bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bibliometric Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation in the Loess Tableland-Gully Region of China
Authors: Wang Yaping , Liu Wenzhao , Li Gang , Yan Weiming , Gao Guangyao
Published: December 2018

The tableland-gully region is one of the main topographic-ecological units in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), and the soil in this region suffers from serious water erosion. In recent years, much work has been conducted to control soil erosion in this area. This paper summarized the development of soil and water conservation researches in the CLP from the bibliometric perspective based on the Science Citation Index (SCI) and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. The quantity of SCI literatures has increased rapidly since 2007, with an average annual growth rate of 21.4%, and the quantity of CNKI literatures in the last decade accounted for 62% of the past 30 years. The development trends showed that early SCI research was related to loess geology in the context of ecological remediation, while the CNKI literature focused on agricultural production under comprehensive management. Over time, the research themes of the two databases gradually became unified, i.e., the management of sloping farmland and the improvement of agricultural productivity. Subsequently, the themes gradually extended to the disposition of comprehensive control measures for soil erosion and the environmental effect of agro-fruit ecosystems. The highly cited papers mainly focused on soil reservoir reconstruction, soil erosion factors, and environmental effects of vegetation restoration. Two aspects need further study, including (i) the effect of soil erosion control under different ecological remediation patterns; and, (ii) the ecosystem maintenance mechanism and regulation approaches that are based on the sustainable utilization of soil and water resources in the tableland-gully region of the Loess Plateau.
Effect of Soil Texture on Water Movement of Porous Ceramic Emitters: A Simulation Study
Authors: Cai Yaohui , Zhao Xiao , Wu Pute , Zhang Lin , Zhu Delan , Chen Junying
Published: December 2018

Choosing reasonable design parameters for ceramic emitters used in subsurface irrigation is important for reducing the deep percolation of water and improving the water use efficiency. Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations with the HYDRUS-2D software were carried out to analyze the effect of soil texture on the infiltration characteristics of porous ceramic emitters used for subsurface irrigation. HYDRUS-2D predictions of emitter discharge in soil and wetting front are in agreement with experimental results, and the HYDRUS-2D model can be used to accurately simulate soil water movement during subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters in different soil textures. Results show that soil texture has a significant effect on emitter discharge, soil matrix potential around the emitter, and wetting front. For 12 different soil textures, the aspect ratio of the wetting front is basically between 0.84–1.49. In sandy soil, the wetting front mainly appears as an ellipse; but in the clay, the wetting front is closer to a circle. As irrigation time increases, emitter discharge gradually decreases to a stable value; however, emitter discharge in different texture soils is quite different. In order to improve the crop water use efficiency in sandy soil, soil water retention can be improved by adding a clay interlayer or adding water retention agent, reducing the risk of deep percolation and improving the water use efficiency.
At-Site Assessment of a Regional Design Criterium for Water-Demand Peak Factor Evaluation
Authors: Balacco Gabriella , Gioia Andrea , Iacobellis Vito , Piccinni Alberto Ferruccio
Published: December 2018

In this study an analysis of the water supply variability for three towns in Puglia (Southern Italy), Roccaforzata, Palagianello and Palagiano, was carried out, based on time series continuously recorded over two years. The towns’ population ranges between 1800 and 16,000 inhabitants and the flow data, collected with time steps of 10 min, are referred to drinking water in an urban environment. The frequency analysis was conducted on the hourly and instantaneous peak factors and confirmed that the Gumbel distribution is able to represent the stochastic behavior of the peak water demand. A physically based formulation of the distribution parameters was exploited in order to investigate the regional distribution of the peak factor for towns with a different population.
Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 2: Recent Results and Future Outlook
Authors: Viti Nicolò , Valero Daniel , Gualtieri Carlo
Published: December 2018

During the past two decades, hydraulic jumps have been investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The second part of this two-part study is devoted to the state-of-the-art of the numerical simulation of the hydraulic jump. First, the most widely-used CFD approaches, namely the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS), the Large Eddy Simulation (LES), the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), the hybrid RANS-LES method Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), as well as the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), are introduced pointing out their main characteristics also in the context of the best practices for CFD modeling of environmental flows. Second, the literature on numerical simulations of the hydraulic jump is presented and discussed. It was observed that the RANS modeling approach is able to provide accurate results for the mean flow variables, while high-fidelity methods, such as LES and DES, can properly reproduce turbulence quantities of the hydraulic jump. Although computationally very expensive, the first DNS on the hydraulic jump led to important findings about the structure of the hydraulic jump and scale effects. Similarly, application of the Lagrangian meshless SPH method provided interesting results, notwithstanding the lower research activity. At the end, despite the promising results still available, it is expected that with the increase in the computational capabilities, the RANS-based numerical studies of the hydraulic jump will approach the prototype scale problems, which are of great relevance for hydraulic engineers, while the application at this scale of the most advanced tools, such as LES and DNS, is still beyond expectations for the foreseeable future. Knowledge of the uncertainty associated with RANS modeling may allow the careful design of new hydraulic structures through the available CFD tools.
Mitigating Agricultural Diffuse Pollution: Uncovering the Evidence Base of the Awareness–Behaviour–Water Quality Pathway
Authors: Okumah Murat , Chapman Pippa J. , Martin-Ortega Julia , Novo Paula
Published: December 2018

Diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA) is a major environmental issue worldwide causing eutrophication, human health problems, increased water treatment costs and reducing the recreational potential of water bodies. In addition to penalties and provision of incentives, policy efforts are increasingly focusing on raising land managers’ awareness regarding diffuse pollution under the expectation that this would influence behaviours and thus increase uptake of best management practices that would, in turn, improve water quality. Given the multimillion financial investments in these awareness-focused approaches, a good understanding of the awareness–behavioural change–water quality pathway is critical to set the basis for assessing the real potential of these policy interventions. We systematically review the evidence across the full pathway drawing on published peer-reviewed papers from both the social and natural sciences, with a focus on Europe and North America. Results indicate that there is no one study that looks at the pathway in full, evidencing the paucity of research on the topic. For the limited studies that focus on the different components of the pathway, we find mixed evidence for the relationship between awareness and behaviour, and behavioural change and water quality. Furthermore, complexity within the pathway (e.g., through the study of factors mediating and moderating such relationships) has hardly been addressed by the literature. An in-depth understanding and analysis of this complexity—through an integrative model covering the entire pathway—could help in the design and implementation of effective policy strategies to encourage best land management practices and ultimately improve water quality.
Forecasting the Urban Expansion Effects on the Design Storm Hydrograph and Sediment Yield Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Myronidis Dimitrios , Ioannou Konstantinos
Published: December 2018

Urban expansion substantially alters the impervious areas in a catchment, which in turn affects surface runoff and sediment yield in the downstream areas. In this study, the Land Transformation Model (LTM) was used to forecast the urban land expansion in a catchment, whilst future land use maps were employed according to the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method (SCS-CN) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) model, so as to examine the urbanization effects on runoff and sediment yield production respectively. Compared to pristine conditions, urban land is anticipated to increase from 6% in 1979 to 31% by 2027. The latter expansion pointed to an increase of peak discharge by 2.2–2.6 times and of flood volume by 1.6–2.1 times, with the sediment yield ranging between 0.47 to 1.05 t/ha for the upcoming 2027 period. Furthermore, the urban sprawl effects on all the latter variables were more profound during short duration storm events. Forecasting urban expansion through integrated artificial neural networks (ANN) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, in order to calculate the associated design storm hydrograph and sediment yield, is of great importance, in order to properly plan and design hydraulic works that can sustain future urban development.
