bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating CD34+KDR+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells Correlate with Erectile Function and Endothelial Function in Overweight Men
Authors: Esposito Katherine , Ciotola Miryam , Maiorino Maria Ida , Giugliano Francesco , Autorino Riccardo , De Sio Marco , Jannini Emmanuele , Lenzi Andrea , Giugliano Dario
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) circulate in the peripheral blood and are involved in endothelial homeostasis and repair.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the circulating levels of different EPC phenotypes in overweight men with or without erectile dysfunction (ED). As endothelial dysfunction is considered a necessary link with ED, endothelium-dependent vasodilation and its relation with EPCs were also investigated.

Methods

We studied 30, otherwise healthy, overweight subjects with symptomatic ED for at least 6 months, and 30 age- and weight-matched subjects without ED. Erectile function was assessed by completing the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), which consists of items 5, 15, 4, 2, and 7 from the full-scale IIEF-15.

Main Outcome Measures

Seven subpopulations of EPCs were determined by flow cytometry on the basis of the surface expression of CD34, CD133, and KDR antigens: CD34+, CD133+, KDR+, CD34+CD133+, CD34+KDR+, CD133+KDR+, and CD34+CD133+KDR+. Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was evaluated in the right brachial artery with a high-resolution ultrasound machine following reactive hyperemia.

Results

CD34+KDR+ cell count was significantly lower in men with ED as compared with men without ED (63.1 ± 4 vs. 92.4 ± 6 cells/106 events, mean ± standard error, P < 0.01). There was a significant direct correlation between circulating CD34+KDR+ cells and the IIEF score (r = 0.44; P = 0.01): men with the severe form of ED presented the lowest level of circulating EPC CD34+KDR+ cells. No significant correlation was found between the circulating levels of the other EPC phenotypes and the IIEF score. There was a significant correlation between CD34+KDR+ cell count and FMD (r = 0.45; P = 0.01), but not between FMD and the other phenotypes.

Conclusions

Circulating levels of CD34+KDR+ EPC are reduced in overweight subjects with ED and correlate with the severity of ED. Other EPC phenotypes are not related to ED, suggesting that the CD34+KDR+ phenotype of EPCs may be preferred in future studies.
Star cluster survival and compressive tides in Antennae-like mergers
Authors: Renaud F. , Boily C. M. , Fleck J.-J. , Naab T. , Theis Ch.
Published: October 2008

Gravitational tides are widely understood to strip and destroy galactic substructures. In the course of a galaxy merger, however, transient totally compressive tides may develop and prevent star-forming regions from dissolving after they condensed to form clusters of stars. We study the statistics of such compressive modes in an N-body model of the galaxy merger NGC 4038/39 (the Antennae) and show that ≃15 per cent of the disc material undergoes compressive tides at pericentre. The spatial distribution of observed young clusters in the overlap and nuclear regions of the Antennae matches surprisingly well the location of compressive tides obtained from simulation data. Furthermore, the statistics of time intervals spent by individual particles embedded in a compressive tide yields a log-normal distribution of characteristic time τ∼ 10 Myr, comparable to star cluster formation time-scales. We argue that this generic process is operative in galaxy mergers at all redshifts and possibly enhances the formation of star clusters. We show with a model calculation that this process will prevent the dissolution of a star cluster during the formation phase, even for a star formation efficiency ε as low as ∼10 per cent. The transient nature of compressive tides implies that clusters may dissolve rapidly once the tidal field switches to the usual disruptive mode.
National Utilization of Antihypertensive Medications From 2000 to 2006 in the Veterans Health Administration: Focus on Thiazide Diuretics
Authors: Furmaga Elaine M. , Cunningham Francesca E. , Cushman William C. , Dong Diane , Jiang Rong , Basile Jan , Katz Lois A. , Rutan Gale H. , Berlowitz Dan R. , Papademetriou Vasilios , Glassman Peter A.
Published: October 2008

The authors sought to determine the prescribing practices of clinicians treating veterans with hypertension. A descriptive analysis was performed using a national pharmacy database of patients with a diagnosis of hypertension receiving antihypertensive medication in the fiscal years 2000 to 2006. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors were the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive class, with utilization increasing from 56.0% in fiscal year 2000 to 63.2% of patients in 2006. Utilization of thiazide‐type diuretics increased from 31.9% of patients in fiscal year 2000 to 42.0% in 2006. When patient comorbidities were taken into consideration, 48.1% of patients defined as having uncomplicated hypertension had at least one prescription for a thiazide diuretic in fiscal year 2006. Utilization by monotherapy and combination therapy were also evaluated. The trends in utilization allowed for identification of areas in which a change in prescribing practices may improve blood pressure control and health outcomes in the Veterans Health Administration.
Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin®) therapy for early and advanced neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Krebs Ilse , Lie Shilla , Stolba Ulrike , Zeiler Florian , Felke Stefan , Binder Susanne
Published: October 2008

Purpose:  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for early and advanced neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD).

