bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants in the modern choice of food
Authors: ILMONEN KAJ , PANTZAR MIKA
Published: July 2007

This paper is the first attempt to integrate contemporary discussions on the choice, role and significance of food in people's everyday lives. It goes beyond the purely economic‐quantitative dimensions of food and relates them to the income factor. It is a revised version of a paper which first appeared in Finnish in Discussion Papers No. 33 published by the Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki.
The economic impact of a household product: the use of nitrilotriacetic acid
Authors: REEB DONALD J.
Published: July 2007

Purchase,1 in her review of laundry practices, concluded that there was significant increased cost due to the banning of phosphate detergents. The cost calculation was, in all likelihood, significantly inflated. A review of her methodology and assumptions, and those of related studies, provides significant adjustments to her conclusions. This issue is important to home economists and environmentalists. The recalculation demonstrates that these interests are less in conflict than Purchase's data would indicate.
Home economics education in Canadian schools
Authors: PETERAT LINDA B.
Published: July 2007

In the current climate of educational reform two central questions for educators are what is and what should be home economics? This article explores the first question through examining home economics curricula documents from each province in Canada and comparing the general title, the dominant view of home economics and the conceptual areas of study in the programmes offered. Considerable conceptual confusion and disagreement are evident in each of these three dimensions of programmes. Suggestions for developing clarity and integration in curricula are outlined.
Some anomalies in public sector pricing
Authors: RYCRAFT M.
Published: July 2007

Electricity boards, gas boards and water authorities have to raise revenue from their customers to meet their costs. They are subject to direction from Parliament in how their charges are structured, producing results not always as intended. This paper describes some interesting anomalies.
Shared meal preparation in residential kitchens: implications for kitchen planning
Authors: OLSON WANDA W. , YUST BECKY L.
Published: July 2007

A comparison was made of the use of residential kitchen work centres by one worker and by two workers during a dinner meal preparation in which a microwave oven was utilized. When the meal was prepared by two workers they divided the work load by menu item and utilized separate work stations; typically, only one worker prepared the menu items requiring actual cooking. However, whether the meal preparation was individual or shared, the sink and preparation centres were the most frequently used.
Managerial behaviour of home buyers*
Authors: HINKLE TAMMY F. , COMBS E. RAEDENE
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to achieve a better understanding of the managerial behaviour of home buyers. Data for the study were obtained by means of a telephone interview with 152 households who had purchased a home during the first six months of 1981. Results report socio‐economic characteristics associated with particular reasons for purchasing a home, with types of resources used, and with kinds and extent of life style and housing sacrifices experienced. The findings indicate that it is important the professionals dealing with families and individuals become sensitized to the types of reasons, resources, life‐style and housing‐feature sacrifices that families experience, and be familiar with the fact that different families, depending on their socio‐economic characteristics, are likely to have somewhat different reasons, use somewhat different resources, and experience somewhat different sacrifices.
Factors affecting productivity in nutrient consumption
Authors: NORUM PAMELA S.
Published: July 2007

Nutrient demand consumption behaviour has been investigated by a number of researchers. One aspect of such behaviour that has been largely ignored is the productive use of available nutrient resources within households. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effects of various socio‐economic and demographic variables on the productive use of selected dietary components.

Household production provided the theoretical framework for studying nutrient productivity within households. From this framework, average productivity ratios for calories, protein and fat were developed. Data for the empirical analyses were taken from the 1977–78 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. The results indicate that an average of 66–80% of these nutrient resources that were available to households were actually consumed. Households appear to make more productive use of their available protein resources relative to calories and fat. The effects of theoretically justified exogenous variables on the productivity of these dietary components were also examined. The results have implications for marketers, as well as educators who work with families in managing their resources.
Electronic funds transfer at point of sale: a consumer viewpoint*
Authors: MITCHELL JEREMY
Published: July 2007

The first section examines the advantages and disadvantages of electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS) as a payment method for consumers. The next section looks at the legal issues and especially at consumer problems arising from the use of wellestablished related technology, automated teller machines (ATMs). The third part sets out the European Commission's strategy for EFTPOS. Finally, the last section summarizes the consumer issues involved and suggests that an international legal framework is needed to deal with them.
Taxes and the time allocation patterns of married women with children: cross‐cultural comparisons between the United States and Canada
Authors: DOUTHITT ROBIN A. , ZICK CATHLEEN D.
Published: July 2007

