bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment of health, social, communication, and daily living skills of adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Matthews Theodora J. , Allain Dawn C. , Matthews Anne L. , Mitchell Anna , Santoro Stephanie L. , Cohen Leslie
Published: April 2018

Adults with Down syndrome (DS) are surviving longer, yet data delineating life skills are lacking. As providers are encouraged to provide a “balanced” description of DS to family members/caregivers, more quantitative data are required to accurately describe the abilities and potential of adults with DS. This study assessed health, social, communication, and daily living skills of adults with DS to describe the range of abilities and to show how increasing age contributes to functional abilities. Caregivers of an adult with DS 20 years of age or older participated in an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and scores from scales assessed relationships between the number of health issues reported and functional abilities, and how the abilities changed as age increased. Of 188 participants, 157 completed the survey with partial results included. Communication, independence, and social activity scores were compared to the number of congenital and non‐congenital health issues reported. Linear regression results showed those with more health issues were significantly less likely to be independent and social. However, only current health issues affected communication skills. No significant correlation occurred between the number of congenital abnormalities and scores for independence/life skills as an adult. T‐test by age group found decreasing abilities after 40 years of age. In conclusion, quantitative data and information from this study is beneficial for providers in order to describe the potential for an individual with DS and to assist caregivers to plan accordingly for the future of their adult with DS.
Photochemistry of Artists’ Dyes and Pigments: Towards Better Understanding and Prevention of Colour Change in Works of Art
Authors: Miliani Costanza , Monico Letizia , Melo Maria J. , Fantacci Simona , Angelin Eva M. , Romani Aldo , Janssens Koen
Published: April 2018

The absorption of light gives a pigment its colour and its reason for being, but it also creates excited states, that is, new molecules with an energy excess that can be dissipated through degradation pathways. Photodegradation processes provoke long‐term, cumulative and irreversible colour changes (fading, darkening, blanching) of which the prediction and prevention are challenging tasks. Of all the environmental risks that affect heritage materials, light exposure is the only one that cannot be controlled without any impact on the optimal display of the exhibit. Light‐induced alterations are not only associated with the pigment itself but also with its interactions with support/binder and, in turn, are further complicated by the nature of the environmental conditions. In this Minireview we investigate how chemistry, encompassing multi‐scale analytical investigations of works of art, computational modelling and physical and chemical studies contributes to improve our prediction of artwork appearance before degradation and to establish effective preventive conservation strategies.
Ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide catalyzed by Al(III) and Zn(II) complexes incorporating Schiff base ligands derived from pyrrole‐2‐carboxaldehyde
Authors: Rufino‐Felipe Ernesto , Lopez Nazario , Vengoechea‐Gómez Fabio A. , Guerrero‐Ramírez Luis‐Guillermo , Muñoz‐Hernández Miguel‐Ángel
Published: April 2018

A series of Al(III) chloride [LAl‐Cl]; Al(III) alkoxide [LAl‐OR]2; and Zn(II) [LZn]2 complexes with Schiff base ligands were obtained. 1H NMR and X‐ray diffraction studies indicate that [LAl‐Cl] complexes have Cs symmetry and the Al center is penta‐coordinated. The Al(III) alkoxide complex [L5Al‐OiPr]2 is a dimer bridged by OiPr− with the Al center in a distorted octahedral environment. Zn complexes [LZn]2 are double helix dimers with tetra‐coordinated Zn centers. The catalytic activity for the ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide was evaluated. The best activity in this series is shown by the aluminium chloride complex with a flexible three‐carbon bridge; more flexible four‐carbon bridges lower the activity.
Design of pincer complexes based on (methylsulfanyl)acetic/propionic acid amides with ancillary S‐ and N‐donors as potential catalysts and cytotoxic agents
Authors: Churusova Svetlana G. , Aleksanyan Diana V. , Vasil'ev Andrei A. , Rybalkina Ekaterina Yu. , Susova Olga Yu. , Klemenkova Zinaida S. , Aysin Rinat R. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Kozlov Vladimir A.
Published: April 2018

Pincer complexes featuring readily tunable tridentate ligand frameworks comprise one of the most actively studied classes of organometallic and metal–organic compounds and find extensive use in catalysis, organic synthesis, materials science, and other fields of chemistry and allied disciplines. Currently growing attention is devoted to non‐classical ligand scaffolds, such as functionalized carboxamides, which offer multiple options for directed structural modifications. In this study, the reactions of (methylsulfanyl)acetyl and propanoyl chlorides with 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine, 2‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyridine, 8‐aminoquinoline and 2‐(diphenylthiophosphoryl)aniline afford a series of new pincer‐type ligands based on functionalized carboxamides. The ligands obtained readily undergo direct cyclopalladation under the action of PdCl2(NCPh)2 in dichloromethane at room temperature, resulting in Pd(II) pincer complexes with N,N,S‐ and S,N,S‐donor sets. Importantly, some of the cyclopalladated derivatives can also be produced efficiently under solvent‐free conditions according to the approach recently developed by our group. The complexes obtained have been tested for cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines and catalytic activity in the model Suzuki reaction. The results have been compared to those for the related Pd(II) pincer complexes to define the main structure–activity relationships and to outline the most promising structures for further investigations.
Development of an intermediate layer for multilayer hoses used in turbo lines of motor vehicles
Authors: Şentürk Ünal Gül , Ersoy Meriçboyu Ayşegül
Published: April 2018

