bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early postnatal stress alters extracellular signal‐regulated kinase signaling in the corticolimbic system modulating emotional circuitry in adult rats
Authors: Ishikawa Shuhei , Saito Yasuhiro , Yanagawa Yoshiki , Otani Satoru , Hiraide Sachiko , Shimamura Kei‐ichi , Matsumoto Machiko , Togashi Hiroko
Published: December 2011

The present study elucidated whether early life stress alters the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway that underlies fear retrieval and fear extinction based on a contextual fear conditioning paradigm, using a juvenile stress model. Levels of phospho‐ERK (pERK), the active form of ERK, increased after fear retrieval in the hippocampal CA1 region but not in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). ERK activation in the CA1 following fear retrieval was not observed in adult rats who received aversive footshock (FS) stimuli during the second postnatal period (2wFS), which exhibited low levels of freezing. In fear extinction, pERK levels in the CA1 were increased by repeated extinction trials, but they were not altered after extinction retrieval. In contrast, pERK levels in the mPFC did not change during extinction training, but were enhanced after extinction retrieval. These findings were compatible in part with electrophysiological data showing that synaptic transmission in the CA1 field and mPFC was enhanced during extinction training and extinction retrieval, respectively. ERK activation in the CA1 and mPFC associated with extinction processes did not occur in rats that received FS stimuli during the third postnatal period (3wFS), which exhibited sustained freezing behavior. The repressed ERK signaling and extinction deficit observed in the 3wFS group were ameliorated by treatment with the partial N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor agonist d‐cycloserine. These findings suggest that early postnatal stress induced the downregulation of ERK signaling in distinct brain regions through region‐specific regulation, which may lead to increased behavioral abnormalities or emotional vulnerabilities in adulthood.
The modulation of motor cortex excitability during motor imagery depends on imagery quality
Authors: Lebon Florent , Byblow Winston D. , Collet Christian , Guillot Aymeric , Stinear Cathy M.
Published: December 2011

Motor imagery (MI) increases corticomotor excitability and modulates intracortical inhibition. This study aimed to relate these neurophysiological mechanisms to imagery quality. Twenty‐three healthy adults participated. First, the ability to vividly and accurately imagine performing a finger‐to‐thumb opposition task was evaluated by calculating a MI index (MII) based on psychological, behavioural and psychophysiological measurements. These scores were used to distinguish good from poor imagers. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was then used to assess modulation of corticomotor excitability, short‐interval intracortical inhibition (sICI) and short‐interval intracortical facilitation (sICF). Participants imagined abduction of their right thumb paced by a 1‐Hz metronome. Single and paired magnetic stimuli were delivered at rest, while listening to the metronome, and during or between imagined movements. Corticomotor excitability was facilitated in the right opponens pollicis for good and poor imagers during MI, and this was positively correlated to the MII score. Poor imagers also facilitated corticomotor excitability of the right abductor digiti minimi, which was not involved in the movement. No interactions were found with sICI and sICF for good imagers, whereas poor imagers recruited intracortical facilitation while imagining. Accurate MI performance was characterised by muscle‐specific temporal modulation of corticomotor excitability.
Single‐lung ventilation with carbon dioxide hemipneumothorax: hemodynamic and respiratory effects in piglets
Authors: Witt Lars , Osthaus Wilhelm Alexander , Schröder Timon , Teich Natascha , Dingemann Carmen , Kübler Joachim , Böthig Dietmar , Sümpelmann Robert
Published: December 2011

Objectives:  Video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has become a standard procedure in pediatric surgery. To facilitate surgical access, the dependent lung has to collapse using intrathoracic carbon dioxide insufflation and/or single‐lung ventilation. These procedures can induce hemodynamic deteriorations in adults. The potential impacts of single‐lung ventilation in combination with capnothorax on hemodynamics in infants have never been studied before.

Aim:  We conducted a randomized experimental study focusing on hemodynamic and respiratory changes during single‐lung ventilation with or without capnothorax in a pediatric animal model.

Methods:  Twelve piglets were randomly assigned to receive single‐lung ventilation with (SLV‐CO2) or without (SLV) capnothorax with an insufflation pressure of 5 mmHg for a period of two hours. Before, during, and after single‐lung ventilation, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were measured.

Results:  Although mean arterial pressure remained stable during the course of the study and no critical incidents were monitored, cardiac index (CI) decreased significantly with SLV‐CO2 (baseline 3.6 ± 1.6 l·min−1·m−2 vs 2.9 ± 1.1 l·min−1·m−2 at 120 min, P < 0.05). Furthermore, global end‐diastolic volume and intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) decreased as well significantly with SLV‐CO2, causing a significant between‐group difference in ITBV (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Despite a decrease in CI and preload parameters, the combination of single‐lung ventilation and low‐pressure capnothorax was well tolerated in piglets and could justify further clinical studies to be performed in infants and children focusing on hemodynamic and respiratory changes during VATS.
Biogeochemical Implications of Episodic Impoundment in a Restored Tidal Marsh of San Francisco Bay, California
Authors: Windham‐Myers Lisamarie , Ward Kristen , Marvin‐DiPasquale Mark , Agee Jennifer L. , Kieu Le H. , Kakouros Evangelos
Published: December 2011

