bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art in the Information Age: Technology and Conceptual Art
Authors: Shanken Edward A.
Published: October 2002

Art historians have generally drawn sharp distinctions be-tween conceptual art and art-and-technology. This essay reexamines the interrelationship of these tendencies as they developed in the 1960s, focus-ing on the art criticism of Jack Burnham and the artists in-cluded in the Software exhibition that he curated. The historiciza-tion of these practices as distinct artistic categories is examined. By interpreting conceptual art and art-and-technology as reflections and constituents of broad cultural transformations during the information age, the author concludes that the two tenden-cies share important similarities, and that this common ground offers useful insights into late-20th-century art.
On Multiple Wh-Fronting
Authors: Bošković Željko
Published: October 2002

I show that multiple wh-fronting languages (MWFL) do not behave uniformly regarding wh-movement and eliminate MWFL from the crosslinguistic typology concerning wh-movement in multiple questions. Regarding when they have wh-movement, MWFL behave like non-MWFL: some behave like English (they always have wh-movement), some like Chinese (they never have it), and some like French (they have it optionally although, as in French, wh-movement is sometimes required). MWFL differ from English, Chinese, and French in that in MWFL even wh-phrases that do not undergo wh-movement still must front for an independent reason, argued to involve focus. The fronting has several exceptions (semantic, phonological, and syntactic in nature), explanation for which leads me to posit a new type of in-situ wh-phrase and argue for the possibility of pronunciation of lower copies of chains.
Altruism, Ā-Movement, and Object Agreement in Innu-aimûn
Authors: Branigan Phil , MacKenzie Marguerite
Published: October 2002

This article examines the syntactic properties of a long-distanceagreement construction in Innu-aimûn (Algonquian)in which a matrix verb may agree with an argument in its complement clause, normally with an associated topic interpretation for the DP target of agreement. It is shown that this is true cross-clausal agreement into a finite complement, rather than agreement with a prothetic object or exceptional Case marking. The topic interpretation effect is shown to reflect a (covert) Ā-movement that produces a complement clause with an accessible target for agreement at the left periphery.
Decomposing Pronouns
Authors: Déchaine Rose-Marie , Wiltschko Martina
Published: October 2002

Starting with the idea that the notion “pronoun” is not a primitive of linguistic theory, we propose that it is necessary to recognize (at least) three pronoun types: pro-DP, pro-fP, and pro-NP. Evidence supporting this three-way split comes from the sensitivity of certain proforms to the predicate/argument distinction, the internal structure of proforms, and the binding-theoretic properties of proforms. Recognizing different pronoun types also sheds light on the formal (dis)similarities between obviation and switch-reference.
(Un)interpretable Neg in Comp
Authors: Landau Idan
Published: October 2002

This article explores the possibility that the distinction between interpretable (valued) and uninterpretable (unvalued) features has grammatical manifestations beyond its role in feature checking. I argue that both selection and lexical insertion are sensitive to this distinction; thus, a head may determine not only which features its complement must bear but also whether they should be interpretableor not. Empirical consequences are explored in Hebrew, where infinitival complements to negative verbs (‘refrain’, ‘prevent’) display a number of surprising syntax-semanticscorrelations.Those are tracedto the operation of negative features in the Comp position. The analysis also provides insight into the recalcitrant prevent DP from V-ing construction in English.
Integrate-and-Fire Neurons Driven by Correlated Stochastic Input
Authors: Salinas Emilio , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: October 2002

Neurons are sensitive to correlations among synaptic inputs. However, analytical models that explicitly include correlations are hard to solve analytically, so their influence on a neuron's response has been difficult to ascertain. To gain some intuition on this problem, we studied the firing times of two simple integrate-and-fire model neurons driven by a correlated binary variable that represents the total input current. Analytic expressions were obtained for the average firing rate and coefficient of variation (a measure of spike-train variability) as functions of the mean, variance, and correlation time of the stochastic input. The results of computer simulations were in excellent agreement with these expressions. In these models, an increase in correlation time in general produces an increase in both the average firing rate and the variability of the output spike trains. However, the magnitude of the changes depends differentially on the relative values of the input mean and variance: the increase in firing rate is higher when the variance is large relative to the mean, whereas the increase in variability is higher when the variance is relatively small. In addition, the firing rate always tends to a finite limit value as the correlation time increases toward infinity, whereas the coefficient of variation typically diverges. These results suggest that temporal correlations may play a major role in determining the variability as well as the intensity of neuronal spike trains.
Human Interaction with Levels of Automation and Decision-Aid Fidelity in the Supervisory Control of Multiple Simulated Unmanned Air Vehicles
Authors: Ruff Heath A. , Narayanan S. , Draper Mark H.
Published: October 2002