Ecohydrological Changes and Resilience of a Shallow Lake Ecosystem under Intense Human Pressure and Recent Climate Change
Authors: Bartczak Arkadiusz , Słowińska Sandra , Tyszkowski Sebastian , Kramkowski Mateusz , Kaczmarek Halina , Kordowski Jarosław , Słowiński Michał
Published: December 2018

In this work we present the complicated situation of a faunistically and floristically valuable ecosystem of the Rakutowskie Lake wetlands complex, which is part of the Special Protection Area for Birds of “Błota Rakutowskie” (PLB40001) and “Błota Kłócieńskie” Habitats Directive Sites (PLH040031) included in the Natura 2000 network. Numerous ornithological observations have drawn our attention to the problem of rapidly progressing overgrowth of the lake and significant fluctuations in its water surface area. These fluctuations, especially in the spring period, significantly limit safe reproduction possibilities of very rare species of water–marsh birds. A multidirectional and comprehensive spectrum of research works allowed us to determine the genesis of the ecosystem and show that the shallow lake is undergoing the final stage in its evolution. The economic aspect of human activity (changes in land use and land development works) has contributed to serious degradation of the ecosystem. Climate changes observed in recent years (increased air temperature and, consequently, higher evaporation) additionally deepen and accelerate this process. The research made it possible to determine how the ecosystem functions today, but it is also an attempt to determine our predictions about its future.
Virtual Reality for Learning Fish Types in Kindergarten
Authors: Angga Kusuma Gede Thadeo , Wirawan I Made Agus , Arthana I Ketut Resika
Published: December 2018

This research aimed at developing a virtual reality based learning media application on the introduction of types of fish. The development of this application intended to facilitate the learning process in the kindergarten concerning on the introduction of aquatic animals, and specifically about fish. There were 10 types of saltwater fish and 10 types of freshwater fish which would be introduced to the kindergarten students. The development of this application is expected to attract children's learning enthusiasm about the types of fish in our environment.  

The development of this virtual reality-based learning media application used the ADDIE model. This ADDIE model comprises of 5 stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. With the consideration of this model, the developed product could be finalized within fine quality. It could be achieved since this model allows the developer to perform evaluation and revision during every completed stage.
The result of the user’s experience testing was 89.8 %, indicating that this virtual reality-based learning media application was considered excellent. Therefore, this application could be used as a supporting media to introduce types of fish in the teaching and learning process conducted in the kindergarten, concerning the theme of aquatic animals with the subtheme of fish
Application of Data Integrity Algorithm for Geotechnical Data Quality Management
Authors: Chafiq Tarik , Ouadoud Mohammed , Jarar Oulidi Hassane , Fekri Ahmed
Published: December 2018

The aim of this research work is to ensure the integrity and correction of the geotechnical database which contains anomalies. These anomalies occurred mainly in the phase of inputting and/or transferring of data. The algorithm created in the framework of this paper was tested on a dataset of 70 core drillings. In fact, it is based on a multi-criteria analysis qualifying the geotechnical data integrity using the sequential approach. The implementation of this algorithm has given a relevant set of values in terms of output; which will minimalize processing time and manual verification. The application of the methodology used in this paper could be useful to define the type of foundation adapted to the nature of the subsoil, and thus, foresee the adequate budget.
Water Consumption: Agricultural Water Consumption/Irrigation (Prairies)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Irrigation is the provision of water to crops beyond what is provided by local rainfall. Irrigation is a vital part of agriculture in certain areas of Canada like the southern Prairies and the interior of British Columbia. The amount of water that needs to be
withdrawn for irrigation varies annually. It depends on winter precipitation, and weather and soil moisture during the growing season. Irrigation can have both positive and negative effects on the environment.
The Search for a Northwest Passage and Exploration of the Eastmain 1742 to 1749
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the period 1742 to 1749, the British renewed their search for a northwest passage. Part of this involved exploring the « East Main » the eastern shore of Hudson and James Bays. Four exploration routes are shown: Middleton (1742), Mitchell and
Longland (1744), Moor and Smith (1747) and Coats (1749). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the
period.
Territorial Evolution, 1999
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nunavut becomes Canada's third territory on April 1, 1999. For the first time since the entry of Newfoundland into Confederation fifty years before, the internal boundaries of Canada have changed. The boundaries of this new territory respect the traditional
Aboriginal concept of territoriality.
