bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis during development. I. The alar regions
Authors: Domínguez Laura , Morona Ruth , González Agustín , Moreno Nerea
Published: January 2013

The patterns of expression of a set of conserved developmental regulatory transcription factors and neuronal markers were analyzed in the alar hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis throughout development. Combined immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques were used for the identification of subdivisions and their boundaries. The alar hypothalamus was located rostral to the diencephalon in the secondary prosencephalon and represents the rostral continuation of the alar territories of the diencephalon and brainstem, according to the prosomeric model. It is composed of the supraoptoparaventricular (dorsal) and the suprachiasmatic (ventral) regions, and limits dorsally with the preoptic region, caudally with the prethalamic eminence and the prethalamus, and ventrally with the basal hypothalamus. The supraoptoparaventricular area is defined by the orthopedia (Otp) expression and is subdivided into rostral and caudal portions, on the basis of the Nkx2.2 expression only in the rostral portion. This region is the source of many neuroendocrine cells, primarily located in the rostral subdivision. The suprachiasmatic region is characterized by Dll4/Isl1 expression, and was also subdivided into rostral and caudal portions, based on the expression of Nkx2.1/Nkx2.2 and Lhx1/7 exclusively in the rostral portion. Both alar regions are mainly connected with subpallial areas strongly implicated in the limbic system and show robust intrahypothalamic connections. Caudally, both regions project to brainstem centers and spinal cord. All these data support that in terms of topology, molecular specification, and connectivity the subdivisions of the anuran alar hypothalamus possess many features shared with their counterparts in amniotes, likely controlling similar reflexes, responses, and behaviors.
Sequential staining improves detection of CCR2 and CX3CR1 on monocytes when simultaneously evaluating CCR5 by multicolor flow cytometry
Authors: Jalbert Emilie , Shikuma Cecilia M. , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. , Barbour Jason D.
Published: January 2013

Chemokines and their receptors play an essential role within the immune system by dictating cellular migration. In vivo, receptor–ligand interactions rarely occur in isolation as cellular recruitment and migration are complex and highly coordinated processes often involving networks of multiple chemokines and multiple receptors. Simultaneous detection of multiple chemokine receptors on the single cell level is necessary to allow immunophenotyping studies that will help understand the intricacies of these networks. Chemokine receptors undergo a basal level of ongoing internalization, intracellular trafficking, and recycling back to the cell surface, even in the absence of the ligand. In the presence of ligand, receptor–ligand interactions enhance receptor internalization, reducing the cell surface receptor concentration, making precise determination of intrinsic levels challenging. Using multicolor flow cytometry, we sought to evaluate and optimize the simultaneous detection of cell surface expression levels of CCR2, CX3CR1, and CCR5 in primary human monocytes using a single antibody panel. We observed that staining for CCR2 alone or for CX3CR1 alone showed greater expression levels than when the cells were stained with the full panel of antibodies. Fluorescent‐minus‐one (FMO) controls revealed that ligation of the CCR5 monoclonal antibody to the receptor interfered with detection of CX3CR1 and CCR2. Sequential addition of antibodies during the staining procedure was sufficient to restore the detection levels, suggesting close proximity and possible functional interactions between CCR2/CCR5 and CX3CR1/CCR5 in monocytes. This study highlights the importance of optimizing staining procedures and using proper controls when simultaneously evaluating expression levels of multiple chemokine receptors by flow cytometry. Concurrent assessment of multiple receptors will provide insight and greater understanding of the complex interactions involved in cellular migration. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Hepatic endometriosis diagnosed by liquid‐based cytology: A Case Report
Authors: Hertel J. D. , Guimaraes M. , Yang J.
Published: January 2013

A 44‐year‐old woman presented to Emergency Department with sudden onset of severe upper abdominal pain. T2‐weighted MRI image showed a large cystic mass with a thickened wall measuring 9.5 × 9.1 × 11.2 cm in the right hepatic lobe. It was radiologically interpreted as a cystic mass with differential diagnosis including echinococcal cyst, biliary cystadenoma, and malignant neoplasm. The cystic mass was intraoperatively aspirated and a liquid‐based cytology preparation (ThinPrep) and a cell block were made. The ThinPrep slides showed three dimensional clusters of epithelioid cells with scant delicate cytoplasm and tissue fragments composed of small stromal cells with round to oval shaped nuclei and a small amount of dense cytoplasm lined by the cuboidal epithelial cells. Occasional ciliated cells and abundant hemosiderin laden macrophages were also present. The cell block showed many tissue fragments containing glands and stroma with associated hemorrhage and hemosiderin laden macrophages, typical of endometrial tissue.

