bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Brexit and Chlorinated Chicken: A Microcosm of Wider Food Problems
Authors: Millstone Erik , Lang Tim , Marsden Terry
Published: November 2019

This paper situates food safety concerns raised in the Brexit debate since the referendum and suggests that, although the issue of chlorinated chicken entered public discourse, it represents wider concerns about food safety standards. Food safety has had high resonance in the UK since the 1980s, but Brexit shows how it connects to wider concerns also raised about Brexit, such as impacts on healthcare, the effects of austerity on food poverty, the limitations of low waged employment, concerns about migration and labour markets, and regional economic disparities. Brexit’s impact on the UK food system is immense because food has been highly integrated into EU governance. While food standards can be portrayed as a single narrow issue, the paper suggests it provides a useful lens with which to examine, interrogate and comprehend these wider Brexit politics. The complex realities of food politics and wider food system dynamics undermine any simplistic political narrative of ‘taking back control’.
Monetary Policy Setting in Australia, Canada and the Euro Area: Insights from the Shadows
Authors: St. Amand Samantha , Siklos Pierre L. , Lombardi Domenico
Published: November 2019

Voting by shadow monetary policy committees (SMPCs) provide hints about monetary policy decisions. We examine data for Australia, Canada and the euro area. SMPCs release individual members’ recommendations. Their central banks do not. How much variation is there in preferences towards inflation and output gaps? Do committees tend towards less extreme policy choices than individuals? We find little heterogeneity in preferences among committee members in Australia and Canada, but not for the shadow committee in the euro area. Our results may be relevant in understanding how the composition, structure and operation of committees in these economies impact monetary policy decisions.
Examining mechanisms for gender differences in admission to intensive care units
Authors: Hill Andrea , Ramsey Clare , Dodek Peter , Kozek Jean , Fransoo Randy , Fowler Robert , Doupe Malcolm , Wong Hubert , Scales Damon , Garland Allan
Published: November 2019

Objective

To evaluate whether the male predominance of older people admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) is due to gender differences in the presence of spouses, partners, or children; rates of gender‐specific disease; or triage decisions made by health system personnel.

Data Sources and Collection

Three population‐based datasets, 2004‐2012, of Canadians ≥65 years: provincial health care data from Manitoba (n = 250 190) and national data of nursing home residents (n = 133 982) and community‐based homecare recipients (n = 210 090).

Study Design

Retrospective observational study, using multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression.

Principal Findings

Males predominated in ICU admissions: from Manitoba (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.80‐1.95), nursing homes (HR = 1.47, 1.35‐1.60), and homecare (odds ratio = 1.14, 1.11‐1.17). Adjustment for spouses, partners, and children did not attenuate this effect. The HR for gender was lower by 13.5 percent, relative, after excluding ICU care for cardiac causes. Male predominance was not present during a second ICU admission among survivors of a first ICU‐containing hospitalization (HR = 1.07, 0.96‐1.20).

Conclusions

In three older cohorts, the male predominance of ICU admission was not explained by gender differences in the presence of a spouse, partner, or children, or cardiac disease rates. The third finding suggests that triage bias is unlikely to be responsible for the male predominance.
Physiochemical and Microbiological Quality of Lightly Processed Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Stored Under Modified Atmosphere
Authors: Abel Nanna , Rotabakk Bjørn Tore , Rustad Turid , Ahlsen Vidar B. , Lerfall Jørgen
Published: November 2019

Low‐temperature cooking, such as sous vide, has become a favored method for processing seafood. For this method to be applicable for retail products, combinations with other processing steps are needed to keep the products safe and durable while maintaining high quality. The present experiments were designed to investigate the influence of low‐temperature treatment (40, 50, or 60 °C) in combination with various packaging technologies (modified atmosphere [MA] or soluble gas stabilization [SGS]) on both the microbial growth and the physiochemical quality. Salmon loins were either kept natural or inoculated with Listeria innocua prior to drying (16 to 18 hr) in either 100% CO2 (SGS) or atmospheric air (MA packaging). All samples were sous vide treated, repackaged in MA, and stored at 4 °C for 24 days. The results showed shelf life to be significantly improved with the implementation of SGS, by prolonging the lag‐phase and slowing the growth rate of both naturally occurring and inoculated bacteria. Variations in packaging technology did not significantly influence any of the tested quality parameters, including drip loss, surface color, and texture. Growing consumer demand for lightly processed seafood products makes Listeria spp. an increasing problem. The present experiment, however, has shown that it is possible to lower processing temperatures to as little as 40 or 50 °C and still obtain inhibition of Listeria, but with improved chemical quality compared to traditional processing.
Exploring the relationship between body mass index, mental health and outcomes of a regional physiotherapy‐led post‐arthroplasty review clinic
Authors: Carney Sheena , Parker Carol , Schoo Adrian , Isaac Vivian , Kapakoulakis Theo
Published: November 2019

Objective

To determine whether 12‐month hip and knee outcomes of a regional arthroplasty clinic were comparable to results from metropolitan‐based clinics, and to explore a possible relationship between body mass index and depression to identify groups at risk of not achieving optimal outcomes.

