bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Chemistry of Organization: Combinatory Analysis and Design
Authors: Grandori Anna , Furnari Santi
Published: April 2008

This paper is a response to the call for models of organization design as a science revealing the inner composition of organization and specifying the laws to be respected when crafting it. It maintains that the needed science is a chemistry of organization, addressing the combination of 'organizational elements' playing a role analogous to that of chemical elements in composing a variety of substances. Drawing both on classic organization design theory and on configurational and complementarity-based approaches, the paper specifies a set of basic organizational elements and a set of combinatory laws regulating their effective combinations. Testable propositions are derived on the necessary and sufficient conditions that the composition of organizations should have respect for achieving high levels of efficiency and innovation. These propositions are tested empirically on a sample of firms, using an innovative application of Boolean algebra.
Health Insurance Stability and Health Status
Authors: Nielsen Robert B. , Garasky Steven
Published: April 2008

Being uninsured affects one's ability to access medical services and maintain health. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors investigated how individual and family insurance coverage affects adult health. They found that health insurance coverage often varies across family members and changes frequently. Employing multivariate analyses that control for personal insurance status, predisposing characteristics, and enabling resources, the authors show that adults who are members of families that include other uninsured members are more likely to report poor health than adults in full-coverage families. Policy makers should consider refocusing public and private insurance coverage goals to include full-family coverage.
Precautionary tales: Exploring the obstacles to debating the primary prevention of breast cancer
Authors: Potts Laura , Dixey Rachael , Nettleton Sarah
Published: April 2008

Incidence of breast cancer is rising globally, with little attention paid by government health planners to upstream causal factors. The research reported here used qualitative methods to explore the usefulness of creating opportunities for dialogue between various `communities of interest' - laypeople, health activists, environmentalists, scientists, health professionals and politicians - concerned about possible environmental factors in breast cancer aetiology. The paper reports discussion of some of the methodological difficulties in investigating the causes of breast cancer, what constitutes `evidence' and the perceived obstacles to adopting a precautionary approach to the prevention of breast cancer. The key difference between viewpoints concerns the appropriate evidence for - and response to - risk. We have argued that these differences are both ideological and epistemological; we are concerned here to identify how a tripartite categorization of positions is articulated through participants' narrative accounts and arguments about how science contributes to the basis for policy making.
Adolescents' musical role models: whom do they admire and why?
Authors: Ivaldi Antonia , O'Neill Susan A.
Published: April 2008

Despite the wealth of research into adolescent role models, few studies have concentrated solely on the musical figures identified by adolescents and the reasons why. Using mixed methods, 381 adolescents (aged 13—14) completed a questionnaire about the musicians they admired and the reasons why. Focus groups were also conducted where adolescents discussed the most important and least important reasons for admiring a musical role model. Nineteen picture cards of famous popular and classical musicians were also presented to elicit discussion. Results indicated that the majority of adolescents identified famous figures as role models, most of whom were male and singers of popular musical styles. The three main reasons for admiring a role model were: (1) dedication; (2) popular image; and (3) ability. Focus group findings suggest that whether or not the role model plays a musical instrument is of little importance when it comes to identifying a famous figure.
Another Flood? Genesis 9 and Isaiah's Broken Eternal Covenant
Authors: Mason Steven D.
Published: April 2008

The pressing question regarding the broken eternal covenant of Isa. 24.5 is precisely, 'Which eternal covenant of the Old Testament is in view?' While scholars propose a range of possibilities, this study argues that the broken eternal covenant refers precisely to the Noachic eternal covenant established in Genesis 9. In contrast to traditional conceptions of the Noachic eternal covenant, a close reading of Gen. 9.1-17 reveals literary and conceptual features that reflect a conditional and bilateral covenant between God and humankind. Understanding the true nature of the eternal covenant in Genesis 9 brings clarity to the context of Isa. 24.5 whereby the prevalence of bloodshed and the dominion of Israel's international enemies results in cosmic consequences on the earth.
The Chronicler's 'Obed-edom': A Foreigner and/or a Levite?
Authors: Tan Nancy
Published: April 2008

This article examines how the name 'Obed-edom', which has been identified in 2 Samuel 6 as a foreigner, becomes a Levitical household name in the books of Chronicles. It observes the function of this character in its original context in 2 Samuel 6, and compares how the Chronicler changes his role in the same account concerning the transportation of the ark in 1 Chronicles 15 and 16, as well as the other occurrences in the later portions of Chronicles. It also argues that the Chronicler is not anxious to distinguish how many Obed-edoms appear in his book, but is largely concerned that the name came to be recognized as a faithful and honored Levitical priest rather than a foreigner. While not denying the urgency to portray that the ark has not been desecrated by foreigners, as Gary N. Knoppers suggests, this article proposes that what underlies this portrayal of 'Obed-edom' by the Chronicler fits his overall intention to include not only foreigners, but also the marginalized groups of the temple servants as legitimate Levites.
MMPI-2 Profiles in Civilian PTSD
Authors: Shercliffe Regan Jeffery , Colotla Victor
Published: April 2008