Although it is uncommon, hepatic endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic liver mass in women, especially those with a history of endometriosis or obstetric/gynecologic surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:441–444. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medullary breast carcinoma in an 18‐year‐old female: Report on one case diagnosed on fine‐needle cytology sample
Authors: Galzerano Antonio , Rocco Nicola , Accurso Antonello , Ciancia Giuseppe , Campanile Anna Cipolletta , Caccavello Ferdinando , Fulciniti Franco
Published: January 2013

Medullary breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare epithelial malignancy of the breast accounting for about 1–7% of all breast carcinomas. It is characterized by well‐defined borders, a syncytial/solid pattern of growth of high grade atypical cells showing no glandular differentiation and a massive diffuse lympho‐plasmacytic peritumoral infiltrate. Despite the high‐grade atypias characterizing this neoplasm, MBC has been reported to have a better prognosis when compared with the common infiltrating duct carcinoma. MBCs typically lack estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PgR) expression and have a low incidence of ERBB2 overexpression. Genetically, they are often associated with BRCA‐1 oncogene mutations and TP53 alterations.

While MBC generally occurs in middle‐aged women, ranging from 45 to 52 years of age, we report the case of a 18‐year‐old female patient which was diagnosed by means of fine‐needle cytology sample. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:445–448. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental trajectories of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Associations with social responsiveness
Authors: Patriquin Michelle A. , Lorenzi Jill , Scarpa Angela , Bell Martha Ann
Published: January 2013

The present longitudinal study examined relations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) development and social responsiveness characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorders. Group‐based developmental trajectory modeling was used to characterize RSA development patterns in 106 typically developing children across 5, 10, 24, 36, and 48 months of age. A two‐group model fit of RSA development was found: a “typically” and “atypically” developing group. The typical group gradually increased in RSA across 5–48 months of age. The atypical group, however, increased in RSA from 5 to 24 months and demonstrated a plateau or “delay” in RSA development from 24 to 48 months. The atypical RSA development group also demonstrated more difficulties in parent‐reported social responsiveness at 48 months. The results support current literature that identifies RSA as a marker of social functioning level. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 317–326, 2014.
Long‐period observation of neutral current at an extra‐high‐voltage transformer in Chubu region
Authors: Izutsu Jun , Nagata Satoru , Wada Tadayuki , Shimizu Masahito , Ohta Kenji
Published: January 2013

We have observed and recorded the neutral current of a 500‐kV transformer at a substation in the Chubu region since 2008 in order to detect electromagnetic anomalies associated with earthquakes. In this study, we could not ﬁnd any particular anomalous change of the neutral current before and after earthquakes (e.g., for the Suruga Bay Earthquake of August 11, 2009). However, from the results of a quantitative analysis between geomagnetic ﬁeld data and neutral current data, we would be able to investigate the underground electric conductivities near the substations. It would be possible to monitor changes of subsurface electromagnetic structure before and after earthquakes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(1): 32–38, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22297
Design of a servo control system using a notch filter for a flexible arm and its applications
Authors: Mori Takahiko
Published: January 2013

This paper proposes a new design method for a frequency‐dependent servo system for the positioning of flexible structures. In order to reduce sensor costs and to suppress spillover phenomena caused by ignored elastic modes of the plant, we introduce a prefilter into an input which possesses the characteristics of a notch filter. The proposed method allows for the design of the specified characteristics of the prefilter and for precise assignment of poles to desirable locations in a closed‐loop system. As a result, the tradeoﬀ problem between suppression and transients can be resolved. The results of simulations and experiments are given in order to verify the usefulness of this method. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(1): 39–50, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22343
Location feasibility of degradation in cable through Fourier transform analysis of broadband impedance spectra
Authors: Ohki Yoshimichi , Hirai Naoshi
Published: January 2013

Since electric cables play important roles such as power supply and information transmission, their degradation may cause serious problems. We have been trying to monitor the degradation of cable insulation by measuring the magnitude and phase angle of the impedance as a function of frequency in a very wide frequency range. The cables tested were insulated with ﬂame‐retardant ethylene propylene rubber or special heat‐resistant polyvinyl chloride. They were partially damaged by peeling off their insulation layers, or partially aged by heat and γ‐rays. The impedance and phase angle were measured from a terminal of the cable. The difference in impedance between the damaged and sound cables is made clear by fast Fourier transform analyses, from which the damaged portion can be located. It can be clearly shown that this method has the potential ability to detect the degradation of cable insulation induced by physical damage, γ‐ray irradiation, and thermal aging. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(1): 1–8, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22384
Determination of Tetracycline at a UV‐Irradiated DNA Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Khani Hamzeh
Published: January 2013

In this study, interaction of tetracycline (TC) and DNA in the BrittonRobinson buffer solution (BR) was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental results reveal that TC can bind strongly to DNA and the association constant and binding number between TC and DNA was obtained. Then DNA was immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode by UV‐irradiation. Through this process, water‐soluble DNA was converted into insoluble materials, and a stable DNA film was formed on the electrode. The electrochemical oxidation behavior of TC was studied at UV‐irradiated DNA film modified glassy carbon electrode (UV‐DNA‐GCE). The response of modified electrode was optimized with respect to pH, accumulation time, ionic strength, drug concentration and other variables. TC at the surface of modified electrode showed a linear dynamic range of 0.30–90.00 µM and a detection limit of 0.27 µM. To demonstrate the applicability of the modified electrode, it was used for the analysis of real samples such as pharmaceutical formulations and milk.
Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Oxyethylene/Siloxane Electrolyte Systems
Authors: Rodrigues Luísa C. , Silva Maria M. , Smith Michael J. , Gonçalves A. , Fortunato E.
Published: January 2013

