bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kappa‐Affected Paramecia Develop Immunity*
Authors: MUELLER JO ANNE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Over 2000 paramecia affected by kappa were isolated; 93 of the animals survived, and the clones derived from these cells were analyzed. Sine affected cells produced killer clones, two produced clones immune to kappa toxin, and the remaining cells gave rise to sensitive clones. The immune (nonkiller) lines contained altered kappa particles. The immune paramecia, when deprived of particles by growth a t 33.8°C, transformed into sensitives. I t is concluded that immunity was due to the presence of particles in the cytoplasm, rather than to some modification of the cytoplasm.
Studies of Chloroplast Development in Euglena. 9. Chloroplast Antigens and Their Appearance During Chloroplast Development*
Authors: LEWIS SHERWOOD C. , SCHIFF JEROME A. , EPSTEIN H. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Antibodies to purified chloroplast preparations from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris were prepared in rabbits. Success was achieved only after removal of lipids by forming acetone powders af chloroplasts. Ouchterlony agar‐diffusion procedures showed that light‐grown cells (containing chloroplasts) have at least 3 antigens reacting with these antibodies and not detectable in the dark‐grown cells (which contained proplastids but no chloroplasts), The antigens uniquely associated with the chloroplast appear sequentially during the development of the proplastid into the chloroplast on light induction of the dark‐grown cells. The first of these antigens appears at about 10 hr of development. Mutants of the parent strain showed varying numbers of antigens which were cor‐related with their capacities to form plastid structures. Cells developing abnormal chloroplasts at low light intensities did not reveal any antigenic differences from cells developing normal chloroplasts. Various antigenic bands were also found which were common to all cell types studied. These can be ascribed either to non‐chloroplast contaminants in the original preparation used to immunize the rabbits or to antigens which, although not in the chloroplasts, are cross‐reacting with chloroplast materials. In the case of the dark‐grown cells, it is likely that portions of the proplastids are cross‐reacting with chloroplast materials.
Morphological Studies on Holotrichous Ciliates of the Family Hysterocinetidae. II. Craticuloscuta escobari Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., and Epicharocotyle kyburzi Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov.
Authors: KOZLOFF EUGENE N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two species of hysterocinetids occur in the alimentary tract of Drilocrius breymanni, an aquatic oligochaete collected in Departamento del Valle, Colombia. The suckers of both species are unusual for their complexity. In Craticuloscuta escobari gen. nov., sp. nov., the sucker is a shallow oval concavity with longitudinal and transverse supporting elements. About one‐fifth of the area of the sucker, in its posterior portion, is ciliated, but argyrophilic punctations, which probably represent kinetosomes, are distributed in a regular pattern over most of its surface. In Epicharocotyle kyburzi gen. nov., sp. nov., the oval major portion of the sucker is deep, and continuous with a short trough which extends posteriorly and bends toward the left. Veil‐like flanges, bordered by a fringe of thick, inactive cilia, arise from the margins of the sucker on either side. In the region of the trough, the flanges may overlap in such a way that the trough is almost completely covered. The trough and a small area of the major portion of the sucker anterior to it are ciliated. However, argyrophilic punctations which probably represent kinetosomes are distributed over most of the surface of the sucker. The pattern of longitudinal and transverse supporting elements found in the sucker itself extends into the flanges. In both Craticuloscuta and Epicharocotyle, the arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is essentially like that in Hysterocineta, Ptychostomum, and other ciliates of the family Hysterocinetidae.
Effect of Hexamethonium Chloride on the Ciliary and Contractile Systems of the Ciliate Spirostomum*
Authors: JONES ALICK R. , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of hexamethonium chloride, an acetyl‐choline competitor, on the ciliary and myonemal systems of Spirostomum intermedium and S. ambiguum was investigated. Although the drug caused immobilization of the cilia, severe cell damage often ensued indicating an unspecific action. The general reaction was usually more severe and the ciliary inhibition less in S. ambiguum than in S. intermedium. It is postulated that the general reaction is the result of either membrane depolarization or binding of hexamethonium at the surface. Fed animals were more susceptible to drug action than starved ones. Raising the external potassium level did not affect the drug action.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin: Effect on Protozoa*
Authors: McINTOSH MAX , DUGGAN DENNIS E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Various protozoa and lower metazoa were exposed to filtrates of Staphylococcus aureus B (formerly called Type S‐6) (2) and non‐enterotoxigenic filtrates of staphylococci to study the toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin to these organisms. No reaction specific for enterotoxin was observed either in those culture filtrates from toxin‐producing strains or in solutions of purified enterotoxin. Non‐specific reactions were obtained with various growth media and a “potassium inhibited” filtrate containing 0.5% K2HPO4.
Electron Microscopy of the Ectoplasm and the Proboscis in Didinium nasutum
Authors: YAGIU RYOZO , SHIGENAKA YOSHINOBU
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A morphological study on the ectoplasm and the proboscis in the ciliate Didinium nasutum, has been performed by means of an electron microscope. The ectoplasm and the endoplasm of Didinium are separated by a fibrous layer. In addition to the ciliary apparatus and the filament system, the ectoplasm is characterized by having ectoplasmic vacuoles enclosing cross‐striated bodies and by having small rods surrounding the ciliary basal body.

