Lotz John Paul
Published: January 2022

During the later half of the first century A.D., the political climate in the Greek East was characterised by tensions arising from the competition for titles and status between the leading cities of the eastern provinces, especially in Asia Minor. Ephesus, Smyrna, and Pergamon in particular nurtured tense rivalries over the title of πρώτη Ἀσίας, a designation for primacy in the provincial council of Asia Minor (κοινὸν Ἀσίας). Orators and politicians tried to counter the potentially negative consequences these competitions could have on what political power remained to these Greek cities by exhorting the virtues of ‘political concord’ (ὁμόνοια) in speeches, inscriptions and coins. The homonoia coins of Asia Minor offer us an important insight into the tensions and vicissitudes of city politics in late first century Asia Minor, and help broaden our understanding of the socio-political background and context that Paul and his disciples spoke to. Of special interest will be how the homonoia coins of Asia Minor help us in our interpretation of certain symbols and images that occur in Ephesians 1:21, and how these speak to the persistent struggle to achieve peace and concord in the cities of the Greek East under the Roman ‘peace’, where, according to the writter of the epistle, Caesar and his empire fail to deliver precisely that which Christ and his church are offering: peace and unity.
Gallio’s ruling on the legal status of early Christianity
Authors: Winter B. W.
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this article is to examine in detail Luke’s succinct account of the unsuccessful criminal action by some Corinthian Jews against Paul before the governor of Achaea. This is done in order to understand the nature of the case against Paul, Gallio’s legal reasons for rejecting it, the implication of that ruling for early Christians, and the defence Paul mounted in subsequent Roman criminal proceedings.
The corporate Christ: Re-assessing the Jewish background
Authors: Perriman Andrew
Published: January 2022

The corporate personality hypothesis is still a frequent recourse in Pauline scholarship. Despite some quite damaging criticism from Old Testament scholars it remains, in one form or another, a popular means of accounting for Paul’s understanding of the relation of believers to the risen Christ. This essay undertakes a re-assessment of the empirical data for the hypothesis. It comes to the conclusion that Paul is unlikely to have had at hand in Judaism a conceptual model for the inclusion or incorporation of believers in Christ. The phenomena that have commonly been taken as evidence for the concept either have simply been misread or may be explained by reference to other less speculative aspects of Jewish thought and literary method.
The Function of ‘Likewise’ (ΩΣΑΥΤΩΣ) in Romans 8:26
Authors: Smith Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

Paul uses the comparative adverb ὡσαύτως in Romans 8:26 to compare the Spirit’s ministry of helping Christians in their weakness to something he had written previously. Interpreters of this text, however, have not been able to reach a consensus in their attempts to identify the antecedent subject of the comparison. This article proposes a fresh consideration of the view that Paul is comparing the Spirit’s ministry in 8:26 to the Spirit’s ministry in 8:16.
The Old Testament Concept of Solidarity in Hebrews
Authors: Grogan G. W.
Published: January 2022

Despite the criticisms of some, the concept of solidarity is an important one in the Old Testament. It is seen in kinship, marriage, common residence and occupations, covenants and, more subjectively, in affection. It applies to Yahweh’s relationship with Israel in terms of covenant and representation and has many
Royal Expectations in Genesis to Kings: Their Importance for Biblical Theology
Authors: Alexander T. Desmond
Published: January 2022

This article explores two related issues in Biblical Theology: (a) the relationship between the testaments, and (b) the New Testament belief that Jesus Christ fulfils Old Testament expectations concerning a divinely appointed royal saviour or messiah. These issues are discussed from the perspective of the books of Genesis to Kings which, as a continuous narrative, form the backbone of the Old Testament. While many contemporary writers view these books as providing an account of Israel’s history (the reality of which is debated), a careful reading reveals that they are equally interested, if not more so, in the fulfilment of divine promises centred on a future king through whom all the nations of the earth shall be blessed. According to the New Testament, the realisation of these promises, foreshadowed in the Genesis-Kings narrative, comes through Jesus Christ.
A Non-Polemical Reading of 1 John: Sin, Christology and the Limits of Johannine Christianity
Authors: Griffith Terry
Published: January 2022

