bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CO-RIP: A Riparian Vegetation and Corridor Extent Dataset for Colorado River Basin Streams and Rivers
Authors: Woodward Brian D. , Evangelista Paul H. , Young Nicholas E. , Vorster Anthony G. , West Amanda M. , Carroll Sarah L. , Girma Rebecca K. , Hatcher Emma Zink , Anderson Ryan , Vahsen Megan L. , Vashisht Amandeep , Mayer Timothy , Carver Daniel , Jarnevich Catherine
Published: October 2018

Here we present “CO-RIP”, a novel spatial dataset delineating riparian corridors and riparian vegetation along large streams and rivers in the United States (US) portion of the Colorado River Basin. The consistent delineation of riparian areas across large areas using remote sensing has been a historically complicated process partially due to differing definitions in the scientific and management communities regarding what a “riparian corridor” or “riparian vegetation” represents. We use valley-bottoms to define the riparian corridor and establish a riparian vegetation definition interpretable from aerial imagery for efficient, consistent, and broad-scale mapping. Riparian vegetation presence and absence data were collected using a systematic, flexible image interpretation process applicable wherever high resolution imagery is available. We implemented a two-step approach using existing valley bottom delineation methods and random forests classification models that integrate Landsat spectral information to delineate riparian corridors and vegetation across the 12 ecoregions of the Colorado River Basin. Riparian vegetation model accuracy was generally strong (median kappa of 0.80), however it varied across ecoregions (kappa range of 0.42–0.90). We offer suggestions for improvement in our current image interpretation and modelling frameworks, particularly encouraging additional research in mapping riparian vegetation in moist coniferous forest and deep canyon environments. The CO-RIP dataset created through this research is publicly available and can be utilized in a wide range of ecological applications.
Paired CRISPR/Cas9 Nickases Mediate Efficient Site-Specific Integration of F9 into rDNA Locus of Mouse ESCs
Authors: Wang Yanchi , Zhao Junya , Duan Nannan , Liu Wei , Zhang Yuxuan , Zhou Miaojin , Hu Zhiqing , Feng Mai , Liu Xionghao , Wu Lingqian , Li Zhuo , Liang Desheng
Published: October 2018

Hemophilia B (HB) is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder, caused by F9 gene deficiency. Gene therapy combined with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers a potential cure for hemophilia B. Now the Cas9 nickase (Cas9n) shows a great advantage in reducing off-target effect compared with wild-type Cas9. In this study, we found that in the multicopy ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus, the homology directed recombination (HDR) efficiency induced by sgRNA-Cas9n was much higher than sgRNA-Cas9, meanwhile without off-target in six predicted sites. After co-transfection into mESCs with sgRNA-Cas9n and a non-viral rDNA targeting vector pMrnF9, harboring the homology donor template and the human F9 expression cassette, a recombination efficiency of 66.7% was achieved and all targeted clones were confirmed to be site-specific integration of F9 in the rDNA locus by PCR and southern blotting. Targeted mESCs retained the main pluripotent properties and were then differentiated into hepatic progenitor like cells (HPLCs) and mature hepatocytes, which were characterized by hepatic markers and functional assays. Importantly, the differentiated cells could transcribe exogenous F9 and secrete coagulation factor IX (FIX) proteins, suggesting active transcription and stable inheritance of transgenes in the rDNA locus. After intrasplenical transplantation in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice, targeted HPLCs could survive and migrate from spleen to liver, resulting in secretion of exogenous FIX into blood. In summary, we demonstrate an efficient and site-specific gene targeting strategy in rDNA locus for stem cell-based gene therapy for hemophilia B.
Elucidating Functions of FleQ in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Comparative Proteomic and Phenotypic Analyses
Authors: Bae Nahee , Park Hye-Jee , Park Hanbi , Kim Minyoung , Do Eunsoo , Han Sang-Wook
Published: October 2018

To acclimate to different environments, gene expression has to be controlled using diverse transcriptional activators. FleQ activates σ54-dependent transcription initiation and regulates flagellar biosynthesis and other mechanisms in several bacteria. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which is a causal agent of bacterial leaf blight on rice, lacking FleQ loses swimming motility and virulence is not altered. However, other biological mechanisms related with FleQ in Xoo are unknown. In this study, we generated the FleQ-overexpressing strain, Xoo(FleQ), and knockout mutant, XooΔfleQ. To predict the mechanisms affected by FleQ, label-free shotgun comparative proteomics was carried out. Based on proteomic results, we performed diverse phenotypic assays. Xoo(FleQ) had reduced ability to elicit disease symptoms and exopolysaccharide production. Additionally, the ability of XooΔfleQ(EV) (empty vector) and Xoo(FleQ) to form biofilm was decreased. Swarming motility of XooΔfleQ(EV) was abolished, but was only reduced for Xoo(FleQ). Additionally, abnormal twitching motility was observed in both strains. Siderophore production of Xoo(FleQ) was enhanced in iron-rich conditions. The proteomic and phenotypic analyses revealed that FleQ is involved in flagellar-dependent motility and other mechanisms, including symptom development, twitching motility, exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, and siderophore production. Thus, this study provides fundamental information about a σ54-dependent transcription activator in Xoo.
Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Endothelial Progenitor Cell Biology for Vascular Medicine
Authors: Salybekov Amankeldi A. , Salybekova Ainur K. , Pola Roberto , Asahara Takayuki
Published: October 2018

