bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the bias voltage effect and the force effect during the nanoscale AFM electric lithography on the copper thin film surface
Authors: Yang Ye , Lin Jun
Published: November 2015

As one of the tip‐based nanoscale machining methods, AFM‐based nanolithography has been proved to be capable of fabricating nanostructures and devices on a wide range of materials by means of mechanical force, bias voltage, chemical reaction, etc. In this paper, we have compared the influences of the bias voltage effect and the force effect during the nanoscale AFM electric lithography on the metallic copper film surface respectively through the bias voltage dominating scheme and the contact force dominating scheme. The geometric sizes of the line structures and the area patterns fabricated under the two schemes with different parameter settings were compared to obtain the machining characteristics and mechanisms of the two distinct effects separately. The ratios of debris amount to the total material removal amount under the two schemes were quantitatively evaluated. Furthermore, both the arbitrary line structure with high aspect ratio and the area pattern with small surface roughness were fabricated under the appropriate scheme and parameter settings. This study is of great help to effectively achieve the desired nanoscale patterns by AFM electric lithography for their promising applications in the fabrication of various MEMS or NEMS devices. SCANNING 38:412–420, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of constrained randomization for the design and analysis of group‐randomized trials
Authors: Li Fan , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Murray David M. , Heagerty Patrick J. , DeLong Elizabeth R.
Published: November 2015

In group‐randomized trials, a frequent practical limitation to adopting rigorous research designs is that only a small number of groups may be available, and therefore, simple randomization cannot be relied upon to balance key group‐level prognostic factors across the comparison arms. Constrained randomization is an allocation technique proposed for ensuring balance and can be used together with a permutation test for randomization‐based inference. However, several statistical issues have not been thoroughly studied when constrained randomization is considered. Therefore, we used simulations to evaluate key issues including the following: the impact of the choice of the candidate set size and the balance metric used to guide randomization; the choice of adjusted versus unadjusted analysis; and the use of model‐based versus randomization‐based tests. We conducted a simulation study to compare the type I error and power of the F‐test and the permutation test in the presence of group‐level potential confounders. Our results indicate that the adjusted F‐test and the permutation test perform similarly and slightly better for constrained randomization relative to simple randomization in terms of power, and the candidate set size does not substantially affect their power. Under constrained randomization, however, the unadjusted F‐test is conservative, while the unadjusted permutation test carries the desired type I error rate as long as the candidate set size is not too small; the unadjusted permutation test is consistently more powerful than the unadjusted F‐test and gains power as candidate set size changes. Finally, we caution against the inappropriate specification of permutation distribution under constrained randomization. An ongoing group‐randomized trial is used as an illustrative example for the constrained randomization design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive heterogeneity, cohorts, and persistent advantage
Authors: Madsen Tammy L. , Walker Gordon
Published: November 2015

Research summary: Juxtaposing competing theories of whether superior profits endure, this article investigates differences in the rates at which firms' profit advantages persist following a significant regulatory change in the rules governing industry competition. Such a change creates two cohorts of firms, Entrants that lack experience in the industry and Incumbents that competed in the industry before the regulatory shift. The findings show that both cohorts' profit advantages persist, but at different rates: Superior performing Incumbents sustain an advantage longer than superior performing Entrants. This result is counterintuitive since Entrants are not constrained by a legacy of competing under the prior regime. Overall, the findings indicate that stages of a firm's development and of an industry's evolution are critical to understanding how long superior profits persist.

Managerial summary: State and federal institutions employ regulations in an attempt to address market failures and to create a stable set of market and nonmarket relationships among relevant actors. A byproduct of this stability is decreased competition, and in turn, reduced incentives for firms to develop efficient operations. One might expect then that deregulation would fundamentally disrupt incumbent firms' abilities to develop and sustain a profit advantage. We find the reverse: Over time, some firms in the Incumbent cohort develop persistent, albeit temporary, profit advantages despite an onslaught of Entrants. Thus, while deregulation shakes out inefficient firms, it may strengthen, rather than threaten the profit trajectories of incumbent firms over time. Advantages developed by superior performing Entrants also endure, but for a shorter duration relative to Incumbents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from carbohydrates and lignocellulose using an N,N‐dimethylacetamide‐LiCl solvent system
Authors: Masiutin Iakov A. , Novikov Andrei A. , Litvin Artem A. , Kopitsyn Dmitry S. , Beskorovaynaya Daria A. , Ivanov Evgenii V.
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been investigated from a number of carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, cellulose, and starch) and a natural biopolymer (lignocellulose) using an N,N‐dimethylacetamide‐LiCl solvent system. In each case, the dynamics of the desired product formation were evaluated and the optimal reaction times established. The pretreatment of the lignocellulosic substrates was also investigated in terms of its impact on the yields of HMF and furfural. The pretreatment of the substrates with γ‐radiation facilitated the formation of the desired furan products and the optimal dosage was found to be 100 kGy. The maximum yields of HMF from fructose, glucose, cellulose, starch, and lignocellulose were 49.9, 34.1, 22.9, 15.3, and 18.4%, respectively. A relationship was observed between the yields of the furan compounds and the BET surface areas of the untreated and pretreated substrates (pine sawdust), which indicated that the pretreatment of this material enhanced the formation of the desired products, with γ‐irradiation being preferable to a mild oxidation process.
Exploration of the role of modified titania nanoparticles with citric acid and vitamin C in improvement of thermal stability, optical property, and mechanical behavior of novel poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposite films
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Jarang Najmeh
Published: November 2015

