bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐arylamidines and N‐arylimidates of substituted acetic acids and their insecticidal and acaricidal properties
Authors: Salbeck Gerhard , Koch Manfred , Waltersdorfer Anna
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of N‐arylamidines and N‐arylimidates of substituted acetic acids is described. Those amidines and imidates possessing a phosphorus ester as substituent showed insecticidal and high acaricidal properties. By contrast, their precursors were ineffective.
Effects of six herbicides on the growth of Phytophthora cactorum and a bacterial antagonist
Authors: Utkhede Rajeshwar S.
Published: November 2006

Six herbicides, incorporated in corn meal agar, were tested for their effects on the growth of Phytophthora cactorum, the growth of a bacterial antagonist B8 (Erwinia sp.), and the antagonistic effect of B8 on P. cactorum Oryzalin and glyphosate significantly reduced the growth of P. cactorum. Neither the growth of B8, nor its antagonistic effect on P. cactorum, was affected by any of the herbicides tested. This suggests that herbicides may not be a limiting factor on the development of bacterial antagonists on a biological control method for the control of crown rot of apple trees.
Synthetic pyrethroids: Toxicity and synergism on dietary exposure of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae
Authors: Ishaaya Isaac , Elsner Anna , Ascher K. R. Simon , Casida John E.
Published: November 2006

The potency of six dietary pyrethroids, as toxicants and inhibitors of weight gain in first‐ and fourth‐instar Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae, decreased in the order of cis‐cypermethrin and deltamethrin > trans‐cypermethrin and cis‐permethrin > fenvalerate and trans‐permethrin. Dosages that reduced larval weight also delayed pupation and emergence, probably due to their antifeeding activity. Three oxidase inhibitors (piperonyl butoxide, O, O‐diethyl O‐phenyl phosphorothioate, and O‐isobutyl O‐prop‐2‐ynyl phenylphosphonate), at a dietary concentration of 100 mg kg−1, had little or no effect on the toxicity of trans‐permethrin, but strongly synergised the toxicity of cis‐cypermethrin by about 3‐, 3‐ and 10‐fold, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide also synergised the toxicity of cis‐permethrin, trans‐cypermethrin and deltamethrin, but not that of fenvalerate. On the other hand, an esterase inhibitor, profenofos, did not enhance the potency of any of the α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids. Oxidases appear to be more important than esterases in pyrethroid detoxification by T. castaneum larvae.
On‐column degradation and methylation of phenmedipham and desmedipham with N, N, N‐trimethylanilinium hydroxide
Authors: Ogierman Leonard
Published: November 2006

Phenmedipham and desmedipham, when injected into a gas chromatograph with N, N, N‐trimethylanilinium hydroxide, reacted to give derivatives having good gas chromatographic properties. By this procedure, these two carbamate herbicides yielded N‐methylated 3‐methoxyphenylcarbamates. Maximum methylation was obtained when the molar ratio of methylating reagent to herbicide was approximately 16: 1. This technique for preparing derivatives provided rapid qualitative and quantitative chromatography of the substances examined, without side‐chain decomposition. The derivatives obtained were identified by means of ultraviolet, infrared and mass spectrometric procedures.
Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. An overview of their history and contribution to medicine and agriculture
Authors: Schwinn Franz J.
Published: November 2006

Over the past 15 years, an increasing number of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) have been introduced in crop protection as fungicides, and in medicine as fungicides and bactericides. Their spectrum of activity and their systemic properties vary widely, depending on structural elements. By their high protective and curative activity the EBIs have greatly improved the level of disease control, both in plants and in man. However, the chemical and biological potential of this group has not yet been fully explored, particularly in the field of growth regulation.
Metabolism of some sterol inhibitors in fungi and higher plants, with special reference to the selectivity of fungicidal action
Authors: Gasztonyi Maya , Josepovits Gyula
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of triforine, chloraniformethan, the α‐(pyrimidin‐5‐yl)benzhydryl alcohols (fenarimol, nuarimol and triarimol), the trityl‐azoles (fluotrimazole and clotrimazole), and the morpholine types of sterol inhibitors is reviewed; the metabolism of the azolyl‐alkane derivatives (mainly triadimefon and triadimenol) is discussed in detail. Redox and hydrolytic reactions are of primary importance. Enzymic inactivation may be one factor influencing fungicide selectivity. Metabolism is the dominant factor of selectivity if it represents the activation process, as with triadimefon. Transformations in higher plants do not differ significantly from those occurring in fungi, except that factors such as the formation of conjugates with natural compounds of plant tissues also play a role, as with triforine and triadimenol. The selectivity of fungitoxic action may be influenced by metabolism both in the host plant and the pathogen.
The Biosynthesis of Ergosterol
Authors: Mercer E. Ian
Published: November 2006

The present state of knowledge of ergosterol biosynthesis is reviewed briefly in order to provide a contextual framework for the following papers which deal with its inhibition, the compounds that cause this inhibition, and their mode of action. The paper concentrates upon the post‐squalene segment of the process as it occurs in fungi because the commercially important inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis are fungicides that block steps within that process.
Binding of azole fungicides related to diclobutrazol to cytochrome P‐450
Authors: Wiggins Thomas E. , Baldwin Brian C.
Published: November 2006