The filament system is composed of 4 types of tubular filaments: primary filaments originating from the basal body, secondary ones coursing longitudinally along the cell periphery, tertiary ones going down in cylindrical arrays from the periphery of the proboscis into the endoplasm, and finally kinetosomal ones from the base of the basal body into the endoplasm through the newly found pore of the fibrous layer.

The fine morphology of the trichites in the proboscis is elucidated three‐dimensionally and illustrated schematically. Moreover, the correlation among the small rod, ectoplasmic vacuole and trichite is discussed.
A Fast‐Swimming “Mutant” in Stock 51 of Paramecium aurelia, Variety 4*
Authors: COOPER JANE E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Animals arising spontaneously in a culture of Paramecium aurelia, variety 4, strain 51.8s, swam about three times as rapidly as normal 51.8s, 51.7s or 29.8 animals. When the 51‐fast animals were mixed with 51.8 or 29.8 paramecia, a random sampling of swimming rates showed a bimodal distribution. The faster rate of 51‐fast animals was maintained under such deleterious conditions as 48‐hour starvation. “Fastness” or “slowness” could not be selected for in vegetative clones. The 51‐fast paramecia would not mate with 51.7, 51.8 or 29.8 animals, although fission rate, serotype and general appearance indicated that 51‐fast probably arose from strain 51.8.
Observations on Chytridiopsis mytilovum (Field), formerly Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, (Microsporida?)*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, 1924, a sporozoan (?) parasite in the ova of the mussel Mytilus edulis L., is found to be morphologically similar to, and deemed to be congeneric with, the type species of genus Chytridiopsis Schneider, C. socius S., 1884, in beetles. It is compared also with the only other reported species of Chytridiopsis in a mollusc, C. ovicola Léger and Hollande, 1917, in ova of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L. These two parasites in ova of bivalve molluscs are much alike but, since they seem to have some slight morphological differences, it would be premature to conclude that they belong to the same species. Chytridiopsis, a genus of uncertain affinities, has been considered by various authors to be related to the Chytridiales, the Haplosporida, the Mycetozoa or the Microsporida. New evidence favors the hypothesis that it is microsporidian in nature, although proof in the form of a clearly demonstrated polar filament has not yet been produced.
Flagellate Parasites of Water Striders with a Description of Leptomonas costoris, n. sp.*
Authors: WALLACE F. G. , TODD S. RAMMOHAN , ROGERS WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas costoris n. sp. is described from Gerris comatus. It differs from other species of Leptomonas in the structure of the reservoir which has ultramicroscopic thickenings in its wall, matched by corresponding thickenings in the adjacent flagellar membrane. The one or two diagonal lines seen in the reservoirs of Giemsa‐stained specimens are thought to be manifestations of these ultramicroscopic fibrils. The reservoir structure suggests a close relationship between this species and Cryptobia, (family Bodonidae) in which somewhat similar structures have been described.

Blastocrithidia veliae is redescribed and differentiated from B. gerridis.
The Isolation and Identification of Kinetosome‐Rich Fractions from Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: SATIR B. , ROSENBAUM J. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Axenic cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were used to obtain fractions rich in kinetosomes by alcoholdigitonin extraction techniques followed by centrifugation. The morphology of the kinetosomes was examined in the electron microscope at various stages during the isolation procedure, and compared to the morphology of the in situ kinetosome. In the latter preparation the well known cartwheel structure was present, and in addition 9 electron dense dots were displayed at the end of each spoke of the cartwheel.

The prepared kinetosomes could easily be identified during the entire process, and there was no apparent change until after the digitonin step. However, with the further fractionation, alteration was found to have taken place in the interior and in the kinetosome wall. The inside appeared “empty,” and we were not able to find 9 triplets in the wall but only doublets.

In view of the morphological alterations in the kinetosomerich fractions, chemical analysis still appears to us to be premature.
Eimeria tuscarorensis n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) and Redescriptions of Other Coccidia of the Woodchuck, Marmota monax*
Authors: DORNEY ROBERT S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Examination of feces obtained from wild‐trapped woodchucks, Marmota monax, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, revealed three previously described species: Eimeria monacis, E. perforoides, and E. os. In addition I found a new coccidium, E. tuscarorensis n. sp., described in this paper. Structurally the new species resembles E. wisconsinensis and E. bilamellata. An unidentified polysporocystic coccidium, possibly the genus Klossia, was found in small numbers in one sample.
The Fine Structure of Axenically‐Grown Trophozoites of Entamoeba invadens with Special Reference to the Nucleus and Helical Ribonucleoprotein Bodies*
Authors: SIDDIQUI WASIM A. , RUDZINSKA MARIA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Previous reports on electron microscopy of Entamoeba invadens have been based on organisms grown in bacterized cultures; this is the first electron microscope study of amoebae grown axenically. The amoeba is bounded by a plasma membrane about 120 Å wide bearing an externally fuzzy layer approximately 280 Å thick. The major components of the cytoplasm are vacuoles of various sizes measuring 0.2 μ to 3.0 μ in diameter. These vacuoles are structureless, of low density and have a definite limiting membrane of the same thickness and density as the plasma membrane, suggesting their origin from the limiting membrane by pinocytosis. Neither mitochondria nor Golgi apparatus are present. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed. The ground substance of the cytoplasm consists of two types of particles: smaller ones about 200–300 Å of lower density and larger ones about 400–700 Å of high density. The latter probably represent glycogen particles. The most important cytoplasmic organelles are the chromatoid bodies, composed of RNA and protein. These structures consist of parallel lamellae, each formed from coiled helical fibrils. The significance and possible relationship to protein synthesis are discussed.

