bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implikationen der prähospitalen Einschätzung des Traumapatienten auf den Behandlungsverlauf – Eine Auswertung aus dem TraumaRegister DGU®
Authors: Jaekel C. , Oezel L. , Bieler D. , Grassmann J. P. , Rang C. , Lefering R. , Windolf J. , Thelen S. ,   Sektion Notfall‑, Intensivmedizin und Schwerverletztenversorgung (Sektion NIS) der DGU
Published: July 2021

Hintergrund

In der prähospitalen Versorgungsphase schwer verletzter Patienten steht die Stabilisierung der Vitalparameter im Vordergrund. Die zügige und möglichst genaue Einschätzung des vorliegenden Verletzungsmusters durch den Notarzt ist entscheidend für die Auswahl der Zielklinik und die Initialbehandlung.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu eruieren, welchen Einfluss die notärztliche Einschätzung der Verletzungsschwere auf die prähospitale Versorgung und die Schockraumbehandlung hat.

Material und Methoden

Es erfolgt eine Analyse der Daten des TraumaRegister DGU® im Fünfjahreszeitraum von 2015–2019 innerhalb Deutschlands. Die prähospitale notärztliche Einschätzung des Verletzungsmusters wurde anhand des Notarzteinsatzprotokolls erfasst und mit den innerklinischen dokumentierten Diagnosen gemäß den Abbreviated Injury Scale Codes abgeglichen.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt wurden 47.838 Patienten mit einem durchschnittlichen Injury Severity Score (ISS) von 18,7 Punkten (SA 12,3) eingeschlossen. Zusammenfassend wurden innerklinisch 127.739 verletzte Körperregionen dokumentiert. Von diesen wurden 68,8 % prähospital vom Notarzt richtig vermutet. Somit wurden 31,2 % verletzte Körperregionen nicht detektiert. In insgesamt 42.530 Fällen wurde eine Körperregion als verletzt vermutet, ohne dass sich der Verdacht innerklinisch betätigte. Bei den fehleingeschätzten Verletzungen wurden Schädel-Hirn-Traumata und Gesichtsverletzungen am häufigsten überdiagnostiziert (13,5 % bzw. 14,7 % notärztlich dokumentiert bei nichtvorliegender Diagnose). Thoraxverletzungen wurden am häufigsten unterdokumentiert (17,3 % notärztlich nichtdokumentiert bei abschließend gesicherter Diagnose). Die tatsächliche Gesamtmortalität aller Gruppen entsprach nahezu der erwarteten Mortalität, berechnet mit dem Revised Injury Severity Classification II(RISC II)-Score (12,0 % vs. 11,3 %).

Diskussion

In der prähospitalen Phase der Versorgung von schwer verletzten Patienten wird die durch den Notarzt erfasste Gesamtverletzungsschwere gut eingeschätzt und korreliert mit den eingeleiteten Therapien, der Auswahl der Zielklinik als auch dem innerklinischen Verlauf sowie dem Outcome des Patienten. Die Erfassung von Verletzungen einzelner Körperregionen scheint prähospital jedoch herausfordernd zu sein.
Robotische Hernienchirurgie II
Authors: Baur Johannes , Ramser Michaela , Keller Nicola , Muysoms Filip , Dörfer Jörg , Wiegering Armin , Eisner Lukas , Dietz Ulrich A.
Published: July 2021

Die endoskopische Versorgung von Umbilikal- und Inzisionalhernien hat sich in den vergangenen 30 Jahren an die Limitationen der konventionellen laparoskopischen Instrumente angepasst. Dazu gehört die Entwicklung von Netzen für die intraperitoneale Lage (intraperitoneales Onlay-Mesh, IPOM) mit antiadhäsiven Beschichtungen; allerdings kommt es bei einem beträchtlichen Teil dieser Patienten doch zu Adhäsionen. Minimal-invasive Verfahren führen zu weniger perioperativen Komplikationen, bei einer etwas höheren Rezidivrate. Mit den ergonomischen Ressourcen der Robotik, die abgewinkelte Instrumente anbietet, besteht erstmals die Möglichkeit, Netze minimal-invasiv in unterschiedliche Bauchdeckenschichten zu implantieren und gleichzeitig eine morphologische und funktionelle Rekonstruktion der Bauchdecke zu erreichen. In diesem Videobeitrag wird die Versorgung von Ventral- und Inzisionalhernien mit Netzimplantation in den präperitonealen Raum (robotische ventrale transabdominelle präperitoneale Patchplastik, rv-TAPP) sowie in den retrorektalen Raum (r-Rives bzw. robotische transabdominelle retromuskuläre umbilikale Patchplastik [r-TARUP]) präsentiert. Es werden die Ergebnisse einer Kohortenstudie an 118 konsekutiven Patienten vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf den Mehrwert der robotischen Technik in der Extraperitonealisierung der Netze und in der Weiterbildung diskutiert.
Correction to: Dual-energy CT collagen density mapping of wrist ligaments reveals tissue remodeling in CPPD patients: first results from a clinical cohort
Authors: Ziegeler Katharina , Richter Sophia-Theresa , Hermann Sandra , Hermann Kay Geert A. , Hamm Bernd , Diekhoff Torsten
Published: July 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00256-021-03833-5
Assessment of tumor depth in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma with multiparametric MRI: correlation with pathology
Authors: Tang Weiqing , Wang Ying , Yuan Ying , Tao Xiaofeng
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To compare the correlation of depth of invasion (DOI) measured on multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences and pathological DOI, in order to determine the optimal MRI sequence for measurement.

