bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal effects of pandemic stressors and dyadic coping on relationship satisfaction during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Carrese‐Chacra Emily , Hollett Kayla , Erdem Gizem , Miller Sydney , Gouin Jean‐Philippe
Published: April 2023

Objective

This study examined changes in relationship satisfaction during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the moderating roles of financial strain, perceived threat of COVID‐19, and dyadic coping.

Background

The systemic‐transactional model of dyadic coping posits that relationship satisfaction varies as a function of the stressors partners face and their engagement in dyadic coping.

Method

About 188 partnered adults completed questionnaires at three time points during the initial confinement period of the COVID‐19 pandemic and at a 20‐month follow‐up.

Results

Relationship satisfaction increased during the first confinement period and returned to its baseline level at the 20‐month follow‐up. Greater financial strain and perceived threat of COVID‐19 were associated with poorer relationship satisfaction over time. Dyadic coping buffered the negative impact of financial strain on relationship satisfaction during the initial confinement period, but not 20 months later.

Conclusions

Most individuals were resilient to the effect of pandemic stressors on relationship satisfaction. The buffering effect of dyadic coping was observed during the initial confinement period when access to support resources outside the family unit was curtailed.

Implications

Intervention efforts to promote dyadic coping and financial well‐being for couples may be especially helpful in the context of strict confinement measures.
Does treatment of brown trout with the parasite causing PKD increase stocking success and boost resilience against the disease?
Authors: Ros Albert , Baer Jan , Brinker Alexander
Published: April 2023

In Salmonidae, infections with the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae may lead to a temperature‐dependent proliferative disease of the kidney (PKD). Trout that survive infection and recover become resistant to the disease. The use of this approach to improve brown trout (Salmo trutta) stocking success was tested in three PKD‐affected streams in southern Germany. Fish were treated using local spores of the parasite and kept at low temperatures (14°C) to not develop the disease. Controls were similarly kept but not treated with spores. Independent of time of stocking (winter or spring), recapture rates for both control and parasite‐treated stocked trout were very low (<1%). However, recaptured parasite‐treated trout exhibited lower parasite prevalence than control and wild‐caught trout.
Adding to the mix – Challenges of mixed‐fisheries management in the North Sea under climate change and technical interactions
Authors: Kühn Bernhard , Kempf Alexander , Brunel Thomas , Cole Harriet , Mathis Moritz , Sys Klaas , Trijoulet Vanessa , Vermard Youen , Taylor Marc
Published: April 2023

Technical interactions (multiple fleets fishing multiple species with various gears, as either target or bycatch), bycatch regulations through a landing obligation, and biological and economic effects of climate change, affecting fisheries yield and profits, provide a challenge for demersal mixed fisheries of the North Sea. A multi‐stock, multi‐fleet, bioeconomic model was used to understand management options under these combined influences. Scenarios considered climate change effects on recruitment of three main gadoid stocks (cod – Gadus morhua, saithe – Pollachius virens, whiting – Merlangius merlangus), possible future developments of fuel and fish prices, and strict implementation of a landing obligation. The latter leads to decreased yield and profits in the short term due to increased choke effects, mainly of North Sea cod, being influenced by climate‐induced productivity changes. Allowing fishing above FMSY, but within sustainable limits, or limiting year‐to‐year quota changes, could help buffer initial losses at the expense of decreased profits in the mid‐ to long‐term. Economic performance of individual fleets was linked to their main target's stock status, cost structure, and fuel and fish prices. The results highlight a need to consider both biological and economic consequences of climate change in the management of mixed fisheries.
A global synthesis of climate vulnerability assessments on marine fisheries: Methods, scales, and knowledge co‐production
Authors: Li Yunzhou , Sun Ming , Kleisner Kristin M. , Mills Katherine E. , Chen Yong
Published: April 2023

Undertaking climate vulnerability assessments (CVAs) on marine fisheries is instrumental to the identification of regions, species, and stakeholders at risk of impacts from climate change, and the development of effective and targeted responses for fisheries adaptation. In this global literature review, we addressed three important questions to characterize fisheries CVAs: (i) what are the available approaches to develop CVAs in various social–ecological contexts, (ii) are different geographic scales and regions adequately represented, and (iii) how do diverse knowledge systems contribute to current understanding of vulnerability? As part of these general research efforts, we identified and characterized an inventory of frameworks and indicators that encompass a wide range of foci on ecological and socioeconomic dimensions of climate vulnerability on fisheries. Our analysis highlighted a large gap between countries with top research inputs and the most urgent adaptation needs. More research and resources are needed in low‐income tropical countries to ensure existing inequities are not exacerbated. We also identified an uneven research focus across spatial scales and cautioned a possible scale mismatch between assessment and management needs. Drawing on this information, we catalog (1) a suite of research directions that could improve the utility and applicability of CVAs, particularly the examination of barriers and enabling conditions that influence the uptake of CVA results into management responses at multiple levels, (2) the lessons that have been learned from applications in data‐limited regions, particularly the use of proxy indicators and knowledge co‐production to overcome the problem of data deficiency, and (3) opportunities for wider applications, for example diversifying the use of vulnerability indicators in broader monitoring and management schemes. This information is used to provide a set of recommendations that could advance meaningful CVA practices for fisheries management and promote effective translation of climate vulnerability into adaptation actions.
Barriers and facilitators to HIV Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Specialist Sexual Health Services in the United Kingdom: A systematic review using the PrEP Care Continuum
Authors: Coukan Flavien , Murray Keitumetse‐Kabelo , Papageorgiou Vasiliki , Lound Adam , Saunders John , Atchison Christina , Ward Helen
Published: April 2023

