bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus of Pinus sylvestris L. and Larix sibirica Ledeb. from different locations of the Irkutsk region (Eastern Siberia)
Authors: Oskorbina M V , Kalugina O V , Afanasyeva L V , Kharpukhaeva T M
Published: November 2021

The characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus of coniferous growing in various forest types and climatic conditions of the Irkutsk region (Taishet, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Irkutsk districts) have been explored. The content of photosynthetic pigments, total, free, and bound water in the needles of P. sylvestris and L. sibirica were studied. Using a pulse fluorimeter PAM 2500 (Waltz, Germany), the chlorophyll fluorescence in needles was measured based on such induction curve indices as Fv/Fm, Y(II), NPQ, and ETR. According to the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve parameters of Scots pine and Siberian larch needles growing in different forest growth conditions, the most effective potential of primary photochemical processes in PSII was observed in Scots pine. While studying the pigment fund of Scots pine and Siberian larch needles, it was found that the highest values of the content of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b, and carotenoids were observed in P. sylvestris and L. sibirica growing in the climatic and forest growth conditions of the Shelekhov district. It is assumed that the revealed characteristics of the parameters reflect the processes of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to various environmental conditions during vegetation development, as well as its high plasticity in different climatic growth conditions.
Soils of mountain floodplains in the zone of tectonic joints of Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt (Mongolia)
Authors: Ubugunov V L , Ubugunov L L , Ubugunova V I
Published: November 2021

New data on the soils of mountain floodplains in the tectonic joints zone of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt on the example of the Upper Kerulen Basin are presented. Soil diversity is mostly determined by sedimentation conditions and drainage of the parent rocks. There are alluvial–humus (Fluvisol (Humic)), mucky–humus (Folic Fluvisol), dark–humus (Fluvisol (Mollic)), dark–humus gley (Gleyic Fluvisol) and dark–humus saline soils (Sodic Gleyic Fluvisol (Mollic)) were diagnosed. Tectonic movements of the earth’s crust lead to the appearance of shaftlike linear dams, blocking river flow through the valley. So, the Kerulen river changed the direction of the channel and go beyond the depression, embedding into its mountain frame. Current seismicity impact on soils appears locally at tectonically active positions of epigenetic areas, close to outputs of saline underground deep waters, in the form of surface soil salinity and hydrometamorphism.
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and mortality of chronic kidney disease: results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2014
Authors: Cai Xiao-Yu , Zhang Nan-Hui , Cheng Yi-Chun , Ge Shu-Wang , Xu Gang
Published: November 2021

Background

The relationship between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and the risk of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unclear. We evaluated the association between SSB intake and subsequent overall mortality in CKD patients.

Methods

We included data from 3996 CKD patients who participated in the 1999–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). SSB intake was assessed by a 24-h dietary recall, grouped as none, >0 to <1 serving/day, 1 to <2 servings/day and ≥2 servings/day. After adjusting for demographic variables, lifestyle, diet and comorbidities, Cox proportional risk regressions were applied to analyze the associations between the daily intake of SSBs as well as added sugar from beverages and all-cause mortality.

Results

In the whole research population, the median age at baseline was 67 years, 22% were Black and 54% were female. A total of 42% had stage 3 CKD. During an average follow-up period of 8.3 years, a sum of 1137 (28%) deaths from all causes was recorded. The confounder-adjusted risk of mortality was associated with an increase of 1 serving/day of SSBs, with all-cause mortality of 1.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI)1.08–1.28], and intakes of increased 20-g added sugar/1000 kcal of total energy per day were associated with all-cause mortality of 1.14 (1.05–1.24). Equivalently substituting 1 serving/day of SSBs with unsweetened coffee [HR (95% CI) 0.82 (0.74–0.91)], unsweetened tea [HR (95% CI) 0.86 (0.76–0.98)], plain water [HR (95% CI) 0.79 (0.71–0.88)], or non- or low-fat milk [HR (95% CI) 0.75 (0.60–0.93)] were related to a 14–25% reduced risk of all-cause mortality.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that in the CKD population, increased SSB intake was associated with a higher risk of mortality and indicated a stratified association with dose. Plain water and unsweetened coffee/tea might be possible alternatives for SSBs to avert untimely deaths.
H-type congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula associated with oesophageal stenosis: anatomical variant
Authors: Li Bing , Li Shi-Ting , Chen Wei-Bing , Xia Shun-Lin
Published: November 2021

