bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding James, Understanding Modernism
Authors: Evans David H.
Published: February 2017

Psychologist, philosopher, teacher, writer–William James stood closer than any other thinker to the center of the confluence of intellectual and artistic forces that defined the culture of modernism. The outstanding feature of this volume lies in its intent to investigate James’s influence on both American and International Modernism. It provides, on the one hand, a multifaceted introduction to students of history, philosophy, and culture, and on the other, a compendium of some of the most up-to-date thinking on this central figure.

James’s first book, Principles of Psychology (1890) immediately established James as the leading psychologist of his time, at a moment in history when psychology seemed to offer the promise of finding some definitive answers to eternal philosophical conundra. James’s innovations would register a clear effect on much modernist art, most evidently in the stylistic prose experiments of James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and their imitators. James’s tentative skepticism concerning the concept of consciousness as such, and the post-Cartesian ego that was its foundation, also anticipates the questioning of the subject that would be the theme of much modern, and indeed postmodern thought.

The contributors to this volume explore James’s most essential texts as well as his influence on contemporary writers, artists, and thinkers. The final section is a glossary of James’s key terms, with entries written by leading experts.
Childhood and Nation in Contemporary World Cinema
Authors: Hemelryk Donald Stephanie , Wilson Emma , Wright Sarah
Published: February 2017

The child has existed in cinema since the Lumière Brothers filmed their babies having messy meals in Lyons, but it is only quite recently that scholars have paid serious attention to her/his presence on screen. Scholarly discussion is now of the highest quality and of interest to anyone concerned not only with the extent to which adult cultural conversations invoke the figure of the child, but also to those interested in exploring how film cultures can shift questions of agency and experience in relation to subjectivity. Childhood and Nation in World Cinema recognizes that the range of films and scholarship is now sufficiently extensive to invoke the world cinema mantra of pluri-vocal and pluri-central attention and interpretation. At the same time, the importance of the child in figuring ideas of nationhood is an undiminished tic in adult cultural and social consciousness. Either the child on film provokes claims on the nation or the nation claims the child. Given the waning star of national film studies, and the widely held and serious concerns over the status of the nation as a meaningful cultural unit, the point here is not to assume some extraordinary pre-social geopolitical empathy of child and political entity. Rather, the present collection observes how and why and whether the cinematic child is indeed aligned to concepts of modern nationhood, to concerns of the State, and to geo-political organizational themes and precepts.
Mediating ‘Aspirant’ Religious-Sexual Futures: In God's Hands?
Authors: Taylor Yvette
Published: February 2017

This paper explores the construction of vocational and familial futures, in times of ‘aspiring’, ‘post-welfare,’ or ‘crisis’ youth transitions, as mediated by sexual-religious identification. By considering the intersectional relations of both sexuality and religion in constructing young people's aspirations, the paper highlights pragmatic and caring orientations, including a ‘calling’ to religion as a site of present-future vocational and familial investment. I challenge the separation of religion and sexuality in youth transitions, and in notions of the ‘times we're in’ as compelling certain kinds of future-orientated aspirant (and secular) selves. Overall, the article hopes to contribute to theorising the intersection sexuality and religion in further understanding the subversive – and conservative – potential of religious-sexual values and futures. Such orientations interface with aspects of ‘getting by’ and ‘getting on’ and at once re-inscribe and stretch normative vocational and familial choices.
The Unknown Victims: Hegemonic Masculinity, Masculinities, and Male Sexual Victimisation
Authors: Javaid Aliraza
Published: February 2017

This paper adopts the theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity to elucidate and make sense of male sexual victimisation. Critically evaluating the empirical data, which comprises of police officers and practitioners in voluntary agencies (N = 70), that this paper offers, I argue that gender expectations, hegemonic masculinities and sexism prevail in societies, state and voluntary agencies. It has been found that, because male rape victims embody subordinate masculinities, they are marginalised as ‘abnormal’ and ‘deviant’. They are, in other words, classified as the ‘other’ for challenging and contradicting hegemonic masculinity, disrupting the gender order of men. Consequently, male sexual victimisation is not taken seriously in services, policy and practice, whilst the victims of this crime type are relegated in the gender hierarchy. As a result, male rape victims suffer a ‘masculinity crisis’ in the context of male rape. This paper attempts to open up a dialogue regarding male rape and male sexual assault, to challenge hegemonic masculinity, and to bring male rape ‘out of the closet’.
Researching Migration in a Superdiverse Society: Challenges, Methods, Concerns and Promises
Authors: Goodson Lisa , Grzymala-Kazlowska Aleksandra
Published: February 2017