Objectives

HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) delivery in the UK is inequitable; over 95% of PrEP users were men who have sex with men (MSM) despite making up less than 50% of new HIV diagnoses. We conducted a systematic review to identify modifiable barriers and facilitators to PrEP delivery in the UK among underserved populations.

Methods

We searched bibliographic/conference databases using the terms HIV, PrEP, barriers, facilitators, underserved populations, and UK. Modifiable factors were mapped along the PrEP Care Continuum (PCC) to identify targets for interventions.

Results

In total, 44 studies were eligible: 29 quantitative, 12 qualitative and three mixed‐methods studies. Over half (n = 24 [54.5%]) exclusively recruited MSM, whereas 11 were in mixed populations (all included MSM as a sub‐population) and the other nine were in other underserved populations (gender and ethnicity minorities, women, and people who inject drugs). Of the 15 modifiable factors identified, two‐thirds were at the PrEP contemplation and PrEParation steps of the PCC. The most reported barriers were lack of PrEP awareness (n = 16), knowledge (n = 19), willingness (n = 16), and access to a PrEP provider (n = 16), whereas the more reported facilitators were prior HIV testing (n = 8), agency and self‐care (n = 8). All but three identified factors were at the patient rather than provider or structural level.

Conclusions

This review highlights that the bulk of the scientific literature focuses on MSM and on patient‐level factors. Future research needs to ensure underserved populations are included and prioritized (e.g. ethnicity and gender minorities, people who inject drugs) and provider and structural factors are investigated.
Missed Nursing Care as a Mediator in the Relationship between Career Calling and Turnover Intention
Authors: Li Cuicui , Cui Xiaowen , Zhao Yarui , Xin Ying , Pan Weiwei , Zhu Yun
Published: April 2023

Aim

To explore the role of missed nursing care in mediating the relationship between career calling and intention to leave among nurses.

Introduction

Increasing nurse turnover is still a major concern in the global healthcare system. The most reliable indicator of turnover is turnover intention. It is crucial to understand its affecting elements to suggest measures to lower nurses’ turnover intention.

Background

Turnover intention has been linked to career calling and missed nursing care. Little empirical research has investigated the possibility that missed nursing care mediates between career calling and turnover intention.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of 347 nurses was conducted. The survey instruments included the General Information Questionnaire, Calling Scale, Missed Nursing Care Scale and Turnover Intention Questionnaire. Structural equation models were used to build the model. This study made use of the STROBE checklist.

Results

For 43.8% of nurses, turnover intention was high or very high. Missed nursing care and turnover intention were negatively correlated with career calling. Missed nursing care and turnover intention were positively related. Missed nursing care mediated the relationship between career calling and turnover intention.

Discussion

Career calling and missed nursing care can both influence turnover intention. Career calling can reduce the likelihood of turnover by preventing missed nursing care.

Conclusion

Missed nursing care mediated the relationship between career calling and intention to leave.

Implications for nursing and nursing policy

Nursing managers should improve nurses’ career calling through professional education and minimize missed nursing care by using electronic nursing reminder devices to reduce turnover intention.
Russia in Latin America: Why support Venezuela in a crisis?
Authors: Thoene Ulf , García Alonso Roberto , Dávila Benavides Diego E. , Roa Sánchez Paula A. , Cuestas Zamora Edgard
Published: April 2023

Russia has been a powerful ally in Venezuela's complex crisis, having developed political, economic and cultural relations with the Venezuelan state by employing various foreign policy instruments such as mutual support in multilateral fora, foreign aid, loans, commodity trading, military support and cultural diplomacy. What explains this support, despite Venezuela's severe political and economic crisis? Different perspectives have contributed to discussions on shifts in Russian foreign policy towards Latin America since the end of the Cold War. However, studies subscribing to traditional international relations theories have occasionally focused on a single issue or dimension. Such a focus may be problematic when analysing the multifaceted portfolio applied to Russian foreign policy. Based on the Two‐Good Theory approach, its focus on change and maintenance of the status quo, and the concept of substitutability, this research paper elaborates on Russia's foreign policy strategy towards Venezuela to explain policy priorities by examining the alliance with the Venezuelan Maduro regime. Furthermore, the paper highlights the link between the tangible characteristics of energy security and arms sales and intangible aspects, such as cultural diplomacy, which are important explanatory factors of Russian support for Venezuela.
Integrating presence‐only and presence–absence data to model changes in species geographic ranges: An example in the Neotropics
Authors: Grattarola Florencia , Bowler Diana E. , Keil Petr
Published: April 2023

Aim

Anthropogenic changes such as land use and climate change affect species' geographic ranges, causing range shifts, contractions, or expansions. However, data on range dynamics are insufficient, heterogeneous, and spatially and temporally biased in most regions. Integrated species distribution models (IDMs) offer a solution as they can complement good quality presence‐absence data with opportunistically collected presence‐only data, simultaneously accounting for heterogeneous sampling effort. However, these methods have seen limited use in the estimation of temporal change of geographic ranges and are not yet widespread as they have a steep learning curve. Here we present a generalisable model and case example.

