bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival of coxsackievirus B3 under diverse environmental conditions
Authors: McGeady M L , Siak J S , Crowell R L
Published: January 2020

The survival of coxsackievirus B3 was studied under various conditions of incubation. The comparative study demonstrated that coxsackievirus B3 was stable for 24h (less than 0.4-log decrease in titer) when suspended at neutral pH (6 or 23 degrees C) in the presence of 0.25% bovine serum albumin in saline regardless of whether the preparations were subjected to evaporation. Bovine serum albumin provided increased stability to the virus for each of the conditions tested. At 37 degrees C, evaporation greatly reduced the virus infectivity between 6 and 20 h of incubation. Nevertheless, coxsackievirus B3 was found to be stable for at least 24 h under conditions similar to those of a household environment, and its presence represents a potential biohazard to nonimmune persons. These data provide a rationale for using coxsackievirus B3 as a model for investigating the role of environmental surfaces in the transmission of enteroviral diseases.
Production of L-serine by Sarcina albida
Authors: Ema M , Kakimoto T , Chibata I
Published: January 2020

Conditions for the production of microbial L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase and for the conversion of glycine to L-serine were studied. A number of microorganisms were screened for their abilities to form and accululate L-serine from glycine, and Sarcina albida was selected as the best organism. Enzyme activity in this organism as high as 0.12 U/ml could be produced in shaken cultures at 30 degrees C in a medium containing glucose, ammonium sulfate, glycine, yeast extract, and inorganic salts. L-Serine was produced most efficiently by shaking cells at 30 degrees C in a reaction mixture containing 20% glycine, 5 X 10(-3) M formaldehyde, and 3 X 10(-4) M pyridoxal phosphate in yields of 22 mg of broth in 5 days. L-Serine was easily isolated in 84% yields by ion-exchange resin.
Measurement of Denitrification in Two Freshwater Sediments by an In Situ Acetylene Inhibition Method
Authors: Chan Yiu-Kwok , Knowles Roger
Published: January 2020

An acetylene inhibition method was satisfactorily used for the in situ measurement of denitrification in two sediment-water systems incubated for not more than 22 h. In the presence of added nitrate, denitrification acted as a source of nitrous oxide in a drainage pond, but acted as a sink in its absence. The averaged rates of nitrous oxide accumulation with nitrate enrichment in the absence and presence of acetylene were 0.15 and 0.30 mg of N m
−2
h
−1
, respectively. Acetylene reduction at an average rate of 0.07 mmol of C
2
H
4
formed m
−2
h
−1
was simultaneously measured in the absence of added nitrate. In a small eutrophic lake where nitrogen was nonlimiting, the in situ rates of sediment denitrification were 0.09 and 0.11 mg of N m
−2
h
−1
in the presence and absence of macrophytes, respectively, and no acetylene reduction activity was found.
Alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhizopus javanicus
Authors: Yoneya T , Sato Y
Published: January 2020

Alcohol dehydrogenase of Rhizopus javanicus was purified, and its physical and chemical characteristics were determined. The intact enzyme was shown to have a molecular weight of approximately 60,000. Since the smallest apparent subunit was 14,000, the enzyme was presumed to be composed of four subunits. The crude mycelial extract contained multiple forms of the enzyme, which were separated by ion-exchange chromatography.
Extracellular Maltase of
Bacillus brevis
Authors: McWethy S. J. , Hartman Paul A.
Published: January 2020

Bacillus brevis
NRRL B-4389 produced extracellular maltase (α-glucosidase; EC 3.2.1.20) only in the presence of short α-1,4-glucosidic polymers, such as maltose and maltotriose. An optimum medium was developed; it contained 2.5% maltose, 0.5% nonfat dry milk, 0.4% yeast extract, and 0.01% CaCl
2
. The enzyme was produced extracellularly during the logarithmic phase of growth; no cell-bound activity was detected at any time. Partial purification of the maltase was accomplished by using diethylaminoethyl cellulose batch adsorption, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Maltase, isomaltase (oligo-1,6-glucosidase), and glucosyltransferase activities were purified 20.0-, 19.1-, and 11.5-fold, respectively. Some properties of the partially purified maltase were determined: optimum pH, 6.5; optimum temperature, 48 to 50°C; pH stability range, 5.0 to 7.0; temperature stability range, 0 to 50°C; isoelectric point, pH 5.2; and molecular weight, 52,000. The relative rates of hydrolysis of maltose (G
2
), maltotriose (G
3
), G
4
, methyl-α-
d
-maltoside, G
40
, dextrin, and isomaltose were 100, 22, 12, 10, 10, 8, and 5%, respectively; the

K
m

on maltose was 5.8 mM;
d
-glucose,
p
-nitrophenyl-α-
d
-glucoside, and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane were competitive inhibitors; transglucosylase activity of the enzyme on maltose resulted in the synthesis of isomaltose, isomaltotroise, and larger oligosaccharides.
Chitin-binding hemagglutinin produced by Conidiobolus strains
Authors: Ishikawa F , Oishi K , Aida K
Published: January 2020

A hemagglutinin was produced by strains of Conidiobolus which also produce beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Activity of the hemagglutinin was inhibited by D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides but not by D-glucose, D-mannose, and alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminides.
Noninvolvement of beauvericin in the entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Champlin F R , Grula E A
Published: January 2020