Territorial Evolution, 1949
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1949, Newfoundland enters Confederation as the tenth province with the boundaries as delimited in 1927. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1927
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1927, the boundary between Canada and Newfoundland is defined by the Imperial Privy Council. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1912
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1912, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec are extended northward. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1905
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan are created as provinces with the boundaries they have today. The District of Keewatin is transferred back to the Northwest Territories.
Territorial Evolution, 1881
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Manitoba is enlarged in 1881 by extending its boundaries westward, northward and eastward. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1874
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

New provisional boundaries are assigned to northern Ontario in 1874. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1867
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick united in a federal state. The provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick retain their established boundaries, and Canada is divided into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. New provisional
boundaries are assigned to northern Ontario.
Service Industries - Specialization in Retail Shopping, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Retailing is the most familiar service of all: goods are brought together, displayed and sold directly to consumers. This map shows the difference between the actual employment in retail shopping and the expected level, based on the city's population and
income.
Service Industries - Specialization in Personal Services, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Personal services include beauty salons, dry cleaners and travel agents on the convenience side, and car rental and photography on the specialty side. This map shows the difference between the actual employment in personal services and the expected level, based
on the city's population and income. Generally, personal services are closely linked to the nearby market, with only a modest preference for larger centres and higher income areas. Everyone uses them; they are everywhere. After the effects of the market are removed, specialization does occur in
smaller places in western Canada and the Atlantic provinces that have extensive service areas, whereas most urban centres in southern Ontario and Quebec have smaller trade areas and are thus relatively deficient in these services.
Rural Health: Old-age Dependency Ratios, 1991
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the pattern of age-dependency ratio values for census divisions based on 1991 census data. The ratio is measured as the number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people of working age (15 to 64 years of age). The geographic
distribution shows the predominance of very low values for this ratio in rural, non-agricultural areas, notably in the territories and in the northern parts of the larger provinces. In contrast high values occur for most agricultural areas. The ratio value for Canada as a whole in 1991 was
16.9.
Rural Health: Average Distance to the Nearest Physician Specialist, 1998 (kilometres)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

An important aspect of health care is the distance a person has to travel to get medical services. This map shows the average distance that people in each census division have to travel to reach the nearest physician specialist living in the same province or
territory. (A physician specialist is physician who has undertaken post-graduate degree studies to specialize in a particular branch of medicine such as cardiology or gynaecology). Because physician specialists tend to be found in urban areas, the map essentially shows the distance to the nearest
city. This concentration means that generally rural and northern residents must travel considerable distances to see specialists.
Rail Carriers, 2006 - Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006 there were 48 068 kilometres of railways, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. The two largest Class 1 carriers, Canadian National Railway Company (CN) which owns or leases 22 686 kilometres of railways and Canadian Pacific Rail Company
(CPR) which owns or leases 12 812 kilometres. The regional and shortline railways combined, own or lease a total of 11 734 kilometres.
Rail Carriers, 2006 - Canadian National (CN)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 2006 there were 48 068 kilometres of railways, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. The two largest Class 1 carriers, Canadian National Railway Company (CN) which owns or leases 22 686 kilometres of railways and Canadian Pacific Rail Company
(CPR) which owns or leases 12 812 kilometres. The regional and shortline railways combined, own or lease a total of 11 734 kilometres.
Projected Market Share of Midsize Cars - 2010 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of midsize cars in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes during the 1990
to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. It is projected that there would be no significant increase in the market share of midsize cars over the 1990 to 2010 period for Canada as a whole (16.5% in 1990 and 17.0% in 2010).
In general, this car type's market share would increase significantly in most urban areas but decrease considerably in rural areas.
