bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resonant Zener tunnelling via zero-dimensional states in a narrow gap diode
Authors: Di Paola D. M. , Kesaria M. , Makarovsky O. , Velichko A. , Eaves L. , Mori N. , Krier A. , Patanè A.
Published: August 2016

Interband tunnelling of carriers through a forbidden energy gap, known as Zener tunnelling, is a phenomenon of fundamental and technological interest. Its experimental observation in the Esaki p-n semiconductor diode has led to the first demonstration and exploitation of quantum tunnelling in a condensed matter system. Here we demonstrate a new type of Zener tunnelling that involves the resonant transmission of electrons through zero-dimensional (0D) states. In our devices, a narrow quantum well of the mid-infrared (MIR) alloy In(AsN) is placed in the intrinsic (i) layer of a p-i-n diode. The incorporation of nitrogen in the quantum well creates 0D states that are localized on nanometer lengthscales. These levels provide intermediate states that act as “stepping stones” for electrons tunnelling across the diode and give rise to a negative differential resistance (NDR) that is weakly dependent on temperature. These electron transport properties have potential for the development of nanometre-scale non-linear components for electronics and MIR photonics.
Dynamics of the formation of a hydrogel by a pathogenic amyloid peptide: islet amyloid polypeptide
Authors: Jean Létitia , Lee Chiu Fan , Hodder Peter , Hawkins Nick , Vaux David J.
Published: August 2016

Many chronic degenerative diseases result from aggregation of misfolded polypeptides to form amyloids. Many amyloidogenic polypeptides are surfactants and their assembly can be catalysed by hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces (an air-water interface in-vitro or membranes in-vivo). We recently demonstrated the specificity of surface-induced amyloidogenesis but the mechanisms of amyloidogenesis and more specifically of adsorption at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces remain poorly understood. Thus, it is critical to determine how amyloidogenic polypeptides behave at interfaces. Here we used surface tensiometry, rheology and electron microscopy to demonstrate the complex dynamics of gelation by full-length human islet amyloid polypeptide (involved in type II diabetes) both in the bulk solution and at hydrophobic-hydrophilic interfaces (air-water interface and phospholipids). We show that the hydrogel consists of a 3D supramolecular network of fibrils. We also assessed the role of solvation and dissected the evolution over time of the assembly processes. Amyloid gelation could have important pathological consequences for membrane integrity and cellular functions.
Detecting a hierarchical genetic population structure via Multi-InDel markers on the X chromosome
Authors: Fan Guang Yao , Ye Yi , Hou Yi Ping
Published: August 2016

Detecting population structure and estimating individual biogeographical ancestry are very important in population genetics studies, biomedical research and forensics. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has long been considered to be a primary ancestry-informative marker (AIM), but it is constrained by complex and time-consuming genotyping protocols. Following up on our previous study, we propose that a multi-insertion-deletion polymorphism (Multi-InDel) with multiple haplotypes can be useful in ancestry inference and hierarchical genetic population structures. A validation study for the X chromosome Multi-InDel marker (X-Multi-InDel) as a novel AIM was conducted. Genetic polymorphisms and genetic distances among three Chinese populations and 14 worldwide populations obtained from the 1000 Genomes database were analyzed. A Bayesian clustering method (STRUCTURE) was used to discern the continental origins of Europe, East Asia, and Africa. A minimal panel of ten X-Multi-InDels was verified to be sufficient to distinguish human ancestries from three major continental regions with nearly the same efficiency of the earlier panel with 21 insertion-deletion AIMs. Along with the development of more X-Multi-InDels, an approach using this novel marker has the potential for broad applicability as a cost-effective tool toward more accurate determinations of individual biogeographical ancestry and population stratification.
Substantial Reduction of Parenchymal Cerebral Blood Flow in Mice with Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Hattori Yorito , Enmi Jun-ichiro , Iguchi Satoshi , Saito Satoshi , Yamamoto Yumi , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki , Iida Hidehiro , Ihara Masafumi
Published: August 2016

The bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model, which replicates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and white matter ischemic lesions, is considered to model some aspects of vascular cognitive impairment. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in the brain surface post-BCAS have been demonstrated by laser speckle flowmetry, but CBF levels in the brain parenchyma remain unknown. Adult C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to BCAS using external microcoils. Brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was conducted to visualize the intracranial main arteries while arterial spin labeling (ASL) was used to measure cortical and subcortical parenchymal CBF levels before and after BCAS. Brain MRA showed anterior circulation flow was substantially decreased until 14 days post-BCAS, which gradually but incompletely recovered over the following 14 days, with probable growth of collaterals from the posterior cerebral artery. ASL showed that cortical and subcortical parenchymal CBF remained decreased at approximately 50% of the baseline level during 1 and 14 days post-BCAS, recovering to approximately 70% at day 28. CBF levels in the parenchyma were lower than the cortical superficial region in the BCAS model and remained decreased without recovery during the first 2 weeks post-BCAS. These results suggest that the BCAS model reliably replicates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
Improved strategies for selection and characterization of new monoclonal anti-carbamazepine antibodies during the screening process using feces and fluorescence polarization immunoassay
Authors: Oberleitner Lidia , Dahmen-Levison Ursula , Garbe Leif-Alexander , Schneider Rudolf J.
Published: August 2016