Design

A prospective observational study.

Setting

A regional physiotherapy‐led post‐arthroplasty review clinic.

Participants

Patients after hip or knee replacement.

Interventions

Patients underwent either total hip or total knee joint arthroplasty.

Main outcome measures

SF‐12 Health Survey, Oxford Hip/Knee Scale, 10‐minute walk test, knee range of motion, body mass index and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results

Physical outcomes were comparable to those reported by metropolitan‐based clinics. People with a high body mass index showed most improvement in the severity of depression compared to those with a lower body mass index.

Conclusion

It is important to consider the long‐term effects of obesity on arthroplasty outcomes.
Variations in pulmonary fissural anatomy: a medicolegal autopsy study of 256 cases
Authors: Bostanci Korkut , Ozyurtkan Mehmet Oguzhan , Polat Mehmet Oguz , Batirel Hasan , Lacin Tunc , Yuksel Mustafa , Stamenovic Davor
Published: November 2019

Background

We aimed to document the anatomical variations of pulmonary fissures found during routine forensic autopsies.

Methods

A total of 256 pairs of lungs were investigated. Presence of any variant and accessory fissures was noted.

Results

Seventy‐seven percent of the lungs had anatomical variations. In about 2/3 of the cases, oblique fissures were incomplete on both sides. The horizontal fissure was incomplete in 68.4%, and absent in 4.3% of the lungs. Twelve left lungs (4.7%) had a horizontal fissure. Accessory fissures were observed in 35 lungs (13.7%). Azygos lobe variations were detected in 1.7% of the lungs. A superior accessory fissure was present in 6.2% and 2% of right and left lungs, respectively.

Conclusion

This and previous similar studies demonstrate the existence of several different anatomical fissural variations in the lungs. Clinicians, radiologists and surgeons should keep these in mind to better evaluate and treat their patients.
GATA2 deficiency and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: challenges for the clinical practitioner
Authors: Bogaert Delfien J. , Laureys Genevieve , Naesens Leslie , Mazure Dominiek , De Bruyne Marieke , Hsu Amy P. , Bordon Victoria , Wouters Erik , Tavernier Simon J. , Lambrecht Bart N. , De Baere Elfride , Haerynck Filomeen , Kerre Tessa
Published: November 2019

GATA2 deficiency, first described in 2011, is a bone marrow failure disorder resulting in a complex haematological and immunodeficiency syndrome characterised by cytopenias, severe infections, myelodysplasia and leukaemia. The only curative treatment is allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although knowledge on this syndrome has greatly expanded, in clinical practice many challenges remain. In particular, guidelines on optimal donor and stem cell source and conditioning regimens regarding HSCT are lacking. Additionally, genetic analysis of GATA2 is technically cumbersome and could easily result in false‐negative results. With this report, we wish to raise awareness of these pitfalls amongst physicians dealing with haematological malignancies and primary immunodeficiencies.
Ice‐margin retreat and grounding‐zone dynamics during initial deglaciation of the Storfjordrenna Ice Stream, western Barents Sea
Authors: Shackleton Calvin S. , Winsborrow Monica C. M. , Andreassen Karin , Lucchi Renata G. , Bjarnadóttir Lilja R.
Published: November 2019

Processes occurring at the grounding zone of marine terminating ice streams are crucial to marginal stability, influencing ice discharge over the grounding‐line, and thereby regulating ice‐sheet mass balance. We present new marine geophysical data sets over a ~30×40 km area from a former ice‐stream grounding zone in Storfjordrenna, a large cross‐shelf trough in the western Barents Sea, south of Svalbard. Mapped ice‐marginal landforms on the outer shelf include a large accumulation of grounding‐zone deposits and a diverse population of iceberg ploughmarks. Published minimum ages of deglaciation in this region indicate that the deposits relate to the deglaciation of the Late Weichselian Storfjordrenna Ice Stream, a major outlet of the Barents Sea–Svalbard Ice Sheet. Sea‐floor geomorphology records initial ice‐stream retreat from the continental shelf break, and subsequent stabilization of the ice margin in outer‐Storfjordrenna. Clustering of distinct iceberg ploughmark sets suggests locally diverse controls on iceberg calving, producing multi‐keeled, tabular icebergs at the southern sector of the former ice margin, and deep‐drafted, single‐keeled icebergs in the northern sector. Retreat of the palaeo‐ice stream from the continental shelf break was characterized by ice‐margin break‐up via large calving events, evidenced by intensive iceberg scouring on the outer shelf. The retreating ice margin stabilized in outer‐Storfjordrenna, where the southern tip of Spitsbergen and underlying bedrock ridges provide lateral and basal pinning points. Ice‐proximal fans on the western flank of the grounding‐zone deposits document subglacial meltwater conduit and meltwater plume activity at the ice margin during deglaciation. Along the length of the former ice margin, key environmental parameters probably impacted ice‐margin stability and grounding‐zone deposition, and should be taken into consideration when reconstructing recent changes or predicting future changes to the margins of modern ice streams.
THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: Nuclear hormone receptors
Authors: Alexander Stephen P H , Cidlowski John A , Kelly Eamonn , Mathie Alistair , Peters John A , Veale Emma L , Armstrong Jane F , Faccenda Elena , Harding Simon D , Pawson Adam J , Sharman Joanna L , Southan Christopher , Davies Jamie A ,   CGTP Collaborators
Published: November 2019