The nuclear membrane is double and there are a few discontinuities which may represent pores. It also shows the honeycomb structure found in other amoebae. The chromatin lies just beneath the nuclear membrane. Of special importance is the presence of intranuclear vesicles scattered within the chromatin layer. The endosome or nucleolus lies in the center of the nucleus.
An Albino Strain of Blepharisma*
Authors: CHUNOSOFF L. , ISQUITH I. R. , HIRSHFIELD H. I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A spontaneous albino mutant of the red heterotrichous ciliate Blepharisma intermedium has been isolated and studied. In addition to its apparent lack of pigment, the albino differs from the parental stock in its manner and frequency of conjugation, high incidence of cannibalism and reduced intensity of micronuclear stainability. The conjugation pattern of the albino is compared to that of the pigmented form as described in the literature. The albinistic character thus far has bred true. Alcoholic extracts of the albino yielded only a trace of pigment. Absorption spectra of alcoholic extracts of the pigmented, the artificially bleached, and the albino organisms were compared.

As far as is known, no conjugation or other type of internal nuclear reorganization was observed preceding the phenotypic expression of the mutation; this raises several questions pertaining to the site of mutation and means of its expression. These questions are discussed.
A New Coccidium, Eimeria bandipurensis n. sp., from the Indian Palm Squirrel, Funumbulus palmarum
Authors: RAY H. N. , BANIK D. C. , MUKHERJEA A. K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria bandipurensis n. sp., is described from the gut of an Indian palm squirrel, Funumbulus palmarum, obtained from a village, Bandipur, in West Bengal. Spherical and egg‐shaped oocysts were encountered, the former averaging 17 μ in diameter and the latter 18 by 16 μ. Oocystic residuum was absent while the sporocystic residuum was represented by refractile globules. A Stieda body was present in the sporocyst. Sporozoites were banana‐shaped with one end broader and the other pointed with a clear globule at each end.
Plasmodium fischeri n. sp. from Chamaeleo fischeri*
Authors: BALL GORDON H. , PRINGLE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium fischeri n. sp. is described from the blood of Chamaeleo fischeri taken along the edge of the rain forest at Amani, Tanganyika. This parasite differs from P. acuminatum previously described from this host in the same area. P. fischeri can maintain a parasitemia for over a year in this host. No exoerythrocytic stages were seen. Both plasmodia have a very limited geographical distribution. Attempts to find a possible arthropod vector by exposing chameleons in an insect trap in the endemic area were unsuccessful.
Isolation of Different‐Sized Substrains from Three Stock Cultures of Entamoeba histolytica, with Observations on Spontaneous Size Changes Affecting Whole Populations
Authors: GOLDMAN MORRIS , DAVIS VIOLET
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three stock cultures of E. histolytica, strains 200, K9, and 22, have each been shown by microisolation methods to consist of at least two substrains or variants differing in size. Cultures were grown with Trypanosoma cruzi in Phillips medium, and on egg slants with mixed bacteria and a single species of bacteria. For each strain, the variant that was bigger in one medium was also bigger in the other two media, in spite of the fact that absolute sizes changed greatly depending upon the medium. This shows that size patterns were primarily determined by endogenous factors, although absolute size was strongly influenced by the culture medium. In all cases the small variants remained larger than E. hartmanni.

In the initial weeks after microisolation, the variants showed consistent size patterns. After a few months, the big substrains of E.h. K9 and 22 showed a spontaneous reduction in size, eventually becoming smaller than the corresponding small variants. The change in E.h. K9 was shown to be due to a shift in the entire population, rather than to selection of individual mutants. In the E.h. 200 cultures, big and small variants retained their distinctive sizes throughout the 17 months during which they were observed.
Age Associated Nuclear Anomalies in Tetrahymena*
Authors: WELLS CAROLYN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Micronuclear abnormalities that probably lead to progeny death appear in strain D6 (variety 1, mating type II), Tetrahymena pyriformis, during sexual reproduction. There are two categorical types of nuclear irregularities: those characteristic of the cell before it enters conjugation, and those manifested as a result of the conjugation process. These abnormalities are characteristic of senescent cells.
Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov., Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae, from the Haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: ASHFORD R. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae) is described from the haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). The trophozoites are large, ovoid and uninucleate with distinct longitudinal striae. Schizogony occurs in one type of cycle only, each schizont giving rise to up to 8 merozoites. Gametocytes are uninucleate when they associate. Up to 16 oocysts each with 8 sporozoites are formed in each gametocyst. The oocysts are lemon‐shaped, and sporozoites emerge from the poles.