Percentage of Ecoregion Protected
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Protected areas are defined as legally established areas, both land and water, that are regulated and managed for conservation objectives. They include parks, wildlife and forest reserves, wilderness and other areas designated through federal, provincial, and
territorial legislations. While there are over 3500 of these protected areas, there are approximately 800 areas that are larger than 1000 hectares. These areas capture over 98% of the total area protected in Canada. While there are more protected areas in southern Canada, these are generally
small compared with the few, but very large, protected areas in Canadas North. Note that smaller protected areas (that is, less than 1000 hectares) and private protected areas, although important, are not included in this analysis. Map depicts the area protected for each of the 194 Ecoregions of
Canada as a percentage of the total area of the ecoregion.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: Walked or Bicycled (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: Public Transportation (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Mode of Transportation to Work, 2001: All Other Modes (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Nearly 74% of Canadian commuters drove to work in 2001, up from 73.3% and about 10.5% of employed Canadians used public transportation to get to work in 2001, up marginally from 10.1% in 1996. In 2001, the proportion of workers who rode to work as
passengers in a car, truck or van decreased to 6.9% from 7.4% in 1996. About 6.6% of all employed Canadians walked to work in 2001, down slightly from 7.0% in 1996. The proportion of employed Canadians who cycled to work increased marginally to 1.2% in 2001 from 1.1% in
1996.
Median Income of Individuals (1995$)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows median income of individuals, for the population 15 years of age and over reporting income in 1995 (not including institutional residents). The highest median incomes were observed in the urban areas of Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa-Hull,
Montreal, and Quebec. According to the 1996 Census, close to 21 million individuals reported income for 1995. The total income from all sources reflected a 6% decrease when compared to 1990. The national median income for Canada was $18 891. Incomes of individuals and families living in rural
Canada tended to be lower than for urban areas. Differences in income distributions were also significant within major urban areas. Nearly 80% of the total population lived in census metropolitan areas.
Market Share of Small Vans: 1990 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The percentage of small vans in the total sales of light-duty vehicles with the model year 1990 is shown for the populated areas. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. There are significant spatial variations in the market share of small vans
with the model year 1990 across Canada. The higher market shares appear mainly in three areas: across Ontario, Saskatchewan, and southern Alberta. Low market shares are found in the Atlantic Provinces.
Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Scenario (model year 1990 to 2010) - Net Improvement by $0.5/L Increase in Retail Fuel Price (Future Options)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The likely effect of an unexpectedly large increase in the period 1990 to 2010 in retail fuel price on the average fuel efficiency of light-duty vehicles is shown on this map. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. Because vehicles consume a
substantial part of energy, average vehicle fuel efficiency is an important indicator for greenhouse gas emission and climate change policy making. The lower the fuel efficiency, the higher the emission per vehicle, and, consequently, the greater its contribution to greenhouse gas production.
Gasoline cost is the major vehicle operating cost. An increase in gasoline price would, to some extent, cause users to choose more fuel-efficient vehicles in order to reduce vehicle-operating cost. The Prairie Provinces would have the most sensitive response in fuel efficiency improvement to retail
fuel price.
Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Projection - 2010 Model (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected average fuel efficiency of light-duty vehicles, with the model year 2010 is shown on this map for the populated areas. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. The projections were produced based on the business-as-usual assumption,
which assumes that there are no major policy changes in the 1990 to 2010 period that would affect new light vehicle preferences. There are significant spatial variations throughout Canada. The areas with the high average fuel efficiency are urban areas. Because vehicles consume a substantial part of
energy in Canada, average vehicle fuel efficiency is an important indicator for greenhouse gas emission and climate change policy making. The lower the fuel efficiency, the higher the emission per vehicle, and, consequently, the greater the contribution to greenhouse gases.
Labour Force Occupation, 2006 - Health Occupations (by census subdivision)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Census data showed employment reached an estimated 16 021 200 in 2006, up 1 326 000 from 2001. Just two western provinces - Alberta and British Columbia - accounted for a third of this increase. During the same five-year period, the unemployment rate fell in
every province and territory, except Ontario and the Northwest Territories. The shift in industrial demand for workers to different parts of the economy had an impact on the occupational make-up of the nation. The map shows by census subdivision the percentage of the population employed in health
occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Natural and Applied Sciences and Related Occupations (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in natural and applied sciences and related occupations.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Management (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in management.
