bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How is persistent insomnia maintained? A prospective study on 50–60 years old adults in the general population
Authors: Jansson‐Fröjmark Markus , Lundquist Daniel , Lundquist Nina , Linton Steven J.
Published: January 2007

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine whether arousal, distress and sleep‐related beliefs are related to the maintenance of insomnia in old adults.

Design. From a randomly selected sample from the general population (N = 3,600; 50–60 years old), 2,239 participants filled out a baseline and 1‐year follow‐up survey.

Methods. Logistic regressions were used to investigate whether psychological mechanisms were related to sleep status (insomnia: N = 230; poor sleep: N = 210; normal sleep: N = 658; good sleep: N = 253) over one year. Cluster analysis was employed to assess whether it was possible to classify the participants based on their profiles of psychological functioning.

Results. The results showed that arousal, sleep‐related beliefs about future consequences and anxiety were significantly related to the maintenance of insomnia (14–66% of the variance). Out of the individuals with persistent insomnia, 67% belonged to a cluster characterized by high scores on arousal, sleep‐related beliefs and anxiety, 24% to a cluster defined by medium scores on the three mechanisms and 9% to a cluster characterized by low scores on the three mechanisms.

Conclusions. This investigation shows not only that arousal, sleep‐related beliefs and anxiety are associated with the maintenance of persistent insomnia, but also that these mechanisms often co‐occur in individuals with persistent insomnia.
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Adverse Effects of the Illicit Movement and Dumping of Toxic and Dangerous Wastes on the Enjoyment of Human Rights: A Critical Evaluation of the First Ten Years
Authors: Olowu 'Dejo
Published: January 2007

From its hazy and humble beginnings, international environmental law is gradually but steadily acquiring a distinct identity within the wider field of international law. Occurring in tandem with the progress that this discipline has achieved over the course of time is the conceptual recognition of the human rights dimension to environmental protection in its diverse ramifications. Although not a prominent aspect of discourses in the cross-cutting fields of trade, environmental law or human rights, this paper sequentially examines the conceptual basis, normative framework, working methods, activities, achievements, challenges and promise of the special mechanism established by the United Nations' human rights apparatus in 1995 to deal with the human rights consequences of the transnational movement and dumping of toxic and dangerous wastes and products, over the first decade of its establishment. Because this phenomenon continues to present a problem in today's world as it did in 1995, this paper advocates normative and institutional reforms for this mandate and urges more rigorous and result-oriented action by states, non-state and intergovernmental actors. Observing that this thematic mandate holds considerable promise in stemming the impunity of hazardous materials production and dumping, even in regions of the world where the subject is rather reticent, this article proffers some modest responses in normative and strategic terms.
Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions Part A. The suspension effect (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Oman Srecko F. , Camões M. Filomena , Powell Kipton J. , Rajagopalan Raj , Spitzer Petra
Published: January 2007

An explanation of the origin and interpretation of the suspension effect (SE) is presented in accordance with "pH Measurement: IUPAC Recommendations 2002" [Pure Appl. Chem.74, 2169 (2002)]. It is based on an analysis of detailed schemes of suspension potentiometric cells and confirmed with experimental results. Historically, the term "suspension effect" evolved during attempts to determine electrochemically the thermodynamically defined activity of H+ (aq) in suspensions. The experimental SE arises also in determining other pIon values, analogous to pH values.

The SE relates to the observation that for the potential generated when a pair of electrodes (e.g., reference electrode, RE, and glass electrode) is placed in a suspension, the measured cell voltage is different from that measured when they are both placed in the separate equilibrium solution (eqs). The SE is defined here as the sum of: (1) the difference between the mixed potential of the indicator electrode (IE) in a suspension and the IE potential placed in the separated eqs; and (2) the anomalous liquid junction potential of the RE placed in the suspension. It is not the consequence of a boundary potential between the sediment and its eqs in the suspension potentiometric cells as is stated in the current definition of the SE.
Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions Part B. Guidelines for practical pH measurements in soil suspensions (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Oman Srecko F. , Camões M. Filomena , Powell Kipton J. , Rajagopalan Raj , Spitzer Petra
Published: January 2007

The measured cell potentials for suspension potentiometric cells have been interpreted and explained by a detailed analysis of the schemes for these cells ["Guidelines for potentiometric measurements in suspensions. Part A. The suspension effect (IUPAC Technical Report", Pure Appl. Chem.79, 67 (2007)]. Some former disagreements amongst investigations have been clarified. A new unambiguous operational definition of the suspension effect (SE) is presented. It is defined as the difference in cell potential for two suspension potentiometric cells, one with both electrodes in the separated equilibrium solution (eqs) and the other with both electrodes in the sediment or suspension. This potential difference is the sum of the change in the indicator electrode (IE) potential and the change in the liquid junction potential of the reference electrode (RE), when the electrodes are used for measurement, once in the sediment of the suspension and then in its eqs.
The sigma orientation is an H ∞ map
Authors: Ando Matthew , Hopkins Michael J. , Strickland Neil P.
Published: January 2007

