bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Election Competition for National Party Survival: An Analysis of Merlimau By-Election in Malaysia
Authors: M. Moniruzzaman
Published: March 2016

Party politics in Malaysia has become tumultuous over the past two decades. As such national and regional level elections as well as by-elections have become equally sensitive for party politics. Of late by-elections have taken a special position as they are considered unseasonal barometer for testing popularity and legitimacy of the incumbent and the opposition competition. The effect of the dramatic 2008 national general elections in Malaysia continued during the subsequent three years through nearly one and a half dozen by-elections throughout the country. Until November 2010, the opposition remained jubilant over its victory in eight out of 11 by-elections maintaining the funfair of the rising opposition unprecedented in Malaysia’s election history. But the tide started to dwindle with the subsequent three wins in Galas, Tenang and Batu Sapi by the ruling coalition turning the trend around. Under this circumstance came the Merlimau by-election in March 2011. Reflecting the reality on the ground, therefore, this by-election became a battleground for party political survival for both the ruling and opposition coalitions. This article discusses the campaign strategies of the competing coalitions, the results of the election, and its implications. The importance of this by-election is that it reflected the intensity of national level electoral sensitivity since the ruling party’s political survival was dependent upon wining this election against a series of by-elections won by the opposition.
Bilious Vomiting Syndrome in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 20 Cases (2002–2012)
Authors: Ferguson Leah , Wennogle Sara A. , Webb Craig B.
Published: March 2016

Bilious vomiting syndrome (BVS) is a condition historically associated with early morning vomiting of bile, but it is otherwise poorly characterized. The vomiting is thought to result from a reflux of duodenal fluid into the gastric lumen causing mucosal irritation. Medical records from Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (CSUVTH) were searched for “canine” and “bilious vomiting syndrome” between 2002 and 2012. Visual inspection confirmed a diagnosis of BVS during the case history. The diagnosis remained BVS for the duration of the dog's contact with the hospital in 17 cases. Therapy involved frequent feedings, late evening meals, gastric acid reducers, prokinetics, and gastroprotectants. Twelve dogs improved with therapy. Five dogs did not improve or were lost to follow-up. The diagnosis of BVS was supplanted in three cases with gastric adenocarcinoma, dietary indiscretion, and hepatopathy. The patient most likely given a diagnosis of BVS would be a young, mixed-breed, castrated male dog with a chronic history of vomiting bile. Response to therapy suggests abnormal gastrointestinal motility, local gastritis, gastric pH, or stimulation of the emetic center may be important factors in BVS. Dogs diagnosed with BVS rarely received a diagnostic evaluation sufficient to qualify it as a diagnosis of exclusion.
Minimally Invasive Drainage of a Post-Laminectomy Subfascial Seroma with Cervical Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: Kitshoff Adriaan Mynhardt , Van Goethem Bart , Cornelis Ine , Combes Anais , DVM Ingeborgh Polis , Gielen Ingrid , Vandekerckhove Peter , de Rooster Hilde
Published: March 2016

A 14 mo old female neutered Doberman pinscher was evaluated for difficulty in rising, a wide based stance, pelvic limb gait abnormalities, and cervical pain of 2 mo duration. Neurologic examination revealed pelvic limb ataxia and cervical spinal hyperesthesia. Spinal reflexes and cranial nerve examination were normal. The pathology was localized to the C1-C5 or C6-T2 spinal cord segments. Computed tomography (CT) findings indicated bony proliferation of the caudal articular processes of C6 and the cranial articular processes of C7, resulting in bilateral dorsolateral spinal cord compression that was more pronounced on the left side. A limited dorsal laminectomy was performed at C6–C7. Due to progressive neurological deterioration, follow-up CT examination was performed 4 days postoperatively. At the level of the laminectomy defect, a subfacial seroma had developed, entering the spinal canal and causing significant spinal cord compression. Under ultrasonographic guidance a closed-suction wound catheter was placed. Drainage of the seroma successfully relieved its compressive effects on the spinal cord and the patient's neurological status improved. CT was a valuable tool in assessing spinal cord compression as a result of a postoperative subfascial seroma. Minimally invasive application of a wound catheter can be successfully used to manage this condition.
Sustentabilidade E Análise de Solvência: Um estudo de empresas selecionadas de capital aberto do setor de açúcar e álcool no Brasil
Authors: Cardoso Júnior Leuter Duarte , França Clévia Israel Faria , Zapparoli Irene Domenes , Faria Nathália Caroline
Published: March 2016