The goal of this paper was to report a new variant of oesophageal atresia: an H-type congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula associated with oesophageal segmental stenosis distal to the fistula. Although symptoms were present from birth, we did not differentiate the new anatomical variant preoperatively. The patient was treated by fistula ligation, segmental resection of the distal oesophagus and end-to-end anastomosis of the oesophagus by thoracoscopic surgery. Here we describe the clinical history and management of the newborn infant, together with diagnostic recommendations to prevent misdiagnosis in the management of this condition.
Analysis of Stimulants in Sweat and Urine Using Disposable Pipette Extraction and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in the Context of Doping Control
Authors: Bordin Dayanne Mozaner , Bishop David , de Campos Eduardo Geraldo , Blanes Lucas , Doble Philip , Roux Claude , De Martinis Bruno Spinosa
Published: November 2021

Urine is initially collected from athletes to screen for the presence of illicit drugs. Sweat is an alternative sample matrix that provides advantages over urine including reduced opportunity for sample adulteration, longer detection-time window and non-invasive collection. Sweat is suitable for analysis of the parent drug and metabolites. In this study, a method was developed and validated to determine the presence of 13 amphetamine- and cocaine-related substances and their metabolites in sweat and urine using disposable pipette extraction (DPX) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The DPX extraction was performed using 0.1 M HCl and dichloromethane:isopropanol:ammonium hydroxide (78:20:2, v/v/v) followed by derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide at 90°C for 20 min. DPX extraction efficiencies ranged between 65.0% and 96.0% in urine and 68.0% and 101.0% in sweat. Method accuracy was from 90.0% to 104.0% in urine and from 89.0% to 105.0% in sweat. Intra-assay precision in urine and in sweat were <15.6% and <17.8%, respectively, and inter-assay precision ranged from 4.70% to 15.3% in urine and from 4.05% to 15.4% in sweat. Calibration curves presented a correlation coefficient –0.99 for all analytes in both matrices. The validated method was applied to urine and sweat samples collected from 40 professional athletes who knowingly took one or more of the target illicit drugs. Thirteen of 40 athletes were positive for at least one drug. All the drugs detected in the urine were also detected in sweat samples indicating that sweat is a viable matrix for screening or confirmatory drug testing.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Young Children Presenting to Primary Care in Catalonia During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Coma Ermengol , Vila Jorgina , Méndez-Boo Leonardo , Antón Andrés , Mora Núria , Fina Francesc , Fàbregas Mireia , Medina Manuel
Published: November 2021

We observed an unusual pattern of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children under 5 years in Catalonia (Spain). We observed a near absence of RSV during winter months and a subsequent surge during the late spring. Primary care electronic health records combined with hospital RSV laboratory confirmation could be used to monitor trends of respiratory pathogens.
Beyond film
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the ways in which horror stories and creatures invade the space of spectators and players in gimmick horror screenings, experiential cinema, and video games—including those using augmented and virtual reality technologies. It considers films and games that engage the space of viewing and playing—the augmented auditorium, which augments the experience of the horror tales by inviting active participation and providing a sensorial experience beyond seeing and hearing (involving drafts, smells, motion). Case studies include William Castle’s gimmick horror films of the 1950s and ’60s, contemporary Secret Cinema screenings, and a variety of survival horror games.
Why the Heck Did That Happen?
Authors: Ashforth Blake E.
Published: November 2021

Theory is the lifeblood of scholarship, but the art of theory-building remains quite mysterious. Using his own experiences as a springboard, the author explores the process through which we might attempt to make sense of organizational life for the betterment of organizational practice. He discusses his own journey from proving answers (the hypothesis-testing facilitated by survey research) to asking questions (the hypothesis-generating facilitated by qualitative research) and considers how to translate an overarching research passion into research interests and specific research questions. The author offers a detailed look at how he and his coauthors build theory when their intent is to blaze a new path rather than simply pave an old one. He also briefly discusses research collaborations, the review process, and career considerations if you’re thinking about pursuing path-blazing ideas. His hope is that you’ll finish this chapter with the confidence to call yourself what you already are, at least implicitly—a theorist.
What I Have Learned . . . in My Journey as a Scholar
Authors: Barsade Sigal Goland
Published: November 2021