In an earlier paper, the authors constructed a natural map, called the sigma orientation , from the Thom spectrum MU <6> to any elliptic spectrum. MU <6> is an H ∞ ring spectrum, and in this paper we show that if ( E , C, t ) is the elliptic spectrum associated to the universal deformation of a supersingular elliptic curve over a perfect field of characteristic p > 0, then the sigma orientation is a map of H ∞ ring spectra.
Heights of ideals of minors
Authors: Eisenbud David , Huneke Craig , Ulrich Bernd
Published: January 2007

We prove new height inequalities for determinantal ideals in a regular local ring, or more generally in a local ring of given embedding codimension. Our theorems extend and sharpen results of Faltings and Bruns.
F -structures and integral points on semiabelian varieties over finite fields
Authors: Moosa Rahim , Scanlon Thomas
Published: January 2007

Motivated by the problem of determining the structure of integral points on subvarieties of semiabelian varieties defined over finite fields, we prove a quantifier elimination and stability result for finitely generated modules over certain finite simple extensions of the integers given together with predicates for cycles of the distinguished generator of the ring.
Galois representations attached to [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]-curves and the generalized Fermat equation A 4 + B 2 = C P
Authors: Ellenberg Jordan S.
Published: January 2007

We prove that the equation A 4 + B 2 = C p has no solutions in coprime positive integers when p ≥ 211. The main step is to show that, for all sufficiently large primes p , every [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /]-curve over an imaginary quadratic field K with a prime of potentially multiplicative reduction greater than 6 has a surjective mod p Galois representation. The bound on p depends on K and the degree of the isogeny between E and its Galois conjugate, but is independent of the choice of E . The proof of this theorem combines geometric arguments due to Mazur, Momose, Darmon, and Merel with an analytic estimate of the average special values of certain L -functions.
Ubiquity of geometric finiteness in boundaries of deformation spaces of hyperbolic 3-manifolds
Authors: Canary Richard D. , Hersonsky Sa'ar
Published: January 2007

We show that geometrically finite Kleinian groups are dense in the boundary of the quasiconformal deformation space of any geometrically finite Kleinian group.
Derived p-adic heights and p-adic L-functions
Authors: Howard Benjamin
Published: January 2007

If E is an elliptic curve defined over a number field and p is a prime of good ordinary reduction for E , a theorem of Rubin relates the p -adic height pairing on the p -power Selmer group of E to the first derivative of a cohomologically defined p -adic L -function attached to E . Bertolini and Darmon have defined a sequence of "derived" p -adic heights. In this paper we give an alternative definition of the p -adic height pairing and prove a generalization of Rubin's result, relating the derived heights to higher derivatives of p -adic L -functions. We also relate degeneracies in the derived heights to the failure of the Selmer group of E over a Z p -extension to be "semi-simple" as an Iwasawa module, generalizing results of Perrin-Riou.
A reconstruction theorem in quantum cohomology and quantum K -theory
Authors: Lee Y.-P. , Pandharipande R.
Published: January 2007

A reconstruction theorem for genus 0 gravitational quantum cohomology and quantum K -theory is proved. A new linear equivalence in the Picard group of the moduli space of genus 0 stable maps relating the pull-backs of line bundles from the target via different markings is used for the reconstruction result. Examples of calculations in quantum cohomology and quantum K -theory are given.
The height of the mixed sparse resultant
Authors: Sombra Martín
Published: January 2007

We present an upper bound for the height of the mixed sparse resultant, defined as the logarithm of the maximum modulus of its coefficients. We obtain a similar estimate for its Mahler measure.
Complexity one Hamiltonian SU (2) and SO (3) actions
Authors: Chiang River
Published: January 2007

We consider compact connected six dimensional symplectic manifolds with Hamiltonian SU (2) or SO (3) actions with cyclic principal stabilizers. We classify such manifolds up to equivariant symplectomorphisms.
Eigenvalues, singular values, and Littlewood-Richardson coefficients
Authors: Fomin Sergey , Fulton William , Li Chi-Kwong , Poon Yiu-Tung
Published: January 2007

We characterize the relationship between the singular values of a Hermitian (resp., real symmetric, complex symmetric) matrix and the singular values of its off-diagonal block. We also characterize the eigenvalues of a Hermitian (or real symmetric) matrix C = A + B in terms of the combined list of eigenvalues of A and B . The answers are given by Horn-type linear inequalities. The proofs depend on a new inequality among Littlewood-Richardson coefficients.
Supercuspidal characters of SL ℓ over a p -adic field, ℓ a prime
Authors: Spice Loren
Published: January 2007

Let F be a p -adic field of characteristic 0. For odd primes ℓ with certain tameness restrictions, techniques due to Assem allow us to write supercuspidal characters of SL ℓ ( F ) in terms of a family of distributions defined by Kazhdan. Following an argument of Harish-Chandra, we derive an integral formula for these distributions. Results of DeBacker and Kazhdan allow us to evaluate this integral formula. This in turn gives supercuspidal character formulas for SL ℓ ( F ), explicit up to the constants appearing in the GL ℓ ( F ) local character expansion. Our result also describes the explicit local Langlands correspondence for those positive-depth supercuspidal representations of GL ℓ ( F ) which do not restrict irreducibly to SL ℓ ( F ).
Representation-theoretic support spaces for finite group schemes
Authors: Friedlander Eric M. , Pevtsova Julia
Published: January 2007