Impounded tidal conditions often compromise coastal marsh restoration goals, through vegetation loss and other biogeochemical feedbacks. To determine if episodic marsh impoundments could be partially responsible for the observed cordgrass (Spartina foliosa) dieback at Crissy Field, Golden Gate National Recreation Area, we examined sulfur chemistry and plant stress along transects between and during tidal inlet closure events from 2007 to 2008. During closures, porewater sulfide (PW S2−) concentrations did not respond consistently among sites, nor did they increase to levels likely to cause stress damage to cordgrass (>1 mM). However, sediment solid‐phase total reduced sulfur (TRS) concentrations did respond strongly to closures both at surface and subsurface depth intervals, and they were greatest in sites with high organic matter content (>5%). The temporal patterns of both PW S2−and TRS suggest that while sulfate reduction may be enhanced during closure events, the free sulfide produced is largely precipitated into solid‐phase minerals. Even without millimolar levels of PW S2−, plant stress was observed during closures, as indicated by a buildup of ethanol in root tissues, a by‐product of fermentative respiration brought on by limited oxygen availability. Further, enhanced sulfate reduction may be related to the higher relative concentrations of methylmercury in low intertidal surface sediments observed during closure events. These data suggest that, in support of vegetated tidal marsh restoration goals, tidal flows should be maintained actively to reduce the impact of impoundment events on marsh biogeochemistry and productivity.
The Comparison of Two Recovery Room Warming Methods for Hypothermia Patients Who Had Undergone Spinal Surgery
Authors: Yang Hsiu‐Ling , Lee Hsiu‐Fang , Chu Tsung‐Lane , Su Yu‐Yun , Ho Lun‐Hui , Fan Jun‐Yu
Published: December 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the time needed to reach a specified temperature and the efficiency of two warming methods—warm cotton blankets and a radiant warmer—for hypothermia patients in a postanesthetic care unit (PACU) after spinal surgery.

Design: This study was conducted according to a quasi‐experimental design. Data were collected from a medical referral center in northern Taiwan. A total of 130 post–spinal surgery patients with hypothermia were recruited in the study.

Methods: Of the 130 patients in the PACU, 65 were warmed by the radiant warmer (group R); whereas the other 65 patients were warmed by warm cotton blankets (group B). Tympanic temperature was measured for each patient every 10 min until it reached 36°C in the PACU. Analysis of covariance and generalized estimating equation regression analysis were performed to compare the time needed to reach a specified temperature and the efficiency of the two warming methods, respectively.

Findings: Both groups were similar in their baseline characteristics. After adjusting for temperature upon arrival at the PACU, group R needed a significantly shorter time for rewarming to 36°C than group B (F [1, 125]= 58.17, p < .001). The results of the generalized estimating equation also showed that the radiant warmer was more efficient than warm cotton blankets in increasing patients’ body temperatures to 36°C (χ2= 37.44, p < .001). None of the patients appeared to have wound infections, and there were no differences in the length of hospital stay or medical costs for current hospitalization in both groups.

Conclusions: Using the radiant warmer may be a more efficient method than providing warm cotton blankets for warming post–spinal surgery hypothermia patients in the PACU.

Clinical Relevance: For hospitals that are unable to use forced‐air warming to warm postsurgical hypothermia patients in the PACU, the radiant warmer is a more efficient device to rewarm patients.

Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2011; XX:X, XXX–XXX. ©2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
A novel technique for tailored surface modification of dental implants – a step wise approach based on plasma immersion ion implantation
Authors: Meirelles Luiz , Uzumaki Emilia Tieko , Lima Jose Henrique Cavalcanti , Muller Carlos Alberto , Albrektsson Tomas , Wennerberg Ann , Lambert Carlos Salles
Published: December 2011

Objectives

A novel technique based on plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is presented to modify titanium implant surfaces.

Materials and methods

Initially, the implants are cleaned with argon to remove contaminants and the nanostructures are created by the bombardment of the surface with a mix of noble gases. Desired crystal structure of the titanium is obtained by the implantation of oxygen on the contaminant‐free surface with particular nanostructures.

Results

In this study, turned implants modified by PIII revealed a high density of rutile‐TiO2 nanostructures. Turned implants used as control revealed mainly microstructures and amorphous crystal structure. Surface roughness values were similar at the microscale for both turned and turned + PIII implants. Bone response was evaluated by removal torque tests of implants placed in the rabbit tibia and femur. After 4 weeks of healing, turned + PIII demonstrated higher removal torque values (P = 0.001) compared to turned implants.