Development of a microbiological autobiographic assay procedure permitted a detailed investigation of the possible role of beauvericin (a toxic ionophoric antibiotic produced by Beauveria bassiana) in the entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana against corn earworm (Heliothis zea) larvae. Analysis of spent media of B. bassiana and the hemolymph of infected and moribund larvae revealed that beauvericin was not present in a soluble form during the time that most (about 90%) larvae died of fungal infection (4 days). Intrahemocoelic injections of up to 6 micrograms of synthetic beauvericin failed to induce any deleterious effects. In addition, although methanol-soluble ionophores, such as valinomycin and bassianolide, were toxic to corn earworm larvae, no methanol-soluble toxin could be detected in the hemolymph of moribund larvae.
Comparison of bacterial populations of the pig cecum and colon based upon enumeration with specific energy sources
Authors: Allison M J , Robinson I M , Bucklin J A , Booth G D
Published: January 2020

Concentrations of bacteria in the ceca and colons of pigs were measured by determinations of colony counts on rumen fluid-based media in anaerobic roll tubes. With our most complete medium (medium CCA), the mean colony count of cecal samples from 20 pigs was 2.37 X 10(10) +/- 1.0 X 10(10) (+/- standard deviation)/g (wet weight). The mean number of bacteria attached to or associated with cecal epithelial tissues from three pigs on medium CCA was 2.67 X 10(7) +/- 0.81 X 10(7)/cm2 of tissue. The proportions of gut bacterial populations able to use various energy substrates were estimated on the basis of relative colony counts. The following substrates are listed in descending order of their capacity to support growth of cecal bacteria: glucose, starch, cellobiose, xylose, Trypticase, gastric mucin from swine, mannitol, glycerol, and lactate. The effect of diet upon this distribution was not examined. The relative proportions of bacteria from a given population that were able to grow on various selective media were used as population profiles. Comparisons of populations in this way indicated that differences could be detected between (i) populations from the cecum of littermate pigs, (ii) populations from the cecum and colon of the same pig, and (iii) populations in the lumen of the cecum as compared with populations associated with cecal mucosa.
Na
+
, K
+
, and Nonspecific Solute Requirements for Induction and Function of Galactose Active Transport in an Antarctic Psychrophilic Marine Bacterium
Authors: Hayasaka Steven S. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: January 2020

An Antarctic psychrophilic marine
Vibrio
sp., with the inducible ability to accumulate non-metabolizable [
14
C]methyl-β-
d
-thiogalactoside through a galactose transport system, was isolated. Induction of [
14
C]methyl-β-
d
-thiogalactoside uptake was found to have a specific Na
+
requirement which was higher than that required for maximal uptake and growth. A specific K
+
requirement was found to be quantitatively the same for uptake, growth, and induction. At low suboptimal growth salinities in artificial seawater, growth, uptake, and induction were inhibited more by the generally low solute concentration than by a specific ion deficiency. Evidence was given that the effect of the nonspecific solute was not completely osmotic in nature. The nonspecific solute requirement was greatest for induction, followed by growth and substrate uptake.
Plasmid Profiles of Lactose-Negative and Proteinase-Deficient Mutants of
Streptococcus lactis
C10, ML
3
, and M18
Authors: Kuhl Steve A. , Larsen L. D. , McKay L. L.
Published: January 2020

Lactose- and proteinase-negative (Lac
−
Prt
−
) mutants of
Streptococcus lactis
C10, ML3, and M18 were isolated after treatment with ethidium bromide. The Lac
−
Prt
−
mutants of C10 were missing a 40-megadalton plasmid. A 33-megadalton plasmid was absent in the ML3 mutants, and the M18 variants lacked a 45-megadalton plasmid. The results suggest a linkage of these metabolic traits to the respective plasmids. The possible complexity of the interrelationship between lactose metabolism and proteinase activity is presented.
Modified Fluorescent Technique, Using Rhodamine, for Studies of
Rhizobium japonicum
-Soybean Symbiosis
Authors: Hughes T. A. , Lecce J. G. , Elkan G. H.
Published: January 2020

Rhodamine-conjugated capsular polysaccharides isolated from
Rhizobium japonicum
61A76NS were used to examine binding between the labeled polysaccharides and soybean roots. Fluorescein-labeled polysaccharides were not satisfactory because soybean root hairs autofluoresce in the fluorescein region.
Purification of an Endogenous polynucleotide phosphorylase from Brevibacterium JM98A
Authors: Yang H H , Thayer D W , Yang S P
Published: January 2020

Polynucleotide phosphorylase was purified form Brevibacterium JM98A (ATCC 29895). Homopolynucleotides were arsenolysed in the order polyadenylate greater than polycytidylic acid greater than polyuridylic acid greater than polyguanylate. The products were ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates.
Modified lysine iron agar for isolation of Salmonella from food
Authors: Rappold H , Bolderdijk R F
Published: January 2020

Lysine iron agar, modified by the addition of bile salts, novobiocin, lactose, and sucrose, is a valuable plating medium for the isolation of Salmonella, including H2S-negative strains.
Isolation of Extreme Halophiles from Seawater
Authors: Rodriguez-Valera F. , Ruiz-Berraquero F. , Ramos-Cormenzana A.
Published: January 2020

Extreme halophilic bacteria were isolated from the ocean off the coast of Spain. All were gram-negative cocci. One isolate was compared to
Halococcus
sp. NCMB 757 and was found to have similar characteristics.
Distribution of Aeromonas hydrophila in natural and man-made thermal effluents
Authors: Hazen T C , Fliermans C B
Published: January 2020

