bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contaminant effects on host-parasite interactions: atrazine, frogs, and trematodes
Authors: Koprivnikar Janet , Forbes Mark R. , Baker Robert L.
Published: September 2007

The effects of contaminants on multispecies interactions can be difficult to predict. The herbicide atrazine is commonly used in North America for corn crops, runs off into wetlands, and has been implicated in the increasing susceptibility of larval frogs to trematode parasites. Using experimental challenges with free-living stages of trematodes (cercariae), it was found that Rana sylvatica tadpoles exposed to 30 μg/L of atrazine had significantly higher intensity of parasitism than did larval frogs either not exposed or exposed to 3 μg/L of atrazine. This result could not be explained by high concentrations of atrazine diminishing antiparasite behavior of tadpoles. Furthermore, when tadpoles and cercariae both were exposed to the same concentration of atrazine, either 3 or 30 μg/L, the abundance of formed cysts was not different from the condition in which both were housed at 0 μg/L of atrazine. Atrazine appears to be debilitating to both free-living cercariae and tadpoles. Studies examining relations between parasitism and contaminant levels must account for such combined effects as well as influences on other interacting species (e.g., first intermediate snail hosts).
Unpacking Autonomy and Control in Education: Some Conceptual and Normative Groundwork for a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Cribb Alan , Gewirtz Sharon
Published: September 2007

To make meaningful comparisons of the consequences of new modes of regulation in education for local autonomy in different national settings we need to a) be clear about what is meant by local autonomy and state control, b) be clear about why the balance between local autonomy and state control matters and c) produce good quality empirical data and analysis. The purpose of this article is to make a contribution to the first two of these tasks which are relatively neglected in the education research literature. The authors begin by unpacking some conceptual complexities involved in debating issues of autonomy and control, distinguishing between three dimensions of autonomy-control: loci and modes of autonomy, domains of autonomy-control and loci and modes of control. They then go on to illustrate some of the normative complexities surrounding issues of autonomy-control, using the case of individual teacher autonomy to explore arguments about the value of autonomy and control. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of these complexities for the task of policy analysis. In doing so, they seek to: ‘trouble’ the presumption that autonomy is necessarily good; challenge the notion that control and autonomy are discrete entities in some simple zero-sum relationship to one another, drawing attention to the ways in which control can be seen as ‘productive’ as well as ‘destructive’ of autonomy; and sketch out the multi-dimensional nature of cross-national comparative evaluation of regulation in education.
Towards a New Professionalism in School? A Comparative Study of Teacher Autonomy in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Helgøy Ingrid , Homme Anne
Published: September 2007

Local autonomy is one of the recent trends in reforms of compulsory education. However, several parallel trends such as individual accountability, performance and visibility challenge professional autonomy. The aim of this article is to explore how accountability and transparency reforms affect teacher autonomy in Norway and Sweden. The authors argue that both individual teacher autonomy at the local workplace and autonomy at the national level embracing teachers as a collective group are important in analysing teachers' professional autonomy. In comparing teachers' professional autonomy they differentiate between processes of individualisation and collectivisation. Their analysis indicates, although intra-national differences, that the difference between Norwegian and Swedish teachers is striking. While the Swedish teachers experience a high degree of individual autonomy, their influence on national policy processes seems weakened. This leads to the assumption that professional autonomy as a result of transparency and accountability reforms, even if the teachers report individual professional autonomy, reduces the authority of the profession at the national policy-making level. The analysis indicates that Norwegian teachers are characterized by old professionalism. The strong input regulations in Norway limit individual teacher autonomy. Even with weakened individual autonomy, teachers still manage to supply conditions for national education policy making. This means that teachers still are autonomous at the collective level. Moreover, the findings indicate that national standards and control in education are accepted as tools for securing professional knowledge and status.
The Same but Different? Post-Devolution Regulation and Control in Education in Scotland and England
Authors: Arnott Margaret , Menter Ian
Published: September 2007

When ‘New Labour’ came to power in the United Kingdom in 1997, one of their first major initiatives was to establish new devolved political institutions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Drawing upon developments in education in Scotland and England, this article explores some aspects of ‘regulation’, ‘autonomy’ and ‘control’ in the post-devolution context. The purpose of the article is to assess the ways in which New Public Management have influenced education policy in the two countries. Aspects of the governance of education are examined in the two national contexts. The ‘modernisation’ of the teaching profession is examined as a particular case, as well as more general aspects of governance. A number of similarities and differences in the two countries are identified. The themes that best demonstrate these similarities and differences are privatisation, performativity and the policy process. The conclusion seeks to identify the extent to which developments in either or both countries can be attributed to the global neo-liberal agenda.
Scientometric Approaches to Better Visibility of European Educational Research Publications: A State-of-the-Art-Report
Authors: Botte Alexander
Published: September 2007

This article reports on methodological approaches to evaluate the relevance and quality of educational research publications. In the first section it focuses on the ISI Social Science Citation Index and shows that this standard instrument for bibliometric measurement is insufficient for the representation of European educational research. In the following sections, alternative approaches are delineated in order to constitute the proposal of a multi-attributive setting for a new observation and evaluation instrument for social science academic publications. The final section outlines a project proposal submitted to the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union, supported by the European Educational Research Association (EERA).
Nuts
Authors: Young Clyde T. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2007