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point‐in‐time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14750. Nuclear hormone receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein‐coupled receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid‐2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC‐IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
Development and characterization of a 99mTc‐labeled Neuropeptide Y short analog with potential application in breast cancer imaging
Authors: Cardoso María Elena , Tejería Emilia , Rey Ríos Ana María , Terán Mariella
Published: November 2019

The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate a 99mTc‐labeled neuropeptide Y derivative with affinity toward Y1‐receptor. The selected amino acid sequence included nine amino acids derived from the C‐terminal portion of the NPY complemented with the addition of one cysteine‐mercaptoacetic acid moiety to bind the radiometal. Labeling was achieved through the preparation of a 3 + 1 nitrido complex. Physicochemical evaluation, cell uptake, internalization and externalization studies, and competitive assays were performed. Biodistribution experiments were carried out in normal and tumor‐bearing mice. A single product with radiochemical purity >90% and high stability was obtained. In vitro analysis showed specific cellular uptake, IC50 of 73.2 nM, and a high internalization rate (80%). Biodistribution studies showed low blood and renal uptake and combined hepatobiliary and urinary elimination. Preliminary studies in mice bearing induced breast tumors rendered promising uptake values.
Self‐reported oral health at baseline of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Bassim Carol W. , MacEntee Michael I. , Nazmul Sohel , Bedard Chloe , Liu Siying , Ma Jinhui , Griffith Lauren E. , Raina Parminder
Published: November 2019

Objectives

To compare the prevalence of poor self‐reported oral health (SROH) and dental service‐use in a representative sample of Canadian residents, and to identify associations between SROH and psychosocial determinants of health at baseline of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

Methods

Data from baseline interviews from 2010 to 2015 involving 93% of 51 388 adults (n = 47 761) were weighted to compare the prevalence of oral health characteristics adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomics, general health and residence. SROH was assessed as ‘excellent’, ‘very good’, ‘good’, ‘fair’ or ‘poor’, and dichotomized as ‘fair/poor’ and ‘good/very good/excellent’. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of fair/poor oral health with psychosocial determinants of health.

Results

Most participants reported ‘good/very good/excellent’ oral health (92.5%), natural teeth (92.0%) and dental service‐use in the previous year (79.6%), yet over 10% had discomfort when eating. Reports of ‘fair/poor’ oral health were significantly more frequent among participants who had dental concerns, had low socioeconomic status, smoked tobacco or reported poor general health. Dental service‐use and tooth loss differed by province. The odds of poor/fair SROH were high (odds ratio ≥1.5) among participants who avoided foods, did not use dental services frequently, had low incomes, smoked tobacco, were depressed, felt unhealthy or had multiple chronic conditions, but by neither sex or age. There were no interprovincial differences.

Conclusions

Most Canadian residents feel in good oral health and use dental services. Oral health inequality is evident between different socioeconomic groups and between healthy and unhealthy people. SROH is strongly associated with socioeconomic and general health status but not with place of residence. However, there were substantial differences in reports of tooth loss and dental service‐use across provinces.
Relationship between self‐rated pain and peri‐implant clinical, radiographic and whole salivary inflammatory markers among patients with and without peri‐implantitis
Authors: Abduljabbar Tariq , Vohra Fahim , Ullah Anhar , Alhamoudi Nawaf , Khan Junad , Javed Fawad
Published: November 2019

Background

There are no studies that have evaluated the correlation between self‐rated pain, peri‐implant clinical and radiographic parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], and crestal bone loss [CBL]) and whole salivary interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels among patients with and without peri‐implantitis.

Purpose

The objective was to evaluate the correlation between self‐evaluated pain, peri‐implant clinical and radiographic parameters and whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels among patients with and without peri‐implantitis.