It is widely recognized in the family economics literature that the structure of an income tax system affects labour supply. This paper examines and contrasts the effects of U.S. and Canadian tax policies on one particular group: married women with children. Using a household production model of time allocation, it is initially argued that U. S. tax policies promote market work for this group, while Canadian tax policies discourage market work for similar women. What is found is that Canadian women display weaker labour force attachment than American women and they spend more time in home production activities. These effects are consistent with initial predictions.
Children's contributions to household activities in single‐parent and two‐parent families
Authors: LOVETT SUSAN B. , ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED
Published: July 2007

Differences in children's contributions to total household work, food preparation, dishwashing, shopping, housecleaning, and the maintenance of home, yard, car and pets were examined. Differences due to the impact of age and sex of the child as well as the employment status of the homemaker were also analysed.
The effect of cookery method on beef palatability and cooking properties
Authors: GIBSON LORNA L. , JEREMIAH LESTER E.
Published: July 2007

A total of 432 boneless beef loin steaks were prepared using three different cookery methods (conventional electric oven, electric convection oven and microwave oven) and evaluated for palatability by an experienced six‐member laboratory taste panel. Cooking losses and times were also recorded. Composite results indicate that microwave cookery can not be utilized to shorten cooking times without compromising the eating quality, but that preparation time can be substantially reduced (66%) without compromising eating quality by using convection rather than conventional cookery methods, under the conditions in which this study was conducted.
Line‐drying versus machine‐drying: energy consumption comparison
Authors: PEDERSEN ELAINE L. , LABHARD LEZLIE A. , WEBB JAMES
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the physical energy utilized in machine‐drying and the human energy utilized in line‐drying with a standard test laundry load in order to demonstrate the benefits of making a trade‐off between mechanized energy and human energy utilized in drying laundry. Comparatively, only a small amount of metabolic energy was utilized in line‐drying. Line‐drying laundry over an extended period of time, along with similar trade‐offs with other household tasks to use more human energy and less mechanized energy, would save energy resources and would contribute to physical health by increasing exercise levels. All data collection occurred at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
Consumer behaviour of children in primary school age
Authors: ÖZGEN ÖZLEN , GÖNEN EMINE
Published: July 2007

Most research on consumer behaviour is concerned with adult behaviour, because the purchasing power of a household lies predominantly with the adults. However, children do undertake the management of a certain amount of money at early ages, and the importance of children, obviously an integral part of the family, in overall family consumption has been increasing gradually. In order to help children become ‘conscious’ consumers, it would be most useful to treat them separately for the purpose of defining consumer behaviour.

In this research, using a population of 300 pupils, in the age groups of 8–9 years and 11–12 years, from six primary schools of different socio‐economic levels, the consumption behaviour, behavioural forms of purchase and factors influencing such purchase forms of purchase forms of children have been studied.
Credit cards, new technology and consumer debt*
Authors: MITCHELL JEREMY
Published: July 2007

There has been a rapid expansion in consumer indebtedness in the U.K. The amount of consumer debt has doubled in real terms during the last 10 years. The majority of consumers are able to cope with their debt repayments, but there are a significant number of credit casualties, often burdened with multiple debts. Credit cards have played a significant but not overwhelming part in this increase in debt. There are now 62 bank credit cards for every 100 adults in the U.K., a much higher incidence than in any other European country. Credit cards have been aggressively marketed and sold, and it is possible that they will now move downmarket, to consumers in lower income groups. This possibility highlights the need for a major consumer education campaign on the cost of credit. U.K. consumers' knowledge of and ability to compare credit interest rates is poor, especially among lower income consumers who are most at risk.
Less restrictive trade in textiles and apparel: a position paper
Authors: SHELTON LINDA , DICKERSON KITTY G.
Published: July 2007

This is a position paper* which advocates textile and apparel trade with fewer restrictions. The paper evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of protectionist legislation for the textile sector; also considered are the position of the consumer, and the economy more broadly. Proposed U.S. textile legislation is evaluated in the context of the current political climate, both nationally and internationally. When all factors are considered, the casts of protectionism may exceed the benefits, perhaps even for the industry.
The practical efficiency of cleaning and washing equipment used in maintenance cleaning of stairs
Authors: AULANKO MARJA
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate different types of cleaning and washing equipment for maintenance cleaning of stairs by means of practical experiments and by value analysis. The following evaluation criteria were used in the study: suitability, lightness, ease of cleaning, ease of handling, good working position, suitability for the removal of sand and fine dirt, working speed, strain at work, resultant cleanliness and suitability for tasks other than floor cleaning.
Price, quality, and grocery shopping behaviour
Authors: VALENTIN ERHARD K. , GRANZIN KENT L.
Published: July 2007

