bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transnational status and cosmopolitanism: are dual citizens and foreign residents cosmopolitan vanguards?
Authors: SCHLENKER ANDREA
Published: June 2016

Empirically growing transnationalism and normatively demanded cosmopolitanism may be closely connected when considered as different elements of new forms of citizenship beyond the single nation‐state. Do individuals with either full (dual citizenship) or partial (foreign resident) transnational status exhibit more cosmopolitanism than mono citizens? This article decodes the multidimensional character of cosmopolitanism using major democratic theories – liberalism, republicanism, and communitarianism. Multivariate regression analyses of data from a survey among mono citizens, dual citizens and foreign residents in Switzerland reveal that a transnational status is associated with cosmopolitanism in a differentiated way. Dual citizens and especially foreign residents are more likely than mono citizens to exhibit liberal cosmopolitanism; but only dual citizens having full political rights and opportunities in two countries are more likely to exhibit republican cosmopolitanism and only foreign residents excluded from the political community of residence are more likely to exhibit communitarian cosmopolitanism. Each of them can thus be considered as vanguards in specific ways. Our study furthermore demonstrates the added value of disaggregating both cosmopolitanism and transnationalism.
Introduction: “The Napkin Area and its Dermatoses” symposium proceedings, World Congress of Pediatric Dermatology, September 2013
Authors: Torrelo Antonio
Published: June 2016

Dr Antonio Torrelo, President of the 12th World Congress of Pediatric Dermatology, introduces the supplement as providing an opportunity for readers to access the lectures and related presentations delivered at the World Congress of Pediatric Dermatology held September 25–27, 2013, in Madrid.
Beyond infections: tumors and malformations of the diaper area
Authors: Krol Alfons
Published: June 2016

Background

While most common diaper‐related conditions are easily resolved, the diaper region may be the site of a variety of tumors (either benign or malignant) and other abnormalities that may require completely unique treatment approaches.

Objectives

This review sought to catalogue the various conditions and complications that may arise in the diaper area during the first few years of life.

Methods

To identify studies included in this review, computerized searches were undertaken in the PubMed and Medline databases using the term tumors of the diaper region with the following terms: tumors, malformations, diaper region, and infant. Searches were limited to studies published between 1995 and 2014.

Results

The most common types of tumor in the diaper region are called infantile hemangiomas, which vary in presentation between superficial, deep, segmental, and abortive or minimal. Vascular malformations may also occur in the diaper region, in either isolation or as part of a condition that affects the development of blood vessels, soft tissues, and bones. A range of soft tissue tumors and hamartomas may also occur in the diaper region. Other recently described rare conditions are plaque‐like myofibroblastic tumor of infancy (PMTI), and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, which can manifest as congenital or acquired lesions.

Conclusions

A range of conditions may arise in the diaper area during the first years of life that may require attention. Vigilant monitoring by parents and pediatricians, appropriate identification, and diagnosis and treatment will help retain health for these young patients.
Infections and skin diseases mimicking diaper dermatitis
Authors: Van Gysel Dirk
Published: June 2016

Diaper dermatitis is a common condition that often prompts parents to seek medical attention. Irritant diaper dermatitis is by far the most common cause, but numerous potentially serious diseases can present with changes of the skin in the diaper area. The differential diagnosis can include psoriasis, metabolic disorders, rare immune diseases and infection. Clinical examination can be helpful in distinguishing the underlying cause. General screening laboratory tests, as well as select testing when a specific condition is suspected, can be used to challenge or confirm the putative diagnosis.
Induction of epidermal damage by tape stripping to evaluate skin mildness of cleansing regimens for the premature epidermal barrier
Authors: O'Connor Robert J. , Ogle Julie , Odio Mauricio
Published: June 2016

Background

Previous works indicate a compromised skin model may be a possible surrogate for premature, undeveloped skin.

Objectives

This study was performed to investigate the use of a current model as a surrogate test design.

Methods

Serial tape stripping on the volar forearms of adult female volunteers (n = 36) was used to “thin” the stratum corneum. The forearm sites received intensive applications of different wiping options that exaggerated the exposures to cleansers that might be experienced by an infant in a neonatal intensive care unit. The recovery of skin barrier function during the wiping regimen, measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), was used as the primary indicator of the mildness of the cleansing options. Measurements of TEWL were made prior to the first wash on days 1–4, on day 5 and on day 8. Erythema was graded as a secondary endpoint.