Materials and Methods

Included in this study were patients with and without peri‐implantitis. Data regarding age, gender, duration of implants in function, and self‐perceived pain were recorded using a question. Self‐rated pain was assessed using the numeric pain rating scale. Peri‐implant PD, PI, BOP, and CBL were recorded and samples of unstimulated whole saliva samples were obtained. Whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were measured. Sample‐size was approximated and group comparisons were completed.P‐values <.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

Results

Forty‐six male individuals (21 with and 25 without peri‐implantitis) were included. The mean age of individuals with and without PiD was 53.71 ± 5.45 and 50.92 ± 6.26 years, respectively. The mean self‐rated pain score in patients with and without PiD was 3 ± 2 and zero, respectively. There was no significant difference in the SFR among patients with and without peri‐implantitis. Levels of IL‐1β (P < .01), IL‐6 (P < .01), and TNF‐α (P < .01) were significantly elevated in subjects with than without peri‐implantitis. Regression analysis‐based results reflected no significant association between increasing self‐rated pain and whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels.

Conclusion

Proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) are more often expressed in the UWS of patients with than without peri‐implantitis. However, the correlation between self‐rated pain and whole salivary proinflammatory cytokine profile in patients with peri‐implantitis remains unclear.
Ecosystem indices to support global biodiversity conservation
Authors: Rowland Jessica A. , Bland Lucie M. , Keith David A. , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Burgman Mark A. , Etter Andres , Ferrer‐Paris José Rafael , Miller Rebecca M. , Skowno Andrew L. , Nicholson Emily
Published: November 2019

Governments have committed to global targets to slow biodiversity loss and sustain ecosystem services. Biodiversity state indicators that measure progress toward these targets mostly focus on species, while indicators synthesizing ecosystem change are largely lacking. We fill this gap with three indices quantifying past and projected changes in ecosystems using data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Ecosystems. Our indices quantify changes in risk of ecosystem collapse, ecosystem area and ecological processes, and capture variation in underlying patterns among ecosystems. We apply the indices to three case studies of regional and national assessments (American/Caribbean forests, terrestrial ecosystems of Colombia, and terrestrial ecosystems of South Africa) to illustrate the indices’ complementarity and versatility in revealing patterns of interest for users across sectors. Our indices have the potential to fill the recognized need for ecosystem indicators to inform conservation targets, guide policy, and prioritize management actions.
Utility of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration for the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cystic lesions: Differences between the guidelines
Authors: Iwashita Takuji , Uemura Shinya , Mita Naoki , Iwasa Yuhei , Ichikawa Hironao , Senju Akihiko , Yasuda Ichiro , Shimizu Masahito
Published: November 2019

Recent advances and frequent use of cross‐sectional imaging studies have increased opportunities for incidental diagnoses of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL). In the management of PCL, distinguishing between mucinous versus non‐mucinous and malignant versus benign cysts is important to diagnose pancreatic cancer in its early stage. For this reason, there have been several guidelines to manage PCL. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and EUS‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) play important roles in the guidelines, although there are some differences in their roles. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the current status of EUS and EUS‐FNA in the management of PCL and the status of these procedures in the guidelines.
Seizure freedom improves health‐related quality of life after epilepsy surgery in children
Authors: Jain Puneet , Smith Mary Lou , Speechley Kathy , Ferro Mark , Connolly Mary , Ramachandrannair Rajesh , Almubarak Salah , Andrade Andrea , Widjaja Elysa ,   Pepsqol Study Team
Published: November 2019

Aim

To determine whether epilepsy surgery improved health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and whether seizure freedom after surgery mediated the improvement in HRQoL.

Method

This multicenter cohort study compared HRQoL after epilepsy surgery to pharmacological management in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). HRQoL was measured using the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy (QOLCE) questionnaire at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. The mediator between treatment type and HRQoL was seizure freedom.

Results

Two hundred and thirty‐seven patients were recruited (surgery group: n=147 [92 males, 45 females]; pharmacological group: n=90 [53 males, 37 females]). Mean age at seizure onset was 6 years (SD 4y 4mo) in the surgical group and 6 years 1 month (SD 4y) in the pharmacological group. The odds ratio of seizure freedom was higher for the surgery versus pharmacological group (β=4.24 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 2.26–7.93], p<0.001). Surgery had no direct effect on total QOLCE score at 1‐year (β=0.24 [95% CI –2.04 to 2.51], p=0.839) compared to pharmacological management, but had an indirect effect on total QOLCE that was mediated by seizure freedom (β=0.92 [95% CI 0.19–1.65], p=0.013), adjusting for baseline total QOLCE score. Surgery had a direct effect on improving social function (p=0.043), and an indirect effect on improving physical function (p=0.016), cognition (p=0.042), social function (p=0.012) and behavior (p=0.032), mediated by seizure freedom.

Interpretation

Greater seizure freedom achieved through epilepsy surgery mediated the improvement in HRQoL compared to pharmacological management in children with DRE.

What this paper adds

Seizure freedom is higher after pediatric epilepsy surgery compared to pharmacologically managed epilepsy.

Surgery indirectly improves health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) mediated by seizure freedom compared to pharmacological management.