The arrival of superdiversity raises a wide range of methodological issues that warrant further consideration by social researchers conducting research in superdiverse contexts. The complex multi-layering of population settlement that has emerged due to successive waves of migration means that identities, lived experience and access to services including welfare are played out in a plethora of different ways, often determined by the interplay of a range of socio-economic variables alongside structural characteristics, which influence the fundamental rights and entitlements of individuals living in the UK and in turn their settlement and adaptation experiences. This paper reflects on the limitations of ethno-centric research designs, which concentrate on ethnicity as the most important unit of analysis, and calls for more participatory and multidimensional methodologies that engage diverse participants and reflect the levels of socio-demographic complexity experienced in urban areas of society. It then moves on to discuss a number of specific methodological challenges associated with complex populations. In particular sampling and access issues associated with diverse migrant populations will be considered. The latter part of this paper discusses the adoption of a range of research approaches that offer promising potential in terms of better capturing and understanding the heterogeneity, complexity and fluidity concomitant with superdiversity as well as engaging a range of community stakeholders in the production of knowledge.
Interrogating Trans and Sexual Identities through the Conceptual Lens of Translocational Positionality
Authors: Rogers Michaela , Ahmed Anya
Published: February 2017

This article explores the confluence of trans identity and sexuality drawing on the concept of translocational positionality. In this discussion, a broad spectrum of gendered positionalities incorporates trans identity which, in turn, acknowledges normative male and female identities as well as non-binary ones. It is also recognised, however, that trans identity overlaps with other positionalities (pertaining to sexuality, for example) to shape social location. In seeking to understand subject positions, a translocational lens acknowledges the contextuality and temporality of social categories to offer an analysis which recognises the overlaps and differentials of co-existing positionalities. This approach enables an analysis which explores how macro, or structural, contexts shape agency (at the micro-level) and also how both are mediated by trans people's multiple and shifting positionalities. In this framing, positionality represents a meso layer between structure and agency. Four case studies are presented using data from a qualitative study which explored trans people's experiences of family, intimacy and domestic abuse. We offer an original contribution to the emerging knowledge-base on trans sexuality by presenting data from four case studies. We do so whilst innovatively applying the conceptual lens of translocational positionality to an analysis which considers macro, meso and micro levels of influence.
Making a House in Multiple Occupation a Home: Using Visual Ethnography to Explore Issues of Identity and Well-Being in the Experience of Creating a Home Amongst HMO Tenants
Authors: Barratt Caroline , Green Gill
Published: February 2017

Housing research and sociological research on ‘home’ has under-explored Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs) as a form of specific and relatively marginalised housing tenure. In this paper we utilise data collected through participant photography and interviews with vulnerable HMO residents in a seaside town to explore their experiences of homemaking in HMOs. Drawing on literatures on home, identity and wellbeing we explore how HMO residents create a home in the space in which they live and how where they live simultaneously moulds their sense of identity. Our analysis is based upon interviews with, and photographs taken by, HMO residents. We highlight how home is created and experienced in a setting where basic levels of privacy can be hard to maintain, where space is constrained, and where residents would often prefer to live elsewhere. The meaning of ‘home’ in a HMO is influenced by personal histories and circumstances, by the normative attitudes towards housing in the UK, as well as by the space itself. The impact that living in a HMO might have on a tenant's identity and as a consequence their wellbeing is therefore highly contextual – not solely due to the characteristics of the property itself and the stigma some associate with this housing type but as an outcome of how the tenants relate to the property given their own preferences, conditioning and previous housing experience. There was variation in the extent to which respondents wanted their room to reflect, project or build their identity.
Anglican Clergy Husbands Securing Middle-Class Gendered Privilege through Religion
Authors: Page Sarah-Jane
Published: February 2017

Traditionally, clergy wives have been obliged to assist the Church in an unpaid capacity; such work has been feminised, associated with the assumed competencies of women ( Denton 1962 ; Finch 1980 , 1983 ; Murphy-Geiss 2011 ). Clergy husbands are a relatively recent phenomenon in the Church of England, emerging when women started to be ordained as deacons in 1987 and priests in 1994. Based on interviews with men whose wives were ordained as priests in the Church of England, this article will explore the dynamics of class and gender privilege. Most clergy husbands were middle class, defined through educational, occupational and cultural markers ( Bourdieu 1984 ). The narratives highlighted how gender and class privilege was maintained and extended through the clergy spouse role. The interweaving dynamics of class and gender privilege secured preferential outcomes for participants, outcomes that were less evidenced in relation to working-class spouses. Using Bourdieu's (1984) concepts of habitus, field and capital and Verter's (2003) conceptualisation of spiritual capital, this article will highlight the complex ways in which gender and class advantage is perpetuated and sustained, using the Anglican parish as the analytical context, thereby emphasising the role religion plays in consolidating privilege.
‘I Want There to be no Glass Ceiling:’ Evangelicals’ Engagements with Class, Education, and Urban Childhoods
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: February 2017