Nuts, hard‐shelled seeds enclosing a single edible oily kernel, are generally used for human consumption. Nuts may be consumed as shelled whole nuts or, after blanching, roasted. Roasted nuts may be either eaten or ground into nut butters. Peanuts which contain excessive levels of aflatoxin are generally extracted for peanut oil. Production processes are outlined for nut salting, defatting, and the making of peanut butter. With the exception of peanuts, most commercially important nuts are borne on trees. As a whole, nuts have high oil and protein contents and a low percentage of carbohydrate. Approximate composition in terms of amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin and carbohydrate levels are tabulated for selected nuts and nut products. Because of the high oil content of nuts, rancidity is one of the first signs of deterioration in nuts. Optimal storage conditions are discussed as are coatings and antioxidants to delay the onset of rancidity. Non‐edible uses of nuts are as a source of quick drying oils, activated charcoal, dyes, and tannins. Production data are given for the principal edible nuts: almonds, cashews, Brazil nuts, English walnuts, filberts or hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, and pistachios.
Reliability Issues of Power Devices
Authors: Marshall Andrew , Duvvury Charvaka , Efland Taylor
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Safe Operating Areas

Power MosfetESDReliability

ESDfor Drain‐ExtendedNMOS
Stabilization and Functionalization of Metallic Nanoparticles: the Peptide Route
Authors: Lévy Raphaël , Doty R. Christopher
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metallic Nanoparticles – An Overview

Metallic Nanoparticles – Preparation

Metallic Nanoparticles – Optical Properties

Metallic Nanoparticles – Applications

Stabilization and Functionalization of Metallic Nanoparticles – The Peptide Route

Peptides, Proteins and Nanoscale Science

Peptide Toolbox for Bionanotechnology

Peptides as Capping Ligands

Interactions of Amino Acids with Noble Metals

Peptides as Reducing Agent and Template in Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis

Rational Design of a Peptide Capping Ligands for Gold Nanoparticles:
CALNN

Combinatorial Exploration of Peptides as Capping Ligands: the
CALNN
Family

Peptide‐capped Silver Nanoparticles

Peptides as Capping Ligands for Fluorescent and Magnetic Nanoparticles

Peptide Extensions to Introduce Functionalities

Biotin and Strep‐tag
II

Peptide‐
DNA
Hybrids

His‐tag and Nickel Nitrilotriacetic Acid (
Ni
‐
NTA
)

Chromatography of Peptide‐capped Nanoparticles

Size‐exclusion Chromatography

Affinity Chromatography

Recognition of Materials

Peptide‐based Linkers

A Peptide‐Peptide Linker Based on Leucine‐zipper Sequences

A Peptide‐
DNA
Linker Based on Metallopeptides

A Peptide‐
T
exas Red Linker Obtained by Phage Display

Biologically Active Peptides

Self‐assembling Peptides

Fibers and Nanotubes

Peptide‐based Amphiphiles

Concluding Remarks
Plant Protein‐based Nanoparticles
Authors: Orecchioni Anne‐Marie , Duclairoir Cécile , Irache Juan Manuel , Nakache Evelyne
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Description of Plant Proteins

Pea Seed Proteins

Wheat Proteins

Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles

Preparation of Legumin and Vicilin Nanoparticles

Preparation of Gliadin Nanoparticles

Drug Encapsulation in Plant Protein Nanoparticles

RAEncapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles

VEEncapsulation in Gliadin Nanoparticles

Lipophilic, Hydrophilic or Amphiphilic Drug Encapsulation

Preparation of Ligand–Gliadin Nanoparticle Conjugates

Bioadhesive Properties of Gliadin Nanoparticles

Ex VivoStudies with Gastrointestinal Mucosal Segments

In VivoStudies with Laboratory Animals

Future Perspectives

Size Optimization

Immunization in Animals

Conclusion
Albumin Nanoparticles
Authors: Irache Juan Manuel , Espuelas Socorro
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Serum Albumin

Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles

“Conventional” Albumin Nanoparticles

Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Desolvation or Coacervation

Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles by Emulsification

Other Techniques to Prepare Albumin Nanoparticles

Surface‐modified Albumin Nanoparticles

Drug Encapsulation in Albumin Nanoparticles

Biodistribution of Albumin Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutical Applications

Albumin Nanoparticles for Diagnostic Purposes

Radiopharmaceuticals

Echo‐contrast Agents

Albumin Nanoparticles as Carriers for Oligonucleotides andDNA

Albumin Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer

Fluorouracil and Methotrexate Delivery

Paclitaxel Delivery

Albumin Nanoparticles in Suicide Gene Therapy

Magnetic Albumin Nanoparticles

Albumin Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery

Topical Drug Delivery

Intravitreal Drug Delivery

Concluding Remarks
Methods of Preparation of Drug Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Jonghwi , Lim Gio‐Bin , Chung Hesson
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structures of Drug Nanoparticles

Thermodynamic Approaches

Lipid‐based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles

What is a Lipid?