The authors studied MMPI-2 profiles of workers ( N = 83) diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a control group comprising workers with chronic pain ( N = 40). Significant differences were seen in profiles between the PTSD groups and the control group, and the authors compared the PTSD profiles according to exposure to two different kinds of traumatic incidents: industrial accidents or criminal events. They found differences in profile elevations based on the type of event: The level of distress and fear is greater in PTSD victims of crime, and the results also suggest that victims of crime are more suspicious and guarded compared with accident victims. Theoretically based reasons for the differences in profile elevations between the two PTSD groups are discussed.
Juveniles Transferred to Criminal Courts
Authors: Rainville Gerard
Published: April 2008

This research seeks to determine whether the manner in which a juvenile is transferred to criminal court affects the length of confinement sentences. A significant difference in confinement sentences was noted between juveniles transferred by statutory exclusion and those waived after a judicial hearing. An underlying political mechanism is deemed responsible for this finding. As such, this research evokes the tension between the political incentives of legislators, the popular will, and the relative expertise of court actors in forming sentencing policy for transferred juveniles.
Re-generating Learning in the Public Realm
Authors: Peel Deborah , Lloyd Greg
Published: April 2008

An integral part of the modernization ethos of contemporary governmental priorities in the UK is the interest provoked by the evidence-based policy movement. This is primarily influenced by concerns with establishing and sharing `what works'. It also resonates with a parallel development in public sector policy and practice which explicitly incorporates theories of learning as part of the zeitgeist of the `Learning Age'. This article considers the rhetoric and practice around the generation of policy learning and research-practice evidence with respect to the experiences of Business Improvement Districts in the UK by contrasting two modes of empirical research based on observation and experiential learning. It contrasts the dissemination practices with respect to the generation of evidence and what this means for the development of urban policy practices.
Talking back to the spirits: the voices and visions of Emanuel Swedenborg
Authors: Jones Simon R. , Fernyhough Charles
Published: April 2008

The voices and visions experienced by Emanuel Swedenborg remain a topic of much debate. The present article offers a reconsideration of these experiences in relation to changes in psychiatric practice. First, the phenomenology of Swedenborg's experiences is reviewed through an examination of his writings. The varying conceptualizations of these experiences by Swedenborg and his contemporaries, and by psychiatrists of later generations, are examined. We show how attempts by 19th- and 20th-century psychiatrists to explain Swedenborg's condition as the result of either schizophrenia or epilepsy are unable to account for his experiences. We then demonstrate that the re-emergence of the 19th-century concept of `hallucinations in the sane' offers an alternative way to understand Swedenborg's experiences outside typical discourses of mental illness. Finally we argue that Swedenborg's experiences should be understood as exemplifying phenomena which we term `hallucinations without mental disorder', and investigate how conceiving of Swedenborg in this way can inform future research into the experience and clinical significance of hallucinations.
Above and beyond superstition — western herbal medicine and the decriminalizing of placebo
Authors: Wahlberg Ayo
Published: April 2008

Does it work? This question lies at the very heart of the kinds of controversies that have surrounded complementary and alternative medicines (such as herbal medicine) in recent decades. In this article, I argue that medical anthropology has played a pivotal and largely overlooked role in taking the sham out of the placebo effect with important implications for what it means to say a therapy or drug `works'. If pharmacologists and clinicians have corporeally located the concept of efficacy in terms of bio-availability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and herbalists in terms of a herbal revitalizing of the body's own vis medicatrix naturae, from the early 20th century onwards medical anthropologists (especially those who became interested in the `savage mind') have built up an equally rigorous theory of symbolic efficacy in terms of narratives, symbols and a kind of cognitive homeostasis. It was precisely as a mediating link between the somatic and the symbolic that I suggest a decriminalized placebo effect (as opposed to suggestion) could emerge in the middle of the 20th century. Taking the example of St John's Wort, I go on to show how notions of symbolic efficacy, spillover placebo efficacy and bio-efficacy co-circulate in recent attempts by herbalists, clinicians and pharmacologists to address the question of whether or not this herbal remedy `works' in the treatment of depression.
Manager and Therapist as Tragic Heroes: Some Observations of a Theologian At a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Verhey Allen
Published: April 2008