Results

There was an early and sustained distinction in rates of skin barrier recovery between the washcloth and water treatment, and the two wipes treatments (P < 0.05). Areas submitted to the wipes treatments showed recovery rates similar to that of the tape‐stripped untreated site, indicating that the use of disposable wipes led to minimal perturbation of the recovery process. By contrast, cleansing with a cotton washcloth and water markedly perturbed the repair process compared with all other conditions (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

This model shows promise as a possible surrogate model for assessing the mildness of skin cleansing products for the care of premature infants.
A novelHLA‐B*14 allele – B*14:53 – genetics and serology
Authors: Street J. , Davies E. , Darke C.
Published: June 2016

HLA‐B*14:53 was found in aUKEuropean normal blood donor prior to registration on the Welsh Bone Marrow Donor Registry. It differs from B*14:13 by one base (103G>T) in exon 2 resulting in a substitution of alanine (A) in B*14:13 to serine (S) in B*14:53. Unique among currentHLA‐B*14 alleles, B*14:53 and B*14:13 share a motif of 59 bases between positions 361 and 419 in exon 3. This motif is present in numerousHLA‐B alleles the commonest overall being B*08:01, suggesting that both B*14:53 and B*14:13 arose from intralocus gene conversion events with B*08:01. Thus, B*14:53 probably arose from B*14:01:01 (which hasTCCat codon 11 (S), while B*14:13 arose from B*14:02:01:01 which has GCC at codon 11 (A). Additionally, the two likely B*14:53‐bearing and B*14:13‐bearing haplotypes are typical of B*14:01:01‐bearing and B*14:02:01:01‐bearing haplotypes, respectively. Serological testing, using 49 antisera withHLA‐B64, or B64, B65 reactivity, showed that the B*14:53 specificity did not react as a B64 (B*14:01) specificity and may appear as a short/weakHLA‐B14. This implies that residues additional to S at position 11 are involved inHLA‐B64 serological identity; for example, the motif 11S 97W 116F is possessed by B*14:01 and many other B*14 products (and B*39:79 plus someHLA‐C products) but not B65 (B*14:02) or the B*14:53 specificity. B*14:53 was found in a randomHLAsequence‐based typed population of 32 530 normal subjects indicating a low precision allele frequency of 0.000015 in subjects resident in Wales.
Nature and Grace: Two Participations in the Thought of Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Salladin James
Published: June 2016

Christian theologians are increasingly interested in both ontological and soteriological forms of participation theology. Paul Gavrilyuk challenges scholars to be more precise in how these relate to each other. This article contributes to the need for further precision by engaging with the thought of Jonathan Edwards. Edwards employed both types of participation, but did not embed one within the other. Ontological participation, dubbed ‘common participation’, undergirds created nature and is a methexis in God for being. Soteriological participation, dubbed ‘special participation’, explains special grace and is a relational koinonia in the love between the Father and the Son. These two participations are complementary and facilitate a clear distinction between nature and grace.
T. S. Papola et le développement de l'économie du travail en Inde
Authors: RODGERS Gerry
Published: June 2016

T. S. Papola est l'un des membres fondateurs du Comité de rédaction de la Revue internationale du Travail, constitué en 2007. Il est aussi et surtout une figure de l'économie du travail en Inde, et ses travaux novateurs lui ont valu une large reconnaissance internationale. Au lendemain de sa disparition, en novembre 2015, l'auteur revient dans cet hommage sur certains aspects saillants de son œuvre, en s'appuyant sur les connaissances qu'il a pu rassembler à son contact.
Marco teórico para un plan de investigación aplicado al salario vital
Authors: CARR Stuart C. , PARKER Jane , ARROWSMITH James , WATTERS Paul A.
Published: June 2016

El concepto de salario vital se define por la calidad de vida y de vida laboral, no por la mera subsistencia económica. Implica asimismo verdadera participación social y organizational. En economías en desarrollo, estas claves del «trabajo decente» guardan relación con «las capacidades», que son importantes para los individuos, las organizaciones y la sociedad. Con todo, la relación entre ingresos y capacidades sigue siendo desconocida, y los salarios vitales suelen imponerse por decreto. Los autores elaboran un modelo concéntrico de contingencia integrando las teorías de los estudios de desarrollo, gestión, psicología y relaciones laborales, y formulan proposiciones para ponerlo a prueba empíricamente.
Instituciones y determinación de los salarios en la zona del euro. Evaluación con técnicas de cointegración de panel
Authors: CAMARERO Mariam , D'ADAMO Gaetano , TAMARIT Cecilio
Published: June 2016

Se estima aquí la ecuación del salario de equilibrio para la zona del euro en 1995–2011 con técnicas de cointegración de panel que permiten dependencia transversal y rupturas estructurales. Como se esperaba, los salarios presentan una relación positiva con la productividad y negativa con el desempleo. Las variables institucionales incluidas muestran correlación entre flexibilidad y moderación salarial. Además, desde 2004, la mayor competencia internacional reforzó la relación entre salarios y productividad, y la apreciación del tipo de cambio provocó una caída salarial. Los resultados indican también que la intervención gubernamental y la concertación social tienden a moderar los salarios.
Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en América Latina. La importancia de los factores institucionales
Authors: MARINAKIS Andrés
Published: June 2016

