bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfenyl Halides in the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Part 4. Heterocyclization in Reactions of Alkenes with Sulfenylating Reagents Based on Di(2‐pyridyl) Disulfide.
Authors: Borisov A. V. , Matsulevich Zh. V. , Osmanov V. K. , Borisova G. N. , Mammadova G. Z. , Maharramov A. M. , Khrustalev V. N.
Published: March 2013

An efficient and convenient methodology for the formation of 2,3‐dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridinium derivatives is developed, which is based on the interaction of alkenes with sulfenylating reagents generated by the action of sulfuryl chloride or antimony pentachloride on di(2‐pyridyl)disulfide (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticonvulsant and Antidepressant Activities of 5‐Alkoxytetrazolo[1,5‐c]thieno[2,3‐e]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Shi‐Ben , Deng Xian‐Qing , Zheng Yan , Yuan Yan‐Ping , Quan Zhe‐Shan , Guan Li‐Ping
Published: March 2013

Most of the title compounds (VIII) (20 examples), especially derivative (VIIId), exhibit excellent antidepressant activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Vinylaromatics Generation via Iron‐Catalyzed sp3 C—H Bond Functionalization CDC Reaction: A Novel Approach to Preparing Substituted Benzo[α]phenazines.
Authors: Lou Shao‐Jie , Xu Dan‐Qian , Shen Dan‐Feng , Wang Yi‐Feng , Liu Yun‐Kui , Xu Zhen‐Yuan
Published: March 2013

Vinylation of benzylic C—H bond is achieved using a wide range of heterocyclic compounds as quinoxalines, quinolines, pyrazines and pyridines and DMA as a carbon source.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Thiourea Formation—Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization Sequence to 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzothiazine‐2‐imines from 2‐Halo N‐Methylbenzylamine — Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Lach Franck
Published: March 2013

The concise route to title compounds (III) and (V) is amenable to the introduction of both alkyl‐ and arylisothiocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 15‐, 16‐, and 17‐Membered Bis‐C‐Pivot Macrocycles Consisting of N2O2 Donor‐Type Crown Ethers and Dialkyl Phosphonates.
Authors: Kocak Selen Bilge , Ueckardes Hale
Published: March 2013

The phosphorylation of bis‐imino crown ethers, e.g. (I), is studied with a view to developing a new class of supramolecular hosts.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of o‐Aminophenols, Bromoalkynes and Isocyanides to Give 4‐Amine‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines
Authors: Liu Bifu , Li Yibiao , Yin Meizhou , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: March 2013

32 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Borylative Aldol Cyclizations of Enone Diones.
Authors: Burns Alan R. , Gonzalez Jorge Solana , Lam Hon Wai
Published: March 2013

A three‐component catalyst combination is employed for the domino conjugate boration/aldol cyclization of enone diones to give densely functionalized decalin, hydroindan, and diquinane‐based compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrodeposition of Crystalline and Photoactive Silicon Directly from Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles in Molten CaCl2.
Authors: Cho Sung Ki , Fan Fu‐Ren F. , Bard Allen J.
Published: March 2013

Pure, polycrystalline, and photoactive silicon is directly obtained from SiO2 nanoparticles by electrodeposition in molten CaCl2 on a silver electrode (quartz tube, 850 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Shape Control of Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Through Well‐Designed Colloidal Chemistry Approaches
Authors: Gu Jun , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Tao Franklin
Published: March 2013

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Lattice‐Engineered Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Properties
Authors: Wu Jianbo , Li Panpan , Pan Yung‐Tin , Warren Steven , Yin Xi , Yang Hong
Published: March 2013

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution and Solid‐State Structural Chemistry of Actinide Hydrates and Their Hydrolysis and Condensation Products
Authors: Knope Karah E. , Soderholm L.
Published: March 2013

Review: 328 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Design Principles for Self‐Assembled Coordination Polygons and Polyhedra
Authors: Young Neil J. , Hay Benjamin P.
Published: March 2013

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide Amidinates and Guanidinates in Catalysis and Materials Science: A Continuing Success Story
Authors: Edelmann Frank T.
Published: March 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Acyloxy Migration of Propargylic Esters in Cycloadditions, Inspiration from the Recent “Gold Rush”
Authors: Shu Xing‐Zhong , Shu Dongxu , Schienebeck Casi M. , Tang Weiping
Published: March 2013

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Kabachnik—Fields Reaction: Mechanism and Synthetic Use
Authors: Keglevich Gyorgy , Balint Erika
Published: March 2013

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Metal‐Catalyzed Ring Expansions of Three‐ and Four‐Membered Rings
Authors: Mack Daniel J. , Njardarson Jon T.
Published: March 2013

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene Synthesis. Relationship to Applications
Authors: Edwards Rebecca S. , Coleman Karl S.
Published: March 2013

Review: 221 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies in Synthesis of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides (2000‐Present)
Authors: Dulaney Steven B. , Huang Xuefei
Published: March 2013

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Concerns on Liquid Mercury and Mercury‐Containing Wastes: A Review of the Treatment Technologies for the Safe Storage
Authors: Rodriguez Olga , Padilla Isabel , Tayibi Hanan , Lopez‐Delgado Aurora
Published: March 2013

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pollutants Generated from Pharmaceutical Processes and Microwave Assisted Synthesis as Possible Solution for Their Reduction ‐ A Mini Review
Authors: Yaqub Ghazala , Hamid Almas , Iqbal Saira
Published: March 2013