Location

Neotropics ‐ Latin America.

Taxon

Herpailurus yagouaroundi.

Methods

Using data on presence‐absence and presence‐only on the jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), we modelled the species distribution at two time periods (2000–2013 and 2014–2021) using a Bayesian model based on Poisson point process in JAGS. Our model integrates the different data types while accounting for varying sampling effort and spatial effect. We predicted the species range at the two time periods and quantified their changes.

Results

Between the two time periods, the jaguarundi has contracted its southern and northern range limits towards the equator but expanded its area of distribution over the entire species' range. Also, our results show that modelled geographic range, of either time period, is not entirely consistent with the current expert range map from IUCN.

Main Conclusions

Our modelling approach provides a working example with the potential to address data gaps and biases in other taxa and regions. Given the increasing number of incidental data being generated by community‐derived initiatives in Latin America, IDMs can become a valuable source for species distribution modelling in the region. This is the first application of the IDM approach with temporal dimension and over the entire species' geographic range.
Assessment of awake bruxism and oral mucosa indentation in adolescents
Authors: Schappo Cláudia , Garanhani Roberto Ramos , Cordeiro Maria Eugênia Wegner , Oppitz Layza Rossatto , Schneider Neblyssa Ágatha , Tanaka Orlando Motohiro , Arantes Ana Carolina Mastriani , Ignácio Sérgio Aparecido , Alanis Luciana Reis Azevedo , Stuginski‐Barbosa Juliana , Camargo Elisa Souza
Published: April 2023

Background

Oral mucosa indentations can be signs of awake bruxism (AB) in adults, but this association has not yet been verified in adolescents.

Objectives

To evaluate the frequency of AB in adolescents and determine whether there is an association between AB and oral mucosa indentation.

Methods

This study enrolled 66 high school students, mean age of 16.9 (±0.54) years. Clinical inspection was performed to assess the presence or absence of tongue, cheek and lip mucosa indentation. AB was assessed by the Ecological Momentary Assessment method using the WhatsApp mobile app. Messages were sent 15 times a day, 7 days, between 8:00 AM and 7:00 PM at random times to choose one of the five oral behaviours: teeth contact, teeth clenching, teeth grinding, mandible bracing and relaxed jaw muscles. The non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U‐test for independent samples, Friedman test for paired samples, Friedman pairwise multiple comparisons non‐parametric test, Pearson's chi‐squared tests, and z‐test of comparisons between two proportions were performed (p < .05).

Results

During the week the frequency of AB behaviours was 56.20%, teeth contact was the most frequent (37.68% ± 22.26%), significantly more frequent than other AB behaviours; there was a greater frequency of cheek indentation (27.27%) and no difference between genders in oral behaviours and indentations (p > .05). A higher frequency of AB behaviours was observed in individuals with a greater frequency of cheek indentation (p < .05).

Conclusions

Teeth contact and cheek indentation were the most frequent conditions among adolescents and AB behaviours are associated with this indentation.
Attack of the clones: Population genetics reveals clonality of Colletotrichum lupini, the causal agent of lupin anthracnose
Authors: Alkemade Joris A. , Baroncelli Riccardo , Messmer Monika M. , Hohmann Pierre
Published: April 2023

Colletotrichum lupini, the causative agent of lupin anthracnose, affects lupin cultivation worldwide. Understanding its population structure and evolutionary potential is crucial to design successful disease management strategies. The objective of this study was to employ population genetics to investigate the diversity, evolutionary dynamics, and molecular basis of the interaction of this notorious lupin pathogen with its host. A collection of globally representative C. lupini isolates was genotyped through triple digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, resulting in a data set of unparalleled resolution. Phylogenetic and structural analysis could distinguish four independent lineages (I–IV). The strong population structure and high overall standardized index of association (r̅d) indicates that C. lupini reproduces clonally. Different morphologies and virulence patterns on white lupin (Lupinus albus) and Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis) were observed between and within clonal lineages. Isolates belonging to lineage II were shown to have a minichromosome that was also partly present in lineage III and IV, but not in lineage I isolates. Variation in the presence of this minichromosome could imply a role in host–pathogen interaction. All four lineages were present in the South American Andes region, which is suggested to be the centre of origin of this species. Only members of lineage II have been found outside South America since the 1990s, indicating it as the current pandemic population. As a seedborne pathogen, C. lupini has mainly spread through infected but symptomless seeds, stressing the importance of phytosanitary measures to prevent future outbreaks of strains that are yet confined to South America.
Effects of shift work schedules, compensatory sleep, and work–family conflict on fatigue of shift‐working nurses in Chinese intensive care units
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Wu Huihui , Sun Mimi , Wei Qing , Zhang Qixia
Published: April 2023

Background

Shift work is inevitable for nurses in intensive care units. Various studies explored nurses' fatigue in multiple hospital wards. However, few studies focused on fatigue among nurses in intensive care units.

