bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Vaccine Strain VC2 Expressing Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Glycoprotein D Generates Anti-EHV-1 Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Liu Shiliang A. , Stanfield Brent A. , Chouljenko Vladimir N. , Naidu Shan , Langohr Ingeborg , Del Piero Fabio , Ferracone Jacqueline , Roy Alma A. , Kousoulas Konstantin G.
Published: April 2017

Vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. Herein, we report that the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) VC2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and that the intramuscular immunization of mice results in strong antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. The VC2–EHV-1–gD recombinant virus was constructed by inserting an EHV-1 gD expression cassette under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter into the VC2 vector in place of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (UL23) gene. The vaccines were introduced into mice through intramuscular injection. Vaccination with both the VC2–EHV-1–gD vaccine and the commercially available vaccine Vetera EHV
XP
1/4 (Vetera; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) resulted in the production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which were significantly higher in comparison to those in VC2- and mock-vaccinated animals (
P
< 0.01 or
P
< 0.001). Analysis of EHV-1-reactive IgG subtypes demonstrated that vaccination with the VC2–EHV-1–gD vaccine stimulated robust IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies after three vaccinations (
P
< 0.001). Interestingly, Vetera-vaccinated mice produced significantly higher levels of IgM than mice in the other groups before and after challenge (
P
< 0.01 or
P
< 0.05). Vaccination with VC2–EHV-1–gD stimulated strong cellular immune responses, characterized by the upregulation of both interferon- and tumor necrosis factor-positive CD4
+
T cells and CD8
+
T cells. Overall, the data suggest that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain may be used as a viral vector for the vaccination of horses as well as, potentially, for the vaccination of other economically important animals.

IMPORTANCE
A novel virus-vectored VC2–EHV-1–gD vaccine was constructed using the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain. This vaccine stimulated strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, suggesting that it could protect horses against EHV-1 infection.
Within-Host Evolution of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
during Chronic Infection of Seven Australasian Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Viberg Linda T. , Sarovich Derek S. , Kidd Timothy J. , Geake James B. , Bell Scott C. , Currie Bart J. , Price Erin P.
Published: April 2017

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive lung function decline. CF patients are at an increased risk of respiratory infections, including those by the environmental bacterium
Burkholderia pseudomallei
, the causative agent of melioidosis. Here, we compared the genomes of
B. pseudomallei
isolates collected between ~4 and 55 months apart from seven chronically infected CF patients. Overall, the
B. pseudomallei
strains showed evolutionary patterns similar to those of other chronic infections, including emergence of antibiotic resistance, genome reduction, and deleterious mutations in genes involved in virulence, metabolism, environmental survival, and cell wall components. We documented the first reported
B. pseudomallei
hypermutators, which were likely caused by defective MutS. Further, our study identified both known and novel molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to three of the five clinically important antibiotics for melioidosis treatment. Our report highlights the exquisite adaptability of microorganisms to long-term persistence in their environment and the ongoing challenges of antibiotic treatment in eradicating pathogens in the CF lung. Convergent evolution with other CF pathogens hints at a degree of predictability in bacterial evolution in the CF lung and potential targeted eradication of chronic CF infections in the future.

IMPORTANCE
Burkholderia pseudomallei
, the causative agent of melioidosis, is an environmental opportunistic bacterium that typically infects immunocompromised people and those with certain risk factors such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Patients with CF tend to develop chronic melioidosis infections, for reasons that are not well understood. This report is the first to describe
B. pseudomallei
evolution within the CF lung during chronic infection. We show that the pathways by which
B. pseudomallei
adapts to the CF lung are similar to those seen in better-studied CF pathogens such as
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Burkholderia cepacia
complex species. Adaptations include the accumulation of antibiotic resistance, loss of nonessential genes, metabolic alterations, and virulence factor attenuation. Known and novel mechanisms of resistance to three of the five antibiotics used in melioidosis treatment were identified. Similar pathways of evolution in CF pathogens, including
B. pseudomallei
, provide exciting avenues for more-targeted treatment of chronic, recalcitrant infections.
Giant perforated marginal ulcer after laparoscopicRoux-en-Y gastric bypass
Authors: Wang Edward , Blackham Ruth , Tan Jeremy , Hamdorf Jeffrey
Published: April 2017

Perforation of a marginal ulcer (MU) is a complication ofRoux-en-Y gastric bypass that can be life-threatening. We report a case of a perforated MU that presented 7 months after surgery with several interesting points for discussion. Firstly, the presentation of the ulcer was cryptic with unreliable investigations. Secondly, the ulcer presented again even after anastomotic revision surgery. Finally, the ulcer and the sepsis associated with perforation presented after months of poor nutritional intake with profound hypoalbuminaemia. Perforated MUs causing malnutrition pose clinicians with the difficult decision of which operation to offer; patch repair, revision of the anastomosis or reversal surgery. This case illustrates that primary reversal surgery for a perforated recurrent MU may be the most appropriate surgical management in this clinical situation.
Early extracellular matrix changes are associated with later development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation
Authors: Müller Catharina , Andersson-Sjöland Annika , Schultz Hans Henrik , Eriksson Leif T , Andersen Claus B , Iversen Martin , Westergren-Thorsson Gunilla
Published: April 2017

Background

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction in the form of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the main cause of death beyond 1-year post-lung transplantation. The disease-initiating triggers as well as the molecular changes leading to fibrotic alterations in the transplanted lung are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify potential early changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in different compartments of the transplanted lung prior to the development of BOS.