Review: 61 refs.
Role of carrier flotation in accelerating bitumen extraction recovery from mineable athabasca oil sands
Authors: (Joe) Zhou Z.A. , Li Haihong , Chow Ross , Roberge Kelly
Published: March 2013

Ore blending is a strategy developed in the oil sands industry to enhance bitumen recovery from low grade oil sands ores. It involves blending low grade ores with high grade ores at a certain ratio, resulting in a higher overall bitumen recovery from the mixture than the simple recovery summation of the two extracted separately. To understand the underlying mechanisms, both bitumen‐coated glass beads (−150 + 125 µm) and raw coal particles (−500 + 300, −300 + 150 and −150 µm) were used as carrier materials in this study to simulate bitumen droplets from high grade ores. Experimental results revealed that coal particles were more efficient than hydrophobised bitumen‐coated glass beads in accelerating bitumen recovery and that better bitumen extraction performance was obtained by using smaller sizes of coal. This was attributed to the gravitational effect of larger, heavier particles on the detachment of bitumen‐particle aggregates from bubbles. For smaller sizes of coal (−150 µm), a faster bitumen flotation recovery was achieved with more coal added. An increase in bitumen recovery up to 20–30% (absolute) was obtained by adding coal into the oil sands slurry. The interaction of bitumen with coal particles or bitumen‐coated glass beads during oil sands slurry conditioning and flotation was visually verified from simple coagulation tests. The similarity of ore blending in oil sands extraction to carrier flotation in minerals flotation and the potential application of carrier flotation principles to oil sands extraction were discussed.
Experimental study on adsorption of a new surfactant onto carbonate reservoir samples—application to EOR
Authors: Zendehboudi Sohrab , Ahmadi Mohammad Ali , Rajabzadeh Amin Reza , Mahinpey Nader , Chatzis Ioannis
Published: March 2013

Surfactant flooding aims at lowering the interfacial tensions between the oil and water phases to improve the displacement efficiency during oil recovery. However, surfactant losses due to adsorption on the reservoir rock impairs performance of the chemical flooding, consequently renders the process impractical economically. This article presents adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of Zizyphus Spina Christi (ZSC), a new non‐ionic surfactant, onto carbonate rocks. The adsorption tests were conducted at a temperature range of 28–75°C. A conductivity method was employed in this study to measure CMC parameter and surfactant concentration in the aqueous solutions. The equilibrium conditions for the crushed rock samples were obtained after about 2 days. According to the experimental results, the equilibrium data were well‐fitted by the Freundlich isotherm for carbonate samples. Furthermore, the adsorption process is exothermic and obeys the second‐order kinetic model. Such a systematic investigation is very helpful to select a proper surfactant for EOR application and reservoir stimulation in the petroleum industry.
Influence of Redox Mediators and Electron Donors on the Anaerobic Removal of Color and Chemical Oxygen Demand from Textile Effluent
Authors: Amorim Sandra M. , Kato Mario T. , Florencio Lourdinha , Gavazza Sávia
Published: March 2013

Color removal was evaluated in anaerobic assays using synthetic (SE) and real (RE) effluents containing the dye Direct Black 22 (DB22). The focus was on the individual influence of two electron donors (EDs), sucrose and ethanol; and their combination with two redox mediators (RMs), lawsone and riboflavin. In addition to SE assays, the EDs were combined with sulfate which was present in the RE. Distinct behavior was observed with both assays. In the case of SE, using the EDs sucrose and ethanol resulted in DB22 removal efficiency of 93 and 83%, respectively; but only 27% in the control. The respective removal rates were 27.8‐ and 4.4‐fold higher than that of the control. Using the EDs with the RM lawsone resulted in color removal higher than that with riboflavin. Interestingly, in the ethanol + sulfate assay, late release of the last was observed, possibly due to the desulfonation reaction of the aromatic structures during the DB22 molecule breakdown. In the case of RE, no improvement was observed with either EDs; and some combinations with the RMs even resulted in decreased color removal. Therefore, the used EDs and RMs showed positive effect on color removal in SEs; but unexpectedly not in REs.
Defluoridation of Groundwater Using Raw Bauxite: Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Authors: Kayira Chikumbusho , Sajidu Samson , Masamba Wellington , Mwatseteza Jonas
Published: March 2013

High concentration of fluoride in drinking water causes dental and skeletal fluorosis, a slow, progressive and incurable disease. Removal of fluoride from water (defluoridation) offers a viable remedy to high fluoride content in water and fluorosis where other domestic water treatment solutions are not practicable. Conventional defluoridation technologies are either inefficient or require significant financial and technological investment. Therefore studies in developing countries have focused on local defluoridating agents for abating high fluorides and fluorosis. This study therefore investigated the efficiency of using raw bauxite in defluoridating groundwater through batch equilibrium studies. The bauxite exhibited defluoridation efficiency of up to 96.1% for groundwater with a fluoride concentration of 6.17 mg/L at a bauxite dosage of 0.120 kg/L. High fluoride uptake capacity of up to 275 mg/kg was obtained for the raw bauxite. Gibbsite which is the main constituent of the raw bauxite was responsible for the fluoride removal. The intraparticle diffusion model revealed that fluoride sorption by the raw bauxite occurred through both surface complexation and penetrative diffusion. Ion exchange resulting in the precipitation of insoluble AlF3 might add to the fluoride removal. Fluoride sorption was spontaneous and showed first order kinetics. The activation energy and enthalpy of reaction were determined as 19.6 and 126.5 kJ/mol, respectively.
Anthropogenic extinction threats and future loss of evolutionary history in reef corals
Authors: Huang Danwei , Roy Kaustuv
Published: March 2013