Aims

To determine the association between shift work schedules, compensatory sleep, work–family conflict, and fatigue of shift‐working nurses in critical care units.

Study Design

A descriptive cross‐sectional multi‐center study was conducted in March 2022 among intensive care nurses from five hospitals.

Methods

Data were collected by online survey, including self‐designed demographic questions, the Fatigue Scale‐14, the Chinese adult daytime sleepiness scale, and the work‐family scale. Pearson correlation was conducted for bivariate analysis. Independent‐sample t‐test, one‐way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed to examine fatigue‐related variables.

Results

A total of 326 nurses responded to the survey with an effective response rate of 74.9%. The mean scores of physical fatigue and mental fatigue were 6.80 and 3.72, respectively. The bivariate analyses showed that work–family conflict was positively correlated with physical (r = 0.483, p < .001) and mental fatigue (r = 0.406, p < .001). Multiple linear regression results showed that work–family conflict, daytime sleepiness, and shift system were statistically significant factors influencing physical fatigue (F = 41.793, p < .001). Work–family conflict, sleep duration after the night shift, and daytime sleepiness were the main influencing factors of mental fatigue (F = 25.105, p < .001).

Conclusions

Nurses with higher work–family conflict, daytime sleepiness, and working 12‐h shifts have higher levels of physical fatigue. Higher work–family conflict, shorter sleep duration after night shifts, and daytime sleepiness are associated with higher mental fatigue among intensive care nurses.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Nursing managers and nurses should consider work‐family factors and compensatory sleep in their efforts to reduce fatigue. It is necessary to strengthen work‐supporting strategies and compensatory sleep guidance for nurses to promote fatigue recovery.
(In)visible everyday work of fostering a data‐driven healthcare and social service organisation
Authors: Choroszewicz Marta
Published: April 2023

This article combines the frameworks of (in)visible work and articulation work to examine the everyday articulation work ascribed to a knowledge production and technology expert team (KT) in the transition to a data‐driven healthcare and social service organisation. The article structures the results of an ethnographic study spanning 2.5 years around four roles of the KT's work: (1) mediating messy and incomplete technologies in‐the‐making, (2) facilitating bleeding‐edge technologies in‐the‐making, (3) coaching in new data practices and technologies in‐the‐making, and (4) advocating for care staff. Additionally, insights are provided into the invisible articulation work of the care staff performed in support of these KT roles. With these results, the study advances our understanding of the complexity, power dynamics, and instability of work invested in transitioning to a data‐driven public organisation. It also contributes to the critical discussion on the perpetual piloting nature of this transition.
Family study of the startle reflex and event‐related potentials in anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threat in adolescents and their parents
Authors: Ferry Rachel A. , Beatty Clare C. , Klein Daniel N. , Nelson Brady D.
Published: April 2023

A heightened sensitivity to unpredictable threat has been identified as a potential transdiagnostic mechanism of psychopathology. The majority of supporting research has been conducted in adults, and it is unclear whether psychophysiological indicators of sensitivity to unpredictable threat are comparable in youth during developmental periods associated with increased risk for psychopathology. In addition, no studies have examined whether sensitivity to unpredictable threat is correlated between parents and their offspring. The present study examined defensive motivation (startle reflex) and attentional engagement (probe N100, P300) in anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threat in a sample of 15‐year‐old adolescents (N = 395) and a biological parent (N = 379). Adolescents, compared to their parents, demonstrated greater startle potentiation and probe N100 enhancement in anticipation of unpredictable threat. In addition, overall startle potentiation in anticipation of threat was correlated between the adolescents and their parents. Adolescence is a key developmental period characterized by heightened defensive motivation and attentional engagement in anticipation of both predictable and unpredictable threat. Sensitivity to threat might index is one mechanism of vulnerability that is at least partially shared between parents and their offspring.
Exposure to trade disruptions in case of the Russia–Ukraine conflict: A product network approach
Authors: Braun Erik , Braun Emese , Gyimesi András , Iloskics Zita , Sebestyén Tamás
Published: April 2023

This study provides a product network‐based analysis of the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the economy of third countries. While recent studies based on input–output data already revealed several economic consequences of the conflict, our approach allows for more detail regarding geographical coverage and heterogeneity of the affected products. The method also provides a decomposition of exposures on a country‐by‐country basis. After identifying the most important products exported by Ukraine and Russia, we apply a comprehensive indicator of exposure and measure the dependence of third countries on products imported from Ukraine or Russia. Results reinforce that Ukraine dominates in iron and agricultural products, while Russia is important through exporting energy sources, raw materials and iron products. Post‐Soviet and European countries have high exposure to Russian imports, confirming the energy dependence of these countries. Middle Eastern and African countries heavily depend on Ukraine, especially for grain imports, possibly causing food security problems. Using data on trade restructuring over the past year, we also analyse the relationship between trade exposure and the extent to which countries were willing to support Ukraine. Results show that it is not exposure itself, but the decrease of exposure over time which correlates with military support.
How did Brexit impact EU trade? Evidence from real data
Authors: Buigut Steven , Kapar Burcu
Published: April 2023