Methods

A total of 122 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) patients were retrospectively analyzed, who had received preoperative MRI and surgical resection. DOIs measured on fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic enhanced-T1 high-resolution insotropic volume examination (e-THRIVE), and contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1WI (CE-T1WI) were respectively compared to those measured in pathologic specimens. The cutoff value of the best correlated MRI sequence was determined, and the T staging accuracy of MRI-derived DOI was evaluated.

Results

DOI derived from e-THRIVE showed the best correlation (r = 0.936, p < 0.001) with pathological DOI. The area under the curve values of MRI-derived DOI distinguishing T1 stage from T2 stage and distinguishing T2 stage from T3 stage were 0.969 and 0.974, respectively. The T staging criteria of MRI-derived DOI were 6.2 mm and 11.4 mm, with a staging accuracy of 86.9% compared to pathological DOI criteria of 5 mm and 10 mm.

Conclusion

E-THRIVE was the optimal MR sequence to measure the MR-derived DOI, and DOI derived from e-THRIVE could serve as a potential cut-off value as a clinical T staging indicator of OTSCC.

Key Points

• Multiparametric MRI helps radiologists to assess the neoplasm invasion in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

• Retrospective study indicated that measurement was most accurate on enhanced-T1 high-resolution insotropic volume examination dynamic contrast enhancement images.

• T staging of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma was accurate according to the dynamic contrast enhancement MRI-derived depth of invasion.
Coronary calcium scoring potential of large field-of-view spectral photon-counting CT: a phantom study
Authors: van der Werf Niels R. , Si-Mohamed S. , Rodesch P. A. , van Hamersvelt R. W. , Greuter M. J. W. , Boccalini S. , Greffier J. , Leiner T. , Boussel L. , Willemink M. J. , Douek P.
Published: July 2021

Objective

The aim of the current study was, first, to assess the coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring potential of spectral photon-counting CT (SPCCT) in comparison with computed tomography (CT) for routine clinical protocols. Second, improved CAC detection and quantification at reduced slice thickness were assessed.

Methods

Raw data was acquired and reconstructed with several combinations of reduced slice thickness and increasing strengths of iterative reconstruction (IR) for both CT systems with routine clinical CAC protocols for CT. Two CAC-containing cylindrical inserts, consisting of CAC of different densities and sizes, were placed in an anthropomorphic phantom. A specific CAC was detectable when 3 or more connected voxels exceeded the CAC scoring threshold of 130 Hounsfield units (HU). For all reconstructions, total CAC detectability was compared between both CT systems. Significant differences in CAC quantification (Agatston and volume scores) were assessed with Mann-Whitney U tests. Furthermore, volume scores were compared with the known CAC physical.

Results

CAC scores for routine clinical protocols were comparable between SPCCT and CT. SPCCT showed 34% and 4% higher detectability of CAC for the small and large phantom, respectively. At reduced slice thickness, CAC detection increased by 142% and 169% for CT and SPCCT, respectively. In comparison with CT, volume scores from SPCCT were more comparable with the physical volume of the CAC.

Conclusion

CAC scores using routine clinical protocols are comparable between conventional CT and SPCCT. The increased spatial resolution of SPCCT allows for increased detectability and more accurate CAC volume estimation.

Key Points

• Coronary artery calcium scores using routine clinical protocols are comparable between conventional CT and spectral photon-counting CT.

• In comparison with conventional CT, increased coronary artery calcium detectability was shown for spectral photon-counting CT due to increased spatial resolution.

• Volumes scores were more accurately determined with spectral photon-counting CT.
Error analysis of contactless optical temperature probing methods for cryogenic Yb:YAG
Authors: Demirbas Umit , Thesinga Jelto , Kellert Martin , Reuter Simon , Kärtner Franz X. , Pergament Mikhail
Published: July 2021

In this work, we have investigated six different in situ optical contactless temperature probing methods for cryogenic Yb:YAG systems. All the methods are based on variation of fluorescence spectra with temperature, and they either look at the width of the emission line, the ratio of the emission intensity at different wavelengths and to the overall spectral change at selected wavelength intervals. We have shown that, for Yb:YAG crystal with homogeneous temperature distribution, one can perform real-time contactless optical temperature measurements with a ± 1 K accuracy in the 78–300 K range. We have further tested the methods in measuring the average temperature of Yb:YAG rods at up to 500 W absorbed pump power level. We have seen that, a real-time temperature measurement accuracy of ± 5 K is feasible in both lasing and non-lasing situations for estimating the average temperature of crystals under nonhomogeneous thermal load. The techniques are quite valuable in evaluating the bonding quality of Yb:YAG crystals in cryogenic systems. Moreover, the real-time temperature information provides feedback on parameters like cavity alignment status and extraction efficiency to the laser engineers while optimizing the system.
Epithelial circulating tumor cells with a heterogeneous phenotype are associated with metastasis in NSCLC
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Men Yu , Wang Jianyang , Xing Puyuan , Zhao Jun , Li Junling , Xu Danfei , Hui Zhouguang , Cui Wei
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To analyze the clinical relevance of heterogeneous phenotypes of peripheral circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Materials and Methods

CTCs in 5 mL venous blood were enriched using the Canpatrol™ CTC technique in 82 NSCLC patients. And then, CTCs were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization with a combination of epithelial (EpCAM and CK8/18/19) and mesenchymal (vimentin and TWIST1) markers.