Extinction always results in loss of phylogenetic diversity (PD), but phylogenetically selective extinctions have long been thought to disproportionately reduce PD. Recent simulations show that tree shapes also play an important role in determining the magnitude of PD loss, potentially offsetting the effects of clustered extinctions. While patterns of PD loss under different extinction scenarios are becoming well characterized in model phylogenies, analyses of real clades that often have unbalanced tree shapes remain scarce, particularly for marine organisms. Here, we use a fossil‐calibrated phylogeny of all living scleractinian reef corals in conjunction with IUCN data on extinction vulnerabilities to quantify how loss of species in different threat categories will affect the PD of this group. Our analyses reveal that predicted PD loss in corals varies substantially among different threats, with extinctions due to bleaching and disease having the largest negative effects on PD. In general, more phylogenetically clustered extinctions lead to larger losses of PD in corals, but there are notable exceptions; extinction of rare corals from distantly‐related old and unique lineages can also result in substantial PD loss. Thus our results show that loss of PD in reef corals is dependent on both tree shape and the nature of extinction threats.
An improvement of incremental recursive fisher linear discriminant for online feature extraction
Authors: Ohta Ryohei , Ozawa Seiichi
Published: March 2013

This paper proposes a new online feature extraction method called the Incremental Recursive Fisher Linear Discriminant (IRFLD), whose batch learning algorithm, referred to as RFLD, was proposed by Xiang and colleagues. In the conventional Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), the number of discriminant vectors is limited to the number of classes minus one due to the rank of the between‐class covariance matrix. However, RFLD and the proposed IRFLD can break this limit; that is, an arbitrary number of discriminant vectors can be obtained. In the proposed IRFLD, the Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis (ILDA) of Pang and colleagues is extended in such a way that effective discriminant vectors are recursively searched for in the complementary space of a conventional discriminant subspace. In addition, to estimate a suitable number of effective discriminant vectors, the classification accuracy is evaluated using the cross‐validation method in an online manner. For this purpose, validation data are obtained by performing k‐means clustering on incoming training data and the previous validation data. The performance of IRFLD is evaluated for 16 benchmark data sets. The experimental results show that the final classification accuracies of IRFLD are always better than those of ILDA. We also show that this performance improvement is attained by adding discriminant vectors in a complementary LDA subspace. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(4): 29–40, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10430
IL‐27 paves different roads to Tr1
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ajithkumar , Kallies Axel
Published: March 2013

Tr1 cells are non‐Foxp3‐expressing regulatory CD4+ T cells that execute suppressor functions by secreting the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10. Differentiation of this T‐cell subset is facilitated by the heterodimeric cytokine IL‐27, which can activate transcription factors such as c‐Maf and Ahr to positively regulate the differentiation of Tr1 cells and their IL‐10 production. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, an alternate transcriptional network regulated by IL‐27 to induce IL‐10 production in Tr1 cells is reported by Iwasaki et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 1063‐1073]. This study shows that IL‐27 initiates tandem activation of the transcription factors STAT3 and Egr‐2 to induce il10 in Tr1 cells in a Blimp1‐dependent fashion. These findings indicate a c‐Maf/Ahr independent mechanism that activates IL‐10 production by Tr1 cells and suggest that Il10 induction may depend on both the cytokine environment and the molecular context. Thus, Tr1 cells may be another example of the remarkable plasticity of CD4+ T cells and indeed may not constitute a separate lineage of CD4+ T cells but rather represent a developmental endpoint of several T helper cell differentiation pathways.
Volatile compounds in intermittent frying by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Romano Raffaele , Giordano Anella , Le Grottaglie Laura , Manzo Nadia , Paduano Antonello , Sacchi Raffaele , Santini Antonello
Published: March 2013

Identification of volatile compounds formed when frying food represents an important tool to identify markers of oil thermal degradation, and can help to elucidate the chemical reactions occurring during deep frying. In particular, in this study the heat‐induced degradation of edible oil has been evaluated by analyzing the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fatty acids formed during intermittent frying with the aim of finding new possible markers to correlate with the total polar compounds (TPC) fraction. The frying was realized using a thermostatically temperature‐controlled fryer at a temperature of 180 ± 5°C. A mixed oil constituted by palm, sunflower, and soybean frying oil and commercially available frozen potatoes have been used. The intermittent frying (4 h per day) with the same oil was repeated at 24 h intervals for a total of 40 h. VOCs were identification has been obtained by dynamic head space analysis combined with high resolution GC–MS. Among the VOCs, two compounds, namely (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal, and (E)‐2‐undecenal, showed good correlations with the TPC values. NMR spectra (1H NMR) confirmed that 2‐alkenals and alka‐2,4‐dienals are the major compounds formed during the deep frying.