This chapter allows for a reflection on the many lessons learned as an organizational behavior scholar. On the topic of doing rigorous, reliable, and relevant research, the focus is on the importance of organizational life eliciting interesting and relevant research ideas, the upside and downside of “high risk/high reward” research, how to “go big” theoretically, how to “go big” in methods, and the importance of realism and specific lessons learned in conducting both lab and field studies. Other topics such as learnings about working most effectively with coauthors, including addressing authorship issues candidly and upfront are addressed as well. Importantly addressing how having a full and balanced life is not only helpful in its own right but is helpful to one’s career is discussed. Last, just as importantly are the things to learn not to do, such as not holding on too long to projects that are not salvageable, not being a disagreeable reviewer, not looking to saying no to new opportunities. Indeed learning to try to actually say yes (judiciously). Ultimately the chapter exhorts scholar to be kinder to ourselves, and ends with the hope that these learnings from this author’s journey will spark ideas, offer insights, and help in the journeys of other scholars.
My Journey with Justice
Authors: Colquitt Jason A.
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes the author’s journey as a justice scholar, beginning with his first exposure to the area as an undergraduate working on an honors thesis. The author details how he engaged with the literature during graduate school and how his major contributions to the literature came about. Those contributions included a new measure of justice, the first metaanalysis of the literature, and integrations of justice with three other areas: teams, personality, and trust. He also describes an intrinsic motivation-based model that explains much of his influence and longevity as a justice scholar. Rooted in Spreitzer’s 1995 work on psychological empowerment, the model recommends that scholars: choose topics because of intrinsic interest rather than practicality or inertia; play to conceptual and methodological strengths when shaping projects; do research that improves the workplace while collaborating with PhD students whenever possible; and strive to do bigger projects that are relevant to the entire expanse of a literature.
Careers as Stochastic Excursions
Authors: Rao Hayagreeva
Published: November 2021

Careers are outcomes of stochastic excursions, wherein unexpected peers and events lead to conversations that blossomed into research projects and, eventually, studies in journal articles and books. I recount my career by describing how the arrival of stochastic opportunities unfolded as excursion—that is, adventures with people.
Brought to Ruin
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 examines the impact of biblical archaeology on the production and reception of the Doré Bible, arguing that the recuperations of historical fragments are consistent with broader societal anxieties. Questions surrounding the Bible’s historical credibility (propelled by Enlightenment rationalism) prompted new, ostensibly scientific investigations of biblical sources and sites. Archaeological excavations in the Middle East and North Africa revealed fragments of ancient pasts that engendered new approaches to the representation of biblical subjects. These fragments, the often problematic manner in which they were appropriated into Doré’s illustrations, and the popular reception of the images reveal a distinct anxiety about the narratives of biblical civilizations and what they presage about the present and future. The illustrations speak to the circumstances of French interests and the status of the nation in an era wrought by repeated revolutions that seemed as potentially catastrophic as the events of the Bible.
The Message Is Seen
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 moves from France to England, where the growth of fervent evangelical Protestantism and a massive publishing industry resulted in an exponential increase in the reproduction and adaptation of Doré’s imagery. At the heart of this chapter are the monumental religious works produced for the Doré Gallery, established in London in 1868. By relying on consistent compositional structure and highly legible narratives, Doré’s biblical paintings cohere to evangelical principles and functioned counterdiscursively to the visual cultures of spectacle that shaped much of Victorian experience. While French audiences derided Doré’s efforts at painting, British viewers eagerly consumed these works, which were offered in the heart of the commercial art district and provided wholesome entertainment that counterbalanced the more suspect spectacles of nearby neighborhoods. This was a context in which commercialism and religious experience overlapped and which became, as one commentator put it, “where the godly take their children.”
Psychological Morbidity After Critical Illness
Authors: Bienvenu O. Joseph , Hosey Megan M
Published: November 2021

Patients with critical illnesses face a number of severe psychic and physical stressors. Survivors often have long-term cognitive and physical impairments, as well as family, financial, and other stressors. These potential stressors increase the risk of psychiatric disturbances substantially. This chapter describes the burden of distress-related psychiatric morbidity in patients who survive critical illnesses, as well as risk factors for this morbidity. This knowledge serves as the motivation to develop new approaches that can ameliorate, or even prevent, long-term distress in survivors. The chapter also presents information about early attempts to reduce, prevent, and manage long-term psychological morbidity.
Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Hopkins Ramona O. , Stucky Kirk J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, assessment, management, and short- and long-term neurologic outcomes for survivors of critical illness and critically ill survivors of COVID-19 including neurocognitive disorders with an emphasis on the role of delirium. The psychologist’s role in caring for survivors of critical illness is discussed along with coverage of integrative concepts that require collaboration between members of the interdisciplinary team. Interventions to improve outcomes are reviewed, including environmental management, tracking mental status, pharmacologic intervention, family intervention, and support and rehabilitation interventions are also reviewed. The chapter also discusses future goals and research to improve outcomes following critical illness.
Psychological Treatment Models for Survivors of Critical Illness
Authors: Lassen-Greene Caroline L. , Jackson James C. , Sevin Carla M.
Published: November 2021