One of the most significant consequences of technological evolution in the workplace has been a dramatic increase in the need for portable energy storage. This evolution has occurred, not only with respect to the number of devices, but also in their average energy storage capacity. An obvious commercial consequence has been an increased pressure to develop improved active materials for power sources and more efficient methods for battery production. In recent decades the growth of the commercial market for high performance batteries has been based on the development of both solid‐state and gel electrolytes. The incorporation of these electrolytes as components of various devices (advanced batteries, smart windows, displays and super‐capacitors) offers significant advantages relative to traditional electrolytes, including enhanced reliability and improved safety. The xerogel matrices prepared in this study are represented as U(900) and U(600) and contain 15.5 or 8.5 oxyethylene structural units (CH2CH2O) respectively. The oxyethylene chains are bonded at each end to a siliceous intersection through urea bridging links. These sol‐gel derived oxyethylene /siloxane xerogels (designated as di‐ureasils) were doped with controlled amounts of LiAsF6 or LiSbF6 to prepare a range of electrolyte compositions. The compositions prepared, with 200>n≥2.5 (where the salt content is expressed as n, the molar ratio of oxyethylene moieties to Li+ ions), were characterized by electrochemical and thermal techniques. Preliminary tests performed with a prototype electrochromic device (ECD) incorporating the most promising electrolyte composition, d‐U(900)8LiAsF6 as electrolyte and WO3 as cathodic electrochromic layer, are extremely encouraging.
Electrodeposition of PdAu Alloy Nanoparticles on Ionic Liquid Functionalized Graphene Film for the Voltammetric Determination of Oxalic Acid
Authors: Shang Lei , Zhao Faqiong , Zeng Baizhao
Published: January 2013

An ionic liquid functionalized graphene film was prepared and PdAu nanoparticles (NPs) were electrodeposited on it. The PdAu NPs were characterized by various methods and they showed the features of alloys. In 0.2 M H2SO4 solution, oxalic acid (OA) exhibited a sensitive anodic peak at the resulting electrode at about 1.1 V (vs. SCE), and the peak current was linear to OA concentration in the range of 5–100 µM with a sensitivity of 45.5 µA/mM. The detection limit was 2.7 µM (S/N=3). The electrode was successfully applied to the determination of OA in real sample.
The role of silver and vanadium release in the toxicity of silver vanadate nanowires toward Daphnia similis
Authors: Artal Mariana Coletty , Holtz Raphael Dias , Kummrow Fábio , Alves Oswaldo Luiz , Umbuzeiro Gisela de Aragão
Published: January 2013

Nanomaterials are used in a wide spectrum of applications, including nanowires that are objects with at least one of its dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Recently, a new type of silver vanadate nanowire decorated with silver nanoparticles (SVSN-LQES1) with promising antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria was described. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of silver and vanadium release in the acute toxicity of this material using Daphnia similis. To verify the effect of the presence of the nanowires in the test solution, tests were performed before and after filtration. Total silver release to the testing media was determined using the method of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Silver vanadate nanowires decorated with silver nanoparticles (SVSN-LQES1) are acutely toxic to D. similis. The release of silver from the nanomaterial trapped in the gut along with the silver released to the test media seems to be responsible for the observed toxicity. Although toxic to Daphnia, vanadium does not contribute to the toxicity of SVSN-LQES1. The observed increase in lipid droplets appears to be related to the exposure of the organisms to the nanomaterials, but the significance of this response needs further investigation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:908–912. © 2013 SETAC
Accumulation of dietary methylmercury and effects on growth and survival in two estuarine forage fish: Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina
Authors: Stefansson Emily S. , Heyes Andrew , Rowe Christopher L.
Published: January 2013

Dietary methylmercury (MeHg) uptake by fish in relation to life stage, species, and level of exposure is poorly understood in lower trophic levels, particularly in estuarine species. The authors compared accumulation of dietary MeHg as well as sensitivity (survival and growth) to dietary MeHg exposure in two species of estuarine forage fish, Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina. Fish were fed one of five dietary MeHg concentrations (ranging from 0.04 to 14 µg/g dry wt) over a period of 70 d. Growth rate and the level of dietary exposure influenced MeHg tissue concentrations in both species. Mercury in the diet exhibited a strong linear relationship with fish Hg tissue concentrations. Additionally, the authors found that M. beryllina was more sensitive to dietary MeHg exposure than C. variegatus. Both species showed some decreases in growth related to MeHg exposure, although these patterns were not consistent among treatments. Overall, C. variegatus and M. beryllina were found to have a high tolerance for dietary MeHg exposure. If fish occupying low trophic levels are capable of surviving with high Hg body burdens, this tolerance has important implications for Hg exposure of organisms occupying higher trophic levels. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:848–856. © 2013 SETAC
Somatotopic astrocytic activity in the somatosensory cortex
Authors: Ghosh Arko , Wyss Matthias T. , Weber Bruno
Published: January 2013

Astrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining neuronal function and monitoring their activity. According to neuronal activity maps, the body is represented topographically in the somatosensory cortex. In rats, neighboring cortical areas receive forelimb (FL) and hindlimb (HL) sensory inputs. Whether astrocytic activity is also restricted to the cortical area receiving the respective peripheral sensory inputs is not known. Using wide field optical imaging we measured changes in the concentration of astrocytic calcium within the FL and HL sensorimotor cortex in response to peripheral sensory inputs. Mapping the calcium signals upon electrical stimulation of the forepaw and hindpaw we found activity largely restricted to the FL and HL area, respectively. In comparison to neuronal activity the time course of the astrocytic calcium activity was considerably slower. The signal took 6 s to peak after the onset of a 2 Hz and 2 s long electrical stimulation of the hindpaw and 8 s for a 4 s stimulation. The astrocytic signals were delayed relative to cerebral blood flow measured using laser speckle imaging. The intensity of both the astrocytic and neuronal signals in the HL sensorimotor cortex declined with increase in stimulation frequency. Moreover, blocking neuronal input by tetrodotoxin abolished astrocytic calcium signals. We suggest that the topographical representation of the body is not only true for cortical neurons but also for astrocytes. The maps and the frequency‐dependent activations reflect strong reciprocal neuroglial communication and provide a new experimental approach to explore the role of astrocytes in health and disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatocyte caspase-8 is an essential modulator of steatohepatitis in rodents
Authors: Hatting Maximilian , Zhao Gang , Schumacher Fabienne , Sellge Gernot , Masaoudi Malika Al , Gaβler Nikolaus , Boekschoten Mark , Müller Michael , Liedtke Christian , Cubero Francisco Javier , Trautwein Christian
Published: January 2013

In human and murine models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increased hepatocyte apoptosis is a critical mechanism contributing to inflammation and fibrogenesis. Caspase 8 (Casp8) is essential for death-receptor-mediated apoptosis activity and therefore its modulation might be critical for the pathogenesis of NASH. The aim was to dissect the role of hepatocyte Casp8 in a murine model of steatohepatitis. We generated hepatocyte-specific Casp8 knockout (Casp8Δhep) mice. Animals were fed with a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Liver injury was assessed by histopathological analysis, apoptotic death, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS), analysis of liver infiltration and inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and liver fibrosis. MCD feeding triggered steatosis, hepatic lipid storage, and accumulation of free fatty acid (FFA) in wildtype (WT) livers, which were significantly reduced in Casp8Δhep animals. Additionally, lack of Casp8 expression in hepatocytes reduced the MCD-dependent increase in apoptosis and decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines as well as hepatic infiltration. As a consequence, ROS production was lower, leading to a reduction in the progression of liver fibrosis in Casp8Δhep livers.

Conclusion

: Selective ablation of Casp8 in hepatocytes ameliorates development of NASH by modulating liver injury. Casp8-directed therapy might be a plausible treatment for patients with steatohepatitis.
Unusual Spirodecane Sesquiterpenes and a Fumagillol Analogue from Cordyceps ophioglossoides
Authors: Sun Yisheng , Zhao Zhao , Feng Qiangsheng , Xu Qinqin , Lü Longxian , Liu Ji‐Kai , Zhang Ling , Wu Bin , Li Yong‐Quan
Published: January 2013

Investigation of the cultured mycelia of Cordyceps ophioglossoides resulted in the isolation and characterization of three new unusual spiro[4.5]decane sesquiterpenes, cordycepol A (1), cordycepol B (2), and cordycepol C (3), and a new fumagillol analogue, cordycol (4). Their structures were established by spectroscopic means. The cytotoxic activities were also evaluated, compounds 3 and 4 showing their IC50 values in the range of 12–33 μg/ml against HeLa and HepG2 (Table 3). In addition, 3 and 4 were not obviously harmful towards normal liver cell lines LO2, showing IC50 values above 80 μg/ml.
Synthesis of Thienyl‐Substituted Dihydrofuran Compounds Promoted by Manganese(III) Acetate
Authors: Biçer Emre , Yılmaz Mehmet , Burgaz E. Vildan , Pekel A. Tarık
Published: January 2013

Radical cyclization reactions of both aliphatic 1,3‐diones 1a and 1b and of cyclic 1,3‐diones 1c–1e with 2‐thienyl‐ and 3‐thienyl‐substituted alkenes 2a–2d in the presence of manganese(III) acetate were investigated. Thienyl‐substituted dihydrofurans 3 were obtained with moderate to high yields (Table 1–3). Also, the favorable effect of the thienyl substituent on the intermediate carbocation stability was evaluated by comparison with a phenyl substituent.
Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity of Triazolo‐Fused 2′,3′‐Cyclic Nucleoside Analogs Prepared by an Intramolecular Huisgen 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Sun Jingbo , Duan Ronghui , Li Hongming , Wu Jinchang
Published: January 2013

Triazolo‐fused 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleoside analogs were synthesized by an intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of nucleoside‐derived azido alkynes in a regio‐ and stereospecific manner. The uracil base in these target compounds was successfully transformed to the corresponding cytosine. The synthesized compounds were examined in a MAGI assay for their anti‐HIV activities, and in a H9 T lymphocytes assay for their cell toxicities.
Tspan8, CD44v6 and alpha6beta4 are biomarkers of migrating pancreatic cancer‐initiating cells
Authors: Wang Haobin , Rana Sanyukta , Giese Nathalia , Büchler Markus W. , Zöller Margot
Published: January 2013