This paper offers a new paradigm for understanding the treatment of sin and Christology in 1 John that does not require gnosticising or docetic-like opponents to account for its contours. Both the ethical debate about sin (1 Jn. 1:6-2:11; 3:4- 17; 4:20; 5:16-18) and the confessional statements about Jesus (1 Jn. 2:22; 4:2- 3,15; 5:1,5,6) can be explained without reference to what the group that has left the Johannine community (2:19) positively believes. The issues at stake focus on the messiahship of Jesus, and the need to reinforce the limits of the Johannine community, not only by right confession but also by right conduct. Failure to keep either part of the dual commandment to believe in Jesus and to love one another (3:23) amounts to apostasy and places oneself outside the boundaries of Johannine Christianity. Confirmation of this approach is found in John’s Gospel.
‘Be Imitators of Me’: Paul’s Model of Leadership
Authors: Clarke Andrew D.
Published: January 2022

In a number of letters, Paul urges his readers to imitate certain examples. The principal models are those of himself, Christ and God, but he also directs the attention of his readers to the behaviour of other individuals, and occasionally reminds them of the example of other churches. In addition to these injunctions to be imitators, there are also exhortations that his readers become ‘models’ for others to imitate. It would seem that both to imitate appropriate examples and to be an example to others are commendable characteristics of the Christian life. In recent years, questions have been asked regarding the motivation behind Paul’s use of these injunctions. This article seeks to reconsider the relevant Pauline texts and evaluate the author’s use of the mimesis motif.
David’s Second Sparing of Saul According to Josephus
Authors: Begg Christopher
Published: January 2022

This article offers a detailed comparison of Josephus’ version, in Antiquities 6:310-319a, of the story of David’s second sparing of Saul in relation to its Biblical source, 1 Samuel 26 (as represented by the MT, the Qumran scroll 4QSama , the Septuagint, the Vetus Latina, and the Targum). Questions addressed include: the Biblical text-form(s) used by Josephus, the distinctive features of his presentation of the episode, and the messages this may have been intended to convey to his Gentile and Jewish readers. It is hoped that the methodology of this study might serve as a paradigm for the study of other first-century figures whose use of the Old Testament is an important theological feature: namely, Philo and the early Christians writers of the New Testament.
A Syntactical Note (Genesis 3:15): Is the Woman’s Seed Singular or Plural?
Authors: Collins Jack
Published: January 2022

This article addresses the question whether the woman’s ‘seed’ in Genesis 3:15 is an individual (as LXX interprets) or her posterity, by an empirical study of how Biblical Hebrew used its pronouns and verb inflections when they are associated with zera‘, ‘seed’, when it has the nuance ‘offspring’. Syntactically Genesis 3:15 exhibits the pattern found when zera‘ refers to an individual. The article concludes with some suggestions for following the exegetical consequences of this syntactical result.
Jesus and His Baptism
Authors: Campbell R. Alastair
Published: January 2022

‘Baptism in the Holy Spirit and fire’ on the lips of John the Baptist referred to the coming Kingdom in terms of death and resurrection in which the nation would be cleansed and reborn. The experience of Jesus at the Jordan convinced him that he must not only proclaim the coming Kingdom in the power of the Spirit but bear God’s judgement on behalf of the nation (Lk. 12:49-50). On the cross he underwent the baptism of fire and received the baptism of the Spirit at his resurrection. At Pentecost the church, like Jesus at Jordan, was empowered to proclaim the coming Kingdom and called to share in the sufferings of Christ before Jesus returns to baptise the world in fire and the Holy Spirit.
Who was the ‘King of Nineveh’ in Jonah 3:6?
Authors: Ferguson Paul
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to show the title ‘king of Nineveh’ is not an anachronism. Comparison with Aramaic use of the north-west Semitic mlk, important in a north Israelite context, may suggest that a city or provincial official might have been under consideration. Cuneiform evidence seems to suggest that no distinction is made between city and province in designating a governor. Common custom was to give provincial capitals the same name as the province. This could explain the fact that the book of Jonah says the ‘city’ was a three day walk (3:3).
Jesus the King, Merkabah Mysticism, and the Gospel of John
Authors: Kanagaraj Jey J.
Published: January 2022