Methods

Transbronchial biopsies from a cohort of 58 lung transplantation patients at the Copenhagen University hospital between 2005 and 2006, with or without development of BOS in a 5-year follow-up, were obtained 3 and 12 months after transplantation. Biopsies were assessed for total collagen, collagen type IV and biglycan in the alveolar and small airway compartments using Masson's Trichrome staining and immunohistochemistry.

Results

A time-specific and compartment-specific pattern of ECM changes was detected. Alveolar total collagen (p=0.0190) and small airway biglycan (p=0.0199) increased between 3 and 12 months after transplantation in patients developing BOS, while collagen type IV (p=0.0124) increased in patients without BOS. Patients with early-onset BOS mirrored this increase. Patients developing grade 3 BOS showed distinct ECM changes already at 3 months. Patients with BOS with treated acute rejections displayed reduced alveolar total collagen (p=0.0501) and small airway biglycan (p=0.0485) at 3 months.

Conclusions

Patients with future BOS displayed distinct ECM changes compared with patients without BOS. Our data indicate an involvement of alveolar and small airway compartments in post-transplantation changes in the development of BOS.
Use of the GeneReader NGS System in a clinical pathology laboratory: a comparative study
Authors: Koitzsch Ulrike , Heydt Carina , Attig Hans , Immerschitt Isabelle , Merkelbach-Bruse Sabine , Fammartino Alessandro , Büttner Reinhard H , Kong Yi , Odenthal Margarete
Published: April 2017

Despite its successful use in academic research, next-generation sequencing (NGS) still represents many challenges for routine clinical adoption due to its inherent complexity and specialised expertise typically required to set-up, test and operate a complete workflow.This study aims to evaluate QIAGEN's newly launched GeneReader NGS System solution in a pathology laboratory setting by assessing the system's ease of use, sequencing accuracy and data reproducibility. Our laboratory was able to implement the system and validate its performance using clinical samples in direct comparison to an approved Sanger sequencing platform and to an alternative in-house NGS technology. The QIAGEN workflow focuses on clinically actionable hotspots maximising testing efficiency. Combined with automated upstream sample processing and integrated downstream bioinformatics, it offers a realistic solution for pathology laboratories with limited prior experience in NGS technology.
Membrane behavior of compacted sand–bentonite mixture
Authors: Meier Amara J. , Shackelford Charles D.
Published: April 2017

Semi-permeable membrane behavior contributes to the containment function of engineered barriers used for waste containment by restricting the migration of dissolved chemical species (solutes) such as aqueous-phase contaminants. The existence of membrane behavior has been demonstrated extensively for virtually all categories of bentonite-based containment barriers except compacted sand–bentonite mixtures. Accordingly, membrane tests were conducted on two specimens of a compacted sand–bentonite mixture comprising 15% bentonite (dry weight) with sufficiently low hydraulic conductivity (i.e., ≤1.0 × 10−9 m/s) to be suitable for use as a waste containment barrier. Despite the imposition of relatively complex chemical conditions, including the use of tap water versus de-ionized water as a circulating liquid and incomplete flushing (leaching) of soluble salts from the specimens prior to membrane testing, the results were in good agreement with those previously reported for other bentonite-based engineered barriers when exposed to similar or the same types of salts and salt concentrations. Also, both compacted soil–bentonite specimens exhibited similar magnitudes of membrane behavior, with measured membrane efficiencies ranging from 0.395 ± 0.053 to 0.063 ± 0.012 when exposed to source KCl solutions with concentrations ranging from 5 to 80 mmol/L, respectively. Thus, compacted sand–bentonite mixtures suitable for use as engineered containment barriers can exhibit semi-permeable membrane behavior, thereby potentially enhancing the containment function of the barriers.
Fungal endophytes of wild and hybridVitisleaves and their potential for vineyard biocontrol
Authors: Kernaghan Gavin , Mayerhofer Michael , Griffin Amanda
Published: April 2017

Plants are colonized by diverse assemblages of fungal endophytes that have potential as biocontrol agents for a variety of crops, including grapevine. Although the diversity of symbionts can be very high in wild plants, the fungal endophytes of wild Vitis plants have not yet been investigated. We surveyed the fungal endophytes of 6 wild populations of Vitis riparia, as well as a cold-tolerant, hybrid grapevine in 5 vineyards (1 certified organic), using 454 pyrosequencing. We detected between 43 and 235 operational taxonomic units per sample, with the highest richness and diversity in the wild, the lowest in conventional vineyards, and intermediate levels in the organic vineyard. Wild plants supported a range of taxa not seen in the conventional vineyards, and vineyards were dominated by relatively few taxa. We also isolated fungi from the wild plants and tested them for their ability to inhibit pathogens of grapevine. Several wild isolates (e.g., Ramularia spp.) were strongly inhibitory to grapevine pathogens. We show that wild Vitis supports a distinct and highly diverse community of fungal endophytes and may represent a rich repository of potential vineyard biocontrol agents.
On the 2-mode and k-photon quantum Rabi models
Authors: Zhang Yao-Zhong
Published: April 2017