Liquid Crystalline Phases of Hydrated Lipids with Planar and Curved Interfaces

Oil‐in‐water‐type Lipid Emulsion

Liposomes

Cubosomes and Hexosomes

Other Lipid‐based Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles

Mechanical Approaches

Types of Processing

Characteristics of Wet Comminution

Drying of Liquid Nanodispersions

SCFApproaches

SCF Characteristics

Classification ofSCFParticle Formation Processes

RESS

SAS

SEDS

Electrostatic Approaches

Electrical Potential and Interfaces

Electrospraying
Production of Biofunctionalized Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Site‐specific Drug Delivery
Authors: Müller Rainer H. , Souto Eliana B. , Göppert Torsten , Gohla Sven
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Concept of Differential Adsorption

Production ofSLN

Functionalization by Surface Modification

Conclusions
Characterization of Nanoscale Systems in Biology using Scanning Probe Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Coleman Anthony W. , Lazar Adina N. , Rousseau Cecile F. , Cecillon Sebastien , Shahgaldian Patrick
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Scanning Probe Microscopy Experiment

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging

Atomic Force Microscopy

Generalities

Tips and Cantilevers

Contact ModeAFM

Dynamic Modes

Generalities

Non‐contact Mode

Intermittent Contact Mode

Force Modulation Mode

Friction Force Mode or Lateral Force Mode

Force–Distance Analysis

Chemical Force Imaging

Dip‐pen Lithography

Cantilever Array Sensors

Near‐field Scanning Optical Microscopy

Artifacts

Artifacts Related to Tip Size and Geometry

Artifacts from Damaged Tips

Artifacts from Tip–Sample Interactions

Sample Artifacts

Using the Tools

DNA

Topographic Imaging ofDNA

ImagingDNATranslocation

DNAInteractions and Stretching

Proteins

Topographic Imaging of Proteins

Dip‐pen Nanolithography Patterning of Proteins

Protein–Protein and Protein–Ligand Interactions

Polysaccharides

Proteoglycan Topographic Imaging

Lipid Systems

Liposomes

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)

Supported Lipid Bilayers and Monolayers

SNOMImaging

Viruses

Cells

Topographic Imaging

Interactions and Mechanical Properties

NSOMImaging

Cantilever Arrays as Biosensors

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Characterization of Nanostructure Assemblies in Biosensing
Authors: Gerdon Aren E. , Wright David W. , Cliffel David E.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principles of
QCM

QCM
Wave Penetration Depth

QCM
Sensor Specificity

Calculation of Equilibrium and Kinetic Constants

QCM
Application to Life Sciences

Interface Between Biology and Nanomaterials

Antibodies

Nanoparticles

QCM
Nanoparticle‐based Chemical Sensors

QCM
Nanoparticle‐based Biosensors

QCM
Nanoparticle‐based Immunosensors

Traditional Immunoassays

Immunoassays using Nanotechnology

QCM
Nanoparticle‐based Immunosensors

Antigen Mimic Design

Glutathione‐protected Nanocluster

Hemagglutanin Mimic Nanocluster

Protective Antigen of
B. anthracis
Mimic Nanocluster

Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments
In Situ
Characterization of Drug Nanoparticles by
FTIR
Spectroscopy
Authors: Türk Michael , Signorell Ruth
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Particle Generation Methods

Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (
RESS
)

Electro‐Spraying

Particle Characterization Methods

In Situ
Characterization with
FTIR
Spectroscopy

Experimental Setup

Characterization of the
RESS
Process

In Situ
Characterization with 3‐
WEM

Characterization with
SMPS
and
SEM

Determination of Refractive Index Data in the Mid‐infrared Region

Examples

Phenanthrene Particles: Size, Shape, Optical Data

Sugar Nanoparticles

Drug Nanoparticles

Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy
Authors: Dzakpasu Rhonda , Axelrod Daniel
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Theory

Single Scattering Center

Multiple Scattering Centers

Temporal Autocorrelation of Intensity

Phase Fluctuation Factors

Number Fluctuation Factors

Characteristic Times and Distances

Spatial Autocorrelation of Intensity

Variance of Intensity Fluctuations: Mobile Fraction

Experimental Design

Optical Setup

Data Acquisition

Sample Preparation: Polystyrene Beads

Sample Preparation: Living Macrophages

Buffer Changes during Data Acquisition

Data Analysis

Temporal Intensity Autocorrelation Function

Spatial Intensity Autocorrelation Function

Mobile Fraction

Experimental Results

Polystyrene Beads: Temporal Phase Autocorrelation

Variance of Intensity Fluctuations on Beads: Phase Fluctuations

Polystyrene Beads: Number Fluctuations

Polystyrene Beads: Spatial Autocorrelation

Polystyrene Beads: Mobile Fractions

Living Macrophage Cells: Temporal Autocorrelation

Living Macrophage Cells: Mobile Fraction

Discussion

Polystyrene Beads

Macrophages

Improvements forDLSM

Acknowledgments
Protein‐based Nanotechnology: Kinesin–Microtubule‐driven Systems for Bioanalytical Applications
Authors: Hancock William O.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Kinesin and Microtubule Cell Biology and Biophysics

Kinesin Motility Assays

Theoretical Transport Issues for Device Integration

Diffusion versus Transport Times

Interaction of Motor Proteins and Filaments with Synthetic Surfaces

Motor Adsorption

Microtubule Immobilization

Controlling the Direction and Distance of Microscale Transport

Directing Kinesin‐driven Microtubules

Movement in Enclosed Microchannels

Immobilized Microtubule Arrays

Cargo Attachment

Maximum Cargo Size

System Design Consideration

Protein Stability and Lifetime

Sample Introduction and Detection

Analyte Detection and Collection

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Fullerene‐based Devices for Biological Applications
Authors: Sarova Ginka H. , Da Ros Tatiana , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Solubility

Toxicity

DNA
Photocleavage

Photodynamic Therapy (
PDT
)

Fullerene‐mediated Electron Transfer Across Membranes

Neuroprotective Activity
via
Radical Scavenging

Enzyme Inhibition and Antiviral Activity

Antibacterial Activity

Fullerenes as Nanodevices in Monoclonal Immunology

Fullerenes as Radiotracers

Fullerenes as Vectors

Acknowledgments
Nanodevices in Nature
Authors: Volkov Alexander G. , Brown Courtney L.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Multielectron Processes in Bioelectrochemical Nanoreactors