Fungicides containing the imidazole and triazole groups are known to block the 14α‐demethylation reaction in ergosterol biosynthesis, which is a cytochrome P‐450 enzyme system. Fungicides related to diclobutrazol [(2RS, 3RS)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pentan‐3‐ol] bind to cytochrome P‐450 in rat liver microsomes, whole yeast cells, yeast microsomes and to a partially purified cytochrome P‐450 from yeast, with Type II spectral changes. The most fungicidally active isomer (2R, 3R) shows greater binding than the less active (2S, 3S)‐enantiomer to yeast microsomes; when the cytochrome P‐450 was purified, a preparation was obtained to which binding more closely matched the fungicidal activity. Binding to rat liver microsomes does not reflect the fungicidal activity of the compounds.
Electron affinities, gas phase acidities, and potential energy curves: Benzene
Authors: Jalbout A. F. , Trzaskowski B. , Chen E. C. M. , Chen E. S. , Adamowicz Ludwik
Published: November 2006

The experimental electron affinities of benzene, Ea(Bz), 0.4 to −4.8 eV, are evaluated. Multiple negative ion states are proposed to account for different electron affinities. The semi‐empirical procedure known as “configuration interaction or unrestricted orbitals to relate experimental quantities to self‐consistent field values by estimating electron correlation” (CURES‐EC) has several advantages: (i) supports multiple Ea(Bz), (ii) supports the Ea(phenyl) and the D(CH,Bz), (iii) supports the gas phase acidity of benzene from the latter, (iv) predicts the singlet–triplet split for the phenyl anion of 1.2(2) eV, and (v) predicts the existence of an excited quartet state of the benzene anion with an Ea(Bz), −2.5(2) eV. Nine ionic Morse curves are calculated from CURES‐EC properties and experimental data. These are compared with quantum mechanical crossing “c” potentials obtained using a subroutine in commercial software and ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) procedures. Curves are calculated for the proposed quartet state of the benzene anion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Two Oxamido‐bridged NiIICuIINiII Heteronuclear Complexes
Authors: Zhu Li‐Na , Xu Na , Ou‐Yang Yan , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Yan Shi‐Ping , Cheng Peng
Published: November 2006

Two new trinuclear complexes [CuII(NiIIX1)2(C2H5OH)2]· (ClO4)2·2(CH3OH) (1) and [CuII(NiIIX2)2(H2O)]·(ClO4)2· 0.75(H2O) (2) (X1 = dianion of 5,6;13,14‐dibenzo‐7,12‐bis(ethoxycarboxyl)‐9‐methyl‐2,3‐dioxo‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradeca‐7,11‐diene. X2 = dianion of 5,6;13,14‐dibenzo‐9,10‐cyclohexano‐7,12‐bis(ethoxycarboxyl)‐2,3‐dioxo‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradeca7,11‐diene.) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray analysis, elemental analysis, IR, UV and EPR spectroscopies. The complexes consist of NiIICuIINiII heteronuclear cationic entities. The central CuII atom of 1 lies in an octahedral coordination environment, while that of 2 resides in a square‐pyramidal coordination sphere. The adjacent trinuclear units of 1 are linked together through π‐π stacking interactions resulting in a 1D supramolecular chain, whereas the π‐π stacking interactions between the contiguous units of 2 lead to a 2D structure. The EPR spectra of the two complexes show a signal of an axially elongated octahedral CuII system in 1 and an axially elongated square‐pyramidal CuII system in 2, respectively. The hyperfine splitting of the CuII atoms (ICu = 3/2) has also been observed in the EPR spectra.
Sm2O2I – A New Mixed‐Valence Samarium(II,III) Oxide Halide
Authors: Ryazanov Mikhail , Hoch Constantin , Mattausch Hansjürgen , Simon Arndt
Published: November 2006

Dark red single crystals of Sm2O2I were obtained from a reaction of SmI2 (in the presence of SmOI) and Na in a sealed tantalum ampoule at 650 °C. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system (C2/m, Z = 4, a = 12.639(2), b = 4.100(1), c = 9.762(3) Å, β = 117.97(2)°). The structure consists of corrugated [Sm2+Sm3+(O2−)2]+ layers of edge and vertex‐connected Sm4O tetrahedral units with I− anions separating the layers.
Structural Consequences of S → Se Substitution in some Symmetrical [M(S2CNR2)3] Complexes
Authors: Dietzsch Wolfgang , Duffy Norman V. , Lee Aaron M. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: November 2006

The consequences of replacement of the symmetrically chelate ligands in [M(E2CNR2)3] (E = S, Se) complexes of potential 32 symmetry by analogous mixed S,Se unsymmetrical chelates are explored for both small (M = Co) and large (M = In) metal atoms, and R = primary (Et) and secondary (iPr) alkyl substituents by way of low‐temperature single crystal X‐ray studies of [(Co(SSeCNEt2)3] ([Co(Se2CNEt2)3] also determined as datum), and [In(SSeCNR2)3], R = Et, iPr. The structure of [(iPr2N·CS·Se)2] is also recorded.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of a New Coordination Polymer of Lead(II) Containing 2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Rafizadeh Masoud , Amani Vahid , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: November 2006

The reaction of solution 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (1) and 2,2′‐Bipyridine with Pb(NO3)2 led to the coordination polymer [Pb(pydc)]n (2) (pydcH2 is 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid). This complex was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal structure of 2. Crystal data for 2 at −80 °C: monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 977.2(1), b = 554.0(1), c = 1425.3(2) pm, β = 104.75(1)°, Z = 4, R1= 0.0261. The units [Pb(pydc)] form infinite chains along [010].
Mg3Ir3Si8, ein neues Magnesium‐Iridium‐Silicid mit Tetraedern und gekappten Tetraedern aus Silicium‐Atomen
Authors: Jung Walter
Published: November 2006

Mg3Ir3Si8, a New Magnesium Iridium Silicide with Si4 Tetrahedra and Si12 Truncated Tetrahedra