Multilayer hoses for turbo lines can be produced by ethylene acrylic rubber (AEM) as the inner layer and peroxide cured ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) as the outer layer. In such a case, the polar AEM should adhere well to the apolar EPDM to ensure proper functioning. In this work, new blends were developed and optimized to offer potential for using as intermediate bonding layers. Different compositions of dipolymer AEM/EPDM and terpolymer AEM/EPDM blends with and without maleic anhydride grafted EPDM (Ma‐g‐EPDM) as a compatibilizer were successfully prepared. Curing behaviors, as well as mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were investigated in detail. The effects of the compatibilizer addition were also explored by dynamical mechanical analysis, DeMattia and scanning electron microscope. It is found that Ma‐g‐EPDM is more effective in terpolymer AEM containing blends. Additionally, 60/40:AEM/EPDM weight ratio is the most suitable proportion for turbo lines. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46525.
Heat‐triggered poly(siloxane‐urethane)s based on disulfide bonds for self‐healing application
Authors: Wu Xinxiu , Li Jinhui , Li Gang , Ling Lei , Zhang Guoping , Sun Rong , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: April 2018

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the most widely employed silicon‐based polymers for its high flexibility, low usage temperature, excellent water resistance, outstanding electrical insulting property, and physiological inert, etc. However, the covalent‐bonded SiO bonds are unable to heal automatically when damaged, which would result in the failure of the materials and devices. Disulfide bond based polymers show high healing efficiency at moderate temperature and have been investigated intensively. Herein, we report a PDMS‐based polyurethane self‐healing polymer (PDMS‐PU) modified with disulfide bonds, which exhibited a reinforced thermal stability, excellent stretchability, and satisfactory self‐healing ability. The effect of different ratio of PDMS and disulfide bond contents on the elastomer properties was investigated. With the increase of PDMS content, the decomposition temperature of the PDMS‐PU‐3 (332 °C) elastomer with highest content of PDMS was increased by 34 °C compared to PDMS‐PU‐1 (298 °C) with lowest content of PDMS and exhibited a largest elongation at break of 1204%. PDMS‐PU‐1 with highest content of disulfide bond possessed a highest healing efficiency of 97%. The results indicated the PDMS‐PU elastomers can be used as self‐healing flexible substrate for flexible electronics. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46532.
Segmental Analysis of the Vestibular Nerve and the Efferents of the Vestibular Complex
Authors: Díaz Carmen , Puelles Luis
Published: April 2018

Use of a segmental approach in the study of vestibular centers in the hindbrain improves morphological and functional understanding of this region controlled byHoxgenes, among other molecular determinants. Here, we review accrued data about segmental organization of vestibular afferents and efferents. Inner ear‐originated vestibular fibers enter the hindbrain, together with auditory ones, through the alar plate of rhombomere 4, then branch into descending and ascending branches to reach appropriate vestibular nuclei along the vestibular column. Classical vestibular nuclei (superior, lateral, medial, and inferior) originate in eight successive rhombomeric segments, which suggests internal subdivisions correlated with distinct connections and functions. The vestibular projection neurons identified for various targets aggregate in discrete groups, which correlate topographically either with rhombomeric units, or with internal subdivisions within them. Each vestibular projection system (e.g., vestibulo‐spinal, vestibulo‐ocular, vestibulocerebellar) has a characteristic ipsilateral/contralateral organization. Comparing them as a connective mosaic in different species shows that various aspects of this segmental connective organization are conserved throughout evolution in vertebrates. Furthermore, certain genes that control the development of the rhombomeric units in the hindbrain may determine, among other aspects, the specific properties of the different neuronal subpopulations related to their axonal navigation and synaptogenesis. Anat Rec, 302:472–484, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Divergent Functionalization of N‐Alkyl‐2‐alkenylanilines: Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Indoles and Quinolines
Authors: Ghorai Jayanta , Reddy Angula Chandra Shekar , Anbarasan Pazhamalai
Published: April 2018

An efficient divergent functionalization of N‐alkylated ortho‐alkenylanilines to substituted indoles and quinolines has been accomplished by employing rhodium‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling and silver‐mediated oxidative cyclization, respectively. The developed methods tolerate various functional groups and allow the synthesis of substituted indoles and quinolines in good to excellent yield. Synthetic utility is demonstrated through conversion to an indole with antimicrobial activity and C−H bond functionalization of 2‐arylquinolines. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism was proposed based on preliminary mechanistic investigations.
Comparative evaluation of acid and alkaline sulfite pretreatments for enzymatic saccharification of bagasses from three different sugarcane hybrids
Authors: Monte Joseana R. , Laurito‐Friend Debora F. , Mussatto Solange I. , Ferraz André , Milagres Adriane M. F.
Published: April 2018