As King, the Johannine Jesus humbly reveals God’s kingly glory, in sharp contrast to the world’s expectations because he himself is, as the Son, one with the Father. This oneness in glory is plainly portrayed in John 12:41, where John interprets Isaiah’s vision of the enthroned God as a vision of Christ’s glory. A true vision of Jesus as King perceives him paradoxically as the Man in his lowliness, shame, suffering and crucifixion, and as the one who bears witness to the truth and exercises judgement. Such a presentation of Jesus’ kingship indicates that John is addressing to some extent the Jews of his time who had great interest in Merkabah mysticism—the experience of seeing God on the throne in human-like form, after the pattern of Ezekiel 1, Isaiah 6, and Daniel 7. John testifies to what was seen and heard before the people, calling them to believe in Jesus, the Man and the King, and to see his glory enthroned supremely on the cross.
God and His People in the Nations’ History: A Contextualised Reading of Amos 1 & 2
Authors: Carroll M. Daniel
Published: January 2022

The Oracles against the Nations in Amos 1 and 2 give important insights into the nature of God’s involvement in human history and the place of God’s people in it. This essay draws on them in order to evaluate Liberation Theology’s claim that Yahweh acts in history for the liberation of the oppressed. This theological conviction has gone hand-in-hand with certain hermeneutical commitments as to how the biblical text should be read. Two liberationists, Gustavo Gutiérrez and J. Severino Croatto are cited in order to raise the key issues for discussion, and then some alternative thoughts on hermeneutical and biblical method are proposed. A literary reading of Amos 1 and 2 suggests that this text can provide insights for a new understanding of God in history that might illuminate the Latin American situation more adequately than the liberation paradigm.
Genealogical Annotation in Genesis as Background for the Matthean Genealogy of Jesus
Authors: Nolland John
Published: January 2022

The Matthean genealogy can helpfully be classified as an annotated genealogy, a type of genealogy which is notable in Genesis. Annotation and other forms of breach of standard patterns in the Genesis genealogies function particularly to set genealogies into their wider narrative context and to ensure that the genealogies function as compressed tellings of the history that stands behind them. It is likely that Matthew learned his craft for the creation of an annotated genealogy from study of the genealogical material in Genesis.
The Book of Job and the Fear of God
Authors: Wilson Lindsay
Published: January 2022

This article studies the function of the ‘fear of God’ idea in the book of Job. It is argued that, despite the difference in terminology, the ‘fear of God’ is equivalent to the ‘fear of the LORD’ concept of Proverbs. The location of the motif in the final form of the book of Job suggests that the ‘fear of God’ is not being proposed as the answer to Job’s dilemma. Rather, Job is one who maintains his ‘fear of God’ throughout the book, yet is left with his questions and suffering. The ‘fear of God’ is seen as the solution by Job’s friends, the wisdom interlude of chapter 28, and by Elihu, yet all this is overridden by the Yahweh speeches and epilogue, where the ‘fear of God’ is not mentioned. While the ‘fear of God’ is central to the wisdom stream, the book of Job establishes that it is not the answer to every problem in life.
The Word, the Words and the Witness: Proclamation as Divine and Human Reality in the Theology of Karl Barth
Authors: Hart Trevor
Published: January 2022

Karl Barth’s entire theology is predicated upon the supposition that God has spoken to human beings. His exposition of the doctrine of the Word of God is informed both by trinitarian and incarnational analogies and insights. In each of the three forms of God’s Word (Jesus of Nazareth, scripture, and Christian preaching) there is a paradox and scandal of identity between the divine and the human to be grasped. The relationships between these three, and the peculiar duality in unity which each manifests, are explored in this essay in relation to Barth’s characteristic understanding of revelation as event
The Wayyiqtol as ‘Pluperfect’: When and Why
Authors: Collins C. John.
Published: January 2022

This article examines the possibility that the Hebrew wayyiqtol verb form itself, without a previous perfect, may denote what in Western languages would be expressed by a pluperfect tense, and attempts to articulate how we might discern it in a given passage, and the communicative effect of such a usage. The article concludes that there is an unmarked pluperfect usage of the wayyiqtol verb form; and that it may be detected when one of three conditions is met. Application of these results demonstrates that this usage is not present in 1 Samuel 14:24, while it is present in Genesis 2:19.
The Achaean Federal Cult Part 1: Pseudo-Julian, Letters 198
Authors: Spawforth Antony J. S.
Published: January 2022

