bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Anarchism: An Atavistic Ideology of the Peasant
Authors: Coy Peter E. B.
Published: March 2007

In 1874, a group of Frenchmen in revolt against the academic rules of their profession was dubbed “Impressionist”; this attempt at destruction by ridicule failed when the painters turned the intended insult into an honored label. The inflated value put upon their work since has not diminished the honor of the title. Another type of blowing up has had the opposite effect: Anarchism, whose modern emergence was contemporary with Impressionism, has pejorative connotations today. Too often, it is used as a synonym for “anarchy,” and we have been encouraged to think of it as merely a revolutionary creed like communism with, if anything, more nihilistic and destructive overtones. In the empty dialogue of political denunciation, the epithet “anarchist” has become the countercharge to the accusation “fascist,” without the protagonists having much idea what either term means. The height of absurdity was reached when long-suffering Polish workmen were described as “anarchists” by their socialist masters after the economic crisis of Christmas 1970.
The Movement for Regional Arms Control in Latin America
Authors: Stinson Hugh B. , Cochrane James D.
Published: March 2007

The post-World War II period in Latin America, as elsewhere, has been marked by the presence of two somewhat contradictory phenomena in the field of armaments. On the one hand, most of the countries have continued their long-standing tradition of devoting a substantial portion of their national budgets to the military and have expanded their arsenals of weapons and stocks of military equipment. On the other hand, several governments have suggested various arms control measures for the Latin American countries. The aim of some of these suggestions has been a reduction in the level of armaments, equipment, and force size; the aim of other suggestions has been more modest—to freeze armaments and forces at existing levels; and the aim of still other suggestions has been to ban nuclear weapons from the region.
Contemporáneos in Mexican Intellectual History, 1928-1931
Authors: Mullen Edward J.
Published: March 2007

The controversial Mexican literary periodical Contemporáneos (1928-1931) has recently received considerable attention from literary critics who view it as a significant document in the history of twentieth-century Mexican belles lettres. The journal was not, however, exclusively a literary review but, as the subtitle (Revista de Cultura Mexicana) clearly indicates, a magazine of varied cultural pursuits as well. It contained a number of important essays in which the members of Mexico's post-revolutionary intelligentsia attempted to define and interpret national problems. It will be the purpose of this essay to discuss the role played by the journal in Mexican intellectual history.

In June 1928 the first issue of Contemporáneos appeared in the bookshops of Mexico City. The events leading up to its publication and the reasons for its sudden cessation in December 1931 can be traced to the activities of a group of young Mexican intellectuals later to be classified by the title of this their most significant literary review.
Conflict and Mediation in a Latin American University
Authors: Lomnitz Larissa
Published: March 2007

The evolution of national universities in Latin America is closely related to major political and social changes. The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) is no exception. As elsewhere in Latin America, we are witnessing in Mexico the transition from a preindustrial, agricultural society to an urbanized industrialized nation. The deep transformations are reflected in the transformation of the elitist universities of the turn of the century, strictly oriented toward the liberal professions, into a new type of university whose character remains as yet undefined (Trow, 1970).
A “Second Field” for Historians of Latin America
Authors: Bader Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Historians specializing in the study of Latin America are not making the fullest use of the theories of Bolton, Turner, and Webb. Herbert Eugene Bolton proposed his schema of a comprehensive history for the Americas almost fifty years ago, while this year we mark the seventy-seventh anniversary of the full expression of Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier theory. The views of these two scholars, while provocative, did not lead to revolutionary new interpretations in the history of Latin America—nor, despite the hopes of the two advocates, did their ideas succeed in moving the historian of the United States away from a narrow and chauvinistic base. Nevertheless, the theories of Turner and Bolton have caused discussions and debates that have been of great interest.
Legality and Extra-legality in Mexico
Authors: Stevens Evelyn P.
Published: March 2007

There are many ways of dealing with events that are perceived by a government as threats to the stability of the existing political system. Two contrasting ways will be discussed in this study of Mexico, and an attempt will be made to evaluate their relative efficacy in controlling activities regarded as subversive by the government in question. The first method to be discussed will be referred to as the legal approach to subversion. Focus will be on both the latent and manifest functions (in Mertonian terms) of the letter, intent, and implementation of the Mexican law.

Theley de disolución social(law of social dissolution) forms part of the Mexican Federal Penal Code, which is applicable throughout the entire republic.
Exploration and Commerce on Lake Nicaragua and the Río San Juan—1524-1800
Authors: Radell David R.
Published: March 2007

It is not surprising that prior to the construction of the Panama Canal, Nicaragua was considered of strategic importance to the world's major sea powers. Together the Río San Juan and Lake Nicaragua provide a water passage from the Caribbean Sea to within 20 kilometers of the Pacific Ocean (see map). In addition to its obvious inter-oceanic canal potential, this water passage was primarily useful for hundreds of years as an alternate route for the pirate-threatened Central American colonial commerce.