While class has been an enduring focus for sociologists of education, there has been little focus on the interrelations between class, religion, and education, despite widespread public anxieties about faith schools potentially encouraging both social class segregation and religious separatism, which have become more pronounced as the expansion of free schools and academies in England has increased opportunities for religious bodies’ engagement in educational provision. This article explores the importance of class in relation to the intersections of religion and education through examining how an ‘open evangelical’ church engages with children in schools linked with it, drawing on eighteen months’ ethnographic fieldwork with the church, its linked schools, and other informal educational activities run by the church. Through analyzing the everyday practices through which evangelical leaders seek to affect children's lives and how they speak about their involvements with children, the article reveals the significance of class in this context, providing insight into how evangelicals’ primary aspiration in this setting is for children's ‘upward mobility’, as their ambitions are shaped through middle-class, entrepreneurial norms, in which developing a neoliberal ethic of individual self-discipline and ‘productivity’ is privileged. Through focusing on the ‘othering’ of the urban poor in these discourses, the article adds to our knowledge of the complex interrelations between evangelicalism and class, and deepens understanding of how secular neoliberal norms become interwoven with an alternative evangelical moral project of forming the self.
30-year lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer state over Tomsk (Western Siberia, Russia)
Authors: Zuev Vladimir V. , Burlakov Vladimir D. , Nevzorov Aleksei V. , Pravdin Vladimir L. , Savelieva Ekaterina S. , Gerasimov Vladislav V.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. There are only four lidar stations in the world which have almost continuously performed observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer (SAL) state over the last 30 years. The longest time series of the SAL lidar measurements have been accumulated at the Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii) since 1973, the NASA Langley Research Center (Hampton, Virginia) since 1974, and Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany) since 1976. The fourth lidar station we present started to perform routine observations of the SAL parameters in Tomsk (56.48° N, 85.05° E, Western Siberia, Russia) in 1986. In this paper, we mainly focus on and discuss the stratospheric background period from 2000 to 2005 and the causes of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk in the 2006–2015 period. During the last decade, volcanic aerosol plumes from tropical Mt. Manam, Soufrière Hills, Rabaul, Merapi, Nabro, and Kelut and extratropical (northern) Mt. Okmok, Kasatochi, Redoubt, Sarychev Peak, Eyjafjallajökull, and Grímsvötn were detected in the stratosphere over Tomsk. When it was possible, we used the NOAA HYSPLIT trajectory model to assign aerosol layers observed over Tomsk to the corresponding volcanic eruptions. The trajectory analysis highlighted some surprising results. For example, in the cases of the Okmok, Kasatochi, and Eyjafjallajökull eruptions, the HYSPLIT air mass backward trajectories, started from altitudes of aerosol layers detected over Tomsk with a lidar, passed over these volcanoes on their eruption days at altitudes higher than the maximum plume altitudes given by the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program. An explanation of these facts is suggested. The role of both tropical and northern volcanic eruptions in volcanogenic aerosol loading of the midlatitude stratosphere is also discussed. In addition to volcanoes, we considered other possible causes of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk, i.e., the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) events and smoke plumes from strong forest fires. At least two PSC events were detected in 1995 and 2007. We also make an assumption that the Kelut volcanic eruption (Indonesia, February 2014) could be the cause of the SAL perturbations over Tomsk during the first quarter of 2015.
An online monitor of the oxidative capacity of aerosols (o-MOCA)
Authors: Eiguren-Fernandez Arantzazu , Kreisberg Nathan , Hering Susanne
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The capacity of airborne particulate matter to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been correlated with the generation of oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular damage from oxidative stress, and by implication with ROS, is associated with several common diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and some neurological diseases. Yet currently available chemical and in vitro assays to determine the oxidative capacity of ambient particles require large samples, analyses are typically done offline, and the results are not immediate.Here we report the development of an online monitor of the oxidative capacity of aerosols (o-MOCA) to provide online, time-resolved assessment of the capacity of airborne particles to generate ROS. Our approach combines the Liquid Spot Sampler (LSS), which collects particles directly into small volumes of liquid, and a chemical module optimized for online measurement of the oxidative capacity of aerosol using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The LSS uses a three-stage, laminar-flow water condensation approach to enable the collection of particles as small as 5 nm into liquid. The DTT assay has been improved to allow the online, time-resolved analysis of samples collected with the LSS but could be adapted to other collection methods or offline analysis of liquid extracts.The o-MOCA was optimized and its performance evaluated using the 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ) as a standard redox-active compound. Laboratory testing shows minimum interferences or carryover between consecutive samples, low blanks, and a reproducible, linear response between the DTT consumption rate (nmol min−1) and PQ concentration (µM). The calculated limit of detection for o-MOCA was 0.15 nmol min−1. The system was validated with a diesel exhaust particle (DEP) extract, previously characterized and used for the development, improvement, and validation of the standard DTT analysis. The DTT consumption rates (nmol min−1) obtained with the o-MOCA were within experimental uncertainties of those previously reported for these DEP samples. In ambient air testing, the fully automated o-MOCA was run unattended for 3 days with 3 h time resolution and showed a diurnal and daily variability in the measured consumption rates (nmol min−1 m−3).
Uncertainty information in climate data records from Earth observation