The ternary silicide Mg3Ir3Si8 (cubic, a = 1221.4(1) pm, space group $F{\bar 4}{\rm 3}m$, 8 formula units per unit cell) was prepared by reaction of the elemental components in a sealed molybdenum container (1000 °C, 1 d, cooled with 100 °/h). The crystal structure was determined from single crystal data. Short distances in the three‐dimensional iridium silicon network indicate strong Ir‐Si‐bonding (d(Ir‐Si) = 240.5(2) and 245.6(1) pm). In addition, homonuclear bonding seems to be important, resulting in the formation of Si4‐tetrahedra (d(Si‐Si) = 257(1) pm), and Mg centered Si12‐polyhedra with the shape of truncated tetrahedra (d(Si‐Si) = 241(1) and 261.0(9) pm). Furthermore, Mg4‐tetrahedra with Mg‐Mg‐distances of 355(2) pm are formed. The structure may be derived from the structure of the isotypic compounds Mg5Pd10Si16 and Mg5Pt10Si16 by adding a Mg siteset and subtracting a platinum metal siteset. It can be described by an expanded cubic “close” packing of MgIr6‐octahedra in which Si4‐tetrahedra reside in the octahedral holes while Mg4‐tetrahedra and MgSi12‐units occupy one half of the tetrahedral holes each.
Vitamin E protects chick tissues againstex vivo oxidation of heme protein
Authors: Madabushi Haripriya T. , De Mulder Cathérine L. C. , Tappel Al L.
Published: November 2006

Protection by dietary vitamin E againstex vivo oxidation of heme proteins in liver and heart tissues of chicks was studied. A previously developed assay consisting of deconvoluting spectra obtained from tissue homogenates to measure oxidation of heme proteins proved successful. Compared to liver and heart from chicks fed the basal diet, the tissues from chicks receiving vitamin E exhibited less oxidation.
Retinal fatty acids of piglets fed docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from microbial sources
Authors: Craig‐Schmidt Margaret C. , Stieh Kathryn E. , Lien Eric L.
Published: November 2006

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20∶4n‐6) serve important roles in perinatal visual and neural development. A neonatal pig model was used to determine if dietary supplementation with DHA and AA at slightly greater concentrations than normally found in human milk would influence fatty acid accretion in retina. One‐day‐old piglets were assigned to one of four diets (n=5/group): (i) STD, standard diet containing fat similar to infant formula; (ii) STD+DHA, 0.7% of fatty acids as DHA; (iii) STD+AA, 0.9% as AA; and (iv) STD+BOTH, 0.8% as DHA plus 1.0% as AA. After 25 d, fatty acids in retina phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were determined. Supplementation with DHA resulted in approximately twofold increases (P<0.05) in PC‐DHA (4.88% in STD vs. 10.03% in STD+DHA and 9.47% in STD+BOTH). Similarly, AA supplementation increased PC‐AA 1.3–1.4‐fold (4.47% in STD vs. 6.19% in STD+AA and 5.70% in STD+BOTH). For PE, supplementation with either fatty acid or in combination resulted in no significant increases, except for a 1.2‐fold increase in DHA for STD+BOTH (32.66%) vs. STD (28.38%). Thus, PC responded to dietary supplementation, with addition of DHA, AA, or BOTH, resulting in increases in respective fatty acids; PE was less responsive, with only STD+BOTH resulting in increased DHA. No significant competition between DHA and AA in incorporation into phospholipids was observed. In conclusion, consumption of a combination of DHA and AA by neonatal pigs supported accretion of DHA in retina phospholipids, while simultaneously supplying the AA necessary for membrane phospholipids and eicosanoid biosynthesis.
Increased hepatic Δ6‐Desaturase activity with growth hormone expression in the MG101 transgenic mouse
Authors: Nakamura Manabu T. , Phinney Stephen D. , Tang Anna B. , Oberbauer Anita M. , German J. Bruce , Murray James D.
Published: November 2006

Growth hormone (GH) has many metabolic effects, but its mechanism(s) of action are not fully understood. We studied the short‐term effects of endogenously produced GH on liver Δ6‐desaturase activity and adipose and liver lipid fraction fatty acid composition in transgenic mice. MG101 transgenic mice ages 73–114 d received zinc to activate the ovine GH transgene for 7 d. Nontransgenic littermates, used as controls, also received zinc. Liver lipids were fractionated into phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides (TG), and retroperitoneal adipose fractionated into PL and TG for fatty acid analysis. Liver microsomes were assayed for Δ6‐desaturase activity. Animals expressing the ovine growth hormone transgene had a 2.5‐fold higher liver Δ6‐desaturase activity than controls. Arachidonate and docosahexaenoate were significantly higher in liver PL of GH transgenic animals compared to controls, but both were decreased in adipose PL in the GH animals. We conclude that increased production of GH affects both production and organ distribution of highly unsaturated fatty acids. The changes in arachidonate in various lipid pools following transgene expression may mediate the systemic actions of GH.
Fatty acid composition of danish margarines and shortenings, with special emphasis ontrans fatty acids
Authors: Ovesen Lars , Leth Torben , Hansen Kirsten
Published: November 2006