Methodological suggestions for the production of monoclonal hapten antibodies.
Thiazolobenzyne: a versatile intermediate for multisubstituted benzothiazoles
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Yano Takahisa , Nishiyama Yoshitake , Misawa Yoshihiro , Kondo Masakazu , Matsushita Takeshi , Igawa Kazunobu , Tomooka Katsuhiko , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: August 2016

Thiazolobenzynes were efficiently generated from ortho-iodoaryl triflate-type precursors, which enabled facile synthesis of various multisubstituted benzothiazoles.
Nanospring electrochemical lithography (NEL): noble metal nanohelices
Authors: Kim Sang Min , Kim Dae Jin , Park Sungho
Published: August 2016

Helical Au nanostructures are synthesized by using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and the embedded Pd nanosprings, serving as primary and secondary templates, respectively.
Directional dependence of the electronic and transport properties of 2D borophene and borophane
Authors: Padilha José Eduardo , Miwa Roberto Hiroki , Fazzio Adalberto
Published: August 2016

Borophene and borophane present directional dependency on the electronic transport properties which could be tuned by an external anisotropic strain.
Graphene encapsulated FexCoy nanocages derived from metal–organic frameworks as efficient activators for peroxymonosulfate
Authors: Li Xuning , Rykov Alexandre I. , Zhang Bo , Zhang Yanjie , Wang Junhu
Published: August 2016

Graphene encapsulated FexCoy nanocages derived from metal–organic frameworks were newly developed as excellent Fenton-like catalysts for PMS activation.
Improving selectivity in catalytic hydrodefluorination by limiting SNV reactivity
Authors: Krüger Juliane , Ehm Christian , Lentz Dieter
Published: August 2016

Competition of HM, SBM and SNV in hydrodefluorination can lead to low selectivity which can be improved via solvent change.
Tuning the electronic structure of thiolate-protected 25-atom clusters by co-substitution with metals having different preferential sites
Authors: Sharma Sachil , Yamazoe Seiji , Ono Tasuku , Kurashige Wataru , Niihori Yoshiki , Nobusada Katsuyuki , Tsukuda Tatsuya , Negishi Yuichi
Published: August 2016

Studies on Au24−xAgxPd(SC12H25)18 and Au24−x−yAgxCuyPd(SC12H25)18 show that Pd, Ag, and Cu substitute different sites, enabling superposition of their electronic effects.
N-doped TiO2 anatase nanoparticles as a highly sensitive gas sensor for NO2 detection: insights from DFT computations
Authors: Abbasi Amirali , Jahanbin Sardroodi Jaber
Published: August 2016

N-doped TiO2 anatase nanoparticles are more sensitive than pristine nanoparticles towards NO2 detection in the environment.
Acid-catalysed carboxymethylation, methylation and dehydration of alcohols and phenols with dimethyl carbonate under mild conditions
Authors: Jin Saimeng , Hunt Andrew J. , Clark James H. , McElroy Con Robert
Published: August 2016

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) chemistry has been extended to include acid-catalysed reactions of different aliphatic alcohols and phenols.
New catalysts for the synthesis of highly reactive polyisobutylene: chloroaluminate imidazole-based ionic liquids in the presence of diisopropyl ether
Authors: Vasilenko Irina V. , Berezianko Ivan A. , Shiman Dmitriy I. , Kostjuk Sergei V.
Published: August 2016

The use of [emim]Cl–AlCl3 in combination with iPr2O allowed the synthesis of HR PIB with high exo-olefin end group content (≥90%) and a relatively narrow MWD (Mw/Mn ≤ 2.0) at a high reaction temperature (>0 °C) and monomer concentration (5.2 M–7.8 M).
Enantioselective β-alkylation of pyrroles with the formation of an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter
Authors: Ma Qiao , Gong Lei , Meggers Eric
Published: August 2016

A substitutionally and configurationally inert octahedral chiral-at-metal iridium complex is reported to be an efficient catalyst for the enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles at the β-position using nitroacrylates as electrophiles.
Preparation, characterization, and properties of graphene-based composite aerogels via in situ polymerization and three-dimensional self-assembly from graphene oxide solution
Authors: Cheng Haiming , Xue Huafei , Zhao Guangdong , Hong Changqing , Zhang Xinghong
Published: August 2016

In this work, hierarchical porous graphene-based composite aerogels are synthesized by a simple and facile one-pot polymerization-induced phase separation.
Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and MET receptors with phytochemical conjugated magnetic nanocarriers: in silico and in vitro study
Authors: Ilangovan Shanmuga Sundari , Sen Shampa
Published: August 2016