Results

According to the fluorescent dots, CTCs were classified into three groups, including epithelial CTCs (E-CTC), hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes (E/M-CTCs) and mesenchymal CTCs (M-CTCs). In 82 NSCLC cohort, only 2 patients didn’t detect CTCs, the overall CTCs detection rate was 97.5% (80/82). For 60 treatment naïve NSCLC, only one patient didn’t detect CTCs. The median number of total CTCs, hybrid E/M phenotype CTCs, E-CTCs and M-CTCs per 5 mL blood was 22 (range 1–90), 13 (range 0–83), 1 (range 0–17 and 0–47), respectively. Hybrid E/M CTCs, especially the e = m-CTCs, significantly differed between patients with and without distant metastasis. M-CTCs in advanced NSCLC patients were significantly more than the numbers observed in early stage patients. Patients with pure hybrid E/M-CTCs showed a lower proportion in distant metastasis positive cohort compared to negative ones (7% vs 22%), while patients with E + E/M CTCs (20% vs 9%) and E/M + M CTCs (33% vs 20%) showed a higher proportion. CTCs dynamic changes after treatment in 12 advanced NSCLC patients suggested that hybrid E/M-CTCs were related to the primary tumor size at baseline, while M-CTCs may suggest the progression of NSCLC.

Conclusion

We concluded that E-CTCs with a hybrid E/M phenotype are associated to metastasis in therapy-naïve NSCLC patients.
Analysis of risk factors for hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients
Authors: Kloehn Jaspar , Brodt Grit , Ernst Jana , Gruhn Bernd
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) represents a serious complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Our study aimed to investigate important risk factors of SOS in a pediatric population.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed 105 children, adolescents and young adults who underwent allogeneic HSCT at our pediatric HSCT center in Jena. The observation period was 12 years and SOS was defined by the pediatric criteria of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

Results

15 out of all 105 patients developed SOS (14.3%). The median time from HSCT to SOS diagnosis was 12 days. The mortality rate of SOS was 20.0%. In univariate analyses, we identified the significant risk factors of patient age < 1 year [odds ratio (OR) = 7.25, p = 0.037], prior treatment with gemtuzumab ozogamicin (OR = 11.00, p = 0.020), high pretransplant ferritin levels above 1500 ng/mL (OR = 4.00, p = 0.033), 2000 ng/mL (OR = 4.69, p = 0.016), and 2400 ng/mL (OR = 5.29, p = 0.005) as well as international normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 1.3 (OR = 5.91, p = 0.009). The following risk factors could be confirmed in multivariate analysis: treatment with gemtuzumab ozogamicin (OR = 9.24, p = 0.048), ferritin > 2400 ng/mL (OR = 5.74, p = 0.023), and INR ≥ 1.3 (OR = 8.02, p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Our study confirms several risk factors from the current literature. Additionally, this is the first report on the risk factor of high pretransplant INR.
An fMRI study of cognitive remediation in drug-naïve subjects diagnosed with first episode schizophrenia
Authors: Furtner Julia , Schöpf Veronika , Erfurth Andreas , Sachs Gabriele
Published: July 2021

Objective

The purpose of our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to examine brain activity using a “1-back” paradigm as working memory task in drug-naïve subjects with first episode schizophrenia before and after cognitive remediation training.

Methods

In this study 15 drug-naïve first episode subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were randomized to receive either atypical antipsychotics (AP, n = 8) or atypical antipsychotics in combination with cognitive remediation therapy (AP + CR, n = 7), 11 subjects had a follow-up fMRI examination after therapy (AP, n = 5; AP + CR, n = 6).

Results

In 4 of the 6 AP + CR subjects the number of activation clusters increased, whereas in 4 out of the 5 AP subjects the number of clusters decreased (mean number of clusters: AP + CR = 5.53, SD 12.79, AP = −5.8, SD 6.9).

Conclusion

In this randomized study the number of activation clusters during a working memory task increased after cognitive remediation training. Our data show that neurobiological effects of cognitive remediation can be identified in the very early course of schizophrenia.
Overcoming the Curse of Dimensionality in the Numerical Approximation of Parabolic Partial Differential Equations with Gradient-Dependent Nonlinearities
Authors: Hutzenthaler Martin , Jentzen Arnulf , Kruse Thomas
Published: July 2021

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are a fundamental tool in the modeling of many real-world phenomena. In a number of such real-world phenomena the PDEs under consideration contain gradient-dependent nonlinearities and are high-dimensional. Such high-dimensional nonlinear PDEs can in nearly all cases not be solved explicitly, and it is one of the most challenging tasks in applied mathematics to solve high-dimensional nonlinear PDEs approximately. It is especially very challenging to design approximation algorithms for nonlinear PDEs for which one can rigorously prove that they do overcome the so-called curse of dimensionality in the sense that the number of computational operations of the approximation algorithm needed to achieve an approximation precision of size $${\varepsilon }> 0$$