We introduce the space P ( G ) of abelian p -points of a finite group scheme over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0. We construct a homeomorphism Ψ G : P ( G ) → Proj | G | from P ( G ) to the projectivization of the cohomology variety for any finite group G . For an elementary abelian p -group (respectively, an infinitesimal group scheme), P ( G ) can be identified with the projectivization of the variety of cyclic shifted subgroups (resp., variety of 1-parameter subgroups). For a finite dimensional G -module M , Ψ G restricts to a homeomorphism P ( G ) M → Proj | G | M , thereby giving a representation-theoretic interpretation of the cohomological support variety.
Nonemptiness of symmetric degeneracy loci
Authors: Graham William
Published: January 2007

Let V be a rank N vector bundle on a d -dimensional complex projective scheme X ; assume that V is equipped with a quadratic form with values in a line bundle L and that S 2 V * ⊗ L is ample. Suppose that the maximum rank of the quadratic form at any point of X is r > 0. The main result of this paper is that if d > N - r , the locus of points where the rank of the quadratic form is at most r - 1 is nonempty. We give some applications to subschemes of matrices, and to degeneracy loci associated to embeddings in projective space. The paper concludes with an appendix on Gysin maps. The main result of the appendix, which may be of independent interest, identifies a Gysin map with the natural map from ordinary to relative cohomology.
Amicitia in Plautus: A Study of Roman Friendship Processes
Authors: Burton Paul J
Published: January 2007

This article argues that a close reading of friendship practices in the plays of Plautus, in light of the relevant social science and anthropological literature on friendship, can help us establish the parameters, discourse, and behaviors associated with Roman friendship. Application of a new analytical framework for studying such relationships in ancient literature (a "processual model of friendship interaction") to the plays of Plautus increases our understanding of Roman amicitia in that it marks the relationship as a precious and all too rare social bond, fraught with paradox and ambivalence, and generative of tensions, anxieties, and asymmetries.
All in the Family: Funeral Rites and the Health of the Oikos in Aischylos' Oresteia
Authors: Hame Kerri J
Published: January 2007

. This article offers a comprehensive comparison of the funeral rites that Aischylos has Klytaimestra perform for Agamemnon in the Oresteia with historically customary, and so normative, rites as reconstructed for the classical period from extant historical sources. I examine the extent to which Aischylos manipulates traditional funeral rites in order to demonstrate the health of an oikos; I argue that Klytaimestra performs corrupt funeral rites as an indication of the unhealthy and illegitimate household she now heads, whereas Orestes and Elektra perform customary rites as proof of their allegiance to the healthy and thus legitimate oikos of their father.
Women and Dunasteia in Caria
Authors: Carney Elizabeth Donnelly
Published: January 2007

. This article considers the role of Hecatomnid women in the public presentation of the dynasty. It examines the rule and co-rule of women in Caria, the reasons for the dynasty's practice of sibling marriage, the dynasty's apparent indifference to the creation of heirs, and the impact of the role of Hecatomnid women on the Hellenistic dynasties. It argues that the position of women in the Hecatomnid dynasty was a function of a family dynamic and image shaped by the precarious nature of rule in the region, particularly by the dynasty's subordination to its Persian overlords.
"Imaginary Geography" in Caesar's Bellum Gallicum
Authors: Krebs Christopher B
Published: January 2007

Caesar"s "imaginary geography" of Germania as an infinite extension without any patterns but simply endless forests contrasts with his presentation of Gallia as an overviewed space. Within these geographies different concepts of space prevail, all of which serve to explain why his celeritas ceases in Germania. Having crossed the Rhine and thereby entered terra incognita like Alexander and Pompey, he refrains from campaigning because of the geographical conditions. By alluding to Scythia"s similar space and Darius" failure, he shows himself to act prudently. It is also a characteristic of the imperator optimus to know when a venture is too risky.
Helen in the Iliad ; Causa Belli and Victim of War: From Silent Weaver to Public Speaker
Authors: Roisman Hanna
Published: January 2007

Homer creates Helen as a complex and suffering figure with a good mind, who strives for autonomy, expression, and belonging, within and despite the many constraints to which she is subject. The first part of the paper focuses on the constraints within which Helen operates: she is a captive and possession, she is subject to the wishes of the gods, and she is an abhorred foreigner viewed as the cause of suffering and strife. The second part examines her six encounters in the epic to show how she maneuvers within those constraints while retaining and increasingly asserting her own personhood.
Modular Modern: Shifting Forms of Collective Identity among the Akha of Northern Thailand
Authors: Tooker Deborah E
Published: January 2007