Surgery has a direct effect on improving social function relative to pharmacological management.

Baseline HRQoL was an important predictor of HRQoL after treatment.
Foreseeing the future of mutualistic communities beyond collapse
Authors: Lever J. Jelle , van de Leemput Ingrid A. , Weinans Els , Quax Rick , Dakos Vasilis , van Nes Egbert H. , Bascompte Jordi , Scheffer Marten
Published: November 2019

Changing conditions may lead to sudden shifts in the state of ecosystems when critical thresholds are passed. Some well‐studied drivers of such transitions lead to predictable outcomes such as a turbid lake or a degraded landscape. Many ecosystems are, however, complex systems of many interacting species. While detecting upcoming transitions in such systems is challenging, predicting what comes after a critical transition is terra incognita altogether. The problem is that complex ecosystems may shift to many different, alternative states. Whether an impending transition has minor, positive or catastrophic effects is thus unclear. Some systems may, however, behave more predictably than others. The dynamics of mutualistic communities can be expected to be relatively simple, because delayed negative feedbacks leading to oscillatory or other complex dynamics are weak. Here, we address the question of whether this relative simplicity allows us to foresee a community's future state. As a case study, we use a model of a bipartite mutualistic network and show that a network's post‐transition state is indicated by the way in which a system recovers from minor disturbances. Similar results obtained with a unipartite model of facilitation suggest that our results are of relevance to a wide range of mutualistic systems.
Exploring Processes in Day‐to‐Day Parent–Adolescent Conflict and Angry Mood: Evidence for Circular Causality
Authors: LoBraico Emily J. , Brinberg Miriam , Ram Nilam , Fosco Gregory M.
Published: November 2019

Parent–adolescent conflict has been studied both as a precursor of long‐term macrolevel developmental risks and as an outcome of microlevel, moment‐to‐moment interaction patterns. However, the family‐level processes underlying the maintenance or regulation of conflict in daily life are largely overlooked. A meso‐level understanding of parent–adolescent conflict offers important practical insights that have direct implications for interventions. The present study explores day‐to‐day reciprocal processes and carryover in parents’ and adolescents’ experiences of anger and conflict. Daily diary data provided by parent–adolescent dyads (N = 151) from two‐caregiver households (adolescents: 61.59% female, mean age = 14.60 years) over 21 days were examined using a multivariate Poisson multilevel model to evaluate the circular causality principle in parents’ and adolescents’ daily conflict and anger. Findings offer empirical support for the theory, suggesting that parents’ and adolescents’ anger and conflict exist together in a feedback loop wherein conflict is both a consequence of past anger and also an antecedent of future anger, both within and across persons. Increased understanding of the daily interaction patterns and maintenance of parent–adolescent conflict can guide more informed, targeted, and well‐timed interventions intended to ameliorate the consequences of problematic parent–adolescent conflict sequences.
Associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and the metabolic syndrome: A meta‐analysis of more than 6000 children and adolescents
Authors: Renninger Marius , Hansen Bjørge H. , Steene‐Johannessen Jostein , Kriemler Susi , Froberg Karsten , Northstone Kate , Sardinha Luis , Anderssen Sigmund A. , Andersen Lars B. , Ekelund Ulf ,   On behalf of the International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators
Published: November 2019

Background

Metabolic syndrome is increasingly prevalent in the pediatric population. To prevent an early onset, knowledge about its association with modifiable lifestyle factors is needed.

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and examine its cross‐sectional associations with physical activity and sedentary time.

Methods

Participants were 6009 children and adolescents from 8 studies of the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by accelerometer. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on International Diabetes Federation criteria. Logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age and monitor wear time were used to examine the associations between physical activity, sedentary time and the metabolic syndrome in each study and effect estimates were combined using random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

The overall prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 2.9%. In crude models, a 10 min increase in moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity and vigorous‐intensity physical activity were inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome [OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82‐0.94, OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70‐0.92]. One hour increase in sedentary time was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome [OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13‐1.45]. After adjustment for sedentary time, the association between moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity and the metabolic syndrome remained significant [OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84‐0.99]. Sedentary time was not associated with the metabolic syndrome after adjustment for moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity [OR 1.14 95% CI 0.96‐1.36].