Female grocery shoppers were segmented using cluster analysis; subsequently, segment profiles were developed using discriminant analysis. Identified shopper segments were found to distinguish clearly between various money‐saving tactics and to rely on such tactics to varying degrees. Also, they were found to differ in terms of preference, behavioural and demographic characteristics.
Consumer demand for potatoes: at home and away from home
Authors: McCRACKEN VICKI A.
Published: July 2007

Total U.S. consumption of potatoes has increased steadily over the past several decades, but significant changes have occurred in the way in which potatoes are consumed. This study identifies how socio‐demographic and economic factors affect potato consumption at home and away from home, using data from the spring quarter of the 1977–1978 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Tobit estimates indicate that the impact of income and value of time as well as factors such as race, location of residence and household size and composition on consumption differed for potatoes consumed at home versus away from home and by specific potato product. These results suggest the importance of segmenting the market in analysing consumption behaviour and developing marketing programmes.
The consumer logistics system: a focal point for study of the household‐consumption process
Authors: GRANZIN KENT L.
Published: July 2007

Consumer logistics provides a fresh perspective for the study of household consumption. As consuming households participate in the distribution of products and services, they engage in consumer logistics — the movement and handling of goods and people that is performed by consumers to facilitate consumption. This article characterizes the consumer logistics system in conceptual fashion to provide a basis for future research into the structure and process of consumer logistics at the household level. It then illustrates the system through a model of the consumer logistics process based on empirical evidence, and finally provides implications of this conceptual development for consumer studies research.
Credit: the consumer perspective
Authors: MILLAR CINDY , MORAN ANNE
Published: July 2007

The U.K. has seen a considerable expansion in the use of credit during the 1980s. Although the majority of consumers are able to manage their use of credit there are many whose borrowing leads to hardship. There are various ways in which the availability of credit can be controlled but there is a high degree of reluctance to do so, both on the part of government and the credit card companies. A mechanism for assessing credit worthiness and a properly resourced system for assisting those who experience difficulties through using credit is needed. The social and economic consequences for consumers of the overuse of credit cannot be underestimated.
Measuring family member involvement in the consumer‐decision process
Authors: MACDONALD E. SUSAN. , CROWN ELIZABETH M. , KIEREN DIANNE K. , BADIR DORIS
Published: July 2007

The objective of this research was to develop and refine a methodology for measuring family member involvement in the consumer‐decision process. A process model of family consumer decisions was used as the conceptual framework. Four couples participated in the study. The multi‐method approach utilized to gather information about family decision‐making included both self‐report and observational techniques. Data were analysed descriptively by creating detailed profiles of each family's consumer‐decision process. Although the multi‐method, small n approach was found to be useful, refinements are suggested.
Changing household formation patterns: implications for consumption and nutrition
Authors: PERSO ROBIN K. , BRANDT JON A.
Published: July 2007

The effects of anticipated changes in the composition of U.S. households on food consumption patterns and on levels of nutrition are projected to the year 1995. Despite rather substantial demographic shifts, the estimated impact on aggregate food budget shares is small for 13 aggregated food groups. Stratification of cross‐sectional data by income and household composition is important to identify potential household groups at risk with respect to selected nutrition categories. Results from this analysis are useful in developing policies which can be geared to target those groups deficient in nutritional intake.
Fabric speciality stores: customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with information‐source attributes
Authors: CARY RICHARD T. , FIORITO SUSAN S.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to determine customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with information‐source attributes supplied by fabric speciality stores. After constructing a theoretical framework of information‐source attributes and a questionnaire, a survey of fabric speciality store customers was conducted in eight Midwestern cities in the U.S. The results indicated that salespeople, store layout/displays and fabric‐bolt labels caused more dissatisfaction than store advertising, special services and free printed literature. It was also found that variables, such as the respondent's age, were related to the respondent's degree of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with fabric speciality store informations‐source attributes.
The use of repertory grid techniques in the evaluation of fabric handle
Authors: BYRNE MICHAEL S. , BENNETT TRACY
Published: July 2007

The reproducibility of a repertory grid for the evaluation of fabric handle was investigated by means of consumer responses to a series of fabrics. The consumer panel evaluated the same fabrics on three separate occasions. On the first and third occasion, the fabrics were seen and on the second occasion unseen. Correlations at high levels of significance were generally found between results obtained on each occasion. This was particularly true of the two seen tests.
Consumers' credit cards and international students
Authors: MAKELA CAROLE J. , PUNJAVAT TAPIN , OLSON GERALDINE I.
Published: July 2007

