bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary Postpartum Haemorrhage: Causes and Management In A Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Shazia Jabbar  , Shakira Perveen  , Raveesha Kumari
Published: February 2023

Objective: To find out the frequency of secondary  postpartum  haemorrhage  (pph)  as  well  as  its  causes and management in women presenting in a tertiary care hospital

Methods: It was a descriptive case series study conducted  from  1st  January  2016  to  31st  December 2016 at the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Dr. Ruth K.M.Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi.   All     the patients presenting with secondary postpartum haemorrhage in the specified  time  period  were  included in the study. The patient's age, parity, booking status,  mode  of  delivery,  place  of  delivery,  cause of secondary postpartum haemorrhage and management done was noted on a predesigned proforma.

Results:  The average age of the women was 30.62 ± 4.37 years. Postpartum haemorrhage was ob- served in 130 patients, out of these 27 patients had secondary postpartum haemorrhage  with  a  fre- quency of 20.67%. Majority of the women with secondary pph were multiparous 17 (62.96%) with 21 (77.77%) being delivered vaginally compared to 6 (22.22%) who had caesarean section. Most of the women 16 (59.25%) presented with secondary pph around 10-14 days post-delivery. Retained placen-       tal pieces was identified as the commonest cause in 19 (70.37%) women, antibiotics was given to all       the patients, evacuation done in 19 (70.37%)  cases,  2  (7.40%)  women  had  obstetrical  hysterectomy and 1 (3.70%) woman had repair of uterus while 5 (18.51%) cases were managed conservatively. No maternal death was recorded.

Conclusion: Secondary postpartum haemorrhage though less common but  is  found  to  be  associated with significant maternal morbidity which  require  timely  diagnosis  and  management  so  as  to  prevent life threatening complications.
Coeliac Disease Complicating to B Cell Lymphoma and Enterocolic Fistula
Authors: Wajeeha  Khalid  , Jamaluddin
Published: February 2023

We describe the case of 66 year old male, known case of COPD and type II diabetes mellitus, with a diagnosis of coeliac disease confirmed by the elevated titers of antigliadin and antiendomysium IgG antibodies together with partial villous atrophy in jejunal histology, complicating to diffuse large B cell lymphoma presented as enterocolic fistula. Laparotomy was performed which  included  gastrojejun-  ostomy to bypass the fistula, ileo-ileal anastomosis to prevent obstruction,  and  end-transverse  colos- tomy. Histology was  taken  from  fistulous  tract  following  laparotomy  suspected  high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Further supplementary reports showed immunoperoxidase studies that  the  tumor cells are strongly positive for LCA and negative for CD30 and S100.  These  findings  are  sug- gestive of high grade non Hodgkins lymphoma  which  is  confirmed  by  immunohistochemistry  results.  The biopsy showed high  proliferation  and  soft  tissue  infiltration  by  diffuse  large  B-cell  lymphoma  which shows extensive apoptosis secondary to a complication of coeliac disease  presenting  as  enterocoloc fistula.
Spiritual Health and Coping Strategies Among Medical Students in Crisis Situation: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Naveed Mansoori
Published: February 2023

Objective: To assess the spiritual health of medical students and  to  identify  the  coping  strategies used in crisis situation.

Methods: A cross sectional study was done during 2017 at  Hamdard  College  of  Medicine  &  Den- tistry, Karachi. Simple random sampling technique was used for data collection. Spiritual Health As- sessment Scale was  used to  measure the  level of  spiritual health and  Brief COPE scale was  used      to assess the varying coping strategies practiced in response  to  stress.  Descriptive  analysis  was  done, overall spiritual health  score  was  obtained,  while  frequencies  of  various  coping  attributes were determined by using SPSS version 22. Independent t-test was used for association of different domains of spiritual health between male and female students. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: Out of total  511  students, 298  (58.3%) were male and  213  (41.7%) female.  Mean age  was  21 ± 1.8 years. Students 261 (51.1%) were found  to  have  good  spiritual  health.  Statistically  signifi- cant (P<0.05) differences was observed between male and female students doing gratitude, act ac- cording to moral  values,  introspection,  knowing  purpose  of  own  life,  own  strengths,  solutions  to deal with weaknesses, performing yoga to achieve and maintenance  of  spirituality.  Students  using active coping were 146 (28.6%), substance use 289 (56.6%), turning to religion 188 (36.8%) and

humour 178 (34.4%).

Conclusion: The study reveals that most of the medical students have good spiritual health. Coping strategies used by medical students during  their  academics  are  mainly  substance  use,  active  cop- ing and turning to religion for management of stress.
Comparison of Mean Onset of Motor and Sensory Block of Isobaric Ropivacaine and Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Elective Caesarean Sections at Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi.
Authors: Nida  Shahid  , Nurul-Haq  , Syed Hamid Ali  , Asim Masroor Rashid  , Syed Nusrat Ali Jafri  , Rizwan Afzal
Published: February 2023

Objective: To compare the mean onset time of motor and sensory block of Isobaric Ropivacaine and Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for elective caesarean sections at Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi.

Methods: A double blinded Randomized control trial study carried out over the period of six months, from August 2016 to January 2017 using non probability consecutive sampling technique. A total of 128 pregnant women planned for LSCS under spinal anesthesia were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (Group B and Group R) receiving equipotent doses of spinal anaesthetic drugs. In group B, spinal anaesthesia were given to 64 patients with intrathecal injection of 3ml of 0.5% (5mg/ml) Hyperbaric Bupivacaine and in group R, 64 patients received spinal anaesthesia using 3ml of 0.5% (5mg/ml) Isobaric Ropivacaine. Motor block was evaluated by using Modified Bromage scale score and a score of >2 is consider as optimal motor nerve block. Sensory block was evaluated by using 25G needle pinprick method along the mid clavicular line bilaterally and sensory block (loss of sensation to pain) at T6 level is consider as optimal sensory nerve block. At 10 minutes, Final outcome for each group B and R will be labelled in term of mean time of achievement of motor and sensory block and two dermatomal sensory segment regression.