O setor sucroalcooleiro no Brasil passou a ter uma representação e dinâmica diferente nos últimos anos, visto os preços no mercado nacional e internacional baixos para o açúcar e as limitações para produção de etanol e, outro fator de relevância são custos maiores de produção. Há que se considerar que esse segmento econômico leva em consideração os padrões de sustentabilidade de produção. Neste sentido a questão problema desta pesquisa é verificar qual é a condição financeira e de solvência das companhias Biosev S/A e São Martinho para os anos de 2012 a 2014? Considerando esta questão problema, o objetivo central esta em verificar a solvência destas companhias de capital aberto. Para análise de solvência utilizou-se modelos de análise discriminante: Kanitz, Matias e Elizabetsky e, para que fosse possível utilizar os modelos coletaram-se dados por meio das demonstrações contábeis e financeiras das companhias. O principal resultado é que as companhias têm baixa liquidez e são insolventes segundo os modelos de análise discriminante utilizados.
Análise da evolução da produtividade do milho em estados selecionados no Brasil para os anos de 2001 e 2011
Authors: Favro Jackelline , Caravieri Ana Maria Machado , Marconato Marcio , Nascimento Sidnei Pereira do , Camara Marcia Regina Gabardo da , Caldarelli Carlos Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a produtividade do milho, para os anos de 2001 e 2011, nos estados que possuem maior produção. A metodologia utilizada é a análise exploratória dos dados espaciais (AEDE), para verificar a existência de clusters locais e globais com alta eficiência produtiva na produção deste cereal. Os dados utilizados foram à produtividade de todos os municípios do Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Bahia. Os dados para o cálculo da produtividade – quantidade e área plantada – foram coletados a partir da Pesquisa Agrícola Municipal (PAM) do IBGE. A análise dos resultados permite observar ao longo dos anos a presença de clusters eficientes que contribuem para ganhos de parcelas adicionais de mercado deste grão, o que concorre para o desenvolvimento do agronegócio na economia brasileira. Neste contexto, o estudo conclui que há clusters de eficiência na produção, com elevada produtividade na cultura de milho nos estados que se destacam como maiores produtores deste cereal no Brasil.
Uma análise das condições de saúde nos municípios paranaenses
Authors: Barbosa Ovídio Cesar , Nascimento Sidnei Pereira do , Dalmas José Carlos
Published: March 2016

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as condições de saúde nos municípios paranaenses verificando quais deles melhor otimizam os recursos disponíveis, consequentemente ofertando mais e melhores serviços à população. Neste enfoque, primeiramente procurou-se caracterizar a saúde pública no Brasil, no estado do Paraná e em seus municípios. Em seguida construiu-se um Indicador de Desempenho para cada município do estado (ID) e foram utilizadas variáveis selecionadas que representam mortalidade e longevidade nos 399 municípios paranaenses – mortalidade infantil, mortalidade até os 5 anos, expectativa de vida e probabilidade de atingir 60 anos. Com relação às variáveis, as que dizem respeito aos gastos com saúde, o período analisado foi de 2007 a 2010, as informações sobre a população são referentes ao Censo 2010 e as relacionadas à infraestrutura e saúde da população, foram coletadas junto ao DATASUS. A análise dos resultados permitiu verificar a existência de municípios que conseguem equacionar melhor seus insumos e desta forma oferecem um melhor serviço à sua população, consequentemente o seu ID é melhor. Também se verificou que os municípios considerados de Grande Porte são menos dependentes das transferências correntes do Estado e da União, e apresentaram melhor ID. O município de Colombo foi o que apresentou o melhor Indicador de Desempenho, enquanto que os municípios de Cruzmaltina e Cantagalo têm o pior ID do Estado.
O reflexo da mecanização da colheita da cana de açúcar na remuneração aos fornecedores independentes da região de Sertãozinho
Authors: Torcato Almir Aparecido , Fachinelli Angel dos Santos
Published: March 2016

A prática da queima da cana-de açúcar vêm sendo discutida pela sociedade agrícola, setor público e indústria em detrimento a algumas questões trabalhistas e ambientais. Como solução para esta questão, a colheita mecanizada tornou-se única opção possível de evitar a queima e por questões legais foi imposta aos agricultores. Nesse sentido, o estudo discutiu o problema da queima de cana e a colheita mecanizada nos âmbitos da região de Sertãozinho sob os aspectos legais e questionou o impacto gerado pela mecanização na qualidade da matéria prima. A região de Sertãozinho foi utilizada como estudo de caso e as informações foram obtidas através da associação de fornecedores de cana desta região. Concluiu-se que os fornecedores de cana deixaram de recolher a quantia de 384 milhões de reais e a unidade industrial deixou de produzir 493.000 toneladas de açúcar branco que poderiam ser absorvidos pelo mercado, o mesmo se refletiu no etanol hidratado, sendo que 205.000 metros cúbicos também não foram produzidos, com isso os dados denotam que os reflexos financeiros da produtividade com a colheita mecanizada são inferiores aos da colheita queimada.
Domingos Vandelli e o déficit no real erário português no final dos setecentos
Authors: Costa Ricardo Dalla
Published: March 2016