There is consensus that being critically ill contributes to the development of both new and worsening cognitive and psychological difficulties that impact functioning across multiple domains, including educational, social, and employment settings. Psychologists have become more aware of the scope and magnitude of these problems in recent years and are increasingly engaged in the provision of clinical services to this underserved medical cohort, both as individual providers and as key members of interdisciplinary teams. This chapter reviews key issues related to the needs of ICU survivors with postintensive care syndrome, discusses current outpatient treatment models, and offers a series of suggestions to help optimize the cognitive, mental, and functional health and quality of life of individuals after critical illness.
Research in the Critical Care Environment
Authors: Wade Dorothy , Smyth Deborah , Howell David C. J.
Published: November 2021

Research into the psychological impact of critical care has burgeoned over the past 20 years. This chapter outlines the major areas of psychological and rehabilitation research being conducted in critical care, as well as the gaps that remain to be filled. The authors review research areas corresponding to the early acute critical care phase, the in-hospital rehabilitation phase, and the post-hospital recovery period. The focus is on patient-centered research. The authors also review how clinicians can set themselves up to conduct psychological research, what kind of teams they need to assemble, and the challenges they could face working in critical care environments. The authors draw on their own experiences conducting linked, critical care psychology research studies, and compare this to methods used by other researchers.
Gents and Working Girls
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

Tommy Tune’s earliest work as a director-choreographer engaged with issues of gender, sexuality, culture, and politics. The Club was an evening of songs and jokes set in an exclusive Victorian-era men’s club that featured all roles played by women. Tune led the cast in creating a stylized body language that approximated male behavior but, as performed by women, blurred gender lines in ways both challenging and exhilarating. The cross-gender performance of this material laid bare its misogyny without overstatement, and The Club was a long-running off-Broadway hit. Tune next joined the creative team of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, based on a true story about the closing of a bordello prompted by a crusading television personality. As choreographer and co-director, with Peter Masterson, Tune injected a burst of musical comedy brightness into the homey musical. His creativity was boundless, and numbers featuring macho, clog-dancing football players and a female drill team made up of both live dancers and life-size sex dolls were crowd pleasers that also contributed to the show’s sly skewing of culture and politics.
A Gershwin Tune
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

Despite his success as a director-choreographer, Tommy Tune still thought of himself as a performer first. As this chapter explains, for My One and Only, a reworking of the 1927 Gershwin musical, Funny Face, he was happy to star with his friend Twiggy and co-choreograph with his frequent collaborator Thommie Walsh. But the director, twenty-five-year-old Peter Sellars, who had gained notoriety for his audacious reinterpretations of Shakespeare and opera in academic and not-for-profit theater, was not used to working in the high-pressure, fast-paced Broadway environment. The show was a slow-moving, pretentious shambles when it tried out in Boston. Sellars was dismissed and Tune and Walsh were pressed into service as co-directors. Tune called in Peter Stone to rework the libretto and his friend Mike Nichols to serve as advisor to the star-choreographer-director. Tune turned My One and Only into a fleet, fast-moving entertainment built around a parade of prime Gershwin songs––an early example of the jukebox musical––and exhibiting not a trace of its earlier turmoil. Its bold staging used movement and lighting to drive the story forward against a series of bold geometric drops and flats that evoked the 1920s with stylish minimalism. My One and Only was a Broadway hit that not only returned Tune to the stage but also demonstrated that he could turn a chaotic failure into a dazzling success.
The Broadway Melody of 1991
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