Densities of Aeromonas hydrophila showed distinct thermal optima (25 to 35 degrees C) and thermal maxima (45 degrees C) when measured along thermal gradients created by geothermal and nuclear reactor effluents. Survival of A. hydrophila never exceeded 48 h at temperatures of greater than 45 degrees C. Thermophilic strains could not be isolated at any site.
Methane Production from Cattle Waste and Delignified Straw
Authors: Robbins John E. , Armold Melvin T. , Lacher Stephen L.
Published: January 2020

Methane production from added substrate per se was approximately twofold greater from delignified straw than that from untreated straw when fermented with cattle manure.
Magnesium and iron addition to casein hydrolysate medium for production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C
Authors: Morita T N , Patterson J E , Woodburn M J
Published: January 2020

From comparisons of 4% N-Z Amine NAK made with distilled water, naturally hard water, and synthetic salt solutions, it appeared that magnesium and, to a lesser extent, iron were limiting factors in the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C but not A. Maximum enterotoxin production with NAK medium was achieved by the addition of 5 mg of Mg2/ per liter (for a total of 9 mg of Mg2+ per liter) and 0.5 mg of Fe2+ per liter. Higher levels of magnesium were not inhibitory. Supplementing NAK with commonly used complex components, which added Mg2+ above the 9-mg/liter level, did not result in maximum yields of enterotoxin. Variability in the ability of different lots of NAK to support enterotoxin production may be minimized by supplementing NAK medium with magnesium and iron.
Elution and Inactivation of Bacteriophages on Soil and Cation-Exchange Resin
Authors: Ostle Anthony G. , Holt John G.
Published: January 2020

A variety of elution schemes was tested to determine the most effective procedure for eluting
Arthrobacter
bacteriophages from soil. A buffer solution of pH 8.0 was found to be the most satisfactory eluent. Bacteriophages were adsorbed to cation-exchange sites on soils, clays, and Dowex-50 resin and eluted. Eluted bacteriophages were detected by passive hemagglutination and plaque assay. Although bacteriophage antigen was successfully eluted, most recovered bacteriophages were noninfective. Inactivation was greatest in bacteriophages of Bradley group B and was associated with the elution process. Inactivation is believed to be caused by physical damage to bacteriophage tails upon elution. The significance of this inactivation relative to bacteriophage models for vertebrate viruses is discussed.
Effect of Monensin and Lasalocid-Sodium on the Growth of Methanogenic and Rumen Saccharolytic Bacteria
Authors: Chen Min , Wolin M. J.
Published: January 2020

It is thought that monensin increases the efficiency of feed utilization by cattle by altering the rumen fermentation. We studied the effect of monensin and the related ionophore antibiotic lasalocid-sodium (Hoffman-LaRoche) on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria in a complex medium containing rumen fluid.
Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens
, and
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
were inhibited by 2.5 μg of monensin or lasalocid per ml. Growth of
Bacteroides succinogenes
and
Bacteroides ruminicola
was delayed by 2.5 μg of monensin or lasalocid per ml. Populations of
B. succinogenes
and
B. ruminicola
that were resistant to 20 μg of either drug per ml were rapidly selected by growth in the presence of each drug at 5.0 μg/ml.
Selenomonas ruminantium
was insensitive to 40 μg of monensin or lasalocid per ml. Either antibiotic (10 μg/ml) inhibited
Methanobacterium
MOH,
Methanobacterium formicicum
, and
Methanosarcina barkeri
MS.
Methanobacterium ruminantium
PS was insensitive to 40 μg of monensin or 20 μg of lasalocid per ml. The methanogenic strain 442 was insensitive to 40 μg of monensin but sensitive to 10 μg of lasalocid per ml. The results suggest that monensin or lasalocid acts in the rumen by selecting for succinate-forming
Bacteroides
and for
S. ruminantium
, a propionate producer that decarboxylates succinate to propionate. The selection could lead to an increase in rumen propionate formation. Selection against H
2
and formate producers, e.g.
R. albus, R. flavefaciens
, and
B. fibrisolvens
, could lead to a depression of methane production in the rumen.
Inhibitory effects of carcinogenic mycotoxins on deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and ribonuclease H
Authors: Tashiro F , Hiral K , Ueno Y
Published: January 2020

Fourteen mycotoxins were tested for inhibitory effects on ribonucleic acid polymerase of rat liver and Escherichia coli and nuclear ribonuclease H of rat liver and Tetrahymena pyriformis. These enzymes were strongly inhibited by (-)-luteoskyrin, (+)-rugulosin, patulin, and PR toxin.
Attached Growth of
Sphaerotilus natans
in Continuous-Flow Apparatus and Its Growth Inhibition by 9-β-
d
-Arabinofuranosyladenine
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroji , Takiguchi Yo
Published: January 2020

Sphaerotilus natans
grew at the maximum specific growth rate (μ
max
) of 0.43/h when cultivated on PGY medium at 25°C. The organism mainly grew attached to inside of the culture vessels when the culture medium was fed to the completely mixed continuous-flow apparatus at a dilution rate above μ
max
and the attached growth was directly related to the dilution rate. When a low concentration of the medium was supplied to the apparatus, almost all of the cells grown were filamentous and attached to the inside of the vessels. When a high concentration of the medium was fed, the organism grew as single cells or short chains and flowed out into the effluent. The attached growth of
S. natans
in the continuous-flow apparatus was inhibited by the minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 μg of 9-β-
d
-arabinofuranosyladenine per ml. 9-β-
d
-Arabinofuranosyladenine showed bacteriocidal activity against
S. natans
at a concentration of 50 to 100 μg/ml.
Effect of dyes on the quantitative recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Schiemann D A
Published: January 2020