Trans fatty acids from hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils could be as hypercholesterolemic and atherogenic as saturated fatty acids. Hence, it is important to know the fatty acid composition in major food contributors, e.g., margarines and shortenings. In 1992 margarines were examined, and in 1995 brands covering the entire Danish market were examined. Significant amounts oftrans‐18∶1 were found only in hard margarines (mean: 4.2±2.8%) and shortenings (mean: 6.8 ±3.1%), whereas the semisoft and soft margarines contained substantially lesstrans‐18∶1 in 1995 than in 1992. Where marine oils had been used to a larger degree the meantrans‐monoenoic content was about 15%, of which close to 50% was made up of long‐chain (C20 and C22)trans fatty acids. A note‐worthy decrease in the content oftrans‐18∶1 had occurred for the semisoft margarines, from 9.8±6.1% in 1992 to 1.2±2.2% in 1995. Calculated from sales figures, the supply oftrans‐18∶1 plus saturated fatty acids from margarines had decreased over this three‐year period by 1.4 g/day, which has been replaced bycis monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Sterol composition ofPhaeodactylum tricornutumas influenced by growth temperature and light spectral quality
Authors: Véron Benoît , Billard Chantal , Dauguet Jean‐Claude , Hartmann Marie‐Andrée
Published: November 2006

In a detailed sterol analysis of the marine diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum, free sterols as well as esterified and glycosylated conjugates were found. When the alga was grown under standard conditions (i.e., at 13°C under white light), 64% of total sterols were steryl glycosides. In all sterol classes, except steryl esters, (24S)‐24‐methylcholesta‐5,22E‐‐dien‐3β‐ol (epibrassicasterol) was the major (80 to 99%) sterol component. Eight other sterols were identified. Growth under different light spectral quality (red, blue, yellow, and green) at 13 and 23°C was examined. At 23°C, a dramatic decrease in total sterol content was observed, especially under blue light. The distribution of sterols between free and conjugated forms as well as sterol profile inside each class was found to be strongly dependent on the light spectral quality at both temperatures.
Plasma concentrations of dihydro‐vitamin K1 following dietary intake of a hydrogenated vitamin K1‐rich vegetable oil
Authors: Booth Sarah L. , Davidson Kenneth W. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Sadowski James A.
Published: November 2006

Dihydro‐vitamin K1 is a dietary form of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) produced during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. To determine if dihydro‐vitamin K1 is present in plasma following dietary intake of a hydrogenated fat, eight healthy adults consumed each of two diets containing 30% of calories from fat, of which 20% was either soybean oil or a partially hydrogenated soybean oil‐based stick margarine. Of the fats and oils analyzed, dihydro‐vitamin K1 was only found in the hydrogenated products. The soybean oil diet contained 180 ±12 μg (mean±SD) of vitamin K1/day and nondetectable levels of dihydro‐vitamin K1, whereas the stick margarine diet contained 199±7 μg of vitamin K1/day and 23±2 μg of dihydrovitamin K1/day. After consuming each diet for five weeks, plasma dihydro‐vitamin K1 concentrations were higher (P=0.002) in all eight subjects when consuming the stick margarine diet (0.56 ±0.33 nmol/L) compared to the soybean oil diet (0.12±0.11 nmol/L). There was no significant change in plasma vitamin K1 concentrations when the two diets were compared. In conclusion, dihydro‐vitamin K1 is detectable in plasma following dietary intake of a hydrogenated vitamin K1‐rich vegetable oil.
Physicochemical characterization of ATP binding to human 5‐lipoxygenase
Authors: Noguchi Masato , Miyano Masashi , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: November 2006

Human 5‐lipoxygenase requires ATP as a stimulatory factor. At the two preferred concentrations of the free Ca2+, 0.02 μM with a resting cell and 20 μM with a stimulated cell, Scatchard analysis revealed that 5‐lipoxygenase has one affinity ATP binding site with aKd of 4.6 μM at the low Ca2+ concentration but has two affinity ATP binding sites with a higherKd of 4.4 μM and a lowerKd of 14.5 μM at the high Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, in a Tween 20 reaction system, 5‐lipoxygenase had similar activation coefficients for ATP at both Ca2+ concentrations; these were 12.7 μM at the low Ca2+ concentration and 12.0 μM at the high Ca2+ concentration. These results showed that 5‐lipoxygenase has an ATP binding site and suggest that self‐association of 5‐lipoxygenase in 20 μM Ca2+ may affect ATP binding affinity as measured by Scatchard analysis.
Fatty acyl desaturation in isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Stimulation by dietary borage oil containing γ‐linolenic acid
Authors: Tocher Douglas R. , Bell J. Gordon , Dick James R. , Sargent John R.
Published: November 2006