In this article, I demonstrate that notions of collective identity among the Akha of Northern Thailand have shifted in recent history from a comprehensive, holistic form to a compartmentalized form. I contrast forms of collective (Akha) identity during the period of my initial fieldwork (1982-1985) with forms emerging post-1985 through 1998, a time period characterized by increasing nation-state and capitalist penetration. This recent shift is placed within a broader, long-term historical context of the shifting politics of identity in upland/lowland relations. A comprehensive, holistic form of collective identity was historically developed by the Akha as a protective and organizational complex under conditions of dispersion, orality, local autonomy and unequal power relations with outside, lowland (especially Tai) groups. Thus recent critiques of holistic, bounded approaches to culture need to take into account the fact that such forms may be produced by native actors, both as concepts and as lived realities. This form, which was defined as permeating multiple dimensions of everyday life, is being replaced by a form in which it is acceptable to compartmentalize Akha identity as an "ethnic" component that is relegated to special occasions and social domains. These two different forms of identity have different implications for the way the Akha construct and relate to others (non-Akha). Such a change raises comparative questions concerning the creative formation of and limits on modern forms of collective identity. Both new tensions and new accommodative potential between ethnic groups arise under these new conditions.
The Double Foundation of Boiotian Thebes
Authors: Berman Daniel W
Published: January 2007

The mythic tradition of the double foundation of Boiotian Thebes presents an anomaly that has not been sufficiently explored. Through analysis of early poetic material, writings of the mythographers, and archaeological evidence, this article argues that the two stories of foundation existed in parallel in the early Greek poetic tradition and represent two distinct contexts of composition, one Mycenaean and the other archaic. Only with prose mythographers and logographers such as Hekataios and Pherekydes were these stories chronologically and genealogically ordered. This ordering represents a permanent change in how the mythic material was and continues to be understood.
Aristophanes' Frogs And the Contest of Homer and Hesiod
Authors: Rosen Ralph Mark
Published: January 2007

Dionysus' unexpected decision at the end of the play is generally
thought to reflect the notion that poets such as Aeschylus and Euripides had practical moral advice to offer their audiences and to promote an "Aeschylean" over a "Euripidean" approach to life. I argue, however, that this ending offers a combination of aesthetic insight and intertextual playfulness that ultimately relieves the Aristophanic Aeschylus and Euripides of the moralizing burden they have had to shoulder for so long. My reasons for suggesting this arise from consideration of the relationship between Frogs and another literary text that featured a high-profile poetic contest, namely, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod.
Friends, Lovers, Flatterers: Demophilic Courtship in Aristophanes' Knights
Authors: Scholtz Andrew
Published: January 2007

The politician-as-lover conceit in Aristophanes' Knights presents a comic twist on the "demophilia topos," a strategy whereby speakers accuse opponents of seducing the dêmos with specious claims of affection. By sexualizing the topos, Aristophanes stages demophilic politics as pederastic courtship, foregrounding tensions between the eunoia ideal and kolakeia scare-image in city leadership. But Aristophanes does not stop there. Demos, a virtual pornos complicit in his leaders' efforts to con and "bugger" him, pursues self-interest no less passive-aggressively, cynically, or covertly than they do. Hence value-reversals suggesting stasis, along with a profoundly equivocal return to the "noble simplicity."
Two Rivers and the Reader in Ovid, Metamophoses 8
Authors: Boyd Barbara Weiden
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the experience of the reader as she negotiates Ovid's Metamorphoses, reflecting and responding to the complexity of the narrative in the process. The central book of the poem is the perfect point at which to explore the interrelationship of narrative and reader: both are in the ideal position to look forward and back. Where has this story (as well as the reader) come from? Where is it (as well as she) going? Both by its placement and by the narrative repetitions it enacts, Metamorphoses 8 invites the reader to make meaning from and so to navigate the labyrinth of the text.
Addressing Agamemnon: A Pilot Study of Politeness and Pragmatics in the Iliad
Authors: Brown H. Paul
Published: January 2007

This paper will examine some of the pragmatic and sociolinguistic factors that inform the poet's choice of (vocative) forms of address for characters in the Iliad in light of the Parry-Lord theory of oral composition and its claims of "economy of form" and the "essential idea." I will look specifically at two types of address: the given-name vs. the patronymic. From a sociolinguistic standpoint, the distribution of these forms is constrained by the relative social standing of the speaker and the addressee. Sociolinguistic factors such as degree of social distance and relative position within the social hierarchy combine with specific situational pragmatic factors to place constraints on the appropriateness of competing forms of address. In other words, the choice of form of address is affected by important matters of social hierarchy and the practical movement of the plot.
Arsinoe II as Epic Queen: Encomiastic Allusion in Theocritus, Idyll 15
Authors: Foster J. Andrew
Published: January 2007

This paper will illustrate how Idyll 15's intertextual affiliation with the Odyssey and Greek historiography embellishes the poem's explicit encomium of Arsinoe II. By alluding to Arete, Circe, and Helen and augmenting these allusions with reports of Egypt and Egyptian conquerers given by Herodotus and Hecataeus, Theocritus subtly depicts Arsinoe II as a semi-divine Greek and Egyptian queen whose wealth, status, and beneficence exceeds even that of the Homeric women to whom she is compared.
Making the Most of Marsyas
Authors: Feldherr Andrew , James Paula
Published: January 2007