The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic and postnatal vascular development and in maintaining the homeostasis of organs. Under physiological conditions, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), a secreted protein belonging to the HH family, regulates endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration and stimulates the formation of new blood vessels. The present review highlights recent advances made in the field of SHH signaling in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The canonical and non-canonical SHH signaling pathways in EPCs and endothelial cells (ECs) related to homeostasis, SHH signal transmission by extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes containing single-strand non-coding miRNAs and impaired SHH signaling in cardiovascular diseases are discussed. As a promising therapeutic tool, the possibility of using the SHH signaling pathway for the activation of EPCs in patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases is further explored.
Identifying Risk of Viral Failure in Treated HIV-Infected Patients Using Different Measures of Adherence: The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration
Authors: Ingle Suzanne , Crane Heidi , Glass Tracy , Yip Benita , Lima Viviane , Gill M , Hanhoff Nikola , Ammassari Adriana , Mugavero Michael , Tate Jan , Guest Jodie , Turner Nicholas , May Margaret , Sterne Jonathan
Published: October 2018

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical for successful treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), but comparisons across settings are difficult because adherence is measured in different ways. We examined utility of different adherence measures for identification of patients at risk of viral failure (VF). Eight cohorts in the ART Cohort Collaboration contributed data from pharmacy refills or self-report questionnaires collected between 1996 and 2013 (N = 11689). For pharmacy data (N = 7156), we examined associations of percentage adherence during the 1st year of ART with VF (>500 copies/mL) at 1 year. For self-report data (N = 4533), we examined 28-day adherence with VF based on closest viral load measure within 6 months after questionnaire date. Since adherence differed markedly by measurement type, we defined different cut-off points for pharmacy (lower <45%, medium 45–99%, higher 100%) and self-report (lower ≤95%, medium 96–99%, higher 100%) data. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for VF in lower and medium, compared to higher adherence groups, were 23.04 (95% CI: 18.44–28.78) and 3.84 (3.36–4.39) for pharmacy data. For self-report data, they were 3.19 (2.31–4.40) and 1.08 (0.80–1.46). Both types of measure were strongly associated with VF. Although adherence measurements over longer time-frames are preferable for prediction, they are less useful for intervention.
A Counterfactual Impact Analysis of Fair Use Policy on Copyright Related Industries in Singapore: A Critical Review
Authors: Ford George S.
Published: October 2018

In a 2014 article appearing in Laws, Ghafele and Gibert presented evidence on the economic impacts of Singapore’s change in its fair use policies showing a large effect on industries that manufacture goods useful for private copying of copyrighted works and no effect on the copyright industries. As detailed in this Comment, Ghafele and Gibert’s empirical analysis fails to shed light on the consequences of modifications to fair use policies.
Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Solidification Parameters and Mechanical Property during Laser Dissimilar Welding
Authors: Li Zhiyong , Yu Gang , He Xiuli , Li Shaoxia , Zhao Yao
Published: October 2018

Laser beam welding (LBW) has been considered an effective fusion welding method for the dissimilar welding of 304 stainless steel and Ni. However, the principles governing the correlations between the heat input, weld dimension, solidified microstructure and mechanical properties have not been fully studied before. Therefore, LBW experiments with variable heat input were carried out. A transient, three-dimensional model considering liquid metal convection was developed, and solidification parameters such as temperature gradient (G), growth rate (R), and cooling rate (GR) were calculated through thermal analysis to validate the experimental results. Then, microhardness tests were carried out to verify the predications made by the simulation. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements were performed to study the mass transfer. The results indicate that the joints produced by LBW were nearly defect-free. The heat input per unit length is more effective at characterizing the influence of heat input on weld dimensions. The heat input has a greater influence on the cooling rate (GR) than the morphology parameter (G/R). The results demonstrate that both the solidification characteristics and mechanical property are greatly affected by the thermal behavior in the molten pool.
Unexpected Phase Behavior of Pluronic Polymer-Organic Derivative Mixtures Depending on Temperature in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Jang Jong-Dae , Kim Eunhye , Lee Min-Jae , Han Young-Soo , Bang Joona , Kim Tae-Hwan
Published: October 2018

The phase behavior of amphiphilic Pluronic block copolymers in aqueous solution is of importance for a broad spectrum of practical applications but has not been fully exploited yet. Here, the phase behavior of the mixture of the Pluronic P65 and P105 triblock copolymer, (which have the same composition of PEO and PPO but the different molecular weight) and organic derivative, 5-methyl salicylic acid (5mS), in aqueous solution has been investigated by using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). According to the temperature and the 5mS concentration, SANS measurements showed that the P65-5mS mixtures sequentially transform into a random coil, sphere, vesicle, cylinder, and vesicle again, while the P105-5mS mixtures form spherical particles with two different sizes without any topological phase transition. Upon heating, the formation of two different kinds of the vesicle structure of amphiphilic block copolymer in aqueous solution is very unusual. This phase behavior was explained as the coupled effect of the simultaneous increase of the hydrophobicity of the polymer and the solubility of 5mS molecules upon heating. This result gives fundamental information for the practical use of Pluronic polymers in nano- and bio-science and it provides a simple route for the fabrication of the nanostructure without a complicated procedure.
A Plasmonic Fiber Based Glucometer and Its Temperature Dependence
Authors: Kim Jisoo , Son Changjin , Choi Sunjak , Yoon Won Jung , Ju Heongkyu
Published: October 2018