The effects of different dietary oils on the fatty acid compositions of liver phospholipids and the desaturation and elongation of [1‐14C]18∶3n−3 and [1‐14C]18∶2n−6 were investigated in isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon smolts were fed diets containing either a standard fish oil (FO) as a control diet, a 1∶1 blend of Southern Hemisphere marine oil and tuna orbital oil (MO/TO), sunflower oil (SO), borage oil (BO), or oliver oil (OO) for 12 wk. The SO and BO diets significantly increased the percentages of 18:2n−6, 18:3n−6, 20:2n−6, 20:3n−6, and total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in salmon liver lipids in comparison with the FO diet. The BO diet also increased the percentage of 20:4n−6. Both the SO and BO diets significantly reduced the percentages of all n−3 PUFA in comparison with the FO diet. The OO diet significantly increased the percentages of 18:1n−9, 18:2n−6, total monoenes, and total n−6 PUFA in liver lipids compared to the FO diet, and the percentages of all n−3 PUFA were significantly reduced. With [1‐14C]18:3n−3, the recovery of radioactivity in the products of Δ6 desaturation was significantly greater in the hepatocytes from salmon fed SO, BO, and OO in comparison with the FO diet. The BO diet also increased the recovery of radioactivity in the products of Δ5 desaturation. Only the BO diet significantly affected the desaturation of [1‐14C]18:2n−6, increasing recovery of radioactivity in both Δ6‐ and Δ5‐desaturation products. In conclusion, dietary BO, enriched in γ‐linolenic acid (18:3n−6), significantly increased the proportions of both 20:3n−6 and 20:4n−6 in salmon liver phospholipids and also significantly increased the desaturation of both 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3 in salmon hepatocytes. The possible relationships between dietary fatty acid composition, tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition, and desaturation/elongation activities are discussed.
The fatty acid composition of a Vibrio alginolyticus associated with the alga Cladophora coelothrix. Identification of the novel 9‐methyl‐10‐hexadecenoic acid
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Sostre Anthony , Stefanov Kamen , Popov Simeon , Kujumgiev Athanas , Dimitrova‐Konaklieva Stefka , Tosteson Carmen G. , Tosteson Thomas R.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of a new strain of Vibrio alginolyticus, found in the alga Cladophora coelothrix, was studied. Among 38 different fatty acids, a new fatty acid, 9‐methyl‐10‐hexadecenoic acid and the unusual 11‐methyl‐12‐octadecenoic acid, were identified. Linear alkylbenzene fatty acids, such as 10‐phenyldecanoic acid, 12‐phenyldodecanoic acid and 14‐phenyltetradecanoic acid, were also found in V. alginolyticus. The alga contained 43% saturated fatty acids, and 28% C16–C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n−3 and n−6 families.
Women's Health Care Minimum Data Set: Pilot Test and Validation for Use in Clinical Practice
Authors: CNM Cindy L Farley , Tharpe Nell , Miller Liane , Ruxer Debbie Jenkins
Published: November 2006

Basic elements of the structure, process, and outcomes of midwifery practice have not been fully determined, particularly in the areas of women's gynecologic and primary health care. The American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) supported the development of clinical data sets to describe structure, process, and outcomes of midwifery practice for use by clinical practitioners. The Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set was developed using a panel of expert midwives and other women's health care professionals, as well as literature resources. Students of the Graduate Midwifery Program at Philadelphia University performed pilot testing of the Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set as a service to the profession of midwifery while applying concepts learned in their research methods courses. Each student (n = 19) recruited a midwifery practice in which she had a clinical affiliation, and gathered data sets on the previous 30 consecutive women's health care encounters by CNMs or CMs (n = 569). Item analysis and refinement were done. Criterion‐related validity and construct‐related validity of the Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set were explored through comparison with the medical record and through the testing of plausible hypotheses. The Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set has the potential to be an important instrument in documenting and understanding the evolving nature of the practice of primary women's health care by midwives and other women's health care providers.
Current Issues in Emergency Contraception: An Overview for Providers
Authors: Brunton Jennifer , Beal Margaret W.
Published: November 2006

Emergency contraception has the potential to greatly reduce the number of unintended pregnancies occurring each year in the United States. Emergency contraception is a safe and effective intervention to which all women should have easy access in the event of an act of unprotected intercourse. Methods of emergency contraception include combined hormone oral contraceptive pills, progestin‐only oral contraceptive pills, a dedicated progestin‐only emergency contraceptive product, and insertion of a copper intrauterine device. Barriers exist to the increased use of emergency contraception, including the prescription‐only status of all of the methods and lack of accurate knowledge on the part of health care providers and consumers. This article provides an overview of the clinical management of emergency contraception.
Gynecologic and Contraceptive Services Provided by Certified Nurse‐Midwives in North Carolina
Authors: Likis Frances E. , Petersen Ruth , Clark Kathryn Andersen , Payne Patricia A.
Published: November 2006

Gynecologic care by midwives has been little represented in the peer‐reviewed literature despite the fact that the majority of midwives provide these services. Offering patients a variety of contraceptive options is important for informed choice and consent and for reducing the unintended pregnancy rate, which is nearly 50% in the United States. This study describes the volume of gynecologic care and the contraceptive methods provided by certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) in North Carolina. The study was conducted using a cross‐sectional, confidential, self‐administered mail questionnaire completed by 133 CNMs in clinical practice in North Carolina. The majority of the CNMs worked in private practice settings (67%), in urban areas (60%), and had 10 or fewer years of experience (62%). The median number of women seen weekly for gynecologic care was 15 (range 0–80), and 30% of CNMs provided gynecologic care to more than 25 women each week. The contraceptive methods discussed and provided by the CNMs were comprehensive. The high percentage of midwives providing gynecologic care merits further study of the content and quality of this care.
Isolated inflammatory sphenoiditis with multiple unilateral cranial nerve palsies
Authors: Shukla S , Keh S M , Andrews P , Saleh H
Published: November 2006

Isolated sphenoidits is a rare entity that often presents with vague, non-specific symptoms. We present the case of a 36-year-old Middle Eastern man, who developed headache and a painful right eye. A diagnosis of acute sphenoiditis was made. Shortly afterwards, he developed diplopia due to isolated abducent nerve involvement. Within two months, the extent of cranial nerve involvement had increased to include cranial nerves II, III, and V. Subsequently, this was treated by functional endoscopic sinus surgical drainage and biopsy. Histology revealed inflammatory changes. The patient made a dramatic recovery post-operatively, with resolution in all symptoms.
Anti-filarial activity of novel formulations of albendazole against experimental brugian filariasis
Authors: GAUR R. L. , DIXIT S. , SAHOO M. K. , KHANNA M. , SINGH S. , MURTHY P. K.
Published: November 2006