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a política econômica sugerida por Domingos Vandelli para equacionar a difícil situação econômica de Portugal no final dos setecentos. Iniciando com uma prévia proposta de Vandelli sobre institucionalização do conhecimento na Sciencia das Finanças para posteriormente expor as dificuldades na manutenção do Reino em momentos não justificáveis como ordenados onerosos e mesmo gastos militares, investimentos em manufatura, artes e ciência sem que houvesse naquele momento uma real economia de guerra. Como resultado, não se concretizou a ideia de uma Sociedade Econômica portuguesa uma vez que fora transmutado em uma Academia de Ciências. No que diz respeito ao déficit no Real Erário, verificou-se aumento dos gastos do Estado português concomitantemente com a queda na arrecadação do além-mar, e por fim, o oportunismo por trás das dificuldades financeiras da metrópole levava Vandelli a fazer duras críticas aos gestores financeiros e usurários que tiravam proveito de uma situação emblemática e sugerir políticas econômicas para equilibrar  as finanças públicas.
Financial Markets’ Governance, Transparency and Informational Efficiency: Role of IfRS Norms, Auditors and Financial Analysts
Authors: Lamiri Imen , Boubaker Adel
Published: March 2016

This article explores the informational role of three essential modern financial markets actors such IFRS norms, the Big”4” and the financial analysts for a panel of emergent and developed countries during the period from 2001 to 2010. We hypothesis that these mechanisms help improving the quality of specific information incorporated into stock prices measured by the stock price synchronicity (SPS). The main result is that both financial analyst’s coverage and IFRS adoption's effects seem to be stronger for emerging than developed markets. The results also show a negative relationship between auditors’ opinion and coefficient of determination (R2).
Creating Shared Value: the Fundamental Ontology of Establishing and Movement in Business
Authors: Nittapaipapon Nishchapat , Atchattabhan Thithit
Published: March 2016

The creation of CSV concept of Porter and Kramer (2011) has uncovered in empirical evidence to both of academic and business practical which a concept prominently manifested currently and future of business prospect. The anticipation and challenge manipulating have become meaningful and sophisticated hence; this article aims to explore a new aspect of CSV as the fundamental ontology of business creation and examine the movement in the business founded on the opportunity to create social value. The resulting proposes creating shared value (CSV) indeed defined as the fundamental of business procreation where business can express manifesting to establish the competitive advantage particularly the transformation changed reciprocated to social value. The three case studies enlighten the significant of focused strategy and the adaptability direction of business needed to engage shareholder anticipation which seems to be crucial for social value creation. In addition, manipulation of CSV-single value focused strategy deals with business operation and social value creation as a favorable arrangement.
Collective Efficacy as a Mediator of the Relationship between Authentic Leadership and Well-being at Work
Authors: Ozkan Semra , Ceylan Adnan
Published: March 2016

Prior research, both theoretically and empirically, has revealed that authentic leadership is positively related to work attitudes and behaviors. But the fundamental mechanisms through which an authentic leader utilizes his/her influence on followers have not fully been explored. To provide a clear insight into authentic leadership and the inner working of the construct, further research is needed. This study addresses that needs and proposes that positive organizational outcomes are fundamentally related with the emotions felt by followers at work and followers' belief in their competences. Thus, the mechanisms that link the authentic leadership behavior to positive work outcomes are followers' well-being at work and collective efficacy perceptions. In this way, the aim of present study is to explore the influence of authentic leadership behavior on employees' well-being at work and also develop a clear understanding about the role of collective efficacy perceptions of employees' in that relationship. We conducted the research with full-time employed 556 construction engineers. Consequently, structural equation modeling results exposed that there is a positive relationship between authentic leadership and well-being at work. Moreover collective efficacy perception of employees' partially mediates this relationship. The implications of results and routes for future research are argued.
The Correlation between Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Astronomy Achievement, Attitudes towards Astronomy and Spatial Thinking Skills
Authors: TURK Cumhur
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in pre-service Science teachers’ astronomy achievement, attitudes towards astronomy and skills for spatial thinking in terms of their years of study. Another purpose of the study was to find out whether there was correlation between pre-service teachers’ astronomy achievement, attitudes towards astronomy and skills for spatial thinking. The study was conducted with 280 pre-service teachers (freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors) studying at the education faculty of a university in Black Sea Region of Turkey. The data were collected through Astronomy Achievement Test, Astronomy Attitude Test and Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations. One way factor analysis (One-Way Anova) technique for independent groups was used for data analysis in order to find out whether pre-service teachers’ astronomy achievement, attitudes towards astronomy and skills for spatial thinking differed in terms of their years of study. In order to find out whether there was correlation between pre-service teachers’ astronomy achievement, attitudes towards astronomy and skills for spatial thinking, simple linear correlation analysis was conducted and Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient was checked. The results of the data analysis showed that pre-service teachers’ astronomy achievement, attitudes towards astronomy and skills for spatial thinking differed significantly in terms of their years of study. In addition, a low positive correlation was found between pre-service teachers’ astronomy achievement and attitudes towards astronomy while a high positive correlation was found between pre-service teachers’ astronomy achievement and their skills for spatial thinking. In line with these results, recommendations were made to increase the number of astronomy classes in education faculties and to teach astronomy not only in fourth year but also in the first three years.
Simulação e análise do atendimento em dois supermercados que utilizam sistemas de produção puxada e empurrada
Authors: Gava Marisa Carla Voigt , Araujo Sidnei Alves de
Published: March 2016