Methods:  A consecutive series of eyes with neovascular ARMD treated with monthly intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) as long as there was evidence of activity on fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) was included and observed for 6 months. For further analysis they were assigned to either an early (untreated/newly diagnosed) or an advanced (predominantly fibrotic/pre‐treated) ARMD group. We examined distance visual acuity (VA) with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts and central retinal thickness with OCT, as well as lesion size and safety aspects.

Results:  Forty‐four patients (44 eyes) were enrolled (21 early lesions, 23 advanced lesions). Mean VA changed from 0.74 logMAR at baseline to 0.68 logMAR at month 6 (P = 0.01). Improvement in VA was statistically significant only in eyes with early lesions (n = 21) from month 1 (P = 0.015) up to month 6 (P = 0.03). The changes in central retinal thickness (CRT) (P < 0.001) and total lesion size (P < 0.001) were significant in both groups (early and advanced) at all time‐points during follow‐up. No significant ocular or systemic adverse effects were observed.

Conclusion:  Intravitreal bevacizumab was tolerated well by our patients and we did not identify any apparent short‐term safety concerns. We observed stabilization in VA overall, with significant improvement in the early lesion group.
Tension-Torsion Multiaxial Low Cycle Fatigue for SUS304 and Cr-Mo-V Steels
Authors: Sakane Masao , Itoh Takamoto
Published: October 2008

This paper describes the tension-torsion multiaxial low cycle fatigue of SUS 304 stainless steel at 923K and Cr-Mo-V steel at 823K. Combined push-pull and reversed torsion tests were carried out for the two steels. Typical multiaxial strain and stress parameters were applied to the experimental data to discriminate the suitability of the parameters. The equivalent strain based on crack opening displacement and the maximum principal strain were the most suitable parameter for the data correlation while only the equivalent stress based on crack opening displacement was most suitable as a stress parameter.
Flow-Induced Vibration Characteristics of Steam Generator U-Tubes With Defect
Authors: Jo Jong-Chull , Jhung Myung Jo , Kim Woong-Sik , Kim Hho-Jung
Published: October 2008

This paper investigates the fluidelastic instability characteristics of steam generator (SG) U-tubes with defect. The operating SG shell-side flow field conditions for determining the fluidelastic instability parameters such as damping ratio and added mass are obtained from three-dimensional SG flow calculation. Modal analyses are performed for the U-tubes either with axial or circumferential flaw with different sizes. Special emphases are on the effects of flaw orientation and size on the modal and instability characteristics of tubes, which are expressed in terms of the natural frequency, corresponding mode shape and stability ratio.
Scattering From Voids in Solids in the Intermediate Wavelength Regime
Authors: Tittmann B. R.
Published: October 2008

The main objective of this work was to develop techniques of non-destructive testing and give them a strong theoretical underpinning to render them as quantitative as possible. Thus in ultrasonic testing the objective was to combine the traditional manual search for flaws with computer automated search and elastic scattering theory to provide quantitative data on location, size, shape, and orientation. This approach led to several schemes to solve the Inverse Scattering Problem or the reconstruction of a flaw from just a few reflected ultrasonic echoes. Early efforts led to successes with idealized man-made flaws consisting of single and compound flaws embedded in Titanium-alloy. Later this work produced results with naturally occurring flaws in aerospace components.
Effect of Helical Coil Repair on the Fatigue Life of Studs
Authors: Reinhardt Wolf D. , Dhar Deepak , Sun Nansheng
Published: October 2008

The repair of bolted connections with helical coil threaded inserts is a convenient method to address thread damage that can occur during assembly and disassembly of the joint. In components that have been qualified with a fatigue analysis, such as nuclear Class 1 components, the question arises how the repair might affect the fatigue life of the joint. This study shows how the calculated fatigue life of helical coil repaired studs relates to that of the original configuration that was considered in the Design report. As an example, a specific bolted closure is evaluated. The helical coil insert influences the stress distribution in the thread, and changes the stiffness of the bolt assembly. The impact of the repair on the fatigue life of the repaired stud, the surrounding unrepaired studs and the helical coil insert itself is considered. This leads to a simple fatigue life based method to determine the maximum number of repaired studs in a given joint. The objective of this study is to assure utilities that the structural integrity of the bolted joint is maintained after the repair without compromising the plant safety, and to allow lower overall cost of maintenance and less frequent inspection of the studs.
FEM Stress Analysis and Sealing Performance in Pipe Flange Connections With Gaskets Subjected to External Bending Moment: Case Where Internal Fluid is Liquid
Authors: Sawa Toshiyuki , Matsumoto Mitsuhiro , Ando Fumio
Published: October 2008

The leakage evaluation when gas is used is more severe than that when liquid is used in pipe flange connections. In a practical design, it is also necessary to examine the leakage in the connection under liquid internal pressure. This paper deals with the contact gasket stress distributions in the pipe flange connections with a spiral wound gasket and a compressed sheet gasket by using elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM) taking account hysteresis and non-linearity in the stress-strain curves of the gaskets, when bending moments as well as internal pressure are applied to the connections. In the FEM calculations, the effects of the gaskets and the initial clamping bolt force (bolt preload) on the contact gasket stress distributions are examined. The leakage tests for the connections under bending moments were also conducted by using liquid (water). By using the results of the leakage tests and the calculated contact gasket stress distributions, the sealing performance of the connections is evaluated. It is found that the sealing performance of the connection under the bending moment can be estimated when internal fluid is liquid (water).
A novel mTOR inhibitor is efficacious in a murine model of colitis
Authors: Bhonde Mandar R. , Gupte Ravindra D. , Dadarkar Shruta D. , Jadhav Mahesh G. , Tannu Aditi A. , Bhatt Pooja , Bhatia Dimple R. , Desai Nikesh K. , Deore Vijaykumar , Yewalkar Nilambari , Vishwakarma Ram A. , Sharma Somesh , Kumar Sanjay , Dagia Nilesh M.
Published: October 2008

Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune-inflammatory disease characterized by increased proliferation of colonic epithelial cells, dysregulation of signal transduction pathways, elevated mucosal T cell activation, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced leukocyte infiltration into colonic interstitium. Several compounds that possess antiproliferative properties and/or inhibit cytokine production exhibit a therapeutic effect in murine models of colitis. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein kinase regulating cell proliferation, is implicated in colon carcinogenesis. In this study, we report that a novel haloacyl aminopyridine-based molecule (P2281) is a mTOR inhibitor and is efficacious in a murine model of human colitis. In vitro studies using Western blot analysis and cell-based ELISA assays showed that P2281 inhibits mTOR activity in colon cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo assays of proinflammatory cytokine production revealed that P2281 diminishes induced IFN-γ production but not TNF-α production, indicating preferential inhibitory effects of P2281 on T cell function. In the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis, 1) macroscopic colon observations demonstrated that P2281 significantly inhibited DSS-induced weight loss, improved rectal bleeding index, decreased disease activity index, and reversed DSS-induced shortening of the colon; 2) histological analyses of colonic tissues revealed that P2281 distinctly attenuated DSS-induced edema, prominently diminished the leukocyte infiltration in the colonic mucosa, and resulted in protection against DSS-induced crypt damage; and 3) Western blot analysis showed that P2281 blocks DSS-induced activation of mTOR. Collectively, these results provide direct evidence that P2281, a novel mTOR inhibitor, suppresses DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting T cell function and is a potential therapeutic for colitis. Given that compounds with anticancer activity show promising anti-inflammatory efficacy, our findings reinforce the cross-therapeutic functionality of potential drugs.
Chitosan Scaffold Enhances Nerve Regeneration within the in vitro Reconstructed Bladder Wall: An Animal Study
Authors: Drewa Tomasz , Adamowicz Jan , Lysik Joanna , Polaczek Jolanta , Pielichowski Jan
Published: October 2008

Introduction: The function of reconstructed bladder depends on the contracting bladder wall. This can be obtained with a proper innervating segment. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is used as cell vehicle. Chitosan supported the adhesion and differentiation of neurons. The aim of the study was to compare PGA with PGA/chitosan ‘sandwich’ grafts for bladder regeneration. Methods: 3T3 fibroblasts were seeded on 6 PGA and on 3 chitosan scaffolds and incubated for 3 days at 37°C in 5% CO2 before implantation. Three rats underwent bladder reconstruction with PGA cell-seeded grafts and 3 with PGA grafts covered with chitosan cell-seeded grafts (‘sandwich’ graft). Three rats in the control group were not operated. After 6 months, reconstructed tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Neurons were identified by synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase staining. Results: No complications were noticed. PGA/chitosan grafts were evaluated as (+++) and (++), while PGA grafts were evaluated as (++) and (+) with use of synaptophysin antibody. The control group was evaluated as (+). PGA/chitosan grafts were evaluated as (++) and (+), while PGA grafts were evaluated as (++) and (+) in neuron-specific enolase staining. The control group was evaluated as (+). Conclusion: Chitosan improved PGA’s abilities as a cell matrix and in guiding neurons into the graft.
Tropomodulin1 Is Required in the Heart but Not the Yolk Sac for Mouse Embryonic Development
Authors: McKeown Caroline R. , Nowak Roberta B. , Moyer Jeannette , Sussman Mark A. , Fowler Velia M.
Published: October 2008

Tropomodulin (Tmod)1 caps the pointed ends of actin filaments in sarcomeres of striated muscle myofibrils and in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Targeted deletion of mouse Tmod1 leads to defects in cardiac development, fragility of primitive erythroid cells, and an absence of yolk sac vasculogenesis, followed by embryonic lethality at embryonic day 9.5. The Tmod1-null embryonic hearts do not undergo looping morphogenesis and the cardiomyocytes fail to assemble striated myofibrils with regulated F-actin lengths. To test whether embryonic lethality of Tmod1 nulls results from defects in cardiac myofibrillogenesis and development or from erythroid cell fragility and subsequent defects in yolk sac vasculogenesis, we expressed Tmod1 specifically in the myocardium of the Tmod1-null mice under the control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter Tg(αMHC-Tmod1). In contrast to Tmod1-null embryos, which fail to undergo cardiac looping and have defective yolk sac vasculogenesis, both cardiac and yolk sac morphology of
Tmod1
−/−Tg(αMHC-Tmod1)
embryos are normal at embryonic day 9.5.
Tmod1
−/−Tg(αMHC-Tmod1)
embryos develop into viable and fertile mice, indicating that expression of Tmod1 in the heart is sufficient to rescue the Tmod1-null embryonic defects. Thus, although loss of Tmod1 results in myriad defects and embryonic lethality, the
Tmod1
−/−
primary defect is in the myocardium. Moreover, Tmod1 is not required in erythrocytes for viability, nor do the
Tmod1
−/−
fragile primitive erythroid cells affect cardiac development, yolk sac vasculogenesis, or viability in the mouse.
Interplay and Effects of Temporal Changes in the Phosphorylation State of Serine-302, -307, and -318 of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 on Insulin Action in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Weigert Cora , Kron Matthias , Kalbacher Hubert , Pohl Ann Kathrin , Runge Heike , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Schleicher Erwin , Lehmann Rainer
Published: October 2008