The study was aimed at developing better orally active albendazole (ALB) formulations. Six formulations (ALB-1 to ALB-6) were prepared and tested against Brugia malayi in Mastomys coucha and jird (Meriones unguiculatus) at 200 mg/kg, orally, for 5 consecutive days. The anti-filarial efficacy was assessed against microfilariae (mf), adult worms and female reproductive potential. Three of the 6 ALB formulations showed greatly improved female worm sterilizing potential (ALB-1: 90%; ALB-3: 63%; ALB-4: 77% of untreated control) in B. malayi – M. coucha model. Sterilization efficacy of ALB-1 was also better than that shown by pure-ALB (P<0·001) or its marketed tablet formulation, Zentel (P<0·01), while that of ALB-4 was better than pure-ALB (P<0·05). The activity of ALB-3, pure-ALB and Zentel was, however, comparable. ALB-1 also showed late microfilaricidal activity with a maximum of 78% fall in microfilarial count. In contrast, neither the pure ALB nor Zentel showed any microfilaricidal activity. In the jird – B. malayi model, ALB-1 and ALB-4 showed marginal sterilizing efficacy whereas pure ALB or Zentel were ineffective. In conclusion the anti-filarial efficacy of ALB-1 was found to be superior to pure-ALB or Zentel.
Pankreaskarzinom
Authors: Schmid
Published: November 2006

Das Pankreaskarzinom steht an 4. Stelle der durch Krebserkrankungen bedingten Todesfälle. Am häufigsten findet sich das duktale Adenokarzinom. Die Mehrzahl der Pankreaskarzinome weist Veränderungen im K-Ras, INK4a, Tp53 und Smad4 auf. Ähnlich dem Kolonkarzinom wird ein Mehrschrittmodell der Karzinogenese beim Pankreaskarzinom postuliert. Die Vorläuferläsionen werden als pankreatische intraepitheliale Neoplasien (PanIN) bezeichnet. Pathognomonisches Symptom ist der schmerzlose Ikterus bei Pankreaskopfkarzinomen durch eine Verlegung der Gallengänge. Ein Spiral-CT mit intravenösem Kontrast eignet sich, um die Resektabilität zu beurteilen. Die Whipple'sche Resektion beim Pankreaskarzinom ist in der Regel ein palliativer Ansatz. Beim metastasierenden Pankreaskarzinom bleibt Gemcitabine unbefriedigender Standard.
Toxisches Megakolon – Chirurgische Sicht
Authors: Ruf
Published: November 2006

Das toxische Megakolon ist eine relativ seltene, aber bedrohliche Komplikation der fulminanten Kolitis. Die Ursache reicht von der ischämischen oder infektiösen Genese, wie die pseudomembranöse Kolitis, bis am häufigsten zu den chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen. Definiert ist das toxische Megakolon als segmentale oder totale Kolondilatation mit einem Durchmesser > 6 cm verbunden mit den klinischen Symptomen einer Kolitis und systemischen toxischen Reaktion. Wegen der unverändert hohen Morbidität und Mortalität ist die frühe Diagnose und Therapie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die freie Perforation erhöht die Mortalität um das Vierfache. Die Diagnose erfolgt neben den klinischen Symptomen durch die Röntgenaufnahme des Abdomens mit dem Nachweis einer Kolondilatation und fehlender Haustrierung. Gasansammlungen im Dünndarm können früh auf die Entwicklung des toxischen Megakolons hindeuten. Im CT lassen Wandverdickung, perikolische Entzündung und unregelmässige Haustrierung eine toxische Kolondilatation vermuten und Perforationen oder Abszesse früh nachweisen. Primär erfolgt eine medikamentöse Therapie mit parenteraler Ernährung, Flüssigkeits- und Elektrolytsubstitution und der Therapie der Kolitis ggf. mit Kortison. Antibiotika werden zur Behandlung bei infektiöser Genese oder Bakteriämie bzw. bei bereits gedeckter Perforation eingesetzt. Verschlechterung der Symptomatik oder Komplikationen wie Perforation, unkontrollierbare Blutung oder progressive Dilatation sind Indikationen für eine sofortige chirurgische Therapie. Die chirurgische Strategie mit Kolektomie und Blindverschluss des Rektums (Op. n. Hartmann) und Ileostoma berücksichtigt die Entfernung des erkrankten Darms mit der Option der Wiederherstellung der Darmpassage. Diese erfolgt in Abhängigkeit der Genese als Ileoanale Pouchanastomose bzw. Ileorektostomie. Mit dem interdisziplinären Therapiekonzept lassen sich Morbidität und Mortalität weiter reduzieren und bieten dem Patienten eine günstige Prognose.
Estimating ground‐level PM2.5 using aerosol optical depth determined from satellite remote sensing
Authors: van Donkelaar Aaron , Martin Randall V. , Park Rokjin J.
Published: November 2006

We assess the relationship of ground‐level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations for 2000–2001 measured as part of the Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) network and the U.S. Air Quality System (AQS), versus remote‐sensed PM2.5 determined from aerosol optical depths (AOD) measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) satellite instruments. A global chemical transport model (GEOS‐CHEM) is used to simulate the factors affecting the relation between AOD and PM2.5. AERONET AOD is used to evaluate the method (r = 0.71, N = 48, slope = 0.69). We find significant spatial variation of the annual mean ground‐based measurements with PM2.5 determined from MODIS (r = 0.69, N = 199, slope = 0.82) and MISR (r = 0.58, N = 199, slope = 0.57). Excluding California significantly increases the respective slopes and correlations. The relative vertical profile of aerosol extinction is the most important factor affecting the spatial relationship between satellite and surface measurements of PM2.5; neglecting this parameter would reduce the spatial correlation to 0.36. In contrast, temporal variation in AOD is the most influential parameter affecting the temporal relationship between satellite and surface measurements of PM2.5; neglecting daily variation in this parameter would decrease the correlation in eastern North America from 0.5–0.8 to less than 0.2. Other simulated aerosol properties, such as effective radius and extinction efficiency have a minor role temporally, but do influence the spatial correlation. Global mapping of PM2.5 from both MODIS and MISR reveals annual mean concentrations of 40–50 ug/m3 over northern India and China.
Vertical atmospheric flow on Titan as measured by the HASI instrument on board the Huygens probe
Authors: Mäkinen J. Teemu T. , Harri Ari‐Matti , Tokano Tetsuya , Savijärvi Hannu , Siili Tero , Ferri Francesca
Published: November 2006