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are vehicular robotic systems that are teleoperated by a geographically separated user. Advances in computing technology have enabled ROV operators to manage multiple ROVs by means of supervisory control techniques. The challenge of incorporating telepresence in any one vehicle is replaced by the need to keep the human “in the loop” of the activities of all vehicles. An evaluation was conducted to compare the effects of automation level and decision-aid fidelity on the number of simulated remotely operated vehicles that could be successfully controlled by a single operator during a target acquisition task. The specific ROVs instantiated for the study were unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). Levels of automation (LOAs) included manual control, management-by-consent, and management-by-exception. Levels of decision-aid fidelity (100% correct and 95% correct) were achieved by intentionally injecting error into the decision-aiding capabilities of the simulation. Additionally, the number of UAVs to be controlled varied (one, two, and four vehicles). Twelve participants acted as UAV operators. A mixed-subject design was utilized (with decision-aid fidelity as the between-subjects factor), and participants were not informed of decision-aid fidelity prior to data collection. Dependent variables included mission efficiency, percentage correct detection of incorrect decision aids, workload and situation awareness ratings, and trust in automation ratings. Results indicate that an automation level incorporating management-by-consent had some clear performance advantages over the more autonomous (management-by-exception) and less autonomous (manual control) levels of automation. However, automation level interacted with the other factors for subjective measures of workload, situation awareness, and trust. Additionally, although a 3D perspective view of the mission scene was always available, it was used only during low-workload periods and did not appear to improve the operator's sense of presence. The implications for ROV interface design are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.
Presence and The Sixth Sense
Authors: Slater Mel
Published: October 2002

This paper discusses the notion that presence may be considered as a selection mechanism that organizes the stream of sensory data into an environmental gestalt or perceptual hypothesis about current environment. A par ticular environmental gestalt results in scan-sensing of the world in a particular pattern reminiscent of saccades and fixations in eye scan paths. The environment hypothesis is continually reverified or else a break in presence oc curs. Presence is therefore compared to visual hypothe sis selection in the work of Richard Gregory and Law rence Stark. The implications for measurement are discussed, and it is concluded that physiological measures indicating breaks in presence are worthy of study, and that the study of presence is also the study of what maintains an environmental gestalt.
An Interactive Self-Replicator Implemented in Hardware
Authors: Stauffer André , Sipper Moshe
Published: October 2002

Self-replicating loops presented to date are essentially worlds unto themselves, inaccessible to the observer once the replication process is launched. In this article we present the design of an interactive self-replicating loop of arbitrary size, wherein the user can physically control the loop's replication and induce its destruction. After introducing the BioWall, a reconfigurable electronic wall for bio-inspired applications, we describe the design of our novel loop and delineate its hardware implementation in the wall.
Bank Restructuring in Post-Crisis Asia
Authors: Hanna Don , Huang Yiping
Published: October 2002

We assess the quantitative effects of the 1997–98 banking crisis in Asia at both the macroeconomic and bank levels, comparing our findings to broader studies of banking crises. Asia's crisis was both more severe and more costly than others but showed little evidence of prolonged bank runs. We assess the nature of reforms using measures designed to address externalities or market structure, information asymmetries, and legal infrastructure. We compare these measures to results from Barth, Caprio, and Levine (2000) with respect to the effects of banking structure and regulation on financial development, finding that reforms to date have underemphasized private monitoring and have concentrated too many assets in state-owned institutions. Despite extensive efforts at broadening legal infrastructure, progress has been poor, especially in Indonesia and Thailand.
The Current State of the Japanese Economy and Remedies
Authors: Yoshino Naoyuki , Sakakibara Eisuke
Published: October 2002

Japan has reached the limits of conventional macroeconomic policies. Lowering interest rates will not stimulate the economy because widespread excess capacity has made private investment insensitive to interest rate changes. Increasing government expenditure in the usual way will have small effects because it will take the form of unproductive investment in the rural areas. Cutting taxes will not increase consumption because workers are concerned about job security and future pension and medical benefits. Expanding the monetary base will not induce banks to increase investment loans because the proportion of nonper-forming loans in their portfolios is growing because of the prolonged economic stagnation. In order for sustained economic recovery to occur in Japan, the government must change the makeup and regional allocation of public investments, resolve the problem of nonperforming loans in the banking system, improve the corporate governance and operations of the banks, and strengthen the international competitiveness of domestically oriented companies in the agriculture, construction, and service industries.
Macroeconomic Policy in Japan
Authors: McKibbin Warwick J.
Published: October 2002

This paper explores the composition of the macroeconomic policy packages that would be effective in stimulating the Japanese economy. An empirical econometric model is used to predict the consequences of a monetary stimulus consisting of an open-market purchase of government bonds by the Bank of Japan combined with the announcement and implementation of inflation targeting in Japan. The paper also compares the impacts of permanent, temporary, and phased fiscal adjustments. The model predicts that monetary policy would be effective in stimulating the Japanese economy through causing a depreciation of the yen. Similarly, a substantial fiscal consolidation in Japan would be only mildly contractionary for the first two years but then would yield substantial long-term benefits to the Japanese economy. Combining a credible fiscal contraction that is phased in over three years with an inflation target would be likely to provide a powerful macroeconomic stimulus to the Japanese economy, through a weaker exchange rate and lower long-term real interest rates, and would sustain higher growth in Japan for a decade. Thus, a switch in the macroeconomic policy mix toward a loose monetary policy (e.g., setting inflation targets between 2 and 3 percent) and a tight fiscal policy is likely to be an important part of a successful package of reforms to raise Japanese productivity growth over the coming years.
STRABO, THE TIBERIAN AUTHOR: PAST, PRESENT AND SILENCE IN STRABO'S GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Pothecary Sarah
Published: October 2002