Beta-sitosterol,dl-alpha-tocopherol and 1,3,8-P-menthatriene ofMentha piperitaconjugated superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) potentially inhibit EGFR and MET expressing cancer cells.
Chloro-aluminium phthalocyanine loaded in ultradeformable liposomes for photobiology studies on human glioblastoma
Authors: Silva E. P. O. , Franchi L. P. , Tedesco A. C.
Published: August 2016

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an alternative clinical protocol to treat brain tumors in early and advanced stages.
Novel diol functionalized dicationic ionic liquids: synthesis, characterization and DFT calculations on H-bonding influence on thermophysical properties
Authors: Fareghi-Alamdari Reza , Hatefipour Razieh , Rakhshi Mehdi , Zekri Negar
Published: August 2016

DFT was used to investigate the roles of H-bonding on the thermophysical properties of two novel diol functionalized dicationic ionic liquids.
Preparation, properties, and efficient electrically induced structure formation of a leaky dielectric photoresist
Authors: Lv Guowei , Zhang Shihu , Shao Jinyou , Tian Hongmiao , Wang Guolong , Yu Demei
Published: August 2016

Electrohydrodynamic structures with hydrophobic surfaces were fabricated instantaneously at ambient temperature using a designed leaky dielectric photoresist film.
Preparation of AlN microspheres/UHMWPE composites for insulating thermal conductors
Authors: Wang Yuan , Qiao Xvsheng , Wan Jun , Xiao Yao , Fan Xianping
Published: August 2016

AlN microspheres were prepared by applying both sol–gel technique and gas reduction nitridation. The AlN microspheres/UHMWPE composite demonstrated much higher thermal conductivity in comparison with the commercial AlN particles/UHMWPE composite.
Nanostructured Ni compounds as electrode materials towards high-performance electrochemical capacitors
Authors: Ruan Yunjun , Wang Chundong , Jiang Jianjun
Published: August 2016

This tutorial review focuses on the recent development of Ni compounds-based electrode materials toward high-performance electrochemical capacitor applications.
Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production on silicon microwire arrays overlaid with ultrathin titanium nitride
Authors: Choi Sung Kyu , Chae Weon-Sik , Song Bokyung , Cho Chang-Hee , Choi Jina , Han Dong Suk , Choi Wonyong , Park Hyunwoong
Published: August 2016

p-Si wire arrays overlaid with an ultrathin TiN are demonstrated to be an efficient and robust photocathode for hydrogen production.
Chain mobility and film softness mediated protein antifouling at the solid–liquid interface
Authors: Liu Dan , Guo Juan , Zhang Jing-Hui
Published: August 2016

Polymer chain mobility and film softness have been demonstrated to determine protein adsorption at the solid–liquid interface, and even overwhelm the hydrophilic effect under certain conditions. Polymers with high chain mobility and softness provide superior protein antifouling properties as a result of the high entropy barrier from film surfaces.
Using Spaced Retrieval With External Aids to Improve Use of Compensatory Strategies During Eating for Persons With Dementia
Authors: Benigas Jeanette E. , Bourgeois Michelle
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This study was designed to determine whether spaced retrieval (SR), when paired with an external memory aid, is an effective technique to teach persons with dementia to use compensatory swallowing strategies. A secondary purpose was to learn whether speech-language pathologists naive to the study aims would judge posttraining sessions as improved, or safer, in comparison to baseline sessions, thereby validating the changes in behavior due to SR training to use external aids during meals.

Method

A multiple baseline design across behaviors was used to evaluate the effects of teaching compensatory swallowing behaviors (i.e., chin tuck, alternation of liquids and solids, lingual/finger sweep) to 5 nursing home residents diagnosed with dementia and coexisting dysphagia.

Results

SR training with the use of a visual aid was functionally related to improvements in 2–3 compensatory swallowing behaviors for each of the 5 participants.

Conclusions

Study outcomes paired with social validation ratings demonstrated that persons with dementia could learn compensatory swallowing behaviors for perceived safety during intake. Because participants were eating in a quiet and controlled environment, generalization to the typical dining environment remains unknown, and further research is needed to investigate the long-term impact of this training protocol.
A Synthesis of Relevant Literature on the Development of Emotional Competence: Implications for Design of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems
Authors: Na Ji Young , Wilkinson Krista , Karny Meredith , Blackstone Sarah , Stifter Cynthia
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Emotional competence
refers to the ability to identify, respond to, and manage one's own and others' emotions. Emotional competence is critical to many functional outcomes, including making and maintaining friends, academic success, and community integration. There appears to be a link between the development of language and the development of emotional competence in children who use speech. Little information is available about these issues in children who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). In this article, we consider how AAC systems can be designed to support communication about emotions and the development of emotional competence.

Method

Because limited research exists on communication about emotions in a context of aided AAC, theory and research from other fields (e.g., psychology, linguistics, child development) is reviewed to identify key features of emotional competence and their possible implications for AAC design and intervention.