No presente artigo são analisadas as diferenças nos tempos de espera e atendimento ao cliente impactados pelos sistemas de produção empurrada e puxada. A produção se refere ao serviço de fatiamento dos frios mussarela e presunto. A pesquisa envolveu dois supermercados da cidade de São Paulo, denominados S1 e S2. O supermercado S1 utiliza uma produção empurrada, deixando um estoque de frios devidamente fatiados, enquanto o supermercado S2 utiliza uma produção puxada, cortando os frios somente quando solicitado pelo cliente. O objetivo foi comparar os tempos de espera e atendimento ao cliente por meio de simulações com o software Arena e verificar os impactos gerados pelos diferentes sistemas de produção. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas nos tempos de permanência nas filas e no percentual de ocupação dos atendentes dos supermercados considerados.
Sustentabilidade empresarial, desempenho e valor corporativo: Uma análise no setor elétrico brasileiro
Authors: Gezer Silva de Oliveira Isaac , Cardoso Sâmela Pedrada
Published: March 2016

O contexto econômico atual demanda práticas de sustentabilidade por parte das corporações a fim de alinhar os interesses entre seus diversos atores sociais. Partindo da hipótese de que a valor corporativo e o desempenho econômico estão associados positivamente com as práticas de sustentabilidade, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre valor e desempenho e práticas de sustentabilidade no setor elétrico brasileiro, capitadas pela participação no Índice de Sustentabilidade empresarial Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo e suas respectivas ações. Foram estimados modelos de regressão linear com dados em painel, teste t de diferenças de médias e regressão probit para análise multivariada dos dados. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que empresas que participam do Índice de Sustentabilidade possuem maior desempenho e valor corporativo. Conclui-se que a adoção de tais práticas além de atender preceitos éticos, legais e societários contribui para a criação de valor corporativo e desenvolvimento empresarial sustentável.
Proposta de método de otimização-simulação para apoiar a tomada de decisão em internalização de processos produtivos
Authors: Da Silva Gustavo Furtado , Frazzon Enzo Morosini , Casarotto Filho Nelson
Published: March 2016

Terceirização é uma prática que pode resultar em vantagens econômicas e competitivas, caso sua aplicação seja avaliada frente a diferentes alternativas estratégicas como, por exemplo, a produção interna. Neste artigo é proposta a utilização de uma abordagem híbrida de simulação e otimização para analisar a internalização das operações do setor de acabamento de uma linha de conduletes de alumínio. O objetivo é identificar a quantidade ótima de lotes que devem ser processados internamente, de forma que 100% da demanda seja atendida. A otimização considera a capacidade produtiva como uma importante restrição, enquanto a simulação adiciona valores estocásticos ao modelo de produção para garantir a confiabilidade do plano de produção. Os resultados obtidos com a abordagem híbrida mostraram que a cada iteração do método, a taxa de atendimento ao cliente se aproxima do objetivo com um baixo impacto nos custos finais.
Modularidade na indústria automotiva: seleção de um portfólio de artigos para pesquisa por meio de uma análise bibliométrica
Authors: Henriques Fabrício , Cauchick Miguel Paulo A.
Published: March 2016

A modularidade é uma estratégia adotada por diversos setores industriais, dentre eles o automotivo, seja no desenvolvimento de novos produtos ou na configuração produtiva industrial. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma seleção de publicações referentes a modularidade sob o contexto da indústria automotiva por meio de uma análise bibliométrica sobre os autores e periódicos proeminentes do tema. O processo apresentou, no portfólio bibliográfico final, 11 artigos relevantes e alinhados com o tema de pesquisa, oriundos de quatro bases internacionais. Na análise bibliométrica foi avaliado o portfólio selecionado, os artigos mais relevantes, os autores, as palavras-chave e os periódicos que mais publicaram sobre o assunto em questão. Assim, puderam ser identificadas as publicações que mais se destacaram na área de modularidade no setor automotivo, bem como seus autores e periódicos.
The Emergence of the Early Modern Concept of System
Authors: Talaska Richard A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

This study is meant to provide a means of understanding the change of philosophic perspective from the naive classical view that natures manifest themselves to mind to the modern view that they do so only as mediated by thought or speech. It does so by tracing the emergence of the early modern concept that philosophy must be presented as a system of propositions or laws in order to be scientific. It is argued that certain early moderns adopted the term system from the Stoic definition of art, and that they clearly delineated the essential characteristics of systematicity but spoke only of systems of individual sciences. Régis first applied the term to philosophy as a whole, but Hobbes before him conceived of system in Régis's sense. The conclusion is a more precise understanding of the origin of the modern use of the term and of the meaning of the early modern concept of philosophic system.
The Last Word: Learn to Tie Your Shoelaces . . . Please!
Authors: Lytte Melanie A.
Published: March 2016

I had to know how to tie my shoelaces before I left kindergarten. It was on my report card.But apparently you don’t have to know how to do that anymore, or at least not in our local school district. I find that to be a real problem for me professionally!
Quality of sibling relationship and substance misuse: A comparative study
Authors: Tsamparli Anastasia , Frrokaj Elvisa
Published: March 2016