The parasite causes considerable mortality in young larvae, though its pathogenicity is probably inferior to that of Farinocystis tribolii Weiser.
The Morphogenetic Cycle in Euplotes eurystomus and Its Bearing on Problems of Ciliate Morphogenesis*
Authors: WISE BENJAMIN N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The normal cycle of asexual reproduction in Euplotes eurystomus was subjected to a detailed morphological study using whole‐mounted and sectioned material prepared by the method of silver impregnation. The cycle was arbitrarily divided into 7 stages (numbered 0–6) characterized by nuclear and cortical events. Particular attention was focused on the development of the oral primordium (OP), and the production of new kinetal cilia (or “dorsal bristles”).

The OP is interpreted as originating from an invagination or infolding of the parental cortex, followed by considerable in situ growth and differentiation beneath the cell surface. It is suggested that differentiation beneath the parental cell surface may in some way facilitate morphogenesis of other cortical structures without necessitating dedifferentiation of the parent's buccal apparatus. During stage 6, the division constriction plays an important morphogenetic role in shaping the opisthe's buccal apparatus.

During stage 4, a zone of ciliary increase (ZCI) appears in the central portion of each kinety. New kinetal cilia arise as semi‐circular clusters of 1 to 9 kinetosomes flanking each old basal structure; the latter persist until the new organelles are well established. An analysis of total kinetal cilia in animals during stages 0 to 3 indicates that, while ciliary number varies according to animal size, there is no increase in cilia prior to formation of the ZCI.

Several aspects of the asexual cycle in Euplotes seem to bear importantly on the more general problem of ciliate morphogenesis. The pattern or gradient concept might be useful in the analysis of factors determining primordial sites, although later development of the primordium into a specific organelle or organelle system is probably controlled by autonomous epigenetic processes that are somewhat independent of the parental cortical pattern. The hypothesis of kinetosome continuity cannot account for the origin of primordial fields in cortical regions remote from pre‐existing kinetosomes, as observed in Euplotes. The initiation of morphogenetic activity on the cortex is closely correlated with, and may be causally related to, the appearance of replication bands in the macronucleus. The known metabolic significance of these bands, particularly the release of nuclear RNA, lends support to this suggestion.
A Microbial Sulfolipid. I. Isolation and Physiological Studies*
Authors: HAINES THOMAS H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A sulfolipid, isolated from the phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, and from its medium, constitutes over 50% of the sulfur of the cells. It is bound to protein and excreted by the phytoflagellate. When the S35‐labeled sulfolipid was placed in the medium it was incorporated by the cells without cleavage of the sulfate group. Thus it passes back and forth between the growth medium and the cells.

The sulfolipid has been found in O. danica, O. malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chlamydomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. (sea water bacterium). It was identified in the culture medium of O. danica, O. malhamensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Streptomyces griseus. Preliminary evidence was obtained for its presence in the growth medium of white clover and sorghum.
Plasmodium japonicum, P. juxtanucleare and P. nucleophilum in the Far East*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium japonicum and P. juxtanucleare are two very similar species of avian malaria parasites. The former was discovered in domestic fowl in Japan, and the latter in the same host species in Brazil; it has since been found in chickens in Uruguay, Mexico, and Ceylon. The present study, based on a Ceylon strain of P. juxtanucleare and slides from the Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox) of Taiwan indicates that the latter host is a natural reservoir of P. juxtanucleare, since this species appears to differ in no significant way from P. japonicum. Infection is common in the Bamboo Partridge (5 of 26 birds showed it), but it has not so far been found in any other avian species, although a total of 973 birds, belonging to 17 orders, 45 families, 110 genera, and 183 species, have been examined from this area. Since the younger stages of Plasmodium nucleophilum look very much like similar stages of P. juxtanucleare, they are compared. The older stages however are usually easily distinguishable, and the former species is so far known only from non‐gallinaceous birds whereas the latter appears to be limited to gallinaceous ones.
Trois Especes Nouvelles d'Ophryoglenes: O. gelifera n. sp., O. mucosa n. sp., O. multimicronucleata n. sp. (Cilies Holotriches Peniculiens)
Authors: ROQUE MADELEINE , SAVOIE ALBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A previous study with P. de Puytorac on O. bacterocaryon(3) has shown the methods of studying this Ciliate and has specified the general and buccal morphology, the morphogenesis, and the biology of vegetative individuals (theront, trophont, tomont, tomites) of this species. Three species we are describing now offer numerous common features with O. bacterocaryon. We consider them as the proper characters of genus Ophryoglena and we only insist on the specific particularities of O. gelifera, O. mucosa and O. multimicronucleata. O. gelifera is a large Ophryoglene differing from the others by a slightly asymetric, curved, spindle‐shaped theront; the ellipsoidal tomont secretes abundant and clear jelly. The theront possesses one thick spindle‐shaped macronucleus, one voluminous spherical micronucleus, fitting with the macronucleus. Its somatic infraciliature is dense, its buccal infraciliature is characteristic, especially in the shape of peniculus P1. This species cannot be mistaken for O. pectans Mugard(2) although it is rather near it. O. mucosa is a very small Ophryoglene. The theront has one thick elliptical macronucleus, one small micronucleus; the buccal orifice is not kidney‐shaped, but quite pointed in front; there is no tragus; the somatic infraciliature is not close; the peniculus P1 is characteristic. The tomont is ellipsoidal and surrounded by a thick mucous gangue. The tomites are not close together. O. mucosa is very different from O. gelifera and O. pectans Mugard(2). O. multimicronucleata. Near to O. polymicrocaryon Mugard(2), this Ophryoglene differs from it by the small size of all its vegetative elements and especially by its nuclear‐apparatus. The latter includes numerous (5 to 6) bulky spherical micronuclei and one macronucleus looking like blackpudding which can be compared to that of O. singularis Canella and Trinchas(1). The theront is spindle‐shaped and of a dark‐grey colour. The spherical tomont secretes a mucous gangue which is not very thick. Besides, the somatic infraciliature and buccal in fraciliature of the theront (peniculus P1 especially) make O. multi micronucleata quite distinct from O. polymicrocaryon Mugard(2).
The Migration of Eimeria acervulina Sporozoites to the Duodenal Glands of Lieberkühn
Authors: DORAN DAVID J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The establishment of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites in the duodenal glands of Lieberkühn of the chicken is described. Sporozoites were found to enter the tips of the villi and pass into the lamina propria, or core, of the villus. Within the lamina propria, sporozoites were engulfed by macrophages and taken to the glandular epithelium.