Results

The reviewed literature indicated that the research and clinical attention to emotional competence in children with disabilities is encouraging. However, the ideas have not been considered specifically in the context of aided AAC. On the basis of the reviewed literature, we offer practical suggestions for system design and AAC use for communication about emotions with children who have significant disabilities. Three key elements of discussing emotions (i.e., emotion name, reason, and solution) are suggested for inclusion in order to provide these children with opportunities for a full range of discussion about emotions.

Conclusions

We argue that supporting communication about emotions is as important for children who use AAC as it is for children who are learning speech. This article offers a means to integrate information from other fields for the purpose of enriching AAC supports.
Language Variation and Theory of Mind in Typical Development: An Exploratory Study of School-Age African American Narrators
Authors: Mills Monique T. , Fox Monica
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The intent of this study was to explore the relation between language variation and theory of mind (ToM) in African American child narrators.

Method

Fifty children produced a narrative on the basis of the wordless book,Frog, Where Are You?ToM was assessed by children's internal-state words and false-belief mentioning in the book's narratives as well as their performance on the Reading the Eyes in the Mind Test (Baron-Cohen, Joliffe, Mortimore, & Robertson, 1997). Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between narrative language ability and ToM indices. Relationships between language variation, ToM indices, and socioeconomic status were also explored.

Results

There was no correlation between language variation and the 3 ToM indicators. False-belief mentioning accounted for the most variance in children's narrative language. Language variation scores and ToM performance were both unrelated to children's socioeconomic backgrounds.

Conclusion

ToM indicators, such as false-belief mentioning, provide information about African American children's narrative ability and appear to be dialect-neutral.
Spontaneous Gesture Production and Lexical Abilities in Children With Specific Language Impairment in a Naming Task
Authors: Lavelli Manuela , Majorano Marinella
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to investigate the role that cospeech gestures play in lexical production in preschool-age children with expressive specific language impairment (E-SLI).

Method

Fifteen preschoolers with E-SLI and 2 groups of typically developing (TD) children matched for chronological age (
n
= 15, CATD group) and for language abilities (
n
= 15, LATD group) completed a picture-naming task. The accuracy of the spoken answers (coded for types of correct and incorrect answers), the modality of expression (spoken and/or gestural), types of gestures, and semantic relationship between gestures and speech produced by children in the different groups were compared.

Results

Children with SLI produced higher rates of phonological simplifications and unintelligible answers than CATD children, but lower rates of semantic errors than LATD children. They did not show a significant preference for spoken answers, as TD children did. Similarly to LATD children, they used gestures at higher rates than CATD, both deictic and representational, and both reinforcing the information conveyed in speech and adding correct information to co-occurring speech.

Conclusions

These findings support the hypotheses that children with SLI rely on gestures for scaffolding their speech and do not have a clear preference for the spoken modality, as TD children do, and have implications for educational and clinical practice.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963814
Two‐step method for the online parameter identification of a new simplified composite load model
Authors: Yu Songtai , Zhang Shuqing , Zhang Xinran
Published: August 2016

The electrical load is one of the most important parts of power systems. Parameter identification of load model is critical for power system stability analysis. The composite load model, which comprises a static load and a dynamic load, is one of the most widely used models in power system simulation and control. As the load characteristics could change considerably over time, online parameter identification is needed. However, because of the non‐linearity and complexity, online parameter identification for load models remains difficult to achieve, and there is rarely an effective solution. This study proposes a load model simplification and parameter identification method to solve this problem. First, the composite load model is preliminarily simplified by choosing the dominant parameters. Next, the load model is further simplified based on a second‐ordered state equation of the induction motor. Subsequently, a two‐step method for online parameter identification is presented. The first step is the electrical parameter identification based on the multi‐layer searching method proposed in this study. The second step is the mechanical parameter identification via the Newton method. Finally, an example for a typical case system is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness, efficiency and accuracy of the two‐step method.
Optimisation of time window size for wind power ramps prediction
Authors: Ouyang Tinghui , Zha Xiaming , Qin Liang , Kusiak Andrew
Published: August 2016

A new long‐term wind power prediction approach based on time windows is proposed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wind power ramp prediction. An optimisation model is built to select the optimal time window size which is the key point of the wind power forecasting. First, a swinging door algorithm is applied to identify historical ramp events, and historical data is divided into several sections by assumed time window size. Then, windows are classified into ramp windows and non‐ramp windows, and the non‐ramp data of ramp windows is required to be minimal. The variables, parameters, and constraints of the model are investigated in the study, and a kind of genetic algorithm is utilised to achieve the optimal solution. The model presented in this study is validated by the study case of actual wind farms, and evaluation and discussion demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
A new beam emission polarimetry diagnostic for measuring the magnetic field line angle at the plasma edge of ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Viezzer E. , Dux R. , Dunne M. G. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: August 2016