Sugarcane bagasses from three experimental sugarcane hybrids and a mill‐reference sample were used to compare the efficiency and mode of action of acid and alkaline sulfite pretreatment processes. Varied chemical loads and reaction temperatures were used to prepare samples with distinguished characteristics regarding xylan and lignin removals, as well as sulfonation levels of residual lignins. The pretreatment with low sulfite loads (5%) under acidic conditions (pH 2) provided maximum glucose yield of 70% during enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases (10 FPU/g) and β‐glucosidases (20 UI/g bagasse). In this case, glucan enzymatic conversion from pretreated materials was mostly associated with extensive xylan removal (70–100%) and partial delignification occurred during the pretreatment. The use of low sulfite loads under acidic conditions required pretreatment temperatures of 160°C. In contrast, at a lower pretreatment temperature (120°C), alkaline sulfite process achieved similar glucan digestibility, but required a higher sulfite load (7.5%). Residual xylans from acid pretreated materials were almost completely hydrolysed by commercial enzymes, contrasting with relatively lower xylan to xylose conversions observed in alkaline pretreated samples. Efficient xylan removal during acid sulfite pretreatment and during enzymatic digestion can be useful to enhance glucan accessibility and digestibility by cellulases. Alkaline sulfite process also provided substrates with high glucan digestibility, mainly associated with delignification and sulfonation of residual lignins. The results demonstrate that temperature, pH, and sulfite can be combined for reducing lignocellulose recalcitrance and achieve similar glucan conversion rates in the alkaline and acid sulfite pretreated bagasses. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:944–951, 2018
Difference in prostate cancer incidence around sixty years: effects of age and metabolic diseases
Authors: Choi Jin Bong , Kim Jung Ho , Hong Sung‐Hoo , Han Kyung‐Do , Ha U‐Syn
Published: April 2018

We examined the risk of prostate cancer in the Korean population stratified on the basis of age group and risk based on metabolic diseases, using National Health Insurance System (NHIS) data. Of the 51,827,813 people from the NHIS data in 2015, 10,879,591 men without prostate cancer who underwent a health examination were analyzed. The risk of prostate cancer was analyzed with stratification by age. Multivariate‐adjusted Cox regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between prostate cancer and metabolic diseases by age groups. The risk of prostate cancer increased continuously with age and 59 years may be a point of inflection. The hazard ratio (HR) of prostate cancer development rose sharply as that age point passed. The population with metabolic diseases was more likely to develop prostate cancer than the population without any of these components. In addition, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) decreased from the youngest age group to the age group comprising 55–59 year olds. Beyond this age group, there was a plateau. The relative risk for prostate cancer associated with metabolic diseases also showed divergent associations with age. The risk of prostate cancer increased continuously with age and the peak Youden index was at 59 years. The relative risk for prostate cancer according to metabolic diseases also showed divergent associations beyond 59 years of age. Therefore, setting the age threshold at 59 years would improve the present clinical risk stratification for prostate cancer in Korea.
Biosynthetic and Functional Color–Scent Associations in Flowers of Papaver nudicaule and Their Impact on Pollinators
Authors: Martínez‐Harms Jaime , Warskulat Anne‐Christin , Dudek Bettina , Kunert Grit , Lorenz Sybille , Hansson Bill S. , Schneider Bernd
Published: April 2018

Despite increasing evidence for biosynthetic connections between flower pigments and volatile compounds, examples of such relationships in polymorphic plant species remains limited. Herein, color–scent associations in flowers from Papaver nudicaule (Papaveraceae) have been investigated. The spectral reflectance and scent composition of flowers of four color cultivars was determined. We found that pigments and volatiles occur in specific combinations in flowers of P. nudicaule. The presence of indole in the bouquets is strongly associated with the occurrence of yellow pigments called nudicaulins, for which indole is one of the final biosynthetic precursors. Whereas yellow flowers emit an excess of indole, orange flowers consume it during nudicaulin production and lack the substance in their bouquet. By using the honeybee, Apis mellifera, evaluations were made on how color and scent affect the discrimination of these flowers by pollinators. Honeybees were able to discriminate artificial odor mixtures resembling those of the natural flower odors. Bees trained with stimuli combining colors and odors showed an improved discrimination performance. The results indicate that the indole moiety of nudicaulins and emitted indole might be products of the same biochemical pathway. We propose that conserved pathways account for the evolution of color–scent associations in P. nudicaule and that these associations positively affect flower constancy of pollinators.
An Isotopic Labelling Strategy to Study Cytochrome P450 Oxidations of Terpenes
Authors: Rinkel Jan , Litzenburger Martin , Bernhardt Rita , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: April 2018