At the time it voted to exit in 2016, the UK was a leading economy within the EU. It contributed about 16 percent of the EU GDP, while the other EU countries accounted for almost half of UK's total trade. This study attempts to answer two research questions: First, how Brexit affected the EU–UK trade and second, how it affected the trade between remaining 27 EU members. To answer these questions, quarterly data are exploited for the period from 2005Q1 to 2022Q3 covering a total of 53 trading partners including the EU members. A gravity model that controls for unobserved bilateral heterogeneity and multilateral resistance is estimated by PPML. Three phases of Brexit (the referendum, transition, and post transition [under the TCA]) are analysed. The results indicate that the Brexit referendum phase depressed UK–EU trade by around 10.5%, and transition phase by around 15%. In both cases, particularly for the transition phase, the effect is greater on the UK imports from EU than the UK exports to EU. We do not find a significant effect due to the post transition (TCA) phase. Estimates show some mild but positive effect on intra‐EU trade of about 1.5% and 4.6% due to Brexit referendum and post Brexit respectively, but no significant effect from the transition phase. This suggests that some EU trade with the UK was redirected to other EU members. Hence UK should aggressively seek out new trade agreements with other countries and trade blocs as well as refine the workings of the trade and cooperation agreement signed with the EU to minimise the loss.
RESOLVING DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH HOMOTOPY PERTURBATION AND SUMUDU TRANSFORM
Authors: Vilu Subashini , Ahmad Rokiah Rozita , Din Ummul Khair Salma , Alias Mohd Almie
Published: April 2023

A novel proposition has been introduced in this study for resolving delay differential equations (DDEs) of nature that is a composite in reference to Homotopy perturbation method (HPM) along with Sumudu transform. A rare transform called the Sumudu transform is used alongside the perturbation theory. Demonstration of this new methodology is shown by solving a few numerical cases. Reducing the complication of computational tasks associated to the conservative means is the objective of this research. Results display the amount of valuation being reduced and is as good as in the previous studies as well in comparison.
INFLUENCE OF DOUBLE CALCINATION-MILLING ROUTE ON THE STRUCTURAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD-FREE K0.5NA0.5NBO3 (KNN) CERAMICS
Authors: Mat Daud Norni Hidayawati , Abdul Aziz Dzetty Soraya , Ibrahim Idza Riati , Abang Mahmod Dayang Salyani , Khan Amir Azam , Ahmad Nor Amalina , Mohd Fuad Nurul Aisyah Farhani
Published: April 2023

Potassium sodium niobate (KNN) has always been one of the most potential candidates to replace lead-based piezoelectric ceramics due to its strong piezoelectric properties and environmentally friendly composition. A strong piezoelectric property is constantly influenced by the sample's densification as well as its microstructural characteristics. One of the current main issues with this KNN lead-free piezoelectric material is the difficulty in creating high-density samples by conventional preparation and sintering. Thus, KNN lead-free ceramics were synthesised using an improved solid-state method by introducing the double calcination-milling route to this process. The outcome demonstrates that, despite the presence of additional KNN secondary phases, the double calcination-milling approach contributed to the early creation of the KNN phase. When sintered pellets are subjected to a double calcination milling process, the XRD pattern revealed that the main peaks of the sample are indexed to orthorhombic K0.5Na0.5NbO3. The double calcination KNN pellet have a relative density of 90% densification which is slightly higher than that of single calcination KNN pellet which shows 88% densification.
Local terms for transversal intersections
Authors: Varshavsky Yakov
Published: April 2023

The goal of this note is to show that in the case of ‘transversal intersections’ the ‘true local terms’ appearing in the Lefschetz trace formula are equal to the ‘naive local terms’. To prove the result, we extend the strategy used in our previous work, where the case of contracting correspondences is treated. Our new ingredients are the observation of Verdier that specialization of an étale sheaf to the normal cone is monodromic and the assertion that local terms are ‘constant in families’. As an application, we get a generalization of the Deligne–Lusztig trace formula.
The study of plasticity has always been about gradients
Authors: Richards Blake Aaron , Kording Konrad Paul
Published: April 2023

The experimental study of learning and plasticity has always been driven by an implicit question: how can physiological changes be adaptive and improve performance? For example, in Hebbian plasticity only synapses from presynaptic neurons that were active are changed, avoiding useless changes. Similarly, in dopamine‐gated learning synapse changes depend on reward or lack thereof and do not change when everything is predictable. Within machine learning we can make the question of which changes are adaptive concrete: performance improves when changes correlate with the gradient of an objective function quantifying performance. This result is general for any system that improves through small changes. As such, physiology has always implicitly been seeking mechanisms that allow the brain to approximate gradients. Coming from this perspective we review the existing literature on plasticity‐related mechanisms, and we show how these mechanisms relate to gradient estimation. We argue that gradients are a unifying idea to explain the many facets of neuronal plasticity.