The paper examines the roles of manager and therapist as formed by an emotivist culture, by a recognition of tragedy, and by a Christian narrative. The Christian story provides resources to resist an emotivist culture, to cope with tragedy, and to reform the roles of manager and therapist. The context for the examination is provided by reflection about the development of a mission statement for Pine Rest Christian Hospital.
Inwardness and Commodification: How Romanticist Hermeneutics Prepared the Way for the Culture of Managerialism — a Theological Analysis
Authors: Wannenwetsch Bernd
Published: April 2008

The essay undertakes a theological genealogy of the spirit of managerialism as it affects churches today by tracing it back to hermeneutical shifts in the history of (Protestant) theology: the loss of the externality of the word as a result of Schleiermacherian hermeneutics as it moved the centre of attention from a doctrine of the word to a doctrine of faith. The author demonstrates how the shift to inwardness created the conditions in which the market of 'spiritual needs' could emerge that today's church managers capitalize on. Theological analysis is embedded in a narrative account of an instructive controversy in the German Protestant churches in the 1990s when a group of theologians produced a manifesto 'Against the Economisation of the Church'.
The role of housing finance in addressing the needs of the urban poor: lessons from Central America
Authors: Stein Alfredo , Vance Irene
Published: April 2008

This paper analyzes three forms of low-income housing finance implemented in Central America: up-front and targeted state subsidies for mortgage finance to access new housing; small, repeated loans for incremental housing improvements; and co-financing methods for the introduction of infrastructure and basic services. It shows that technical assistance for self-help construction, when combined with sound inclusive financial methods, can open new opportunities to make land, shelter and services affordable to different urban poor sub-groups.
The IVDP — credit to the women of Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri
Authors: Stavrakakis Sarah , Mcleod Ruth , Francis Kulandei
Published: April 2008

This paper tracks the organizational and financial history of the Integrated Village Development Project (IVDP) and the self-help group (SHG) network it supports in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes how the network is connecting and negotiating with a variety of formal sector institutions, paving the way towards aligning the “informal” demands of the peri-urban poor and the “formal” sphere of financial institutions, while releasing women from the clutches of moneylenders. The sheer scale of this collective approach has broken through the financial limits of traditional microfinance approaches, demonstrating to banks that poor people can manage their finances effectively and reliably. Currently, the IVDP—SHG network of 100,500 poor women has saved, accessed and revolved the equivalent of UK£ 89.9 million. The IVDP has further leveraged these financial “formal” and “informal” sources in order to integrate low-income housing and infrastructure finance within its overall credit portfolio. This paper highlights and shares the lessons from the network's experience.
Financial exclusion in Latin America — or the social costs of not banking the urban poor
Authors: Solo Tova María
Published: April 2008

This paper summarizes the findings of research in Bogotá, Colombia and Mexico City on the use of financial services by the urban population. The focus is on the majority of persons who have no relation whatever with a formal bank, cooperative or credit union. The paper identifies the characteristics of those who are “unbanked” and the range of reasons for their exclusion. It also discusses the multiple and considerable costs that this exclusion imposes on the unbanked population, as well as the loss in income that results for formal sector financial institutions. The paper concludes by describing some measures taken to extend financial services to the low-income population, and proposes the importance of linking “financial inclusion” to programmes of urban development and upgrading focused on the poor in developing countries.
Microfinance for community development, poverty alleviation and natural resource management in peri-urban Hubli-Dharwad, India
Authors: Brook Robert M , Hillyer Karen J , Bhuvaneshwari G.
Published: April 2008

This paper reports on the findings of a study of a microfinance and community mobilization initiative in six villages in the peri-urban zone of Hubli— Dharwad in Karnataka state, southern India, where a number of self-help groups established by two NGOs were studied over a three-year period (2001—2004). Despite deliberate targeting of the poor and very poor sectors, their representation in the self-help groups was found to be no different from their proportions in the populations of the villages. (Targeting of women was more successful, with 64 per cent of members being female.) However, the poor and very poor were more actively involved in microcredit than members of the other wealth classes. Over the life of the project, the poor moved above the state poverty level and their household savings increased by 647 per cent. More than 77 per cent of the funds mobilized through this programme were raised through self-help group subscriptions and a further 14 per cent came from linkages with banks. Findings point to the success of the NGO-mediated self-help group model of community mobilization and microfinance provision relative to other models.
Unjust waters: climate change, flooding and the urban poor in Africa
Authors: Douglas Ian , Alam Kurshid , Maghenda Maryanne , Mcdonnell Yasmin , Mclean Louise , Campbell Jack
Published: April 2008