On January 14, 2005, the Huygens probe descended on the surface of Titan, the largest moon of Saturn and the only moon in the Solar system with a substantial atmosphere. After the deployment of the main parachute and the release of the heat shield at an altitude of about 150 km, the local pressure and temperature were measured by HASI (Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument) all the way down to the surface. These measurements have now been used to determine the vertical component of the atmospheric flow along the trajectory of the probe. The average flow direction is rising below about 40 km and sinking above that, with features that loosely match the strong shears in the horizontal wind profile obtained by radio telemetry. The prevalence of sinking motion in the stratosphere is an unexpected result for the given latitude, suggesting a layered atmosphere with a large thermally indirect cell. Wiggles superposed on the main upward flow are evidence of inertial instability characteristic of equatorial regions, pointing to a latitudinal shear of zonal wind throughout the lower atmosphere.
Quantized acoustoelectric single electron transport close to equilibrium
Authors: Ahlers F. J. , Kieler O. F. O. , Sağol B. E. , Pierz K. , Siegner U.
Published: November 2006

Single electron transport driven by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) is studied in the low power regime. The measurements are performed on a one-dimensional (1D) channel in a GaAs∕AlGaAs split-gate structure that is not dominated by unintentional impurities. The effective electric amplitude of the SAW is calibrated with the 1D subband energy splitting of the channel. Using this calibration, a close-to-equilibrium transport regime is identified, in which the SAW amplitude is on the order of the 1D subband energy splitting. In a proof of principle experiment, a quantized current I=1ef (f, frequency of the SAW; e, elementary charge) is generated close to equilibrium. Compared to the extensively studied nonequilibrium regime at high acoustic powers, heating is reduced close to equilibrium. This may improve the precision of quantum current standards based on SAW driven single electron transport.
Thermal properties and degradation behavior of red-emitting high-power diode lasers
Authors: Tien Tran Quoc , Weik Fritz , Tomm Jens W. , Sumpf Bernd , Zorn Martin , Zeimer Ute , Erbert Götz
Published: November 2006

The thermal properties and the degradation behavior of high-power broad-area diode lasers emitting at 650nm are analyzed. Imaging thermography is applied to assess the bulk temperature while the facet temperature is measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Although no visible facet alteration is observed, power degradation is found to be accompanied by increased temperatures at the facets. The immediate vicinity of them also turns out to be the starting point for the creation of defect networks within the quantum well seen in cathodoluminescence images. The observed behavior is compared to that known for near-infrared emitting devices.
Polycrystalline Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films on r-plane sapphire: Effect of film thickness on strain and dielectric properties
Authors: Fardin E. A. , Holland A. S. , Ghorbani K. , Akdogan E. K. , Simon W. K. , Safari A. , Wang J. Y.
Published: November 2006

Polycrystalline Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) films grown on r-plane sapphire exhibit strong variation of in-plane strain over the thickness range of 25–400nm. At a critical thickness of ∼200nm, the films are strain relieved; in thinner films, the strain is tensile, while compressive strain was observed in the 400nm film. Microwave properties of the films were measured from 1to20GHz by the interdigital capacitor method. A capacitance tunability of 64% was observed in the 200nm film, while thinner films showed improved Q factor. These results demonstrate the possibility of incorporating frequency agile BST-based devices into the silicon on sapphire process.
Essential role of RGS-PX1/sorting nexin 13 in mouse development and regulation of endocytosis dynamics
Authors: Zheng Bin , Tang Tingdong , Tang Nan , Kudlicka Krystyna , Ohtsubo Kazuaki , Ma Phuong , Marth Jamey D. , Farquhar Marilyn G. , Lehtonen Eero
Published: November 2006

RGS-PX1 (also known as sorting nexin 13) is a member of both the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) and sorting nexin (SNX) protein families. Biochemical and cell culture studies have shown that RGS-PX1/SNX13 attenuates Gαs-mediated signaling through its RGS domain and regulates endocytic trafficking and degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. To understand the functions of RGS-PX1/SNX13
in vivo
, we generated mice carrying targeted mutations of
Snx13
and found that systemic
Snx13
-null mice were embryonic lethal around midgestation.
Snx13
-null embryos had significant overall growth retardation and defects in neural tube closure, blood vessel formation, and the formation of the placental labyrinthine layer. Moreover, the
Snx13
-null visceral yolk sac endoderm cells showed dramatic changes in the organization of endocytic compartments, abundant autophagic vacuoles, and abnormal localization of several endocytic markers, including megalin, a receptor for nutrients and proteins; ARH, a coat protein that binds megalin; LAMP2; and LC3. These changes suggest that
Snx13
-null embryos are defective in nutrient uptake and transport, which may contribute to the other developmental abnormalities observed. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an essential role for RGS-PX1/SNX13 in mouse development and provide previously undescribed insights into its cellular function in the regulation of endocytosis dynamics.
NMDA receptors promote survival in somatosensory relay nuclei by inhibiting Bax-dependent developmental cell death
Authors: de Rivero Vaccari Juan Carlos , Casey Gregory P. , Aleem Salman , Park Won-Mee , Corriveau Roderick A.
Published: November 2006