We present the plasmonic fiber based optical glucometer. A thin gold layer is coated on clad-free core of multimode optical fiber along 3 cm length to excite surface plasmons at 632.8 nm wavelength. Glucose oxidase is immobilized on the metal surface for glucose sensing. The effective surface refractive index increases by gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide that are generated upon glucose injection, leading to plasmonic condition change with a consequence of optical power change at the fiber output. We obtain limit of detection of glucose concentration of 6.75 mg/dL, indicating higher sensitivity than the wavelength interrogating SPR glucometer that uses a spectrometer of 1nm spectral resolution. The coefficient of variation is 8.6% at a glucose concentration of 80 mg/dL at room temperature. We also examine the effects of ambient temperature variations from −10 °C to 40 °C on the performance of the presented sensor and compared them with those on commercially available glucometers that are based on enzyme electrodes. We find that the presented fiber sensor produced standard deviation of 12.1 mg/dL at a glucose concentration of 80 mg/dL under such varying temperature, which is, even without additional temperature correction function, comparable to the commercialized ones.
Role of Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils in Extending Shelf Life and Controlling Postharvest Microorganisms of Small Fruits
Authors: Taghavi Toktam , Kim Chyer , Rahemi Alireza
Published: October 2018

Small fruits are a multi-billion dollar industry in the US, and are economically important in many other countries. However, they are perishable and susceptible to physiological disorders and biological damage. Food safety and fruit quality are the major concerns of the food chain from farm to consumer, especially with increasing regulations in recent years. At present, the industry depends on pesticides and fungicides to control food spoilage organisms. However, due to consumer concerns and increasing demand for safer produce, efforts are being made to identify eco-friendly compounds that can extend the shelf life of small fruits. Most volatiles and essential oils produced by plants are safe for humans and the environment, and lots of research has been conducted to test the in vitro efficacy of single-compound volatiles or multi-compound essential oils on various microorganisms. However, there are not many reports on their in vivo (in storage) and In situ (in the field) applications. In this review, we discuss the efficacy, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and mechanisms of action of volatiles and essential oils that control microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) on small fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, and grapes under the three conditions.
Response of Cellular Innate Immunity to Cnidarian Pore-Forming Toxins
Authors: Yap Wei Yuen , Hwang Jung Shan
Published: October 2018

A group of stable, water-soluble and membrane-bound proteins constitute the pore forming toxins (PFTs) in cnidarians. They interact with membranes to physically alter the membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the formation of pores. These lesions on the plasma membrane causes an imbalance of cellular ionic gradients, resulting in swelling of the cell and eventually its rupture. Of all cnidarian PFTs, actinoporins are by far the best studied subgroup with established knowledge of their molecular structure and their mode of pore-forming action. However, the current view of necrotic action by actinoporins may not be the only mechanism that induces cell death since there is increasing evidence showing that pore-forming toxins can induce either necrosis or apoptosis in a cell-type, receptor and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the response of the cellular immune system to the cnidarian pore-forming toxins and the signaling pathways that might be involved in these cellular responses. Since PFTs represent potential candidates for targeted toxin therapy for the treatment of numerous cancers, we also address the challenge to overcoming the immunogenicity of these toxins when used as therapeutics.
Calculating Intake of Dietary Risk Components Used in the Global Burden of Disease Studies from the What We Eat in America/National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L. , Wallace Taylor C. , Stylianou Katerina S. , Jolliet Olivier
Published: October 2018

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) is a health burden metric that combines years of life lost due to disease disability and premature mortality. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) has been using DALYs to determine the health burden associated with numerous health risks, including risks associated with dietary intakes, at the global and national level. To translate such information at the food level in the U.S., variables in What We Eat in America (WWEIA) need to be aligned with those in the GBD. In this paper, we develop the necessary new variables needed to account for differences in definitions and units between WWEIA and the GBD. We use the Food Patterns Equivalents Database, Food Patterns Equivalents Ingredient Database, Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, and Standard Reference databases that provide data for WWEIA to develop food group and nutrient variables that align with definitions and units used in the GBD. Considerable effort was needed to disaggregate mixed dishes to GBD components. We also developed a new “non-starchy” vegetable variable, since the GBD vegetables do not include potatoes and corn, and we report fruits and vegetables in grams instead of household measures. New fiber variables were created to avoid double counting of fiber from legumes, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Regression analyses were used to predict trans-fat content for foods in WWEIA with missing or incomplete information. The majority of foods in various U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) categories contain multiple GBD food groups (e.g., vegetables, whole grains, and processed meat). For most nutrients considered in the GBD, composition is more evenly distributed across the main food categories; however, seafood omega-3 fats were predominantly from either protein foods or mixed dishes and sugar sweetened beverages were from a single category. Dietary intakes in the U.S. fall short of recommendations for all food groups/nutrients with established theoretical minimum-risk targets in GBD. To our knowledge, this is the first approach that aligns WWEIA intake variables with those used in the health burden-based GBD reports. These methods will facilitate researchers to begin comparing data from the U.S. with that from other countries, as well as assess food sustainability performances by concomitantly evaluating DALYs for environmental and nutritional impacts.
Dietary Patterns in Primary School are of Prospective Relevance for the Development of Body Composition in Two German Pediatric Populations
Authors: Wolters Maike , Joslowski Gesa , Plachta-Danielzik Sandra , Standl Marie , Müller Manfred J. , Ahrens Wolfgang , Buyken Anette E.
Published: October 2018