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP267B1 from Sorangium cellulosum was applied for the enzymatic oxidation of the sesquiterpene alcohols T‐muurolol and isodauc‐8‐en‐11‐ol. Various isotopically labelled geranyl and farnesyl diphosphates were used for product identification from micro‐scale reactions, for the determination of the absolute configurations of unknown compounds, to follow the stereochemical course of a cytochrome P450‐catalysed hydroxylation step, and to investigate kinetic isotope effects. Overall, this study demonstrates that isotopically labelled terpene precursors are highly useful to follow cytochrome P450 dependent oxidations of terpenes.
Left atrial appendage as a vantage point for mapping and ablating premature ventricular contractions originating in the epicardial left ventricular summit
Authors: Benhayon Daniel , Cogan John , Young Ming
Published: April 2018

Key Clinical Message

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia arising from the LV summit epicardial area can be successfully mapped and possibly ablated from the left atrial appendage.
Photochemically Driven Biocatalysis of Halogenases for the Green Production of Chlorinated Compounds
Authors: Schroeder Lea , Frese Marcel , Müller Caroline , Sewald Norbert , Kottke Tilman
Published: April 2018

Flavin‐dependent tryptophan halogenases provide a regioselective access to chlorinated and brominated indole derivatives under mild conditions. Application of the halogenase requires a regeneration system for the reduced flavin cofactor FADH2, which is usually achieved by enzymatic or chemical reactions. We employed the halogenase PyrH from Streptomyces rugosporus as a model system to establish a photochemical approach by using blue light and a reductant for regeneration of FADH2. In contrast to previous light‐driven biocatalysis using flavin, the conversion of enzyme‐bound flavin in our approach suppresses futile cycles, in which the free flavin reacts with oxygen under generation of H2O2. Within 25 h, 70 % of 0.5 mm tryptophan was converted regioselectively to 5‐chlorotryptophan. Our regeneration system paves the way for production of chlorinated compounds by applying only light, halide salt, air, and a cheap sacrificial electron donor in aqueous solution.
In‐Situ Synthesis of 3D Carbon Coated Zinc‐Cobalt Bimetallic Oxide Networks as Anode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhong Siyu , Zhang Hang , Fu Jiecai , Shi Huimin , Wang Lei , Zeng Wei , Liu Quanhui , Zhang Guanhua , Duan Huigao
Published: April 2018

For applications in lithium‐ion batteries, carbon based materials possess high conductivity, whereas transition metal oxides usually show high theoretical lithium ion storage capabilities. Therefore, engineering transition metal oxides into three‐dimensional (3D) carbon networks as anodes is expected to achieve long cycling life and excellent rate performance. Here, we report a facile and environmental friendly method for the in‐situ synthesis of 3D carbon coated bimetallic oxides with porous network structure. The carbon matrix originates from citric acid, which can be used as food additive. Benefiting from the synergistic effects between ultrafine metal oxides and the conductive carbon layers, the as‐synthesized ZnO‐CoO nanoparticles dispersed in the porous carbon network (ZnO‐CoO@C) exhibit faster lithium diffusion kinetics and significantly improved specific capacity at various current densities and extended cycling life (503 mAh g−1 after 700 cycles at 2000 mA g−1). Full‐cell assemblies using ZnO‐CoO@C as anode and the commercially available material NCM523 as cathode, display a high charging capacity of 94 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. The simple and cost‐effective synthesis strategy could be motivating for the large‐scale manufacture of other in‐situ carbon coated bimetallic oxides electrodes for promising energy storage devices.
Microfluidic Devices in the Fast‐Growing Domain of Single‐Cell Analysis
Authors: Khan Mashooq , Mao Sifeng , Li Weiwei , Lin Jin‐Ming
Published: April 2018

Recent advances in cellular analysis revealed that the seemingly identical cells are heterogeneous in term of functionality, compositions, and genetic performance. These differences cause difficulty in the diagnostic for a specific model of disease. Detection of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein or analysis of cell(s), detection of cell surface molecules, and secreted protein, can help us to improve the understanding of a targeted disease and development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. A single‐cell includes the minute quantity of these target molecules. Microfluidic devices have the ability to capture a single‐cell and its lysate into a pico or femtoliter volumes droplet, or micro‐well thus preventing dilution and limiting diffusion. In this review we described the advancement and limitations in microfluidic techniques used toward single‐cells analysis.
Photoinduced Release of a Chemical Fuel for Acid–Base‐Operated Molecular Machines
Authors: Biagini Chiara , Di Pietri Flaminia , Mandolini Luigi , Lanzalunga Osvaldo , Di Stefano Stefano
Published: April 2018

Back and forth motions of the acid–base‐operated molecular switch 1 are photo‐controlled by irradiation of a solution, which also contains the photolabile pre‐fuel 4. The photo‐stimulated deprotection of the pre‐fuel produces controlled amounts of acid 2, the base‐promoted decarboxylation of which fuels the back and forth motions of the Sauvage‐type [2]‐catenane‐based molecular switch. Because switch 1 and pre‐fuel 4 do not interact in the absence of irradiation, an excess of the latter with respect to 1 can be added to the solution from the beginning. In principle, photocontrol of the back and forth motions of any molecular machine, the operation of which is guided by protonation/deprotonation, could be attained by use of pre‐fuel 4, or of any other protected acid that undergoes deprotection by irradiation with light at a proper wavelength, followed by decarboxylation under conveniently mild conditions.
A Cuprous/Lanthanide‐Organic Framework as the Luminescent Sensor of Hypochlorite
Authors: Xu Hang , Cao Chun‐Shuai , Xue Jin‐Ze , Xu Yang , Zhai Bin , Zhao Bin
Published: April 2018