ε
>
0

grows at most polynomially in both the PDE dimension $$d \in \mathbb {N}$$

d
∈
N

and the reciprocal of the prescribed approximation accuracy $${\varepsilon }$$
ε
. In particular, to the best of our knowledge there exists no approximation algorithm in the scientific literature which has been proven to overcome the curse of dimensionality in the case of a class of nonlinear PDEs with general time horizons and gradient-dependent nonlinearities. It is the key contribution of this article to overcome this difficulty. More specifically, it is the key contribution of this article (i) to propose a new full-history recursive multilevel Picard approximation algorithm for high-dimensional nonlinear heat equations with general time horizons and gradient-dependent nonlinearities and (ii) to rigorously prove that this full-history recursive multilevel Picard approximation algorithm does indeed overcome the curse of dimensionality in the case of such nonlinear heat equations with gradient-dependent nonlinearities.
The Topological Correctness of PL Approximations of Isomanifolds
Authors: Boissonnat Jean-Daniel , Wintraecken Mathijs
Published: July 2021

Isomanifolds are the generalization of isosurfaces to arbitrary dimension and codimension, i.e. manifolds defined as the zero set of some multivariate multivalued smooth function $$f: {\mathbb {R}}^d\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}^{d-n}$$

f
:

R

d

→

R

d
-
n

. A natural (and efficient) way to approximate an isomanifold is to consider its piecewise-linear (PL) approximation based on a triangulation $$\mathcal {T}$$
T
of the ambient space $${\mathbb {R}}^d$$

R

d

. In this paper, we give conditions under which the PL approximation of an isomanifold is topologically equivalent to the isomanifold. The conditions are easy to satisfy in the sense that they can always be met by taking a sufficiently fine and thick triangulation $$\mathcal {T}$$
T
. This contrasts with previous results on the triangulation of manifolds where, in arbitrary dimensions, delicate perturbations are needed to guarantee topological correctness, which leads to strong limitations in practice. We further give a bound on the Fréchet distance between the original isomanifold and its PL approximation. Finally, we show analogous results for the PL approximation of an isomanifold with boundary.
A Framework for Differential Calculus on Persistence Barcodes
Authors: Leygonie Jacob , Oudot Steve , Tillmann Ulrike
Published: July 2021

We define notions of differentiability for maps from and to the space of persistence barcodes. Inspired by the theory of diffeological spaces, the proposed framework uses lifts to the space of ordered barcodes, from which derivatives can be computed. The two derived notions of differentiability (respectively, from and to the space of barcodes) combine together naturally to produce a chain rule that enables the use of gradient descent for objective functions factoring through the space of barcodes. We illustrate the versatility of this framework by showing how it can be used to analyze the smoothness of various parametrized families of filtrations arising in topological data analysis.
Time-Dynamic Markov Random Fields for price outcome prediction in the presence of lobbying
Authors: Cabello Julia García
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a mathematical/Artificial Intelligence (AI) model for the prediction of price outcomes in markets with the presence of lobbying, whose outputs are pricing trends that aggregate the opinions of lobbies on future prices. Our proposal succeeds in unraveling this complex real-world problem by reducing the solution to straightforward probability computations. We tested our method on real olive oil prices (Andalusia, Spain) with encouraging results in a challenging sector, where opacity in the entry of oil shipments which are stored while waiting for the price to rise, makes it very difficult to forecast the prices. Specifically, understanding by minimum price that the price level is at least reached, specific formulas for computing the likelihood of both the aggregate and the minimum market price are provided. These formulas are based on the price levels that lobbies expect which in turn, can be calculated using the probability that each lobby gives to market prices. An innovative quantitative study of the lobbies is also carried out by explicitly computing the weight of each lobby in the process thus solving a problem for which there were only qualitative references up until now. The structural model is based on Time Dynamic Markov random fields (TD-MRFs). This model requires significantly less information to produce an output and enjoys transparency during the process when compared with other approaches, such as neural networks (known as black boxes). Transparency also ensures that the internal structures can be fine tuned to fit to each context as well as possible.
Dimensional reduction of a fractured medium for a polymer EOR model
Authors: Dugstad Martin , Kumar Kundan , Pettersen Øystein
Published: July 2021

Dimensional reduction strategy is an effective approach to derive reliable conceptual models to describe flow in fractured porous media. The fracture aperture is several orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic size (e.g., the length of the fracture) of the physical problem. We identify the aperture to length ratio as the small parameter𝜖with the fracture permeability scaled as an exponent of𝜖. We consider a non-Newtonian fluid described by the Carreau model type where the viscosity is dependent on the fluid velocity. Using formal asymptotic approach, we derive a catalogue of reduced models at the vanishing limit of𝜖. Our derivation provides new models in a hybrid-dimensional setting as well as models which exhibit two-scale behaviour. Several numerical examples confirm the theoretical derivations of the upscaled models. Moreover, we have also studied the sensitivity of the upscaled models when a particular upscaled model is used beyond its range of validity to provide additional insight.
Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in fresh and frozen cycles using blastocysts derived from ovarian stimulation with follitropin delta
Authors: Havelock Jon , Aaris Henningsen Anna-Karina , Mannaerts Bernadette , Arce Joan-Carles ,   ESTHER-1 and ESTHER-2 Trial Groups
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To describe the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes using fresh and vitrified/warmed blastocysts obtained from ovarian stimulation with follitropin delta in controlled trials versus follitropin alfa.