This study performed comparative analyses in two pediatric cohorts to identify dietary patterns during primary school years and examined their relevance to body composition development. Nutritional and anthropometric data at the beginning of primary school and two or four years later were available from 298 and 372 participants of IDEFICS-Germany (Identification and prevention of Dietary-induced and lifestyle-induced health Effects In Children and infants Study) and the KOPS (Kiel Obesity Prevention Study) cohort, respectively. Principal component analyses (PCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR) were used to identify dietary patterns at baseline and patterns of change in food group intake during primary school years. RRR extracted patterns explaining variations in changes in body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height-ratio (WtHR). Associations between pattern adherence and excess gain in BMI, FMI, or WtHR (>75th percentile) during primary school years were examined using logistic regression. Among PCA patterns, only a change towards a more Mediterranean food choice during primary school years were associated with a favorable body composition development in IDEFICS-Germany (p < 0.05). In KOPS, RRR patterns characterized by a frequent consumption of fast foods or starchy carbohydrate foods were consistently associated with an excess gain in BMI and WtHR (all p < 0.005). In IDEFICS-Germany, excess gain in BMI, FMI, and WtHR were predicted by a frequent consumption of nuts, meat, and pizza at baseline and a decrease in the consumption frequency of protein sources and snack carbohydrates during primary school years (all p < 0.01). The study confirms an adverse impact of fast food consumption on body composition during primary school years. Combinations of protein and carbohydrate sources deserve further investigation.
Erucic Acid (22:1n-9) in Fish Feed, Farmed, and Wild Fish and Seafood Products
Authors: Sissener Nini H. , Ørnsrud Robin , Sanden Monica , Frøyland Livar , Remø Sofie , Lundebye Anne-Katrine
Published: October 2018

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a risk assessment of erucic acid (22:1n-9) in 2016, establishing a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for humans of 7 mg kg−1 body weight per day. This report largely excluded the contribution of erucic acid from fish and seafood, due to this fatty acid often not being reported separately in seafood. The Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Norway analyzes erucic acid and has accumulated extensive data from analyses of fish feeds, farmed and wild fish, and seafood products. Our data show that rapeseed oil (low erucic acid varieties) and fish oil are the main sources of erucic acid in feed for farmed fish. Erucic acid content increases with total fat content, both in farmed and wild fish, and it is particularly high in fish liver, fish oil, and oily fish, such as mackerel. We show that the current TDI could be exceeded with a 200 g meal of mackerel, as at the maximum concentration analyzed, such a meal would contribute 143% to the TDI of a 60 kg person. These data cover a current knowledge gap in the scientific literature regarding the content of erucic acid in fish and seafood.
The Significance of Low Titre Antigliadin Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Gluten Ataxia
Authors: Hadjivassiliou Marios , Grünewald Richard , Sanders David , Zis Panagiotis , Croall Iain , Shanmugarajah Priya , Sarrigiannis Ptolemaios , Trott Nick , Wild Graeme , Hoggard Nigel
Published: October 2018

Background: Patients with gluten ataxia (GA) without enteropathy have lower levels of antigliadin antibodies (AGA) compared to patients with coeliac disease (CD). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NAA/Cr area ratio) of the cerebellum improves in patients with GA following a strict gluten-free diet (GFD). This is associated with clinical improvement. We present our experience of the effect of a GFD in patients with ataxia and low levels of AGA antibodies measured by a commercial assay. Methods: Consecutive patients with ataxia and serum AGA levels below the positive cut-off for CD but above a re-defined cut-off in the context of GA underwent MR spectroscopy at baseline and after a GFD. Results: Twenty-one consecutive patients with GA were included. Ten were on a strict GFD with elimination of AGA, 5 were on a GFD but continued to have AGA, and 6 patients did not go on a GFD. The NAA/Cr area ratio from the cerebellar vermis increased in all patients on a strict GFD, increased in only 1 out of 5 (20%) patients on a GFD with persisting circulating AGA, and decreased in all patients not on a GFD. Conclusion: Patients with ataxia and low titres of AGA benefit from a strict GFD. The results suggest an urgent need to redefine the serological cut-off for circulating AGA in diagnosing GA.
Challenge Studies to Determine the Ability of Foods to Support the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Hunt Karen , Blanc Marjorie , Álvarez-Ordóñez Avelino , Jordan Kieran
Published: October 2018