A new edge beam emission polarimetry diagnostic dedicated to the measurement of the magnetic field line angle has been installed on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The new diagnostic relies on the motional Stark effect and is based on the simultaneous measurement of the polarization direction of the linearly polarized π (parallel to the electric field) and σ (perpendicular to the electric field) lines of the Balmer line Dα. The technical properties of the system are described. The calibration procedures are discussed and first measurements are presented.
Modeling non-saturated ferrite-based devices: Application to twin toroid ferrite phase shifters
Authors: Le Gouellec A. , Vérissimo G. , Laur V. , Queffelec P. , Albert I. , Girard T.
Published: August 2016

This article describes a new set of tools developed to improve the conception and modeling of non-saturated ferrite-based devices such as twin toroid phase shifters. These new simulation tools benefit from a generalized permeability tensor model able to describe the permeability tensor of a ferrite sample whatever its magnetization state. This model is coupled to a homemade 3D multi-scale magnetostatic analysis program, which describes the evolution of the magnetization through the definition of a hysteresis loop in every mesh cell. These computed spectra are then integrated into 3D electromagnetic simulation software that retains the spatial variations of the ferrite properties by using freshly developed macro programming functions. This new approach allows the designers to accurately model complex ferrite devices such as twin toroid phase shifters. In particular, we demonstrated a good agreement between simulated and measured phase shifts as a function of applied current values with a predicted maximum phase shift of 0.96 times the measured value.
The effect of relativistic Compton scattering on thermonuclear burn of pure deuterium fuel
Authors: Ghasemizad A. , Nazirzadeh M. , Khanbabaei B.
Published: August 2016

The relativistic effects of the Compton scattering on the thermonuclear burn-up of pure deuterium fuel in non-equilibrium plasma have been studied by four temperature (4T) theory. In the limit of low electron temperatures and photon energies, the nonrelativistic Compton scattering is valid and a convenient approximation, but in the high energy exchange rates between electrons and photons, is seen to break down. The deficiencies of the nonrelativistic approximation can be overcome by using the relativistic correction in the photons kinetic equation. In this research, we have utilized the four temperature (4T) theory to calculate the critical burn-up parameter for pure deuterium fuel, while the Compton scattering is considered as a relativistic phenomenon. It was shown that the measured critical burn-up parameter in ignition with relativistic Compton scattering is smaller than that of the parameter in the ignition with the nonrelativistic Compton scattering.
Patients’ experiences in Australian hospitals: a systematic review of evidence
Authors: Harrison Reema , Walton Merrilyn , Manias Elizabeth , Mears Steven , Plumb Jennifer
Published: August 2016

Objective Patients are uniquely positioned to provide insightful comments about their care. Currently, a lack of comparable patient experience data prevents the emergence of a detailed picture of patients’ experiences in Australian hospitals. The present study addresses this gap by identifying factors reported in primary research as relating to positive and negative experiences of patients in Australian hospitals. Methods Evidence from Australian qualitative studies of patients of all ages reporting their experiences in any hospital or day procedure centre was synthesised. A range of text words, synonyms and subject headings was developed and used to undertake a systematic search of seven electronic databases from January 1995 to July 2015 and the grey literature. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts or executive summaries and applied the inclusion criteria. Data were synthesised in a meta-narrative. Results Thirty-nine publications were included: 33 articles from database searches and six from the grey literature. Quality improvement researchers produced the dominant narrative and the nursing perspective was strong. Six themes emerged: ‘Reciprocal communication and information sharing’, ‘Interpersonal skills and professionalism’, ‘The care environment’, ‘Emotional support’, ‘Discharge planning and process’ and ‘Correct treatment and physical outcomes’. Conclusion Tangible opportunities to enhance the patient experience are apparent. Small changes to the way that the health system operates and is resourced and the way that health professionals engage with patients could substantially improve care. Examples include inviting patients and carers to contribute to decision making and discussions about their treatment options and care preferences. What is known about the topic? Patient experience is identified as a key component of an optimal health system, along with improving the health of populations and reducing the per capita costs of care. The use of patient experience data has been associated with improved clinical effectiveness and patient safety. What does this paper add? Patient experience data are currently not routinely captured and difficulties exist as to where this information is available. These data are gathered using a variety of different methods that prohibit the development of a national picture. As a step towards overcoming this barrier, the present study identifies the common elements of healthcare experience reported by patients in Australia as being positive or negative. What are the implications for practitioners? Ensuring that patients and carers are active partners in their care is at the centre of a positive patient experience. Health professionals should provide patients with opportunities to make decisions about their care and ask questions, and to provide clear information before, during and after hospitalisation to enhance patients’ experiences in Australian hospitals.
The employment of IVF techniques for establishment of sodium, copper and selenium impact upon human sperm quality
Authors: Marzec-Wróblewska Urszula , Kamiński Piotr , Łakota Paweł , Szymański Marek , Wasilow Karolina , Ludwikowski Grzegorz , Kuligowska-Prusińska Magdalena , Odrowąż-Sypniewska Grażyna , Stuczyński Tomasz , Woźniak Alina
Published: August 2016