This paper focuses on graduate international students' knowledge, attitudes, experiences, practices, and satisfaction relating to credit cards. Respondents (n = 261) were graduate international students (n = 623) attending a western US land‐grant university. Findings show students' credit card knowledge was low, attitudes were favourable, and pre‐US experiences limited. A majority of respondents had obtained cards, followed commonly recommended practices, and were satisfied with their credit card use.
Functional forms of household expenditure patterns in the United States
Authors: ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED , SCHWENK F. N.
Published: July 2007

Engel curve analyses of six major categories of expenditures are presented. Data for U.S. consumer units are from the 1989 Consumer Expenditure Survey. Six different functional forms for each of the six expenditure categories were compared and the form with the best fit between permanent income, as derived from an instrumental variable approach, and expenditure was selected for each expenditure category. Regressions of each expenditure with permanent income and selected household characteristics are discussed.
Perceived risk and mail order shopping for apparel
Authors: SIMPSON LINDA , LAKNER HILDA BUCKLEY
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between perceived risk regarding apparel selection and mail order shopping. One‐hundred and two adult women from a medium‐sized midwestern city in the U.S.A. participated in a telephone survey. Factor analysis uncovered four distinct types of risk associated with mail order shopping: economic, performance‐related, physical and social/psychological. Multivariate and univariate analyses revealed that economic risk was the only risk that was significantly different from other categories of risk. A Scheffé post hoc comparison indicated that economic risk was higher for respondents who were non‐ or infrequent mail order shoppers than for frequent mail order shoppers. These results contribute to the literature on mail order shopping by isolating the product category of apparel. The results can aid catalogue and other direct marketing companies by suggesting that they focus on alleviating economic losses of future clients, thereby making it easier for consumers to capitalize on the convenience features of this patronage mode.
The effect of fiber type on the handle of fabric for sportshirts
Authors: BYRNE MICHAEL S. , COTGREAVE DAVID
Published: July 2007

Three sportshirt fabrics made from cotton, cotton/nylon blend, and nylon respectively, were evaluated in terms of fabric handle by 40 female consumers. Few differences were found between the first two fabrics but 100% nylon fabric was less acceptable. Knowledge of fiber type present had a marked effect on handle judgments.
Home‐based entrepreneurship and multiple roles—an inter‐role conflict
Authors: KEAN RITA , NIMEYERY SHIRLEY , MAUPIN WENDY
Published: July 2007

Home‐based entrepreneurship has been identified as an alternative source of employment and income for residents of non‐metropolitan communities. Although economic and social advantages of home‐based work have been identified, negative factors associated with home‐based entrepreneurship have also been reported Home‐based entrepreneurs may experience inter‐role conflict as a result of an overlapping of roles (i.e. work/family) within the environs of the home. Findings from interviews with home‐based entrepreneurs are discussed in relation to the multiplicity of roles of the home‐based entrepreneur. Further, implications are addressed concerning the conflicts arising from multiple role demand as a home‐based entrepreneur.
Factors affecting low fruit and vegetable consumption in Scotland: a review of factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: PIACENTINI M.G. , KIRK T. , PRENTICE R.C. , TURNER P.
Published: July 2007

The recently published ‘Scottish Diet’1 emphasizes the importance of diet in Scotland's poor health record, and sets dietary targets for the year 2000. Fruit and vegetable intake is considerably lower in Scotland than in the rest of the U.K. This paper gives details of the low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption in Scotland in relation to the rest of the U.K., and then goes on to review the factors affecting consumption of these foods, and in particular to discuss them in terms of the Scottish situation. Finally, an agenda for research in this area is outlined, emphasizing the need for further information on the interrelationships between the different factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption, in order to inform future strategies for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in Scotland.
Consumer satisfaction with shopping experiences and clothing products in the children's wear market
Authors: NORUM PAMELA S.
Published: July 2007

This study, utilizing a model of the satisfaction process in retail settings, analysed the relationship between problem disconfirmation and satisfaction with (i) shopping for children's clothing and (ii) the quality of children's clothing. In addition, the effect of shopping satisfaction on product satisfaction was also examined. The sample comprised 957 children's wear consumers from one mid‐western state. Factor analysis and ordinary least‐squares regression were the statistical techniques used to analyse the data. The results indicate that sizing and fit problems are significantly related to satisfaction with the shopping experience. Product attributes related to the lasting ability of a garment, as well as those specific to infants' wear, were significantly related to satisfaction with product quality. Satisfaction with the shopping experience was also found to affect product satisfaction. These results have tangible implications for apparel marketers.
Knowledge and preference for aromatic rice by people in Britain
Authors: HORI KOHJI , SONODA JUNKO , AKINAGA YUKO , HALL A. HEULWEN
Published: July 2007