Cytochrome Oxidase: A Nanodevice for Respiration

Nanodevice Architectonics

Activation Energy and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction

Proton Pump

Photosynthetic Electrochemical Nanoreactors, Nanorectifiers, Nanoswitches and Biologically Closed Electrically Circuits

Phototropic Nanodevices in Green Plants: Sensing the Direction of Light

Membrane Transport and Ion Channels

Molecular Motors

Nanodevices for Electroreception and Electric Organ Discharges

Neurons
Possible Health Impact of Nanomaterials
Authors: Hoet Peter H. M. , Brüske‐Hohlfeld Irene , Salata Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Sources of Nanoparticles

Epidemiological Evidence

Entry Routes into the Human Body

Lung

Inhalation, Deposition and Pulmonary Clearing of Insoluble Solids

Biopersistence of Inhaled Solid Material

Systemic Translocation of Inhaled Particles

Intestinal Tract

Deposition and Translocation

Intestinal Translocation and Disease

Skin

Deposition and Penetration through the Skin

Irritation of Skin

What Makes Nanoparticles Dangerous?

Particle Size – Surface and Body Distribution

Effect of Size

Effect of Surface Charges

Nanoparticles, Thrombosis and Lung Inflammation

Prothrombotic Effect

Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Endotoxins

Nanoparticles and Cellular Uptake

Nanoparticles and the Blood–Brain Barrier

Summary and Discussion

What Can be Done?
Impact of Ceramic and Metallic Nano‐scaled Particles on Endothelial Cell Functionsin vitro
Authors: Peters Kirsten , Unger Ronald E. , Gatti Antonietta M. , Sabbioni Enrico , Gambarelli Andrea , Kirkpatrick C. James
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Origin of Particles in the Human Environment

Evidence for Size‐dependent Toxicity of Particles

Dissemination and Interferences of Nanoparticles within the Body

Endothelial Cells and Nanoparticle Exposure

Testing of Nanoparticle‐induced Effects on Human Endothelial CellsIn Vitro

Materials and Methods

Cell Culture

Particles

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Cytotoxicity Assay

Detection of Ki67 Expression

Quantification ofIL‐8 Release in Cell Culture Supernatant

Quantification ofE‐selectin Cell Surface Protein Expression

Fluorescence Staining

Statistical Analysis

Results

Discussion

Particle Internalization

Particle Cytotoxicity

Pro‐inflammatory Activation

Conclusions and Consideration of the Risk of Nanoparticles to Human Health

Acknowledgments
Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
Authors: Fryxell Glen E. , Mattigod Shas V.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanoparticle‐based Remediation Materials

Acid–Base Chemistry

Redox Chemistry

Field Deployments ofZVI

Absorption Chemistry

Hybrid Nanostructured Remediation Materials

Nanostructured Metal Phosphonates

Iminodiacetic Acids and Related Chelating Ligands

Macrocycle Metal Phosphonates

Self‐assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports (SAMMS)

ThiolSAMMSPerformance with Actual Waste

ThiolSAMMSPerformance on Contaminated Oil

AnionSAMMS

ActinideSAMMS

FunctionalCNTs

Conclusions
Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
Authors: Majewski Peter
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Iron Nanoparticles

Inorganic Photocatalysts

Functionalized Self‐assembled Monolayers

Other Materials

Magnetic Iron Exchange Resin (MIEX)
Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Removal of Endocrine‐disrupting Chemicals in Water
Authors: Coleman Heather M.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Background to Oestrogens in the Environment

Advanced Oxidation Techniques (AOTs)

Ultraviolet Photolysis

Nanoparticles for Water Treatment Applications

Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis

The Principle

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as a Photocatalyst

Mechanism ofTiO2Photocatalysis

Photocatalytic Degradation of 17 β‐Oestradiol in Water over an ImmobilizedTiO2Catalyst

Rapid Loss of Oestrogenicity of Natural and Synthetic Oestrogens in Water by Photocatalysis andUVAPhotolysis Monitored using a Yeast Screen Bioassay

Photocatalytic Degradation of 17β‐Oestradiol, Oestriol and 17α‐Ethynyloestradiol in a Quartz Coil Reactor Monitored using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Comparison of Photocatalysis withUVAandUVCRadiation for the Degradation of Natural and Synthetic Oestrogens in Water

Overall Conclusions and Identification of Research Needs
Nanosensors for Environmental Applications
Authors: Shih Wan Y. , Shih Wei‐Heng
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview

Sensor

Piezoelectric Cantilever Sensors (PECS)

Theory ofPECS

Unimorph

PECSwith a Nonpiezoelectric Extension

Examples of Detections

Immobilization and In‐solution Quantification of Yeast Cells

Detection of Binding of Biotinylated Polystyrene Spheres to Immobilized Avidin

Detection of Avidin Immobilization at the Cantilever Tip

Salmonella typhimuriumDetection

Nerve Gas Simulant Detection

Piezoelectric Cantilever Miniaturization

PMN‐PT/CuMicrocantilevers

PZT/SiO2Microcantilevers andPZT/SiO2‐Si3N4Nanocantilevers

Conclusions

Acknowledgment
Conventional Chemotherapeutic Drug Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Serpe Loredana
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cancer as Drug Delivery Target