Authors: Merchant Christopher J. , Paul Frank , Popp Thomas , Ablain Michael , Bontemps Sophie , Defourny Pierre , Hollmann Rainer , Lavergne Thomas , Laeng Alexandra , de Leeuw Gerrit , Mittaz Jonathan , Poulsen Caroline , Povey Adam C. , Reuter Maximilian , Sathyendranath Shubha , Sandven Stein , Sofeiva Viktoria F. , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Climate data records (CDRs) derived from Earth observation (EO) should include rigorous uncertainty information, to support application of the data in policy, climate modelling and numerical weather prediction reanalysis. Uncertainty, error and quality are distinct concepts, and CDR products should follow international norms for presenting quantified uncertainty. Ideally, uncertainty should be quantified per datum in a CDR, and the uncertainty estimates should be able to discriminate more and less certain data with confidence. In this case, flags for data quality should not duplicate uncertainty information, but instead describe complementary information (such as the confidence held in the uncertainty estimate provided, or indicators of conditions violating retrieval assumptions). Errors have many sources and some are correlated across a wide range of time and space scales. Error effects that contribute negligibly to the total uncertainty in a single satellite measurement can be the dominant sources of uncertainty in a CDR on large space and long time scales that are highly relevant for some climate applications. For this reason, identifying and characterizing the relevant sources of uncertainty for CDRs is particularly challenging. Characterisation of uncertainty caused by a given error effect involves assessing the magnitude of the effect, the shape of the error distribution, and the propagation of the uncertainty to the geophysical variable in the CDR accounting for its error correlation properties. Uncertainty estimates can and should be validated as part of CDR validation, where possible. These principles are quite general, but the form of uncertainty information appropriate to different essential climate variables (ECVs) is highly variable, as confirmed by a quick review of the different approaches to uncertainty taken across different ECVs in the European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative. User requirements for uncertainty information can conflict with each other, and again a variety of solutions and compromises are possible. The concept of an ensemble CDR as a simple means of communicating rigorous uncertainty information to users is discussed. Our review concludes by providing eight recommendations for good practice in providing and communicating uncertainty in EO-based climate data records.
Neutron imaging investigation of fossil woods: non-destructive characterization of microstructure and detection of in situ changes as occurring in museum cabinets
Authors: Odin Giliane P. , Rouchon Véronique , Ott Frédéric , Malikova Natalie , Levitz Pierre , Michot Laurent J.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This paper discusses the applicability of neutron imaging techniques for probing the internal microstructure of several fossil woods upon wetting and drying, two phenomena occurring in museum cabinets and endangering the fossil woods. Investigations were carried out using lignites (fossil woods) from two French localities (Rivecourt, Parisian Basin, Oise – Paleogene; Angeac, Aquitanian Basin, Charente – Cretaceous), which present different macroscopic behavior upon drying. Thanks to the high sensitivity of neutrons to hydrogen content, it was possible to track water diffusion through 3 mm thick samples and to follow in situ changes related to either supply or withdrawal of water without any special preparation and in a relevant time range (from 1 min to a few hours). Classical image analysis allows discriminating between the behavior of the two fossil woods with regard to their interaction with water. Further analysis based on a Fourier transform of projection images provides additional information regarding the existence of large pores in one of the samples. Differences in pore network and internal structures have important mechanical consequences as one of the samples retains its integrity upon drying, whereas the other one shatters into pieces. A better understanding of the underlying processes will clearly require multi-scale analyses, using additional techniques that could probe the materials at a lower scale. Such a combination of multi-scale analyses should provide valuable information for a better conservation of wood remnants, which is crucial for both paleobotanical research and museum exhibits.
Trends in atmospheric evaporative demand in Great Britain using high-resolution meteorological data
Authors: Robinson Emma L. , Blyth Eleanor M. , Clark Douglas B. , Finch Jon , Rudd Alison C.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Observations of climate are often available on very different spatial scales from observations of the natural environments and resources that are affected by climate change. In order to help bridge the gap between these scales using modelling, a new dataset of daily meteorological variables was created at 1 km resolution over Great Britain for the years 1961–2012, by interpolating coarser resolution climate data and including the effects of local topography. These variables were used to calculate atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) at the same spatial and temporal resolution. Two functions that represent AED were chosen: one is a standard form of potential evapotranspiration (PET) and the other is a derived PET measure used by hydrologists that includes the effect of water intercepted by the canopy (PETI). Temporal trends in these functions were calculated, with PET found to be increasing in all regions, and at an overall rate of 0.021 ± 0.021 mm day−1 decade−1 in Great Britain. PETI was found to be increasing at a rate of 0.019 ± 0.020 mm day−1 decade−1 in Great Britain, but this was not statistically significant. However, there was a trend in PETI in England of 0.023 ± 0.023 mm day−1 decade−1. The trends were found to vary by season, with spring PET increasing by 0.043 ± 0.019 mm day−1 decade−1 (0.038 ± 0.018 mm day−1 decade−1 when the interception correction is included) in Great Britain, while there is no statistically significant trend in other seasons. The trends were attributed analytically to trends in the climate variables; the overall positive trend was predominantly driven by rising air temperature, although rising specific humidity had a negative effect on the trend. Recasting the analysis in terms of relative humidity revealed that the overall effect is that falling relative humidity causes the PET to rise. Increasing downward short- and longwave radiation made an overall positive contribution to the PET trend, while decreasing wind speed made a negative contribution to the trend in PET. The trend in spring PET was particularly strong due to a strong decrease in relative humidity and increase in downward shortwave radiation in the spring.
Design sensitivity and statistical power in acceptability judgment experiments
Authors: Sprouse Jon , Almeida Diogo
Published: February 2017