The Will Rogers Follies was Tune’s most opulent show, far different from the sleek, stylized minimalism of his recent musicals, with a score by Cy Coleman (music) and Betty Comden and Adolph Green (lyrics), and a book by Peter Stone, by this time a frequent Tune collaborator. The story of Will Rogers, the beloved, Oklahoma-born star of radio, vaudeville, and films, and one of the most popular headliners of the Ziegfeld Follies, was told as a series of routines played out on the stage of the Follies. This look back at a bygone theatrical era played to Tune’s strengths, and his staging recalled show business antecedents from the stage and screen updated with present-day flourishes. Tune’s staging feats were even more impressive because they were performed on a grand staircase that covered the entire expanse of the stage. The Will Rogers Follies opened during a moment of resurgent patriotism in the wake of the success of Operation Desert Storm. Following a decade in which British hits like Cats, Les Misérables, and The Phantom of the Opera dominated the Broadway musical, an air of jingoism and a determination to reclaim Broadway for American musicals hovered over the success of The Will Rogers Follies in 1991.
Designing a Publishable Study
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers planning studies; choosing a study design based on one’s hypotheses; the distinctions among association, prediction, and causation and the study designs needed to evaluate each of these levels of relationship; recruiting and retaining hard-to-reach populations; conducting rigorous experimental studies; managing research teams; drawing samples; and conducting secondary data analyses. The material covered in this chapter helps to ensure that authors generate data from rigorous and airtight studies so that the results of such research can be published in the best possible journals. Pitfalls involved in each of the principles covered in the chapter are also discussed, along with the potential consequences of each of the pitfalls.
Key Principles in Ethical Data Analysis and Handling Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers ethical issues in data analysis, such as p-hacking (massaging data until significant results emerge) and HARKing (hypothesizing after the results are known). The chapter also discusses conflicts of interest, including financial conflicts as well as unreasonable ambition, egotism, “publish or perish” pressures that academics face, and pressures to secure grant funding. Recommendations are provided for avoiding and managing these challenges. Having multiple people conducting analyses is suggested as one way to maximize the likelihood of ethical data analysis. The chapter also provides recommendations for journal editors, department and university administrators, and funding agencies for ensuring that they do not inadvertently incentivize unethical data analytic practices.
Writing a First Draft
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers how to assemble a first draft. Writers are advised to allow their thoughts to be transferred to the screen without editing the thoughts as they are writing them. Instead, one should simply write and plan to edit later. The chapter provides tips for writing within one’s outline and for ensuring that writers cover all of their planned ideas. Writers are advised to consult their mentors and coauthors if they feel stuck, and to stop writing when they believe they have covered all the ideas they planned to include. The chapter reassures authors that they can add more material to the manuscript whenever they choose to, and that self-criticism should be avoided.
Thinking Like a Reviewer
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides strategies for critically evaluating one’s own work. Readers are provided with a “reviewer job description” that summarizes what reviewers are asked to do when they agree to review a manuscript. Authors are then encouraged to do this with their own papers. The chapter covers identifying methodological, design, or analytic flaws in one’s work that may contraindicate publication in high- or moderate-prestige journals and helps authors to identify such flaws in their studies and manuscripts. The chapter includes specific reviewer comments that may be directed toward specific sections of a paper, or toward the paper as a whole. Authors are encouraged to reflect critically on their work rather than submitting it to a top journal and assuming it has no major flaws.
Working With Public-Use and Proprietary Datasets
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses work with regionally or nationally representative datasets, which are often used in disciplines like public health, sociology, demography, and political science. Some of these datasets are publicly available, whereas others are proprietary and can be accessed only by developing a formal proposal and paying a fee. The chapter lays out the types of claims and research questions that datasets are best equipped to support or address. Tips for using these datasets are provided, such as understanding the sampling strategy and the labeling of variables in the codebook. Challenges inherent in using public-use and proprietary datasets are also enumerated.
Remembering Rock and Roll with P. P. Arnold
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter asks how American singer P. P. Arnold’s vocal performances in the 1960s shaped British popular music production and how she renarrates rock history today. The story of Arnold’s music career reveals how the Black feminine vocality exemplified by Arnold’s style of singing shaped 1960s rock, and how Black women singers navigate experiences of marginalization and narratives of authenticity. Arnold’s recordings for Immediate Records and her work with the Small Faces on songs like “Tin Soldier” reveal how this dynamic manifests musically, while the story of her “lost” album The Turning Tide illustrates the effect that it had on her career. The chapter closes with a section on Arnold’s recent live performances, using Black feminist thought to understand the implications of Arnold’s engagement with 1960s stereotypes of rock authenticity and sexual expressivity in her new work.
“Dem Was Hard Times, Sho’ Nuff”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter is almost entirely in the words of two very different groups of people: the first is four White men, all distinguished in state and federal offices, who defended slavery in the years leading up to the Civil War; the second is composed of thirteen former slaves, in accounts of their lives recorded and transcribed in the 1930s by a New Deal agency, the Federal Writers Project. The four slavery defenders are John Calhoun of South Carolina, a former vice president, who predicted an eventual breakup of the Union over slavery; George Fitzhugh, a lawyer who claimed that Black slaves were “happy” and well-cared-for by their masters; Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, who resigned from the Senate in 1861 to become president of the Confederacy; and Alexander Stephens of Georgia, who served as Davis’s vice president. Countering the myth of the “happy slave,” its victims recounted the brutality they endured, the breakup of slave families by selling wives from husbands and children from parents, and the “breeding” of “big black bucks” with multiple women to produce more slaves.
Conclusion
Authors: Little Peter C.
Published: November 2021