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a relatively rare, but potentially fatal, disease, with a mortality rate of 20–30%. In general, European Regulations require the absence of L. monocytogenes in five samples of 25 g before the food has left the producer, but if the food has been demonstrated not to support the growth of L. monocytogenes, up to 100 cfu g−1 are allowed in the food (except for foods for infants or medical purposes) during its shelf-life under reasonably foreseeable storage conditions. It is important for food producers to determine if their food supports the growth of L. monocytogenes. The European Union Reference Laboratory for L. monocytogenes published a Technical Guidance document for conducting shelf-life studies on L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods in June 2014. Primarily based on the EURL guidance document for conducting challenge studies, the ability of cheese (feta and soft goat’s milk cheese), cold-smoked salmon, coleslaw, and pork pate to support the growth of L. monocytogenes was determined using a starting inoculum of approximately 100 cfu g−1. The cheese and pork pate were incubated at 8 °C for 14 days; the smoked salmon was incubated at 6 °C for 5 days and 8 °C for 9 days; and the coleslaw was incubated at 8 °C for 7 days and 12 °C for 14 days. The results showed that the smoked salmon and pork pate supported growth, while coleslaw and cheese did not. From this study, it is evident that there are factors in food other than pH, water activity, and total bacterial count (TBC) that can inhibit the ability of L. monocytogenes to grow in food.
The Acute Effects of Foam Rolling on Fatigue-Related Impairments of Muscular Performance
Authors: Jo Edward , Juache Gabriela , Saralegui Desiree , Weng Douglas , Falatoonzadeh Shayan
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-myofascial release (MFR) via foam rolling immediately following strenuous activity on acute fatigue-related impairments of muscular performance. Healthy male (n = 16) and female (n = 9) subjects visited the laboratory three separate times. During visit 1, subjects were familiarized with performance testing procedures and the foam rolling and fatigue protocols. For visits 2 and 3, subjects were (T1) assessed for vertical jump height, velocity, and power and dynamic reaction time (DRT). Subjects then performed the exercise fatigue protocol, followed by either a foam rolling treatment (MFR) or seated rest (CON). Immediately after, subjects repeated the performance tests (T2). CON resulted in a greater percent decline from T1–T2 for average power (p = 0.03), average velocity (p = 0.02), and peak power (p = 0.03) than the MFR treatment. No between-treatment differences were detected for %∆ vertical jump height (p = 0.14) or DRT (p = 0.20). According to magnitude-based inference analysis, MFR is likely beneficial in attenuating fatigue-induced kinematic decrements (i.e., power and velocity). Based on magnitude-based inference analysis, MFR is “possibly beneficial” with respect to mitigating acute fatigue-related impairment of jump height and dynamic reaction time. Results demonstrate the plausible short-term benefits of foam rolling on muscular performance decrements associated with acute muscular fatigue from exercise.
Fonction d'ordre à petite distance dans les solutions solides de composition A3B du type Cu3Au
Authors: Prat Th. , Gay Robert
Published: October 2018

Les auteurs s'attachent à expliquer la forme qu'affectent les taches de diffusion dues à l'ordre à petite distance dans l'alliage Cu₃Au. Ils montrent que l'on peut expliquer cette forme par une extension à trois dimensions de la définition de s (degré d'ordre à petite distance, défini à une dimension).
Association de magnétite — chromite — pentlandite dans quelques gîtes de fer en Grèce
Authors: Andronopoulos V.
Published: October 2018

Dans la partie occidentale de la Macédoine (Grèce) et plus précisément au sommet des serpentines de la chaîne du Vermion, se trouvent quelques petits gisements de magnétite associée à de la chromite et à un peu de pentlandite. Ces gisements, sans intérêt économique, attirent toutefois l'attention par cette association peu fréquente dans des roches ultra-basiques ; de plus on observe des structures de remplacement de la chromite par la magnétite. L'étude de ces structures à la microsonde électronique de Castaing nous a permis de constater qu'il n'existe pas de phase de composition intermédiaire entre les deux minéraux, à l'inverse de ce qui a été observé ailleurs. La pentlandite se rencontre en nombreux cristaux fins dans la magnétite, mais il est à noter que la magnétite elle-même est nickélifère.
Contribution à l'étude structurale d'un sulfure de plomb, d'antimoine et d'étain : la Frankeite
Authors: Coulon M. , Heitz F. , Le Bihan Marie-Thérèse
Published: October 2018

La Frankeite, minéral de formule chimique Pb₅Sn₃Sb₂S₁₄ appartient au groupe spatial Pr. Les paramètres de la maille élémentaire sont :

a = 46.9 ±o.5 b = 5,82 ± 0,04 c = 17,3 ± 0,5 Â

a = y = 90° p = 940 40' ± 15'

Nous avons entrepris l'étude de sa structure cristalline en projection sur les plans y O z et x O z. Cette structure comporte des ensembles de liaisons rappelant celles de la galène, qui permettent d'expliquer le clivage parfait (001).
Étude d'une argile à montmorillonite de Chios (Grèce)
Authors: Andronopoulos V.
Published: October 2018

Une étude comprenant analyse thermique différentielle, analyse thermopondérale et diffractométrie a été effectuée sur des échantillons d'une argile provenant de Grèce (Chios) : il s'agit d'une argile dioctaédrique du groupe de la montmorillonite, très pauvre en fer et magnésium (montmorillonite proprement dite) et mélangée à la dolomie.
Étude diffractométrique du sulfate de potassium entre 20 et 600° C
Authors: Bernard Maurice J. , Hocart Raymond
Published: October 2018

L'étude diffractométrique du sulfate de potassium jusqu'à 600° C a permis le calcul des paramètres de la maille et la mesure des intensités relatives des raies.