Naturally occurring cell death is a universal feature of developing nervous systems that plays an essential role in determining adult brain function. Yet little is known about the decisions that select a subset of CNS neurons for survival and cause others to die. We report that postnatal day 0 NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1) knockout mice display an ≈2-fold increase in cell death in the brainstem trigeminal complex (BSTC), including all four nuclei that receive somatosensory inputs from the face (principalis, oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis). Treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) for 24 h before birth also caused an increase in cell death that reached statistical significance in two of the four nuclei (oralis and interpolaris). The neonatal sensitivity to NMDA receptor hypofunction in the BSTC, and in its main thalamic target, the ventrobasal nucleus (VB), coincides with the peak of naturally occurring cell death and trigeminothalamic synaptogenesis. At embryonic day 17.5, before the onset of these events, NMDAR1 knockout does not affect cell survival in either the BSTC or the VB. Immunostaining for active caspase-3 and the neuronal marker Hu specifically confirms the presence of dying neurons in the BSTC and the VB of NMDAR1 knockout neonates. Finally, genetic deletion of Bax rescues these structures from the requirement for NMDA receptors to limit naturally occurring cell death. Taken together, the results indicate that NMDA receptors play a survival role for somatosensory relay neurons during synaptogenesis by inhibiting Bax-dependent developmental cell death.
Hse1, a Component of the Yeast Hrs-STAM Ubiquitin-sorting Complex, Associates with Ubiquitin Peptidases and a Ligase to Control Sorting Efficiency into Multivesicular Bodies
Authors: Ren Jihui , Kee Younghoon , Huibregtse Jon M. , Piper Robert C.
Published: November 2006

Ubiquitinated integral membrane proteins are delivered to the interior of the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process relies on specific ubiquitination of potential cargo and recognition of that Ub-cargo by sorting receptors at multiple compartments. We show that the endosomal Hse1-Vps27 sorting receptor binds to ubiquitin peptidases and the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. Hse1 is linked to Rsp5 directly via a PY element within its C-terminus and through a novel protein Hua1, which recruits a complex of Rsp5, Rup1, and Ubp2. The SH3 domain of Hse1 also binds to the deubiquitinating protein Ubp7. Functional analysis shows that when both modes of Rsp5 association with Hse1 are altered, sorting of cargo that requires efficient ubiquitination for entry into the MVB is blocked, whereas sorting of cargo containing an in-frame addition of ubiquitin is normal. Further deletion of Ubp7 restores sorting of cargo when the Rsp5:Hse1 interaction is compromised suggesting that both ubiquitin ligases and peptidases associate with the Hse1-Vps27 sorting complex to control the ubiquitination status and sorting efficiency of cargo proteins. Additionally, we find that disruption of UBP2 and RUP1 inhibits MVB sorting of some cargos suggesting that Rsp5 requires association with Ubp2 to properly ubiquitinate cargo for efficient MVB sorting.
P38 MAP‐Kinase Pathway Is Involved in the Production of CLC‐3 in Nasal Epithelial Cells With Allergic Rhinitis Induced by Interleukin‐4
Authors: Han Demin , Zhou Bing , Cheng Lei , Oh Yun , Li Huabin
Published: November 2006

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of p38 MAP‐kinase (MAPK) pathway on CLC‐3 expression after interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) induction in primary cultured human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Methods: Cultured HNECs from five patients with AR were treated with IL‐4 (20 ng/mL) with or without SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK, at different concentrations and durations. CLC‐3 was detected in HNECs by immunohistochemistry and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. p38 MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK (pp38 MAPK) was examined by Western blotting.

Results: After exposure to SB203580, CLC‐3 expression induced by IL‐4 was downregulated in HNECs in a concentration and time‐dependent manner. This downregulation was associated with a decrease in pp38 MAPK.

Conclusion: These results confirmed that IL‐4 can induce CLC‐3 production in HNECs with AR through a p38 MAPK‐dependent pathway. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK may become an important strategy for the treatment of AR.
Air Bag‐Induced Orbital Blow‐Out Fractures
Authors: Francis David O. , Kaufman Robert , Yueh Bevan , Mock Charlie , Nathens Avery B.
Published: November 2006

Rationale: Although air bags have decreased the risk of serious injury from motor vehicle crashes, their deployment is not innocuous and can result in injury. The force of the deploying air bag can cause orbital blow‐out fractures. We investigated the circumstances that predispose a crash occupant to this particular injury.

Study Design: The authors conducted a case series.

Methods: A total of 150 orbital fractures occurred among 2,739 occupants in crashes included in the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database from January 1997 to July 2005. Ten orbital blow‐out fractures attributed solely to air bag deployment were extracted and four reported in depth. Occupant, vehicle, and crash characteristics were reviewed for predisposing similarities and to investigate the mechanism of injury.

Results: All crashes had air bag deployment and a frontal or near‐frontal principle direction of force. Nine of 10 injured occupants were positioned within the air bag's deployment zone at the time of impact as a result of a forward seat track position, falling asleep at the wheel, being unrestrained, or having decelerated before impact. Six of 10 occupants experiencing orbital blow‐out fractures were of shorter than average height. Based on rigorous crash reconstructions, the orbital blow‐out injuries were felt to be causally related to air bag deployment.

Conclusion: Air bag deployment may result in orbital blow‐out fractures. Occupants positioned in close proximity to the air bag during its deployment phase appear to be at increased risk for orbital blow‐out fractures.