Results: Out of 128 patients, 64 patients receiving spinal anaesthesia using Hyperbaric Bupivacaine the mean duration to achieve sensory nerve block at T6 Level is found to be faster as compare to Isobaric Ropivacaine while the mean onset time of motor nerve block was also considerably significant in between the two groups (p=0.049).The Regression time of maximum sensory block from two dermatomal skin level is also found to be earlier in Isobaric Ropivacaine as compare to patients receiving spinal anaesthesia with Hyperbaric Bupivacaine (130.34 ± 15.26 vs 146.41 ± 12.81; p-value=0.0005). These regional anaesthetic properties of Isobaric Ropivacaine makes it a safer  regional anaesthetic agent as Hyperbaric Bupivacaine.

Conclusion: Spinal anaesthesia using intrathecal Ropivacaine for elective caesarean sections is an effective and optimal drug of choice. Two Dermatomal Sensory Regression was also found to be earlier in Isobaric Ropivacaine thus ropivacaine provides surgically effective anaesthesia of shorter duration and early sensory onset without compromising neonatal outcome and maternal hemodynamics.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Programmed Death Ligand-1 in Tumour Milieu of Oral Cancer
Authors: Aslam Khan Moomal , Syed Serajuddaula , Wahab Noor Ul , Butt Saima Akram
Published: February 2023

Objectives: To determine the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and to correlate it with clinicopathological parameters.Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised of 140 cases diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which were recruited by purposive sampling technique. Demographic details and clinical features were acquired through a questionnaire and consent was taken prior to the selection of cases. The diagnosis of OSCC was confirmed by biopsy and immunohistochemical staining was done by applying the PD-L1 antibody. The positive expression of PD-L1 was defined as at least 5 % of tumour cells exhibiting membranous staining at any intensity. The obtained data were then analysed statistically through SPSS version 25.Results: Mean age of the participants was 48.91 ± 11.7 years. A majority of them were males(103; 74%) as compared to females (37; 26%). Most of the participants (64; 46%) belonged to the Urdu speaking ethnic group. Majority of them were habitual of using chewable tobacco products i.e. Pan, Gutka and Betel nut (89; 64%). The most common site affected by OSCC in the study was buccal mucosa (75; 54%). Majority of the cases had histologically moderately differentiated grade of OSCC (86; 61%). Out of 140 samples, PD-L1 positivity was observed in (87; 62.1%) of cases. A statistical significance was noted for PD-L1 with moderate differentiation of the tumour. (P-value: 0.006). The association of PD-L1 with other variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, sites or habits was statistically non-significant.Conclusion: PD-L1 positivity was observed in OSCC patients, which is a subject of cancer immunotherapy in modern-day oncology. Its significance with tumour grade is indicative of progressing tumour severity; although further studies need to be conducted in this domain to draw definitiveconclusions.
Oral Health Impact Profile-14 as an assessment tool for quality of life in Secondary Burning Mouth Syndrome patients
Authors: Kishore Jaimala , Shaikh Fouzia , Zuberi Adnan Mustafa , Mirza Sana , Ikram Sana , Raffat Muhammad Arslan
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjective: To investigate the impact of burning mouth syndrome on the quality of life by means of Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14) and to compare the OHIP-14 scores in different underlying conditions.Methods: The study was executed at the Department of Oral Diagnosis, Ziauddin College of Dentistry, Ziauddin University from June 2018 until June 2019. Fifty-four individuals suffering from BMS were included in this study out of which 33 were females and 21 were males aged between 18 and 60 years. The individuals were required to fill out a form which included details of their demographics, any known systemic conditions that they were suffering from and details of any medications being taken. The patients were then distributed into different groups according to any comorbid condition or any medications they were taking. The conditions according to which the patients were grouped were diabetes, postmenopause, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Sjogren's syndrome, intake of anti-hypertensives or psychological factors. In addition, patients were interviewed using the Oral Health Impact Profile 14(OHIP-14). For the statistical analysis, frequencies and percentages were used for categorical data and means and standard deviations were employed for the numerical data. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to see if associated conditions had an effect on the severity of BMS measured in terms of Oral Health Impact Profile 14.Results: The scores for the domains of physical pain and physical disability were highest whereas the lowest scores were observed in the categories of psychological discomfort and psychological disability. The data was not homogenous; therefore, the non-parametric test Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out tofind if there was any significant difference in the OHIP scores in the different groups namely diabetes, post-menopause, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Sjogren's syndrome, intake of anti-hypertensives or psychological factors. A p-value of 0.169 was calculated indicating that there were no significant differencesobserved in the OHIP-14 scores among the different groups.Conclusion: Burning mouth syndrome has a negative impact on the quality of life according to the OHIP-14 scores. However, associated comorbid or other underlying conditions namely diabetes, post-menopause, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Sjogren's syndrome, intake of anti-hypertensives or psychological factors did not alter the OHIP-14 results significantly.
The Impacts of 'Coronavirus' and Probable Outcomes: A South Asian Perspective
Authors: Jamaluddin Muhammad , Jamal Saad , Noor Mah
Published: February 2023

Widespread atrocities may lead to an apocalypse to be faced by the entire global community if not addressed at the earliest. The exact scenario faced by the international health connoisseurs is depicted to be challenged from the 'Coronavirus'1. There are three human corona viruses, 229E (HCoV-229E), HCoV-OC432 and the most dangerous (SARS-CoV) which causes immense respiratory syndrome that has shook the world3, with adverse associated impacts yet to be witnessed
Mean Mesiodistal Width Determination of Canines in Patients Reporting to a Tertiary Care Hospital at Karachi
Authors: Ashfaq Muhammad , Faisal Syed Shah , Rizwan Sadia , Hussain Syed Sheeraz
Published: February 2023