Transduction of the insulin signal is mediated by multisite Tyr and Ser/Thr phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). Previous studies on the function of single-site phosphorylation, particularly phosphorylation of Ser-302, -307, and -318 of IRS-1, showed attenuating as well as enhancing effects on insulin action. In this study we investigated a possible cross talk of these opposedly acting serine residues in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle cells by monitoring phosphorylation kinetics, and applying loss of function, gain of function, and combination mutants of IRS-1. The phosphorylation at Ser-302 was rapid and transient, followed first by Ser-318 phosphorylation and later by phosphorylation of Ser-307, which remained elevated for 120 min. Mutation of Ser-302 to alanine clearly reduced the subsequent protein kinase C-ζ-mediated Ser-318 phosphorylation. The Ser-307 phosphorylation was independent of Ser-302 and/or Ser-318 phosphorylation status. The functional consequences of these phosphorylation patterns were studied by the expression of IRS-1 mutants. The E302A307E318 mutant simulating the early phosphorylation pattern resulted in a significant increase in Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, glucose uptake was enhanced. Because the down-regulation of the insulin signal was not affected, this phosphorylation pattern seems to be involved in the enhancement but not in the termination of the insulin signal. This enhancing effect was completely absent when Ser-302 was unphosphorylated and Ser-307 was phosphorylated as simulated by the A302E307E318 mutant. Phospho-Ser-318, sequentially phosphorylated at least by protein kinase C-ζ and a mammalian target of rapamycin/raptor-dependent kinase, was part of the positive as well as of the subsequent negative phosphorylation pattern. Thus we conclude that insulin stimulation temporally generates different phosphorylation statuses of the same residues that exert different functions in insulin signaling.
α-Endosulfine is a conserved protein required for oocyte meiotic maturation inDrosophila
Authors: Von Stetina Jessica R. , Tranguch Susanne , Dey Sudhansu K. , Lee Laura A. , Cha Byeong , Drummond-Barbosa Daniela
Published: October 2008

Meiosis is coupled to gamete development and must be well regulated to prevent aneuploidy. During meiotic maturation, Drosophila oocytes progress from prophase I to metaphase I. The molecular factors controlling meiotic maturation timing, however, are poorly understood. We show that Drosophila α-endosulfine (endos) plays a key role in this process. endos mutant oocytes have a prolonged prophase I and fail to progress to metaphase I. This phenotype is similar to that of mutants of cdc2 (synonymous with cdk1) and of twine, the meiotic homolog of cdc25, which is required for Cdk1 activation. We found that Twine and Polo kinase levels are reduced in endos mutants, and identified Early girl (Elgi), a predicted E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a strong Endos-binding protein. In elgi mutant oocytes, the transition into metaphase I occurs prematurely, but Polo and Twine levels are unaffected. These results suggest that Endos controls meiotic maturation by regulating Twine and Polo levels, and, independently, by antagonizing Elgi. Finally, germline-specific expression of the humanα-endosulfine ENSA rescues the endos mutant meiotic defects and infertility, and α-endosulfine is expressed in mouse oocytes, suggesting potential conservation of its meiotic function.
Physiological variation and phenotypic plasticity: a response to`Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes' by Hawes and Bale
Authors: Chown S. L. , Sørensen J. G. , Sinclair B. J.
Published: October 2008

In a recent publication, Hawes and Bale provide an extended discussion of phenotypic plasticity in the context of low temperature responses of animals. They argue that phenotypic plasticity may be partitioned phylogenetically at several levels and go on to explore these levels, and cold hardiness strategies that they term cryotypes, which in their view constitute cryotypic plasticity. Here we argue that this attempt to partition plasticity is misleading, that the term `genotypic plasticity' is potentially highly confusing and a misnomer for physiological variance, and that the term`superplasticity' should not be used. We also show that a definition of strategies as cryotypes is not useful and that the hypothesis about the relationship between evolutionary derivation and extent of plasticity in freeze-avoiding vs freeze-tolerant species is not supported by current evidence.
δ-Opioid receptor antagonism induces NMDA receptor-dependent excitotoxicity in anoxic turtle cortex
Authors: Pamenter Matthew E. , Buck Leslie T.
Published: October 2008