Conclusions

Physical activity of at least moderate intensity but not sedentary time is independently associated with the metabolic syndrome.
Whole parasite vaccines for the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium
Authors: Good Michael F. , Stanisic Danielle I.
Published: November 2019

After many decades of research, an effective vaccine for malaria is still not available. Most research efforts have focused on identifying a key target antigen and then using powerful adjuvants to generate specific antibodies that can block parasites from entering host cells (hepatocytes, red blood cells). However, the inability to generate sufficiently potent antibody responses has led to significant disappointment with current vaccine programs. An additional challenge for sub‐unit vaccines is that key vaccine antigens are highly polymorphic. These challenges have spurred radically different approaches to malaria vaccine development. Many of these involve the use of “whole parasites”—either extracted from mosquitoes or cultured. With these, every parasite molecule for that particular strain is included in the vaccine. This strategy is showing great promise following several clinical trials with irradiated sporozoites. However, a whole‐parasite approach to a blood stage vaccine has not advanced as quickly. This article outlines the history, the different approaches that are being taken and the challenges associated with whole parasite blood stage vaccines and discusses recent exciting developments as these vaccines now move into the clinic.
Integrated review of healthcare provider postnatal newborn care recommendations in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Reid Davika D. , Garcia Alexandra A.
Published: November 2019

Aims

To (1) identify formal and informal healthcare provider knowledge and counselling on newborn care recommendations; (2) identify care guidelines used; and (3) determine healthcare provider training regarding recommendations.

Background

In sub‐Saharan Africa, many newborn deaths occur in the community between days two to 42 of life.

Introduction

Formal and informal healthcare providers, including nurses and community health workers, counsel newborn caregivers but little is known about their recommendations.

Methods

Integrative review of studies conducted 2000–2018 after search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and African healthcare journals. Study quality was assessed and findings synthesized.

Findings

Twelve qualitative, quantitative, or mixed‐methods studies (quality good to poor) from seven countries were included. Eleven reported on one to three recommendations; one study reported on eight recommendations. Knowledge or counselling on feeding, cord care, recognizing illness, referrals, informal treatment, home visits, immunizations, follow‐up examinations, thermal care, low birthweight, and bed net usage were reported. Formal healthcare providers gave recommendations in only two studies. Four studies documented use of guidelines. Six studies reported on training.

Discussion

Studies were primarily descriptive, limiting quality. Feeding and cord care recommendations were prioritized. Care guidelines were underutilized. Additional training on recommendations is needed. These findings regarding healthcare providers align with other regions with high neonatal mortality.

Conclusion

Research is needed to improve and sustain knowledge, counselling, and guideline usage among providers to address neonatal mortality.

Implications for nursing

The unique role of nurses to promote newborn health appears under‐researched. Nurse professionalization and specialization may contribute to sustained knowledge of and counselling on newborn recommendations.

Implications for health policy

As countries adopt universal health care, policies that enable formal providers to encourage maternal‐newborn engagement in newborn health promotion before transition to the community are needed. Collaboration between formal and informal providers may improve dissemination of recommendations and contribute to gains in newborn health.
Forty years after the promise of «ceramic steel?»: Zirconia‐based composites with a metal‐like mechanical behavior
Authors: Chevalier Jérôme , Liens Aléthéa , Reveron Helen , Zhang Fei , Reynaud Pascal , Douillard Thierry , Preiss Laura , Sergo Valter , Lughi Vanni , Swain Mike , Courtois Nicolas
Published: November 2019

Forty years ago, Garvie and his Australian co‐workers reported that the stress‐induced transformation of metastable tetragonal zirconia grains to the monoclinic symmetry could give rise to a powerful toughening mechanism. Their results even led them to consider zirconia systems as analogues of certain steels. This seminal paper generated extraordinary excitement in the ceramic community and it is still the subject of extensive research. Transformation toughening is widely used in zirconia materials and results in an increase in strength and toughness when compared to nontransformable ceramics, but the implementation into strong, tough, and sufficiently stable materials has not been fully reached. Zirconia ceramics generally fail at low strains with a much larger scatter in the strength values than metals and require statistical approaches to failure. Here we describe in detail the mechanical behavior laws of ceria‐doped zirconia composites exhibiting a high degree of stress‐induced transformation. They present, to some extent, mechanical behavior analogous to a metal, displaying, (a) significant amount of transformation‐induced plasticity without damage, (b) very high flaw tolerance and (c) almost no dispersion in strength data. They potentially open new application avenues in situations where the advantages of ceramics were dampened by their brittle failure behavior. In particular, the consequences of such behavior for dental implants and additive‐manufactured structures are highlighted.
Exploratory behavior, but not aggressiveness, is correlated with breeding dispersal propensity in the highly philopatric thorn‐tailed rayadito
Authors: Botero‐Delgadillo Esteban , Quirici Veronica , Poblete Yanina , Poulin Elie , Kempenaers Bart , Vásquez Rodrigo A.
Published: November 2019