Objective: Objective of our study was determination of mean mesiodistal width of maxillary and mandibular canines in males and females in Pakistani population for ideal replacement of these teeth.Methods: It was a cross sectional study. Data was obtained from patients referring to orthodontic department at a tertiary care hospital. Informed consent was taken verbally from the patients recruited for study. Sample size was 130. Patients with both genders and having age range of 17-21 were included.Patients having unerupted, partially erupted, any prosthetic replacement, any restoration of maxillary or mandibular canines were excluded from the study. Mesiodistal measurement of both the upper and lower canines were obtained on the plaster casts with the help of digital Vernier caliper. All the measurements were noted on a preformed proforma (Annex-1).Results: They were 130 patients who were recruited for the study. The mean age of the patients in this study was 18.90 ± 1.523 years. Mean maxillary canine width mesiodistally was found to be 8.502 mm with standard deviation of 0.615 mm. Mean width of mandibular canine mesiodistally was found to be 7.44 mm with having standard deviation of 0.764 mm.Conclusions: This study helped us to conclude that the canines for right and left side were not exactly similar to each other. It was found that sexual dimorphism is present in the widths of maxillary and mandibular canines mesiodistally. It is also concluded from the study that males have greater mesiodistal widths of canines than females
Review on Portable Dental Services in Different Regions of America as an Example for Pakistan to Increase Overall Oral Healthcare
Authors: Khan Fahad , Aziz Aisha , Hussain Mudassir , Iqbal Shazia , Saleem Maraia
Published: February 2023

Objective: To assess the reach and effectiveness of mobile dental vans as a delivery method for providing oral healthcare access to people of low socioeconomic status.Methods: A literature review was conducted to identify mobile delivery methods of oral healthcare, the basic aim of which was to address the increasing oral health disparity concern. Forty one articles met the inclusion criteria. Out of the 41 articles, only 7 analysed the coverage and reach of the mobile dental clinics. Data was compiled from the literature in order to assess, evaluate and compare the different mobile dental care delivery methods in dentistry.Results: There is an association between transportation barrier and lack of access to oral healthcare. Thus, mobile dentistry helps deliver dental care to vulnerable populations.Conclusion: Mobile dental clinics are effective methods in improving access to oral healthcare among people of low socioeconomic status, which can be taken as an example for Pakistan in order to increase overall oral healthcare access.
Association of Serum Vitamin-D and Omentin-1 Levels in Post- Menopausal Female with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Nazar Shazia , Mehboob Afshan , Rafique Sara
Published: February 2023

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between serum vitamin- D (calcidiol, D2) and omentin-1 levels in pre- and post-menopausal female patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods: This cross-sectional, case-based study was conducted in the cardiac ward of Civil Hospital Karachi from July 2016 to June 2017. Total 110 diagnosed female patients of coronary artery disease were included randomly in the study, out of which, 42 women were pre-menopausal, whereas, 68 post-menopausal. The diagnosis was based on coronary angiography. Serum Vitamin-D and omentin-1 levels were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE). Serum vitamin-D concentrations were classed as sufficient ( 30 ng/mL); deficient (10 to< 29 ng/mL); and insufficient ( <10 ng/mL). Data were analyzed by SSPS version 16.Results: From our study, we observed significant low levels of serum vitamin-D and omentin-1 in pre and post-menopausal females of coronary artery disease, however, severe deficiency of Vitamin-D (<10 ng/L) was more associated with post-menopausal females. Vitamin-D deficiency (<30ng/L) was found in 82.72% (n=96) of CAD females, moreover; 46.36% (n=51) patients were found with severe vitamin-D deficiency placed in group I, 40.90% (n=45) patients were found with a moderate deficiency (17.09 ± 4 ng/mL) in group II, whereas only 12.72% (n=14) had optimal serum vitamin-D levels placed in group III. Serum vitamin-D (calcidiol, D2) level was associated positively with omentin-1 in CAD patients after adjustment for potential confounding variables; basal metabolic rate, waist circumference, blood pressure and lipid profile in multivariable linear regression analysis.Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, we concluded that low levels of vitamin-D and omentin-1 are associated with both pre and post-menopausal females with prevalent coronary artery disease (CAD). Further investigations are required in different ethnic groups and populations to confirm the findings.
Frequency of Skin Diseases and its Associated Factors Among Patients Visiting a Dermatology Clinic
Authors: Jaffer Sabika , Hyder Naqvi Syed Muhammad Zulfiqar , Iqbal Hydrie Muhammad Zafar , Ahmed Jafry Syed Imtiaz , Jaffer Iraj , Hussain Mudassir
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of skin diseases and its associated factors among patients visiting a dermatology clinic in Karachi.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out from December 2018 to May 2019 at Baqai Institute of Health sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi. Available relevant data of all patients visiting a selected dermatology clinic in Karachi for a period of two years, from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2018, were retrospectively gathered and recorded on the study questionnaire by the principal investigator. Statistical package for social sciences version 19.0 was used for analysis. Chi-square test was applied to check associations between the independent variables and the study outcome whereas the significance level was set at 0.05. The duration of the study was six months.Results: The study findings revealed that the highest frequency of skin diseases among the patients was of psoriasis (25.3%), followed by dermatitis (23.3%), scabies (14.1%), fungal infection (11.9%), acne (9.0%), folliculitis (4.4%), atopic dermatitis (4.1%), keloid (3.2%), warts (2.8%) and vitiligo (1.9%). Moreover, 51.2% of the patients came in the summer season. The study results also showed that season was found to be significantly associated with the diagnosis of the patients both among patients aged 25-49 years (p<0.001) and patients aged 50 years and above (p=0.002).