By mapping the Hamiltonians of the 2-mode and 2-photon Rabi models to differential operators in suitable Hilbert spaces of entire functions, we prove that the two models possess entire and normalizable wave functions in the Bargmann–Hilbert spaces only if the frequency [Formula: see text] and coupling strength [Formula: see text] satisfy certain constraints. This is in sharp contrast to the quantum Rabi model for which entire wave functions always exist. For model parameters fulfilling the aforesaid constraints, we determine transcendental equations whose roots give the regular energy eigenvalues of the models. Furthermore, we show that for [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text]-photon Rabi model does not possess wave functions which are elements of the Bargmann–Hilbert space for all non-trivial model parameters. This implies that the [Formula: see text] case is not diagonalizable, unlike its RWA cousin, the [Formula: see text]-photon Jaynes–Cummings model which can be completely diagonalized for all [Formula: see text].
Classical phase space and Hadamard states in the BRST formalism for gauge field theories on curved spacetime
Authors: Wrochna Michał , Zahn Jochen
Published: April 2017

We investigate linearized gauge theories on globally hyperbolic spacetimes in the BRST formalism. A consistent definition of the classical phase space and of its Cauchy surface analogue is proposed. We prove that it is isomorphic to the phase space in the ‘subsidiary condition’ approach of Hack and Schenkel in the case of Maxwell, Yang–Mills, and Rarita–Schwinger fields. Defining Hadamard states in the BRST formalism in a standard way, their existence in the Maxwell and Yang–Mills case is concluded from known results in the subsidiary condition (or Gupta–Bleuler) formalism. Within our framework, we also formulate criteria for non-degeneracy of the phase space in terms of BRST cohomology and discuss special cases. These include an example in the Yang–Mills case, where degeneracy is not related to a non-trivial topology of the Cauchy surface.
High solar activity predictions through an artificial neural network
Authors: Orozco-Del-Castillo M. G. , Ortiz-Alemán J. C. , Couder-Castañeda C. , Hernández-Gómez J. J. , Solís-Santomé A.
Published: April 2017

The effects of high-energy particles coming from the Sun on human health as well as in the integrity of outer space electronics make the prediction of periods of high solar activity (HSA) a task of significant importance. Since periodicities in solar indexes have been identified, long-term predictions can be achieved. In this paper, we present a method based on an artificial neural network to find a pattern in some harmonics which represent such periodicities. We used data from 1973 to 2010 to train the neural network, and different historical data for its validation. We also used the neural network along with a statistical analysis of its performance with known data to predict periods of HSA with different confidence intervals according to the three-sigma rule associated with solar cycles 24–26, which we found to occur before 2040.
Chirality-specific lift forces of helix under shear flows
Authors: Zhang Qi-Yi , Hu Kai-Yan , Yang Wen-Yan
Published: April 2017

Chiral objects in a shear flow experience a chirality-specific lift force. Shear flows past helices in low Reynolds number regime are studied by a highly efficient iterative method, based on the analytical solution of a sphere in uniform flow. The chirality-specific lift forces in the vorticity direction experienced by helices are dominated by a set of helix geometry parameters: helix radius ([Formula: see text]), pitch length (b), number of turns and helix phase angle. Its analytical formula is firstly given. The chirality-specific forces are the physical reasons for the chiral separation of helices in shear flow. Our results are qualitatively in agreement with the simulation results and well supported by the latest experimental observations.
The simulation of non-Abelian statistics of Majorana fermions in Ising chain with Z2 symmetry
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Ming , Yu Jing , He Jing , Cheng Qiu-Bo , Liang Ying , Kou Su-Peng
Published: April 2017

In this paper, we numerically study the non-Abelian statistics of the zero-energy Majorana fermions at the end of Majorana chain and show its application to quantum computing by mapping it to a spin model with special symmetry. In particular, by using transverse-field Ising model with Z2 symmetry, we verify the nontrivial non-Abelian statistics of Majorana fermions. Numerical evidence and comparison in both Majorana representation and spin representation are presented. The degenerate ground states of a symmetry protected spin chain therefore provide a promising platform for topological quantum computation.
A new flocking model through body attitude coordination
Authors: Degond Pierre , Frouvelle Amic , Merino-Aceituno Sara
Published: April 2017

We present a new model for multi-agent dynamics where each agent is described by its position and body attitude: agents travel at a constant speed in a given direction and their body can rotate around it adopting different configurations. In this manner, the body attitude is described by three orthonormal axes giving an element in [Formula: see text] (rotation matrix). Agents try to coordinate their body attitudes with the ones of their neighbours. In this paper, we give the individual-based model (particle model) for this dynamics and derive its corresponding kinetic and macroscopic equations.
A discontinuous Galerkin method on kinetic flocking models
Authors: Tan Changhui
Published: April 2017