References in the text suggest that Strabo started writing the manuscript of the Geography in AD 17 or 18 and finished it in AD 23. Events current at that time affect Strabo's handling of his material. Three particular instances are explored in detail. First, Strabo makes no reference to Germanicus after describing his triumph of AD 17. Germanicus was well known for his subsequent settlement of affairs in Armenia, Cappadocia and Commagene in AD 18. Strabo mentions all three of these settlements, but does not ascribe them to any one person and thus does not mention Germanicus in connection with them. Strabo's silence reflects Tiberius' wish that Germanicus, who died in AD 19, should not be glorified after his death. Secondly, the overthrow and submission of the German king, Maroboduus, in AD 18-19 explain why Strabo mentions Maroboduus by name and provides details of this king's early life, even though Strabo makes no specific reference to the controversial events surrounding Maroboduus' submission, the outcome of which may not have yet been apparent as Strabo was writing. Thirdly, the Parthian Vonones is mentioned so obliquely that some scholars have stated that Strabo is completely silent about him. This is not so, but the disastrous consequences under Tiberius of the Roman effort under Augustus to restore Vonones to the Parthian throne explain why Vonones is topical enough to get mentioned, and at the same time why he is mentioned in so circumspect a fashion. In conclusion, Strabo's oblique treatment of current events suggests that he is averse to dealing with contemporary and often unresolved matters, and is consistent with his preference for information of a historical and cultural nature.
AUX FRONTIÈRES DE L'IRANITÉ: «NĀSRĀYĒ» ET «KRĪSTYONĒ» DES INSCRIPTIONS DU MOBAD KIRDĪR: ENQUÊTE LITTÉRAIRE ET HISTORIQUE
Authors: Jullien Christelle , Jullien Florence
Published: October 2002

The identification of the nāsrāyē and the krīstyonē in the mobad Kirdīr's inscriptions is still disputed. In this contribution the authors make a systematic examination of the Syriac and Mazdaean sources. Each term, situated in its context, can be understood in its literary and historical environment. The consideration of a geostrategic polarity Irān/Anirān enables us to understand these two designations by means of a re-evaluation of the relationship between Christians and Mazdaeans. Political motives, and their conjoined religious implications, explain the Sasanid authorities' use of these two terms to designate Christians.
THE SCENT OF A MARTYR
Authors: Evans Suzanne
Published: October 2002

Scent has long been associated with the world of the gods. Many of the Greek gods were noted not only for having a powerful smell themselves but also for having sensitive noses and taking great joy in the smell of an altar well-stocked by a faithful follower. The Christian tradition is full of stories of martyrs and subsequently saints who had the aroma of sanctity about them. These stories became part of a larger olfactory understanding of the relationship between humans and the divine. Islam also has significant stories of fragrant martyrs set within a tradition which has an appreciation for scent and its ability to communicate the closeness of purity and Paradise. The aroma of sanctity is often described as an incomparably beautiful perfume, but sometimes the description is more specific: florals such as roses, lilies and violets; spices, including cinnamon, cloves, ginger and myrrh; and food such as apples and bread. Tales describing the aroma of sanctity exist from ancient to modern times and are often explained as deriving from the use of incense and perfumes in funerary rites. This explanation however, does not capture the strength of the symbol and its inherent value of joy in overcoming death and sharing in divine immortality. This study considers how scent acts as a form of communication in martyrologies and conforms with their role to spread the message of the value of the faith, overcoming the barriers of illiteracy, different languages and the passage of time.
ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS OF ALPHABETICAL THINKING IN PSALM XXXIV
Authors: Hurowitz Victor Avigdor
Published: October 2002

This article develops a suggestion by A. Ceresko (VT 35 [1985], pp. 99-104) and finds that Ps. xxxiv may contain six alphabetizing sequences: 1) an abbreviated alphabetic acrostic with no 2) an overriding array made from the initial letters of the first and middle lines of the acrostic and the last line of the psalm; 3) an initial verse with an array 4) a twenty-two verse reversed partial alphabetic mezostic; 5) a twenty-one verse reversed telestic; 6) a final verse with an inverted array. Analogy of cuneiform acrostics and tablets decorated with wreaths of wedges suggests that Ps. xxxiv's acrostic and telestic uses of the alphabet and the letter may signify God, to whom the texts are addressed, and/or the author scribe himself.
OLD LIGHT ON MOSES' SHINING FACE
Authors: Sanders Seth
Published: October 2002