δ-Opioid receptor (DOR) activation is neuroprotective against short-term anoxic insults in the mammalian brain. This protection may be conferred by inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors(NMDARs), whose over-activation during anoxia otherwise leads to a deleterious accumulation of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c), severe membrane potential (Em) depolarization and excitotoxic cell death (ECD). Conversely, NMDAR activity is decreased by ∼50% with anoxia in the cortex of the painted turtle, and large elevations in[Ca2+]c, severe Em depolarization and ECD are avoided. DORs are expressed in high quantity throughout the turtle brain relative to the mammalian brain; however, the role of DORs in anoxic NMDAR regulation has not been investigated in turtles. We examined the effect of DOR blockade with naltrindole (1–10 μmol l–1) on Em, NMDAR activity and [Ca2+]chomeostasis in turtle cortical neurons during normoxia and the transition to anoxia. Naltrindole potentiated normoxic NMDAR currents by 78±5% and increased [Ca2+]c by 13±4%. Anoxic neurons treated with naltrindole were strongly depolarized, NMDAR currents were potentiated by 70±15%, and [Ca2+]c increased 5-fold compared with anoxic controls. Following naltrindole washout, Em remained depolarized and [Ca2+]cbecame further elevated in all neurons. The naltrindole-mediated depolarization and increased [Ca2+]c were prevented by NMDAR antagonism or by perfusion of the Gi protein agonist mastoparan-7, which also reversed the naltrindole-mediated potentiation of NMDAR currents. Together, these data suggest that DORs mediate NMDAR activity in a Gi-dependent manner and prevent deleterious NMDAR-mediated[Ca2+]c influx during anoxic insults in the turtle cortex.
Log-Log Method for Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure
Authors: Jose BT , Sridharan A , Abraham BM
Published: October 2008

A new method called the “log-log method” has been proposed for a more accurate determination of preconsolidation pressure. The method consists of plotting both the pressure p and corresponding void ratio e in logarithmic scale. The log e - log p plots result in two distinct straight lines. Series of conventional consolidation tests were carried out on saturated specimens of five different soils with a wide range of physical properties, keeping the initial water contents equal to their respective liquid limits. In order to have a preknowledge of the preconsolidation pressure, specimens were loaded to certain selected sustained pressures, unloaded to seating pressure, and then reloaded to the full extent. It has been found that the proposed method can predict the preconsolidation pressure accurately. The results given by the log-log method were then compared with those given by conventional Casagrande method, and it was found that the new method gave values closer to the chosen sustained pressures, assumed as the real pc values for the purpose of comparison. Specimens subjected to specified pressures with duration varying from 2 to 90 days showed the presence of quasi-preconsolidation pressure increasing with duration. The results show that the log-log method gives more consistent values for pc. The newly proposed method is devoid of human errors, consistent, simpler, safer, and faster.
An Automated Stress-Path Control Triaxial System
Authors: Ampadu S , Tatsuoka F
Published: October 2008

A triaxial system capable of very accurate automatic control of stress and strain paths is described. The apparatus consists of the ordinary triaxial apparatus available in our laboratory, connected through an analog/digital (A/D) converter to a microcomputer fitted with a feedback control unit. The operation of the system is discussed, and some typical test results of kaolin normally consolidated both isotropically and anisotropically over a wide stress range followed by the undrained triaxial compression are presented. These results show the range as well as the accuracy of the stress paths that are attainable with this system.
Evaluation of Debonding of Lamina from Foam and Repairs to Exterior Insulation and Finish System Façade
Authors: McGowan Linda , Riley Scott , Connolly Jim , Shalkowski William
Published: October 2008

A large building in Denver, Colorado was constructed in 1999 with exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) cladding. About a year after completion, the lamina started to debond from the foam on the darker-colored EIFS panels. Tests were conducted to determine the cause of the delamination. The influence of solar radiation was studied. Although elevated temperatures were measured in these areas, they were not above the “melting point” of the foam insulation. During the investigation it was discovered that the pattern of the fiberglass mesh appeared to be “embossed” in the foam surface. Microscopic examination confirmed that the surface of the foam had been locally dissolved in the pattern of the mesh. Chemical analysis and exposure tests performed on the fiberglass mesh used in the lamina revealed that plasticizers migrating from the mesh would attack the interface surface of the foam insulation at elevated temperatures that are below the typical melting point of the foam. The elevated surface temperatures of the darker-colored panels appeared to accelerate the effect of the plasticizers. The scope of repairs at the darker-colored EIFS included removal of the original lamina, preparation of the foam, and installation of new lamina. The mesh used in the new lamina was analyzed to ensure that it did not contain plasticizers capable of dissolving the foam. The lighter-colored EIFS had not exhibited widespread delamination of the lamina. However, the risk of migration of the plasticizers and the potential for future delamination still existed. Mechanical-fastening was used to secure the original lamina to the framing, then a new lamina was applied over the original lamina. This repair concept was dependent on proper bond between the new and original laminas. The bond was tested using techniques similar to those used for measuring adhesion for both new synthetic and cementitious base coat materials.
Design Responsibility for Weathertight Perimeter Detailing for Non-Flanged Windows: Current Practices, Common Problems, and Possible Solutions
Authors: Flick Loren D. , McGowan Linda M. , Kirschbaum Ned S. , Carson Craig D.
Published: October 2008