Labour Force Occupation, 2001 - Business, Finance and Administration (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

As of May 15, 2001, Canada's labour force consisted of almost 15.6 million people, up 9.5% from 14.2 million a decade earlier. Of the 15.6 million people in the labour force, more than 2.5 million were in highly skilled occupations that normally required
university education. This was a 33% increase from 1991, triple the rate of growth for the labour force as a whole. The map shows by census division the percentage of the population employed in business, finance and administration.
January Mean Total Precipitation
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean total precipitation in the month of January. January precipitation across Canada is mainly in the form of snow. Throughout much of the interior and the north, precipitation amounts are generally less than 20 mm and, in the high Arctic, as
little as a few millimetres. The west coast receives heavy precipitation in the form of rain at low elevations and mainly snow at higher elevations. For coastal British Columbia, this is the rainy season. On Canadas east coast, where cold continental air masses clash with the warmer air masses from
the Atlantic, there is a mixture of rain and snow, with rain dominating close to the Atlantic and snow becoming more prevalent to the northwest, in southern Quebec and Labrador. The snow belt east of Lake Superior and Lake Huron is clearly visible, especially around Georgian
Bay.
January Mean Daily Minimum Temperatures
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean daily minimum temperatures for January. January marks the depths of winter across Canada and, with the exception of the coastal parts of southern Vancouver Island, below freezing minimum temperatures are the norm. The deep freeze is
particularly evident near Baker Lake in Nunavut and throughout much of the Arctic Archipelago, where normal January minimum temperatures average in the low -30s and even -40ºC. The low sun angle means that much of the rest of Canada experiences minimum temperatures below
-15ºC.
January Mean Daily Maximum Temperatures
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the mean daily maximum temperatures for January. Weak or no sunshine means there is minimal diurnal variation between the maximum and minimum temperatures in January. The far north remains in an icy grip, with maximum temperatures around -30ºC
or colder across parts of Nunavut. Throughout the interior of Canada, maximum temperatures are normally lower than -10ºC. The maximum temperature approaches the melting point across southern Ontario and parts of the Atlantic Provinces. Above-freezing maximum temperatures are experienced only in
coastal British Columbia and extreme southern Nova Scotia.
Health Resources: Population-to-specialist Ratios, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canadas average population to specialist physician ratio has been 1100:1 for over a decade. Low ratios are generally associated with urban areas. The region with the highest ratio is located in north central Newfoundland, a region with relatively few people but
even fewer physician resources, including family physicians.
Health Behaviours: Prevalence of Smokers Considering Quitting, 1996 to 1997
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Prevalence is measured as the proportion of daily smokers in each province who were considering quitting. Smoking is a health behaviour that deteriorates health. Smoking is the most important cause of preventable illness, disability and premature
death.
Freshwater Recreational Uses: Canoeing - Kayaking and Sailing
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1996 Statistics Canada conducted a survey in nature-related activities on the Importance of Nature to Canadians. The map combines the data for these three boat types, classed by major watershed. It shows that the amount of usage across Canada is closely
correlated to population, but also that usage is distributed throughout most of Canada.
Freshwater Recreational Uses - Recreational Fishing
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Fishing is popular throughout Canada, but in the more remote parts of the country it is a major part of the local economy. Frequency of participation in recreational fishing has a strong relationship to the distribution of population, but the northern areas for
which there is data also have a substantial amount of fishing activity. This map shows the participation in fishing shown by major watershed areas. The advantage of using these areas is that indicates usage by river systems, and, as well, it differentiates the northern from southern parts of the
larger provinces. The pattern shows a strong relationship to the distribution of population, but the northern areas for which there is data also have a substantial amount of fishing activity.