We analysed sodium (Na), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) levels in human semen and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) in seminal plasma and examined their relationships with sperm quality. Semen samples were obtained from men (n = 168) undergoing routine infertility evaluation. The study design included two groups based on standard ejaculate parameters: Group I (n = 39) with normal ejaculates (normozoospermia) and Group II (n = 129) with a pathological spermiogram. Se concentration (but not Na or Cu) and GPx activity were significantly higher in normozoospermic males than in those with a pathological spermiogram and also in males with correct sperm motility and normal sperm morphology than in asthenozoospermic and teratozoospermic males. There were significant correlations between sperm motility, Se and GPx, between rapid progressive motility and Cu, between sperm motility and Na, between normal sperm morphology and Se and Cu and between sperm concentration and Cu and GPx. Significant correlations were found between Na and Cu, between Na and Se and between Cu and Se in human semen in relation to alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Na, Cu, Se and GPx are related to sperm characteristics and male fertility and their survey could improve male infertility diagnosis.
Mouse genetic background contributes to hepatocyte susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Weerasinghe Sujith V. W. , Park Min-Jung , Portney Daniel A. , Omary M. Bishr
Published: August 2016

Liver disease progression is modulated by genetic modifiers in mouse strains and across human races and ethnicities. We hypothesized that hepatocyte culture duration and genetic background regulate hepatocyte susceptibility to apoptosis. Hepatocytes were isolated from FVB/N, C57BL/6, and C3H/He mice and cultured or treated with Fas ligand or acetaminophen after different culture times. Protein and mRNA expressions of Fas receptor, caspases-3/7/8, and Bak/Bax/Bid proteins were determined. FVB/N hepatocytes manifested rapid decreases of caspases-3/7 but not caspase-8 as culture time increased, which paralleled decreased susceptibility to apoptosis. Some changes were also found in Fas-receptor and Bak, Bax, and Bid proteins; caspase mRNA decreases were also noted. Caspase protein degradation was partially reversed by lysosomal protease but not proteasome or autophagy inhibitors. C57BL/6 and FVB/N hepatocytes behaved similarly in their limited susceptibility to apoptosis, whereas C3H/He hepatocytes show limited alterations in caspases, with consequent increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Similarly, C3H/He mice were more susceptible than C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice to Fas-mediated liver injury. Therefore there are significant mouse strain–dependent differences in susceptibility to apoptosis and selective loss of caspases upon short-term hepatocyte culture, with consequent decrease in susceptibility to apoptosis. These differences likely reflect genetic modifiers that provide resistance or predisposition to hepatocyte death.
Remodeling of the postsynaptic plasma membrane during neural development
Authors: Tulodziecka Karolina , Diaz-Rohrer Barbara B. , Farley Madeline M. , Chan Robin B. , Di Paolo Gilbert , Levental Kandice R. , Waxham M. Neal , Levental Ilya
Published: August 2016

Neuronal synapses are the fundamental units of neural signal transduction and must maintain exquisite signal fidelity while also accommodating the plasticity that underlies learning and development. To achieve these goals, the molecular composition and spatial organization of synaptic terminals must be tightly regulated; however, little is known about the regulation of lipid composition and organization in synaptic membranes. Here we quantify the comprehensive lipidome of rat synaptic membranes during postnatal development and observe dramatic developmental lipidomic remodeling during the first 60 postnatal days, including progressive accumulation of cholesterol, plasmalogens, and sphingolipids. Further analysis of membranes associated with isolated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) suggests the PSD-associated postsynaptic plasma membrane (PSD-PM) as one specific location of synaptic remodeling. We analyze the biophysical consequences of developmental remodeling in reconstituted synaptic membranes and observe remarkably stable microdomains, with the stability of domains increasing with developmental age. We rationalize the developmental accumulation of microdomain-forming lipids in synapses by proposing a mechanism by which palmitoylation of the immobilized scaffold protein PSD-95 nucleates domains at the postsynaptic plasma membrane. These results reveal developmental changes in lipid composition and palmitoylation that facilitate the formation of postsynaptic membrane microdomains, which may serve key roles in the function of the neuronal synapse.
An Overview of Strategic Thinking in Complex Problem Solving
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud
Published: August 2016

The first chapter, “An overview of strategic thinking in complex problem solving,” gives a general description of the book and introduces the case study that is used in each chapter to exemplify how the tools apply to a practical case. The case study requires no specialized knowledge: a friend’s dog disappears on the very day that the friend dismissed his temperamental housekeeper; did the dog escape or was he kidnapped? The chapter also introduces five key concepts that come at various points along the resolution process: using alternatively divergent and convergent thinking, using issue maps to identify all possible answers to a question exactly once (by using a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) structure), acquiring the right skills, simplifying to reveal the underlying structure of a problem, and not fooling oneself and others.
Quantum Ontology
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