Two papers explore understudied aspects of the Metamorphoses' Marsyas narrative. The first links the passage's interest in imitation to the play between generic codes and ultimately to the position of its author as an Augustan poet, who, like the satyr, always risked appearing as the mere borrower of the language and images of his superiors. The second analyzes intratextual connections with other passages in the poem, where Ovid could create his own poetic space; the paper then offers new frameworks for interpreting the satyr's fate.
Grim Pleasures: Statius's Poetic Consolationes
Authors: Markus Donka D
Published: January 2007

Through a simultaneous reading of the Thebaid and the Silvae, this paper demonstrates that Statius co-opts the feminine genre of lamentation—traditionally constructed as dangerous and excessive—in order to seduce his audience with the grim pleasure of indulging in grief. By moving women's voices closer to the center of his epic poem than Vergil did in the Aeneid, Statius turns the Thebaid into a platform of consolatory public discourse similar to the consolationes in the Silvae. In his poetic creations, he gives voice to silenced pain in opposition to the program of the philosophical consolatio, which had relegated violent laments to a position outside the scope of civilized self-expression. Through the transforming power of art, Statius sublimates the expression of human pain and grief into a cathartic consolatio.
"Speak on my Behalf": Persuasion and Purification in Aristophanes' Wasps
Authors: McGlew James F.
Published: January 2007

Wasps is Aristophanes' most explicit treatment of Athenian legal practices and forensic rhetoric—its psychological nature as well as its political implications. In Wasps, legal metaphors become literal, as Aristophanes transforms his stage into a court, interweaving the Athenian citizen's identity as a juror into the play's dramatic core. This paper attempts to show that Wasps participates in a democratic discourse on citizen identity by subjecting the citizen—who he is and what he becomes when persuaded—to a close and politically-charged scrutiny, offering in the process a distinctive image of the culture of persuasion in the Athenian democracy.
Designing Women: Aristophanes' Lysistrata and the "Hetairization" of the Greek Wife
Authors: Stroup Sarah Culpepper
Published: January 2007

In this paper I argue that the sexually active wives of Aristophanes' Lysistrata are progressively "hetairized"—transformed into comic hetairai—by means of distinctly sympotic visual imagery and linguistic innuendo. After a brief discussion of the late fifth-century dramatic "problem" inherent in the sex-trading wife, I turn to the pan-Hellenic oath (193-237). The language of this oath, evocative of the imagery of red-figure sympotic vessels, initiates the women into the sphere of sympotic and hetairic activity. Next, I review the transaction scene between Myrrhine and her husband, Kinesias (847-64, 929-34). I argue that this scene, long recognized as "reminiscent" of brothel negotiations, picks up on the innuendo of the oath and puts it to the test with the bawdy language that likely marked a more typical representation of the comic hetaira. Finally, I suggest that both the "hetairization" and the theme of extra-domestic female activity are brought to an end with the coarse physical division of the silent (and "non-wifely") Diallage (1108-21). In a manipulation of the slippage between wife and non-wife—between sex and politics—the sharable Diallage incites her "customers" to transfer their sexual appetites toward a civic goal.
Male Homosocial Readership and the Dedication of Ovid's Fasti
Authors: King Richard Jackson
Published: January 2007

In dedicating his Fasti from exile (F. 1.1-26), Ovid longed for Rome's male-dominated literary culture, where audience response to the recitation of works-in-progress guided composition. Such a desire for alternating cooperation and competition among men drives the poet to construct Germanicus, a popular warrior-prince, as an ideal male adviser and literary guide. Shifting erotic and military metaphors in the dedication and in subsequent prefaces position both the author and his unfinished poem-in-progress as passive objects of the potentially active, editorial desire for a Roman male readership. Analysis begins with Eve Sedgwick's notion of male homosocial desire, but illuminates a concept of a feminized and eroticized elegiac text.
Propertius's Gallus and the Erotics of Influence
Authors: Pincus Matthew
Published: January 2007

This article examines how Propertius's relationship to a poet of the previous generation, C. Cornelius Gallus, weighs on the Monobiblos. I argue that the text depicts the speaker's desire for Cynthia as complicated by the author's status as a reader of his predecessor's poetry. I also aim to demonstrate an imbrication of poetic and sexual concerns in the relationships between men in the Monobiblos similar to that which has been claimed for the relationship between poet and his puella.
Potior utroque Vespasianus : Vespasian and His Predecessors in Tacitus's Histories
Authors: Damon Cynthia
Published: January 2007

Damon argues that in Tacitus's Histories, the inclusion of parallel incidents (on a small scale, rather than "must-have" episodes) in two or more principates encourages the reader to measure one princeps against others. This set of comparisons focuses on imperial freedmen awarded extraordinary honours by their emperors, on emperors' attempts to spare their enemies and control key supporters, on the effectiveness (or otherwise) of an emperor in refusing the soldiers' demands, and on how emperors treat senators. Vespasian emerges from the analysis with more to his credit than any of his predecessors in the civil wars. This paper does not suggest that the first Flavian emperor is a paragon, but rather offers ways to explain the dynasty's successful beginning.
A Correspondence Course in Tyranny: The Cruentae Litterae of Tiberius
Authors: Morello Ruth
Published: January 2007