Data are presented which indicate that macrophages serve as a defense against infection as well as a mode of transportation.
Mating Types and Mating Type Inheritance in Euplotes minuta Yocom (Ciliata, Hypotrichida)
Authors: NOBILI RENZO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thirty‐one stocks of a marine ciliate, Euplotes minuta Yocom, collected from different localities, can be grouped in seven mating types. True pairs are formed only in mixtures of stocks belonging to different mating types. No selfing pairs or intraclonal conjugation have ever been observed. Synclonal inheritance of mating types is the rule, although about 10% of pairs show clonal inheritance. The latter can be explained by assuming syncaryon formation through cytogamy or through caryogamy of pronuclei derived from different products of meiosis. Mating type determination is due to 7 alleles at the single locus mt. There is complete dominance among the 7 alleles which can be orderly seriated, as shown in Table 3, according to their dominance relationship. The 5 stocks, and only these 5, of mating type VII have the autogamy trait. The mortality rate in F1 and F2 is very low–a maximum of 10%; however, the F2'S obtained by autogamy from F1 progenies in which mating type VII is involved have a very high mortality rate. The two facts (high mortality rate in F2 and strict association of autogamy trait with mating type VII in natural populations) have been considered as evidences of a probable isolation mechanism existing between mating type VII and the other 6 mating types. Thus, the 7 mating types have been assigned to the same syngen only tentatively.
Correlation of Ciliary and Nuclear Development in the Life Cycle of Euplotes
Authors: DILLER WILLIAM F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Kinetosomal changes, as indicative of cytoplasmic reorganization in binary fission and during and after conjugation, were followed in a zoochlorellae‐bearing species of Euplotes. The preconjugant peristome, designated the first generation peristome, breaks down partially after the conjugants have paired; the basal section, comprising the shorter adoral membranelles and the undulating, membrane, is resorbed. A new peristome, the second generation peristome, arises as a small pit near the left ventral margin, in midline, at the time when the micronuclei are in the first meiotic prophase. By the time of the second meiotic division a single set of new cirri, the second generation cirri, has formed in each conjugant. This second set is not perfect, lacking one of the frontals. Neither the second generation peristome nor cirri develop very far, or migrate, until after separation of the conjugants. Then the new peristome replaces the old one and the new cirri become functional. However, the new peristome lacks an undulating membrane and does not complete its development, bearing only a fraction of the normal number of membranelles. At its posterior termination, at the time of condensation of the macronuclear anlage, another peristome, the third generation peristome, is formed and develops as a granular, and later striated, invagination extending posteriorly. It appears to integrate with its predecessor and, as its constituent membranelles develop, a third generation single set of new cirri arises. These replace the imperfect previous set, all of the cirri being represented. In anticipation of the first postconjugant fission, all of the cirral apparatus is discarded again and two new sets (fourth generation cirri) originate; the old (combination second and third generation) peristome is retained by the proter while a new one is provided for the opisthe. It is evident, therefore, that a rather far‐reaching cytoplasmic reorganization accompanies the nuclear changes of conjugation, seeming, for the most part, to follow the nuclear changes. The old macronuclear fragments have been found not to fuse with the macronuclear anlage.
Observations on Lankesterella hylae
Authors: STEHBENS W. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites of Lankesterella hylae were found in 12 of 13 green tree frogs (Hyla caerulea) from Gin Gin, Queensland. The intraerythrocytic sporozoites had two pale‐staining vacuoles at the poles of the nucleus and frequently a dome‐like protuberance on the concavity of the crescentic protozoon.

Motility was observed in free but not intracellular sporozoites in fresh blood. Locomotion was of a gliding nature, though in addition parasites flexed and extended, and a peristaltic constriction passed backwards along the body of two. One parasite entered and emerged from a red cell, the erythrocyte playing a passive role.