Nanoparticles as Anticancer Drug Delivery System

Conventional Nanoparticles

Sterically Stabilized Nanoparticles

Actively Targetable Nanoparticles

Routes of Drug Nanoparticles Administration

Anticancer Drug Nanoparticles

Anthracyclines

Reverse of P‐glycoprotein Mediated Multidrug Resistance of Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin

Antiestrogens

Anti‐metabolites

Camptothecins

Cisplatin

Paclitaxel

Miscellaneous Agents

Arsenic Trioxide

Butyric Acid

Cystatins

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid

Mitoxantrone

Gene Therapy
Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Zeisser‐Labouèbe Magali , Vargas Angelica , Delie Florence
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Concept and Basis of Photodynamic Therapy and Photodetection

Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy and Photodiagnosis

Selective Tumor Uptake of Photosensitizers

Photosensitizers

Conventional Photosensitizers

New Entities

Photodynamic Therapy: Advantages and Limitations

Photosensitizer Formulations

Non‐biodegradable Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy

Metallic Nanoparticles

Ceramic Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles Made of Non‐biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy

Preparation of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles

In situ
Polymerization

Dispersion of a Preformed Polymer

“Stealth” Particles

Targeted Nanoparticles

In Vitro
Relevance of Polymeric Nanoparticles in
PDT
on Cell Models

Photodynamic Activity of
PS
‐loaded Nanoparticles

Uptake and Trafficking of Photosensitizers

In Vivo
Relevance of Polymeric Nanoparticles in
PDT

Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Photosensitizers Coupled to Nanoparticles

Vascular Effects

In Vivo
Efficacy on Tumor: Tumor Suppression Effects

Adverse Effects

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Nanovehicles and High Molecular Weight Delivery Agents for Boron Neutron Capture TherapyWe thank Bentham Science Publishers, Ltd for granting copyright release to republish the text and figures of this article.
Authors: Wu Gong , Barth Rolf F. , Yang Weilian , Lee Robert , Tjarks Werner , Backer Marina V. , Backer Joseph M.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview

General Background

General Requirements for Boron Delivery Agents

Low Molecular Weight Delivery Agents

High Molecular Weight Boron Delivery Agents

Dendrimer‐related Delivery Agents

Properties of Dendrimers

Boronated Dendrimers Linked to Monoclonal Antibodies

Boron Clusters Directly Linked to mAb

Attachment of Boronated Dendrimers tomAb

Boronated Dendrimers Delivered by Receptor Ligands

Epidermal Growth Factors (EGF)

Folate Receptor Targeting Agents

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Other Boronated Dendrimers

Liposomes as Boron Delivery Agents

Overview of Liposomes

Liposomal Encapsulation of Sodium Borocaptate and Boronophenylalanine

Boron Delivery by Non‐targeted Liposomes

Liposomal Encapsulation of other Boranes and Carboranes

Boron Delivery by Targeted Liposomes

Immunoliposomes

Folate Receptor‐targeted Liposomes

EGFRTargeted Liposomes

Boron Delivery by Dextrans

Other Macromolecules used for Delivering Boron Compounds

Delivery of Boron‐containing Macromolecules to Brain Tumors

General Considerations

Drug‐transport Vectors

Direct Intracerebral Delivery

Convection‐enhanced Delivery (CED)

Clinical Considerations and Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Local Cancer Therapy with Magnetic Drug Targeting using Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Alexiou Christoph , Jurgons Roland
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Local Chemotherapy

Magnetic Drug Delivery

In VitroApplications

In VivoApplications
Dendrimers in Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis
Authors: Sampathkumar Srinivasa‐Gopalan , Yarema Kevin J.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

Basic Properties and Applications of Dendrimers

Structural Features and Chemical and Biological Properties

Basic Features of Dendritic Macromolecules are Inspired by Nature

Comparison of the Properties of Dendrimers and Conventional Synthetic Polymers

Comparison of the Properties of Dendrimers and Proteins (a Biological Polymer)

Dendritic Macromolecules Possess a Wealth of Possible Applications

Methods for Dendrimer Synthesis

History and Basic Strategies

Cascade Reactions are the Foundation of Dendrimer Synthesis

Dendrimer Synthesis has Expanded Dramatically in the Past Two Decades

Strategies, Cores, and Building Blocks for Dendritic Macromolecules

Dendrimers are Constructed from Simple “Building Blocks”

The Synthesis of Dendrimers Follows Either a Divergent or Convergent Approach

Heterogeneously‐functionalized Dendrimers

Basic Description and Synthetic Considerations

Glycosylation is an Example of Surface Modification with Multiple Bioactivities

Dendrimers in Drug Delivery

Dendrimers are Versatile Nano‐devices for the Delivery of Diverse Classes of Drugs

Dendritic Drug Delivery: Encapsulation of Guest Molecules

Dendrimers have Internal Cavities that can Host Encapsulated Guest Molecules

Using Dendrimers for Gene Delivery

Release of Encapsulated “Pro‐drugs”

Covalent Conjugation Strategies

Dendrimers Overcome many Limitations Inherent in Polymeric Conjugation Strategies

Dendrimer Conjugates can be Used as Vaccines

Release of Covalently‐delivered “Pro‐drugs”

Fine‐tuning Dendrimer Properties to Facilitate Delivery and Ensure Bioactivity

Delivery Requires Avoiding Non‐specific Uptake

“Local” Considerations: Contact with, and Uptake by, the Target Cell

Drug Delivery: Ensuring the Biocompatibility of Dendritic Delivery Vehicles

Biocompatibility Entails Avoiding “Side Effects” such as Toxicity and Immunogenicity