Conclusions

The presence of rutile‐TiO2 nanostructures may explain the improved bone formation to turned + PIII implants.
Hydroxyapatite pasteOstim®, without elevation of full‐thickness flaps, improves alveolar healing stimulatingBMP‐ andVEGF‐mediated signal pathways: an experimental study in humans
Authors: Canuto R. A. , Pol R. , Martinasso G. , Muzio G. , Gallesio G. , Mozzati M.
Published: December 2011

Objective

Tooth extraction is considered as the starting point of jaw atrophy via osteoclast activity stimulation. The maintenance of dental alveolar bone depends on surgery procedure and use of materials to maintain prior space favoring bone regeneration. Among substitutes used in dentistry to fill bone defects,Ostim‐Pastes (Ostim®) is a nanocrystalline paste tested for treatment of severe clinical conditions. This research first investigated the effect ofOstim on alveolar healing, comparing in the same healthy subjects, anOstim®‐filled socket with a not‐filled one. Moreover, it also proposed a new surgical protocol for the post‐extractive socket treatment using the graft materials without elevation of full‐thickness flaps.

Material and methods

Fourteen patients were enrolled to bilateral maxillary or mandibular extraction that was performed without elevation of full‐thickness flaps. In each patient, one socket was filled usingOstim®, and the other one was allowed to undergo natural healing. No suture was carried out. Clinical and biologic parameters were screened at 1, 7, and 14 days.

Results

Obtained results evidenced that nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite supports bone regeneration, increasing the synthesis of pro‐osteogenic factors as bone morphogenetics protein (BMP)‐4,BMP‐7, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. Moreover, filling post‐extractive socket with nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste leads to a complete epithelialization already at 7 days after extraction, despite the fact that the teeth were extracted without elevation of full‐thickness flaps . The improved epithelialization is mediated by increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. No significant change was observed in inflammatory parameters, with exception of an early and transientIL‐1β induction, that could trigger and improve alveolar healing.

Conclusions

Clinical and biomolecular observations of this explorative study evidenced that nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite improves alveolar socket healing, increasing angiogenesis, epithelialization, and osteogenesis, also in absence of elevation of full‐thickness flaps.
Quantification of metal artifacts on cone beam computed tomography images
Authors: Pauwels Ruben , Stamatakis Harry , Bosmans Hilde , Bogaerts Ria , Jacobs Reinhilde , Horner Keith , Tsiklakis Kostas
Published: December 2011

Objectives

To quantify metal artifacts obtained from a wide range of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices and exposure protocols, to compare their tolerance to metals of different densities, and to provide insights regarding the possible implementation of metal artifact analysis into a QC protocol for CBCT.

Materials and methods

A customized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom, containing titanium and lead rods, was fabricated. It was scanned on 13 CBCT devices and one multi‐slice computed tomography (MSCT) device, including high‐dose and low‐dose exposure protocols. Artifacts from the rods were assessed by two observers by measuring the standard deviation of voxel values in the vicinity of the rods, and normalizing this value to the percentage of the theoretical maximum standard deviation.

Results

For CBCT datasets, artifact values ranged between 6.1% and 27.4% for titanium, and between 10.% and 43.7% for lead. Most CBCT devices performed worse than MSCT for titanium artifacts, but all of them performed better for lead artifacts. In general, no clear improvement of metal artifacts was seen for high‐dose protocols, although certain devices showed some artifact reduction for large FOV or high exposure protocols.

Conclusions

Regions in the vicinity of the metal rods were moderately or gravely affected, particularly in the area between the rods. In practice, the CBCT user has very limited possibilities to reduce artifacts. Researchers and manufacturers need to combine their efforts in optimizing exposure factors and implementing metal artifact reduction algorithms.
Bone response to the multilayer BMP‐2 gene coated porous titanium implant surface
Authors: Jiang Qiao‐Hong , Liu Li , Peel Sean , Yang Guo‐Li , Zhao Shi‐Fang , He Fu‐Ming
Published: December 2011

Objectives

Evaluate hBMP‐2 expression following gene delivery from plasmid multilayers formed on sandblasted titanium in vitro and bone formation around similarly prepared implant surfaces in vivo.

Materials and methods

Multilayers of cationic lipid/rhBMP‐2 plasmid DNA complex (LDc) and anionic hyaluronic acid (HA) was assembled on sandblasted‐dual acid etched pure titanium disks or implant surfaces using layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly. Gene delivery and hBMP‐2 expression in cells exposed to the LDc multilayers was measured in vitro. To determine the effect of BMP delivery from such multilyaers in vivo, roughened implants coated with BMP‐2 LDc multilayers or uncoated control implants (n = 15 for both) were implanted in the femurs of NZW rabbits. After 2, 4, 8 weeks, femurs were retrieved and prepared for histomorphometric evaluation (n = 5 rabbits per time point).

Results

MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured directly on the BMP‐2 LDc coated titanium disks showed EGFP and hBMP‐2 expression after 48 h in culture. Increased gene delivery occurred by increasing the number of assembly layers when cells were cultured for 48 h. Cells cultured on LDc coated surfaces had significantly higher cell viability than control cells cultured on uncoated porous titanium surfaces. Histologic observation of the implants showed that after 4 weeks healing, the bone to implant contact (BIC) on the LDc coated surface was much lower than that on the control surface, but didn't reach significant. In contrast, the percentage of bone within the implant's threads was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.047).