French Exploration in Abeyance 1691 to 1729
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The period 1691 to 1729 was a time of relative inactivity for exploration in areas of concern to New France and England. The main journeys were out of Louisiana to explore the Mississippi and its tributaries, and, much further north, there were some forays into
Hudson Bay conducted or ordered by Henry Kelsey of the Hudson's Bay Company. Nine explorer routes are shown: Le Sueur (1700 to 1701), Bourgmont (1714), Kelsey (1690 to 1692), Stuart (1715 to 1716), De Vincennes (1696 to 1704), Louis Jolliet (1694), De Courtemanche (1704), Kelsey (1719) and Scroggs
and Norton (1722). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Forest-Reliant Communities, 1996 - 5 Year Mobility Index
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The 5-year mobility measures the percentage of the population aged five years or older who moved (changed address) in the five years preceding Census Day, 1996. The values are generally low. Three-quarters of the places have a figure below the Canadian average
and the median for the entire set of 298 places is 29%, well below the Canadian average of 40%. The higher values for these places are largely found in Western Canada; where almost all of the values of 50.0% or more are found.
Forest Fire Severity Level, 2090-2099
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Climate warming can bring more frequent and severe forest fires. This map shows the change in forest fire severity levels across Canada from 2090 to 2099, based on Global Generation Circulation Models. The Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR) is a measure of fire
danger conditions over a complete fire season. The SSR is developed by averaging daily values over the season. The scale shown is relative, with values above 6 being extreme. A real value of zero is only possible in remote cold regions where no fire danger exists in the summer
months.
Ferrous-metal Mines, 2004
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map depicts the 6 ferrous-metal mines that operated for any period during 2004. Ferrous-metal mines produce iron ore, niobium and tantalum, all used in the production of steel and steel alloys. Only Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec and Manitoba have
ferrous-metal mines. The locations of 15 steel-production facilities, 3 iron-agglomerate plants and 4 ferroalloy plants are shown to provide an industrial context for ferrous-metal mining activity.
Exploration of the Rivers to James Bay 1671 to 1686
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Exploration in the period 1671 to 1686 was dominated by the return of the intendant, Jean Talon, to New France. In order to keep out the English and promote the fur trade to Montréal, he encouraged a series of expeditions, including exploration of the rivers
flowing into James Bay. This map shows five explorer routes: Albanel and Denys (1671 to 1672), Louis Joilliet (1679), Dulhut (1683 to 1684), Peré (1684) and De Troyes (1686). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the period
1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Employment Growth 2001 - 2006 (by census division)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 2001 and 2006, total employment in Canada increased at an annual average rate of 1.7%, the fastest rate increase among the Group of Seven (G7) nations. Italy's growth rate of 1.2% was second followed by France and the United States of America.
Employment rose in every part of the country. Over the five years, the 1.7% annual average national employment growth rate was surpassed only in Alberta (2.9%) and British Columbia (2.1%) and the three territories. The map shows the employment growth rate between 2001 and 2006 by census
division.
Ecosystem Components - Endemic Plant Diversity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Endemic plants are those plants found only in Canada. These plants have genetically adapted to these particular environmental conditions. Because these are found nowhere else, Canada has a special obligation to ensure these plants do not become extinct. The map
shows the number of endemic plants per ecoregion from the 93 known nationally endemic vascular plants according to their known presence within each of the 194 terrestrial ecoregions of Canada.
Early Probes of the North Pacific Coast 1741
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1741, along the Pacific coast, the first Russian probes reached the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskan mainland. These were the expeditions of Bering (1741) and Chirikov (1741). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of
all exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Distribution of Freshwater - Groundwater
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Groundwater is water found beneath the earths surface and located at the water table below. In Canada, there is more water underground than on the surface. Groundwater occurs in the tiny spaces between loose materials on top of bedrock, or in cracks of bedrock.
The most important concentrations are in aquifers, near the top level of the water table. About eight million people, or 26% of the population, depend on groundwater. Approximately two-thirds, or five million, of these users live in rural areas. Groundwater is also used for livestock watering,
irrigation, aquaculture (fish farms), and mineral and hydrocarbon extraction.