Previous investigations into the validity of acceptability judgment data have focused almost exclusively on type I errors (or false positives) because of the consequences of such errors for syntactic theories (Sprouse & Almeida 2012; Sprouse et al. 2013). The current study complements these previous studies by systematically investigating the type II error rate (false negatives), or equivalently, the statistical power, of a wide cross-section of possible acceptability judgment experiments. Though type II errors have historically been assumed to be less costly than type I errors, the dynamics of scientific publishing mean that high type II error rates (i.e., studies with low statistical power) can lead to increases in type I error rates in a given field of study. We present a set of experiments and resampling simulations to estimate statistical power for four tasks (forced-choice, Likert scale, magnitude estimation, and yes-no), 50 effect sizes instantiated by real phenomena, sample sizes from 5 to 100 participants, and two approaches to statistical analysis (null hypothesis and Bayesian). Our goals are twofold (i) to provide a fuller picture of the status of acceptability judgment data in syntax, and (ii) to provide detailed information that syntacticians can use to design and evaluate the sensitivity of acceptability judgment experiments in their own research.
Students’ and Teachers’ Views on School-University Partnership in the Omani EFL Context
Authors: Al Seyabi Fawzia
Published: February 2017

Educational partnership between schools and higher education institutions has become an important tool towards enhancing students’ achievement levels in both contexts and increasing students’ college readiness level. It has also been identified as one key element of educational reform. The present paper reviews a number of models of school-university partnership from different parts of the world. It also presents the results of a study that investigated- among other things- the views of 749 school students and 68 school teachers on the topic of school-university partnership. The paper provides a summary of participants’ suggestions on how best to create better progression between EFL syllabuses in both contexts: post-basic schools and foundation programs in Omani universities, with particular reference to the teaching/learning of EFL reading and writing. Students’ suggestions have mainly focused on three themes, which were collaboration at the administrative level, the need for orientation programs and exchange visits. Teachers’ suggestions were more centered on the need for curriculum change as well as alignment in curriculum issues between the Ministry of Education and the higher education sector. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for future practice and research.
Strengthening Teacher’s Learning Management for Self-Reliance of Students in Thai Secondary School
Authors: Paso Chalad , Chantarasombat Chalard , Tirasiravech Watanachai
Published: February 2017

This research aimed to 1) study the present conditions, problems, and needs of teachers development in learning management in self-reliance for students in secondary schools, 2) develop a model for teacher development in learning management in self-reliance for students in secondary schools, and 3) evaluate the results of usage from teachers in learning management in self-reliance for students in secondary schools. Research methodology was based on research and development (R&D) approach by the application of Participatory Action Research (PAR). There were seven processes ans stages involved as follows 1) study of the best practice, 2) participatory workshops to create awareness of the participants, 3) solutions and resources to improve teaching and learning of teachers, 4) creating alternative solutions and develop curriculum, 5) developing of analytical thinking skills and synthesis of curriculum in leaning management, 6) linking and transfer of knowledge, skills, attitudes of learning into practices, and 7) evaluation and reflection on the performance of teachers in learning to self-reliance of the student. The results showed that the model for teachers in learning management for self-reliance of students in secondary schools consisted of two main elements as follows 1) the process of participatory learning activities in seven steps, 2) the operation of participatory activities in fourteen sub-activities. The evaluation shown that the level of possibility, appropriateness, and usefulness were in the highest level.
Profile of Knowledge Management, Basic Sanitation and Attitudes towards Clean and Health Community in Kupang City
Authors: Nikmah Nikmah , Ardi Muhammad , Yahya Mohamad , Upa Muhamad D. Pua , Dirawan Gufran Darma
Published: February 2017