Conclusion

The BMP‐2 gene coated sandblasted dual acid etched titanium implants slightly accelerated early bone formation around implants.
Systematic donor blood qualification by flow cytometry would have been able to avoid CLL‐type MBL transmission after unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ferrand Christophe , Garnache‐Ottou Francine , Collonge‐Rame Marie Agnès , Larosa Fabrice , Blanc Michel , Behar Catherine , Giannoli Catherine , Garnier Frédérico , Tiberghien Pierre , Deconinck Eric , Rohrlich Pierre Simon
Published: December 2011

The current screening for eligibility of unrelated volunteer marrow donors comprises a complete clinical check‐up, a blood CBC and serum protein immunoelectrophoresis. This allows to eliminate acute leukemias, myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders, myelomas and MGUS. To date, the risk of transmission of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) disease is only evaluated by the clinical evaluation and CBC. We report here the case of a CLL‐type MBL disease occurring in a 12‐year‐old boy after unrelated BMT. Deep biological investigations, as Immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular biology allow us to determine the donor origin of the CLL clone. In 2010, 14.2% donor (105/737) for unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were over 45y. It is currently estimated (USA) that 1 in 210 men and women will be diagnosed with CLL during their lifetime. Given the long asymptomatic phase of CLL, this raises the case for a detection strategy analog to that used for MGUS and myeloma through serum protein electrophoresis. This case‐report, to our knowledge, of a CLL‐type MBL unrelated donor‐to‐recipient transmission through BMT raises ethical and practical questions, such as the proper information about disease transmission risk. The cost‐effectiveness of a systematic peripheral blood Immunophenotyping in donors elder than 40y at time of stem cell donation should be evaluated.
Tight junctions and differentiation – a chicken or the egg question?
Authors: Kirschner Nina , Rosenthal Rita , Günzel Dorothee , Moll Ingrid , Brandner Johanna M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Skin barrier function is indispensable to prevent the uncontrolled loss of water and solutes and to protect the body from external assaults. To fulfil this function, keratinocytes undergo a complex pathway of differentiation that terminates in the formation of the stratum corneum. Additionally, tight junctions (TJs), which are cell–cell junctions localized in the stratum granulosum, are involved in the barrier function of the skin. Important biological and clinical roles of TJs are strongly suggested by altered TJ protein levels and distribution in skin diseases like psoriasis, ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis. Because these skin diseases show alterations in differentiation and TJs, it was suggested that changes in TJs might simply be a consequence of altered differentiation. However, in this viewpoint, we like to argue that the situation is not as simple and depends on the specific microenvironment. We discuss three hypotheses regarding the interplay between TJs/TJ proteins and differentiation: (1) TJs/TJ proteins are influenced by differentiation, (2) differentiation is influenced by TJs/TJ proteins, and (3) TJs/TJ proteins and differentiation are independent of each other. In addition, the concept is introduced that both processes are going on at the same time, which means that while one specific TJ protein/barrier component might be influenced by differentiation, the other may influence differentiation.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) may award relative protection from interferon‐γ‐induced collapse of human hair follicle immune privilege
Authors: Kinori Michael , Bertolini Marta , Funk Wolfgang , Samuelov Liat , Meyer Katja C. , Emelianov Vladimir U. , Hasse Sybille , Paus Ralf
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Interferon‐γ (IFNγ)‐induced collapse of hair follicle (HF) immune privilege (IP) is a key element in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. In this pilot study, we investigated whether the immunosuppressive neuropeptide, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), can protect from and/or restore IFNγ‐induced HF‐IP collapse. After showing that human scalp HFs express CGRP receptor‐like receptor (CRLR) immunoreactivity, anagen HFs were cultured in the presence of IFNγ, with CGRP added before or after. Adding CGRP after IFNγ administration (‘restoration assay’) failed to downregulate IFNγ‐induced ectopic MHC class I expression, while MHC class II expression was reduced. However, administering CGRP before IFNγ application (‘protection assay’) significantly reduced the IFNγ‐induced overexpression and ectopic expression of MHC class I and II and reduced the increased degranulation of perifollicular mast cells induced by IFNγ. This suggests that CGRP may not restore HF‐IP once it has collapsed, but may protect it from collapsing. Therefore, CRLR stimulation might help to retard AA progression.
Innate immune signaling in defense against intestinal microbes
Authors: Kinnebrew Melissa A. , Pamer Eric G.
Published: December 2011