A remarkable number of historical and geographical misconceptions have appeared in the literature concerning this river. The recent publication of the seventeen-volume Colección Somoza containing documents relating to the history of Nicaragua from 1503 to 1550 does much to clarify this period of exploration and navigation.
Condicionamiento sociopolítico de la integración
Authors: Pohl Reynaldo Galindo
Published: March 2007

La integración se ha iniciado como proceso económico, y más por sectores de la economía que por la economía en general; pero tiende a convertirse en un proceso global porque la economía no es un factor aislado de la sociedad, sino que se vincula a la educación, la técnica, las estructuras políticas, el ordenamiento jurídico. La integración por la economía puede ser el primer eslabón de una cadena multidimensional; pero puede desde luego concebírsele y querérsele con un propósito restringido, en términos pura y simplemente económicos.

Cuando se pone por obra la integración económica en los tratados se ha querido a veces despolitizarla, y por eso se ha enfatizado en las negociaciones, los comunicados y los discursos que se trata de algo puramente económico y que por consiguiente se deja de lado lo político.
Elections and Political Campaigns in a Racially Bifurcated State: The Case of Guyana
Authors: Premdas Ralph R.
Published: March 2007

In democratic, integrated political systems characterized by a sharing of fundamental social values and “primitive beliefs” among the population, elections serve a salutary purpose. They not only reaffirm the commitment and involvement of the citizen to the prevailing political system by the ritual act of voting participation, but simultaneously legitimize the means and processes by which political values are authoritatively allocated (Milnor, 1969: 1-2). Elections and voting “draw attention to common social ties and to the importance and apparent reasonableness of accepting the public policies that are adopted (Edelman, 1964: 3). For these reasons, elections serve to integrate the citizen into the polity.
Governing the City-State: Notes on the Politics of the Small Latin American Countries
Authors: Ebel Roland H.
Published: March 2007

One of the fundamental difficulties in the study of Latin American politics by North American scholars has been the attempt to apply the political experience of the United States (and, to a lesser extent, that of the developed countries of Europe and Asia) to that region. In attempting to interpret Latin America’s political patterns and understand her political difficulties, emphasis has been placed historically on such visible features as the instability of national governments, the lack of adequate party systems, the dysfunctional role of the military, inadequate constitutions, hierarchic social structures and a variety of deficiencies in the region’s political culture. In proceeding along these lines, analysts have been working from the implicit, although I believe unconscious, assumption that the Latin American nation-state constitutes a large, geographically dispersed polity. Until recently there has been very little effort to even study the political processes of the Latin American city, much less attempt to understand national politics in light of the region’s peculiar urban culture.
Presidential Succession in Ecuador, 1830-1970
Authors: Maier Georg
Published: March 2007

An article by Professors Richard B. Gray and Frederick R. Kirwin entitled “Presidential Succession in Chile: 1817-1966” and subsequent correspondence with one of the coauthors encouraged me to write a similar study on Ecuador. In researching the available material on the subject I can well appreciate the reasons for the great lack of comparative data on the Latin American presidency and the need for additional studies on this subject.

Of the few sources available on Ecuador's presidents no two provide exactly the same information. This pertains to biographical data as well as to time served in the executive office. There is even disagreement as to who served at a given time. Some of these discrepancies are the result of the turbulent events of the first three decades of Ecuador's republican history during which the country attempted to make strides toward the establishment of a national identity.
Moral Reform and Feminism: A Case Study
Authors: Little Cynthia Jeffress
Published: March 2007

For the uninitiated the subject of moral reform appears to be a topic best suited for examining the traditional view of the Latin American woman: that of a female preoccupied with sin and salvation and with no interest in the world outside the home or increased rights for her sex. Closer investigation reveals, however, that moral reform movements often have indicated women's active presence and concern about the direction of a nation's social policies and customs. (Addams, 1912: 160-195; Davis, 1973; Smith-Rosenberg, 1971: 381-385, 562-564). Involvement in moral reform activities often but not always has meant that a woman considered herself a feminist and believed that the goals of these two movements were inextricably linked together. In order to explore these two hypotheses, this essay will focus on Paulina Luisi (1875-1950), an Uruguayan doctor whose lifelong dedication to moral reform and feminism earned her an international reputation as a fighter for one sexual moral standard and women's rights (Mapons, 1950; Scarone, 1937: 284-289). Examining her extensive writings and many projects provides an excellent insight into two movements which claimed the loyalty of numerous women activists, both bourgeois and socialist, in Latin America, Europe, and the United States (Addams, 1912; Chataway, 1962; Lloyd, 1971; Luisi, 1948). Given the Latin American context and the time period, Luisi can be seen as a major figure in the international feminist and moral reform movements.
Structure of Female Employment and Work in Brazil, 1920-1970
Authors: Madeira Felicia R. , Singer Paul
Published: March 2007