The objective of research is to describe the knowledge and attitude of basic sanitation management community in Kupang City. This type of research is a survey research using quantitative approach. Data were collected by using the instrument in the form of test knowledge of basic sanitation management and attitude questionnaire. The data was then processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The Result of the research was sanitation management knowledge base is in low category whereas attitude clean and healthy life, about 61.5% of Kupang not leave a comment. The knowledge is still low is illustrated by the habit of living of the community, particularly in watersheds where there are many people using the river as a final disposal of feces them also as a public bathing and washing.
Basis of Contract Clause in the UK and the Necessity for Reforming Insurance Law in Iran
Authors: Khorooshi Abdolazim , Rahimi Habibollah , Hamed Abbas Ghasemi , Maleki Jalil
Published: February 2017

In insurance, terms and conditions by insurers at the end of proposal forms or insurance contracts will be included in print that the insured has confirmed the authenticity of answer to questions and provided information, and agrees that the statements are "basis of contract". If an inaccuracy of those announcements proves later, insurer regardless of the importance of statements in acceptance of the risk or determination of the premium can disclaim based on this clause himself and avoid the contract. The basis of condition clause is emerged from common law and also used in insurance law of Iran. This condition in that system after decades that has been criticized faced with notable changes. In this article, the issue, nature and consequences of the basis of contract clause is studied, not to use such expressions and conditions in proposal forms but insurance contract is suggested since it leads to injustice against the insured.
The Study of Human Rights Situation in Iraq During Saddam Hussein Era
Authors: Saeed Suhair Zadeh , Shafiee Esmail
Published: February 2017

Human rights are one of the most important issues in Contemporary International Low, that there is a great sensitiveness for the implementation of them. In many countries, some institutes & committees have been considered to follow up the issue or even a ministry as the ministry of human rights has been established. The present paper was discussed the human rights violations in Iraq on Saddam Hussein`s behalf, the current ruler and so, followed the response of the question that “how had been the situation of human rights during the governorship of Saddam Hussein in Iraq?”. The research method was descriptive-analytic. The method of collection is documentary & library information and the methods of analyzing information are describing, analyzing, and also using documents. The results of this study showed that some human rights violation cases have been seen in the government of Saddam Hussein in Iraq such as the pillage of state, forced displacement of Feyli Kurds from Iraq & the killing of them, killing women and children, abduction of women and children, the involvement of people in different wars, lack of social participation of women, economic sanctions, the use of chemical weapons.
Construction of Artificial Islands in Southern Coast of the Persian Gulf from the Viewpoint of International Environmental Law
Authors: Ghaffari Karang , Habibzadeh Tavakkol , Asfad Mortaza Najafi , Mousazadeh Reza
Published: February 2017

Among the rapid and rampant costal developments of Persian Gulf region, creating artificial islands is one of new-emerging and developing phenomena in this area. Extensive activities initiated by The United Arab Emirates and other countries of the southern coast of Persian Gulf to create such islands, have had widespread environmental consequences and have led to the criticism of environmentalists. International environmental law has complied comprehensive rules and regulations in order to protect the environment, in particular, protecting the marine environment. Numerous conventions have focused on the issue of marine environment protection, and have mentioned the obligations and responsibilities of states regarding the damages and pollutions to the environment caused by their developmental activities. Persian Gulf coastal states, which are mostly a member of these conventions, are obliged to observe the environmental obligations and regulations related to their widespread activities in the coasts of Persian Gulf, which often leads to drying the sea and land reclamation.
The Role of Public Expenditures in Economic Growth at Provincial Level: Empirical Study in Vietnam
Authors: Quy Nguyen Hoang
Published: February 2017

The literature analyzes the relationship between public expenditures and GDP growth in localities of Vietnam. The research sample includes data on public expenditures and GDP of 63 provinces/cities of Vietnam during the period 2013 - 2015. The results of the research by backward regression method have confirmed the orthodromically directly proportional relationship between components of public expenditure, but not the total public expenditure, and GDP growth in provinces/cities of Vietnam. Specifically, public expenditure on development investment and the one on social and economic services contribute significantly and positively to the economic development of localities. On this basis, we propose some relevant recommendations to state agencies in establishing constitution for cutting down expenditures; strengthening estimate, public debt management performance; as well as measures to attract investment to contribute to fulfilling the tasks of industrialization, modernization in the era of global integration today.
Evaluation of Methods for Gene Selection in Melanoma Cell Lines
Authors: Chaba Linda , Odhiambo John , Omolo Bernard
Published: February 2017