We study kinetic representations of flocking models. They arise from agent-based models for self-organized dynamics, such as Cucker–Smale [Emergent behaviors in flocks, IEEE Trans. Autom. Control. 52 (2007) 852–862] and Motsch–Tadmor [A new model for self-organized dynamics and its flocking behavior, J. Statist. Phys. 144 (2011) 923–947] models. We first establish a well-posedness theory and large-time flocking behavior for the kinetic systems, which indicates a concentration in velocity variable in infinite time. We then apply a discontinuous Galerkin method to treat the asymptotic [Formula: see text]-singularity, and construct high-order positive-preserving schemes to solve kinetic flocking systems.
Derivation and analysis of continuum models for crossing pedestrian traffic
Authors: Hittmeir Sabine , Ranetbauer Helene , Schmeiser Christian , Wolfram Marie-Therese
Published: April 2017

In this paper, we study hyperbolic and parabolic nonlinear partial differential equation models, which describe the evolution of two intersecting pedestrian flows. We assume that individuals avoid collisions by sidestepping, which is encoded in the transition rates of the microscopic 2D model. We formally derive the corresponding mean-field models and prove existence of global weak solutions for the parabolic model. Moreover we discuss stability of stationary states for the corresponding one-dimensional model. Furthermore we illustrate the rich dynamics of both systems with numerical simulations.
Hilbert method toward a multiscale analysis from kinetic to macroscopic models for active particles
Authors: Burini D. , Chouhad N.
Published: April 2017

This paper develops a Hilbert type method to derive models at the macroscopic scale for large systems of several interacting living entities whose statistical dynamics at the microscopic scale is delivered by kinetic theory methods. The presentation is in three steps, where the first one presents the structures of the kinetic theory approach used toward the aforementioned analysis; the second step presents the mathematical method; while the third step provides a number of specific applications. The approach is focused on a simple system and with a binary mixture, where different time-space scalings are used. Namely, parabolic, hyperbolic, and mixed in the case of a mixture.
RENORMALIZATION ANALYSIS OF A COMPOSITE ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER WITH A FRACTAL ARCHITECTURE
Authors: ALGEHYNE EBRAHEM A. , MULHOLLAND ANTHONY J.
Published: April 2017

To ensure the safe operation of many safety critical structures such as nuclear plants, aircraft and oil pipelines, non-destructive imaging is employed using piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. These sensors typically operate at a single frequency due to the restrictions imposed on their resonant behavior by the use of a single length scale in the design. To allow these transducers to transmit and receive more complex signals it would seem logical to use a range of length scales in the design so that a wide range of resonating frequencies will result. In this paper, we derive a mathematical model to predict the dynamics of an ultrasound transducer that achieves this range of length scales by adopting a fractal architecture. In fact, the device is modeled as a graph where the nodes represent segments of the piezoelectric and polymer materials. The electrical and mechanical fields that are contained within this graph are then expressed in terms of a finite element basis. The structure of the resulting discretized equations yields to a renormalization methodology which is used to derive expressions for the non-dimensionalized electrical impedance and the transmission and reception sensitivities. A comparison with a standard design shows some benefits of these fractal designs.
Field Testing of Fence Type Blast Wall for Blast Load Mitigation
Authors: Hao Yifei , Hao Hong , Shi Yanchao , Wang Zhongqi , Zong Ruiqing
Published: April 2017

To protect structures from external explosions, solid protective barriers have been demonstrated by experimental and numerical studies to be able to effectively mitigate blast loads on structures behind them. However, to protect against blast loads, barriers normally need to be designed to have high structural resistance and ductility. This often requires bulky and heavy protective barriers which are not only highly costly but also often not appropriate for application in downtown areas as they are not friendly to city planning or appearance. Fence type blast wall consisting of structural columns was recently proposed and its effectiveness in mitigating blast loads was investigated through numerical simulations. It was found that the wave–fence interaction and interference of waves significantly reduced the wave energy when the blast wave passed through the fence blast wall. To further investigate the effectiveness and applicability of fence type blast wall as a highly potential technology for structural protection in an urban area, field tests have been conducted and results are reported in this paper. Columns with circular and triangular cross-sections were adopted to build fence blast walls. In addition, a masonry wall was also constructed as solid barrier for comparison. Hemispherical TNT explosive weighing 1.0 kg with different stand-off distances was detonated on the ground to generate the blast load. Blast overpressures in free air, behind the fence blast wall and behind the masonry wall were recorded by pressure sensors. The effectiveness of the fence blast wall in reducing blast wave and protecting structures was demonstrated by the test data.
On automorphisms of free center-by-metabelian and nilpotent groups and Lie algebras
Authors: Kofinas C. E. , Papistas A. I.
Published: April 2017

Let [Formula: see text] be a field of characteristic zero. For positive integers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be a free center-by-metabelian and nilpotent Lie algebra over [Formula: see text] of rank [Formula: see text] and class [Formula: see text], freely generated by a set [Formula: see text]. It is shown that the automorphism group [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is generated by the general linear group [Formula: see text] and two more IA-automorphisms. Let [Formula: see text] be the field of rational numbers. We give [Formula: see text] the structure of a group, say [Formula: see text], via the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula. Let [Formula: see text] be the subgroup of [Formula: see text] generated by [Formula: see text]. We prove that the subgroup of [Formula: see text] generated by the tame automorphisms [Formula: see text] and three more IA-automorphisms of [Formula: see text] has finite index in [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text], the subgroup of [Formula: see text] generated by the tame automorphisms [Formula: see text] and two more IA-automorphisms of [Formula: see text] has finite index in [Formula: see text]. A similar result is proved for the automorphism group of a free center-by-metabelian and nilpotent group of rank [Formula: see text] and class [Formula: see text].
留学生在海外华人社区建设中的作用
Authors: 武 斌
Published: April 2017