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PaCa) being the deadliest cancer is partly due to early metastatic spread. Thus, we searched for PaCa‐initiating cell (PaCIC) markers with emphasis on markers contributing to metastatic progression. PaCIC were enriched from long‐term and freshly established lines by repeated selection for spheroid or holoclone growth in advance of evaluating PaCIC markers. Sphere and holoclone formation steeply increased by recloning and remained stable thereafter. Cells not forming spheres or holoclones died on recloning. PaCIC enrichment in spheres and holoclones was accompanied by increased motility, anchorage independence and upregulated CXCR4 expression. After subcutaneous injection in NOD/SCID mice tumorigenicity and, impressively, recovery of metastasizing tumor cells in peripheral blood, spleen, bone marrow, lung and pancreas was strongly increased in spheres and holoclones. PaCIC enrichment in spheres and holoclones was accompanied, besides CXCR4, by upregulated CD44v6, alpha6beta4, weakly CD133 and tetraspanin Tspan8 expression. Notably, CD44v6, alpha6beta4, CXCR4 and Tspan8 expressing PaCa cells had a growth advantage in vivo and became dominating in migrating and in distant organs settled tumor cells. This is the first report showing that CD44v6, alpha6beta4, Tspan8 and CXCR4 are biomarkers in PaCIC allowing for long‐term survival, expansion and migration in immunocompromised mice. The stability of the percentage of PaCIC in long‐term and freshly established lines after a roughly 8‐fold enrichment by cloning indicates PaCIC, though required for long‐term survival, concomitantly depending on support by non‐CIC.
Mitochondrial protein homeostasis
Authors: Varabyova Aksana , Stojanovski Diana , Chacinska Agnieszka
Published: January 2013

Mitochondria use 800–1,500 proteins to perform their biological functions in the eukaryotic cells. Distinct transport and sorting mechanisms are responsible for the delivery of proteins to the correct location within mitochondria. Mitochondrial proteins undergo processing events and form functional assemblies. Finally, non‐functional proteins are cleared to maintain healthy mitochondria. We provide an overview of the processes collectively contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial protein homeostasis, which is critical for cell physiology and survival. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(3):191–201, 2013.
Cytochrome c assembly
Authors: Mavridou Despoina A. I. , Ferguson Stuart J. , Stevens Julie M.
Published: January 2013

Cytochromes c are central proteins in energy transduction processes by virtue of their functions in electron transfer in respiration and photosynthesis. They have heme covalently attached to a characteristic CXXCH motif via protein‐catalyzed post‐translational modification reactions. Several systems with diverse constituent proteins have been identified in different organisms and are required to perform the heme attachment and associated functions. The necessary steps are translocation of the apocytochrome polypeptide to the site of heme attachment, transport and provision of heme to the appropriate compartment, reduction and chaperoning of the apocytochrome, and finally, formation of the thioether bonds between heme and two cysteines in the cytochrome. Here we summarize the established classical models for these processes and present recent progress in our understanding of the individual steps within the different cytochrome c biogenesis systems. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(3):209–216, 2013
Mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Zsurka Gábor , Kunz Wolfram S.
Published: January 2013

The classical bioenergetical view of the involvement of mitochondria in neurogeneration is based on the fact that mitochondria are the central players of ATP synthesis in neurons and their failure leads to neuronal dysfunction and eventually to cell death. Mutations in at least 39 genes in inherited neurodegenerative disorders seem to alter directly or indirectly mitochondrial function. Most of these mutations do not directly affect oxidative phosphorylation, but act through disturbed mitochondrial dynamics and quality control. This, however, does not invalidate the bioenergetic hypothesis. Neurodegeneration is not necessarily associated with a gross failure of ATP production, but might rather be a consequence of local insufficiencies of ATP supply in critical compartments of neurons, like the presynaptic terminal. We hypothesize that slow disease progression, at least in a subgroup of neurodegenerative diseases, can be explained by the parallel action of subcellular ATP insufficiency and clonal expansion of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations, and particularly deletions. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(3):263–272, 2013
Intra‐operative ex vivo photoacoustic nodal staging in a rat model using a clinical superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle dispersion
Authors: Grootendorst Diederik J. , Fratila Raluca M. , Visscher Martijn , Haken Bennie Ten , van Wezel Richard J. A. , Rottenberg Sven , Steenbergen Wiendelt , Manohar Srirang , Ruers Theo J. M.
Published: January 2013

The ability to accurately detect tumor metastases in lymph nodes is essential for intra‐operative staging of various malignancies. Histopathological assessment of nodes has the drawback of a time delay before results are available to the surgeon and a likelihood of missing metastases. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been shown to possess the potential to detect melanoma metastases in resected in toto lymph nodes based on intrinsic contrast. To extend application of the method to other malignancies, extrinsic contrast for lymphatic mapping is important. We investigate in a metastatic animal model whether clinically approved superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles, applied for MRI, can help PA imaging for staging in an intra‐operative ex vivo setting. Imaging results are compared with 14 Tesla MR images and histology. We observe that irregularities in SPIO distribution in PA images of the nodes and a decrease in contrast correlate with metastatic involvement as seen in MR images and histology. The results show that a PA based imaging technique may be valuable for nodal staging in the field of surgical oncology. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Removal of ammonium, iron and manganese from potable water in biofiltration units: a review
Authors: Tekerlekopoulou Athanasia G. , Pavlou Stavros , Vayenas Dimitrios V.
Published: January 2013