To conclude the book, it will be argued that a pyropolitical ecology of e-waste informed by ethnography, while imperfect, constitutes a possible route for renewing and rethinking e-waste management and intervention. Engaging a situated anthropology and political ecology of e-waste shows that certain toxic truths and struggles drift and link to truths and justice struggles beyond Agbogbloshie and Ghana. Despite the hyper-negativity and toxic colonialism that fuel Ghana’s e-wasteland narrative, the author concludes the book with a challenging exploratory question: how can a pyropolitical ecology of e-waste provide a new starting point to develop a global e-waste perspective attuned to possibilities and sparks of hope informed by ethnographic attention and evidence?
Reaction to Discrimination by Judicial Mechanisms
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 sets out to pool the results of more than fifteen years of implementation of those provisions of RED and EED that give interested organizations an important role in providing a more effective level of protection to victims of discrimination. The chapter comparatively assesses the legal standing of NGOs in discrimination disputes and to what extent Member States have introduced also collective forms of redress. It then carries out in-depth case studies on the implementation practice in Romania, Hungary, and Germany to understand which factors (legal framework or implementation practice) influence the success or failure of a system. The research finds that the positive results of NGO litigation at individual and societal level could not be achieved because of, but despite of the role played by state authorities. Legal challenges relate to limited legal standing, sometimes restricted to certain levels of jurisdiction or certain bodies, and the fact that collective redress is foreseen only in about half of the Member States. Even where legislation is permissive, practical challenges involve an insufficient territorial coverage with NGOs acting in support of victims of discrimination, lack of funding, lack of awareness among victims about being able to turn to NGOs, lack of referencing systems, and an increasingly hostile environment vis-à-vis NGOs working for vulnerable groups. On the basis of these findings, structural, process, and outcome indicators to monitor the effective implementation of the provisions giving a role to NGOs in judicial dispute resolution are deduced.
The Rise of Juvenile Courts and the Consolidation of Child Removal
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

In the late nineteenth century, demands to curb parental sovereignty merged with campaigns for prison reform. As a result, calls gathered pace for juvenile courts which would remove children from the adult, criminal justice system and protect children from abusive parents and adults. The juvenile-court movement developed in the context of the growth of child-protection societies and child-protection legislation. Nevertheless, reformers remained frustrated by the enduring power of parental sovereignty and pushed for greater change. In 1899, reformers in Illinois achieved their ambition of creating courts that removed children from the criminal justice system, ensured children could be placed in reformatories, and empowered judges to curb guardianship rights. The courts also worked with family visitors and frequently preferred to place families and children on probation rather than move directly to child removal. Spaniards followed these developments in the USA and countries such as Belgium, and created their own courts.
The Spanish Courts and the Poor, 1926–1936
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter traces the growth of juvenile courts in Spain and the support they attracted from across the political spectrum. Under the surface of this support lay conflict between Catholic, liberals, and socialists over the degree to which secular principles and practices should govern the courts. With the support of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, the Catholic viewpoint proved ascendant and did not come under serious threat after the democratic Second Republic arrived in 1931. The chapter studies the personnel and practices adopted by the largely Catholic-dominated courts. It also offers a case study of social conditions in Madrid and explores the vulnerability of poor families to removal, the role of support networks, and the agency of poor families who turned to the courts to take children into care as a stop-gap measure while they put their lives in order.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Peter
Published: November 2021