Water Solubility and Immunogenicity

Inherent and Induced Toxicity

Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Dendrimers have Attractive Properties for Cancer Treatment

Dendrimer‐sized Particles Passively Accumulate at the Sites of Tumors

Multifunctional Dendrimers can Selectively Target Biomarkers found on Cancer Cells

Methods for Targeting Specific Biomarkers of Cancer

Targeting by Folate, a Small Molecule Ligand

Targeting by Monoclonal Antibodies

Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Imaging

Labeled Dendrimers are Important Research Tools for Biodistribution Studies

Towards Clinical Use:MRIImaging Agents

Steps Towards the Clinical Realization of Dendrimer‐based Cancer Therapies

The Stage is now set for Dendrimer‐based Cancer Therapy

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Innovations Promise to Speed Progress

“Mix‐and‐Match” Strategy of Bifunctional Dendritic Clusters

Towards Therapeutic Exploitation of Glycosylation Abnormalities found in Cancer

Towards Targeting Metabolically‐engineered Carbohydrate Epitopes

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging of Cancer
Authors: Santra Swadeshmukul , Dutta Debamitra
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cancer Imaging Techniques

Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning

Magnetic Resonance (MR)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Single‐photon EmissionCT(SPECT)

Ultrasonography (US)

Optical Imaging

Basics of Optical Imaging

Optical Imaging Techniques

Optical Contrast Agents

Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging

Why Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging?

Development of Nanoparticle‐based Contrast Agents

Quantum Dots

Gold Nanoparticles

Dye‐doped Silica Nanoparticles

Optical Imaging of Cancer with Nanoparticles

Active Targeting

Passive Targeting

Cancer Imaging with Quantum Dots

Cancer Imaging with Gold Nanoparticles

Cancer Imaging with Dye‐doped Silica Nanoparticles

Other Nanoparticle‐based Optical Contrast Agents

Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Nanogold in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
Authors: Mukherjee Priyabrata , Bhattacharya Resham , Patra Chitta Ranjan , Mukhopadhyay Debabrata
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Medicinal use of Gold: A Historical Perspective

Application of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer

Angiogenesis and Cancer

Agents that Inhibit Endothelial Proliferation or Response

Agents that Block Activation of Angiogenesis

Agents that Block Extracellular Matrix Breakdown

Unique Anti‐angiogenic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles

Gold Nanoparticles InactivateVEGF165

What is the Mechanism of Action?

Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on the Activity ofVEGF165,VEGF121,bFGFandEGF

Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Signaling Events ofVEGF165

Effect of Nanogold on Downstream Signaling events ofVEGF165

Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Migration ofHUVECCells

Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Angiogenesisin vivo

Gold Radioisotopes in Cancer Treatment

Application of Gold Conjugates in the Treatment of Cancer

Gold–TNFConjugate in Cancer Therapeutics

“2 in 1” System in Cancer Therapeutics

Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles

Cellular Adhesion Effects

Local Biological Effects

Systemic and Remote Effects

Effects of the Host on the Implant

Addressing the Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles usingDNAMicroarray Analysis

Internalization of Gold Nanoparticles byHUVECs

Nanogold Particles do not Alter Global Pattern of Transcription byHUVECCells under Serum‐free Conditions

Nanogold Particles do not Alter the Global Pattern of Transcription byHUVECsin Near‐normal Culture Conditions

Synthetic Approaches to Gold Nanoparticles

Chemical Methods

Physical Methods

Biological Methods

Nanotechnology in Detection and Diagnosis with Gold Nanoparticles

Cancer Detection

Detection inDNA

Single‐mismatch Detection inDNA

Future Direction

Acknowledgments
Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors
Authors: Cyrus Tillmann , Caruthers Shelton D. , Wickline Samuel A. , Lanza Gregory M.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Targeting Mechanisms

Passive versus Active Targeting

Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

Ligand‐directed Targeting of Iron Oxides

Cell Tracking of Iron Oxides

Paramagnetic Nanoparticles

Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles

Liposomes

Fullerenes

Nanotubes

Dendrimers

Quantum Dots

Polymer Nanoparticles

Conclusion
LHRHConjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancers
Authors: Leuschner Carola
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cancer

Conventional Approaches to Cancer/Metastases Detection

Current Chemotherapeutic Approaches and their Disadvantages in Cancer Treatments

Multidrug Resistance

Drug Delivery to Tumors

Nanoparticles as Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Diagnosis

Targeting Tumor Cells

Passive Targeting

Active Targeting

Detection of Tumors and Metastases using Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles to Increase Cellular Uptake for HigherMRIResolution

LHRHand its Receptors

The Ligand Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone –LHRH

Analogs ofLHRH

Receptors forLHRH

Function–Signal Transduction Pathways

LHRHReceptor‐mediated Uptake

LHRHReceptor Type II

LHRH‐bound Magnetic Nanoparticles

Synthesis and Characterization

Treatment using Hyperthermia

Treatment using Lytic Peptides

Destruction of Metastases throughLHRH‐SPION‐Hecate

Detection of Tumors and Metastases

Targeted Delivery ofSPIONContrast Agents forMRI

In VitroStudies on Receptor‐targetedLHRH‐SPIONUptake

In VivoStudies on Receptor‐targetedLHRH‐SPIONUptake

Future Outlook

Acknowledgments
Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nanocantilevers and Nanorods in Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis
Authors: Shiba Kiyotaka
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanotubes, Nanowires and Nanorods