A total of 69 dyes were incorporated separately at different concentrations into an agar medium for evaluation of their effects on the quantitative recovery of five serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica. One strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one strain of Bacillus cereus were included for comparative purposes. Certain dyes were evaluated further for their selective properties with five additional serotypes of Y. enterocolitica, three strains of P. aeruginosa, and two of Engerobacter spp. Metanil yellow was the only dye which was tolerated bettr by Y. enterocolitica than by P. aeruginosa. Dye sensitivity was variable amond strains of the same serotype of Y. enterocolitica. In general, Y. enterocolitica showed a tolerance to dyes greater than that of gram-positive bacteria and similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria.
Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria associated with the gut of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and whistling swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus)
Authors: Damaré J M , Hussong D , Weiner R M , Colwell R R
Published: January 2020

Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the intestinal tracts of swans and geese were isolated and characterized as part of a larger study of the microbiological effects of migratory waterfowl on water quality. A total of 356 isolates were identified by using rapid identification methods and classified by using numerical taxonomy. A diverse population of bacteria was recovered from the waterfowl, and representative strains could be classified into 21 phena. The majority of the aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria found in the gut of the waterfowl were species of Enterobacteriaceae. Streptococcus. Lactobacillus, and Bacillus. Unfortunately, the birds that were examined did not harbor significant numbers of any waterfowl-specific bacterial species. Thus, it may not be possible to assess microbiological impact of migratory waterfowl by using and "indicator" species since avian fecal pollution could not be distinguished from animal and human fecal pollution.
Biodegradation of
14
C-Labeled Model and Cornstalk Lignins, Phenols, Model Phenolase Humic Polymers, and Fungal Melanins as Influenced by a Readily Available Carbon Source and Soil
Authors: Martin J. P. , Haider K.
Published: January 2020

After 6 months of incubation in a fertile neutral sandy loam, about 48% of the ring carbons and 2-carbons and 60% of the OCH
3
carbons of specifically labeled coniferyl alcohol had evolved as CO
2
. After 1 year, corresponding values were 55 and 65%. When coniferyl alcohol units were linked into model and cornstalk lignins, about 23% of the ring carbons and 2-carbons and 39% of the OCH
3
carbons had evolved as CO
2
after 6 months. After 1 year, corresponding values were about 28 and 46%. The addition of orange leaves (0.5%, wt/wt) after 6 months did not significantly increase the evolution of
14
CO
2
. Addition of orange leaves (0.5%, wt/wt) with specifically
14
C-labeled pyrocatechol, coumaryl alcohol, model lignins, humic acid-type phenolic polymers and of uniformly
14
C-labeled fungal melanins did not increase labeled C losses or C losses from the orange leaves. Decomposition of protein and pyrocatechol linked into model humic acid polymers, coniferyl alcohol C in model lignins, and
Eurotium echinulatum
melanin in six soils varied from 2 to 14%. Significant differences in C losses were related to soils and were not influenced by orange leaf applications.
Survey of human enterovirus occurrence in fresh and marine surface waters on Long Island
Authors: Vaughn J M , Landry E F , Thomas M Z , Vicale T J , Penello W F
Published: January 2020

A variety of surface water systems, including a lake, a creek, and two marine embayments, were analyzed on a monthly basis for indigenous human enteroviruses and coliform bacteria. Findings are discussed in terms of the probable pollution sources to each system and their relationship to data from previous studies.
Noncorrelation between mouse toxicity and serologically assayed toxin in Clostridium botulinum type A culture fluids
Authors: Betley M J , Sugiyama H
Published: January 2020

Toxicity in culture fluids of several Clostridium botulinum type A strains was assayed in mice and converted to weight equivalent. The toxin-related antigen in the samples was quantitated by a radioimmunoassay which used standards of known antigen concentration instead of the usually used toxicity. Freshly prepared samples had reasonably similar titers of toxin and antigen. When the samples were held at room temperature for several weeks, toxicity decreased more than antigenicity, but the relative decreases of the two varied with the samples. The results are discussed as evidence that serological assays of botulinum toxin cannot always be used for accurate determination of toxicity.
Mode of initiation of cell infection with sludge-associated poliovirus
Authors: Ward R L , Ashley C S
Published: January 2020

Association with sludge solids did not allow poliovirus to enter cells other than through the normal receptor-mediated route. This implies that the infectivities of sludge-encapsulated virions are masked until their exposure permits binding to cell surface receptors.
Spore survival during batch dry rendering of abattoir waste
Authors: Lowry P D , Fernando T , Gill C O
Published: January 2020

Normal batch dry rendering practice does not ensure sterile products, because bacterial spores are protected against thermal denaturation by the high fat-low water content environment which results from drying the materials at temperatures below those required for sterilization.
Susceptibility of
Legionella pneumophila
to Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Antopol Stephen C. , Ellner Paul D.
Published: January 2020

Distilled water suspensions of
Legionella pneumophila
were found to be sensitive to low doses of germicidal ultraviolet radiation.
Catalase activity during the recovery of heat-stressed Staphylococcus aureus MF-31
Authors: Andrews G P , Martin S E
Published: January 2020