In the present work, first the hydrophilic surface of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was modified with citric acid and then with vitamin C as bilayer surface modification for better compatibility with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix. The process was accomplished under ultrasonic method as a fast, low‐cost, and green method. The modified TiO2 NPs were incorporated into the PVC matrix using the ultrasonic method. The resulting films (4, 8, and 12 wt%) were characterized by various techniques, including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, ultraviolet‐Visible analysis, and mechanical tensile test, and their morphology was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of new peaks (carbonyl group) and also its shift in the Fourier‐transform infrared spectrum of modified TiO2 NPs confirmed the presence of citric acid and vitamin C on the surface of the NPs. The resulting data of thermal gravimetric analysis showed improvement in thermal stability of the NC films. Also, strain and elongation of the samples increased in comparison with the pure PVC. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:E15–E24, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation in mammalian oocyte maturation
Authors: Reyes Juan M. , Ross Pablo J.
Published: November 2015

Oocyte developmental competence is the ability of the mature oocyte to be fertilized and subsequently drive early embryo development. Developmental competence is acquired by completion of oocyte maturation, a process that includes nuclear (meiotic) and cytoplasmic (molecular) changes. Given that maturing oocytes are transcriptionally quiescent (as are early embryos), they depend on post‐transcriptional regulation of stored transcripts for protein synthesis, which is largely mediated by translational repression and deadenylation of transcripts within the cytoplasm, followed by recruitment of specific transcripts in a spatiotemporal manner for translation during oocyte maturation and early development. Motifs within the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNA (mRNA) are thought to mediate repression and downstream activation by their association with binding partners that form dynamic protein complexes that elicit differing effects on translation depending on cell stage and interacting proteins. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation (CP) element, Pumilio binding element, and hexanucleotide polyadenylation signal are among the best understood motifs involved in CP, and translational regulation of stored transcripts as their binding partners have been relatively well‐characterized. Knowledge of CP in mammalian oocytes is discussed as well as novel approaches that can be used to enhance our understanding of the functional and contributing features to transcript CP and translational regulation during mammalian oocyte maturation. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:71–89. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1316

This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Mechanisms

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Nonionic Mixed Surfactant Stabilized Water‐in‐Oil Microemulsions for Active Ingredient In Vitro Sustained Release
Authors: Yew Han‐Choi , Misran Misni Bin
Published: November 2015

Olive oil is an excellent dispersing medium for water‐in‐oil microemulsions as it helps hydrate the skin and enhances the release of the active ingredients. In this study, mixed surfactants containing Span® 80 with varied Tween® series at 1:1 ratio were prepared with olive oil and water to produce water‐in‐oil microemulsions. The microemulsions were used to study the in vitro release of the active ingredients with different water solubilities. A microemulsion olive oil/water/mixed surfactant (56:4:40 by weight) was selected from the constructed phase diagram for further physical characterization. The analysis showed that the microemulsion composed of Span® 80 and Tween® 80 (ST80) was the most suitable surfactant combination. Equal amounts of ascorbic acid, caffeine and lidocaine were solubilized in ST80 microemulsions to study their release rate. Physical evaluation of ST80 microemulsions incorporating the active ingredients showed no apparent change compared to the ST80 microemulsion alone. The in vitro release study showed that the rate of active ingredients released from the microemulsion into the receptor chamber depends on their hydrophobicity, whereby lidocaine and caffeine were fivefold and twice as fast, respectively, with respect to ascorbic acid. ST80 microemulsions show constant rate of active ingredient release, demonstrating the sustained release properties of the system.
EMT is associated with, but does not drive resistance to ALK inhibitors among EML4‐ALK non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Gower Arjan , Hsu Wei-Hsun , Hsu Shuo-Tse , Wang Yisong , Giaccone Giuseppe
Published: November 2015