La disparition et l'apparition de certaines raies permettent de schématiser le mécanisme des transformations de 450 à 586° C.
The role of water in quartz deformation [+ Discussions]
Authors: Paterson Mervyn Silas , Kekulawala K. R. S. S.
Published: October 2018

This review of the experimental studies in quartz deformation since the discovery of hydro-lytic weakening concentrates on defining the role of the water more closely. The experiments show some appai ently inconsistent features that are clarified in the light of new results from a joint mechanical, infrared and electron microscopical study of a number of different quartzes, natural and synthetic, and of OH-rich quartzes heat-treated in various ways. The results indicate that the diffusivity of the effective OH species is probably concentration dependent and low enough up to 300 MPa to explain the failure to to weaken strong quartz by heating with water at these pressures. The occurrence of hydrolytic weakening at 1,500 MPa may involve both the higher degree of ionization of the water and the concentration dependence of the diffusivity. The equilibrium solubility of OH is also discussed and the implications for further experimental work examined.
Plasticity of quartz : crystallographic models and T. E. M. observations
Authors: Doukhan Jean-Claude , Trépied Louis
Published: October 2018

A simplified crystallographic model of quartz is proposed. Only Si atoms are represented and each Si is assumed to be bound to its first four Si neighbours by covalent bonds (representing the true Si — O — Si bonds) along the directions of an sp3 hybridization. Using this approach, it becomes possible to look for possible dissociations of dislocations which govern the plastic behaviour. For a dislocations, dissociation into two colinear partials (a → 1/2 a + 1/2 a) is possible in the planes {1010} and {1011} which can thus be glide planes. For the basal plane which is generally assumed to be the easiest glide plane, comparison with Brazil twins suggests that a low fault energy can be obtained if the fault displacement is distributed over several parallel planes, leading to a zonal dissociated dislocations.

All these models are confirmed by T. E. M. observations in weak beam conditions. They allow several features of low temperature deformation to be understood (formation of microtwins, high strain hardening and severe increase of the dislocation density during basal a glide) .

Another possibility to deduce the possible glide systems of quartz consists in the systematic study of the subgrain boundaries owing to the Frank's formula for the theoretical predictions and by T. E. M. observations for the experimental part of this work. Observations on annealed samples of naturally deformed quartz exactly correspond to the theoretical predictions. This confirms that possible glide systems for quartz are a glide in {0001}, {1010} and {1011} and c glide in {1210} .
Sous-structure de dislocations dans l'oxyde d'yttrium monocristallin
Authors: Gaboriaud Rolly-Jacques
Published: October 2018

The relation between dislocation substructure and macroscopic aspect of the surfaces of yttrium oxide single crystals which have been annealed at high temperature with and without applied stress, is studied.

Experimental conditions of temperature and gaseous environnement give rise to a thermo-chemical etching of the single crystal faces which show dislocation motion.

From simple arguments, it is shown that climb of dislocations plays an important role in the high temperature and low stress creep of Y2O3.

Direct measurement of the dislocation climb velocity is perhaps possible from this effect.
Experimental deformation of K-feldspar single crystals
Authors: Willaime Christian , Christie John McDougall , Kovacs Marie-Paule
Published: October 2018

Sanidine single crystals have been deformed in order to study the possible slip systems in this mineral. Runs have been performed at 700, 900 and 1,1000° C, with a confining pressure of 16 kbâr at a strain rate of 2 x 10-6 s-1 for 11 different crystallographic orientations. The corresponding stress/strain curves are given, and the deformation mechanisms are discussed from optical and T. E. M. observations. Dislocation glide and hardening occur at 700° C whereas evidence of diffusion climb is shown at 900° C.
Microtextures de grains de quartz d'une tectonite quartzo-feldspathique : signification
Authors: Meilliez Francis , Paquet Jacques
Published: October 2018

The microtexture of several quartz grains and of their first neighbours from a quartzo-feldspathic tectonique is studied. Each group of grains belongs to a different minéralogie bed. The deformation of this tectonite can be described as the plastic flow of quartz between rigid feldspathic layers. The microtextures which are obtained are very simple and show two types of [0001] pole concentrations, situated in a plane, normal to the main flow plane and at 450 on the flow direction.