This study was undertaken to see if people in Britain have knowledge about aromatic rice and if they have a preference for the rice. They know of and have a high preference for aromatic rice and have a high frequency of eating the rice, although they do not usually buy or eat aromatic rice and/or ordinary rice. The sensory test showed that the preferences of aroma, taste and overallpalatability for plain cooked Basmati (aromatic) rice were almost the same as for long grain (ordinary bland) rice. The aroma and taste of the sushi made of Basmati, however, were given higher scores than those of the sushi made of ordinary bland rice. On the other hand, the Japanese panellists did not give higher scores to the plain rice cooked using aromatic rice and to the sushi made of the rice. However, the sushi made of aromatic rice may be found acceptable by Japanese people. This study shows a possible way of making use of aromatic rice in Japan as well as in Britain.
An examination of life‐course use of housing information by the elderly
Authors: GALLOWAY ALISON , ROBERTSON HILARY
Published: July 2007

An examination of the housing decisions of a group of elderly (n= 43) was undertaken to establish the nature of information used throughout the life course and to determine the degree of success of a variety of sources of information in promoting housing satisfaction. A purposive sample of elderly men and women in different tenure groups and house types, from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds and encompassing ‘young old’ as well as ‘old old’ were interviewed to establish patterns of formal and informal information flow and to determine, as far as is possible, whether information was actively or passively acquired.

As would be perhaps expected, elderly owner occupiers, and particularly those from socioeconomic groups I, II and IIIN had used, and continue to use, formal sources of information to a far greater extent than did elderly tenants who had been in manual occupations, who preferred (and had always preferred) to look to family and friends to satisfy their housing information needs. Written information on housing choices appeared to be of limited value to most elderly, although it may be the case that leaflets and booklets are inappropriate sources of housing information for all age groups, not simply the elderly.
Retailing from the margins ‐ the re‐emergence of a food co‐operative movement?
Authors: MOORE CHRISTOPHER M. , DEVENNEY MIKE , COULTAR MARGARET ANNE
Published: July 2007

The disadvantage faced by low‐income food consumers has long been recognized, with such groups likely to pay more for their food products, which are commonly limited in terms of range and quality. Such disadvantage stems not only from economic constraints, but also from geographical, sociodemographic and infrastructural factors, such as low car ownership levels (which limit mobility), age, family structure and infirmity. Issues of access and mobility are especially pertinent given that the majority of U.K. food retailers have sought to achieve increased market share through the pursuit of economies of scale, the inherent benefit of high margin maintenance, large format development and the relocation to edge‐of‐town/out‐of‐town and affluent suburban sites. To date, little attention in the form of research has been directed to examining strategies adopted by those on low incomes to address such circumstances. This paper outlines the initial findings of a wider longitudinal study that examines the activities of food co‐operatives and food groups within the Glasgow area, which are run by, and are for the benefit of, those on low incomes. Through semi‐structured interviews with relevant local government departments and funding bodies, management committees and volunteers involved in the daily operation of food groups, the initial aim was to identify the operational and organizational characteristics of food cooperative initiatives. The next stage was to determine what those involved perceived as the contribution made to the members and wider community, and finally, future opportunities for food cooperatives were identified. The results therefore, provide an invaluable insight, not only into the workings of food co‐operatives, but also into the experience of those on low incomes in respect of food shopping. The research findings, perhaps ironically, provide a possible strategic direction for food retailers who, in the face of traditional market saturation, must identify new market growth opportunities within areas that they have previously neglected.
Consumer complaint behaviour in the children's wear market in the U.S.
Authors: NORUM PAMELA S. , SCROGIN JOANN
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of consumer complaint behaviour in the children's wear market. Based upon an economic framework of complaint behaviour, the relationship between selected consumer and product characteristics and complaint behaviour for children's wear was examined by estimating separate logistic regression equations for private and public complaint actions. Variables found to be associated with complaint actions included the price of the item, income, level of dissatisfaction, garment type, family size and age of the youngest child. The results have specific implications for apparel marketers and provide an application of the complaint model to a product category that has not been investigated previously.
The perception of Ghanaian consumers of textiles and clothing labels
Authors: FIANU DOCEA A.G. , HARRISON‐ARTHUR GRACE
Published: July 2007