Methods

This investigation evaluated the outcome from 2719 fresh and frozen cycles performed in 1326 IVF/ICSI patients who could start up to three ovarian stimulations in the ESTHER-1 (NCT01956110) and ESTHER-2 (NCT01956123) trials, covering 1012 fresh cycles and 341 frozen cycles with follitropin delta and 1015 fresh cycles and 351 frozen cycles with follitropin alfa. Of the 1326 first cycle patients, 513 continued to cycle 2 and 188 to cycle 3, and 441 patients started frozen cycles after the fresh cycles. Pregnancy follow-up was continued until 4 weeks after birth.

Results

The overall cumulative take-home baby rate after up to three stimulation cycles was 60.3% with follitropin delta and 60.7% with follitropin alfa (−0.2% [95% CI: −5.4%; 5.0%]), of which the relative contribution was 72.8% from fresh cycles and 27.2% from frozen cycles in each treatment group. Across the fresh cycles, the ongoing implantation rate was 32.1% for follitropin delta and 32.1% for follitropin alfa, while it was 27.6% and 27.8%, respectively, for the frozen cycles. Major congenital anomalies among the live-born neonates up until 4 weeks were reported at an incidence of 1.6% with follitropin delta and 1.8% with follitropin alfa (−0.2% [95% CI: −1.9%; 1.5%]).

Conclusions

Based on comparative trials, the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes from fresh and frozen cycles provide reassuring data on the efficacy and safety of follitropin delta.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01956110 registered on 8 October 2013; NCT01956123 registered on 8 October 2013.
Optimization of a refinery scheduling process with column generation and a quantum annealer
Authors: Ossorio-Castillo J. , Pena-Brage F.
Published: July 2021

This study focuses on the optimization of a refinery scheduling process with the help of an adiabatic quantum computer, and more concretely one of the quantum annealers developed by D-Wave Systems. We present an algorithm for finding a global optimal solution of a MILP that leans on a solver for QUBO problems, and apply it to various possible cases of refinery scheduling optimization. We analyze the inconveniences found during the whole process, whether due to the heuristic nature of D-Wave or the implications of reducing a MILP to QUBO, and present some experimental results.
Explanation, justification, and egalitarianism
Authors: Spafford Jesse
Published: July 2021

This paper argues that the philosophy of explanation can help inform core debates in value theory. Specifically, it argues that there is a consistent parallelism between the properties of explanation and the properties of justification such that one can reasonably infer that any property of explanation has a counterpart property of justification. Thus, by appealing to facts about the nature of explanation, one can derive various conclusions about the justifications offered by normative theorists. The paper illustrates this point by considering a debate within political philosophy over whether inequality requires justification in a way that equality does not. Egalitarians typically presume an affirmative answer to this question. However, libertarian critics note that this justificatory asymmetry cannot be simply assumed without argument. This paper argues that, by appealing to the explanation-justification parallelism, one can resolve this debate in favor of the egalitarians, as there are two properties of explanation, the justificatory analogs of which vindicate the egalitarian presumption.
Using Cucumis sativus, Acalymma vittatum, Celatoria setosa, and generalist pollinators as a case study for plant–insect interactions
Authors: Barrett Matthew R. , Filgueiras Camila C. , Willett Denis S.
Published: July 2021

Showcasing how semiochemicals are both multifunctional and can influence a community of organisms is a constant frontier shared by chemical ecologists and applied entomologists alike. As researchers in these fields continue to share broad and overlapping interests, converging on one system could allow for a better understanding of community interactions and the chemical substances that mediate them. Cucurbit systems are strategically positioned to study these types of interactions because they combine the elements of plant–herbivore, plant–predator, and plant pollinator into one model and are systems where researchers can pursue both basic and applied questions. In this review, we propose Cucumis sativus [cucumber], Acalymma vittatum [striped cucumber beetle], Celatoria setosa [a natural enemy], and generalist pollinators as a system for continued investigation into semiochemicals, their multifunctional roles, and their influence on both target and nontarget organisms. We believe this system is ripe for further exploration at the frontiers in chemical ecology and applied entomology.
Donor-Funded Women’s Empowerment in Tajikistan: Trajectories of Women’s NGOs and Changing Attitudes to the International Agenda
Authors: Kluczewska Karolina
Published: July 2021

This article investigates internationally funded women’s empowerment initiatives in Tajikistan. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent Tajik civil war (1992–1997), this newly independent, Muslim-majority country has experienced an influx of foreign aid, including in the field of women’s rights. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, the article analyzes the growth and diversification of local, Western-funded women’s non-governmental organizations (NGOs) between 1991 and 2020, paying attention to their leadership and aims, as well as changing perceptions of donors’ interventions. It is argued that, initially, local activists were supportive of international projects, which promoted gender equality by supporting women’s integration into the new, capitalist economy. In the last decade, however, an increasing conditionality of funding and deteriorating donor-NGO relations has fueled local contestations of the international agenda. The donor-enhanced women’s empowerment model, which fosters individual responsibility and self-reliance, is increasingly criticized for aggravating the conditions of local women in the context of a growing economic insecurity characterizing the local capitalist economy. Against this resentment, an alternative women’s empowerment model, advancing gender equity based on complementarity of male and female social roles and stressing the importance of family as a safety net against economic precarity, is gaining prominence locally.
Ingroup identification, hope and system justification: Testing hypothesis from social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA) in a sample of LGBTQIA+ individuals
Authors: Bonetti Chiara , Rossi Francesca , Caricati Luca
Published: July 2021

