bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the modification effect on performance properties of cast iron molds
Authors:   Volgograd State Technical University (Volgograd, Russia), Gulevskiy V. A. , Tsurikhin S. N. ,   Volgograd State Technical University (Volgograd, Russia), Gulevskiy V. V. ,   Volgograd State Technical University (Volgograd, Russia), Miroshkin N. Yu. ,   Volgograd State Technical University (Volgograd, Russia)
Published: February 2021

Research is devoted to the influence of the technological method of modifying gray cast iron for the manufacture of steel casting molds. Heavy operation imposes stringent requirements both on the design of molds and on the materials from which they are made. They reliably withstand the effects of steel poured into them, having a temperature of 1600–1700 °C, thermal shock, which is directly proportional to this temperature, as well as significant effects of cyclic thermal stress and deformation. Specific operating conditions of molds (high heating temperature, their installation on movable and stationary ditches, intensive traffic flows, etc.) complicate the necessary processes directly during their operation. Modeling geometric shapes on a scale of geometric similarity 1:10. Tests were carried out on molds cast from cast iron for consumable electrodes, modified with ferrosilicon (FS65 GOST 1415-93), primary aluminum A99 (GOST 11069-2001), vanadium slag (SHVD-1 TU14-11-178-86), FSB-30) and silicomishmetal (SIMISH-1). These modifiers were chosen for modification, as they are widely used in production. Thus, the conducted studies of the nature of the deformation of the walls of the molds and the stress-strain state on models made of gray and modified cast iron make it possible to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the resulting structure and shape of graphite. Further, the methods of the rational formula of the outer surface of profiled and sheet molds are used, having predetermined the nature of destruction in advance. The use of thin-walled used rational forms can significantly reduce their specific consumption. The study of the quality of the metal cast into the experimental curved outer surface showed that the macrostructure of the metal of the experimental and ordinary ingots is the same. The work was attended by N.V Markina, senior lecturer at the Dept. of Machines and Foundry Technology, Volgograd State Technical University.
Kinetics of synthesizing process for obtaining iron nanopowder by chemical-metallurgical method under isothermal conditions
Authors:   Le Quy Don Technical University (Hanoi, Vietnam), Nguyen Tien Hiep , Nguyen Van Minh ,   Institute of Technology (Hanoi, Vietnam)
Published: February 2021

In this work the kinetics of synthesizing process of metallic iron nanopowder by hydrogen reduction from α-FeOOH hydroxide under isothermal conditions were studied. α-FeOOH nanopowder was prepared in advance by chemical deposition from aqueous solutions of iron nitrate Fe(NO3)3 (10 wt. %) and alkali NaOH (10 wt. %) at room temperature, pH = 11, under the condition of continuous stirring. The hydrogen reduction process of α-FeOOH nanopowder under isothermal conditions was carried out in a tube furnace in the temperature range from 390 to 470 °C. The study of the crystal structure and composition of the powders was performed by X-ray phase analysis. The specific surface area S of the samples was measured using BET method by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The average particle size D of powders was determined via the measured S value. The size characteristics and morphology of the particles were investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The calculation of the kinetic parameters of the hydrogen reduction process of α-FeOOH under isothermal conditions was carried out by the Gray-Weddington model and Arrhenius equation. It is shown that the rate constant of reduction at 470 °C is approximately 2.2 times higher than in the case at 390 °C. The effective activation energy of synthesizing process of iron nanopowder by hydrogen reduction from α-FeOOH was ~38 kJ/mol, which indicates a mixed reaction mode. In this case, the kinetics overall process is limited by both the kinetics of the chemical reaction and the kinetics of diffusion, respectively, an expedient way to accelerate the process by increasing the temperature or eliminate the diffusion layer of the reduction product by intensive mixing. It is show that Fe nanoparticles obtained by hydrogen reduction of its hydroxide at 410 °C, corresponding to the maximum specific rate of the reduction process, are mainly irregular in shape, evenly distributed, the size of which ranges from several dozens to 100 nm with an average value of 75 nm.
Viral infection of spermatozoa. Part 1. Hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus (review)
Authors: Bragina E. E.
Published: February 2021

Intragametal viral infection of spermatozoa can cause true vertical transmission of viruses through germ cells. Currently, human papilloma-virus, including oncogenic risk strains, and hepatitis B virus, have been detected in spermatozoa. The possibility of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus has been proven.

Intragametal infection of spermatozoa with viruses of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus leads to abnormalities in the development of the embryo and can cause spontaneous abortions both duringnatural conception and when using assisted reproductive technologies.

The development of adequate methods for diagnosing an intragametal spermatozoa virus infection will make it possible to find out, at least in some patients, the cause of infertility and pregnancy abnormalities and apply appropriate antiviral therapy in preparation for natural conception or the use of assisted reproductive technologies.
Viral infection of sperm. Part 2. Human herpes viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, Zika virus (review)
Authors: Bragina E. E.
Published: February 2021

Intragametal viral infection of spermatozoa can cause true vertical transmission of viruses through germ cells. Currently, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C viruses, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, Zika virus have been detected in spermatozoa. The possibility of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and Zika virus has been proven.