The crux of Moses' shining face in Ex. xxxiv is explained by first-millennium Mesopotamian astronomical and lexical sources which attest an ancient understanding of light as material. Moses' face could, quite literally, radiate horns of light, and the need to translate the term as either divine radiance or physical protuberance is a side-effect of modern conceptual categories, irrelevant to ancient Israelite ideas. Furthermore, the well known ancient Jewish tradition of Moses' coronation, and his divine physical transformation attested in newly published Midrashic sources suggests an authentic ancient reading of the text that resolves the contradiction between Ex. xxxiii and xxxiv. While no human could see God and live, in Ex. xxxiv, the Israelites recoil from a transformed Moses who is no longer precisely human.
Plasticity in adult development: experience with young males enhances mating competence in adult male cowbirds, Molothrus ater
Authors: White David , King Andrew P. , West Meredith
Published: October 2002

The social environment can play an important role in organizing organisms' behavioural development. We studied the effect on adult male cowbirds' communication and mating-related behaviour of being housed in social groups with juvenile males. In two large outdoor aviaries, we housed adult males, juvenile females and adult females either with or without juvenile males. Conditions remained intact from September 1999 through the first half of the breeding season in May 2000. We observed them throughout this time, documenting singing interactions, patterns of affiliation, and song production. We then brought the two groups of adult males together by rotating individuals from the groups into a mating competency tournament, allowing the males to compete with each other for mating opportunities with a new group of females. Throughout the study prior to the mating competency test, there were few differences among adult males in the two conditions as measured by amount and use of song, the quality of their songs, or number of copulations they received. In the mating competency tournament however, significant differences among males in the two conditions emerged. Compared with adult males that had been housed without juvenile males, adult males that had formerly been housed with juvenile males were more successful in the mating competition as measured by: success in getting copulations, number of copulations received, and latency to get copulations. They also engaged in more male-male singing interactions. These results provide evidence to suggest that development of mating competency is malleable throughout life in response to the social environment that individuals experience.
To persuade or be persuaded: which sex controls mating in a plethodontid salamander?
Authors: Gershman Susan , Verrell Paul
Published: October 2002

In the dynamic process of courtship, males often must perform behaviour patterns that function to persuade females that are initially unresponsive to mate. But, to what extent is the outcome of a sexual encounter determined by a male's persuasiveness versus a female's responsiveness? We addressed this question in three laboratory experiments using a plethodontid salamander, Desmognathus ocoee, for which persuasion by males appears to be obligatory. We found considerable variation in mating success among individuals of both sexes, indicating variation in both male persuasiveness and female responsiveness (Experiment 1). In addition, males of high persuasiveness mated more often than males of lower persuasiveness, regardless of the levels of responsiveness of the females that they encountered (Experiment 2). Finally, we found that males of high persuasiveness performed certain sexual behaviour patterns more frequently and more rapidly than males of lower persuasiveness (Experiment 3). Our results suggest that male D. ocoee of high persuasiveness can mate successfully even with unresponsive females, which may be especially choosy about which males they accept. Thus, those male behaviour patterns that increase female motivation to mate likely are targets of sexual selection by female choice. Whether females that mate with persuasive males enjoy increased fitness awaits further study.
Intraspecific agonistic interactions of squilla empusa (crustacea: stomatopoda)
Authors: Wortham-Neal Jennifer
Published: October 2002

Mantis shrimp are benthic, predatory marine crustaceans that have complex agonistic interactions. These crustaceans are divided into two functional groups based on the morphology and use of their raptorial appendage: smashers and spearers. Most research on the agonistic behaviours of mantis shrimp has focused on smasher species and on contests between asymmetrical and same-sex individuals. No studies have investigated the intersexual and intrasexual interactions of size-matched spearer individuals. I conducted a laboratory experiment using Squilla empusa, a spearer that lives in the Gulf of Mexico, to determine if agonistic differences exist between males and females. The results suggest that (1) although threat displays are rare in both males and females, male aggressive interactions involving physical contact are common, (2) males engage in more aggressive behaviours and interactions than do females, (3) females are less aggressive toward both males and females than males are toward males and females; interactions involving females are usually passive, non-striking, whereas interactions involving males can result equally in a strike or passive behaviour, (4) males are more aggressive than females, and (5) an increase in the number of treatment individuals resulted in an increase in the number of interactions. The behaviours of Squilla empusa are compared with literature reports concerning other species of mantis shrimp. The differences in habitat, feeding method, vision, and burrow type may explain the differences between smashers and spearer agonistic behaviours.
The structure, context and possible functions of solos, duets and choruses in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi)
Authors: Seddon Nathalie
Published: October 2002