Brazilian women have never been foreign to work. Prior to the beginning of the industrialization process, women were very active. The activities performed by women vary so much between different societies that it is not possible to assign or categorize any one activity as exclusively feminine. One of the principal characteristics of the development process of a society is the progressive isolation of those activities which are necessary for the production of goods and services from other activities. This is a consequence of the introduction of technological changes which make inevitable a separation in space and time of activities related to special production. The activity identified as work starts to develop more and more at specific places, in specific time intervals, and under specific contractual conditions. As the growing technical specialization made it necessary to make a separation between house and work, women were assigned house activities. In this sense it can be said that the introduction of the machine came to reinforce the concept that women's principal function was the administration of the house and the education of the children.
The Caribbean: Culture or Mimicry?
Authors: Walcott Derek
Published: March 2007

We live in the shadow of an America that is economically benign yet politically malevolent. That malevolence, because of its size, threatens an eclipse of identity, but the shadow is as inescapable as that of any previous empire. But we were American even while we were British, if only in the geographical sense, and now that the shadow of the British Empire has passed through and over us in the Caribbean, we ask ourselves if, in the spiritual or cultural sense, we must become American. We have broken up the archipelago into nations, and in each nation we attempt to assert characteristics of the national identity. Everyone knows that these are pretexts of power if such power is seen as political. This is what the politician would describe as reality, but the reality is absurd.
Mexican Regionalism Reconsidered
Authors: Drake Paul W.
Published: March 2007

Mexico's present political organization bears the imprint of regional fragmentation, which has strong pre-Revolutionary antecedents. Early Revolutionary governments reduced the weight of regional loyalties and divisions in the political equation without totally removing them. By attacking latifundia, caudillos, infrastructural deficiencies, and other underpinnings of regionalism, they advanced toward national integration. Nevertheless, the political pattern set by ancient conditions persisted in a new context. When President Miguel Alemán (1946-1952) institutionalized the Revolution, he also sanctioned a form of institutionalized regionalism. The ruling party (Partido Revolucionario Institutional or PRI) adapted the traditional mode of political participation to a new governing style. As a result, the regional recruitment of national leaders still depends more on the historical status of the states from which they come than on such modern criteria as the state's economic power or population size.
The
R
amberg‐
B
äcklund Rearrangement
Authors: Paquette Leo A.
Published: March 2007

The halogen atoms of α‐halo sulfones, in contrast to halogen atoms α to other electron‐withdrawing functionalities, show marked resistance to substitution by external nucleophiles. Seemingly, polar, steric, and field effects combine to repel nucleophilic species. However, the same α‐sulfonyl halogen atoms are capable of facile intramolecular 1,3 elimination, leading to replacement of the sulfonyl group by a carboncarbon double bond with loss of halide and sulfite ions. This extrusion process, frequently referred to as the α‐halo sulfone or Ramberg‐Bäcklund rearrangement after its discoverers, has found broad utility in olefin synthesis. The reaction is generally applicable and easy to use.

Its earliest application dealt with the preparation of alkenes, the
cis
isomers of which predominated. Whereas such molecules may be more readily available by other methods, none of the alternative procedures offers the added option of specifically replacing the olefinic hydrogen atoms with deuterium by merely conducting the rearrangement in deuterated solvents. Moreover, because the α‐halo sulfones undergo this transformation in alkaline solution, further rearrangement of the initially formed alkenes is precluded. Therefore the SO
2
group in the starting sulfone is invariably replaced cleanly and unequivocally by the π bond.

The rearrangement is generally applicable to molecules containing the minimal structural requirements of a sulfonyl group, an α‐halogen atom, and at least one α′‐hydrogen atom, even in systems leading to small‐ring cycloalkenes. Di‐ and tri‐halo sulfones behave analogously. Conformational constraints, adverse hybridization characteristics, and excessive strain are known to deter the reaction. Inasmuch as these features arise only in special circumstances, they do not necessarily detract from its usefulness.

This chapter summarizes the more important advances in the understanding of α‐halo sulfone rearrangements, particular consideration being given to the nature of the intermediates, scope of the available synthetic alternatives, optimization of experimental conditions, and effect of structural features on reactivity. Closely related transformations are also discussed.
Heteroatom‐Facilitated Lithiations
Authors: Gschwend Heinz W. , Rodriguez Herman R.
Published: March 2007

Some 25 years have elapsed since the topic of metalation reactions was reviewed by Gilman and Morton. The intervening years have been notable for intensive explorations in this area, in part because many organolithium reagents are now commercially available. Specifically, research efforts have been characterized by the discovery of new functional groups that promote metalation, elaboration of novel heterocyclic and olefinic substrates as metalatable species, recognition of new types of lithiating agents, and the continuation of efforts to define accurately the mechanism of metalation. Accordingly, heteroatom‐facilitated lithiation has become recognized as an increasingly important tool, not only in the elaboration of carbocyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic systems, but also in synthetic aliphatic chemistry. A few recent reviews have covered the topic in a more limited or less specific sense. It is the purpose of this chapter to survey and classify the vast accumulation of heteroatom‐facilitated lithiations recorded since the first coverage in
Organic Reactions
.