Intragametal infection of spermatozoa with viruses of the herpes group leads to abnormalities in the development of the embryo and can cause spontaneous abortions both during natural conception and when using assisted reproductive technologies.

The development of adequate methods for diagnosing an intragametal spermatozoa virus infection will make it possible to find out, at least in some patients, the cause of infertility and pregnancy abnormalities and apply appropriate antiviral therapy in preparation for natural conception or the use of assisted reproductive technologies.
The effect of antibiotics on spermatogenesis (review)
Authors: Kadyrov Z. A. , Akramov M. M. , Aldyrakov E. M.
Published: February 2021

This review analyzes studies on the negative effects of antibiotics on reproductive organs and their function. Many experimental studies record the negative effect of certain antibiotics, depending on the dose applied, on spermatogenesis. Unlike drugs of other groups, in which a direct cytotoxic effect on the testicular tissue occurs through a change in the level of hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis or through a direct effect on the testicle itself, when using some antibiotics, most often against the background of the inflammatory process, oxidative stress occurs in the testicular tissues, which leads to dystrophic lesions and violations of spermatogenesis indicators.
The concentration of androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Roitberg G. E. , Mkrtchyan K. G. , Kulchenko N. G.
Published: February 2021

Background. The etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been fully studied. The main role in the induction of prostate tissue proliferation is assigned to the metabolism of testosterone. Recently, it has been reported that one of the risk factors for BPH is a chronic violation of the blood supply to the prostate.

The study objective is to determine the level of reproductive hormones in blood serum and prostate tissue when creating a model of chronic ischemia.

Materials and methods. The model of chronic pelvic ischemia was created in 10 white non-linear mature rats by partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. The control group of the study consisted of 10 male rats of the same age. After 1.5 months, we performed a hormonal study in all rats (n = 20) determining the concentration of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol in the blood and prostate tissue. Also, in all animals (n = 20), a morphological study of the prostate was performed.

Results. We’ve found a significant increase in prostate mass in the main group of rats by 16.4 % (p <0.05). Animals with BPH and impaired blood supply to the prostate had changes in their hormonal status: increased levels of testosterone (p <0.05) and dihydrotestosterone (p >0.05) in the prostate tissue.

Conclusion. Long-term ischemic disorders in the prostate may be a trigger factor for the development of BPH due to an increase in the concentration of testosterone.
Erythropoietin level in normal and abnormal human seminal fluid
Authors: Sosnin D. Yu. , Galkovich K. R. , Krivtsov1 A. V.
Published: February 2021

Background.There are not enough publications devoted to the study of erythropoietin in human sperm. According to the results of these studies, the erythropoietin takes part in the regulation of spermatogenesis, affecting the synthesis of hormones, in particular steroid ones. Currently, the physiological and pathogenetic effects of erythropoietin on human ejaculate have not been thoroughly studied. In this regard, the study of this protein in the ejaculate in patients with diseases of the male reproductive system, as well as in their absence, is relevant.

The study objectiveis to determine the concentration of erythropoietin in ejaculate samples of healthy and men with oligoastenozoospermia.

Materials and methods.Samples of ejaculate of 52 men of reproductive age were examined. The ejaculate was examined using the SQA-V sperm analyzer (MES, Israel). According to the results of the study, two groups were identified: the main group (n = 18) with reduced fertility and the control group (n = 34) with normal spermogram indicators. In seminal plasma samples, the concentration of erythropoietin was determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using the test system “Erythropoietin-IFA-BEST” (A-8776) (Vector-best LLC, Russia).

Results.Erythropoietin was detected in all ejaculate samples, the results ranged from 9.37 to 193.95 mME / ml and varied 20.7 times (p = 0.3). The median concentration in the main group was 64.49 mME / ml (41.96; 118.16 mME / ml) and 1.36 times higher than the results of the comparison group, which were 47.16 mME / ml (18.15; 90.94 mME / ml). No statistically significant regularities were found between the concentration of erythropoietin and the indicators of ejaculate fertility (r <|0,3|).

Conclusion.In oligoastenozoospermia, there is a tendency to increase the content of erythropoietin in the seminal plasma, which requires further research, taking into account a more detailed stratification of the groups examined for reasons that caused a decrease in the number of spermatozoa.
Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome in the prepubescent period (literature review and clinical observations)
Authors: Alieva K. Kh. , Kokhreidze N. A. , Sukhotskaya A. A. , Bairov V. G. , Skripnik A. Yu.
Published: February 2021

Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome (OHVIRA syndrome) is a combined malformation of the genitourinary systeme, characterized by various combinations of uterus dydelphys with unilateral obstructed (or blind) hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The causes of mistakes in diagnosis and treatment are common because of relative rarity of anomaly, insufficient awareness of practitioners about the syndrome and the lack of multidisciplinary approach. Untimely and tactically chaotic diagnosis of Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome leads to a misconception about the clinical situation, wrong choice in treatment, and, as a consequence, to complications such as strictures, widespread adhesions and inflammation, as well as irreversible changes in the topography of organs of the small pelvis with a subsequent deterioration in reproductive status of patient. This article provides a review of the literature on the problem, considers the clinical cases of diagnosing this defect in prepubertal patients.
Rare variant of ovotesticular disorder of sex development diagnosed due to injury-induced rupture of the reproductive gland in a patient with SRY-negative 46,ХХ karyotype (clinical case)
Authors: Okulov A. B. , Volodko E. A. , Latyshev O. Yu. , Godlevsky D. N. , Timokhovich E. V. , Mirakov K. K. , Nikitin K. S. , Anikiev A. V.
Published: February 2021

The clinical case of a rare variant of disorder of sex development (DSD) is described. This disorder was diagnosed with an emergency operation for the traumatic rupture of the gonad. A patient (14 years old) with a male phenotype and lack of muller duct derivatives had a female SRY negative karyotype (46,XX) and an ovotesticular gonad structure as a result of duplication in the regulatory zone of the SOX9 gene. Ovotesticular disorders of sex development with karyotype 46,XX, as a rule, are accompanied by an ambiguous genitalia and derivatives of the muller structures. Early diagnosis of the described variant of DSD was difficult due to the development of male type genitalia. Timely identification of DSD including the presented option of DSD, is possible during routine examinations of the urologist with mandatory ultrasound examination of the scrotum and pelvis.
OKUL MÜDÜRLERİNİN OKUL YÖNETİM SÜREÇLERİYLE İLGİLİ GÖRÜŞLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ (DEMİRCİ İLÇESİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Authors: Tofur Sezen , Yıldırım Remzi
Published: February 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı okul yöneticilerinin yönetim süreçleri kapsamında izledikleri yolun ortaya konulması, karşılaşılan sorunların ve çözüm önerilerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmanın yöntemi niteldir. Fenomenolojik vaka çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya 6 ilkokul, 6 ortaokul, 6 ortaöğretim kurum müdürü katılmıştır. Çalışma grubu amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolay ulaşılabilir durum örneklemesi ile Manisa Demirci ilçesinden seçilmiştir. Çalışma verileri 2019 – 2020 Eğitim Öğretim yılı bahar döneminde toplanmıştır. Verilerin toplanması odak grup görüşmesi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonrası 7 tema, alt temaları ve kodlamaları açıklanmıştır. Okul yönetiminde karar verme, planlama, örgütleme, iletişim, koordinasyon, etkileme ve değerlendirme başlıkları sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri ile sunulmuştur. Yapılan bu çalışmanın okul müdürlerinin yönetsel süreçler ile ilgili algılamalarının anlaşılmasına ve bu durumun hangi yeni sorular ile irdelenmesi gerektiğinin belirlenmesine yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Buna göre okul müdürleri ve yönetsel süreçler konularında yapılacak daha kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Pyotr Ivanovich Astrakhantsev: first post-war Director of the Leningrad Pharmaceutical Institute
Authors: Narkevich Igor A. , Stepanov Stanislav V. , Volgusheva Alla O. , Zvyagin Yuri Zvyagin Y. , Vorobeva Svetlana , Perelygin Vladimir , Dobrova Daria
Published: February 2021

There were several periods in the history connected with the rebuilding of the Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, which is over a century old, due to certain events related to the fate of Russia. One of these periods came after the Great Patriotic War. Some students and teachers were evacuated, some joined front line troops, others stayed in besieged Leningrad to live and work. Part of the facilities was evacuated. Another part was destroyed and lost. It was necessary to start all over again.
Based on unpublished documents from Saint Petersburg archives, this paper reconstructs the biography of P.I. Astrakhantsev (19051961), a university graduate, chemist, the first post-war director of the Leningrad Institute of Pharmacy. His life path was connected with Alma Mater, as well as with the work in the leading chemical institution of the USSR the State Institute of Applied Chemistry (at present the Russian Scientific Center of Applied Chemistry) he also taught chemistry in the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute, Molotov Pharmaceutical Institute, All-Union Correspondence Forest Engineering Institute.
The Ethnic Minorities in the Political Thought of Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe) "Piast" and Wincenty Witos
Authors: Wichmanowski Marcin
Published: February 2021