A consideration of Tacitus's use of the epistolary genre when it is transplanted to historiography and how letters (especially the imperial variety) function as a component of (rather than a source for) Tacitean historical narrative. Above all, Tacitus punctuates his Tiberian hexad with the emperor's letters, culminating in the grim epistolary climax of Annals 6. This paper first offers a discursive sketch of the unfolding epistolary narrative of Annals 1-6, and then considers the ways in which the letters of Tiberius, the "internal epistolographer," confound normal expectations of the genre (particularly in the enactment of amicitia). Finally, the paper argues that Tacitus's renditions of Tiberius's letters endow the emperor with a distinctive satirical voice, as he trenchantly teases and satirises his craven contemporary senatorial readers.
Theatricality in Tacitus's Histories
Authors: Pomeroy Arthur John
Published: January 2007

Following on the work of Bartsch and Shumate, this paper analyses the role of historian as theatre critic and considers the types of public display put on by different protagonists in Tacitus's Histories. Major figures such as the emperors and their generals are placed in positions where they are required to display the correct public forms, while various groups within the text offer their own evaluations (almost always different from the implied conclusions of the meta-audience, Tacitus's own readers). Certain scenes of display are repeated, such as the progress of a successful general/emperor through his territories or an emperor's address to his troops to justify his claims for power. These scenes prove especially useful focal points for analysing Tacitus's didactic techniques in the Histories.
Mutiny and Madness: Tacitus Annals 1.16-49
Authors: Woodman A. J. (Anthony John)
Published: January 2007

This paper considers the programmatic narratives of the mutinies in Germany and Pannonia with which Tacitus opens Annals 1. First, the correspondences between the two mutinies are established in detail, since scholars have tended to presuppose that parallels exist, rather than offer substantiation. Then the reasons for this insistent parallelism are explored. Tacitus, at the opening of the Annals, constructs Drusus and Germanicus as a pair, thus recalling the relationship between their respective fathers, Tiberius and Drusus, which would have been covered by Livy at the end of his narrative. Double identity of person and place creates an expectation that history will begin to repeat itself. Next the paper considers the recurrent imagery of the mutinies. Where Goodyear detected fire as the dominant image, closer analysis shows that medicine and madness predominate, probably because the principal intertext for Tacitus's narrative is Livy's account of the mutiny which Scipio Africanus confronted in Spain in 206 B.C. Thus Tacitus's account of Tiberius's accession is marked by two mutinies which are described in sustained metaphorical terms of (mental) illness. It is as if Tacitus has combined Thucydidean accounts of plague and stasis into a single narrative.
The Ordeal of Modernity in an Age of Terror
Authors: Berman Bruce J.
Published: January 2007

Sometime during the increasingly tense European summer of 1938, the Anglo-Polish anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski sat down to write an introduction to a new book by one of his students, Jomo Kenyatta—a book based on the graduate thesis the latter had written under his supervision at the London School of Economics. A scientific rationalist and atheist, as well as an antiracist, antifascist, and anticommunist, Malinowski was most of all in that fraught time a deeply frightened liberal watching Europe slide into war. During the 1930s he had shifted his focus from the South Pacific to Africa. Over the course of that decade he had become increasingly critical of European colonialism, particularly of what he regarded as its deeply destructive impact on indigenous societies. In his brief introductory essay, Malinowski reflected on Kenyatta's work and, no doubt, on their many long conversations during the three years Kenyatta had studied with him. He commented on the dilemma of the educated African who had “suffered the injury of higher education” and noted that “an African who looks at things from the tribal point of view and at the same time from that of Western civilization experiences the tragedy of the modern world in an especially acute manner” (1938:ix).
What Is Africa to Me? Knowledge Possession, Knowledge Production, and the Health of Our Bodies Politic in Africa and the Africa Diaspora
Authors: Busia Abena P. A.
Published: January 2007

At home Death claims

Two streams from women's eyes

And many day-long dirges;

Gnashes, red eyes and sighs from men,

The wailing of drums and muskets

And a procession of the townsfolk

Impeded

Only if the coffin decides

To take one last look at the home.

But here I see

Three cars in procession.

The first holds three—

A driver chatting gaily with a mate,

And behind them, flowers on a bier.

The second holds five, and the third too.