Conclusion: The most commonly presented skin diseases in descending order of frequency were psoriasis, dermatitis, scabies, fungal infections, and acne. Moreover, the season was found to be significantly associated with the diagnosis of the patients in two of the study age groups. Due efforts by all stakeholders such as imparting health education to the general public, increasing their awareness regarding the modes of transmission of common skin diseases, promoting healthy skin habits and improvement in practices of environmental sanitation are recommended.
Awareness regarding weaning and its associated factors among mothers in rural Sindh
Authors: Ahsan Ali Dahani  , Syed Imtiaz Ahmed Jafry  , Syed Muhammad Zulfiqar Hyder Naqvi  , Munir Ahmed Shaikh  , Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Hydrie  , Muhammad Zahid Shah
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the awareness regarding weaning and its associated factors among mothers in Kashmore, rural Sindh.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among infant’s mothers regarding awareness for weaning at Kashmore, a rural community in interior Sindh, from March 2108 to November 2018. The inclusion criteria were age of mothers 30 years or above and child’s age more than two years whereas mothers refusing to give verbal informed consent were excluded from the study. A total of 200 mothers were included in the study and were interviewed by using a questionnaire designed specifically for the study. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences version 20 while Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test were used for inferential analysis. The study duration spanned over 9 months.

Results: The mean age of the mothers was 27.1 ± 6.3 years and the average number of children for every household was 2.4 ± 1.3. When participants were asked about what weaning foods should be given to assess their awareness, 176 (88.0%) mothers said bread or roti, 153 (76.5%) said yogurt, 144 (72%) said boiled rice, 133 (66.5%) said vegetables, 130 (55.0%) said suji or kheer, 95 (47.5%) said egg yolk while only 71 (35.5%) said fruits. The study results further showed that among the socio-demographic characteristics compared the mean awareness scores of the mothers were significantly different across categories of mothers’ education (p<0.001), fathers’ education (p<0.001), monthly household income (p<0.001) and type of family (p=0.025).

Conclusion: Based on study results it can be concluded that certain socio-demographic factors influence the awareness of the mothers regarding the weaning of their children. Therefore any effort aimed at improving their awareness should take into account the factors identified in this study.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Uncommonly Known Plight
Authors: Ahmed Tayyaba
Published: February 2023

Through this respected journal, I would like to bring the attention of the readers towards the level of awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) among the general public in Karachi. PCOS is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, diagnosed by the presence of menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenemia, and multiple cysts in the ovary that is visualized on transvaginal ultrasound1
Nutritional Needs of Corona Virus (COVID-19) Patients
Authors: Kashif Mehwash , Habiba Umm-e-
Published: February 2023

Through your esteemed journal, we would like to draw readers attention to the nutritional needs of patients suffered from Covid-19.Covid illness (Coronavirus), an irresistible infection, is a worldwide pandemic. It spreads through tarnished air-beads of contaminated people1. The endurance of infection is reliant on a superficial level and positive ecological conditions keeping it alive from a couple of hours to a couple of days2. The vast majority have a gentle illness and improve well. In understanding the course of the infection, we intend to expand the point of view to the nutritional needs of patients suffering from Corona Virus infection.
Antibiotic Sensitivity to Methicillin and Methicillin Plus Macrolide- Lincosamide-Streptogramins Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Khan Hamzullah , Bari Fazli , Fawad Sahibzada , Masood Adnan , Khan Irfan , Khan Khushaal
Published: February 2023

This study was conducted from May 2018 to Oct 2019 to determine the culture and sensitivity pattern of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and MRSA with Macrolide Lincosamide and Streptogramin-B (MLS-B) antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital of Nowshera. A total of 235 isolates were studies and 86 samples showed MRSA. The prevalence rate of MRSA was 89/235 (37.87%). Out of 86 isolates with MRSA, 19 (22.09%) were also resistant to MLS-B antibiotics.Regarding gender specification, 52 (60.5%) were females and 34 (39.5%) were males. The mean age with standard deviation of patients was 29 + 6.8 years. The sensitivity pattern to MRSA was; Vancomycin 100%, Linezolid 100%, Rifampicin 86.04%, Clindamycin, 73.25%, Fusidic acid 60.46%, Erythromycin 44.18%., Doxycyclin 32.55%, levofloxacin 16.27%, Gentamycin 13.95% and Ciprofloxacin 11. 62%. Sensitivity of Vancomycin & Linezolid was 100% in MRSA and MLS-B resistant isolates, and should be kept reserved for MRSA cases to avoid misuse of antibiotics and to reduce resistance.
Intra-Abdominal Solid Visceral Injuries in Adult Patients Presenting with Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Authors: Ismail Aqsa , -Ul-Haque M. Hassan , Jamaluddin Muhammad , Tasneem Bushra , Sagheer Saima , Khan Rizwan Ahmed
Published: February 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of intra-abdominal solid visceral injuries in adults presenting with blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) at a public sector tertiary care hospital in KarachiMethods: The current descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of Surgery Abbasi Shaheed Hospital during March 2016 to September 2016 after acquiring ethical approval from Hospital Committee. Total 165 patients were recruited into the study using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Trauma was managed according to Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines. Laboratory and imaging investigation were done to make diagnosis and manage patients. Patients' characteristics including demographic details such as age, gender and clinical features were recorded on pre-designed profroma.Results: Out of 165 recruited patients, 133 (80.6%) were males and 32 (19.4%) were female. Average age of study participants was 35.77 ± 13.95 years. Most of the cases occurred in patients having a low socioeconomic status (n=78, 47.3%). In a majority of the cases, mode of injury was road traffic accidents (n=92, 55.7%). 50(30.30%) patients got injury due to fall from height and 23(13.93%) cases occurred due to assault. The most common injured organ was kidney (n=60, 36.36%) followed by liver (n=57, 34.54%), spleen (n=47, 28.48%) and pancreas (n=34, 20.61%).Conclusion: Careful attention to physical findings and proper sequencing of diagnostic tests is helpful in the appropriate decision making which may prevent associated morbidity and mortality in accordance with Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines.
E- Learning and its Related Problems During Covid - 19 Pandemic
Authors: Abdullah Kamran Muhammad
Published: February 2023