Practical applications: The analysis of volatile compounds during intermittent deep frying using mixed oil allowed to show a good correlation of C18:2 (cis‐9, cis‐12), (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal and (E)‐2‐undecenal, and of the ratio C16:0/C18:2 (cis‐9, cis‐12) with total polar compounds in both frying oils and thermo‐oxidized oils. In particular, the results obtained from the analytical evaluation of the thermo‐oxidized and fried oils subjected to prolonged intermittent heating for deep frying led to the conclusion that these data could be used as an alternative way for monitoring the thermal degradation of frying oils. This contributes with other resource to try to answer the question: when should frying oil be discarded? Many variables can affect the thermal degradation of frying oil, and the presence/absence of volatile compounds is a marker of frying oil thermal degradation. A specific analysis detection method and data correlation as reported could lead to assess the key point for discarding the frying oil.
Synthesis of the C4–C17 Fragment of Saliniketals A and B
Authors: Dias Luiz C. , Perez Carla C.
Published: March 2013

A highly stereoselective synthesis of the C4–C17 fragment of saliniketals A and B was completed. The key steps in this synthesis included a syn‐aldol reaction mediated by a boron enolate and a double diastereodifferentiating aldol reaction mediated by a titanium enolate. Moreover, a substrate‐controlled Grignard reaction, an intramolecular Wacker‐type cyclization and a Seyferth–Gilbert homologation provided the C4–C17 fragment of saliniketals A and B in 16 steps and with a 7 % overall yield.
Pinacol Approach to the Eunicellane Skeleton
Authors: Al Batal Mona , Jones Peter G. , Lindel Thomas
Published: March 2013

A short route to a partially aromatic version of the eunicellane skeleton, which occurs in cytostatic marine diterpenoids, was developed. The key step is the pinacol cyclization of a p‐cymene‐derived C20 keto aldehyde to form the 10‐membered ring of the [8.4.0] bicycle. We observed different reactivities upon employment of the SmI2/THF or TiCl3/Zn–Cu/DME reagent system. Upon treatment with SmI2 in THF, the arylalkynes cyclized to novel [4.2.0] cyclohexylidene benzocyclobutanols, whereas the corresponding arylalkenes reacted to the desired [8.4.0] system. Under McMurry conditions, the alkynes afforded the [8.4.0] system, and this represents the first de novo synthesis of the complete eunicellane skeleton with a benzene partial structure.
Proposed Process and Design Considerations for Air Separation and CO2 Purification in a 100 MWe Oxy–Coal Power‐Generation System
Authors: Lee Hookyung , Choi Sangmin , Mun Heungman , Seo Sangil
Published: March 2013

Oxy–coal combustion is one of the most promising approaches for carbon capture and storage associated with large‐scale coal‐fired power stations. This paper presents the results of a study on air‐separation and CO2‐purification processes in terms of a conceptual design for an oxy–coal combustion system for 100 MWe (electrical) power generation. Feasible processes and design considerations for air separation and CO2 purification are proposed that take into account the operational stability of the overall plant before its demonstration. Air separation by using a double column, which has two main air compressors, to produce 95 % purity gaseous O2 is proposed. Two possible cases for cryogenic separation according to the phase of the captured CO2 are considered. In addition, we consider the installation and management of the air‐separation and CO2‐purification units to demonstrate the 100 MWe oxy–coal power plant and methods to reduce power consumption in the processes.
Damper placement optimization in a shear building model with discrete design variables: a mixed‐integer second‐order cone programming approach
Authors: Kanno Yoshihiro
Published: March 2013

Supplemental damping is known as an efficient and practical means to improve seismic response of building structures. Presented in this paper is a mixed‐integer programming approach to find the optimal placement of supplemental dampers in a given shear building model. The damping coefficients of dampers are treated as discrete design variables. It is shown that a minimization problem of the sum of the transfer function amplitudes of the interstory drifts can be formulated as a mixed‐integer second‐order cone programming problem. The global optimal solution of the optimization problem is then found by using a solver based on a branch‐and‐cut algorithm. Two numerical examples in literature are solved with discrete design variables. In one of these examples, the proposed method finds a better solution than an existing method in literature developed for the continuous optimal damper placement problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GBS dataset: measurements of satellite site diversity at 20.7 GHz in the UK
Authors: Callaghan S. A. , Waight J. , Agnew J. L. , Walden C. J. , Wrench C. L. , Ventouras S.
Published: March 2013

The GBS (Global Broadcast Service) dataset is a series of radio attenuation measurements made at three sites in the UK: Chilbolton and Sparsholt, both in southern UK, and Dundee in Scotland. The aim of the experiment was to make long term measurements of the signal strength received from a 20.7 GHz beacon on the US Department of Defense satellite UFO‐9 at multiple sites, in order to determine whether the use of site diversity as a fade mitigation technique would be effective. The dataset spans a period of 3 years, from August 2003 to August 2006 with signal attenuation sampled once per second.
Analysis of normal fault populations in the Kumano forearc basin, Nankai Trough, Japan: 2. Principal axes of stress and strain from inversion of fault orientations
Authors: Sacks Alison , Saffer Demian M. , Fisher Donald
Published: March 2013