As outlined by Gilman and Morton, the terms “metalation” in general and “lithiation” in particular denote any replacement of a hydrogen atom by metal or lithium. In this review, however, lithiation is defined as the exchange of a hydrogen atom attached to an
sp
2
‐hybridized carbon atom by lithium to form a covalent lithium‐carbon bond. More specifically, discussion is limited to those metalations that, through the influence of a heteroatom, are characterized by rate enhancement and regioselectivity. In fact, lithiation reactions of this type are noted for an extraordinarily high degree of regioselectivity, metalation generally occurring on the
sp
2
‐carbon atom closest to the heteroatom. Based on the relative position of the heteroatom, such lithiations are conveniently classified into two principal categories: alpha and beta (
ortho
) lithiations.

In
alpha
lithiations
the metalating agent deprotonates the
sp
2
‐carbon atom
alpha
to the heteroatom to form a carbonlithium bond. This
sp
2
‐carbon atom may be part of an olefinic or heteroaromatic π system.

In
beta
lithiations
the metalating agent is directed to deprotonate the
sp
2
‐carbon atom
beta
to the heteroatom‐containing substituent. The
sp
2
‐carbon atom can be part of an aromatic or an olefinic π system. It should be noted that the designation “
ortho
metalation” is used specifically for the beta metalation of carbocyclic aromatic systems.

This chapter surveys all systems in which alpha and beta lithiations have been observed, with the exception of ferrocenes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Vinylation of Organic Halides
Authors: Heck Richard F.
Published: March 2007

The palladium‐catalyzed vinylation of organic halides provides a very convenient method for forming carboncarbon bonds at unsubstituted vinylic positions. Generally the reaction does not require anhydrous or anaerobic conditions although it is advisable to limit access of oxygen when arylphosphines are used as a component of the catalyst. The transformation is valuable because it cannot be carried out in a single step by any other known method (except in certain Meerwein reactions).

The organic halide employed is limited to aryl, heterocyclic, benzyl, or vinyl types, with bromides and iodides seen most often. Halides with an easily eliminated beta‐hydrogen atom (
i.e.
, alkyl derivatives) cannot be used since they form only olefins by elimination under the normal reaction conditions. The base needed may be a secondary or tertiary amine, sodium or potassium acetate, carbonate, or bicarbonate.

When nucleophilic secondary amines are used as coreactants with most vinylic halides, a variation occurs that often produces tertiary allylic amines as major products. The catalyst is commonly palladium acetate, although palladium chloride or preformed triarylphosphine palladium complexes, as well as palladium on charcoal, have been used. A reactant, product, or solvent may serve as the ligand in reactions involving organic iodides, but generally a triarylphosphine or a secondary amine is required when organic bromides are used. The reaction, which occurs between
ca.
50° and 160° proceeds homogeneously. Solvents such as acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, N‐methylpyrrolidinone, and methanol have been used, but are often not necessary. The procedure is applicable to a very wide range of reactants and yields are generally good to excellent.

Several variations of the reaction are known in which the organic halide is replaced by other reagents such as organometallics, diazonium salts, or aromatic hydrocarbons. These reactions are not discussed in detail, but are only briefly compared with the halide reaction. Other related reactions such as the palladium‐catalyzed replacement of allylic substituents with carbanionic reagents, the palladium‐promoted nucleophilic substitutions at olefinic carbons, and the numerous palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions of halides and organometallics are also beyond the scope of this review. The palladium‐catalyzed vinylic substitution reaction has not yet received much attention from organic chemists, but its broad scope and simplicity demonstrate that it is a useful method for the synthesis of a variety of olefinic compounds.
Olefin Synthesis by Deoxygenation of Vicinal Diols
Authors: Block Eric
Published: March 2007

Since the discovery in 1963 that 1,3‐dioxolane‐2‐thiones (cyclic thionocarbonates) undergo stereospecific fragmentation to olefins on heating with trivalent phosphorus compounds (the Corey–Winter reaction), a variety of approaches have been developed for the regio‐ and stereospecific (or stereo‐selective) deoxygenation of vicinal diols based onsynelimination from cyclic derivatives. These methods have been particularly useful in synthesizing substrates with delicate structural features such as strained and twisted olefins, unsaturated carbohydrates, macrocyclic lactones, lipids, and polyenes, as well as in establishing the stereochemistry of diol functions in natural products.