Sublethal heating of Staphylococcus aureus produced little loss of catalase activity, but incubation of the injured cells in tryptic soy broth, with or without 10% NaCl added, produced an 85% decrease in catalase activity. Cells recovered in tryptic soy broth demonstrated increases in catalase levels after approximately 5 h, whereas in tryptic soy broth with 10% NaCl the levels remained low for at least 12 h. Thus, the loss of catalase activity during the recovery period was greater than during the heat treatment.
Isolation of radiation-resistant bacteria without exposure to irradiation
Authors: Sanders S W , Maxcy R B
Published: January 2020

Resistance to desiccation was utilized in the selection of highly radiation-resistant asporogenous bacteria from non-irradiated sources. A bacterial suspension in phosphate buffer was dried in a thin film at 25 degrees C and 33% relative humidity. Storage under these conditions for 15 days or more reduced the number of radiation-sensitive bacteria. Further selection for radiation-resistant bacteria was obtained by irradiation of bacteria on velveteen in the replication process, thereby avoiding the toxic effect of irradiated media. The similarity of radiation resistance and identifying characteristics in irradiated and non-irradiated isolates should allay some concerns that highly radiation-resistant bacteria have been permanently altered by radiation selection.
Hydrogen Production by the Thermophilic Alga
Mastigocladus laminosus
: Effects of Nitrogen, Temperature, and Inhibition of Photosynthesis
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuhisa , Hallenbeck Patrick C. , Benemann John R.
Published: January 2020

Hydrogen production by nitrogen-limited cultures of a thermophilic blue-green alga (cyanobacterium),
Mastigocladus laminosus
, was studied to develop the concept of a high-temperature biophotolysis system. Biophotolytic production of hydrogen by solar radiation was also demonstrated. Hydrogen consumption activity in these cultures was relatively high and is the present limiting factor on both the net rate and duration of hydrogen production.
Decomposition of Microbial Cell Components in a Semi-Arid Grassland Soil
Authors: Nakas J. P. , Klein D. A.
Published: January 2020

Cell component fractions (
14
C-labeled) were prepared from bacterial and fungal cultures isolated from the Pawnee National Grassland in northeastern Colorado and tested for seasonal changes in degradability. The decomposition of cell component fractions was monitored from May to December of 1977 and during March of 1978, using soil samples taken at 2- to 3-week intervals. The release of
14
CO
2
from bacterial and fungal cell walls was inversely related (
P
< 0.01) to the soil moisture content. Except for cytoplasm isolated from an
Aspergillus
sp., all other cytoplasmic and polysaccharide fractions did not demonstrate a significant relationship between soil moisture and decomposability. In general, bacterial cell walls and polysaccharides were more susceptible to decomposition than fungal cell walls, although the seasonal changes in decomposability for both fractions were similar. These patterns of cell component utilization indicate that the decomposition of cell wall material may be more closely linked, on an inverse basis, to the availability of soil moisture and release of soluble, low-molecular-weight organics resulting from primary production events.
Effects of Ammonium Ions, Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide, and Acetylene on Anaerobic and Aerobic Hydrogen Formation by
Anabaena cylindrica
B629
Authors: Lambert Grant R. , Daday Arlene , Smith Geoffrey D.
Published: January 2020

An investigation was made of various factors, both experimental and physiological, which influenced the formation of hydrogen gas by the heterocystous cyanobacterium
Anabaena cylindrica
B629 when incubated in both argon and air.
A. cylindrica
B629 produces hydrogen in air in the presence of carbon monoxide, acetylene, or both, with a short lag period. The rate of production in air at optimal concentrations of these compounds was found to be comparable with that in an argon atmosphere. Whereas under argon, ammonium ions (0.5 to 6 mM) were found to inhibit hydrogen formation in a manner which was dependent on light intensity and not relieved by oxygen (1 to 20% of gas phase), in air-carbon monoxide-acetylene, these ions (up to at least 0.5 mM) slightly stimulated hydrogen production for at least 24 h. Conclusions are drawn about short-term aerobic and anaerobic hydrogen formation by
A. cylindrica
B629 and the effects of ammonium ions, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and acetylene on these processes.
Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium spp
Authors: Aragozzini F , Ferrari A , Pacini N , Gualandris R
Published: January 2020

Fifty-one strains of the genus Bifidobacterium have been found to accumulate indole-3-lactic acid in culture broth. The isolated metabolite was identified through mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the microorganisms tested, as resting cells, have been shown to be able to convert L-tryptophan into L-indole-3-lactic acid.
Effect of waterfowl (Anas platyrhynchos) on indicator bacteria populations in a recreational lake Madison, Wisconsin
Authors: Standridge J H , Delfino J J , Kleppe L B , Butler R
Published: January 2020

A public swimming beach in Madison, wis., experienced intermittent high fecal coliform counts during the late summer and early fall of 1978. Public health officials closed the beach on a number of occasions. A public health survey identified a combination of waterfowl wastes and meteorological events as the explanation for the high bacteria counts. Fecal coliform bacteria were deposited by mallard ducks and multiplied in the beach sands. The bacteria were subsequently transported into the lake and resulted in high fecal coliform counts in the swimming area.
Biotyping of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from normal human facial skin
Authors: Kishishita M , Ushijima T , Ozaki Y , Ito Y
Published: January 2020