We use a high‐resolution 3‐D seismic survey to map a population of recent normal faults within the Kumano Basin of the Nankai subduction zone, in order to quantify patterns of strain and stress state over the last 0.44 Myr. We identify distinct fault populations that define three phases of extension. Phases 1 and 2 comprise NW‐SE striking faults located along the western basin edge and in the northwestern portion of the study area, respectively. The NE‐SW striking faults of phase 3 comprise the largest population, and extend ~20 km landward from the basin's seaward edge. Phase 2 faults typically terminate within a few reflectors of the seafloor, whereas most phase 3 faults form seafloor scarps. Inversion of the fault populations documents NE‐SW extension during phases 1 and 2 and NW‐SE extension during phase 3, consistent with both core‐scale structures and horizontal stress orientations observed at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) boreholes. Slip on phase 3 faults accommodates strain of up to ~1–2%, concentrated near the basin's seaward edge. Inversion for a best‐fit stress tensor yields a subvertical σ1 and subhorizontal σ2 and σ3 for all faulting phases. We find that during phase 3 in most portions of the basin, σ2 = σ3 (SHmax = Shmin), reflecting widely varying fault strikes. This contrasts with distinct SHmax and Shmin magnitudes inferred from IODP borehole data; these observations may be reconciled if the orientation of maximum horizontal stress fluctuates due to variation of subduction parallel compression through the seismic cycle.
Mesozoic to Cenozoic intracontinental deformation and dynamics of the North China Craton
Authors: Li S. Z. , Suo Y. H. , Santosh M. , Dai L. M. , Liu X. , Yu S. , Zhao S. J. , Jin C.
Published: March 2013

Since the Mesozoic, the North China Craton has been located at a triangular junction surrounded by subduction or collision zones. This craton thus marks the frontier of a super‐convergent regime. Within the super‐convergence tectonic domains, however, distinct extensional regimes operated in the Meso‐Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin located at the eastern part of the North China Craton. In this synthesis, we focus on the intracontinental dynamics during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic in the North China Craton. Whereas the deep structures as revealed from tomographic studies show a remarkable difference between the Western and Eastern blocks of the North China Craton, the shallow setting in both regions is characterized by super‐convergence. We propose here that the tectonic scenario of the Bohai Bay Basin developed during the destruction of the North China Craton is largely characterized by Mesozoic extrusion and Cenozoic NW‐directed intracrustal extension with pull‐apart. The Cenozoic deep process is mainly a regional far‐field eastward upwelling of the asthenosphere beneath the western tectonic domain due to the India–Eurasia Plate collision accompanied by the eastward jump and rollback of the subducting Pacific Plate. The deep processes under the Bohai Bay Basin in the Mesozoic are local delamination and magma underplating. Our study highlights the contrasting structural and tectonic signature developed in the frontier of one of the largest super‐convergent systems on the globe. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of AQP4 surface expression via vesicle mobility in astrocytes
Authors: Potokar Maja , Stenovec Matjaž , Jorgačevski Jernej , Holen Torgeir , Kreft Marko , Ottersen Ole Petter , Zorec Robert
Published: March 2013

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the predominant water channel in the brain, expressed mainly in astrocytes and involved in water transport in physiologic and pathologic conditions. Besides the classical isoforms M1 (a) and M23 (c), additional ones may be present at the plasma membrane, such as the recently described AQP4b, d, e, and f. Water permeability regulation by AQP4 isoforms may involve several processes, such as channel conformational changes, the extent and arrangement of channels at the plasma membrane, and the dynamics of channel trafficking to/from the plasma membrane. To test whether vesicular trafficking affects the abundance of AQP4 channel at the plasma membrane, we studied the subcellular localization of AQP4 in correlation with vesicle mobility of AQP4e, one of the newly discovered AQP4 isoforms. In cultured rat astrocytes, recombinant AQP4e acquired plasma membrane localization, which resembled that of the antibody labeled endogenous AQP4 localization. Under conditions mimicking reactivation of astrocytes (increase in cytosolic cAMP) and brain edema, an increase in the AQP4 plasma membrane localization was observed. The cytoskeleton remained unaffected with the exception of rearranged actin filaments in the model of reactive astrocytes and vimentin meshwork depolymerization in hypoosmotic conditions. AQP4e vesicle mobility correlated with changes in the plasma membrane localization of AQP4 in all stimulated conditions. Hypoosmotic stimulation triggered a transient reduction in AQP4e vesicle mobility mirrored by the transient changes in AQP4 plasma membrane localization. We suggest that regulation of AQP4 surface expression in pathologic conditions is associated with the mobility of AQP4‐carrying vesicles.
Evaluating the significance of level IIb neck dissection for hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Sakai Akihiro , Okami Kenji , Sugimoto Ryousuke , Ebisumoto Koji , Yamamoto Hikaru , Maki Daisuke , Atsumi Taku , Saito Kosuke , Iida Masahiro
Published: March 2013

Background

This study evaluated cervical lymph node metastases at level IIb in cases of hypopharyngeal cancer and analyzed the possibility of preservation of level IIb during neck dissection.

Methods

In total, 34 patients (51 neck sides) with hypopharyngeal cancer that underwent neck dissection from April 2008 to April 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. We evaluated the distribution of metastatic lymph nodes at various levels (particularly level IIb) in cases treated with therapeutic neck dissection and elective neck dissection.

Results

The incidence of metastases in level IIb was 13.3% (4 of 30 patients) for therapeutic neck dissection and 0% (0 of 21 patients) for elective neck dissection. All the level IIb metastases were found on the ipsilateral side in the cases treated with therapeutic neck dissection.