This chapter deals primarily with deoxygenation of vicinal diols via cyclic species with X = C, P, Ti, W, or S (suitably functionalized). Brief coverage is given to deoxygenation processes that do not involve cyclic intermediates, whereas routes proceeding via oxiranes orvic‐dihalides as separately isolated intermediates are excluded from consideration. The stereochemical equilibration of vicinal diols and the conversion of vicinal hydroxy thiols and dithiols to olefins are also covered in this chapter. Brief reviews have appeared in the literature of the Corey–Winter reaction and of the general topic of deoxygenation of vicinal diols.
Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol Addition Reactions
Authors: Carreira Erick M. , Fettes Alec , MartI Christiane
Published: March 2007

The aldol addition reaction has become a strategically important, reliable transformation that is widely employed in the asymmetric synthesis of complex molecules. It can be counted on not only to provide access to polyketide fragments with their characteristic 1,3‐oxygenation pattern, but also to numerous other classes of compounds, such as oxo‐heterocycles, alpha and beta‐amino acids, and nucleosides.

Two general approaches have emerged for aldol reaction: (1) diastereoselective additions, wherein stoichiometric quantities of a covalently bound, chiral controlling element shepherds the stereochemical course of the reaction and, alternatively, (2) enantioselective methods wherein a chiral catalyst functions as the stereochemical controlling element. Diastereoselective methods remain dominant. Enantioselective methods are new on the scene. However, explosive development has led to complex molecule assembly via catalytic asymmetric aldol transformations. Such reactions are described here.
Molecular pathogenesis of seipin/BSCL2‐related motor neuron diseases
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Suzuki Norihiro
Published: March 2007

Objective

Heterozygous mutations in the Seipin/BSCL2 gene have recently been identified in two autosomal dominant motor neuron diseases, distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V and Silver's syndrome. Seipin protein is reportedly a transmembrane protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). N88S and S90L mutations of this protein disrupt its glycosylation, resulting in its aggregation, but the mechanism of neurodegeneration remains unclear. To clarify the molecular pathogenesis of seipin‐related motor neuron diseases, we expressed wild‐type and mutant seipin proteins in neuronal and nonneuronal cells.

Methods and Results

Coexpression of human seipin and ubiquitin showed that seipin is polyubiquitinated and its ubiquitination is enhanced by mutation. Treatment of cells with a proteasome inhibitor increased the amounts of mutant seipin in the cells, suggesting that they are degraded through the ER‐associated degradation pathway. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that mutant seipin stably binds to the ER chaperone calnexin, indicating accumulation of unfolded mutant seipin in the ER. Furthermore, expression of mutant seipin increased the level of ER stress–mediated molecules and induced apoptosis in cultured cells.

Interpretation

These findings demonstrate that seipin/BSCL2‐related motor neuron diseases are novel conformational diseases, and we suspect that they are tightly associated with ER stress–mediated cell death. Ann Neurol 2007;61:237–250
Mesenchymal stem cells effectively modulate pathogenic immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Gerdoni Ezio , Gallo Barbara , Casazza Simona , Musio Silvia , Bonanni Ivan , Pedemonte Enrico , Mantegazza Renato , Frassoni Francesco , Mancardi Gianluigi , Pedotti Rosetta , Uccelli Antonio
Published: March 2007

Objective

To evaluate the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subset of adult stem cells from bone marrow, to cure experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Methods

The outcome of the injection of MSCs, in mice immunized with the peptide 139–151 of the proteolipid protein (PLP), was studied analyzing clinical and histological scores of treated mice. The fate of MSCs labeled with the green fluorescent protein was tracked in vivo by a photon emission imaging system and postmortem by immunofluorescence. The modulation of the immune response against PLP was studied through the analysis of in vivo T‐ and B‐cell responses and by the adoptive transfer of MSC‐treated encephalitogenic cells.

Results

MSC‐treated mice showed a significantly milder disease and fewer relapses compared with control mice, with decreased number of inflammatory infiltrates, reduced demyelination, and axonal loss. In contrast, no evidence of green fluorescent protein–labeled neural cells was detected inside the brain parenchyma, thus not supporting the hypothesis of MSCs transdifferentiation. In vivo, PLP‐specific T‐cell response and antibody titers were significantly lower in MSC‐treated mice. When adoptively transferred, encephalitogenic T cells activated against PLP139–151 in the presence of MSCs induced a milder disease compared with that induced by untreated encephalitogenic T cells. These cells showed decreased production of interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α and did not proliferate on antigen recall, and thus were considered anergic.