The aim of the current study is to examine the quality of sibling relationship in families with a sibling with substance misuse (SSU) and compare the relationship to families with a sibling with no use (SNU). Thirty-six (36) families participated in the study (17 with SSU and 19 with SNU; N = 144). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 siblings (20 SNU and 20 SSU; 18-31 years old) in order to qualitatively investigate the characteristics of the sibling relationship. The siblings were not identified with any psychopathology, according to SCL-90R. Moreover, we considered the family cohesion and adaptability, as identified by the FACES III (administered to the whole sample) and the family constellation (including number of children, birth order, gender, family size, family structure, years of substance misuse and socioeconomic level). The results of the thematic analysis seem to support Furman and Buhrmester’s (1985) framework, in the context of SNU families. Nevertheless, when considering families with SSU the framework is enriched with a new axis: Loss/mourning. The substance misuse seems to provoke an overturn of the representation of the sibling relationship: the behavioral changes (i.e. disengagement) of the sibling with drug use are experienced as a loss by the sibling non user, thus triggering the psychological process of ‘mourning’. Moreover, in these families, the sibling with no drug use seem to experience differential parenting, they feel neglected, angry and they take up a parental role towards the SSU, whom they experience as “sensitive” and “vulnerable”.
The ‘blame game’: Discourse analysis of family members’ and therapist negotiation of problem definition in systemic family therapy
Authors: Patrika Pinelopi , Tseliou Eleftheria
Published: March 2016

The present article aims at shedding light to the complex ways in which blame and responsibility are negotiated, when family members and the therapist engage in problem definition talk in systemic family therapy. The article draws from a qualitative research study which was designed to explore problem talk in systemic family therapy by means of discourse analysis methodology. Nine videotaped initial systemic family therapy sessions in which four different therapists and six different families with a variety of reported difficulties were sampled. They were transcribed verbatim and subjected to micro-analysis by means of the Discursive Action Model. In the present article, we present the detailed analysis of one of the identified patterns of blame allocation, in which family members are shown to construct the identified patient’s deviation from normality as the cause of their difficulties while the therapist is shown to attempt to exonerate blame from the identified patient by means of positive connotation. We discuss the implications of our analysis for theory development and clinical practice in the field, in the context of a growing body of related research. We also hint to the potential of discourse analysis methodology for family therapy research.
Parents’ and school career counsellors’ evaluations of the occupational competence of children with dyslexia
Authors: Diakogiorgi Kleopatra , Tsiligirian Ermioni
Published: March 2016

This article studies the cognitions of (a) parents of children with dyslexia and (b) school career counsellors about possible career choices for dyslexic children, by comparing their evaluations of occupational competence (EOCs) for dyslexic children, to those for children without dyslexia. For dyslexic children, 116 participants rated the suitability of 28 occupations, varying according to the required level of written-language use. For children without dyslexia, the same participants rated these same occupations according to if they estimated it might be a “good” occupational choice or not. Participants were free to take into account different criteria often used when considering a job (employability, remuneration, prestige, job security, career prospects). By the aforementioned differentiation of terms used (i.e. suitability vs “goodness”), it was indirectly solicited from the participants to also consider the impairment in their judgement. The results showed that occupations requiring high written-language skills were evaluated as “good” for children without dyslexia but less suitable for children with dyslexia. The exact opposite trend was observed for occupations having lower such requirements. Another noteworthy result is the discrepancy between the ratings obtained from counsellors and those from parents: while both groups provided similar ratings for children without dyslexia, substantial differences were recorded when rating the suitability of these same jobs for dyslexic children. This different pattern of cognitions is discussed herein, and their connection with parental expectations and aspirations is analysed, while contrasted with shifts due to counsellors’ stereotypical views.
Review of Acute Traumatic Closed Mallet Finger Injuries in Adults
Authors: Salazar Botero Santiago , Hidalgo Diaz Juan Jose , Benaïda Anissa , Collon Sylvie , Facca Sybille , Liverneaux Philippe André
Published: March 2016

In adults, mallet finger is a traumatic zone I lesion of the extensor tendon with either tendon rupture or bony avulsion at the base of the distal phalanx. High-energy mechanisms of injury generally occur in young men, whereas lower energy mechanisms are observed in elderly women. The mechanism of injury is an axial load applied to a straight digit tip, which is then followed by passive extreme distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) hyperextension or hyperflexion. Mallet finger is diagnosed clinically, but an X-ray should always be performed. Tubiana's classification takes into account the size of the bony articular fragment and DIPJ subluxation. We propose to stage subluxated fractures as stage III if the subluxation is reducible with a splint and as stage IV if not. Left untreated, mallet finger becomes chronic and leads to a swan-neck deformity and DIPJ osteoarthritis. The goal of treatment is to restore active DIPJ extension. The results of a six- to eight-week conservative course of treatment with a DIPJ splint in slight hyperextension for tendon lesions or straight for bony avulsions depends on patient compliance. Surgical treatments vary in terms of the approach, the reduction technique, and the means of fixation. The risks involved are stiffness, septic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. Given the lack of consensus regarding indications for treatment, we propose to treat all cases of mallet finger with a dorsal glued splint except for stage IV mallet finger, which we treat with extra-articular pinning.
Photogrammetric Analysis of Attractiveness in Indian Faces
Authors: Duggal Shveta , Kapoor DN , Verma Santosh , Sagar Mahesh , Lee Yung-Seop , Moon Hyoungjin , Rhee Seung Chul
Published: March 2016

Background The objective of this study was to assess the attractive facial features of the Indian population. We tried to evaluate subjective ratings of facial attractiveness and identify which facial aesthetic subunits were important for facial attractiveness.

Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of 150 samples (referred to as candidates). Frontal photographs were analyzed. An orthodontist, a prosthodontist, an oral surgeon, a dentist, an artist, a photographer and two laymen (estimators) subjectively evaluated candidates' faces using visual analog scale (VAS) scores. As an objective method for facial analysis, we used balanced angular proportional analysis (BAPA). Using SAS 10.1 (SAS Institute Inc.), the Turkey's studentized range test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to detect between-group differences in VAS scores (Experiment 1), to identify correlations between VAS scores and BAPA scores (Experiment 2), and to analyze the characteristic features of facial attractiveness and gender differences (Experiment 3); the significance level was set at P=0.05.

Results Experiment 1 revealed some differences in VAS scores according to professional characteristics. In Experiment 2, BAPA scores were found to behave similarly to subjective ratings of facial beauty, but showed a relatively weak correlation coefficient with the VAS scores. Experiment 3 found that the decisive factors for facial attractiveness were different for men and women. Composite images of attractive Indian male and female faces were constructed.

Conclusions Our photogrammetric study, statistical analysis, and average composite faces of an Indian population provide valuable information about subjective perceptions of facial beauty and attractive facial structures in the Indian population.
Ten Years of Results of Modified Frontalis Muscle Transfer for the Correction of Blepharoptosis
Authors: Kim Woo Jeong , Park Dae Hwan , Han Dong Gil
Published: March 2016

Background Conventional frontalis transfer may cause a range of complications. In order to overcome complications, we made modifications to the surgical technique, and compared the outcomes of patients who underwent conventional frontalis transfer with those of patients who underwent modified frontalis transfer.

Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 48 patients (78 eyes) who underwent conventional frontalis transfer between 1991 and 2003 (group A) and 67 patients (107 eyes) who underwent modified frontalis transfer between 2004 and 2014 (group B). The frontalis transfer procedures were modified conform to the following principles. The tip of the frontalis muscle flap included soft tissue that was as thick as possible and the soft tissue on the tarsal plate was removed to the greatest extent possible. A double fold was created in cases of unilateral ptosis. In order to evaluate the objective effects of modification, preoperative and postoperative values of the marginal distance reflex 1 (MRD1), the corneal exposure area, and the decrease in eyebrow height were compared between the two groups.

Results In group A, patients showed an improvement of 1.19 mm in the MRD1, a 6.31% improvement in the corneal exposure area, and a 7.82 mm decrease in eyebrow height. In group B, patients showed an improvement of 2.17 mm in the MRD1, an 8.39% improvement in the corneal exposure area, and an 11.54 mm decrease in eyebrow height. The improvements in group B were significantly greater than those in group A.

Conclusions Modified frontalis transfer showed better results than the conventional procedure and provided satisfactory outcomes.
A Modified, Direct Neck Lift Technique: The Cervical Wave-Plasty
Authors: Parsa Fereydoun Don , Castel Nikki , Parsa Natalie Niloufar
Published: March 2016

Background Major problems with cervicoplasty by direct skin excision include the subjective nature of skin markings preoperatively and the confusing array of procedures offered. This technique incorporates curved incisions, resulting in a wave-like scar, which is why the procedure is called a "wave-plasty".

Methods This prospective study includes 37 patients who underwent wave-plasty procedures from 2004 to 2015. Skin pinching technique was used to mark the anterior neck preoperatively in a reproducible fashion. Intra-operatively, redundant skin was excised, along with excess fat when necessary, and closed to form a wave-shaped scar. Patients were asked to follow up at 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery.

Results The mean operation time was 70.8 minutes. The majority (81.3%) was satisfied with their progress. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 being the worst, and 10 being the best), the scars were objectively graded on average 5.5 when viewed from the front and 7.3 when seen from the side 6 months after surgery. Complications consisted of one partial wound dehiscence (2.3%), one incidence of hypertrophic scarring (2.3%), and two cases of under-resection requiring revision (5.4%).

Conclusions In select patients, surgical rejuvenation of the neck may be obtained through wave-like incisions to remove redundant cervical skin when other options are not available. The technique is reproducible, easily teachable and carries low morbidity and high patient satisfaction in carefully chosen patients.
Detailhandel på museum. Om arbejdet med Den Gamle Bys butikker og gademiljø.
Authors: Andersen Berit Guldmann , Frandsen Allan Leth
Published: March 2016

I 2002 besluttede Den Gamle By at fortælle 1900-tallets Danmarkshistorie ved at udvide museet med to nye bykvarterer – et 1927-kvarter og et 1974-kvarter. Indtil da havde museet i al væsentlighed arbejdet med 16-, 17- og 1800-tallets historie, og der forestod (og forestår) derfor et stort arbejde med vidensopsamling og -generering i form af forskning og undersøgelser om den moderne bys udseende. Da detailhandelen er en meget synlig nyskabelse i den moderne by i forhold til de perioder, museet allerede præsenterer, var behovet for viden på ikke mindst dette område af stor betydning. I artiklen giver vi et overblik over 1900-tallets butiksudvikling i Danmark, og vi gør rede for de undersøgelser, der er gået forud for etableringen af butikkerne i Den Gamle Bys nye bykvarterer.