Since December 2019 till now, the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the face of entire world1. It not only affected economic, political and social aspect of human lives but also had great impact on education. Majority countries had faced complete and partial lockdown in the year 2020 and still world is passing through this phase. Pakistan and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are also among those affected countries that faced complete and partial lockdown situation throughout the year 2020. It has been reported by WHO Region, as of 7 March 2021, new cases of Covid-19 within last 7 days were 167, 385 (6%) and new deaths within last 7 days were 2, 201 (4%) had been experienced by South Asian countries.
The Flipped Classroom - Changing the Traditions in Medical Education
Authors: Ahmed Tayyaba
Published: February 2023

Medical education around the world is rapidly evolving which warrants a need for new and improved teaching methods. Many new models are being tested around the world to check for their efficacy in comparison to traditional classroom teaching. One of the most researched teaching models in the recent past is the 'flipped classroom model'. It has been labelled as the new paradigm for medical education.
Never Waste a Good Crisis' (Machiavelli)
Authors: Mashhood Shama
Published: February 2023

Impact of pandemic COVID 19 affected the whole world especially the educational institutions suffered a lot1. UNESCO has reported that 'more than 1.5 billion students and youth across the planet are or have been affected by school and university closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic'2. The crises have highlighted the fragility of the educational system1. The crisis creates not only challenges but opportunities and innovations as well. The whole world has learnt different lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. To manage the educational crisis contingency plan should be designed with smart objectives, develop a system of evaluation,remain in continuous communication with internal and external stakeholders by quick response feedback and set timelines. This will help out in the early detection of loopholes and resolution of issues.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea- A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Management
Authors: Alshahrani Noura Homood Saeed , Alqahtani Monerah Mohammed Ayed , Alshahrani Ghada Hassan Abdullah , Kamran Muhammad Abdullah
Published: February 2023

Sleep is a blessing to humans. Good quality of sleep helps people to live and enjoy their lives. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder accompanied by the onset of sleep, apnea or hypopnea , choking sensation and loud snoring. Chronic obstructive sleep apnea may leads to systemic side effects especially on cardiovascular system and other vital body organs. Although exact etiology is unknown, various factors may contribute to the development of obstructive sleep apnea. The diagnosis is made by multiple methods. treatment is also multimodality depends on the type and severity. This review article is written in order to provide an insight to the risk factors, pathogenesis, and management of obstructive sleep apnea. Especial emphasis is made on the dentist's role, duties, and responsibilities in the diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea.
Prevalence Of Pica Among Pregnant Females of Low-Income Population: A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Akhter Aliya nasim , Fasiha Fatima  , Mohammad Abbas Suleman  , Sobia Khurram
Published: February 2023

Back ground: pica is craving and compulsive eating of non nutritive substances and it is public health concern because of its deleterious consequences. The condition is particularly associated with pregnancy and incidence varies differently across the world. Pica has been thought to develop in response of some underlying nutritional deficiencies particularly iron and zinc but further evidences and researches are required to confirm this. Engagement in pica behavior can be dangerous for both mother and growing fetus and can lead to growth retardation preterm deliveries and intra uterine death and is usually observed in low income and less educated population , however  tradition , culture and religion also has a great  influence  on this habit.
An Assessment of Pattern of Distribution of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Reported to A Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, A Retrospective Study
Authors: Zubair Ahmed Abbasi  , Azeem Syeda Arzoo , Shazia Sarwat Iqbal  , Shah Syed Mahmood , Abbas Zafar
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objective:

To evaluate the  patterns of cleft lip and palate by its type, side, gender, laterality and extent of involvement of hard and/or soft palate in patients reported to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi.

Methods:

This retrospective study was conducted from January 2016 to January 2017 at Saifee hospital Karachi. It includes patient’s data from December 2014 till December 2015. Total 198 patients with diagnosed cleft lip and /palate anomaly were included in the study.  Data was collected by patient record forms and relevant findings were recorded on a predesigned proforma. Data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS 17.00.

Results:

 Out of 198 patients 117 patients were males (59%). Total 54(27.27%)) cases of isolated cleft lip were observed, isolated cleft palate cases were 34(17.17%)  while mixed cleft lip and palate cases were 110 (55.55%). Out of 54 cases of isolated cleft lip 43(79.62%) cases were unilateral, in which 26(48.14%) were left sided and 17(31.48%) were right sided while 11 (20.37%) cases were bilateral. Among mixed cleft lip and palate patients 82(74.54%)  were unilateral having 48(43.63%) left sided  and 34(31%) were right sided while 28(25.45%)  were identified as bilateral. Total unilateral cases were 125(63.13%). Total left sided cases were 74 (37.37%) and right sided  were 51(25.75%). Total bilateral cases were 39(19.69%). Cases of isolated cleft palate were divided into mix hard and soft palate cleft which were 21(61.76%) while soft palate clefts were 13(38.23%).

Conclusion: I the  clefts of mixed lip and palate was most common type, unilateral cleft lip and clefts of left side of both lip and palate comprised of major segment of cleft patients and  incomplete clefts of both lip and palate are more common in terms of extent in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi.

Key words:  Cleft Lip Palate, Tertiary Care, .
Assessing donor site pain after Iliac Crest Bone Graft
Authors: Khan Alamzeb , Jan Asad Ullah , Ullah Farman , Waqar Muhammad , Ahmad Sajjad , Hussain Sardar
Published: February 2023

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intensity of donor site pain after autogenous iliac crest bone graft harvest for arthrodesis of joints and non-union of fractures.