Con datos de encuestas de hogares, el autor evalúa el nivel del salario mínimo en 16 países de América Latina respecto de los salarios de mercado, el PIB, las líneas de pobreza y el poder adquisitivo; estima después el grado de incumplimiento y su correlación con la relación salario mínimo/salario medio. Comparando las estimaciones y la situación de Chile, Costa Rica, Perú y Uruguay, concluye que, salvo cuando el salario mínimo es muy bajo o sumamente alto con respecto al salario promedio, el mayor o menor cumplimiento depende de la calidad del marco institucional y, más concretamente, de la inspección del trabajo, para cuya mejora formula algunas recomendaciones.
The regulation of host defences to infection by the microbiota
Authors: Brown Rebecca L. , Clarke Thomas B.
Published: June 2016

The skin and mucosal epithelia of humans and other mammals are permanently colonized by large microbial communities (the microbiota). Due to this life‐long association with the microbiota, these microbes have an extensive influence over the physiology of their host organism. It is now becoming apparent that nearly all tissues and organ systems, whether in direct contact with the microbiota or in deeper host sites, are under microbial influence. The immune system is perhaps the most profoundly affected, with the microbiota programming both its innate and adaptive arms. The regulation of immunity by the microbiota helps to protect the host against intestinal and extra‐intestinal infection by many classes of pathogen. In this review, we will discuss the experimental evidence supporting a role for the microbiota in regulating host defences to extra‐intestinal infection, draw together common mechanistic themes, including the central role of pattern recognition receptors, and outline outstanding questions that need to be answered.
Tackling the undeclared economy in the European Union: an evaluation of the tax morale approach
Authors: Williams Colin C , Horodnic Ioana A
Published: June 2016

To evaluate a new approach towards tackling the undeclared economy, which views participants as social actors rather than rational economic actors, this article reports evidence from 27,563 face‐to‐face interviews conducted across the European Union during 2013. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals a strong association between participation in undeclared work and the level of tax morale. Finding that higher tax morale (and thus a lower propensity to engage in undeclared work) is strongly correlated with greater levels of state intervention but also with individual‐level characteristics such as gender, age, education and employment status, the article concludes not only by confirming a political economy approach and refuting modernization and neo‐liberal explanations and remedies, but also by revealing for the first time the importance of solutions not so far considered, including improving educational attainment, older citizens mentoring for younger people and improving women's participation in the labour force.
The implementation of equality legislation: the case of disabled graduates and reasonable adjustments
Authors: William Laura C.
Published: June 2016

This article explores how reasonable adjustments, part of UK equality legislation, are secured in the workplace, and argues that an implementation gap exists where the impact of the law is weak, despite legal mandates to aid disabled people in employment. The research points to the importance of employers' knowledge of the effects disability as a key determinant of securing workplace adjustments.
Interim estimates of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination against influenza‐associated hospitalization in children in Hong Kong, 2015–16
Authors: Cowling Benjamin J. , Kwan Mike Y. W. , Wong Joshua S. C. , Feng Shuo , Leung Chi‐Wai , Chan Eunice L. Y. , Chan Kwok‐Hung , Ng Tak‐Keung , To Wing‐Kin , Peiris Malik J. S. , Chiu Susan S.
Published: June 2016

From 1 September 2015 through 31 January 2016, we enrolled 2068 children 6 months to 17 years of age admitted to hospital with a febrile acute respiratory infection in our test‐negative study. Information on receipt of 2015–16 northern hemisphere inactivated influenza vaccination was elicited from parents or legal guardians. Using conditional logistic regression adjusting for age and matching on calendar time, we estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization with influenza A or B to be 79.2% (95% confidence interval: 42.0%–92.4%). Annual influenza vaccination should be more widely used in children in Hong Kong.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Psychosis: A Case Study
Authors: Cashin Andrew
Published: June 2016

PROBLEM

While apparently relatively common, there is often little clinician awareness of the risk of psychosis for people with autism.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of the peer‐reviewed literature and a presentation of a case study.

FINDINGS

There is a paucity of research available to determine the prevalence of the experience of psychosis in people with autism.

CONCLUSION

There is significant boundary overlap between autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research and a case study of a 16‐year‐old male with autism who experienced a brief reactive psychosis.
The effects of contrast media volume on acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thongprayoon Charat , Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Podboy Alexander J. , Gillaspie Erin A. , Greason Kevin L. , Kashani Kianoush B.
Published: June 2016

Objective

The goal of this systematic review was to assess the effects of contrast media volume on transcatheter aortic valve replacement‐related acute kidney injury.

Methods

A literature search was performed using Medline, EMbase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and clinicaltrials.gov from the inception of these databases through December 2015. Studies that reported relative risk, odds ratio, or hazard ratio comparing the risks of acute kidney injury following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients who received high contrast media volume were included. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance method.

Results

Four cohort studies composed of 891 patients were included in the analyses to assess the risk of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients who received high contrast media volume. The pooled RR of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients who received a large volume of contrast media was 1.41 (95% CI, 0.87 to 2.28) compared with low contrast media volume. The meta‐analysis was limited to studies using standard acute kidney injury definitions, and the pooled RR of acute kidney injury in patients who received high contrast media volume is 1.12 (95% CI, 0.78 to 1.62).