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Effect of Laser Mode and Power on the Tribological Behavior of Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Alloy
Authors: Tombakti Ismael A. , Adesina Akeem Yusuf , Alharith Abdullah , Attallah Moataz M. , AlMangour Bandar
Published: April 2023

The influence of laser modes and power on the tribological behavior of additively manufactured Inconel 718 alloy using the directed energy deposition (DED) process was investigated. The samples were fabricated with continuous wave (CW) and pulse wave (PW) laser modes using 700, 900, and 1100 W laser power. The samples exhibited high hardness (3–5 GPa) and modulus (150–200 GPa) which increases with the laser power for CW- and PW-fabricated samples, and this was associated with the increasing densification and hardening secondary phase. The coefficient of friction increases with laser power for the CW samples but decreases for the PW samples. The samples exhibited low wear rates ranging between 25 and 70 × 10−5 mm3/Nm. Pulse wave samples demonstrated better tribological performance compared to continuous wave at any laser power. The dominant wear mechanism is the three-body abrasive wear followed by localized and discrete adhesion wear mechanism.
Experimental and Simulation Analysis on Windage Power Loss of Herringbone Gear Pair
Authors: Yang Jin , Lin Tengjiao , Jiang Lidong
Published: April 2023

This paper presents a novel windage power loss (WPL) measurement method for the meshing herringbone gear pair. First, the WPL test rig of the herringbone gear pair is put up, and then the measurement sequence of WPL is described. Second, the WPL of different gear pairs is tested and the influence of operation speed, design parameters on the WPL of meshing gear pairs is studied. Finally, the WPL simulation analysis of meshing gear pair is carried out. The generation mechanism of WPL is analyzed and the WPL of each meshing gear pair at different rotational speeds is obtained, which verifies the accuracy of the presented WPL measurement method. The research on the measurement method of WPL can provide support for the optimization design of the high-speed gear pair.
Prediction of Frictional Moment of Cylindrical Roller Bearing Using Experimental Data-Driven Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Hou Yu , Wang Xi , Xu Bihe , Geng Yangliao , Li Qingyong , Yang Di
Published: April 2023

Accurate prediction of the frictional moment of the bearing contributes to the correct determination of the power loss in drivetrains and the antifriction design of bearings. This paper investigates a method for accurately predicting the frictional moment of the cylindrical roller bearing (CRB) under a wide range of operating conditions. The complex relationship between the bearing frictional moment and multiple operating parameters such as the shaft speed, roller–raceway contact load, cage slip ratio and lubricating property is established using an experimental data-driven artificial neural network (ANN) model. To provide actual data for training and testing the ANN model, the frictional moment and multiple operating parameters of the test CRB are synchronously measured under many test conditions. Compared with the prediction results from conventional physical models, the experimental data-driven ANN model reveals a higher prediction performance of the frictional moment.
Tribological Behavior of AA-6063 Cast Using In Situ Microwave Process by Taguchi Method and ANFIS Model
Authors: Gangwar Vaibhav , Kumar Sudhir , Singh Hari
Published: April 2023

Tribological behavior of AA-6063 casted by microwave casting process was investigated. In this work, sliding wear analysis has been done on in situ cast developed through the novel technique. The in situ cast of AA-6063 was developed using microwave irradiation. Sliding wear process parameters such as normal load, sliding velocity, and sliding distance are optimized through the Taguchi technique. L9 orthogonal array and signal-to-noise (S/N) analysis are used to obtain the optimum process parameters for wear-rate (WR) as the selected response. After optimization, a confirmatory test was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) images, and frictional characterization were used to study the mechanism of wear. By using the experimental data, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model has been developed and which was further tested using average wear-rate.
Emerging Gaits for a Quadrupedal Template Model With Segmented Legs
Authors: Boffa Lorenzo , Sesselmann Anna , Roa Máximo A.
Published: April 2023

Energy-efficient gaits in walking robots can be obtained by designing elastic systems that exhibit naturally emerging locomotion patterns. Biological legged locomotion serves as inspiration, as animals use different gaits to move at certain speeds while minimizing energy consumption. To understand the underlying dynamics of biological locomotion, simplified models have been proposed. The most common one, the SLIP (spring loaded inverted pendulum) model, can explain the effect of the radial elasticity of linear legs and helps to explain locomotion patterns, especially for running behaviors, in different legged systems. However, the SLIP model is inappropriate for the study of stability of limit cycles in systems with articulated legs, which are most commonly used in real robots. This paper introduces a novel quadrupedal template model featuring articulated elastic legs, non-constant leg stiffness, and dynamic leg swing. Numerical simulation with a continuation approach is used to discover the gaits emerging from the natural dynamics of the model, without imposing any contact sequence a priori. The stability of those gaits is also characterized, in order to facilitate the exploitation of the natural model dynamics for generating locomotion patterns for quadrupedal robots.
The value of private properties for the conservation of biodiversity in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: De Marco Paulo , de Souza Rodrigo A. , F. A. Andrade André , Villén-Pérez Sara , Nóbrega Caroline Corrêa , Campello Luiza Motta , Caldas Marcellus
Published: April 2023