Ammonium, and trace metals such as iron and manganese are common inorganic pollutants present in waters. Several surface and groundwaters contain natural or increased concentrations of these pollutants that are observed either isolated or in pairs, or all three together. Although several processes have been established for the biological removal of one of the above‐mentioned pollutants, only recently have important studies been performed on the efficient and cost‐effective simultaneous biological removal of two or more substances. This paper reviews the variety of full‐ and pilot‐scale biological filters that have been used for combined or simultaneous biological removal, as well as factors and conditions that were found to affect the process. The main results regarding research progress on combined or simultaneous biological removal are evaluated. Finally, the kinetic models and simulation approaches used are discussed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic findings in acute uterine inversion
Authors: Smulian John C. , DeFulvio Joseph D. , Diven Liany , Terrazas Jose Luis
Published: January 2013

We present a case of acute uterine inversion in the third stage of labor in which critical management decisions were facilitated by ultrasound imaging in the operating room. Identification of the ovary and adnexa pulled into the indentation of the inversion allowed the successful diagnosis and guidance for uterine replacement. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 41:453–456, 2013
BANKS' TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY: DOES GLOBALISATION MATTER?
Authors: Sufian Fadzlan , Habibullah Muzafar Shah
Published: January 2013

The paper provides, for the first time, empirical evidence on the impact of economic globalisation on bank total factor productivity in a developing economy. By employing the Malmquist Productivity Index method, we compute the total factor productivity of the Malaysian banking sector during 1998–2007. Examining different dimensions of economic globalisation, we find evidence supporting for greater trade and capital account restrictions and cultural proximity. On the other hand, personal contacts, information flows, and political globalisation seem to exert significant (negative) influence on banks' total factor productivity levels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision Making and Decisional Tipping Points in Homicide Investigations: An Interview Study of British and Norwegian Detectives
Authors: Fahsing Ivar , Ask Karl
Published: January 2013

An interview study explored criminal detectives' views of critical factors related to decision making in homicide investigations. Experienced homicide investigators in Norway (n = 15) and the UK (n = 20) were asked to identify decisional ‘tipping points’—decisions that put detectives in a mindset focused on verifying the guilt of a suspect—and situational or individual factors that relate to these decisions. Two types of decisions were identified as typical and potentially critical tipping points: (1) decisions to name, arrest, or charge a suspect, and (2) decisions on main strategies and lines of inquiry in the case. Moreover, 10 individual factors (e.g. experience) and 14 situational factors (e.g. information availability) were reported as related to the likelihood of a mindset shift, most of which correspond well with findings in previous decision‐making research. The consensus between British and Norwegian detectives was very high, and the findings indicate that experienced detectives are aware of many of the risk factors and obstacles to optimal decision making that exist in criminal investigations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allium sativum‐derived allitridin inhibits treg amplification in cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Li Ya‐nan , Huang Fei , Liu Xing‐lou , Shu Sai‐nan , Huang Yong‐jian , Cheng Huan‐ji , Fang Feng
Published: January 2013

This study investigated the effects of allitridin compound on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)‐induced regulatory T cell (Treg; CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) amplification in vivo and in vitro. One hundred twenty MCMV‐infected mice were allocated at random into two groups for treatment with allitridin or placebo. Another 120 mock‐infected mice were randomly allocated as controls for the allitridin treatment and placebo treatment groups. The mice were euthanized at various time points after infection (out to 120 days) to evaluate the effects of treatment on Treg presence and function, as well as MCMV infective load. Co‐culture with mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) and MCMV was performed to evaluate allitridin‐mediated Treg and anti‐CMV effects. The maximum tolerance concentration (MTC) of allitridin was used to treat cells for 3 days. Changes in Foxp3 mRNA and protein levels, percentages of T cell subsets, and Treg‐related cytokines (IL‐10 and TGF‐β) were measured. Allitridin treatment did not influence Foxp3 expression and Treg proportion in uninfected mice, but did down‐regulate each in infected mice during the chronic infection period. Additionally, allitridin treatment reduced the MCMV load in salivary glands. MTC allitridin treatment of co‐cultures partially blocked MCMV induction of Foxp3 mRNA and protein expression. In vitro treatment with allitridin also increased significantly the percentages of Tc1, Tc2, and Th1, reduced the secreted levels of IL‐10 and TGF‐β1, and significantly suppressed viral loads. In conclusion, allitridin can promote MCMV‐induced Treg expansion and Treg‐mediated anti‐MCMV immunosuppression. Therefore, allitridin may be useful as a therapeutic agent to enhance the specific cellular immune responses against CMV. J. Med. Virol. 85:493–500, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequence motifs of myelin membrane proteins: Towards the molecular basis of diseases
Authors: Sedzik Jan , Jastrzebski Jan Pawel , Ikenaka Kazuhiro
Published: January 2013