Subdesert mesites produced five distinct types of vocal element which they combined to produce two broad classes of song 'syllable'. One of these syllables was exclusive to males and the other was mainly given by females. Song syllables were either produced in series by single individuals to give solo songs, or 2-5 five birds vocalised simultaneously with varying degrees of temporal precision to give duets and choruses. Pair-duets were the most common and male solos the least common form of song recorded. Females initiated and terminated significantly more songs than males and male syllables followed female syllables more promptly than the converse. However, the syllable structure of male and female solos changed when synchronised to form pair-duets indicating that, in contrast to most previous studies of duetting species, these songs are a function of both male and female behaviour. Only a subset of each group contributed to duets and choruses and participation was positively correlated with mass for males and females both within and across groups. Song activity remained at a low but relatively constant rate throughout both the day and season. The wide variety of contexts in which songs were produced indicated that they serve multiple functions: some appear to be cooperative endeavours (e.g. to maintain contact in dense vegetation and to defend territories), others may be underpinned by conflicts and could function in matedefence or in inter- and intra-sexual assessment within groups.
Reproductive consequences for males of paternal vs territorial strategies in the polygynous spotless starling under variable ecological
Authors: Veiga José , Moreno Juan , Arenas Marta , Sánchez Sara
Published: October 2002

The males' trade-off between caring for the offspring or investing in attracting additional mates is well established in the theory of mating systems. The reproductive consequences for males of alternative strategies adopted by them in response to these conflicting demands should depend on several ecological and social factors that may strongly vary among years. This variation, however, has been rarely addressed in field studies despite it being essential to understand the evolution of parental care in facultatively polygynous species. In the present paper, we examine the reproductive consequences of paternal vs. territorial strategies in the polygynous spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) during four consecutive breeding seasons (1996-1999) in which the number of male defending nest boxes and several population variables such as nestling starvation rates, nest predation rates and fledgling production varied markedly. In 1996 we manipulated the propensity of males to feed their offspring by means of androgens and antiadrogens, and examined the consequences of male behaviour on reproductive success during the subsequent four breeding seasons. Males implanted in1996 with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (Cy-males) fed more frequently than males implanted with testosterone (T-males) or control males (C-males) both during the season in which they were implanted and in the next season. The number of nest boxes defended influenced total breeding success mainly in the years when male feeding frequency was less important for breeding success per nest. A lower proportion of Cy-males than T- or C-males still held at least a nest box in 1999, three years after they were implanted. As a result, the number of fledglings produced over the four years studied was smaller for Cy-males than for T- or C-males. These results suggest that the oscillating selective forces acting on breeding male starlings seem to operate more frequently against the development of parental care strategies, while the polygynous strategy seems to be favoured under a wide array of ecological conditions. Although increased density of potential breeders may constrain territorial expansion and polygyny, the high cost of losing a minimum breeding site may select for the maintenance of aggressive behaviour and low parental investment.
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucía Oriental, Spain. New observations of Chitwoodiellus parafuscus, with comments on the genus Chitwoodiellus Jiménez-Guirado & Peña-Santiago, 1992
Authors: Peña-Santiago Reyes , Liébanas Gracia
Published: October 2002

Abundant material of the nematode species Chitwoodiellus parafuscus (Peña-Santiago, 1991) Jiménez-Guirado & PeñaSantiago, 1992 collected from 17 localities in the south east of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied. Wide intraspecific variability in its measurements and ratios has been noted and analysed. Some of its morphological features are re-examined and revised, and a new concept of the species is proposed. SEM illustrations of this species, and also of the genus, are provided for the first time. Finally, a new diagnosis of the genus Chitwoodiellus and a compendium of its species are given.
Tolerance of Rosa rootstocks and species to Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Peng Yunliang , Moens Maurice
Published: October 2002

A method for screening the tolerance of Rosa rootstocks and species to Pratylenchus penetrans was developed after observing the effects of nutrition and initial nematode population density on damage to Rosa corymbifera cv. Laxa. The correlation between initial P.penetrans densities and the weight of host plants fitted (R2 > 0.90) the Seinhorst model, Y = ym for Pi ≤ T, and Y = ym · m + ym(1 – m)z(Pi–T). All inoculated plants of R. virginiana and R. eglanteria survived while there were differences in the mortality after inoculation of 12 other Rosa rootstocks or species. Pratylenchus penetrans caused significant reductions in the numbers of the leaves and roots, and in fresh weights of shoots, roots and whole plants of all 14 accessions. Among these species and cultivars, reductions in root number were least for R. virginiana whereas fresh weights of roots, shoots and whole plants were least affected for R. eglanteria, and the greatest reductions were of R. corymbifera cv. Laxa and R. glauca. Plant mortality and the reduction of shoot and plant weights of surviving plants were positively correlated with the reduction in numbers of secondary roots. The numbers of secondary roots at inoculation were negatively correlated with the degree by which plant weight was reduced and with plant mortality observed 50 days later. Differences in tolerance among species as observed by differences in reduction of plant growth parameters were confirmed by differences of the parameters derived from applying the Seinhorst model to the species.
MODELS OF "THE BODY" IN THE ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD: GARÍFUNA AND CANDOMBLÉ CASE STUDIES
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher
Published: October 2002