A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on 105 (53·3% women, 46·7% men) workers in establishments in and around Legon in Accra, Ghana, about their perception of textiles and clothing labels. About 80% were aged between 24 and 44 years and 60% were educated beyond secondary school level. Those who looked for labels while shopping for fabrics were 75%, whereas 83% looked for labels when selecting ready‐made clothing to determine the quality, suitability, the fit and the care to be given to the clothes. Chi‐square analysis indicated no significant difference between the sexes with regard to perception of textiles and clothing labels. Information items required on labels indicated by the respondents, in order of preference, were fibre content, size/width, manufacturer's/brand name, price, care instructions and country of origin. The Ghana Standards Board (GSB), Ghana Consumers' Association and the Home Science Department at Legon are to assist in enforcing labels on all textiles and clothing. This will enable consumers to shop wisely and get their money's worth. Illiterate consumers are to be studied to determine their criteria for judging the quality of clothing at the point of purchase. This could be used to develop labels for them.
A comparative study of water usage in metered and unmetered households
Authors: BRAMFIT JEAN , BURNETT SALLY‐ANN , AINSWORTH PAUL
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the water usage in metered and unmetered households. The work also examined consumer attitudes towards water usage, including the belief of the need to use water more efficiently and the motivation to do so. Data were obtained by a self‐administered questionnaire from 89 households in the Trafford area of Greater Manchester in the winter of 1995/6. This has provided information on ownership levels and age of water‐using domestic appliances and outdoor water‐using equipment. Although the survey showed some consumer awareness of eco‐labelling, actual knowledge was low in both metered and unmetered households. Those respondents who thought water metering did, or would, encourage greater water efficiency were generally aware of how savings could be achieved. Metered households showed a stronger belief in the benefits of water economy. Twenty households each monitored their water usage for 7 consecutive days. A second questionnaire, aimed at clarifying practices, was then completed. This has provided information on total domestic water usage and variations in the components of water demand. Although there was a wide range of values in both metered and unmetered households, the frequency of use of appliances and equipment and per capita consumption were found to be related to household size. This showed larger households benefiting from an economy of scale. Metered households in this survey had a mean water consumption of 124·19 L/person/day compared with 137·28 L/person/day in unmetered households.
Energy‐saving attitudes and the behaviour of women in the use of electrical household appliances in Turkey
Authors: KALINKARA VELITTIN
Published: July 2007

In this study, 270 women with different levels of education were investigated to determine energy‐saving attitudes and the behaviour of women in the use of electrical household appliances. Their attitudes were measured by Likert‐type sentences, and their behaviour by evaluating their answers to 33 questions that were oriented to energy saving. The effects of variables on attitudes and behaviour, such as number of individuals in the family, education level of the woman, length of marriage, employment status, family income and the number of electrical appliances were determined by analysis of variance. Effects of family income, education level of women, employment status and the number of electrical appliances on positive attitude, and effects of educational level of woman and employment status on positive behaviour were both found to be significant (P < 0.05).
Culture and consumption expenditure patterns: comparison between Korean and United States households
Authors: Chung Young Sook
Published: July 2007

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify household consumption expenditure patterns in the US and to determine if these patterns are different from those of Korean households. Data were cluster analysed, and the results revealed four different consumption expenditure patterns for US and Korean households. Logit analysis showed that consumption expenditure patterns of households in both countries are likely to vary depending on socioeconomic factors. Similarities and differences in consumption expenditure patterns between cultures are discussed, and implications are provided.
Family economics in Russia: women's perspectives on the transition to a market economy
Authors: Schleuning Neala
Published: July 2007

Abstract This study of family economic variables is based on in‐depth oral interviews conducted in the spring of 1995 with 95 women living in Moscow, Russia. The survey explored family economic life in a variety of socioeconomic settings. Data gathered include an overview of the household economy, family income and expenses, satisfaction with current economic situation, patterns of consumption, work culture and women's culture. In addition, the subjects were asked to comment on the current status of women in Russia, the state of the economy and the role government should play in the economy. The analysis contributes to an understanding of the relationship between the reproduction economy and the macro/production economy in a time of major economic upheaval.
Impact of product‐specific variables on consumers' post‐consumption behaviour for apparel products: USA
Authors: Kincade Doris H. , Giddings Valerie L. , Chen‐Yu H. Jessie
Published: July 2007