Interpretation

Overall, these findings suggest that the beneficial effect of MSCs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mainly the result of an interference with the pathogenic autoimmune response. Ann Neurol 2007;61:219–227
Correction
Authors: Meyer zu Horste Gerd , Prukop Thomas , Liebetanz David , Mobius Wiebke , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Sereda Michael W.
Published: March 2007

In the original published article, the first sentence of the Intrepretation section in the article's abstract was incorrectly printed. The sentence should read:

Intrepretation:Progesterone‐antagonist long‐term therapy reduces Pmp22 overexpression to a degree at which the axonal support function of Schwann cells is better maintained than myelination.
Optimization of fed‐batch parameters and harvest time of CHO cell cultures for a glycosylated product with multiple mechanisms of inactivation
Authors: Senger Ryan S. , Karim M. Nazmul
Published: March 2007

Optimization of fed‐batch feeding parameters was explored for a system with multiple mechanisms of product inactivation. In particular, two separate mechanisms of inactivation were identified for the recombinant tissue‐type activator (r‐tPA) protein. Dynamic inactivation models were written to describe particular r‐tPA glycoform inactivation in the presence and absence of free‐glucose. A glucose‐independent inactivation mechanism was identified, and inactivation rate constants were found dependent upon the presence of glycosylation of r‐tPA at N184. Inactivation rate constants of the glucose‐dependent mechanism were not affected by glycosylation at N184. Fed‐batch optimization was performed for r‐tPA production by CHO cell culture in a stirred‐tank reactor with glucose, glutamine and asparagine feed. Feeding profiles in which culture supernatant concentrations of free‐glucose and amino acids (combined glutamine and asparagine) were used as control variables, were evaluated for a wide variety of set points. Simulation results for a controlled feeding strategy yielded an optimum at set points of 1.51 g L−1 glucose and 1.18 g L−1 of amino acids. Optimization was also performed in absence of metabolite control using fixed feed‐flow rates initiate during the exponential growth phase. Fixed feed‐flow results displayed a family of optimum solutions along a mass flow rate ratio of 3.15 of glucose to amino acids. Comparison of the two feeding strategies showed a slight advantage of rapid feeding at a fixed flow rate as opposed to metabolite control for a product with multiple mechanisms of inactivation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 378–390. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unusual CD couplet pattern observed for the π*←n transition of enantiopure (Z)‐8‐methoxy‐4‐cyclooctenone: An experimental and theoretical study by electronic and vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation
Authors: Tanaka Takeyuki , Oelgemöller Michael , Fukui Keijiro , Aoki Fumiko , Mori Tadashi , Ohno Takashi , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: March 2007

Ultraviolet absorption (UV) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of enantiopure (Z)‐8‐methoxy‐4‐cyclooctenone (MCO) were measured in hexane to give a normal single UV absorption band at 298 nm, which is assigned to the carbonyl's π*←n transition. Unexpectedly, the ECD spectrum exhibited an apparent couplet pattern with vibrational fine structures. Obviously, the conventional CD exciton coupling mechanism cannot be applied to this bisignate CD signal observed for single‐chromophoric MCO. Variable temperature‐ECD and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectral measurements, simultaneous UV and ECD spectral band resolution, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of energy and structure revealed that this apparent CD couplet originates from a rather complicated spectral overlap of more than three conformers of MCO, two of which exhibit mirror‐imaged ECD spectra at appreciably deviated wavelengths. In the simultaneous band‐resolution analysis, the observed UV and ECD spectra were best fitted to four overlapping bands. Two major conformers were identified by comparing the experimental IR and VCD spectra with the simulated ones, and the other two by comparing the observed UV and ECD spectra with the theoretical ones obtained by time‐dependent DFT calculations. It was shown that the combined use of experimental ECD and VCD spectra and theoretical DFT calculations can give a reasonable interpretation for the Cotton effects of the conformationally flexible molecule MCO. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamic changes during cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Nägele H. , Azizi M. , Castel M. A.
Published: March 2007

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a new method for the correction of inter‐ and/or intraventricular conduction delays of patients with heart failure. The long‐term impact of CRT on central hemodynamics is not fully characterized. We performed complete right heart catheterization studies in 31 patients receiving a CRT device pre and 6 months after implantation. Most of the patients improved in their NYHA stage, their LVEF, and in parallel showed reduced right atrial (RA) pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance both at rest and at 25 watts. In addition, we found a reduction in heart rate accompanied by an increased mean arterial pressure both at rest and at 25 watts. Accordingly, brain natriuretic peptide levels (BNP) were lowered. It was concluded that, besides other well‐known effects on ventricular coordination, central hemodynamics after 6 months were improved during CRT. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined use of endothelial function assessed by brachial ultrasound and high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein in predicting cardiovascular events
Authors: Huang Po‐Hsun , Chen Jaw‐Wen , Lu Tse‐Min , Yu‐An Ding Philip , Lin Shing‐Jong
Published: March 2007

Background

Endothelial function plays a key role in determining the clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic lesions. Elevated high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) relates to long‐term prognosis of cardiovascular disease.

Hypothesis

We test the hypothesis that combined use of endothelial function and hsCRP could increase predictive value of future cardiovascular events.