Commercial Land Use: Pedestrian Strips
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows how commercial activity is distributed within urban areas and the impact of commercial services on the urban landscape, by mapping what proportion of stores (hence jobs) in an urban area that are found in pedestrian strips. Pedestrian strips are
those neighbourhood commercial streets, usually surrounded by residential areas, that are made up of individually owned stores. People walk from one store to the next, along the street. The street evolves over time in response to the needs of the community. In suburban areas, the strip may have
begun as the downtown for an earlier village. In metropolitan areas, some strips have specialized in goods and services for various immigrant groups. Because pedestrian strips serve nearby communities within the city, their share of stores is greatest in cities with low indices of centrality (that
is, fewer stores in the downtown). The highest shares for pedestrian strips occur in southern Ontario, southern Quebec and coastal British Columbia.
Climate Warming - Global Winter Precipitation Scenario: 2100
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in December to February precipitation from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2080 to 2100 is shown on this map. On average, precipitation increases, but it is not evenly distributed geographically. There are marked regions of
decreasing, as well as increasing precipitation, over both land and ocean. Annual average precipitation generally increases over northern continents, and particularly during the winter. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster
evaporation and more precipitation. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Summer Precipitation Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in June-August precipitation from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2040 to 2060 is shown on this map. On average, precipitation increases, but it is not evenly distributed geographically. There are marked regions of
decreasing, as well as increasing precipitation, over both land and ocean. Annual average precipitation generally increases over northern continents, and particularly during the winter. Warmer surface temperature would speed up the hydrological cycle at least partially, resulting in faster
evaporation and more precipitation. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Annual Temperature Scenario: 2050
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in annual mean temperatures from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2040 to 2060 is shown on this map. According to this projection, the Arctic would experience the greatest annual mean warming followed by other areas in
northern Canada and central and northern Asia. Temperatures would generally increase as a result of projected increases in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment
Canada.
Climate Warming - Global Winter Temperature Scenario: 2100
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

A simulation of projected changes in December to February mean temperatures from the period 1975 to 1995 to the period 2080 to 2100 is shown on this map. There would be typically more warming over land than over oceans, at higher latitudes than at lower
latitudes, and in winter compared to summer. The Arctic would experience the greatest warming followed by other areas in northern Canada and central and northern Asia. Temperatures would generally increase as a consequence of the projected increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.
The results are based on climate change simulations made with the Coupled Global Climate Model developed by Environment Canada.
Change in Market Share of Small Vans 1990-2010 (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of small vans in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes in the 1990 to
2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. Over the forecasting period 1990 to 2010, there would be significant increases in the market share of small vans (about 16%) across Canada. The fastest growth in this vehicle market share
would take place in the Atlantic Provinces.
Change in Market Share of Small Utility Vehicles 1990-2010 (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of small utility vehicles in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes in
the 1990 to 2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. Of all the new light-duty vehicle classes, the market share of small utility vehicles is expected to have the largest increase over the forecasting period 1990 to 2010. The largest
growth in the market share of small utility vehicles is expected to occur in the central region in terms of market share. Most areas in Ontario, where this market share was relatively large in 1990, would have the largest increase in the absolute number of small utility
vehicles.
Change in Market Share of Large Cars 1990-2010 (Human Activities Leading to Emissions)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The projected change in the market share of large cars in total light-duty vehicle sales, from the model year 1990 to 2010 based on the business-as-usual scenario is shown on this map. This scenario assumes that there are no major policy changes during 1990 to
2010 period, which would affect vehicle preferences. Light-duty vehicles include all cars and light trucks. The pattern of spatial variation, in relation to the 1990 interpretation, remains largely unchanged in the projected market share of large cars for 2010. However, the projected changes from
1990 to 2010 vary significantly across Canada. It appears that areas with a low large car share in 1990 would have a more significant increase in this share over this period, while areas with a high large car share in 1990 tend to have a decrease in this class share over the same
period.