Many of the urban poor in Africa face growing problems of severe flooding. Increased storm frequency and intensity related to climate change are exacerbated by such local factors as the growing occupation of floodplains, increased runoff from hard surfaces, inadequate waste management and silted-up drainage. One can distinguish four types of flooding in urban areas: localized flooding due to inadequate drainage; flooding from small streams within the built-up area; flooding from major rivers; and coastal flooding. ActionAid undertook participatory vulnerability analysis in five African cities, to explore local people's perceptions of why floods occur, how they adjust to them, who is responsible for reducing the flood risk and what action the community itself can take. While local people adapt to floods, recognition of local, national and international governments' and organizations' responsibility to act to alleviate flooding and its causes, especially the consequences of climate change, is urgently needed.
Climate change risk: an adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities
Authors: Revi Aromar
Published: April 2008

This paper considers the needed adaptation and mitigation agenda for cities in India — where the urban population is likely to grow by around 500 million over the next 50 years. It considers the likely changes that climate change will bring in temperature, precipitation and extreme rainfall, drought, river and inland flooding, storms/storm surges/coastal flooding, sea-level rise and environmental health risks, and who within urban populations are most at risk. It notes the importance for urban areas of an effective rural adaptation agenda — especially in maintaining the productivity and functioning of rural systems. It highlights the importance of today's infrastructure investments, taking into account climate changes, given the long lifespan of most infrastructure, and the importance of urban management engaging with changing risk profiles. One important part of this is the need to connect official adaptation initiatives to the much-improved natural hazard risk assessment, management and mitigation capacity that responded to major disasters. The paper ends by describing a possible urban climate change adaptation framework, including changes needed at the national, state, city and neighbourhood levels, and linkages to mitigation.
Health-Related Hardiness in Individuals With Chronic Illnesses
Authors: Brooks Mirella Vasquez
Published: April 2008

The aims of this study were to (a) describe health stressors, health-related hardiness, perception of illness impact, self-perception of health status, and psychosocial adjustment to illness in individuals living with an inherited bleeding disorder; (b) determine relationships between health stressors, health-related hardiness, perception of illness impact, self-perception of health status, and psychosocial adjustment to illness; and (c) determine if perception of illness impact had a direct and/or mediating effect on the relationship between health stressors, health-related hardiness, and self-perception of health status and psychosocial adjustment to illness. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Sixty participants composed the sample. Participants completed five questionnaires. Higher health stressors were associated with higher perception of illness impact, lower perception of health status, and poorer psychosocial adjustment to illness. Individuals with higher perception of illness impact were associated with lower self-perception of health status and poorer psychosocial adjustment to illness.
Constructing Communication
Authors: Davies Sarah R.
Published: April 2008

Recent work has started to explore “scientific understandings of publics” alongside public understandings of science. This study builds on this work to examine the ways in which public communication is talked about by scientists and engineers. The author identifies a range of ways of talking about the purposes and content of science communication to the public, arguing that the dominant framework for these is one-way communication, and that, in addition, such communication tends to be constructed as difficult and dangerous. However, the author further identifies a range of minority discourses that understand public communication in more complex terms.
The oseberg ship burial, Norway: new thoughts on the skeletons from the grave mound
Authors: Holck Per
Published: April 2008

In 1904, a Viking Age ship was found and excavated in Oseberg, on the west side of the Oslo Fjord, south of Oslo, Norway. The skeletal remnants of two females buried onboard were anthropologically examined during the inter-war years. Questions surrounding their identities have prompted much speculation, and many people like to believe that one of the women could be Queen Åsa, the grandmother of Norway's first king. When the skeletons were reburied in 1948, a few smaller pieces were held back and stored in the Anatomical Institute at the University of Oslo. Those fragments have now been radiocarbon dated at 1220±40 and 1230±40 BP. Their similar δ13 = −21.6‰/−21.0‰ indicates that they both were nourished by a diet consisting primarily of terrestrial food and only to a lesser degree by fish. To answer the question of whether the two women were related, Dr Tom Gilbert at the Panum Institute in Copenhagen managed to obtain a DNA profile from the younger of the two, which profile indicates that her sample falls into the haplogroup U7. This finding is interesting, as this haplogroup is nearly absent in modern Europeans but is common in Iranians. Perhaps this could mean that the young lady's ancestors came from the district around the Black Sea, as Snorri Sturlusson notes in his Saga. Unfortunately, the bones from the older woman were too contaminated to provide a clear profile. Because there is reason to fear that the reburied skeletal material will slowly disintegrate in the coffins, some scholars desired that the mound be reopened in order to save the remains and to determine whether it is possible to obtain another DNA profile before such an opportunity is lost.
Found coins as indicators of coins in circulation: testing some assumptions
Authors: Newton Douglas P.
Published: April 2008