"The body" and "embodiment" are now firmly entrenched in the working vocabulary of the study of religion, yet there is little consensus on what such terms mean. This essay reviews the widely varying uses, focusing on main trajectories of the "lived body", the "semiotic body", and the "productive and produced body". Since "the body" must always be set in a particular narrative strategy in any given ethnography, complications arise when the various, sometimes contradictory, uses of "the body" are not kept distinct or are presumed to be one. This essay presents case studies on how varying uses are actually implemented in writing ethnography, and calls for a return to clear specification of how and why "the body" is invoked.
The mineralogy, texture and significance of silica derived from alteration by steam condensate in three New Zealand geothermal fields
Authors: Rodgers K. A. , Cook K. L. , Browne P. R. L. , Campbell K. A.
Published: October 2002

Opaline silica residue accumulates on the surface and in the near surface of the Te Kopia, Tikitere and Rotokawa geothermal fields, where rhyolitic tuffs are attacked by steam condensate, made acid (pH 2–3) by sulphuric acid produced by oxidation of H2S that accompanies steam discharge. Silica residue is one product of this alteration process that also yields kaolinite, sulphur, sulphide and aluminous sulphates, including alunite and alunogen, as pH, Eh and available moisture fluctuate across the field surface. Coagulation of colloidal polymeric silica or, possibly, direct deposition of monomeric silica can occur from the acid solutions of the digested country rock, depending on pH, concentration, temperature and the presence and concentration of other species. As with silica sinter, the first-formed silica phase consists of disordered opal-A microspheroids, commonly 0.1–5 μm in diameter. These coalesce and become overgrown by further opaline silica to yield a mass resembling gelatinous ‘frog spawn’ that lines cavities and envelops surfaces. This mass is the principle component of botryoidal, transparent to translucent hyalite that comprises much residue. Following deposition, this juvenile residue may crystallize to opal-CT lepispheres, 1–3 μm across and, subsequently, to chalcedonic quartz. Both the opal-A and opal-CT of the New Zealand residues are more disordered than those occurring in typical moderate- to low-temperature sinters. The opaline silica of silica residues enjoys a reaction relationship with both kaolinite and aluminium sulphates, including alunite and alunogen. These phases and the silica precipitate continuously and undergo dissolution at the surface of all three localities. The precise pathway followed depends upon the prevailing surface conditions, including humidity, pH, Eh, and Al and K activities. As Al is flushed from the system, the ultimate stage of alteration that may result is the dissolution of the silica itself in acidified rainwater, fogdrip or further steam condensate.
Relationship between p53 dysfunction, CD38 expression, andIgVH mutation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Lin Ke , Sherrington Paul D. , Dennis Michael , Matrai Zoltan , Cawley John C. , Pettitt Andrew R.
Published: October 2002

Established adverse prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) include CD38 expression, relative lack ofIgVH mutation, and defects of theTP53 gene. However, disruption of the p53 pathway can occur through mechanisms other than TP53 mutation, and we have recently developed a simple screening test that detects p53 dysfunction due to mutation of the genes encoding either p53 or ATM, a kinase that regulates p53. The present study was conducted to examine the predictive value of this test and to establish the relationship between p53 dysfunction, CD38 expression, and IgVHmutation. CLL cells from 71 patients were examined forIgVH mutation, CD38 expression, and p53 dysfunction (detected as an impaired p53/p21 response to ionizing radiation). Survival data obtained from 69 patients were analyzed according to each of these parameters. Relative lack ofIgVH mutation (less than 5%; n = 45), CD38 positivity (antigen expressed on more than 20% of malignant cells; n = 19), and p53 dysfunction (n = 19) were independently confirmed as adverse prognostic factors. Intriguingly, all p53-dysfunctional patients and all but one of the CD38+ patients had greater than 5% IgVH mutation. Moreover, patients with p53 dysfunction and/or CD38 positivity (n = 31) accounted for the short survival of the less mutated group. These findings indicate that the poor outcome associated with having less than 5%IgVH mutation may be due to the overrepresentation of high-risk patients with p53 dysfunction and/or CD38 positivity within this group, and that CD38− patients with functionally intact p53 may have a prolonged survival regardless of the extent of IgVH mutation.
BclxL overexpression in megakaryocytes leads to impaired platelet fragmentation
Authors: Kaluzhny Yulia , Yu Guangyao , Sun Shishinn , Toselli Paul A. , Nieswandt Bernhard , Jackson Carl W. , Ravid Katya
Published: October 2002