Conclusion

Our meta‐analysis shows no significant association between contrast media volume and risk of acute kidney injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
TEM and AES investigations of the natural surface nano‐oxide layer of an AISI 316L stainless steel microfibre
Authors: RAMACHANDRAN DHANYA , EGOAVIL RICARDO , CRABBE AMANDINE , HAUFFMAN TOM , ABAKUMOV ARTEM , VERBEECK JOHAN , VANDENDAEL ISABELLE , TERRYN HERMAN , SCHRYVERS DOMINIQUE
Published: June 2016

The chemical composition, nanostructure and electronic structure of nanosized oxide scales naturally formed on the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel microfibres used for strengthening of composite materials have been characterised using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray, electron energy loss and Auger spectroscopy. The analysis reveals the presence of three sublayers within the total surface oxide scale of 5.0–6.7 nm thick: an outer oxide layer rich in a mixture of FeO.Fe2O3, an intermediate layer rich in Cr2O3 with a mixture of FeO.Fe2O3 and an inner oxide layer rich in nickel.
Huntingtin‐associated protein‐1 is a synapsin I‐binding protein regulating synaptic vesicle exocytosis and synapsin I trafficking
Authors: Mackenzie Kimberly D. , Lumsden Amanda L. , Guo Feng , Duffield Michael D. , Chataway Timothy , Lim Yoon , Zhou Xin‐Fu , Keating Damien J.
Published: June 2016

Huntingtin‐associated protein‐1 (HAP1) is involved in intracellular trafficking, vesicle transport, and membrane receptor endocytosis. However, despite such diverse functions, the role of HAP1 in the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle in nerve terminals remains unclear. Here, we report that HAP1 functions in SV exocytosis, controls total SV turnover and the speed of vesicle fusion in nerve terminals and regulates glutamate release in cortical brain slices. We found that HAP1 interacts with synapsin I, an abundant neuronal phosphoprotein that associates with SVs during neurotransmitter release and regulates synaptic plasticity and neuronal development. The interaction between HAP1 with synapsin I was confirmed by reciprocal co‐immunoprecipitation of the endogenous proteins. Furthermore, HAP1 co‐localizes with synapsin I in cortical neurons as discrete puncta. Interestingly, we find that synapsin I localization is specifically altered in Hap1−/− cortical neurons without an effect on the localization of other SV proteins. This effect on synapsin I localization was not because of changes in the levels of synapsin I or its phosphorylation status in Hap1−/− brains. Furthermore, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in transfected neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein‐synapsin Ia demonstrates that loss of HAP1 protein inhibits synapsin I transport. Thus, we demonstrate that HAP1 regulates SV exocytosis and may do so through binding to synapsin I.

image

The Proposed mechanism of synapsin I transport mediated by HAP1 in neurons. HAP1 interacts with synapsin I, regulating the trafficking of synapsin I containing vesicles and/or transport packets, possibly through its engagement of microtubule motors. The absence of HAP1 reduces synapsin I transport and neuronal exocytosis. These findings provide insights into the processes of neuronal trafficking and synaptic signaling.
A Focused Ethnography of Baccalaureate Nursing Students Who Are Using Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Howard Lisa M. , Williams Beverly A.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe how nursing students learned and used motivational interviewing (MI) in a community‐based clinical context at a primary care vascular risk reduction clinic focused on health promotion.

Design and Methods

A focused ethnography was used to access a sample of 20 undergraduate nursing students, 16 patients, and 2 instructors. Data were generated from participant observations, field notes, student journals, and interviews (one‐on‐one and focus group).

Findings

Central to the students’ experience was their transformation because of learning and using MI. Three sub themes describe the social processes that shaped the student experience: learning a relational skill, engaging patients, and collaborating as partners.

Conclusions

It is feasible for nursing students to learn MI and use this approach to enhance collaborative care in a primary care setting. The experience can be transformative for students.

Clinical Relevance

Supporting patients to adopt healthy lifestyles is a significant role for nurses in practice. The findings provide key insights and strategies for nurse educators teaching students a collaborative communication approach, such as MI, to engage patients in health behavior change.
Zeaxanthin‐based dietary supplement and topical serum improve hydration and reduce wrinkle count in female subjects
Authors: Schwartz Steve , Frank Emily , Gierhart Dennis , Simpson Paula , Frumento Robert
Published: June 2016

Background

Dietary modification, through supplementation and elimination diets, has become an area of interest to help slow skin aging, reduce symptom severity or prevent reoccurrence of certain dermatologic conditions [Clinical Dermatology vol. 31 (2013) 677–700].

Free radical components (reactive oxygen species or ROS) or lipid peroxide (LPO) is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of accelerated skin aging when prolonged oxidative stress occurs. The use of antioxidant‐related therapies such as nutraceuticals is of particular interest in restoring skin homeostasis.