Coin finds are used to inform discussion about coins in circulation and, hence, economic activity. This discussion often rests on the assumption that patterns in finds of accidentally lost coins mirror to a useful extent those of the coins in circulation at the time. Whenever possible, such assumptions should be tested. This study does this empirically with data from a known coinage. Conditional support was found for the assumption. There is also some evidence that coin size and denomination can affect the coin record but these variables did not add significantly to predictions about coins in circulation based only on the numbers of coins found. Some conditions and precautions are suggested when using the assumption and some uses of data based on accidentally lost coins are discussed.
Ethically Difficult Situations Related to Organizational Conditions
Authors: Papadaki Eleni , Papadaki Vasileia
Published: April 2008

• Summary: This article examines ethically difficult situations related to organizational conditions reported by social workers working in public agencies in Crete, Greece. A hermeneutical phenomenological approach for analysing short written narratives was employed in this study.

• Findings: Inadequately resourced services and organizational rules and regulations resulted in a variety of ethically difficult situations. Social workers did not develop activities in order to improve inadequately resourced services and to challenge agency policies; they tried to find solutions within the constraints they encountered.

• Applications : Increasing resources and changing organizational conditions that cause ethically difficult situations would contribute to improving social work practice. The role of social work education is important in preparing students to challenge agency practices and deal with ethically difficult situations effectively. The development of support systems for practitioners is necessary in order to promote ethical social work practice; social workers should not be left to deal with ethical difficulties on their own.
Structural Health Monitoring in Smart Structures Through Time Series Analysis
Authors: da Silva Samuel , Dias Júnior Milton , Lopes Junior Vicente
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the application of a structural health monitoring technique based on electrical measurements obtained by piezoceramics (PZT) patches bonded in lightweight structures. The goal is to detect and locate imminent structural change occurrence with statistical confidence through a nondestructive evaluation test. Though the major focus in damage detection is given by monitoring electrical impedance in frequency-domain, the current research work applies a novel approach based on time-series. In such case, auto-regressive moving average with exogenous input (ARMAX) system identification models and statistical process control (SPC) charts are used for linear prediction to detect and locate damages. In order to compare the results, the classical damage metric chart obtained by frequency response from input—output data is described. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated through experimental tests.
A Phased Array-based Method for Damage Detection and Localization in Thin Plates
Authors: Malinowski Pawel , Wandowski Tomasz , Trendafilova Irina , Ostachowicz Wieslaw
Published: April 2008

A method for damage localization based on the phased array idea has been developed. Four arrays of transducers are used to perform a beam-forming procedure. Each array consists of nine transducers placed along a line, which are able to excite and register elastic waves. The A0 Lamb wave mode has been chosen for the localization method. The arrays are placed in such a way that the angular difference between them is 45° and the rotation point is the middle transducer, which is common for all the arrays. The idea has been tested on a square aluminium plate modeled by the Spectral Element Method. Two types of damage were considered, namely distributed damage, which was modeled as stiffness reduction, and cracks, modeled as separation of nodes between selected spectral elements. The plate is excited by a wave packet. The whole array system is placed in the middle of the plate. Each linear phased array in the system acts independently and produces maps of a scanned field based on the beam-forming procedure. These maps are made of time signals (transferred to space domain) that represent the difference between the damaged plate signals and those from the intact plate. An algorithm was developed to join all four maps. The final map is modified by proposed signal processing algorithm to indicate the damaged area of the plate more precisely. The problem for damage localization was investigated and exemplary maps confirming the effectiveness of the proposed system were obtained. It was also shown that the response of the introduced configuration removes the ambiguity of damage localization normally present when a linear phased array is utilized. The investigation is based exclusively on numerical data.
Educating for Advocacy: Recommendations for Professional Preparation and Development Based on a Needs and Capacity Assessment of Health Education Faculty
Authors: Radius Susan M. , Galer-Unti Regina A. , Tappe Marlene K.
Published: April 2008

An electronic survey was used to conduct a needs and capacity assessment of health education faculty to determine the extent to which advocacy instruction is present in undergraduate and graduate curricula in health education and to identify faculty members' needs and capacity to provide professional preparation and development experiences related to advocacy. An analysis of the results reveals that most undergraduate and graduate health education programs include advocacy instruction. Although faculty believe advocacy and instruction related to advocacy are important, many lack advocacy-related professional preparation and development experiences and do not participate in advocacy-related training initiatives and advocacy activities. There is wide variability in faculty confidence in their competence to provide advocacy instruction. Partnerships among professional organizations, health education practitioners, university faculty, individuals engaged in policy advocacy initiatives, and policy makers are needed to enhance the capacity of university faculty to provide professional preparation and development experiences related to advocacy.
Comparing the Efficacy of Permanent Classroom Teachers to Temporary Health Educators for Pregnancy and HIV Prevention Instruction
Authors: Anderman Eric M. , Lane Derek R. , Zimmerman Rick , Cupp Pamela K. , Phebus Valerie
Published: April 2008