Each grain and its neighbours reached a stable microtexture in steady stage of geological flow. Hypo-thetically, it is assumed prismatic {1010}  and  and pyramidal glide systems correspond to these two types of stable pole concentrations and explain the main shape of the grains.
Fabric development in calcite polycrystals deformed at 400° C
Authors: Spiers Christopher J.
Published: October 2018

La formation de la fabrique, ou «texture », e-maximum, qu'on observe fréquemment dans les roches calcaires, a été étudiée par déformation expérimentale de cylindres fendus d'un marbre de calcite à gros grain. Une application nouvelle de la technique de cylindre fendu a été développée pour permettre la détermination optique des chemins de rotation complets pris par les grains individuels pendant une déformation de type compression axisymétrique.

Les études en microscopie optique sur les échantillons déformés ont montré que les microstructures et les mécanismes des déformations dans les grains individuels peuvent être corrélés avec les orientations et les types de chemin de rotation des grains. Dans beaucoup de grains, un mécanisme particulier de déformation prédomine, et, par conséquence, indique que la règle de von Mises /Taylor peut ne pas être suivie. Le maclage selon e est clairement un mécanisme de déformation important, et exerce une grande influence sur la formation de la texture. La détermination de l'activité du mécanisme de maclage en fonction de l'orientation cristallographique de la matrice indique qu'elle dépend linéairement de la contrainte de cisaillement résolue dans le plan de maclage, et que le mécanisme est associé aux hétérogénéités de la déformation.

Quelques vérifications ont été faites pour évaluer l'homogénéité de la déformation dans les expériences sur les cylindres fendus. On a trouvé que la déformation est sensiblement hétérogène à l'échelle des grains. On en déduit que la facilité de maclage de la calcite à des températures faibles conduit à une déformation hétérogène, avec moins de cinq systèmes de glissement actifs dans la plupart des grains. Cependant, la contrainte est, par comparaison, homogène, et les modèles pour la prédiction de la texture fondés sur cette hypothèse sont plus réalistes que ceux fondés sur l'hypothèse de la déformation homogène.
Texture development in calcite and quartz rocks deformed at uniaxial and real triaxial states of strain
Authors: Kern Hartmut
Published: October 2018

The experiments described are a continuation of a series of tests on Solnhofen limestone, Carrara marble, and fibrous quartzite reported earlier (Kern, 1977). The experimental technique, allowing deformation from flattening through plane strain to elongation, is described in detail. On the basis of selected experiments on wet and dry rocks it is shown, at comparable temperature, confining pressure, and strain rates, how preferred orientation changes with the stress system applied. Optical and X-ray techniques were used to determine the micro-structural characteristics before and after deformation. Girdle patterns around and s3, respectively, are found in uniaxal compression and extension tests, whereas in experiments which approximate plane strain point maxima are developed. This, however, only holds if the initial fabric is symmetrically disposed to the axes of main strain. Asymmetric overprinting of the initial fabric acts to reduce the symmetry of the deformation patterns. Maximum strain of about 20 % is insufficient to obliterate the fabric of the starting material. General remarks are made on the mechanisms of deformations. Dynamic recrystallization dominates in the fine-grained quartzite, whereas in the calcite rocks obviously grain size plays a dominant role in determining the deformation mechanisms. The textures in the coarse grained marble 300 (µm) arose mainly by r-gliding and by mechanical twinning. In the fine-grained limestone (5-25 µm) preferred orientation developed at least in part from thermally activated intracrystalline slip mechanisms not fully understood at this stage.
A FUZZY BINARY BI OBJECTIVE TRANSPORTATION MODEL: IRANIAN STEEL SUPPLY NETWORK
Authors: MAHDIRAJI Hannan AMOOZAD , BEHESHTI Moein , RAZAVI HAJIAGHA Seyed Hossein , ZAVADSKAS Edmundas Kazimieras
Published: October 2018

Prominent influence of transportation costs on supply chain overall profit indicates the importance and emer-gence of transportation optimization models. Regarding this issue and in view of realistic situation consisting of non-de-terministic information, in this research optimizing inbound and outbound transportation costs of a multi echelon supply chain has been considered. To deal with uncertain time deliveries and pricing strategies adopted by different members of supply chain, in conjunction with unpredictable demand rate, fuzzy logic and specifically Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (TrFNs) are included. After designing a fuzzy binary multi objective model based upon structural assumptions, the solving approach is proposed and the model is employed on Iranian steel supply network to illustrate the potential and advantages of our scheduled model. The bi-objective mixed integer fuzzy programming model presents and encompasses many realis-tic circumstances making the model applicable in network transportation cases.
Global-mean Vertical Tracer Mixing in Planetary Atmospheres. II. Tidally Locked Planets
Authors: Zhang Xi , Showman Adam P.
Published: October 2018