A new 3D framework {[Eu2Cu(IN)5(CO3)(H2O)] ⋅3 H2O}n (1) was obtained and structurally characterized, containing CuI and an unusual lanthanide duplex chain. The luminescent explorations of compound 1 suggest that 1 could emit the characteristic emission of CuI, and 1 can act as the luminescent sensor of ClO− with the detection limit of 10−5 m. Notably, 1 represents the first example of MOF‐based sensor for detecting ClO−.
Freeze‐drying of ceftriaxone sodium solution frozen with prefabricated porosity
Authors: Wang Wei , Hu Dapeng , Pan Yanqiu , Li Hengle , Chen Guohua
Published: April 2018

Initially unsaturated material frozen with prefabricated porosity was prepared to experimentally investigate its effect on freeze‐drying of liquid material. Ceftriaxone sodium, a kind of commonly used antibiotic, was selected as the primary solute in an aqueous solution. The liquid nitrogen ice cream‐making method was employed to prepare frozen materials with different initial porosities. Results showed that freeze‐drying was significantly enhanced with the initially unsaturated frozen material and substantial drying time was saved compared with conventional freeze‐drying. Drying time for the unsaturated sample (0.3 of saturation or 0.67 of initial porosity) was more than 20 % shorter than that required for the saturated one (1.0 of saturation without initial porosity). SEM images displayed that the dried products of the unsaturated frozen material had a pierced solid skeleton and uniform pore space with a fine and tenuous structure compared with those of the saturated one. The freezing rate exhibited little influence on the freeze‐drying process. Annealing can be moderately beneficial to shortening the drying time and further improving the energy utilization. An appropriate increase in operating temperature was able to enhance the freeze‐drying rate while changes in chamber pressure had a negligible effect on the process.
Biosorption of Re(VII) from Batch Solutions and Industrial Effluents by Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis
Authors: Zinicovscaia Inga , Safonov Alexey , Troshkina Irina , Demina Ludmila , German Konstantin
Published: April 2018

The potential of Spirulina platensis biomass for rhenium ions removal from both batch solutions and industrial effluents is evaluated. The effect of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, and the temperature of biosorbent treatment on the biosorption process is investigated. The maximum biosorption capacity of 142.9 mg g−1 rhenium is achieved at pH 2, sorbent dosage 0.05 g, and temperature of biosorbent treatment 30 °C. The equilibrium data are well fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models (R2 = 0.99), while the pseudo‐second order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99) is found to describe better the kinetic data. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra shows that rhenium biosorption takes place through two mechanisms: ionic interactions of perrhenate anions with amide and amino‐groups and/or binding to organic functional groups of the cell surface. The rhenium bound to the biomass can be effectively stripped using NH4OH (8%) and the biomass is effectively used for three sorption–desorption cycles. In the case of industrial effluents, S. platensis biomass shows relatively high rhenium removal efficiency (51–55%). S. platensis biomass can be efficiently applied for rhenium removal from industrial effluents.
More frequent use of health care services among distressed compared with nondistressed survivors of lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the population‐based PROFILES registry
Authors: Arts Lindy P. J. , Oerlemans Simone , Tick Lidwine , Koster Ad , Roerdink Henk T. J. , van de Poll‐Franse Lonneke V.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Follow‐up care for a growing population of survivors of lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) together with the adverse effects these survivors may experience as a result of their cancer and treatment have led to more pressure being placed on health care services. The objectives of the current study were to: 1) compare the use of medical care services by survivors with that of a normative population; 2) evaluate the use of medical and psychosocial care services among distressed and nondistressed survivors; and 3) identify associated sociodemographic and clinical factors.

METHODS

Survivors of lymphoma and CLL diagnosed between 1999 and 2012 were selected via the population‐based Netherlands Cancer Registry and completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire and questions regarding health care. Outcomes were compared with an age‐matched and sex‐matched normative population.

RESULTS

A total of 1444 survivors responded (69%). Survivors of lymphoma and CLL contacted their general practitioner (3.8 vs 2.3; P<.001) and medical specialist (5.7 vs 1.6; P<.001) more often within the last year compared with a normative population. In addition, psychologically distressed survivors had even more medical contacts and received psychosocial care more often compared with nondistressed survivors. In addition to psychological distress, comorbidity, female sex, and older age were found to be associated with a greater use of medical services, whereas younger age was associated with receiving psychosocial care.