Carbon Nanotubes

Noncarbon Nanotubes

Single‐wall Carbon Nanohorns

Nanorods and Nanowires

Self‐assembled Nanotubes

Cancer Diagnosis

Carbon Nanotube‐based Detection System

Non‐carbon Nanotube‐based Detection Systems

Microcantilevers

Nano‐tag made of Nanorods

Cancer Treatment

Carriers for Drug Delivery Systems

Imaging Agents

Conclusions
Multifunctional Nanotubes and Nanowires for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Lee Sang Bok , Son Sang Jun
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Advanced Technologies in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

MRI
and Therapeutic Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Biomedical Diagnostic Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Cancer Cell Death

Carbon Nanotubes for Detection of Cancer Cell

Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Delivery

Nanotubes and Nanowires Composed of Artificial Peptides

Peptide Nanotubes

Peptide‐Amphiphile Nanofibers

Template‐synthesized Nanotubes and Nanorods

Differential Functionalization of Nanotube

Selective Extraction of Drug Molecules

Silica Nanotube Carrier for
DNA
Transfection

DNA
Nanotubes

Nanobarcodes for Multiplexing Diagnosis

Magnetic Nanotubes

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanotubes

Magnetic Field‐assisted Chemical Separation and Biointeraction

Drug Uptake and Controlled Release

Conclusion
Carbon Nanotube‐based Sensor
Authors: Ye Jian‐Shan , Sheu Fwu‐Shan
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction of Carbon Nanotubes

Growth of Carbon Nanotubes

Methods to Prepare
CNTs
‐based Sensors and Biosensors

Individual
MWCNTs
as Nanoelectrodes

Randomly Distributed
CNT
Electrodes

Well‐aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrodes

Screen‐printing Carbon Nanotubes

Self‐assembly of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotube‐packaged Microelectrodes

Application of
CNTs
‐based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Electrochemical and Electrocatalytical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

CNTs
‐based Electrochemical Biosensors

Functionalization of
CNTs

Biological Functionalization of
CNTs

Self‐assembly of Surfactant and Lipid Molecules at
CNTs

Electrochemical Functionalization of
CNTs

Electrochemical Application of Functionalized
CNTs

Application of Lipid–
CNT
Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensors

Achieving direct Electron Transfer to Redox Proteins by Functional
CNTs

Biomolecule‐functionalized
CNTs
for Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments
Coordinated Biosensors: Integrated Systems for Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers
Authors: Yeh Joanne I.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

Elements of a Nanobiosensor

Biomolecular Components

Nanoparticles

Nanoelectrodes

Coordinated Biosensors

Biomolecular Conduits: Signal Transducing Mediators

NADHPeroxidase: the Biocatalytic Element

Undecagold Nanoparticle: Role in Alignment and Directing Electron Flow

Integrated Signals

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Pico/Nanoliter Chamber Array Chips for Single‐cell,DNAand Protein Analyses
Authors: Yamamura Shohei , Sathuluri Ramachandra Rao , Tamiya Eiichi
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Multiplexed Polymerase Chain Reaction from A Single CopyDNAusing Nanoliter‐volume Microchamber Array

PCRMicrochamber Array Chip System

Microchamber Array Chip Fabrication

Sample Loading with a Nanoliter Dispenser

Multiplexed Detection of Different TargetDNAon a Single Chip

On‐chip Quantification of AmplifiedDNA

On‐chip Cell‐free Protein Synthesis using A Picoliter Chamber Array

Cell‐free Protein Synthesis Chip Fabrication

Cell‐free Protein Synthesis using a Microchamber Array

High‐throughput Single‐cell Analysis System using Pico‐liter Microarray

Single‐cell Microarray Chip Fabrication

Pico‐liter Microarray for Single‐cell Studies

Single‐cell Microarray System for Analysis of Antigen‐specific Single B‐cells

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Polymeric Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Saw Seow Hoon , Wang Karen , Yong Thomas , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

History of Tissue Engineering and Nanofibers

Classification of Nanofibers

Synthetic Polymers

Biopolymers

Copolymers

Composite Polymers

Nanofiber Fabrication

Drawing

Template Synthesis

Phase Separation

Self‐assembly

Electrospinning

Degradation and Absorption Kinetics of Nanofiber Scaffolds Compared with Conventional Scaffolds

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanofiber Scaffolds Compared with Other Conventional Scaffolds

Biocompatibility of Nano‐structured Tissue Engineered Implants

Applications of Polymeric Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering

Ophthalmology

Liver

Nerve

Skin

Bone and Cartilage

Heart and Vascular Grafts

Stem Cells

Innovations in Nanofiber Scaffolds

Conclusion
Electrospinning Technology for Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Wan‐Ju , Shanti Rabie M. , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Fabrication Methods for Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Phase Separation

Self‐assembly

Electrospinning

The Electrospinning Process

History

Setup

Mechanism and Working Parameters

Properties of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Architecture

Porosity

Mechanical Properties

Current Development of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering

Evidence Supporting the Use of Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering

Nanofibrous Scaffolds Enhance Adsorption of Cell Adhesion Molecules

Nanofibrous Scaffolds Induce Favorable Cell–ECMInteraction

Nanofibrous Scaffolds Maintain Cell Phenotype

Nanofibrous Scaffolds Support Differentiation of Stem Cells

Nanofibrous Scaffolds Promotein vivo‐like 3DMatrix Adhesion and Activate Cell Signaling Pathway