ALK gene fusion occurs in approximately 3–7% of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For patients with ALK positive NCSLC, crizotinib and ceritinib are FDA approved ALK inhibitors, however, patients inevitably acquire resistance to such therapies typically within one to two years. Interrogation of in vitro ALK‐positive NSCLC cell line models of acquired resistance to first and second‐generation ALK inhibitors revealed acquired epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanisms. Here we demonstrated that knockdown of upregulated mesenchymal markers in acquired resistant lines decreased the invasive and migratory capabilities of the cells, however, it did not restore sensitivity to ALK inhibitors. Removing drug for 5 weeks from H3122 cell line that acquired resistance to ceritinib restored its sensitivity to ceritinib. In addition, HSP90 inhibitors ganetespib and 17‐AAG were potent in inducing cell death in cell lines resistant to crizotinib and ceritinib. Taken together, EMT does not drive resistance to ALK inhibitors and HSP90 inhibition demonstrates more efficacy when further ALK inhibition may not. This study warrants more exploration of HSP90 inhibitors for ALK‐positive patients who progress on 1st and 2nd line ALK inhibitor therapy.
How to measure interest group influence: Italy’s professional orders and liberalization policy
Authors: Pritoni Andrea
Published: November 2015

The question of who wins or loses in the policy process lies at the heart of recent research into both interest groups and public policy. However, one of the most difficult challenges when empirically analysing interest groups consists in knowing exactly how to measure their influence: despite the fact that this question has been addressed by political scientists for decades, significant problems remain regarding both the conceptual definition and empirical measurement of influence. In order to develop a better understanding of interest group influence, I recommend as follows: (a) that such influence be conceptualized as a degree of preference attainment; (b) that the degree of generality of the concept be downgraded, by breaking it up on the basis of two fundamental dimensions: the lobbying direction (pro-status quoor anti-status quo) and the policy-making stage (agenda setting; decision making; implementation); (c) to proceed with a manual hand-coding in order to obtain a list of the policy issues around which interest groups lobby; (d) to resort to an expert survey in order to evaluate these issues. This methodological approach is used to empirically measure the influence that Italy’s professional orders had on the liberalization process championed by the second Prodi government in 2006.
Candidates in 2013 Italian general election: evidence from the Italian Candidate Survey
Authors: Di Virgilio Aldo , Giannetti Daniela , Pedrazzani Andrea , Pinto Luca
Published: November 2015

Introduzione

Changes in electoral politics in contemporary democracies have contributed to shifting the focus of research from parties to individual candidates. The 2013 Italian Candidate Survey (ICS) has collected original survey data with the aim of gaining new insights into the role of political elites, looking in particular at the candidates running for office in the last Italian general election. Based on interviews with individual candidates, the ICS provides a tool for analysing party members; and for comparing them with voters in several ways. In this paper, we spell out the main features of our research that was conducted within the framework of a larger project that examined political representation in Italy between 2013 and 2015. Moreover, we offer three examples of potential applications of ICS data. First, we present a model of political representation favoured by Italian candidates that matches with a well-known typology of political representation. Second, we utilize our ICS data to estimate candidates’ policy preferences and to assess the level of congruence with their voters. Finally, by comparing the distribution of candidates’ self-placements and their own party mean position on the left-right scale, we show how our data can be used to explore intra-party cohesion.
Contextual effects on individual voting behaviour: the impact of party system nationalization in Europe
Authors: Maggini Nicola , Emanuele Vincenzo
Published: November 2015

This article has the purpose to assess if and how party system nationalization affects individual voting behaviour. Previous studies on party system nationalization have focused on systemic processes, exclusively dealing with aggregate data. The authors address this topic from a new empirical perspective, arguing that party system nationalization could act as a context dimension interacting with the vote choice function. How does this specific context dimension moderate the explanatory power of individual-level characteristics? On which determinants of vote choice does party system nationalization have a greater impact? To answer these questions, the authors focus on 23 European countries through the use of the 2009 European Election Study. The empirical analysis shows that in nationalized contexts the impact of the left-right dimension on party support is higher than in territorialized contexts, whereas that of class as well as of culture-related variables is lower. The authors also discuss the implications of these findings.
Simply-Supported Elliptical Auxetic Plates
Authors: Lim T.-C.
Published: November 2015

While the maximum bending moment, and hence maximum bending stress, of a fully clamped elliptical plate under uniform load is independent from the Poisson's ratio of the plate material, the same cannot be said so when the plate is simply supported. This paper develops a simple but sufficiently accurate model for evaluating the bending stresses along the principal axes of a simply supported elliptical under uniform load. Plotted results suggest that bending stresses at plate center along the longer principal axis is minimized by the use of highly auxetic materials if the elliptical plate is almost circular but the use of mildly auxetic material is preferred if the aspect ratio of the elliptical plate is very high. Results also reveal that bending stresses at plate center along the shorter principal axis is minimized when the plate material is highly auxetic. Upon considering the von Mises stress state as the effective stress, it was found that the maximum effective stress is reduced with the use of auxetic and conventional materials for simply supported elliptical plates of low and high aspect ratios, respectively.
Avebury: striking a balance
Authors: Gingell Christopher
Published: November 2015