Methods and Results

205 patients were followed up for a median period of 24 months. Endothelial function was assessed using brachial ultrasound to measure endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation (FMD). Cox regression analyses were conducted for the 205 subjects, with cardiovascular events being defined as myocardial infarction, hospitalization due to congestive heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and ischemic stroke. Twenty nine (14%) developed cardiovascular events. Both FMD and hsCRP were significantly predictive of cardiovascular events (relative risk for patients with FMD < 3% as compared to those with FMD > 6%, 4.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30‐16.66, p = 0.018; relative risk for the highest as compared with the lowest tertile of hsCRP level, 3.59, 95% CI: 1.32‐9.74, p = 0.012, respectively). Further risk analysis was performed among four groups classified by FMD (FMD ≥ 6% or < 6%) and half percentile of hsCRP (hsCRP ≥ 1 or < 1 mg/dL). Relative risks for the FMD < 6%/hsCRP ≥ 1 mg/dL group compared to FMD ≥ 6%/hsCRP < 1 mg/dL group increased markedly to 12.598 (95% CI: 1.69 to 94.14, p = 0.014) for cardiovascular events.

Conclusions

Patients with suspected coronary artery disease may benefit from risk stratification based on both endothelium‐dependent FMD and hsCRP, since combined these two factors contribute significantly toward the incidence of cardiovascular events. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic pretreatment of ACEI reduces no‐reflow in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty
Authors: Zhao Jing‐Lin , Yang Yue‐Jin , Zhang Yuan‐Hui , Pei Wei‐Dong , Sun Yu‐Hua, , Chen Ji‐Lin , Gao Run‐Lin
Published: March 2007

Background

In animal models, pretreatment with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) can reduce no‐reflow. In the present study, we investigated whether pretreatment with ACEI may prevent no‐reflow in patients who underwent primary coronary intervention for AMI.

Method and Results

A total of 259 consecutive patients who underwent primary angioplasty for a first AMI were studied. No‐reflow was defined as a TIMI flow grade < 3. The no‐reflow phenomenon was found in 33 of 259 patients. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the patients with and without ACEI pretreatment. However, the 47 patients receiving chronic ACEI treatment before admission had lower incidence of the no‐reflow than those without it (4.2 and 14.6%, p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that absence of ACEI pretreatment was a significant predictor of the no‐reflow along with absence of preinfarction angina, complete occlusion of the culprit lesion, high‐burden thrombus, ejection fraction on admission, number of Q‐waves, absence of statin pretreatment, and anterior AMI.

Conclusion

Pretreatment with ACEI could preserve the microvascular integrity after acute myocardial infarction in humans. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comprehensive Study of Concepts and Phenomena of the Nonspecific Adsorption of β‐Lactoglobulin
Authors: Rabe Michael , Verdes Dorinel , Rankl Michael , Artus Georg R. J. , Seeger Stefan
Published: March 2007

We investigate nonspecific protein adsorption processes by comparing experimentally measured adsorption kinetics of β‐lactoglobulin with mathematical models. The adsorption and desorption behavior of this protein on a hydrophilic glass surface in citrate buffer (pH 3.0), monitored for a large set of different bulk concentrations (0.5×10−8 M–1.5×10−6 M) using a supercritical angle fluorescence (SAF) biosensor, is reported. Increasing adsorption rates and overshootings in the beginning of the adsorption are observed as well as a transition to an almost irreversibly bound state of the protein in the long term. Furthermore, rinsing experiments prove that adsorbed proteins abruptly change their desorption behavior from irreversible to reversible when a critical surface coverage θcrit is reached. Based on all experimental observations, a mathematical model composed of three adsorbed states differing in their surface affinity is proposed. Terms to account for lateral interactions between surface‐bound proteins are included, which yield an excellent fit of the measured kinetics. For the first time, several phenomena that have been discussed in theoretical studies are confirmed by comparing experimental data with a single model.
Characterisation of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide by X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Savin Shelley L. P. , Chadwick Alan V. , O'Dell Luke A. , Smith Mark E.
Published: March 2007

There are numerous methods of preparing nanocrystalline materials. Magnesium oxide is an ideal model system on which to probe the relation of the preparative route and the microstructure. Using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) we show that the sol‐gel route can be used to prepare highly crystalline material provided there is careful control of the calcination conditions. In the present work this is achieved by calcining at high temperatures (at least 800 °C). However, this results in grain growth that can be prevented by the addition of a pinning agent, SiO2, during the preparation of the sol. The pinned samples maintain a particle size of 11 nm even after calcining at 1000 °C. Ball‐milling is a common method of preparing nanocrystalline oxides, however the present work shows that this produces a significant fraction of amorphous material, the fraction increasing with decreasing grain size (e.g. ≈30 % for a grain size of 23 nm).
Theoretical and experimental dynamic behaviour of a curved model bridge structure
Authors: Kawashima Kazuhiko , Penzien Joseph
Published: March 2007