Abstract Companies spend valuable resources developing and distributing products to please the consumer; however, products that do not match consumer performance expectations during post‐purchase use often result in consumer dissatisfaction. This situation can lead to redress‐seeking behaviour and negative repurchase behaviour. Understanding factors influencing consumers' post‐purchase behaviour can provide retailers with information to make accurate purchasing decisions and improve interpretation of the post‐return data. This study examines product‐specific variables for apparel purchases and their relationship with post‐consumption behaviour. Product cost and product type were found to be related to redress and repurchase behaviour among dissatisfied consumers. Implications for apparel retailers and consumer educators are discussed.
Is user panel research the best way of assessing ease of use?
Authors: Butijn C. A. A. , van Wechem E. M. , Terpstra P. M. J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract This article describes a user panel study using a mixture of research methods. The aim was to test the ease of use of consumer goods by using a consumer panel in a laboratory setting. The results of the tests are not of interest here, but our evaluation of the applied methodology is discussed. After presenting some findings from a literature search, a number of advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The conclusions point to a tension between the reliability and validity, the effects of repeated testing, the high investments needed and the excellent results obtained. We consider our approach as a good method of assessing the ease of use of consumer products, but the findings could be tested in a more quantified design, taking into account the need for retesting, the number of panel members required, the influences of learning effects and the loss of panel members and disturbances due to the reactions of panel members.
The relationship between credit system of buying and background characteristics of teachers in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Fianu Docea A.G. , Ampofo Lydia , Owusu Matilda
Published: July 2007

Abstract The main purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between credit buying of clothing and background characteristics of teachers in primary and junior secondary schools in Accra, Ghana. Frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyse data collected from 180 respondents. The hypotheses that there were no relationships between credit buying of clothing and age, educational background, household size, religion, ethnicity, marital status and gender were tested using the chi–square statistic at the 5% level of significance. The majority (75.6%) bought clothing on credit. A total of 66.2% were women and 33.8% were men. The respondents used credit because of poor salaries, for convenience and to meet emergencies. Traders (44.4%) or traders and customers together (29.5%) decided on the terms of payment. The open‐account (39.4%) or instalment credit (36.2%) plans were used to honour payments. A total of 67.8% honoured their terms of payment. The traditional Kente cloth and fabrics for ‘Ntama and Kaba’ (slit and blouse), the traditional outfit for women, were mostly bought on credit from hawkers (58.3%). Accessories, undergarments and cosmetics were also credited by 33.8%, 16.9% and 7.3% respectively. Credit buying increased the number of clothing items of 73.3% of the respondents. There was a significant relationship between credit buying and gender but not between credit buying and age, religion, ethnicity, educational level, household size or marital status. The researchers suggest that a comprehensive study be carried out using representative samples from the 10 regions of Ghana to give an overall picture of the credit system of buying clothing among teachers in Ghana. A study of why Ghanaian consumers buy goods on credit could be carried out to determine whether the reasons for buying goods other than clothing are the same or are different.
Perceptions of fibre types: a cross‐cultural study into the effects of textile education
Authors: Byrne M.S. , Caton S. Turnbull , Pelton W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract The study used semantic differential grids generated by consumers to compare perceptions of silk, cotton, nylon and polyester for use in (a) sportshirts and (b) ladies' slips. Student groups in the UK and Canada were surveyed both before and after an introductory course in textiles. Silk was the most preferred fibre for slips, and cotton for sportshirts. In general, the synthetic fibres and in particular nylon were viewed with disfavour. Both sets of student responses were broadly similar, although the degree of agreement was less strong than that found between English and Australian students in a comparable study. Perceptions remained relatively unchanged after a unit of textiles. The results of this work raise issues about the generally negative perceptions of synthetic fibres, which contrasts strongly with their current high level of use in clothing.
Opportunities for integrating sensory evaluation into consumer studies
Authors: McIlveen Heather , Armstrong Gillian
Published: July 2007

Abstract The role of sensory evaluation in the food industry continues to develop, as manufacturers and retailers realize its value in providing an investigative and informative link between the development and production of a product and its ultimate consumption. Owing to the increasing role and opportunity for misuse of the science, it is important that food–related professionals have an appropriate level of awareness and degree of competency in its application. This paper offers a transferable teaching methodology for sensory evaluation from a consumer studies degree programme. The aim of the teaching programme is to engender a critical appreciation of the subject as a rigorous, scientific discipline and to help ensure an appropriate transfer of knowledge into the working environment.
Orofacial dyskinesia associated with tiemonium
Authors: Klouz Anis , Zaïem Ahmed , Trabelsi Sameh , Loueslati Mohamed Hedi , Lakhal Mohamed , Belkahia Chalbi
Published: July 2007

Tiemonium, an anti‐spasmodic drug, can have adverse effects related to its anti‐muscarinic effect. Dyskinesia is described with other anti‐cholinergic drugs, but there are no reports of dyskinesia associated with tiemonium. We report a reversible orofacial dyskinesia following tiemonium intake (contained in Viscéralgine forte®) in a woman with positive rechallenge. She presented these symptoms two times after two separate injections with an interval of 2 months. The case was reported to the Tunisian Centre of Pharmacovigilance.
Modeling the Effects of Fire on the Long‐Term Dynamics and Restoration of Yellow Pine and Oak Forests in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Lafon Charles W. , Waldron John D. , Cairns David M. , Tchakerian Maria D. , Coulson Robert N. , Klepzig Kier D.
Published: July 2007