Christopher Gingell, archaeologist, is Property Manager for the National Trust at Avebury.
Beyond the surface: comments on Hodder's ‘reflexive excavation methodology’
Authors: Hassan Fekri A.
Published: November 2015

Comment is offered on the ‘post-processual’ approach to excavation in the field advocated in the September Antiquity.
Iodine status among pregnant women after mandatory salt iodisation
Authors: Anaforoğlu İ. , Algün E. , İnceçayır Ö. , Topbaş M. , Erdoğan M. F.
Published: November 2015

I is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and neurological development. Various changes occur in thyroid hormone metabolism during pregnancy and I requirements increase significantly. The purpose of this study was to investigate I status among pregnant women in Trabzon, formerly a severely I-deficient area but shown to have become I sufficient following mandatory iodisation of table salt based on monitoring studies among school-age children (SAC) in the area. A total of 864 healthy pregnant women with a median age of 28 (25th–75th percentile 17–47) years participated in the study. None of them were using I-containing supplement. All of them were screened for use of iodised salt, obstetric history, thyroid function tests and urinary I concentrations (UIC), and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. Median UIC was 102 (25th–75th percentile=62–143) μg/l. Median UIC of the patients according to trimesters were 122 µg/l at the 1st, 97 µg/l at the 2nd and 87 µg/l at the 3rd trimester. UIC in the 1st trimester was higher compared with the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (P<0·017). Nodules were present in 17·7 % of women (n 153). The rate of iodised salt usage among pregnant women was 90·7 %. Our study demonstrates that, although the I status among SAC has been rectified, I deficiency (ID) is still prevalent among pregnant women. Current knowledge is in favour of I supplementation in this group. Until the effects of maternal I supplementation in mild ID have been clarified by large-scale prospective controlled trials, pregnant women living in borderline defficient and I-sufficient areas, such as Trabzon city, should receive 100–200 µg/d of I-containing supplements in addition to iodised salt.
Food intake response to exercise and active video gaming in adolescents: effect of weight status
Authors: Chaput J. P. , Tremblay A. , Pereira B. , Boirie Y. , Duclos M. , Thivel D.
Published: November 2015

Although a few data are available regarding the impact of video games on energy intake (EI) in lean adolescents, there is no evidence on the effect of passive and active video gaming on food intake in both lean and obese youth. It is also unknown whether isoenergetic active video games and exercise differently affect food consumption in youth. In all, twelve lean and twelve obese adolescent boys (12–15 years old) had to complete four 1-h sessions in a cross-over design study: control (CON; sitting), passive video game (PVG; boxing game on Xbox 360), active video game (AVG; boxing game on Xbox Kinect 360) and exercise (EX; cycling). The exercise and active video game activities were designed to generate the same energy expenditure (EE). EE was measured using a K4b2 portable indirect calorimeter. Ad libitum food intake and appetite sensations were assessed following the sessions. AVG and EX-EE were significantly higher in obese participants and significantly higher compared with PVG and CON in both groups. Obese participants significantly ate more than lean ones in all four conditions (P<0·001). EI did not differ between conditions in obese participants (CON: 4935 (sd 1490) kJ; PVG: 4902 (sd 1307) kJ; AVG: 4728 (sd 1358) kJ; EX: 4643 (sd 1335) kJ), and was significantly lower in lean participants after EX (2847 (sd 577) kJ) compared with PVG (3580 (sd 863) kJ) and AVG (3485 (sd 643) kJ) (P<0·05). Macronutrient intake was not significantly different between the groups or conditions. Hunger was significantly higher and satiety was lower in obese participants but no condition effect was observed. Overall, moderate-intensity exercise provides better effect on energy balance than an isoenergetic hour of active video gaming in lean adolescent boys by dually affecting EE and EI.
On Athesmia (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) from Jackals in Tanzania
Authors: Hammond J. A.
Published: November 2015

1. An Athesmia sp. from two species of jackals (Canis adustus Sundervall, 1846, and Canis mesomelas Schreber, 1775) in northern Tanzania is described.

2. While considerable variation in size and internal morphology was observed, these differences do not appear to be significant.

3. There being no constant morphological features to establish a new species, these specimens are for the present considered to be A.foxi Goldberger and Crane, 1911.

4. The difficulties in the identification of Athesmia are discussed and the present position in the genus briefly reviewed.

5. Histopathological studies were carried out with negative results and reference is made to other reports of such studies in the literature.
Long-term result of out-patient neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation surgery for patients with epistaxis
Authors: Zhang J , Qiu R , Wei C
Published: November 2015

Objective:

To evaluate the long-term efficacy of out-patient neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation surgery for patients with epistaxis.

Methods:

A retrospective clinical study was conducted. A total of 217 consecutive patients who presented with acute or recurrent epistaxis received neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation treatment in an out-patient setting.