Summary:  The gastrointestinal system is a common entry point for pathogenic microbes to access the inner environment of the body. Anti‐microbial factors produced by the intestinal mucosa limit the translocation of both commensal and pathogenic microbes across the intestinal epithelial cell barrier. The regulation of these host defense mechanisms largely depends on the activation of innate immune receptors by microbial molecules. Under steady‐state conditions, the microbiota provides constitutive signals to the innate immune system, which helps to maintain a healthy inflammatory tone within the intestinal mucosa and, thus, enhances resistance to infection with enteric pathogens. During an acute infection, the intestinal epithelial cell barrier is breached, and the detection of microbial molecules in the intestinal lamina propria rapidly stimulates innate immune signaling pathways that coordinate early defense mechanisms. Herein, we review how microbial molecules shed by both commensal and pathogenic microbes direct host defenses at the intestinal mucosa. We highlight the signaling pathways, effector molecules, and cell populations that are activated by microbial molecule recognition and, thereby, are involved in the maintenance of homeostatic levels of host defense and in the early response to acute enteric infection. Finally, we discuss how manipulation of these host defense pathways by stimulating innate immune receptors is a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent or alleviate intestinal disease.
Melatonin osteoporosis prevention study (MOPS): a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study examining the effects of melatonin on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women
Authors: Kotlarczyk Mary P. , Lassila Holly C. , O’Neil Christine K. , D’Amico Frank , Enderby Larry T. , Witt‐Enderby Paula A. , Balk Judith L.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  The purpose of this double‐blind study was to assess the effects of nightly melatonin supplementation on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women. A total of 18 women (ages 45–54) were randomized to receive melatonin (3 mg, p.o., n = 13) or placebo (n = 5) nightly for 6 months. Bone density was measured by calcaneal ultrasound. Bone turnover marker (osteocalcin, OC for bone formation and NTX for bone resorption) levels were measured bimonthly in serum. Participants completed Menopause‐Specific Quality of Life‐Intervention (MENQOL) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaires before and after treatment. Subjects also kept daily diaries recording menstrual cycling, well‐being, and sleep patterns. The results from this study showed no significant change (6‐month‐baseline) in bone density, NTX, or OC between groups; however, the ratio of NTX:OC trended downward over time toward a ratio of 1:1 in the melatonin group. Melatonin had no effect on vasomotor, psychosocial, or sexual MENQOL domain scores; however, it did improve physical domain scores compared to placebo (mean change melatonin: −0.6 versus placebo: 0.1, P < 0.05). Menstrual cycling was reduced in women taking melatonin (mean cycles melatonin: 4.3 versus placebo: 6.5, P < 0.05), and days between cycles were longer (mean days melatonin: 51.2 versus placebo: 24.1, P < 0.05). No differences in duration of menses occurred between groups. The overall PSQI score and average number of hours slept were similar between groups. These findings show that melatonin supplementation was well tolerated, improved physical symptoms associated with perimenopause, and may restore imbalances in bone remodeling to prevent bone loss. Further investigation is warranted.
Fluoxetine-induced tardive dyskinesia in a patient with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Raidoo Deshandra M.
Published: December 2011

Background: This is a report of a 66-year-old male with Parkinson's disease (PD), depression and anxiety who developed tardive dyskinesia (TD) while on fluoxetine.

Methods: The patient underwent psychiatric, neurological and neuroimaging examination.

Results: The patient's neuroimaging examination was normal, his psychiatric assessment revealed depression and anxiety, and his neurological evaluation diagnosed only mild PD. The patient's TD resolved when fluoxetine was discontinued and recurred upon re-exposure.

Conclusion: This case shows that fluoxetine as monotherapy can be associated with TD especially in patients with concomitant PD. Clinicians must be aware of this side-effect and monitor for features of TD due to antidepressants that are often used to treat comorbid depression in patients with PD.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN T2 AND HASTE SEQUENCES IN THE EVALUATION OF THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE IN DOGS
Authors: Mankin Joseph M. , Hecht Silke , Thomas William B.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare half‐Fourier‐acquisition single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) and T2‐weighted (T2‐W) sequences in dogs with thoracolumbar disc extrusion. MRI studies in 60 dogs (767 individual intervertebral disc spaces) were evaluated. Agreement between T2‐W and HASTE sequences was assessed for two criteria: presence of an extradural lesion and treatment recommendation. There was moderate agreement between T2‐W and HASTE sequences as to presence of an extradural lesion (κ = 0.575). HASTE was in agreement in 96.1% of the sites where no extradural lesion was identified on T2‐W images, but only in 58.1% of the sites where extradural lesions were identified on T2‐W images. There was also moderate agreement between T2‐W and HASTE sequences as to treatment recommendations (κ = 0.476). HASTE was in agreement in 98.4% of the sites where a lesion was considered nonsurgical on T2 but only 82.1% of sites a lesion was considered surgical on T2. In 1.0% of sites considered not surgical and in 9.8% of sites considered equivocal based on T2‐W images, a surgical lesion was identified on HASTE. Acquisition of a HASTE sequence in addition to conventional sequences may be beneficial in determining the severity of spinal cord compression in some cases when evaluating the canine spine.
COMPARATIVE SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF NEPHROLITHS AND ASSOCIATED ACOUSTIC SHADOWING ARTIFACTS IN CONVENTIONAL vs. SPATIAL COMPOUND IMAGING
Authors: Heng Hock Gan , Rohleder Jacob J. , Pressler Barrak M.
Published: December 2011