Conclusions

The results suggest that preservation of level IIb during neck dissection was possible in N0 cases of hypopharyngeal cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1777–1780, 2013
Iron‐dependent cell death of hepatocellular carcinoma cells exposed to sorafenib
Authors: Louandre Christophe , Ezzoukhry Zakaria , Godin Corinne , Barbare Jean‐Claude , Mazière Jean‐Claude , Chauffert Bruno , Galmiche Antoine
Published: March 2013

The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is currently the treatment of reference for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our report, we examined the cytotoxic effects of sorafenib on HCC cells. We report that the depletion of the intracellular iron stores achieved by using the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFX) strikingly protects HCC cells from the cytotoxic effects of sorafenib. The protective effect of the depletion of intracellular iron stores could not be explained by an interference with conventional forms of programmed cell death, such as apoptosis or autophagic cell death. We also found that DFX did not prevent sorafenib from reaching its intracellular target kinases. Instead, the depletion of intracellular iron stores prevented sorafenib from inducing oxidative stress in HCC cells. We examined the possibility that sorafenib might exert a cytotoxic effect that resembles ferroptosis, a form of cell death in which iron‐dependent oxidative mechanisms play a pivotal role. In agreement with this possibility, we found that pharmacological inhibitors (ferrostatin‐1) and genetic procedures (RNA interference against IREB‐2) previously reported to modulate ferroptosis, readily block the cytotoxic effects of sorafenib in HCC cells. Collectively, our findings identify ferroptosis as an effective mechanism for the induction of cell death in HCC. Ferroptosis could potentially become a goal for the medical treatment of HCC, thus opening new avenues for the optimization of the use of sorafenib in these tumors.
Biliary tract cancer incidence in the United States—Demographic and temporal variations by anatomic site
Authors: Castro Felipe A. , Koshiol Jill , Hsing Ann W. , Devesa Susan S.
Published: March 2013

We evaluated incidence patterns of biliary tract cancers (gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of Vater and not otherwise specified) to provide potential insight into the etiology of these cancers. Data were obtained from the population‐based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program. Rates for cases diagnosed during 1992–2009 were calculated by racial/ethnic, gender and age groups. Temporal trends during 1974–2009 and annual percentage changes (APC) during 1992–2009 were estimated. Age‐adjusted rates by site were higher among American Indian/Alaska Natives, Hispanics (white) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (Asian/PI) and lower among whites and blacks. Gallbladder cancer was more common among women in all ethnic groups (female‐to‐male incidence rate ratio [IRR] ranged from 1.24 to 2.86), but bile duct and ampulla of Vater cancers were more common among men (female‐to‐male IRR 0.57 to 0.82). Gallbladder cancer rates declined among all racial/ethnic and gender groups except blacks (APC −0.4% to −3.9%). In contrast, extrahepatic bile duct cancer rates rose significantly in most female racial/ethnic groups; the APCs among whites were 0.8 among females and 1.3 among males, both significant. Rates for ampulla of Vater cancer decreased among Asian/PI females (APC −2.7%) but remained stable for the other groups. In addition to confirming that biliary tract cancer incidence patterns differ by gender and site and that the gallbladder cancer incidence rates have been declining, our study provides novel evidence that extrahepatic bile duct cancer rates are rising. These observations may help guide future etiologic studies.
Doxorubicin sensitizes human tumor cells to NK cell‐ and T‐cell‐mediated killing by augmented TRAIL receptor signaling
Authors: Wennerberg Erik , Sarhan Dhifaf , Carlsten Mattias , Kaminskyy Vitaliy O. , D'Arcy Padraig , Zhivotovsky Boris , Childs Richard , Lundqvist Andreas
Published: March 2013

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic that is widely used to treat different types of malignancy. In this study, it was studied whether DOX could be used to render tumor cells susceptible to apoptosis by NK and T cells. Pretreatment with subapoptotic doses of DOX sensitized tumor cell lines of various histotypes to both NK and T cells resulting in a 3.7 to 32.7% increase in lysis (2.5 mean fold increase, p < 0.0001) and a 2.9 to 14.2% increase in lysis (3.0 mean‐fold increase, p < 0.05), respectively. The sensitizing effect of the drug was primarily dependent on the tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL‐receptor signaling, but not on Fas‐ligand, perforin, NKG2D or DNAM‐1. The central role of the TRAIL signaling pathway was further supported by an increased expression of TRAIL‐R2 on DOX‐treated tumor cells and by downregulation of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein, the inhibitors of death receptor‐mediated apoptosis. Compared to untreated cells, pretreatment of tumor cells with DOX showed increased processing and activation of caspase‐8 on coculture with NK or T cells. The significance of this treatment strategy was confirmed using a xenogeneic tumor‐bearing mouse model. Tumor progression was delayed in mice that received either NK cells (p < 0.05) or T cells (p < 0.0001) following DOX treatment compared to mice receiving either cell type alone. Moreover, combined infusion of both NK and T cells following DOX treatment not only delayed tumor progression but also significantly improved the long‐term survival (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, it was proposed that DOX can be used to improve the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy in patients with cancer.
IGF‐1 stimulated upregulation of cyclin D1 is mediated via STAT5 signaling pathway in neuronal cells
Authors: Kalita Anjana , Gupta Sakshi , Singh Preeti , Surolia Avadhesha , Banerjee Kakoli
Published: March 2013