Results:

At three years, 94 per cent of acute epistaxis patients versus 88 per cent of recurrent epistaxis patients reported no bleeding. The outcome scores at 12 weeks and 3 years after treatment showed no significant differences between the 2 groups (p = 0.207 and p = 0.186). However, there was a significant difference in outcome scores at four weeks after treatment (p = 0.034). The median (and mean ± standard deviation) pain levels experienced during the laser operation (performed in an office setting) were 4.0 (3.75 ± 2.09) in the acute epistaxis group and 4.0 (3.83 ± 2.01) in the recurrent epistaxis group. Neither group had any complications.

Conclusion:

Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser photocoagulation is desirable in the treatment of both acute and recurrent epistaxis, and has long-lasting efficacy.
Lesotho's land tenure regimes: experiences of rural communities and the calls for land reform
Authors: Pule Neville W. , Thabane Motlatsi
Published: November 2015

Calls to reform Lesotho's traditional or customary land tenure abound. The main argument of those who call for reform is that there is no security of tenure, and therefore economic development and foreign and local investment in agriculture are lacking. Lately, traditional land tenure has been blamed for environmental degradation of agricultural land. Using oral and documentary evidence collected in the Rothe Ward, Mafeteng District, and the Mafeteng District Secretary's Office, this paper argues that the traditional land tenure is ambiguous on ownership of land, and is in need of reform designed to prevent various forms of chiefly abuse. However, no evidence of insecurity of tenure per se was found. Instead, poverty and lack of capital with which to acquire agricultural inputs in order to improve production were most prevalent in the responses of rural communities. Finally, the paper ends on a note of caution that reforms as envisaged may have calamitous long-term consequences both for rural communities and the country.
Kinematic model to control the end-effector of a continuum robot for multi-axis processing
Authors: Cobos-Guzman Salvador , Palmer David , Axinte Dragos
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a novel kinematic approach for controlling the end-effector of a continuum robot for in-situ repair/inspection in restricted and hazardous environments. Forward and inverse kinematic (IK) models have been developed to control the last segment of the continuum robot for performing multi-axis processing tasks using the last six Degrees of Freedom (DoF). The forward kinematics (FK) is proposed using a combination of Euler angle representation and homogeneous matrices. Due to the redundancy of the system, different constraints are proposed to solve the IK for different cases; therefore, the IK model is solved for bending and direction angles between (−π/2 to +π/2) radians. In addition, a novel method to calculate the Jacobian matrix is proposed for this type of hyper-redundant kinematics. The error between the results calculated using the proposed Jacobian algorithm and using the partial derivative equations of the FK map (with respect to linear and angular velocity) is evaluated. The error between the two models is found to be insignificant, thus, the Jacobian is validated as a method of calculating the IK for six DoF.
PROPERTY AND THE CREATION OF VALUE
Authors: Moller Dan
Published: November 2015

Following Locke, philosophical discussion of private property has tended to focus on the acquisition of natural resources as central. In this paper I first pursue the idea that the resource paradigm doesn't apply to most developed economies, and show how this creates problems for many accounts of property. My second ambition is to draw a normative conclusion by showing that redistribution of wealth generated in the context of services is more difficult to justify compared with the natural resource paradigm philosophers have often focused on.
A Radio/Optical Integrated Navigation Method Based on Ephemeris Correction for an Interplanetary Probe to approach a Target Planet
Authors: Ma Xin , Fang Jiancheng , Ning Xiaolin , Liu Gang , Ye Hui
Published: November 2015

To obtain accurate navigation results with respect to Earth simultaneously with those with respect to the target for an interplanetary probe to approach the target planet, this paper proposes a Radio/Optical integrated navigation method based on ephemeris correction, which deeply affects the fusion accuracy. In this paper, the model of the ephemeris error is established, and taking the analytical solution of the ephemeris uncertainty as measurement, the target ephemeris error and its covariance are estimated by Kalman filter and fed back to modify the force models. By correcting the target ephemeris and using information fusion, the Radio/Optical integrated navigation prevents the ephemeris uncertainty polluting the fusion accuracy, and efficiently combines the radio and optical navigation results. The results show the influence of the ephemeris error can be removed, and the Radio/Optical integrated navigation is capable of providing accurate navigation results with respect to Earth and the target. The results demonstrate the proposed method yields an accuracy superior to the conventional method, which proves its effectiveness.
Outdoor Education: Environmental Education Reinvented, or Environmental Education Reconceived?
Authors: Brookes Andrew
Published: November 2015

In most Victorian schools outdoor education has meant the weekend bushwalk or the end of year camp. It has been extra-curricula. But that is changing.

Outdoor education appears poised to achieve subject status is Victoria. It is included in official curriculum developments and is served by recognised specialist tertiary courses.