Both in the final period of the Partitions and in the Second Republic of Poland, the majority of the society lived in villages. The countryside appeared to be the main area of the linguistic, cultural and religious diversity. Its daily life was marked not only by economic differences, but also ethnic, denominational and cultural ones, which grew in importance by becoming the crucial elements of the social stratification. A relatively amicable cohabitation of various groups was put to the test during a period of wars and other unrests, when existing friendships were losing their significance and the population was forced to explicitly define themselves in terms of their ethnicity or religion. Based on the programme assumptions and the comments or speeches made by the politicians of Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe) “Piast”, it can be concluded, that the party tolerated only such aspirations of other ethnic groups, which did not involve any attempts to share political power and which expressed loyalty to the state. In the case of Slavic minorities, it was believed that due to effective government’s policy, they might be drawn to Poland or even assimilated, especially the minority of Belarusians. The assimilation programme of the German minority from the Western Borderlands was considered to be futile and with little chances of success. The solution to the Jewish problem was sought in supporting Polish economic and cultural activity, Polish industry, trade and craft as well as liberal professions and cooperative movement. The remaining minorities dispersed in Poland were not even taken into account under the party’s ideological concepts.
Change in the policy of the Uzbek authorities regarding cotton farming as a consequence of civil disobedience
Authors: Pachucki-Włosek Krystian
Published: February 2021

The article looks at the issue of civil disobedience in Uzbekistan. The aim of the article is to find an answer to the question of whether a civil society has emerged in Uzbekistan capable of influencing the ruling elite. The confirmation of this thesis was the history of the long-term struggle against the state monopoly on cotton trading, known as white gold. As the main source of the emergence of civil disobedience, the author adopted the economic issue, in particular the regulations that inhibit the possibility of the free sale of cotton, which is the main source of income for half of Uzbekistan's population. In the article, the author presents the actions of the first president of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, and his successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, regarding the approach to the cotton farming sector. The separation of thirty years of independence was aimed at rearranging the length of the process of forming civil disobedience in relation to the law limiting the free-market cotton trade. The article also discusses the influence of an external factor in the form of Kazakhstan's attitude, which made it possible to break the current legal order, as well as the importance of Swiss investments in Uzbek textiles. In the final conclusions, the author states that the process of creating a civil society and popularizing civil disobedience began in Uzbekistan. He confirms this by describing the behavior of both the authorities and society. It shows the negative impact of maintaining the cotton monoculture after the collapse of the Soviet Union on the financial condition of the society.
Hybrid challenges to democracy: some cases of Russia’s foreign interference in elections
Authors: Kruglashov Anatoliy , Shvydiuk Sergii
Published: February 2021

Contemporaneous wars are subjected to some profound changes regarding applied means and sometimes goals of the confronting parties. It is becoming clear with the cases of special operations, launched by Russia against its strategic rivalries and countries, which have been proclaimed by the latter sphere of Russia’s geopolitical interests. Kremlin tries to undermine the electoral process and distort their results. They serve very important tools of Russia’s actual policy. For instance, they aim at distortion of the election agenda settings, spreading fake news and false perception of main topics for a public discourse into targeted countries. USA, France, Great Britain seem to be only a few examples of those actions. Most of all, the vulnerability towards Russia’s interference into democratic elections are attributed with Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and some other post-soviet counties. The article characterizes some cases of such intrusion and points out at the urgent necessity to set in forth counter-policy against this kind of the interference.
Features of Sweden’s and Norway’s foreign policy towards Russia: Main problems and challenges
Authors: Kotlyar Oleh
Published: February 2021

The article presents the characteristics of the foreign policy of Sweden and Norway towards Russia. The chronological framework of the work covers the period from the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of the functioning of the Russian Federation as a separate actor in the international arena and up to the present day. The author analyzes the evolution of the policy of the Scandinavian countries towards Russia. The article sets out the main elements of the policy of these countries in relations with the Russian Federation. The researcher presents the main challenges that Sweden and Norway face today in the process of implementing this policy towards Russia.
Wellness Review 2020, Part 2
Authors:   University of Louisville, Huecker Martin
Published: February 2021

Introduction: This article comprises Part 2 of the Journal of Wellness review of 2020 wellness literature (July – December). In this review, JWellness editors continue the goal of offering a cohesive summary of recent publications within the wellness domain. We summarize new science and resilience initiatives published outside of JWellness that seek understanding of either burnout and its prevention or thriving in the medical community. Methods: From the interval of 01 July – 31 Dec 2020, PubMed was queried for empirical research studies, review articles, and editorials in accordance with the following algorithm: an article was required to have two delineating keywords, each from a separate grouping. The first identified medical professionals in either the title or the abstract: (“clinical professionals,” “physicians,” or “caregivers”), and the other identified a wellness-related keyword in the title: (“wellness,” “burnout,” “resilience,” or “resiliency”). Literature in Review: A total of 234 articles resulted. The list for inclusion was then narrowed to sixty-three articles plus one that was hand-picked. Recent literature into physician wellness, burnout and resilience continues to focus heavily on COVID-19. Well-researched topics include burnout surveillance, proposals for and small investigations into resilience, multiple studies attempting to differentiate characteristics that predispose to burnout, and the impact of the pandemic. Less has been written on leadership, financial wellness, and sustainable resilience-building initiatives. We note relatively few control-measured interventional studies—the majority of which remain small in endeavor and short in duration, limiting generalizability. Conclusion: Recent literature into physician wellness, burnout and resilience focuses heavily on COVID-19. Many workplace / organizational factors negatively influence wellness: cumbersome EHRs, cultures not focused on socialization and self-compassion, and high physician task load. We express optimism regarding future interventional studies of burnout mitigation and resilience enhancement.
About Creativity in Physics and Prospects for Collective Scientific Work
Authors: Budanov Vladimir G.
Published: February 2021