Antioxidant carotenoid zeaxanthin is concentrated in the eye and skin tissue and believed to decrease the formation of ROS associated with UV light exposure. With zeaxanthin, phytoceramides, and botanical extracts an oral and topical test product (with zeaxanthin, algae extracts, peptides, hyaluronate) have been developed to improve the appearance and condition of skin when used as directed.

Methods

Subjects were divided into three groups: two tests (skin formula 1 – oral product alone (ZO‐1), skin formula 2‐ oral product with topical product (ZO‐2 + ZT)), and one placebo control. The study consisted of a washout visit, baseline (randomization), week two (2), week four (4), week six (6), week eight (8), and week twelve (12). Key parameters measured were as follows: fine lines, deep lines, total wrinkles, wrinkle severity, radiance/skin color (L, a*, b*), discolorations, and skin pigment homogeneity.

Results

Thirty‐one subjects completed the twelve‐week study; no adverse events were recorded during the study. Statistically significant improvements from baseline mean hydration score were observed in active groups at weeks 2, 6, and 8. A statistically significant difference was observed between mean differences from baseline scores for total wrinkle count at week 4 for the combination active groups compared to placebo. A statistically significant difference from baseline scores for fine lines count was also observed at the week 4 visit compared to placebo for both active groups. Statistically significant differences from baseline scores for average wrinkles severity were seen for week 12 visit for both active groups compared to placebo.

Conclusion

We have shown that the combination of zeaxanthin‐based dietary supplement plus a topical formulation produces superior hydration to that of placebo. Additionally, we have shown that the combination of oral and topical combination vs. oral alone has superior abilities to improve parameters associated with facial lines and wrinkles compared to placebo, although the dietary supplement alone proved most effective in reducing wrinkle count and severity.
‘Close to’ a palliative approach: nurses' and care aides' descriptions of caring for people with advancing chronic life‐limiting conditions
Authors: Reimer‐Kirkham Sheryl , Sawatzky Richard , Roberts Della , Cochrane Marie , Stajduhar Kelli
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

The purpose of the study was to examine nurses' and nursing assistants' perspectives of a palliative approach in a variety of nursing care settings that do not specialise in palliative care.

Background

Ageing populations worldwide are drawing increasing attention to palliative care. In particular, people with advancing chronic life‐limiting conditions often have unmet needs and may die in acute medical, residential care and home health settings without access to palliative care. A palliative approach offers an upstream orientation to adopt palliative care principles to meet the needs of people with life‐limiting chronic conditions, adapt palliative care knowledge to other chronic illness conditions, and integrate and contextualise this knowledge within the healthcare system (Sawatzky et al. 2016).

Design

A qualitative study using the method of interpretive description carried out by a nursing research‐practice collaborative, Initiative for a Palliative Approach: Evidence and Leadership (iPANEL).

Methods

Twenty‐five nurses and five nursing assistants from across British Columbia, Canada participated in interviews and focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

The overarching theme was that of participants close to a palliative approach in that they cared for people who would benefit from a palliative approach, they were committed to providing better end‐of‐life care, and they understood palliative approach as an extension of specialised palliative care services. Participants varied in their self‐reported capacity to integrate a palliative approach, as they were influenced by role clarity, interprofessional collaboration and knowledge.

Conclusions

Integration of a palliative approach requires a conceptual shift and can be enhanced through interpersonal relationships and communication, role clarification and education.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses care for people with advancing chronic life‐limiting conditions in a variety of settings who would benefit from a palliative approach.
Physiological Indices of Maricultured Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in Istria, Croatia: Seasonal and Transplantation Effect
Authors: Pavičić Hamer Dijana , Kovačić Ines , Koščica Lorena , Hamer Bojan
Published: June 2016

Transplantation of mussels to new aquaculture sites is currently being undertaken in Istria (Croatia) to increase production, minimize potential seasonal urban contamination, and secure safer seafood products. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of season and transplantation on physiological indices (condition index and meat yield) of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were obtained from five aquaculture areas in Istria (central Lim Bay, Raša, Budava, Vabriga, and Pomer) and moved to a reference site in inner Lim Bay from April to July. Results showed that both season and transplantation affected physiological indices of mussels. Higher physiological indices were found in cultivated mussels from all areas in summer compared to spring, except in mussels from Vabriga and Pomer. In addition, higher physiological indices were found in mussels transplanted from central Lim Bay to the reference site in inner Lim Bay. Transplantation negatively affected physiological indices of mussels from Vabriga and Pomer, with no change in mussels from Raša and Budava. In conclusion, mussels from all areas exhibit satisfactory commercial results (≥15%) during the peak summer harvesting season. For most transplanted mussels, transplantation itself represents additional stress, bringing into focus adaptation processes, stock genetics, and favorable ecological conditions.
Phylogenetics support an ancient common origin of two scientific icons: Devils Hole and Devils Hole pupfish
Authors: Sağlam İsmaİl K. , Baumsteiger Jason , Smith Matt J. , Linares‐Casenave Javier , Nichols Andrew L. , O'Rourke Sean M. , Miller Michael R.
Published: June 2016

The Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis; DHP) is an icon of conservation biology. Isolated in a 50 m2 pool (Devils Hole), DHP is one of the rarest vertebrate species known and an evolutionary anomaly, having survived in complete isolation for thousands of years. However, recent findings suggest DHP might be younger than commonly thought, potentially introduced to Devils Hole by humans in the past thousand years. As a result, the significance of DHP from an evolutionary and conservation perspective has been questioned. Here we present a high‐resolution genomic analysis of DHP and two closely related species, with the goal of thoroughly examining the temporal divergence of DHP. To this end, we inferred the evolutionary history of DHP from multiple random genomic subsets and evaluated four historical scenarios using the multispecies coalescent. Our results provide substantial information regarding the evolutionary history of DHP. Genomic patterns of secondary contact present strong evidence that DHP were isolated in Devils Hole prior to 20–10 ka and the model best supported by geological history and known mutation rates predicts DHP diverged around 60 ka, approximately the same time Devils Hole opened to the surface. We make the novel prediction that DHP colonized and have survived in Devils Hole since the cavern opened, and the two events (colonization and collapse of the cavern's roof) were caused by a common geologic event. Our results emphasize the power of evolutionary theory as a predictive framework and reaffirm DHP as an important evolutionary novelty, worthy of continued conservation and exploration.
Comprehensive analysis of type 1 fimbriae regulation in fimB‐null strains from the multidrug resistant Escherichia coli ST131 clone
Authors: Sarkar Sohinee , Roberts Leah W. , Phan Minh‐Duy , Tan Lendl , Lo Alvin W. , Peters Kate M. , Paterson David L. , Upton Mathew , Ulett Glen C. , Beatson Scott A. , Totsika Makrina , Schembri Mark A.
Published: June 2016

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) of sequence type 131 (ST131) are a pandemic multidrug resistant clone associated with urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Type 1 fimbriae, a major UPEC virulence factor, are essential for ST131 bladder colonization. The globally dominant sub‐lineage of ST131 strains, clade C/H30‐R, possess an ISEc55 insertion in the fimB gene that controls phase‐variable type 1 fimbriae expression via the invertible fimS promoter. We report that inactivation of fimB in these strains causes altered regulation of type 1 fimbriae expression. Using a novel read‐mapping approach based on Illumina sequencing, we demonstrate that ‘off’ to ‘on’ fimS inversion is reduced in these strains and controlled by recombinases encoded by the fimE and fimX genes. Unlike typical UPEC strains, the nucleoid‐associated H‐NS protein does not strongly repress fimE transcription in clade C ST131 strains. Using a genetic screen to identify novel regulators of fimE and fimX in the clade C ST131 strain EC958, we defined a new role for the guaB gene in the regulation of type 1 fimbriae and in colonisation of the mouse bladder. Our results provide a comprehensive analysis of type 1 fimbriae regulation in ST131, and highlight important differences in its control compared to non‐ST131 UPEC.
Structural organization of membrane‐inserted hexamers formed by Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin
Authors: Pyburn Tasia M. , Foegeding Nora J. , González‐Rivera Christian , McDonald Nathan A. , Gould Kathleen L. , Cover Timothy L. , Ohi Melanie D.
Published: June 2016

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and is a potential cause of peptic ulceration or gastric adenocarcinoma. H. pylori secretes a pore‐forming toxin known as vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). The 88 kDa secreted VacA protein, composed of an N‐terminal p33 domain and a C‐terminal p55 domain, assembles into water‐soluble oligomers. The structural organization of membrane‐bound VacA has not been characterized in any detail and the role(s) of specific VacA domains in membrane binding and insertion are unclear. We show that membrane‐bound VacA organizes into hexameric oligomers. Comparison of the two‐dimensional averages of membrane‐bound and soluble VacA hexamers generated using single particle electron microscopy reveals a structural difference in the central region of the oligomers (corresponding to the p33 domain), suggesting that membrane association triggers a structural change in the p33 domain. Analyses of the isolated p55 domain and VacA variants demonstrate that while the p55 domain can bind membranes, the p33 domain is required for membrane insertion. Surprisingly, neither VacA oligomerization nor the presence of putative transmembrane GXXXG repeats in the p33 domain is required for membrane insertion. These findings provide new insights into the process by which VacA binds and inserts into the lipid bilayer to form membrane channels.
The association between C‐reactive protein levels and the risk for chronic kidney disease hospitalizations in adults of a remote Indigenous Australian community – A prospective cohort study
Authors: Arnold Luke W , Hoy Wendy E , Wang Zhiqiang
Published: June 2016

Background

Indigenous Australians are significantly burdened by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Elevated levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with diabetes and cardiovascular incidence in previous studies. Elevated CRP has been associated with albuminuria and reduced eGFR in cross‐sectional studies. This study investigated the long‐term predictive association between CRP measured at a baseline exam and the incidence of a CKD‐related hospitalization.