Ninth grade health education classrooms were randomly assigned to conditions in which a 14-lesson unit on HIV and pregnancy prevention was provided either by the permanent classroom teacher or by a temporary health educator. Student data were collected prior to the lessons and approximately 3 weeks after the completion of the unit. Results indicate that students who learned the unit from the classroom teacher reported that that the instructor was more likeable and credible and that the classrooms were more motivational. Sexually active adolescents with regular classroom teachers reported greater increases in frequency of class discussion.
Twenty Years of Progress?
Authors: Whitty Geoff
Published: April 2008

This article assesses the period following the 1988 Education Reform Act (ERA) and reflects on the main continuities and discontinuities in policy emphases since that Act. It begins by outlining education policy under the Conservatives from 1979. In this, it shows how the Conservative's simultaneous pursuit of marketization and centralization in education, nowhere more so than through the ERA, provides a key illustration of Neave's (1988) `evaluative state'. In then considering the record of New Labour on education, the article identifies three central strands of policy: first, targeted attempts to tackle disadvantage and, second, an emphasis on school improvement, both of which focus on schools themselves rather than the context in which they operate, and, third, the notion that school diversity and parental choice will lead to higher standards for all. This discussion is used to show the significant continuities between Conservative and New Labour policies in terms of the drive for an essentially market-based education system. In discussing the tensions that have arisen through New Labour's attempts to address disadvantage within a market-based policy framework, the article closes by commenting on the extent to which a new direction in education policy is emerging under Gordon Brown's premiership.
The Changing Governance of Education
Authors: Ranson Stewart
Published: April 2008

The 1988 Education Reform Act sought to deconstruct the framework of post-Second World War social democratic governance and replace the tacit rule of professional providers with mechanisms of choice and market competition, thus empowering parents and school leaders. Functions, powers and responsibilities were fundamentally reconstituted and have transformed the governance of education. New Labour, when it came to power in 1997, did not alter but extended the practices of this neo-liberal polity. Now, within the frame of this regime, a new re-constitution of the governance of education may be emerging: schools, colleges and agencies are encouraged not to compete, but to collaborate in creating a community of practice with families. Two modes of governance are developing in parallel. This article concludes that only a wider reconstituting of the public sphere, one that restricts the power that the advantaged are accruing from the education market place, can enable very different purposes of learning, and conditions necessary for a cosmopolitan civic society to emerge.
From Management to Leadership
Authors: Bush Tony
Published: April 2008

Educational management was still a relatively new field of study and practice in the UK at the time of the Education Reform Act (ERA) 1988. The field focused on `management' and not leadership. This emphasis very much reflected the business world and its use in education illustrated the `policy borrowing' characteristic of an emerging field. This article revisits the concepts of leadership and management, examines the impact of the ERA on management practice in schools and colleges, and discusses the notion of managerialism. The chronology of leadership and management during the past 20 years is explored, including the role of New Labour and the opening of the National College for School Leadership. The paper concludes with a review of the contemporary emphasis on leadership for learning.
Clinical Research: Modification of Lesser Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Using Flexor Digitorum Longus Transfer
Authors: Lee Eu Jin , Wong Yue-Shuen
Published: April 2008

The authors present a modification of an interposition arthroplasty using the flexor digitorum longus for degeneration of the metatarsophalangeal joint with an associated hammer toe deformity. This procedure is simple to perform and allows for relief of pain and stiffness associated with metatarsophalangeal joint arthrosis.
Review: Prevention and Management of Complications of the Ilizarov Treatment Method
Authors: Sella Enzo J.
Published: April 2008

Serious orthopaedic conditions such as nonunions and pilon, calcaneal, and Lisfranc fractures, as well as leg lengthening, correction of angular deformities, resection of osteomyelitis, and bone transfer, can be treated successfully with the Ilizarov system. However, complications such as contractures, loss of range of motion, neurologic deficits, articular damage, contractures, and pin track infections can occur. This article describes the costs of limb salvage with the Ilizarov system compared with amputation as well as possible complications and their prevention; it also provides a treatment protocol.
Clinical Research: Etoricoxib, Paracetamol, and Dextropropoxyphene for Postoperative Pain Management: A Questionnaire Survey of Consumption of Take-Home Medication After Elective Hallux Valgus Surgery
Authors: Turan Ibrahim , Assareh Hamid , Rolf Christer , Jakobsson Jan G.
Published: April 2008