Spatial compound sonography improves visualization of tissue details and allows clearer delineation of structural margins. Improved image clarity is due to reduced speckling artifact; however, other types of acoustic shadowing artifacts may be unchanged or variably altered when conventional and spatial compound sonographic images are compared. Because intrarenal distal shadowing artifacts in conventional sonographic images are oftentimes the first or only evidence that a nephroliths is present, we compared the appearance and associated artifacts of nephroliths examined with both imaging modes. Consensus evaluation by two evaluators confirmed differences in appearance of nephroliths based on imaging mode. Nephroliths with conventional imaging mode were less hyperechoic and had better margin delineation while nephroliths were more hyperechoic and had less distinct margins with spatial compound imaging mode. Distal acoustic shadowing artifacts were present in 43% of spatial compound imaging mode vs. 86% of conventional imaging mode. When present in both imaging modes, intensity of these artifacts was weaker and the distance traveled was shorter in spatial compound imaging mode. Multiple diverging acoustic shadowing artifacts originating from a single source, the nephroliths were occasionally noted in spatial compound but not conventional imaging mode. These results demonstrate that the absence of distal acoustic shadowing cannot be used to exclude the presence of a nephrolith in dogs and cats. Optimal diagnosis of nephroliths, margin delineation, and visualization of the distal renal parenchyma requires paired radiography and sonography, and alternating between sonographic imaging modes is therefore suggested.
Determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in young children in Nepal: secondary data analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2006
Authors: Joshi Nira , Agho Kingsley E. , Dibley Michael J. , Senarath Upul , Tiwari Kalpana
Published: December 2011

Inappropriate complementary feeding increases the risk of undernutrition, illness and mortality in infants and children. This study uses a subsample of 1428 children of 6–23 months from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 2006. The 2006 NDHS was a multistage cluster sample survey. The complementary feeding indicators were estimated according to the 2008 World Health Organization recommendations. The rate of introduction of solid, semi‐solid or soft foods to infants aged 6–8 months was 70%. Minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity rates were 82% and 34%, respectively, and minimum acceptable diet for breastfed infants was 32%. Multivariate analysis indicated that working mothers and mothers with primary or no education were significantly less likely to give complementary foods, to meet dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet. Children living in poor households were significantly less likely to meet minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet. Mothers who had adequate exposure to media, i.e. who watch television and who listen to radio almost every day, were significantly more likely to meet minimum dietary diversity and meal frequency. Infants aged 6–11 months were significantly less likely to meet minimum acceptable diet [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.13, confidence interval (CI) = 2.16–4.53] and to meet minimum meal frequency (adjusted OR = 4.46, CI = 2.67–7.46). In conclusion, complementary feeding rates in Nepal are inadequate except for minimum meal frequency. Planning and promotion activities to improve appropriate complementary feeding practices should focus on illiterate mothers, those living in poor households, and those not exposed to media.
Determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in young children in India: secondary analysis of National Family Health Survey 2005–2006
Authors: Patel Archana , Pusdekar Yamini , Badhoniya Neetu , Borkar Jitesh , Agho Kingsley E. , Dibley Michael J.
Published: December 2011

In India, poor feeding practices in early childhood contribute to the burden of malnutrition as well as infant and child mortality. This paper aims to use the newly developed World Health Organization (WHO) infant feeding indicators to determine the prevalence of complementary feeding indicators among children of 6–23 months of age and to identify the determinants of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in India. The study data on 15 028 last‐born children aged 6–23 months was obtained from the National Family Health Survey 2005–2006. Inappropriate complementary feeding indicators were examined against a set of child, parental, household, health service and community level characteristics. The prevalence of timely introduction of complementary feeding among infants aged 6–8 months was 55%. Among children aged 6–23 months, minimum dietary diversity rate was 15.2%, minimum meal frequency 41.5% and minimum acceptable diet 9.2%. Children in northern and western geographical regions of India had higher odds for inappropriate complementary feeding indicators than in other geographical regions. Richest households were less likely to delay introduction of complementary foods than other households. Other determinants of not meeting minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were: no maternal education, lower maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) (<18.5 kg/m2), lower wealth index, less frequent (<7) antenatal clinic visits, lack of post‐natal visits and poor exposure to media. A very low proportion of children aged 6–23 months in India received adequate complementary foods as measured by the WHO indicators.
Giant dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the right hemifacial area involving the oral cavity
Authors: Stomeo Francesco , Bianchini Chiara , Ciorba Andrea , Padovani Davide , Pedriali Massimo , Pelucchi Stefano , Pastore Antonio
Published: December 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00455.x

Giant dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the right hemifacial area involving the oral cavity

Although liposarcoma is a reasonably common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, its occurrence within the head and neck region is very rare. The following report presents the case of a giant dedifferentiated liposarcoma initially located in the temporal region and then extending to the entire right maxillofacial region. Clinical as well as histopathological features and therapeutic approaches of dedifferentiated liposarcoma are discussed, and a literature review is presented.
Cultural Economy: Achievements, Divergences, Future Prospects
Authors: GIBSON CHRIS
Published: December 2011