CONCLUSIONS

Survivors of lymphoma and CLL, especially those who are psychologically distressed, report an increased use of health care services compared with a normative population. Further studies are needed to explore whether the use of widely applicable psychosocial interventions could reduce the frequency of medical contacts. Cancer 2018;124:3016‐24. © 2018 Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
Highly Stable Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Modified with Polyethylenimine via Ionic Bonding
Authors: Wei Jianwu , Huang Furong , Wang Sangni , Zhou Liya , Jin Peng , Xin Youling , Cai Zhuo , Yin Zuodong , Pang Qi , Zhang Jin Zhong
Published: April 2018

Organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites are highly promising materials for photovoltaic applications, yet their rapid degradation remains a significant challenge. Here, three highly stable methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films modified with polyethylenimines (PEIs) of different molecular weights (Mw=600, Mw=10000 and Mw=70000) were successfully obtained. The PEIs were used as an additive in the perovskite to determine their influences on the structure, film quality, and performance of the perovskite. The perovskite films modified with PEIs showed excellent stability, when studied over 20 days under ambient air conditions with a medial humidity of 60%. The results of XRD, UV‐Vis absorption and fluorescence lifetime measurements showed that the PEI could not substitute for MA within the perovskite crystal lattice. The solar power conversion efficiency (PCE) η of the pristine perovskite film and those modified with PEI (Mw=600), PEI (Mw=10000) and PEI (Mw=70000) were 9.69%, 6.84%, 6.43% and 6.94%, respectively. Even though the PCE is lower for the PEI‐modified solar cells, their stability is substantially improved. The improved stability is attributed to PEI‐H+ cations in the grain boundary of the perovskites, preventing them from direct contact with water molecules that otherwise cause fast degradation. This demonstrates that PEI modification is a simple and powerful strategy for stabilizing perovskite films.
Tetrahedral Tetrakis(p‐ethynylphenyl) Group IV Compounds in Microporous Polymers: Effect of Tetrel on Porosity
Authors: Uptmoor Andrea C. , Geyer Florian L. , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: April 2018

Three Sonogashira–Hagihara polymerization protocols were applied for the synthesis of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) by using group IV tetra(p‐ethynylphenyl) monomers with 1,4‐diiodobenzene or 1,4‐dibromobenzene. The optical properties and surface areas of the CMPs were compared and related to the preparation conditions and the geometry of the tetrahedral building block as obtained after X‐ray analysis. In each series, surface areas decreased—independently from the chosen parameters of catalyst, base, and solvent—from carbon‐centered CMPs (1595 m2 g−1) to silicon‐, germanium‐, and tin‐centered (649 m2 g−1) networks.
A Brief Guide to Studying Fear in Developing Rodents: Important Considerations and Common Pitfalls
Authors: Cowan Caitlin S.M. , Richardson Rick
Published: April 2018

Development is a time of rapid change that sets the pathway to adult functioning across all aspects of physical and mental health. Developmental studies can therefore offer insight into the unique needs of individuals at different stages of normal development as well as the etiology of various disease states. The aim of this overview is to provide an introduction to the practical implementation of developmental studies in rats and mice, with an emphasis on the study of learned fear. We first discuss how developmental factors may influence experimental outcomes for any study. This is followed by a discussion of methodological issues to consider when conducting studies of developing rodents, highlighting examples from the literature on learned fear. Throughout, we offer some recommendations to guide researchers on best practice in developmental studies. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clarity and Immunofluorescence on Mouse Brain Tissue
Authors: Yu Tingting , Zhu Dan
Published: April 2018

Tissue optical clearing techniques have provided essential tools for visualization of neural networks in unsectioned brain tissue. Here, we describe a passive optical clearing method based on hydrogel embedding, PACT (passive clarity technique), which is relatively simple. Advantages of PACT include tissue transparency, fluorescence preservation, and immunostaining compatibility for obtaining three‐dimensional structures of mouse brain tissue. Additionally, it can enhance the penetration of antibodies in immunostaining and allows efficient immunolabeling of large volumes. After clearing with PACT, one can achieve high‐resolution imaging in deep tissue at the millimeter‐scale level with optical imaging microscopy. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CRISPR/Cas9‐based Targeted Genome Editing for the Development of Monogenic Diseases Models with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Gupta Navin , Susa Koichiro , Yoda Yoko , Bonventre Joseph V. , Valerius M. Todd , Morizane Ryuji
Published: April 2018

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a formidable tool for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine using human cells and tissues in vitro. Evolving techniques of targeted genome editing, specifically the CRISPR/Cas9 system, allow for the generation of cell lines bearing gene‐specific knock‐outs, knock‐in reporters, and precise mutations. However, there are increasing concerns related to the transfection efficiency, cell viability, and maintenance of pluripotency provided by genome‐editing techniques. The procedure presented here employs transient antibiotic selection that overcomes reduced transfection efficiency, avoids cytotoxic flow sorting for increased viability, and generates multiple genome‐edited pluripotent hPSC lines expanded from a single parent cell. Avoidance of xenogeneic contamination from feeder cells and reduced operator workload, owing to single‐cell passaging rather than clump passaging, are additional benefits. The outlined methods may enable researchers with limited means and technical experience to create human stem cell lines containing desired gene‐specific mutations. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stem Cell–Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Layer Model from Adult Human Globes Donated for Corneal Transplants
Authors: Fernandes Marie , McArdle Brian , Schiff Lauren , Blenkinsop Timothy A.
Published: April 2018