The shortest sequence of amino acids in protein containing functional and structural information is a “motif.” To understand myelin protein functions, we intensively searched for motifs that can be found in myelin proteins. Some myelin proteins had several different motifs or repetition of the same motif. The most abundant motif found among myelin proteins was a myristoylation motif. Bovine MAG held 11 myristoylation motifs and human myelin basic protein held as many as eight such motifs. PMP22 had the fewest myristoylation motifs, which was only one; rat PMP22 contained no such motifs. Cholesterol recognition/interaction amino‐acid consensus (CRAC) motif was not found in myelin basic protein. P2 protein of different species contained only one CRAC motif, except for P2 of horse, which had no such motifs. MAG, MOG, and P0 were very rich in CRAC, three to eight motifs per protein. The analysis of motifs in myelin proteins is expected to provide structural insight and refinement of predicted 3D models for which structures are as yet unknown. Analysis of motifs in mutant proteins associated with neurological diseases uncovered that some motifs disappeared in P0 with mutation found in neurological diseases. There are 2,500 motifs deposited in a databank, but 21 were found in myelin proteins, which is only 1% of the total known motifs. There was great variability in the number of motifs among proteins from different species. The appearance or disappearance of protein motifs after gaining point mutation in the protein related to neurological diseases was very interesting. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐phase electromembrane extraction followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis
Authors: Davarani Saied Saeed Hosseiny , Morteza‐Najarian Amin , Nojavan Saeed , Pourahadi Ahmad , Abbassi Mojtaba Beigzadeh
Published: January 2013

A two‐phase electromembrane extraction (EME) was developed and directly coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of imipramine, desipramine, citalopram and sertraline. The model compounds were extracted from neutral aqueous sample solutions into the organic phase filled in the lumen of the hollow fiber. This method was accomplished with 1‐heptanol as organic phase, by means of 60 V applied voltage and with the extraction time of 15 min. Experiments reported recoveries in the range of 69–87% from 1.2 mL neutral sample solution. The compounds were quantified by GC‐MS instrument, with acceptable linearity ranging from 1 to 500 ng mL−1 (R2 in the range of 0.989 to 0.998), and repeatability (RSD) ranging between 7.5 and 11.5% (n = 5). The estimated detection limits (S/N ratio of 3:1) were less than 0.25 ng mL−1. This novel approach based on two‐phase EME brought advantages such as simplicity, low‐costing, low detection limit and fast extraction with a total analysis time less than 25 min. These experimental findings were highly interesting and demonstrated the possibility of solving ionic species in the organic phase at the presence of electrical potential.
Microwave‐assisted extraction and rapid isolation of ursolic acid from the leaves of Eucalyptus × hybridaMaiden and its quantification using HPLC‐diode array technique
Authors: Verma Subash C. , Jain Chhoten L. , Kumari Amita , Padhi Madan M. , Devalla Ramesh B.
Published: January 2013

Ursolic acid (UA) is the most important bioactive phytoconstituent of Eucalyptus × hybrida Maiden leaves and exhibits anticancer, antimutagenic, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiprotozoal activities. In this study, microwave‐assisted extraction technique was employed for rapid isolation of UA from the leaves of Eucalyptus × hybrida and simultaneously HPLC‐diode array method was developed for the quantification of UA. Effects of several experimental parameters on the extraction efficiencies of UA, such as type and volume of extraction solvents, microwave power and extraction time, were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be 20 mL of a mixture of chloroform/methanol, 60:40; liquid‐to‐material ratio, 4:1; preleaching time, 10 min; microwave power, 600 W; temperature, 50°C; and microwave irradiation time, 5 min. Under the optimum conditions, the yield of UA was found to be 1.95 ± 0.08% in the dry leaves of Eucalyptus × hybrida. The results showed that microwave‐assisted extraction is a more rapid extraction method with higher yield and lower solvent consumptions than the conventional method. It is a faster, convenient, and appropriate method and it may be used for rapid isolation and quantification of UA and other important phytoconstituents present in the leaves of Eucalyptus × hybrida.
Selection of Suitable Combination of Nonfunctional Micellar Catalyst and Heteroaromatic Nitrogen Base as Promoter for Chromic Acid Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde in Aqueous Medium at Room Temperature
Authors: Ghosh Aniruddha , Saha Rumpa , Mukhejee Kakali , Ghosh Sumanta K. , Bhattacharyya Subhendu Sekhar , Laskar Subrata , Saha Bidyut
Published: January 2013