Architects typically design details for conditions around the perimeter of window openings prior to the final selection of the actual windows used in the building. This requires the architect to make reasonable, general details regarding the attachment of the window frames, the position of the windows in the wall cross-section, and the weathertight details around the perimeters of the windows. Often, once the final selection of the windows has been made, these general details no longer apply or are not sufficiently detailed to clearly reflect the design intent. In some instances, the details for the windows are intentionally shown in a general, approximate fashion, with the assumption that the actual details will be “designed” during the shop drawing phase. However, the shop drawings typically do not accurately reflect all of the conditions surrounding the windows, and the window installation subcontractor understandably does not want the liability of showing or designing all of these details which they will not build and for which they have no responsibility. Further, while the window shop drawings are reviewed by the architect, the purpose of the architect’s “approval” of the shop drawings is limited. Additionally, shop drawings are not part of the contract documents and, therefore, not part of the design. This results in a common situation where there is no clear basis of design for the weathertightness detailing around the windows. Unfortunately, at present, the authors believe this situation represents the state of the design practice in the building industry. This paper explores common, current practices for designing perimeter weathertightness details for non-flanged windows in commercial applications and how these practices influence the potential for performance problems and water leakage. Suggestions are provided for improvements and alternative methods in design practices. While the paper generally discusses window openings, similar conditions occur at doors.
Biaxial Loading Effect on Higher-Order Crack Tip Parameters
Authors: Shlyannikov V. N. , Ilchenko B. V. , Boychenko N. V.
Published: October 2008

The higher-order asymptotic crack-tip fields are considered for a Mode I in power-law plastic and creeping materials under plane strain conditions. Using an asymptotic expansion and separation of variables for the stress function, a series solution is obtained for stress components at a crack tip. In addition, full-field finite element analysis based on a modified layer approach is employed to model the effects of biaxial loading on nonlinear behavior. Loadings were applied related to a range of biaxial stress ratio (−2, +2). The radial and angular stress distributions and higher-order amplitude coefficients for plastic materials are obtained. Crack tip higher-order fields under various conditions of biaxial loading and spanning the range of times from small scale creep to extensive creep are presented. Account is taken of the radial distance accompanying crack tip blunting. The phenomenon of stress redistributions along crack plane on creep time as a function of biaxial stress ratio is stated. The regions of dominance of the HRR-type field under various biaxial stress ratio, crack distance, hardening exponent, and creep time are found. Good agreement analytical findings with finite element results conforms that HRR-solution corresponds only to the equi-biaxial tension which is a particular case of biaxial loading. It is further demonstrated that the higher-order both for plastic and creeping fields are controlled through constraint parameter A2 by biaxial stress ratio. By fitting numerical results for plastic and creeping materials, two empirical formulas were obtained to describe the higher-order terms amplitude coefficients A2 distributions depending on biaxial stress ratio, crack distance, hardening exponent, and creep time.
The Use of the Foam Index Test to Predict Air-Entraining Admixture Dosage in Concrete Containing Fly Ash: Part II—Development of a Standard Test Method: Apparatus and Procedure
Authors: Harris Nathan J. , Hover Kenneth C. , Folliard Kevin J. , Ley M. Tyler
Published: October 2008

The foam index test can be useful for predicting air-entraining admixture (AEA) dosage in concrete or for evaluating AEA interaction with other mixture ingredients. The test is sensitive to several factors including container type and fullness, volume of materials, agitation, pipette precision, and others. This study isolates several key factors such as container dimensions and fullness, mixing procedure, time permitted for AEA-cm-water interaction, and time permitted for drainage of unstable foam; and examines their influence on foam index test results. Recommendations for a standard test are proposed.
Development of a Multimedia Model for the Fate Prediction of Hydrocarbon Fluids in Agrochemical Formulations
Authors: Warren Christopher S. , Parkerton Tom F. , Rohde Arlean M. , Prince Roger C. , Manning Ryan , Letinski Dan J.
Published: October 2008

Hydrocarbon (HC) fluids are effective inerts in pesticide formulations. These fluids consist of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are assumed to be completely volatilized and undergo subsequent atmospheric reaction that may contribute to ozone formation during field use. However, these assumptions are based on laboratory evaporation tests, which fail to account for other environmentally relevant and competitive fate processes, such as biodegradation, soil sorption, runoff, and leaching. If appropriate input parameters are known, or can be reliably estimated, mass balance multimedia models can be used to characterize the importance and uncertainty of various fate processes and provide a more realistic assessment of the potential contribution to ozone formation. A model has been developed and applied to an agricultural field application scenario. Preliminary results suggest biodegradation and soil sorption are significant fate processes that can reduce the mass of HC VOCs entering the atmosphere by volatilization. The implications of applying multimedia models in assessing potential ozone formation from HC fluids in agricultural uses are further highlighted and preliminary laboratory work to confirm model findings is also discussed.
Cooling Characteristic Test of Quenching Media
Authors: Zeng Guang-yi
Published: October 2008