Biochemical and serological characteristics of 128 strains of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from the facial skin of healthy Japanese volunteers were compared with the three standard strains of the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 6919, 11827, and 11828. Accordingly, the isolated strains of P. acnes were classified into five biotypes (B1 to B5) on the basis of fermentation tests of ribose, erythritol, and sorbitol. Two serotypes were distinguished by the agglutination test. P. acnes belonging to serotype I had galactose as a cell wall sugar, whereas those of serotype II lacked galactose. The strains of serotype I were distributed among all five biotypes (B1 to B5); however, those of serotype II consisted only of one biotype (B2). A term "sero-biotype" was introduced to differentiate and carefully classify the isolates. The predominant sero-biotypes differed with the individual and region of the facial skin. In general, strains of sero-biotype IB1, IB3, IB4, and IIB2 were more frequently isolated than those of sero-biotype IB2 and IB5. Thus, for routine assay work, serotyping of P. acnes as based on erythritol and sorbitol fermentation is both practical and applicable.
Modified procedure for the recovery of naturally accumulated poliovirus from oysters
Authors: Vaughn J M , Landry E F , Vicale T J , Dahl M C
Published: January 2020

Methods were compared for their ability to recover poliovirus from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) which had been allowed to accumulate virus via normal filtration activities. Clarification procedures included glycine-NaCl and polyelectrolyte extraction methods followed by a variety of acid precipitation concentration methods. Polyelectrolyte flocculation followed by a beef extract-supplemented acid precipitation carried out at pH 3.5 yielded the most efficient recoveries. Direct assay of homogenates was found to be an unreliable method for determining the initial virus concentration in "naturally infected" oysters.
Gas chromatographic analysis of in situ cyclitol utilization by Klebsielleae growing in redwood extracts
Authors: Talbot H W , Seidler R J
Published: January 2020

Gas chromatographic analysis was employed to demonstrate in situ cyclitol utilization in aqueous extracts of redwood by isolates of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and several other genera of gram-negative bacteria. In aqueous redwood extracts, all but one of the Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates tested reached densities exceeding 5.0 x 10(6) cells/ml within 4 days, and all utilized pinitol and sequoyitol. Other enteric bacteria did not utilize cyclitols in this extract. A defined minimal medium, containing the carbohydrates and cyclitols (including myo-inositol) in redwood, was used to determine which carbon sources are preferentially utilized by Klebsielleae and other bacteria. It was found that D-glucose and L-arabinose were consumed by Klebsiella before the three cyclitols were utilized. Pinitol utilization proceeded in more slowly than that of sequoyitol and myo-inositol. Cyclitol utilization in the defined medium was also observed for Yersinia, Erwinia, and Salmonella. Escherichia coli isolates did not utilize cyclitol compounds. The ability to use cyclitols as a sole source of carbon can explain the high cell densities of Klebsielleae in redwood water reservoirs and in redwood lumber.
Survival of
Rhizobium phaseoli
in Coal-Based Legume Inoculants
Authors: Paczkowski Mary W. , Berryhill D. L.
Published: January 2020

The long-term survival of
Rhizobium phaseoli
strains 127K17, 127K26, and 127K35 in legume inoculants prepared with eight different coals (one strain and one coal per inoculant) was studied. The coals used were Pennsylvania anthracite, bituminous coals from Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Utah, lignite from North Dakota and Texas, and subbituminous coals from New Mexico and Wyoming; they ranged in pH from 4.7 to 7.5 All coals, with the exceptions of Illinois bituminous coal and Texas lignite (pH's of 5.0 and 4.7, respectively), supported the growth and survival of all
R. phaseoli
strains. All coal-based inoculants in which rhizobial viability was maintained had more than 10
6
rhizobia per g for at least 7 months, and most contained more than 10
7
rhizobia per g after 12 months. It appears that most coals, regardless of grade or source, may be acceptable carriers for
R. phaseoli
inoculants.
Adsorption of Enteroviruses to Soil Cores and Their Subsequent Elution by Artificial Rainwater
Authors: Landry Edward F. , Vaughn James M. , Thomas McHarrell Z. , Beckwith Cheryl A.
Published: January 2020

The adsorption and elution of a variety of human enteroviruses in a highly permeable, sandy soil was studied by using cores (43 by 125 mm) collected from an operating recharge basin on Long Island. Viruses studied included field and reference strains of polioviruses types 1 and 3 and reference strains of coxsackie virus B3 and echovirus types 1 and 6. Viruses suspended in treated sewage effluent were allowed to percolate through soil cores, and the filtrate was assayed for unadsorbed viruses. To determine the likelihood of desorption and mobilization, soil-bound viruses were subjected to a rinse with either treated sewage effluent or simulated rainwater which reflected the anion, cation, and pH characteristics of a typical northeastern United States rainfall. The results demonstrated that all polioviruses tested, including both reference and field strains, adsorbed extremely well to cores. Adsorption was somewhat reduced when clean, unconditioned soils were used. Soil-bound poliovirus strain LSc was not significantly mobilized by flooding columns with either a sewage effluent or rainwater rinse. One virus was mobilized by both types of rinses. The amount of viruses mobilized by rainwater rinses ranged from 24 to 66%. Variable adsorption-elution results were observed with other enteroviruses. Two guanidine-resistant mutants of poliovirus LSc demonstrated a soil adsorption-elution profile different from that of the parent strain. The data support the conclusion that soil adsorption-elution behavior is strain dependent and that poliovirus, particularly strain LSc, represents an inappropriate model.
Enhanced Cellulase Production by a Mutant of
Sclerotium rolfsii
Authors: Sadana J. C. , Shewale J. G. , Deshpande M. V.
Published: January 2020