The effect of the promoter and micellar catalyst on chromic acid on the oxidation of ethanol in aqueous acid media has been studied. Picolinic acid (PA), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), and 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy) are used as promoters. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), and Triton‐X‐100 (TX‐100) are tested as micellar catalysts. Hexavelent chromium is an active species in the absence of the promoter. In the presence of the heteroaromatic nitrogen bases used as the promoter, Cr(VI)–PA, Cr(VI)–bipy, and Cr(VI)–phen complexes have been proposed as the active oxidants. The time taken for completion of the reaction using different combinations of promoter and micellar catalysts are different. Although the rate is highest (12.5 times) in TX‐100 in the absence of the promoter, it is observed that the rate is almost 737 times faster for the combination of SDS and bipy compared to the unpromoted and uncatalyzed path. CPC inhibits the oxidation process. The observed acceleration and retardation of the rate of oxidation process has been explained on the basis of partitioning of the reactants in the micellar and aqueous phase. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 45: 175–186, 2013
A Comparison of Primary and Secondary Hydrogen Abstraction from Organophosphates by Hydroxyl Radical
Authors: Burns Douglas S. , Cory Marshall G. , Taylor Decarlos E. , Bunte Steven W. , Runge Keith , Vasey Joseph L.
Published: January 2013

To compare the effect of primary and secondary CH bonds on hydrogen‒atom abstraction by hydroxyl radical, rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with trimethyl phosphate [TMPO, (CH3O)3P(O)] and triethyl phosphate [TEPO, (CH3CH2O)3P(O)] have been calculated using the semiclassical flux–flux autocorrelation function (SCFFAF) method and compared with experimental measurements over the temperature range 250–350 K. SCFFAF specifies that structures be obtained at the CCSD/6‒31++G** level of chemical theory and the height of the activation barrier be determined using an energy extrapolation, here a variant of the G2MP2 method. Dynamics are generated in the SCFFAF method from forces computed with a transfer Hamiltonian, which provides information about the curvature of the potential energy surface in the neighborhood of the transition state (TS), as well as the required internal forces. The temperature‒dependent reaction rate constants are calculated for the various possible abstraction pathways, primary hydrogen atom abstraction in the case of TMPO, and primary and secondary in the case of TEPO. Since two energetically favorable parent structures for each system are included in the model, the activation energy is calculated with respect to the conformer that connects to a given TS and the total rate constant at a given temperature is Boltzmann weighted with respect to the parent conformer. The computed temperature‒dependent rate curves are consistent with published experimental data in both magnitude and temperature dependence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 45: 187–201, 2013
Monomer Sequencing in Living Anionic Polymerization Using Kinetic Control
Authors: Brooks Paul P. , Natalello Adrian , Hall John N. , Eccles E. Alex L. , Kimani Solomon M. , Bley Karina , Hutchings Lian R.
Published: January 2013

Alternating copolymers containing diphenylethylene (DPE) or diphenylethylene derivatives were prepared by living anionic polymerization using kinetic control. Due to steric hindrance DPE cannot homopolymerize. Therefore alternating copolymers can be prepared by ensuring the rate of cross‐propagation (k12) of the co‐monomer is favoured over the rate of self‐propagation (k11). This reactivity ratio (r1 = k11/k12) can be controlled by many different factors, such as choice of monomer, electron‐donating or withdrawing substituents on DPE, choice of solvent, etc. We report our progress on preparing alternating copolymers by varying these factors.
Star and Hyperbranched Polyisobutylenes via Terminally Reactive Polyisobutylene‐Polystyrene Block Copolymers
Authors: Kali Gergely , Szesztay Márta , Bodor Andrea , Iván Béla
Published: January 2013

Unique, highly branched polyisobutylenes (PIB) were prepared via quasiliving carbocationic copolymerization of isobutylene and styrene (St) monomers. The junction points were formed by Friedel‐Crafts self alkylation of PSt segments by the carbocationic chain ends. First, linear PIB was prepared with reactive chain ends. This was reacted with St monomer to form PIB‐b‐PSt AB, and PSt‐b‐PIB‐b‐PSt ABA type triblock copolymers with reactive carbocationic chain ends. The terminal carbonations react with the phenyl group of the polystyrene end‐segments of the block copolymers leading to chain coupling, and thus PIB star polymers in the case of AB and hyperbranched PIB from ABA block copolymers. The resulting branched polymers were characterized and the branch formation was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR).
Caffeine consumption and risk of dyskinesia in CALM‐PD
Authors: Wills Anne‐Marie A. , Eberly Shirley , Tennis Marsha , Lang Anthony E. , Messing Susan , Togasaki Daniel , Tanner Caroline M. , Kamp Cornelia , Chen Jiang‐Fan , Oakes David , McDermott Michael P. , Schwarzschild Michael A. ,   on behalf of the Parkinson Study Group
Published: January 2013

Background

Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists reduce or prevent the development of dyskinesia in animal models of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia.

Methods

We examined the association between self‐reported intake of the A2A receptor antagonist caffeine and time to dyskinesia in the Comparison of the Agonist Pramipexole with Levodopa on Motor Complications of Parkinson's Disease (CALM‐PD) and CALM Cohort extension studies, using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, baseline Parkinson's severity, site, and initial treatment with pramipexole or levodopa.

Results

For subjects who consumed >12 ounces of coffee/day, the adjusted hazard ratio for the development of dyskinesia was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.37–1.01) compared with subjects who consumed <4 ounces/day. For subjects who consumed between 4 and 12 ounces/day, the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.46–1.15; test for trend, P = .05).

Conclusions

These results support the possibility that caffeine may reduce the likelihood of developing dyskinesia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society