Fragmentation of polyploid megakaryocytes into platelets has great relevance for blood homeostasis. Apoptotic cell death is a highly regulated genetic program, which has been observed in mature megakaryocytes fragmenting into platelets. The antiapoptotic protein BclxL has been reported as up-regulated during megakaryocytic differentiation in vitro, but absent during late megakaryopoiesis. Our study focused on examining BclxL levels in megakaryocytes in vivo and in assessing the effect of its overexpression in transgenic mice (via the platelet factor 4 [PF4] promoter) on megakaryocyte development and platelet fragmentation. Interestingly, in the wild-type and less in PF4-driven transgenic mice, BclxL was not detected in a fraction of the large mature megakaryocytes, suggesting a regulation on the protein level. BclxL overexpression was associated with a moderate increase in megakaryocyte number, with no significant change in ploidy level or platelet counts. When the mice were challenged by induction of immune thrombocytopenia, the rate of platelet recovery was significantly slower in the transgenic mice as compared with controls. Moreover, proplatelet formation in vitro by transgenic megakaryocytes was limited. Transgenic megakaryocytes displayed poorly developed platelet demarcation membranes and cell margin extensions. Our study indicates that regulated expression of BclxL in megakaryocytes is important for the development of cells with a high potential to fragment into platelets.
Copper deficiency masquerading as myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Gregg Xylina T. , Reddy Vishnu , Prchal Josef T.
Published: October 2002

We describe a woman with severe neutropenia and dependency on red blood cell transfusions who had previously undergone Billroth II surgery and whose bone marrow (BM) showed morphologic characteristics typical of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with ringed sideroblasts. She had transient reversal of anemia and severe neutropenia after therapy with erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Because of relapse while receiving growth factors, the patient was referred for allogeneic BM transplantation. A pretransplantation nutritional evaluation revealed severe copper deficiency, and her hematologic abnormalities resolved fully with copper therapy. This case shows that copper deficiency should be an integral part of the differential diagnosis of sideroblastic MDS, even in patients not requiring parenteral nutrition.
The roles of FLT3 in hematopoiesis and leukemia
Authors: Gilliland D. Gary , Griffin James D.
Published: October 2002

FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by immature hematopoietic cells and is important for the normal development of stem cells and the immune system. The ligand for FLT3 is expressed by marrow stromal cells and other cells and synergizes with other growth factors to stimulate proliferation of stem cells, progenitor cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Mutations of FLT3 have been detected in about 30% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and a small number of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Patients with FLT3 mutations tend to have a poor prognosis. The mutations most often involve small tandem duplications of amino acids within the juxtamembrane domain of the receptor and result in constitutive tyrosine kinase activity. Expression of a mutant FLT3 receptor in murine marrow cells results in a lethal myeloproliferative syndrome and preliminary studies suggest that mutant FLT3 cooperates with other leukemia oncogenes to confer a more aggressive phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest that FLT3 is an attractive therapeutic target for kinase inhibitors or other approaches for patients with mutations of this gene.
De novo purine synthesis inhibition and antileukemic effects of mercaptopurine alone or in combination with methotrexate in vivo
Authors: Dervieux Thierry , Brenner Timothy L. , Hon Yuen Y. , Zhou Yinmei , Hancock Michael L. , Sandlund John T. , Rivera Gaston K. , Ribeiro Raul C. , Boyett James M. , Pui Ching-Hon , Relling Mary V. , Evans William E.
Published: October 2002

Methotrexate (MTX) and mercaptopurine (MP) are widely used antileukemic agents that inhibit de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) as a mechanism of their antileukemic effects. To elucidate pharmacodynamic differences among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), DNPS was measured in leukemic blasts from newly diagnosed patients before and after therapy with these agents. Patients were randomized to receive low-dose MTX (LDMTX: 6 oral doses of 30 mg/m2) or high-dose MTX (HDMTX: intravenous 1 g/m2) followed by intravenous MP; or intravenous MP alone (1 g/m2), as initial therapy. At diagnosis, the rate of DNPS in bone marrow leukemia cells was 3-fold higher in patients with T-lineage ALL compared with those with B-lineage ALL (769 ± 189 vs 250 ± 38 fmol/nmol/h;P = .001). DNPS was not consistently inhibited following MP alone but was markedly inhibited following MTX plus MP (median decrease 3% vs 94%; P < .001). LDMTX plus MP and HDMTX plus MP produced greater antileukemic effects (percentage decrease in circulating leukocyte counts) compared with MP alone (−50% ± 4%, −56% ± 3%, and − 20% ± 4%, respectively;P < .0001). Full DNPS inhibition was associated with greater antileukemic effects compared with partial or no inhibition (−63% ± 4% vs −37% ± 4%; P < .0001) in patients with nonhyperdiploid B-lineage and T-lineage ALL. HDMTX plus MP yielded 2-fold higher MTX polyglutamate concentrations than LDMTX plus MP (2148 ± 298 vs 1075 ± 114 pmol/109 cells;P < .01) and a higher percentage of patients with full DNPS inhibition (78% vs 53%; P < .001). Thus, the extent of DNPS inhibition was related to in vivo antileukemic effects, and a single dose of intravenous MP produced minimal DNPS inhibition and antileukemic effects, whereas MTX plus MP produced greater antileukemic effects and DNPS inhibition, with full inhibition more frequent after HDMTX.
Conditioning with targeted busulfan and cyclophosphamide for hemopoietic stem cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Deeg H. Joachim , Storer Barry , Slattery John T. , Anasetti Claudio , Doney Kristine C. , Hansen John A. , Kiem Hans-Peter , Martin Paul J. , Petersdorf Effie , Radich Jerald P. , Sanders Jean E. , Shulman Howard M. , Warren Edus H. , Witherspoon Robert P. , Bryant Eileen M. , Chauncey Thomas R. , Getzendaner Lisa , Storb Rainer , Appelbaum Frederick R.
Published: October 2002