Biomaterials Electrospun into Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Natural Polymeric Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Synthetic Polymeric Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Composite Polymeric Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Nanofibrous Scaffolds Coated with Bioactive Molecules

Engineered Tissues using Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Skin

Blood Vessel

Cartilage

Bone

Muscle

Ligament

Nerve

Current Challenges and Future Directions

Conclusion
Nanophase Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Murugan Ramalingam , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction: Problems with Current Therapies

Tissue Engineering: A Potential Solution

Stem Cells: The Essentials

Nanobiomaterials: A New Generation Scaffolding Material

Characteristics of Scaffold

Types of Scaffolding Materials

Ceramic Nanobiomaterials

Polymeric Nanobiomaterials

Nanofibrous Scaffold Processing: Current Scenarios

Self‐assembly

Phase Separation

Electrospinning – A New Approach

Experimental System

Spinning Mechanism

Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Cell–Matrix (Scaffold) Interactions

Cell–Ceramic Scaffold Interactions

Cell–Polymer Scaffold Interactions

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Orthopedic Tissue Engineering using Nanomaterials
Authors: Sato Michiko , Webster Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Preface

Introduction: Problems with Current Implants

A Potential Solution: Nanotechnology

Current Research Efforts to Improve Implant Performance Targeted at the Nanoscale

Ceramic Nanomaterials

Metal Nanomaterials

Polymeric Nanomaterials

Composite Nanomaterials

In VivoCompared withIn VitroStudies

Considerations and Future Directions

Acknowledgments
Nanotechnologies for Targeted Delivery of Drugs
Authors: Brož Pavel , Hunziker Patrick
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic and Special Pharmacology

Outline

Basic Pharmacology

Absorption

Bioavailability

Distribution

Elimination

Special Pharmacology

Skin Epithelium

Mucosal Epithelium of the Respiratory Tract

Mucosal Epithelium of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)

Endothelial Barrier

Cell Membrane

Strategies for Targeted Delivery – Observed in Nature

Outline

Bacteria

Host Invasion

Immune System Evasion

Viruses

Immune System Evasion

Host Cell Invasion

Viral Vectors for Therapeutic Applications

Prions

Strategies for Targeted Delivery – Designed by Man

Outline

Noninvasive Delivery Systems

Oral Delivery Systems

Transdermal Delivery Systems

Transmucosal Delivery Systems

Invasive Delivery Systems

Targeted Delivery to the Brain

Macrophage Targeting

Other Targets

Conclusion and Outlook
NANOEGG®Technology for Drug Delivery
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoko , Igarashi Rie
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

New Nanoparticles with a Core–Shell Structure: TheNANOEGGSystem

Physicochemical Properties and Action ofATRA

NANOEGGPreparation and Characterization

Improved Lability ofATRAin theNANOEGGSystem

NANOEGGfor Dermatological Aspects

Improved Irritation ofATRAin theNANOEGGSystem

Pharmacological Effects of theNANOEGGSystem

Expression ofmRNAHeparin‐binding Epidermal Growth Factor‐like Growth Factor (HB‐EGF) on Mouse Skin

Proliferation and Differentiation of Keratinocytes

Production of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) in the Epidermal Layer

Hyperpigmentation and Fine Wrinkle Improvements byNANOEGGTreatment on Animal Skin

Clinical Trials of Fine Wrinkles and Brown Spots on the Human Face

Why doesNANOEGGShow the High Performance on the Improvement of Brown Spot and Wrinkles?

NANOEGGfor Other Indications

NANOEGGfor Other Drugs

Conclusion
Solid Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Authors: Pedraz José Luis , Orive Gorka , Igartua Manoli , Gascón Alicia R. , Hernández Rosa M. , Solinis Maria Angeles , Esquisabel Amaia
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

SLNs

Introduction

Composition

Production Processes

Preparation Techniques

Scaling‐up, Sterilization and Drying

Drug Incorporation, Loading, Incorporation Efficiency, Nanoparticle Recovery and Drug Release

Drug Incorporation

Drug Loading

Determination of Nanoparticle Recovery and Drug Incorporation Efficiency

Drug Release

Related Structures and Stability

Analytical Characterization ofSLNs

Particle Size

The ζ Potential

Crystallinity and Polymorphism and Colloidal Structures

Applications

Gene Therapy

Peptide and Protein Delivery

Low‐soluble Drugs

Topical and Transdermal Administration

Cosmetic Applications forSLNs

Polymeric Nanoparticles

Introduction

Nanoparticle Preparation Methods

Nanoparticles Prepared byIn SituPolymerization of Monomers

Nanoparticles Prepared from Preformed Polymers

Characterization of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanoparticles

Protein Delivery

Protein Delivery by Mucosal Routes

Vaccine Adjuvants
Learning who we (and they) are: Popular culture as pedagogy
Authors: Guy Talmadge C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on how popular culture can be incorporated into adult classrooms to critically examine the ways in which race, class, and gender identities are constructed in the mass media.
Critical media literacy and popular film: Experiences of teaching and learning in a graduate class
Authors: Stuckey Heather , Kring Kelly
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the use of popular film and semiotics for the development of critical media literacy in a graduate‐level education course.
Old school crossings: Hip hop in teacher education and beyond
Authors: Hanley Mary Stone
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses how to draw on hip hop as a culturally relevant tool for teaching educators and adult learners to read the word, the world, and the media.
Using popular media to build literacy
Authors: Heuer Barbara P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the informal use of popular media by literacy workers to open up new possibilities for building literacy.