This paper reflects on two decades' scholarship in geography on cultural economy, assessing strides made against some of the expectations of early proponents. Cultural economy continues to be a polysemic term. In some quarters, it refers to a type of economic geography into which matters of ‘culture’ are absorbed. This work frequently focuses on the empirics of the so‐called ‘cultural and creative industries’. Others see cultural economic research as an opportunity to move beyond the epistemological constraints of ‘culture’ and ‘economy’, questioning their status as foundational categories. This latter approach has been used in a broader set of empirical projects encompassing technology, knowledge, and society. Contrasting threads of cultural economic research have helpfully moved geographical scholarship beyond paradigmatic limitations, but jostle somewhat uncomfortably within existing (and increasingly specialised) disciplinary and subdisciplinary fields. The risk is that by questioning the categorical underpinnings of much specialised research, cultural economy struggles to ‘belong’ in the increasingly coded and compartmentalised university setting. I conclude with a discussion of future prospects. Some measure of vitality could be achieved through incorporation of a cultural economy perspective into the pressing issues of climate change, human sustenance, and urban infrastructure planning. These are issues for which the polysemy of cultural economy could prove constructive, transcending technocentric market ‘fixes’ and bland assumptions about how best to ‘green’ our cities – promoting instead ethnographic interrogations of how humans access, use, exchange, and value financial and material resources as moral and social beings.
Synthesis of Lipophilic Genistein Derivatives and Their Regulation of IL‐12 and TNF‐α in Activated J774A.1 Cells
Authors: Castro Sandra B. R. , Junior Celso O. R. , Alves Caio C. S. , Dias Alyria T. , Alves Lívia L. , Mazzoccoli Luciano , Zoet Mateus T. , Fernandes Sérgio A. , Teixeira Henrique C. , Almeida Mauro V. , Ferreira Ana Paula
Published: December 2011

Genistein modulates inflammatory responses in part by reducing the production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐12, TNF‐α, and nitric oxide, by activated macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulus. Previous studies have shown that synthetic lipophilic genistein glycosides were significantly more active than hydrophilic glycosides. The aims of this study were to synthesize and to evaluate the effect of novel lipophilic genistein derivatives on IL‐12, TNF‐α, and nitric oxide production by J774A.1 cells. The results show that the modification of genistein enables the generation of non‐cytotoxic compounds with increased IL‐12 inhibition. However, these derivatives failed to inhibit TNF‐α. The nitric oxide production was notably inhibited by the monoester (2, 3) and monoether (6, 7) compounds in a dose‐dependent manner.
Physical activity improves age‐related decline in the osteogenic potential of rats' bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Hell R. C. R. , Ocarino N. M. , Boeloni J. N. , Silva J. F. , Goes A. M. , Santos R. L. , Serakides R.
Published: December 2011

Aim:

To examine whether physical activity increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) from adult rats compared with young rats.

Methods:

Eighteen female Wistar rats were divided into three groups and the following cells isolated: (1) differentiated BMMSCs from young donors, (2) differentiated BMMSCs from sedentary adult donors and (3) differentiated BMMSCs from active adult donors. We analysed MTT conversion, percentage of cells per field, mineralized nodule number and gene expression for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), alkaline phosphatase, caspase 3, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and collagen I.

Results:

Telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and the percentage of cells per field in BMMSCs cultures from adult rats were smaller than those observed in young donors. However, levels of caspase 3 expression were higher in BMMSCs from adult donors (P < 0.05). Despite the fact that physical activity was associated with an increase in expression of caspase 3 (P < 0.05), there was no difference in the percentage of cells per field between groups of adult BMMSCs (active or sedentary). However, physical activity increased the number of mineralized nodules and osteocalcin expression after 21 days, and alkaline phosphatase expression at 7, 14 and 21 days in the BMMSCs of adult donors (P < 0.05). However, those values were smaller when compared with young donors BMMSCs (P < 0.05). Only the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase were similar to young donors BMMSCs (P ≥ 0.05).

Conclusion:

Physical activity increases osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs from adult donors but does not increase the differentiation to the levels observed in BMMSCs from young donor rats.
Epigenetic regulation of osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Yasui Tetsuro , Hirose Jun , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Tanaka Sakae
Published: December 2011

Recent studies have uncovered that epigenetic regulation, such as histone methylation and acetylation, plays a critical role in determining cell fate. In particular, the expression of key developmental genes tends to be regulated by trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Osteoclasts are primary cells for bone resorption, and their differentiation is tightly regulated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and a transcription factor nuclear factor–activated T cell (NFAT) c1. We found that RANKL‐induced NFATc1 expression is associated with the demethylation of H3K27me3. Jumonji domain containing‐3, a H3K27 demethylase, is induced in bone marrow–derived macrophages in response to RANKL stimulation and may play a critical role in the demethylation of H3K27me3 in the Nfatc1 gene.
HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A suppresses osteoclastogenesis by upregulating the expression of C/EBP‐β and MKP‐1
Authors: Williams Paul J. , Nishu Kazi , Rahman Md Mizanur
Published: December 2011