Methodology: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Orthopedics Department of Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital in Bannu. A total of 156 patients who underwent iliac crest bone graft harvest were included in the study. The frequency and intensity of donor site pain were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) after one month of postoperatively.

Results: Out of 156 patients, the majority were males (61.5%). The mean age and pain score observed in the enrolled patients was 34.7 ± 9.5 years and 2.24 ± 2.01, respectively. Mild pain was present at one-month follow-up postoperatively in 50.6% of the patients. The pain intensity was assessed in relation to gender and age; there was no significant difference in the mean VAS scores between males and females (p=0.45). Furthermore, stratification with respect to age also displayed no significant variation in the pain scores with respect to age (p=0.99).

Conclusion: Donor site pain remains significant morbidity associated with iliac crest bone graft, mild pain was observed in half of the enrolled cases, and only 23% were pain-free after one month of the surgery.
A Journey towards Improved Quality of Life of a Typist with Retinitis Pigmintosa
Authors: Sana Balouch Malab , Shahbaz Muhammad , Moaz Balouch Mohammad
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited rod-cone degenerative pathologies that present clinically with similar signs and symptoms. Common fundus findings include bone-spicule pigment formation, attenuated blood vessels in the posterior pole and waxy optic nerve pallor. Symptoms mostly start with progressive night blindness, mid-peripheral visual field defects, and eventual tunnel vision. A 42 year old male patient, typist by profession presented to our clinic with complaints of decreased vision and reduced dark adaptation affecting his quality of life a lot. On examination, he was diagnosed as an advanced case of retinitis pigmentosa bilaterally and there was bilateral posterior sub capsular cataract. His quality of life was assessed by using a simplified version of the VFQ-25 questionnaire. After successful cataract surgery and low vision rehabilitation his quality of life was reassessed by using same questionnaire. He had a much more positive outlook towards his eyesight. Our case report reviews the life changing personalized low vision rehabilitation of a typist with retinitis pigmentosa.

Key words: retinitis pigmentosa, quality of life, low vision rehabilitation
Comparison of Antioxidant Effect of Crocus Sativus and Vitamin E on Amakicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats
Authors: Kamran Muhammad , Khan Naheed , Jabeen Hina , Uda Nasrul Huda , Iqbal Sadia , Siddiqi Ashhad Mazhar
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The present study evaluated the protective effect of Crocus Sativus against Amikacin-induced Nephrotoxicity.

Methods: The prospective descriptive study was conducted at the department of orthopedic surgery, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Adult laboratory albino rats of the Wistar strain were used in this experimental study. In this study, 75 albino rats were subdivided into 3 groups, including experimental groups B and C. The control group (A) received normal saline intraperitoneally, group (B) received Amikacin 30mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and Group (C) received Crocus sativus 50 mg/kg body weight orally and vitamin E orally in a dose of 50mg/kg of body weight. Kidneys of rats obtained after dissection were processed, sectioned, and stained in PAS Hematoxylin and Gomoris Methenamine Silver stains. The present study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences in the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Animal House of Dow University and Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory. The duration of the study was Three months. Inclusion criteria were Albino rats of both sexes, kidneys of either side (right & left), rats with an approximate weight of 140 to 180 grams were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were overweight rats and pregnant rats.

Results: A significant increase in kidney weight was observed in group B. A considerable addition was observed in proximal tubular in groups B and C. A considerable increase was also observed in the number of intact proximal tubule nuclei and the nuclear diameter of groups B & C.