A mutant of
Sclerotium rolfsii
CPC 142 that secretes about two times more filter paper-degrading activity in NM-2 growth medium in submerged cultures than the parent strain was obtained by ultraviolet mutagenesis of crushed sclerotia. The production of endo-β-glucanase in the mutant was affected to a lesser extent. With the parent strain, the addition of 3% rice bran to NM-2 medium was essential for optimal formation of cellulase, including filter paper-degrading activity. However, with the mutant the addition of rice bran to NM-2 medium increased the formation of endo-β-glucanase but not filter paper-degrading or cellobiase activity. An altered control mechanism for the production of filter paper-degrading enzymes is suggested. The genome(s) controlling the cellulase complex of enzymes in the UV-8 mutant is not under coordinate control.
Simple Agar Block Slide Culture Suitable for Varying the Environment of Bacteria During Time-Lapse Cinephotomicrography
Authors: Adams Lowell S. , Durham Norman N.
Published: January 2020

A simple paper wick agar block slide culture is described for use in experiments which vary the chemical environment of bacteria during time-lapse cinephotomicrography.
Role of the Salt Marsh Grass
Spartina alterniflora
in the Response of Soil-Denitrifying Bacteria to Glucose Enrichment
Authors: Sherr B. F. , Payne W. J.
Published: January 2020

Long-term incubations of salt marsh soil systems in the presence of glucose resulted in a decrease in the soils' denitrification potential. Addition of nitrate or the presence of living
Spartina alterniflora
reversed this effect, indicating that
Spartina
, through the establishment of an oxidized rhizosphere where nitrification can occur, enables the denitrifying bacteria to adequately compete with the less energetically efficient components of the anaerobic soil microbial community.
Calculation of

K
m

and

V
max

from Substrate Concentration Versus Time Plot
Authors: Counotte G. H. M. , Prins R. A.
Published: January 2020

A simple method for the calculation of kinetic parameters (

K
m

,

V
max

) under conditions of changing substrate concentrations is presented. An application of the method to detect shifts in groups involved in the utilization of a substrate in a mixed microbial culture is given.
Continuous Removal of Lactic Acid from Wastewater by
Candida utilis
Authors: Oliva R. U. , Hang Y. D.
Published: January 2020

Under steady-state conditions, the maximum rate of lactic acid removal was found to be 588 mg/h per liter of continuous culture.
Toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in grass
Authors: Notermans S , Kozaki S , van Schothorst M
Published: January 2020

Investigations on farms where botulism has occurred in cows showed that proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B was present in newly made grass silages. Experiments were undertaken to study growth and toxin production of C. botulinum in grass. Of the strains tested only proteolytic strains of C. botulinum types A and B were able to produce toxin with grass as a substrate. Proteolytic strains of type B produced both medium (12S) and large (16S) toxin forms. The minimal water activity (aw) for toxin production at pH 6.5 and 5.8 was 0.94. At pH 5.3, toxin was produced at an aw of 0.985. These results indicate that proteolytic strains of C. botulinum (if present) may multiply and produce toxin in wilted grass silages.
Ochratoxin A in pig blood: method of analysis and use as a tool for feed studies
Authors: Hult K , Hökby E , Hägglund U , Gatenbeck S , Rutqvist L , Sellyey G
Published: January 2020

A procedure is presented for screening the quality of feed in respect to ochratoxin A contamination based upon the analysis of ochratoxin A in pig blood. Representative samples from large feed lots may be obtained by using pigs as in vivo sample collectors which enrich the toxin and forms homogeneous samples in the blood. The spectrofluorometric procedure for ochratoxin A analysis (K. Hult and S. Gatenbeck, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 59:128-129, 1976) has been adapted to pig blood and has been simplified to involve only three extraction steps. A volume of 2.5 ml of blood or plasma is needed, and the detection limit is 2 ng of ochratoxin A per ml. The disappearance of ochratoxin A from pig blood as a function of time has been studied. A feeding experiment with ochratoxin A has been performed, and the time course of the concentration of ochratoxin A in blood has been followed during the experiment.
Coexistence of different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp
Authors: Jigami Y , Kawasaki Y , Omori T , Minoda Y
Published: January 2020

Pseudomonas desmolytica S449B1 and Pseudomonas convexa S107B1 grown on n-propylbenzene oxidized n-propylbenzene to beta-phenylpropionic acid and benzoic acid by initial oxidation of the n-propyl side chain and the following beta-oxidation, respectively. The same strains also oxidized n-propylbenzene to 3-n-propylcatechol by initial oxidation of positions 2 and 3 of the aromatic nucleus. A ring fission product, 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, was also isolated from the culture broth. Together with the results of oxygen uptake experiments, the data obtained suggested not only the existence of a reductive step to form 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, but also the coexistence of two different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by the strains used.
Effect of sample transport systems on survival of bacteria in ground beef
Authors: Kotula A W , Pierson M D , Emswiler B S , Guilfoyle J R
Published: January 2020