All stages of sporogony were observed in liver smears from a debilitated frog. In araldite sections of the small intestine of another frog, parasites were found in the vacuoles within unidentified cells in the lamina propria, thus suggesting that the parasite's point of entry is possibly the alimentary tract.
Sulfolipid in Ochromonas danica
Authors: MIYACHI SHIGETOH , MIYACHI SHIZUKO , BENSON A. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cells of Ochromonas danica were grown under photoautotrophic as well as heterotrophic conditions in the presence of 35SO4=, and the content of sulfolipid was studied using the technics of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis. Photoauto‐trophic cells of O. danica contained 5 to 6 times as much sulfolipid, sulfoquinovosyldiglyceride, as did cells grown under heterotrophic conditions.
The Excystment Process in the Ciliate Nassula ornata Ehrbg.
Authors: BEERS C. DALE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ciliate was cultured in natural lake water on Oscillatoria curviceps. Encystment was induced by lack of food. The resting cyst has 2 membranes—a faceted, lamellate ectocyst and a thin endocyst. The kinetosomal rows and the cytopharynx are retained in the cyst, and the position of the cytopharynx with respect to the rows remains unchanged. Thus, the usual polarity of the organism is preserved. Distilled water and plant infusions were relatively ineffective excystment‐inducing agents, but a 0.1% (w/v) aqueous solution of peptone, pre‐inoculated with wild bacteria, was highly effective. At 21 C it induced the excystment of 97% of the cysts within 2‐3.5 hr. During excystment, the contractile vacuole enlarges, thereby producing pressure which ruptures the membranes. The ectocyst tears first—always at the posterior end of the cyst—the endocyst somewhat later. Emergence is largely by cytoplasmic streaming through a relatively small slit in the ectocyst, and the posterior end of the ciliate always emerges first.
Range of Variation in the Somatic Infraciliature and Contractile Vacuole Pores of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: LOEFER JOHN B. , SMALL EUGENE B. , FURGASON WALDO H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Meridian ranges and contractile vacuole pore patterns were determined for 36 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, including most of the “classic” amicronucleate and micronucleate strains used by many investigators, plus a dozen other strains not previously characterized with respect to these two morphological features. Uniform axenic culturing and staining techniques were employed.

Meridian ranges and modes are analyzed with strain‐by‐strain comparisons to the reports of previous investigators. The overall inclusive range of the 36 strains was 15–25 meridians. Modes for individual strains varied from 16 to 23. Broader ranges and, especially, higher modes and higher limits are recorded than those reported by Corliss (1953) for strains grown in bacterized hay cultures. Two postoral meridians are characteristic, although a single individual having only one and a few having three postorals were observed. Three postorals were found only in those strains having the higher number of total meridians. A few individuals, showing an anterior half or a posterior half of a bipolar meridian missing, indicate a possible explanation of how a single dividing individual could produce a proter and an opisthe differing in the total number of meridians.

Meridian ranges of individual strains do not overlap each other in all cases, but they do constitute a progressively overlapping series which does not warrant taxonomic separation of strains at either extreme from each other.

Contractile vacuole pores varied from 1 to 3, with 2 pores (1 each in meridians 5 and 6) being characteristic of 22 of the strains. The 2‐pore 6‐7 pattern was modal for 8 of the strains. Presence of 3 pores (in 5, 6 and 7) was typical of only 2 strains, but 3 pores were found occasionally. Another pattern of 3 pores (in 6, 7 and 8) was observed occasionally in 10 strains. Double pores (in 6 and 7 or 7 and 8) and the triple pore patterns were observed only in the strains having the highest total number of meridians. These variations are not considered adequate justification for taxonomic separation.