Methods

Health screening examinations were conducted in individuals of a remote indigenous Australian community between 1992 and 1998. The risk of subsequent CKD hospitalisations, documented through Northern Territory hospital records up to 2010, was estimated with Cox proportional hazard models in people aged over 18 years at the baseline screen and who had albumin‐creatinine ratios (ACRs) less than 34g/mol.

Results

546 participants were eligible for our study. Individuals in the highest CRP tertile at baseline had increased levels of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. They also had almost 4 times the risk of a CKD‐related hospitalisation compared with participants in the lowest CRP tertile (HR=3.91, 95%CI 1.01‐15.20, P=0.049) after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Participants with CRP concentrations greater than 3mg/L had almost 3 times the risk of CKD hospitalisations than those ≤3mg/L (HR=2.84, 95%CI 1.00‐8.00, P=0.049). Furthermore, risk of CKD hospitalisations increased 34% per doubling of baseline CRP (HR=1.34, 95%CI 1.04‐1.74, P=0.024).

Conclusion

In individuals in this remote indigenous community without overt albuminuria at baseline the risk for incident CKD related hospitalisations was predicted by elevated C‐reactive protein levels almost a decade earlier. Further research is needed to understand the roles that CRP and systemic inflammation play in CKD risk.
Association between responsiveness to methoxy polyethylene glycol‐epoetin beta and renal survival in patients with non‐dialysis‐dependent chronic kidney disease: A pooled analysis of individual patient‐level data from clinical trials
Authors: Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Uemura Yukari , Hirakata Hideki , Kitazono Takanari , Tsubakihara Yoshiharu , Suzuki Masashi , Ohashi Yasuo
Published: June 2016

Aim

The association between responsiveness to continuous erythropoietin‐receptor activator (CERA) and renal survival in patients with non‐dialysis‐dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD‐CKD) is uncertain.

Methods

We performed a pooled analysis of individual patient‐level data drawn from five clinical trials involving CERA administration. Based on the responsiveness to CERA, patients were classified into poor‐ or good‐response groups. Primary endpoints were defined as the initiation of dialysis or a 30% decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. We set the landmark time point at 12 weeks after the start of CERA, from which we evaluated the time to the first renal event. The cumulative renal survival rates were calculated for each group using the Kaplan–Meier method. The adjusted hazard ratio was calculated using a stratified Cox regression model.

Results

Of 408 patients, 226 were analyzed. Haemoglobin levels and eGFRs were significantly lower in the poor‐response group (n = 113) than in the good‐response group (n = 113). Renal events occurred in 36.3% of the poor‐response group and in 23.0% of the good‐response group. The intergroup difference in renal survival rates was significant (log‐rank test, P = 0.03) and the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.71 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.83), indicating an unfavorable outcome in the poor‐response group.

Conclusion

Hyporesponsiveness to CERA was associated with poor renal survival, consistent with the results of the conventional erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent (ESA). It is recommended that a randomized controlled trial on CERA use be performed in patients with NDD‐CKD with ESA‐hyporesponsive anaemia.
Quantifying the role of colonization history and biotic interactions in shaping communities –a community transplant approach
Authors: Chang Chun‐Yi , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: June 2016

The role of colonization history and subsequent biotic interactions in determining the species composition in communities has long been the subject of debate in ecology. While one narrative has emphasized deterministic assembly rules, another has emphasized historical contingency. One problem lies in approach: community studies are typically either manipulative but somewhat unnatural, or observational but lacking manipulation. Furthermore, while most ecologists now recognize that both historical and biotic factors shape communities, too few studies have moved beyond qualitative descriptions of their roles. Here we use a manipulative approach that leverages natural variation to provide quantitative estimates of the relative contributions of colonization history and the subsequent biotic interactions. 384 communities were developed on artificial substrata in a homogeneous environment before undergoing reciprocal transplantation. We then compare community structure before and after transplantation as proxies for colonization history and biotic interactions. We found that the importance of history and the ensuing biotic environment differed at different times in community development. Early transplantations resulted in the local environment modifying community history faster compared to postponed transplantations. With a four‐week difference in age, colonization history explained 20% more of the variation in older communities than in younger communities. Biotic interactions were able to modify colonization history at the age of 16 weeks, but older communities showed more resistance to the changing biotic environment. Our method provides a manipulative and quantitative approach for understanding the relative contributions of colonization history and biotic interactions to community in natural systems.
Preoperative warming and undesired surgical and anesthesia outcomes in pediatric spinal surgery—a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Görges Matthias , West Nicholas C. , Cheung Wesley , Zhou Guohai , Miyanji Firoz , Whyte Simon D.
Published: June 2016

Background

Underbody forced air warming is a method commonly used for intraoperative temperature maintenance in children. We previously reported that preoperative forced air warming of children undergoing spinal surgery substantially reduces the incidence and duration of intraoperative hypothermia (<36°C).

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative warming before spinal deformity surgery on surgical site infection rate, length of hospitalization, and bleeding (estimated blood loss and incidence of cell salvaged and/or allogeneic packed red blood cell transfusions).