Two test methods: JB/T 7951—2004 (Industrial quenching oil-determination of cooling characteristics nickel-alloy probe test method) and SH/T 0220—1992 (Heat Treating Oils–Determination of Cooling Ability) relating to the characterization of cooling characteristics of quenching media have been introduced in China. However, a number of problems were encountered which necessitated an error analysis study and the establishment of a benchmarking method. The results of this work are discussed here.
A Longitudinal Study of Ice Hockey Helmet Shelf Life
Authors: Pearsall David J. , Dowler Patrick M.
Published: October 2008

After manufacture and before retail, ice hockey helmets must pass safety standard tests based primarily on multiple impacts at several global sites to receive certification. Unknown is the effective “shelf life” of these products; that is, do material and construction properties deteriorate with aging to a point below the impact criteria for certification? To address this question, a prospective 6 year study has been completed to investigate the effects of aging on hockey helmet impact attenuation. A longitudinal study (2001–2007) was performed on five models of ice hockey helmet to investigate the effects of aging on these helmets’ impact attenuation characteristics. Helmets were tested on the date of manufacture and years two and six (Y0, Y2, and Y6). The five brands (Nike-Bauer-3000, Nike-Bauer-4000, Nike-Bauer-5000, CCM-HT500, and Jofa-690) were evaluated according to ASTM 1045-99 protocol, impacting four sites: the crown, front, rear, and side. All helmets were stored at ambient temperatures 20±4°C and relative humidity between 10 and 50%. Helmets in Y2 and Y6 did not have prior impacts before testing. Peak acceleration (PA, g) and severity index (SI) were calculated for third impacts and compared between years. In general, PA and SI measures remained within safety criteria levels for all helmets and sites during all testing intervals (that is, all met certification standards). Though some specific helmet/site differences were noted, no substantial change in impact attenuation was observed. Visual inspection of helmets postimpact showed no conspicuous damage to liner or shell, though in several instances the binding glue had disintegrated allowing liners to shift or fall away from the shell. From these results, contemporary ice hockey helmets retain their robust impact attenuation characteristics even after several years of storage, though adhesive embrittlement needs to be addressed. Further testing should evaluate the viability of used helmets in a similar prospective manner to ensure safe helmet function.
Beyond Hills and Plains: Rethinking Ethnic Relations in Vietnam and Thailand
Authors: Tan Stan B-H , Walker Andrew
Published: October 2008

Relations between highlanders, migrant-settlers, and the state are often described in terms of conflict. This is informed by two assumptions: (1) the highlands and their inhabitants are characterized by cultural and ecological separation from the lowlands and (2) encounters in the highlands are characterized by a unidirectional homogenizing process. In this conversation, we propose alternative models of transformation in the Vietnamese and Thai uplands. We view the uplands as a "middle ground" of negotiation and compromise, and we describe state formation in terms of localized genesis in which the state form is reshaped as it asserts its claims on the frontier.
Minorities at Large: New Approaches to Minority Ethnicity in Vietnam
Authors: Taylor Philip
Published: October 2008

Reviewing the scholarship on ethnic minorities in Vietnam, this essay identifies problems with the prevailing "carceral" approach that regards ethnic minorities as deprived of agency and as territorially circumscribed, disciplined subjects. New ethnographic and historical research demonstrates, to the contrary, that ethnic minorities have been active in the transformations of their worlds. The new scholarship situates contemporary minority transnational networks in the context of older translocal affiliations, identities, and livelihood strategies. The enduring anthropological preoccupation with official classificatory projects is questioned; instead, attention is given to popular identifications in circulation, and transition, among ethnic minorities and their proximate Others.
Learning from failures at the interface
Authors: Mann Allan
Published: October 2008

Civil engineers continually interact with other engineering disciplines. There are also many internal interfaces, for example between design and construction and between analysis and practice. Clearly, opportunities for misunderstandings abound whenever there is an interface between specialist skills, and—left undiscovered—can result in failure. It is vital to learn from all failures, and grouping them under interfaces offers a convenient categorisation. Those discussed in this paper include building interfaces, technology frontiers, structures supporting moving loads, bearings, systems' behaviour and control systems.
Douala : formation et développement de la ville pendant la colonisation.
Authors: Gouellain René
Published: October 2008

R. Gouellain — Douala : Formation and Development of the City during the Colonial Period. Metaphysical history of space organisation among the Duala prior to German occupation. Colonial ideology and dominance in relation to urbanisation process and native résistance.
Européocentrisme et exotisme : l'homme blanc et la femme noire (dans la littérature française de l'entre-deux-guerres).
Authors: Martinkus-Zemp Ada
Published: October 2008

A. Martinkus-Zemp — Europeocenlrism and Exotism: White Man and Black Woman in French Literature bettveen World War I and II. Analysis of the présentation of African women in French colonial novels and travel-books, 1919-1939. African women seen as mostly non-human (animais/statues), with the exception of Fulbe. African eroticism opposed to European "civilisation."
La mise en dépendance de l'Afrique noire. Essai de périodisation, 1800-1970
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: October 2008