A major objective in microarray experiments is to identify a panel of genes that are associated with a disease outcome or trait. Many statistical methods have been proposed for gene selection within the last fifteen years. While the comparison of some of these methods has been done, most of them concentrated on finding gene signatures based on two groups. This study evaluates four gene selection methods when the outcome of interested is continuous in nature. We provide a comparative review of four methods: the Statistical Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), the Linear Models for Microarray Analysis (LIMMA), the Lassoed Principal Components (LPC), and the Quantitative Trait Analysis (QTA). Comparison is based on the power to identify differentially expressed genes, the predictive ability of the genelists for a continuous outcome (G2 checkpoint function), and the prognostic properties of the genelists for distant metastasis-free survival. A simulated dataset and a publicly available melanoma cell lines dataset are used for simulations and validation, respectively. A primary melanoma dataset is used for assessment of prognosis. No common genes were found among the genelists from the four methods. While the SAM was generally the best in terms of power, the QTA genelist performed the best in the prediction of the G2 checkpoint function. Identification of genelists depends on the choice of the gene selection method. The QTA method would be preferred over the other approaches in predicting a quantitative outcome in melanoma research. We recommend the development of more robust statistical methods for differential gene expression analysis.
Theory-related translation research. Some thoughts on methodology
Authors: Gerzymisch-Arbogast Heidrun
Published: February 2017

The article illustrates some methodological principles for translation research and for writing theory-related research papers. A number of postulates are formulated with respect to basic structural dimensions of organizing research papers (working hypothesis, ‘state of the art’ in research, solution proposal and validity test). Examples for norm-compliant behavior are given. Since the problem of writing the ‘state of the art’ of  research seems to be one of the major problems facing young scholars, particular emphasis is given to this aspect.
Spanske vokativer set i et pragmatisk-funktionelt perspektiv
Authors: Andersen Vibeke
Published: February 2017

Vocatives have never played a central role in linguistic research in either the field of grammar or in pragmatics. The aim of the present article is to focus on the pragmatic functions of Spanish vocatives in the context of speech acts. During my investigations for my PhD project on deictic expressions it became clear that vocatives are used for many purposes in Spanish dialogue. I also noticed that the use of vocatives was in many cases related to the concept of „face“. In the following I discuss eight different pragmatic functions of vocatives, including their role as down and upgraders in face-threatning and face-supporting acts.
Evidence for high inter-generational individual quality in yellow-eyed penguins
Authors: Stein Aviva M. , Young Melanie J. , Darby John T. , Seddon Philip J. , van Heezik Yolanda
Published: February 2017

Longitudinal studies focusing on lifetime reproductive success (LRS) have been used to measure individual breeding performance and identify commonalities among successful breeders. By extending the focus to subsequent generations we identify a proportion of high-quality individuals that contribute disproportionately to the population over multiple generations. We used 23 years of yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) breeding data from one breeding area to identify the proportion of individual birds that raised successful breeders, which in turn raised offspring. We explored which life-history components influenced LRS, as this knowledge would enable conservation resources to be focused on high-performing individuals in this endangered population. From 2,147 birds marked as chicks, 370 (17.2%) survived to adulthood and recruited to their natal location, of which 219 (10.2%) fledged offspring: 124 (56.6%) of the 219 birds produced offspring that recruited as breeders. Only 102 birds (4.8% of 2,147) fledged first-generation offspring that in turn fledged offspring (second-generation offspring, or grand-offspring). We found that ∼25% of the birds that survived to breed had above-average LRS as well as above-average numbers of grand-offspring, and were more likely to have produced first-generation chicks that recruited and also produced above-average numbers of second-generation chicks. Our findings suggest that there is a core of “super-breeders” that contribute disproportionately to the population over successive generations. Lifespan and age-at-first-breeding were correlated with LRS. We suggest that traits of birds relating to longevity, health (e.g., immunocompetence) and fitness could be examined to identify potential links with high LRS and inter-generational fecundity. “Super-breeders” appear to consistently achieve high LRS and long lifespans in a stochastic environment, demonstrating greater resilience in the face of extreme events.
LoTo: a graphlet based method for the comparison of local topology between gene regulatory networks
Authors: Martin Alberto J. , Contreras-Riquelme Sebastián , Dominguez Calixto , Perez-Acle Tomas
Published: February 2017