Areas set aside for conservation within private lands may be key to enhancing biodiversity-friendly landscapes. This conservation strategy should be especially effective in highly threatened regions that are poorly protected by public lands, such as the Brazilian Cerrado. Brazil’s Native Vegetation Protection Law has included set-aside areas within private properties, but their relevance to conservation has not been evaluated. We assess whether private lands are contributing to biodiversity in the Cerrado, a global biodiversity conservation priority and major region for food production, where land use conflicts are often at odds with conservation objectives. We determined that private protected areas accommodate up to 14.5% of threatened vertebrate species ranges, which increases to 25% when considering the distribution of remaining native habitat. Moreover, the spatial spread of private protected areas benefits a large number of species. Ecological restoration of private protected lands would improve the benefits of this protection system, especially in the Southeastern Cerrado, where a large economic hub meets a threat hotspot.
Scientists plan a comeback for Ukraine’s war-ravaged forests
Authors: Reese April
Published: April 2023

Destruction could open the door to management reforms
Robust flight navigation out of distribution with liquid neural networks
Authors: Chahine Makram , Hasani Ramin , Kao Patrick , Ray Aaron , Shubert Ryan , Lechner Mathias , Amini Alexander , Rus Daniela
Published: April 2023

Autonomous robots can learn to perform visual navigation tasks from offline human demonstrations and generalize well to online and unseen scenarios within the same environment they have been trained on. It is challenging for these agents to take a step further and robustly generalize to new environments with drastic scenery changes that they have never encountered. Here, we present a method to create robust flight navigation agents that successfully perform vision-based fly-to-target tasks beyond their training environment under drastic distribution shifts. To this end, we designed an imitation learning framework using liquid neural networks, a brain-inspired class of continuous-time neural models that are causal and adapt to changing conditions. We observed that liquid agents learn to distill the task they are given from visual inputs and drop irrelevant features. Thus, their learned navigation skills transferred to new environments. When compared with several other state-of-the-art deep agents, experiments showed that this level of robustness in decision-making is exclusive to liquid networks, both in their differential equation and closed-form representations.
An influenza H1 hemagglutinin stem-only immunogen elicits a broadly cross-reactive B cell response in humans
Authors: Andrews Sarah F. , Cominsky Lauren Y. , Shimberg Geoffrey D. , Gillespie Rebecca A. , Gorman Jason , Raab Julie E. , Brand Joshua , Creanga Adrian , Gajjala Suprabhath R. , Narpala Sandeep , Cheung Crystal S. F. , Harris Darcy R. , Zhou Tongqing , Gordon Ingelise , Holman LaSonji , Mendoza Floreliz , Houser Katherine V. , Chen Grace L. , Mascola John R. , Graham Barney S. , Kwong Peter D. , Widge Alicia , Dropulic Lesia K. , Ledgerwood Julie E. , Kanekiyo Masaru , McDermott Adrian B.
Published: April 2023

Current yearly seasonal influenza vaccines primarily induce an antibody response directed against the immunodominant but continually diversifying hemagglutinin (HA) head region. These antibody responses provide protection against the vaccinating strain but little cross-protection against other influenza strains or subtypes. To focus the immune response on subdominant but more conserved epitopes on the HA stem that might protect against a broad range of influenza strains, we developed a stabilized H1 stem immunogen lacking the immunodominant head displayed on a ferritin nanoparticle (H1ssF). Here, we evaluated the B cell response to H1ssF in healthy adults ages 18 to 70 in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03814720). We observed both a strong plasmablast response and sustained elicitation of cross-reactive HA stem–specific memory B cells after vaccination with H1ssF in individuals of all ages. The B cell response was focused on two conserved epitopes on the H1 stem, with a highly restricted immunoglobulin repertoire unique to each epitope. On average, two-thirds of the B cell and serological antibody response recognized a central epitope on the H1 stem and exhibited broad neutralization across group 1 influenza virus subtypes. The remaining third recognized an epitope near the viral membrane anchor and was largely limited to H1 strains. Together, we demonstrate that an H1 HA immunogen lacking the immunodominant HA head produces a robust and broadly neutralizing HA stem–directed B cell response.
Longitudinal Study of
Lactococcus
Phages in a Canadian Cheese Factory
Authors: Jolicoeur Alice P. , Lemay Marie-Laurence , Beaubien Elyse , Bélanger Jessy , Bergeron Claudia , Bourque-Leblanc Françoise , Doré Laurie , Dupuis Marie-Ève , Fleury Audrey , Garneau Josiane E. , Labrie Simon J. , Labrie Steve , Lacasse Geneviève , Lamontagne-Drolet Marianne , Lessard-Hurtubise Roxanne , Martel Bruno , Menasria Rym , Morin-Pelchat Rachel , Pageau Gabrielle , Samson Julie E. , Rousseau Geneviève M. , Tremblay Denise M. , Duquenne Manon , Lamoureux Maryse , Moineau Sylvain
Published: April 2023