The social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA) suggests that system justification among low-status groups can be explained by ingroup identification and the hope for a collective future improvement. In this report, we summarize the results of a cross-sectional investigation concerning the relationship between system justification, hope and identification based on a sample of 200 LGBTQIA+ individuals (identifying themselves as non-normative with respect to gender identity and sexual orientation). The results were supportive of SIMSA expectations and showed that system justification was positively linked to hope for future advancement. Importantly, hope played a key role influencing the relations between ingroup identification and perceived ingroup status: for low-status individuals who had high hope, ingroup identification was positively associated with system justification. Limits are acknowledged.
Stochastic energy-demand analyses with random input parameters for the single-family house
Authors: Koniorczyk Marcin , Grymin Witold , Zygmunt Marcin , Bednarska Dalia , Wieczorek Alicja , Gawin Dariusz
Published: July 2021

In the analyses of the uncertainty propagation of buildings’ energy-demand, the Monte Carlo method is commonly used. In this study we present two alternative approaches: the stochastic perturbation method and the transformed random variable method. The energy-demand analysis is performed for the representative single-family house in Poland. The investigation is focused on two independent variables, considered as uncertain, the expanded polystyrene thermal conductivity and external temperature; however the generalization on any countable number of parameters is possible. Afterwards, the propagation of the uncertainty in the calculations of the energy consumption has been investigated using two aforementioned approaches. The stochastic perturbation method is used to determine the expected value and central moments of the energy consumption, while the transformed random variable method allows to obtain the explicit form of energy consumption probability density function and further characteristic parameters like quantiles of energy consumption. The calculated data evinces a high accordance with the results obtained by means of the Monte Carlo method. The most important conclusions are related to the computational cost reduction, simplicity of the application and the appropriateness of the proposed approaches for the buildings’ energy-demand calculations.
Leptochiton subrugatus sp. nov. (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from low boreal waters of northern Pacific
Authors: Sirenko Boris I. , Sigwart Julia D.
Published: July 2021

The genusLeptochitonGray, 1847 is a paraphyletic group of small, pale, and usually deepwater chitons. They lack some of the morphological shell characters that are important in the systematics of Polyplacophora, and species identification within this genus is challenging. One species complex in the North Pacific includes at least 11 species that were historically synonymized or confused withLeptochiton rugatus(Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1892). Scrutiny of ecological and biogeographical patterns has helped to separate species lineages within this clade and support morphological diagnoses. Based on morphological and molecular studies, a new species is described that was previously confused with bothLeptochiton assimilis(Thiele, 1909) andLeptochiton rugatus. This new species is widely distributed in the summer-warmed bays of the southern Primorye, Moneron Island, Northern Japan, Kunashir, and the Yellow Sea. This species is at least ~8% different in the COI barcode region fromLeptochiton rugatuss.s. Morphological differences between the new species and closely related species are presented.
Percutaneous coronary intervention for left main coronary artery malperfusion in acute type A aortic dissection
Authors: Taguchi Yuya , Kubo Shunsuke , Ikuta Akihiro , Osakada Kohei , Takamatsu Makoto , Takahashi Kotaro , Ohya Masanobu , Shimada Takenobu , Miura Katsuya , Murai Ryosuke , Tada Takeshi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fuku Yasushi , Goto Tsuyoshi , Komiya Tatsuhiko , Kadota Kazushige
Published: July 2021

The clinical outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for left main coronary artery (LMCA) malperfusion caused by acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing PCI for LMCA malperfusion caused by AAAD. We examined nine consecutive patients undergoing PCI for LMCA malperfusion caused by AAAD between 1995 and 2020. The mean age was 55.4 ± 7.7 years. Eight patients presented cardiogenic shock, and five patients cardiopulmonary arrest. Two patients were diagnosed with AAAD before coronary angiography using computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography, respectively, and in the other seven patients after coronary angiography using other modalities. Four patients underwent PCI on intra-aortic balloon pumping support, and four patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) support, including one patient on both. PCI was successful in eight patients, with final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 2 or 3. The four patients on VA-ECMO did not undergo aortic dissection repair due to poor recovery of cardiac function and died during the hospital stay, and the other five patients had successful PCI, underwent aortic dissection repair, and remained alive at 5 year follow-up. In conclusion, LMCA malperfusion caused by AAAD seemed to have clinical presentations and electrocardiogram changes similar to acute coronary syndrome. PCI and subsequent surgical aortic repair saved the lives of all AAAD patients with LMCA malperfusion who had not required VA-ECMO.
Hate: toward a Four-Types Model
Authors: Vendrell Ferran Íngrid
Published: July 2021