Studies on the relationship between behavioral traits and dispersal are necessary to understand the evolution of dispersal syndromes. Empirical studies have mainly focused on natal dispersal, even though behavioral differences between dispersers and philopatric individuals are suspected to hold through the whole life cycle, potentially affecting breeding dispersal propensity. Using capture–mark–recapture data and behavioral trials in a forest passerine, the thorn‐tailed rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda, we describe inter‐individual differences in exploratory behavior and aggressiveness, and investigate the relationship between those traits and breeding dispersal. Our study took place in Fray Jorge National Park, north‐central Chile, where a relatively isolated population of rayaditos inhabits a naturally fragmented environment. We found that scores for behavioral traits were consistent between years. Exploratory behavior was similar between sexes, while males showed higher levels of aggression towards a conspecific male intruder. Only exploratory behavior was related to breeding dispersal propensity, with fast‐exploring rayaditos being more likely to have dispersed between seasons. This finding provides indirect evidence for the existence of a dispersal strategy that could reduce dispersal costs in the fragmented landscape of Fray Jorge. To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting an association between breeding dispersal and exploratory behavior in a wild bird population. A longitudinal individual‐based study will help determining whether this association constitutes a behavioral syndrome.
Genetics and genomics of uniformity and resilience in livestock and aquaculture species: A review
Authors: Iung Laiza Helena de Souza , Carvalheiro Roberto , Neves Haroldo Henrique de Rezende , Mulder Herman Arend
Published: November 2019

Genetic control of residual variance offers opportunities to increase uniformity and resilience of livestock and aquaculture species. Improving uniformity and resilience of animals will improve health and welfare of animals and lead to more homogenous products. Our aims in this review were to summarize the current models and methods to study genetic control of residual variance, genetic parameters and genomic results for residual variance and discuss future research directions. Typically, the genetic coefficient of variation is high (median = 0.27; range 0–0.86) and the heritability of residual variance is low (median = 0.01; range 0–0.10). Higher heritabilities can be achieved when increasing the number of records per animal. Divergent selection experiments have supported the feasibility of selecting for high or low residual variance. Genomic studies have revealed associations in regions related to stress, including those from the heat shock protein family. Although the number of studies is growing, genetic control of residual variance is still poorly understood, but big data and genomics offer great opportunities.
Should learners use their hands for learning? Results from an eye‐tracking study
Authors: Korbach Andreas , Ginns Paul , Brünken Roland , Park Babette
Published: November 2019

Given the widespread use of touch screen devices, the effect of the users' fingers on information processing and learning is of growing interest. The present study drew on cognitive load theory and embodied cognition perspectives to investigate the effects of pointing and tracing gestures on the surface of a multimedia learning instruction. Learning performance, cognitive load and visual attention were examined in a one‐factorial experimental design with the between‐subject factor pointing and tracing gestures. The pointing and tracing group were instructed to use their fingers during the learning phase to make connections between corresponding text and picture information, whereas the control group was instructed not to use their hands for learning. The results showed a beneficial effect of pointing and tracing gestures on learning performance, a significant shift in visual attention and deeper processing of information by the pointing and tracing group, but no effect on subjective ratings of cognitive load. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
A novel mutation of COL7A1 in a Chinese DEB‐Pt family and review of the literature
Authors: Jin Ling , Li Zhi , Xin Cong , Tang Lili , Zhang Xuejun , Zhang Bo , Yang Sen
Published: November 2019

Background

Pretibial dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB‐Pt) is an extremely rare subtype of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) characterized by blistering and scar formation. The pathogenesis of the disease is mainly due to the mutation of COL7A1 gene encoding type VII collagen fibers, resulting in the destruction of the anchoring structure of the epidermis and dermis.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to discover the major mutations in DEB‐Pt by studying this family and reviewing the literature on DEB‐Pt.

Patients/Methods

We examined the patients by clinical manifestations and histopathology, extracted DNA from blood samples from 7 individuals in the family via FlexiGene DNA Kit, and then sequenced the samples using whole‐exon sequencing (WES).

Result

Characteristic clinical manifestations such as blisters and scars were found in the patients. Genetic analysis revealed a missense mutation in exon 87(c.6860G>A) of COL7A1 gene, which has never been reported before.

Conclusion

The discovery of the new mutation extends the COL7A1 mutation database. We also reviewed all the mutation in DEB‐Pt from relevant literature at home and abroad. This will facilitate the molecular diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of DEB‐Pt.
Ocular complications of soft tissue filler injections: A review of literature
Authors: Lee Won , Koh Ik‐Soo , Oh Wook , Yang Eun‐Jung
Published: November 2019

Background

Soft tissue filler is commonly used for facial contouring. However, incorrect use can lead to severe ocular complications. Even though filler injections are quite different from fat grafts, they are considered similar procedures. However, to date, there are no proven preventive measures or treatments for blindness secondary to soft tissue filler injections.

Objectives

This literature review aimed to investigate visual compromise secondary to soft tissue filler injection and discuss the related vascular anatomy, pathophysiology, and prevention of ocular complications of soft tissue filler injections.

Methods

A literature search until July 2018 was performed for reports on visual compromise after filler injections. We evaluated the previous literature and eliminated cases using fat grafts and unknown fillers.