A total of 109 patients (aged 6-66 years; median, 46 years) with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were treated with busulfan (BU) targeted to plasma concentrations of 800 to 900 ng/mL plus cyclophosphamide (CY), 2 × 60 mg/kg, and hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation from related (n = 45) or unrelated donors (n = 64). At the time of transplantation, 69 patients had less than 5% myeloblasts in the marrow, and 40 patients had more advanced disease. All but 2 evaluable patients had engraftment. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of 3-year relapse-free survival (RFS) were 56% for related and 59% for unrelated recipients. The cumulative incidences of relapse were 16% for related and 11% for unrelated recipients. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 100 days (3 years) was 12% (28%) for related and 13% (30%) for unrelated recipients. The only factor significant for RFS was the etiology of MDS (de novo better than treatment related;P = .03). Factors significantly correlated with relapse were advanced French-American-British classification (P = .002) and International Prognostic Scoring System score (P = .009), poor-risk cytogenetics (P = .03), and treatment-related etiology (P = .03). None of the factors examined was statistically significant for NRM. Patient age and donor type had no significant impact on outcome. RFS tended to be superior in patients receiving transplants with peripheral blood rather than marrow stem cells. Thus, a targeted BUCY regimen provided effective transplant conditioning for patients with MDS receiving transplants from HLA-identical siblings or alternative donors. Although there was still considerable nonrelapse morbidity and mortality, the present regimen was used successfully even in patients older than 60 years of age.
Recurrent 14q32 translocations determine the prognosis of multiple myeloma, especially in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Moreau Philippe , Facon Thierry , Leleu Xavier , Morineau Nadine , Huyghe Pauline , Harousseau Jean-Luc , Bataille Régis , Avet-Loiseau Hervé
Published: October 2002

Recently, we have described the biological correlations associated with the main translocations involving the 14q32 chromosomal region, that is, t(14q32), in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We have now extended the analysis to the prognostic value of these chromosomal rearrangements in 168 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed MM receiving intensive chemotherapy within clinical trials of the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome (IFM). Patients with t(4;14) displayed a poor outcome (short event-free survival and short overall survival), whereas those with t(11;14) displayed long survival. On the other hand, patients with neither t(4;14) nor t(11;14) presented an intermediate outcome. Importantly, chromosome 13 abnormalities (C13As) significantly influence the prognosis of this latter group. In contrast, C13As affected the outcome of the other patients to a much lesser extent, either because of an almost constant association (in the t(4;14) group) or because of a lack of any significant prognostic impact (in the t(11;14) group; only one event occurred in the 10 patients with t(11;14) and C13As). Considering that t(4;14) and t(11;14) (1) are the only (so far recognized) true, recurrent t(14q32)'s, (2) are linked to specific immunoglobulin isotypes, and (3) display specific outcomes, they represent distinct entities corresponding to a specific oncogenesis and prognosis. These data emphasized the interest in analyzing these two translocations by fluorescence in situ hybridization in prospective therapeutic trials in order to consider these translocations as distinct entities.
The role of the D1 domain of the von Willebrand factor propeptide in multimerization of VWF
Authors: Rosenberg Jonathan B. , Haberichter Sandra L. , Jozwiak Mary A. , Vokac Elizabeth A. , Kroner Philip A. , Fahs Scot A. , Kawai Yohko , Montgomery Robert R.
Published: October 2002

While studying patient plasma containing an unusual pattern of von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers, we discovered a previously unreported phenomenon: heavy predominance of dimeric VWF. Genomic analysis revealed a new congenital mutation (Tyr87Ser) that altered the final stages of VWF biosynthesis. This mutation in the propeptide (VWFpp) resulted in synthesis of dimeric VWF with an almost complete loss of N-terminal multimerization. The multimer pattern in patient plasma appears to result from separate alleles' synthesizing wild-type or mutant (dimeric) VWF, with homodimers composing the predominant protomeric species. We have expressed VWF protein containing the Tyr87Ser mutation and analyzed the intracellular processing and resulting VWF biological functions. The expressed dimeric VWF displayed a loss of several specific functions: collagen binding, factor VIII binding, and ristocetin-induced platelet binding. However, granular storage of dimeric VWF was normal, demonstrating that the lack of multimerization does not preclude granular storage. Although the tertiary structure of the VWFpp remains unknown, the mutant amino acid is located in a region that is highly conserved across several species and may play a major role in the multimerization of VWF. Our data suggest that one function of the highly cysteine-rich VWFpp is to align the adjacent subunits of VWF into the correct configuration, serving as an intramolecular chaperone. The integrity of the VWFpp is essential to maintain the proper spacing and alignment of the multiple cysteines in the VWFpp and N-terminus of the mature VWF.