Correlations between analytical and experimental seismic responses of a curved model bridge structure, which was constructed to have the same features as a typical full‐scale high curved highway bridge structure, are presented. Dynamic behaviour and seismic response of the experimental bridge model are examined with particular emphasis on the discontinuous behaviour of expansion joints. Modelling of Coulomb type friction with slippages and impacting at the expansion joints is described. Correlations of displacement response of the bridge model carried out for three seismic excitations are presented. Parameter studies conducted to assist in the interpretation of correlation results are presented and the characteristics of the dynamic behaviour of the bridge model are discussed.
Analytical correlation of a dynamic brace buckling experiment
Authors: Ghanaat Yusof , Clough Ray W.
Published: March 2007

A dynamic response analysis procedure for an x‐braced tubular steel offshore platform frame is described, including details of the mathematical model adopted to represent the dynamic buckling behaviour of the brace member. Results obtained with this mathematical technique are compared with experimental data measured during shaking table tests of a 5/48 scale model frame. The agreement between experiment and analysis is excellent for different levels of response, ranging from linearly elastic to cyclic brace buckling.
Response of sliding structures to harmonic support motion
Authors: Mostaghel N. , Hejazi M. , Tanbakuchi J.
Published: March 2007

The problem of response of a single degree of freedom structure supported on a sliding foundation and subjected to harmonic support motions is considered. The non‐linear governing equations of motion are derived. It turns out that these equations are linear in each sliding and non‐sliding phase and can be solved in closed forms in each phase. The equations for evaluation of the beginning and ending times of different phases are also formulated and solved numerically. The response for different coefficients of friction and various levels of excitation is evaluated and presented graphically. It is concluded that sliding supports can be quite effective in isolating structures from support excitations.
Dynamics of flexible systems with partial lift‐off
Authors: Psycharis Ioannis N.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic behaviour of a simplified model of a multi‐storey building, supported by an elastic foundation and allowed to uplift, is examined. The building is modelled by an n‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator, while the foundation is represented by a viscously damped two‐spring model which permits uplift. This model has been shown in previous studies to be an accurate approximation to the more realistic but more complex Winkler foundation. Approximate values for the characteristic frequencies of the interacting system are presented and a simple, first‐mode solution is developed. The response of the system is non‐linear and the apparent fundamental period increases with the amount of lift‐off. In contrast to the first mode of the superstructure which participates strongly in the interaction, the second and higher modes of the building are not affected significantly by either the interaction with the soil or the uplift. The study shows that lift‐off results in larger rocking motion of the structure, but it is not clear from the analysis and the example whether the interfloor displacements are consistently increased or decreased, since this appears to depend on the properties of the system and the excitation.
Soil‐structure interaction with Rayleigh waves
Authors: Gómez‐Massó Alberto , Lysmer John , Chen Jian‐Chu , Seed H. Bolton
Published: March 2007

Presented is a plane‐strain method for soil‐structure interaction analysis consisting of the superposition of the free field motions and the interaction motions in a generalized seismic environment.

The free field is modelled as a horizontally layered viscoelastic medium and the seismic environment may consist of a combination of S, P and Rayleigh waves. The soil‐structure system is modelled with viscoelastic finite elements, transmitting boundaries, viscous boundaries and a three‐dimensional simulation.

Comparative analyses of the same structure are conducted for an input of R waves and for vertically propagating S and P waves in a rock site and sand site. In the rock site the R waves produce higher peak horizontal spectral acceleration up to 25 per cent, and a significant rocking effect at points away from the centre of gravity of the structure. However, the S and P waves show higher peak vertical spectral acceleration by up to 15 per cent at the centre of the structure. Very similar horizontal response, but higher vertical response only at the centre of the structure for S and P waves, is obtained for the sand site.
The comparative performance of seismic response spectrum combination rules in building analysis
Authors: Maison B. F. , Neuss C. F. , Kasai K.
Published: March 2007

The peak dynamic responses of two mathematical models of a fifteen‐storey steel moment resisting frame building subjected to three earthquake excitations are computed by the response spectrum and time history methods. The models examined are: a ‘regular’ building in which the centres of stiffness and mass are coincident resulting in uncoupled modes with well‐separated periods in each component direction of response; and an ‘irregular’ building with the mass offset from the stiffness centre of the building causing coupled modes with the translational modes having closely spaced periods. Four response spectrum modal combination rules are discussed and are used to predict the peak responses: (1) the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) method; (2) the double sum combination (DSC) method; (3) the complete quadratic combination (CQC) method; and (4) the absolute sum (ABS) method. The response spectrum results are compared to the corresponding peak time history values to evaluate the accuracy of the different combination rules. The DSC and the CQC methods provide good peak response estimates for both the regular and irregular building models. The SRSS method provides good peak response estimates for the regular building, but yields significant errors in the irregular building response estimates. The poor accuracy in the irregular building results is attributable to the effects of coupled modes with closely spaced periods. It is concluded that the DSC and CQC methods produce response estimates of equivalent accuracy. Both methods are recommended for general use. In addition to the DSC and CQC rules, the SRSS method is recommended for systems where coupled modes with closely spaced periods do not dominate the response.