Solving many challenges in dealing with complexity requires a collective effort, including in interdisciplinary projects. Two types of problems arise here, one of which is associated with the development of a special methodology and a general interdisciplinary conceptual and functional language of communication between different disciplines, which is facilitated by the use of the languages of mathematics, the systems approach and synergetics, but not only; the second problem of collective creativity is the development of a unified joint style of generating new information, which is largely associated with the implicit knowledge that is born in scientific schools. In this regard, we consider the scientific schools of theoretical physics and large communities of mega-projects and intelligent mega-machines in high-energy physics, primarily using the example of the “Golden Ageˮ of the history of Russian science in the 80s of the last century in Protvino. Their connection with the social climate, political expectations, the worldview of scientists, the formation of a physicist in the process of education and life in a research team is considered. International trends in collective creativity and nation-al features of the existence of scientific schools are discussed in the context of an international mega-project to create a standard model of elementary particle physics. Three types of theorizing are considered, which date back to the creators of modern science, but are reproduced in each era, in each successive international mega-project. They are based on various forms and combinations of the dominance of formal-logical and empirical thinking. The question about the prospects for theoretical research in the digital era of artificial intelligence is raised.
The Concept of “Gu” (“Heartˮ) in the Traditional Socio-Cultural Space of Circassians (Cultural Aspect)
Authors: Khokonov Murat A. , Soblirova Zareta Kh.
Published: February 2021

The article studies various representations of the concept “Guˮ (“Heartˮ) in Circassian culture. The authors offer a definition of the concept as one of the most significant components of the specific development of the world in traditional societies. For a more detailed consideration of the issue, a historiographical review of those theories that have had a significant impact on the cultural understanding of axiological, moral, and psychological aspects of various conceptual spheres is carried out. This work presents the results of an ethnographic study of the problem, which allows us to make a conclusion that the concept of “Guˮ is universal in the ethnocultural picture of the world.
Autobiographical Memory as a Cognitive Phenomenon
Authors: Shchedrina Irina O.
Published: February 2021

The subject of analysis in the article is the cognitive characteristics of autobiographical memory. The idea is that, being an indisputable cognitive phenomenon, autobiographical memory, nevertheless, has a specific internal structure, which implies the obligatory immersion of the cognitive characteristics of autobiographical memory in specific cultural and historical contexts. And therefore, the author believes, these characteristics themselves acquire additional cognitive potential. Thus, autobiographical memory's cognitive nature allows us to take a special look at the memories and their presentation, expressed in the texts of historical materials. The article talks about the interpenetrating relationship of cognitive and historical in autobiographical memories and their embodiment in autobiographical narratives. Individual memories are a fusion of autobiographical, that is, subjective, and attempts at narrativization, which gives memories the status of a historical event. We can say that in the “texts of memory”, the cognitive is revealed from the historical perspective; and, at the same time, the historical as the concentration of autobiographical memory acquires the character of a cognitive phenomenon. And sometimes, these autobiographical texts are the only material that makes it possible to learn something about the peculiarities of individual life in a particular historical era (including the cognitive aspects of the individual life of that time).
Democratization of the Catholic Church in Spain in 1976-1978
Authors: Antonenko Polina S.
Published: February 2021

The article considers the changes in the position of the Catholic Church in Spanish society caused by the democratic transition. The beginning of the reign of Juan Carlos I was marked by the rethinking of the dialogue between the state and the Catholic Church. The king introduced the initiative to revise the provisions of the Concordat, thereby limiting the power position of the Spanish Catholic diocese. This decision looks like an intention to divide the history of Spain into Franco and democratic periods in the political and public consciousness. But the full-fledged democratization of society would have been impossible without the modernization of the church institution. The Constitution of 1978, being the main law of the country, reflects the state's attitude to religious issues, emphasizing the secular status of Spain and the pluralism of religion of the Spaniards. Despite the restrictions imposed on the Catholic Church, caused by the transition to democracy, the position of the religious institution remains high due to the pressure of the historical memory of Spain, in which Catholicism is a nation forming factor. As a result, the democratization of the Catholic Church was successful, and the church institution took a harmonious position in the conditions of democratic Spain.
The Formation of the Don Volunteer Cavalry Divisions in 1941-1942 According to the Memoirs of S.I. Gorshkov
Authors: Vasiltsov Konstantin M.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation of volunteer cavalry divisions, which in the future would make up the 5th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Corps, based on previously unpublished memoirs of Lieutenant General S.I. Gorshkov. Particular attention is paid to the critical analysis of memories in order to identify inconsistencies or confirm memories with real documents. The article discusses the issue related to the Cossacks who became the part of the Don volunteer cavalry divisions. S.I. Gorshkov places great emphasis on the heroic deeds of the Cossacks, noting individual episodes associated with specific personalities. In his memoirs, S.I. Gorshkov indicates the chronology of manning, the commanding staff and other aspects of the formation of individual cavalry divisions, in which he was personally participated. As a result of studying the problem, the author came to the conclusion that the memoirs of Lieutenant General S.I. Gorshkov, first introduced into scientific circulation, made a great contribution to the reconstruction of the combat path of the 5th Guards Don Cossack Cavalry Corps and its individual formations. Among the memoirs of S.I. Gorshkov until November 1942, no inconsistencies with historical reality and facts deliberately distorting it were revealed.
Ataman M.I. Platov and Don Old Believers at the Beginning of the 19th Century
Authors: Krotov Oleg S.
Published: February 2021