21世纪中国的崛起及与之相伴随的国际移民大潮，对海外华人社会影响深刻。针对华人社会长期存在着的封闭性和离散性，笔者曾提出 "海外华人社区建设" 的概念，用以理解推动华人社会内外开放、合作共赢的新的动力源泉、过程机制、条件限制。通过赴英留学生参与和融入当地社会的案例研究，本文试图回答以下问题：在何种程度上，中国留学生可以视为海外华人社会的一部分？他们是通过何种途径同当地社会进行交流互动的？留学生参与海外华人社区建设的资源、条件、贡献和限制是什么？围绕上述问题，本文发展了一个分析框架，利用我们在英国诺丁汉华人社会的一个问卷调查成果，揭示了留学生社会网络的四种类型，以及这些类型与留学生参与当地社会实践之间的关联性。
Predicting Binding Free Energies: Frontiers and Benchmarks
Authors: Mobley David L. , Gilson Michael K.
Published: April 2017

Binding free energy calculations based on molecular simulations provide predicted affinities for biomolecular complexes. These calculations begin with a detailed description of a system, including its chemical composition and the interactions among its components. Simulations of the system are then used to compute thermodynamic information, such as binding affinities. Because of their promise for guiding molecular design, these calculations have recently begun to see widespread applications in early-stage drug discovery. However, many hurdles remain in making them a robust and reliable tool. In this review, we highlight key challenges of these calculations, discuss some examples of these challenges, and call for the designation of standard community benchmark test systems that will help the research community generate and evaluate progress. In our view, progress will require careful assessment and evaluation of new methods, force fields, and modeling innovations on well-characterized benchmark systems, and we lay out our vision for how this can be achieved.
Negative-Poisson's-Ratio Materials: Auxetic Solids
Authors: Lakes Roderic S.
Published: April 2017

Poisson's ratio had long been considered to be an intrinsic material property, confined within a narrow domain and governed solely by the geometry of interatomic bonds. Materials with designed heterogeneity allow for control over the Poisson's ratio. Poisson's ratios of any value within the thermodynamically admissible domain may be attained, including negative Poisson's ratio (termed auxetic). In this article, we discuss the role of Poisson's ratio in elasticity, two-dimensional and three-dimensional materials, phase transformations, underlying causes in the microstructure, and other negative physical properties.
Histone deacetylase activity modulates exercise-induced skeletal muscle plasticity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Simmonds Alec I. M. , Seebacher Frank
Published: April 2017

Aerobic exercise has a positive impact on animals by enhancing skeletal muscle function and locomotor performance. Responses of skeletal muscle to exercise involve changes in energy metabolism, calcium handling, and the composition of contractile protein isoforms, which together influence contractile properties. Histone deacetylases (HDAC) can cause short-term changes in gene expression and may thereby mediate plasticity in contractile properties of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. The aim of this project was to determine (in zebrafish, Danio rerio) the traits that mediate interindividual differences in sustained and sprint performance and to determine whether inhibiting class I and II HDACs mediates exercise-induced changes in these traits. High sustained performers had greater aerobic metabolic capacity [citrate synthase (CS) activity], calcium handling capacity [sarco/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) activity], and slow contractile protein concentration [slow myosin heavy chain (MHC)] compared with low performers. High sprint performers had lower CS activity and slow MHC concentrations compared with low performers, but there were no significant differences in lactate dehydrogenase activity or fast MHC concentrations. Four weeks of aerobic exercise training increased sustained performance, CS activity, SERCA activity, and slow MHC concentration. Inhibiting class I and II HDACs increased slow MHC concentration in untrained fish but not in trained fish. However, inhibiting HDACs reduced SERCA activity, which was paralleled by a reduction in sustained and sprint performance. The regulation of muscle phenotypes by HDACs could be a mechanism underlying the adaptation of sustained locomotor performance to different environmental conditions, and may therefore be of therapeutic and ecological significance.
Adaptive functional change of the contralateral kidney after partial nephrectomy
Authors: Choi Se Young , Yoo Sangjun , You Dalsan , Jeong In Gab , Song Cheryn , Hong Bumsik , Hong Jun Hyuk , Ahn Hanjong , Kim Choung-Soo
Published: April 2017