Strains Ki and Aq are affirmed to be T. pyriformis. Strains V1 PP and V, formerly regarded as strains of T. vorax, are considered to be T. pyriformis, supporting the view of Shaw and Williams (1963).
Electron Microscopy of the Nuclear Apparatus of Urostyla grandis, A Hypotrichous Ciliate
Authors: INABA FUMIE , SUGANUMA YOSHIKO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A description is given of the interphase nuclear apparatus of Urostyla grandis, which has many macronuclei and a few micronuclei. The macronucleus is bounded by a typical double envelope. Chromatinic material in the macronucleus forms a large, irregular network composed of threads up to 500 mμ in thickness which are thicker than those in the macronuclei of most ciliates. The nucleoli are round bodies about 1–2 μ in diameter and are embedded in the matrix enclosed in chromatin threads. The micronucleus is bounded by a double, porous envelope similar to that of the macronucleus. Chromatinic material in the micronucleus forms a small network of comparatively thin threads, 60–80 mμ thick. At high magnifications, both the chromatin threads in the macronucleus and in the micronucleus appear to be composed of fine twisted fibrils about 10 mμ thick. The reorganization band which traverses each macronucleus in the late interphase is divided into two zones: the forward zone consists of fine, twisted fibrils 30 mμ thick formed by pairs of parallel fibrils each 10 mμ thick. The rear zone consists of small chromatin bodies and thin threads, both 80 mμ in diameter, consisting of fine fibrils 10 mμ thick. Reorganized chromatin threads appear to be thin spiral threads 80–130 mμ thick in striking contrast to the thick threads of 100–500 mμ diameter composing the large, irregular network observed in the early interphase macronucleus.
Schizoplasmodium, a Mycetozoan Genus Intermediate Between Cavostelium and Protostelium; a New Order of Mycetozoa*
Authors: OLIVE LINDSAY S. , STOIANOVITCH CARMEN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of the simple mycetozoan genus Schizoplasmodium—S. ovatum and S. gracile—are described, the former having ovate spores and the latter spherical ones. All stages of the life cycle are multinucleate. At sporulation the holozoic plasmodium segments into prespore cells which develop directly into long‐stalked, single‐spored sporocarps. Sexual reproduction was not observed. A new order—the PROTOSTELIDA—is proposed for this and related genera, which are believed to comprise a phylogenetically linked series, beginning with the amoebo‐flagellate genus Cavostelium and evolving through Schizoplasmodium to Protostelium. The two families Cavostelidae (Cavostelium) and Protostelidae (Schizoplasmodium, Protostelium) are recognized.
Two New Species of Plistophora (Microsporida, Nosematidae) in Decapods, with Particular Reference to One in the Blue Crab*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plistophora cargoi n. sp., found in the muscles of Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, is described. Spores are ellipsoidal and about 3.3 by 5.1 μ when alive. The coiled polar filament is PAS positive. When extruded the filament appears thick throughout most of its length but has a short and fine terminal portion. The sporont gives rise to many (32 to more than 100) spores. P. sp. Sogandares‐Bernal, 1962, found in the muscles of the fresh water crayfish Cambarellus puer Hobbs, is given the name P. sogandaresi n. sp.
Frozen Storage of Tritrichomonas foetus for 5.6 Years*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , ANDERSEN FERRON L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas foetus was cultivated in Diamond's medium without phosphates or agar; 10% glycerol was added to the medium and the protozoa were frozen slowly and stored at −28 or −95 C. About half of the trichomonads died within the first day at either temperature. Thereafter, they continued to die off slowly during storage at −28, and none remained alive at or after 1024 days. New cultures could not be initiated with them after 64 days. At −95, almost as many trichomonads were alive after 256 days as after 1 day. Thereafter, however, they decreased in numbers, but 11% were still alive after 2048 days (5.6 years). The survivors appeared in good condition, and new cultures were readily initiated with them.
Acriflavin Inhibition of Morphogenesis in Naegleria gruberi*
Authors: NAPOLITANO JOSEPH J. , PERSICO FRANCIS J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When amoeboid organisms of Naegleria gruberi are treated with acriflavin at concentrations under 70 μg/ml, they still can form flagellates. Acriflavin between 70 μg/ml and 110 μg/ml increasingly inhibits morphogenesis. The effect of acriflavin is specific for the morphogenetic system since amoeboid organisms treated with acriflavin between 110 and 200 μg/ml are not otherwise inhibited and behave like the controls.
The Sterol Content of Some Protozoa
Authors: WILLIAMS B. L. , GOODWIN T. W. , RYLEY J. F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The sterols of a number of protozoa grown in axenic culture have been examined. Ergosterol is present in Polytoma uvella, Astasia ocellata, Haematococcus pluvialis, Crithidia oncopelti, Prototheca zopfii, Chilomonas paramoecium and Trypanosoma mega, all grown on sterol‐free media. Ergosterol is also present in the culture form of Trypanosoma rhodesiense and occurs together with cholesterol and an unidentified sterol in Peranema trichophorum grown in the presence of cholesterol. P. uvella, A. ocellata, H. pluvialis and C. oncopelti also contain a sterol which is either spinasterol or its isomer chondrillasterol. The main sterol of Ochromonas malhamensis is probably poriferasterol, which is also present in C. paramoecium. Cholesterol, probably from the environment, is the only sterol in the blood form of T. rhodesiense. Tetrahymena pyriformis and Hartmannella rhysodes do not synthesize sterols.
Development of Haemogregarina pestanae in the toad Bufo regularis*
Authors: MANSOUR NOSHY S. , MOHAMMED A. H. HELMY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina pestanae França, 1910, is apparently rare in Egypt, having been found in 1 toad Bufo regularis Reuss out of 689 examined. Capsulated capped, young thin, and young and advanced broad forms were present in the peripheral blood. Schizogony occurred in the liver. Two types of schizonts were present—macroschizonts producing 150 or more elongate oval merozoites surrounding a large residual body, and microschizonts producing 60 or less banana‐shaped merozoites often radiating from a small, eccentric residual body.

Merozoites of the first type developed into a large broad form representing early schizonts of the second type. The latter developed into thin young intraerythrocytic forms and apparently later into encapsulated capped gametocytes.

H. pestanae, H. aegyptia and H. tunisiensis all occur in toads (Bufo regularis for the first two, and B. mauritanicus for the third), and produce characteristic encapsulated looped gametocytes in peripheral blood. The capsules contain dark‐staining material condensed into a single well‐developed cap in H. aegyptia and 1 or 2 much smaller caps in H. pestanae; this material is scattered regularly around the parasite in H. tunisiensis. The capsule of H. pestanae is more or less cylindrical along most of its length, more slender and slightly shorter than the regularly oval capsule of H. tunisiensis or the spindle‐ or egg‐shaped capsule of H. aegyptia.
Effects of × Rays on Cell Lethality and Micronuclear Number in the Ciliate Spathidium spathula*
Authors: WILLIAMS DONALD B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Spathidium spathula irradiated with 0 to 55 kr of × rays showed one or more of the following kinds of behavior: (1) Death of an undivided cell (primary death); (2) death of a descendant of an irradiated cell (secondary death); (3) permanent injury including one or more of the following: low daily division rate, excessive macronuclear enlargement, total loss of micronuclei, cytostome replication, heavy pigmentation, and decreased motility; (4) temporary division retardation for 1 to 2 days followed by apparent complete recovery; and (5) no apparent injury. The first 3 kinds of behavior increased with increasing dosage from 15 to 25 to 55 kr. At 6 kr only the last 2 categories were observed. The LD50 for 8 days was 46 kr for both primary and secondary death, or 60 kr for primary death alone.