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove the acetyl groups from the lysine residues of histone tails, leading to the formation of a condensed and transcriptionally silenced chromatin. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) block this action and can result in hyperacetylation of histones, leading to a less compact and more transcriptionally active chromatin and thereby, gene expression. Previously, we have shown that HDACi inhibit osteoclast differentiation. However, which genes are transcriptionally activated following hyperacetylation of histones, and lead to the suppression of osteoclastogenesis, has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we show that an HDACi, trichostatin A (TSA), inhibits the receptor activator of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL)–stimulated TNF‐α production, NF‐κB activation, and bone resorbing pit formation, and downregulates c‐Fos and NFATc1 in RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, expression of antiosteoclastogenic factors CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)‐β and mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)‐1 was significantly upregulated in TSA‐treated, RANKL‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These findings suggest that TSA upregulates the expression of C/EBP‐β and MKP‐1, which may downregulate pro‐osteoclastogenic factors and signaling molecules, ultimately suppressing osteoclastogenesis.
Complications of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in pregnant women in The Netherlands: a national cohort study
Authors: Bogers Hein , Boer Kees , Duvekot Johannes J.
Published: December 2011

Please cite this paper as: Bogers et al. (2012) Complications of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in pregnant women in The Netherlands: a national cohort study. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(5), 309–312.

The 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic caused an increase in complications in pregnant women. To be well prepared for a next pandemic, we investigated the obstetric and maternal complications of this pandemic. In our national cohort of 59 pregnant women who were admitted to the hospital, no major complications apart from preterm birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit were observed. Although the small size of this study precludes us drawing any definitive conclusions, comparing our results with those in other countries suggests that the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic had a relatively benign course in pregnant women in The Netherlands.
Diálogo social y gobernanza de la seguridad social: una perspectiva actual de la OIT
Authors: Ghellab Youcef , Varela Nancy , Woodall John
Published: December 2011

Entre todos los temas que se tratan en el mundo del trabajo, quizás ninguno refleje los principios del tripartidismo y el diálogo social mejor que el de la seguridad social. Por eso es natural preguntarse hasta qué punto han sido eficaces estos instrumentos fundamentales de la buena gobernanza y si se han estado utilizando para afrontar los importantes retos que actualmente están enfrentando los sistemas sociales en muchos países. El proceso de reforma de la seguridad social, especialmente el de la prestación de pensiones, ha ocupado un lugar destacado en el temario de muchos países en los últimos decenios, reflejando la incidencia que han tenido factores como la globalización y el envejecimiento demográfico. Recientemente, han surgido nuevas tensiones como resultado de la crisis financiera y económica mundial. La Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) ha tratado de analizar y comprender estas cuestiones, mientras que el Departamento de Diálogo Social y el de Seguridad Social de la OIT han emprendido conjuntamente estudios tanto antes como después de la crisis económica. Las evidencias revelan resultados dispares. En una serie de países con sólidas tradiciones de diálogo social eficaz se ha reiterado su valía. Sin embargo, en otros países, sometidos con frecuencia a las presiones de graves tensiones económicas y demandas urgentes de las instituciones financieras internacionales (IFI) y otros organismos, los gobiernos han actuado, lamentablemente, de forma unilateral, algunas veces con bastante poca atención de las responsabilidades constitucionales. Los autores llegan a la conclusión de que existe tanto la necesidad como la posibilidad de renovar el enfoque a fin de asegurar un grado apropiado de voluntad y compromiso políticos en el proceso del diálogo social tripartito para tratar cuestiones políticas frecuentemente complejas y delicadas en el ámbito de la seguridad social.
La actitud de los empleadores hacia el cumplimiento con el seguro social en Shanghai (China)
Authors: Nyland Chris , Thomson S. Bruce , Zhu Cherrie J.
Published: December 2011

Lograr que los empleadores cumplan con sus obligaciones hacia el seguro social es una tarea de gobernanza particularmente difícil para las economías emergentes con marcos reglamentarios frágiles. A partir de las observaciones cualitativas de ocho estudios de caso realizados en Shanghai (China), este artículo explica en detalle cómo los empleadores responden a los intentos del Estado de imponer el cumplimiento de las normas del seguro social. Las percepciones de los empleadores y sus respuestas a las políticas establecidas y a las estructuras reglamentarias dieron lugar a cinco temas: la construcción de una política efectiva, la igualdad de oportunidades, el control de costos, la reputación de la empresa y la contratación y retención de recursos humanos. Además, tres características empresariales afectarían la actitud de cumplimiento: los factores de riesgo, la composición de la mano de obra en función de sus cualificaciones y el tipo de propiedad. Anticipábamos que el tamaño de la empresa afectaría su cumplimiento con las obligaciones del seguro social, pero no se observó ningún modelo claro en ese sentido.
Identity, Issues, and Religious Commitment and Participation: Explaining Turnout among Mosque‐AttendingMuslimAmericans
Authors: Choi Jangsup , Gasim Gamal , Patterson Dennis
Published: December 2011

While work on the political behaviour of religious groups inAmerica has shown that, among other things, religious commitment and strong opinions on salient issues can encourage turnout and raise the probability of these groups' members voting in national elections, much less is known about these relationships with respect toMuslimAmericans. Using data collected at mosques in 2006 during the holy month ofRamadan, this article maps the turnout patterns ofMuslimAmerican respondents and then investigates the factors that explain the political participation of members of this increasingly important religious group. The article focuses on reported turnout in the 2004 presidential election and shows that, more than anything else, strong opinions on salient issues boosted the participation rates of members of this religious group in the election, even when controlling for other factors known to help explain turnout.