The article reveals the features of the policy of the Don atamans relating to the Old Believers on the basis of archival materials of the Don diocese. It is emphasized that the historical memory of the Don Cossacks pre-serves and multiplies ideas about the belonging of the Cossacks and atamans of the Cossack army to the Old Believers. During the 18th century, the Old Believers rapidly strengthened their positions, finding more and more support among the ordinary Cossacks. Major popular unrest of the century was not without the participation of the Don Old Believers. The movement of the Don Cossacks in 1792-1794 led to the partial relocation of Old Believers from the territory of the Don to the Kuban. By the beginning of M. I. Platov's atamanism, the Don Old Believers, despite the restrictive measures of state and local authorities, played an important role in the life of the Cossacks and the region as a whole.
Factors affecting the early postoperative period of cochlear implantation
Authors:   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech,  Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Preobrazhenskaya Yu. S. , Drozdova M. V. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech,  Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Sugarova S. B. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech,  Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Kalyapin D. D. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech,  Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Larionova S. N. ,   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech,  Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia
Published: February 2021

Persistence of viral infections ((Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV)) contributes to the development of inflammatory pathology of the upper respiratory tract, as well as dystrophic processes in hepatocytes. The impact of this fact on the early postoperative period during cochlear implantation remains poorly understood. A clinical and audiological examination of 100 children with high-grade sensorineural hearing loss was performed. Within the framework of the work, a serological and molecular genetic examination of patients for herpesvirus infections (Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus) was performed. Two comparison groups are highlighted. The first group included 58 patients with detected latent infections. In the second group 42 patients did not have serological and molecular genetic markers of infection with herpesvirus infection. There is evidence in the literature that surgical trauma combined with general anesthesia can cause reactivation of persistent herpesvirus infection. In 4% (n = 4), markers of an active infectious process were detected. The analysis of the course of the postoperative period in children in two study groups after cochlear implantation was performed. In the hemostatic system, hypocoagulation disorders were found in a number of children. Persistent herpesvirus infection can be a trigger for the development of both inflammatory and non-inflammatory complications after surgical treatment.
Mutations in the gjb2 gene in children with bilateral hearing loss in Kyrgyzstan
Authors:   Yeltsin Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, 720000, Kyrgyz Republic, Khalfina V. V. , Stepanova A. A. ,   Academician Bochkov Medical Genetic Research Center,  Moscow, 115478, Russia, Markova T. G. ,   Russian Scientific and Clinical Center for Audiology and Hearing Prosthetics FMBA of Russia Moscow, 117513, Russia, Polyakov A. V. ,   Academician Bochkov Medical Genetic Research Center,  Moscow, 115478, Russia, Tavartkiladze G. A. ,   Russian Scientific and Clinical Center for Audiology and Hearing Prosthetics FMBA of Russia Moscow, 117513, Russia, Nasyrov V. A. ,   Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy,  Bishkek, 720020, Kyrgyz Republic
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this work was to identify and study the prevalence of mutations in the GJB2 gene encoding the connexin 26 protein in the Kyrgyz Republic. Hearing loss is currently the most widespread disease. This paper presents a study of 89 patients with persistent bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and deafness of unknown etiology. All patients were divided into two groups. One group included patients with an unburdened family history, the second group included patients with a burdened family history. When clarifying the etiology of the disease, we can assume further dynamics of the hearing thresholds, as well as select the necessary tactics for managing such patients for early rehabilitation. As a result of molecular genetic research, mutations in the GJB2 gene were detected in 19 patients (21,3%). The 35delG mutation was found in a homozygous state in 5 children from parents of Russian and Tatar origin. In 4 families, parents were in an assorted marriage. Among 62 Kyrgyz, mutations in the GJB2 gene were detected in 9 cases, which accounted for 14,5% of cases. The 35delG mutation among the Kyrgyz was found only in the compound heterozygous state with the 235delC mutation in 3 children and with the –23 + 1G> A mutation in one child.
Expansion of indications for cochlear implantation in the Russian Federation
Authors:   Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech,  Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Shcherbakova Ya. L. , Megrelishvili S. M. ,   Saint Petersburg Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Kuzovkov V. E. ,   Saint Petersburg Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia, Karpishchenko S. A. ,   Saint Petersburg Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, Saint Petersburg, 190013, Russia
Published: February 2021