Micronuclear number varied greatly following irradiation in lines showing either permanent or temporary injury. Two different responses occurred: (1) The micronuclear number averaged about twice the normal number of 20 with a large range (0 to 360) 1 day after exposure. The number gradually decreased during the next 2 days; (2) some cells lost all micronuclei following irradiation, the incidence increasing with dose. At 55 kr complete loss of micronuclei occurred in 96% of the surviving lines.
The Exchange of RNA and Protein During Conjugation in Tetrahymena*
Authors: McDONALD BARBARA B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Exchange of cytoplasm in Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, has been demonstrated by growing cells of 1 mating type in medium supplemented with H3‐uridine or H3‐histidine, washing, mixing with cells of an unlabeled, starved mating type, sampling conjugants at different times, and preparing autoradiographs. It was found that cytoplasmic interchange begins soon after the mates unite, and has become extensive before the end of the 1st prezygotic prophase (micronuclear crescent stage). When the RNA in one mating type had been labeled with H3‐uridine, the activity was distributed almost evenly between the mates by late stages of conjugation. These results are consistent with electron micrographs of this syngen showing small pores in the attachment region of the mates, and many free ribosomes in the cytoplasm (8,11). By contrast, when protein in one mating type had been labeled with H3‐histidine, these cells at late conjugation remained about twice as active as their originally unlabeled mates, presumably because of the physical characteristics of some structures which incorporated the amino acid (for example, cilia and membranes of the cell surface; cytoplasmic bodies, such as mitochondria, larger than the pores). That the radioactivity in the originally unlabeled cells came from their mates and not from the environment is indicated by the continued presence of inactive non‐conjugants after 1 and 2 days in the mating type mixtures. Other cells which did acquire small amounts of active cytoplasm probably had engaged in abortive conjugation, separating from labeled mates before forming and exchanging pronuclei.
Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in the Blood of Chickens Infected with Spirochetes
Authors: MOHAN R. N. , SHARMA K. N. , MEHROTRA M. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetratrichomonas gallinarum was found in the blood of 3 chickens experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina. The blood infection was successfully reproduced in healthy chickens and was accompanied by evidence that the trichomonads multiplied in the blood, ingested red blood cells, and were themselves phagocytized by leucocytes. T. gallinarum was maintained in serial passage in chicken embryos as well as in the usual trichomonad culture media.
Malic Dehydrogenase Heterogeneity in Malaria (Plasmodium lophurae and P. berghei)*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Molecular heterogeneity of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) in malaria was shown by zone electrophoresis in potato starch, starch gel, and by enzymatic activity with analogs of the coenzyme diphosphopyridine nucletide. A single anodal peak of MDH characterized the normal duck red blood cell whereas P. lophurae free of the host cell had a cathodal form of the enzyme. Infected duck erythrocytes had a combination of these electrophoretic forms. The isolated enzymes had different pH optima with oxaloacetate as substrate: pH 7.4 for the duck red cell and 6.4 for the plasmodial enzyme. The Km of each enzyme for oxaloacetate varied with the pH. The Km at pH 7.4 was 4.1 and 4.4 × 105 M for parasite and host, respectively, whereas at 6.4 it was 2.0 × 105 M for P. lophurae and 6.3 × 105M for the duck erythrocyte. At pH 7.4 both enzymes were inhibited by oxaloacetate concentrations greater than 10−4 M. P. berghei MDH also had a different electrophoretic character from that of the mouse red blood cell. Quantitatively, MDH activity increased with parasitization, and erythrocyte‐free P. lophurae contained approximately twice the activity found in the uninfected duck erythrocyte. The quantity of MDH activity of the infected cell was ca. 50% less than the sum of the activities of the parasite and the uninfected cell. It is suggested that these properties of the parasite MDH may give it a physiologic advantage over the red cell under the conditions which prevail intraerythrocytically.
The Sexual Cycle and Intercrossing in the Genus Astrephomene*
Authors: BROOKS A. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The structure and certain aspects of the physiology of the sexual cycle, including mating and zygote germination, were studied in strains of the colonial green flagellate Astrephomene gubernaculifera. Mating type inheritance was analyzed in 4 crosses among strains with 7 chromosomes and 1 cross between strains with 4 chromosomes. Results in all cases indicated that mating type was under the control of a single pair of alleles.

Twenty‐six morphologically identical clones from separate geographic areas were studied with regard to sexual compatibility. On the basis of intercrossing, 6 sexually isolated groups were recognized. Complete gene flow (genetic compatibility) was found among the strains comprising intercrossing Group I.