Outdoor education has been distinguished from physical education by its focus on environmental education, and a converse argument probably applies. But is the environmental education which occurs in outdoor education distinguished by anything other than an association with adventure activities? After all, field trips are not a new idea.

This paper argues that the distinctiveness of outdoor education as a form of environmental education is derived from its physical and conceptual isolation from schooling. Conceptual isolation provides the opportunity to construct powerfully affective forms of de-schooled environmental education.

The ways in which an outdoor education context can provide different situational constraints from those existing in schools or other institutions are outlined. An action research project is used to exemplify ways in which teachers might reconceive education within those new constraints.

The paper concludes that outdoor education can allow powerful forms of environmental education to develop, but that a technocratic rationalisation of the field associated with its increasing institutionalisation threatens to negate that potential.
A moving boundary problem for the Stokes equations involving osmosis: Variational modelling and short-time well-posedness
Authors: LIPPOTH FRIEDRICH , PELETIER MARK A. , PROKERT GEORG
Published: November 2015

Within the framework of variational modelling we derive a one-phase moving boundary problem describing the motion of a semipermeable membrane enclosing a viscous liquid, driven by osmotic pressure and surface tension of the membrane. For this problem we prove the existence of classical solutions for a short-time.
Mass-Casualty Triage: Time for an Evidence-Based Approach
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer Lee , McCarthy Melissa L. , Sauer Lauren M. , Green Gary B. , Stuart Stephanie , Thomas Tamara L. , Hsu Edbert B.
Published: November 2015

Mass-casualty triage has developed from a wartime necessity to a civilian tool to ensure that constrained medical resources are directed at achieving the greatest good for the most number of people. Several primary and secondary triage tools have been developed, including Simple Treatment and Rapid Transport (START), JumpSTART, Care Flight Triage, Triage Sieve, Sacco Triage Method, Secondary Assessment of Victim Endpoint (SAVE), and Pediatric Triage Tape. Evidence to support the use of one triage algorithm over another is limited, and the development of effective triage protocols is an important research priority. The most widely recognized mass-casualty triage algorithms in use today are not evidence-based, and no studies directly address these issues in the mass-casualty setting. Furthermore, no studies have evaluated existing mass-casualty triage algorithms regarding ease of use, reliability, and validity when biological, chemical, or radiological agents are introduced. Currently, the lack of a standardized mass-casualty triage system that is well validated, reliable, and uniformly accepted, remains an important gap. Future research directed at triage is recognized as a necessity, and the development of a practical, universal, triage algorithm that incorporates requirements for decontamination or special precautions for infectious agents would facilitate a more organized mass-casualty medical response.
Some Useful Sources
Authors: Lau Clayton Carmen , Davies Laura
Published: November 2015

We have provided here an annotated list of resources, key organisations and programmes that support young fathers and details of data sources for secondary use. The information complements the citations within the individual articles in this themed section.
Going Far or Staying Close? Transnational Mobility among Southeast Asian Students in Islamic Studies
Authors: Kull Ann
Published: November 2015

This article discusses eleven Southeast Asian students’ transnational mobility in order to obtain higher education at an Islamic university in Jakarta. A life story approach has been used and semi-structured and interviewee-oriented interviews have been carried out in the field, as well as on the internet. The focus is not only on the students’ individual experiences, such as educational background, strategies in mobility, prevailing life conditions, educational objectives, and future plans, but also on why they chose international Islamic studies in Jakarta and how they evaluate the education offered there. Gender constitutes an overall empirical and analytical aspect of this article, taking into account the prevailing gender order, or norm, in the students’ homelands and families, as well as gender regimes, or relations, in the educational and social environment in Jakarta. These students have mixed backgrounds regarding nationality, class, parents’ education, gendered and religious norms, and previous contacts outside of their homelands. All, however, accumulate social capital in the transnational social fields or networks – physical and digital – that they take part in during their time in Jakarta and after they finalised their studies. All the students plan for further studies or a working career, and a majority of the students intend to return – or have already returned – to their home country, while a few prefer a third country. They can be defined as so-called temporarily uprooted locals, with an even spread on a scale from localism to cosmopolitanism in their individual identity formation.
How Your Gift Can Keep on Giving
Authors: Borchardt Jeff
Published: November 2015

A new incentive program will award up to $5000 in unrestricted funds to each American Geophysical Union section or focus group with enough donors making contributions this year of $50 or more to any AGU funds.
Earth's Water Came from Space Dust During Planetary Formation
Authors: Sullivan Cody
Published: November 2015

A new analysis of lava from the deep mantle indicates that water-soaked dust particles, rather than a barrage of icy comets, asteroids, or other bodies, delivered water to the newly forming Earth.
PH motifs in PAR1&2 endow breast cancer growth
Authors: Kancharla A. , Maoz M. , Jaber M. , Agranovich D. , Peretz T. , Grisaru-Granovsky S. , Uziely B. , Bar-Shavit R.
Published: November 2015