Drawing on insights found in both philosophy and psychology, this paper offers an analysis of hate and distinguishes between its main types. I argue that hate is a sentiment, i.e., a form to regard the other as evil which on certain occasions can be acutely felt. On the basis of this definition, I develop a typology which, unlike the main typologies in philosophy and psychology, does not explain hate in terms of patterns of other affective states. By examining the developmental history and intentional structure of hate, I obtain two variables: the replaceability/irreplaceability of the target and the determinacy/indeterminacy of the focus of concern. The combination of these variables generates the four-types model of hate, according to which hate comes in the following kinds: normative, ideological, retributive, and malicious.
Enhanced mechanical property and tunable dielectric property of SiCf/SiC-SiBCN composites by CVI combined with PIP
Authors: Song Chaokun , Liu Yongsheng , Ye Fang , Cheng Laifei , Zhang Pengfei , Chai Nan
Published: July 2021

The SiBCN matrix via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) or/and polymer infiltration pyrolysis (PIP) technologies was orderly introduced to SiCf/SiC composites to optimize the mechanical property and electromagnetic (EM) shielding effectiveness simultaneously. The BN interface with the thickness of 350 nm was designed to obtain a little stronger interface bonding. The flexural strength of SiCf/SiC-SiBCN composites reached 545.45±29.59 MPa thanks to the crack deflection between the CVI SiC and CVI SiBCN, as well as CVI SiBCN and PIP SiBCN matrix because of the modulus difference between them. The fracture toughness (KIC) with the value of 16.02±0.94 MPa·m1/2 was obtained owing to the extension of crack propagation path. The adverse effect of stronger interface bonding was eliminated by the design of matrix microstructure for SiCf/SiC-SiBCN composites. The thermal conductivity in the thickness direction was 7.64 W·(m·K)−1 at 1200 °C and the electric resistivity decreased to 1.53×103 Ω·m. The tunable dielectric property was obtained with the coordination of wave-absorption CVI SiBCN matrix and impedance matching PIP SiBCN matrix, and the total shielding effectiveness (SET) attained 30.01 dB. It indicates that the SiCf/SiC-SiBCN composites have great potential to be applied as structural and functional materials.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Racial Disparities in Children: Protective Mechanisms and Severe Complications Related to MIS-C
Authors: Kurup Sanjana , Burgess Regan , Tine Fatou , Chahroudi Ann , Lee Dexter L.
Published: July 2021

A novel coronavirus has resulted in a pandemic with over 176 million confirmed cases and over 3.8 million recorded deaths. In the USA, SARS-CoV-2 infection has a significant burden on minority communities, especially Hispanic and Black communities, which are overrepresented in cases compared to their percentage in the population. SARS-CoV-2 infection can manifest differently in children and adults, with children tending to have less severe disease. A review of current literature was performed to identify the hypothesized protective immune mechanisms in children, and to describe the rare complication of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) that has been documented in children post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epidemiologic data and case studies have indicated that children are less susceptible to more severe clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a finding that may be due to differences in the cytokine response generated by the innate immune system, high amounts of ACE-2 which maintain homeostatic functions by preventing inflammation, and trained immunity acquired from regular vaccinations. Despite these protective mechanisms, children are still susceptible to severe complications, such as MIS-C. The racial disparities seen in MIS-C are extremely apparent, and certain populations are more affected. Most specifically, 33% of MIS-C patients are Hispanic/Latino, and 30% Black. Current studies published on MIS-C do not detail whether certain symptoms are more present in certain racial/ethnic groups. Knowledge of these disparities could assist health care professionals with devising appropriate strategies for post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection follow-up in children as well as vaccine distribution in specific communities to help slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and ultimately reduce the potential for complications such as MIS-C.
The Link Between Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Neurodegeneration and Cognition
Authors: Weihs Antoine , Frenzel Stefan , Grabe Hans J.
Published: July 2021

Purpose of Review

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is increasingly found to have an impact on neurodegeneration. In this review, we summarise recent findings on the association between OSA and brain morphology, cognition, and processes related to Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Recent Findings

Associations between OSA and alterations in grey and white matter, brain diffusivity, and deficits in memory, attention, and executive control were reported. Furthermore, OSA was correlated with higher risks of developing AD and PD and associated pathophysiology. Treatment was found to alleviate but not reverse some of the damage.

There are strong indications that OSA plays a major role in neurodegenerative processes. The broad picture however remains elusive, likely due to insufficient sample sizes, heterogeneous outcomes, and OSA definitions failing to quantify the disorder’s sub-processes. While studies resolving these issues are required, the available evidence shows OSA to be a promising target to slow neurodegeneration and delay the onset of related disorders.
An efficient image encryption scheme based on fractal Tromino and Chebyshev polynomial
Authors: Khan Majid , Alanazi Ammar S. , Khan Lal Said , Hussain Iqtadar
Published: July 2021

The security of digital content during transmission and storage through insecure communication links and databases is a challenging issue in today's world. In this article, an encryption scheme based on fractal Tromino and Chebyshev polynomial-based generated chaotic matrix is presented. The scheme fulfills the most fundamental aspect of encryption that is diffusion and confusion. For confusion highly non-linear, pre-defined S-boxes are used. The proposed scheme has been tested using state-of-the-art key performance indicators including differential analysis, statistical analysis. Information entropy analysis, mean square error, and NIST-based randomness analysis. The encrypted images have the highest practically achievable entropy of 7.999 and the time analysis shows that the proposed system is suitable for real-time implementation. The rest of the results indicates that the proposed cryptosystem possesses high immunity toward various attacks. The security analysis compared with the existing scheme shows the strength of the suggested scheme.
Das Verhältnis von Nichtregierungsorganisationen und privaten Unternehmen in der globalen Umwelt‑, Menschenrechts- und Sicherheitspolitik
Authors: Hickmann Thomas , Prem Berenike
Published: July 2021