We used LANDIS, a model of forest disturbance and succession, to simulate successional dynamics of forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The simulated environments are based on the Great Smoky Mountains landscapes studied by Whittaker. We focused on the consequences of two contrasting disturbance regimes—fire exclusion versus frequent burning—for the Yellow pine (Pinus L., subgenus Diploxylon Koehne) and oak (Quercus L.) forests that occupy dry mountain slopes and ridgetops. These ecosystems are a conservation priority, and declines in their abundance have stimulated considerable interest in the use of fire for ecosystem restoration. Under fire exclusion, the abundance of Yellow pines is projected to decrease, even on the driest sites (ridgetops, south‐ and west‐facing slopes). Hardwoods and White pine (P. strobus L.) replace the Yellow pines. In contrast, frequent burning promotes high levels of Table Mountain pine (P. pungens Lamb.) and Pitch pine (P. rigida Mill.) on the driest sites and reduces the abundance of less fire‐tolerant species. Our simulations also imply that fire maintains open woodland conditions, rather than closed‐canopy forest. For oaks, fire exclusion is beneficial on the driest sites because it permits oaks to replace the pines. On moister sites (north‐ and east‐facing slopes), however, fire exclusion leads to a diverse mix of oaks and other species, whereas frequent burning favors Chestnut oak (Q. montana Willd.) and White oak (Q. alba L.) dominance. Our results suggest that reintroducing fire may help restore decadent pine and oak stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Does Restoration Enhance Regeneration of Seasonal Deciduous Forests in Pastures in Central Brazil?
Authors: Sampaio Alexandre B. , Holl Karen D. , Scariot Aldicir
Published: July 2007

The goal of restoration is to accelerate ecosystem recovery, but in ecosystems that naturally regenerate rapidly restoration techniques need to be selected carefully to facilitate rather than impede natural recovery. We compared the effects of five restoration techniques, such as plowing the soil, removing grasses, adding forest litter, seeding, and planting nursery‐growing seedlings, on the regeneration of seasonal deciduous forest trees in four abandoned pastures in central Brazil. We monitored all woody stems immediately prior to treatments and again 14 months after the treatments. We recorded an average of 16,663 tree stems per hectare and a total of 83 species before implementing treatments. Planting strongly increased species richness; adding litter and seeding had weaker positive effects on richness; and plowing and grass removal had no effect. Plowing substantially reduced the density of naturally established stems. Despite the high survival of planted seedlings, stem density in planting treatments did not change because the tractor and digging holes to plant seedlings caused mortality of naturally regenerating seedlings. Tree stems grew more in the grass release plots than in the control plots. Our results suggest that early succession of seasonal deciduous forest in pastures in the region studied does not need to be stimulated once the perturbation is stopped and that intensive restoration efforts may actually slow recovery. We recommend only enrichment planting of seedlings that are not able to resprout.
Stream Restoration in the Pacific Northwest: Analysis of Interviews with Project Managers
Authors: Rumps Jeanne M. , Katz Stephen L. , Barnas Katie , Morehead Mark D. , Jenkinson Robin , Clayton Stephen R. , Goodwin Peter
Published: July 2007

Hundreds of millions of dollars per year are spent on river restoration in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), but little is known about the effectiveness of this effort. To help address this gap, we analyzed a database containing 23,000 projects at 35,000 locations in the region. We selected a subset of these projects for interviews using a survey instrument developed by a national team of scientists. In total, 47 project contacts in the PNW were interviewed to learn from the individuals directly involved in restoration. At least one‐third of the projects surveyed (34%) did not conduct sufficient monitoring to evaluate effectiveness. More than two‐thirds (70%) of all respondents reported their projects were successful, but 43% either have no success criteria or are unaware of any criteria for their project. Although almost two‐thirds (66%) of respondents anticipate a need for ongoing project maintenance, less than half (43%) have maintenance funds available. These findings suggest that establishing a connection between effectiveness monitoring and project implementation is not a usual component of project design. Consequently, we can only assess the benefits in a few isolated projects and cannot quantify the cumulative benefits of restoration on a larger scale. These findings highlight the need for (1) planning prior to implementation of restoration projects that accounts for monitoring design; (2) coordinated effectiveness monitoring to assess cumulative effects of restoration; and (3) management and maintenance of projects based on real measures of project performance.