In 1976, in the middle of what was for us a second exile, my father's younger brother died. This death was shortly followed by the news of the death of his 112-year-old aunt, the only grandmother we had ever known. In accordance with custom and tradition, a few weeks later, and against the odds, the family in Wenchi, a town in the Brong-Ahafo region in the middle of Ghana, managed to send to Papa in Standlake, a small village in the countryside west of Oxford, the fragment of the burial cloth that was his aunt's and which he would have received on the day of the burial, had he been there.
Visions of Apes, Reflections on Change: Telling Tales of Great Apes in Equatorial Africa
Authors: Giles-Vernick Tamara , Rupp Stephanie
Published: January 2007

This article explores stories that some central Africans in the middle Sangha River basin and in northern Gabon have told about gorillas and chimpanzees. Such tales have provided opportunities for Africans to debate the consequences of their engagements with outside people, resources, and processes. But their meanings have proliferated in different social, cultural, and historical contexts. Central Africans have used such stories to make claims about access to and control over human productive and reproductive labor, forest resources and spaces, and other forms of wealth; racial and ethnic relations; and human existence and death. These stories provide critical insights into the reasons people hunt or protect great apes, and they illuminate the complex social and political tensions generated by conservation interventions. Great ape tales thus offer conservationists insights into the challenges and promise of managing an important game population, as well as the potential social consequences of their interventions.
Hunter-Gatherers and the Archaeology of Discard Behavior: An Analysis of Surface Stone Artifacts from Sturt National Park, Western New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Holdaway Simon , Shiner Justin , Fanning Patricia
Published: January 2007

An analysis of surface scatters of stone artifacts from late Holocene contexts at Stud Creek, Sturt National Park in the northwest of New South Wales, Australia, is reported. A sedimentological and archaeological chronology for Stud Creek shows archaeological remains are no older than 2000 years and Stud Creek saw repeated occupation during the last two millennia. Methods are proposed whereby conflated stone artifact assemblages from different locations within the Stud Creek catchment can be analyzed to understand how use of the catchment differed from place to place. We propose "place use history," as a more useful concept than "settlement system" for understanding surface artifact assemblages.
Quartzite and Vein Quartz as Lithic Raw Materials Reconsidered: A View from the Korean Paleolithic
Authors: Seong Chuntaek
Published: January 2007

The present study challenges the widespread notion of an unchanging crude technology of quartzite and vein quartz assemblages in the Korean Paleolithic. Though mostly coarse and tough, the raw materials vary in texture, homogeneity, and thus quality in lithic manufacture, which in turn is the main reason why there is significant variability in the lithic technology. In contrast to the common impressionistic assumption, these materials produce not only large tools but also small flake tools. The examination of Paleolithic assemblages from the middle Korean Peninsula shows differences in raw material use in making artifacts of various form and size. Using the local raw materials, which allowed for hard and sharp edges when flaked, was a very effective strategy in lithic technology.
The Rise and Decline of the Medical Member: Doctors and Parliament in Edwardian and Interwar Britain
Authors: Cooter Roger
Published: January 2007

This paper challenges the view that British medical
parliamentarians were a rare breed whose limited presence was felt most
during the late-Victorian period. Focused on the interwar "movement"
for a medical lobby in Parliament, it identifies 159 medical candidates
(of whom 72 were elected). It traces the motivations of the British
Medical Association in promoting this movement, and shows how the BMA's
goals were subverted in part by the identity interests and agendas of the
medical men and women who sought election. The paper also highlights some
of the alternative political strategies that the profession attempted
to use to promote its interests. In addition to providing a window on
the culture and politics of British medicine in the interwar period,
it explains why the place of doctors in the House of Commons cannot be
seen as contributing to the emergence of professional society as defined
by Harold Perkin.
Expertise and Control: Childbearing in Three Twentieth-Century Working-Class Lancashire Communities
Authors: Beier Lucinda McCray
Published: January 2007

This article draws on oral history evidence and annual reports of the Medical Officers of Health for the communities of Barrow, Lancaster, and Preston to document the shift in the place and the managers of childbearing, from working-class homes and traditional midwives in the early twentieth century to hospitals and licensed midwives and physicians after World War II. It explores gender and class aspects of this transition, concluding that the medicalization of childbearing has had negative as well as positive results—not least of which has been the disempowerment of the working-class women who were traditional health authorities in their communities.
Living and Dying in Georgian London's Lying-In Hospitals
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: January 2007

This article uses previously untapped archival sources to revise the dominant, negative view of London's eighteenth-century maternity hospitals, by reconstructing daily life at the British Lying-in Hospital. Though the hospital in fact helped to support women's work as midwives, its institutional practices altered the experience of childbirth both negatively and positively, which inspired rumors, criticism, and inflammatory published attacks. The article illuminates how two unrecognized events in 1751—the hospital's first epidemiological crisis, and the arrival of a new man-midwife who used instruments—may have become intertwined in the public imagination and helped to shape the terrible reputation of lying-in hospitals, despite their overall positive eighteenth-century record.
The Narratives of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Kushner Howard I , Turner Christena L. , Bastian John F , Burns Jane C
Published: January 2007