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs) regulate various target genes such as cyclin D1, MYC, and BCL2 in nonneuronal cells which contribute towards progression as well as prevention of apoptosis and are involved in differentiation and cell survival. However, in neuronal cells, the role of STATs in the activation and regulation of these target genes and their signaling pathways are still not well established. In this study, a robust cyclin D1 expression was observed following IGF‐1 stimulation in SY5Y cells as well as neurospheres. JAK/STAT pathway was shown to be involved in this upregulation. A detailed promoter analysis revealed that the specific STAT involved was STAT5, which acted as a positive regulatory element for cyclin D1 expression. Overexpression studies confirmed increase in cyclin D1 expression in response to STAT5a and STAT5b constructs when compared to dominant‐negative STAT5. siRNA targeting STAT5, diminished the cyclin D1 expression, further confirming that STAT5 specifically regulated cyclin D1 in neuronal cells. Together, these findings shed new light on the mechanism of IGF‐1 mediated upregulation of cyclin D1 expression in neural cell lines as well as in neural stem cells via the JAK/STAT5 signaling cascade. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(5):462–471, 2013.
Increased risk of cataract development in WNIN‐obese rats due to accumulation of intralenticular sorbitol
Authors: Reddy Paduru Yadagiri , Giridharan Nappan Veettil , Balakrishna Nagalla , Validandi Vakdevi , Pullakhandam Raghu , Reddy Geereddy Bhanuprakash
Published: March 2013

Epidemiological studies have reported an association between obesity and increased incidence of ocular complications including cataract, yet the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms remained unclear. Previously we had demonstrated accumulation of sorbitol in the lens of obese rats (WNIN/Ob) and more so in a related strain with impaired glucose tolerance (WNIN/GR‐Ob). However, only a few (15–20%) WNIN/Ob and WNIN/GR‐Ob rats develop cataracts spontaneously with age. To gain further insights, we investigated the susceptibility of eye lens proteins of these obese rat strains to heat‐ and UV‐induced aggregation in vitro, lens opacification upon glucose‐mediated sorbitol accumulation ex vivo, and onset and progression of cataract was followed by galactose feeding and streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The results indicated increased susceptibility toward heat‐ or UV‐induced aggregation of lens proteins in obese animals compared to their littermate lean controls. Further, in organ culture studies glucose‐induced sorbitol accumulation was found to be higher and thus the lens opacification was faster in obese animals compared to their lean littermates. Also, the onset and progression of galactose‐ or STZ‐induced cataractogenesis was faster in obese animals compared to lean control. These results together with our previous observations suggest that obesity status could lead to hyperaccumulation of sorbitol in eye lens, predisposing them to cataract, primarily by increasing their susceptibility to environmental and/or physiological factors. Further, intralenticular sorbitol accumulation beyond a threshold level could lead to cataract in WNIN/Ob and WNIN/GR‐Ob rats. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(5):472–478, 2013
Application of open porous poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) microspheres and the strategy of hydrophobic seeding in hepatic tissue cultivation
Authors: Chou Ming‐Ju , Hsieh Chin‐Hsiung , Yeh Peng‐Lin , Chen Po‐Cheng , Wang Ching‐Hua , Huang Yi‐You
Published: March 2013

In this article, porous poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere scaffolds with a size of ∼ 400 μm and pores of ∼ 20 μm were prepared for constructing injectable three‐dimensional hepatocyte spheroids. The porous sites of PLGA microspheres provided a spatial space for hepatocyte distribution. Hepatocytes spheroids were cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cell, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, or NIH/3T3 cells by combining the porous PLGA microspheres with the relatively hydrophobic culture strategy. The combination of open porous microspheres, hepatocytes, and nonparenchymal cells was demonstrated for application in functional hepatic tissue reconstruction. Hepatocellular‐specific functions can sustained up to 2 weeks in the support of coculturing with nonparenchymal cells. The spheroidal hepatocyte coculture system had the advantages of an injectable delivery, higher cell seeding density, protection from exerted shear stress, better exchange of nutrients, oxygen and metabolites, and heterotypic cell–cell contact within and between microspheres. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A: 2862‐2869, 2013.
Influence of crosslinking on the stiffness and degradation of dermis‐derived hydrogels
Authors: Pilipchuk Sophia P. , Vaicik Marcella K. , Larson Jeffery C. , Gazyakan Emre , Cheng Ming‐Huei , Brey Eric M.
Published: March 2013

Natural hydrogels have been investigated for three‐dimensional tissue reconstruction and regeneration given their ability to emulate the structural complexity of multi‐component extracellular matrices (ECM). Hydrogels rich in ECM can be extracted and assembled from soft tissues, retain a composition specific to the tissue source, and stimulate vascularized tissue formation. However, poor mechanical properties and rapid degradation hinder their performance in regenerative applications. This study investigates the effect of glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking on the mechanical properties, biological activity, and degradation of dermis‐isolated ECM‐rich hydrogels. Compression tests indicated that hydrogel elastic moduli and yield stress values increased significantly with GA exposure time. Lyophilization was shown to decrease yield stress values with respect to non‐lyophilized gels. Crosslinked ECM, unlike non‐crosslinked gels, was resistant to pepsin degradationin vitro. In a rodent subcutaneous implant model, crosslinking for 0.5 hours or longer drastically slowed degradation relative to controls. Inflammation was low and mature vascularized granulation tissue was observed in all gels, with an increase in vessel density at 1 week in crosslinked gels relative to controls. These results support the potential use of dermis‐derived hydrogels as materials for tissue engineering applications and suggest that crosslinking can enhance mechanical properties and prolong hydrogel lifetime while promoting vascularized tissue formation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 101A:2883–2895, 2013.
Morphodynamic signatures of braiding mechanisms as expressed through change in sediment storage in a gravel‐bed river
Authors: Wheaton Joseph M. , Brasington James , Darby Stephen E. , Kasprak Alan , Sear David , Vericat Damiá
Published: March 2013