One of the main challenges of the post-genomic era is the understanding of how gene expression is controlled. Changes in gene expression lay behind diverse biological phenomena such as development, disease and the adaptation to different environmental conditions. Despite the availability of well-established methods to identify these changes, tools to discern how gene regulation is orchestrated are still required. The regulation of gene expression is usually depicted as a Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) where changes in the network structure (i.e., network topology) represent adjustments of gene regulation. Like other networks, GRNs are composed of basic building blocks; small induced subgraphs called graphlets. Here we presentLoTo, a novel method that using Graphlet Based Metrics (GBMs) identifies topological variations between different states of a GRN. Under our approach, different states of a GRN are analyzed to determine the types of graphlet formed by all triplets of nodes in the network. Subsequently, graphlets occurring in a state of the network are compared to those formed by the same three nodes in another version of the network. Once the comparisons are performed,LoToapplies metrics from binary classification problems calculated on the existence and absence of graphlets to assess the topological similarity between both network states. Experiments performed on randomized networks demonstrate that GBMs are more sensitive to topological variation than the same metrics calculated on single edges. Additional comparisons with other common metrics demonstrate that our GBMs are capable to identify nodes whose local topology changes between different states of the network. Notably, due to the explicit use of graphlets,LoTocaptures topological variations that are disregarded by other approaches.LoTois freely available as an online web server athttp://dlab.cl/loto.
Fission yeast APC/C activators Slp1 and Fzr1 sequentially trigger two consecutive nuclear divisions during meiosis
Authors: Chikashige Yuji , Yamane Miho , Okamasa Kasumi , Osakada Hiroko , Tsutsumi Chihiro , Nagahama Yuki , Fukuta Noriko , Haraguchi Tokuko , Hiraoka Yasushi
Published: February 2017

In meiosis, two rounds of nuclear division occur consecutively without DNA replication between the divisions. We isolated a fission yeast mutant in which the nucleus divides only once to generate two spores, as opposed to four, in meiosis. In this mutant, we found that the initiation codon of the slp1+ gene is converted to ATA, producing a reduced amount of Slp1. As a member of the Fizzy family of anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activators, Slp1 is essential for vegetative growth; however, the mutant allele shows a phenotype only in meiosis. Slp1 insufficiency delays degradation of maturation‐promoting factor at the first meiotic division, and another APC/C activator, Fzr1, which acts late in meiosis, terminates meiosis immediately after the delayed first division to produce two viable spores.
Powder Metallurgy Strategies to Improve Properties and Processing of Titanium Alloys: A Review
Authors: Amherd Hidalgo Alexandra , Frykholm Robert , Ebel Thomas , Pyczak Florian
Published: February 2017

Powder metallurgy (PM) is an attractive technology for manufacturing net‐shape titanium‐based components. However, it is challenging to make PM titanium products competitive in terms of mechanical properties. This article gives an overview of the current challenges in PM titanium and the best strategies to overcome them by alloying. By adding suitable alloying elements the properties of PM titanium components can be enhanced. The use of sintering aids helps to control the typical residual porosity of PM titanium alloys. Furthermore, controlling microstructure by alloying offers the possibility to go for high performance applications. Moreover, ductility is improved by adding elements that scavenge oxygen. A favorable selection of alloying elements offers a practical and competitive approach to meet the mechanical requirements in future PM titanium applications.
Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Li3VO4 with Controlled Oxygen Vacancies as Li‐Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Wang Kan , Zhang Changkun , Fu Haoyu , Liu Chaofeng , Li Zhuoyu , Ma Wenda , Lu Xianmao , Cao Guozhong
Published: February 2017

Li3VO4, as a promising intercalation‐type anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, features a desired discharge potential (ca. 0.5–1.0 V vs. Li/Li+) and a good theoretical storage capacity (590 mAh g−1 with three Li+ inserted). However, the poor electrical conductivity of Li3VO4 hinders its practical application. In the present work, various amounts of oxygen vacancies were introduced in Li3VO4 through annealing in hydrogen to improve its conductivity. To elucidate the influence of oxygen vacancies on the electrochemical performances of Li3VO4, the surface energy of the resulting material was measured with an inverse gas chromatography method. It was found that Li3VO4 annealed in pure hydrogen at 400 °C for 15 min exhibited a much higher surface energy (60.7 mJ m−2) than pristine Li3VO4 (50.6 mJ m−2). The increased surface energy would lower the activation energy of phase transformation during the charge–discharge process, leading to improved electrochemical properties. As a result, the oxygen‐deficient Li3VO4 achieved a significantly improved specific capacity of 495 mAh g−1 at 0.1 Ag−1 (381 mAh g−1 for pristine Li3VO4) and retains 165 mAh g−1 when the current density increases to 8 Ag−1.