Although emerging roles of protease-activated receptor1&2 (PAR1&2) in cancer are recognized, their underlying signalling events are poorly understood. Here we show signal-binding motifs in PAR1&2 that are critical for breast cancer growth. This occurs via the association of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain with Akt/PKB as a key signalling event of PARs. Other PH-domain signal-proteins such as Etk/Bmx and Vav3 also associate with PAR1 and PAR2 through their PH domains. PAR1 and PAR2 bind with priority to Etk/Bmx. A point mutation in PAR2, H349A, but not in R352A, abrogates PH-protein association and is sufficient to markedly reduce PAR2-instigated breast tumour growth in vivo and placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion in vitro. Similarly, the PAR1 mutant hPar1-7A, which is unable to bind the PH domain, reduces mammary tumours and EVT invasion, endowing these motifs with physiological significance and underscoring the importance of these previously unknown PAR1 and PAR2 PH-domain-binding motifs in both pathological and physiological invasion processes.
Cell-to-cell communication in cancer: workshop report
Authors: Oktay Maja H , Lee Yi-Fen , Harney Allison , Farrell Dorothy , Kuhn Nastaran Z , Morris Stephanie A , Greenspan Emily , Mohla Suresh , Grodzinski Piotr , Norton Larry
Published: November 2015

Recent advances in cancer biology and the development of new research tools have enabled interrogations of single cells and cell–cell interactions. Emerging technologies are capable of revealing data on the physical characteristics of cells, differences in the genome and proteome between cancerous and healthy cells, and variations in distinct cell subpopulations. Dynamic measurements enable studies that can reveal the evolution of cell characteristics. Cells can also be assembled in vitro or ex vivo into two- and three-dimensional cell environments, allowing for studies of cell–cell interactions and cell signaling. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, in collaboration with the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the National Cancer Institute, co-organized a workshop as an opportunity for leading researchers in their respective fields to present and discuss scientific research highlights relevant to the utilization of techniques and technologies for studying cell-to-cell communications in cancer. Avenues of future development and the potential for clinical utility were primary features of these discussions. The scientific presentations and extensive ensuing discussions resulted in the identification of a number of research opportunities, which are summarized in this report.
Conversion of a light-driven proton pump into a light-gated ion channel
Authors: Vogt A. , Guo Y. , Tsunoda S. P. , Kateriya S. , Elstner M. , Hegemann P.
Published: November 2015

Interest in microbial rhodopsins with ion pumping activity has been revitalized in the context of optogenetics, where light-driven ion pumps are used for cell hyperpolarization and voltage sensing. We identified an opsin-encoding gene (CsR) in the genome of the arctic algaCoccomyxa subellipsoideaC-169 that can produce large photocurrents inXenopusoocytes. We used this property to analyze the function of individual residues in proton pumping. Modification of the highly conserved proton shuttling residue R83 or its interaction partner Y57 strongly reduced pumping power. Moreover, this mutation converted CsR at moderate electrochemical load into an operational proton channel with inward or outward rectification depending on the amino acid substitution. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, these data demonstrate that CsR-R83 and its interacting partner Y57 in conjunction with water molecules forms a proton shuttle that blocks passive proton flux during the dark-state but promotes proton movement uphill upon illumination.
On the definition and identifiability of the alleged “hiatus” in global warming
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan , Risbey James S. , Oreskes Naomi
Published: November 2015

Recent public debate and the scientific literature have frequently cited a “pause” or “hiatus” in global warming. Yet, multiple sources of evidence show that climate change continues unabated, raising questions about the status of the “hiatus”. To examine whether the notion of a “hiatus” is justified by the available data, we first document that there are multiple definitions of the “hiatus” in the literature, with its presumed onset spanning a decade. For each of these definitions we compare the associated temperature trend against trends of equivalent length in the entire record of modern global warming. The analysis shows that the “hiatus” trends are encompassed within the overall distribution of observed trends. We next assess the magnitude and significance of all possible trends up to 25 years duration looking backwards from each year over the past 30 years. At every year during the past 30 years, the immediately preceding warming trend was always significant when 17 years (or more) were included in the calculation, alleged “hiatus” periods notwithstanding. If current definitions of the “pause” used in the literature are applied to the historical record, then the climate system “paused” for more than 1/3 of the period during which temperatures rose 0.6 K.
Engineering the interlayer exchange coupling in magnetic trilayers
Authors: Chang Ching-Hao , Dou Kun-Peng , Chen Ying-Chin , Hong Tzay-Ming , Kaun Chao-Cheng
Published: November 2015