Abstract

In connection with the development of two new town districts – for 1927 and 1974 respectively – at the open-air museum, Den Gamle By (”The Old Town”)  in Århus, its staff undertook a number of studies, one of which concerned the history of  retail trade in Denmark.

Retail trade is an important factor in the formation of the modern urban streetscape. Urbanisation and industrialisation prompted an increase in shops from the mid-19th century onwards. By the end of World War 1, retailing had developed from merchant’s houses offering a wide assortment of goods, to strictly specialised shops.

In tandem with this development, the visual appearance of the shops in the streetscape changed: from being next to invisible, marked only by a discrete sign on the wall around 1850, to the almost obtrusively large window sections, glossy advertisements and rich illumination of the interwar shop fronts.

The retail trade continued to develop significantly in the 20th century: from relatively small establishments of independent grocers, greengrocers, butchers and bakers to large supermarkets offering all such goods under one roof. Consequently, food shops were largely replaced by service enterprises. From the 1960s onwards, the pedestrian streets in the city centres, as well as the assemblages of large supermarkets and other businesses on the outskirts, came to characterise the larger cities.
Behavioral training promotes multiple adaptive processes following acute hearing loss
Authors: Keating Peter , Rosenior-Patten Onayomi , Dahmen Johannes C , Bell Olivia , King Andrew J
Published: March 2016

The brain possesses a remarkable capacity to compensate for changes in inputs resulting from a range of sensory impairments. Developmental studies of sound localization have shown that adaptation to asymmetric hearing loss can be achieved either by reinterpreting altered spatial cues or by relying more on those cues that remain intact. Adaptation to monaural deprivation in adulthood is also possible, but appears to lack such flexibility. Here we show, however, that appropriate behavioral training enables monaurally-deprived adult humans to exploit both of these adaptive processes. Moreover, cortical recordings in ferrets reared with asymmetric hearing loss suggest that these forms of plasticity have distinct neural substrates. An ability to adapt to asymmetric hearing loss using multiple adaptive processes is therefore shared by different species and may persist throughout the lifespan. This highlights the fundamental flexibility of neural systems, and may also point toward novel therapeutic strategies for treating sensory disorders.
Alleviation of neuronal energy deficiency by mTOR inhibition as a treatment for mitochondria-related neurodegeneration
Authors: Zheng Xinde , Boyer Leah , Jin Mingji , Kim Yongsung , Fan Weiwei , Bardy Cedric , Berggren Travis , Evans Ronald M , Gage Fred H , Hunter Tony
Published: March 2016

mTOR inhibition is beneficial in neurodegenerative disease models and its effects are often attributable to the modulation of autophagy and anti-apoptosis. Here, we report a neglected but important bioenergetic effect of mTOR inhibition in neurons. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin significantly preserves neuronal ATP levels, particularly when oxidative phosphorylation is impaired, such as in neurons treated with mitochondrial inhibitors, or in neurons derived from maternally inherited Leigh syndrome (MILS) patient iPS cells with ATP synthase deficiency. Rapamycin treatment significantly improves the resistance of MILS neurons to glutamate toxicity. Surprisingly, in mitochondrially defective neurons, but not neuroprogenitor cells, ribosomal S6 and S6 kinase phosphorylation increased over time, despite activation of AMPK, which is often linked to mTOR inhibition. A rapamycin-induced decrease in protein synthesis, a major energy-consuming process, may account for its ATP-saving effect. We propose that a mild reduction in protein synthesis may have the potential to treat mitochondria-related neurodegeneration.
Postnatal development of retrosplenial projections to the parahippocampal region of the rat
Authors: Sugar Jørgen , Witter Menno P
Published: March 2016

The rat parahippocampal region (PHR) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) are cortical areas important for spatial cognition. In PHR, head-direction cells are present before eye-opening, earliest detected in postnatal day (P)11 animals. Border cells have been recorded around eye-opening (P16), while grid cells do not obtain adult-like features until the fourth postnatal week. In view of these developmental time-lines, we aimed to explore when afferents originating in RSC arrive in PHR. To this end, we injected rats aged P0-P28 with anterograde tracers into RSC. First, we characterized the organization of RSC-PHR projections in postnatal rats and compared these results with data obtained in the adult. Second, we described the morphological development of axonal plexus in PHR. We conclude that the first arriving RSC-axons in PHR, present from P1 onwards, already show a topographical organization similar to that seen in adults, although the labeled plexus does not obtain adult-like densities until P12.
Inherent instability by antibonding coupling in AgSbTe2
Authors: Shinya Hikari , Masago Akira , Fukushima Tetsuya , Katayama-Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: March 2016