Kawasaki disease is a rash/fever illness of early childhood in which coronary artery aneurysms (CAA), sometimes fatal, may develop in up to 25 percent of untreated children. Because its etiology and pathophysiology are unknown and no diagnostic laboratory test exists, diagnosis is made via a list of clinical signs; however, a significant number of children fail to meet the clinical criteria and go on to develop CAA. We suspected a connection between these missed cases and the continuing difficulty in identifying the etiological agent(s) and mechanisms for CAA. In search of that connection, we launched a historical investigation into the institutionalization of the clinical criteria, and explored how this process influenced the framing of research questions. Our findings suggest that the canonization of the Kawasaki disease case definition was as much due to the enshrinement of the historical narrative as to compelling scientific findings. The Kawasaki disease narrative encompasses interrelated issues of definition, discovery, and naming; these, in turn, have profoundly influenced diagnosis, treatment, and research. "Atypical" cases, despite being at risk for CAA, often fail to receive prompt diagnosis and treatment; consequently, research has been limited to the population that meets the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease, rather than including those who are at risk of CAA. Although clinical concerns prompted this investigation, it nevertheless has important implications for the history of medicine: it provides an illustration of how a historical interrogation of a syndrome's construction can free medical researchers to pursue novel approaches. Equally important, it demonstrates how historians can make unique contributions as collaborators in clinical care and medical research.
Motus Tonicus : Georg Ernst Stahl's Formulation of Tonic Motion and Early Modern Medical Thought
Authors: Chang Ku-Ming
Published: January 2007

This paper places in multiple contexts Stahl's formulation of tonic motion, a contractive and relaxative movement of body tissues that was thought to moderate the circulatory blood flowing through their porous structure. The paper analyzes Stahl's theory, elucidates its role in connecting his physiology and pathology, and situates its formulation in his conceptual development as well as the intellectual history of early modern medicine. The theory was at first a post-Harveyan attempt to explain occasional uneven blood flows; it was then expanded to account for the mechanism of blood circulation and metabolism, and formed a fundamental part of Stahl's effort to present a theory of animal heat and fever that would replace the traditional Galenic and fermentational theories. Tonic motion constituted the most important device that counteracted the ineluctable, unceasing corruption of the body, as dictated by its chemical nature; it thus qualified as the preeminent form of what Stahl considered vital motions.
Texts and Documents : E. C. Noble in June 1921, and His Account of the Discovery of Insulin
Authors: Jurdjevic Mark , Tillman Caitlin
Published: January 2007

This article concerns the events in Toronto during June 1921 that led to the discovery of insulin and the controversy that followed. It draws attention to the hitherto unnoticed participation of E. C. Noble in the early lab work on dog 386 between 17 June and 26 June 1921. None of the accounts of the discovery of insulin written by the principal discoverers, Frederick Banting, Charles Best, J. B. Collip, and J. J. R. Macleod, acknowledge Noble's participation in the lab. The fact of his participation has several implications worth noting, as they refine the history of the discovery of insulin—not the least of which is the demonstration of his credentials as a reliable witness to the lab environment in which the first successes were achieved. He remains the only participant in the discovery whose account of the insulin project has not been published; this article includes Noble's anniversary account of 1971.
Playing Doctor: Francois Truffaut's L'Enfant sauvage and the Auteur/Autobiographer as Impersonator
Authors: Codell Julie F
Published: January 2007

Truffaut, impersonating/performing Dr. Itard, represents multiple layers of autobiographical content through allusions to film history, his life, cultural ideals, colonial upheavals, and critiques of the Enlightenment. Instead of the optimism critics have seen in this film, I suggest that it offers a criticism of colonialism and the Enlightenment through a convoluted autobiographicality that shifts its central subjectivity from Itard to Victor.
Carousel: Erwin, Elvira, Armin, Fassbinder, and All the Others' Auto/biographies
Authors: Pribisic Milan
Published: January 2007

I read Fassbinder's short story, film script, and the film In a Year of Thirteen Moons itself as a bi-level, intertextual web—an autobiography of Fassbinder's "failed" homosexuality, and a biography of a generation of Germans growing up in the post-World War 2 West Germany to which Fassbinder belonged.
Keaton's Leap: Self-Projection and Autobiography in Film
Authors: Rugg Linda Haverty
Published: January 2007

In exploring what we are talking about when we talk about a film as the self-projection of a filmmaker, this introduction suggests film's potential for not only recrafting the act of self-representation, but also for examining the nature of selfhood and its construction, as the very impossibility of cinematic autobiography aids in the discovery of a more implicated, complex, and unrepresentable subject.
Vitagraphic Time
Authors: Stewart Garrett
Published: January 2007

Two screen narratives from 2004 take up autobio/graphic techniques of visual mediation from opposite sides of a division suggested long ago by Gilles Deleuze between "European humanism" and "American science fiction." Pedro Almodovar's Bad Education, about a Spanish film director confronted with a script that implicates his own erotic past, carries the stylistic possibilities of the Deleuzian "time-image" to new digitally implemented extremes in the mode of elegiac melodrama. By contrast, Omar Naim's futurist fable The Final Cut, about a digital implant that records one's entire life and then requires a "cutter" to edit it down for the funeral rites of "rememory," explores a dystopian reduction of human temporality to mere cybernetic storage. In response to such autobiographical extremes, an approach through "narratography" is able to chart the tracings of memory along the grain of the cinematographic and digitized image—and their ironic amalgams—in both films.