When the thickness of metal film approaches the nanoscale, itinerant carriers resonate between its boundaries and form quantum well states (QWSs), which are crucial to account for the film’s electrical, transport and magnetic properties. Besides the classic origin of particle-in-a-box, the QWSs are also susceptible to the crystal structures that affect the quantum resonance. Here we investigate the QWSs and the magnetic interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) in the Fe/Ag/Fe (001) trilayer from first-principles calculations. We find that the carriers at the Brillouin-zone center (belly) and edge (neck) separately form electron- and hole-like QWSs that give rise to an oscillatory feature for the IEC as a function of the Ag-layer thickness with long and short periods. Since the QWS formation sensitively depends on boundary conditions, one can switch between these two IEC periods by changing the Fe-layer thickness. These features, which also occur in the magnetic trilayers with other noble-metal spacers, open a new degree of freedom to engineer the IEC in magnetoresistance devices.
Diversification and evolution of the SDG gene family in Brassica rapa after the whole genome triplication
Authors: Dong Heng , Liu Dandan , Han Tianyu , Zhao Yuxue , Sun Ji , Lin Sue , Cao Jiashu , Chen Zhong-Hua , Huang Li
Published: November 2015

Histone lysine methylation, controlled by the SET Domain Group (SDG) gene family, is part of the histone code that regulates chromatin function and epigenetic control of gene expression. Analyzing the SDG gene family in Brassica rapa for their gene structure, domain architecture, subcellular localization, rate of molecular evolution and gene expression pattern revealed common occurrences of subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization in BrSDGs. In comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana, the BrSDG gene family was found to be more divergent than AtSDGs, which might partly explain the rich variety of morphotypes in B. rapa. In addition, a new evolutionary pattern of the four main groups of SDGs was presented, in which the Trx group and the SUVR subgroup evolved faster than the E(z), Ash groups and the SUVH subgroup. These differences in evolutionary rate among the four main groups of SDGs are perhaps due to the complexity and variability of the regions that bind with biomacromolecules, which guide SDGs to their target loci.
M233I Mutation in the β-Tubulin of Botrytis cinerea Confers Resistance to Zoxamide
Authors: Cai Meng , Lin Dong , Chen Lei , Bi Yang , Xiao Lu , Liu Xi-li
Published: November 2015

Three phenotypes were detected in 161 Botrytis cinerea field isolates, including ZoxSCarS (sensitive to zoxamide and carbendazim), ZoxSCarR (sensitive to zoxamide and resistant to carbendazim) and ZoxRCarR (resistant to zoxamide and carbendazim), but not ZoxRCarS (resistant to zoxamide and sensitive to carbendazim). The baseline sensitivity to zoxamide was determined with a mean EC50 of 0.76 μg/ml. Two stable ZoxRCarS isolates were obtained with a resistance factor of 13.28 and 20.43; there was a fitness penalty in mycelial growth rate, sporulation, virulence and sclerotium production. The results suggest that the resistance risk of B. cinerea to zoxamide is low where benzimidazoles have not been used. E198V, E198K and M233I, were detected in the β-tubulin of ZoxSCarR, ZoxRCarR, ZoxRCarS, respectively. Molecular docking indicated that position 198 in β-tubulin were targets for both zoxamide and carbendazim. The mutations at 198 prevented formation of hydrogen bonds between β-tubulin and carbendazim (E198V/K) and changed the conformation of the binding pocket of zoxamide (E198K). M233I had no effect on the binding of carbendazim but resulted in loss of a hydrogen bond between zoxamide and F200. M233 is suggested to be a unique target site for zoxamide and be very important in the function of β tubulin.
Large-Scale Computational Screening Identifies First in Class Multitarget Inhibitor of EGFR Kinase and BRD4
Authors: Allen Bryce K. , Mehta Saurabh , Ember Stewart W. J. , Schonbrunn Ernst , Ayad Nagi , Schürer Stephan C.
Published: November 2015

Inhibition of cancer-promoting kinases is an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many cancers, although resistance to kinase inhibitors is common. One way to overcome resistance is to target orthogonal cancer-promoting pathways. Bromo and Extra-Terminal (BET) domain proteins, which belong to the family of epigenetic readers, have recently emerged as promising therapeutic targets in multiple cancers. The development of multitarget drugs that inhibit kinase and BET proteins therefore may be a promising strategy to overcome tumor resistance and prolong therapeutic efficacy in the clinic. We developed a general computational screening approach to identify novel dual kinase/bromodomain inhibitors from millions of commercially available small molecules. Our method integrated machine learning using big datasets of kinase inhibitors and structure-based drug design. Here we describe the computational methodology, including validation and characterization of our models and their application and integration into a scalable virtual screening pipeline. We screened over 6 million commercially available compounds and selected 24 for testing in BRD4 and EGFR biochemical assays. We identified several novel BRD4 inhibitors, among them a first in class dual EGFR-BRD4 inhibitor. Our studies suggest that this computational screening approach may be broadly applicable for identifying dual kinase/BET inhibitors with potential for treating various cancers.