C. Coquery-Vidrovitch—Making Africa Dépendent : A Tentative Period-Definition 1800-1970. The present situation in Africa may be explained in terms of integration into the world dominant capitalist-imperialist system, industrialized Western countries forming the Centre of this System while the so-called underdeveloped countries form the Periphery (Samir Amin). Precolonial modes of production in Africa fell under the general heading of ' tributary ' characterized, inter alias, by a low level of technology, the irrelevance of market economy, and a stress, on usage rather than market values. The colonial expansion, started after the industrial revolution, resulted in making African societies dependent in ail fields. The process can be divided into three stages : instauration of the trading economy (1800-1850); pre-colonial latency phase (1850-1880) ; and, finally, the colonial stage proper, subdivided into two major sub-periods, i. e. before and after the great World Depression. The present stage is imperialistic rather than colonial : Africa is being exploited under the capitalist mode of production and the development ideology is still aggravating her dependent status.
« Femmes invisibles » et « femmes muettes ». À propos des événements ibo de 1929.
Authors: Fiéloux Michèle
Published: October 2008

M. Fiéloux—'Invisible' and 'Mute' Women : Concerning the Ibo Riots of 1929. An analysis of the hidden factors in three studies of the Ibo women's riots of 1929 written by women anthropologists. These studies, while underlining the forgotten—female—element in the anthropological study of African societies, also demonstrate a feedback effect concerning sex-relations in the authors' own societies.
The Kin Terminology System of the Nharo Bushmen.
Authors: Barnard Alan
Published: October 2008

A. Barnard — Système de terminologie de parenté chez les Bushmen Nharo.

Pour les Nharo, la parenté consiste en un réseau de liens de consanguinité, d'affinité et d'homonymie déterminant les relations de chacun avec tous. Deux catégories majeures — parenté à plaisanterie et parenté à évitement —, divisées chacune en trois catégories inférieures qui peuvent elles-mêmes contenir quelques termes plus spécifiques. Le mariage est permis entre membres de la catégorie tsxo, qui sont parents-à-plaisanterie. La parenté est recoupée par un système de quasi-parenté où la relation principale est basée sur l'échange de cadeaux, qui renforce les réseaux interpersonnels.
Étude diachronique de deux titres gamo.
Authors: Bureau Jacques
Published: October 2008

J. Bureau — A Diachronic Survey of Two Gamo Titles. The integration of the Gamo into Menelik's empire led to a promotion of the ka'o traditional leaders to the important political function of balabbat. After one or two generations the titles and/or functions of ka'o and balabbat have been dissociated. They no longer are — as in 1898 —the privilege of a single man: while remaining within the ka'o's clan they are devolved to two persons. On the one hand, the ka'o is not supposed to be an actor in 'hot' politics, reserved for the assemblies. On the other hand, if he were to assume political functions he would become dangerous for the Gamo democratie System of government by assemblies.
À chacun sa politique.
Authors: Copans Jean
Published: October 2008

J. Copans. To Everyone his own Politics. On the whole the social sciences, especially in France, have proved up to now unequal to the task of a political analysis of independent Africa. J.C. suggests five directions for urgently needed studies: political history, national social formations, social classes and their struggle, State apparatus, social and ideological consciousness. He finally refers to a number of recent works on Senegal, as much for the questions they suggest as for the statements they make.
Pouvoir et confiance. La relation oncle maternel - neveu utérin et le système politique des Zaghawa (Tchad-Soudan).
Authors: Tubiana Marie-José
Published: October 2008

M.-J. Tubiana—Power and Confidence. The Mother's Brother/Sister's Son Relation-ship and the Zaghawa Political System (Chad-Sudan).

The Mother's Brother/Sister's Son relationship is usually analyzed within the frame-work of a given kinship System. Here it is examined with reference to the political System in a chiefdom where succession occurs through patrilineal filiation. This change of perspective shows the MB/ZS relationship under a new light. The chiefs uterine nephew, as his uncle's most trusted help, appears as the closest man to power. Yet he has not got any power of his own, except that delegated by the chief who can always withdraw it. Sister's Sons belong to the land-masters' clans, that is the autochtonous clans which have been dispossessed by the ancestors of the present chiefs. Which means that these uterine nephews can be considered, vis-a-vis the chief, as privileged hostages. [pp. 55-68]
Place et pouvoir de la femme dans les montagnes mofu (Nord-Cameroun).
Authors: Vincent Jeanne-Françoise
Published: October 2008

J.-F. Vincent—Woman's Place and Power in the Mofu Hills.

A twinfold approach to the study of women's position among the Mofu: through an analysis of myths and symbols, and through direct observation of actual behaviour. Myths relating to origins and myths relative to settlement give opposite images: according to the former, women, as destroyers of the Golden Age, are responsible for ail the ills of human condition. The latter, conversely, show them as useful and much appreciated partners of men. As for the symbolic System it draws a clearcut separation between a maie (left and odd) and a female (right and even) uni verse which leads to a subordination of female characters. Behavioural reality is equally ambiguous. While women behave as apparently inferior to men, wives enjoy a degree of independence. They own fields and their produce, are sole initiators of divorce, maintain altars for their ancestors, etc. Yet they wield little influence in their Society (no initiation ceremony for girls, no participation in poli-tics, no women's association) except in the field of divination, recently open to them and allowing them a role in communal life. [pp. 225-251]