In the present paper, an inherent instability in the ternary chalcogenide compound AgSbTe2 is described from the electronic structure viewpoint. Our calculations, which are based on the cluster expansion method, suggest nine stable crystal structures involving the most stable structure with

symmetry. The effective pair interactions calculated by the generalized perturbation method point out that the stability of these structures originates from the number of linear arrangements of the Ag–Te–Sb atomic bonds. Moreover, it is found that AgSbTe2 has a special electronic structure, where the dominant components of the top of the valence band are the Te-5p antibonding states. Such an antibonding contribution leads to an inherent instability, such that the system spontaneously forms various mutation phases caused by charge-compensated defect complexes. We propose that these mutation phases play an important role in the thermal conductivity and thermoelectric efficiency in AgSbTe2.
Behavior of incorporated nitrogen in plasma-nitrided silicon oxide formed by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Shinoda Nao , Itokawa Hiroshi , Fujitsuka Ryota , Sekine Katsuyuki , Onoue Seiji , Tonotani Junichi
Published: March 2016

The behavior of nitrogen (N) atoms in plasma-nitrided silicon oxide (SiO2) formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was characterized by physical analysis and from electrical properties. The changes in the chemical bonding and distribution of N in plasma-nitrided SiO2 were investigated for different subsequent processes. N–Si3, N–Si2O, and N2 are formed in a SiO2 film by plasma nitridation. N2 molecules diffuse out during annealing at temperatures higher than 900 °C. NH species are generated from N2 molecules and H in the SiO2 film with subsequent oxide deposition using O3 as an oxidant. The capacitance–voltage (C–V) curves of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors are obtained. The negative shift of the C–V curve is caused by the increase in the density of positive fix charge traps in CVD-SiO2 induced by plasma nitridation. The C–V curve of plasma-nitrided SiO2 subjected to annealing shifts to the positive direction and that subjected to the subsequent oxide deposition shifts markedly to the negative direction. It is clarified that the density of positive charge fixed traps in plasma-nitrided SiO2 films decrease because the amount of N2 molecules is decreased by annealing, and that the density of traps increases because NH species are generated and move to the interface between SiO2 and the Si substrate with the subsequent oxide deposition.
Effect of current stress during thermal CVD of multilayer graphene on cobalt catalytic layer
Authors: Ueno Kazuyoshi , Ichikawa Hiroyasu , Uchida Takaki
Published: March 2016

To improve the crystallinity of multilayer graphene (MLG) by CVD at a low temperature, the effect of current stress during thermal CVD on a cobalt (Co) catalytic layer was investigated. The crystallinity of MLG obtained by CVD with current was higher than that without current at the same temperature. This indicates that current has effects besides the Joule heating effect. The current effects on the Co catalytic layer and the MLG growth reaction were investigated, and it was found that current had small effects on the grain size and crystal structure of the Co catalyst and large effects on the MLG growth reaction such as large grain growth and a low activation energy of 0.49 eV, which is close to the value reported for carbon surface diffusion on Co. It is considered that the enhancement of MLG growth reaction by current leads to the improved crystallinity of MLG at a relatively low temperature.
Analysis of gate-induced drain leakage characteristics and threshold voltage modulation of plasma-doped FinFETs for low-power applications
Authors: Lee Ji-myoung , Cho Keun Hwi , Kim Dong-won , Chung Ilsub
Published: March 2016

FinFET devices were fabricated using plasma doping both at the source and drain extensions and in the channel region. In an effort to overcome dopant loss after the strip process, oxide buffer layers were deposited prior to plasma doping. Owing to the oxide buffer, 76% of the dopants were retained after the strip process and even after ashing, thereby keeping a high doping concentration of over 1 × 1020 atoms/cm3 on the surface of the Si fin. The gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) current was decreased by 2 orders of magnitude due to the shallow and abrupt plasma doping, compared to the performance with an ion implantation method. The threshold voltage (V
th) was shifted by 250 mV through plasma doping of the channel. The doping conformality was evaluated using electrical measurements and a newly-proposed method based on the GIDL data with various fin widths. The conformal doping profile with a smaller dopant loss provides a smaller GIDL current.
Estimation of local built-in potential of amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells by Kelvin force microscopy
Authors: Itoh Takashi , Ito Takanori , Kuriyama Hiroshi , Nonomura Shuichi
Published: March 2016

The local surface potential of pin-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film solar cells has been evaluated by Kelvin force microscopy (KFM). We have also estimated the local built-in potential of the solar cells by KFM. In the surface morphology image of the solar cells, large convex grains related to the textured structure of the substrate were found. The surface potential distribution related to the surface morphology was observed in the solar cells. A similar surface potential distribution was also found in an n-type hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (µc-Si:H) film. The surface potential of the solar cells was not the same as that of the n-type film. The difference in average surface potential between the n-type hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (µc-Si:H) film and the solar cells increased with increasing built-in potential. The difference in local surface potential on large convex grains was smaller than that in the region between the large convex grains.