In this study, patients were presented with a questionnaire-based survey about the consumption of analgesics and pain ratings up to the third postoperative day following elective hallux valgus surgery. The aim was to study the consumption of analgesics and to look for factors influencing the need for rescue analgesia. All patients were provided with take-home oral medication, with etoricoxib 120 mg once daily, paracetamol 1 to 4 g daily, and dextropropoxyphene 100 mg provided as add-on rescue analgesics in a stepwise fashion. Thirty-five of the 102 patients responding (response rate 91%) did not take any further analgesics during the entire 4-day follow-up period than the recommended coxib, 67 patients took at least 1 tablet of rescue analgesic, 41 took only paracetamol, and 26 patients (25%) took paracetamol plus at least 1 dextropropoxyphene. There was a significant association between the subjective experience of pain and consumption of analgesics. Female gender and low age were significantly associated with the consumption of analgesics. A stepwise approach based on etoricoxib, paracetamol, and a small number of opioid tablets seems to be a rational approach for take-home medication following a standardized hallux valgus surgery. Female gender and lower age comprise a group that warrants special atten group that warrants special attention.
Physical alteration of antigorite: a Mössbauer spectroscopy, reflectance spectroscopy and TEM study with applications to Mars
Authors: Bishop J. L. , Dyar M. D. , Sklute E. C. , Drief A.
Published: April 2008

Physical alteration of magnetite-bearing antigorite grains is investigated in this study using Mössbauer, visible/near-infrared (VNIR) and mid-IR spectroscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses. An expected decrease in grain size with grinding is observed using SEM. The HRTEM images illustrate that the nanophase-sized grains which adhere to larger grains have 7 Å antigorite patterns. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows the presence of antigorite, magnetite and an amorphous phase. Visible/near infrared spectra exhibit features common in serpentine. These spectra also show an increasing continuum slope with grinding, an effect which is characteristic of thin coatings or tiny grains on surfaces. Mid-IR spectra indicate the formation of fine-grained Si-OH and carbonate in these samples with grinding.
Linking the redox cycles of Fe oxides and Fe-rich clay minerals: an example from a palaeosol of the Upper Freshwater Molasse
Authors: Stanjek H. , Marchel C.
Published: April 2008

A profile within the Upper Freshwater Molasse (OSM) of eastern Switzerland was sampled. Particle-size analyses, bulk chemical analyses, cation exchange capacities and Fe fractions (oxalate- and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate-soluble Fe, total Fe) were measured. The mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction and quantified with Rietveld analysis. The layer charge of selected fine-clay samples was determined with the alkylammonium method using chainnc= 12. The profile could be divided into a lower sequence (I) and an upper sequence (II) by a hiatus. Chemical data, particle-size distributions and calcite contents indicated that soil formation was essentially restricted to wetting-drying cycles associated with redox cycles evident from Feo/Fedand Fed/Fetratios. A significant correlation between thed060values of the dioctahedral smectite-illite mixed-layer phases and Feo/Fedwas interpreted as the influence of microbial Fe3+reduction, which affected both the Fe oxides and Fe-rich clay minerals. This is the first evidence that the Fe dynamics of both mineral groups may be linked. The amount of illitization also correlated with Feo/Fed, but only in the upper part of the profile. This indicates that wetting-drying cycles were necessary for the illitization process.
Mössbauer and IR analysis of iron sites in four ferruginous smectites
Authors: Cashion J. D. , Gates W. P. , Thomson A.
Published: April 2008

57Fe Mössbauer spectra of the Na+- and Ca2+-saturated forms of four ferruginous smectites,displaying a range of compositions, have been fitted with Voigtian profiles to represent (principally) two correlated distributions of isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings for the Fe3+ sites. Correlating the areas and hyperfine parameters of these distributions with simulations of the octahedral array of cations based on chemical analyses and infrared spectroscopy has enabled identification of the Fe3+ ions that contribute to the outer quadrupole doublet. The octahedral Fe3+ sites are characterized as having at least one Mg2+ nearest-cation neighbour and probably a cisconfiguration with respect to the OH– ions.
Spectroscopic studies of kaolin from different Brazilian regions
Authors: Scorzelli R. B. , Bertolino L. C. , Luz A. B. , Duttine M. , Silva F. A. N. G. , Munayco P.
Published: April 2008

Over the past several decades, kaolin has been used intensively in the paper industry as a coating and filler material. These applications require kaolin of a high brightness grade, which depends heavily on the level of impurities (mainly Fe-bearing minerals such as Fe oxides and hydroxides) and may be improved by beneficiation processes involving grain-size classification, magnetic separation and chemical treatments. This investigation was carried out on five Brazilian kaolin samples of different geographical and geological origins. Granulometric, mineralogical, chemical and physical characterizations were performed on all samples before and after the beneficiation process.