Partial nephrectomy aims to maintain renal function by nephron sparing; however, functional changes in the contralateral kidney remain unknown. We evaluate the functional change in the contralateral kidney using a diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) renal scan and determine factors predicting contralateral kidney function after partial nephrectomy. A total of 699 patients underwent partial nephrectomy, with a DTPA scan before and after surgery to assess the separate function of each kidney. Patients were divided into three groups according to initial contralateral glomerular filtration rate (GFR; group 1: <30 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2, group 2: 30–45 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2, and group 3: ≥45 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2). Multiple-regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with increased GFR of the contralateral kidney over a 4-yr postoperative period. Patients in group 1 had a higher mean age and hypertension history, worse American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and larger tumor size than in the other two groups. The ipsilateral GFR changes at 4 yr after partial nephrectomy were −18.9, −3.6, and 3.9% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, whereas the contralateral GFR changes were 10.8, 25.7, and 38.8%. Age [β: −0.105, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.213; −0.011, P < 0.05] and preoperative contralateral GFR (β: −0.256, 95% CI: −0.332; −0.050, P < 0.01) were significant predictive factors for increased GFR of the contralateral kidney after 4 yr. The contralateral kidney compensated for the functional loss of the ipsilateral kidney. The increase of GFR in contralateral kidney is more prominent in younger patients with decreased contralateral renal function.
Physiopathological implications of P2X1and P2X7receptors in regulation of glomerular hemodynamics in angiotensin II-induced hypertension
Authors: Franco Martha , Bautista-Pérez Rocío , Cano-Martínez Agustina , Pacheco Ursino , Santamaría José , del Valle Mondragón Leonardo , Pérez-Méndez Oscar , Navar L. Gabriel
Published: April 2017

Deleterious effects of purinergic P2X1and P2X7receptors (P2XRs) in ANG II-dependent hypertension include increased renal vascular resistance, and impaired autoregulation and pressure natriuresis. However, their specific effects on the determinants of glomerular hemodynamics remain incompletely delineated. To investigate the P2XR contributions to altered glomerular hemodynamics in hypertension, the effects of acute blockade of P2X1R, P2X7R, and P2X4R with NF449, A438079, and PSB12054, respectively, were evaluated in ANG II-infused rats (435 ng·kg−1·min−1). P2X1R or P2X7R blockade reduced afferent (6.85 ± 1.05 vs. 2.37 ± 0.20 dyn·s−1·cm−5) and efferent (2.85 ± 0.38 vs. 0.99 ± 0.07 dyn·s−1·cm−5) arteriolar resistances, leading to increases in glomerular plasma flow (75.82 ± 5.58 vs. 206.7 ± 16.38 nl/min), ultrafiltration coefficient (0.0198 ± 0.0024 vs. 0.0512 ± 0.0046 nl·min−1·mmHg−1), and single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (22.73 ± 2.02 vs. 51.56 ± 3.87 nl/min) to near normal values. Blockade of P2X4R did not elicit effects in hypertensive rats. In normotensive sham-operated rats, only the P2X1R antagonist caused an increase plasma flow and single-nephron glomerular filtration rate, whereas the P2X4R antagonist induced glomerular vasoconstriction that was consistent with evidence that P2X4R stimulation increases release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells. Mean arterial pressure remained unchanged in both hypertensive and normotensive groups. Western blot analysis showed overexpression of P2X1R, P2X7R, and P2X4R proteins in hypertensive rats. Whereas it has been generally assumed that the altered glomerular vascular resistances in ANG II hypertension are due to AT1receptor-mediated vasoconstriction, these data indicate a predominant P2X1R and P2X7R control of glomerular hemodynamics in ANG II hypertension.
New insights into vestibular-saccade interaction based on covert corrective saccades in patients with unilateral vestibular deficits
Authors: Colagiorgio Paolo , Versino Maurizio , Colnaghi Silvia , Quaglieri Silvia , Manfrin Marco , Zamaro Ewa , Mantokoudis Georgios , Zee David S. , Ramat Stefano
Published: April 2017

In response to passive high-acceleration head impulses, patients with low vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gains often produce covert (executed while the head is still moving) corrective saccades in the direction of deficient slow phases. Here we examined 23 patients using passive, and 9 also active, head impulses with acute (< 10 days from onset) unilateral vestibular neuritis and low VOR gains. We found that when corrective saccades are larger than 10°, the slow-phase component of the VOR is inhibited, even though inhibition increases further the time to reacquire the fixation target. We also found that 1) saccades are faster and more accurate if the residual VOR gain is higher, 2) saccades also compensate for the head displacement that occurs during the saccade, and 3) the amplitude-peak velocity relationship of the larger corrective saccades deviates from that of head-fixed saccades of the same size. We propose a mathematical model to account for these findings hypothesizing that covert saccades are driven by a desired gaze position signal based on a prediction of head displacement using vestibular and extravestibular signals, covert saccades are controlled by a gaze feedback loop, and the VOR command is modulated according to predicted saccade amplitude. A central and novel feature of the model is that the brain develops two separate estimates of head rotation, one for generating saccades while the head is moving and the other for generating slow phases. Furthermore, while the model was developed for gaze-stabilizing behavior during passively induced head impulses, it also simulates both active gaze-stabilizing and active gaze-shifting eye movements.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY During active or passive head impulses while fixating stationary targets, low vestibulo-ocular gain subjects produce corrective saccades when the head is still moving. The mechanisms driving these covert saccades are poorly understood. We propose a mathematical model showing that the brain develops two separate estimates of head rotation: a lower level one, presumably in the vestibular nuclei, used to generate the slow-phase component of the response, and a higher level one, within a gaze feedback loop, used to drive corrective saccades.
Neural mechanisms of oculomotor abnormalities in the infantile strabismus syndrome
Authors: Walton Mark M. G. , Pallus Adam , Fleuriet Jérome , Mustari Michael J. , Tarczy-Hornoch Kristina
Published: April 2017