The effects of two transport systems and cryoprotective agents on the survival of bacteria in ground beef samples were evaluated. Survival of Clostridium perfringens in ground beef samples after simulated transport (72 h) was higher (about 99%) in Dry Ice than in Trans Temp shipping units (-3 degrees C). There were no significant differences between the two transport systems in survival of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or aerobic bacteria. Mixing ground beef samples at a ratio of 1:1 (wt/vol) with 10, 20, or 30% buffered solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol before freezing improved the survival of C. perfringens and coliforms in both transport systems. Recovery of E. coli was significantly higher with the addition of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide before Dry Ice transport. Addition of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide resulted in a 100% recovery of both S. aureus and aerobic bacteria from ground beef after simulated transport in Trans Temp shipping units. The use of cryoprotective agents can improve the survival of bacteria during transport of ground beef samples.
Nutritional Requirements of
Microbacterium thermosphactum
Authors: Grau Frederick H.
Published: January 2020

Microbacterium thermosphactum
requires cysteine, α-lipoate, nicotinate, pantothenate,
p
-aminobenzoate, biotin, and thiamin for aerobic growth in glucose-mineral salts medium. Glucose cannot be replaced by Casamino Acids or acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as sole carbon and energy sources. The organism can also grow anaerobically in the minimal synthetic medium.
Antibacterial action of lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide on Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Mickelson M N
Published: January 2020

Antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase (LP)-thiocyanate (SCN)-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on Streptococcus agalactiae requires that the three reactants must be in contact with the cells simultaneously. Small but assayable amounts of LP adsorb to the cell surface and are not removed by washing. A diffusible antibacterial product of LP-SCN-H2O2 reaction was not found under our experimental conditions. Incubation of S. agalactiae cells with LP-H2O2 and 14C-labeled sodium SCN resulted in the incorporation of SCN into the bacterial protein. Most of the LP-catalyzed, incorporated SCN was released from the bacterial protein. Most of the LP-catalyzed, incorporated SCN was released from the bacterial protein with dithiothreitol. Cells that had their membrane permeability changed by treatment with Cetab or 80% ethanol incorporated more SCN than did untreated cells, i.e., approximately 1 mol of SCN for each mol of sulfhydryl group present in the reaction mixture. Alteration of membrane permeability caused protein sulfhydryls, normally protected by the cytoplasmic membrane, to become exposed to oxidation. The results suggest the LP-H2O2-catalyzed incorporation of SCN into the proteins of S. agalactiae by a mechanism similar to that reported for bovine serum albumin. Removal of reactive protein sulfhydryls from a functional role in membrane transport and in glucolysis in a likely cause of the antibacterial effect for S. agalactiae.
Influence of fulvic acid on bacteriophage adsorption and complexation in soil
Authors: Bixby R L , O'Brien D J
Published: January 2020

The effect of fulvic acid, the major fraction of natural soluble organic matter, on the adsorption of MS2 bacteriophage to soil was investigated in controlled laboratory experiments. Batch experiments together with scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed that fulvic acid complexed phage, which prevented its adsorption to soil. Phage strongly adsorbed to soil in the absence of fulvic acid. Phage which was complexed with fulvic acid was not irreversibly inactivated and could become viable under proper conditions, illustrating the importance of assay and elution procedures in the recovery of virus from aqueous solutions.
Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labeled nitrate and nitrite in germfree and conventional-flora rats
Authors: Witter J P , Balish E , Gatley S J
Published: January 2020

The in vivo distribution of physiological concentrations of NO3- and NO2- labeled with 13N was studied in germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats after gastric intubation (gavage), intravenous (cardiac or tail vein), or intraluminal (intestinal) injection. Some in vitro studies were performed to determine the influence of the bacterial flora on ion distribution. After gavage with 13NO3-, essentially all of the label passed into the upper small intestine, where most was absorbed; however, up to 24% of the 13N could reach the ileum within 1 h. Gavage with 13NO2- resulted in some gastric absorption of the label, but most seemed to exit the stomach via passage into the duodenum. The exit of 13NO2- from the stomach was slower, and less 13N appeared to be absorbed from the small intestine than with 13NO3-. Movement of label through the gastrointestinal tract could be enhanced by inducing diarrhea. Absorbed 13N was either excreted in the urine, reentered the gastrointestinal tract at various points, or was temporarily stored in the eviscerated carcass. The bacterial flora, either by incorporation or chemical alteration, appeared to have some influence on the distribution of 13N from 13NO3- or 13NO2-.
Effect of Interactions Among Algae on Nitrogen Fixation by Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Flooded Soils
Authors: Wilson John T. , Greene Sarah , Alexander Martin
Published: January 2020

Nitrogen fixation (C
2
H
2
reduction) by algae in flooded soil was limited by interactions within the algal community. Nitrogen fixation by either indigenous algae or
Tolypothrix tenuis
was reduced severalfold by a dense suspension of the green alga
Nephrocytium
sp. Similarly, interactions between the nitrogen-fixing alga (cyanobacterium)
Aulosira
68 and natural densities of indigenous algae limited nitrogen-fixing activity in one of two soils examined. This was demonstrated by developing a variant of
Aulosira
68 that was resistant to the herbicide simetryne at concentrations that prevented development of indigenous algae. More nitrogen was fixed by the resistant variant in flooded soil containing herbicide than was fixed in herbicide-free soil by either the indigenous algae or indigenous algae plus the parent strain of
Aulosira
. Interference from indigenous algae may hamper the development of nitrogen-fixing algae introduced into rice fields in attempts to increase biological nitrogen fixation.