Metaphysicians should pay attention to quantum mechanics, but not because it provides definitive answers to many metaphysical questions. The theory itself is remarkably silent on the nature of the physical world, and the various interpretations of the theory on offer present conflicting ontological pictures. Rather, quantum mechanics is essential to the metaphysician because it reshapes standard metaphysical debates and opens up unforeseen new metaphysical possibilities. Even if quantum mechanics provides few clear answers, there are good reasons to think that any adequate understanding of the quantum world will result in a radical reshaping of our classical worldview in some way or other. Whatever the world is like at the atomic scale, it is almost certainly not the swarm of particles pushed around by forces that is often presupposed. This book guides readers through the theory of quantum mechanics and its implications for metaphysics in a clear and accessible way. The theory and its various interpretations are presented with a minimum of technicality. The consequences of these interpretations for metaphysical debates concerning realism, indeterminacy, causation, determinism, holism, and individuality (among other topics) are explored in detail, stressing the novel form that the debates take given the empirical facts in the quantum domain. While quantum mechanics may not deliver unconditional pronouncements on these issues, the range of possibilities consistent with our knowledge of the empirical world is relatively small—and each possibility is metaphysically revisionary in some way.
Realism
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

It is sometimes claimed that quantum mechanics undermines realism—that it should be taken only as an instrumental recipe, not as a description of the world. If so, then quantum mechanics has no implications for metaphysics. However, this chapter makes the case for a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. The EPR argument that quantum mechanics is an incomplete description of the world is presented, together with Bohr’s response. Bell’s theorem is explained, which shows that, subject to some plausible assumptions, no completion of quantum mechanics is possible. However, those assumptions can be challenged, leaving open several avenues for defending a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Determinism
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

The most common metaphysical consequence claimed of quantum mechanics is indeterminism. But while the GRW theory is indeterministic, Bohm’s theory is fully deterministic. The many-worlds theory is more interesting. What place could there be for probability in a theory in which every possible outcome of a measurement actually occurs? The options for locating uncertainty within a many-worlds ontology are surveyed, and the arguments that probabilities can be assigned to the worlds are critically assessed. The argument that all of us are immortal according to the many-worlds theory is considered and shown to be mistaken. The consequences of quantum mechanics for free will are shown to be minimal.
Six Quantum Worlds
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: August 2016

The foundations of quantum mechanics are so contested that it yields few definitive answers to metaphysical questions. So the best we can do is to lay out the various possibilities. The six possibilities considered are as follows: Bohm’s hidden variable theory, particle-only hidden variable theories, the GRW spontaneous collapse theory, spontaneous collapse theories with added three-dimensional ontology, the “flashy” spontaneous collapse theory, and the many-worlds theory. The metaphysical consequences of each of these theories are summarized. Even if quantum mechanics does not settle many ontological questions, it shifts the debate in interesting and fruitful ways. Furthermore, the metaphysical consequences may in some cases reflect back on the tenability of the theories themselves.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Primate Species
Authors: Cotton Alison , Clark Fay , Boubli Jean P. , Schwitzer Christoph
Published: August 2016

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is currently the most comprehensive source of data on the global conservation status of animal, fungi, and plant taxa. The Primate Specialist Group (PSG), part of IUCN’s SSC, is responsible for the assessment of all primates. According to the most recent assessment, 63% of the world’s primates are currently threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable), and the remaining are classified as Near Threatened (5%) or Least Concern (31%). Having recently celebrated 50 years, the IUCN Red List is today one of the most influential and authoritative documents on species conservation and is broadly used by conservation practitioners, policymakers, governments, funding agencies, and NGOs worldwide as a tool for setting their conservation targets and designing their strategies.
Hunting and primate conservation
Authors: Fa John E. , Tagg Nikki
Published: August 2016

Hunting for meat and profit threatens a very large number of primate species. This chapter presents evidence of the extent of hunting of wild animals, and primates in particular, across the tropical areas of the globe. Studies are reviewed investigating whether estimated extraction rates of mammal species across the tropics exceed the production levels for these taxa. In particular, data on primate extraction levels in Latin America, Africa, and Asia are presented, along with an assessment of their sustainability. Subsequently, the impact of hunting on game mammals in general, and primates in particular, is reviewed and the implications of the possible local and global extirpation of primates on ecosystems. Finally, ways to mitigate primate hunting are covered.
Primates and climate change: a review of current knowledge
Authors: Korstjens Amanda H. , Hillyer Alison P.
Published: August 2016