The Conclusion highlights some of the text’s main arguments. These include the importance of the discourse of the dangerous parent and superior state guardianship in paving the way to the age of mass child removal. The juvenile courts are shown to sit centre stage in this history. The Spanish case helps reveal the transnational origins of these courts. It also sheds light on the political agreement and conflict that underpinned the creation and operation of the courts. The documentary record left by the courts reveals much about the processes behind removal and helps us move away from the binary of coercion and victimhood which frequently characterizes discussion of removals. By exploring these processes we can recognize the suffering, agency and resilience of poor families, displaced families and political families. This approach provides a more complex context for understanding the debate around ‘lost children of Francoism’ and child removal more widely.
Twenty-First-Century Pandemics
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates the pandemic viruses of the twenty-first century, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), flu, and SARS-CoV-2. Before we are even a quarter of the way through the twenty-first century, we have experienced three pandemics, with millions of lives lost. The first of these is HIV-1, which began in the twentieth century and is still ongoing, while H1N1/09 swine flu and COVID-19 arose in 2009 and 2019 respectively. All three pandemics are caused by zoonotic RNA viruses that appeared without warning and had spread uncontrollably before the alarm was raised. While all three are entirely new to humans and are therefore classed as emerging infections, other strains of the flu virus have infected us for many centuries. This chapter looks at where and how these viruses jumped to humans, and how and why they spread around the world.
Past Emerging Viruses
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on past emerging viruses. For our ancestors, it was their change in lifestyle from hunter-gatherer to farmer some 10,000 years ago that triggered an onslaught of new, emerging infectious diseases. The switch from the nomadic life to living in fixed communities, along with the change from hunting animals to their domestication, encouraged spillover of new viruses as well as other types of microbes. As such, the early farmers’ emerging viruses jumped from the animals they domesticated, while the cramped conditions of life in villages, and later towns, gave these viruses the opportunity to thrive in their new human host. This was the beginning of many of our acute childhood infections, so-called crowd diseases. The chapter looks at how these ancient afflictions have evolved over the intervening 10,000 years with a view to understanding how diseases like COVID-19 might evolve over time. It considers smallpox and measles, which are both highly infectious, lethal, airborne viruses, as well as polio, which is spread by faecal–oral contamination.
Lifelong Residents
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H.
Published: November 2021

This chapter assesses some of the more intransigent persistent virus infections. Persistent viruses tend to strike up stable relationships with their respective hosts as they skilfully evade immune response and exploit the host to ensure their own long-term survival. This is an incredibly successful lifestyle for a virus, and generally causes little harm to the host. However, there can still be problems. The most obvious of these is seen with immunosuppression of the host leading to virus reactivation and disease, but there are also more subtle, long-term effects. The chapter then considers herpesviruses, such as varicella zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV); human papilloma virus (HPV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV); retroviruses; human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1); and hepatitis viruses.
Kantian Autonomy and Contemporary Ideas of Autonomy
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

Kant argued that autonomy of the will is a necessary presupposition of all morality. His idea of autonomy is abstract, foundational, normative, and a key to his defense of the rationality of moral commitment. In contemporary ethics philosophers often appeal to autonomy, more specifically, as a moral right to make one’s own decisions or as a psychological ideal of independence and rational self-control. Kantian and contemporary ideas of autonomy are not the same, but how are they related? Arguably, Kantian autonomy, when applied realistically to common human circumstances, tends to not only support but also limit the particular claims made in the name of autonomy. Kantian autonomy is a crucial part of the moral point of view from which specific principles can be assessed, not an ideal of living independently of others. Derivative principles must take into account ways in which various physical and social conditions inhibit the capacity for self-determination.
Kantian Ethics and Utopian Thinking
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

Is Kantian ethics guilty of utopian thinking? Good and bad uses of utopian ideals are distinguished, an apparent path is traced from Rousseau’s unworkable political ideal to Kant’s ethical ideal, and three versions of Kant’s Categorical Imperative (and counterparts in common moral discourse) are examined briefly with special attention on the kingdom of ends formulation. Following summary of previous development of this central idea, several objections suggesting that this idea encourages bad utopian thinking are briefly addressed: that we cannot count on everyone to follow ideal rules, that even conscientious people disagree in their moral judgments, and that theories that allow exceptions to familiar moral rules create a “slippery slope” to consequentialism.
Beyond Respect and Beneficence
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay focuses on ideal moral attitudes in close personal relationships, respect for persons as human beings and as particular individuals, beneficence or “caring,” and appreciation that is distinct from both respect and beneficent caring for another’s happiness and well-being. In good friendships, for example, one not only respects the friend but appreciates good things about the friend and in the friend’s life. Appreciation is not the same as gratitude, though to be grateful is in part to appreciate the evident good will of another person. The essay notes several merits of supplementing standard accounts by including appreciation as an ideal.
Ideals of Appreciation and Expressions of Respect
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes and illustrates ideals of appreciation and positive expressions of respect in personal relationships and argues that these are distinct from beneficence, that they are aspects of a full recognition of human dignity, and that they have important general and special implications for relationships involving persons with disabilities. With sketches of characters to illustrate, the chapter emphasizes that especially among family, friends, and care-givers, the ideal of proper respect calls for positive affirmations of persons, not merely dutiful constraint, and the ideal of appreciation calls for being open and responsive to the good in life, in other persons, and in oneself. Among other things, respect and appreciation for and by us, as persons with disabilities, requires confronting and changing cultural stigmas that undermine these morally important attitudes.
A Contextualist Account of Moral Responsibility
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