Chemical compositions were determined by X-ray fluorescence and the most important crystalline phases were identified using X-ray diffraction. Kaolinite is the dominant mineralogical phase with minor amounts of muscovite and quartz. The nature of Fe impurities was investigated by electron spin resonance and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. For all studied kaolin samples, Fe ions (Fe3+ and Fe2+) are present in variable amounts, in the kaolinite structure and also in Fe oxides (magnetite, hematite and goethite). The beneficiation procedure aims to remove these Fe oxides and was found to be most efficient for the Mogi das Cruzes kaolin. The Seridó kaolin had the best whiteness index observed among the analysed samples.
Investment analysts and the American Society of Hematology
Authors: Steensma David P.
Published: April 2008

Investment analysts are a growing presence at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology (ASH), and financial professionals frequently contact ASH members for information and perspective on drugs, devices, and scientific developments. Recent incidents have raised concerns about consulting relationships between physicians and the investment industry; the appropriate role of medical societies in influencing these relationships is unclear. In this essay, I summarize the current situation, discuss potential risks and benefits from interactions between physicians and investment analysts, and outline issues that all individuals involved in investment industry consulting should consider. I also propose changes in ASH policy that may help safeguard public trust as well as preserve the access of clinicians and scientists to clinically relevant data presented at the Annual Meeting.
R-spondin1 and FOXL2act into two distinct cellular types during goat ovarian differentiation
Authors: Kocer Ayhan , Pinheiro Iris , Pannetier Maëlle , Renault Lauriane , Parma Pietro , Radi Orietta , Kim Kyung-Ah , Camerino Giovanna , Pailhoux Eric
Published: April 2008

Background

Up to now, two loci have been involved in XX sex-reversal in mammals following loss-of-function mutations, PIS (Polled Intersex Syndrome) in goats and R-spondin1 (RSPO1) in humans. Here, we analyze the possible interaction between these two factors during goat gonad development. Furthermore, since functional redundancy between different R-spondins may influence gonad development, we also studied the expression patterns of RSPO2, 3 and 4.

Results

Similarly to the mouse, RSPO1 shows a sex-dimorphic expression pattern during goat gonad development with higher levels in the ovaries. Interestingly, the PIS mutation does not seem to influence its level of expression. Moreover, using an RSPO1 specific antibody, the RSPO1 protein was localized in the cortical area of early differentiating ovaries (36 and 40 dpc). This cortical area contains the majority of germ cell that are surrounded by FOXL2 negative somatic cells. At latter stages (50 and 60 dpc) RSPO1 protein remains specifically localized on the germ cell membranes. Interestingly, a time-specific relocation of RSPO1 on the germ cell membrane was noticed, moving from a uniform distribution at 40 dpc to a punctuated staining before and during meiosis (50 and 60 dpc respectively). Interestingly, also RSPO2 and RSPO4 show a sex-dimorphic expression pattern with higher levels in the ovaries. Although RSPO4 was found to be faintly and belatedly expressed, the expression of RSPO2 increases at the crucial 36 dpc stage, as does that of FOXL2. Importantly, RSPO2 expression appears dramatically decreased in XX PIS-/- gonads at all three tested stages (36, 40 and 50 dpc).

Conclusion

During goat ovarian development, the pattern of expression of RSPO1 is in agreement with its possible anti-testis function but is not influenced by the PIS mutation. Moreover, our data suggest that RSPO1 may be associated with germ cell development and meiosis. Interestingly, another RSPO gene, RSPO2 shows a sex-dimorphic pattern of expression that is dramatically influenced by the PIS mutation.
Weak correlation between sequence conservation in promoter regions and in protein-coding regions of human-mouse orthologous gene pairs
Authors: Chiba Hirokazu , Yamashita Riu , Kinoshita Kengo , Nakai Kenta
Published: April 2008

Background

Interspecies sequence comparison is a powerful tool to extract functional or evolutionary information from the genomes of organisms. A number of studies have compared protein sequences or promoter sequences between mammals, which provided many insights into genomics. However, the correlation between protein conservation and promoter conservation remains controversial.

Results

We examined promoter conservation as well as protein conservation for 6,901 human and mouse orthologous genes, and observed a very weak correlation between them. We further investigated their relationship by decomposing it based on functional categories, and identified categories with significant tendencies. Remarkably, the 'ribosome' category showed significantly low promoter conservation, despite its high protein conservation, and the 'extracellular matrix' category showed significantly high promoter conservation, in spite of its low protein conservation.

Conclusion

Our results show the relation of gene function to protein conservation and promoter conservation, and revealed that there seem to be nonparallel components between protein and promoter sequence evolution.