Climate change is affecting primate environments in all primate habitat countries. Based on climate predictions, Malagasy, most Asian, and Neotropical primates are facing an increased frequency of extreme precipitation events and cyclones that can decimate whole communities. West and South African primates are facing a reduction in precipitation while East African primates will experience increased rainfall. As relatively long-lived species with short dispersal distances and limited ranges, primates are unlikely to keep up with the pace at which climate change is occurring. It is, however, very difficult to predict how individual populations or species will adapt to climate change because of the complexity of the expected changes and the interaction between climate change and human habitat disturbance. Species’ responses will depend on species-specific traits, socio-ecology, and phenotypic and genetic plasticity, and ultimately on how humans mitigate climate change through policy, population management, and forest management.
People–primate interactions: implications for primate conservation
Authors: Humle Tatyana , Hill Catherine
Published: August 2016

In this chapter, patterns of interactions are reviewed, from benign to mutually harmful, that characterize people–primate relationships, and the main social and ecological factors shaping people–primate coexistence are summarized. The reasons why certain primate species are better able to share landscapes with their human neighbours are examined, along with factors that influence people’s perceptions of, and attitudes, towards them. The chapter stresses how, at a local level, variations in socio-economic and cultural norms and values often underlie negative interactions between humans and primates. Lessons learned from studies to reduce negative interactions between people and primates are discussed, and broader scale landscape approaches that could facilitate effective primate conservation and human livelihood objectives examined. Finally, it is emphasized that understanding people–primate interactions requires a multifaceted approach, combining detailed understanding of the context, and needs of the different stakeholders, human and animal, and drivers of changing patterns of coexistence.
On Aristotle’s World
Authors: Kukkonen Taneli
Published: August 2016

This chapter argues that the concept of kosmos as it was understood in Greek philosophy from Plato onwards ill fits Aristotle’s principal philosophical commitments. Accordingly, it occupies only a marginal place in his writings. Aristotle’s use of kosmos, as a matter of fact, is essentially dialectical and opportunist. Furthermore, the chapter demonstrates that from a certain point of time onwards, the more robustly theological and ‘cosmic’ portrayals of the unity of physical reality that were put forward by the Platonic and Stoic schools began to make it seem as though there was something missing from the Aristotelian picture. The efforts of various Peripatetics to meet this challenge are reflected in part in their increased appeals to the concept of kosmos, just as the shortcomings of the source materials are reflected in their struggles to incorporate the notion into a framework that scarcely has a need for it.
The Economics of the Global Response to HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

The global response to HIV/AIDS has been a major aspect of global health and development policy over the last decades. The book illustrates the devastating health impacts of the epidemic, with life expectancy in some countries falling to the lowest levels observed anywhere, and the remarkable success of the global HIV/AIDS response in reversing such extreme outcomes. Concerns about the implications of HIV/AIDS for economic development have played a role in motivating the global HIV/AIDS response. However, evidence on the impacts of HIV/AIDS on economic growth or poverty is weak, and the magnitude and relevance of such economic effects appears trivial compared to the consequences for life and health. Because of the success in extending access to treatment globally, HIV/AIDS has effectively transitioned into a chronic disease. This means that HIV/AIDS absorbs not only a substantial chunk of current global and national financial resources, but that these spending needs are projected to persist over decades. The costs of the HIV/AIDS response thus resemble a long-term financial liability, shaped by past and current policies. Relatedly, the calculus of cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions has changed. People who become infected with HIV can now expect not to die because of AIDS; at the same time, each HIV infection results in medical needs and expenditures extending over decades. The book presents a framework for integrating these financial consequences and the transmission dynamics of HIV in the analysis of cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions and in the design of HIV/AIDS programmes.
Macroeconomic Consequences of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

While it is plausible that HIV/AIDS slows down GDP growth in the longer run, as a relatively smaller population translates into lower GDP, the empirical evidence on the impact of HIV/AIDS on economic growth is weak. In the empirical literature on economic growth, life expectancy is often used as a proxy for ‘health capital’, and studies calibrating the impact of HIV/AIDS on growth through such a growth regression, combined with an estimate of the link between life expectancy and GDP, find large effects of HIV/AIDS on growth. However, studies estimating the link between HIV/AIDS and growth directly, including estimates of the state of HIV/AIDS in a growth regression, tend to find no effect. Studies evaluating the impact of HIV/AIDS on mortality and on living standards, applying concepts like ‘full income’ or the ‘value of statistical life,’ return an estimated loss of up 70 per cent of GDP (Botswana, 2000).
Current Policy Challenges and Economic Perspectives
Authors: Haacker Markus
Published: August 2016

From about 2008, in part motivated by the global financial crisis and a perceived slowdown in external funding, the emphasis in the global response to HIV/AIDS has shifted to improving cost-effectiveness and securing the financial sustainability of the HIV/AIDS response. The most prominent formulation of this shift is the UNAIDS investment framework, launched in 2011. At the same time, the calculus of cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS-related interventions has changed fundamentally as people living with HIV in most countries now have a good chance of obtaining treatment, survive for decades, and quite possibly not die because of AIDS. The chapter provides an informal framework for assessing the cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS policies and interventions, taking into account health, economic, development, and fiscal consequences, and provides an analysis of the changing consequences of HIV infections as treatment eligibility and coverage improve.