Infantile strabismus is characterized by numerous visual and oculomotor abnormalities. Recently nonhuman primate models of infantile strabismus have been established, with characteristics that closely match those observed in human patients. This has made it possible to study the neural basis for visual and oculomotor symptoms in infantile strabismus. In this review, we consider the available evidence for neural abnormalities in structures related to oculomotor pathways ranging from visual cortex to oculomotor nuclei. These studies provide compelling evidence that a disturbance of binocular vision during a sensitive period early in life, whatever the cause, results in a cascade of abnormalities through numerous brain areas involved in visual functions and eye movements.
Food Simulating Organic Solvents for Evaluating Crosslink Density of Bulk Fill Composite Resin
Authors: Ayad Neveen M. , Bahgat Hala A. , Al Kaba Eman Hussain , Buholayka Maryam Hussain
Published: April 2017

Objectives.To evaluate crosslink densities of two bulk fill composite resins and determine if the used Food Simulating Organic Solvent (FSOS) affected them.Methods.Forty specimens were prepared from SureFill and SonicFill bulk fill composite resins, 20 each. All specimens were stored dry for 24 h. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups: stored in ethanol (E) 75% or in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 100% for 24 h. Crosslink density was evaluated by calculating the difference between the Vickers hardness numbers of the specimens stored dry and after their storage in FSOS. The data were statistically analyzed usingt-test.Results.The means of crosslink density in E and MEK were 6.99% and 9.44% for SureFill and 10.54% and 11.92% for SonicFill, respectively.t-test displayed significant differences between crosslink densities of SureFill and SonicFill: (P<0.0001) in E and (P=0.02) in MEK and between crosslink densities of SureFill in E and MEK (P=0.02).Conclusions.Crosslink density of bulk fill composite resin can be evaluated using E or MEK. SureFill has higher crosslink density than SonicFill in both E and MEK.
Potential of Lichen Compounds as Antidiabetic Agents with Antioxidative Properties: A Review
Authors: Thadhani Vinitha M. , Karunaratne Veranja
Published: April 2017

The advancement in the knowledge of potent antioxidants has uncovered the way for greater insight in the treatment of diabetic complications. Lichens are a rich resource of novel bioactive compounds and their antioxidant potential is well documented. Herein we review the antidiabetic potential of lichens which have received considerable attention, in the recent past. We have correlated the antidiabetic and the antioxidant potential of lichen compounds. The study shows a good accordance between antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of lichens and points out the need to look into gathering the scarce and scattered data on biological activities for effective utilization. The review establishes that the lichen extracts, especially of Parmotrema sp. and Ramalina sp. have shown promising potential in both antidiabetic and antioxidant assays. Ubiquitous compounds, namely, zeorin, methylorsellinate, methyl‐β‐orcinol carboxylate, methyl haematommate, lecanoric acid, salazinic acid, sekikaic acid, usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, and lobaric acid have shown promising potential in both antidiabetic as well as antioxidant assays highlighting their potential for effective treatment of diabetic mellitus and its associated complications. The available compilation of this data provides the future perspectives and highlight the need for further studies of this potent herbal source to harvest more beneficial therapeutic antidiabetic drugs.
TDF Monotherapy Is Effective Regardless of Prior Nucleos(t)ide Analogue Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in China
Authors: Huang Mingxing , Lin Guoli , Shi Hong , Wu Yuankai , Jie Yusheng , Zhu Zhe , Chong Yutian
Published: April 2017

Background/Aims. Many patients had to transfer to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) if there is other nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) resistance. We aimed to investigate antiviral effects of TDF monotherapy between NA-naive and NA-experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients in China. Methods. A total of 102 NA-naive and NA-experienced CHB patients with TDF monotherapy (300 mg/day) were retrospectively analyzed for useful parameters up to 72 weeks. Results. There were 36 and 66 patients with matched HBV DNA baseline level in NA-naïve and NA-experienced group, respectively. There were no significant differences between NA-naïve and NA-experienced groups in HBV DNA levels (all P>0.05) and HBV DNA undetectable rates (all P>0.05) at all time points. At the end of follow-up, HBV DNA undetectable rates in NA-naïve and NA-experienced group were 96.2% (25/26) and 91.8% (45/49), respectively (P=0.476). Baseline HBV DNA level was the only independent predictor for HBV DNA negative time (P=0.018). In addition, 27.8% (5/18) and 11.4% (4/35) achieved HBeAg seroconversion at the end of the follow-up, respectively (P=0.133). Conclusions. TDF monotherapy was effective regardless of prior NA experienced. Baseline HBV DNA was a key predictive factor for HBV DNA negative time in TDF monotherapy.
Design of Dual Mode RFID Antenna for Inventory Management and IV Fluid Level Warning System
Authors: Ting Ssu-Han , Wu Chih-Kuang , Luo Ching-Hsing
Published: April 2017

Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers are powered RF devices that communicate with an RFID tag to read necessary information. Using this capability, a dual use system for short distance inventory management and moderate distance automatic warning system for low intravenous (IV) fluid levels is designed. The RFID is affixed on the IV drip bag; the fluid in bag affects the antenna transmission distance by fluid dielectric conditions. This allows for two different operational modes (moderate and short distance). For pharmaceutical management, a handheld RFID reader can be used for short distance application. Another stationary RFID system can serve as a warning system for long distance application such as hospital care.
Curcumin Inhibits NTHi-Induced MUC5AC Mucin Overproduction in Otitis Media via Upregulation of MAPK Phosphatase MKP-1
Authors: Konduru Anuhya Sharma , Matsuyama Shingo , Lee Byung-Cheol , Komatsu Kensei , Li Jian-Dong
Published: April 2017

Otitis media (OM), characterized by the presence of mucus overproduction and excess inflammation in the middle ear, is the most common childhood infection. NontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) pathogen is responsible for approximately one-third of episodes of bacteria-caused OM. Current treatments for bacterial OM rely on the systemic use of antibiotics, which often leads to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial strains. Therefore there is an urgent need for developing alternative therapies strategies for controlling mucus overproduction in OM. MUC5AC mucin has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of OM. Here we show that curcumin derived fromCurcuma longaplant is a potent inhibitor of NTHi-induced MUC5AC mucin expression in middle ear epithelial cells. Curcumin inhibited MUC5AC expression by suppressing activation of p38 MAPK by upregulating MAPK phosphatase MKP-1. Thus, our study identified curcumin as a potential therapeutic for inhibiting mucin overproduction in OM by upregulating MKP-1, a known negative regulator of inflammation.
Indigenous Wildlife Rabies in Taiwan: Ferret Badgers, a Long Term Terrestrial Reservoir
Authors: Lan Yu-Ching , Wen Tzai-Hung , Chang Chao-chin , Liu Hsin-Fu , Lee Pei-Fen , Huang Chung-Yuan , Chomel Bruno B. , Chen Yi-Ming A.
Published: April 2017

The emerging disease of rabies was confirmed in Taiwan ferret badgers (FBs) and reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) on July 17, 2013. The spread of wildlife rabies can be related to neighborhood countries in Asia. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted by maximum likelihood (ML) methods and the Bayesian coalescent approach based on the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes. The phylogeographic and spatial temporal dynamics of viral transmission were determined by using SPREAD, QGIS. Therefore, the origin and the change with time of the viruses can be identified. Results showed the rabies virus of FB strains in Taiwan is a unique clade among other strains in Asia. According to the phylogeographic coalescent tree, three major genotypes of the FB rabies virus have circulated in three different geographical areas in Taiwan. Two genotypes have distributed into central and southern Taiwan between two ecological river barriers. The third genotype has been limited in southeastern Taiwan by the natural mountain barrier. The diversity of FB rabies viruses indicates that the biological profile of FBs could vary in different geographical areas in Taiwan. An enhanced surveillance system needs to be established near the currently identified natural barriers for early warnings of the rabies virus outbreak in Taiwan.
An Ultrasound Imaging-Guided Robotic HIFU Ablation Experimental System and Accuracy Evaluations
Authors: An Chih Yu , Syu Jia Hao , Tseng Ching Shiow , Chang Chih-Ju
Published: April 2017

In recent years, noninvasive thermal treatment by using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has high potential in tumor treatment. The goal of this research is to develop an ultrasound imaging-guided robotic HIFU ablation system for tumor treatment. The system integrates the technologies of ultrasound image-assisted guidance, robotic positioning control, and HIFU treatment planning. With the assistance of ultrasound image guidance technology, the tumor size and location can be determined from ultrasound images as well as the robotic arm can be controlled to position the HIFU transducer to focus on the target tumor. After the development of the system, several experiments were conducted to measure the positioning accuracy of this system. The results show that the average positioning error is 1.01 mm with a standard deviation 0.34, and HIFU ablation accuracy is 1.32 mm with a standard deviation 0.58, which means this system is confirmed with its possibility and accuracy.
Influence of the Blue Coral Heliopora coerulea on Scleractinian Coral Larval Recruitment
Authors: Atrigenio Michael , Aliño Porfirio , Conaco Cecilia
Published: April 2017

The octocoral Heliopora coerulea has emerged as one of the most dominant reef-building corals in the Bolinao Reef Complex, northern Philippines. One of the possible mechanisms that may contribute to the success of H. coerulea over scleractinian corals is its ability to compete effectively for space on the reef by inhibiting the settlement of coral larvae in its immediate vicinity. To determine whether H. coerulea can indeed inhibit larval recruitment, settlement tiles were deployed inside H. coerulea aggregations or on hard substrate at a distance of about 2 to 3 meters away. After three months of deployment, only a single H. coerulea recruit was observed on tiles placed within aggregations whereas many different coral recruits were observed on tiles placed on substrate away from the blue coral. These results suggest that adult H. coerulea can inhibit the settlement of scleractinian larvae. This effect may be mediated by various mechanisms, such as the production of allelopathic compounds, deployment of mesenterial filaments, and sweeper tentacles. However, further studies are needed to determine the modes of competition that are used by the coral.