Although lactococcal phages have been observed in cheese production settings for almost a century, few longitudinal studies have been performed. This 20-year study describes the close monitoring of dairy lactococcal phages in a cheddar cheese factory.
Maternal Bacterial Engraftment in Multiple Body Sites of Cesarean Section Born Neonates after Vaginal Seeding—a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mueller Noel T. , Differding Moira K. , Sun Haipeng , Wang Jincheng , Levy Shira , Deopujari Varsha , Appel Lawrence J. , Blaser Martin J. , Kundu Tanima , Shah Ankit A. , Dominguez Bello Maria Gloria , Hourigan Suchitra K.
Published: April 2023

Children delivered by elective C-section are not exposed to the birth canal and show altered microbiota development. Impairing microbial colonization during early life alters metabolic and immune programming and is associated with an increased risk of immune and metabolic diseases.
Epidemiological and Genetic Characteristics of Clinical Carbapenem-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Strains in Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Zhao Yonggang , Chen Dingqiang , Chen Kaichao , Xie Miaomiao , Guo Jiubiao , Chan Edward Wai Chi , Xie Lu , Wang Jingbo , Chen Enqi , Chen Sheng , Chen Weijun , Jelsbak Lars
Published: April 2023

Carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(CRPA) is a major concern in clinical settings worldwide, yet few genetic and epidemiological studies on CRPA strains have been performed in China. Here, we sequence and analyze the genomes of 416
P. aeruginosa
strains from hospitals in China to elucidate the genetic, phenotypic, and transmission characteristics of CRPA strains and to identify the molecular signatures responsible for the observed increase in the prevalence of CRPA infections in China.
Supplemental Material: Fluid-fluxed melting in the Himalayan orogenic belt: Implications for the initiation of E-W extension in southern Tibet
Authors: Gao Li-E , al. et
Published: April 2023

Supplemental Text S1: Analytical Methods. Figure S1: Cathodoluminescence (CL) showing the texture, spot, and respective age of zircon U-Pb dating for the leucogranites from the Cona and Everest regions along the Himalayan orogenic belt. Figure S2: U-Pb Concordia diagrams showing the crystallization ages of the representative leucogranites derived from fluid-absent melting (Group A) from the Cona and Everest regions along the Himalayan orogenic belt. Figure S3: Sr-Nd isotope systematics of the two types of leucogranites from the Malashan, Cona, and Everest regions along the Himalayan orogenic belt. Table S1: Summary of SHRIMP zircon U-Pb isotope data for the leucogranite in the Himalayan orogenic belt. Table S2: Summary of MC-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotope data for the leucogranite in the Himalayan orogenic belt. Table S3: Major and trace element compositions, as well as Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the leucogranite in the Himalayan orogenic belt.
Erratum to: Influence of Supercritical Water on the Composition and Distribution of Microelements in Resins, Asphaltenes, Kerogens, and Rocks of Tatarstan Domanik Deposits of Different Lithological Types
Authors: Nasyrova Z. R. , Kayukova G. P. , Gareev B. I. , Eskin A. A. , Vakhin A. V.
Published: April 2023

Erratum
Long-Term Dynamics of Forest Fires in Southern Siberia
Authors: Shvetsov E. G. , Golyukov A. S. , Kharuk V. I.
Published: April 2023

The research focus. Wildfire is a critical environmental disturbance affecting forest dynamics, succession, and the carbon cycle in Siberian forests. Forests of southern Siberia experienced an increase of fire rate. We analyzed spatial and temporal dynamics of burned area in the southern Central Siberian Mountains. We considered burning rate within different forest types: dark needle conifers (DNC) composed by Siberian pine, spruce and fir, light-needle composed by Scotch pine and larch, and mix wood (composed by birch, aspen and conifers). Methods. We used long-term (1982–2021) climatic variables from the ERA5-Land database. Satellite observations included MODIS wildfire data (2002–2021) and gravimetric (GRACE) data (2002–2021) for estimation soil moisture content. We analyzed the spatial distribution of burned areas considering dominant forest stands and terrain (elevation, slope aspect and steepness). Results. We found a significant decreasing trend in burned area. On average, about 978.7 ± 447.5 thousand ha including 257.1 ± 154.3 thousand ha of forests are disturbed by fire annually. Light coniferous forests are characterized by the highest degree of the fire disturbance (relative burned area, RBA, was ca. 0.83% per year); whereas DNC stands have the lowest RBA (ca. 0.15% per year). The spatial distribution of fires in light coniferous forests showed predominance of fires on the southern slopes comparing to northern slopes (by 15–20%). We found a decreasing logarithmic trend in burned area between plains and low mountains and high mountains due to lower forest fuel loads and increased amount of precipitation on higher elevations. We also observed lower RBA values (by 300–400%) on steep slopes for light coniferous forests and mixed forests comparing to gentle slopes due to lower available forest fuels. The long-term dynamics of burned area in the region was related to the variation of climatic variables, such as soil moisture (r2 = 0.70, p < 0.01), moisture content (r2 = 0.63, p < 0.01) and drought index (r2 = 0.3, p < 0.05).