Profound hearing loss makes it difficult for a person to fully integrate into society. Cochlear implantation is rightfully considered a universal and an effective method of rehabilitation of patients with severe and profound hearing loss. The advantages of binaural hearing are well known; the advantages of bilateral cochlear implantation over monolateral implantation are undeniable, due to the restoration of all binaural hearing effects. At the moment, the relevance of simultaneous cochlear implantation, especially among children, and its benefits compared with sequential implantation are being discussed. It is known that there are special groups of patients among patients with hearing loss; they are either unrehabilitated at all or rehabilitation measures for which are ineffective. Special patient groups include patients with unilateral acquired or congenital deafness, asymmetric and residual hearing loss. Patients in these groups often complain of poor speech intelligibility, especially against a background of noise, inability to localize the source of sound, one-sided or two-sided tinnitus, and, as a result, a deterioration in the quality of life. All abovementioned makes us think about the need to revise the indications for cochlear implantation and study this issue in detail.
Conicotomy and emergency tracheotomy in general hospital
Authors:   Podolsk City Clinical Hospital,  Podolsk, 142100, Moscow region, Russia, Gerbergagen A. V. , Zelenov A. V. ,   Medyn District Hospital,  Medyn, 249950, Kaluga region, Russia
Published: February 2021

The article presents 6 clinical cases of emergency conicotomy and / or tracheotomy in an in-patient department of a general emergency hospital. A variety of tactics for the management of the preoperative period and surgical aid is described in conditions of extreme shortage of time for the adoption and implementation of a decision due to the severity of the patient’s condition and the rate of increase in the disorders of the vital functions. The causes of unfavourable outcomes of operations are analyzed. Proposals have been made to improve the training of personnel for action in an emergency situation and to provide material and technical support for this type of assistance in health facilities.
Experience of the center for diagnosis and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors:   Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute,  Moscow, 129110, Russia, Egorov V. I. , Kurbacheva O. M. ,   National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA)  of Russia, Moscow, 115522, Russia, Savlevich E. L. ,   Central State Medical Academy of Department for Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation,  Moscow, 121359, Russia, Shachnev K. N. ,   Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute,  Moscow, 129110, Russia, Dyneva M. E. ,   National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA)  of Russia, Moscow, 115522, Russia, Savushkina E. Yu. ,   Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute,  Moscow, 129110, Russia, Kondakov A. K. ,   Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences,  Moscow, 117593, Russia
Published: February 2021

Polypous rhinosinusitis (PRS) ranks as one of the most important chronic inflammatory ENT diseases that significantly impair the quality of life. Today, it is known that chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifactorial heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, leading to the growth of polyps. The interrelation of CRSwNP, atopy and bronchial asthma (BA), their pathogenetic mechanisms, as well as the effect on the severity of the course and the frequency of each other’s relapses, are the subject of study. Data on the role of allergy in CRSwNP are controversial, while the relationship between PRS and BA is not in doubt. Patients suffering from CRSwNP and BA and / or allergic rhinitis (AR) require dynamic monitoring and regular correction of treatment not only by an otorhinolaryngologist, but also by an allergist-immunologist. To this end, since 2016, in Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute the Moscow Regional Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Polypous Rhinosinusitis and Allergic Rhinitis was established, which monitored and treated patients with ARS and comorbid diseases from various medical institutions of the Moscow region. By using a multidisciplinary approach during our work from 2016 to 2020, we managed to achieve a stable remission in most patients, significantly improve their quality of life and reduce the number of surgical interventions.
Case report of foreign body of the larynx
Authors:   Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital,  Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia, Larin R. A. , Shakhov A. V. ,   Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia, Kovalevskaya O. V. ,   Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital,  Nizhny Novgorod, 603126, Russia, Suzaeva P. P. ,   Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
Published: February 2021

A description of the unusual foreign body of the larynx is given. The peculiarity and casuistry of the presented clinical case is that the foreign body is in the lumen of the glottis of the larynx for about 1 month without clinical manifestations. The information on admission of the patient, the course of treatment, illustrated by the picture of changes on CT are presented.
Docieranie do rdzenia rzeczy. Współzależność form życia i sztuki w esejach Debory Vogel
Authors: Misiak Anna Maja
Published: February 2021