Previous flume‐based research on braided channels has revealed four classic mechanisms that produce braiding: central bar development, chute cutoff, lobe dissection, and transverse bar conversion. The importance of these braiding mechanisms relative to other morphodynamic mechanisms in shaping braided rivers has not yet been investigated in the field. Here we exploit repeat topographic surveys of the braided River Feshie (UK) to explore the morphodynamic signatures of different mechanisms of change in sediment storage. Our results indicate that, when combined, the four classic braiding mechanisms do indeed account for the majority of volumetric change in storage in the study reach (61% total). Chute cutoff, traditionally thought of as an erosional braiding mechanism, appears to be the most common braiding mechanism in the study river, but was more the result of deposition during the construction of diagonal bars than it was the erosion of the chute. Three of the four classic mechanisms appeared to be largely net aggradational in nature, whereas secondary mechanisms (including bank erosion, channel incision, and bar sculpting) were primarily net erosional. Although the role of readily erodible banks in facilitating braiding is often conceptualized, we show that bank erosion is as or more important a mechanism in changes in sediment storage than most of the braiding mechanisms, and is the most important “secondary” mechanism (17% of total change). The results of this study provide one of the first field tests of the relative importance of braiding mechanisms observed in flume settings.
Detection of influenza A virus homo‐ and heterosubtype‐specific memory B‐cells using a novel protein microarray‐based analysis tool
Authors: Baas Dominique C. , Koopmans Marion P. , de Bruin Erwin , Hulscher Hinke I ten , Buisman Anne M. , Hendrikx Lotte H. , van Beek Janko , Godeke Gert‐Jan , Reimerink Johan , van Binnendijk Robert S.
Published: March 2013

The emergence of the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic influenza virus was initially seen as a major world‐wide health concern since a low degree of immunity to this virus strain was anticipated. However, age‐specific infection attack rates and age‐specific differences in seroresponse indicate that pre‐existing immunity may have played a significant role in protection especially in older age groups. This study describes the use of a protein microarray as a multiplex analysis tool for detection of influenza virus H1 strain‐specific memory B‐cells before and after infection with A(H1N1)pdm09. The discrimination was based on detection of specific antibodies in culture supernatants from polyclonally stimulated B‐cells against recombinant influenza virus HA1 proteins representing influenza virus subtypes H1 through H9. The protein microarray proved sensitive and specific for antibody detection in culture supernatants of B‐cells, and with the potential to deduce a person's history of infection with particular influenza virus variants, including A(H1N1)pdm09. Blood samples obtained from different age groups prior to the pandemic in 2009 partly showed the presence of B‐cells producing antibodies binding to the closely related A(H1N1) 1918 pandemic influenza virus, and of which the magnitude increased with age. These cross‐reactive antibodies were produced by single memory B‐cells present in these donors, and either bind to epitopes on HA1 which are shared within different H1 strains (homosubtypic response) or shared between different subtypes (heterosubtypic response). J. Med. Virol. 85:899–909, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circulating microRNA‐22 correlates with microRNA‐122 and represents viral replication and liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Arataki Keiko , Hayes C. Nelson , Akamatsu Sakura , Akiyama Rie , Abe Hiromi , Tsuge Masataka , Miki Daiki , Ochi Hidenori , Hiraga Nobuhiko , Imamura Michio , Takahashi Shoichi , Aikata Hiroshi , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Kawakami Hiroiku , Ohishi Waka , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: March 2013

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with increased expression of microRNA‐122. Serum microRNA‐122 and microRNA‐22 levels were analyzed in 198 patients with chronic HBV who underwent liver biopsy and were compared with quantitative measurements of HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV DNA, and other clinical and histological findings. Levels of serum microRNA‐122 and microRNA‐22 were determined by reverse transcription‐TaqMan PCR. Serum levels of microRNA‐122 and microRNA‐22 were correlated (R2 = 0.576; P < 0.001), and both were elevated in chronic HBV patients. Significant linear correlations were found between microRNA‐122 or microRNA‐22 and HBsAg levels (R2 = 0.824, P < 0.001 and R2 = 0.394, P < 0.001, respectively) and ALT levels (R2 = 0.498, P < 0.001 and R2 = 0.528, P < 0.001, respectively). MicroRNA‐122 levels were also correlated with HBV DNA titers (R2 = 0.694, P < 0.001 and R2 = 0.421, P < 0.001). Levels of these microRNAs were significantly higher in HBeAg‐positive patients compared to HBeAg‐negative patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). MicroRNA‐122 levels were also lower in patients with advanced liver fibrosis (P < 0.001) and lower inflammatory activity (P < 0.025). These results suggest that serum micro‐RNA levels are significantly associated with multiple aspects of HBV infection. The biological meaning of the correlation between microRNA‐122 and HBsAg and should be investigated further. J. Med. Virol. 85:789–798, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.