If the ability analysis of control is correct, it demonstrates that abilities are pivotal to an account of the control required for moral responsibility. But the precise details do not matter for the argument of the last two chapters. All that requires is the much less contentious claim that abilities to do otherwise are part of an analysis of robust control. If this is so, then the issue of the consequences of a contextualist theory of agential modals for a theory of moral responsibility arises. The aim of this chapter is to begin exploring these consequences. The first four sections outline a positive case for the view that our attributions of moral responsibility have different semantic values relative to different contexts of utterance. This argument draws upon the preceding considerations, semantic evidence, the argument from manipulation, and experimental data regarding our folk intuitions. The chapter ends by contrasting the resulting contextualist analysis of moral responsibility with an alternative proposal, offered by Björnsson and Persson.
Introduction
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

This chapter explains the linkage between Shelley and Keats in the general culture since the 1820s. It then argues that this conventional pairing obscures the strong differences between the two poets in the nature and scale of their poetic achievement, and in their characteristic poetic styles and themes. This argument is exemplified through detailed analysis of the composition techniques of the two poets, with reference to the manuscript drafts that survive for The Eve of St Agnes and The Triumph of Life. The contrasting poetical manner of the poets is further examined in close reading of the opening stanzas of the ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’, and the ‘Ode to the West Wind’.
‘Ozymandias’
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

The textual history of Shelley’s famous, much-anthologized sonnet ‘Ozymandias’ is brought into relationship with the poem’s own central concern with the ironies accumulating around a monument which long outlasts the occasion and moment of its first creation. A detailed analysis of the poem’s rhetorical structure, poetic technique, and ramifying ironies leads in to a meditation on the status of the literary work of art, and its reliance for transmission through time on an editorial tradition. Successive early versions of the poem, both manuscript and print, are compared, and the significance of their differences considered as exemplifying a variation of the ironies at play within the poem. The lesson taught to tyranny by the survival of the ruined statue has affinity with the dependence of the poem itself on the editorial tradition which has maintained its existence.
Political Conversations in Late Republican Rome
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

We are familiar with the notion that the Roman political world of the Late Republic included lofty speeches and sessions of the Senate, but also need to remember that another important aspect of Late Republican politics revolved around senators talking among themselves, chatting in the corner. The present book intends to analyse senatorial political conversations and illuminate the oral aspects of Roman politics. It argues that Roman senators and their entourages met in person to have conversations in which they discussed politics, circulated political information, and negotiated strategies; this extra-institutional sphere had a relevant impact both on politics and institutions, as well as determining how the Roman Republic functioned. The main point of this book is to offer a new perspective on Roman politics through the proxy of conversations and meetings. Orality has represented an important component in analysis of Roman institutions: oratory before the people in assemblies and contiones, addresses and discussions in the Senate, speeches in the law courts. Orality was also crucial in rumours and public opinion. The present research posits that, in Rome, oral was the default mode of communication in politics, especially outside institutions. Only when they could not reach each other in person did Roman senators and their peers resort to letters. The book suggests that the study of politics should not be restricted to the senatorial group, but that other persons should be considered as important actors with their own agency (albeit in different degrees), such as freedmen and elite women.
Introduction
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

The introduction outlines the book and analyses previous historiography and perspective regarding senatorial relationships and Roman politics. This book offers a new way of understanding elite relationships, based upon face-to-face communication and the circulation of information through personal oral contact between members of the elite and their entourage. Roman politics, based upon ever-changing and short-lived alliances established over a particular issue, were constructed through the constant transmission and circulation of political information. For the proper functioning of the system, Roman senators had to be constantly informed about their peers’ opinions and intentions.
A wider definition of politics and political participation
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

The first chapter focuses on outlining the study of politics in Rome beyond institutions. It reviews who participated in politics, going beyond the classic model of the adult male citizen with full political and legal rights, and including many other groups that were active in politics through their participation in the network of meetings and conversations, especially women and freedmen. The chapter argues that political participation also happened outside institutions, so the number of people who took part in politics becomes much larger. Both extra-institutional and institutional politics, both of which were used by the elite and the people in their own ways, constituted the body of Roman politics.
Oral circulation of information
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

Chapter 6 studies the circulation of information and how senators sought out certain types of it: insider knowledge, reliable information, and speculations about what could happen. As they could not reach everybody, senators and their entourages attempted to fish for information (expiscor in Latin). All these practices tried to avoid the risk of not being connected, which were high and could have political consequences. Being disconnected from conversations and the flow of information, from the community of practice which exchanged information, might entail political isolation and loss of status. Survival in Rome meant being as widely and as strongly linked to others as possible. At the same time, information travelled so quickly that controlling it was a very difficult feat; leaks took place and they were not innocuous.