In Zhang & Showman, we developed an analytical theory of 1D eddy diffusivity K

zz
for global-mean vertical tracer transport in a 3D atmosphere. We also presented 2D numerical simulations on fast-rotating planets to validate our theory. On a slowly rotating planet such as Venus or a tidally locked planet (not necessarily a slow-rotator) such as a hot Jupiter, the tracer distribution could exhibit significant longitudinal inhomogeneity and tracer transport is intrinsically 3D. Here we study the global-mean vertical tracer transport on tidally locked planets using 3D tracer-transport simulations. We find that our analytical K

zz
theory in Zhang & Showman is validated on tidally locked planets over a wide parameter space. K

zz
strongly depends on the large-scale circulation strength, horizontal mixing due to eddies, and waves, and local tracer sources and sinks due to chemistry and microphysics. As our analytical theory predicted, K

zz
on tidally locked planets also exhibit three regimes. In Regime I where the chemical and microphysical processes are uniformly distributed across the globe, different chemical species should be transported via different eddy diffusivity. In Regime II where the chemical and microphysical processes are nonuniform—for example, photochemistry or cloud formation that exhibits strong day–night contrast—the global-mean vertical tracer mixing does not always behave diffusively. In the third regime where the tracer is long-lived, non-diffusive effects are significant. Using species-dependent eddy diffusivity, we provide a new analytical theory of the dynamical quench points for disequilibrium tracers on tidally locked planets from first principles.
Evolutionary Models for 15 Galactic Supernova Remnants with New Distances
Authors: Leahy D. A. , Ranasinghe S.
Published: October 2018

Recent studies using 21 cm H i line and 13CO line observations in the inner part of the Galaxy have resulted in new distances for 30 Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs). Of those remnants, 15 have observed X-ray spectra, for which shocked-gas temperatures and emission measures are measured. Here we apply spherically symmetric SNR evolution models to these 15 remnants to obtain estimates for ages, explosion energies, circumstellar medium densities and profiles (uniform or wind-type). From the distribution of ages we obtain a supernova birth rate and estimate incompleteness. The energies and densities can be well fit with log-normal distributions. The distribution of explosion energies is very similar to that of SNRs in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), suggesting that SN explosions in the LMC and in the Galaxy are very similar. The density distribution has higher mean density for Galactic SNRs than for LMC SNRs by a factor ∼2.5.
A new stage of demographic change: A warning for economists
Authors: Vishnevsky Anatoly , Shcherbakova Ekaterina
Published: October 2018

The current stage of demographic changes in all countries that have experienced a demographic transition is characterized by two main features: (1) cessation of population growth; (2) a progressive increase in the total dependency ratio, which until recently, despite the long-run population ageing, was declining. Both of these features are unfavorable from the economic point of view. In Russia, the situation is aggravated by the peculiarities of the population pyramid, heavily deformed by the social and military upheavals of the 20th century. The article shows that, for a long time, the demographic trends in Russia favored its economic development, but now the country is entering a long period of unfavorable demographic changes. The cessation of growth of the Russian population, the reduction in the working-age population and its ageing and the increase in the dependency ratio will have a deterrent effect on economic development and, at the same time, make it more difficult to solve social problems. In particular, these factors will create greater problems for the pension system for people older than working age. The issue of using the migration resource to mitigate the negative consequences of demographic changes is discussed.
Whither modern economics? Subjective semi-sociological observations
Authors: Kapeliushnikov Rostislav
Published: October 2018

The paper summarizes main recent sociological, epistemological, methodological and ideological trends in modern economics and tries to evaluate its current state and further perspectives. Special attention has been paid to a change in economists’ methodological ideal: economic science began with trying to become like physics but actually has become like medical statistics. The paper’s general conclusion is that what we are witnessing today in modern economics is simply an ordinary working state rather than a triumph or a crisis. However, that state is not very promising since the period of new large theoretical ideas seems to be over for economics, the new atheoretical tendency in it is becoming stronger and in the very near future, economics is most likely to become more and more interventionist.
A new species of Ypsolopha Latreille (Lepidoptera, Ypsolophidae) from the Andes of northern Chile
Authors: Vargas Héctor A.
Published: October 2018

Male and female adults ofYpsolophamolteniisp. n.(Lepidoptera, Ypsolophidae) are described and illustrated from the western slopes of the Andes of northern Chile. Larvae ofY.molteniifeed on inflorescences of the native shrubAdesmiaverrucosaMeyen (Fabaceae). This finding represent the first species ofYpsolophaLatreille, 1796 described from mainland Chile and the first species of this genus with larvae feeding on the highly diverse South American genusAdesmia.
National scale ecosystem condition assessment with emphasis on forest types in Greece
Authors: Kokkoris Ioannis , Dimopoulos Panayotis , Xystrakis Fotios , Tsiripidis Ioannis
Published: October 2018

This study presents a first, national scale approach on ecosystem condition assessment for Greece, through integrating the available surveillance and monitoring data for habitat types, at the plot level, within the Natura 2000 network. The study consists of two parts: (a) ecosystem condition assessment for ecosystem types in Greece, using the conservation degree at plot level as an indicator and (b) a large scale analysis of the forest types' condition using, as indicators, the pressures and typical plant species richness, as an exemplary case to interpret the outcomes of the assessment. The main results of this study revealed that: (i) the majority of the ecosystem types are in above good condition, with the higher percentages of bad condition recorded for wetlands, rivers and lakes, marine inlets and transitional waters, (ii) forest categories in their majority are at above-adequate condition, (iii) at forest ecosystem categories specific pressures (e.g. grazing, cultivations, forestry clearance) act as main drivers forecosystem condition change, (iv) Mediterranean deciduous forests are the most floristic-rich forest category, regarding typical plant species. Simultaneously, it is highlighted that already available datasets could be used for immediate and rapid framework assessments, which will guide future steps on ES studies, research and decision-making.