Conclusion: The study provides evidence that Crocus Sativus has protective effects in Amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to widely used Antioxidant Vitamin E. The study recommends the addition of Crocus Sativus in dietary supplements after further evaluation in human subjects.
TÌNH HÌNH SINH ENZYME β LACTAMASE PHỔ RỘNG CỦA ESCHERICHIA COLI VÀ GIÁ TRỊ CỦA CÁC PHƯƠNG PHÁP PHÁT HIỆN
Authors: Võ Thái Dương , Đỗ Hoàng Long , Nguyễn Thị Diệu Hiền
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Tình hình sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng (ESBL) của Escherichia coli là vấn đề đáng quan tâm hiện nay đối với sự đề kháng kháng sinh của các bệnh nhiễm trùng do Escherichia coli tại Việt Nam cũng như trên thế giới. Việc xác định giá trị các phương pháp phát hiện Escherichia coli sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng là rất cần thiết cho thực hành lâm sàng. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Xác định tỷ lệ sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng của vi khuẩn Escherichia coli bằng phương pháp đĩa kết hợp và máy tự động phoenix M50; Xác định giá trị độ nhạy, độ đặc hiệu của phương pháp đĩa kết hợp và máy tự động phoenix M50 trong phát hiện sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng của Escherichia coli. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang được thực hiện trên 155 chủng Escherichia coli thu thập từ nuôi cấy mẫu bệnh phẩm của các bệnh nhân nhiễm trùng tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Trung ương Cần Thơ từ tháng 7/2021-5/2022. Tiến hành thử nghiệm xác định sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng bằng 2 phương pháp đĩa kết hợp và máy tự động phoenix M50. Kết quả: Tỷ lệ sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng của Escherichia coli là 60,7% với phương pháp đĩa kết hợp và 58,9% với máy tự động Phoenix M50. Thử nghiệm sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng bằng phương pháp đĩa kết hợp có độ nhạy và độ đặc hiệu lần lượt là 99,1% và  98,6%. Sử dụng máy Phoenix M50 thử nghiệm có độ nhạy và độ đặc hiệu lần lượt tương thích gần như hoàn toàn giữa hai phương pháp thử nghiệm sinh  của Escherichia coli với hệ số kappa là 0,989. Kết luận: Tỷ lệ sinh  của Escherichia coli bằng phương pháp đĩa kết hợp và máy Phoenix M50 khá cao và có hệ số tương thích kappa giữa hai phương pháp gần như hoàn toàn trong đánh giá sinh enzyme β lactamase phổ rộng của vi khuẩn (kappa=0,989). Như vậy, phương pháp đĩa kết hợp nên được khuyến cáo sử dụng vì hiệu quả cao hơn.
NGHIÊN CỨU TÌNH HÌNH TĂNG HUYẾT ÁP VÀ MỘT SỐ YẾU TỐ NGUY CƠ TIM MẠCH CỦA NGƯỜI TỪ 18 TUỔI TRỞ LÊN TẠI THÀNH PHỐ BẾN TRE, TỈNH BẾN TRE NĂM 2021
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Kim Yến , Phạm Thị Tâm
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Bệnh tim mạch, tăng huyết áp (THA) là bệnh mạn tính với tần suất mắc bệnh ngày càng tăng. Xác định tỷ lệ THA, yếu tố nguy cơ (YTNC) tim mạch, yếu tố liên quan đến THA để giúp người dân kiểm soát huyết áp hiệu quả, phòng ngừa phát hiện sớm bệnh cũng như cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống, nâng cao sức khỏe. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: 1. Xác định tỷ lệ THA và một số yếu tố nguy cơ tim mạch của người từ 18 tuổi trở lên tại thành phố Bến Tre; 2. Tìm hiểu một số yếu tố liên quan đến THA của người từ 18 tuổi trở lên tại thành phố Bến Tre. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang trên 540 đối tượng bằng phương pháp chọn mẫu phân tầng ngẫu nhiên. Kết quả: Tỷ lệ THA là 43,0% (đã phát hiện THA 21,1%, mới phát hiện THA 21,9%), THA được kiểm soát 9,6%. YTNC tim mạch là thừa cân/béo phì (45,9%), đái tháo đường (ĐTĐ) (10%), hút thuốc (19,4%), uống rượu/bia (30,6%). Có mối liên quan giữa THA và nhóm tuổi, học vấn, bệnh ĐTĐ, thừa cân/béo phì, hút thuốc. Kết luận: Tỷ lệ THA chung là 43,0%. YTNC tim mạch là thừa cân/béo phì, bệnh ĐTĐ, hút thuốc, uống rượu/bia. Mối liên quan có ý nghĩa thống kê (p<0,05) giữa THA với nhóm tuổi, học vấn, tiền sử ĐTĐ, thừa cân/béo phì, hút thuốc lá và uống rượu/bia.
ĐẶC ĐIỂM MÔ MỀM VÙNG HÀM MẶT Ở NHÓM NGƯỜI VIỆT 18-25 TUỔI QUA PHIM ĐO SỌ NGHIÊNG NĂM 2021-2022
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Kim Trang , Lê Nguyên Lâm , Huỳnh Văn Dương
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Hiểu rõ đặc điểm cũng như sự khác biệt của mô mềm ở các giai đoạn phát triển và ở các chủng tộc khác nhau sẽ giúp các nhà lâm sàng can thiệp điều trị thích hợp vào những thời điểm cụ thể, đem lại hiệu quả tối ưu cho bệnh nhân cũng như tiên đoán được sự tăng trưởng có thể xảy ra sau khi đã chấm dứt quá trình điều trị chỉnh hình, nhằm đạt được một kết quả điều trị ổn định về chức năng và hài lòng về thẩm mỹ. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Khảo sát đặc điểm mô mềm vùng hàm mặt trên nhóm người Việt độ tuổi từ 18-25 tuổi qua vẽ phim sọ nghiêng. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Sinh viên người Việt từ 18-25 tuổi tại Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ. Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang được thực hiện trên 85 sinh viên Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ. Các sinh viên được chụp phim sọ nghiêng theo đúng tiêu chuẩn chọn mẫu. Kết quả: Nghiên cứu cho thấy đặc điểm mô mềm của nhóm sinh viên người Việt Nam có sự khác biệt so với các chủng tộc khác và tìm thấy sự khác biệt có ý nghĩa thống kê về độ nhô môi trên và độ sâu rãnh môi cằm giữa nam và nữ. Độ nhô môi của nam (4,30±0,71) lớn hơn nữ (3,88±0,97) và độ sâu rãnh môi cằm của nam (-4,88±0,93) cũng lớn hơn nữ (-4,24±0,93) với p<0,05. Kết luận: Các đặc điểm mô mềm của nhóm sinh viên người Việt có sự khác biệt so với các chủng tộc khác. Những khác biệt này cần được xem xét khi lập kế hoạch chẩn đoán và điều trị răng hàm mặt cho người Việt ở độ tuổi 18-25.
GIÁ TRỊ TẦM SOÁT UNG THƯ CỔ TỬ CUNG BẰNG PHỐI HỢP PHƯƠNG PHÁP CYPREP PAP TEST VÀ XÉT NGHIỆM HPV REALTIME PCR Ở PHỤ NỮ KHÁM PHỤ KHOA TẠI BỆNH VIỆN QUỐC TẾ PHƯƠNG CHÂU NĂM 2021-2022
Authors: Lê Trung Tín , Nguyễn Hồng Phong
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Ung thư cổ tử cung là một trong những bệnh lý ác tính phổ biến trong các loại ung thư đối với phụ nữ. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Xác định tỷ lệ dương tính và tính giá trị của từng phương pháp Cyprep Pap test, HPV realtime PCR và phối hợp cả hai phương pháp này (Co-testing) trong tầm soát ung thư cổ tử cung ở phụ nữ. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên 911 phụ nữ từ 18-65 tuổi đến khám phụ khoa tại Bệnh viện Quốc tế Phương Châu từ tháng 4/2021 đến tháng 2/2022. Kết quả: Tỷ lệ dương tính Cyprep Pap test là 1,32%; tỷ lệ nhiễm HPV phát hiện bằng kỹ thuật Realtime PCR là 14,27%; tỷ lệ kết quả bất thường bằng phương pháp Co-testing là 14,49%. Phương pháp Cyprep Pap test có độ nhạy là 87,50%; độ đặc hiệu là 95,18%; giá trị tiên đoán dương là 63,63%; giá trị tiên đoán âm là 98,75%. Xét nghiệm HPV Realtime PCR có độ nhạy là 87,50%; độ đặc hiệu là 56,62%; giá trị tiên đoán dương là 16,27%; giá trị tiên đoán âm là 97,91%. Phương pháp Co-testing có độ nhạy là 100%; độ đặc hiệu là 55,42%; giá trị tiên đoán dương là 17,78%; giá trị tiên đoán âm là 100%. Kết luận: Lựa chọn xét nghiệm để tầm soát ung thư cổ tử cung bằng phương pháp Co-testing sẽ hiệu quả về giá trị tầm soát cho bệnh nhân.
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG, CẬN LÂM SÀNG VÀ KẾT CỤC THAI KỲ CỦA CÁC THAI PHỤ THỪA CÂN, BÉO PHÌ TẠI BỆNH VIỆN PHỤ SẢN THÀNH PHỐ CẦN THƠ NĂM 2020-2022
Authors: Nguyễn Xuân Mỹ , Nguyễn Hữu Dự , Ngũ Quốc Vĩ
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: Tỷ lệ thai phụ thừa cân, béo phì hiện nay ngày càng tăng, điều này gây nhiều biến chứng nguy hiểm cho mẹ và thai nhi. Nhằm tìm hiểu đặc điểm của các thai phụ thừa cân, béo phì để đưa ra những khuyến cáo có lợi cho thai phụ cũng như giảm những biến chứng có thể xảy ra trong thai kỳ. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Xác định đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng của các thai phụ bị thừa cân, béo phì và đánh giá kết cục thai kỳ của các thai phụ thừa cân, béo phì. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: cắt ngang mô tả trên 107 thai phụ thừa cân béo phì thời điểm ≤ 8 tuần. Sau đó, theo dõi và đánh giá các đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và kết cục của thai phụ thời điểm nhập viện sinh. Kết quả: Tỷ lệ béo phì 52,8% và thừa cân 40,2%. Tỷ lệ thừa cân, béo phì ở nhóm tuổi <35 là 71% và ở nhóm ≥35 tuổi là 29%. Monitoring nhóm I chiếm tỷ lệ 94,3%, không có monitoring nhóm III. Có 87,9% trường hợp mổ lấy thai và 12,1% sinh đường âm đạo. Tỷ lệ băng huyết sau sanh là 1,8%, tỷ lệ nhiễm trùng sau sinh là 1,8%. Trẻ sơ sinh có trọng lượng <3000gram chiếm 21,5% và 4,7% trẻ có trọng lượng ≥4000gram. Có 3,7% (4 trường hợp) trẻ sơ sinh phải được chăm sóc tại khoa sơ sinh  Kết luận: Tỷ lệ thai phụ thừa cân, béo phì ngày càng tăng gây nhiều hậu quả nghiêm trọng, và ngày càng trẻ hóa.
NGHIÊN CỨU ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG, CẬN LÂM SÀNG VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƯỢNG CUỘC SỐNG CỦA BỆNH NHÂN U NGUYÊN BÀO MEN PHẪU THUẬT TẠI BỆNH VIỆN RĂNG HÀM MẶT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂM 2021-2022
Authors: Trần Quốc Huy , Huỳnh Văn Dương
Published: February 2023