Results

A total of 50 reports of filler‐induced visual compromise were identified. Analysis of these cases showed that the procedure with greatest risk was nasal augmentation, followed by glabellar wrinkle treatment. Within the last 3 years searched, 35% of reported cases involved treatment of the nose. There were no reports of blindness from injections into the temple or chin and relatively few case reports involving forehead injections.

Conclusion

The most common injection site associated with blindness in a previous report was the glabella; however, the most common site currently associated with blindness due to filler injections was the nose. Extreme caution is necessary when performing nasal augmentation or glabellar wrinkle correction using soft tissue fillers to avoid the branches of the internal carotid artery.
Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation
Authors: Cox M. A. , Bassi C. , Saunders M. E. , Nechanitzky R. , Morgado‐Palacin I. , Zheng C. , Mak T. W.
Published: November 2019

Acetylcholine (ACh) is best known as a neurotransmitter and was the first such molecule identified. ACh signalling in the neuronal cholinergic system has long been known to regulate numerous biological processes (reviewed by Beckmann and Lips). In actuality, ACh is a ubiquitous signalling molecule that is produced by numerous non‐neuronal cell types and even by some single‐celled organisms. Within multicellular organisms, a non‐neuronal cholinergic system that includes the immune system functions in parallel with the neuronal cholinergic system. Several immune cell types both respond to ACh signals and can directly produce ACh. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the capacity to produce ACh is an intrinsic property of T cells responding to viral infection, and that this ability to produce ACh is dependent upon IL‐21 signalling to the T cells. Furthermore, during infection this immune‐derived ACh is necessary for the T cells to migrate into infected tissues. In this review, we will discuss the various sources of ACh that are relevant during immune responses and describe how ACh acts on immune cells to influence their functions. We will also address the clinical implications of this fascinating aspect of immunity, focusing on ACh’s role in the migration of T cells during infection and cancer.
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Real‐world effectiveness and safety in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Chen‐Hua , Liu Chun‐Jen , Hung Chien‐Ching , Hsieh Szu‐Min , Su Tung‐Hung , Sun Hsin‐Yun , Tseng Tai‐Chung , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: November 2019

Background & Aims

Large‐scale data regarding the real‐world effectiveness and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were limited in East Asia. We aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of GLE/PIB in different HCV populations in Taiwan.

Methods

A total of 658 chronic HCV patients with compensated liver diseases receiving GLE/PIB for 8 (n = 549), 12 (n = 103) or 16 (n = 6) weeks were retrospectively enrolled. The effectiveness was determined by sustained virologic response at off‐therapy 12 weeks (SVR12). Patient characteristics potentially related to SVR12 and the safety profiles were also assessed.

Results

By evaluable population (EP) and per‐protocol (PP) analyses, the overall SVR12 rate was 98.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 96.8%‐99.0%) and 99.4% (95% CI: 98.4%‐99.8%). The SVR12 rates were 98.9% (95% CI: 97.6%‐99.5%), 94.2% (95% CI: 87.9%‐97.3%) and 100% (95% CI: 60.1%‐100%) in patients receiving 8, 12 and 16 weeks of treatment respectively. A total of 656 (99.7%) patients completed the scheduled treatment. The SVR12 rates were comparable regardless of baseline characteristics or week 4 viral decline. Twenty (3.0%) patients had serious adverse events (AEs), but none were not related to GLE/PIB. The two most common AEs were pruritus (7.8%) and fatigue (5.5%). Two (0.3%) and no patients had ≥3‐fold upper limit of normal (ULN) for total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.

Conclusions

GLE/PIB for 8‐16 weeks is effective and well‐tolerated for patients with chronic HCV infection in Taiwan.
Sexuality, Angelification, and Divine Indwelling: A Contemporary Ethic of Early Christian Asceticism
Authors: Meawad Stephen M.
Published: November 2019

The monastic movement originated among laity who recognized within themselves the potential to embody the Christian gospel. That a practice so central to early Christians and their Scriptural understanding would undergo such a decline contemporarily gives pause for reconsideration. This article posits that the kind of asceticism at the core of Christian monasticism maintains relevance as a transformative Christian practice in the contemporary world, as well. The argument draws on a tripartite model of spirituality in accord with Gregory of Nyssa’s notion of epektasis. This suggests asceticism’s contemporary appropriation as an ethic of Christian spiritual development oriented toward perpetual ascent. Asceticism will be analyzed as a form of spiritual struggle; that is, physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, and spiritual exertion aiming to progress in knowledge, similitude, and intimacy with Jesus Christ, for God and for others. The three stages of this ethic of Christian spiritual growth – 1) detachment from fleshly passions, 2) strengthening of the soul, and 3) union with God – find parallels in the three themes at the core of asceticism: sexuality, angelification, and divine indwelling. Situating asceticism within a framework of spiritual struggle creates an opportunity to recover and re‐envision a well‐established Christian practice in a contemporary context.