This paper explores the evolution of emperor-worship at Corinth in the first century A.D. Specifically, it argues that a Greek ‘letter’ in the correspondence on the emperor Julian should be redated to c. A.D. 80-120 and identified as a petition from the city of Argos to the Roman governor of Achaia, in which the Argives sought exemption from payments towards the cost of celebrations of the imperial cult at the Roman colony of Corinth. Since these celebrations involved many of the province’s cities, the paper goes on to argue that they can be identified with the collective cult—its place of celebration previously uncertain— known from inscriptions to have been founded by the member-cities of the Achaean league in the mid-first century A.D.
The Knowledge of Writing in Iron Age Palestine
Authors: Millard Alan
Published: January 2022

The Bible presents writing as a normal activity of daily life, but no Hebrew books survive from Iron Age Palestine to attest that. The written documents found there are few and brief in comparison with those from Egypt and Mesopotamia, yet they attest a varied use of writing which, this paper argues, reached beyond the scribal circles of palace and temple. Considered in the light of inscriptions from neighbouring lands, Hebrew epigraphy presents a richer source, lacking only royal monuments. On the basis of that evidence and analogies from other parts of the ancient Near East, a case is made for the possibility of written literature existing in the land from at least the tenth century B.C. onwards.
ḤESED as Obligation: A Re-examination
Authors: Routledge Robin
Published: January 2022

While there is little dispute that ḥesed is a significant term, opinion is divided over its meaning. Glueck defines ִhesed in terms of loyalty and mutual obligation within the context of relationships, especially relationships involving a covenant. More recent studies, however, have minimised this aspect, linking ִhesed, instead, with ideas of benevolence and kindness. This article looks at the use of ִhesed in the OT in the setting of human relationships and the relationship between God and his people, and considers, too, the Hebrew terms with which ḥesed is most closely associated. It concludes in favour of the more traditional interpretation, and considers the significance of this understanding for the covenant people of God.
The Jewishness of John’s Use of the Scriptures in John 6:31 and 7:37-38
Authors: Balfour Glenn
Published: January 2022

Two of some eighteen citations of scripture in the Fourth Gospel are examined in detail in order to demonstrate that John’s use of the Old Testament is based on received Jewish exegetical methods. His treatment of scripture is essential to major facets of his gospel, namely his christology and polemical thrust
The Epistle to the Galatians and Classic Rhetoric: Parts 1 & 2
Authors: Fairweather Janet
Published: January 2022

Is it a useful or valid approach to St. Paul’s Epistles to analyse them in terms derived from the classical Greek and Roman rhetorical theorists? In the following three-part exploration of this question, of which the first two parts appear here and the third is to be published in the next issue of Tyndale Bulletin, the main focus of attention is the Epistle to the Galatians. Part 1 presents a demonstration that rhetorical criticism of a quality which deserves the attention of modern readers is applied to Paul’s writing in the Commentary on Galatians by St. John Chrysostom. Part 2 re-examines with necessary scepticism the general question of Paul’s relation to pagan Hellenic culture as a whole and rhetoric in particular. Evidence is found for consciousness on Paul’s part of sophisticated rhetorical concepts, but it remains debatable whether, in his youth, he had studied any non-Jewish Greek literature. Part 3 begins with a close reading of Galatians in relation to classical theory on proems, narratives, arguments and conclusions, and poses the question, ‘What justification did Paul have for regarding his discourse as somehow distinct from the σοφία of this world?’ It often proves possible to parallel Paul’s rhetorical strategies in pagan theory and practice. However, it emerges that at the most fundamental level, notably in the bases of his argumentation, his approach was genuinely quite distinct from pagan sophistic.
The Significance of 'Anti in 1 Corinthians 11:15
Authors: Padgett Alan G.
Published: January 2022

After discussing two readings of 1 Corinthians 11:2-16 (the traditional view and an alternative) the article explores the importance of a right understanding of the preposition ἀντί (‘instead of’) in verse 15. It is argued that various lexical choices make no logical difference in this case. Paul is simply stating that nature has given women hair instead of (or, as the equivalent of) a covering. This conclusion adds probability to the alternative reading being proposed.