Đặt vấn đề: U nguyên bào men có nguồn gốc từ răng và là tổn thương lành tính chiếm 10% trong tất cả các u nang vùng hàm mặt nhưng có tỉ lệ tái phát cao và có khả năng hóa ác. Do u nguyên bào men có tỷ lệ tái phát cao sau điều trị bảo tồn thông thường nên phẫu thuật điều trị triệt để được chấp nhận rộng rãi như là lựa chọn điều trị tốt nhất. Tuy nhiên, các kỹ thuật phẫu thuật khác nhau có những ảnh hưởng lâu dài đến sức khỏe toàn thân, ngoại hình, giọng nói, hơi thở, khả năng nhai và nuốt của bệnh nhân. Mục tiêu nghiên cứu: Mô tả đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng của u nguyên bào men xương hàm dưới. Đánh giá chất lượng cuộc sống của bệnh nhân u nguyên bào men xương hàm dưới và kết quả điều trị sau phẫu thuật 7 ngày và 90 ngày. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Bệnh nhân được chẩn đoán u nguyên bào men xương hàm dưới dựa trên lâm sàng, phim X-quang và giải phẫu bệnh, có chỉ định điều trị phẫu thuật tại Bệnh viện Răng Hàm Mặt thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Nghiên cứu cắt ngang mô tả với bảng câu hỏi đánh giá chất lượng cuộc sống của Đại học Washington (UW-QoL) phiên bản 4.1 được dịch sang tiếng Việt. Kết quả: Triệu chứng chung là sưng mặt nhưng đau ít. Tất cả bệnh nhân đều phải phẫu thuật cắt đoạn xương hàm dưới. Chất lượng cuộc sống của bệnh nhân sau phẫu thuật 7 ngày đều gặp khó khăn khi nhai, nuốt và đau. Sau phẫu thuật 90 ngày chất lượng cuộc sống của bệnh nhân có cải thiện hơn. Kết luận: Chất lượng cuộc sống của bệnh nhân u nguyên bào men sau khi phẫu thuật cắt đoạn xương hàm đều bị ảnh hưởng lâu dài đến sức khỏe toàn thân, ngoại hình, giọng nói, khả năng nhai và nuốt của bệnh nhân.