Artykuł przedstawia Deborę Vogel (1900–1942) jako jedną z najważniejszych krytyczek i teoretyczek sztuki lat trzydziestych XX wieku. Po polsku oraz w jidysz stworzyła ona system, w którym sztuka jawi się jako poetycko-programowa reakcja na rzeczywistość. Jest ona elitarna, ale też ściśle związana z codziennością. Jest niezbędna dla życia, ale też jest „samym życiem”, w sensie banalnej i wiecznej ballady. Za tą konstrukcją myślową kryje się malarstwo Marca Chagalla. To na przykładzie jego obrazów Vogel dowodzi głównej tezy awangardy o jedności formy i treści. Na tożsamość życia i sztuki Vogel spogląda przez pryzmat aktualności rozumianej nie jako manifestowanie poglądów politycznych, lecz jako konstruowanie rzeczywistości w dziele sztuki. Punktem wyjścia jest dla lwowskiej intelektualistki estetyka Hegla, od której stopniowo przesuwa się ku dialektyce materialistycznej, rozwijając m. in. tezy Lu Märten, pionierki estetyki marksistowskiej. Poetyka życia oraz koncepcje sztuki były u Vogel szeroko zakorzenione w filozofii, m.in. w teorii subiektywnego postrzegania Jakoba von Uexkülla. W artykule omówiona zostaje jego koncepcja koła funkcjonalnego, jak i mająca duży wpływ na artystów awangardowych teza, iż rzeczywistość stanowi dla indywiduum wyłącznie konstrukcję własnych doznań zmysłowych. Na koniec stawiane są pytania dotyczące znaczenia myśli Bergsona i Simmla dla rozumienia sztuki w ujęciu proponowanym przez Deborę Vogel.
Sztuka żydowska w świetle krytyki artystycznej dwudziestolecia międzywojennego
Authors: Piątkowska Renata
Published: February 2021

Artykuł analizuje pojęcie sztuki żydowskiej w zapisach krytyki dwudziestolecia międzywojennego w Polsce. Rozważania o sztuce żydowskiej, dyskusje o znaczeniu sztuk pięknych dla społeczności żydowskiej w diasporze oraz roli, jaka przypadła im w budowaniu nowego narodowego uniwersum wizualnego Żydów europejskich rozpoczęły się w przededniu I wojny światowej. W niepodległej Polsce kontynuowano dyskusje o kierunkach rozwoju narodowej kultury, zarówno w kontekście niezależnego, autonomicznego życia żydowskiego, jak i relacji między kulturą polską, kulturą dominująca a peryferyjną w kontekście państwa kulturą żydowską. Na przykładzie otwartego 20 maja 1928 roku Salonu Wiosennego Żydowskiego Towarzystwa Krzewienia Sztuk Pięknych (ŻTKSP) widzimy, że polska krytyka artystyczna nie tylko dopiero w połowie lat dwudziestych XX wielu. dostrzegła istnienie sztuki żydowskiej, ale i nie zdawała sobie sprawy ze znaczenia ideowego konstruktu sztuki żydowskiej dla żydowskiej społeczności. Równie niewielu krytyków zdawało sobie sprawę z doniosłości istnienia odrębnej, żydowskiej instytucji artystycznej, jaką było ŻTKSP i roli Towarzystwa w rozwoju żydowskiego życia artystycznego.
Pandemia czy wojna pokoleń?
Authors: Solarz Jan Krzysztof , Waliszewski Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

Artykuł dotyczy pandemii koronawirusa COVID-19 i jego potencjalnego wpływu na gospodarkę, system finansów publicznych oraz finanse osobiste. Szok związany z wybuchem i ekspansją wirusa w skali globalnej stawia przez gospodarkami, finansami publicznymi i systemami zdrowotnymi ogromne wyzwania związane z groźbą recesji, drastycznego zmniejszenia dochodów osobistych w gospodarstwach domowych, konieczność opracowania programów rządowych, łagodzących skutki pandemii oraz włączenia się Banku Centralnego w postaci obniżki stóp procentowych i stopy rezerwy obowiązkowej, a także uruchomienia niestandardowych instrumentów polityki monetarnej tzw. luzowania ilościowego (QE). Celem opracowania jest zaproponowanie języka nanofinansów do opisania pandemii jako destrukcji mechanizmu solidarności międzypokoleniowej i wewnątrzpokoleniowej. Główną hipotezą badania jest, że jakość zarządzania ryzykiem finansowym codzienności przesądzi o skali strat finansowych oraz czasie niezbędnym do wyjścia z załamania społeczno-gospodarczego wywołanego pandemią.
Wpływ formuły in-house na efektywność zamówień udzielanych przez administrację samorządową
Authors: Szymański Jarosław
Published: February 2021

W roku 2017 krajowy systemu zamówień publicznych został wzbogacony o nową formułę poszerzającą wachlarz wyłączeń ustawowych, określaną jako zamówienia in-house. Jest to nowa przesłanka upoważniająca do odstąpienia zamawiającego od zastosowania procedur przetargowych określonych prawem. Umożliwia ona zachowanie monopolu wykonawcy w obszarze zamówień udzielanych przez podmiot, który sprawuje nad nim kontrolę. Z uwagi na specyfikę formuły, która tworzy quasi zmonopolizowany rynek, przeprowadzono badanie w celu zidentyfikowania zmian konkurencyjności i efektywności udzielanych zamówień. Z uwagi na strukturę udzielanych zamówień w formule in-house, skoncentrowano się na usługach odbioru i zagospodarowania odpadów. Zidentyfikowano zmiany na rynku badanych usług, które wywołało zastosowanie formuły. W pracy zastosowano podejście badawcze oparte na danych ilościowych publikowanych w systemie zamówień publicznych.