An adult human retinal pigment epithelial layer (ahRPE) model derived from stem cells isolated from native RPE monolayers (ahRPE‐SCs) exhibits key physiological characteristics of native tissue and therefore provides the means to create a human “disease in a dish” model to study RPE diseases. Traditionally, RPE lines are established from whole globes dedicated to research. Here we describe a new technique for establishing primary RPE lines from the posterior poles of globes used for corneal transplants. Since tissues from corneal transplants are derived from younger and healthier donors than those used for research, we have hypothesized that RPE cells isolated from corneal transplantation globes will result in improved primary RPE line establishment. Our new procedure increases the rate of establishing successful RPE cultures and improves the total cell number yield. Use of this advanced methodology can provide a new source of high‐quality primary RPE line cultures. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Occupational health and safety disclosures in sustainability reports: An overview of trends among corporate leaders
Authors: Evangelinos Konstantinos , Fotiadis Stefanos , Skouloudis Antonis , Khan Nadeem , Konstandakopoulou Foteini , Nikolaou Ioannis , Lundy Shaun
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this study is to assess the comprehensiveness of voluntary occupational health and safety (OHS) disclosures of large business entities. We devise a composite disclosure index, relying on well‐established performance indicators, and focus on the information found in the sustainability reports of corporations pertaining to the oil and gas, chemical, airline, and construction industries, in an attempt to shed light on the current status and emerging trends in OHS reporting from a diverse group of business entities. The findings indicate that companies tend to place emphasis on their overall management approach to OHS, but fall short in reporting quantitative and qualitative information beyond the ‘conventional’ metrics of occupational injury rates. OHS issues within the supply chain and relevant monitoring systems/mechanisms in place are topics that are underreported, while OHS training programmes are an aspect that is inadequately analyzed in quantitative terms, being the least reported indicator in the sample reports. In contrast, companies from all four industries seek assurance for the OHS information that they report and place emphasis on the externally developed management standards/initiatives that they subscribe to, support, or have adopted.
Severe fire weather and intensive forest management increase fire severity in a multi‐ownership landscape
Authors: Zald Harold S. J. , Dunn Christopher J.
Published: April 2018

Many studies have examined how fuels, topography, climate, and fire weather influence fire severity. Less is known about how different forest management practices influence fire severity in multi‐owner landscapes, despite costly and controversial suppression of wildfires that do not acknowledge ownership boundaries. In 2013, the Douglas Complex burned over 19,000 ha of Oregon & California Railroad (O&C) lands in Southwestern Oregon,USA. O&C lands are composed of a checkerboard of private industrial and federal forestland (Bureau of Land Management,BLM) with contrasting management objectives, providing a unique experimental landscape to understand how different management practices influence wildfire severity. Leveraging Landsat based estimates of fire severity (Relative differenced Normalized Burn Ratio, RdNBR) and geospatial data on fire progression, weather, topography, pre‐fire forest conditions, and land ownership, we asked (1) what is the relative importance of different variables driving fire severity, and (2) is intensive plantation forestry associated with higher fire severity? Using Random Forest ensemble machine learning, we found daily fire weather was the most important predictor of fire severity, followed by stand age and ownership, followed by topographic features. Estimates of pre‐fire forest biomass were not an important predictor of fire severity. Adjusting for all other predictor variables in a general least squares model incorporating spatial autocorrelation, mean predicted RdNBRwas higher on private industrial forests (RdNBR521.85 ± 18.67 [mean ±SE]) vs.BLMforests (398.87 ± 18.23) with a much greater proportion of older forests. Our findings suggest intensive plantation forestry characterized by young forests and spatially homogenized fuels, rather than pre‐fire biomass, were significant drivers of wildfire severity. This has implications for perceptions of wildfire risk, shared fire management responsibilities, and developing fire resilience for multiple objectives in multi‐owner landscapes.
Tree leaf trade‐offs are stronger for sub‐canopy trees: leaf traits reveal little about growth rates in canopy trees
Authors: Wills Jarrah , Herbohn John , Hu Jing , Sohel Shawkat , Baynes Jack , Firn Jennifer
Published: April 2018