Methods

Demographic, anesthetic, and surgical data of all patients who underwent spinal deformity surgery between December 2009 and December 2012 were obtained by retrospective chart review. Temperature data were abstracted from an existing repository; the incidence and duration of hypothermic episodes were identified. For each outcome, logistic regression models and propensity score analysis were used to estimate the effect of prewarming, adjusted for potential confounders. The issue of missing data was handled by a multiple imputation method. Data from 334 procedures were used in modeling and propensity score stratification.

Results

Adjusted odds ratios for the effects of prewarming were 0.47 (95% CI 0.15–1.49) for surgical site infections; 0.89 (95% CI 0.55–1.41) for cell salvaged blood transfusion; 0.43 (95% CI 0.22–0.83) for allogeneic packed red blood cell transfusion; and 1.24 (95% CI 0.77–1.99) for a length of hospitalization >6 days. Adjusted mean decrease in estimated blood loss for prewarming was 72 (95% CI −29 to 173) ml.

Conclusion

In this study, prewarming was associated with a reduction in allogeneic packed red blood cell transfusion. However, no causal relationship between prewarming and reduced allogeneic blood transfusion should be assumed. Prewarming was not associated with reductions in estimated blood loss, length of hospitalization, or the incidence of surgical site infection.
The WNT‐less wonder: WNT‐independent β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Aktary Zackie , Bertrand Juliette U. , Larue Lionel
Published: June 2016

β‐catenin is known as an Armadillo protein that regulates gene expression following WNT pathway activation. However, WNT‐independent pathways also activate β‐catenin. During the establishment of the melanocyte lineage, β‐catenin plays an important role. In the context of physiopathology, β‐catenin is activated genetically or transiently in various cancers, including melanoma, where it can be found in the nucleus of tumors. In this review, we discuss alternative pathways that activate β‐catenin independent of WNTs and highlight what is known regarding these pathways in melanoma. We also discuss the role of β‐catenin as a transcriptional regulator in various cell types, with emphasis on the different transcription factors it associates with independent of WNT induction. Finally, the role of WNT‐independent β‐catenin in melanocyte development and melanomagenesis is also discussed.
Donor–recipient height ratio and outcomes in pediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Patel Anjlee , Bock Matthew J. , Wollstein Adi , Nguyen Khanh , Malerba Stefano , Lytrivi Irene D.
Published: June 2016

Height matching in pediatric HTx has been proposed as a superior method of evaluating graft size, but no studies have examined survival advantage for height‐matched donor–recipient pairs. We hypothesized that in pediatric patients with DCM, an oversized donor improves survival and aimed to define the optimal height ratio in this patient group. Pediatric primary HTx recipients with DCM between 10/89 and 09/12 were identified in the OPTN database. Patients were stratified into three donor–recipient height and weight ratio categories. One‐ and five‐yr survival was compared using Kaplan–Meier analysis and HRs were computed. A total of 2133 children with DCM who underwent HTx during the study period were included. Unadjusted one‐yr survival was worse for DRHR <0.87 (HR, 2.15 [95% CL, 1.30, 3.53]; p < 0.01). This difference was not present at five yr post‐HTx or when stratified by weight. After adjustment for other risk factors affecting transplant survival, height matching was no longer significant. Although height matching appears to predict short‐term survival better than weight in pediatric HTx recipients with DCM, other factors play a more important role as height matching loses significance in multivariate analysis.
Generation of Highly Accurate Digital Elevation Models with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Reshetyuk Yuriy , Mårtensson Stig‐Göran
Published: June 2016

In order to investigate the possibilities for the generation of digital elevation models with a height uncertainty of 20 mm or less using unmanned aerial vehicles, a survey with a fixed‐wing aircraft was carried out over a gravel quarry in Gävle, Sweden. At flying heights of about 80 and 160 m, the resulting imagery had ground sample distances of 24 and 50 mm, respectively. The data was processed in two different software suites – computer‐vision‐based PhotoScan and photogrammetric RapidStation/RapidTerrain. The results show that PhotoScan was more effective in flat terrain, with height uncertainties of 10 and 17 mm compared with 30 to 40 mm for RapidTerrain, whereas the latter had a clear advantage over undulating terrain.
Photogrammetric Terminology: Third Edition
Authors: Granshaw Stuart I.
Published: June 2016

This contribution offers a considerably expanded and updated version of “Photogrammetric Terminology: Second Edition” (2012), which was adopted as an official document of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS). The aim is to assist authors and editors in preparing contributions for publication and readers in the wider geomatics community in understanding current photogrammetric terms and abbreviations.
Grounding Entails Counterpossible Non‐Triviality
Authors: Wilson Alastair
Published: June 2016

This paper outlines a non‐reductive counterfactual account of grounding along interventionist lines, and uses the account to argue that taking grounding seriously requires ascribing non‐trivial truth‐conditions to a range of counterpossible counterfactuals. This result allows for a diagnosis of a route to scepticism about grounding, as deriving at least in part from scepticism about non‐trivial counterpossible truth and falsity.