In der Literatur herrscht weitgehend Einigkeit, dass sich das Verhältnis vonNichtregierungsorganisationen(NGOs) und privaten Unternehmen in den vergangenen Jahren erweitert hat. Dennoch sind vergleichende Studien zur Interaktion zwischen beiden Akteursgruppen über verschiedene Politikfelder hinweg bislang selten. Gemeinsame Strukturen und Trends bleiben somit unterbeleuchtet. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht daher das Verhältnis von NGOs und dem Unternehmenssektor in der globalen Umwelt‑, Menschenrechts- und Sicherheitspolitik. Die Analyse zeigt, dass einige Entwicklungen politikfeldspezifisch sind. So fällt der Protest von NGOs gegenüber der privaten Sicherheitsbranche relativ zahm aus. Zugleich beobachten wir einen politikfeldübergreifenden Trend, der sich in einer graduellen Funktionserweiterung von NGOs im Bemühen um normkonformes Unternehmenshandeln äußert. NGOs agieren dabei zunehmend als Ko-Regulierer, indem sie mit Unternehmensvertreter*innen in Multi-Stakeholder-Initiativen gemeinsame Regeln erarbeiten, deren Einhaltung überwachen und für deren Umsetzung sorgen. Unsere Analyse mündet in der These, dass dieser Wandel durch die Diffusion eines globalen Skripts begriffen werden kann, das die Einbindung privatwirtschaftlicher Akteure zur Lösung globaler Probleme vorsieht.
Einsatz von Maschinellem Lernen für die Vorhersage von Stress am Beispiel der Logistik
Authors: Foot Hermann , Mättig Benedikt , Fiolka Michael , Grylewicz Tim , ten Hompel Michael , Kretschmer Veronika
Published: July 2021

Stress und seine komplexen Wirkungen werden bereits seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts erforscht. Die vielfältigen psychischen und physischen Stressoren in der Arbeitswelt können in Summe zu Störungen des Organismus und zu Erkrankungen führen. Da die Ausprägung körperlicher und subjektiver Folgen von Stress individuell unterschiedlich ist, lassen sich keine absoluten Grenzwerte ermitteln. Zur Erforschung der systematischen Mustererkennung physiologischer und subjektiver Stressparameter sowie einer Stressvorhersage, werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag Methoden des maschinellen Lernens (ML) eingesetzt. Als praktischer Anwendungsfall dient die Logistikbranche, in der Belastungsfaktoren häufig in der Tätigkeit und der Arbeitsorganisation begründet liegen. Ein Gestaltungselement bei der Prävention von Stress ist die Arbeitspause. Mit ML-Methoden wird untersucht, inwieweit Stress auf Basis physiologischer und subjektiver Parameter vorhergesagt werden kann, um Pausen individuell zu empfehlen. Im Beitrag wird der Zwischenstand einer Softwarelösung für ein dynamisches Pausenmanagement für die Logistik vorgestellt.

Praktische Relevanz: Das Ziel der Softwarelösung „Dynamische Pause“ besteht darin, Stress in Folge mentaler und physischer Belastungsfaktoren in der Logistik präventiv vorzubeugen und die Beschäftigten auf lange Sicht gesund, zufrieden, arbeitsfähig und produktiv zu halten. Infolge individualisierter Erholungspausen als Gestaltungselement, können Unternehmen unterstützt werden, Personalressourcen entsprechend der dynamischen Anforderungen der Logistik flexibler einzusetzen.
Kinetic analysis of the partial synthesis of artemisinin: Photooxygenation to the intermediate hydroperoxide
Authors: Triemer S. , Schulze M. , Wriedt B. , Schenkendorf R. , Ziegenbalg D. , Krewer U. , Seidel-Morgenstern A.
Published: July 2021

The price of the currently best available antimalarial treatment is driven in large part by the limited availability of its base drug compound artemisinin. One approach to reduce the artemisinin cost is to efficiently integrate the partial synthesis of artemisinin starting from its biological precursor dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) into the production process. The optimal design of such an integrated process is a complex task that is easier to solve through simulations studies and process modelling. In this article, we present a quantitative kinetic model for the photooxygenation of DHAA to an hydroperoxide, the essential initial step of the partial synthesis to artemisinin. The photooxygenation reactions were studied in a two-phase photo-flow reactor utilizing Taylor flow for enhanced mixing and fast gas-liquid mass transfer. A good agreement of the model and the experimental data was achieved for all combinations of photosensitizer concentration, photon flux, fluid velocity and both liquid and gas phase compositions. Deviations between simulated predictions and measurements for the amount of hydroperoxide formed are 7.1 % on average. Consequently, the identified and parameterized kinetic model is exploited to investigate different behaviors of the reactor under study. In a final step, the kinetic model is utilized to suggest attractive operating windows for future applications of the photooxygenation of DHAA exploiting reaction rates that are not affected by mass transfer limitations.