Can morphological plant functional traits predict demographic rates (e.g., growth) within plant communities as diverse as tropical forests? This is one of the most important next‐step questions in trait‐based ecology and particularly for global reforestation efforts. Due to the diversity of tropical tree species and their longevity, it is difficult to predict their performance prior to reforestation efforts. In this study, we investigate if simple leaf traits are predictors of the more complex ecological process of plant growth in regenerating selectively logged natural forest within the Wet Tropics (WTs) bioregion of Australia. This study used a rich historical data set to quantify tree growth within plots located at Danbulla National Park and State Forest on the Atherton Tableland. Leaf traits were collected from trees that have exhibited fast or slow growth over the last ~50 yr of measurement. Leaf traits were found to be poor predictors of tree growth for trees that have entered the canopy; however, for sub‐canopy trees, leaf traits had a stronger association with growth rates. Leaf phosphorus concentrations were the strongest predictor of Periodic Annual Increment (PAI) for trees growing within the sub‐canopy, with trees with higher leaf phosphorus levels showing a higher PAI. Sub‐canopy tree leaves also exhibited stronger trade‐offs between leaf traits and adhere to theoretical predictions more so than for canopy trees. We suggest that, in order for leaf traits to be more applicable to reforestation, size dependence of traits and growth relationships need to be more carefully considered, particularly when reforestation practitioners assign mean trait values to tropical tree species from multiple canopy strata.
Microwave‐Accelerated Z‐Isomerization of (all‐E)‐Lycopene in Tomato Oleoresin and Enhancement of the Conversion by Vegetable Oils Containing Disulfide Compounds
Authors: Honda Masaki , Sato Haruka , Takehara Munenori , Inoue Yoshinori , Kitamura Chitoshi , Takemura Ryota , Fukaya Tetsuya , Wahyudiono  , Kanda Hideki , Goto Motonobu
Published: April 2018

The effect of microwave irradiation on Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene contained in tomato oleoresin is investigated, and the Z‐isomerization efficiency is compared to that of the conventional oil‐bath heating method. With a 4‐min microwave treatment at 2450 MHz frequency and 500 W power, the total Z‐isomer content of lycopene increased to approximately 70%, almost without decomposition, and the efficiency, at the same temperature, is higher than that with conventional heating. In both treatments, the (9Z)‐ and (13Z)‐isomers are mainly formed. Moreover, the effect of addition of vegetable oils to the oleoresin on the Z‐isomerization by microwave irradiation is examined. When roasted seed oils and garlic oil are added, the production of (5Z)‐lycopene, an isomer having higher functionality and storage stability among the Z‐isomers, is significantly increased. This work reveals that the promoting effect is probably caused by the presence of disulfide compounds existing commonly in the above oils: Thiyl radicals, produced from disulfide compounds by microwave irradiation, would act as a catalyst for the Z‐isomerization reaction.

Practical Applications: Z‐Isomers of lycopene, which are the predominant forms in the human body, have higher bioavailability and antioxidant capacity than the all‐E‐isomer, which is the major configuration form in raw tomatoes. Thus, appropriate methods are required to achieve the efficient Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene. This study has developed an efficient production method for lycopene Z‐isomers by microwave irradiation of (all‐E)‐lycopene in edible vegetable oils containing disulfide compounds, in which neither organic solvents nor food additives are used. It would be practically feasible to utilize this procedure not only for food, drink, and dietary supplement manufacturing, but also for daily cooking.

(all‐E)‐Lycopene in tomato oleoresin is efficiently isomerized to the Z‐isomers by microwave irradiation and the Z‐isomerization is accelerated by adding vegetable oils containing disulfide compounds.
Direct Access to Halogenated Fused Imidazo[1,5‐a]N‐heteroaromatics through Copper‐Promoted Double Oxidative C–H Amination and Halogenation
Authors: Sandeep Mummadi , Swati Dushyant Patil , Sravani Boda , Rajender Reddy Kallu
Published: April 2018

An aerobic copper‐promoted double oxidative C–H amination and halogenation tandem reaction of 2‐methylazarenes with aliphatic amines or amino acids has been developed. The reaction uses copper salts as catalysts as well as halogen sources, and molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant. This protocol is operationally simple, and gives direct access to functionalised fused imidazoles in a one‐pot operation with good functional‐group tolerance. The synthetic utility of the products has been tested in a Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction, which proceeded in good yield.
Stabilizing Particles of Manganese‐Iron Oxide with Additives for Thermochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Preisner N. C. , Block T. , Linder M. , Leion H.
Published: April 2018

Manganese‐iron oxide particles are a promising candidate for both chemical‐looping combustion (CLC) and thermochemical energy storage. In CLC, the ability of metal oxides to oxidize fuels in an oxygen‐free atmosphere and re‐oxidize in air is addressed. Whereas, reaction enthalpy is the main focus of thermochemical energy storage for, e. g. concentrated solar power or an industrial process that requires high temperature levels. Sufficient mechanical strength of the particles while they endure chemical, thermal, or mechanical stress is a crucial factor for both concepts. Particle stability is investigated here by adding 20 wt.% of TiO2, ZrO2, or CeO2 as a supportive material to (Mn0.7Fe0.3)2O3. Thermal cyclization and temperature shock tests are conducted in a packed bed reactor to identify chemical stability as well as the effect of chemical and thermal stress. A subsequent particle size distribution analysis is performed to determine the relevant breakage mechanism. Attrition resistance is tested with a customized attrition jet cup to estimate the mechanical strength of particles. It is found that the high tendency of unsupported manganese‐iron oxide particles towards agglomeration can be improved with any of the chosen additives. The particles with CeO2, and especially with ZrO2, as an additive indicate an increase in resistance towards attrition. However, adding TiO2 has a severe negative impact on the chemical reactivity of the manganese‐iron oxide.